bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Inpatients' History of Abuse and Dissociative Identity Disorder
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A. , Weissman Kim , Liebowitz Susan
Published: August 2011

Presence of features of Dissociative Identity Disorder, as assessed on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, studied in relation to history of abuse (physical and sexual) with 49 hospitalized adolescents, showed a significant association.
Comparisons between the Rorschach Depression Index and Depression-Related Measures in a Nonpatient Sample
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F.
Published: August 2011

The Rorschach Depression Index of Exner was correlated with eight self-report measures of affect and related personality constructs, including the Beck Depression Inventory, the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised Depression and Positive Affect scales, and Kaplan Self-derogation in a sample of 41 undergraduates ( M age 19 yr.). The only significant correlation was an unexpected inverse correlation ( r = −.35) for scores on Kaplan Self-derogation, suggesting the need for caution in the use of the Depression Index as an indicator of depression in nonpatients.
Managing Students with Behavior Disorders: Perceived Efficacy of Interventions
Authors: Abelson A. Geoffrey
Published: August 2011

This study examined the perceived efficacy of interventions commonly used by teachers of students with behavior disorders. Of 30 interventions used with approximately 1200 students labeled behaviorally disordered, 149 teachers ranked 22 as effective, and 8 were more often ranked as seldom effective. These findings have implications for teachers' preparation and identifying better practices for teaching students with behavior disorders.
History of Exposure to Self-Focusing Stimuli as a Developmental Antecedent of Self-Consciousness
Authors: Morin Alain
Published: August 2011

The present report investigated the question of how individual differences in self-consciousness develop. Rimé and LeBon proposed that high self-consciousness follows a history of frequent exposure to self-focusing stimuli, i.e., mirrors, audiences, audio and video devices, and cameras. To explore this hypothesis private and public self-consciousness and past exposure to self-focusing stimuli were assessed in 438 subjects. Analysis indicated that history of frequent exposure to self-focusing stimuli is significantly but weakly related to high private self-consciousness in men and to high public self-consciousness in women. This supports previous observations suggesting that the routes to the development of self-consciousness seem to differ for the two sexes.
“Indirect” Suggestion in Hypnosis: Theoretical and Experimental Issues
Authors: Fourie David P.
Published: August 2011

“Indirect” suggestion is conceptualized in two distinct ways in the literature. From an Ericksonian perspective “indirect” suggestions are theoretically approached as suggestions which can circumvent the censorship of consciousness to reach the “unconscious” where they can activate dormant potentials. In contrast, from a research perspective “indirect” suggestion is operationally defined as a technique. Based on Ericksonian theory, it was claimed that “indirect” suggestion was more effective than traditional, “direct” suggestion. However, this claim could not be empirically substantiated. In this paper it is shown that the theoretical claim is based on questionable assumptions about the existence of the “unconscious” as a reified entity and about the direct and lineal influence of certain suggestions on this entity. Also, it is argued that traditional research strategies which emphasize strict controls are unable to verify or unambiguously refute the Ericksonian claim because these strategies are biased toward “direct” suggestion. Finally, the paper provides a different, contextual perspective on “indirect” suggestion, thereby placing the theoretical and experimental issues in a different context of meaning.
Hypochondria in Women as a Function of Birth Order
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that firstborn women would score higher than later-born women on a measure of hypochondria was supported. This result is explained in terms of parental treatment, specifically, the modeling of greater concern about the health of their girls by inexperienced parents.
Stress Factors in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Erin and Opal: Data from Small Business Owners
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Armstrong Terry , Stopp Harry
Published: August 2011

Hurricanes Erin and Opal struck the same coastal region in the Northwest Florida Panhandle in late summer of 1995. The study examined the stressors that most affected small businesses in the region in the aftermath of the storms. Power outages, telephone disruptions, employees' availability, debris removal, and lack of customers were the major problem areas reported by business owners ( N = 57 of 500 potential respondents). The results indicate that most of the stress factors were transitory and the findings are discussed in light of Murphy's 1985 conceptual model of disaster research.
Burnout Syndrome and Type a Behavior in Nurses and Teachers in Sicily
Authors: Lavanco Gioacchino
Published: August 2011

Burnout and Type A behavior were studied in two groups of 50 teachers (26 working in high school and 24 in junior high school) and 50 nurses living and working in Sicily. Each group was composed of 19 men and 31 women. A revised version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Adult and Adolescent Type A Behavior Scale-Revised Form 1 were used to measure burnout and Type A behavior, and a scale of job satisfaction was given. Analysis shows higher scores on stress for nurses, related to the low social acknowledgment of their job. Among nurses, Type A scores were correlated positively with scores on burnout and negatively with ratings of job satisfaction. The teachers showed greater compatibility with their work which may reflect that in Sicily, the teaching profession is still held in high regard.
Measuring Quality of Nursing Home Service: Residents' Perspective
Authors: Davis Mark A. , Sebastian Juliann G. , Tschetter Jeff
Published: August 2011

An inventory was developed to measure residents' perceptions of the quality of nursing home service. The content domain and dimensions of the inventory were derived from actual comments of nursing home residents. Independent studies employing a multiple-facility sample of 103 residents and 194 residents from a single institution supported a four-factor structure of the quality of nursing home service—Staff and Environmental Responsiveness, Dependability and Trust, Food-related Services and Resources, and Personal Control. The data provide preliminary support for the measure's reliability and validity so it may be used to study the antecedents and consequences of quality in nursing home service from the residents' perspective.
Increasing Return Rates to a Mail Survey among Health Educators
Authors: Summers Jodi , Price James H.
Published: August 2011

This study indicated a combination of methods increased the return rate (80%) in a national survey of health educators ( n = 546). Also, use of a $1.00 bill incentive was not significantly more effective than no incentive, and the rate of double responses in this anonymous mail survey was very low (1%).
Health and Socioeconomic Indicators in Psychiatric Catchment Areas with Divergent Suicide Rates
Authors: Ferrada-Noli Marcello
Published: August 2011

Differences found in the incidence of suicide between the psychiatric catchment areas of the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm were investigated in relation to health and socioeconomic indicators during the study period 1990–1994. The hypothesis of the study was that negative socioeconomic indicators and psychosocial and health indicators denoting less favourable socioeconomic status may negatively influence the suicide rate of the demographic units in this cross-sectional study. The incidence of suicide between the areas was significantly different and increasingly divergent in the last year of the study period. The area with a higher proportion of suicides had also an increased proportion of individuals who retired early, lower life expectancy at birth, higher nonemployment, lesser income among the employed, less public expenditure for education, less proportion of home ownership, and a higher proportion of persons bound to one-room dwellings. Disregarding the influence of ethnicity (there were no statistically significant differences on immigrants' suicide between the areas) as well as in the availability of psychiatric care (assuming that similar quality of psychiatric care was provided by both sectors), or other demographic indices commonly shared by the areas, the possibility of strong effects of unfavourable health and socioeconomic indices appeared relevant for the explanation of an increased incidence of suicide. The findings provide new empirical contradiction to the socioeconomic hypothesis of the incidence of suicide, which postulated that populations with higher socioeconomic status may have increased suicide rates.
A Rank-Free Method of Calculating Kendall's Tau
Authors: Martinez-Pons Manuel
Published: August 2011

A rank-free method of calculating Kendall's τ is described. Derived from Daniels' 1944 general treatment of correlation, it is based on the signs of all possible paired comparisons in a data set. Unlike the 1975 alternative methods of Cooper and those of 1977 by Stuart, it allows for ties and thus yields the same coefficient as that of Kendall's original method. The execution is simpler, however, because it does not require ranking of data.
Need for Cognition and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Mahoney John M. , Kaufman Douglas
Published: August 2011

A total of 149 college students, 48 men and 101 women, completed the Irrational Beliefs and the Need for Cognition scales to assess irrationality and the tendency to engage in effortful cognitive activity. Although substantial overlap between the constructs was found ( r = –.29, p < .001), the relationship was not linear. Need for Cognition appears to be a process variable, while irrational belief appears to be a content variable. Results suggest that the Need for Cognition must achieve a minimum threshold before spontaneous critical self-examination can occur.
Clarifying the Relationship between Values and Moral Judgement
Authors: Ostini Remo , Ellerman D. Andrew
Published: August 2011

An investigation of the relationship between values and moral judgement was conducted using 124 Australian university students. Participants completed a Value Survey and the Defining Issues Test in sessions one week apart. Data were analysed by computing correlations and multiple regression of ratings for individual values and Value Type scores with Stage Scores and summary scores of moral reasoning. Analysis confirmed only some of the predicted relationships between values and the moral reasoning measure and indicated some that had not been predicted. Theoretical and psychometric factors contributing to these results are discussed, and the importance of identifying the conceptual bases of measures used in moral behaviour research is noted.
Adults' Perceptions of Favorite Childhood Play Experiences: A Replication Study
Authors: Strudler Arielle , Schaefer Charles
Published: August 2011

Present results for 95 college women confirm Henniger's earlier finding that adults most often report their favorite childhood play experience occurred outdoors and involved dramatic play with friends or siblings. Such childhood play experiences rarely included parents or other adults.
Racial Attitudes of Preschoolers: Age, Race of Examiner, and Child-Care Setting
Authors: Glover Rebecca J. , Smith Claudia A.
Published: August 2011

Racial attitudes of 60 preschool children (28 boys, 32 girls) from either a monoracial Euro-American child-care program ( n = 16), a monoracial African-American program ( n = 12), or a multiracial program (25 Euro-Americans, 7 African-Americans) were assessed using the Preschool Racial Attitudes Measure II. Despite the over-all neutral attitudes reflected by these children, evidence of a Euro-American bias among older children was found. If replicated with a large randomly selected sample recognizing and understanding early racial attitudes may be a key factor in fostering positive racial identity and preventing the formation of prejudice.
Factor Analysis of an Afrikaans Translation of the Comrey Personality Scales
Authors: De Bruin Gideon P. , Nel Zak J. , Comrey Andrew L.
Published: August 2011

The factorial validity of an Afrikaans translation of the Comrey Personality Scales, was investigated using a sample of 804 South African university students. Nine factors were extracted and rotated. Eight of the factors were clearly recognisable as the eight factors that comprise Comrey's 1970 taxonomy of personality traits. Coefficients of congruence indicated that seven of the factors were very similar to the factors obtained in the American normative sample. Loadings for The Social Conformity factor were not as high as expected, but this may have been due to the fact that the participants were nonvolunteers who may have been hesitant to reveal nonconforming attitudes and behaviors. These results lend additional support for the factorial validity of the traits in Comrey's taxonomy which have now been identified and replicated in several countries and languages.
An Evaluation of the Characteristics of Undergraduate Psychology Majors
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the reasons 130 undergraduates selected psychology as a major. The most salient reason reported was a strong interest in the subject matter, but the utility of the college degree as a means of preparing for a job or professional education was also important to the students. Of these participants, 73 indicated that at least one of their career goals was doctoral study in clinical or counseling psychology. Their ratings of the favorableness of the job market, salary, job autonomy, and job security exceeded the corresponding ratings of recent recipients of doctoral degrees in psychology. The undergraduates rated that private practice would be the most desirable practice setting, and they predicted “much” job autonomy in this setting and above-average job security across practice settings. These results suggest that educators in psychology may have responsibilities to counsel students who aspire to forms of professional practice that are largely unattainable at this time.
Further Examination of the Cosmopolitan-Local Latent Role Construct
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Larwood Laurie
Published: August 2011

Organizational researchers widely accept the 1957 work of Gouldner describing the influence of cosmopolitan-local “latent roles” on various organizational outcome variables. New cosmopolitan and local scales were described here for further research.
Effects of Reading Motivation on the Belief in and Consumption of Newspapers among Youth
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir , White Cheryl
Published: August 2011

A motivational model of newspaper consumption was elaborated. In this model, reading motives are supposed to generate certain beliefs in newspapers. The belief in the satisfying properties of a newspaper is based on an evaluation of how well the attributes of a newspaper are expected to match the motives of individuals. Once a match between the motives and the belief is established, then motivation is triggered, and newspaper consumption should occur. We tested the model with the hypotheses that reading motives explain belief in newspapers to a greater extent than the consumption of them and that beliefs explain consumption to a greater extent than reading motives. Reading motives, beliefs and consumption of general broad-sheet, business and tabloid newspapers were measured in 1343 young people between the ages of 15 and 25. The results supported the hypotheses. The results indicate that the profiling and development of the newspapers toward more loyal and new readers should be based on the readers' beliefs in newspapers and the motives explaining them.
Factor-Analytic Study of Sense of Humor in Croatia and the USA
Authors: Thorson James A. , Brdar Ingrid , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

A total of 401 Croatian university students completed a translation of the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale. Scores were compared with those of a sample similar in age and sex composition from Omaha, Nebraska (N = 242). The American respondents scored significantly higher on the element of self-described humor creativity. Factor analyses of intercorrelations from the two samples indicated differences in constructions of sense of humor.
Examining a Work Ethic Myth about Self-Employed People
Authors: Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

Examination of data from nationwide public opinion surveys from 1972 through 1993 indicates that, for white males and females, the self-employed expressed themselves more than the organizationally employed as agreeing with measures of work ethic. This result was consistent across categories of education, age, and occupation.
Marriage, Remarriage, Suicide and Homicide in America
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In time-series regressions, remarriage and divorce rates for the USA from 1933–1935 to 1969–1971 predicted suicide rates while first marriage, remarriage, and divorce rates predicted homicide rates.
Aquarium Visitors' Perceptions and Attitudes toward the Importance of Marine Biodiversity
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: August 2011

To study people's perceptions and attitudes toward the importance of marine biodiversity, 102 visitors to San Francisco's UnderWater World aquarium were interviewed about their perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about marine life and the environment needed for survival. They were asked about any changes in perceptions and attitudes after their visit. The data indicate that most visitors had very Little education in marine biology, that 84% had previously visited other aquariums, that 98% had maintained or increased their positive attitudes toward marine life, and that only 20% financially or emotionally supported marine animal protection or preservation societies. These data, especially from people who had previously visited aquariums, indicated a need for school and college classes and texts to include more substantial and interest-stimulating information about the encompassing importance of the oceans for the survival of all terrestrial and oceanic species.
Are Actors more Socially Skilled?: Behavioral and Self-Report Measures
Authors: Banks Siobhan , Kenner Andrew N.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the social skills of 30 Semiprofessional Actors, 30 undergraduate Drama Students and 30 Nonactors. The participants answered a questionnaire containing the Riggio Social Skills Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Extraversion subscale from the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The participants also completed an individual standardised videotaped interview. 7 judges rated participants' videos as to social skill and attractiveness. The judges rated Semiprofessional Actors as more socially skilled than members of comparison groups, and Semiprofessional Actors considered themselves more socially skilled. Actors' higher ratings on social skill were not mediated by age, sex, or scores on self-esteem or Extraversion. There was also a strong correlation between the number of productions in which actors had participated and their judged social skill.
Stress in Families of HIV-Positive Children Living in South Texas
Authors: Amodei Nancy , Madrigal Anna , Catala Selina , Aranda-Naranjo Barbara , German Victor
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to conduct a pilot study of the extent of stress and differences in sources of stress experienced by HIV+ and HIV- caregivers of HIV+ children living in South Texas. 13 infected and 9 uninfected caregivers each completed the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress for their preschool-aged HIV+ child. Both HIV+ and HIV- caregivers experienced clinically significant stress. HIV+ caregivers reported that relative to the HIV- group, they perceived themselves to be in poorer physical or emotional health, to receive less social support from others, and to be less pessimistic about the future of their child or family.
Antecedents of Intensity and Direction Dimensions of Competitive Anxiety as a Function of Skill
Authors: Hanton Sheldon , Jones Graham
Published: August 2011

Described here is a follow-up and extension of the study reported by Hanton and Jones in 1995. Situational antecedents of both ‘intensity’ (level) and ‘direction’ (facilitative/debilitative) dimensions of precompetitive state anxiety in 97 elite and 114 nonelite competitive swimmers were examined. Antecedents were assessed via the modified swimming version of the PreRace Questionnaire, while cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence were measured via the modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 one hour before competition. Step-wise multiple regression analyses on the intensity scores indicated that cognitive anxiety in the elite group was significantly related to Perceived readiness (5.6%) and Internal environment (9.6%), while no predictors emerged in the nonelite group; scores on somatic anxiety correlated with those on Internal environment (9.4%) and Position goal (14.4%) in the elite group, and by Attitude towards previous performance (4.7%) and Internal environment (8.5%) in the nonelite group. Self-confidence was predicted by Perceived readiness in the elite group (30.3%) and the nonelite group (16.9%). In the case of the direction scores (facilitative/debilitative interpretations), no significant correlations of scores on cognitive anxiety or somatic anxiety emerged for the elite group; however, in the nonelite group the Coach influence factor predicted cognitive anxiety (4.5%) and somatic anxiety (4.9%). These findings show that common and unique antecedents of ‘intensity’ and ‘direction’ exist for swimmers as a function of their skill and also highlight the important role of the coach in the maintenance of facultative interpretations of anxiety by nonelite performers.
Chronological Age and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Performance of Persons with Mental Retardation: New Data
Authors: Facon Bruno , Facon-Bollengier Therese
Published: August 2011

The Test de Vocabulaire en Images (the French version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were administered to 44 persons with mental retardation who were aged 6.8 yr. to 18.2 yr. Analysis indicated a significant influence of chronological age on the Test de Vocabulaire en Images Mental Age. This influence of chronological age probably explains why receptive vocabulary tests consistently overestimate the IQ of persons with mental retardation.
Personal Preferences of Japanese Female Nursing Students
Authors: Takigasaki Takashi , Fujimura Kunihiro
Published: August 2011

Scores of 195 Japanese female nursing students, administered the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, were compared with those of 261 Japanese female nonnursing students. The nursing students scored higher on Achievement, Abasement, Nurturance, and Endurance and lower on Exhibition and Heterosexuality than nonnursing students.
Elizabethan Madness: On London's Stage
Authors: Dalby J. Thomas
Published: August 2011

During the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) a renaissance of both literary and political history occurred. The stage was transformed from primitive echoes of the morality plays to a vibrant and diverse exploration of human endeavor and man's place in the universe. The titanic literary figure of Shakespeare today veils a group of friends and challengers whose pens strove for the same goal. The depiction of madness was ubiquitous during plays of this time and reflection on the views of this group of men gives us a more reliable insight into mental illness then and today.
Utilizing Keymath Teach and Practice to Improve Middle School Students' Arithmetic Skills
Authors: Greathouse Dan , Lester Shawn , Moore Jack , Shaughnessy Michael F.
Published: August 2011

This experiment employed a pre- and a posttest supplemented by a diagnostic test for the treated group of 22 to compare students' progress with two methods of teaching arithmetic. The traditional Saxon Math 87 group performed better than the group given the KeyMath Teach and Practice after a diagnostic pretest. Implications are discussed.
What Psychology Students Know and Believe about Charles Darwin
Authors: Knapp Terry , Rasmussen Charles , Wagner Mary Jo
Published: August 2011

204 introductory and 154 advanced students in psychology were asked about their knowledge of Charles Darwin and endorsement of belief statements about the status of evolutionary theory. Advanced students had higher scores than introductory students on three of six multiple-choice knowledge items and differed from them on all six statements of belief as assessed by χ2 Advanced students appear to know more about evolutionary theory but may be less inclined to endorse its relevancy to psychology.
Argumentativeness and the Facets of the Big Five
Authors: Blickle Gerhard
Published: August 2011

Argumentativeness is conceptualized as a personality trait which predisposes an individual to recognize controversial issues and to advocate or refute positions on them. In a multivariate study with 166 male and 120 female students, the relationships between scores on the Argumentativeness scales and the facet and domain scales of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Form S) were analyzed. At the facet level, scores on Tendency to Approach arguments and Argumentativeness correlated significantly with scores on Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas, and scores on Tendency to Avoid arguments correlated significantly with scores on Self-consciousness and Assertiveness. At the domain level, scores on Openness to Experience correlated significantly with those on Tendency to Approach arguments and with the Argumentativeness scale and scores on Extraversion correlated significantly with Tendency to Avoid arguments and the Argumentativeness scale.
Depressive Symptoms and HIV-Risk Behavior in Inner-City Users of Drug Injections
Authors: Hawkins Wesley E. , Hawkins Michele J. , Latkin Carl , Chowdury Durre
Published: August 2011

The association of HIV risk-taking behavior with frequency of depressive symptoms varied by specific risk behavior and amount of harm reduction of behavior of men and women ( N = 642), 80% of whom were African-American.
Pupils' Views on Sex Education in Transkei Schools, South Africa
Authors: Monyooe Lebusa A. , Fumba C. N.
Published: August 2011

Responses to a questionnaire of 49 girls and 28 boys, who ranged in age from 17 to 29 years, suggested that pupils were favorable to sex education at schools as enhancing self-esteem, responsibility, and understanding of issues.
Psychosocial Maturity and School Achievement in Chinese Children of School-Age
Authors: Wang Wei
Published: August 2011

The relationship between Eriksonian psychosocial maturity, measured by three sets of content analysis scales, and school achievement was examined in school-age children in the People's Republic of China. Primary and high school students ( N = 360) with equal numbers of boys and girls participated. A standard open-ended interview was used to collect verbalizations which then were transcribed and analysed by the Content Analysis Scale of Psychosocial Maturity, the Sociality Scales, and the Pawn and Origin Scales. School achievement, as measured by ordinary school examinations, was not linked with any of these psychological measures. The differences in measurement and the characteristics of Chinese culture might account for the findings, but blind scoring is advised. The implications of the independent developmental domains of psychosocial maturity and school achievement were discussed.
Professors as Models and Mentors: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Gumbiner Jann
Published: August 2011

150 college students perceived male professors as more authoritative and female professors as more emotional but still preferred mentors of their own gender.
Stressful Life Events and Loss of Hair among Adult Women, a Case-Control Study
Authors: York Janine , Nicholson Thomas , Minors Patricia , Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

A case-control design was used to compare stress (as measured with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale) in the lives of 25 women who had experienced recent, unexplained hair loss with that of 25 women with no hair loss. High stress was reported by 22 of the women experiencing hair loss and 10 not experiencing hair loss. An odds ratio of 11 suggests that women who experience high stress are 11 times more likely to experience hair loss. Replication is encouraged.
Prevention of Depression in Chronic General Medical Disorders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cuijpers Pim
Published: August 2011

The course ‘Coping with Chronic Illness’ is a cognitive behavioral intervention aimed at the early treatment and prevention of depression in chronically ill persons. The first experiences show that especially chronically ill people with severe depressive symptoms participate. 9 participants improved significantly compared to 8 persons on a waiting list, and this difference was maintained at two months follow-up.
Reliability of a New Measure of Self-Actualization
Authors: Lefrançois Richard , Leclerc Gilbert , Dubé Micheline , Hébert Rétean , Gaulin Philippe
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate both the internal consistency and temporal reliability of the Measure of Self-actualization of Potential. Results from the initial pilot study ( n = 414) used to develop the inventory are compared with those of a new sample ( n = 156) designed to evaluate its stability. Responses from the new sample support our initial findings of moderate to relatively high alpha coefficients for the two main scales and five subscales. Test-retest reliability for the new set of responses indicates high stability, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from .74 to .88. For the over-all scale, Cronbach alpha reaches .90 and the intraclass coefficient .87. In addition to better psychometric properties, the new inventory has two other advantages over the Personal Orientation Inventory, fewer items and a self-report format.
Body Dissatisfaction and Sexual Victimization among College Women
Authors: Billingham Robert E. , Patterson Julia Lee
Published: August 2011

109 white, never-married undergraduate women between the ages of 17 and 24 years completed both a Body Dissatisfaction scale and a sexual coercion scale. Analysis showed no over-all correlation between body-dissatisfaction scores and sexual victimization scores. Since the correlations were as anticipated, the lack of significance may reflect the small group sizes. Women with higher and those with lower body-dissatisfaction scores were not different in mean sexual victimization scores, suggesting that women's body dissatisfaction may not be associated with risk for sexual victimization. There was a significantly higher mean body-dissatisfaction score for women who reported that they had experienced sexual victimization in dating relationships than for women who reported having had no such experience. Perhaps experiencing sexual victimization has a negative effect on how women view their bodies. This study suggests a complex link between sexual victimization and body dissatisfaction in women.
The Culture- Free Self-Esteem Inventory and the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Hayes Emma , Drummond Robert J.
Published: August 2011

Score of 76 undergraduate women on the Multidimensional Self-esteem Inventory and the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory were compared to investigate the convergent validity of the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory. Of the 44 correlations between the two scales 25 were significant.
Career Orientations of Managers from Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the career orientations of 71 managers and professionals from Central and Eastern Europe while they attended a 6-wk. program having the objective of fostering business ventures between Canadian organizations and companies in their home countries. Four career orientations were examined: managerial, technical-functional, entrepreneurial, and security. Three of the four (managerial, entrepreneurial, security) were relatively high and higher than the technical-functional career anchor.
Motivational Structure of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Czech Men
Authors: Man František , Stuchlíková Iva , Klinger Eric
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the motivational structures of 26 patients diagnosed with alcoholism in comparison to 30 demographically similar technical university students. Responding to the Motivational Structure Questionnaire, the clinical group listed 40% fewer goals, responded as if they needed richer incentives to form strong commitments to goal striving, displayed marginally less average commitment to their goals, and, after other variables were partialled out, expressed less ability to influence the course of goal attainment. There were no differences in their scores on over-all subjective probability of success, the time frame for goal attainment, and their relative scores on anticipated positive and negative emotions and ambivalence. The results suggest group differences in the effects of brain-reward mechanisms.
Frequency of Interventions Used by Paraeducators with Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Maag John W. , Vasa Stanley F. , Reid Robert
Published: August 2011

Rated frequencies of use by 187 paraeducators of 15 interventions with students with disabilities included academic assistance, modeling appropriate behavior, giving reinforcement most often and restraining a student or initiating time-out among least frequent.
Development and Validation of the Impulse Buying Tendency Scale
Authors: Weun Seungoog , Jones Michael A. , Beatty Sharon E.
Published: August 2011

Previous research suggests that individuals vary in their proclivity to purchase products on impulse. This paper presents the results of four studies (Study 1, n = 212; Study 2, n = 152; Study 3, n = 124; and Study 4, n = 550) designed to develop and validate the Impulse Buying Tendency Scale. Data from the first three studies indicate that the scale is unidimensional and internally consistent. The third study provides evidence supporting convergent validity and discriminant validity and the fourth of predictive validity.
Divisibility of Attributed Causality and Blame
Authors: Kanekar Suresh , Miranda Jillian P.
Published: August 2011

In an experiment attributed causality and blame were not divisible among members of groups, but internality vs externality of reasons appeared relevant.
Development and Validation of an Employee Absenteeism Scale
Authors: Paget Kathryn J. , Lang Delia L. , Shultz Kenneth S.
Published: August 2011

Given the staggering costs of absenteeism in the workplace, a better understanding of its causes and consequences is needed. Therefore, items from an interview by Nicholson and Payne (1987) were incorporated into an absenteeism survey administered to 118 working students. A factor analysis of 13 potential causes of absenteeism yielded two interpretable factors which were Involuntary and Voluntary. Scores on the Voluntary factor were marginally correlated −.17 ( p<.10) with the number of days absent in the last six months, whereas scores on the Involuntary factor were not ( r = −.11, p >.10). These results are discussed in terms of how they help us to understand the complex construct of absenteeism.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CXI. Factual Errors and Watson's Autobiographical Essay
Authors: Thorne B. Michael
Published: August 2011

The possible reasons for the overly self-critical nature of John B. Watson's autobiographical essay are examined. Of particular interest are the date and events surrounding the terminal illness of Watson's second wife, Rosalie Rayner. The central question—Did Rayner die before or after Watson wrote his essay?—is impossible to answer from the contradictory information in the current historical literature. Based on a contemporary source, it is almost certain that Watson wrote the essay after his wife's untimely death, but this may not be the reason for the negative tone of his piece. The errors in the literature dealing with this event in Watson's life suggest that greater care should be taken in historical research.
Predicting Suicide Rate among Elderly Persons in Canadian Provinces
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a study of the ten Canadian provinces, the suicide rate among elderly persons was predicted by their average income and the percentage of elderly people with low incomes.
Addition and Deletion of Objects on Memory for Composition of Scenes
Authors: Yamada Natsuko , Hakoda Yuji , Uchino Yashio
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the effect of addition and deletion of stimuli to the current environment on perceivers' performance of memory task. Further, the robustness of the asymmetric effects of addition and deletion was investigated. 48 objects in a room were grouped into four schematically consistent or inconsistent conditions. In the experiment, participants viewed a series of an original scene and a target scene with the placement of an object changed from the original scene before the recall and the recognition tasks. Participants were asked whether they noticed change from the original scene to the target scene. The recall tasks were performed both verbal and written. In the recognition task, each of the 24 objects (17 objects were actually present in the scene, but seven were not) was visually presented on the computer display along with confidence ratings. Analysis showed that participants were more likely to recall placement of objects classified as highly expected and highly salient according to an hypothesized schema of placement. There was also a significant effect of addition on recall performance when objects were classified as low in expectation but highly salient were added to the target scene. The effects of addition on schema-inconsistent information were discussed in terms of informativeness of the information.
Comparison of Organizational, Professional, University, and Academic Commitment Scales
Authors: Dolen Michael R. , Shultz Kenneth S.
Published: August 2011

Professional, Academic, and University Commitment Scales were developed and validated based on Mowday, Steers, and Porter's 1979 Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. Data from 74 working students supported use of the separate scales.
Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examination for Grade Performance in Graduate Psychology Courses
Authors: House J. Daniel , Johnson James J.
Published: August 2011

This study was intended to investigate the predictive relationship between Graduate Record Examination scores and subsequent grade performance in graduate psychology courses. Students' records were evaluated for 275 graduate students in professional psychology programs. Higher GRE scores were significantly correlated with higher grades in several specific graduate courses. For GRE-Verbal scores, the correlation with grades in Theories and Techniques of Counseling was .24 ( n = 261) while for GRE-Quantitative scores, the correlations with course grades were .30 ( n = 255) for Theories of Learning and .36 ( n = 227) for Statistics II. For GRE-Total scores, the correlations with course grades obtained were .30 ( n = 255) for Theories of Learning, .22 ( n = 261) for Theories and Techniques of Counseling, and .33 ( n = 227) for Statistics II. These results indicate that, in some instances, GRE scores have some predictive validity for the course performance of professional psychology graduate students; however, the amount of variance in course grades explained by GRE scores was modest and there is need to identify other factors that explain success of graduate students.
Cognitive Development of Students in China and the USA: Opposite Directions?
Authors: Zhang Li-Fang , Hood Albert B.
Published: August 2011

“Universality” has been claimed as one of the major characteristics for theories of cognitive development. Based in part on the work of Piaget and Kohl-berg, Perry developed a cognitive scheme of phases of intellectual development along which students in the USA move during their college years. An inventory designed to assess the Perry's stages of cognitive development of Chinese students was constructed, modeled after several American inventories. Based on responses by 808 Chinese students, cognitive development seemed to proceed in the direction opposite from that of the U.S. students at least during the first three undergraduate years. Explanations include the current environment in Chinese education.
Self-Disclosure, Loneliness and Four Interpersonal Targets: Friend, Group of Friends, Stranger, and Group of Strangers
Authors: Schwab Susan H. , Ginter Earl J. , Scalise Joseph J. , Whipple Gary
Published: August 2011

69 Lonely and 142 Nonlonely undergraduates were compared on self-disclosure to four interpersonal targets, i.e. friend, group of friends, stranger, and group of strangers. The Lonely group were less willing to disclose to all four targets and reported higher frequency and intensity of loneliness-related affects.
Attitudes toward Elective Abortion: Preliminary Evidence of Validity for the Personal Beliefs Scale
Authors: Embree Robert A.
Published: August 2011

On the Personal Beliefs Scale of Embree and Embree item ratings obtained from 100 Midwestern undergraduates were used to classify participants into neutral, other, or second-order psychosomaticism mind-body belief types. Responses to a hypothetical abnormal pregnancy were used to measure attitude toward abortion (prochoice vs antichoice), meaning of abortion (not murder vs murder), and empathy for the unborn (low, moderate, or high). Values of χ2 were statistically significant for students classified by mind-body belief type versus attitude toward abortion, and the meaning of abortion, but not for empathy for the unborn.
Another Psychometric Evaluation of the Just World Scale
Authors: Couch James V.
Published: August 2011

The psychometric properties of the Just World Scale developed by Rubin and Peplau in 1975 has been debated in the literature as some results are conflicting. The present investigation provides another look at its factor structure and the presumed relation between scores of young men and women. The two factors extracted accounted for 24.45% of the variance and matched Rubin and Peplau's factors of “Just” and “Unjust.” For total scores and factor scores no effects for sex were observed.
Holland Codes and 16PF Global Factors: Sixty-Nine Samples
Authors: Schuerger J. M. , Sfiligoj T. M.
Published: August 2011

Global Factor scores from Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) were correlated with Holland codes using mean 16PF profiles from 69 occupational groups as data. Unlike prior studies, this study features occupational groups as the unit of analysis. Two analyses were done to test expectations, (a) 16PF scores would significantly discriminate among Holland types and (b) 16PF mean scores for each type would differ from the population mean in a direction consistent with prior research. Results met expectations on each analysis. Findings for two of the Global Factors (Anxiety and Self-control) warranted special comment. Interpretations were offered and implications discussed.
Role of Hope in Predicting Anxiety about Statistics
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: August 2011

Hope is defined as a cognitive set which consists of level of goal-directed determination (agency) and propensity to plan ways to achieve goals (pathways). This study investigated whether hope was related to anxiety about statistics. Participants were 109 graduate students from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds enrolled in courses on statistics and educational research methods. A canonical correlation analysis was interpreted as indicating that students who had the poorest sense of successful determination in relation to their goals and who had the least positive appraisals of their ability to generate ways to overcome goal-related obstacles and to reach their goals tended to have the highest anxiety associated with worth of statistics, interpretation, tests and class, computational self-concept, fear of asking for help, and fear of the instructor. Based on these findings, it is recommended that researchers investigate whether interventions aimed at agency and pathways help to reduce such anxiety.
Locus of Control and the Fundamental Dimensions of Moods
Authors: Henson Heather N. , Chang Edward C.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the association between locus of control and positive and negative moods in 253 college students. Using the PANAS-X, designed by Watson and Clark, individuals scoring high on internal locus of control also scored higher across different dimensions of positive mood. Conversely, individuals scoring high on external locus of control had higher scores across different dimensions of negative mood.
Response Rates and Couple Type in the U.S. Army Family Research Program Survey: A Research Note
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bell D. Bruce
Published: August 2011

Data from 7,792 marred soldiers who participated in the 1989 Army Family Research Program survey were analyzed for the effects of age, rank, racial background, geographic location, gender, separation from spouse, marital stability, number of children, dual military status, and satisfaction with the Army on spouses' response rates. All factors were significant except age and number of children. Overall, the most important factor was rank, with 58% of the spouses of officers responding compared to only 35% of the spouses of enlisted personnel. Spouses who were civilians, females, living with their soldiers in the United States, whose marriages were stable and who were married to white soldiers or officers were more likely to have responded to the spouses' survey. While the average response rate for spouses was 42.1%, it was nearly 68% among the civilian female spouses living together in the United States in stable marriages with officers who were very satisfied with Army life ( n = 367). In contrast, response rates were only 20% among the dual military husbands of female enlisted wives ( n = 364).
Interactive Effects of Physical Attractiveness in Advertisements
Authors: Onodera Takayoshi , Miura Masaki
Published: August 2011

Interactive effects between the physical attractiveness of models and the attributes of advertisements were investigated with 186 undergraduate students. We hypothesized that, while an attractive model would be judged to be appropriate for the advertisement for feminine types of products, an unattractive model would be perceived to be appropriate for the advertisement of masculine types of products. As a feminine type of product and a masculine type of product, we used a diet drink and stamina drink. Each drink was considered appropriate for each sex in Japan. The experimental design was 3 (attractive model/no model/unattractive model) x 2 (drink for women/drink for men) x 2 (sex of subjects). Being presented a fabricated drink advertisement with a photograph of the model, the subjects were asked to evaluate the same points, including appropriateness, for the model, products and advertisement. Analysis supported the interactive hypothesis only concerning women subjects. It is suggested that there is a consistent difference in perception by sex group in Japan.