bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enlightenment from the Ground: Le Page du Pratz's Histoire de la Louisiane
Authors: Dawdy Shannon Lee
Published: February 2007

Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz (ca. 1695-1775), qui a fait route sur la
Louisiane en qu�te de l'aventure, y restait 16 ann�es comme
planteur de tabac et agent du Roi. Dans son Histoire de la Louisiane
(1758), il a balanc� la connaissance d�riv�e
de son exp�rience personnelle avec les id�es
�clair�es rencontr�es � son retour en
France. Le r�sultat est une perspective unique sur le commerce,
l'esclavage, la civilisation, et la sauvagerie. Cet article montre que
l'Histoire des deux Indes de l'abb� Raynal empruntait directement
� l'oeuvre de Le Page du Pratz. L'Histoire de la Louisiane applique
des id�es des philosophes sur la situation coloniale. Au m�me
temps, il d�voile comment l'exp�rience coloniale �
la fois permittait et limitait le discours �clair�.
Heidegger and the Politics of the University
Authors: Thomson Iain
Published: February 2007

This article examines the development of Heidegger's philosophical views on university education, situates these views within their broader historical and philosophical context, and shows them to be largely responsible for Heidegger's decision to become the first Nazi Rector of Freiburg University in 1933. Did Heidegger learn from this appalling political misadventure and so transform the underlying philosophical views that helped motivate it? It is argued, against the interpretations of P�ggeler and Derrida, that the later Heidegger continued to develop and refine the core of these philosophical views rather than abandoning them after 1933.
Who Shall Be Judge?: The United States, the International Criminal Court, and the Global Enforcement of Human Rights
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: February 2007

The International Criminal Court, empowered to prosecute individuals
guilty of the worst human rights atrocities, has encountered firm
resistance from the United States. Underlying this dispute is a clash
between two different models for achieving the global enforcement of
human rights: a collective enforcement model exemplified by the Court,
and a unidirectional enforcement model favored by the US. Both models
present difficulties, but those of the collective model are curable, while
those of the unidirectional model are not. Since the ICC cures the most
significant difficulties associated with the collective model, it deserves
US support. This paper addresses several of the specific legal, moral,
and political controversies that have surfaced in debates over the ICC.
The UN as a Human Rights Violator? Some Reflections on the United Nations Changing Human Rights Responsibilities
Authors: Megret Frederic , Hoffmann Florian
Published: February 2007

This article attempts to explore how changes in the UN's mission may
force it to rethink its responsibilities in terms of human rights. Until
recently, the UN had never thought of itself as actually capable
of violating human rights. But a number of evolutions have made
this a possibility. Starting with peace operations and culminating
with the international administration of entire territories, the UN
is increasingly taking on sovereign-like functions. This evolution
may be seen as a larger metaphor for what the UN is becoming, from a
traditional inter-governmental organization to one increasingly entrusted
with tasks of global governance. With these new powers, it would seem,
come new responsibilities.
United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies and Special Procedures of the Commission on Human Rights--Complementarity or Competition?
Authors: Rodley Nigel S
Published: February 2007

There are two broad clusters of United Nations human rights machinery:
those set up under international human rights treaties (treaty bodies)
and those established by the UN Commission on Human Rights (special
procedures). They are compared and contrasted, in terms of their potential
for duplication and the cooperation or competition attendant on it. The
two clusters are distinguished from the perspective of their implicit
purposes (mainly multilateral for special procedures, mainly bilateral for
treaty bodies) and working methods (examined in terms of general country
work, case-specific work, and general overview activity). The incidence
of direct cooperation is also addressed. The article concludes that the
possibilities of duplication are not as numerous as might be expected,
they are generally avoidable or can be accommodated administratively
where they exist and that, on balance, the clusters perform complementary
functions.
In Retrospect: What College Undergraduates Say About Their High School Education
Authors: Thompson Gail L. , Joshua-Shearer Marilyn
Published: February 2007

This article presents the results of a study in
which university students were questioned about their high school
experiences. Major findings include (1) There is a great need to improve
the quality of instruction that students receive in math, science,
critical thinking, and study skills; (2) Hispanic and African American
students believe that there is a need for greater access to college
preparatory courses; and (3) Race/ethnicity and culture have a great
impact on students' schooling experiences and the value that they place
on different aspects of their schooling. Implications for educators and
policy makers are discussed.
Exploring the Influence of Reading for Pleasure on African American High School Students' Reading Achievement
Authors: Flowers Tiffany A
Published: February 2007

National data were utilized to examine the influence of reading
for pleasure on African American high school students' reading
achievement. Overall, the study found that reading for pleasure positively
impacted African American students' scores on a standardized measure of
reading. Implications for teachers and parents were discussed.
Discomforting Knowledge: Or, Korean "Comfort Women" and Asian Americanist Critical Practice
Authors: Chuh Kandice
Published: February 2007

To think through some of the issues attending to Asian Americanist objectification of "comfort women," Chuh examines the uses to which certain novels - namely, Nora Okja Keller's Comfort Woman and Chang-rae Lee's A Gesture Life - put the "comfort woman." Through this consideration, she works toward making some broader claims about the ways and means of critical practice in Asian Americanist discourse. What can particular narrativizations of "comfort women," like those offered by Lee and Keller, tell us about the contours and objectives of our critical practices? What kind of work can and does the production of knowledge focused around "comfort women" in Asian American studies do, in terms of facilitating a particular kind of politics — or, even more pointedly, in terms of facilitating justice? Chuh suggests that by interrogating Lee's and Keller's respective novelistic uses of "comfort women," we gain critical insight into the thematicization of these figures in Asian American studies.
Une 'Tite Poule Grasse ou la Fille Ainee [A Little Fat Chicken or The Eldest Daughter]: A Comparative Analysis of Cajun and Creole Mardi Gras Songs
Authors: Sexton Rocky L , Oster Harry
Published: February 2007

A common aspect of rural Louisiana Mardi Gras is the Courir du Mardi Gras (Mardi Gras Run), a begging quest in which a band of costumed merrymakers travel house-to-house to solicit donations of food and money to provision a communal feast. The songs associated with the Mardi Gras run fall into two broad categories: those derived from continental French and French Canadian drinking songs and others with origins in continental French and French Canadian begging songs. Both forms represent combinations of direct survivals of earlier song texts, slight modifications that occurred through generations of oral transmission, and significant changes introduced because of the desire to develop distinct local song variants.
Lament Ritual Transformed into Literature: Positing Women's Prayer as Cornerstone in Western Classical Literature
Authors: Weinbaum Batya
Published: February 2007

Research into the origins of Western classical literature has considered the performance of
epic poetry by male performers, but the possibility of womenÕs participation in the crea-tion
of the oral literature that gave rise to the classics has not been adequately investi-gated.
Here I look at the role of women chanters in the creation of spontaneous lament,
point to similarities in the structure of the poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, and suggest
that these two epics of classical literature may have been based originally on women's words.
From Hierography to Ethnography and Back: Lydia Cabrera's Texts and the Written Tradition in Afro-Cuban Religions
Authors: Dianteill Erwan , Swearingen Martha
Published: February 2007

Two common assumptions about Lydia Cabrera's ethnographic work are that
it is exclusively the result of fieldwork and that Afro-Cuban religions
are based on oral tradition. Evidence is provided in this paper to show
that 1) Cabrera also made use of early religious texts as a primary
source, and 2) that her work has served as an influence on the texts
used in modern Afro-Cuban religious practices, such as the anonymous
book Manual del Santero (1990). An analysis is provided of the
way in which Cabrera included vernacular written sources in her work,
and how her work in turn has become a main source for Santería
"hierography"—the writing about sacred things.
Pilgrimage to Popoyuapa: Catholic Renewal and Ethnic Performance in Neoliberal Nicaragua
Authors: Borland Katherine
Published: February 2007

This article examines the growth of an eight-day
wagon pilgrimage to the festival of Jesus the Rescuer in Rivas,
Nicaragua. Pilgrims' nostalgic desire converges with Parish priests'
successful marketing of the religious image to create a "renewal"
that is consonant with government assertions that Nicaragua is
a Catholic nation. Yet the meaning of the event for wagon pilgrims
remains rooted in their sense of indigenous difference, and their own
practices continue to reflect a commitment to the popular Catholicism of
the mayordomía system, upon which their indigenous
identity is partly based. The different meanings that organizers,
participants, and observers attribute to the pilgrimage demonstrate that
such popular enactments are multivocal phenomena, neither inherently
conservative nor automatically resistant to the social and cultural
establishment.
The Origins of the Legion of the United States
Authors: Birtle A. J. (Andrew James)
Published: February 2007

The 1792 reorganization of the United States Army into the Legion of
the United States marked a significant transformation in the structure
of American military forces. Designed for the exigencies of American
conditions, the Legion represented an innovative experiment in combined
arms warfare. This article examines the roots of the legionary concept,
from the ancient Romans to eighteenth-century European military theorists,
and suggests that the structure of the Legion of the United States may
have been based on the writings of Colonel Henry Bouquet, a noted veteran
of the Indian frontier.
Nigeria: Elections in a Fragile Regime
Authors: Lewis Peter
Published: February 2007

Nigeria's recent elections mark a potential watershed in the country's
troubled political history. Since independence, no civilian government
has successfully completed the passage from one administration to
another. Twice previously, elections under civilian control degenerated
into violence and fraud, forfeiting democratic legitimacy and giving
way to military intervention. The 2003 polls, embroiled in disarray,
misconduct, and confrontation, carried worrisome echoes of previous
failures. The country appears to have weathered its turbulent season,
perhaps yielding a new lease on life for Nigerian democracy. Yet
this crisis-ridden regime faces major hurdles to consolidation, in a
volatile setting of elite contention, social polarization, institutional
challenges, and economic malaise. Nigeria's current trials call attention
to the nexus of performance, legitimacy, and democratic consolidation.
Kenya: Third Time Lucky?
Authors: Ndegwa Stephen N
Published: February 2007

In December 2002, the long-ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU)
lost massively to a united opposition bringing together 15 parties
bound in an electoral pact. This outcome ended one of Africa's most
intransigent semi-authoritarian regimes and induced great optimism in
Kenya and elsewhere for fundamental reform. This paper analyzes several
structural and strategic factors that combined to produce opposition
unity, the lack of which was seen as the reason behind the popular
opposition losing in two previous elections. It also points to lessons
from historical and comparative experiences that militate against the
high optimism for fundamental change following such breakthroughs.
Conflicting Expectations in Nineteenth-Century British Matrimony: The Failed Companionate Marriage of Effie Gray and John Ruskin
Authors: Lloyd Jennifer M
Published: February 2007

At the time of young Scotswoman Effie Gray's
marriage to nineteenth-century British art critic John Ruskin, the
ideal of companionate marriage was becoming securely established
within the middle class. The couple's conflicting expectations and
interpretations of the companionate ideal led to estrangement and marital
breakdown at a time when divorce reform was widely discussed. The author
concentrates on Effie's experience and her courage in enduring and
eventually leaving the relationship.
Beneficient Maternalism: Argentine Motherhood in Comparative Perspective, 1880-1920
Authors: Mead Karen
Published: February 2007

This article places an important Argentine voluntary association, the
Beneficent Society, within the international context of women's
maternalist activism. Mead focuses on the efforts of elite women's
associations to influence government assistance to poor women
and children, arguing that such influence depended not only on
governmental structure, but also on women's ability to take advantage of
prevailing cultural and nationalist concerns. Comparing Argentina with
France and the United States, Mead weighs the importance of Catholicism,
medical corporations, immigration, and differences among local groups
of maternalists in explaining the success of the Beneficent Society
before 1920 and its subsequent marginalization.
Old Norms in New Bottles: Constructions of Gender and Ethnicity in the Early Tamil Novel
Authors: Raman Sita Anantha
Published: February 2007

This article concerns four Tamil novels, which upper-caste men who used
the Western novel to publicize contemporary problems concerning women's
education and sexuality, composed between 1879 and 1924. The author
demonstrates connections among reform for women, the Dravidian ethnic
and literary revival, and the overarching national awakening during
colonial rule in Madras, India. The male authors drew moral and literary
validation from contemporary recompilations of classical Tamil texts
when they articulated their views on improving modern women's lives,
but they also reaffirmed patriarchal notions of female chastity
and domesticity. Bourgeois Victorian ideas on women's domesticity and
sexual restraint reinforced traditional Indian views. Thus, while these
male novelists successfully challenged unjust customs, such as girls'
illiteracy, child marriages, and widow abuse, their paradigms on modern
womanhood inhibited the full development of gender equality. Their
heroines irrevocably shaped public perceptions of the female persona,
and they became blueprints for modern Tamil fictional characters.
The Savage Family: Colonialism and Female Infanticide in Nineteenth-Century India
Authors: Sen Satadru
Published: February 2007

Between 1850 and 1870, British administrators in colonial
India concluded that female infanticide was a problem of enormous
proportions. They decided that the killing of infant girls was rooted not
in individual deviance but in the culture of the zenana, or the women's
quarters of the Indian home. These perceptions shaped countermeasures
that sought to identify "infanticidal" communities and restructure
the power relations within the infanticidal household. The project
received cautious support from native elites who, it has been suggested,
were typically reluctant to allow British interference in the "Indian"
home. This article shows how the colonial understanding of the problem was
shaped by ideas of collective criminality, and argues that the campaign
against infanticide was inseparable from the British effort to colonize
the zenana. It argues also that Indian men accommodated the intervention
in order to promote their own moral authority, their national legitimacy,
and their patriarchal privileges.
Igo Mma Ogo: The Adoro Goddess, Her Wives, and Challengers--Influences on the Reconstruction of Alor-Uno, Northern Igboland, 1890-1994
Authors: Achebe Nwando
Published: February 2007

After the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, slaves continued
to be generated in the Igbo Hinterland by intergroup conflicts, judicial
incriminations, and oracular decrees for its internal market. The town of
Arochukwu emerged as the chief source of slaves throughout Igboland. The
town's leaders' genius was their control over the famous Ibinikpuabi or
Long Juju Oracle—a medium by which people were collected for the
slave trade. As middlemen, the Aro relied on a professional alliance with
the Nike, and together these "headmen" terrorized village upon village,
devastating the social and political fabric of the Igbo communities they
confronted. In this article, the author explores three interconnected
and related themes: first, the role of Aro and Nike slave-raiding,
as well as Igbo religion/spirituality, in the creation of "wives"
of Adoro, a medicine that evolved into a diety; second, Adoro's role
in the reconstruction of a northern Igbo town, Alor-Uno; and third,
European and indigenous attempts to annihilate her.
Mothers and Other Workers: (Re)Conceiving Labor, Maternalism, and the State
Authors: Boris Eileen , Kleinberg S. J
Published: February 2007

This article interrogates the gendering of labor and welfare history
as part of an examination into the meaning of work, its connection to
social welfare policy, and definitions of what constitutes a "real"
family in the United States. It examines the gendering of labor based
upon the largely male model of waged labor and the exclusion of women
of color from the early phases of women's labor history. By integrating
caregiving and domestic production into analyses of work and welfare,
it analyzes how the troika of class, race, and gender (especially as
complicated by marriage and motherhood) have become central issues in the
history of labor. It explores the racialized and gendered construction of
labor and welfare legislation and the redefinition of women's "rights"
in contemporary America as participation in the waged workforce, not
the right to choose how to combine motherwork and economic survival.
Sex, Science, and History
Authors: Shannon Christopher
Published: February 2007

The history of sexual liberation is inextricably bound with the history of scientific rationalism. Throughout the twentieth century, the basic moral consensus on sexual liberation has proved capable of accommodating a wide variety of scientific methodologies, from the cultural anthropology of Margaret Mead to the biological taxonomy of Alfred Kinsey. Two recent works, Derek Freeman's The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of Her Samoan Research, and James H. Jones's Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life, critique their respective subjects' specific scientific practice only to reaffirm the general practice of sexual science and its underlying (a)moral consensus. In this article, I will examine the treatment of methodological issues in these books as a reflection of the historical profession's participation in the moral bankruptcy of the social sciences. Freeman's empirical deconstruction of Mead's Samoan research and Jones's empirical reconstruction of Kinsey's life both skirt substantive moral issues by affirming a hopelessly nineteenth-century ideal of scientific objectivity. Each book, in its own particular way, fetishizes fact at the expense of argument and obscures the nature of intellectual developments of interest to historians of every moral and methodological orientation.
Who Voted with Hopkins? Institutional Politics and the WPA
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Halfmann Drew
Published: February 2007

Scholars of the politics of public social policy have engaged in contentious debates over “institutional” and “political” theories. Institutional theories hold that U.S. social policy is inhibited by fragmented political institutions and weak executive state organizations. Political theories hold that the United States lacks a left-wing political party and a strong labor movement to push for social policy. Both theories are thus pessimistic about and cannot account for advances in U.S. social policy.
Experience Counts: British Workers, Accident Prevention and Compensation, and the Origins of the Welfare State
Authors: Asher Robert
Published: February 2007

This article examines the views of Britain's organized railway, mining, and engineering workers (machinists) and their union leaders about state involvement in workplace accident prevention (1876–97), accident compensation (1876–1911), and the 1911 National Insurance Act. The miners and the railwaymen left numerous comments on these topics because they labored in unusually hazardous trades. (Their unions were large and were relatively democratic.) After 1880, leaders of the miners and railwaymen concluded that it was problematic to rely solely on trade union workplace bargaining power to protect worker life and limb and to compensate injured workers for their economic losses. Faced with what was initially seen as a Hobson's choice between employer compulsion and state compulsion, after the mid-1880s these trade unionists began to lean toward the latter. Historical experience led the trade union leaders whose views are discussed in this article to trust increasingly the Labor Department of the Board of Trade and to endorse Liberal welfare-state programs proposed in 1908 and thereafter. In 1911 the rank-and-file machinists who expressed their views about National Insurance in letters to the labor press were suspicious of augmenting the power of the state, but they were unwilling to scuttle National Insurance, preferring to agitate to expand union rights of participation. Worker opposition tosomefeatures of state-mandated income maintenance programs, especially those with compulsory payroll deductions, should not be interpreted as rejection of the welfare state in principle.
The Epochal Concept of "Early Modernity" and the Intellectual History of Late Imperial China
Authors: Ng On Cho
Published: February 2007

In response to the recent historiographical interests in testing the cross-cultural tenability of the epochal concept of "early modernity," this essay ponders the usefulness of the notion in Chinese intellectual history, focusing on the historical dynamics of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century China. It does so by exploring three interrelated issues derived from the intellectual experiences of "early modern" Europe: the nature of knowledge, the sense of the past, and the claim of the ultimate grounds for ethico-moral values. The article concludes that late imperial Chinese thought displayed a historical trajectory quite different from that of Europe. It is thus problematic to dislodge the notion of early modernity from its European moorings and demonstrate its Chinese variety.
Rehabilitating Care
Authors: Nelson Hilde Lindemann , Carse Alisa L
Published: February 2007

The feminist ethic of care has often been criticized for its inability to
address four problems--the problem of exploitation as it threatens
care givers, the problem of sustaining care-giver integrity, the
dangers of conceiving the mother-child dyad normatively as a
paradigm for human relationships, and the problem of securing
social justice on a broad scale among relative strangers. We argue
that there are resources within the ethic of care for addressing each
of these problems, and we sketch strategies for developing the
ethic more fully.
Conscience and Conscientious Actions in the Context of MCOs
Authors: Childress James F
Published: February 2007

Managed care organizations can produce conflicts of obligation and
conflicts of interest that may lead to problems of conscience for
health care professionals. This paper provides a basis for
understanding the notions of conscience and conscientious
objection and offers a framework for clinicians to stake out
positions grounded in personal conscience as a way for them to
respond to unacceptable pressures from managers to limit
services.
Groups as Gatekeepers to Genomic Research: Conceptually Confusing, Morally Hazardous, and Practically Useless
Authors: Juengst Eric T
Published: February 2007

Some argue that human groups have a stake in the outcome of
population-genomics research and that the decision to participate
in such research should therefore be subject to group permission. It
is not possible, however, to obtain prior group permission, because
the actual human groups under study, human demes, are
unidentifiable before research begins. Moreover, they lack moral
standing. If identifiable social groups with moral standing are used
as proxies for demes, group approval could be sought, but at the
expense of unfairly exposing these surrogates to risks from which
prior group approval is powerless to protect them. Unless
population genomics can proceed without targeting socially defined
groups, or can find other ways of protecting them, it may fall to
individuals to protect the interests of the groups they care about,
and to scientists to warn their subjects of the need to do so.
Amenable to Reason: Aristotle's Rhetoric and the Moral Psychology of Practical Ethics
Authors: London Alex John
Published: February 2007

An Aristotelian conception of practical ethics can be derived
from the account of practical reasoning that Aristotle articulates in
his Rhetoric and this has important implications for the way
we understand the nature and limits of practical ethics. An important
feature of this conception of practical ethics is its responsiveness to
the complex ways in which agents form and maintain moral commitments,
and this has important implications for the debate concerning methods
of ethics in applied ethics. In particular, this feature enables us to
understand casuistry, narrative, and principlism as mutually supportive
modes of moral inquiry, rather than divergent and mutually exclusive
methods of ethics. As a result, an Aristotelian conception of practical
ethics clears the conceptual common ground upon which practical ethicists
can forge a stable and realistic self-understanding.
Is Life of Infinite Value?
Authors: Davis Dena S.
Published: February 2007

It is possible and necessary to compare
stretches of human life with other goods, such as the good of conserving
resources for others. A minute of human life is not of infinite value;
all else being equal, a minute of life is less valuable than 10 years of
the same life. Nevertheless, this ability to evaluate human life does not
necessarily lead to total commodification of human life.
In the High Court of South Africa, Case No. 4138/98: The Global Politics of Access to Low-Cost AIDS Drugs in Poor Countries
Authors: Barnard David
Published: February 2007

In 1998, 39 pharmaceutical manufacturers sued the government
of South Africa to prevent the implementation of a law designed to
facilitate access to AIDS drugs at low cost. The companies accused
South Africa, the country with the largest population of individuals
living with HIV/AIDS in the world, of circumventing patent protections
guaranteed by intellectual property rules that were included in the
latest round of world trade agreements. The pharmaceutical companies
dropped their lawsuit in the spring of 2001 after an avalanche of negative
publicity. Yet, despite the government's victory, AIDS drugs remain very
expensive in South Africa, and the government still refuses to provide
antiretroviral therapy to adults. These events have shone a spotlight,
not only on the possibilities for coordinated political activism in the
era of instant global communications, but also on the tangled social,
economic, and political dimensions of AIDS treatment in poor countries.
Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Everbroeck Ezra van
Published: February 2007

We present and analyze the results of a connectionist simulation which modeled the reanalysis of the Latin gender system in its transition to Old French. The network reanalysis was based solely on formal cues (word endings and analogy with other words) and on frequency. The results are in accordance with the historical data, and certain errors in simulations are also amenable to principled explanations. Simulations improve dramatically when the networks incorporate information about the Celtic substrate which presumably interfered with gender assignment in Gallo-Romance. This finding has a bearing on issues of gender assignment and processing in bilinguals. Simulations also improve with the introduction of more elaborate recurrent networks, which suggests implications for future connectionist modeling. In particular, the results could be applied to the modeling of gender change in other Romance languages and to the modeling of comparative Romance gender systems. The method proposed here would be advantageous for such simulations since it allows the modeler to take into account a rich variety of facts reflecting actual linguistic history.
Playing in the Dark with Welty: The Symbolic Role of African Americans in Delta Wedding
Authors: Entzminger Betina
Published: February 2007

Using theories of Toni Morrison and Ralph Ellison, this essay explores the symbolic role that African American characters play for white characters in Eudora Welty's early novel, Delta Wedding. Entzminger's main intent is not to explicate Welty's political message about southern racism but to uncover the black character's positions in the white characters' perceptions of their own identities. According to Ellison, "for the Southern artist, the Negro becomes a symbol of his personal rebellion, his guilt and his repression of it" (Ellison 1953, 42). By revisiting in Delta Wedding Welty's often explored theme of the individual versus the community, the reader will see that moments of conflict between what the individual wants and what the community expects are often accompanied by enigmatic black character, a character that embodies the white protagonist's, and perhaps indirectly the author's, personal feelings of rebellion.
Cultivating Critical Self-Reflection in an International Context: The Development of an American Studies Curriculum in Turkey
Authors: Komins Benton Jay , Nicholls David
Published: February 2007

Many literature professors in the U.S. strive to foster skills of critical self-reflection: we ask students to be responsible to textual evidence, historical context, and the implications of the interpreter's acts. Recent teaching also stresses the transnational contexts for literary expression and interpretation. But what happens when these pedagogical practices are transported to classrooms abroad? This essay addresses this broad question through the problem of developing an American Studies curriculum in Turkey. The authors outline the conceptual genealogy of departments of "American Culture and Literature" in Turkey and then relate it to narratives of emergence for American Studies in the U.S. and other countries. The authors then discuss the evolution of the curriculum they revised. They conclude by assessing the outcome, especially noting the difficulty of cultivating critical self-reflection in a social and institutional setting that has few of the safeguards for freedom of expression found in the U.S.
The Whole Story: Nature, Healing, and Narrative in the Native American Wisdom Tradition
Authors: Morris Roma J. (Roma Jocene) Heillig
Published: February 2007

Morris describes how her Native American teachers and stories written in the Native American tradition have changed
the way she teaches. She contrasts author Leslie Marmon Silko's belief that stories have the power to heal with the
Western tradition in which she herself was trained. Elaborating on specific aspects of the Native American Wisdom
Tradition, she describes the significance of orality, considers the connections between storytelling and ceremony, and
makes connections between narrative, learning, healing, and well-being.
The Witnessing Imagination: Social Trauma, Creative Artists, and Witnessing Professionals
Authors: Weine Stevan M
Published: February 2007

The witnessing imagination, a mentality that can be deployed by health care professionals in their efforts to address social
traumas, posits a unique role for some creative artists and their works. Creative artwork can assist the professional in
preparing the self to enter into the position of a witness to social traumas. Creative artwork can also give the professional
remarkable access to the voices and experiences of survivors and witnesses, and may even give shape to new ways of
seeing the complex psychological, historical, and cultural processes of recovery from social traumas. Additionally,
creative artwork may also provide a means for extending the professionals' witness through collaborative ventures
betweeen creative artists and health care professionals. The author, a psychiatrist who has worked with Bosnian
survivors of what we have come to call ethnic cleansing, discusses his involvement with creative artwork and how it has
shaped his work as a witnessing professional.
The Unruly Text and the Rule of Literature
Authors: Weinstein Arnold L
Published: February 2007

Arnold Weinstein advances the notion that all texts, like all bodies, are unruly, if the reader is expert enough to recognize
the organic chaos. Presenting three works that explicitly deal with sick bodies---selections from Winesburg, Ohio, "The
Country Doctor," and Mood Indigo---Weinstein methodically unearths elements of plot and form that undermine a
superficial order, thereby revealing great chasms in the chain of signification of the works.
Against Suffering: A Meditation on Literature
Authors: Schweizer Harold
Published: February 2007

An interpretation of a German proverb, Weh spricht: vergeh!- --Woe
speaks: Go, as an exemplary human response to suffering. The
essay follows the syntax of the proverb in nine meditative
passages, commenting on the involuntary cry of pain and the
emergence of language, the solitude of suffering, the imperatives of
desire, the metaphysical dimension of the complaint, and the
responsibilities of literature. The essay relates various stages of
this argument to literary examples.
In Search of the "Mexican Elvis": Border Matters, "Americanity," and Post-state-centric Thinking
Authors: Saldívar José David
Published: February 2007

How can we map the Americas in our age of globalization as a cohesive but complexly differentiated space? How can literary and cultural studies become less state-centric? John Rechy's The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gómez and the songs of the Mexican Elvis, El Vez, provide insight into these issues. The diverse cultural discourses signified upon in these works reflect the embeddedness of the subaltern subject in a variety of cultural discourses and material practices produced by the flows of global capital. They think beyond the state and thus suggest the need to re-imagine the borders of trans-American cultural studies.
That "Ugly Word": Miscegenation and the Novel in Preapartheid South Africa
Authors: Blair Peter
Published: February 2007

This essay outlines the part played
by miscegenation (crossracial sex) in the elaboration of racial identity in South
Africa before 1948. It explores representations of miscegenation, and links
between miscegenation and "racechange", in South African English
novels of this period, including Perceval Gibbon's Souls in Bondage and Margaret Harding, William Plomer's Turbott Wolfe, Peter Abrahams's The Path of Thunder, and particularly Sarah Gertrude Millin's God's
Stepchildren. It reads these novels as
developing a stock theme in South African literature, and as exemplary of the
interplay between history, ethics, and aesthetics in the genre of the novel.
An "Ancient" Landscape: European Ideals, Archaeology, and Nation Building in Early Modern Greece
Authors: Athanassopoulos Effie-Fotini
Published: February 2007

The role of archaeology in the creation of modern Greek national identity is a question that has drawn increasing attention in recent years. The most powerful national symbol may well be the Acropolis, an archaeological topos that was "constructed" in the course of the nineteenth century. This paper explores the early phase of the Acropolis purification program in the first decades of the nineteenth century. European approaches to classical antiquities were very influential during this formative stage. Of particular interest here is the interaction between foreign visitors and Athenian notables, especially the debates and discussions that accompanied the creation of the modern version of the archaeological landscape of the Acropolis. Accounts of Western travelers along with documents concerning the activities of the Greek-based Philomousos society offer a glimpse into the events and key players who set the process in motion. Recent archaeological discussions of landscape and site development in general provide the theoretical framework for this discussion.
Out of the Archive: Four Newly-Identified Figures in Tullia d'Aragona's Rime della Signora Tullia di Aragona et di diversi a lei (1547)
Authors: Hairston Julia L
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes the overall structure of Tullia d'Aragona's Rime della Signora Tullia di Aragona et di diversi a lei, published by Giolito in 1547, and identifies four of her poetic interlocutors whom previous scholarship has largely ignored-Latino Giovenale Manetti, Tiberio Nari, Lucantonio Cuppano, and Francesco Crasso. The identities of these four men help paint a more geographically diversified and politically engaged portrait of d'Aragona than previously depicted.
De Chronique des sept miseres a Biblique des derniers gestes, Patrick Chamoiseau est-il baroque?
Authors: Chance Dominique
Published: February 2007

Chamoiseau est-il baroque�? Biblique des
derniers gestes, en se centrant sur le combat du bien et du mal, ne favorise pas une
vision baroque, m�me si la prolif�ration du texte peut y faire songer et si la
figure du marqueur de paroles, peut appara�tre comme un motif r�ellement
baroque. L'�criture de Patrick Chamoiseau, � l'instar du ��r�alisme
merveilleux��, en essayant de concilier des imp�ratifs moraux et
identitaires avec des motifs fantastiques, ne r�alise que les aspects les plus
formels du baroque, laissant de c�t� l'interrogation sur l'opacit� des valeurs,
dans un monde o� la loi fait probl�me.
Sex, Lies, and History
Authors: Braun Emily
Published: February 2007

Sex, Lies, and History looks at the early work of James Rosenquist, interpreting his collage-based paintings as prescient critiques of advertising—especially of sexual stereotypes—in the mass media. Inspired by the writings of Marshall McLuhan, Rosenquist deployed visual splicing and verbal puns to parody the incessant stimulation and false promises of the hot sell. At the same time, Rosenquist, by comparison to Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, emerges as the history painter of the Cold War generation: his epic-scaled canvases provide a trenchant, if indirect, commentary on the political consequences of plentitude and narcissism: the complacency of the American public toward the "military industrial complex" and the threat of nuclear annihilation. Written in a colloquial style that pays homage to both McLuhan's prose and Rosenquist's paintings, Sex, Lies, and History offers a revisionist view of the seemingly cynical or complacent position of Pop art in the cultural landscape of the 1960s.
Freud's Rat Man and the Case Study: Genre in Three Keys
Authors: Wells Susan
Published: February 2007

“Freud’s Rat Man and the Case Study: Genre in Three Keys” analyses the Rat Man case in terms of literary, sociolinguistic, and rhetoric genre theories, focusing on his use temporality and quotation to create the institutional setting in which the case is read. Freud’s case is then contrasted with a contemporary psychiatric case study, in which clinical and institutional discourses are juxtaposed. The essay argues for a productive dialogue among literary, sociological, and rhetorical approaches to genre.
Three Notes on Early Austronesian Morphology
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: February 2007

This paper attempts to answer three questions having to do with early Austronesian morphology: (1) what were the several functions of prefixes of the shape *ka-, (2) what were the functions of a prefix of this shape when it cooccurred with the sufifx *-an (sometimes referred to as the circumfix *ka- -an), and (3) what prefixes derived verbs with a 'causative' function?
The Doctor and the "Delta Factor": Walker Percy and the Dilemma of Modern Medicine
Authors: Majeres Kevin D
Published: February 2007

As medical science progresses, a tension has developed between the
art of medicine, which deals with patients as individual persons,
and the science itself, which focuses on the objective pathology.This
tension is furthered as medicine identifies itself increasingly with
science. To explore the consequences of this unbalanced identification,
and the strain it places on the physician-patient relationship, this
article examines the thought of Walker Percy, and in particular his
novel The Second Coming. In this novel, Percy, a physician
by training, presents a case of a patient suffering at the hands of
medicine-turned-reductionist. The novel highlights the breakdown of
communication between physician and patient within modern medicine,
and raises important questions about how to best understand, and thereby
preserve, medicine's true art.
Genes, Germs, and Schizophrenia: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Ledgerwood Levi G , Ewald Paul W , Cochran Gregory M
Published: February 2007

Literature on schizophrenia and other mental illnesses has
emphasized the compatibility of evidence with genetic causation
without adequately considering alternative hypotheses of disease
causation. Although some studies from the mid-20th century reported
associations between certain pathogens and schizophrenia, only recently
has the possibility of infectious causation of schizophrenia again become
an active focus of research. Infectious causation of schizophrenia
is still, however, generally regarded as less well demonstrated than
genetic causation. This article evaluates the evidence that has been
used to support genetic and infectious causation. Our consideration of
infectious causation focuses on the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii
but also assesses other pathogens that may contribute to the development
of some of the illnesses currently categorized as schizophrenia. Although
evidence generally accepted as demonstrating genetic causation can be
readily explained by hypotheses of infectious causation, some of the
evidence implicating infectious causation cannot be similarly explained
by genetic causation. This asymmetry indicates that a scientific approach
to the causation of schizophrenia needs to put a greater emphasis on
tests that distinguish hypotheses of genetic causation from those of
infectious causation.
The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law
Authors: Hall Mark A.
Published: February 2007

Public health law needs to differentiate more clearly
between public health analysis and public health authority, that is,
between the scientific boundaries of epidemiology and the legal and
regulatory boundaries of public health. These boundaries matter because
public health law confers tremendous authority on government officials,
including some powers that are justified only in situations of extreme
urgency. The extent of this legal power explains the inclination of
activists to apply public health paradigms to various social problems
beyond the traditional origins of public health law; once a causal
connection to a widespread health problem is identified, it falls within
the authority of public health officials to take whatever actions are
necessary to eradicate the threat to health. This approach might lead to
dangerous conditions in which public health officials overstep the proper
bounds of public health law, even though they arguably are continuing
to exercise proper analytical tools for understanding public health
problems. Public health authority should remain grounded in traditional
conceptions of disease, which depend on a specific agent or behavior that
threatens health in a direct and clear manner, and for which a targeted
and effective remedy that requires collective action is available. It
should not extend to diseases viewed as resulting from social, economic,
and political conditions.
Inside/Outside: Merleau-Ponty/Yoga
Authors: Sarukkai Sundar
Published: February 2007

There is an inherent ambiguity in the notions of inner and outer in Merleau-Ponty's philosophy even as his ideas attempt to reject the duality of
transcendence and immanence. In particular, his philosophy of the body is
inexplicably silent on the phenomenological experiences of the inner body.
In contrast, the discourse and practice of yoga allow for a fresh
phenomenological understanding of the inner body. Thus, it seems relevant
to consider the wider implications of the practice of yoga to Merleau-Ponty's
thematization of the body and the world. The consequences of such a reflection are manifold and suggest that the "inside" can be understood as the
phenomenological experience of dimensionality; the yogic practices of body
postures and breathing techniques allow or a "perception" of the inner
body, which then leads us to understand this perception in terms of the
reversibility of consuming and consumed.
Emotion in Pre-Qin Ruist Moral Theory: An Explanation of " Dao Begins in Qing "
Authors: Tang Yijie , Bruya Brian , Wen Hai-ming
Published: February 2007

There is a view that Ruists never put much emphasis on qing and even saw it in a negative light. This is perhaps a misunderstanding, especially in regard to pre-Qin Ruism. In the Guodian Xing zi ming chu, the passage "dao begins in qing" (dao shi yu qing) plays an important role in our understanding of the pre-Qin notion of qing. This article concentrates on the "theory of qing" in both pre-Qin Ruism and Daoism and attempts a philosophical interpretation of "dao begins in qing," and in the process offers philosophical interpretations of a number of important notions.
From Cannibalism to Empowerment: An Analects -Inspired Attempt to Balance Community and Liberty
Authors: Tan Sor-hoon
Published: February 2007

Developed here is a Confucian balance between two key democratic ideals, liberty and community, by focusing on the Confucian notion of li (ritual), which has often been considered hostile to liberty. By adopting a semiotic approach to li and relating it to recent studies of ritual in various Western disciplines, li's contribution to communication and its aesthetic dimension are explored to show how emphasizing harmony without sacrificing reflective experience and personal fulfillment renders li a concept of moral empowerment of free individuals in community.
Method or Madness? Educational Research and Citation Prestige
Authors: Corby Katherine
Published: February 2007

abstract: As citation indexes become a central component of
faculty evaluation, potential inequities are a growing concern. This study
explores Social Sciences Citation Index's (SSCI) coverage of the field of
education as it relates to indexing in the discipline's major conventional
indexes and with regard to education journal literature in general.
Serving the Visually Impaired User
Authors: Wade Gretchen L
Published: February 2007

Providing service to visually impaired persons can provide
a special challenge to librarians. This article provides suggestions
on making libraries more accessible. Both technological solutions and
staff training are addressed.