bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual and family predictors of ultra-processed food consumption in Spanish children: The SENDO project
Authors: García-Blanco Lorena , de la O Pascual Víctor , Berasaluce Arantxa , Moreno-Galarraga Laura , Martínez-González Miguel Ángel , Martín-Calvo Nerea
Published: May 2022

Background:

Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is increasing exponentially, becoming a matter of concern for Public Health, given its adverse health effects.

Objective:

To identify individual and faGmily factors predicting UPF consumption in childhood.

Design:

The SENDO project is an ongoing prospective dynamic cohort of Spanish children. In this study, we used baseline information of participants recruited between January 2015 and June 2021. Dietary information was collected with a validated semi-quantitative FFQ, and food items were classified using the NOVA classification. Individual and family factors associated with UPF consumption (P< 0·20) in univariate analyses were introduced in a model of generalised estimating equations which accounted for intra-cluster correlations between siblings.

Setting:

The SENDO project (Spain), 2015–2021.

Participants:

Spanish children are recruited at the age of 4–5 years and followed yearly through online questionnaires completed by parents.

Results:

In this sample of 806 participants (49 % girls; mean age 5 years (sd: 0·90)), the mean UPF consumption was 37·64 % of total energy intake (sd: 9·59). Large family size and longer exposure to screens predicted higher consumption of UPF. On the other hand, better knowledge of children’s dietary recommendations, healthy dietary attitudes towards child’s eating habits and longer breastfeeding were associated with lower consumption of UPF. All these factors accounted for approximately 16 % of the variability on the consumption of UPF in childhood.

Conclusion:

Since most of the factors identified in this study are modifiable, they should be considered in public health strategies aimed at promoting healthy dietary habits in early life.
Fraud in Online Surveys: Evidence from a Nonprobability, Subpopulation Sample
Authors: Bell Andrew M. , Gift Thomas
Published: May 2022

We hired a well-known market research firm whose surveys have been published in leading political science journals, including JEPS. Based on a set of rigorous “screeners,” we detected what appears to be exceedingly high rates of identity falsification: over 81 percent of respondents seemed to misrepresent their credentials to gain access to the survey and earn compensation. Similarly high rates of presumptive character falsification were present in panels from multiple sub-vendors procured by the firm. Moreover, we found additional, serious irregularities embedded in the data, including evidence of respondents using deliberate strategies to detect and circumvent one of our screeners, as well as pervasive, observable patterns reflecting that the survey had been taken repeatedly by a respondent or collection of respondents. This evidence offers reasons to be concerned about the quality of online nonprobability, subpopulation samples, and calls for further, systematic research.
Large Methane Emission Fluxes Observed From Tropical Wetlands in Zambia
Authors: Shaw Jacob T. , Allen Grant , Barker Patrick , Pitt Joseph R. , Pasternak Dominika , Bauguitte Stéphane J.‐B. , Lee James , Bower Keith N. , Daly Michael C. , Lunt Mark F. , Ganesan Anita L. , Vaughan Adam R. , Chibesakunda Francis , Lambakasa Musa , Fisher Rebecca E. , France James L. , Lowry David , Palmer Paul I. , Metzger Stefan , Parker Robert J. , Gedney Nicola , Bateson Prudence , Cain Michelle , Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Nisbet Euan G.
Published: May 2022

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas with a warming potential 84 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 20‐year period. Atmospheric CH4 concentrations have been rising since the nineteenth century but the cause of large increases post‐2007 is disputed. Tropical wetlands are thought to account for ∼20% of global CH4 emissions, but African tropical wetlands are understudied and their contribution is uncertain. In this work, we use the first airborne measurements of CH4 sampled over three wetland areas in Zambia to derive emission fluxes. Three independent approaches to flux quantification from airborne measurements were used: Airborne mass balance, airborne eddy‐covariance, and an atmospheric inversion. Measured emissions (ranging from 5 to 28 mg m−2 hr−1) were found to be an order of magnitude greater than those simulated by land surface models (ranging from 0.6 to 3.9 mg m−2 hr−1), suggesting much greater emissions from tropical wetlands than currently accounted for. The prevalence of such underestimated CH4 sources may necessitate additional reductions in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to keep global warming below a threshold of 2°C above preindustrial levels.
Biogeochemical Distinctiveness of Peatland Ponds, Thermokarst Waterbodies, and Lakes
Authors: Arsenault Julien , Talbot Julie , Brown Lee E. , Holden Joseph , Martinez‐Cruz Karla , Sepulveda‐Jauregui Armando , Swindles Graeme T. , Wauthy Maxime , Lapierre Jean‐François
Published: May 2022

Small lentic freshwater ecosystems play a disproportionate role in global biogeochemical cycles by processing large amounts of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), but it is unlikely that they behave as one homogenous group for the purpose of extrapolation. Here, we synthesize biogeochemical data from >12,000 geographically distinct freshwater systems: lakes, peatland ponds, and thermokarst waterbodies. We show that peatland ponds are biogeochemically distinct from the more widely studied lake systems, while thermokarst waterbodies share characteristics with peatland ponds, lakes, or both. For any given size or depth, peatland ponds tend to have dissolved organic carbon concentrations several‐fold higher and are 100‐fold more acidic than lakes because of the organic matter‐rich settings in which they develop. The biogeochemical distinctiveness of freshwater ecosystems highlights the need to account for the fundamental differences in sources and processing of organic matter to understand and predict their role in global biogeochemical cycles.
Subtropical Contribution to Sub‐Antarctic Mode Waters
Authors: Fernández Castro Bieito , Mazloff Matthew , Williams Richard G. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C.
Published: May 2022

Sub‐Antarctic Mode Waters (SAMW) form to the north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) through deep winter mixing. SAMW connect the atmosphere with the oceanic pycnocline, transferring heat and carbon into the ocean interior and supplying nutrients to the northern ocean basins. The processes controlling SAMW ventilation and properties remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the significance and origin of a ubiquitous feature of SAMW formation regions: The seasonal build‐up of a subsurface salinity maximum. With biogeochemical Argo floats, we show that this feature influences SAMW mixed‐layer dynamics, and that its formation is associated with a decline in preformed nutrients comparable to biological drawdown in surface waters (∼0.15 mol m−2 y−1). Our analysis reveals that these features are driven by advection of warm, salty, nutrient‐poor waters of subtropical origin along the ACC. This influx represents a leading‐order term in the SAMW physical and biogeochemical budgets, and can impact large‐scale nutrient distributions.
Understanding the Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior of Single‐Crystalline Alpha Quartz From the Insight of Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Molaei Fatemeh
Published: May 2022

Quartz is among Earth's most abundant minerals, which has several stable polymorphs in nature. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the mechanical properties of crystalline alpha quartz. The obtained results specify that tensile stress under uniaxial tension is greater in z (c‐axis) than in other directions (290 vs. 115 GPa and 190 GPa). This outcome confirms that crystalline quartz has an anisotropic behavior under applied load, and as a result, Young's modulus varies in different directions. Furthermore, the effect of existing central cracks with different lengths are considered and the results analyzed. According to the results, central cracks decrease average stress and strain, and this reduction is higher in the z‐direction([0 0 0 1]). Additionally, it was found that the strain rate affects the stress‐strain behavior of the models; however, the strain rate plays a negligible role when the central crack length extends. In terms of potential energy, simulation results indicate that potential energy is the highest in the model without any crack and reduces by growing the central crack size.
The Role of Fault Rock Fabric in the Dynamics of Laboratory Faults
Authors: Pozzi Giacomo , Scuderi Marco M. , Tinti Elisa , Nazzari Manuela , Collettini Cristiano
Published: May 2022

Fault stability is inherently linked to the frictional and healing properties of fault rocks and associated fabrics. Their complex interaction controls how the stored elastic energy is dissipated, that is, through creep or seismic motion. In this work, we focus on the relevance of fault fabrics in controlling the reactivation and slip behavior of dolomite‐anhydrite analog faults. We designed a set of laboratory experiments where we first develop fault rocks characterized by different grain size reduction and localization at normal stresses of σN = 15, 35, 60, and 100 MPa and second, we reload and reactivate these fault rocks at the frictional stability transition, achieved at σN = 35 MPa by reducing the machine stiffness. If normal stress is lowered this way, reactivation occurs with relatively large stress drops and large peak‐slip velocities. Subsequent unstable behavior produces slow stick‐slip events with low stress drop and with either asymmetric or Gaussian slip velocity function depending on the inherited fault fabric. If normal stress is raised, deformation is accommodated within angular cataclasites promoting stable slip. The integration of microstructural data (showing brittle reworking of preexisting textures) with mechanical data (documenting restrengthening and dilation upon reactivation) suggests that frictional and chemically assisted healing, which is common in natural faults during the interseismic phase, can be a relevant process in developing large instabilities. We also conclude that fault rock heterogeneity (fault fabric) modulates the slip velocity function and thus the dynamics of repeating stick‐slip cycles.
Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes With Accompanying Elves Detected by ASIM
Authors: Bjørge‐Engeland Ingrid , Østgaard Nikolai , Mezentsev Andrey , Skeie Chris Alexander , Sarria David , Lapierre Jeff , Lindanger Anders , Neubert Torsten , Marisaldi Martino , Lehtinen Nikolai , Chanrion Olivier , Ullaland Kjetil , Yang Shiming , Genov Georgi , Christiansen Freddy , Reglero Victor
Published: May 2022

The Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor was designed to monitor Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) and Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) from space, enabling the study of how these phenomena are related. In this paper, we present observations of 17 TGFs with accompanying Elves. TGFs are short and highly energetic bursts of gamma photons associated with lightning discharges, whereas Elves are TLEs that are observed as concentric rings of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light at ionospheric altitudes, produced by the excitation of N2 molecules when an electromagnetic pulse hits the base of the ionosphere. Elves were identified when optical detections in the UV band could be clearly distinguished from other optical signals from lightning strokes. The TGFs they accompanied had short durations and were associated with particularly high peak current lightning. Lightning sferics associated with these events were detected by the global lightning network GLD360 and the World Wide Lightning Location Network, and they were, with the exception of one event, observed over ocean or coastal regions. It is likely that these events were associated with Energetic In‐cloud Pulses. We show that short duration TGFs tend to be associated with higher peak currents than long duration TGFs.
Heavy Ion Escape From Martian Wake Enhanced by Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Wang Lei , Huang Can , Ge Yasong , Du Aimin , Wang Rongsheng , Zhang Tielong , Chen Guo , Fan Jinqiao
Published: May 2022

Mars is a dry planet with a history of a warm and wet environment. Hydrogen and oxygen continuously escape from the unmagnetized planet. Although the heavy ion escape rate in the wake region is low due to Mars' obstruction, there are reports of events with bursty and enhanced ion escape. Here, we first find the evidence of the Alfvenic dayside‐produced plasma clouds accelerated by magnetic reconnection, which provides an explanation for the wake bursty mass escape by the observations from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. In the event reported by this study, two types of flux ropes were successively observed in the magnetic reconnection exhaust in the Martian wake. One is generated by the reconnection, while others are produced by dayside boundary instability. The ions convected from the dayside, as well as the local original ions, can both be accelerated to be Alfvenic and expelled in the Martian tail by reconnection. The oxygen escape rate in the reconnection exhaust is estimated to be a quarter of the previous statistical result in the entire wake region.
Seasonal Changes in the Vertical Structure of Ozone in the Martian Lower Atmosphere and Its Relationship to Water Vapor
Authors: Olsen K. S. , Fedorova A. A. , Trokhimovskiy A. , Montmessin F. , Lefèvre F. , Korablev O. , Baggio L. , Forget F. , Millour E. , Bierjon A. , Alday J. , Wilson C. F. , Irwin P. G. J. , Belyaev D. A. , Patrakeev A. , Shakun A.
Published: May 2022

The mid‐infrared channel of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS MIR) onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is capable of observing the infrared absorption of ozone (O3) in the atmosphere of Mars. During solar occulations, the 003←000 band (3,000‐3,060 cm−1) is observed with spectral sampling of ∼0.045 cm−1. Around the equinoxes in both hemispheres and over the southern winters, we regularly observe around 200–500 ppbv of O3 below 30 km. The warm southern summers, near perihelion, produce enough atmospheric moisture that O3 is not detectable at all, and observations are rare even at high northern latitudes. During the northern summers, water vapor is restricted to below 10 km, and an O3 layer (100–300 ppbv) is visible between 20 and 30 km. At this same time, the aphelion cloud belt forms, condensing water vapor and allowing O3 to build up between 30 and 40 km. A comparison to vertical profiles of water vapor and temperature in each season reveals that water vapor abundance is controlled by atmospheric temperature, and H2O and O3 are anti‐correlated as expected. When the atmosphere cools, over time or over altitude, water vapor condenses (observed as a reduction in its mixing ratio) and the production of odd hydrogen species is reduced, which allows O3 to build up. Conversely, warmer temperatures lead to water vapor enhancements and ozone loss. The LMD Mars Global Climate Model is able to reproduce vertical structure and seasonal changes of temperature, H2O, and O3 that we observe. However, the observed O3 abundance is larger by factors between 2 and 6, indicating important differences in the rate of odd‐hydrogen photochemistry.
Source Identification and Estimation of Organic Carbon in the Intertidal Wetlands of the Eastern Coast of China
Authors: Ding Yan , Wang Dongqi , Chen Shu , Deng Huanguang , Yu Zhongjie , Liu Lijie , Li Yu , Yang Dong , Gao Yingyuan , Nie Jiaqin , Chen Zhenlou
Published: May 2022

Intertidal wetlands are important carbon reservoirs that play a significant role in climate change mitigation. However, the lack of large‐scale quantification and source identification of sediment organic carbon (SOC) in different discharge estuaries hampers the assessment of the carbon storage potential in these systems. In this study, based on the elemental ratios and stable carbon isotopes of the core sediment from the intertidal wetlands along the east coast of China, we quantified the contribution of organic carbon (OC) derived from terrestrial/estuarine particulate organic matter (POM), marine phytoplankton, and local plants, such as mangrove and salt marsh plants in the study area. We explored the hydrological and plant drivers controlling the variation in the contribution of OC sources among different coastal environmental settings. We found that SOC in high discharge estuaries (river runoff more than 50 billion m3/a) originated predominantly from terrestrial/estuarine POM (45 ± 6%), whereas the primary source for low discharge estuaries was marine phytoplankton OC (51 ± 14%). Moreover, our estimates revealed a sharp increase in the contribution of OC from mangroves to deep sediments compared with surface sediments, owing to the infiltration of mangrove roots at greater depths and the slow degradation of roots contributing to the substantial refractory OC buried in the deep sediments. These findings indicate that carbon storage in the intertidal wetlands varies among contrasting coastal environmental conditions, which provides implications for intertidal wetlands as a critical carbon sink in the global carbon budget.
Reconstruction of the Eukaryotic Communities in Beppu Bay Over the Past 50 Years Based on Sedimentary DNA Barcoding
Authors: Segawa Yudai , Yamamoto Masanobu , Kuwae Michinobu , Moriya Kazuyoshi , Suzuki Hitoshi , Suzuki Koji
Published: May 2022

Comprehensive reconstruction of changes in eukaryotic communities in the recent past is useful for determining the response of the local ecosystems to global changes during the Anthropocene. We used DNA barcoding technology to reconstruct the marine eukaryotic communities of Beppu Bay, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, over the past 50 years based on a short sediment core. Highly vulnerable DNA fragments were preserved in the sediments, possibly due to seasonally euxinic conditions. Analysis of the 18S rRNA V9 gene region indicated the temporal variability in eukaryotic communities, which consisted mainly of dinoflagellates and diatoms, in response to changes in the nutrient regime. The dominant species in the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium changed as the water temperature increased. In addition, enhanced contributions by terrestrial plants and mosses were detected in flood sediments. Our results suggest that DNA fragments can be used as a proxy for the paleoenvironmental and paleoecological conditions in Beppu Bay.
Overexpression of V-ATPase B2 attenuates lung injury/fibrosis by stabilizing lysosomal membrane permeabilization and increasing collagen degradation
Authors: Lee Jong-Uk , Hong Jisu , Shin Hyesun , Ryu Chnag-Beom , Park Sung-Woo , Jeong Sung Hwan
Published: May 2022

Excessive oxidative stress causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which leads to cell death. Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is the enzyme responsible for pumping H+ into the cytosol and thus maintaining intracellular pH. Previously, we reported that V-ATPase B2 subunit expression is upregulated in the TiO2-exposed lung epithelium. We investigated the role of the lysosomal V-ATPase B2 subunit in oxidative stress-induced alveolar epithelial cell death and in an experimental lung injury/fibrosis model. Overexpression of V-ATPase B2 increased lysosomal pH and lysosomal activities in the cells. In the presence of H2O2, overexpression of V-ATPase B2 increased survival, and silencing of V-ATPase B2 dramatically increased cell death. Overexpression of V-ATPase B2 diminished H2O2-triggered LMP, as evidenced by a reduction in acridine orange staining and leakage of cathepsin D from the lysosome to the cytoplasm. In addition, V-ATPase B2-overexpressing macrophages exhibited significantly enhanced uptake and degradation of collagen. V-ATPase B2-overexpressing transgenic mice showed significant inhibition of the bleomycin-induced increases in lung inflammation and fibrosis. We conclude that V-ATPase B2 is critical for maintaining lysosomal activities against excessive oxidative stress by stabilizing LMP. Our findings reveal a previously unknown role of this V-ATPase subunit in a lung injury and fibrosis model.
Through the looking glass: a review of the literature surrounding reflective practice in dentistry
Authors: Campbell Faith , Rogers Helen
Published: May 2022

Reflection is an essential component of the learning process that helps to elicit deeper learning. In healthcare, this uses experiential activities to produce knowledge that compels the clinician to change their practice. Deep reflection allows one to explore emotions associated with challenging learning experiences, empowering reinterpretation of these experiences and removing barriers to further learning. Reflection is a key requirement of dental education at all stages. This paper aims to explore the existing literature on reflective practice in dentistry and identify areas for further research to improve reflective practice within dentistry.

Traditional methods of reflecting through written means are not facilitating the deep reflection which is desired. A systematic overhaul of reflective practice is suggested, involving a shift away from structured written reflections. There is little evidence to inform the most appropriate format for reflective practice in dental education. There is a need for further research to determine the effectiveness of reflective practice in dental education, particularly as a move away from structured written reflection to more creative reflective opportunities are encouraged. Greater exploration of barriers to reflection in dentistry is indicated, with consideration to how these may be overcome and a need to engage regulatory bodies in system-wide changes.
Exosomal circRNA BTG2 derived from RBP-J overexpressed-macrophages inhibits glioma progression via miR-25-3p/PTEN
Authors: Shi Lei , Cao Ying , Yuan Wei , Guo Jun , Sun Guan
Published: May 2022

Macrophage-derived exosomes (Mφ-Exos) are involved in tumor progression, but its role in glioma is not fully understood. RBP-J is related to macrophage activation. In this study, we assess the role of exosomes derived from RBP-J-overexpressed macrophages (RBP-J OE Mφ-Exos) in glioma. The circular RNA (circRNA) profiles in RBP-J OE Mφ-Exos and THP-1-like macrophages (WT Mφ)-Exos were evaluated using circRNA microarray. Then the functions of Mφ-Exo-circRNA in glioma cells were assessed via CCK-8, EdU, Transwell invasion, and nude mouse assays. Besides, luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and Pearson’s correlation analysis were adopted to confirm interactions. We found that circRNA BTG (circBTG2) is upregulated in RBP-J OE Mφ-Exos compared to WT Mφ-Exos. RBP-J OE Mφ-Exos co-culture and circBTG2 overexpression inhibited proliferation and invasion of glioma cells, whereas circBTG2 knockdown promotes tumor growth in vivo. The effects of RBP-J OE Mφ-Exos on glioma cells can be reversed by the circBTG2 knockdown. In conclusions, Exo-circBTG2 secreted from RBP-J OE Mφ inhibits tumor progression through the circBTG2/miR-25-3p/PTEN pathway, and circBTG2 is probably a diagnostic biomarker and potential target for glioma therapy.
Assessing the contribution of genetic nurture to refractive error
Authors: Guggenheim Jeremy A. , Clark Rosie , Zayats Tetyana , Williams Cathy ,   the UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium, Guggenheim Jeremy A. , Williams Cathy
Published: May 2022

Parents pass on both their genes and environment to offspring, prompting debate about the relative importance of nature versus nurture in the inheritance of complex traits. Advances in molecular genetics now make it possible to quantify an individual’s genetic predisposition to a trait via his or her ‘polygenic score’. However, part of the risk captured by an individual’s polygenic score may actually be attributed to the genotype of their parents. In the most well-studied example of this indirect ‘genetic nurture’ effect, about half the genetic contribution to educational attainment was found to be attributed to parental alleles, even if those alleles were not inherited by the child. Refractive errors, such as myopia, are a common cause of visual impairment and pose high economic and quality-of-life costs. Despite strong evidence that refractive errors are highly heritable, the extent to which genetic risk is conferred directly via transmitted risk alleles or indirectly via the environment that parents create for their children is entirely unknown. Here, an instrumental variable analysis in 1944 pairs of adult siblings from the United Kingdom was used to quantify the proportion of the genetic risk (‘single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability’) of refractive error contributed by genetic nurture. We found no evidence of a contribution from genetic nurture: non-within-family SNP-heritability estimate = 0.213 (95% confidence interval 0.134–0.310) and within-family SNP-heritability estimate = 0.250 (0.152–0.372). Our findings imply the genetic contribution to refractive error is principally an intrinsic effect from alleles transmitted from parents to offspring.
Ocean temperatures through the Phanerozoic reassessed
Authors: Grossman Ethan L. , Joachimski Michael M.
Published: May 2022

The oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate and phosphatic fossils hold the key to understanding Earth-system evolution during the last 500 million years. Unfortunately, the validity and interpretation of this record remain unsettled. Our comprehensive compilation of Phanerozoic δ18O data for carbonate and phosphate fossils and microfossils (totaling 22,332 and 4615 analyses, respectively) shows rapid shifts best explained by temperature change. In calculating paleotemperatures, we apply a constant hydrosphere δ18O, correct seawater δ18O for ice volume and paleolatitude, and correct belemnite δ18O values for 18O enrichment. Similar paleotemperature trends for carbonates and phosphates confirm retention of original isotopic signatures. Average low-latitude (30° S–30° N) paleotemperatures for shallow environments decline from 42.0 ± 3.1 °C in the Early-to-Middle Ordovician to 35.6 ± 2.4 °C for the Late Ordovician through the Devonian, then fluctuate around 25.1 ± 3.5 °C from the Mississippian to today. The Early Triassic and Middle Cretaceous stand out as hothouse intervals. Correlations between atmospheric CO2 forcing and paleotemperature support CO2’s role as a climate driver in the Paleozoic.
High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154
Authors: Chiera Nadine Mariel , Dressler Rugard , Sprung Peter , Talip Zeynep , Schumann Dorothea
Published: May 2022

Sixty years after the discovery of 154Dy, the half-life of this pure alpha-emitter was re-measured. 154Dy was radiochemically separated from proton-irradiated tantalum samples. Sector field- and multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the amount of 154Dy retrieved. The disintegration rate of the radio-lanthanide was measured by means of α-spectrometry. The half-life value was determined as (1.40 ± 0.08)∙106 y, with an uncertainty reduced by a factor of ~ 10 compared to the currently adopted value of (3.0 ± 1.5)∙106 y. This precise half-life value is useful for the the correct testing and evaluation of p-process nucleosynthetic models using 154Dy as a seed nucleus or as a reaction product, as well as for the safe disposal of irradiated target material from accelerator driven facilities. As a first application of the half-life value determined in this work, the excitation functions for the production of 154Dy in proton-irradiated Ta, Pb, and W targets were re-evaluated, which are now in agreement with theoretical calculations.
Binding of the HSF-1 DNA-binding domain to multimeric C. elegans consensus HSEs is guided by cooperative interactions
Authors: Schmauder Lukas , Sima Siyuan , Hadj Amira Ben , Cesar Ricardo , Richter Klaus
Published: May 2022

The protein HSF-1 is the controlling transcription factor of the heat-shock response (HSR). Its binding to the heat-shock elements (HSEs) induces the strong upregulation of conserved heat-shock proteins, including Hsp70s, Hsp40s and small HSPs. Next to these commonly known HSPs, more than 4000 other HSEs are found in the promoter regions of C. elegans genes. In microarray experiments, few of the HSE-containing genes are specifically upregulated during the heat-shock response. Most of the 4000 HSE-containing genes instead are unaffected by elevated temperatures and coexpress with genes unrelated to the HSR. This is also the case for several genes related to the HSP chaperone system, like dnj-12, dnj-13, and hsp-1. Interestingly, several promoters of the dedicated HSR-genes, like F44E5.4p, hsp-16.48p or hsp-16.2p, contain extended HSEs in their promoter region, composed of four or five HSE-elements instead of the common trimeric HSEs. We here aim at understanding how HSF-1 interacts with the different promoter regions. To this end we purify the nematode HSF-1 DBD and investigate the interaction with DNA sequences containing these regions. EMSA assays suggest that the HSF-1 DBD interacts with most of these HSE-containing dsDNAs, but with different characteristics. We employ sedimentation analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) to determine stoichiometry, affinity, and cooperativity of HSF-1 DBD binding to these HSEs. Interestingly, most HSEs show cooperative binding of the HSF-1 DBD with up to five DBDs being bound. In most cases binding to the HSEs of inducible promoters is stronger, even though the consensus scores are not always higher. The observed high affinity of HSF-1 DBD to the non-inducible HSEs of dnj-12, suggests that constitutive expression may be supported from some promoter regions, a fact that is evident for this transcription factor, that is essential also under non-stress conditions.
The lung microbiome in HIV-positive patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Ueckermann Veronica , Lebre Pedro , Geldenhuys Janri , Hoosien Ebrahim , Cowan Don , van Rensburg Luricke Janse , Ehlers Marthie
Published: May 2022

Tuberculosis poses one of the greatest infectious disease threats of our time, especially when associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Very little data is available on the lung microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in HIV-positive patients. Three patient cohorts were studied: (i) HIV-positive with no respiratory disease (control cohort), (ii) HIV-positive with pneumonia and (iii) HIV-positive with PTB. Sputum specimens were collected in all patients and where possible a paired BALF was collected. DNA extraction was performed using the QIAamp DNA mini kit (QIAGEN, Germany) and extracted DNA specimens were sent to Inqaba Biotechnical Industries (Pty) Ltd for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using the Illumina platform (Illumina Inc, USA). Data analysis was performed using QIMME II and R Studio version 3.6.2 (2020). The lung microbiomes of patients with PTB, in the context of HIV co-infection, were dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Loss of biodiversity and dysbiosis was found in these patients when compared to the HIV-positive control cohort. Microbial community structure was also distinct from the control cohort, with the dominance of genera such as Achromobacter, Mycobacterium, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Pseudomonas in those patients with PTB. This is the first study to describe the lung microbiome in patients with HIV and PTB co-infection and to compare findings with an HIV-positive control cohort. The lung microbiomes of patients with HIV and PTB were distinct from the HIV-positive control cohort without PTB, with an associated loss of microbial diversity.
Evaluating building performance in healthcare facilities using entropy and graph heuristic theories
Authors: Hassanain Amr A. , Eldosoky Mohamed A. A. , Soliman Ahmed M.
Published: May 2022

Designing a healthcare facility is one of the most challenging tasks due to the complexity associated with these facilities. The primary goal of healthcare facilities is to provide high-quality care; consequently, the design of healthcare facilities and their environments directly affects the facility's productivity, the organization's economic performance, the experienced clinical outcomes in the hospital, as well as patient and staff satisfaction. The redesign of a healthcare facility is essential for ensuring a serene healing environment for the patients and thus influences their healing rates, reduces the amount of time spent in the facilities, and impacts their level of satisfaction with the care provided. The evaluation methodology is a step in the redesign process that measures the performance of healthcare buildings according to international standards. In this study, the collected standards were weighted using an entropy algorithm to evaluate different departments in various hospitals. In addition, the layout score was measured using the adjacent algorithm as one of the graph heuristic methods to determine whether the department or the whole hospital can be redesigned to meet international standards. According to the results of our methodologies being used in one selected hospital in Egypt, the average of the satisfied standards was 43%, standards that could be satisfied were 24%, not applicable standards were 34%, and the average layout score was 25.
Evaluation of color changes during stability studies using spectrophotometric chromaticity measurements versus visual examination
Authors: Sakiroff Lara-Malenka , Chennell Philip , Yessaad Mouloud , Pereira Bruno , Bouattour Yassine , Sautou Valérie
Published: May 2022

Stability studies are essential to be able to assign an expiration date to medications. Color variation is one of the organoleptic characteristics of actives substances or medications which can indicate the presence of contaminations, impurities or degradations products. However there is no data available comparing the often used visual examination with spectrophotometric measurements during stability studies. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate precisely how different the two methods are, by comparing the change of color of two drug formulations chosen as models, assessed by visual examination versus a spectrophotometric colorimetric analysis. Paracetamol and parenteral nutrition solutions were stored in stress conditions for up to 46 days, and were subjected to a visual examination using color reference solutions and to lightness and chromaticity measurement to determine their specific color by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The color of paracetamol solutions changed faster when exposed to stress condition (light), as did the PNS when exposed to heat. In both cases, color variations were detected earlier and more precisely by UV–Vis spectrophotometry than by visual examination. Color measurement using an UV–Vis spectrophotometry should advantageously replace visual examination when assessing colors changes during drug stability studies.
mGluR5 ablation leads to age-related synaptic plasticity impairments and does not improve Huntington’s disease phenotype
Authors: de Souza Jessica M. , Ferreira-Vieira Talita H. , Maciel Esther M. A. , Silva Nathalia C. , Lima Izabella B. Quirino , Doria Juliana G. , Olmo Isabella G. , Ribeiro Fabiola M.
Published: May 2022

Glutamate receptors, including mGluR5, are involved in learning and memory impairments triggered by aging and neurological diseases. However, each condition involves distinct molecular mechanisms. It is still unclear whether the mGluR5 cell signaling pathways involved in normal brain aging differ from those altered due to neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we employed wild type (WT), mGluR5−/−, BACHD, which is a mouse model of Huntington’s Disease (HD), and mGluR5−/−/BACHD mice, at the ages of 2, 6 and 12 months, to distinguish the mGluR5-dependent cell signaling pathways involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We demonstrated that the memory impairment exhibited by mGluR5−/− mice is accompanied by massive neuronal loss and decreased dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, similarly to BACHD and BACHD/mGluR5−/− mice. Moreover, mGluR5 ablation worsens some of the HD-related alterations. We also show that mGluR5−/− and BACHD/mGluR5−/− mice have decreased levels of PSD95, BDNF, and Arc/Arg3.1, whereas BACHD mice are mostly spared. PSD95 expression was affected exclusively by mGluR5 ablation in the aging context, making it a potential target to treat age-related alterations. Taken together, we reaffirm the relevance of mGluR5 for memory and distinguish the mGluR5 cell signaling pathways involved in normal brain aging from those implicated in HD.
A lipid droplet-specific fluorescence probe for atherosclerotic plaque imaging
Authors: Chen Jingruo , Li Shufen , Ma Di , Li Lilan , Zhuang Weihua , Chen Mao
Published: May 2022

The dysregulation of lipid droplets (LDs) is closely related to atherosclerosis (AS), while the role of LDs during the pathological processes remains mysterious. Herein, a LDs specific probe TBI was developed to help to study the role of LDs in AS.
A geometric approach to decoding molecular structure and dynamics from photoionization of isotropic samples
Authors: Ordonez Andres F. , Smirnova Olga
Published: May 2022

The photoionization dipole defines a molecule-specific vector field in the photoelectron momentum space. What information about this vector field is encoded in the photoelectron angular distribution obtained from a randomly oriented sample?
MolE8: finding DFT potential energy surface minima values from force-field optimised organic molecules with new machine learning representations
Authors: Lee Sanha , Ermanis Kristaps , Goodman Jonathan M.
Published: May 2022

New representations and machine learning calculate DFT minima from force field geometries.
Heterostructured two-dimensional covalent organic framework membranes for enhanced ion separation
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Xiao Ankang , Yin Congcong , Wang Xingyuan , Shi Xiansong , Wang Yong
Published: May 2022

A heterostructured covalent organic framework membrane enabled by linker exchange is capable of ion separation.
Ligand-driven self-assembly of iodine-based Cd(ii) complexes via dissolution–recrystallization structural transformation
Authors: Tunsrichon Sujitra , Youngme Sujittra , Boonmak Jaursup
Published: May 2022

A dissolution–recrystallization structural transformation (DRST) of a Cd(ii) complex driven by a versatile AS ligand contributes to the assembly of diverse iodo–Cd(ii) complexes with the phen ligand in various solutions of iodine at room temperature.
Significant performance enhancement of Nd-doped Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3–PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystals
Authors: Xiong Junjie , Wang Yuequn , Yang Xiaoming , Zhang Wenjie , Wang Zujian , Su Rongbing , Long Xifa , Liu Ying , He Chao
Published: May 2022

This study presents Nd-doped PIN-0.33PT single crystals. The enhanced piezoelectric d33 and electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 are 2100 pC/N and 91%, which are 80% and 5.8% higher than those of the virgin PIN-0.33PT single crystals (1160 pC/N and 86%).
Singlet oxygen-promoted one-pot synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous silica materials via the radical route
Authors: Lu Tingting , Yan Wenfu , Feng Guodong , Luo Xiaolin , Hu Yueqiao , Guo Jiale , Yu Zhan , Zhao Zhen , Ding Shujiang
Published: May 2022

Compared with ˙OH in an acid-free synthesis system, 1O2 plays a more important role in the hydrolysis of TEOS to meet the targeted assembly rate for templates, which is crucial for the one-pot synthesis of mesoporous silica materials.
Cu3N nanoparticles with both (100) and (111) facets for enhancing the selectivity and activity of CO2 electroreduction to ethylene
Authors: Wang Hongzhi , Bi Xinze , Zhao Yuezhu , Yang Zhongxue , Wang Zhaoliang , Wu Mingbo
Published: May 2022

Cu3N-2 combines the advantages of Cu3N-1 with facilitating C–C coupling and Cu3N-3 with promoting *C2H4 desorption.
Ionic liquid and lysine co-assisted synthesis of the highly dispersed Ni/SAPO-11 catalyst
Authors: Fan Lei , Zhao Lianming , Lv Yuchao , Wang Tinghu , Tian Yupeng , Fu Jianye , Liu Xinmei
Published: May 2022

Schematic illustration of the preparation of Ni/SAPO-11 and the stabilization of metal species by [Bmim][BF4] and lysine.
Correction: LC-MS analysis and hypotensive effect via inhabiting GLUT 1 and activating NO/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway of Myrica rubra
Authors: Li Jing , Wang Huiling , Li Jian , Liu Yonggang , Ding Hong
Published: May 2022

Correction for LC-MS analysis and hypotensive effect via inhabiting GLUT 1 and activating NO/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway of Myrica rubra by Hong D. et al. RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 5371–5384, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA05895H.
Visualization and monitoring of dynamic damaging–healing processes of polymers by using AIEgen-loaded multifunctional microcapsules
Authors: Chen Shusheng , Han Ting , Liu Junkai , Liang Xinting , Yang Jinglei , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2022

The damaging–healing processes of multifunctional polymer coatings with self-healing capability, photoprotection properties, and water-proof functions are clearly visualized and monitored using AIEgen-loaded multifunctional microcapsules.
Multi-interfacial engineering of a coil-like NiS–Ni2P/Ni hybrid to efficiently boost electrocatalytic hydrogen generation in alkaline and neutral electrolyte
Authors: Liu Mengzhao , Sun Zhe , Zhang Chaofan , Li Shiyan , He Chaozhen , Liu Yuefeng , Zhao Zhongkui
Published: May 2022

Multi-interfacial engineering NiS-Ni2P/Ni hybrid on Ni foam creates an active and durable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in alkaline or neutral media, also providing a general method for preparing other multi-interfacial electrocatalysts.
Proteins and proteases of Prader–Willi syndrome: a comprehensive review and perspectives
Authors: Basak Sanjukta , Basak Ajoy
Published: May 2022

Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex genetic disease that is associated with pathological disorders that include endocrine disruption, developmental, neurological, and physical problems as well as intellectual, and behavioral dysfunction. In early stage, PWS is characterized by respiratory distress, hypotonia, and poor sucking ability, causing feeding concern and poor weight gain. Additional features of the disease evolve over time. These include hyperphagia, obesity, developmental, cognitive delay, skin picking, high pain threshold, short stature, growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, strabismus, scoliosis, joint laxity, or hip dysplasia. The disease is associated with a shortened life expectancy. There is no cure for PWS, although interventions are available for symptoms management. PWS is caused by genetic defects in chromosome 15q11.2-q13, and categorized into three groups, namely Paternal deletion, Maternal uniparental disomy, and Imprinting defect. PWS is confirmed through genetic testing and DNA-methylation analysis. Studies revealed that at least two key proteins namely MAGEL-2 and NECDIN along with two proteases PCSK1 and PCSK2 are linked to PWS. Herein, we summarize our current understanding and knowledge about the role of these proteins and enzymes in various biological processes associated with PWS. The review also describes how loss and/or impairment of functional activity of these macromolecules can lead to hormonal disbalance by promoting degradation of secretory granules and via inhibition of proteolytic maturation of precursor-proteins. The present review will draw attention of researchers, scientists, and academicians engaged in PWS study and will help to identify potential targets and molecular pathways for PWS intervention and treatment.
Labor Force Participation and Hearing Loss Among Adults in the United States: Evidence From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Garcia Morales Emmanuel E. , Lin Haley , Suen Jonathan J. , Varadaraj Varshini , Lin Frank R. , Reed Nicholas S.
Published: May 2022

Purpose:

The purpose of this article was to study the association between hearing loss (HL) and labor force participation in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Method:

This cross-sectional study used data from the 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2011–2012, and 2015–2016 cycles of the NHANES. The sample was restricted to adults aged 25–65 years with complete audiometric data. HL was defined based on the pure-tone average (PTA) of 0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 4-kHz thresholds in the better hearing ear as follows: no loss (PTA < 25 dB), mild HL (25 dB < PTA < 40 dB), and moderate-to-severe HL (PTA > 40 dB). The association between HL and labor force participation was estimated using weighted logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, living arrangements, and health status.

Results:

In a sample of 9,963 participants (50.6% women, 22.6% Black, 27% Hispanic), we found that compared with adults without HL, individuals with moderate-to-severe HL had greater odds of being outside of the labor force (odds ratio = 2.35; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–3.88). However, there were no differences by HL status in being employed or having a full- versus part-time job.

Conclusions:

Moderate-to-severe HL, but not mild HL, was associated with higher odds of not participating in the labor force. However, there were no differences by HL status in being employed or having a full- versus part-time job. Further research is needed to better characterize how HL may affect labor force participation.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19858930
The Effects of Captioning Errors, Background Noise, and Hearing Loss on Memory for Text-Captioned Speech
Authors: Crandell Hannah A. , Silcox Jack W. , Ferguson Sarah H. , Lohani Monika , Payne Brennan R.
Published: May 2022

Purpose:

Previous studies have suggested that the negative effects of acoustic challenge on speech memory can be attenuated with assistive text captions, particularly among older adults with hearing impairment. However, no studies have systematically examined the effects of text-captioning errors, which are common in automated speech recognition (ASR) systems.

Method:

In two experiments, we examined memory for text-captioned speech (with and without background noise) when captions had no errors (control) or had one of three common ASR errors: substitution, deletion, or insertion errors.

Results:

In both Experiment 1 (young adults with normal hearing) and Experiment 2 (older adults with varying hearing acuity), we observed similar additive effects of caption errors and background noise, such that increased background noise and the presence of captioning errors negatively impacted memory outcomes. Notably, the negative effects of captioning errors were largest among older adults with increased hearing thresholds, suggesting that older adults with hearing loss may show an increased reliance on text captions compared to adults with normal hearing.

Conclusion:

Our findings show that even a single-word error can be deleterious to memory for text-captioned speech, especially in older adults with hearing loss. Therefore, to produce the greatest benefit to memory, it is crucial that text captions are accurate.