bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lovers, Filmmakers, and Nazis: Fritz Lang's Last Two Movies as Autobiography
Authors: Tratner Michael
Published: January 2007

Fritz Lang's last two movies are autobiographies of a peculiar kind. He remakes two early films, transforming them into allegorical representations of the intense romantic and political triangle which shaped his early career—the triangle connecting the director Lang, the screenwriter Thea Von Harbou (who was also his wife), and the Nazi Party.
When Democratic Socialists Discovered Democracy: The League for Social Reconstruction Confronts the 'Quebec Problem'
Authors: Mills Sean
Published: January 2007

In the midst of the disorienting 1930s, Canadian socialists were at the forefront of attempts to define both the nation and its people. When the League for Social Reconstruction ( LSR ) emerged as the first group of socialist academics in Canada, it linked its goal of replacing the capitalist system with the full realization of the potentials of Canadian nationhood. Although historians have extensively studied the LSR , the challenge that French-Canadian nationalism posed to its national program has been largely ignored. For the League's Montreal members in particular, surrounded on all sides by Quebec's French-speaking majority, the importance of the social and political conditions of Quebec became centrally important to the shaping of their ideology. The fear of Quebec fascism caused many LSR Montreal members to redefine their political strategy, reaffirm their belief in civil liberties, and ultimately reinvent the very meaning that they attributed to social democracy.

En plein c�ur de la d�route des ann�es 1930, les socialistes canadiens occupaient le premier plan parmi ceux qui cherchaient � d�finir la nation et son peuple. Lors de son �mergence en tant que premier regroupement d'universitaires socialistes au Canada, la League for Social Reconstruction (LSR) relia son objectif visant � remplacer au pays le syst�me capitaliste � la r�alisation du plein potentiel de l'existence du Canada en tant que nation. Bien que les historiens aient examin� � fond la LSR, le d�fi pos� par le nationalisme franco-canadien au programme national de la LSR a �t� en grande partie ignor�. En particulier, pour les membres montr�alais de la ligue, encercl�s par la majorit� francophone du Qu�bec, l'importance des conditions sociales et politiques du Qu�bec devint un enjeu majeur dans la formation de leur id�ologie. La crainte d'un fascisme qu�b�cois amena nombre de membres montr�alais de la LSR � red�finir leur strat�gie politique, � r�affirmer leur croyance dans les libert�s fondamentales, et, en fin de compte, � r�inventer la signification m�me qu'ils attribuaient � la social-d�mocratie.
"May the Hatchet and the Hammer Never Damage It!": The Fate of the Cathedral of Chartres during the French Revolution
Authors: Cooney Mary Kathryn
Published: January 2007

According to a very dramatic account of Chartres during the French Revolution, the town's Gothic cathedral barely escaped destruction in November 1793 after the local Popular Society lobbied in favor of a proposal to tear it down. An in-depth examination casts some doubt on the veracity of this tale. Some of the sources that may have supported this story have since been destroyed, while the records of the municipal, district, and departmental governments make no mention of any such proposal. Furthermore, the actions of the local government on behalf of the cathedral throughout the Revolution reveal the officials' dedication to preserving its structural stability and sacred character. They could hardly have contemplated destroying a building that they had so painstakingly tried to maintain.
"The Canary and the Nightingale": Performance and Virtue in Eight Cousins and Rose in Bloom
Authors: Mills Claudia
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the tension between performance, broadly understood as action staged and executed before an audience, and virtue, expressing itself in actions done for virtue's sake alone, by examining Alcott's Eight Cousins and Rose in Bloom through the lens of Platonic and Aristotelian moral theory.
The Text of "Eli's Education": From Manuscript to St. Nicholas Magazine
Authors: Raabe Wesley
Published: January 2007

The manuscript version of Louisa May Alcott's "Eli's Education," published in the March 1884 issue of St. Nicholas Magazine as part of Spinning-Wheel Stories, varies textually from its published forms. The Century Company editors, including Mary Mapes Dodge, revised the text for verbal propriety regarding god, guilt, sex, and dialect. The textual variants between versions and the correspondence between Alcott and Dodge reveal their collaboration, which is situated in the larger context of dialect use and consumer culture in the late 19th-century.
China-ASEAN Relations, October 2004 to March 2005: Chronology of Events
Authors: Tok Sow Keat
Published: January 2007

As a research institute based in Singapore, the EAI monitors developments in relations and interactions between China and the individual countries of Southeast Asia as well as the ASEAN grouping as a whole. This material is presented in the form of: (1) a chronology of events, and (2) important documents.
Naturalist and Classical Styles in Early Sound Film Acting
Authors: Riis Johannes
Published: January 2007

Acting conventions entail specific ideas about emotions and their capacity to move the spectator. By combining a historical and a theoretical approach, this essay examines the sources and functions of expressiveness in acting in the early sound film period.
The Global Return of the Wu Xia Pian (Chinese Sword-Fighting Movie): Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Authors: Chan Kenneth
Published: January 2007

In examining the way Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon grapples with cultural identity and Chineseness, this essay considers Lee's construction of an image of "China" in the film, as well as its feminist possibilities. These readings reveal Lee's conflicted critique of traditional Chinese cultural centrism and patriarchal hegemony.
Projections of Rural Life: The Agricultural Film Initiative in France, 1919-39
Authors: Levine Alison Murray
Published: January 2007

In the 1920s, the French government funded a rural cinema campaign designed to educate farmers about progressive farming techniques and to combat the "rural exodus" to the cities. This program, which brought film to the French countryside, is an early example of the state use of film for social change.
"You're Next!": Postwar Hegemony Besieged in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
Authors: Mann Katrina
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the ways in which Don Siegel's Invasion of the Body Snatchers employs familiar postwar discourses of difference, namely racial masquerade, alien immigration, and sexual deviance, in its hyperbolic dramatization of the potential social, political, and personal disenfranchisement of postwar America's hegemonic white patriarchy.
The New Hollywood Racelessness: Only the Fast, Furious, (and Multiracial) Will Survive
Authors: Beltran Mary C
Published: January 2007

This article interrogates the rise of the "multiculti" action film and the casting of multiracial actors as Hollywood action film protagonists. These trends are examined in light of shifts in U.S. ethnic demographics and youth-oriented popular culture.
The (Un)Speakable FEMININITY in Mainstream Movies: Jane Campion's The Piano
Authors: Bihlmeyer Jaime
Published: January 2007

Jane Campion's film The Piano (1993) opens an uncanny space in mainstream movies where cinematic enunciation intersects with the linguistic and psychoanalytic innovations of the last half-century. This article presents a glimpse into the traces (semios) of FEMININITY as latent extra-Symbolic discourse in Campion's film.
The Mulatto Cyborg: Imagining a Multiracial Future
Authors: Nishime LeiLani
Published: January 2007

Applying the literature of passing to cyborg cinema makes visible the politics of cyborg representations and illuminates contemporary conceptions of mixed-race subjectivity and interpolations of mixed-race bodies. The passing narrative also reveals the constitutive role of melancholy and nostalgia both in creating cyborg cinema and in undermining its subversive potential
Back Projection: Visualizing Past and Present Europe in Zentropa
Authors: Galt Rosalind
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes Lars von Trier's film Zentropa (1991), arguing that it uses cinematic space to articulate Europe's historical and geopolitical spaces. Of particular interest are the film's intertextuality, its layering of superimposed images, and the relationships that it suggests exist between East and West, postwar and post-Wall, Germany and Europe.
Radical Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn't Want to Be a Fairy Anymore
Authors: Padva Gilad
Published: January 2007

Laurie Lynd's film The Fairy Who Didn't Want to Be a Fairy Anymore (1992) examines the cultural mechanisms of normalization and masculinization in contemporary heterocentrist society. This article compares Lynd's essentialist approach to sexual identification, camp subculture, and the economy of sissyness and body politics with Hans Christian Andersen's tragic story "The Little Mermaid" and with Tim Burton's romantic fantasy Edward Scissorhands (1990).
Robbyn R. Wacker, Karen A. Roberto, and Linda E. Piper. Community Resources for Older Adults: Programs and Services in an Era of Change (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2002.
Authors: Racher Fran
Published: January 2007

L'objet de Community Resources for Older Adults: Programs and Services in an Era of Change est d'offrir un aperçu des ressources communautaires dont les aînés américains peuvent se prévaloir à l'heure actuelle. L'ouvrage décrit le continuum des services et fournit d'excellents exemples de pratiques exemplaires en vigueur en Amérique. Chaque chapitre étudie les enjeux que présente le maintien des programmes et propose des orientations pour l'avenir. Les activités d'apprentissage génériques et les études de cas facilitent le passage de la théorie à la pratique. On regrette toutefois que l'ouvrage ne parle pas des contextes et programmes d'autres pays, cela aurait permis de faire des comparaisons internationales et aurait intéressé un public plus nombreux.
N. Chappell, E. Gee, L. McDonald, and M. Stones. Aging in Contemporary Canada. Toronto: Prentice Hall, 2003.
Authors: Tindale Joseph
Published: January 2007

Aging in Contemporary Canada est un bel ajout à la documentation canadienne en gérontologie sociale. Logiquement organisé, l'ouvrage nous propose des discussions actuelles et critiques des recherches disponibles et ce, dans un style simple et cohérent. Il comporte cinq parties : introduction, points communs et diversité, santé et bien-être, institutions sociales et politique sociale. Dans l'ensemble, l'ouvrage présente un examen fouillé et à jour des dimensions importantes du vieillissement au Canada. Il intègre avec succès macro-théories et données empiriques aux dimensions micro- ou individuelles du vieillissement. Son approche critique permet au lecteur de déconstruire la perception traditionnelle de la vie des personnes âgées au Canada. Le lecteur est encouragé à poser des questions, s'attendre à du changement et assumer que ce changement résultera de l'interaction dynamique de valeurs et intérêts concurrents. Ce livre est une lecture obligatoire pour mes étudiants et étudiantes; il les stimule comme d'autres livres n'ont pu le faire.
L'utilisation de strategies d'apprentissage en fonction de la reussite chez des adolescents apprenant l'anglais langue seconde
Authors: Lafontaine Marc
Published: January 2007

Cette �tude visait � d�terminer lesquelles des strat�gies contenues dans la taxonomie de O'Malley et Chamot (1990), permettent de distinguer les bons des moins bons apprenants de langue seconde (L2). Un questionnaire comptant 80 strat�gies a �t� �labor� et soumis � 310 francophones en 5e ann�e d'�tudes de niveau secondaire apprenant l'anglais. Les r�sultats de fin de semestre qui s'est tenu trois mois apr�s le recueil des donn�s ont �t� collig�s. La note de l'�preuve de production, consid�r�e plus discriminante, a servi � subdiviser l'�chantillon en trois groupes : faible, moyen et fort. Les strat�gies ont �t� examin�es � partir d'une analyse de Kruskall-Wallis. Les r�sultats obtenus indiquent qu'un nombre limit� des strat�gies m�tacognitives, cognitives et socioaffectives � l'�tude sont utilis�es de fa�on statistiquement diff�rente selon le niveau de comp�tence des apprenants. Ces r�sultats sont examin�s dans l'optique de poursuivre la validation d'un instrument de mesure des strat�gies pour les francophones apprenant l'anglais L2.
The purpose of this study was to determine which strategies found in O'Malley & Chamot's (1990) taxonomy could distinguish between stronger and weaker ESL learners. A questionnaire comprised of 80 strategies completed by 310 francophone ESL learners in their fifth year of secondary school. Results of the end of semester exam - completed three months following data collection - were analyzed. The production exam results considered to be the most discriminating were used to subdivide the sample into three groups: poor, average, and strong. A Kruskall-Wallis analysis was used to examine the strategies. Results show that only a limited number of meta-cognitive, cognitive, and socio-affective strategies discriminated significantly between these ESL students at different levels of competence. The results are examined in such a way as to allow the future authentication of a strategy-measuring tool used by francophone learners of ESL.
Have We Been Thinking Upside-Down?: The Contemporary Emergence of Pacific Theoretical Thought
Authors: Huffer Elise , Qalo Ropate
Published: January 2007

Among the reams of volumes published on the Pacific, mostly by foreigners
(but increasingly by Pacific Islanders), only a few have examined
Pacific thought and how it relates to contemporary ideas, paradigms,
and ways of doing. Existing material in this area has been written
mainly by Pacific theologians, educators, and more recently by native
and indigenous anthropologists and sociologists. While theological works
have remained essentially hidden in library stacks in unpublished theses,
articles written by native and indigenous anthropologists and sociologists
have been published in recent editions of The Contemporary Pacific.
The voice of educators, led particularly by the USP School
of Education but present also in other parts of the Pacific, is still
somewhat marginal in terms of its impact on mainstream education. Put
together, the work of these Pacific scholars represents an important
building block for the elaboration of a body of Pacific thought, which,
like an open fale, should not shut out the world but invite it in
on its own terms. In turn, this body of Pacific thought should contribute
to the affirmation of a Pacific philosophy and ethic: a body of applicable
concepts and values to guide interaction within the region and beyond.
Contested Visions of History in Aotearoa New Zealand Literature: Witi Ihimaera's The Matriarch
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: January 2007

Competing visions of the past constitute contested historical ground
in Aotearoa New Zealand. The novel as a genre constitutes a strategic
site in constructing national identity. This article illustrates how
Witi Ihimaera's historical novel The Matriarch (1986) presents
a new vision that seeks to displace Pakeha discourse from its
privileged position in articulating the country's history and national
identity. This transformation from outsider to insider perspective is
part of a much wider movement throughout the Pacific and beyond. As a
narrative that validates a Maori version of nationhood, Ihimaera's
novel can lay a strong claim to be the novel of modern Aotearoa New
Zealand. Nevertheless, the novel has received mixed reaction among both
Maori and non-Maori commentators, especially within influential
critical literary circles. These reactions constitute another sort of
contested ground as they raise issues concerning notions of history,
literature, truth, and fiction, and the relationships among them.
Parents' Views on the Clery Act and Campus Safety
Authors: Janosik Steven M. (Steven Michael)
Published: January 2007

In a single institution study of 435 parents, the researcher found
that parents' knowledge of the Clery Act and their use of the information
contained in the federally mandated report to be low. Parent responses to
crime awareness strategies and administrators who shared this information
with them varied by educational attainment, experience with crime in
the immediate family, and experience with children in college.
Learning Across the Campus: How College Facilitates the Development of Wisdom
Authors: Brown Scott C.
Published: January 2007

This article provides a theoretical framework and model that explores: wisdom, a multidimensional construct that connects a number of desired learning outcomes; how wisdom develops; and, how college contributes to this process.
Familial Influences on the Identity Development of Latino First-Year Students
Authors: Torres Vasti
Published: January 2007

Eighty-three first-year Latino students from seven institutions participated in this qualitative study of the familial influences on identity development. Using grounded theory methodology, the category of Situating Identity is further explored by looking specifically at the condition called Generation in the United States and Familial Influences and the impact this condition has on how Latino first-year students situate their ethnic identity. The condition is described through three properties that explain the continuous dimension: Acculturated Parents, Less Acculturated Parents, White Parent or Parents.
Predictors of University Student Lawbreaking Behaviors
Authors: Low Jean M , Williamson David , Cottingham Jean
Published: January 2007

This article reports the findings from two studies. In the first, 158 students of all ages and classifications completed demographic forms, the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Cattel, Cattel, & Cattel, 1993), and the University Student Lawbreaking Scale. In the second study, 154 freshmen, ages 17 to 19, completed the same forms. The data were analyzed using multiple regressions followed by correlations and analyses of variance. Relationships were found between self reports of university lawbreaking and gender, perceived family income, high school lawbreaking, and personality dimensions.
Institutional Culture and Civic Responsibility: An Ethnographic Study
Authors: Thornton Courtney H , Jaeger Audrey J
Published: January 2007

Student citizenship development is an important goal of higher education that is rarely considered through a cultural lens. This ethnographic study of a research university is an examination of campus ideologies and cultural forms that address five dimensions of civic responsibility. The findings illustrate how the beliefs and cultural equipment specific to a campus can result in a unique institutional approach to the development of student civic responsibility.
Technology Transfer: Political Pressure, Economic Necessity, Social Phenomenon, Financial Reward, or Intellectual Pleasure?
Authors: Lockemann P. C
Published: January 2007

Technology transfer relies on novel ideas. Ideas can only come from individual scientists or engineers, or small groups of those individuals. But to have an effect on industry, ideas should usually move through institutional frameworks that offer many of the needed resources. Hence, there are two major players: individuals, who are at the core of the transfer of ideas and who effect interpersonal knowledge transfer, and institutions, which offer the framework for interorganizational technology transfer. Much has been written on statistical measures and results that judge the success of institutions. But what makes individuals and institutions tick? What are the major motivations and forces that drive the transfer process in an environment of scientific institutions and individuals who are primarily committed to new scientific insights and peer recognition? This paper makes a modest start to answer these questions, more so by anecdotal evidence than by rigorous socioeconomic studies. What I hope to achieve is stimulation of a more systematic approach to the factors underlying technology transfer.
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Transferring Technology--Shaping Ideology: American Traffic Engineering and Commercial Interests in the Establishment of a Swedish Car Society, 1945-1965
Authors: Blomkvist Par
Published: January 2007

The objective of this article is to discuss the actors involved, and the arguments used, in the process leading to the implementation of The Road Plan for Sweden. The Road Plan, a 20-year program to improve and modernize Sweden, aimed to rebuild and adapt the country's network of roads to suit the needs of mass motorization. It marked a breakthrough as a new kind of far-reaching societal planning, with the car as the point of departure. This article analyzes the means by which technical ideas and planning approaches developed elsewhere found their way into the plan. The Swedish road system was connected to the European road network, but the technical ideas of traffic engineeringon which the plan rested derived from an even wider base that reached all the way to the United States. This article investigates and explains the influence of the international road and car lobby—specifically the International Road Federation and its "local branch" the Swedish Road Federation—in encouraging the adoption of American-based traffic engineering ideals in the Swedish Road Plan.
A Systems Approach to Technology Transfer: Contributions from Reference Disciplines
Authors: Martz W. Benjamin
Published: January 2007

Although the phrase technology transfer usually connotes a high-tech business environment, the generic process occurs quite often in other areas. Nature, history, engineering, linguistics, education, and evolutionary biology all have their versions of transferring technology. The purpose of this paper is to acknowledge these areas as reference disciplines in the technology transfer process. Using the systems approach (Von Bertalanffy, 1950) as a point of reference, a review of these areas can produce a set of general principles and probing questions for the process of technology transfer. The paper continues with a real-world example that provides insights for technology transfer in a more traditional business sense.
Users and Producers of Plastics in Post-World War II Norway: Building a New Industry Through Transfer of Technology
Authors: Ramskjaer Liv
Published: January 2007

During World War II the Norwegian exile government studied the newest developments in technology in Great Britain and the United States. The aim was to find new ways of production, new products, and processes of interest for the Norwegian postwar industry. Norwegian engineers participating in this work believed the large sources of cheap hydroelectric power and the calcium carbide industry had the potential to build up an almost unlimited organic chemical industry in Norway—and thereby increase the wealth from these resources tenfold. This paper examines the development of the Norwegian chemical industry and the manufacturers of plastic consumer goods in the decades after 1945. Transferred knowledge and technology arrived in Norway via different routes, but successful transfers depended on further development by Norwegian makers of raw plastics, including extensive contacts with manufacturers of plastic consumer goods. Knowledge from leading countries like the United States, Germany, and Great Britain was crucial in building the new plastics industry in Norway. The transfer of technology was complex and included different patterns well known from the history of technology transfer.
The Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, Irenaeus' Adversus Haereses 2.30.7, and the Second-Century Battle for Paul's Legacy
Authors: Kaler Michael , Painchaud Louis , Bussieres Marie-Pierre
Published: January 2007

This article discusses the Coptic gnostic Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V,1), an expansion of Paul's heavenly ascent as described in 2 Cor 12.2-4, arguing that its similarities to, and independence from, Irenaeus' extrapolation of a Valentinian understanding of this ascension (Adversus Haereses 2.30.7) suggests that both accounts were written in a context of controversy between Valentinian and proto-orthodox Christians wherein both sides tried to claim the apostle Paul's authority. It also argues that this proposed Sitz im Leben renders coherent certain aspects of the Apocalypse of Paul that have in the past been considered problematic.
Monks, Monsters, and Barbarians: Re-Defining the African Periphery in Late Antiquity
Authors: Merrills A. H. (Andrew H.)
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the intersection of geographical thought and the representation of desert monasticism in late antique Christian historiography. It argues that the descriptions of the ascetic fringe provided by Eusebius and his continuators were influenced by the accounts of peripheral groups provided by classical historians. In each case long accounts of the peculiar social, dietary, and sexual habits of peripheral groups could be used to reflect the mores of the society of the center. It is suggested that Philo's first-century work De Vita Contemplativa offered the paradigm for this exploitation of secular motifs of alterity in religious writing but that the approach had new resonances in the late antique world, particularly in the condemnation of schismatics and the celebration of the expansion of the church.
The Trickery of the Fallen Angels and the Demonic Mimesis of the Divine: Aetiology, Demonology, and Polemics in the Writings of Justin Martyr
Authors: Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: January 2007

This article examines Justin's appeal to Gen 6.1-4 to explain the origins of pagan worship. In an innovative twist on earlier Jewish traditions, he proposes that the progeny of the fallen angels became demons who masquerade as deities and trick pagans into persecuting Christians. Justin's demonization of Greco-Roman religion contrasts both with his approach to Hellenistic philosophy and with his appeal to the disobedience of Adam and Eve to explain Jewish wickedness. Analysis of his demonology thus sheds light on his strategies for explaining similarities between Christianity and Greco-Roman culture as well as his understanding of the condition of the unsaved pagan as distinct from both Christians and Jews.
Catholic Bishops and Appeals to the Imperial Court: A Legal Study of the Calama Riots in 408
Authors: Hermanowicz Erika T
Published: January 2007

Riots at Calama and Utica in 408 prompted several Catholic bishops to travel to the imperial court. Episcopal embassies applied pressure both to religious opponents and to African administrators by soliciting law from the consistory. The success the bishops enjoyed, however, introduced the problem of severe penalties attendant to imperial law. Extreme punishments were of little interest to the bishops, and they usually appealed to local officials to mitigate the sentences. In 409 the emperor issued what we know as Sirmondian Constitution 14, which passed a capital sentence against anyone who committed acts of violence against bishops. Augustine's appeal to authorities following the promulgation of Sirmondian Constitution 14, as well as a letter he wrote to Paulinus of Nola, reveal Augustine's unease regarding the methods bishops used to assert themselves, especially when some of his colleagues were willing to utilize coercion to a degree greater than Augustine thought appropriate.
Visceral Seeing: The Holy Body in Late Ancient Christianity
Authors: Miller Patricia Cox
Published: January 2007

Attending to the material orientation of the spiritualizing and ascetic culture of late ancient Christianity, this essay explores the phenomenon of the "ambiguous corporeality" of saintly bodies as they were represented in hagiography and in the cult of relics. Central to the religious sensibility that was both promoted and elicited by these representations were convictions that everyday human life was saturated with divine presence, and that the human body could be a locus of sanctity. Hagiographic texts employed sensory realism, especially in terms of sight and touch, in order to articulate how the holy could be present in the world in a nonidolatrous way. Both ephemeral and tangible at once, saintly bodies provided a site for the negotiation of central theological concerns, with the implications of the doctrine of the incarnation being among the most significant.
John Chrysostom's Critique of Spousal Violence
Authors: Schroeder Joy A
Published: January 2007

John Chrysostom's writings can serve as resources for the history of domestic abuse. Addressing social and economic factors that contributed to family violence, Chrysostom poignantly describes the terror of wives threatened and battered by their husbands, as well as ways in which women themselves perpetrated household violence. Chrysostom draws on classical moralist philosophy and Christian scripture to urge harmony in the household. While affirming a hierarchical model for marriage, the preacher nonetheless argues that a husband must never beat his wife under any circumstance. Despite the limits of Chrysostom's "reforming vision," his condemnation of spousal violence is far stronger than that of contemporaries such as Basil of Caesarea and Augustine.
The Condemnation and Exile of Hilary of Poitiers at the Synod of Beziers (356 C.E.)
Authors: Beckwith Carl L
Published: January 2007

Two distinct views on Hilary's exile emerged in the twentieth century. The first view posited that Hilary played an active role in the Nicene-Arian debates before being summoned to the synod of Béziers. A second view suggested that Hilary was actively involved in the political efforts of the usurper Silvanus and was summoned to Béziers on charges of treason. Recent scholars have been critical of the overstatement of these two views but have achieved little consensus. Part of the problem appears to be the selective use of excerpts from Hilary's writings on the events at the synod of Béziers. In this essay I will offer a close reading of all of the excerpts on Béziers and argue that Hilary was exiled for his confession of faith. When these various excerpts are put together, a consistent explanation emerges that shows that theological issues and ecclesiastical politics were both involved in securing Hilary's condemnation and exile.
Evading Household Indebtedness Through Participation in Group Solidarity Coping Strategies in Contemporary Botswana
Authors: Ngwenya Barbara Ntombi
Published: January 2007

Contemporary urban and rural life in Botswana is marked by the
pervasiveness of death. This has been exacerbated by the AIDS
pandemic. Among other things, death exposes and concretizes stark
realities of vulnerability to forms of poverty. Challenged by multiple
distressful living conditions, Batswana turn to a range of cooperative
endurance strategies. This paper focuses on identifying and analyzing
group solidarity coping strategies in the context of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic and structural social inequalities in Botswana. Ethnographic
methods were used to gather data for this paper in Gaborone, the capital
city of Botswana and Ramotswa, a village in the Southeast District.
Cultural analysis of ethnographic data suggests that women constitute
the majority in these groups and a profile of the groups include burial
societies, community based Òwhistle blowersÓ and kin-oriented
groupings, impromptu relief task groups, "peopleÕs banks," and
consumer or savings-cum credit associations. Although multi-purpose in
nature, these groups help members to have direct and predictable access
to emergency financial relief that helps them to forestall or evade
immediate household indebtedness especially due to escalating costs of
funerals. The groups have re-distributional features associated with
procurement, management and authority to dispense resources from
those who are not in need to those who are. Group solidarity is built on
contemporary re-invention of long standing Tswana principles of
reciprocity and botho (civility).
Mr. Spectator and the Coffeehouse Public Sphere
Authors: Cowan Brian William
Published: January 2007

Jürgen Habermas used the coffeehouse and the periodical essays of Addison and Steele as prime examples of his concept of an eighteenth-century "public sphere." This article revisits Addison's and Steele's attitudes toward the coffeehouse and argues that their understanding of public political life must be read within the context of Whig political fortunes in the later years of Queen Anne's reign. Their purpose was not to celebrate the emergence of a public sphere, but rather to shift the grounds of political debate away from the contentious issues of war and religion that threatened the security of Whig politics after the trial of Sacheverell and the collapse of the junto ministry in 1710.
Liberty, Equality, Frivolity!: An Italian Critique of Fashion Periodicals
Authors: Sama Catherine M
Published: January 2007

Elisabetta Caminer Turra (1751-96) was one of Italy's first female journalists. Her periodical, the Giornale enciclopedico (later Nuovo giornale enciclopedico, and Nuovo giornale enciclopedico d'Italia), offered reviews, extracts, and announcements of the latest literary, scientific, philosophical, and historical works published across Europe. Under Caminer's direction, the periodical became the most progressive Enlightenment influence in the Veneto region of Italy. While not opposed to the fashion industry—which she viewed as useful to commerce—Caminer became an adamant critic of the new fashion periodicals for women. In a series of reviews published between 1777 and 1786, she critiqued her compatriots' willingness to ape French fashions, inveighed against the claims of fashion periodicals to provide an education for women, and warned her female readers that choosing the toilette over the writing table allowed men to retain their superior position in the gender hierarchy and made women complicit in their own subjugation.
Katherine Philips and Coterie Critical Practices
Authors: Trolander Paul , Tenger Zeynep
Published: January 2007

Jürgen Habermas used the coffeehouse and the periodical essays of Addison and Steele as prime examples of his concept of an eighteenth-century "public sphere." This article revisits Addison's and Steele's attitudes toward the coffeehouse and argues that their understanding of public political life must be read within the context of Whig political fortunes in the later years of Queen Anne's reign. Their purpose was not to celebrate the emergence of a public sphere, but rather to shift the grounds of political debate away from the contentious issues of war and religion that threatened the security of Whig politics after the trial of Sacheverell and the collapse of the junto ministry in 1710.
"The First of a New Genus": Mary Wollstonecraft as a Literary Critic and Mentor to Mary Hays
Authors: Waters Mary A
Published: January 2007

Mary Wollstonecraft's work for Joseph Johnson's Analytical Review stands as a landmark in the changing occupations available to women writers during the late eighteenth century. Study of this work facilitates a clearer understanding of both Wollstonecraft's intellectual development and the material and social circumstances that facilitated her access to the sorts of literary work that had been mostly the province of men. As she developed broader areas of reviewing competence, Wollstonecraft also took on wider responsibilities with the Analytical Review and possibly Johnson's bookselling business as well. When she found herself in a position to offer professional mentoring to Mary Hays, Wollstonecraft provided Hays with opportunities for literary work and advised her on the credible public presentation of herself as a woman author. While this assistance did not lead to permanent literary employment for Hays, it did offer a significant boost to her literary career.
Veneers of Authority: Chinese Lacquers in Maria Theresa's Vienna
Authors: Yonan Michael Elia
Published: January 2007

This paper analyzes the semantic possibilities for Chinese lacquered wood in eighteenth-century Europe through exploring its use in an architectural commission by the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa for her summer palace at Sch�nbrunn, located outside of Vienna. The article further examines the values that lacquered wood likely suggested to her and to the palace's noble visitors. In the Vieux-Laque Zimmer, Viennese copies of Asian lacquer combined with originals to produce a composite design, but one that hides its origins in visual trickery. This room attests to Vienna's growing skill at competing in the European market for luxury goods, and ultimately suggests that Maria Theresa harnessed lacquer's associative values for the purpose of dynastic glorification.
The Blonding of Charlotte Corday
Authors: Gelbart Nina Rattner
Published: January 2007

Despite all evidence to the contrary, many authors writing about Charlotte Corday, the famous bathtub murderess of Jean-Paul Marat, described her as blonde. One of the only pictures to show Corday as fair-haired--powdered in fact--was a crime scene done at the time of the murder by Jean-Jacques Hauer, an artist who very much admired her and portrayed her flatteringly. For his own protection Hauer needed to suggest that she was a counter-revolutionary, tainted by aristocratic vanity and fashion who had dressed up and powdered herself when she killed her victim. The same artist, however, did a close-up portrait of her as a natural brunette; her passport stated that she had chestnut hair; and nearly all of the hundreds of other "portraits" of her--several from life, most posthumous--depicted her with very dark locks. Yet, in spite of this, the determination of writers to describe her as really blonde persisted. This article examines the symbolic and metaphoric weight of blondness, and some of the various reasons that Corday was "seen" by her commentators to have this coloring.
Race, Reproduction and Family Romance in Moreau de Saint-Mery's Description. ..de la partie francaise de l'isle Saint Domingue
Authors: Garraway Doris Lorraine
Published: January 2007

This paper analyzes the colonial jurist and historian Moreau de Saint-M�ry's racial classification system with an aim to disclose its ideology of family romance and reproduction. By examining the sexual allegory implicit in the tabular demonstration of m�tissage, I argue that Moreau's racial science represents a sexual fantasy for white colonials whose libertine practices threatened the fragile demographic balance of colonial society. Moreau de Saint-M�ry revises Enlightenment ideas about racial degeneration and infertility to arrive at an original hypothesis for the biological reproduction of colonial humanity, one that places the control of such procreation squarely in the hands of white men.
Medicine, Marriage, and Human Degeneration in the French Enlightenment
Authors: Winston Michael
Published: January 2007

This paper examines a representative sampling of medical conjugal hygiene treatises—Charles Augustin Vandermonde's Essai sur la manière de perfectionner l'espèce humaine (1756), Lelarge de Lignac's De l'homme et de la femme considérés physiquement dans l'état de mariage (1772), Jean-André Venel's Essai sur la santé et l'éducation médicinale des filles destinées au mariage (1776), and Louis-Joseph-Marie Robert's Essai sur la mégalanthropogénésie (1801)—in order to demonstrate how the medicalization of the institution of marriage both reflects trends within the natural sciences of the day and embodies a number of ideological concerns related to the health of the individual and that of the polity in the second half of the eighteenth century in France.
"Depraved Inclinations": Libertines and Children in Casanova's Venice
Authors: Wolff Larry
Published: January 2007

This article studies a judicial case that came before Venetian law in 1785 concerning a man accused of taking a sexual interest in an eight-year-old girl. The article attempts to place this case in the social, legal, and cultural context of eighteenth-century Venice, and addresses the question of what it meant to prosecute such a case in the late eighteenth century, before the existence of any clear concept of the sexual abuse of children. The article uses Casanova's memoirs as the principal cultural point of reference for considering the libertine view of children as sexual targets.
Patmore and Dickinson: Angels, Cochineal, and Polar Expiation
Authors: Fontana Ernest
Published: January 2007

Emily Dickinson and her sister Susan read with interest Coventry Patmore's The Angel in the House. Susan even quoted lines from it in her obituary for Dickinson. Many of Dickinson's poems, in which the speaker is a newlywed bride are attempts to fill the lacuna of Patmore's verse novel in which the point of view is exclusively that of the groom. Dickinson also inventively responds to some of Patmore's metaphoric allusions, e.g. to cochineal and to Franklin's lost Arctic expedition. Among the poems treated are several of Dickinson's wife as well as several of her Arctic poems.
Nonstandard Language and the Cultural Stakes of Stoker's Dracula
Authors: Ferguson Christine
Published: January 2007

This article reads the under-examined celebration of "impure" and non-standard English in Bram Stoker's Dracula in order to challenge common critical assessments of both the novel and the Victorian fin-de-si�cle's anxious worship of cultural and linguistic homogeneity. Habitually cited as an example of the period's paranoia about instability of various kinds, the novel anathematizes the very values of conformity it is said to engender by depicting the mutability of English as a prime foil to the careful, rigid, and conservative speech of the vampire. The novel's fascination with the vivifying power of language diversity illuminates the era's larger cultural project of constructing a national identity based on the variability of British identity.
Hannah More and the Invention of Narrative Authority
Authors: Rena-Dozier Emily
Published: January 2007

This paper proposes that the development of omniscient narration in the nineteenth-century domestic novel was deeply indebted to strategies of surveillance and observation formulated by Hannah More. In an examination of More's Cheap Repository Tracts, her Strictures on Female Education, and her novel, Coelebs in Search of a Wife, I argue that More's conception of a peculiarly feminine style of observation to be used in charity work paved the way for feminine authority in the novel. While More's project is in no way explicitly feminist, her provisions for female narrative authority had significant consequences for later women writers.
Caesar's Gift: Playing the Park in the Late Seventeenth Century
Authors: Roberts David
Published: January 2007

London's royal parks figure prominently in seventeenth-century English Comedy. While critics of Caroline Drama debate the political significance of park scenes, writers on Restoration Comedy focus on their potential either for sexual carnival or collective healing in the aftermath of the Great Fire. Such attention neglects the profoundly political changes that befell the parks during the period 1642-1676: changes in appearance, use and cultural symbolism that determined dramatic representations of them. The performance of park scenes understood in such a context helps in turn to articulate a new concept of the peripatetic in literary studies.
From God's Bits of Wood to Smouldering Charcoal : Decolonization, Class Struggle, and the Role of Women's Consciousness in Postcolonial West Africa
Authors: Gyasi Kwaku Addae
Published: January 2007

Cet article analyse le rôle des femmes dans la résistance à l'exploitation dans deux romans africains, Les Bouts de bois de Dieu (Ousmane Sembène) et Smouldering Charcoal (Tiyambe Zeleza). Il démontre que les vestiges de la colonisation, même plusieurs années après la décolonisation, incitent toujours les femmes à redoubler d'efforts dans leur tentative de lutter contre l'oppression. Sembène utilise la grève des travailleurs du chemin de fer Dakar-Niger pour montrer la naissance d'une vraie conscience révolutionnaire chez les femmes de l'ancienne AOF (Afrique Occidentale Française). La grève des travailleurs d'une boulangerie est aussi pour Zeleza l'occasion de montrer une véritable prise de conscience chez les femmes de son Malawi natal. Les deux romanciers retracent la transformation profonde des femmes qui les conduit à prendre collectivement en charge la lutte sociale contre le système colonial (Sembène) et le gouvernement postcolonial (Zeleza).
The Call of the Archetype and the Challenge of Acadian History
Authors: Johnston A. J. B. (Andrew John Bayly)
Published: January 2007

L'id�e est r�pandue que l'Acadie historique (l'actuelle Nouvelle-�cosse) �tait un territoire tr�s favori avant le d�but des d�portations en 1755. Depuis plus de deux si�cles, certains sugg�rent, soit en mots, soit avec des illustrations, que l'ancienne Acadie �tait presqu'un paradis terrestre, une r�gion qui a connu un v�ritable �ge d'or avant 1755. L'auteur trace les origines et l'�volution de cette id�e attrayante. Il propose que le concept fondamental est un arch�type universel, qui attire et qui pla�t ceux qui la proposent et ceux qui l'acceptent. Le po�me Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie de Henry Wadsworth Longfellow repr�sente le plus c�l�bre exemple de ce ph�nom�ne. Dans certains cas, commen�ant avec l'abb� Raynal, le concept d'un paradis perdu en Acadie �tait avanc� par des auteurs qui cherchaient � pousser leurs id�es politiques. A ces moments, l'id�e n'est plus arch�typal, mais elle devient un "mythe politique." Comme d�montre l'auteur, l'id�e de l'ancienne Acadie comme un paradis terrestre est toujours vivant � la fin du XXe si�cle.
Health Disparities and Gaps in School Readiness
Authors: Currie Janet M
Published: January 2007

The author documents pervasive racial disparities in the health of American children and analyzes how and how much those disparities contribute to racial gaps in school readiness. She explores a broad sample of health problems common to U.S. children, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, asthma, and lead poisoning, as well as maternal health problems and health-related behaviors that affect children's behavioral and cognitive readiness for school.

If a health problem is to affect the readiness gap, it must affect many children, it must be linked to academic performance or behavior problems, and it must show a racial disparity either in its prevalence or in its effects. The author focuses not only on the black-white gap in health status but also on the poor-nonpoor gap because black children tend to be poorer than white children.

The health conditions Currie considers seriously impair cognitive skills and behavior in individual children. But most explain little of the overall racial gap in school readiness. Still, the cumulative effect of health differentials summed over all conditions is significant. Currie's rough calculation is that racial differences in health conditions and in maternal health and behaviors together may account for as much as a quarter of the racial gap in school readiness.

Currie scrutinizes several policy steps to lessen racial and socioeconomic disparities in children's health and to begin to close the readiness gap. Increasing poor children's eligibility for Medicaid and state child health insurance is unlikely to be effective because most poor children are already eligible for public insurance. The problem is that many are not enrolled. Even increasing enrollment may not work: socioeconomic disparities in health persist in Canada and the United Kingdom despite universal public health insurance. The author finds more promise in strengthening early childhood programs with a built-in health component, like Head Start; family-based services and home visiting programs; and WIC, the federal nutrition program for women, infants, and small children. In all three, trained staff can help parents get ongoing care for their children.