bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comments on “The Source of the Midwinter Suppression in Storminess over the North Pacific”
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. , Guo Yanjuan
Published: April 2011

In a recent paper, Penny et al. employed feature tracking to investigate why there is a relative minimum in storminess during winter within the Pacific storm track. They concluded that reduced upstream seeding, especially seeding from northern Asia, is the main “source” of the midwinter suppression of the Pacific storm track. Results presented here show that during midwinter months when upstream seeding is as strong as that in spring/fall, the Pacific storm track is not significantly stronger than average and is still much weaker than that in spring/fall, suggesting that the strength of upstream seeding cannot be the primary cause of the midwinter suppression of Pacific storm-track activity.
Insufficient control of exercise intensity by heart rate monitoring in cardiac patients
Authors: Frese Falko , Seipp Philipp , Hupfer Susanne , Bärtsch Peter , Friedmann-Bette Birgit
Published: April 2011

Objectives: To test the reliability of heart rate (HR) recommendations for cardiac rehabilitation training obtained from different treadmill tests.

Background: For training in cardiac rehabilitation, HR recommendations are derived from cardio-pulmonary tests. Exercise intensity is often controlled through self-monitoring HR by the cardiac patients.

Design: Non-randomized clinical trial.

Methods: 25 patients of a cardiac sports group (six women, 19 men, age 68.3 ± 5 years, height 171 ± 10 cm, weight 82 ± 12.8 kg) performed a stepwise increasing treadmill test according to a modified Stanford protocol (S) and a ramp treadmill test according to the Balke–Ware protocol (B) until volitional exhaustion. In 16 patients, HR was assessed with a HR monitor and compared with HR obtained by self-monitoring through pulse palpation during three training sessions.

Results: Similar peak cardiopulmonary responses were obtained with the two exercise protocols of significantly ( p < 0.001) different duration (S 22:05 ± 7:11 min, B 13:31 ± 4:20 min). During the training sessions, HR exceeded the upper HR limit set at 85% HRpeak in 15 patients and in nine patients, higher HRpeak than in the exercise tests was observed. Five participants did not accurately measure their HR by pulse palpation.

Conclusions: All but one patient of the cardiac sports group did not adhere to the HR recommendations derived from incremental treadmill testing, most likely because volitional exhaustion occurred in both treadmill tests before maximal cardiopulmonary responses were reached. In about 30% of the patients, training intensity could not be controlled by self-monitoring because of inaccurate pulse palpation.
Effect of compounds on the purification and antibody preparation of the extracellular domain fragment of the receptor CD163
Authors: Cao Zong-Xi , Zhao Fu-Rong , Jia Kun , Sun Wei-Wei , Yan Ming-Fei , Guo Si-Hu , Jiao Pei-Rong , Qi Wen-Bao , Zhang Gui-Hong
Published: April 2011

Background

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been acknowledged as one of the most important agents affecting swine. The scavenger receptor CD163 is one of the important entry mediators for PRRSV.

Results

The tD4 and tD5 CD163 genes were amplified, and the PCR products were cloned into pET-28a(+) (designated pET-28a-tD4 and pET-28a-tD5, respectively). The plasmids pET-28a-tD4 and pET-28a-tD5 were then transformed into the E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain and expressed by adding 1 mmol/L of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The proteins were highly expressed in the supernatant from the tD4- and tD5-producing cells that were incubated with a binding buffer containing the following compounds: β-mercaptoethanol, urea, Tween 20, glycerol, and SDS, while they were rarely expressed in the supernatant from the tD4- and tD5-producing cells that were incubated with binding buffer without the compounds. The tD4 and tD5 proteins were purified, and BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified proteins. Western blotting analysis showed that the tD4 and tD5 proteins were capable of reacting with tD5 antibodies; the titer of both the tD4 and tD5 antiserums was 1:160 against the tD5 protein, as shown by ELISA.

Conclusions

These studies provide a new way for the purification of proteins expressed in inclusion bodies and the preparation of the corresponding antibodies.
The PRC's Evolving Standards System: Institutions and Strategy
Authors: Zhao Chaoyi , Graham John M.
Published: April 2011

This research note examines the Chinese standards system, including its management system and institutions, and the procedures for the development of national standards. In addition, China's technical standards development strategy is covered at length, including its overall goals and methods of implementation.
Pensions, Public Opinion, and the Graying of China
Authors: Frazier Mark W.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of popular beliefs and attitudes regarding pensions, pension reforms, and the future of retirement savings in China reveals that the strong belief in state-funded pensions held by many Chinese at or near the retirement age, especially given the large pension debt already acquired by the Chinese government, will exacerbate the current "guns vs. butter" debate in China and may even threaten social stability.
Taiwan: The Tail That Wags Dogs
Authors: McDevitt Michael
Published: April 2011

Taiwan, a small nation of 23 million people, has been able to seize the political initiative from the three great powers in Northeast Asia—China, Japan, and the United States—by promoting a political agenda that makes the United States and Japan nervous, and enrages the leadership in Beijing.
The Economic Implications of a North Korean Nuclear Test
Authors: Noland Marcus
Published: April 2011

A North Korean nuclear test would likely have a negative, though noncatastrophic, economic impact on East Asia as a region. This essay provides a brief country-by-country overview of such likely effects and points out the need for the international community to avoid such a scenario.
The Natural Death of North Korean Stalinism
Authors: Lankov Andrei
Published: April 2011

The last fifteen years have seen the gradual wearing away of the North Korean Stalinist system. This development is not only making North Korea more predictable but is also paving the way for democratic transition to occur in the future. These developments should thus be encouraged by the West, and all types of cultural and academic exchanges with North Korea should be supported in order to expose more North Koreans to the outside world.
Islamic Leaders in Uzbekistan
Authors: McGlinchey Eric M.
Published: April 2011

Despite the current Uzbek government's attempt to equate independent Islam with militant Islam, both forms of Islam are present in Uzbekistan. Independent Islamic leaders, by rejecting government propaganda and providing the general population sanctuary from authoritarian rule in their mosques and their communitities, are allies for those who seek political reform in Uzbekistan.
The Political Economy of Standards Coalitions: Explaining China's Involvement in High-Tech Standards Wars
Authors: Kennedy Scott
Published: April 2011

Through a comparison of two ongoing standards development efforts—wireless local area networks and home networking—this essay demonstrates how China's ability to successfully adopt and commercialize new global technology standards is shaped by the strength of business coalitions in China relative to that of coalitions formed by their foreign competitors.
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons: Implications for the Nuclear Ambitions of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Authors: Hughes Christopher W.
Published: April 2011

This article evaluates the nuclear intentions of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan in the wake of North Korea's October 2006 nuclear test.
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program to 2015: Three Scenarios
Authors: Pollack Jonathan D.
Published: April 2011

This essay evaluates three alternative scenarios for North Korea's nuclear weapons development over the coming decade: (1) pursuit of a symbolic nuclear capability, (2) pursuit of an operational nuclear deterrent, and (3) a deficient or failed effort to achieve an operational capability.
China's Fifteen-Year Plan for Science and Technology: An Assessment
Authors: Serger Sylvia Schwaag , Breidne Magnus
Published: April 2011

The essay provides a critical assessment of China's latest fifteen-year plan for science and technology.
The Democratic-Led 110th Congress: Implications for Asia
Authors: Sutter Robert
Published: April 2011

This essay assesses why and how the 110th Congress is likely to change U.S. policy toward Asia.
Managing the U.S.-China Foreign Economic Dialogue: Building Greater Coordination and New Habits of Consultation
Authors: Garrison Jean A.
Published: April 2011

This essay attempts both to explain the sources and consequences of parochialism in U.S. foreign economic policymaking and to identify new bilateral dialogues with China that are creating deeper habits of consultation that may promote greater stability in the U.S.-China relationship.
China and WTO Liberalization of the Securities Industry: Le Choc des mondes or L'Empire immobile?
Authors: Howson Nicholas Calcina
Published: April 2011

This research note evaluates the degree to which China has fulfilled its WTO commitments in the securities industry to date and speculates positively on the chance for increased opening to foreign participation.
Muslims in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Sakurai Keiko
Published: April 2011

This essay provides a demographic analysis of Muslims living in Japan with special emphasis on Muslim communities and community-building activities.
Inter-Korean Relations in the Absence of a U.S.-ROK Alliance
Authors: Kang David C.
Published: April 2011

In exploring how inter-Korean relations would evolve in the absence of a U.S.-ROK alliance, this essay focuses on three areas: preferences of the South Korean public and elite regarding how best to deal with North Korea, whether North Korea might pull back on its hesitant moves toward economic reform and a more open diplomacy, and how Chinese foreign policy toward the Korean Peninsula might evolve.
Northeast Asia's Kovykta Conundrum: A Decade of Promise and Peril
Authors: Ahn Se Hyun , Jones Michael T.
Published: April 2011

This article seeks to explain why—despite the potential for gas from Siberia and the Russian Far East to provide greater energy security for Northeast Asia—a decade of negotiations has still not resulted in an agreement to construct the Kovykta pipeline.
U.S.-ROK Civil Society Ties: Dynamics and Prospects in a Post-Alliance World
Authors: Snyder Scott
Published: April 2011

This essay examines the relationship between the U.S.-ROK security alliance and the civil society ties linking the United States and South Korea and analyzes the likely impact on such ties in the event of the termination of the security alliance.
The Roots of Chinese Oil Investment Abroad
Authors: Houser Trevor
Published: April 2011

This article examines the confluence of domestic factors, both economic and political, that shape the behavior of Chinese oil companies abroad and the implications for energy security in China and the rest of the world.
A Parable: The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship Breaks Down
Authors: Wimbush S. Enders
Published: April 2011

This essay outlines the different forces and influences that might prevail in Asia if the U.S.-ROK security relationship were to end.
International Submarine Rescue: A Constructive Role for China?
Authors: Goldstein Lyle , Murray William
Published: April 2011

This article highlights the opportunity available for the Chinese navy to participate in international efforts to improve and coordinate cooperation in the rescue of disabled submarines.
Public Faces and Private Spaces: Islam in the Japanese Context
Authors: Penn Michael
Published: April 2011

This essay examines Japanese views and attitudes toward Muslims living in Japan and the implications of Japanese perspectives for U.S. policy and other matters.
The "Sixth Modernization"?: China, Safety, and the Management of Risks
Authors: Suttmeier Richard P.
Published: April 2011

This article examines the reasons behind China's failure to develop mechanisms to manage environmental and technological risks resulting from rapid industrial development.
Understanding Islamic Finance: Local Innovation and Global Integration
Authors: Akhtar Shamshad , Aziz Zeti Akhtar , Hefner Robert W. , Thani Nik Norzrul , Venardos Angelo , Vogel Frank E. , Warde Ibrahim
Published: April 2011

What is Islamic finance (IF)? To gain a better understanding of the phenomenal rise of IF in general, of Southeast Asia's particular role as an epicenter for IF innovation and development, and of the opportunities and challenges facing IF as an economically viable global financial industry, Asia Policy presents insights from a panel of senior finance officials, industry practitioners, and scholars.
Prosperity's Children: Generational Change and Japan's Future Leadership
Authors: Boyd J. Patrick , Samuels Richard J.
Published: April 2011

This study measures generational differences in the views of Japanese legislators across three key areas of Japan's political discourse—economic policy, security policy, and cultural issues related to right-wing nationalism. The study then explores the policy implications of these differences through three plausible midterm scenarios.
China's Fifth Generation: Is Diversity a Source of Strength or Weakness?
Authors: Li Cheng
Published: April 2011

This article studies the emerging "fifth generation" of leaders with a focus both on intergenerational shared characteristics and on intragenerational diversities.
Securing Southeast Asia's Sea Lanes: A Work in Progress
Authors: Storey Ian
Published: April 2011

This article assesses the impact and effectiveness of regional and national initiatives to improve sea lane security in Southeast Asia.
Pyongyang Strikes Back: North Korean Policies of 2002-08 and Attempts to Reverse "De-Stalinization from Below"
Authors: Lankov Andrei
Published: April 2011

This article explains why the North Korean goverment has attempted to reassert state control over society—which had been eroding from 1994-2002—and offers predictions regarding the impact that this shift will likely have on North Korean society.
Developing India's Foreign Policy "Software"
Authors: Markey Daniel
Published: April 2011

This article outlines significant shortcomings in India's foreign policy institutions that undermine the country's capacity for ambitious and effective international action, and proposes steps that both New Delhi and Washington should take, assuming they aim to promote India's rise as a great power.
Media Relations in China's Military: The Case of the Ministry of National Defense Information Office
Authors: Boswell Matthew
Published: April 2011

This article overviews the available information on China's Ministry of National Defense Information Office (MNDIO), a media relations organ established in 2008 to serve the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and explores possible motivations behind the office's creation.
The (Non-) Impact of UN Sanctions on North Korea
Authors: Noland Marcus
Published: April 2011

This article examines the extent to which UN Security Council sanctions imposed on North Korea following Pyongyang's nuclear test have impacted North Korea's foreign trade.
Students Islamic Movement of India and the Indian Mujahideen: An Assessment
Authors: Fair C. Christine
Published: April 2011

This essay assesses the organization, ideology, and membership of the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and the Indian Mujahideen (IM), as well as India's ability to contend with this domestic security threat.
China, the Financial Crisis, and Sino-American Relations
Authors: Bottelier Pieter
Published: April 2011

Asia Policy 's editor, Andrew Marble, interviews Pieter Bottelier, senior adjunct professor of China Studies at Johns Hopkins University, on the impacts of the financial crisis on China and the implications for China's foreign policy and global status.
Electing a New Japanese Security Policy?: Examining Foreign Policy Visions within the Democratic Party of Japan
Authors: Easley Leif-Eric , Kotani Tetsuo , Mori Aki
Published: April 2011

This article examines the foreign policy visions within the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) to address uncertainties about the direction of Japanese security policy and its increasing connection with domestic politics.
Does the United States Need a New East Asian Anchor?: The Case for U.S.-Japan-Korea Trilateralism
Authors: Jo Hyeran , Mo Jongryn
Published: April 2011

This article evaluates the value of U.S.-Japan-Korea (UJK) trilateralism as an anchor of Asian regional architecture by examining the history of trilateral partnerships, alternative regional groupings, and geopolitical and domestic circumstances.
An Unconventional Tack: Nontraditional Security Concerns and China's "Rise"
Authors: Carlson Allen
Published: April 2011

This essay assesses recent Chinese scholarship on nontraditional security (NTS) issues, develops a new conceptual approach to NTS, and identifies challenges facing the Chinese state with regard to three core NTS concerns.
The Maritime Boundary Dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications
Authors: Bissinger Jared
Published: April 2011

This article examines the major catalysts of the surge in activity over the maritime boundary dispute between Myanmar and Bangladesh and explores both the likely avenues for resolution and the resulting implications for the two countries and the region at large.
Reforming the Global Health System: Lessons from Asia
Authors: Crisp Nigel
Published: April 2011

Lord Nigel Crisp discusses his call for reform of the global health system with Asia Policy 's editor, Andrew Marble.
The Basics of Chinapol
Authors: Baum Richard
Published: April 2011

Asia Policy 's editor, Andrew Marble, interviews Richard Baum, director of the Internet-based discussion group Chinapol, a listserv dedicated to analysis of contemporary Chinese society and politics.
China's Domestic Policy Fragmentation and "Grand" Strategy in Global Politics
Authors: Frazier Mark W.
Published: April 2011

This essay examines the linkages between China's national economy and foreign policy over the past 30 years, and assesses the claim that Chinese foreign policy has undergone an important shift in which domestic demand for energy and other raw materials heavily influence foreign policy decisions.
Unspoken Rules of the Creative Game: Insights to Shape the Next Generation from Top Advertising Creative Women
Authors: Grow Jean M. , Broyles Sheri J.
Published: April 2011

This study addresses gender issues in advertising creative departments and defines some of the unspoken rules in the creative game. Based on the interviews of twenty top creative women from the United States and Canada, the study focuses on the work creative women do, how they do it, and the environment in which they work. Content analysis of in-depth interviews led to the emergence of four thematic categories: the business, about personality, the work, and being female. Ultimately, knowing the unspoken rules will help prepare future generations of advertising creatives for the challenges that lie ahead. For women, knowledge of these rules is of paramount importance, as the highly masculine creative environment influences all aspects of a creative's career trajectory from hiring to promotion.
Poem Express: Swimming in the lake of the imagination
Authors: Colmer David
Published: April 2011

This article describes the innovative Dutch-based Poem Express, an international poem poster competition for children aged six to thirteen that involves a network of national and regional organizations around the world. For more information, see http://poem-express.com .
Poetry for young people in Greece: Themes, forms, types and trends
Authors: Tsilimeni Tasoula , Panaou Petros
Published: April 2011

This article discusses two major movements in poetry for children in Greece with a special focus on the themes, forms, and types prevalent in contemporary poetry today.
The liberating power of nonsense in Slovak children’s poetry
Authors: Andričíková Markéta , Vráblová Timotea
Published: April 2011

This article is a study of the Slovak movement of “nonsense poetry” for children, with a particular focus on the changing historical and political context.
Focus IBBY
Authors: Page Elizabeth , Maissen Leena
Published: April 2011

In this issue, we have the opportunity to share Zohreh Ghaeni’s moving speech at the Andersen award ceremony at the last IBBY Congress, as well as glean details about the next Congress set for London and about a regional IBBY Congress to be held in the U.S. Next, we get the history of IBBY up to the present day and Leena Maissen shares a lovely memorial tribute to IBBY friend, Vera Souckova.
Innocence as subversion: The power of Surrealism in The Twelve Months of Dreaming
Authors: Debattista Marina
Published: April 2011

Debattista explores the links between Surrealism and the remembrance of childhood through an anthology created by Romanian poet Iordan Chimet as well as considering the censorship restrictions imposed by the communist ideology of the times.
Neruda reborn: His life in children’s literature
Authors: Mount Joann McFeran
Published: April 2011

This article presents the life and work of Chilean poet and Nobel Laureate Pablo Neruda as it is revealed in six books written for children in English and Spanish. Choices in content, authorship, and presentation are also considered.
A street that leads children to poetry
Authors: Ballanger Françoise
Published: April 2011

Alain Serres, a French writer and publisher of children’s books, created an independent publishing house, Rue du monde [Street of the world], 15 years ago that gives great importance to poetry in its catalog. Here he explains all about his editorial projects that aim to share poetry from around the world with children of all ages
Perceptions of Africa in Slovenian poetry for children
Authors: Mazi-Leskovar Darja
Published: April 2011

This paper discusses images of Africa in motifs displayed in selected Slovenian poems, considering to what degree these poems encourage interest in what is foreign and what is common between the domestic environment of Slovenian readers and the African continent.
“Pollen from one place to another”: The Braid in Indiana and Scotland
Authors: Frost Helen
Published: April 2011

Poet Helen Frost writes about her experiences as a visiting poet in two schools, Northwood Middle School, in Fort Wayne, Indiana in the United States and Castlebay School, on the Isle of Barra in the Western Isles of Scotland, and how students connect with each other through her work.
Rediscovering cultural diversity in Korea through song and poetry picture books
Authors: Sung Yoo Kyung , Son Eun Hye
Published: April 2011

This paper examines fourteen Korean picture books that feature traditional songs, labor songs, children’s songs, and classic and contemporary poems revealing diverse facets of Korean culture including history, dialects, traditions, and cultural values.
Language, Identity, and Cultural Awareness in Spanish-speaking Families
Authors: Guardado Martin
Published: April 2011

There exists a wealth of research in the areas of heritage languages in the United States. Over the last two decades, the rapidly growing work on Spanish, particularly, is making important strides in the understanding of this research area. Yet, there is only minimal work focusing specifically on language socialization and Spanish maintenance in Canada. In this article, I describe qualitative research examining the contextual factors of the linguistic socialization of Spanish-speaking families and their children in Vancouver, Canada. Analysis of the data indicates that cultural awareness and identity, familism, and home language practices are key factors that cut across a variety of aspects of first language maintenance, both as agents and outcomes. Il existe une riche base de recherche sur les apprenants de langues d'origine aux Etats-Unis. Lors des deux dernières décennies, des études sur l'espagnol en particulier, ont permis de grands progrès dans ce domaine d'étude. Néanmoins, le nombre de recherches examinant la situation canadienne vis-à-vis de la socialisation linguistique et le maintien de l'espagnol reste infime. Cet article rapporte les résultats d'une étude qualitative, laquelle examine les facteurs contextuels de la socialisation linguistique de familles et de leurs enfants de langue espagnole à Vancouver au Canada. L'analyse des données indique que la conscience culturelle et l'identité, le famillisme, et les habitudes linguistiques au foyer sont des facteurs critiques qui affectent une variété d'aspects du maintien de la langue maternelle, autant comme agents que comme conséquences.
Stigmatized Ethnicity, Public Health, and Globalization
Authors: Ali S. Harris
Published: April 2011

The prejudicial linking of infection with ethnic minority status has a long-established history, but in some ways this association may have intensified under the contemporary circumstances of the "new public health" and globalization. This study analyzes this conflation of ethnicity and disease victimization by considering the stigmatization process that occurred during the 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Toronto. The attribution of stigma during the SARS outbreak occurred in multiple and overlapping ways informed by: (i) the depiction of images of individuals donning respiratory masks; (ii) employment status in the health sector; and (iii) Asian-Canadian and Chinese-Canadian ethnicity. In turn, stigmatization during the SARS crisis facilitated a moral panic of sorts in which racism at a cultural level was expressed and rationalized on the basis of a rhetoric of the new public health and anti-globalization sentiments. With the former, an emphasis on individualized self-protection, in the health sense, justified the generalized avoidance of those stigmatized. In relation to the latter, in the post-9/11 era, avoidance of the stigmatized other was legitimized on the basis of perceiving the SARS threat as a consequence of the mixing of different people predicated by economic and cultural globalization. Le fait préjudiciable de lier ensemble infection et minorité ethnique est établi depuis longtemps dans l'histoire, mais cette association semble s'être intensifiée d'une certaine manière dans les circonstances actuelles de la «nouvelle santé publique» et de la mondialisation. Dans cette étude, nous analysons cet assemblage d'ethnicité et de victimisation liée à la maladie, en examinant le processus de stigmatisation qui a émergé lorsque le symptôme respiratoire aigu grave (SRAG) s'est déclaré en 2003 à Toronto. Au cours de cette éclosion du SRAG, la désignation des boucs émissaires s'est faite de manières multiples qui se recoupaient les unes les autres : (i) la représentation visuelle de personnes portant des masques respiratoires, (ii) le statut d'emploi dans le secteur de la santé et (iii) l'ethnicité canadienne asiatique ou sinocanadienne. Par ailleurs, la stigmatisation pendant la crise du SRAG a ouvert la voie à une sorte de panique morale permettant au racisme de s'exprimer et de se rationaliser au niveau culturel à partir d'une rhétorique de nouvelle santé publique et de sentiments anti-mondialisation. En ce qui concerne ces derniers, l'emphase portée sur une autoprotection individuelle au sens sanitaire a justifié une mise à l'écart généralisée des personnes stigmatisées. Cette mise à l'écart dans le contexte de l'après-onze septembre a légitimisé le fait d`éviter tout Autre stigmatisé, en s'appuyant sur la perception de la menace du SRAG, vue comme une conséquence du mélange de peuples divers, tel que prêché par la mondialisation économique et culturelle.
The Danes of Montreal: The Uses of History and the Meanings of Success
Authors: Mancuso Rebecca
Published: April 2011

This paper discusses a public history project conducted by the author for the Danish Canadians of Montreal in the 1990s. The Danish Canadian community expected that researching their community history would help them recover a more authentic ethnicity and shine a light on their group's unique ethnocultural practices. However, to the community's disappointment, historical research instead revealed a strong trend toward Anglo-conformity, to the point that many Danish Canadians were nearly indistinguishable in Montreal's Anglophone society. In the current climate where the concept of the ethnic mosaic is emphasized in Canada, the history project dealt a blow to their sense of identity and led them to question whether they were ever ethnic at all. In addition to examining the history of a rarely-studied group, this paper explores changing notions of what has constituted immigrant success, and looks at one group's struggle to adapt to the larger society's shifting visions and values surrounding ethnicity. Cet article porte sur un projet d'histoire publique que l'auteur a dirigé dans les années 1990 pour les Canadiens danois de Montréal. Dans leur communauté, on s'attendait à ce qu'une recherche sur leur histoire les aiderait à recouvrer une ethnicité plus authentique et à mettre en lumière les usages ethnoculturels propres à leur groupe. Cependant, à leur grand désappointement, cette recherche a au contraire révélé dans leur histoire une forte tendance à se conformer à la société anglo-montréalaise, au point, pour bien des Canadiens danois, de ne pratiquement pas s'en distinguer. Dans le climat actuel où l'emphase est portée sur la mosaïque ethnique au Canada, ce projet d'histoire a porté un coup à leur sens identitaire et les a amenés à se demander s'ils avaient le moins du monde un caractère ethnique. Dans cet article, tout en examinant l`histoire d'un groupe rarement étudié, nous explorons aussi les notions changeantes de ce qui constitue le succès des immigrants et nous observons la lutte d'un groupe pour s'adapter aux perceptions changeantes et aux valeurs de la société prédominante autour du concept d'ethnicité.
Family, Religion, and Civic Engagement in Canada
Authors: Tossutti Livianna S. , Wang Ding Ming , Kaas-Mason Sanne
Published: April 2011

This article examines whether the family and religious networks and attachments that are central to the migration experience facilitate the political and civic integration of foreign-born Canadians. Using data from the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey, we investigate whether immigrants and newcomers who are more closely integrated into these networks are also more likely to vote in national and sub-national elections and to join voluntary associations. We found that ascriptive bonds had a relatively more positive effect on the democratic engagement of members of the general population than on immigrants and newcomers who had arrived in Canada since 1991. For both immigrants in general and new arrivals, institutional or solitary forms of religious worship were important determinants of political and civic engagement at the local level. However, family networks did not realize their potential to stimulate voting and associational activities. Immigrants who expressed higher levels of trust in family members were less likely to vote in federal, provincial and municipal elections, with all else held equal. Dans cet article, nous examinons si les réseaux et liens familiaux et religieux qui fonctionnent au coeur de l'expérience de la migration rendent plus facile l'intégration politique et civique de Canadiens nés à l'étranger. À partir des données du Recensement sur la diversité ethnique de 2002, nous étudierons si les immigrants et les nouveaux-venus qui sont plus étroitement intégrés dans ces réseaux sont plus susceptibles d'aller voter dans les élections nationales, provinciales et locales et à se joindre à des associations de bénévolat. Nous avons trouvé que l'effet positif des liens indiqués ci-dessus est plus marqué sur l'engagement démocratique des membres de la population générale que sur celui des immigrants et des nouveaux-venus arrivés au Canada depuis 1991. Pour ceux-ci, le fait de pratiquer une religion, que ce soit dans un cadre institutionnel ou individuel, joue un rôle déterminant dans l'engagement politique et civique au niveau local. Cependant, il n'y a pas de prise de conscience de la capacité des réseaux familiaux à stimuler la participation au vote et aux activités associatives. À niveau égal dans tout autre domaine, ce sont les immigrants exprimant le plus de confiance envers les membres de leur famille qui tendent le moins à voter dans les élections fédérales, provinciales et municipales.
Enclaves ethniques à Montréal et Toronto: les cas de Victoria à Côte-des-Neiges et de Roncesvalles à Parkdale
Authors: Paré Sylvie
Published: April 2011

L'émergence d'enclaves ethniques dans les villes d'accueil de l'immigration n'est pas un phénomène nouveau dans la géographie des grandes villes nord-américaines. Les nouveaux arrivants participent souvent à l'économie locale par la création de petites entreprises qui visent à combler les besoins de leurs compatriotes. Ils participent aussi à la transformation, voire même à la transition des quartiers centraux de ces grandes villes. L'exemple des Polonais de la rue Roncesvalles à Toronto et celui des Juifs de la Côte-des-Neiges à Montréal représente bien ce phénomène. Mais l'importance de l'économie ethnique dans certains quartiers demeure encore peu explorée. Cet article étudie le lien entre espace géographique, entrepreneuriat immigrant et fonctions de l'entreprise dans deux contextes urbains : les quartiers de la Côte-des-Neiges à Montréal et de Parkdale à Toronto. Nous y examinons la notion de marché ouvert et de marché fermé à partir des données recueillies à partir d'entrevues dirigées avec des entrepreneurs des secteurs de Victoria-van Horne et de Roncesvalles.That immigration leads to the emergence of ethnic neighborhoods in North American cities is not a new phenomenon in urban geography. New arrivals often participate in the development of local economies by creating small businesses to serve the needs of their compatriots. They also participate in the transformation of centrally located neighborhoods in large cities. The emergence of the Polish neighborhood on Roncesvalles Street in Toronto and the Jewish neighborhood of Côte-des Neiges in Montreal exemplify this pattern. However, the importance of ethnic economies in such neighborhoods has gone largely unexplored. This paper examines the relationship between geographic location, immigrant entrepreneurs and the role of small ethnic businesses in two Canadian urban areas: Côte-des-Neiges in Montréal and Parkdale in Toronto. Data from interviews with local businesspeople in these two areas are used to examine the pertinence of the concepts of ethnic/open and ethnic/closed markets.
Historical Consciousness and the "French-English" Divide among Quebec History Teachers
Authors: Zanazanian Paul
Published: April 2011

Teacher historical consciousness influences pedagogical practices in the national history classroom. Its study within the context of societies with ambiguous ethnic dominance like Quebec fosters a better understanding of how teachers signify past inter-group relations for knowing and orienting themselves toward the "Other." Quebec's blurred majority/minority demarcations between Francophones and Anglophones, as well as its common but non-consensual history program for its parallel school system, provides innovative and productive ground for such research. This article discusses a study conducted on inter-group attitudes and mutual in-class treatment between Francophone and Anglophone history teachers when teaching the Secondary Four, History of Quebec and Canada course in Montreal. Whereas most Francophone respondents displayed an indifference to the social realities and historical experiences of Quebec Anglophones, all Anglophone respondents demonstrated a sense of empathy toward the former. As this discrepancy reflects each group's sociological status, it also implies a dissimilarity in how research participants historicize the "French-English conflict" in Quebec's past. In this context, the non-recognition of Anglo-Quebecois moral and historical agency possibly explains the prevalent indifference among Francophone respondents. La conscience historique des enseignants influence leurs pratiques pédagogiques lorsqu'ils enseignent l'histoire nationale. Dans une société à dominance ethnique ambiguë comme le Québec, l'étude de cette conscience permet de comprendre le sens que donnent les enseignants aux relations intergroupes du passé pour mieux se reconnaître et se positionner par rapport à l'Autre. La démarcation majoritaire/minoritaire floue entre francophones et anglophones ainsi que le curriculum d'histoire commun, mais non-consensuel, offre un terrain fertile pour la recherche. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude sur les attitudes intergroupes et le traitement du programme d'histoire du Québec et du Canada par les enseignants francophones et anglophones respectivement en quatrième secondaire à Montréal. Si la plupart des répondants francophones manifestent de l'indifférence face aux réalités sociales et aux expériences historiques des Anglo-québécois, tous les répondants anglophones manifestent de l'empathie envers les premiers. Reflet du statut sociologique distinct de chaque groupe, cette divergence implique une dissemblance dans la manière dont les répondants historicisent le conflit français-anglais. Dans cette optique, le fait de ne pas reconnaître l'historicité des Anglo-québécois pourrait expliquer l'indifférence des répondants francophones.
Iraqi Women, Identity, and Islam in Toronto: Reflections on a New Diaspora
Authors: Lewis Nadia
Published: April 2011

This article examines the intersections of religion and nation in the diasporic imagination of Iraqi Sunni women, and the extent to which these shape their lives and experiences in Toronto. Migrating without the support of their husbands, these women negotiate the boundaries of imagined past and exiled present. Unlike other Muslim immigrants who find support and strength in local communities of Arab Muslims, Iraqi women in Toronto retain strong class and national ties. This study of Iraqi Sunni immigrant women argues that their affiliation to the Iraqi nation-state overshadows their ties to communities of Muslims and Arab groups in Toronto. Dans cet article nous étudions comment religion et nation s'articulent dans l'imaginaire des femmes sunnites de la diaspora irakienne, et jusqu'à quel point leur vie et leurs expériences à Toronto en sont marquées. Ayant émigré sans l'appui de leurs maris, ces femmes cherchent à faire la part d'un passé reconstruit et d'un présent en exil. À la différence des autres immigrés musulmans qui trouvent soutien et force auprès des communautés locales d'Arabes musulmans, ces femmes irakiennes de Toronto maintiennent avec leurs compatriotes de forts liens de classe. Cette étude montre que leur lien à l'État-nation iraquien prend le pas sur celui avec les groupes communautaires arabes et musulmans à Toronto.
University-Educated Immigrants from China to Canada: Rising Number and Discounted Value
Authors: Li Peter S. , Li Eva Xiaoling
Published: April 2011

Economic globalization has changed the volume and nature of the world migrant population. This paper explains how and why the pattern of immigration from China to Canada has changed as a result of a rising demand for human capital in Canada and a growth in the supply of university graduates in China. Since 1998, China has emerged as the top immigrant source for Canada, and there is a higher human capital content among recent cohorts of China-born immigrants to Canada. However, evidence from the 2001 Census of Canada indicates that the return on the university credentials of China-born immigrants in many fields of study has been below the Canadian average. The findings suggest that there are severe devaluations of the foreign credentials of China-born immigrants in Canada; the devaluation is more severe for Chinese men than Chinese women. La mondialisation économique a changé le volume et la nature de la population migrante de la planète. Dans cet article, nous montrons comment et pourquoi le type d'immigration de Chine vers le Canada s'est transformé du fait de l'augmentation du nombre de détenteurs de diplômes universitaires d'une part, et de la demande croissante de capital humain de l'autre. Depuis 1968, la Chine est devenue la source principale de l'immigration au Canada, et c'est dans les rangs de ces immigrants nés en Chine qu'on trouve l'investissement le plus élevé dans le capital humain. Cependant, le recensement canadien de 2001 indique que, dans un grand nombre de domaines, le retour sur les crédits universitaires d'immigrants nés en Chine est inférieur à la moyenne de celui des Canadiens. Ce que l'on constate suggère qu'il se produit une sévère dévaluation lors de la validité de diplômes étrangers des immigrants canadiens venus de Chine, et que cette dévaluation est encore plus grave pour les hommes que pour les femmes.
From Heritage Languages to Institutional Change: An Analysis of the Nature of Organizations and Projects Funded by the Canadian Multiculturalism Program (1983-2002)
Authors: McAndrew Marie , Helly Denise , Tessier Caroline , Young Judy
Published: April 2011

This article aims to shed light on debates relative to the Canadian Multiculturalism Policy through an analysis of the evolution of the attribution of grants by the multiculturalism program, according to the nature of the organizations and projects selected for the 1983-2002 period. Results show that, in a context of drastic reduction of the amounts granted during that period, multiethnic organizations, notably those associated with visible minorities, were the principal recipients. In addition, along with the changes in the orientation of the policy, initiatives aiming at intercultural understanding, institutional adaptation, and raising public awareness of racism clearly dominated over more traditional objectives, such as the maintenance of heritage cultures and languages or the support of the specific needs of communities. Le but de cet article est d'éclairer les débats sur la Loi sur la politique canadienne du multiculturalisme en analysant l'évolution de l'attribution des subventions du programme du multiculturalisme, selon la nature des organismes et des projets sélectionnés pour la période 1983-2002. Les résultats montrent que, dans un contexte de réduction drastique des sommes attribuées pendant cette période, les organismes multiethniques, notamment ceux issus des minorités visibles, en sont les principaux bénéficiaires. Par ailleurs, dans la foulée des changements d'orientation de la politique, les initiatives visant la compréhension interculturelle, l'adaptation institutionnelle et la sensibilisation du public au racisme dominent clairement les objectifs plus traditionnels, tels que le maintien des langues et des cultures d'origine, ou le soutien aux besoins spécifiques des communautés.
True Patriot Love: Structure and Predictors of Canadian Pride
Authors: Cameron James E. , Berry John W.
Published: April 2011

The strength and value of psychological attachment to one's nation is potentially complicated by other sources of identification, including ethnicity and language. In diverse societies, a crucial question is whether patriotism—feelings of pride associated with national identity—is compatible with diversity, or whether the strength and meaning of national and ethnic identities are at odds with one another. Drawing on data from a national, random sample of Canadians ( N = 2000), two general issues are examined: (a) the structure of Canadian patriotism as derived from various national attributes, activities, and institutions; and (b) the predictors of patriotism, with a focus on whether various sources of diversity (e.g., region) and strength of ethnic identification have a bearing on Canadian national pride. Factor analysis suggests that aspects of Canadian pride occur along (at least) two correlated dimensions—"home" (e.g., institutions and policies) and "away" (international presence and success)—with Quebec respondents manifesting a more complex and ambivalent pattern. Women and younger Canadians tended to express more national pride, but the subjective importance of ethnicity was unrelated to patriotism. The results support a general congruence between Canadian patriotism, ethnic identification, and multiculturalism. Il se peut que des sources d'identification extérieures, dont l'ethnicité et la langue, compliquent dans sa force et sa valeur l'attachement que l'on ressent envers la nation. Dans les sociétés diversifiées se pose une question cruciale, à savoir si le patriotisme—le sentiment de fierté associé à l'identité nationale—est compatible avec la diversité, ou si deux identités, une nationale et une ethnique, entrent en conflit l'une avec l'autre du fait de leur force et de leur signification respectives. Nous examinerons deux problèmes généraux à partir de données provenant d'un échantillon de Canadiens pris au hasard au niveau national ( N = 2000) : (a) la structure d'un patriotisme canadien fondé sur divers attributs, activités et institutions nationaux, et (b) ce qui peut prédire un sentiment national, en se focalisant sur le rôle que jouent ou non dans la fierté d'être Canadien les fondements de la diversité (par exemple, la région) et la force de l'identification ethnique. Une analyse factorielle suggère que quelques faces de cette fierté d'être Canadien se forment à partir de (au moins) deux axes parallèles—un "chez soi" (par exemple des institutions et des politiques) et un "là-bas" (présence et succès internationaux)—y inclus dans le cas des répondants québécois qui présente un schéma ambivalent et plus complexe. Les femmes et les Canadiens les plus jeunes ont eu tendance à exprimer une plus grande fierté nationale, mais l'importance subjective de l'ethnicité n'était pas liée au patriotisme. Les résultats confirment une congruence générale entre le patriotisme canadien, l'identification ethnique et le multiculturalisme.
Grace and Free Will According to Clement of Alexandria
Authors: Havrda Matyáš
Published: April 2011

Clement of Alexandria distinguishes two modes of divine activity in the history of salvation: God exhorts all human beings to reach perfection and to receive immortality, while strengthening those who, by their choice and effort, become worthy of divine help. By following the demands of divine education, humanity cooperates with God's will to create humankind "according to God's image and likeness." The project of human effort, however, may only be fulfilled by grace. This paper reconstructs Clement's model of cooperation between God and humanity towards salvation and the concept of grace and free will it implies.