bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subsurface Imaging by a Post-Stimulation Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profile Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing at the Utah FORGE Enhanced Geothermal System Site
Authors: Wang Yin-Kai , Stewart Robert R.
Published: June 2024

A 2D walkway vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey was conducted using a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system in southwest Utah, which is part of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) project. The VSP was undertaken to obtain detailed structural information for a better understanding of the area’s subsurface geology and associated fracture development. By combining a 3D composite velocity model from previous studies and considering the complex geological structure beneath this region, we processed the data to create P-P depth image. We also modified the interval Q calculation using a moving window over the gauge-length corrected DAS record to generate the velocity profile and the comparable interval attenuation curve. The correlated P-P images from two DAS records successfully indicate not only the main contact between shallow unconsolidated sediments and the metamorphic basement rocks at 2650 ft (807.72 m) but also several distinct reflections related to the geological contacts. The refined velocity profiles and the depth images can provide baseline results for further seismic modeling and time-lapse imaging.
Design and Performance Analysis of a Composite Thermal Protection Structure for a Robot Pan–Tilt
Authors: Shi Baojun , Tian Saikun , Li Tao , Song Shijia , Sun Haoran
Published: June 2024

To improve the adaptability of the robot pan–tilt to the high-temperature environment, a design scheme for a composite thermal protection structure composed of aerogel felt, hollow glass, and skin is proposed. The effects of aerogel felt thickness, glass type, and ambient temperature on the thermal protection performance of the structure are studied, using a fluid–solid–thermal coupling model. Numerical results show that the structure exhibits good protection performance, and that the thermal resistance distribution changes the main path of heat transmission. The optimal thickness of the aerogel felt is approximately 8 mm. Compared to 3 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm thicknesses, 8 mm reduces the maximum temperature by 15.90%, 8.37%, and 6.22%, and reduces the total entropy by 79.23%, 52.44%, and 12.5%. Lower thermal conductivity of the gas inside the hollow glass results in decreased maximum temperatures and total entropy. Using argon-filled hollow glass at 573.15 K decreases maximum temperature by 33.52% and 8.40%, with a total entropy reduction of 33.46% and 6.04%, compared to the single-layer and air-filled glass. Higher ambient temperatures correlate with increased maximum temperature, total entropy, and average surface-heat-transfer coefficient, indicating that the adaptability of the structure to high-temperature environments is limited.
Discussion on Deep Geothermal Characteristics and Exploration Prospects in the Northern Jiangsu Basin
Authors: Zhang Linyou , Li Shengtao , Xu Wenhao , Guan Junpeng , Song Jian , Yao Yahui , Niu Zhaoxuan , Yang Li
Published: June 2024

The Northern Jiangsu Basin (NJB), located at the northeast edge of the Yangtze block, is not only rich in oil and gas resources but also contains abundant geothermal resources. Nevertheless, the distribution of geothermal resources at medium depth in the NJB is still unclear due to its complex geological structure and tectonic–thermal evolution process, which restricts its exploitation and utilization. The characteristics of the geothermal field and distribution of geothermal reservoirs within the NJB are preliminarily analyzed based on available temperature measurements and geothermal exploration data. The prospective areas for the exploration of deep geothermal resources are discussed. The analysis results show that (1) Mesozoic–Paleozoic marine carbonate rocks are appropriate for use as principal geothermal reservoirs for the deep geothermal exploration and development within the NJB; (2) the geothermal field is evidently affected by the base fluctuation, and the high-temperature area is mainly concentrated at the junction of the Jianhu uplift and Dongtai depression; (3) the southeast margin of Jinhu sag, Lianbei sag, the east and west slope zone of Gaoyou sag, the low subuplifts within the depression such as Lingtangqiao–Liubao–Zheduo subuplifts, Xiaohai–Yuhua subuplifts and the west of Wubao low subuplift, have good prospects for deep geothermal exploration.
Modeling of Separation with Drying Processes for Compressed Air Using an Experimental Setup with Separation–Condensation and Throttling Devices
Authors: Liaposhchenko Oleksandr , Bondar Dmytro , Ochowiak Marek , Pavlenko Ivan , Włodarczak Sylwia
Published: June 2024

In modern industrial plants, compressed air is the most commonly used energy source; however, it is a source of condensation, which is not desirable for pneumatic equipment. This article describes a model of compressed air drying based on the principle of a refrigeration dryer. However, instead of gas refrigerants, the method proposed is to use cooled compressed air as a cooling medium with a temperature below 273 K. The main objective is to study the possibility of replacing harmful refrigerant gases with a neutral type of coolant. To carry out this research, a test bench containing a plate heat exchanger and a throttling device was designed and manufactured. This study has yielded the following scientific results. Firstly, the Joule–Thompson effect was used during the experiments, which facilitated a reduction in the temperature of the compressed air to 255 K. Secondly, using the expanded air and a plate heat exchanger, the temperature of the main compressed air stream was reduced to 280 K, which is very close to the temperature provided by standard-refrigeration-type compressed air dryers. This suggests that it is possible to use compressed air energy to cool the main stream of warm compressed air after the compressor. In general, the temperature range ensures the compressed air quality at the level of class 4 in accordance with international standards.
Bixin, a New Atheroprotective Carotenoid Candidate, Prevents oxLDL-Induced Cytotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Macrophages: Involvement of the Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways
Authors: Somacal Sabrina , Schüler da Silva Luana Caroline , de Oliveira Jade , Emanuelli Tatiana , Fabro de Bem Andreza
Published: June 2024

The accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and its toxicity in the arterial wall have been implicated in atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the atheroprotective effect of bixin, a carotenoid obtained from the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa orellana, on Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation and oxLDL-mediated effects in J774A.1 macrophage cells. Bixin’s effects were compared to those of lycopene, a carotenoid widely studied for its cardiovascular protective effects. LDL was isolated from human plasma, incubated with bixin or lycopene (positive control), and subjected to oxidation with CuSO4. Afterward, bixin or lycopene was incubated with J774A.1 macrophage cells and exposed to oxLDL. The levels of ROS, RNS, GSH, nitrite, mitochondrial function, and foam cell formation, as well as the expression of proteins related to the antioxidant and inflammatory status, were evaluated. The effect of bixin in inhibiting in vitro human-isolated LDL oxidation was more potent (5–6-fold) than that of lycopene. Bixin pretreatment reduced the atherogenic signaling triggered by oxLDL in the macrophages, namely the generation of reactive species, disturbance of nitric oxide homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and foam cell formation. The cytoprotective effects of bixin were accompanied by the upregulation of Nrf2 and the downregulation of the NF-kB pathways. Lycopene showed the same protective effect as bixin, except that it did not prevent mitochondrial dysfunction. The efficient performance of bixin makes it an ideal candidate for further trials as a new nutraceutical compound for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
The Effect of Heat Stress on Sensory Properties of Fresh Oysters: A Comprehensive Study Using E-Nose, E-Tongue, Sensory Evaluation, HS–SPME–GC–MS, LC–MS, and Transcriptomics
Authors: Fu Bing , Fang Chang , Li Zhongzhi , Zeng Zeqian , He Yinglin , Chen Shijun , Yang Huirong
Published: June 2024

Heat stress has received growing concerns regarding the impact on seafood quality. However, the effects of heat stress on the sensory properties of seafood remain unknown. In this study, the sensory properties of fresh oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) treated with chronic heat stress (30 °C) for 8 weeks were characterized using electronic nose, electronic tongue, sensory evaluation, HS–SPME–GC–MS, LC–MS and transcriptomics. Overall, chronic heat stress reduced the overall sensory properties of oysters. The metabolic network constructed. based on enrichment results of 423 differential metabolites and 166 differentially expressed genes, showed that the negative effects of chronic heat stress on the sensory properties of oysters were related to oxidative stress, protein degradation, lipid oxidation, and nucleotide metabolism. The results of the study provide valuable insights into the effects of heat stress on the sensory properties of oysters, which are important for ensuring a sustainable supply of high-quality seafood and maintaining food safety.
Electrospun Photodynamic Antibacterial Konjac Glucomannan/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibers Incorporated with Lignin-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Curcumin for Food Packaging
Authors: Xiao Huimin , Wang Lin , Bu Nitong , Duan Jie , Pang Jie
Published: June 2024

Due to the growing concerns surrounding microbial contamination and food safety, there has been a surge of interest in fabricating novel food packaging with highly efficient antibacterial activity. Herein, we describe novel photodynamic antibacterial konjac glucomannan (KGM)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers incorporated with lignin-zinc oxide composite nanoparticles (L-ZnONPs) and curcumin (Cur) via electrospinning technology. The resulting KGM/PVP/Cur/L-ZnONPs nanofibers exhibited favorable hydrophobic properties (water contact angle: 118.1°), thermal stability, and flexibility (elongation at break: 241.9%). Notably, the inclusion of L-ZnONPs and Cur endowed the nanofibers with remarkable antioxidant (ABTS radical scavenging activity: 98.1%) and photodynamic antimicrobial properties, demonstrating enhanced inhibitory effect against both Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition: 12.4 mm) and Escherichia coli (12.1 mm). As a proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the feasibility of applying nanofibers to fresh strawberries, and the findings demonstrated that our nanofibers could delay strawberry spoilage and inhibit microbial growth. This photodynamic antimicrobial approach holds promise for design of highly efficient antibacterial food packaging, thereby contributing to enhanced food safety and quality assurance.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Inscription Sites in Henan Province
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Gao Jiaji , Ni Xiaotong
Published: June 2024

This paper takes 1929 inscription sites in Henan Province as the study object and uses methods such as kernel density and nearest neighbor index to analyze their spatiotemporal distribution patterns and influencing factors. It also studies those patterns of various levels of inscription cultural relics’ protection units and content. All of these will help our understanding of the development process and characteristics of Central Plains art and provide reference for the protection and development of inscriptions in Henan in the future. The study indicates the following: (1) The spatial distribution of inscription sites is relatively uneven and the clustering is obvious, being mainly concentrated in the northern and northwestern regions of Henan, showing the characteristics of “one belt and four clusters” as a whole. The density is high in the north and low in the south, gradually decreasing from north to south. (2) In terms of time, the number of these inscription sites shows a fluctuating trend of first a slight increase and then a decrease with a significant increase and then a decrease. The center of the sites migrates from southwest to northeast over time. (3) These inscriptions can be divided into five primary themes and further subdivided into 16 secondary themes in terms of content. The main type is chronicle. (4) Inscriptions in Henan are mainly influenced by five major factors: topography, climate, economy and transportation, politics and society, culture and religion.
Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dental Panoramic Radiograph (DPR) Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Turosz Natalia , Chęcińska Kamila , Chęciński Maciej , Rutański Iwo , Sielski Marcin , Sikora Maciej
Published: June 2024

Background: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining popularity in modern dentistry. AI has been successfully used to interpret dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) and quickly screen large groups of patients. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform a population-based assessment of the oral health status and treatment needs of the residents of Kielce, Poland, and the surrounding area based on DPR analysis performed by a high-accuracy AI algorithm trained with over 250,000 radiographs. Methods: This study included adults who had a panoramic radiograph performed, regardless of indications. The following diagnoses were used for analysis: (1) dental caries, (2) missing tooth, (3) dental filling, (4) root canal filling, (5) endodontic lesion, (6) implant, (7) implant abutment crown, (8) pontic crown, (9) dental abutment crown, and (10) sound tooth. The study sample included 980 subjects. Results: The patients had an average of 15 sound teeth, with the domination of the lower dental arch over the upper one. The most commonly identified pathology was dental caries, which affected 99% of participants. A total of 67% of patients underwent root canal treatment. Every fifth endodontically treated tooth presented a periapical lesion. Of study group members, 82% lost at least one tooth. Pontics were identified more often (9%) than implants (2%) in replacing missing teeth. Conclusions: DPR assessment by AI has proven to be an efficient method for population analysis. Despite recent improvements in the oral health status of Polish residents, its level is still unsatisfactory and suggests the need to improve oral health. However, due to some limitations of this study, the results should be interpreted with caution.
Treating Trigeminal Schwannoma through a Transorbital Approach: A Systematic Review
Authors: De Simone Matteo , Choucha Anis , Dannhoff Guillaume , Kong Doo-Sik , Zoia Cesare , Iaconetta Giorgio
Published: June 2024

Background: Trigeminal schwannomas (TSs) are uncommon tumors found along any segment of the fifth cranial nerve (CN V). Typically located at the skull base, these benign tumors carry substantial morbidity due to the extent of traditional surgical methods. Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery such as the endoscopic transorbital approach (ETOA) presents promising new avenues for treatment, with the transorbital approach emerging as a potentially successful alternative. Methods: This review systematically assesses the application of the ETOA in treating TSs. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Embase were thoroughly searched for articles detailing the use of the ETOA in clinical case studies. The outcomes of interest encompassed epidemiological profiling, surgical results, and complication rates. Results: This study included 70 patients with TSs (from six studies), with 22 males (31.4%) and 58 females (68.6%). Patients averaged 55 years and were monitored for around 16.4 months (on average). In most tumors, the middle cranial fossa was involved to some degree. The majority (87.2%) were large (3–6 cm) and underwent gross total resection (GTR) or near-total resection in 87.2% of patients. Preoperatively, sensory alterations were common, along with proptosis, neuropathic pain, and diplopia. Postoperatively, complications included ptosis, diplopia, sensory impairment, corneal keratopathy, masticatory difficulty, and neuralgia. The pure ETOA was the primary surgical technique used in 90% of cases, with no recurrence observed during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Using the ETOA to treat TSs demonstrated an oncologic control rate of 87.2%. Postoperative complications including ptosis, diplopia, and sensory disturbances have been observed, but careful monitoring and management can mitigate these problems. The ETOA emerges as a viable surgical option, especially for tumors involving the middle cranial fossa, capable of adapting to individual patient needs and demonstrating efficacy in TS management.
The Long-Term Results of Electrochemotherapy in the Treatment of Patients with Locoregionally Advanced, Unresectable Melanoma
Authors: Zdzienicki Marcin , Ziętek Marcin , Krotewicz Maria , Ewert-Krzemieniewska Agnieszka , Rutkowski Piotr
Published: June 2024

Background/Objectives: Despite observing progress in recent years in the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma, the optimal management of locoregional recurrence has not been determined. Various methods are used to treat this group of patients. One of these methods is electrochemotherapy. The present study presents the distant results in treating patients with the locoregional recurrence of melanoma, using the technique of electrochemotherapy. Methods: This study includes a retrospective analysis of 88 patients’ data with locoregional melanoma recurrence, treated with electrochemotherapy (ECT) between 2010 and 2023, in two reference centers. Results: Approximately 80% of patients responded to the ECT treatment, achieving partial or complete remission. In a multivariate analysis, statistically significant longer overall survival was found in the group of patients who achieved complete remission after ECT and were treated with immunotherapy. Discussion: The results may suggest the existence of synergy between ECT and immunotherapy. However, confirmation of this fact requires further prospective studies that will also establish the role of ECT in the combination treatment of patients with locoregional recurrence of melanoma.
Influence of the Addition of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Self-Cleaning Capacity of Cementitious Composites
Authors: Florean Carmen Teodora , Csapai Alexandra , Vermesan Horatiu , Gabor Timea , Hegyi Andreea , Stoian Vlad , Uriciuc Willi Andrei , Petcu Cristian , Cîmpan Marius
Published: June 2024

This study evaluated the potential of incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (NT) into cementitious composites to provide self-cleaning and self-sanitising properties, as well as the partial replacement of natural aggregates with recycled glass (RGA), ceramic brick (RBA), granulated blast furnace slag (GBA), and textolite waste (RTA) from electronic equipment on these properties. Based on the research results, the addition of NT to cementitious composites led to a significant reduction in contact angle, which means an increase in surface hydrophilicity. At the same time, Rhodamine B stain fading was highlighted, with the degree of whiteness recovery of NT composites exceeding that of the control by up to 11% for natural aggregate compositions, 10.6% for RGA compositions, 19.9% for RBA compositions, 15% for GBA compositions, and 13% for RTA compositions. In a mould-contaminated environment, it was shown that the introduction of NT allowed the material to develop a biocidal surface capacity which is also influenced by the nature of the aggregates used. Furthermore, the study revealed that, under controlled conditions, certain recycled waste aggregates, such as textolite, promoted mould growth, while others, such as brick and slag, inhibited it, highlighting not just the effect of the addition of NT, but also the significant influence of the aggregate type on the microbial resistance of cementitious composites. These improvements in the performance of cementitious composites are particularly advantageous when applied to prefabricated elements intended for the finishing and decorative surfaces of institutional (schools, administrative buildings, religious structures, etc.) or residential buildings.
Microstructure and Erosion Wear of In Situ TiC-Reinforced Co-Cr-W-C (Stellite 6) Laser-Cladded Coatings
Authors: Górka Jacek , Poloczek Tomasz , Janicki Damian , Lont Aleksandra , Topór Sławomir , Żuk Marcin , Rzeźnikiewicz Agnieszka
Published: June 2024

The article presents research results on the possibility of shaping the structure and properties of Co-Cr-W-C-Ti alloys (type Stellite 6) using laser cladding technology. Cobalt-based alloys are used in several industries because they are characterized by high erosion, abrasion, and corrosion resistance, retaining these properties at high temperatures. To further increase erosion resistance, it seems appropriate to reinforce material by in situ synthesis of hard phases. Among the transition metal carbides (TMCs), titanium carbide is one of the hardest and can have a positive effect on the extension of the lifetime of components made from cobalt-based alloys. In this article, concentration of C, W, and Ti due to the possibility of in situ synthesis of titanium carbides was subjected to detailed analysis. The provided research includes macrostructure and microstructure analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness, and penetrant tests. It was found that the optimal concentrations of Ti and C in the Co-Cr-W-C alloy allow the formation of titanium carbides, which significantly improves erosion resistance for low impact angles. Depending on the concentrations of titanium, carbon, and tungsten in the molten metal pool, it is possible to shape the alloy structure by influencing to morphology and size of the reinforcing phase in the form of the complex carbide (Ti,W)C.
The Reduction Reaction Behavior of Steelmaking Dusts with Lignin under Different Atmospheres
Authors: Don Danuka Maduranga Wawita Widanalage , Fabritius Timo , Omran Mamdouh
Published: June 2024

This study investigated lignin as a reducing agent instead of fossil carbon for the reduction of zinc oxide and zinc ferrite contained in steelmaking dusts. Three types of dusts from different steelmaking processes were considered: ferrochrome converter (CRC), electric arc furnace stainless steel (EAFSS) and electric arc furnace carbon steel (EAFCS). Zinc is primarily found in zincite phases within CRC dust, while EAFSS and EAFCS dusts contain franklinite and zincite phases as Zn-bearing minerals. The proximate analysis of lignin showed that the fixed carbon content is 28.9%. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the reduction behavior of different mixtures of lignin and steel dusts under inert and air atmospheres. Simultaneously, the minimum ratio of lignin out of three different proportions required to achieve a complete reduction of franklinite and zincite phases into metallic zinc was identified. The results indicated that a 1.1 stoichiometric amount of lignin is sufficient for the complete reduction of zinc-bearing minerals into metallic zinc. In conclusion, lignin can be used efficiently for processing steelmaking dusts.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Laser Cleaning Quality of Q390 Steel Rust Layer Based on Response Surface Methodology and NSGA-II Algorithm
Authors: Wang Guolong , Deng Jian , Lei Jieheng , Tang Wenjie , Zhou Wujiang , Lei Zeyong
Published: June 2024

To improve the laser cleaning surface quality of rust layers in Q390 steel, a method of determining the optimal cleaning parameters is proposed that is based on response surface methodology and the second-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). It involves constructing a mathematical model of the input variables (laser power, cleaning speed, scanning speed, and repetition frequency) and the objective values (surface oxygen content, rust layer removal rate, and surface roughness). The effects of the laser cleaning process parameters on the cleaning surface quality were analyzed in our study, and accordingly, NSGA-II was used to determine the optimal process parameters. The results indicate that the optimal process parameters are as follows: a laser power of 44.99 W, cleaning speed of 174.01 mm/min, scanning speed of 3852.03 mm/s, and repetition frequency of 116 kHz. With these parameters, the surface corrosion is effectively removed, revealing a distinct metal luster and meeting the standard for surface treatment before welding.
Resistance of External Thermal Insulation Systems with Fire Barriers to Long-Lasting Weathering
Authors: Sudoł Ewa , Piekarczuk Artur , Kozikowska Ewelina , Mazurek Aleksandra
Published: June 2024

Fire barriers are used to reduce the risk of fire spreading over façades. External thermal insulation composite systems consist of mineral wool strips embedded in a layer of another thermal insulation material. A system configured in this manner, beyond standard solutions, can be more susceptible to environmental factors. In this study, an expanded polystyrene-based system with a mineral wool fire barrier was subjected to weathering conditions. In view of climate change, nonconventional long-lasting exposure simulating the effects of intensive atmospheric factors was applied. Two exposure sequences were used, each covering 80 cycles of heating and wetting, five cycles of heating and cooling, and 30 cycles of wetting, freezing, and thawing. Significant changes were observed in the first sequence. The second sequence caused rendering system cracks wider than 0.2 mm. This indicated a loss of watertightness. A new approach of 3D scanning with inspection analysis was used to assess the deformations. It showed deformation amounted to 0.7 mm within the MW strip. The methods used previously did not allow this level of deformation to be recorded.
Impact of Chemical Corrosion on Mechanical Properties of Boroaluminosilicate Pharmaceutical Glasses
Authors: Ma Xinlin , Liu Jin , Zhang Jun , Su Yucai , Yi Kangfeng , Zhang Yanfei , Ding Linfeng , Zheng Qiuju
Published: June 2024

Boroaluminosilicate (BAS) glasses have excellent chemical durability and mechanical properties and are widely used in the pharmaceutical packaging industry. The corrosion behavior of boroaluminosilicate (BAS) glasses have been investigated for many years; however, the impact of chemical corrosion on mechanical properties of boroaluminosilicate glasses has not been well understood. In this work, the BAS glass samples were corroded in a 20 mM Glycine–NaOH buffer solution (pH = 10) at 80 °C for various durations. Within the corrosion durations, the corrosion of the glass is dominated by congruent dissolution. The results show that the elemental composition and structure of the glass surface are not altered significantly during the congruent dissolution, and the corrosion rate is mainly affected by the Si concentration in the solution. The structural change in the process of micro-crack decay is the main factor affecting the mechanical properties of the glass surface. Corrosion leads to the growth of micro-cracks and tip passivation, which causes the hardness and elastic modulus of the glass to first decrease and then increase. As corrosion proceeds, the microcracks are completely destroyed to form micropores, and the pore size and number increase with the corrosion process, resulting in the decrease in surface mechanical properties again. This work reveals the main influencing factors of congruent dissolution on mechanical properties and provides an important reference for the improvement of pharmaceutical glass strength.
Development and Holocrine Secretion of Resin Ducts in Kielmeyera appariciana (Calophyllaceae)
Authors: Costa Ellenhise Ribeiro , Demarco Diego
Published: June 2024

The modes of formation and release of secretion are complex processes that occur in secretory ducts and their description has great divergence in some species. The use of modern techniques to detect hydrolytic enzymes, cytoskeleton arrangement and indicators of programmed cell death may help clarify the processes involved during the ontogeny of that gland. The goal of our study was to analyze subcellular changes during schizogenous formation and secretion production and release into the lumen in resin ducts of Kielmeyera appariciana. Our results demonstrate the participation of pectinase through the loosening of the central cells of the rosette, which subsequently split from each other through polarized growth mediated by a rearrangement of the microtubules. The resin is mainly synthesized in plastids and endoplasmic reticulum and is observed inside vesicles and small vacuoles. The secretion release is holocrine and occurs through programmed cell death related to the release of reactive oxygen species, causing cytoplasm darkening, chromatin condensation, vacuole rupture and plastid and mitochondria degeneration. Cellulase activity was identified prior to the rupture of the cell wall, causing the release of secretion into the lumen of the duct. The participation of the cytoskeleton was observed for the first time during schizogeny of ducts as well as programmed cell death as part of the process of the release of holocrine secretion. This type of secretion release may be a key innovation in Kielmeyera since it has not been observed in ducts of any other plant thus far.
A Synopsis of Dicranum Hedw. (Dicranaceae, Bryophyta) in China, with Special References to Four Species Newly Reported and Re-Evaluation of Dicranum psathyrum Klazenga
Authors: Huang Wen-Zhuan , Shen Chao , Xu Hao , Shu Lei , Sulayman Mamtimin , Wu Yu-Huan , Zhu Rui-Liang
Published: June 2024

Dicranum Hedw. is a highly diverse and widely distributed genus within Dicranaceae. The species diversity and distribution of this genus in China, however, remain not well known. A new revision of Dicranum in China using morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods confirms that China has 39 species, including four newly reported species, D. bardunovii Tubanova & Ignatova, D. dispersum Engelmark, D. schljakovii Ignatova & Tubanova, and D. spadiceum J.E.Zetterst. Dicranum psathyrum Klazenga is transferred to Dicranoloma (Renauld) Renauld as a new synonym of Dicranoloma fragile Broth. Two species, Dicranum brevifolium (Lindb.) Lindb. and D. viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. are excluded from the bryoflora of China. A key to the Chinese Dicranum species is also provided. These results indicate an underestimation of the distribution range of numerous Dicranum species, underscoring the need for further in-depth investigations into the worldwide Dicranum diversity.
Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions among Community Members of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province
Authors: Mudau Azwinndini Gladys , Manganye Bumani Solomon , Tshivhase Shonisani Elizabeth , Mashau Ntsieni Stella , Tshitangano Takalani Grace , Mbhatsani Hlekani Vanessa , Motadi Selekane , Baloyi Brenda , Mugware Anzani , Mudau Zwivhuya Patience , Lebese Rachel , Mushaphi Lindelani Fhumudzani
Published: June 2024

The mental well-being of many community members was seriously impacted by COVID-19, with some experiencing the loss of loved ones and others losing jobs due to lockdown-related company cutbacks. There is evidence indicating that many people faced challenges in accessing essential services, including healthcare. This study aimed at investigating the effects of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions among community members of the Vhembe District, in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative, exploratory design was used for this study. Data were collected from 54 participants through nine focus group interviews with six participants each. This study identified two main themes originating from data analysis: community mental health during COVID-19 lockdown, lockdown regulations, and challenges encountered. The participants discussed the impact of COVID-19 during lockdown. This research underscores the vital necessity of implementing harm reduction strategies and long-term service policies for this group. It also emphasizes the importance of equity, diversity, and inclusion in upholding the rights of marginalized populations.
Narcissist Traits and Transfiguration of Domestic Territory in Anne Tyler's “Saint Maybe”
Authors: Tamilmani Kulamangalam Thiagarajan , Thillainayaki Sankaranpillai Aruljothi
Published: June 2024

Men and women in the domestic territory are predominantly presented as the main sources of family in most of the contemporary American novels. Yet their significance is portrayed with multitudes of familial responsibilities in nurturing their children. Anne Tyler’s Saint Maybe appraises the familiar theme of ordinary people and their encounter with sufferings to culminate in transfiguration of domestic territory. This paper displays the outlook of ordinary people in Saint Maybe to prevent them from falling astray. More crucially, the framework of the paper lays its emphasis on how Ian Bedloe sheds his narcissistic traits to capture the attention of his brother’s children in the domestic sphere after the death of their parents. Therefore, this paper purports to bring out the effect of narcissistic traits in which Tyler has ingrained a real and a fervent tone about religion to protect Ian Bedloe as a surrogate father.
Native American History as Counter-Discourse in James Welch’s Narratives: The Examples of “Fools Crow” and “Killing Custer”.
Authors: Garuba Issa Omotosho
Published: June 2024

A peculiar dimension in the Native American writing is the documentation of the history of the Native Americans’ traditional lives before, during and after their encounter with the white settlers. It is a development that is essentially explicable within the purview of postcolonial discourse, given that, in some contexts, historical distortions from the perspective of the ‘other’ have been asserted as the rationale for such creative explorations on the part of the Native writers. In the context of this study, such a dimension, with particular reference to James Welch’s novels, is considered as, indeed, counter-discursive. Two of his novels, Fools Crow and Killing Custer, are selected with a view to assessing how the historical documentations in the texts translate to counter-discourses in the context of the Native Americans’ historical evolution. The study reveals that, while the Native American histories in the texts dovetail into each other, they are largely inspired by the Native Americans’ colonial experience vis-à-vis the need to represent their history from the perspective of ‘us’ as opposed to ‘other’. It concludes that the narratives have, in a significant way, performed the allegorical configuration function, as a counter-discourse strategy described by Slemon (1987). This holds in that they have conceivably assumed ‘readings’ and ‘contestations’ of the previously textualised colonial experience of the Native Americans from the perspective of the ‘other’.
English Medium Instruction in Higher Education: Global Trends, Challenges, and the Call for Multilingual Approaches
Authors: Gülle Talip
Published: June 2024

This review article examines the widespread adoption of English Medium Instruction (EMI) in higher education, driven by globalization and the need to prepare students for the international job market. While EMI aims to enhance English proficiency and academic and employment prospects, it also presents challenges in terms of linguistic equity, pedagogical effectiveness, and the academic success of students. Through a synthesis of research, this review explores the implications and challenges of EMI and scrutinizes the assumption that EMI inherently improves English proficiency alongside content learning. The article also critiques the monolingual ideology of EMI policies and advocates for the recent call by researchers for a multilingual approach that includes translanguaging practices to better accommodate the linguistic diversity of student populations. In doing so, it highlights the need for a critical reassessment of EMI implementation based on the suggestion that by integrating students’ wider linguistic resources, EMI can evolve from its monolingual origins to embrace a more effective and equitable multilingual framework.
LOCKing Patient Safety: A Dynamic Cybersecurity Checklist for Healthcare Workers
Authors: Rajamäki Jyri , Wood Kimberley , Espada Benjamin
Published: June 2024

Ensuring the cybersecurity of patient data is particularly challenging for healthcare organizations, and healthcare professionals play a key role here. Therefore, they must have the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to identify cybersecurity risks and respond appropriately to them. As part of the CyberSecPro project, this work-in-progress paper aims to provide healthcare professionals with a simple and memorable cybersecurity checklist highlighting important factors to consider. The purpose of the checklist is to support busy healthcare workers in implementing effective cybersecurity measures to secure sensitive information and guarantee patient privacy. The interview method was used to find out the cybersecurity challenges faced by healthcare workers and gather their opinions into a checklist. The mini-mental cybersecurity checklist created in the study, emphasizes the importance of being aware of cyber threats and maintaining secure and reliable information systems. Its name “LOCK” stands for Logging Out every time you leave your computer, Checking e-mails before opening links, and Keeping safe. Keep calm and LOCK on.
E-EWS-based Governance Framework for Sharing Cyber Threat Intelligence in the Energy Sector
Authors: Rajamäki Jyri , Feyesa Asfaw , Nepal Anup
Published: June 2024

The integration of traditional energy technologies with modern digital technologies increases the risks of cyber-attacks and data breaches. Sharing cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is important for the common defense. The DYNAMO project has chosen the ECHO Early Warning System (E-EWS) as a tool for CTI information sharing. The management of E-EWS becomes the basis for guiding the ethical and efficient operation of the DYNAMO platform and the wider energy sector. The governance framework defines roles, responsibilities, and procedures that are tailored to sharing information, enhancing collaboration, and ensuring the integrity of shared information. Effective governance promotes transparency, compliance, and trust among stakeholders, which ultimately strengthens the security posture of the DYNAMO platform and improves the energy industry's resilience against cyber threats. This paper proposes a governance framework for the DYNAMO platform, including a committee, data security policies, and NIS2 and GDPR compliance. It emphasizes user-friendly collaboration tools, access control, continuous monitoring, stakeholder training, compliance, and phased implementation. The goal is iterative improvements through continuous evaluation.
Cyber Operations in Ukraine: Emerging Patterns in Cases
Authors: Takamaa Markus , Lehto Martti
Published: June 2024

The Ukrainian state has been a target of cyber-related incidents since the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Cyberattacks have targeted Ukrainian critical infrastructure, government offices, and several public and private organisations. Sometimes, these cyberattacks have caused significant impacts within the nation's borders. Some of the most well-known cyber-incidents in Ukraine include attacks on the Ukrainian electrical grid, which cut out the power supply for hundreds of thousands of people in 2015 and 2016. Attacks have also targeted presidential election systems and financial entities operating in Ukraine. The majority of attacks within Ukraine's borders have been attributed to Russian-affiliated non-state actors and organisations, and the number of attacks correlates with the escalation of the war in 2022. This implies previous cyberattacks potentially belonging to a series of hybrid operations related to the Ukrainian conflict and the general geopolitical situation since the annexation of Crimea. The paper focuses on this context by examining cyber incidents targeting Ukraine since 2014. We study the unifying factors related to Ukrainian cyber incidents, and we will discuss emerging patterns related to the attacks during the last ten years. This study will uncover the general traits of state-affiliated attacks in Ukraine, which will help uncover emerging patterns. Our particular focus will be cyber-attacks, where the target is the Ukrainian state and its critical infrastructure. We will examine methods of attacks, the attack targets, and the impacts, among other things. With the patterns emerging from our study, we can predict future cyber-attacks targeting Ukraine, providing tools for preparing for future incidents. We can use the information to improve national cyber-defences, where the attacks are likely to happen in the future. Studying the Ukrainian cases may also provide additional insights for improving cyber defences in other nation-states within the parts that apply to these nation-states and their geopolitical contexts.
Exploring Trainees’ Behaviour in Hands-on Cybersecurity Exercises Through Data Mining
Authors: Ur Rehman Muaan , Bahsi Hayretdin , Bukauskas Linas , Knox Benjamin
Published: June 2024

Despite the rising number of cybersecurity professionals, the demand for more experts in this field is still substantial. Cybersecurity professionals must also possess up-to-date knowledge and skills to counter cybersecurity threats’ dynamicity and rapidly evolving nature. Hands-on cybersecurity training is mandatory to practice various tools and improve one’s technical cybersecurity skills. Generally, an interactive learning environment is set, where trainees perform sophisticated tasks by accessing complete operating systems, applications, and networks. One of the main challenges that cybersecurity organizations are facing today is the generation of massive data through practice exercises.  So, it becomes a problem to convert this data into knowledge to improve the overall quality of the learning system. The large amount of interaction data and its complexity also limit us to do automated analysis. Thus, these challenges for cybersecurity learners can be addressed through appropriate educational data analysis by having insights or testing hypotheses or models on a proper dataset. Revealing the patterns, rules, item sets and time taken by trainees while using any command line tool could help the trainer to assess the trainees and to provide feedback. Therefore, in this paper we are analyzing the frequency patterns and timing information captured from the trainees’ command line log to reveal their solving techniques, easy and struggling stages, slipups, and individual performance.  Through our study, we aim to show how education and training providers can foresee learners who are less likely to succeed in a task or exhibit low performance, which can impede learning proficiency. With this knowledge, organizations and trainers can identify trainees who require additional attention or support. It may also be able to identify elements related to an organization like training aids, training methodology, etc. that need improvement. This study demonstrates the utility of data-mining techniques, specifically rule mining and sequential mining, to empower training designers to delve into datasets derived from cyber security training exercises.
Complexity of Contemporary Indicators of Compromise
Authors: Hagen Raymond André , Helkala Kirsi
Published: June 2024

The cybersecurity landscape has undergone substantial transformation, especially in the sphere of Advanced Persistent Threats (APT). These evolving threats, marked by increased sophistication, scale, and impact, require the critical revaluation of traditional security models and the development of more advanced defensive strategies. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the progress in APT attack methodologies over the past 30 years, focused on the evolving nature of compromise (IoCs) and their role in shaping future predictive and defensive mechanisms. Using a rigorous methodological approach, this survey systematically reviewed 21 significant APT incidents that span three decades. This includes integrating data from various sources such as academic journals, specialised cybersecurity blogs, and media reports. Using comparative and analytical methods, this study dissects each incident to provide an intricate understanding of the APT landscape and the evolution of IoCs. Our findings indicate a notable change in thinking from isolated hacker activities to organised state-sponsored APT operations driven by complex motives such as political espionage, economic disruption, and national security interests. Advancements in APTs are characterised by sophisticated persistence mechanisms, innovative attack vectors, advanced lateral movement within networks, and more covert data exfiltration and evasion methods.This study emphasises the difficulties in detecting advanced persistent threat (APT) activities due to their sophisticated and secretive nature. This stresses the importance of thoroughly investigating the evidence of such activities and highlights the need for a dynamic and initiative-cybersecurity approach. This study also highlights the crucial role of integrating IoC understanding into AI-driven predictive models and frameworks to predict potential APT. This integration is essential for the development of pre-emptive defence strategies. This study provides valuable information on the evolving dynamics of cyber threats and emphasises the urgent need for forward-thinking adaptive cybersecurity strategies. It offers a framework for understanding the complexities of modern APTs and guides the development of more effective AI-enhanced defence mechanisms against emerging cyber threats.
Enhancing Training and Technology Adoption in Terrorism Financing Investigations Through Gamification
Authors: Zola Francesco , Segurola Lander , King Erin , Mullins Martin , Orduna Raul
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this publication is to present the methodology followed in the European project Anti-FinTer for training Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) and Financial Investigation Units (FIUs) in using emergent technologies to reveal financing activities of terrorism. The study presents, compares, and discusses the results gathered from three Capture-the-Flag events which involved LEAs and FIU officers. Designing curricula and training programs for improving terrorist financing investigations is challenging due to this domain's intricate and rapidly evolving nature and the multi-disciplinary knowledge needed. Furthermore, new tools based on novel paradigms, such as Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, are involved in terrorist financing investigations. However, they are too often unnecessarily complex and hard to use. These characteristics often limit law enforcement and end-users' engagement level and expertise in these technologies. For this reason, in this work, we describe an approach using gamification techniques to enhance technology and knowledge transfer for terrorist financing investigations. In fact, designing and implementing realistic and interactive challenges makes it possible to speed up the learning process, increase officers' expertise in using new technologies and improve their readiness. At the same time, this approach allows technical partners to gather end-user needs and facilitate development/validation cycles. This methodology has been validated in three pilots: one held in Madrid in 2022, a second in The Hague in 2023 and a final one in Vienna in 2023. In these pilots, law enforcement personnel were challenged in addressing tasks related to fighting financing terrorism activities through the dark Dark Web, crypto-assets or new payment systems. Results showed an increasing engagement, motivation, and knowledge in the participants.