bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Best practice of structural retrofit: the SS. Rosario Church in Gesualdo, Italy
Authors: Cennamo Claudia , Di Fiore Marco
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of a total understanding of the manufacture, before approaching any structural intervention.

Design/methodology/approach

The adopted methodology consists of a non‐invasive kind of structural retrofit, in accordance with the history of the manufacture and, at the same time, giving effective respect to seismic solicitations.

Findings

The results are very important for demonstration purposes, and they may be taken as examples in many similar problems.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of this research principally consists in the old datation of the study case, because it could be approached more easily with the help of modern concepts.

Practical implications

Many applications can be carried out from the study case: first, the respectful approach to the cultural heritage, in the sense of knowledge and understanding of the “art rule” belonging to the ancient constructors.

Social implications

The paper has implications for the safety and conservation of historical heritage.

Originality/value

The originality consists in showing the almost unknown work of a master: he reasoned anticipating the technological progress.
Conceptualisation of branding: strategy based on the Indian pharma sector
Authors: Nath Sanyal Shamindra , Datta Saroj Kumar , Banerjee Asok Kumar
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address how the concept of branding exists in the pharmaceutical sector and Indian market in particular; and second, how this branding technique might be modified to optimize the marketing of branded generics in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted using qualitative interviews with two sets of respondents in Kolkata city, India: first, 20 senior managers of five renowned Indian pharmaceutical companies and second, 20 physicians of two categories. Patterns of concordance for the author‐coder pairs were tested by using Cohen's kappa.

Findings

This study investigated the relationships between five different parameters deemed responsible for enhancing the brand awareness of pharmaceuticals. Out of these five parameters, the authors have identified that “importance of customers' perceptions and need achievement” leads to the development of a positioning statement to communicate the brand's functional values and brand personality; and “importance of pharma brand age in brand awareness” establishes the relationship of brand age with brand recall and communication in brand recall. A high value of Cohen's kappa has helped to establish the qualitative inquiry of the current research.

Practical implications

The authors have proposed that through the said five parameters, the pharmaceutical branding technique might be modified to optimise the marketing of branded generics in India. A strategic comprehensive model that has been constructed would give a direction for branding in the pharmaceutical industry.

Originality/value

This research work has extended prior pharmaceutical branding research by conceptualising the branding strategy as a brand awareness tool, in a new area called branded generic drugs in India.
Demand and supply chain planning in grocery retail: an operations planning framework
Authors: Hübner Alexander H. , Kuhn Heinrich , Sternbeck Michael G.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a holistic operations planning framework for grocery retailing. The authors aim to identify, describe and structure coherent demand and supply chain (SC) planning problems in a comprehensive architecture.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors reviewed key literature on retail SC management and sales planning. This built a foundation for the development of an integrated operations planning framework. The findings were evaluated through discussions with retailers and communications with retail planners, including personal interviews with 28 leading European grocery retailers and with people in related positions from the consumer goods industry and consultancies.

Findings

The core of this paper is the development of a coherent demand and SC planning matrix. It demonstrates planning interdependencies and defines a framework for retail operations. The grocery planning framework integrates retail specifics, as well as hierarchical and sequential aspects of decision making. That is why this planning architecture also forms the foundation for research and development of advanced decision support systems.

Practical implications

Planning tasks are identified in interrelated planning modules permitting coordinated and decentralised decision making, which is necessary for operational and complexity reasons. The planning framework assists retail planners in understanding their decision problem from a comprehensive perspective. Better coordination of different modules and further development of retail‐tailored analytical models will improve planning quality.

Originality/value

This is the first paper that structures retail demand and SC planning questions coherently in one framework, matching demand and supply from a long‐ to short‐term perspective and from supplier to customer.
Recovering Nussbaum's Aristotelian roots
Authors: Deneulin Séverine
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The paper aims to examine the relationship between creating capabilities and political liberalism. It argues that the reality of climate change calls for the capabilities approach to be more rooted in a relational anthropology which the Aristotelian ethical tradition is more akin to.

Design/methodology/approach

It discusses how traces of this ethical tradition can be found in Nussbaum's capabilities approach itself: affiliation as an architectonic capability leads to the common good being the end of political action, and practical reason as an architectonic capability leads to reasoning being structured by concerns for the common good.

Findings

The paper suggests some practical implications of an Aristotelian version of the capabilities approach.

Originality/value

The paper seeks to build an account of social justice based on the capabilities approach with Aristotelian roots.
Human development in a statist world
Authors: Booth Ken
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The paper aims to examine Martha Nussbaum's latest theorising about the capabilities approach in relation to the “causal weight” and “texture” of the anarchical condition of the international system.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides a detailed reading of Nussbaum's creating capabilities with regard to its explicit and implicit assumptions about international relations.

Findings

While the paper endorses the aims of the capabilities approach, it draws attention to the limitations of Nussbaum's engagement with the international level of world politics, including relevant international relations (IR) theory. The paper argues that a more explicit engagement with IR theory in general and the so‐called English School in particular would strengthen one of the shortcomings of Nussbaum's counter‐theory to dominant ideas in development economics.

Practical implications

The Human Development and Capability Association is committed to generating ideas to challenge dominant approaches to human development. As such, the sense of direction pointed to in the paper – identifying international relations as the priority area for research and reform – is a contribution to planning the next stage of its activities.

Originality/value

The paper focuses on the international level of world politics, and as such offers insights into what Nussbaum herself admits is an “undertheorized” dimension of the capabilities approach.
“But we had obtained professional/legal advice!”
Authors: Nariman Mohd‐Sulaiman Aiman
Published: June 2013

Purpose

In recent enforcement actions by several capital market regulators in some common law jurisdictions, the issue of directors' reliance on legal advice in relation to compliance with their statutory duties has been raised. This paper aims to discuss the dilemma faced by directors and regulators in assessing the extent to which reliance on legal advice can provide sufficient protection against allegation of breach of directors' duties and the disclosure obligation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper discusses recent case studies that highlight the often conflicting regulatory stance.

Findings

These cases indicate that the disclosure conundrum is a real challenge to regulators and directors alike. These enforcement activities have resulted in mixed views as to whether these decisions have rightly upheld the standard of care expected to be exercised by directors or are unduly burdensome and not pragmatic for honest and well‐meaning directors.

Research limitations/implications

The legal position is still evolving in view of the numerous regulatory actions in various jurisdictions regarding financial reporting and disclosure obligation of directors and corporations.

Originality/value

Given the numerous disclosure and reporting obligations that a listed company must comply with and the regulatory enforcement actions that may be taken against the directors, it is important for directors to understand the implication of this case and similar enforcement activities on directors' oversight duty.
Intelligent investigations: the use and misuse of intelligence – a personal perspective
Authors: Rider Barry
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to address in a comparative context the role of intelligence in law enforcement and in particular the significance of intelligence‐led policing.

Design/methodology/approach

The discussion is based on the experience of the author over the last 40 years in working in and with law enforcement authorities in a number of countries in establishing specialised agencies and units to address serious and complex criminal activity. The paper was presented as a key note address at an inter‐governmental meeting in Buenos Aires in July 2012 of prosecutor generals and senior prosecutorial officials in South America.

Findings

The role of intelligence is seen as of critical importance to the efficacy of such initiatives. Drawing on his experience, the author poses some serious questions as to whether what is normally understood by the concept of intelligence‐led policing is correct.

Research limitations/implications

The personal observations of the author will hopefully contribute to the discussion of an important aspect of law enforcement upon which very little has been written from the perspective of the intelligence community.

Practical implications

The author looks in particular at the difficulties that have arisen as a result of the interaction of different aspects of the legal system, for the flow and reliability of financial information. In particular, he addresses a number of recent cases before the English courts on the liability of those who handle other people's wealth.

Originality/value

The paper, based on the author's experience over the last 40 years, should contribute to the discussion of an important aspect of law enforcement upon which very little has been written from the perspective of the intelligence community.
What is good for General Motors: the contributions and influence of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr
Authors: Houghton Jeffery D.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This paper seeks to provide a review and analysis of the contributions and influence of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr, to contemporary business practices and management thought.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper begins with an introduction and brief biographical sketch followed by an overview of Sloan's administrative principles as applied at GM. The paper continues with a review of empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of Sloan's principles along with some theoretical explanations for their success. The paper then examines some criticisms surrounding Sloan's contributions before concluding with a discussion of the impact that Sloan's ideas have had on organizational and managerial thought in the context of today's rapidly evolving organizational realities.

Findings

Although he was not a management scholar, Sloan's applied work at General Motors resulted in significant and enduring contributions to business practices and management theory. Yet Sloan's contributions are somewhat overlooked today and have not been extensively or critically examined in the current business and managerial contexts.

Originality/value

This paper makes an important contribution to the management history literature by being among the first to offer a comprehensive critical review of the ways in which Sloan has influenced contemporary management thought, theory, and practice.
A cross‐cultural exploratory content analysis of the perception of luxury from six countries
Authors: Godey Bruno , Pederzoli Daniele , Aiello Gaetano , Donvito Raffaele , Wiedmann Klaus‐Peter , Hennigs Nadine
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The authors' research was carried out with the aim of analyzing perception of luxury and luxury brands among an international sample of young people.

Design/methodology/approach

This article was based on an empirical study among 233 respondents. First, a qualitative analysis of content using the respondents' own words was conducted. Then, to show whether there are differences between countries and significant groups of countries, an analysis of variance (one‐way ANOVA) was performed and analyzed with Fisher F‐test and post‐hoc Duncan tests.

Findings

Beyond the belief in the existence of two stable groups of developed and developing countries with regard to luxury, this study shows a situation that requires further analysis. The main results show some strong cross‐cultural differences in the perception of luxury, which is multi‐faceted as demonstrated by previous studies in this field.

Research limitations/implications

Results of this exploratory study confirm that the concept of luxury presents multiple facets, and the authors' analysis provides an in‐depth survey of the main categories and attributes that can be used to describe this concept. Although this study was only exploratory in nature, a number of comments can be made to highlight the congruence between the concept of luxury for young people and recent academic literature.

Practical implications

To maintain their brand equity, companies in the luxury sector seek to improve their image within younger targets. Managerial implications of the authors' research indicate that international luxury companies should take into consideration the multi‐faceted concept of luxury in general, but also the main differences between countries in the continuum between the “status” and “emotional” dimensions of luxury. According to the authors' research, luxury companies cannot adopt a global strategy when addressing the six countries analyzed. Some managerial recommendations are developed in this perspective.

Originality/value

The additional value of this article stems from its reliance on a cross‐cultural in‐depth study between six countries (Italy, France, Germany, China, Japan, and USA). The balance between qualitative and quantitative techniques makes this article particularly relevant when drawing both conceptual and managerial conclusions.
The influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk on customer value and willingness to buy: a study of private label merchandise
Authors: Beneke Justin , Flynn Ryan , Greig Tamsin , Mukaiwa Melissa
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This study endeavours to examine the influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk, respectively, on perceived product value and, ultimately, consumers' willingness to buy private label household cleaning products.

Design/methodology/approach

Respondents (157) were recruited through an in‐store survey and the data analysed using partial least squares path modelling.

Findings

The results are similar to those proposed by Sweeney, Soutar and Johnson. Strong relationships between perceived relative price and perceived product value, as well as between perceived product value and willingness‐to‐buy, were found to exist. A negative relationship was observed between perceived product quality and perceived risk. The results indicate that establishing a value perception is critical in the buying process. Tangible cues exhibiting high quality (e.g. packaging, shelf space, media placement) need profound attention. Furthermore, it is suggested that risk (which plays an important part in the consumer decision process) is minimised through optimal retail service quality and customer reassurances.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited in that respondents are consumers of a specific geographic region and demographic grouping. Findings may therefore not be generalisable, particularly with respect to other countries.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies investigating consumers' perceptions of value, using the attributes of quality, risk and price, in an emerging market setting.
Applying the peak‐end rule to reference prices
Authors: De Maeyer Peter , Estelami Hooman
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to propose and empirically test a potential mechanism for how consumers form reference prices. The proposed peak‐end rule of reference price formation says that reference prices are formed as a weighted average of the highest observed price and the most recent price.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors argue why the peak‐end rule observed in satisfaction contexts may also apply to the process by which consumers form reference prices. They then test the proposed peak‐end rule using IRI scanner panel data for decaffeinated coffee.

Findings

Fit and predictive validity of a choice model improves when a reference price term based on the peak‐end rule is added. While the most recent price has a greater impact on reference price, the effect of the highest observed peak price is also significant, managerially and statistically.

Research limitations/implications

The study provides evidence for a novel and behaviorally plausible reference price formation process.

Practical implications

Temporarily charging a high price has a longer‐lasting effect on reference price than would be suggested by other reference price models, which typically involve a quickly decaying lag effect. Temporarily charging a very high price to restore the reference price may therefore be a useful pricing tactic.

Originality/value

While the peak‐end rule is amply supported as a mechanism by which consumers form global satisfaction judgements, its application to reference price formation is novel, and has some potentially useful implications.
Solving nonlocal boundary value problems for first‐ and second‐order differential equations by the Adomian decomposition method
Authors: Bougoffa Lazhar , Rach Randolph C.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach to solve nonlocal boundary value problems of linear and nonlinear first‐ and second‐order differential equations subject to nonlocal conditions of integral type.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors first transform the given nonlocal boundary value problems of first‐ and second‐order differential equations into local boundary value problems of second‐ and third‐order differential equations, respectively. Then a modified Adomian decomposition method is applied, which permits convenient resolution of these equations.

Findings

The new technique, as presented in this paper in extending the applicability of the Adomian decomposition method, has been shown to be very efficient for solving nonlocal boundary value problems of linear and nonlinear first‐ and second‐order differential equations subject to nonlocal conditions of integral type.

Originality/value

The paper presents a new solution algorithm for the nonlocal boundary value problems of linear and nonlinear first‐ and second‐order differential equations subject to nonlocal conditions of integral type.
The intrinsic growth rate as a predictor of population viability under climate warming
Authors: Amarasekare Priyanga , Coutinho Renato M.
Published: June 2013

Lately, there has been interest in using the intrinsic growth rate () to predict the effects of climate warming on ectotherm population viability. However, becauseis calculated using the Euler‐Lotka equation, its reliability in predicting population persistence depends on whether ectotherm populations can achieve a stable age/stage distribution in thermally variable environments. Here, we investigate this issue using a mathematical framework that incorporates mechanistic descriptions of temperature effects on vital rates into a stage‐structured population model that realistically captures the temperature‐induced variability in developmental delays that characterize ectotherm life cycles.

We find that populations experiencing seasonal temperature variation converge to a stage distribution whose intra‐annual pattern remains invariant across years. As a result, the mean annual per capita growth rate also remains constant between years. The key insight is the mechanism that allows populations converge to a stationary stage distribution. Temperature effects on the biochemical processes (e.g. enzyme kinetics, hormonal regulation) that underlie life‐history traits (reproduction, development and mortality) exhibit well‐defined thermodynamical properties (e.g. changes in entropy and enthalpy) that lead to predictable outcomes (e.g. reduction in reaction rates or hormonal action at temperature extremes). As a result, life‐history traits exhibit a systematic and predictable response to seasonal temperature variation. This in turn leads to temporally predictable temperature responses of the stage distribution and the per capita growth rate.

When climate warming causes an increase in the mean annual temperature and/or the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations, the population model predicts the mean annual per capita growth rate to decline to zero within 100 years when warming is slow relative to the developmental period of the organism (per year) and to become negative, causing population extinction, well before 100 years when warming is fast (e.g.per year). The Euler‐Lotka equation predicts a slower decrease inwhen warming is slow and a longer persistence time when warming is fast, with the deviation between the two metrics increasing with increasing developmental period. These results suggest that predictions of ectotherm population viability based onmay be valid only for species with short developmental delays, and even then, only over short time‐scales and under slow warming regimes.
Introduction: blood will out
Authors: Carsten Janet
Published: June 2013

What is blood? The many meanings of blood vividly attest to its polyvalent qualities and its unusual capacity for accruing layers of symbolic resonance. Life and death; nurturance and violence; connection and exclusion; kinship and sacrifice – the associations multiply, flowing between domains in a quite uncontainable manner. Whether expressed in the rhetoric of familial, racial, ethnic, or national exclusion, or in calls to violent action, idioms of blood often have exceptional emotional force. Drawing together the historical and ethnographic case studies presented in this volume – from the literal presence of blood in spaces of blood donation to the metaphorical deployment of sanguinary idioms in depictions of the economy – this introduction examines blood's special qualities as bodily substance, material, and metaphor. In sketching out a ‘theory of blood’, it suggests why such a comparative undertaking might be of value.
Declarations of dependence: labour, personhood, and welfare in southern Africa
Authors: Ferguson James
Published: June 2013

Dependence on others has often figured, in liberal thought, as the opposite of freedom. But the political anthropology of southern Africa has long recognized relations of social dependence as the very foundation of polities and persons alike. Reflecting on a long regional history of dependence ‘as a mode of action’ allows a new perspective on certain contemporary practices that appear to what we may call ‘the emancipatory liberal mind’ simply as lamentable manifestations of a reactionary and retrograde yearning for paternalism and inequality. Instead, this article argues that such practices are an entirely contemporary response to the historically novel emergence of a social world where people, long understood (under both pre‐capitalist and early capitalist social systems) as scarce and valuable, have instead become seen as lacking value, and in surplus. Implications are drawn for contemporary politics and policy, in a world where both labour and forms of social membership based upon it are of diminishing value, and where social assistance and the various cash transfers associated with it are of increasing significance.
In the shadow of industry: a study of culturization in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Gilberthorpe Emma
Published: June 2013

The activities of extractive industry have recently been framed by a language of corporate social responsibility that relies on a system of legibility and objectification. This process reifies ‘cultural units’, abstracting them from the rules of kinship, migration, and exchange that ensure social and economic security. I refer to this process and the ideology of ‘development’ that accompanies it as culturization and examine it in the context of oil extraction in Papua New Guinea's Kutubu region. Drawing on debates on the indigenization and politicization of ‘culture’, I present culturization as a process that relies on rules of inheritance and property to impose a structure of difference in contexts of extractive industry that ignores the intricacies of sociality that ultimately give life meaning. The aim of the paper is to both illustrate the consequences of this process and consider cognate ideas of ‘culture’ vis‐à‐vis ‘sociality’ to emphasize their mutual theoretical importance to contemporary anthropological inquiry.
TheChinese family as instituted fantasy: or, rescuing kinship imaginaries from the ‘symbolic’
Authors: Sangren P. Steven
Published: June 2013

This article revisits well‐travelled ethnographic portrayals of traditionalChinese family dynamics to draw attention to desire as a product of family life and to how crucial elements of family organization and ideology can be understood, in turn, as effects of desire – that is, as instituted fantasies. Although my case in point is theChinese family, the analysis addresses the category ‘family’ cross‐culturally. In any of its variations, the ‘family’ exists at two synergistically implicated levels: first, it comprises an important part of the reality into which individuals are socialized; second, it embodies in instituted form individuals' attempts to realize – to bring into being – social arrangements as they would like them to be. In theChinese case, at least two ironies are embedded in this synergy. First, women are primary producers and reproducers of the family in the ‘real world’, despite the fact that patriliny as ‘instituted fantasy’ downplays or veils their agency. Second, the normative subordination of the son to a patriarchal father, expressed and mediated through institutions including ancestor worship and valorization of filial piety, veils a valorizing of the son as agent or protagonist of filial action. Although ultimately unrealizable, patrilineal and familial fantasies animateChinese family life and are thus an important constituent ofChinese realities. To these ends the analysis re‐purposes ‘the symbolic’ and ‘imaginaries’, categories widely employed in contemporary gender studies and social theory, arguing that understanding kinship enjoins incorporating desire's role both in defining institutions and in motivating their creators.
‘Illuminating the broader context’: anthropological and historical knowledge at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Authors: Eltringham Nigel
Published: June 2013

Historians and anthropologists have been among the experts called to enlighten non‐Rwandan judges at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Given that the Tribunal's regulations provide little guidance on who qualifies as an expert and that judges are not bound by national rules of evidence, judges exercise considerable discretion on who may provide expert testimony. By considering judges' scepticism towards repetitive expert testimony and that experts have changed their opinion because of information revealed in the course of the trials, this article seeks to convey the distinct characteristics of this innovative context and re‐evaluate the assumption that anthropologists and historians are inevitably engaged in an epistemological contest with law when they act as experts in criminal trials.
Solving the pitfalls of pitfall trapping: a two‐circle method for density estimation of ground‐dwelling arthropods
Authors: Zhao Zi‐Hua , Shi Pei‐Jian , Hui Cang , Ouyang Fang , Ge Feng , Li Bai‐Lian
Published: June 2013

Pitfall traps are widely used for investigating ground‐dwelling arthropods, but have been heavily criticized due to their species‐, habitat‐ and attractant‐specific trapping radius which produces unreliable estimation of species diversity and density.

We developed a two‐circle method (TCM) for simultaneously estimating densities of ground‐dwelling arthropods and the effective trapping radius. Multiple pairs of traps are located different distances apart, and the intersection of trapping areas can be calculated using the inverse trigonometric function. The density and effective trapping radius can be estimated from a nonlinear regression of the change in the total number of individuals caught with the distance between the paired pitfall traps.

We compared the performance of TCM with the estimator based on the nested‐cross array (NCA) for arranging pitfall traps, by comparing predicted densities from these two methods with the real density obtained from the suction sampling method (SSM).

Simulations with known arthropod densities and effective trapping radius suggested that TCM produced accurate density estimation, while NCA significantly underestimated the known density. Pitfall trapping of ground‐dwelling arthropods on two habitats (crop field and desert steppe) confirmed this conclusion when comparing estimation from TCM and NCA with densities obtained from the SSM.

TCM is a promising technique for the density estimation of ground‐dwelling arthropods, especially for traps with liquid attractant and areas with relatively homogenous habitat and away from habitat edges.
A Note on Window Length Selection in Singular Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Atikur Rahman Khan M. , Poskitt D. S.
Published: June 2013

In singular spectrum analysis (SSA) window length is a critical tuning parameter that must be assigned by the practitioner. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of signal–noise separation and time series reconstruction in SSA that can serve as a guide to optimal window choice. We establish numerical bounds on the mean squared reconstruction error and present their almost sure limits under very general regularity conditions on the underlying data generating mechanism. We also provide asymptotic bounds for the mean squared separation error. Evidence obtained using simulation experiments and real data sets indicates that the theoretical properties are reflected in observed behaviour, even in relatively small samples, and the results indicate how, in practice, an optimal assignment for the window length can be made.
Identification of intravascular tumor microenvironment features predicting the recurrence of pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kaseda Kaoru , Ishii Genichiro , Aokage Keiju , Takahashi Akiko , Kuwata Takeshi , Hishida Tomoyuki , Yoshida Junji , Kohno Mitsutomo , Nagai Kanji , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: June 2013

Histological vascular invasion (VI) by tumors is reportedly a risk factor influencing recurrence or survival after surgical treatment; however, few studies have evaluated which VI features affect recurrence or survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate how VI features affect recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma patients. We selected 106 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma who showed VI and examined the properties of intravascular tumors associated with recurrence. First we investigated the relationship between the frequency of VI in a histological cross‐section and the incidence of recurrence; however, a significant impact was not observed. Microscopic examination revealed the intravascular tumors were composed of not only cancer cells but also non‐cancerous cells. To examine whether the characteristics of intravascular cancer cells and/or non‐cancerous cells have prognostic value, we examined the expression levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐related markers in cancer cells and the numbers of infiltrating non‐cancerous cells, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. High levels of E‐cadherin expression in the intravascular cancer cells were significant predictors of recurrence (P = 0.004), whereas the expressions of CD44, CD44 variant 6, and vimentin were not. Large numbers of intravascular CD204(+) macrophages (P = 0.016), CD34(+) microvessels (P = 0.007), and α‐smooth muscle actin (+) fibroblasts (P = 0.033) were also significant predictors of recurrence. Our results indicated VI with abundant stromal cell infiltrates might be a predictor of recurrence and suggested the tumor microenvironment created by cancer cells and stromal cells within the blood vessel may play an important role during the metastatic process.
Associations Between First‐Time Expectant Women's Representations of Attachment and Their Physiological Reactivity to Infant Cry
Authors: Ablow Jennifer C. , Marks Amy K. , Shirley Feldman S. , Huffman Lynne C.
Published: June 2013

Associations among 53 primiparous women's Adult Attachment Interview classifications (secure–autonomous vs. insecure–dismissing) and physiological and self‐reported responses to infant crying were explored. Heart rate, skin conductance levels, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were recorded continuously. In response to the cry, secure–autonomous women demonstrated RSA declines, consistent with approach‐oriented responses. Insecure–dismissing women displayed RSA and electrodermal increases, consistent with behavioral inhibition. Furthermore, insecure–dismissing women rated the cries as more aversive than secure–autonomous women. Nine months postpartum, secure–autonomous women, who prenatally manifested an approach‐oriented response to the unfamiliar cry stimulus, were observed as more sensitive when responding to their own distressed infant, whereas women classified prenatally as insecure–dismissing were observed as less sensitive with their own infants.
Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care services in Europe: what is the role of public coverage?
Authors: Palència Laia , Espelt Albert , Cornejo‐Ovalle Marco , Borrell Carme
Published: June 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyse inequalities in the use of dental care services according to socioeconomic position (SEP) in individuals aged ≥50 years in European countries in 2006, to examine the association between the degree of public coverage of dental services and the extent of inequalities, and specifically to determine whether countries with higher public health coverage show lower inequalities.

Methods

We carried out a cross‐sectional study of 12 364 men and 14 692 women aged ≥50 years from 11 European countries. Data were extracted from the second wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 2006). The dependent variable was use of dental care services within the previous year, and the independent variables were education level as a measure of SEP, whether services were covered to some degree by the country's public health system, and chewing ability as a marker of individuals’ need for dental services. Age‐standardized prevalence of the use of dental care as a function of SEP was calculated, and age‐adjusted indices of relative inequality (RII) were computed for each type of dental coverage, sex and chewing ability.

Results

Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care services were higher in countries where no public dental care cover was provided than in countries where there was some degree of public coverage. For example, men with chewing ability from countries with dental care coverage had a RII of 1.39 (95%CI: 1.29–1.51), while those from countries without coverage had a RII of 1.96 (95%CI: 1.72–2.23). Women without chewing ability from countries with dental care coverage had a RII of 2.15 (95%CI: 1.82–2.52), while those from countries without coverage had a RII of 3.02 (95%CI: 2.47–3.69).

Conclusions

Dental systems relying on public coverage seem to show lower inequalities in their use, thus confirming the potential benefits of such systems.
Congenital defects of the soft palate in 15 mature horses
Authors: Barakzai S. Z. , Fraser B. S. L. , Dixon P. M.
Published: June 2013

Reasons for performing study

Horses, usually foals, with a congenital defect of the soft palate have been reported infrequently, and most reports describe a surgical procedure to repair the defect. Results of conservative management have not been previously reported.

Objective

To describe 15 horses affected with soft palate defects that were presented for examination when mature.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Clinical records from horses identified as having been diagnosed with a soft palate defect when older than one year were reviewed retrospectively. Follow‐up was obtained wherever possible.

Results

Nasal discharge, occasional coughing and abnormal respiratory noise at exercise were the most common reasons for presentation. Only one yearling had mild symptoms of aspiration pneumonia. Many were able to perform at least low‐intensity ridden activities and 2 Thoroughbreds raced successfully without surgical treatment. Surgical correction was attempted in 3 horses but was only partially successful in 2. The other horses were not treated surgically and no deterioration in severity of clinical signs was reported in the long term. The prevalence of survival in this case series was 100%.

Conclusions and potential relevance

This case series shows that some foals may survive to maturity with substantial congenital defects of the soft palate without displaying severe clinical signs. Given the published high incidence of morbidity and mortality associated with surgical treatment, this case series suggests that a reasonable alternative is to manage such cases conservatively, provided that they are not suffering from severe pneumonia or ill thrift and that their welfare is not compromised.
Influence of light on the foraging impact of an introduced predatory cladoceran, Bythotrephes longimanus
Authors: Jokela Anneli , Arnott Shelley E. , Beisner Beatrix E.
Published: June 2013

Identifying factors that influence the foraging ability of an introduced predator is essential for assessing its potential impact on the invaded community. We conducted a series of in situ enclosure experiments to determine the effect of light on the foraging ability and community‐level effects of the invasive cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus in lakes.

In 1‐L enclosures with only Daphnia prey, a strong effect of predation under ambient light conditions was observed. There was no evidence of predation in dark treatments, suggesting that Bythotrephes is unable to feed by mechanoreception alone.

A subsequent experiment using larger enclosures exposed an assemblage of prey from an uninvaded lake to Bythotrephes predation across a similar light gradient. Consistent with regional lake surveys, Bythotrephes reduced cladoceran abundance under ambient light conditions.

At the community level, predation effects were overall strongest under ambient light; however, the influence of light on predation varied across trials that differed in initial community structure of prey. Also, some predation under dark conditions was possible on Ceriodaphnia and Bosmina, suggesting that Daphnia, in particular, may be less vulnerable under low‐light conditions.

Our results suggest that light refuges for some prey taxa could play an important role in mediating the impact of Bythotrephes.
Interacting forms of expertise and authority in mega‐event security: the example of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games
Authors: Klauser Francisco R
Published: June 2013

This paper explores the interests, forms of expertise and sources of authority in security governance at the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games. To do so, the research approach pursued here focuses on the micro level, locating the various contributions to event security in the context of a particular range of projects and decisions relating to the planning and instauration of Olympic venue security. On this basis, the paper empirically explores how security governance at sport mega events, as the outcome of complex negotiations, permeates and shapes particular places and projects during the event. This investigation also brings to the fore a number of more fundamental insights with regard to the processes, relationships and interests underpinning security governance in the post‐9/11 context.
Identification of group B respiratory syncytial viruses that lack the 60‐nucleotide duplication after six consecutive epidemics of total BA dominance at coastal Kenya
Authors: Agoti Charles N. , Gitahi Caroline W. , Medley Graham F. , Cane Patricia A. , Nokes D. James
Published: June 2013

Respiratory syncytial virus BA genotype has reportedly replaced other group B genotypes worldwide. We report the observation of three group B viruses, all identical in G sequence but lacking the BA duplication, at a coastal district hospital in Kenya in early 2012. This follows a period of six consecutive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemics with 100% BA dominance among group B isolates. The new strains appear only distantly related to BA variants and to previously circulating SAB1 viruses last seen in the district in 2005, suggesting that they were circulating elsewhere undetected. These results are of relevance to an understanding of RSV persistence.
Visitors from hell: transformative hospitality to ghosts in a Lao Buddhist festival
Authors: LADWIG PATRICE
Published: June 2013

In Lao Buddhism, each year during the ghost festival, disembodied and hideous spectres are believed to be released from hell and enter the world of the living. This crossing of an ontological boundary, and the subsequent interaction of humans and ghosts, can be understood as a process of establishing hospitality in which both guest and host are transformed. The hospitality encounter can here simultaneously trigger an ontological shift of the ghost's position in Buddhist cosmology, but also contribute to the ethical self‐cultivation of humans as hosts. Ghosts as guests can escape hell, receive a new body, and re‐enter the cycle of reincarnations, while humans can practise a Buddhist ethics of hospitality based on the confrontation with a horrifying and pitiful species of beings.

Les bouddhistes laos croient que chaque année, lors de la fête des fantômes, de hideux spectres désincarnés s'échappent des enfers pour passer dans le monde des vivants. Ce franchissement d'une frontière ontologique et l'interaction entre humains et fantômes qui lui fait suite peuvent être envisagés comme un processus d'hospitalité qui transforme aussi bien l'invité que l'hôte. La rencontre hospitalière peut déclencher un changement ontologique de la position du spectre dans la cosmologie bouddhiste, tout en contribuant à l'éducation éthique des vivants qui s'en font les hôtes. Les fantômes accueillis peuvent échapper à l'enfer, recevoir un nouveau corps et revenir dans le cycle des réincarnations, tandis que les vivants peuvent pratiquer une éthique bouddhiste de l'hospitalité par la confrontation avec des êtres aussi pitoyables qu'horrifiants.
‘Luck in the double focus’: ritualized hospitality in Melanesia
Authors: WAGNER ROY
Published: June 2013

This paper argues that the relevance of hospitality in Melanesia has been under‐theorized. It does so by examining four cases of the hospitality motif: the idea of ‘guests of the land’ among the Daribi; the ritualized feasting and dispensation of ‘containment’ among the Usen Barok namedlak mamaran–‘Godspeed’, literally meaning ‘luck in the double focus’ (though the Barok language, lacking a word for ‘luck’, had to borrow one from English); the non‐reciprocal character of theimbatekassorcerer among the Tangu of Madang province; and the consumptive and predatory hospitality of the Kiwai of the Fly River estuary. I shall conclude with a consideration of the North American potlatch, a generic anthropological quasi‐institution that has been distorted out of all ethnographic proportion by what I shall call the ‘reciprocity speculation bubble’.

Le présent article avance que la pertinence de l'hospitalité en Mélanésie n'est pas suffisamment théorisée. Pour le démontrer, il examine quatre déclinaisons du motif de l'hospitalité : l'idée des « invités de la terre » chez les Daribi, les festins ritualisés et la distribution chez les Usen Barok de « contenance », appeléelak mamaran(« bonne chance », littéralement « la chance sous deux aspects », mais la langue barok n'ayant pas de mot pour « chance », il a fallu emprunter « lak »à l'anglais), la non réciprocité du sorcierimbatekaschez les Tangu de la province de Madang, et l'hospitalité consommatrice et prédatrice des Kiwai de l'estuaire de la Fly River. L'auteur conclut par une considération sur lepotlatchnord‐américain, quasi‐institution anthropologique générique, déformée jusqu'à en perdre toute proportion ethnographique par ce qu'il appelle « la bulle spéculative sur la réciprocité ».
Maps and clocks in Amazonia: the things of conversion and conservation
Authors: BRIGHTMAN MARC
Published: June 2013

Engaging with the recent interest in materiality in the anthropology of Amazonia, this article focuses on objects which might seem to present a challenge to indigenous systems of thought. Maps and clocks separate and abstract space and time from each other, and from the phenomena of experience, by reducing them to plane and number. Partly for this reason, and partly because of their association with Christian conversion, they may be seen as symbols and instruments of colonialism and of the technological foundations of European power. The article offers an analysis of an Amazonian group's strong interest in these objects and in the modes of thought which they represent. It concludes with reflections on native historicity and the modalities of cultural change in a context of sustained contact with alterity.

Dans la ligne du récent intérêt de l’anthropologie amazoniste envers la matérialité, l’auteur examine des objets qui semblent poser un défi aux systèmes de pensée autochtones. Cartes et horloges dissocient l’espace et le temps et les séparent des phénomènes perceptibles en les réduisant à des plans et des nombres. Pour cette raison, et aussi à cause de leur association à la conversion au christianisme, elles apparaissent comme symboles et instruments du colonialisme et des fondements technologiques de la puissance européenne. Le présent article analyse le vif intérêt d’un groupe amazonien pour ces objets et les modes de pensée qu’ils représentent. Il se conclut par des réflexions sur l’historicité indigène et les modalités du changement culturel, dans un contexte de contact permanent avec l’altérité.