bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nearly Carbon‐Saturated Magma Oceans in Planetary Embryos During Core Formation
Authors: Kuwahara Hideharu , Itoh Shoichi , Suzumura Akimasa , Nakada Ryoichi , Irifune Tetsuo
Published: May 2021

A planetary mantle after core formation has been thought to be highly depleted in carbon due to its strong siderophile behavior. However, the carbon contents in lunar and terrestrial mantles are much greater than experimental predictions; thus, how the carbon contents in terrestrial mantles were established is puzzling and poorly understood. Here, we present high‐pressure experiments on the metal‐silicate partitioning of carbon at 2 GPa and 1923 K in a system containing 0.2 wt% C, which is close to that in enstatite chondrites, and show that a magma ocean made of chondritic materials is nearly saturated with carbon even under metal saturation. The consistency between the solubility of carbon in silicate melts and the carbon contents in lunar and terrestrial mantles also supports a nearly carbon‐saturated magma ocean during core formation and suggests that carbon contents in terrestrial mantles may have been established during the main accretion phase.
Imprints of Tropical Cyclones on Structural Characteristics of Mesoscale Oceanic Eddies Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Ma Zhanhong , Zhang Zheliang , Fei Jianfang , Wang Huizan
Published: May 2021

The imprints of tropical cyclones (TCs) on structural characteristics of mesoscale oceanic eddies over the western North Pacific are investigated. Results reveal a statistically significant role of TCs in modulating the structural characteristics of both cold‐core eddies (CCEs) and warm‐core eddies (WCEs). The eddy strength in terms of amplitude and circulation speed is intensified for CCEs while is weakened for WCEs after the passage of TCs. The size of WCEs is decreased by TCs, while the CCE is enlarged shortly and then decreased subsequently. The TC‐induced decrease in mixed‐layer depth is larger in WCEs, causing comparable mixed‐layer depths between CCEs and WCEs. The strength changes of CCEs depend highly on the intensity and translation speed of TCs. The lifetimes of both CCEs and WCEs are significantly prolonged by TC forcing. The air‐sea energy exchange is modulated by both CCEs and WCEs via changing the response of sea surface temperature.
Impacts of COVID‐19 on Black Carbon in Two Representative Regions in China: Insights Based on Online Measurement in Beijing and Tibet
Authors: Liu Yue , Wang Yinan , Cao Yang , Yang Xi , Zhang Tianle , Luan Mengxiao , Lyu Daren , Hansen Anthony D. A. , Liu Baoxian , Zheng Mei
Published: May 2021

Under the influence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), China conducted a nationwide lockdown (LD) which significantly reduced anthropogenic emissions. To analyze the different impacts of COVID‐19 on black carbon (BC) in the two representative regions in China, one‐year continuous online measurements of BC were conducted simultaneously in Beijing and Tibet. The average concentration in the LD period was 20% higher than that in the pre‐LD period in Beijing, which could be attributed to the increase of transport from southwestern neighboring areas and enhanced aged BC. In contrast to megacity, the average concentration of BC in Tibet decreased over 70% in the LD period, suggesting high sensitivity of plateau background areas to the anthropogenic emission reduction in South Asia. Our study clearly showed that BC responded very differently in megacity and background areas to the change of anthropogenic emission under the lockdown intervention.
Contribution of the Two Types of Ekman Pumping Induced Eddy Heat Flux to the Total Vertical Eddy Heat Flux
Authors: Li Dapeng , Chang Ping , Ramachandran Sanjiv , Jing Zhao , Zhang Qiuying , Kurian Jaison , Gopal Abishek , Yang Haiyuan
Published: May 2021

Based on eddy‐rich (0.1° horizontal resolution for ocean) Community Earth System Model simulations, we compute the Ekman pumping induced vertical eddy heat flux using two formulations: the classical and the Stern‐Ekman pumping. The two mechanisms yield similar patterns in the eddy‐induced vertical heat flux, showing strong upward heat flux in ocean frontal regions such as the western boundary current regions. Using the Gulf Stream Extension region as an example, we estimate (1) the Stern‐Ekman pumping induced eddy heat flux is 23% and 12% of the total vertical eddy heat flux at 50 m depth during summer and winter, respectively; (2) the classical Ekman pumping accounts for 82% and 88% of the Stern‐Ekman pumping induced eddy heat flux at 50 m during summer and winter, respectively. The second finding indicates eddy current feedback on wind stress is the primary cause for the upward eddy heat flux generated by Ekman pumping.
An Initial Collision of India and Asia in the Equatorial Humid Belt
Authors: Yi Zhiyu , Wang Tianyue , Meert Joseph G. , Zhao Qian , Liu Yushu
Published: May 2021

Paleocene lavas of the Dianzhong Formation preserved in the Linzhou Basin of South Tibet provide a unique opportunity to constrain the initial geometry of the India‐Asia collision; however, earlier studies argued a complex magnetic signature resulting from thermal and/or chemical remagnetizations. To better characterize the remanences obtained from the Dianzhong lavas, we carried out an intraformational conglomerate test on a previously‐studied section in the Linzhou Basin. The positive conglomerate test suggests that the characteristic remanences reported from the Dianzhong Formation are primary. The updated Paleocene pole confirms a paleolatitude of 6.7° ± 4.4°N for the Lhasa terrane and positions the southern margin of Asia in the equatorial humid belt. An initial collision, between India, Asia and an intra‐oceanic arc in the equatorial humid belt, may have intensified silicate weathering and resulted in an extra consummation of carbon dioxide, which contributes to a long‐term cooling of the Earth during the Cenozoic.
Activities of Small‐Scale Gravity Waves in the Upper Mesosphere Observed From Meteor Radar at King Sejong Station, Antarctica (62.22°S, 58.78°W) and Their Potential Sources
Authors: Song B.‐G. , Song I.‐S. , Chun H.‐Y. , Lee C. , Kam H. , Kim Y. H. , Kang M.‐J. , Hindley N. P. , Mitchell N. J.
Published: May 2021

Gravity wave (GW) activities in the upper mesosphere (80–100 km) and their potential sources are investigated using meteor radar observations at King Sejong Station, Antarctica (KSS; 62.22°S, 58.78°W) during recent 14 years (2007–2020). GW activities are estimated by horizontal wind variances of small‐scale GWs (periods <2 h, horizontal wavelength <400 km, or vertical wavelength <3–5 km). The wind variances show clear semiannual variations with maxima at solstices, and annual variations are also seen above z = 90 km. The deseasonalized wind variances at z = 96.8 km have a statistically significant periodicity of ∼11 years that can be associated with solar cycle variations. Three major potential GW sources in the lower atmosphere are examined. Orography is a potential source of GWs in winter and autumn, when the basic‐state wind is westerly from the surface up to the mesosphere. The residual of the nonlinear balance equation (RNBE) at 5 hPa, a diagnostic of the GWs associated with jet stream, is the largest in winter and has a secondary maximum in spring. The correlation between the observed GWs and RNBE is significant in equinoxes, while correlation is low in winter. Deep convection in storm tracks is a potential source in autumn and winter. Secondary GWs generated in the mesosphere can also be observed in the upper mesosphere. Ray‐tracing analysis for airglow images observed at KSS indicates that secondary GWs are mostly generated in winter mesosphere, which may be associated with the breaking of orographic GWs.
Effects of circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral autoregulation in neonatal swine
Authors: Padawer-Curry Jonah A. , Volk Lindsay E. , Mavroudis Constantine D. , Ko Tiffany S. , Morano Vincent C. , Busch David R. , Rosenthal Tami M. , Melchior Richard W. , Shade Brandon C. , Schiavo Kellie L. , Boorady Timothy W. , Schmidt Alexander L. , Andersen Kristen N. , Breimann Jake S. , Jahnavi Jharna , Mensah-Brown Kobina G. , Yodh Arjun G. , Mascio Christopher E. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Licht Daniel J. , White Brian R. , Baker Wesley B.
Published: May 2021

Background

Cerebral autoregulation mechanisms help maintain adequate cerebral blood flow (CBF) despite changes in cerebral perfusion pressure. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), may increase risk of neurologic injury in neonates undergoing surgery. In this study, alterations of cerebral autoregulation were assessed in a neonatal swine model probing four perfusion strategies.

Methods

Neonatal swine (n = 25) were randomized to continuous deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (DH-CPB, n = 7), deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA, n = 7), selective cerebral perfusion (SCP, n = 7) at deep hypothermia, or normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (control, n = 4). The correlation coefficient (LDx) between laser Doppler measurements of CBF and mean arterial blood pressure was computed at initiation and conclusion of CPB. Alterations in cerebral autoregulation were assessed by the change between initial and final LDx measurements.

Results

Cerebral autoregulation became more impaired (LDx increased) in piglets that underwent DH-CPB (initial LDx: median 0.15, IQR [0.03, 0.26]; final: 0.45, [0.27, 0.74]; p = 0.02). LDx was not altered in those undergoing DHCA (p > 0.99) or SCP (p = 0.13). These differences were not explained by other risk factors.

Conclusions

In a validated swine model of cardiac surgery, DH-CPB had a significant effect on cerebral autoregulation, whereas DHCA and SCP did not.

Impact

Approximately half of the patients who survive neonatal heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) experience neurodevelopmental delays. This preclinical investigation takes steps to elucidate and isolate potential perioperative risk factors of neurologic injury, such as impairment of cerebral autoregulation, associated with cardiac surgical procedures involving CPB.

We demonstrate a method to characterize cerebral autoregulation during CPB pump flow changes in a neonatal swine model of cardiac surgery.

Cerebral autoregulation was not altered in piglets that underwent deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) or selective cerebral perfusion (SCP), but it was altered in piglets that underwent deep hypothermic CBP.
The role of ferroptosis in breast cancer patients: a comprehensive analysis
Authors: Wu Zeng-Hong , Tang Yun , Yu Hong , Li Hua-Dong
Published: May 2021

Breast cancer (BC) affects the breast tissue and is the second most common cause of mortalities among women. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mode that is characterized by intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We constructed a prognostic multigene signature based on ferroptosis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Moreover, we comprehensively analyzed the role of ferroptosis-associated miRNAs, lncRNAs, and immune responses. A total of 259 ferroptosis-related genes were extracted. KEGG function analysis of these genes revealed that they were mainly enriched in the HIF-1 signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism in cancer, and PPAR signaling pathway. Fifteen differentially expressed genes (ALOX15, ALOX15B, ANO6, BRD4, CISD1, DRD5, FLT3, G6PD, IFNG, NGB, NOS2, PROM2, SLC1A4, SLC38A1, and TP63) were selected as independent prognostic factors for BC patients. Moreover, T cell functions, including the CCR score, immune checkpoint, cytolytic activity, HLA, inflammation promotion, para-inflammation, T cell co-stimulation, T cell co-inhibition, and type II INF responses were significantly different between the low-risk and high-risk groups of the TCGA cohort. Immune checkpoints between the two groups revealed that the expressions of PDCD-1 (PD-1), CTLA4, LAG3, TNFSF4/14, TNFRSF4/8/9/14/18/25, and IDO1/2 among others were significantly different. A total of 1185 ferroptosis-related lncRNAs and 219 ferroptosis-related miRNAs were also included in this study. From the online database, we identified novel ferroptosis-related biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis. The findings of this study provide new insights into the development of new reliable and accurate cancer treatment options.
Super-resolved visualization of single DNA-based tension sensors in cell adhesion
Authors: Schlichthaerle Thomas , Lindner Caroline , Jungmann Ralf
Published: May 2021

Cell-extracellular matrix sensing plays a crucial role in cellular behavior and leads to the formation of a macromolecular protein complex called the focal adhesion. Despite their importance in cellular decision making, relatively little is known about cell-matrix interactions and the intracellular transduction of an initial ligand-receptor binding event on the single-molecule level. Here, we combine cRGD-ligand-decorated DNA tension sensors with DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy to study the mechanical engagement of single integrin receptors and the downstream influence on actin bundling. We uncover that integrin receptor clustering is governed by a non-random organization with complexes spaced at 20–30 nm distances. The DNA-based tension sensor and analysis framework provide powerful tools to study a multitude of receptor-ligand interactions where forces are involved in ligand-receptor binding.
Single-keratinocyte transcriptomic analyses identify different clonal types and proliferative potential mediated by FOXM1 in human epidermal stem cells
Authors: Enzo Elena , Secone Seconetti Alessia , Forcato Mattia , Tenedini Elena , Polito Maria Pia , Sala Irene , Carulli Sonia , Contin Roberta , Peano Clelia , Tagliafico Enrico , Bicciato Silvio , Bondanza Sergio , De Luca Michele
Published: May 2021

Autologous epidermal cultures restore a functional epidermis on burned patients. Transgenic epidermal grafts do so also in genetic skin diseases such as Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa. Clinical success strictly requires an adequate number of epidermal stem cells, detected as holoclone-forming cells, which can be only partially distinguished from the other clonogenic keratinocytes and cannot be prospectively isolated. Here we report that single-cell transcriptome analysis of primary human epidermal cultures identifies categories of genes clearly distinguishing the different keratinocyte clonal types, which are hierarchically organized along a continuous, mainly linear trajectory showing that stem cells sequentially generate progenitors producing terminally differentiated cells. Holoclone-forming cells display stem cell hallmarks as genes regulating DNA repair, chromosome segregation, spindle organization and telomerase activity. Finally, we identify FOXM1 as a YAP-dependent key regulator of epidermal stem cells. These findings improve criteria for measuring stem cells in epidermal cultures, which is an essential feature of the graft.
Differential chromatin binding of the lung lineage transcription factor NKX2-1 resolves opposing murine alveolar cell fates in vivo
Authors: Little Danielle R. , Lynch Anne M. , Yan Yun , Akiyama Haruhiko , Kimura Shioko , Chen Jichao
Published: May 2021

Differential transcription of identical DNA sequences leads to distinct tissue lineages and then multiple cell types within a lineage, an epigenetic process central to progenitor and stem cell biology. The associated genome-wide changes, especially in native tissues, remain insufficiently understood, and are hereby addressed in the mouse lung, where the same lineage transcription factor NKX2-1 promotes the diametrically opposed alveolar type 1 (AT1) and AT2 cell fates. Here, we report that the cell-type-specific function of NKX2-1 is attributed to its differential chromatin binding that is acquired or retained during development in coordination with partner transcriptional factors. Loss of YAP/TAZ redirects NKX2-1 from its AT1-specific to AT2-specific binding sites, leading to transcriptionally exaggerated AT2 cells when deleted in progenitors or AT1-to-AT2 conversion when deleted after fate commitment. Nkx2-1 mutant AT1 and AT2 cells gain distinct chromatin accessible sites, including those specific to the opposite fate while adopting a gastrointestinal fate, suggesting an epigenetic plasticity unexpected from transcriptional changes. Our genomic analysis of single or purified cells, coupled with precision genetics, provides an epigenetic basis for alveolar cell fate and potential, and introduces an experimental benchmark for deciphering the in vivo function of lineage transcription factors.
Physiological and biochemical responses of two precious Carpinus species to high-concentration NO2 stress and their natural recovery
Authors: Sheng Qianqian , Song Min , Zhu Zunling , Cao Fuliang
Published: May 2021

Carpinus betulus and Carpinus putoensis are precious species in the world. Studies on the ecosystem function of the two species are rare. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of C. betulus and C. putoensis to NO2 stress and their natural recovery. C. betulus and C. putoensis seedlings underwent fumigation with 12.0 mg/m3 NO2 for 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Then, the plants were allowed to recover at room temperature for 30 d. Physiological and biochemical changes in the leaves were compared between the two species. In terms of peroxidase (POD) activity, the damage response of C. betulus under NO2 stress appeared later than that of C. putoensis. The soluble protein content of C. betulus was noticeably higher than that of C. putoensis, and C. betulus exhibited more stable membrane lipoperoxidation. The tendency of the changes in nitrate reductase of C. betulus was less noticeable than that of C. putoensis. The variation amplitudes of N, K, Mg, Zn and Mn in the leaves of C. putoensis were greater than those of C. betulus. C. putoensis showed more sensitive metabolisms in response to NO2 stress compared with C. betulus. High-concentration NO2 caused damage to C. betulus and C. putoensis was reversible, and both species returned to normal growth via their own metabolism after 30-d recovery. The results of this study may provide useful reference data for quantitative assessment of the ecosystem function of C. betulus and C. putoensis and for their scientific application in urban greening.
Demonstration of high-speed and low-complexity continuous variable quantum key distribution system with local local oscillator
Authors: Ren Shengjun , Yang Shuai , Wonfor Adrian , White Ian , Penty Richard
Published: May 2021

We present an experimental demonstration of the feasibility of the first 20 + Mb/s Gaussian modulated coherent state continuous variable quantum key distribution system with a locally generated local oscillator at the receiver (LLO-CVQKD). To increase the signal repetition rate, and hence the potential secure key rate, we equip our system with high-performance, wideband devices and design the components to support high repetition rate operation. We have successfully trialed the signal repetition rate as high as 500 MHz. To reduce the system complexity and correct for any phase shift during transmission, reference pulses are interleaved with quantum signals at Alice. Customized monitoring software has been developed, allowing all parameters to be controlled in real-time without any physical setup modification. We introduce a system-level noise model analysis at high bandwidth and propose a new ‘combined-optimization’ technique to optimize system parameters simultaneously to high precision. We use the measured excess noise, to predict that the system is capable of realizing a record 26.9 Mb/s key generation in the asymptotic regime over a 15 km signal mode fibre. We further demonstrate the potential for an even faster implementation.
Laser-induced structural modification in calcium aluminosilicate glasses using molecular dynamic simulations
Authors: Locker Sean , Goyal Sushmit , McKenzie Matthew E. , Sundaram S. K. , Ungaro Craig
Published: May 2021

Glass structures of multicomponent oxide systems (CaO–Al2O3–SiO2) are studied using a simulated pulsed laser with molecular dynamics. The short- and intermediate-range order structures revealed a direct correlation between the transformation of Al(IV) to Al(V), regions of increased density following laser processing, inherent reduction in the average T–O–T (T = Al, Si) angle, and associated elongation of the T–O bonding distance. Variable laser pulse energies were simulated across calcium aluminosilicate glasses with high silica content (50–80%) to identify densification trends attributed to composition and laser energy. High-intensity pulsed laser effects on fictive temperature and shockwave promotion are discussed in detail for their role in glass densification. Laser-induced structural changes are found to be highly dependent on pulse energy and glass chemistry.
Structural, magnetic, and gigahertz-range electromagnetic wave absorption properties of bulk Ni–Zn ferrite
Authors: Derakhshani M. , Taheri-Nassaj E. , Jazirehpour M. , Masoudpanah S. M.
Published: May 2021

Nickel–zinc ferrite (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) powders were prepared by the conventional solid-state route and sintered at 1100 and 1300 °C for utilization as a tile electromagnetic wave absorber. Structural, magnetic, and microwave absorption properties were investigated by characterization techniques of X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and vector network analyzer. The samples sintered at 1300 °C showed high magnetic saturation of 87 emu/g and low coercivity of 4 Oe. Electromagnetic investigations exhibit high reflection losses up to − 48.1 dB at certain high and low gigahertz frequencies, as clearly depicted in the 3D contour plot. The optimized condition between reflection loss, thickness, and bandwidth revealed a reflection loss of about − 36.1 dB at the matching thickness of 3.7 mm for the X-band. Furthermore, the effective working bandwidth at − 10 dB was up to ~ 7.1 GHz for the minimum thickness of 4.3 mm, which thoroughly covered the C-band. The microwave absorption performance of the well-sintered Ni–Zn ferrite was attributed to the incorporation of dielectric and magnetic loss mechanisms in which the magnetic part prevails.
Gene-environment dependencies lead to collider bias in models with polygenic scores
Authors: Akimova Evelina T. , Breen Richard , Brazel David M. , Mills Melinda C.
Published: May 2021

The application of polygenic scores has transformed our ability to investigate whether and how genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to the variation of complex traits. Modelling the complex interplay between genes and environment, however, raises serious methodological challenges. Here we illustrate the largely unrecognised impact of gene-environment dependencies on the identification of the effects of genes and their variation across environments. We show that controlling for heritable covariates in regression models that include polygenic scores as independent variables introduces endogenous selection bias when one or more of these covariates depends on unmeasured factors that also affect the outcome. This results in the problem of conditioning on a collider, which in turn leads to spurious associations and effect sizes. Using graphical and simulation methods we demonstrate that the degree of bias depends on the strength of the gene-covariate correlation and of hidden heterogeneity linking covariates with outcomes, regardless of whether the main analytic focus is mediation, confounding, or gene × covariate (commonly gene × environment) interactions. We offer potential solutions, highlighting the importance of causal inference. We also urge further caution when fitting and interpreting models with polygenic scores and non-exogenous environments or phenotypes and demonstrate how spurious associations are likely to arise, advancing our understanding of such results.
2-step deep learning model for landmarks localization in spine radiographs
Authors: Cina Andrea , Bassani Tito , Panico Matteo , Luca Andrea , Masharawi Youssef , Brayda-Bruno Marco , Galbusera Fabio
Published: May 2021

In this work we propose to use Deep Learning to automatically calculate the coordinates of the vertebral corners in sagittal x-rays images of the thoracolumbar spine and, from those landmarks, to calculate relevant radiological parameters such as L1–L5 and L1–S1 lordosis and sacral slope. For this purpose, we used 10,193 images annotated with the landmarks coordinates as the ground truth. We realized a model that consists of 2 steps. In step 1, we trained 2 Convolutional Neural Networks to identify each vertebra in the image and calculate the landmarks coordinates respectively. In step 2, we refined the localization using cropped images of a single vertebra as input to another convolutional neural network and we used geometrical transformations to map the corners to the original image. For the localization tasks, we used a differentiable spatial to numerical transform (DSNT) as the top layer. We evaluated the model both qualitatively and quantitatively on a set of 195 test images. The median localization errors relative to the vertebrae dimensions were 1.98% and 1.68% for x and y coordinates respectively. All the predicted angles were highly correlated with the ground truth, despite non-negligible absolute median errors of 1.84°, 2.43° and 1.98° for L1–L5, L1–S1 and SS respectively. Our model is able to calculate with good accuracy the coordinates of the vertebral corners and has a large potential for improving the reliability and repeatability of measurements in clinical tasks.
Publisher Correction: Genetic co-expression networks contribute to creating predictive model and exploring novel biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer
Authors: Li Yuan-Kuei , Hsu Huan-Ming , Lin Meng-Chiung , Chang Chi-Wen , Chu Chi-Ming , Chang Yu-Jia , Yu Jyh-Cherng , Chen Chien-Ting , Jian Chen-En , Sun Chien-An , Chen Kang-Hua , Kuo Ming-Hao , Cheng Chia-Shiang , Chang Ya-Ting , Wu Yi-Syuan , Wu Hao-Yi , Yang Ya-Ting , Lin Chen , Lin Hung-Che , Hu Je-Ming , Chang Yu-Tien
Published: May 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
The Holocene influence on the future evolution of the Venice Lagoon tidal marshes
Authors: Zoccarato Claudia , Da Lio Cristina
Published: May 2021

The resilience of marsh ecosystems to expected sea-level rise is determined by a complex interplay of organic and inorganic sedimentation dynamics. Marshes have formed over past centuries to millennia and consist of extremely reactive bodies with sediments that can experience high compaction. Here we provide a quantification of the degree to which the past history of a salt marsh can affect its long-term evolution. A dataset of elevation dynamics was established in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) and interpreted using a physics-based model of deposition and large consolidation of newly deposited material. We found that the fate of low-lying tidal landscapes over the next century of accelerating sea-level rise will be highly dependent on compaction of soft, recently deposited soils. Our results imply that a sedimentation rate twice the present rate will be needed to counterbalance the expected sea-level rise.
Formation of PbCl2-type AHF (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) with partial anion order at high pressure
Authors: Tsuchiya Yumi , Wei Zefeng , Broux Thibault , Tassel Cédric , Ubukata Hiroki , Kitagawa Yuuki , Ueda Jumpei , Tanabe Setsuhisa , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

PbCl2-type AHF (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) with partial anion order is obtained by pressurization of fluorite-type AHF whose anions are fully disordered.
α-Tocopherol-anchored gemini lipids with delocalizable cationic head groups: the effect of spacer length on DNA compaction and transfection properties
Authors: Gosangi Mallikarjun , Ravula Venkatesh , Rapaka Hithavani , Patri Srilakshmi V.
Published: May 2021

Spacer dependent variation of the lipoplex size and transfection of gemini lipids with delocalizable cationic head groups.
Hydrogen-bond-driven dimers of naphthyridine derivatives for selective identification of DNA G-quadruplexes
Authors: Wang Yu , Li Chunjie , Hao Xueyu , Wang Liangpeng , Ma Xiaoye , Jin Rizhe , Kang Chuanqing , Gao Lianxun
Published: May 2021

Dimeric ligands with an extended planar structure could selectively stabilize hybrid G-quadruplexes and induce conformational conversion. The ligands also effectively induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells.
Switchable regioselective hydroalkylation of 2-arylindoles with maleimides
Authors: Nipate Dhananjay S. , Shinde Vikki N. , Rangan Krishnan , Kumar Anil
Published: May 2021

A condition-based switchable regioselective hydroalkylation of 2-arylindoles with maleimides has been developed.
A simplified model for gel electrophoresis of a hydrophobic rigid colloid
Authors: Bharti  , Gopmandal Partha P. , Bhattacharyya S. , Ohshima H.
Published: May 2021

Electrophoresis of a charged dielectric hydrophobic colloid embedded in a charged hydrogel medium is addressed.
The cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) controls β-adrenoceptor- and CFTR-dependent saliva secretion in mice
Authors: Boyd Abigail , Aragon Ileana V. , Abou Saleh Lina , Southers Dylan , Richter Wito
Published: May 2021

Saliva, while often taken for granted, is indispensable for oral health and overall well-being, as inferred from the significant impairments suffered by patients with salivary gland dysfunction. Here, we show that treatment with several structurally distinct PAN-PDE4 inhibitors, but not a PDE3 inhibitor, induces saliva secretion in mice, indicating it is a class-effect of PDE4 inhibitors. In anesthetized mice, while neuronal regulations are suppressed, PDE4 inhibition potentiates a β-adrenoceptor-induced salivation, that is ablated by the β-blocker Propranolol and is absent from homozygous ΔF508-CFTR mice lacking functional CFTR. These data suggest that PDE4 acts within salivary glands to gate saliva secretion that is contingent upon the cAMP/PKA-dependent activation of CFTR. Indeed, PDE4 contributes the majority of total cAMP-hydrolytic capacity in submandibular-, sublingual-, and parotid glands, the three major salivary glands of the mouse. In awake mice, PDE4 inhibitor-induced salivation is reduced by CFTR deficiency or β-blockers, but also by the muscarinic blocker Atropine, suggesting an additional, central/neuronal mechanism of PDE4 inhibitor action. The PDE4 family comprises four subtypes, PDE4A-D. Ablation of PDE4D, but not PDE4A-C, produced a minor effect on saliva secretion, implying that while PDE4D may play a predominant role, PDE4 inhibitor-induced salivation results from the concurrent inactivation of multiple (at least two) PDE4 subtypes. Taken together, our data reveal a critical role for PDE4/PDE4D in controlling CFTR function in an in vivo model and in inducing salivation, hinting at a therapeutic potential of PDE4 inhibition for cystic fibrosis and conditions associated with xerostomia.
From biomineralization to tumorogenesis—the expanding insight of the physiological and pathological roles of Fam20C
Authors: Wu Yanbing , Wang Haoru , Liu Chao
Published: May 2021

Fam20C is a Golgi kinase phosphorylating the majority of the secreted proteins. In this decade, the function of Fam20C has been largely disclosed in the loss-of function models. How the influence of the overexpressed Fam20C on cells or organs, and whether Fam20C was associated with tumorogensis still remain unknown. In the latest article in Bioscience Reports, a group from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University established a correlation between the elevated Fam20C expression and the poor prognosis of multiple cancers (Biosci. Rep. (2021), 41(1) BSR20201920). In addition, they also proposed the potential mechanisms how the increased Fam20C expression played a detrimental role in tumor progression by suggesting that the up-regulated Fam20C level affected the infiltration of immune cells and the capability of cancer metastasis. To give an overview of the expanding knowledge of Fam20C involved in the physiological and pathological events, we first reviewed the history of Fam20C study in this commentary, then, evaluated the correlation of the elevated Fam20C expression to the prognosis of multiple cancers, and finally, interpreted the perspectives that the Fam20C gain-of-function model was also critical for cancer therapy.
A new chapter for a better Bioscience Reports
Authors: Cooper Christopher D.O. , Han Weiping
Published: May 2021

As Bioscience Reports enters its fifth decade of continuous multidisciplinary life science publishing, here we present a timely overview of the journal. In addition to introducing ourselves and new Associate Editors for 2021, we reflect on the challenges the new Editorial Board has faced and overcome since we took over the editorial leadership in June of 2020, and detail some key strategies on how we plan to encourage more submissions and broader readership for a better and stronger journal in the coming years.
Impact of the Chin-Down Posture on Temporal Measures of Patients With Dysphagia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Forbes Jessica , Humbert Ianessa
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The chin-down position is a commonly prescribed posture by health care professionals to alleviate the symptoms of dysphagia. Yet, how the technique influences swallowing physiology lacks clarity. Our goal was to examine the impact of the postural technique on patients with various medical conditions and swallowing impairments.

Method

Temporal and functional measures were examined with videofluoroscopy in the chin-down and neutral head position on 15 patients. Also, timing differences between head positions were examined to determine the presence of improvement during the chin-down posture.

Results

The primary finding was chin-down posture swallows prolonged the elapsed time between when the prematurely spilled bolus entered the pharynx relative to swallow onset compared to the neutral head position (p= .006). Also, no improvement in airway protection was found when performing the postural technique.

Conclusions

The chin-down posture may benefit patients with specific swallowing impairments. However, the general use of the technique for all patients who experience swallowing difficulty might be negligent and could potentially have adverse or no effect on patient outcomes. Future studies examining patients with the same pathophysiology are needed to understand the benefit of the chin-down posture based on swallowing impairment.
Gaussian processes non‐linear inverse reinforcement learning
Authors: Qiao Qifeng , Lin Xiaomin
Published: May 2021

The authors analyse a Bayesian framework for posing and solving inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problems that arise in decision‐making and optimisation settings. The authors propose a non‐parametric Bayesian model using Gaussian process (GP) and preference graphs, which offer an effective and computationally efficient method for ill‐posed IRL problems in large or infinite state space. This approach only requires a finite number of demonstrations that is much less than the amount required for approximating the feature expectation or value functions in previous IRL methods. The proposed learning framework is expressive as it relies on a Bayesian structure in which assumptions are explicit and changeable. It is also robust in that it formalises on convex optimisation, which retains the promise of computationally manageable implementations for practical problems. To deal with more realistic IRL problems where the dynamics is also unknown, the GP model can be easily combined with the method to learn the dynamics at the same time. Experimental results prove the superiority of the authors method to current prevailing IRL algorithms with fewer numbers of demonstrations in both discrete and continuous state space.
Predefined formation‐containment control of high‐order multi‐agent systems under communication delays and switching topologies
Authors: Zhou Shiyu , Dong Xiwang , Hua Yongzhao , Yu Jianglong , Ren Zhang
Published: May 2021

This paper concerns the problem of formation‐containment control for general‐linear multi‐agent systems (MASs) with both communication delays and switching interaction topologies. On the one hand, the leaders can communicate with each other to form the desired formation and on the other, the followers need to enter the convex envelope spanned by the multiple leaders. Firstly, by using the neighbouring relative information, formation‐containment protocols are designed for each leader and follower, where an edge‐based state observer is incorporated into the formation‐containment controller to evaluate the whole leaders' state. Secondly, according to the linear matrix inequality technology, an algorithm is given to determine the unknown feedback matrixes in the protocol. Then, based on Lyapunov theory, the formation‐containment error is proved to be convergent and formation feasibility conditions are also presented for the MASs to achieve formation‐containment. Finally, a simulation on several MASs is provided to demonstrate the theoretical results.
CA‐PMG: Channel attention and progressive multi‐granularity training network for fine‐grained visual classification
Authors: Zhao Peipei , Miao Qiguang , Yao Hang , Liu Xiangzeng , Liu Ruyi , Gong Maoguo
Published: May 2021

Fine‐grained visual classification is challenging due to the inherently subtle intra‐class object variations. To solve this issue, a novel framework named channel attention and progressive multi‐granularity training network, is proposed. It first exploits meaningful feature maps through the channel attention module and captures multi‐granularity features by the progressive multi‐granularity training module. For each feature map, the channel attention module is proposed to explore channel‐wise correlation. This allows the model to re‐weight the channels of the feature map according to the impact of their semantic information on performance. Furthermore, the progressive multi‐granularity training module is introduced to fuse features cross multi‐granularity. And the fused features pay more attention to the subtle differences between images. The model can be trained efficiently in an end‐to‐end manner without bounding box or part annotations. Finally, comprehensive experiments are conducted to show that the method achieves state‐of‐the‐art performances on the CUB‐200‐2011, Stanford Cars, and FGVC‐Aircraft datasets. Ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of each part in our module.
Analysis of SPRITE : A new sparse approach for 3D high resolution RCS imaging
Authors: Benoudiba‐Campanini Thomas , Giovannelli Jean‐François , Massaloux Pierre , Minvielle Pierre
Published: May 2021

Here, the authors present the application of an original high resolution method, named SPRITE (for SParse Radar Imaging TEchnique), for 3D high resolution radar cross section (RCS) imaging. It is based on a regularisation scheme that accounts for information of sparsity and support. The solution is then defined as the minimiser of a penalised and constrained criterion. Optimisation is ensured by an adaptation of the alternating direction method of multipliers that is able to quickly perform calculations using fast Fourier transforms. Through application to synthetic and real data, the authors show that, in comparison to conventional methods, the SPRITE considerably enhances the resolution of the estimated RCS maps leading to a better RCS analysis and control.
Doppler disambiguation in MIMO FMCW radars with binary phase modulation
Authors: Gonzalez Hector A. , Liu Chen , Vogginger Bernhard , Kumaraveeran Prasath , Mayr Christian G.
Published: May 2021

Multiple‐input multiple‐output arrays in frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars provide the angular resolution required to isolate objects in complex automotive scenes. However, the demodulation of individual antenna contributions increases the chirp repetition interval, which reduces the maximum unambiguously measurable velocity. Objects moving faster than this velocity are then incorrectly folded in the range‐Doppler maps, leading to critical inaccuracies in the advanced driver assistance systems. Here, this problem is addressed from the binary phase modulation (BPM) perspective, which is a scheme particularly attractive due to its high signal‐to‐noise ratio, and whose intrinsic phase alterations prevent traditional disambiguation techniques from being reliable. The authors present a detailed analysis on the design, implementation, and validation of Doppler disambiguation techniques for BPM systems. The presented benchmark includes a variety of algorithms involving the Chinese remainder theorem, density‐based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), hypothetical phase compensation, and an intuitive range‐based approach. The techniques are extensively validated using synthetic data generated with MATLAB, and real data collected with a 77‐GHz FMCW radar. The results show the best set of trade‐offs for the enhanced DBSCAN (EDBSCAN) method in terms of robustness, computational overhead, velocity span, and disambiguation rate.
General-relativistic instability in rapidly accreting supermassive stars: The impact of rotation
Authors: Haemmerlé L.
Published: May 2021

Context. Supermassive stars (SMSs) collapsing via the general-relativistic (GR) instability are invoked as the possible progenitors of supermassive black holes. Their mass and angular momentum at the onset of the instability are key in many respects, in particular regarding the possibility for observational signatures of direct collapse. Accretion dominates the evolution of SMSs and, similar to rotation, it has been shown to impact their final properties significantly. However, the combined effect of accretion and rotation on the stability of these objects is not known.

Aims. Here, we study the stability of rotating, rapidly accreting SMSs against GR perturbations and derive the properties of these stars at death.

Methods. On the basis of hylotropic structures, which are relevant for rapidly accreting SMSs, we define rotation profiles under the assumption of local angular momentum conservation in radiative regions, which allows for differential rotation. We account for rotation in the stability of the structure by adding a Newtonian rotation term in the relativistic equation of stellar pulsation, which is justified by the slow rotations imposed by the ΩΓ-limit.

Results. We find that rotation favours the stability of rapidly accreting SMSs as soon as the accreted angular momentum represents a fraction of f ≳ 0.1% of the Keplerian angular momentum. For f ∼ 0.3−0.5%, the maximum masses consistent with GR stability are increased by an order of magnitude compared to the non-rotating case. For f ∼ 1%, the GR instability cannot be reached if the stellar mass does not exceed 107 − 108 M⊙.

Conclusions. These results imply that, as in the non-rotating case, the final masses of the progenitors of direct collapse black holes range in distinct intervals depending on the scenario considered: 105 M⊙ ≲ M ≲ 106 M⊙ for primordial atomically cooled haloes and 106 M⊙ ≲ M ≲ 109 M⊙ for metal-rich galaxy mergers. The models suggest that the centrifugal barrier is inefficient to prevent the direct formation of a supermassive black hole at the collapse of a SMS. Moreover, the conditions of galaxy mergers appear to be more favourable than those of atomically cooled haloes for detectable gravitational wave emission and ultra-long gamma-ray bursts at black hole formation.
Photonics: From European support to industrial technology leadership
Authors: Rajbenbach Henri , Magan John , Steinhoegl Werner
Published: May 2021

Photonics support in the European programmes dates back to the early 90s, though the “Telematics” and “Esprit” initiatives (1983 to 1998) primarily focused on the then emerging field of optical telecommunication, fibre optics, optoelectronic, detectors and III-Vs and semiconductor lasers.
Historical education at the university: challenges and development prospects
Authors: Volochaeva Anna V. , Yaremchuk Olga A.
Published: May 2021

The article summarizes and systematizes information on the problems of implementation of historical education at universities of the Russian Federation at the present stage. The review is based on several source groups, namely, the federal regulatory framework, research and practice on the implementation of various pedagogical technologies in the educational process, and innovative forms of education, as well as the works of specialists – history teachers at universities and senior school. The article identifies the problems in the system of training of students majoring in history that need to be solved. This concerns the need for specialized educational and methodological literature on historical issues taking into account compliance with today’s requirements; creating an All-Russian community of history teachers to support and accompany them in the educational process; forming a specialized Internet resource with meaningful and constantly updated content in the field of historical science and education, etc. The article presents the intermediate results of testing various educational technologies (interactive, dialog-based, problem-based learning technologies, and project activity technologies) and the practices of implementing relevant educational publications of the Transbaikal State University in teaching the discipline “History of Russia”. It is emphasized that the introduction of new materials into scientific circulation and the subsequent presentation of the results of the implementation of modern educational technologies at Russian universities will allow further adjusting the development trajectory of Russian historical education.
Existential aspects in modern education
Authors: Makhamatov Tair M. , Khaziyev Valeriy S. , Makhamatov Timour T. , Yulbayev Radik Z. , Giuliodori Lucio
Published: May 2021

The authors analyse the current objectives of modern education, based on recent studies of human existence revealing its multidirectional and multifaceted nature and determining the life position and behaviour of a person. The levels of the modern education system often do not focus on the existential aspect because of the educational goals and objectives, which is to prepare the workforce for the labour market. The transformation of the negative form of a student’s existence into the existence of a person struggling with the absurdity and meaninglessness of life is not included in the educational process. The authors propose an original way of solving this urgent problem of modern education. The research methodology is based on the concepts introduced by M. Gordon, S. Bakewell, T. Staehler, and V.V. Varava about the possibility of using the “dark aspects” of existence as a source for personal development. Besides, the concept developed by T.M. Makhamatov about the multidirectional phenomena of existence has been used to analyse the problem. The authors conclude that today, the education system focuses not only on high professionalism among students but also on such existential aspects as Sisyphean dedication and determination, as well as the ability to deal with meaninglessness, absurdity, anxiety, and fear and the ability to turn them into a source for self-affirmation. It is possible to implement this task by developing such an ability to overcome the absurdity of human interaction with external being, as Sisyphean labour, as a search for meaning in something meaningless.