bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
38.1: Invited Paper: Aging Processes of the Blue Phosphor in Plasma Display Panels
Authors: Moine Bernard , Bizarri Gregory
Published: August 2007

Fluorescence characteristics degradation mechanisms of Plasma Display Panel phosphors during panel fabrication and during panel life are a major drawback for the performances of PDP. We present a study of these phenomena by a laser excitation simulation process. We compare our results with those obtained in PDP.
38.3: Optical Properties of (Y, Gd)BO3: Eu3+ and BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ Phosphors Coated with SiO2 Nano Particles for a Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Jung Il‐Yong , Lee Sang‐Mok , Sohn Sang‐Ho
Published: August 2007

(Y, Gd) BO3: Eu3+ and BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ phosphors were synthesized and coated by using a colloidal silica to improve photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and luminescences. We can show that the surface coating of the phosphors with SiO2 nano particles leads to an enhancement in luminance intensity of PDP devices. This may because the increase of the excitation light which is transmitted into the phosphors. The experimental results suggest that the surface coating of the phosphors with SiO2 nano particles is a way to improve PL and luminescences of plasma display panel.
38.4: Low Voltage Cathodoluminescent Properties of Y2O3‐based Nano‐Particle Phosphors
Authors: Nagata Tomohiro , Nakayama Takahiro , Murakami Hirohiko
Published: August 2007

The practical cathodoluminescent properties of Y2O3‐based nano‐particle phosphors were measured using 3kV accelerating voltage. These phosphors showed the luminance, chromaticity and lifetime superior to the phosphors for CRT. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the application of field emission backlight units (FE‐BLU), we synthesized the white phosphor by mixing red, green and blue nano‐particle phosphors. By the adjustment of the amount of mixtures, fine white color and high luminescence were also observed.
39.1: Adaptive Dimming and Boosting Backlight for LCD‐TV Systems
Authors: de Greef Pierre , Hulze Hendriek Groot
Published: August 2007

The limited transmittance of LCD panels can be observed as a waste of energy, leading to a limited brightness. Light leaking through LCD panels driven to black, can be observed as a poor black‐level, limiting the contrast ratio.

Adaptive Dimming Backlight technology can be applied to attenuate the backlight luminance, improving local contrast, black‐level and saving power.

The optical crosstalk between the controllable backlight segments has a negative impact on the dimming performance, limiting the spatial backlight luminance modulation. Crosstalk Compensation can partly compensate this artifact, enhancing the spatial modulation of the segments.

Adaptive Boosting Backlight technology can be applied to boost the output of the panel over 100%. This improves the local brightness and contrast for a sparkling picture, still saving power.

Crosstalk compensation enables deeper dimming. Deeper dimming improves on contrast and enables more boosting for an even brighter picture. So when these technologies are combined:

The contrast may increase up to 5 times (CCFL/EEFL).

The brightness may double and contrast may increase up to 20 times (HCFL).

Alternatively, for 2D‐Dimming the spatial contrast may increase up to a factor of 100 and the temporal contrast may increase to infinite (LED). At the same time, up to 50% average power can be saved!
39.2: High Contrast LCD TV Using Active Dynamic LED Backlight
Authors: Peng Huajun J. , Zhang Wei , Hung Chun‐Kit , Tsai Chen‐Jung , Ng Kwan‐Wah , Chen Shou‐Iung , Huang Danding , Chueng Yuk‐Lung , Liu Ying
Published: August 2007

A 32 inch high contrast LCD TV using LED backlight is demonstrated. The LCD TV dynamically manipulates the brightnessr of individual LEDs to largely enhance the display contrast and reduce the power consumption. Preliminary results indicate the contrast can be up to 125,000:1, with maximum luminance of 500 cd/m2. Compared with the static LED backlight, up to 70% of the power can be saved depending on the average picture level (APL) of the image.
39.3: Locally Pixel‐Compensated Backlight Dimming for Improving Static Contrast on LED Backlit LCDs
Authors: Chen Hanfeng , Sung Junho , Ha Taehyeun , Park Yungjun
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a pixel compensated backlight dimming method for improving contrast on LED‐LCD. The backlight luminance is dimmed locally along with image contents, and pixel values are compensated synchronously according to the luminance profile of dimmed backlight. Static contrast above 20000:1 has been achieved on a large size LCD with the proposed method and no obvious artifacts are observed.
40.1: Invited Paper: The Zenithal Bistable Device: From Concept to Consumer
Authors: Jones J. Cliff
Published: August 2007

The first commercial use of the Zenithal Bistable Display (ZBD®) is for electronic point of purchase (epop™) signage in the retail sector. As a reflective bistable display, this novel LCD technology only consumes power if the image is updated. It is addressed using a simple passive matrix and consequently allows large amounts of information to be displayed using low cost STN drivers. The operating principles, manufacturing method and performance of ZBD are reviewed.
40.3: Distinguished Paper: Nanoparticle Embedded Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal for Wide Viewing Angle and Specular Glare Suppression
Authors: Masutani Akira , Roberts Tony , Schüller Bettina , Hollfelder Nadine , Kilickiran Pinar , Nelles Gabriele , Yasuda Akio , Sakaigawa Akira
Published: August 2007

A polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) matrix template embedded with nano/microparticles can be backfilled/infiltrated with dye doped liquid crystal, for a paper‐like reflective display. In this way, a desirable degree of diffusion can be realized to reduce a diffuse reflector's viewing angle dependency and metallic glare, without changing other electro‐optical properties.
40.5: Invited Paper: Super Reflective Color LCD with PDLC Technology
Authors: Itoh Yasuhisa , Minoura Kiyoshi , Asaoka Yasushi , Ihara Ichiro , Satoh Eiji , Fujiwara Sayuri
Published: August 2007

A novel reflective color LCD without polarizer has been developed with using PDLC and retro‐reflector. Bright color images including moving images are available with utilizing ambient light. Our novel LCD will create a new application area such as electronic paper.
41.1: Invited Paper: LTPS Technology for Improving the Uniformity of AMOLEDs
Authors: Hong Soon‐Kwang , Kim Byeong‐Koo , Ha Yong‐Min
Published: August 2007

We have evaluated various compensation techniques to improve the brightness uniformity of AMOLEDs fabricated by excimer laser crystallization. Every method has some limitations in terms of performance and cost in case that compensation functions are implemented in pixel arrays. Recently, we have developed a new compensation technique of which function is implemented in the driving IC chip instead of pixel arrays. In addition, we have also developed a novel solid phase crystallization (a‐SPC) process so that both the uniformity of display and the fabrication cost performance can be enhanced. A 20.1‐in. sized AMOLED has been successfully demonstrated by this novel crystallization technology.
41.3: A Low‐Power AMOLED Microdisplay with Ultra‐High Pixel Density and Extended Operating Temperature Range
Authors: Wacyk Ihor , Prache Olivier
Published: August 2007

A low‐power, full‐color AMOLED microdisplay with an ultra‐high color pixel density of 2300 ppi and excellent image quality is reported. Based on a new pixel driver scheme, a key feature of the display is its built‐in temperature compensation circuitry that achieves instant operation at low temperatures without the need for power‐hungry heaters or complex external functionality.
41.4: AMOLED based on Silicon‐On‐Glass (SiOG) Technology
Authors: Choi Jae Beom , Chang Young‐Jin , Shim Seung‐Hwan , Chung In‐Do , Park Keun Woo , Park Kee Chan , Moon Kook Chul , Min Hoon‐Kee , Kim Chi‐Woo , Gadkaree Kishor P. , Couillard James G. , Cites Jeffrey S. , Ahn Sung Eun
Published: August 2007

We have demonstrated that the single crystalline silicon films on the glass substrates can be utilized in the conventional mass production lines. The single crystalline Si layers were transferred to the 370 mm × 470 mm glass substrates using Silicon‐On‐Glass (SiOG) technology. Using the thin film transistor backplanes made by conventional CMOS technology, 2.4″ qVGA AMOLED with integrated circuits were successfully fabricated. A completed 2.4″ qVGA AMOLED module shows wide viewing angle (> 170°) and 73% color gamut. The advantages of SiOG technology and its significances will be presented.
L‐2: Late‐News Paper: The RGBW Advantage for AMOLED
Authors: Lee Baek‐woon , Park Kyongtae , Arkhipov Alexander , Shin Sungtae , Chung Kyuha
Published: August 2007

The combination of white OLED and color filter (CF) is the most mature solution for making large‐area AMOLEDs. The system can benefit from introducing a white subpixel. We compared the power efficiencies of RGB and RGBW system. As a basis for the comparison, we also propose a reference video called FC in which every color point in the cubic RGB space has the equal probability of appearance. We found that the RGBW system has 16.7% lower power consumption and 23% lower current stress (thus longer lifetime) for the reference video. We also analyzed various kinds of videos from DVD movies, HDTVs and IT graphics to find that in these actual video materials, there is much more utilization of white so that the power consumption is roughly a half of that for the FC video. The reduction is so significant that the W OLED + RGBW CF system has 60% lower power consumption than the RGB CF system and only 50% higher power consumption than the RGB OLED (no CF).
L‐4:Late‐News Paper: New Wide Viewing Angle Transflective TFT‐LCD (TF‐SWAN Technology)
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshimitsu , Teramoto Hiroshi , Morii Yasuhiro , Kawato Tomio , Nakanishi Kunifumi , Nakayama Akio , Kurata Tetsuyuki , Yachi Shigeru , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Teragaki Tomoya , Nishioka Takahiro
Published: August 2007

We have developed the new transflective technology that is named as TF‐SWAN. TF‐SWAN is based on ECB mode, which uses a new optical design with a combination λ/4 plate. TF‐SWAN have realized a high transmittance and wide viewing angle characteristics. We have applied the technology to 8.4″ transflective TFT‐LCD. We have confirmed the excellent performances with a wide viewing angle of ±80° in the horizontal direction, high brightness of 300 nits, high contrast ratio of more than 300 and a wide operating temperature range (from −40 to 85 degrees centigrade). Our new technology is suitable for automobile application.
L‐7: Late‐News Paper: Bistable Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Pretilt and Alignment Direction on Obliquely Deposited SiO2 Surfaces
Authors: O'Callaghan Michael J. , Ferguson Rachel , Massopust Tom
Published: August 2007

We use atomic force microscopy to characterize anisotropic roughness and morphology of obliquely deposited SiO2. for a given surface, we've found that a ferroelectric liquid crystal may align parallel, perpendicular, or randomly to the deposition direction. Using a new AFM morphology analysis technique provides a measure that correlates with nematic pretilt.
42.2: Efficient Field Emission from ZnO by Morphological and Electronic Design
Authors: Sun Xiaowei W. , Xu Chunxiang , Wei Ang , Li Chen , Lei Wei , Zhang Xiaobing , Wang Baoping
Published: August 2007

Efficient field emission from nanostructural ZnO can be engineered by morphological and electronic design. By fabricating ZnO into pin structure with sharp tip, low threshold and high emission current density were obtained. By doping ZnO, the Fermi level was lifted up to increase the conductivity and reduce the emission barrier. We explored both dry and wet method for ZnO field emitter fabrication. ZnO field emitters are oxidation resistant, which allows a less stringent processing process (annealing in oxygen ambient) and low vacuum operation.
42.3: Controlled Electron Emission Current with Carbon Nanotube Emitters Array Grown with RAP Process
Authors: Park Kyu Chang , Ryu Je Hwang , Yu Yi Yin , Kim Ki Seo , Moon Jong Hyun , Jang Jin
Published: August 2007

We have developed novel growth technique for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using resist assisted patterned growth. The CNTs can be grown directly on the patterned catalyst surface without diffusion barrier. The growth site patterns were fabricated on Ni/Si substrate by a conventional lithography method using photo‐patternable resist. The CNTs are uniformly grown on various islands, which defined by selective positioning technology. Various numbers of island‐emitters were grown and measure the electron emission properties by using diode structure. The total electron emission characteristic shows very linear with number of island emitters. Emission current of the one‐emitter island is 7.8 nA at 9 V/μm with 40 μm pitch, 10 μm island diameter.
42.4: Application of A Novel Dynode Structure to CNT Field Emission Unit
Authors: Lai Shy‐Wen , Chiou Jeng‐Maw , Lee Shu‐Hsing , Li Hung‐Yuan , Chang Ling‐Ko , Lin Biing‐Nan , Fu Chuan‐Hsu , Chang Yu‐Yang , Chou Lin‐En , Lin Ming‐Hung , Lee Cheng‐Chung , Lo Jyi‐Tsong
Published: August 2007

A novel 3‐fold dynode structure was introduced into the CNT‐FED for improving its uniformity and electron amplification. The 0.5″ and 5.6″ dynode of metal plates was etched with numerous holes of various cross‐sections and coated oxides to supply high efficient passage for electrons. Experiments have been carried out to study the effects of oxides and oxide film thickness on the electron multiplication of dynodes. We observed that several metal plates not only shield the cathode from the high electric field of anode, but also distribute uniform electrons inside each pixel cavity. At present the 3‐fold dynode exhibits electron multiplication factors larger than, but close to, unity.
43.3: Discharge Characteristics of 42‐in. AC Plasma Display Panel Fabricated by Vacuum Sealing Method
Authors: Park Choon‐Sang , Tae Heung‐Sik , Kwon Young‐Kuk , Seo Seung Beom , Heo Eun Gi , Lee Byung‐Hak
Published: August 2007

The base vacuum level before filling a discharge gas is an important parameter to affect both the address and sustain discharge characteristics in an AC‐PDP. for the improvement in discharge characteristics, the vacuum sealing method is adapted. In this paper, the vacuum sealing method to enhance a base vacuum level is adopted to minimize the residual impurity gas, and the resultant changes in the address and sustain discharge characteristics, such as a dynamic voltage margin, firing voltage, statistical address delay time, and secondary electron coefficient, were examined in comparison with the conventional sealing method in the 42‐in. AC‐PDP with a high Xe (11 %) content. The high base vacuum level in the 42‐in. panel fabricated by the vacuum sealing method can enhance the discharge characteristics, such as a dynamic voltage margin, a firing voltage, and a statistical address delay time, which are caused by a decrease in the residual impurity gases and an increase in the secondary electron coefficient. In particular, in the vacuum sealing method, the sustain voltage was decreased by about 30 V, and the address voltage was also decreased by about 7V in the Xe (11 %) condition.
43.4: Characteristics of MgO Nano‐Sized Powder Layer via Electrophoresis Deposition as Electron Emission Layer for ac‐PDPs
Authors: Ko Min‐Soo , Kim Yong‐Seog
Published: August 2007

MgO electron emission layer for ac‐PDPs was formed via electrophoretic deposition process and its characteristics were evaluated. Luminance efficiency of test panels using such electron emission layer was evaluated. The layer formed by the electrophoretic deposition process revealed enhanced adhesion to dielectric layer and better packed density compared with formed via conventional thick film process such as printing and spin coating process.
44.1: Adaptive Digital Video Format Converters: A New Family of Video Conversion ICs for Video Content Spanning Low Resolution up to Full HD
Authors: Balram Nikhil , Ghosh Bipasha , Garg Sanjay , Sridhar K. , Shah Gaurav
Published: August 2007

There has been a rapid increase in the number and variety of video sources that are now available to the consumer. In addition to the traditional broadcast and packaged media sources, consumers now get video from internet sources like YouTube, Google, iTunes, etc., as well as “place‐shifted” video from sources like the SlingBox, etc. These new video sources are often low‐resolution and full of artifacts. However, consumers expect to be able to view all of these types of video on their large‐screen flat‐panel TVs and obtain a consistent high image quality. Achieving this requires a new class of highly adaptive digital video format converters. This paper describes the first member of a new family of ICs that has been designed to meet this need.
44.2:Distinguished Paper: Adaptive Contrast Enhancement for Digital Video
Authors: Srinivasan Sujith , Balram Nikhil
Published: August 2007

This paper describes a new real‐time adaptive contrast enhancement technique for digital video applications. The method is a modified contrast limited histogram equalization based procedure that adapts according to the input video statistics. The method decides whether to increase dynamic range or to light up dark regions of the image. As a result, for dark images, details in dark areas are enhanced without affecting mid and bright pixels. However for images with average brightness, the dynamic range of the scene is increased. It is adaptive and provides a localized contrast enhancement effect which is not possible with traditional contrast stretching/gamma LUT based approaches. Unlike traditional histogram equalization based approaches, the technique described automatically tones down its effects on pictures that are prone to contouring and other artifacts and is able to correctly enhance letter‐boxed as well as full‐screen video.
45.2: Reflective Electronic Paper Display Utilizing Electric Polarized Particle Chains
Authors: Chiu Cheng‐Pu , Huang Po‐Wen , Fan Shih‐Kang , Wei Jen‐Hung , Hsu Wensyang
Published: August 2007

We demonstrated a display technique by applying an AC field to polarize the originally evenly dispersed microparticles in liquid solution. The polarized particles would attract each other and form particle chains along the field lines. As a result, the light transmittance of the liquid can be regulated as a reflective display.
46.3: DRAM‐Frame‐Memory Embedded SOG‐LCD
Authors: Haga Hiroshi , Nonaka Yoshihiro , Kamon Youichiro , Kitagishi Youich , Jumonji Masayuki , Takatori Kenichi , Asada Hideki
Published: August 2007

An SOG‐LCD with integrated 230kb DRAM frame memory has been demonstrated. To achieve this dense integration, a memory system architecture for horizontal stripe was developed. Memory tests proved a 1MHz operation and retention time of 166ms. Fine images are displayed both in still images and moving pictures.
47.5L: Late‐News Paper: Highly Efficient White OLEDs Using RGB Fluorescent Materials
Authors: Kuma Hitoshi , Jinde Yukitoshi , Kawamura Masahiro , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Arakane Takashi , Fukuoka Kenichi , Hosokawa Chishio
Published: August 2007

A three‐component white OLED device using fluorescent materials was developed for full‐color displays. Very high power‐efficiency of 17 lm/W@10mA/cm2 and long lifetime over 30,000hr@1,000cd/m2 were achieved by using new carrier transport materials with high mobility. Power consumption and half lifetime of a 2.2″ QVGA full‐color display were estimated by simulation to be about 200mW(200cd/m2,100%ON) by combining the device with top‐emission structure. This value is comparable to the state of the art of LCDs.
48.1: Behavior of LCD Panel During Bending
Authors: Gulati Suresh T. , Helfinstine John D. , Ono Toshihiko , Lapp Josef C.
Published: August 2007

When an LCD panel is subjected to pure bending, for example during strength measurement or proof testing, the question arises “does it behave as a monolith of twice the substrate thickness? or does it behave as two independent substrates?”. Both theory and experiment suggest that the panel behavior depends on how its edges are held together, i.e. well bonded? or loosely held together? Indeed, the former renders the panel nearly twice as strong and four fold as stiff as the latter. This paper will provide the analysis of the bending behavior of a two‐layer laminate using St Venant flexure theory. Experimental data, using strain gages, will demonstrate that an LCD panel can behave either as a monolith of twice the substrate thickness or two independent substrates depending on how its four edges are held together in the support structure including the bezel. The paper derives appropriate equations for computing panel strength when it is bent to constant curvature or when its specimens are flexed in 4‐point bending for both i) well bonded edges and ii) loosely held edges.
48.4: Flexible Liquid Crystal Display Film by Plasma Alignment Method
Authors: Liu Kang‐Hung , Liao Chi‐Chang , Chou Wei‐Yang , Cheng Horng‐Long , Ho Cheng‐Ta , Lin Shih‐Ting , Lee Chin‐Yang , Tang Huang‐Chin
Published: August 2007

A plasma‐beam‐irradiated PI film has been used in flexible liquid crystal display manufacturing. The beam had energy of 450 eV and incident angle of 70° with respect to normal flexible indium‐zinc‐oxide coated substrate. The pretilt angle and anchoring energy of LCs on plasma aligned PI surface were almost identical to those on rubbing aligned PI surface. However, the optical performance of plasma aligned cell was superior to the rubbing cell under various bending conditions. Furthermore, such non‐contact alignment technology is suitable for large area and roll‐to‐roll fabrication of flexible LC films.
49.4: Invited Paper: The Improvement of Luminous Efficacy of PDP with Ultra‐fine Sub Pixels
Authors: Kang Kyoung Doo , Lee Ju Hee , Han Doo Yeon , Ahn Ho Young , Yoo Min Sun , Yi Won Ju , Choi Deok Hyun
Published: August 2007

In this paper, there is a description of the development of PDP televisions equipped with ultra‐fine sub‐pixels in order to become competitive in the large‐scale TV market. Delta and triode cell geometry was implemented to establish the high luminescence in the 50‐inch FHD PDP models. In order to lower circuit costs, a modified scan pulse was used to establish a 1080p single scan. Furthermore, the possibility of developing a QFHD (2160/p) PDP television will be briefly mentioned. We have concluded that a new design is necessary in order to generate a product with ultra‐fine sub pixels that will not increase the breakdown voltage even if the sub‐pixel dimension is decreased to 100um.
50.1: Invited Paper: Display Power‐Performance Optimization Technologies Integrated in Notebook Graphics Controller
Authors: Bhowmik Achintya K.
Published: August 2007

Mobile computing and communication technologies are undergoing exciting and rapid advancements. This paper reviews the key attributes of notebook display‐subsystem in the era of “personal‐internet on‐the‐go” and the associated challenges and opportunities, then presents a set of technologies integrated in graphics controllers from Intel that significantly enhance the notebook display power‐performance metrics.
50.4: High‐Quality and Low‐Delay Image Transmission System with Fast JPEG 2000 Codec and Efficient Network Protocol
Authors: Kita Masaki , Nakao Masashi
Published: August 2007

A prototype of image transmission system which can be used for the wireless PC monitor has been developed. The high memory consumption and the high computation complexity are got rid of by optimizing the image quality control and adopting the efficient network protocol. Experimental results show that the system maintains high image quality comparable to the JPEG 2000 conventional method and eliminates the delay in comparison to MPEG‐2.
51.1: Invited Paper: Viewing‐Angle Compensation of TN‐ and ECB‐LCD Modes by Using a Rod‐Like Liquid Crystalline Polymer Film
Authors: Uesaka Tetsuya , Ikeda Satoru , Nishimura Suzushi , Mazaki Hitoshi
Published: August 2007

We have developed a liquid crystalline retardation film technology by using a rod‐like liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) for various LCD modes. In particular, considerable improvements in viewing angle performance have been achieved for the Twisted Nematic (TN) and the transmissive/transflective Electrically Controlled Birefringence (ECB) modes by using hybrid aligned nematic film ‘NH Film’.
51.5: Optilon™ Anti‐Reflective Optical Coatings for Front Surface of Flat Panel Displays
Authors: Petrucci‐Samija Maria , McKeever Mark , O'Brien William G. , Yu Bao‐Ling , Kourtakis Konstantino , Bekiarian Paul , Lewittes Mark E. , Brown J. Bryan
Published: August 2007

We describe a new single layer anti‐reflective film for optical display applications. The performance advantages of this new AR film are described including low reflectivity, neutral color, abrasion resistance to steel wool and low haze. The film's properties are discussed, along with reflectivity and abrasion resistance up to 400gr/cm2. In order to quantify the abrasion resistance, we've developed a procedure to image the scratches of abraded samples and quantify the scratches in terms of the percent of image that is abraded. This new technique that will be described is reproducible and correlates well with visual scratch observations.
52.1: System Design for a High Color‐Gamut TV‐Sized AMOLED Display
Authors: Hamer John W. , Arnold Andrew D. , Itoh Masahiro , Miwa Koichi , Levey Charles I. , Ludwicki John E. , Scheirer David C. , Van Slyke Steven A.
Published: August 2007

Using current technology, it is possible to design and fabricate performance‐competitive TV‐Sized AMOLED displays. In this paper the system design considerations are described that lead to the selection of the device architecture (including a stacked white OLED‐emitting unit), the backplane technology (an amorphous Si backplane with compensation for TFT degradation), and module design (for long life and low cost). The resulting AMOLED displays will meet performance and lifetime requirements, and will be manufacturing cost‐competitive for TV applications. We fabricated a high‐performance 14″ AMOLED display using an in‐line OLED deposition machine to demonstrate some of these approaches. The chosen OLED technologies are scalable to larger glass substrate sizes compatible with existing a‐Si backplane fabs.
53.1: Invited Paper: LITI (Laser Induced Thermal Imaging) Technology for High‐Resolution and Large‐Sized AMOLED
Authors: Lee Seong Taek , Suh Min Chul , Kang Tae Min , Kwon Young Gil , Lee Jae Ho , Kim Hye Dong , Chung Ho Kyoon
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we describe a novel color patterning method for the fabrication of high resolution and large format full‐color AMOLEDs. Laser Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) is a laser addressed thermal patterning technology with unique advantages such as excellent transfer film thickness uniformity, multi‐layer stack transfer ability, high resolution and scalability to large‐Size mother glass. We developed and optimized transfer films, structure of OLED layers, and scanning conditions for the patterning of the evaporated small molecules. As a result, we achieved excellent LITI device stability, which gave the device life time is more than 20,000 hrs with 2.0″ QVGA device architecture for 150 cd/m2 white brightness. As a first step toward the mass production, we set up Gen 4 LITI pilot system.
54.1: LED Packaging by Ink‐jet Microdeposition of High‐Viscosity Resin and Phosphor Dispersion
Authors: Amemiya Isao , Nomura Yuko , Mori Kenichi , Yoda Miho , Takasu Isao , Uchikoga Shuichi
Published: August 2007

The applicability of an ink‐jet printing method to microdeposition of high‐viscosity resin and phosphor dispersion for light‐emitting‐diode (LED) packaging was examined for the first time. An ultrasonic ink‐jet printing method was used, in which ink droplets are ejected by focused ultrasonic beam from nozzle‐less printhead. for fabricating white LEDs, high‐viscosity phosphor‐dispersed resin was deposited to form an encapsulant dome, and hydrophobic surface treatment of the lead frame substrate enabled fabrication of a small encapsulant dome to improve color uniformity. A silicone microlens was deposited on an encapsulant dome using the ink‐jet method for light directivity control. The results show the ultrasonic ink‐jet printing is an applicable technique to optimize and modify on demand optical characteristics of the LED devices.
54.2: Vertical Alignment Type Small Display Panels with Alignment Layer Formed by Inkjet Printing Technology
Authors: Liu Kuang‐Hua , Lo Yu‐Cheng , Chuang Chi‐Sen , Chen Kun‐Hong , Li Huai‐An
Published: August 2007

Using inkjet printing to coat alignment film on small size panel is an advanced technology, especially in vertical alignment type display for multimedia purpose. Authors confirm the new process feasibility and tune up optimum parameters. The uniformity of thickness is 5.87%. Inkjet film performance has satisfied requirements of alignment film coating process.
54.4: Direct Fabrication and Patterning of Transparent Conductive Carbon Nanotube Film using Inkjet Printing
Authors: Song Jin‐Won , Yoon Yeo‐Hwan , Kim Joondong , Han Chang‐Soo , Choi Byung‐Sam , Kim Jae‐Ho
Published: August 2007

A single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) transparent conductive film (TCF) was fabricated using a simple inkjet printing method. The TCF could be selectively patterned by controlling the dot size to diameters as small as 34μm. In this repeatable and scalable process, we achieved 71% film transmittance and a resistance of 900 ohm/sq sheet with an excellent uniformity, about ± 5% deviation overall. Inkjet printing of SWNT is substrate friendly and the TCF is printed on a flexible substrate. This method of fabrication using direct printing permits mass production of TCF in a large area process, reducing processing steps and yielding low‐cost TCF fabrications on a designated area using simple printing.
55.2: Dithering Algorithm Using Multi‐Threshold Level on PDP
Authors: Nagakubo Tetsuro , Tsumura Norimichi , Nakaguchi Toshiya , Miyake Yoichi
Published: August 2007

PDPs use the digital color half‐toning such as a dithering and error diffusion algorithm to increase the number of gray levels. A dithering algorithm is introduced, in which multi‐threshold level used without increasing the number of subfields. Improvement in tone reproduction has been achieved effectively in the proposed method.
56.1: Invited Paper: A 12‐bit LCD Source Driver IC with Point‐to‐Point Link Interface
Authors: Nakajima Keiichi , Tsuchi Hiroshi , Hori Yoshihiko , Nose Takashi , Furihata Hirofumi , Umeda Kengo , Ishii Junichiro
Published: August 2007

We have developed a new 12‐bit driver IC with linear Digital‐to‐Analog converter circuits.

The driver has a newly proposed point‐to‐point link interface named PPmL and a new gamma control circuit. The proposed interface can achieve high data‐transfer rates that full‐HD resolution LCD‐TVs require, and our new Digital‐to‐Analog converter circuits can output any gamma curve controlled with only several hundred bit length parameters
56.2: Pre‐Emphasis Driving for Large Size TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Nishimura Kouichi , Ichimura Motoyasu , Murata Toshikazu , Shimatani Atsushi
Published: August 2007

Recent TFT‐LCD panels continue to increase their sizes. When TFT‐LCD panels become large, the image data writing into liquid crystal cells becomes a serious issue. This issue is caused by a large RC‐delay due to the loads for TFT‐LCD panel's data‐lines. In this paper, we propose a Pre‐Empasis Driving which can reduce writing times into liquid crystal cells. Using the proposed driving, writing into pixels for 37 inch panels can be completed within about 1 us.
57.2: Novel Single Cell Gap Transflective Liquid Crystal Display Without Sub Pixels Separation
Authors: Mak Hin‐Yu , Xu Peizhi , Li Xihua , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: August 2007

Twisted Nematic (TN) liquid crystal display is optimized for transflective liquid crystal displays. This new configuration does not need to separate the pixel into two sub‐pixels of transmissive and reflective mode. Each pixel is partially transmissive and reflective with the help of a semi transparent mirror. The electro‐optical characteristics in the transmissive mode and reflective mode match each other, which indicates that the transmissive and reflective function could be controlled using the same voltage in a transflective LCD. This TN LCD configuration has a good contrast, viewing angle, response time and color coordination. Also it is very easy to fabricate and suitable for high quality transflective TFT‐LCDs.
57.4L: Late‐News Paper: Transflective LCD Combining Transmissive IPS and Reflective In‐Cell Retarder ECB
Authors: Hirota Shoichi , Oka Shinichiro , Itou Osamu , Igeta Koichi , Morimoto Masateru , Imayama Hirotaka , Komura Shinichi , Nagata Tetsuya
Published: August 2007

In‐cell retarder technology enables two kinds of display modes with different features to be realized in the pixels of transflective LCDs. Using this concept, we have developed a prototype 2.2″ QVGA transflective LCD that combines transmissive IPS for wide viewing angle performance and reflective in‐cell retarder ECB for high reflectance.
58.1: Invited Paper: TFT Technology for Flexible Displays
Authors: Kim Chang‐Dong , Kang In‐Byeong , Chung In‐Jae
Published: August 2007

Recent flexible display development status and market forecast are briefly reviewed, which include key requirements and key technologies. Then, we describe technical trends of low‐temperature a‐Si TFTs and organic TFTs, respectively. There are also reported on our recent research results including the plastic AMLCD, e‐paper, and OTFT‐based AMLCD.
58.2:Invited Paper: Suftla Flexible Microelectronics on Their Way to Business
Authors: Miyasaka Mitsutoshi
Published: August 2007

“Suftla,” a technology that enables polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors to be transferred from one substrate to another, is on its way to commercialization. Realizing highly functional large‐scale integrated circuits on plastic, Suftla is on the verge of creating a new industry of flexible microelectronics. for the flexible microelectronics business to be viable, Suftla transfer yield must be as high as possible. In addition, devices formed on plastic must not be damaged during the fabrication process and must be durable enough for practical uses. Plastic engineering is one of the keys to solving thermal reliability problems faced by flexible microelectronics devices.
58.4: Invited Paper: Flexible Displays and Electronics Made in AM‐LCD Facilities by the EPLaR™ Process
Authors: French Ian , George David , Kretz Thierry , Templier Francois , Lifka Herbert
Published: August 2007

Flexible displays have significant advantages for handheld devices by being thin, light, robust and capable of being fitted to curved shapes. We have developed the EPLaR process for making flexible displays in standard AM‐LCD factories. In this paper we discuss EPLaR electrophoretic displays driven by a‐Si TFTs that were made in a factory and report on progress in developing flexible polycrystalline silicon TFTs and OLEDs.
59.2: High Performance Top Emitting OLED Devices
Authors: Ali Tariq A. , Khayrullin Ilyas I. , Vazan Fridrich , Ziesmer Scott A. , Prache Olivier , Jones Gary W. , Ghosh Amalkumar P.
Published: August 2007

High performance top‐emitting full color organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) micro‐displays were developed using a highly reflective anode patterned over active matrix single crystal silicon. Dual emission layer white OLED devices were fabricated using high Tg materials with typical efficiencies ∼ 10 cd/A and CIE x and y coordinates of 0.32 and 0.34 respectively. Stable color coordinates over a wide range of video grey levels were obtained from white using color filters. Room temperature operating luminance half‐life at 20 mA/cm2 exceeds 6,000 hrs (>25,000 hrs in video mode). The optical characteristics of the devices were simulated using a full vector field calculation.
60.1: Invited Paper: Low‐Temperature Thermal CVD Process for Thin Film Encapsulation of Organic Light Emitting Devices
Authors: Chen Chieh , Kumar Atul , Lee Chung J.
Published: August 2007

A Low‐Temperature Thermal CVD process (LT‐TCVD) is presented to fabricate a mechanically robust and thermally stable FAR2.2™ polymer thin film for either a monolithic thin‐film barrier layer or as part of a multi‐layer barrier layer stack for encapsulation of OLED devices. FAR2.2™ polymer thin film is not only free of pinholes but also has a good step coverage. In particular, the LT‐TCVD film deposition process is compatible with and benign to the underlying organic electroluminescence materials.
61.2: A Development of Large‐Screen Full HD LCD TV with Frame‐Rate‐Conversion Technology
Authors: Yoshida Yasuhiro , Fujine Toshiyuki , Yamamoto Kenichiroh , Furukawa Hiroyuki , Ueno Masafumi , Kikuchi Yuji , Kohashikawa Seiji , Yamada Akihisa , Takeda Nobuhiro , Sugino Michiyuki
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we describe our development of Frame Rate Conversion (FRC) technology that provides picture quality improvement for LCD by doubling its frame rate. Based on an analysis of motion speed of real broadcasting video, we point out that the “character telop” is a special type of input signal that is considered to be able to obtain a significant picture quality improvement by using double‐frame rate LCD‐TV. Then, an FRC technology that has a feature of improving a picture quality of “character telop” in particular, as well as a LSI implementing FRC is introduced. We also verified that the FRC was effective by actually measuring the effect using TV sets equipped with the FRC‐LSI.
61.3: A Novel Driving Method Using 2‐Dimension Spatial Averaging for High Speed Driving of AMLCD
Authors: You Bong Hyun , Lee Jun Pyo , Kim Dong Gyu , Park Jin Ho , Kim Yun‐Jae , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2007

A novel driving method employing 2‐dimensional spatial averaging is proposed. This method successfully eliminates the vertical line artifact caused by luminance difference from unbalanced polarity. This spatial averaging method can secure charging time, minimize driver heating, and achieve higher display quality.
61.4: Novel Impulsive Driving Schemes Using Frame Rate Doubling for 120Hz LCD Panels
Authors: Nam Hyoungsik , Oh Jaeho , Shin Byung Hyuk , Oh Kwan Young , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Nam Deog , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2007

Two new impulsive driving technologies for use in 120Hz LCD panels are proposed to improve moving picture quality. One technology generates the dark frame using an adder and a shifter simply without using any LUTs. The other is a backlight flashing method designed to avoid ghost images. Using the PBET metric, measured MPRT values were 10.8ms and 4.4ms, respectively.
62.1: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystal and Liquid Lenses for Displays and Image Processing
Authors: Ren Hongwen , Fox David , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: August 2007

We demonstrate a thin flat polymeric microlens for improving the aperture ratio and light efficiency of an LCD; a tunable‐focus LC lens for imaging processing and switchable 2D/3D displays, and a liquid lens with large focal length tenability for beam steering and machine vision. Detailed device structure and operation mechanism of each lens will be described.
62.2: Invited Paper: Fast Electro‐Optical Switching in Polymer‐Stabilized Liquid Crystalline Blue Phases for Display Application
Authors: Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Higuchi Hiroki , Haseba Yasuhiro , Iwata Takashi
Published: August 2007

Blue phases have two major advantages over commonly used nematic phases:1) the response is much faster, 2) the zero‐electric field state is optically isotropic. We demonstrate the sufficiently large electric field‐induced birefringence and the micro‐second response of the polymer‐stabilized blue phases and the induced‐isotropic phases without any surface treatment.
63.1: Active‐Matrix Backplane with Printed Organic TFTs for QR‐LPD
Authors: Maeda Hiroki , Matsuoka Masanao , Nagae Mitsutaka , Honda Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Hironori
Published: August 2007

Printed OTFT was fabricated with combination of printing technique and photo‐assisted surface modification to define precise electrode pattern on plastic/glass substrate and gate insulator. Utilize this technique with solution processable gate insulating polymer and semiconductive polymer, 100 dpi AM backplane was obtained with uniform mobility. As a result, QRLPD was successfully driven.
64.2: Highly Efficient Deep Blue Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Ho Meng‐Huan , Wu Yao‐Shan , Wen Shih‐Wen , Chen Chin H.
Published: August 2007

A new deep blue dopant (SK‐1) based on “linked” stilbene moiety has been designed and synthesized. When doped in the stable blue host material, 2‐methyl‐9,10‐di(1‐naphthyl)anthracene (α,α‐MADN), the SK‐1 doped blue device achieved a luminance efficiency of 5.0 cd/A with corresponding CIEx,y of (0.14, 0.14) at 20 mA/cm2 and an external quantum efficiency of 4.2%. The performance of SK‐1 doped device performance under high/low drive current density remains stable for the needs of full color OLED application.
64.4: High‐Performance OLEDs Based on a New Class of Ir Complexes Bearing Pyrazine Structures in Their Ligands
Authors: Seo Satoshi , Inoue Hideko , Ohsawa Nobuharu , Shitagaki Satoko , Nomura Ryoji , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: August 2007

We have developed novel Ir complexes having pyrazine structures in their ligands. The OLEDs based on these complexes showed unique properties and high performance. In particular, the red OLED achieved an extremely high efficiency of 30 cd/A with CIE color coordinates of (x, y) = (0.65, 0.35), and the luminance half‐decay time was estimated to be about 100,000 hrs at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2.
65.4: Stress Corrosion Cracking of Patterned Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for Flexible Displays
Authors: Ramji Karpagavalli , Cairns Darran R. , Sierros Kostas A. , Kukureka Stephen N.
Published: August 2007

ITO electrodes are used broadly for displays. Patterning can cause micro‐cracks and for flexible devices ITO is also often amorphous. Amorphous ITO can be etched by acid containing polymer layers. The combined effect of etching and stress can also lead to stress corrosion cracking. We report on these phenomena.
66.1: Distinguished Student Paper: Deriving LED Driving Signal for Area‐Adaptive LED Backlight in High Dynamic Range LCD Displays
Authors: Li Feng , Feng Xiaofan , Sezan Ibrahim , Daly Scott
Published: August 2007

LED backlight technique dramatically enhances the dynamic range of an LCD display and hence extends its ability to present images with high reality. This is achieved by modulating LEDs individually, thus providing an area‐adaptive backlight for the display. However, crosstalk of LEDs is not only a blessing for supplying high brightness but is also a curse for causing potential artifacts, making the derivation of LED driving signal a challenging task. This paper formulates the problem in two mathematical models: an iterative de‐convolution approach and a linear optimization approach. Algorithms for solving these two models are provided. An image database composed of 161 high dynamic range images is built to evaluate the performances of these two approaches.
66.2: High‐Speed Driving Circuit Design for RGB‐LED Backlight
Authors: Liu Chia‐Lin , Huang Chi‐Fang , Ho Ming‐Tsung , Chiou Shian‐Jun , Lin Chia‐Jin , Mo Chi‐Neng , Tai Wen‐Chih
Published: August 2007

Architecture of a digital‐input driving circuit for RGB‐LED Backlight is proposed. By combining such a digital interface of RGB‐LED driving circuit, matrix‐arranged RGB‐LEDs and the corresponding DC‐DC conversion circuit, improvement for a backlight system, which is area color‐controllable, scanning type and is for color sequential display can be achieved. Instead of using those sophisticated traditional LED driving techniques, such as constant current control, constant voltage control, charge pump, etc., an alternative employing software‐controlled RGB‐LED backlight system may help perform superior image quality on LCD screen.
66.3: Integrated Power‐LED Module Driving System for LED Backlights
Authors: Lee Sang‐Yun , Baek Chang‐Hoon , Kim Do‐Hun , Kim Hyung‐Suk , Choi Myoung‐Soo , Oh Bang‐Won
Published: August 2007

Novel design of integrated power—LED module (IPLM) driving system for RGB‐LED backlight in LCD has been developed. The DC‐DC converters in driver have been integrated into main power and the constant current circuits have been merged into LED modules so that we have accomplished driver board eliminations from backlight.
66.4: Spatial‐temporal Division in Field Sequential Color Technique for Color Filterless LCD
Authors: Chen Che‐Chin , Chen Yi‐Fu , Liu Ti‐Ti , Chen Chun‐Ho , Ho Ming‐Tsung , Chen Ke‐Horng , Shieh Han‐Ping
Published: August 2007

For color filterless display, a novel spatial and temporal division (STD) field sequence color (FSC) display technique divides each frame into many temporary sub‐frames for improving color breakup (CBU) and motion blur effects. Fast refresh frequencies enhance the image quality. Spatial and temporal division achieves low cost and power consumption. Keywords: field sequential color, liquid crystal display, color breakup, color filterless, Motion Blur, LED Backlight.
67.2: High Contrast Ratio Emi‐Flective LCD with Nano‐Particle Transflector
Authors: Yang Bo‐Ru , Lin Kun‐Yueh , Shieh Han‐Ping D. , Lee Shih‐Nan , Chen Chin H.
Published: August 2007

A novel emi‐flective display that integrates a reflective liquid crystal display (R‐LCD) and an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display was demonstrated. Under the light ambience of 30 nits, the OLED achieved a gain factor of 8 in contrast ratio (CR) compared with the conventional non‐integrated OLED; besides, the OLED was fully operational and the system's CR of 5000:1 at the viewing cone of 50° could be achieved. Moreover, the R‐LCD retained a CR of 10:1 at the viewing cone of 55° in the bright ambience. To enhance the image quality of both R‐LCD and OLED, we laid a nano‐particle film (NPF) in the intermediate section of the hybrid device. The NPF was demonstrated to enhance the light extraction in transmission mode of the integrated device to 103% and the haze function of the reflection mode to a factor of 15 compared with the freestanding mirror.
67.4: Novel, High Visibility Transreflective Display
Authors: Evans Christopher M. , Fryer Christopher J. N. , Johnston Duncan R. , Coles Harry J. , Morris Stephen M.
Published: August 2007

In this paper we describe a novel transreflective display construction that provides excellent visibility in all ambient lighting conditions, from dark to full sunlight. The technology uses a combination of liquid crystal and electroluminescent elements, is capable of low cost fabrication on a single flexible substrate, and is powered using a single electronic drive circuit.
68.1: Invited Paper: Transparent Electronics — Display Applications?
Authors: Wager John F.
Published: August 2007

Transparent thin‐film transistors (TTFTs) and transparent circuits are a very recent development. Will they prove useful for display applications? The intent of this contribution is to first provide an brief introductory overview of transparent electronics, and to then discuss several different display applications.
69.1: Invited Paper: Solution Processing of Small‐Molecule OLEDs
Authors: Feehery William F.
Published: August 2007

Solution processing can significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of OLED displays by reducing material consumption and allowing OLED manufacturing to be scaled to large motherglass sizes. Recent developments allow OLEDs to be manufactured using solution processing of small molecule OLED materials, thus enabling low cost manufacturing of high performance OLED displays.