bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
[N[N]] compounds in Russian
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod , Vakareliyska Cynthia
Published: August 2013

Modern Russian contains a significant number of right-headed compounds modeled on Germanic [N[N]] compounds and containing recently borrowed English or German stems. The present article argues that these compounds are a family of partially lexically-specific constructions. Quantitative corpus data from the restricted semantic domain consisting of names of food/drink establishments support this claim by showing that the [N[N]] structure is specifically associated with certain head nouns. The article discusses the relationship between these and related constructions, and suggests motivations for the partial productivity of [N[N]] constructions in Russian.1
A comparison between Fluid Construction Grammar and Sign-Based Construction Grammar
Authors: van Trijp Remi
Published: August 2013

Construction Grammar has reached a stage of maturity where many researchers are looking for an explicit formal grounding of their work. Recently, there have been exciting developments to cater for this demand, most notably in Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG) and Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). Unfortunately, like playing a music instrument, the formalisms used by SBCG and FCG take time and effort to master, and linguists who are unfamiliar with them may not always appreciate the far-reaching theoretical consequences of adopting this or that approach. This paper undresses SBCG and FCG to their bare essentials, and offers a linguist-friendly comparison that looks at how both approaches define constructions, linguistic knowledge and language processing.
Responses to an opponent’s nonverbal behavior in a televised debate
Authors: Weger Harry , Seiter John S. , Jacobs Kimberly A. , Akbulut Valerie
Published: August 2013

This study examined audience perceptions of a political candidate’s credibility and likeability as a function of varying the candidate’s responses to an opponent’s nonverbal disparagement during a televised debate. 412 participants watched a purported televised debate between candidates for mayor in a small city in Utah. In all six versions, one debater engaged in strong nonverbal disagreement during his opponent’s opening statement. His opponent responded to the nonverbal behavior with one of six decreasingly polite messages. Results indicated that more direct (i.e., less polite) messages increased audience perceptions of the speaker’s expertise and character compared to providing no response. The results also showed a significant interaction between response type and audience member’s level of trait verbal aggressiveness. The “indirect” and “on-record with redress” responses led to stronger perceptions of speaker composure and extroversion for members high in verbal aggression and the “off the record” strategy led to higher perceptions of extroversion and composure for members low in verbal aggression.
Spatiotemporal Predictive Models for Juvenile Southern Flounder in Texas Estuaries
Authors: Froeschke Bridgette F. , Tissot Philippe , Stunz Gregory W. , Froeschke John T.
Published: August 2013

Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma supports a multimillion dollar commercial and recreational fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite its economic importance, the Southern Flounder population has been declining for decades. To improve the management of this fishery, both population trends and changes in environmental conditions need to be considered. Using two different statistical modeling techniques, boosted regression tree (BRT) and artificial neural network (ANN), a 29-year fisheries-independent record of juvenile Southern Flounder abundance in Texas was examined to illustrate how environmental factors influence the temporal and spatial distribution of juvenile Southern Flounder. Boosted regression trees show the presence of juvenile Southern Flounder is closely associated with relatively low temperatures, low salinity levels, and high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Both ANN and BRT models resulted in high predictive performance with slight spatial differences in predicted distribution. Both models suggested high probability of occurrence in Galveston Bay and East Matagorda Bay. The ANN accurately predicted higher probability of occurrence in Sabine Lake compared with the BRT model. Our results will provide tools for fisheries managers to enhance management and sustainability of the Southern Flounder population. Moreover, these results also identify a predictive framework for proactive approaches to ecosystem management by providing more data to identify essential habitat features and understanding relationships between abiotic and biotic factors within those habitats.

Received October 16, 2012; accepted May 22, 2013
Juvenile Movement among Different Populations of Cutthroat Trout Introduced as Embryos to Vacant Habitat
Authors: Andrews Tessa M. , Shepard Bradley B. , Litt Andrea R. , Kruse Carter G. , Zale Alexander V. , Kalinowski Steven T.
Published: August 2013

Translocations are frequently used to increase the abundance and range of endangered fishes. One factor likely to affect the outcome of translocations is fish movement. We introduced embryos from five Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi populations (both hatchery and wild) at five different locations within a fishless watershed. We then examined the movement of age-1 and age-2 fish and looked for differences in movement distance among source populations and among introduction sites; we also examined the interactions among age, population, and introduction site. At age 1, most individuals (90.9%) remained within 1,000 m their introduction sites. By age 2, the majority of individuals (58.3%) still remained within 1,000 m of their introduction site, but considerably more individuals had moved downstream, some more than 6,000 m from their introduction site. We observed a significant interaction between age and source population (F  4, 1077 = 15.45, P < 0.0001) as well as between age and introduction site (F  41, 1077 = 11.39, P < 0.0008), so we presented results in the context of these interactions. Within age-groups, we observed differences in movement behavior among source populations and among donor populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout. We discuss these findings in light of previous research on juvenile salmonid movement.

Received April 20, 2012; accepted June 3, 2013
Mortality of Palmetto Bass Following Catch-and-Release Angling
Authors: Petersen Matthew J. , Bettoli Phillip W.
Published: August 2013

Palmetto bass (Striped Bass Morone saxatilis × White Bass M. chrysops) have been stocked into reservoirs in the southeastern USA since the late 1960s and have gained widespread acceptance as a sport fish. These fisheries are growing in popularity and catch-and-release (CR) fishing is commonplace; however, there is a dearth of information on CR mortality of palmetto bass. We experimentally angled palmetto bass (n = 56; >373-mm TL) in a Tennessee reservoir using traditional angling gear in water temperatures ranging from 13°C to 32°C. Ultrasonic transmitters equipped with floats were externally attached to fish, which were released immediately and tracked multiple times within 10 d of release. Mortality was negligible (3.6%) in fall and spring at cool water temperatures but was high (39.3%) in summer when water temperatures exceeded 26°C. The best logistic regression model based on Akaike's information criterion for small sample sizes scores relied on water temperature alone to predict CR mortality of palmetto bass; there was little support for other models that included all possible combinations of the six other predictor variables we tested. Palmetto bass in our study experienced lower CR mortality than Striped Bass in other systems, but CR mortality rates for palmetto bass that approach or exceed 40% during summer are still problematic if the goal is to maintain fishing quality.

Received February 20, 2013; accepted June 2, 2013
Helpful aspects of outdoor therapy experiences: An online preliminary investigation
Authors: Revell Stephanie , Duncan Elaine , Cooper Mick
Published: August 2013

Background: The term outdoor therapy can be used to refer to a wide range of outdoor programmes including adventure therapy and wilderness therapy. Much of the research in the outdoor therapy field has focused on outcomes of these programmes rather than exploring the actual processes that are inherent in these experiences. Aim: This study investigated participants' perspectives of helpful aspects of outdoor therapy experiences. Method: By means of an international online survey, participants reported what was helpful about their experiences of outdoor therapy. A mixed method approach was used, with the qualitative data being analysed with the use of grounded theory methodology to conduct thematic analysis. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: A total of 43 complete responses were received. Quantitative and qualitative analysis established that being in the outdoors was the most helpful factor. Of 19 given aspects ‘to be outdoors’ was ranked the highest and ‘being outdoors’ emerged as a main category in the thematic analysis (84%, (n=36)). ‘Group related aspects’ were all rated higher, on average, than ‘your relationship with therapist’. Such findings contradict previous research on how important the therapeutic relationship is in facilitating positive therapeutic encounters. Conclusion: Although very much a preliminary survey, findings suggest that further investigation into the meaning attached to being outdoors and how this might affect/impact upon the therapeutic relationship is needed.
Loss of epidermal Evi/Wls results in a phenotype resembling psoriasiform dermatitis
Authors: Augustin Iris , Gross Julia , Baumann Daniel , Korn Claudia , Kerr Grainne , Grigoryan Tamara , Mauch Cornelia , Birchmeier Walter , Boutros Michael
Published: August 2013

Cells of the epidermis renew constantly from germinal layer stem cells. Although epithelial cell differentiation has been studied in great detail and the role of Wnt signaling in this process is well described, the contribution of epidermal Wnt secretion in epithelial cell homeostasis remains poorly understood. To analyze the role of Wnt proteins in this process, we created a conditional knockout allele of the Wnt cargo receptor Evi/Gpr177/Wntless and studied mice that lacked Evi expression in the epidermis. We found that K14-Cre, Evi-LOF mice lost their hair during the first hair cycle, showing a reddish skin with impaired skin barrier function. Expression profiling of mutant and wild-type skin revealed up-regulation of inflammation-associated genes. Furthermore, we found that Evi expression in psoriatic skin biopsies is down-regulated, suggesting that Evi-deficient mice developed skin lesions that resemble human psoriasis. Immune cell infiltration was detected in Evi-LOF skin. Interestingly, an age-dependent depletion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) and an infiltration of γδlow T cells in Evi mutant epidermis was observed. Collectively, the described inflammatory skin phenotype in Evi-deficient mice revealed an essential role of Wnt secretion in maintaining normal skin homeostasis by enabling a balanced epidermal-dermal cross talk, which affects immune cell recruitment and DETC survival.
MeltDB 2.0–advances of the metabolomics software system
Authors: Kessler Nikolas , Neuweger Heiko , Bonte Anja , Langenkämper Georg , Niehaus Karsten , Nattkemper Tim W. , Goesmann Alexander
Published: August 2013

Motivation: The research area metabolomics achieved tremendous popularity and development in the last couple of years. Owing to its unique interdisciplinarity, it requires to combine knowledge from various scientific disciplines. Advances in the high-throughput technology and the consequently growing quality and quantity of data put new demands on applied analytical and computational methods. Exploration of finally generated and analyzed datasets furthermore relies on powerful tools for data mining and visualization.

Results: To cover and keep up with these requirements, we have created MeltDB 2.0, a next-generation web application addressing storage, sharing, standardization, integration and analysis of metabolomics experiments. New features improve both efficiency and effectivity of the entire processing pipeline of chromatographic raw data from pre-processing to the derivation of new biological knowledge. First, the generation of high-quality metabolic datasets has been vastly simplified. Second, the new statistics tool box allows to investigate these datasets according to a wide spectrum of scientific and explorative questions.

Availability: The system is publicly available at https://meltdb.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de. A login is required but freely available.

Contact:  nkessler@cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de
Inflammatory cytokines in chronic heart failure: interleukin‐8 is associated with adverse outcome. Results from CORONA
Authors: Nymo Ståle H. , Hulthe Johannes , Ueland Thor , McMurray John , Wikstrand John , Askevold Erik T. , Yndestad Arne , Gullestad Lars , Aukrust Pål
Published: August 2013

Aim

We investigated the ability of prototypical inflammatory cytokines to predict clinical outcomes in a large population of patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), soluble TNF receptors type I and II (sTNF‐RI and sTNF‐RII), and the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) were analysed in 1464 patients with chronic ischaemic systolic HF in the CORONA study, aged ≥ 60 years, in NYHA class II–IV, and related to the primary endpoint (n = 320), as well as any coronary event (n = 255), all‐cause mortality (n = 329), cardiovascular (CV) mortality (n = 268), and the composite endpoint hospitalization from worsening heart failure (WHF) or CV mortality (n = 547). TNF‐α, sTNF‐RI, sTNF‐RII, and IL‐8, but not MCP‐1, were independent predictors of all endpoints except the coronary endpoint in multivariable models including conventional clinical variables. After further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate, the ApoB/ApoA‐1 ratio, NT‐proBNP, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, only IL‐8 remained a significant predictor of all endpoints (except the coronary endpoint), while sTNF‐ RI remained independently associated with CV mortality. Adding IL‐8 to the full model led to a significant improvement in net reclassification for all‐cause mortality and CV hospitalization, but only a borderline significant improvement for the primary endpoint, CV mortality, and the composite endpoint WHF hospitalization or CV mortality.

Conclusion

Our study supports a relationship between IL‐8 and outcomes in patients with chronic HF. However, the clinical usefulness of IL‐8 as a biomarker in an unselected HF population is at present unclear.
Quantum rotation and translation of hydrogen molecules encapsulated inside C
60
: temperature dependence of inelastic neutron scattering spectra
Authors: Horsewill A. J. , Goh K. , Rols S. , Ollivier J. , Johnson M. R. , Levitt M. H. , Carravetta M. , Mamone S. , Murata Y. , Chen J. Y.-C. , Johnson J. A. , Lei X. , Turro N. J.
Published: August 2013

The quantum dynamics of a hydrogen molecule encapsulated inside the cage of a C
60
fullerene molecule is investigated using inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The emphasis is on the temperature dependence of the INS spectra which were recorded using time-of-flight spectrometers. The hydrogen endofullerene system is highly quantum mechanical, exhibiting both translational and rotational quantization. The profound influence of the Pauli exclusion principle is revealed through nuclear spin isomerism. INS is shown to be exceptionally able to drive transitions between
ortho
-hydrogen and
para
-hydrogen which are spin-forbidden to photon spectroscopies. Spectra in the temperature range 1.6≤
T
≤280 K are presented, and examples are given which demonstrate how the temperature dependence of the INS peak amplitudes can provide an effective tool for assigning the transitions. It is also shown in a preliminary investigation how the temperature dependence may conceivably be used to probe crystal field effects and inter-fullerene interactions.
Recognition of hydrogen isotopomers by an open-cage fullerene
Authors: Murata Yasujiro , Chuang Shih-Ching , Tanabe Fumiyuki , Murata Michihisa , Komatsu Koichi
Published: August 2013

We present our study on the recognition of hydrogen isotopes by an open-cage fullerene through determination of binding affinity of isotopes H
2
/HD/D
2
with the open-cage fullerene and comparison of their relative molecular sizes through kinetic-isotope-release experiments. We took advantage of isotope H
2
/D
2
exchange that generated an equilibrium mixture of H
2
/HD/D
2
in a stainless steel autoclave to conduct high-pressure hydrogen insertion into an open-cage fullerene. The equilibrium constants of three isotopes with the open-cage fullerene were determined at various pressures and temperatures. Our results show a higher equilibrium constant for HD into open-cage fullerene than the other two isotopomers, which is consistent with its dipolar nature. D
2
molecule generally binds stronger than H
2
because of its heavier mass; however, the affinity for H
2
becomes larger than D
2
at lower temperature, when size effect becomes dominant. We further investigated the kinetics of H
2
/HD/D
2
release from open-cage fullerene, proving their relative escaping rates. D
2
was found to be the smallest and H
2
the largest molecule. This notion has not only supported the observed inversion of relative binding affinities between H
2
and D
2
, but also demonstrated that comparison of size difference of single molecules through non-convalent kinetic-isotope effect was applicable.
Infrared spectroscopy of small-molecule endofullerenes
Authors: Rõõm T. , Peedu L. , Ge Min , Hüvonen D. , Nagel U. , Ye Shufeng , Xu Minzhong , Bačić Z. , Mamone S. , Levitt M. H. , Carravetta M. , Chen J.Y.-C. , Lei Xuegong , Turro N. J. , Murata Y. , Komatsu K.
Published: August 2013

Hydrogen is one of the few molecules that has been incarcerated in the molecular cage of C
60
to form the endohedral supramolecular complex H
2
@C
60
. In this confinement, hydrogen acquires new properties. Its translation motion, within the C
60
cavity, becomes quantized, is correlated with its rotation and breaks inversion symmetry that induces infrared (IR) activity of H
2
. We apply IR spectroscopy to study the dynamics of hydrogen isotopologues H
2
, D
2
and HD incarcerated in C
60
. The translation and rotation modes appear as side bands to the hydrogen vibration mode in the mid-IR part of the absorption spectrum. Because of the large mass difference of hydrogen and C
60
and the high symmetry of C
60
the problem is almost identical to a vibrating rotor moving in a three-dimensional spherical potential. We derive potential, rotation, vibration and dipole moment parameters from the analysis of the IR absorption spectra. Our results were used to derive the parameters of a pairwise additive five-dimensional potential energy surface for H
2
@C
60
. The same parameters were used to predict H
2
energies inside C
70
. We compare the predicted energies and the low-temperature IR absorption spectra of H
2
@C
70
.
Molecular surgical synthesis of H
2
@C
60
: recollections
Authors: Komatsu Koichi
Published: August 2013

The first synthesis of endohedral fullerene containing molecular hydrogen, H
2
@C
60
, is briefly summarized. The synthesis was conducted according to what we call the ‘molecular surgical method’, that is, opening a hole on a C
60
surface, enlargement of the hole, insertion of a guest species and enclosure of the hole without loss of the encapsulated guest. The entire process involves three chemical reactions to open the hole and four reactions to gradually reduce the hole size and finally close the hole. The total yield of the product, H
2
@C
60
, based on consumed C
60
was 9%. The encapsulated molecule of hydrogen exhibited a 6 ppm upfield-shifted
1
H NMR signal when compared with free hydrogen, indicating the aromaticity at the inner centre of the C
60
cage.
Intestinimonas butyriciproducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a butyrate-producing bacterium from the mouse intestine
Authors: Kläring Karoline , Hanske Laura , Bui Nam , Charrier Cédric , Blaut Michael , Haller Dirk , Plugge Caroline M. , Clavel Thomas
Published: August 2013

A Gram-positive, spore-forming, non-motile, strictly anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the caecal content of a TNFdeltaARE mouse. The isolate, referred to as strain SRB-521-5-IT, was originally cultured on a reduced agar medium containing yeast extract, rumen fluid and lactic acid as main energy and carbon sources. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA genes revealed that the species most closely related to strain SRB-521-5-IT were

Flavonifractor plautii

and

Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus

(<95 % sequence similarity; 1436 bp). In contrast to

F. plautii

and

P. capillosus

, strain SRB-521-5-IT contained a substantial amount of C18 : 0 dimethylacetal. Additional major fatty acids were C14 : 0 methyl ester, C16 : 0 dimethylacetal and C18 : 0 aldehyde. Strain SRB-521-5-IT differed in its enzyme profile from

F. plautii

and

P. capillosus

by being positive for dextrin, maltotriose, turanose, dl-lactic acid and d-lactic acid methyl ester but negative for d-fructose. In reduced Wilkins-Chalgren-Anaerobe broth, strain SRB-521-5-IT produced approximately 8 mM butyrate and 4 mM acetate. In contrast to

F. plautii

, the strain did not metabolize flavonoids. It showed intermediate resistance towards the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, colistin and tetracycline. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, we propose the name Intestinimonas butyriciproducens gen. nov., sp. nov. to accommodate strain SRB-521-5-IT ( = DSM 26588T = CCUG 63529T) as the type strain.
Arcobacter anaerophilus sp. nov., isolated from an estuarine sediment and emended description of the genus Arcobacter
Authors: Sasi Jyothsna T. S. , Rahul K. , Ramaprasad E. V. V. , Sasikala Ch. , Ramana Ch. V.
Published: August 2013

Two strains (JC83, JC84T) of obligately anaerobic, H2S-producing bacteria were isolated from estuarine sediment samples collected from Gangasagar, West Bengal, India. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile rods. Both strains were positive for oxidase, negative for catalase, hydrolysed casein, reduced nitrate and utilized citrate. Both strains grew chemoorganoheterotrophically with optimal pH of 7–8 (range 7–10) and at 30 °C (range 25–37 °C). C16 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0and C12 : 0were the major fatty acids of both strains with minor amounts of C14 : 0, C12 : 03-OH and C18 : 0. Polar lipids of both strains included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified aminolipid (AL2), an unidentified phospholipid (PL2) and an unidentified lipid (L3). MK-6 was the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content of strains JC83 and JC84Twas 25.0 and 24.6 mol%, respectively. The strains showed DNA reassociation >85 % (86.0±0.5 %) (based on DNA–DNA hybridization). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, both strains were identified as belonging to the familyCampylobacteraceaeof the classEpsilonproteobacteriawithArcobacter marinusCL-S1T(95.4 % sequence similarity) as their closest phylogenetic neighbour. On the basis of morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as phylogenetic analysis, strains JC83 and JC84Tare considered to represent a novel species, for which the nameArcobacter anaerophilussp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC84T( = KCTC 15071T = MTCC 10956T = DSM 24636T). An emended description of the genusArcobacteris provided.
Trichonympha burlesquei n. sp. from Reticulitermes virginicus and evidence against a cosmopolitan distribution of Trichonympha agilis in many termite hosts
Authors: James Erick R. , Tai Vera , Scheffrahn Rudolf H. , Keeling Patrick J.
Published: August 2013

Historically, symbiotic protists in termite hindguts have been considered to be the same species if they are morphologically similar, even if they are found in different host species. For example, the first-described hindgut and hypermastigote parabasalian, Trichonympha agilis (Leidy, 1877) has since been documented in six species of Reticulitermes, in addition to the original discovery in Reticulitermes flavipes. Here we revisit one of these, Reticulitermes virginicus, using molecular phylogenetic analysis from single-cell isolates and show that the Trichonympha in R. virginicus is distinct from isolates in the type host and describe this novel species as Trichonympha burlesque
i n. sp. We also show the molecular diversity of Trichonympha from the type host R. flavipes is greater than supposed, itself probably representing more than one species. All of this is consistent with recent data suggesting a major underestimate of termite symbiont diversity.
A virus-encoded potassium ion channel is a structural protein in the chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 virion
Authors: Romani Giulia , Piotrowski Adrianna , Hillmer Stefan , Gurnon James , Van Etten James L. , Moroni Anna , Thiel Gerhard , Hertel Brigitte
Published: August 2013

Most chloroviruses encode small K+ channels, which are functional in electrophysiological assays. The experimental finding that initial steps in viral infection exhibit the same sensitivity to channel inhibitors as the viral K+ channels has led to the hypothesis that the channels are structural proteins located in the internal membrane of the virus particles. This hypothesis was questioned recently because proteomic studies failed to detect the channel protein in virions of the prototype chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1). Here, we used a mAb raised against the functional K+ channel from chlorovirus MA-1D to search for the viral K+ channel in the virus particle. The results showed that the antibody was specific and bound to the tetrameric channel on the extracellular side. The antibody reacted in a virus-specific manner with protein extracts from chloroviruses that encoded channels similar to that from MA-1D. There was no cross-reactivity with chloroviruses that encoded more diverse channels or with a chlorovirus that lacked a K+ channel gene. Together with electron microscopic imaging, which revealed labelling of individual virus particles with the channel antibody, these results establish that the viral particles contain an active K+ channel, presumably located in the lipid membrane that surrounds the DNA in the mature virions.
Pathogen Infection Trial Increases the Secretion of Proteins Localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Body of Arabidopsis
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Shimada Takashi L. , Hiruma Kei , Takano Yoshitaka
Published: August 2013

Endoplasmic reticulum structures facilitate the increased secretion of proteins during the plant immune response.
Methyl 4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl β-D-mannopyranoside, a core disaccharide of an antifreeze glycolipid
Authors: Zhang Wenhui , Oliver Allen G. , Vu Henry M. , Duman John G. , Serianni Anthony S.
Published: August 2013

Methyl β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside, C12H22O10, crystallized as colorless block-like needles from methanol–water solvent. Comparisons to the internal linkage conformations in the two crystallographic forms of the structurally related disaccharide methyl β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranoside are discussed. Intramolecular inter-residue hydrogen bonding is observed between one mannopyranosyl hydroxy O atom and the ring O atom of the xylopyranosyl residue. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding yields a bilayered two-dimensional sheet of molecules that are located parallel to thebcplane.
A study of the pyramidality index in tris(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phosphonium perchlorate
Authors: Boeré René T. , Zhang Yuankui
Published: August 2013

The title compound, C45H70P+·ClO4−or [Tripp3PH+][ClO4−], was produced from the perchlorate salt of the corresponding radical cation Tripp3P·+through very slow H-atom abstraction reactions in a solution of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (Tripp is 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl). The H atom on the P atom was located in a difference map and was freely refined with an isotropic displacement consistent with full occupancy [P—H = 1.37 (3) Å]. It is the most sterically congested triarylphosphonium salt yet to be reported and has a `propeller' arrangement of the three Tripp groups around the P atom, with the protonation site located along the molecular threefold axis. There are short contacts between the flanking isopropyl methine H atoms and the P atom [P...H = 1.99 (2)–2.17 (2) Å]. The sum of the angles around the P atom [Σ(C—P—C) = 349.9 (6)°] is a convenient index of pyramidality for tricoordinate centres. This value is significantly larger than in analogous Mes3PH+salts (Mes is mesityl or 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl), for which the average of the three reported structures in the literature is Σ(C—P—C) = 345.3 (6)°. For comparison, in the ubiquitous Ph3PH+salts, this parameter has a typical average value of only 333.3 (9)°. The value of Σ(C—P—C) in the title compound is midway between that of the neutral phosphane Tripp3P [334.4 (6)°] and the phosphoniumyl radical cation Tripp3P·+[359.8 (2)°]. This geometrical feature provides additional support for the assignment as a phosphonium salt.
Effects of non‐Newtonian Rabinowitsch fluids in wide parallel rectangular squeeze‐film plates
Authors: Lin Jaw‐Ren , Hung Chi‐Ren , Chu Li‐Ming , Liaw Wei‐Liang , Lee Ping‐Hui
Published: August 2013

Purpose

In the present paper, the authors aim to analyze the non‐Newtonian effects of Rabinowitsch fluids on the squeeze film performances between wide parallel rectangular plates.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the cubic‐stress equation model, a nonlinear squeeze‐film Reynolds‐type equation has been derived. By using a small perturbation method, a closed‐form solution of the squeeze film characteristics is derived for the parallel plates considering the non‐Newtonian effects of cubic stresses.

Findings

Comparing with the Newtonian‐lubricant parallel plates, the effects of non‐Newtonian cubic‐stress flow rheology provide significant influences upon the squeeze film characteristics.

Originality/value

It is shown that the non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior reduces the load capacity and the response time; however, the effects of non‐Newtonian dilatant lubricant provide an increase in the load‐carrying capacity and therefore lengthen the response time of parallel squeeze‐film plates.
Formal and informal CPAs on business strategy and performance
Authors: Liu Cheng Menita , Wu Jianfeng , Zhang Jianjun
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine corporate political activities (CPA) by migrant entrepreneurs to improve business performance in a host developing country.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a cross‐sectional analysis of 97 Chinese migrant entrepreneurs with business operations in a host developing economy.

Findings

A significant positive relationship was found between formal CPAs and performance.

Research limitations/implications

To further deepen the examination of CPAs, new quantification methodologies have to be applied to properly measure CPA relational strength, investment intensity and diversity.

Practical implications

The results enable migrant entrepreneurs to make a more educated decision on the type of CPAs to pursue and to what intensity.

Social implications

The results could motivate migrant entrepreneurs to adapt rapidly to the host country's formal customs to facilitate socio‐economic adaptation.

Originality/value

This study contributes to literature by examining both formal and informal CPAs, their inter‐relationship and their effects on migrant businesses, which have not been examined previously.
Engaging junior doctors: evidence from “open spaces” in England
Authors: McWilliams Claire , Manochin Melina M.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to report on a project undertaken in order to identify, develop and reflect on the leadership and managerial skills of clinicians. The main aim of the project was to design, plan, organise and deliver a learning session for Foundation Year 2 Doctors within the premises of one of the largest NHS Foundation Trusts in the UK. The key theme of the learning session was the introduction of the notion of competent medical leadership in the NHS. A leadership role has been traditionally seen as the task of managers and as such clinicians have seemed reluctant to engage.

Design/methodology/approach

A two hour workshop was designed and delivered with the use of Open Space Technology. Foundation Year 2 doctors were invited to consider the importance of leadership in their everyday roles. An awareness of the Medical Leadership Competency Framework had been a key aspect of the learning session.

Findings

The project's outcome can be identified as being the encouragement of Foundation Year 2 doctors in considering their roles as leaders in their everyday tasks.

Originality/value

Design, planning, organisation and delivery of a two hour Open Space learning session with the Foundation Year 2 doctors portrays the session's learning potentials and the potential for such sessions to provide a platform for difficult discussions in the NHS. This is particularly beneficial where a cultural shift is needed in order to see a way forward, notably when facing significant change.
Effects of employees' perceptions on the relationship between HR practices and firm performance for Korean firms
Authors: Choi Jang‐Ho , Lee Khan‐Pyo
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the internal process by which high performance work systems (HPWSs) affect firm performance. It attempts to show the mediating effect of employee job satisfaction in the human resource (HR)‐performance link and also to show the moderating effect of employees' perception on the effectiveness of HPWSs.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a nationally representative data set from Korea (firm‐level samples: 245 firms, employee‐level samples: 6,709), this study analyses the mediating effect of job satisfaction in the relationship between HPWSs and firm performance with ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis and examines the moderating effect of employee perceptions with OLS and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).

Findings

Results show that: there are positive associations between HPWSs and firm performance and between HPWSs and job satisfaction; job satisfaction has a mediating effect in the HR‐Performance link; and employees' perceptions of the effectiveness of HR practices moderate these relationships.

Research limitations/implications

Limitations of the study are the measurement of HR practices, omitted variable problem, and generalizability of the results in this study. Scholars argue for the positive effect of HPWSs on firm performance and managers attempt to introduce HPWSs in their firms, but most of them do not fully understand what happens in the HR‐performance link. This study demonstrates that job satisfaction is a “black box” in the linkage between HPWSs and firm performance and may inform managers of appropriate policy levers that, if manipulated appropriately so that employees feel the effectiveness of HPWSs, can help the firm achieve more desirable organizational outcomes.

Originality/value

Many scholars argue that research to examine the internal process in the HR‐performance link is essential for rigorous elaborations of SHRM‐related theories, but few studies have investigated this issue. This study reveals the mediating and moderating mechanisms through which the HR‐performance link exerts its influence.
Preparedness, Crisis Management and Policy Change: The Euro Area at the Critical Juncture of 2008–2013
Authors: Braun Benjamin
Published: August 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract

This article contributes to the literature on ideational and institutional change at critical junctures more generally, and in the context of economic crises in particular. In the context of explosive economic crises critical junctures should be conceptualised as consisting of two distinct phases—a phase of emergency crisis management and a subsequent phase of purposeful institution building. The analytical significance of the crisis management phase lies in its tendency to create path dependencies for subsequent ideational entrepreneurs and institution building efforts. Crisis management is always ‘bricolage’. However, in order to understand why certain tools are ‘at hand’ during a crisis, one needs to take into account the variable of crisis preparedness. Contingency planning for non-normal times is a constitutive aspect of any economic policy paradigm. The empirical analysis shows that the euro area's lack of preparedness caused the ECB to assume a dominant position during the emergency phase of the crisis. This windfall gain in power for the ECB has already begun to shape the future institutional architecture of the EMU.

Focusing on the experience of the euro area in general, and the ECB in particular, this article argues that in the context of explosive financial crises a phase of emergency crisis management precedes the phase of purposeful institution building. Importantly for our understanding of policy change, crisis management measures create their own path dependencies. However, albeit often improvised, crisis management decisions are not entirely contingent. The article therefore introduces the notion of preparedness, which measures the extent to which the pre-crisis policy paradigm was prepared for the joint occurrence of, in this case, a systemic banking crisis and a sovereign debt crisis. The analysis shows that the Euro area's lack of preparedness caused the ECB to assume a dominant position in the euro area during the emergency phase of the crisis. This windfall gain in power for the ECB has already begun to shape the future institutional architecture of the EMU.
Infrared Imaging of the Crime Scene: Possibilities and Pitfalls
Authors: Edelman Gerda J. , Hoveling Richelle J.M. , Roos Martin , van Leeuwen Ton G. , Aalders Maurice C.G.
Published: August 2013

All objects radiate infrared energy invisible to the human eye, which can be imaged by infrared cameras, visualizing differences in temperature and/or emissivity of objects. Infrared imaging is an emerging technique for forensic investigators. The rapid, nondestructive, and noncontact features of infrared imaging indicate its suitability for many forensic applications, ranging from the estimation of time of death to the detection of blood stains on dark backgrounds. This paper provides an overview of the principles and instrumentation involved in infrared imaging. Difficulties concerning the image interpretation due to different radiation sources and different emissivity values within a scene are addressed. Finally, reported forensic applications are reviewed and supported by practical illustrations. When introduced in forensic casework, infrared imaging can help investigators to detect, to visualize, and to identify useful evidence nondestructively.
Fatal Case of a 27‐Year‐Old Male After Taking Iboga in Withdrawal Treatment: GC‐MS/MS Determination of Ibogaine and Ibogamine in Iboga Roots and Postmortem Biological Material
Authors: Mazoyer Cédric , Carlier Jérémy , Boucher Alexandra , Péoc'h Michel , Lemeur Catherine , Gaillard Yvan
Published: August 2013

We report the case of a man who died twelve hours after ingesting powdered iboga root, commonly taken for its stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Ibogaine and ibogamine were quantified in the powder ingested and the victim's body fluids by GC‐MS/MS after liquid–liquid extraction (Toxi‐tubes A®). The concentrations of ibogaine measured in the blood samples taken at the scene and in the peripheral blood, urine, and gastric fluid samples taken during the autopsy were 0.65, 1.27, 1.7, and 53.5 μg/mL, while the iboga content in the powder was 7.2%. Moreover, systematic toxicological analyses of biological samples showed the presence of diazepam and methadone in therapeutic concentrations. Death was attributed to the ingestion of a substantial quantity of iboga in the context of simultaneous methadone and diazepam consumption.
Pancreatic enzymes for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery
Authors: Gong Shu , Shen Wen‐Wu , Guo Qiang , Lu Hui‐Min , Liu Xu‐Bao , Hu Wei‐Ming
Published: August 2013

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pancreatic enzymes on patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery.

Patients and Methods

The Cochrane Library, PUBMED and EMBASE review databases were searched up to December 2012. Randomized, controlled trials (RCT) that compared pancreatic enzymes with placebo in patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery were included. A method recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration was used to perform a meta‐analysis of those RCT.

Results

Four RCT involving a total of 169 participants were included. The results showed that glutamine dipeptide has a positive effect in improving the coefficient of fat absorption (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 14.83, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI: 12.85, 15.95; P < 0.001) and coefficient of nitrogen absorption (WMD = 3.93, 95 per cent CI: 2.90, 4.93; P < 0.001), reducing stool consistency (WMD = −0.19, 95 per cent CI: −0.38, 0.01; P = 0.06), stool frequency (WMD = −0.80, 95 per cent CI: −0.91, −0.69; P < 0.001) and stool fat (WMD = −22.51, 95 per cent CI: −24.19, −20.83; P < 0.001). Treatment‐emergent adverse events were similar in two groups (odds ratio = 1.10, 95 per cent CI: 0.52, 2.32; P = 0.81). However, the use of pancreatic enzymes had no effect on pain scores (WMD = −0.07, 95 per cent CI: −0.36, 0.23; P = 0.65).

Conclusions

Current best evidence demonstrates that pancreatic enzymes are effective and safe for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery. Further high‐quality trials are required, and long‐term effects and quality of life should be considered in future RCT with sufficient size and rigorous design.
The prevalence of the honeybee brood pathogens Ascosphaera apis, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius in Spanish apiaries determined with a new multiplex PCR assay
Authors: Garrido‐Bailón Encarna , Higes Mariano , Martínez‐Salvador Amparo , Antúnez Karina , Botías Cristina , Meana Aránzazu , Prieto Lourdes , Martín‐Hernández Raquel
Published: August 2013

The microorganisms Ascosphaera apis, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius are the three most important pathogens that affect honeybee brood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of these pathogens in honeybee colonies and to elucidate their role in the honeybee colony losses in Spain. In order to get it, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously amplify the16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene of P. larvae and M. plutonius, and the 5.8S rRNA gene of A. apis. The multiplex PCR assay provides a quick and specific tool that successfully detected the three infectious pathogens (P. larvae, M. plutonius and A. apis) in brood and adult honeybee samples without the need for microbiological culture. This technique was then used to evaluate the prevalence of these pathogens in Spanish honeybee colonies in 2006 and 2007, revealing our results a low prevalence of these pathogens in most of the geographic areas studied.
Validating the use of colouration patterns for individual recognition in the worm pipefish using a novel set of microsatellite markers
Authors: Monteiro N. M. , Silva R. M. , Cunha M. , Antunes A. , Jones A. G. , Vieira M. N.
Published: August 2013

In studies of behaviour, ecology and evolution, identification of individual organisms can be an invaluable tool, capable of unravelling otherwise cryptic information regarding group structure, movement patterns, population size and mating strategies. The use of natural markings is arguably the least invasive method for identification. However, to be truly useful natural markings must be sufficiently variable to allow for unique identification, while being stable enough to permit long‐term studies. Non‐invasive marking techniques are especially important in fishes of the Family Syngnathidae (pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons), as many of these taxa are of conservation concern or used extensively in studies of sexual selection. Here, we assessed the reliability of natural markings as a character for individual identification in a wild population of Nerophis lumbriciformis by comparing results from natural markings to individual genetic assignments based on eight novel microsatellite loci. We also established a minimally invasive method based on epithelial cell swabbing to sample DNA. All pipefish used in the validation of natural markings, independently of sex or time between recaptures, were individually recognized through facial colouration patterns. Their identities were verified by the observation of the same multilocus genotype at every sampling event for each individual that was identified on the basis of natural markings. Successful recaptures of previously swabbed pipefish indicated that this process probably did not induce an elevated rate of mortality. Also, the recapture of newly pregnant males showed that swabbing did not affect reproductive behaviour.
Activation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid by a 940 nm diode laser for enhanced removal of smear layer
Authors: Lagemann Manfred , George Roy , Chai Lei , Walsh Laurence J.
Published: August 2013

Laser enhancement of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with cetrimide (EDTAC) has previously been shown to increase removal of smear layer, for middle‐infrared erbium lasers. This study evaluated the efficiency of EDTAC activation using a near‐infrared‐pulsed 940 nm laser delivered by plain fibre tips into 15% EDTAC or 3% hydrogen peroxide. Root canals in 4 groups of 10 single roots were prepared using rotary files, with controls for the presence and absence of smear layer. After laser treatment (80 mJ pulse−1, 50 Hz, 6 cycles of 10 s), roots were split and the apical, middle and coronal thirds of the canal were examined using scanning electron microscopy, with the area of dentine tubules determined by a validated quantitative image analysis method. Lasing EDTAC considerably improved smear layer removal, while lasing into peroxide gave minimal smear layer removal. The laser protocol used was more effective for smear layer removal than the ‘gold standard’ protocol using EDTAC with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In addition, lasers may also provide a benefit through photothermal disinfection. Further research is needed to optimise irrigant activation protocols using near‐infrared diode lasers of other wavelengths.