bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The life history legacy of evolutionary body size change in carnivores
Authors: Webster A. J. , Gittleman J. L. , Purvis A.
Published: December 2004

We estimate the body sizes of direct ancestors of extant carnivores, and examine selected aspects of life history as a function not only of species’ current size, but also of recent changes in size. Carnivore species that have undergone marked recent evolutionary size change show life history characteristics typically associated with species closer to the ancestral body size. Thus, phyletic giants tend to mature earlier and have larger litters of smaller offspring at shorter intervals than do species of the same body size that are not phyletic giants. Phyletic dwarfs, by contrast, have slower life histories than nondwarf species of the same body size. We discuss two possible mechanisms for the legacy of recent size change: lag (in which life history variables cannot evolve as quickly as body size, leading to species having the ‘wrong’ life history for their body size) and body size optimization (in which life history and hence body size evolve in response to changes in energy availability); at present, we cannot distinguish between these alternatives. Our finding that recent body size changes help explain residual variation around life history allometries shows that a more dynamic view of character change enables comparative studies to make more precise predictions about species traits in the context of their evolutionary background.
Experimental life-history evolution: selection on growth form and its plasticity in a clonal plant
Authors: Fischer M. , Kleunen M. van , Schmid B.
Published: December 2004

The growth form along the continuum from compact phalanx plants to more loosely packed guerilla plants is an important life-history trait in clonal plants. Prerequisite for its evolution is heritable genetic variation. Starting with 102 genotypes of the stoloniferous herb Ranunculus reptans, we performed one selection experiment on spatial spread per rosette as measure of guerillaness (broad-sense heritability 0.198) and another on plasticity in this trait in response to competition (broad-sense heritability 0.067). After two generations, spatial spread was 36.9% higher in the high line than in the low line (realized heritability ± SE 0.149 ± 0.039). Moreover, compared with the low line genotypes of the high line had fewer rosettes, a lower proportion of flowering rosettes, a higher proportion of rooted rosettes, more branches per rosette, longer internodes and longer leaves. In the second experiment, we found no significant direct response to selection for high and low plasticity in spatial spread (realized heritability ± SE −0.029 ± 0.063), despite a significant correlated response in plasticity in the length of the first three stolon internodes. Our study indicates a high potential for further evolution of the clonal growth form in R. reptans, but not for its plasticity, and it demonstrates that the clonal growth form does not evolve independently of other clonal life-history characteristics.
Interaction Between Epidurally Administered Ketamine and Pethidine in Dogs
Authors: Amarpal  , Aithal H. P. , Kinjavdekar P. , Singh G. R.
Published: December 2004

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a synergistic interaction could be recorded after epidural administration of ketamine‐an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist and pethidine – an opioid agonist. Twelve adult mongrel dogs of either sex were randomly divided in three groups A, B and C of four animals each. Ketamine (5%) at 2.5 mg/kg and pethidine (3%) 2 mg/kg were injected at lumbosacral epidural space in animals of groups A and B, respectively. In animals of group C ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) and pethidine (2 mg/kg) were injected. Heart rate increased significantly up to 15 min in group A, whereas in groups B and C, the increase was non‐significant for a period of 10 and 45 min, respectively. Respiration increased gradually up to 45–60 min in group A and for 15–20 min in group B. However, in animals of group C respiration fell below the baseline during the first 10–15 min and then returned near the baseline. Rectal temperature decreased only marginally in all the groups. Ketamine alone produced complete analgesia at tail and perineal region for a period of 5–10 min and then moderate analgesia for the next 20–30 min. Analgesia at the flank was moderate to complete between 5 and 15 min. In group B complete analgesia was only moderate at the tail and perineal region up to 30 min. In animals of group C, complete analgesia was observed only at perineal region for a very short period (5 min). Analgesia was not associated with sedation in any of the groups but animals of groups A and C showed signs of motor incoordination. Results of the study suggest rather antagonistic than synergistic interaction between epidurally administered ketamine and pethidine. Further studies are needed to confirm the antagonistic interaction between the two drugs.
Traceability of Inbred and Crossbred Cinta Senese Pigs by Evaluating the Oxidative Stress
Authors: Ballerini A. , Civitareale C. , Fiori M. , Regini M. , Betti M. , Brambilla G.
Published: December 2004

Previous studies on the oxidative stress in swine indicated a strong link between the values of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), the subsequent antioxidant adaptive response (OXY) and the genetic selection. Such findings, mainly related to a cardiovascular inadequacy in lean, large muscle blocks and fast growing breeds, is associated with specific metabolic diseases such as porcine stress syndrome and mulberry heart disease. In this study, we investigated the oxidative stress parameters to trace the genetics of Cinta Senese (CS) pigs, a historical breed free‐range reared in Siena countryside. Sera from CS (n = 24) and Large White × CS (LW × CS) (n = 24) groups around 120 kg body weight fed the same diet were sampled at slaughter. Sera from wild boars (WB) (n = 24) hunted in the same district were also considered. ROMs and OXY were evaluated in the three groups of swine. Significant differences by one‐way anova (P < 0.05) between groups were found for both procedures. ROM levels were lower in WB (9.79 ± 5.76 mm H2O2) and CS (18.02 ± 7.42 mm H2O2), and highest in LW × CS (42.78 ± 8.61 mm H2O2). OXY values ranged from 271.37 ± 50.90 μm neutralized HOCl (WB) to 343.21 ± 57.45 μm neutralized HOCl (LW × CS). Results indicated that the evaluation of the oxidative stress can effectively trace the CS pigs, thus aiding in preserving the overall specific traits of such a historical animal.
Near‐infrared Spectroscopy Evaluated as a Technique for Estimating Udder Haemodynamics in the Lactating Cow
Authors: Oya S. , Inoue H. , Nakade T. , Ogata A. , Tamura M. , Kato S.
Published: December 2004

Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) that requires few compact instruments is a non‐invasive and continuous method of monitoring haemodynamics in living organs. To assess the feasibility of using NIRS in evaluating the udder haemodynamics in six dairy cows, a probe component consisting of a light‐emitting diode and a phototransistor was attached to the left side of the udder surface. Real‐time variation of tissue haemodynamics was analysed and the data were transferred to the computer by way of a radiotelemetry system. On induction of temporary congestion by applying pressure with the hand pressed firmly against the left milk vein for 20 s, concentration of oxyhaemoglobin decreased throughout the 20‐s duration of congestion, and concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin increased. A surge in blood volume was also observed from the beginning of congestion, then the volume attenuated to baseline. The data demonstrated that the reading seen on the monitor reflects the real‐time status of the mammary gland. NIRS shows promise as a useful approach to physiological studies.
Influence of Shearing on the Circadian Rhythm of Body Temperature in the Sheep
Authors: Piccione G. , Caola G.
Published: December 2004

The presence of functional rhythmic variations is a well‐demonstrated phenomenon at all levels of physiological organization and especially in the functioning of the cell components, of tissues and of organic systems. In domestic animals, the body temperature presents spontaneous and regular periodic oscillations over different periods of time, which are the result of complex mechanisms that witness the existence of endogenous and exogenous factors. Taking this knowledge as a starting‐point, the authors studied 12 Comisana breed ewes to observe the influence of shearing on the circadian periodicity of rectal and skin temperature. The obtained results show the transient loss of body temperature rhythm by shearing, with an exogenous component, the shearing itself, and an endogenous component, the modifications of metabolic levels induced by the removal of the fleece, the external insulating layer.
Polioencephalomalacia in Captive Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Wohlsein P. , Peters M. , Geburek F. , Seeliger F. , Böer M.
Published: December 2004

In a colony of 11 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina Linné 1758) two episodes of central nervous disorders occurred within 2 years causing fatalities in seven adult animals. Clinical signs comprised dyspnoea, anorexia, apathy, incoordination and lateral recumbency. Vitamin B complex therapy was successful once. Pathomorphological examination of seven carcasses revealed acute and subacute malacia of the cerebellar grey matter. Additional acute malacic lesions located in the cerebral cortices and basal ganglia were observed. Mesencephalic nuclei were less severely affected and displayed acute changes. Despite intense search for environmental toxins and infectious agents, the cause of the fatalities remained undetermined. However, the type and pattern of the lesions are most suggestive of a thiamine deficiency.
Abundance, Biomass, C‐ and N‐  Content ofFlaccisagitta enflataand  Mesosagitta minima(Chaetognatha)
Authors: Batistić Mirna
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe annual variability in abundance and biomass ofFlaccisagitta enflata(Grassi, 1881) andMesosagitta minima(Grassi, 1881), along with the C‐ and N‐content of their different maturity stages, were investigated in the South Adriatic Sea on a weekly basis throughout 1996. Increases in abundance and biomass ofF. enflata[maximum 554 indiv. · (10 m3)–1and 16.3 mg C · (10 m3)–1] andM. minima[maximum 336 indiv. · (10 m3)–1and 3.1 mg C · (10 m3)–1] were found in summer and autumn, a time of intense reproduction for these species. Mean carbon content (as a percentage of dry weight) varied from 30.41 to 40.39 % among maturity stages forF. enflata, and from 27.73 to 39.31 % forM. minima. Nitrogen contents of both species were ∼ 3 to 3.5 times less than carbon contents and varied less. Accurate estimates of chaetognath biomass as carbon should be based on the separate contribution of each maturity stage present in the total population.
Efficacy of flutrimazole 1% powder in the treatment of tinea pedis
Authors: Pereda J. , Noguera X. , Boncompte E. , Algueró M. , Izquierdo I. ,   The Flutrimazole Study Group
Published: December 2004

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of flutrimazole 1% powder vs. bifonazole 1% powder in treating tinea pedis. A multicentre, double blind, randomized, parallel and comparative study was conducted. Two hundred and twenty‐two patients with clinically and mycologically confirmed tinea pedis were randomized to flutrimazole (n = 136) or bifonazole (n = 138) 1% powder applied twice daily for 4 weeks. The corresponding clinical cure rates were assessed at 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, and the global (clinical and mycological) cure rates were determined at the fourth week. Clinical cure rates were 83.5 and 82.4% for flutrimazole and bifonazole, respectively (95% CI: −0.0806 to 0.1009). Global cure rates were observed in 65.3 and 70.1% of patients treated with flutrimazole and bifonazole, respectively (95% CI: −0.0828 to 0.1779). Three non serious adverse events at the application site ‐ itching (one patient per group) and dishydrotic eczema (one patient treated with flutrimazole) – were recorded during the study. These results support that flutrimazol 1% powder applied twice daily for a duration of 4 weeks is highly effective in the treatment of tinea pedis, showing a similar therapeutic profile with that of bifonazole 1% powder.
A case of pulmonary aspergilloma molecular biological identification and typing of the isolates from antemortem sputa and autopsy fungus ball
Authors: Sugita C. , Makimura K. , Murakami A. , Murai Y. , Yamaguchi H. , Nagai A.
Published: December 2004

Filamentous fungi were isolated from antemortem sputum and an autopsy fungus ball of the lung in a case of aspergilloma. Both of the isolates were analyzed for the sequences of species or strain‐specific nuclear ribosomal DNA (partial 28S and ITS1 regions), and were identifed as Aspergillus fumigatus. The molecular biological technique saved time and is thought to be a powerful tool in the accurate diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection to assure effective treatment.
Clinical and mycological study of occult tinea pedis and tinea unguium in dermatological patients from Tokyo
Authors: Ogasawara Y. , Hiruma M. , Muto M. , Ogawa H.
Published: December 2004

Summary An epidemiological investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence and circumstances of untreated, unsuspected tinea pedis and tinea unguium, morbid conditions that could be termed occult athlete's foot, in patients visiting a dermatology clinic in Tokyo, Japan, for the first time, for other complaints. All subjects completed a questionnaire covering comprehensive anamnestic details, and were examined for disposition of toes, presence of signs suggestive of tinea pedis, other diseases of the foot, score of clinical signs and symptoms, potassium hydroxide (KOH) test, severity score, and mycological culture. The results showed that the prevalence of occult athlete's foot was 25%, and that 59% of those cases were complicated by tinea unguium. The characteristics of patients with occult athlete's foot included a higher proportion of men and a tendency toward a low clinical score together with a high severity score. In the patient background, a strong correlation was observed between a positive KOH test result and characteristics such as age, disposition of toes, and predisposing disease.
Keratomycosis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Authors: Shenoy R. , Shenoy U. A. K. , Al Mahrooqui Z. H.
Published: December 2004

Summary We report the case of an Omani lady who presented with keratitis that grew Trichophyton mentagrophytes on culture media and responded to treatment with topical fluconazole.
Protothecosis successfully treated with amikacin combined with tetracyclines
Authors: Zhao J. , Liu W. , Lv G. , Shen Y. , Wu S.
Published: December 2004

We report a case of protothecosis in an 18‐year‐old female student caused by Prototheca zopfii successfully treated with amikacin combined with tetracyclines.
Chronic hepatitis C associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Authors: HAMAZAKI KEI , BABA MASARU , HASEGAWA HIROSHI , KAI MOTOKAZU , ARAKI MIHO , WATANABE NORIKO , TUNEYA YASUO , KUMAZAWA MASATUGU , ADACHI YUKIHIKO
Published: December 2004

Background: Two patients were admitted to Mie Prefectural General Medical Center and diagnosed as chronic hepatitis C complicated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).

Methods: The MGUS class were immunoglobulin (Ig)G. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genotype was Ib. Based on these findings, they were diagnosed as chronic hepatitis C complicated with MGUS.

Results: Histological studies showed chronic hepatitis in the liver and a mild rise in plasma cells without dysplasia and abnormalities in the bone marrow. Serum examination for cryoglobulin was negative.

Conclusion: Chronic HCV infection might play a pathogenic role in the multistage process leading to lymphoproliferative disorders.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Can a non‐invasive strategy for managing young dyspeptics be safely implemented in Asia?
Authors: MAHADEVA SANJIV , GOH KHEAN‐LEE
Published: December 2004

Dyspepsia is a common problem in the Asia–Pacific region, with a prevalence rate ranging from 10–20%. It constitutes 2–5% of consultations with primary‐care physicians and forms a major part of the gastroenterologists’ workload. Although upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) is the investigation of choice, no serious disease is present in the majority of patients and various other ways have been suggested, mainly in the West, to reduce the demand on the finite resources of UGIE services. The alternative methods to UGIE have been based on non‐invasive detection of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia, as the organism has been shown to be associated with most peptic ulcers and even gastric cancer. A positive H. pylori test in a patient with dyspepsia may not necessarily indicate serious disease, but H. pylori eradication eliminates the propensity for developing peptic ulcers and perhaps even cancer (not proven). In high‐risk populations, non‐invasive screening for H. pylori can even be considered a ‘cancer test’, as it can help target investigations in a selected group of patients.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Barrett's esophagus: Macroscopic markers and the prediction of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
Authors: HILLMAN LYBUS C , CHIRAGAKIS LOUISE , CLARKE ANTHONY C , KAUSHIK SUNIL P , KAYE GRAHAM L
Published: December 2004

Background and Aims: Surveillance endoscopy has been advocated for patients with Barrett's esophagus but the cost‐effectiveness of this has been questioned. The aim of this study is to identify an optimum surveillance protocol by examining if macroscopic markers at diagnosis predict the development of dysplasia.

Methods: The sample was 353 patients with Barrett's esophagus undergoing surveillance by a community‐based group of gastroenterologists between 1981 and 2001. At diagnosis the presence of macroscopic and microscopic markers was noted. The presence and pattern of dysplasia and development of adenocarcinoma was documented during subsequent surveillance.

Results: Three hundred and fifty‐three patients (71% male) underwent regular surveillance over 19 056 patient‐months (median 42 months), having a median number of three surveillance endoscopies (range 1–40). Nine patients (seven male) developed adenocarcinoma (1/176 patient years) and four male patients developed high‐grade dysplasia (1/397 patient years). Twelve of these 13 patients entered with one or more macroscopic markers: severe esophagitis, nodularity, Barrett's ulcer or stricture. Dysplasia risk was associated with macroscopic markers. Patients who entered with one marker were 6.7 times more likely to develop high‐grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma (HR = 6.7, 95% CI = 1.3, 35). Patients who entered with two or more markers were 14 times more likely to develop high‐grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma (HR = 14.1, 95% CI = 2.02, 102).

Conclusions: The presence of severe esophagitis, Barrett's ulcer, nodularity or stricture at entry indicates a high‐risk group for Barrett's esophagus. Cost‐effectiveness of surveillance for these patients and those with dysplasia at entry would thus improve.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: Association with increased messenger RNA expression of collagen I, tumor necrosis factor‐α and cytochrome P450 2E1
Authors: GOCHEE PETER A , JONSSON JULIE R , CLOUSTON ANDREW D , PANDEYA NIRMALA , PURDIE DAVID M , POWELL ELIZABETH E
Published: December 2004

Background: Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and oxidative stress have been implicated as factors contributing to hepatic injury in fatty liver diseases. As steatosis is associated with an accelerated progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (HCV), we hypothesized that the messenger (m)RNA expression of genes involved with the production of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and cellular injury would be increased in liver tissue from subjects with steatosis and chronic HCV.

Methods: Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine relative mRNA expression levels of collagen I, TNF‐α, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1), transforming growth factor‐β1 and CD14 in liver biopsies from 38 patients with chronic HCV. The mRNA expression levels were compared between subjects with and without steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation.

Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that collagen I mRNA expression was increased by 199% in steatosis (P = 0.02), 85% in moderate to severe fibrosis (P = 0.02) and 157% in inflammation (P = 0.03). Livers of patients with steatosis also had an increase in TNF‐α mRNA expression by 50% (P = 0.03) and CYP 2E1 expression by 37% (P = 0.04) compared with non‐steatotic livers. Tumor necrosis factor‐α protein was localized to Kupffer cells, bile ducts and portal inflammatory cells by immunohistochemistry.

Conclusion: Increased expression of TNF‐α may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver injury and progression of fibrosis in individuals who have steatosis in association with chronic HCV.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
In vivo inefficiency of pentoxifylline and interferon‐alpha on hepatic fibrosis in biliary‐obstructed rats: Assessment by tissue collagen content and prolidase activity
Authors: TARÇIN ORHAN , AVŞAR KADİR , DEMİrtüRK LEVENT , GÜLTEPE MUSTAFA , OKTAR BERNA K , ÖZDOğAN OSMAN C , TARÇIN ÖZLEM , BALOğLU HÜSEYİN , GÜRBüZ AHMET K
Published: December 2004

Background and Aim: To evaluate the possible antifibrotic effects of two drugs, pentoxifylline (PTX) and interferon (IFN)‐α as well as their combination, on a bile‐duct‐ligated rat hepatic fibrosis model.

Methods: Bile ducts of 34 female Wistar rats were ligated, and 24 bile ducts were sham operated. Bile‐duct‐ligated rats were divided into four groups, in which either sterile saline, IFN‐α (100 000 IU/3 days a week), PTX (50 mg/kg/day) or IFN‐α + PTX were administered. Sham‐operated rats were treated at the same doses. On the 28th day, rats were decapitated to obtain blood for the measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and bilirubins. Serum prolidase was assayed at the beginning and at the end of the study by the modified Chinard's colorimetric method. Liver prolidase was assayed after tissue homogenization. Liver collagen content was determined by the dye elution method described by Lopez de Leon. Morphometric‐densitometric measurements of hepatic fibrosis were quantified by computerized image analysis.

Results: The AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and bilirubins, liver prolidase enzyme activity, collagen content and hepatic collagen surface density were found to be increased in bile‐duct‐ligated rats on day 28. There was no statistically significant recovery or even a change in collagen turnover rate in rats treated with alternate regimens applied in the study (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: Pentoxifylline, IFN‐α and their combination have no beneficial effect on experimental fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction.

©  2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Tropical sprue is associated with contamination of small bowel with aerobic bacteria and reversible prolongation of orocecal transit time
Authors: GHOSHAL UDAY C , GHOSHAL UJJALA , AYYAGARI ARCHANA , RANJAN PIYUSH , KRISHNANI NARENDRA , MISRA ASHA , AGGARWAL RAKESH , NAIK SITA , NAIK SUBHASH R
Published: December 2004

Background:  In tropical sprue (TS), response to antibiotics may suggest a role for bacterial contamination of the small bowel, which is known in diseases with prolonged orocecal transit time (OCTT).

Methods:  We studied 13 patients with TS (diagnosed by standard criteria) for frequency, nature and degree of bacterial contamination of the small bowel by quantitative culture of jejunal aspirate, glucose hydrogen breath test (GHBT), and OCTT by lactulose hydrogen breath test before and after treatment. Twelve patients with constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 12 healthy subjects served as controls.

Results:  Ten of 13 patients with TS had bacterial contamination compared with 3/12 with IBS (all aerobic, P < 0.05). Median colony count in TS (36 000 CFU/mL, 400 to > 100 000) was higher than IBS (700 CFU/mL, 100–1000, P < 0.05). Gram‐negative aerobic bacilli were commonly isolated in TS but not in IBS. Median OCTT was longer in TS (180 m, 40 − 240) than IBS (110 m, 70 − 150, P = 0.008) and healthy subjects (65 m, 40 − 110, P = 0.0007, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Orocecal transit time in TS correlated with fecal fat (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.69, P < 0.05). Orocecal transit time and fecal fat, repeated in 8/13 patients, decreased with treatment for TS (195 m, 130–240 vs 125 m, 90–200, P = 0.02; 8 g/24 h, 6.8–19.6 vs 7 g/24 h, 4.2–9, P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusion:  Aerobic bacterial contamination of the small bowel is common in patients with TS. Prolonged OCTT in TS correlated with fecal fat and normalized in a subset of patients after treatment.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Inducibility of microsomal liver function may differentiate cirrhotic patients with maintained compared with severely compromised liver reserve
Authors: HEROLD CHRISTOPH , GANSLMAYER MARION , OCKER MATTHIAS , ZOPF STEFFEN , GAILER BARBARA , HAHN ECKHART G , SCHUPPAN DETLEF
Published: December 2004

Background and Aim:Quantitative tests of liver function (QTLF) can be modulated by enzyme‐inducing agents. The objective of the study was to examine changes in QTLF after treatment with Phenobarbital, a potent cytochrome P450‐inducing agent.

Methods:Forty‐six consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis Child–Pugh score B and C (34 alcoholic, 12 hepatitis C) and a compromised aminopyrine breath test (ABT) were included. Thirty‐six patients (group I) received phenobarbitone (150 mg) for 7 days. Ten patients (group II) received a placebo. The QTLF, which included ABT (microsomal liver function), galactose elimination capacity (GEC, cytosolic liver function), sorbitol clearance (SCl, liver plasma flow) and indocyanine green clearance (ICG, liver perfusion) was carried out before and after pharmacological induction.

Results:Group I showed a basal ABT of 0.18 ± 0.11% dose·kg/mmol CO2(normal >0.6%), which increased significantly after induction (172%,P < 0.05), whereas in group II the ABT values did not change. In group IB, a subgroup of group I which exceeded the basal threshold value of 0.30% after stimulation (n = 22), the ABT values increased significantly to 0.44 ± 0.17% (244%,P < 0.01). The GEC, SCl and ICG remained unchanged before and after induction.

Conclusions:After pharmacological induction, microsomal liver function increased significantly in a subgroup of patients with liver cirrhosis, whereas the GEC, SCl and ICG remained unchanged. Inducibility of the microsomal liver function could be used as a novel parameter of functional hepatic reserve and prognosis in cirrhosis.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Is apoptosis in antral mucosa correlated with serum nitrite concentration in Japanese Helicobacter pylori‐infected patients?
Authors: TARI AKIRA , KODAMA KANJI , KITADAI YASUHIKO , OHTA MASAHIRO , SUMII KOJI , KAJIYAMA GORO
Published: December 2004

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric mucosa is a form of chronic active gastritis that leads to expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in host macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Nitric oxide produced by these cells infiltrating the gastric mucosa could damage DNA. We correlated apoptosis in H. pylori‐infected antral tissue from peptic ulcer patients with serum nitrate‐plus‐nitrite.

Methods: Biopsy specimens were obtained endoscopically from antrum and fundus in 17 peptic ulcer patients before and after H. pylori eradication. Tissue samples were subjected to rapid urease testing and histopathological scoring (updated Sydney system), as well as immunohistochemical detection of single‐stranded DNA indicating apoptotic cells. Fasting serum samples were analyzed for combined nitrate and nitrite content.

Results: In all cases atrophy was absent to mild in antral mucosa and H. pylori was eradicated successfully. A strong positive correlation was present between apoptosis and both inflammation and activity scores in infected antral mucosa. A significant positive correlation also was noted between apoptosis and H. pylori density. Serum nitrite concentrations were decreased significantly by successful eradication of H. pylori, and showed a strong positive correlation with H. pylori density. Serum nitrite concentrations showed a significant positive correlation with numbers of single‐stranded DNA‐positive cells.

Conclusions: High H. pylori density was associated with elevated serum nitrate‐plus‐nitrite (a marker of nitric oxide production in gastric mucosa). Increased apoptosis and abnormal gastric cell turnover are likely results.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Long‐term results of multiple minocycline hydrochloride injections for the treatment of symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst
Authors: YOSHIDA HIROSHI , ONDA MASAHIKO , TAJIRI TAKASHI , ARIMA YASUO , MAMADA YASUHIRO , TANIAI NOBUHIKO , AKIMARU KOHO
Published: December 2004

Background: The current study presents the long‐term results of multiple minocycline hydrochloride (MINO) injections for the treatment of symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst.

Methods: From 1989 to 1998, nine patients were referred for the treatment of a symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst, comprising two males and seven females aged between 41–72 years (mean 58.2 years). The chief complaint in all cases was upper abdominal discomfort or pain. Mean cyst diameter was 14.1 ± 2.3 cm. After insertion of an 8 or 9‐French catheter into the cyst, 200 mg of MINO in 10 mL saline was injected and the catheter was flushed with 10 mL saline, for a total of 20 mL saline. The catheter was then clamped for 30 min. MINO injection was performed daily for 7–8 days, after which time the catheter was removed.

Results: One patient complained of moderate right subscapular pain immediately after the injection, and one patient complained of pain at the site of catheter insertion. Patients were followed for 42–153 months (mean 85 months). Cyst regression without recurrence was documented in all patients.

Conclusions: Multiple injections of MINO are safe, definitive treatments for symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Enhanced intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sulfate sodium in tumor necrosis factor‐alpha deficient mice
Authors: NAITO YUJI , TAKAGI TOMOHISA , HANDA OSAMU , ISHIKAWA TAKESHI , NAKAGAWA SHUJI , YAMAGUCHI TAIJI , YOSHIDA NORIMASA , MINAMI MASATO , KITA MASAKAZU , IMANISHI JIRO , YOSHIKAWA TOSHIKAZU
Published: December 2004

Background and Aims: Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is a potent pro‐inflammatory cytokine thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. To further define the role of TNF‐α in intestinal inflammation, we studied the effects of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration in mice with targeted deletions of TNF‐α gene.

Methods: Acute colitis was induced in female TNF‐α–/– and TNF‐α+/+ mice by administering 4.5% DSS orally in drinking water for seven days. The colonic mucosal injury and inflammation was evaluated based on body weight changes, total colon length, luminal hemoglobin, and histological findings. Colonic mRNA expression for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF‐α, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.

Results: In each assessment, colonic injury was significantly aggravated in DSS‐treated TNF‐α–/– mice compared with DSS‐treated TNF‐α+/+ mice. The survival rate of TNF‐α–/– mice on day seven was 40%; in contrast, all TNF‐α+/+ mice were alive. Histological study also showed an enhanced infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, and mucosal cell disruption in DSS‐treated TNF‐α–/– mice compared with DSS‐treated TNF‐α+/+ mice. On day seven, mRNA levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐4 in the colons of TNF‐α–/– mice were faint or not detected; in contrast, those of TNF‐α+/+ mice were detected. Although the expression of iNOS mRNA and luminal nitrite levels were similarly increased in both mice on day seven, this induction was delayed in TNF‐α–/– mice during the early phase. The degree of NF‐κB binding activity seemed to be similar between the two types of mice on day seven.

Conclusion: DSS‐induced inflammation is significantly enhanced in TNF‐α–/– mice compared to TNF‐α+/+ mice. These data suggest that persistent and marked blockage of TNF‐α bioactivity may provide a detrimental effect on acute intestinal inflammation.

© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Rain and groundwater as phosphorus sources of a small reservoir
Authors: Miranda Sebastião A. , Matvienko Bohdan
Published: December 2004

At Broa hydroelectric reservoir 82% of phosphorus (P) input is from rivers, 12% from groundwater seepage input and 6% from direct rainfall. The reservoir retains 15% of incoming P, corresponding to 73 mg/m2/year sedimentation. Proportions of water input are 36% from groundwater seepage in the dry season and 68% from seepage and 3% from direct rainfall in the rainy season; the remainder comes from rivers. Average P concentration during the 1996 rainy season was 27 μg/L in rain, 6.1 in groundwater, 68.54 in rivers and 33.56 in outflow.
Heavy metal pollution in a sewage‐fed lake of Bhopal, (M. P.) India
Authors: Shrivastava Pradeep , Saxena Alok , Swarup Abha
Published: December 2004

Shahpura Lake receives untreated domestic sewage from residential areas in Bhopal city. Analysis of water, plankton, fish and sediment reveals that the lake is contaminated by certain heavy metals. The concentrations of some of these metals including iron and manganese were within acceptable limits, whereas others including chromium, nickel, zinc and lead were not within acceptable water quality limits. Metal concentrations in the sewage inlet drain and lake sediment were compared with published criteria. The comparison revealed that the metals in the sediment ranged from the ‘non‐polluted’ to the ‘heavy pollution’ categories. The reference dose was calculated by the adoption of the United States Environmental Protection Agency reference dose factor, and the result reveals that the local population is not exposed to undue health risks. Concentrations of heavy metals in the water increased during the second year of the study, indicating an increase in the pollution load on the system. This might increase the bioaccumulation levels in fish and increase the actual dose of metals to which the local population will be exposed.
Variations in trace elements in bottom sediments of major rivers in Lake Victoria's basin, Kenya
Authors: Mwamburi Job
Published: December 2004

River sediments collected between March 1994 and January 1995 were analysed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), aluminium (Al) and cadmium (Cd) in the less than 63 μm grain‐size fraction. The river sediments were characterized by a sandy texture, with a relatively low organic matter (as percentage loss on ignition), ranging 3.5–9.6%. The metal mean range values in μg/g dry weight for the river sediments were: Mn (836–2.10 × 104), Fe (1.09 × 104–9.22 × 104), Al (2.86 × 103–7.77 × 103), Zn (34–130), Cu (11–78), Cr (not detected ND–125); Pb (ND–100) and Cd (ND). Temporal variations were significant for Zn, Cr and Pb. There were no significant longitudinal differences in all the elements in rivers Nyando, Nzoia, Yala and Sondu‐Miriu, apart from sediment Fe contents. Relatively high sediment Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr and Al were observed in river Kasat. River Kasat was considered polluted with respect to Mn, Zn and Cr, which were comparatively higher than unpolluted sediments and geochemical background values. This supports similar results on surface water trace element levels. Most of the rivers drain an area of relatively similar lithological characteristics. Therefore, apart from the direct waste input into Kasat river from municipal and industrial sources, lack of specific point sources indicate lithological metal origins with localized variations. A final comparative evaluation of the river sediments’ trace metal pollution was made from the study results. The data is vital for pollution management of the lake as information about metal loadings into the lake ecosystem is lacking.
Immunohistochemical localization of human pineal tissue antigens in normal retina and retinoblastomas
Authors: Sawai Junki , Nakazato Yoichi , Yamane Yuko , Kimura Noriko , Kishi Shoji
Published: December 2004

The normal human retina and retinoblastomas were examined immunohistochemically to assess the localization of pineal antigens in the retina and the oncogenesis and differentiation of retinoblastoma. In the present study, 41 eyes excised from children (aged 4 months to 7 years, all unilateral occurrence) diagnosed to have retinoblastoma and 4 eyes with normal retinas, were used. Retinoblastomas were histopathologically classified into well‐differentiated, moderately‐differentiated, and poorly‐differentiated types. The antibodies used were 9 monoclonal antibodies to human pineal antigens and 6 antibodies to neural tissues. In the normal retina, staining patterns characteristic of retinal cell layers were observed with PP1, PP3, PP5, PP6, PI1, and PI2 antibodies. In retinoblastomas, PP5 antibody, which reacts with horizontal cells and ganglion cells, and PP6 antibody, which reacts with part of the bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer, showed intense staining in well‐differentiated retinoblastomas, but the intensity of staining and the positivity decreased with the degree of dedifferentiation. Antigens recognized by PP3 and PP4 antibodies were positive in all retinoblanstomas. Reactions to GFAP antibody and antibodies that recognize Müller cells were negative. Retinoblanstomas may express markers of not only photoreceptor cells but also other retinal nuclear cells. These results suggest that the retinoblastoma might be developed from visual stem cells, which are common progenitor cells of photoreceptor cells, intermediate neurons, and ganglion cells.
Glioblastoma with lymph node metastases
Authors: Ates Lora Esberk , Bayindir Cicek , Bilgic Bilge , Karasu Aykut
Published: December 2004

Metastatic spread of malignant astrocytomas is rare and documented in very few patients with this tumor. Both pathologists and clinicians may confront more of these cases as the patients live longer. We present a 40‐year‐old‐man with glioblastoma multiforme metastasizing to the supraclavicular lymph node after surgery. The tumor was located at the parietal convexity and several lymphadenopathies occured after surgery.
Darbepoetin alfa: A new erythropoietic drug for the treatment of renal anaemia*
Authors:   Amgen Anaemia Advisory Group
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp®, Amgen Ltd) is a long‐acting, hyperglycosylated recombinant human erythropoietin (r‐HuEPO; epoetin) analogue, developed for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD, i.e. end‐stage renal failure or progressive renal impairment). Based on previously published European guidelines, this review article presents key recommendations for the use of darbepoetin alfa in Australasian clinical practice.

Darbepoetin alfa is expected to be a valuable alternative therapeutic agent for the management of renal anaemia. Clinical data demonstrate that: Once‐weekly administration of darbepoetin alfa – whether by subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection – is as effective as epoetin therapy, administered two or three times per week; patients receiving once‐weekly doses of epoetin can be switched to darbepoetin alfa, once every 2 weeks; target haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations can be successfully maintained in patients switched from epoetin therapy to less frequently administered doses of darbepoetin alfa (administration once every 2 weeks is sufficient for some patients); and darbepoetin alfa has a similar safety profile to epoetin. In addition to addressing a number of practical considerations relating to the use of darbepoetin alfa in clinical practice, this article also highlights principal findings from several key clinical studies.
Fibromuscular hyperplasia as a cause of transplant renal artery stenosis
Authors: SEVASTOS Jacob , LONERGAN Maureen
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY:  There are several causes of transplant renal artery stenosis, resulting in hyperten‐ sion and renal dysfunction. Rarely, ﬁbromuscular hyperplasia may cause such a presentation, and this case report discusses the historical, diagnostic and management issues pertaining to this rare situation.
The nature of touch therapy related to Ki: Practitioners’ perspective
Authors: Chang Sung Ok
Published: December 2004

Touch therapy related to Ki, a type of healing touch, has been regarded as one of the distinct therapeutic modalities in traditional oriental medicine. The present study attempted to develop a substantive theory about helping patients using touch therapy related to Ki, by exploring the views of practitioners who are using this therapeutic modality within the context of the Korean society. A grounded theory approach was applied during the collection and analyses of data. The core category, main categories and trajectory of helping patients during the use of touch therapy related to Ki was delineated. Helping patients while using touch therapy related to Ki was found to be a dynamic process with each participant actively engaged in increasing the activating, potential power of the human being. These findings have value in understanding the embedded meaning of the healing process through touch therapy within the context of Ki.
Role of sociology within the nursing enterprise: Some reflections on the unfinished debate
Authors: Pinikahana Jaya
Published: December 2004

The present paper reviews literature on the relevance of sociology to nursing in the context of arguments presented by Cooke, Sharp and Porter. It explores some of the arguments presented for and against sociology in nursing education. On a broader perspective, sociology inter alia, is at best worthwhile for nurses and is not as positively harmful as Sharp asserts. The discussion draws attention to the relevance of social theory for nursing practice. It is argued that almost all social theories have been widely applied in nursing research. The case for sociology as applied to nursing or nursing sociology versus general sociology for nurses was examined. This paper concludes in favor of the inclusion of sociology as applied to nursing in the nursing curriculum.
Essence of caring for a person dying
Authors: Johnson Amanda , Bourgeois Sharon
Published: December 2004

The present paper aims to illustrate the essence of caring through the philosophical lens of palliative care gained from one family's experience within a home environment. The narrative used provided a vehicle through which a family member recalled the experience of caring for her mother, who was dying. The essence of caring is portrayed by the use of exemplars gained from the narrative situated within a palliative context depicting both the person dying and the carer's perspective. The narrative offers the opportunity to better understand cultural knowledge, history and social practices from the perspective of the family unit, and to understand how families might be best supported by health professionals engaged in care delivery. The commitment demonstrated by family members in caring for a family member dying is significant and needs to be more valued as a contribution to our understanding of this life event. From the analysis of this family's experience, health professionals are afforded an insight into the diversity of needs that encompass the essence of care being provided in the home. This opportunity allows health professionals to gain further insight into this significant life event, leading to an enhancement of their practice and enabling them to be better equipped to meet the individual needs of family units.
Tool to classify stool consistency: Content validity and use by persons of diverse cultures
Authors: Zimmaro Bliss Donna , Dhamani Khairunnisa A. , Savik Kay , Kirk Karen
Published: December 2004

Developing and testing the quality of a research instrument, including its ability to be used by culturally diverse persons, is an important methodological objective. The present study determined the content validity and feasibility of culturally diverse persons to use an instrument to classify stool consistency that has been employed in research on fecal incontinence. Five multidisciplinary clinicians experienced in assessing stool consistency determined the tool to possess content validity. Twenty‐four foreign nationals of diverse cultures who spoke English as a second language (ESL) classified the consistency of nine stools using word only or word plus diagram descriptions. The agreement of the ratings of the participants were compared with the those of an experienced investigator. There was no significant difference between the ratings of participants using either type of description. There was good agreement between the classifications of the participants and those of the investigator. The findings of this study contribute to the quality of our instrument and support its use by culturally diverse persons.
Role stress and role ambiguity in new nursing graduates in Australia
Authors: Chang Esther , Hancock Karen
Published: December 2004

The first few months of nursing have the potential to be the most challenging and stressful for new nursing graduates. The purpose of the present study was to examine sources of, and changes in, role stress 2–3 months after employment, and 11–12 months later in new graduate nurses. This study also investigated the relationship between job satisfaction and role stress. A factor analysis demonstrated that role ambiguity was the most salient feature of role stress in the first few months, while 10 months later, role overload was the most important factor explaining variance in role stress scores. There was no significant change in role stress scores over time. For the first survey, job satisfaction was significantly negatively correlated with role ambiguity and role stress. In the second survey there was still a significant negative correlation between role ambiguity and job satisfaction, but no significant correlation between role overload and job satisfaction. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for nursing education, practice and future research.
Satisfaction with child health services in the non‐government sector of Hong Kong: Consumer evaluation
Authors: Chan Sophia Siu‐chee , Twinn Sheila
Published: December 2004

There is increasing emphasis on community‐based health care. Evaluation of both government and non‐government maternal and child care services in Hong Kong is a key objective for future development. The Kwun Tong Community Health Project, one of the Government's subsidy services, aim is to help in the rapid growth of the community so as to recognize needs, and to resolve health care issues. The present paper examines the findings of a consumer evaluation of three community health centers in the Kwun Tong Community Health Project, regarding clients’ satisfaction towards the accessibility, information, use, medical consultation, perceptions of health problems of infants and cost of services provided. There was overall satisfaction expressed by the clients regarding health maintenance officers and the services provided. Provision of comprehensive family‐focused care, including child and women's health was highly recommended. Parents’ participation in decision‐making about care and discussion about the child's health care plan were recognized as important issues to consider. Provision of play facilities and more flexible hours of operation were found to be beneficial in improving client's satisfaction. Finally, continuing education of the health maintenance officers was recognized as pertinent for them to update their knowledge while providing health education to the clients.