bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeitos dos metais pesados no intestino de três espécies de peixes no Alto Rio Doce cinco anos após o rompimento da barragem em Mariana- MG
Authors:   , Duarte Ana Luiza Silva
Published: March 2023

Efeitos dos metais pesados no intestino de três espécies de peixes no Alto Rio Doce cinco anos após o rompimento da barragem em Mariana- MG. Orientadora: Sirlene Souza Rodrigues Sartori. Coorientadores: Jorge Abdala Dergam dos Santos, Fernanda Carolina Ribeiro Dias e Mônica Morais Santos. Os ambientes aquáticos estão sendo cada vez mais atingidos e prejudicados pelas atividades antrópicas que aumentam a disponibilidade de contaminantes, como os metais pesados. Isto tem levado a diversas alterações morfofisiológicas em organismos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos tóxicos de metais pesados sobre o intestino de três espécies de peixes de hábitos alimentares distintos, devido aos rejeitos de mineração que atingiram a Bacia do Rio Doce após rompimento de barragem em Mariana-MG. Ainda existem poucos estudos abrangendo a quantificação de metais pesados e alterações histológicas no intestino de peixes. Foram coletados exemplares das espécies Astyanax lacustris, Hypostomus luetkeni e Oligosarcus argenteus em locais afetados e em locais não afetados pela lama de rejeitos na Bacia do Rio Doce. Análises foram realizadas utilizando fragmentos do intestino proximal, para quantificação de metais e avaliação de alterações histológicas e histométricas. Houve presença de metais nas três espécies, em especial alumínio e ferro; nas áreas afetadas, alguns metais, como o ferro, estiveram mais concentrados no intestino das espécies carnívora O. argenteus e onívora A. lacustris. Foram detectadas alterações como redução na altura das camadas musculares, redução no percentual da muscular longitudinal, diminuição da largura e aumento da altura das pregas intestinais, que foram ainda mais evidenciadas em O. argenteus, nas áreas afetadas, quando se compararam as três espécies. Foram encontradas células caliciformes degeneradas, além de maiores densidades de células caliciformes metacromáticas, de células rodlet e de linfócitos, em especial nos animais de áreas afetadas. Foi constatada, também, alteração na quantidade e na composição das mucinas presentes nas células caliciformes. Embora tivesse predomínio de mucinas mistas nas três espécies em ambas as áreas, houve redução significativa de mucinas mistas nos lambaris (bocarra e do rabo amarelo) na área afetada, mas especialmente em A. lacustris. O estudo infere que a presença de metais pesados no ambiente, com exposição dos peixes a eles, acarretou impactos morfológicos no intestino, sendo geralmente mais expressivos no carnívoro O. argenteus e no onívoro A. lacustris, corroborando com outros achados de bioacúmulo de metais pesados que levam em conta o hábito alimentar e a cadeia trófica.6 Palavras-chave: Ecotoxicologia. Hábito alimentar. Trato digestivo. Alteração histológica. Mineração.
Distribution of North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena japonica) as shown by 19th and 20th century whaling catch and sighting records
Authors: Clapham Phillip J. , Good Caroline , Quinn Sara E. , Reeves Randall R. , Scarff James E. , Brownell Jr. Robert L.
Published: March 2023

North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena japonica) were extensively exploited in the 19th century, and their recovery was further retarded (severely so in the eastern population) by illegal Soviet catches in the 20th century, primarily in the 1960s. Monthly plots of right whale sightings and catches from both the 19th and 20th centuries are provided, using data summarised by Scarff (1991, from the whale charts of Matthew Fontaine Maury) and Brownell et al. (2001), respectively. Right whales had an extensive offshore distribution in the 19th century, and were common in areas (such as the Gulf of Alaska and Sea of Japan) where few or no right whales occur today. Seasonal movements of right whales are apparent in the data, although to some extent these reflect survey and whaling effort. That said, these seasonal movements indicate a general northward migration in spring from lower latitudes, and major concentrations above 40°N in summer. Sightings diminished and occurred further south in autumn, and few animals were recorded anywhere in winter. These north-south migratory movements support the hypothesis of two largely discrete populations of right whales in the eastern and western North Pacific. Overall, these analyses confirm that the size and range of the right whale population is now considerably diminished in the North Pacific relative to the situation during the peak period of whaling for this species in the 19th century. For management purposes, new surveys are urgently required to establish the present distribution of this species; existing data suggest that the Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska, the Okhotsk Sea, the Kuril Islands and the coast of Kamchatka are the areas with the greatest likelihood of finding right whales today.
Motivational factors and leadership in commercial chains in Sinaloa. A theoretical framework
Authors: López López José de Jesús , Beltran Lugo Lizbeth , Montoya Leyva Miguel Angel , Castro Rivera Radames , Peinado Guevara Jesús Alberto
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this paper are: To analyse the influence of motivation and leadership by management on employee performance. To identify the management tools or strategies used by the administration that have the greatest influence on motivating and encouraging better performance in the duties of employees. The qualitative documentary study allowed for a bibliographical review of the background of motivation and leadership. Theoretical approaches are organised with information from research results, which have provided answers to the main questions on the subject recently. As a contribution to the knowledge on the analysis of the influence of motivation and leadership by managers on the performance of employees, it is concluded that motivation and leadership meet the conditions of complex issues, where a variety of internal factors are permanently related to external factors in a relationship and subordination. It is also significant that an employee is encouraged and a good working atmosphere and good working relationship is managed, and under these conditions, stress is reduced, and this keeps the employee satisfied. Therefore, harmonious working methods are required, where there is reciprocity and tolerance, where the leader knows how to manage the way of working accurately, and implements measures that are favourable for the whole organisation.
Effect of Vote Buying in Nigeria: A Study of 2019 General Election
Authors: Ogeze Ukeje , David Ogo
Published: March 2023

Purpose: Money has been very influential in determining the outcome of elections in Nigeria and other developing democracies of other countries of the world. This study investigated the effect of vote buying in Nigeria, a study of 2019 general elections. Specifically the paper sought to examine the extent to which vote buying has affected Nigeria’s democracy.

Methodology: The study adopted is qualitative method of data collection and analysis where some informants with an experience and classified information on the subject matter were consulted for interview in addition to secondary sources. The paper adopted stokes theory of demand and supply in 2007. The data obtained was interpreted for analysis and findings.

Findings: This study discovered that there was heavy use of money during the recent 2019 general elections and the outcome was affected by such brazen act given undue advantage to politicians who have the means to buy their way into power thus hindering the development of our democracy.

Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concludes that until regulatory agencies and various stakeholders responsible for monitoring elections and sanctioning of offenders up their game in minimizing excessive use of money in Nigeria’s politics, it will continue to produce incompetent leaders which will lead to bad governance and abuse of power as witnessed today, Nigeria’s budding democracy will collapse into a moneyocracy under the weight of vote buying.
Knowledge and Practices of Nurses Working in Intensive Care on Drug-Drug Interaction
Authors: Can Aylin , Yayan E. Hilal
Published: March 2023

Purpose:This study was conducted to examine the knowledge and practices of nurses working in the intensive care unit about drug-drug interaction.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with 186 intensive care nurses working in shifts in 12 intensive care units. "Nurse information form", "Drug-drug interaction questionnaire" prepared by the researcher, and "nurse observation form" were used in data collection. The data obtained from the study were evaluated in computer environment using frequency, percentage distribution and Chi-square test.
Results:In the study, 76.3% of the nurses working in the intensive care unit reported that they did not know which of the drug pairs they encountered frequently caused drug-drug interactions. When the drugs administered by the nurses were examined, it was determined that 34.4% of them had the potential for drug-drug interaction. It was found that nurses' potential drug-drug interaction practices, staff status and working styles, and working time in the institution, profession and intensive care unit were not effective. It was determined that there were significant differences between the intensive care units (p=0.043) in the drug-drug interaction practices encountered.
Conclusion:It was determined that the nurses did not have the desired level of knowledge about drug-drug interactions and interacting drug pairs, and there were differences between the intensive care units where they worked. It is recommended to increase the level of knowledge by giving regular trainings to nurses on drug-drug interaction.
Practice of Breastfeeding among Mothers Attending Immunization Clinics in Primary Health Care Centres, Southwest-Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Abidemi Solomon Olusoji , Femi Akinwumi Adebowale , Olayinka Solomon Oluremi , Oladapo Ajayi Paul , Ayo Deji Samson , Peter Oluyide Olumuyiwa , Ajoke Popoola Tomilayo
Published: March 2023

Purpose: Breastfeeding has been endorsed by the World Health Organization as the most effective method to feed infants. To find out the breastfeeding practices and examine the factors affecting the practice among mothers attending immunization clinics at Primary Health Centers within Ado-Ekiti in Nigeria.
Methodology: A total of 450 respondents were randomly selected with Fisher’s formula using a cross-sectional descriptive study design. Multistage sampling techniques was used to select two out of fifteen wards in Ado Local Government Area through random sampling by balloting, out of which two Primary Health Care was selected one from each Local Government Area. Adapted, semi-structured, interview administered questionnaire was used, data was entered and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 and p value set at 5%.
Findings: Out of the respondents, 152 (33.8%) exclusively breastfed their babies and 163 (36.2%) initiated breastfeeding within one hour after delivery. One hundred and thirty-two (29.3%) gave pre-lacteal feeding to their babies, of whom 93 (70.4%) gave water and glucose. From the multivariate analysis, the mothers that were employed were more likely to exclusively breastfed their babies with OR of 1.58 and p value of <0.05. The primiparous mothers were less likely to initiate breastfeeding within one hour of delivery OR of 0.62 and p value of 0.03.
Recommendation: Significant numbers of the mothers were still not practicing exclusive breastfeeding and not initiating breastfeeding early enough after delivery. There is need to educate women especially the primiparous mothers on the benefits of early initiation of breastfeeding and danger of pre-lacteal feeding.
Impact Of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Usage on Students’ Academic Performance in University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State
Authors: Effiom Bassey Ekeng , Amuchi Godwin Odey , Ojedor Favour , Ebuka Gabriel Collins , Ubi Godwin Micheal
Published: March 2023

The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) usage of student’ academic performance with particular reference to the University of Nigeria Nsukka . A total population of 500 students was sampled using simple random technique. Data for this study were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as simple table and percentages, while hypotheses formulated were tested using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis. The results showed that internet usage has led to significant improvement in the academic performance of student of the University of Nigeria Nsukka. The results also showed that e-learning has significant relationship with academic performance of students in the University of Nigeria Nsukka. However, the results showed that the use of Facebook by the students has no significant relationship with their academic performance. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the University authority should expand the current size of the ICT Centre in the campus and make it function efficiently. Also, the University of Nigeria Nsukka authority should provide affordable internet services to students.
Development and Validation of Social Cynicism Scale for Women
Authors: Younas Faiz , Akhtar Nasreen , Solomon Vicar
Published: March 2023

The present investigation purported to develop and validate an indigenous social cynicism scale for young adult women. Following an exploratory sequential research design, the study involved three phases. In phase I, a qualitative study with (n = 20) young adult women is conducted to conceptualize the construct of social cynicism. The themes drawn from the data were used to develop a pool of 36 items. After extensive scrutiny and evaluation by five expert judges, 28 items were finalized that were phrased in a self-report five-point Likert rating scale. In phase II, the psychometric properties of the scale were established. Through non-probability purposive sampling, a sample of (n = 227) young adult women aged 18-28 years (M = 22.29 and SD = 2.06) was recruited for exploratory factor analysis. Principle Component Analysis was performed for factor extractions, while the Direct Oblimin method was applied for factor rotations. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were found to be significant. As a result, a final scale of 19 items with a three-factor model, namely institutional, experiential and dispositional cynicism, emerged that accounted for 42.41% variance, with an alpha reliability of .83. In phase III, another sample of (n = 218) young adult women with an age range of 18–27 years (M = 22.48 and SD = 2.38) was recruited to run confirmatory factor analysis that revealed a good model fit and validated the three-dimensional structure of the scale.
A Narrative Structure Analysis of Alice Sebold’s The Lovely Bones
Authors: Ahmad Shahid
Published: March 2023

This article analyses how rape narratives provide insights into the conceptualization of rape, trauma, abuse, and recovery of rape victims. Using William Labov’s theoretical model of narrative structure analysis and Michael Halliday’s transitivity system, the article examines Alice Sebold’s rape narrative, The Lovely Bones (henceforth TLB). The analysis shows that the narrative structure of rape narratives helps understand deeper meanings and underpinned concepts of rape. Such meanings and concepts reveal the real horrors of rape, the gravity of the pain and suffering of rape victims, and the ways of their eventual recovery. Despite its limitations to only TLB, the article offers potential alternative approaches to examine rape narratives to uncover the deeper meanings and suggests new concepts of rape and sexual violence affecting the perspectives to be taken while dealing with rape in general and rape victims being women and children in particular.
Sara Şahinkanat’ın Resimli Çocuk Kitaplarının Biçimsel, İçerik Ve Resimleme Özellikleri Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: ERKAN Enis , OGUZ NAMDAR Ayşegül
Published: March 2023

Bu araştırmada, Sara Şahinkanat’ın resimli çocuk kitaplarının biçimsel, içerik ve resimleme özelikleri açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma betimsel tarama modeli kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Sara Şahinkanat’ın yazdığı 8 resimli çocuk kitabı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu oluşturan Sara Şahinkanat’ın resimli çocuk kitapları, kullanılan “Kitap İnceleme Formu” na göre künye bilgileri, biçimsel özellikler, içerik özellikleri ve resimleme özellikleri olmak üzere dört bölümde incelenmiştir. İncelemede elde edilen verilerin frekans analizleri yapılmış ve yapılan analizler yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Sara Şahinkanat’ın resimli çocuk kitaplarının biçim, içerik ve resimleme özellikleri açısından nitelikli olduğu, bu kitapların çocukların sosyal, duygusal ve dilsel gelişimlerine katkı sağlayabileceği tespit edilmiştir.
Ó Maol Phádraig: the name, the people, and the clans. Part I.
Authors:   Fitzpatrick Clan Society, Fitzpatrick Mike , Fitzpatrick Ian
Published: March 2023

Once upon a time, the Ó Maol Phádraig (O’Mulpatrick) was a notable clan; or, better – there were once notable clans of that name. Earlier, there were noteworthy individuals named Máel Pátraic, which is the earliest version of any name given to honour St Patrick. Among such notables were those whose given name came to transcend the individual – so, Máel Pátraic became attached to a patronym. Our series of articles explores the name Máel Pátraic. In Part I, we discuss the origins of the name and consider the patterns apparent in early annalistic records. Connections are made to those regions of Éire where the name was commonly found. In Part II, we review authoritative Máel Pátraic genealogies, the dynasties whose members bore the name, and the emergence the Ó Maol Phádraig surname. In Part III, and we consider records that occur from the late medieval era until the nineteenth century. Finally, in Part IV, we link the living with those Ó Maol Phádraig gone before via the power of genetic genealogy. Ó Maol Phádraig is a virtually extinct surname; today their descendants carry Fitzpatrick or other Pátraic-surname forms. Here, the name, the people, and the clans are revived.
Adaptive Highway Networks: An IoT Solution for Improving Road Safety at Turnovers and U-Turns
Authors: P. Vishnu Kumar  , T. Aditya  , Y. Harsha Vardhan  , Pavan Kumar Sarma  , L. Niveditha  , K. Sai Deekshita  , G. Varahi  , J. Sreekaree
Published: March 2023

Highway construction is a crucial component of any region's infrastructure, and it is carried out in several different ways nowadays. Adaptive Highways Network (AHN) uses sensors and microprocessors for automatic design. Innovative highway design employs roadside controls and intelligent vehicles for traffic management and control. The Automated Highway System enhances highway safety, operational efficiency, and other vehicle and user characteristics. This innovation has enhanced the architecture of highways and reduced vehicle emissions. AHS, or Smart Road, is a projected intelligent transportation system technology for driverless automobiles on specific roadways. It is commonly employed to alleviate traffic congestion since it reduces following distances and permits more vehicles on the road. Together, the car and the roadway strive to avoid barriers, boost traffic flow, and decrease congestion. The AHS concept integrates vehicle intelligence, intelligent highway infrastructure, and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication technology.
Uma fundamentação empírica ao positivismo jurídico? A rota da teoria naturalizada do direito
Authors: Brito Júnior Valdenor Monteiro
Published: March 2023

O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir a rota por meio da qual se vai da Teoria Naturalizada do Direito ao positivismo jurídico. Brian Leiter propõe que a naturalização da teoria jurídica fornece um fundamento empírico para o positivismo jurídico. Essa naturalização é realizada por intermédio das melhores hipóteses de ciência social disponíveis a respeito do Direito como fenômeno social. Leiter argumenta ainda que essa melhor hipótese social-científica – para ele, o modelo atitudinal para a tomada de decisão judicial – vindica um conceito (ou teoria) de Direito de tipo positivista exclusivo. Aqui eu discuto seu argumento dentro do framework da Teoria Naturalizada do Direito: enquanto eu aceite a naturalização da teoria jurídica, argumento que a rota disso ao positivismo jurídico é menos simples do que Leiter parece pensar. Seu argumento empírico é insuficiente à vindicação do positivismo exclusivo, uma vez que o modelo de ciência social escolhido está sujeito a diferentes interpretações teóricas. Se a Teoria Naturalizada do Direito vindicar o positivismo exclusivo, precisa se engajar com argumentos teóricos e conceituais para além dos empíricos.
As críticas dos positivistas inclusivos ao argumento de Joseph Raz e como ele respondeu (ou poderia ter respondido) a elas
Authors: Coelho André
Published: March 2023

O recém falecido Joseph Raz elaborou um dos argumentos mais famosos e influentes contra a tese da incorporação e em favor do Positivismo exclusivo. Explicaremos detalhadamente o argumento de Raz, do modo como ela articula as teses da autoridade, da instanciação, da preempção, da justificação normal e das fontes para chegar à sua conclusão. Depois confrontaremos o argumento de Raz com dois diferentes blocos de críticas a esse argumento, feitas por dois dos principais positivistas inclusivos, a saber, Jules Coleman e Wilfrid J. Waluchow, seguidas das respostas que Raz deu, ou poderia ter dado, a essas críticas.
Transformational Leadership Competence of Principals in Improving Teacher Performance
Authors: Hidayat Septana Nur , Sumardjoko Bambang , Muhibbin Ahmad
Published: March 2023

This article aims to explain the competence of transformational leadership of school principals in improving teacher performance at Daarul Qur'an Karanganyar Science High School. This research method includes qualitative research with an ethnographic design. The data extracted in this research is information and documents about the transformational leadership competencies of school principals, including ideal influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and attention to individuals to improve teacher performance. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study, namely, the principal of the Daarul Qur'an Karanganyar Science High School showed that he had a powerful category of ideal influence competence, a substantial variety of Intellectual Stimulation competence, a strong type of inspirational motivation competence, a potent class of attention competence towards individuals. The results of the teacher performance assessment of 20 teachers considered to have scored in the excellent category. This study concludes that school principals understand their leadership competencies in improving teacher performance as Hendrayadi's theory, namely ideal influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and attention to individuals. The principal's efforts to improve teacher performance are (a) motivating teachers, (b) increasing teacher discipline, (c) creating a conducive working atmosphere, and (d) increasing teacher competence. The implication of this research is as input to school principals in improving the performance of Daarul Qur'an Karanganyar Science High School teachers
Surviving the Survival Narrative Part 1: Internalised Racism and the Limits of Resistance
Authors: Seet Adam Z.
Published: March 2023

The concept of internalised racism (IR) has been criticised for its potential utilisation to perpetuate ‘victim blaming’. In describing the racialised subject’s indoctrination to racist beliefs about themselves and/or their group, the concept of IR has been a point of difficulty for scholarship which sustains a hyper-focus on racialised resistance towards structural racism and its effects. Some scholars have highlighted that this hyper-focus on resistance is connected to a political stance which essentialises racialised subjects as always resisting. In this article, I further this argument by demonstrating the limitations within resistance strategies employed by some racialised subjects. I utilise participants’ narratives from a wider study to highlight three forms of limitations (conscious renouncing, inadvertent complicity, and non-resistance) in resisting racist ideology. I then draw on these examples to problematise scholarship that sustain a hyper-focus on resistance, one that may inadvertently foreclose the deeper impact of racism upon the racialised.
Humanismin suuntia
Authors: Käkelä Tiina , Lummaa Karoliina
Published: March 2023

Humanistit ovat aina tottuneet olemaan puolustuskannalla, kun mikä tahansa aikalaiskeskustelu kääntyy kysymään heidän edustamiensa tieteenalojen yhteiskunnallista merkitystä. Asetelma on siinä määrin normalisoitunut, että emme hätkähdä sitä, että humanismin apologioita ilmestyy saannollisin väliajoin: sellaisia, kuten Martha Nussbaumin Not For Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (2010) tai tuoreimpana esimerkkinä Santiago Ramosin essee America Magazine -lehdestä marraskuulta 2019, ”The Humanities May Seem Pointless, but That Is the Point”. Voisiko edes ajatusleikkinä kuvitella, että vastaavia otsikoita laadittaisiin vaikkapa biolääketieteestä tai hiukkasfysiikasta?
Photoaging of Phenolic Secondary Organic Aerosol in the Aqueous Phase: Evolution of Chemical and Optical Properties and Effects of Oxidants
Authors: Jiang Wenqing , Niedek Christopher , Anastasio Cort , Zhang Qi
Published: March 2023

Abstract. While gas-phase reactions are well established to have significant impacts on the mass concentration, chemical composition, and optical properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), the aqueous-phase aging of SOA remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed a series of long-duration photochemical aging experiments to investigate the evolution of the composition and light absorption of the aqueous SOA (aqSOA) from guaiacyl acetone (GA), a semivolatile phenolic carbonyl that is common in biomass burning smoke. The aqSOA was produced from reactions of GA with hydroxyl radical (•OH-aqSOA) or a triplet excited state of organic carbon (3C*-aqSOA) and was then photoaged in water under conditions that simulate sunlight exposure in northern California for up to 48 hours. The effects of increasing aqueous-phase •OH or 3C* concentration on the photoaging of the aqSOA were also studied. High resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS) and UV-vis spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the composition and the light absorptivity of the aqSOA and to track their changes during aging. Compared to •OH-aqSOA, the 3C*-aqSOA is produced more rapidly and shows less oxidation, a greater abundance of oligomers, and higher light absorption. Prolonged photoaging promotes fragmentation and the formation of more volatile and less light-absorbing products. More than half of the initial aqSOA mass is lost and substantial photobleaching occurs after 10.5 hours of prolonged aging under simulated sunlight illumination for 3C*-aqSOA and 48 hours for •OH-aqSOA. By performing positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the combined HR-AMS and UV-vis spectral data, we resolved three generations of aqSOA with distinctly different chemical and optical properties. The first-generation aqSOA shows significant oligomer formation and enhanced light absorption at 340–400 nm. The second-generation aqSOA is enriched in functionalized GA species, while the third-generation aqSOA contains more fragmented products and is the least light-absorbing. Although photoaging generally increases the oxidation of aqSOA, a slightly decreased O / C of the •OH-aqSOA is observed after 48 hours of prolonged photoaging with additional •OH exposure. This is likely due to greater fragmentation and evaporation of highly oxidized compounds. Increased oxidant concentration accelerates the transformation of aqSOA and promotes the decay of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores, leading to faster mass reduction and photobleaching. In addition, compared with •OH, photoaging by 3C* produces more low-volatility functionalized products, which counterbalances part of the aqSOA mass loss due to fragmentation and evaporation.
Complete workflow for tsunami simulation and hazard calculation in urgent computing using HPC services
Authors: Cordrie Louise , Selva Jacopo , Bernardi Fabrizio , Tonini Roberto , Macías Sánchez Jorge , Sánchez Linares Carlos , Gibbons Steven , Løvholt Finn
Published: March 2023

Tsunami urgent computing procedures quantify the potential hazard due to a seismically-induced tsunami right after an earthquake, that is from minutes to a few hours. The hazard is quantified by simulating the tsunami from source to shore, taking into account the uncertainty in the source parameters and the uncertainty associated with the wave generation, propagation, and inundation.In the European eFlows4HPC project, an HPC workflow for urgent computing of tsunami hazard assessment is currently being developed, consisting of the following steps: 1) retrieval of parameters for the tsunamigenic earthquake (magnitude, hypocentre and associated uncertainties), 2) definition of a seismic source ensemble, 3) simulation of the tsunami generated by each scenario in the ensemble, 4) aggregation of the results to produce an estimate of tsunami hazard, which also incorporates a basic treatment of uncertainty modelling and 5) update of the ensemble based on incoming data.Initially implemented on the Power-9 machine at BSC, the workflow has been fully embedded into a PyCOMPSs framework that enables parallel task execution and integrates full tsunami simulations for the first time. The tsunami numerical model (Tsunami-HySEA) computes the tsunami from the source to coastal impact using nested grids with resolution from kilometres to meters.To limit the number of simulations and converge faster towards stable hazard estimates, new methods for defining the seismic source ensembles have been developed. When applied to several past earthquakes and tsunamis (e.g., the 2003 Boumerdes and the 2017 Kos-Bodrum earthquakes), our new sampling strategy yielded a reduction of 1 or 2 orders of magnitude for ensemble size, allowing a drastic reduction in the computational effort. This reduction may be exploited to improve tsunami simulation accuracy, increasing the computational effort available for each simulation for the same overall cost. The workflow also allows the integration of new incoming data (focal mechanism, seismic or tsunami records) for an “on the fly” update of the PTF based on this new information.The improvement of the workflow through a well-defined ensemble of scenarios, realistic simulations and integration of incoming data, strongly reduces the uncertainty and yields to an update of the probabilistic forecasts without compromising theiraccuracy. This can be crucial in mitigating the risk far from the seismic source, and in improving risk management by better informing decision-making in an emergency framework.
HPC in Rapid Disaster Response: Numerical simulations for hazard assessment of a potential dam breach of the Kyiv cistern reservoir, Ukraine
Authors: Sánchez-Linares Carlos , Macías Jorge , Castro Díaz Manuel J.
Published: March 2023

In this work, we demonstrate the importance of High Performance Computing (HPC) and Urgent Computing (UC) in rapid disaster response to man-made catastrophes. Using the specific case study of a potential dam breach at the Kyiv cistern reservoir in Ukraine, we show how these technologies can be used to assess the potential hazards and impacts of such an event.

 

The Copernicus Emergency Management Service Risk & Recovery Mapping service was activated to derive hazard assessment mapping for the protection of citizens and infrastructure in the event of a potential dam breach. The Kiev Hydroelectric Power Plant, located upstream of Kiev, has been the target of a previous rocket attack, and the threat of another successful attack cannot be ruled out. The potential consequences of a dam breach are severe and include flooding and the erosion and transport of radioactive sediment. 

 

To determine the impact of a potential dam breach and predict its effects on citizens and infrastructure, we used the Dambreak-HySEA model, which is part of the HySEA suite. This model is specifically designed to accurately reproduce the evolution of wet/dry fronts in geophysical flows such as river flooding, flooding in rural and urban areas, and dam failures. Developed by the research group EDANYA of the University of Malaga, the model was implemented using Graphics Processor Units (GPUs) with CUDA, resulting in a significant speed-up compared to a traditional CPU implementation.

 

The use of HPC resources, specifically those provided by the Spanish Network for Supercomputing (RES) program Urgent computing for citizen problems, was crucial in obtaining the results within the 10-day delivery time frame with the simulation of four scenarios required by the activation: partial and complete breakage of the Kyiv Dam and the same scenarios for the Irpin Dam. These simulations were computationally complex, requiring the solution of nearly 700 million computational cells per scenario.

 

Overall, this study highlights the importance of utilizing HPC and UC in disaster response and risk management. By utilizing advanced numerical models and computational resources, we can more accurately predict the potential hazards and impacts of man-made catastrophes such as dam breaches, and take necessary measures to protect citizens and infrastructure.
Coupled permafrost-groundwater simulation applied to a spent fuel nuclear waste repository
Authors: Zwinger Thomas , Cohen Denis , Koskinen Lasse
Published: March 2023

The Olkiluoto spent nuclear fuel repository in Eurajoki, Finland, is the first one on the planet that will go operational in foreseeable future. The long-term safety of this repository with respect to future ice-age conditions and the consequently occurring permafrost and altered groundwater flow conditions needs to be evaluated. To this end, a Darcy model for saturated aquifer groundwater flow combined with a heat transfer module accounting for phase change (i.e. freezing) as well as a solute and a bedrock deformation model have been implemented in the multi-physics Finite Element Method code Elmer. The set of equations is based on continuum thermo-mechanic principles. The application of this newly developed model to Olkiluoto aims to simulate the evolution of permafrost thickness, talik development, and groundwater flow and salinity changes at and around the repository during the next 120,000 years. This is achieved by solving the aforementioned model components in a coupled way in three dimensions on the mesh that discretizes a rectangular block of 8.8 km by 6.8 km, stretching from the surface of Olkiluoto down to a depth of 10 km, where a geothermal heat flux is applied. The horizontal resolution of 30 m by 30 m in combination with – imposed by the thickness of different temporarily varying soil and rock layers imported from high resolution data - vertical resolutions of down to 10 cm result in a mesh containing 5 million nodes/elements on which the system of equations is solved using CSC’s HPC cluster mahti. The high spacial gradients in permeability (e.g. from soil to granitic bedrock) impose numerical challenges for the simulations that are forced by RCP 4.5 climate scenario. The investigated time-span contains cold periods between AD 47,000 and AD 110,000. Surface conditions are provided using freezing/thawing n-factors based on monthly temperature variations and wetness index defining varying conditions of vegetation. Our scenario run is able to project permafrost development at high spatial resolution and shows clear impact of permeable soil layers and faults in the bedrock that focus groundwater flow and solute transport.
Three-dimensional, multiphase flow numerical models of phreatic volcanic eruptions.
Authors: Esposti Ongaro Tomaso , de' Michieli Vitturi Mattia
Published: March 2023

Explosive volcanic eruptions are characterized by the ejection in the atmosphere of volcanic gases and fragments of magma and/or lithics at high temperature, pressure and velocity. They encompass a broad range of magnitudes, with volumes of ejecta spanning from less than 106 m3, to 109-1011 m3 of Plinian eruptions, up to the largest known volcanic events, able to erupt up to thousands of km3 of magma. Phreatic eruptions are among the smallest in this range; they do not involve the eruption of fresh magma, but are instead triggered by a sudden rise of pressure and temperature in a shallow magmatic-hydrothermal system. Despite their relatively small size, phreatic eruptions are frequent on Earth and difficult to anticipate, and represent therefore a significant hazard, testified by the recent eruptions in Tongariro’s Te-Maari crater (NZ, 2012), and during the tragic development of events in Ontake (JP, 2014) and Whakaari/White Island (NZ, 2019).The main challenges of the numerical simulation of explosive volcanic phenomena have traditionally been identified in the complex fluid dynamics of polydisperse multiphase mixtures (with particle grains ranging from a few microns to metres) and in the extremely broad range of relevant dynamical scales characterizing compressible turbulent flows of gas and particles in the atmosphere. Three-dimensional, high-performance computer models based on different approximations of the multiphase flow theory have been designed to simulate the fluid dynamics of explosive eruptions, and to define hazard and impact scenarios. However, until now, it was difficult to quantify the uncertainty associated with numerical predictions.We here discuss the present bottlenecks and challenges of the 3D modelling of phreatic volcanic eruptions in the quest for urgent definition of impact scenarios and probabilistic hazard assessment at Vulcano island (Aeolian archipelago, Italy). Exascale computing in these applications offers the opportunity to increase the complexity of the physical model (including new key processes as the flashing of liquid water), to describe the wide range of lithic fragments ejected during the eruption, to achieve unprecedently high spatial resolution at the source and close to the terrain, and to perform large ensembles of numerical simulations to quantify the epistemic uncertainty associated with the model initial and boundary conditions.Challenges associated with the development, maintenance and porting on new HPC architectures of numerical models are finally discussed.
Numerical simulation of injection-induced seismicity
Authors: Vilarrasa Victor , Wu Haiqing , Vaezi Iman , Tangirala Sri Kalyan , Boyet Auregan , De Simone Silvia , Kivi Iman R.
Published: March 2023

Geo-energies, such as geothermal energy, geologic carbon storage, and subsurface energy storage, will play a relevant role in reaching carbon neutrality and allowing net-carbon removal towards the midcentury. Geo-energies imply fluid injection into and/or production from the subsurface, which alter the initial effective stress state and may destabilize fractures and faults, thereby inducing seismicity. Understanding the processes that control induced seismicity is paramount to develop reliable forecasting tools to manage induced earthquakes and keep them below undesired levels. Accurately modeling the processes that occur during fracture/fault slip leading to induced seismicity is challenging because coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes interact with each other: (1) fluid injection causes pore pressure buildup that changes total stress and deforms the rock, (2) deformation leads to permeability changes that affect pore pressure diffusion, (3) fluids reach the injection formation at a colder temperature than that of the rock, which cools down the vicinity of the well, causing changes in the fluid properties (density, viscosity, enthalpy, heat capacity) and cooling-induced stress reduction, (4) the injected fluids are not in chemical equilibrium with the host rock, leading to geochemical reactions of mineral dissolution/precipitation that may alter rock properties, in particular, the shear strength. In the framework of GEoREST (www.georest.eu), a Starting Grant from the European Research Council (ERC), we aim at developing forecasting tools for injection-induced seismicity by developing methodologies to efficiently simulate the coupled THMC processes that occur as a result of fluid injection, which allows us to improve the understanding of the mechanisms that trigger induced seismicity. To this end, we use the fully coupled finite element method software CODE_BRIGHT, which includes capabilities like friction following the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with strain weakening and dilatancy, enabling simulations of fracture/fault reactivation. Our investigations have already contributed to the understanding of the processes that induced the seismicity at the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) at Basel, Switzerland, at the Castor Underground Gas Storage, Spain, and the reservoir-induced seismicity at Nova Ponte, Brazil. To achieve scalability and speed up the calculations to eventually manage induced seismicity in real time, we intend to incorporate efficient state-of-the-art linear solvers, like HYPRE and PETSc, in CODE_BRIGHT.
A digital twin component for volcanic dispersal and fallout
Authors: Mingari Leonardo , Folch Arnau , Guerrero Alejandra , Barsotti Sara , Barnie Talfan , Macedonio Giovanni , Costa Antonio
Published: March 2023

A Digital Twin Component (DTC) provides users with digital replicas of different components of the Earth system through unified frameworks integrating real-time observations and state-of-the-art numerical models. Scenarios of extreme events for natural hazards can be studied from the genesis to propagation and impacts using a single DTC or multiple coupled DTCs. The EU DT-GEO project (2022-2025) is implementing a prototype digital twin on geophysical extremes consisting of 12 interrelated Digital Twin Components, intended as self-contained and containerised software entities embedding numerical model codes, management of real-time data streams and data assimilation methodologies. DTCs can be deployed and executed in centralized High Performance Computing (HPC) and cloud computing Research Infrastructures (RIs). In particular, the DTC-V2 is implementing an ensemble-based automated operational system for deterministic and probabilistic forecast of long-range ash dispersal and local-scale tephra fallout. The system continuously screens different ground-based and satellite-based data sources and a workflow is automatically triggered by a volcanic eruption to stream and pre-process data, its ingestion into the FALL3D dispersal model, a centralized or distributed HPC model execution, and the post-processing step. The DTCs will provide capability for analyses, forecasts, uncertainty quantification, and "what if" scenarios for natural and anthropogenic hazards, with a long-term ambition towards the Destination Earth mission-like initiative. 
Access to MareNostrum5 and other European HPC infrastructures
Authors: Pineda Oriol , Girona Sergi
Published: March 2023

The European Union, together with its Member States, are strongly investing in deploying a world-class, complete and diverse HPC infrastructure, through the recently-created European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC). The consortium formed by Spain, Portugal and Turkey is one of the key actors of this initiative, participating together with EuroHPC in the acquisition and operation of MareNostrum5, that will reach a TCO above 200M€ over 5 years. This system will be accessible through the EuroHPC Extreme Scale calls, as well as the national calls from these three countries. Furthermore, BSC as hosting entity will provide direct user support and open scientific collaborations to research groups interested in using this infrastructure.
AWP-ODC: A Highly Scalable HPC Tool for Dynamic Rupture and Wave Propagation Simulations
Authors: Olsen Kim , Roten Daniel , Yeh Te-Yang , Xu Ke , Cui Yifeng
Published: March 2023

AWP-ODC is an open-source dynamic rupture and wave propagation code which solves the 3D velocity-stress wave equation explicitly by a staggered-grid finite-difference method with fourth-order accuracy in space and second-order accuracy in time. The code is memory-bandwidth, with excellent scalability up to full machine scale on CPUs and GPUs, tuned on CLX, with support for generating vector folded finite difference stencils using intrinsic functions. AWP-ODC includes frequency-dependent anelastic attenuation Q(f), small-scale media heterogeneities, support for topography, Drucker-Prager visco-plasticity, and a multi-yield-surface, hysteretic (Iwan) nonlinear model using an overlay concept. Support for a discontinuous mesh is available for increased efficiency. An important application of AWP-ODC is the CyberShake Strain-Green-Tensor (SGT) code used for probabilistic hazard analysis in CA and other regions.
Here, we summarize implementation and verification of some of the widely-used capabilities of AWP-ODC, as well as validation against strong motion data and recent applications for future earthquake scenarios. We show for a M7.8 dynamic rupture ShakeOut scenario on the southern San Andreas fault that while simulations with a single yield surface reduces long period ground motion amplitudes by about 25% inside a wave guide in greater Los Angeles, multi-surface Iwan nonlinearity further reduces the values by a factor of two. In addition, we show assembly and calibration of a 3D Community Velocity Model (CVM) for central and southern Chile as well as Peru. The CVM is validated for the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile, earthquake up to 5 Hz, and the validated CVM is used for scenario simulations of megathrust scenario events with magnitude up to M9.5 in the Chile-Peru subduction zone for risk assessment. Finally, we show simulations of 0-3 Hz 3D wave propagation for the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake including a data-constrained high-resolution fault-zone model. Our results show that the heterogeneous near-fault low-velocity zone inherent to the fault zone structure significantly perturbs the predicted wave field in the near-source region, in particular by more accurately generating Love waves at its boundaries, in better agreement with observations, including at distances 200+ km in Los Angeles.
Equidade fiscal e controle das renúncias de receitas
Authors: Graziane Pinto Élida
Published: March 2023

The work aims to demonstrate the need to improve instruments for controlling fiscally responsible management of revenue waivers, based on the observation that the search for public debt sustainability is not limited to the inspection of primary expenditures. To carry out this task, the text is divided into three chapters, including an introduction to the problem. The second chapter deals with the need for fiscal equity in controlling the balance of public accounts, which presupposes, among other dimensions, effective collection of all available revenues (art. 11 of the LRF). In conclusion, hypotheses are proposed for improving the control of tax waivers, given the normative framework that governs them.