bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Religious Micropolitics of White Over Black
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: May 2020

White supremacy gains power through millions upon millions of micropolitical decisions that people who believe they are “white” make every day. The idea that being “white” was good and valuable took shape over time as people who believed they were “white” preferred one another’s interests over the interests of those who were non-“white” and so began to consolidate group power. This chapter introduces the micropolitics of white supremacy—the day-to-day choices and interactions through which whiteness assumes value. It investigates critical moments in nineteenth-century Mormon history when LDS Church leaders chose to privilege the interests of whites over the lives and concerns of African Americans, setting into place the micropolitical foundations for a fully institutionalized white supremacy.
White Privilege, Racial Innocence, and the Costs of Anti-Racist Dissent, Mormon Examples
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: May 2020

Just as white Christians develop silent agreements among themselves to define morality in individual terms that take no responsibility for systematic anti-Black racism, white Christian churches develop means for managing and disciplining adherents who do take on anti-Black racism in a serious and discomfiting way. This chapter reconstructs a lost archive of dissent by LDS Church members against white supremacy in Mormonism, including public criticisms by national figures like Stewart Udall. It analyzes the calculus of identity, race, class, gender, belief, belonging, and social and political capital that condition dissent in religious communities, observing that white privilege and status in predominantly white Christian churches allow some to dissent more publicly and with lesser costs than others.
Dismantling White Supremacy and Racial Innocence
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: May 2020

Systems as pervasive as white supremacy do not just transform quietly. They must be recognized, investigated, understood, and intentionally abandoned or dismantled, and their impacts to communities of color must be repaired. Predominantly white American Christian communities that wish to take moral responsibility for the advantage-taking that has yielded white privilege and Black suffering must engage with the concept of reparations. But how does a religious community—a predominantly white American Christian community—begin to conceive of reparations? This chapter assesses the pathways toward dismantling white supremacy open to predominantly white American Christian denominations, including Mormonism, through institutional and grassroots changes.
Introduction
Authors: Carlson Taylor N. , Abrajano Marisa , Bedolla Lisa García
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, we introduce the theory, situate the research within the literature, preview the results, and provide an overview for the rest of the book. We argue that individuals with varying social positions have political discussion networks that are composed differently, and as a consequence their discussion networks exert distinct effects on their political behavior. We assert that this book makes three central contributions: (1) expanding the scope of the political discussion network literature by providing a comparative analysis across ethnorace, nativity, and gender; (2) demonstrating how historical differences in partisanship, policy attitudes, and engagement are reflected within groups’ social networks; and (3) revealing how the social position of our respondents affects the impact that networks can have on their trust and efficacy in government, political knowledge, policy attitudes, and political and civic engagement patterns.
Conclusion
Authors: Carlson Taylor N. , Abrajano Marisa , Bedolla Lisa García
Published: May 2020

In this concluding chapter, we summarize our core findings and connect them to our broader argument. We discuss some of the limitations of this book with an eye toward future research. Our analyses reveal the wide-ranging potential explanatory power of political discussion networks for U.S. political behavior. At a minimum, our results show how focusing solely on the individual level as the main driver of political actions misses the important ways in which individuals interact with their social context. Such interactions have the potential to explain more fully patterns of political behavior and how that interaction is mediated by individuals’ experiences of marginalization and privilege.
God Naturally, Disorder Actually
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George
Published: May 2020

A collection of philosophical and theoretical commitments frame the book’s four core chapters (2–5), including the positions that human beings share the same cognitive equipment and that that equipment informs a well-known (and controversial) continuity between features of experiences and behaviors associated with particular mental disorders and those associated with religiosity. The cognitive science of religions (CSR) highlights a second continuity between everyday cognition and religious cognition on the same grounds. Ecumenical naturalism maintains that the methods, theories, and findings of the multidisciplinary endeavor that is CSR provide valuable tools for illuminating these continuities and the recently discovered cognitive and behavioral continuities between the general population and people with mental disorders. Distress, often culturally conditioned, is a salient consideration in assessing mental disorders. Religions can involve arrangements that permit the domestication of mental disorders and representations that can evoke cognition and behaviors in participants that resemble those associated with mental disorders.
Voice of God, Sound of Self
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George
Published: May 2020

Humans are biologically evolved to identify sources of their own conscious experience and to distinguish between private inner speech and speech acts of external agents. So how are we to explain exceptions to our success in this capacity? How, in particular, can we account for hallucination of the voice of God? The chapter explores the question in detail. It distinguishes between hallucinations that result from religiously undomesticated breakdowns of source monitoring, in, say, schizophrenia, and those that are parts of culturally standard religious rituals and practices. The chapter identifies a range of cognitive systems that are connected with source monitoring and active in hallucination. These include, among others, theory of mind and linguistic processing systems. The chapter compares and contrasts hallucination of God’s voice with self-attribution of God’s thought in a delusion of thought insertion.
Praying in the Dark
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George
Published: May 2020

Prayer as a purported form of communication with God has long been of interest to religious persons and in studies of religious behavior. Careful examination of prayer’s peculiar challenges and impediments reveals features that are critical to the benefits of prayer and of prayers of petition in particular. Frustration in prayer behavior plays a causal explanatory role in a type of depression that the authors call a “dark night.” Dark night depression persisted in the life of Mother Theresa of Calcutta. Focus on Teresa’s spiritual difficulties offers a comprehensive model of a dark night, encompassing her anxious and pessimistic efforts at linguistic communication with an invisible agent and operation of theory of mind and narrativity cognitive systems. Religious forms of mental illness such as a dark night are neglected in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Mainstream psychiatric taxonomy needs to acknowledge and accommodate them.
And God Knows the Martyrs
Authors: French Nathan S.
Published: May 2020

Jihadi-Salafi narratives of martyrdom-seeking operations are filled with praise for what they label the exemplary self-renunciative acts of their martyrs performed as a model of the earliest traditions of Islam. While many studies evaluate the biographies of these would-be martyrs for evidence of social, psychological, political, or economic strain in an effort to rationalize what are often labeled “suicide bombings,” this book argues that through their legal arguments debating martyrdom-seeking operations, Jihadi-Salafis, including those fighting for al-Qaʿida, ISIS, and their affiliates, craft a theodicy meant to address the suffering and oppression faced by the global Muslim community. Taking as its source material legal arguments (fatwas), texts, pamphlets, magazines, forum posts, videos, and audio files from authors sympathetic to both al-Qaʿida and ISIS on the subjects of martyrdom operations, jurisprudence, and political philosophies, this book reveals that the Jihadi-Salafi legal debates on martyrdom-seeking rearrange the basic objectives (maqāṣid) of the Shariʿa around the principles of maximizing the general welfare (maṣlaḥa) and promoting religion (dīn) above all other concerns—including the preservation of life. This utilitarian turn opens the possibility for formulating a meaningful engagement and critique of Jihadi-Salafi legal interpretation and theories of warfare within a broader, just-war framework. However, as the jurists and propagandists of ISIS demonstrate, this turn also opens the possibility for the utilization of self-renunciative violence as engendering modes of state formation.
Introduction
Authors: French Nathan S.
Published: May 2020

Among the challenges facing any researcher of contemporary Jihadi-Salafism is navigating the various theoretical and methodological approaches available for its study. This introduction traces a historical genealogy of the development of Jihadi-Salafism alongside the various approaches used to study it—including the use of social movement theory (SMT). It notes that the cultural products of Jihadi-Salafi movements are an essential part of Jihadi-Salafi legal and theological debates and reveal a common theodicy and call to self-renunciation for the faith.
A Jihadi-Salafi Legal Tradition? Debating Authority and Martyrdom
Authors: French Nathan S.
Published: May 2020

Jihadi-Salafi movements are responsible for infamous and sensational acts of violence. Often this leaves their legal discussions overlooked. This chapter argues that by focusing on the legal and theological texts produced by those whom Jihadi-Salafis identify as legal authorities—particularly the nonbinding genre of Islamic legal literature known as the fatwa—it is possible to identify the formation of a Jihadi-Salafi legal tradition possessing digital institutions and legal authorities to whom faithful adherents can turn for guidance. Using the recruitment and attempted attack of Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the legal writings of Anwar al-ʿAwlaki, and the Minbar al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the chapter explores the contemporary crisis of legal authority facing contemporary Muslim communities, generally, and how Jihadi-Salafis are attempting to answer that crisis through their agreements and disagreements on the interpretation and application of the law.
Self-Renunciation and State Formation
Authors: French Nathan S.
Published: May 2020

While the legal defenses of martyrdom-seeking operations of al-Qaʿida jurists and their sympathizers emphasize individual acts of self-renunciation, the state-building project of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s self-declared caliphate of the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) instrumentalized martyrdom-seeking operations as fundamental to its political objectives. Alongside the arguments of Abu Bakr al-Naji and Abu ʿAbdullah al-Muhajir, the authors and jurists of ISIS—foremost among them Turki al-Binʿali, a former student of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and grand mufti of ISIS—maintained Jihadi-Salafi narratives of theodicy and self-renunciation but identified specific gender roles for men and women in the state-building project. Women were to practice self-renunciation away from the battlefield and within the household, where they were to prepare the next generation of fighters. Men, on the other hand, were expected to go forth and fight in God’s cause, seeking martyrdom if necessary.
Origin Stories
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Part II traces 15-M from its origins to the end of the occupation of Madrid’s central plaza, the Puerta del Sol. The Introduction to Part II argues for the need to distinguish analytically between the original 15-M protest, the 15-M occupation camps of the squares (or acamapadas), and the 15-M movement that adopted this label following the original protests and occupations. Although the three are closely connected, each have distinct features that shape their emergence and evolution. Distinguishing between them allows us to evaluate claims about spontaneity, newness, and the role of digital media and tools in creating new organizing logics of collective action. It also introduces key aspects of the Spanish asambleario autonomous movement culture that deeply influenced the organizational forms and orientations of the 15-M movement.
May 15, 2011
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3, “May 15, 2011: An Unexpected Detonator,” explores the central demands and evolution of the Madrid protest, showing how it established key frames that would later define the movement. These key frames brought together anti-austerity and pro-democracy demands that primarily targeted national political and economic elites. Activists worked hard behind the scenes to generate commitment to the protest across different movement families and sectors, and to draw newcomers in. The organizers were surprised by the strength of support, and by the end of the day some felt that that energy needed to be carried over into a more long-term mobilization. The analysis shows that although the protest itself was carefully planned and not spontaneous, its aftermath led to the spontaneous decision to remain in the Puerta del Sol. This act of civil disobedience and the repression it triggered produced the Acampada Sol “event” that would truly give birth to the 15-M movement.
Acampada Sol
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4, “Acampada Sol: the Chrysalis and the Crucible,” shows how the camp was a distinct “event” with a specific internal logic, and draws on participant testimonies to transmit the emotional experience of what was a life-changing event for participants. It argues that the camp was a chrysalis, a protected stage of development within which the 15-M movement was born, and a crucible, in that it served as a container into which old and new elements fused together under an exceptional situation of emotional intensity to create something new: a more consolidated ethos and political culture, as well as new sets of social relations that would go on to generate a broad network of interrelated assemblies, collectives, events, and political projects, all organized around a collective identity and a political culture referred to in Spain simply as “15-M.” Due to sustained and intense interaction in space and time, movement camps provide a unique opportunity for building the social capital that can develop from mobilization and sustain movements over time. In its deliberative and experiential experimentation with democracy, the camp engendered an emerging imaginary that coupled reform of democratic forms (in social, economic, and political institutions) with substantive content that drew on the key ideational frameworks of the movement traditions present in the square.
Assessing the Significance of Acampada Sol
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 analyzes the impact and significance of Acampada Sol for the development of the 15-M movement. Acampada Sol was one of many “occupation” camps that combined a pro-democracy and anti-austerity orientation. Demands for greater democracy form a central shared theme across a wide range of protest sites and forms of protest within and beyond Europe. But not all of these resulted in strong and sustained movements afterward, and not all mass mobilizations in times of crisis result in the emergence of social movements. This chapter argues that the experience of Acampada Sol had two crucial impacts that served to fuel and sustain the 15-M movement. The first was to establish democracy as the central problematic around which the movement cohered. The second was to consolidate a political culture and a collective identity that would sustain the movement, enabling it to expand and evolve. Autonomous, feminist, and hacker ethics forged a political culture that would strengthen the movement’s political identity and efficacy.
“It’s Not a Crisis, It’s a Swindle”
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Part III, analyzes the 15-M network after occupation camps ended. The Introduction to Part III, provides an overview of the two main coordinating bodies that sought to give continuity to the Acampada Sol’s general assembly as a decision-making organ, and to structure to the post-occupation movement network in Madrid, showing that neither of them were capable of doing so. Instead of looking for a coordinating organization to find the parameters of the movement network, it argues that one can “find” the movement by delving into different 15-M initiatives and showing how their shared political culture and collective identity provide the glue that holds them together.
Podemos
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 11, “Podemos: A Hybrid Party?” traces the evolution of Podemos from its inception through its two constituent assemblies to address the question of whether movement and party logics can ever be reconciled. This chapter provides an analysis of the tensions and contradictions of hybrid parties. Hybrid or movement parties—initially at least—need to satisfy and maintain legitimacy with their movement base, which in the case of Podemos is 15-M. Since its inception, Podemos has struggled to satisfy the expectations of its activist base and to strike a balance between (horizontal) movement and (vertical) party, a challenge all the more difficult given the 15-M movement’s commitment to participatory democracy. The chapter explores the central tension between movement and party by analyzing internal and 15-M movement critiques of the party and the challenges it faces in trying to maintain the support of its activist grassroots base.
15-M Political Culture, Collective Identity, and the Logic of Autonomous Networks in the Digital Age
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 12, “15-M Political Culture, Collective Identity, and the Logic of Autonomous Networks in the Digital Age,” argues that, against all odds, autonomous networking logics can build and sustain strong movements in the absence of formal professionalized organizational structures and strong leadership, and across heterogeneous issues and identities. It explores the synergies and tensions within 15-M political culture, and shows how they act as a corrective to some of the key challenges faced by autonomous movements. Contra “connective action” theses, the chapter shows how collective action logics continue to fuel autonomous networks in the digital age.
Entry of New Christian Movements in Goa
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

This chapter is a historical account of the emergence of the Pentecostal–Charismatic movements in the state of Goa. It is carried out in the revealing light of the historical encounter of the Goan people with Portuguese colonial rule, which established and expanded Roman Catholicism in the region. It commences with the entry of the Portuguese into Goa and the subsequent Christianization of the region. Next, there is a brief narration of the history of Christianity in post-liberation Goa, in which the entry of Charismatic Christianity into Goa in its proper sociopolitical and historical context is located. This is followed by a historical exploration of the origins and growth of the world wide Pentecostal movement and the chapter at the end again focuses on the local oral history of the Pentecostal–Charismatic groups in Goa.
An Economist's Miscellany
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

The book ranges over a vast canvas of experience, from the world of economics, covering glimpses of life and thought in academe and universities, to policymaking and politics. The author comments on contemporary debates in economics and politics and presents his own ideas and criticisms. The book is interspersed with commentaries on personalities, places, and theories of economics. The personalities we encounter here range from Nobel laureates, Kenneth Arrow, Paul Samuelson, and Amartya Sen, to the author’s mother at the age of 90. The places described in the book range from Jerusalem and Florence, to the foothills of Mount Fuji in Japan to Monte Alban in Mexico. In this book, the author talks about his encounters both philosophical and comical. This expanded edition of An Economist’s Miscellany also contains author’s literary forays with translations of two Bengali short stories and a four-act play about a professor of philosophy. This book brings together an eclectic collection of writings on the world of academe, politics, policy, travel, and more.
Ambiguity, Equivocation, and Economics
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

This brief chapter, written in the backdrop of the global financial crisis and the start of the Great Recession, lays out a broad philosophical approach to dealing with policy failures and the need for economists as a profession to introspect. It emphasizes the need for scepticism, in all our contemplation about the world, a philosophical approach that underlies a lot of what follow in this book.
Persons and Ideas
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

The personalities behind modern economics constitute a fascinating canvas of brilliance, eccentricity, aspirations, and achievements. The series of essays in this segment is based on the reading of history and also on the author’s encounters with contemporary economists working on the cutting edge of the discipline and policymakers toiling with big challenges in the real world. The essays discuss both the work and contributions of these personalities and also stories from their lives.
Crossings at Benaras Junction
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

This is the author’s foray into theatre. This is a play about a professor of philosophy, taking a train from Delhi to Kolkata, with co-passengers that range from tourists from America and United Kingdom to Indians from different cultural backgrounds. The play is a comedy of cultural conflict with a subtext of philosophical puzzles and moral quandary.
Poetry of Belonging
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

This book examines facets of North Indian Muslim identity, c. 1850–1950. It focuses specifically on the role of literature and poetry as the medium through which certain Muslim ‘voices’ articulated, negotiated, configured, and expressed their understandings of what it meant to be Muslim and Indian, given the sociopolitical exigencies of the time. Specifically, a history of the public space of poetry will be presented and half of the book will chart a history of the mushā‘irah (poetic symposium) over this period. In doing so it will analyse the multiple ways in which this space adapted to the changing economic, social, political and technological contexts of the time. The second half of the book will present a history of the ideas that were often articulated in the space of the mushā‘irah and changing notions of the watan (homeland) amongst various Muslim individuals will be analysed. In particular, the book will seek to locate changing ideas of hubb-e watanī (patriotism) in order to offer new perspectives on how Muslim intellectuals, poets, political leaders, and journalists conceived of and expressed their relationship to India and to the trans-national Muslim community. Thus the book will seek to locate the different registers and rhetorics of belonging in order to illustrate the diverse and disparate ways in which Muslims expressed ideas of qaum (community), millat, and ummah (religious fraternity) and their effect on Indian Muslim political identity.
The Mushā‘irah in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 briefly locates the longer history of the mushā‘irah and then focuses on the Mughal mushā‘irahs in order to chart the subsequent changes that took place both in terms of their spatial configuration and content. The chapter uses the example of the Anjuman-e Punjab mushā‘irahs in order to demonstrate the intervention in the space by colonial authorities and the subsequent changes, including the rise of print as an extension of the mushā‘irah. Most importantly, structural changes will be highlighted that emphasized the inclusion and, therefore, increasing importance of the audience as a central feature of the mushā‘irah.
Ideas of the Homeland
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

The second part of the book begins with Chapter 4. It will trace the importance of the city as a marker of identity, in part using the genre of shahr āshōb. This, in turn, will tie into broader discussions about the peculiarly urban features of Islamic culture, the sense of rootedness in particular spaces, and a geographical imagining that constructed new cartographies of identity, given the changing social, political, and economic exigencies of the time. It will then highlight the impact of the events of 1857 on poetry and subsequently analyse the work produced by members of Anjuman-e Punjab, while also exploring the changes that literary genres underwent.
Liberalism and Minority Rights
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

This chapter illustrates CA liberalism through the exposition of Will Kymlicka’s theory. Kymlicka works out a systematic liberal theory sensitive to cultural belonging and minority rights. The liberalism he defends is overtly comprehensive and pro-autonomy, and alleges to be adequate in addressing the cultural diversity represented by national and ethnic minorities (or migrants). In spite of caution in his use of the notion of autonomy, it is the sole reliance on this value that make Kymlicka’s liberalism seriously objectionable. In fact, Kymlicka explicitly aims at liberalizing the minorities. This liberalization transforms minorities into something they reject as extraneous to their conception of the good life. Thus, the liberalization of minorities put their diversity at risk, and entails disrespect for their conception of the good. This means that our search for a theory that is able to accommodate diversity should go beyond CA liberalism.
Liberal Pluralism and Diversity
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

This chapter engages with William Galston’s work as depictive of CT liberalism. In this approach, a pro-diversity attitude coexists with a reliance on comprehensive commitments (especially value pluralism). Galston’s diversity liberalism promises to be more accommodating of diversity than CA liberalism. Galston objects to any version of autonomy liberalism on the basis that autonomy is not the only way of life in liberal societies. The chapter analyses expressive liberty, political pluralism, and value pluralism as three theoretical pillars on which diversity liberalism relies. However, after a deep analysis of diversity liberalism that considers also educational policies, this approach is found highly problematic. Galston’s view of value pluralism might lead towards ethical relativism. Further problems in Galston’s view come both from his assumption of diversity as a value to be protected rather than merely a factual condition to be faced, and from his strong conception of exit rights.
Religious Pluralism and the Role of the State
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

This chapter tests the theoretical solution worked out in the previous chapter in relation to Indian religious pluralism. After considering some relevant features of religious pluralism in the Indian context, the chapter presents two of the most influential theories that have tried to accommodate it (Rajeev Bhargava’s and Neera Chandhoke’s). These views, despite their merits in trying to defend a specifically Indian understanding of secularism, are quite demanding and criticizable. The notion of equality they employ is too substantive. Indeed, this egalitarian impulse pushes the role of the state well beyond what PT liberalism requires. The problem is that the effects of the expansion of the state’s powers have not always been conducive to social peace. Thus, the constraints imposed by PT liberalism to the exercise of state power are particularly required in this discourse on secularism.
Entropy Law, Sustainability, and Third Industrial Revolution
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

In mankind’s relentless quest for prosperity, Nature has suffered great damage. It has been treated as an inexhaustible reserve of resources. The indefinite scale of global expansion is still continuing and now the earth’s very survival is under threat. But against this exploitation of nature, there is the concept of entropy, which places a finite limit on the extent to which resources can be used in any closed system, such as our planet. Considering the impact of entropy, this book examines the key issues of sustainability—social, economic, and environmental. It discusses the social dimension of sustainability, showing how it is impacted by issues of economic inequality, poverty, and other socio-economic and infrastructural factors in the Indian context. It also highlights how Indian households suffer from clean energy poverty and points to the inequality in distribution of different fuels and of fuel cost among households. It assesses India’s power sector and its potential to be a significant player in bringing the Third Industrial Revolution to India by replacing fossil fuels with new renewables. It concludes by projecting power sector scenarios till 2041–42 achievable through alternative, realizable policy with respect to energy conservation and fuel substitution, and thus paves the way for the green power.
Interdependence among Stages of Economic Development, Human Development, and the Natural Environment
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 points to the interactive nature of the different aspects of development sustainability and investigates the interrelations among the different components of the overall development index using cross-country data with the help of simple econometric model of quadratic single equation type. The chapter further makes deeper analysis of the dynamic links among human development, the natural environment, and economic growth using simultaneous equation econometric models (mostly of two-stage least square type) with global cross-country data of the different time periods. The models and analysis of the chapter are based on the data of all the concerned variables presented in Chapter 4.
Transition from Fossil Fuel–Based Power to Renewable Energy
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

Chapter 8 points out what big-impact changes are required to meet the challenges of green energy development for transitioning from a fossil fuel–based to a new renewables–based power system in India. The chapter provides long run projections of demand for power, the requirement of power capacity growth with gradual substitution of coal thermal-based power with new renewables–based power, and of financial requirements for such capacity expansion. This is done using the test case of the onset of the Third Industrial Revolution in India. Apart from highlighting the supporting requirements of technological developments such as storage of power, flexible operation in thermal generation, and smart grid development for such changes. It shows the feasibility of financing the new renewables’ capacity through mobilization of resource rent from fossil fuel during the transition.
Seoul 1952
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

Evangelical activism took international shape at the height of the Cold War. Bob Pierce, the founder of World Vision, arrived in Seoul to save Korean souls from hell and the world from communism. World Vision coupled evangelistic efforts with substantial relief efforts on behalf of orphans. Based on interviews conducted in Seoul, this chapter describes American evangelical Cold War activism in third-world sites contested by capitalistic Western and Marxist spheres. Most significantly, it argues that Pierce and World Vision borrowed heavily from Korean pastor Kyung-Chik Han. Nearly absent from American evangelical memory, Han should be considered the cofounder of World Vision.
Sat Tal 1958
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

In the 1950s and 1960s, significant numbers of missionaries and converts began to object to evangelical Cold War triumphalism. Describing racial segregation in the American South, they pointed out the limits of American democracy. One of these critics, E. Stanley Jones, was a long-time missionary to India, member of the evangelical wing of the Methodist Church, and trustee of Asbury College in Kentucky. During revival meetings at his alma mater—and in speeches around the world—he preached against segregation. With critiques birthed from his involvement in the Sat Tal Ashram in the foothills of the Himalayas, his interactions with the Indian caste system, and his friendship with Mahatma Gandhi, he pointed out how racism sabotaged Christian missions and the reputation of American democracy abroad.
Almolonga 1999
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

Evangelicals from abroad, even as they pushed for rationalized development, urged American evangelicals to recover supernatural aspects of the Christian faith. During the 1980s and 1990s, Almolonga, Guatemala, was transformed into a predominantly Pentecostal—and a very prosperous—mountain town. Town boosters and missionaries declared that spiritual renewal was key to the social transformation. In 1999, the video documentary Transformations described the “Almolonga miracle” as the result of prayer, miracles, and spiritual warfare. Supernatural stories from Latin America, Africa, and Asia led not only to the rise of a substantial neo-Pentecostal movement in the United States, but also to a broader sensitivity among evangelicals to the miraculous in a reenchanted West.
Mbarara 2007
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

The typical narrative of American evangelical influence on sexuality laws in Uganda does not tell the whole story. In the first decades of the twenty-first century, some global evangelicals leveled a vigorous critique of sexual libertinism in America, specifically on abortion, contraception, homosexuality, and divorce. Many, in fact, accused the West of exporting these practices to Africa. Coordinating a reverse mission, a formidable Anglican transnational network radiated out from Uganda and beyond, abetting the American traditionalist stand on sexuality. These critiques, which also appeared in conservative sectors of other denominations, demonstrate that the global reflex has not always traveled in a progressive direction.
Chiang Mai 2017
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

The antitrafficking movement in Thailand suggests shifting approaches to social justice. Initially seeking to end trafficking through traditional missionary work and by rescuing victims from brothels, evangelical antitraffickers in Thailand began halting journeys away from a methodology of “rescue.” Many have moved toward prevention, protection, policy, partnership, and indigeneity in their methods. This trajectory, however, is resisted by many American evangelical populists at home. Antitraffickers, who must participate in the humanitarian marketplace, are thus compelled to narrate rescue, even though it contradicts the message they want to communicate about their work. Neocolonial sensibilities still persist as donor maintenance prevents humanitarians from fully describing on-the-ground realities. Nevertheless, the campaign for human rights in Southeast Asia reflects the ways in which the social justice work of American evangelicals continues to be challenged by international contexts.
Conclusion
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

This conclusion evaluates the prospects of the global reflex going forward. On one hand, some global voices have bolstered Christian Americanism. Westerners have used Christians from the Global South to maintain established views and practices, and populists have resisted cosmopolitan trends. On the other hand, declining Western church attendance, rapid growth in the Majority World, immigration patterns, and flourishing theological work from the East and South suggest persistent influence on a range of issues such as race, missiology, social justice, sexuality, and spirituality. If moderate wings—such as Christians of color, Majority World immigrants, and younger churchgoers—choose to identify as evangelical, they represent the future more than practitioners of Christian Americanism who wax nostalgic for the past. Whatever the case, this book calls for global narrations of evangelicalism that include nonwhite voices engaged in both mutuality and resistance.
Georges Auric
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

Although Georges Auric (1899–1983) is best remembered today for his affiliation with the Groupe des Six, his musical career was long, productive, complex, and intimately attuned to the realities of modern life. His polyvalent career—as a composer of concert, theatrical, ballet, popular, film, and television music; music critic; opera director; and arts administrator—reveals a diversity of engagements that speak to a reconfiguration of the role of the composer in the modern world. Auric was a product of his time, with deep connections to France’s artistic, social, and political elites. At the same time, he drew on his prestige and privilege to improve the country’s musical life in tangible ways, whether with regard to musical education and accessibility or to the establishment of fair copyright laws. He took artistic collaboration, already a hallmark of the short-lived Groupe des Six, to a level that surpassed any of the other members of that group. Diverging from the romantic trope of individual creation, Auric’s legacy troubles conventional ideas of what it means to be a composer.
Boeuf sur le Toit and the Ballets Russes
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

The phenomenon of Les Six and Auric’s role in Paris Dada positioned Auric at the center of the avant-garde between 1921 and 1925. His name even appeared in advertisements for Le Boeuf sur le Toit, the bar at which the Parisian avant-garde met and debated. This privileged position was reinforced by five commissions from Serge Diaghilev for the Ballets Russes. As a pianist, he played in the premiere of Stravinsky’s Les noces. As a music critic, he was also offered his first regular column in Les nouvelles littéraires. As life in Paris grew increasingly demanding for him, he increasingly sought refuge in southern France during the summers.
The Drone Age
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the growth of drone technology around the world and introduces the main themes of the book. It distinguishes drones from similar forms of technology and discusses their unique features. It describes how drones have now come into the hands of new actors, such as governments, terrorist organizations, law enforcement, and others. It argues that the possession of drones is altering the strategic choices of all of these actors by changing their calculation of risks and by leading them to expand their goals, sometimes in unsustainable ways. It identifies the six consequences of these alterations for war and peace, each of which will be explained in detail in the book.
Automated Warfare
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the history of the development of drones. It shows that drone prototypes were in existence at the turn of the twentieth century and that their gradual development and use—either as missiles, target practice, or later, modern surveillance drones—proceeded in fits and starts. In the United States, this creation of drones was possible due to sustained investment by military and intelligence agencies, who took a risk on supporting unmanned platforms when the funds could have been devoted to manned aircraft or satellites. It reviews the history of the use of drones in World War II, the Cold War, and Vietnam, and shows how drones became used in combat in the Persian Gulf War and the Balkans. Finally, it discusses the birth of the armed Predator drone, which could play a central role in the counterterrorism campaigns of the post 9/11 era.
Death from Above
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 argues that drones undermine the legal and ethical prohibitions on assassination and extrajudicial violence outside of wartime. It traces the emergence of the practice of targeted killing from its origin to its embrace by the United States after the September 11 attacks. It shows how the United States adopted the use of drones alongside the practice of targeted killing to control risks as it fought a new war against al Qaeda, but found itself gradually drifting into more conflict zones and fighting new enemies. While the United States used drones to protect its pilots from physical risk, it altered the nature of the risks they faced and created new ones for the population who live under the drones. Drones also subtly changed how the United States wages its wars, making it more willing to countenance killing people outside of active battlefields. It concludes by discussing how more countries are now experimenting with targeting killings.
The All-Seeing Drone
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

In chapter 6, drones are described as transforming the dynamics of protest and surveillance in democratic and non-democratic states. The use of drones by law enforcement and private companies poses a serious challenge to the protection of privacy and could contribute to a creeping surveillance state. But drones will also empower other groups—civil liberties groups and activists—to identify and publicize human rights abuses and press democratic governments to act. In authoritarian states, the embrace of drone technology also raises the possibility that anonymous dissent may eventually become difficult, if not impossible. Drones may also provide another tool for governments to engage in surveillance and repression of their secessionist regions.
Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 argues that drones will enable international organizations, NGOs, and advocacy groups to monitor human rights abuses, deliver relief, and pressure governments for change. Small surveillance drones are ideally suited for taking on the “dull, dirty, and dangerous” jobs that are needed in these situations. In the future, drones will be able to transport and drop food and medicine in response to crises in places where humanitarian organizations are reluctant to send their own personnel. Drones will ultimately give these actors another tool with which they can monitor events on the ground and possibly shame governments into stronger action. But drones may also increase the ambitions of IOs/NGOs to intensify the pace of humanitarian relief and social change, even if doing so is unsustainable.
Mental Models of Fiction
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia
Published: May 2020

Watching or reading a story looks like a passive experience, but actually people’s minds are quite active when they engage with a story. This chapter explores how people construct representations of the various pieces of a story in their minds—from the situation being presented to the characters to the setting—so that they can understand each individual part of the experience. The chapter also explores how people use different kinds of continuity to understand what’s happening in a story and how their pre-existing ideas about real life and fiction impact how they understand a story. Finally, it delves into the different ways a story can seem “real” and whether suspension of disbelief factors into that equation—spoiler alert: According to psychologists, the answer is not so much.
Epilogue
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia
Published: May 2020

The book is wrapped up with an examination of the future of fiction and the future of research on the benefits of engaging with a story. While it’s still in the early stages, research on the positive ways stories can impact people has started to uncover some compelling results. This epilogue reviews studies that indicate that stories can help us cope with the challenges we encounter in our lives, reduce our stress levels, enhance feelings of belonging, and increase well-being. It also discusses the way digital tools can enhance our story experiences and how new technologies like augmented and virtual reality can offer even more immersive story experiences—experiences that might even make us more helpful and altruistic.
Proserpina’s Tapestry, Strabo’s Cloak
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the De raptu Proserpinae (Rape of Persephone) by the fourth-century CE poet Claudian, in particular its image of world order, the Tapestry of Proserpina at DRP 1.246–72. The tapestry is an ekphrasis (description of a work of art) set within a narrative that recalls Aeneas’ katabasis or descent to the underworld in Virgil, Aeneid 6. Within this context, Claudian’s world icon embeds two different spatial problems. These are (1) a lack of clarity as to whether what we are seeing is the oikoumene (the inhabited world, a flat geometric shape inscribed on the earth’s sphere) or the globe-as-a-whole, and (2) the coexistence of two apparently different ways of seeing the world-as-a-whole: as a sphere or as a stack of strata with the underworld at the bottom. Claudian allows these various representations to coexist in Properpina’s tapestry.
Intermezzo
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

Knowledge of the nature of the universe is a prerequisite in afterlife accounts. It is necessary because the soul’s ultimate aim is identification with the universe, the phenomenon the author calls “psychic harmonization.” For this to happen, the soul must understand the universe. The apparent need for a vision of the universe is the key to understanding the doubling of eschatological space: within any afterlife journey must come the revelation, in which the world is glimpsed in sum. But what is this universe with which the soul must come into line? It is not a constant. Over time, as the reach of human concepts of the universe expands, human cycles are assimilated into an increasingly expansive universe. It is the need to accommodate ever-larger areas of lateral motion within a fundamental casing of circular order that causes the universe to “expand.” As we discover more areas of disorderly motion, the outer skin of order just gets bigger, reducing the significance of the original areas of disorder. Congruently, the soul’s arena of activity expands alongside the model of the universe. This chapter shows both how the cycles of the universe function and how the universe expands between Homer and Dante (and beyond).