bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test of robustness of pharyngeal neural networks in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Friedman Robert
Published: January 2021

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a model for deciphering the neural circuitry that transmits information from sensory organ to muscle tissue. It is also studied for disentangling the characteristics of the network, the efficiency of its design, and for testing theoretical models on how information is encoded. For this study, the efficiency of the synaptic connections was studied by testing the robustness of the neural network. A randomization test of robustness was applied to previously computed neural modules of the pharynx of C. elegans. The results support robustness as a reason for the observed over connectiveness across the pharyngeal system. In addition, rare events of single-neuron loss may expectedly lead to loss of function in a neural system.
Upregulating miR-130a-5p relieves astrocyte over activation-induced neuropathic pain through targeting C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 12/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 axis
Authors: Dong Jiacai , Xu Cheng , Xia Rui , Zhang Zhonggui
Published: January 2021

Objectives

This study intends to explore the role and specific mechanism of miR-130a-5p in neuropathic pain through regulating the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 12 (CXCL12)–C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) pathway.

Methods

First, mouse neuropathic pain model was constructed by spinal nerve ligation. MiR-130a-5p mimics were used to upregulate miR-130a-5p in vivo. The behaviour and pain scores of the spinal cord injury (SCI) mice were assessed. In addition, astrocytic activation as well as inflammatory response in the spinal lesions was determined.

Results

The results manifested miR-130a-5p was notably downregulated in neuropathic pain model and reached the lowest point at 3 days after injury. Besides, tail vein injection of miR-130a-5p mimics inhibited the activation and inflammatory response of astrocytes, thus alleviating chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. Moreover, miR-130a-5p inactivated CXCR4 and its downstream Rac1, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular regulated protein kinases signalling pathways by attenuating CXCL12.

Conclusion

MiR-130a-5p inactivated astrocytes by targeting CXCL12/CXCR4, thus alleviating SCI-induced neuropathic pain.
Supplementary motor area contributes to carrying previous movement information over to current movement
Authors: Oda Hitoshi , Sawaguchi Yasushi , Kunimura Hiroshi , Kawasaki Taku , Hiraoka Koichi
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the present study was to determine the cortical areas contributing to the influence of the previous movement on the current movement. Right-handed healthy human participants abducted and then adducted the left index finger in response to a start cue. Twenty consecutive trials with 10 s intertrial intervals were performed in each trial block. An odd-numbered trial was considered to be the previous trial, and a trial immediately after the previous trial (even-numbered trial) was the current trial. In each trial block, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was given over one of the seven TMS sites with the start cue in the previous trial. The TMS site was over the supplementary motor area (SMA), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsal premotor cortex, right or left posterior parietal cortex or right primary sensory cortex. Sham TMS, producing magnetic stimulation with the coil tilting 90 degrees off the scalp, was delivered over the Cz. In the current trial, TMS was not delivered. The correlation coefficient of the reaction time between the previous and current trials was positive and significant in the sham TMS trial block. This indicates that the current movement is partially dependent on the previous movement. The correlation coefficient of the reaction time between the previous and current movements in the SMA trial block was significantly different from that in the sham TMS trial block, indicating that the SMA contributes to the influence of the previous movement on the current movement. The SMA contributes to carrying the responsiveness level in the previous movement over to the current movement.
Emerging Therapies and challenges for individuals with Angelman syndrome
Authors: Heussler Helen S.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review

This review describes current understandings in the search for therapies to support children with Angelman syndrome. There is a rapid progression in particular in genetic therapies in this disorder supported by the Angelman community.

Recent findings

Recent papers shed light on the timing of therapies and novel genetic therapies coming to trial as well as potential therapies still in preclinical phases. Further understanding of UBE3A and its role in neuronal development and plasticity as well as other mechanisms contributing to the Angelman phenotype is offering an opportunity for novel therapeutics.

Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the different phenotypes will offer an opportunity for novel therapeutics and may well change the course of this disorder over time where previously there has been minimal ability to intervene.
Animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders with behavioral phenotypes
Authors: Harris James C.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review

Genetic mutations in animals advance our understanding of disease mechanisms and treatments of neurodevelopmental disorders. Research with mutant mouse models is being extended to nonhuman primates whose brain development is closer to that of humans. This review summaries advances in mouse and nonhuman primate models.

Recent findings

Mutant mouse models recapitulate key symptoms in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, successful phenotypic reversal of symptoms in mouse models has not been replicated in human studies; this failure may be because of differences in the structure and physiology of the brain between rodents and humans. Rett syndrome MECP2 models and Phelan–McDermid syndrome where reduced expression of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) models have been introduced in nonhuman primates and are underway in other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Mutant mouse models in neurogenetic disorders continued to be pursued along with gene-edited and cell-based models in nonhuman primates. Established ethical guidelines are being followed and infrastructure being established to facilitate dissemination of primate transgenic models as they become available.
Urbanization and eating disorders: a scoping review of studies from 2019 to 2020
Authors: Hay Phillipa , Mitchison Deborah
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review

This review scoped recent (2019–2020) literature investigating the association between urbanization and eating disorders, and the putative role of urbanization as a direct or indirect risk factor.

Recent findings

There are few epidemiological studies which investigated adequately direct or indirect association between urban domicile and eating disorders. Findings suggest that urbanization is a complex phenomenon and its effects on eating behaviour are indirect, for example, because of other important social and environmental features, such as the amount of ‘green’ space, ‘Western’ thin idealization, and poverty. The review also supports others indicating an increase of eating disorders in Africa and Asia. The majority of research includes only adolescent and young woman.

It does not seem likely that metropolitan dwelling in itself is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. However, when accompanied by other sociodemographic effects, there may well be an increase in eating disorder risk. There are opportunities for planners to design cities to be supportive of peoples’ eating and mental health in general. More research investigating moderating and mediating effects on the associations between urban dwelling and eating disorder is needed as well as studies of more sexually and age diverse populations.
Hypertension and Alzheimer's disease: is the picture any clearer?
Authors: Lennon Matthew J. , Koncz Rebecca , Sachdev Perminder S.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review

The relationship between hypertension and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex and varies across the lifespan. Studies have suggested that midlife hypertension is a risk factor for AD, although studies of late life hypertension have suggested that it either has no effect or a weak protective effect.

Recent findings

Animal models of induced and spontaneous hypertension have found that AD pathological change (β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles) occurs within weeks of a hypertensive insult. Human imaging and autopsy studies indicate that midlife and late life hypertension are associated with increased AD pathological change. Meta-analyses of longitudinal studies indicate that midlife rather than late life hypertension is a risk factor for AD. New areas of research have suggested that rather than mean blood pressure (BP), it is the negative BP trajectories or the variability of BP that contributes to AD. In a number of meta-analyses of antihypertensive medications and their effect on AD, there were weak associations between improved AD outcomes and treatment.

The combined analysis of animal, human clinical/pathological, epidemiological and drug trial data indicates that hypertension increases the risk of AD and treatment of hypertension may be an appropriate preventive measure.
Agitation in schizophrenia: origins and evidence-based treatment
Authors: Citrome Leslie
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review

Agitation associated with schizophrenia remains an important clinical concern and if not managed effectively, can escalate into aggressive behavior. This is a review of the recent biomedical literature on agitation in individuals with schizophrenia.

Recent findings

Themes in the recent literature include consideration of comorbidities such as cigarette smoking and cannabis use. Surveys reveal that pharmacological approaches to manage agitation have changed little, with haloperidol remaining in common use and intramuscular administration of antipsychotics and/or benzodiazepines being frequently administered to more severely agitated/aggressive individuals. Of note, ketamine has been recently adopted for use in severe agitation in medical emergency departments, but the risk of this medication for people with schizophrenia is unclear. At present, inhaled loxapine remains the only rapidly acting noninjectable FDA-approved treatment for agitation associated with schizophrenia. In development is an intranasal formulation for olanzapine (a well characterized atypical antipsychotic already approved to treat agitation) and a sublingual film for dexmedetomidine (an α2-adrenergic agonist used as an anesthetic and now being repurposed).

Comorbidities can contribute to agitation and can make an accurate differential diagnosis challenging. The ongoing development of rapidly acting novel formulations of antiagitation medications, if successful, may facilitate clinical treatment by providing additional options.
Noninvasive brain stimulation for the treatment of neurocognitive disorders: right for prime time?
Authors: Rajji Tarek K.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review

Neurocognitive disorders are associated with tremendous burden at the level of the individual, the care giver, and society at large. No effective treatments have been discovered to date.

Recent findings

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) comprises several promising interventions that have been studied in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Most recent studies have tested transcranial direct current stimulation or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on their own or in combination with other interventions, particularly cognitive training. While most studies were proof-of-principle studies with small sample sizes, combination and long-duration protocols seem to be promising approaches to pursue. Some studies also investigated novel neurophysiological markers as predictors of response to NIBS.

NIBS presents several interventional options that are ready to be evaluated using well powered, long-duration trials. These future studies should build on the promising leads from the current literature, including the potential advantage of combining NIBS with other interventions; the delivery of interventions for long durations to assess long-term impact; and the use of neurophysiological markers that could optimize the personalization and efficacy of NIBS.
The high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 is associated with increased interaction force between Spike-ACE2 caused by the viral N501Y mutation
Authors: Santos Jadson C. , Passos Geraldo A.
Published: January 2021

The Spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 mediates the viral particle’s binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the surface of human cells. Therefore, Spike-ACE2 interaction is a crucial determining factor for viral infectivity. A new phylogenetic group of SARS-CoV-2 (lineage B.1.1.7) has been recently identified in the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium dataset, which features an amino acid substitution in the Spike RBD (N501Y mutation). Infections with the SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 have been overgrowing in recent weeks in the United Kingdom, indicating an even greater spread capacity than that seen with previous strains of the novel coronavirus. We hypothesized that this rapid spreading/infectivity of the B.1.1.7 lineage might be due to changes in the interaction force between the mutant Spike RBD and ACE2. This study employedin silicomethods involving mutagenesis (N501Y mutation) and interface analysis focusing on the Spike RDB-ACE2 interaction. The results showed that the SARS-CoV-2 N501Y mutant (lineage B.1.1.7) establishes a more significant number of interactions relating to the mutant residue Y501 (Spike RDB) with residues Y41 and K353 (ACE2). This finding shows that the increased infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 is associated with the interaction force between the Spike RBD Y501 mutant residue with the ACE2 receptor, which in this strain is increased.
MVA Vector Vaccines Inhibit SARS CoV-2 Replication in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Transgenic Mice and Prevent Lethal Disease
Authors: Liu Ruikang , Americo Jeffrey L. , Cotter Catherine A. , Earl Patricia L. , Erez Noam , Peng Chen , Moss Bernard
Published: January 2021

Replication-restricted modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a licensed smallpox vaccine and numerous clinical studies investigating recombinant MVAs (rMVAs) as vectors for prevention of other infectious diseases have been completed or are in progress. Two rMVA COVID-19 vaccine trials are at an initial stage, though no animal protection studies have been reported. Here, we characterize rMVAs expressing the S protein of CoV-2. Modifications of full length S individually or in combination included two proline substitutions, mutations of the furin recognition site and deletion of the endoplasmic retrieval signal. Another rMVA in which the receptor binding domain (RBD) flanked by the signal peptide and transmembrane domains of S was also constructed. Each modified S protein was displayed on the surface of rMVA-infected human cells and was recognized by anti-RBD antibody and by soluble hACE2 receptor. Intramuscular injection of mice with the rMVAs induced S-binding and pseudovirus-neutralizing antibodies. Boosting occurred following a second homologous rMVA but was higher with adjuvanted purified RBD protein. Weight loss and lethality following intranasal infection of transgenic hACE2 mice with CoV-2 was prevented by one or two immunizations with rMVAs or by passive transfer of serum from vaccinated mice. One or two rMVA vaccinations also prevented recovery of infectious CoV-2 from the lungs. A low amount of virus was detected in the nasal turbinates of only one of eight rMVA-vaccinated mice on day 2 and none later. Detection of subgenomic mRNA in turbinates on day 2 only indicated that replication was abortive in immunized animals.

Significance

Vaccines are required to control COVID-19 during the pandemic and possibly afterwards. Recombinant nucleic acids, proteins and virus vectors that stimulate immune responses to the CoV-2 S protein have provided protection in experimental animal or human clinical trials, though questions remain regarding their ability to prevent spread and the duration of immunity. The present study focuses on replication-restricted modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), which has been shown to be a safe, immunogenic and stable smallpox vaccine and a promising vaccine vector for other infectious diseases and cancer. In a transgenic mouse model, one or two injections of recombinant MVAs that express modified forms of S inhibited CoV-2 replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and prevented severe disease.
Economic Network Effects and Immigrant Earnings†
Authors: Wang Xingang , Maani Sholeh A. , Rogers Alan
Published: January 2021

Do ethnic enclaves assist or hinder immigrants’ economic performance? The empirical literature on this question is inconclusive. In this paper we extend the literature by constructing a dynamic variable from micro‐panel data to capture the effects of spatial networks of immigrants’ ethnic‐specific resources. We account for endogeneity of the network and other variables. Using the HILDA data set, and a suite of robustness checks, results show that immigrants’ earnings are positively associated with the concentration and resources of their country‐of‐birth group. The effect is prominent for immigrants born in non‐English‐speaking countries and for high‐skilled immigrants, highlighting positive ethnic network spill‐over effects for these groups. Moreover, accounting for the network variable provides a viable explanation for the divisions in previous international results on ethnic concentration.
The Potency of Quality Incentives: Evidence from the Indonesian Dairy Value Chain
Authors: Treurniet Mark
Published: January 2021

Misalignment of quality incentives along value chains may limit quality and therefore function as a barrier to smallholder participation in modern value chains. This article uses survey and administrative data to study how individual quality incentives provided by private actors can help smallholders to improve milk quality. By matching farmers on baseline characteristics, I find that individual quality incentives increased the compositional quality of milk quickly after its introduction. Together with physical inputs and training, individual quality incentives also increased the hygienic quality of milk. Decreasing hygienic quality over time by treated farmers suggests that the impact of the intervention decreased over time.
A phylogenetic and functional perspective on the origin and evolutionary shifts of growth ring anatomical markers in seed plants
Authors: Silva Marcelo dos S. , Funch Ligia S. , da Silva Lazaro B. , Cardoso Domingos
Published: January 2021

We reconstruct the evolutionary changes in different anatomical markers in order to understand the evolution and functional aspects of growth rings during the diversification of seed plants (spermatophytes), one of the largest and most diverse lineages of the tree of life. We carried out a wide revision of the anatomy of secondary xylem in spermatophytes and reconstructed the evolution of the different anatomical markers in a time‐calibrated phylogeny. By embodying a functionally and evolutionarily significant concept in growth rings we reveal a new panorama for their frequency and show how common they are in diverse lineages of tropical plants. In this context, the principal anatomical markers of growth rings are identified in the evolutionary history of plants and their association with climate‐related ecological characteristics. We discuss the function of these anatomical markers, especially for thick‐walled and/or radially flattened latewood fibres, fibre zone and dilated rays. Despite the high evolutionary lability of the anatomical markers evidenced by our analyses, they appear to represent deep homologies.
Ultrastructural studies of the neurovascular unit reveal enhanced endothelial transcytosis in hyperglycemia‐enhanced hemorrhagic transformation after stroke
Authors: Xu Xiaomin , Zhu Liuqi , Xue Ke , Liu Jiayi , Wang Jian , Wang Guohua , Gu Jin‐hua , Zhang Yunfeng , Li Xia
Published: January 2021

Aims

Pre‐existing hyperglycemia (HG) aggravates the breakdown of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after acute ischemic stroke in both animal models and patients. To date, HG‐induced ultrastructural changes of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and the mechanisms underlying HG‐enhanced HT after ischemic stroke are poorly understood.

Methods

We used a mouse model of mild brain ischemia/reperfusion to investigate HG‐induced ultrastructural changes of BMECs that contribute to the impairment of BBB integrity after stroke. Adult male mice received systemic glucose administration 15 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 20 min. Ultrastructural characteristics of BMECs were evaluated using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional electron microscopy and quantitatively analyzed.

Results

Mice with acute HG had exacerbated BBB disruption and larger brain infarcts compared to mice with normoglycemia (NG) after MCAO and 4 h of reperfusion, as assessed by brain extravasation of the Evans blue dye and microtubule‐associated protein 2 immunostaining. Electron microscopy further revealed that HG mice had more endothelial vesicles in the striatal neurovascular unit than NG mice, which may account for their deterioration of BBB impairment. In contrast with enhanced endothelial transcytosis, paracellular tight junction ultrastructure was not disrupted after this mild ischemia/reperfusion insult or altered upon HG. Consistent with the observed increase of endothelial vesicles, transcytosis‐related proteins caveolin‐1, clathrin, and hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α were upregulated by HG after MCAO and reperfusion.

Conclusion

Our study provides solid structural evidence to understand the role of endothelial transcytosis in HG‐elicited BBB hyperpermeability. Enhanced transcytosis occurs prior to the physical breakdown of BMECs and is a promising therapeutic target to preserve BBB integrity.
Reflections on Non‐Imperialist, Feminist Values
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens
Published: January 2021

This paper clarifies and reflects on the four values that Serene Khader argues feminism can do without in Decolonizing Universalism: independence individualism, personhood individualism, Enlightenment freedom, and gender‐role eliminativism. Persuaded by her condemnation of the view Khader calls “headship complementarianism” and her defense of a different form of gender complementarianism, the paper leaves the question of gender role eliminativism aside. It starts by presenting some concerns about her treatment of Enlightenment freedom, independence individualism, and personhood individualism. It agrees that Enlightenment freedom and independence individualism have no place in feminism. Contrary to Khader, however, it maintains that personhood individualism is necessarily a feminist value. It then shows why the value of women’s autonomy is more central to non‐imperialist feminism than Khader acknowledges. Ultimately, it agrees with Khader that feminism can be both universalist and non‐imperialist provided that these qualifications are adopted.
Guava with an institutional supplementary meal improves iron status of preschoolers: a cluster‐randomized controlled trial
Authors: Roy Choudhury Dripta , Nair Krishnapillai Madhavan , Nagalla Balakrishna , Vijaya Kankipati Radhakrishna , Ghosh Sudip , Buwade Jagdish , Fernandez‐Rao Sylvia
Published: January 2021

The Integrated Child Development Services of India provides Supplementary Nutrition Program (SNP) to preschoolers. Using this platform, the current study examined the impact of diversifying a cereal/pulse–based SNP‐meal with guava on iron status and cognitive development among 24–48 months old children. A three‐arm, nonblinded, cluster‐randomized controlled trial (CTRI/2014/09/004983) included 399 beneficiaries from 28 preschools in 16 villages in Telangana state, India. The villages were randomly assigned to receive 25 g of guava (guava group (GG)), banana (banana group (BG)), or cucumber (cucumber group (CG)) along with a SNP meal for 140 days. Nutrient biomarkers (iron status, plasma vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folate), cognitive development, anthropometric indicators (WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ), and morbidity were assessed at baseline and endline. A linear mixed model and a generalized estimating equation were applied to compare changes in outcomes across the groups. All outcome variables were comparable across groups at baseline. The iron to vitamin C molar ratio improved in the GG from 1:1.4 to 1:12 but remained unaltered in control groups. Higher hemoglobin (P = 0.002), serum ferritin (SF; P < 0.001), vitamin C (P = 0.047), and lower soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR; P < 0.001) causing decreased prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) (P = 0.003) were observed in the GG compared with BG and CG. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) was lower in the GG (P = 0.035) versus controls. No impact was observed on cognitive development or growth. Thus, diversifying a cereal/pulse–based meal with guava increased meal vitamin C content, thereby reducing ID and ARI‐related morbidity. This approach represents a valid and scalable strategy to address ID among young children.
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of Workers Exposure to Bioaerosols at MSW Open Dumpsites
Authors: Akpeimeh G. F. , Fletcher L. A. , Evans B. E. , Ibanga I. E.
Published: January 2021

The bioaerosol exposure data from the study by Akpeimeh, Fletcher, and Evans (2019) was used to compute the risk of infection from the exposure of dumpsite workers to Aspergillus fumigatus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. A stochastic (Markov Chain) model was used to model the transport of the inhaled dose though the human respiratory system and then integrated into the beta‐Poisson dose–response model to estimate workers risks of respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) infection. The infection risk was computed based on workers exposure to E. coli O157:H7 at 10–50% pathogen ingestion rate and pathogen‐indicator ratio (P:I) of 1:103 and 1:104, while exposure to A. fumigatus was based solely on the average initial exposure dose. The results showed that after 11 hours of exposure, workers engaged in scavenging, waste sorting, and site monitoring were at risk of respiratory and GI infection in the magnitude of 10−1. However, the risk estimates associated with specific areas of the dumpsite showed that, the risk of GI infection at the active area ranged between 3.23 × 10−3–1.56 × 10−2 and 3.25 × 10−4–1.62 × 10−3; dormant area 2.06 × 10−3–1.01 × 10−2 and 2.09 × 10−4–1.04 × 10−3; entrance 1.85 × 10−3–9.09 × 10−3 and 1.87 × 10−4–9.27 × 10−4; boundary 1.82 × 10−3–8.82 × 10−3 and 2.09 × 10−4–8.94 × 10−4 for P:I = 1:103 and 1:104 respectively, while the risk of respiratory infection risks were in the magnitude of 10−1 for all four locations. The estimated risk of workers developing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were high for all activities assessed at the dumpsite.
Computed tomography identified mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament of the horse is associated with age and sex but not with the clinical sign of head shaking
Authors: Talbot Alison M. , Rodrigues Miguel , Maddox Thomas W.
Published: January 2021

Mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament has recently been identified in three horses undergoing computed tomographic (CT) examination, but published studies describing the clinical relevance of this finding are currently lacking. The objective of this retrospective, analytical, cross‐sectional study was to investigate the relationship of this image finding to primary presenting complaint, age, breed, use and sex of the patient, and determine any association to the clinical signs of head shaking, neck pain or restricted range of neck motion. Computed tomographic images of 96 horses undergoing examination of the head and cranial cervical spine, for a variety of clinical reasons, were assessed for the presence of mineralisation within the longitudinal odontoid ligament. Clinical records were reviewed; presenting problem, signalment, clinical signs and final diagnoses were recorded and potential associations of presenting primary problem, signalment and individual clinical signs with mineralisation in the longitudinal odontoid ligament investigated, using univariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis. Final multivariable analysis confirmed significant associations of increasing severity of mineralisation with increasing age (P = .002) and being female (P = .038). There was no association of mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament with the syndrome of idiopathic head shaking or other clinical signs investigated in this sample of horses. Authors therefore recommend that the clinical significance of mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament be interpreted cautiously for equine CT studies.
Abnormal neocortex arealization and Sotos-like syndrome–associated behavior in
Setd2
mutant mice
Authors: Xu Lichao , Zheng Yue , Li Xuejing , Wang Andi , Huo Dawei , Li Qinglan , Wang Shikang , Luo Zhiyuan , Liu Ying , Xu Fuqiang , Wu Xudong , Wu Min , Zhou Yan
Published: January 2021

SETD2 controls neocortical area patterning and social behaviors.
History of the solar nebula from meteorite paleomagnetism
Authors: Weiss Benjamin P. , Bai Xue-Ning , Fu Roger R.
Published: January 2021

Meteorite measurements suggest that magnetism played a central role in mass transport in the early solar system.
Ocean forcing drives glacier retreat in Greenland
Authors: Wood Michael , Rignot Eric , Fenty Ian , An Lu , Bjørk Anders , van den Broeke Michiel , Cai Cilan , Kane Emily , Menemenlis Dimitris , Millan Romain , Morlighem Mathieu , Mouginot Jeremie , Noël Brice , Scheuchl Bernd , Velicogna Isabella , Willis Josh K. , Zhang Hong
Published: January 2021

Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet.
Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy reveals triplet state coherences in cesium lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Albert , Almeida Diogo B. , Bonato Luiz G. , Nagamine Gabriel , Zagonel Luiz F. , Nogueira Ana F. , Padilha Lazaro A. , Cundiff S. T.
Published: January 2021

Multidimensional spectroscopy suggests that perovskite nanocrystals have a dark state interleaved with the triplet states.
Fanconi anemia A protein participates in nucleolar homeostasis maintenance and ribosome biogenesis
Authors: Gueiderikh Anna , Maczkowiak-Chartois Frédérique , Rouvet Guillaume , Souquère-Besse Sylvie , Apcher Sébastien , Diaz Jean-Jacques , Rosselli Filippo
Published: January 2021

FANCA is a multitasking protein with essential functions beyond DNA repair in nucleolar homeostasis and ribosome biogenesis.
Acoustofluidic centrifuge for nanoparticle enrichment and separation
Authors: Gu Yuyang , Chen Chuyi , Mao Zhangming , Bachman Hunter , Becker Ryan , Rufo Joseph , Wang Zeyu , Zhang Peiran , Mai John , Yang Shujie , Zhang Jinxin , Zhao Shuaiguo , Ouyang Yingshi , Wong David T. W. , Sadovsky Yoel , Huang Tony Jun
Published: January 2021

Acoustofluidic centrifugation enables the spinning of a fluidic droplet and nanoparticle enrichment and separation.
Synthetic lethality across normal tissues is strongly associated with cancer risk, onset, and tumor suppressor specificity
Authors: Cheng Kuoyuan , Nair Nishanth Ulhas , Lee Joo Sang , Ruppin Eytan
Published: January 2021

Expression pattern of synthetic lethality genes is a previously unknown factor associated with cancer risk across human tissues.
N
6
-methyldeoxyadenine and histone methylation mediate transgenerational survival advantages induced by hormetic heat stress
Authors: Wan Qin-Li , Meng Xiao , Dai Wenyu , Luo Zhenhuan , Wang Chongyang , Fu Xiaodie , Yang Jing , Ye Qunshan , Zhou Qinghua
Published: January 2021

Heat stress–induced survival advantages can be transgenerationally transmitted through the epigenetic marks of N
6
-mA and H3K9me3.
High-strength and fibrous capsule–resistant zwitterionic elastomers
Authors: Dong Dianyu , Tsao Caroline , Hung Hsiang-Chieh , Yao Fanglian , Tang Chenjue , Niu Liqian , Ma Jinrong , MacArthur Joel , Sinclair Andrew , Wu Kan , Jain Priyesh , Hansen Mitchell Ryan , Ly Dorathy , Tang Sebastian Gia-huy , Luu Tammy My , Jain Parul , Jiang Shaoyi
Published: January 2021

High-strength zwitterionic elastomers via a “swelling” and “locking” mechanism resist capsule formation in mice for up to a year.
Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome prevents ovarian aging
Authors: Navarro-Pando José M. , Alcocer-Gómez Elísabet , Castejón-Vega Beatriz , Navarro-Villarán Elena , Condés-Hervás Mónica , Mundi-Roldan María , Muntané Jordi , Pérez-Pulido Antonio J. , Bullon Pedro , Wang Chun , Hoffman Hal M. , Sanz Alberto , Mbalaviele Gabriel , Ryffel Bernhard , Cordero Mario D.
Published: January 2021

The inhibition of NLRP3 delays ovarian aging and extends fertility during reproductive aging.
Full-field fluorescence lifetime dual-comb microscopy using spectral mapping and frequency multiplexing of dual-comb optical beats
Authors: Mizuno T. , Hase E. , Minamikawa T. , Tokizane Y. , Oe R. , Koresawa H. , Yamamoto H. , Yasui T.
Published: January 2021

Use of dual-comb optical beats enables scan-less FLIM via one-to-one correspondence between 2D image pixels and RF beat signals.
Liquid-liquid phase separation of light-inducible transcription factors increases transcription activation in mammalian cells and mice
Authors: Schneider Nils , Wieland Franz-Georg , Kong Deqiang , Fischer Alexandra A. M. , Hörner Maximilian , Timmer Jens , Ye Haifeng , Weber Wilfried
Published: January 2021

Engineering liquid-liquid phase separation into synthetic and optogenetic transcription factors increases gene expression.
Exploring microstructures in lower mantle mineral assemblages with synchrotron x-rays
Authors: Chandler Brian , Bernier Joel , Diamond Matthew , Kunz Martin , Wenk Hans-Rudolf
Published: January 2021

Multigrain crystallography at high pressures tracks microstructural evolution of minerals at lower mantle conditions.
Heteromultivalent topology-matched nanostructures as potent and broad-spectrum influenza A virus inhibitors
Authors: Nie Chuanxiong , Stadtmüller Marlena , Parshad Badri , Wallert Matthias , Ahmadi Vahid , Kerkhoff Yannic , Bhatia Sumati , Block Stephan , Cheng Chong , Wolff Thorsten , Haag Rainer
Published: January 2021

A broad-spectrum heteromultivalent influenza inhibitor is developed by using the host cell membrane on an inverted virus scaffold.
Metabolomic shifts associated with heat stress in coral holobionts
Authors: Williams Amanda , Chiles Eric N. , Conetta Dennis , Pathmanathan Jananan S. , Cleves Phillip A. , Putnam Hollie M. , Su Xiaoyang , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: January 2021

Metabolomic profiling identifies small peptides that may provide early diagnosis of thermal stress and bleaching in coral.
Soft implantable drug delivery device integrated wirelessly with wearable devices to treat fatal seizures
Authors: Joo Hyunwoo , Lee Youngsik , Kim Jaemin , Yoo Jeong-Suk , Yoo Seungwon , Kim Sangyeon , Arya Ashwini Kumar , Kim Sangjun , Choi Seung Hong , Lu Nanshu , Lee Han Sang , Kim Sanghoek , Lee Soon-Tae , Kim Dae-Hyeong
Published: January 2021

A soft implantable drug delivery device integrated wirelessly with wearable devices was developed to treat fatal seizures.
An auxin-regulable oscillatory circuit drives the root clock in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Perianez-Rodriguez Juan , Rodriguez Marcos , Marconi Marco , Bustillo-Avendaño Estefano , Wachsman Guy , Sanchez-Corrionero Alvaro , De Gernier Hugues , Cabrera Javier , Perez-Garcia Pablo , Gude Inmaculada , Saez Angela , Serrano-Ron Laura , Beeckman Tom , Benfey Philip N. , Rodríguez-Patón Alfonso , del Pozo Juan Carlos , Wabnik Krzysztof , Moreno-Risueno Miguel A.
Published: January 2021

The root clock oscillator is formed by auxin-responsive factors and auxin, allowing a dynamic response to external stimuli.
Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening
Authors: Larremore Daniel B. , Wilder Bryan , Lester Evan , Shehata Soraya , Burke James M. , Hay James A. , Tambe Milind , Mina Michael J. , Parker Roy
Published: January 2021

Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening.
Visual number sense in untrained deep neural networks
Authors: Kim Gwangsu , Jang Jaeson , Baek Seungdae , Song Min , Paik Se-Bum
Published: January 2021

Visual number sense can arise spontaneously in untrained deep neural networks in the complete absence of learning.
Cardiolipin content controls mitochondrial coupling and energetic efficiency in muscle
Authors: Prola Alexandre , Blondelle Jordan , Vandestienne Aymeline , Piquereau Jérôme , Denis Raphaël G. P. , Guyot Stéphane , Chauvin Hadrien , Mourier Arnaud , Maurer Marie , Henry Céline , Khadhraoui Nahed , Gallerne Cindy , Molinié Thibaut , Courtin Guillaume , Guillaud Laurent , Gressette Mélanie , Solgadi Audrey , Dumont Florent , Castel Julien , Ternacle Julien , Demarquoy Jean , Malgoyre Alexandra , Koulmann Nathalie , Derumeaux Geneviève , Giraud Marie-France , Joubert Frédéric , Veksler Vladimir , Luquet Serge , Relaix Frédéric , Tiret Laurent , Pilot-Storck Fanny
Published: January 2021

Decreasing mitochondrial energy-production efficiency in skeletal muscle can confer protection against diet-induced obesity.
BBB pathophysiology–independent delivery of siRNA in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Li Wen , Qiu Jianhua , Li Xiang-Ling , Aday Sezin , Zhang Jingdong , Conley Grace , Xu Jun , Joseph John , Lan Haoyue , Langer Robert , Mannix Rebekah , Karp Jeffrey M. , Joshi Nitin
Published: January 2021

We describe a nanoparticle platform for brain delivery of nucleic acid–based therapeutics to treat TBI.
Internal state configures olfactory behavior and early sensory processing in
Drosophila
larvae
Authors: Vogt Katrin , Zimmerman David M. , Schlichting Matthias , Hernandez-Nunez Luis , Qin Shanshan , Malacon Karen , Rosbash Michael , Pehlevan Cengiz , Cardona Albert , Samuel Aravinthan D. T.
Published: January 2021

The first olfactory processing center in the larval
Drosophila
brain uses information about feeding state to shape behavior.
Antimony thin films demonstrate programmable optical nonlinearity
Authors: Cheng Zengguang , Milne Tara , Salter Patrick , Kim Judy S. , Humphrey Samuel , Booth Martin , Bhaskaran Harish
Published: January 2021

Antimony (Sb) acts as an ultrafast optical and optoelectronic nonlinear material at room temperature.
Ultradeep sequencing differentiates patterns of skin clonal mutations associated with sun-exposure status and skin cancer burden
Authors: Wei Lei , Christensen Sean R. , Fitzgerald Megan E. , Graham James , Hutson Nicholas D. , Zhang Chi , Huang Ziyun , Hu Qiang , Zhan Fenglin , Xie Jun , Zhang Jianmin , Liu Song , Remenyik Eva , Gellen Emese , Colegio Oscar R. , Bax Michael , Xu Jinhui , Lin Haifan , Huss Wendy J. , Foster Barbara A. , Paragh Gyorgy
Published: January 2021

Specific patterns of DNA mutations in normal skin show history of UV exposure and association with cancer risk.
Antigen receptor repertoires of one of the smallest known vertebrates
Authors: Giorgetti Orlando B. , Shingate Prashant , O’Meara Connor P. , Ravi Vydianathan , Pillai Nisha E. , Tay Boon-Hui , Prasad Aravind , Iwanami Norimasa , Tan Heok Hui , Schorpp Michael , Venkatesh Byrappa , Boehm Thomas
Published: January 2021

The antigen receptor repertoires of one of the smallest vertebrates are organized in a fractal manner.
Horizontal genome transfer by cell-to-cell travel of whole organelles
Authors: Hertle Alexander P. , Haberl Benedikt , Bock Ralph
Published: January 2021

This work elucidates the mechanisms of horizontal genome transfer and uncovers a new pathway of intercellular transport.
An unprecedented insight into the catalytic mechanism of copper nitrite reductase from atomic-resolution and damage-free structures
Authors: Rose Samuel L. , Antonyuk Svetlana V. , Sasaki Daisuke , Yamashita Keitaro , Hirata Kunio , Ueno Go , Ago Hideo , Eady Robert R. , Tosha Takehiko , Yamamoto Masaki , Hasnain S. Samar
Published: January 2021

Highly accurate SR structures and damage-free XFEL structures provide detailed insight into catalytic mechanism of CuNiR.
Trisomy 21–induced dysregulation of microglial homeostasis in Alzheimer’s brains is mediated by USP25
Authors: Zheng Qiuyang , Li Guilin , Wang Shihua , Zhou Ying , Liu Ke , Gao Yue , Zhou Yulin , Zheng Liangkai , Zhu Lin , Deng Qingfang , Wu Meiling , Di Anjie , Zhang Lishan , Zhao Yingjun , Zhang Hongfeng , Sun Hao , Dong Chen , Xu Huaxi , Wang Xin
Published: January 2021

Trisomy 21 induces microglial dysregulation in the Alzheimer’s brain through the perturbation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Recessive
NOS1AP
variants impair actin remodeling and cause glomerulopathy in humans and mice
Authors: Majmundar Amar J. , Buerger Florian , Forbes Thomas A. , Klämbt Verena , Schneider Ronen , Deutsch Konstantin , Kitzler Thomas M. , Howden Sara E. , Scurr Michelle , Tan Ker Sin , Krzeminski Mickaël , Widmeier Eugen , Braun Daniela A. , Lai Ethan , Ullah Ihsan , Amar Ali , Kolb Amy , Eddy Kaitlyn , Chen Chin Heng , Salmanullah Daanya , Dai Rufeng , Nakayama Makiko , Ottlewski Isabel , Kolvenbach Caroline M. , Onuchic-Whitford Ana C. , Mao Youying , Mann Nina , Nabhan Marwa M. , Rosen Seymour , Forman-Kay Julie D. , Soliman Neveen A. , Heilos Andreas , Kain Renate , Aufricht Christoph , Mane Shrikant , Lifton Richard P. , Shril Shirlee , Little Melissa H. , Hildebrandt Friedhelm
Published: January 2021

NOS1AP
variants impair actin remodeling in podocytes and cause glomerular disease in humans, kidney organoids, and mice.
Ediacaran metazoan reveals lophotrochozoan affinity and deepens root of Cambrian Explosion
Authors: Shore A. J. , Wood R. A. , Butler I. B. , Zhuravlev A. Yu. , McMahon S. , Curtis A. , Bowyer F. T.
Published: January 2021

First evidence of soft tissue in
Namacalathus
establishes phylogenetic connection between Ediacaran and Cambrian metazoans.
Distinguishing Pathovars from Nonpathovars: Escherichia coli
Authors: Riley Lee W.
Published: January 2021

Escherichia coliis one of the most well-adapted and pathogenically versatile bacterial organisms. It causes a variety of human infections, including gastrointestinal illnesses and extraintestinal infections. It is also part of the intestinal commensal flora of humans and other mammals. Groups ofE. colithat cause diarrhea are often described as intestinal pathogenicE. coli(IPEC), while those that cause infections outside of the gut are called extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli(ExPEC). IPEC can cause a variety of diarrheal illnesses as well as extraintestinal syndromes such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. ExPEC cause urinary tract infections, bloodstream infection, sepsis, and neonatal meningitis. IPEC and ExPEC have thus come to be referred to as pathogenic variants ofE. colior pathovars. While IPEC can be distinguished from commensalE. colibased on their characteristic virulence factors responsible for their associated clinical manifestations, ExPEC cannot be so easily distinguished. IPEC most likely have reservoirs outside of the human intestine but it is unclear if ExPEC represent nothing more than commensalE. colithat breach a sterile barrier to cause extraintestinal infections. This question has become more complicated by the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS) that has raised a new question about the taxonomic characterization ofE. colibased on traditional clinical microbiologic and phylogenetic methods. This review discusses how molecular epidemiologic approaches have been used to address these questions, and how answers to these questions may contribute to our better understanding of the epidemiology of infections caused byE. coli.*

This article is part of a curated collection.
Machine Learning Algorithms and Statistical Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease Analysis Based on Resting-State EEG Recordings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tzimourta Katerina D. , Christou Vasileios , Tzallas Alexandros T. , Giannakeas Nikolaos , Astrakas Loukas G. , Angelidis Pantelis , Tsalikakis Dimitrios , Tsipouras Markos G.
Published: January 2021

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of dementia with a great prevalence in western countries. The diagnosis of AD and its progression is performed through a variety of clinical procedures including neuropsychological and physical examination, Electroencephalographic (EEG) recording, brain imaging and blood analysis. During the last decades, analysis of the electrophysiological dynamics in AD patients has gained great research interest, as an alternative and cost-effective approach. This paper summarizes recent publications focusing on (a) AD detection and (b) the correlation of quantitative EEG features with AD progression, as it is estimated by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. A total of 49 experimental studies published from 2009 until 2020, which apply machine learning algorithms on resting state EEG recordings from AD patients, are reviewed. Results of each experimental study are presented and compared. The majority of the studies focus on AD detection incorporating Support Vector Machines, while deep learning techniques have not yet been applied on large EEG datasets. Promising conclusions for future studies are presented.
Discrimination Improvement Through Undesirable Feedback in Coupling Object Manipulation Tasks
Authors: Fu Rongrong , Han Mengmeng , Bao Tiantian , Wang Fuwang , Shi Peiming
Published: January 2021

Subjective effort can significantly affect the ability of humans to act optimally in dynamic manipulation tasks. In a previous study, we designed a complex object coupling manipulation task that required tight performance and induced high cognitive workload. We hypothesize that strong-effort-related physiological reactivity during the dynamic manipulation task improves the user performance in an undesired task feedback situation. To test this hypothesis, using the motor intentions’ discrimination from electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements, we evaluate the effort expended by 20 participants in a controlling task with constraints involving complex coupling objects. Specifically, the finer motor decisions are obtained from the controlling information in EEG by using two fingers from the same hand rather than two hands. The motor intention is decoded from a task-dependent EEG through a regularized discriminant analysis, and the area under the curve is [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we compare the undesired and desired task feedback conditions along with the individual’s effort dynamic adjustment, and investigate whether the undesired task feedback improved the discrimination of the motor activities. A stronger effort to attain the desired feedback state corresponds to improved motor activity discrimination from the EEG in the undesired task feedback scenario. The differences in the brain activities under the undesired and desired task feedback conditions are analyzed using brain-network-based topographical scalp maps. Our experiment provides preliminary evidence that inducing strong effort can improve discrimination performance during highly demanding tasks. This finding can advance our understanding of human attention, potentially improve the accuracy of intention recognition, and may inspire better EEG acquisition contexts.