bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of nutritional status of patients waiting for liver transplantation
Authors: Ferreira Lívia G. , Anastácio Lucilene R. , Lima Agnaldo S. , Correia Maria I.T.D.
Published: March 2010

Ferreira LG, Anastácio LR, Lima AS, Correia MITD. Assessment of nutritional status of patients waiting for liver transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 248–254. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Patients with advanced liver disease have several risk factors to develop nutritional deficiencies. Accurate nutritional assessment is a real challenge because many of the traditionally measured parameters of nutritional status vary with severity of liver disease independently of nutritional status. The objective of this study was to compare different tools used to assess the nutritional status of patients waiting for a liver transplant. Patients were nutritionally assessed by SGA, anthropometry, handgrip dynamometry and biochemical tests. Clinical variables were cross analyzed with the nutritional assessment methods. There were 159 patients followed. Malnutrition ranged from 6.3% to 80.8% according to the different methods used. Agreement among all the methods was low (K < 0.26). Malnutrition prevalence according to different nutritional assessment tools did not differ among this group of patients in relation to the etiology of liver disease (p > 0.05) but increased with the more advanced stages of disease according to the Child‐Pugh score. Only SGA showed significant relationships with clinical variables (Child‐Pugh scores, p < 0.05; presence of ascites and/or edema, p < 0.01; and encephalopathy, p < 0.01). The various methods used showed great variability of results, lack agreement among them, and only SGA showed correlation with the progression of liver disease.
Low rainfall‐induced shift in leaf trait relationship within species along a semi‐arid sandy land transect in northern China
Authors: Wei H. , Wu B. , Yang W. , Luo T.
Published: March 2010

It is unclear whether the shift in leaf traits between species of high‐ and low‐rainfall sites is caused by low rainfall or by species replacement, because leaf traits vary substantially among species and sites. Our objective was to test if the within‐species relationship between specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N concentration (Nmass) shifts across a rainfall gradient in the semi‐arid sandy lands of northern China. Data for SLA and Nmass of dominant species and related canopy and soil variables were collected from 33 plots along a rainfall transect (270–390 mm) having similar temperatures in the Mu Us, Inner Mongolia. We further investigated the generality of Mu Us data using 12 additional plots in the southeastern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai. Artemisia ordosica is a widespread species in both regions. Across and within species, the positive SLA–Nmass relationship shifted between two plant groups in the lowest rainfall plots (270 mm) and other higher rainfall plots (320–390 mm), which was confirmed by additional data from Qinghai. For A. ordosica populations, leaf area index (LAI) decreased and Nmass increased with decreasing rainfall, while the foliage N pool and SLA varied little. Rainfall was the limiting factor that determined variations in Nmass and LAI. Accordingly, Nmass/SLA ratios continually increased with decreasing LAI along the rainfall gradient (r = −0.76, P < 0.001). Results indicate a low rainfall‐induced shift in the SLA–Nmass relationship associated with changes in LAI and foliage N pool, suggesting a link between leaf characteristics and ecosystem function.
Supplemental ultraviolet‐B and ozone: impact on antioxidants, proteome and genome of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L. cv. Padmini)
Authors: Tripathi R. , Sarkar A. , Pandey Rai S. , Agrawal S. B.
Published: March 2010

The present investigation used Linum usitatissimum L. cv. Padmini (linseed), under field conditions in open‐top chambers, to evaluate the interactive effects of supplemental ultraviolet‐B (sUV‐B; ambient +7.2 kJ·m−2·d−1) and ozone (O3; ambient +10 ppb). Treatment of plants with sUV‐B and O3, individually or in combination, caused several changes in enzymatic and non‐enzymatic components of the antioxidant defence system. Photo‐oxidative damage caused by sUV‐B and O3, included lipid peroxidation, changed protein profiles and caused DNA strand breakage. One‐dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that proteins of 222.24 and 50.5 kDa are specific and appear after sUV‐B and O3 exposure, and could be used as indicator proteins. Effects of sUV‐B and O3 given separately are more detrimental as compared to combined treatment. Mutational and structural alterations in linseed DNA after these stresses were also examined using RAPD with ten different primers. The study concluded that both stresses, i.e. sUV‐B and O3, are phytotoxic, causing significant changes in metabolites, antioxidants, the leaf proteome and the genome of linseed, but their interactive effect was always less than additive.
Improvement of Fertility in Artificially Inseminated Ewes Following Vaginal Treatment with Misoprostol Plus Terbutaline Sulphate
Authors: Horta AEM , Barbas JP , Marques CC , Baptista MC , Vasques MI , Pereira RM , Mascarenhas RD , Cavaco‐Gonçalves S
Published: March 2010

Contents

The effect of vaginal administration of misoprostol plus terbutaline sulphate 6 h prior to artificial insemination (AI) upon the site of AI (vaginal or cervical) and fertility was studied using a total of 87 estrous synchronized Serra da Estrela ewes (control n = 42 and treated n = 45). Artificial insemination was performed using refrigerated semen at 54–55 h after sponge removal. Lambing rate (fertility) and prolificacy were compared between control and treated ewes. The effect of the site of semen deposition on fertility was also evaluated. Prolificacy rate was not different between control (1.5) and treated (1.59) ewes. The proportion of cervical AI achieved in control (45.2%) and treated (37.8%) ewes was not significantly different. Overall, fertility was significantly lower in control than in treated ewes (42.9% vs 64.4%; p < 0.04). Fertility following vaginal AI was significantly lower for control for than treated ewes (30.4% vs 60.7%; p < 0.03) but the difference was smaller and not significant for cervical AI (control 57.9% vs 70.6%). It was concluded that vaginal administration of misoprostol plus terbutaline sulphate 6 h prior to artificial insemination did not affect the proportion of cervical inseminations but significantly improved the fertility of treated ewes. Although needing confirmation, it was hypothesized that drugs might have induced local secretory modifications leading to an increase of cervical ability to retain more viable spermatozoa for fertilization.
N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine inhibits bleomycin‐induced interleukin‐8 secretion by bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Gon Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Shu , Nakayama Tomoko , Matsumoto Ken , Koura Toshiya , Takeshita Ikuko , Horie Takashi
Published: March 2010

Objective:

Bleomycin (BLM) has proven effective for the treatment of cancers, but the most serious dose‐limiting side‐effect is the development of pulmonary toxicity. Although the precise mechanism in the pathogenesis of BLM‐induced lung injury has not been determined, oxygen radicals and neutrophils are indicated to play a key role in it. Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) is thought to be an important mediator of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury.

Methodology:

The IL‐8 production from bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS‐2B cells was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for IL‐8.

Results:

The concentrations of IL‐8 were reportedly elevated in BLM‐induced lung injury, suggesting the involvement of IL‐8 in the pathogenesis of BLM‐induced lung injury. In the present study, we showed that BLM induced the expression of IL‐8 protein and mRNA in BEAS‐2B cells, and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) inhibited IL‐8 expression. In addition, the structurally unrelated anti‐oxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) also effectively inhibited BLM‐induced IL‐8 production.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that anti‐oxidant‐sensitive mechanism might be involved in the inhibition of IL‐8 secretion by BLM‐stimulated bronchial epithelial cells and that NAC might be useful for the treatment of BLM‐induced lung injury.
Parasympathetic neurotransmission in rabbit isolated bronchus is modulated at prejunctional sites via endothelinBreceptor stimulation
Authors: McKay Karen O. , Johnson Peter R. A. , Black Judith L. , Armour Carol L.
Published: March 2010

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism involved in endothelin‐induced potentiation of the response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation.

Methodology:

We used autoradiographic and functional studies in rabbit isolated bronchi.

Results:

Autoradiography revealed dense binding sites for radiolabelled endothelin‐3 over bronchial parasympathetic ganglia. The contractile response of the bronchus to electrical field stimulation was significantly potentiated by endothelin‐3, endothelin‐1, sarafotoxin S6c and BQ‐3020 to 326 ± 53%, 293 ± 63%, 514 ± 119% and 655 ± 178%, respectively, of control values. The endothelin‐3‐induced potentiation of neurally evoked responses was not affected by the presence of propranolol, phentolamine or hexamethonium. The potentiation was also unaltered by pretreatment with the endothelinAreceptor antagonist BQ‐123 (3 μmol/L), but was significantly reduced in the presence of the combined endothelinA/endothelinBreceptor antagonist PD 145065, indicating that the potentiation was mediated via endothelinBreceptors. Confirmation of endothelinBreceptor involvement in the neuropotentiation was obtained by demonstration of a significant amelioration of the potentiation in the presence of the endothelinBreceptor selective antagonist BQ‐788, and after endothelinBreceptor desensitization by the endothelinBreceptor selective agonist sarafotoxin S6b.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that the endothelin‐induced potentiation of parasympathetic neural responses in the rabbit bronchus is mediated via endothelinBreceptor activation.
Lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years in a multiracial Asian country
Authors: Liam Chong‐Kin , Lim Kim‐Hatt , Wong Catherine Mee‐Ming
Published: March 2010

Objective:

This study aimed to determine whether the clinicopathological features of lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years differ from that of older patients in an Asian country.

Methodology:

We undertook a review of the clinicopathological data of all patients with confirmed primary lung cancer at the Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from October 1991 to September 1999.

Results:

Of the 580 patients with lung cancer, 36 (6.2%; 23 males, 13 females) were 21–39 years old at diagnosis. The percentage of people who had never smoked was higher among the younger patients (58.3%vs 19.1%, P < 0.001). Although adenocarcinoma was the most common cell type in both groups, its incidence was higher in the younger patients (24/36 (66.7%) vs 228/544 (41.9%), P = 0.007). The mean World Health Organization performance status at presentation was worse in the younger patients (2.4 vs 2, P = 0.007). In the case of non‐small cell lung cancer, all the younger patients presented with either stage IIIb or metastatic disease compared to 77.2% of the older patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Younger lung cancer patients were more likely than older patients to have never smoked, to have adenocarcinoma, and to present with poorer performance status and with more advanced‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer.
Bronchiolitis obliterans in children: Clinical profile and diagnosis
Authors: Chan P. W. K. , Muridan R. , Debruyne J. A.
Published: March 2010

Objective:

The aim of the study was to determine the clinical profile, aetiology and radiological categories in children diagnosed with bronchiolitis obliterans (BO).

Methodology:

We undertook a review of the medical records and radiological studies of 14 children with BO.

Results:

Unresolving cough and wheeze after a short respiratory illness was the commonest presentation. A viral pneumonitis was identified as the initial respiratory event prior to the development of BO in six children and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the cause in another three children. Chest X‐ray findings could be divided into four distinct patterns that were hyperinflation (n = 5), mixed pattern of atelectasis, hyperlucency and bronchial thickening (n = 4), unilateral small hyperlucent lung (n = 3) and unilateral collapse of one lung (n = 2). High resolution computed tomogram (HRCT) chest showing areas of hyperaeration and mosaic ground glass patterns with bronchial thickening were commonly found in patients whose chest X‐ray showed bilateral changes. Patients with bilateral lung changes were more likely to have failure to thrive and persistent respiratory symptoms on follow up.

Conclusion:

A diagnosis of BO can be made from typical clinical features combined with an understanding of the different chest X‐ray categories and HRCT of the chest. A viral aetiology was the commonest cause for BO in our series.
Pulmonary nocardiosis during immunosuppressive therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Maeno Yuri , Sando Yoshichika , Ubukata Mikio , Maeno Toshitaka , Tajima Syunji , Hosono Tatsuya , Sato Mahito , Tsukagoshi Masaaki , Suga Tatsuo , Kurabayashi Masahiko , Nagai Ryozo
Published: March 2010

Nocardiosis is a subacute or chronic suppurative infection caused by Nocardia species. Although it is more common in immunocompromised hosts, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has not been recognized as a predisposing factor for nocardial infection. We report a case of IPF, in which pulmonary nocardiosis developed during treatment with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. The risk of pulmonary nocardiosis may be increased in cases of IPF on immunosuppressive therapy. Since IPF often accompanies lung carcinoma, it is important to correctly differentiate nocardiosis from carcinoma.
Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Lee Man Po , Chan Johnny Wai Man , Ng Ka Kui Philip , Li Patrick Chung Ki
Published: March 2010

Objective:

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis.

Methodology:

We retrospectively studied the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis. A total of 60 consecutive patients co‐infected with HIV and tuberculosis were identified.

Results:

Majority were male (88.3%) and the most common transmission category was heterosexual contact (80%). Most were in the advanced stage of HIV infection; 93% had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3. Concerning the site of tuberculosis involvement, 37% had pulmonary involvement alone, 13% had extrapulmonary disease involving one single site, 50% had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement. Fifteen (25%) patients also met the criteria of disseminated tuberculosis, who had a significantly lower mean CD4 cell count than those with pulmonary involvement alone (mean 40 vs 102; P = 0.048). Chest radiographs comprised a wide spectrum of manifestations. A considerable proportion had primary pulmonary tuberculosis pattern (38%) and normal radiographs (8.5%).

Conclusions:

Our patients generally had advanced HIV infection; 93% of those had CD4 lymphocyte count <200/mm3. Extrapulmonary involvement and disseminated disease were common. Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis were often ‘atypical’ due to the greater proportion of primary tuberculosis among our patients.
Modified Koyanagi's procedure for proximal hypospadias: Our experience
Authors: Nerli Rajendra , Santhoshi Poonacha , Guntaka Ajaykumar , Patil Shivagouda , Hiremath Murigendra
Published: March 2010

Koyanagi described an elegant technique for one‐stage proximal hypospadias repair. It is particularly suited for the most severe forms of hypospadias. A modified Koyanagi technique was used to repair the hypospadias in 14 children, aged 3–9 years. One child developed breakdown of the suture line, three other children developed small urethrocutaneous fistula needing closure and one child had post‐operative meatal stenosis. Despite the high rate of complications, modified Koyanagi's procedure is a good procedure of choice for severe/proximal hypospadias.
Robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the Asian population: Modified port configuration and ultradissection
Authors: Jeong Wooju , Araki Motoo , Park Sung Yul , Lee Young Hoon , Kumon Hiromi , Hong Sung Joon , Rha Koon Ho
Published: March 2010

We have carried out over 360 cases of robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) to date. In the present study, we detail our current technique at Yonsei University College of Medicine. The six‐port transperitoneal approach is utilized. The most lateral two ports were placed medially and caudally in patients with a small pelvis to avoid interference between the ports and the pelvis (modified port configuration). Lymph node dissection is carried out in the external iliac, obturator and infraobturator area. The dissection on the lateral border of the bladder neck is carried out until it reaches the seminal vesicle (ultradissection). After transection of the bladder neck, vasa seminal vesicles are dissected further. Neurovascular bundles are preserved in selected patients. The dorsal venous complex (DVC) and the urethra are transected without suturing. Urethrovesical anastomosis is carried out with 3‐0 monocryl running suture, incorporating with the edge of DVC. The puboprostatic collar and bladder are incorporated by 3‐0 monocryl running suture (puboperineoplasty). Between November 2007 and September 2008, RARP was carried out using this technique in 182 patients. Median height, weight, body mass index and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) were 168 cm, 68 kg, 24 kg/M2 and 7.1 ng/mL, respectively. Mean operative time was 192 min and average blood loss was 250 mL. Median catheterization time was 8 days. Positive surgical margin rates for pT2, pT3 and pT4 disease was 12.7, 48 and 100%, respectively. Intraoperative complication rate was 2.7%. Fifty‐five patients completed a minimum of 10 months follow up. Their continence rate was 91%. RARP is a safe and feasible surgical modality for prostate cancer among Asian patients with a small pelvis. Our technique achieves a precise bladder neck dissection.
Toric implantable collamer lens for patients with moderate to severe myopic astigmatism: 12‐month follow‐up
Authors: Bhikoo Riyaz , Rayner Sandra , Gray Trevor
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Purpose:  To report on the 12‐month follow‐up of 77 eyes with moderate to high myopic astigmatism implanted with toric implantable collamer lenses (ICLs).

Methods:  Retrospective case‐note review of 77 eyes from 42 patients undergoing toric ICL placement by one surgeon. Preoperative mean spherical equivalent −2.50 dioptres (D) to −15.00 D myopia and 1.00 D to 7.00 D astigmatism.

Results:  At 12 months, mean manifest refractive cylinder (MRC) decreased 81% from 2.38 D to 0.44 D. MRC within 1.00 D occurred in 99% (76/77) of eyes, whereas 86% (66/77) had MRC within 0.75 D. 99% (76/77) had postoperative best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) better than or equal to preoperative values, whereas 78% (60/77) gained up to one line BCVA and 1% (1/77) lost one line BCVA. Uncorrected binocular vision of 6/6 or better occurred in 90% (38/42) of patients compared with binocular BCVA of 6/6 or better in 67% (28/42) preoperatively. One ICL was replaced due to low vaulting. Two eyes with astigmatism of 3.25 D and 3.50 D received subsequent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to reduce residual small refractive errors. Indications for ICL were: myopia too high for LASIK (73%), cornea too thin for LASIK (44%) and contact lens intolerance (33%). Night halos were reported in 10% (8/77) of eyes at 12 months. One ICL was removed due to unrecognized preoperative glaucoma. There were no cases of cataract formation, or endophthalmitis.

Conclusion:  This study is the largest reported series of toric ICL implantation in New Zealand. It supports the safety, efficacy and predictability of toric ICLs to treat myopic astigmatism.
Carbonic anhydrase IX and pathological features as predictors of outcome in patients with metastatic clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor‐targeted therapy
Authors: Choueiri Toni K. , Regan Meredith M. , Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Oh William K. , Clement Jessica , Amato Angela M. , McDermott David , Cho Daniel C. , Atkins Michael B. , Signoretti Sabina
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the utility of tumour carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression and histological features for predicting the outcome in patients with metastatic clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐targeted therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We identified 118 patients with mRCC initiating first‐line VEGF‐targeted therapy, including 94 with clinical and histological data, and available tissue. The primary endpoint was to detect an interaction between sorafenib vs sunitinib treatment and CAIX status on tumour shrinkage. Other treatment outcomes were also assessed.

RESULTS

There was heterogeneity in tumour responsiveness to sunitinib or sorafenib according to CAIX status; the mean shrinkage was –17% vs –25% for sunitinib‐treated patients with high vs low tumour CAIX expression, compared to –13% vs +9% for sorafenib‐treated patients (P interaction, 0.05). A higher tumour clear‐cell component was independently associated with greater tumour shrinkage (P= 0.02), response (P= 0.02) and treatment duration (P= 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Although CAIX expression had no prognostic value in patients with clear‐cell mRCC treated with VEGF‐targeted therapy, it might be a predictive biomarker for response to sorafenib treatment. Patients with a higher clear‐cell component in their tumours are likely to have a superior clinical benefit from VEGF‐targeted therapy.
Learning residential electrical wiring through computer simulation: The impact of computer‐based learning environments on student achievement and cognitive load
Authors: Liu Han‐Chin , Su I‐Hsien
Published: March 2010

Multimedia learning environments such as computer simulations are widely accepted as tools for supporting science learning. Although the design of multimedia learning environments can be domain specific, few studies have focused on the use of computer simulations for learning residential electrical wiring. This study aimed to determine whether students using computer simulations learned better than traditional classroom learners in the domain of residential wiring. A quasi‐experiment was implemented with 169 high school students. The simulation group participated in a series of computer simulations, whereas the control group received lectures and demonstrations from an instructor. Students' cognitive load as elevated by multimedia leaning tasks was compared with that of students learning using traditional methods. The simulation group learned significantly better and reported higher cognitive load than did the control group. Moreover, the simulation group managed cognitive resources more efficiently on transfer of learning than did the control group. Having more opportunities to interact with a simulation‐based learning environment could result in higher cognitive load. The higher cognitive load seemed to result in better performance on the achievement test and, therefore, the learners' mental effort was possibly invested mainly in meaning making in the virtual learning environments. Discussion of the results, instruments and research design, as well as suggestions for future studies are provided.
Online role‐play environments for higher education
Authors: Russell Carol , Shepherd John
Published: March 2010

As online environments and tools have evolved over the last 15–20 years, their use for role‐based learning has expanded. This analysis draws on work for an Australian project that has been sharing and developing knowledge about the use of online role‐plays in higher education. We describe the learning needs that online role‐play can meet, and give examples of solutions—some using custom‐built software and some using standard online learning environments. We use these examples to develop a framework for evaluating how new technologies can support role‐based learning activities in universities, taking into account the needs of both learners and teachers.
Ontology and taxonomy design and development for personalised web‐based learning systems
Authors: Yalcinalp Serpil , Gulbahar Yasemin
Published: March 2010

Recent developments and new directions in education have emphasised learners' needs, profile and pedagogical aspects by focusing on learner‐centered approaches in educational settings. e‐Learning, on the other hand, guarantees learners the opportunity of learning in their own way, and leads to new considerations in course design. e‐Learning is defined as the new form of learning, rather than the use of new technologies. It requires new considerations in educational aspects and delivery methods. Personalised technologies and new approaches such as the use of ontologies and Semantic Webs in e‐learning are some of the next challenges for both education and society in the future. This paper provides an overview and rationale for personalised web‐based learning and personalised technologies. Also, it presents ontologies by emphasising the various usages of this term in a variety of fields, the main ontology structures, methodologies and design principles, and its applications in education.
Modelling the factors that affect individuals’ utilisation of online learning systems: An empirical study combining the task technology fit model with the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Yu Tai‐Kuei , Yu Tai‐Yi
Published: March 2010

Understanding learners’ behaviour, perceptions and influence in terms of learner performance is crucial to predict the use of electronic learning systems. By integrating the task‐technology fit (TTF) model and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this paper investigates the online learning utilisation of Taiwanese students. This paper provides a better understanding of individual, technological and social factors regarding online learning system performance. A total of 870 students who were earlier introduced to e‐learning were surveyed after a period of exposure to the system. The results of the research model were analysed using a structural equation modelling approach to verify 10 hypotheses; support was found for eight of them. This paper offers a new perspective on the mechanisms through the TTF and TPB model constructs, which facilitates e‐learning learner performance and offers important implications for understanding learner performance in online learning environments.
TERRITORIAL (DIS)CONTINUITY DYNAMICS BETWEEN CEUTA AND MOROCCO: CONFLICTUAL FORTIFICATION VIS‐À‐VIS CO‐OPERATIVE INTERACTION AT THE EU BORDER IN AFRICA
Authors: FERRER‐GALLARDO XAVIER
Published: March 2010

This contribution examines the development of territorial dynamics on the Ceuta‐Morocco border region in the context of the structural Spanish‐Moroccan rebordering that followed Spain's EU entry. The evolution of border practice is canvassed through the confronting notions of territorial discontinuity and territorial continuity. Clearly, current territorial dynamics between Ceuta and Morocco are characterised by both the existence of conflictive geopolitical cross‐border dialectics and the implementation of fortifying securitisation measures. However, simultaneously, the border region is also marked by intensifying patterns of cross‐border interaction which are sourced in the rising potentialities of economic and urban cross‐border co‐operation. In this light, the paper seeks to map the present intertwining of these apparently disagreeing territorial trends. To conclude, the paper underlines the ongoing modification of relational power between Ceuta and Morocco. It depicts the strengthening of local cross‐border co‐operative practices as a potential tool to cope with persistent sovereignty disputes in the border region.
Winners and losers in human‐made habitats: interspecific competition outcomes in two Neotropical vultures
Authors: Carrete M. , Lambertucci S. A. , Speziale K. , Ceballos O. , Travaini A. , Delibes M. , Hiraldo F. , Donázar J. A.
Published: March 2010

Understanding the factors underlying species coexistence is a major focus in community ecology. When dealing with competition between native and exotic species, the competitive exclusion of the ‘weaker’ species can have consequences for biodiversity conservation. We examined interspecific interactions during foraging between black vultures Coragyps atratus and Andean condors Vultur gryphus in Southern Argentina. Previous studies suggest facilitatory interactions between them. However, in most parts of their distribution ranges, these species did not coexist until recently, when black vultures expanded their geographic range following human development. Thus, facilitatory processes or segregation patterns could not be fine‐tuned enough to allow their coexistence. Our hypothesis is that black vultures and Andean condors compete for food resources, and that this competitive scenario can change depending on local species abundances and habitat humanization. We experimentally placed sheep carcasses in two habitats differing in degrees of humanization to study the foraging patterns in these species. Both species exploited carcasses with similar temporal patterns. However, the first to arrive and the dominant species were different in both habitats, according to their abundances. Although black vultures do not completely prevent the arrival of Andean condors to carcasses, they represent serious obstacles for feeding. Thus, while dominance hierarchy at carcasses could be related to body size, carcass consumption was determined by species abundance. Our results support the hypothesis that the expansion of a ‘winning’ species may trigger interspecific competition with other ‘loser’ species, with negative responses towards human activities when they became abundant. Although the results are not conclusive, invasion and extinction processes could be occurring and they can have serious consequences for the diversity (i.e. richness and evenness) of the New World scavenger guilds.
Socio‐demographic determinants of gambling participation and expenditures: evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Tan Andrew K.G. , Yen Steven T. , Nayga, Jr. Rodolfo M.
Published: March 2010

This study examined the socio‐demographic determinants of participation and expenditure decisions on gambling among non‐Muslim households in Malaysia using data from the 2005–2006 Malaysian Household Expenditures Survey. Heckman's sample selection analysis was used to obtain consistent (unbiased) empirical estimates for the regression equation of gambling expenditures in the presence of censoring (observed zeros) in the dependent variable. Marginal effects were also calculated to further explore the effects of socio‐demographic variables on the probability and levels of gambling expenditures. The results indicated that non‐Muslim households in Malaysia who are more likely to participate and spend more in gambling include Chinese, affluent, male‐headed, younger and non‐white collar households. Specifically, households of Chinese descent have higher gambling probabilities and expenditures than Indians and those of other ethnic backgrounds. While education reduces and age increases the likelihood and expenditures of gambling among Chinese households, these effects are non‐extant for Indians and other ethnic groups. Higher income and male‐headed households were more likely to partake and have higher expenditures in gambling among all non‐Muslim ethnic groups. Finally, Chinese and Indian households headed by a white‐collar worker have lower gambling likelihoods and unconditional expenditures than their blue‐collar cohorts. Based on these results, several anti‐gambling policies were suggested to target those more likely to participate and spend more in gambling activities.
Application of an interactive exercise tool: student activity, performance and satisfaction in a Household Technology course
Authors: Schmidberger Wolfgang , Stamminger Rainer
Published: March 2010

ItkA is a new interactive exercise software tool, which provides both a training mode and a test mode. A random generator compiles exercises from a question database. In each test, students have the opportunity to score up to 50 points. The construction of ItkA is based on Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives in the cognitive domain. ItkA has been tested and evaluated in a Household Technology course. In addition to attending face‐to‐face lectures, students had the opportunity to practise as much as they wanted to, parallel to which seven tests were provided and evaluated. Furthermore, data were collected by use of a preliminary survey and a follow‐up survey.

The aim of the study was to learn more about students' learning activities and learning behaviour in the Household Technology course. The authors evaluated the students' degree of participation and their results on the tests provided. Finally, student satisfaction with course support and with the design of the course was evaluated.

The results clearly show that students only learn actively when lecturers give detailed advice or tasks. Although the test results were surprisingly good, half of the students had difficulties in organizing themselves and were not able to pass all the tests in the given period.

There is a significant negative correlation between average test results and the number of questions in the database. In addition, a significant positive correlation between average test time and the number of database questions was found. To minimize this effect, the number of questions should be increased for certain topics.

The participants were very satisfied with the course and software support. They rated the whole course as ‘good’ and the ItkA software as slightly, but significantly, better. In summary, ItkA contributes to the improvement of Household Technology courses. Furthermore, the whole course organization was highly consistent with the needs of the students. It is, therefore, recommended that ItkA is implemented in future courses in Household Technology as well as in other courses.
Changing consumption patterns in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Motaher
Published: March 2010

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Despite rapid urbanization, more than 75% of the people still live in rural areas. The density of the rural population is also one of the highest in the world. Being a poor and low‐income country, however, Bangladesh's main challenge is to eradicate poverty by increasing equitable income. The gross domestic product of Bangladesh is growing steadily, and the country has outperformed many low‐income countries in terms of several social indicators. Bangladesh has achieved the Millennium Development Goal of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary school enrolment. A sharp decline in child and infant mortality rates, increased per capita income, and improved food security have placed Bangladesh on the track to achieving the status of a middle‐income country in the near future. All these developments have influenced the consumption patterns of the country. This study explored the consumption scenario of rural Bangladesh. Data were collected through direct observations and semi‐structured interviews. Information regarding the consumption of food, clothing, housing, education and medical facilities were collected, and qualitative methods were applied to the data analysis. The findings of this study suggested that the consumption patterns of rural Bangladeshis are changing over time along with economic and social development.
A comparison of the physico‐chemical properties of low‐cholesterol ghee with standard ghee from cow and buffalo creams
Authors: KUMAR MANOJ , SHARMA VIVEK , LAL DARSHAN , KUMAR AMIT , SETH RAMAN
Published: March 2010

Low‐cholesterol ghee with 90% less cholesterol was prepared using β‐cyclodextrin. The physico‐chemical properties such as Reichert‐Meissl (RM) value, Polenske value, Butyro‐refractometer (BR) reading at 40°C, Iodine value and free fatty acids (FFA) as oleic acid in cow standard ghee and the corresponding low‐cholesterol ghee remained almost unaltered. A similar trend was also observed in buffalo ghee. Fat soluble vitamins (β‐carotene, A and E) in both cow and buffalo low‐cholesterol ghee were very similar to that of respective standard ghee samples. However, 65 to 70% loss of vitamin D was observed in low‐cholesterol ghee.
Hypericin prolongs action potential duration in hippocampal neurons by acting on K+ channels
Authors: Wang Y , Shi X , Qi Z
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Synaptic deficiency is generally accepted to be involved in major depression, and accordingly classic antidepressants exert their effects through enhancing synaptic efficiency. Hypericin is one of the major active constituents of extracts of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) with antidepressive actions, but little is known about its therapeutic mechanisms. Our aim was to explore whether hypericin has a modulatory effect on neuronal action potential (AP) duration by acting on voltage‐gated ion channels.

Experimental approach:  We used voltage‐clamp and current‐clamp techniques in a whole‐cell configuration to study primary cultures of neonatal rat hippocampal neurones. We measured the effects of extracellularly applied hypericin on AP duration as well as on voltage‐gated Na+, IA and IK currents.

Key results:  Extracellularly applied hypericin dose‐dependently increased AP duration but barely affected its amplitude. Further analysis revealed that hypericin inhibited both transient IA and delayed rectifier IK potassium currents. In contrast, hypericin exerted no significant effect on both Na+ peak current and its decay kinetics.

Conclusions and implications:  Extracellularly applied hypericin increased AP duration, which might be ascribed to its effect on IA and IK currents. As a small increase in AP duration could lead to a dramatic increase in synaptic efficiency, our results imply that hypericin might exert its antidepressant effects by enhancing presynaptic efficiency.
Enhancement of inflammatory mediator release by β2‐adrenoceptor agonists in airway epithelial cells is reversed by glucocorticoid action
Authors: Holden NS , Rider CF , Bell MJ , Velayudhan J , King EM , Kaur M , Salmon M , Giembycz MA , Newton R
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Due to their potent bronchodilator properties, β2‐adrenoceptor agonists are a mainstay of therapy in asthma. However, the effects of β2‐adrenoceptor agonists on inflammation are less clear. Accordingly, we have investigated the effects of β2‐adrenoceptor agonists on inflammatory mediator release.

Experimental approach: Transcription factor activation, and both release and mRNA expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 were examined by luciferase reporter assay,elisaand real‐time RT–PCR in bronchial human epithelial BEAS‐2B cells or primary human bronchial epithelial cells grown at an air–liquid interface.

Key results: Pre‐incubation with β2‐adrenoceptor agonists (salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol) augmented the release and mRNA expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 induced by IL‐1β and IL‐1β plus histamine, whereas NF‐κB‐dependent transcription was significantly repressed, and AP‐1‐dependent transcription was unaffected. These effects were mimicked by other cAMP‐elevating agents (PGE2, forskolin). Enhancement of cytokine release by β2‐adrenoceptor agonists also occurred in primary bronchial epithelial cells. Addition of dexamethasone with salmeterol repressed IL‐6 and IL‐8 release to levels that were similar to the repression achieved in the absence of salmeterol. IL‐6 release was enhanced when salmeterol was added before, concurrently or after IL‐1β plus histamine stimulation, whereas IL‐8 release was only enhanced by salmeterol addition prior to stimulation.

Conclusions and implications: Enhancement of IL‐6 and IL‐8 release may contribute to the deleterious effects of β2‐adrenoceptor agonists in asthma. As increased inflammatory mediator expression is prevented by the addition of glucocorticoid to the β2‐adrenoceptor, our data provide further mechanistic support for the use of combination therapies in asthma management.
Genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions modulating CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities have a major effect on oxycodone analgesic efficacy and safety
Authors: Samer CF , Daali Y , Wagner M , Hopfgartner G , Eap CB , Rebsamen MC , Rossier MF , Hochstrasser D , Dayer P , Desmeules JA
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: The major drug‐metabolizing enzymes for the oxidation of oxycodone are CYP2D6 and CYP3A. A high interindividual variability in the activity of these enzymes because of genetic polymorphisms and/or drug–drug interactions is well established. The possible role of an active metabolite in the pharmacodynamics of oxycodone has been questioned and the importance of CYP3A‐mediated effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone has been poorly explored.

Experimental approach: We conducted a randomized crossover (five arms) double‐blind placebo‐controlled study in 10 healthy volunteers genotyped for CYP2D6. Oral oxycodone (0.2 mg·kg−1) was given alone or after inhibition of CYP2D6 (with quinidine) and/or of CYP3A (with ketoconazole). Experimental pain (cold pressor test, electrical stimulation, thermode), pupil size, psychomotor effects and toxicity were assessed.

Key results: CYP2D6 activity was correlated with oxycodone experimental pain assessment. CYP2D6 ultra‐rapid metabolizers experienced increased pharmacodynamic effects, whereas cold pressor test and pupil size were unchanged in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, relative to extensive metabolizers. CYP2D6 blockade reduced subjective pain threshold (SPT) for oxycodone by 30% and the response was similar to placebo. CYP3A4 blockade had a major effect on all pharmacodynamic assessments and SPT increased by 15%. Oxymorphone Cmaxwas correlated with SPT assessment (ρS= 0.7) and the only independent positive predictor of SPT. Side‐effects were observed after CYP3A4 blockade and/or in CYP2D6 ultra‐rapid metabolizers.

Conclusions and implications: The modulation of CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities had clear effects on oxycodone pharmacodynamics and these effects were dependent on CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism.
A novel role for the metabotropic glutamate receptor‐7: modulation of faecal water content and colonic electrolyte transport in the mouse
Authors: Julio‐Pieper M , Hyland NP , Bravo JA , Dinan TG , Cryan JF
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Increasing evidence implicates metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu7in the pathophysiology of stress‐related disorders such as depression and anxiety. Mood disorders are frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction; however, the role of mGlu7receptors outside the CNS is unknown. This present study investigated the expression and possible functional role of mGlu7receptors in the mouse colon.

Experimental approach: Expression of mGlu7receptor mRNA and protein was studied in mouse colon byin situhybridization and Western blotting. Effects of the selective mGlu7receptor agonist AMN082 on defecation and faecal parameters were studied in an isolation‐induced stress model. AMN082 effects on ion transport and neuronal intracellular signalling were examined via Ussing chambers and calcium imaging.

Key results: mGlu7receptor mRNA and protein were highly expressed in colon mucosa. Stress‐induced faecal output was unaffected by AMN082, although faecal water content was increased. In mucosa/submucosa preparations, 100 nM and 1 µM AMN082 increased bethanechol‐induced changes in short‐circuit current in the Ussing chamber. This was sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Also, 100 nM AMN082 significantly increased calcium signalling in a subset of submucosal neurons.

Conclusions and implications: Activating mGlu7receptors increased colonic secretory functionin vivoandex vivo. In a group of submucosal neurons, AMN082 strongly induced calcium signalling and the presence of submucosal nerves was required for the AMN082‐dependent increase in secretion. These data suggest that targeting mGlu7receptors may be useful in the treatment of central components of stress disorders and also stress‐associated GI dysfunction such as diarrhoea or constipation.
Characteristics of Menstrual vs Nonmenstrual Migraine: A Post Hoc, Within‐Woman Analysis of the Usual‐Care Phase of a Nonrandomized Menstrual Migraine Clinical Trial
Authors: MacGregor E. Anne , Victor Timothy W. , Hu Xiaojun , Xiang Qinfang , Puenpatom Rajitkanok A. , Chen Wei , Campbell John C.
Published: March 2010

Objective.— To compare, using a within‐woman analysis, the severity, duration, and relapse of menstrual vs nonmenstrual episodes of migraine during treatment with usual migraine therapy.

Background.— Studies comparing the clinical characteristics of menstrual and nonmenstrual migraine attacks have yielded conflicting results, contributing to disagreement regarding whether menstrual migraine attacks are clinically more problematic than nonmenstrual migraine attacks.

Methods.— Post hoc within‐woman analysis of the usual‐care phase (month 1) of a 2‐month, multicenter, prospective, open‐label study at 21 US medical practices (predominantly primary care). Participants were women ≥18 years of age with regular predictable menstrual cycles (28 ± 4 days) who self‐reported a ≥1‐year history of migraine attacks occurring between days −2 and +3 (menses onset = day +1) and ≥8 such attacks within the previous 12 cycles. Migraine treatment episodes were categorized as menstrual (occurring on days −2 to +3 of menses) or nonmenstrual (occurring on days +4 to −3 of menses). Pain severity, functional impairment, duration, relapse in 24 hours, and use of rescue medication were compared. Sources of variability (within‐ or between‐patient) were determined using mathematical modeling. The http://www.clinicaltrial.gov code for trial is NCT00904098.

Results.— Women (n = 153; intent to treat) reported 212 menstrual (59.2%) and 146 nonmenstrual (40.8%) migraine treatment episodes. Compared with nonmenstrual treatment episodes, menstrual episodes were more likely to cause impairment (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.65, 95% CI, 1.05‐2.60; P = .03), were longer (unadjusted hazard ratio 1.68; 95% CI, 1.31‐2.16; P < .001), and were more likely to relapse within 24 hours (unadjusted odds ratio, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.25‐5.68; P = .01). Within‐patient effects accounted for only 18‐33% of the total variance in these outcomes.

Conclusions.— Post hoc, within‐woman analysis of migraine treatment episodes categorized based on International Headache Society criteria showed that menstrual treatment episodes were more impairing, longer lasting, and more likely to relapse than nonmenstrual treatment episodes in this selected population of women with frequent menstrual migraine. The current analysis indicates that most of the variability in these outcomes is due to differences between headache types and not within‐patient differences for a given type of headache, suggesting that menstrual episodes are potentially treatable. These findings underscore the differences between menstrual and nonmenstrual episodes of migraine and the need to offer effective migraine treatment to women.

(Headache 2010;50:528‐538)