bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of textual structural factors on students' reading comprehension in English language course
Authors: Ferdosipour Atefeh
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to study and compare the effectiveness of educational text variables on the reading comprehension in English language course of Islamic Azad University students. The sample group consisted of students studying in East Tehran Branch who were selected by random sampling. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental groups after random sampling. The instruments utilized were Texts and a Questionnaire for Comprehension. The texts included nine textual educational variables with similar content. An unrelated raw text was used to construct the text, and then the educational variables were used for each project according to the goals of the project. One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis. The findings of this study did not confirm the effectiveness of text type on students' reading comprehension.
 Keywords:Educational variables; reading comprehension; text; text organization; English language course; university students.
Using gardner's multiple intelligences to develop students' notetaking techniques for literature review at foreign language teaching
Authors: Ghounane Nadia
Published: March 2022

To take notes, students need to develop their thinking skills which can help them to improve their writings. The current research aims to test students’ use of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory (MIT) to develop their thinking and writing skills, primarily the use of the notetaking technique in writing the literature review section.  The researcher aimed at including Gardner’s linguistic intelligence in academic writing, mainly dissertation writing. To this end, the researcher selected 39 foreign language teaching (EFL) Master Students for the experiment. The researcher employed a pretest and a posttest to check and evaluate students’ use of the notetaking technique. The findings revealed that teachers could integrate Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory in the EFL context. The results also showed that students tend to employ the first intelligence to develop their writing skills and improve the use of notetaking techniques in writing the literature review section. The analysis indicated that students were more motivated to use thinking techniques in writing rather than traditional methods.
Keywords: EFL; Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence; literature review writing; notetaking technique; reading strategies.
Assessment Strategies Used by Nurse Educators to Evaluate Critical Thinking, Clinical Judgment or Clinical Reasoning in Undergraduate Nursing Students in Clinical Settings: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: El Hussein Mohamed Toufic , Olfert Marg , Blayney Sarah
Published: March 2022

Background: Nursing students in Canada are typically enrolled in a four-year bachelor degree program that provides students with the necessary skills and knowledge to enter a highly demanding and challenging workforce. Strong critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment skills are essential skills for safe nursing practice. Therefore, educational institutes and their mentors are mandated to teach and assess these skills. In addition, nursing programs operate under an apprenticeship model, which entails the fulfillment of practical experience during which students are expected to develop and refine their skills in critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment. Purpose: The purpose of this scoping review of the literature is to assess the available evidence of how higher-level thinking, including critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment are evaluated in undergraduate nursing students in clinical settings. Methods: The inclusion criteria consisted of quantitative research articles published in the last 10 years. Search databases accessed included CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), Medline, and PubMed. Results: Seven articles that fit the inclusion criteria became the focus of this scoping review. Four tools to evaluate higher-thinking processes in clinical settings were located and scrutinized: Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR), Script Concordance Testing, and Yoon’s Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument. Relevance to Practice: The scoping review will provide direction and contextualize future studies that focus on the appraisal of nursing students’ critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment in clinical settings.
PERCEPTIONS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS ON CODE-SWITCHING APPROACH TOWARDS LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   DEd, Faculty of Education, Continuing Adult Professional Teacher Development Walter Sisulu University, Butterworth, South Africa, Makena Bulelwa , Mpahla Ntando ,   Ph.D., Faculty of Education, Continuing Adult Professional Teacher Development Walter Sisulu University, Butterworth, South Africa
Published: March 2022

This paper explores how code-switching can be meaningfully used as an empowerment approach towards improving learners’ performance in the English language. In cultures with people using more than one language for communication, code-switching exists. Bilinguals as speakers of many languages, code-switch, using their languages resourcefully at conveying meaning in a variety of ways. Code-switching occurs every day during teaching and learning as most subjects in the curriculum are offered in the English language. Teaching and learning the English language in South Africa is characterized by serious challenges because the government is advocating for use of home languages for all subjects of lower grades in primary schools. However, teachers still encounter challenges when using English as a medium of instruction in preceding grades because learners fail to comprehend challenging concepts and terminologies presented to them in a language besides their home language. This qualitative study revealed that using code-switching can be a worthwhile approach for use in bilingual classrooms. A possible recommendation is that English language teachers should utilize code-switching as an approach to assist language development as learners in schools investigated emanate from diverse cultures, underpinned by different linguistic backgrounds and linguistic constituencies.
Prevalencia de Úlcera por Presión en Pacientes Hospitalizados de un Hospital de Lima
Authors: Godoy Galindo Melissa Verónica , Huamaní Flores Bleni , Musayón-Oblitas Yesenia
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de úlcera por presión (UPP) en los pacientes hospitalizados de un hospital de Lima, según edad y características de la población.Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal realizado en mayo de 2017 en un hospital de Lima. Se incluyeron 256 pacientes de los servicios de emergencia, medicina, cirugía, tropicales y traumatología. Las enfermeras del Comité de úlceras por presión del hospital fueron entrenadas para identificar y clasificar las UPP; así como las zonas de presión. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, y se calculó prevalencia puntual de UPP.Resultados: La población con UPP se caracterizó por ser de predominio masculino (21,28%), adulto mayor (44,59) y de nivel primario (29,49%). Se identificó prevalencia de UPP de 19.5%. El estadio II tuvo mayor prevalencia en los pacientes hospitalizados con 54% y a predominio en la zona sacra con 76%. Conclusiones: Las UPP representan un problema prevalente en la población hospitalizada de más de 60 años. Se requiere de cuidados preventivos de enfermería y programas consistentes para evitar su aparición, tomando en cuenta el perfil de la población y las zonas de riesgo de aparición; así como el monitoreo de los cuidados brindados.
PERCEPÇÕES E VIVÊNCIAS LGBTQIA+ NAS ESCOLAS
Authors: JADEJISKI RAINEI RODRIGUES , Gomes Maurício Valeriano , Lima Alessandra Ribeiro
Published: March 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar o modo como os professores LGBTQIA+ percebem e vivenciam questões ligadas aos gêneros e às sexualidades no âmbito escolar. Para tanto, nos valemos de uma metodologia predominantemente qualitativa e coletamos os dados por meio de um formulário on-line (Google Forms). Participaram do estudo 21 docentes que se identificam com LGBTQIA+. A partir dos resultados, construímos discussões estabelecendo um diálogo entre as ideias dos sujeitos pesquisados, os aportes téoricos e nossas percepções. Refletimos e ponderamos que a escola, apesar de ser um dos espaços mais difíceis para declarar a sexualidade que se desvia do padrão heteronormativo, deve ser vista como um ambiente para estimular o respeito mútuo, o diálogo, o acolhimento e a aceitação das diferenças.
SCD: Stacked Carton Scene Detection
Authors: Yang Jinrong , Wu Shengkai , Gou Lijun , Yu Hangcheng , Lin Chenxi , Wang Jiazhuo , Wang Pan , Li Minxuan , Li Xiaoping
Published: March 2022

Carton detection is an important technique in the automatic logistics system and can be applied to many applications such as the stacking and unstacking of cartons, the unloading of cartons in the containers. However, there is no public large-scale carton dataset for the research community to train and evaluate the carton detection models up to now, which hinders the development of carton detection. In this paper, we present a large-scale carton dataset named Stacked Carton Dataset (SCD) with the goal of advancing the state-of-the-art in carton detection. Images are collected from the Internet and several warehouses, and objects are labeled using per-instance segmentation for precise localization. There are total of 250,000 instance masks from 16,136 images. Naturelly, a suite of benchmarks are established with several popular detectors. In addition, we design a carton detector based on RetinaNet by embedding our proposed Offset Prediction between Classification and Localization module (OPCL) and Boundary Guided Supervision module (BGS). OPCL alleviates the imbalance problem between classification and localization quality which boosts AP by 3.1%∼4.7% on SCD at the model level while BGS guides the detector to pay more attention to boundary information of cartons and decouple repeated carton textures at the task level. To demonstrate the generalization of OPCL to other datasets, we conduct extensive experiments on MS COCO and PASCAL VOC. The improvements of AP on MS COCO and PASCAL VOC are 1.8%∼2.2% and 3.4%∼4.3% respectively. Source dataset is available here.
Bioaugmentation Improves Phytoprotection in Halimione Portulacoides Exposed to Mild Salt Stress: Perspectives for Salinized Soil Restoration
Authors: Carreiras João , Caçador Isabel , Duarte Bernardo
Published: March 2022

Rhizosphere bacteria have a decisive influence on plant ionic adjustment, as well as in ameliorating plant growth under an array of stress situations. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize the rhizosphere of plants and promote plant growth through mechanisms such as solubilization of mineral phosphates, biological N2 fixation, production of siderophores and phytohormones, and can induce systemic resistance in the plant. This can be of extreme importance when considering the restoration of salinized grounds by halophytic species. This present work aims to evaluate the physiological fitness and phytoprotection improvement by salt marsh PGPR in Halimione portulacoides under mild and severe salt stress. Plants inoculated with PGPR-consortium showed higher photochemical performances, improved antioxidant response, and promotion of osmotic balance traits, that boosted the individual’s ability to cope with mild salt stress. All these changes are also in line with the differential elemental profiles (Na, K, and Ca) observed in the different plant tissues. Even under severe salt stress, some physiological traits were improved when compared to the non-inoculated individuals. The results developed under this work, point out an important role of bioaugmentation in promoting plant fitness and improving salt tolerance, with a great potential for applications in seawater agriculture, restoration, and bio-reclamation of salinized soils.
Lack of Functional Trehalase Activity in Candida Parapsilosis Increases Susceptibility to Itraconazole
Authors: Sánchez-Fresneda Ruth , Muñoz-Megías María Luz , Yagüe Guirao Genoveva , Solano Francisco , Maicas Sergi , Argüelles Juan Carlos
Published: March 2022

Central metabolic pathways may play a major role in the virulence of pathogenic fungi. Here, we have investigated the susceptibility of a Candida parapsilosis mutant deficient in trehalase activity (atc1Δ/ntc1Δ strain) to the azolic compounds Fluconazole and Itraconazole. A time-course exposure to Itraconazole but not Fluconazole induced a significant degree of cell-killing in mutant cells compared to the parental strain. Flow cytometry determinations indicated that Itraconazole was able to induce a marked production of endogenous ROS together with a simultaneous increase in membrane potential, these effects being irrelevant after Fluconazole addition. Furthermore, only Itraconazole induced a significant synthesis of endogenous trehalose. The recorded impaired capacity of mutant cells to produce structured biofilms was further increased in the presence of both azoles, with Itraconazole being more effective than Fluconazole. Our results in the opportunistic pathogen yeast C. parapsilosis reinforce the study of trehalose metabolism as an attractive therapeutic target and allow extending the hypothesis that the generation of internal oxidative stress may be a component of the antifungal action exerted by the compounds currently available in medical practice.
Regional Brain Volume Prior to Treatment Is Linked to Outcome after Cognitive Rehabilitation in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Olsen Alexander , Dennis Emily L. , Stubberud Jan Egil , Hovenden Elisabeth S. , Solbakk Anne-Kristin , Endestad Tor , Hol Per Kristian , Schanke Anne-Kristine , Løvstad Marianne , Tornås Sveinung
Published: March 2022

Cognitive rehabilitation is useful for many after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but we lack critical knowledge about which patients benefit the most from different approaches. Advanced neuroimaging techniques have provided important insight into brain pathology and systems plasticity after TBI and have potential to inform new practices in cognitive rehabilitation. In this study, we aimed to identify candidate structural brain measures with relevance for rehabilitation of cognitive control (executive) function after TBI. Twenty-eight patients (9 female, mean age 40.5 (SD = 13.04) years) with moderate/severe TBI (>21 months since injury) that participated in a randomized controlled cognitive rehabilitation trial (NCT02692352) were included in the analyses. Regional brain volume was extracted from T1-weighted MRI scans before treatment using tensor-based morphometry. Both positive and negative associations between treatment outcome (everyday cognitive control function) and regional brain volume were observed. The most robust structural brain measures with relevance for improvement in function were observed in midline fronto-parietal regions, including the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. The study pro-vides proof of concept and valuable insight for planning future studies focusing on neuroimaging in cognitive rehabilitation after TBI.
Structural Damage Prediction of a Reinforced Concrete Frame Under Single and Multiple Seismic Events Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Lazaridis Petros C. , Kavvadias Ioannis E. , Demertzis Konstantinos , Iliadis Lazaros , Vasiliadis Lazaros K.
Published: March 2022

Advanced machine learning algorithms, have the potential to be successfully applied to many areas of system modelling. In the present study the capability of ten machine learning algorithms in predicting the structural damage of an 8-storey reinforced concrete frame building subjected to single and successive ground motions is examined. From this point of view, the initial damage state of the structural system, as well as 16 well known ground motion intensity measures are adopted as the features of the machine-learning algorithms that aim to predict the structural damage after each seismic event. The structural analyses are performed considering both real and artificial mainshock–aftershock sequences, while the structural damage is expressed in terms of two overall damage indices. The comparative study results in the most efficient damage index, as well as the most promising machine learning algorithm in predicting the structural response of a reinforced concrete building under single or multiple seismic events. Finally, the configured methodology deployed in a user-friendly web-application.
Adaptive Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer and Deep Reinforcement Learning based Robust Motion Control for Micropositioners
Authors: Liang Shiyun , Xi Ruidong , Xiao Xiao , Yang Zhixin
Published: March 2022

The robust control of high precision electromechanical systems, such as micropositioners, is challenging in terms of the inherent high nonlinearity, the sensitivity to external interference, and the complexity of accurate identification of the model parameters. To cope with these problems, this work investigates a disturbance observer-based deep reinforcement learning control strategy to realize high robustness and precise tracking performance. Reinforcement learning has shown great potential as optimal control scheme, however, its application in micropositioning systems is still rare. Therefore, embedded with the integral differential compensator (ID), deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is utilized in this work with the ability to not only decrease the state error but also improves the transient response speed. In addition, an adaptive sliding mode disturbance observer (ASMDO) is proposed to further eliminate the collective effect caused by the lumped disturbances. The sterling performance is revealed with intensive tracking simulation experiments and demonstrates the improvement in the accuracy and response time of the controller.
Perbandingan Efektivitas Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) dengan Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) Pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronis dengan Hemodialisis
Authors: Kinanti Wuri , Andayani Tri Murti , Irijanto Fredie
Published: March 2022

Prevalensi pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronis (PGK) berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan kejadian hipertensi. Penatalaksanaan hipertensi yang tepat dan efektif dibutuhkan pada kondisi PGK dalam hal pengendalian tekanan darah maupun memperlambat kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) terhadap Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) pada pasien PGK. Penelitian observasional ini dilakukan di RS Bethesda Yogyakarta dan merupakan penelitian dengan rancangan kohort retrospektif pada pasien PGK dengan hemodialisis (HD) yang mendapatkan terapi hipertensi pada periode tahun 2014-2019. Penelitian ini melibatkan 50 pasien yang direkrut secara total population sampling. Kelompok penelitian terdiri dari kelompok pasien yang mendapatkan terapi. Luaran klinis yang diamati adalah kejadian tekanan darah terkontrol dan kejadian kardiovaskular dalam waktu 12 bulan sejak index date. Hubungan antara jenis terapi dengan luaran klinis dianalisis dengan Chi-square sedangkan analisis survival dilakukan dengan metode Kaplan-Meier kemudian dilanjutkan dengan Log Rank Test. Kelompok terapi ARB menunjukkan proporsi kejadian tekanan darah tak terkontrol dan kejadian kardiovaskular yang lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok terapi CCB (64% vs 84%, p=0,107; 16% vs 24%, p=0,48). Mean survival time kejadian tekanan darah tak terkontrol maupun kejadian kardiovaskular kelompok ARB lebih lama dibandingkan kelompok CCB (HR=0,513; CI 95%=0,241-1,092; p=0,128; HR=0,401; CI 95%=0,081-1,987; p=0,495). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kejadian luaran klinis maupun waktu kejadian luaran klinis tidak berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok terapi. Penelitian dengan jumlah sampel lebih banyak dan periode pengamatan lebih lama dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui luaran klinis lebih lanjut antara ARB dan CCB pada pasien PGK dengan hemodialisis.
Advanced Software Features to Enable Smart Downhole Valve and Sleeve Shifting Operation
Authors: Li Jisheng , Hu Yang , Mauchien Thomas , Yang Xuedong , Laplane Clement , Woods Richard , Olivio Amanda Niazi , Durand Ben
Published: March 2022

In conventional wireline intervention shifting service, the success of the operation is heavily dependent on the engineer’s experience and knowledge. Any error in judgement in the process of the operation could lead to nonproductive time or even total failure. Once the operation is completed, the post-job processing and report preparation also require significant manual effort and are extremely time consuming, which often leads to an inadequate or incomplete report. These challenges are addressed by advanced surface acquisition software. The aim of the surface software is to redefine the selective shifting workflow by leveraging the available instrumentation, streamlining and simplifying operation procedures, eliminating or reducing typical human errors, and greatly reducing the burden on the field engineers for post-job deliverables with automated real-time data collection, processing, and report generation.
Re-Establishing Reservoir Isolation During Deepwater US Gulf of Mexico Riserless Light Well Intervention With a Wireless Barrier Verification System
Authors: Brooks Charles , Bruce Thomas , Stein Arild , Garzon Francisco , Boardley Nick , Sierra Juan
Published: March 2022

Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP) due to integrity concerns on a deepwater subsea producer in US GoM required the operator to isolate the reservoir. During a previous intervention, an R-nipple plug & prong had been installed and tested to isolate the reservoir pressure. Within six months after the plug installation, tubing and annulus pressure began increasing, indicating fluid was leaking past the plug & prong. As a result, the well required a new barrier with an additional integrity verification method.

A V0 rated Medium Expansion Retrievable Bridge Plug (ME) was chosen to remediate the SCP. The ME was conveyed open water on E-Line, via a Riserless Light Well Intervention vessel. The operator performed extensive testing to confirm the integrity of the new barrier, relying on a novel Barrier Verification System (BVS) to wirelessly transmit pressure data from below the ME. This technology allowed barrier testing to be performed while directly monitoring pressure on either side of the ME. A second barrier was established by setting another ME, using data from the DHPGs for integrity verification.

The distinguishing factor of this intervention was utilizing the barrier verification system to confirm barrier integrity. The BVS allowed the pressure differential across the plug to be read at surface in real-time. During the positive pressure test, the BVS readings showed that additional pressure had to be applied to achieve the required differential across the ME. During the twelve-hour extended inflow test, pressure on the BVS gauge below the ME gradually increased. This pressure signature confirmed that the SCP was due to fluid leaking across the previously installed R-profile plug. Based on these results, the operator concluded the R-profile plug was likely impaired during its original pressure test, but the leak rate had been too low to detect in the pressure test. The ability of the BVS to monitor the pressure beneath the ME confirmed that the ME was holding pressure in both directions, and this data provided additional verification that the ME had successfully isolated the reservoir. Thus, the BVS assured the operator that the ME would prevent further SCP on the well.

The BVS provided comprehensive downhole barrier verification that exceeded the operator’s isolation standards as well as the regulator’s. As a result, the operator now has the assurance they will not have to return to the well until it is time to plug and abandon.

This GoM job was performed with web-based execution and remote monitoring from the product technical support team in Norway, giving extra confidence to the novel technology in this high-profile operation.
Coiled Tubing Premature Failure – The Effects of Pressure and Strain
Authors: Bunge Jorge Martin , Coloschi Mariano , Cravero Sebastian , Valdez Martin , Reichert Bruce , Grimaldo Carmen
Published: March 2022

A new type of coiled tubing (CT) failure mechanism has appeared in the past four years. The failures occur in CT strings used for frac plug milling in extended reach horizontal wells. Although significant effort has been put into understanding these failures in the past several years, the mechanism that leads to them is still not well understood. Different hypotheses have been discussed among the industry, like the impact the use of extended reach tools (ERT) have on the low cycle fatigue performance of the CT [1] [2] [3]. The objective of this paper is to further investigate possible causes for these failures focusing on the analysis of the effects of circulating pressure and strain on the mechanical properties of the CT that could eventually contribute to a premature failure.
Interventions in Challenging Low Pressure Horizontal Producers with Known Casing Deformation: A Case Study Comparing Conveyance Methods for Successful Installation of Toe Gas Lift Systems
Authors: Heikkinen Christopher J. , Niemi Kyle C. , White Matt L. , Meador Trevor J.
Published: March 2022

This paper presents a case study of intervention/workover operations from a nine-well pad in the Montney formation, in British Columbia, Canada. The operational objective was to land artificial lift near the toe of each wellbore. Several conveyance methods were evaluated, and jointed pipe was ultimately selected. This paper highlights key learnings gathered throughout the operation. Outputs from real-time Electronic Drilling Recorder (EDR) data are included and contrasted with other intervention methods.

Torque and drag simulations showed the desired depth was achievable using offset friction factors that were calibrated using coiled tubing conveyance during initial post-frac plug drillout operations. Jointed pipe intervention was selected to reduce uncertainty and understand limitations of installing artificial lift at depths near the toe of a low-pressure wellbore with known casing deformation. A telescopic-double workover rig package was utilized throughout operations along with rig-assisted snubbing on early wells where surface pressure existed. A confirmation run was made using a mock assembly to gauge reach capabilities prior to running the final assembly.

Overall, the program was a success with seven of nine wells achieving 85% lateral coverage. Major scope changes were encountered on Wells 1 and 2, requiring sixteen and nine days to complete, respectively, and a stuck pipe event on Well 6 will be discussed. Key challenges include sub-optimal bottomhole assembly selection, poor circulating efficiencies, variable subnormal bottomhole pressure, and casing deformation. Real-time hook load data correlated to the Torque and Drag model. However, observed torque was significantly higher than presented by the model. This is suspected to have been caused by micro-tortuosity and localized doglegs.

Despite challenges on several wells, key optimizations were quickly implemented to accelerate the learning curve towards ultimate positive economic results.

Learning how to select the right conveyance method based off changing well conditions is a key driver in minimizing risk, optimizing profitability, and maximizing the chance of success. Learnings and results from this nine-well program will provide a framework for success in future jointed pipe interventions.
New Torque Balancing Algorithm Improves Pulling Force and Speed With Wireline Electro-Mechanical Tractor
Authors: Michael Heaney Francis , L. Lee Matthew , Gupta Sudhir
Published: March 2022

The electro-mechanical eline tractor introduced in 2019 (Lee et al. 2019) has completed over 120 jobs. As discussed in the paper, one of the unique technology drivers was high tractoring speed to improve intervention efficiency. The tractor has several runs where the average rate exceeded 100 feet per minute and one job at 115 feet per minute over a 2900 ft lateral section. An additional attribute was the surface readout (SRO) telemetry and sensor data that proved invaluable in assessing tool performance, and specifically downhole tractor traction.

Initial deployment of the electro-hydraulic eline tractor uses an active traction control system primarily based on wheel speed. During the evaluation of the SRO data, including wheel torque, wheel speed, downhole tension, relative bearing, inclination, and CCL, it was apparent that the variance in the wheel torques values was higher on longer lateral sections expected. This inconsistency in torque was unexpected and suggested possible wheel slippage. The CCL helped confirm that the tractor wasn't traveling the expected distance between casing joints and supported a wheel slippage scenario. Interestingly, monitoring the winch operation and reducing the hold back line tension, muted wheel slippage on several runs. Unfortunately, it was not a consistent control as it was both well trajectory and winch operator dependent. Even a qualified winch operator's attention to detail can wane on long lateral sections, which can cause wheel slip. Noting the ladder would be a challenging key performance measurement to accurately control an engineered solution was developed to improve tractor traction.

Armed with a large sensor data suite from previous runs, engineers adopted a completely new active feedback traction control system. The new philosophy undertaken provides a weighting measure for wheel speed and torque, downhole tension, and the electrical power drawn by each tractor section. The DC motors used on the electro-mechanical tractor have individual programmable high-speed motor controllers allowing for a precise feedback loop called"GripPro." Test track results showed this new traction algorithm not only minimized wheel slippage but improved the power-sharing equalization, which allowed for continuous downhole tractor force to be increased by 25%. SRO field data highlighted a much smoother deployment with both speed and torque laying over on all wheels and no large power swings when the tractor encountered sections of increased downhole force due to a dog leg change. On the longer laterals, the symmetry of speed & torque allowed the tractor to travel without increased power demands and offered a satisfactory deployment even when the winch operator wasn't consistent while running in the lateral section.
Pushing the Boundaries by Completing the First ESP Replacement, Sand Screen Deployment and Sandstone Stimulation Operation with Rpm-Based Diverter Deployed on Hydraulic Workover from an Offshore Platform in Brunei
Authors: Dulam Mel , Lim Chee Chong Brian , Muslim Dzaieznny , Chacon Alejandro , Palappetta Rakesh , Larez Frank , Learmonth Steven Jack , Yong Yee Tzen
Published: March 2022

Electrical submersible pump (ESP) changeover operations have been a staple job type for Hydraulic Workover (HWO) operations worldwide for a significant amount of time, evidencing the great efficiency provided by the smaller footprint and quicker overall setup times. However, this well also included a stimulation requirement which is not common at all when coupled with HWO interventions, and which required a very careful design due to the constraints posed by the intervention sequence.

This paper showcases the versatility and interaction of the HWO unit to remove the existing pump following a sand screen failure, run a 4 ½″ insert screen inside the existing 7″ screen, stimulate the formation with a customized mud acid recipe and the installation of a new ESP without shutting the production from the rest of the wells in the platform. The stimulation operation required a very thorough design since the acid would remain in the formation for over 7 days while the rest of the sequences were completed, which had to minimize the risk of the secondary and tertiary reactions’ negative effects to increase the production from the well after the overall intervention was completed. Complimentary to the operation, the job was performed with support from a dynamically positioned (DP-2) vessel and a modular crane for efficient rig-up.
Real-Time Inference and Uncertainty Quantification of Friction for Coiled Tubing Operations
Authors: Su Tianxiang
Published: March 2022

For many years, tubing force models (TFMs) have been used to predict coiled tubing (CT) reach in the wellbore, de-risk interventions, and track CT pipe life. Several input parameters, for example, the friction coefficient, the stripper friction, and the fluid viscosity, are difficult to obtain before an operation. They are typically fitted later during the operation or once the operation is completed. A method is presented here to infer those parameters iteratively in real time during the job. The method is based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). A TFM predicts the surface weight from input parameters. The UKF solves the "inverse problem" by observing the noisy surface weight measurement and infers the unknown parameters in a probabilistic way. Unlike the fitting-based optimization methods, UKF is an iterative method and makes an incremental update to the parameters from each measurement. Moreover, based on probabilistic theories, the UKF computes rigorously the uncertainty bounds of the inferred parameters. We implemented a UKF framework in Simulink. To test the model, a synthetic dataset with well-defined ground truth friction and well trajectory was first created. This synthetic well had a vertical section of 2 km (6,562 ft) below the surface, followed by a 2-km deviated section of constant dogleg severity where the well changes from vertical to horizontal, followed by a last horizontal section of 2 km. An analytic solution for the surface weight was derived for this specific well, and Gaussian noise was added to the solution to mimic the measurement noise. The noisy synthetic data were fed into the customized UKF framework with a wrong initial guess of the friction. The UKF framework incrementally and correctly adjusted the friction to the ground truth friction value in a few hundred iterations at 0.1 Hz. In real operations, if there is a sudden condition change, one expects the UKF to take similar steps to adapt to the change. Next, actual data from a previous job were replayed iteratively into the UKF framework. No ground-truth friction value existed for that dataset. But with the real-time inferred friction, the model was observed to provide a much better surface weight prediction compared to a legacy model without parameter inference. To the knowledge of the author, this is the first time UKF is reported to perform parameter inference for CT operations. It provides clear advantages compared to the legacy fitting-based method because (1) it can easily handle multiparameter inference; (2) it is straightforward to quantify the uncertainty of the inference; (3) the filter can incorporate any prior knowledge about the parameters; and (4) the method can be applied iteratively, continuously, and automatically.
Thru-Tubing Cleanouts and Acidization in Unconventional Wells
Authors: Burke Jason , Harrison Cayla , Gamarra Francisco , Turner Matt , Ruby Jim , Nono Brandon
Published: March 2022

Over the last 12 years, technology in the drilling and completions space has reduced cycle time and dramatically lowered costs for operators. With the adoption of re-stimulations, additional production is being gained from existing wells at a cost that is less than the cost of drilling new wells. However, there has been limited development of low-cost intervention techniques to restore lost production or to extend the life of existing wells.

To address this relatively untapped area of intervention, new tools and techniques are needed to revitalize older wells in unconventional reservoirs that are more cost effective than traditional intervention techniques.

The economics of a workover are challenged by the uncertainties of successfully removing the existing production tubing and replacing it with a newly designed completion. In response a tool and cleanout technique has been developed that improves the ability of 1.25 in. coiled tubing to clean out the 5.5 in. casing through the 2.375 in. tubing string, thereby eliminating the need to pull and replace the upper completion.

A recent application of this new technique in an unconventional well demonstrated that a modified jetting tool (Reverse Nozzle Bit Sub or RNBS), along with a regimented cleanout schedule, can clean out most of the lateral length and restore lost production at a greatly reduced time and cost compared to jointed pipe workovers. Additionally, using coiled tubing to spot acid along the length of the lateral in a uniform matter can remove scale buildup and clean up perforations for improved performance.

This paper will review the design, testing and field application of the new tool and technique as well as show early results.
Integrated Approach Yields Improved Efficiency and Lower Risk in High-Pressure Live-Well Perforation Intervention With Expected WHP of 10,500 Psi Gas
Authors: Taghiyev Alizamin , Piven Alexander , Correa Pedro Daniel , McClean Charlie , Mammadov Rufat , Pashayev Nariman , Allahverdiyev Maarif , Akbarov Akbar
Published: March 2022

Objectives/Scope

The goal for the project was to perforate a new high-pressure interval in live well conditions in one single run. Completion fluid was displaced to a lighter fluid, followed by gun deployment of 466 ft. to perforate a high-pressure gas interval.

Methods, Procedures, Process

It is understood that electric wireline, slick line and coiled tubing can be used to lubricate shorter intervals multiple times in and out of a well which is live. However, this can remove the advantages of dynamic underbalance and effective underbalanced perforating clean up. Operation was staged to prepare the wellbore for perforating, displacing the completion fluid from 1.7 SG CaBr2, to seawater, to 1.13 SG KCl brine. With the well ready for perforating, the use of the advanced live-well deployment system and intelligent coiled tubing BHA a 466ft long perforating assembly was conveyed to target depth in one run and successfully perforated the interval of interest in an underbalanced condition.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

The project efficiencies were maximized by taking an integrated approach to the overall project. By utilizing an Advanced Live Well deployment system, virtually any length of assembly can be safely deployed and recovered from a live well. Furthermore, by integrating this system with the Intelligent Coiled Tubing bottom hole assemblies for deployment and detonation, utilizing "rock optimized "perforating guns and Thru-Tubing Intervention systems, a complete solution can be provided for the operator. The application of the systems, resulted in a flawless execution, and a reduction in the operational risks associated with an operation that historically was classed as a high-risk project.
Sand Control Screen Clogging Remediation with Innovative High-Density Slot Machining Solution
Authors: Foucher Pierre , Raghavan Anand , Sheiretov Todor , Engel David , Babin Christopher , Wurtz Josh , Melvin Hayden , Garzon Francisco
Published: March 2022

A gravel pack equipped with sand screen completion is commonly used in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Over time, fines migration and asphaltenes clog the screens of the completion, which negatively affects the well production. In order to remediate the damage, openings are created in the concentric base pipe inside the screen (Fig. 1). This process creates a flow path that allows for cleaning of debris from the screens through jetting and bull heading of stimulation fluids. The combination of these operations restores the productivity of the well.

In the conventional method, the cuts are machined one at a time with a blade spinning in the horizontal plane. To achieve sufficient flow area, this step is repeated approximately hundred times to distribute the cuts along the target screen interval. Such an operation can require up to 14 days including the downhole cutting time as well as trips in and out of the well to replace the blades.

The blades protrude only slightly from the base pipe to avoid damaging the screen. The screens are separated from the base pipe with standoff to maintain a constant clearance. Thus, the blades cannot damage the screen.
Simulation and Optimization of the Nitrogen Injection-Assisted Flowback with Coiled Tubing
Authors: Zhu Zhiyong , Han Guoqing , Rui Ray , Zhang He , Wu Xiaodong , Xiang Huizhu
Published: March 2022

Nitrogen (N2) injection-assisted flowback with coiled tubing (CT), CT flowback for short, is more and more widely used due to its convenience in implementation and flexibility in control. The unique feature of gas injection with CT is that the injection depth can be changed continuously (Zhou et al., 2011), which makes flowback become a more complex dynamic process. However, scarce research has been done on such a dynamic process, especially in the optimization of operation parameters such as CT running into hole (RIH) speed and N2 injection rate.

In this paper, numerical models are established using the transient multiple flow simulator to reproduce the dynamic process of CT flowback. And based on this, the characteristics of CT gas injection are explored by comparing fixed-point gas injection with variation-depth gas injection. The influence of formation flowback capacity, CT RIH speed and N2 injection rate on CT flowback process is analyzed. And finally the optimization suggestions for CT operating parameters are put forward.

The simulation results show that, compared with fixed-point gas injection, variation-depth gas injection (i.e. CT gas injection) can achieve a more controlled flowback, significantly reduce the gas injection pressure, and realize the gentle unloading of bottom hole pressure. Formation flowback capacity has an important effect on the CT flowback process, different formation flowback capacities result in different gas well unloading degrees. With the increase of formation flowback capacity, the unloading degree of gas well decreases. CT RIH speed can to a large extent control wellbore unloading rate, i.e. the flowback intensity. The increase in RIH speed is at the expense of the increase in gas injection pressure and will lead to a more aggressive bottom hole pressure unloading. So in determining the RIH speed, both surface gas injection facility limitations and downhole pressure control requirements need to be taken into account. For a given CT RIH speed, there is a minimum N2 injection rate, which is required to achieve the continuous drainage, i.e., the lower limit for N2 injection rate. On the basis of this lower limit, further increasing the N2 injection rate will accelerate the wellbore unloading, and reduce the peak of gas injection pressure, but there is also an upper limit for N2 injection rate beyond which the benefits are no longer apparent.
Inhibition Testing with High Strength Quench and Tempered Coiled Tubing
Authors: Elliott Kevin J , Rentas Chris , Fenwick Jamie , Hayworth Jason , Albaugh John D , Ables William Colt , Tyler Woitas , Ben Stang
Published: March 2022

High strength quenched and tempered coiled tubing (CT) has been developed and commercialized as far back as the 1990s, however in recent years it has grown to be a substantial, if not the main, type of CT in many markets. Testing programs for sour environment compatibility using inhibition exist for similar strength levels of conventionally produced coiled tubing and has been used as justification for utilization of Q&T coiled tubing with existing CT equipment and operations in sour environments.

Quenched and tempered coiled tubing is given final heat treatments which yield a more homogeneous microstructure than conventional products. The field performance of this homogenized product has generally shown that the quenched and tempered tubing performs better in sour environments. This paper then explores the existing body of work with respect to accepted operational guidelines and sour gas testing of coiled tubing.

A test program for 140-grade quenched and tempered coiled tubing was developed to explore sour compatibility using an inhibition system. The development and test results of the testing program are described in this paper. The paper concludes with field history of high strength quenched and tempered coiled tubing in Western Canada operations.
World's First Fishing Operation on Wireline, Where 100,000 Lbs of Pull Force Was Applied: A Case Story
Authors: Prabhakaran Sudesh , Khogali Mamoun , Nobile Blanco Juan Jose , Santos Alexander Delos Santos , Rathod Chirag Harish , Sequeira Steven Rajesh
Published: March 2022

A high producing offshore oil well was shut down after an unsuccessful slickline plug-retrieval operation, which led to the slickline toolstring and isolation plug stuck at a shallow depth. Heavy duty fishing was performed using electric wireline self-anchoring hydraulic stroking tool. While pulling, 100Klbs of force was applied to free the slickline toolstring from the plug. This paper is written to share the experience gained while planning, preparing, and executing this high-profile job.

After reviewing all available options, it was decided to use the high-capacity version of the electric wireline hydraulic stroking tool, rated to 100,000 lbs. Approach to the job was to retrieve the slickline toolstring either as one piece or break it into parts by applying maximum force and retrieve in several runs. After fish retrieval, further plan was to retrieve the isolation plug using slickline. Preparation phase included function test at the base with full reconstruction of well situation, to confirm that this approach is correct.

Base function test was performed to determine if the high force from the electric wireline hydraulic stroking tool would break the slickline toolstring or release it from the plug. For the test, the exact fish components, including the plug, were set up in a horizontal tubing. A long overshot was designed to swallow the jars in the slickline toolstring. It took five upward strokes, up to 100,000 lbs, to release the slickline toolstring from the plug's fishing neck. The ring of the fishing neck sheared from isolation plug.

Following the base function test, equipment was mobilized offshore. The heavy duty overshot was installed on the fish using Slickline. Electric wireline hydraulic stroking tool was then rigged up on electric wireline, run-in-hole, and latched onto the overshot. After two strokes of up to 100,000 lbs, the slickline toolstring released cleanly from the fishing neck of the plug (similar to the base function test). Following successful fishing operation, the plug was successfully retrieved and well was brought back to production. Using the electric wireline hydraulic stroking tool allowed to perform the job rigless, in a cost effective, safe and time-controlled manner.