bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF RABBIT AORTIC MEDIA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTURES IN RELATION TO CELLULAR HETEROGENEITY
Authors: BJÖRKERUD S. , GUSTAVSSON K. , HASSELGREN M.
Published: August 2010

Explants of rabbit aortic media were transferred to tissue culture and the development of the characteristic regions of the cultures was followed. With a new technique the explants were instantly immobilized in the culture flasks, by which the temporal development was strictly defined. The culture developed along the following four major lines: (1) cells migrated from the explant and some cells formed a network of large, attenuated cells, while other, smaller and poorly flattened cells formed clusters attached to the plastic or the network; (2) with continuing growth the network of larger and attenuated cells expanded, grew denser and formed the monolayered component of the culture; (3) multilayered thickenings formed at sites where poorly flattened small cells were numerous either within or at the outer margin of the monolayer or (4) at the margin of the explant where profuse emigration of cells had occurred. Thus, the development of the culture was dependent upon the growth behaviour and expansion of two subpopulation of cells. In the electron microscope the smaller, poorly flattened type of cell with multilayered growth pattern had features of a highly metabolically active cell and had numerous attachment sites of fibronexus type. The attenuated larger cell type growing as monolayers had very abundant microfilaments. The differences may reflect a functional segregation among different cell subpopulations in arterial smooth muscle tissue.
GRANULOMAS OF SPLEEN AND LIVER IN HAIRY CELL LEUKAEMIA
Authors: BENDIX‐HANSEN KNUD , KRISTENSEN INGRID BAYER
Published: August 2010

In 15 patients with hairy cell leukaemia splenic epithelioid granulomas were demonstrated in 4 out of 13 investigated cases (31%) and liver granulomas in 2 out of 10 cases (20%). Granulomas were never found in bone marrow specimens. Histological stains for mycobacteria, fungi and bacteria failed to demonstrate an etiological agens and culture (sputum) for mycobacteria were only performed in 3 cases, 1 showing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Attention to the possible role of atypical mycobacterial infections as an explanation to the often reported unresponsive fever of unknown origin in hairy cell leukaemia and the use of lymph node and/or liver biopsies for culture as well as histology is recommended.
THE INFLUENCE OF FORMALIN AND PARAFFIN EMBEDDING ON THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES APPLIED TO FEMALE BREAST TISSUE
Authors: RASMUSSEN B. B. , HILGERS J. , HILKENS J.
Published: August 2010

Monoclonal antibodies, raised against purified human milk fat globule membranes, were applied to human tissue and the corresponding antigenic determinants detected by an immunoperoxidase method. In human breast tissue, the presence of antigenic determinants was characterized by considerable heterogeneity although it is confined to epithelial cells and cannot be detected in non‐epithelial areas. The effect of fixation and paraffin embedding on the reaction pattern was evaluated on tissue from 25 primary breast carcinomas. For each tumor, both frozen, acetone fixed and fixed, paraffin embedded tissue was available. Four of the eight applied antibodies could detect fewer positive cells in formalinfixed tissue as compared to frozen, acetone‐fixed tissue from the same tumor. The positive peroxidase reaction was better preserved after fixation in Lillie's solution. Treatment of formalin‐fixed tissue with pronase did not give a better effect. Antibodies with preserved positive reaction in formalin‐fixed breast tissue were applied to a range of epithelial and non‐epithelial human malignant tumors of varying origin. A heterogenous positive reaction could be detected in the majority of tumors derived from epithelial cells, but not in non‐epithelial tumors.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR AND EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Authors: SEIDAL TOMAS , KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR
Published: August 2010

An ultrastructural study is presented of 8 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and 8 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, and one mesenchymoma with predominantly rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Thin and thick myofilaments and Z‐lines or Z‐like densities were found in all. Intermediate filaments were found in 4 alveolar and 4 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. A correlation was noted between the light‐ and electron microscopic appearance of the tumours regarding the degree of differentiation. A wide differentiation spectrum of the tumour cells was observed which could be correlated partly with normal fetal myogenesis. Ultrastructural differences were demonstrated in the alveolar and embryonal types. Electron microscopy is considered to play an important role in the characterization and diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma and is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis.
INDUCTION OF RAT YOLK SAC CARCINOMAS WITH CONSISTENT PATTERN OF LAMININ, ENTACTIN, AND TYPE IV COLLAGEN BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: WEWER ULLA
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐four yolk sac carcinomas in Lewis rats were experimentally induced by puncturing the pregnant uterine wall with a hypodermic needle at day 9–13 of gestation. Morphologically, the tumours were composed of parietal‐ and visceral yolk sac carcinoma and to a less degree of trophoblastic giant cells. The tumours were adapted to ascitic growth and tissue culture, but eventually became comitted to express only parietal endoderm phenotype. Immunohistochemical and metabolic labelling studies on the established lines in vivo and in vitro revealed a consistent pattern with respect to their biosynthesis of the basement membrane components laminin, entactin, and type IV collagen. This model system offers a simple approach to inducing rat yolk sac carcinomas for further morphological and biochemical characterization of the basement membrane.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA FROM MULTIPLE BILE‐DUCT ADENOMAS
Authors: BÖRNFORS MARITA
Published: August 2010

A patient was found to have multiple bile‐duct adenomas at cholecystectomy. Autopsy 10 years later revealed an asymptomatic cholangiocarcinoma of the left hepatic bile‐duct, in which a gradual dedifferentiation could be seen from a central adenoma‐like stucture to an infiltrating adenocarcinoma peripherally. Similar cases from the literature are reviewed and possible etiologic relationships are discussed.
CORRELATION OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS AND HISTOLOGICAL GRADE IN HUMAN PRIMARY BREAST CANCER
Authors: ALANKO ARTO , MAKINEN JUDIT , SCHEININ THEODOR M. , TOLPPANEN ESA‐MATTI , VIHKO REIJO
Published: August 2010

The relationships between the presence of female sex steroid receptors and their concentrations, and the histological grade were investigated in primary breast carcinoma specimens from 151 patients. The concentrations of estrogen receptor were significantly lower in grade III tumours than in the more differentiated ones from pre‐ and post‐menopausal patients, whereas the same was observed for progesterone receptor concentrations only between grades III and I in post‐menopausal patients. Generally estrogen and progesterone receptor‐positive, estrogen receptor rich tumours frequently belonged to well‐differentiated tumour categories. Whereas most of the tumours belonging to grade III group were receptor‐negative, approximately three fourths of receptor‐negative tumours belonged to grade I and II categories. It is therefore suggested that estrogen receptor‐negativity or low receptor concentrations and grade III histological appearance of breast carcinoma are independent risk indicators, and their concomitant use is recommended in designing treatment strategies for individual patients.
SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF EPIDERMAL CELLS IN THE HUMAN SKIN/NUDE MOUSE MODEL WITH LECTINS
Authors: GRÆM NIELS , DABELSTEEN ERIK
Published: August 2010

A series of lectins were examined in order to find suitable epidermal species markers for the human skin/nude mouse model. In histological sections of formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded material it was found that the lectins GSA I and PNA could serve as suitable markers for murine and human epidermis, respectively.
INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIA IN THE LUNDEHUND
Authors: LANDSVERK THOR , GAMLEM HANS
Published: August 2010

Intestinal lymphangiectasia of obscure etiology is frequent among Norwegian Lundehunds (“puffin‐dog”). A study of three Lundehunds with typical symptoms, including wasting, diarrhea and ascites, revealed segmental distention of lymphatics resembling primary lymphangiectasia in man. Atrophy, fusion and balloon‐like swelling of villi with occasional rupture of lacteals were seen. Subepithelial fluid accumulation caused bulging of the epithelium. Microvilli showed partial or complete atrophy. The protein loss in the Lundehund enteropathy may be due to rupture of lacteals, increased paracellular permeability, caused by enhanced hydrostatic tissue pressure, and decreased absorption through a malformed brush border.
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS CAUSED BY ALEUTIAN DISEASE VIRUS IN MINK KITS
Authors: Larsen S. , Alexandersen S. , Lund E. , Have P. , Hansen M.
Published: August 2010

In four Danish mink ranches acute interstitial pneumonitis caused excessive mortality among kits within the first 2 1/2 months after parturition. The disease was found to be due to an Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and could be reproduced experimentally in neonatal kits by inoculation with material from spontaneous cases, as well as with other strains of ADV. Experimental reproduction was only possible in kits from dams free of Aleutian disease (AD) whereas kits from dams experimentally or naturally infected with ADV developed no lung changes. Presently available evidence indicates that the initial lung lesions result from primary viral injury to type II alveolar cells, and that immune mechanisms, essential for the development of traditional AD, are not involved in the pathogenesis.
VERRUCOUS HYPERPLASIA AND VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA OF THE RAT ORAL MUCOSA
Authors: FISKER A. V. , PHILIPSEN H. P.
Published: August 2010

Verrucous hyperplasia and carcinoma are recognized entities in the human pathology, but not documented experimentally. During application of the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide to the oral cavity of rats three times a week for a maximum of 18 weeks an increasing frequency of verrucous hyperplasias and carcinomas were noted. The majority of the carcinomas were localized to the palate and 3/4 of these were verrucous carcinomas, with or without anaplastic transformation to infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas. The oral verrucous lesions have all the histological characteristics of their human counterparts. The present experimental study supports the idea that tobacco consumption may represent an important etiological factor in the development of human, oral verrucous carcinomas.
LITHIUM INDUCED INTERSTITIAL NEPHROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: OTTOSEN PETER D. , SIGH BRIT , KRISTENSEN JØRGEN , OLSEN STEEN , CHRISTENSEN STEN
Published: August 2010

We have previously shown that administration of lithium to rats in the first weeks after birth results in a severe interstitial nephropathy. The aim of the present work was to study the relationship between functional impairment and structural lesions and to evaluate whether the nephropathy regresses after withdrawal of lithium. Three groups of animals were studied: 16 weeks‐old controls (group A), rats treated with lithium for 16 weeks (group B) and rats treated for 8 weeks followed by 8 weeks without lithium (group C). Plasma urea and renal concentrating ability were determined and one kidney fixed by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde for light microscope morphometry. The results show a significant reduction in renal function after lithium treatment. There was a highly significant reduction in proximal tubular length and a pronounced increase in interstitial volume due to severe fibrosis. The total mass of glomerular tufts was also reduced, but not when this parameter was divided by the body weight. Sclerotic glomeruli were not observed. The structural and functional lithium‐induced lesions are independent of sex and irreversible, since they persist 8 weeks after withdrawal of lithium. It is proposed that lithium‐induced interstitial fibrosis is followed by proximal tubular atrophy with a reduction in the amount of functioning proximal tubules. This leads to a decrease in proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and a disturbance in the glomerulo‐tubular balance resulting in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate.
AMYLOID‐RELATED SERUM PROTEIN (SAA) DURING AND AFTER PREGNANCY IN HEALTHY WOMEN AND WOMEN WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASE
Authors: ØSTENSEN MONIKA , MARHAUG GUDMUND , HUSBY GUNNAR
Published: August 2010

The usefulness of amyloid‐related serum protein (SAA) as an indicator of disease activity has been evaluated in 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 2 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PA) and 13 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) prospectively studied during and after pregnancy. For comparison, SAA levels were recorded serially during and after pregnancy in 28 healthy pregnant women. SAA levels were unaltered by gestation and thus within the normal range during normal pregnancy, but were raised in healthy pregnant women with episodes of intercurrent infections. In RA and AS patients, SAA concentrations correlated to disease activity during and after pregnancy. Serial levels of SAA and C‐reactive protein in healthy women and patients paralleled each other with the most pronounced inflammatory response displayed by SAA. We conclude that SAA is a sensitive and reliable indicator of inflammatory events both in the pregnant and non‐pregnant state.
ANTI‐DNA ANTIBODIES: THE CHOICE OF ASSAYS FOR ROUTINE DIAGNOSTIC WORK
Authors: SARVAS HEIKKI , GRIPENBERG MARIANNE , LEIRISALO‐REPO MARJATTA
Published: August 2010

Sixty‐six sera from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 26 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 22 sera from normal healthy subjects were tested for the presence of antibodies against native (ds) DNA by the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence test and by the Fan‐assay, and for the presence of antibodies against denaturated (ss) DNA by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti‐dsDNA antibodies were detected in 57% of the SLE patients by the Crithidia test and in 65% by the Farr assay. Two of the RA sera were positive in the Crithidia test, whereas all were Farr negative. Anti‐ssDNA antibodies of IgG class could be detected in 74% of the SLE patients and in none of the RA sera, while anti‐ssDNA antibodies of IgM class were found in 26% of the SLE patients and in one RA serum. There was a good correlation between the results of the Farr assay and the IgG‐anti‐ssDNA ELISA but no agreement was found between the results of the Farr assay and the Crithidia test. We also measured the amount of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in the sera but no correlation was seen between the levels of CRP and anti‐DNA antibodies. We conclude that the demonstration of anti‐ssDNA antibodies of IgG class is a good screening method in the diagnosis of SLE, and that antibodies against native DNA should be determined, preferably both by the Crithidia test and the Farr assay to confirm the diagnosis and in the follow‐up of the patients.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES ACCUMULATED IN A SKIN CHAMBER
Authors: SCHEJA AGNETA , FORSGREN ARNE
Published: August 2010

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes harvested from a skin chamber were compared with peripheral blood leukocytes by examining their migration under agarose, their bactericidal capacity and their chemiluminescence. The chamber leukocytes were chemotactically de‐activated and their bactericidal capacity reduced. The chemiluminescent response of chamber leukocytes was increased. In response to stimulation with formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (first peak), chemiluminescence was far more marked in chamber leukocytes (10–30 times) than in blood leukocytes, whereas in response to stimulation with opsonized zymosan it was only moderately more marked (3–5 times). Exposed to zymosan activated serum, blood leukocytes showed a similar functional modification as leukocytes harvested from a skin chamber, and our findings suggest that the altered function of leukocytes at an inflammatory focus is largely the result of their exposure to chemotactic factors.
AGE‐RELATED CHANGES OF HUMAN SERUM ANTIBODIES TO DIETARY AND COLONIC BACTERIAL ANTIGENS MEASURED BY AN ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Authors: SCOTT HELGE , ROGNUM TORLEIV OLE , MIDTVEDT TORE , BRANDTZAEG PER
Published: August 2010

IgG, IgA and IgM antibody activities in human serum to six dietary and eight gut‐related microbial antigens were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG activities to five of the dietary antigens decreased with age; IgM activities to four of them were weaker in old people than in children. Old people showed weaker IgM but stronger IgG activities to some of the microbial antigens than children did. A decline in IgG and IgM antibody titres to most dietary antigens with increasing age is consistent with the development of systemic hyporesponsiveness due to continuous antigenic stimulation of the intestinal immune system. Persistence of microbial antigens in the gut, moreover, may lead to systemic hyporesponsiveness of IgM‐producing cells. Concurrently raised IgG titres to three of the bacteria might be explained by antigenic stimulation outside the intestinal immune system.
BASELINE AND INTERFERON‐ENHANCED NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: PEDERSEN BENTE K. , BEYER JANNIE M. , KLARLUND KIM , CLEMMENSEN INGE H.
Published: August 2010

Natural killer (NK) cell activity against the leukemia cell line K‐562 was tested in 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who either had not received any remission‐inducing drugs for more than 6 months or had received penicillamine for at least 6 months. Baseline NK cell activity and interferon (IF)‐enhanced NK cell activity did not differ from that observed in 45 controls matched for age and sex, and neither NSAID (non steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) nor penicillamine influenced NK cell activity. There was no correlation between NK cell activity and acute‐phase reactants.
ANTIGENICITY OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AND CAMPYLOBACTER COLI IN PASSIVE HAEMAGGLUTINATION TESTS AND ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYS
Authors: NÆSS V. , HOFSTAD T.
Published: August 2010

Passive haemagglutination tests and ELISA were used to study the serological activity of homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera against LPS prepared from various strains of C. jejuni/coli. In both test systems the homologous antisera exhibited serological activity against LPS. The heterologous antisera showed some degree of intra‐and inter‐ species cross‐reactivity. The cross‐reacting was most pronounced in the ELISA. Erythrocytes sensitized with untreated LPS gave higher antibody‐titres than erythrocytes sensitized with alkali‐treated LPS in the haemagglutination tests.
FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DELAYED‐TYPE AUTOIMMUNITY AGAINST ARTERIAL VESSEL‐WALL ANTIGENS FOLLOWING ACUTE HYPERTENSIVE DAMAGE TO ARTERIAL VESSELS IN RATS
Authors: DRIVSHOLM LARS , LAYBOURN CARSTEN , OLSEN FINN
Published: August 2010

Acute hypertensive damage to arterial vessels was induced by intravenous injections of hypertensin. The in vitro immunological method of the agarose migration technique was used for demonstration of delayed‐type autoimmunity against arterial vessel‐wall antigens following the damage of the arterial vessels. By means of this technique it was demonstrated that the migration indices from the rats with induced hypertension differed significantly from the control rats, P<0.005. This means that an autoimmunity of the delayed type had developed after the hypertensive damage to the arterial vessels. The autoimmunity was tissue specific.
PURIFICATION OF ANTI‐LACTOSE ANTIBODIES FROM ANTISERA TO NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE AND NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Brakstad Odd Gunnar , Mæland Johan A.
Published: August 2010

Lactosyl‐sepharose 4B columns were used for purification by affinity chromatography of anti‐lactose antibodies from rabbit antisera to the gonococcal strains 8551 and VII, and the serogroup B meningococcal strain M982. Anti‐lactose antibodies were obtained from all three antisera. SDS‐PAGE of lipopolysaccharide and of bacterial cells and immunoblotting with the anti‐lactose antibodies showed that the lipopolysaccharide was the only bacterial component with binding sites for the antibodies.
DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA BY SINGLE RADIAL DIFFUSION‐IN‐GEL AND PEROXIDASE LABELLED ANTIBODIES
Authors: Melby Kjetil
Published: August 2010

Sixty‐nine sera with agglutinating antibodies to Y.enterocolitica were tested with a DIG‐ELISA method using ethanol inactivated preparations of Y.enterocolitica (0:3 and 0:9). All sera with agglutination titer ≥ 1280 were positive of which 71% were positive for IgM and IgA. Sera having lower titers by the agglutination technique were usually positive only for IgG antibodies. By titer 160 70% were positive using a conjugate directed against IgG, IgA and IgM. Further investigations are necessary to determine the clinical implication of the antibody‐response measured within these immunoglobulin classes.
NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY IN A PATIENT UNDERGOING OPEN‐HEART SURGERY COMPLICATED BY AN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Tønnesen Else , Brinkløv Morten M. , Olesen Anders Schou , Christensen Niels Juel
Published: August 2010

The natural killer (NK) cell activity of peripheral mononuclear cells was investigated in a patient undergoing open‐heart surgery complicated by an acute myocardial infarction. After a transient increase in NK activity during surgery, the activity fell to undetectable values postoperatively. This reduction appeared after continuous adrenaline infusion was established. The changes in NK cell activity suggest that the effect of prolonged adrenaline infusion – as in this case for two days – is a depression of NK cell activity.
OPSONIZATION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI IN PROPERDIN DEFICIENT SERUM
Authors: SöDERSTRöM C. , BRACONIER J.H. , CHRISTENSEN K.K. , CHRISTENSEN P. , SJöHOLM A.G.
Published: August 2010

Phagocytic killing of group B streptococci serotypes Ia, Ib, IIR‐ (R protein negative), IIR+ (R protein positive), IIIR‐ and IIIR+ by human granulocytes was studied after opsonization in properdin deficient serum, pooled normal human serum and in selected sera with high or low concentrations of antibody to group B streptococci. All serotypes were killed by granulocytes after opsonization in normal serum, but serotype IIIR‐ was comparatively resistant. Properdin deficient serum showed no opsonic activity for type IIIR‐. A reduced opsonic capacity of properdin deficient serum for serotypes Ib and IIR+ was demonstrated, whereas the other serotypes were efficiently opsonized. The reduced or absent opsonic activity of properdin deficient serum could be restored by addition of purified properdin. Antibody levels did not appear to be limiting in the assay system. Blocking of C1 activation with MgEGTA in normal serum delayed, but did not abolish opsonization of the various group B streptococcal serotypes, while the opsonic activity in chelated properdin deficient serum was markedly reduced. Taken together, the findings suggest that an intact classical pathway is crucial in group B streptococcal opsonization. However, efficient opsonization of some strains apparently requires that C3 activation on the bacterial surface is amplified through recruitment of the alternative pathway.
RELATION OF BLOOD GROUP CARBOHYDRATES TO DIFFERENTIATION PATTERNS OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM
Authors: VEDTOFTE POUL , PINDBORG JENS JØRGEN , HAKOMORI SEN‐ITIROH
Published: August 2010

The distribution of epithelial cell surface antigens was studied in normal odontogenic epithelium from 20 fetuses and in odontogenic epithelium from 15 ameloblastomas, 16 odontogenic keratocysts, 15 follicular and 15 radicular cysts. The cell surface carbohydrates were detected using antibodies with reactivity for the blood group antigens A, B, H type 2 (A and B precursor) and N‐acetyllactosamine (N‐lac, H type 2 precursor) by an immunofluorescence technique. The expression of the blood group carbohydrates differed considerably in normal fetal odontogenic epithelium from that in ameloblastomas and odontogenic cysts. The A, B and H type 2 antigens were demonstrated in odontogenic keratocysts and in follicular and radicular cysts. Expression of the blood group carbohydrates was similar in follicular and radicular cysts but differed from that seen in odontogenic keratocysts by the failure to detect N‐lac in the latter. The antigens A, B, H type 2 and N‐lac were not expressed in any of the ameloblastomas including types with palisading of basal cells and polarization of basal cell nuclei and types with a plexiform pattern with cuboidal or polyhedral shaped peripheral cells. The findings indicate that epithelium of ameloblastomas can be distinguished from odontogenic cyst epithelium by differences in expression of cell surface carbohydrates with blood group specificity.
THE PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION OF LAMININ IN NEUROGENIC TUMORS, GRANULAR CELL TUMORS, AND NEVI OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
Authors: REIBEL J. , WEWER U. , ALBRECHTSEN R.
Published: August 2010

Oral tumors of presumably neuroectodermal origin were stained with anti‐laminin antibody by a double layered immunofluorescence technique. A marked positive staining for laminin was found in neurofibromas and neurilemmomas although the pattern of laminin distribution was slightly different. Accentuated staining was seen in Verocay bodies. In granular cell myoblastomas (GCM), small groups of tumor cells were encircled by laminin‐positive material, whereas individual tumor cells were unstained. In nevi, diffusely spread nevus cells were surrounded by a rim of laminin, whereas when arranged in nests whole groups of cells were encircled by laminin as seen in the GCM. Ordinary oral fibromas included as controls were negative except for the expected positive staining of basement membranes normally occurring in the tissues. Immunohistohcemical demonstration of laminin seems to be a valuable aid in differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors and may provide useful information about the pathogenesis of various lesions.
DEPTH OF INVASION AND TUMOR THICKNESS IN PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOM
Authors: SØNDERGAARD KNUD
Published: August 2010

In 2012 patients with primary malignant melanoma of the skin the primary lesion was reviewed microscopically and the depth of invasion was staged and the tumor thickness was measured. It was possible to improve the prognostic value of Clark's method by dividing Clark's level IV (reticular dermis) into 2 subgroups, level IV A and level IV B, corresponding to the upper half and the lower half of the reticular dermis, respectively. Level IV A lesions were correlated with a significantly better prognosis than level IV B lesions (p < 0.0025). By combining depth of invasion and tumors thickness it was found that for each level of invasion (except for level II) the prognosis deteriorated significantly with increasing tumor thickness. Level II indicated an excellent prognosis regardless of tumor thickness. Conversely, it was found that for each subgroup of thickness (except for 0.76 – 1.50 mm) the prognosis was not influenced by level of invasion. In melanomas measuring 0.76 – 1.50 mm in thickness the survival rate was significantly deteriorated, the deeper the invasion (p = 0.0003). The prognostic value of measuring tumor thickness was superior to that of staging depth of invasion. In melanomas 0.76 – 1.50 mm thick, however, additional clasification of depth of invasion improved the prognostic value significantly.
ENZYME HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON BONE AND SOFT TISSUE TUMOURS
Authors: BENDIX‐HANSEN KNUD , MYHRE‐JENSEN OLAF
Published: August 2010

Histochemical staining for three hydrolytic enzymes were performed in 35 bone tumours and 43 soft tissue tumours, malignant as well as benign. Osteosarcoma, intra‐osseous as well as extra‐osseous, revealed characteristic rich staining for alkaline phosphatase, no matter how dedifferentiated the tumour was. Haemangioendothelioma (and normal endothelium), too, showed strong reaction for alkaline phosphatase whereas haemangiopericytoma did not. Alkaline phosphatase furthermore was found in slight to moderate amounts in fibrous proliferations. All other tumours examined were negative.

Acid phosphatase was found in almost every tumour investigated except Ewing sarcoma and chondromy‐xoid fibroma. However, high activity was characteristic of giant cell tumours and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The inhibition of acid phosphatase by tartrate was complete except in osteosarcoma and giant cell tumours, where only a partial inhibition was seen.

There were non‐specific esterase reactions in a variety of tumours, but very strong reactions were characteristic of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and giant cell tumours. The reaction could be completely inhibited by the addition of fluoride.

In an era of increasing application of immunohistologic techniques in surgical pathology it might be of value to remember that simple enzyme histochemical stainings may provide helpful diagnostic features in the classification of bone and soft tissue tumours.
PARIETAL CELL DENSITY IN GASTRIC BIOPSIES FROM PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DUODENAL ULCER DISEASE
Authors: BECK HENNING , POVLSEN CARL OLAF
Published: August 2010

During gastroscopy biopsy specimens were taken from 4 different areas of gastric corpus mucosa in 51 patients with duodenal ulcer disease (DU) and 26 patients without ulcer disease and the patients underwent an acid stimulation test by injection of 6 μg 5‐gastrin/kg bodyweight. A parietal cell density study was carried out, using a direct counting of cell nuclei in a standardized lattice. The method was found fully acceptable when compared with stereological analysis of parietal cell density per unit volume (Nv) and was found having a low variation in and between observers. There was no significant variation of parietal cell density locally or regionally in the oxyntic mucosa. No correlation was found in DU group between Basic Acid Output (BAO), Peak Acid Output (PAO) and the parietal cell density, but in the non‐DU group a rather poor, but significantly positive correlation was demonstrated. We conclude that the parietal cell mass is not exactly correlated to acid production and that the term “Parietal cell mass” have to include acidogenic area and the secretory ability of the parietal cells.
CHANGES OF BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT LESIONS OF THE HUMAN EXOCERVIX
Authors: Teglbjærg C. Stubbe , Norrild B. , Dabelsteen E.
Published: August 2010

In this preliminary study the distribution of blood group A‐ and H‐antigens and their structural precursor N‐acetyllactosamine in normal, pre‐malignant and malignant squamous epithelium were investigated using the immunofluorescence technique. In normal cervical epithelium the basal cells and few parabasal cells expressed N‐acetyllactosamine. The parabasal and lower spinous cells expressed the H‐antigen and the upper spinous layer expressed the A‐antigen. All pre‐malignant and malignant lesions showed irregular decrease in contents of A‐ and H‐antigens. N‐acetyllactosamine was either completely lost or found to accumulate in these lesions, and it is suggested that this antigen could be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
KERATIN PROTEINS IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE UTERINE CERVIX
Authors: TEGLBJÆRG C. STUBBE , NORRILD B. , DABELSTEEN E.
Published: August 2010

Keratin proteins in human cervical squamous epithelium were investigated by the immunofluorescence technique, using the monoclonal keratin antibodies AE1 and AE2. Although the exocervic is covered by a non‐keratinizing, histologically homogenous, squamous epithelium, different staining patterns were found within a single histological section. This indicates a regional variation in the maturation pattern of stratified exocervical epithelium. Detection of morphological versus biochemical keratinization in the diagnosis of pathological cervical conditions is discussed.
ALTERED COLLAGEN IN COLONIC POLYPS
Authors: Blumenkrantz Nelly , Petri Michael
Published: August 2010

By biochemical analysis the molar ratio between hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine as indicator of collagen type were analyzed in normal colons, colonic polyps and carcinomas. Low ratios (type IV) were found in the polyps.
SENSITIVITY OF HUMAN FETAL HEMOPOIETIC CELLS TO NK CELL‐MEDIATED LYSIS
Authors: Lassila OLLI
Published: August 2010

Hemopoietic cells from human fetal livers at 11 to 18 weeks of gestational age were studied as to whether they were sensitive to adult and autologous fetal NK cells. Cell line K562 was used as control target in the 51Cr release assay and in the cold target competition assay. Adult peripheral blood NK cells did not kill liver‐derived hemopoietic cells of four fetuses tested. Neither did fetal liver cells, whether or not expressing spontaneous cytotoxicity against K562 cells, destroy autologous hemopoietic liver cells. Hemopoietic liver cells from six fetuses were studied in the cold target competition assay. Liver cells of two fetuses clearly competed with lysis of K562 cells by adult NK cells. Thymus cells from one 18 week‐old fetus had a weak capacity to compete with lysis of K562 cells by adult cells, whereas cells from the spleen and liver of the same fetus did not. It is concluded that early fetal liver hemopoietic cells are not susceptible to lysis by NK cells but an interaction between fetal cells and NK effector cells results in a depressed NK cell activity against NK‐sensitive target cells.
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF STIMULATED MOUSE MACROPHAGES EXPOSED TO VARIOUS INHIBITORS
Authors: MØRland BERIT
Published: August 2010

Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured for 3 days with or without zymosan and at the same time exposed to various inhibitors of cellular metabolism. The cells were assayed for selective release of a lysosomal enzyme, and for cytotoxic activity against a tumor cell line, L‐929‐cells. Selective release of β‐glucuronidase was demonstrated in the supernatants from zymosan‐stimulated macrophages. The stimulated macrophages were cytotoxic for the tumors cells, evaluated by measuring release of radioactivity during subsequent 4 days' co‐culture of macrophages and 14C‐thymidine‐labelled tumor cells, and by counting cells per culture. Colchicine caused a slight, variable reduction in enzyme release and no change in cytotoxic effect from stimulated macrophages. Monensin decreased extracellular enzyme secretion and reduced the cytotoxicity in stimulated macrophages to control levels. Chloroquine caused a similar reduction in lysosomal enzyme release and cytotoxic activity in zymosan‐stimulated cells. This inhibitor increased the enzyme release from control cells and induced a small, variable cytotoxic effect from these cells. The data indicate co‐variation between macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity and a secretory process which can be blocked by monensin. The need for intact lysosomal function was also demonstrated.
IN VITRO LOCOMOTION OF BLOOD MONOCYTES IN MILLIPORE FILTERS — EVALUATION OF THE LEADING FRONT METHOD
Authors: Aasen TOR B. , Schreiner AKSEL
Published: August 2010

Monocyte migration in millipore filters was measured by the leading front method. The precision, sensitivity and specificity of the method was assessed. The migrational response of monocytes to N‐for‐mylmethionylleucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP) was equal in concentrations ranging from 5times10−9 to 5times10−7 M. No dose‐response relationship was demonstrated. The random analytical variation of the method was considerable, the mean coefficient of variation of duplicate experiments being 9.05%. The inter‐subject variation was also large. A sample size of 30 to 40 individuals would be necessary to demonstrate a 1 SD difference between individuals at a significance level of 0.05 and power of 0.80. It is concluded that the method is able to detect agents which stimulate monocytes at least equally well as FMLP, but may be impracticable for demonstrating changes in monocyte migration, or differences in the migratory response among different populations of monocytes.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY AGAINST VIRAL ANTIGENS IN TYPE 1 DIABETES: ALTERED IgA‐CLASS IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST COXSACKIE B4 VIRUS
Authors: HyÖTy H. , Huupponen T. , Kotola L. , Leinikki P.
Published: August 2010

A group of 210 pediatric Type 1 diabetic patients with long duration of illness and their matched controls (age range 2–19 years) were analysed for Coxsackie B4 antibodies in IgG‐, IgM‐ and IgA‐antibody classes by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). About 60% of both patients and controls were seropositive. However, patients had higher prevalence and mean levels of IgA‐class antibodies compared to controls. No such difference was found in IgG‐ or IgM‐antibody classes. The elevation of IgA‐class antibody levels was evident early after the Coxsackie B4 infection and seemed to persist for several years. IgA‐class antibody levels did not differ between sexes in either patients or controls. The elevated levels of IgA‐antibodies against Coxsackie B4 virus did not correlate with the elevated IgA antibodies against mumps virus, which served as control antigens. Thus it seems that in IDDM patients the abnormal IgA response against both Coxsackie B4 and mumps virus is antigen‐specific.
GRANULOCYTE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: NœSs A. , Nyland H. , Glette J. , Larsen J. P. , Rygh T. , Solberg C. O.
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood granulocytes and sera from patients with relapsing/remittent (group I) and chronic progressive (group II) multiple sclerosis (MS) did not differ from control cells and sera with regard to 1) the proportion of cells bearing receptors for Fcy and C3b; 2) random or directed (chemotactic) motility of granulocytes; 3) activation as measured by chemiluminescence; 4) opsonic activity of sera. The results of this study suggest that granulocyte function in MS is normal.
THE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF NK‐9 POSITIVE LYMPHOID CELLS INCLUDING NK AND AK CELLS AND THEIR PRECURSORS
Authors: Nieminen PEKKA
Published: August 2010

The distribution of NK‐9 antigen presenting cells in human lymphoid tissues including spleen, tonsil, lymph node, and thymus was studied. The staining were done on formalin‐fixed, histological sections. In peripheral blood NK‐9 antigens are expressed on allospecific (CTL) and nonspecific (NK and AK) cytotoxic lymphocytes. In lymphoid tissues, the distribution of NK‐9 positive cells was definitely different from “normal” T cell distribution, measured by pan T monoclonal markers. In tonsils and lymph nodes NK‐9 positive cells were mainly located in and around germinal centers. However, only a proportion of these areas were NK‐9 positive. In spleen NK‐9 positive cells were located mainly in periarteriolar lymphocyte sheats and in germinal centers. Thymuses were practically NK‐9 negative. These results support the earlier suggestions that cytotoxic cells take part in the immunoregulation in lymphoid tissues.
CELL‐MEDIATED AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY TO MUMPS VIRUS ANTIGEN
Authors: HyÖTy H. , RÄSÄNen L. , Lehto M. , TanhuanpÄÄ P. , Eerola A. , Surcel H.‐M. , Ilonen J. , Leinikki P.
Published: August 2010

In the present study, cell‐mediated and humoral immunity to mumps virus was investigated. The study population consisted of 25 subjects of whom 17 were initially seropositive for mumps. Serum antibody levels and lymphocyte blast transformation activity were measured before and after vaccination with inactivated vaccine. In addition, the subjects were skin tested and HLA‐typed. Significant antibody responses, measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were observed after vaccination in all immunoglobulin classes. However, the elevation in antibody levels was usually transient in both seronegative and seropositive subjects. The IgA response was significantly higher in the seropositive than in the seronegative group, but no such difference was found in IgM or IgG antibodies. Vaccination also caused a significant but transient rise in lymphocyte blast transformation activity. Transformation results parallelled skin‐test results and seropositivity, but not antibody levels, in the seropositive group. Pronounced IgA reactivity was significantly associated with Dw3 and Dw4 (DR3 and DR4) antigens. No HLA association was observed in IgG or IgM levels or in transformation activity.
YERSINIA‐ASSOCIATED ARTHRITIS IN THE RAT: EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR HUMAN REACTIVE ARTHRITIS?
Authors: Toivanen AULI , Merilahti‐Palo RIITTA , Gripenberg CHRISTEL , Lahesmaa‐Rantala RIITTA , SÖDerstrÖM K.‐O. , Jaakkola ULLA‐MARJUT
Published: August 2010

Rats of five different strains were injected intravenously with live Yersinia enterocolitica 0:8 or Yersinia pseudotuberculosis III. Twelve to 18 days after inoculation of Y. enterocolitica 0:8, arthritic symptoms appeared in the hindpaws of SHR rats. They started with erythema, followed by swelling and painful movement, closely resembling findings in adjuvant arthritis. Histologically, the inflammation was dominated by neutrophils in two cases, whereas in two others the inflammatory cells were predominantly lymphocytes. Two of five rats yielded positive bacterial cultures from the joints. Altogether, arthritis was observed in five of nine SHR surviving beyond day 14 after the bacterial inoculation. Rats of Lewis, Wistar, WKY and Zucker strains did not develop any signs of arthritis after intravenous injection of Y. enterocolitica or pseudotuberculosis. Also in the SHR rats, Y. pseudotuberculosis failed to induce arthritis.
CHONDROSARCOMA
Authors: Kristensen INGRID BAYER , Sunde LONE MUNK , Jensen OLAF MYHRE
Published: August 2010

44 chondrosarcomas were collected during a 22‐year period. 40 were classic, 3 mesenchymal, and 1 clear‐cell chondrosarcoma. Five (12,5%) were secondary, arising in enchondromatosis, osteochondromatosis and solitary osteochondroma. All the classic chondrosarcomas, initial tumours as well as recurrences, were histologically graded I‐III on the basis of cellularity, nuclear size, frequency of lacunae containing multiple nuclei and mitotic rate (Evans). 19 were initially grade I, 14 grade II, and 7 grade III. 18 patients had at least one local recurrence, and 8 of them had 2 or more recurrences. 12 of the 18 patients developed a higher grade of malignancy in the recurrences; only in 6 patients was the grade of malignancy unchanged; 2 of them were initially grade III tumours, however. Because of the high recurrence rate and the risk of increasing malignancy in recurrence, we conclude that the initial treatment should be radical (resection en block, or amputation) even in low grade chondrosarcomas.
AGGREGATION OF FIBRONECTIN BY ASBESTOS FIBERS IN THE PERICELLULAR MATRIX OF CULTURED HUMAN FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Vartio TAPIO , Virtanen ISMO , Lehto VELI‐PEKKA
Published: August 2010

Asbestos fibers, silica dust and glass fibers induced aggregation of the pericellular matrix fibronectin when added to the growth medium of cultured human fibroblasts as judged by immunofluorescence microscopy. Direct binding experiments and analysis of the bound proteins by (SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) revealed an adsorption of purified plasma fibronectin to glass fibers, amosite, crocidolite and silica but not to anthophyllite and chrysotile A and B. The results suggest that aggregation of the pericellular fibronectin by these fibrogenic materials may be involved in the initial stages of the development of fibrosis in vivo.
MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: ØRnvold K. , Nielsen M. H. , Clausen N.
Published: August 2010

Clinicopathological features of four paediatric cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) are described. The patients all presented with fever, lymphadenopathy and anaemia. Two died from widespread disease within one month. Two patients, who received combination chemotherapy, were brought into remission and are currently without disease after 30 and 60 months, respectively. Diagnosis was made on the basis of infiltration by a mixture of anaplastic and well‐differentiated phagocytic histiocytes in skin, lymph node, bone marrow and spleen. Immunohistochemical studies showed variable presence of lysozyme, alpha,‐antitrypsin (AT), and alpha,‐antichymotrypsin (ACT). Concanavalin A (Con A) receptors, recently suggested as a histiocyte marker, were found in the proliferating cells in all cases. S‐100 protein was absent. The findings suggest that the prognosis in childhood MH remains guarded but not hopeless with aggressive combination chemotherapy. The presence of Con A receptors in paediatric MH cells with a more constant occurrence than lysozome, AT and ACT seems promising as an additional diagnostic tool although further studies are needed to examine the specificity of Con A receptors in relation to various other disorders of histiocytic proliferation.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE SARCOCYSTS OF SIX SPECIES OF SARCOCYSTIS FROM REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS TARANDUS)
Authors: Gjerde BJØRN
Published: August 2010

Sarcocysts belonging to six species of Sarcocystis were isolated from the musculature of reindeer and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal their surface morphology. Sarcocysts of S. grueneri had thin, strip‐like surface processes, cysts of S. rangi had long hair‐like processes, and cysts of S. tarandivulpes had short, knob‐like processes interconnected by microfolds. Cysts of S. hardangeri had prominent, slanting linguiform processes, whereas the cysts of both S. tarandi and S. rangiferi had upright finger‐like surface projections. The processes of S. rangiferi were thicker and longer than those of S. tarandi. SEM of the cysts of these species corroborated and supplemented previous descriptions of their surface morphology, which were based on transmission electron microscopy.
MONOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS: A METHOD FOR ROUTINE IN VITRO INVESTIGATION USING LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE AS A MARKER ENZYME
Authors: Mrowietz Ulrich , Ternowitz Thomas
Published: August 2010

Using the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) as a marker, a method for routine measurements of highly purified monocyte chemotaxis is described. Standardization of this assay was carried out in order to achieve objective and reproducible results. The LDH‐method showed a good correlation with both the 51Cr‐chemotactic assay and the leading‐front technique. The sensititivity of the LDH‐method could be compared with the 51Cr‐assay and was significantly higher compared to the leading‐front technique. Being objective, inexpensive and requiring only a photometer as equipment, the LDH‐method was proved to be suitable for routine investigations of monocyte chemotaxis as a part of monocyte functional activity in laboratories engaged in leukocyte research.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE UPPER URINARY TRACT
Authors: LAURITZEN ANNE FALENSTEEN , KVIST EBBE , BREDESEN JESPER , LUKE MICHAEL
Published: August 2010

Thirty‐seven patients with upper urinary tract tumours were evaluated for grade, stage, histological type, location, presence or absence of vascular invasion, abnormalities in the urothelium adjacent to the tumours, tumour multiplicity and patient survival. A good correlation between tumour grade and stage was found in the transitional cell tumours. Squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas were high‐stage tumours. Vascular invasion was present in most high‐grade tumours, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. Four patients had multifocal tumours of both pelvis and ureter. Three developed ureteric stump carcinomas and 13 had further development of bladder carcinomas. The cumulative 5 and 10 year survival rates were 43 and 23% respectively.