bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis, work-up and management of blunt cardiac injuries
Authors: Joos Emilie , Tadloc Matthew D , Inaba Kenji
Published: March 2014

Blunt cardiac injury has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, some of them quite severe. Its definition varies throughout the literature. The purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiology, screening, diagnosis and management of blunt cardiac injury. Blunt cardiac injury complicates up to 30% of severe blunt force trauma. It can be classified into electrical and structural abnormalities. Screening modalities include electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes. Serial negative electrocardiograms and troponins can safely rule out blunt cardiac injury. A transthoracic echocardiogram should be performed if persistent dysrhythmia or hypotension. All dysrhythmias should be treated. Patients with structural abnormalities rarely survive. In conclusion, blunt cardiac injury is prevalent after significant blunt trauma. The appropriate screening modalities should be employed and any abnormality to be treated.
Being a truth-teller who serves only the citizens: A case study of Newstapa
Authors: Shin Wooyeol
Published: March 2014

This study explores the boundary work of the Korean independent newsroom Newstapa. Newstapa creates its own logic of journalism, which is a combination of the core of professional journalism and of participatory journalism. Newstapa journalists, who previously worked in mainstream media, open the boundaries of professional work by embracing the nascent norms and practices of participatory culture. The use of digital media helps provide greater transparency to citizens. Newstapa defines truth-telling as a conversational process through which journalists work with citizens. Although this process causes journalists to relinquish their professional autonomy to citizens, it leads to a reconstruction of the professional exclusivity of being more accountable journalists who serve only citizens through truth-telling and are free from any other external forces. Newstapa’s logic also helps create a normative border separating Newstapa from other journalists. By adapting this logic, Newstapa challenges the social authority of mainstream media.
Environmental Influences on Physical Activity in Rural Midwestern Adults
Authors: Chrisman Matthew , Nothwehr Faryle , Yang Ginger , Oleson Jacob
Published: March 2014

Qualitative research can be used to examine multiple factors associated with physical activity and help practitioners identify language used by the rural adult population when discussing this behavior. Three focus groups were conducted among 19 residents of multiple towns in a rural Midwestern county to examine the language and influences on rural physical activity. Focus group members were asked to define physical activity, exercise, community, and neighborhood. They were asked about the activities they engaged in and facilitators and barriers to those activities. A guidebook was developed to capture major themes and common patterns that emerged in the responses to the topics discussed. The data were reviewed for repeated statements and points that were agreed on by multiple participants. Important factors associated with physical activity include the importance of social support and modeling physical activity behavior. Also, the influence of pets and children was important for engaging these adults in physical activity. The focus group members engaged in walking and bicycling in their neighborhood streets and community trails, and desired to see community buildings be open to the public for exercise. This study revealed contextual issues and culturally relevant language for practitioners to use in tailoring physical activity measurement tools or designing interventions for a rural adult population. Social support (specifically, seeing others being active and using pets as motivators for being active) and policy attitudes may be targeted for interventions to increase physical activity in rural adults.
Diagnosis of Posterior Cortical Atrophy Delayed by Coexisting Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Authors: Han Dong Y. , Shandera-Ochsner Anne L. , Bell Brian D. , Seeger Susanne K.
Published: March 2014

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also known as the visual variant of Alzheimer’s Disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that affects the visuospatial systems in its initial stages. Due to the rarity of this condition and the presence of relatively preserved memory during its early stages compared to other dementias, its accurate diagnosis can be delayed. When accompanied by a comorbid visual disorder, the diagnostic process becomes even more challenging. This study describes the disease course of a patient whose diagnosis of Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy served to delay an additional diagnosis of PCA, illustrating the necessity of careful scrutiny of symptom presentation and especially its course.
Hyaluronic acid scaffold for skin defects in congenital syndactyly release surgery: a novel technique based on the regenerative model
Authors: Landi A. , Garagnani L. , Leti Acciaro A. , Lando M. , Ozben H. , Gagliano M. C.
Published: March 2014

Syndactyly release may require skin grafting to fill the skin defects, which might lead to complications or poor cosmetic outcomes. A simple graftless technique for syndactyly release with a hyaluronic acid (HA) scaffold used to cover the bare areas is described. Between 2008 and 2011, release of 26 webs in 23 patients was performed. All skin defects were covered with Hyalomatrix® PA. One patient was excluded due to early post-operative infection that required HA scaffold removal before its integration. Web creep, secondary deformities, scar quality, and patient and parental satisfaction were assessed. Mean follow-up of the group of 22 patients was 24 months. There were no secondary deformities and minimal degree of web creep. All patients had close to normal pigmentation and good pliability at the sites of scaffold application. The results confirm the use of a HA scaffold as a promising alternative to skin grafting in syndactyly release surgery.
L’implication des personnes vulnérables dans la recherche participative en soins primaires : une revue de la littérature
Authors: Charlebois Kathleen , Loignon Christine , Boudreault-Fournier Alexandrine , Dupéré Sophie , Grabovschi Cristina
Published: March 2014

Malgré un vif intérêt pour la participation des patients à la gestion et à la prestation des soins de santé primaires, il n’existe aucune revue de la littérature sur le rôle des personnes vulnérables dans les projets de recherche participative menés dans le domaine des soins primaires. Une revue de la littérature de type narrative a été menée afin de combler cette lacune. L’objectif principal de cette revue a été d’évaluer le rôle des personnes vulnérables au sein de projets de recherche participative. Notre revue a recensé 26 articles et analysé 33 projets de recherche ou d’intervention en soins primaires. Elle révèle de nombreux écueils concernant l’implication des personnes vulnérables. Ces personnes ont joué un rôle varié, mais surtout modeste ou limité au sein des différents projets. Leur implication a surtout eu lieu à l’étape de la collecte des données. Peu de projets ont permis aux personnes vulnérables de prendre part à l’analyse des données ou à la diffusion des connaissances. Les tensions entre les chercheurs et les personnes vulnérables et la tendance à intégrer des acteurs organisés au sein des projets ont contribué à affaiblir le degré de participation des personnes vulnérables, et ce, à diverses étapes du processus de recherche et du développement d’intervention. Malgré tout, plusieurs retombées positives ont été identifiées, tant pour la communauté et les personnes vulnérables que pour les chercheurs. Entre autres, les projets ont permis aux chercheurs non universitaires d’acquérir de nouvelles compétences. De plus, certains projets ont favorisé la mise en place de nouveaux modèles de prestations de soins. Enfin, différents mécanismes permettant de rehausser la réciprocité entre les chercheurs et les personnes vulnérables sont proposés comme solutions pour réduire les inégalités et les tensions et, ultimement, favoriser l’implication des personnes vulnérables.
Treatment Recommendations Following 3-Day Masked Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rasbach Lisa E. , Atkins Ashley E. , Milaszewski Kerry M. , Keady Joyce , Schmidt Lisa M. , Volkening Lisa K. , Laffel Lori M.
Published: March 2014

Background:

Glycemic control remains suboptimal in youth with type 1 diabetes. Retrospective continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has demonstrated utility in fine-tuning diabetes management by detecting postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. In this study, we explored the process of 3-day masked CGM use, subsequent treatment recommendations, and impact on A1c in a clinic-based sample of youth with type 1 diabetes.

Methods:

Over 2 years, 122 youth were referred for masked CGM. Patients/families completed a diary of blood glucose levels, insulin doses, food intake, and exercise during CGM use. A1c was assessed pre- and 2-3 months post-CGM. Treatment recommendations were formulated using data from CGM reports and diaries.

Results:

Mean age was 14.3 ± 3.9 years, diabetes duration was 7.5 ± 4.7 years, and A1c was 8.5 ± 1.1% (69 ± 12 mmol/mol); 61% were pump-treated. Patients received an average of 3.1 ± 1.1 treatment recommendations following review of the CGM report. Most (80%) received reinforcement of the importance of preprandial bolusing; 37% received a recommendation regarding advanced insulin management (use of combination boluses/attend to active insulin). Receipt of the latter recommendation was related to A1c improvement ≥0.5% (OR: 4.0, P < .001).

Conclusions:

Masked CGM offers opportunities to guide advanced insulin management (by injection or pump), which may yield A1c improvements in youth with type 1 diabetes.
Mutual misunderstanding and avoidance, misrepresentations and disciplinary politics: spatial science and quantitative analysis in (United Kingdom) geographical curricula
Authors: Johnston Ron , Harris Richard , Jones Kelvyn , Manley David , Sabel Clive E , Wang Wenfei Winnie
Published: March 2014

One consequence of the fragmentation of their discipline and the consequent lack of awareness amongst human geographers of what is being done by many of their colleagues is misrepresentation of certain types of work – in textbooks, for example. Amongst the areas often misrepresented in recent years are those commonly categorised by such terms as ‘spatial science’ and ‘quantitative analysis’. Critics of these areas often write as if the type of work undertaken in the 1960s–1970s still characterises them today, with little appreciation of contemporary activities. This article responds to such claims by presenting the current nature of work in those areas – very different from that of several decades ago – and makes the case for their inclusion in curricula so that students (most of whom will not proceed to research in the areas) can appreciate the underlying principles of quantitative analyses and their important role in the formation of an informed citizenry in data-driven, evidence-based policy societies.
Longitudinal Strain and Strain Rate in Patients With Hemodynamically Significant Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Penk Jamie , Patel Angira , Lay Amy , Webb Catherine
Published: March 2014

Background:

Patients with significant overcirculation from large ventricular septal defects (VSDs) may have altered contractility compared to normal patients.

Methods:

Patients were enrolled prospectively. Patients were excluded if they were acutely ill or over age five. Left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate were measured in patients with VSDs referred for surgical correction and control participants with structurally normal hearts.

Results:

There was no difference in the average longitudinal strain or strain rate of six segments in the left ventricle. The mean for both the groups was 19.9% ( P = .95). Strain rate was 1.5 s−1 in the patients with a VSD and 1.42 s−1 in the control group ( P = .30). The left ventricular end diastolic dimension was significantly larger in the group with ventricular defects (z score 1.38 vs −0.37) than the control group ( P = .000).

Conclusions:

The left ventricle end-diastolic dimension in patients with ventricular defects was significantly larger, but there was no difference in longitudinal strain or strain rate.
Evaluation of the Use of Intravenous Iron Supplements in an Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
Authors: Michon Nicole , Bernier Pascaline , Ferreira Ema
Published: March 2014

Background: The use of intravenous (IV) iron sucrose was approved for the obstetric and gynecologic (OBGYN) population at our mother–child teaching hospital in 2006 for intolerance or nonresponse to oral iron supplements, contraindication to intramuscular (IM) iron, and rapid increase of the hemoglobin desired in iron-deficient patients. Objectives: ( a) To describe the indications and doses of IV iron sucrose used in OBGYN, ( b) to assess monitoring, and ( c) to describe the adverse effect profile. Methods: A retrospective study of patients admitted to the OBGYN wards with at least one prescription of IV iron from January 1, 2006, to March 31, 2010, was conducted. A standardized data collection sheet was used to record data. Results: A total of 164 prescriptions of IV iron were reviewed in 128 women. The indications for IV iron were anemia before delivery (n = 76), intolerance or no response to oral iron (n = 61), or intolerance or contraindication to IM iron (n = 27). Fourteen doses (9%) were appropriate, and the others were too low. Prior to prescription, ferritin or serum iron levels were assessed in 31% of women and hemoglobin electrophoresis in nearly all of Black or Asian women. One-week follow-up hemoglobin levels were measured after 66 prescriptions (40.2%). Adverse effects, mostly pain at the injection site, were reported in 18 (11%) occasions. Conclusions: IV iron is prescribed in OBGYN patients to obtain a rapid hemoglobin increase or when oral iron is not tolerated or inefficacious. The dose prescribed is generally too low, baseline essential testing often omitted, and appropriate follow-up monitoring incomplete. IV iron is well tolerated.
Microvascular oxygen consumption during sickle cell pain crisis
Authors: Rowley Carol A. , Ikeda Allison K. , Seidel Miles , Anaebere Tiffany C. , Antalek Matthew D. , Seamon Catherine , Conrey Anna K. , Mendelsohn Laurel , Nichols James , Gorbach Alexander M. , Kato Gregory J. , Ackerman Hans
Published: March 2014

Key Points

Patients with sickle cell disease have greater microvascular oxygen consumption rates than healthy individuals. During sickle cell pain crisis, microvascular oxygen consumption increases further.
Association between obesity and metabolic co-morbidities among children and adolescents in South Korea based on national data
Authors: Lim Hyunjung , Xue Hong , Wang Youfa
Published: March 2014

Background

Childhood obesity has become a serious public health threat worldwide due to its many short- and long-term adverse health effects. We assessed the association between weight status and metabolic co-morbidities among South Korean children using nationally representative data.

Methods

Data from the 2007-2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 1,526 children aged 10-19 years were used. Logistic regression models were fit to examine the association between weight status [overweight, 85th percentile ≤ BMI <95th percentile; obese, BMI ≥95th percentile; and central obesity, waist circumference ≥90th percentile, based on 2007 Korean National Growth Charts] and metabolic outcomes.

Results

More obese children had metabolic co-morbidities than normal-weight children (P < 0.05). Boys had higher means BMI than girls, WC, and BP, while girls had higher means of total blood cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05). Attributable risk of metabolic syndrome was high due to overweight and obesity: 91.1% for central obesity and 29.6% for high TG. Obese children had increased risk of having high BP (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.90; 95% CI: 1.05-3.45), dyslipidemia (OR: 6.21; 95% CI: 3.59-10.75), high TG (OR: 6.87; 95% CI: 4.05-11.64), low HDL (OR: 4.46; 95% CI: 2.23-8.89), and ≥2 co-morbidities (OR: 26.97; 95% CI: 14.95-48.65) compared to normal-weight subjects, while the associations between weight status and metabolic outcomes were stronger in boys.

Conclusions

Obesity was strongly associated with metabolic co-morbidities in South Korean children.
The involvement of AMPK/GSK3-beta signals in the control of metastasis and proliferation in hepato-carcinoma cells treated with anthocyanins extracted from Korea wild berry Meoru
Authors: Park Song Yi , Lee Yun-Kyoung , Lee Won Sup , Park Ock Jin , Kim Young-Min
Published: March 2014

Background

Activation of the Wnt pathway is known to promote tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis, and targeting Wnt pathway inhibition has emerged as an attractive approach for controlling tumor invasion and metastasis. The major pathway for inhibiting Wnt is through the degradation of β-catenin by the GSK3-beta/CK1/Axin/APC complex. It was found that Hep3B hepato-carcinoma cells respond to anthocyanins through GSK3-beta-induced suppression of beta-catenin; however, they cannot dephosphorylate GSK3-beta without AMPK activation.

Methods

We tested the effects of anthocyanins on proliferation and apoptosis by MTT and Annexin V-PI stainingin vitro. Mouse xenograft models of hepato-carcinomas were established by inoculation with Hep3B cells, and mice were injected with 50 mg/kg/ml of anthocyanins. In addition, protein levels of p-GSK3-beta, beta-catenin, p-AMPK, MMP-9, VEGF, and Ang-1 were also analyzed using western blot.

Results

Anthocyanins decrease phospho-GSK3-beta and beta-catenin expression in anin vivotumor xenograft model, increase AMPK activity in this model, and inhibit cell migration and invasion, possibly by inhibiting MMP-2 (in vitro) and the panendothelial marker, CD31 (in vivo). To elucidate the role of the GSK3-beta/beta-catenin pathway in cancer control, we conditionally inactivated this pathway, using activated AMPK for inhibition. Further, we showed that AMPK siRNA treatment abrogated the ability of anthocyanins to control cell proliferation and metastatic potential, and Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, could not restore GSK3-beta regulation, as exhibited by anthocyanins in Hep3B cells.

Conclusion

These observations imply that the AMPK-mediated GSK3-beta/beta-catenin circuit plays crucial roles in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in anthocyanin-treated hepato-carcinoma cells of Meoru origin.
Effect of nitrogen atomic percentage on N+-bombarded MWCNTs in cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility
Authors: Zhao Mengli , Cao Ye , Liu Xiaoqi , Deng Jianhua , Li Dejun , Gu Hanqing
Published: March 2014

N+-bombarded multi-walled carbon nanotubes (N+-bombarded MWCNTs), with different nitrogen atomic percentages, were achieved by different N ion beam currents using ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) on MWCNTs synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Characterizations of N+-bombarded MWCNTs were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle. For comparison, the in vitro cytocompatibility of the N+-bombarded MWCNTs with different N atomic percentages was assessed by cellular adhesion investigation using human endothelial cells (EAHY926) and mouse fibroblast cells (L929), respectively. The results showed that the presence of nitrogen in MWCNTs accelerated cell growth and proliferation of cell culture. The higher nitrogen content of N+-bombarded MWCNTs, the better cytocompatibility. In addition, N+-bombarded MWCNTs with higher N atomic percentage displayed lower platelet adhesion rate. No hemolysis can be observed on the surfaces. These results proved that higher N atomic percentage led N+-bombarded MWCNTs to better hemocompatibility.
High definition video teaching module for learning neck dissection
Authors: Mendez Adrian , Seikaly Hadi , Ansari Kal , Murphy Russell , Cote David
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Video teaching modules are proven effective tools for enhancing student competencies and technical skills in the operating room. Integration into post-graduate surgical curricula, however, continues to pose a challenge in modern surgical education. To date, video teaching modules for neck dissection have yet to be described in the literature.

Purpose

To develop and validate an HD video-based teaching module (HDVM) to help instruct post-graduate otolaryngology trainees in performing neck dissection.

Methods

This prospective study included 6 intermediate to senior otolaryngology residents. All consented subjects first performed a control selective neck dissection. Subjects were then exposed to the video teaching module. Following a washout period, a repeat procedure was performed. Recordings of the both sets of neck dissections were de-identified and reviewed by an independent evaluator and scored using the Observational Clinical Human Reliability Assessment (OCHRA) system.

Results

In total 91 surgical errors were made prior to the HDVM and 41 after exposure, representing a 55% decrease in error occurrence. The two groups were found to be significantly different. Similarly, 66 and 24 staff takeover events occurred pre and post HDVM exposure, respectively, representing a statistically significant 64% decrease.

Conclusion

HDVM is a useful adjunct to classical surgical training. Residents performed significantly less errors following exposure to the HD-video module. Similarly, significantly less staff takeover events occurred following exposure to the HDVM.
Emergency room use after being released from incarceration
Authors: Erlyana Erlyana , Fisher Dennis G , Reynolds Grace L
Published: March 2014

Background

This study investigates opiate use in mediating the impact of history of incarceration on emergency department (ED) use.

Method

Data were collected from 1,341 clients who underwent HIV and STI screening in an outpatient care center in Long Beach, California. The Risk Behavior Assessment (RBA, baseline) and Risk Behavior Follow-Up Assessment (RBFA, follow-up) were administered to each client with at least a three months interval between assessments.

Results

Of 1341 participants in the study, 931 (69.43%) reported previous incarceration. Having a history of incarceration was significantly associated with emergency room use as well as a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), injection drug use, opiate use, and survival sex trading, defined as sex for money or drugs. The relationship between previous incarceration and ED use was mediated by opiate use for men but not for women. The findings suggested that the effect of history of incarceration on ED use was exacerbated when the individuals were male and opiate users.

Conclusions

Targeted interventions in treatment and rehabilitation programs could help prevent unnecessary ED use and reduce the use of EDs through drug treatment during incarceration and after release.
Double impact of cigarette smoke and mechanical ventilation on the alveolar epithelial type II cell
Authors: Hirsch Jan , Chalkley Robert J , Bentley Trevor , Burlingame Alma L , Frank James A
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) impacts clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by neutrophil-mediated inflammation and loss of alveolar barrier function. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that smoking may be a risk factor for the development of ARDS. Because alveolar type II cells are central to maintaining the alveolar epithelial barrier during oxidative stress, mediated in part by neutrophilic inflammation and mechanical ventilation, we hypothesized that exposure to cigarette smoke and mechanical strain have interactive effects leading to the activation of and damage to alveolar type II cells.

Methods

To determine if cigarette smoke increases susceptibility to VILI in vivo, a clinically relevant rat model was established. Rats were exposed to three research cigarettes per day for two weeks. After this period, some rats were mechanically ventilated for 4 hours. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and differential cell count was done and alveolar type II cells were isolated. Proteomic analysis was performed on the isolated alveolar type II cells to discover alterations in cellular pathways at the protein level that might contribute to injury. Effects on levels of proteins in pathways associated with innate immunity, oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated in alveolar type II cell lysates by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical comparisons were performed by t-tests, and the results were corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate.

Results

Tobacco smoke exposure increased airspace neutrophil influx in response to mechanical ventilation. The combined exposure to cigarette smoke and mechanical ventilation significantly increased BAL neutrophil count and protein content. Neutrophils were significantly higher after smoke exposure and ventilation than after ventilation alone. DNA fragments were significantly elevated in alveolar type II cells. Smoke exposure did not significantly alter other protein-level markers of cell activation, including Toll-like receptor 4; caspases 3, 8 and 9; and heat shock protein 70.

Conclusions

Cigarette smoke exposure may impact ventilator-associated alveolar epithelial injury by augmenting neutrophil influx. We found that cigarette smoke had less effect on other pathways previously associated with VILI, including innate immunity, oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Lucky iPSCs
Authors: Zviran Asaf , Hanna Jacob H
Published: March 2014

The probabilistic behavior of direct induction of pluripotency has been a subject of intense research interest. Here we discuss recently published reports on this topic.
The future of sequencing: convergence of intelligent design and market Darwinism
Authors: Greenleaf William J , Sidow Arend
Published: March 2014

A report on the Advances in Genome Biology and Technology meeting held in Marco Island, Florida, USA, on February 12–15, 2014.
Prolonged Administration of Azacitidine With or Without Entinostat for Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Myelodysplasia-Related Changes: Results of the US Leukemia Intergroup Trial E1905
Authors: Prebet Thomas , Sun Zhuoxin , Figueroa Maria E. , Ketterling Rhett , Melnick Ari , Greenberg Peter L. , Herman James , Juckett Mark , Wang Eunice S. , Smith Mitchell R. , Malick Lisa , Paietta Elisabeth , Czader Magdalena , Litzow Mark , Gabrilove Janice , Erba Harry P. , Gore Steven D. , Tallman Martin S.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Although azacitidine (AZA) improves survival in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, the overall response remains approximately 50%. Entinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that has been combined with AZA with significant clinical activity in a previous phase I dose finding study.

Design

Open label phase II randomized trial comparing AZA 50 mg/m2/d given for 10 days ± entinostat 4 mg/m2/d day 3 and day 10. All subtypes of myelodysplasia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes were eligible for the study. The primary objective was the rate of hematologic normalization (HN; complete remission + partial remission + trilineage hematological improvement).

Results

One hundred forty-nine patients were analyzed, including 97 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and 52 patients with acute myeloid leukemia. In the AZA group, 32% (95% CI, 22% to 44%) experienced HN and 27% (95% CI, 17% to 39%) in the AZA + entinostat group. Both arms exceeded the HN rate of historical control (Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9221 trial), but only the AZA group fulfilled the primary objective of the study. Rates of overall hematologic response were 46% and 44%, respectively. Median overall survivals were 18 months for the AZA group and 13 months for the AZA + entinostat group. The combination arm led to less demethylation compared with the monotherapy arm, suggesting pharmacodynamic antagonism.

Conclusion

Addition of entinostat to AZA did not increase clinical response as defined by the protocol and was associated with pharmacodynamic antagonism. However, the prolonged administration of AZA by itself seems to increase HN rate compared with standard dosing and warrants additional investigation.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Temin Sarah , Edge Stephen B. , Newman Lisa A. , Turner Roderick R. , Weaver Donald L. , Benson Al B. , Bosserman Linda D. , Burstein Harold J. , Cody Hiram , Hayman James , Perkins Cheryl L. , Podoloff Donald A. , Giuliano Armando E.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing oncologists, surgeons, and radiation therapy clinicians to update the 2005 clinical practice guideline on the use of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for patients with early-stage breast cancer.

Methods

The American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an Update Committee of experts in medical oncology, pathology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology, guideline implementation, and advocacy. A systematic review of the literature was conducted from February 2004 to January 2013 in Medline. Guideline recommendations were based on the review of the evidence by Update Committee.

Results

This guideline update reflects changes in practice since the 2005 guideline. Nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) met systematic review criteria for clinical questions 1 and 2; 13 cohort studies informed clinical question 3.

Recommendations

Women without sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases should not receive axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Women with one to two metastatic SLNs planning to undergo breast-conserving surgery with whole-breast radiotherapy should not undergo ALND (in most cases). Women with SLN metastases who will undergo mastectomy should be offered ALND. These three recommendation are based on RCTs. Women with operable breast cancer and multicentric tumors, with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who will undergo mastectomy, who previously underwent breast and/or axillary surgery, or who received preoperative/neoadjuvant systemic therapy may be offered SNB. Women who have large or locally advanced invasive breast cancer (tumor size T3/T4), inflammatory breast cancer, or DCIS (when breast-conserving surgery is planned) or are pregnant should not undergo SNB. These recommendations are based on cohort studies and/or informal consensus. In some cases, updated evidence was insufficient to update previous recommendations.
Expression Profiling of PPARγ-Regulated MicroRNAs in Human Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipogenesis in both Genders
Authors: Yu Jing , Kong Xiaocen , Liu Juan , Lv Yifan , Sheng Yunlu , Lv Shan , Di Wenjuan , Wang Chen , Zhang Feng , Ding Guoxian
Published: March 2014

Clinical evidence shows that visceral fat accumulation decreases whereas sc fat increases in patients treated with thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a type of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist. To clarify the molecular mechanism of the differential effects of PPARγ agonists on sc and visceral adipose, we investigated expression profiling of PPARγ-regulated micro-RNAs (miRNAs) using miRNA microarray. The level of 182 miRNAs changed in human sc adipose treated with pioglitazone, whereas only 46 miRNAs changed in visceral adipose. Among these miRNAs, 27 miRNAs changed in both human sc and visceral adipocytes. Specifically, 7 miRNAs changed at the same direction in sc and visceral adipocytes, whereas 20 miRNAs changed at opposite directions in these two fat depots. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these miRNAs and the predicted target genes were involved in TGF-β-, Wnt/β-catenin-, and insulin-signaling pathways and related to metabolic regulation or cell cycle. Among the miRNAs changed at the same direction in sc and visceral adipocytes, miR-378, located in the first intron of PPARγ coactivator 1β (PGC1β), was coordinately expressed with PGC1β during adipogenesis. Moreover, miR-378 and PGC1β were both up-regulated by PPARγ agonist. We also provided evidence that miR-378 promoted adipogenesis in sc fat, but not in visceral fat. These results display miRNAs expression profiling altered in sc and visceral adipogenesis regulated by PPARγ and suggest a potential mechanism underlying the differential effects of TZDs on the 2 fat depot accumulations.
Random Construction of Interpolating Sets for High-Dimensional Integration
Authors: Huber Mark , Schott Sarah
Published: March 2014

Computing the value of a high-dimensional integral can often be reduced to the problem of finding the ratio between the measures of two sets. Monte Carlo methods are often used to approximate this ratio, but often one set will be exponentially larger than the other, which leads to an exponentially large variance. A standard method of dealing with this problem is to interpolate between the sets with a sequence of nested sets where neighboring sets have relative measures bounded above by a constant. Choosing such a well-balanced sequence can rarely be done without extensive study of a problem. Here a new approach that automatically obtains such sets is presented. These well-balanced sets allow for faster approximation algorithms for integrals and sums using fewer samples, and better tempering and annealing Markov chains for generating random samples. Applications, such as finding the partition function of the Ising model and normalizing constants for posterior distributions in Bayesian methods, are discussed.
On the Location of the Maximum of a Continuous Stochastic Process
Authors: Pimentel Leandro P. R.
Published: March 2014

In this short article we will provide a sufficient and necessary condition to have uniqueness of the location of the maximum of a stochastic process over an interval. The result will also express the mean value of the location in terms of the derivative of the expectation of the maximum of a linear perturbation of the underlying process. As an application, we will consider a Brownian motion with variable drift. The ideas behind the method of proof will also be useful to study the location of the maximum, over the real line, of a two-sided Brownian motion minus a parabola and of a stationary process minus a parabola.
Coalescence Times for the Bienaymé-Galton-Watson Process
Authors: Le V.
Published: March 2014

We investigate the distribution of the coalescence time (most recent common ancestor) for two individuals picked at random (uniformly) in the current generation of a continuous-time Bienaymé-Galton-Watson process founded t units of time ago. We also obtain limiting distributions as t → ∞ in the subcritical case. We extend our results for two individuals to the joint distribution of coalescence times for any finite number of individuals sampled in the current generation.
Cover Times and Generic Chaining
Authors: Lehec Joseph
Published: March 2014

A recent result of Ding, Lee and Peres (2012) expressed the cover time of the random walk on a graph in terms of generic chaining for the commute distance. Their argument is based on Dynkin's isomorphism theorem. The purpose of this article is to present an alternative approach to this problem, based only on elementary hitting time estimates and chaining arguments.
Space-Charge Effects in An Electrostatic Multireflection Ion Trap
Authors: Grinfeld Dmitry , Giannakopulos Anastassios E. , Kopaev Igor , Makarov Alexander , Monastyrskiy Mikhail , Skoblin Michael
Published: March 2014

The multireflection ion traps with isochronous properties offer a lot of opportunities for time-of-flight mass spectrometry by elongation of the ion path, thus preserving the compact dimensions of an instrument. We have built and tested a two-mirror linear trap that provides at least 80,000 mass-resolving power. Although the mass resolution appears promising, there are substantial limitations that arise from Coulomb interactions of the trapped ions. Among these, the mutual repulsion of ions with same or close mass-to-charge ratios appears dominant, resulting in counterintuitive motion synchronization. The self-bunching and coalescence effects are also examined by numerical simulation.
Using the Open Forum Counseling Model in Leadership Development
Authors: Colker Jay
Published: March 2014

The author reviews foundational Individual Psychology principles and their natural connection to a group setting. The author then highlights the history of the open forum model, the principles at work within the setting, concerns raised with the model, and challenges to overcome when applying the open forum approach in organizations. The author highlights two examples of its application: teaching advanced coaching training to 900 managers over 4 years in a power generation company and working with two intact leadership teams in leadership development in a $2.4 billion banking system. Finally, the author highlights the value of open forum approaches in the future as more individuals use collaborative approaches for information and support.
“What Looks Like a Revolution”: Enslaved Women and the Gendered Terrain of Slave Insurgencies in Cuba, 1843–1844
Authors: Finch Aisha
Published: March 2014

This article examines the women who became involved in Cuba’s slave resistance movements of 1843 and 1844, drawing attention to those who molded that resistance in visible and public ways and those whose involvement has often been obscured or unnoticed. The narratives created around Fermina and Carlota Lucumí, two leading figures in the 1843 insurgencies, both rupture and complicate the masculine discourse around slave-movement leadership that has been central to historiographies of slave rebellion. I analyze the ways that these women became hyper-visible in archival records organized around patriarchal sensibilities of punishment. I also investigate the gendered narratives of betrayal and silence that intersperse the trial records and render illegible—if not wholly erase—the ways that black slave women helped to produce insurgent possibilities. I argue that women who marked themselves as unaligned with the insurgent project reveal some of the intriguing ways that most enslaved people encountered these resistance movements.
The Gendered Nose and its Lack: “Medieval” Nose-Cutting and its Modern Manifestations
Authors: Skinner Patricia
Published: March 2014

Time magazine’s cover photograph in August 2010 of a noseless Afghan woman beside the emotive strapline, “What happens if we leave Afghanistan,” fuelled debate about the “medieval” practices of the Taliban, whose local commander had instructed her husband to take her nose and ears. Press reports attributed the violence to the Pashtun tradition that a dishonored husband “lost his nose.” This equation of nose-cutting with tradition begs questions not only about the Orientalist lens of the western press when viewing Afghanistan, but also about the assumption that the word “medieval” can function as a label for such practices. A study of medieval nose-cutting suggests that its identification as an “eastern” practice should be challenged. Rather clearer is its connection with patriarchal values of authority and honor: the victims of such punishment have not always been women, but this is nevertheless a gendered punishment of the powerless by the powerful.
The 1919 International Congress of Working Women: Transnational Debates on the “Woman Worker”
Authors: Vapnek Lara
Published: March 2014

In October of 1919, nearly 200 women from nineteen nations converged in Washington, D.C. to attend the International Congress of Working Women (ICWW). The organization represented a feminist response to women’s marginalization within the newly established International Labor Organization (ILO). Women who participated in the ICWW, however, were far from united in deciding the proper basis for membership, or the best strategies for achieving workplace equality. At this formative moment, when women challenged the male bias of international labor policy, they wrestled with their own questions about race, who counted as a worker, and whether female workers should seek the same treatment as men or claim special protection due to their roles as mothers and caregivers. This article draws on the conference proceedings, contemporary news accounts, and memoirs of participants to analyze how the “working woman” took shape as a contested social category at this formative moment of transnational labor feminism.
Documentation Under Duress: The Joint Conference of the International Federation for Documentation (FID) and the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux (ASLIB), Oxford–London, 1938
Authors: Muddiman Dave
Published: March 2014

A joint conference of the International Federation for Documentation (FID) and Aslib (the British Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux) was held in Oxford and London in late September 1938. It attracted large numbers of international delegates and a cast of distinguished speakers from the world of documentation, as well as celebrities such as H. G. Wells. It is now mainly remembered because it coincided with the “Munich” crisis (September 15–30, 1938), a context that apparently caused great tension among delegates, especially in relation to the substantial contingent from Nazi Germany. However, this article, following a detailed analysis of conference presentations and debates, observes that it also marked something of a turning point in the history of documentation itself. The project of the early twentieth-century documentalists—the “universe of knowledge” and its international mobilization—was called into serious question by some speakers; a state of affairs intensified by the disintegration of international relations outside the conference doors. In the end, this article argues, the Oxford conference heralded the emergence of a new, mid–twentieth-century world information order shaped during World War II and focusing upon the primacy of national (and later) commercial interests. In 1938, the dreams and schemes of Wells, Otlet, and their followers began to be recognized, for the time being at least, as the illusions that maybe they always were.
Boyd Rayward, Documentation, and Information Science
Authors: Buckland Michael K. , Lund Niels W.
Published: March 2014

W. Boyd Rayward is best known as the biographer of Paul Otlet and as a historian of documentation, but he has also always been concerned with contemporary services and with the nature of information science. Less well known and certainly less well documented is his exceptional indirect influence through correspondence, encouragement, conferences, and the building of informal networks. We provide an informal account of some of Rayward’s influence during the past twenty-five years in building a more complete and historically informed understanding of information science.
Bibliography as Anthropometry: Dreaming Scientific Order at the fin de siècle
Authors: Csiszar Alex
Published: March 2014

The 1890s saw an explosion of ambitious projects to build a massive classification of knowledge that would serve as a basis for universal catalogues of scientific publishing. The largest of these were the rival International Catalogue of Scientific Literature (London) and Répertoire Bibliographique Universel (Brussels). This essay argues that one widely influential but overlooked source of the enthusiasm for classification as a technology of search and retrieval during this period was the emergence of new methods and technologies for classifying and keeping track of people, and in particular, the criminal identification laboratory of Alphonse Bertillon located in Paris.
Nazi Children, Christian Anti-Semitism, and the New Atheist in William Styron's Sophie's Choice
Authors: Lackey Michael
Published: March 2014

Traditional atheists believe that the loss of faith leads to melancholic mourning. New atheists, by contrast, consider the God-concept to be a hideous human invention, so they rejoice rather than mourn on the occasion of God's death. Sophie is a traditional atheist early in the novel Sophie's Choice , but she is a new atheist by the end. What leads to her transformation is her realization that Christianity made the Nazis believe that exterminating the Jews was a political necessity. She makes this discovery in a conversation with the eleven-year-old Emmi, the daughter of the Commandant of Auschwitz.
The Ghostly Presence in Chanrithy Him’s “Please Give Us Voice”
Authors: Tuon Bunkong
Published: March 2014

In closely reading Him’s poem, this essay discusses poetry of witness, ghosts and haunting, Cambodian refugees, cultural trauma, and Cambodian American testimonial.
Reading Joseph Conrad: Episodes from the Coast
Authors: Royle Nicholas
Published: March 2014

Delivered as a lecture at Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, in March 2013, on the eve of the second anniversary of “the events,” as Royle’s host called them, this essay is, in part, about Fukushima. It focuses in a timely/untimely way on Conrad’s remarkable story “Typhoon.” The essay also connects to various themes raised in the preceding “Quick Fictions” lecture, including in particular the notion of quick fiction.
From Conquest to Contract: Property, Justice, and the New Economic Empire in Don Quijote , Part One
Authors: Brewer Brian
Published: March 2014

Este trabajo analiza la aventura del yelmo de Mambrino ( Don Quijote 1.21) como una sátira política en la que la parodia literaria da paso a una crítica generalizada del imperialismo español. Propone una lectura del episodio cervantino como un tratamiento satírico de los arbitrios contemporáneos que pretendían aumentar los ingresos de la Real Hacienda por medio del corso patrocinado por la Corona y la continuada expansión territorial en ultramar dentro del marco ideológico de la Reconquista. Cervantes contrasta este modelo de piratería y conquista militar con un nuevo imperio de contratos y relaciones económicas voluntarias basado en los principios escolásticos del derecho a la propiedad privada y la justicia. Estos conceptos, tal y como fueron formulados por los teólogos y filósofos morales de la Escuela de Salamanca durante el siglo XVI, se concebían como la expresión de la ley natural y el derecho de gentes, y por tanto eran igualmente aplicables a todo el mundo, aunque no fuera ni europeo ni cristiano. Además, los escolásticos salmantinos, y con ellos Cervantes, postulaban que el intercambio económico pacífico era congruente con la evolución socio-económica de los seres humanos y, por consiguiente, indicio de un alto grado de desarrollo social.
La villa: Política contemporánea y estética
Authors: Cortés-Rocca Paola
Published: March 2014

Lo contemporáneo señala un particular desajuste—una coincidencia y un desencuentro con el presente—que permite ver la luminosidad de nuestro tiempo y, a la vez, percibir su lado oscuro. El campo cultural está definido por ese desarreglo temporal y tal vez por eso, sea el mejor lugar para percibir lo contemporáneo. Este artículo aborda tres objetos culturales producidos en el nuevo milenio—las novelas La Virgen Cabeza (2009) y La Boliviana (2008) y el documental Estrellas (2007)—para rastrear las formas contemporáneas de la articulación entre política y estética. A través del humor, la violencia verbal y la injuria, estos objetos eligen el espacio de la villa, de la pobreza y la exclusión social, como un lugar para producir una nueva imaginación política, conjeturar nuevas utopías, formas inéditas de sociabilidad y asociación comunitaria, y nuevos modos de gobierno y de activismo.