bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barefoot with a ‘band of criminals’: Law and the social life of objects in a street magician’s bag
Authors: Bhagabati Dikshit Sarma , Chidambaram Malini
Published: September 2020

Objects have social lives like humans and are invested with the properties of social relations. We restore performativity to the journeying objects of the Maseit street magicians by drawing on our ethnography with this wayfaring community from Kathputli Colony, Delhi. The shifting social incarnations of the magicians’ objects threaten law’s desire for semantic closure. Their truncated movements indicate how law traps the fluid history of street magic in a rigid definitional register by criminalising it as begging. By mapping these journeys, we illuminate the ways in which the Maseit make sense of their lives within the legal framework.
Practical Tips for Ambulatory Care in COVID-19
Authors: Sagar Ankita , Gottridge JoAnne , LaVine Nancy
Published: September 2020

Although significant attention has been allocated to hospital management of COVID-19 patients during this pandemic, less discussed is the management of ambulatory patients. This has resulted in a challenge for ambulatory care providers in the management of COVID-19, particularly in areas with high disease prevalence. In this article, the authors share a pragmatic approach to ambulatory management of COVID-19 at Northwell Health, a large health system that employs approximately 300 primary care providers in the New York metro area. This includes guidance on various COVID-19 management topics: clinical assessment algorithms, guidance on patient tracking, and the importance of engaging in partnerships with other provider types. Sharing these experiences in the clinical management of COVID-19 may benefit other ambulatory providers in earlier stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Patient support groups: A survey of United Kingdom practice, purpose and performance
Authors: Groves Jeremy , Cahill Julie , Sturmey Gordon , Peskett Mo , Wade Dorothy ,   for and on behalf of the Patients and Relatives Committee of the Intensive Care Society and ICUsteps
Published: September 2020

Background

Critical care survivors face physical, psychological and socio-economic burdens. Peer support is acknowledged as a way individuals can face, accept and overcome the challenges arising from a stressful event. We sought to examine the provision and benefits of peer support to critical care survivors in the UK.

Method

We distributed a survey, devised by the patients and relatives committee of the Intensive Care Society and ICUsteps, to contacts in 163 UK Trusts/hospitals with critical care departments. The benefit to individuals was assessed by seeking the views of attendees of two support groups.

Results

A response was received from 91 (56%) of the critical care departments. Of these, 46 (48% of respondents) have patient support groups. Our analysis of comments from 30 people is that support groups greatly benefit service users and staff.

Conclusions

Attendees of patient support groups gave highly positive comments about the service yet provision of patient support groups in the UK is not universal.

Recommendations

We make a series of recommendations for consideration by UK health care providers.
An Ethnographic Study of Palliative and End-of-Life Care in a Nigerian Hospital: Impact of Education on Care Provision and Utilization
Authors: Agom David A. , Onyeka Tonia C. , Ominyi Jude , Sixsmith Judith , Neill Sarah , Allen Stuart , Poole Helen
Published: September 2020

Most clinicians receive little or no palliative care (PC) education. Similarly, patients and their families receive little or no information on PC. Our study explored education in PC, while examining for its impacts on service delivery and utilization from the perspective of health care professionals (HCPs), patients, and their families. An ethnographic approach was utilized to gather data from 41 participants. Spradley’s ethnographic analytical framework guided data analysis. Two themes identified were inadequate HCPs’ knowledge base and impact of service-users’ inadequate health education. The findings show that most HCPs had no formal education in PC, attributed to the lack of PC residency programs and the absence of educational institutions that provide such education. Patients and families also conveyed poor understandings of their illness and palliation, rooted in the HCP culture of partial disclosure of information about their diagnosis, care, and prognosis. Findings suggest a cultural shift that supports PC education for professionals is required to promote realist medical approach in the care for patients with life-limiting illnesses.
An Up-to-Date Review of the Meniscus Literature: A Systematic Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Authors: Smoak Jason B. , Matthews John R. , Vinod Amrit V. , Kluczynski Melissa A. , Bisson Leslie J.
Published: September 2020

Background:

A large number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding the meniscus have been published.

Purpose:

To provide a qualitative summary of the published systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding the meniscus.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A systematic search of all meta-analyses and systematic reviews regarding the meniscus and published between July 2009 and July 2019 was performed with PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database. Published abstracts, narrative reviews, articles not written in English, commentaries, study protocols, and topics that were not focused on the meniscus were excluded. The most pertinent results were extracted and summarized from each study.

Results:

A total of 332 articles were found, of which 142 were included. Included articles were summarized and divided into 16 topics: epidemiology, diagnosis, histology, biomechanics, comorbid pathology, animal models, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM), meniscal repair, meniscal root repairs, meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT), meniscal implants and scaffolds, mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors, postoperative rehabilitation, postoperative imaging assessment, patient-reported outcome measures, and cost-effectiveness. The majority of articles focused on APM (20%), MAT (18%), and meniscal repair (17%).

Conclusion:

This summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses delivers surgeons a single source of the current evidence regarding the meniscus.
Self-constrained inversion of potential fields through a 3D depth weighting
Authors: Vitale Andrea , Fedi Maurizio
Published: September 2020

A new method for inversion of potential fields is developed using a depth-weighting function specifically designed for fields related to complex source distributions. Such a weighting function is determined from an analysis of the field that precedes the inversion itself. The algorithm is self-consistent, meaning that the weighting used in the inversion is directly deduced from the scaling properties of the field. Hence, the algorithm is based on two steps: (1) estimation of the locally homogeneous degree of the field in a 3D domain of the harmonic region and (2) inversion of the data using a specific weighting function with a 3D variable exponent. A multiscale data set is first formed by upward continuation of the original data. Local homogeneity and a multihomogeneous model are then assumed, and a system built on the scaling function is solved at each point of the multiscale data set, yielding a multiscale set of local-homogeneity degrees of the field. Then, the estimated homogeneity degree is associated to the model weighting function in the source volume. Tests on synthetic data show that the generalization of the depth weighting to a 3D function and the proposed two-step algorithm has great potential to improve the quality of the solution. The gravity field of a polyhedron is inverted yielding a realistic reconstruction of the whole body, including the bottom surface. The inversion of the aeromagnetic real data set, from the Mt. Vulture area, also yields a good and geologically consistent reconstruction of the complex source distribution.
Feasibility Study of a Smartphone Application for Detecting Skin Cancers in People With Albinism
Authors: Rubagumya Fidel , Nyagabona Sarah K. , Longombe Ahuka N. , Manirakiza Achille , Ngowi John , Maniragaba Theoneste , Sabushimike Doriane , Urusaro Sandra , Ndoli Diane A. , Dharsee Nazima , Mwaiselage Julius , Mavura Daudi , Hanna Timothy P. , Hammad Nazik
Published: September 2020

PURPOSE

Albinism affects some facets of the eye’s function and coloration, as well as hair and skin color. The prevalence of albinism is estimated to be one in 2,000-5,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa and one in 270 in Tanzania. People in Tanzania with albinism experience sociocultural and economic disparities. Because of stigma related to albinism, they present to hospitals with advanced disease, including skin cancers. Mobile health (mHealth) can help to bridge some of the gaps in detection and treatment of skin cancers affecting this population.

METHODS

We assessed the feasibility of using a mobile application (app) for detection of skin cancers among people with albinism. The study was approved by the Ocean Road Cancer Institute institutional review board. Data, including pictures of the lesions, were collected using a mobile smartphone and submitted to expert reviewers. Expert reviewers’ diagnosis options were benign, malignant, or unevaluable.

RESULTS

A total of 77 lesions from different body locations of 69 participants were captured by the NgoziYangu mobile app. Sixty-two lesions (81%) were considered malignant via the app and referred for biopsy and histologic diagnosis. Of those referred, 55 lesions (89%) were biopsied, and 47 lesions (85%) were confirmed as skin malignancies, whereas eight (15%) were benign.

CONCLUSION

With an increasing Internet coverage in Africa, there is potential for smartphone apps to improve health care delivery channels. It is important that mobile apps like NgoziYangu be explored to reduce diagnostic delay and improve the accuracy of detection of skin cancer, especially in stigmatized groups.
The Stock Ticker in the Garden: Frank Norris, American Literary Naturalism, and Capitalocene Aesthetics
Authors: Polefrone Philomena
Published: September 2020

This essay argues that American literary naturalism engages with the Anthropocene at the moment it began to be visible, the turn of the twentieth century, and specifically identifies the role of finance in precipitating the crisis. Frank Norris’s The Octopus (1901) and The Pit (1903) offer a case study of a naturalist Capitalocene aesthetics, one capable of capturing global capitalism’s destructive planetary agency. As a student at the University of California at Berkeley, Frank Norris was exposed to Joseph LeConte’s influential theory of the Psychozoic era, a proto-Anthropocene theory from 1877 that named a new unit of geologic time in light of humanity’s status as a transformative planetary force. Norris adapted this theory into a critique of a rapidly globalizing capitalism’s effects on the planet and the natural world, particularly the structures of agricultural capitalism in which complex financial transactions led to destructive wheat monocultures. This critique anticipated the Capitalocene, a contemporary offshoot of the Anthropocene theory arguing that capitalism (rather than humanity per se) is responsible for the present planetary crisis. The vehicle of Norris’s critique is his multimedia landscape descriptions, which invoke and subvert Romantic landscape aesthetics through painterly language and visual paradox. At the center of this aesthetics is a contradiction in individual and collective agency that is also central to life and art in the Capitalocene: confronted with an anthropogenic landscape that is both destroyed and made sublime by the structures of capitalism, individual viewers both feel powerless in the face of the force it represents and feel themselves implicated in its creation, despite different levels of responsibility.
Immunity’s Racial Empire: Virality, Melancholy, Whiteness
Authors: Alexander Travis
Published: September 2020

Writing in 1991 and 1994, respectively, Donna J. Haraway and Emily Martin argued that in the postwar decades the immune system became a material pedagogy for neoliberal and postmodern thought. In its depiction as a decentralized network of response, the immune system modeled life in late liberalism’s dematerialized time-space compressions. Moreover, if the immune system reified life in this radical expansion, its preternatural competency for discrimination between self and other simultaneously availed a means of retaining racial hygiene in this brave new world of empire. Yet curiously neither Haraway nor Martin acknowledged the extent to which the arrival of HIV in the early 1980s constituted a radical desublimation of what Roberto Esposito identified as the immune system’s salvational image. This essay posits that the arrival of HIV did not simply constitute a neutralization of the immunological fetishism of the postwar period. Rather, the loss of immunity precipitated a biopolitical melancholia. Having lost access to its privileged topos—the immune system itself—immunological governance in turn proximately cathected the object responsible for its trauma, namely, HIV itself. I understand Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash (1992) and Chuck Hogan’s The Blood Artists (1998) to think, in submerged literary form, an incremental embrace of virality as, ironically, the most viable vehicle for conserving the fantasies of both neoliberal competency and racial containment reified initially by immunity itself.
Single-Step Synthesis of 2D Mesoporous C60/Carbon Hybrids for Supercapacitor and Li-Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Baskar Arun V , Ruban Ajanya M , Davidraj Jefrin M , Singh Gurwinder , Al-Muhtaseb Ala'a H , Lee Jang Mee , Yi Jiabao , Vinu Ajayan
Published: September 2020

The design of advanced carbon-based electrodes with unique electronic, electrical and textural properties is crucial for the development of high-performance energy storage devices. Here, we report on the fabrication of ordered mesoporous fullerene/carbon hybrids through nanotemplating approach by mixing the fullerene precursor in chloronaphthalene with different amount of sucrose using SBA-15 as a template. The characterization data reveal that the prepared materials exhibit an ordered structure with much better textural parameters than pure mesoporous fullerene. The surface properties can be controlled with the simple adjustment of the sucrose molecules in the synthesis mixture. The prepared materials are used as electrodes for supercapacitance and Li-ion battery applications. The optimized sample offers the specific capacitance of 213 F/g at 0.5 A/g which is much higher than that of activated carbon, MWCNT, ordered mesoporous carbon and mesoporous C60. The same sample also delivers the discharge capacities of 1299 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, demonstrating the best Li-ion battery performance. These data reveal the importance of carbon coating on the mesoporous fullerene for energy storage devices as it facilitates the easy electron transport between the fullerene molecules and further supports the accessibility and diffusion of the electrolytes due to high specific surface area.
Medicine in the Sport of Horse Racing
Authors: Ryan Kelly D. , Brodine Joseph , Pothast Jason , McGoldrick Adrian
Published: September 2020

Horseracing is among the most popular and increasingly lucrative industry sports in the nation. The average jockey must control a thoroughbred horse 10 times their weight that may act unpredictably whether at rest or full gallop resulting in falls, kicks, or even biting injuries. Despite the risks, jockeys do not have access to the same quality of medical care that is standard in similarly profitable sports organizations. Beyond the mental and physical demands of training and performance endured by any professional athlete, jockeys are confronted with health challenges unique to their sport. In this review of the literature, we aim to educate sports medicine physicians regarding the underlying causes of injuries, describe injury management, and make recommendations for appropriate preventive strategies. Overall, there is a void of literature, and so our authors offer expert opinion and encourage others to get involved in making this a safer sport.
The Road to Serfdom after 75 Years
Authors: Caldwell Bruce
Published: September 2020

This paper revisits Friedrich Hayek’s book, The Road to Serfdom, on the seventy-fifth anniversary of its publication. Though the book is well-known, its arguments are often mischaracterized. The paper traces the origins of the book, noting the various people and arguments that Hayek was responding to, and places it in the context of its times. The structure of the book is explored and some common criticisms addressed. Finally, it is shown how, after its publication, the book took on a life of its own. (JEL B25, B31, P11, P16, P21, P26)
Where Economics Went Wrong: A Review Essay
Authors: Johnson Marianne
Published: September 2020

In their recent book, Where Economics Went Wrong, David Colander and Craig Freedman (2019) argue that economics went wrong when it abandoned the Classical liberal firewall that demanded separation of scientific theory from the art of policy making. Colander has long advanced the idea that applied economics should be classified neither as positive nor as normative economics. Instead, it should be placed in a third category, “the art of economics”; art requires vision and acumen in addition to knowledge and technique, and is thus more akin to engineering than the natural sciences. The primary contribution of Where Economics Went Wrong is thus to advance Colander’s general argument through the specific story of Chicago economics. This essay make two interconnected claims. First, while I agree with Colander and Freedman that applied economics would benefit from more art and less calculation, the Chicago school is not the best vehicle by which to tell a convincing story. Second, a thicker history of the Chicago school reminds us of the importance of institutions and rules, not only for understanding the economy but also for thinking about how economists have constructed our discipline and how internal institutions and incentives affect our behavioral choices. ( JEL A11, B20, B41, B52)
SOLLID – a single centre study to develop methods to investigate the effects of low radiation doses within nuclear medicine, to enable multicentre epidemiological investigations
Authors: Flux Glenn , Murray Iain , Rushforth Dominic , Gape Paul , Abreu Carla , Lee Martin , Ribeiro Ana , Gregory Rebecca , Chittenden Sarah , Thurston Jim , Du Yong , Gear Jonathan
Published: September 2020

There is continuing debate concerning the risks of secondary malignancies from low levels of radiation exposure. The current model used for radiation protection is predicated on the assumption that even very low levels of exposure may entail risk. This has profound implications for medical procedures involving ionising radiation as radiation doses must be carefully monitored, and for diagnostic procedures are minimised as far as possible. This incurs considerable expense. The SOLLID study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03580161) aims to develop the methodology to enable a large-scale epidemiological investigation of the effect of radiopharmaceutical administrations to patients undergoing diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. Patients will undergo a series of scans in addition to that acquired as standard of care to enable the radiation doses delivered to healthy organs to be accurately calculated. Detailed analysis will be performed to determine the uncertainty in the radiation dose calculations as a function of the number and type of scans acquired. It is intended that this will inform a subsequent long-term multicentre epidemiological study that would address the question definitively. Secondary aims of the study are to evaluate the range of absorbed doses that are delivered from diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures and to use current risk models to ascertain the relative risks from these administrations.
Inducible TDG knockout models to study epigenetic regulation
Authors: Schwarz Simon D. , Grundbacher Eliane , Hrovat Alexandra M. , Xu Jianming , Kuśnierczyk Anna , Vågbø Cathrine B. , Schär Primo , Schuermann David
Published: September 2020

Mechanistic and functional studies by gene disruption or editing approaches often suffer from confounding effects like compensatory cellular adaptations generated by clonal selection. These issues become particularly relevant when studying factors directly involved in genetic or epigenetic maintenance. To provide a genetic tool for functional and mechanistic investigation of DNA-repair mediated active DNA demethylation, we generated experimental models in mice and murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) based on a minigene of the thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). The loxP-flanked miniTdg is rapidly and reliably excised in mice and ESCs by tamoxifen-induced Cre activation, depleting TDG to undetectable levels within 24 hours. We describe the functionality of the engineered miniTdg in mouse and ESCs (TDGiKO ESCs) and validate the pluripotency and differentiation potential of TDGiKO ESCs as well as the phenotype of induced TDG depletion. The controlled and rapid depletion of TDG allows for a precise manipulation at any point in time of multistep experimental procedures as presented here for neuronal differentiation in vitro. Thus, we provide a tested and well-controlled genetic tool for the functional and mechanistic investigation of TDG in active DNA (de)methylation and/or DNA repair with minimal interference from adaptive effects and clonal selection.
Predictors of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mudatsir Mudatsir , Fajar Jonny Karunia , Wulandari Laksmi , Soegiarto Gatot , Ilmawan Muhammad , Purnamasari Yeni , Mahdi Bagus Aulia , Jayanto Galih Dwi , Suhendra Suhendra , Setianingsih Yennie Ayu , Hamdani Romi , Suseno Daniel Alexander , Agustina Kartika , Naim Hamdan Yuwafi , Muchlas Muchamad , Alluza Hamid Hunaif Dhofi , Rosida Nikma Alfi , Mayasari Mayasari , Mustofa Mustofa , Hartono Adam , Aditya Richi , Prastiwi Firman , Meku Fransiskus Xaverius , Sitio Monika , Azmy Abdullah , Santoso Anita Surya , Nugroho Radhitio Adi , Gersom Camoya , Rabaan Ali A. , Masyeni Sri , Nainu Firzan , Wagner Abram L. , Dhama Kuldeep , Harapan Harapan
Published: September 2020

Background: The unpredictability of the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attributed to the low precision of the tools used to predict the prognosis of this disease.

Objective: To identify the predictors associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Methods: Relevant articles from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched and extracted as of April 5, 2020. Data of interest were collected and evaluated for their compatibility for the meta-analysis. Cumulative calculations to determine the correlation and effect estimates were performed using the Z test.

Results: In total, 19 papers recording 1,934 mild and 1,644 severe cases of COVID-19 were included. Based on the initial evaluation, 62 potential risk factors were identified for the meta-analysis. Several comorbidities, including chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were observed more frequent among patients with severe COVID-19 than with the mild ones. Compared to the mild form, severe COVID-19 was associated with symptoms such as dyspnea, anorexia, fatigue, increased respiratory rate, and high systolic blood pressure. Lower levels of lymphocytes and hemoglobin; elevated levels of leukocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, high-sensitivity troponin, creatine kinase, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and procalcitonin; and a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate were also associated with severe COVID-19.

Conclusion: More than 30 risk factors are associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19. These may serve as useful baseline parameters in the development of prediction tools for COVID-19 prognosis.
Addressing Orientation Symmetry in the Time Window Assignment Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Dalmeijer Kevin , Desaulniers Guy
Published: September 2020

The time window assignment vehicle routing problem (TWAVRP) is the problem of assigning time windows for delivery before demand volume becomes known. This implies that vehicle routes in different demand scenarios have to be synchronized such that the same client is visited around the same time in each scenario. For TWAVRP instances that are relatively difficult to solve, we observe many similar solutions in which one or more routes have a different orientation, that is, the clients are visited in the reverse order. We introduce an edge-based branching method combined with additional components to eliminate orientation symmetry from the search tree, and we present enhancements to make this method efficient in practice. Next, we present a branch-price-and-cut algorithm based on this branching method. Our computational experiments show that addressing orientation symmetry significantly improves our algorithm: The number of nodes in the search tree is reduced by 92.6% on average, and 25 additional benchmark instances are solved to optimality. Furthermore, the resulting algorithm is competitive with the state of the art. The main ideas of this paper are not TWAVRP specific and can be applied to other vehicle routing problems with consistency considerations or synchronization requirements.
Market Design, Human Behavior, and Management
Authors: Chen Yan , Cramton Peter , List John A. , Ockenfels Axel
Published: September 2020

We review past research and discuss future directions on how the vibrant research areas of market design and behavioral economics have influenced and will continue to impact the science and practice of management in both the private and public sectors. Using examples from various auction markets, reputation and feedback systems in online markets, matching markets in education, and labor markets, we demonstrate that combining market design theory, behavioral insights, and experimental methods can lead to fruitful implementation of superior market designs in practice.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, Special Section of Management Science: 65th Anniversary.
Performance como tradução: política e arte indígena na cidade
Authors: Albuquerque Marcos Alexandre Dos Santos
Published: September 2020

Este artigo analisa a performance dança dos praiás como parte essencial da experiência da etnicidade vivenciada pelos Pankararu na cidade de São Paulo. Fruto da política cultural de sua associação essa performance se constituía em um ato de tradução intercultural que promovia um ato de consenso e, assim, permitia uma experiência da etnicidade particular para os Pankararu dessa cidade.
Contravisualidades: práticas de resistência em tempos de pandemia e fake news
Authors: De Abreu Carla Luzia
Published: September 2020

Este artigo objetiva contextualizar o agenciamento da subjetividade por meio da disseminação de fake news e como essa mesma manipulação de fatos desencadeia outros processos de subjetivação, sustentados por contracondutas e a produção de contravisualidades. As reflexões apoiam-se em referenciais do campo da cultura visual e da filosofia e, por fim, apresenta exemplos de contravisualidades que promovem deslocamentos nas formas de ‘ver’ o mundo.
Vivências do Balé. Um fora de foco do cartão postal do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Marugán Ricart Paola María
Published: September 2020

No presente artigo pretendo realizar uma análise subjetiva, apaixonada e rigorosa do principal projeto do Grupo Cultural Balé das Iyabás, As Vivências do Balé – Protagonismos de Preta (2013-2017), de modo a compreender de que maneiras essas práticas artísticas foram produzidas pelas marcas de suas próprias condições históricas, políticas, sociais e afetivas.
Síndrome de Hipogrifo
Authors: Corrêa da Costa Eduardo Mariz
Published: September 2020

Trabalho que acompanha os processos vinculados à série de fotografias artísticas Síndrome de Hipogrifo ou Porquê equinos e aves nunca se deitam, produzida em 2019. A descrição parte e se entremeia pelos conceitos de duração, movimento e imagem e movimento, assinalados por Bergson e Deleuze, e sobre a poética do espaço desenvolvido por Bachelard. Numa reflexão acerca de metalinguagens em fotografia, que envolve alguns aspectos também do conceito de foto-assemblage, proposto pelo autor, chegamos à Síndrome de Hipogrifo, sugerindo caminho para um possível pensar na ação do fotógrafo como elemento a ser agregado às imagens, em favor do sensível.
O tempo como dispositivo
Authors: Manata Martins Franz Ronney
Published: September 2020

Em um “diálogo” com Clark, Deleuze, Duchamp, Espinosa, Gumbrecht, Long, Meireles, Vaz e Viveiros de Castro, quero demonstrar que existe um léxico operando na arte atual, transformando a noção de construção herdada da tradição brasileira, com conceitos e apreensões particulares, que altera o papel social do artista e o próprio objeto da arte ao tornar o tempo dispositivo.
Não matarás a diferença!! “Histórias de leitura” e a experiência do espectador de obras, de Arthur Danto, vistos pela desconstrução.
Authors: Aguirre Alexandra
Published: September 2020

“Histórias de leitura” são teorias que buscam controlar o sentido da obra ficcional, ao associá-lo à experiência idealizada do leitor; para a desconstrução, uma tentativa de interromper o processo indefinido do movimento da significação. E, é partindo destes pressupostos, que investigamos o espectador de obras, de Arthur Danto, sua experiência, artifícios, especificidade.Palavras-chave: desconstrução - experiência - espectador - leitor
Service user and carer experiences of the advanced nurse practitioner role in a memory assessment team
Authors: Greenbank Karen , Hemingway Steve , Thiyagesh Subha , Stephenson John
Published: September 2020

Background:

Advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs) within memory services can support prompt diagnoses of dementia. Further understanding of the role is necessary as evidence on its effectiveness is limited.

Aim:

To assess service user and carer satisfaction with the ANP role within Kirklees memory assessment team.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to evaluate carer and patient perceptions of the ANP role in a local memory assessment team. The survey was developed using the Royal College of Nursing's four pillars as a structure: clinical/direct care practice, leadership and collaborative practice, improving quality and developing practice, and developing self and others.

Results:

One hundred and fifteen surveys were sent out, and 85 were completed, a response rate of 73.9%. Patients expressed significant satisfaction with the ANP, in particular in the areas of direct clinical practice (84%) and quality of care received (87%).

Conclusion:

Patients and families are highly satisfied with the service provided by the ANP. High-quality research is needed on the cost effectiveness and outcomes of ANP interventions.
HALOPERIDOL
Authors: Rees Sharon
Published: September 2020

In this column, Sharon Rees aims to refresh knowledge and interest in some of the commonly used drugs in a series of tweets. This month she is talking about #haloperidol
Handwriting and medication errors
Authors: Winter George
Published: September 2020

This month, George Winter takes a look at how poor handwriting by prescribers can lead to medical error – examining the care healthcare workers must continually take to ensure patient safety
Inhaled therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Booth Andrew
Published: September 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterised by progressive symptoms of productive cough, breathlessness, wheeze and exacerbations. Airway obstruction is detected by quality assured spirometry, and is defined as a Forced Expired Volume in one second / Forced Vital Capacity ratio <0.7. Inhaled therapy is the most effective treatment solution, with bronchodilators and inhaled steroids helping to improve symptoms, quality of life and lung function, while reducing risk of exacerbations. Bronchodilators are available as both monotherapy and as dual combination therapy. Inhaled steroids can be added to inhaled long-acting bronchodilators, but are not without significant complications, including pneumonia. Therefore, careful assessment of the phenotype of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease must be given before commencing any therapy that contains inhaled steroid and other treatments, such as flu vaccination, smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation should be given due consideration.
Meeting demand for opioid dependency in an Inner London borough
Authors: Fernandez Jeff
Published: September 2020

This paper is looking at the development of the Benzodiazepine and Opiate Withdrawal Service (BOWS) in the borough in Inner London to implement a model that would treat patients effectively in GP practices. It is to illustrate what can be achieved with experienced nurse prescribers in treating an emerging group of patients in primary care. Often patients are aware of their dependency on opiate medications and do want to reduce and come off their medications. This paper describes the BOWS service and its approach, illustrating what can be possible, in terms of treatment for patients in general practice. It also shows what can be designed in NHS services to address the growing issue of dependency on prescribed drugs and argues that services having experience in addictive behaviours can play a very large role in achieving this.
Thermo-Physical Characterization of Kraft Lignin Mixed with Bio-Plasticizers: A Valorization Approach
Authors: Ramachandran Rani P. , Cenkowski Stefan , Paliwal Jitendra
Published: September 2020

Highlights

Thermo-physical characterization of two types of Kraft lignin mixed with three bio-plasticizer.

Crude glycerol showed the greater depression in melting point with its increasing proportion.

The acidic lignin has more tensile strength and density than the alkaline lignin.

Micro-pores of the lignin pellet were minimized by adding bio-plasticizer.

Abstract. Kraft lignin, a by-product of the paper industry, is well known for its binding properties, enabling its use in the production of pellets and briquettes from biomass. Different bio-plasticizers, by-products from the vegetable oil processing industry, could serve as plasticizers for biomass briquettes. The properties of three bio-plasticizers (glycerol, fatty acid, and biodiesel), when mixed with isolated Kraft lignin, were studied to identify their potential application as efficient binders for biomass briquettes. The phase transition characteristics (glass transition, pre-melting crystallization, and melting) of two types of isolated lignin samples (acidic and alkaline) and lignin-plasticizer mixtures were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter. The mechanical (tensile strength) and physical (density) characteristics of the compacted cylindrical lignin pellets were tested. The spatial distribution of micropores in the lignin pellets was studied using x-ray tomography. Even though an overlap was observed in the glass transition temperatures of the mixtures, a significant depression in the pre-melting crystallization and melting temperatures was observed for both lignin samples containing elevated concentrations of the bio-plasticizers, and the highest tensile strength was obtained for pellets with 10% bio-plasticizer. Among the three bio-plasticizers, crude glycerol showed the greatest depression in melting point with increasing proportions of both acidic lignin (60.7°C ±2°C) and alkaline lignin (85.1°C ±2°C). In general, alkaline lignin showed some limitations over acidic lignin in the tensile strength of the pellets as well as their fusion temperature, even though the addition of a bio-plasticizer improved the strength and depressed the melting point in both lignin-based samples. Keywords: Bio-plasticizer, Lignin, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Phase transition.
Declining Soil Moisture Threatens Water Availability in the U.S. Great Plains
Authors: McDonough Kelsey R. , Hutchinson Stacy L. , Hutchinson Shawn
Published: September 2020

Highlights

Future water security in the U.S. Great Plains is threated by a drying trend in average annual soil moisture.

Agricultural management will become increasingly challenging due to declines in surface water storage.

Alternative management strategies are needed to meet future environmental and anthropogenic surface water demand.

Abstract. Spatiotemporal trends in soil moisture are of considerable importance within the food-energy-water nexus. Soil moisture dictates the productivity of ecosystems, plays a major role in land-atmosphere interactions, influences climate change projections, and shapes future water security. Monitoring of long-term soil moisture trends has proven useful for managing water resource allocation and developing solutions to global water security challenges. Thus, we examine annual trends in surface soil moisture throughout the U.S. Great Plains region from 1987 to 2016 using data from NASA’s observation-driven SPoRT-LIS land surface model at 3 km resolution. Results reveal a drying trend in soil moisture for a majority of the U.S. Great Plains, although wetter conditions have been realized in the northernmost region of the Missouri River basin. These results, when coupled with climate change-driven increases in temperature and evapotranspiration, will inevitably drive baseline soil moisture to drier conditions in the future. Under drying soil moisture conditions, future agricultural production and water resource management in the U.S. Great Plains will become increasingly complicated, thereby threatening future food and water security. However, these results can be applied to inform and improve climate change adaptation strategies in order to ensure adequate volumes of freshwater to meet future human and environmental water demand. Keywords: Climate change, SPoRT-LIS, Trend analysis, Water security.
Combining solutions of the optimum satisfiability problem using evolutionary tunneling
Authors: da Silva Rodrigo Ferreira , Hvattum Lars Magnus , Glover Fred
Published: September 2020

The optimum satisfiability problem involves determining values for Boolean variables to satisfy a Boolean expression, while maximizing the sum of coefficients associated with the variables chosen to be true. Existing literature has identified a tabu search heuristic as the best method to deal with hard instances of the problem. This paper combines the tabu search with a simple evolutionary heuristic based on the idea of tunneling between local optima. When combining a set of solutions, variables with common values in all solutions are identified and fixed. The remaining free variables in the problem may be decomposed into several independent subproblems, so that parts of the solutions combined can be extracted and combined in an improved solution. This solution can be further improved by applying the tabu search in an improvement stage. The value of the new heuristic is demonstrated in extensive computational experiments on both existing and new test instances.
PT-symmetric non-Hermitian AB-stacked bilayer honeycomb photonic lattice
Authors: Zhang Di , Li Xue-Si , Zhang Lian-Lian , Fan Dong-Ze , Jin Zhao , Gong Wei-Jiang
Published: September 2020

We theoretically investigate the band structure of the parity-time (

P

T

)-symmetric non-Hermitian bilayer honeycomb photonic lattice by considering the co-existence of onsite energy detuning and

P

T

-symmetric imaginary potentials. It is found that

P

T

symmetry causes the system’s energy spectra to display salient features, which include various energy-band degeneracies and deformation of the band structure in the vicinity of the Dirac point. Also, the

P

T

-symmetry breaking can be modulated by introducing strain to the system. The findings in this work can help in understanding the band structures of

P

T

-symmetric bilayer honeycomb photonic-lattice systems.
Wavefront aberration correction utilizing liquid crystal alignment in geometric-phase lens
Authors: Momosaki Ryusei , Ashikawa Kazunari , Ohkoshi Kentaro , Sakamoto Moritsugu , Noda Kohei , Sasaki Tomoyuki , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Tanaka Yoshichika , Sakai Takeya , Hattori Yukitoshi , Ono Hiroshi
Published: September 2020

We propose two types of wavefront aberration correction in geometric-phase lenses (GPLs). First, in situations in which the incident light on a GPL has a wavefront aberration represented by the Zernike polynomial, the wavefront aberration is eliminated by setting a phase distribution that cancels the phase distribution of the incident light to GPL. Second, the aberration that occurs when a light wave is obliquely incident on the GPL is compensated for by a correction method that incorporates an optimization design using a genetic algorithm. These methods have been demonstrated not only by theory but also by experiments using imaging systems in which the designed and fabricated GPLs are utilized. These wavefront aberration correction methods can be expected to overcome wavefront aberration caused by the arrangement of optical elements in an optical system and contribute to expanding the application range of GPLs.
Role of late photons in diffuse optical imaging
Authors: Radford Jack , Lyons Ashley , Tonolini Francesco , Faccio Daniele
Published: September 2020

The ability to image through turbid media, such as organic tissues, is a highly attractive prospect for biological and medical imaging. This is challenging, however, due to the highly scattering properties of tissues which scramble the image information. The earliest photons that arrive at the detector are often associated with ballistic transmission, whilst the later photons are associated with complex paths due to multiple independent scattering events and are therefore typically considered to be detrimental to the final image formation process. In this work, we report on the importance of these highly diffuse, “late” photons for computational time-of-flight diffuse optical imaging. In thick scattering materials, >80 transport mean free paths, we provide evidence that including late photons in the inverse retrieval enhances the image reconstruction quality. We also show that the late photons alone have sufficient information to retrieve images of a similar quality to early photon gated data. This result emphasises the importance in the strongly diffusive regime of fully time-resolved imaging techniques.
ENZ materials and anisotropy: enhancing nonlinear optical interactions at the nanoscale
Authors: Vincenti M. A. , de Ceglia D. , Scalora M.
Published: September 2020

Epsilon-near-zero materials are exceptional candidates for studying electrodynamics and nonlinear optical processes at the nanoscale. We demonstrate that by alternating a metal and a highly doped conducting-oxide, the epsilon-near-zero regime may be accessed resulting in an anisotropic, composite nanostructure that significantly improves nonlinear interactions. The investigation of the multilayer nanostructure reveals the actual role of the anisotropy, showing that high degrees of anisotropy might be necessary to effectively boost nonlinear processes. Moreover, using a microscopic, hydrodynamic approach we shed light on the roles of two competing contributions that are for the most part overlooked but that can significantly modify linear and nonlinear responses of the structure: nonlocal effects, which blueshift the resulting resonance, and the hot electrons nonlinearity, which redshifts the plasma frequency as the effective mass of free electrons increases as a function of incident power density and enhances the nonlinear signal by several orders of magnitude. Finally, we show that, even in the absence of second order bulk nonlinearity, second order nonlinear processes are also significantly enhanced by the layered structure.
Optical Boolean chaos
Authors: Sang Luxiao , Zhang Jianguo , Zhao Tong , Virte Martin , Gong Lishuang , Wang Yuncai
Published: September 2020

Boolean chaos is widely used in physical systems for its digital-like behavior and complex dynamics. However, electronic logic devices limit the bandwidth of Boolean chaos and its development. Based on an autonomous optical Boolean network, a method of generating optical Boolean chaos with 14 GHz bandwidth is proposed, exploring the physical mechanism of the chaos generated by the system and analyzing the influences of external parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the system. The output status is mainly affected by the detection optical power, carrier recovery time of the semiconductor optical amplifier, and difference between the two self-feedback time delays.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis
Authors: Lekko Yusuf Madaki , Ooi Peck Toung , Omar Sharina , Mazlan Mazlina , Ramanoon Siti Zubaidah , Jasni Sabri , Jesse Faez Firdaus Abdullah , Che-Amat Azlan
Published: September 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB . In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other methods. Serology for antibody detection allows the testing of many samples simply, rapidly, and inexpensively, and the protocol can be standardized in different laboratories. Molecular biological analyses are also applicable to trace the epidemiology of the disease. In conclusion, reviewing the various techniques used in MTBC diagnosis can help establish guidelines for researchers when choosing a particular diagnostic method depending on the situation at hand, be it disease outbreaks in wildlife or for epidemiological studies. This is because a good understanding of various diagnostic techniques will aid in monitoring and managing emerging pandemic threats of infectious diseases from wildlife and also preventing the potential spread of zoonotic TB to livestock and humans. This review aimed to provide up-to-date information on different techniques used for diagnosing TB at the interfaces between wildlife, livestock, and humans.