bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low energy office at the building research establishment
Authors: Stevens Bartholomew
Published: July 2002

This building represents a major advance in the design of low energy buildings. It was designed to demonstrate techniques which can be used in future low energy and environmentally‐friendly offices. The building is naturally ventilated and uses its thermal mass to moderate the high summertime temperatures. Water is abstracted from a borehole and used as a very energy‐efficient source of additional cooling for the building. The offices have a high proportion of glazing to make maximum use of daylight, together with solar louvres to limit solar heat gain. Other features are a super efficient lighting system, sophisticated controls, photovoltaic panels and the extensive use of re‐cycled materials.
Surveying safely ‐ rights and responsibilities
Authors: Reville Jill
Published: July 2002

Reviews the legislation and common law relating to responsibility for the safety of premises, and of those who visit them. It provides guidance for the professional surveyor in his roles as employer, employee and professional adviser.
Legal liability for tree root damage
Authors: Williams Del
Published: July 2002

Highlights the importance, when undertaking survey work, of being aware of the potential damage to property from encroachment by tree roots. Reviews the general principles and legislation, citing specific cases of liability for damage, the question of foreseeability, other contributory factors and remedies.
Wall‐tie corrosion or sulphate attack: some aspects of diagnosis
Authors: Jackson Robert , Scott Barry
Published: July 2002

A number of local authority‐built properties in the Aberdeen area were found to display evidence of horizontal cracking. An investigation carried out on one of these properties suggested that this damage resulted from sulphate attack of the mortar joints and it was assumed that this was the cause of damage in similar properties at the same location. However, this paper argues that wall‐tie corrosion is a more probable cause of the damage evident in these properties. It is suggested that the only effective and reliable method to establish an incidence of cavity wall‐tie corrosion is to carry out a direct inspection through the removal of a sample of ties.
A guide to the Internet and World Wide Web
Authors: Todd Stephen
Published: July 2002

Describes the historical development of the Internet and World Wide Web as an information resource. Provides a guide for browsing, searching and capturing data and identifies some of the potential problems in accessing sites.
The virtual office ‐ putting management ahead of facilities
Authors: Stocks Martin
Published: July 2002

Flexible working practices are now firmly established in many organisations. Cottaging, hot desking and hotelling using the technology of the 1990s can free up office space, benefit the environment and provide the flexibility demanded by workers today. Analysing and planning are the keys to providing the necessary facilities management support to ensure that flexible working is the most effective way for staff to operate and makes best use of available space. It is not a matter of replacing one rigid system with another but of testing non‐traditional ways of working that may or may not prove more efficient. For facilities managers a working knowledge of front office procedures becomes just as important as their expertise in the back office environment.
Annual CREMRU‐JCI survey of corporate estate management practices in Europe and North America: 1993‐1997
Authors: Bon Ranko
Published: July 2002

This paper summarizes the results of the 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997 surveys of chief real estate officers (CREO) from major organizations in Europe and North America. Since 1997 the annual survey is being undertaken jointly by the Corporate Real Estate Management Research Unit (CREMRU) and Johnson Controls Incorporate (JCI). The annual survey has been supported by the International Development Research Council (IDRC) and the International Association of Corporate Real Estate Executives (NACORE International), two leading professional associations concerned with this field of professional activity. The emphasis of this summary is on two aspects of the survey: the incidence of corporate real estate management (CREM) policies, functions and activities; and the assessment of knowledge or skills relevant to the CREM function in the future. Both are of paramount interest to the educational institutions concerned with CREM on both sides of the Atlantic. This includes the educational organs of international organizations concerned with corporate real estate, such as IDRC and NACORE, which play increasingly important roles in the education of their members. The CREMRUJCI annual survey will hopefully offer a useful tool in the international educational effort in this field.
Ergonomic approaches to office layout and space planning
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: July 2002

The consideration of ergonomic principles can be invaluable when planning an office layout or other internal space. Once the obvious physical requirements and constraints are known, several techniques can be used to produce a specification for the new layout. Stakeholder analysis reveals the requirements of the users of the new space, and also serves to gain involvement and commitment from staff. Link analysis represents connections between elements in the office design, and can show the importance of these connections. This article outlines some of the issues involved in office layouts and space planning and demonstrates how ergonomics can be used to make such work a success. It explains how to use stakeholder and link analyses and describes an example of office planning in practice. To conclude, an ergonomic checklist is given which summarises some of the issues to consider when planning a new or revised layout.
Alternative workplace strategies in Hong Kong
Authors: Gilleard John D. , Rees David R.
Published: July 2002

Based on the results of a questionnaire survey among facility management professionals, the paper reviews current and future applications for alternative workplace strategies (AWS) in Hong Kong. The survey indicates that the impact of workplace redesign and on‐site/on‐premises strategies is more favoured when compared with off‐site/off‐premises strategies. The survey also indicates that the current and future impact of AWS in Hong Kong may be less significant when compared with the USA. The work also examines the role of telecommunciations technology and its likely impact on future office accommodation requirements. Finally, the paper concludes by reviewing a number of factors that specifically influence the application of AWS in Hong Kong.
Effects of facilities on Hong Kong supermarkets
Authors: Baldwin Graeme
Published: July 2002

Many factors can have an effect on the patronage turnover of retail stores. While there is a concentration on the more obvious aspects such as demography and site location, this paper examines the less publicised, but potentially important effects of in‐store factors. The methodology and findings of a research project encapsulating in‐store factors are discussed. It was found from the empirical evidence of the focus group, a supermarket chain in Hong Kong, that in terms of facilities, aspects of check‐out counter provision and frequency of refurbishment provided the greatest explanation for changes in patronage turnover.
Challenge and opportunity: facility management in Shanghai
Authors: Gilleard John D. , Yiqun Pan
Published: July 2002

China is currently the fastest growing economy in the world. This paper discusses the current state of property management in Shanghai and reviews the challenges and opportunities for facility management in this city. In particular, it focuses on the embryonic role of FM resulting from the changes that are taking place in attitudes, both at the corporate and government level. It considers issues arising from personal observation of, and visits to, companies in Shanghai, and discussions with professionals in the property management sector in China. It describes typical property management provision in Shanghai and the growth in the importance of training for property management as part of the growing recognition of the significance of facility management in China. However, it concludes that until the property management industry fully matures it is unlikely that facility management will be widely practised for some time.
Eco‐labelling scheme for buildings in Hong Kong
Authors: Chau C.K. , Burnett J. , Lee W.L.
Published: July 2002

Over the last ten years voluntary labelling schemes such as energy labels and eco‐labelling have become increasingly popular within the property sector. However, since the schemes are voluntary in nature their success generally depends on the environmental response of both the property owner and the facility manager. This paper discusses the prerequisites for introducing a successful energy and eco‐labelling scheme in Hong Kong. The paper also introduces a cost‐benefit analysis associated with Hong Kong’s accredited criteria for eco‐labelling. Finally, the paper examines the controversial issue of linking eco‐labelling to property valuation.
Intelligent building care
Authors: Wood Brian
Published: July 2002

Discusses perceptions of building maintenance and care. Contrasts the “received wisdom” of planned preventive maintenance with the concept of “Just‐ in‐time maintenance”. Identifies possible locations of “intelligence” in people and buildings. Also examines the relationship between technology and users, particularly regarding user‐satisfaction. Considers the penetration of the maintenance/care market by non‐traditional players and describes features of “Call‐centred maintenance”. Identifies the opportunity within the Private Finance Initiative for total building care services.
Quality ‐ using the World Wide Web for developing project management research case studies
Authors: Walker Derek H.T.
Published: July 2002

Looks at the problems of achieving a relevant quality outcome in the minor thesis components of postgraduate coursework Master’s degree programmes. Considers how the quality of course deliverables can be enhanced through innovative approaches to demonstrating mastery of the research process, such as using the World Wide Web in conjunction with case study investigations. Argues that the skills developed through critical analysis of case studies is crucial to a project manager’s ability to function effectively and in a way that meets the clients’ service quality expectations. Examines two case study investigations from a Master of Project Management degree, with reference to a demonstrated need for project managers to prove their capacity to view problems from multiple frames of reference. The examples illustrate the unique opportunities to present multiple frames of reference offered through development of Websites linked both internally and externally to wider sources of information, and provide an exciting and novel contribution to the management of project management courses. The principles presented also have wider appeal across management and other academic disciplines.
Managing evacuating people from facilities during a fire emergency
Authors: Benthorn Lars , Frantzich Håkan
Published: July 2002

A review of research, interviews and experiments at an IKEA building are presented with results that could affect the planning and real time management. Subjects had to choose between a normal exit and an emergency exit in different conditions. The results show that the majority of subjects choose the normal exit even if the distance is double compared to the emergency exit. The only exception is when the emergency exit is open and it is possible to see the daylight outside. Findings show that a ring signal is often misunderstood but a spoken message is understandable.
The BOOT approach to energy infrastructure management: a means to optimise the return from facilities
Authors: Chu John
Published: July 2002

This paper sets out the major facets of the Build‐Own‐Operate‐Transfer (BOOT) approach of procuring and managing energy‐related assets. The relative merits between BOOT and other strategies are contrasted. The participants and the life cycle of BOOT are explained. The pros and cons of BOOT are outlined. Case studies on energy infrastructure BOOT schemes are then used to illustrate different terms, scope and benefits of such projects.
Improving competitiveness in a manufacturing value chain: issues dealing with the automobile sector in Argentina and Mercosur
Authors: Luchi Roberto , Paladino Marcelo
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the challenges being faced by different participants in the automobile sector value chain during Mercosur market consolidation. This is an extended case study that analyses in depth, actions that the different companies carried out both in their operations management and with their customers and suppliers. The research highlights several aspects of the Argentine automotive value chain: difficulty in managing relative development speeds within the value chain; uncompleted regulatory framework development in order to gain synergy in a regional context; different operation strategies followed by assemblers to cope with market pressures (“green field” versus resources improvement); and weak links in the value chain, especially suppliers and dealers. Future efforts by assemblers should be oriented to work in the calibration of the development speeds of all the value chain in order to improve their competitiveness.
The suitability of premises for business use: an evaluation of supply/demand variations
Authors: Bottom Connel , McGreal Stanley , Heaney George
Published: July 2002

Office buildings in the City of London accommodate a wide variety of tenant organisations whose business characteristics and property requirements differ. Physical design/quality attributes also differ between buildings and, therefore, either constrain or support specific business activities. The results of a survey carried out using a sample of investment properties and their tenants within the City illustrate the existence of these variations. In particular, the difference between tenant organizations’ perceived supply and demand for individual building design/quality factors is highlighted showing areas of general under‐performance. The owners of City of London office buildings, typically the financial institutions, are concerned with the functionality of their properties which influence the short‐ and long‐term returns of this particular type of asset. Information originating from the utilisation of building appraisal techniques is of considerable use within any property management decision‐making process and in particular the identification of potential problems associated with building obsolescence.
The morphology of planning in an urban laboratory
Authors: Field Brian G.
Published: July 2002

In many respects, Singapore represents an urban laboratory in which several of the panaceas of contemporary town planning theory have been tested and successfully implemented. Urban poverty has been almost eradicated as planners and policy‐makers have experimented with textbook prescriptions on service hierarchies, public housing and integrated transport to control urbanisation pressures and channel growth, according to a carefully planned spatial distribution of land‐use activities. The economic and environmental benefits are there for all to see. This paper traces the morphology of development plans within a physical planning regime which has provided the policy framework for a complete restructuring of the urban fabric and helped guide long‐term development towards the achievement of specific planning goals.
Industrial property, market initiative and planning policy
Authors: Tang Bo‐sin , Tang Roger M.H.
Published: July 2002

Industrial restructuring has led to increasing obsolescence of old industrial properties in many cities. Transformation of these properties to meet the requirements of modern industrial operations is becoming an imminent task for property managers and industrial landowners. This paper reviews the experience of the private sector in restructuring obsolete industrial properties in Hong Kong. In particular, we focus our discussions on a recent market initiative (composite industrial‐office property development in Hong Kong) as an innovative attempt to make better use of urban industrial space. We argue that this new property type has not been successful because of the institutional constraints imposed under the planning policy. It again confirms that the industrial property market is characterized by market imperfection, owing largely to government policies, which precludes a smooth market adjustment to respond positively to changing demand. This problem, if allowed to continue, will ultimately damage the competitiveness of the cities.
Evaluating the use of public PC workstations at the Arizona State University Libraries
Authors: Konomos Philip , Herrington Scott
Published: July 2002

From the moment the ASU Libraries migrated from dumb terminals to PC workstations for access to electronic resources, there was great concern that these workstations would be used “inappropriately”. Whether students should be allowed to check their e‐mail from the workstations was debated, as was the need to restrict access to the Internet. The Information Technology division at the University was concerned with how the Library would provide accountability for anything that happened at a public workstation. After much discussion, it was decided that the Library PC workstations would provide unrestricted access to the Internet. Telnet access was limited to library‐related resources requiring Telnet, in an effort to keep students from doing computing assignments and personal e‐mail on these workstations. The systems department developed an approach to data collection that included both an observational system and an electronic data collection system, using sampling techniques, to collect data on the use of the PC workstations at the main library (Hayden) at Arizona State University. This presentation will describe the data collection techniques, the results of data analysis, and how the results of data analysis are being used to better manage the PC workstations in the Library.
Electronic document supply: experience at the British Library
Authors: Chivers Lynne C.
Published: July 2002

In recent years there has been an increasing move towards publishing in electronic format, sometimes as facsimiles of paper originals and sometimes “born digital”. For anyone concerned with publishing and document supply, whether as a supplier or customer, this trend cannot be ignored. The British Library ran a wide programme of projects (“Initiatives for Access”) to develop an understanding of how digital technologies might be used to support and enhance its operations and some of those particularly relevant to document supply are described. These projects were valuable in highlighting many of the issues to be considered in the use of electronic documents in document supply and an overview of these is given from four perspectives, namely business management, operational, technical and customer. Finally, the library’s current “Digital Library” programme is mentioned, together with two recent additions to the library’s remote service operations: Ariel® for electronic delivery and an integrated electronic journal store.
Brief communication: The British Library’s co‐operation and partnershipprogramme
Authors: Pilling Stella
Published: July 2002

Details the BL’s history of co‐operation and partnership. Outlines how this tradition has evolved into working in new areas and with new people in the LIS sector.
A quadrilateral mesh generator for adaptive procedures in bulk forming processes
Authors: Natal Jorge R.M. , Cardoso Rui P.R. , César de Sá J.M.A.
Published: July 2002

The simulation of real industry metal forming processes often requires the presence of adaptive procedures. With that purpose a quadrilateral mesh generator was developed. The algorithm is based on the simple fact that it is always possible to subdivide a region into quadrilaterals whenever the polygonal line that forms its boundary has an even number of sides and that, by joining two contiguous triangles, a quadrilateral may be formed. Rather than using an advancing front technique a cloud of nodal points is initially formed based on error estimators and criteria to define an optimal element size. With this procedure, using an adaptive process, the refinement is created where it will be needed.
Exact prescribed displacement field solutions in Mohr Coulomb elastoplasticity
Authors: Pankaj  , Moin Khalid
Published: July 2002

Exact solutions for Mohr Coulomb elastoplasticity are developed. Using these solutions an exact stress increment for a given finite strain increment can be computed. The developed solutions are valid for perfect and linear hardening/softening plasticity using isotropic work hardening hypotheses. The solutions can be used to check computer codes and assess their ability to handle multiple active yield surfaces. Illustrative examples are included.
Finite element modelling of the stamping of anisotropic sheet metals
Authors: Boubakar M.L. , Boulmane L. , Gelin J.C.
Published: July 2002

Addresses the computational aspects involved in the numerical simulation of sheet stamping processes. Focuses on some numerical aspects of the intrinsic complexity of these problems, the first of which is the necessity to take into account properly membrane and bending effects. Presents a well‐adapted shell element. The second aspect concerns the description and the implementation of the initial orthotropic plastic behaviour for sheet metal parts, based on a formulation in a rotating frame using the initial microstructure rotation. The stress calculation algorithm is based on a particular implementation of the elastic predictor‐plastic corrector method. The last aspect concerns the solution procedures with a particular development concerning the treatment of the blankholder load as a constraint. A set of computational results validated with experiments prove the accuracy of the proposed approach in solving stamping problems.
Thermo‐mechanical consolidation coupling analysis on jointed rock mass by the finite element method
Authors: Sasaki Takeshi , Morikawa Seiji
Published: July 2002

Describes the thermo‐mechanical consolidation coupling analysis and its discretization method for the simulations of nuclear waste storage on jointed rock mass using the finite element method. An anisotropic stress‐strain and permeable constitutive laws are employed for combining arbitrary oriented joint sets using compliance matrices. Evaluates the influence of non‐linear permeability of joint by cubic‐law assuming parallel plate flow caused by excavation and the local change of permeability around the excavated cavern in different joint angles. The results of the two‐dimensional rock mass models with combining arbitrary oriented joint sets show that the fluid flow direction followed along the direction of the joint sets, and this seemed to be clearly explained from the influence of joint orientations.
Numerical formulation for a simulator (CODE_BRIGHT) for the coupled analysis of saline media
Authors: Olivella S. , Gens A. , Carrera J. , Alonso E.E.
Published: July 2002

Presents numerical aspects of the program CODE_BRIGHT, which is a simulator for COupled DEformation, BRIne, Gas and Heat transport problems. It solves the equations of mass and energy balance and stress equilibrium and, originally, it was developed for saline media. The governing equations also include a set of constitutive laws and equilibrium conditions. The main peculiarities of saline media are in the dissolution/precipitation phenomena, presence of brine inclusions in the solid salt and creep deformation of the solid matrix.
Error estimation for natural frequency analysis using plate elements
Authors: Stephen D.B. , Steven G.P.
Published: July 2002

In computing eigenvalues for a large finite element system, it has been observed that the eigenvalue extractors produce eigenvectors that are in some sense more accurate than their corresponding eigenvalues. From this observation, uses a patch‐type technique based on the eigenvector for one mesh quality to provide an eigenvalue error indicator for the complex problem of out‐of‐plane plate vibration analysis. Tests show this indicator to be both accurate and reliable.
Error estimation in finite element transient dynamic analysis using modal superposition
Authors: Dutta A. , Ramakrishnan C.V.
Published: July 2002

Presents a method of obtaining an optimal mesh in the finite element analysis of two‐dimensional linear elastodynamic problems under transient dynamic loading, which is based on a generalization of the Z‐Z criterion for discretization error estimation for time‐dependent problems. The optimal mesh limits the error due to discretization within a prescribed value, and studies of all other possible errors involved in finite element transient dynamic analysis are carried out systematically. Also proposes methods to study and limit the modal truncation error. Numerous examples show the capabilities of the proposed methods and the importance of the optimal mesh and modal truncation error in finite element transient dynamic analysis.
Implementation and application of elastodynamic boundary element discretizations with improved stability properties
Authors: Siebrits E. , Peirce A.P.
Published: July 2002

Direct and indirect time marching boundary element methods often become numerically unstable. Evidence of, and reasons for, these instabilities is provided in this paper. Two new time stepping schemes are presented, both of which are more stable than the existing standard schemes available. In particular, we introduce the Half‐step scheme, which is more accurate and far more stable than existing methods. This scheme, which is demonstrated on a simple crack problem for the displacement discontinuity method, can also be introduced into the direct boundary element method. Implementation of the Half‐step scheme into existing boundary element codes will allow researchers to attack more challenging problems than before.
Steady state elastodynamics solutions using boundary spectral line strips
Authors: Michael Ofer , Avrashi Jacob , Rosenhouse Giora
Published: July 2002

The 2D frequency domain boundary integral equation is solved by the boundary spectral strip method. Using an expansion for frequency domain elastodynamics kernel we reduce its singularity and present analytical solutions for the required integrals in the singular case when the integration path is a straight line. The method is illustrated by two different problems, both over a range of excitation frequencies. The first problem is a rectangular bar under a longitudinal excitation, which has an analytical solution. The other problem is a trapezoidal dam loaded by a transverse excitation at its base. The solution for the second problem is compared with a finite elements model. The results obtained from these tests show a good agreement between the results of the boundary strip method and analytical or finite elements results.
Coupling of BEM and FEM by a multiplicative Schwarz method and its parallel implementation
Authors: Stein E. , Kreienmeyer M.
Published: July 2002

The boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM) may be computationally expensive if complex problems are to be solved; thus there is the need of implementing them on fast computer architectures, especially parallel computers. Because these methods are complementary to each other, the coupling of FEM and BEM is widely used. In this paper, the coupling of displacement‐based FEM and collocation BEM and its implementation on a distributed memory system (Parsytec MultiCluster2) is described. The parallelization is performed by data partitioning which leads to a very high efficiency. As model problems, we assume linear elasticity for the boundary element method and elastoplasticity for the finite element method. The efficiency of our implementation is shown by various test examples. By numerical examples we show that a multiplicative Schwarz method for coupling BEM with FEM is very well suited for parallel implementation.
Three‐dimensional finite element simulation of connecting rod forging using a new remeshing scheme
Authors: Cho J.R. , Yang D.Y.
Published: July 2002

A new method of three‐dimensional remeshing is proposed for thermo‐viscoplastic finite element analysis of connecting rod forging. In the method, the deformed body to be remeshed is divided into a surface‐adaptive layer (SAL) and a core region. At the surface layer of hexahedral elements, the arrangement of nodal points is made by normal projection of boundary nodes in order to retard the mesh degeneracy, since the arrangement of boundary nodes can be easily achieved by using the information of the die surface patch. After generating the mesh automatically at the surface‐adaptive layer, the core region is automatically meshed by introducing a body‐fitted mapping technique. In order to show the effectiveness of the method in the three‐dimensional problem, forging of a connecting rod has been simulated as a practical example. The complete simulation of connecting rod forging has been carried out by using the thermo‐viscoplastic finite element method and the remeshing scheme. The analysis of transient heat transfer has been carried out for the workpiece by the finite element method, while the boundary element method has been used for the die.
Error calculation in the constitutive relation for Mindlin plate finite element analyses
Authors: Perrin Stéphane , Boisse Philippe
Published: July 2002

An extension of the concept of error on constitutive relation is proposed to the case of Mindlin plate finite element computations. The error of the performed analysis is estimated from the incompatibility in relation with the constitutive equation of admissible fields calculated from the finite element results. In a first stage, loads and moments densities leading to the equilibrium of each element are computed on the element edges as the sums of densities derived from the finite element solution and of densities with a resultant equal to zero on each element edge. Then strictly statically admissible stress resultants are calculated within each element. Both of the two stages allow an optimization for the statically admissible field in order to get a more accurate error. The calculations are local which is very interesting especially in case of complex structure analyses with a large number of degrees of freedom for which adaptivity is an important feature. A set of examples shows the efficiency of the proposed estimator and the good adaptation of the error on constitutive law method to Mindlin plate analysis.
Numerical analysis of a hot‐strip rolling problem with Coulomb‐Siebel friction
Authors: Angelov T. , Nedev A.
Published: July 2002

An isothermal, steady‐state, hot‐strip rolling problem for rigid‐plastic, strain rate sensitive and incompressible materials with coulomb‐siebel friction contact conditions is considered. The corresponding penalty variational statement is given and a convergent finite element ‐ secant‐modulus method is presented. Two‐dimensional example problems are solved and comparisons with the available experimental and numerical results are made. The influence of the friction coefficient on the contact velocities, stresses and equivalent strain rates is illustrated.
Metal forming simulation
Authors: Gutierrez M.A. , Ojanguren Y.M. , Anza J.J.
Published: July 2002

The numerical simulation of metal forming processes approximated by means of finite element techniques, require large computational effort, which contradicts the need of interactivity for industrial applications. This work analyses the computational efficiency of algorithms combining elastoplasticity with finite deformation and contact mechanics, and in particular, the optimum solution of the linear systems to be solved through the incremental‐iterative schemes associated with non linear implicit analysis. A method based on domain decomposition techniques especially adapted to contact problems is presented, as well as the improved performance obtained in the application to hot rolling simulation, as a consequence of bandwidth reduction and the differentiated treatment of subdomains along the non linear analysis.
Comparative investigation into the dynamic explicit and the static implicit method for springback of sheet metal stamping
Authors: Lee S.W. , Yoon J.W. , Yang D.Y.
Published: July 2002

Two kinds of time integration methods; the dynamic explicit method and the static implicit method, have been compared, especially with emphasis on the shell formulations and the stress integration methods. Two methods have been applied to the benchmark problem named the S‐rail stamping process, provided by NUMISHEET’96 committee, in order to compare their numerical results with each other and with the average values of the experiments as well. Based on the comparisons, it is shown that both time integration methods can be successfully applied to industrial sheet metal stamping simulations. In detail, the static implicit method is advantageous over the dynamic explicit method in terms of accuracy, while the latter is known to be more efficient than the former in terms of computation efficiency.
Error estimation for plate structures
Authors: Benoit C.
Published: July 2002

A method for controlling the quality of finite element analyses for plate structures is proposed herein. It is based on the concept of error in the constitutive relation as well as on associated techniques for constructing admissible displacement‐stress fields with respect to a reference model. In this study, the chosen model is either Reissner‐Mindlin’s or Kirchhoff‐Love’s model. The finite element used is the DKT element; these error estimators allow us to determine that this element converges for Kirchhoff‐Love’s model. Once these error estimators have been identified, techniques of adaptive meshing developed in 2D are applied and several examples are presented.
New special finite elements for modeling reinforcement and steel‐concrete interface
Authors: Khalil Abdel‐Hakim A. , Fawzy Tarek M. , Taher Salah El‐Din F. , Abdellah Galal A.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, Isoparametric finite element formulations are derived for special elements for representing the steel‐concrete interface. Curved multi‐noded Isoparametric element for reinforcing steel idealization is proposed. In addition, special thin Isoparametric element in a form of a sheath is suggested in order to model the bond‐slip characteristics. Special provisions are taken into account to avoid numerical difficulties. The proposed elements are incorporated in non‐linear finite element program DMGPLSTS and applied to the problem of tension stiffening of reinforced concrete members. The results are noted to reflect a softer overall response attributable to the slip effect.
Dynamic stability of beams with finite displacements and rotations
Authors: Majorana C.E. , Pellegrino C.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to find the regions of dynamic stability of systems of beams and frames with finite displacements and rotations. A suitable numerical procedure allows regions of dynamic stability to be obtained for any value of the dynamic force, taking into account the different characteristics of constraints, inertia and stiffness. A set of numerical applications is presented to show the capabilities of the proposed numerical method in the frame of the dynamic stability of beams.
Applying international reference price ‐ Market structure, information seeking and consumer welfare
Authors: Lowengart Oded , Mizrahi Shlomo
Published: July 2002

Examines the conditions and different structural settings in which a retailer is likely to apply an international reference price strategy to an imported product. We define the term “international reference price” as an external reference price that reflects the product’s price in different countries. It can be set by providing true but incomplete information rather than by outright manipulation of the reference price, which may involve providing consumers with false information. This study offers a model that describes both the consumer’s utility calculations regarding price information seeking and the retailer’s utility calculations regarding the application of international reference price. It is shown that instability of economic markets combined with access to information technology motivate consumers to seek information about prices. It is also shown that in unstable markets retailers have incentive to provide true but incomplete information about the product’s price in another market. In this setting, the retailer’s use of an international reference price might actually damage consumer welfare. This potential damage may be reduced by international cooperation to establish economic agreements.
The information requirements of total purchasing projects
Authors: Leese Brenda , Mahon Ann
Published: July 2002

To successfully purchase, commission and manage health services at the primary care level requires accurate, reliable, up‐to‐date and appropriate information for use by trusts, health authorities, and by the soon to be operational primary care groups. The national total purchasing evaluation has provided evidence which will be relevant to primary care groups, particularly in the areas of information technology (IT) and access to information. Progress in developing independent purchasing by total purchasers was slower than anticipated because of the large number of factors which had to be taken into account, of which IT and information were just two. Accurate and timely information will be crucial for primary care groups if they are to move from level 1 to level 4 without undue delay.
Test Vehicles in Surface Insulation Resistance Testing
Authors: Pauls D.
Published: July 2002

Surface insulation resistance (SIR) testing is
used in a number of ways to characterise residues or determine the effect of residues on the
performance of printed wiring boards (PWBs) and assemblies (PWAs). Stated
simply, SIR testing is the measurement of leakage currents on or in a substrate, usually during exposure
to elevated temperature and humidity conditions, for a varying amount of exposure time. An
examination of the resistance trends over time, and occurrences of metal migration and/or
corrosion, can determine the potential threats of compatibility problems with circuit card assembly
materials. This paper examines how SIR testing is used in various areas, with an emphasis on the design
of the SIR test vehicle. With the advent of ANSI‐J‐STD‐001B, more
companies will need to design their own test vehicle for process qualification.
A new approach to translational laminographic method for PCB inspection
Authors: An Jinung
Published: July 2002

X‐ray laminography, a tomographic technique that can examine individual planes of focus within a 3‐D structure, promises to be an excellent method of inspecting complicated circuit boards. The technique has accuracy appropriate for circuit board inspection, but the application has been limited by the requirements of synchronized motion of the source and detector, a sophisticated X‐ray device and a huge image acquiring system. A new translational laminography system is presented. The X‐ray source and detector described are stationary. Translation of the XY table is only the mechanical motion required to generate the laminographic image. Based on this system, a new image separation algorithm is also explained. This algorithm uses a recursive process with a simple mathematical function, which is derived analytically by the X‐ray projection geometry. To evaluate the proposed method, an X‐ray imaging system has been constructed. From the test sample experiments, it is confirmed that the proposed algorithm allows cleanly separated images with fewer artifacts than the one obtained by conventional laminography.
Design, analysis and measurement of the cost‐effective substrate of a plastic ball grid array package ‐ NuBGA
Authors: Lau John H. , Chen Tony , Chou Tai‐Yu
Published: July 2002

A family of cavity‐down plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages have been designed by split via connection (SVC) and split wrap around (SWA) methods. Because of the special designs, these packages consist of a single core of organic material and two‐metal layers of copper and are manufactured with the conventional printed circuit board (PCB) process at very low cost. The electrical performances of the packages are studied by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. Parasitic parameters are extracted from time domain reflectometer (TDR) and time domain transmission (TDT) measurements. Cross‐talk and simultaneous switch output (SSO) noise of the packages are also investigated.
Gold and aluminum wire bonding to palladium surface finishes
Authors: Fan Chonglun , Abys Joseph A. , Blair Alan
Published: July 2002

Palladium surface finishes are utilized on leadframes, printed wiring boards and automobile sensors. Their superior functional performance and the considerable environmental impact of plating lead‐free finishes for packaging processes have been increasingly recognized by the electronic industry. Wire bondable and solderable palladium finishes meet military and industrial standards at no extra cost in the overall assembly processes when compared to traditional packaging techniques. In addition to the development of palladium plating chemistries and technologies, the functional properties of the surface finishes including their wire bonding performance have also been investigated at Bell Laboratories. In this study, gold and aluminum wire bonding to palladium finishes was tested and the wire bond pull force and break position were examined in order to optimize the bonding processes. The results of the study are reported in this paper.
Deaf people and libraries ‐ should there be special considerations? Part 1: traditional services
Authors: Jeal Yvette , de Paul Roper Vincent , Ansell Elaine
Published: July 2002

Reports on findings of a study of North‐West libraries and their service provision to the deaf and hard of hearing. Part 1 reports on current thoughts within the library profession and developments in staff training, the improvement and promotion of stock, and user education. A second article will report on material and technological developments such as minicom and building adaptations. Throughout, a sensitivity to the range of needs within the deaf community is encouraged, as is the need to make service initiatives ‐ at least for the more traditional library services ‐ reliant not on the keenness of key staff but on policy decisions. Action is being taken ‐ staff in 88 per cent of public libraries and 17 per cent of academic libraries had undergone deaf awareness training, stocks of relevance to learning British Sign Language and about deaf culture are being acquired, and libraries are promoting subtitled and closed‐captioned videos.
New Age materials in the public library
Authors: Atherley Rosemary , Hannabuss Stuart
Published: July 2002

New Age philosophies are having an increasingly important influence on contemporary life. They offer a challengingly holistic view of human potential, and are available in numerous publications and formats. Public library collections often marginalize New Age materials, and find selecting and acquiring them a challenge. Argues that greater awareness of what such materials have to offer would answer growing demands from users and provide spiritual and cultural benefit for the community.
Towards a critical practice for the academic library
Authors: Atton Chris
Published: July 2002

Considers how information provision in academic libraries is affected as higher education is increasingly subject to free market principles. Examines how research tailored for commerce and industry can limit research in other fields. Looks at how increased competition between universities leads to a narrowing of the journal base for research assessment. Notes that current practice in academic libraries takes no account of these trends, and highlights deficiencies in user education which emphasize training over education in critical inquiry. Focuses on the latter as the basis of a critical practice for the academic library, and examines ways in which academic librarianship might be transformed to take account of the limits on information flow necessitated by the free market.
Journalistic construction of news: information gathering
Authors: Campbell Fiona
Published: July 2002

Describes the work carried out at doctoral level which investigated the ways in which journalists construct environmental news in Scotland. Focuses on the methods and tacit rules which reporters employ to locate, select and retrieve information for news stories. Journalists retrieve information from a complex range of sources. Addresses the information sources which are used in the news process. Examines the preference for human sources as opposed to library‐based information and discusses the influence of pragmatic constraints like time and space on the production of news.
Commercialization of the Internet
Authors: Subba Rao S.
Published: July 2002

Describes the Internet as a global phenomenon and outlines its current utilities and future applications. Presents the phases of commercialization of the Internet, details basic steps in and style of Web advertising, and users of Web advertisements. Describes the advantages of Web advertising over traditional advertising. Points to the deficiencies of the Net and concludes that its commercialization is a sign of the commercialization of science and education.
The durability of Japanese personnel management?
Authors: Dalzell Tom , Wallace Joe
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on the initial results of a study on the changing personnel systems of large Japanese manufacturing companies. The study used participant observation to take two distinct snapshots of the changing personnel system of a major Japanese company over a three‐year period, and also involved two sets of interviews with four other leading companies to gather comparative information on contemporary changes to their personnel systems. It appears that changes in these companies are moving beyond time‐honoured incremental adjustments, yet seem to fall short of indicating a transition to Western norms. Apparently, due to a continuing belief in the efficacy of some elements of the approach, Japanese managers are attempting to redefine it without losing its distinctly Japanese flavour. Whether this will be enough to prevent a transition of the Japanese personnel approach to Western norms remains to be seen.
Competence‐based Qualifications – A Reply to Bob Mansfield
Authors: Stewart Jim , Hamlin Bob
Published: July 2002

Responds to Bob Mansfield′s critique of the author′s earlier work.
Examines the criticisms put forward by Mansfield of the analysis of
competence and competence‐based NVQs published in earlier issues of the
Journal of European Industrial Training by Stewart and Hamlin. Provides
an academic and practice‐oriented response and argues against the points
expressed by Mansfield. Concludes that the original critical analysis of
competence and NVQs remains valid and that Mansfield′s critique is not
sustainable.
Supervisory Training and Development:
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Sweeney Patrick
Published: July 2002

Examines the use of learning contracts to achieve supervisory
development in an organization with highly centralized decision‐making
processes and a strong power‐based culture. Shows that a well‐managed
learning contract process can significantly increase the value of
supervisory development and help to facilitate more consensus‐ and
collaborative‐based approaches to problem solving and encourage learning
in the ongoing work activities of the organization.
Viewpoint: a leader′s inner security might be a crucial factor for
choice of leadership style
Authors: Irgens Ole M.
Published: July 2002

Looks at leaders′and subordinates′ differing tasks and how both
must take on each others needs and styles to improve in the leadership
and supportive roles.