bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material Flow and Microstructural Evolution in Friction Stir Welding of LAZ931 Duplex Mg-Li Alloys
Authors: Cui Shiquan , Cao Wenguan , Zhang Qi , Wang Liguo , Sun Yufeng , Guan Shaokang
Published: November 2024

The material flow behavior during friction stir welding (FSW) plays a critical role in the quality of final joints. In this study, the FSW of LAZ931 duplex Mg alloy was carried out at a rotation speed of 800 rpm and welding speeds of 50, 100, and 200 mm/min, respectively. A thin pure Mg strip inserted at the interface between the two Mg-Li alloy plates was used as a marker to study the flow behavior of the materials in the FSW process. Sound welds with no defects were obtained for all three welding speeds. The microstructural evaluations along the marker on the horizontal cross-section around the keyhole of the welds were characterized. As the welding speed increased, the marker came closer to the keyhole, indicating the decreased extent of the plastic deformation of the material. In the shoulder-affected zone (SAZ), the thickness of the marker reduced gradually in the accelerating stage and finally accumulated together in the decelerating stage. However, in the pin-affected zone (PAZ), the thickness of the marker reduced sharply in the accelerating stage and then became dispersed in the decelerating stage, and the degree of dispersion decreased as the weld speed increased. As a result, an elongated grain structure was formed in the SAZ, while two equiaxial grain structures were formed in the PAZ. The material on the advancing side was refined by the pin and deposited in the weld to form a fine equiaxial grain structure due to the high strain rate. In contrast, the material on the retreating side was pushed by the pin and thus directly deposited in the weld to form a coarse equiaxial grain structure. In addition, the area of the fine equiaxial grain structure was reduced obviously with the increase in welding speed.
Reduction Behaviors of Silicon–Ferrite from Calcium and Aluminum in a Hydrogen-Rich Blast Furnace
Authors: Du Keshuai , Hu Changqing , Shi Xuefeng , Yang Guangqing
Published: November 2024

Silicon–ferrite from calcium and aluminum (SFCA) is one of the primary binding phases in sinter. To better investigate the reduction process of SFCA under hydrogen-rich conditions in a blast furnace, isothermal reduction experiments were designed using three different hydrogen volume fractions (6%, 10%, and 14%) at temperatures within the blast furnace’s lump zone range (1073 K, 1173 K, and 1273 K). The experimental results revealed that the reduction of SFCA proceeds in two stages: in the first stage, SFCA is initially reduced to Fe3O4; in the second stage, Fe3O4 is further reduced to FeO, with the equilibrium phases being FeO, Ca2Al2SiO7, and Ca2SiO4. The fastest reduction rate was observed at 1273 K. When the hydrogen volume fraction was 6% and the temperatures were 1073 K, 1173 K, and 1273 K, the reaction mechanism followed the 3D diffusion model (G-B), with an apparent activation energy of 32.087 kJ·mol−1 and a pre-exponential factor of 0.1419. In comparison, at hydrogen volume fractions of 10% and 14%, the reaction mechanism shifted to the Shrinking core model (n = 3). The findings of this study can provide guidance for actual production and optimization of blast furnace parameters aimed at achieving low-carbon emissions in the steel-making process.
Analysis of the Urine Volatilome of COVID-19 Patients and the Possible Metabolic Alterations Produced by the Disease
Authors: Narro-Serrano Jennifer , Shalabi-Benavent Maruan , Álamo-Marzo José María , Seijo-García Álvaro Maximiliam , Marhuenda-Egea Frutos Carlos
Published: November 2024

Alterations in metabolism caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection have been highlighted in various investigations and have been used to search for biomarkers in different biological matrices. However, the selected biomarkers vary greatly across studies. Our objective is to provide a robust selection of biomarkers, including results from different sample treatments in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in urine samples from patients with COVID-19. Between September 2021 and May 2022, urine samples were collected from 35 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 32 healthy controls. The samples were analyzed by headspace (HS) solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analyses were conducted on untreated urine samples and on samples that underwent specific pretreatments: lyophilization and treatment with sulfuric acid. Partial Least Squares Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLS-LDA) and Subwindow Permutation Analysis (SPA) models were established to distinguish patterns between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. The results identify compounds that are present in different proportions in urine samples from COVID-19 patients compared to those from healthy individuals. Analysis of urine samples using HS-SPME-GC-MS reveals differences between COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. These differences are more pronounced when methods that enhance VOC formation are used. However, these pretreatments can cause reactions between sample components, creating additional products or removing compounds, so biomarker selection could be altered. Therefore, using a combination of methods may be more informative when evaluating metabolic alterations caused by viral infections and would allow for a better selection of biomarkers.
Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Resistance Genes of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Broilers Sold in Open Markets of Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Cissé Abdoulaye , Sambe Ba Bissoume , Sow Ousmane , Wane Abdoul Aziz , Ndiaye Issa , Fall Cheikh , Camara Makhtar , Dieye Yakhya
Published: November 2024

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) poses a significant public health concern due to its widespread prevalence and resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, resistance profile, and carriage of ESBL-encoding genes in ESBL-Ec isolates from broilers in two markets of Dakar, Senegal. Sampling over a one-year period revealed that 61.7% of broilers carried ESBL-Ec in their cecum. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 186 ESBL-Ec isolates showed high resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including ampicillin, ticarcillin, and third-generation cephalosporins. Notably, all isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Multidrug resistance was frequent, with 91.4% of the isolates displaying this phenotype. Comparison between the two markets revealed variations in resistance to quinolones. PCR analysis detected blaCTX-M genes in all isolates, with blaCTX-M-1 being the most prevalent subgroup. Additionally, blaTEM and blaOXA genes were found in 26.3% and 2.7% of isolates, respectively, while no blaSHV genes were detected. Combinations of ESBL genes were common, with blaCTX-M15-blaTEM being the most frequent. These findings highlight the widespread prevalence of ESBL-Ec in broilers from Dakar markets, indicating a potential risk of transmission to humans through the food chain. Effective surveillance and intervention strategies are crucial to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals.
Wound Gel Formulations Containing Poloxamer 407 and Polyhexanide Have In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity Against Wound-Associated Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Visvalingam Jeyachchandran , Yakandawala Nandadeva , Regmi Suresh , Adeniji Adetola , Sharma Parveen , Sailer Miloslav
Published: November 2024

Chronic wounds are often caused or exacerbated by microbial biofilms that are highly resistant to antimicrobial treatments and that prevent healing. This study compared the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of nine topical wound treatments, comprising gels with different concentrations of poloxamer 407 (20–26%) and different pH levels (4–6) and containing polyhexanide (PHMB) as an antimicrobial agent; the effects of pH on wound gels containing this agent have not been previously reported. The wound gel formulations were tested against six common wound-associated microbial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida albicans. Time-kill assays were used to assess antimicrobial activity against planktonic forms of each species, and a colony biofilm model was used to assess antibiofilm activity against existing biofilms as well as inhibition of new biofilm formation. Biofilm inhibition activity was also assessed in the presence of common wound dressing materials. Wound gels with higher pH levels exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity, while poloxamer 407 concentrations >20% negatively impacted antimicrobial activity. Wound gel formulations were identified that had antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and biofilm inhibition activity against all tested species in vitro. Biofilm inhibition activity was not affected by contact with common wound dressings. Further development of these wound gels may provide a valuable new option for the treatment and prevention of chronic wounds.
An Efficient Method for the Selective Syntheses of Sodium Telluride and Symmetrical Diorganyl Tellurides and the Investigation of Reaction Pathways
Authors: Kim Chorong , Lim Yoo Jin , Kim Ye Eun , Murthy Akula S. N. , Cho Hyunsung , Lee Hyejeong , Park Myung-Sook , Lee Sang Hyup
Published: November 2024

Studies on organotellurium compounds have not been extensively conducted due to a lack of tolerable synthetic methods, difficult isolation processes, and their chemical instabilities. Overcoming these hurdles, we developed an efficient and mild method for the selective synthesis of symmetrical diorganyl tellurides 1, a representative class of organotellurium compounds, using a proper reducing reagent. The reaction condition was optimized for the selective formation of 1 by forming the telluride dianion (Te2−) using a reducing reagent, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and then followed by the addition of organyl halides. The optimized reaction condition was as follows: (1) Te (1.0 eq), NaBH4 (2.5 eq) in DMF for 1 h at 80 °C; (2) organyl halides (2.0 eq) for 3–5 h at 25–153 °C. Using this condition, 18 various diorganyl tellurides 1 were selectively and efficiently synthesized in reasonable yields (37–93%). The reaction pathways for the formation of diorganyl tellurides 1 were also investigated. Consequently, we established a practical and efficient method for the selective synthesis of diorganyl tellurides 1 as a representative class of organotellurium compounds.
Non-Invasive Monitoring of Corticosterone Levels in Mouse Urine with Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Howe-Wittek Laura , Kroschk Paul , Nieschalke Kai , Rawel Harshadrai M. , Krämer Stephanie , Raila Jens
Published: November 2024

An innovative method for the quantification of corticosterone in the urine of C57BL/6J mice by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. Unconjugated and glucuronidated corticosterone was detected in the urine samples using enzymatic hydrolysis following liquid–liquid extraction. After optimization of the extraction protocol and LC-MS/MS parameters, we performed a validation study using a representative urine pool of C57BL/6J and Naval Medical Research Institute mice. The method shows good linearity (1–5000 fmol/µL) and the calculated limit of quantification amounts to 0.823 fmol/µL. Both intra-day and inter-day variation was ≤10%, while their recoveries amounted to 90.4–110.6% and 99.8%, respectively. Twenty-four hour urine collection of C57BL/6J mice restrained in two different metabolic cage types for two times was used to test the validated method. To control the hydration level of mice, the corticosterone concentration in their urine was normalized to urinary creatinine concentration. Our LC-MS/MS method represents a highly specific analytical tool for the quantification of corticosterone levels in urine samples, assisting in non-invasive monitoring of acute stress levels in laboratory mice.
Molecular Mechanism: Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum T-2 Toxin Synthesis by Surfactin in Dried Fish: Induction of Yap1 Nucleation by ROS Accumulation
Authors: Deng Qi , Ren Xueting , Hu Qin , Pu Yuehua , Iddrisu Lukman , Kumar Anand , Hua Meifang , Liao Jianmeng , Fang Zhijia , Gooneratne Ravi
Published: November 2024

(1) T-2 toxin synthesized by Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) can cause deterioration of dried fish and endanger human health. (2) The molecular mechanism by which antibacterial lipopeptides surfactin inhibited F. oxysporum growth and toxin production was elucidated by investigating the intracellular ROS production pathway and the subcellular distribution and transcriptional activity of the transcription factor Yap1 and its regulation of Tri5 gene in F. oxysporum. (3) Surfactin caused hyphal damage and nucleic acid and protein leakage; thus, the growth of F. oxysporum was disrupted. Surfactin’s excessive accumulation of intracellular ROS triggered the translocation of transcription factor Yap1 into the nucleus, resulting in toxin cluster gene Tri5 expression inhibition, thereby blocking T-2 toxin synthesis. (4) This is a novel mechanism by which surfactin inhibits the growth and T-2 toxin synthesis of F. oxysporum from multiple aspects, including cell structural integrity and the ROS-Yap1 signaling pathway. (5) This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of surfactin in the antifungal control of aquatic dry products.
DNA Methylation in the CYP3A Distal Regulatory Region (DRR) Is Associated with the Expression of CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 in Human Liver Samples
Authors: Collins Joseph M. , Wang Danxin
Published: November 2024

CYP3As are important drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. The causes for large inter-person variability in CYP3A expression/activity remain poorly understood. DNA methylation broadly regulates gene expression and the developmental transition from fetal CYP3A7 to adult CYP3A4, and CpG methylation upstream of the CYP3A4 promoter is associated with its expression. However, because non-promoter CYP3A regulatory regions remain largely uncharacterized, how DNA methylation influences CYP3A expression has yet to be fully explored. We recently identified a distal regulatory region (DRR) that controls the expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. Here, we investigated the relationship between CYP3A expression and the methylation status of 16 CpG sites within the DRR in 70 liver samples. We found significant associations between DRR methylation and the expression of CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 but not CYP3A4, indicating differential CYP3A regulation by the DRR. Also, we observed a dynamic reduction in DRR DNA methylation during the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to hepatocytes, which correlated with increased CYP3A expression. We then evaluated the relative contribution of genetic variants, TFs, and DRR DNA methylation on CYP3A expression in liver samples. Our results reinforce the DRR as a CYP3A regulator and suggest that DNA methylation may impact CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism.
The Synergistic Mechanism of Chelidonium majus Alkaloids on Melanoma Treatment via a Multi-Strategy Insight
Authors: Chen Peng , Ji Xin-Ye , Feng Jian-Ting , Wang Xiao-Qin , Zhang Bo
Published: November 2024

Melanoma represents a formidable challenge in dermatological oncology due to its resistance to conventional treatments. The Celandine Alkali Injection Formula (CAIF) offers benefits on clinical internal medicine treatments, within which chelidonine and tetrandrine are recognized as potential quality markers. However, their synergistic mechanisms facilitating their anti-melanoma action remain unveiled. This study embarked on an exploration of CAIF’s therapeutic potential through a multifaceted research design, integrating system pharmacological predictions with empirical molecular biological evaluations. The dual application of chelidonine and tetrandrine within CAIF exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on the proliferation of B16F10 cells, surpassing the effectiveness of individual compound administration. Computational predictions identified the top 50 targets, involved in key signaling pathways including cell cycle regulation, and melanogenesis. RNA sequencing further elucidated that the combinatory treatment modulated a broader spectrum of differentially expressed genes, implicating crucial biological processes including cell differentiation, and tyrosinase metabolism. The combination markedly enhanced melanogenesis and apoptotic indices, arrested cell cycle progression, and fostered cellular differentiation. Notably, chelidonine additionally curtailed the migratory capacity of B16F10 cells. Our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of chelidonine and tetrandrine, key components of CAIF, in effectively combating melanoma by targeting cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and melanogenesis.
Enhancing Membrane Permeability of Fluorescein-Type Chromophore Through Covalent Attachment of Chlorinated Dodecaborate
Authors: Nakamura Hibiki , Yamamoto Satoshi , Kawamura Yumiko K. , Kitazawa Taro , Kimura Mutsumi , Kitazawa Yu
Published: November 2024

Anionic boron clusters, such as [B12X12]2− (X = Cl, Br, I), have attracted attention in pharmaceuticals due to their unique superchaotropic properties. In particular, [B12Br12]2− (1) has demonstrated strong interactions with biomolecules, facilitating cargo translocation across plasma membranes. In this study, we investigated the effect of covalently attaching chlorinated dodecaborate moiety [B12Cl11O-]2− to 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM) (3) via a PEG3 linker to form conjugate (4). We compared the membrane permeability of this covalent conjugate with that of non-covalent interactions between 6-FAM (3) and [B12Cl12]2− (2). Live-cell fluorescence imaging revealed that the covalent conjugate exhibited enhanced membrane permeability and water solubility while maintaining low cytotoxicity. These results highlight the potential of covalent conjugation with boron clusters for improving the cellular uptake of hydrophilic cargos.
Influence of Nisin Grafting on the Antibacterial Efficacy of AMP Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
Authors: Richet Chloé , Marguier Adeline , Bertin Audrey , Leblois Thérèse , Humblot Vincent
Published: November 2024

The use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) covalently grafted on surfaces has been recognized in recent years as a promising strategy to fight against biofilm formation. However, after grafting, the understanding of AMP–bacteria interactions is still debated in the literature. In this study, Nisin, a cyclic AMP, was grafted onto gold surfaces via an indirect grafting on acidic thiol self-assembled monolayers using succinimide linkers. The physical and chemical properties of these SAMs were then finely characterized by XPS and FT-IR to confirm the covalent grafting of Nisin. The antiadhesion and bactericidal effects were then studied for Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Listeria ivanovii Li4(pVS2) by a posteriori analysis of the culture supernatants (i.e., indirect technique) and ex situ by optical microscopy following crystal violet staining (i.e., direct technique). Statistical analysis reveals that the Nisin coating has bactericidal and antiadhesive properties towards Gram-positive bacteria, while no significant results were obtained for Gram-negative bacteria.
Novel Peptide Analogues of Valorphin-Conjugated 1,8-Naphthalimide as Photodynamic Antimicrobial Agent in Solution and on Cotton Fabric
Authors: Staneva Desislava , Todorov Petar , Georgieva Stela , Peneva Petia , Grabchev Ivo
Published: November 2024

For the first time, N-modified analogues of VV-hemorphin-5 (Valorphin) were synthesised and conjugated with three different 4-substitured-1,8-naphthalimides (H-NVal without substituent, Cl-NVal with chloro-substituent, and NO2-NVal with nitro-substituent). Cotton fabric was modified with these peptides by soaking it in their ethanol solution, and the colourimetric properties of the obtained fabric were measured. The fluorescent analysis shows that peptide immobilisation on a solid matrix as fabric decreases the molecule flexibility and spectrum maxima shift bathocromically with the appearance of a vibrational structure. The peptides’ contact antimicrobial activity, and the resulting fabrics, have been investigated against model Gram-positive B. cereus and Gram-negative P. aeruginos bacteria. For the first time, the influence of light on bacterial inactivation was investigated by antibacterial photodynamic therapy of similar peptides. Slightly more pronounced activity in liquid media and after deposition on the cotton fabric was obtained for the peptide containing 4-nitro-1,8-naphthalimide compared to the other two peptides. Immobilisation of a peptide on the surface of fibres reduces their antimicrobial activity since their mobility is essential for good contact with bacteria. Cotton fabrics can be used in medical practice to produce antibacterial dressings and materials.
A Spectroscopic and In Silico Description of the Non-Covalent Interactions of Phthalic Acid Imide Derivatives with Deoxyribonucleic Acid—Insights into Their Binding Characteristics and Potential Applications
Authors: Marciniak Aleksandra , Krzyżak Edward , Szkatuła Dominika , Mazurkiewicz Krystian , Kotynia Aleksandra
Published: November 2024

The treatment of cancer represents one of the most significant challenges currently facing modern medicine. The search for new drugs that are effective in the treatment of patients is an ongoing endeavor. It is frequently the case that the molecular target of anticancer drugs is a DNA molecule. The therapeutic effect of a drug is achieved by influencing the structure of a macromolecule or by inhibiting its function. Among the synthetic substances with potential anticancer effects, particular attention should be paid to phthalic acid imide derivatives. Three phthalimide derivatives are employed in the treatment of multiple myeloma: thalidomide, pomalidomide, and lenalidomide. Nevertheless, the search for new derivatives with a diverse range of biological activities is ongoing. In light of the above, the subject of our investigation is four non-toxic phthalic acid imide derivatives. The objective was to analyze the interaction of these compounds with DNA. The use of spectroscopic and in silico methods has enabled us to demonstrate that all of the tested analogs can act as ligands for deoxyribonucleic acid, forming non-covalent bonds with it. All four compounds tested interact with the ctDNA molecule, binding in its minor groove. The most stable complex is formed here between deoxyribonucleic acid and the C derivative, in which the -CF3 group is attached to the benzene ring. What is interesting and important, the described mechanism of action is analogous to that observed between ctDNA and thalidomide, pomalidomide, and lenalidomide.
In Situ Crosslinked Biodegradable Hydrogels Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(ε-Lysine) for Medical Application
Authors: Ding Xia , Yang Bing , Hou Zhaosheng
Published: November 2024

Hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials due to their excellent performance; however, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and absorbability still require improvement to support a broader range of medical applications. This paper presents a new biofunctionalized hydrogel based on in situ crosslinking between maleimide-terminated four-arm-poly(ethylene glycol) (4–arm–PEG–Mal) and poly(ε-lysine) (ε–PL). The PEG/ε–PL hydrogels, named LG–n, were rapidly formed via amine/maleimide reaction by mixing 4–arm–PEG–Mal and ε–PL under physiological conditions. The corresponding dry gels (DLG–n) were obtained through a freeze-drying technique. 1H NMR, FT–IR, and SEM were utilized to confirm the structures of 4–arm–PEG–Mal and LG–n (or DLG–n), and the effects of solid content on the physicochemical properties of the hydrogels were investigated. Although high solid content could increase the swelling ratio, all LG–n samples exhibited a low equilibrium swelling ratio of less than 30%. LG–7, which contained moderate solid content, exhibited optimal compression properties characterized by a compressive fracture strength of 45.2 kPa and a deformation of 69.5%. Compression cycle tests revealed that LG–n demonstrated good anti-fatigue performance. In vitro degradation studies confirmed the biodegradability of LG–n, with the degradation rate primarily governing the drug (ceftibuten) release efficiency, leading to a sustained release duration of four weeks. Cytotoxicity tests, cell survival morphology observation, live/dead assays, and hemolysis tests indicated that LG–n exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and low hemolysis rates (<5%). Furthermore, the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of LG–n was verified by an inhibition zone method. In conclusion, the developed LG–n hydrogels hold promising applications in the medical field, particularly as drug sustained-release carriers and wound dressings.
Assessment of Digestion and Absorption Properties of 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-Oleoyl Glycerol-Rich Lipids Using an In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Caco-2 Cell-Mediated Coupled Model
Authors: Chang Hyeon-Jun , Lee A-Young , Lee Jeung-Hee
Published: November 2024

The digestion and absorption properties of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (POP)-rich lipids was evaluated using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and a Caco-2 cell-mediated coupled model. Caco-2 cell viability and monolayer integrity were assessed by an MTT assay and transepithelial electrical resistance. The IC50 for bile salts, pancreatin, and free fatty acid (FFA) were 0.22 mM, 0.22 mg/mL, and 1.47 mM, respectively, and no cytotoxicity was observed for bovine serum albumin (0.01–0.20 mM) or triacylglycerol (1.00–10.00 mM). The in vitro-digested POP-rich lipid containing FFA > 2.95 mM caused the disruption of monolayer tight junctions in Caco-2 cells. The major triacylglycerols (TAG) of POP-rich lipids were POP (50.8%), POO (17.8%), POL/OPL/PLO (7.6%), PPO (7.1%), and PLP (6.8%). Following digestion and uptake into Caco-2 cells, the resynthesized TAGs included PPO (20.6%), PPP (15.9%), POO (14.0%), POL/OPL/PLO (12.2%), POP (10.9%), OOO (7.5%), OPO (7.0%), OOL/OLO (6.7%), PLP (3.1%), and PPL (2.2%). The secreted major TAGs were POL/OPL/PLO (50.8%), PPP (11.1%), and OOL/OLO (8.4%), indicating a diverse TAG profile in newly synthesized lipids. This study provides a coupled model for lowering cytotoxicity and maintaining the monolayer in Caco-2 cells, and for evaluating the digestion and absorption properties of functional lipids containing specific fatty acids incorporated into TAG.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative N-Acetyldopamine Dimers from Adult Vespa velutina auraria Smith
Authors: Liu Chao-He , Pang Xiu-Qing , Yu Qun , Zhang Wei , Xu Jing-Lei , Ma Yu-Chen , Huang Lei , Huang Geng , Wang Jia-Peng , Xiao Huai , Ding Zhong-Tao
Published: November 2024

One undescribed fatty glyceride (1), two unreported N-acetyldopamine dimers (2 and 3), and four known structurally diverse N-acetyldopamine dimers were isolated from adult Vespa velutina auraria Smith. Their structures were elucidated based on a comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, HRESIMS, and NMR calculations with ML_J_DP4, and the absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were determined via ECD calculations. Regarding their bioactivities, compounds 5 and 6 can inhibit the production of NO. Moreover, compounds 3, 5 and 7 showed stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control (VC) at 14 μg/mL. A network pharmacology study was used to explore the potential bioactive mechanisms. In addition, a docking study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative compounds was also performed.
Chemical and Microbiological Characterization of Freeze-Dried Superworm (Zophobas morio F.) Larvae Pretreated by Blanching and Ultrasound Treatment
Authors: Bogusz Radosław , Onopiuk Anna , Żbik Klara , Pobiega Katarzyna , Piasecka Iga , Nowacka Małgorzata
Published: November 2024

Edible insects may solve the current problem of the greater demand for food for the world’s growing human population. This work aimed to examine the impact of blanching (BL) and ultrasound (US) at 20 and 50 °C as a pretreatment method on the chemical composition, mineral composition, FTIR spectra, presence of allergens and microorganisms, and properties of the isolated oil of freeze-dried superworm larvae. The US treatment resulted in significantly lower protein content (31.65–33.34 g/100 g d.m.) compared to untreated (36.38 g/100 g d.m.) and BL (37.72 g/100 g d.m.) samples. The study demonstrated that the US-treated insects exhibited a lower content of crustacean and mollusk allergens than the BL insects, and the lowest content of tested allergens was found in the US_50°C superworm larvae. Furthermore, oil isolated from US_50°C insects exhibited the lowest SFA and the highest PUFA content and the best prospective nutritional properties expressed through theoretical health indices. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria was not detected in the tested insects, proving suitable microbiological quality. It appears that using US treatment is a promising alternative to traditional blanching of insects before drying.
The Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Chlorination of Arene, Alcohol, Halobenzene, and Peroxide Catalyzed by Fe–Ba Binary Oxides Using Hydrochloric Acid as Chlorine Source and Aqueous H2O2 as Oxidant
Authors: Chaudhary Sidra , Pan Qin , Wu Yong , Bibi Zainab , Li Xiaoyong , Jia Qinxiang , Sun Yang
Published: November 2024

A series of Fe–Ba mixed oxides, including a pure Fe-containing sample as a reference, have been synthesized via a sol–gel process using Fe3+ or Fe2+ salts and BaSO4 as raw materials, with Pluronic P123 serving as a template. These oxides have been thoroughly characterized and subsequently utilized as catalysts for the chlorination of various organic molecules. Commercial hydrochloric acid, known for its relative safety, and environmentally friendly aqueous hydrogen peroxide were employed as the chlorine source and oxidant, respectively. The pure Fe-containing catalyst displays excellent thermal stability between 600 and 800 °C and exhibited moderate to high conversions in the chlorination of toluene, benzene, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, with remarkable ortho-selectivity in chlorination of toluene. The combination of Fe3+ salt with BaSO4 in the sol–gel process results in a Fe–Ba mixed oxide catalyst composed of BaO2, BaFe4O7, and Fe2O3, significantly enhancing the chlorination activity compared to that displayed by the pure Fe catalyst. Notably, the chlorination of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) does not require additional oxidants such as H2O2, and involves both electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic addition. Notably, the chlorination of bromobenzene yields chlorobenzene as the sole product, a transformation that has not been previously reported. Overall, this catalytic chlorination system holds promise for advancing the chlorination industry and enhancing pharmaceutical production.
Long-Term Stability of Nicotinamide Cofactors in Common Aqueous Buffers: Implications for Cell-Free Biocatalysis
Authors: Wolfe Kody D. , Alahuhta Markus , Himmel Michael E. , Bomble Yannick J. , Jennings G. Kane , Cliffel David E.
Published: November 2024

The use of nicotinamide cofactors in cell-free biocatalytic systems is necessitated by the high specificity that these enzymes show for their natural redox mediators. Unfortunately, isolation and use of natural cofactors is costly, which suggests that enhancing their stability is key to enabling their use in industrial processes. This study details NAD+ and NADH stability in three buffer systems (sodium phosphate, HEPES, and Tris) at 19 °C and 25 °C and for up to 43 d. In Tris, both NADH and NAD+ were found to be highly stable. NADH degradation rates of 4 μM/d (19 °C) and 11 μM/d (25 °C) were observed in Tris buffer, corresponding to >90% and 75% remaining after 43 d, respectively. Higher degradation rates (up to 34 μM/d) were observed when sodium phosphate or HEPES buffers were used. The effect of a mild increase in temperature was determined to be significant for long-term stability, and it was shown that degradation under these conditions can be easily monitored via UV–Vis, because the degradation proceeds via the oxidation/de-aromatization of the dihydropyridine ring. Overall, this work emphasizes that the choice of buffer system is consequential for bioreactor systems employing natural nicotinamide cofactors for extended periods of time.
The Influence of Fermentation Technology on the Functional and Sensory Properties of Hemp Bread
Authors: Kowalski Stanisław , Mikulec Anna , Litwinek Dorota , Mickowska Barbara , Skotnicka Magdalena , Oracz Joanna , Karwowska Kaja , Wywrocka-Gurgul Anna , Sabat Renata , Platta Anna
Published: November 2024

In this work, the type of fermentation and baking technology used to make hemp bread was investigated. The physicochemical composition of flour and bread, the protein nutritional quality, fatty acids profile, texture, consumer acceptance, analysis of volatile compounds using an electronic nose and chemical compounds using an electronic tongue were determined. Differences in protein and total dietary fiber content were observed in the obtained breads. The use of sourdoughs had a minor effect on the physical properties of the bread tested (the volume and mass of the loaves, color, or crumb texture). There was no clear effect of the tested sourdoughs on the parameters of the crumb texture and its moisture, assessed physically, both on the day of baking and during storage. In this bread, the limiting amino acid was lysine (amino acid score from 56.22% to 57.63%), but the breads did not differ significantly in the value of this indicator. The n-6/n-3 ratio in breads containing hemp flour (from 3.73 to 4.48) may have a beneficial effect on human health. The best-rated bread was the HB4 with a score of 6.09. The acceptance of remaining breads were in the range from 3.91 for HB1 to 4.91 for HB2.
Exploring the Optical Properties of Carotenoid-Based Nanoparticles: The Role of Terminal Groups
Authors: Suzuki Ryuju , Kinoshita Keigo , Miuchi Takeshi , Nishino Masayuki , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Deguchi Shigeru
Published: November 2024

Carotenoids are increasingly used as naturally occurring food colorants. For application as beverage colorants, fat-soluble carotenoids are formulated into dispersion systems via nanoparticle (NP) formation. In recent years, the antioxidant properties of carotenoids have gained immense recognition for their preventive health benefits, thereby highlighting further interest in their development as functional food ingredients. Although functional carotenoids in dispersion-based formulations are desirable, knowledge regarding the structural and optical properties of NPs of carotenoids other than those of β-carotene, and methods to efficiently produce and compare NPs of various carotenoids, remain scarce. In this study, NPs of β-carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin, and lutein were prepared using a simple reprecipitation method, with a focus on understanding the variations in the molecular self-assembly influenced by the quality of solvent used during reprecipitation. This study presents the novel finding that the terminal groups of carotenoids significantly affect the intermolecular interactions, thereby altering the structural and optical properties of the resulting NPs. Our findings are expected to contribute to the development of new technologies for controlling the color of carotenoids based on the crystal structure of the NPs.
Towards a General Method for Using Cyclotron-Produced Ga68 to Manufacture Clinical and Research Ga68 Tracers
Authors: Wang Ivan E. , Cheng Kevin , Brooks Allen F. , Scott Peter J. H. , Viglianti Benjamin L.
Published: November 2024

The success of multiple nuclear medicine radiotherapeutics in treating cancer requires an increased supply of companion diagnostic imaging agents radiolabeled with gallium-68. Cyclotron production addresses the need for access to gallium-68 and has been validated for use with commercially produced sterile kits. For novel research tracers undergoing translational studies (IND or RDRC), developing and purchasing sterile kits is time- and cost-prohibitive. An on-cassette labeling method with terminal filtration allows non-sterile kits to be fabricated in-house, simplifying workflow and allowing multiple PET imaging agents to be evaluated using the same kit (i.e., parts, reagents, and timelist) with minimal variation. Using modified GE gallium chloride cassettes, four diverse clinically relevant tracers (DOTA-TOC, FAPI-04, pentixafor, and PSMA-11) were radiolabeled with gallium-68 to evaluate the approach using DOTA and HBED-CC chelator types. The tracers were all formulated according to established FDA-approved formulations and sterile-filtered using a PVDF membrane. The automated procedure is robust, tolerating DOTA and HBED-CC chelators, and can be used to screen numerous gallium-68 agents for rapid translation to clinical use.
A Soothing Lavender-Scented Electrospun Fibrous Eye Mask
Authors: Kang Dandan , Li Yichong , Dai Xiaowen , Li Zixiong , Cheng Kai , Song Wenliang , Yu Deng-Guang
Published: November 2024

Electrospinning technology has demonstrated extensive applications in biomedical engineering, energy storage, and environmental remediation. However, its utilization in the cosmetic industry remains relatively underexplored. To address the challenges associated with skin damage caused by preservatives and thickeners used for extending the shelf life of conventional products, a soothing lavender-scented electrospun fibrous eye mask with coaxial layers was developed using the electrospinning technique. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) served as the hydrophilic outer sheath, while polycaprolactone (PCL) constituted the hydrophobic core, with lavender oil (LO) encapsulated within. The structural and physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and contact angle measurements. Upon hydration, the fibrous membrane exhibited strong adhesion properties, notable antioxidant activity, and a degree of antibacterial efficacy, demonstrating its potential for safe and effective use in skincare and eye mask applications. These findings suggest that the developed electrospun material offers promising functional properties and functional properties for integration into cosmetic formulations.
Free-Standing Carbon Nanofiber Films with Supported Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles as Cathodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Pérez-Pi Gerard , Luque-Rueda Jorge , Bosch-Jimenez Pau , Camps Eduard Borràs , Martínez-Crespiera Sandra
Published: November 2024

High-performance and cost-efficient electrocatalysts and electrodes are needed to improve the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for the hydrogen (H2) generation in electrolysers, including microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). In this study, free-standing carbon nanofiber (CNF) films with supported cobalt phosphide nanoparticles have been prepared by means of an up-scalable electrospinning process followed by a thermal treatment under controlled conditions. The produced cobalt phosphide-supported CNF films show to be nanoporous (pore volume up to 0.33 cm3 g−1) with a high surface area (up to 502 m2 g−1) and with a suitable catalyst mass loading (up to 0.49 mg cm−2). Values of overpotential less than 140 mV at 10 mA cm−2 have been reached for the HER in alkaline media (1 M KOH), which demonstrates a high activity. The high electrical conductivity together with the mechanical stability of the free-standing CNF films allowed their direct use as cathodes in a MEC reactor, resulting in an exceptionally low voltage operation (0.75 V) with a current density demand of 5.4 A m−2. This enabled the production of H2 with an energy consumption below 30 kWh kg−1 H2, which is highly efficient.
Adjunct Therapies to Standard Care for IBS and IBD Patients: Digestive Symptoms Improvement and Quality of Life Optimization
Authors: Traynard Veronique
Published: November 2024

Background: The prevalence of both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is increasing, with persistent digestive symptoms, an altered quality of life, and higher rates of anxiety, chronic fatigue, and sleep trouble than the general population. Methods: This scoping review will analyze the latest clinical practice recommendations and clinical studies on non-pharmaceutical interventions such as diet adaptations, physical activity, cognitive behavioral therapies, and medical nutrition therapies such as probiotics, soluble fibers, chitin-glucan, and micronutrients for digestive symptoms relief, quality of life improvement and nutritional deficiencies correction in IBS and IBD patients. The objective is to help healthcare practitioners and dietitians to build personalized care program for IBD and IBS patients. Results: Mediterranean diet, physical activity, cognitive behavioral therapies and medical nutrition therapies such as selected probiotics, soluble fibers, chitin glucan, peppermint oil and micronutrients are effective as adjunct therapies. Conclusions: These adjunct therapies may help to reduce persistent digestive symptoms, correct nutritional deficiencies and improve quality of life of IBS and IBD patients.
Comprehensive Diagnostic Approach to Head and Neck Masses
Authors: Chowdhury Raisa , Turkdogan Sena , Alsayegh Raihanah , Almhanedi Hamad , Al Majid Dana , Le Blanc Gabriella , Gerardis George , Himdi Lamiae
Published: November 2024

Head and neck masses are a significant diagnostic challenge and differential diagnoses range from inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions. Timely, accurate evaluation is essential for optimal patient outcomes. This review highlights a systematic approach to diagnosing head and neck masses through comprehensive history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tools. Imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are integral in diagnosis. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is a minimally invasive option for a preliminary diagnosis. However, in cases where it may be inconclusive or when extensive tissue sampling is needed to confirm a diagnosis, open tissue biopsy is considered. Collaboration among a multidisciplinary team (surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists) is vital in developing an effective individualized treatment plan. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of head and neck masses are critical for achieving favorable clinical outcomes.
Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus (IAV) in Blue-Winged Teal in the Mississippi Flyway Is Following the Historic Seasonal Pattern of Low-Pathogenicity IAV in Ducks
Authors: Stallknecht David E. , Carter Deborah L. , Sullivan-Brügger Lyndon , Link Paul , Ferraro Emily , McCarty Ciara , Davis Bruce , Knutsen Lynda , Graham James , Poulson Rebecca L.
Published: November 2024

Highly pathogenic H5N1 (HP H5N1) influenza A virus (IAV) has been detected annually in North American ducks since its introduction during 2021, but it is unknown if this virus will follow the same seasonal and geographic patterns that have been observed with low-pathogenicity (LP) IAV in this reservoir. We monitored blue-winged teal in the Mississippi flyway prior to the detection of HP H5N1 and during two post-introduction migration cycles from spring 2022 to spring 2024, testing birds for infection and antibodies to IAV nucleoprotein (NP), hemagglutinin subtype H5, and neuraminidase subtype N1. Antigens representing clade 2.3.4.4b HP H5 and LP North American H5 were used for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests for H5 antibodies. Virologic results were consistent with historic seasonal and geographic patterns reported for LP IAV with peak infections occurring in pre-migration staging areas in Minnesota during fall 2022. However, the high prevalence of the H5 subtype was exceptional compared to historic prevalence estimates at this same site and for the Mississippi flyway. HP H5N1 was detected on wintering areas in Louisiana and Texas during the fall of that same year and this was followed by an increase in estimated antibody prevalence to NP, H5, and N1 with no HP H5N1 detections during the wintering or spring migration periods of 2022/2023. HP H5N1 was not detected in Minnesota during fall 2023 but was detected from a single bird in Louisiana. However, a similar increase in antibody prevalence was observed during the winter and spring period of 2023 and 2024. Over the two migration cycles, there was a temporal shift in observed prevalence and relative titers against the H5 antigens with a higher proportion of ducks testing positive to the 2.3.4.4b H5 antigen and higher relative titer to that antigen compared to the representative LP North American H5 antigen. The seasonal and geographic patterns observed appear to be driven by population immunity during the migration cycle. Results support an initial high infection rate of HP H5N1 in blue-winged teal in the Mississippi flyway followed by a high prevalence of antibodies to NP, H5, and N1. Although prevalence was much reduced in the second migration cycle following introduction, it is not known if this pattern will persist in the longer term or affect historic patterns of subtype diversity in this reservoir.
Improving the Theranostic Potential of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Coating with Natural Rubber Latex for Ultrasound, Photoacoustic Imaging, and Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Vicente Thiago T. , Arsalani Saeideh , Quiel Mateus S. , Fernandes Guilherme S. P. , da Silva Keteryne R. , Fukada Sandra Y. , Gualdi Alexandre J. , Guidelli Éder J. , Baffa Oswaldo , Carneiro Antônio A. O. , Ramos Ana Paula , Pavan Theo Z.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained attention in theranostics for their ability to combine diagnostic imaging and therapeutic capabilities in a single platform, enhancing targeted treatment and monitoring. Surface coatings are essential for stabilizing MNPs, improving biocompatibility, and preventing oxidation that could compromise their functionality. Natural rubber latex (NRL) offers a promising coating alternative due to its biocompatibility and stability-enhancing properties. While NRL-coated MNPs have shown potential in applications such as magnetic resonance imaging, their effectiveness in theranostics, particularly magnetic hyperthermia (MH) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI), remains underexplored. Methods: In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via coprecipitation, using NRL as the coating agent. The samples were labeled by NRL amount used during synthesis: NRL-100 for 100 μL and NRL-400 for 400 μL. Results: Characterization results showed that NRL-100 and NRL-400 samples exhibited improved stability with zeta potentials of −27 mV and −30 mV, respectively and higher saturation magnetization values of 79 emu/g and 88 emu/g of Fe3O4. Building on these findings, we evaluated the performance of these nanoparticles in biomedical applications, including magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS), PAI, and MH. NRL-100 and NRL-400 samples showed greater displacements and higher contrast in MMUS than uncoated samples (5, 8, and 9 µm) at 0.5 wt%. In addition, NRL-coated samples demonstrated an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in PAI. SNR values were 24.72 (0.51), 31.44 (0.44), and 33.81 (0.46) dB for the phantoms containing uncoated MNPs, NRL-100, and NRL-400, respectively. Calorimetric measurements for MH confirmed the potential of NRL-coated MNPs as efficient heat-generating agents, showing values of 43 and 40 W/g for NRL-100 and NRL-400, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, NRL-coated MNPs showed great promise as contrast agents in MMUS and PAI imaging, as well as in MH applications.