bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anastrozole as a therapeutic option for gynecomastia in a person receiving antiretroviral therapy: Case report
Authors: Senkoro Elizabeth , Varadarajan Maithili , Candela Caterina , Gebreselassie Abeba , Antoniadi Christina , Boffito Marta
Published: November 2023

A middle‐aged Caucasian man living with HIV, clinically stable (viral load <20 copies/mL) on injectable antiretroviral cabotegravir plus rilpivirine every 2 months presented with a 6‐month history of bilateral enlargement of the breasts associated with pain. His hormonal profile was normal, and no other underlying cause was identified. He was diagnosed with idiopathic gynecomastia. Tamoxifen is an anti‐oestrogen recommended for gynecomastia and has been described in people living with HIV but can potentially induce the activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), reducing rilpivirine concentrations, which consequently may cause virological failure and resistance. This is the same for other antiretroviral agents majorly induced by CYP3A4. To date, there have been no reported cases of using anastrozole as a treatment for gynecomastia in people living with HIV or of its co‐administration with antiretroviral. We describe the use of an aromatase inhibitor instead of tamoxifen in a person living with HIV, diagnosed with gynecomastia.
The responsibility of bioethicists: The case study of Yemen
Authors: Lederman Zohar , Lederman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

In this article, we describe in detail the health and general living conditions resulting from the ongoing armed conflict in Yemen, including the historical and geopolitical underpinnings. In addition to mere reporting, we use Yemen as a case study to examine the responsibility of bioethicists in general. We find it unacceptable that bioethics neglects the largest humanitarian crisis taking place in the world at the moment as well as the largest Cholera outbreak in history. We argue that bioethicists should do more to address armed conflicts and their resulting basic human rights violations. We end with a few recommendations to prevent such neglect.
Characterizing uterine responsiveness to oxytocin augmentation across four labor patterns in maternal obesity
Authors: Kissler Katherine J. , Carlson Nicole S. , Hernandez Teri L.
Published: November 2023

Background

Optimizing care during labor protraction is a key strategy for reducing cesareans, especially among people with obesity. The pathophysiology of labor dystocia remains poorly understood, limiting precise interventions targeting the cause of protraction.

Methods

In this secondary analysis of nulliparas (n = 92) with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and spontaneous labor onset, we classified labor into four phenotypes based on duration of protraction and birth route: (1) no protraction, (2) short protraction and vaginal birth, (3) extended protraction meeting criteria for labor arrest, but with eventual progression and vaginal birth, and (4) extended protraction meeting criteria for labor arrest and cesarean birth. Across these phenotypes, we compared MVU, oxytocin dose, and novel measures of uterine responsiveness to oxytocin augmentation (MVU to oxytocin dose ratios).

Results

In our sample, phenotype group 1 comprised 14.1% (n = 13); group 2 comprised 30.4% (n = 28); group 3 comprised 34.8% (n = 32); and group 4 comprised 20.7% (n = 19). Uterine responsiveness to oxytocin, but not MVU, decreased with each labor phenotype. Participants with cesarean birth had the lowest uterine responsiveness to oxytocin.

Conclusion

Labor and birth outcomes were associated with measures of uterine responsiveness to oxytocin rather than MVU alone, and thus these may be more clinically appropriate measures for guiding clinical decision‐making. Current criteria for labor arrest are likely too stringent for nulliparas with obesity, many of whom appear to progress to safe vaginal birth after longer labor durations. Differences in uterine responsiveness to oxytocin augmentation across the groups suggests underlying physiologic differences in the labor phenotypes, which should drive future research targeting pathophysiology.
Familial hypercholesterolemia is related to cardiovascular disease, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Results from a population‐based study
Authors: Tada Hayato , Kaneko Hidehiro , Suzuki Yuta , Okada Akira , Takeda Norifumi , Fujiu Katsuhito , Morita Hiroyuki , Ako Junya , Node Koichi , Takeji Yasuaki , Takamura Masayuki , Yasunaga Hideo , Komuro Issei
Published: November 2023

Background

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the prevalence of FH among a general population remains unknown, and it is unclear if FH is associated with other cardiovascular complications, including heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

Analyses were conducted on individuals without a prior history of cardiovascular disease using a nationwide health claims database collected in the JMDC Claims Database between 2005 and 2022 (n = 4,126,642; median age, 44 years; 57.5% men). We defined FH as either LDL cholesterol ≥250 mg/dL or LDL cholesterol ≥175 mg/dL under the lipid‐lowering medications under the assumption that lipid‐lowering medications reduced LDL cholesterol by 30%. We assessed the associations between FH and composite outcomes, including, ASCVD (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and stroke), HF, and AF using Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

We identified 11,983 (.29%) FH patients. In total, 181,150 events were recorded during the mean follow‐up period of 3.5 years. The status FH was significantly associated with composite outcomes after adjustments (hazard ratio [HR]; 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30–1.47, p < .001). Interestingly, the status FH was significantly associated with HF (HR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.36–1.61, p < .001) and AF (HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.08–1.64, p < .001) in addition to angina pectoris (HR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.33–1.58, p < .001) and stroke (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04–1.36, p < .001).

Conclusion

We found that the prevalence of FH was .29% in a general population. FH was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, HF and AF.

Lay summary

We sought to identify the prevalence of FH among a general population, and to clarify whether FH increases the risk of not only ASCVD but also HF and AF.
Aerodynamic effects cause higher forest evapotranspiration and water yield reductions after wildfires in tall forests
Authors: Meili Naika , Beringer Jason , Zhao Jiacheng , Fatichi Simone
Published: November 2023

Wildfires are increasing in frequency, intensity, and extent globally due to climate change and they can alter forest composition, structure, and function. The destruction and subsequent regrowth of young vegetation can modify the ecosystem evapotranspiration and downstream water availability. However, the response of forest recovery on hydrology is not well known with even the sign of evapotranspiration and water yield changes following forest fires being uncertain across the globe. Here, we quantify the effects of forest regrowth after catastrophic wildfires on evapotranspiration and runoff in the world's tallest angiosperm forest (Eucalyptus regnans) in Australia. We combine eddy covariance measurements including pre‐ and post‐fire periods, mechanistic ecohydrological modeling and then extend the analysis spatially to multiple fires in eucalypt‐dominated forests in south‐eastern Australia by utilizing remote sensing. We find a fast recovery of evapotranspiration which reaches and exceeds pre‐fire values within 2 years after the bushfire, a result confirmed by eddy covariance data, remote sensing, and modeling. Such a fast evapotranspiration recovery is likely generalizable to tall eucalypt forests in south‐eastern Australia as shown by remote sensing. Once climate variability is discounted, ecohydrological modeling shows evapotranspiration rates from the recovering forest which reach peak values of +20% evapotranspiration 3 years post‐fire. As a result, modeled runoff decreases substantially. Contrary to previous research, we find that the increase in modeled evapotranspiration is largely caused by the aerodynamic effects of a much shorter forest height leading to higher surface temperature, higher humidity gradients and therefore increased transpiration. However, increases in evapotranspiration as well as decreases in runoff caused by the young forest are constrained by energy and water limitations. Our result of an increase in evapotranspiration due to aerodynamic warming in a shorter forest after wildfires could occur in many parts of the world experiencing forest disturbances.
Composition‐dependent leaching behavior in ion‐irradiated borosilicate glasses: A corrosion mechanism study
Authors: Qin Kemian , Zhang Xiaoyang , Bai Kai , Jin Zhaoxuan , Zhang Buyun , Wang Yuchuan , Lv Peng , Ejaz Ahsan , Zhou Haiqiang , Wang Tieshan , Peng Haibo
Published: November 2023

Evaluating the corrosion behavior of borosilicate glass after irradiation holds vital importance for the safe geological disposal of high‐level radioactive waste. This study examined the leaching properties of three kinds of sodium‐borosilicate (RNa2O‒B2O3‒KSiO2, denoted as “NBS”) glasses with the same R but varying K under 5 MeV Xe‐ion radiation to decipher the correlation between the corrosion mechanism and glass composition. After Xe‐ion radiation, an increase in [BO3] units was observed, indicative of the glass network depolymerization. Irradiated glasses exhibited a more significant change in [BO3] units over the leaching time compared to their pristine counterparts. There is a strong correlation between the initial dissolution rates of pristine glasses, the K value, and the proportion of Na. Additionally, the initial Si dissolution rate of the NBS glasses has been accelerated by heavy ion irradiation. For the same R value over the glass series, the initial Si dissolution rates in ternary borosilicate glasses change at similar rates after irradiation. This study concluded that the variation trend in the initial dissolution rate of Si and Na differs under ion radiation.
Auctions with Endogenous Initiation
Authors: GORBENKO ALEXANDER S. , MALENKO ANDREY
Published: November 2023

We study initiation of takeover auctions by potential buyers and the seller. A bidder's indication of interest reveals that she is optimistic about the target. If bidders' values have a substantial common component, as in takeover battles between financial bidders, this effect disincentivizes bidders from indicating interest, and auctions are seller‐initiated. Conversely, in private‐value auctions, such as battles between strategic bidders, equilibria can feature both seller‐ and bidder‐initiated auctions, with the likelihood of the latter decreasing in commonality of values and the probability of a forced sale by the seller. We also relate initiation to bids and auction outcomes.
Financing the Gig Economy
Authors: BUCHAK GREG
Published: November 2023

Unlike traditional firm production, gig economy workers provide their own physical capital. As a consequence, the low‐income households for whom gig economy opportunities are most valuable often borrow to participate. In the context of ride share, difference‐in‐difference analysis reveals increased vehicle purchases, borrowing, utilization, and employment around entry, but financially constrained individuals cannot participate. To assess the equilibrium importance of financing, I build and estimate a structural model of the gig economy. Access to finance proves critical for the gig economy's growth: without finance, equilibrium quantities would be 40% lower and prices 90% higher, and only higher‐income households could participate as drivers.
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for the treatment of hypersomatotropism secondary to a pituitary somatotroph adenoma in a dog
Authors: Steele Matthew M. E. , Lawson Jack S. , Scudder Christopher , Watson Alice H. , Ho Nicola T. Z. , Yaffy Dylan , Batchelor Daniel , Fenn Joe
Published: November 2023

Pituitary‐dependent hypersomatotropism is rarely diagnosed in dogs and surgical treatment is not reported. A 6‐year‐10‐month male neutered Patterdale Terrier presented with polyuria, polydipsia, progressive pharyngeal stertor, excessive hair growth and widened facial features and paws. Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration via radioimmunoassay was consistent with hypersomatotropism (1783 ng/mL). A pituitary mass was identified on magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging. Six weeks later, glucosuria, starved hyperglycemia and serum fructosamine above the reference range (467.6 μmol/L, RI 177‐314) were documented, consistent with diabetes mellitus. Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed under general anesthesia without complications. Pituitary histopathology identified an acidophil neoplasm, with positive immunostaining for growth hormone. Postoperatively, there was rapid resolution of clinical, biochemical and morphologic changes of hypersomatotropism with persistence of diabetes mellitus. This case demonstrates successful resolution of hypersomatotropism with ongoing diabetes mellitus in a dog after surgical treatment by transsphenoidal hypophysectomy.
Investigating biodiversity patterns across scales in freshwater mussels
Authors: Petersen K. N. , Wares J. P.
Published: November 2023

Hypotheses relating genomic diversity to community attributes such as abundance and species diversity attract attention from a wide and varied audience because their applications are twofold. First, testing such hypotheses can further a theoretical—and hopefully generalizable—understanding of the forces that assemble communities and create observed patterns of biodiversity. Second, relationships that hold true could ease the burden of data collection for conservation or other urgent applications; for example, a strong correlation between species diversity and genetic diversity could make it possible to use one as a proxy for the other, and focus limited resources on measuring the easier of the two without sacrificing information gained. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Bucholz et al. (2023) explore the relationships between within‐species genomic diversity, community relative abundance and community species richness, testing three types of ecological hypotheses in the freshwater mussel communities of the southeastern United States. They find positive relationships between mussel density and species richness, and between genomic diversity within a species and density of that species, but no robust support for the expectation of correlated genomic and species diversity. Their analyses highlight the among‐species variability in relationships among these different levels of organization and also the complex ways in which interactions with the broader ecosystem (i.e. unionid mussels require fish hosts for maturation) affect these quantitative relationships, nonetheless pushing forward into the important frontier of community‐wide genomic assessment for theoretical and conservation applications.
Fractional derivative-based approximation of acoustic waveform dispersion measured in bubbly water beyond resonance frequency
Authors: Le Gonidec Yves
Published: November 2023

Acoustic pulses transmitted across air bubbles in water are usually analyzed in terms of attenuation coefficient and phase velocity in the frequency domain. The present work expresses an analytical approximation of the acoustic waveform in the time domain. It is introduced by experiments performed with a Gaussian derivative source wavelet, S0(t), with a derivative order, β0 = 4, and a peak frequency, νp0, much larger than the bubble resonance frequency. The measurements highlight a significant shape variability of the waveform Bx(t), measured at x≤ 0.74 m and characterized by a peak frequency νpx≃νp0. The results are in good agreement with the approximation Bx(t)∝(dγx/dtγx)S0(δxt – T), where γx is an additional fractional-derivative order determined by an optimization procedure and T is related to the travel time. The time-scale parameter, δx=β0/(β0+γx), becomes a free parameter for more general source signals. The correlation coefficient between Bx(t) and the approximated waveform is used to identify the applicability of the method for a wide range of bubbly waters. The results may be of potential interest in characterizing gas bubbles in the ocean water column and, more generally, in modeling wave propagation in dispersive media with fractional-derivative orders in the time domain.
To “feel” better, sleep on it!
Authors: Aime Mattia
Published: November 2023

Emotional memories are consolidated during REM sleep
Clearing the air: unraveling past and guiding future research in atmospheric chemosynthesis
Authors: Ray Angelique E. , Tribbia Dana Z. , Cowan Don A. , Ferrari Belinda C.
Published: November 2023

Atmospheric chemosynthesis is a recently proposed form of chemoautotrophic microbial primary production. The proposed process relies on the oxidation of trace concentrations of hydrogen (≤530 ppbv), carbon monoxide (≤90 ppbv), and methane (≤1,870 ppbv) gases using high-affinity enzymes. Atmospheric hydrogen and carbon monoxide oxidation have been primarily linked to microbial growth in desert surface soils scarce in liquid water and organic nutrients, and low in photosynthetic communities. It is well established that the oxidation of trace hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases widely supports the persistence of microbial communities in a diminished metabolic state, with the former potentially providing a reliable source of metabolic water. Microbial atmospheric methane oxidation also occurs in oligotrophic desert soils and is widespread throughout copiotrophic environments, with established links to microbial growth. Despite these findings, the direct link between trace gas oxidation and carbon fixation remains disputable. Here, we review the supporting evidence, outlining major gaps in our understanding of this phenomenon, and propose approaches to validate atmospheric chemosynthesis as a primary production process. We also explore the implications of this minimalistic survival strategy in terms of nutrient cycling, climate change, aerobiology, and astrobiology.
Coeliac axis thrombosis and acute hepatic failure in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Imtiaz Arouba , Morris Rhys , Lodge Freya
Published: November 2023

We present the case of a female patient in her 40s who presented with jaundice, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and bilateral pedal oedema. After extensive investigations, she was diagnosed with hepatic dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and coeliac axis thrombosis. Her case was further complicated with episodes of torsades de pointes due to metabolic disturbance, with consequent sudden cardiac arrest. In this case report, we explore the clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of acute hepatic failure and coeliac axis thrombosis, secondary to DCM and alcoholic liver disease.
Evaluation of variation in special educational needs provision and its impact on health and education using administrative records for England: umbrella protocol for a mixed-methods research programme
Authors: Zylbersztejn Ania , Lewis Kate , Nguyen Vincent , Matthews Jacob , Winterburn Isaac , Karwatowska Lucy , Barnes Sarah , Lilliman Matthew , Saxton Jennifer , Stone Antony , Boddy Kate , Downs Johnny , Logan Stuart , Rahi Jugnoo , Black-Hawkins Kristine , Dearden Lorraine , Ford Tamsin , Harron Katie , De Stavola Bianca , Gilbert Ruth
Published: November 2023

Introduction

One-third of children in England have special educational needs (SEN) provision recorded during their school career. The proportion of children with SEN provision varies between schools and demographic groups, which may reflect variation in need, inequitable provision and/or systemic factors. There is scant evidence on whether SEN provision improves health and education outcomes.

Methods

The Health Outcomes of young People in Education (HOPE) research programme uses administrative data from the Education and Child Health Insights from Linked Data—ECHILD—which contains data from all state schools, and contacts with National Health Service hospitals in England, to explore variation in SEN provision and its impact on health and education outcomes. This umbrella protocol sets out analyses across four work packages (WP). WP1 defined a range of ‘health phenotypes’, that is health conditions expected to need SEN provision in primary school. Next, we describe health and education outcomes (WP1) and individual, school-level and area-level factors affecting variation in SEN provision across different phenotypes (WP2). WP3 assesses the impact of SEN provision on health and education outcomes for specific health phenotypes using a range of causal inference methods to account for confounding factors and possible selection bias. In WP4 we review local policies and synthesise findings from surveys, interviews and focus groups of service users and providers to understand factors associated with variation in and experiences of identification, assessment and provision for SEN. Triangulation of findings on outcomes, variation and impact of SEN provision for different health phenotypes in ECHILD, with experiences of SEN provision will inform interpretation of findings for policy, practice and families and methods for future evaluation.

Ethics and dissemination

Research ethics committees have approved the use of the ECHILD database and, separately, the survey, interviews and focus groups of young people, parents and service providers. These stakeholders will contribute to the design, interpretation and communication of findings.
Interventions to reduce interpersonal stigma towards patients with a mental dysregulation for ambulance and emergency department healthcare professionals: review protocol for an integrative review
Authors: Van de Glind Geurt , Galenkamp Niek , Bleijenberg Nienke , Schoonhoven Lisette , Scheepers Floortje E , Crilly Julia , van Veen Mark , Ham Wietske H W
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Worldwide, there is an increase in the extent and severity of mental illness. Exacerbation of somatic complaints in this group of people can result in recurring ambulance and emergency department care. The care of patients with a mental dysregulation (ie, experiencing a mental health problem and disproportionate feelings like fear, anger, sadness or confusion, possibly with associated behaviours) can be complex and challenging in the emergency care context, possibly evoking a wide variety of feelings, ranging from worry or pity to annoyance and frustration in emergency care staff members. This in return may lead to stigma towards patients with a mental dysregulation seeking emergency care. Interventions have been developed impacting attitude and behaviour and minimising stigma held by healthcare professionals. However, these interventions are not explicitly aimed at the emergency care context nor do these represent perspectives of healthcare professionals working within this context. Therefore, the aim of the proposed review is to gain insight into interventions targeting healthcare professionals, which minimise stigma including beliefs, attitudes and behaviour towards patients with a mental dysregulation within the emergency care context.

Methods and analysis

The protocol for a systematic integrative review is presented, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols recommendations. A systematic search was performed on 13 July 2023. Study selection and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers. In each step, an expert with lived experience will comment on process and results. Software applications RefWorks-ProQuest, Rayyan and ATLAS.ti will be used to enhance the quality of the review and transparency of process and results.

Ethics and dissemination

No ethical approval or safety considerations are required for this review. The proposed review will be submitted to a relevant international journal. Results will be presented at relevant medical scientific conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42023390664 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).
Effects of working in vulnerable contexts on the mental health of primary healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods study
Authors: de Miranda Kleverson Gomes , Rodrigues da Silva Izabel Cristina , Fonseca Rafaela M A Martins , Gallassi Andrea Donatti
Published: November 2023

Objective

The objective of this study is to analyse the relationship and psychosocial issues between working during the COVID-19 pandemic in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities located in the most vulnerable health region (HR) of the Federal District of Brazil (FDB) compared with a lesser region.

Design

Mixed-method study data. The questionnaire was based on the World Health Survey and the Convid Behavioural Survey. Quantitative data were described in absolute and relative frequency. Pearson’s χ2test verified differences according to the region (significance level <5%). A margin of error of 8% with 95% CI defined the sample. The content analysis (by Bardin) analysed the qualitative data.

Setting

A representative sample of PHC professionals working at the Western HR and Central HR of the FDB.

Participants

111 women and 27 male PHC professionals, aged ≥ 18 years.

Outcome measures

Psychosocial variables—personal emotions towards the clients, social relationships and use of psychoactive substances (PAS).

Intervention

An online questionnaire (27 questions) and 1 open-ended question.

Results

The sample comprised 138 PHC professionals; 80.40% were female aged between 40 and 49 years old (27.3%); declared themselves as black/pardo (58.7%); were married (53.60%), and worked in family healthcare teams (47.80%). No association between working in the most vulnerable HR compared with the least one and presenting psychosocial issues, except for anger towards clients (p=0.043). 55.10% worked much more than usual, 60.80% reported being depressed, 78.20% anxious, 76.80% stressed, 77.50% had no empathy and 78.30% felt isolated from family/friends. Towards the clients, 59.40% reported empathy and 72.5% no affection/care. The consume of psychotropic medications was reported by 34.80%, and 14.50% increased alcohol/PAS use. Qualitative data leverage quantitative findings: work overload, the indifference of the Federal Government and distance from family/friends.

Conclusion

Working in the most vulnerable region and in the least one affects the psychosocial aspects of the PHC professionals equally.
Study protocol for a longitudinal observational study of disparities in sleep and cognition in older adults: the DISCO study
Authors: Knutson Kristen L. , Pershing Mandy L , Abbott Sabra , Alexandria Shaina J , Chiluka Sindhu , Chirinos Diana , Giachello Aida , Gupta Niket , Harrington Katharine , Rittner Sarah S , Sorond Farzaneh , Wong Mandy , Vu Thanh-Huyen T. , Zee Phyllis C , Carnethon Mercedes R.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Cognitive dysfunction, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA and globally, has been shown to disproportionately affect the socioeconomically disadvantaged and those who identify as black or Hispanic/Latinx. Poor sleep is strongly associated with the development of vascular and metabolic diseases, which correlate with cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, sleep may contribute to observed disparities in cognitive disorders. The Epidemiologic Study of Disparities in Sleep and Cognition in Older Adults (DISCO) is a longitudinal, observational cohort study that focuses on gathering data to better understand racial/ethnic sleep disparities and illuminate the relationship among sleep, race and ethnicity and changes in cognitive function. This investigation may help inform targeted interventions to minimise disparities in cognitive health among ageing adults.

Methods and analysis

The DISCO study will examine up to 495 individuals aged 55 and older at two time points over 24 months. An equal number of black, white and Hispanic/Latinx individuals will be recruited using methods aimed for adults traditionally under-represented in research. Study procedures at each time point will include cognitive tests, gait speed measurement, wrist actigraphy, a type 2 home polysomnography and a clinical examination. Participants will also complete self-identified assessments and questionnaires on cognitive ability, sleep, medication use, quality of life, sociodemographic characteristics, diet, substance use, and psychological and social health.

Ethics and dissemination

This study was approved by the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Deidentified datasets will be shared via the BioLINCC repository following the completion of the project. Biospecimen samples from the study that are not being analysed can be made available to qualified investigators on review and approval by study investigators. Requests that do not lead to participant burden or that conflict with the primary aims of the study will be reviewed by the study investigators.
What health inequalities exist in access to, outcomes from and experience of treatment for lung cancer? A scoping review
Authors: Lennox Laura , Lambe Kate , Hindocha Chandni N , Coronini-Cronberg Sophie
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Lung cancer (LC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and while there have been significant improvements in overall survival, this gain is not equally distributed. To address health inequalities (HIs), it is vital to identify whether and where they exist. This paper reviews existing literature on what HIs impact LC care and where these manifest on the care pathway.

Design

A systematic scoping review based on Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage framework.

Data sources

Multiple databases (EMBASE, HMIC, Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed) were used to retrieve articles.

Eligibility criteria

Search limits were set to retrieve articles published between January 2012 and April 2022. Papers examining LC along with domains of HI were included. Two authors screened papers and independently assessed full texts.

Data extraction and synthesis

HIs were categorised according to: (a) HI domains: Protected Characteristics (PC); Socioeconomic and Deprivation Factors (SDF); Geographical Region (GR); Vulnerable or Socially Excluded Groups (VSG); and (b) where on the LC pathway (access to, outcomes from, experience of care) inequalities manifest. Data were extracted by two authors and collated in a spreadsheet for structured analysis and interpretation.

Results

41 papers were included. The most studied domain was PC (32/41), followed by SDF (19/41), GR (18/41) and VSG (13/41). Most studies investigated differences in access (31/41) or outcomes (27/41), with few (4/41) exploring experience inequalities. Evidence showed race, rural residence and being part of a VSG impacted the access to LC diagnosis, treatment and supportive care. Additionally, rural residence, older age or male sex negatively impacted survival and mortality. The relationship between outcomes and other factors (eg, race, deprivation) showed mixed results.

Conclusions

Findings offer an opportunity to reflect on the understanding of HIs in LC care and provide a platform to consider targeted efforts to improve equity of access, outcomes and experience for patients.
Muscle strength, not muscle mass, determines the health-related quality of life in Indonesian women with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Sumantri Stevent , Seto Euphemia , Rengganis Iris
Published: November 2023

Objective

No study evaluated the impact of low muscle strength and mass on the Sarcopenia-related Quality of Life (SarQoL) in women with SLE.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited 145 women with SLE consecutively; muscle strength was measured with a calibrated Jamar handheld dynamometer, muscle mass was measured with appendicular muscle mass index (Tanita MC-780 MAP body impedance analyser) and health-related quality of life with SarQoL Questionnaire. The cut-off points for low muscle strength, low muscle mass and sarcopenia were derived from the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia 2019. Statistical analysis was conducted with a t-test for mean difference, and logistic regression was used to evaluate for low muscle strength contributing factors.

Results

There was a significant difference in the mean total score of SarQoL in individuals with normal compared with low muscle strength (74.36 vs 64.85; mean difference 9.50; 95% CI 2.10 to 5.33; p<0.001). On the other hand, there was no difference in individuals with normal compared with low muscle mass (71.07 vs 70.79; mean difference 0.28; −5.18 to 5.74; p=0.91). After minimally adjusted with age, we found moderate-severe joint pain (B −9.280; p<0.001) and low muscle strength (B −6.979; p=0.001) to be independently associated with low mean SarQoL total score.

Conclusion

There was a lower total SarQoL score in individuals with low muscle strength but not with low muscle mass.
Binding properties of some alkali metal vapors: specifically lithium-7 (7Li), soduim-23 (23Na), and potassium-39 (39K)
Authors: Ghassib Humam B. , Al-Aoon Anoud H. , Sandouqa Ayman S.
Published: November 2023

In this work, the binding energy of three alkali metal molecules, namely, lithium-7 (7Li2), sodium-23 (23Na2), and potassium-39 (39K2), is calculated in both free space and the vapor phase. In free space, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation is solved for negative-definite eigenenergies using a highly effective matrix-inversion method with a symmetrized kernel. In the vapor, two medium effects are taken into account: the effective atomic mass, which is somewhat larger than the “bare” mass and therefore enhances the binding; and the effective binary interaction, with less overall attraction than the “bare” interaction. In free space, the binding energies of the respective molecules are, in units of (103 K), 5.304, 2.936, and 2.522. The corresponding experimental results are 6.150 × 103, 4.275 ×103, and 4.275 × 103 K. The results in the vapor phase are by and large somewhat lower than those in free space.
Experimental and theoretical studies on improving the efficiency of ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells using single-layer anti-reflective coating
Authors: Fathima M. Ismail , Sofia J.R. , Wilson K.S. Joseph
Published: November 2023

The effect of a single-layer anti-reflective coating (ARC) on ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is theoretically predicted and verified by experimental fabrication. By the transfer matrix method (TMM), the absorption of the DSSC with and without the single-layer ARC is calculated and the improvement in short-circuit current density (∆ Jsc%) is estimated. The optimized thickness of the ARC required to obtain maximum improvement in the short-circuit current density (∆ Jsc%) is determined. By employing ARC with the calculated optimized thickness, the fabrication of spin-coated ZnO-based DSSCs is carried out. The structural and optical parameters are studied using XRD analysis and UV absorption spectra. The efficiency of the DSSC with and without the ARC is measured by intensity-modulated photocurrent and photovoltage spectroscopy. The theoretically predicted efficiency of the DSSC with and without ARC agrees well with the experimental values that provide insights about improving the electrical performance of the DSSC by the ARC.
Confined run-and-tumble model with boundary aggregation: Long-time behavior and convergence to the confined Fokker–Planck model
Authors: Fu Jingyi , Liang Jiuyang , Perthame Benoit , Tang Min , Zhong Chuhan
Published: November 2023

The motile micro-organisms such as Escherichia coli, sperm, or some seaweed are usually modeled by self-propelled particles that move with the run-and-tumble process. Individual-based stochastic models are usually employed to model the aggregation phenomenon at the boundary, which is an active research field that has attracted a lot of biologists and biophysicists. Self-propelled particles at the microscale have complex behaviors, while characteristics at the population level are more important for practical applications but rely on individual behaviors. Kinetic PDE models that describe the time evolution of the probability density distribution of the motile micro-organisms are widely used. However, how to impose the appropriate boundary conditions that take into account the boundary aggregation phenomena is rarely studied. In this paper, we propose the boundary conditions for a 2D confined run-and-tumble model (CRTM) for self-propelled particle populations moving between two parallel plates with a run-and-tumble process. The proposed model satisfies the relative entropy inequality and thus long-time convergence. We establish the relation between CRTM and the confined Fokker–Planck model (CFPM) studied in [J. Fu, B. Perthame and M. Tang, Fokker–Plank system for movement of micro-organism population in confined environment, J. Statist. Phys. 184 (2021) 1–25]. We prove theoretically that when the tumble is highly forward peaked and frequent enough, CRTM converges asymptotically to the CFPM. A numerical comparison of the CRTM with aggregation and CFPM is given. The time evolution of both the deterministic PDE model and individual-based stochastic simulations are displayed, which match each other well.
Nonlocal Hybrid Network for Long-tailed Image Classification
Authors: Liang Rongjiao , Zhang Shichao , Zhang Wenzhen , Zhang Guixian , Tang Jinyun
Published: November 2023

It is a significant issue to deal with long-tailed data when classifying images. A nonlocal hybrid network (NHN) that takes into account both feature learning and classifier learning is proposed. The NHN can capture the existence of dependencies between two locations that are far away from each other as well as alleviate the impact of long-tailed data on the model to some extent. The dependency relationship between distant pixels is obtained first through a nonlocal module to extract richer feature representations. Then, a learnable soft class center is proposed to balance the supervised contrastive loss and reduce the impact of long-tailed data on feature learning. For efficiency, a logit adjustment strategy is adopted to correct the bias caused by the different label distributions between the training and test sets and obtain a classifier that is more suitable for long-tailed data. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted on two benchmark datasets, the long-tailed CIFAR and the large-scale real-world iNaturalist 2018, both of which have imbalanced label distributions. The experimental results show that the proposed NHN model is efficient and promising.
A Low-Cost Method and Surveying of the Historical Structures from Digital Resources
Authors: Roy Sandeep Kumar , Basunia Mriganka Roy
Published: November 2023

A new method using optics in non-contact photogrammetry to find the dimensions of target objects by digital archive and/or open source digital images has been presented in this paper. In the proposed method, a reference object of known dimension must be present in the field of view of a pair of images collected at any two unknown arbitrary positions along the axis of camera (z-axis) and 2D size measurement (x-y) of other target objects, and it is done successfully with the help of the proposed algorithm. The presented method is applicable to the number of images(>=2) containing the target objects and reference object which are not in the same plane and which may be shot from any camera not known to the user. Hence, the internal and external specifications of the camera are completely unknown to the user. The method has been verified successfully to show its applicability in low-cost surveys by determining the dimensions of the Washington-Monument, Christ the Redeemer (Rio de Janeiro) and the Eiffel Tower (Paris) from open source images. Further, an example case of Notre-Dame Cathedral is demonstrated to find the size of the destroyed spire from the undestroyed reference structure. The results are being compared with known standard values of structures and the relative error percentage for all the cases using the proposed algorithm and are found to be less than 1%. The method may find applications in survey or analysis by old digital video footage or images from archive/libraries where the camera specifications are not known to the user.
Temperature Dependence of Mn4+ Emission Intensity and Lifetime in TriGain® Phosphor (K2SiF6:Mn4+)
Authors: Beers W. W. , Cohen W. E. , Srivastava A. M.
Published: November 2023

The temperature dependence of the Mn4+ photoluminescence and lifetime has been measured in the red emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor that is sold under the trade name, TriGain®. In the range 12−450 K, the 2E → 4A2 emission intensity increases considerably while the lifetime decreases. Above 450 K, rapid decrease in the intensity and lifetime is observed. The results are interpreted in terms of dynamically induced increases in the emission intensity and decay rate coupled with an Arrhenius-type thermal quenching. The parameters of our fitting to physical models are compared with those reported on laboratory synthesized K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor. This comparative study sheds light on factors responsible for non-radiative relaxation processes, which is fundamental to the understanding of phosphor quantum efficiency and performance. The temperature dependence of the Stokes to anti-Stokes vibronic line intensity ratios is also measured and analyzed. Due to low thermal conductivity of K2SiF6, it was necessary to develop protocols to ensure that the surface temperature of the phosphor was close to that of the cold finger in the closed cycle He cryostat.
Translational Aspects of Epithelioid Sarcoma: Current Consensus
Authors: Grünewald Thomas G.P. , Postel-Vinay Sophie , Nakayama Robert T. , Berlow Noah E. , Bolzicco Andrea , Cerullo Vincenzo , Dermawan Josephine K. , Frezza Anna Maria , Italiano Antoine , Jin Jia Xiang , Le Loarer Francois , Martin-Broto Javier , Pecora Andrew , Perez-Martinez Antonio , Tam Yuen Bun , Tirode Franck , Trama Annalisa , Pasquali Sandro , Vescia Mariagrazia , Wortmann Lukas , Wortmann Michael , Yoshida Akihiko , Webb Kim , Huang Paul H. , Keller Charles , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: November 2023

Epithelioid sarcoma (EpS) is an ultra-rare malignant soft-tissue cancer mostly affecting adolescents and young adults. EpS often exhibits an unfavorable clinical course with fatal outcome in ∼50% of cases despite aggressive multimodal therapies combining surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation. EpS is traditionally classified in a more common, less aggressive distal (classic) type and a rarer aggressive proximal type. Both subtypes are characterized by a loss of nuclear INI1 expression, most often following homozygous deletion of its encoding gene, SMARCB1—a core subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. In 2020, the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat was the first targeted therapy approved for EpS, raising new hopes. Still, the vast majority of patients did not benefit from this drug or relapsed rapidly. Further, other recent therapeutic modalities, including immunotherapy, are only effective in a fraction of patients. Thus, novel strategies, specifically targeted to EpS, are urgently needed. To accelerate translational research on EpS and eventually boost the discovery and development of new diagnostic tools and therapeutic options, a vibrant translational research community has formed in past years and held two international EpS digital expert meetings in 2021 and 2023. This review summarizes our current understanding of EpS from the translational research perspective and points to innovative research directions to address the most pressing questions in the field, as defined by expert consensus and patient advocacy groups.
Application of Hemoperfusion in the Treatment of Acute Poisoning
Authors: Ke Jianting , Wei Yuting , Chen Binhuan
Published: November 2023

Rescue of acute poisoning is a race against time, and it is particularly important to remove toxic substances in time. Traditional methods include gastric lavage, promoting elimination, chelating agents, and other treatments. Hemoperfusion is a common blood purification technique. In the clinical practice of acute poisoning, hemoperfusion can directly remove toxic substances through its unique adsorption effect, showing its excellent efficacy. This paper reviews the experience of hemoperfusion in the treatment of various drug overdoses, pesticides, biological toxins, and industrial poisons, even drug addiction. It is hoped to provide a reference for clinicians in acute poisoning rescue.
Successful MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy after Ipsilateral Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Essential Tremor: A Case Report with Video
Authors: Fleury Vanessa , Romascano David , Schneider Damien , Tuleasca Constantin , Lorton Orane , Tomkova Emilie , Catalano Chiuve Sabina , Chytas Vasileios , Lüscher Christian , Burkhard Pierre R. , Salomir Rares , Levivier Marc , Momjian Shahan
Published: November 2023

We report the case of a 67-year-old left-handed female patient with disabling medically refractory essential tremor who underwent successful right-sided magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus after ipsilateral gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) thalamotomy performed 3 years earlier. The GKRS had a partial effect on her postural tremor without side effects, but there was no reduction of her kinetic tremor or improvement in her quality of life (QoL). The patient subsequently underwent a MRgFUS thalamotomy, which induced an immediate and marked reduction in both the postural and kinetic tremor components, with minor complications (left upper lip hypesthesia, dysmetria in her left hand, and slight gait ataxia). The MRgFUS-induced lesion was centered more medially than the GKRS-induced lesion and extended more posteriorly and inferiorly. The MRgFUS-induced lesion interrupted remaining fibers of the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRTT). The functional improvement 1-year post-MRgFUS was significant due to a marked reduction of the patient’s kinetic tremor. The QoL score (Quality of Life in Essential Tremor) improved by 88% and her Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor left hand score by 62%. The side effects persisted but were minor, with no impact on her QoL. The explanation for the superior efficacy of MRgFUS compared to GKRS in our patient could be due to either a poor response to the GKRS or to a better localization of the MRgFUS lesion with a more extensive interruption of DRTT fibers. In conclusion, MRgFUS can be a valuable therapeutic option after unsatisfactory GKRS, especially because MRgFUS has immediate clinical effectiveness, allowing intra-procedural test lesions and possible readjustment of the target if necessary.
Retroperitoneal Hematoma as an Atypical Presentation of Choriocarcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Pham Truce , Lapid Danica , Schmeler Kathleen M. , Rauh-Hain J. Alejandro , Leon Mateo G.
Published: November 2023

A 38-year-old female with an etonogestrel implant in place and history of previous ectopic pregnancy presented with acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. She was found to have a beta-hCG of >12,000 mIU/mL and free fluid noted on a focused assessment with sonography in trauma exam. She underwent an emergent diagnostic laparoscopy due to the suspicion of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Findings at the time of surgery included a normal-appearing uterus and left fallopian tube, a surgically absent right fallopian tube and large volume hemoperitoneum with a rapidly expanding left retroperitoneal hematoma. A postoperative computerized tomography (CT) angiogram suggested active bleeding from a pseudoaneurysm of the left renal artery which was successfully embolized by interventional radiology. Biopsy confirmed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) after metastases to the brain. In this report, we describe the details of this case of GTN with an atypical presentation.