bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐intensity focused ultrasound as salvage therapy for patients with recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiation, brachytherapy or proton therapy
Authors: Uchida Toyoaki , Shoji Sunao , Nakano Mayura , Hongo Satoko , Nitta Masahiro , Usui Yukio , Nagata Yoshihiro
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Salvage HIFU is a promising treatment option for local recurrence after radiation therapy, with morbidity comparable with other forms of salvage treatment.

This study showed a long‐term follow up of salvage HIFU in men with recurrence of localized prostate cancer following not only external beam radiation therapy but also brachytherapy or proton therapy.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the use of high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) as a salvage therapy in patients with recurrence of localized prostate cancer after external beam radiation (EBRT), brachytherapy, or proton therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients who had undergone salvage HIFU for biopsy‐proven prostate cancer after primary radiation therapy. Patient characteristics and oncological outcomes were assessed.

RESULTS

Records of 22 patients with a median (range) follow‐up of 24 (5–80) months were reviewed. Patients were men with presumed organ‐confined disease who had been treated with salvage HIFU following recurrent disease after EBRT (fourteen patients), brachytherapy (five patients: four with high‐dose brachytherapy using In192; and one with low‐dose brachytherapy using Au98) or proton therapy (three patients). The median (range) age at salvage HIFU was 65 (52–80) years, with a median (range) prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level before radiation therapy of 14.3 (5.7–118) ng/mL and a median (range) PSA level of 4.0 (1.2–30.1) ng/mL before HIFU. The median (range) period to HIFU after radiation therapy was 36 (4–96) months. The biochemical disease‐free survival (bDFS) rate in all patients at 5 years was 52%. Rates of bDFS in low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups were 100%, 86%, and 14%, respectively. One of the twelve patients who received post‐HIFU prostate biopsy showed malignancy. Side effects included urethral stricture in four patients, grade I urinary incontinence in four patients, rectourethral fistula and epididymitis in one of each patient.

CONCLUSION

Salvage HIFU is a promising treatment option for local recurrence after radiation therapy, with morbidity comparable with other forms of salvage treatment.
Management Innovation and Leadership: The Moderating Role of Organizational Size
Authors: Vaccaro Ignacio G. , Jansen Justin J. P. , Van Den Bosch Frans A. J. , Volberda Henk W.
Published: September 2010

abstract

Recent research on management innovation, i.e. new managerial processes, practices, or structures that change the nature of managerial work, suggests it can be an important source of competitive advantage. In this study, we focus on management innovation at the organization level and investigate the role of leadership behaviour as a key antecedent. Due to its prominent role within organizations, top management has the ability to greatly influence management innovation. In particular, we focus on leadership behaviour and examine transformational and transactional leadership. Additionally, as contextual variables like organizational size may influence the impact of leadership, we investigate its moderating role. Findings show that both leadership behaviours contribute to management innovation. Interestingly, our study indicates that smaller, less complex, organizations benefit more from transactional leadership in realizing management innovation. On the other hand, larger organizations need to draw on transformational leaders to compensate for their complexity and allow management innovation to flourish.
DEMOGRAPHIC DEMAND SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATION TO EQUIVALENCE SCALES ESTIMATION AND INEQUALITY ANALYSIS: THE AUSTRALIAN EVIDENCE
Authors: BLACKLOW PAUL , NICHOLAS AARON , RAY RANJAN
Published: September 2010

This paper proposes and applies an alternative demographic procedure for extending a demand system to allow for the effect of household size and composition changes, along with price changes, on expenditure allocation. The demographic procedure is applied to two recent demand functional forms to obtain their estimable demographic extensions. The estimation on pooled time series of Australian Household Expenditure Surveys yields sensible and robust estimates of the equivalence scale, and of its variation with relative prices. Further evidence on the usefulness of this procedure is provided by using it to evaluate the nature and magnitude of the inequality bias of relative price changes in Australia over a period from the late 1980s to the early part of the new millennium.
FINANCIAL CRISES AND INTERNATIONAL STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY TRANSMISSION
Authors: KARUNANAYAKE INDIKA , VALADKHANI ABBAS , O'BRIEN MARTIN
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the interplay between stock market returns and their volatility, focusing on the Asian and global financial crises of 1997–98 and 2008–09 for Australia, Singapore, the UK, and the US. We use a multivariate generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) model and weekly data (January 1992–June 2009). Based on the results obtained from the mean return equations, we could not find any significant impact on returns arising from the Asian crisis and more recent global financial crises across these four markets. However, both crises significantly increased the stock return volatilities across all of the four markets. Not surprisingly, it is also found that the US stock market is the most crucial market impacting on the volatilities of smaller economies such as Australia. Our results provide evidence of own and cross ARCH and GARCH effects among all four markets, suggesting the existence of significant volatility and cross volatility spillovers across all four markets. A high degree of time‐varying co‐volatility among these markets indicates that investors will be highly unlikely to benefit from diversifying their financial portfolio by acquiring stocks within these four countries only.
Religious Migration and Political Upheaval: German Moravians at Bethel in South Australia, 1851–1907
Authors: Jensz Felicity
Published: September 2010

During the evangelical awakening of eighteenth‐century Europe, numerous religious communities were founded in order to create a geographical space in which religious and social identities could be constructed, including several communities of the Moravian Church. This Protestant Episcopal Church was based in Germany, but expanded from the mid‐eighteenth century throughout the colonial world in response to political turmoil. This paper traces the establishment of the Moravian town of Bethel in South Australia and the role of religion and ethnic backgrounds in the identification processes of Europeans in the British colonial world. It further analyses the role of politics both locally and internationally in the formation of such a settlement, and the dynamic exchange between the European headquarters of the Brethren and the “colony” of Moravians in South Australia in order to demonstrate how interactions between migration and religion affected the European world.
Made in China: Austro‐Prussian Overseas Rivalry and the Global Unification of the German Nation
Authors: Naranch Bradley
Published: September 2010

German unification is commonly seen as the outcome of a series of European wars, with the Hohenzollern dynasty asserting its model of a German Empire against a Habsburg alternative. This paper examines a broader context for the achievement of unification by looking beyond Europe to the larger dimensions of the German national project. More specifically, it focuses on a particular phase of the unification narrative and integrates it into a new global history. A telling example of the ways in which European politics was played out globally is in the history of the Austrian and Prussian voyages to East Asia undertaken in the period 1857–1862. A close examination of these expeditions reveals the extent to which Austrian and Prussian elites were aware of the need to tread the world stage, even during times of instability and uncertainty at home. The projects of domestic unification and overseas expansion were closely intertwined.
Prestige, Prudence and Public Opinion in the 1882 British Occupation of Egypt
Authors: Halvorson Dan
Published: September 2010

This article challenges both the “gentlemanly capitalist” thesis and “official mind” interpretation of the 1882 British occupation of Egypt. The former fails to adequately consider the political character of the Anglo‐French financial Control overturned by the Urabist revolt in February 1882. The latter overstates the significance of the Suez Canal as both trigger and justification for military intervention. The article argues that the primary motivation behind the Egyptian occupation was the vindication of British prestige, vis‐à‐vis the Continental Powers, but especially in India and in the “East” by suppressing the threat to “civilised” order posed by the Urabist revolt. The protection of the Suez Canal and British financial and trade interests were secondary and derivative.
Adaptive Volumetric Shadow Maps
Authors: Salvi Marco , Vidimče Kiril , Lauritzen Andrew , Lefohn Aaron
Published: September 2010

We introduce adaptive volumetric shadow maps (AVSM), a real‐time shadow algorithm that supports high‐quality shadowing from dynamic volumetric media such as hair and smoke. The key contribution of AVSM is the introduction of a streaming simplification algorithm that generates an accurate volumetric light attenuation function using a small fixed memory footprint. This compression strategy leads to high performance because the visibility data can remain in on‐chip memory during simplification and can be efficiently sampled during rendering. We demonstrate that AVSM compression closely approximates the ground‐truth correct solution and performs competitively to existing real‐time rendering techniques while providing higher quality volumetric shadows.
Multi‐Image Based Photon Tracing for Interactive Global Illumination of Dynamic Scenes
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Wang Bin , Chan Bin , Yong Junhai , Paul Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2010

Image space photon mapping has the advantage of simple implementation on GPU without pre‐computation of complex acceleration structures. However, existing approaches use only a single image for tracing caustic photons, so they are limited to computing only a part of the global illumination effects for very simple scenes. In this paper we fully extend the image space approach by using multiple environment maps for photon mapping computation to achieve interactive global illumination of dynamic complex scenes. The two key problems due to the introduction of multiple images are 1) selecting the images to ensure adequate scene coverage; and 2) reliably computing ray‐geometry intersections with multiple images. We present effective solutions to these problems and show that, with multiple environment maps, the image‐space photon mapping approach can achieve interactive global illumination of dynamic complex scenes. The advantages of the method are demonstrated by comparison with other existing interactive global illumination methods.
Sparsely Precomputing The Light Transport Matrix for Real‐Time Rendering
Authors: Huang Fu‐Chung , Ramamoorthi Ravi
Published: September 2010

Precomputation‐based methods have enabled real‐time rendering with natural illumination, all‐frequency shadows, and global illumination. However, a major bottleneck is the precomputation time, that can take hours to days. While the final real‐time data structures are typically heavily compressed with clustered principal component analysis and/or wavelets, a full light transport matrix still needs to be precomputed for a synthetic scene, often by exhaustive sampling and raytracing. This is expensive and makes rapid prototyping of new scenes prohibitive. In this paper, we show that the precomputation can be made much more efficient by adaptive and sparse sampling of light transport. We first select a small subset of “dense vertices”, where we sample the angular dimensions more completely (but still adaptively). The remaining “sparse vertices” require only a few angular samples, isolating features of the light transport. They can then be interpolated from nearby dense vertices using locally low rank approximations. We demonstrate sparse sampling and precomputation 5 × faster than previous methods.
Spectralization: Reconstructing spectra from sparse data
Authors: Rump Martin , Klein Reinhard
Published: September 2010

Traditional RGB reflectance and light data suffers from the problem of metamerism and is not suitable for rendering purposes where exact color reproduction under many different lighting conditions is needed. Nowadays many setups for cheap and fast acquisition of RGB or similar trichromatic datasets are available. In contrast to this, multi‐ or even hyper‐spectral measurements require costly hardware and have severe limitations in many cases. In this paper, we present an approach to combine efficiently captured RGB data with spectral data that can be captured with small additional effort for example by scanning a single line of an image using a spectral line‐scanner. Our algorithm can infer spectral reflectances and illumination from such sparse spectral and dense RGB data. Unlike other approaches, our method reaches acceptable perceptual errors with only three channels for the dense data and thus enables further use of highly efficient RGB capture systems. This way, we are able to provide an easier and cheaper way to capture spectral textures, BRDFs and environment maps for the use in spectral rendering systems.
A New Ward BRDF Model with Bounded Albedo
Authors: Geisler‐Moroder David , Dür Arne
Published: September 2010

Due to its realistic appearance, computational convenience, and efficient Monte Carlo sampling, Ward's anisotropic BRDF is widely used in computer graphics for modeling specular reflection. Incorporating the criticism that the Ward and the Ward‐Dür model do not meet energy balance at grazing angles, we propose a modified BRDF that is energy conserving and preserves Helmholtz reciprocity. The new BRDF is computationally cheap to evaluate, admits efficient importance sampling, and thus sustains the main benefits of the Ward model. We show that the proposed BRDF is better suited for fitting measured reflectance data of a linoleum floor used in a real‐world building than the Ward and the Ward‐Dür model.
Patch‐based Texture Interpolation
Authors: Ruiters Roland , Schnabel Ruwen , Klein Reinhard
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we present a novel exemplar‐based technique for the interpolation between two textures that combines patch‐based and statistical approaches. Motivated by the notion of texture as a largely local phenomenon, we warp and blend small image neighborhoods prior to patch‐based texture synthesis. In addition, interpolating and enforcing characteristic image statistics faithfully handles high frequency detail. We are able to create both intermediate textures as well as continuous transitions. In contrast to previous techniques computing a global morphing transformation on the entire input exemplar images, our localized and patch‐based approach allows us to successfully interpolate between textures with considerable differences in feature topology for which no smooth global warping field exists.
Semi‐Stochastic Tilings for Example‐Based Texture Synthesis
Authors: Schlömer Thomas , Deussen Oliver
Published: September 2010

We investigate semi‐stochastic tilings based on Wang or corner tiles for the real‐time synthesis of example‐based textures. In particular, we propose two new tiling approaches: (1) to replace stochastic tilings with pseudo‐random tilings based on the Halton low‐discrepancy sequence, and (2) to allow the controllable generation of tilings based on a user‐provided probability distribution. Our first method prevents local repetition of texture content as common with stochastic approaches and yields better results with smaller sets of utilized tiles. Our second method allows to directly influence the synthesis result which—in combination with an enhanced tile construction method that merges multiple source textures—extends synthesis tasks to globally‐varying textures. We show that both methods can be implemented very efficiently in connection with tile‐based texture mapping and also present a general rule that allows to significantly reduce resulting tile sets.
Visibility Editing For All‐Frequency Shadow Design
Authors: Obert Juraj , Pellacini Fabio , Pattanaik Sumanta
Published: September 2010

We present an approach for editing shadows in all‐frequency lighting environments. To support artistic control, we propose to decouple shadowing from lighting and focus on providing intuitive controls to edit the former. To accomplish this task, we precompute and store scene visibility information separately from lighting and BRDFs and allow artists to edit visibility directly, by providing operations to select shadows and edit their shape. To facilitate a wider range of editing operations, we generalize visibility from binary to three‐channel oating point quantities and introduce a novel shadow representation based on computation of visibility ratios between the original render and the edited one. We demonstrate our results for diffuse and glossy surfaces, still scenes and animations.
Testing for Balance Sheet Effects in Emerging Markets: A Non‐Crisis Setting*
Authors: Aysun Uluc
Published: September 2010

The literature has established that emerging market economies are better insulated from large external shocks during a financial crisis when they adopt a flexible exchange rate regime. Looking at the strength of firms' balance sheets, this paper shows that the opposite holds true in non‐crisis periods. The reason is that balance sheets and thus spending decisions are less affected by external shocks under fixed regimes. This result is obtained through several theoretical and empirical methodologies that are useful for identifying balance sheet effects in a non‐crisis setting. Simulations reveal a larger (smaller) output response under flexible regimes when these effects are included (excluded). Although the transmission of foreign interest rate shocks to domestic interest rates is stronger under fixed regimes, it appears the limited effects on balance sheets generate a more muted output response.
Monetary Integration in East Asia: A Hierarchical Clustering Approach
Authors: Quah Chee‐Heong , Crowley Patrick M.
Published: September 2010

Currently, a number of the fastest growing economies in the world are located in East Asia. Given these countries' dominance in the region, any monetary integration scheme in Asia would likely have to include them. This paper attempts to assess the evolution of convergence among the East Asian countries according to optimum currency area theory operationalized using a hierarchical cluster analysis. The clustering exercise is done for periods before and after the Asian crisis of 1997–98. The results suggest a significant rise in the degree of regional symmetry after the Asian crisis.
Making the Most of Technology: Indian Women Migrants in Australia
Authors: Costa‐Pinto Selena
Published: September 2010

Technology has impacted on all aspects of living across the globe by introducing a “virtual” dimension into “real” lives. As internet sociologist Sherry Turkle asserts, “we will (sic) have both. The more important question is ‘How can we get the best of both?’” (Turkle, 1997: 238).

For Indian women migrants in Melbourne, Australia, the technology at their fingertips includes the worldwide web that provides instant access to information and people. Also available are satellite dishes, cheap phone connections, and convenient travel routes that sustain contact with friends and relatives around the world. Undoubtedly, technology has introduced a contemporary update bringing together the “real” and the “virtual” in these women’s migration experiences.

This paper draws on my study of the migration experiences of three groups of married women migrants from India now living in Melbourne. These are the Sikhs, the Tamils, and the Anglo‐Indians, who are Eurasians of primarily British and Indian ancestry born in India. Due to Australia’s immigration selection criteria, these women are typically middle‐class, English‐language educated, Western‐oriented, and comfortable with technology. Focussing on their narratives and using survey data, I will show that they are well‐positioned to take advantage of twenty‐first century technology, and investigate how they do this.

In this paper and from my subject position as a member of the same cohort group, I will argue that making the best of their virtual connections is dependent on intervening issues of availability, ability and agency that affect users at both source and destination. Through technology, the “virtual” dimension can soothe or stir, cheer or challenge, affirm or agitate. Indeed it has transformed the contemporary migration experience, but only to the extent permitted by the intervening issues.
On the Anatomy of the Gephyrean Phascolosoma teres, n. sp.
Authors: HUTTTON W. K.
Published: September 2010

Summary.–With the characters of the Group.

PHASCOLOSOMA TERES, n. sp.

Body 40 mm. long, introvert ca. 8 mm. Posterior portion stout, sharply demarcated, ellipsoidal, containing the coiled portion of the gut.

Colour yellowish, merging to dirty bluish white over the posterior part.

Skin smooth, iridescent, devoid of papillae, translucent posteriorly, beset with numberless glands. A simple wreath of 15 tentacles surrounds the mouth. Forward on the introvert 10 rows of backwardly directed, slightly curved, brownish hooks, .06‐.08 mm. long.

Two eye‐spots. Alimentary canal free, without spindle‐muscle or mesenterial attachment save close to the anus. Spiral winding absent, but the tube much coiled in its middle portion. Hindgut very long. Two nephridia, the right the larger, one‐twentieth of the body‐length. Simple contractile vessel.

Hab. Firth of Clyde. Dredged from 60 fathoms.
EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES. February 9, 1915.
Authors: Burne R. H.
Published: September 2010

The Secretary read the following report on the Additions made to the Society's Menagerie during the months of November, December, and January, 1914–5:—
42. Notes on the Feeding of Snakes in Captivity.
Authors: Boulenger E. G.
Published: September 2010

Some years ago, in a paper contributed to the ‘Proceedings' of the Society by Dr. Chalmers Mitchell and Mr. R. I. Pocock, entitled “The Feeding of Reptiles in Captivity” (P.Z.S. 1907, p. 785), a general account was given of the feeding habits of the Snakes then living in the Gardens, together with records of a large number of individual specimens, showing the amount consumed between the months of May and October. My own general observations tally with those of Dr. Mitchell and Mr. Pocock, and my object in presenting this paper is to lay before the Society some additional facts, to show how unnecessary it is to feed the snakes on live creatures, and to give a detailed record of the amount taken and of the regularity of the meals in a number of specimens over a period of a year.
EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES. October 26, 1915.
Authors: MacBride Prof. E. W.
Published: September 2010

The Secretary read the following report on the Additions made to the Society's Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, and September, 1915:—
November 9, 1915.
Authors: Harmer Dr. S. F.
Published: September 2010

The Secretary read the following report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the month of October 1915:—
November 23, 1915.
Authors: Woodward Dr. A. Smith
Published: September 2010

Mr. R. W. Harold Row, B.Sc., F.Z.S., exhibited photographs of an interesting abnormal Frog (Rana temporaria), in which both posterior limbs lacked the hallux, though the calcar, or prehallux, was present on each side. The characteristic structure of the digits still existing clearly proved that the missing toe was the hallux, and dissection showed that there was no trace of it internally. All the other four digits were perfectly normal.
Hostility Reactions in Black‐headed Gulls
Authors: Huxley J. S. , Fisher James
Published: September 2010

.(1) To test the hostility reactions of Black‐headed Gulls (Larus r. ridibundus) the following were employed:–Stuffed mounts, one in summer and one in winter plumage; a dead bird in summer plumage, propped up; the same bird decapitated; and its isolated head.

(2) Hostility reactions were immediately elicited by both the mounts, provided they were within a certain distance from a nest. This territorial radius averaged about 3‘ 6“, varied with the temperament of individual birds, and with the temporary state of one and the same bird. No hostility was shown by occupants of more distant nests, nor by any birds when the mount was set up on neutral ground away from the nesting area.

(3) Hostility was also evinced towards the dead bird, but, presumably owing to its less natural pose, the reaction was less extreme.

(4) In all these cases hostility was chiefly shown by pecking the back of the head. The feet were also used while flying over to attack the back, and occasionally other parts than the head were pecked. It is uncertain whether the head was less singled out for attack in the winter than in the summer plumage mount.

(5) No attacks were made upon the decapitated dead bird, in spite of its causing obvious anxiety and preventing return of birds to the nest near which it was placed.

(6) The isolated head, when set up on a skewer, was attacked, in this case being pecked on the beak as well as from behind. On one occasion when it fell into a nest with eggs, it was pecked lightly and then treated like an egg and brooded.

(7) It is concluded that two factors compete in eliciting hostility:–(a) Resemblance in form and pose to a normal individual; (6) the dark‐brown head of the breeding bird. Either alone is operative, but with both together (summer plumage mount) the result is possibly more intensive, and probably more specific, the dark head acting as a directive for the attack.

(8) Suggestions are made for further experiments to test and amplify these conclusions.
The Feeding of Salmon Parr in the Cheshire Dee
Authors: Carpenter Kathleen E.
Published: September 2010

The food of salmon parr in the Dee and its tributaries has been studied for two years. Comparison of stomach‐contents with the results of field collections shows that the fishes are indiscriminately carnivorous, and that their diet varies strictly in accordance with the number and relative accessibility of species present in the rivers. The sub‐äerial element in the food is important, especially in autumn, when leaf‐eating tree‐parasites fall into the rivers as the leaves decay and are swallowed in considerable numbers. Encouragement of the growth of riparian trees and shrubs is thus desirable.

There is a marked seasonal cycle in feeding, which accurately corresponds with the records of fluctuations in growth derived from scale‐readings. This seasonal cycle seems to be directly dependent upon the life‐histories of the various food‐organisms, which determine their availability to the fishes: in the opinion of the writer there is no evidence of loss of appetite at any season, but merely of variations in opportunity.
On the Habit of Brooding on the Perch in Birds
Authors: Huxley JULIAN S.
Published: September 2010

(1) Details (with photographs) are given of the habit of brooding the young on the perch in the Pheasant Bheinardia ocellata and the Pigeon Chalcophaps indica.

(2) This habit is best developed in nidifugous forest‐dwelling species where the young roost in branches from an early age, and where only two young are produced. The limitation of the number of young to two facilitates brooding on a linear support like a branch.

(3) It appears to be a diagnostic character of the subfamily Argusianinse.

(4) It may occur in other forms as well: (a) in nidifugous species with more than two young, such as Oallus, (b) in nidicolous types such as Pigeons (Chalcophaps).
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II, Without Trophic Changes
Authors: Bye Ann M. , Baker William de C. , Pollard John , Wise Grahame
Published: September 2010

Three cases with sensory peripheral neuropathies are reported. Case 1 presented with scoliosis and cases 2 and 3 presented with abnormal gait. None had trophic limb changes, evidence of weakness or a tendency to self‐mutilation and each had normal motor studies on neurophysiological testing.' Sural nerve biopsies showed a severe loss of myelinated fibres and case 3 had evidence of denervation on muscle biopsy. These cases are presented as examples of hereditary sensory neuropathy type II. They are unusual in that they do not have trophic changes.

neuropathie sensorielle héréditaire de type II sans modifications trophiques

L'article rapporte trois cas de neuropathie sensorielle périphérique. Il existait une scoliose dans le cas 1, une démarche anormale dans les cas 2 et 3. Dans aucun cas il n'y avait de signes d'altérations trophiques, de faiblesses musculaires ou de tendances à l'auto‐mutilation; tous les cas étaient normaux sur le plan de la motricité et des tests neuro‐physiologiques. La biopsie du S.P.E. révélait une perte sévère de fibres myélinisées et pour le cas 3, des signes de dénervation apparaissaient à la biopsie muscularie. Ces cas sont présentés comme exemples de neuropathie sensorielle héréditaire de type II. Ils sont inhabituels du fait de l'absence d'altérations trophiques.

Heriditäre sensorische Neuropathie Typ II ohne trophische Störungen

Es werden drei Fälle mit peripherer sensorischer Neuropathie vorgestellt. Fall 1 hatte eine Skoliose und Fall 2 und 3 hatten einen abnormen Gang. Reiner hatte trophische Gliedmaßenveränderungen, Anzeichen für Schwäche oder eine Tendenz zur Selbstverstümmelung und alle hatten normale Ergebnisse bei den neurophysiologischen Untersuchungen. Biopsien des N. suralis zeigten eine starke Verminderung der myelinisierten Fasern und beim Fall 3 fanden sich bei der Muskelbiopsie Hinweise für eine Denervation. Diese Fälle werden als Beispiele der hereditären sensorischen Neuropathie Typ Il vorgestellt. Sie sind ungewöhnlich, weil sie keine trophischen Veränderungen aufweisen.

Neuropatía sensorial hereditaria de tipo II sin alteraciones tróficas

Se aportan tres casos de neuropatía sensorial periférica. El numero 1 tenia una escoliosis y los casos 2 y 3 tenían una marcha anómala. Ninguno tenia cambios tróficos en las extremidades, evidencia de debilidad o tendencia a la automutilación y todos ellos tenian unos estudios motores normales en los exámenes neurofisiológicos. La biopsia del nervio sural mostró una marcada pérdida de fibras mielinizadas y en el caso 3 una evidencia de denervación en la biopsia muscular. Estos casos constituyen ejemplos de neuropatía hereditaria sensorial tipo II. Son inusuales en el sentido de que no presentan alteraciones tróficas.
HAND DOMINANCE OF PARENTS AND OTHER RELATIVES OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Boucher Jill , Lewis Vicky , Collis Glyn
Published: September 2010

Hand preferences of 219 mothers and 186 fathers of autistic children were assessed using the Annett Handedness questionnaire. Subgroups of 54 mothers and 57 fathers with a family history of language‐related developmental disorders were identified. Parents also reported the handedness of other relatives. Mothers (but not fathers) in the main group were significantly more likely to be consistently right‐handed than females in the general population, but this was not specifically associated with a family history of language problems. There was no evidence of an increased incidence of consistent left‐handedness in either the whole group of parents or the subgroups. Reported handedness of other relatives showed no abnormal distribution in relation to a comparison group. The findings are discussed in relation to theories about genetic factors in language‐related developmental disorders in general, and autism in particular.

Préférence manuelles des parents et autres membres familiaux des enfants autistiques

La préférence manuelle de 219 mères et 186 péres d'enfants autistiques a été évaluée par le questionnaire de préférence manuelle d'Annett. Des sousgroupes de 54 mères et 57 pères avec une histoire familiale de troubles du développement reliés au langage ont été identifiés. Les parents ont fait part des préférences manuelles dans leurs familles. Les mères (mais non les pères) du groupe principal étaient significativement plus droitières cohérentes que la population générale féminine mais cela n'etait pas spéciufiquement associé à une histoire familiale de problèmes de langages. Il n'y avait pas d'évidence d'incidence accrue de gaucherie cohérente dans l'un ou l'autre des groupes principaux ou sousgroupes. La préférence rapportée des familles ne montrait pas une distribution anormale par comparaison avec un groupe de référence. Ces données sont discutées en relation avec les théories concernant les facteurs génétiques dans les désordres développementaux reliés au langage en général et dans l'autisme en particulier.

Händigkeit von Eltern und Verwandten autistischer Kinder

Bei 219 Müttern und 186 Vätern autistischer Kinder wurde mit dem Annett Handedness Questionaire die Handdominanz festgestellt. Dann wurden Untergruppen von 54 Müttern und 57 Vätern mit sprachbedingten Entwicklungsstörungen in der Familienanamnese abgegrenzt. Die Eltern berichteten über die Handdominanz bei anderen Verwandten. Mütter (nicht Väter) der Hauptgruppe waren signifikant häufiger rechtshändig als Frauen der Allgemeinbevölkerung, aber dies war nicht speziell mit Sprachstörungen in der Familienanamnese verbunden. Es fand sich kein Hinweis für ein gehäuftes Auftreten einer Linkshändigkeit, weder in der Hauptgruppe der Eltern noch in den Untergruppne. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich der Theorien diskutiert, die genetische Faktoren bei sprachbedingten Entwicklungsstörungen im allgemeinen und bei Autismus im besonderen betreffen.
VARIABILITY AND STEREOTYPY OF SPONTANEOUS MOTILITY AS A PREDICTOR OF NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRETERM INFANTS
Authors: Touwen Bert C. L.
Published: September 2010

Observations of the variability stereotypy ratio of spontaneous motility in a group of 47 preterm infants showed that stereotyped motor activity was related to the neurological diagnosis at term age. A minority of the neurologically deviant infants at term recovered during infancy. The presence or absence of intra‐uterine growth retardation and an accumulation of obnoxious antenatal, perinatal and postnatal events seemed to affect outcome, particularly in the presence of extensive and permanent ultrasound findings. A normal neurological condition at term indicates a high probability of normal development.

Variabilité et stéréotypie de la motricité spontanée comme pronostic du développement neurologique du prématuré

Des observations du rapport variabilité‐stéréotypie de la motricité spontanée sur un groupe de 47 prématurés a montré que l'activité motrice stéréotypée etait reliée au diagnostic neurologique au terme. Une minorité de prématurés neurologiquement déviants au terme ont récupéré la première enfance. La présence ou l'absence d'un retard de croissance intra‐utérine et l'accumulation d'évènements nocifs anténataux, paranataux et postnataux semblait altérer le devenir particulièrement en cas de données échographiques extensives et permanentes. Une condition neurologique normale à terme indique une forte probabilité de développement normal.

Variabilitàt und Stereotypie der Spontanbewegungen als prognostisches Zeichen für die neurologische Entwicklung von Frühgeborenen

Die Beobachtungen des Verhältnisses zwischen Variabilität und Stereotypie der Spontanbewegungen bei einer Gruppe von 47 Frühgeborenen zeigte, daß eine Relation zwischen stereotyper motorischer Aktivität und neurologischer Diagnose am Termin bestand. Nur wenige, der am Termin neurologisch auffàlligen Kinder, normalisierten sich im Kindesalter. Das Vorliegen oder Fehlen einer intra‐uterinen Wachstumsver zögerung und eine Häufung von schädlichen prä‐, peri‐ und postnatalen Einflüssen schienen sich auf den Outcome auszuwirken, insbesondere wenn ausgedehnte und bleibende Ultraschallbefunde vorlagen. Normale neurologische Befunde am Termin deuten mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auf eine normale Entwicklung hin.

Variabilidad y estereotipia de la motilidad espontánea como predictores del desarrollo neurológico de lactantes pretérmino

Las observaciones de la variabilidad‐estereotipia de la motilidad espontánea en un grupo de 47 lactantes pretérmino, mostró que la actividad motora espereotipada estaba en relación con el diagnóstico neurológico a le edad de término. La presencia o ausencia de un retraso de crecimiento intrauterino y el acúmulo de acontecimientos nocivos antenatales, parantatales y postnatales parecen afectar el curso, sobre todo en presencia de hallazgos ultrasónicos extensos y permanentes. Unas características normales a la edad de término indican una alta probabilidad de un desarrollo normal.
Sodium‐Sensitive Cocaine Binding to Rat Striatal Membrane: Possible Relationship to Dopamine Uptake Sites
Authors: Kennedy Linda T. , Hanbauer Ingeborg
Published: September 2010

Abstract:In rat striatal membranes, NaCl induced a twofold increase in the maximal number of cocaine binding sites but did not alter the affinity of these sites for cocaine. This effect was concentration‐dependent, specific to sodium ions, and occurred in membranes prepared from corpus striatum but not from other brain regions. Lesions with 6‐hydroxydopamine but not with kainic acid eliminated the sodium‐induced increase in binding and produced a decrease in theBmaxof binding measured in the presence of NaCl. The capacity of a series of drugs to interfere with Na+–dependent cocaine binding correlated well with their capacity to inhibit [3H]dopamine uptake into rat striatal synaptosomes. The present results suggest that Na+–dependent cocaine binding sites are localized presynaptically on dopaminergic nerve terminals in corpus striatum, and may be related to dopamine uptake sites.
Glutamate Uptake and Metabolism in C‐6 Glioma Cells: Alterations by Potassium Ion and Dibutyryl cAMP
Authors: Nicklas William J. , Browning Edward T.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Uptake and metabolism of glutamate was studied in the C‐6 glioma cell line grown in the absence or presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP). Glutamate and aspartate uptake were competitive in cells grown under both conditions. Increased [K+] in the medium caused a significant decrease in the uptake of both amino acids. A small part of this decrease (<25%) was due to an enhanced efflux of tissue amino acid. The effects of increased [K+] were observed whether or not the [Na+] in the medium was concomitantly decreased. In cells grown in the presence of 1 mMdbcAMP for 48 h, glutamate uptake and metabolism were altered. Tissue levels of glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, GABA, and alanine were generally less in treated than in naive cells. When incubated with 50 μM [U‐14C]glutamate, there was significantly less incorporation of radioactivity into treated cells with time, resulting in greatly lowered specific radioactivities of glutamate, aspartate, and GABA. However, the rate of labeling of glutamine was greatly increased; this was consistent with the previously observed doubling in glutamine synthetase activity in dbcAMP‐treated C‐6 cells. Tissue glutamate decarboxylase activity was halved in treated cells, accounting for the large decrease in GABA labeling. The metabolic data suggested a decreased uptake of exogenous glutamate; in studies on initial rates of uptake, the Vmaxof high‐affinity glutamate uptake was decreased by 40%. This decrease was of the same order of magnitude as that observed in the metabolic experiments. Thus, in this glial model, both rapid, acute changes and slower, long‐term changes in neuroactive amino acid metabolism were observed. Each of these conditions mimics a stimulus of neuronal origin, and the resulting changes could modulate extrasynaptic activity of neuroactive amino acids.
Nordic dental hygienists’ willingness to perform new treatment measures: barriers and facilitators they encounter
Authors: Virtanen Jorma I. , Tseveenjav Battsetseg , Wang Nina J. , Widström Eeva
Published: September 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 311–316
 
Nordic dental hygienists’ willingness to perform new treatment measures: barriers and facilitators they encounter

Background:  In the Nordic countries, discussion on redistribution of clinical tasks between dentists and dental hygienists continues intensely.

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to analyse Nordic dental hygienists’ willingness to perform new treatment measures as well as their perceived barriers and facilitators to carrying out such measures.

Methods:  A questionnaire survey was conducted among a representative sample of dental hygienists in Finland and Norway (n = 1733). The questionnaires enquired whether the dental hygienists were willing to provide 25 given treatment measures beyond those involved in their current practice. The chi‐square test and linear regression served for the statistical analyses.

Results:  The dental hygienists worked predominantly (62%) in the public sector in both countries. A majority (67%) of the dental hygienists agreed that they fully used their professional skills in their current clinical work. In addition to their daily activities, high percentages of the dental hygienists reported a willingness to carry out ‘more often than now’ procedures related to orthodontics (59%), local anaesthesia (59%), clinical photographing (58%), glass‐ionomer fillings (57%), composite fillings (51%), and tooth bleaching (47%). The most frequently reported barrier was the dental hygienists’ perceived competency (39%). Additionally, the dental hygienists identified the homogeneity of their current patient group (32%) and the traditional manner of delegating tasks in their workplaces (31%) as barriers to carrying out up to date clinical treatment measures. The dental hygienists’ working community had a significant effect on their willingness to carry out new treatment measures (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Our study indicates that dental hygienists desire to perform more clinical treatment measures than their current daily activities entail, but their self‐perceived competency was insufficient to carry out such measures. Consequently, changes in dental hygienists’ training programmes to provide hygienists with sufficient skills and confidence to perform up to date clinical treatments are required.
Material and lighting hues of object colour
Authors: Tokunaga Rumi , Logvinenko Alexander D.
Published: September 2010

Observers can easily differentiate between a pigmented stain and the white surface that it lies on. The same applies for a colour shadow cast upon the same surface. Although the difference between these two kinds of colour appearance (referred to as material and lighting hues) is self‐evident even for inexperienced observers, it is not one that has been captured by any colour appearance model thus far. We report here on an experiment supplying evidence for the dissociation of these two types of hue in the perceptual space. The stimulus display consisted of two identical sets of Munsell papers illuminated independently by yellow, neutral, and blue lights. Dissimilarities between all the paper/light pairs were ranked by five trichromatic observers, and then analysed by using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). In the MDS output configuration, the Munsell papers lit by the same light made a closed configuration retaining the same order as in the Munsell book. The paper configurations for the yellow and blue lights were displaced transversally and in parallel to each other, with that of the neutral light located in between. The direction of the shift is interpreted as the yellow‐blue lighting dimension. We show that the yellow‐blue lighting dimension cannot be reduced to that of the reflected light.
Attentional shifts have little effect on the waveform of the chromatic onset VEP
Authors: Highsmith Jennifer , Crognale Michael A.
Published: September 2010

Attention is important for sufficient performance on many visual tasks. This has been shown using achromatic steady‐state and pattern‐reversal VEPs. Waveform characteristics typically attenuate when attending to distractor stimuli and ignoring VEP stimuli. Chromatic pattern‐onset responses have not been tested under conditions of selective attention: as they can be used in clinical settings to test color vision, it is important to know what effects attentional shifts would have on this response. In the present study chromatic pattern‐onset VEPs were recorded using spatially divided and spatially contiguous VEP and distractor stimuli. VEP stimuli were 1 cycle.deg−1 horizontal sine wave patterns (onset mode 100 ms on/400 ms off) used to selectively modulate the L−M and S‐(L+M) visual pathways. Distracter stimuli were letters. Subjects attended to either the letters or the gratings and pressed a button when a predetermined stimulus appeared. In Experiment one, VEP and distractor stimuli were superimposed and spatially contiguous. In Experiment two, stimuli were presented to different hemifields. No significant changes in waveform amplitude and latency were found between VEP and distractor attention conditions for either visual pathway. For the chromatic pattern‐onset response, modulation of attention does not change responses either with spatially contiguous or spatially separate selective attention manipulations. Consequently, it may not be necessary to monitor attention during recording of this response.
Effects of age and optical blur on real depth stereoacuity
Authors: Costa Marcelo F. , Moreira Sonia M. C. F. , Hamer Russell D. , Ventura Dora F.
Published: September 2010

Stereoscopic depth perception utilizes the disparity cues between the images that fall on the retinae of the two eyes. The purpose of this study was to determine what role aging and optical blur play in stereoscopic disparity sensitivity for real depth stimuli. Forty‐six volunteers were tested ranging in age from 15 to 60 years. Crossed and uncrossed disparity thresholds were measured using white light under conditions of best optical correction. The uncrossed disparity thresholds were also measured with optical blur (from +1.0D to +5.0D added to the best correction). Stereothresholds were measured using the Frisby Stereo Test, which utilizes a four‐alternative forced‐choice staircase procedure. The threshold disparities measured for young adults were frequently lower than 10 arcsec, a value considerably lower than the clinical estimates commonly obtained using Random Dot Stereograms (20 arcsec) or Titmus Fly Test (40 arcsec) tests. Contrary to previous reports, disparity thresholds increased between the ages of 31 and 45 years. This finding should be taken into account in clinical evaluation of visual function of older patients. Optical blur degrades visual acuity and stereoacuity similarly under white‐light conditions, indicating that both functions are affected proportionally by optical defocus.