bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desire and the Literary Machine
Authors: BAXTER KENT
Published: March 2007

An incredibly prolific and successful producer of juvenile fiction, Edward Stratemeyer was responsible for many of the most popular early-twentieth-century series books for boys. Examining editions from three of these series, this article argues that the ethics of capitalist production that were central to Stratemeyer's success can be seen in the plot, characterization, and material qualities of the series books themselves. Furthermore, the thematic focus on the values of hard work and ingenuity in these texts facilitates a redirection of male sexual desire away from a romantic love interest toward the more acceptable object of capitalist production. This censorship of male desire reflects a broader relocation of the topography of masculinity into the theater of capitalist production that was characteristic of early-twentieth-century American culture.
Work, Play, and Power
Authors: MEYER STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

This article uses worker grievances to explore masculine culture on the shop floor of American automobile factories. It begins with a general discussion of late nineteenth-century working-class masculine culture—the rough culture of laborers and the respectable culture of skilled craftsmen. It then postulates a twentieth-century blending of these two male traditions with the rise of the mass production worker. After raising questions about traditional notions of time and work discipline, it suggests that illicit male behavior loosened the tight managerial control of the workplace. Most of the article explores auto worker grievances and discusses the fundamental elements of masculine culture—malingering, horseplay, gambling, fighting, output restriction, and contesting managerial authority.
Concept of Vapor Barriers in Thermal Insulation
Authors: Munawwar S.M.
Published: March 2007

Thermal Insulation is playing an important role in conserving energy and reducing energy cost. The efficiency of thermal insulation in preventing heat loss or gain is influenced by its economic thickness - and also on many other factors - like the "condensation problem". The moisture migration in Thermal Insulation can degrade its thermal resistance. The condensation problem and the use of VAPOR BARRIERS as a preventive meas ure is discussed. Types, standards, commercial availability, design considerations, and practical applications of VAPOR BARRIERS in Thermal Insulation are presented.
Thermal Conductivity Measurement with the Plate Apparatus: Influence of the Guard Ring Width on the Accuracy of Measurement
Authors: Bode K.H.
Published: March 2007

The temperature field in circular and square plate test specimens is calculated and thereby the error from the heat exchange at the outer edge of the guard ring derived for single and double plate devices contact. The error is shown to be proportional to the reduced temperature difference (difference between the mean specimen and the ambient temperatures divided by the difference between the hot and cold plate tem peratures) and the margin of error, therefore, can be optimally reduced by an appro priate adjustment in the ambient temperature. Experiments on an extruded foam confirm the results of the analytical calculations. Diagrams and tables which are de veloped on the basis of the above derived relationships make possible estimation of margin of error for different measuring arrangements for plate devices of usual sizes.
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Cell Shape on Heat and Mass Transfer through Elastomeric Foams
Authors: Khanpara J.C. , Sirdeshpande G.
Published: March 2007

Wide usage of cellular foam as low temperature thermal insulating material warrants good understanding of its thermal and water vapor transmission behavior. An attempt has been made to experimentally observe the effect of cell shape on heat and mass transfer characteristics of cellular foams. The foam samples used in this study were derived from elastomeric foam The thermal conductivity and water vapor transmission data were taken on foams with three different cell shapes. one having spherical cells and two having elliptical cells, with varied degree of elon gation.

The thermal conductivity measurements on the samples described above were ob tained using Thin-Heater thermal conductivity apparatus, otherwise known as the ASTM C-1114 test. The thermal measurements were performed in the temperature range of 35 to 153°F. The experimental data indicated no significant effect of the cell elongation on thermal conductivity of foam. This could be attributed to the follow ing : a) the densities of the foam were roughly the same, and therefore conduction heat transfer was not significantly changed; b) the possible decrease in the radiation component of thermal conductivity because of elongated cells was nullified by the increase in transmission of heat attributable to relatively thinner walls resulting from the stretching of the foams during sample preparation. Additionally, the change in the shape of cells could have changed the radiation heat transfer characteristic of the samples.

Water vapor permeabilities of the foams with elongated cells were measured with Permatran® and compared to that of the foam with uniform cells. It was found that the foams with elongated cells had almost twice the permeability as the foams with uniform cells Also, the two foams with elongated cells had about the same perme abilities, although their degrees of elongation differed. The difference between the permeabilities of the foams with elongated cells and foams with uniform cells could be attributed to the different strain and thermal histories undergone during the prep aration of the foam samples

The results of water vapor transmission measurements of the foams underscore the importance of transmission properties of the cell walls in offering the primary resis tance to mass transport From thermal conductivity measurements, it appears that the thermal properties of the foam arc not affected as significantly by the changes in properties of the cell wall.
Thermal Performance of Sprayed Polyurethane Foam Insulation with Alternative Blowing Agents
Authors: Kumaran M.K. , Bomberg M.T.
Published: March 2007

A test methodology that uses thermal resistance-time curves deter mined on thin shces of the foam and the scaling technique to relate aging time to the specimen thickness, was applied to evaluate long-term thermal performance of six polyurethane foams manufactured with the same polymer but different blowing agents. The blowing agents employed were: CFC-11 with 0, 0 5, 1 0 or 1.5% water and HCFC-123 or HCFC-141b.
Heat Flux Transducers Measure in-situ Building Thermal Performance
Authors: Flanders Stephen N.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an overview of heat flux transducers (HFTs) used for in-situ measurements of building performance. HFTs that are mounted in labora tory testing apparatuses are beyond the scope of the paper. The overview is based on HFT literature from the past five years.

The overview covers how HFTs are constructed to measure heat flow and touches on the near relatives of HFTs, portable calorimeters and thermal probes. The question of calibration is key to the appropriate use of HFTs. The paper discusses the range of building thermal performance applications for HFTs from roofs to foundations to mechanical systems.

A variety of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards exist that relate to characterizing the building thermal context the HFT is used in. They pertain to:

• Using thermography

• HFT measurements

• Calculatmg thermal resistance from in-situ data

• Calibrating the HFT

The paper discusses key elements to consider in the use of HFTs for in-situ measure ments and addresses current developments in the construction and use of HFTs.
Measurements and Two-Dimensional Computer Simulations of the Hygrothermal Performance of a Wood Frame Wall
Authors: Geving Stig , Karagiozis Achilles , Salonvaara Mikael
Published: March 2007

Knowledge of the expected long-term performance of building envelopes subjected to simultaneous heat and moisture transport is critical during the design stage. In the past thirty years researchers have concentrated their efforts in extensive laboratory experiments. These experiments have been expensive as well as time consuming to conduct due to the slow moisture transport phenomena. This paper critically investigates a set of experimental results generated from laboratory controlled measurements on a wood frame wall construction, by employing a state of the art hygrothermal model. The analysis was carried out using the LATENITE model, a three-dimensional heat and moisture transport program tailored specifically for building envelope investigations. For the present simulations this model was adapted for two-dimensional conditions and hourly hygrothermal performances were predicted for a laboratory instrumented wood frame wall section. The investigation showed three main advantages of combining measurements and simulations. By carrying out simulations early in the design stage of laboratory experiments the experimental design will probably yield better quantification of data, placement and types of sensors, and assessment of workmanship influences, etc. Measurements can calibrate, adapt, or check calculated results. Finally, simulations can be performed to explain and interpret experimental results. Marrying experi ments and modeling allows researchers to generate effective hygrothermal perfor mance guidelines.
Using the Media to Disseminate Evaluation Results
Authors: Mangano Michael
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Book Reviews : "Motorola U: When Training Becomes an Education," Harvard Business Review, July-August 1990
Authors: Hedrick Terry E.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviews singularly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be re viewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham, Evaluation Specialist (Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State Uni versity, Logan, UT 84322-4900; phone: 801-750-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional length.
RSVP: We are Pleased to Accept your Invitation
Authors: Lincoln Yvonna S. , Guba Egon G.
Published: March 2007

From time to time, articles are published in EP that evoke comments from readers.In Response is reserved for this dialogue. Contributions should be to the point, concise, and easy for readers to track to targeted articles. Comments may be positive or negative, but if the latter, then at least relatively nice! Please keep length of comments to minimum essential.
Formative and Summative Evaluation: Related Issues in Performance Measurement
Authors: Wholey Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

Wholey first defines "performance measurement" and then explains how it can serve both formative and summative evaluation functions. He also offers the view that formative evaluation is typically more useful than summative for governmental purposes, and that performance measurement is more useful than one-shot evaluations (of either formative or summative stripe). Challenges to evaluators wishing to contribute to performance measurement methodology are outlined.
Epilogue: Synthesizing Formative/Summative Evaluation Issues and Beyond
Authors: Chen Huey-Tsyh
Published: March 2007

Chen closes by discussing what he views as important issues that emerged from the debates.1 These issues and Chen's interpretations of panel members' views relative to them are summarized and synthesized below.
Victim Assessment of the Police Response To Burglary
Authors: Hirschel David , Lumb Richard , Johnson Russell
Published: March 2007

This article surveys victims of household burglary who have contacted the police and reports their assessments of their interactions with the police. The sample comprises 257 victims who reported household burglaries to the police in Charlotte, North Carolina, in July 1995. Particular emphasis is placed on whether positive evaluations of police performance are influ enced more by (1) characteristics of the incident, (2) police handling of the victim and the case, (3) apprehension of the offender and/or recovery of stolen property or (4) the victim's background characteristics. The re sults indicate that it is the police handling of the victim and the case that exert the greatest effect on citizen satisfaction. This suggests that greater attention should be paid to the manner in which police officers interact with crime victims and that the officers should provide victims with infor mation and advice that is pertinent to their particular victimization.
Police Use-of-Force Data: Where We Are and Where We Should Be Going
Authors: Alpert Geoffrey P. , Smith Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Research on police use of force has become a topic of considerable interest to practitioners and researchers. This article focuses on the various methods used by agencies and researchers to collect use-of-force information. Police managers and researchers often have different interests and needs concern ing these data and collect only the types of information important to their needs. The authors' suggestion is to have a supervisor document all aspects ofpolice- citizen contacts where force is used. The supervisor should receive input from all involved parties, including the officer(s), suspect(s), and witness(es). Finally, a panel of experts could be used to determine if the approach to the situation and any force used were reasonable.
An Analysis of the "Screening Out" Model of Police Officer Selection
Authors: Metchik Eric
Published: March 2007

Psychological selection criteria for police officers have traditionally been part of a "screening out" model. This model has targeted for elimination from further consideration candidates with problems in one or more of the following areas: inability to tolerate stress; prejudicial attitudes toward ethnic minority groups, homosexuals, women, or the homeless; poor interpersonal relationships; poor judgment; disordered thought processes; and lack of impulse control. The screening out model is reviewed, including selected individual components and their effectiveness. Both positive and negative aspects of screening out problematic candidates are evaluated, along with the rationale for the development of an alternative, prosocial selection system that can be implemented using the assessment center approach.
An Examination of Police Officers' Motivation To Participate in the Promotional Process
Authors: Scarborough Kathryn E. , Van Tubergen G. Norman , Gaines Larry K. , Whitlow S. Scott
Published: March 2007

The promotional process is a key component of the police personnel system, but has historically been problematic. Means of evaluating officers for promotion and the perceived relationship between pay and promotion compli cate the issue. Prior research examining promotion related to motivation indicated that promotions met some needs, but that salary was less likely to be met when compared to other needs. The current work builds on previous work by examining the relationship of actual promotion-seeking behavior and perceptions of the ability of promotions to satisfy employee needs. Findings indicate that promotion did not serve as a significant factor affecting employees' motivation.
Recovery of Plantaris Muscle from Impaired Physical Mobility
Authors: Kasper Christine E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to describe and compare various methods of recovering atrophied fast-twitch skeletal muscle following long-term impaired physical mobility. An animal model was used to study morphological adaptations of atrophied plantaris muscles to the effects of 28 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) followed by either sedentary recovery or run training during a 28-day recovery period. Significant atrophy, demonstrated by decreased mean fiber area (MFA,mm2), occurred during the 28-day period of HS. However, run training following long-term atrophy induced by HS did not result in the high levels of frank muscle damage and type IIC fibers previously reported in slow-twitch soleus muscle following longterm (28 days) atrophy.
Tracking the New World Order
Authors: Williams Steven D.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Erving Goffman's frame analysis, a perspective normally associated only with face-to-face interaction, is applied to the macro sphere of social life in the context of the cold war's end and its representation in American film. Two macro-level frames—the American superiority frame and the cold war frame—are examined through the lens of Hollywood film. The cold war's sudden and unexpected end is considered as a variation on the Goffmanian frame break or “negative experience.” A parallel crisis of identity occurs in the cold war film genre, and an articulation of each anomic situation illuminates the other. In keeping with a macro-level interpretation of frame analysis, it is suggested that such a disruption leads to potential emergent creativity and that a reasonably modified version of frame analysis might usefully be applied in understanding future geopolitical performance.
Transforming the Class into a Learning Organization
Authors: Mazen Abdelmagid M. , Jones M. Colleen , Sergenian Gail K.
Published: March 2007

In this article we describe our experience in transforming our classes into learning organizations. Our mechanism was a pedagogical innovation in which we gathered weekly student reflections on the content of the session as well as the performance of the professor. We differentiate in the article between using the innovation as a traditional feedback tool and as a process conducted within a learning organization context. In the latter, the straightforward methodology required a vision for a different type of class, significant shifts in the mental models of students and professors, utilization of personal mastery, a systemic interconnectedness among the various aspects of the class as an organization, and a different understanding of the role of vulnerability in the learning process. The innovation surfaced the dynamics of the often undiscussible learning processes and rendered them part of management learning. Examples of critical incidents from our classes as well as student assessments of the process and its outcomes are discussed.
Organizational Learning
Authors: Popper Micha , Lipshitz Raanan
Published: March 2007

The burgeoning literature on organizational learning attests to the considerable interest engendered by `organizational learning' and `learning organizations'. At the same time it indicates considerable confusion surrounding these subjects. We discuss four controversial issues regarding organizational learning: (1) What are the similarities and differences between individual and organizational learning? (2) What are the conditions that promote productive organizational learning? (3) When is organizational learning feasible? (4) How is organizational learning related to learning organizations? We suggest that (1) although individual and organizational learning involve information processing, they require different mechanisms to convert information to actionable knowledge at different (individual vs organizational) systemic levels; (2) productive organizational learning requires a learning culture that consists of commitment to learning, valid knowledge, transparency, issue orientation and accountability; (3) the feasibility of organizational learning is enhanced by high environmental uncertainty, high costs of potential error, high level of members' professionalism, and a strong leadership commitment to learning, (4) learning organizations are organizations that embed institutionalized learning mechanisms within a learning culture.
Project-Based Learning as the Interplay of Career and Company Non-Financial Capital
Authors: Arthur Michael B. , DeFillippi Robert J. , Jones Candace
Published: March 2007

In this article, the project is a potential learning episode for both project participants and the project-sponsoring company. People's past learning experiences are the `career capital' they invest in their current project activity. The project-sponsoring company's past learning experience is non-financial `company capital' it invests in the project activity. At the project's conclusion, learning disperses within or beyond the project-sponsoring company, as people's careers progress. Four case studies illustrate ideal-typical patterns of a proposed topology of learning outcomes, and some principles for promoting effective project-based learning are suggested.
Current Issues in Line/Staff Relationships
Authors: Ashton David
Published: March 2007

David Ashton examines the continuing problem of the relationship between line managers and training specialists. He identifies four issues that seem to be common despite the variety of organisational practice: ownership; language; role clarification; and competence. He also suggests that the concept of contract may be a useful way of tackling these issues.
The Value of MBA's? The Fitting Role of Business Schools
Authors: Thomas Alan B.
Published: March 2007

Business schools are often criticised in terms of the lack of fit between the characteristics of the graduates they produce and the needs of employers. Yet the contribution the schools make to the students' own needs is seldom considered. Using data from a large-scale survey of business graduates, students' expectations of the impact of acquiring an MBA on their careers are examined and compared with their pre-and post-school employment patterns. This suggests that the schools play an important role in improving the fit between aspirations and reality.
Strategy through Dialogue and Doing
Authors: Pye Annie
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the intricate relationship between dialogue and doing through data from senior executives in a selection of large UK organizations. It is argued that through dialogue (in the sense of talking and listening) and doing (in the sense of learning and enacting), these senior managers practice the 3Rs of managing-reading (situations), wrighting and relating. In this way, shared meanings (both as process and as outcome) are shaped which may or may not be called strategic decision-making. It is proposed that whatever name is given, it is simply a communicative device to shape future meanings (dialogue) and to generate further appropriate action (doing). However, like the game of 'Mornington Crescent', the search for the rules continues.
Educating the Philosopher-Manager
Authors: Chia Robert , Morgan Stuart
Published: March 2007

This paper calls for a shift in management education priorities towards cultivating a `negative capability'; that is, a capability which entails an insistent refusal to be seduced by the dominant signifying systems characterizing contemporary modes of thought. The pervasiveness of such regimes of signification are what accounts for the apparent plurality of political ideologies, cultural attitudes and moral/ethical pressures transforming the very character of markets, products, business priorities and processes and the entire outlook of the business environment. They serve to deceive our senses, disorientate priorities, disable critical thought, and restrict vision in all spheres of contemporary life including the crucial practice of managing. It is argued here that without a critical examination of this `signing' of management, without penetrating the veneer of managerial concepts, categories and ideologies, the process of management education will remain impotent, unable to liberate thought, extend vision and legitimize novel expressions of the human imagination. Educating the philosopher-manager entails systematically destructuring the ossified layers of sign-systems which help make our understanding of the contemporary managerial world appear so immediately familiar and necessary. In so doing it creates the necessary conceptual space for new and novel insights to be gleaned from each situation-specific set of managerial circumstances.
The Deracination of Politics
Authors: Burletson Louise , Grint Keith
Published: March 2007

This article considers the utility of Outdoor Management Development (OMD) in providing a radically different form of management development. It examines OMD by adopting the notion of deracination-to pull up by the roots-as a metaphor for the way OMD practitioners claim to operate in an environment manifestly different from that which either normally exists or which exists during the more traditional forms of management development. The primary problem which OMD appears to be used to resolve is managerial Machiavellism: either managerial teams that are disunited or leaders that need educating in ways to unite such teams. By making use of the `difference' between OMD and traditional development environments-that is the apparently more cooperative, novel and authentic nature of the `great outdoors' OMD allegedly reaches parts of management that other development formats do not. However, using data drawn from an ethnographic study of OMD courses, this article criticizes each of the claims to `difference': most of the courses exhibited the reproduction not the elimination of Machiavellian management. This article draws the conclusion that the deracination of politics appears to be an impossible task under the present forms of OMD.
The Self-Learning Process and its Implementation in a State Bureaucracy
Authors: Tsivacou Ioanna
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it deals with issues arising from the application of a model of learning to the Greek public administration system (GPAS). Second, it suggests a process of organizational self-learning capable of transforming a state bureaucracy into a self-referential organization. That is to say, a process of self-learning which considers the organization as a social entity rather than the individuals who are members of an organization, and which is based on a critical and repeating cycle of knowing, reflecting, understanding and deciding. In order to explain the applied model of learning in the GPAS and its deficiencies, the analysis adopts an institutional perspective of organizations. In accordance with this perspective, it is worth noting that, while the GPAS belongs to the political system, it connects its learning activities with the wider education system, using the codes and programs of this system. This is considered an important inhibitor to the introduction of a self-learning process which aims at the modernization of the GPAS. The concluding argument suggests a methodological approach in order to progressively transform the GPAS into a self-referential organization and to establish within it a self-learning process.
Weaving Feedback Systems Thinking into the Case Method
Authors: Ginsberg Anr , Morecroft John
Published: March 2007

The limitations of managers' cognitive capabilities, as compared to the complexity of the systems they are asked to guide, diminishes the value of the traditional case method in developing strategy skills. To help teach strategy cases from a point of view that deals explicitly with dynamic complexity, we propose the use of a model-supported case approach. This approach uses causal maps and concepts of feedback systems thinking in case discussion with participants to help them visualize dynamic complexity. After reviewing the contributions and limitations of both cases and simulation games, we illustrate our approach for weaving feedback systems thinking into the case method with a corporate strategy case covering diversification in a mature industry. We provide specific examples of causal maps derived from the case material and report our experiences from a trial run with an MBA class.
From Organizational Learning to the Learning Organization
Authors: Edmondson Amy , Moingeon Bertrand
Published: March 2007

This article reviews theories of organizational learning and presents a framework with which to organize the literature. We argue that unit of analysis provides one critical distinction in the organizational learning literature and research objective provides another. The resulting two-by-two matrix contains four categories of research, which we have called: (1) residues (organizations as residues of past learning); (2) communities (organizations as collections of individuals who can learn and develop); (3) participation (organizational improvement gained through intelligent activity of individual members), and (4) accountability (organizational improvement gained through developing individuals' mental models). We also propose a distinction between the terms organizational learning and the learning organization. Our subsequent analysis identifies relationships between disparate parts of the literature and shows that these relationships point to individual mental models as a critical source of leverage for creating learning organizations. A brief discussion of the work of two of the most visible researchers in this field, Peter Senge and Chris Argyris, provides additional support for this type of change strategy.
What Knowledge is Needed in the New Millennium?
Authors: Muller Johan , Subotzky George
Published: March 2007

Identifying what kind of knowledge is appropriate for the citizen of the new millennium is of special concern in developing countries. They face two simultaneous challenges: carving out niche areas of innovation within the competitive global arena while meeting the basic development needs of the majority of their increasingly marginalized and impoverished populations. Against this background, our article examines the question of appropriate knowledge in the globalizing world of the new millennium. We analyse some of the risks for teaching and learning entailed by recent assumptions regarding the changing social nature, production and dissemination of knowledge. In the final section, we critically examine one of these new knowledge production practices—community-based academic service learning—in light of these risks.
Researching Foucault's Research: Organization and Control in Joseph Lancaster's Monitorial Schools
Authors: Hassard John , Rowlinson Michael
Published: March 2007

In Discipline and Punish Michel Foucault describes how: `From the seventeenth century to the introduction, at the beginning of the nineteenth, of the Lancaster method, the complex clockwork of the mutual improvement school was built up cog by cog' (emphasis added). Foucault's genealogical explanation of how the mutual improvement school became a `machine for learning' is one of the main examples upon which his thesis of `disciplinary power' is built. However, Foucault's methodology, presenting a `genealogy' of the `essential techniques' on which disciplinary institutions are built, rather than to `write the history' of those institutions, results in relatively little case evidence being presented on key organizations cited in empirical support of his thesis. For example, by suggesting that the Lancaster Method represents the logical conclusion to the genealogy of mutual improvement techniques, he fails to offer any formal case evidence of Lancasterian policies and practices. This article therefore seeks to `research Foucault's research' by uncovering the distinctive organizational features of this paradigm `disciplinary institution', the Lancaster Method. We develop a case analysis of the educational philosophies of Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) and explain how these were realized in the pedagogy and administration of his `monitorial' (or `British') schools. In so doing, we seek to deepen our understanding of `the architecture, anatomy, mechanics [and] economy of the disciplinary body'.
New Prospects for American Labor: A Proposal
Authors: Edwards Richard
Published: March 2007

The reformulation of employee rights constitutes one important dynamic in the ongoing refashioning of US private-sector employment relations. Rights are currently being contested because of the growing inefficacy of traditional worker protections rooted in collective contracts and statutes; new rights forms, especially enterprise rights (rights unilaterally granted by employers) have assumed an increasing importance, especially since a dramatic new jurisprudence of labor law based on contract theory has substantially eroded the traditional doctrine of at-will employment. Enterprise rights based on market competition may serve workers effectively, but only if they are supported by certain key interventions in market processes. One possible schema, Choosing Rights, is explored.
Judgement Day: Cyborganization, Humanism and Postmodern Ethics
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to make connections between a post-foundational epistemology, science fiction films and `critical management'. Relying loosely on actor-network theory and the concept of cyborganization I attempt to examine how modes of organizing might be judged. I suggest that the condition of possibility of any acts of ethical-political judgement must be a humanist ontology and epistemology. If these foundations are thrown into question then acts of judgement are necessarily also made suspect. The paper concludes with no new foundations, merely the injunction that judgement, of organizations as of anything else, will and must continue but that it should always be recognized as contingent and local.
The Paradox of Hegemony:
Authors: CRONIN BRUCE
Published: March 2007

There is an inherent tension between a dominant state's role as a hegemon and its role as a great power. Hegemons have the material capabilities to act unilaterally, yet they cannot remain hegemons if they do so at the expense of the system that they are trying to lead. Thus there is a contradiction between the propensity for a powerful state to take unilateral action in promoting its self-defined interest and its desire to maintain long-term systemic stability. This tension between parochial interest and international responsibility creates a phenomenon called the `paradox of hegemony'. This article conceptualizes this as a form of `role strain' in which hegemons are torn between their conflicting roles as great powers and systemic leaders. It illustrates these points by examining the tensions that have long defined the US relationship with the United Nations.
The European Economic and Monetary Union:
Authors: WOLF DIETER , ZANGL BERNHARD
Published: March 2007

While most explanations of institutional change in the European Community concentrate either on the interests of governmental actors (intergovernmental institutionalism) or the interests of supranational and transnational actors (supranational institutionalism) the approach developed in this article tries to integrate the interests of governmental actors as well as domestic actors in one analytical framework. The article argues that both major decisions leading to the formation of the Economic and Monetary Union among the members of the European Community, i.e. the approval of the Delors Report and the approval of the results of the Intergovernmental Conference, can be explained in terms of this approach. In the conclusion, some indications are given that this approach might offer a more substantive explanation for the formation of the Economic and Monetary Union than both inter-governmental institutionalism and supranational institutionalism.
Which Europe?
Authors: JACHTENFUCHS MARKUS , DIEZ THOMAS , JUNG SABINE
Published: March 2007

Conflicts over the shape of the European Union are usually modelled as conflicts of interests. This article argues that the development of a polity depends not only on interests but also on normative ideas about a legitimate political order (`polity-ideas'). These polity-ideas are extremely stable over time and resistant to change because they are linked to the identity and basic normative orientations of the actors involved. The article has four parts: (1) a theoretical argument how to link ideas and polity development in the EU, (2) a methodological discussion containing four ideal-typical polity-ideas about the EU, (3) a comparative analysis of the development of these ideas in France, Germany and the United Kingdom from 1950 to 1995, and (4) a summary of the empirical findings and a discussion of areas of research for which the theoretical approach and the empirical results presented here might be useful.
Culture at All Points, Including Militarism
Authors: MartÌnez FÈlix DÌaz
Published: March 2007

This article takes as a starting point a discussion of some theoretical and methodological issues that traverse Nancy Spalding’s account of civil war in Nigeria (Spalding, 2000), providing an opportunity to reflect on the way in which military conflict is approached by social scientists. I take issue with the ways of understanding ‘culture’ and ‘social order’ in the interpretation of military conflicts. If we engage in cultural description (rather than imposing a cultural theory) and we keep our eyes open for all the ways in which members produce social order (rather than taking social order as an ideal state that might fall apart), then the historical institutions involved in war become visible as cultural phenomena. The resulting analysis of war is grounded in the evidence available, and enhances the reflexive and critical responsibilities of the social sciences. I illustrate these points with a brief analysis of the public discourse that preceded the NATO bombings of Yugoslavia in 1999.
Dialogues of the Self
Authors: Chaudhary Nandita , Sriram Sujata
Published: March 2007

The investigation of selfhood and the various ramifications thereof have acquired a special ‘position’ in recent writings. Hermans’ theory of the dialogical self has provided the discipline with a useful model to work with. Yet again, as psychologists from a ‘non-Western’ community, we find ourselves having to adjust in the process of ‘acculturating’ with the theoretical proposals and corresponding methods. The idea of a dialogically created and socially sustained dynamic self, which supposedly transcends cultures, is more comforting to the Asian mindset. However, there are several assumptions that need to be addressed. This commentary enunciates some of the implications of the theory from the standpoint of a distant culture.
Conceptual Self as Normatively Oriented: The Suitability of Past Personal Narrative for the Study of Cultural Identity
Authors: Gone Joseph P. , Miller Peggy J. , Rappaport Julian
Published: March 2007

A distinct conceptualization of cultural identity that is theoretically motivated by the classic taxonomies of the self developed by cultural anthropologist Irving Hallowell (1955) and cognitive psychologist Ulric Neisser (1988) is proposed. It is argued that Neisser’s Conceptual Self, situated within Hallowell’s Normative Orientation, affords a unique confluence of theoretical tradition that successfully transcends the problematic dualism between individual agency and cultural determinism. This Conceptual Self as Normatively Oriented is designated a cultural identity and defined as a form of conscious, reflexive and evaluative self-understanding pertaining to that facet of the self which knowingly commits itself to the shared values and practices of a particular cultural group. It is argued that past personal narrative is a privileged site for the investigation of cultural identity and its construction. The unique suitability of narrative analysis for the study of cultural identity is illustrated with an example from a Gros Ventre elder of the Fort Belknap Indian reservation in Montana.
Mapping the Norwegian Political Space
Authors: Ray Leonard , Narud Hanne Marthe
Published: March 2007

This research note reports the results of an expert survey on party positions in Norway in 1998. This was a partial replication of the 1989 survey conducted by Laver and Hunt (1992). The survey results are used to describe important aspects of Norwegian party competition, including issue ownership and the dimensionality of the Norwegian political space. These results indicate that important elements of the centre-periphery cleavage are now much more aligned with the overall left-right dimension than was the case in 1989. The convergence of positions of the Socialist Left and Center parties is not surprising, given the extensive cooperation between them during the 1994 campaign debate on EU membership. The emphasis on non-material values in the 1997 campaign further contributed to the importance of moral issues for the second dimension in Norwegian politics. The mismatch between traditional party alliances and current party positions has made the process of government formation quite problematic.
Candidate Selection Methods
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Hazan Reuven Y.
Published: March 2007

The framework presented in this article supplies tools for delineating candidate selection methods, defines what is meant by their democratization and offers an analytical framework for cross-national comparison. The first section of this article raises the problems of classifying candidate selection methods and suggests solutions for them. Each of the next four sections offers a dimension for the classification of candidate selection methods: candidacy; party selectorates; decentralization; and voting/appointment systems. The sixth section defines the process of democratizing candidate selection, and demonstrates its implementation in the three largest political parties in Israel prior to the 1996 elections, via the dimensions of the analytical framework. The subsequent section assesses the repercussions of this democratizing phenomenon in general and provides empirical evidence drawn from the Israeli experience in the 1990s. The article concludes by examining the ability of political parties to comprehend and to overcome the consequences of democratizing candidate selection.
Implications of the Effective Number of Parties for Cabinet Formation
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: March 2007

This note helps to explain how cabinet-level concentration of power is constrained by party level concentration of seats. Arend Lijphart's Patterns of Democracy (1999) measures concentration of executive power by the frequency of `minimal winning and one-party cabinets' (MW/OP), and party concentration by the effective number (N) of legislative parties. In his factor analysis, these highly correlated indices are the central features that distinguish consensual from majoritarian systems. The present study establishes a quantitative logical relationship leading from N to the major component of MW/OP, so as to explain the reasons behind Lijphart's empirical observation. The note analyses separately the frequency of various types of cabinet coalitions that Lijphart's book has lumped together. It also offers a new way to visualize the effective number of legislative parties, as twice the minimal number of parties needed to form a minimal winning coalition.
Changes in Party Identity
Authors: Janda Kenneth , Harmel Robert , Edens Christine , Goff Patricia
Published: March 2007

Political folklore holds that political parties often try to change their images following a disastrous election defeat. This paper inquires into the truth of this common assumption through a systematic analysis of manifestos promulgated by eight parties in Britain, Germany and the USA prior to national elections in the 1950s through 1980s. Each election was classified as triumphal, gratifying, tolerable, disappointing or calamitous from the standpoint of each party. The change in party images for adjacent elections was assessed by correlating the percentages of sentences devoted to standard political themes in the pair of manifestos. We tested the hypothesis that parties were most likely to change their policy images following disappointing or calamitous elections. Our findings suggest that poor electoral performance was not a sufficient condition to produce a major overhaul of party images, but poor performance in the prior election was virtually necessary to produce major change in policy packaging at the next election.
Party Policy Change
Authors: Burns John W.
Published: March 2007

This article asks why parties change their policy positions, focusing upon the evolution of Democratic Party tax policy in the US from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s. It assesses the ability of two models to explain policy change. The external model posits that party tax policy changes in response to external influences, including the economy and public opinion, while the internal model holds that policy changes for internal reasons, including the adoption of an economic theory, such as Keynesianism, by party elites. The results indicate that party tax policy most often responded to the external influence of the economy during the years under study. Contrary to democratic theory, the research concludes that public opinion failed to drive policy change. Instead, following many recent studies, the evidence suggests that party elites led changes in public opinion on taxes.
The New Indian Party System
Authors: Nikolenyi Csaba
Published: March 2007

The national party system of India has undergone a major transformation since the 1989 elections. The predominant party system that had been in place since 1952 gave way to a pattern of genuine multi-party competition. While the party system has become extremely fragmented, the stable presence of three competing poles lends it an aura of orderliness. This paper analyzes the nature of the new Indian party system with reference to Sartori's theoretical framework. It seems that the Indian party system hinges somewhere on the borderline between polarized and moderate pluralism.
Type A Behaviour as a Determinant of Participation in Physical Activity and Sport Among Adolescents
Authors: Xiaolin Yang  , Telema Risto , Keltikangas-Jarvinen Liisa , Räikkönen Katri
Published: March 2007

As a part of an extensive research project 'Cardiovascular Risks in Young Finns ; this study examined the relationship between Type A behaviour and sports participation among adolescents. Subjects were 852 12- and 15-year-old boys and girls randomly selected from five Finnish university towns and their rural surroundings. Type A behaviour was categorized into two dimensions encompassing impatient- aggressive competitiveness (IAC) and responsible hard-driving (RHD). Level of participation in sport was measured by means of a short questionnaire. The results of the present study showed that active adolescents scored significantly higher on the RHD factor than passive adolescents in the four age-gender groups. Among boys, RHD increased with length of participation in competitive sport. Boys and girls participating in specifically competitive sports seemed to be a little more impatient and aggressive than those in non- competitive sports. The results of a 3-year follow-up study also showed that persistent participants and beginners (those who started training during the 3-year period) had a higher level of RHD than dropouts (those who ceased training during the 3-year period) and outsiders (those who did not participate at all), which may mean that organized sports tend to attract and retain participants who have certain psychological traits, rather than encouraging the development of those traits.