bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the effects of various edible coatings on the storability of fresh cherry
Authors: Aday M. S. , Caner C.
Published: September 2010

n this work, cherries, which have a very short shelf life, were packaged after being coated with various edible coatings [whey protein isolate (WPI), chitosan and shellac]. The changes in gas composition, weight loss, Brix, pH, electrical conductivity and firmness were measured periodically up to 11 days after harvest to compare the effects of the applied coatings. Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopymeasurements were also taken individually. After storage, the gas composition within trays was about 1–10% O2 and 14–47% CO2. The lowest weight loss (25.56%) was observed in the shellac‐coated cherries, while the highest loss (48.58%) occurred in the control group. Coated cherries exhibited a significantly lower pH and electrical conductivity than the uncoated ones. The control group presented the highest total soluble solid (TSS) values (21.29) and shellac coating had (17.25) the lowest. At the end of storage, the highest ascorbic acid (AA) content was 0.64 mg/100 ml in the shellac‐coated cherries, and the lowest AA content of 0.40 mg/100 ml was measured in the control group. Firmness was maintained by coating, especially with shellac (3.734 N), whereas the control had the lowest firmness measured (2.138 N) at the end of storage. There were differences between the absorbance spectra for the coated and control cherries at the end of storage. This research concludes that shellac coating is more effective in reducing the respiration rate and maintaining the quality parameters of cherries than chitosan and WPI coatings. Major benefits of coatings were observed in lessening the weight‐loss process and in maintaining firmness, which were also supported by the FT‐NIR measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the time compression (test acceleration) of broadband random vibration tests
Authors: Shires David
Published: September 2010

Many broadband random vibration tests are time compressed. This is done by increasing test intensity according to the Basquin model of cyclic fatigue. Conventionally, the test level is accelerated from the root mean acceleration and an assumed power constant (k = 2) is applied. Using conventional analysis the potential error in test severity can be very large if k is incorrect. The Miner–Palmgren hypothesis of accumulated fatigue is used to re‐assess the potential error in test severity accounting for the non‐stationarity found in road distribution. This shows a substantially reduced sensitivity to the value of k depending on the distribution of actual vibration intensities around the time‐compressed test intensity. Using an example of a leaf‐sprung vehicle, the conventional level of time compression is shown to have low sensitivity to errors in k, whereas for an example of an air‐ride vehicle a lower level of time compression is needed to reduce error sensitivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent LMI condition for global asymptotic stability of discrete‐time uncertain state‐delayed systems using quantization/overflow nonlinearities
Authors: Kandanvli V. Krishna Rao , Kar Haranath
Published: September 2010

A delay‐dependent criterion for the global asymptotic stability of a class of uncertain discrete‐time state‐delayed systems using various combinations of quantization and overflow nonlinearities is presented. The proposed criterion is in the form of a linear matrix inequality and, hence, computationally tractable. A numerical example highlighting the usefulness of the proposed criterion is given. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuron‐glial cell communication in the traumatic stress‐induced immunomodulation
Authors: Zhao Hui , Xiao Sheng , Kong Xiaoyan , Wang Jun , Cao Xiaoding , Gencheng Wu , Loh Horace H. , Law Ping‐Yee
Published: September 2010

We have previously reported that neuron and glia could collaboratively govern the immunomodulation in traumatic rats. Herein, we characterized the sequential involvement of cortical neuron, microglia, and astrocytes in the traumatic stress‐mediated neuroimmune modulation. At day 1 of trauma, transient extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation was initiated in neuron and microglia, which was accompanied by RSK‐1 expression in the cytosol. At day 3 of trauma, persistent ERK1/2 activation occurred in astrocytes, which were destined for the nucleus leading to Elk‐1 expression. Furthermore, the functional overlap of ERK1/2 and neuroligin 1 in astrocytes was strengthened at day 3 of trauma and responsible for the recovery from the immnosuppression. These effects could be disrupted by β‐neurexin blockade. Altogether, we proposed the mechanism underlying the traumatic stress‐induced immunosuppression, in which local activity ensured the initial establishment of neural circuitry in the frontal cortex. ERK1/2‐signaling events are required for the temporal and spatial coordination between neuron and glial cells. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using Ecological Theory to Evaluate the Effectiveness of an Indigenous Community Intervention: A Study of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Patterson Debra , Fehler-Cabral Giannina
Published: September 2010

In recent years, there has been renewed interest among community psychologists in indigenous interventions, which are programs created by local practitioners (rather than researchers) already rooted in their communities. Indigenous interventions have strong ecological validity, but their effectiveness is often unknown because so few are rigorously evaluated. The goal of this project was to use Kelly and Trickett's ecological theory as a conceptual framework for evaluating an indigenous intervention and its mediating mechanisms of effectiveness. The focal intervention was a midwestern Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, which provides post‐assault medical care, crisis intervention, and medical forensic exams for sexual assault survivors. Prior studies of SANE programs have suggested that these interventions may help increase sexual assault prosecution rates. In this case example, we used a mixed methods design to determine if this program contributed to increased prosecution rates, and if so, why. Based on qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, we found substantial evidence for the Principle of Interdependence such that the SANE program strengthened the interconnections between the legal and medical systems, which contributed to increased prosecution. The intervention was effective in these outcomes because it promoted Cycling of Resources throughout the systems and fostered Adaptation of new roles for legal and medical personnel. Moving beyond this specific case example, this paper also examines cross‐cutting advantages and struggles of using an ecological approach in the evaluation of indigenous community interventions.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Hepatic Steatosis and Restores Liver Triacylglycerol Secretion and the Fatty Acid Profile During Protein Repletion in Rats
Authors: Andreoli María F. , Illesca Paola G. , González Marcela A. , Bernal Claudio A.
Published: September 2010

Protein depletion is associated with hepatic steatosis and decreased circulating triacylglycerol (TAG). Since conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increases lean body mass, protects against muscle catabolism, and modulates lipid metabolism, the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of CLA with two different amounts of dietary fat on the regulation of plasma and hepatic TAG concentration, and its possible connections with changes in fatty acid (FA) profile in plasma, liver and adipose tissue and hepatic oxidative status during protein repletion. Rats were fed a low protein diet (14 days) and then a protein repletion diet (30 days), supplemented or not with CLA, containing 7% (w/w) or 20% (w/w) of fat. Hepatic TAG secretion and removal by muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, FA profile and liver oxidative status were evaluated. Protein depletion affected hepatic TAG secretion and peripheral removal, decreasing plasma and increasing liver TAG concentration, whereas protein repletion with CLA improved these abnormalities independently of the amount of dietary fat by increasing hepatic TAG secretion. This prevention in the absence of CLA was not observed. CLA was incorporated in plasma and tissues (adipose > liver > plasma, and c9,t11‐CLA > t10,c12‐CLA), accompanied by alterations in FA composition, mainly in adipose tissue. The hepatic oxidative stress was overcome by protein repletion. CLA had a beneficial impact on TAG metabolism in protein repleted animals, preventing hepatic steatosis through higher hepatic TAG secretion.
Outcome of limb lengthening in fibular hemimelia and a functional foot
Authors: Changulani M. , Ali F. , Mulgrew E. , Day J. B. , Zenios M.
Published: September 2010

Background

The decision to recommend either reconstructive or ablative surgery to the parents of children with fibular hemimelia is difficult and debatable in the orthopaedic literature.

Methods

This is a retrospective study reporting our experience of the treatment of eight children (eight limbs) with fibular hemimelia with limb lengthening using Ilizarov or Taylor spatial frames. All of these children had type 1 or 2a fibular hemimelia (Achterman and Kalamchi). We used the number of rays present in the foot as a guide to decide on the treatment option. Children with more than three rays at the time of presentation were considered for limb reconstruction using Taylor spatial or Ilizarov frames.

Results

All patients were ambulatory and mobile with acceptable leg lengths and limb alignment at the time of last follow-up. All of them were satisfied with the outcome. Knee stiffness was a significant problem in the majority of the patients following lengthening.

Conclusions

We conclude that limb reconstruction in children with less severe forms of fibular hemimelia is a good option.
Evolution of Docetaxel-Based Therapy for Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cornford Philip
Published: September 2010

Until the publication of the SWOG 99–16 [1] and TAX 327 [2] trials in 2004, urologists understood that only purely palliative treatment was available for men with prostate cancer that was progressive despite androgen deprivation. However, following the establishment of docetaxel-based chemotherapy as an active treatment option for most men with metastatic disease, researchers have focused their questions on the optimal timing of treatment. Should docetaxel be considered after one or two lines of hormone manipulation? Is it necessary to wait until the patient has bone pain? In latter years, the research focus has widened to embrace second-line and even third-line chemotherapy for this patient group, raising the possibility of advanced prostate cancer being managed as a chronic condition. This article looks at the evolution of docetaxel-based chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer, and considers the next likely developments.
Electronic versus open outcry trading in agricultural commodities futures markets
Authors: Martinez Valeria , Gupta Paramita , Tse Yiuman , Kittiakarasakun Jullavut
Published: September 2010

The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) introduced side by side trading of its agricultural futures commodities in August 2006. We analyze and compare market quality conditions in corn, soybeans, and wheat futures when these contracts trade simultaneously on open outcry and electronic trading venues. We find that volume migrates from floor trading to electronic trading and transaction costs are higher for floor than for screen‐based trading. Nonetheless, we observe that both trading venues contribute significantly to price discovery. Given the recent surge in volatility in commodities futures markets, we also investigate activity variables such as volume that can help explain volatility in the two different trading platforms. We find that for agricultural commodities, variables that help describe volatility are not characteristic of the type of trading venue.
Isotopic tracers of paleohydrologic change in large lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: Placzek Christa J. , Quade Jay , Patchett P. Jonathan
Published: September 2010

We have developed an 87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U, and δ18O data set from carbonates associated with late Quaternary paleolake cycles on the southern Bolivian Altiplano as a tool for tracking and understanding the causes of lake-level fluctuations. Distinctive groupings of 87Sr/86Sr ratios are observed. Ratios are highest for the Ouki lake cycle (120–95 ka) at 0.70932, lowest for Coipasa lake cycle (12.8–11.4 ka) at 0.70853, and intermediate at 0.70881 to 0.70884 for the Salinas (95–80 ka), Inca Huasi (~ 45 ka), Sajsi (24–20.5 ka), and Tauca (18.1–14.1 ka) lake cycles. These Sr ratios reflect variable contributions from the eastern and western Cordilleras. The Laca hydrologic divide exerts a primary influence on modern and paleolake 87Sr/86Sr ratios; waters show higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios north of this divide. Most lake cycles were sustained by slightly more rainfall north of this divide but with minimal input from Lake Titicaca. The Coipasa lake cycle appears to have been sustained mainly by rainfall south of this divide. In contrast, the Ouki lake cycle was an expansive lake, deepest in the northern (Poópo) basin, and spilling southward. These results indicate that regional variability in central Andean wet events can be reconstructed using geochemical patterns from this lake system.
Sexual Harassment and Employer Liability: A Critical Analysis of the South African Legal Position
Authors: Chicktay Mohamed Alli
Published: September 2010

On 27 April 1994 South Africans adopted a new constitution, with founding values of dignity, equality and freedom. Despite the new constitution, the majority of women remain victims within the workplace. They still find themselves a minority within senior management and are often subjected to sexual harassment. Women are either denied work opportunities for refusing to give in to a perpetrator's sexual advances or they are forced to work in an unpleasant environment that severely infringes on their dignity. There are five legal options available to victims of sexual harassment within the South African workplace. These are claims against the employer for: vicarious liability; automatically unfair dismissal; unfair labour practices; failing to create a safe working environment; and violating the Employment Equity Act. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of these legal actions. It also makes further suggestions aimed at curbing workplace sexual harassment within South Africa.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Withdrawal from Antidepressant Medication: A Single Case Series
Authors: Cromarty Paul , Jonsson Jaime , Moorhead Steve , Freeston Mark H.
Published: September 2010

Background: Research has clearly established the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for depression. There is less literature addressing cessation of treatment, such as relapse during withdrawal from antidepressant medication. Aims: The current study examines the role of psychological constructs that may influence relapse or fear of relapse and lead to resumption of medication. This hypothesizes that during withdrawal individuals may misinterpret normal variations in mood and dysphoric or other symptoms as reduced levels of medication in their bodies in keeping with a simplistic rationale for antidepressants. Method: The study uses an intensive single case AB style design in three cases during the withdrawal process. All participants had been treated with CBT plus antidepressants and had previously attempted to withdraw from antidepressants. The first part of the study naturalistically tracks belief changes as medication decreases; the second examines changes in these if/when a CBT intervention is introduced due to relapse or potential near-relapse. Daily self-monitoring diaries were used to measure target variables, together with standardized questionnaires up to 6 months follow-up. Results: Changes in symptoms, appraisal of symptoms, and beliefs about medication changed throughout the study. All participants remained medication free at 6 months follow-up. Two cases received CBT intervention due to possible relapse; the third underwent an unproblematic withdrawal. Conclusions: Patterns of change are discussed in terms of current approaches to medication cessation and the role of CBT during withdrawal.
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS SPECIAL ISSUE: PUBLIC POLICY, EXTERNALITIES, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J. , Wendner Ronald
Published: September 2010

Externalities are a fundamental aspect of any modern interdependent economy. The fact that agents interact with one another makes it inevitable that their decisions will influence one another directly, in addition to any indirect impact that may occur through the market place. Ever since the earliest stages of the discipline, externalities have been of prime concern to economists, who have long argued that they provide an important motive for (economic) decision making. To cite one prominent example, in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith notes that “Though it is in order to supply the necessities and conveniences of the body that the advantages of external fortune are originally recommended to us, yet we cannot live long in the world without perceiving that the respect of our equals, our credit and rank in the society we live in, depend very much upon the degree in which we possess, or are supposed to possess those advantages. The desire of becoming the proper objects of this respect . . . is perhaps the strongest of all our desires” [Smith (1759, pp. 348–349)]. In modern terminology, Adam Smith is referring to a consumption externality.
Clustering and Local Magnification Effects in Atom Probe Tomography: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Philippe Thomas , Gruber Maria , Vurpillot François , Blavette D.
Published: September 2010

Local magnification effects and trajectory overlaps related to the presence of a second phase (clusters) are key problems and still open issues in the assessment of quantitative composition data in three-dimensional atom probe tomography (APT) particularly for tiny solute-enriched clusters. A model based on the distribution of distance of first nearest neighbor atoms has been developed to exhibit the variations in the apparent atomic density in reconstructed volumes and to correct compositions that are biased by local magnification effects. This model was applied to both simulated APT reconstructions and real experimental data and shows an excellent agreement with the expected composition of clusters.
A Negativity Gap? Voter Gender, Attack Politics, and Participation in American Elections
Authors: Brooks Deborah Jordan
Published: September 2010

The effect of negative campaigning on voter turnout has been a major focus of research in recent years. The general finding from this large literature is that negative campaigning does not depress voter turnout overall; however, it may still be that certain portions of the electorate are differentially mobilized or demobilized by negativity. In particular, scholars have neglected to examine whether men and women react differently to campaign attacks. This article begins by showing that evidence drawn from a variety of relevant fields outside of political science point toward the general expectation that men will be mobilized by negativity to a greater degree than women. Associated hypotheses are then tested using data from both real campaigns and experiments. In each analysis, the evidence supports the hypothesis that a “negativity gap” exists. Specifically, men are disproportionately mobilized by the most negative campaign messages as compared to women. Partisanship is also found to interact significantly with gender and message tone to affect the likelihood of voting. These results highlight the importance of studying subgroup differences when establishing the effects of campaign tone on the public.
Should International Relations Consider Rape a Weapon of War?
Authors: Carter K. R.
Published: September 2010

This article argues that systematic rape should be conceptualized not only as a war crime, but also as a destructive and increasingly deployed war weapon. As such, rape becomes a subject of arms control and thus directly relevant to security studies. Consequently, I argue that international relations should consider rape as a weapon of war for two major reasons. First, the categorization of rape as a weapon of war fits with core disciplinary theoretical definitions and assumptions. Namely, rape as a weapon of war compromises state security, operates in a conception of power defined as material/“power-over”/zero-sum, and corresponds with a rational actor model. Second, although wartime rape has often been marginalized as a “women's issue,” empirical evidence persuasively demonstrates how this categorization is incomplete; rather, women, girls, men, and boys all suffer direct and/or indirect consequences from the increasing prevalence and brutality of this weapon's deployment. Overall, the article maintains that excluding rape from security studies precludes comprehensive, accurate analysis within areas of theoretical and practical concern to IR. Thus, I conclude by suggesting avenues of research, from diverse theoretical perspectives, that may persuade IR scholars to view rape as an increasingly relevant and analytically rich topic of study.
Thermal structure of Venusian nighttime mesosphere as observed by VIRTIS‐Venus Express
Authors: Grassi D. , Migliorini A. , Montabone L. , Lebonnois S. , Cardesìn‐Moinelo A. , Piccioni G. , Drossart P. , Zasova L. V.
Published: September 2010

The mapping IR channel of the Visual and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS‐M) on board the Venus Express spacecraft observes the CO2 band at 4.3 μm at a spectral resolution adequate to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profiles in the 65–96 km altitude range. Observations acquired in the period June 2006 to July 2008 were used to derive average temperature fields as a function of latitude, subsolar longitude (i.e., local time, LT), and pressure. Coverage presented here is limited to the nighttime because of the adverse effects of daytime non‐LTE emission on the retrieval procedure and to southernmost latitudes because of the orientation of the Venus‐Express orbit. Maps of air temperature variability are also presented as the standard deviation of the population included in each averaging bin. At the 100 mbar level (about 65 km above the reference surface), temperatures tend to decrease from the evening to the morning side despite a local maximum observed around 20–21LT. The cold collar is evident around 65S, with a minimum temperature at 3LT. Moving to higher altitudes, local time trends become less evident at 12.6 mbar (about 75 km) where the temperature monotonically increases from middle latitudes to the southern pole. Nonetheless, at this pressure level, two weaker local time temperature minima are observed at 23LT and 2LT equatorward of 60S. Local time trends in temperature reverse about 85 km, where the morning side is the warmer. The variability at the 100 mbar level is maximum around 80S and stronger toward the morning side. Moving to higher altitudes, the morning side always shows the stronger variability. Southward of 60S, standard deviation presents minimum values around 12.6 mbar for all the local times.
Basal ice sequences in Antarctic ice stream: Exposure of past hydrologic conditions and a principal mode of sediment transfer
Authors: Christoffersen Poul , Tulaczyk Slawek , Behar Alberto
Published: September 2010

The brightness distribution of sequentially extracted borehole camera imagery shows two distinct sequences of basal ice in Kamb Ice Stream. The upper sequence (7.3 m) comprises clear ice and layers with dispersed and stratified debris. The lower sequence (8.2 m) consists of accretion ice with alternating layers of stratified and solid debris. The two sequences have volumetric debris contents of about 5% and 20%, respectively. We infer that the upper sequence formed in a tributary where subglacial meltwater was abundant and that the lower sequence formed on the Siple Coast plain where basal freezing currently dominates the basal thermal regime. The basal ice layer contains the equivalent of 2.1 ± 0.4 m of frozen sediment. The high volume of sediment is a result of debris‐rich layers interpreted to have formed by accretion in the stagnant phase of ice stream on/off cycles. Fast ice streaming punctuated by entrainment of debris during stagnation episodes is consistent with inferred past flow of adjacent ice streams and geologic features in the Ross Sea. Our results show that sediment wedges near grounding lines may form by melt out of basal ice debris. This is different from previous studies where it was assumed that sediment transfer occurs through sediment deformation within layers of subglacial till. Cumulative freezing in recurring ice stream cycles shows that entrainment of sediment by basal freeze‐on is an important erosion mechanism and that high sediment fluxes can occur when ice streams override Coulomb‐plastic substrates.
Analysis of the Tikhonov regularization to retrieve thermal conductivity depth-profiles from infrared thermography data
Authors: Apiñaniz Estibaliz , Mendioroz Arantza , Salazar Agustín , Celorrio Ricardo
Published: September 2010

We analyze the ability of the Tikhonov regularization to retrieve different shapes of in-depth thermal conductivity profiles, usually encountered in hardened materials, from surface temperature data. Exponential, oscillating, and sigmoidal profiles are studied. By performing theoretical experiments with added white noises, the influence of the order of the Tikhonov functional and of the parameters that need to be tuned to carry out the inversion are investigated. The analysis shows that the Tikhonov regularization is very well suited to reconstruct smooth profiles but fails when the conductivity exhibits steep slopes. We check a natural alternative regularization, the total variation functional, which gives much better results for sigmoidal profiles. Accordingly, a strategy to deal with real data is proposed in which we introduce this total variation regularization. This regularization is applied to the inversion of real data corresponding to a case hardened AISI1018 steel plate, giving much better anticorrelation of the retrieved conductivity with microindentation test data than the Tikhonov regularization. The results suggest that this is a promising way to improve the reliability of local inversion methods.
Transmittance and optical constants of Lu films in the 3–1800 eV spectral range
Authors: García-Cortés Sergio , Rodríguez-de Marcos Luis , Larruquert Juan I. , Aznárez José A. , Méndez José A. , Poletto Luca , Frassetto Fabio , Malvezzi A. Marco , Giglia Angelo , Mahne Nicola , Nannarone Stefano
Published: September 2010

The optical constants n and k of lutetium (Lu) films were obtained in the 3–1800 eV range from transmittance measurements performed at room temperature. These are the first experimental optical constant data of Lu in the whole range. Thin films of Lu with various thicknesses were deposited by evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum conditions and their transmittance was measured in situ. Lu films were deposited onto grids coated with a thin, C support film. Transmittance measurements were used to obtain the extinction coefficient k of Lu films. The refractive index n of Lu was calculated with Kramers–Krönig analysis. k data were extrapolated both on the high and on the low-energy sides by using experimental and calculated k values available in the literature. Lu, similar to other lanthanides, has a low-absorption band below the O2,3 edge onset; the lowest absorption was measured at ∼25.1 eV. Therefore, Lu is a promising material for filters and multilayer coatings in the energy range below the O2,3 edge in which most materials have a large absorption. Good consistency of the data was obtained through f and inertial sum rules.
Scaling equivalent oxide thickness with flat band voltage (VFB) modulation using in situ Ti and Hf interposed in a metal/high-k gate stack
Authors: Choi Changhwan , Lee Jack C.
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to control the work-functions and scaling equivalent oxide thicknesses (EOTs) of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices using an “in situ” thin metal layer interposed between the gate dielectric and the metal gate. The effects of “in situ thin metal layers” were imposed to suppress low-k interfacial oxide formation, leading to a thin EOT (down to 0.5 nm) scaling due to the scavenging of excess oxygen sources through gate stacks and to allow for the tuning of nMOS and pMOS-compatible work-functions using Hf and Ti layers, respectively. Different high-k gate dielectrics (HfO2, HfOxNy), two types of transition metals (Ti, Hf), and various annealing temperature conditions were studied. The EOT became thinner as the thicknesses of the Hf and Ti thin layers increased. However, the thickening Hf cap provided a negative flat band voltage (VFB) shift, while the increasing Ti exhibited a positive VFB shift.
Large optical bandwidth and polarization insensitive semiconductor optical amplifiers using strained InGaAsP quantum wells
Authors: Carrère H. , Truong V. G. , Marie X. , Brenot R. , De Valicourt G. , Lelarge F. , Amand T.
Published: September 2010

The material gain of equal width InGaAsP/InGaAsP multi–quantum well active layers is calculated solving the Lüttinger–Kohn Hamiltonian, including tetragonal strain and confinement effects. The calculated optical bandwidth reaches 150 nm with a maximum polarization sensitivity of 1 dB between transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) emission over the −3 dB optical bandwidth. The corresponding device characterized by amplified spontaneous emission measurements shows an optical bandwidth with constant TE/TM ratio of almost 100 nm which can be improved up to 113 nm by increasing the barrier material band gap energy. Further enlargement of the optical bandwidth is expected by reducing the quantum well width.
A multiphasic model for the volume change of polyelectrolyte hydrogels
Authors: Feng Ligang , Jia Yuxi , Chen Xiliang , Li Xue , An Lijia
Published: September 2010

A multiphasic model for the volume change of polyelectrolyte hydrogels that takes into account conservation of mass and momentum is derived. The gradient of chemical/electrochemical potentials of water and mobile ions is taken as the driving force for the volume change of the polyelectrolyte hydrogel, which is damped by the frictional forces between different phases and balanced by the elastic restoring force of the polymer network. Employing the model constructed here, the free swelling of a spherical polyelectrolyte hydrogel immersed in salt solution is simulated by the finite element method. The simulation shows that the polyelectrolyte hydrogel swells from the surface to the interior when the concentration of the external salt solution decreases. The swelling kinetics for ordinary hydrogels with high frictional coefficient between the polymer network and water is controlled by the collective diffusion of the polymer network, while for fast-response hydrogels it is controlled by the ionic diffusion in the hydrogel.
Electrically and magnetically tunable phase shifters based on a barium strontium titanate-yttrium iron garnet layered structure
Authors: Leach J. H. , Liu H. , Avrutin V. , Rowe E. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H. , Song Y.-Y. , Wu M.
Published: September 2010

We report on the tuning of permittivity and permeability of a ferroelectric/ferromagnetic bilayer structure which can be used as a microwave phase shifter with two degrees of tuning freedom. The structure was prepared by the growth of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) layer on a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate by liquid phase epitaxy, the growth of a barium strontium titanate (BST) layer on the YIG layer through pulsed laser deposition, and then the fabrication of a coplanar waveguide on the top of BST through e-beam evaporation and trilayer liftoff techniques. The phase shifters exhibit a differential phase shift of 38°/cm at 6 GHz through permittivity tuning under an applied electric field of ∼75 kV/cm and a static magnetic field of 1700 Oe. By tuning the permeability through the applied magnetic field we increase the differential phase shift to 52°/cm and simultaneously obtain a better match to the zero applied electric field condition, resulting in an improvement in the return loss from 22.4 to 24.9 dB. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of a lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) layer to tune the permeability of the YIG layer. This tuning relies on the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive effects of PMN-PT and YIG, respectively. Tuning of the ferromagnetic response through strain and magnetostriction as opposed to applied magnetic field can potentially pave the way for low power consumption, continuously and rapidly tunable, impedance matched phase shifters.
Polymer grating imbedded organic light emitting diodes with improved out-coupling efficiency
Authors: Jang Ji-Hyang , Oh Min-Cheol , Yoon Tae-Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: September 2010

Organic light emitting diodes with enhanced external light coupling efficiency are demonstrated by incorporating a polymeric diffraction grating fabricated directly on top of the indium tin-oxide (ITO) electrode. Compared to the previous inorganic diffraction gratings fabricated under the ITO electrode, the polymer grating prepared by convenient lithography facilitates the fabrication process and provides good compatibility with conventional production facilities. In spite of the reduction in the emitting area, the luminance efficiency is improved by 72% by imbedding the polymer grating. The strong scattering of the guided mode enables the device to have negligible wavelength dispersion.
Quantifying steric effect with experimental electron density
Authors: Tsirelson Vladimir G. , Stash Adam I. , Liu Shubin
Published: September 2010

Using experimental electron densities, the recent effort of quantifying steric effect within the framework of density functional theory is continued. In this work, steric potential, steric field, and steric charge distributions are systematically examines for diamond and boron nitride crystals. Bader’s zero-flux condition has been employed to discuss the atomic contributions of these quantities. Two new concepts, characteristic radius rs of steric field and atomic steric charge qs, are introduced in this work, which are intrinsic properties of a system and thus can be used to characterize atomic properties in a molecule or crystal. We anticipate that these steric effect related quantities together with the new concepts introduced in this work can be applied to characterize variety categories of the chemical bonds or weak interactions and provide in-depth insights to a wide range of organic, inorganic, and biological systems.
Periurbanization, Public Finance, and Local Governance of the Environment: Lessons from Small-Scale Water Suppliers in Gresik, Indonesia
Authors: Spencer James H (Jim) , Guzinsky Craig
Published: September 2010

As cities in the developing world transition from agricultural to industrial societies, periurban settlement has placed tremendous burdens on the state to provide adequate water infrastructure and to regulate environmental pollution. In the absence of formal municipal systems, community-level forms of water supply have proliferated in periurban areas. The case of Indonesia illustrates the extent of such organizations, and in particular the capacities that neighborhood-level organizations have for financing public infrastructures and managing such investments for community development. The findings suggest that such informal institutions may form the backbone of a broader understanding of development alternatives in periurban areas.
Induction of long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (L1) retrotransposition by 6-formylindolo[3,2-
b
]carbazole (FICZ), a tryptophan photoproduct
Authors: Okudaira Noriyuki , Iijima Kenta , Koyama Takayoshi , Minemoto Yuzuru , Kano Shigeyuki , Mimori Akio , Ishizaka Yukihito
Published: September 2010

Long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (L1) is a retroelement comprising about 17% of the human genome, of which 80–100 copies are competent as mobile elements (retrotransposition: L1-RTP). Although the genetic structures modified during L1-RTP have been clarified, little is known about the cellular signaling cascades involved. Herein we found that 6-formylindolo[3,2-
b
]carbazole (FICZ), a tryptophan photoproduct postulated as a candidate physiological ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), induces L1-RTP. Notably, RNA-interference experiments combined with back-transfection of siRNA-resistant cDNAs revealed that the induction of L1-RTP by FICZ is dependent on AhR nuclear translocator-1 (ARNT1), a binding partner of AhR, and the activation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein. However, our extensive analyses suggested that AhR is not required for L1-RTP. FICZ stimulated the interaction of the L1-encoded open reading frame-1 (ORF1) and ARNT1, and recruited ORF1 to chromatin in a manner dependent on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Along with our additional observations that the cellular cascades for FICZ-induced L1-RTP were different from those of L1-RTP triggered by DNA damage, we propose that the presence of the cellular machinery of ARNT1 mediates L1-RTP. A possible role of ARNT1-mediated L1-RTP in the adaptation of living organisms to environmental changes is discussed.
Absence of branches from xylan in Arabidopsis
gux
mutants reveals potential for simplification of lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Mortimer Jennifer C. , Miles Godfrey P. , Brown David M. , Zhang Zhinong , Segura Marcelo P. , Weimar Thilo , Yu Xiaolan , Seffen Keith A. , Stephens Elaine , Turner Simon R. , Dupree Paul
Published: September 2010

As one of the most abundant polysaccharides on Earth, xylan will provide more than a third of the sugars for lignocellulosic biofuel production when using grass or hardwood feedstocks. Xylan is characterized by a linear β(1,4)-linked backbone of xylosyl residues substituted by glucuronic acid, 4-
O
-methylglucuronic acid or arabinose, depending on plant species and cell types. The biological role of these decorations is unclear, but they have a major influence on the properties of the polysaccharide. Despite the recent isolation of several mutants with reduced backbone, the mechanisms of xylan synthesis and substitution are unclear. We identified two Golgi-localized putative glycosyltransferases, GlucUronic acid substitution of Xylan (GUX)-1 and GUX2 that are required for the addition of both glucuronic acid and 4-
O
-methylglucuronic acid branches to xylan in Arabidopsis stem cell walls. The
gux1 gux2
double mutants show loss of xylan glucuronyltransferase activity and lack almost all detectable xylan substitution. Unexpectedly, they show no change in xylan backbone quantity, indicating that backbone synthesis and substitution can be uncoupled. Although the stems are weakened, the xylem vessels are not collapsed, and the plants grow to normal size. The xylan in these plants shows improved extractability from the cell wall, is composed of a single monosaccharide, and requires fewer enzymes for complete hydrolysis. These findings have implications for our understanding of the synthesis and function of xylan in plants. The results also demonstrate the potential for manipulating and simplifying the structure of xylan to improve the properties of lignocellulose for bioenergy and other uses.
PATTERNS BEHIND UNMARRIED COHABITATION TRENDS IN EUROPE
Authors: Kasearu Kairi , Kutsar Dagmar
Published: September 2010

The current paper is aimed at contributing to the ongoing debate about divergence and convergence of family patterns in Europe. By adding several Eastern European countries and using several additional background indicators of cohabiting unions, the paper explores previous considerations of unmarried cohabitation. The main conclusion is that, as a universal trend, cohabitation is spreading across Europe and that while acquiring a normative value in a country it starts to develop its internal diversity. Besides convergence (with reference to universalistic approach), there is a noticeable trend towards divergence of the cohabitation patterns in Europe. The analysis is based on the European Social Survey, Round 2, 3 and 4 (2004, 2006 and 2008 respectively) and includes the data of 15 European countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, France, Slovakia and Slovenia).
α-Synuclein impairs macroautophagy: implications for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Winslow Ashley R. , Chen Chien-Wen , Corrochano Silvia , Acevedo-Arozena Abraham , Gordon David E. , Peden Andrew A. , Lichtenberg Maike , Menzies Fiona M. , Ravikumar Brinda , Imarisio Sara , Brown Steve , O’Kane Cahir J. , Rubinsztein David C.
Published: September 2010

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized pathologically by intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies, largely comprised of α-synuclein. Multiplication of the α-synuclein gene locus increases α-synuclein expression and causes PD. Thus, overexpression of wild-type α-synuclein is toxic. In this study, we demonstrate that α-synuclein overexpression impairs macroautophagy in mammalian cells and in transgenic mice. Our data show that α-synuclein compromises autophagy via Rab1a inhibition and Rab1a overexpression rescues the autophagy defect caused by α-synuclein. Inhibition of autophagy by α-synuclein overexpression or Rab1a knockdown causes mislocalization of the autophagy protein, Atg9, and decreases omegasome formation. Rab1a, α-synuclein, and Atg9 all regulate formation of the omegasome, which marks autophagosome precursors.
Robustness of fish assemblages derived from three hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms performed on Icelandic groundfish survey data
Authors: Singh Warsha , Hjorleifsson Einar , Stefansson Gunnar
Published: September 2010

Singh, W., Hjorleifsson, E., and Stefansson, G. 2011. Robustness of fish assemblages derived from three hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms performed on Icelandic groundfish survey data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 189–200. Heatmaps are used to identify species–area assemblages based on Icelandic groundfish survey data. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms are widely applied for species assemblage studies and form the basis for heatmaps. First, the robustness of fish assemblages derived from three clustering algorithms, Average, Complete, and Ward's linkage, was examined. For statistical reliability, the use of a bootstrap resampling technique to generate the confidence values for the clusters is emphasized. Two cluster validity indices were used to measure the efficiency and the quality of the clusters. To examine the stability of the results, clustering was carried out across different sample sizes and levels of data smoothing. Second, cluster analysis was carried out using a different combination of data standardization and dissimilarity measure. Ward's linkage gave the most robust fish assemblages for both modes of data analyses. Four fish assemblages were identified which could be characterized according to the depth and the geographic distribution. This algorithm was then used to generate a heatmap to determine the species–area relationships. Specific areas were characterized by the identified species groups.
Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes
Authors: Hechinger Ryan F. , Wood Alan C. , Kuris Armand M.
Published: September 2010

In some of the most complex animal societies, individuals exhibit a cooperative division of labour to form castes. The most pronounced types of caste formation involve reproductive and non-reproductive forms that are morphologically distinct. In colonies comprising separate or mobile individuals, this type of caste formation has been recognized only among the arthropods, sea anemones and mole-rats. Here, we document physical and behavioural caste formation in a flatworm. Trematode flatworm parasites undergo repeated clonal reproduction of ‘parthenitae’ within their molluscan hosts forming colonies. We present experimental and observational data demonstrating specialization among trematode parthenitae to form distinct soldier and reproductive castes. Soldiers do not reproduce, have relatively large mouthparts, and are much smaller and thinner than reproductives. Soldiers are also more active, and are disproportionally common in areas of the host where invasions occur. Further, only soldiers readily and consistently attack heterospecifics and conspecifics from other colonies. The division of labour described here for trematodes is strongly analogous to that characterizing other social systems with a soldier caste. The parallel caste formation in these systems, despite varying reproductive mode and taxonomic affiliation, indicates the general importance of ecological factors in influencing the evolution of social behaviour. Further, the ‘recognition of self’ and the defence of the infected host body from invading parasites are comparable to aspects of immune defence. A division of labour is probably widespread among trematodes and trematode species encompass considerable taxonomic, life history and environmental diversity. Trematodes should therefore provide new, fruitful systems to investigate the ecology and evolution of sociality.
Wetting transitions on biomimetic surfaces
Authors: Bormashenko Edward
Published: September 2010

Biomimetic hierarchical surfaces demonstrate a potential for a variety of green technologies, including energy conversion and conservation, owing to their remarkable water repellence. The design of such surfaces allowing emerging green applications remains a challenging scientific and technological task. Understanding the physical mechanism of wetting transitions (WTs) is crucial for the design of highly stable superhydrophobic materials. The main experimental and theoretical approaches to WTs are reviewed. Reducing the micro-structural scales is the most efficient measure needed to enlarge the threshold pressure of WTs. The trends of future investigations are envisaged.
Green tribology: principles, research areas and challenges
Authors: Nosonovsky Michael , Bhushan Bharat
Published: September 2010

In this introductory paper for the Theme Issue on green tribology, we discuss the concept of green tribology and its relation to other areas of tribology as well as other ‘green’ disciplines, namely, green engineering and green chemistry. We formulate the 12 principles of green tribology: the minimization of (i) friction and (ii) wear, (iii) the reduction or complete elimination of lubrication, including self-lubrication, (iv) natural and (v) biodegradable lubrication, (vi) using sustainable chemistry and engineering principles, (vii) biomimetic approaches, (viii) surface texturing, (ix) environmental implications of coatings, (x) real-time monitoring, (xi) design for degradation, and (xii) sustainable energy applications. We further define three areas of green tribology: (i) biomimetics for tribological applications, (ii) environment-friendly lubrication, and (iii) the tribology of renewable-energy application. The integration of these areas remains a primary challenge for this novel area of research. We also discuss the challenges of green tribology and future directions of research.