bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma proteomics of lung cancer by a linkage of multi‐dimensional liquid chromatography and two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis
Authors: Okano Tetsuya , Kondo Tadashi , Kakisaka Tatsuhiko , Fujii Kiyonaga , Yamada Masayo , Kato Harubumi , Nishimura Toshihide , Gemma Akihiko , Kudoh Shoji , Hirohashi Setsuo
Published: June 2006

To investigate aberrant plasma proteins in lung cancer, we compared the proteomic profiles of serum from five lung cancer patients and from four healthy volunteers. Immuno‐affinity chromatography was used to deplete highly abundant plasma proteins, and the resulting plasma samples were separated into eight fractions by anion‐exchange chromatography. Quantitative protein profiles of the fractionated samples were generated by two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, in which the experimental samples and the internal control samples were labeled with different dyes and co‐separated by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach succeeded in resolving 3890 protein spots. For 364 of the protein spots, the expression level in lung cancer was more than twofold different from that in the healthy volunteers. These differences were statistically significant (Student's t‐test, p‐value less than 0.05). Mass spectrometric protein identification revealed that the 364 protein spots corresponded to 58 gene products, including the classical plasma proteins and the tissue‐leakage proteins catalase, clusterin, ficolin, gelsolin, lumican, tetranectin, triosephosphate isomerase and vitronectin. The combination of multi‐dimensional liquid chromatography and two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis provides a valuable tool for serum proteomics in lung cancer.
Evaluation of two sample preparation methods for prostate proteome analysis
Authors: Lexander Helena , Hellman Ulf , Palmberg Carina , Auer Gert , Hellström Magnus , Franzén Bo , Jörnvall Hans , Egevad Lars
Published: June 2006

For laboratory techniques that require well‐preserved proteins, such as 2‐DE, fresh tissue must be harvested and processed as fast as possible to avoid proteolytic degradation. We describe a modified method for harvesting tissue from radical prostatectomy specimens for proteome analysis and compare it with the standard technique. Cells were scraped from cut surfaces of 11 prostate specimens. A fraction of the material was smeared on a glass slide and Giemsa stained for morphological control. The sample was collected in a medium with protease inhibitors, and the protein material was prepared for 2‐DE. Filtering and Percoll centrifugation were omitted. Sample locations were noted on a specimen map. From the same area, a tissue block was harvested for comparison. The block was processed with the conventional technique including mechanical disintegration, filtering and Percoll centrifugation. Quality measures of 2‐DE were similar with both methods. With the scrape sampling technique, control smears showed abundant epithelial cells and a cleaner background and processing was faster than with tissue block sampling. For proteomic analysis, the scrape sample technique has several advantages over the tissue block method.
Resistance to cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos in the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, collected from the eastern United States
Authors: Hamm Ronda L , Kaufman Phillip E , Reasor Colleen A , Rutz Donald A , Scott Jeffrey G
Published: June 2006

The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an important pest in poultry facilities. The toxicity of cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos to five strains of the lesser mealworm was compared with the toxicity to a susceptible laboratory strain. Bioassays were carried out with both larvae and adults. For the susceptible strain, cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos had similar toxicity to adults, but cyfluthrin was 5 times more toxic to larvae when compared with tetrachlorvinphos. High levels of resistance to tetrachlorvinphos in two beetle strains were detected in both larvae and adults, although these strains were heterogeneous and still contained susceptible individuals. Resistance to cyfluthrin ranged from 1.7‐ to 9.5‐fold for adults and from 0.5‐ to 29‐fold for larvae at the LC95. Overall, the patterns of resistance did not mirror the insecticide use patterns reported at these facilities. The implications of these results to management of the lesser mealworms are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Self‐focusing of a quantum‐well‐confined electron wave packet interacting with a metal plate
Authors: Bednarek S. , Szafran B. , Lis K.
Published: June 2006

We consider an electron wave packet formed in a semiconductor quantum well covered by a metal plate and show that the electron packet becomes localized by the interaction with the positive charge it induces on the metal surface. For the metal treated as an ideal conductor the packet moves within the quantum well without changing its shape and preserving its momentum. We show that the dynamical response of the metal leads to dissipation of the electron kinetic energy of the progressive motion. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sample size and the probability of a successful trial
Authors: Chuang‐Stein Christy
Published: June 2006

This paper describes the distinction between the concept of statistical power and the probability of getting a successful trial. While one can choose a very high statistical power to detect a certain treatment effect, the high statistical power does not necessarily translate to a high success probability if the treatment effect to detect is based on the perceived ability of the drug candidate. The crucial factor hinges on our knowledge of the drug's ability to deliver the effect used to power the study. The paper discusses a framework to calculate the ‘average success probability’ and demonstrates how uncertainty about the treatment effect could affect the average success probability for a confirmatory trial. It complements an earlier work by O'Hagan et al. (Pharmaceutical Statistics 2005; 4:187–201) published in this journal. Computer codes to calculate the average success probability are included. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estrogen‐like activity and prevention effect of bone loss in calcium deficient ovariectomized rats by the extract of Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: Shimizu Kuniyoshi , Yamanaka Maiko , Gyokusen Mayumi , Kaneko Shuhei , Tsutsui Mototake , Sato Junichi , Sato Ikuo , Sato Masao , Kondo Ryuichiro
Published: June 2006

In the course of a search for natural estrogen‐like materials from mushrooms, the proliferating effects of the methanol extracts of 14 edible mushrooms on the estrogen‐dependent growth of MCF‐7 cells were examined. Of the extracts, that from the fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii showed the strongest estrogen‐like activity, specifically on the proliferating effects of MCF‐7 cells. This proliferation effect of the extract from the fruiting body of P. eryngii is related to its estrogenic activity, because this proliferation activity was inhibited by the addition of the antiestrogenic compound ICI 182 780. The ethanol extract of the fruiting body of P. eryngii prevented ovariectomy‐induced bone loss. The present data provide evidence that the ethanol extract of P. eryngii helps to protect against the bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency, without having a substantial effect on the uterus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.)
Authors: McKay Diane L. , Blumberg Jeffrey B.
Published: June 2006

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely consumed single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Peppermint tea, brewed from the plant leaves, and the essential oil of peppermint are used in traditional medicines. Evidence‐based research regarding the bioactivity of this herb is reviewed. The phenolic constituents of the leaves include rosmarinic acid and several flavonoids, primarily eriocitrin, luteolin and hesperidin. The main volatile components of the essential oil are menthol and menthone. In vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, and some antiallergenic potential. Animal model studies demonstrate a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential. Human studies on the GI, respiratory tract and analgesic effects of peppermint oil and its constituents have been reported. Several clinical trials examining the effects of peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms have been conducted. However, human studies of peppermint leaf are limited and clinical trials of peppermint tea are absent. Adverse reactions to peppermint tea have not been reported, although caution has been urged for peppermint oil therapy in patients with GI reflux, hiatal hernia or kidney stones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of piperine on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Pattanaik Smita , Hota Debasish , Prabhakar Sudesh , Kharbanda Parampreet , Pandhi Promila
Published: June 2006

Piperine, the active principle of Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinalis, has been reported to enhance the oral bioavailability of phenytoin in human volunteers. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of a single dose of piperine in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Two groups of 10 patients each receiving either a 150 mg or 200 mg twice daily dose of phenytoin were selected. Twelve hours after the night dose, venous blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 h after administration of phenytoin. On the next study day, piperine 20 mg was administered along with phenytoin and samples were collected similarly. The mean plasma drug concentrations at different time points and the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after piperine administration were compared by Student's t‐test. Piperine increased significantly the mean plasma concentration of phenytoin at most of the time points in both dose groups. There was a significant increase in AUC(0–12h) (p < 0.01), Cmax (p < 0.001) and Ka (p < 0.05) whereas the changes in Kel and tmax were not significant. The results showed that piperine enhanced the bioavailability of phenytoin significantly, possibly by increasing the absorption. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ lamination of starch‐based baked foam packaging with degradable films
Authors: Glenn Gregory , Klamczynski Artur , Ludvik Charles , Chiou Bor‐Sen. , Imam Syed , Shey Justin , Orts William , Wood Delilah
Published: June 2006

A technique for making biodegradable food service packaging comprising a starch–fibre core and a biodegradable film laminate is described. The biodegradable films were made of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate/terephthalate (PBST), rubber latex and polybutylene adipate/terephthalate (PBAT). The technique involved an in situ process for laminating a baked foam product in a single step. A critical element of the in situ technique involved using a heat insulating fibre sheet to stabilize heat‐sensitive laminate films during the baking/lamination process. The PLA‐, PBST‐ and PBAT‐laminated samples were baked for 6min at 120°C. The latex‐laminated sample, which was much more heat‐stable, did not need the insulating sheet and was baked for 3min at 160°C. Starch‐based foam laminated with PLA, PBST or PBAT generally had higher density and greater tensile and flexural strength than the non‐laminated control. Starch foam laminated with a rubber latex film had tensile and flexural properties similar to the non‐laminated control, due to the low modulus and elasticity of the latex film. The in situ lamination process improved the adhesion of the starch foam core with the fibre sheet, PLA and latex films compared to a post‐lamination process. All of the laminate materials provided a low water vapour permeance. The films degraded in a compost mixture but at a much slower rate compared to starch. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coaxially heated membrane introduction mass spectrometry interface for the rapid and sensitive on‐line measurement of volatile and semi‐volatile organic contaminants in air and water at parts‐per‐trillion levels
Authors: Thompson Alexander J. , Creba A. Skye , Ferguson Robyn M. , Krogh Erik T. , Gill Christopher G.
Published: June 2006

A coaxially heated membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) sampling interface is presented that demonstrates improved on‐line performance for the direct measurement of semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in air and water samples at parts‐per‐trillion levels. The device is based on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) capillary hollow fibre membrane (HFM) in a pneumatically assisted ‘flow‐over’ configuration that is resistively heated on the membrane interior via a coaxial nichrome wire, establishing a thermal gradient counter to the analyte concentration gradient. This arrangement allows for continuous and/or pulsed heating modes, affording excellent sensitivity for the on‐line measurement of SVOCs while retaining sensitivity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition, the signal response time for SVOCs is reduced substantially over conventional ‘flow‐over’ MIMS interfaces. Separation and quantitation of analytes are achieved using quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From compliance to business success: improving outsourcing service controls by adopting external regulatory requirements
Authors: Biró Miklós , Deák Csilla , Ivanyos János , Messnarz Richard
Published: June 2006

The new generation of general models that refer either to IT or Internal Controls, like COBIT or COSO, are presented with an executive management perspective. Practice shows that this opening is solely not enough to reach a breakthrough, since models became so complicated that they could only be applied with difficulties. The best catalysts of improvement programs are the mandatory rules being issued, mainly from the financial reporting area. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) for US SEC registrants and its affiliates, and the 8th Directive on company Law in the EU require strict internal controls for reporting processes. In this article we concentrate on the successful application of these rules in a situation where IT‐enabled services have a major effect on the compliance of the user organization. We investigate the effects of a high maturity level on compliance for both the service and the user organizations. The article refers to the applicability of the well‐known capability models CMM and eSCM, and some other sources like COSO, BSC, and SAS 70. For presenting implementation practices of the general risk–based control model via key control processes, effectiveness measurement and innovative technologies were used, including the knowledge management platform created in earlier software process improvement experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the challenges of legacy systems using extreme programming
Authors: Coleman Gerry , McAnallen Martin
Published: June 2006

Updating and maintaining legacy systems creates significant challenges for software developers. Modifying legacy applications can be a time‐consuming process, which is fraught with architectural and code minefields. In many instances, the same developers, because of their specialist knowledge, and the same processes, have been used to improve these systems over an extended period of time. Introducing new practices into such an environment presents problems, on both the human and the technological level. This article reports on the experience of implementing a scaled‐down version of eXtreme Programming (XP) in a small manufacturing company. How the difficulties in creating the climate for such an implementation were overcome, and the resulting benefits of the experiment, are reported here. Finally, the conclusions and lessons learned offer support and advice to others who may also be considering such an approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of Knowledge Management Supporters in software development companies
Authors: Fehér Péter , Gábor András
Published: June 2006

Knowledge as a strategic resource and support factor has a higher and higher importance in software development processes, and in software process improvement projects. Therefore the conscious management of this resource and the efficient support of knowledge management (KM) processes are vital for organizations. In this article, the possible knowledge‐related processes and the use of the possible support factors are researched and analysed. As a result of the research an integrated model of support factors has been developed. The research was carried out among software development companies, and resulted in a framework of KM supporters: technological factors, organizational factors and human resources (HR) factors. As conclusion of the research, these factors should be used in harmony in order to achieve success. Another conclusion of the research is that KM is a vital part of the operation of any software development organization or practice. Therefore a development of a KM strategy, as well as the development of KM processes: knowledge mapping and assessment (knowledge audit), knowledge leverage (share and transfer), and knowledge development is required. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CASE STUDY: a practical approach for SPI in large Spanish companies
Authors: Guzmán Javier García , López‐Cortijo García Román , de Amescua Seco Antonio , Agustín Gonzalo Cuevas
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this article is to describe a real case of a Software Process Improvement (SPI) in a large company in Spain. This article also provides a set of experiences and recommendations for performing a software process assessment in large companies with several vertical organizational units. It also presents two tools for coordinating this kind of assessment. Finally, the strategies for defining and deploying improvements in large companies are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standard based software process assessments in small companies
Authors: von Wangenheim Christiane Gresse , Varkoi Timo , Salviano Clênio F.
Published: June 2006

Small software companies face similar issues regarding software quality improvement and process assessments as larger companies. The main difference is that smaller companies seldom have specialized or competent resources to solve the problems. Therefore, the development of assessment methods from the viewpoint of small companies can also support the software industry. Based on experiences applying ISO/IEC 15504 in small software companies in Finland and Brazil, we present a flexible approach to efficient process assessments. Flexibility requires a continuous assessment model, so that the scope of process improvement and assessment can be defined on the basis of the prioritized needs of an organization. Our experiences show that 15504 can also be applied with success in small software organizations. This paper presents how the assessments were run and lessons learned on applying 15504 in this kind of organization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Cultural Education of Academic Evaluators: Lessons from a University‐Hmong Community Partnership
Authors: Small Stephen A. , Tiwari Geetika , Huser Mary
Published: June 2006

This article explores some of the lessons a university‐based evaluation team learned while attempting to hire, retain, and work with staff members from a local Hmong community. These staff members were hired to assist a federally‐funded community collaborative with implementing and evaluating a family strengthening program for Hmong families with adolescents. Over the course of two years, a succession of individuals were hired and resigned from a key staff position. These resignations occurred at critical points in the project, undermining a critical component of the program's evaluation. Through interviews, observations, self‐reflection, and feedback from colleagues and reviewers, a better understanding of the reasons for these difficulties began to emerge. The challenges examined in this article help to illustrate some of the complexities faced by academics when conducting a community‐based project with an underserved racial ethnic population. The article concludes by discussing some of the lessons learned and what they might suggest for others doing similar types of work.
Exploring Genetic Counseling Communication Patterns: The Role of Teaching and Counseling Approaches
Authors: Ellington Lee , Baty Bonnie J. , McDonald Jamie , Venne Vickie , Musters Adrian , Roter Debra , Dudley William , Croyle Robert T.
Published: June 2006

The educational and counseling models are often touted as the two primary professional approaches to genetic counseling practice. Yet, research has not been conducted to examine how these approaches are used in practice. In the present study, we conducted quantitative communication analyses of BRCA1 genetic counseling sessions. We measured communication variables that represent content (e.g., a biomedical focus) and process (e.g., passive listening) to explore whether genetic counselor approaches are consistent with prevailing professional models. The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) was used to code 167 pre‐test genetic counseling sessions of members of a large kindred with an identifiedBRCA1mutation. Three experienced genetic counselors conducted the sessions. Creating composite categories from the RIAS codes, we found the sessions to be largely educational in nature with the counselors and clients devoting the majority of their dialogue to providing biomedical information (62 and 40%, respectively). We used cluster analytic techniques, entering the composite communication variables and identified four patterns of session communication:Client‐focused psychosocial,biomedical question and answer,counselor‐driven psychosocial, andclient‐focused biomedical. Moreover, we found that the counselors had unique styles in which they combined the use of education and counseling approaches. We discuss the importance of understanding the variation in counselor communication to advance the field and expand prevailing assumptions.
Is Self‐Disclosure Part of the Genetic Counselor's Clinical Role?
Authors: Thomas Brittany C. , Veach Patricia McCarthy , LeRoy Bonnie S.
Published: June 2006

The role of genetic counselor self‐disclosure in clinical practice is unclear as there are few published investigations of this issue. In the present study, 11 genetic counselors who previously received genetic services were interviewed about their opinions and use of disclosure. Several themes were extracted from their responses. All participants reportedly disclosed to patients; however, not all disclosed their receipt of genetic services. Patient requests for self‐disclosure influenced many participants’ disclosure decisions. Opinions regarding potential benefits of disclosure varied. Nearly all participants stressed the importance of self‐disclosing judiciously, stating that it may be counterproductive to client goal attainment. Four individuals with expertise in genetic counseling and psychotherapy were invited to react to these themes and to provide their opinions of self‐disclosure. Their views are compared to those of the present sample, and practice and research recommendations are given.
Bias in Estimation of Misclassification Rates
Authors: Haberman Shelby J.
Published: June 2006

When a simple random sample of size n is employed to establish a classification rule for prediction of a polytomous variable by an independent variable, the best achievable rate of misclassification is higher than the corresponding best achievable rate if the conditional probability distribution is known for the predicted variable given the independent variable. In typical cases, this increased misclassification rate due to sampling is remarkably small relative to other increases in expected measures of prediction accuracy due to samplings that are typically encountered in statistical analysis.

This issue is particularly striking if a polytomous variable predicts a polytomous variable, for the excess misclassification rate due to estimation approaches 0 at an exponential rate as n increases. Even with a continuous real predictor and with simple nonparametric methods, it is typically not difficult to achieve an excess misclassification rate on the order of n−1. Although reduced excess error is normally desirable, it may reasonably be argued that, in the case of classification, the reduction in bias is related to a more fundamental lack of sensitivity of misclassification error to the quality of the prediction. This lack of sensitivity is not an issue if criteria based on probability prediction such as logarithmic penalty or least squares are employed, but the latter measures typically involve more substantial issues of bias. With polytomous predictors, excess expected errors due to sampling are typically of order n−1. For a continuous real predictor, the increase in expected error is typically of order n−2/3.
Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis of Matrices with Missing Rows: a Simulation Study
Authors: van de Velden Michel , Bijmolt Tammo H. A.
Published: June 2006

A method is presented for generalized canonical correlation analysis of two or more matrices with missing rows. The method is a combination of Carroll’s (1968) method and the missing data approach of the OVERALS technique (Van der Burg, 1988). In a simulation study we assess the performance of the method and compare it to an existing procedure called GENCOM, proposed by Green and Carroll (1988). We find that the proposed method outperforms the GENCOM algorithm both with respect to model fit and recovery of the true structure.
Loss of Information in Estimating Item Parameters in Incomplete Designs
Authors: Eggen Theo J. H. M. , Verhelst Norman D.
Published: June 2006

In this paper, the efficiency of conditional maximum likelihood (CML) and marginal maximum likelihood (MML) estimation of the item parameters of the Rasch model in incomplete designs is investigated. The use of the concept of F-information (Eggen, 2000) is generalized to incomplete testing designs. The scaled determinant of the F-information matrix is used as a scalar measure of information contained in a set of item parameters. In this paper, the relation between the normalization of the Rasch model and this determinant is clarified. It is shown that comparing estimation methods with the defined information efficiency is independent of the chosen normalization. The generalization of the method to other models than the Rasch model is discussed.

In examples, information comparisons are conducted. It is found that for both CML and MML some information is lost in all incomplete designs compared to complete designs. A general result is that with increasing test booklet length the efficiency of an incomplete design, compared to a complete design, is increasing, as is the efficiency of CML compared to MML. The main difference between CML and MML is seen in the effect of the length of the test booklet. It will be demonstrated that with very small booklets, there is a substantial loss in information (about 35%) with CML estimation, while this loss is only about 10% in MML estimation. However, with increasing test length, the differences between CML and MML quickly disappear.
The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths: Examination of theory and psychometric properties
Authors: Markstrom Carol A. , Marshall Sheila K.
Published: June 2006

The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths (PIES) was devised as a measure of Erikson's eight ego strengths. The present investigation extended previous research through examination of the validity and reliability of the PIES among 502 high school students. The study also included an appraisal of Erikson's ego strengths as indices of psychosocial well‐being. Reliability of the subscales of the PIES was shown through acceptable Cronbach's alphas. As expected, higher scores on ego strengths were positively correlated with psychosocial indictors of identity achievement, self‐esteem, locus of control, empathic concern, perspective‐taking, and positive forms of coping. Lower scores on ego strengths were related to less desirable psychosocial constructs. Biological sex and age differences also are reported. Based on the findings, the study offers validation of psychosocial theory. As well, the PIES is recommended for use among high school students.
Biomechanical Testing of the Fractured Distal Radius Treated with A New Bone Cement–Is it Strong Enough?
Authors: SRIPADA S. , ROWLEY D. I. , SAITO M. , SHIMADA K. , NAKASHIMA T. , WIGDEROWITZ C. A.
Published: June 2006

This study evaluates the in vitro ability of CAP, a bone graft substitute with osteointegration and osteoconductive properties, to restore the anatomy and strength of fractured distal radii. Ten pairs of cadaveric radii were imaged and tested to failure, simulating a fracture. The radii were reconstructed using CAP and were re-fractured and sequentially imaged. The deformities of the bones were determined through computerised evaluation of the radiographs. Radiographic analysis showed that CAP is capable of restoring the anatomy of the distal radius. The load and work required to fracture intact radii were compared to those required to fracture the reconstructed radii. The load to fracture was similar in the two situations. The work to fracture, however, was higher with reconstructed radii, suggesting that these are stronger than the original bones. Our study supports the hypothesis that CAP is capable of restoring the original anatomy and dimensions of the distal radius and re-establishing its mechanical strength.
Evolution in the strategic manufacturing planning process of organizations
Authors: Papke‐Shields Karen E. , Malhotra Manoj K. , Grover Varun
Published: June 2006

This study examines how strategic manufacturing planning processes vary systematically with respect to planning characteristics, and how the planning process appears to evolve over time. Through an empirical evaluation of over 200 U.S. manufacturers, we document the existence of four strategic manufacturing planning groups. These groups vary with respect to the degrees of “rationality” and “adaptability” of planning. In addition, the strategic manufacturing planning history and level of planning maturity differs between these groups, providing evidence that the planning process changes and evolves over time from “non‐rational adaptive” mode towards a more “rational adaptive” approach. Firms between these polar extremes appear to take different paths in their movement toward a “rational adaptive” mode, with some “focusing on rationality” first and others “focusing on adaptability” first. We also show that irrespective of the firm's environment, a greater degree of “rational adaptivity” is correlated with better planning outcomes and business performance. As such, it represents a “best practice” approach to strategic manufacturing planning. Insights created by this work not only make an important contribution to the manufacturing strategy literature, but can also be used by senior manufacturing managers to facilitate their progress towards more effective planning.
Formation and pathways of intermediate water in the Parallel Ocean Circulation Model's Southern Ocean
Authors: Schouten Mathijs W. , Matano Ricardo P.
Published: June 2006

The formation mechanisms and pathways of intermediate water in the Southern Ocean are analyzed from output of a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model. Deep winter mixed layer formation in the Southern Ocean is diagnosed from the model results and is found to be mostly consistent with observations. Diapycnal water mass transformations by air‐sea fluxes and internal mixing are quantified and split into mean and eddy components. The diapycnal formation of the water masses that constitute the Antarctic intermediate water layer in the southeast Pacific is found to occur mainly in the western Pacific Ocean in this model. In winter, convection up to 900 m is found to set the potential vorticity characteristics of this layer. Eddy fluxes of heat and buoyancy play an important role in the formation of the intermediate waters by transferring water from the southern parts of the subtropical gyres into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and vice versa. The effects of eddy fluxes are found to vary significantly along the path of the ACC. They are strongly concentrated in the regions near the Agulhas Return Current in the Indian Ocean and the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence in the Atlantic.
Comprehensive analysis of earthquake source spectra in southern California
Authors: Shearer Peter M. , Prieto Germán A. , Hauksson Egill
Published: June 2006

We compute and analyze P wave spectra from earthquakes in southern California between 1989 and 2001 using a method that isolates source‐, receiver‐, and path‐dependent terms. We correct observed source spectra for attenuation using both fixed and spatially varying empirical Green's function methods. Estimated Brune‐type stress drops for over 60,000 ML = 1.5 to 3.1 earthquakes range from 0.2 to 20 MPa with no dependence on moment or local b value. Median computed stress drop increases with depth in the upper crust, from about 0.6 MPa at the surface to about 2.2 MPa at 8 km, where it levels off and remains nearly constant in the midcrust down to about 20 km. However, the results at shallow depths could also be explained as reduced rupture velocities near the surface rather than a change in stress drop. Spatially coherent variations in median stress drop are observed, with generally low values for the Imperial Valley and Northridge aftershocks and higher values for the eastern Transverse ranges and the north end of the San Jacinto fault. We find no correlation between observed stress drop and distance from the San Andreas and other major faults. Significant along‐strike variations in stress drop exist for aftershocks of the 1992 Landers earthquake, which may correlate with differences in main shock slip.
A coastal retracking system for satellite radar altimeter waveforms: Application to ERS‐2 around Australia
Authors: Deng X. , Featherstone W. E.
Published: June 2006

Satellite radar altimeter‐derived sea surface heights (SSH) are in error in coastal regions due, in part, to the complex nature of echoes returned from rapidly varying land and sea surfaces. This paper presents improved altimeter‐derived SSH results in Australian coastal regions using the waveform retracking technique, which reprocesses the waveform data through a “coastal retracking system”. The system, based upon a systematic analysis of satellite radar altimeter waveforms around Australia, improves SSH data from several retrackers depending on the waveforms' characteristics. Central to the system is the use of two techniques: the least squares fitting and the threshold retracking algorithms. To overcome the problem of fading noise, the fitting algorithm has been developed to include a weighted iterative scheme. The retrackers include five fitting models and the threshold method with varying threshold levels. A waveform classification procedure has also been developed, which enables the waveforms to be sorted and then retracked by an appropriate retracker. Two cycles of 20‐Hz waveform data from ERS‐2 have been reprocessed using this system to obtain the improved SSH estimates. Using the AUSGeoid98 gravimetric geoid model as a quasi‐independent reference, the system improves SSH estimates from beyond ∼22 km to beyond ∼5 km from the coastline.
Formation of Ravi Vallis outflow channel, Mars: Morphological development, water discharge, and duration estimates
Authors: Leask Harald J. , Wilson Lionel , Mitchell Karl L.
Published: June 2006

We infer that the morphology of the Ravi Vallis channel system is consistent with it having been eroded by water in a single flood event, and we have used the topography of the channel system to estimate the depth of water in the channel at various stages during its development. Values lie in the range 50–150 m. Measured bed slopes, estimated water depths, and corresponding channel widths are used to obtain mean water flow speeds and volume flow rates. Water flow speeds are found to lie in the range ∼10–25 m s−1, and the discharge estimates vary from a maximum volume flux of ∼30 × 106 m3 s−1 just after the start of the flood to less than 10 × 106 m3 s−1 in the late stages. Using assumptions about the sediment‐carrying capability of the water, estimates are obtained for the minimum duration of the water release event, the minimum total volume of water involved, and the crustal erosion rate. The duration is inferred to have been between 2 and 10 weeks, and the minimum total water volume was between 11,000 and 65,000 km3. The corresponding bed erosion rate was possibly as much as ∼100 but more likely ∼20–50 m/d. It is estimated that during the early stages of the flood event, flow conditions were supercritical, with maximum Froude numbers between 1.4 and 2 depending on the bed roughness.
Measurement‐based estimation of the spatial gradient of aerosol radiative forcing
Authors: Matsui Toshihisa , Pielke Roger A.
Published: June 2006

This paper diagnoses the spatial mean and the spatial gradient of the aerosol radiative forcing in comparison with those of well‐mixed green‐house gases (GHG). Unlike GHG, aerosols have much greater spatial heterogeneity in their radiative forcing. The heterogeneous diabatic heating can modulate the gradient in horizontal pressure field and atmospheric circulations, thus altering the regional climate. For this, we diagnose the Normalized Gradient of Radiative Forcing (NGoRF), as a fraction of the present global heterogeneous insolation attributed to human activity. Although the GHG has a larger forcing (+1.7 Wm−2) as measured than those of aerosol direct (−1.59 Wm−2) and possible indirect effect (−1.38 Wm−2) in terms of a spatially averaged top‐of‐atmosphere value, the aerosol direct and indirect effects have far greater NGoRF values (∼0.18) than that of GHG (∼0.003).
Size distribution of submarine landslides and its implication to tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico
Authors: ten Brink Uri S. , Geist Eric L. , Andrews Brian D.
Published: June 2006

We have established for the first time a size frequency distribution for carbonate submarine slope failures. Using detailed bathymetry along the northern edge of the carbonate platform north of Puerto Rico, we show that the cumulative distribution of slope failure volumes follows a power‐law distribution. The power‐law exponent of this distribution is similar to those for rock falls on land, commensurate with their interpreted failure mode. The carbonate volume distribution and its associated volume‐area relationship are significantly different from those for clay‐rich debris lobes in the Storegga slide, Norway. Coupling this relationship with tsunami simulations allows an estimate of the maximum tsunami runup and the maximum number of potentially damaging tsunamis from landslides to the north shore of Puerto Rico.
Greenland warming of 1920–1930 and 1995–2005
Authors: Chylek Petr , Dubey M. K. , Lesins G.
Published: June 2006

We provide an analysis of Greenland temperature records to compare the current (1995–2005) warming period with the previous (1920–1930) Greenland warming. We find that the current Greenland warming is not unprecedented in recent Greenland history. Temperature increases in the two warming periods are of a similar magnitude, however, the rate of warming in 1920–1930 was about 50% higher than that in 1995–2005.
MDMA‐induced neurotoxicity: long‐term effects on 5‐HT biosynthesis and the influence of ambient temperature
Authors: O'shea Esther , Orio Laura , Escobedo Isabel , Sanchez Veronica , Camarero Jorge , Green Alfred Richard , Colado Maria Isabel
Published: June 2006

3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) decreases the 5‐HT concentration, [3H]‐paroxetine binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in rat forebrain, which has been interpreted as indicating 5‐HT neurodegeneration. This has been questioned, particularly the 5‐HT loss, as MDMA can also inhibit tryptophan hydroxylase. We have now evaluated the validity of these parameters as a reflection of neurotoxicity.

Male DA rats were administered MDMA (12.5 mg kg−1, i.p.) and killed up to 32 weeks later. 5‐HT content and [3H]‐paroxetine binding were measured in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Parallel groups of treated animals were administered NSD‐1015 for determination of in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity and 5‐HT turnover rate constant.

Tissue 5‐HT content and [3H]‐paroxetine binding were reduced in the cortex (26–53%) and hippocampus (25–74%) at all time points (1, 2, 4, 8 and 32 weeks). Hydroxylase activity was similarly reduced up to 8 weeks, but had recovered at 32 weeks. The striatal 5‐HT concentration and [3H]‐paroxetine binding recovered by week 4 and hydroxylase activity after week 1. In all regions, the reduction in 5‐HT concentration did not result in an altered 5‐HT synthesis rate constant.

Administering MDMA to animals when housed at 4°C prevented the reduction in [3H]‐paroxetine binding and hydroxylase activity observed in rats housed at 22°C, but not the reduction in 5‐HT concentration.

These data indicate that MDMA produces long‐term damage to serotoninergic neurones, but this does not produce a compensatory increase in 5‐HT synthesis in remaining terminals. It also highlights the fact that measurement of tissue 5‐HT concentration may overestimate neurotoxic damage.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 778–785. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706783
Investigation into the role of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors in neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury in the rat: an electrophysiological study
Authors: Sharp Caroline J , Reeve Alison J , Collins Sue D , Martindale Jo C , Summerfield Scott G , Sargent Becky S , Bate Simon T , Chessell Iain P
Published: June 2006

Two P2X3/P2X2/3 receptor antagonists with different potencies were profiled electrophysiologically in a rat model of nerve injury.

A‐317491 has poor CNS penetrance (blood : brain, 1 : <0.05), and was therefore administered intravenously in chronic constriction injury (CCI)‐ and sham‐operated rats to study the involvement of P2X3 subunit‐containing receptors in the periphery in neuropathic pain. A‐317491 and Compound A were administered topically to the spinal cord to investigate the central contribution.

There were no significant inhibitory effects of A‐317491 intravenous (i.v.) seen in sham‐operated animals compared to vehicle controls. In CCI‐operated animals, there were significant inhibitory effects of 3 mg kg−1 A‐317491 i.v. on C fibre‐evoked responses, and with 10 mg kg−1 A‐317491 i.v. on Aδ and C fibre‐evoked responses. No significant effects of A‐317491 were observed after topical application to the spinal cord. In contrast, when Compound A was administered spinally in CCI animals, there was a decrease in Aδ and C fibre‐evoked responses, and wind up.

These changes indicate that A‐317491 has a selective effect on neuronal responses in CCI animals compared to sham, demonstrating an increased involvement of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors in sensory signalling following nerve injury. In addition, the more potent antagonist Compound A was effective spinally, unmasking a potential central role of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors at this site post nerve injury. These data support a role for P2X3/P2X2/3 antagonists in the modulation of neuropathic pain.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 845–852. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706790
NO‐independent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase prevents disease progression in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy
Authors: Kalk Philipp , Godes Michael , Relle Katharina , Rothkegel Christiane , Hucke Andreas , Stasch Johannes‐Peter , Hocher Berthold
Published: June 2006

Chronic renal disease is associated with oxidative stress, reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) dysfunction. Recently, we discovered BAY 58‐2667, a compound activating heme‐deficient or oxidized sGC in a NO‐independent manner.

We assessed potential of BAY 58‐2667 in preventing cardiac and renal target organ damage in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy.

Male Wistar rats were allocated to three groups: 5/6 nephrectomy, 5/6 nephrectomy treated with BAY 58‐2667 and sham operation. Study period was 18 weeks: blood pressure and creatinine clearance were assessed repeatedly. At study end blood samples were taken and hearts and kidneys harvested for histological studies.

BAY 58‐2667 markedly lowered blood pressure in animals with 5/6 nephrectomy (untreated versus treated animals: 189±14 versus 146±11 mmHg, P<0.001). Left ventricular weight, cardiac myocyte diameter as well as cardiac arterial wall thickness significantly decreased in comparison to untreated animals with 5/6 nephrectomy. Natriuretic peptide plasma levels were also improved by BAY 58‐2667. Kidney function and morphology as assessed by creatinine clearance, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis of intrarenal arteries were likewise significantly improved by BAY 58‐2667.

This is the first study showing that BAY 58‐2667 effectively lowers blood pressure, reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and slows renal disease progression in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy by targeting mainly oxidized sGC. Therefore, BAY 58‐2667 represents a novel pharmacological principle with potential clinical value in treatment of chronic renal disease.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 853–859. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706792
NO donors inhibit Na,K‐ATPase activity by a protein kinase G‐dependent mechanism in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the porcine eye
Authors: Shahidullah Mohammad , Delamere Nicholas A
Published: June 2006

We developed a novel method to isolate nonpigmented epithelial (NPE) cells from porcine eyes in order to examine Na,K‐ATPase responses to nitric oxide (NO) donors specifically in the epithelium.

Cells were treated with NO donors and other test compounds for 20 min prior to Na,K‐ATPase activity measurement.

NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1 μM–1 mM), sodium azide (100 nM–1 μM) and S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (1 μM–1 mM) caused significant concentration‐dependent inhibition of Na, K‐ATPase activity. Detection of nitrite in the medium of L‐arginine and SNP‐treated NPE confirmed NO generation.

Concentration‐dependent inhibition of Na,K‐ATPase was also obtained by L‐arginine (1–3 mM), a physiological precursor of NO and 8p‐CPT‐cGMP (1–100 μM), a cell permeable analog of cGMP. The L‐arginine effect was abolished when the NO synthesizing enzyme, NO‐synthase, was inhibited by L‐NAME (100 μM).

The inhibitory effect of SNP or sodium azide on Na,K‐ATPase activity was suppressed by soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors, ODQ (10 μM) or methylene blue (10 μM).

The inhibitory effect of 8p‐CPT‐cGMP on Na,K‐ATPase was abolished by protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitors, H‐8 (1 μM) and H‐9 (20 μM), but not by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H‐89 (100 nM). H‐8 and H‐9 partially suppressed the inhibitory effect of SNP on Na,K‐ATPase.

Taken together the results indicate that Na,K‐ATPase inhibition response to NO donors involves activation of sGC, generation of cGMP and activation of PKG. These findings suggest that Na, K‐ATPase inhibition in NPE may contribute to the ability of NO donors to reduce aqueous humor secretion.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 871–880. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706795