bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creation and Destruction
Authors: Rodgers Helen , Cavendish Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the first few decades of the twentieth century in Granada. This was a time when artistic talents such as the composer Manuel de Falla and the poet Federico Garcia Lorca were at the heart of Granada’s cultural scene, doing much to promote the art and culture of Granada’s gypsies, including organizing the 1922 cante jondo festival held at the Alhambra. This was also a period marked by the rise of commercial tourism and the changes this brought to the city. The Alhambra Palace Hotel was built and the first tickets were sold to visitors to the Nasrid Palaces. Meanwhile, jobs in the construction industry, with projects such as the Gran Via, and the establishment of the Escuelas del Ave Maria brought a modicum of respite to the desperately poor of the Albaicin. Yet later, rising unemployment and poor infrastructure, as well as the corruption and disdain of the political elite in Granada, sowed the seeds of civil unrest that would come to the fore during the 1930s.
Women Rebuilding Communities of Resilience
Authors: Lewis Joanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter follows the third phase of resilience in relation to rebuilding communities. It chronicles the racism many women experienced over many years. It shows the importance of the way in which women working together helped each other from childcare, to emotional support, to returning to education, and going into paid work. It chronicles the growth in community activity and community-based organisations culminating in the rise of the women focused advisory groups and activism. The importance of voluntary work, sending money and raising funds to send back home for reconstruction and Somali diaspora humanitarianism are highlighted.
Staying the Distance Nomadic Culture, Heritage and Resilience
Authors: Lewis Joanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the nature and importance of a distinctive nomadic culture and inheritance to Somali women interviewed living in London. The background to pastoralism is set out and the impact of the civil war on the nomadic populations explored. Nomadic life and resilience is considered alongside its portrayal by British colonial writers, travellers and administrators. The neglect of positive coverage of nomadic women in comparison is contrasted with the high importance of their nomadic women ancestors, cultures and heroines to Somali women. The history of how women helped support nomadic life from the diaspora is discussed from setting up influential NGOs, dynamic projects, to making nomadic history accessible.
Emotional Resilience
Authors: Lewis Joanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers mental health and the potential impact of memories of conflict, fleeing civil war and trying to settle in a very different environment to home. Women look back at their younger selves and recount the huge emotional challenges that their journeys and settling brought with them, and how they coped. The chapter includes the early evidence of PTSD and the pioneering health professionals who first noticed and responded. It covers the interventions of women from the community who understood well the pressures men were under and the way in which post-civil war trauma was negatively affecting relationships and family life. Finally, community led responses and healing initiatives, from women and men are presented.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis Joanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter contains a summary of the chapters and a discussion of the theme of resilience when studied through a historical lens. It suggests ways forward for policy makers and that Somali expertise and organisations should be better funded by local authorities and government, with more support for efforts to help Somaliland to continue in its rebuilding.
Rising Debts With a New Composition
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

Debt levels soared across advanced, emerging, frontier, and developing economies. Africa was no exception to this trend, as a faster pace of government borrowing from 2010 resulted in much higher government debt levels. The debt landscape also changed, with several events having affected the composition of the debt stocks. The first was the clean slate provided by the long-awaited debt relief from official lenders in the 2000s. The second was the increased borrowing options provided by emerging nations. The third was the broader access of African countries to global capital markets.
Means of Solving Debt Crises
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

If a country can simply default on its debt and not go bust, then many people wonder why countries do not do it even more often. The reason is that defaulting does have consequences, the extent of which varies depending on how and why a country defaults. A debt restructuring is successful when it provides the right amount of debt reduction and does not drag on too long. To achieve this, there is a need for a sense of inter-creditor fairness, speed, coordination, and dialogue. If any one of these elements is missing, then a timely debt restructuring is unlikely. Despite the lack of a formal system, the norms that have evolved for the restructuring of international bonds have been effective. However, if many countries defaulted at once, then it could overwhelm the norms. A systemic crisis would require a formal rescue package.
More Debt Benefits, Less Burden
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

Increasing debt risks suggest African countries’ hard-won market access should not be taken for granted over the next decade. While debt crises, defaults, and severe restructurings would not leave African countries shut out of the markets forever, there could be a long wait with appetites for investment taking many years to return. There are six ways borrowing can be improved to better finance urgently needed investment with less risky lending while preserving market access. Step one: deliver on debt transparency. Step two: deepen domestic debt markets. Step three: generate more flexible financing. Step four: provide market access parachutes. Step five: ensure tighter use of proceeds. Step six: make a solid plan, and build a sustainable brand.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

Actions are urgently needed to safeguard African countries’ debt sustainability while recognizing the need for increased investment to improve standards of living. Many things need to be fixed to avoid debt crises and solve others. But with this challenge is also an opportunity, as African countries will be able to tap an increasing pool of sustainable financing for development and to tackle the climate emergency if they are able to reduce their debt risks. By borrowing with greater purpose, African countries can transition to attracting more, calmer, capital for their investment needs. Actions are required from a wide range of stakeholders, including the African countries that borrow, the many different types of creditor, and global savers who own much of the capital invested. In addition, the umpires that manage the global financial system, and the architects trying to improve it, have a crucial role to play. Furthermore, to avoid the mistakes of Africa’s debt crisis in the 1980s and 1990s, African solutions must take center stage.
Anatomy of a Conflict
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

The chapter connects the 2011 uprising to the long-term transformations of Syrian society which can be encapsulated under the rubric of social change (education, demographic transition, and urbanisation). It also links the uprising to changes in the authoritarian rule of the Assad regime in the broader context of globalisation. Against this background, the chapter traces the ways in which the uprising unfolded as a popular movement throughout the country. The chapter explores the geographies of this mobilisation, its actors and many modalities, in order to understand the characteristics of the repression and the subsequent war. The fragmentation of the country along internal fronts is rooted in this geography of uprising and repression.
Mapping the Destruction
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

The chapter takes stock of the geography of destruction at different geographic scales. It shows that this geography varies considerably in intensity and nature from one region to another and from one neighbourhood to the next. The chapter also traces the land-grabbing operations that have been facilitated under the cover of military operations. In zooming in on three cities – Aleppo, Hama and Douma (near Damascus) – it aims to disentangle the different types of destruction that have been carried out in Syria. In so doing, the chapter offers a useful starting point for reflecting on the future reconstruction of the country.
Trajectories of Displacement
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

The chapter analyses the ways in which people move within Syria. It explores how people react and adapt to the conflict, while showing that forced displacement, even in times of war and political violence, is both linked to individual/family agency and shaped by multiple factors. The trajectories of displacement are extremely varied: they depend on the resources of individuals and families, on the local context, and on the duration of the conflict which, in turn, affects the preceding factors. The chapter demonstrates that Syrians are not equal with regard to mobility, defined here not only as the capacity to move but also as the capacity to stay put.
Transnational Syria
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

The geographical lens of the chapter embraces war-related transformations beyond Syria’s borders. It analyses the impact of the conflict on the countries neighbouring Syria. The creation of new borderlands, which demarcate between war and peace but in which features of both are intertwined, is part of this process. Beyond Syria itself, the chapter explores how aspects of the human, economic and political geography of the Middle East have been reconfigured by the conflict. This chapter shows that the protracted displacement of Syrian refugees means that Syrian society now exists beyond territorial Syria. Although this bears important, and possibly long-lasting, geopolitical consequences, the chapter mostly aims to analyse the making, the workings and the spaces of a transnational “diaspora of refugees” that maintains multifaceted and strong ties with ‘territorial’ Syria.
Towards Sexually Competent Churches
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the contribution of the Ecumenical HIV and AIDS Initiatives and Advocacy (EHAIA) to discourses on churches and homosexuality in Africa. EHAIA is a program of the World Council of Churches (WCC) with a strong African ownership. Since the early 2000s, it has worked to sensitize African church leaders on issues relating to HIV and AIDS. As part of this, it has also sought to challenge homophobia and promote a positive understanding of sexual diversity. The chapter begins by discussing the historical, cultural and political contexts in which EHAIA has come to address the issue of same-sex sexuality. It then examines the methodologies utilized by EHAIA in its engagement with the theme, including publications, theological education, intergenerational conversations, pastoral dialogues, and contextual bible studies. The chapter concludes by an analysis of achievements and challenges.
Christianity and Visual Activism in Kenyan Queer Film
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the emergence of a new genre of African films: queer-themed audio-visual productions. It specifically focuses on two films from Kenya – the music video Same Love, produced by George Barasa (2016), and the drama film Rafiki, directed by Wanuri Kahiu (2018) – which both present a form of queer visual activism. Analysing the imagery and lyrics/texts of the films, the chapter specifically explores how Christianity is engaged as a key site of struggle about same-sex love in Kenya, but also as a site of alternative imagination. It argues that both films critique dominant forms of Christianity in Kenya for their intricate connection to homophobia, yet also allude to the possibility of a queer reclaiming of Christianity as a site of affirmation and empowerment of same-sex loving people.
Getting Down to the Design
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the nature and components of various research designs and supporting methods. It explores the nature of research problems in more depth and how various designs can better answer specific problems. Practitioner–researchers are cautioned to deeply reflect on problem identification. Often, they can be persuaded to set aside their own goals to address the priorities of those in power. Although at times both goals may coincide, at other times those goals may conflict, and practitioner–researchers need to prioritize problems and needs that are central to their context. Stakeholder inclusion (including those in power and those not in power) can help ensure that all understand the interconnected and relational importance of prioritizing needs and gaps. Rigorous, trustworthy designs that include the voices of all affected can ensure the validity and utility of results. Last, the chapter addresses the importance of being transparent about practitioner–researcher positionality throughout the process.
Revisiting the Integrated Model
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y.
Published: January 2022

Through the use of the integrated framework, practitioner–researchers can promote stakeholder inclusion within reflective praxis, ethics, and rigorous designs to support advancing an equitable society. At the core of practitioner–researchers’ writing and practice as evaluators, educators, and action researchers is the view of evaluation and action research as modes of inquiries that facilitate processes of transformation and change. This chapter addresses the need to implement (utilize) and share the results of inquiry for the improvement of practice, reminding readers of main points discussed throughout the text. It also addresses the philosophical nature of the improvement of contexts and societies. The chapter provides support for imagining societies that value continuous improvement and value learning leaders and organizations that seek to improve organizations using data and new knowledge to support sustainable change.
The Shadow Government
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 details the shadow government and the edifice of power that was built to ensure the MPLA’s longevity but more importantly the survival of the Presidential circle. It explains the structures upholding the securitized and shadow state, dominated by the Casa de Seguranca (Security Cabinet, SCP) of the Presidency. It briefly describes the central structures and the multiple portfolios it managed which allowed it, via a vertical reporting system, to command the security apparatus and key areas of the cabinet. This chapter explores the contours of the SCP and the parallel army that sustained it. It analyses the role played by the three intelligence services that took on a broader surveillance role, spying on the elites, opposition and infiltrating society. I use the example of three cases – the book club coup, the Kalupeteka religious sect massacre and the assassinations of activists Cassule and Kamulingue – to highlight the dysfunctions, overactions and violent underpinnings of the system.
Changing the Guard
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

Chapter 5 analyses the 2017 presidential transition and the end of the Dos Santos era. The new President, João Lourenço, became Angola’s first head of state with a military background. Weeks into his Presidency, Lourenço reshuffled the leadership of the different branches of the security apparatus and slowly began dismantling the Dos Santos family’s grip on the economy. He rapidly understood that saving the image of the party and the economy had to become his first priorities if he was to survive a crippling recession and deep popular disillusion. He began a targeted corruption drive purging the ruling party and recovering assets to inject into the failing economy but replicated many of the same dynamics of his predecessor. In order to protect himself and his reform agenda the new president fell back on the securitisation strategy. Lourenço took the reins to reform but failed to understand that the securitisation policy had become the cornerstone of the country’s inequality, citizens disenfranchisement, and governance failings.
A New Iraq with a Persian Flavor?
Authors: Harvey Katherine
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the Saudis’ perception of what was taking place in Iraq in the period between the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the end of 2005, a period that saw the emergence of Shia Islamist power in Baghdad. Consistent with their preexisting beliefs about an inherent Iranian expansionism, the Saudis perceived that Iran aimed to assert hegemony over Iraq and that its efforts were being enabled by virtue of the new political order the U.S. was midwifing. While Iran did in fact begin to intervene in Iraq during this period, the Saudis’ perception of what was taking place was unsubstantiated – in particular, they, like many Sunni Arabs inside and outside Iraq, believed that millions of Iranians were infiltrating into Iraq at this time and were even voting in Iraqi elections. Moreover, Saudi leaders, in focusing so rigidly on Iran’s supposedly massive intervention in Iraq, tended to overlook how the interests of Iraqi Shia Islamist leaders could actually diverge considerably from those of the Iranians.
Migration Aspirations and ‘Glocal Ideas of the Good Life’ in Two Rural Communities in Southern and North-Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Dom Catherine
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at how ‘ideas of the good life’ interacted and coevolved with aspirations to, and experiences and effects of, youth migration abroad, in two rural communities in Ethiopia. Aspirations are conceived as a social construct, in which an individual’s representation of her desirable future is formed from her experiences and social interactions. The chapter shows that in both sites, migration aspirations were shaping and being shaped by ideas of the good life and social norms about self-worth that drew on a ‘glocal’ cultural and normative repertoire formed through the continuous inter-penetration of ‘the global’ and ‘the local’. In a complex evolution also influenced by urbanisation, education and communications, migration aspirations and acts embodied the agency of the youth who constructed it through both, their desire for change, and their locally embedded search for recognition, just as generations of young people have done before them.
Rituals of Migration
Authors: Gezahegne Kiya
Published: January 2022

In Amhara region, labor appears to be the best strategy to secure livelihood of households in the changing economic, social, political and physical environment. Among this, labor migration to the Middle East and the Sudan has been taken as a major option by the youth from the region. Prior to initiating the migration process, migrants have a preconceived reflection on what to expect on the journey and the experience to be faced in the destination country. They thus go through a ritual of different kinds to protect themselves and reach to their destination. There are also certain rituals migrants use as a strategy and coping mechanism that help them settle at their destination and maintain relations with their families and the community in their place of origin. It is such rituals by migrants and the ideologies associated with it that this study focuses upon.
Gender Relations in a Transnational Space
Authors: Estifanos Yordanos S.
Published: January 2022

Based on extensive fieldwork in South Africa (Johannesburg and Durban) and Ethiopia (Addis Ababa and Hosaena) since 2014, this chapter focused on the gendered consequences of the increasing feminization of Ethiopian migration to South Africa over the past decade. Few women migrate independently, while most are sponsored by prospective husbands. The chapter contests the dominant narrative that international migration provides opportunities for economic independence, and provides space for emancipation and empowerment of women. It further argues that the feminization of migration morphed from a benevolent relationship that materially benefited spouses into an exploitative one, as husbands control the socioeconomic and political spaces in the informal economy of South Africa leaving women with dual responsibilities as wife and worker. Moreover, men import, appropriate and modify socio-cultural institutions primarily to get financial benefits when a prospective wife arrives in South Africa. Exploitation of women is made more likely as most are teenager and inexperienced. By identifying girls and introducing them to established men in South Africa prior female immigrants reinforce the transnational social networks and sustain smuggling of more women.
Remittances and Household Socio-Economic Well-Being
Authors: Kefale Asnake , Mohammed Zerihun
Published: January 2022

One of the key outcomes of international migration is the flow of resources to the home countries of migrants. With the rise of international migration from Ethiopia, remittance flows have recently become significant in terms of total volume and their impact on household income and the national economy. In recent years, the amount of remittances to Ethiopia has increased and as such outperformed the export sector. This chapter by using empirical data collected from selected sites examined two major questions with respect to the flow of remittances from Ethiopian migrants in the Gulf countries and South Africa. The first is why migrants choose informal channels of remittance transfer over the formal ones and the second is the socio-economic impacts of remittances at the household level in migrant communities.
Heterogeneity in Outcomes of Migration
Authors: Birhanu Kiros
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on both the economic dimension, and the more subtle social and cultural dimensions of the impacts of the mostly irregular migration to Saudi Arabia from Harresaw, eastern Tigray. The chapter shows that these impacts are highly heterogeneous, even within this small rural community. Whilst individual or household-specific circumstances do matter in determining the outcomes of irregular migration to Saudi, there also has been an underlying general trend of deteriorating outcomes. It is also clear that the main reasons for this trend have been structural changes at the national and international level making this migration riskier and less profitable. This has compounded the negative effects of structural changes at the local level (drought curtailing irrigation opportunities, ever rising youth unemployment). Arguably, these structural changes have strongly constrained, instead of enabled, migrants’ agency; yet many in the communities have continued to try to migrate, seeing no other option.
The Changing C-Suite
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the focus of this book on power design at the top, and situates it in extant debates on formal organization and management elites. Our aim is to enable a better understanding of executive power in transformation by bringing together three main theoretical perspectives (institutional, contingency, and political) to advance conceptual ideas about how the management category of CXOs is expanding in nomenclature and adoption, as well as how the meanings of CXO labels and roles are constructed and reconstructed. We outline the empirical phenomenon—the ever-expanding and changing management category of CXOs—as the inspiration behind and the occasion for this theorizing, and provide a brief historical overview of the C-suite. We then present the distinctiveness of our approach and main theoretical argument in relation to extant approaches, such as strategic leadership. We conclude with an overview of the book’s content and structure.
Aftermath: Confronting the Inhuman
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

During and after World War II writers and intellectuals became preoccupied with questions about what its unprecedented atrocities should be taken to imply about human nature itself. This chapter explores different kinds of testimony about the ‘crisis of man’, as it has been named, drawn from memoir (Primo Levi, Charlotte Delbo, Jean Améry, Robert Antelme, Arthur Koestler), political theory (Hannah Arendt, Judith Shklar, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor Adorno), conduct literature (Adorno’s Minima Moralia), the ‘Robinsoniad’ novel (William Golding, J. G. Ballard), and lyric poetry (W. H. Auden, Keith Douglas, Ingeborg Bachman). It argues this diverse range of testimony resonates with, but cannot always be equated to, Amanda Anderson’s conception of a ‘bleak liberalism’. Instead at its most pressing it turns on an anxious sense that traditional understandings of human identity (whether liberal or Marxist) have been debunked, in a way that anticipates aspects of the posthumanism that emerged later in this period, albeit with a very different emphasis.
Biographies of the Unconscious
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

In this period psychoanalysis became one of the most pervasive idioms of self-description, and biographers were not slow to adopt its insights. Attempts at writing ‘psychobiography’ are beset by pitfalls, many of which derive from the divergence between a therapeutic practice (involving dialogue between analyst and analysand) and the biographical situation (where the subject can’t talk back). Acknowledging the inherent riskiness of psychoanalytical approaches and the many ways in which they can fail, this chapter nonetheless makes a case for the formal inventiveness of major practitioners in this idiom, and the enduring importance of Freud’s legacy within biography, especially when contrasted with approaches that have emerged from rival forms of empirical psychology (such as behaviourism). The main figures discussed include Erik Erikson, Erich Fromm, Fawn Brodie, Alexander and Juliette George, Maynard Solomon, John Demos, Peter Gay, Janet Malcolm, Dan McAdams, Justin Frank, and Ian Kershaw.
Self-Knowledge as a Question
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

In the just-so story often told about the rise of postmodernism we have apparently come to believe that the truth of the self is a certain kind of fiction, and that the urgency of self-creation trumps older ideas about self-knowledge. Yet within the wider popular marketplace for autobiographical writing there remains a widespread and seemingly entrenched belief that the truth of the self can—indeed must—be told in a transparent and definitive way. This chapter describes a line of philosophical thinking about selfhood that descends from Heidegger into figures such as Paul Ricoeur and Charles Taylor, which is equally critical of both these alternatives. Arguing for the importance of the evaluative language this tradition establishes, especially the complex and problematic term ‘authenticity’, it tests out philosophical ideas about self-knowledge against some of the most intellectually exacting attempts at autobiography in this period, including Jean-Paul Sartre, Jeanette Winterson, Roland Barthes, Christine Brooke-Rose, and J. M. Coetzee.
Coming Out
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

After the 1960s, stories about coming out moved from a position of either invisibility or despised marginality to being among the most prominent of our grand narratives. They now command—or at least demand—the moral respect that Western societies have long associated with the search for authenticity. Yet while historian Paul Robinson is surely right to describe coming out as one of the stories that has most transformed our world, a range of figures, from Michel Foucault to Judith Butler, have questioned the ‘epistemology of sex’ upon which it depends, raising doubts about the conception of identity it enshrines. This chapter compares classic forms of the coming out narrative by gay, lesbian, and transgender writers (including Paul Monette, Audre Lorde, and Jan Morris) with some of the more unsettling reflections on sexuality pursued by such figures as Stephen Spender, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Edmund White, Derek Jarman, and Juliet Jacques, among others.
Feminism’s Lyric Subjects
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

Just as the so-called ‘New Criticism’ was becoming one of the established academic theories about literature, its formalist assumptions were challenged by new kinds of poetry which insisted on a close relationship between writing and life. Poets working within a broadly feminist outlook started to develop idioms of lyric with an autobiographical dimension that were, nonetheless, not directly confessional in their approach. This chapter explores some of the varied attempts at re-imagining what an exemplary life might be from a feminist perspective, and the debate about the role poetry might play in rescripting collective forms of identity. The work of several different writers is contrasted, including Adrienne Rich’s exemplary poetry and autobiographical writings, Lyn Hejinian’s experiments with a subjectless anti-lyric, and the idealization of a playfully self-ironizing lyric voice in Denise Riley and Eileen Myles.
Memory Culture
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

The practice of empathetic engagement with victimised and persecuted people has become established as a widespread form of civic virtue—from the new museums founded to commemorate atrocities such as the Holocaust to the popular consumption of testimony texts. But what problems arise from our increased willingness to learn about the past through such emotionally direct forms of memory? And in return, what are the limits of evidence-based historical reasoning when we try to understand such vast and traumatic experiences as slavery, colonial violence, or the extermination camps? This chapter evaluates these questions across a range of different literary idioms, including some of the most problematic examples of testimony memoir (Alex Haley, Binjamin Wilkomirski), the handling of witnessing in legal processes of historical redress (New Zealand’s Waitangi Tribunal, South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission), second-generation Holocaust memoir (Eva Hoffmann, Lisa Appignanesi), and the aesthetics of ‘meta-witnessing’ (Claude Lanzmann, W. G. Sebald).
Posthuman Monsters
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

From flat ontologies to vitalist monisms, this period has generated a great deal of theorizing about what a ‘posthuman’ identity might involve. But as Jacques Derrida once gnomically observed, ‘one cannot say: “here are your monsters”, without immediately turning the monsters into pets’. In other words: how can we pay attention to what is genuinely new in our changing lives without merely assimilating it to what we already think we know? One answer to this question is provided by the borderline experiences—between human and machine, or between individual and ecosystem—explored by some of the more unsettling kinds of life-writing. This chapter considers a series of hard-to-classify texts which reality-test, and thereby usefully complicate, some of the more wide-eyed examples of posthumanist theorising. The main writers discussed include Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, J. G. Ballard, James Lovelock, Gregory Bateson, Donna Haraway, Robert Murphy, and Lucy Grealy.
Literary Biography and Theory
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

As English developed as a university subject an increasing number of eye-catching theories about literature started to circulate, and these theories were often applied to literary texts in an unreflective and off-putting way. In response literary biographers started to position themselves as offering a more direct and somehow more humane way of thinking about literature, which (it was claimed) would release readers from the rebarbative confusions of academic theory. Yet far from being untheoretical much literary biography in this period tended to be premised, knowingly or otherwise, on a very specific theory about literature which can be traced back to the romantic period. So what might it mean to be genuinely ‘against theory’ when it comes to literature, and how might biography deliver on this hope? This chapter explores how some of the major biographers answered this question, successfully or otherwise, including discussion of work by Leon Edel, Richard Ellmann, Hermione Lee, Claire Tomalin, Lyndall Gordon, Richard Holmes, and Jonathan Coe.
Celebrity and its Literary Consequences
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

Long before the post-mortem biography, information about authors now emerges through a range of life-writing texts (interviews, profiles, photographs, TV appearances) which have traditionally been classed as ephemera and judged unworthy of serious attention. But however ephemeral the marketing of literature might seem, in this period major shifts in the publishing industry and the mass media caused the background activity of authorial self-promotion to lurch embarrassingly onto the main stage, where it exerts a strange trivializing power. In the convergence between high culture and consumerist celebrity culture older ways of understanding literary seriousness became increasingly hollowed out and even debunked, and the question as to how—or even whether—that seriousness might be reimagined became a very open one. This chapter compares some of the ways in which writers in this period have contended with the power of celebrity to neutralize their work, including Samuel Beckett, J. D. Salinger, Philip Roth, Martin Amis, and Karl Ove Knausgård.
The Experimental Design
Authors: Steinmo Sven , D’Attoma John
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 presents our experimental design, which is similar to many other traditional tax compliance experiments. We chose to use an incentivized real-effort task, meaning that subjects earned money for completing a task. We then asked them to report their earnings for tax purposes. We then manipulated the experimental parameters in order to test how different individuals would react to different incentives and disincentives. There were three stages to the experiment. The first was a traditional tax compliance experiment in which we varied the redistribution, tax rates, and tax regime. Second, the subjects took in a Social Value Orientation experiment, which measured levels of altruism. Lastly, they were given a survey in which they were asked questions regarding their attitudes regarding various public policies, their perceptions of other’s behavior and a series of demographic questions as well.
Reasonable Choices and Tax Compliance
Authors: Steinmo Sven , D’Attoma John
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 presents our evidence. We demonstrate that institutions, such as the amount of redistribution in society, the tax rates, and the tax regime, affect people’s willing to pay taxes. Moreover, the data illustrates that norms matters: what individuals think about others’ behavior has an enormous effect on our own behavior. The third section shows that some people are motivated by more altruistic or prosocial tendencies and others are more individualistic. The tendency to be more altruistic or individualistic greatly shapes one’s tax compliance behavior. Finally, we close with a discussion about economics majors.
Introduction
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

Michał Kalecki’s monetary economics is an aspect of his work that was neglected by him and readers of his work. This neglect is in large measure the fault of its author. Although he was consistent in his monetary theory, he was so inconsistent in explaining it as to frustrate any reader wishing to grasp the essentials of that theory. His monetary economics is often confused with Keynes’s monetary economics, with which it shares some macroeconomic features. However, Kalecki’s monetary economics is an essential part of his macroeconomics and political economy. The chapter introduces Kalecki’s methodology and the structure of the book, beginning with summaries of Kalecki’s fragments on monetary economics, going through some comparisons with more recent monetary economics, and concluding with central banking and monetary policy.
The Inter-National Novel
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

The national novel emerged and operated within the serial form of ‘world literature’ created by the internationalism of 1848, and this chapter argues that Elizabeth Gaskell writes her first novel, Mary Barton (1848) deliberately ‘into’ a European tradition. It shows how important Manzoni’s novel I promessi sposi was to her development as a novelist and how clearly she conceived of Mary Barton not, as Raymond Williams would later categorize it, as an ‘English Industrial Novel’, but as an intervention in an urgent pan-European conversation about ‘the people’. Gaskell was far more invested in the radical and international politics of labour in the 1840s than has been generally recognized. The strength of post-1848 nationalization has made it difficult for successive generations to decouple literature from nation, and so we have continued to misread and distort texts which depend on matrices of meaning that are far wider than merely national.
Spying Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

Espionage and counter-intelligence activities, both real and imagined, weave a complex and alluring story. From Julius Caesar’s spies in Britain to the spies scouting medieval market towns under the cloak of their clerical habit, from Francis Walsingham’s spy network to the Sun King’s ciphers, from the crypt-analysts of Bletchley Park to the Cold War’s intelligence war, from the NASA wiretapping scandal to the infiltration of ISIS cells by Chechen forces loyal to Putin—one could tell hundreds of anecdotes. Books (both fiction and non-fiction), articles, special journal issues, and policy papers about espionage number in the dozens of thousands. And yet, there is hardly any serious philosophical work on this issue. This book seeks to fill the gap. It offers an ethics of espionage and counter-intelligence. It argues that intelligence activities are morally justified, morally mandatory even, in war and peace, but only as a means to thwart violations of fundamental rights. It scrutinizes a range of acts which are the bread and butter of those activities: deception, treason, manipulation, exploitation, blackmail, eavesdropping, computer hacking, and mass surveillance.
Building Blocks
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

This chapter sets the stage for the remainder of the book. It provides an overview of the ethics of spying in classical moral and political thought. It examines three possible approaches to espionage: (a) the dirty-hands approach, which sees espionage as a necessary evil; (b) the contractarian view that espionage is best defended by appeal to normative conventions endorsed by all; (c) the view that the most fruitful way to construct an ethics of espionage is through the lens of just-war theory. None of those approaches are fully satisfactory, though they provide building blocks for the approach taken in this book. The final section sets out the normative principles on which the book rests.
Treason
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

Three out of the five kinds of spies listed by Sun Tzu in The Art of War are members of the enemy. To run a spy in foreign territory is to incite, condone, and benefit from treason. Treason presents one of the most serious ethical challenges to espionage and counter-intelligence operations. The chapter provides an account of the accusation of treason—of what a treasonous act consists in, and why it is presumptively wrongful. It then shows that treason is sometimes morally permissible in principle, indeed mandatory—not merely between enemies but also between declared allies, and not merely at the behest of just foreign actors but also at the behest of unjust foreign actors. The final section tackles the complex question of traitors’ acts of personal betrayal vis-à-vis their friends, relatives, and colleagues.
Mass Surveillance
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the ethics of placing large groups of people under mass surveillance for the purposes of ascertaining who, amongst them, is planning to take part in rights violations at the behest or on behalf of foreign actors. It reviews contemporary mass surveillance practices as described by Edward Snowden and mounts the best possible case in their favour. Of all the objections levelled against mass surveillance, two stand out: the claim that it violates the right to privacy, and the claim that it is parasitic on and entrenches unfair inequalities. The chapter argues that the privacy objection is not as decisive as it seems, and that the fairness objection, though contingent on extant practices, is very powerful. In the world as it is, it concludes, mass surveillance is morally wrong.
Mechanics, Heat, and General Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

The chapter covers the topics from mechanics, general physics, heat, and elementary mathematics in the physics context to simple but, at times surprising, phenomena in the day-to-day setting, for instance the physics of hot-dog bending and rupture. Some problems (e.g., Lightbulb and Coal) will teach students how to make back-of-the-envelope estimates, while others (e.g., Ostrich Egg, Joker’s Pendulum, and Slinky Magic) will show methods (such as scaling arguments) to easily solve problems that are difficult to solve via “brute force.”
Optics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses a variety of topics in optics, such as blackbody radiation, quantum correlations, and quantum optics, with an emphasis on connections with other fields of physics from mechanics to thermal and quantum physics. One problem (Stacking Lenses) shows how stacking together focusing and defocusing lenses into a lens guide may result in an overall focusing effect in direct analogy to the physics in particle accelerators and traps for charged particles.
The sounds of Chinese
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco , Basciano Bianca
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the phonology of Sinitic languages, both in a diachronic and in a synchronic perspective. It first proposes an overview of the peculiar methodology for the reconstruction of earlier historical stages of Chinese, followed by a short presentation of the salient phonological features of Old Chinese, Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. It then discusses some general issues concerning Sinitic phonology, including the relevance of syllables and the representation of tones, and presents the phonology of Modern Standard Chinese and of each dialect group. Specifically, it provides a more extensive presentation of the national standard, while for dialects it is limited to a discussion of the most relevant features which characterize each group (and major subgroups).
Morphology and the lexicon
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco , Basciano Bianca
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the most salient features of the morphology and lexicon of Sinitic languages, both in a diachronic and in a synchronic perspective. It first discusses the application of the notions of ‘morpheme’, ‘root’, and ‘word’ to Chinese. It then moves to an overview of word formation in Old and Middle Chinese, showing that Chinese has always had morphology, despite the fact that it is often used as the prototypical example of the isolating language type. It then offers an extensive presentation of the major morphological phenomena of modern Sinitic languages. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the Chinese lexicon, with a discussion of foreign words, recent trends in word formation, and lexical differences among Sinitic languages.
Multiethnic Democracy
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

Who are the swing voters in multiethnic democracies? How much effort do parties invest in courting the swing relative to mobilizing supporters in their core ethnic bases? And how does this balance affect the policies leaders propose—and implement—if elected? This book examines the logic of electoral competition and policymaking in Kenya’s emerging multiparty democracy. Using data on voters, campaigns, and policy outcomes, it shows that the pursuit of the swing encourages presidential candidates to offer broad, inclusive promises and for election winners to opt for universal policies that share benefits widely. In doing so, it challenges the view—common to both popular accounts and scholarly work—that where ethnicity is politically salient, multiparty competition inevitably leads parties to focus their electoral efforts on mobilizing narrow ethnic factions and to concentrate rewards on ethnic clientele.
Persuasion on the Campaign Trail
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

This chapter shows that the pursuit of out-group voters affects not only where candidates hold rallies but also what they say on the campaign trail in Kenya. For presidential hopefuls the central task is to at once to project an inclusive image while also casting doubt on the ethnic favoritism intentions of their rivals. Candidates rely on a mix of positive and negative messages, both aimed primarily at potential fence-sitters in swing communities. Positive messages about the candidate’s own accomplishments and proposals signal the leader’s inclusive intentions. Negative claims about rivals are crafted with the goal of limiting competitors’ appeal beyond their ethnic strongholds. Empirically, this chapter draws on nearly 120 hours of audio recordings of campaign speeches from Kenya’s 2007 election. The chapter provides an overview of the main themes on the campaign trail in the 2007 race and uses structured content analysis to examine campaign messages.
Conclusion
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

This chapter concludes by exploring the implications of the book’s findings for Africa’s emerging democracies. First, it calls for renewed examination of the connections between ethnicity and representation in diverse societies, demonstrating that electoral competition can encourage elites to adopt broad, inclusive approaches rather than seeking to advance the interests of narrow ethnic clientele. Second, it argues for additional research into the polarizing effects of electoral competition in Africa, focusing specifically on how the demonization of political rivals contributes to inter-group tensions. Finally, the chapter examines the question of whether inclusive public policies can attenuate ethnic divisions, and suggests that progress is likely to be slow in countries like Kenya where beliefs about ethnic patronage are deeply engrained.
Tony Harrison as Founder of Classical Reception Studies
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: January 2022

The chapter analyses Tony Harrison’s Phaedra Britannica, an adaptation of Racine’s Phèdre which also draws on other responses to the myth of Phaedra and Hippolytus, including Euripides’ Hippolytus and Seneca’s Neronian Phaedra. Previous scholarly discussion of Phaedra Britannica has been confined almost exclusively to form and language, commenting on the rhyming couplet which Harrison developed to marry Racinian technique to, often colloquial, English. But by far the most significant decision made by Harrison was to relocate the story to British India under the Raj, instead of mythical Greek Troezen in the Peloponnese. Reading the play alongside Harrison’s notebooks and journals, the chapter argues that the politics, theology, and psychology of Phaedra Britannica are intimately informed by the parallels that Harrison finds between ancient (especially Roman) and British imperialism, the Olympian religion and the Hindu Pantheon, and the extreme psychological dualism marking both ancient Stoicism and Victorian attitudes to sexual morality.