bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einseitige temporäre Zwerchfellparese nach Bronchialarterienembolisation bei einem Mädchen mit zystischer Fibrose und massiver Hämoptyse: ein Fallbericht
Authors: Terlizzi Vito , Botti Matteo , Gabbani Giacomo , Fanelli Fabrizio , de Martino Maurizio , Taccetti Giovanni
Published: June 2020

Hintergrund: Massive Hämoptyse ist eine schwerwiegende Komplikation bei Zystischer Fibrose (CF), die häufig bei älteren Patienten auftritt. Um die Blutung zu stoppen, kann eine Bronchialarterienembolisation (BAE) durchgeführt werden. Die BAE ist generell ein sicheres und effektives Verfahren, kann jedoch gelegentlich zu schwerwiegenden Komplikationen führen. Wir berichten über den ersten Fall einer temporären einseitigen Zwerchfellparese im Zusammenhang mit einer Lungenkonsolidierung nach BAE bei einem Mädchen mit CF. Durch diese Komplikation verschlechterte sich die Lungenfunktion der Patientin, die sich 9 Monate später einer Lungentransplantation unterzog. Fallvorstellung: Eine 14-jährige Patientin mit CF, die durch das Zentrum für Zystische Fibrose in Florenz beobachtet wurde, zeigte leichtes Fieber, verstärkten Husten und rezidivierende Episoden schwerer Blutungen, so dass man sich zur Durchführung einer BAE entschloss. Innerhalb von 24 Stunden begann die Patientin, über starke Schmerzen in der rechten Thoraxhälfte zu klagen, die mit zunehmender Atemnot und Fieber einhergingen. Eine CT-Angiographie und eine Durchleuchtung ließen die Zwerchfellparese rechts erkennen, die vor dem Eingriff nicht vorgelegen hatte. Nach 4 Tagen hatten sich der klinische Zustand der Patientin sowie der Röntgenbefund verbessert, und die Mobilität der rechten Zwerchfellhälfte war wiederhergestellt. Neun Monate später benötigte das Mädchen eine maschinelle Beatmung, und aufgrund einer pulmonalen Exazerbation mit septischem Schock musste nachfolgend eine extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung (ECMO) eingeleitet werden. Eine Lungentransplantation unter ECMO wurde mit Erfolg durchgeführt. Schlussfolgerung: Kliniker sollten sich der Möglichkeit einer Verletzung des Nervus phrenicus im Zusammenhang mit einer BAE bei Kindern mit CF bewusst sein.
Nutritional Factors in Fetal and Infant Brain Development
Authors: Cheatham Carol L.
Published: June 2020

Fetal and infant brain development determine the trajectory of the organism across the lifespan. Optimal maternal and infant nutrition during the period of rapid brain development is vital to the integrity of the neural substrate for subsequent lifelong functions. The goal of this review is to educate the reader on the effects of fetal and infant nutrition on the developing human brain. A review of the literature reveals 6 nutrients that have been studied with respect to maternal nutrition and subsequent offspring brain development: folate, iodine, iron, vitamin D, choline, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). The research is discussed with a focus on the timing of nutrient needs (preconception, prenatally, and postnatally) as well as potential confounding and unobserved variables.
Sleep and Early Brain Development
Authors: Jiang Fan
Published: June 2020

The early years of life are characterized by dramatic developmental changes. Within this important time period lies the transition from newborn to childhood. Sleep is one of the primary activities of the brain during early development and plays an important role in healthy cognitive and psychosocial development in early life. This paper will first review the normal sleep characteristics and their development in neonates and children, including architecture of sleep, development of a healthy sleep rhythm in early childhood, sleep recommendations and cultural disparity, as well as important factors for establishing a healthy sleep pattern during the first years of life, such as regular and consistent bedtime routine, safe and comfortable sleep environment, and appropriate sleep onset associations. This paper then provides recent updates of evidence of the effects of sleep on early brain development, particularly on learning and memory, emotional regulation, and general cognitive development through behavioral and neurophysiological studies. As regards the mechanism, many experimental sleep deprivation studies in animals and adults have attempted to explain the underlying mechanisms of sleep on cognition and the emotional brain. Future studies are expected to delineate the effects of sleep on brain structural and functional networks in the developing brain with the marked development of image acquisition approaches and the novel analysis tools for infants and young children in recent years.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Increases Nicotine Addiction Severity in Adults Seeking Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: The Role of Personality Disorders
Authors: Sánchez-García Natalie C. , González Rafael A. , Ramos-Quiroga Josep A. , van den Brink Wim , Luderer Mathias , Blankers Matthijs , Grau-Lopez Lara , Levin Frances R. , Kaye Sharlene , Demetrovics Zsolt , van de Glind Geurt , Schellekens Arnt , Vélez-Pastrana María C. ,   and the ICASA group
Published: June 2020

Aims: To examine the role of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and impulsive personality disorders in nicotine addiction severity among treatment-seeking substance use disorder (SUD) patients. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we examined data from the second International ADHD in Substance Use Disorders Prevalence Study (IASP-2) on 402 adults in SUD treatment from Puerto Rico, Hungary, and Australia using diagnostic interviews for ADHD, antisocial (ASP) and borderline (BPD) personality disorders, and the self-report Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We compared SUD patients with and without ADHD on nicotine addiction severity. We tested direct and indirect pathways from ADHD to nicotine addiction and mediation through ASP and BPD. Results: Overall, 81.4% of SUD patients reported current cigarette smoking. SUD patients with ADHD had higher FTND scores and smoked more cigarettes than those without ADHD, with an earlier onset and more years of smoking. ASP mediated the effect of ADHD on all aspects of nicotine addiction severity, whereas BPD did so only on some aspects of nicotine addiction severity. Conclusions: SUD patients with comorbid ADHD show more severe nicotine addiction than those without, which is largely explained by comorbid impulsive personality disorders. In SUD patients, it is important to screen for adult ADHD and other psychiatric disorders, especially those with impulse control deficits such as ASP and BPD.
Rates and Predictors of Patient Underreporting of Hospitalizations During Follow-Up After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Caraballo César , Khera Rohan , Jones Philip G. , Decker Carole , Schulz Wade , Spertus John A. , Krumholz Harlan M.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Many clinical investigations depend on participant self-report as a principal method of identifying health care events. If self-report is used as the trigger to collect and adjudicate medical records, any event that is not reported by the patient will be missed by the investigators, reducing the power of the study and misrepresenting the risk of its participants. We sought to determine the rates and predictors of underreporting hospitalization events during the follow-up period of a prospective study of patients hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results:

The TRIUMPH (Translational Research Investigating Underlying Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients’ Health Status) registry, a longitudinal multicenter cohort study of people with acute myocardial infarction in the United States, queried patients for hospitalization events during interviews at 1, 6, and 12 months. To validate these self-reports, medical records for all events at every hospital where the patient reported receiving care were acquired for adjudication, not just those for the reported events. Of the 4340 participants in TRIUMPH, 1209 (28%) reported at least one hospitalization. After medical records abstraction and adjudication, we identified 1086 hospitalizations from 639 participants (60.2±12 years of age, 38.2% women). Of these hospitalizations, 346 (31.9%) were underreported by the participants. Rates of underreporting ranged from 22.5% to 55.6% based on different patient characteristics. The odds of underreporting were highest for those not currently working (adjusted odds ratio, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.04–2.63]), lowest for those married (adjusted odds ratio, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.33–0.76]), and increased the longer the elapsed time between the admission and the patient’s follow-up interview (adjusted odds ratio per month, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08–1.24]). There was a substantial within-individual variation on the accuracy of reporting.

Conclusions:

Hospitalizations after acute myocardial infarction are commonly underreported in interviews and should not be used alone to determine event rates in clinical studies.
The Safety and Efficacy of Aspirin Discontinuation on a Background of a P2Y
12
Inhibitor in Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: O’Donoghue Michelle L. , Murphy Sabina A. , Sabatine Marc S.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y
12
inhibitor has been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared with aspirin alone after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or acute coronary syndrome but with increased risk of bleeding. The safety of discontinuing aspirin in favor of P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy remains disputed.

Methods:

A meta-analysis was conducted from randomized trials (2001–2020) that studied discontinuation of aspirin 1 to 3 months after PCI with continued P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy compared with traditional dual antiplatelet therapy. Five trials were included; follow-up duration ranged from 12 to 15 months after PCI. Primary bleeding and MACE outcomes were the prespecified definitions in each trial.

Results:

The study population included 32 145 patients: 14 095 (43.8%) with stable coronary artery disease and 18 046 (56.1%) with acute coronary syndrome. In the experimental arm, background use of a P2Y
12
inhibitor included clopidogrel in 2649 (16.5%) and prasugrel or ticagrelor in 13 408 (83.5%) patients. In total, 820 patients experienced a primary bleeding outcome and 937 experienced MACE. Discontinuation of aspirin therapy 1 to 3 months after PCI significantly reduced the risk of major bleeding by 40% compared with dual antiplatelet therapy (1.97% versus 3.13%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.60 [95% CI, 0.45–0.79]), with no increase observed in the risk of MACE (2.73% versus 3.11%; HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.77–1.02]), myocardial infarction (1.08% versus 1.27%; HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69–1.06]), or death (1.25% versus 1.47%; HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.70–1.03]). Findings were consistent among patients who underwent PCI for an acute coronary syndrome, in whom discontinuation of aspirin after 1 to 3 months reduced bleeding by 50% (1.78% versus 3.58%; HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.41–0.61]) and did not appear to increase the risk of MACE (2.51% versus 2.98%; HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.70–1.03]).

Conclusions:

Discontinuation of aspirin with continued P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy reduces risk of bleeding when stopped 1 to 3 months after PCI. An increased risk of MACE was not observed after discontinuation of aspirin, including in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
A new structure on the frons of male adults of the Asian rice spittlebug Callitettix versicolor (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae)
Authors: LIANG AI-PING
Published: June 2020

A new structure, here tentatively named the “frontal gland,” specifically found on frons of male adults of the Asian rice spittlebug, Callitettix versicolor (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera:  Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae), is reported. Adult C. versicolor is distinctly dimorphic in frons morphology. The frons in female adults, like that in most cercopid species, is normally swollen and nearly bulbose and is covered with short pilosity, while the frons in male adults is visibly different, with the lower 3/5 of the postclypeus and anteclypeus being centrally flat, bare and smooth on the surface. SEM observations revealed that the flat frons surface of the male adults is covered with numerous, very fine pores. In total, each frons has over 4500 pores on the central flat area, with an average density of 55.5 ± 1.50 pores per 100 µm2. The distance among the pores averages 10.63 ± 1.8 µm. Each pore unit is composed of a round, deep cavity in which one central conical process is set. The cavity is delimited by a cuticular rim and the opening of the cavity averages 2.89 ± 0.20 µm in diameter. The central, conical process has a sponge-like apex and measures 2.52–2.70 µm in diameter. In addition, one or two (two in most cases) extremely fine pits (0.42–0.56 µm in diameter) are located on the marginal cuticle rim surrounding the cavity and its central conical process. These cuticular, fine pits are located proximal to the pores, at a distance of 0.98–1.96 µm. These porous structures are not present on the frons in female adults. They are assumed to be an exocrine gland system and are possibly the male sex pheromone-releasing glands, as they are only present in male adults. Observations of mating behavior showed that it is likely that the secretions made by the frontal gland constitute short-range attractants and may fulfil aphrodisiac functions to stimulate mating. The species of Auchenorrhyncha were previously thought to communicate via acoustic signals, but the findings described here suggest that at least one Auchenorrhynchan species also uses chemicals for sexual communication.
Defender and Expositor of the Bergen Methods of Synoptic Analysis: Significance, History, and Translation of Bergeron’s (1928) “Three-Dimensionally Combining Synoptic Analysis”
Authors: Schultz David M. , Volkert Hans , Antonescu Bogdan , Davies Huw C.
Published: June 2020

Tor Bergeron was a key member of the Bergen School of Meteorology that developed some of the most influential contributions to synoptic analysis in the twentieth century: airmass analysis, polar-front theory, and the Norwegian cyclone model. However, the eventual success of these so-called Bergen methods of synoptic analysis was not guaranteed. Concerns and criticisms of the methods—in part from the lack of referencing to prior studies, overly simplified conceptual models, and lack of real data in papers by J. Bjerknes and Solberg—were inhibiting worldwide adoption. Bergeron’s research output in the 1920s was aimed at addressing these concerns. His doctoral thesis, written in German, was published as a journal article in Geofysiske Publikasjoner in 1928. Here, an accessible and annotated English translation is provided along with a succinct overview of this seminal study. Major interlaced themes of Bergeron’s study were the first comprehensive description of the Bergen methods: a vigorous defense of cyclogenesis as primarily a lower-tropospheric process as opposed to an upper-tropospheric–lower-stratospheric one; a nuanced explanation of the assertion that meteorology constituted a distinct and special scientific discipline; and, very understandably, a thorough account of Bergeron’s own contributions to the Bergen School. His contributions included identifying how deformation results in frontogenesis and frontolysis, classifying the influence of aerosols on visibility, and explaining the role of the ambient conditions in the onset of drizzle as opposed to rain showers—a distinction that led the formulation of the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process.
The effect of graphene nano-sheet (GNS) weight percentage on mechanical and corrosion properties of AZ61 and AZ91 based magnesium matrix composites
Authors: Guler Omer , Say Yakup , Dikici Burak
Published: June 2020

In this study, the effect of graphene nano-sheets (GNSs) on mechanical and corrosion properties of AZ61 and AZ91 based composites was investigated, detail. GNSs have been successfully produced by the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method and then, added AZ61 and AZ91 matrix with 01, 0.2, and 0.5 wt% GNSs for the production of the composites. The composite compacts were produced by powder metallurgy technique and sintered for 2 h at 500 °C under Ar atmosphere. The composite characterizations were carried out by scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM, TEM), electron dispersive spectroscope (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors of the composites have been compared with compression tests and potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) techniques, respectively. The results showed that the compressive strength of the composites increased with increasing GNS amount in both the AZ61 and AZ91 matrix alloys. The most susceptible composites to corrosion for both AZ61 and AZ91 matrix were observed in the 0.5 wt% GNS containing structures. However, there is a certain ratio of GNS in the Mg matrix to achieve good corrosion resistance.
Evaluation of calcium oxalate deposition on different fabrics under different sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations
Authors: Li Chen , Wang Lijie , Xu Hong , Dong Jinxiang
Published: June 2020

The builder is an important ingredient in detergents. Sodium oxalate is a good non-phosphate detergent builder, which has good calcium-removing properties and good wash performance in detergents. However, sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations face a tricky problem of “incrustation” on fabrics due to calcium oxalate deposition. If sodium oxalate is used in commercial detergents, then “incrustation” must be solved. In this study, we examined the effect of fabric type, anionic surfactant, polymer, and temperature on incrustation and soil redeposition (“secondary” washing effect) of a sodium oxalate-based detergent. The results showed that both the anionic surfactant and polymer influenced the deposition of calcium oxalate on fabrics. Overall, the amount of calcium oxalate deposition followed the order polyamide < polyester < cotton with the same formulation. Finally, good secondary washing effects (low ash deposition and high whiteness retention) formulations were selected by cumulative washing. The formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES)-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), MES-polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and alcohol ether sulfate (AES)-CMC had better secondary effects, and the optimal combination of the 12 formulations was AES-CMC.
Understanding the Link Between Family Economic Hardship and Children’s Bullying Behavior
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Kim Dong Ha , Narvey Chelsey , Piquero Alex R. , deLara Ellen , Padilla Yolanda C.
Published: June 2020

Past research has revealed a link between family economic hardship and children’s bullying involvement, yet research has not examined the kinds of factors that may mediate this relationship. Our study used data from the National Survey of Children’s Health and consisted of a sample of 15,797 children from 12 to 17 years of age who lived with their mothers. We found that family economic hardship was directly related to a child’s bullying behavior. Indirect associations were also found between child’s bullying and family economic hardship, violence in the home, and mother’s parental frustration. Implications for research are discussed.
The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 in Community and Incarcerated Samples: Motor and Nonplanning Impulsivity Effects on Criminal Recidivism
Authors: Ros Laura , Zabala Carmen , Romero-Ayuso Dulce , Jimeno Verónica , Ricarte Jorge J.
Published: June 2020

Although the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11) is one of the most widely used instruments to assess impulsivity, its factor structure remains controversial. Several authors have suggested that cultural factors may have an impact on its factor structure. It is also necessary to study the measurement invariance of the scale in different populations, especially in the case of incarcerated individuals, given their high level of impulsivity. This study had two objectives: (a) to evaluate the factor structure of the BIS-11 and its measurement invariance across community and incarcerated samples and (b) to evaluate the effect of impulsiveness on criminal recidivism. The results revealed a two-factor structure: Motor and Nonplanning Impulsivity. This solution was invariant across groups. In addition, increased Motor Impulsivity was related to higher criminal recidivism through an increase in aggression. These results corroborate the importance of implementing interventions to reduce impulsivity as a means of preventing recidivism.
Education of the Blind
Authors: Allen Edward E.
Published: June 2020

In response to a request, Mr. Edward E. Allen, Director of the course on the Education of the Blind given at the Graduate School of Harvard University, sent the following comprehensive report, which proves conclusively the important place the course holds in educational work for the Blind. —The Editor.
Current Trends in the Education of Children with Visual Impairments in Australia
Authors: Pagliano P. J.
Published: June 2020

The education of children with visual impairments in Australia has a long history of innovations which have been at the forefront of special education. Educators in Australia and the United States often face similar philosophical concerns and issues. Differences which do occur in Australia appear to be mainly owing to the lack of national legislation and the absence of a strong research base. Decision-making in Australia has tended to be regional and primarily determined by a combination of demand, availability of human and material resources, and international trends. Support for these observations has been found by examining recent Australian developments, especially those relating to integration.
Special Education in My Life
Authors: Njoroge M.N.
Published: June 2020

The following article traces the author's professional and intellectual development in both regular and special education, highlighting his personal and educational experiences at The University of Texas at Austin. Factors that affect low vision special education in Kenya, as well as the author's goals for the future as a specialist in education in Kenya are discussed as well.
Perspectives on Working with Visually Impaired Persons Worldwide: Looking Forward
Authors: Barraga N.C.
Published: June 2020

Based on visits and teaching experiences in more than 15 different countries around the world, the differences in philosophies in education, changing attitudes in regard to persons with visual impairments, and service delivery systems are discussed. Examples are provided when appropriate. Special attention is given to the dramatic emphasis on development of low vision services in recent years. The article closes with challenges for the future.
Selecting the Most Appropriate Primary Learning Medium for Students with Functional Vision
Authors: Mangold S. , Mangold P.
Published: June 2020

It is essential that educators select a primary learning medium for a student with functional vision. In this article, definitions for primary and secondary learning media are presented. Five major considerations for determining the most appropriate learning medium are discussed: 1) working distance from the page; 2) portability of reading skills; 3) reading rates and accuracy; 4) visual fatigue; and 5) interpreting assessment results. The authors also present practical perspectives in enforcing positive attitudes in the student whatever the primary learning medium.
Access to Print for Students with Low Vision
Authors: Corn A. , Ryser G.
Published: June 2020

Children with low vision who use print as their primary reading mode may receive large type, regular type with optical devices, or a combination of these modes to access print. This article reports on a study of the information provided by 109 teachers related to issues surrounding the use of large type and optical devices, such as teachers’ confidence in instructing students to use optical devices and the criteria used to choose reading modes for individual children. The teachers also completed questionnaires for 351 students in graded classes and 48 students in self-contained classes on such topics as reading speed, reading achievement, fatigue factors, and reasons for the nonuse of prescribed optical devices. Although the data corroborate studies conducted in the 1970s, they highlight the advantages to students of using optical devices to read regular type. Cost factors and availability of large-type materials are also discussed.
Supported Employment for Persons with Deaf-Blindness and Mental Retardation
Authors: Griffin S.L. , Lowry J.
Published: June 2020

This article distinguished particular members of the deaf-blind population as needing additional support to secure and maintain employment. Supported employment is examined and offered as an appropriate vehicle for providing this needed support. The currently held models of supported employment are described in detail as they pertain to this population, and the individual placement model is highlighted as perhaps the best choice for many persons with deaf-blindness. Finally, issues surrounding supported employment are provided and examined to raise questions for further exploration.
Mobility in Individuals with Moderate Visual Impairments
Authors: Long R.G. , Rieser J.J. , Hill E.W.
Published: June 2020

This article reports the results of a study to assess variations in the indoor and outdoor locomotor mobility of 22 low vision adults. Visual acuity, visual field, and contrast sensitivity data were obtained on all participants. Participants were also videotaped while walking unfamiliar indoor and outdoor routes under normal and reduced illumination. These videotapes were viewed by orientation and mobility instructors, who recorded such incidents as stopping or contacting objects during travel. Mobility assessment data obtained from the videotapes were analyzed in relation to type and degree of visual loss. Individuals’ visual fields and contrast sensitivities were found to be related to mobility performance, whereas their visual acuities were not. Visual field and contrast sensitivity together accounted for 39 percent of the variation in mobility performance. Results of the study are discussed in regard to the importance of visual contrast sensitivity and visual field for functional acitivities such as mobility.
Exploring the Dialogical Space of Hybrid Forums: The “Predictably Unpredictable” Case of Radioactive Waste Management in Denmark, 2003-2018
Authors: Leunbach Rosa Nan , Nielsen Kristian H.
Published: June 2020

Denmark was once at the forefront of nuclear research, operating three experimental nuclear reactors at the research facility at Risø, close to Copenhagen. However, the 1985 resolution of the Danish Parliament excluded nuclear power from the national energy mix. In 2003, the Parliament passed a resolution on the decommissioning of the nuclear facility at Risø, including plans for establishing a permanent solution for radioactive waste management. To understand the ensuing socio-technical controversy, we employ the “hybrid forum” framework that emphasizes the entangled political-epistemological role of the municipalities and protest groups. They mobilized political resistance while also performing “research in the wild.” In 2016, the protest groups became part of an institutionalized “hybrid forum” where they could negotiate directly with experts and government representatives. We conclude that municipalities and protest groups were instrumental in changing the Danish position on radioactive waste management from final repository to long-term storage at Risø.
Playful learning for information literacy development
Authors: Walsh Andrew
Published: June 2020

Play is often seen as frivolous, childish, suitable only for young children. In contrast, this paper will discuss the idea that using playful learning approaches is often a good fit for the development of information literacy in all ages. To do this, it will outline the meaning of information literacy that the author takes, explain where playful learning is placed within learning theories and pedagogies, and show why and how they fit together. Examples of playful practice in library and information literacy training will be given to illustrate current practice, together with gaps within that practice. It will briefly address some of the barriers to using playful learning approaches in information literacy development, and offer some ways forward for information literacy practitioners.
Studying visual literacy: Research methods and the use of visual evidence
Authors: Matusiak Krystyna K.
Published: June 2020

The proliferation of images and their increased use in academic and everyday information practices has sparked an interest in visual literacy as an area of research and library instruction. Teaching approaches and student learning are examined using a variety of research methods and utilizing images in the research process. This paper provides a review of research methodology adopted in empirical studies of visual literacy that were published in academic journals between 2011 and 2017. The results indicate that one third (33%) of the examined studies adopted a quantitative approach with surveys being the most popular strategy. Qualitative and mixed-methods studies were a minority but represented a greater variety of strategies and data collection techniques. One third (33%) of the studies in the sample did not report any research methodology. Most of the studies (87%) used visual evidence in the research process.
Failure modeling and analysis of composite laminates: Interval-based approaches
Authors: Rao Singiresu S , Alazwari Mashhour A
Published: June 2020

Composite materials inherently exhibit scatter in their basic characteristics such as the mechanical properties of constituent materials, fibers orientations, ply thicknesses, and applied loads. The uncertainties present in the basic parameters are available, in most cases, in the form of ranges or intervals. The use of the existing deterministic failure theories, which do not consider the observed variabilities in the input parameters, leads to poor failure assessment of composite materials. Several probabilistic failure models have been proposed in the past few decades. However, the probabilistic methods require a knowledge of the probability distributions of the basic variables which are not available in most practical systems. This work, for the first time, presents an interval-based failure analysis of composite materials using the truncation-based interval analysis and the universal gray system theory. These methods require only the lower and upper bounds of the uncertain parameters which are available in most practical systems. The application of the proposed interval-based failure models is demonstrated by considering two types of graphite/epoxy laminates: [0/±45/90] S and [0/90]2. This work shows that more realistic and meaningful failure assessment can be made using the universal gray system theory and the truncation-based interval analysis compared to the deterministic failure analysis.
Environment-friendly technology for recovering cathode materials from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries
Authors: Bi Haijun , Zhu Huabing , Zu Lei , Gao Yong , Gao Song , Bai Yuxuan
Published: June 2020

The consumption of lithium iron phosphate (LFP)-type lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is rising sharply with the increasing use of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide. Hence, a large number of retired LFP batteries from EVs are generated annually. A recovery technology for spent LFP batteries is urgently required. Compared with pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and biometallurgical recycling technologies, physical separating technology has not yet formed a systematic theory and efficient sorting technology. Strengthening the research and development of physical separating technology is an important issue for the efficient use of retired LFP batteries. In this study, spent LFP batteries were discharged in 5 wt% sodium chloride solution for approximately three hours. A specially designed machine was developed to dismantle spent LFP batteries. Extending heat treatment time exerted minimal effect on quality loss. Within the temperature range of 240°C–300°C, temperature change during heat treatment slightly affected mass loss. The change in heat treatment temperature also had negligible effect on the shedding quality of LFP materials. The cathode material and the aluminium foil current collector accounted for a certain proportion in a sieve with a particle size of −1.25 + 0.40 mm. Corona electrostatic separation was performed to separate the metallic particles (with a size range of –1.5 + 0.2 mm) from the nonmetallic particles of crushed spent LFP batteries. No additional reagent was used in the process, and no toxic gases, hazardous solid waste or wastewater were produced. This study provides a complete material recovery process for spent LFP batteries.
Black African Newcomer Women’s Perception of Postpartum Mental Health Services in Canada
Authors: Baiden Deborah , Evans Marilyn
Published: June 2020

Study Background

The stress of immigrating, settling into Canada, and being a new mother, may place newcomer women at risk of mental health challenges. However, little is known on Black African newcomer women’s perspectives of postpartum mental health care after experiencing childbirth in Canada.

Purpose

To explore sociocultural factors that impact Black African newcomer women’s perception of mental health and mental health service utilization within a year after childbirth in Canada.

Methods

This qualitative study, set in Southern Ontario, purposively sampled 10 African newcomer women who birthed a baby in Canada within the past year. Open-ended, semistructured interviews were conducted individually, transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Black African newcomer women rely on mental strength, nonmedical treatment preferences, spirituality, and spousal support for fostering postpartum mental health. Furthermore, cultural beliefs, racial discrimination, and temporary immigration status impact their decision making around postpartum mental health services utilization.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that Black African newcomer women use mental strength to minimize maternal mental illness. Also, the spouses of Black African newcomer women are crucial in their postpartum mental health support. There is an urgent need for culturally safe interventions to meet the postpartum mental health needs of Black African newcomer mothers.
Survey of Point-of-Care Ultrasound Uptake in Indian Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Results and Recommendations
Authors: Deshpande Sujata , Suryawanshi Pradeep , Sharma Neha , Maheshwari Rajesh , Nagpal Rema , Nagar Nandini , Gupta Samir
Published: June 2020

Objectives: Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCU) refers to the process of ultrasound performed at the bedside by treating physicians, for the ongoing assessment of disease, evaluation of response to treatment, and assistance in procedures. This study was conducted to assess the current utilization, training, and barriers to the implementation of neonatologist-performed POCU (NP-POCU) in Indian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Methods: A survey questionnaire was disseminated to practicing neonatologists in India via an online survey tool from July 2017 to September 2017. The questionnaire addressed the information related to the availability of NP-POCU services, indications for its use, perception among neonatologists about its usefulness, training for NP-POCU, and access to pediatric cardiology and radiology services.

Results: The overall response rate was 78%. A total of 72% respondents reported having access to NP-POCU services in their units. Neonatologist-performed POCU (NP-POCU) was used most frequently for cranial ultrasound (97%), functional echocardiography (90%), and evaluating line position (67%). Majority (92%) of the units had no training program for NP-POCU. The most common reasons cited for not having NP-POCU services were non-availability of trained personnel to perform POCU (50%) and strict Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PC-PNDT) Act (50%).

Conclusions: Neonatologist-performed point-of-care ultrasonography is being increasingly utilized in Indian NICUs. However, there is a lack of structured training and guidelines for its use. Non-availability of trained personnel and strict PC-PNDT Act are major barriers to its implementation. We recommend that accredited training programs and standardized guidelines be established for the safer use of NP-POCU in India.
ABO Incompatibility in the Newborn
Authors: Kimball Chelsey
Published: June 2020

ABO incompatibility is one form of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Since the development of antenatal treatment for Rh incompatibility has developed, ABO incompatibility has emerged as the most common cause of HDN. Generally, ABO incompatibility is a benign condition because of the low level of hemolysis that occurs. Infants with ABO incompatibility do require close monitoring and treatment, based on the symptoms. The most common manifestation of ABO incompatibility is hyperbilirubinemia. This hyperbilirubinemia can usually be managed effectively with conventional measures such as phototherapy. However, rare complications such as anemia and, in extreme cases, kernicterus may require blood or exchange transfusion.
Improving Care Experiences for Patients and Caregivers at End of Life: A Systematic Review
Authors: Quigley Denise D. , McCleskey Sara G.
Published: June 2020

Background:

End-of-life care is increasing as the US population ages. Approaches to providing high-quality end-of-life care vary across setting, diseases, and populations. Several data collection tools measure patient and/or caregiver care experiences at end of life and can be used for quality improvement. Previous reviews examined palliative care improvements or available measures but none explicitly on improving care experiences. We reviewed literature on improving patient and/or caregiver end-of-life care experiences.

Design:

We searched U.S. English-language peer-reviewed and grey literature after 2000 on adult end-of-life care experiences. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for quantitative studies, Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research approach for qualitative studies, and Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool for the literature reviews.

Setting:

Palliative and hospice care.

Population:

Full-text abstraction of 84 articles, identifying 16 articles.

Measures:

Patient and/or caregiver end-of-life care experiences (captured through administrative data or direct report).

Results:

Articles examined palliative care experiences across settings; none studied hospice care experiences. Patients and/or caregivers assessed overall care experiences, clinician–staff interactions, provider communication, respect and trust, timeliness of care, spiritual support, caregiver knowledge of care plans, or bereavement support. Efforts aimed at improving end-of-life care experiences are limited and show mixed results.

Conclusions:

Literature on improving patient and/or caregiver end-of-life care experiences is emerging and focused on palliative care experiences. Evidence on improving hospice care experiences is lacking. Research on strategies for improving end-of-life care experiences should go beyond overall care experiences to include specific aspects of palliative and hospice care experiences.
Integrating Culturally Competent Advance Care Planning for Korean Immigrants: An Integrative Review
Authors: Suk Sojung , Kozachik Sharon L. , Cotter Valerie T.
Published: June 2020

Aims:

This review aims to explore the extant literature on the current utilization of ACP in Kisin order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of their health disparities and to determineevidence-based best practices to integrate culturally-competent ACP for EOL care of KIs.

Design:

A systematic integrative review of the literature Data Sources:  Four electronic databases including PubMed, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, and Embase.

Method:

The detailed search strategy for databases implicated a combination of MeSHkeywords and associated terms, which can be found in Table A.Results: Three themes emerged in relation to fundamental components in the integration of culturally-competent ACP for EOL of KIs: (1) cultural characteristics of KIs; (2) disparities in ethnic-oriented ACP and EOL care resources in KIs; and (3) KIs’ perspectives on ACP.

Conclusion:

The findings of this review indicate that culturally-competent ACP resources for KIsare presently quite insufficient. It is determined that much future research is needed on howculturally-competent ACP can best augment the quality of EOL care for KIs, and on howspecific interventions can effectively implement ACP in community settings. Impact: Such ongoing research dedicated to the development of feasible culturally competent practice guidelines is anticipated to markedly reduce health disparities and promote ACP in KIs. The recommendations in this review may support Korean primary HCPs, Korean health care center administrators, Korean health maintenance organizations (HMOs), Korean advance care nurse practitioners in hospice and palliative care, and nurse researchers in their work.
Reducing the vibration of bearing units of electric vehicle asynchronous traction motors
Authors: Migal Vasiliy , Lebedev Anatoliy , Shuliak Mykhailo , Kalinin Evgeniy , Arhun Shchasiana , Korohodskyi Vladimir
Published: June 2020

The impact of the accuracy class of bearings, rotational speed, load, clearances, and fits on the vibration levels of electric motor bearing units is investigated. The ways to reduce the vibrations of mechanical origin are offered. The boundary vibration levels of asynchronous motors limited by vibration levels of 40 dB at a frequency of 5 Hz and 80 dB at a frequency of 10,000 Hz are determined. The effect of increasing the rotational speed and load on the vibration levels of bearing units has been determined, and reserves for reducing vibration while ensuring the optimum bearing preload on the shaft journal have been identified. It is established that the clearance between the cap and the bearing when it is fixed in the housing (primer) does not ensure the unambiguity of the bearing unit assembly, which results in a large variation in vibration levels compared with rigid and elastic fixation. The results of this research can be applied to all types of traction electric motors.
Pre-operative conjunctival flora in patients with local and/or systemic risk factors for post cataract surgery infection in Northern Italy
Authors: Bruttini Carlo , Pallone Carlotta , Verticchio Vercellin Alice , Acerbi Giovanni , Baschetti Santina , Bruttini Pietro , Riva Ivano , Quaranta Luciano
Published: June 2020

Purpose:

To investigate the pre-operative conjunctival flora in patients undergoing cataract surgery with major local and/or systemic risk factors for developing post-operative infection.

Methods:

A total of 83 patients underwent bacterial culture and sensitivity testing of conjunctival swabs obtained from both eyes because of local risk factors at the pre-operative visit (i.e. chronic blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or lacrimal system disease), and/or systemic risk factors (i.e. autoimmune or skin disorders) for developing post-operative infection. If the swab was found positive, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed, and a specific antibiotic therapy was administered. Surgery was performed when a repeat conjunctival swab (after antibiotic treatment) showed negative cultures.

Results:

Cultures were found positive in 25.3% of patients. Staphylococcus aureus (18%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (15%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were present in nine cases (8%).

Conclusion:

Present results showed a low rate of swab positivity compared to previous published data, and slightly different microbial flora. The differences observed may be caused by geographical factors and/or to the specific characteristics of the subgroup of studied patients. Considering that the surface microbial flora is one of the major causes of endophthalmitis, this information may be useful in selecting antibacterial regimens to prevent serious ocular infections, and restrain the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance.
Treatment of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy: An overview of recent developments
Authors: Zuccarelli Marta , Vella-Szijj Janis , Serracino-Inglott Anthony , Borg John-Joseph
Published: June 2020

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare, maternally-inherited optic neuropathy caused by mitochondrial DNA point mutations and which can cause blindness. Currently, Raxone (idebenone) is the only available medicinal product authorised to treat LHON within the European Union and LHON remains an unmet medical need. The aim of this article was to summarise interventional clinical trials published over the past 5 years (between 2014 and 2019) with the primary purpose of treating LHON. Therapeutic approaches discussed include modulating agents of the mitochondrial electron transport chain such as Raxone, cysteamine bitartrate and KH176, inhibitors of apoptosis such as elamipretide, gene therapy medicinal products such as GS010 and scAAV2P1ND4 and retinal tissue regeneration medicinal products such as bone marrow-derived stem cells.
Who owns the knowledge? Knowledge construction as part of the school improvement process
Authors: Glaés-Coutts Lena , Nilsson Henrik
Published: June 2020

When Sweden began to experience a steady decline in student achievement results in PISA and TIMMS, the Swedish National Agency of Education initiated a model of collaboration with Swedish universities aimed at providing support to schools with falling student achievement scores. In this article, we examine how such projects can work at the local school level. Our focus is mainly on how knowledge construction can be realized for teachers and principals; we reflect on whose knowledge is valued, and we explore what role research texts play in school improvement. Working within the frames of both social and cultural processes, we looked at how teachers and principals are provided opportunities to develop and define their own professional understanding of school improvement. We found that knowledge construction of school improvement, as both a political and cultural process, needed to be based on local needs. The guidance of a knowledgeable other in interpreting research literature on school improvement can support such knowledge construction only when the local needs and history are part of the process.
Corporate strategy uniqueness, analyst herding, and financing constraints
Authors: Wen Yuan , Tikoo Surinder
Published: June 2020

This study is based on the premise that firms pursuing unique corporate strategies impose a high information cost on security analysts. A difficult information environment will foster analyst herding and lead to financing constraints for firms with unique corporate strategies. We find that corporate strategy uniqueness is positively related to analyst herding, which suggests that strategy uniqueness is associated with greater information asymmetry between corporate insiders and outsiders. Furthermore, we find that firms with more unique strategies have higher investment–cash flow sensitivity, indicating that strategy uniqueness makes it harder for firms to obtain external financing. Our findings contribute to research about the consequences of pursuing strategies that security analysts are unwilling or unable to value.