bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/ Rights
Authors: Blain Jenny , Wallis Robert J.
Published: October 2004

Our Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/Rights project (www.sacredsites.org.uk) examines physical, spiritual and interpretative engagements of today’s pagans with sacred sites, theorizes ‘sacredness’, and explores the implications of pagan engagements with sites for heritage management and archaeology more generally, in terms of ‘preservation ethic’ vis-a-vis active engagement. In this article, we explore ways in which ‘sacred sites’ - both the term and the sites - are negotiated by different interest groups, foregrounding our locations, as an archaeologist/art historian (Wallis) and anthropologist (Blain), and active pagan engagers with sites. Examples of pagan actions at such sites, including at Avebury and Stonehenge, demonstrate not only that their engagements with sacred sites are diverse and that identities - such as that of ‘new indigenes’ - arising therefrom are complex, but also that heritage management has not entirely neglected the issues. In addition to managed open access solstice celebrations at Stonehenge, a climate of inclusivity and multivocality has resulted in fruitful negotiations at the Rollright Stones.
Culture on the Ground
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: October 2004

Classical accounts of human evolution posit a progressive differentiation between the hands as instruments of rational intelligence and feet as integral to the mechanics of bipedal locomotion. Yet evolutionists were modelling pedestrian performance on the striding gait of boot-clad Europeans. The bias of head over heels in their accounts follows a long-standing tendency, in western thought and science, to elevate the plane of social and cultural life over the ground of nature. This tendency was already established among European elites in the practice of destination-oriented travel, the use of shoes and chairs, and the valorization of upright posture. It was further reinforced in urban societies through paving the streets. The groundlessness of metropolitan life remains embedded not only in western social structures but also in the disciplines of anthropology, psychology and biology. A more grounded approach to human movement, sensitive to embodied skills of footwork, opens up new terrain in the study of environmental perception, the history of technology, landscape formation and human anatomical evolution.
Smoking among parents of pediatric cancer patients and children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
Authors: Tyc Vida L. , Throckmorton-Belzer Leslee , Klosky James L. , Greeson Frances L. , Lensing Shelly , Rai Shesh N. , Hudson Melissa M.
Published: October 2004

For 303 children newly diagnosed with cancer, we investigated the prevalence of parental smoking and examined patients’ respiratory or pulmonary symptoms according to household smoking status. Results indicated that approximately 45 percent of patients came from households with at least one current parent smoker and 20 percent of current non-smoking parents reported past tobacco use. There was a trend for more patients from smoking households to experience respiratory problems than patients from non-smoking households ( p = .068). In conclusion, many patients are at risk for parental smoke exposure and associated health problems if they are continually exposed during therapy. Clinician-delivered interventions to reduce environmental smoke exposure are clearly warranted.
Young people’s experience of emergency medical services as road traffic accident victims: a pilot qualitative study
Authors: Salter Emma , Stallard Paul
Published: October 2004

A visit to the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department following an accident is often a young person’s first experience of hospital. A&E is a pressured environment which can be frightening and stressful for young people. This study reports the views of young people who have had contact with emergency medical services following a road traffic accident (RTA). Negative experiences were volunteered more than positive experiences. Concerns were reported around being physically restricted, receiving inadequate information, feeling that they were not understood, experiencing physical discomforts and feeling lonely. This article highlights the need to provide adequately for the younger A&E patient by supplying information, communicating appropriately and offering an environment that is more appropriate for young people.
Researching Well-Being
Authors: McGregor J. Allister
Published: October 2004

This article explores the links between conceptions of well-being, the way these are operationalized in empirical research, the knowledge produced and the policy process. The issues researched - poverty, inequality and subjective well-being - are in one sense universal and as such a focus of concerted global policy attention. Yet for people in developing countries around the world they are also a local reality. The argument here is that in researching well-being in a way that is to be policy relevant we must explore the relationships and tensions between global, universalist and local, context-specific analyses. If the global community is intent on effective policy making which can then be implemented to reduce poverty, then it must be founded in local understandings of how poverty is reproduced but this need not be incommensurate with universalist interpretations of these local realities. The article illustrates this using the Bath research programme on Wellbeing in Developing Countries.
The Consumerist Syndrome in Contemporary Society
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: October 2004

This interview examines the relations between production and consumption and the significance of what Bauman calls ‘the consumerist syndrome’. The latter is defined by the desire for instant satisfaction. The article distinguishes the consumerist syndrome from Veblen’s concept of conspicuous consumption. It breaks with the 20th century practice of regarding consumer preoccupations and activities as derivative of needs and suggests that consumption is now driven by infinite desire. Bauman sets the consumer syndrome in relation to his concept of liquid modernity. The choices of the modern consumer are set against unfulfilled options. The notion of using consumption as a form of resistance is examined and criticized. The article concludes with some reflections on the condition of sociological activity today.
Between Mothers and Markets
Authors: Moisio Risto , Arnould Eric J. , Price Linda L.
Published: October 2004

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of homemade food in the construction of family identity. The article examines how homemade, its interface with markets’ competing food offerings, and intergenerational perspectives on homemade can cast light on competing understandings of the family, social relationships, and the market. Using two empirical studies conducted in a Midwestern cultural setting, findings highlight the importance of family meanings of homemade food, the role of homemade food in demarcating the realms of the family and market, the influence of producer-consumer relationships on threats posed by the market to a coherent family identity, and the qualitative changes in the social reproduction of family identities that result from divergences in homemade food meanings and practices across generations.
Advanced Solution Process Technology for Cast Film Applications: New Opportunities Using Novel Catalyst Technologies
Authors: Aubee N. , Ho K. , Hocking P. , Tikuisis T.
Published: October 2004

Using a new advanced solution technology, NOVA Chemicals Corporation has developed an improved family of polyethylene resins, some of which are ideally suited for specific applications, for example, medium density for hygiene films and linear low density for stretch films. This new technology has been used to produce polyethylene resins with tailored molecular structure and processability. This new technology is based on an improved solution polymerization process using a new Ziegler-Natta catalyst. The rheological properties, particularly draw resonance, together with the physical and mechanical properties of cast films made from these new resins are presented in this paper. In addition, there is a discussion on the results of an investigation on the effects that different types and levels of stabilizers have on resin processing behavior and film stability.
Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Nickrent Daniel L , Blarer Albert , Qiu Yin-Long , Vidal-Russell Romina , Anderson Frank E
Published: October 2004

Background

The phylogenetic relationships among the holoparasites of Rafflesiales have remained enigmatic for over a century. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies using the mitochondrial matR gene placed Rafflesia, Rhizanthes and Sapria (Rafflesiaceae s. str.) in the angiosperm order Malpighiales and Mitrastema (Mitrastemonaceae) in Ericales. These phylogenetic studies did not, however, sample two additional groups traditionally classified within Rafflesiales (Apodantheaceae and Cytinaceae). Here we provide molecular phylogenetic evidence using DNA sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear genes for representatives of all genera in Rafflesiales.

Results

Our analyses indicate that the phylogenetic affinities of the large-flowered clade and Mitrastema, ascertained using mitochondrial matR, are congruent with results from nuclear SSU rDNA when these data are analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The relationship of Cytinaceae to Malvales was recovered in all analyses. Relationships between Apodanthaceae and photosynthetic angiosperms varied depending upon the data partition: Malvales (3-gene), Cucurbitales (matR) or Fabales (atp1). The latter incongruencies suggest that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) may be affecting the mitochondrial gene topologies. The lack of association between Mitrastema and Ericales using atp1 is suggestive of HGT, but greater sampling within eudicots is needed to test this hypothesis further.

Conclusions

Rafflesiales are not monophyletic but composed of three or four independent lineages (families): Rafflesiaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Apodanthaceae and Cytinaceae. Long-branch attraction appears to be misleading parsimony analyses of nuclear small-subunit rDNA data, but model-based methods (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses) recover a topology that is congruent with the mitochondrial matR gene tree, thus providing compelling evidence for organismal relationships. Horizontal gene transfer appears to be influencing only some taxa and some mitochondrial genes, thus indicating that the process is acting at the single gene (not whole genome) level.
Reduced inhibitory action of a GABAB receptor agonist on [3H]-dopamine release from rat ventral tegmental area in vitro after chronic nicotine administration
Authors: Amantea Diana , Bowery Norman G
Published: October 2004

Background

The activation of GABAB receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been suggested to attenuate the rewarding properties of psychostimulants, including nicotine. However, the neurochemical mechanism that underlie this effect remains unknown. Since GABAB receptors modulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain, we have characterised the effect of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen on the release of [3H]-dopamine ([3H]-DA) from VTA slices of naïve rats and of rats pre-treated with nicotine.

Results

In naïve rats, baclofen concentration-dependently inhibited the electrically evoked release of [3H]-DA from the isolated VTA (EC50 = 0.103 μM, 95% CI = 0.043–0.249), without affecting the basal [3H]-monoamine overflow. This effect was mediated by activation of GABAB receptors as it was blocked by the selective receptor antagonist CGP55845A. Chronic administration of nicotine (0.4 mg kg-1, s.c., for 14 days) affected neither the basal nor the electrically evoked release of [3H]-DA from VTA slices. However, the inhibitory effect of baclofen (10 μM) on the stimulated [3H]-monoamine overflow was abolished in rats pre-treated with nicotine as compared to saline-injected controls.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that GABAB receptor activation reduces the release of DA from the rat VTA. In addition, a reduced sensitivity of VTA GABAB receptors appears to develop after chronic exposure to nicotine. The resulting disinhibition of VTA DA neurones might therefore contribute to the sensitised dopaminergic responses observed in the rat mesocorticolimbic system following repeated administration of nicotine.
Verbal autopsy of 80,000 adult deaths in Tamilnadu, South India
Authors: Gajalakshmi Vendhan , Peto Richard
Published: October 2004

Background

Registration of the fact of death is almost complete in the city of Chennai and not so in the rural Villupuram district in Tamilnadu, India. The cause of death is often inadequately recorded on the death certificate in developing countries like India. A special verbal autopsy (VA) study of 48 000 adult (aged ≥ 25 yrs) deaths in the city of Chennai (urban) during 1995–97 and 32 000 in rural Villupuram during 1997–98 was conducted to arrive at the probable underlying cause of death to estimate cause specific mortality.

Methods

A ten day training on writing verbal autopsy (VA) report for adult deaths was given to non-medical graduates with at least 15 years of formal education. They interviewed surviving spouse/close associates of the deceased to write a verbal autopsy report in local language (Tamil) on the complaints, symptoms, signs, duration and treatment details of illness prior to death. Each report was reviewed centrally by two physicians independently. Random re-interviewing of 5% of the VA reports was done to check the reliability and reproducibility of the VA report. The validity of VA diagnosis was assessed only for cancer deaths.

Results

Verbal autopsy reduced the proportion of deaths attributed to unspecified and unknown causes from 54% to 23% (p < 0.0001) in urban and from 41% to 26% (p < 0.0001) in rural areas in Tamilnadu for adult deaths (≥ 25). The sensitivity of VA to identify cancer was 95% in the age group 25–69.

Conclusion

A ten day training programme to write verbal autopsy report with adequate feed back sessions and random sampling of 5% of the verbal autopsy reports for re-interview worked very well in Tamilnadu, to arrive at the probable underlying cause of death reliably for deaths in early adult life or middle age (25–69 years) and less reliably for older ages (70+). Thus VA is practicable for deaths in early adult life or middle age and is of more limited value in old age.
Practice patterns of naturopathic physicians: results from a random survey of licensed practitioners in two US States
Authors: Boon Heather S , Cherkin Daniel C , Erro Janet , Sherman Karen J , Milliman Bruce , Booker Jennifer , Cramer Elaine H , Smith Michael J , Deyo Richard A , Eisenberg David M
Published: October 2004

Background

Despite the growing use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by consumers in the U.S., little is known about the practice of CAM providers. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the practice patterns of naturopathic physicians in Washington State and Connecticut.

Methods

Telephone interviews were conducted with state-wide random samples of licensed naturopathic physicians and data were collected on consecutive patient visits in 1998 and 1999. The main outcome measures were: Sociodemographic, training and practice characteristics of naturopathic physicians; and demographics, reasons for visit, types of treatments, payment source and visit duration for patients.

Result

One hundred and seventy practitioners were interviewed and 99 recorded data on a total of 1817 patient visits. Naturopathic physicians in Washington and Connecticut had similar demographic and practice characteristics. Both the practitioners and their patients were primarily White and female. Almost 75% of all naturopathic visits were for chronic complaints, most frequently fatigue, headache, and back symptoms. Complete blood counts, serum chemistries, lipids panels and stool analyses were ordered for 4% to 10% of visits. All other diagnostic tests were ordered less frequently. The most commonly prescribed naturopathic therapeutics were: botanical medicines (51% of visits in Connecticut, 43% in Washington), vitamins (41% and 43%), minerals (35% and 39%), homeopathy (29% and 19%) and allergy treatments (11% and 13%). The mean visit length was about 40 minutes. Approximately half the visits were paid directly by the patient.

Conclusion

This study provides information that will help other health care providers, patients and policy makers better understand the nature of naturopathic care.
Factors influencing quality of life in patients with active tuberculosis
Authors: Marra Carlo A , Marra Fawziah , Cox Victoria C , Palepu Anita , Fitzgerald J Mark
Published: October 2004

Background

With effective treatment strategies, the focus of tuberculosis (TB) management has shifted from the prevention of mortality to the avoidance of morbidity. As such, there should be an increased focus on quality of life (QoL) experienced by individuals being treated for TB. The objective of our study was to identify areas of QoL that are affected by active TB using focus groups and individual interviews.

Methods

English, Cantonese, and Punjabi-speaking subjects with active TB who were receiving treatment were eligible for recruitment into the study. Gender-based focus group sessions were conducted for the inner city participants but individual interviews were conducted for those who came to the main TB clinic or were hospitalized. Facilitators used open-ended questions and participants were asked to discuss their experiences of being diagnosed with tuberculosis, what impact it had on their lives, issues around adherence to anti-TB medications and information pertaining to their experience with side effects to these medications. All data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using constant comparative analysis.

Results

39 patients with active TB participated. The mean age was 46.2 years (SD 18.4) and 62% were male. Most were Canadian-born being either Caucasian or Aboriginal. Four themes emerged from the focus groups and interviews. The first describes issues related to the diagnosis of tuberculosis and sub-themes were identified as 'symptoms', 'health care provision', and 'emotional impact'. The second theme discusses TB medication factors and the sub-themes identified were 'adverse effects', 'ease of administration', and 'adherence'. The third theme describes social support and functioning issues for the individuals with TB. The fourth theme describes health behavior issues for the individuals with TB and the identified sub-themes were "behavior modification" and "TB knowledge."

Conclusion

Despite the ability to cure TB, there remains a significant impact on QOL. Since much attention is spent on preventative or curative mechanisms, the impact of this condition on QoL is often not considered. Attention to the issues experienced by patients being treated for TB may optimize adherence and treatment success.
Translation research: from accurate diagnosis to appropriate treatment
Authors: Webb Craig P , Pass Harvey I
Published: October 2004

This review article focuses on the various aspects of translational research, where research on human subjects can ultimately enhance the diagnosis and treatment of future patients. While we will use specific examples relating to the asbestos related cancer mesothelioma, it should be stressed that the general approach outlined throughout this review is readily applicable to other diseases with an underlying molecular basis. Through the integration of molecular-based technologies, systematic tissue procurement and medical informatics, we now have the ability to identify clinically applicable "genotype"-"phenotype" associations across cohorts of patients that can rapidly be translated into useful diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review will touch on the various steps in the translational pipeline, and highlight some of the most essential elements as well as possible roadblocks that can impact success of the program. Critical issues with regard to Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance, data standardization, sample procurement, quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA), data analysis, preclinical models and clinical trials are addressed. The various facets of the translational pipeline have been incorporated into a fully integrated computational system, appropriately named Dx2Tx. This system readily allows for the identification of new diagnostic tests, the discovery of biomarkers and drugable targets, and prediction of optimal treatments based upon the underlying molecular basis of the disease.
The connection domain in reverse transcriptase facilitates the in vivo annealing of tRNALys3 to HIV-1 genomic RNA
Authors: Cen Shan , Niu Meijuan , Kleiman Lawrence
Published: October 2004

The primer tRNA for reverse transcription in HIV-1, tRNALys3, is selectively packaged into the virus during its assembly, and annealed to the viral genomic RNA. The ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in the packaging and annealing of tRNALys into HIV-1 consists of Gag, GagPol, tRNALys, lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS), and viral genomic RNA. Gag targets tRNALys for viral packaging through Gag's interaction with LysRS, a tRNALys-binding protein, while reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences within GagPol (the thumb domain) bind to tRNALys. The further annealing of tRNALys3 to viral RNA requires nucleocapsid (NC) sequences in Gag, but not the NC sequences GagPol. In this report, we further show that while the RT connection domain in GagPol is not required for tRNALys3 packaging into the virus, it is required for tRNALys3 annealing to the viral RNA genome.
Integration of anthropometric data within a computer aided design model
Authors: Williams G L , Torrens G E , Hodgson A R
Published: October 2004

High-performance clothing and body-worn products require good fit for the wearer. This is to ensure that they provide protection while maintaining comfort, mobility and good interaction with the surrounding environment. The incorporation of anthropometric data (measurements of proportions and sizes of the human body) into a new product design provides a more precise starting point for evidence-based design decision-making. It also ensures that these products are generated from information of the intended end-user. Computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacture (CAM) can be used accurately to reproduce the detailed designs generated using anthropometry. This paper describes how manually collected anthropometric data can be integrated into a CAD model and then, through rapid prototyping techniques, used as a design or manufacturing quality assurance tool to make it possible to produce customized body-worn technologies that enhance the fit for the user, improving their overall task performance. This has highlighted the importance of ensuring that the anthropometric data collected are appropriate for the requirements of the new product developer, in this case for glove design and manufacture.
A novel approach in microfoil bending using an electrodischarge machine
Authors: Yeo S H , Tan K H
Published: October 2004

This paper investigates the feasibility of microfoil bending based on electrical sparks, in which foils are formed by thermal stresses induced from the electrodischarge machine (EDM). Experiments are performed using 50 μm stainless steel of grade SU304. The bending angle of the specimen is controlled by the dimension of the electrode used in EDM bending. The specimen is formed in such a manner that the bending angle approaches the electrode profile. It has been found that this method can form multiple angles. The ability to form a complex profile is highly possible. This method is found to be feasible in forming an accurate bending angle.
Measures of performance for lean product introduction in the aerospace industry
Authors: Haque B , Moore M J
Published: October 2004

This paper discusses the results of research to develop measures of performance (metrics) for the new product introduction process in the aerospace industry, which will encourage a change in behaviour towards the adoption of lean principles in areas other than manufacturing. It examines how this was done and the successes and some problems of implementation. Seven key metrics for enterprise wide application are defined and discussed. A further eight are identified for process or product family specific application. The paper concludes that the metrics developed are beneficial in helping to improve performance and aligning corporate goals, but that further work is still required particularly with respect to the organizational arrangements and information systems technology required to implement them.
A holistic approach to manufacturing cell formation: Incorporation of machine flexibility and machine aggregation
Authors: Chan F T S , Lau K W , Chan P L Y
Published: October 2004

One of the most practical approaches of improving productivity in a factory is to adopt the superior concept and technique of cellular manufacturing (CM) based on group technology (GT). Particularly, cell formation is an important, critical and difficult step in CM. In general, there have been a number of methodologies proposed for solving a machine-part grouping problem (MPGP). Besides considering the simple cell formation problem, some researchers have focused on machine flexibility, in which parts are having alternative routeings/process plans. However, it is very rare to consider the area of aggregation and disaggregation of machines in cell formation under uncertain constraints and uncertainty. In the light of this, the main aim of this present work is to address the MPGP holistically with the considerations of machine flexibility as well as machine aggregation and disaggregation simultaneously. In addition, based on the availability of alternative routeings, a method is proposed to generate an alternative solution for machine breakdown situations. Thus, the problem nature of this work will be more realistic and practical for today's global manufacturing era. The problem scope has been identified and the model is formulated in mathematical programming form. The objective function of this model is to minimize the total intercellular and intracellular part movement. Since MPGP has been proved to be non-polynomial (NP) complete, a genetic algorithm (GA), which is an excellent optimization technique, is employed to solve this problem.
Predicting the occurrence of grind hardening in cubic boron nitride grinding of crankshaft steel
Authors: Fricker D C , Pearce T R A , Harrison A J L
Published: October 2004

Grind hardening is a stock removal grinding operation in which the heat generated in the grinding zone is used to heat-treat the workpiece surface to a specified depth. A thermal model to describe this process has been developed from the original Jaeger modelling and has been used to predict subsurface time-temperature profiles in the dry cylindrical grinding of 42CrMo4 crankshaft steel using cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels. By comparing with experimental hardness depths, partition ratios were calculated and a polynomial fit applied to the proportion of specific energy entering the workpiece as heat, as a function of specific removal rate. By using this polynomial to provide the heat input to the thermal model, a theoretical chart of workpiece surface speed against depth of cut has been produced, which shows the regions in which grind hardening can be achieved to specified depths. The chart shows lower limits where the martensitic transformation temperature has been reached at certain specified depths and an upper limit where melting starts at the contact surface between the CBN grinding wheel and the workpiece. This chart has then been compared with experimental results for the specific case of a hardened depth of 0.5 mm or greater, with good agreement. The predictions indicate that there is an upper limit on workpiece speed if grind hardening is to be achieved, and that the limiting speed reduces as the required hardness depth increases. The predictions also indicate that there is an optimum work speed of around 10 mm/s for hardness depths below 1.5 mm and an upper limit below 4 mm/s for hardness depths around 2 mm.
Flow optimization and fuel stratification for the stratified fuel spark ignition engine
Authors: Li Y , Zhao H , Leach B , Ma T
Published: October 2004

In order to take advantage of the different properties of fuel components or fractions, a new concept of fuel stratification has been proposed by the authors. This concept requires that two fractions of standard gasoline (e.g. light and heavy fractions) or two different fuels in a specially formulated composite be introduced into the cylinder separately through two separate intake ports. The fuel stratification is realized by means of strong tumble flows in the cylinder. The detailed in-cylinder flow measurement and flow optimization in a three-valve twin-spark spark ignition (SI) engine were carried out using a digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. A two-tracer laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) system was developed and applied to visualize the in-cylinder fuel stratification. During the LIF measurements, two dopants, 3-pentanone and N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA), were used as fluorescence tracers when mixed into hexane and isooctane respectively. The two tracer fluorescence images were recorded simultaneously on to an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera using a specially designed image doubling and filtering system. The results show that the presence of strong tumble was necessary to obtain good fuel stratification. Because of symmetrically distributed mean velocity and a small cycle-to-cycle variation of strong tumble flows, clear fuels stratification was obtained along the direction of the tumble rotational axis. It was also found that better fuel stratification was obtained when the closed valve fuel injection (injection during the exhaust stroke) was used.
Differences Between Mistimed and Unwanted Pregnancies Among Women Who Have Live Births
Authors: D'Angelo Denise V. , Gilbert Brenda Colley , Rochat Roger W. , Santelli John S. , Herold Joan M.
Published: October 2004

CONTEXT: Mistimed and unwanted pregnancies that result in live births are commonly considered together as unintended pregnancies, but they may have different precursors and outcomes

METHODS: Data from 15 states participating in the 1998 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used to calculate the prevalence of intended, mistimed and unwanted conceptions, by selected variables. Associations between unintendedness and women's behaviors and experiences before, during and after the pregnancy were assessed through unadjusted relative risks.

RESULTS: The distribution of intended, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies differed on nearly every variable examined; risky behaviors and adverse experiences were more common among women with mistimed than intended pregnancies and were most common among those whose pregnancies were unwanted. The likelihood of having an unwanted rather than mistimed pregnancy was elevated for women 35 or older (relative risk, 2.3) and was reduced for those younger than 25 (0.8); the pattern was reversed for the likelihood of mistimed rather than intended pregnancy (0.5 vs. 1.7–2.7). Parous women had an increased risk of an unwanted pregnancy (2.1–4.0) but a decreased risk of a mistimed one (0.9). Women who smoked in the third trimester, received delayed or no prenatal care, did not breastfeed, were physically abused during pregnancy, said their partner had not wanted a pregnancy or had a low‐birth‐weight infant had an increased risk of unintended pregnancy; the size of the increase depended on whether the pregnancy was unwanted or mistimed

CONCLUSION: Clarifying the difference in risk between mistimed and unwanted pregnancies may help guide decisions regarding services to women and infants
Suitability of Peroxidase-Suppressed Transgenic Hybrid Aspen (Populus sieboldii X Populus gradidentata) for Pulping
Authors: Tamura Takashi , Morohoshi Noriyuki , Yasuda Seiichi
Published: October 2004

Lignin content, lignin composition and lignin removal were investigated in hybrid aspen (Populus sieboldii X Populus gradidentata) with suppressed peroxidase (POX) contents, involved in the dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols. No significant suppression of the lignin content of the transgenic hybrid aspen was observed, but one (POX 29) of the POX-suppressed hybrid aspen species had a lower lignin content and gave a higher pulp yield at the same lignin content in kraft pulping than the control wild type. The molecular weight distribution of kraft lignins, sugar compositions and yields of nitrobenzene oxidation products of the transgenic woods were not different from those of the wild-type wood. These results indicate that suppression of POX may hold promise for producing woods suited for milder kraft pulping conditions using less chemicals and lower pulping temperature.
Leachability and Decay Resistance of Tetraphenylborate Salt-Treated Wood
Authors: Lin Liang , Furuno Takeshi , Katoh Sadanobu
Published: October 2004

In order to reduce the leachability of boron compounds in wood, the double treatment of tetraphenylborate sodium salt [(C6H5)4BNa] (TPBNa) with potassium chloride (KCl) or tetramethylammonium bromide [(CH3)4NBr] (TMABr) was investigated by impregnating them into sapwood specimens of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) to form insoluble salts of tetraphenylborate tetramethylammonium or tetraphenylborate potassium. The reduction of boron retention in treated wood specimens after the waterleaching test was very small, showing the good fixation of boron compounds in wood. The double treatment of TPBNa salts with TMABr or KCl solution also showed an excellent decay-resisting effect against both Coriolus versicolor and Tyromyces palustris at low boron retention.
Quantitative 31P NMR Spectroscopy of Lignins from Transgenic Poplars
Authors: Akim Leonid G. , Argyropoulos Dimitris S. , Jouanin Lise , Leplé Jean-Charles , Pilate Gilles , Pollet Brigitte , Lapierre Catherine
Published: October 2004

Milled wood lignins isolated from genetically modified poplar trees were studied by quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy, in combination with thioacidolysis and mild alkaline hydrolysis. The genetic transformation of the trees included down regulation of CAD and COMT enzyme activities. These analyses confirmed that moderate CAD down-regulation does not substantially alter lignin structure. In contrast, severe CAD deficiency alters the lignin structure more profoundly by decreasing the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio and increasing the degree of condensation of the lignin. The most severe alterations were observed in the lignins from the COMT-transformed lines.
Mechanisms of Terpene Release During Sawdust and Flake Drying
Authors: Banerjee Sujit
Published: October 2004

The water and α-pinene released during sawdust and flake drying were simultaneously measured. For sawdust, the drying profiles for water and pinene are very different at oven temperatures of 105 °C, but are similar at 200 °C. There is an initial burst of pinene very early in the process, which is mainly attributed to the loss of pinene dissolved in surface water. Later, the pinene and water are released in a nearconstant ratio, which is ascribed to water mobilizing pinene from the interior of the wood matrix to the wet line. The surfactants present in wood are believed to solubilize pinene into water. Finally, pinene is lost through evaporation when the wood is almost dry. Hence, at least three mechanisms are operative for the movement and release of α-pinene and other terpenes from wood.
Determination of the Material Property Variations Across the Growth Ring of Softwood for Use in a Heterogeneous Drying Model. Part 2. Use of Homogenisation to Predict Bound Liquid Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Perré Patrick , Turner Ian
Published: October 2004

In this work, the extensive knowledge of wood gained at the Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural des Eaux et Forêts by using a combination of microscopic observation and experimental work is being used to postulate material property correlations for a macroscopic heterogeneous “Cerne” growth ring model of softwood. In this second part, the method of homogenisation is used to capture the contrast of property between the gaseous phase and the solid phase. Homogenisation problems are computed using a Control Volume formulation. The tracheid model developed in Part 1 has been used to define several elementary representative volumes. Consequently, bound water diffusivity and thermal conductivity can be predicted for each material direction as a function of local wood density. For practical applications, analytical models fitted from the computed values allow these property variations to be easily and accurately determined.
Ethical Considerations in Internet‐Based Adult Education
Authors: Holt Margaret E.
Published: October 2004

The dazzling potential of the Internet should not blind us to the issues of
power, access, privacy, and equity it raises. This chapter examines how adult
educators are confronting these concerns.
Effects of mixing conditions on the reaction of 3‐octanoylthio‐1‐propyltriethoxysilane during mixing with silica filler and natural rubber
Authors: Yan Hexiang , Sun Kang , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi
Published: October 2004

The effects of mixing temperature and mixing time on the reaction of 3‐octanoylthio‐1‐propyltriethoxysilane (NXT silane) during mixing with precipitated silica and natural rubber (NR) were investigated. Results showed that the reaction between NXT silane and precipitated silica can proceed at temperatures above 130°C. Because of the blocking group of NXT silane, the silane–NR coupling reactivity is low, so that the reaction of NXT silane with NR occurs only during the curing period. There is no reaction between NXT silane and NR during mixing, which showed that the mixing time of silica‐filled NR compound containing NXT silane must be longer than 10 min at 150°C to obtain the desired silane coupling efficiency. With increasing mill temperature, the coupling efficiency increases. A high mixing temperature promotes improvement of silane–silica coupling efficiency, although the tensile strength, 100% modulus, 300% modulus, and hardness of NR vulcanizates decrease. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2295–2301, 2004
Photobase‐generating new polyurethanes with oxime–urethane groups in the main chain
Authors: Buruiana Emil C. , Olaru Mihaela , Simionescu Bogdan C.
Published: October 2004

New polymeric photobase generators containing oxime–urethane groups were prepared by the polyaddition reaction of 2,4‐tolylene diisocyanate with terephthalaldehyde dioxime in the presence or absence of a polyol component to study the ability of these polymers to generate amines through the photolysis of oxime–urethane linkage. The amines induced the crosslinking of poly(glycidyl methacrylate), as proved by the variation of the amount of the insoluble fraction of polymer films with the heating temperature and/or irradiation time. UV and IR absorption spectra indicated that the thermal crosslinking of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was catalyzed by the photogenerated amines. The photobehavior of the polymers was followed by a reduction of the absorption band at 290 nm, which was characteristic of oxime–urethane groups, as a function of the UV irradiation time. Blue fluorescence was visualized by the treatment of irradiated films with fluorescamine. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2324–2332, 2004
Bauwerks‐Management‐System (BMS) – Werkzeug zur Substanzerhaltung für Verkehrsbauwerke
Authors: Haardt Peter , Gehrlicher Klaus , Prehn Wolfgang
Published: October 2004

Das Bundesfernstraßennetz beinhaltet eine große Anzahl von Brücken und anderen Ingenieurbauwerken, wie Tunnel, Lärmschutzeinrichtungen und Stützwände. Die für diese Bauwerke aufzustellenden Erhaltungsprogramme erfordern nicht nur erhebliche Geldmittel, sondern beeinflussen auch Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft insgesamt. Neben den ständig wachsenden Verkehrsbeanspruchungen zwingen die ungünstiger werdende Altersstruktur und der wirtschaftliche Einsatz der zur Verfügung stehenden Haushaltsmittel alle Beteiligten dazu, die Erhaltung der Bundesfernstraßen zu systematisieren, um auch zukünftig den Verkehrsteilnehmern eine ausreichende Qualität der Verkehrswege zu sichern. Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Anwendung eines umfassenden Management Systems (Bauwerks‐Management‐System, BMS) unterstützt und erleichtert.

Das BMVBW realisiert ein umfassendes Bauwerks‐Management‐System mit Teil modulen für Bundes‐ und Länderverwaltungen, welches als Hilfsmittel für die Erstellung von Erhaltungsplanungen dient und als Controlling‐Instrument die Realisierung von Zielen und Strategien ermöglicht. Angestrebt werden damit eine bundesweite Vereinheitlichung von Planungsverfahren sowie die Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit im Rahmen der Erhaltung der Bauwerke des Bundesfernstraßennetzes.

Der Beitrag beschreibt neben den bereits existierenden Regelungen und Verfahren die aktuellen Entwicklungen von Verfahren zur Unterstützung der Erhaltungsplanungen, die derzeit für Computeranwendungen bereitgestellt werden.

Wesentliche Einzelthemen sind Informationsbereitstellung, Entwicklung von Erhaltungsstrategien und Bewertungsverfahren auf Objekt‐ und Netzebene.
Bestimmung eines Verbundgesetzes auf Basis von Einzelfaser‐Pull‐Out‐Versuchen
Authors: Banholzer Björn , Brameshuber Wolfgang , Geus Jörg , Jung Wolf
Published: October 2004

In den letzten Jahren wurden viele Modelle zur analytischen Bestimmung des Verbundes zwischen Faser und Matrix aus Pull‐Out‐Versuchen entwickelt. Diese beruhen jedoch auf einer begrenzten Anzahl zu variierender materialspezifischer Parameter und erlauben somit keine freie mathematische Beschreibung des Verbundgesetzes. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein analytisches Modell vorgestellt, das die direkte inverse Berechnung eines Verbundgesetzes, bestehend aus N linearen Teil stücken auf Basis von Last‐Verformungs‐Kurven eines Pull‐Out‐Tests ermöglicht, bei dem die Anzahl N nicht begrenzt ist. Das Verbundgesetz kann somit ohne mathematische Einschränkungen beschrieben werden. Die Anwendbarkeit des vorgestellten Modells wird anhand einer Auswertung von Stahlfaser‐Pull‐Out‐Versuchsergebnissen demonstriert.
Grundwasserbeeinflussung durch ein Bauwerk
Authors: Kowalów Mariusz
Published: October 2004

Alte und historische Bauwerke sind oft auf Holzpfählen gegründet. Wenn in Bereichen, in denen sich historische, auf Holzpfählen gegründete Bauwerke befinden, eine Absenkung des Grundwasserstandes auftritt, kommt es häufig zu Schäden. Das hier vorgestellte Projekt befindet sich in zentraler Lage der historischen Stadt Landshut. Es wurde hier ein Einkaufszentrum geplant. Um das Projekt auszuführen, ist eine ca. 8 m tiefe Einbindung in den Grundwasserleiter erforderlich. Wegen der geringen Entfernung zu historischen Gebäuden wurde von den örtlichen Behörden ein Nachweis der Aquiferbeeinflussung durch die Maßnahme verlangt.

Zur Beurteilung der wasserwirtschaftlichen Belange wurden hydrogeologische Untersuchungen und Auswertungen durchgeführt sowie ein mathematisches Rechenmodell erstellt. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen von Prognoseberechnungen wurden unterschiedliche Eingriffsreduzierungsmaßnahmen untersucht. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse der Modellberechnungen, die Wahl einer optimalen technischen Lösung und die Meßergebnisse nach Einstellung der Wasserhaltung.
Analytic methods for obstruction to integrability in discrete dynamical systems
Authors: Costin O. , Kruskal M. D.
Published: October 2004

A unique analytic continuation result is proven for solutions of a relatively general class of difference equations by using techniques of generalized Borel summability.

This continuation allows for Painlevé property methods to be extended to difference equations.

It is shown that the Painlevé property (PP) induces, under relatively general assumptions, a dichotomy within first‐order difference equations: all equations with PP can be solved in closed form; on the contrary, absence of PP implies, under some further assumptions, that the local conserved quantities are strictly local in the sense that they develop singularity barriers on the boundary of some compact set.

The technique produces analytic formulas to describe fractal sets originating in polynomial iterations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extraction of Kinetic Information from Single‐Molecule Experiments
Authors: Vlad Marcel O. , Ross John
Published: October 2004

We discuss two possible approaches for extracting kinetic information from single‐molecule experiments. The first approach is based on computing correlation functions from measured fluorescence signals, and the second on studying the statistics of on and off times of the same fluorescence signal. We show that in both cases it is possible to extract kinetic information about the nature of intramolecular fluctuations of the single molecule. We show that for single‐molecule kinetics the intramolecular fluctuations produce stochastic memory effects which lead to new dynamic features that do not exist in traditional chemical kinetics. In particular, we investigate a new type of chemical oscillations in correlation functions observed experimentally by Edman and Rigler (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 8266).
Is drive for thinness in anorectic patients associated with personality characteristics?
Authors: Vervaet M. , van Heeringen C. , Audenaert K.
Published: October 2004

Objective

The objective was to compare clinical and personality features in anorectic patients (AN) with a high and low drive for thinness (DT).

Method

The samples comprised 244 AN in‐ and outpatients at the Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (University of Gent) in Belgium. Subjects were assessed on clinical and psychometric parameters.

Results

27 per cent (N = 62) of the subjects had low DT as measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) of whom 48 were restricting anorectic patients (ANR). This atypical anorectic group appeared to have less severe psychopathology with a lower harm avoidance and higher self‐directedness as subscales of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).

Discussion

Weight concerns is an important diagnostic criterion, but may have other motivations than a culture‐bound drive for thinness. This differentiation may have therapeutic consequences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Association of anger with bulimic and other impulsive behaviours among non‐clinical women and men
Authors: Peñas‐Lledó Eva , Fernández Juan de Dios , Waller Glenn
Published: October 2004

Objectives

The literature on links between anger and bulimic behaviours has focused largely on clinical populations of female patients. This study of a non‐clinical group explores whether the relationship between anger and bulimia is specific to binge‐eating (rather than other eating or impulsive behaviours) and whether the links are gender‐specific.

Methods

A non‐clinical population of 72 women and 49 men completed Spanish translations of self‐report measures on anger, bulimia and impulsivity. Non‐parametric correlations (Spearman's rho) were used.

Results

Women with higher levels of trait anger were more likely to engage in binge‐eating, and fasted less. In contrast, men who experienced higher levels of anger used more impulsive behaviours (such as substance abuse and self‐harm). External expression of anger was related to binge‐eating regardless of gender, but was associated with different facets of impulsivity for males and females.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that different behaviours are associated with anger among males and females. Further research and potential implications for preventative programmes are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.