bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Virtue-Based Approach to Neuro-Enhancement in the Context of Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Hansen Jennifer L.
Published: April 2015

By adopting a virtue-based approach to neuro-enhancement, I argue that facilitating neuro-enhancement within the therapeutic relationship may pervert the practice of psychiatry in so far as it risks corrupting virtues important to the healing project. I further argue that the neuro-enhancement question emerges more often when exclusively principle-based approaches, supported by market-oriented and technological trends in medicine, frame the debate. Finally, I draw on case studies to clarify some varieties of neuro-enhancement in the context of psychiatric practice as well as to specify the three most important virtues undermined by neuro-enhancement—trustworthiness, respect for the healing project, and engagement.
Formal, Informal, and Care Economies
Authors: Bergeron Suzanne
Published: April 2015

This chapter outlines key feminist contributions to understanding the contested meanings of formal, informal, and care economies. It first examines feminist efforts at making visible the essential yet generally unacknowledged unpaid household labor of women. Second, it examines tensions around viewing care work—in both its unpaid and paid forms—as a distinctive form of labor. Third, it provides an overview of feminist writing on the complex articulations of social reproduction and capitalism. Fourth, it addresses the gendered dynamics of paid work. Finally, the chapter turns to a discussion of the gender aspects of informal, flexibilized work that has become increasingly precarious for both women and men. Throughout the chapter, the focus is on the interactions among the gendered formal, informal, and care economies.
Norms and Normalization
Authors: Spade Dean , Willse Craig
Published: April 2015

The following chapter charts critical encounters with norms and normalization in feminist analysis and praxis. We pay particular attention to how anticapitalist, critical race, and decolonial feminist methodologies interrogate norm production and maintenance across a range of social, cultural, and economic heteropatriarchal formations. Drawing from the work of Michel Foucault, we consider norms and normativity in terms of both disciplinary subjection of individuals and their bodies and minds as well as biopolitical regulation of population dynamics. Feminist and queer critiques of same-sex marriage offers a case study of how critiques of norms and normalization have unfolded. Finally, we reflect on work of contemporary social movements, especially antiviolence and prison abolition, to see how critique of heteropatriarchal norms both animates such work and provides an opportunity for critical self-reflection of our own political formations.
Religion
Authors: Mikaelsson Lisbeth
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses how central feminist theorists have wrestled with the complex relationship between religion and gender, so often manifested in the subordination of women. Simone de Beauvoir and succeeding feminists have argued that religious ideas about the nature of men and women reduce, denounce, and marginalize women, representing women as a human “other.” The social and psychological functions of divine gender have been highlighted in feminist critique of Jewish and Christian monotheism and its transcendent, masculine godhead. If masculine divinity empowers men, however, one should think that feminine divinity would do the same for women. This kind of questioning has opened up new trajectories in research and motivated the growth of Western Goddess religion. The great impact on religious development and scholarship of modern feminism is exemplified in the present account.
Violence
Authors: Lokaneeta Jinee
Published: April 2015

In this chapter, I discuss the ways in which violence as a concept has been studied over time. In contrast to legitimizing constructions of the state as representing the “monopoly of violence” linked to maintaining order, feminist scholars have pointed to the sexual and racial violence that ground the state and imperial orders. From theoretical discussions of the “sexual contract” that precedes and informs the “social contract” (Pateman 1988) to historical studies of slavery, colonial violence, ethnic conflicts, and genocide, feminist analyses have shattered states’ claims concerning their “rational, controlled, and purposive” deployment of violence for the public good. Instead, they have drawn attention to group-based patterns of violence enacted by some to the detriment of others within and beyond national communities whether in the context of genocide, war, civil conflict, and state sponsored terror or in everyday lives. Feminist theorists have also examined the complex roles of states, non state actors from dominant classes and communities and individual perpetrators in the enactment of violence with impunity and they have traced intricate modes of resistance in response to violence.
Cyborgs and Virtual Bodies
Authors: Lynes Krista
Published: April 2015

This chapter traces the emergence of the figure of the “cyborg” in feminist theory from the 1980s to the present, focusing specifically on how feminist engagements with this figure draw from and challenge broader discourses of the “posthuman.” The key questions that emerge from the scholarship on the intersections of the organic and the technological include the following: (1) a set of epistemological challenges to the foundational binaries of modernist thought, and thus a feminist method for examining the mutual imbrication of nature and culture, human and nonhuman, machinic and organic; (2) a set of explorations of the intersections of material and virtual manifestations of the body through the extension of communications and media technologies; and (3) the importance of the figure of the “cyborg” to feminist accounts of political agency and critical subjectivity.
Challenges and Supports for Employed Parents of Children and Youth with Special Needs
Authors: Brennan Eileen , Rosenzweig Julie , Jivanjee Pauline , Stewart Lisa M.
Published: April 2015

Parents raising children and youth with special needs due to disability or compromised physical or mental health often find the exceptional care they provide results in caregiver strain and competes with workforce engagement. When parents disclose their family members’ special needs and care demands to obtain support, they can also face workplace stigma. This chapter maps research on family care demands onto studies of available family support, workplace support, and community support that may mitigate challenges and improve employment trajectories. Additionally, a cross-national comparison reveals that policy supports for parents providing exceptional care are fragmented at best in three countries: Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Finally, the chapter proposes systematic investigations that can uncover shifts in policy and practice with the potential to improve employment outcomes for this substantial segment of the workforce.
Cross-National Work–Life Research
Authors: Ollier-Malaterre Ariane
Published: April 2015

This chapter reviews comparative research regarding individuals’ work–life experiences. It summarizes current knowledge on how culture (e.g., individualism/collectivism, gender egalitarianism, humane orientation), institutions (e.g., public policy and provisions, family structures), and the economy (e.g., stage of development, unemployment rates) at the country level impact work–life conflict (WLC), work–life enrichment, work–life balance, and boundary management. More research has focused on cultural than on institutional or economic factors, and only WLC has been truly investigated empirically. Studies show that (1) work and family demands, respectively, are associated with greater work-to-family and family-to-work conflict in individualistic than in collectivistic cultures; (2) in less egalitarian cultures, women experience greater family-to-work conflict and lower work-to-family conflict than do men; (3) there are fewer differences between WLC perceived by men and WLC perceived by women in more egalitarian cultures; (4) except for sick leave regulations, public policies alone seem to have little alleviating effect on WLC; and (5) family structures and domestic help are associated with WLC.
The Importance of Organizational Leadership in Managing Work and Family
Authors: Major Debra A. , Litano Michael L.
Published: April 2015

This chapter demonstrates the importance of organizational leadership in managing the work–family interface. Though researchers have only recently turned to leadership theory to explain employees’ work–family outcomes, the integration of leadership theory provides a richer understanding of how the work–family interface is navigated. In discussing leadership’s impact on the work–family experience, the roles of executive-level leaders, mid-level management, and immediate supervisors are considered. The value of aligning and coordinating work–family support across all levels of organizational leadership is emphasized in order to yield the best work–family outcomes for employees. The chapter concludes with practical strategies for building organizational work–family support, a discussion of the advantages of integrating leadership theory and work–family research, and directions for future research examining work–family experiences and leadership from multiple levels.
Inside Organizations
Authors: Biga Andrew , Church Allan H. , Wade Cara F. , Pratt Angela K. , Kiburz Kaitlin , Brown-Davis Maxine
Published: April 2015

Designing effective work–life programs is critical as these solutions directly impact how people get work done, an essential function of all organizations. Work–life programs are used as a way to enhance and promote the employment brand and value proposition that organizations offer to potential new hires and current employees. There is significant risk with these programs as modification and removal of such programs can result in public backlash and a decline in employee morale and engagement. This chapter will review current and future challenges in implementing effective work–life solutions along with a wish list of research to assist practitioners in improving the use and effectiveness of these programs.
Communicating Work–Family Research Beyond Academia for Thought Leadership and Impact
Authors: Valcour Monique , De Janasz Suzanne
Published: April 2015

The widespread use of social media over the past few years has dramatically altered how individuals communicate and engage with one another. Some academics have begun to embrace this development as an opportunity to engage with people outside of academia and to make an impact on the issues that consume our thinking as work–family scholars. Although social media are now pervasive, many scholars are unsure of how to utilize social networks, blogs, and other nonacademic outlets in valuable and meaningful ways. We offer a variety of strategies to help academics craft their own course for harnessing the power of new forms of technology-mediated communication to amplify the impact of their scholarship as well as to enrich their research, learning, and teaching.
Emotion Regulation at Work and at Home
Authors: Grandey Alicia A. , Krannitz Morgan A.
Published: April 2015

To effectively perform our roles, emotions need to be regulated while both at work (e.g., with customers, supervisor) and at home (e.g., with children, partner); yet, researchers often focus on one domain or the other. In this chapter, four main questions are addressed: (1) Is emotion regulation performed more at work or at home? (2) Is performing emotion regulation at work (i.e., emotional labor) more distressing to the employee than performing emotion regulation at home (i.e., emotion work)? (3) How does performing emotion regulation in one domain affect outcomes in the other domain? (4) Do emotional intelligence and regulatory skills help to successfully balance work and family? This chapter highlights what is known and unknown within each section, and provides many avenues for future research to better integrate emotion regulation with the work–family interface.
The Duty to Protect
Authors: Werth James L.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an introduction to the issue of theduty to protectas it applies to situations involving clients who may pose a potential harm to others or possible harm to themselves. Two famous court cases are used to introduce the material. In addition to reviewing basic legal, regulatory, and ethical principles, the chapter contains information on standard and atypical kinds of duty to protect situations, identifies assessment and intervention considerations, and provides resources for more information. After reading the chapter, professionals should have a clearer picture of what to do when faced with clients who may harm themselves or others.
Competition Throughout Women’s Lives
Authors: Low Bobbi S.
Published: April 2015

From conception to the grave, girls and women face competition with others. In this chapter, I focus only on competition with other females: in the womb, the fetus’s needs compete with her mother’s and any sister’s; after birth, she competes throughout her life: with her sisters, other female relatives, and unrelated female competitors for social status or mates. Although seldom as overt as male–male competition, female–female competition is equally serious in terms of lifetime impacts and may occasionally become violent. Here I follow a female lifetime, exploring the kinds, intensity, and impact of female–female competition.
Indians, Africans, and Europeans
Authors: Hayes Katherine , Mrozowski Stephen , Landon David , Trigg Heather
Published: April 2015

This chapter considers the example of Sylvester Manor’s plantation in coastal New York to demonstrate the diversity and complexity of the colonial context. Despite popular histories which downplay the role of slavery in the US north-east and colonial studies which consider the British and Dutch colonies to have been resistant to pluralism, the case of Sylvester Manor shows how broadly entangled and diverse northern provisioning plantations could be. In particular, archaeological remains illuminate the ongoing engagement of Native Americans in colonial settlements and plantations. The chapter uses the lenses of labour and technology to explore the specific grounds of engagement between African, Indian, and European groups.
Missionization, Māori, and Colonial Warfare in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand
Authors: Middleton Angela
Published: April 2015

Prior to the arrival of the first small group of Protestant evangelical missionaries to New Zealand in 1814, there were only intermittent, occasionally violent encounters between indigenous Māori and Europeans, predominantly sojourners such as explorers and sealers. Missionaries established the first European settlement in the northern part of the country, under the auspices of a Māori fortification. In 1840, British annexation took place; subsequently Māori were subjugated by a series of land wars and subsumed by a burgeoning settler population. As elsewhere in the New World, the processes of missionization in New Zealand became associated with the later events of colonization. This chapter examines the archaeology and history of missionization in New Zealand, briefly comparing these processes with those in other localities such as Australia and North America, and the specific ways in which missions contributed to the colonization of the country.
Post-colonial theory
Authors: Hawley John C.
Published: April 2015

Rather than agreeing to any one meaning or referent, most critics these days speak of ‘post-colonialisms’ to refer principally to ‘historical, social and economic material conditions’ and at other times to ‘historically-situated imaginative products’ and ‘aesthetic practices: representations, discourses and values’ (McLeod 2000: 254). Arising from subaltern studies, its theorists embrace hybridity, indict alterity, analyze colonial discourse, and employ strategic essentialism to promote identity politics. Under its influence, a strain of self-interrogation has for decades run as an undercurrent through much of anthropology and archaeology. Topics including looting, repatriation, stewardship, and the transformation of disciplinary identity are now persistent tropes in the field. Indigenous archaeology, emergent cosmopolitanisms, building up knowledge from below—these now occupy ongoing archaeological work. Limiting its applicability, though, are charges against its homogenization of colonial experience, its perpetuation of academic imperialism, and its relative neglect, until recently, of regions such as Latin America.
Development as Diffusion
Authors: Gelb Alan , Meyer Christian J. , Ramachandran Vijaya
Published: April 2015

This chapter considers economic development of sub-Saharan Africa from the perspective of slow convergence of productivity, both across sectors and across firms within sectors. Why have “productivity enclaves,” islands of high productivity in a sea of smaller low-productivity firms, not diffused more rapidly? Three sets of factors are summarized and analyzed: first, the poor business climate, which constraints the allocation of production factors between sectors and firms. Second, the complex political economy of business–government relations in Africa’s small economies. Third, the distribution of firm capabilities. The roots for these factors lie in Africa’s geography and its distinctive history, including the legacy of its colonial period on state formation and market structure.
Nation-Building and Moving People
Authors: Prusin Alexander
Published: April 2015

At the end of the Second World War, the victorious Allies and the Eastern European states initiated the greatest forced population transfer in human history. It varied in scope, duration, and intensity, and affected and disrupted the lives of millions of people. An important role in these processes was played by ‘historical places’—defined spatial dimensions where the aspirations of titular majorities and the governing polities frequently collided with target groups. This essay examines the situation in western Poland, Slovakia, and the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia, where the post-war population transfers of minority groups served as tools for nation-building and political homogeneity.
Hume on the Artificial Virtues
Authors: Sayre-McCord Geoffrey
Published: April 2015

In the Treatise, Hume offers a detailed account of what he calls the artificial virtues: of justice, of fidelity to promises, and of allegiance to political authority, among others. According to virtually everyone, Hume’s discussion of these artificial virtues—and especially of the conventions on which he argues they depend—is inspired, rich, and subtle. At the same time, also according to virtually everyone, Hume’s discussion is deeply puzzling. Indeed, many have thought the puzzles so deep as to render Hume’s position internally inconsistent (or, if not, at least disingenuous). Puzzling though Hume’s discussion is, this chapter argues that Hume’s account of the artificial virtues is not just consistent (and sincere) but plausible and attractive.
The Default Mode and Other Resting State Networks
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: April 2015

Brain activity during rest, as measured and imaged mainly by fMRI, appears to be due to a number of simultaneously active neuronal networks. The network identified first is the default mode network, which has been used as a marker of conscious awareness in patients with compromised consciousness. In this chapter, the methods of deriving this and other resting networks are outlined, the reliability of each network is assessed, and the question of the functional significance of the default mode network including its relevance to the theory of mind and morality is addressed through a critical appraisal of the relevant literature.
Ragas, Recipes, and Rasas
Authors: McNeil Adrian
Published: April 2015

The concept of raga in Hindustani classical music is a complex phenomenon not least of all because it is simultaneously an inventory of melodic elements, a performative process, and an aesthetic outcome. These different dimensions to raga pose challenges to systematised ways of accounting for how it works in performance. Symbolic modes of thought in the tradition have long taken recourse to analogies to attempt to portray the gestalt of raga and also provide alternate modes of pedagogical knowledge and aesthetic sensibility for engaging with raga. Building on the long-held predilections between music, food, and cooking in Hindustani music, this essay provides another vantage point from which to consider raga and also the significance of rasa in the performance of raga.
Jesuits and China
Authors: Vermander Benoît
Published: April 2015

Arriving in China at the end of the sixteenth century, Jesuit missionaries experimented with an inventive policy of accommodation that relied on the support and insights of converted literati. The viewpoints and information they forwarded to Europe had profound religious, cultural, and political repercussions. The resulting controversies proved divisive to the point of almost destroying the nascent Church. After 1842, the Second Jesuit Mission in China had to deal with the results of the semicolonial context in which it had developed. From 1949 onward, Jesuits of Chinese nationality—present since the beginning of the mission—had to take the lead at the very time when the country’s political and religious conditions were undergoing radical transformation. Present-day scholarship has engaged in a hermeneutical analysis of the relationship that developed between the Jesuits, on the one hand, and Chinese culture and society, on the other.
Judging Yhwh in the Book of Judges
Authors: Guest Deryn
Published: April 2015

Narrative approaches initiated a sea-change in Judges studies. Narrative approaches, however, require additional tools if they are to challenge the text’s ideology. While several narrative critics combined their expertise with feminist theory, scholars are yet to engage fully with the critical study of masculinities or with queer studies that offer a new, rich vein of research focused on how gender and sexuality is an integral aspect of character. YHWH has largely evaded the kind of attention given to other, more earthly, characters. This chapter discusses YHWH’s alpha-male qualities and how they create gender trouble for the cast of male characters in Judges; how YHWH is caught up with the cultural dictates of honor and shame; how object-relations theory can be fruitful in understanding the relationship dynamics between YHWH and Israel. Attention finally returns to the narrator and his stake in this representation of the deity.
Warring Words in the Book of Daniel
Authors: Smith Terry Ann
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines how words become the weapons of the disempowered in the book of Daniel. Given the subversive undertones of the text, the Daniel narrative wages its own form of combat, which at times, appears no less violent than the campaigns that accompany real life warfare. Like other Jewish writings of the same period, the book functions presumably as a form of protest against imperial policies and practices. Still, the book’s shifting rhetorical stance could be indicative of the writer’s altered perception of the fluctuating social conditions of his era and his group’s tenuous (political and religious) position amidst the turmoil. When understood in this fashion, the message of Daniel survives as one that not only subverts imperial authority, but one that also speaks truth to the ideological and religious authorities of its day, including those among its own constituency.
Time and Focalization in the Gospel According to Mark
Authors: Elliott Scott S.
Published: April 2015

This chapter summarizes the story of Mark’s gospel highlighting a variety of its key narrative aspects and emphasizing the discursive features that have most captured the interest of New Testament narrative critics. Next, it surveys the most significant scholarly literature on Mark written from a narrative-critical perspective, and draws attention to how narrative interpretations of Mark have paralleled the development of New Testament narrative criticism generally. Finally, it suggests two aspects of Mark’s narrative in need of further analysis: time and focalization. Taking Mark 6:7–30 as a test case, the chapter juxtaposes the film La jetée to demonstrate how the Markan narrator’s manipulation of time and focalization triggers a host of complex questions, and offers the reader greater interpretive freedom, even as it undermines any certainty the reader may have concerning what the narrative means.
Pathogenicity Stimulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Subtoxic Doses of Carbendazim
Authors: Di Ya-Li , Zhu Zu-Qing , Lu Xiao-Ming , Zhu Fu-Xing
Published: April 2015

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating ascomycete fungus capable of infecting more than 400 species of plants worldwide. Carbendazim has been a principal fungicide for control of this pathogen and high levels of carbendazim resistance have been reported in eastern China. In this study, stimulatory effect of subtoxic doses of carbendazim on pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum was investigated. All seven field resistant isolates with EC50 values greater than 1,000 μg/ml exhibited stimulated pathogenicity toward detached leaves of rapeseed at subtoxic concentrations of carbendazim. Detailed studies on pathogenicity of two resistant isolates AH-17 and LJ-86 toward potted rapeseed plants and detached leaves demonstrated that carbendazim at 0.2 to 5 μg/ml could consistently stimulate significantly higher (P < 0.05) pathogenicity than the control. On potted rapeseed plants, the percent stimulations on pathogenicity ranged from 18.8 to 22.0% for isolate AH-17 and from 15.1 to 23.2% for isolate LJ-86. On detached leaves of rapeseed, the percent stimulations ranged from 18.7 to 31.29% for isolate AH-17 and from 16.7 to 24.3% for isolate LJ-86. Studies on stimulation mechanism indicated that secretion of oxalic acid and tolerance to oxidative stresses H2O2 and paraquat after exposed to subtoxic doses of carbendazim did not change significantly. These results have profound implications for judicious application of fungicides and sustainable management of fungicide resistance.
Molecular Mapping and Validation of SrND643: A New Wheat Gene for Resistance to the Stem Rust Pathogen Ug99 Race Group
Authors: Basnet Bhoja R. , Singh Sukhwinder , Lopez-Vera Eric E. , Huerta-Espino Julio , Bhavani Sridhar , Jin Yue , Rouse Matthew N. , Singh Ravi P.
Published: April 2015

This study reports the identification of a new gene conferring resistance to the Ug99 lineage of races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Because the virulent races of stem rust pathogen continue to pose a serious threat in global wheat production, identification and molecular characterization of new resistance genes remains of utmost important to enhance resistance diversity and durability in wheat germplasm. Advanced wheat breeding line ‘ND643/2*Weebill1’ carries a stem rust resistance gene, temporarily designated as SrND643, effective against the Ug99 group of P. graminis f. sp. tritici races at both seedling and adult growth stages. This study was conducted to map the chromosomal location of SrND643 and identify closely linked molecular markers to allow its selection in breeding populations. In total, 123 recombinant inbred lines, developed by crossing ND643/2*Weebill1 with susceptible line ‘Cacuke’, were evaluated for stem rust response in field nurseries at Njoro, Kenya, during two growing seasons in 2010, and were genotyped with DNA markers, including Diversity Arrays Technology, simple sequence repeats (SSR), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Linkage mapping tagged SrND643 at the distal end of chromosome 4AL, showing close association with SSR markers Xgwm350 (0.5 centimorgans [cM]), Xwmc219 (4.1 cM), and Xwmc776 (2.9 cM). The race specificity of SrND643 is different from that of Sr7a and Sr7b, indicating that the resistance is conferred by a gene at a new locus or by a new allele of Sr7. The flanking markers Xgwm350 and Xwmc219 were predictive of the presence of SrND643 in advanced germplasm, thus validating the map location and their use in marker-assisted selection.
Evaluation of a Barley Core Collection for Spot Form Net Blotch Reaction Reveals Distinct Genotype-Specific Pathogen Virulence and Host Susceptibility
Authors: Neupane A. , Tamang P. , Brueggeman R. S. , Friesen T. L.
Published: April 2015

Spot form net blotch (SFNB) caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata is a major foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare) worldwide. SFNB epidemics have recently been observed in major barley producing countries, suggesting that the local barley cultivars are not resistant and that virulence of the local pathogen populations may have changed. Here we attempt to identify sources of resistance effective against four diverse isolates of P. teres f. maculata collected from around the world. A total of 2,062 world barley core collection accessions were phenotyped using isolates of the pathogen collected in the United States (FGO), Australia (SG1), New Zealand (NZKF2), and Denmark (DEN 2.6). Isolate-specific susceptibility was identified in several of the barley accessions tested, indicating variability in both pathogen virulence and host resistance/susceptibility. Collectively, only 15 barley accessions were resistant across all isolates tested. These resistant accessions will be used to generate mapping populations and for germplasm development. Future research will involve the characterization of host resistance, pathogen virulence, and the host−pathogen interaction associated with SFNB of barley.
Modulation of Nerve Injury–induced HDAC4 Cytoplasmic Retention Contributes to Neuropathic Pain in Rats
Authors: Lin Tzer-Bin , Hsieh Ming-Chun , Lai Cheng-Yuan , Cheng Jen-Kun , Chau Yat-Pang , Ruan Ting , Chen Gin-Den , Peng Hsien-Yu
Published: April 2015

AbstractAbstract

In a rat model of neuropathic pain, histone deacetylases 4 phosphorylation led to its cytoplasmic retention due to phosphorylation-dependent interaction with 14-3-3β. Inhibition of histone deacetylases phosphorylation reduced allodynia and prevented its cytoplasmic translocation, suggesting a novel therapeutic target for neuropathic pain.

Background:

The histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in pain hypersensitivity. This study investigated the potential involvement of an HDAC4-related mechanism in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity.

Methods:

The left L5 to L6 spinal nerves of 627 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were surgically ligated. The withdrawal threshold of hind paws and the abundances, cellular location, and interactions of proteins in the dorsal horn were assayed before and after surgery. The 14-3-3β-targeting small-interfering RNA, a serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) antagonist, or an HDAC inhibitor was spinally injected to elucidate the role of 14-3-3β, SGK1, and HDAC4.

Results:

Without affecting the HDAC4 level, SNL provoked SGK1 phosphorylation (mean ± SEM from 0.24 ± 0.02 to 0.78 ± 0.06 at day 7, n = 6), HDAC4 phosphorylation (from 0.38 ± 0.03 to 0.72 ± 0.06 at day 7, n = 6), 14-3-3β expression (from 0.53 ± 0.09 to 0.88 ± 0.09 at day 7, n = 6), cytoplasmic HDAC4 retention (from 1.18 ± 0.16 to 1.92 ± 0.11 at day 7, n = 6), and HDAC4-14-3-3β coupling (approximately 2.4-fold) in the ipsilateral dorsal horn in association with behavioral allodynia. Knockdown of spinal 14-3-3β expression prevented the SNL-provoked HDAC4 retention (from 1.89 ± 0.15 to 1.32 ± 0.08 at day 7, n = 6), HDAC4-14-3-3β coupling (approximately 0.6-fold above SNL 7D), and behavioral allodynia (from 0.16 ± 0.3 to 6 ± 1.78 at day 7, n = 7), but not SGK1 (from 0.78 ± 0.06 to 0.71 ± 0.04 at day 7, n = 6) or HDAC4 (from 0.75 ± 0.15 to 0.68 ± 0.11 at day 7, n = 6) phosphorylation.

Conclusion:

Neuropathic pain maintenance involves the spinal SGK1 activation–dependent HDAC4 phosphorylation and its subsequent association with 14-3-3β that promotes cytoplasmic HDAC4 retention in dorsal horn neurons.
Sex, social status and physiological stress in primates: the importance of social and glucocorticoid dynamics
Authors: Cavigelli Sonia A. , Caruso Michael J.
Published: April 2015

Social status has been associated with health consequences, although the mechanisms by which status affects health are relatively unknown. At the physiological level, many studies have investigated the potential relationship between social behaviour/rank and physiological stress, with a particular focus on glucocorticoid (GC) production. GCs are of interest because of their experimentally established influence on health-related processes such as metabolism and immune function. Studies in a variety of species, in both naturalistic and laboratory settings, have led to complex outcomes. This paper reviews findings from primates and rodents and proposes a psychologically and physiologically relevant framework in which to study the relationship between social status and GC function. We (i) compare status-specific GC production between male and female primates, (ii) review the functional significance of different temporal patterns of GC production, (iii) propose ways to assess these temporal dynamics, and (iv) present novel hypotheses about the relationship between social status and GC temporal dynamics, and potential fitness and health implications. To understand whether GC production mediates social status-related fitness disparities, we must consider social contest conditions and the temporal dynamics of GC production. This framework will provide greater insights into the relationship between social status, physiological stress and health.
Social instability and immunity in rhesus monkeys: the role of the sympathetic nervous system
Authors: Capitanio John P. , Cole Steven W.
Published: April 2015

Social instability can adversely affect endocrine, immune and health outcomes, and recent evidence suggests that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) might mediate these effects. We conducted two studies with adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to understand how social conditions affect measures of SNS activity and immune function. In Experiment 1, animals were socialized in stable social conditions, then were switched to unstable (stressful) social conditions, then were returned to stable conditions. Analysis revealed quadratic effects for measures of behaviour, urinary metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and expression of immune response genes: as expected, social instability adversely impacted most measures, and the effects remediated upon re-imposition of stable conditions. Cortisol levels were unaffected. In Experiment 2, we used the sympathomimetic drug methamphetamine to challenge the SNS; animals also underwent socialization in stable or unstable groups. Surprisingly, while methamphetamine elevated plasma catecholamines, responses in lymph nodes tracked the social, and not the drug, condition: social instability upregulated the density of SNS fibres in lymph nodes and downregulated Type I interferon gene expression. Together, these results indicate that the SNS is extremely sensitive to social conditions; full understanding of the adverse effects of social instability on health should therefore incorporate measures of this health-relevant system.
Infectious disease transmission and contact networks in wildlife and livestock
Authors: Craft Meggan E.
Published: April 2015

The use of social and contact networks to answer basic and applied questions about infectious disease transmission in wildlife and livestock is receiving increased attention. Through social network analysis, we understand that wild animal and livestock populations, including farmed fish and poultry, often have a heterogeneous contact structure owing to social structure or trade networks. Network modelling is a flexible tool used to capture the heterogeneous contacts of a population in order to test hypotheses about the mechanisms of disease transmission, simulate and predict disease spread, and test disease control strategies. This review highlights how to use animal contact data, including social networks, for network modelling, and emphasizes that researchers should have a pathogen of interest in mind before collecting or using contact data. This paper describes the rising popularity of network approaches for understanding transmission dynamics in wild animal and livestock populations; discusses the common mismatch between contact networks as measured in animal behaviour and relevant parasites to match those networks; and highlights knowledge gaps in how to collect and analyse contact data. Opportunities for the future include increased attention to experiments, pathogen genetic markers and novel computational tools.
Social status, immune response and parasitism in males: a meta-analysis
Authors: Habig Bobby , Archie Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2015

In male vertebrates, two conflicting paradigms—the energetic costs of high dominance rank and the chronic stress of low rank—have been proposed to explain patterns of immune function and parasitism. To date, neither paradigm has provided a complete explanation for status-related differences in male health. Here, we applied meta-analyses to test for correlations between male social status, immune responses and parasitism. We used an ecoimmunological framework, which proposes that males should re-allocate investment in different immune components depending on the costs of dominance or subordination. Spanning 297 analyses, from 77 studies on several vertebrate taxa, we found that most immune responses were similar between subordinate and dominant males, and neither dominant nor subordinate males consistently invested in predictable immune components. However, subordinate males displayed significantly lower delayed-type hypersensitivity and higher levels of some inflammatory cytokines than dominant males, while dominant males exhibited relatively lower immunoglobulin responses than subordinate males. Despite few differences in immunity, dominant males exhibited consistently higher parasitism than subordinate males, including protozoan blood parasites, ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths. We discuss our results in the context of the costs of dominance and subordination and advocate future work that measures both parasitism and immune responses in wild systems.
Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach
Authors: Hawkley Louise C. , Capitanio John P.
Published: April 2015

Sociality permeates each of the fundamental motives of human existence and plays a critical role in evolutionary fitness across the lifespan. Evidence for this thesis draws from research linking deficits in social relationship—as indexed by perceived social isolation (i.e. loneliness)—with adverse health and fitness consequences at each developmental stage of life. Outcomes include depression, poor sleep quality, impaired executive function, accelerated cognitive decline, unfavourable cardiovascular function, impaired immunity, altered hypothalamic pituitary–adrenocortical activity, a pro-inflammatory gene expression profile and earlier mortality. Gaps in this research are summarized with suggestions for future research. In addition, we argue that a better understanding of naturally occurring variation in loneliness, and its physiological and psychological underpinnings, in non-human species may be a valuable direction to better understand the persistence of a ‘lonely’ phenotype in social species, and its consequences for health and fitness.
Sociality and health: impacts of sociality on disease susceptibility and transmission in animal and human societies
Authors: Kappeler Peter M. , Cremer Sylvia , Nunn Charles L.
Published: April 2015

This paper introduces a theme issue presenting the latest developments in research on the impacts of sociality on health and fitness. The articles that follow cover research on societies ranging from insects to humans. Variation in measures of fitness (i.e. survival and reproduction) has been linked to various aspects of sociality in humans and animals alike, and variability in individual health and condition has been recognized as a key mediator of these relationships. Viewed from a broad evolutionary perspective, the evolutionary transitions from a solitary lifestyle to group living have resulted in several new health-related costs and benefits of sociality. Social transmission of parasites within groups represents a major cost of group living, but some behavioural mechanisms, such as grooming, have evolved repeatedly to reduce this cost. Group living also has created novel costs in terms of altered susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious disease as a result of the unavoidable physiological consequences of social competition and integration, which are partly alleviated by social buffering in some vertebrates. Here, we define the relevant aspects of sociality, summarize their health-related costs and benefits, and discuss possible fitness measures in different study systems. Given the pervasive effects of social factors on health and fitness, we propose a synthesis of existing conceptual approaches in disease ecology, ecological immunology and behavioural neurosciences by adding sociality as a key factor, with the goal to generate a broader framework for organismal integration of health-related research.
Marmoricola aquaticus sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a marine sponge
Authors: de Menezes Cláudia Beatriz Afonso , Tonin Mariana Ferreira , Silva Leonardo José , de Souza Wallace Rafael , Parma Márcia , de Melo Itamar Soares , Zucchi Tiago Domingues , Destéfano Suzete Aparecida Lanza , Fantinatti-Garboggini Fabiana
Published: April 2015

A novel marine actinomycete, designated B374T, was isolated from a marine sponge, Glodia corticostylifera, which was collected from São Paulo, Brasil. The taxonomic position of B374T was established by using data derived from a polyphasic approach. The organism showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Marmoricola and it formed a distinct phyletic line in the clade of the genus Marmoricola, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain B374T was most closely related to Marmoricola aequoreus SST-45T (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but was distinguished from this strain and from the other type strains of species of the genus Marmoricola on the basis of a combination of phenotypic properties. The data obtained, therefore, indicates that isolate B374T ( = CBMAI 1089T = DSM 28169T) should be classified as a novel species of the genus Marmoricola, for which the name Marmoricola aquaticus sp. nov. is proposed.
Vitellibacter echinoideorum sp. nov., isolated from a sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla)
Authors: Lin Shih-Yao , Hameed Asif , Wen Cheng-Zhe , Liu You-Cheng , Hsu Yi-Han , Shen Fo-Ting , Lai Wei-An , Young Chiu-Chung
Published: April 2015

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow-pigment-producing bacterium (designated strain CC-CZW007T) was isolated from seafood samples (sea urchins) at Penghu Island in Taiwan. Strain CC-CZW007Tgrew optimally at pH 7.0 and 30 °C in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl. The novel strain shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity toVitellibacter vladivostokensisJCM 11732T(96.8 %),Vitellibacter soesokkakensisKCTC 32536T(96.4 %),Vitellibacter nionensisKCTC 32420T(95.8 %) andVitellibacter aestuariiJCM 15496T(95.6 %) and lower sequence similarity to members of other genera. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes revealed a distinct taxonomic position attained by strain CC-CZW007Twith respect to other species of the genusVitellibacter. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0and iso-C17 : 03-OH. The polar lipid profile was composed of major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified lipids and aminolipids; a moderate amount of aminophospholipid was also detected. The DNA G+C content was 34.7 mol%. The predominant quinone system was menaquinone (MK-6). On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented here, strain CC-CZW007Tis proposed to represent a novel species within the genusVitellibacter, for which the nameVitellibacter echinoideorumsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-CZW007T( = BCRC 80886T = JCM 30378T).
Halorubrum gandharaense sp. nov., an alkaliphilic haloarchaeon from commercial rock salt
Authors: Kondo Yusuke , Minegishi Hiroaki , Echigo Akinobu , Shimane Yasuhiro , Kamekura Masahiro , Itoh Takashi , Ohkuma Moriya , Takahashi-Ando Naoko , Fukushima Yasumasa , Yoshida Yasuhiko , Usami Ron
Published: April 2015

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, pleomorphic rod-shaped, orange–red-pigmented, facultatively aerobic and haloalkaliphilic archaeon, strain MK13-1T, was isolated from commercial rock salt imported from Pakistan. The NaCl, pH and temperature ranges for growth of strain MK13-1Twere 3.0–5.2 M NaCl, pH 8.0–11.0 and 15–50 °C, respectively. Optimal growth occurred at 3.2–3.4 M NaCl, pH 9.0–9.5 and 45 °C. Addition of Mg2+was not required for growth. The major polar lipids of the isolate were C20C20and C20C25archaeol derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester. Glycolipids were not detected. The DNA G+C content was 64.1 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MK13-1Twas most closely related to those of the species of the genusHalorubrum,Halorubrum luteumCECT 7303T(95.9 % similarity),Halorubrum alkaliphilumJCM 12358T(95.3 %),Halorubrum kocuriiJCM 14978T(95.3 %) andHalorubrum lipolyticumJCM 13559T(95.3 %). TherpoB′gene sequence of strain MK13-1Thad < 90 % sequence similarity to those of other members of the genusHalorubrum. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characterization, strain MK13-1Tmay represent a novel species of the genusHalorubrum, for which the nameHalorubrum gandharaensesp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain MK13-1T( = JCM 17823T = CECT 7963T).
The Presence of Fucogalactoxyloglucan and Its Synthesis in Rice Indicates Conserved Functional Importance in Plants
Authors: Liu Lifeng , Paulitz Jonathan , Pauly Markus
Published: April 2015

The predominant structure of the hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) found in the cell walls of dicots is a fucogalactoXyG with an XXXG core motif, whereas in the Poaceae (grasses and cereals), the structure of XyG is less xylosylated (XXGGn core motif) and lacks fucosyl residues. However, specialized tissues of rice (Oryza sativa) also contain fucogalactoXyG. Orthologous genes of the fucogalactoXyG biosynthetic machinery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are present in the rice genome. Expression of these rice genes, including fucosyl-, galactosyl-, and acetyltransferases, in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutants confirmed their activity and substrate specificity, indicating that plants in the Poaceae family have the ability to synthesize fucogalactoXyG in vivo. The data presented here provide support for a functional conservation of XyG structure in higher plants.
Crystal structure of (Z)-N′-[1-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)propyl]benzenesulfonohydrazide
Authors: He Chuan-Chuan , Xu Guan-Cheng
Published: April 2015

The title compound, C19H20N4O3S, was synthesized by refluxing equimolar amounts of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-propionylpyrazol-5-one and benzenesulfonyl hydrazide in ethanol. The compound crystallizes in the keto form and the carbonyl O atom forms an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond with the neighbouring NH group. There is also C—H...O short contact involving the neighbouring phenyl ring. Probably as a result of this, the phenyl ring is inclined to the pyrazolone ring by only 7.58 (12)°. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the benzenesulfonyl ring is 22.78 (11)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(14) ring motif. The dimers are linkedviapairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [100].