bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design education learning: developing skills of observing and managing intangible system in young generations
Authors: Bergamini Isabella , Fanzini Daniele
Published: July 2016

There is consensus among researchers are recognizing that managing and projecting in complexity multidimensionality (Manzini, Baule, & Bertola, 2004) represents one of the mains challenges and constants of contemporaries’ processes of innovation. This systemic distinguishing peculiarity makes impossible to standardize the design processes because every single situation needs to be solve by adopting different strategies (Celaschi & Deserti, 2007). Nevertheless, those innovative processes can be developed and managed by refer us to tools and practices of design into the paradigms of multidisciplinary and multidimensional. However, what happens when professors have to transmit those concepts to young students of design faculties? We have to consider that normally those students are coming from second-degree schools, which programs usually still insist on content rigidly divided in disciplines and don´t consider how the contemporary relation between space and time has overturned for them (Morin, 2001). Young students generally disclaim their past in the meaning of heritage, values and techniques knowledge; they live in the present, a time that does not exist; a time that today results enormously expanded by globalization processes. They still living in a reality of which territorial capital subsystems are characterized by an entropic strong dichotomy of entities in opposition but, on the other hand, in balance within themselves, as for example topics as material/immaterial, collective/identity, culture/industry, etc. So, which are the design didactic challenges to provide horizontal skills for allowing young students to understand complexity and manage knowledge of the reality? This article will discuss the case study of the perception among design of a newly generation admitted at the Innovation and Design Engineering Degree of the Universidad Panamericana – Guadalajara Campus. As expected, in this new generation we can especially observe a resistance to consider the sociocultural, business, technological and territorial dimensions as systems that strategically characterized and affected plural aspects of the design innovation processes. The contribute then proceed in analyzing case studies of didactic activities for creating skills and sensibility able to develop this capability to observe, select and manage the intangible in order to optimize the design of the tangible in the young generations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3328
Estrategias colaborativas y open-source para la generación de sistemas productivos entre diseñadores y productores.
Authors: Gajardo Valdés Rodrigo Francisco , Gerea Petculescu Carmen , Mollenhauer Gajardo Katherine
Published: July 2016

Según el arquitecto y escritor Witold Rybczynski “el deseo de hacer algo bien, ya sea navegar en un velero o construirlo, refleja una necesidad que antes estaba relacionada con el lugar de trabajo” (1992, p. 202-203) pero en una época cada vez más automatizada y simplificada por la tecnología, el desafío del trabajo análogo de tiempos anteriores encuentra otros nichos donde emerger. Las tendencias relativas al retorno de los oficios en la actualidad pueden ser explicadas a través un análisis social, laboral y económico, donde la sobre-oferta profesional y la rutina del trabajo automatizado ha propiciado una revalorización del trabajo manual y el retorno de oficios que permite a algunos profesionales guardar sus títulos en el cajón para dedicarse a ser zapateros, panaderos o carpinteros. Por otro lado, las tendencias relacionadas a los emprendimientos de la nueva generación diseñadores de productos, que configuran su propuesta de valor desde una mirada mucho más consciente de los procesos productivos locales que pueden gatillar, son también un antecedente de esta necesidad de replantear la forma como consumimos y producimos bienes. El auge de estos nuevos emprendimientos de marcas de diseño local, derivados de distintas disciplinas, que han comenzado a desarrollar una conexión productiva más integrada con fabricantes y artesanos locales avanza, pero a tropiezos. La desindustrialización de los países occidentales y la interrupción del proceso de industrialización en muchos países de Latinoamérica impactó en la creciente escasez de productores locales así como también de estructuras organizativas y educativas en torno a la manufactura y los oficios, situación que evidencia los problemas en las cadenas de valor de diseñadores que producen localmente y la falta de capital productivo y asociativo de productores locales. El requerimiento de diseñar nuevos sistemas productivos que permitan articular a los distintos actores involucrados en estos nuevos escenarios locales incluye repensar modelos de negocios, estrategias de capacitación y generación de capital productivo en economías colaborativas. La estrategia del uso de talleres colaborativos en la generación de soluciones compartidas entre diseñadores y productores, así como también la incorporación de estrategias open source en el uso libre de este capital por cualquier actor del sistema, podría ayudar en la efectiva generación de nuevos sistemas productivos que atiendan nuevos mercados sustentables.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.33322016.啮楶敲獩瑡琠偯汩瓨据楣愠摥⁖慬捩愬⁓灡楮ⰠIFDP`16 -Systems & Design:BeyondProcesses and Thinking
Programming Visual Representations. Evolutions of Visual Identities between Tangible and Intangible
Authors: Guida Francesco Ermanno , Voltaggio Ernesto
Published: July 2016

The communication design field it's considerably changed in the last 20 years and more as well as the role of the designer. Technology has modified the daily work tools and new possible relations between the designer, the commitment and the final user can be underlined. Observing some of the most experimental practices, new visual languages have draw the attention, affected by innovative approaches and mixed competencies. The area of visual identities is especially of interest, not excluding other areas of experimentations.The phenomenon of the so-called dynamic or post-logo identities underlined the possibilities of using more fluid and expressive, variable, context related, processual, performative, non-linear, consistent visual languages instead of the usual and static repetition of a logo or an imposed series of rules (Felsing, 2010). But also their contradictions in making recognizable an organization and in the visual identity daily management.An interesting evolution to be underlined is in the use of the digital tools, not anymore in a passive way but in an active way. Visual designers can build their digital tools basing them on design and esthetic needs. Innovation is in the creative process, instead of in the final result, is in the “way to live our own creativeness” as affirmed precisely by Soddu (1998).The designer is not anymore just the user of ready-made digital tools, becoming himself programmer of customized digital toolboxes by using open source codes like Processing or VVVV or hardware like Arduino. This allows to affirm that visual designers are are becoming designer-producers (Bianchini & Maffei, 2012) too, as its happening for the colleagues of the product design field. Not just a DIY attitude but something that it's changing the control knobs of a design system in all its process and development. As far as technology support is relevant, technical matters are relegated in the background on behalf of abstraction and data parametrization that means on behalf of a meta-design level. The use of programming in creative and visual communication design processes “empowers the designer, freeing he from the constraints of predefined computational tools, and promoting creative freedom in the construction of visual metaphors” (Duro, Machado, Rebelo, 2012). The aim of this paper is to argue this recent evolution in the field of visual identities and in the wider area of communication design practices.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3334
System development for its disclosure of Portuguese digital type design
Authors: Quelhas Vítor , Branco Vasco , Mendonça Rui
Published: July 2016

This study aims to cover the current development of a platform for the disclosure of the Portuguese type design community, since the beginning of the desktop revolution, until today.  To deepen our understanding, interviews were made to a selected and representative group of type designers from our sample based on several criteria. The interview tested six dimensions: people, processes, products, uses, identity and platform. The results analyzed in the last dimension, through content analysis and quantitative data, lead to the development of an online digital collaborative system – one of our specific objectives.  Our hypothesis – that the development of a online digital collaborative system would allow further development of knowledge between products, users and authors, as well as, processes and uses – was also corroborated by the interviewers.  Reviews have been made to reference international online projects to identify their purposes, areas of activity, objectives, mechanisms of interaction, usability and accessibility. This previous research brought together a set of notes that would become essential in the definition and development of our concept.   The classification of typefaces is a subject of study by researchers and designers, but it is certainly not a topic for complete agreement. Organizing and balancing the content for the database was our first challenge since we were expecting users with good knowledge on the field, but also beginners. Several diagrams were put into test during the early stage of information architecture to better define categories, filters, and sorting methods, as well as users role in the system. The items and categories chosen were redefined in a second stage, and in the third stage hi-fidelity wireframes were produced, to concentrate on design aspects and decisions, and put the system into test and evaluation.   The current results on the platform development, with the improvements made through several user tests, evaluations and refinements undertaken in all phases of the project have been crucial. We are expecting to run some pilot tests, as well as usability tests prior to the full implementation to further improve the system and meet the expectations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3351
Opportunities and challenges in teaching Systemic Design. The evoluation of the Open Systems master courses at Politecnico di Torino
Authors: Barbero Silvia
Published: July 2016

The contamination between design and theory of systems as a field of development of new design processes is nowadays consolidated. However, the issue concerning the methodology to apply in teaching systemic design remains an open question. The approach adopted in the Master Degree in Systemic Design at Politecnico di Torino is based on the assumption that the teaching method must itself be systemic. Alongside designers, the degree course has involved from the very beginning experts of different disciplines (i.e. chemistry, physics, mechanics, history, economy and management) as teachers, in order to create a multidisciplinary environment for the development of projects. Born as master degree in academic year 2002-03 at Politecnico di Torino (Italy) from the close collaboration with Gunter Pauli, the course has changed name and form but not the content, until it reached the current title (a.y. 2015-16): master degree “Aurelio Peccei” in Systemic Design. The Open Systems course has enabled students, in previous years, to experiment the design of production processes. This was the case of the systemic project done with NN Europe, a company engaged in manufacturing ball bearings, in which the output management allows a positive economic impact. Over the years the course has shifted its focus from the production process of a product to the wider company context. In 2010, the approach has been applied to the agricultural enterprise Ortofruit: starting from agricultural production, the students have defined the production system and the relationships with the market. Systemic Design, during this course, has experienced the transition from the design of industrial processes that are closely linked to the territory, and then enhance local resources, to the design of the whole territorial system. The work done by the students of the course in recent years has led to the definition of scenarios about fields usually distant from the traditional design world. For example, the definition of the economic model, the corporate model that is built around relationships on cooperation with different disciplines.This transition, from the product to the entire territorial system, allows the exploration of new contexts, but it also puts the designer in a complex and challenging position in according with complex theories.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3353
A eficiência da materialidade - O recurso a ferramentas digitais de simulação e fabricação aditiva na procura de uma maior eficácia dos dispositivos
Authors: Gomes Pires Gonçalves Sérgio , Oliveira Mateus João Vasco
Published: July 2016

A praxis do Design de produtos, condicionada pelas crises sociais e ambientais que o mundo atravessa, deve passar pela procura de uma cada vez maior eficiência dos objetos na sua dimensão ambiental. Embora esta questão esteja a jusante de questões eventualmente mais relevantes na minimização deste problema, e que têm a ver com a legitimação da própria existência dos dispositivos, a otimização do recurso a matérias primas no fabrico de objetos é de fulcral importância. A possibilidade de otimizar os produtos pela redução da incorporação de matéria prima no seu fabrico e adequar o material a uma determinada utilização é central no seu processo de desenvolvimento. Por outro lado, as novas possibilidades trazidas pela fabricação aditiva no sentido de reduzir a quantidade de materiais e processos industriais associados à produção de componentes técnicos complexos permite perspetivar uma melhoria significativa do impacto ambiental tradicionalmente associado à sua obtenção.O presente artigo procura examinar como as tecnologias digitais de análise, otimização e fabricação aditiva poderão constituir uma resposta viável para uma produção mais eficiente do ponto de vista da incorporação de recursos não-renováveis e da minimização do impacto ambiental associado às tecnologias de produção tradicionais.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3357
Proposal for a systemic process: Managing the creative abilities of students pursuing the architectural studio at mexican universities.
Authors: Flores Miranda Margarita Beatriz
Published: July 2016

“Education´s goal is the ability to master life with self-creative forces, in order to achieve something good and beautiful.” Götze, C. (1898). Das kind als Künstler Projects at Mexican schools of architecture often focus on conventional issues of dimension and function; in a country with the largest number of students in the architectural discipline there is an existing disinterest in the appropriation of knowledge, exploration of complexity, and expression of ideas. Such a disinterest calls for the evolution of architectural education. This research proposes it is possible to manage the creative forces of individuals. A working model composed of distinct components will be generated to stimulate areas related to artistic development. In preparation, essential components of the model have been extracted by analysis from the Bauhaus Preliminary Course developed by Johannes Itten, considering its influence on sequential tutors as well as its moment of historic implementation (1918-1923). The objective is to transform Itten´s pedagogy by means of a systemic design process focusing on the development of creative skills. The first methodological approach has been extracted from three of Itten’s thematic fields, each structured by a set of common elements: principle, objective, common material, exercises, and phases (Fig. 1). The sets are related according to their role in the development of talent as a means to discern and reveal artistic character: -      BEING UNDER CONSTRUCTION: A physical-soul-spiritual unity that incorporates artistic education through exercises for awakening the body and intellectual harmonization (Fig. 1a). -      BALANCED COMPOSITION: Refinement of the senses through intuitive analysis of artistic structures and a critical drawing of reality (Fig. 1b). -      CONTRAST: The art of objectivity through the study of opposites: feeling-thinking, intuition-intellect, expression-construction (Fig. 1c). A responsible party, acting as structural element, directs the capacities stimulated within the group and materialized by cohesive exercises, guiding students to define an authentic trajectory: -      FAMILIARIZATION: Understanding the bases. -      EXPERIMENTATION: Articulation of new configurations. -      APPROPRIATION: Creation from the unknown. -      OPERATION: Execution in real-time. -      REDIRECTION: Return to the origin to adjust and resume. By asserting the student is the center of his or her unique working model the implementation of this method in architectural studios allows for the assignment of any creative exercise and is suitable for all levels of investigation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3644
Termografia: ferramenta auxiliar na pesquisa de materiais e no design de produtos
Authors: Silva Júlio César Riccó Plácido , Mira Maria Do Rosário Gonçalves
Published: July 2016

Termografia é um procedimento de medição passiva e sem contato, que apresenta a distribuição de temperatura na superfície de um material, que se apresenta como aporte para análises da condutividade térmica e auxiliar a da percepção tátil. Este equipamento possibilita ao designer reunir recursos adicionais em procedimento de mapeamento da relação de percepção, permitindo uma prospecção aprofundada e interior da matéria em estudo. O objeto em estudo é representado por um espectro de cores que exprime variações de temperatura e detalhes que são imperceptíveis a olho nu, que são registrados pela imagem gerada pelo equipamento, permitem a visualização de áreas e variações de emissão de calor da superfície do objeto. Tais dados se tornam diferenciais e indutivos para o processo de projeto. Considerando a importância da termografia, este artigo direciona seus estudos para validar esse instrumento auxiliar de coleta de dados, que permite compreender a percepção a partir da interação, do usuário com polímeros, identificando qualidades inerentes em cada tipo de material, indicando novas possibilidades e alternativas em seu uso. Plásticos ou polímeros, não são em si uma entidade única de material, mas muitas categorias com qualidades e propriedades específicas, representam uma classe a parte entre as modalidades de materiais.  Usúarios utilizam-se da interação tátil, para avaliar estas qualidades. Mapear essa interação por meio da termografia pode fornecer dados de relevância para designers no desenvolvimento de produtos. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado a termo-câmera Flir Ex6 com detector de matriz de plano focal (FPA), microbolómetro não refrigerado, com gama espectral 7,5-13 μm. Para o corpo de amostras foram selecionados os polímeros: PP, PMMA, Poliestireno, PU e PVC em tamanho de 80 x 80mm e espessuras variando entre 3 e 5mm. A variação de espessuras se deve ao padrão de mercado. Participaram do estudo 15 participantes homens e mulheres, em idades variadas. Pretendeu-se verificar se a termografia se apresenta como uma ferramenta auxiliar em uma investigação para melhor interpretação de variáveis térmicas dos polímeros e averiguar tanto a sensibilidade de contato como a condutividade de cada material e se o fator de condutividade térmica altera a percepção de suas qualidades pelos usuários.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3651
O Design Sistêmico como método de inovação aplicado a fornos tradicionais de cerâmica vermelha no Amazonas - Brasil
Authors: Cordeiro Mota Sheila , Mazarelo Maciel Pacheco Karla , Hernandis Ortuño Bernabé
Published: July 2016

Mediante avaliação dos processos de produção de blocos cerâmicos, tomando como foco de pesquisa o processo de queima em fornos tradicionais e considerando questões econômicas e sociais do Amazonas - Brasil, esta pesquisa analisa alguns sistemas tradicionais de cocção cerâmica, propondo uma nova configuração sistêmica. Esta pesquisa tem como propósito, desenvolver um novo sistema, considerado eco-eficiente e sustentável, unindo o que é tecnicamente viável na área de tecnologias limpas, com o que é culturalmente desejável em relação aos produtos sem prejudicar os usuários de seus sistemas, bem como as relações sociais de produção que estão envolvidas durante o processo. Com base em dados levantados a partir de visitas técnicas realizadas as empresas de cerâmica da região do Iranduba e entrevistas a expertises do setor a nível nacional, se observaram outros aspectos que prejudicam a qualidade do processo de cocção cerâmica, onde geralmente se utilizam fornos pouco eficientes, em função da queima ineficiente da lenha ou outros insumos energéticos, apresentando uma série de inconvenientes que comprometem o desempenho produtivo e econômico, causando danos ambientais, sobretudo quando se trata das pequenas e médias empresas.Em se tratando de uma análise sobre o estudo de caso, a interpretação dos dados coletados, por meio de entrevista a expertises do setor da cerâmica industrial, se caracteriza por um esquema não rígido, considerando que os elementos envolvidos compõem blocos conceituais que visam gerar, por meio dos resultados, requisitos e parâmetros considerados essenciais a projetação do novo sistema de queima cerâmica.Buscando materializar as necessidades e objetivos do projeto, fez-se necessário ter como suporte teórico paralelo e descritivo, o modelo de Design concorrente que expressa o processo de criação de um conceito, demonstrando que uma ideia pode ser originada a partir de uma necessidade preeminente, onde a materialização da ideia se estabelece por meio de diretrizes que regem a funcionalidade do sistema macro, cujo resultado aborda os aspectos formais, funcionais e ergonômicos, incorporando a estes o contexto social, econômico, tecnológico e ambiental deste produto, com o propósito de suprir as necessidades dos usuários, elencadas as vantagens e atendimento dos objetivos pré-estabelecidos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3696
Farmácia hospitalar como oportunidade para a gestão de design no trabalho de prevenção do erro de medicação: estudo em uma realidade brasileira
Authors: Blum Arina , Merino Schmidt Giselle , Merino Diaz Eugenio Andrés
Published: July 2016

O erro de medicação é um problema do qual nenhum hospital está imune. O trabalho para a prevenção do erro deve, portanto, ser uma constante que visa, em última análise, a segurança do paciente. Um antecedente importante para reduzir a probabilidade da ocorrência do erro é criação de uma cultura de segurança em todo o sistema de medicação. (Werner, Nelson e Boehm-Davis, 2012; ANVISA, 2010; Otero López et al., 2008; Schneider, 2007; entre outros). A gestão de design pode agir, assim, contribuindo com a resolução de problemas de forma ordenada e lógica (Borja de Mozota, Klöpsch e Xavier da Costa, 2011) e cooperando para a eficiência estratégica das inter-relações (Best, 2012). Neste sentido, deu-se a questão de pesquisa: em que setor do hospital pode-se iniciar um trabalho de gestão de design que venha a contribuir para a prevenção do erro de medicação? O objetivo traçado pela pesquisa foi de identificar um setor do hospital onde ações de design possam ser implantadas para, de forma estratégica, prevenir o erro de medicação. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa sistemática, com foco em um levantamento bibliográfico exploratório, de natureza básica. Primeiramente foram abarcados dados qualitativos sobre as características do erros de medicação e a sua classificação segundo a litetura. Posteriormente houve o mapeamento dos setores envolvidos no sistema de medicação e o apontamento de ações onde a gestão de design pode atuar como apoio à prevenção do erro. O resultado indicou a farmácia hospitalar como um setor estratégico e de oportunidade para a atuação da gestão de design. Ficou evidenciado que, ali, o trabalho de prevenção tem sido efetivado essencialmente por profissionais da área da saúde que tem o domínio sobre as formas nas quais o erro de medicação pode ser evitado, porém desconhecem o campo do design em sua abrangência e, portanto, não utilizam as possibilidades dessa área. Outros resultados concentram-se no apontamento, ainda inicial, de possibilidades nos níveis operacional, tático e estratégico do design que cooperam para a prevenção do erro de medicação. Entre elas, citam-se melhorias nas identificações de produtos fracionados e armazenados, organização do espaço e otimização do trabalho. Esta pesquisa foi parte embasadora de um projeto que está em prática em um laboratório de design de uma universidade brasileira. Ocorre a partir do trabalho de uma equipe multidisciplinar, que conta com pesquisadores designers, em parceria com profissionais da área da saúde atuantes em um hospital público psiquiátrico.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3729
A gestão de design na perspectiva da produção de ativos intangíves na agricultura familiar: Um estudio multicaso em Joinville e Blumenau no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil.
Authors: Zacchi Giancarlo Philippi , Merino Giselle Schimdt , Merino Eugênio Andrés Diaz , Tomazi Adriana Alves , Cavalcanti Dione Benevenutti
Published: July 2016

O Brasil apresenta 4,3 milhões de estabelecimentos agropecuários de natureza familiar. Representa 84% do total de módulos agrícolas do território. Mais de 12 milhões de pessoas ocupam 24% do território respondendo por 38% da renda bruta. Enquanto a agricultura patronal gera R$ 358,00 por hectare, a agricultura familiar gera R$ 677,00 sendo, 89% mais produtiva respondendo por 10% do PIB (BRASIL, 2010). A gestão de design pode oferecer melhores condições de competitividade, através dos ativos intangíveis desses empreendimentos. Santa Catarina contribui na dinâmica produtiva dessas cadeias de produção. São 168.544 unidades em 2.645.088 ha. O estado possui  90,5% desses estabelecimentos que ocupam 87% da área agrícola respondendo a 71,3% do valor bruto da produção, gerando mais de 240 mil empregos,  17% da força de trabalho. Mesmo assim a agricultura familiar catarinense enfrenta problemas de competitividade, de diferenciação e de sustentabilidade de seus negócios, produtos e serviços, prejudicando um mercado de 1.520.085 habitantes nas microrregiões de Blumenau e de Joinville. Este fato desencadeia impactos nos ecossistemas agroecológicos. A gestão de design a partir das dimensões sociais, econômicas e ambientais agrega valor aos produtos e seus produtores através da produção de ativos intangíveis que possibilita a penetração em novos mercados. Este artigo apresenta os primeiros resultados do estudo realizado nos empreendimentos das duas microrregiões de Joinville e Blumenau, em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, a pesquisa possui objetivos exploratórios, natureza aplicada e forma de abordagem qualitativa, envolvendo estudo multicaso em 26 empreendimentos. Os resultados apontam que na microrregião de Blumenau, foram implementadas melhorias no ponto de venda para exposição atrativa das mercadorias, melhorando o ambiente de trabalho; ações de branding/naming, criação de marca gráfica e linguagem visual padronizada, envolvendo questões legais como o registro de marca, nome fantasia e nome empresarial e serviços para melhorar a experiência de compra e a conscientização sobre hábitos saudáveis; criação de tags informativas para os produtos; plaquinhas com nome / preço dos produtos; cartaz institucional do produtor; quadro negro com produtos do dia e cestos de vime para expor os produtos. Na microrregião de Joinville, o efeito final foi à identidade visual, nas embalagens, uniformes, papelaria, aplicações de identidade visual nos meios de transporte da cooperativa e estudos ergonômicos para despencamento das pencas de banana. Com isso os estudos diagnósticos elaborados nas duas microrregiões do Estado, incrementam as propriedades rurais e pesqueiras através da gestão de design.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3748
Reciclaje de plásticos de consumo masivo. Caso comunidad de reciclaje Nashira
Authors: Orozco Echeverri Lina Marcela , Neira Liscano Henry Sneyder , Ramirez Triana Nelida Yaneth
Published: July 2016

Desde sus orígenes los plásticos han revolucionado el mundo debido a su versatilidad frente a otros materiales, sin embargo, el volumen de material ha crecido ostensiblemente como se registra en los datos de Plastics (2015), donde se afirma que 311 millones de toneladas de plástico se han producido en el mundo en el año 2014. De otra parte, según el informe del Banco Internacional de Desarrollo (2011), el negocio del reciclaje en Latinoamérica, es en su mayoría informal, los recicladores desempeñan una labor ambiental importante siendo ellos quienes recolectan el 60.9% de los residuos reciclables (en Colombia), estos trabajadores obtienen una remuneración muy baja aun cuando manipulan materias primas con alto valor económico, siendo sus ingresos mensuales en promedio 22,14 USD es decir menos de un dólar diario, lo cual establece índices de pobreza absoluta y hace necesario intervenir con el fin de dignificar el trabajo y erradicar la pobreza extrema. (Programa de Naciones Unidas , 2015). Con estos elementos preliminares del volumen de materiales plásticos y el trabajo subvalorado de los recicladores, este proyecto propone reciclar plásticos desarrollando una extrusora que produzca la transformación del material plástico de consumo masivo desechado, en filamento para impresión 3D, -teniendo en cuenta la emergente masificación de las impresoras 3D FDM (Fused Deposition Material)- Este trabajo es desarrollado en conjunto con una comunidad de “reciclaje Nashira” en el Bolo San Isidro, corregimiento del Valle del Cauca - Colombia y plantea su desarrollo a través de metodologías de co-diseño incluyendo a la comunidad activamente en el proyecto (Sanders & Stappers, 2014), a su vez es necesario abordar los elementos claves de este proceso mediante estrategias sistémicas de desarrollo de producto  (Hernandis, 2015), así a partir de este enfoque se define la configuración del objeto final con el diseño como medio transformador de aspectos intangibles como el conocimiento, asociado una dimensión sociocultural donde la interacción es dada siempre por la comunidad como actor principal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3759
Multidisciplinary information application for structuring design.
Authors: Enşici Ayhan
Published: July 2016

Designers in teams continuously discuss information connected to design ideas, problems or solutions that whey developed in problem solving process. However some moments are more relevant for the process, thereby decisive for the final design. The “Critical situation method” (Badke-Schaub and Frankberger, 2003) which was developed in order to evaluate the data of the design work distinguishing between critical situations and routine work have been used to focus on those moments. Critical situations determine choice points with importance for the subsequent design process and the result. To track the information behavior patterns of the design team members provoking crucial design decision we concentrated critical situations of the types ‘goal analysis, goal decision’ and ‘solution-search, solution-analysis and, solution-decision’.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.4250
Clinical Evaluation of Silorane-based Resin Composites in the Posterior Teeth: An 18 Months Follow-up Study
Authors: Almuhaiza Mohammed
Published: July 2016

The silorane-based resin composites have low polymerization shrinkage and stress, good stability in aqueous environments and insolubility in biological fluid stimulants compared with conventional dimethacrylate based composites. The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the performance of silorane-based resin over a period of 18 months. The study was conducted in ten posterior restorations performed with silorane. Clinical evaluations were done periodically to evaluate the success of the restorations using predefined criteria. Eight out of ten restorations fulfilled all criteria up to 18 months. Two restorations had marginal chipping of the composite material. From this short-term clinical study, it can be concluded that siloranes can be used as an alternative to other posterior restorative composites. Further research over longer periods with larger samples are required to substantiate the current observations.

How to cite this article

Almuhaiza M. Clinical Evaluation of Silorane-based Resin Composites in the Posterior Teeth: An 18 Months Follow-up Study. World J Dent 2016;7(2):69-72.
Accuracy of Various Diagnostic Aids in Detection of MB2 Canal in Maxillary First Molar: In vivo Study
Authors: Mulay Sanjyot , Kadam Gaurav , Jain Hansa
Published: July 2016

Aim

To evaluate and compare the accuracy of radiographic, visual, dye and magnification method in detection of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary first molar.

Materials and methods

One hundred males and females patients in age group of 20 to 45 years with maxillary first molar teeth indicated for root canal treatment were selected for the study. The presence of MB2 canal in maxillary first molar was observed by four independent observers using radiographic, visual, dye, magnification diagnostic aids.

Results

The study showed that there was a large difference in detecting MB2 canal in maxillary first molar when radiographic was compared with visual method and magnification method (i.e., p < 0.01). Whereas there was a nonsignificant difference when radiographic and dye method were compared (i.e., p > 0.05).

Conclusion

It was concluded that the incidence of MB2 canal in mesiobuccal roots of permanent maxillary first molars was detected most using magnification method, i.e., 87%. Accuracy of radiographic method was found to be least, i.e., 19%.

How to cite this article

Mulay S, Kadam G, Jain H. Accuracy of Various Diagnostic Aids in Detection of MB2 Canal in Maxillary First Molar: In vivo Study. World J Dent 2016;7(2):78-82.
Estimation of the advection effects induced by surface heterogeneities in the surface energy budget
Authors: Cuxart Joan , Wrenger Burkhard , Martínez-Villagrasa Daniel , Reuder Joachim , Jonassen Marius O. , Jiménez Maria A. , Lothon Marie , Lohou Fabienne , Hartogensis Oscar , Dünnermann Jens , Conangla Laura , Garai Anirban
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The effect of terrain heterogeneities in one-point measurements is a continuous subject of discussion. Here we focus on the order of magnitude of the advection term in the equation of the evolution of temperature as generated by documented terrain heterogeneities and we estimate its importance as a term in the surface energy budget (SEB), for which the turbulent fluxes are computed using the eddy-correlation method. The heterogeneities are estimated from satellite and model fields for scales near 1 km or broader, while the smaller scales are estimated through direct measurements with remotely piloted aircraft and thermal cameras and also by high-resolution modelling. The variability of the surface temperature fields is not found to decrease clearly with increasing resolution, and consequently the advection term becomes more important as the scales become finer. The advection term provides non-significant values to the SEB at scales larger than a few kilometres. In contrast, surface heterogeneities at the metre scale yield large values of the advection, which are probably only significant in the first centimetres above the ground. The motions that seem to contribute significantly to the advection term in the SEB equation in our case are roughly those around the hectometre scales.
STEFLUX, a tool for investigating stratospheric intrusions: application to two WMO/GAW global stations
Authors: Putero Davide , Cristofanelli Paolo , Sprenger Michael , Škerlak Bojan , Tositti Laura , Bonasoni Paolo
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Stratospheric intrusions (SI) are a topic of ongoing research, especially because of their ability to change the oxidation capacity of the troposphere and their contribution to tropospheric ozone levels. In this work, a novel tool called STEFLUX is presented, discussed and used to provide a first long-term investigation of SI over two global hot-spot regions for climate change and air pollution: the southern Himalayas and the central Mediterranean basin. The main purpose of STEFLUX is to obtain a fast-computing and reliable identification of the SI occurring at a specific location and during a specified time window. It relies on a compiled stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange (STE) climatology, which makes use of the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset from the ECMWF, as well as a refined version of a well-established Lagrangian methodology. STEFLUX results are hereby compared to the SI observations (SIO) at two high-mountain WMO/GAW global stations in these climate hot-spots, i.e., the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.) and Mt. Cimone (2165 m a.s.l.), which are often affected by SI events. Compared to the observational datasets at the two specific measurement sites, STEFLUX is able to detect SI on a regional scale. Furthermore, it has the advantage of retaining additional information concerning the pathway of stratospheric-affected air-masses, such as the location of tropopause crossing and other meteorological parameters along the trajectories. However, STEFLUX neglects mixing and dilution that air-masses undergo along their transport within the troposphere. Therefore, the regional-scale STEFLUX events cannot be expected to perfectly reproduce the point measurements at NCO-P and Mt. Cimone, which are also affected by small-scale (orographic) circulations. Still, the SI seasonal variability according to SI and STEFLUX agree fairly well. By exploiting the fact that the ERA-Interim reanalysis extends back to 1979, the long-term climatology of SI at NCO-P and Mt. Cimone is also assessed in this work. The analysis of the 35-year record at both stations denies the existence of any significant trend in the SI frequency, except for winter seasons at NCO-P. Furthermore, for the first time, by using the STEFLUX outputs, we investigate the potential impact of specific climate factors (i.e. ENSO, QBO and solar activity) on SI frequency variability over the Mediterranean basin and the Himalayas.
The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: Dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss
Authors: Manney Gloria L. , Lawrence Zachary D.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The 2015/16 Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere appeared to have the greatest potential yet seen for record Arctic ozone loss. Temperatures in the Arctic lower stratosphere were at record lows from December 2015 through early February 2016, with an unprecedented period of temperatures below ice polar stratospheric cloud thresholds. Trace gas measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) show that exceptional denitrification and dehydration, as well as extensive chlorine activation, occurred throughout the polar vortex. Ozone decreases in 2015/16 began earlier and proceeded more rapidly than those in 2010/11, a winter that saw unprecedented Arctic ozone loss. However, on 5–6 March 2016 a major final sudden stratospheric warming (“major final warming”, MFW) began. By mid-March, the mid-stratospheric vortex split after being displaced far off the pole. The resulting offspring vortices decayed rapidly preceding the full breakdown of the vortex by early April. In the lower stratosphere, the period of temperatures low enough for chlorine activation ended nearly a month earlier than that in 2011 because of the MFW. Ozone loss rates were thus kept in check because there was less sunlight during the cold period. And although the winter mean volume of air in which chemical ozone loss could occur was as large as that in 2010/11, net chemical ozone loss was considerably less. We use MLS trace gas measurements, as well as mixing and polar vortex diagnostics based on meteorological fields, to show how the timing and intensity of the MFW and its impact on transport and mixing halted chemical ozone loss. Our detailed characterization of the polar vortex breakdown includes investigations of individual offspring vortices and the origins and fate of air within them. Comparisons of mixing diagnostics with lower stratospheric N2O and middle stratospheric CO from MLS (long-lived tracers) show rapid vortex erosion and extensive mixing during and immediately after the split in mid-March; however, air in the resulting offspring vortices remained isolated until they disappeared. Although the offspring vortices in the lower stratosphere survived longer than those in the middle stratosphere, the rapid temperature increase and dispersal of chemically-processed air caused active chlorine to quickly disappear. Furthermore, ozone-depleted air from the lower stratospheric vortex core was rapidly mixed with ozone rich air from the vortex edge and midlatitudes during the split. The impact of the 2016 MFW on polar processing was the latest in a series of unexpected events that highlight the diversity of potential consequences of sudden warming events for Arctic ozone loss.
C / N ratio, stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N), and n-alkane patterns of bryophytes along hydrological gradients of low-centred polygon of the Siberian Arctic
Authors: Zibulski Romy , Wesener Felix , Wilkes Heinz , Plessen Birgit , Pestryakova Luidmila A. , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Mosses are a major component of the arctic vegetation, particularly of wetlands. We present C / N ratio, δ13C and δ15N data of 400 moss samples belonging to 10 species that were collected along hydrological gradients within polygonal mires located on the southern Taymyr Peninsula and the Lena River delta in northern Siberia. Additionally, n alkane patterns of six of these taxa were investigated. The aim of the study is to see whether the inter- and intra-specific differences in biochemical and isotopic signatures are indicative of habitat with particular respect to water-level. Overall, we find high variability in all investigated parameters. The C / N ratios range between 15.4 and 70.4 (median: 42.9) and show large variations at intra-specific level. However, species preferring a dry habitat (xero-mesophilic mosses) show higher C / N ratios than those preferring a wet habitat (meso-hygrophilic mosses). We assume that this mainly originates from the association of mosses from wet habitats with microorganisms which supply them with nitrogen. Furthermore, because of the stability provided by water, they do not need to invest in a sturdy stem-structure and accordingly have lower C contents in their biomass. The δ13C values range between −37.0 and 22.5 ‰ (median = −27.8 ‰). The δ15N values range between −6.59 and +1.69 ‰ (median = 2.17 ‰).We find differences in δ13C and δ15N signatures between both habitat types and, for some species of the meso-hygrophilic group, a significant relation between the individual habitat water-level and isotopic signature was inferred as a function of microbial symbiosis. The n alkane distribution also shows differences primarily between xero-mesophilic and meso-hygrophilic mosses, i.e. having a dominance of n-alkanes with long (n-C29, n-C31) and intermediate chain lengths (n-C25), respectively. Overall, our results reveal that biochemical and isotopic signals of certain moss taxa from polygonal wetlands are characteristic of their habitat and can thus be used in (palaeo-)environmental studies.
Divergent predictions of carbon storage between two global land models:
attribution of the causes through traceability analysis
Authors: Rafique Rashid , Xia Jianyang , Hararuk Oleksandra , Asrar Ghassem R. , Leng Guoyong , Wang Yingping , Luo Yiqi
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Representations of the terrestrial carbon cycle in land models are becoming increasingly complex. It is crucial to develop approaches for critical assessment of the complex model properties in order to understand key factors contributing to models' performance. In this study, we applied a traceability analysis which decomposes carbon cycle models into traceable components, for two global land models (CABLE and CLM-CASA′) to diagnose the causes of their differences in simulating ecosystem carbon storage capacity. Driven with similar forcing data, CLM-CASA′ predicted  ∼ 31 % larger carbon storage capacity than CABLE. Since ecosystem carbon storage capacity is a product of net primary productivity (NPP) and ecosystem residence time (τE), the predicted difference in the storage capacity between the two models results from differences in either NPP or τE or both. Our analysis showed that CLM-CASA′ simulated 37 % higher NPP than CABLE. On the other hand, τE, which was a function of the baseline carbon residence time (τ′E) and environmental effect on carbon residence time, was on average 11 years longer in CABLE than CLM-CASA′. This difference in τE was mainly caused by longer τ′E of woody biomass (23 vs. 14 years in CLM-CASA′), and higher proportion of NPP allocated to woody biomass (23 vs. 16 %). Differences in environmental effects on carbon residence times had smaller influences on differences in ecosystem carbon storage capacities compared to differences in NPP and τ′E. Overall, the traceability analysis showed that the major causes of different carbon storage estimations were found to be parameters setting related to carbon input and baseline carbon residence times between two models.
Transient climate simulations of the deglaciation 21–9 thousand years before
present (version 1) – PMIP4 Core experiment design and boundary conditions
Authors: Ivanovic Ruza F. , Gregoire Lauren J. , Kageyama Masa , Roche Didier M. , Valdes Paul J. , Burke Andrea , Drummond Rosemarie , Peltier W. Richard , Tarasov Lev
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The last deglaciation, which marked the transition between the last glacial and present interglacial periods, was punctuated by a series of rapid (centennial and decadal) climate changes. Numerical climate models are useful for investigating mechanisms that underpin the climate change events, especially now that some of the complex models can be run for multiple millennia. We have set up a Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) working group to coordinate efforts to run transient simulations of the last deglaciation, and to facilitate the dissemination of expertise between modellers and those engaged with reconstructing the climate of the last 21 000 years. Here, we present the design of a coordinated Core experiment over the period 21–9 thousand years before present (ka) with time-varying orbital forcing, greenhouse gases, ice sheets and other geographical changes. A choice of two ice sheet reconstructions is given, and we make recommendations for prescribing ice meltwater (or not) in the Core experiment. Additional focussed simulations will also be coordinated on an ad hoc basis by the working group, for example to investigate more thoroughly the effect of ice meltwater on climate system evolution, and to examine the uncertainty in other forcings. Some of these focussed simulations will target shorter durations around specific events in order to understand them in more detail and allow for the more computationally expensive models to take part.