bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conducting research in corrections: challenges and solutions
Authors: Wakai Sara , Shelton Deborah , Trestman Robert L. , Kesten Karen
Published: September 2009

Research in correctional settings has progressed from the exploitation of a vulnerable population in the years prior to 1978 to its current overly protective and restrictive state. With the considerable growth in the numbers of inmates with medical and mental health care needs, developing effective interventions to serve this population is paramount. There now appear to be signs of interest in and support for research with inmates by correctional agencies, academia, and health care organizations. Innes (2003) has articulated the following strategies for implementing research in prison: (1) gather stakeholders; (2) include one or more experienced research collaborators; (3) consider obtaining technical assistance from a university or the National Institute of Corrections (NIC); (4) define potential opportunities/interests that support the institution's mission; (5) develop a relationship with an IRB; (6) pilot a small proposal that is of interest and potential value to the organization. The authors illustrate the implementation of a study in a correctional system that uses these strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passage of Trojan Peptoids into Plant Cells
Authors: Eggenberger Kai , Birtalan Esther , Schröder Tina , Bräse Stefan , Nick Peter
Published: September 2009

Efficient drug delivery is essential for many therapeutic applications. In this context, Trojan peptoids have attracted attention as powerful tools to deliver bioactive molecules into living cells. Certain cell‐penetrating peptides, peptide mimetics, and peptoids have been shown to be endowed with a transport function and the structural features of this function have been characterized. However, most of the research has been done by using mammalian cell cultures as model organisms and the actual cellular mechanism of membrane passage has not been elucidated. Plant cells, which are encased in a cellulosic cell wall and differ in membrane composition, represent an alternative experimental system to address this issue, but so far, have attracted only little attention for both peptide‐ and peptoid‐based carrier systems. Moreover, efficient delivery of nonproteinaceous bioactive macromolecules into living plant cells could complement genetic engineering in biotechnological applications, such as metabolic engineering and molecular farming. In the present study, we investigated carrier peptoids with or without guanidinium side chains with regard to their uptake into plant cells, the cellular mechanism of uptake, and intracellular localization. We can show that in contrast to polyamine peptoids (polylysine‐like) fluorescently labeled polyguanidine peptoids (polyarginine‐like) enter rapidly into tobacco BY‐2 cells without affecting the viability of these cells. A quantitative comparison of this uptake with endocytosis of fluorescently labeled dextranes indicates that the main uptake of the guanidinium peptoids occurs between 30–60 min after the start of incubation and clearly precedes endocytosis. Dual visualization with the endosomal marker FM4‐64 shows that the intracellular guanidinium peptoid is distinct from endocytotic vesicles. Once the polyguanidine peptoids have entered the cell, they associate with actin filaments and microtubules. By pharmacological manipulation of the cytoskeleton we tested whether the association with the cytoskeleton is necessary for uptake, and observed that the actin inhibitor latrunculin B as well as the microtubule inhibitor oryzalin impaired uptake and intracellular spread of the guanidinium carrier to a certain extent. These findings are discussed with respect to the potential mechanisms of uptake and with respect to the potential of Trojan peptoids as tools for metabolic engineering in plant biotechnology.
Cooperative Effect of a Classical and a Weak Hydrogen Bond for the Metal‐Induced Construction of a Self‐Assembled β‐Turn Mimic
Authors: Laungani Andy C. , Keller Manfred , Slattery John M. , Krossing Ingo , Breit Bernhard
Published: September 2009

A novel metal‐induced template for the self‐assembly of two independent phosphane ligands by means of unprecedented multiple noncovalent interactions (classical hydrogen bond, weak hydrogen bond, metal coordination, π‐stacking interaction) was developed and investigated. Our results address the importance and capability of weak hydrogen bonds (WHBs) as important attractive interactions in self‐assembling processes based on molecular recognition. Together with a classical hydrogen bond, WHBs may serve as promoters for the specific self‐assembly of complementary monomeric phosphane ligands into supramolecular hybrid structures. The formation of an intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond and its persistence in the solid state and in solution was studied by X‐ray crystal analysis, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy analysis. Further evidence was demonstrated by DFT calculations, which gave specific geometric parameters for the proposed conformations and allowed us to estimate the energy involved in the hydrogen bonds that are responsible for the molecular recognition process. The presented template can be regarded as a new type of self‐assembled β‐turn mimic or supramolecular pseudo amino acid for the nucleation of β‐sheet structures when attached to oligopeptides.
The Implications of (2S,4S)‐Hydroxyproline 4‐O‐Glycosylation for Prolyl Amide Isomerization
Authors: Owens Neil W. , Lee Adrian , Marat Kirk , Schweizer Frank
Published: September 2009

The conformations of peptides and proteins are often influenced by glycans O‐linked to serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr). (2S,4R)‐4‐Hydroxyproline (Hyp), together with L‐proline (Pro), are interesting targets for O‐glycosylation because they have a unique influence on peptide and protein conformation. In previous work we found that glycosylation of Hyp does not affect the N‐terminal amide trans/cis ratios (Ktrans/cis) or the rates of amide isomerization in model amides. The stereoisomer of Hyp—(2S,4S)‐4‐hydroxyproline (hyp)—is rarely found in nature, and has a different influence both on the conformation of the pyrrolidine ring and on Ktrans/cis. Glycans attached to hyp would be expected to be projected from the opposite face of the prolyl side chain relative to Hyp; the impact this would have on Ktrans/cis was unknown. Measurements of 3J coupling constants indicate that the glycan has little impact on the Cγ‐endo conformation produced by hyp. As a result, it was found that the D‐galactose residue extending from a Cγ‐endo pucker affects both Ktrans/cis and the rate of isomerization, which is not found to occur when it is projected from a Cγ‐exo pucker; this reflects the different environments delineated by the proline side chain. The enthalpic contributions to the stabilization of the trans amide isomer may be due to disruption of intramolecular interactions present in hyp; the change in enthalpy is balanced by a decrease in entropy incurred upon glycosylation. Because the different stereoisomers—Hyp and hyp—project the O‐linked carbohydrates in opposite spatial orientations, these glycosylated amino acids may be useful for understanding of how the projection of a glycan from the peptide or protein backbone exerts its influence.
Highly Emissive Diborylphenylene‐Containing Bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes: Structure–Photophysical Property Correlations and Fluoride Ion Sensing
Authors: Zhao Cui‐Hua , Sakuda Eri , Wakamiya Atsushi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: September 2009

A series of 2,5‐bis(dimesitylboryl)‐1,4‐bis(arylethynyl)benzenes 1–6 that contain various p‐substituents on the terminal benzene rings, including NPh2 (1), OMe (2), Me (3), H (4), CF3 (5), and CN (6) groups, were synthesized, and the effects of the p‐substituents on the absorption and fluorescence properties were investigated both in solution and in the solid state. Linear relationships were obtained not only between the Hammett σp+ constants of the p‐substituents and the absorption and fluorescence maxima, quantum yields, and excited‐state dynamics parameters in solution, but also between the σp+ constants and the fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state. An important finding extracted from these results is that the suppressed fluorescence quenching in the solid state is a common feature for the present laterally boryl‐substituted π‐conjugated skeletons. Hence, the diborylphenylene can serve as a useful core unit to develop highly emissive organic solids. In fact, most of the derivatives showed more intense emission in the solid state than in solution. In addition to these studies, the titration experiment of 1 by the addition of nBu4NF was conducted, which showed the stepwise bindings of two fluoride ions with high association constants as well as a drastic change in the fluorescence spectra, while constantly maintaining high quantum yields (0.61–0.76), irrespective of the binding modes. This result also demonstrated the potential utility of the present molecules as an efficient fluorescent fluoride ion sensor.
Two Regioisomers of Endohedral Pyrrolidinodimetallofullerenes M2@Ih‐C80(CH2)2NTrt (M=La, Ce; Trt=trityl): Control of Metal Atom Positions by Addition Positions
Authors: Yamada Michio , Okamura Mayuko , Sato Satoru , Someya Chika I. , Mizorogi Naomi , Tsuchiya Takahiro , Akasaka Takeshi , Kato Tatsuhisa , Nagase Shigeru
Published: September 2009

The two regioisomers of endohedral pyrrolidinodimetallofullerenes M2@Ih‐C80(CH2)2NTrt (M=La, Ce; Trt=trityl) were synthesized, isolated, and characterized. X‐ray crystallographic analyses of [6,6]‐La2@Ih‐C80(CH2)2NTrt and [6,6]‐Ce2@Ih‐C80(CH2)2NTrt revealed that the encapsulated metal atoms are located at the slantwise positions on the mirror plane that parallels the pyrrolidine ring. Paramagnetic NMR analyses of [6,6]‐ and [5,6]‐Ce2@Ih‐C80(CH2)2NTrt were also carried out to clarify the metal positions. As for the [6,6]‐adduct, the metal positions obtained by paramagnetic NMR analysis agree well with the X‐ray structure. In contrast, paramagnetic NMR analysis of the [5,6]‐adduct showed that the two Ce atoms are collinear with the pyrrolidine ring. We also compared the observed paramagnetic effects of the pyrrolidinodimetallofullerenes with those of other cerium‐encapsulating fullerene derivatives such as bis‐silylated Ce2@Ih‐C80 and a carbene adduct of Ce2@Ih‐C80. We found that the metal positions can be explained by the electrostatic potential maps of the corresponding [6,6]‐ and [5,6]‐adducts of [Ih‐C80(CH2)2NTrt]6−. These findings clearly show that metal positions inside fullerene cages can be controlled by means of the addition positions of the addends. In addition, the radical anions of the pyrrolidinodimetallofullerenes were prepared by bulk controlled‐potential electrolysis and characterized by X‐band EPR spectral study.
2,2′‐Bipyrimidine as Efficient Sensitizer of the Solid‐State Luminescence of Lanthanide and Uranyl Ions from Visible to Near‐Infrared
Authors: Zucchi Gaël , Maury Olivier , Thuéry Pierre , Gumy Frédéric , Bünzli Jean‐Claude G. , Ephritikhine Michel
Published: September 2009

Treatment of Ln(NO3)3⋅nH2O with 1 or 2 equiv 2,2′‐bipyrimidine (BPM) in dry THF readily afforded the monometallic complexes [Ln(NO3)3(bpm)2] (Ln=Eu, Gd, Dy, Tm) or [Ln(NO3)3(bpm)2]⋅THF (Ln=Eu, Tb, Er, Yb) after recrystallization from MeOH or THF, respectively. Reactions with nitrate salts of the larger lanthanide ions (Ln=Ce, Nd, Sm) yielded one of two distinct monometallic complexes, depending on the recrystallization solvent: [Ln(NO3)3(bpm)2]⋅THF (Ln=Nd, Sm) from THF, or [Ln(NO3)3(bpm)(MeOH)2]⋅MeOH (Ln=Ce, Nd, Sm) from MeOH. Treatment of UO2(NO3)2⋅6H2O with 1 equiv BPM in THF afforded the monoadduct [UO2(NO3)2(bpm)] after recrystallization from MeOH. The complexes were characterized by their crystal structure. Solid‐state luminescence measurements on these monometallic complexes showed that BPM is an efficient sensitizer of the luminescence of both the lanthanide and the uranyl ions emitting visible light, as well as of the YbIIIion emitting in the near‐IR. For Tb, Dy, Eu, and Yb complexes, energy transfer was quite efficient, resulting in quantum yields of 80.0, 5.1, 70.0, and 0.8 %, respectively. All these complexes in the solid state were stable in air.
Synthesis and Base Pairing Properties of 1′,5′‐Anhydro‐L‐Hexitol Nucleic Acids (L‐HNA)
Authors: D'Alonzo Daniele , Van Aerschot Arthur , Guaragna Annalisa , Palumbo Giovanni , Schepers Guy , Capone Stefania , Rozenski Jef , Herdewijn Piet
Published: September 2009

Oligonucleotides composed of 1′,5′‐anhydro‐arabino‐hexitol nucleosides belonging to the L series (L‐HNA) were prepared and preliminarily studied as a novel potential base‐pairing system. Synthesis of enantiopure L‐hexitol nucleotide monomers equipped with a 2′‐(N6‐benzoyladenin‐9‐yl) or a 2′‐(thymin‐1‐yl) moiety was carried out by a de novo approach based on a domino reaction as key step. The L oligonucleotide analogues were evaluated in duplex formation with natural complements as well as with unnatural sugar‐modified oligonucleotides. In many cases stable homo‐ and heterochiral associations were found. Besides Tm measurements, detection of heterochiral complexes was unambiguously confirmed by LC‐MS studies. Interestingly, circular dichroism measurements of the most stable duplexes suggested that L‐HNA form left‐handed helices with both D and L oligonucleotides.
Structural Model for the Binding Sites of Allosterically Potentiating Ligands on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Luttmann Edgar , Ludwig Jürgen , Höffle‐Maas Anja , Samochocki Marek , Maelicke Alfred , Fels Gregor
Published: September 2009

Current treatments of Alzheimer's disease include the allosteric potentiation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) response. The location of the binding site for allosteric potentiating ligands (APLs) within the receptor is not yet fully understood. Based on homology models for the ligand binding domain of human α7, human α4β2, and chicken α7 receptors, as well as blind docking experiments with galanthamine, physostigmine, codeine, and 5HT, we identified T197 as an essential element of the APL binding site at the outer surface of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of nAChR. We also found the previously known galanthamine binding site in the region of K123 at the inside of the receptor funnel, which, however, was shown to not be part of the APL site. Our results are verified by site‐directed mutagenesis and electrophysiological experiments, and suggest that APL and ACh bind to different sites on nicotinic receptors and that allosteric potentiation may arise from a direct interplay between both these sites.
Detection of hematogenous bone metastasis in cervical cancer
Authors: Liu Feng‐Yuan , Yen Tzu‐Chen , Chen Min‐Yu , Lai Chyong‐Huey , Chang Ting‐Chang , Chou Hung‐Hsueh , Hong Ji‐Hong , Chen Yu‐Ruei , Ng Koon‐Kwan
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND:

In this large‐scale, retrospective study, the authors evaluated the diagnostic performances of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG–PET) in detecting hematogenous bone metastasis in patients with cervical cancer. The associated risk factors also were analyzed.

METHODS:

Patients with invasive cervical cancer who had both 18F‐FDG–PET studies and CT or MR imaging studies were selected. Patients who had either International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III/IV disease or positive lymph node metastasis at the time of primary staging and patients who had suspected recurrent disease were included in the analyses. The diagnostic performances of PET was compared with the performance of CT and MR imaging by using the area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve (AUC). Both univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to assess the risk factors for hematogenous bone metastasis at primary staging.

RESULTS:

PET was more sensitive than CT (P = .004) and was more specific than MR imaging (P = .04). The diagnostic performance of PET was significantly superior to the performance CT (AUC, 0.964 vs 0.662; P < .001) and MR (AUC, 0.966 vs 0.833; P = .033). Both FIGO stage and the extent of lymph node metastases were associated with hematogenous bone metastasis in univariate analysis. However, the extent of lymph node metastases was the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis (P = .025).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current study demonstrated the superiority of 18F‐FDG–PET over CT and MR imaging for detecting hematogenous bone metastasis in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Hematogenous bone metastasis in cervical cancer was associated with the extent of lymph node metastases rather than with FIGO stage. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Interactive direct volume rendering on desktop multicore processors
Authors: Wang Qin , JaJa Joseph
Published: September 2009

We present a new multithreaded implementation for the computationally demanding direct volume rendering (DVR) of volumetric data sets on desktop multicore processors using ray casting. The new implementation achieves interactive rendering of very large volumes, even on high resolution screens. Our implementation is based on a new algorithm that combines an object‐order traversal of the volumetric data followed by a focused ray casting. Using a very compact data structure, our method starts with a quick association of data subcubes with fine‐grain screen tiles appearing along the viewing direction in front‐to‐back order. The next stage uses very limited ray casting on the generated sets of subcubes while skipping empty or transparent space and applying early ray termination in an effective way. Our multithreaded implementation makes use of new dynamic techniques to ensure effective memory management and load balancing. Our software enables a user to interactively explore large data sets through DVR while arbitrarily specifying a 2D transfer function. We test our system on a wide variety of well‐known volumetric data sets on a two‐processor Clovertown platform, each consisting of a Quad‐Core 1.86 GHz Intel Xeon Processor. Our experimental tests demonstrate DVR at interactive rates for the largest data sets that can fit in the main memory on our platform. These tests also indicate a high degree of scalability, excellent load balancing, and efficient memory management across the data sets used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high performance implementation of MPI‐IO for a Lustre file system environment
Authors: Dickens Phillip M. , Logan Jeremy
Published: September 2009

It is often the case that MPI‐IO performs poorly in a Lustre file system environment, although the reasons for such performance have heretofore not been well understood. We hypothesize that such performance is a direct result of the fundamental assumptions upon which most parallel I/O optimizations are based. In particular, it is almost universally believed that parallel I/O performance is optimized when aggregator processes perform large, contiguous I/O operations in parallel. Our research, however, shows that this approach can actually provide the worst performance in a Lustre environment, and that the best performance may be obtained by performing a large number of small, non‐contiguous I/O operations. In this paper, we provide empirical results demonstrating these non‐intuitive results and explore the reasons for such unexpected performance. We present our solution to the problem, which is embodied in a user‐level library termed Y‐Lib, which redistributes the data in a way that conforms much more closely with the Lustre storage architecture than does the data redistribution pattern employed by MPI‐IO. We provide a large body of experimental results, taken across two large‐scale Lustre installations, demonstrating that Y‐Lib outperforms MPI‐IO by up to 36% on one system and 1000% on the other. We discuss the factors that impact the performance improvement obtained by Y‐Lib, which include the number of aggregator processes and Object Storage Devices, as well as the power of the system's communications infrastructure. We also show that the optimal data redistribution pattern for Y‐Lib is dependent upon these same factors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerating the scalable city
Authors: Brown Sheldon , Kho Kristen , Lee Kwangyoon , Hill Erik
Published: September 2009

The creation of a contemporary artwork –The Scalable City—explores the possibilities and implications of new technologies in general and the Cell processor (CP) in particular. In general, new technologies provide new methods for describing and acting in the world. Creating new forms of art can be a means of understanding and furthering this process; however, this has not been the typical relationship between the leading edges of cultural and technological experiments in the 20 th century. The approaches taken to create The Scalable City provide an example of how these goals can correlate in an effective way, as its aim is the creation of a 3D interactive graphics application, highlighting the ongoing algorithmicization of the world at large. In its creation, computational bottlenecks have been encountered, which compromised its aesthetic and conceptual goals. The core component of this work is a world depicting transforming landscapes, networks of roads and emergent structures. Within the operation of the artwork, each is transformed by interactions of the viewer, algorithms and the initial data. The computational demands of some of these transformations exceed the capability of standard methods using a single host compute environment. Sheldon Brown and the members of his Experimental Game Lab at the Center for Research in Computing and the Arts at UCSD developed means of using CP compute servers to overcome these limitations. The authors detail their encounters with Cell processing, from initial efforts, discovery of the affordances and limitations of Cell processing, and its eventual application to the project. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoswitchable Fluorescent Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties and Applications
Authors: Tian Zhiyuan , Wu Wuwei , Li Alexander D. Q.
Published: September 2009

This minireview highlights recent advances of research dedicated to photoswitchable fluorescent nanoparticles and their applications. Recently, several strategies have been developed to synthesize nanoparticles with optically switchable emission properties: either fluorescence on/off or dual‐alternating‐color fluorescence photoswitching. The underlying mechanisms of fluorescence photoswitching enable many different types of photoswitchable fluorescent nanoparticles to change fluorescence colors, thus validating the basis of the initial photoswitching design. Among all possible applications, the usage of photoswitchable fluorescent nanoparticles to empower super‐resolution fluorescence imaging and to label biological targets was subsequently reviewed. Finally, we summarize the important areas regarding future research and development on photoswitchable fluorescent nanoparticles.
Oligothiophene Self‐Assembly on the Surface of ZnO Nanorods: Toward Coaxial p–n Hybrid Heterojunctions
Authors: Martini Cyril , Poize Guillaume , Ferry Daniel , Kanehira Daiki , Yoshimoto Noriyuki , Ackermann Jörg , Fages Frédéric
Published: September 2009

We describe herein the design, synthesis and detailed structural characterization of hybrid 1D nanostructures. They are prepared by supramolecular self‐assembly of oligothiophene molecules on the surface of zinc oxide nanorods in solution at room temperature. Electronic absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction show that both organic and inorganic components in the coaxial p–n heterojunctions are crystalline. Especially, it is demonstrated that the organic compounds form a self‐assembled monolayer at the surface of the nanorods, which is not the case when zinc oxide quantum dots are instead used. As a result of their hybrid nature, the 1D nanostructures lead to ambipolar semiconducting nanostructured materials as active layers in field‐effect transistors.
Flow cytometry APC‐tandem dyes are degraded through a cell‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Le Roy Christine , Varin‐Blank Nadine , Ajchenbaum‐Cymbalista Florence , Letestu Rémi
Published: September 2009

Technological developments of multiparametric flow cytometry come along with the generation of new dyes. The APC‐tandem dyes, which combine the fluorophores APC and Cy7/H7, allow the detection of a specific signal in the APC‐Cy7/H7 channel along with an unexpected nonspecific signal in the APC channel. Depending on the magnitude of the latter, it may be a handicap for interpreting the data of multicolor labeling experiments. We investigated the alteration of the APC‐tandem dyes by labeling peripheral blood cells with antibodies directed toward leukocyte surface proteins and by analyzing cells by flow cytometry. Our results show that the APC‐Cy7/H7 tandem fluorochromes degraded over time. Nonspecific APC signal was observed with the various antibodies tested only upon cell attachment but not under bead linkage. Moreover, the percentage of degradation of the APC‐Cy7/H7 dyes was dependent on the cell type analyzed. Interestingly, nonspecific APC signal strongly decreased when the metabolic activity of immunolabeled cells was inhibited or when cells were incubated with vitamin C. This study demonstrates that the APC‐tandem dyes are the target of cell‐dependent degradation, which may be antagonized. These findings will allow cytometer users to optimize their multicolor panels. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Automated multichannel fluorescent whole slide imaging and its application for cytometry
Authors: Varga Viktor Sebestyén , Ficsor Levente , Kamarás Viktor , Jónás Viktor , Virág Tibor , Tulassay Zsolt , Molnár Béla
Published: September 2009

Slide‐based image cytometry (SBC) has several advantages over flow cytometry but it is not widely used because of its low throughput, complicated workflow, and high price. Fully automated microscopes became affordable with the advent of whole slide imaging (WSI) and they can be transformed into a cytometer. A MIRAX MIDI automated whole slide imager was used with metal‐halide and light emitting diode (LED)‐based fluorescent illumination, filter block changer, and a cooled monochrome charge coupled device camera. The MIRAX control software was further developed for fluorescent sample detection, autofocusing, multichannel digitization, and signal correction due to nonuniform illumination. Fluorescent calibration beads were used to verify the linearity of the system. The HistoQuant software package of the MIRAX viewer was used for image segmentation and quantitative analysis. The data was displayed by the histogram, scatter plot, and gallery functions of the same program. Fluorescent samples can be reliably detected, focused, and scanned. The measured integrated fluorescence showed linearity with exposure time and staining intensity. Automated fluorescent WSI with stable LED illumination and high‐quality homogeneous fluorescent slides can be used conveniently for SBC. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Nachweis der Feuerwiderstandsklasse von Mauerwerk – Aktuelle Aussagen im Rahmen der Überarbeitung von DIN 4102:1994‐03 und DIN 4102‐4/A1:2004‐11 sowie DIN 4102‐22:2004‐11
Authors: Hirsch Roland , Hahn Christiane , Jäger Wolfram
Published: September 2009

Mit der Umstellung der Mauerwerksbemessung in DIN 1053‐100 [1] auf das neue Teil sicherheitskonzept nach DIN 1055‐100:2001‐03 [2] wurde auch eine Spezifizierung für den Nachweis der Feuerwiderstandsklasse von Mauerwerksbauteilen in Abschnitt 7 von DIN 4102‐22:2004‐11 [3] erforderlich, da bisher dazu keine Aussage enthalten war. Sie hängt wesentlich von der Auslastung der Wand ab, weshalb mit Übergang auf das semiprobabilistische Sicherheitskonzept für die Aussagen in DIN 4102‐4:1994‐03/A1:2004‐11 ([4], [5]) eine Anpassung erforderlich wurde (vgl. [6]). Auf der Widerstandsseite sind in [1] bei der Bemessung im kalten Zustand Veränderungen gegenüber der DIN 1053‐1:1996‐11 [7] vorgenommen worden, die einerseits auf der formalen Seite, andererseits aber auch auf der inhaltlichen Seite liegen. Die Ergänzung hat dann ihren Niederschlag in der Musterliste der Technischen Baubestimmungen vom Februar 2008 [8] gefunden, wobei die Aussagen auf das vereinfachte Verfahren nach DIN 1053‐100 beschränkt waren. Offen blieb dabei die Frage, wie bei dem genaueren Verfahren sowohl nach DIN 1053‐1:1996‐11 [7] als auch nach DIN 1053‐100:2006‐08 [1] bzw. 2007‐09 [9] zu verfahren sei.

Der Beitrag stellt das nunmehr vervollständigte und abgerundete Ergebnis in kurzer Form dar und gibt Erläuterungen dazu. Der Entwurf soll in die aktuellen Änderungen der DIN 4102‐4 ([4], [5]) sowie ‐22 [3] eingehen. Es bleibt dabei aber im Wesentlichen bei dem Bezug auf das Belastungsniveau der DIN 1053‐1:1996‐11 im vereinfachten Verfahren. Die Erschließung von Tragreserven ist im Einzelfall durch zusätzliche Brandprüfungen erfolgt.
Gebäudestandards der Zukunft durch nachhaltiges Bauen entwickeln
Authors: Hegner Hans‐Dieter
Published: September 2009

Nachhaltige Entwicklung ist ein vielschichtiger, komplexer Prozess, der dringend nach einer messbaren Bewertung verlangt. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass sich der Begriff schnell zu einer hohlen Metapher entwickelt. Die Errichtung nachhaltiger Gebäude und Bauwerke benötigt mehr denn je klare Regeln und Benchmarks. Die Bewertung des Beitrages von Einzelbauwerken zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung führen zur Forderung der Entwicklung eines Gesamtsystems zur Beschreibung und Beurteilung von Gebäuden einschließlich des Grundstücks.

Die Entwicklung, Erprobung und Anwendung von Systemen zur Beschreibung, Bewertung und Zertifizierung der Nachhaltigkeit von Gebäuden ist dabei an eine Reihe von Voraussetzungen gebunden. Insbesondere der Übergang zu einem überwiegend auf quantitativen Bewertungen basierenden Bewertungs‐ und Zertifizierungssystem stellt eine erhebliche Herausforderung dar. Mit einem nicht unerheblichen Aufwand sind methodische Grundlagen zu entwickeln, Daten für die ökologische und ökonomische Bewertung zur Verfügung zu stellen und Bewertungsmaßstäbe zu erarbeiten. Parallel hierzu sind Investoren und Planer mit geeigneten Hilfsmitteln zur Formulierung von Zielen, zur Untersuchung von Varianten sowie zum Informationsaustausch zur Verfügung zu stellen. Es wird dargestellt, wie ein Zertifizierungssystem in ein Paket sich gegenseitig ergänzender und unterstützender Planungs‐ und Bewertungshilfsmittel eingeordnet werden kann.
Erfahrungsbericht nachhaltiges Bauen, Planen und Betreiben von Gewerbeimmobilien
Authors: Heße Markus
Published: September 2009

Nachdem die Einführung der Energieeinsparverordnung zum 1. 10. 2009 beschlossen ist, rückt nunmehr wieder die Nachhaltigkeit von Gebäuden in den Vordergrund. Im letzten Jahr wurden hierbei erste Gewerbeimmobilien in Deutschland mit Kriteriensteckbriefen im Rahmen der Vorgaben der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen e. V. (DGNB) untersucht. Auf der BAU2009 in München wurden dann die ersten Gütesiegel für 16 Gebäude durch das Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau‐ und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) und der DGNB verliehen. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Erfahrungsbericht zu dem Zertifizierungssystem (Stand 2008) für eine Gewerbeimmobilie in Hannover wieder und betrachtet dabei den Einfluss der verwendeten Mauerwerksbaustoffe auf den Zertifizierungsprozess. Obwohl das Gebäude am Ende nicht zertifiziert wurde, soll hiermit dargestellt werden, dass nachhaltiges Bauen auch einer der Megatrends, nicht nur für die Investoren von Gewerbeimmobilien, für die Mauerwerksindustrie ist. Dieser Trend ist unabhängig von den vorhandenen Zertifizierungssystemen, da der beschriebene Umgang mit dem Begriff der Nachhaltigkeit mehr an Bedeutung im Mauerwerksbau gewinnt. Dies beginnt bei der Baustoffherstellung und wird über die Verarbeitung bis hin zur Umnutzung oder Rückbau einer Immobilie in der Gesamtbewertung immer wichtiger und ist daher von den Mauerwerksherstellern eine nicht mehr zu unterschätzende Größe.
Maternal prenatal anxiety, postnatal caregiving and infants' cortisol responses to the still‐face procedure
Authors: Grant Kerry‐Ann , McMahon Catherine , Austin Marie‐Paule , Reilly Nicole , Leader Leo , Ali Sinan
Published: September 2009

This study prospectively examined the separate and combined influences of maternal prenatal anxiety disorder and postnatal caregiving sensitivity on infants' salivary cortisol responses to the still‐face procedure. Effects were assessed by measuring infant salivary cortisol upon arrival at the laboratory, and at 15‐, 25‐, and 40‐min following the still‐face procedure. Maternal symptoms of anxiety during the last 6 months of pregnancy were assessed using clinical diagnostic interview. Data analyses using linear mixed models were based on 88 women and their 7‐month‐old infants. Prenatal anxiety and maternal sensitivity emerged as independent, additive moderators of infant cortisol reactivity, F (3, 180) = 3.29, p = .02, F (3, 179) = 2.68, p = .05 respectively. Results were independent of maternal prenatal depression symptoms, and postnatal symptoms of anxiety and depression. Infants' stress‐induced cortisol secretion patterns appear to relate not only to exposure to maternal prenatal anxiety, but also to maternal caregiving sensitivity, irrespective of prenatal psychological state. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 625–637, 2009
Psychophysiological correlates of parenting behavior in mothers of young children
Authors: Mills‐Koonce W. Roger , Propper Cathi , Gariepy Jean‐Louis , Barnett Melissa , Moore Ginger A. , Calkins Susan , Cox Martha J.
Published: September 2009

This study investigated HPA and vagal functioning as correlates of parenting in mothers of 175 six‐month‐old children. Salivary cortisol indexed HPA functioning and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reduction indexed vagal regulation. Positive engagement and negative intrusiveness were observed during the Face‐to‐Face Still Face Paradigm (FFSFP) reunion and a semi‐structured free play episode. Mixed modeling was used to examine differences in maternal behaviors across contexts as a function of psychophysiology. Main effects of cortisol levels, as well as interactions with RSA reduction and context, predicted negative intrusiveness. Mothers with high cortisol exhibited more negative intrusiveness if they also had lower RSA reduction. Mothers were also less negatively intrusive during the FFSFP than the free play if they had lower cortisol levels. There were no associations between psychophysiological measures and positive engagement. The findings suggest: (1) that parenting behaviors are associated with maternal stress physiology; (2) considerations of single physiological systems related to parenting behaviors may be incomplete; and (3) type and context of behaviors must be considered when examining biobehavioral associations with parenting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 650–661, 2009
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Rhodium Bipyridine Compounds: Formation of a RhII Hydrido Cluster and a RhIII Peroxido Complex
Authors: Penner Anna , Schröder Tobias , Braun Thomas , Ziemer Burkhard
Published: September 2009

Treatment of [Rh(μ‐Cl)(coe)2]2 (coe = cyclooctene) with 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (tbbpy) gives the bipyridine complex [Rh(Cl)(tbbpy)(coe)] (1). A subsequent reaction with dihydrogen results in the formation of the cluster [{Rh(Cl)(H)(tbbpy)}]4 (2). The reaction of [Rh(μ‐Cl)(coe)2]2 with tbbpy in thf followed by the addition of CNtBu affords [Rh(Cl)(tbbpy)(CNtBu)] (3). The latter reacts with O2 or 18O2 to yield the peroxido complexes [Rh(Cl)(O2)(tbbpy)(CNtBu)] (4a) and [Rh(Cl)(18O2)(tbbpy)‐(CNtBu)] (4b), respectively. Complexes 1–4 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
1,8‐Naphthyridine Revisited: Applications in Dimetal Chemistry (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 27/2009)
Authors: Bera Jitendra K. , Sadhukhan Nabanita , Majumdar Moumita
Published: September 2009

The cover picture shows various applications of naphthyridine derivatives (NP‐R) in dimetal chemistry developed in our laboratory. The cis/trans isomerization of NP‐R ligands on a quadruply bonded dimolybdenum(II) platform, axial modulation of the metal–metal bond in dimetal paddlewheel complexes, C–H bond activation and C–C bond formation at the axial site of the [Ru2(CO)4]2+ core, the chemistry of ferrocene–naphthyridine hybrid ligands in accessing diiridium compounds and a host of mixed‐metal compounds are described in the Microreview by J. K. Bera et al. on p. 4023 ff. The multicolour background signifies the versatility of NP‐R ligands in dimetal chemistry. The image at the top‐right corner emphasizes the importance of naphthyridine derivatives in medicinal chemistry. A line drawing of nalidixic acid, the key ingredient of the anti‐bacterial drug GramoNeg (Ranbaxy, India), is seen floating on the image. Contributions from the Design Program, IIT Kanpur and Dr. Nirmal Kumar, principal medical officer at IIT Kanpur, in the preparation of this cover picture are deeply appreciated.
Fast single run of vanilla fingerprint markers on microfluidic‐electrochemistry chip for confirmation of common frauds
Authors: Ávila Mónica , Zougagh Mohammed , Escarpa Alberto , Ríos Ángel
Published: September 2009

A new strategy based on the fast separation of the fingerprint markers of Vanilla planifolia extracts and vanilla‐related samples on microfluidic‐electrochemistry chip is proposed. This methodology allowed the detection of all required markers for confirmation of common frauds in this field. The elution order was strategically connected with sequential sample screening and analyte confirmation steps, where first ethyl vanillin was detected to distinguish natural from adultered samples; second, vanillin as prominent marker in V. planifolia, but frequently added in its synthetic form; and third, the final detection of the fingerprint markers (p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid) of V. planifolia with confirmation purposes. The reliability of the proposed methodology was demonstrated in the confirmation the natural or non‐natural origin of vanilla in samples using V. planifolia extracts and other selected food samples containing this flavor.
Comparison of detection performance of UV and electrochemical detection in NACE for a range of different capillary inner diameters
Authors: Blasco Sonia , Kortz Linda , Matysik Frank‐Michael
Published: September 2009

A systematic comparison of UV and electrochemical detection (ED) in conjunction with NACE has been performed for capillaries with different ids ranging from 75 down to 2 μm. Ferrocene, (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium acetate, atropine and scopolamine served as model analytes. All studies were done using an ACN‐based nonaqueous electrophoresis buffer. For the comparison of detection performance, particular attention was paid to the absolute and relative LODs for decreasing capillary dimensions. In case of UV detection, a significant increase in relative LODs was typically observed for capillaries smaller than 25 μm in diameter, while the absolute LODs remained nearly constant over a wide range of capillary dimensions. In contrast, ED showed some increase in relative LODs for capillaries smaller than 10 μm in diameter, but the absolute LODs decreased over the complete range of capillary diameters studied. It could be demonstrated that the straightforward end‐column ED with microdisk electrodes can be applied in conjunction with small id (2 μm) capillaries. Studies with (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium acetate using such small capillaries resulted in relative and absolute LODs of 7.5×10−7 and 8×10−18 mol/L, respectively.
Design and testing of a packaged microfluidic cell for the multiplexed electrochemical detection of cancer markers
Authors: Henry Olivier Yves , Fragoso Alex , Beni Valerio , Laboria Noemi , Sánchez Josep Lluis Acero , Latta Daniel , Von Germar Frithoj , Drese Klaus , Katakis Ioanis , O'Sullivan Ciara Kathleen
Published: September 2009

We present the rapid prototyping of electrochemical sensor arrays integrated to microfluidics towards the fabrication of integrated microsystems prototypes for point‐of‐care diagnostics. Rapid prototyping of microfluidics was realised by high‐precision milling of polycarbonate sheets, which offers flexibility and rapid turnover of the desired designs. On the other hand, the electrochemical sensor arrays were fabricated using standard photolithographic and metal (gold and silver) deposition technology in order to realise three‐electrode cells comprising gold counter and working electrodes as well as silver reference electrode. The integration of fluidic chips and electrode arrays was realised via a laser‐machined double‐sided adhesive gasket that allowed creating the microchannels necessary for sample and reagent delivery. We focused our attention on the reproducibility of the electrode array preparation for the multiplexed detection of tumour markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate‐specific antigen as well as genetic breast cancer markers such as estrogen receptor‐α, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor and erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2. We showed that by carefully controlling the electrode surface pre‐treatment and derivatisation via thiolated antibodies or short DNA probes that the detection of several key health parameters on a single chip was achievable with excellent reproducibility and high sensitivity.
A new framework for characterising the number of handovers in cellular networks
Authors: Bziuk Wolfgang , Zaghloul Said , Jukan Admela
Published: September 2009

The handover process was widely studied in the literature in the past decade. While significant efforts addressed the mean handover rate, few attempted to characterise the distribution of the number of handovers under the assumption that the call and the cell residence times (CRTs) are generally distributed. Motivated by the increasing impact of handovers on the design and performance of the control and data planes in the emerging cellular networks, in this paper, we propose a new analytical framework to obtain the probability generating function (PGF) of the number of handovers. Our work covers three generic session behaviours, including new, roaming and location triggered calls, and thus facilitates the calculation of the mean number of handovers for such session types. When the distributions have rational Laplace transforms, we obtain closed form solutions that are simple‐to‐compute and hence provide cellular network designers and researchers with deeper insights into the performance of mobility aware wireless protocols for different application scenarios. Our results show that handover models for new sessions can reasonably approximate location triggered sessions while separate treatment for roaming sessions is generally required. The numerical examples based on the generic hyper‐Erlang session durations show the practicability of our framework. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laminar separation bubble on an Eppler 61 airfoil
Authors: Savaliya Samir B. , Kumar S. Praveen , Mittal Sanjay
Published: September 2009

Laminar separation bubble that occurs on the suction side of the Eppler 61 airfoil at Re=46000 is studied. The incompressible flow equations are solved using a stabilized finite element method. No turbulence model is used. The variation of the bubble length and its location, with the angle of attack (α), is studied in detail. An abrupt increase in the lift coefficient is observed at α∼4.5°. It is found to be related to a sudden decrease in the separation bubble length at the trailing edge of the airfoil. Significant differences are observed in the results from the 2D and 3D computations. Stall is observed in 3D simulations, but is found to be absent in 2D. The laminar bubble, which fails to reattach in 3D for α>14°, continues to reattach for α as large as 20° in the 2D computations. Reynolds stress calculations in both 2D and 3D indicate the extent to which the outer flow is affected by the presence of bubble. It is found that the Reynolds stress components \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\over{u{^\prime}}{v{^\prime}}}$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\over{u{^\prime}}{w{^\prime}}}$\end{document} are of comparable order of magnitude indicating that spanwise fluctuations are significant. The effect of the time window used to compute the time‐averaged aerodynamic coefficients is studied. The time‐averaged and root mean square (rms) value of the aerodynamic coefficients are calculated for both 2D and 3D computations and compared with the previously published experimental results. The 3D computations show good agreement with the earlier data. The variation of the rms value of the aerodynamic coefficients with angle of attack shows certain peaks. The cause of their appearance is investigated. The effect of Reynolds number is studied. The increase in Re at α=10° is found to reduce the bubble length and cause it to move closer to the leading edge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of the WENO scheme smoothness estimator
Authors: Shen Yiqing , Zha Gecheng
Published: September 2009

This paper has analyzed the weights of the fifth‐order weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme suggested by Jiang and Shu and a modified smoothness estimator is suggested to improve the accuracy. Using a function of the minimum and maximum of the original smoothness estimators, the new smoothness estimators have smaller variation among them than the original ones in smooth regions. Hence, as the new weights are closer to the optimal weights, the numerical accuracy is improved. Several numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the new scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Barium Incorporation on the Electrochemical Performance of Ln0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3–δ(Ln=La, Pr, Sm) Perovskites for Oxygen Activation at Intermediate Temperatures
Authors: Vert V. B. , Serra J. M.
Published: September 2009

Highly active perovskite‐based electrodes were obtained through partial substitution of lanthanides (La, Pr and Sm) by barium in the Ln0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3system. These compositions were obtained as single phase crystalline compounds through a sol–gel synthetic route and tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as symmetrical cells on GDC‐electrolyte samples in the temperature range 450–650 °C. Cooperative effects arose through the incorporation of a large divalent active cation (Ba+2) in the perovskite lattice of lanthanide‐based strontium ferrites‐cobaltites. Reduction in the electrode polarisation resistance with respect to non‐substituted compositions is obtained irrespective of the amount of barium substitution and lanthanide nature. Barium addition also reduces the activation energy of these compositions, indicating changes in the oxygen activation processes. The specific effect of the barium incorporation on the electrode performance was dependent on the nature of the partially substituted lanthanide. Lanthanum–barium‐based compositions exhibited the lowest electrode polarisation resistance when the amount of the replaced barium was increased up to 50% molar. On the other hand, for praseodymium‐ or samarium–barium‐based compositions, the minimum in electrode polarisation resistance was achieved at barium substitutions close to 25% molar. The study of the effect of oxygen partial pressure on EIS data allowed in improving the understanding of the processes governing the electrode operation.
A “Wog”? No Way!
Authors: Reinders Heinz
Published: September 2009

Understanding instead of prejudice: Educational researchers are studying the value of intercultural friendships to today's youth
Bright‐eyed through the Day
Authors: Müller Brigitte
Published: September 2009

Fruit bats forage only at night and rest during the day. But new studies show that, thanks to special sensory cells in the retina, their vision is not restricted to the nighttime