bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GENUS KUANTANIA MILLER, 1935, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM INDO-CHINA (ORTHOPTERA; ACRIDOIDEA; PYRGOMORPHIDAE)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: August 2008

The grasshopper genus Kuantania, known previously only by a single female of K. squamipennis Miller from Malaya, is discussed. A new species, K. aptera, is described from Indo-China.
THE POSTANTENNAL REGION OF THE INSECT EMBRYO
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

The postanteunal region of the insect embryo is generally interpreted as a postoral metamere because of the presence of coelomic sacs, minute appendages, and a presumed neuromere, the tritocerebral ganglion. These structures, however, are not necessarily evidence of the presence of a metamere because they may occur in the prostomium of the Polychaeta. Insects and crustaceans are presumed to have originated from a common ancestor; therefore this region is usually interpreted as the homologue of the second antennae of the crustaceans. More probably, however, insects arose from a proto-onychophoran stock and therefore had no second antennae in their ancestry. The prostomium of the Polychaeta, which lie near the ancestry of the arthropods, bears two or more pairs of appendages, one of which probably persists as the antennae of insects and are associated with coelomic sacs and a ganglion. It is suggested that the postantennal appendages represent the transient vestiges of a second pair. If the tritocerebrum is not the neuromere of a second antennal segment it is probably the homologue of the prostomial ganglion of the Oligochaeta. It unites with the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum, ganglionic concentrations developed in association with the eyes and antennae, to form the definitive brain.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF INSECT–HOST PLANT RELATIONSHIPS IN AN OLIGOPHAGOUS INSECT, PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CURTIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)
Authors: Nayar J. K. , Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: August 2008

Samples of nine crystalline mustard oil glucosides including sinigrin were isolated from plant tissues of species in the families Cruciferae and Tropaeolaceae. The isolations were achieved by the use of column chromatography on neutral alumina, cellulose powder, activated carbon; by paper and thin-layer chromatography; and by crystallization from methanol–water mixtures.Feeding responses of fifth instar larvae of Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) were tested on agar–cellulose diets containing individual glucosides at various concentrations in the presence or absence of 0.1 M glucose. The amount of feeding was measured by counts of frass pellets produced by the larvae during the test period. All the above-mentioned glucosides were found to act as feeding stimulants for the larvae of P. maculipennis. However, the relative palatability of these glucosides at the same concentration (20 mg per 10 ml of water in the diet) was found to be in the following order: progoitrin > glucocheirolin = glucoconringiin = glucoerucin > glucotropaeolin = sinigrin = sinalbin > gluconasturtiin = gluconapin. Higher concentrations of the glucosides, gluconasturtiin, and gluconapin were toxic to the larvae.
PLANT PHOSPHOLIPIDS AS FEEDING STIMULANTS FOR GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Thorsteinson A. J. , Nayar J. K.
Published: August 2008

Plant phospholipids were isolated from wheat germ oil by chromatographic techniques. The lecithins and phosphatidyl inositol were shown to evoke striking feeding activity from older nymphs and adults of the two species of grasshoppers, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and Camnula pellucida (Scudder). This feeding activity was much more pronounced in the male nymphs than in the female nymphs.
THELANDROS MAGNAVULVARIS (RANKIN, 1937) SCHAD, 1960 (NEMATODA: OXYUROIDEA) FROM THE GREEN SALAMANDER, ANEIDES AENEUS
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

Thelandros magnavulvaris, previously known only from females, is redescribed from both male and female specimens. It is distinguished from T. salamandrae, the species it most resembles, in that the vulva is pedunculate in the former but flush with the body wall in the latter. The males differ in spicule length, the spicule measuring 35–39 μ in T. salamandrae and 40–58 μ in T. magnavulvaris. As parasitic helminths have not been previously reported from Aneides aeneus, the records of T. magnavulvaris and Baerietta diana from this host are new.
BIONOMICS OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA FOERSTER, IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Wilde W. H. A. , Watson T. K.
Published: August 2008

In the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, develops only on pear. It overwinters in a variety of protected situations in or near pear trees, e.g., under bark scales, in ground crevices, occasionally under the bark of apple tree interplants in pear orchards, and even in such unlikely quarters as the nests of hornets. Four summer generations and an over-wintering generation occurred in 1961 and 1962. Development of the psyllid from egg to adult required 6 to 7 weeks in the cool weather of spring but only 4 to 5 weeks in midsummer. Heavy rains readily remove nymphs from leaves and twigs but cannot dislodge the firmly attached eggs. Adults have been noted clinging to leaves and twigs in winds of up to 55 miles per hour. Biological control of the pear psylla is affected mainly by two predators, the anthocorid bug, Anthocorus melanocerus Reuter, and the neuropteran, Chrysopa oculatus Say. Dormant oil sprays are detrimental to the anthocorid. There was a major migratory flight of the pear psylla in August and September and two minor migratory flights in late March and mid-June. Aitborne psyllids decreased in numbers with elevation.
A NEW SPECIES OF AMPELISCA (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS
Authors: Mills Eric L.
Published: August 2008

Ampelisca vadorum is described from eastern North American coastal waters. It has been confused since 1903 with the European Ampelsca spinipes Boeck, but differs considerably in morphology and ecology. A. spinipes is redescribed and figured. A deep-water record of A. spinipes from Cabot Strait refers to A. spinimana Chevreux. "Intersexes" in A. vadorum are really subadult males. Two generations per year occur north of Cape Hatteras. A small undescribed sibling species occurs in the same areas. Ten other western Atlantic Ampelisca species are discussed briefly, and a key is given to all species of the area.
VITAL DYES FOR MARKING LIVING ELATERID LARVAE
Authors: Zacharuk R. Y.
Published: August 2008

The following dyes appear to be suitable as internal vital markers for living wireworms: Nile blue sulphate, rhodamine B, Sudan black B, brilliant cresyl blue, acridine orange N, coriphosphine O, and brilliant fat scarlet. All are assimilated quickly after ingestion with food, are stored in the fat body for extended periods, can be seen distinctly through the integument, and have no apparent toxic effects. Their selective storage in the fat bodies appears to be a product of their content of the fat-soluble amino-ethyl or amino-methyl groups, and of a specific type of molecular configuration. These dyes will undoubtedly also be useful as vital markers for other insects, particularly those with thin, transparent integuments.
SITES OF FORMATION OF THE EXTRA NUCLEOLI DURING EARLY OOCYTE GROWTH IN THE FRESHWATER TELEOST SALVELINUS FONTINALIS MITCHILL
Authors: Chouinard L. A.
Published: August 2008

The behavior of nuclear structures during early oocyte growth in Salvelinus fontinalis is described with special attention focussed on the sites at which the extra nucleoli first appear. In the species investigated, the process of extra nucleoli formation begins at about the mid-pachytene stage of meiotic prophase and proceeds in an uninterrupted fashion until the late strepsitene stage is reached; during that period of time, close to a 150 extra nucleoli form within the nuclear cavity. From the mid-pachytene up to about the mid-strepsitene stage, our observations suggest that, while some of the extra nucleoli arise by successive growth and detachment from a single large heterochromatic body adjacent to the oocyte's original nucleolus, the others develop in contact with minute chromo-centers located in the peripheral portion of the nuclear cavity. The relevant observational evidence would seem to favor the view that the heterochromatic body adjacent to the oocyte's original nucleolus contains one of the four alleged pairs of nucleolar organizing regions of the usual nucleolar chromosomes. During the mid-strepsitene stage, on the other hand, our observations reveal that, while the heterochromatic body and the chromocenters disappear from view, additional extra nucleoli develop at various points along the length of a number of chromosomes. These observations are taken to indicate that non-heterochromatic chromosomal regions distinct from the nucleolar organizing regions of the usual nucleolar chromosomes are, during that period of meiotic prophase, instrumental in the formation of extra nucleoli. The significance of the above findings is discussed in relation to the observations of other workers on the sites of formation of nucleoli in general.
THE ENDOSKELETAL SALIVARY PUMPING APPARATUS IN REPRESENTATIVE BELOSTOMATIDAE (HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

The salivary pumping apparatus in representatives of the aquatic family Belostomatidae (Insecta) is discussed. Observations were based upon dissections of adult Lethocerus and histological serial sections through the heads of nymphal Belostoma. The simple, two-layered salivary pump, its afferent and efferent openings, and the paired afferent and single efferent ducts are described. Also discussed are the mechanism of the pumping apparatus and its relationship to other endoskeletal structures. The pump and efferent duct are hypopharyngeal specializations in the Heteroptera, the efferent duct originating as a groove in the floor of the hypopharyngeal lobe. In Belostomatidae this groove is closed anteriorly, but caudally it remains open ventrally.
DEPENDENCE OF CONVERSION RATIO ON THE DOSE OF RADIOIODINE IN FISH
Authors: Hoar W. S. , Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

Goldfish at 20 °C showed a correlation between the 4-day conversion ratio (CR) and dose of I131 over a dose range of 1.1 to 8.2 μc/gram body mass. Other aspects of I131 metabolism did not correlate with dose. Chum salmon at 12 °C also showed a correlation between CR and dose over a comparable range but goldfish (4 °C), chub (4° and 20 °C), steelhead trout (4 °C), and sockeye salmon (4 °C) showed no dependence of CR on I131 dose. Goldfish were unique amongst these species in possessing ruptured follicles and blood cells in the colloid. Ruptured follicles were also present in uninjected fish and there was no evidence to relate rupturing of follicles with dose-dependence of the CR.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENTAMOEBA: II. UNPRECEDENTED INSTANCES OF CANNIBALISM IN E. INVADENS AND E. TERRAPINAE
Authors: Lachance Brother Philippe J.
Published: August 2008

This first record of one entamoeba within another of the same species is from cultures of E. terrapinae and E. invadens. The possibility that the captive amoeba originated from an ingested cyst is rejected but six other hypotheses are discussed. Attempts to explain the absence to date of all forms of cannibalism in E. moshkovskii are based on the peculiar position of this free-living polysaprobe within a parasitic genus.
SEASONAL OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF DECAYING WOOD AS A COMPONENT OF THE MICROENVIRONMENT OF ORTHOSOMA BRUNNEUM (FORSTER) (COLEOPTERA:CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Paim U. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

The gaseous microenvironment of Orthosoma brunneum within decaying beech logs is investigated. The cores of rotting logs and mines of insects within the cores contain uniform concentrations of O2 and CO2. The larvae and the pupae of the beetle inhabit wood containing a minimum of 2% O2 and up to about 15% CO2. Wood containing less than 2% O2 is not infested. Wood temperature and moisture determine the concentrations of the gases in the wood: O2 and CO2 are low in the spring, both increase in concentration during the summer; O2 reaches a maximum while CO2 falls to a minimum in the winter.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE SPIRACLES OF A WOOD-BORING INSECT, ORTHOSOMA BRUNNEUM (FORSTER) (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Paim U. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

The respiratory gas exchange and the function of the spiracles in all stadia of Orthosoma brunneum are investigated. CO2is released discontinuously from the prepupae, pupae, resting adults, and molting larvae while the animals are in atmospheric air. The spiracular valve of the prepupae and pupae flutters irregularly within a small amplitude in air. At intervals corresponding to the CO2bursts the flutter amplitude increases. Intubation of one to two spiracles stops both CO2bursts and the wide opening of the spiracles. In 4% ambient O2or in 14% CO2the spiracles open widely and the CO2bursts are eliminated. Apparently, in this insect, inhabiting a moist environment, the spiracular control of external respiration is as highly developed as in free-living insects.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE PECTORALIS MUSCLES OF SOME PASSERINE BIRDS
Authors: Salt W. Ray
Published: August 2008

Although both the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor muscles of a number of species of passerine birds are red in color, the pectoralis majors are composed of only one type of fiber, a dark fiber, while the pectoralis minors are composed of dark and pale fibers. The two fibers differ in size and in fibrillar and non-fibrillar content. In the pectoralis minor muscles of the snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis, the ratio of dark to pale fibers is about two to one but this ratio differs in other species. It is suggested that the two types of fiber serve different functions in the pectoralis muscles and thus affect the mode of flight.
A CELLULOSE-HYDROLYZING FACTOR IN APHIDS
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

Extracts of 12 species of aphids differed in their capacities to reduce the viscosity of methyl cellulose (MC) substrates. The activity of these extracts varied from as much as 60% reduction of viscosity in 48 hours, when the species Myzus cerasi Fab. from Prunus pennsylvanica L. was used, to zero change when the extracts were from Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) from Salix babylonica L. Extracts from the remaining 10 species reduced the viscosity of MC substrates by about 25% in the same period. In many cases the activity of these extracts was almost doubled if the extract was heated in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes prior to being incubated with the MC; in only a few cases was it reduced. The plant host on which the aphids were cultured appeared to influence both the rate of activity and the effect of heating.
GROWTH OF THE VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED STRAIN OF LARVAL ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS IN C57L/J, B6AF1, AND A/J MICE
Authors: Lubinsky G. , Desser S.
Published: August 2008

It is shown that the vegetatively propagated strain of larval Echinococcus multilocularis grows in B6AF1 hybrids twice as fast as in the A/J mice. The growth rate in C57L/J mice is almost four times higher than in A/J mice. Interrelations between the growth rate of cysts, their calcium contents, and the numbers of rostellar hooks are discussed.
HELMINTHS FROM MANITOBA BIRDS
Authors: Hodasi J. K. M.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-one species of helminths—nine trematodes, five cestodes, six nematodes, and one acanthocephalan—are recorded from 85 birds examined. A number of new locality and new host records is reported.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN OF THE PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS)
Authors: Pfeiffer Wolfgang
Published: August 2008

The surface area of the olfactory epithelium of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is about 40% of the retinal area in 10- to 60-cm fish. In salmon up to 12 cm, growth of the olfactory epithelium occurs by increase in the size and number of the olfactory lamellae, in larger fish only by increase in the size of the lamellae. In adult salmon these primary lamellae develop secondary lamellae which can be seen in the unfixed tissue. The secondary lamellae, up to 10 in each primary lamella, consist only of a non-sensory mucous epithelium. Similar secondary lamellae were found in large rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and seem to be characteristic of salmonids.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND TYPE OF GRAIN ON POPULATIONS OF SITOPHILUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) AND ON THEIR MYCETOMAL MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , Ashton G. C. , Homan R.
Published: August 2008

Known numbers of parents of four described different types of Sitophilus weevils, normally reared on wheat at 27 °C, were used, in several experiments, to set up cultures on three kinds of grain at three different temperatures. The resulting progeny were counted and weighed. In an attempt to assess the quality of the populations a "productivity index" was devised as milligrams of progeny per milligram of parent. Many of the results were subjected to statistical analysis.Some of the findings indicated by the general biological observations made, and by the several statistical interactions manifested, were the following. Though the different types of weevils were differently affected by being reared on different kinds of grain, all types were adversely affected by being reared on white rice. The response of the different types of weevils to a rearing temperature of 31 °C varied with the kind of grain and type of weevil, and, in one type, was associated with loss of mycetomal microorganisms. In contrast, a type of weevil (MW) normally free of mycetomal microorganisms at 27 °C was less affected adversely by being reared at 31 °C than the corresponding type (GG) normally harboring them. It is suggested that, in precise work with these weevils, investigators should determine with which strain they are working. Cause and effect are discussed. It is suggested that no single index can adequately express simultaneously both the quality and quantity of a population.
THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF GRASSHOPPERS: II. EFFECTS OF PLANT PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND EXTRACTS OF BRAN ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF THE GRASSHOPPERS MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY) AND CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (SCUDDER)
Authors: Nayar J. K.
Published: August 2008

Nymphs of the grasshopper Camnula pellucida (Scudder) were reared successfully to the adult stage on the chemically defined synthetic diet used for Melano-plus bivittatus (Say). Effects of wheat-germ oil, two fractions of wheat-germ oil (neutral lipid fraction and phospholipid fraction), and lecithins on growth, development, and survival of M. bivittutus and C. pellucida were studied. Experiments showing enhanced growth and development of both these species of grasshoppers, after the addition of phospholipid fraction of wheat-germ oil in the synthetic diet, were confirmed by incorporating commercially available phospholipids, as phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol (which are constituents of wheat-germ oil), in the synthetic diet. As growth could occur on diets lacking special gustatory substances but containing only essential nutrients, the apparent improvements in growth and development of nymphs on diets containing phospholipids were attributed to enhanced palatability of the diet. The effects of higher moisture rontent available because of the use of different-sized cages for rearing were also demonstrated on both the species of grasshoppers. Higher relative humidity available in small plastic dishes improved growth and development of M. bivittatus nymphs, but these factors did not show any apparent effects on growth and development of C. pellucida nymphs. Ether extract of bran did not improve growth of either species, but ethanol extract of ether-extracted bran and ether-and-ethanol-extracted bran improved growth of both the species to a great extent. M. bivittatus could eat and grow from firat-instar nymphs to the adult stage on bran, whereas C. pellucida. nymphs could not grow and survive on bran alone. Behavioral differences of the two species of grasshoppers were discussed.
THE RETROCEREBRAL GLANDS OF MOSQUITO LARVAE
Authors: Rempel J. G. , Rueffel P. G.
Published: August 2008

The comparative morphology of the retrocerebral gland complex of 10 genera of mosquito larvae, including 52 species, has been investigated. The complex consists of two distinct bodies attached to the transverse trachea in the anterior part of the prothorax. Each body is considered to be an association of the corpus allatum, the corpus cardiacum, and the prothoracic gland.In Aedes larvae the shape of the complex varies markedly between species and even within species. In Anopheles larvae it is elongated and flask-shaped; in Culiseta it is short and broad, ending distally in one or more line points; in Culex it is small and triangular. In Psorophora larvae it varies greatly in shape and size, being large in predacious forms, small in non-predacious; it may be sac-like or pointed at the end. In Mansonia perturbans it is small and spindle-shaped; in Wyeomyia hanyei it is small and U-shaped; in Orthopodomyia signifera, small and triangular. In Toxorhynchites rutilus, a predacious form, it is narrow and unusually large. In Opifex fusca it is triangular, with the inner lateral margin as the base.Not only may the complex vary in size and shape within a species, but even within a specimen the two bodies may differ to a remarkable degree.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GASES ON THE MOTILITY AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAE AND PUPAE OF ORTHOSOMA BRUNNEUM (FORSTER) (COL. CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Paim U. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

During the present work, larvae and pupae of Orthosoma brunneum were exposed to various concentrations of gases in several situations to observe the effect on their motility and survival. The larvae died in very low O2 (0.6%) but lived in remarkably low O2 (1%). Rate of movement decreased in CO2 around 50% and larvae were finally narcotized, but were not killed after 10 days in 80% CO2. Pupae showed no effects of 97% CO2 within 10 days. Certainty the environmental CO2 experienced by the larvae and pupae in decaying wood would not be harmful. Low O2 (below 0.6%) found in some wet logs would kill the larvae.
THE RELATION OF ABDOMINAL DISTENSION AND NUTRITION TO MOLTING IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS (STÅHL) (HEMIPTERA)
Authors: Beckel W. E. , Friend W. G.
Published: August 2008

When fourth-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus feed on 0.15 molar NaCl solution, the solution moves out of the gut into the haemolymph space, collapsing the gut within 36 hours after feeding; the abdominal walls are still stretched. Under these conditions the molting cycle is initiated. When similar nymphs are fed 0.15 M NaCl plus 6% dextran, the solution remains in the gut: therefore the gut and the abdomen are stretched. The amount of distension is similar to that in animals fed on blood. Under these conditions the molting cycle is initiated. As there are no available nutrients in either of these diets, molting can be initiated solely by the mechanical stimulus of abdominal distension. The histology of epidermal cells, fat body cells, sternal intersegmental muscles, and oenocytes of nymphs fed rabbit blood, saline, and dextran in saline are compared.
EFFECTS OF GLYCEROL ON COLD-HARDINESS IN INSECTS
Authors: Sømme Lauritz
Published: August 2008

The effects of glycerol on cold-hardiness in insects and seasonal changes in glycerol concentrations were investigated. The presence of this polyhydric alcohol was demonstrated in overwintering stages of 10 species. Larvae of one species also contained sorbitol, and eggs of two species another polyhydric alcohol, probably mannitol.Evidence gathered from various diapausing species showed that glycerol accumulated during the fall. This increase in concentration was observed in eggs of one species at temperatures ranging from −5° to 20 °C. No decrease in glycerol content was observed in any species as long as it was in diapause. After diapause was broken glycerol was lost in all species, in some even at temperatures down to −5 °C. Increase in concentration was never found in postdiapause insects. In two species, which do not have a diapause, the glycerol content increased below a certain temperature and decreased at higher temperatures.Three species were freezing-tolerant, although one contained less than 3% and another no glycerol, whereas eight species, most of which contained more than 15%, were killed by freezing. Thus glycerol alone cannot protect against freezing injuries.In several species the cold-hardiness was increased by the presence of glycerol because supercooling points were depressed. These depressions were more than those of the corresponding melting points. The regression of amount of supercooling on concentration of glycerol was linear in five species.
NOTES ON SOME PELAGIC AND SOME SWARMING POLYCHAETA TAKEN OFF THE COAST OF PERU
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Thirty-four free-swimming Polychaeta are recorded from the coast of Peru. Twenty-four of these records are of true pelagic species; the remainder are probably all of swarmers of benthic forms, but in four cases the adults are unknown. Most of the pelagics have been previously recorded from the region, but a few are new to it. In some instances geographical distributions are extended. A new species of Nicon (Nereidae) is described in the male heteronereid stage.
CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM IN THE BLACKFLY SIMULIUM VITTATUM (ZETT.)
Authors: Pasternak J.
Published: August 2008

Natural populations of the blackfly Simulium vittatum (Zett.) show a high degree of inversion polymorphism. Except for seven different two-step overlapping sequences in the short arm of chromosome I, all inversions are simple paracentrics. In all, 134 different arrangements have been found so far. A small inversion (IIIL-1) that is restricted to the Y chromosome is present in some populations from Ontario, New York, and Wisconsin.In the populations studied, there is no sibling speciation. Hardy-Weinberg tests of 226 inversions showed seven inversions that are not in equilibrium. Tests for intra-arm associations revealed that a few inversions in some chromosome arms are carried in the repulsion or coupled position to excess. It was demonstrated that non-random associations exist between certain inversions on different chromosomes. The inversion limits appear in clusters along chromosome arms IS, IL, IIL, and IIIL. The frequencies and distribution of all the inversions are presented in an appendix. The discussion compares these observations with the results from other dipteran inversion studies.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE STANDARD RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF FISHES
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: August 2008

The standard rate of oxygen consumption for brook and brown trout acclimated to 10 °C and exposed to natural daylight varied seasonally. For male brook trout, standard oxygen consumption increased from a low of 30 mg/kg hour during March and April to a maximum of 63 mg/kg hour during the late fall spawning period. The standard rates of the females approximated those for males. For male brown trout, standard oxygen uptake increased from a value of approximately 20 mg/kg hour during the winter and spring months to a high of roughly 30 mg/kg hour during the fall spawning period. Little change was observed in the standard oxygen consumption of female brown trout.
A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF THE GROWTH OF POPULATIONS OF THE FLOUR BEETLE TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL. VIII. A FURTHER STUDY OF THE "RE-TUNNELLING" PROBLEM
Authors: Stanley John
Published: August 2008

When Tribolium or similar beetles live in a mass of flour, they produce a persistent random plexus of tunnels. They may re-traverse these or destroy them by the disturbance of adjacent tunnelling. An earlier (1949) theory of the author is re-examined, allowing for differences in preference for initial boring and re-traversal and for differences in speed in these two kinds of movement. The possibility of tunnel-destruction is also considered. Explicit equations are derived for the volumes of total tunnel, new tunnel, and old tunnel, as well as for volumes of re-traversal and for the average numbers of passages through the various kinds of tunnel. Some errors in the model of 1949 are corrected, and, in general, the results are much closer to the true picture. A numerical example is shown, using arbitrary parameters. These must be used as almost all the actual parameters are not determinable as yet, with present techniques, though they may be so, in the future.
STUDIES IN THE MODE OF ACTION OF ROYAL JELLY IN HONEYBEE DEVELOPMENT: IV. DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE BRAIN AND RETROCEREBRAL COMPLEX OF FEMALE HONEYBEE LARVAE
Authors: Canetti Sylvia J. , Shuel R. W. , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

Histological evidence is presented for a caste difference in endocrine activity during the critical period of determination in the larval honeybee. Until the last larval instar, neurosecretory cells in the brain of the honeybee larva remain undifferentiated. During this undifferentiated period there is a quantitative difference in apparent activity, as evidenced by the frequency of occurrence of cytoplasmic particles in certain large neuroblasts. Whereas the histological criteria for neurosecretory cells cannot be fulfilled, the brain is presumably exercising a regulatory role in growth and development. These large neuroblasts with phloxinophil inclusions are the likely candidate cells. Between the ages of 40 and 80 hours there is considerably more activity in the queen larva than in the worker. At this time the corpora cardiaca are non-existent as discrete organs.Changes in size and histological appearance of the corpora allata indicate a progressive increase in activity during the first 3 days. In the queen, nuclear degeneration with an apparent cessation of activity occurs in the third and fourth instars. In the late larval and propupal stages a reorganisation occurs. This reorganization is characterized by the reappearance of a discrete nuclear membrane and well-defined nuclei. The presence of intercellular spaces, however, suggests a lack of activity. The corpora allata of worker larvae attain a smaller size during larval life; nuclear degeneration and subsequent reorganization have not been observed in worker larvae.The significance of these caste differences in endocrine activity is discussed.
OXYSOMATIUM INGLISI N. SP. (NEMATODA: COSMOCERCIDAE) FROM THE BULLFROG (RANA CATESBEIANA)
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Oxysomatium inglisi n. sp. from the intestine of Rana catesbeiana Shaw of Algonquin Park, Ontario, is most similar to O. giganticum (Olsen, 1938) but its well-developed lips, and a prominent swelling before the oesophageal bulb, readily distinguish it from this species.
HYDROLYZING ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN AND THE RETROCEREBRAL SYSTEM OF THE AMERICAN COCKROACH (PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (L)) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEUROSECRETORY MATERIALS
Authors: Shao Y. Y. , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

Some hydrolyzing enzymes have been investigated by histochemical and biochemical methods. Almost all neurons in the brain contain acid phosphatases. About half of the total activity is associated with subcellular particles. Most of the acid-phosphatase activity in the corpora cardiaca (CC) is associated with the neurosecretory materials (NSM). Elementary neurosecretory granules (ENG) have been isolated from the CC by fractionation and subfractionation procedures and subjected to in vitro enzyme activity studies. Electron micrographs of the subfraction having the highest acid-phosphatase activity are discussed in relation to three types or "stages" of ENG. About 80% of the total esterase activity in the brain and the retrocerebral system has been found to be in a "soluble" form. The remaining 20%, the "insoluble" forms, may be associated with subcellular organelles. The methods of Gomori and Burstone for acid-phosphatase localizations are compared, and differing results discussed. The possible roles or functions of acid phosphatases and esterases in the neurosecretory system are discussed.
CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE GONAD OF THE AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA (GMELIN)
Authors: Kennedy Austina V. , Battle Helen I.
Published: August 2008

Cyclic changes in the gonad of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), a dioecious, oviparous lamellibranch, are described as they occurred toward the most northerly limit of the range, Malpeque Bay, P.E.I., Canada, during 1961 and 1962. The gonad, composed of right and left gonadal lobes lying immediately beneath the mantle, consists of extensively branched follicles comprising the outer margin of the visceral mass. The follicles open into peripherally located ducts which lead into paired gonoducts terminating in the suprabranchial chamber. During the fall and winter the germinal epithelium is in an indifferent or inactive state. The sex for the current season is distinguishable when proliferation commences in May. Maximum gonadal development occurs in late June or early July as determined by comparison of gonadal width to body width in mid-transverse sections. Primary oocytes are initially distinguishable from oogonia by the presence of a distinct nucleolus, and later by an amphinucleolus consisting of a plasmosome and a karyosome. Seasonal growth of the primary oocyte was followed by a planimetry method using measurements of total area and nuclear area from prepared sections. The spindle for the first meiotic division is established immediately on rupture of the oocyte from the follicular wall. Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis are completed within the follicle. Following spawning, amoebocytes infiltrate the follicles and interfollicular connective tissue to phagocytize unspawned gametes. By late October the follicles of both male and female consist of a low germinal epithelium and a few unresorbed gametes, and remain inactive until proliferation the following spring.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LARVAE OF ORTHOSOMA BRUNNEUM (FORSTER) (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE) IN RELATION TO GASES FOUND IN THE LOGS INHABITED BY THE LARVAE
Authors: Paim U. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

During the present study we tested the influence of the gas concentrations found in logs on the behavior of Orthosoma brunneum larvae. We also tested gas concentrations far higher than found in nature. Feeding larvae gather in places containing over 0.03% CO2; where a choice of 0.03–100% CO2is available, they select the place containing 30–50% CO2. They do not congregate selectively in varied concentrations of O2, N2, or CH4. When the larvae cease feeding, although active, they no longer gather in places containing a higher concentration of CO2than 0.03%. These findings are related to the occurrence of the larvae in the natural environment.
ON THE BIOLOGY OF PROTEOCEPHALUS PARALLACTICUS MACLULICH (CESTODA) IN ALGONQUIN PARK, CANADA
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

Proteocephalus parallacticus MacLulich is common throughout the year in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Beginning in late May or early June and continuing to early autumn, gravid worms occur throughout the summer in approximately 25% of the trout 3 to 4 years old or older. Plerocercoids may develop within 30 to 40 days at 16 °C in Cyclops bicuspidatus, C. vernalis, and probably C. scutifer, but not in several other copepods which were tested; female C. bicuspidatus are most suitable. Normal growth is rare in copepods at 20 °C, and probably little growth occurs below 10 °C. In the gut of the trout plerocercoid I, the plerocercoid from the copepod, requires at least 30 to 40 days at optimal 12 °C to grow to plerocercoid II, which is morphologically identical to but approximately 10 times larger than plerocercoid I; in another 35 days or less plerocercoid II segments and grows to a gravid adult. The maximum temperature for growth is approximately 14 °C, and growth is slow below 10 °C. Trout may be infected directly with plerocercoid I from the copepod, or with plerocercoids varying from I to II taken from the gut of other fish. Thus the plerocercoid of P. parallacticus has two phases of growth, one in the copepod and the other in the fish. The latter occurs within the gut rather than parenterally as with P. ambloplitis.
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEMIPTERAN CRANIUM
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

A possible explanation of how the ancestral hemipteran head could have evolved from a basic pterygote plan is presented. It is proposed that the lateral cranial region descended ventrally as a parietal lobe, giving rise to the lamina maxillaris and maxillary plate, while the hypopharynx expanded laterally to form the loral plate. The maxillary and mandibular appendage anlagen produced only the stylets, and did not contribute to the head capsule. These stylets were first concealed in the atrial cavity between the parietal lobe and the hypopharynx; the cavity later closed laterally to form separate stylet sacs. The food and salivary pumps arose through the lateral closure of the cibarium and salivarium respectively. These changes brought about a closure of the external clefts between various parts of the cranium. In some modern Hemiptera the lines of fusion have been retained as sulci; in others they have disappeared. Although the homopteran cranium is very similar to the hypothetical ancestral head, the heteropteran cranium shows further modifications, such as the formation of a posterior cranial wall, the loss of the tentorium, and the obliteration of many external sulci. Both modern hemipteran orders show much variation in cranial structure.
EMBRYOGENESIS OF MESOLEIUS TENTHREDINIS MORL. (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Bronskill Joan F.
Published: August 2008

The embryogenesis of the parasitic ichneumonid Mesoleius tenthredinis Morl. is more similar to that of the ichneumonid Pimpla turionellae (L.) than to that of the other monembryonic ichneumonids (Banchus femoralis (Thoms.) and Diadegma vestigialis (Ratz.)) that have been studied in detail. The differences between the embryogeny of M. tenthredinis and that of P. turionellae are reduction of periplasm; proliferation of the middle plate cells after their overgrowth by the lateral plates; extension of the tail end of the germ anlage to produce a dorsal, anal opening; intercellular pole cell reentry just before the occurrence of gastrulation caudally; no rudimentary amnion; and incorporation of many deutoplasmic granules in the serosal cells, so that the embryo is completely surrounded by a layer of deutoplasm following embryonic envelope formation. The mode of embryonal development indicates that P. turionellae and M. tenthredinis are primitive endoparasitoids.
STARVATION STUDIES OF LARVAL HONEY BEES
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: August 2008

When larvae of the three castes of honey bees are starved under natural or laboratory conditions, some produce dwarf adults. To test the effects of larval starvation on subsequent development, larvae of various weights were removed from their food and put into gelatin capsules; (a) success in completing prepupal and pupal ecdyses, (b) weight after the pupal ecdysis, (c) time for development, and (d) type of adult reared were recorded. The longer the larval feeding period for the three castes, the more successful were tie ecdyses. Developmental failure was high if worker, drone, and queen larvae were removed from their food when they were 60–65%, 85%, and 60–65% of the weights of control larvae respectively. The developmental times of workers or drones did not vary significantly with the various larval weights but those of larvae from queen cells increased with decrease in larval weight. The various-sized adult drones reared did not appear to differ in gross external appearance but the smaller workers had proportionately longer wings than the larger ones. Adults reared from the smallest larvae from queen cells resembled workers (or intercastes) whereas those from the largest larvae resembled queens.
NEW SPECIES OF FORCIPOMYIA IN THE LASIOHELEA COMPLEX DESCRIBED IN ALL STAGES (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Saunders L. G.
Published: August 2008

Kieffer's genus Lasiohelea is now recognized as an association of subgenera of Forcipomyia having in common an elongated second radial cell in the wing. Tokunaga separated two of the component subgenera of this Lasiohelea complex, using adult characters. The present paper introduces the evidence of the early stages, adding six new species to the subgenus Lasiohelea, four to Neoforcipomyia, and one to Warmkea.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SOMATIC MUSCLE CELLS OF THE NEMATODE CAPILLARIA HEPATICA (BANCROFT, 1893)
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The fine structure of the somatic muscle cells of the parasitic nematode Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) has been examined using both electron microscopy and light-microscope histochemistry. The general cell architecture conforms to that of coelomyarian muscle cells as known from earlier lightmicroscope studies of other nematodes, except in the identity of the contractile elements of the cell. Myofilaments, approximately 250 Å in diameter, are located throughout the contractile region of the cell. These myofilaments may follow helical paths within the sarcoplasm. The significance of dense, lipoprotein thickenings which occur along the inner surface of the cell membrane of the contractile region, and of flattened, sac-like membrane units which lie close to the cell membrane of this region, is as yet unknown. Glycogen occupies most of the cell body of the muscle cell, while mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi zones are located in the peripheral and perinuclear cytoplasm. The sarcolemma consists of the cell membrane and an extracellular layer of material closely associated with it. This extracellular component of the sarcolemma is thickest around the contractile region of the cell. The muscle cells are underlaid by a basement membrane continuous with that under the cells of the hypodermal cords.
DOSE FRACTIONATION AND RECOVERY FROM X RAYS IN RHODNIUS
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Shaver Evelyn L.
Published: August 2008

Recovery from radiation-induced damage has been studied in Rhodnius prolixus by comparing the effects of single exposures with those of fractionated exposures to the same total dose (6000 r). Immature fourth-instar nymphs, irradiated as above, showed an equal amount of recovery from molting delay (in days) with intervals ranging from 0 to 250 hours between irradiation and feeding. Recovery was most rapid during the first 16 hours. In the case of the single exposure of 6000 r, molting was reduced almost to control levels within the full recovery period of 2048 hours.
THE SELECTION OF A DDT-TOLERANT STRAIN OF MICE AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THAT STRAIN
Authors: Ozburn G. W. , Morrison F. O.
Published: August 2008

A colony of laboratory mice selected by intraperitoneal injection of DDT in sesame oil developed definite DDT-tolerance by generation 10. This tolerance was found to extend to the related chemicals lindane and dieldrin when administered by intraperitoneal injection. Fecundity, growth, and visual health were unimpaired.
FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN THE TROPICAL SEA URCHIN DIADEMA ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI
Authors: Lewis John B.
Published: August 2008

Diadema antillarum Philippi feeds principally upon algae. Feeding activity is greatest during the afternoon and early evening and food passes through the gut in 8–12 hours. Because of the considerable amount of calcium carbonate ingested with its food, the species is of importance as an erosive agent on reefs. Enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrates with α glucoside and β glucoside linkages are present in the gut. Secretion of carbohydrases takes place in the caecum. Proteases are secreted by the caecum and foregut. A weak lipase is present. The histology of the digestive tract is described.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: VIII. KARYOTYPES OF SPECIES OF OESTRIDAE, HYPODERMATIDAE, AND CUTEREBRIDAE
Authors: Boyes J. W.
Published: August 2008

The karyotypes of five parasitic species of higher Diptera are described in detail. These species are Cuterebra emasculator Fitch (Cuterebridae), Cephenomyia phobifer Clark and Oestrus ovis L. (Oestridae), and Hypoderma bovis L. and H. lineatum (Villers) (Hypodermatidae). All five species have six pairs of chromosomes. There are great differences in length and morphology of the sex chromosomes in these species. There are also differences among the autosomal pairs. The results of karyotype analyses are tentatively interpreted as being consistent with the suggestions of other authors that the Cuterebridae may be primitive cyclorraphids and that the Calliphoroidea may constitute a monophyletic group.
ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKE HAZEN, ELLESMERE ISLAND, AND A NEARBY POND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COPEPOD CYCLOPS SCUTIFER SARS
Authors: McLaren I. A.
Published: August 2008

Zooplankton was studied in the large, high-arctic Lake Hazen and in a small nearby pond. Primary (O2) production in Lake Hazen may have occurred largely before the ice began to melt, but was unmeasurable in summer. Primary production in the pond was about the same as in other small arctic lakes, Cyclops scutifer was overwhelmingly dominant in Lake Hazen. C. scutifer and Daphnia middendorffiana were commonest in the pond. C, scutifer is annual in Scandinavia, often with coexisting spring-born and fall-born generations. On Ellesmere Island the pond appears to contain alternating annual and biennial generations, whereas the species is strictly biennial in Lake Hazen. Numbers of C. scutifer in Lake Hazen were greatly reduced as a result of summer ice conditions between 1958 and 1961, while the rotifer Keratella hiemalis increased. Estimated mean standing crop (96 mg/m2) and net production (1.0 mg/m2 day) in dry weight ol C. scutifer in Lake Hazen during the summer of 1958 were extremely low. In early August the crop of this species in the pond was abont the same as in Lake Hazen, but net production was sonic 15 times as large, and other zooplankters added considerably to crop and production of the pond.
EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS LOW-LEVEL GAMMA-IRRADIATION ON SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS OF DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (ZETT.) (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

D. fuscipennis were reared under continuous gamma-radiation at 10, 5, and 2.5 r/hr. At 10 r/hr the population failed to reach the third generation. After two generations at 5 r/hr the population was reduced in numbers to 20% or less of the control population, hut managed to survive for the seven generations through which the experiments were continued. At 2.5 r/hr the numbers in the first five generations were reduced below those of the controls, but had completely recovered by the sixth generation.
EFFECT OF DESTRUCTION OF THE NOTOCHORD IN THE STUMP ON TAIL REGENERATION IN THE AMMOCOETES
Authors: Niazi I. A.
Published: August 2008

The study was undertaken to investigate the source of cells for regeneration of the notochord after tail amputation in the ammocoetes, and also to study the role of this organ in regeneration of the tail as a whole. After the tail was amputated, the stump notochord was destroyed or its exposed end was cauterized. Notochord differentiation in the regenerates occurred only in those cases in which the stump notochord was not destroyed effectively. It is concluded that for the formation of a new notochord in the regenerate, the cells must be derived from the corresponding tissue in the stump. Well-differentiated and segmentally arranged myotomes were found even in those regenerates which lacked a notochord completely, and in which the notochord had been removed for a considerable distance from the amputation level. It is suggested that regeneration and segmentation of muscles after tail amputation are independent of the notochord. In its absence, however, the regenerated tail remains stumpy and rounded, and the redifferentiated myotomes are restricted to its proximal region. The suggestion is made that the notochord, by stretching the tail, mechanically influences proper distribution of cells in the blastema.