bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the soil corrosivity towards the buried water supply pipelines in Kamerotar town planning area of Bhaktapur, Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Yub Raj , Dahal Kumar P , Bhattarai Jagadeesh
Published: December 2013

Soil parameters such as moisture content, pH, resistivity, oxidation-reduction potential, chloride and sulfate ions can give an indication of the soil corrosivity towards the buried-galvanized steels and cast-iron pipelines used to supply the drinking water in Nepal. Present research work was focused to examine such soil parameters collected from Kamerotar town planning area of Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Concentrations of these soil parameters measured in this study are found as: moisture content (18-77%), pH (3.0-9.3), resistivity (11600-71400 ohm.cm), oxidation-reduction potential (87-426 mV vs SHE), chloride (28-135 ppm) and sulfate (20-226 ppm). These soil parameters gave an indication of “moderately corrosive” to “mildly corrosive” behavior of soils on the buried-galvanized steels and cast-iron pipelines used in the study area. It was found a good correlation between the soil resistivity and moisture content as well as the chloride content in soils. The soil resistivity was generally decreased with increasing both the moisture and chloride contents in soils. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v10i0.8454   BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 82-91
Surface Tension Studies on the Micellization of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Presence and Absence of KCL and NaCl in Aqueous Media at Room Temperature
Authors: Jha Kabita , Bhattarai Ajaya , Chatterjee Sujeet Kumar
Published: December 2013

NOTE: on 27th May 2014 in the abstract, the sentence"The surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is found less in presence of KCl than NaCl in aqueous media" was changed to read "The surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is found more in presence of KCl than NaCl in aqueous media."In the Conclusion (p.56) the sentence"The surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is found less in presence of KCl than NaCl in aqueous media." was changed to read"The surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is found more in presence of KCl than NaCl in aqueous media." Precise measurements on Surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in presence and in absence of KCl and NaCl in aqueous media are reported. The results showed a sharp decrease in surface tension with increase in concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and then almost constant value of surface tension was observed. Also, the surface tension decreases with addition of salts. The surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is found less in presence of KCl than NaCl in aqueous media. In presence of monovalent salts, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) value decreases which is explained on the basis of the orientation of the surfactant and reduction of the free energy of the surface, thus decreasing surface tension. The graphs of surface tension versus concentration are used in determining the critical micelle concentration (cmc). BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 52-57 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v10i0.9311
Mixing properties of Ni-Pd liquid alloy
Authors: Gurung L , Koirala RP , Adhikari D
Published: December 2013

In this work, thermodynamic and microscopic properties of Ni-Pd liquid alloy at 1873 K have been studied using a simple theory of mixture. In thermodynamic properties, free energy of mixing, heat of mixing and entropy of mixing have been studied. To understand the structural behaviour of the alloy concentration fluctuation in long wavelength limit and chemical short range order parameter have been computed. The Ni-Pd melt at 1873 K is found to be slightly deviated from regular behaviour. The best estimated value of energy parameter is found to be positive. The alloy is found to be weakly segregating system. The symmetric behaviour of all functions has been well explained by the simple theory of mixing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v10i0.9341   BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 108-114
Meconium Plug
Authors: Kshirsagar Vinayak Yadavrao , Ahmed Minhajuddin , Colaco Sylvia Michael , Patil Shriganesh
Published: December 2013

Meconium plug presenting as intestinal obstruction in a full term neonate.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8033  J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):243-244
Siblings with Bardet Beidl Syndrome
Authors: Peter Ram , Jose Priya , Nair MNG
Published: December 2013

Bardet Biedl syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition affecting many parts of the body. Incidence of BBS is 1 in 100000. Its clinical features varies in person to person though from same family too. We are reporting two siblings with Bardet Beidl syndrome with different clinical presentation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8081   J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):236-238
Management of Ano-Rectal Malformations in a Tertiary Level Children’s Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Thapa Bijay , Basnet Balmukunda , Pun Madhusudan , Thapa Anupama
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Ano-rectal malformation (ARM) comprises a wide spectrum of diseases that involves the distal anus and rectum as well as the urinary and genital tracts. The factors that need to be considered during treatment are the type of anomaly, associated anomalies and patients general condition. The aim of this study is to analyze the types of anorectal malformations and their management in a tertiary level children’s hospital. Materials and Methods: The medical records of patients with the diagnosis of anorectal malformation managed in the hospital during a period of January 2009 to January 2014 were reviewed. Results: There were 187 cases of ARM 126 (67.37%) males and 61 (32.62%) females. High/Intermediate type was 129 (68.98%). Low ARM was 58 (31.01%). In male high type ARM with recto-urethral fistula was seen in 60 (47.61%). ARM with Rectovestibular fistula(RVF) was seen in 40 (65.5%) female. High and intermediate ARMs were managed initially with colostomy and low ARM with primary anoplasty. ARM with rectovestibular fistula in females were managed with Anterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty without colostomy. Common cloaca in female was managed initially with colostomy followed by posterior sagittal ano-recto-vagino-urethroplasty. Colostomy closure was done after adequate size of anus was achieved with anal dilation. Conclusion: The type of ARM in newborn is diagnosed by perineal examination and X-rays. Low type ARM was managed by primary surgery without colostomy. High anomaly and complex defect was treated with stage surgeries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8190 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):196-200
Prevalence and Causes of Anemia in Six to Sixty Months Old Children: A Cross-Sectional Study at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital
Authors: Mathema Smriti , Shrestha Anup
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Anemia is one of the most common problems in children, especially in the developing countries. Nutritional anemia is associated with impaired performance of a range of mental and physical functions in children. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and possible causes of anemia in children attending tertiary care center in Nepal.  Material and Methods: This was a prospective hospital based cross-sectional study done at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of 10 months from March to December 2012. Children between the age group of 6 months to 60 months attending the Paediatric Out-Patient Department were randomly selected. The haemoglobin concentration was measured with an Automated Haematology Counter (Sysmex, Japan) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Anemia in children is defined as a hemoglobin level less than 11 gm/ dl. Results: There were 500 children enrolled in the study, out of which 191 (38.2%) were found to be anemic. Mild anemia was observed in 31.2%, moderate in 6.6% and severe in 0.4%. The commonest age group affected was between 24 months to 35 months old children. Anemia was more common in female children (41.9%) compared to males (35.8%). 118 anemic children were further investigated for the cause of anemia and 103 (87.3%) had iron deficiency anemia. Conclusion: This study reflects that prevalence of anemia still remains high and iron deficiency is the leading cause of nutritional anemia in children. Timely intervention can both prevent and treat childhood anemia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.8847   J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):163-165
Mortality and Morbidity Pattern of Preterm Babies at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Laxman , Shrestha Prabina
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Preterm birth is a major determinant of neonatal mortality and morbidity and has long-term adverse consequences for health. The objectives of this study were to find the demographic characteristics and clinical course of preterm babies admitted at Neonatal Unit of TU Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was done by collecting data from labour room, NICU and by reviewing medical records of all preterm babies admitted to NICU in 2011. Results: There were total of 266 preterm deliveries in TUTH in the year 2011. About 45% of them required NICU admission. Ninety five babies were included in the study. Most common cause of premature delivery was maternal pregnancy induced hypertension (26%). Other causes were preterm premature rupture of membrane (24%) and in 25% of cases the cause was unknown. There were 10 (10.5%) severe preterm babies with mean weight 1.4 ± 0.3 kg, 27 (28.5 %) moderate preterm babies with mean weight 1.8 ± 0.4 kg and 58 (61%) late preterm babies with mean weight 2.2 ± 0.5 kg. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was seen in 32% babies, hyperbilirubinemia in 40% babies, sepsis occurred in 37% and NEC in 4%. Hypothermia was seen in 10.5% and hypoglycemia in 5% babies. Apnea of prematurity was seen in 7% babies. Mechanical ventilation was required in 7% babies. The overall mortality was 12%. The main causes of death were respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. The mean duration of stay was 10.2±8.8days. The survival rate of severe preterm babies was 80%, moderate preterm babies was 78% while that of late preterm was 95%. Conclusion: The main causes of morbidities in preterm babies were respiratory distress, hyperbilirubinemia and sepsis. Respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis were the predominant causes of mortality in these babies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.9200 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):201-205
Immediate Perinatal Outcome of Neonates with Maternal Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
Authors: Hassan Mahmuda , Choudhury Ferdousi , Begum Marium , Rahman Hamidur , Akhter Sayeba
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy seem to be one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality leading to 10-15% of maternal deaths especially in the developing world. This study examines the perinatal outcome of neonates with mothers having hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Seventy three mothers and their newborn babies were selected. Mothers with Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension were included. Gestational diabetics (GDM), chronic maternal diseases, infant of diabetic mother (IDM), babies with major congenital malformations were excluded. Results: Thirty five mothers (47.9%) had regular antenatal check up (ANC) and 38 (52%) had irregular. Nineteen mothers (26%) were primipara and 54 (74%) were multipara. Forty four mothers (60%) had positive family history or had own history of hypertensive disorder during their previous pregnancy. 13 mothers (17.8%) had normal vaginal delivery (NVD), 60 mothers (82.19%) had lower uterine cesarean section (LUCS). 30 babies (41%) were admitted. 44 mothers (60%) had gestational hypertension, 21 had (28.6%) pre-eclamtic toxemia (PET), 3 had (4.1%) eclampsia, 5 had (6.8%) essential hypertension 3 of them subsequently developed PET. Mean maternal age 26.86 years, gestational age 34.15 (±1.46)weeks among admitted and 36.30 (±1.6)weeks among non-admitted group. Mean birth weight was 1.69 (±0.39) kg. among admitted and 2.71 (±0.31) kg. in non-admitted babies. Seven pregnancies (9.58%) were twin, macerated 1 twin among was among 2 pregnancies (2.7%), 5 intra uterine death (IUD) observed in single pregnancy. Conclusion: Significant number of babies with maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy needed hospitalization, mean birth weight and gestational age was less than that of the non-admitted group. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i3.9252   J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 2013;33(3):190-195
The Clinical Potential of Circulating Tumor Cells; The Need to Incorporate a Modern “Immunological Cocktail” in the Assay
Authors: Uhr Jonathan
Published: December 2013

The accepted clinical assay, CellSearch®, and lab-on-a-chip tests for capturing circulating tumor cells are antibody-mediated. Attempts to improve their sensitivity have relied upon physical changes in the instruments. There have been no significant advances in improving the antibody-mediated portion of the capture. Modern immunologic engineering offers major possibilities for improving the sensitivity and other features of the assay. These include obtaining univalent antibody fragments such as scFvs with picomolar binding affinity and sufficient specificity; altering them to enhance their range of potential contact with target antigens; using antibodies directed against different epitopes on epithelial, mesenchymal or organ-specific cell surface markers to allow simultaneous binding and investigating non-antibody binding molecules as substitutes for antibody. These maneuvers could markedly improve the ability of current assays to improve patient care and might result in an acceptable test for detecting cancer earlier in high risk patients.
Investigation of the Deactivation Phenomena Occurring in the Cyclohexane Photocatalytic Oxidative Dehydrogenation on MoOx/TiO2 through Gas Phase and in situ DRIFTS Analyses
Authors: Vaiano Vincenzo , Sannino Diana , Almeida Ana , Mul Guido , Ciambelli Paolo
Published: December 2013

In this work, the results of gas phase cyclohexane photocatalytic oxidative dehydrogenation on MoOx/SO4/TiO2 catalysts with DRIFTS analysis are presented. Analysis of products in the gas-phase discharge of a fixed bed photoreactor was coupled with in situ monitoring of the photocatalyst surface during irradiation with an IR probe. An interaction between cyclohexane and surface sulfates was found by DRIFTS analysis in the absence of UV irradiation, showing evidence of the formation of an organo-sulfur compound. In particular, in the absence of irradiation, sulfate species initiate a redox reaction through hydrogen abstraction of cyclohexane and formation of sulfate (IV) species. In previous studies, it was concluded that reduction of the sulfate (IV) species via hydrogen abstraction during UV irradiation may produce gas phase SO2 and thereby loss of surface sulfur species. Gas phase analysis showed that the presence of MoOx species, at same sulfate loading, changes the selectivity of the photoreaction, promoting the formation of benzene. The amount of surface sulfate influenced benzene yield, which decreases when the sulfate coverage is lower. During irradiation, a strong deactivation was observed due to the poisoning of the surface by carbon deposits strongly adsorbed on catalyst surface.
In Vitro Screening of the Apatite-Forming Ability, Biointeractivity and Physical Properties of a Tricalcium Silicate Material for Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Gandolfi Maria , Siboni Francesco , Polimeni Antonella , Bossù Maurizio , Riccitiello Francesco , Rengo Sandro , Prati Carlo
Published: December 2013

Aim: Calcium silicate-based materials are hydraulic self-setting materials with physico-chemical properties suitable for endodontic surgery and good biological/clinical outcomes. The study aim was to evaluate the bio-properties (biointeractivity and apatite-forming ability) and selected physical properties (porosity, water sorption, solubility, and setting time) of Biodentine, a tricalcium silicate material for endodontics and restorative dentistry, compared to that of ProRoot MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) as gold standard material. Methods: Biodentine and ProRoot MTA pastes were prepared and analyzed for calcium release and alkalinizing activity (3 h–28 days), setting time, water sorption, porosity, solubility, surface microstructure and composition, and apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid. Results: Biodentine showed higher calcium release, alkalinizing activity, and solubility but higher open and apparent porosity, water sorption, and a markedly shorter setting time. Calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits were noted on material surfaces after short ageing times. A CaP coating composed of spherulites was detected after 28 days. The thickness, continuity, and Ca/P ratio of the coating differed markedly between the materials. Biodentine showed a coating composed by denser but smaller spherulites, while ProRoot MTA showed large but less dense aggregates of spherulitic deposits. Conclusions: Biodentine showed a pronounced ability to release calcium and extended alkalinizing activity interlinked with its noticeable porosity, water sorption, and solubility: open porosities provide a broad wet biointeractive surface for the release of the calcium and hydroxyl ions involved in the formation of a CaP mineral. Biodentine is a biointeractive tricalcium silicate material with interesting chemical-physical properties and represents a fast-setting alternative to the conventional calcium silicate MTA-like cements.
Risk Contagion in Chinese Banking Industry: A Transfer Entropy-Based Analysis
Authors: Li Jianping , Liang Changzhi , Zhu Xiaoqian , Sun Xiaolei , Wu Dengsheng
Published: December 2013

What is the impact of a bank failure on the whole banking industry? To resolve this issue, the paper develops a transfer entropy-based method to determine the interbank exposure matrix between banks. This method constructs the interbank market structure by calculating the transfer entropy matrix using bank stock price sequences. This paper also evaluates the stability of Chinese banking system by simulating the risk contagion process. This paper contributes to the literature on interbank contagion mainly in two ways: it establishes a convincing connection between interbank market and transfer entropy, and exploits the market information (stock price) rather than presumptions to determine the interbank exposure matrix. Second, the empirical analysis provides an in depth understanding of the stability of the current Chinese banking system.
Global Inequality in Energy Consumption from 1980 to 2010
Authors: Lawrence Scott , Liu Qin , Yakovenko Victor
Published: December 2013

We study the global probability distribution of energy consumption per capita around the world using data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) for 1980–2010. We find that the Lorenz curves have moved up during this time period, and the Gini coefficient, G, has decreased from 0.66 in 1980 to 0.55 in 2010, indicating a decrease in inequality. The global probability distribution of energy consumption per capita in 2010 is close to the exponential distribution withG = 0:5. We attribute this result to the globalization of the world economy, which mixes the world and brings it closer to the state of maximal entropy. We argue that global energy production is a limited resource that is partitioned among the world population. The most probable partition is the one that maximizes entropy, thus resulting in the exponential distribution function. A consequence of the latter is the law of 1/3: the top 1/3 of the world population consumes 2/3 of produced energy. We also find similar results for the global probability distribution of CO2 emissions per capita.
A No-Go Theorem for Rotating Stars of a Perfect Fluid without Radial Motion in Projectable Hořava–Lifshitz Gravity
Authors: Tsukamoto Naoki , Harada Tomohiro
Published: December 2013

Hořava–Lifshitz gravity has covariance only under the foliation-preserving diffeomorphism. This implies that the quantities on the constant-time hypersurfaces should be regular. In the original theory, the projectability condition, which strongly restricts the lapse function, is proposed. We assume that a star is filled with a perfect fluid with no-radial motion and that it has reflection symmetry about the equatorial plane. As a result, we find a no-go theorem for stationary and axisymmetric star solutions in projectable Hořava–Lifshitz gravity under the physically reasonable assumptions in the matter sector. Since we do not use the gravitational action to prove it, our result also works out in other projectable theories and applies to not only strong gravitational fields, but also weak gravitational ones.
The Potential Link between Gut Microbiota and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy in Early Life
Authors: Molloy John , Allen Katrina , Collier Fiona , Tang Mimi , Ward Alister , Vuillermin Peter
Published: December 2013

There has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy over recent decades, particularly among infants and young children. The cause of this increase is unknown but one putative factor is a change in the composition, richness and balance of the microbiota that colonize the human gut during early infancy. The coevolution of the human gastrointestinal tract and commensal microbiota has resulted in a symbiotic relationship in which gut microbiota play a vital role in early life immune development and function, as well as maintenance of gut wall epithelial integrity. Since IgE mediated food allergy is associated with immune dysregulation and impaired gut epithelial integrity there is substantial interest in the potential link between gut microbiota and food allergy. Although the exact link between gut microbiota and food allergy is yet to be established in humans, recent experimental evidence suggests that specific patterns of gut microbiota colonization may influence the risk and manifestations of food allergy. An understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and food allergy has the potential to inform both the prevention and treatment of food allergy. In this paper we review the theory and evidence linking gut microbiota and IgE-mediated food allergy in early life. We then consider the implications and challenges for future research, including the techniques of measuring and analyzing gut microbiota, and the types of studies required to advance knowledge in the field.
CXCL10 Decreases GP73 Expression in Hepatoma Cells at the Early Stage of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection
Authors: Liu Yuan , Zou Ziying , Zhu Bing , Hu Zonghai , Zeng Ping
Published: December 2013

Golgi protein 73 (GP73), which is up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has recently been identified as a novel serum marker for HCC diagnosis. Several reports also noted the increased levels of GP73 expression in chronic liver disease in patients with acute hepatitis of various etiologies, chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcoholic liver disease. The molecular mechanisms of GP73 expression in HCV related liver disease still need to be determined. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of HCV infection on GP73 expression. GP73 was highly expressed in Huh7, Hep3B, 293T and HUVEC cells, and was low-expressed in HepG2 cells. HCV infection led to down-regulation of GP73 in Huh7 and HepG2/CD81 cells at the early stage of infection. CXCL10 decreased GP73 expression in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Up-regulation of GP73 was noted in hepatocytes with cytopathic effect at advanced stage of HCV infection, and further research is needed to determine the unknown factors affecting GP73 expression. In conclusion, our study provided additional evidence for the roles of GP73 in liver disease.
Alteration of Dynein Function Affects α-Synuclein Degradation via the Autophagosome-Lysosome Pathway
Authors: Li Da , Shi Ji-Jun , Mao Cheng-Jie , Liu Sha , Wang Jian-Da , Chen Jing , Wang Fen , Yang Ya-Ping , Hu Wei-Dong , Hu Li-Fang , Liu Chun-Feng
Published: December 2013

Growing evidence suggests that dynein dysfunction may be implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. It plays a central role in aggresome formation, the delivery of autophagosome to lysosome for fusion and degradation, which is a pro-survival mechanism essential for the bulk degradation of misfolded proteins and damaged organells. Previous studies reported that dynein dysfuntion was associated with aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein, which is a major component of inclusion bodies in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it remains unclear what roles dynein plays in α-synuclein degradation. Our study demonstrated a decrease of dynein expression in neurotoxin-induced PD models in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by an increase of α-synuclein protein level. Dynein down-regulation induced by siRNA resulted in a prolonged half-life of α-synuclein and its over-accumulation in A53T overexpressing PC12 cells. Dynein knockdown also prompted the increase of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, p62) expression, and the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles. Moreover, dynein suppression impaired the autophagosome fusion with lysosome. In summary, our findings indicate that dynein is critical for the clearance of aberrant α-synuclein via autophagosome-lysosome pathway.
Identification and Characterization of Seven Glutathione S-Transferase Genes from Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor)
Authors: Liao Chong-Yu , Zhang Kun , Niu Jin-Zhi , Ding Tian-Bo , Zhong Rui , Xia Wen-Kai , Dou Wei , Wang Jin-Jun
Published: December 2013

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a global citrus pest, and has developed severe resistance to several types of acaricides. However, the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this mite remain unknown. In this study, seven full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes were identified and characterized in P. citri. The effects of pyridaben and fenpropathrin exposure on the expression of these genes were also investigated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the seven GSTs genes in P. citri cloned in this study belong to three different cytosolic classes, including four in mu, two in delta and one in zeta. Among these seven GSTs genes, the relative expression level of PcGSTm1 was significantly higher in adult than in the other life stages (egg, larvae and nymph). Compared with the control, the mRNA levels of the seven GST genes did not change significantly following exposure to pyridaben at LC10. However, RT-qPCR results showed that, when exposed to LC10 of fenpropathrin, six GSTs gene (PcGSTm1, PcGSTm3, PcGSTm4, PcGSTd1, PcGSTd2 and PcGSTz1) transcripts increased in a time-dependent manner. This is the first insight into the molecular characteristics of GSTs gene cDNAs in P. citri. The elevated GSTs gene transcripts following exposure to fenpropathrin might be one of the mechanisms involved in detoxification of this acaricide.
Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies in the Biofuel Plant Jatropha curcas Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR
Authors: Zhang Lu , He Liang-Liang , Fu Qian-Tang , Xu Zeng-Fu
Published: December 2013

Jatropha curcas is a promising renewable feedstock for biodiesel and bio-jet fuel production. To study gene expression in Jatropha in different tissues throughout development and under stress conditions, we examined a total of 11 typical candidate reference genes using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, which is widely used for validating transcript levels in gene expression studies. The expression stability of these candidate reference genes was assessed across a total of 20 samples, including various tissues at vegetative and reproductive stages and under desiccation and cold stress treatments. The results obtained using software qBasePLUS showed that the top-ranked reference genes differed across the sample subsets. The combination of actin, GAPDH, and EF1α would be appropriate as a reference panel for normalizing gene expression data across samples at different developmental stages; the combination of actin, GAPDH, and TUB5 should be used as a reference panel for normalizing gene expression data across samples under various abiotic stress treatments. With regard to different developmental stages, we recommend the use of actin and TUB8 for normalization at the vegetative stage and GAPDH and EF1α for normalization at the reproductive stage. For abiotic stress treatments, we recommend the use of TUB5 and TUB8 for normalization under desiccation stress and GAPDH and actin for normalization under cold stress. These results are valuable for future research on gene expression during development or under abiotic stress in Jatropha. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the stability of reference genes in Jatropha.
Biological Functional Relevance of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Franceschelli Sara , Ferrone Alessio , Pesce Mirko , Riccioni Graziano , Speranza Lorenza
Published: December 2013

There is growing evidence that increased levels of the endogenous NO synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Studies in animal models as well as in humans have suggested that the increase in ADMA occurs at a time when vascular disease has not yet become clinically evident. ADMA competitively inhibits NO elaboration by displacing L-arginine from NO synthase. In a concentration-dependent manner, it thereby interferes not only with endothelium-dependent, NO-mediated vasodilation, but also with other biological functions exerted by NO. The upshot may be a pro-atherogenic state. Recently, several studies have investigated the effect of various therapeutical interventions on ADMA plasma concentrations. [...]
Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Li Jie , O Wuliji , Li Wei , Jiang Zhi-Gang , Ghanbari Hossein
Published: December 2013

Living cells continually generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the respiratory chain during energetic metabolism. ROS at low or moderate concentration can play important physiological roles. However, an excessive amount of ROS under oxidative stress would be extremely deleterious. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to its high oxygen consumption, weakly antioxidative systems and the terminal-differentiation characteristic of neurons. Thus, oxidative stress elicits various neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, chemotherapy could result in severe side effects on the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) of cancer patients, and a growing body of evidence demonstrates the involvement of ROS in drug-induced neurotoxicities as well. Therefore, development of antioxidants as neuroprotective drugs is a potentially beneficial strategy for clinical therapy. In this review, we summarize the source, balance maintenance and physiologic functions of ROS, oxidative stress and its toxic mechanisms underlying a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and the possible involvement of ROS in chemotherapy-induced toxicity to the CNS and PNS. We ultimately assess the value for antioxidants as neuroprotective drugs and provide our comments on the unmet needs.
Defining Boundaries: Gender and Property Rights in South Africa’s Traditional Courts Bill
Authors: Thipe Thuto
Published: December 2013

In 2008, the Traditional Courts Bill (TCB) was introduced in South Africa’s Parliament to regulate customary courts in place of the apartheid-era Black Administration Act. The TCB has come under wide ranging attack from civil society across the country, including from people based in the former homelands where the Bill would have effect, for its perpetuation of colonial and apartheid distortions of customary law, and its continuation of the oppressions justified through these distortions. In this article, I examine some of the major epistemic developments in customary law in South Africa, from colonialism to the present, to highlight key logics and genealogies of power that form the foundation and framework for ‘official customary law’. This examination provides the context for analysing the epistemological de-linking from colonial frameworks represented in women’s claims to land, and reveals how changes in women’s access to land over the years allows for a reading of epistemological shifts and contestations in customary law. I read these developments alongside the content of the TCB to examine different references for custom represented in both colonially rooted knowledges and de-colonial knowledges that challenge the premises of the former.
Distance and Size Perception in Astronauts during Long-Duration Spaceflight
Authors: Clément Gilles , Skinner Anna , Lathan Corinna
Published: December 2013

Exposure to microgravity during spaceflight is known to elicit orientation illusions, errors in sensory localization, postural imbalance, changes in vestibulo-spinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, and space motion sickness. The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether an alteration in cognitive visual-spatial processing, such as the perception of distance and size of objects, is also taking place during prolonged exposure to microgravity. Our results show that astronauts on board the International Space Station exhibit biases in the perception of their environment. Objects’ heights and depths were perceived as taller and shallower, respectively, and distances were generally underestimated in orbit compared to Earth. These changes may occur because the perspective cues for depth are less salient in microgravity or the eye-height scaling of size is different when an observer is not standing on the ground. This finding has operational implications for human space exploration missions.
A Sustainable Evaluation of Drilling Parameters for PEEK-GF30
Authors: Domingo Rosario , García Manuel , Sánchez Alberto , Gómez Rosa
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a study of hole quality and energy consumption in the process of drilling a thermoplastic polymeric material, polyether-ether-ketone, reinforced with 30% glass fibers (PEEK-GF30). PEEK-GF30’s capacity to be machined has focused on turning operations. Studies of drilling involving thermoplastic polymeric materials have considered materials with other types of matrices, or reinforcement. In this study, quantities such as maximum and mean surface roughness, delamination, maximum thrust force, maximum momentum, and energy required during the process were determined for three types of drill bits, and the most influential factors for each variable were identified using an ANOVA multifactor analysis. The highest quality and lowest energy consumption were achieved for a drill bit rotation speed of 7000 rpm and a feed rate of 400 mm/min with a tungsten carbide (WC) drill bit coated with titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN). Although a WC drill bit with a diamond point reduces delamination, the roughness increases, thus, the choice of the drill bit type depends on the roughness allowed. A WC drill bit coated with TiAlN produces a good surface finish that can eliminate subsequent operations and requires less energy; thus, this type of drill bit is the most attractive of the types evaluated.
Correction: Wu, S.-L., et al. Simplexins P–S, Eunicellin-Based Diterpenes from the Soft Coral Klyxum simplex. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 1203–1211
Authors: Wu Shwu-Li , Su Jui-Hsin , Huang Chiung-Yao , Tai Chi-Jen , Sung Ping-Jyun , Liaw Chih-Chung , Sheu Jyh-Horng
Published: December 2013

We found some errors in our previous published paper [1]. The structure of simplexin Q was found to be the same as klysimplexin C, previously published in Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 7016–7022 [2]. Also, simplexin S and a known compound cladieunicellin G, reported in Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 60, 160–163 [3], have the same structure (see Figure 1). We apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these errors. [...]
Metabolomic Analysis of Fission Yeast at the Onset of Nitrogen Starvation
Authors: Sajiki Kenichi , Pluskal Tomáš , Shimanuki Mizuki , Yanagida Mitsuhiro
Published: December 2013

Microorganisms naturally respond to changes in nutritional conditions by adjusting their morphology and physiology. The cellular response of the fission yeast S. pombe to nitrogen starvation has been extensively studied. Here, we report time course metabolomic analysis during one hour immediately after nitrogen starvation, prior to any visible changes in cell morphology except for a tiny increase of cell length per division cycle. We semi-quantitatively measured 75 distinct metabolites, 60% of which changed their level over 2-fold. The most significant changes occurred during the first 15 min, when trehalose, 2-oxoglutarate, and succinate increased, while purine biosynthesis intermediates rapidly diminished. At 30–60 min, free amino acids decreased, although several modified amino acids—including hercynylcysteine sulfoxide, a precursor to ergothioneine—accumulated. Most high-energy metabolites such as ATP, S-adenosyl-methionine or NAD+ remained stable during the whole time course. Very rapid metabolic changes such as the shut-off of purine biosynthesis and the rise of 2-oxoglutarate and succinate can be explained by the depletion of NH4Cl. The changes in the levels of key metabolites, particularly 2-oxoglutarate, might represent an important mechanistic step to trigger subsequent cellular regulations.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities and Effect of 1-Hexadecene Addition on Palmarumycin C2 and C3 Yields in Liquid Culture of Endophytic Fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12
Authors: Mou Yan , Meng Jiajia , Fu Xiaoxiang , Wang Xiaohan , Tian Jin , Wang Mingan , Peng Youliang , Zhou Ligang
Published: December 2013

Two spirobisnaphthalenes, namely palmarumycins C2 and C3, were isolated from cultures of the endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 after treatment with 1-hexadecene. After addition of 1-hexadecene at 10% to the medium on day 6 of culture, the maximal yields of palmarumycins C2 and C3 were obtained as 0.40 g/L and 1.19 g/L, which were 40.00 fold and 59.50 fold higher, respectively, in comparison with those of the control (0.01 g/L and 0.02 g/L). The results indicated that addition of 1-hexadecene can be an effective strategy for enhancing the production of palmarumycins C2 and C3 in liquid culture of endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12. Palmarumycin C3 exhibited stronger antimicrobial and antioxidant activities than palmarumycin C2.
Modulation of Lipogenesis and Glucose Consumption in HepG2 Cells and C2C12 Myotubes by Sophoricoside
Authors: Wu Chongming , Luan Hong , Wang Shuai , Zhang Xue , Wang Ran , Jin Lifeng , Guo Peng , Chen Xi
Published: December 2013

Sophoricoside, an isoflavone glycoside isolated from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae), has been widely reported as an immunomodulator. In this study, the effects of sophoricoside on lipogenesis and glucose consumption in HepG2 cells and C2C12 myotubes were investigated. Treatment with sophoricoside at concentrations of 1–10 μM inhibited lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. At the same concentration range, no effect on cell viability was observed in the MTT assay. Inhibition of lipogenesis was associated with the downregulation of SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c, SREBP-2 and their downstream target genes (FAS, ACC, HMGR) as revealed by realtime quantitative PCR. The lipid-lowering effect was mediated via the phosphorylation of AMPK. Further investigation of the activities of this isoflavone showed that sophoricoside has the capability to increase glucose uptake by C2C12 myotubes. It also effectively inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro and remarkably lowered postprandial hyperglycaemia in starch-loaded C57BL6/J mice. These results suggest that sophoricoside is an effective regulator of lipogenesis and glucose consumption and may find utility in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Vascular Aldosterone Production at the Pre-Diabetic Stage of Young Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) Rats, Compared with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) Rats
Authors: Matsuzawa Yoko , Suematsu Sachiko , Saito Jun , Omura Masao , Nishikawa Tetsuo
Published: December 2013

We examined the ability of aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC) prepared from spontaneously diabetic rats to produce aldosterone (Aldo) and the regulatory mechanism that controls their Aldo production. AoSMC of 6 week-old Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO: the control group) and 6 week-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF: the type 2 diabetes group) rats were used in the present experiments. CYP11B2 (Aldo synthetase) mRNA expression was detected in both the LETO and OLETF AoSMC. Basal Aldo production was significantly greater (4–5 fold higher) in the OLETF AoSMC culture medium than in the LETO AoSMC culture medium. When AoSMC were co-incubated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL), supplying cholesterol as a substrate for steroidogenesis in rats, angiotensin II (AII) significantly increased greater Aldo production in the OLETF AoSMC than in the LETO AoSMC. The present data suggested that future onset of diabetic vascular dysfunction is partly caused by excess Aldo production by AoSMC in young OLETF rats. Concomitant stimulation by HDL and AII resulted in elevated Aldo production in the OLETF and the LETO AoSMC, and also demonstrated that AII-induced Aldo production is greatly enhanced by HDL in OLETF, rather than in LETO. In conclusion, our data clearly demonstrated that Aldo production in the OLETF AoSMC was significantly higher than in the LETO AoSMC, suggesting possible future onset of vascular dysfunction in diabetes, induced by local Aldo production in the AoSMC.
Characterization of the Nutraceutical Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Bell Pepper in Response to Grafting
Authors: Chávez-Mendoza Celia , Sánchez Esteban , Carvajal-Millán Elizabeth , Muñoz-Márquez Ezequiel , Guevara-Aguilar Alexandro
Published: December 2013

The grafting of fruits and vegetables influences fruit quality. The aim of the present work was to assess the effect of the rootstock and the scion on the antioxidant activity and the content in vitamin C, total phenols, lycopene and β-carotene of bell pepper. The cultivars Fascinato and Jeanette were used as scion and Terrano was used as rootstock. Four harvests in the production cycle of the vegetable were analyzed in a cultivation system under shading nets. The results indicate statistical differences in the content of these bioactive compounds between the varieties, between grafting and not grafting and between sampling dates (p ≤ 0.05). The vitamin C content, β-carotene, and antioxidant capacity proved significantly higher in Fascinato than in Janette. On average, grafting increased β-carotene and vitamin C concentrations and improved the antioxidant capacity, but had no influence on the total phenol or lycopene contents. It is concluded that grafting to the rootstock Terrano improves the nutritional quality of the fruit produced in both varieties of bell pepper studied.
Madecassoside Inhibits Melanin Synthesis by Blocking Ultraviolet-Induced Inflammation
Authors: Jung Eunsun , Lee Jung-A , Shin Seoungwoo , Roh Kyung-Baeg , Kim Jang-Hyun , Park Deokhoon
Published: December 2013

Madecassoside (MA), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asitica (L.), is used as a therapeutic agent in wound healing and also as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging agent. However, the involvement of MA in skin-pigmentation has not been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of MA on ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis and mechanisms in a co-culture system of keratinocytes and melanocytes. MA significantly inhibited UVR-induced melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer in the co-culture system. These effects were further demonstrated by the MA-induced inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 expression and its signaling pathway, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha in keratinocytes. The clinical efficacy of MA was confirmed on artificially tanned human skin. MA significantly reduced UV-induced melanin index at 8 weeks after topical application. Overall, the study demonstrated significant benefits of MA use in the inhibition of hyperpigmentation caused by UV irradiation.
Diurnal Triglyceridemia in Relation to Alcohol Intake in Men
Authors: Torres do Rego Ana , Klop Boudewijn , Birnie Erwin , Elte Jan , Ramos Victoria , Walther Luis , Cabezas Manuel
Published: December 2013

Fasting and postprandial triglyceride concentrations largely depend on dietary and lifestyle factors. Alcohol intake is associated with triglycerides, but the effect of alcohol on diurnal triglyceridemia in a free living situation is unknown. During three days, 139 men (range: 18–80 years) measured their own capillary triglyceride (cTG) concentrations daily on six fixed time-points before and after meals, and the total daily alcohol intake was recorded. The impact of daily alcohol intake (none; low, <10 g/day; moderate, 10–30 g/day; high, >30 g/day) on diurnal triglyceridemia was analyzed by the incremental area under the cTG curve (∆cTG-AUC) reflecting the mean of the six different time-points. Fasting cTG were similar between the alcohol groups, but a trend of increased cTG was observed in men with moderate and high alcohol intake after dinner and at bedtime (p for trend <0.001) which persisted after adjustment for age, smoking and body mass index. The ∆cTG-AUC was significantly lower in males with low alcohol intake (3.0 ± 1.9 mmol·h/L) (n = 27) compared to males with no (7.0 ± 1.8 mmol·h/L) (n = 34), moderate (6.5 ± 1.8 mmol·h/L) (n = 54) or high alcohol intake (7.2 ± 2.2 mmol·h/L) (n = 24), when adjusted for age, smoking and body mass index (adjusted p value < 0.05). In males, low alcohol intake was associated with decreased diurnal triglyceridemia, whereas moderate and high alcohol intake was associated with increased triglycerides after dinner and at bed time.
Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: El Ghoch Marwan , Soave Fabio , Calugi Simona , Dalle Grave Riccardo
Published: December 2013

Background: Eating disorders are health problems that are particularly prevalent in adolescents and young adults. They are associated with considerable physical health and psychosocial morbidity, and increased risk of mortality. We set out to conduct a systematic review to determine their effect on physical fitness in the general population and on sport performance in athletes. Methods/Design: A systematic review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature was performed. For inclusion, articles retrieved from PubMed had to be published in English between 1977 and 2013. Wherever possible, methods and reporting adhere to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement. Some additional studies were retrieved from among those cited in the reference lists of included studies and from non-electronic databases. Literature searches, study selection, method and quality appraisal were performed independently by two authors, and data was synthesized using a narrative approach. Results: Of the 1183 articles retrieved, twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were consequently analysed. The available data indicate that eating disorders have a negative effect on physical fitness and sport performance by causing low energy availability, excessive loss of fat and lean mass, dehydration, and electrolyte disturbance. Discussion: Although the paucity of the available data mean that findings to date should be interpreted with caution, the information collated in this review has several practical implications. First, eating disorders have a negative effect on both physical fitness and sport performance. Second athletics coaches should be targeted for education about the risk factors of eating disorders, as deterioration in sport performance in athletes, particularly if they are underweight or show other signs of an eating disorder, may indicate the need for medical intervention. However, future studies are needed, especially to assess the direct effect of eating disorders on sport performance.