bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Lesser Cornstalk Borer Injury, White Mold Incidence, and Peanut Yield, 1993
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S.
Published: December 2017

Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and developmental (Folicur or Moncut) fungicide programs for effects on LCB damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 20.8 gal/acre for first 3 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 12 gal/acre for last 4 appl. dates). Traffic lanes were confined to rows 1-2 and 7-8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide applications. LCB damage counts were taken on 19 Jul by uprooting 2 plant clumps (1-4 plants/clump) per plot, and counting LCB feeding sites on plant crowns and laterals. LCB damage was evaluated again on 30 Aug by uprooting 1 row ft at 2 sites per plot, and counting LCB scarified pods. Pod damage was evaluated at harvest by counting external and internal pod injury on four 25-pod samples per plot within 24 h of digging. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating total row ft with white mold symptoms at the plant crown. Yields were taken from 100 row ft per plot.
Diflubenzuron for Rice Water Weevil Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Grigarick A. A. , Smith K. A. , Oraze M. J. , Hesler L. S.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the California Rice Experiment Station, Biggs, in 1987 to compare RWW larval control among 3 different rates of diflubenzuron (25% WP). A RCBD was used with 4 replications of 3 rates of diflubenzuron and an untreated control. Treatment plots (6.1 × 11.3 m) were bordered on the north and south by soil levees and on the east and west by 0.7-m tall aluminum sheeting pushed 4-5 cm into the soil. Plots were flooded on 2 May and water-seeded with presoaked seed at a rate of 140 kg/ha on 4 May. Water inlet furrows were closed on 15 May, when plots received application of diflubenzuron using a CO2- pressurized sprayer equipped with a 6.1-m boom. Plants had emerged about 3 cm above the water surface at application time. Water levels receded and remained shallow (1-5 cm) until inlets were re-opened 4 wk later. At other times during the experiment, water depth was maintained at 10 cm. On 22- 23 Jun ten 10-cm diam soil cores per plot (1 plant per core) were removed. Soil was washed from the roots and the number of immature RWW (larvae plus pupae) per core was recorded. Plants removed from the cores were placed in plastic bags, frozen, and later measured and weighed. Plots were harvested by a small field combine on 29 Sep. Grain was air-dried, and yield data were corrected to a seed moisture of 21%.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Ntn 33893, 1991
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were 20 ft × 8 ft and broadcast planted at 70 lb seed/acre on 1 May. Seed was untreated (no fungicide) except that which was treated with 3 oz of NTN 33893/100 lb seed by Mobay employee Dr. Lyndon Almand. The seed-bed was cloddy and dry at planting after which plots were culti-packed to cover seed. Urea was applied at 63, 51, and 51 lb N/acre at planting, immediately before the permanent flood, and at panicle differentiation, respectively. Thiobencarb was applied pre-emergence at 4 lb (AI)/acre, and propanil and bentazon were applied at 4 and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, 3 d before initiation of the permanent flood which was applied 24 d after rice emergence. From planting to permanent flood, plots were flush irrigated as needed. Bensulfuron methyl was applied at 1.0 oz (AI)/acre 6 d after initiation of the permanent flood. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand shaker at the times designated in the table. Five, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 plant) per plot were removed, washed and inspected for immature RWW 19 d after initiation of the permanent flood. At maturity, the middle 2.5 ft × 20 ft of each plot was harvested with a small combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Where appropriate, data were transformed (Vx + 0.5) and analyzed by ANOVA.
Southern Green Stink Bug Control on Soybean in Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Boyd M. L. , Wier A. T. , Thomas J. D. , Lingren S. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of SGSB was evaluated in 2 small plot insecticide trials at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish, LA. Treatments in both tests were applied to ‘Buckshot 723’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots in both tests were 5 rows wide (0.91 m row spacing) by 15.2 m and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. At 2 and 7 DAT in each test, one 25 sweep sample was taken from each plot with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. Both nymph and adult SGSB were counted. Treatments in Test 1 were applied on 6 Sep and in Test 2 on 22 Sep. No rainfall occurred during Test 1; 2.47 cm occurred on 27 Sep during Test 2.
Controlling Aphids in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1993
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Taylor J. Delano , Lambert Amy L.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 9 Apr at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied; Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) × 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Seven insecticide treatments (plus an untreated check) were applied on 31 May to control an aphid population that averaged around 500 per 3 plants (4 upper leaves). The foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 30 gpa at 40 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and a 4 ft alley on each end. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on plants 3, 4 and 6 on row 2 of each plot prior to application and 3, 7, and 14 DAT. On each sampling date the number of live tobacco budworms also was recorded from 8 plants on row 2 of each plot. On 6 and 12 Jul, 8 plants on row 2 were harvested and yield estimates obtained. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
Aphid Control in Headed Spring Wheat Using M-Pede and M-Pede Combinations, Mahnomen, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

A commercial field of wheat containing less than 85% of stems infested at flag leaf but more than 85% at late pre-milk was selected for this trial. Plots were 25 ft × 25 ft in size. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Application was made using a hand held CO2 sprayer delivering 5 gpa at 40 psi. Twenty-five heads per plot were collected 7 DAT, stored in alcohol, and aphids counted later under a binocular microscope. Yields were combined in a 5 ft × 25 ft swath from the best stand in the plot.
Foliar-Applied Rescue Treatments for Army and Pale Western Cutworm Control in Winter Wheat, 1993
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , McLeod M. J. , Jenson J. M.
Published: December 2017

A winter wheat field near Murdo, SD, was chosen for this experiment. Pretreatment counts indicated that the field was naturally infested with an average of 2.4 live cutworm larvae per 2 ft2. The study involved a performance comparison of 12 insecticide treatments with an untreated check. A RCBD replicated 3 times was used. Pretreatment infestation level was used as the blocking criterion. Treatment plots were 30 × 30 ft sections of winter wheat separated by 3-ft alleys on all sides. Insecticide applications were carried out (14 May) using a CO2-propelled backpack canister sprayer system and a 6-ft boom equipped with 4, TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzles delivering 20 gpa at 30 psi. Live cutworm counts were conducted at 6 DAT (20 May) to determine insecticide efficacy. A sample consisted of randomly selecting a 2 linear ft section of wheat within a row, then sifting ca. 2 inches deep through a 6-inch wide swath of soil including, and on either side of the row. Two samples were taken from each quadrant within a plot (i.e., a total of eight 2 ft2-samples were taken randomly from each plot). Cutworm count data were analyzed via SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Apple, Leafhopper Test, 1993
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Polk Dean , Rizio Eugene
Published: December 2017

A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (PF—11 May), 5th cover (5th—12 Jun) and 6th cover (6th—3 Aug). The orchard was treated with Captan for disease control as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mitedays already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Leafhoppers (White apple and/or Rose) were evaluated at 1,3, 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment using a 20 leaves/tree (PF) or 50 leaves/tree (5th and 6th) sample. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute counts of larvae and adults. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means.
Control of Black Cutworm on Greens 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted on a golf course nursery. The experimental design was an RCB, replicated 4 times, with 6 ft × 6 ft plots. Treatments were applied 13 Aug and rated 20 Aug. Liquid treatments were applied with a watering can and granular treatments with a salt shaker applicator. Dylox was watered in with 2 gal/plot. Neem was not watered in. The BCW were predominantly 5th instar. Although neem dried on the foliage, the weather was cool and damp for 3 DAT. Conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 68.2°F; soil temperature, 65.5°F; thatch depth, 0.75 inch; soil texture, sandy loam. Plots were rated by flushing the plot with a soap solution and counting the emerging BCW. Plots could not be rated for feeding damage due to excessive disease.
Evaluation of Adjuvants for Mole Cricket Control in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of Orthene 75S and four adjuvants were evaluated for tawny mole cricket control on a bermudagrass fairway at Ocean Harbour Golf Course in Brunswick Co. Plots 15 ft x 80 ft were established in areas where fresh mole cricket damage was evident. Treatments were randomly assigned with four replications. Soil had 0.38 humic matter and a pH of 6.1. Spray water had a pH of 7.5. The plots were preirrigated with 0.25 inch of water and treated on 23 Sep. Soil temperature was 78°F, air temperature 84°F. The chemicals were applied late in the day with a Broyhill® fairway sprayer delivering 114 gal/acre. The chemicals were not watered-in. Plots were evaluated by taking 5 random damage grid samples/replicate. The grid was placed randomly and fresh damage observed in each of the 9 subgrids (0 = no damage, 9 = severe damage) was recorded. Evaluations were conducted on 29 Sep (6 DAT) and 7 Oct (14 DAT). All data were transformed VX + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Evaluation of Granular Insecticides for Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: December 2017

A bermudagrass fairway at Brierwood Golf Course in Shallotte was chosen to evaluate rates and methods of application of several granular insecticides for control of the newly hatched nymphs of the tawny mole cricket. Plots 18 ft × 95 ft were established and treatments were randomly assigned with four replicates. The broadcast treatments were applied using a standard push type Lesco fertilizer spreader to deliver a weighed portion of insecticide to the broadcast plots. All other treatments were applied using a tractor drawn Canaan TG70 subsurface granular applicator and overseeder (Canaan Industries, Inc., Dothan, AL) to place the materials one inch deep in the soil. Treatment took place on 28 Jul for all subsurface treatments, 29 Jul for all surface treatment except for the Mocap (7.5 lb [AlJ/acre) and the Crusade (4.0 lb [AI]/acre) surface treatments which were applied on 4 Aug. Air temperature was 100°F. The soil was 90°F and moist at the time of application. Soil type was mineral with 1.5% humic matter and a pH of 6.1. The entire test was irrigated with 0.5 inch of water after the chemicals were applied. Pretreatment sampling showed the presence of young nymphs. Plots were evaluated on 11 (14 DAT) and 25 Aug (28 DAT). Damage evaluations were conducted using the damage grid rating method as developed by Dr. Pat Cobb, Auburn University. Plots were evaluated by randomly placing a grid divided into 9 subsections in each plot and examining each subsection of the grid for fresh damage. A damage rating is given from 0 to 9 depending on the number of squares that contain fresh damage. This was done 5 times/plot and the damage averaged. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Preventative Treatments for Mole Cricket Control in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: December 2017

A trial was conducted at Oak Island Golf and Country Club (Brunswick Co.) to determine the efficacy of two rates and two formulations of Merit insecticide (NTN33898) as a preventive residual treatment for the control of mole crickets. Test plots (20 ft × 20 ft) were established on the bermudagrass fairway of hole 17 in an area which has a history of mole cricket problems. Treatments (3 replicates) were applied on the morning of 1 Jul after a light irrigation of the plots. Sprays were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles and operating at a pressure of 40 psi. Granular treatments were applied using shaker jars to deliver appropriate amounts of insecticide to each plot. Air temperature was 84°F and soil temperature was 79°F. The sandy mineral soil had 1.0% humic matter and a pH of 6.3. Fairway irrigation was used to wet the soil to a depth of 0.5 inch, immediately after application. Nymph counts were made on 21 Jul (20 DAT) by using soapy water flushes to sample three 1 m2 areas/plot and recording the number of nymphs recovered. Damage evaluations were made on 27 Jul (26 DAT) and again on 11 Aug (41 DAT) by taking three grid damage ratings (0-9) plot. Actual means are reported in the table. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Evaluation of Imidacloprid for Control of White Grubs in Turfgrass, 1993
Authors: Merchant Michael
Published: December 2017

Granular and wettable powder formulations of Merit (imidacloprid) were evaluated for control of white grubs in common bermudagrass at a city park in Richardson, Texas. The soil was heavy clay, similar to Austin silty clay (pH 7.6-7.9). Treatments were applied 11 Aug to 10 ft by 10 ft plots arranged in a RCB with four replications. Liquid formulations were applied using a pressurized CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 5 gal of spray solution per 1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied using an Ortho Whirlybird® cyclone-type spreader. Plots were irrigated immediately following application with approximately 0.25 inch of water. Treatments were evaluated by counting white grubs from ten randomly located, 4-inch diam by 4-inch-deep soil core samples, removed from each plot using a golf course cup-cutter. Pre-treatment counts were made 4-9 Aug, and post-treatment counts were made 16-20 Sep. Pre-treatment counts indicated a mean of 16 1st- and 2nd-instar white grubs/ft2.
Preventive Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Rough in Palmerton, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway (site two) consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (29 Apr) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 59°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 58°F; RH, 51%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, loam to sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 51.0% sand, 37.0% silt, 12.0% sand; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.1; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 137 DAT (13 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Curative Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with An Experimental and Conventional Formulation on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment (18 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, sandy-loam; soil particle size analysis: 72.0% sand, 16.0% silt, 12.0% sand; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 51.9; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.0; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 23 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Full Season Japanese Beetle Grub Control with Merit, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations of Merit were compared for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course fairway in Amherst, NH. Plots were 10 × 10 ft, replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Treatments were applied 26 Apr and rated 24 Sep. The granular formulation was applied with a homemade salt shaker. The wettable powder was applied in a watering can at a volume of 5 gal water/1000 ft2. After application, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches water. Plots were rated by counting the number of live grubs in a 3 ft2 sample. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 53.3°F; soil temperature, 2 inches, 50.8°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil pH, 5.8; slope, 1%; soil texture, sandy loam, 53% sand, 43% silt, 4% clay; soil organic matter, 6.5% soil moisture, 19.4%.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Turcam and Dylox Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Bendiocarb (Turcam 76WP and Turcam 2.5G) and trichlorfon (Dylox 80SP and Dylox 6.2G) were applied on 28 Apr (Forsythia in full bloom) or 10 May (Cornus florida in full bloom) or on both dates (Turcam only) to 2 × 2 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a CRD. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY—annual bluegrass 60%, creeping bentgrass 40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. All materials were applied by hand. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied with watering cans, using 2 liters water per plot. All applications were made by applying ca. half of the material in one direction and then applying the remainder in the perpendicular direction. The entire test area received 0.4—0.6 cm irrigation within 1 h after application on each date. Soil pH was 6.3, water pH of water used for application was 6.0 on 28 Apr, 6.2 on 10 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 14 Jun by removing 12 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 12% 3rd instar, 21% 4th instar, 47% 5th instar, and 21% pupae.
Control of Annual White Grubs with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Conventional Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.5 inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.5 inches (finger compressed, 0.25 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 6 × 6 ft, and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 31 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, sprayer using an LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 3 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Granular insecticides were applied with a pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. A total of 1.48 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 23 Sep (23 DAT) by removing from each plot three 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of the Southern Masked Chafer at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, In, 1993
Authors: Gibb T. J. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area (plot), replicated five times in a RCB design. A PVC cylinder (6 inch inside diam) was buried 4 inches into the soil and projected 1 inch above the soil in the center of each plot. Five third-instar grubs were infested within each cylinder, with the exception of plots treated with Merit which were infested with second-instar grubs, 2 d prior to treatment, 2 Sep. Dispersible formulations were applied at 2 gal/1000 ft2 using a 2 pint squeeze bottle with a mist nozzle. Granular formulations were applied with a homemade salt shaker. All plots with the exception of those treated with Triumph, Diazinon, and one Orthene 15G treatment (not watered-in), received 0.5 inches of irrigation immediately after treatment. Triumph and Diazinon treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water 24 h after treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 22°C; soil temp, at 1 inch, 20°C; thatch depth (natural), 0.13-0.25 inches; soil texture, silt loam; RH 92%; wind speed 3-5 mph. Turf in PVC cylinders that was treated with chlorpyrifos (FN 5354 and NAF-53) and its associated wetting agent (HM 8902) was brought in from another location and had a thatch layer of 0.5 inches. Efficacy was evaluated 30 DAT by extracting the cylinders, separating the soil and grass, and recording the number of live grubs.
Control of Green June Beetle Grubs During Egg Hatch Resolves Problem of Grubs Dying on Turf Surface, 1993
Authors: Potter D. A. , Spicer P. G.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a mature, low-maintenance stand of Kentucky bluegrass in Lexington, KY. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf)- Thatch accumulation was negligible. Plots (10 × 10 ft) were established in a RCB with five replications. There were 2 ft untreated boundaries between plots. The turf was mown weekly to 3 inch height, with the clippings left on the plot surface. Treatments were applied 28 Jul, about 2 wk after peak adult flight activity. Conditions at the time of treatment were sunny, 92°F, with 5-10 mph winds. Granular treatments were diluted with dry sand and applied to the plots by gloved hand. The wettable powder formulation was mixed with water and applied with a Solo backback sprayer using 1 gal of spray per plot. All treatments were immediately irrigated with 0.25 inch of water, using a water truck and hose with a shower-type nozzle. The grub population at the time of treatment consisted of eggs and first instars. Effectiveness of treatments was assessed 61-62 DAT using an insecticide flush method. Triumph 4E (isazophos) was applied at the labeled rate (2 lb (AI)/acre) on 27 Sep, using a Solo backback sprayer that delivered 0.5 gal spray/plot. The flush spray was immediately syringed with 0.25 inch of water as before. Grub populations were assessed at dawn of the following 2 d. A frame (3.3 × 3.3 ft) made from PVC pipe was placed in the center of each plot, and dead green June beetle grubs within the sample area were counted and removed. Counts for the two samples were pooled and analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher’s protected LSD to separate treatment means.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted on a golf course fairway rough in Amherst, NH. The experimental design was a RCB, replicated 4 times with 8 ft × 8 ft plots. Treatments were applied 3 Sep and rated 24 Sep. At the time of application, JB were predominantly 2nd instar. Nematodes and Triumph were applied with a watering can in 5 gal/1000 ft2 at 1700 h. Nematodes were checked for viability before application. Treatments were not watered in because it was unnecessary due to the high soil moisture and rain. The plots were irrigated as necessary throughout the trial period to maintain good soil moisture. These plots hadn’t received any other insecticides for at least 1 year previously. Plots were rated by counting the number of live grubs per 2.25 ft2 of turf. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 55.4°F, 1 inch depth 62°F, 2 inch depth 62.7°F; soil pH, 5.8: slope, 0% soil texture, loam, 43% sand, 47% silt, 10% clay; soil organic matter, 6.8%; soil moisture, 24.8%; precipitation, drizzle for 8 h pretreatment and 14 h posttreatment.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Mi 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

A grid of 3 ft × 3 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was used for this test at a golf course in Belmont, MI. The plots were located on irrigated rough with sandy soil. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/acre) with a single nozzle, hand-held wand, CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Insecticide applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. The plots treated with nematodes received Vt inch of irrigation immediately before and after nematodes were applied. All “preventive” applications were applied on 2 Aug and the “curative” applications were applied on 23 Aug. Evaluations were made on 20 Sep by digging up 14 inch × 14 inch area and counting all live grubs. Replication 1 was dropped from all treatments before analysis as it had very low counts.
Euonymus Scale Control on Euonymus, 1993
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: December 2017

A thirty ft long by eight ft high section of euonymus, growing along a building wall and heavily infested with euonymus scale, was selected for study. The infested area was divided into ten sections of approximately equal area with treatments randomly assigned to a particular section. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 7 DAT and 14 DAT, five leaf samples were randomly selected from each treatment section and the total number of live crawler/nymphs recorded. Due to the heavy population of scale crawlers and nymphs each leaf sample served as a single replication. Nymphs that were discolored, shriveled, or that had failed to form or expand their protective waxy covering were considered dead. Treatments of chlorpyritos and M-pede were applied until drip using a one qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at time of application was approximately 68°F with 40% RH
Field Trials of Cockroach Bait, 1992-1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Scharf M. E. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J.
Published: December 2017

Field tests determined the relative efficacy of cockroach baits. In 1992, three Avert formulations of abamectin (PT300-aerosol, PT320-gel, and PT310-dust) were compared with Maxforce. In 1993, Siege bait was compared with Avert PT310. Multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, IN served as test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental units. Populations were estimated by sticky traps. Kitchen and bathroom areas in each apartment were divided into 10 infestation zones: cabinet above and under kitchen sink, stove, refrigerator, utility room, pantry, storage closet, behind toilet, cabinet under bathroom sink, and linen closet. One sticky trap was oriented horizontally in each zone. Trap catch was recorded after 24 h; pretreatment counts from 2-20 cockroaches per trap was required for any apartment to be considered a test. Each treatment was replicated in 10-16 apartments but posttreatment counts varied. Self-pressurized cans of PT-300 and PT-320 were applied through injector tips, and PT310 was applied from bait dispensing tubes. Each product was applied generously throughout the apartment, focusing attention on cracks and crevices harboring cockroaches. Placement of 12 Maxforce baits was: in cabinet under sink (3), on the floor near the stove (1), and refrigerator (1), in cabinets above sink (2), optional sites with active infestations (3), behind toilet (1), and in cabinet under bathroom sink (1). Siege bait was placed as 125-mg baits at 7.5 g (60 baitings) and 10 g (80 baitings) in kitchens and bathrooms only. Additional, unmonitored amounts of Siege were placed in “satellite” zones of infestation outside kitchen and bathroom areas. Bait efficacy comparison among treatments was made independently at each sample interval. Analysis was based on a completely randomized one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons among treatments by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P < 0.05).
Residual Activity of Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Formulations, 1991-1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J.
Published: December 2017

Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos formulations applied to tempered masonite panels. Test 1 (Mar—Apr 1991) evaluated 2 microencapsulated chlorpyrifos formulations: XGA-1152 and Empire 20, with KnoxOut (diazinon ME), while test 2 (May-Oct 1993) evaluated three chlorpyrifos formulations: Empire 20, chlorpyrifos ME, and ATX-8201, with 3 diazinon formulations: KnoxOut, diazinon ME, and Diacap ME. In both tests, spray dilutions were applied to panels at 3.8 ml/900 cm2 using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip (TeeJet 80001E), at a constant 25 psi. Treated panels were allowed to dry horizontally and then stored in vertical racks in the laboratory (constant temperatures and dark conditions) or a greenhouse (high temperatures and exposed to sunlight) for residual aging. At the appropriate aging period (range: 1 to 140 DAT), insects were confined for one h to the treated panel in a 12.7-cm diam Plexiglas ring lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Following exposure, insects were transferred to 1 pt holding jars and mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure. Six (four in test 2) replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (<2 wk old) were conducted for each insecticide treatment at each aging period. For each aging period, the experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments. Analysis of percentage mortality among treatment combinations was conducted independently for each aging period; data were subjected to ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test (P = 0.05).
Residual Activity of Chlorpyrifos Formulations, 1992-1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J.
Published: December 2017

Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of three chlorpyrifos formulations on tempered masonite and stainless steel panels. Test 1 (1992) evaluated Dursban LO with FN-5354, while Test 2 (1993) evaluated Dursban LO with NAF-53. In both tests, spray dilutions (0.25 or 0.5% AI) were applied at 1 of 2 rates (0.25 or 0.5%) at 3.8ml/900 cm2 using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip (TeeJet 8001E), at a constant 25 psi. Treated panels were allowed to dry horizontally and then stored in vertical racks in a laboratory (constant temperatures and dark conditions) for residual aging. At the appropriate aging period, insects were confined to the treated panel in a 12.7-cm diam Plexiglas ring lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Four exposure times were evaluated (2, 4, 8, and 16 h) at each aging period (1, 7, and 21 d). Following exposure, insects were transferred to 1 pt holding jars and mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure. Six (or 4 in test 2) replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (<2 wk old) were used for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. For each aging period, the experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments. Analysis of percentage mortality among treatment combinations was conducted independently for each aging period and exposure time period independently; data were subjected to ANOVA (P = 0.05).
Leaf-Dip Contact Toxicity Bioassays of Biorational Insecticides to Sweetpotato Whitefly Immature Stages, 1993
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A.
Published: December 2017

Three biorationals used were: M-Pede, an insecticidal soap (Mycogen Corp., San Diego, CA); Sunspray® Ultra-fine Spray Oil (Safer Incorporated, Newton, MA) and Nicotiana gossei extract (Phytochemistry Res. Lab., USDA-ARS). Acetone was used to dissolve the extract. Bifenthrin 10 WP (Brigade*) (FMC Corp., Middleport, NY) and water were used as controls. A colony of Bemisia tabaci was maintained in greenhouse cultures on tomato plants. Test plants were placed in the whitefly infested greenhouse for 24 h, after which adults were removed and excluded. Plants were caged for 7 d or 14 d until the appropriate stages were ready for bioassay. For bioassays of eggs, egg-bearing leaves were dipped in insecticide solution and at 7 d, numbers of hatched and unhatched eggs was recorded. Leaves infested with 7-day old nymphs were dipped in dilutions of insecticides, placed individually in 20 ml glass vials filled with water and kept inside clear plastic cages for 4 d, when dead and live nymphs were examined. Plants infested with 14-day old nymphs were sprayed to runoff and caged for 10 d, when dead nymphs were recorded. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70% ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.
Tenlined June Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was performed in two commercial orchards. Trees in Orchard #1 were in the second leaf, while those in Orchard #2 varied between second and fourth leaf. Both orchards were planted on sandy soil. Trees used in the experiment showed visible signs of stress (abnormally small leaves, reduced terminal growth, water stress) associated with grub damage to the root sytem. Each treatment was replicated ten times, with a replicate consisting of a single tree. All treatments were applied 10-11 Jun. A second application to the Diazinon plot was made 25 Jun. A strip of sheet metal ca. 15 cm wide was formed into a circle 39 cm in diameter and centered around the trunk of the tree. The bottom edge was worked into the soil to form a seal such that the drench solution could not escape. Two gallons of test insecticide mixtures were poured around the base of test tree, and allowed to soak into the soil before the metal strip was removed. Trees and the surrounding soil (39 cm diameter × 46 cm deep) were excavated 22-30 Jul about six weeks after the first application date. Live and dead grubs were recorded.
Control of Cabbage Pests, Summer, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse grown cabbage plants were transplanted on 27 Apr into a Bernow series sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Plots measuring one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spray buffers of one row between rows and 3 m within rows were left unplanted. Double-row beds were spaced 0.9 m apart with 30 cm interplant spacing. Conventional cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied on 26 May, 4, 14 and 24 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 May at 205 liters per acre. The boom was configured with two TX-26 (hollow cone) spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the base of the plants. On each sample date, five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, thrips and HB. All heads were harvested on 2 Jul and evaluated for insect damage according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage (3 or less feeding holes), 4 = moderate/severe head damage (>3 feeding holes). Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable in accordance with USDA market standards.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms in Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 23 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and with 3 ft spacing between rows. Each plot was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied in 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi, using a 3 nozzle hollow cone boom backpack sprayer. Sprays were applied on the following dates: 16, 20, and 27 Aug; and 6 and 13 Sep. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all worm species present on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot. On 21 Sep, 5 randomly chosen plants/plot were rated for worm damage according to Green et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62 (4): 798-800). A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.
Sevin XLR Plus Block Treatment, 1993
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Grove Chris , Collins Kate , Jilek Jill
Published: December 2017

A treatment which included Sevin XLR PLUS and a standard treatment were each applied to a 1/3 acre block (6 rows × 6 trees/row) of 13-yr-old trees on M7A. Test trees measured 17 ft. in height and 13.5 ft. in width and were planted 20 X 20 ft. apart. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, at 2.4 mph applying 100 gpa. Dates of application were 27 May (first cover [ICJ), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 29 Jun (third cover [3C]), 15 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 30 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 12 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 26 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 8 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Captan and Topsin-M were applied separately to both treatments and an untreated block. Data were taken from 4 trees in the center 2 rows of each block. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals from the periphery of each tree. Effect of treatments against RLH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the tree periphery. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mites observed on the periphery of trees during a 5 min period. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 400 picked apples/treatment plus up to 400 drop apples/treatment sampled on 23 Sep. Picked fruit were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface).
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan , McShane Nancy
Published: December 2017

NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 4 June ’93. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/ acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 25% silk 26 Jul, 30 Jul and 3 Aug. At harvest (9 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (cleans ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Insecticidal, Biological, and Botanical Control with Foliar Sprays for Whorl-Infesting Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 15 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug with a tractor-mounted, boom sprayer equipped with a PTO-driven diaphragm pump, servicing dropped extensions with 4 hollow-cone nozzles per row directed at the interior area of the whorl. At the time of application, plants were approximately 2 feet high in the late whorl stage. Sprayer was calibrated to deliver 73.5 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were evaluated on 30 Aug by examining 25 plants harvested from the middle 40 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All larvae or larval damage in the whorl was identified and counted.
Two Applications of Bacillus Thuringiensis Per Week for European Corn Borer Control on Peppers, 1994
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J.
Published: December 2017

‘Lady Bell’ seedlings were transplanted on 6 Jun at the University of Connecticut, Plant Science Research Farm in Storrs. Plots consisted of 5 plants, 1.5 ft apart, separated by a single untreated plant on each end. The treatment row was bordered on each side by guard rows, at four foot spacing. Three treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush on 6, 12, 20 and 26 Aug, and two MVP applications per week on 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 23, 26 and 31 Aug. Triton B-1956 Spreader Sticker (4 ounces per acre rate) was applied with the MVP and Ambush. Plots were sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 50 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre. Marketable fruit from all five plants per plot were harvested, counted, weighed and dissected to inspect for ECB larvae weekly, between 12 Aug and 2 Sep.
Use of Various Insecticides to Control CPB and PLH in Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 11 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft row with a 3 ft row spacing, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. DiSyston 15G treatments were applied to the plots indicated in the table pre-planting in the furrow using a hand-held shaker. Foliar sprays were applied using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi on the following dates: 23 May; 2, 10 and 21 Jun. Fipronil 80W at 0.064 lb (AI)/acre was substituted for Novodor and Kryocide on 21 Jun to control emerging first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 5 random stems/plot on 9 and 15 Jun, and counts of the total number of PLH nymphs on 10 leaves/plot on 15 Jun. For CPB, only data for large larvae is reported in the table as the numbers of the other life stages were too low to be significant. Percent defoliation was rated on 16 Jun and the plots were harvested and graded on 19 Jul.
Control of Southern Armyworm in Staked Tomato with an Ecdysone Agonist, Fall 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Beds of 32 inch width on six foot centers were prepared in sandy soil at Immokalee Florida, fumigated with 33/66 choropicrin/methyl bromide applied at 220 lbs/acre, fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre of 5-16-8 and a top mix of 500 lbs of 19-0-30, and covered with whiteface polyethylene mulch. Greenhouse grown tomato seedlings were transplanted 18 inches apart into single rows on 1 Oct and watered by seepage irrigation. Plants were sprayed weekly with a fungicide, Maneb 80 W, at a rate of 1 lb/acre and standard cultural practices of pruning and staking was followed. Three rows 240 feet long were divided into 12, 3-row plots 20 ft long. Blocks (4) ran lengthwise, with 3 treatments randomly assigned to each giving an RCB design 3 treatments and 4 replications. Two treatments consisted of RH-5992 2F applied at rates of 0.06 and 0.12 lb AI/100 gal with an unsprayed check as the third treatment. Weekly sprays commenced 5 Nov 1993 when the presence of army worms was noted and continued until 17 Dec 1993 for a total of seven applications. An adjuvant, APSA 80® (Amway Corp.) was added to each spray tank at the rate of 0.06%. Sprays were applied with a tractor-drawn hydraulic boon sprayer employing a diaphragm pump operating at 200 psi. The boom carried two drop lines per row with Albuz ATR® red nozzles increased front three to four after the second spray with a commensurate increase in spray volume from 91 gal/acre to 105 gal/acre. Eight plants were selected weekh at random from the center of each row from 4 Nov to 20 Dec 1993 for visual evaluation of defoliation and to count larvae, predominantly SAW although some BAW were encountered. All fruit of marketable size was harvested on 3 Jan 1994. Marketable fruit was separated into extra large, large, medium, and small USDA categories with a mechanical grader and insect-damaged culls counted separately. Value per acre was estimated based on a $12/10/9; 7, respectively per 25 lb box market.