bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare in Elizabethan Costume
Authors: Hawkins Ella
Published: March 2022

The meanings originally communicated by Elizabethan and Jacobean dress have long been confined to history. Why, then, have doublets, hose, ruffs and farthingales featured in many Shakespeare productions staged since the turn of the twenty-first century?

This book scrutinizes the popular practice of costuming Shakespeare’s plays in Elizabethan and Jacobean dress. It considers why this traditional approach to design appeals to contemporary directors, designers and audiences, and how it has shaped the meaning of Shakespeare’s works in specific performance contexts.

Informed by original interviews with several prominent theatre practitioners, including Emma Rice, Gregory Doran, Jenny Tiramani, Simon Godwin, Stephen Brimson Lewis and Tom Piper, Shakespeare in Elizabethan Costume explores how various twenty-first-century Shakespeare productions have drawn on myths and desires associated with early modern clothing. Its discussions range from the practicalities of historical reconstruction to the appeal of early modern sartorial culture as an embodiment of wonder, spectacle and the supernatural. Productions discussed include the Globe’s production of Love Labour’s Lost (2009), the National Theatre’s Twelfth Night (2017) and the Royal Shakespeare Company’s The Tempest (2016).

Ella Hawkins examines the minutiae of modern design -- how seams are sewn, whence fabrics are sourced -- as well as the widespread cultural movements that have produced our modern relationship with the period of Shakespeare’s lifetime. This is the first book to explore fully the significance of Elizabethan-inspired design in contemporary Shakespearean performance. Shakespeare in Elizabethan Costume reframes so-called ‘period’ costuming as a dynamic collection of practices capable of refashioning textual meanings, reflecting present-day political and societal shifts and confronting contemporary injustices.
The American Abroad
Authors: Cooper Anna
Published: March 2022

Drawing on cinema and media studies, art history, American studies, and postcolonial studies, this innovative book offers a fresh way of thinking about Hollywood film aesthetics. It explores how eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Western colonial formations of vision influenced classical Hollywood film style, and thus provides a new and unique perspective on the origins of the cinematic gaze. Classical Hollywood cinema constructs global spaces as an imaginative dreamworld, subsuming geographical and cultural differences into utopian fantasy. Yet, this characteristically Hollywoodian aesthetic has rarely been explored in detail. How are such representations constructed within film texts? Is this utopian aesthetic really as uniform and transparent as it appears? What is its relationship to the United States’ status as an imperial power?

In The American Abroad, Anna Cooper explores how postwar Hollywood cinema adopted elements of British and French imperial visual culture, transforming them to suit a new United Statesian context. Cooper argues that four visual discourses in particular—the sublime, the ethnographic, the picturesque, and glamour—became building blocks in the development of a new American visual language.
Genndy Tartakovsky
Authors: Tembo Kwasu David
Published: March 2022

Genndy Tartakovsky is widely regarded as a pioneer in contemporary Western animation of the 20th and 21st centuries. His groundbreaking and prolific output, ranging from Dexter's Laboratory to Samurai Jack and Sym-Bionic Titan, has become a mainstay of contemporary animated programming, and collectively, the cornerstone of both titans of the industry such as Cartoon Network and Adult Swim.

This book draws attention to the comparatively mysterious figure of this creator, while simultaneously celebrating his singular vision, mastery of formal technique, genre sensitivity, personal stylistic flair, and how these aesthetic and narrative elements combine to produce what the author calls an ‘animation of sincerity’ in all his works.
Towards Maintainable Platform Software - Delivery Cost Control in Continuous Software Development
Authors: Luo Ning , Xiong Yue
Published: March 2022

Modern platform software delivery cost increases rapidly as it usually needs to align with many hardware and silicon’s TTMs, feature evolvement and involves hundreds of engineers. In this paper, citing one ultra-large-scale software - Intel Media Driver as an example, we analyse the hotspots leading to delivery cost increase in continuous software development, the challenges on our software design and our experiences on software delivery cost shrink against the targeted design enhancements. We expect the identified hotspots can help more researchers to form the corresponding research agendas and the experiences shared can help following practitioners to apply similar enhancements.
Artificial Intelligence: Framework of Driving Triggers to Past, Present and Future Applications and Influencers of Industry Sector Adoption
Authors: Fulton Richard , Fulton Diane , Kaplan Susan
Published: March 2022

To gain a sense of the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), this research analyzes what has been done in the past, presently in the last decade and what is predicted for the next several decades. The paper will highlight the biggest changes in AI and give examples of how these technologies are applied in several key industry sectors along with influencers that can affect adoption speed. Lastly, the research examines the driving triggers such as cost, speed, accuracy, diversity/inclusion and interdisciplinary research/collaboration that propel AI into an essential transformative technology.
Encuestas pre-electorales en El Salvador
Authors: I. M. B.
Published: March 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 229-232.
Relevansi konsep epistemologi Islam dengan pendidikan pesantren
Authors: Ulfatun Naili Nadhiroh  , Nur Hasan
Published: March 2022

Epistemology is an activity that is closely related to a cognitive act in the cultural process, namely the acquisition of knowledge (al-iktisabu al-ma'rifat) and the production of knowledge (intaj al-ma'rifat). And the important instrument used is the al-mukawwin sense, a cultural reasoning device (the set of reasoning and behavior that results from that device) used to find out and produce knowledge. And that knowledge is constructed in systems of thinking and values. According to Abid al-Jabiri, this experience is useful for studying and identifying the knowledge that develops in the world of education, including Islamic education in Islamic boarding schools. This research uses the library research method. And it results that Al-Jabiri's epistemology has relevance to Islamic education in Islamic boarding schools, for the following reasons; first, education is the theological articulation of norms and values ​​in an interactive, instrumental and institutionalized socio-cultural dialect; second, education includes reasoning and the application of norms and values ​​that take place in people's lives; third, For this to happen, a system of values ​​and thinking is needed which is called an epistemic system to produce and acquire knowledge. And these tools are human capital to interact with the main sources of Islam, be it naqliyah texts (Al-Qur'an Hadith) or aqliyah texts (Ijma', Qiyas, and others).
Media pembelajaran komprehensi tulis berbasis flash Pasca pandemi covid-19
Authors: Fujiastuti Ariesty , Wijayanti Dedi , Sudarmini Sudarmini
Published: March 2022

Kendala yang terjadi saat proses pembelajaran pandemi covid 19 yang dilakukan secara daring yaitu mahasiswa kurang tertarik dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran karena dosen hanya menjelaskan teori menggunakan PPT kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemberian tugas. Seharusnya dosen memiliki media pembelajaran yang berisi materi dalam satu semester dan dapat dilakukan secara mandiri. Media yang dapat menarik perhatian mahasiswa yaitu media flash. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu mengembangan media pembelajaran Komprehensi Tulis berbasis Flash untuk Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia. Pengembangan media pembelajaran dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode research and Develompent (R&D). Penelitian ini menggunakan model ADDIE. Metode pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan angket. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil uji validasi ahli materi dan media dapat dinyatakan bahwa media Komprehensi Tulis termasuk dalam kategori sangat layak. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran Komprehensi Tulis sudah dapat diimplementasikan ke mahasiswa.
Konsep Pendidikan Pernikahan dalam Mempersiapkan Keluarga Sakinah Mawadah Wa Rahmah
Authors: Suhartono  , Faiz Naufal
Published: March 2022

The urgency of marriage education in building a sakinah mawaddah warahmah family is the study in this study. With this study, we hope that the public can understand all the goals, nature and wisdom of a marriage. The research used in this study uses a qualitative approach with the aim of seeking depth of analysis through analytical descriptive nature. Then it is concluded from this study that husband and wife in order to understand related problems in family life, it takes a very important provision, namely marriage education. Armed with insight into marriage education for every bride and groom who will carry out a marriage related to the intricacies of household problems. So, with the hope that family welfare will be created so that a quality generation will also be created. Because a quality generation comes from quality family relationships and quality relationships can be achieved by the knowledge of marriage education.
Uncertainty Propogation for Measurements with Multiple Output Quantities
Authors:   Agilent Technologies, Dobbert Michael , Schrijver Bart
Published: March 2022

The ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [1] (GUM) limits the description of the law of propagation of uncertainty to real input quantities and a single real output quantity. The GUM provides little guidance for uncertainty analysis of measurements with multiple output quantities, such as complex valued S-Parameter measurements that have both real and imaginary components. Complex measurement quantities are common in RF and microwave measurements. Likewise, measurements with multiple output quantities exist in many disciplines. Supplement 2 [2] to the GUM extends the law of propagation of uncertainty to an arbitrary number of output quantities, which is a more general solution. This paper discusses this more general solution clearly and concisely using matrix notation. It demonstrates that the GUM expressions for uncertainty propagation are a specific case of this more general solution. This method is then applied to a practical measurement uncertainty example involving complex quantities.
Uncertainty Estimation for Force Measurements
Authors:   The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Lee Dennis W.K. , Yan Y.K. , Leung W.M.
Published: March 2022

Load cells are force measurement transducers which form integral parts of systems for measurement of weight, torque, impact, acceleration and other quantities. Particularly in the construction industry, load cells are extensively used for calibrating force machines and determining the strengths of construction materials. Load cells are calibrated against standard masses using standard force machines based on principles of deadweight or hydraulic amplification. For international recognition purpose, load cells are calibrated in accordance with international or national standards such as ISO 376, BS 1610, EN 10002-3. However, these standards do not provide guidelines for evaluation of measurement data and expression of measurement uncertainty. There is another complication. Load cells are transducers that give out deflection values in response to the applied forces. A load cell is calibrated at specific test points only and the behavior of the test unit is expressed graphically by plotting the indicated output value against the applied force (known as a response curve). Hence, measurement results for load cells are expressed in terms of calibration coefficients, which are used to reproduce the response curve. This made the evaluation and expression of measurement uncertainty a complicated process. The document JCGM 100 "Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM)" provides a framework for uncertainty evaluation. However, the GUM does not provide specific guidelines for uncertainty estimates for load cells, in particularly, to deal with errors concerning curve fitting and interpolation. It is also known that GUM has certain limitations which render it unreliable when there is prominent nonlinearity in the model or there are dominant uncertainty contributions. In this paper, we not only demonstrate how to use the GUM framework to estimate uncertainties of a load cell but also apply the method stipulated in the "Supplement 1 to the GUM - Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method (JCGM 101)" to validate the GUM uncertainty framework.
An assessment of tropopause characteristics of the ERA5 and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalyses
Authors: Hoffmann Lars , Spang Reinhold
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The tropopause layer plays a key role in manifold processes in atmospheric chemistry and physics. Here we compare the representation and characteristics of the lapse rate tropopause according to the definition of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as estimated from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data. Our study is based on 10-year records (2009 to 2018) of ECMWF's state-of-the-art reanalysis ERA5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim. The intercomparison reveals notable differences between ERA5 and ERA-Interim tropopause data, in particular on small spatiotemporal scales. The monthly mean differences of ERA5 minus ERA-Interim tropopause heights vary between −300 m at the transition from the tropics to the extratropics (near 30∘ S and 30∘ N) to 150 m around the Equator. Mean tropopause temperatures are mostly lower in ERA5 than in ERA-Interim, with a maximum difference of up to −1.5 K in the tropics. Monthly standard deviations of tropopause heights of ERA5 are up to 350 m or 60 % larger than for ERA-Interim. Monthly standard deviations of tropopause temperatures of ERA5 exceed those of ERA-Interim by up to 1.5 K or 30 %. The occurrence frequencies of double-tropopause events in ERA5 exceed those of ERA-Interim by up to 25 percentage points at middle latitudes. We attribute the differences between the ERA5 and ERA-Interim tropopause data and the larger, more realistic variability of ERA5 to improved spatiotemporal resolution and better representation of geophysical processes in the forecast model as well as improvements in the data assimilation scheme and the utilization of additional observations in ERA5. The improved spatiotemporal resolution of ERA5 allows for a better representation of mesoscale features, in particular of gravity waves, which affect the temperature profiles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and thus the tropopause height estimates. We evaluated the quality of the ERA5 and ERA-Interim reanalysis tropopause data by comparisons with COSMIC and MetOp Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite observations as well as high-resolution radiosonde profiles. The comparison indicates an uncertainty of the first tropopause for ERA5 (ERA-Interim) of about ±150 to ±200 m (±250 m) based on radiosonde data and ±120 to ±150 m (±170 to ±200 m) based on the coarser-resolution GPS data at different latitudes. Consequently, ERA5 will provide more accurate information than ERA-Interim for future tropopause-related studies.
Optimized Umkehr profile algorithm for ozone trend analyses
Authors: Petropavlovskikh Irina , Miyagawa Koji , McClure-Beegle Audra , Johnson Bryan , Wild Jeannette , Strahan Susan , Wargan Krzysztof , Querel Richard , Flynn Lawrence , Beach Eric , Ancellet Gerard , Godin-Beekmann Sophie
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The long-term record of Umkehr measurements from four NOAA Dobson spectrophotometers was reprocessed after updates to the instrument
calibration procedures. In addition, a new data quality-control tool was
developed for the Dobson automation software (WinDobson). This paper
presents a comparison of Dobson Umkehr ozone profiles from NOAA ozone
network stations – Boulder, the Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP), the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), Lauder – against several satellite
records, including Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS; ver. 4.2), and combined solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) records (NASA aggregated and NOAA cohesive datasets). A subset of satellite data is
selected to match Dobson Umkehr observations at each station spatially
(distance less than 200 km) and temporally (within 24 h). Umkehr
Averaging kernels (AKs) are applied to vertically smooth all overpass
satellite profiles prior to comparisons. The station Umkehr record consists
of several instrumental records, which have different optical
characterizations, and thus instrument-specific stray light contributes to
the data processing errors and creates step changes in the record. This work evaluates the overall quality of Umkehr long-term measurements at NOAA
ground-based stations and assesses the impact of the instrumental changes on the stability of the Umkehr ozone profile record. This paper describes a
method designed to correct biases and discontinuities in the retrieved
Umkehr profile that originate from the Dobson calibration process, repair,
or optical realignment of the instrument. The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) Global Modeling Initiative (M2GMI) and NASA Global Modeling Initiative chemistry transport model (GMI CTM) ozone
profile model output matched to station location and date of observation is
used to evaluate instrumental step changes in the Umkehr record.
Homogenization of the Umkehr record and discussion of the apparent stray
light error in retrieved ozone profiles are the focus of this paper.
Homogenization of ground-based records is of great importance for studies of long-term ozone trends and climate change.
Frequent water inputs to a semi-arid ecosystem at night - a lysimeter based study 
Authors: Paulus Sinikka J. , El-Manday Tarek S. , Orth René , Hildebrandt Anke , Wutzler Thomas , Carrara Arnaud , Moreno Gerardo , Perez-Priego Oscar , Kolle Olaf , Reichstein Markus , Migliavacca Mirco
Published: March 2022

Globally, ecosystems are water-limited on about one-third of the land area. In these ecosystems, it has been shown that even small water inputs often play a relevant role for a large number of species ensuring their survival. However, to date, such inputs from fog, dew, and adsorption of atmospheric water vapor, which are summarized as non-rainfall water input (NRWI), can rarely be studied because the necessary measurement infrastructure is scarce. Long-term measurements covering multiple seasons and years are especially rare. This limits our understanding of the role of NRWI in the surface water, energy, and carbon balance in ecosystems. 

In this contribution, we investigate surface water exchange processes in a semi-arid Savannah ecosystem over a period of a year. Five large high precision weighing lysimeters enable us to analyze water phase changes with a temporal resolution of five minutes. 

Our main finding is that across (almost) all seasons diel dynamics were characterized by evaporation at daytime and condensation at nighttime. Condensation processes varied between seasons. In winter, dew and fog regularly formed at night when soil moisture and atmospheric humidity were close to saturation. In summer, despite high mean night conditions of atmospheric vapor saturation deficit (15 hPa), water input via adsorption of atmospheric vapor formed due to dry topsoil moisture (< 10 %). In total NRWI occurred for at least 3 hours per day on 297 days (81 % of the year) with a mean duration of 6 hours per day. The relative contribution of NRWI to the total annual water input was 8 %. However, we found a large seasonal variability, with adsorption forming the major water input to the ecosystem during the summer drought period. In the year analyzed, it compensated for 19 % of the evaporation losses. 

Our results suggest a non-negligible contribution of NRWI to the water budget of a semi-arid ecosystem. Consequently, a better representation of the diel dynamics of evaporation and condensation could help us to increase our knowledge of eco-hydrological processes in semi-arid ecosystems. Especially during the dry season, data from daytime and nighttime hours should be taken into account in order not to bias the water balance towards evaporative losses.
Linking sediment transport and river morphology 
Authors: Bizzi Simone , Tangi Marco , Khan Sana , Schmitt Rafael , Fryirs Kirstie , Castelletti Andrea , Piegay Hervé , Pitlick John
Published: March 2022

River channel patterns and associated morphology are determined by a variety of factors: sediment supply and grain sizes are significant factors together with channel confinement and channel gradient. From decades we develop empirical and hydraulic equations which help us to link water discharge and channel geometry (and then indirectly its pattern) with transported sediment. Water discharge determines mostly the channel dimensions (width and depth), slope provides the rate of energy expenditure, and river morphology is eventually shaped by amount of sediment supply and its caliber. Notwithstanding that, our ability to quantify functional links between sediment connectivity, meant as amount, frequency, sizes and origins of transported sediment, and channel morphology is still pretty limited and mostly qualitative. For instance, we hardly can provide thresholds in sediment transport regimes for channel type shifts from braided to single channel or vice-versa. More in general, we still have limited ability to quantify the sensitivity of channel morphological alterations to changes in water and sediment fluxes. 

In this contribution, we aim to discuss our findings linking the output of a network-scale sediment transport model (CASCADE) to river morphology in two different basins: the braided Vjosa River in Albania and a predominantly mixed load river system the Richmond River Catchment, in New South Wales, Australia. In the Richmond River we identified various controls linked to the simulated sediment fluxes: in-stream sediment storage units, junctions between different geomorphic river types, tributary confluences and sediment storage units within partly confined floodplain units. Such analysis lays the foundation for network scale identification and quantification of potential hotspots of geomorphic adjustment.  In the Vjosa river we used the modeled sediment fluxes as input to a set of theoretically derived functions that successfully discriminate between multi-thread and single-thread channel patterns. This finding proves a clear connection between modeled sediment concentrations and observed river morphology. We were also able to observe that a reduction in sediment flux of about 50% (e.g., due to dams) would likely cause existing braided reaches to shift toward single thread morphology.    

Our results highlight opportunities and limits, which arise integrating the outputs of recently available network-scale sediment transport models with river morphology mapping derived by emerging remote sensing technology. These new data and methods can potentially significantly advance our ability to understand and formally quantify functional links between water and sediment fluxes and associated channel morphology, and use this understanding for management applications.
Comparing plant water extraction methods for isotopic analyses: the Scholander pressure chamber vs. the cryogenic vacuum distillation
Authors: Zuecco Giulia , Amin Anam , Frentress Jay , Engel Michael , Marchina Chiara , Anfodillo Tommaso , Borga Marco , Carraro Vinicio , Scandellari Francesca , Tagliavini Massimo , Zanotelli Damiano , Comiti Francesco , Penna Daniele
Published: March 2022

Recent studies applying stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen showed that different methods for extracting water from plant tissues can return different isotopic composition. One of the most used methods to extract plant water is the cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD), which tends to extract total plant water. Conversely, the Scholander pressure chamber (SPC), which is commonly used by tree physiologists to measure water potential in plant tissues, likely accesses only the mobile plant water (i.e., xylem and inter-cellular water). However, only few studies reported the application of SPC to extract plant water for isotopic analyses, and therefore, an inter-method comparison between SPC and CVD is needed.

In this study, we analyzed the variability in the isotopic signature of plant water extracted by SPC and CVD. Furthermore, we considered the potential variability in the isotopic composition of the plant water extracted from various tissues by CVD (i.e., leaves, twig without bark, twig with bark, twig close to the trunk of the tree, and wood core), and from different tree species (i.e., alder, apple, chestnut and beech) located in three different study areas in northern Italy.

Results indicate that plant waters extracted by SPC and CVD were significantly different, likely due to the extraction of different plant water domains. The difference in the isotopic composition obtained by the two extraction methods was smaller in the beech samples compared to alder, apple and chestnut samples. The signature of alder, apple and chestnut plant water extracted by SPC was more enriched in heavy isotopes than the samples obtained by CVD (except for the leaf water obtained by CVD, which also had a marked evaporative signature). We conclude that plant water extraction by SPC does not represent an alternative for CVD, as SPC likely extracts mostly the mobile plant water, whereas CVD tends to retrieve all water stored in the sampled tissues. However, studies aiming to quantify the relative contribution of the water sources to transpiration should rely more on the isotopic composition of xylem water transpiring during the sampling day (theoretically sampled by SPC), than the isotopic composition of total plant water (sampled by CVD), which also contains a fraction of water that could be stored in plant tissues for a long time.

 

 

Keywords: stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen; cryogenic vacuum distillation; Scholander pressure chamber; plant water; xylem water.
Fusion of multi-sensor, multi-temporal velocity observations to study intra-annual glacier dynamics
Authors: Charrier Laurane , Yan Yajing , Trouvé Emmanuel , Colin Koeniguer Elise , Leinss Silvan , Mouginot Jeremie , Millan Romain
Published: March 2022

Intra-annual glacier velocities are key parameters to study glacier basal conditions or short-term events such as glacier surges. However, intra-annual glacier velocities remain poorly understood at a global scale, especially in mountains areas. Indeed, many ice velocity maps are now available on-line or on-demand at a temporal resolution up to 2 days and a spatial sampling up to 50 m (Millan et al., 2019) all over the world. However, these products contain gaps, noise and artefacts especially where image-matching algorithms fail because of strong surface changes, surface locking, shadow casting, clouds, or feature-less regions. Moreover, this amount of data is complex to analyse since velocities span different temporal baselines, are derived from different sensor images using different algorithms. Therefore, there is a need to fuse the available multi-temporal and multi-sensor glacier velocity observations in order to study intra-annual glacier dynamics with a high temporal resolution.

The proposed approach relies on an inversion based on the temporal closure of displacement observation networks. Because the observations have different uncertainties, not necessarily known, the inversion is solved using an Iterative Reweighted Least Square. This approach results in velocity time series which have a complete temporal coverage, a uniform temporal sampling without overlapping time intervals (i.e. without redundancy) by tacking advantage of all available velocity observations without a priori on the displacement behavior. The temporal sampling of these velocity time series can be selected. To select an optimal temporal sampling based on a compromise between temporal resolution and uncertainty, we propose to minimize Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) over stable areas and maximize Velocity Vector Coherence (VVC) over fast moving areas. The proposed approach is illustrated with both mono-sensor and multi-sensor datasets, on two different glaciers: 1) Sentinel-1 velocity observations from (Round et al., 2017) over the Kyagar glacier which is a surge glacier situated in the Karakoram range 2) Sentinel-2 and Venµs velocity observations from (Millan et al., 2019) over the Fox glacier, a temperate maritime glacier with a strong seasonality, situated in Southern Alps of New Zealand. The results reveal strong intra-annual variations of velocity with a reduced uncertainty for both glaciers: RMSE over stable areas is lower for the results than for the original velocities: 1) from 22% lower for 12-days temporal sampling to 67% lower for 36-days temporal sampling over the Kyagar glacier 2) from 78% lower for 5-days temporal sampling to 40% lower for 60-days temporal sampling over the Fox glacier.

This approach is not dataset dependent and can be applied to any available velocity observations derived from any sensors.
An approach for volcano-tectonic features extraction using optical and radar remote sensing data
Authors: Gargiulo Anna Maria , Marsella Maria , Coltelli Mauro , Genova Antonio
Published: March 2022

Volcanic and tectonic features significantly differ depending on the eruption styles and on the tectonic processes from which they were originated.

We present here a study focused on the identification and characterization of Earth volcanic and tectonic structures by analyzing a combination of airborne and satellite optical images and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Our work is aimed at developing a robust approach to compare Earth and other terrestrial planet’s surface features, and to constrain their nature and occurrence in relation to volcano-tectonic activity.

We focus on the Mt. Etna and the Aeolian Islands, which host several active volcanoes (e.g., Stromboli and Vulcano) and represent one of the most tectonically and magmatically active zones in the Mediterranean Sea area. Indeed, Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli, despite their geographical proximity, provide examples of very different volcanic activities and thus of diverse complex morphologies.

The first stage of this study includes the processing of Pleiades tri-stereo acquisitions and high resolution DEMs of the regions of interest. This dataset will be analyzed through a novel automatic feature extraction algorithm that identifies the most common structures originating from natural processes, i.e., volcano-tectonic activities, and strong erosions.

Pyroclastic cones, lava flows and fissures are some of the signs that we can detect and compare with accurate volcano-tectonic maps and geological maps. This further step will allow resolving their nature and origins, distinguishing features based on geometric criteria and according to the volcanic and tectonic processes that generated them.

Moreover, the processing of COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and Sentinel intensity data will be carried out to determine if the most relevant  extracted features match those visible on high-resolution Digital Elevation Models from Airborne photogrammetry and Lidar Surveying. This analysis is also devoted to understand how SAR observation capabilities vary with sensor resolution, geometric distortion and surface roughness.
Regularized Coulomb friction laws and associated grounding line flux conditions
Authors: Pattyn Frank , Gregov Thomas , Kazmierczak Elise , Arnst Maarten
Published: March 2022

A large uncertainty in the response of ice sheet models to environmental forcing is stems from are fragmented knowledge on basal sliding and friction operating at the base of the ice sheet. Recent studies (Ritz et al., 2015; Brondex et al., 2019; Bulthuis et al., 2019) have demonstrated that plastic sliding laws lead to a higher ice sheet sensitivity compared to viscous ones. Of interest is therefore a regularized Coulomb friction law, which leads to viscous or power-law behaviour at low ice velocities and Coulomb plastic behaviour at high ice velocities (Schoof, 2005; Gagliardini et al., 2007; Joughin et al., 2019; Zoet and Iverson, 2020; Helanow et al., 2021). Here, we analyze different descriptions of the regularized Coulomb friction law, with and without a dependence on effective pressure in an ice sheet model of intermediate complexity (f.ETISh; Pattyn, 2017) for idealized (MISMIP+) and real case (Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica) ice sheet geometries. We furthermore derived grounding line flux conditions based on boundary layer theory and compared to a numerical flowline model. It is shown that the grounding line flux for the regularized Coulomb friction law independent on effective pressure has a dependence on ice thickness to the power n+3 for the pure plastic case.
Determining UK regional isotopic source signatures of methane using long-term records
Authors: Woolley Maisch Ceres A. , Fisher Rebecca E. , France James L. , Lowry David , Forster Grant , Lanoisellé Mathias , Nisbet Euan G.
Published: March 2022

Long term records are vital for understanding the way in which our environment is changing.   

A significant rise in atmospheric methane began in 2007 and has accelerated thereafter, particularly since 2014. This trend was observed globally and was coupled with a sustained isotopic shift to values more depleted in 13C (more negative δ13C-CH4). Currently, there is no consensus as to why these observations have occurred. However, long term methane isotopic measurements can provide information about changes in the source mix of this important greenhouse gas. Here, long term records of both methane mole fraction and  δ13C-CH4 from 5 sites across the UK are presented, showing an increase in CH4 and a decrease in 13C from 2007, similar to those recorded globally, but at the regional-local scale. The approximately weekly in-situ measurements offer an insight into both suburban and background regions of the UK.  

A method for isotopic discrimination from longer term atmospheric measurements of CO2 and  δ13C-CH4 as outlined by Miller and Tans (2003) is utilised in this work. Miller-Tans analysis allows for the explicit specification of background values, vital when dealing with long term records due to both seasonal, local, regional and global background variations in atmospheric CH4 and δ13C-CH4.   

When applying the Miller-Tans method to the long-term data from UK sites, as expected, the heaviest δ13C-CH4 source signatures, which are associated with industrial sources such as gas leaks, are observed for the suburban sites, and biogenic, lighter, sources for the background sites. The methane source distribution is compared to results from mobile measurements carried out at Royal Holloway, University of London and to the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI).  

From the initial results, it seems that there is a larger proportion of thermogenic/pyrogenic emissions in this data compared to the NAEI inventory. At all sites, there has been a post 2006 decline in δ13C-CH4. Using the Miller Tans method, it is possible to calculate bulk regional source signatures which highlight a distinction between rural and suburban emissions, in general agreement with the NAEI.
Controls on storm runoff behavior in a gullied blanket peatland
Authors: Edokpa Donald , Milledge David , Allott Tim , Holden Joseph , Shuttleworth Emma , Kay Martin , Johnston Adam , Millin-Chalabi Gail , Scott-Campbell Matt , Chandler David , Freestone Jamie , Evans Martin
Published: March 2022

Many upland headwaters of the UK drain areas of blanket peat, much of which has been degraded through atmospheric deposition of pollutants, vegetation change, peat extraction, artificial drainage and erosion. These areas are increasingly the focus of interventions to restore some of the multiple-benefits lost through degradation. Understanding their runoff generation processes underpins analysis of their wider benefits including their potential to mitigate downstream flooding.

Using a series of multivariate analysis techniques we examine controls on storm runoff in ten blanket peat catchments of 0.2-3.9 hectares all within 5 km of one another. We find that: 1) rainfall intensity is the dominant hydro-meteorological driver for both magnitude and timing of peak discharge for all ten catchments, with antecedent rainfall only relevant in small storms; 2) most of the inter-catchment variability in discharge predictability from rainfall can be explained by catchment characteristics, particularly catchment area; 3) runoff responses, particularly in small storms, are sensitive to scale even in an apparently homogenous and saturation-excess overland flow dominated peatland landscape; 4) peak discharge in large storms is strongly controlled by attenuation processes associated with the travel time distribution, and thus drainage network geometry; 5) peak discharge in smaller storms underlines the importance of hydrological connectivity at scales <1 hectare, perhaps due to depression storage driven (dis)connectivity.

Together these results suggest a switching in rainfall-runoff behavior within these catchments where peak discharge is controlled by: catchment storage, connectivity and antecedent conditions in small storms; but runoff attenuation, travel time and thus and network structure and scale in larger storms. In the context of Natural Flood Management, our findings suggest that enhancing depression storage by creating distributed shallow peatland pools in addition to existing restoration methods could raise the threshold storm size below which catchment storage, antecedent conditions and connectivity remain important. However, changes in surface roughness and other measures that target runoff velocities are likely to be more effective in the largest (and thus most flood relevant) storms.
Controls on Bedrock Hillslope Erosion in Cold, High-Alpine Regions
Authors: Dennis Donovan , Scherler Dirk
Published: March 2022

Frost-cracking is believed to set rates of erosion in cold, bedrock hillslopes where temperatures are below freezing for a substantial portion of the year. Nevertheless, studies from the European Alps, North American Cordillera, and the Himalaya suggest that permafrost-thaw-induced rockfalls, a consequence of (warming) temperatures, may also contribute non-trivially to the long-term erosion rate.

 

Here, we present an assessment of bedrock, hillslope erosion rates and mechanisms in cold regions using a global dataset compiled from published literature. We additionally report 23 new bedrock hillslope erosion rates from across the European Alps estimated using in-situ cosmogenic 10Be. The hillslopes and glacial headwalls sampled span elevations from 2100 m to 4040 m, and include diverse lithologies, thermal regimes, and glaciation histories. Our new 10Be-based erosion rates range over several orders of magnitude, from 0.01 mm yr-1 to 1.5 mm yr-1, and integrate over timescales from 400 to 30000 years. To evaluate the relative rates of frost-cracking at both our field sites and those within the global compilation dataset, we calculate site-specific frost-cracking intensities using modern ground surface temperatures and modelled paleoclimatic conditions. Comparing these calculated frost-cracking intensities against the measured erosion rates suggests that frost-cracking alone may not be the rate-limiting erosional process in cold, alpine regions. We likewise observe no correlation between hillslope angle and erosion rate. Our compiled dataset does suggest, however, that erosion rates estimated using methodologies that integrate over long timescales are lower than those which integrate over short timescales, highlighting the potential for stochastic events, like rockfalls due to permafrost thaw, and/or paraglacial adjustment processes, to bias erosion rate estimates which integrate over short timescales.
Assessing Shifts in 20th Century Carbon Stocks in NE Canadian Permafrost Peatlands
Authors: Sanderson Nicole , Aquino-López Marco , Garneau Michelle
Published: March 2022

Recent and rapid changes in climate and permafrost thaw are affecting carbon dynamics in high-latitude peatlands. There is growing interest in evaluating the C sink potential of peatlands for conservation as nature-based climate solutions. However, rapid decadal-to centennial-scale changes are poorly understood, in part due to poor dating resolution in surface peat. Here, we evaluate the timing of vegetation shifts and rates of carbon accumulation for the past ~200 years peatlands for 100 cores from boreal and subarctic regions in Québec and Labrador (Eastern Canada). We used classical (Constant Rate of Supply - CRS) and Bayesian (Plum) approaches to model age-depth relationships from lead-210 (210Pb) and radiocarbon (14C) dates. Results highlight the important role of permafrost thaw in altering local peatland hydrological conditions, favouring Sphagnum growth and new peat addition in subarctic regions. While both models provide similar ages for the last century in complete cores, the CRS model tends to overestimate peat ages compared to Plum prior to ~1900CE. We recommend using Plum when constructing combined age-depth models, and importantly when if cores are incomplete. While 210Pb activity profiles are a clear indicator of disturbance in the peat column from permafrost thaw, the addition of independent dating markers (e.g. postbomb 14C dates) is especially important to validate age-depth models. The choice of age-depth model and user decisions can have important knock-on effects for interpreting timings of environmental shifts, as well as estimating the order of magnitude of C stocks for policy and conservation purposes.
Improving event location accuracy at the IDC using RSTT-based travel time corrections
Authors: Saragiotis Christos , Le Bras Ronan , Kasmi Ali
Published: March 2022

Prediction of seismic travel times at the International Data Centre (IDC) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) has been based until recently on the one-dimensional IASPEI91 travel-time curves for teleseismic and regional phases, with the addition of some local or regional models for regional and local phases in some areas (North America and Eurasia). Since IASPEI91 is not universally applicable in a heterogeneous Earth, travel-time predictions are further corrected to account for, among others, the Earth’s ellipticity, station elevation, and source-specific effects, including regional geology.

In order to improve travel time predictions, especially for regional phases for which the prediction error is most prominent, the IDC is now using travel time corrections based on the Regional Seismic Travel Time (RSTT) velocity model first introduced by Lawrence Livermore National Labs to account for the source-specific effects. The RSTT velocity model is a global model that approximates a 3D crust and upper mantle and is based on ground truth (GT) events recorded globally.

Examination of one year (August 2020 until August 2021) of the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) shows that the use of these RSTT-based travel time corrections has improved the precision of event location as measured by a) travel time residuals of regional phases, b) the number of defining regional phases according to the stringent IDC event definition criteria and c) comparison of events similar in magnitude and location in the periods before and after the application of the RSTT-based corrections. Although the improvement is seen worldwide, it is more prominent for stations in areas such as Australia and Africa, where previously the travel time corrections were based only on the IASPEI91 curves, that is, there were no local or regional velocity models available.
Irrigation management though the assimilation of multiple remote sensing data into an energy-water-crop model
Authors: Corbari Chiara , Al Bitar Ahmad , Skokovic Drazen , sobrino josè , mancini marco
Published: March 2022

The agricultural sector is the biggest and least efficient water user, accounting for around 80% of total water use in South Europe, which will be further impacted by climate change in the incoming years. Precision agriculture tools are then needed to increase water use efficiency.

Here, the proposed system couples together remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST), leaf area index (LAI) and ground soil moisture data (SM) with a pixel wise crop-water-energy balances model, for improving irrigation management. The SAFY (Simple Algorithm for Yield) crop model has been fully coupled with the energy water balance FEST-EWB model, exchanging in a double direction the LAI evolution in time from SAFY, which is used by FEST-EWB for evapotranspiration computation, while FEST-EWB provides soil moisture (SM) and LST to SAFY model for constraining crop growth.

A data assimilation framework, based on the Ensemble Kalman filter approach, is implemented to reduce the requirements for parameters calibration, either for soil assimilating satellite LST and for crop growth using LAI. This framework allows overcoming the issues related to crop exposure to shocks due extreme events non-reproducible by the model alone, as well as nutrient lack, crops hybrids or precise amount of irrigation water.

The FEST-EWB-SAFY model has been applied in two Irrigation Consortia in the North and South of Italy which differ for climate and agricultural practices, using data from Sentinel2, Landsat 7 and 8 satellites. The model has then been validated in specific fields where ground measurements of evapotranspiration, soil moisture and crop yields are available.

Overall, the results suggested that the under-calibrated model estimates of LST, LAI, SM and yield are enhanced through the assimilation of satellite data, suggesting the potential for improving irrigation management at both field and Irrigation Consortium scales.