bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Long Shadows of Gwangju: Transitional Criminal Justice in South Korea
Authors: Vormbaum Moritz
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT∞

On 23 November 2021, the former South Korean president, Chun Doo-hwan, died at his home in Seoul less than a month after his successor Roh Tae-woo. Both men were leading figures during a dark period of the country’s military dictatorships. The most egregious example of their authoritarian rule was the killing of hundreds of students and other persons who were protesting against the martial law government in Gwangju in 1980. On the occasion of the deaths of the two former presidents, this article offers an analysis of the events in Gwangju in the context of South Korea’s contemporary history, before examining the criminal justice responses in the 1990s and more recently. In doing so, it presents and analyses the changing role of criminal law in extended periods of transitional justice.
Positive observers for semilinear positive systems
Authors: Binid Abdellaziz , Elarbi Achhab Mohammed , Laabissi Mohamed
Published: August 2022

The problem of designing a positive Luenberger observer for a class of infinite-dimensional semilinear positive systems is addressed. The proposed observer is positive. That is, it ensures that the state estimates are non-negative at any time. The positive observer is designed based on positive bounded perturbation results. In particular it is shown that, under suitable conditions the state estimation error converges exponentially to zero. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations based on an exothermic Plug-Flow Tubular reactor model and show the effectiveness of the proposed positive observer.
A sub-sampled tensor method for nonconvex optimization
Authors: Lucchi Aurelien , Kohler Jonas
Published: August 2022

A significant theoretical advantage of high-order optimization methods is their superior convergence guarantees. For instance, third-order regularized methods reach an $(\epsilon _1,\epsilon _2,\epsilon _3)$third-order critical point in at most ${\mathcal {O}} (\max (\epsilon _1^{-4/3}, \epsilon _2^{-2}, \epsilon _3^{-4} ) )$ iterations. However, the cost of computing high-order derivatives is prohibitively expensive in real applications, including for instance many real-world machine learning tasks. In order to address this problem, we present a sub-sampled optimization method that uses a third-order regularized model to find local minima of smooth and potentially nonconvex objective functions with a finite-sum structure. This algorithm uses sub-sampled derivatives instead of exact quantities and is guaranteed to converge to a third-order critical point. Our analysis relies on a novel tensor concentration inequality for sums of tensors of any order that makes explicit use of the finite-sum structure of the objective function.
On Continuity of Local Epsilon Factors of ℓ-adic Sheaves
Authors: Takeuchi Daichi
Published: August 2022

Let $S$ be a noetherian scheme and $ Y\to S$ be a smooth morphism of relative dimension $1$. For a locally constant sheaf on the complement of a divisor in $Y$ flat over $S$, Deligne and Laumon proved that the universal local acyclicity is equivalent to the local constancy of Swan conductors. In this article, assuming the universal local acyclicity, we show an analogous result of continuity of local epsilon factors. We also give a generalization of this result to a family of isolated singularities.
Double Multiplicative Poisson Vertex Algebras
Authors: Fairon Maxime , Valeri Daniele
Published: August 2022

We develop the theory of double multiplicative Poisson vertex algebras. These structures, defined at the level of associative algebras, are shown to be such that they induce a classical structure of multiplicative Poisson vertex algebra on the corresponding representation spaces. Moreover, we prove that they are in one-to-one correspondence with local lattice double Poisson algebras, a new important class among Van den Bergh’s double Poisson algebras. We derive several classification results, and we exhibit their relation to non-abelian integrable differential-difference equations. A rigorous definition of double multiplicative Poisson vertex algebras in the non-local and rational cases is also provided.
Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Varicella During the United States Varicella Vaccination Program Era
Authors: Drees Marci , Weber David J
Published: August 2022

The United States varicella vaccination program has successfully reduced varicella incidence and hospitalizations by ≥90%, consequently reducing the risk of nosocomial exposures. However, patients and healthcare personnel (HCP) continue to introduce varicella zoster virus (VZV) into healthcare settings. Herpes zoster (HZ) is less contagious than varicella, but it can also result in exposures. Unrecognized varicella and HZ may lead to extensive contact investigations, control efforts, and HCP furloughs that result in significant disruption of healthcare activities as well as substantial costs. Robust occupational health and infection prevention programs that ensure healthcare personnel immunity and prompt recognition and isolation of patients with varicella or HZ will lower the risk of VZV transmission and reduce or eliminate the need to furlough exposed HCP and associated costs.
Adapting Codesign Techniques for the Construction of a Learning Environment of a Written Second Language for the D/deaf
Authors: Paim Polianna , Prietch Soraia Silva , Sánchez J Alfredo
Published: August 2022

In Brazil, many D/deaf persons use the country’s official sign language, Libras, to communicate and develop a sociocultural identity. For most Libras users, learning how to read and write in Portuguese, the country’s official written language, is a challenge. To address the problem, we present a framework for codesigning accessible technologies for and with D/deaf persons. In this paper, we describe and analyze the case study of an environment to support the teaching–learning process of written Portuguese as a second language. Our main contribution is the documented experiences of codesigning with D/deaf and hearing participants, through individual and collaborative work, which increased confidence and creativity and enhanced empathy through sharing own experiences. Various types of participants were included through the entire framework process, and important values were reinforced, such as ownership and self-determination.
Pharmacist beliefs about antimicrobial resistance and impacts on antibiotic supply: a multinational survey
Authors: Chan Amy Hai Yan , Beyene Kebede , Tuck Chloe , Rutter Victoria , Ashiru-Oredope Diane
Published: August 2022

Background

Pharmacists have important antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) roles yet limited literature exists on pharmacists’ knowledge and beliefs about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobials and how these beliefs influence antimicrobial supply in different countries.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was disseminated to pharmacists around the world via the Commonwealth Pharmacists’ Association and related networks. Data were collected on demographics, antibiotic supply practices, and knowledge and beliefs about AMR.

Results

A total of 546 pharmacists responded from 59 countries, most commonly from Africa (41%) followed by Asia (26%) and Oceania (22%). Respondents supplied a mean of 46 ± 81 antibiotic prescriptions/week, 73%±35% of which were given in response to a prescription. Overall, 60.2% dispensed antibiotics at least once without a prescription. Respondents had good knowledge (mean 9.6 ± 1.3 (out of 12), and held positive beliefs about AMR [mean 3.9 ± 0.6 (out of 5)]. Knowledge about antibiotics and beliefs about AMR were positively correlated. The odds of supplying antibiotics without a prescription were 7.4 times higher among respondents from lower income countries [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.42, 95% CI 4.16–13.24]. Conversely, more positive AMR beliefs were associated with a lower odds of supplying antibiotics without a prescription (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.95).

Conclusions

Most pharmacists had the good knowledge about antibiotics and positive beliefs about AMR. These beliefs were influenced by knowledge, work setting, and country income. A proportion of respondents provided antibiotics without a prescription; the likelihood of this occurring was higher in those who held more negative beliefs about AMR.
We Got Your Back: Evaluating Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury After High-Voltage Electric Burns
Authors: Chakka Keerthana , Clark Audra , Kowalske Karen
Published: August 2022

Delayed spinal cord injury (SCI) is a relatively rare consequence of high voltage electrical burns, but it holds significant implications for patient quality of life. Due to the uncommon nature of delayed SCI and variable time of onset following injury, providers are currently unable to provide a prognosis for functional recovery and optimize a therapy process tailored to treat this patient populace. In this study, we aim to better map the pattern of recovery in these patients to better inform future rehabilitation practices. A retrospective chart review of five patients who experienced delayed SCI secondary to an electrical burn was conducted. The majority of patients displayed an upward trajectory in motor function following acute hospitalization and inpatient rehabilitation, with four of the five patients able to achieve complete motor strength in multiple extremities. In addition, rehabilitation was shown to have a noticeable impact in improving functional independence in tasks related to nursing. In conclusion, the clinical and functional outcomes of these delayed SCI patients point to the need for multidisciplinary management following injury and highlight the importance of early rehabilitation in regaining function.
Think different: small is not beautiful!
Authors: Martin Stefan
Published: August 2022

The General Court has confirmed that a sign reproduced in a small size and in arguably a concealed location on the packaging of the product is unlikely to be noticed by the relevant consumer and, as a result, does not prove use of the mark.
Enforcing Gender at the Polls: Transing Voters and Women’s Suffrage before the American Civil War
Authors: Cohen Andrew Wender , Faulkner Carol
Published: August 2022

Between 1800 and 1860, individuals deemed female by society donned male attire, represented themselves as men, and tried unlawfully to vote, thus challenging the gender binary at the foundation of U.S. democracy. Newspapers regularly featured those who were caught, describing how officials used inspection, violence, and ridicule to deny them the vote and reassert the association between gender and assigned birth sex. Commentators also linked these illicit voters with the organized women’s movement, mocking the possibility of female participation in electoral politics. In response, members of the mainstream women’s movement emphasized their desire to vote as women, reinforcing the gendered assumptions that justified their exclusion. Yet, “transing” voters were more inspired by the raucous partisan politics of the era than such middle-class reformers. The history of their confrontation with an electoral system reserved for men suggests a more porous and inclusive history of gender and citizenship before the Civil War.
The Descent of Iauar to the World of Darkness: A Mandaic Amulet on a Lead Lamella (MLSC 2)
Authors: Morgenstern Matthew , Abudraham Ohad
Published: August 2022

The Mandaic amulet MLSC 2 is published here for the first time. The text comprises a historiola that shows many affinities with similar Mandaean accounts of descents into the world of darkness. The article presents an editio princeps and translation with comments on linguistic and literary parallels. It also relates to issues of the relationship between the written text and magical rituals involving various ingredients.
Did Qoheleth Believe in an Afterlife?
Authors: Peterson Jesse M
Published: August 2022

Few ancient writers have written more poignantly of death’s finality than Qoheleth. Yet in Ecclesiastes 3:21 the sage asks a question that some scholars have taken to intimate at least a tinge of eschatological optimism on his part, purportedly under the influence of Hellenistic notions of the soul’s immortality. This paper offers an alternative to this ‘afterlife interpretation’ by arguing that the verse is most coherently read through a traditional Hebrew anthropology and conception of death without reference to Hellenistic influence. So read, the verse’s use of רוּחַ in fact makes no reference to a ‘soul’ or its afterlife, and we therefore have little reason to think Qoheleth was so much as agnostic regarding any form of conscious post-mortem existence. The paper further examines not only additional relevant texts in Ecclesiastes but also texts within later Hellenistic Jewish wisdom—Ben Sira, Wisdom of Solomon, and Pseudo-Phocylides. While Hellenistic notions of the soul and immortality would infiltrate Jewish sapiential thought through the latter two of these authors, their assumed anthropology evidences an intellectual genealogy that merely supplemented, rather than supplanted, the inherited Hebrew beliefs. They therefore lend credence to the likelihood that Qoheleth’s notion of the רוּחַ in Eccl. 3:21 was thoroughly traditional.
Gregory Nazianzen’s Christology of Mixture
Authors: Harris Brendan A
Published: August 2022

This article provides a reconsideration of Gregory Nazianzen’s account of the Christological union by analysing Gregory’s conception of the Christological union as a ‘mixture’ (μίξις) or ‘blending’ (κρᾶσις). While scholars have long recognized that Gregory conceives of the union of Christ’s humanity and divinity as a kind of ‘mixture’, there is disagreement as to which philosophical understanding of mixture—if any—underlies this conception. Three rival interpretations have dominated modern scholarship on this issue. The first, forwarded by Franz Portmann in 1954, regards Gregory as holding a Stoic understanding of mixture. A second line of interpretation, first proposed by Harry Wolfson in 1956, argues that Gregory conceives of the Christological union in terms of what Wolfson refers to as ‘unions of predominance’—a subset of Aristotelian mixture in which the ‘lesser ingredient’ is converted towards the greater without being completely destroyed. More recently, in what is the most extensive consideration of Gregory’s mixture Christology to date, Andrew Hofer has argued that Gregory’s understanding of mixture ‘fits no ancient philosophical model’. Against these three lines of interpretation, this article will demonstrate that Gregory conceives of the Christological union in terms of Neoplatonic accounts of mixture, which adapted Stoic mixture theory in order to explain the union of immaterial natures in terms of mutual interpenetration. Neoplatonic mixture theory allows Gregory to explain how Christ’s humanity and divinity are both truly united and distinct, since according to the Neoplatonic model immaterial natures unite themselves to both material natures and other immaterial natures without either nature undergoing change or destruction. Recognition of Gregory’s use of Neoplatonic mixture theory, then, allows us to grasp the fundamental logic underpinning Gregory’s conception of the Christological union.
The Apocryphon of John’s Father Discourse as Christian Theology
Authors: McCashen Grayden
Published: August 2022

The Coptic Apocryphon of John’s Father Discourse with its distinctive apophaticism is often regarded as ‘standard’ or ‘stereotyped’ Middle Platonism, but closer analysis reveals that the Platonism in the text is subordinate to a theology which defines God as the Christian God by means of Christian texts (e.g. Eph. 4:6, 1 Corinthians 15, and John 4:24) and uses the polemical monotheism prominent in second-century Christian apologies to assert the supremacy and oneness of the Christian Father against other pretenders to deity. It is this polemical monotheism and not Platonic reasoning that provides the logic of the negations in the discourse. Platonic reasoning is often ignored and even criticized. Thus, the author of the Father Discourse like the writers of second-century Christian apologies does not present stereotyped Platonism, but a Christian theology that incorporates materials from Platonism and uses them to a different end than did second-century Platonic philosophers.
The Visual Repertoire of Willy de Majo: Translocations and Transports of Delight
Authors: Whitworth Lesley
Published: August 2022

The subject of this article is Willy de Majo (1917–1993), born of Serbian-Austrian parentage in Vienna, which therefore constitutes one of the important backdrops to his young adulthood. De Majo was also Sephardi, although not uncomplicatedly so. Equivocation on these points and a Balkan dimension provide clues to the interesting ways in which this case diverges from the émigré narratives of other creative professionals of this period. De Majo was co-founder of the International Council of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda), and his formative years occurred during a historical moment when ideas about empire, nation, and diaspora were intersecting and colliding with particularly percussive effect. Taking an appropriately nuanced biographical approach, this article explores the early career trajectory of a single notable individual whose identities embraced graphic designer, pilot, administrator, and man of action, and points up the fantastic complex of cultural legacies that were his inheritance. This contribution also seeks to enrich understandings of the interwar period, and some of the popular cultural products that emerged later.
Statistical analyses in the case of an Italian nurse accused of murdering patients
Authors: Dotto Francesco , Gill Richard D , Mortera Julia
Published: August 2022

Suspicions about medical murder sometimes arise due to a surprising or unexpected series of events, such as an apparently unusual number of deaths among patients under the care of a particular nurse. But also a single disturbing event might trigger suspicion about a particular nurse, and this might then lead to investigation of events which happened when she was thought to be present. In either case, there is a statistical challenge of distinguishing event clusters that arise from criminal acts from those that arise coincidentally from other causes. We show that an apparently striking association between a nurse’s presence and a high rate of deaths in a hospital ward can easily be completely spurious. In short: in a medium-care hospital ward where many patients are suffering terminal illnesses, and deaths are frequent, most deaths occur in the morning. Most nurses are on duty in the morning, too. There are less deaths in the afternoon, and even less at night; correspondingly, less nurses are on duty in the afternoon, even less during the night. Consequently, a full time nurse works the most hours when the most deaths occur. The death rate is higher when she is present than when she is absent.
Parkinson Disease
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

Parkinson Disease is a comprehensive introduction to the biology and clinical features of Parkinson disease (PD). This book is aimed at clinicians in training, general neurologists seeking a useful guide to PD, and scientists seeking an overview of clinical aspects of PD. Topics covered include nosology of PD, PD epidemiology, pathology and pathophysiology of PD, and theories of PD pathogenesis. Clinical features, including the many non-motor features, natural history of disease progression, clinical pharmacology, and management of PD receive coverage. Important themes are heterogeneity of PD, the multifocal nature of PD pathology, the diversity of clinical features, dopaminergic signaling and the impacts of dopaminergic deficiency, the importance of non-motor features, limitations of existing treatment modalities, and the necessity of approaching PD as a multisystem disorder.
Pathophysiology I
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, the basal ganglia architecture is reviewed; this architecture implies that parallel cortico-basal ganglionic-thalamocortical loops carry functionally specific streams of information through the nodes of the basal ganglia, that a series of standardized computations are performed during nodal information transmission, and that nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are responsible for some form of diffuse modulatory input. The “standard model” of basal ganglia pathophysiology can explain both bradykinesia and choreiform movements, and this contributed significantly to its acceptance and further articulation; its shortcomings are also discussed Additional features of basal ganglia architecture are reviewed in the context of Parkinson disease and parkinsonism.
Clinical Features I
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

The clinical presentation and initial evaluation of patients with possible Parkinson disease (PD) is discussed. Evaluation and diagnosis are based on the clinical construct of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT)-responsive parkinsonism. Careful clinical evaluation with directed history-taking and comprehensive neurologic examination is the foundation of evaluating possible PD. Presenting demographic and clinical features are discussed. The clinical approach to diagnosis, including evaluating histories and key features of the clinical evaluation are reviewed. The major differential diagnosis possibilities are discussed.
Clinical Features III
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, the natural history and continuing care of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are reviewed. Progression of PD, measures of progression, subgrouping, and clinically important emergent phenomena are discussed. Patients are most interested in guidance about if and when they are likely to experience significant disability and the likely nature of the disabling features. With this in mind, management at different levels of PD (mild, moderate, and severe) is discussed, including options for end-of-life care.
Coda
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

Significant unresolved problems in Parkinson disease research and clinical practice are discussed briefly.
Proteomic profiling ofaspergillus flavusendophthalmitis derived extracellular vesicles in anin-vivomurine model
Authors: Gandhi Jaishree , Naik Milind N , Mishra Dilip K , Joseph Joveeta
Published: August 2022

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) play pivotal roles in cell-to-cell communication, and are involved in potential pathological and physiological cellular processes. The aim of this study was to understand the proteomic cargo of these vesicles, in a murine model of Aspergillus flavus (AF) endophthalmitis. EVs were isolated from A. flavus infected C57BL/6 mice eyes by differential ultracentrifugation at 24 h post infection (p.i) and isolated EVs were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Exocet assay, and western blot. Proteomic profiling of EVs was then evaluated by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and compared it with control uninfected mice. The average size of the EVs were 180–280 nm by DLS and the number of EVs increased to 1.55 × 1010 in infected mice in comparison to EVs from uninfected eye (1.24 × 109). Western blot was positive for CD9, CD63, and CD81 confirming the presence of EVs. LC-MS/MS analysis, identified 81 differentially expressed proteins, of these 22 were up-regulated and 59 were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed enrichment of lipid metabolism, protein complex binding, and transferase activity, and the proteins associated were Aquaporin-5, CD177 antigen, Solute carrier family-25, and Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Additionally, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that glucagon signalling, metabolic, and PPAR signalling pathway were significantly associated with EVs from A. flavus infected mice eyes. The protein cargo in EVs from A. flavus endophthalmitis provides new insights into the pathogenesis of fungal endophthalmitis and validation of these proteins can serve as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for patients with a clinical suspicion of fungal endophthalmitis.

Lay Summary

EVs play an important role in cell communication. In our study proteomic profiling of EVs isolated from A. flavus infected mice provided new insights into the understanding of the pathobiology of A. flavus endophthalmitis and validation of these proteins can serve as biomarkers.
Temporal spectrum of multiconjugate adaptive optics residuals and impact of tip-tilt anisoplanatism on astrometric observations
Authors: Carlà Giulia , Plantet Cédric , Busoni Lorenzo , Agapito Guido
Published: August 2022

Multiconjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) will assist a new era of ground-based astronomical observations with the extremely large telescopes and the Very Large Telescope. High-precision relative astrometry is among the main science drivers of these systems and challenging requirements have been set for the astrometric measurements. A clear understanding of the astrometric error budget is needed and the impact of the MCAO correction has to be taken into account. In this context, we propose an analytical formulation to estimate the residual phase produced by an MCAO correction in any direction of the scientific field of view. The residual phase, computed in the temporal frequency domain, allows to consider the temporal filtering of the turbulent phase from the MCAO loop and to extract the temporal spectrum of the residuals, as well as to include other temporal effects such as the scientific integration time. The formulation is kept general and allows to consider specific frameworks by setting the telescope diameter, the turbulence profile, the guide stars constellation, the deformable mirrors configuration, the modes sensed and corrected, and the tomographic reconstruction algorithm. The formalism is presented for both a closed loop and a pseudo-open loop control. We use our results to investigate the effect of tip-tilt residuals on MCAO-assisted astrometric observations. We derive an expression for the differential tilt jitter power spectrum that also includes the dependence on the scientific exposure time. Finally, we investigate the contribution of the differential tilt jitter error on the future astrometric observations with MAVIS and MAORY.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals the effects of maternal selenium deficiency on placental transport, hormone synthesis, and immune response in mice
Authors: Cheng Wanpeng , Zhang Lantian , Sa Peiyue , Luo Jing , Li Mengdi
Published: August 2022

Selenium deficiency has been considered to increase the risk of gestational complications. Our previous work showed that maternal selenium deficiency suppressed proliferation, induced autophagy dysfunction, and apoptosis in the placenta of mice. However, other effects of maternal selenium deficiency on the placenta and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, dietary selenium deficiency in dams significantly suppressed glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the placentae, confirming the oxidative stress in the placenta. By transcriptome sequencing analysis, the DEGs were involved in many biological processes, including ion transport, lipid metabolic process, immune response, transmembrane transport, and others. According to the KEGG analysis, the DEGs were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and others. Among these, the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway enriched the most DEGs. Hsd3b1, an ER enzyme involved in progesterone synthesis, was validated downregulated. Consistently, the progesterone content in the serum of the selenium-deficient group was decreased. Ion transporters and transmembrane transporters, such as Heph, Trf, Slc39a8, Slc23a1, Atp7b, and Kcnc1, were reduced in the selenium-deficient placentae. Immune response-related genes, including Ccl3, Ccl8, Cxcl10, and Cxcl14, were increased in the selenium-deficient placentae, along with an increase in macrophage number. These results suggested that maternal selenium deficiency may impair progesterone biosynthesis, reduce nutrient transporters expression, and promote immune response by increasing the oxidative stress of the placentae. This present study provides a novel insight into the possible cause of placenta disorder during pregnancy.
Convection enhanced delivery of EGFR targeting antibody-drug conjugates Serclutamab talirine and Depatux-M in glioblastoma patient-derived xenografts
Authors: Porath Kendra A , Regan Michael S , Griffith Jessica I , Jain Sonia , Stopka Sylwia A , Burgenske Danielle M , Bakken Katrina K , Carlson Brett L , Decker Paul A , Vaubel Rachael A , Dragojevic Sonja , Mladek Ann C , Connors Margaret A , Hu Zeng , He Lihong , Kitange Gaspar J , Gupta Shiv K , Feldsien Thomas M , Lefebvre Didier R , Agar Nathalie Y R , Eckel-Passow Jeanette E , Reilly Edward B , Elmquist William F , Sarkaria Jann N
Published: August 2022

Background

EGFR targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are highly effective against EGFR-amplified tumors, but poor distribution across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits their efficacy in glioblastoma (GBM) when administered systemically. We studied whether convection-enhanced delivery (CED) can be used to safely infuse ADCs into orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of EGFRvIII mutant GBM.

Methods

The efficacy of the EGFR-targeted ADCs depatuxizumab mafodotin (Depatux-M) and Serclutamab talirine (Ser-T) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. CED was performed in nontumor and tumor-bearing mice. Immunostaining was used to evaluate ADC distribution, pharmacodynamic effects, and normal cell toxicity.

Results

Dose-finding studies in orthotopic GBM6 identified single infusion of 2 μg Ser-T and 60 μg Depatux-M as safe and effective associated with extended survival prolongation (>300 days and 95 days, respectively). However, with serial infusions every 21 days, four Ser-T doses controlled tumor growth but was associated with lethal toxicity approximately 7 days after the final infusion. Limiting dosing to two infusions in GBM108 provided profound median survival extension of over 200 days. In contrast, four Depatux-M CED doses were well tolerated and significantly extended survival in both GBM6 (158 days) and GBM108 (310 days). In a toxicity analysis, Ser-T resulted in a profound loss in NeuN+ cells and markedly elevated GFAP staining, while Depatux-M was associated only with modest elevation in GFAP staining.

Conclusion

CED of Depatux-M is well tolerated and results in extended survival in orthotopic GBM PDXs. In contrast, CED of Ser-T was associated with a much narrower therapeutic window.
Changes in Cigarette Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Use During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown Period Among Youth and Young Adults in Denmark
Authors: Bast Lotus S , Kjeld Simone G , Klitgaard Marie B
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (snus and nicotine pouches) are prevalent among youth and young adults in Denmark. Here, we examined the extent of changes in the use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco during the first Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in March and April 2020 in Denmark as well as reasons for changed behavior.

Aims and Methods

This study used data from a nationwide survey conducted among 15- to 29-year-olds from January to March 2021 including 13 530 respondents (response rate = 36.0%). Logistic regression analyses assessed the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the odds of initiating or increasing as well as trying to stop or decreasing cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use.

Results

The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.8% and 10.5% reported using smokeless tobacco. Around 40% of those currently smoking cigarettes reported smoke on par during the COVID-19 lockdown as before, 24.5% started to smoke or increased their smoking, and 27.4% tried to stop or smoked less. Approximately 37% used smokeless tobacco on the same level as, before the COVID-19 lockdown, 38.8% initiated or used more, and 14.1% tried to stop or used less. Females were more prone to initiate smokeless tobacco use and increase their level of smoking during the lockdown, and younger participants smoked less. More females compared with males changed their smoking behaviors because of their mood, and more younger participants did so because of fewer social gatherings.

Conclusion

Although most youths and young adults’ tobacco behaviors remained the same during the COVID-19 lockdown, many also increased or decreased their behaviors—especially females and younger participants.

Implications

This study enables the possibility of detecting new tendencies in smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco among subgroups of the population during the COVID-19 lockdown. This knowledge is crucial for identifying which groups of youths are vulnerable to increasing their tobacco use in other pandemic situations and which groups call for special attention after the lockdown period. Future efforts may focus on vulnerable groups affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as females, and there is a need to monitor closely whether youth tobacco use changes as society becomes more normalized.
Evaluating the association of well-being strategies on line manager resilience
Authors: Coutinho N , Carder M
Published: August 2022

Background

Line management tends to be associated with increased responsibility and accountability in the workplace and can be a challenging and high-pressured role. More resilient line managers are more likely to continue to perform despite work stressors.

Aims

This study aimed to assess the association of various coping strategies and resources on resilience levels amongst line managers working within a corporate office-based environment.

Methods

A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out over 4 weeks in 2020. The questionnaire probed demographic factors and the use of strategies and resources which may enhance resilience. Resilience was assessed using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale.

Results

On regression analysis, resilience tended to increase with increasing years of line management. When each strategy/resource was considered separately and adjusted for the number of years of line management, exercise outside of work (B, 0.302; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.109 to 0.495), hobbies/interests (B, 0.252; 95% CIs, 0.095 to 0.410) and socializing (B, 0.204; 95% CIs, 0.042 to 0.367) were all significant predictors of resilience.

Conclusions

The key coping strategies and resources that had the strongest association with resilience amongst office-based line managers were those that related to their personal lives, with exercise being of particular importance. This study highlights the importance of emphasizing work–life balance and lifestyle factors within workplace manager training and resilience programmes, as well as in the occupational health clinic. Additional support and health promotion for managers in their first few years of management responsibility may also be beneficial.
Forced migration: evidence and policy challenges
Authors: Quinn Simon , Ruiz Isabel
Published: August 2022

This paper presents a summary assessment of this issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, on forced migration. The issue is concerned with four important questions: (i) What are the general mechanisms by which forced migrants should be managed, and what frameworks should be used for supporting them? (ii) How can policy help refugees integrate into host economies; and what are the likely consequences of this integration? (iii) How are host communities likely to respond to the influx of refugees, and how can policy help to smooth this transition? and (iv) What role can policy play to encourage resilience among refugees and internally displaced people—and, one day, potentially support their return? Drawing from a diverse set of experiences and country case studies, the invited authors—who range from academics to policy practitioners—present and discuss current evidence and draw from their expertise to offer insights on these general themes in the economic policy response to forced migration. Among others, some of the recurring ideas for the design of policy include the need of anticipatory, systematic, and long- term approaches to the ‘management’ of forced displacement; the importance of building evidence, quantifying impacts, and understanding the distributional consequences of forced migration; and finally, the importance of bridging a gap in how the evidence is communicated and understood in the broader community.
Covid-19 vaccine supply chains and the Defense Production Act
Authors: Bown Chad P
Published: August 2022

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the US government used novel policies to accelerate research, development, and production of a diversified portfolio of new vaccines. This article begins by describing the Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 and the initial ‘priority-rated’ contracts agreed to under Operation Warp Speed in 2020 to expedite manufacturing and achieve scale, which succeeded in producing hundreds of millions of doses of Covid-19 vaccines by early 2021. However, a puzzle soon emerged, as the scale of US vaccine production was shortly thereafter overtaken by plants in the European Union and India. The paper investigates the trade-offs US policy-makers faced in early 2021—once much of the initial uncertainty about the safety and effectiveness of many Covid-19 vaccines had been resolved—about whether to recalibrate contracts to expand production capacity to help meet global, instead of US, vaccine demand. It also examines the emergence of input shortages and assesses whether both the price constraints implicit in the 2020 DPA contracts and business decisions made to quicken the process of bringing new vaccine plants online globally inadvertently exacerbated them. It also explores the potential need for complementary, input capacity-enhancing policies in the face of highly fragmented, cross-border Covid-19 vaccine supply chains.
The race that stopped a nation: lessons from Australia’s Covid vaccine failures
Authors: Holden Richard , Leigh Andrew
Published: August 2022

Australia handled many aspects of the Covid-19 pandemic very well. The international border was closed early, contract tracing regimes were implemented quickly, and targeted lockdowns helped keep case and death rates per capita to relatively low levels. Yet in mid-2021, Australia’s vaccine rollout was the slowest in the OECD. We estimate that an optimal vaccine rollout could have saved lives and averted at least A$31 billion in economic damage. The policy errors reflected a failure to heed basic economic concepts of portfolio diversification, option value, and dynamic optimization. We conclude with some policy lessons concerning pandemic preparedness for Australia and other countries.
Inventing Free Speech: Politics, Liberty and Print in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Dabhoiwala Fara
Published: August 2022

Our modern concept of political free speech as an individual political right was first elaborated in detail three hundred years ago by two London journalists, Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard, in their best-selling, endlessly reprinted, anonymous newspaper column, known as ‘Cato’s Letters’ (1720–23). As is well known, Cato’s novel ideas about speech and press freedom proved hugely influential, especially in the American colonies. Because they underpin the peculiar formulation of the First Amendment of the United States’ constitution, their impact is still with us today. But Trenchard and Gordon’s own lives and motives are remarkably obscure, and how they managed to formulate a completely new way of thinking about politics and public debate has remained an unexplored puzzle. Nor has it previously been appreciated that their arguments, as well as refocusing existing discussions of press liberty, directly engaged long-standing concerns about false news and public deception. Drawing on newly discovered printed and manuscript evidence, this essay reveals the deliberately misleading character of their ideology, and the reasons for its hidden partiality. It shows both how political freedom of speech first came to be systematically conceived of as a mechanism for truth, an antidote to falsehood, and the foundation of all liberty — and that, ironically, this new and powerful theory was itself but a partial, biased fiction about the world. That is a paradox whose consequences we are still living with.
Caravaggio’s Rumore: Fact, Fiction and Authority in Giovanni Baglione’s Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects
Authors: Gage Frances
Published: August 2022

Since its publication in 1642, Giovanni Baglione’s Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects from the Pontificate of Gregory XIII of 1572 until the times of Pope Urban VIII in 1642, has been classified as either largely factual or obviously biased, a reflection of the culture of slander in early modern Rome. Definitions of what constituted textual ‘truth’ have changed dramatically since Baglione wrote his Lives, though this has not adequately informed debate. Also overlooked is the degree to which Baglione staked his entire rhetorical agenda around notions of truth and untruth, rumour and opinion, which emerge as central themes throughout both the framing elements and the individual artists’ lives. The present article adopts a new methodological approach to these questions, reassessing Baglione’s central themes of rumour, fama and truth in relation to questions of textuality and intertextuality, fiction and disinformation, rhetoric and agency, and drawing upon recent literary and historical studies of rumour, fame and news when doing so. At the same time, this study investigates conceptions of fame and rumour in relation to contemporary practices of art criticism in oral, manuscript and print cultures and in light of the rivalry between Caravaggio and Baglione.
Novelty, Disinformation and Discrimination in Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron (1559) and Sixteenth-Century French News Culture
Authors: Butterworth Emily
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the intersection between two different kinds of nouvelle: on the one hand, a piece of news; and on the other, a literary genre, the novella. Both senses were current in the early sixteenth century when Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of the French king François I, wrote the collection of novellas now known as the Heptameron. Developing its model, Boccaccio’s Decameron, the Heptameron includes an elaborate frame narrative in which the storytellers debate each story after they hear it. From these discussions, and the stories themselves, emerges a concern with the underlying principles of storytelling: truth, authority, witness and interpretation. These are concerns, this chapter argues, that were also current in sixteenth-century news culture, and in particular the short sensational news pamphlets that became popular during the religious wars of the second half of the century. The chapter examines the claims made in both the Heptameron and in news publications and argues that the Heptameron aspires to provide the analytical tools required to assess any account that claims to be truthful; an aspiration that anticipates later critiques of sensationalist and partisan news. It does this through a practice of discrimination, a careful parsing of a story and its underlying motivations.
Does Political Participation Contribute to Polarization in the United States?
Authors: Argyle Lisa P , Pope Jeremy C
Published: August 2022

Polarization and participation are often connected in the political science literature, though sometimes the causality runs participation to polarization and sometimes the causality runs in the reverse direction. In some accounts there is an expectation that increasing participation and increasing polarization generate an ongoing spiral effect. In this paper we evaluate the over-time relationships between polarization and participation by assessing evidence in existing panel and aggregate data. We find that people with more extreme attitudes are more likely to participate in politics. However, only one particular form of participation—persuading others—appears to predict later levels of polarization. Therefore, only persuasion has the necessary correlation and temporal ordering for a feedback loop with more extreme ideology. The implication is that the discipline should pay more attention to interpersonal persuasion as a form of participation in American politics.
Can Risk Be Shared across Investor Cohorts? Evidence from a Popular Savings Product
Authors: Hombert Johan , Lyonnet Victor
Published: August 2022

We study how retail savings products can share market risk across investor cohorts, thereby completing financial markets. Financial intermediaries smooth returns by varying reserves, which are passed on between successive investor cohorts, thereby redistributing wealth across cohorts. Using data on euro contracts sold by life insurers in France, we estimate this redistribution to be large: 0.8$\%$ of GDP. We develop and provide evidence for a model in which low investor sophistication, while leading to individually suboptimal decisions, improves risk sharing by allowing intercohort risk sharing.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Canadian Healthcare System and Individuals with Severe Mental Disorders During Coronavirus Disease 2019: Challenges and Unmet Needs
Authors: Lui Leanna M W , McIntyre Roger S
Published: August 2022

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a syndemic of viral infection and mental health adversity. The pandemic has exacerbated inequalities of access to care in vulnerable populations within the Canadian mental healthcare system. Primary care services are first-line health services in Canada, and are necessary to access specialized services. However, as a result of the limited availability of primary health services, and subsequently, specialized providers (eg, psychiatrists), the demand for these services outweigh the supply. Hitherto, timely access to appropriate services has been cited as a common challenge in Canada as a result of limitations as it relates to resources and in-person activities and support services. While there has been an increase in virtual care opportunities, concerns have been raised with respect to the digital divide. Moreover, while individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) and psychosis are at an increased risk for hospitalization and death from COVID-19, testing and vaccination services have not been prioritized for this population. Taken together, increased funding for mental health service delivery should be emphasized especially for individuals with SMI. There should also be a focus on increased collaboration among individuals with lived experience and health care providers to ensure future policies are developed specifically for this population. Addressing the social determinants of health and prioritizing a continuum of care across various stakeholders may lead to strong integration of care both during and after the pandemic.