bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Victorian London
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

He had written ahead to several of his father’ s friends, however, and one of them, Dr. P. J. Mehta, called on him Saturday soon after he reached his elegant hotel on Northumberland Avenue. Fascinated by Mehta’ s gleaming top hat, Gandhi “passed my hand over it the wrong way and disturbed the fur.” Mehta angrily took his hat away, cautioning the new arrival never to “touch other people’ s things” in England, and never to ask personal “questions as we usually do in India.” That was “my first lesson in European etiquette.” Gandhi soon learned many more. He was dazzled by London’ s elevators and electric lights and shocked at the cost of its com forts.
Cotton Spinning
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Midnight on March 20, 1922, Gandhi was transported in a special train from Sabarmati Jail south to Poona’ s massive Yeravda Prison, a giant fortress of gray stone. He would have ample time there in the next two years of his incarceration to reflect on the errors he had made, exciting so many ill-prepared, violent, and uncontrollable people to expect to win freedom overnight. Now he resolved to spin cotton thread without speaking, considering his charkha (spinning wheel) the “only device” capable of making all Indians who used it feel that “we are the children of the same land.” Gandhi took vows of silence while he spun for a week at a stretch, desiring no visitors, writing few letters, and seeking through spinning and silence to heal deep wounds in his heart and mind. “I am as happy as a bird,” he soon wrote. “And if my prayers are true and from a humble heart, they, I know, are infinitely more efficacious than any amount of meddlesome activity. “2
The Salt March and Prison Aftermath
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Thus was launched Gandhi's most famous and difficult struggle against the world's largest, wealthiest, and most powerful empire. He told his band of male ashram followers to be ready to leave Sabarmati on the morning of March 12, 1930, and resolve not to return there until India was free.
The Lower Classes
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

Lower-class inhabitants of Laconia and Messenia far outnumbered their Spartan rulers, but we know very little about them aside from their relationship to the Spartans. For Greek history in general, far more is known about the upper class. Furthermore, even among the upper class, there is less evidence for women than for men. Like women elsewhere in Greece, and like upper-class Spartan women, their status and reputation probably depended largely both upon the property they possessed and upon the men with whom they were associated. For example, as we have seen in the upper class, the mothers of brave men were respected and the mothers and sisters of cowards were dishonored and shunned like the cowards themselves (see chap. 3). Unfortunately, neither ancient sources nor modern studies have made gender a defining category in discussions of the lower classes at Sparta. Hence this chapter is the shortest in the book.
El Pueblo De Las Vegas
Authors: Dauber Bill
Published: November 2023

For nine years, John Soltclo fixed flats and inspected brakes at Goldstar Tires in Pico Rivera, California. He worked weekends, holidays, and overtime, but was never able to earn more than $6.50 an hour. Cleaning soiled sheets, dirty towels, and bedpans, his wife, Bernice, earned a maximum of $7 an hour at a convalescent hospital.
A View from West Las Vegas
Authors: Makenta Nefretiti
Published: November 2023

when the sun goes down and the lights go on, the glittering thirty-story towers of the Las Vegas hotels can seem alien colossi from a neighborhood only a mile away, where shabby, single-story bungalows, storefront churches, and empty lots dominate the terrain. A dearcut boundary-marked today by two elevated freeways, as well as the old Union Pacific railroad trach and a vast tract of unused railway land alongside them-separates this neighborhood from the Las Vegas known to millions of tourists and moviegoers.
Epilogue :Learning More From Las Vegas
Authors: Littlejohn David
Published: November 2023

This is obviously not the last word on Las Vegas. It is not even the last word on Las Vegas today-which, for this team of reporters, means Las Vegas as we found it between fall 1996 and fall HJ!J8-lct alone Las Vegas yesterday or Las Vegas tomorrow. Those interested in the history of this city should read Eugene Moehring ’s Resort City in the Sunbelt: Las Vegas 19JO-J970(as updated in 1!JD5), and the Las Vegas chapters of John M. Findlay’s People : Gambling in American Society from Colonial Times to Las Vegas (1986). In addition to the millions of words that have been written about the casino-hotels of the Strip and Downtown, as well as the entrepreneurs, entertainers, gamblers, tourists, athletes, and criminals identified with them, popular articles and academic studies have addressed the city’s water shortage, environmental problems, racial minorities, labor relations, new housing developments, and feeble efforts at planning.
Averting Fratricide: Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S
Published: November 2023

In the background of the play’s action but kept always in the foreground of attention is the sacrifice at Aulis. Iphigeneia is thought to have been sacrificed by her father Agamemnon at Aulis, at the command of Artemis. She was, however, secretly rescued by Artemis and brought to the Taurian land, where she was made the priestess of rites in which xenoi are sacrificed to the goddess. When the play opens, Iphigeneia, having just had a dream which she interprets to mean that Orestes is dead, mourns for her brother. Orestes, however, is still alive and has just arrived in the Taurian land with his cousin and brother-in-law Pylades. After killing his mother, Klytaimestra, in obedience to Apollo’s oracle, Orestes received a second oracle from the god, telling him that he would find release from his mother’s Erinyes by taking Artemis’s statue from the Taurian land to Athens. When Orestes has an attack of madness caused by Klytaimestra’s Erinyes, he and Pylades are captured by the Taurians and brought for sacrifice to Iphigeneia.
The Suppliant Bride: Io and the Dana’ids in Aiskhylos’s Suppliants
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S
Published: November 2023

The plot of Aiskhylos’s Suppliants does not, like that of Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris, center on a direct threat of kin killing. The Dana’ids, the sons of Aigyptos, and Pelasgos are all related, however distantly, but no murder is committed or attempted among them, either with or without knowledge of their relationships. In this play, however, suppliancy creates a dramatic situation analogous to that in Euripides’ tragedy. Pelasgos’s initial reluctance to protect the suppliants makes a terrible and pitiable event appear imminent, and his subsequent agreement to shelter them averts this polluting pathos just as recognition averts fratricide in the Iphigenia.
Hard Times
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

The open-ended policies and strong support for education during Rufus Anderson’s early years as a corresponding secretary with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) reflected both weakness and strength. On the one hand, Anderson’s inexperience, coupled with the difficulties of transoceanic communication and the institutional culture of Congregationalism, gave the board a weak central structure and allowed the missions great autonomy to set policies at their own discretion. The missionaries, for their part, felt the need above all to gain a sympathetic audience in the early stages of their work. They therefore resisted direction from Boston and tended to be more responsive to indigenous context and demand. Consistent policies, much less any general theory of missions, were therefore difficult to implement.
To Ordain Pastors over Them
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

Missionaries had both a functional relationship and a structural relationship to imperialism and colonialism. In functional terms, they participated more or less actively in the expansion of Western power. As explained in the previous chapter, the missionaries depended on diplomatic protection to carry on their work, and their demands sometimes became the occasion for more aggressive intervention in the internal affairs of other nations. In addition, the indigenous people they educated often played useful roles in such interventions. Missionaries also participated in reform efforts that often corroded traditional structures of power and facilitated the rise of Western domination. To some extent, they created additional demand for Western products by the morals they taught and the manner in which they lived. Still, because imperialist expansion was not an explicit goal of the missionary enterprise, the functional relationship between any particular mission and its political context could be highly variable.
Aristotle: first airing of the absolute/relative problem
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

The scientific revolution was a unique event in human history. It was created out of the intellectual activity of two great periods, of which the second is our own and began in the high Middle Ages. The first lasted from around 600 BC until the first centuries after Christ. It was almost entirely associated with Greek thinkers and Greek culture, which became very widely diffused by the activities of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). It is convenient to divide Greek history into two basic periods- before and after Alexander. The second period is generally referred to as the Hellenistic age and will concern us in the next chapter.
Kepler: the dominion of the sun
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

Flamboyant, haughty, and renowned for the gold and silver nose that he had fitted to replace the real one he lost in a duel, the Danish nobleman Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) is the most colourful personality that appears in our story. He witnessed the solar eclipse whose prediction so stirred his imagination (p. 44) that he took up astronomy in Copenhagen in 1560. Equally decisive was his observation of a conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 1563, which occurred on a date differing from the prediction of the Alfonsine Tables by about a month and still by a few days from that of the much newer Prutenic Tables, which used Copernicus’s models.
Descartes and the new world
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

‘From the start of the fourteenth century the grandiose edifice of Peripatetic physics was doomed to destruction.’ We encountered these words of Duhem in Chap. 4. The complete destruction was a long time coming, but when it finally came the tottering structure was brought down in spectacular fashion by Descartes (1596-1650).
Newton I: the discovery of dynamics
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day 1642 according to the old calendar and 4 January 1643 according to the new style. The difference between the calendars is often exploited to make a nice symbolic point—that Newton was born in the year, 1642, that Galileo died. As was noted in Chap. 7, in his Discorsi Galileo predicted that: ‘there have been opened up to this vast and most excellent science [of motion], of which my work is merely the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more acute than mine will explore its remote corners.’ Newton’s was the mind destined to fulfill this confident—and accurate—prophecy.
Newton II: absolute or relative motion?
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

The famous Scholium in the opening pages of the Principia on absolute and relative motion together with the whole subsequent development of the debate, including the discovery of general relativity, constitutes one of the most ironic and curious chapters in the history of science.
Post-Newtonian conceptual clarification of Newtonian dynamics
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, Newton combined strongly rationalistic, a priori views about space and time with a markedly empirical approach to the nature of bodies and the interactions between them. This obscured the extent to which the whole of Newtonian dynamics could be put on an empirical foundation.
Augustine Reads Plotinus
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

Augustinian inwardness takes shape in the first third of Augustine’s career as a Christian writer, the period that begins with his earliest extant writings in the winter of 386 and culminates in the Confessions at about the turn of the century. For ease of reference I will call this whole time “Augustine’s early period”; bearing in mind that by the end of it he had written works of deep intellectual maturity and great brilliance. Yet for all that there is something preliminary about the entire period. Except for the Confessions and its contemporary, the treatise On Christian Doctrine, the works that were to make Augustine the most influential teacher of the Western church were all written in the latter two periods of his career, when he was establishing the conceptual basis of Western sacramental thinking (especially in the second period, which can conveniently be labeled “anti-Donatist,” after his primary ecclesiastical opponents at that time) and the Western theology of grace (in his last period, labeled “anti-Pelagian” after his main opponents at the end of his life). It is as ifin his early period he were forging tools for later inquiries and weapons for later polemics. Prominent among these tools and weapons, in fact, is the concept of the self as an inner space where God is present.
Inward Turn and Intellectual Vision
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

Augustine’s inward turn is first and foremost a way of directing the mind’s attention, and on that basis it is also a form of conversion and a project of philosophical inquiry. The language of conversion (Latin conversio, Greek epistrophē ) is based on verbs that mean “to turn one’s attention.”1 What conversion is about, for Augustine as well as for Plotinus and Plato, is turning one’s attention to look in a different direction from before, in order to find what is divine and ultimate. To turn inward, as Plotinus and Augustine do, means looking for the divine in the self (and of course specifically in the soul) and therefore requires a view of the soul and its relation to the divine that would make sense of directing one’s attention that way. Hence a commitment to turning inward generates a conception of inner space, a dimension of being within the soul where one can turn to look for God.
Leaving The Realm Of The Visualizable: Waves, Quanta, And The Rise Of Quantum Theory
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the nineteenth century Lord Kelvin, one of the best known and most respected physicists at that time, commented that “only two small clouds” remained on the horizon of knowledge in physics. In other words, there were, in Kelvin’s view, only two sources of confusion in our otherwise complete understanding of material reality. The two clouds were the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to detect the existence of a hypothetical substance called the ether, and the inability of electromagnetic theory to predict the distribution of radiant energy at different frequencies emitted by an idealized “radiator” called the black body. These problems seemed so small that some established physicists were encouraging those contemplating graduate study in physics to select other fields of scientific study where there was more opportunity to make original contributions to knowledge. What Lord Kelvin could not have anticipated was that efforts to resolve these two anomalies would lead to relativity theory and quantum theory, or to what came to be called the new physics.
Over Any Distance In “No Time”: Bell’s Theorem And The Aspect And Gisin Experiments
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

The great debate between Bohr and Einstein began at the fifth Solvay Congress in 1927 and continued intermittently until Einstein’s death in 1955. The argument took the form of thought experiments in which Einstein would try to demonstrate that it was theoretically possible to measure, or at least determine precise values for, two complementary constructs in quantum physics, like position and momentum, simultaneously. Bohr would then respond with a careful analysis of the conditions and results in Einstein’s thought experiments and demonstrate that there were fundamental ambiguities he had failed to resolve. Although both men would have despised the use of the term, Bohr was the winner on all counts. Eventually, the dialogue revolved around the issue of realism, and it is this issue that Einstein felt would decide the correctness of quantum theory.
The Logic Of Nature: Complementarity And The New Biology
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

The vitalism-mechanism controversy was a preoccupation of Niels Bohr’s father, a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen, and a frequent topic of discussion at the family residence. While the terms are now archaic, the distinction between a living organism, which must interact with its environment, and a detailed scientific description of that organism, which must treat the system as isolated or isolatable, remains ambiguous. Bohr dealt with fundamental ambiguities in biology in the same way that he dealt with fundamental ambiguities in quantum physics-by analyzing the conditions for observation required for unambiguous description and avoiding appeals to extra-scientific or metaphysical constructs.
Hyperbata Varia
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we survey a whole range of other types of phrasal discontinuity: Y2 hyperbaton, genitive hyperbaton, conjunct hyperbaton, ditic hyperbaton, specifier hyperbaton, non-head X hyperbaton, double hyperbaton, attribute YP hyperbaton, and hyperbaton in non-finite clauses. We also discuss the important difference between Y1 hyperbaton in verse and Y1 hyperbaton in prose. Anyone who tends to develop allergic reactions from sustained exposure to even fairly coarse-grained philological classification and analysis can perhaps read lightly in this chapter; but not too lightly, since much of theoretical significance emerges even at this preliminary stage in the argument.
The Syntax of Y1 Hyperbaton
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

The problem of the status of hyperbaton in classical Greek is quite different from the problem of the origin of hyperbaton. Hyperbaton starts out in a relatively nonconfigurational typology, but what sort of structures does it pre-suppose in the classical language? Consider the case of a tragic actor, say the notorious Hegelochus. His everyday speech has configurational noun phrases, and his use of Y1 hyperbaton is restricted to cases with focused modifiers. On the other hand, the poetic language he declaims in the theatre has an earlier, less constrained type of hyperbaton without these restrictions. So there are two questions, one involving the representation of hyperbaton in a language which has systematically configurational noun phrases, the other relating to the coexistence of earlier and later syntactic typologies associated with the spoken and the poetic language respectively. This chapter is concerned with the first of these questions.
Royal Propaganda
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

Stefan Heym is a well-known writer from the former East Germany. Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, he published a book called The King David Report. It was a clever satire on the repressive censorship and propaganda of the East German government. In the book, King Solomon com missions a fictional character named Ethan to write the official report on King David.
Who Killed Whom?
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

Just before halftime during the broadcast of Superbowl XXIX in 1995, an adolescent with shoulder-length hair and a simple white smock appeared on the TV screen. A leather sling dangled from his left hand and he was leaning on a shepherds crook. Facing him was a line of burly men with thick beards, clad in bronze armor with crested helmets and clutching swords and spears. The men were all mocking and ridiculing the boy. The tallest among them began to threaten him.
Holy Terrorist
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

In 1985, Paramount Studios released King David. In the film, Richard Gere played a politically correct and ultramodern David who believed that the one true God accepted people of all nations. This David defied the prophets and the law, refusing to attack foreigners within the land of Israel. He advocated following the feelings of one’s heart instead of the principles of the law or the instructions of some “holy man:’ It was through the heart, he said, that God really speaks to people. This portrayal of David was ahistorical in many ways (David is essentially non-violent!). But the movie was right about one thing. On his way to be king David treated people of all ethnic backgrounds the same. He had a common goal for everyone—subjugation.
The Cost of Kingship
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

Ibe Bible says the people of Israel wanted a king to protectthem from their enemies and make them like the other nations. “We will have a king over us. Then we also will be like all the nations. Our king will rule us and will go out before us to fight our battles” (1 Sam. 8:19—20).
Finished Portrait
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

I have likened this biography throughout to the task of painting a portrait. The artist begins with pigments. Ours have been the sources of information about Davids life, especially the Bible. But the paints are useless without the tools to apply them; brushes and canvas are needed. So for us the question is how to use the Bible to extract biographical information about David.
Edwards’s War Against Enlightenment Religion
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

Deism was the religion of the Enlightenment. Of course it was not the only religion of the Enlightenment. Both Locke and Newton, for example, departed from orthodox Christology without discarding what deism rejected—the inspiration of the Bible. But deism was the religion that took the Enlightenment presuppositionof intellectual autonomy most seriously. And it was deism that most effectively transmitted Enlightenment religious sensibilities to later generations.

Jonathan Edwards recognized, perhaps more acutely than any other American thinker in the eighteenth century, that if Christian thinking seriously entertained the most elemental deist presumptions, the Reformed faith would collapse. To him deism epitomized the most pernicious philosophical and theological trends of his day. He also believed, rightly or wrongly, that it was actually tempting the minds of his colonial compatriots. As a result he dedicated his career to its destruction. In his philosophical treatises he set out to explode the arguments of the deists.
Signatures of Divine Majesty
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

More than anything else, it was its rejection of revelation that distinguished Enlightenment religion from all of its adversaries. Before the rise of deism, there were plenty of factions within what could be called orthodoxy that fought over the true form of orthodoxy and what the Bible really meant. But it was not until the rise of deism in the seventeenth century that substantial numbers of the intellectual elite openly denied the notion that God had spoken through the Bible. Soon “natural religion,” which contended that God speaks only through nature and reason, became the most distinctive religious product of the Enlightenment.

Jonathan Edwards joined a host of orthodox thinkers who tried to defend the notion of revelation from its Enlightenment detractors. Edwards’s arguments were not wholly dissimilar from those of his allies, but they showed greater subtlety and sensitivity to deist reasoning. He began his defense of revelation with a series of arguments for its necessity. Since he believed that reason was prevented by sin from leading human beings to the true God, he was convinced that revelation was necessary to supply what fallen reason could not.
A Possibility of Reconciliation
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

Most students of early New England remember the Robert Breck affair as a bizarre episode in which western Massachusetts ministers in 1735 arranged to have a young preacher from Harvard arrested and carried off to jail on charges of heresy. Students of Edwards also know that the Northampton theologian agreed that Breck was preaching dangerous heresy and publicly defended the ministers’ actions. What most historians have overlooked, however, is that one of the three Breck doctrines deemed to be heretical concerned the eschatological destiny of the “heathen,” and that it was this doctrine that seemed to bother Edwards the most.

According to his accusers, Robert Breck (1713–84) had told his Windham County (Connecticut) auditors that some portions of the Scriptures were not inspired, that predestination gave “no Encouragement to Duty,” and that “the heathen doing what they could would entitle’ em to salvation.” It was this last accusation to which Edwards devoted the majority of his attention in his published account of the heresies.
Islam
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of his life Jonathan Edwards launched a series of diatribes against Islam. This was not the first time, of course, that a Christian thinker had regarded Muslims with dismay. Edwards was continuing a long tradition of anti-Islamic sentiment that combined fear and loathing with curious fascination. Yet Edwards’s hostility toward Islam evinced a new fervor and a new motive. His denunciations of the followers of Muhammad were unusually vitriolic because he considered Islam to be a foil for Reformed Christianity’s most dangerous enemy: deism.
Greece and Rome
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

In the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century polemics waged over the origin of true religion, Greece and Rome were weapons of choice. Both orthodox and deists used the classical writings of the Greeks and Romans to defend their positions and to attack their adversaries’ accounts of how the ancients came to know God. The classics were ubiquitous in the literate society of the period. Original language editions and competent translations were widely available for the works of Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, Tacitus, and Cicero. All of these writers had written about religion, both its nature and origin, and they were used by most of those who joined the modem debate.

For centuries the Christian church had dismissed Greek and Roman religion as largely inspired by demons, while at the same time drawing upon Greek philosophy not only to confirm but also to construct Christian theology. Augustine, for example, regarded Neoplatonism as capable of serving as a preparation for Christianity, while Aquinas’s theology was based partly on Aristotelian metaphysics.
The Chinese Philosophers
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

In the eighteenth century China became the focus of an international religious and philosophical debate over the origins of true religion. Did God reveal morals and salvation through historical revelation or innate reason? Both sides in the debate appealed to Chinese culture. Deists claimed that China was a living prototype of deist ethics, while traditionalists pointed to traces of orthodox theology in the Chinese Classics, which supposedly evidenced revelation passed down to Chinese patriarchs from the sons of Noah. Jonathan Edwards followed this debate from his frontier outpost in New England and used China to support his own attacks on deist claims.
Theories and Descriptions
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein repeatedly said that philosophy must be “purely descriptive” (BB, pp. 18, 125; PI, §124), and he undoubtedly thought that he conducted his own philosophizing in that way, by giving descriptions. But what did he regard as a philosophically relevant description? He meant something so different from what is commonly assumed that others who came along afterward, hoping to emulate his practice, not only misunderstood him but attributed to him a style of philosophy that he genuinely abhorred.
What Criteria Cannot Be
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3 I pointed out that one of the ways in which Wittgenstein has been misunderstood is the naive way in which philosophers have understood his claim that his method is “purely descriptive” (BB, pp. 18 and 125) and that philosophy “can only describe” the use of words (PI, §124). The mistake was to think that Wittgenstein aimed at giving descriptions that had no metaphysical ideas or assumptions built into them. This mistake extends to Wittgenstein’s concept of criteria: it is generally taken to be a genuinely descriptive term, one that carries no metaphysical baggage. This misconception about Wittgenstein has, I believe, caused more mischief than any other.
What Is Missing from Religious Approaches to War and Peace
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

War has been the subject of centuries-old discussions in both Judaism and Islam, and there have also been separate discussions in each tradition regarding peacemaking and the ethical relationships between human beings, both between fellow believers and between believers and Others. Rarely, however, are these discussions integrated in a way that illuminates the question of warmaking and peacemaking as a whole. It is as if war is a separate category of human experience, having nothing whatever to do with the full spectrum of ethical challenges of human intercourse, and as if these phenomena have no causal interconnections at all. Furthermore, there is a tendency to engage in these discussions in an ahistorical fashion, as if there has been no fundamental movement over time in attitudes toward these phenomena.
Modern Jewish Orthodox Theologies of Interreligious Coexistence
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

The level of contact between people of many faiths in the last hundred years has led to some unprecedented developments in religious belief and practice. It is true that an approach to faith and practice that acknowledges the existence of other religions has been a staple of human religious experience since the dawn of civilization. But after many centuries of extremely intolerant monotheistic religious warfare, there is a decidedly important group of monotheists who have embraced multifaith contacts and exchanges. This, in turn, has led to some interesting shifts in religious consciousness. From the Parliament of World Religions in the late nineteenth century right up to our own time there is more and more conversation both on what makes us all different in the scores of world religions and on what binds us together. It is the latter that has led to a distinctive form of religious humanitarianism that suggests an important hermeneutic evolution of religion, at least for those who have come to subscribe to this kind of humanitarianism.
Healing Religious/ Secular Conflict
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

We turn now to a contemporary civilization in which organized religion has been a major factor in conflict and violence. There is a great deal to be worried about in terms of Israel’[s future, particularly in terms of the unraveling of its domestic relations. One major reason that Israel is polarizing and is in some danger of disintegrating is the war over its identity, especially as that identity has been deeply called into question by the “terrifying” prospect of peace. Some careful analysis is required to understand the reason why this identity war between religious and secular, between liberal and nationalist, along with the slow convergence of these polar sets, is so decisive—and destructive—and why something as normally hopeful as a peace process has become the major trigger. It is true that the Hamas bombs prior to Benjamin Netanyahu’[s electoral victory in May of 1996 did the most to disintegrate a broad consensus for peacemaking. The threat of bombs continues to frighten Israelis in ways that one can see clearly in everyday activity but that are not readily admitted. Recently, the Palestinian Authority public television aired a program that featured Palestinian children making speeches in which they aspired to be suicide bombers, with their teacher looking on and applauding.
New Paradigms of Religion and Coriflict Resolution
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

The field of conflict resolution theory has emerged in recent years with a vital and timely analysis of the deep roots of persistent conflicts in addition to theoretical constructs and practical strategies for resolving conflicts. As a field, it addresses a variety of conflicts, including straightforward disputes of a limited sort as well as deep-seated violence that encompasses the fates of millions of people. It examines the roots of conflict that stem from issues of communication, psychology, power, and a variety of other human needs.’[ The field has been mostly developed in Western, industrialized, secular contexts. As such it has been harder to integrate the results with a variety of cultures and religious contexts that have their roots in premodern categories of thinking and feeling. As noted earlier, this has led to a relative impasse in dealing constructively with those global and domestic conflicts today that have some roots in issues of religious identity.
Systematic Recommendations for Intervention in Contemporary Conflicts
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

Religion has a dual legacy in human history regarding peace and violence. Both its contribution to violence and its contribution to prosocial values and peacemaking need to be studied by scholars both inside and outside the individual faiths with an eye to sharing this information as widely as possible. This can then form the basis of theologies of peacemaking ,md, more pragmatically, of creative strategies of conflict prevention and conflict resolution.
Why Are We So Hooked on Leaders Anyway?:The Psychological and Existential Foundations of Leadership
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Although connective leadership still lacks a significant legion of constituents, other forms of leadership have had a strong hold on us for centuries. In particular, what I characterized in the first chapter as Stage 2 leaders describes what many people define as leadership. Before we can fully appreciate the new possibilities offered by connective leadership, we need to probe our images of leaders: where these images come from, why we have them, and in what ways they may be constraining our vision of what leaders can be.
Mapping Leadership Styles:Direct, Relational, and Instrumental
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, we have explored the foundations of our images of leadership and demonstrated why radically new forms of leadership are a must in Stage 3, the Connective Era. We have also seen examples of early connective leaders, prophetic figures whose leadership strategies outstripped their followers’ readiness to accept them. To advance to a more complete understanding of connective leadership, we need a conceptual tool, one that enables us to describe leadership behavior in greater detail.
The Instrumental Road Less Traveled:The Personal, Social, and Entrusting Styles
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Daring and discreet, or devious and dependent? Americans view the third set of achieving styles, the instrumental styles, through a multifocal lens. The reactions to the images they see range from attraction to skepticism and outright distrust. Because these styles conjure up Machiavellian manipulation, they leave many Americans quite ambivalent.
Women Leaders:An Oxymoron? Or Does Gender Make a Difference?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

In Part One of this book, I talked about the American leadership images that represent our ego ideal, that is, an ideal construct of what we all would be if only we could. That ego ideal, I have suggested, draws on a very limited set of behaviors that we now recognize as the direct achieving styles.
Connective Leadership and the Serious Issues:Life, Death, and the Search for Meaning
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

For hundreds of years, the subject ofl eadership has troubled and intrigued pundits and practitioners, as well as the rest of us. By now, one would think, that issue should have been exhaustively mined and thoroughly understood. Yet we continue, decade after decade, even century after century, to think, debate, and write about leadership.
Casting Light on the Sounds of the Tamil Veda Tirukkō nēri Dāsyai’s “Garland of Words”
Authors: Narayanan Vasudha
Published: November 2023

The right of a woman to recite and study the Veda has been disputed in many Hindu communities. In August 1994, Jagatguru Shankaracharya Kapileswaranand Saraswati is reported to have said that the recitation of Vedas by women will adversely affect their health and prevent them from having healthy babies.
Charles Wesley
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

This is an anthology of the writings of Charles Wesley. Best known for his hymns, such as `Hark! the Herald Angels Sing', and `Jesus, Lover of My Soul', Charles was the younger brother of John Wesley and the co-founder of Methodism. Despite his importance in the history of Protestantism, there is no collection of his writings in print, and indeed, little work has been done specifically on Charles in the last two generations. Tyson presents a chronologically arranged selection of the journals, sermons, letters, hymns, and poems in such a way as to both outline Wesley's life and illuminate the leading elements of his thought.
/ Out of the Den of the Lion
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

The revival shook eighteenth-century society through the radical changes it brought in the lives of men and women. Its conception of Christian discipleship challenged both the mores of the age and the modus operandi of the religious establishment. The superstitions of the ignorant, instability of the political situation, rabid antiCatholicism, and growing anticlericalism fueled popular opposition to the Wesleys. Charles saw this opposition as the natural reaction of a fallen world confronted with the gospel of Christ; according to him, ‘‘it is always the Lamb who troubles the waters.’’ Divisions caused within families combined with bigotry of class, politics, and religion to create a volatile evangelistic climate. By the early 1740s mob violence became a fact of life for Charles Wesley and the Methodists. Deprived of civil rights and due process of law, persecution became a badge of discipleship among them. Adhering to the beatitudes and the doctrine of nonresistance ( “tum the other cheek”), Charles and his followers suffered physical peril and loss of property at the hands of “the rabble.” Yet the constancy of their Christianity and the tenacity of their faith gradually won the respect of their oppressors, and not a few of “the enemies” eventually joined Methodist societies.
/ The Predestination Controversy
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

The second major theological dispute to arise in early Methodism that elicited Wesleyan hymns and shaped Methodist doctrine had its locus in the emergence of a so-called predestinarian party. There are hints of predestinarian sentiments among the Methodists from the very beginning of the movement, as George Whitefield, one of the great preachers of the revival, took a Reformed posture from the outset. By November of 1740 the two soteriological perspectives threatened to divide Methodism. The Wesleys’ Kingswood school in Bristol became a center of predestinarian theology as John Cennick, a closet Calvinist, emerged as leader of the predestinarian party by December 6, 1740.
The Village Nexus
Authors: Gottschalk Peter
Published: November 2023

The ethnographic research for this book took place among the residents of a group of villages situated in the western Bihar district of Bhabhua. An understanding of this region and its socioeconomic situation is necessary not only to comprehend the conditions of the people from whom the research material derives but also because of the importance of territory to many forms of identity. The chapter concludes with a historical overview of religious self identification and exclusion in South Asia. Residents of the study area identify themselves with a concentric set of territories: household, muhalla (neighborhood), village, village nexus, district, state, and nation. The nexus is comprised of individual villages, villages of muhallas, muhallas of households, and so on. A description of the physical, social, and economic environment surrounding the residents of the Arampur nexus also demonstrates how residents may associate themselves with any or all of these nested sets of territory.2 That they characterize themselves according to territorial, as well as social, aspects of the region is evidenced in the common phrase, Jaisa pānī, vaisa ādmī (As the water, so the person), which expresses the understanding that the localized qualities of water influence the qualities of local residents.
Ocean of the Strands of Memory
Authors: Gottschalk Peter
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter showed how narratives can be compared to one another as group memories. It provides the necessary theoretical foundation for the next two chapters, which analyze a variety of local narratives and demonstrate the contextual and multiple nature of the identities that inform them. Here I attempt to portray some of the group identities to which individuals in the Arampur area refer (implicitly or explicitly, for themselves and for others) when they narrate their memories. As the personal expression of an individual narrator, each memory may reflect some of the multiple group identities with which the narrator associates. In the social context in which they are formed and expressed, these memories often negotiate conflicting or contradictory memories offered by family members, neighbors, or strangers. The five narrative themes considered demonstrate some of the primary identities to which residents allude, show how they vary in form according to context, give examples of counter memories, and reflect the recrystallization of individual identities according to social context.
Introduction: Muslims in America or American Muslims?
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Islam is the fastest growing religion in America and in Europe. There are, for example, more Muslims in America than in Kuwait, Qatar, and Libya. It has been common to speak of Islam and the West, but today any consideration of that topic must include Islam in the West. Islam is the second largest religion in France, the third in Britain, Germany, and North America. Even if Muslim immigration and the rate of conversion were not to grow, birth rate alone ensures that in the first part of the twenty-first century, Islam will replace Judaism as the second largest religion in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

Oppression comes from the heart. It begins in fear and loathing of what one finds within, inclinations too frightening to be acknowledged. Externalized, these unwholesome or unwelcome desires are projected on the mythic other, the depersonalized, dehumanized members of some exotic or rival group. Are such projections the source of racist persecution and religious violence? I doubt that bigotry has a single source. But projection and the denial behind it form one source of its violent energies. The same destructive dynamics are found in every culture. And if we view religions not from the heights for which they reach but from sea level or below, watching the dalliances of their leaders and the actions and reactions of their adherents, we can find the same forces and potentials in every religion. They do not always rise to the surface, but they show their faces and their teeth often enough to give religion itself a bad name.
The Rise of Universal Historiography
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

Arabic history writing itself has a history that graphically testifies to the gradual ascendence of synthetic modes of presentation-and thought. Not that thought inevitably follows exposition. But synthesis, especially of a higher order, demands written exposition. if only as its worktable, and the vast and unmanageable materials of history do need a worktable. Initially, we might suppose, history writing would be linear, represented, perhaps, in ancient chronicles and annals. But in hif>toriography, as with consciousness at large, a linear view of time is itself, as Kant suggests it would be, a signal achieve­ ment of synthetic understanding.
Mennonites and Conflict in Northern Ireland, 1970–1998
Authors: Liechty Joseph
Published: November 2023

Beginning In The Early 1970s, the first Mennonite connections with Ireland were occasional, brief, and limited to a few people, mostly North Americans. Mennonite colleges sent groups to study literature and conflict; Mennonite scholars and administrators visited Ireland to speak and learn. While these visits were not designed to initiate Mennonite institutional involvement, one of them did have that unintended effect.

In 1972, a group of Mennonite Board of Missions (MBM) workers meeting in Dublin accepted an invitation from the Belfast Bible College to speak on Mennonite themes, including peace witness. One of their more skeptical auditors was Mike Garde, a dynamic young Irishman from County Cork, who was doing a degree at the college. On reflection, however, Garde found himself persuaded by what he had heard, and he became increasingly and passionately committed to Mennonite perspectives. From then on, more and more Mennonite visitors met Garde, and from these visits and relationships and from reflection centered in the emerging London Mennonite Fellowship, a vision for Mennonite witness in Ireland began to emerge. This finally took concrete form when Garde returned to Dublin as an employee of MBM and the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) in 1978. The next year, North American Mennonites Paul and Dawn Ruth Nelson joined Garde, and when my wife, Linda, and I and our baby daughter, Anna, followed in 1980, the initial team of Mennonite workers was complete.
Building Peace from Below and Inside
Authors: Esquivia Ricardo , Stucky Paul
Published: November 2023

From The Beginning, I have lived and suffered with the conflict in which my country, Colombia, has been immersed, and I have participated in and contributed to the development of the course of action of the Mennonite church in this situation of social upheaval. What follows is a description of the evolution of the active response of the Colombian Mennonite church in the ongoing conflict.

To understand the situation, let us go back to 1956 in Cachipay, Cundinamarca, Colombia. For nine years, from 1947, the General Conference Mennonite Church of the United States and the American Leprosy Mission had been operating a boarding grade school as a support to the healthy children of people with leprosy. This was a project of missionaries from the United States who had moved to this community and settled there with their families.

People with leprosy had been abandoned by a society and by a state that, at that time, had the belief that this was a contagious disease against which society had to be defended. For this reason, the sick were taken, often by force, to a quarantined community called Agua de Dios (Water of God), located approximately three hours’ drive west of Bogota. The children were separated from their families and placed in a state-operated boarding school called Nazaret under miserable conditions.