Vegetation monitoring in the Manley Woods unit at Wilson’s Creek National Battleﬁeld: 1998–2020
Authors: Short Mary , Leis Sherry 
Published: June 2022

Natural resource management at Wilson’s Creek National Battleﬁeld (NB) is guided by our understanding of the woodlands and prairies at the time of the Civil War battle in 1861. This report is focused on the Manley Woods unit of the park. This unit is an oak-hickory woodland in the Springﬁeld Plain subsection of the Ozarks. Canopy closure for Missouri oak woodlands can be highly variable and ranges from 30–100% across the spectrum of savanna, open woodland, and closed woodland types. In 1861, the woodland was likely a savanna community. Changes in land use (e.g., ﬁre exclusion) caused an increase in tree density in woodlands at Wilson’s Creek NB and across the Ozarks. Savannas and open woodlands transitioned to closed canopy woodlands over time. Park management plans include restoring the area to a savanna/open woodland structure. Prescribed ﬁre was reintroduced to Wilson’s Creek NB in 1988 and continues as the primary mechanism for reducing the tree canopy. The Manley Woods unit of Wilson’s Creek NB has been subject to intense natural and anthropogenic disturbance events such as a tornado in 2003, timber removal in 2005, prescribed ﬁres in 2006, 2009, and 2019, an ice storm in 2007, and periodic drought. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (hereafter, Heartland Network) installed four permanent monitoring sites within the Manley Woods area of the park in 1997. Initially, we assessed ground ﬂora and regeneration within the sites (1998–1999). We added fuel sampling after the 2003 tornado. Although overstory sampling occurred prior to the tornado, the protocol was not yet stabilized and pre-2003 overstory data were not included in these analyses. In this report, we focus on the overstory, tree regeneration, and ground cover metrics; ground ﬂora data will be assessed in future analyses. Heartland Network monitoring data reveal that Manley Woods has undergone substantial change in canopy cover and midstory trees since 1998. While basal area and density metrics classify Manley Woods as an open woodland, the closed canopy of the midstory and overstory reveal a plant community that is moving toward closed woodland or forest structure. The most recent ﬁre in 2019 was patchy and mild, resulting in continued increases in fuels. Ground cover metrics indicate infrequent disturbance since leaf litter continued to increase. Management objectives to restore savanna or woodland composition and structure to the Manley Woods overstory, regeneration layer, and ground cover will require implementation of prescribed ﬁre in the future. Repeated ﬁres can thin midstory trees and limit less ﬁre tolerant early seral species. Additionally, mechanical or chemical treatments to reduce undesirable tree species should be considered for woodland restoration. Decreasing canopy closure is an important and essential step toward the restoration of a functioning savanna/open woodland plant community in Manley Woods. Treatments that thin the midstory and reduce fuel loading will also beneﬁt these plant communities. With the anticipated changing climate, maintaining an open woodland community type may also provide resilience through management for native species tolerant of increasingly warmer temperatures.