bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marginalizing Maclaurin: The Attempt to Develop an Economics of Technological Progress at Mit, 1940–50
Authors: Backhouse Roger E. , Maas Harro
Published: September 2016

This article traces the attempts of W. Rupert Maclaurin to improve the research profile of economics at MIT through establishing a research project on the economics of innovation, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. The project is important because it marks a significant stage in the transition of economics at MIT from being a department focused exclusively on providing courses for engineers and scientists to one that was to become a major location for research in economics. Through examination of papers held in the Rockefeller archives it documents the difficulties Maclaurin encountered and the failure of the project to draw on the resources of MIT's scientists and engineers in the way he and Rockefeller officials had hoped and reflects on his marginalization in a department increasingly dominated by Paul Samuelson. Maclaurin's interdisciplinary approach to research fell out of favor, and the research profile of the MIT economics department became increasingly monodisciplinary.
Mechanisms of auxin signaling
Authors: Lavy Meirav , Estelle Mark
Published: September 2016

The plant hormone auxin triggers complex growth and developmental processes. Its underlying molecular mechanism of action facilitates rapid switching between transcriptional repression and gene activation through the auxin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressors. The nuclear auxin signaling pathway consists of a small number of core components. However, in most plants each component is represented by a large gene family. The modular construction of the pathway can thus produce diverse transcriptional outputs depending on the cellular and environmental context. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we outline the current model for TIR1/AFB-dependent auxin signaling with an emphasis on recent studies.
Mapping lineage progression of somatic progenitor cells in the mouse fetal testis
Authors: Liu Chang , Rodriguez Karina , Yao Humphrey H.-C.
Published: September 2016

Testis morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process involving lineage determination of male germ cells and somatic cell types. Although the origin and differentiation of germ cells are known, the developmental course specific for each somatic cell lineage has not been clearly defined. Here, we construct a comprehensive map of somatic cell lineage progression in the mouse testis. Both supporting and interstitial cell lineages arise from WT1+ somatic progenitor pools in the gonadal primordium. A subpopulation of WT1+ progenitor cells acquire SOX9 expression and become Sertoli cells that form testis cords, whereas the remaining WT1+ cells contribute to progenitor cells in the testis interstitium. Interstitial progenitor cells diversify through the acquisition of HES1, an indication of Notch activation, at the onset of sex determination. HES1+ interstitial progenitors, through the action of Sertoli cell-derived Hedgehog signals, become positive for GLI1. The GLI1+ interstitial cells eventually develop into two cell lineages: steroid-producing fetal Leydig cells and non-steroidogenic cells. The fetal Leydig cell population is restricted by Notch2 signaling from the neighboring somatic cells. The non-steroidogenic progenitor cells retain their undifferentiated state during fetal stage and become adult Leydig cells in post-pubertal testis. These results provide the first lineage progression map that illustrates the sequential establishment of somatic cell populations during testis morphogenesis.
Vegfc acts through ERK to induce sprouting and differentiation of trunk lymphatic progenitors
Authors: Shin Masahiro , Male Ira , Beane Timothy J. , Villefranc Jacques A. , Kok Fatma O. , Zhu Lihua J. , Lawson Nathan D.
Published: September 2016

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (Vegfc) activates its receptor, Flt4, to induce lymphatic development. However, the signals that act downstream of Flt4 in this context in vivo remain unclear. To understand Flt4 signaling better, we generated zebrafish bearing a deletion in the Flt4 cytoplasmic domain that eliminates tyrosines Y1226 and 1227. Embryos bearing this deletion failed to initiate sprouting or differentiation of trunk lymphatic vessels and did not form a thoracic duct. Deletion of Y1226/7 prevented ERK phosphorylation in lymphatic progenitors, and ERK inhibition blocked trunk lymphatic sprouting and differentiation. Conversely, endothelial autonomous ERK activation rescued lymphatic sprouting and differentiation in flt4 mutants. Interestingly, embryos bearing the Y1226/7 deletion formed a functional facial lymphatic network enabling them to develop normally to adulthood. By contrast, flt4 null larvae displayed hypoplastic facial lymphatics and severe lymphedema. Thus, facial lymphatic vessels appear to be the first functional lymphatic network in the zebrafish, whereas the thoracic duct is initially dispensable for lymphatic function. Moreover, distinct signaling pathways downstream of Flt4 govern lymphatic morphogenesis and differentiation in different anatomical locations.
The centrosomal deubiquitylase USP21 regulates Gli1 transcriptional activity and stability
Authors: Heride Claire , Rigden Daniel J. , Bertsoulaki Erithelgi , Cucchi Danilo , De Smaele Enrico , Clague Michael J. , Urbé Sylvie
Published: September 2016

USP21 is a centrosome-associated deubiquitylase (DUB) that has been implicated in the formation of primary cilia – crucial organelles for the regulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in vertebrates. Here, we identify KCTD6 – a cullin-3 E3-ligase substrate adapter that has been previously linked to Hh signaling – as well as Gli1, the key transcription factor responsible for Hh signal amplification, as new interacting partners of USP21. We identify a cryptic structured protein interaction domain in KCTD6, which is predicted to have a similar fold to Smr domains. Importantly, we show that both depletion and overexpression of catalytically active USP21 suppress Gli1-dependent transcription. Gli proteins are negatively regulated through protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation. We provide evidence that USP21 recruits and stabilises Gli1 at the centrosome where it promotes its phosphorylation by PKA. By revealing an intriguing functional pairing between a spatially restricted deubiquitylase and a kinase, our study highlights the centrosome as an important hub for signal coordination.
The long road to steady state in gas exchange: metabolic and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in Cuvier’s dwarf caiman
Authors: Malte Christian Lind , Malte Hans , Wang Tobias
Published: September 2016

Animals with intermittent lung ventilation and those exposed to hypoxia and hypercapnia will experience fluctuations in the bodily O2 and CO2 stores, but the magnitude and temporal duration of these changes are not well understood amongst ectotherms. Using the changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2 excretion divided by O2 uptake) as a proxy for changes in bodily gas stores, we quantified time constants in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in Cuvier’s dwarf caiman. We confirm distinct and prolonged changes in RER during and after exposure to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Gas exchange transients were evaluated in reference to predictions from a two-compartment model of CO2 exchange to quantify the effects of the levels of hypoxia and hypercapnia, duration of hypercapnia (30-300 min) and body temperature (23 vs 33°C). For hypercapnia, the transients could be adequately fitted by two-phase exponential functions and slow time constants (after 300 min hypercapnia) concurred reasonably well with modelling predictions. The slow time constants for the decays after hypercapnia were not affected by the level of hypercapnia, but they increased (especially at 23°C) with exposure time, possibly indicating a temporal and slow recruitment of tissues for CO2 storage. Elevated body temperature did not reduce the time constants in contrast to modelling predictions, however, likely reflecting similar ventilation rates in transients at 23 and 33°C. Our study reveals that attainment of steady state for gas exchange requires considerable time and this has important implications for designing experimental protocols when studying ventilatory control and conducting respirometry.
1,4-Diaryl-1-oxy-1,3-butadiene Conjugated System Incorporated in a Dibenzobarrelene Skeleton: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Comparison with the Heavier Group 16 Congeners
Authors: Ishii Akihiko , Shibata Mari , Nakata Norio
Published: September 2016

We have synthesized the 1,4-diaryl-1-thio-, seleno- and telluro-1,3-butadiene derivatives incorporated in a dibenzobarrelene skeleton and found that the thio and seleno derivatives are highly fluorescent in solution at room temperature. We report here the synthesis of the oxygen congener. The compounds were synthesized by the reaction of anthranolate with 1,4-diaryl-1,3-butadiyne followed by an intramolecular cycloaddition. Their structures were analyzed by X-ray crystallography to reveal high planarity of the 1,4-diaryl-1-oxy-1,3-butadiene moieties compared with the heavier chalcogen congeners. The oxy compounds are fluorescent similarly to the thio and seleno congeners; the diphenyl and bis(4-trifluorophenyl) derivatives exhibited somewhat red-shifted fluorescence spectra with vibrational structure. Fluorescence of the D-π-A type derivatives reached to the red and near infrared regions. The bonding characters in the 1-chalcogeno-1,3-butadiene moieties are discussed on the basis of DFT calculations.
Two-Dimensional Video Analysis of Youth and Adolescent Pitching Biomechanics: A Tool For the Common Athlete
Authors: DeFroda Steven F. , Thigpen Charles A. , Kriz Peter K.
Published: September 2016

Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is the gold standard for analyzing the biomechanics of the baseball pitching motion. Historically, 3D analysis has been available primarily to elite athletes, requiring advanced cameras, and sophisticated facilities with expensive software. The advent of newer technology, and increased affordability of video recording devices, and smartphone/tablet-based applications has led to increased access to this technology for youth/amateur athletes and sports medicine professionals. Two-dimensional (2D) video analysis is an emerging tool for the kinematic assessment and observational measurement of pitching biomechanics. It is important for providers, coaches, and players to be aware of this technology, its application in identifying causes of arm pain and preventing injury, as well as its limitations. This review provides an in-depth assessment of 2D video analysis studies for pitching, a direct comparison of 2D video versus 3D motion analysis, and a practical introduction to assessing pitching biomechanics using 2D video analysis.
Elbow Injuries in the Young Throwing Athlete
Authors: Oshlag Benjamin L. , Ray Tracy R.
Published: September 2016

Baseball pitchers and other throwing athletes place their elbows under tremendous stresses, making them vulnerable to a number of unique injuries. Skeletally immature throwers in particular are at a greater risk for growth plate and other bony injuries, due to the relative strengths of these tissues and the kinematics involved in throwing. Care should be taken to fully evaluate these injuries based on the particular history and presentation to properly direct treatment and rehabilitation. Patients, as well as other athletes, coaches, and families, also should be made aware of the significant risk factors for these injuries, especially those regarding pitch limits, proper mechanics, and sufficient rest.
Interactions between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system and their role in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression
Authors: Chrobak Adrian , Nowakowski Jarosław , Dudek Dominika
Published: September 2016

Microbiome co-evolved with its human host for a long time and became essential for many processes. Bacteria play role in maintaining human health as they digest food, produce vitamins and participate in regulation of metabolism. By influencing cytokine balance along with composition and activity of leukocytes, they constantly interact with immune system affecting innate and adaptive immune homeostasis. Growing number of evidence indicates that microbiome of human intestine may have an impact on the functions of CNS, through identified pathways named as gut-brain axis. Recent data show that ecosystem of human microbiome interferes with brain’s development, central signaling systems and behavior. It has been proposed that disruption of the human microbiome may contribute to the course of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize recognized pathways of gut-brain axis that were thoroughly studied in animals models and to evaluate the role of the dialogue between microbiota and central nervous system in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression
Towards a holistic approach to children’s rights in Lithuanian mental health policy: a case study
Authors: Kisunaite Aida , Pūras Dainius
Published: September 2016

Holistic approach to children’s right to health requires that a disorder-oriented approach and a health promoting perspective have to be considered as equal priorities. However mental health policy in many states is still oriented more toward biomedical treatment of disorders rather than preventive and promotional measures. In this paper we argue that successful implementation of health promoting approach can be achieved through sustainable investment in sectoral cooperation, capacity building and political will. Using Lithuanian mental health policy example we illustrate how the shortcomings affecting each determinant impede progress in prioritizing health promotion perspective and thus holistic approach to children’s right to health. Our findings suggest that application of holistic approach in Lithuania might face many challenges and obstacles, with regard to high numbers of vulnerable children, quality of support services for children and families, and still minimal and fragmented interests of policy makers in improving children’s mental health.
Selected psychological aspects of psoriasis: case study analysis
Authors: Pawlak Adam , Janoska Patrycja , Kubiak Iwona
Published: September 2016

Aim: The aim of the study is to define selected psychological aspects of psoriasis. For analysis there are taken such factors as: stress, social stigma, cognitive processes, social support, mood, acceptance of disease and subjective assessment of life quality.
Method: Two persons took part in the study. Following questionnaire methods were used: Polish version of 6-gradual scale of social sigma, E. Hrehorów, J. Szepietowski, A. Reich; Polish version of the questionnaire to assess quality of life dependent skin ailments, J. Szpietowski; General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28, D. Goldberg. The method of qualitative analysis was also used, i.e. psychobiographical method.

Results: The emergence of the disease is closely associated with the experience of stress. The large surface of affected areas influences on the level of stigma, what causes worse assessment of life quality. The duration of symptoms affects the acceptance of the disease. Family support helps the tested person to think positively. When it comes to women, psoriasis does not affect noticeably on the quality of cognitive processes. In turn, taking men into account, this disease causes concentration difficulties. This person feels low social support, that the level of his mood and the assessment of life quality are strongly reduced.

Conclusion: Due to the participation of psychological factors in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis, an important part of psoriasis should become a psycho-education, and an individual psychotherapy and system psychotherapy for patient’s all family should play an important role in the treatment of the patient.
Analysis of the EAT-26 in a non-clinical sample
Authors: Rogoza Radosław , Brytek-Matera Anna , Garner David
Published: September 2016

Aim of the study

The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) is one of the most commonly used measures of abnormal eating habits; however, it has been criticized for its unstable factorial structure. Different studies proposed different solutions; however, up to date there is no consensus whether three-, five-, or seven-factor solution is appropriate.

Subject or material and methods

In the current study, we examined the cues provided by studies that investigated the structure of the EAT-26, and analyzed our expectations in a nonclinical group of 617 women.

Results

Based upon bi-factor confirmatory factor analyses, we demonstrated that the EAT measures general eating pathology, but it also measures more specific factors, such as social pressure, food awareness, food preoccupation and purging behaviours.

Discussion

Among distinguished specific factors, social pressure seems to be promising scale to be used for screening purposes. The food awareness factor could be interpreted in terms of orthorexia nervosa; however, further evidence is required to support this conclusion. We also provided evidence that bulimia and food preoccupation factors should be maintained within the EAT-26 as an important behavioural aspects of eating pathology.

Conclusions

These results shed new light on this measure and provide the bases for a discussion of its psychometric issues.
Toward a Theory of Remixing in Online Innovation Communities
Authors: Stanko Michael A.
Published: September 2016

Within online innovation communities, remixing (i.e., the community’s use of an existing innovation as source material or inspiration to aid in the development of further innovations) is an interesting form of knowledge collaboration. This study investigates an open theoretical question: Why are particular innovations remixed by online innovation communities? Some innovations languish, while others are widely remixed. Community members (even those unknown to the innovation’s creator) may remix, taking the source innovation in directions the original innovator may have never imagined. Within online innovation communities, remixing is not bound by some of the constraints to knowledge collaboration found in more traditional environments. To address our research question, we begin with variables constituent to innovation diffusion theory, essentially remixing this long-established theory to predict cumulative remixing in online innovation communities, using arguments grounded in the user innovation and learning literatures. We also consider two forms of communication that are relevant to knowledge sharing in online communities (online community interaction and front page presence). Regression analysis (using data pertaining to 498 3D printable innovations) shows that community interaction is highly influential in determining which innovations are remixed by the community. Conversely, the innovation having a presence on the community’s front page does not have a significant effect on remixing. Observability has an inverse-U-shaped relationship with remixing; this suggests the value placed on experiential learning. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is used as a supplementary analysis technique (with robustness testing), and the results are largely consistent with regression findings but offer interesting insight into innovation configurations that consistently result in remixing from the community. Within specific configurations, fsQCA results indicate a contingent effect of observability and complexity; that is, under certain conditions, complex innovations are more likely to be remixed by the community.
Modeling the seasonal evolution of the Arctic sea ice floe size distribution
Authors: Zhang Jinlun , Stern Harry , Hwang Byongjun , Schweiger Axel , Steele Michael , Stark Margaret , Graber Hans C.
Published: September 2016

To better simulate the seasonal evolution of sea ice in the Arctic, with particular attention to the marginal ice zone, a sea ice model of the distribution of ice thickness, floe size, and enthalpy was implemented into the Pan-arctic Ice–Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS). Theories on floe size distribution (FSD) and ice thickness distribution (ITD) were coupled in order to explicitly simulate multicategory FSD and ITD distributions simultaneously. The expanded PIOMAS was then used to estimate the seasonal evolution of the Arctic FSD in 2014 when FSD observations are available for model calibration and validation. Results indicate that the simulated FSD, commonly described equivalently as cumulative floe number distribution (CFND), generally follows a power law across space and time and agrees with the CFND observations derived from TerraSAR-X satellite images. The simulated power-law exponents also correlate with those derived using MODIS images, with a low mean bias of –2%. In the marginal ice zone, the modeled CFND shows a large number of small floes in winter because of stronger winds acting on thin, weak first-year ice in the ice edge region. In mid-spring and summer, the CFND resembles an upper truncated power law, with the largest floes mostly broken into smaller ones; however, the number of small floes is lower than in winter because floes of small sizes or first-year ice are easily melted away. In the ice pack interior there are fewer floes in late fall and winter than in summer because many of the floes are “welded” together into larger floes in freezing conditions, leading to a relatively flat CFND with low power-law exponents. The simulated mean floe size averaged over all ice-covered areas shows a clear annual cycle, large in winter and smaller in summer. However, there is no obvious annual cycle of mean floe size averaged over the marginal ice zone. The incorporation of FSD into PIOMAS results in reduced ice thickness, mainly in the marginal ice zone, which improves the simulation of ice extent and yields an earlier ice retreat.
Organic Permeable Base Transistors for Flexible Electronic Circuits
Authors: Dollinger Felix , Klinger Markus , Fischer Axel , Kaschura Felix , Widmer Johannes , Leo Karl
Published: September 2016

Organic Permeable Base Transistors (OPBT) with C60 as a small-molecule semiconductor show impressive characteristics due to their short vertical channel in the range of 100 nm. Current densities exceeding 10 A/cm and large on/off ratios have recently been published for samples processed on glass. [1] The outstanding frequency behavior that allows for operation in the MHz-regime at a low operation voltage makes OPBTs attractive for applications in wireless communication while allowing simple processing in a single vacuum evaporation tool without the need for expensive structuring like m range lithography. Our current work aims at processing these devices on flexible plastic substrates.

Transistor and circuit operation in real application scenarios require air-stability, which necessitates encapsulation. We employ AlOx thin-films from Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) to protect OPBTs from external degradation to facilitate long-term stable, flexible, organic electronics.

The easy structuring and the high-current capability of our transistors will enable versatile applications like for instance wireless communication, flexible displays or sensor applications with a technology that allows for low cost production.

[1] Klinger, M. P.; Fischer, A.; Kaschura, F.; Scholz, R.; Lssem, B.; Kheradmand-Boroujeni, B.; Ellinger, F.; Kasemann, D. & Leo, K.
Advanced Materials, 2015, 27, 77347739
Musical intervention programs and wellbeing: A review from Positive Developmental Neuroscience
Authors: Hedayati Nina , D'Angiulli Amedeo
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Musical activity may enhance one's well-being, which could lead to a flourishing life. Emotional and reward brain circuitry can be activated through musical involvement demonstrating the ability of the environment to alter the brain. This form of neuroplasticity can have lasting beneficial effects. El Sistema is a worldwide musical intervention program that originated in Venezuela and targets socioeconomically disadvantaged children by giving them the chance to be involved in an ensemble orchestra group. This social learning environment can aid in resilience development of children coming from disadvantaged backgrounds. We will examine El Sistema (and El Sistema-inspired programs), the brain and mind, and positive outcomes under a new subfield of neuroscience called Positive Developmental Neuroscience.
Objectives: The purpose of this poster is to review the literature on the musical intervention program, El Sistema (and El Sistema-inspired programs), and frame it in the context of Positive Developmental Neuroscience.
Methods: A systematic search of available literature in the PubMed and PsycINFO databases was performed. Search terms included "music", "El Sistema", "neuroplasticity", and "neuroscience". By conducting extensive literature reviews and borrowing elements of Positive Psychology, information was gathered to create the subfield of Positive Developmental Neuroscience.
Results: El Sistema can positively impact the lives, brains, and minds of children involved in its ensemble orchestra group. Our review shows that multiple brain regions are activated by playing an instrument. These well known changes are very likely to occur in children taking part in El Sistema (and El Sistema-inspired programs), which can lead to neuroplasticity in children from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Playing instruments in a social setting has benefits both inside and outside the musical domain. Positive Developmental Neuroscience attempts to describe these effects in terms of its outcomes on the brain, mind, and wellbeing of child musicians.
Conclusions: Musical intervention programs like El Sistema can have beneficial effects on children's wellbeing by influencing their brain circuitry and leading to positive outcomes.
Inclusão: Percepção dos professores
Authors: Ferreira Eliete Lira Nobre , Timoteo Emidia Inacio , Bezerra Martha Maria Macêdo
Published: September 2016

Este estudo pretende analisar questões sobre a educação inclusiva.  Discute principalmente aspectos históricos do movimento de inclusão e suas repercussões na sociedade atual. No que se refere a percepção dos professores na literatura, observou-se que uma maioria professores ainda julga os alunos sem deficiência  como superiores àqueles que possuem alguma deficiência, considerem que a educação inclusiva precisa favorecer a socialização, base para a melhoria da qualidade da aprendizagem dos alunos com deficiência.
Modelo de geração de viagens de carga em áreas urbanas: um estudo para bares, restaurantes e supermercados
Authors: De Oliveira Leise Kelli , Oliveira Renata Lúcia Magalhães de , Ramos Cláudia Márcia de Fátima , Ebias Daniel Gonçalves
Published: September 2016

A distribuição urbana de mercadorias está diretamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento econômico, apesar dos impactos negativos relacionados a esta atividade. Uma forma de minimizar tais impactos é utilizando-se políticas públicas e, para isto, os modelos de geração de viagens de carga podem ser uma estratégica para conhecer o comportamento do fluxo de carga no meio urbano. Nesse contexto, este trabalho revisa os modelos de geração de viagens de carga no contexto brasileiro e propõe modelos para importantes setores em Belo Horizonte: Bares, Restaurantes, Mercados e Supermercados. Para tanto, utilizou-se de pesquisa de campo para coleta de informações nos segmentos analisados, cujos dados foram analisados buscando determinar a melhor correlação entre as variáveis que descrevem a geração de viagens. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a taxa de geração de viagens em relação à área do estabelecimento comercial foi o modelo que apresentou o melhor ajuste. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de modelos para as diferentes regionais da cidade, além do modelo geral, indicou a importância de análises locais para a avaliação da movimentação da carga. Por fim, a comparação dos modelos obtidos com os modelos encontrados na literatura brasileira indicou semelhanças e divergências e reforçou a necessidade de modelos locais, especializados para os diferentes setores econômicos.
Estudo do comportamento da aderência e do conforto ao rolamento em pistas de pouso e decolagem
Authors: De Oliveira Francisco , Almeida Lucas Cavalcante de , Ramos Saulo Passos
Published: September 2016

Este artigo analisa as relações existentes entre a aderência e o conforto ao rolamento em pistas de pouso e decolagem. Por intermédio dos dados de macrotextura, de coeficiente de atrito e do índice de irregularidade internacional, obtidos entre 2013 e 2014 no Aeroporto Internacional de Fortaleza, foi possível comparar esses parâmetros e suas alterações ao longo da pista. As análises foram efetuadas com base na literatura técnico-científica e nas exigências normativas da Organização da Aviação Civil Internacional e da Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil. Verifica-se que em alguns trechos da pista em estudo, sobretudo no segmento central, o comportamento entre os parâmetros analisados apresenta tendência divergente. Com esta análise, espera-se contribuir para o incremento da segurança das operações de pousos e decolagens, especialmente na resistência à derrapagem, no controle direcional e no conforto ao rolamento das aeronaves.
Estimando a importância de características do ambiente construído para estimular bairros caminháveis usando o best-worst scaling
Authors: Larranaga Ana Margarita , Bettella Cybis Helena Beatriz , Arellana Julián , Rizzi Luis Ignacio , Strambi Orlando
Published: September 2016

O objetivo do estudo é determinar a importância dos atributos do ambiente construído para promover bairros caminháveis usando a técnica Best-Worst Scaling. Essa técnica permite identificar separadamente o impacto dos atributos e dos níveis dos atributos considerados no estudo, algo que não é possível com outros métodos de escolha tradicionais. Outra contribuição é a aplicação dessa técnica a um experimento elaborado com desenhos eficientes e com dois jogos de perguntas, estimando modelos mais precisos e diminuindo a carga cognitiva dos entrevistados. Modelos logit multinomial foram estimados para as respostas best, worst e best-worst combinadas, com dados coletados em Porto Alegre. O agrupamento das respostas foi testado através do teste da razão de verossimilhança. As importâncias dos atributos decorrentes dos modelos foram calculadas. Os resultados mostram que o julgamento e escolha dos melhores e piores atributos são realizados por processos cognitivos diferentes e a utilização de respostas best ou worst depende do foco da pesquisa.
It takes a village of mentors
Authors: Lesgold Alan
Published: September 2016

Excerpt:Reflecting on an extremely rewarding career, I am struck by how much it depended on a series of mentors – and of course on some lucky breaks. In this chapter, I first provide some personal history and then consider lessons I have learned along the way.Some Lessons Learned: A broad lesson from my career, beyond just valuing adventure, was that setbacks also are opportunities.Scholarly success does not come from having brilliant ideas. Rather, it comes from being able to explain simply the ideas one has developed after extended effort.Take your work seriously, but remember that life goes better if you don’t always take yourself too seriously.
Factors Influencing the Long-Term Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar
Authors: Duong N. A. , Škvára F.
Published: September 2016

The primary goal of the paper was to study the effects of key factors on the long-term mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer. The factors considered consisted of curing time, humidity, temperature, admixture, and water coefficient. In the study, the geopolymer paste and mortar specimens were prepared and cured at four different environmental conditions: (1) ∼24°C and approximately 45 % RH; (2) 95°C and 100 %R.H; (3) 80°C and 25 %RH; and (4) ∼24°C and 90 %R.H. The compressive and flexural strength tests were performed for the mortar specimens at the ages of 7, 28, 120, 360, 540, and 720 days. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (23Na, 27Al, 29Si, MAS NMR) tests were performed for the paste specimens at the ages of 7, 28, 120, 360, 540, and 720 days. Selected specimens were also examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that water evaporation from specimens was a major cause of the strength development of the geopolymer. In addition to SiO4−4 anions in alkali activator, which accelerated the geopolymerization, the Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions in the system also played an important role in bridging -Si-O-Si-O-Al- chain, thus improving strength development of the geopolymer. The crystallization occurred only in the hydrothermal environment, and it had little influence on the strength development of the low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer mortar as a very small amount of crystalline phase was formed.
Novel Approach for Endurance Testing of Riblet-Structured Thin Sheets Under Realistic Loading Conditions in Active Drag-Reduction Systems
Authors: Stille S. , Schiek M. , Silex W. , Beck T. , van Waasen S. , Singheiser L.
Published: September 2016

A novel fatigue testing device for bending loading was developed that resembles loading conditions in aerodynamic drag-reduction systems, creating transversal surface waves to modify the surfaces' turbulent boundary layer. The setup uses Lorentz force actuators and is employed in fully reversed loading (R = −1) at a testing frequency of around 100 Hz. Tests were run on riblet-structured Alclad 2024 T351 material. The damage mechanisms for this material are found to be similar for axial and flexural loading. In the high cycle fatigue regime up to a few 106 load cycles, the S/N-curves are also comparable for both loading modes. One distinct difference between the loading modes is a less pronounced threshold behavior in the S/N-curve for bending. Furthermore, a higher stress level has to be applied for fatigue failure in this case.
Evaluation of Transport Properties of Concrete Made With E-Waste Plastic
Authors: Senthil Kumar K. , Premalatha P. V. , Baskar K.
Published: September 2016

An experimental program was carried out to study the transport properties of concrete made with E-waste plastic (high impact polystyrene (HIPS)). The concrete was prepared with different percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) of HIPS as partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate by volume. The transport properties of concrete, such as water absorption and sorptivity, were investigated and results were reported. The percentage of water absorption of concrete with HIPS shows higher value compared to the control concrete. The increase in HIPS increases the water absorption of concrete but the values were within the permissible limit. The sorptivity values were increased with increase in HIPS content; all values were higher than control concrete; however, it decreased with increase in curing age. The sorptivity results were in line with that of water absorption results. Recycling of E-waste plastic (HIPS) as an aggregate in concrete as a new construction material may be one of the feasible solution to environment pollution, natural aggregate depletion and E-waste recycling.
Laboratory Evaluation of Pavement Performance and Burning Behavior of Flame-Retardant Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Li B. , Wen Y. , Li X. , Li X.
Published: September 2016

This study evaluated the effect of flame retardant on the pavement performance and burning properties of asphalt mixtures. Two flame-retardant additives (homemade and commercial) were separately added to control asphalt mixtures. Moisture-susceptibility, rutting, and low-temperature cracking tests were conducted to determine the pavement performance of these mixtures. In addition, the burning properties of these mixtures were evaluated through intuitive observation, burning-duration time, surface temperature, and residual stability after burning. From the pavement performance test results, the flame-retardant asphalt mixture showed decreased moisture susceptibility, better performance of resistance to rutting, and no change in the low-temperature cracking when compared to the control asphalt mixture. In addition, the flame-retardant asphalt mixture was effective in delaying the flame time and decreasing the surface temperature and residual stability after burning.
Crack-Closure Measurements in Low-Cycle Fatigue With Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Rabbolini S. , Beretta S. , Foletti S. , Rusconi L.
Published: September 2016

In this work, an experimental campaign devoted to measure closure levels onto specimens subjected to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) conditions is described. Two different straining conditions were investigated (i.e., R = −1 and R = 0.5). The measurements of σop, crack-opening stresses, were carried out by adopting the concept of “crack-tip opening displacements” and “local strain cycles.” However, instead of the original strain gauges measurements above the plane of the propagating crack, the strain cycles were measured by DIC in proximity of the crack tip. Experimental results were compared to those provided by the analytical model proposed by Newman.
The Shocking Materialities and Temporalities of Agri-capitalism
Authors: Coles Benjamin
Published: September 2016

Contemporary food provision is largely dominated by agri-capitalism. Using the body of the chicken, the world's most pervasive source of meat protein, this paper tracks the interplay between materiality, spatiality, and temporality within agri-capitalism. It examines the myriad ways in which agri-capitalism distorts space, time, and materiality and deploys them as “fixes” to crises. It illustrates how these fixes reverberate back and forth between production and consumption to shape the spaces of alternative and mainstream food provision alike. It argues that the seemingly distinct spaces of consumption and production are in fact mutually construed and interdependent, and consequently, that shifts in consumptive practices, discourses, or temporalities and materialities cannot in themselves redress the implicit structural inequalities of agri-capitalism. This paper closes with thoughts on an insurgent food politics through which the spaces and possibilities of food can be reimagined.
Past Food for Thought: The Potential of Archaeology
Authors: Stockhammer Philipp
Published: September 2016

Until recently, archaeologists have routinely connected a particular object with a certain function and meaning—especially with regard to eating and drinking practices—and have underestimated the transformative power of intercultural encounters. In my article, I explore the dynamic relationship between food “stuffs” and the objects and practices connected with their consumption. Adopting a transcultural perspective, I want to focus on the changeability of the relation between food “stuffs,” objects, and practices and individual objects’ biographies of usage. I will illustrate my methodological approach with case studies from the late second millennium BCE Eastern Mediterranean where objects for food consumption were widely distributed—and have thus far been interpreted as evidence for the spread of certain practices of consumption over the whole region. By analyzing regional processes of appropriation of these objects I will shed light on the astonishing transformations of their functions and meanings.
Xanthomonas campestris attenuates virulence by sensing light through a bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor
Authors: Bonomi Hernán R , Toum Laila , Sycz Gabriela , Sieira Rodrigo , Toscani Andrés M , Gudesblat Gustavo E , Leskow Federico C , Goldbaum Fernando A , Vojnov Adrián A , Malamud Florencia
Published: September 2016

Phytochromes constitute a major photoreceptor family found in plants, algae, fungi, and prokaryotes, including pathogens. Here, we report that Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot disease which affects cruciferous crops worldwide, codes for a functional bacteriophytochrome (XccBphP). XccBphP possesses an N‐terminal PAS2‐GAF‐PHY photosensory domain triad and a C‐terminal PAS9 domain as its output module. Our results show that illumination of Xcc, prior to plant infection, attenuates its virulence in an XccBphP‐dependent manner. Moreover, in response to light, XccBphP downregulates xanthan exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation, two known Xcc virulence factors. Furthermore, the XccbphP null mutant shows enhanced virulence, similar to that of dark‐adapted Xcc cultures. Stomatal aperture regulation and callose deposition, both well‐established plant defense mechanisms against bacterial pathogens, are overridden by the XccbphP strain. Additionally, an RNA‐Seq analysis reveals that far‐red light or XccBphP overexpression produces genomewide transcriptional changes, including the inhibition of several Xcc virulence systems. Our findings indicate that Xcc senses light through XccBphP, eliciting bacterial virulence attenuation via downregulation of bacterial virulence factors. The capacity of XccBphP to respond to light both in vitro and in vivo was abolished by a mutation on the conserved Cys13 residue. These results provide evidence for a novel bacteriophytochrome function affecting an infectious process.
Correlation of a new index with energy-based damage indices
Authors: Guan Minsheng , Du Hongbiao , Cui Jie , Feng Wenxian , Jiang Haibo
Published: September 2016

The extent of damage to structures after an earthquake can be quantified by using damage indices in performance-based seismic design. Several damage indicators are discussed and evaluated for their applicability in seismic damage evaluation. The correlation between a new performance index proposed previously by some of the authors and energy-based damage indicators is studied numerically. To this aim, a six-storey reinforced-concrete frame structure is designed according to current seismic codes. Pushover analyses with three load patterns, as well as dynamic time histories for typical ground motions scaled for varying intensities, are performed on the structure. The grade of interdependency between the proposed performance index and the energy-based damage indices is quantified using a correlation coefficient. The results show that the proposed performance index exhibits high correlation with the energy-based damage indicators; some are almost perfectly correlated. What is more, this index is proved to be not sensitive to the lateral load patterns of pushover analysis. Therefore, it is recommended that the proposed performance index can be used as a substitute for energy-based damage measures to assess the seismic performance of structures.
Possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of renal artery sympathetic denervation in resistant hypertension early after radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Rebrova T Yu , Ripp T M , Afanasiev S A , Mordovin V F , Muslimova E F
Published: September 2016

Aim. To investigate time course of changes in the adrenoreactivity (AR) of erythrocyte membranes (EM) after radiofrequency ablation of the synaptic nerves of the renal arteries (RA) in patients with resistant hypertension (RH) and to assess whether this indicator can be used for the early evaluation of the efficiency of an invasive intervention into the RA. Subjects and methods. 24 patients with RH, who received full-dose antihypertensive therapy with at least three drugs, including a diuretic, were examined. Renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) was carried out by endovascular radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the RA. 24-hour blood pressure (BP) monitoring and determination of the β-adrenoreactivity (β-AR) of EM were performed, by taking into account the change in erythrocyte osmoresistence at baseline and 1 and 24 weeks after RFA. The therapy was not changed during the observation. Results. The patients included in the study were divided into 2 groups. One week following RSD, 15 patients of Group 1 were noted to have a decrease in the β-AR of EM by 10 conditional units or more; average daily systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) reduced by 8.3 and 2.8 mm Hg, respectively. In 9 patients of Group 2, the β-AR of EM was unchanged in this observation period or increased compared with baseline. In this group, the decrease in average daily SBP and DBP was noted to be less pronounced than that in Group 1 (by 1.4 and 1.5 mm Hg, respectively). At 24 weeks after RSD, Group 1 was seen to have an effective daily decrease in average daily SBP and DBP by 25.6 and 14.3 mm Hg, respectively (p=0.01 and 0.05). The average value of the β-AR of EM significantly declined compared with baseline. In Group 2, no statistically significant changes were reported; SPB and DBP lowered by 7.0 and 3.0 mm Hg, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the β-AR of EM compared with that at week 1. Conclusion. The decline in the β-AR of EM within the first week after RFA is suggestive of the decreased activity of the sympathoadrenal system and may be used as an early efficiency index of RSD after the procedure.
Pulmonary manifestations in adult patients with a defect in humoral immunity
Authors: Latysheva T V , Latysheva E A , Martynova I A , Aminova G E
Published: September 2016

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of congenital diseases of the immune system, which numbers more than 230 nosological entities associated with lost, decreased, or wrong function of its one or several components. Due to the common misconception that these are extremely rare diseases that occur only in children and lead to their death at an early age, PIDs are frequently ruled out by physicians of related specialties from the range of differential diagnosis. The most common forms of PIDs, such as humoral immunity defects, common variable immune deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, selective IgA deficiency, etc., are milder than other forms of PID, enabling patients to attain their adult age, and may even manifest in adulthood. Bronchopulmonary involvements are the most common manifestations of the disease in patients with a defect in humoral immunity. Thus, a therapist and a pulmonologist are mostly the first doctors who begin to treat these patients and play a key role in their fate, since only timely diagnosis and initiation of adequate therapy can preserve not only the patient’s life, but also its quality, avoiding irreversible complications. Chest computed tomography changes play a large role in diagnosis. These are not specific for PID; however, there are a number of characteristic signs that permit this diagnosis to be presumed.
Pneumonia: Regional experience with prevention programs
Authors: Chuchalin A G , Onishchenko G G , Kolosov V P , Kurganova O P , Tezikov N L , Manakov L G , Gulevich M P , Perelman Yu M
Published: September 2016

Aim. To generalize the regional experience in implementing a package of organizational and methodical and antiepidemic measures for preventing pneumococcal infections. Materials and methods. How the prevention programs were implemented using the materials and methods of the epidemiological and statistical monitoring of the incidence of pneumonia in the Amur Region was analyzed. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar-13) and influenza vaccines were used for immunoprophylaxis against acute respiratory viral and pneumococcal infections. Information on the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and pneumonia over time in the period 2010 to 2015 must be taken into account. Indicators and special criteria are used to evaluate the efficiency of vaccination. Results. The comparative statistical analysis revealed the high efficiency of regional programs using the methods for immunoprophylaxis against pneumococcal infections: the vaccination prophylactic efficiency index in terms of the incidence of pneumonia might be as high as 75—100%. Pneumonia morbidity rates became 2.3 times lower in the vaccinated population of the region. Conclusion. The results of the investigation suggest that the Program for the clinical and epidemiological monitoring and prevention of community-acquired pneumonias, by using the vaccine against pneumococcal infection in the Amur Region, has a high medical and socioeconomic efficiency.