bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gods
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

Quite apart from other considerations, monotheistic religions like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have one great advantage over their polytheistic counterparts: communication with one’s god is generally a much simpler, more straightforward process. Worshippers in a multi godded world have to deal with a plethora of deities, and constantly nm the risk of incurring divine wrath by failing to identify which specific one needs supplicating or placating on a particular occasion. And when appeal is made to a number of gods, 1.here is always the danger of inadvertently leaving out one or two, who will certainly take offence.
Death, Buriat and the Afterlife
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

The scent of woodsmoke mingles With the early morning mists. Wraith-like wisps of steam rise here and there as the women, shivering involuntarily in the cold, crisp air of the Anatolian plateau at first light. move among the charred remains of the pyre, pouring beer and wine and washi--drink1 from their pitchen; upon that still shouldering embers. They sift through the debris, searching for the blackened bones of the deceased. Each bone when found is carefully ex1racted with a pair of tongs and immersed in a bowl of oil, to cleanse it. Tongs and bowl arc of silver, the metal of puriy. The bones are taken from the vessel, and wrapped in linen cloth of the finest quality.
Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

In this book, Hakim presents a new, multi-disciplinary theory for explaining and predicting current and future patterns of women’s choice between employment and family work. Preference theory is the first theory developed specifically to explain women’s behaviour and choices. As such, it constitutes a major break from male-centred theorizing to date in sociology and economics. Preference theory is grounded on the substantial body of new research on women’s work and fertility that has flourished within feminist scholarship. It identifies five major historical changes that collectively are producing a qualitatively new scenario for women in prosperous societies in the 21st century. Throughout the analysis, the USA and Britain illustrate what the new scenario means for women, how it alters their preferences and work-lifestyles choices. Hakim also reviews research evidence on contemporary developments across Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan, and the far East to develop a new theory that is genuine international in perspective.
The Hoard of Jewellery and Coins
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

The jewellery, which is of gold, consisted of three pairs of earrings, two small necklaces, two armrings, two hairpins, a bulla, eleven rings, and a small ball of fine gold wire, which was perhaps intended for repairs to the other pieces of jewellery (Catalogue B).
Names
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Name S are of central importance to the Latin address system, so much so that in some situations, despite all the other types of address available, a speaker prefers to ask an interlocutor’s name before addressing him or her. 0ur data contain 5,948 addresses consisting only of names and an additional 532 combining names with other words, together representing 42% of the total data and making address by name by far the most common type of address in Latin.
Kinship Terms
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In Seneca’s Phaedra, Hippolytus sees mater ‘mother’ as a soothing address for his distressed stepmother, while she, burdened by her incestuous love for him, recoils from the address and suggests a different kinship term before deciding to abandon kinship metaphors entirely (cf. Boyle 1985: 1330-1).
Insults
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Both of the above addresses are insults, though it is not easy for modern readers to understand why. Many Latin insults are hard to understand in one way or another, and perhaps as a result the scholarly study of insults began at an earlier period than that of most address forms. Unfortunately the different works on insults tend to be isolated from each other, due in part to the extreme obscurity of some of the publications involved, and this has led to some duplication of effort. In order to alleviate this problem in the future, I am providing here a much fuller summary of previous research than is offered in other chapters.
Addresses between Known People without any Special Attachment to One Another
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

We have so far investigated the ways in which all of the major elements of the Latin address system were used, and it is now time to turn to the question of how these different terms interacted with one another. What was the normal way for a Roman to address his brother, his patron, or his slave? Were there differences in the way men and women were addressed? When more than one type of address was common for a given type of interaction, was there any difference in meaning between the two? These and similar questions form the focus of the second part of this work.
Addresses to Strangers and Nameless Characters
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The fact that names play such a major part in the classical Latin address system means that addresses directed to unknown or nameless people are very different from those used in normal interactions. Of course, nameless people did not exist in Rome, but they do exist in virtually every genre of Latin literature and thus provide an identifiable and not insignificant part of the literary address system. Moreover, examination of the addresses to unknown and to nameless characters reveals that in most cases address to the nameless ones follows the same pattern as address to the unknown ones. Such agreement is only to be expected, since the two situations caused the same problems for a speaker of Latin. In most cases, therefore, nameless addressees can provide us with additional data on addresses to unknown addressees, and as a result the two categories will be discussed together, except in contexts where the treatment of nameless addressees can be observed to differ.
Addresses to and from Non-Humans
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Most addresses in Latin literature are spoken by one human being to another, but a substantial minority are directed towards non-human entities such as cities, animals, or objects, and a few are even spoken by non-humans. The largest group of non-human addressees consists of divinities, but as noted in the Introduction (p. 22), the language of prayer is excluded from this study. Leaving aside the divinities, then, places form the largest group of non-humans in our data.
Dio’s Life and Works
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Dio Chrysostom ( c. AD 4 5-II 5) is one of the leading figures of the Second Sophistic, the name we give to the renaissance of Greek culture and politics during the High Roman Empire. His surviving writings comprise some seventy-six essays and speeches on a wide range of topics (see the list of works, including spuria, at the end of this Preface). They are united by a common interest in the legacy of classical culture and the problems and prospects for Hellenism under Roman rule.
Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity Gold, Labour, and Aristocratic Dominance
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

The economy of the late antique Mediterranean is still largely seen through the prism of Weber's influential essay of 1896. Rejecting that orthodoxy, this book argues that the late empire saw substantial economic and social change, propelled by the powerful stimulus of a stable gold coinage that circulated widely. In successive chapters Dr Banaji adduces fresh evidence for the prosperity of the late Roman countryside, the expanding circulation of gold, the restructuring of agrarian elites, and the extensive use of paid labour, above all in the period spanning the fifth to seventh centuries. The papyrological evidence is scrutinised in detail to show that a key development entailed the rise of a new aristocracy whose estates were immune to the devastating fragmentation of partible inheritance, extensively irrigated, and responsive to market opportunities.The study offers a new perspective on the still largely contested issues of the use and control of labour, arguing that the East Mediterranean saw a considerable expansion of wage employment. A concluding chapter defines the more general issue raised by the aristocracy's involvement in the monetary and business economy of the period. Exploiting a wide range of sources, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity weaves together different strands of historiography (Weber, Mickwitz, papyrology, agrarian history) into a fascinating interpretation that challenges the minimalist orthodoxies about late antiquity and the ancient economy.
Harington, Ariosto, and the Textual Economy of the Court
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

When Harington’s translation of Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso appeared from the London press of Richard Field in 1591, it was prefaced by a florid dedication to Elizabeth I. ‘Whatsoever I am or can is your Majesties,’ the author affirmed:
Out of the Closet
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

In the summer of I596, Thomas Nashe was broke. He had, he wrote in a letter to one William Cotton, stayed on in London ‘vpon had I wist hopes, & an after haruest [he] expected by writing for the stage & for the presse’.
Elizabeth’s Witty Godson Under James
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

In the forty-fifth canto of the Orlando Furioso, Ariosto compares the fictional knight Ruggiero, about to experience a sudden reversal in his fortunes, with Louis XII of France and Mattia Corvino of Hungary, both of whom came to their thrones from situations of extreme peril.
The Later Middle Ages
Authors: Murray Alexander
Published: November 2023

We live in a time of zeal for standardizing terms, like weights and measures, or even the word ‘chocolate ‘. The enthusiasm has not got as far as medieval history, happily, so that the ‘High Middle Ages ‘ can mean quite different periods in Germany and Italy, and two books I know in English say they are about the ‘Central Middle Ages ‘, but cover periods two centuries apart. We can all think of examples. So let me just say that this lecture, following the elegant carpentry of the series, will cover western Christianity between 1ooo and 15oo. Perhaps, though, I should add a word to say why I expressed happiness just now, not scandal, at the confusion of medieval terminology.
The Twentieth Century
Authors: Hastings Adrian
Published: November 2023

When reflecting on the achievement and lasting significance of any earlier century, one has the considerable advantage not only of distance, but also of knowledge of a subsequent century against which to examine one ‘s own subject. For the twentieth we do not have this. Hence it remains not only the clearest in our minds, given that we have all experienced a part of it and have a far greater mountain of available information than for any previous one, but also the obscurest. The nearer we are to now, the less we can be sure about which way the train is going and what will be its next stop. Without some knowledge of the hereafter, information about the nearly present is almost un assessable in terms of its real significance.
Prospect
Authors: Harries Richard
Published: November 2023

During the 1960s sociologists of religion suggested that the world was experiencing an irreversible process of secularization. Then sharper questions began to be asked about the criteria which were being used. At one time it was reported that there were 40,000 professional fortune tellers in France, a greater number than there were priests, and that some of these were being employed by companies when making business decisions. This fact, which is reflected in the vast numbers of people who read their horoscope, may indicate a number of things, but it is hardly the mark of a secular society. One phenomenon which the early exponents of secularization could not account for was the United States of America. This was and is at once the most modern society in the world and one of the most religious.
The Employment Behaviour of Married Women in Italy
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio
Published: November 2023

THE aim of this study is to analyse the mechanism that accounts for married women’s participation in the labour market. More specifically I will be studying the processes that take some women out of the labour market as housewives, as well as the processes taking or keeping other women in it. It has recently been shown that the employment behaviour of married women is strongly dependent on events related to the family life course and, particularly, the partner’s parallel career (Bernasco 1994; Bernasco et al. 1998). Following this longitudinal approach, in my analysis of the mechanism responsible for female participation in the labour market, I focus on two questions. First,
Employment Patterns in Hungarian Couples
Authors: Róbert Péter , Bukodi Erzsébet , Luijkx Ruud
Published: November 2023

Although researchers tend to agree that the family is the proper unit of stratification, most studies have been based on individuals rather than families. Class position, measured either by the EGP classification (Erikson et al. 1979; Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992) or by Wright’s class scheme (1979, 1985, 1997), is based on individual characteristics. Most of the status attainment analyses are based on the classic model by Blau and Duncan (1967) where social origin is taken into account, but how present family or events of family formation contribute to the process of stratification is investigated less.
Job-Shift Patterns of Husbands and Wives in Urban China*
Authors: Zhou Xueguang , Moen Phyllis
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the workplace location and labour-force experiences (especially job shifts) of husbands and wives in urban China. As the theme of this book indicates, there has been increasing interest in considering the family (or couple) as the unit of analysis in studying patterns of labourmarket participation and social stratification processes. Curtis (1986: 168) has argued that’attention to family household is essential in the understanding of the social organization of inequality in complex societies’, noting how the redistribution of resources and power within a family is structured by the larger social processes in the broader society. Following this line of argument, we treat the family, and especially the husband-wife dyad, as a critical intervening process in social stratification, examining how the spousal dyad mediates stratification processes and affects changes in individuals’ life chances.
Shakespeare’s audiences
Authors: Kidnie Margaret Jane
Published: November 2023

There is a long moment of silence towards the end of the film Shakespeare in Love (1998) as Romeo and Juliet lie dead on the stage of the Curtain Theatre. Eventually, a diverse mix of spectators, separated outside of the playhouse by gender, rank, and profession, break from their absorption in the drama’s tragic events to burst into applause.
Shakespeare’s view of the world
Authors: Bartels Emily C
Published: November 2023

To survey the corpus of Shakespeare’s plays, especially those that engage historical events, is to see England as the organizing centre of the universe. In Shakespeare’s Richard II (1595), John of Gaunt eulogizes that ‘little world’ as an ‘earth of majesty’, a ‘seat of Mars’, a ‘fortress built by nature for herself’ (2.1.41-45).
Unfamiliar Shakespeare
Authors: Armstrong Alan
Published: November 2023

For a variety of reasons over the past four centuries, some of Shakespeare’s plays have become more equal than others. In our time, familiarity with Shakespeare implies knowledge of such plays as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Henry IV Part One, Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing, Twel h Night, Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, The Tempest. But nearly a third of the playwright’s work lies outside the scope of the ordinary reader or playgoer who ‘knows’ Shakespeare.
Psychoanalytic criticisms
Authors: Enterline Lynn
Published: November 2023

The history of the relationship between psychoanalysis and criticism of Shakespeare as of Renaissance literature and culture more generally-is rich and complex. The reasons for this are several. First, as the considerable distance between popular and academic versions of ‘Freud’ testifies, the significance of Freud’s legacy is still hotly contested between various psychoanalytic, philosophical, and political schools of thought. His work has been both influential and divisive across a number of disciplines.
Shapes of the Gods
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

We have already noticed many individual cases of the transformation of Greek divinities: gods who change into birds in Homeric epic; multiform Dionysos in tragedy and in Nonnos; contrasting evocations of the transformed Zeus in visual art and in Moschos; self-changing nymphs in Apollonios. In the first half of the present chapter I comment on three more aspects of the relationship between metamorphosis and Greek notions of divinity: namely, the gods’ motivation for changing their form, the astonishment generated by their self-changing, and the possibility that certain gods are especially prone to change. In the second part of the chapter I suggest, against the background of some comparative material, how metamorphosis stories can be brought to bear on the question: how anthropomorphic was Greek religion?
The Human Aetiology of Landscape
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

Self-transformations of the gods are endlessly repeatable whenever a divinity should wish it. But another type of metamorphosis represents a unique and pivotal moment within a linear narrative about genesis and aetiology, a moment which radically demarcates After from Before. Such a narrative describes how a mortal’s existence can be indefinitely prolonged through transformation, becoming literally re-incorporated into what, from the perspective of ancient myth-tellers, is the present. According to this perspective, it is not that the world has ‘evolved’; rather, the world owes certain aspects of its present condition to a series of one-off transitions which took place in the mythical past. This chapter and the next will look at two examples of this kind of transition.
Plants, Trees, and Human Form
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

Tales of the transformation of human beings into features of the landscape suggest that the heroic-mythological past could be perceived, at some level and in some contexts, as living on within the present world of the myth-tellers. The same may be said of stories which narrate the transformation of human beings into plants or trees. However, narratives of unmediated metamorphoses into plants or trees are quite rare. In order to locate such narratives, we need to set them against the background of other Greek beliefs about the permeability of the boundary between plant life and the life of anthropomorphic beings, whether human or divine.
Introduction
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

The object of this study is to take a closer look at some mechanisms at stake when reading a piece of Latin literature through an historical study of commentaries on the so-called Sulpicia poems (Corpus Tibullianum 3.13–18). These commentaries are line-by-line ‘guides’ to the text that represent historical readings that focus on issues ranging from textual criticism to realia information and aesthetics. Despite different explicit emphases on interpretational matters in these commentaries, it is the proposition of this study that the genre of commentaries is hermeneutic by nature, that is, it is fundamentally a genre that deals with the act of interpretation. Through a historical investigation of commentaries I wish to highlight the modes of reading operative in different interpretative communities in order to display the interpretative strategies at play.
The rise of the signori
Authors: Dean Trevor
Published: November 2023

The Italian communes of the thirteenth century have been celebrated both for their re-creation of the institutions and methods of ancient democracy, and for their anticipation of the achievements of modern states in defining and achieving secular political goals.1 At a time when western Europe was dominated by monarchies, political participation in the Italian communes was widened beyond the families of a narrow elite. Appointment to the communes’ executive boards and committees was based not on wealth or rank or seniority but on election or the drawing of lots.
Material life
Authors: Skinner Patricia
Published: November 2023

The rich documentation available from Italy in the period between about and provides often detailed evidence of the material life of its inhabitants. Indeed, the ‘commercial revolution’ which Robert Lopez argued to have taken place in precisely this period enabled those with suﬃcient wealth to enjoy material goods from almost all of the known world, but it also led to a major diversification of wares. What was essential was joined by what was desirable, and the consumer society came into being in a way previously unknown.
Language and culture
Authors: Varvaro Alberto
Published: November 2023

The first signs of the appearance of a vernacular Italian are the well-known Riddle of Verona and some graﬃti in the Catacombs of Comodilla in Rome, both around ad After these, the vernacular was documented at Capua and Teano, today in the province of Caserta, in ad These fragments only underline the overall lack of textual evidence, which is not suﬃcient to give even a vague idea of the linguistic situation over the entire peninsula around the year Accordingly, it is possible to infer that awareness of the difference between Latin and the vernacular was not particularly fierce at the time.
How to become a Roman: the cases of Archias and Balbus
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

IN the previous chapter I looked at the oratorical presentation of Romans outside Rome, and at the ways in which Cicero attempts to convince his audience of the goodness or badness of particular individuals in imperial contexts. In this chapter I turn to a phenomenon which is in some senses the reverse: non-Romans at Rome. In particular, I examine a pair of speeches in which Cicero argues that a particular (non-slave) individual who had acquired Roman citizenship during the course of his adult life had acquired it legally: pro A rchia and pro Balbo. It is here that one might expect a stereotype of the good Roman to be spelt out, since an obvious tactic, it might seem, in such cases would be to argue that Archias or Balbus had assimilated themselves to some putative ‘Roman way of life’ and had as a result become worthy citizens.
Imperial contexts
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

CrCERO’s speeches on imperial matters have, despite their range and flexibility, two unifying features. One is that they are adapted, where possible or necessary, to the demands of Cicero’s own activities as a politician; and the second is that they share a model of Rome’s relationship to the areas under its control. In his speeches, Cicero sees Roman imperialism in terms of individual magistrates: what is at issue is what specific men have done or will do, and when things go wrong they go wrong because of individual misbehaviour and immorality. As an analysis of the Roman empire during the Republic, this is not as absurd as at first sight might appear, because it does fit in with the peculiarities of imperial government. Roman provincial administration did involve an astonishingly small number of people, whose relationship to the governor was central to their employment, whether through direct patronage, as was the case for his cohors, or because custom decreed that there should be a close relationship, as in the case of the quaestor. These links were reinforced by the informal but none the less considerable influence a governor could wield over his staff’s financial opportunities in the province and subsequent careers. Nor was a governor constrained by any general rules coming from the centre or by the conduct of his predecessor.
On the Stoic Conception of the Good
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: November 2023

Following the Socratic tradition, the Stoics assume that, in order to achieve true well-being, in order to have a good life, one needs a certain competence which we may call virtue. One must be good at taking care of oneself, at dealing with the kinds of situations and problems one encounters in life. Following Socrates, the Stoics think that this competence is a real art, the art of living, and that wisdom, perfect rationality, the perfection of reason, consists in having mastered this art.

Reasonably enough, the Stoics assume that virtue is not something we are born with, which in this sense we have by nature. It is something which we, by our own efforts, have to toil to acquire. But the Stoics also believe that there is another sense in which we are by nature virtuous. They believe that nature has constructed human beings in such a way that, if nothing went wrong, we would, in the course of our natural development, become virtuous.
Passion, Piety, and the New Woman: Romantic Fiction at the Belle Époque
Authors: Holmes Diana
Published: November 2023

George Sand, the only French woman novelist of the nineteenth century to achieve canonical status, died in 1876. A lifelong republican and a feminist, Sand lived to see only the first six years of France’s third and most durable republican regime, with the hopes that it offered for women’s emancipation. Sand’s last novels, written in the 1860s and 1870s, were largely romances: stories of the mutual attraction between a man and a woman, of the adventures they enjoy and the obstacles they overcome on their journey towards a happy ending in each other’s arms. Yet, though their plots placed them squarely within the genre of romance, these novels also dealt with a range of wider issues: the conﬂict between Catholic and secular moralities in Mademoiselle la Quintinie (1863), the ethics of science and colonization in Laura ou voyage dans le cristal (1863), the intellectual equality of women in Mademoiselle Merquem (1868), and, in each of the late novels, the question of what makes a man a suitable and desirable partner for an intelligent, independent woman.
Poetry, Poets, Readers
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

Poetry, Poets, Readers is a defence of poetry against the protective moves which claim that poets never lie because they never affirm, or that their poems exist in a separate 'world'. These much re-iterated manoeuvres for safe-guarding poetry by banishing it from an active role in life can paradoxically go hand in hand with a poet's yearning for the authority of a legislator. Through detailed considerations of poetry by Shakespeare, Keats, Yeats, Auden, Elizabeth Bishop, and Paul Muldoon, along with sustained meditations on question forms in poems, the role of fact in fictions, the nature of literary value, speech acts and performative utterances issued by poets, the book sets out a fresh model for relationships between poetry, poets, and readers - one which allows the historical fact of poems having made things happen to be itself happening. Peter Robinson, himself an award-winning poet, explores what we do by imagining when we read or write poems. In describing how poetry, poets, and readers make things happen the poet offers us an invitation and implies a promise. Taking up the one, we find out how to keep the other.
Aeneas in 1381
Authors: Baswell Christopher
Published: November 2023

A sequence of urban confrontations—textual, historical, and cultural—provokes this essay. They all take place in England in roughly the decade 1377–87, but they all descend in different ways from a famous occasion in the prehistory of the Roman empire, as cast into myth and epic by Virgil. The reader of the Aeneid first encounters its hero as a storm at sea, plotted by Juno, slams into his little fleet of Trojan exiles. Some ships go down, others are blown out of sight of one another. The disaster only abates when another Olympian deity, Neptune, notices the disruption of his realm and calms the unruly winds.
Monastic Politics: St Colette of Corbie, Franciscan Reform, and the House of Burgundy
Authors: Warren Nancy Bradley
Published: November 2023

In 1946, in the aftermath of the Second World War in France, a curious pamphlet was published to mark the upcoming 500th anniversary of the death of St Colette of Corbie. The document, entitled Sainte Colette de Corbie et !’action catholique féminine ftançaise, first presents a brief biography of the saint. Then, however, it turns to its more immediate purpose of advancing a concerted post-war effort to return French women to the domestic sphere by holding up St Colette as an example of ideal femininity. The politically active fifteenth-century virgin and travelling monastic reformer is stunningly transformed into a patroness of home, hearth, and maternity.
Introduction
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

It is a long time since the archaeology of the Aegean in the period between the collapse of the Mycenaean palace system and the formation of Early Greek towns has been thought an appropriate subject for detailed study. The period is often regarded as one of stagnation and isolation, and its study as having little to offer towards the understanding of either material culture, or social and political structures. It is, in fact, usually referred to as the Dark Age of Greece.

The term ‘Dark Age’ has been used widely by scholars since the 1970s. It appears in the two main studies covering the period: The Dark Age of Greece by Anthony Snodgrass and The Greek Dark Ages by Vincent Desborough. These are still the main hand books for the period. Another important study, published in 1977, is Geometni Greece by Nicolas Coldstream, which offers the only comprehensive study of the ninth and eithth centuries BC.
Of Hype and Type
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

The variety of images and artefacts concerning Victoria was unprecedented. Nevertheless, on its own, such plenitude constitutes only one-half of Victoria’s media making. The monarchy was not just the product of an extensive procession of graphic and written news. There was an ongoing epistemological endeavour to interpret the modernity of Victoria’s publicness, to understand the forms through which she was experienced. Hengist-Horne’s article is merely one example of the way in which the ensemble of prints and poems was actually conceptualized as a specifically media aesthetic. Numerous commentaries testify to a pervasive self-consciousness towards Victoria’s figure.
Photography and the Royal Family
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

In August 1860, the royal image became photographic. John Edwin Mayall, a leading Regent Street photographer, was permitted to publish his Royal Album. Consisting of fourteen carte-de-visite portraits of Victoria, Albert, and their children, Mayall’s venture was a phenomenal success. A general mania for celebrity cartes, with the Royal Album at its forefront, heralded the beginning of a turbulent relationship between mass culture, photography, and the royal family. The development of photography initiated a dynamic that has been responsible for much subsequent media coverage of the British monarchy. The carte was instrumental in exacerbating the expectation that the royal family would have a publicized existence.
Sex(ed) Education for the Age of Descartes
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

The shift from Italy to France, as the principal source of libertine discourse and ideology, pivots around the dialogue L’Escole des ﬁlles (with its second part La Philosophie des dames ), published, prosecuted, and burnt by the public hangman in 1655. This anonymous account of a young woman’s sexual initiation—ascribed inconclusively to various authors including Aretino, Claude Le Petit, Paul Scarron, and the marquise de Maintenon1—wholeheartedly endorses the ‘domestic turn’ that the Aretine tradition, culminating in Pallavicino’s Retorica delle puttane , envisaged only as a courtesan’s trick.
Erudita libido Nicholas Chorier, Aloisia Sigea, and the Secrets of Love and Venus
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

Then she told me of another Book, call’d Aloysia sigea , which was in Latin... and I can assure ye, Mrs Speaker, that it is not for nothing that Latin is call’d the Language of the Whore . For certainly never did any Book in this World give such an absolute and perfect accompt of Cupids Tacticks as that Book: ‘tis a Book so ravishing——I lost my Virginity with only hearing it read.
Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

The sonnets are among the most accomplished and fascinating poems in the English language. They are central to an understanding of Shakespeare's work as a poet and poetic dramatist, and while their autobiographical relevance is uncertain, no account of Shakespeare's life can afford to ignore them. So many myths and superstitions have arisen around these poems, relating for example to their possible addressees, to their coherence as a sequence, to their dates of composition, to their relation to other poetry of the period and to Shakespeare's plays, that even the most naïve reader will find it difficult to read them with an innocent mind. Shakespeare's Sonnets dispels the myths and focuses on the poems. Considering different possible ways of reading the Sonnets, Wells and Edmondson place them in a variety of literary and dramatic contexts--in relation to other poetry of the period, to Shakespeare's plays, as poems for performance, and in relation to their reception and reputation. Selected sonnets are discussed in depth, but the book avoids the jargon of theoretical criticism. Shakespeare's Sonnets is an exciting contribution to the Oxford Shakespeare Topics, ideal for students and the general reader interested in these intriguing poems.
The Artistry of Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

The experience of reading a Shakespearian sonnet is like a momentary vision: a sonnet can take anything from forty-five seconds (if read quickly) to just over a minute (if read slowly) to read out loud and, spatially, all its words can coexist as a physical printed body, suspended by the reader’s gaze. To read the sonnet a second time helps to bring some of the detail of that same vision into focus through Shakespeare’s arrangement of words, ideas, and sounds. A third reading makes the sonnet begin to appear like a carefully painted canvas in miniature.
The Critical Reputation of the Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

It may be salutary to consider how the reputation of both individual sonnets and the collection as a whole has puctuated over the centuries. Such an exercise may be revealing, too, about the topics of discussion that the poems may provoke. In this chapter we aim to provide a brief overview of the reputation of the Sonnets from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. We have referred in Chapter 9 to the neglect of the Sonnets stemming from their omission from the First Folio and its successors, and to the fact that no texts with any real claim to authenticity, in being edited from the Quarto of 1609, were readily available until the publication of Malone’s edition of 1780.
Introduction
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: November 2023

This is a book about later Stuart political culture. The central theme is an examination of the concept and nature of representation at a key period in its history. I argue that in the later Stuart period England witnessed a significant shift towards a representative society. This was the result of the conjunction of several factors. General elections were held, on average, every two and a half years in the period between 1679 and 1716. A huge and expanding electorate voted more regularly than ever before. Pre­ publication licensing lapsed, temporarily in 1679 and then permanently in 1695. Political parties-Whigs and Tories-were born and flourished in bitter conflict with one another. Men and women engaged in an ideological struggle about the nature of the church, the state, authority, and obedience. And there was a financial revolution that created a publicly funded national debt for the first time. These factors combined to produce a partisan political culture that was truly national and in which the public became a routine, participating, part of the political process.
Introduction
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: November 2023

The first part of this book explored the way in which the public was given enlarged roles in the later Stuart period. Widespread and frequent campaigns of addressing ensured large-scale participation in a national political culture. Similarly, frequent electioneering invoked the public as readers and voters on a scale hitherto unmatched. In both types of activity, the public was appealed to not just as a participant but also as a judge of public discourse. The addresses, though ostensibly aimed at the crown, were printed for public consumption and were intended to influence the way in which the people judged state affairs.
Economy and society
Authors: Lenger Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Whatever territories may have made up ‘Germany’ around 1800, that Germany was an agrarian society. Seventy years later, the newly created German nation-state of 1870–1 was still an agrarian society, although by then an industrial sector had made its appearance, radic ally transforming several regions and branches of manufacturing, but not yet permeating the entire society. Nonetheless, the industrial revolution, beginning in the mid-1840s, had accelerated a process, already under way, by which a society of orders was transformed into a bourgeois class society, in which ancestry was less important than property and accomplishment.
The public sphere
Authors: Brophy James M
Published: November 2023

The public sphere is an abstract term for a concrete subject: the formation of public opinion. In its most basic form, two people exchanging viewpoints constitute a ‘public sphere’; more typically, the term refers to the social spaces and forms of communication that enabled private persons to participate in public affairs. The term public sphere is linked with the Enlightenment ideals of civil society, which posited the free exchange of ideas between autonomous individuals as a necessary step towards a rational, self-governing society.
Medieval Narrative an Introduction
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

An introduction to the variety of medieval narrative, intended both for students and more general readers who already know some of the classics of the Middle Ages, such as Beowulf, the Decameron and The Canterbury Tales,, and who wish to venture further. Medieval definitions and theories of narrative are considered in relation to modern narratology and the major medieval types of narrative are discussed. The perspective in this book is mainly English, with Chaucer as a central figure, but it refers to a range of well-known European texts and writers, such as Marie de France, Cretien de Troyes, the Niebelungenlied, the Poem of the Cid, Dante and Boccaccio.
Didactic narratives
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

Chaucer’s Pardoner, cynically exposing his own preaching techniques, tells us that the inclusion of stories in his sermons is a sure-fire way of getting his gullible audience to hand over money: Thanne telle I hem ensamples many oon Of olde stories longe tyme agoon, For lewed peple loven tales olde; Swiche thynges kan they wel reporte and holde.’What he refers to as ‘ensamples’ are usually called exempla in modern critical parlance: the exemplum is an instance which illuminates moral teaching, ‘a short narrative used to illustrate or confirm a general statement’ as Mosher defined it,1 or even more basically ‘a moralised anecdote’.2 The illustrative function of brief examples is clear in a teaching text like the Ancrene Wisse, as the author warns his audience of devout women against the seven deadly sins, working through exhortations and examples relevant to each in turn.
Forms of history
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

The Ciceronian rhetorical tradition which divides narrative into three kinds, fabula, argumentum, and historia, leaves the third of these terms to cover a huge variety of literary forms: if fabula is the label for works of flction and imagination, argumentum the pigeon-hole for plausible hypotheses, then all writing about the actual events of real life and of factual matters in past and present has to be thought of as historia. Hence John of Garland includes a bewildering number of genres in this category. 1 John of Garland, Parisiana Poetria, ch.v, ll.321..
Comic tales
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

Modern discussion of medieval comedy tends to focus on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of the carnivalesque, expressed in several of his writings but particularly in his study of Rabelais. Bakhtin describes medieval men as existing simultaneously in two lives, the official and the carnival life: ‘Two aspects of the world, the serious and laughing aspect, coexisted in their consciousness.’1 Because he sets up a constant opposition between the carnival spirit and the world of gloom and seriousness (which naturally includes the teachings of the medieval church) Bakhtin identifies comedy as expressing itself in antithetical forms, particularly parody, and he characterizes medieval writing as the ‘laughing, parodic-travestying literature of the Middle Ages’. Among classical influences on medieval forms of expression he looks to Menippean satire and the tradition of Roman Saturnalia to explain the mocking humour of turning things upside down. Parody is, in Bakhtin’s terms, a meeting of two styles, or two languages, and medieval narratives are often stylistic hybrids:
The Literary Background
Authors: Stabler Jane
Published: November 2023

In ‘The Tables Turned’ (Lyrical Ballads, 1798) William Wordsworth counters the view that books are a ‘light bequeath’d’ from generation to generation with the one that books are ‘a dull and endless strife’. Dorothy Wordsworth’s journal for 6 December 1801 notes that William was translating Chaucer and that she read Chaucer aloud, and her sister-in-law, Mary, read the first canto of Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. However much the playful voice of Lyrical Ballads might call on readers to ‘quit your books’, the Wordsworth household clearly spent a lot of time in the company of old authors.
The Visual Arts and Music
Authors: Behrendt Stephen C
Published: November 2023

We usually associate Romantic visual art and music with a period extending from the mid-to later eighteenth century until the middle and (for music) later nineteenth century—some would say even beyond that. One of Romantic art’s distinctive features is the artist’s desire to express the ideal in terms of the real. Like some of William Wordsworth’s and Charlotte Smith’s poems, it is firmly grounded in actuality and dependent for its force upon precise details about real things.
Print Culture and The Book Trade
Authors: Barnard John
Published: November 2023

The eighteenth-century book trade had established an homogeneous class-based readership by 1770. However, the storming of the Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789, the Terror of 1793, and the consequent political crisis in Britain, dislocated readerships. Contemporary observers agreed that the 1790s marked a watershed. In 1824 an anonymous writer in Blackwood’s Magazine said, ‘Since the interesting era of the French Revolution the people of these Kingdoms have been an inquisitive, doubting and reading people. . . . Their feelings received then an extraordinary impetus.’ By 1830 a newly self-conscious middle-class audience had emerged, encouraged by an expanded periodical press, alongside of the beginnings of a mass audience, and a growing radical readership.
Science
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: November 2023

‘The one Life within us and abroad | Which meets all motion and becomes its soul.’ When Coleridge wrote these words from his poem ‘The Aeolian Harp’ in 1816/17, he expressed an ideal that he and a number of literary innovators we now call Romantics had shared since the 1790s. They shared it with a new generation of men whom we now call scientists: all wanted to discover the vital powers that animated mind, matter, man, nature—everything. In the 1790s, though, the word ‘scientist’ did not exist: there were natural philosophers and ‘men of science’ but almost no professional full-time researchers working in institutions or universities.
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
Authors: Stafford Fiona
Published: November 2023

Foreign travel often heightens the home comer’s feeling for his own country, but this powerful celebration reflects an acute awareness that across the Channel, all, all were certainly not English. Wordsworth’s personal reasons for the trip gave his return to England a particular emotional charge. He had been meeting his former lover, Annette Vallon, and their daughter, Caroline, before his own marriage to Mary Hutchinson, which would take place in October.
Feminism
Authors: Mello Anne K
Published: November 2023

What difference does the social construction of gender make to our understanding of the literature produced in Britain in the Romantic period? As I have argued at length in my Romanticism and Gender (1993), paying attention both to the sex of the author and to the ways in which gender is represented in individual literary texts can reveal a very different Romanticism from the one often portrayed in earlier histories of British literature. In order to unpack some of these differences, I will here approach this subject first historically and then thematically.
Ecology
Authors: McKusick James C
Published: November 2023

In recent years a new approach to the study of British Romantic literature has fundamentally altered the kinds of questions posed by literary criticism. This new approach, known as ecological literary criticism, or simply ecocriticism, first came to prominence during the 1990s, a period of increasing environmental concern throughout the industrialized world. Ecological critics have pondered fundamental questions about the purpose of literary criticism, and of imaginative literature itself, in a time of everincreasing environmental crisis.
Lyric
Authors: Sheats Paul D
Published: November 2023

To see where the word ‘lyric’ comes from, look up on a clear summer’s night at Lyra, the lovely constellation that seemed to the ancient Greeks to resemble a lyre, or harp. For them a lyric was a poem sung to the lyre or another instrument. It might be a choral ode, danced and sung to honour Olympic victors, a hymn to the gods, a drinking song, an elegy, or a love poem. The philosopher Aristotle distinguished such musical kinds, or genres, from the other grand divisions of poetry, the narrative that tells a story and the drama that enacts it.
Epic
Authors: Pratt Lynda
Published: November 2023

The Romanticism with which we are now most familiar is that represented in numerous excellent, easily available anthologies. It is inevitably a selective Romanticism, one still shaped (if no longer entirely owned) by the six canonical male poets and dominated by shorter poetic forms, for example, the ode, the lyric, and the sonnet. With a mere handful of notable exceptions, such as William Wordsworth’s Prelude, Romantic long poems—or at least long poems in their entirety—do not sit easily in this format. It is therefore not surprising that it is easy to overlook the contributions made by longer poetic forms, in particular the epic, to Romantic-period culture.