bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECENT DIPLOMACY AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC DIPLOMACY AS COMPONENTS OF KAZAKHSTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY
Authors:   Candidatete PhD of the Department of ", Kokenov R. ,   International relations",   L.N.Gumilov Eurasian national University ,Astana, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

Due to the fact that the modern world is in the context of globalization, the development of the countries of the world is accompanied by a qualitative increase in technology in the field of science and technology, in connection with which, there is an internationalization of scientific developments, high-tech production, as well as competition between countries over the distribution of resources is intensifying, in terms of new developments and development in general. Cooperation in itself bears the potential of mutual assistance, joint solution of a set of international, scientific problems by the participating countries. For this reason, modern scientific cooperation is a consequence of well-built scientific diplomacy. Scientific diplomacy is called upon to promote the development of scientific cooperation; it is aimed at maintaining partner diplomatic relations, which, on the one hand, can use science to bring together interstate priorities, and, on the other hand, contribute to the development of science itself. The latest diplomacy has adopted scientific approaches and is actively solving modern challenges facing governments and countries. The article discusses the work of international organizations in the designated area of research, provides Kazakhstani experience in resolving the issue
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF MOSCOW AND LENINGRAD IN THE HISTORY OF TRAINING KAZAKH SPECIALISTS IN THE SOVIET PERIOD
Authors:   Doctoral student 3 courses Kostanay state University named A.Baitursynov Kostanay, Kazakhstan, Nurusheva G.
Published: June 2021

This article examines the educational institutions of the cities of Moscow and Leningrad in the history of training Kazakh specialists in the Soviet period, the features of training Kazakh specialists in Soviet higher educational institutions. The author on the basis of archival materials clearly demonstrated the organization and development of national education and training of new ideologically Mature personnel. The article provides factual information about Kazakh applicants to Soviet higher educational institutions in the cities of Moscow and Leningrad
DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE UPRISING IN 1916 (1920-1930)
Authors:   Candidad of historical sciences, Abai Kazakh national pedagogical university, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Tleubaev Sh.B.
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the discussions of 1920-1930 about the nature, causes and consequences of the 1916 uprising. It also analyzes the activities and positions of the national intelligentsia during the uprising, in particular the discussion held in the Komvuz of name Goloshchekin in the 1931 which was organized by the Kazakh Regional Committee of the party on the anniversary of the 15 th anniversary of the uprising.
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELJUK EMPIRE AND THE BEGINNING OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS
Authors:   Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, candidate of pedagogical sciences, acting assistant professor, Dzhumadullaeva A. , Zulpykharova E. ,   Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, candidate of pedagogical sciences, acting assistant professor
Published: June 2021

The article considers the fact that the Seljuk state was founded by the Oghuz Seljuks, as well as the internal social policy of the Seljuk empire as a prerequisite for a crisis in the country (late XI and early XII centuries). The Seljuks combined the fragmented political landscape of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in first and second crusades. Strongly Persianized in culture and language, the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the Turkic-Persian tradition, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. The resettlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire with the military strategic goal of repelling the invasions of neighboring states led to the gradual Turkization of these territories. Sultans handed out nobles and ordinary warriors to the nobility - ikta, which made it possible for the sultan to maintain power. At the end of the XI century, large conquests ended, bringing the nobility new lands and military booty, which led to a change in the political situation in the country. Know began to strive to turn their possessions into legally hereditary, and their power over the Rayyats - into unlimited; the owners of large Lenas raised rebellions, seeking independence (Khorezm in the 1st half of the XII century). To provide the army with land (ICT), wages, gifts, food, weapons, uniforms, medicines, the Sultan's government went to any expense. The widespread use of ICT in the army has allowed the creation of a stable mercenary army, specializing in the change of people's squads
UZBEKISTAN'S ACCESSION TO THE EАEU: EXPECTATIONS AND PROSPECTS
Authors:   PhD Student, Department of Regional Studies, Faculty of International Relations, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan city, Kazakhstan, Izteleuova Ye.A.
Published: June 2021

In this article, the author tries to analyze the integration processes of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Тhe prospects and threats that await Uzbekistan if it joins the EAEU were considered. The author also analyzed the studies of leading experts on the issue of Uzbekistan joining the Union. In the final part of the article, conclusions are drawn. On the one hand, adherents of integration argue that the republic’s entry into the Union will reduce customs duties for Uzbek exports to the Russian Federation, new markets for Uzbek products will be opened, transportation opportunities will be opened, etc. Joining the EAEU will facilitate the life of labor migrants, although this indicates an undeveloped labor market, high unemployment and a weak economy in the country. All these factors lead to the drain of labor and brain.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KAZAKHSTAN IN 2010-2020
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Mami А.Т. , Dukenbayeva Z.O. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes the course of entrepreneurial activity in Kazakhstan in 2010-2020 based on statistics, archival data and some information that never been used in scientific circles, identifies trends in the development of entrepreneurship. In discussing the brief history of small and medium business in 2010-2020, it seen that the desire of individuals to make a profit has played a key role in the development of market relations. Entrepreneurs often find themselves on the path of development, acting against processes, technologies, social conventions, and even the law
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF TATAR INTELLECTUALS IN KAZAKH SOCIETY IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Authors:   PhD doktor, Kazakh National Women`s Teacher Training UniversityAlmaty, Kazakhstan, Sarkulova S. , Kaldybayeva S. ,   master, Kazakh National Women`s Teacher Training UniversityAlmaty, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

At the beginning of the century, educated, open-minded and patriotic representatives of the intelligents of the Turkic people paid special attention to the spiritual heritage of the people and focused all their efforts on strengthening the sphere of education. The Tatar intelligents has a special role and place in this direction. The Tatar intelligents tried to draw public attention to the needs not only of its people, but also with other fraternal, Turkic-Muslim peoples with whom it had established close ties. These efforts are clearly reflected in the Tatar periodical publishing. The Tatar intelligents saw the periodic printing as one way to lift the spirit of the people away from colonial oppression. Indeed, the periodic seal was the last hope and support for many Turkic-Muslim peoples deprived of their land and political freedom. At the same time, it is possible to commend the educational activities of the Tatar intelligents in the formation of the Kazakh intelligents in the field of education and in the works of publishing houses.
FROM THE HISTORY OF ORPHANAGES AND LABOR COLONIES: IN THE SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN 1920-1930-YEARS
Authors:   candidate of historical Sciences, Department Of history of Kazakhstan named after academician T.S. Sadykov, Institute of history and law, Abay Kazakh national pedagogical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Tulbasieva S.K.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the pages of the history of the 30s of the twentieth century of Soviet Kazakhstan. 1920-1930, the territory of Soviet Kazakhstan after wars and revolutions resembled a continuous zone of natural disaster. According to archival documents, hunger primarily mowed down the least protected and weak part of the population - children, the future of the nation and people of advanced and old age, a storehouse of folk wisdom and experience. The article analyzes the problem of street children with particular severity arose in various periods of history, primarily in the years of disasters associated with war, famine, epidemics and other severe social upheavals.
HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN-BRITISH RELATIONS DURING THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE
Authors:   Silkway International University. Doktor of Historical Sciences, Acting Professor.Shymkent, Kazakhstan., Naimanbayev B.R. , Kengebayev G.K. ,   Abai Kazakh national pedagogical University. Doctor of History, Almaty,Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

The article examines the state and prospects for the development of relations between Kazakhstan and Great Britain. Before British Brexit, cooperation between the two countries was carried out both on a bilateral and multilateral basis. At present, the interaction of the two independent states has reached a high level and is characterized by a wide range of relations in various fields. The priority sectors are energy, exploration and production of minerals, transport and communications, as well as the financial and banking sector. It is indicated that the UK is an important trading partner of the Republic of Kazakhstan and one of the largest investors. In recent years, cooperation in the field of health care, science and culture has become very significant. It was emphasized that consulting and financial services occupy a special place in the relations between the two countries. Thus, the work of the Astana International Financial Center is based on English law and the British have been invited as arbitrators. Some lull arose in connection with the coronavirus pandemic, however, the parties agreed to further continue and deepen cooperation in all areas
CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN KAZAKHSTAN AND AZERBAIJAN
Authors:   master of social sciences, Dyusekeeva М.М. , Ibrayeva A.I. ,   PhD, Acting Head of High school of social and humanitarian sciencesAstana International University
Published: June 2021

Cultural contacts between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have centuries-old traditions, contribute to understanding between peoples and enrich world culture. Festivals, days of culture are constantly held, national holidays are celebrated. The Azerbaijani diaspora contributes to the strengthening of friendship between the peoples of the two states. Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan are by definition fraternal States. We are United by common Turkic roots, common culture, and common spiritual heritage. That is why we strive to strengthen partnership and mutually beneficial relations for the benefit of our peoples and countries. Over the years, the two republics have not only maintained their friendship, but also managed to strengthen Kazakh-Azerbaijani relations to the level of strategic partnership. Heydar Aliyev and Nursultan Nazarbayev played an important role in this process. Relations between our countries are based on the similarity of language and culture, unity of religions, historical roots and geographical proximity. Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan share a common history and strategy of mutually beneficial partnership in the future. intensive cooperation between ministries and departments, mass media and civil society institutions of the two countries contributes to the deepening and expansion of the partnership. The object and subjects of international relations include cultural, scientific and other relations; spiritual, moral, legal, socio-cultural and other norms that form the basis of these relations.
LOS RUDIMENTOS DEL INFLUENCER. APROXIMACIÓN ETNOGRÁFICA A QUIENES ASPIRAN A SERLO EN MÉXICO
Authors: Sánchez Alarcón Bruno David , Arriaga Ornelas José Luis , Arredondo Ayala Georgina María
Published: June 2021

El artículo ofrece una aproximación etnográfica a algunos aspirantes a influencer, para conocer los “rudimentos” de dicha actividad emergente. A partir de casos de internautas que se han propuesto generar a través de las redes sociales digitales una comunidad para la cual ser referentes, el trabajo busca comprender los motivos y creencias que animan su actuar. El objetivo de la investigación es entender la lógica operante y las características distintivas de esos aspirantes a influencers, a través de su forma subjetiva de relacionarse con los “contenidos” que publican en distintos sitios y plataformas. El acercamiento etnográfico a su comportamiento permite interrogarse sobre los imponderables de su vida (real y virtual) en el intento por erigirse como influencer. El principal resultado que se ofrece es la comprensión del por qué esta aspiración es cada vez más frecuente entre algunos internautas, sobre todo jóvenes, pero se convierte en una ruta no para todos exitosa, porque, como dice uno de los informantes, “conozco gente que lo ha intentado, pero nomás no pegan”.
Estimates of mass absorption cross sections of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometers in the Arctic
Authors: Ohata Sho , Mori Tatsuhiro , Kondo Yutaka , Sharma Sangeeta , Hyvärinen Antti , Andrews Elisabeth , Tunved Peter , Asmi Eija , Backman John , Servomaa Henri , Veber Daniel , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Vratolis Stergios , Koike Makoto , Kanaya Yugo , Yoshida Atsushi , Moteki Nobuhiro , Zhao Yongjing , Tobo Yutaka , Matsushita Junji , Oshima Naga
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Long-term measurements of atmospheric mass concentrations of black carbon (BC) are needed to investigate changes in its emission, transport, and deposition. However, depending on instrumentation, parameters related to BC such as aerosol absorption coefficient (babs) have been measured instead. Most ground-based measurements of babs in the Arctic have been made by filter-based absorption photometers, including particle soot absorption photometers (PSAP), continuous light absorption photometer (CLAP), Aethalometers, and multi-angle absorption photometers (MAAP). The measured babs can be converted to mass concentrations of BC (MBC) by assuming the value of the mass absorption cross section (MAC; MBC = babs/MAC). However, the accuracy of conversion of babs to MBC has not been adequately assessed. Here, we introduce a systematic method for deriving MAC values from babs measured by these instruments and independently measured MBC. In this method, MBC was measured with a filter-based absorption photometer with a heated inlet (COSMOS). COSMOS-derived MBC (MBC (COSMOS)) is traceable to a rigorously calibrated single particle soot photometer (SP2) and the absolute accuracy of MBC (COSMOS) has been demonstrated previously to be about 15 % in Asia and the Arctic. The necessary conditions for application of this method are a high correlation of the measured babs with independently measured MBC, and long-term stability of the regression slope, which is denoted as MACcor (MAC derived from the correlation). In general, babs–MBC (COSMOS) correlations were high (r2 = 0.76–0.95 for hourly data) at Alert in Canada, Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard, Barrow in Alaska, Pallastunturi in Finland, and Fukue in Japan, and stable for up to 10 years. We successfully estimated MACcor values (10.6–15.2 m2 g−1 at a wavelength of 550 nm) for these instruments and these MACcor values can be used to obtain error-constrained estimates of MBC from babs measured at these sites even in the past, when COSMOS measurements were not made. Because the absolute values of MBC in these Arctic sites estimated by this method are consistent with each other, they are applicable to the study of spatial and temporal variation of MBC in the Arctic and to evaluation of the performance of numerical model calculations.
INVESTIGATING 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF NON-COLLABORATIVE SURFACES THROUGH PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND PHOTOMETRIC STEREO
Authors: Karami A. , Menna F. , Remondino F.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. 3D digital reconstruction techniques are extensively used for quality control purposes. Among them, photogrammetry and photometric stereo methods have been for a long time used with success in several application fields. However, generating highly-detailed and reliable micro-measurements of non-collaborative surfaces is still an open issue. In these cases, photogrammetry can provide accurate low-frequency 3D information, whereas it struggles to extract reliable high-frequency details. Conversely, photometric stereo can recover a very detailed surface topography, although global surface deformation is often present. In this paper, we present the preliminary results of an ongoing project aiming to combine photogrammetry and photometric stereo in a synergetic fusion of the two techniques. Particularly, hereafter, we introduce the main concept design behind an image acquisition system we developed to capture images from different positions and under different lighting conditions as required by photogrammetry and photometric stereo techniques. We show the benefit of such a combination through some experimental tests. The experiments showed that the proposed method recovers the surface topography at the same high-resolution achievable with photometric stereo while preserving the photogrammetric accuracy. Furthermore, we exploit light directionality and multiple light sources to improve the quality of dense image matching in poorly textured surfaces.
3D RECONSTRUCTION OF ICE SHAPE USING VISIBLE AND THERMAL RANGE IMAGING FOR AIRCRAFT ICING STUDY
Authors: Knyaz V. A. , Ippolitov E. V. , Novikov M. M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Aircraft icing is one of the main factors decreasing the flight safety. Qualitative and quantitative understanding of the icing process is crucially needed for developing anti-icing measures and safety recommendations. Changes in aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft caused by changes in shape of aircraft surfaces due to the ice accretion can lead to significant aerodynamic performance degradation. So the reliable and accurate information of how the shape of the ice accretion influences on aerodynamic characteristics is a key point for predicting the changes in aerodynamic performance.The study addresses to a problem of accurate shape measuring of ice accretion for further experimental study of iced-aircraft aerodynamic in a hydrodynamic tunnel. For this purpose the evaluation of various techniques of ice 3D measurements is performed that include as visible so thermal imaging of ice accretion. The results of evaluation serves for the decision of preferable technique to be used in experimental study. Also the framework is developed for creating physical models of iced aircraft based on result of real ice accretion shape measurement. It allows to produce stereolithography (SLA) copies of of an aircraft under icing condition for different levels of icing. These SLA-models of an aircraft under icing condition are then used for flow behaviour study in order to identify critical flying condition.
MOHE-NET: MONOCULAR OBJECT HEIGHT ESTIMATION NETWORK USING DEEP LEARNING AND SCENE GEOMETRY
Authors: Wei J. , Jiang J. , Yilmaz A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Estimating the heights of objects in the field of view has applications in many tasks such as robotics, autonomous platforms and video surveillance. Object height is a concrete and indispensable characteristic people or machine could learn and capture. Many actions such as vehicle avoiding obstacles will be taken based on it. Traditionally, object height can be estimated using laser ranging, radar or stereo camera. Depending on the application, cost of these techniques may inhibit their use, especially in autonomous platforms. Use of available sensors with lower cost would make the adoption of such techniques at higher rates. Our approach to height estimation requires only a single 2D image. To solve this problem we introduce the Monocular Object Height Estimation Network (MOHE-Net) that includes a cascade of two networks. The first network performs the object detection task. This network detects the bounding box of objects of interest. This information is then input to a second network to estimate the object height and is a linear Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). The linear MLP model models the camera-scene geometry and does not require training or contain activation function as normal MLP did. The developed approach works for static camera set up as well as moving platform. The proposed approach performs state-of-the-art and can be deployed for obstacle avoidance on autonomous platforms. Our code is available at https://github.com/OSUPCVLab/Ford2019/tree/master/Moving%20Object%20Height% 20Estimation%20Network
DATA FUSION OF HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS WITH MODERN 3D DATA FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION – CONCEPT AND FIRST RESULTS
Authors: Kalinowski P. , Both F. , Luhmann T. , Warnke U.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Through the destruction of war, most of the documents of an archaeological excavation from 1934 – 1939 of a megalithic tomb in north-west Germany have been destroyed irretrievably. Fortunately, more than 500 historical pictures have been preserved, which visually document the excavation situation at that time. Parts of the image collection are preserved on fragile glass plates that are difficult to preserve and have to be digitised urgendly. A method for digitising these glass plates will be presented first. With the help of the digitised historical images, the excavation situation at that time shall be reconstructed. Since a reconstruction based only on the historical images is not possible, the current state of the megalithic tombs has been recorded with modern measuring technology and a 3D model has been calculated. The aim is to fuse the historical images with the modern 3D model. For this purpose, different possibilities of linking the data are presented. As first results, point clouds calculated by Structure from Motion and the orientation of historical images in relation to the modern 3D model using direct linear transformation are shown. The hybrid model of historical and modern data will be used for archaeological interpretations of the excavation.
NEW IMAGING MOBILE MAPPING DEVICE BASED ON HIGH RESOLUTION VIDEOGRAMMETRY FOR LARGE-SCALE OUTDOOR 3D RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Ortiz-Coder P. , Cabecera R.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In recent years, a new generation of instruments has appeared that are motion-based capture. These systems are based on a combination of techniques, among which LIDAR stands out. In this article we present a new proposal for a 3D model generation instrument based on videogrammetry. The prototype designed consists of two cameras connected to a computer system. One of the cameras is in charge of running VisualSLAM and guiding the user in real time at the moment of data acquisition; the other camera, with a higher resolution, saves the images and, thanks to a refined 3D-Based frame selection algorithm, processes them using automatic photogrammetric procedures, generating one or more point-clouds that are integrated to give way to a high-density and high-precision 3D colour point-cloud.The paper evaluates the proposal with four case studies: two of an urban nature and two related to historical heritage. The resulting models are confronted with the Faro Focus3D X330 laser scanner, classic photogrammetric procedures with reflex camera and Agisoft metashape software and are also confronted with precision points measured with a total station. The case studies show that the proposed system has a high capture speed, and that the accuracy of the models can be competitive in many areas of professional surveying and can be a viable alternative for the creation of instruments based on videogrammetry.
FROM SURVEY TO 3D MODELLING TO DIGITAL FABRICATION. A WORKFLOW AIMED AT DOCUMENTING AND TRANSMITTING BUILT HERITAGE
Authors: Spallone R. , López González M. C. , Vitali M. , Bertola G. , Natta F. , Ronco F.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This contribution illustrates the results of research that aims to connect the workflow for knowledge – survey, interpretation, modeling – to the transmission of this knowledge and enhancement of Cultural Heritage by physical models, demonstrating its potential in a “Design for All” perspective. Palazzo Mazzonis, the current seat of the MAO (Museo d’Arte Orientale), is one of the many buildings in the historic city center of Turin characterized by a particular complex vaulted atrium: it has been investigated through TLS survey tools for the production of two-dimensional drawings (for the detailed representation of architectural features) and three-dimensional models (for the interpretation of the design idea through geometry). The last phase of work aims to translate the interpretative digital models into tactile models for Cultural Heritage transmission, through processes of digital fabrication, with obvious impacts on the visit path inside the museum, also with didactic purposes.
A PORTABLE OPTO-ACOUSTIC SURVEY SOLUTION FOR MAPPING OF UNDERWATER TARGETS
Authors: Chemisky B. , Nocerino E. , Menna F. , Nawaf M. M. , Drap P.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. During underwater investigations, whatever the mission objective and the type of vehicle, obstacles detection and avoidance are essential tasks. They can either represent a target of interest that is the object of the mission or, on the contrary, represent obstacles that can hinder or affect the navigation of the vehicle. The underwater optical cameras that are usually fitted to underwater vehicles only offer a narrow field of view. The absorption of electromagnetic waves in the first few meters and the diffusion of light by the particles limit the use of these sensors to only a few meters range. The use of acoustic sensors, such as the forward looking sonar (FLS), is then necessary to enlarge the volume in which a target can be detected during the progression of the vehicle. Traditionally, sonars featured mechanical rotating parts, but lately bidirectional forward looking sonar, which directly produces a 2D image of the area, are becoming more and more common. Although these sonars can operate at frequency higher than 1MHz, their spatial resolution remains much lower if compared to current optical sensors and can be insufficient to identify and characterize a target. The combination of these two sensors in an operational scenario is essential to take advantage of each technology. In this paper we describe a low cost, multi-sensor, underwater survey solution for the identification, tracking, and 3D mapping of targets. After a description of the architecture of the opto-acoustics data acquisition and processing platform, we will focus on the calibration of the rigid transformation between the two sensors.
REQUIREMENTS FOR AERIAL IMAGES QUALITY, OBTAINED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES
Authors: Anikeeva I. , Chibunichev A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The quality of cartographic products, obtained on base of aerial images, depends on their quality. The image‘s quality can be defined in terms of measurement characteristics and in it’s visual properties. The object of the paper is an aerial image’s quality, concerning its visual perception. The process of topographic aerial images quality assessing is currently not regulated, therefore, this problem becomes particularly relevant today. The article is devoted to development the quality criteria system for aerial images, obtained for mapping purposes, and definition the requirements for them. The analysis of factors affecting the quality of aerial images is carried out, they include natural conditions, technical and technological parameters of aerial surveying and images post-processing. The main imperfections of image quality, appearing as a result of these factors influence are determined – blurring, high level of random image noise, haze, color imbalance, loss of information in shadows and illumination. Methods of identifying these imperfections and assessing their influence on aerial images quality are shown.
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO A BUDDHIST CARVED ROCK SCULPTURE
Authors: Salemi G. , Faresin E. , Olivieri L. M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The Swat valley (Pakistan) has always been considered an important center of Gandhara art. Due to the unfavourable conditions, this artistic phenomenon has long been almost ignored or underestimated, but its documentation is essential for study the symbolism of the figures, their spatial organization, their stylistic variation and their conservative state. The methodology proposed in this project starts form the 3D acquisition with a structured light system in order to obtain a 3D high resolution model of Buddhist carved rock sculpture. From the 3D geometry, The Digital Elevation Model is produced. This DEM is the starting points for the surface analysis using Remote Sensing approaches for classify landforms using pattern recognition. The surface is considered as a landscape, where carved are valleys bordered by slopes and crests. Hillshading, slope analysis and geomorphons are used in order to highlight the surface feature, to “read” all the details not visible due to the bad condition and to map surface state of conservation.
MODELLING THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS DEVELOPED IN QUBBET EL-HAWA (ASWAN, EGYPT)
Authors: Pérez-García J. L. , Mozas-Calvache A. T. , Gómez-López J. M. , Jiménez-Serrano A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This study describes the methodology carried out and the main results achieved when using photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) to obtain 3D models of the evolution of archaeological works in Egyptian tombs. More concretely, the study was performed in the exterior zone of the QH34 set of tombs located in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa (Aswan, Egypt). The necropolis is composed of tens of rock-cut tombs located in a medium-size hill situated on a bank of the Nile River. The QH34 zone concentrates a great quantity of tombs from several periods of ancient Egypt. The area of study is situated on a horizontal platform of the terrain of about 300 m2. Thanks to the particular geology of this zone, with a fracture that caused the collapse of part of the rocks, much of these tombs have remained intact because the remains of the collapsed terrain hid their entrances. The archaeological works were carried out during two periods (2018 and 2019 campaigns). The main goal of this study was to model the evolution of these works using several geomatic techniques and obtaining several 3D models of the terrain and burial elements to document the previous, intermediate and final status and to analyse the archaeological works undertaken. In addition, a reduced time was demanded for the acquisition of data. The methodology developed has demonstrated its viability for performing multi-temporal studies in order to document the evolution of the excavation, providing a wide and reliable set of geomatic products.
BENCHMARKING OF CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACHES FOR VEGETATION LAND COVER MAPPING
Authors: Carpentier B. , Masse A. , Lavergne E. , Sannier C.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) are becoming available at high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions across the globe by the latest remote sensing sensors. These series of images can be highly valuable when exploited by classification systems to produce frequently updated and accurate land cover maps. The richness of spectral, spatial and temporal features in SITS is a promising source of data for developing better classification algorithms. However, machine learning methods such as Random Forests (RF), despite their fruitful application to SITS to produce land cover maps, are structurally unable to properly handle intertwined spatial, spectral and temporal dynamics without breaking the structure of the data. Therefore, the present work proposes a comparative study of various deep learning algorithms from the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) family and evaluate their performance on SITS classification. They are compared to the processing chain coined iota2, developed by the CESBIO and based on a RF model. Experiments are carried out in an operational context using with sparse annotations from 290 labeled polygons. Less than 80 000 pixel time series belonging to 8 land cover classes from a year of Sentinel-2 monthly syntheses are used. Results show on a test set of 131 polygons that CNNs using 3D convolutions in space and time are more accurate than 1D temporal, stacked 2D and RF approaches. Best-performing models are CNNs using spatio-temporal features, namely 3D-CNN, 2D-CNN and SpatioTempCNN, a two-stream model using both 1D and 3D convolutions.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR MONITORING SEAGRASS HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT IN BUSUANGA, PHILIPPINES USING GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE
Authors: Tamondong A. , Nakamura T. , Quiros T. E. A. , Nadaoka K.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants which are part of a highly productive coastal ecosystem and play key roles in the coastal processes. Unfortunately, they are declining in area coverage globally, and seagrass losses can be attributed to climate change such as sea-level rise, increase in sea surface temperature, and decrease in salinity, as well as human-related activities. The objective of this research is to assess the historical changes in the seagrass habitat and environment of Busuanga, Philippines using time series data available in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. These include satellite data such as MODIS, Landsat 5, 7, and 8, and SeaWIFS. Reanalysis data such as HYCOM was also utilized in this research. Results from HYCOM data show that there has been a 0.0098 °C increase in the sea surface temperature per decade in Busuanga while MODIS data indicates an increase of 0.0045 °C per decade. Moreover, HYCOM data also shows an overall average of 0.76 mm in sea surface elevation anomaly and a decreasing trend in salinity values at 0.0026 psu per decade. Chlorophyll-a concentration has a minimal increase based on results from MODIS and SeaWIFS. Aside from changes in water parameters, changes in the land also affect seagrasses. Forest loss may cause increased siltation in the coastal ecosystem which can lead to seagrass loss. Based on the results of Landsat satellite image processing, there has been forest cover loss in Busuanga with the highest loss occurring in 2013 when super typhoon Yolanda ravaged the island. Lastly, results from the linear spectral unmixing of 778 Landsat images from 1987–2000 show that the average percent cover of seagrasses in Busuanga were declining through the years.
THE USE OF SPECTRAL AND TEXTURAL FEATURES IN CROP TYPE MAPPING USING SENTINEL-2A IMAGES: A CASE STUDY, ÇUKUROVA REGION, TURKEY
Authors: Tuzcu Kokal A. , Sunar A. F. , Dervisoglu A. , Berberoglu S.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Turkey has favorable agricultural conditions (i.e. fertile soils, climate and rainfall) and can grow almost any type of crop in many regions, making it one of the leading sectors of the economy. For sustainable agriculture management, all factors affecting the agricultural products should be analyzed on a spatial-temporal basis. Therefore, nowadays space technologies such as remote sensing are important tools in providing an accurate mapping of the agricultural fields with timely monitoring and higher repetition frequency and accuracy. In this study, object based classification method was applied to 2017 Sentinel 2 Level 2A satellite image in order to map crop types in the Adana, Çukurova region in Turkey. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used as a classifier. Texture information were incorporated to spectral wavebands of Sentinel-2 image, to increase the classification accuracy. In this context, all of the textural features of Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) were tested and Entropy, Standard deviation, and Mean textural features were found to be the most suitable among them. Multi-spectral and textural features were used as an input separately and/or in combination to evaluate the potential of texture in differentiating crop types and the accuracy of output thematic maps. As a result, with the addition of textural features, it was observed that the Overall Accuracy and Kappa coefficient increased by 7% and 8%, respectively.
EVALUATION ON URBAN LAND EXPANSION QUALITY OF QINGDAO CITY FROM 2010 TO 2018
Authors: Zhang T. , Dai H. , Wang G. , Zheng L. , Zhang M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. With the process of people moving from rural to urban area, the urban land boundary expanded significantly. In this paper, the urban land areas of Qingdao were extracted by using remote sensing images from 2010 to 2018. The spatiotemporal pattern of urban expansion in Qingdao city was revealed. Furthermore, the land cover type of the urban expansion area and urbanization rate were also analyzed to study the quality of urban expansion in different counties. It has shown that over 95% land cover types are impervious in the build-up areas of Qingdao, e.g. Shibei and Shinan district. However, there are more forest and water land exist in the suburban counties. The urban land expansion rate and people urbanization rate are highly related.
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT POLARIMETRIC DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES USING COMPACT POLARIMETRIC NISAR DATA FOR AHMEDABAD, INDIA
Authors: Vyas A. , Nizalapur V. , Chhasia P. , Rawal D. , Jain G. , Das A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The present study addresses the potential of airborne NASA – ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) compact polarimetric (CP) data to discriminate the land cover classes emphasizing the urban area for parts of Ahmedabad city, India. This has been carried out by generating m-Delta, m-Chi and m-Alpha polarimetric decompositions using Compact Polarimetric L band NISAR data. In Hybrid Polarimetric data, both m-delta and m-chi decompositions have almost the same formulations, indicating that delta and chi play the same roles as indicators of single-bounce and double-bounce scattering. However, M-delta seem preferable over M-chi as stoke parameter delta is highly susceptible towards orientation. It is also observed that building orientation and density has effect on scattering pattern. This is attributed to the target orientation which is parallel to the look direction of the sensor. Supervised classification of m-Delta decomposition was carried out and over all accuracy of 81.1 % was observed in the study.
EXPLORING CLOUD-BASED PLATFORMS FOR RAPID INSAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
Authors: Piter A. , Vassileva M. , Haghshenas Haghighi M. , Motagh M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The idea of near real-time deformation analysis using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data as a response to natural and anthropogenic disasters has been an interesting topic in the last years. A major limiting factor for this purpose has been the non-availability of both spatially and temporally homogeneous SAR datasets. This has now been resolved thanks to the SAR data provided by the Sentinel-1A/B missions, freely available at a global scale via the Copernicus program of the European Space Agency (ESA). Efficient InSAR analysis in the era of Sentinel demands working with cloud-based platforms to tackle problems posed by large volumes of data. In this study, we explore a variety of existing cloud-based platforms for Multi-Temporal Interferometric SAR (MTI) analysis and discuss their opportunities and limitations.
HOW TO START GENTRIFICATION PROCESS USING INTERFEROMETRIC STACK OF SENTINEL-1
Authors: Yagmur N. , Erten E. , Musaoglu N.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In Turkey, gentrification has gained importance in the major cities such as Istanbul because of the rapid urbanization. The establishment of the construction land suitability is one of the main issues raised here. However, it is not easy to start gentrification process in Istanbul where there is a developing transportation and already dense housing. Up-to-date structural health information is then required for an optimum gentrification process. The traditional way of obtaining the structural health conditions on building is generally with the stationary measurements. However, in-situ based information can only provide a small amount of information, and it is impossible to conduct for the entire city. In this context, remotely sensed images, specifically synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ones, can easily provide data to monitor not only ground subsidence but also deformation on the urban sites. The main purpose of the study is to monitor the actual condition of the urbanization on unsuitable and important sites and to guide in determining pioneer areas for gentrification process using freely available remote sensing images, in particular Sentinel-1 SAR images. The potential of these data set will be evaluated with the land suitability map (LSM) produced by The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM). In this study, we carried out multi-scale interferometric analysis to understand the spatial relationship between the LSM and the freely available satellite-based measurements for detecting urban sites in danger. The capability and usability of PSI and SBAS methods as a guide before gentrification were investigated using Sentinel-1 data covering 2015 and 2018 years.
USE OF VERY HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGERY FOR MAPPING WOOD ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM TROPICAL MANAGED FOREST STANDS, REUNION ISLAND
Authors: Bley-Dalouman H. , Broust F. , Prevost J. , Tran A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The development of a sustainable wood energy chain is an essential part of ecological and energy transition in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), where Acacia mearnsii is the main potential wood energy resource identified to date. In order to assess future wood biomass supply chain strategies, a major first issue is to gain knowledge of the spatial distribution of this species forest stands.In this study, we assessed the potential of very high spatial resolution multispectral imagery for mapping the main forest stands in a study area located the Western Highlands region, where Acacia mearnsii expands alongside Acacia heterophylla, an endemic forest species and Cryptomeria japonica, an exotic forest stand. A reference database including 150 samples of seven classes (Acacia mearnsii (mature and non-mature), Acacia heterophylla (mature and non-mature), Cryptomeria japonica, ‘herbaceous areas’, and ‘bare soils’) was used to classify a Pleiades image acquired in May 2020. Spectral and textural indices were used in an incremental classification procedure using a random classifier.The best results (Kappa = 0.84, global accuracy = 84%) were obtained for the classification using all spectral and textural bands. The resulting map enables analyzing the spatial distribution of the different forest stands.
MULTISPECTRAL AND MOBILE MAPPING ISPRS WG III/5 DATA SET: FIRST ANALYSIS OF THE DATASET IMPACT
Authors: Previtali M. , Garramone M. , Scaioni M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology is playing a major role in different applications. Indeed, the possibility of exploiting either 3D geometric features and radiometric information makes LiDAR suitable for a wide range of practical domains. LiDAR proved also being quite flexible in terms of platforms where it can be implemented for the acquisition, spanning from airborne sensors up to car-based and hand-held instruments. Due to the rapid expansion of research concerning LiDAR intensity, the ISPRS WG III/5 launched in 2017 an initiative aimed at providing free access to LiDAR data acquired by modern multispectral ALS sensors as well as MLS data. The two datasets, MLS Data Set 1 – (“Sun Prairie”), and Multispectral LiDAR Data Set 2 – (“Tobermory”), were provided by Teledyne Optech Company (Canada) and were made freely available to researchers upon request. This paper is presenting the first results of this initiative in terms of applications, application domains and topics tackled by applicants. The relevance of this data set is also evaluated through a bibliometric analysis considering both Scopus and Web of Science indexed databases to analyse the main directions where the scientific research, the technical development and the application interest is moving to.
GEOPHYSICAL AND UAV-BASED OBSERVATIONS OVER A FLOOD DEFENSE STRUCTURE: APPLICATION TO THE POLDER2C’S EXPERIMENTAL DIKE
Authors: Antoine R. , Fauchard C. , Guilbert V. , Beaucamp B. , Ledun C. , Heinkele C. , Saussaye L. , Muylaert S. , Vancalster W. , Depreiter D. , Sergent P.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We present geophysical and remote sensing measurements on a flood dike, in the framework of the Polder2C’s Interreg European Project (https://polder2cs.eu/). Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles have been performed alongside and across the dike. The geophysical measurements are then combined with a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) caarried out with a RGB visible camera on board an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Integrated 3D results enrich data interpretation and form the basis for Polder2C’s future experiments.
ENHANCING UAV COASTAL MAPPING USING INFRARED PANSHARPENING
Authors: James D. , Collin A. , Mury A. , Letard M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Ecosystems must now cope with climate change such as rising sea levels. These major changes have a direct impact on the coastal fringe. However, in recent years, coastal ecosystems such as saltmarshes have proven their adaptive capacity. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are an inexpensive and easily deployable alternative which offer us the possibility to monitor these geomorphological and ecological systems, have been perfected over the years, making it possible to achieve high or even very high (VH) spectral and spatial resolution. Detection of changes at VH temporal and spatial resolution such as coastline evolution or seasonal monitoring of plant communities is facilitated. The red-green-blue (RGB) camera is the basic equipment of low-cost UAVs. Many studies have demonstrated the interest of infrared sensors for vegetation or water detection. In this original study, a pansharpening method has been developed to generate a red-edge (RE) and near infrared channel based on the VH resolution of RGB. Out of the three different pansharpening algorithms tested, Gram-Schmidt showed correlation (0.61 and 0.63 for RE and NIR channels respectively), followed by nearest neighbor diffusion and finally, principal component spectral pansharpening. The maximum likelihood, support vector machine and convolutional neural network classifiers were used to discriminate the main objects of the study area. The classification results revealed that at the classifier scale the ML outperforms the others with an overall accuracy of 80.75%. At the spectral band scale, the RE obtains the best performances with 80.04% of OA with ML and 78.34% of OA with SVM.