bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogenic Induction of Ornithine Decarboxylase in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Cohen Stanley , O'Malley Bert W. , Stastny Milos
Published: October 2006

Injection of estrogens (17β-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol) into immature chicks results in a marked (30- to 50-fold) increase in the ornithine decarboxylase activity of oviductal homogenates within a 4-hour period. Similar stimulations were obtained when estrogen was injected into hypophysectomized or castrated rats and the uterus was examined for decarboxylase activity. An elevation of decarboxylase activity was obtained in vitro when oviducts from immature chicks were incubated in the presence of estrogen. These data indicate a direct action of estrogen on oviduct tissue to promote a rapid increase in the activity of a specific enzyme and represent the first example of a completely in vitro enzyme response to estrogen.
Where Was the Moon Formed?
Authors: Singer S. F. , Bandermann L. W.
Published: October 2006

Volatile substances have a low abundance in lunar surface rocks as compared to terrestrial rocks. If this depletion is explained in terms of a late accretion of volatile materials from a solar nebula with falling temperature, then the conclusion can be drawn that the moon accumulated not in earth orbit but as a separate planet, and that it was later captured by the earth.
Self-Inhibitor of Bean Rust Uredospores: Methyl 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamate
Authors: Macko V. , Staples R. C. , Gershon H. , Renwick J. A. A.
Published: October 2006

Two germination inhibitors from bean rust uredospores were identified as the
cis
and
trans
isomers of methyl 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate. They appear to be the "self-inhibitors" previously described from these spores.
Trail Odors: Recognition by Insects Parasitic on Cocoons
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: October 2006

Female parasitic insects in the genera
Pleolophus
,
Endasys
, and
Mastrus
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) search the ground cover for hosts and avoid areas they have already inspected. Females respond to their own trail odor, and recognition occurs also between conspecific, congeneric, and intergeneric individuals. This is the first direct evidence for recognition between parasitoids at sites other than on the host itself, and between females of different species.
Convection in the Antarctic Ice Sheet Leading to a Surge of the Ice Sheet and Possibly to a New Ice Age
Authors: Hughes T.
Published: October 2006

The Antarctic surge theory of Pleistocene glaciation is reexamined in the context of thermal convection theory applied to the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice sheet surges when a water layer at the base of the ice sheet reaches the edge of the ice sheet over broad fronts and has a thickness sufficient to drown the projections from the bed that most strongly hinder basal ice flow. Frictional heat from convection flow promotes basal melting, and, as the ice sheet grows to the continental shelf of Antarctica, a surge of the ice sheet appears likely.
Aboriginal Trephination: Case from Southern New England?
Authors: Powell Bernard W.
Published: October 2006

The skull of a young adult male Amerind from a grave at a coastal site in southern Connecticut bears a largely cicatrized elliptical anomaly near bregma. Some evidence suggests deliberate antemortem trephination of the scraping type. The specimen is of interest since perhaps fewer than twenty human skulls have been advanced as putative cases of trephining by North American aborigines.
Pharmacological Differentiation of Allergic and Classically Conditioned Asthma in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Justesen Don R. , Braun Edward W. , Garrison Robert G. , Pendleton R. B.
Published: October 2006

A whole-body plethysmographic technique was developed and then used to detect experimentally induced asthma in guinea pigs and to assess pharmacological treatments of allergic and classically conditioned attacks. Inhalation of a beta adrenergic compound (isoproterenol) controlled both forms of attack. Atropine and methscopolamine, parasympathetic blocking agents, prevented conditional but not allergic attacks; diphenhydramine, an antihistamine, prevented allergic attacks; and methysergide, which blocks serotonin (which is believed to trigger human asthma), prevented neither. The guinea pig's allergic reaction is probably the result of a bronchospasm induced by histamine released in tissue of the airway by a local combination of allergen and antibody. The conditional attack is believed to be a constriction of the airway mediated by parasympathetic fibers of central origin.
Lunar Anorthosites: Rare-Earth and Other Elemental Abundances
Authors: Wakita Hiroshi , Schmitt Roman A.
Published: October 2006

Elemental abundances of major (Ti, Al, Fe, and Ca), minor (Na, Mn, and Cr), and trace elements [14 rare-earth elements (REE), Y, In, Cd, Rb, Cs, Ba, Co, and Sc] in lunar anorthosites separated from Apollo 11 sample 10085 coarse fines have been determined by means of instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis. The REE distribution pattern of lunar anorthosites, relative to ordinary chondrites, has a positive Eu anomaly. On the assumption that (i) the lunar composition is similar to that of ordinary chondritic meteorites low in total Fe (∼13 percent); (ii) lunar anorthosites are derived from highland cratering events and are representative of the highlands; and (iii) the moon differentiated into olivine, hypersthene, and basaltic and anorthositic phases, and plagioclase crystallization began after ∼ 93 percent solidification, then mass balance calculations yield ∼ 30-kilometer and ∼ 10-kilometer thicknesses for the lunar highlands for the melting and chemical differentiation of the entire moon and of the upper 200 kilometers, respectively. Corresponding thicknesses of the basaltic basement rocks were ∼ 5 kilometers and ∼ 2 kilometers, respectively. Alternatively, if the anorthosites of this study are representative of the highlands and the onset of plagioclase crystallization occurred after ∼ 50 percent solidification of the initially melted moon, calculations with REE and Ba partition coefficients suggest that the REE and Ba abundances in the primeval moon were similar to those observed in basaltic achondrites.
Long-Term Human B Cell Lines Dependent on Interleukin-4 and antibody to CD40
Authors: Banchereau Jacques , de Paoli Paolo , Vallé Alain , Garcia Eric , Rousset Françoise
Published: October 2006

CD40 is a 45- to 50-kilodalton transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and some carcinoma cell lines. Human resting B lymphocytes entered a state of sustained proliferation when incubated with both the mouse fibroblastic Ltk
-
cell line that had been transfected with the human Fc receptor (FcγRII/CDw32) and monoclonal antibodies to CD40. In combination with interleukin-4, factor-dependent long-term normal human B cell lines were generated that were consistently negative for Epstein-Barr viral infection. Thus, cross-linking of CD40 is likely to represent an important phenomenon in the clonal expansion of B cells.
A Potent Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Substance P (NK
1
) Receptor
Authors: Snider R. Michael , Constantine Jay W. , Lowe John A. , Longo Kelly P. , Lebel Wesley S. , Woody Heidi A. , Drozda Susan E. , Desai Manoj C. , Vinick Fredric J. , Spencer Robin W. , Hess Hans-Jürgen
Published: October 2006

CP-96,345 [(2
S
, 3
S
)-
cis
-2-(diphenylmethyl)-
N
-[(2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-amine] is a potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK
1
) receptor. CP-96,345 inhibited
3
H-labeled substance P binding and was a classical competitive antagonist in the NK
1
monoreceptor dog carotid artery preparation. CP-96,345 inhibited substance P-induced salivation in the rat, a classical in vivo bioassay, but did not inhibit NK
2
, NK
3
, or numerous other receptors; it is thus a selective NK
1
antagonist. This compound may prove to be a powerful tool for investigation of the physiological properties of substance P and exploration of its role in diseases.
Visually Evoked Magnetic Fields of the Human Brain
Authors: Brenner D. , Williamson S. J. , Kaufman L.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic field variations from the human brain produced by visual stimulation have been observed in a normal laboratory setting with a superconducting quantum interference device and no magnetic shielding of the subject. Previously unknown temporal and spatial features of the field near the scalp are reported.
A Class III Transcription Factor Composed of RNA
Authors: Young Lisa S. , Dunstan Heather M. , Witte Pamela R. , Smith Timothy P. , Ottonello Simone , Sprague Karen U.
Published: October 2006

It is generally assumed that the machinery that transcribes genes is composed entirely of polypeptides. However, in vitro transcription by silkworm RNA polymerase III requires a transcription factor that is not a polypeptide. This component, TFIIIR, is distinct from the previously identified transcription components: RNA polymerase III, and the accessory factors TFIIIA, TFIIIB, TFIIIC, and TFIIID. The newly discovered TFIIIR is a macromolecule that appears to be composed of RNA. It is resistant to heat, detergent, phenol, protease, and deoxyribonuclease, but it is sensitive to alkali and ribonuclease.
Euglossine Bees as Long-Distance Pollinators of Tropical Plants
Authors: Janzen D. H.
Published: October 2006

Euglossine bees may return to a nest from as far away as 23 kilometers in a tropical rain forest. These bees apparently forage long distances and visit the same plants repeatedly along a feeding route. They probably promote outcrossing among tropical plants with low population density; therefore, they may permit the existence of plant species whose densities have been forced very low by such things as competition and predators on seeds and seedlings.
Migrations and Growth of Deep-Sea Lobsters
Homarus americanus
Authors: Cooper Richard A. , Uzmann Joseph R.
Published: October 2006

In distinct contrast to the restricted movements of coastal stocks of lobsters (
Homarus americanus
), those inhabiting the outer continental shelf undertake extensive seasonal migrations. Of 5710 tagged lobsters released on the outer continental shelf off New England from April 1968 to June 1969, 400 had been recaptured by April 1970. The distribution of the recoveries demonstrated shoalward migration in spring and summer and a return to the edge of the shelf in fall and winter. Deep-sea lobsters have a faster rate of growth than coastal lobsters; growth increments at molting and the frequency of molting are greater.
Herpesvirus Antigens on Cell Membranes Detected by Centrifugation of Membrane-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Spear Patricia G.
Published: October 2006

Herpesviruses specify new glycoproteins that bind to cell membranes and also appear in the envelope of the virion. Incubation of purified smooth membranes from infected cells with antiviral antibody results in an increase in the density of the membranes as determined by flotation in sucrose density gradients. The magnitude of this increase depends on the amount of antibody used; densities as high as 1.16 grams per cubic centimeter have been obtained (the density of the untreated membranes is 1.08 grams per cubic centimeter). Antiviral antibody does not increase the density of uninfected cell membranes nor do saline or normal rabbit serum change the densities of infected or uninfected cell membranes. Viral antigens—presumably the glycoproteins specified by the virus—are probably on the surface of the infected cell membranes and bind to them strongly enough to withstand the hydrodynamic forces applied to them in the sucrose gradient.
Aggregations of 35-Nanometer Particles Associated with Neuronal Cytopathic Changes in Natural Scrapie
Authors: Bignami A. , Parry H. B.
Published: October 2006

Neuronal vacuolation and intravacuolar budding of vesicles and cytoplasmic processes appear to be the most characteristic cellular lesion in natural scrapie, a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system of sheep which is transmissible by injection. Membrane-bound accumulations of the 35-nm particles are found in the cytoplasmic processes that project inside the vacuoles of the neuronal perikaryon. Such particles are present only in a small number of vacuolated neurons.
Synergy of Ethanol and a Natural Soporific—Gamma Hydroxybutyrate
Authors: McCabe E. R. , Layne E. C. , Sayler D. F. , Slusher N. , Bessman S. P.
Published: October 2006

γ-Hydroxybutyrate and ethanol, as well as γ-butyrolactone and ethanol, are potentiative with respect to duration of loss of the righting reflex (sleep time). The concentration of ethanol in the liver decreases from 30 to 90 minutes after rats are injected with ethanol, but there is no change when ethanol is injected with γ-butyrolactone. In view of the fact that γ-hydroxybutyrate is a natural intermediate in brain, the effects of ethanol on the central nervous system may be mediated through its interaction with γ-butyrolactone.
The History and Stability of Atmospheric Oxygen
Authors: Van Valen Leigh
Published: October 2006

There are three processes weakly concentration-dependent that keep changes in concentration of atmospheric pressure from being a random walk—inhibition of net photosynthesis by oxygen, the passage of hydrogen through the oxidizing part of the atmosphere before it escapes from the earth, and burial of reduced carbon in anaerobic water. A stronger regulator seems desirable but remains to be found. The cause of the initial rise in oxygen concentration presents a serious and unresolved quantitative problem.
A Portal Blood Factor as the Humoral Agent in Liver Regeneration
Authors: Fisher Bernard , Szuch Patricia , Levine Morton , Fisher Edwin R.
Published: October 2006

It was demonstrated, by use of extracorporeal cross-circulation, that a humoral factor responsible for liver regeneration does not arise from the liver remnant. While intact livers of normal rats incorporated [methyl-
3
H]thymidine in proportion to the amount of liver removed in the partner, the greatest response occurred after a total hepatectomy. Evidence from portacaval-shunted, partially hepatectomized animals connected to normal members indicates that the factor is in portal blood and that the onset of regeneration is the result of a quantitative imbalance between the available portal blood factor and the number of liver cells present.
Specific Enzymic Methylation of an Arginine in the Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Protein from Human Myelin
Authors: Baldwin G. S. , Carnegie P. R.
Published: October 2006

A cytoplasmic enzyme from guinea pig brain was shown to transfer methyl groups from
S
/adenosylmethionine to only one of 19 arginine residues in the basic protein from human brain. The products were ω-
N
-monomethylarginine and ω-
N
,
N
'-dimethylarginine. These methylated arginines are adjacent to the main encephalitogenic determinant in the protein. Methylation may aid in the transfer of this region of the protein into the nonpolar environment within myelin and in maintaining the integrity of myelin.
Sleep Stage and Personality Characteristics of "Natural" Long and Short Sleepers
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Friel Janette
Published: October 2006

A group of college freshmen that typically slept 5½ hours or less per night and a group that typically slept 9½ hours or more did not differ significantly on a battery of personality, scholastic, and medical measures. Compared with control subjects not selected on a sleep length criterion, electroencephalograph recordings of the short sleepers contained reduced amounts of stage 2 and rapid eye movement sleep.
Fluorescence of the Purine and Pyrimidine Bases of the Nucleic Acids in Neutral Aqueous Solution at 300°K
Authors: Daniels Malcolm , Hauswirth William
Published: October 2006

Fluorescence of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil at room temperature in neutral aqueous solution has been detected by means of a digital signal accumulation technique. Corrected emission and excitation spectra are presented and compared with low-temperature data. The quantum yields are, respectively, 2.6 × 10
-4
, 3.0 × 10
-4
, 0.8 × 10
-4
, and 0.5 × 10
-4
when the bases are excited at their low-energy absorption maxima.
Taste of Water in the Cat: Effects on Sucrose Preference
Authors: Bartoshuk L. M. , Harned M. A. , Parks L. H.
Published: October 2006

Electrophysiological recordings show that water is not tasteless to cats. Also, unlike most mammals, cats appear indifferent to sucrose, but this may be because the taste of the sucrose is masked by the taste of the water in which it is dissolved. When the water taste is suppressed by the addition of small amounts of sodium chloride, cats take sucrose avidly.
Demonstration That CFTR Is a Chloride Channel by Alteration of Its Anion Selectivity
Authors: Anderson Matthew P. , Gregory Richard J. , Thompson Simon , Souza David W. , Paul Sucharita , Mulligan Richard C. , Smith Alan E. , Welsh Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) generates adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated chloride channels, indicating that CFTR is either a chloride channel or a chloride channel regulator. To distinguish between these possibilities, basic amino acids in the putative transmembrane domains were mutated. The sequence of anion selectivity of cAMP-regulated channels in cells containing either endogenous or recombinant CFTR was bromide > chloride > iodide > fluoride. Mutation of the lysines at positions 95 or 335 to acidic amino acids converted the selectivity sequence to iodide > bromide > chloride > fluoride. These data indicate that CFTR is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel and that lysines 95 and 335 determine anion selectivity.
A Mechanosensitive Channel in Whole Cells and in Membrane Patches of the Fungus
Uromyces
Authors: Zhou Xin-Liang , Stumpf Mary Ann , Hoch Harvey C. , Kung Ching
Published: October 2006

Bean leaf stomata provide a topographical signal that induces germlings of the phytopathogen
Uromyces appendiculatus
to develop specialized infection structures. Protoplasts from germ tubes of this fungus, when examined with patch-clamp electrodes, displayed the activities of a 600-picosiemen mechanosensitive ion channel. This channel passes a variety of cations, including Ca
2+
, and is blocked by Gd
3+
at 50 micromolar. This channel could transduce the membrane stress induced by the leaf topography into an influx of ions, including Ca
2+
, that may trigger differentiation.
Eocene Volcanism and the Origin of Horizon A
Authors: Gibson Thomas G. , Towe Kenneth M.
Published: October 2006

A series of closely time-equivalent deposits that correlate with seismic reflector horizon A exists along the coast of eastern North America. These sediments of Late-Early to Early-Middle Eocene age contain an authigenic mineral suite indicative of the alteration of volcanic glass. A volcanic origin for these siliceous deposits onshore is consistent with a volcanic origin for the cherts of horizon A offshore.
Interaction of Rheumatoid Factor with Infectious Herpes Simplex Virus-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ashe Warren K. , Daniels Charles A. , Scott George S. , Notkins Abner Louis
Published: October 2006

Rheumatoid factor, a human immunoglobulin of the IgM class, failed to attach to herpes simplex virus but did attach to infectious complexes composed of herpes simplex virus and antibody to herpes simplex virus. These newly formed complexes of infectious virus, antiviral antibody, and rheumatoid factor could be neutralized by complement or by antibody to human IgM. The ability of rheumatoid factor to enhance virus neutralization in the presence of complement represents a hitherto unrecognized biological role for rheumatoid factor.
Transneuronal Transfer of Radioactivity in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Grafstein Bernice
Published: October 2006

After injection of tritiated amino acid into the mouse eye, radioactivity appeared in the contralateral visual cortex, indicating that some material had been transferred from optic axons to lateral geniculate neurons. The radioactivity in the cortex was about 2 percent of that arriving in the geniculate, and most of it was contained in material that appeared to be protein.
Rhesus Monkey Vestibular Cortex: A Bimodal Primary Projection Field
Authors: Schwarz Dietrich W. F. , Fredrickson John M.
Published: October 2006

Single units in the rhesus monkey
(Macaca mulata)
cortex responded to both vestibular and proprioceptive somatosensory stimuli. This bimodal response characteristic is unlike the modality specificity noted for other primary sensory fields. The vestibular field is located, contrary to previous opinion, within a distinct cytoarchitectonic area outside of area 2.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Chrambach A. , Rodbard D.
Published: October 2006

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) provides a versatile, gentle, high resolution method for fractionation and physical-chemical characterization of molecules on the basis of size, conformation, and net charge. The polymerization reaction can be rigorously controlled to provide uniform gels of reproducible, measurable pore size over a wide range. This makes it possible to obtain reproducible relative mobility (
R

f

) values as physical-chemical constants. Application and extension of Ogston's (random fiber) model for a gel allows for calculation of molecular volume, surface area, or radius, free mobility, and valence from
R

f

measurements at several gel concentrations, to calculate gel concentration for optimal resolution, and to predict behavior of macromolecules on gel gradients by computerized methods. Extension of classical moving boundary theory has been used to generate multiphasic buffer systems (providing selective stacking, unstacking, restacking, and preparative steady-state-stacking) with known operating characteristics for any
p
H at 0° and 25°C. A general strategy for isolation of macromolecules and for macromolecular mapping has been developed. Preparative scale PAGE is operational for milligram loads and feasible for gram quantities.
Final Desiccation of the Afar Rift, Ethiopia
Authors: Bonatti Enrico , Emiliani Cesare , Ostlund Göte , Rydell Harold
Published: October 2006

Stable and radioactive isotope studies of ancient corals and mollusks from a fossil atoll in the Afar Rift indicate that final separation of the Afar Depression from the Red Sea occurred not earlier than 32,000 years ago. Desiccation followed within a few thousand years. The events recorded in the Afar Rift illustrate the processes occurring in the incipient stages leading to the formation of an oceanic body by rifting of a continental block.
Bacteriophage and the Toxigenicity of
Clostridium botulinum
Type C
Authors: Eklund M. W. , Poysky F. T. , Reed S. M. , Smith C. A.
Published: October 2006

Nontoxigenic and bacteriophage-sensitive bacterial cultures have been isolated from toxigenic
Clostridium botulinum
type C, strain 468C, after treatment with either ultraviolet light or acridine orange. Two bacteriophages, designated CEβ and CEγ, were isolated from toxigenic strain 468C. Both of these bacteriophages were capable of infecting the nontoxigenic type C cultures, but only bacteriophage CEβ was involved in the change from nontoxigenicity to toxigenicity.
Land Clearance in the Irish Neolithic: New Evidence and Interpretation
Authors: Pilcher J. R. , Smith A. G. , Pearson G. W. , Crowder Adéle
Published: October 2006

Time scales are derived, from radiocarbon dating of pollen diagrams, for Neolithic land clearance at three Irish sites. Three stages are distinguished beginning in the 4th millennium B.C.: stage A, clearance and farming (possibly arable), 100 to 400 years; stage B, farming (possibly pastoral), 150 to 200 years; and stage C, forest regeneration, 50 to 100 years.
Lunar Hadley Rille: Considerations of Its Origin
Authors: Greeley Ronald
Published: October 2006

Geomorphology, topographic configuration, comparisons with terrestrial analogs, and considerations of the chemical and physical characteristics of mare lavas indicate that the Hadley Rille is a lava channel. Some of the structure was roofed to form a lava tube, parts of which have subsequently collapsed.
DNA (Cell Number) in Neonatal Brain: Second Generation (F
2
) Alteration by Maternal (F
0
) Dietary Protein Restriction
Authors: Zamenhof Stephen , van Marthens Edith , Grauel Ludmila
Published: October 2006

Female rats were maintained on a protein-restricted diet 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Their female offspring were maintained on a normal diet from birth or from weaning and were mated with normal males. The second generation offspring at birth still had significantly lower cerebral weight and total cerebral DNA (cerebral cell number).
Garfish Olfactory Nerve: Easily Accessible Source of Numerous Long, Homogeneous, Nonmyelinated Axons
Authors: Easton Dexter M.
Published: October 2006

The olfactory nerve of the garfish,
Lepisosteus
, is about 1 millimeter in diameter and about 20 centimeters long, depending on the size of the fish; it is easily prepared by breaking off successive scored segments of the rostrum. It consists of a relatively homogeneous population of about 10
7
nonmyelineated nerve fibers, each about 0.24 micrometer in diameter. In most other nerves each fiber is separated from all others by an enfolding Schwann cell, but in the olfactory nerve the fibers are directly in contact with one another in groups of several hundred fibers. The Schwann cell, not directly concerned with propagation of the nerve impulse, forms a thin layer at the periphery of the group and makes up a small proportion of the total cellular material. The volume of axon cytoplasm is about five times greater than that of Schwann cell cytoplasm, and the axon surface is about 30 times the Schwann cell surface. The ratio of surface to volume for axons of a typical olfactory nerve is about 5400 times that for the squid axon of the same diameter. The large proportion of axonal membrane recommends this nerve for use in chemical and physical studies of properties of axon membranes.
DDE Residues and Eggshell Changes in Alaskan Falcons and Hawks
Authors: Cade Tom J. , Lincer Jeffrey L. , White Clayton M. , Roseneau David G. , Swartz L. G.
Published: October 2006

Eggshell thickness after exposure to DDT was reduced by 21.7 percent in Alaskan tundra peregrines, by 16.8 percent in taiga peregrines, by 7.5 percent in Aleutian peregrines, by 3.3 percent in rough-legged hawks, and not at all in gyrfalcons. Tundra peregrine eggs contain an average of 889 parts of DDE per million (lipid basis); taiga peregrine eggs contain 673 parts per million; Aleutian peregrine eggs contain 167 parts per million; rough-legged hawk eggs contain 22.5 parts per million; and gyrfalcon eggs contain 3.88 parts per million. These changes in eggshell thickness and the pesticide residues reflect different degrees of exposure to contamination. There is a highly significant negative correlation between shell thickness and DDE content in peregrine eggs. Tundra and taiga peregrines have fledged progressively fewer young each year since 1966.
Calcium: Is It Required for Transmitter Secretion?
Authors: Quastel David M. J. , Hackett John T. , Cooke J. David
Published: October 2006

Ethanol multiplies miniature end-plate potential frequency independently of calcium ion concentrations and also multiplies calcium-dependent depolarization-evoked quantal release, to the same extent. This result implies a final common pathway, requiring little or no calcium, for both kinds of transmitter secretion. Chlorpromazine and hypertonicity act similarly to ethanol, but also depress depolarization-secretion coupling.
Photoreceptors in Primitive Chordates: Fine Structure, Hyperpolarizing Receptor Potentials, and Evolution
Authors: Gorman A. L. F. , McReynolds J. S. , Barnes S. N.
Published: October 2006

Two species of primitive chordates have hyperpolarizing photoreceptor potentials, as vertebrates do. In
Salpa
the photoreceptive membrane is composed of microvilli, whereas in
Amaroucium
it is modified from cilia. There appears to be no functional correlation between fine structure of photoreceptive membrane and polarity of response to light.
Thyrocalcitonin: Stimulation of Secretion by Pentagastrin
Authors: Cooper Cary W. , Schwesinger Wayne H. , Mahgoub Ahmed M. , Ontjes David A.
Published: October 2006

Administration of a small dose of pentagastrin, a synthetic pentapeptide containing the biologically active portion of the native hormone gastrin, results in a marked, rapid, transitory increase in thyrocalcitonin secretion in the pig. Gastrin or a related gastrointestinal peptide may be important in the physiological secretion of thyrocalcitonin, such as that which occurs when calcium salts are introduced into the gastrointestinal tract.
Amino Acid Analyses of the Murchison, Murray, and Allende Carbonaceous Chondrites
Authors: Cronin John R. , Moore Carleton B.
Published: October 2006

Three carbonaceous chondrites were examined for water-extractable amino acids. The Murchison and Murray specimens were found to be of similar amino acid composition. This similarity suggests that these amino acids are indigenous to type II carbonaceous chondrites. The Allende (type III) carbonaceous chondrite was found to be essentially devoid of amino acids on the basis of an identical analysis.
Schöpf, Maclure, Werner, and the Earliest Work on American Geology
Authors: Spieker Edmund M.
Published: October 2006

Schöpf produced the first substantial report on the geology of North America, a work that has long suffered unjustified oblivion. In at least one feature this treatise is superior to that of Maclure (the "Father of American Geology")— Schöpf attempted interpretation whereas Maclure did not. The suggestion is here offered that Maclure, who adopted Werner's classification of the stratigraphic succession, was simply shying away from Wernerian interpretation because he did not like the looks of it.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: Evidence in Two Families for Keratin Gene Abnormalities
Authors: Bonifas J. M. , Rothman A. L. , Epstein E. H.
Published: October 2006

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is characterized by skin blistering due to basal keratinocyte fragility. In one family studied, inheritance of EBS is linked to the gene encoding keratin 14, and a thymine to cytosine mutation in exon 6 of keratin 14 has introduced a proline in the middle of an alpha-helical region. In a second family, inheritance of EBS is linked to loci that map near the keratin 5 gene. These data indicate that abnormalities of either of the components of the keratin intermediate filament heterodipolymer can impair the mechanical stability of these epithelial cells.
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Metabolism and Disposition in Long-Term Marihuana Smokers
Authors: Lemberger Louis , Tamarkin Norman R. , Axelrod Julius , Kopin Irwin J.
Published: October 2006

Radioactively labeled delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC) administered intravenously to chronic marihuana smokers disappeared from the blood plasma with a half-life of 28 hours as compared to 57 hours for nonusers of marihuana. Apparent volumes of distribution did not significantly differ between the two groups. Within 10 minutes after administration of Δ9THC, 11-hydroxy-Δ9THC is present in the plasma of nonusers and chronic users. This metabolite was also present in urine and feces of nonusers and long-term marihuana smokers. In addition, polar metabolites were excreted in urine and feces of both groups for more than 1 week.
Caudate Nucleus Stimulation Retroactively Impairs Complex Maze Learning in the Rat
Authors: Peeke Harman V. S. , Herz Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Rats, with permanent electrodes implanted bilaterally in the caudate-putamen complex, were stimulated with single pulses after reinforcement of each maze learning trial or were stimulated with multiple pulses after each choice point or after reinforcement. Single pulses retarded the development of learning only when stringent learning criteria were required, whereas multiple pulses interfered with acquisition when the criteria for learning were less difficult.
Light Production in the Luminous Fishes
Photoblepharon
and
Anomalops
from the Banda Islands
Authors: Haneda Yata , Tsuji Frederick I.
Published: October 2006

The unresolved mechanism of light production in
Photoblepharon
and
Anomalops
has been reinvestigated in fresh and preserved material. Based on biochemical evidence obtained with emulsions and cell-free extracts of the organs, especially the stimulation of light with reduced flavin mononucleotide, and on electron microscopy of organ sections showing the presence of numerous bacteria, we conclude that the light is produced by symbiotic luminous bacteria. Because of the continuing failure to cultivate the luminous bacteria and because of their morphology, we suggest that the bacteria are of a primitive type called bacteroids.
Human Thymidine Kinase Gene Locus: Assignment to Chromosome 17 in a Hybrid of Man and Mouse Cells
Authors: Miller O. J. , Allderdice P. W. , Miller D. A. , Breg W. R. , Migeon B. R.
Published: October 2006

The human chromosome retained in a hybrid clone derived from human cells and a mouse line deficient in thymidine kinase has the quinacrine-fluorescence pattern characteristic of chromosome 17.
Eutrophication, Silica Depletion, and Predicted Changes in Algal Quality in Lake Michigan
Authors: Schelske Claire L. , Stoermer Eugene F.
Published: October 2006

Accelerated eutrophication stimulated by pollution inputs is causing silica depletion in the surface waters of Lake Michigan during summer stagnation. Limitation of the reproduction of the presently dominant phytoplankton organisms, which require silica, may lead to drastic and, on the whole, undesirable changes in the ecosystem.
Sea Level as Affected by River Runoff, Eastern United States
Authors: Meade Robert H. , Emery K. O.
Published: October 2006

Variations in annual river inflow account for 7 to 21 percent of the total variation in average annual sea level along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. This compares with 29 to 68 percent of the total variation that can be attributed to the secular rise of sea level, and with 10 to 50 percent of the variation that cannot be attributed to either the river inflow or the secular rise.
Eight-Membered Cyclosilicate Rings in Muirite
Authors: Khan Aijaz A. , Baur Werner H.
Published: October 2006

The determination of the crystal structure of muirite, Ba
10
(Ca,Mn,Ti)
4
Si
8
O
24
(Cl,OH,O)
12
⋅ 4H
2
O, revealed the presence of discrete cyclic silicate anions, (Si
8
O
24
)
16-
, formed by the condensation of eight silicate tetrahedra. This first reported occurrence of eight-membered rings is of particular interest, because rings with eight tetrahedra are reported to be energetically less stable than rings with six tetrahedra, which have been found in many minerals.
[
3
H]Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Cellular Autoradiographic Localization in Rat Brain
Authors: Diab I. M. , Freedman D. X. , Roth L. J.
Published: October 2006

Intravenous administration of [
3
H]lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to rats resulted in accumulation of the drug in the brain within 15 minutes. Autoradiographic methods were used to differentiate free and bound [
3
H]LSD in brain tissue. Free [
3
H]LSD was generally distributed in the pituitary and pineal glands, cerebellum, hippocampus, and choroid plexus. Bound [
3
H]LSD was localized in neurons of the cortex, caudate nucleus, midbrain, and medulla, as well as in choroid plexus epithelium.
Taste Pathways in Rat Brainstem
Authors: Norgren R. , Leonard C. M.
Published: October 2006

By means of a combination of electrophysiological and anatomical procedures, the projections of the anterior portion of the solitary nucleus were traced to the parabrachial nuclei in the pons, structures hitherto not considered to be included in the taste pathway. Responses to taste stimuli were recorded from this pontine area. Lesions in the pontine taste area resulted in degeneration of fibers reaching the lingual area in the thalamus.
Aromatase Enzyme Activity and Sex Determination in Chickens
Authors: Elbrecht Alex , Smith Roy G.
Published: October 2006

During development, the genotype of the zygote determines the nature of the gonad, which then determines the male or female phenotype. The molecular events underlying this process are just beginning to be defined. A single treatment of chicken embryos with an aromatase inhibitor (which blocks the synthesis of estrogen from testosterone) at a stage when their gonads were bipotential caused genetic females to develop a permanent male phenotype. These sex-reversed females developed bilateral testes that were capable of complete spermatogenesis and had the physical appearance and behavior of normal males. This result identifies aromatase as a key developmental switch in the sex determination of chickens.
Toward a Dynamical Structure of DNA: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental NOE Intensities
Authors: Withka Jane M. , Swaminathan S. , Srinivasan Jayashree , Beveridge David L. , Bolton Philip H.
Published: October 2006

Comparisons of experimental and calculated interproton nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) buildup curves for duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)
2
have been made. The calculated NOEs are based on molecular dynamics simulations including counterions and water and on the single-structure canonical A, B, and crystal forms. The calculated NOE effects include consideration of the motions of individual interproton vectors and the anisotropic tumbling of the DNA. The effects due to inclusion of anisotropic tumbling are much larger than those due to the local motion, and both improve the agreement between calculated and experimental results. The predictions based on the dynamical models agree significantly better with experiment than those based on either of the canonical forms or the crystal structure.
The
Son of sevenless
Gene Product: a Putative Activator of Ras
Authors: Bonfini Laura , Karlovich Chris A. , Dasgupta Chiranjib , Banerjee Utpal
Published: October 2006

The
Son of sevenless
(
Sos
) gene functions in signaling pathways initiated by the sevenless and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. The
Sos
gene has now been isolated and sequenced. Its product is a 1595-amino acid protein similar to the CDC25 protein in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Ras. These results imply a role for the
ras
pathway in
Drosophila
neuronal development.
Sex Attractant of the Codling Moth: Characterization with Electroantennogram Technique
Authors: Roelofs Wendell , Comeau André , Hill Ada , Milicevic G.
Published: October 2006

trans
-8,
trans
-10-Dodecadien-1-ol is a sex attractant of the codling moth,
Laspeyresia pomonella
. Antennal responses (electroantennograms) to a series of monounsaturated compounds were used in determining the location and configuration of the two double bonds. The synthetic compound is very attractive to male codling moths in the field.
Pineal Function in Sparrows: Circadian Rhythms and Body Temperature
Authors: Binkley Sue , Kluth Edward , Menaker Michael
Published: October 2006

Deep body temperature of the house sparrow,
Passer domesticus
, was monitored continuously by radio telemetry. Pinealectomy abolished the normal circadian rhythm of body temperature in constant darkness, and significantly altered the amplitude of body temperature rhythms entrained to light cycles. The body temperature minima of pinealectomized birds never fell as low as those of unoperated birds regardless of the light conditions; the temperature maxima of both normal and pinealectomized birds were higher in light than in darkness. In sparrows the pineal organ is essential to the normal function of the biological clock controlling both activity and body temperature rhythms and may be directly involved in thermoregulation.
Liquid Hydrogen as a Fuel for the Future
Authors: Jones Lawrence W.
Published: October 2006

The use of liquid hydrogen as a long-term replacement for hydrocarbon fuel for land and air transportation seems technically feasible. It is an ideal fuel from the standpoint of a completely cyclic system, serving as a "working substance" in a closed chemical and thermodynamic cycle. The energy-per-unit-weight advantage (a factor of 3) over gasoline or any other hydrocarbon fuel makes liquid hydrogen particularly advantageous for air craft and long-range land transport. As a pollution-free fuel, it must be seriously considered as the logical replacement for hydrocarbons in the 21st century.
Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat
Authors: Schwarz Klaus , Milne David B.
Published: October 2006

Vanadium is necessary for growing rats raised inside trace element-controlled, all plastic isolators on a highly purified amino acid diet. Addition of vanadium to the diet enhances growth by over 40 percent. A nearly optimum effect is obtained with 10 micrograms of vanadium per 100 grams of diet in (0.1 part per million), supplied in the form of sodium orthovanadate, as seen from series of tests with levels ranging from 1 to 5 micrograms per 100 grams of diet. Different vanadium compounds show different potencies: sodium orthovanadate was effective, metavanadate less active, and pyrovanadate without activity. Tetravalent vanadium, supplied as vanadyl sulfate or acetate, was utilized but produced smaller responses. The amounts of vanadium required are those normally found in tissues and nutrients.
Human Red Blood Cells: Prostaglandin E
2
, Epinephrine, and Isoproterenol Alter Deformability
Authors: Allen James E. , Rasmussen Howard
Published: October 2006

The human red blood cell responds to prostaglandin E
2
, epinephrine, and isoproterenol with a decrease in deformability. The maximum decrease is brought about by 10
-10
M
prostaglandin E
2
, 10
-9
M
epinephrine, or 10
-7
M
isoproterenol. The dose response curve is biphasic. The sensitivity of the red cell to prostaglandin suggests that this cell may be a primary target for prostaglandin action. These changes in response to vasoactive substances indicate that the red cell must be considered an active element in circulatory control.
Potassium Flux: a Common Feature of
Albizzia
Leaflet Movement Controlled by Phytochrome or Endogenous Rhythm
Authors: Satter Ruth L. , Galston Arthur W.
Published: October 2006

Leaflets close when potassium moves into dorsal and out of ventral pulvinule motor cells and open when the flux direction is reversed. This is true whether leaflet movement is controlled by an endogenous rhythm or by phytochrome.
Radiological Physics Characteristics of the Extracted Heavy Ion Beams of the Bevatron
Authors: Tobias C. A. , Lyman J. T. , Chatterjee A. , Howard J. , Maccabee H. D. , Raju M. R. , Smith A. R. , Sperinde J. M. , Welch G. P.
Published: October 2006

Studies of the depth-ionization properties and the biological effects of heavy ion beams produced at the bevatron have extended work previously done with less energetic beams from other sources. Results indicate that heavy ion beams are suitable for tumor therapy, studies relating to space biology, and fundamental radiobiology.
Autoimmune Murine Thyroiditis Relation to Histocompatibility (H-2) Type
Authors: Vladutiu Adran O. , Rose Noel R.
Published: October 2006

Immunization of 33 inbred strains of mice with thyroid extract emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant showed differences in both thyroid autoantibody response and autoimmune thyroid damage, related to the histocompatibility (H-2) type of the strain. Congenic mice of the same H-2 type exhibited the same pattern of antibody response and thyroiditis, regardless of the strain's genetic background, thus showing a close relation between histocompatibility determinants and autoimmunity.
Olfactory Bulb Units: Activity Correlated with Inhalation Cycles and Odor Quality
Authors: Macrides Foteos , Chorover Stephan L.
Published: October 2006

Single olfactory bulb units were studied in two macrosmatic species of rodents under conditions intended to preserve the cyclical stimulation which normally accompanies nasal breathing. Patterns of unit activity related to the inhalation cycle were observed in all animals, often in the absence of specific stimuli, and could not be explained in simple mechanical terms. Distinctive changes in these patterns occurred in response to certain odors, and were generally independent of changes in the overall firing frequency. These findings indicate that a change in the overall firing frequency of unit discharges is neither a necessary nor sufficient measure of responsiveness to odors in the rodent olfactory bulb, and that stimulus-specific temporal distributions of unit firing may be involved in olfacto-endocrine activities.
Contribution of R&D to Economic Growth in the United States
Authors: Mansfield Edwin
Published: October 2006

Technological change has certainly contributed in a very important way to economic growth in the United States. Although existing studies have not been able to estimate this contribution with great accuracy, they have certainly indicated that this contribution has been large. Moreover, although econometric studies of the relationship between R&D and productivity increase have been subject to many limitations, they provide reasonably persuasive evidence that R&D has an important effect on productivity increase in the industries and time periods that have been studied. Turning to the adequacy of the nation's investment in R&D, there is too little evidence to support a very confident judgment as to whether or not we are underinvesting in certain types of R&D. However, practically all of the studies addressed to this question seem to conclude, with varying degrees of confidence, that we may be underinvesting in particular types of R&D in the civilian sector of the economy, and the estimated marginal rates of return from certain types of civilian R&D seem very high. Additional research is badly needed to determine more adequately the relationship of R&D to economic growth. I have indicated a number of specific areas where work is needed.
Epidemic Strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from a Vampire Bat Captured in Oaxaca, Mexico, 1970
Authors: Correa-Giron Pablo , Calisher Charles H. , Baer George M.
Published: October 2006

A vampire bat,
Desmodus rotundus
, captured in Oaxaca, Mexico, in August 1970, was found to be infected with the epidemic strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus at the same time that an equine epizootic was occurring there.
Cytochalasin B: Effects on Microfilaments and Movement of Melanin Granules within Melanocytes
Authors: McGuire Joseph , Moellmann Gisela
Published: October 2006

The intracellular translocation of melanin granules within both epidermal and dermal melanocytes of
Rana pipiens
is influenced by cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B prevents dispersion of pigment granules by melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH) and causes centripetal movement of pigment granules that have been dispersed by MSH. Microfilaments are abundant in the dendritic processes of epidermal melanocytes in which pigment granules have been dispersed by MSH. Microfilaments are dramatically reduced in number in the processes of melanocytes that have been lightened by cytochalasin B. These observations suggest that microfilaments mediate dispersion of pigment granules.
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: A Potent Stimulator of Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture
Authors: Raisz L. G. , Trummel C. L. , Holick M. F. , Deluca H. F.
Published: October 2006

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC), isolated from kidney homogenates incubated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (HCC), stimulated the release of previously incorporated
45
Ca from fetal rat bones in organ culture, at concentrations of 10
-10
to 10
-8
M
. The dose response curves for 1,25-DHCC and 25-HCC, the parent compound, are parallel, but 1,25-DHCC is about 100 times as potent on a weight basis. Brief exposure to maximum doses of either agent leads to prolonged bone resorption.