bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF HEATING TIME TO THE CONTENT OF PIGMENTS AND VITAMIN A IN CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) AND CEARA-RUBBER (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) LEAVES
Authors: Madalena Madalena , Heriyanto Heriyanto , Hastuti Susanti Pudji , Limantara Leenawaty
Published: January 2019

Cassava and ceara-rubber leaves are leavy vegetables that can not be consumed in raw form because they contained cyanide, therefore cooking process is needed to remove the cyanide.  However cooking process cause the changes of  the content of pigments and vitamin A. The aims of the research are to know and to compare the effect of heating time to the content of pigments and vitamin A in cassava and ceara-rubber leaves. Content of chlorophyll and carotenoid was analized base of Porra and Lichtenthaler equations, respectively, while pheophytin content was analyzed base on HPLC. The result shown that the content of chlorophylls, carotenoids and vitamin A of cassava and ceara-rubber leaves were reduced, while the content of pheophytin was increased during heating. Pheophytin was the main product degradation of chlorophyll during heating of cassava and ceara-rubber leaves.   Keywords: heating process, cassava, pigment, vitamin A.
THE ADDITION OF SOME COAGULANT AND VARIATION OF pH ON DEGRADATION OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER USING GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Sumartono Agustin , Lindu Winarti Andayani , Winarno Ermin K.
Published: January 2019

The degradation and decolouration of textile waste water by gamma irradiation has been studied. Textile wastewater contain a mixture of dyes that difficult to degrade using conventional method, therefore it is necessary to find another method to degrade those dyes. Samples from effluent of textile industry were taken at certain time and have different in colour and condition. The addition of coagulant and radiation to remove the colour of the samples were demonstrated. Four kind of treatments were carried out in this experiment namely addition of coagulant, radiation, variation of pH and radiation, and combination of radiation with the addition of coagulant. The parameters examined were the change of spectra intensity, percentage of sedimentation after the addition of coagulant, and the percentage of the degradation. Combination of irradiation and the addition of coagulant induced decolouration and degradation of the waste.   Keywords: radiation, degradation, decoloration, textile wastewater
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SEDIMENT AGES AND ACCUMULATION RATES IN JAKARTA BAY DERIVED FROM DEPTH PROFILES OF UNSUPPORTED 210Pb
Authors: Lubis Ali Arman , Aliyanta Barokah
Published: January 2019

Preliminary study of sediment ages and accumulation rates has been carried out in Jakarta Bay using unsupported 210Pb. 210Pb occurs naturally in sediments as one of the radioisotopes in the 238U decay series. The total 210Pb activity in sediments has two components, namely; supported and unsupported. The latter derives from dissociation of 210Pb from 226Ra through diffusion of the intermediate gaseous isotope 222Rn which diffuse into the atmosphere and decay to 210Pb. 210Pb falling directly into seawater and deposit on the bed of the marine with sediments. 210Pb has half-life of 22.26 years makes it well suited to dating and determining the accumulation rate of sediments laid down over the past 100 - 150 years. Two cores samples with diameter 7.5 cm were taken by scuba divers from Jakarta Bay and were analyzed of 210Pb using α-spectrometer equipped with PIPS detector. The sediment ages and range of sediment accumulation rates of core I and II are up to 169 years and (0.25 - 1.93) kg/m2y and up to 157 years and (0.15 - 2.68) kg/m2y, respectively.  Keywords: sediment ages, accumulation rates, marine sediment, 210Pb
ALDOL CONDENSATION OF N-ALKYLATED-3-ARYL-4,6-DIMETHOXY-7-FORMYLINDOLES AS A GOOD METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1-ARYL-6,8-DIMETHOXYPYRROLO[3,2,1-hi]INDOLE-4-CARBOXYLATES
Authors: Jumina Jumina
Published: January 2019

Alkylation of 3-aryl-4,6-dimethoxyindole 3a and 3b with methyl and ethyl a-bromoacetates afforded good yields of indol-1-ylacetates 4. Treatment of these indoles 4 with the Vilsmeier formylation reagent gave formylindoles 5 in 54-81 % yield. These formylindole 5 underwent intramolecular aldol condensation when treated with sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran to give pyrroloindole-4-carboxylates 6 in 30-60 % yield. Structural assignment based on spectroscopic data confirmed the structure of the synthesized pyrroloindoles. In the case of pyrroloindole 6c, the structure of this molecule was also proven by X-ray crystallography data.    Keywords: indole, pyrroloindole, aldol condensation, alkylation, and formylation
BRIONONIC ACID FROM THE HEXANE EXTRACT OF Sandoricum koetjape MERR STEM BARK (meliaceae)
Authors: Tukiran Tukiran , Saidah Saidah , Suyatno Suyatno , Hidayati Nurul , Shimizu Kuniyoshi
Published: January 2019

An oleane-type triterpenoid, briononic acid was isolated from hexane extract of the stem bark of Sandoricum koetjape Merr. (Meliaceae). This structure had been established based on spectroscopic data (UV, IR, and NMR) and by comparison with spectroscopic data of related compound that had been reported.   Keywords: Meliaceae, Oleane, Sandoricum koetjape Merr., Triterpenoid
FRACTIONATION OF FATTY ACID OMEGA 3, 6 AND 9 FROM SNAIL (Achatina fulica) USING COLOUM CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Haryadi Winarto , Triono Sugeng
Published: January 2019

The extraction of fat from snail has been carried out by Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether solvent. Fatty product from extraction was transesterificated in BF3/methanol solvent for an hour by reflux procedure, then extracted by n-hexane to produce methyl ester fatty acid. Free water fatty acid methyl ester was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Fatty acid ester was separated from its fractions use column chromatography in n-hexane, n-hexane:dietil eter (2:1 v/v), dietil eter, aseton, ethanol and methanol. This fractions wer also analized by GC-MS. From GC-MS data sheet can be obtained 5 fractions which details are; fraction 1 contains omega 3: 27.54 %, omega 6: 15.40 % and omega 9: 6.77 %. Fraction 2 contains omega 3: 3.08 %, omega 6: 15.62 % and omega 9: 10.72 %. Fraction 3 contains omega 6: 3.57 %, omega 9: 7.02 % and none omega 3 inside it. Omega 3, 6 and 9 can't be identification in fraction 4 and 5.   Keywords: extraction, transesterification, column chromatography, GC-MS
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLE ANALYTICAL METHOD OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID BY PROPANOIC ACID DETERMINATION USING ALKALIMETRIC TITRATION
Authors: Handayani Sri , Budimarwanti Cornelia
Published: January 2019

The content of omega-3 in the fish oil capsules have been determined by alkalimetrie titration method. This method has been done in three ways. Firstly, fatty acids were oxidized by KMnO4 using H2SO4 as catalyst. Secondly, propanoic acid as the result of oxidation was separated by distillation. Furthermore, distillated propanoic acid was titrated. Precision, accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of the research were good enough for further development as a routine method for determination of omega-3 content.   Keywords: omega-3, alkalimetric titration
A NEW CLASS OF IONIC SOLVENTS, ELECTROLYTES AND ENGINEERING FLUIDS BASED ON 1,3-ALKYLMETHYL-1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLIUM SALTS
Authors: Mudzakir Ahmad
Published: January 2019

A new series of ionic liquids based on 1,3-alkylmethyl-1,2,3-benzotriazolium cation has been prepared. The spectroscopic, physical and electrochemical characteristics of this family of salts have been investigated with respect to potential usage as ionic solvents, electrolytes and engineering fluids. Incorporation of diverse anions including weak coordinating anion and pseudohalide with this benzotriazolium cation produces ionic liquids with advantageously low melting points and good thermal stability. Thermal analyses of these very stable salts included the determination of melting points (-65 to 164 oC) and decomposition temperatures (up to 291 oC). The electrochemical windows of representative benzotriazolium species has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and determined to be ~ 3 V. The X-ray single crystal and spectroscopic studies revealed that weak hydrogen-bonding interactions between the benzotriazolium ring protons and the anions are present both in the solid state as well as in solution.   Keywords: ionic liquids, X-ray single crystal, thermal analysis, electrochemical analysis, benzotriazolium salt
STUDY ON EFFECT OF pH AND METAL CONCENTRATION ON THE SYNTHESIS OF DIMENSIONALLY STABLE ANODE GAPHITE/La2O3-ZrO2 AND GAPHITE/RuO2-TiO2
Authors: Suyanta Suyanta , Kuncaka Agus
Published: January 2019

The objective of this research is to study the effect of pH and metal concentration toward the mass of metal oxides coated on gaphite in the synthesis of dimensionally stable anode (DSA) gaphite/La2O3-ZrO2 and gaphite/RuO2-TiO2. The synthesis of those  DSA was done by thermal decomposition technique. The solution containing metal ion to be coated (as its oxides) on the gaphite, followed by heating. Those spraying and heating were repeated up to ten times, so that it was expected that all of gaphite surface was covered by the metal oxides. It was concluded that the mass of metal oxides coated on the gaphite was affected by the pH and concentration of metals in the solutian to be sprayed. Treatment by using solution at pH of 4 and 6 produced  more in mass of metal oxides mixture than  using solution of 1 and 2 on pHs. DSA gaphite/La2O3-ZrO2 produced by treatment using solution of 4 and 6 on pHs contained more in mass of La2O3 than of ZrO2; meanwhile DSA gaphite/RuO2-TiO2 produced in this research (for all of treatment) contained more in mass of RuO2 than of TiO2.   Keywords: Dimensionally Stable Anode, gaphite, La2O3-ZrO2, RuO2-TiO2
DETERMINATION OF LIMIT DETECTION OF THE ELEMENTS N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, WITH FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION USING NEUTRON GENERATOR
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Muryono Muryono
Published: January 2019

Determination of limit detection of the elements N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, with fast neutron activation using neutron generator has been done.  Samples prepared from SRM 2704, N, P, K elements from MERCK, Cu, Cd, Al from activation foil made in San Carlos, weighted and packed for certain weight then iradiated during 30 minutes with 14 MeV fast neutron using the neutron generator and then counted with gamma spectrometry (accuspec).  At this research condition of neutron generator was set at current 1 mA that produced neutron flux about 5,47.107 n/cm2.s and  experimental result shown that the limit detection for the elements N, P, K, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd are  2,44 ppm, 1,88 ppm, 2,15 ppm, 1,44 ppm, 1,26 ppm, 1,35 ppm, 1,05 ppm, 2,99 ppm, respectively.  The data  indicate that the limit detection or sensitivity of appliance of neutron generator to analyze the element is very good, which is feasible to get accreditation AANC laboratory using neutron generator.   Keywords: limit detection, AANC, neutron generator
INVESTIGATION OF DISSOLVED SULPHATE IN VARIOUS GEOTHERMAL FIELDS OF SUMATRA USING OXYGEN AND SULPHUR ISOTOPES
Authors: Pujiindiyati E. Ristin , Abidin Zainal
Published: January 2019

There are at least 30 high temperature systems; eleven active volcanoes, five degassing volcanoes and one caldera volcano controlled by Sumatra Fault Zone over a length of 1700 km. To understand this geothermal field system, some information about geochemistry including isotope composition in its fluid is needed. Sulphur-34 and oxygen-18 isotopes in dissolved sulphate pair have been used to determine the origin of acidic fluid of sulphate and to evaluate the process involved. The fluids from eight hot springs, two fumaroles, four deep wells and crater have been collected in along Sumatra geothermal fields. Sulphur-34 (d 34S (SO4), 0/00 CDT) and oxygen-18 (d 18O (SO4), 0/00 SMOW) in sulphate is analyzed according to Robinson-Kusakabe and Rafter method, respectively. The d 34S (SO4) values from Sibayak wells are more enriched of 16.8 0/00 to 18.2 0/0 that may indicate the dissolution of anhydrite minerals or isotope partitioning in hydration of SO2. The d 34S (SO4) values from two fumaroles (Pusuk Bukit - North Sumatra and Rantau Dadap - South Sumatra) are at depleted value of -0.150/00 and 1.80/00, those are close to d 34S from magmatic sulphur.  In general, the d 34S (SO4) of springs spread in a wide range of 5.250/00 to14.20/00 and show a mixing process between atmospheric sulphate and sulphate from deep wells. The d 18O (SO4) from wells exhibits depleted value around -3.60/00 suggesting that 87.5% of sulphate oxygen is derived from groundwater oxygen and 12.5% is derived from atmospheric molecular oxygen in sulphide oxidation reaction. In the other hand, hot springs (except Semurup), crater and fumaroles have enriched value of d 18O (SO4). These enriched values suggest that a higher percentage of atmospherically derived oxygen compared to those from the depth.   Keywords: isotope, geothermal, Sumatra
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF LOW-MOLECULAR-MASS OF CA SPECIES IN PHLOEM SAP OF Ricinus communis L.
Authors: Fitri Noor , Thiele Björn , Günther Klaus , Buchari Buchari
Published: January 2019

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis with ultra-violet (UV) detection was performed for further separation of low-molecular-mass (LMM) calcium species in phloem sap of Ricinus communis L. Two different background electrolytes (BGE) were used for the separation; these are (1) hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate buffer containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as an electro-osmotic flow (EOF) modifier, and (2) boric acid buffer containing CTAB. Various parameters affecting the analysis, including the composition and pH of the BGE were systematically studied. The sensitivity, resolution, baseline noise, migration time of the species peaks, and reproducibility of the method were evaluated under optimised condition. At least 13 UV-active species were optimally separated within about ten minutes. The optimised measurement condition was also achieved using 10 mM hydrogen phosphate/10 mM dihydrogen phosphate containing 0.5 mM CTAB at pH 8.0 as BGE, and by applying voltage of ‑20 kV and temperature of 14°C. Evidently, the analytical method was successfully used for the separation of LMM calcium species in phloem sap of R. communis L.   Keywords: capillary electrophoresis, calcium species, phloem sap, Ricinus communis
THE EXTRACTION OF NICKEL(II) AND COPPER(II) USING LIQUID MEMBRANE EMULSION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Setiarso Pirim , Purwanti N. Selvi
Published: January 2019

Research on the extraction of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) using liquid membrane emulsion technique has been conducted. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of pH, extraction time and presence of competed metals (Ni2+ in Cu2+ and vice versa) toward the membrane extraction capability. In this research, 84 mL of Ni2+ and Cu2+ with concentration of 100 ppm, each, was extracted using pH variation (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0). The optimum pH will be used to obtain the time of equilibrium and influence of the competed ions. Time variations (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 minute) were used with the concentration of the competed ions of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm. The percentage of ions extracted was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The result shows that the optimum pH was 5.0 for extracting 79.3137 % Cu2+ and 50.3448 % Ni2+. Time of equilibrium was 30 minutes for extracting  85.4117 % Cu2+ and 53.7691 % Ni2+. The presence of Ni2+ influenced Cu2+ extracted and vice versa.   Keywords: Extraction, liquid membrane emulsion
CYTOTOXICITY OF Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. FRUIT MEAT AND SEED ETHANOL EXTRACT TO MONONUCLEAR PERIFER NORMAL CELL OF HUMAN BODY
Authors: Astuti Endang , Pranowo Deni , Puspitasari Santi Dwi
Published: January 2019

There were many research on Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. fruit for its activity as possible anticancer. However, there wasn't investigation that P. macrocarpa seed and fruit meat ethanol extract effect to normal cell. The research was conducted to identify the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa for cytotoxic activity against mononuclear perifer normal cell of human blood. The research comprised several sections including P. macrocarpa seed and fruit meat maceration with ethanol, and the cytotoxic activity test against mononuclear normal cell. The results showed that the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit meat and seed was slightly toxic against mononuclear normal cell with the LC50 of 3817.54 μg/mL and 1349.29 μg/mL respectively. Tamoxifen and 5-fluorourasil, anticancer drugs were extremely toxic against mononuclear normal cell giving LC50 of 3.52 μg/mL and 4.05 μg/mL. The ANOVA f-test (P
TITANIUM OXIDE DISPERSED ON NATURAL ZEOLITE (TiO2/ZEOLITE) AND ITS APPLICATION FOR CONGO RED PHOTODEGRADATION
Authors: Fatimah Is , Sugiharto Eko , Wijaya Karna , Tahir Iqmal , Kamalia Kamalia
Published: January 2019

The utilization of TiO2 dispersed on natural zeolite (TiO2/Zeolite) for degradation of Congo Red photocatlytically has been performed. The TiO2/Zeolite was prepared by mechanically mixing of 100 g of natural zeolite, which it has been heated at 400oC, with TiO2 powder, the final weight ratio of the mixture was 5% (w/w). The mixture was then calcined at 400oC for 6 hours. The calcined product was characterized using x-ray diffractometry, x-ray fluorescence analysis and gas sorption analysis methods to determine its physicochemical properties changes caused by mixing and calcination. Investigation of Congo Red photodegradation using TiO2/Zeolite was carried out by mixing 25 mL 10-4 M solution of Congo Red with 25 mg of TiO2/Zeolite and irradiating the suspention with UV-light of 350 nm for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, respectively. The characterization results showed that dispertion of TiO2 on zeolite resulted in the increasing of titanium concentration on TiO2/Zeolite. The concentration of Ti on natural zeolite was found to be 0.15%(w/w), meanwhile on TiO2/Zeolite was 2.29% (w/w). From X-ray diffractometry analysis result no information was found that TiO2 was dipersed on natural zeolite. It was caused by overlapping of the reflections of zeolite with reflections of TiO2. On the otherhand, the gas sorption analysis result exhibited that the dispersion of TiO2 on zeolite resulted in the decreasing of total pore volume as well as specific surface area of the natural zeolite. The specific surface areas of natural zeolite and TiO2/Zeolite were 21.98 and 16.74 m2/g, respectively, meanwhile the total pore volumes of natural zeolite and TiO2/Zeolite were 20.10x10-3 and 13.47x10-3 mL/g. The simple kinetic of photodegradation of Congo Red exhibited that the rate of degradation followed a first order kinetic and the reaction rate constant was 0.0017 minute-1.   Keywords: natural zeolite, TiO2, photodegradation, Congo Red
ADSORPTION THERMODYNAMICS OF Cd(II), Ni(II), AND Mg(II) ON 3-MERCAPTO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE IMMOBILIZED SILICA GEL
Authors: Fahmiati Fahmiati , Nuryono Nuryono , Narsito Narsito
Published: January 2019

Thermodynamics study of Cd(II), Ni(II), and Mg(II) adsorption on silica gel immobilized with 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (SG-SH) has been carried out. Three thermodynamic parameters namely adsorption capacity, equilibrium constant and adsorption energy were determined using model of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Process of adsorption was carried out by mixing metal ion solution in various concentrations (5 - 400 mg/L) with adsorbent in a batch system. The un-adsorbed ions were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and the adsorbed ions were differences of ion concentration in solution before and after adsorption process. Parameters of thermodynamics i.e. capacity (a), equilibrium constant (K) and adsorption energy were determined by using the correlation curve of ratio of equilibrium concentration to the amount of adsorbed metal ions versus equilibrium concentration. Results showed that adsorption of metal ions Ni(II), Cd(II) and Mg(II) on adsorbent of silica gel immobilized with mercapto groups tend to follow Type I (monolayer) of Brunauer's classification. Evaluation of thermodynamic adsorption showed that the order of adsorption capacity was Ni(II) < Cd(II) < Mg(II) with relatively low energy adsorption, in a range  of 12 - 18 kJ/mole.   Keywords: adsorption, silica gel, mercapto, thermodynamics, immobilization
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF CYANIDE AND METHOXYDE IONS TO QUATERNARY MANNICH BASE FROM VANILLIN
Authors: Purwono Bambang , Daruningsih Estiana R. P.
Published: January 2019

The nucleophilic substitution reaction to quaternary Mannich base from vanillin has been investigated. Mannich reaction to vanillin was carried out by refluxing mixture of vanillin, formaldehyde and dimethyl amine. Quaternary ammonium halide salt was obtained from reaction of Mannich vanillin base with methyl iodide in THF solvents and yielded 93.28 %. Nucleophilic substituion to the halide salts with cyanide nucleophile produced 4-hidroxy-3-methoxy-5-(cyano)methylbenzaldehyde in 54.39% yield. Reaction with methoxyde ion yielded 4-hydroxy- 3-methoxy-5-(methoxy) -methylbenzaldehyde in 67.80% yield. The nucleophilic substitution reaction showed that trimethylamino substituent of quaternary Mannich base can act as a good leaving group on nucleophilic substitution reactions. Keywords: Mannich reaction, vanillin, nucleophilic substitution
DETERMINATION OF ANNONACYN COMPOUND BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ON THE EXTRACT OF Annona muricata LINN SEED FOR PESTICIDE FORMULA
Authors: Wurangian Freddy L
Published: January 2019

Determination of annonacyn grade, a main insecticide compound has been done in the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts produced by soxhletation, and ethyl acetate extract produced by fractionation of ethanolic extract to find out the most active extract to be used as raw material of pesticide formulae. Analysis method used the reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with column of Novapack ODS C-18 (waters; 3.9 x 150 nm), mobile phase was the mixture of acetonitrile-water. The result of this research showed the optimum condition as follows: the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (60:40), flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1, injection volume of 5.0 L, detector UV, wavelength () at 220 nm with AUFS of 1.00. The limit detection of annonacyn was 0.01 g, annonacyn grade in ethanolic extract produced by soxhletation: 0.0405 + 0.0021%, in ethyl acetate extract produced by soxhletation: 0.0293 + 0.0009%, in ethyl acetate extract produced by fractionation of ethanolic extract: 0.1003 + 0.0018%. The precision and accuracy of annonacyn in this research were respectively obtained 8.89% - 1.92%, and 4.91% - 7.28%, at the concentration of 5.00 g mL-1 - 25.00 g mL-1. The sensitivity was 0.75
A THERMOPHILIC MICROBE PRODUCING DEXTRANASE FROM HEATED SUGAR CANE
Authors: Baktir Afaf , Koiriyah Zumrotul , Rohman Ali
Published: January 2019

A thermophilic aerobe microorganism designated NP4, was isolated from the heated sugar cane. It grew on dextran, and produced a thermoactive extracellular dextranase. Screening and isolation was done by assay of dextranase activity semi quantitatively on solid medium containing blue dextran. It provided several colonies with different morphology exhibited decolourized zones around, on culture plates containing blue dextran 2000R. The screening resulted in isolation of one microbe which efficiently assimilate dextran as carbon source. Dextranase production from the choised strain in liquid medium was conducted at room temperature for 8 hours with shaking speed of 125 rpm. The dextranase enzyme showed optimum pH of 8 and optimum temperature of 60 oC. Keywords: thermophilic aerobe, sugar cane, dextranase activity.
IN VITRO IRON AVAILABILITY AND ADSORPTION PATTERN ON COMBINATION OF ACIDITY AND LENGTH OF BOILING TIME ON YARD LONG BEAN
Authors: Yuanita Leny
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study is to find iron availability and binding pattern by dietary fiber macromolecule on combination of acidity and length of boiling time, through Kads and Keff, boiling procees at the level of pH 4 and 7 with boiling time at 0 (raw), 5, 15, and 25 minutes. Iron availability and adsorption pattern were analyzed through Miller's in-vitro and Langmuir-Scatchard graph methods. The results of the study showed: (1) the highest iron availability occurs at raw-pH4 treatment; (2) decreasing pH and increasing boiling time decrease Kads,Keff, percent iron bound, and increase iron availability; (3) iron binding pattern by dietary fiber macromolecules through formation of complex compound was more prominent than physical adsorption, involving two types of specific binding sites, one of which showed a higher affinity.   Keywords: iron availability, adsorption pattern, dietary fiber, acidity (pH), boiling time
THE EFFECTS OF BORON ADDITION AND PRESULFIDATION TEMPERATURE ON THE HDS ACTIVITY OF A Co-MoS2/Al2O3 CATALYST
Authors: Usman Usman , Kubota Takeshi , Okamoto Yasuaki
Published: January 2019

The effect of boron addition was studied on the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene over Co-MoS2/B/Al2O3 (CVD-Co/MoS2/B/Al2O3), which was prepared by a CVD technique using Co(CO)3NO as a precursor of Co. The catalyst was characterized by means of NO adsorption, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy, FTIR, and TEM. The HDS activity of CVD-Co/MoS2/B/Al2O3 catalyst increased as the boron content increased up to about 0.6 and 1.2 wt% B for the catalyst presulfided at 673 and 773 K respectively, followed by a decrease with a further addition of boron loading. In spite of the activity increase, the amount of NO adsorption on MoS2/B/Al2O3 steadily decreased with increasing boron loading, suggesting that the dispersion of MoS2 particles is decreased by the addition of boron. Selective formation of the CoMoS phase on CVD-Co/MoS2/B/Al2O3 was achieved by the CVD technique. The TOF of the HDS over the CVD-Co/MoS2/B/Al2O3 catalyst, defined by the activity per Co atom forming the CoMoS phase, increased as high as 1.6 and 1.9 times for the catalyst presulfided at 673 and 773 K, respectively. It is concluded that the addition of boron weakens the interaction between Mo oxides and Al2O3 surface, promoting the formation of the so called Co-Mo-S ";;;pseudo";;; type II over CVD-Co/MoS2/B/Al2O3 presulfided at 673 K. The Co-Mo-S ";;;pseudo";;; type II is a metastable phase with the TOF value intermediate between Co-Mo-S type I and type II. With CVD-Co/MoS2/B/Al2O3 presulfided at 773 K, the addition of boron promotes the formation of ";;;real";;; Co-Mo-S type II, possibly by the formation of well-crystallized MoS2 structure. Keywords: Hydrodesulfurization; Co-Mo sulfide catalysts; Effect of boron addition; CVD technique; Turnover frequency
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLE SEMICONDUCTOR CdS IN PHASE TRANSFORMED MICROEMULSION OF WATER/ SDS/ ETANOL/ n-HEXANE SYSTEM
Authors: Rahmawati Fitria , Masykur Abu , Worowidiyanti Heni
Published: January 2019

The objective of this research is to study wheather the emulsion system of water/SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate)/ethanol/n-hexane can be transformed from S1 (hydrocarbon in water) type to S2 (water in hydrocarbon). CdS can be synthesized in the transformed product of microemulsion medium. The emulsion type transformation from S1 to S2 was conducted by adding n-hexane increment of 5 mL as hydrocarbon phase and stirring at 300 rpm for 2 minutes. The inversion point was defined from the measurement of emulsion conductivity and was supported by data of the droplet view under optical microscope. CdS was synthesized from reaction of Cd(NO3)2.4H2O with Na2S in phase transformed microemulsion medium. CdS cluster size was obtained from its UV-Vis spectrum and was characterized using X-ray diffraction to analyse the crystallinity and crystal system, then the influence of the variation of SDS amount to the CdS cluster size and its UV-Vis spectrum was observed.The result of this research shows that the system of n-hexane/SDS/water emulsion can be transformed from S1 to S2 type. The SDS amount in the microemulsion has influence the CdS cluster size. The larger amount of SDS added, the smaller of CdS cluster size was obtained. XRD data indicated that CdS cluster has been obtained with 40.613 % of purity. Keywords: emulsion system, nanoparticle semiconductor, CdS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
Growth of the (001) face of borax crystals
Authors: Suharso Suharso
Published: January 2019

he growth rates of borax crystals from aqueous solutions in the (001) direction at various relative supersaturations were measured using in situ cell optical microscopy method. The result shows that the growth mechanism of the (001) face of borax crystal at temperature of 20 °C is spiral growth mechanism.   Keywords: Growth mechanism, borax.
REACTION RESULT PREDICTION OF UO2 OXIDATION IN THERMOGRAVIMETRIC USE OF REGRESSION POLYNOMIAL
Authors: Simbolon Sahat
Published: January 2019

Thermogravimetric curve of UO2 oxidation reaction with oxygen from room temperature 25 oC to 425 oC had been depicted in three dimensions. The temperature oxidation reaction of UO2 sample was arranged 5 oC / minute and it was found that increasing of sample weight was 1.3 mg. Uranium dioxide (UO2) had not been reacted yet, reacted UO2, UO3 and U3O8 as the result of oxidation reaction were depicted in three dimensions. The nonlinear relationshps between temperature and time of oxidation reaction of UO2 were simulated in three dimensions using MATLAB Version 5.3 software version.   Key words : Thermogravimetry curve, UO2 , UO3, U3O8, oxidation, non linear
THE CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES OF PROTEASE CG-10 IMMOBILIZED BY BENTONITE
Authors: Agustini Rudiana
Published: January 2019

The CG-10 isolate is a thermophile microorganism live in extreme environments, a hot spring located at Cangar East Java, having temperature 50 oC. The isolate had following characteristics: rod shaped cells, gram-positive, size of cells 6-14 µm, aerobic, and obligate thermophile. Based on the nucleotide sequences of its 16S-rRNA gene indicated that these isolate was closely related to Bacillus caldoxylolyticus (98.305% sequence similarity). The enzymes produced by thermophile microorganism were usually active at a higher temperature than that of the environment in which they live. Therefore it is possible to use this enzyme in industries requiring high temperature in their production processes. The CG-10 isolate grew well in a liquid waste of tofu and could secretion extracellular protease. The protease was isolated by fractioning at 35% (w/v) ammonium sulfate, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 minutes, and had the following characteristics: optimum temperature 80 oC, optimum pH 8, the molecular weight 53.000-76.000 Dalton (for the protease showing the highest activity), pHI value between 7.5 up to 8.2, and could be classified as a serine alkaline protease. For increasing the efficiency of this protease in industries had been done by immobilization with bentonite. The immobilization process is done at optimum pH (pH 5). The characteristic changes research of protease CG-10 isolate immobilized by bentonite had been done. The immobile enzyme showed different characteristics for that of the native (mobile enzymes). The immobile enzyme showed a different optimum temperature, a higher heat resistance but the same optimum pH as the native enzyme. Keywords: Bacillus caldoxylolyticus, protease, immobilization
ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE INDIRECT RISK OF NATURALLY OCCURING MERCURY AND CADMIUM THROUGH Mugil Sp. AND Geloina sp. CONSUMPTION IN SEGARA ANAKAN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Noegrohati Sri
Published: January 2019

Estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anakan is located in south coast of Central Java, shielded from Indian Ocean by Nusakambangan island. The ecosystem of Segara Anakan estuary, Central Java, Indonesia, is influenced by fresh water inflow from Citanduy river basin and Indian sea water mostly by tidal actions through the western opening. The runoff materials continuously entering Segara Anakan from Citanduy catchment area, which geologically consist of weathering products of quarternary volcanic rocks from Galunggung mountain, West Java. Therefore various natural heavy metal contaminants are bound to the estuarine sediments, redistributed and accumulated within the ecosystem. In the present work, the effects of environmental stresses to mercury and cadmium abiotic distribution, and their availability to biotic ecosystems were studied, and consumers indirect risk assesment was carried out. In the laboratory scale studies on the distribution of mercury and cadmium in an estuarine simulation of water-field sediment, it was observed that the metal distribution coefficient decreases as the salinity and the acidity of the medium increases. Monitoring results confirmed that the highest levels of Hg and Cd in water and sediment samples were obtained in dry season. Consequently, the highest levels of Hg and Cd in biotic ecosystem, represented by Mugil sp. and Geloina sp., also obtained in dry season. The body burden of Hg in people of Segara Anakan villages, as indicated by the levels in hair and mother milk samples, taken at the end of the study (dry season 2004), were relatively low, but the levels of Cd in mother milk samples were significantly higher than that of control samples of Jogyakarta (P = 0.05). Consequently, the risk quotient for babies were exceeding the FAO/WHO PTWI. Based on the risk assessment carried out for babies and adults, at the present time it is advisable to consume Mugil sp. and Geloina sp., taken in wet season only and not in dry season. Keywords: mercury, cadmium, estuarine, risk, distribution
OPTIMIZATION OF TIME REACTION AND HYDROXIDE ION CONCENTRATION ON FLAVONOID SYNTHESIS FROM BENZALDEHYDE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: Handayani Sri , Sunarto, Sunarto, , Kristianingrum Susila
Published: January 2019

The aim of this research is to determine the optimum time of reaction and concentration of hydroxide ion on chalcone, 4-methoxychalcone and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone synthesis. Chalcone and its derivatives were synthesized by dissolving KOH in ethanol followed by dropwise addition of acetophenone and benzaldehyde. Then, the mixture was stirred for several hours. Three benzaldehydes has been used, i.e : benzaldehyde, p-anysaldehyde and veratraldehyde. The time of reaction was varied for, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 hours. Furthermore, on the optimum reaction time for each benzaldehyde the hydroxyl ion concentration was varied from 5,7,9,11 and 13%(w/v). The results of this research suggested that the optimum time of chalchone synthesis was 12 hours, while, 4-methoxychalcone and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone were 30 hours. The optimum concentration of hydroxide ion of chalcone synthesis was 13% and for 4-methoxychalcone and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone were 11%. Keywords: Chalcone synthesis, time of reaction, hydroxide ion concentration.
PARALLEL REACTION ON CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION REACTION OF CIS-ISOEUGENOL INTO 2-METHOXY-4-PROPYLPHENOL
Authors: Muchalal Muchalal
Published: January 2019

Catalytic hydrogenation of eugenol (Mr 164) and isoeugenol (Mr 164) by using synthetic catalyst Ni/-Al2O3 had been carried out. Eugenol transformation into 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol (Mr 166) as a main product could be achieved in 100% and no conversion reaction of eugenol into isoeugenol. If the raw material was 96% trans-isoeugenol or 61% cis-isoeugenol then the product was 67% or 92% of 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol. On the catalytic hydrogenation of trans-isoeugenol into 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol there was no parallel reaction of trans-isoeugenol into cis-isoeugenol. Conversely, catalytic reaction of cis-isoeugenol into 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol always followed by conversion reaction of cis-isoeugenol into trans-isoeugenol. Transformation of cis-isoeugenol into 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol below 200 oC was equilibrium reaction and above 200 oC was an irreversible reaction.   Keywords: Catalytic hydrogenation, cis-isoeugenol
POLY(GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE-DIVINYLBENZENE) MONOLITHIC CAPILLARY AS A STATIONARY PHASE FOR THE REVERSED-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF PROTEINS
Authors: Aprilita Nurul Hidayat , Bakry Rania , Huck Christian W , Bonn Guenther K
Published: January 2019

Capillary column with monolithic stationary phase was prepared from silanized fused-silica capillary of 200 µm I.D. by in situ free radical polymerization of divinylbenzene with glycidy methacrylate in the presence of decanol and tetrahydrofuran as porogens.  The hydrodynamic and chromatographic properties of this monolith, such as backpressure at different flow-rate, pore size distribution, van Deemter plot and the effect of varying gradient-rate were investigated.  Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) monolithic capillary has been used successfully for the reversed-phase chromatographic separation of proteins.   Keywords: monolithic stationary phase, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene), proteins
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATIONS AND MODIFICATION OF Ni-Pd/NATURAL ZEOLITE CATALYSTS
Authors: Trisunaryanti Wega , Triwahyuni Endang , Sudiono Sri
Published: January 2019

Preparation, and modification of Ni-Pd/natural zeolite as well as their characterizations had been carried out. The aim of this research for the fututure is to prepare the best characters catalyst for the conversion of waste plastics fraction to gasoline fraction (C5-C12 hydrocarbons). The preparation of catalysts was performed by reacting a natural zeolite with the precursor of Ni(NO3)2. 9H2O and PdCl2 in an ammonia solution (25%). The modifications were performed by varying the rasio of Ni/Pd loaded to the zeolite, whereas the Pd was previously loaded and total metal content was 1 wt.% based on the zeolite. The characterization of catalysts included determination of acidity gravimetrically by adsorption of ammonia or pyridine vapour  base method, metal content by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and X-ray Fluoresence (XRF) and crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The treatment of catalysts using Etilene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid  (EDTA) was performed to study the metal distribution on the outer or inner surface of the zeolite. The characterization results showed that the loading of metals to the zeolite increased its acidity and decreased its spesific surface area, however, did not defect its crystallnity.  The metals loaded on the zeolite were distributed inside the pore and at outer surface of the zeolite. For all catalyst samples, the acidities determined using ammonia were higher than those of pyridine, and the acidities determined before the EDTA treatment was lower than those after the treatment.  Metal contents of the zeolite before the EDTA treatment were higher than those after the treatment. The EDTA treatment enhanced the crystallinity of the sampel. The relationship between the metal rasio towards the acidity of the catalyst samples were in variation. Catalyst samples produced in this research have good characters, thus promisingly can be used for conversion process of waste plastics to gasoline fraction.    Keywords: natural zeolite, acidity, metal content, crystallinity, EDTA
EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND KOH IN THE FORMATION OF 2-METHOXY-4-PROPYLPHENOL ON EUGENOL ISOMERIZATION REACTION
Authors: Muchalal Muchalal
Published: January 2019

Formation reaction mechanism of  2-methoxy-4-propylphenol on eugenol isomerization that involved protic hydrogen originated from ethylene glycol as a solvent has been done. To check this reaction mechanism, the effect of amounts of ethylene glycol as a solvent and KOH as a reagent on the quantity of 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol as a product has been carried out. The reaction product was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Quantity of 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol as a product increased if ratio of quantity of ethylene glycol as solvent to quantity of KOH as reagent became larger. The result showed that formation process of 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol involved the protic hydrogen of solvent. The existence of cis-isoeugenol as an initiator compound in forming 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol indicated that the reaction mechanism followed the steps (1) cis-isoeugenolic ion gave Cb with negative charge at prophenyl group through resonance (2) a negative charge Cb then attacked a protic H atom in the solvent, and (3) hydride ion will attack Cb to form 2-methoxy-4-propylphenolic ion .   Keywords: 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, ethyleneglycol - KOH.
STUDY OF LYSINE AND ALANINE DELIVERANCE THROUGH POLYPYRROLE MEMBRANE
Authors: Suratman Adhitasari , Buchari Buchari , Noviandri Indra , Gandasasmita Suryo
Published: January 2019

Electropolymerization processes of pyrrole and the usage of polypyrrole membrane as lysine and alanine deliverance have been studied by cyclic voltammetry technique. Polypyrrole membrane was prepared by electropolymerization processes of pyrrole in water based solvent containing sodium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte. Electropolymerization processes were carried out within potential range of 0-1100 mV vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode and at the scanning rate of 100 mV/s. In this study, lysine and alanine have been used as molecules which could easily be loaded on and released from polypyrrole membrane. The presence of lysine or alanine during electropolymerization process reduced the rate of electropolymerization of polypyrrole. In lysine or alanine transfer processes into polypyrrole membrane, the interaction between polypyrrole and lysine or alanine showed by the curve of E½ oxidation in respect of - log C. It proved that the E½ oxidation shifted to more positive potential showed by the increasing of concentration of lysine or alanine. Beside that, voltammetric responses of lysine and alanine transfered into polypyrrole membrane were found to be Nernstian. The results indicated that polypyrrole could be used as a sensor of lysine and alanine.   Keywords: Electropolymerization, polypyrrole membrane, voltammetry technique
RELATION OF ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES WITH THEIR ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITIES ON ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVES
Authors: Armunanto Ria , Sudiono Sri
Published: January 2019

Relation of electronic structures with their anti malaria activities on artemisinin derivatives was evaluated by means of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) method. To describe electronic structures, atomic charges and dipol moments calculated by quantum mechanics on PM3 semiempirical level. A linear relation between activities and electronic structures was used to construct linear equation models. An equation model showing a good statistically criteria and a realibility of antimalarial activity was chosen to be used to design a compound with new activities against P. facilparum. Results show that 13 equation models were obtained, showing only three models with a good criteria. O2 and C4 atoms were observed for a key role of an improvement of the antimalarial activity.   Keywords: artemisinin, antimalaria, atomic charge, dipole moment, PM3
SYNTHESIS OF ANTIMALARIAL 3-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-2-METHYL-1,10-PHENANTHROLINE-4-OL FROM 8-AMINOQUINOLINE
Authors: Hadanu Ruslin , Anwar Chairil , Jumina Jumina , Tahir Iqmal , Mustofa Mustofa
Published: January 2019

It has been conducted the synthesis of 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-4-ol was carried out from 8-aminoquinoline which are expected to posses antimalarial activity. The experiment perfomed consisted of two steps i.e (1) reaction of 8-aminoquinoline with 2-acetyl-butyrolactone and (2) cyclization of the resulted 3-[1-(quinolin-8-ylamino)-ethylidene]-4,5-dihydro-furan-2-one. The reaction of 8-aminoquinoline with 2-acetyl-butyrolactone was performed in toluene at reflux for 6 hours in the presence of p-toluensulfonic acid as catalyst. This reaction gave 3-[1-(quinolin-8-ilamino)-etiliden]-4,5-dihidro-furan-2-on in 60.6% yield. The cyclization of 3-[1-(quinoline-8-ylamino)-ethyliden]-4,5-dihydro-furan-2-one was conducted in cloroform at reflux for 4 hours in the presence of H2SO4 as catalyst and also tween 80 as transfer phase catalyst to give 3-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-2-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-4-ol in 76.2% yield. Identification of the products were carried out by means of infra red (IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy (MS).   Keywords: antimalarial, 8-aminoquinoline, cyclization, 1,10-phenantroline
THE STABILIZING OF ANATASE AEROGEL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: Tursiloadi Silvester , Hirashima Hiroshi
Published: January 2019

Stable anatase is attractive to its notable functions for photo catalysis and photon-electron transfer.   Stable anatase TiO­2 containing amorphous SiO2 aerogel was prepared by hydrolysis of Ti (OC3H7)4 and Si (OC3H7)4 in a 2-propanol solution with acid catalyst. The solvent in wet gels was supercritically extracted in CO2 at 60 oC and 22 Mpa. Thermal evolutions of the microstructure of the gels were evaluated by TGA-DTA, N2 adsorption and XRD. A stable anatase TiO2 containing amorphous SiO2 aerogel with a BET specific surface area of 365 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.20 cm3/g was obtained as prepared condition. The anatase phase was stable after calcination up to 1000 oC, and BET specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter did not change significantly after calcination up to 900 oC.   Keywords: Supercritical extraction, sol-gel, aerogel, stable anatase structure
STUDY OF ELECTROPOLIMERIZATION PROCESSES OF PYRROLE BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE
Authors: Suratman Adhitasari , Buchari Buchari , Noviandri Indra , Gandasasmita Suryo
Published: January 2019

Electropolymerization processes and electrochemical properties of polypyrrole as electroactive polymer have been studied by cyclic voltammetric technique. Pyrrole was electropolymerized to form polypyrrole in water-based solvent containing sodium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte in several pH values. The pH of the solutions were varied by using Britton Robinson buffer. The results showed that oxidation potential limit of electropolymerization processes of pyrrole was 1220 mV vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode. It can be seen that cyclic voltammetric respon of polypyrrole membrane that was prepared by electropolymerization processes of pyrrole at the scanning rate of 100 mV/s was stable. While the processes of pyrrole electropolymerization carried out at the variation of pH showed that the best condition was at the pH range of 2 - 6.   Keywords: polypyrolle, electropolymer, voltammetric technique
A STUDY ON INTERACTION OF Cd(II) AND DIATOMACEOUS EARTH IN ADSORPTION PROCESS
Authors: Nuryono Nuryono , Suyanta Suyanta
Published: January 2019

In this research, interaction occurring in adsorption process between Cd(II) and active site of diatomaceous earth has been studied. The study was carried out by evaluating Cd(II) adsorption on diatomaceous earth at various pHs, either for the earths without treatment, those after being heated or those treated with sulfuric acid and hydrogen chloride. Adsorption was performed by mixing diatomaceous earth, without and with treatments, and Cd(II) solution for one hour at various pHs (2 - 7), and un-adsorbed metallic ion was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The treatments of diatomaceous earth included heating at temperatures of 300, 500, and 900oC for four hours, treatments with acids (3, 8, and 12 M of H2SO4, and 3, 15, and 18 M of HCl solutions for two hours at 150-200oC). Results showed that the increasing of pH from 2.0 to 3.0 and from 6.0 to 7.0 inclined adsorption of Cd(II) from 13.2 to 23.3 mg/g and from 24.0 to 26.4 mg/g, respectively. At a pH range of 3.0 - 6.0 the adsorption slightly increase from 23.3 to 24.0 mg/g. Heating of diatomaceous earth higher than 500oC caused the adsorption capability to be independence of the pH of solution. On the other hand, treatments with acids (H2SO4 and HCl) caused adsorption capability increased significantly with the increase in pH from 3.0 to 6.0. Adsorption evaluation at the pH range investigated showed that adsorption of Cd(II) on diatomaceous earth may be through interaction between Cd2+ and functional groups of T-OH (T = Si/Al).   Keywords: adsorption, adsorbent, cadmium, diatomaceous earth