bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
County Lines and the power of the badge: the LFC Foundation’s approach to youth intervention
Authors: Hargreaves Francis , Carroll Paula , Robinson Grace , Creaney Sean , O’Connor Andrew
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the purpose and outline the key features of Liverpool Football Club Foundation’s County Lines (CL) programme and how principles of collaboration and co-production can be implemented to educate children at risk of entering the youth justice system.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reviews the findings from a 12-week CL intervention programme in 14 secondary schools in the Liverpool City Region between 2021 and 2022. The programme was designed in collaboration with funders, partners and participants and aimed to improve knowledge of, and change attitudes towards CL and its associated harms, including knife crime and child exploitation.

Findings

Knowledge and attitude changes were measured across 12 indicators, with positive changes recorded for each indicator. Perhaps of most interest to those working in the sector was the recorded success in obtaining consistent attendance from beginning to end with very little erosion of engagement. This suggests that the content and method of delivery was successful in engaging harder to reach young people to make positive change.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to examine how collaboration and co-production (two of the five principles of the Serious Violence Strategy 2018) can be implemented by a football charity and its partners to educate children in a local community on the harms of CL.
Steeply dipping structure imaging with prismatic waves incorporating wavefield decomposition
Authors: Wu Zheng , Liu Yuzhu , Yang Jizhong
Published: January 2023

Prismatic waves in seismic data can effectively delineate steeply dipping subsurface structures. However, the conventional migration of prismatic wave either requires the exact location of basement reflectors embedded in the accurate migration velocity model or the explicit isolation of prismatic wave from the recorded data to avoid crosstalk artefacts caused by mistaken imaging of primary reflections. Neither of the requirements is a trivial task for field data application with complicated subsurface structures. To image steeply dipping structures with an accurate but smooth enough migration velocity and without the need to extract prismatic waves from the recorded data, we analyse the prismatic imaging condition based on wavefield decomposition. In the up‐ and down‐going wavefield decomposition, the prismatic imaging condition can effectively remove the high‐wavenumber artefacts with incorrect polarity. However, the expected steeply dipping image is buried in low‐wavenumber noises. In contrast, the prismatic imaging condition based on left‐ and right‐going wavefield decomposition can accurately isolate the artefacts induced by the mistaken migration of primary waves from the steeply dipping interfaces in the image and is free of low‐wavenumber noises. Based on this analysis, we develop a reverse time migration workflow using the modified prismatic imaging condition to depict steeply dipping structures: First, we use the primary imaging condition based on the up‐and‐down‐going wavefield decomposition to obtain an image that can approximate the basement reflectors. Then, we use the modified prismatic imaging condition based on left‐ and right‐going wavefield decomposition to recover the steep interfaces. Finally, a combined subsurface image containing both basement reflectors and faults or steeply dipping structures is generated. We verify the feasibility and robustness of the modified prismatic imaging condition based reverse time migration method for delineating steeply dipping structures using several synthetic tests.
Does speed‐reading training work, and if so, why? Effects of speed‐reading training and metacognitive training on reading speed, comprehension and eye movements
Authors: Klimovich Marina , Tiffin‐Richards Simon P. , Richter Tobias
Published: January 2023

Background

Commercial speed‐reading training programs are typically marketed with the promise to dramatically increase reading speed without impairing comprehension. From the perspective of reading psychology, it seems quite unlikely that speed‐reading training can indeed have such effects. However, research on the effectiveness of modern speed‐reading training programs on reading performance in typical readers is sparse. The present study had two goals. First, we sought to extend prior research on speed‐reading by assessing the effects of a speed‐reading application on reading performance in a pre‐training and post‐training design with a control group. Second, we aimed to identify the mechanism underlying speed‐reading training programs.

Methods

We assessed reading speed, comprehension and eye movements of 30 German‐speaking undergraduates (Mage = 22.77 years, SDage = 3.41 years) before and after they received a commercial, app‐based speed‐reading training, a metacognitive training or no training.

Results

Results revealed higher reading speed in the speed‐reading condition and metacognitive condition compared with the control condition, although not to the extent claimed in the application. Eye‐movement data indicated that the increase in reading speed was due to fewer and shorter fixations in measures reflecting late but not early lexical processing. No differences in comprehension performance were observed between the three conditions.

Conclusions

We discuss our findings in support of the idea that the increase in reading speed was not caused by a change in basic characteristics of participants' reading behaviour, but rather by an increase in their awareness of their own reading process. Further research is needed to investigate whether the observed effects are maintained over time.
Are Kielland forceps a safe option for birth?
Authors: Parris Dawn , Siassakos Dimitrios
Published: January 2023

Linked article: This is a mini commentary on Giacchino et al., pp. 856–864 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17402.
Crime, Weather and Climate Change in Australia*
Authors: Awaworyi Churchill Sefa , Smyth Russell , Trinh Trong‐Anh
Published: January 2023

We estimate the effect of temperature on monthly crime using a panel dataset that matches weather with crime rates for over 3,000 postcodes in Australia over the period 2001–2019. We find that a standard deviation increase in average temperature is associated with a 0.008–0.011 standard deviation increase in the crime rate, depending on the specification. This translates to over 72,000 additional crimes per year across Australia. We estimate that over the course of the rest of the century, under a business‐as‐usual pathway, climate change will be responsible for approximately 1.64 million additional crimes.
Frontline work and racial disparities in social and economic pandemic stressors during the first COVID‐19 surge
Authors: Haro‐Ramos Alein Y. , Brown Timothy T. , Deardorff Julianna , Aguilera Adrian , Pollack Porter Keshia M. , Rodriguez Hector P.
Published: January 2023

Objective

To assess the magnitude of racial–ethnic disparities in pandemic‐related social stressors and examine frontline work's moderating relationship on these stressors.

Data Sources

Employed Californians' responses to the Institute for Governmental Studies (IGS) poll from April 16–20, 2020, were analyzed. The Pandemic Stressor Scale (PSS) assessed the extent to which respondents experienced or anticipated problems resulting from the inability to pay for basic necessities, job instability, lacking paid sick leave, unavailability of childcare, and reduced wages or work hours due to COVID‐19.

Study Design

Mixed‐effects generalized linear models estimated (1) racial–ethnic disparities in pandemic stressors among workers during the first COVID‐19 surge, adjusting for covariates, and (2) tested the interaction between race–ethnicity and frontline worker status, which includes a subset of essential workers who must perform their job on‐site, to assess differential associations of frontline work by race–ethnicity.

Data Collection

The IGS poll data from employed workers (n = 4795) were linked to the 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Vulnerability Index at the zip code level (N = 1068).

Principal Findings

The average PSS score was 37.34 (SD = 30.49). Whites had the lowest PSS score (29.88, SD = 26.52), and Latinxs had the highest (50.74, SD = 32.61). In adjusted analyses, Black frontline workers reported more pandemic‐related stressors than White frontline workers (PSS = 47.73 vs. 36.96, p < 0.001). Latinxs reported more pandemic stressors irrespective of frontline worker status. However, the 5.09‐point difference between Latinx frontline and non‐frontline workers was not statistically different from the 4.6‐point disparity between White frontline and non‐frontline workers.

Conclusion

Latinx workers and Black frontline workers disproportionately reported pandemic‐related stressors. To reduce stress on frontline workers during crises, worker protections like paid sick leave, universal access to childcare, and improved job security are needed, particularly for those disproportionately affected by structural inequities, such as racially minoritized populations.
Application of smart packaging for seafood: A comprehensive review
Authors: Abedi‐Firoozjah Reza , Salim Shamimeh Azimi , Hasanvand Sara , Assadpour Elham , Azizi‐Lalabadi Maryam , Prieto Miguel A. , Jafari Seid Mahdi
Published: January 2023

Nowadays, due to the changes in lifestyle and great interest of consumers in a healthy life, people have started increasing their seafood consumption. But due to their short shelf life, experts are looking for a new packaging called smart packaging (SMP) for seafood. There are different indicators/sensors in SMP; one of the effective indices is time–temperature, which can show consumers the best time of using seafood based on their shelf life and experienced temperature. Another one is radio‐frequency identification (RFID) that is a transmission device that represents a separate form of the electronic information‐based SMP systems. RFID does not belong to any of the categories of markers or sensors; it is an auto recognition system that applies cordless sensors to indicate segments and collect real‐time information without manual interposition. This review covers the use of SMP in all marine foods, including fish, due to its high consumption and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3), which are the considerable factors of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for human.
Effects of Coix seed extract, Lactobacillus paracasei K56, and their combination on the glycolipid metabolism in obese mice
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jia Xiuzhen , Xu Yuhan , Xie Qiaoling , Zhu Meizhen , Zhao Zifu , Hao Jingyu , Li Haoqiu , Du Jinrui , Liu Yan , Liu Wei‐Hsien , Ma Xia , Hung Weilian , Feng Haotian , Li Hongwei
Published: January 2023

Coix seed extract (CSE) and probiotics have been reported to regulate glycolipid metabolism through different modes of action. We tested the effects of CSE, Lactobacillus paracasei K56, and their combination to determine whether they have synergistic effects on glycolipid metabolism of obese mice. We fed male C57BL/6J mice with high‐fat diet for 8 weeks to establish an obesity model. The obesity mice were selected and divided into five groups: the model control group and four intervention groups. After 10 weeks of continuous gavage intervention, the mice in the intervention groups exhibited lower body weight (lower about 2.31–4.41 g, vs. HFD 42.25 g, p < 0.01), and epididymal (lower about 0.58–0.92 g, vs. HFD 2.50 g, p < 0.01) and perirenal fat content (lower about 0.24–0.42 g, vs. HFD 0.88 g, p < 0.05); decreased fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL; and increased HLDL, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and amount of exercise performed. K56 + CSE‐combined intervention groups were more effective in lowering blood glucose, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α levels than the CSE and K56 alone interventions. The content of fatty acid synthase and SREBP‐1c protein in liver tissue was lower. The combination has synergistic effects on weight control, fat reduction, and blood glucose regulation by improving the chronic inflammatory state and reducing the content of lipid synthesis‐related enzymes of obese mice, which can hinder chronic disease progression.

Practical Application

Coix seed extract can be used in obese people to regulate abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and delay the development of chronic diseases.
Serum cross‐linked N‐telopeptide of type I collagen as a potential diagnostic marker for bone metastasis in lung cancer: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Hong Mingsheng , Ding Ling , Song Baona
Published: January 2023

Objective

To investigate the clinical value of serum type I collagen cross‐linked amino terminal peptide (NTx) for the diagnosis of bone metastasis in lung cancer patients by evidence‐based medicine.

Methods

Diagnostic studies relevant to NTx as a serum marker for the diagnosis of bone metastasis in lung cancer patients included in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, and VIP database from the establishment of the databases to November 2022 were retrieved. Meta‐analysis was conducted with Stata 16.0 software to calculate the combined sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPN), positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (−LR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and its 95% confidence interval (CI). The total subject working characteristic curve (summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve) was drawn, and the area under the curve was calculated to evaluate its diagnostic value.

Results

A total of 1742 patients with lung cancer were included in 14 articles. Meta‐analysis showed heterogeneity among the studies. The results of random‐effect model analysis demonstrated that the combined SEN, SPN, +LR, −LR, and DOR were 0.76 (95% CI 0.66–0.83), 0.80 (95% CI 0.74–0.85), 3.80 (95% CI 2.90–4.80), 0.30 (95% CI 0.22–0.42), and 12 (95% CI 8–19), respectively, and the area under SROC was 0.85.

Conclusion

Serum NTx has a high clinical value in the diagnosis of bone metastasis in lung cancer patients and can be used as an effective complementary means for imaging diagnosis of bone metastasis in lung cancer patients.
Opportunistic foraging strategy of rainbow lizards at a seaside resort in Togo
Authors: Dendi Daniele , Segniagbeto Gabriel H. , Meek Roger , Luiselli Luca
Published: January 2023

Rainbow lizards (Agama agama) are common in suburban areas throughout Africa, and have an opportunistic foraging strategy, with arthropods being the main prey source. In a coastal resort in southern Togo, West Africa, several individuals in a population were observed while feeding regularly upon non‐natural human‐made food (pizza) and showing a clear preference for a given type of food versus others that were offered (‘four cheeses’ being the preferred one). The fact that all monitored individuals fed upon a same type of pizza suggests that they may have some chemical cues attracting them.
My Baby's Movements: An assessment of the effectiveness of the My Baby's Movements phone program in reducing late‐gestation stillbirth rates
Authors: Skalecki Sarah , Lawford Harriet , Gardener Glenn , Coory Michael , Bradford Billie , Warrilow Kara , Wojcieszek Aleena M. , Newth Tionie , Weller Megan , Said Joanne M. , Boyle Fran M. , East Christine , Gordon Adrienne , Middleton Philippa , Ellwood David , Flenady Vicki
Published: January 2023

Background

Delayed reporting of decreased fetal movements (DFM) could represent a missed opportunity to prevent stillbirth. Mobile phone applications (apps) have the potential to improve maternal awareness and reporting of DFM and contribute to stillbirth prevention.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of the My Baby's Movements (MBM) app on late‐gestation stillbirth rates.

Materials and Methods

The MBM trial evaluated a multifaceted fetal movements awareness package across 26 maternity services in Australia and New Zealand between 2016 and 2019. In this secondary analysis, generalised linear mixed models were used to compare rates of late‐gestation stillbirth, obstetric interventions, and neonatal outcomes between app users and non‐app users including calendar time, cluster, primiparity and other potential confounders as fixed effects, and hospital as a random effect.

Results

Of 140 052 women included, app users comprised 9.8% (n = 13 780). The stillbirth rate was not significantly lower among app users (1.67/1000 vs 2.29/1000) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.79; 95% CI 0.51–1.23). App users were less likely to have a preterm birth (aOR 0.81; 0.75–0.88) or a composite adverse neonatal outcome (aOR 0.87; 0.81–0.93); however, they had higher rates of induction of labour (IOL) (aOR 1.27; 1.22–1.32) and early term birth (aOR 1.08; 1.04–1.12).

Conclusions

The MBM app had low uptake and its use was not associated with stillbirth rates but was associated with some neonatal benefit, and higher rates of IOL and early term birth. Use and acceptability of tools designed to promote fetal movement awareness is an important knowledge gap. The implications of increased IOL and early term births warrant consideration in future studies.
Insertable cardiac monitor‐guided early intervention to reduce atrial fibrillation burden following catheter ablation: Study design and clinical protocol (ICM‐REDUCE‐AF trial)
Authors: Tankut Sinan S. , Huang David T. , Zareba Wojciech , Aktas Mehmet K. , Rosero Spencer Z. , Steinberg Jonathan , Henchen Jennifer , Kutyifa Valentina , Strawderman Robert L. , Goldenberg Ilan
Published: January 2023

Background

Percutaneous catheter ablation (CA) to achieve pulmonary vein isolation is an effective treatment for drug‐refractory paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). However, recurrence rates after a single AF ablation procedure remain elevated. Conventional management after CA ablation has mostly been based on clinical AF recurrence. However, continuous recordings with insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) and patient‐triggered mobile app transmissions post‐CA can now be used to detect early recurrences of subclinical AF (SCAF). We hypothesize that early intervention following CA based on personalized ICM data can prevent the substrate progression that promotes the onset and maintenance of atrial arrhythmias.

Methods

This is a randomized, double‐blind (to SCAF data), single‐tertiary center clinical trial in which 120 patients with drug‐refractory paroxysmal or persistent AF are planned to undergo CA with an ICM. Randomization will be to an intervention arm (n = 60) consisting of ICM‐guided early intervention based on SCAF and patient‐triggered mobile app transmissions versus a control arm (n = 60) consisting of a standard intervention protocol based on clinical AF recurrence validated by the ICM. Primary endpoint is AF burden, which will be assessed from ICMs at 15 months post‐AF ablation. Secondary endpoints include healthcare utilization, functional capacity, and quality of life.

Conclusion

We believe that ICM‐guided early intervention will provide a novel, personalized approach to post‐AF ablation management that will result in a significant reduction in AF burden, healthcare utilization, and improvements in functional capacity and quality of life.
Interactive effects of dietary supplementation between illite and probiotic on productive performance, intestinal microflora, and blood profiles of laying hens
Authors: Lim Chun Ik , Kim Ju Eun , Lee Kyu Bang
Published: January 2023

This study investigates the interactive effects of dietary illite and probiotic on productive performance, intestinal microflora, and blood profiles of laying hens. A total of 432 laying hens at 24 weeks old were allotted into six dietary groups. An experimental design was composed with a 3 (illite levels: 0, 0.3, and 0.6%) × 2 (probiotic levels: 0 and 0.2%). The probiotic based on Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and B. licheniformis was used. There were interactions between illite and probiotic on total microbes and salmonella of digesta. Higher egg production was observed in hens fed a diet supplemented with either 0.6% illite or 0.2% probiotic than in those fed a basal diet. The total microbes of the group fed a diet with 0.6% illite were lower than the groups fed diets with 0 and 0.3% illite. A lower number of Escherichia coli was observed in hens fed a diet with probiotic than those fed a basal diet. Higher immunoglobulin G concentration was observed in the group fed a diet supplemented with 0.6% illite than in those fed a basal diet. Our results suggest illite and probiotic can be used as feed additives for hens, separately or in combination to improve performance and intestinal microflora.
Morphology of the major salivary glands of Spix's Yellow‐Toothed Cavys (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)
Authors: Rebouças Carlos Eduardo Vale , Diniz João Augusto Rodrigues Alves , de Sousa Ana Caroline Freitas Caetano , de Oliveira Radan Elvis Matias , de Moura Carlos Eduardo Bezerra , Guerra Ricardo Romão , Pereira Alexsandra Fernandes , de Assis Neto Antônio Chaves , de Oliveira Moacir Franco
Published: January 2023

Rodents can present a large number of morphophysiological variations of the digestive system, allowing them to feed on different diets. In this context, the objective was to describe the morphology of the major salivary glands of Galea spixii. Gross dissection, light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy assessments of 12 specimens were carried out. The results demonstrate that the G. spixii has four pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, mandibular, zygomatic and sublingual). The glands are lobulated, composed acinar, consisting of mucous and serous acini, with the predominant parotid gland being serous and the zygomatic gland mucous. The mandibular and sublingual glands are mixed. The glands secrete acidic and neutral mucins and commonly present intercalary, striated and excretory ducts. The ultrastructure of the acinar cells suggests the presence of great cellular activity, with a cytoplasm taken by a rough endoplasmic reticulum, many mitochondria, vesicles of electrolucent nature and dispersed chromatin. In conclusion, the major salivary glands of G. spixii are constituted of mucous and serous acini, with serous acini predominant in the mandibular areas. The data also suggest that these rodents may adopt different types of diets, which may explain their adaptability to semi‐arid environments.
Efficacy and safety of regdanvimab in patients with mild to moderate COVID‐19: A rapid review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Amani Behnam , Amani Bahman
Published: January 2023

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of regdanvimab, an anti‐SARS‐COV‐2 monoclonal antibody approved by the European Medicines Agency in November 2021, for the treatment of confirmed COVID‐19 disease.

Methods

Cochrane Library, PubMed, medRxiv and Google Scholar were searched for relevant evidence up to October 27, 2022. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tools. Data were analysed using RevMan software.

Results

Eight studies involving 4793 patients were included. A significant difference was observed between the regdanvimab and no‐regdanvimab groups in terms of length of hospital stay (mean difference [MD] = −1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.80 to −0.43), clinical recovery (odds ratio [OR] = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.38 to 3.18), disease progression (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.33), the need for oxygen therapy (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.43) and duration of oxygen therapy (MD = −3.00, 95% CI: −4.44 to −1.56). However, no significant difference was detected between 2 groups regarding mortality rate (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.11 to 1.89), need for mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.08 to 1.89) and hospital admission rate (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.35 to 1.03). The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.18).

Conclusion

Regdanvimab was not effective in reducing mortality and hospital admission rate in patients with mild to moderate COVID‐19, but it was effective in improving other efficacy outcomes. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.
A case series of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin scar reactivation after administration of both mRNA and viral vector COVID‐19 vaccines
Authors: van Balveren Leontine , van Puijenbroek Eugène P. , Davidson Linda , van Hunsel Florence
Published: January 2023

Aim

Reactivation of the scar resulting from intradermal injection of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) is a common specific reaction in Kawasaki's disease. It has also sporadically been associated with viral infections, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, influenza vaccination and mRNA COVID‐19 vaccination. In this case series, characteristics of BCG scar reactivation after different COVID‐19 vaccinations are presented and possible mechanisms are discussed.

Methods

Data were collected from the spontaneous reporting system of the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb. Descriptives were made for the case reports in which a BCG scar reactivation was detected.

Results

Since the start of the COVID‐19 vaccination campaign in January 2021, the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb has received 22 case reports of BCG reactivation after vaccination with a COVID‐19 vaccine. In 20 case reports, it concerned mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines Moderna (14) and Pfizer (6). In two case reports, the viral vector COVID‐19 vaccine AstraZeneca was administered. Erythema and pain were the most frequently reported symptoms and the size of the inflammation was between 1.5 and 5 cm. BCG scar reactivation occurred with a median time to onset of 2 days after the second or booster COVID‐19 vaccination, whereas the median time to onset was 7 days after the first COVID‐19 vaccination. None of the BCG scar reactivations were treated.

Conclusions

The exact mechanism of the occurrence of BCG scar reactivation remains unknown, but involvement of heat shock protein 65 is suggested. BCG scar reactivation is a nonserious, self‐limiting reaction that can occur after vaccination with both mRNA and viral vector COVID‐19 vaccines.
A multi‐analyses approach of inductive/deductive asymmetry in the affective priming paradigm
Authors: Foroni Francesco , Marmolejo‐Ramos Fernando , Wilcox Rand , de Bastiani Fernanda , Semin Gün R.
Published: January 2023

Rapidly evaluating our environment's beneficial and detrimental features is critical for our successful functioning. A classic paradigm used to investigate such fast and automatic evaluations is the affective priming (AP) paradigm, where participants classify valencedtargetstimuli (e.g., words) as good or bad while ignoring the valencedprimes(e.g., words). We investigate the differential impact that verbs and adjectives used as primes and targets have on the AP paradigm. Based on earlier work on the Linguistic Category Model, we expect AP effect to be modulated by non‐evaluative properties of theword stimuli, such as the linguistic category (e.g., if the prime is an adjective and the target is a verb versus the reverse). A reduction in the magnitude of the priming effect was predicted for adjective–verb prime‐target pairs compared to verb–adjective prime‐target pairs. Moreover, we implemented a modified crowdsourcing of statistical analyses implementing independently three different statistical approaches. Deriving our conclusions on the converging/diverging evidence provided by the different approaches, we show a clear deductive/inductive asymmetry in AP paradigm (exp. 1), that this asymmetry does not require a focus on the evaluative dimension to emerge (exp. 2) and that the semantic‐based asymmetry weakly extends to valence (exp. 3).
Quid pro quo harassment, contracts and liability
Authors: Baç Mehmet
Published: January 2023

This paper identifies two channels through which contracts induce performance and contain quid pro quo harassment: a disincentive effect raises the cost for harassers and a selection effect that attracts whistleblower types raises potential victims' resistance. An effective employer liability generates a negative relationship between wages and harassment risk. If liability is ineffective, however, employers can opt for low‐wage contracts that induce high harassment and minimum internal complaints. In such environments, wages compensate exogenous harassment risks. Thus the wage‐harassment risk equation can signal effectiveness of employer liability.
A novel probe set for the phylogenomics and evolution of RTA spiders
Authors: Zhang Junxia , Li Zhaoyi , Lai Jiaxing , Zhang Zhisheng , Zhang Feng
Published: January 2023

Spiders are important models for evolutionary studies of web building, sexual selection and adaptive radiation. The recent development of probes for UCE (ultra‐conserved element)‐based phylogenomic studies has shed light on the phylogeny and evolution of spiders. However, the two available UCE probe sets for spider phylogenomics (Spider and Arachnida probe sets) have relatively low capture efficiency within spiders, and are not optimized for the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) clade, a hyperdiverse lineage that is key to understanding the evolution and diversification of spiders. In this study, we sequenced 15 genomes of species in the RTA clade, and using eight reference genomes, we developed a new UCE probe set (41 845 probes targeting 3802 loci, labelled as the RTA probe set). The performance of the RTA probes in resolving the phylogeny of the RTA clade was compared with the Spider and Arachnida probes through an in‐silico test on 19 genomes. We also tested the new probe set empirically on 28 spider species of major spider lineages. The results showed that the RTA probes recovered twice and four times as many loci as the other two probe sets, and the phylogeny from the RTA UCEs provided higher support for certain relationships. This newly developed UCE probe set shows higher capture efficiency empirically and is particularly advantageous for phylogenomic and evolutionary studies of RTA clade and jumping spiders.
Underwater light attenuation inhibits native submerged plants and facilitates the invasive co‐occurring plant Cabomba caroliniana
Authors: Huang Xiaolong , Ke Fan , Lu Jing , Xie Hongmin , Zhao Yu , Yin Chunyu , Guan Baohua , Li Kuanyi , Jeppesen Erik
Published: January 2023

Aim

Decreasing in the diversity and distribution of native submerged plants have been widely observed in recent decades. Global underwater darkening, which is mainly caused by radiation dimming and a decrease in transparency due to, e.g. eutrophication, has emerged as a general trend that strongly hampers the growth of submerged plants in lakes by decreasing the light available for photosynthesis. However, few studies have attempted to compare the responses of native and invasive submerged plants to underwater darkening. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of light attenuation on the growth and photosynthesis traits of native and invasive submerged plants.

Location

East China.

Method

Through field investigations and a mesocosm experiment, the responses of functional traits of two representative native [water thyme (Hydrilla verticillata), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)] and one invasive [Carolina fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana)] plant species to various environmental factors, notably to underwater light attenuation, were studied.

Results

Underwater photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) exerted a substantial effect on the relative coverage and abundance of the three studied submerged plants in their natural freshwater habitats. Invasive C. caroliniana showed relatively superior growth (total biomass and relative growth rate) and photosynthesis traits (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II Fv/Fm, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and the ratio of Chl a and b contents) compared to the two native plants under low underwater PAR conditions. In contrast, under high underwater PAR conditions, C. caroliniana showed the opposite response.

Main Conclusions

Light attenuation inhibits the growth of native submerged plants but facilitates the growth of invasive plant species. Restoration of freshwater lakes by reducing deterioration from underwater darkening (for instance, by reducing of external nutrients loading) may therefore constrain the growth and spread of the invasive C. caroliniana.
A cross‐linguistic approach to children's reasoning: Turkish‐ and English‐speaking children's use of metatalk
Authors: Özkan F. Ece , Hartwell Kirstie , Köymen Bahar
Published: January 2023

When collaboratively solving problems, children discuss information reliability, for example, whether claims are based on direct or indirect observation, termed as “metatalk”. Unlike English in which evidential marking is optional, languages with obligatory evidential marking such as Turkish, might provide children some advantages in communicating the reliability of their claims. The current preregistered online study investigated Turkish‐ and English‐speaking 3‐ and 5‐year‐old children's (N = 144) use of metatalk. The child and the experimenter (E) were asked to decide in which of the two houses a toy was hiding. One house had the toy's footprints. When E left the Zoom meeting, an informant told the child that the toy was in the other house without the footprints in three within‐subjects conditions. In the direct‐observation condition, the child witnessed the informant move the toy. In the indirect‐witness condition, the informant checked both houses and said that the toy was in the other house. In the indirect‐hearsay condition, the informant simply said that the toy was in the other house. When E returned, the child had to convince E about how they knew the toy was in the other house using metatalk (e.g., “I saw it move”). Turkish‐speaking children used metatalk more often than did English‐speaking children, especially in the direct‐observation condition. In the two indirect conditions, both groups of 5‐year‐olds were similar in their use of metatalk, but Turkish speaking 3‐year‐olds produced metatalk more often than did English‐speaking 3‐year‐olds. Thus, languages with obligatory evidential marking might facilitate children's collaborative reasoning.

Research Highlights

Children as young as 3 years of age can produce metatalk.

Turkish‐speaking children produce metatalk more often than English‐speaking children.

The difference between the two linguistic groups is more pronounced at age 3.
Future directions for the assessment of gait dystonia in cerebral palsy
Authors: Nonnekes Jorik , Buizer Annemieke I.
Published: January 2023

This commentary is on the original article by Aravamuthan et al. on pages 968–977 of this issue.
Membrane oxygenator longevity was higher in argatroban‐treated patients undergoing vvECMO
Authors: Menninger Loredana , Körner Andreas , Mirakaj Valbona , Heck‐Swain Ka‐Lin , Haeberle Helene A. , Althaus Karina , Baumgaertner Michael , Jost Walter , Schlensak Christian , Rosenberger Peter , Koeppen Michael
Published: January 2023

Background

In severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO) can be a lifesaver. However, anticoagulation therapy is mandatory because the nonendothelial extracorporeal surface increases the risk of thromboembolic problems. Heparin is still the most common anticoagulant, but argatroban could be an alternative. This work investigates whether argatroban offers a therapeutic advantage over heparin during vvECMO.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent vvECMO for severe ARDS and received heparin or argatroban as anticoagulation therapy. Demographic variables, intensive care unit (ICU) treatment and outcome parameters were evaluated. The primary outcome parameter was the operating time of the membrane oxygenator normalized to the duration of vvECMO treatment. Secondary outcome parameters were transfusion requirements normalized to the duration of vvECMO therapy.

Results

Fifty seven patients from January 2019 to February 2021 underwent vvECMO and were included in this study. Thirty three patients received heparin and 24 patients argatroban as anticoagulatory therapy. The groups did not differ in demographics, ICU scoring systems, or comorbidities. Platelet counts and partial prothrombin time did not differ between the two groups during the first 6 days of vvECMO. The argatroban group had lower requirements for red blood cells, platelets and fresh frozen plasma. The mean runtime of the individual membrane oxygenator increased from 12.3 days (heparin group) to 16.6 days in the argatroban group.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that argatroban can be considered as anticoagulant during vvECMO.
More flow in a regulated river correlates with more and earlier adult lamprey passage, but peak passage occurs at annual low flows
Authors: Clemens Benjamin J. , Romer Jeremy D. , Ziller Jeffrey S. , Jones Michelle
Published: January 2023

Artificial obstructions such as dams are a key limiting factor or threat to adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) attempting to access upstream spawning habitats. Nevertheless, lamprey counted during dam passage (dam counts) is useful for monitoring abundance trends of these fish. We describe the trends in lamprey dam counts during 2005–2020 at Leaburg Dam (6.7 m height) on the McKenzie River (Oregon, USA). Despite similar flow volumes at each of two fish ladders, most lampreys in most years passed Leaburg Dam via the right bank fish ladder (vertical slot design) rather than the left bank fish ladder (half Ice Harbor). Counts ranged between 32 and 176 lampreys per year (median = 71.5 individuals). Akaike Information Criterion revealed the best fit General Additive Model (GAM) that described the cumulative proportion of lamprey passage included ‘year’, ‘day of the year’ and ‘river flow’, as opposed to other GAMs that included fewer of these variables or that included ‘water temperature’. Lamprey generally began passing during consecutive days of decreasing river flows, with most passing during annual low flows during June–August each year. In addition, total annual dam counts were strongly correlated with the sum of mean daily river flows. Thus, higher annual river flows correlate with earlier and more lamprey passage, but peak passage occurs at annual low flows. Mean daily water temperature ranged between 7.8 and 14.9°C during lamprey passage.
Functional neurological disorder in people with long COVID: A systematic review
Authors: Teodoro Tiago , Chen Jiaying , Gelauff Jeannette , Edwards Mark J.
Published: January 2023

Background and purpose

Acute health events, including infections, can trigger the onset of functional neurological disorder (FND). It was hypothesized that a proportion of people with long COVID might be experiencing functional symptoms.

Methods

A systematic review of studies containing original data on long COVID was performed. The frequency and characteristics of neurological symptoms were reviewed, looking for positive evidence suggesting an underlying functional disorder and the hypothesized causes of long COVID.

Results

In all, 102 studies were included in our narrative synthesis. The most consistently reported neurological symptoms were cognitive difficulties, headaches, pain, dizziness, fatigue, sleep‐related symptoms and ageusia/anosmia. Overall, no evidence was found that any authors had systematically looked for positive features of FND. An exception was three studies describing temporal inconsistency. In general, the neurological symptoms were insufficiently characterized to support or refute a diagnosis of FND. Moreover, only 13 studies specifically focused on long COVID after mild infection, where the impact of confounders from the general effects of severe illness would be mitigated. Only one study hypothesized that some people with long COVID might have a functional disorder, and another eight studies a chronic‐fatigue‐syndrome‐like response.

Discussion

Neurological symptoms are prevalent in long COVID, but poorly characterized. The similarities between some manifestations of long COVID and functional disorders triggered by acute illnesses are striking. Unfortunately, the current literature is plagued by confounders, including the mixing of patients with initial mild infection with those with severe acute medical complications. The hypothesis that long COVID might in part correspond to a functional disorder remains untested.
“Poor brain development” in the global South? Challenging the science of early childhood interventions
Authors: Scheidecker Gabriel , Chaudhary Nandita , Keller Heidi , Mezzenzana Francesca , Lancy David F.
Published: January 2023

Global Early Childhood Development (ECD)—an applied field with the aim to improve the “brain structure and function” of future generations in the global South—has moved to the center of international development. Global ECD rests heavily on evidence claims about widespread cognitive, social, and emotional deficits in the global South and the benefits of changing parenting practices in order to optimize early childhood development. We challenge these claims on the grounds that the leading ECD literature excludes research from anthropology, cultural psychology, and related fields that could provide crucial insights about childrearing and children's development in the targeted communities. We encourage anthropologists and other scholars with ethnographic expertise on childhood to critically engage with global ECD. To facilitate such an endeavor, this article sketches the history, scientific claims, and interventions of global ECD, points out the critical potential of ethnographic research, and suggests strategies to make ethnography more relevant.
A conversation analysis of therapist repeats in open dialogue network meetings
Authors: Ong Ben , Barnes Scott , Buus Niels
Published: January 2023

Writings on Open Dialogue approaches to working with families experiencing mental distress emphasize the importance of the therapist repeating the family's words back to them verbatim. Repeats are theorized to display the therapist's listening and to encourage elaboration without imposing the therapist's own interpretations or conclusions on the family. These recommendations have not been subjected to rigorous interactional investigation. In this study, we used conversation analysis to analyze 160 examples of therapists repeating the prior talk of the family from 14 h of video‐recorded Open Dialogue sessions. We found that these repeats had similar functions to those previously described in conversation analysis research such as initiating repair, marking receipt, and requesting elaboration as well as examples of therapist repeats occurring in overlap with the talk of the client. Open Dialogue writings thus present an oversimplified account of how repeats are utilized in clinical Open Dialogue sessions. Consistent with dialogical writings, repeats can elicit elaboration with limited input from the therapist, however repeats reflect selectivity and function to direct and guide the conversation to some extent. So, while therapist authority can be mitigated by repeating clients' words, when a therapist chooses to employ a repeat actively shapes the direction of the interaction.
An exploration of potential pressures to engage in parenting accommodation of PTSD symptoms for military couples
Authors: Allen Elizabeth S. , Renshaw Keith D. , Fredman Steffany J.
Published: January 2023

In the context of service member posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, intimate partners may experience pressure to take over parenting roles and run interference between the service member and the children; that is, to engage in partner accommodation focal to parenting. The current study quantitatively assessed potential pressures to engage in parenting accommodation (PPEPA) in a sample of 207 female partners married to male service members with at least one child in the home and the convergence of PPEPA with service member PTSD symptoms, general partner accommodation, couple functioning, parenting, and child functioning. Partners' reports of PPEPA were associated with higher levels of service member PTSD symptoms and partners' general accommodation of PTSD symptoms. When controlling for service member PTSD symptoms and general partner accommodation, partner reports of PPEPA still accounted for unique variance in lower parenting alliance (as reported by both service member and partner), lower levels of service members' reports of closeness with children in the home, higher levels of harsh parenting by both the service member and partner, and greater child behavioral difficulties. Findings support PPEPA as related to partners' accommodative responses to PTSD but demonstrating unique associations with parenting alliance, parenting, and child outcomes. Parenting interventions in the context of PTSD may benefit from conjoint or family approaches that attend to the intersection of PTSD and broader family functioning, including pressures to engage in accommodation focal to the parenting domain.
Longitudinal associations between relational and sexual well‐being in couples transitioning to parenthood
Authors: Tavares Inês M. , Rosen Natalie O. , Heiman Julia R. , Nobre Pedro J.
Published: January 2023

There is limited understanding of the dynamic between relational and sexual well‐being as couples adjust to new parenthood, despite this being a vulnerable period for couples' relationships. This study was aimed at examining the bidirectional links between relationship quality and sexual well‐being (i.e., sexual satisfaction, sexual distress) across the transition to parenthood. We assessed new parent couples (N = 257) across four time points (two prenatal) from mid‐pregnancy through 6 months postpartum. Parallel dyadic latent growth curve modeling was employed to examine the associations between trajectories of perceived relationship quality, sexual satisfaction, and sexual distress. New parents' declines in relationship quality were associated with declines in own and partners' sexual satisfaction and with increases in own sexual distress. Mothers' prenatal relationship quality and sexual distress predicted subsequent changes in own sexual distress and fathers' relationship quality, respectively. Results indicate that changes to new parents' relational and sexual well‐being mutually influence each other over time. Current results indicate that the impact of the transition on couples' relationships is partly determined by own and partners' prenatal factors, to which clinicians and researchers can attend to early on. Cross‐domain links between relational and sexual well‐being should be considered in research and clinical practice.
Fatigue crack growth modeling considering a hybrid propagation strategy
Authors: Sérgio Edmundo R. , Antunes Fernando V. , Neto Diogo M.
Published: January 2023

Fatigue results from the occurrence of several damage mechanisms and their interactions. The cyclic plastic strain and damage accumulation at the crack tip are widely pointed as the main agents behind fatigue crack growth (FCG). In this work, the authors propose the prediction of FCG through a node release numerical model that offers several possibilities regarding the modeling of the mechanisms behind fatigue. A hybrid propagation method is presented where both cumulative plastic strain and porous damage represent parallel propagation criteria. Accordingly, the node is released once either a critical plastic strain or a critical porosity, at the crack tip, is reached. The Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) damage model is employed to predict porous damage evolution through the processes of nucleation and growth of micro‐voids. The model is validated through comparison with experimental data for the AA2024‐T351 aluminum alloy. Finally, the interactions between plastic strain, porous damage, crack closure, and stress triaxiality are accessed.