bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estranhos familiares: a inserção das personagens homo/lesbo/bi/transexuais no cinema
Authors: Silva Rocha Caio César , Pereira Santos Danilo
Published: January 2019

As personagens homo/lesbo/bi/transexuais surgem no cinema na década de 1930. Com a vigência doCódigo de Hayes (1934-1963), elas são mostradas de forma negativa e inferior. Mas é com a revolução dasociedade no fim da década de 1960 que essas personagens começaram a ganhar destaque no cinema mundial etemas relevantes para o público LGBTTIS perderam o tom de deboche e/ou vilania. O objetivo deste trabalho éanalisar as diferentes manifestações e tratamentos dados à homo/lesbo/bi/transexualidade, de forma panorâmica,durante o período em que o Código de Hayes assolava a indústria hollywoodiana, bem como o período posteriorao Código, findando-se na produção de filmes contemporâneos sobre a temática.
Brain histopathological study and prognosis in MOG antibody‐associated demyelinating pseudotumor
Authors: Shu Yaqing , Long Youming , Wang Shisi , Hu Wanming , Zhou Jian , Xu Huiming , Chen Chen , Ou Yangmei , Lu Zhengqi , Lau Alexander Y. , Yu Xinhua , Kermode Allan G. , Qiu Wei
Published: January 2019

Our objective was to examine the brain biopsies by histopathology and investigate the prognosis of patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated demyelinating pseudotumor. The clinical, MRI, and histological features of two patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated demyelinating pseudotumor were reviewed. Both patients were treated with steroid plus rituximab and followed up. The brain biopsies of both cases revealed T cells, macrophages, and complement‐mediated demyelination, which was in accord with multiple sclerosis‐like pathology. Moreover, both cases showed favorable response to steroid plus rituximab therapy. Our cases add a new variant to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐encephalomyelitis spectrum, which favorably responds to immunotherapy.
Activated Platelets‐Targeting Micelles with Controlled Drug Release for Effective Treatment of Primary and Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Zhu Xi , Chen Xinli , Chen Qinjun , Zhou Wenxi , Guo Qin , Lu Yifei , Li Chao , Zhang Yu , Liang Donghui , Sun Tao , Wei Xunbin , Jiang Chen
Published: January 2019

The frequent relapse and metastasis characteristics of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) make it a fraught issue with very poor prognosis in clinic. An effective treatment for TNBC should prevent and even eliminate metastasis as well as suppress primary lesion expansion. Recent progress reveals that platelets can be recruited and activated by tumor cells through intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), and help aggressive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) form metastasis. Therefore, activated platelets are considered with possession of tumor‐homing, CTC‐capturing, and metastasis‐targeting abilities. In this work, a P‐selectin (expressed on activated platelet surface) targeting peptide (PSN) is modified on a redox‐responsive paclitaxel‐loaded micelle (PSN‐PEG‐SS‐PTX4 micelle) to utilize activated platelets as a “bridge” for interaction with cancer cells. The PSN‐modified micelle can easily adhere to the surface of activated platelets and subsequently capture CTCs in blood circulation. Compared to Taxol and PEG‐SS‐PTX4 micelle, PSN‐PEG‐SS‐PTX4 micelle also exhibits enhanced primary TNBC/metastasis targeting and penetrating effect through binding with tumor infiltrating platelets and thus significantly improves treatment outcome. More importantly, PSN‐PEG‐SS‐PTX4 micelle potently suppressed lung metastasis of TNBC and reduced incidence of distant liver metastasis. The activated platelet‐targeting redox‐responsive micelle system provides a promising prospect for the omnidirectional treatment of metastatic cancer.
A Generic Soft Encapsulation Strategy for Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Li Kan , Cheng Xu , Zhu Feng , Li Linze , Xie Zhaoqian , Luan Haiwen , Wang Zhouheng , Ji Ziyao , Wang Heling , Liu Fei , Xue Yeguang , Jiang Changqing , Feng Xue , Li Luming , Rogers John A. , Huang Yonggang , Zhang Yihui
Published: January 2019

Recent progress in stretchable forms of inorganic electronic systems has established a route to new classes of devices, with particularly unique capabilities in functional biointerfaces, because of their mechanical and geometrical compatibility with human tissues and organs. A reliable approach to physically and chemically protect the electronic components and interconnects is indispensable for practical applications. Although recent reports describe various options in soft, solid encapsulation, the development of approaches that do not significantly reduce the stretchability remains an area of continued focus. Herein, a generic, soft encapsulation strategy is reported, which is applicable to a wide range of stretchable interconnect designs, including those based on two‐dimensional (2D) serpentine configurations, 2D fractal‐inspired patterns, and 3D helical configurations. This strategy forms the encapsulation while the system is in a prestrained state, in contrast to the traditional approach that involves the strain‐free configuration. A systematic comparison reveals that substantial enhancements (e.g., ≈6.0 times for 2D serpentine, ≈4.0 times for 2D fractal, and ≈2.6 times for 3D helical) in the stretchability can be achieved through use of the proposed strategy. Demonstrated applications in highly stretchable light‐emitting diodes systems that can be mounted onto complex curvilinear surfaces illustrate the general capabilities in functional device systems.
Efficient Quaternary Organic Solar Cells with Parallel‐Alloy Morphology
Authors: Bi Zhaozhao , Zhu Qinglian , Xu Xianbin , Naveed Hafiz Bilal , Sui Xinyu , Xin Jingming , Zhang Lin , Li Tengfei , Zhou Ke , Liu Xinfeng , Zhan Xiaowei , Ma Wei
Published: January 2019

Two compatible donors (PBDB‐T and PTB7‐Th) and two miscible acceptors (ITIC and FOIC) are employed to deliver a parallel‐alloy morphology model in non‐fullerene‐based quaternary organic solar cells. PBDB‐T and PTB7‐Th form a parallel link with a slight adjustment of molecular packing into enhanced face‐on crystallites while ITIC disperses into discontinuous FOIC microcrystal regions to form continuous and ordered alloy‐like acceptor phases. Characterization of blend morphology highlights the parallel‐alloy model—enabled by the introduction of PBDB‐T and ITIC, which contributes to improved molecular packing and reduced domain size resulting in efficient charge generation and consistent transport channels. This successful parallel‐alloy quaternary blend morphology demonstrates an enhanced optical absorption, optimized domain size, and nanostructures toward simultaneous improvement in charge transfer and transport. Therefore, a power conversion efficiency of 12.52% is realized for a quaternary device which is 6% higher than the ternary device (PBDB‐T:PTB7‐Th:FOIC) and 12% higher than the binary device (PTB7‐Th:FOIC). Domination of quaternary devices over ternary and binary blends, which is another feasible way to realize highly efficient devices through further investigation of quaternary OSCs, is presented.
Light‐Inducible Exosome‐Based Vehicle for Endogenous RNA Loading and Delivery to Leukemia Cells
Authors: Huang Lin , Gu Ning , Zhang Xian‐En , Wang Dian‐Bing
Published: January 2019

Exosomes are a novel and promising drug delivery platform because of their endogenous origin, stability, biocompatibility, and other unique features. As the efficient loading and delivery of long RNA to target cells for therapeutic purposes remains challenging, a new exosome‐based RNA delivery system is proposed using a controllable RNA enrichment and releasing protocol. The system employs RNA aptamer–protein interactions and reversible light‐inducible protein–protein interaction modules by remolding exosome producer cells. Endogenous microRNA 21 (miR‐21) sponges, inhibitors of miR‐21, are successfully enriched on the plasma membrane and are sorted into exosomes by the biogenesis of the exosomes. The loading capacity of miR‐21 sponges is enhanced by 14‐fold in the light‐inducible loading system. In addition, targeted delivery of miR‐21 to leukemia cells is achieved by modifying exosomes with the cholesterol‐conjugated aptamer AS1411, resulting in significant cell apoptosis by blocking the function of miR‐21 in leukemia cells. This work provides an exosome‐based light‐inducible vehicle to efficiently load and deliver long endogenous RNA, which can enable more RNA‐based therapeutics for personalized cancer medicine.
Exceptional Water Desalination Performance with Anion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Arulrajan Antony C. , Ramasamy Deepika L. , Sillanpää Mika , van der Wal Albert , Biesheuvel P. Maarten , Porada Slawomir , Dykstra Jouke E.
Published: January 2019

Capacitive deionization (CDI) typically uses one porous carbon electrode that is cation adsorbing and one that is anion adsorbing. In 2016, Smith and Dmello proposed an innovative CDI cell design based on two cation‐selective electrodes and a single anion‐selective membrane, and thereafter this design was experimentally validated by various authors. In this design, anions pass through the membrane once, and desalinated water is continuously produced. In the present work, this idea is extended, and it is experimentally shown that also a choice for anion‐selective electrodes, in combination with a cation‐selective membrane, leads to a functional cell design that continuously desalinates water. Anion‐selective electrodes are obtained by chemical modification of the carbon electrode with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. After chemical modification, the activated carbon electrode shows a substantial reduction of the total pore volume and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, but nevertheless maintains excellent CDI performance, which is for the first time that a low‐porosity carbon electrode is demonstrated as a promising material for CDI.
Textured Poling of the Ferroelectric Dielectric Layer for Improved Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Laudari Amrit , Pickett Alec , Shahedipour‐Sandvik Fatemeh , Hogan Kasey , Anthony John E. , He Xiaoqing , Guha Suchismita
Published: January 2019

Polymer ferroelectrics are playing an increasingly active role in flexible memory application and wearable electronics. The relaxor ferroelectric dielectric, poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluorethylene (PVDF‐TrFE), although vastly used in organic field‐effect transistors (FETs), has issues with gate leakage current especially when the film thickness is below 500 nm. This work demonstrates a novel method of selective poling the dielectric layer. By using solution‐processed 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS‐pentacene) as the organic semiconductor, it is shown that textured poling of the PVDF‐TrFE layer dramatically improves FET properties compared to unpoled or uniformly poled ferroelectric films. The texturing is achieved by first vertically poling the PVDF‐TrFE film and then laterally poling the dielectric layer close to the gate electrode. TIPS‐pentacene FETs show on/off ratios of 105 and hole mobilities of 1 cm2 Vs−1 under ambient conditions with operating voltages well below −5 V. The electric field distribution in the dielectric layer is simulated by using finite difference time domain methods.
Synthesis of Halogenated Cyclic Enamines from Cyclic N‐2‐En‐4‐ynyl‐N‐1‐ynylamides and N‐Propargyl‐N‐1‐ynylamides via a Tandem Iron Halide Promoted N‐to‐C Shift‐Aza‐Prins Cyclization Sequence
Authors: Lin Hsin‐Hui , Chiang Tai‐Ching , Wu Rong‐Xuan , Chang Yi‐Mei , Wang Hao‐Wen , Liu Ssu‐Ting , Yeh Ming‐Chang P.
Published: January 2019

A facile and efficient N‐to‐C allyl shift‐aza‐Prins cyclization sequence of cyclic N‐2‐en‐4‐ynyl‐N‐1‐ynylamides is promoted by iron(III) chloride, generating chloro‐containing bridged bicyclic enamines in minutes and in high yields. This reaction involves an unprecedented formation of a ketenimine via Fe(III)‐mediated N‐to‐C allyl rearrangement, followed by aza‐Prins cyclization. This sequence can also be applied to the generation of brominated cyclobutenamine derivatives using Fe(III) bromide and N‐propargyl‐N‐1‐ynylamides.

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Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cyclization Reaction of 2‐Alkynyl‐3,3‐Difluoro‐3H‐Indoles and 2‐Mercaptoimidazoles: Access to gem‐Difluorinated C2‐Spiro Indolines
Authors: Luo Jian , Fang Yu‐Bo , Mao Xiang‐Yu , Yang Meng , Zhao Yu‐Lei , Liu Yun‐Lin , Chen Guo‐Shu , Ji Yong‐Fei
Published: January 2019

We reported a cupreidine catalyzed enantioselective cascade cyclization reaction of 2‐alkynyl‐3,3‐difluoro‐3H‐indole and 2‐mercaptoimidazole under simple and mild conditions. The corresponding chiral gem‐difluorinated C2‐spiro indolines were obtained in moderate to good yields and enantioselectivities, which could be interesting compounds from synthetic and medicinal chemistry points of view. This work represents the first catalytic enantioselective example of utilizing 2‐alkynyl‐3,3‐difluoro‐3H‐indoles as the bis‐electrophiles in a cyclization reaction.

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Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Compounds Bearing a Trifluoromethylated Stereogenic Center: Recent Developments
Authors: He Xiang‐Hong , Ji Yan‐Ling , Peng Cheng , Han Bo
Published: January 2019

The broad prospects of trifluoromethylated compounds in materials science, agricultural chemistry, and pharmaceutical chemistry have stimulated the rapid development of asymmetric organocatalytic transformations to access these biologically important compounds. Among all types of trifluoromethylated compounds, trifluoromethylated cyclic compounds with a C−CF3 stereogenic center have gained increasing attention in medicinal and organic chemistry because they are extensively found in many biologically active molecules, lead compounds, and listed drugs. This review attempts to summarize the developments in the organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of cyclic compounds bearing a trifluoromethylated stereogenic center since 2012.

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Iodine‐Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement of Amines to α‐Amino Acetals and α‐Amino Aldehydes
Authors: Zhou Min‐Jie , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: January 2019

A protocol for iodine‐catalyzed oxidative rearrangement of tertiary and secondary amines has been developed. This metal‐free protocol provides an atom‐economical, efficient access to synthetically useful α‐amino acid derivatives from readily available acyclic and cyclic tertiary or secondary amines.

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Design Guidelines for Micro‐Thermoelectric Devices by Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Lara Ramos David Alberto , Barati Vida , Garcia Javier , Reith Heiko , Li Guodong , Pérez Nicolás , Schierning Gabi , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: January 2019

Energy harvesting and thermal management are required for applications in the internet‐of‐things, autarkic sensors, or highly integrated electronic devices. Thermoelectric devices, both generators and coolers, are promising specialized technologies for localized energy harvesting and thermal management. These devices are well optimized for near‐room temperature operation at the macroscopic scale. However, the high integration density of today's most significant applications requires an increasing degree of miniaturization. Understanding the design guidelines for micro‐thermoelectric devices with realistic materials properties, and with concurring size and geometry constraints, is a challenge that has not been fully addressed up to now. Here, finite element analysis is used to understand the interplay between thermal and electrical heat fluxes in micro‐thermoelectric devices. The relevant design guidelines for metallic top and bottom contacts and thermoelectric elements, as well as an optimal packing density of the thermoelectric elements are identified. The results demonstrate that on the micrometer scale, the effects of net electrical and thermal resistances of the individual components of the devices (i.e., thermoelectric leg, top, and bottom contacts) are of comparable magnitude. This makes it necessary to apply design strategies specific to the micrometer scale, in order to geometrically optimize the device.
Energy Landscapes for Proteins: From Single Funnels to Multifunctional Systems
Authors: Röder Konstantin , Joseph Jerelle A. , Husic Brooke E. , Wales David J.
Published: January 2019

This report advances the hypothesis that multifunctional systems may be associated with multifunnel potential and free energy landscapes, with particular focus on biomolecules. It compares systems that exhibit single, double, and multiple competing structures, and contrasts multifunnel landscapes associated with misfolded amyloidogenic oligomers, which presumably do not arise as an evolutionary target. In this context, intrinsically disordered proteins could be considered intrinsically multifunctional molecules, associated with multifunnel landscapes. Potential energy landscape theory enables biomolecules to be treated in a common framework together with self‐organizing and multifunctional systems based on inorganic materials, atomic and molecular clusters, crystal polymorphs, and soft matter.
Prognostic implications of cytogenetics in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with inotuzumab ozogamicin
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Advani Anjali S. , Stelljes Matthias , Stock Wendy , Liedtke Michaela , Gökbuget Nicola , Martinelli Giovanni , O'Brien Susan , White Jane Liang , Wang Tao , Luisa Paccagnella M. , Sleight Barbara , Vandendries Erik , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Kantarjian Hagop M.
Published: January 2019

Karyotype is frequently used to predict response and outcome in leukemia. This post hoc exploratory analysis evaluated the relationship between baseline cytogenetics and outcome in patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL) treated with inotuzumab ozogamicin (InO), a humanized CD22 antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, in the phase 3, open‐label, randomized INO‐VATE trial. Data as of March 8, 2016, are presented in this analysis. Of the 326 patients randomized, 284 had screening karyotyping data (144 in the InO arm and 140 in the standard care [SC] arm). With InO, complete remission or complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery (CR/CRi), minimal residual disease negativity rates, and overall survival (OS) were not significantly different between cytogenetic subgroups. CR/CRi rates favored InO over SC in the diploid with ≥20 metaphases, complex, and “other” cytogenetic subgroups. The OS hazard ratio favored InO over SC in the diploid with ≥20 metaphases, complex, and other cytogenetic subgroups. Generally, InO is effective and provides substantial clinical benefit in patients with R/R ALL who have specific baseline karyotypes.
A maternally inherited frameshift CDKL5 variant in a male with global developmental delay and late‐onset generalized epilepsy
Authors: Fraser Harry , Goldman Amy , Wright Ronnie ,   The Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Banka Siddharth
Published: January 2019

Pathogenic CDKL5 variants cause an X‐linked dominant infantile epileptic encephalopathy, predominantly in females. This condition is characterized by an early‐onset severe mixed seizure disorder. We present a maternally inherited frameshift CDKL5 c.2809_2810insA p.(Cys937Ter) variant in a 13‐year‐old male with severe intellectual disability and late‐onset generalized epilepsy. Interestingly, the variant segregation in the family is consistent with an X‐linked recessive inheritance pattern, which has not previously been described with this gene. This variant is expected to result in truncation of some CDKL5 transcripts, which could potentially account for the later seizure onset and atypical inheritance pattern. Though the possibility of this variant not being causal cannot be completely excluded, this case adds to the variability of the documented phenotypic profile and to the debate around the role of C‐terminus variants in CDKL5‐related disease.
Nanostructured Mesoporous Zinc‐Incorporated Copper Oxide (NMZI‐CuO): An Efficient and Reusable Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Esters through C−H Functionalization
Authors: Moaddeli Ali , Rousta Marzieh , Shekouhy Mohsen , Khalili Dariush , Samadi Mohammad , Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali
Published: January 2019

Nanostructured mesoporous zinc‐incorporated copper oxide (NMZI‐CuO), an efficient and reusable heterogeneous nanocatalyst, was successfully prepared and fully characterized by XRD analysis, IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analysis (BET), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods and was successfully applied for the synthesis of esters through a direct sp3 C−H functionalization of alkyl benzenes. Using this method a broad range of benzyl alcohols as well as aryl aldehydes and alkyl benzenes were reacted via a cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) process and all desired esters were obtained in good to excellent yields after relatively short times. The catalyst was recovered and reused several times without any detectable loss of activity. Moreover, presented catalyst was successfully applied for selective 5′ esterification of nucleosides using alkyl benzenes without protecting the 2′ and 3′ hydroxyl groups.
Age‐related changes in myelin of axons of the corpus callosum and cognitive decline in common marmosets
Authors: Phillips Kimberley A. , Watson Chase M. , Bearman Ari , Knippenberg Anna R. , Adams Jessica , Ross Corinna , Tardif Suzette D.
Published: January 2019

Executive control is a higher‐level cognitive function that involves a range of different processes that are involved in the planning, coordination, execution, and inhibition of responses. Many of the processes associated with executive control, such as response inhibition and mental flexibility, decline with age. Degeneration of white matter architecture is considered to be the one of the key factors underlying cognitive decline associated with aging. Here we investigated how white matter changes of the corpus callosum were related to cognitive aging in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). We hypothesized that reduction in myelin thickness, myelin density, and myelin fraction of axonal fibers in the corpus callosum would be associated with performance on a task of executive function in a small sample of geriatric marmosets (n = 4) and young adult marmosets (n = 2). Our results indicated declines in myelin thickness, density, and myelin fraction with age. Considerable variability was detected on these characteristics of myelin and cognitive performance assessed via the detoured reach task. Age‐related changes in myelin in Region II of the corpus callosum were predictive of cognitive performance on the detoured reach task. Thus the detoured reach task appears to also measure aspects of corticostriatal function in addition to prefrontal cortical function.
Fullerene‐Filled Liquid‐Crystal Stars: A Supramolecular Click Mechanism for the Generation of Tailored Donor–Acceptor Assemblies
Authors: Lehmann Matthias , Dechant Moritz , Holzapfel Marco , Schmiedel Alexander , Lambert Christoph
Published: January 2019

Two shape‐persistent star mesogens with oligo(phenylene ethenylene) arms and a phthalocyanine core—one providing free space (2) and one sterically encumbered by four fullerenes attached through spacers (3)—have been successfully synthesized. In contrast to the smaller discotic derivative 1, mesogen 2 forms a columnar liquid crystal (LC), which can only be partially aligned without π‐stacking, while 3 is not an LC. Exceptionally, the 1:1 mixture of 2 and 3 forms an alignable columnar LC with strong π‐stacking and quadruply helically organized fullerenes by an unprecedented click process that is similar to a ball detent mechanism. The C60 units also interconnect different columns. This is driven by nanosegregation and space‐filling of the voids with fullerenes. Photophysical studies confirm the presence of a light‐collecting system that generates charge‐separated states in solution and in the solid state, which makes such highly organized materials attractive for the study of future photovoltaic devices.
Healing of carbon fiber reinforced plastics by Diels–Alder based polymers: Effects of healing agent concentration and curing cycle
Authors: Kotrotsos Athanasios , Tsokanas Panayiotis , Tsantzalis Stavros , Kostopoulos Vassilis
Published: January 2019

Self‐healing resin (Bismaleimide prepolymer, BMI pp) based on Diels–Alder reaction mechanism was integrated into high performance carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs). Reference and BMI pp modified CFRPs were manufactured by incorporating grains of the self‐healing agent (SHA) in the mid‐thickness interlaminar region through sieving. First, the effect of the SHA concentration on the toughening and healing performance of CFRPs was studied under mode I fracture loading. The SHA was able to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite to a certain extent and also to offer a moderate thermally activated healing functionality. Also, the effect of the curing temperature on the same results was studied; it was found the decrease of the curing temperature slightly decreases the fracture toughness while increases the healing efficiency of the composite. Finally, optical microscopy examinations were conducted and three‐point bending tests were utilized to study the in‐plane mechanical properties of the composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47478.
Fire retardant mechanism of PA66 modified by a “trinity” reactive flame retardant
Authors: Fu Hao , Cui Yihua , Lv Jipeng
Published: January 2019

A “trinity” reactive flame retardant (TRFR) was successfully synthesized from pentaerythritol, phosphorus oxychloride (POC), andp‐aminobenzoic acid in two steps. The flame retardant polyamide 66 (PA66) was prepared by polymerizing TRFR with PA66 salt; the structural changes during the heating process, the morphology, and composition after combustion of flame retardant PA66 were analyzed. Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman analysis results showed that the TRFR structure on flame retardant PA66 decomposed at the temperature of 25–550 °C, forming compounds containing phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen, respectively. These compounds promoted the dehydration of the combustion surface to form char, increased the char formation rate, and produced nonflammable gases, resulting in a dense, porous, noncombustible carbon layer. The carbon layer may isolate oxygen and heat, thereby preventing the polymer from sustainability of combustion. When the TRFR salt content was 3%, TRFR flame retardant PA66 has excellent flame retardancy with limited oxygen index value of 29 and UL94 of V‐0 rating. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 47488.
Feedback stabilization of discrete time singularly perturbed systems with communication constraints
Authors: Tian Yitao , Liu Wei , Que Xuejie
Published: January 2019

In this paper, the quantized feedback problem for a class of discrete time singularly perturbed systems with information constraints is considered. First, a proper coder‐decoder pair is presented so that the transmission errors tend to zero exponentially under information constraints. Next, linear matrix inequalities are constructed such that the resulting closed‐loop system is input‐to‐state stable (ISS) with respect to the transmission error, and the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system also can be guaranteed. The theoretical results have shown that the presented method is simple and easy to operate. Moreover, the upper bound of the small perturbed parameter of the stable system can be explicitly estimated using this feasible method. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A cascade control approach to active suspension using pneumatic actuators
Authors: Li Yuchao , Feng Lei , Wang Yu
Published: January 2019

Operators of forest machinery suffer from intensive whole body vibrations, which are big threats to their health. Therefore, it is important to investigate effective seat undercarriages and control methods for vibration reduction. This paper addresses the control problem of a novel seat undercarriage with pneumatic actuators customized for forest machinery. A two‐layer cascade control structure is developed, where the top layer consists of a group of proportional controllers to regulate the position of pneumatic actuators and the bottom layer is a sliding mode controller for force and stiffness tracking. The advantage of the sliding mode control is to achieve robust control performance with coarse system models. The paper demonstrates that the proposed control structure is better than a traditional PID controller. The robust stability of the sliding mode controller is proved by the Lyapunov's method. Experiments show its capability of reducing at least 20% amplitude of seat vibrations from 0.5 to 1 Hz.
Functional Electrocatalysts Derived from Prussian Blue and its Analogues for Metal‐Air Batteries: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Deng Chen , Wang Da‐Wei
Published: January 2019

Metal‐air batteries holding exceptionally high energy densities have been heavily explored recently amongst the promising next generation energy suppliers. However, their development for real application is restricted mainly due to the sluggish rates of the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) in the positive electrode. Thus, searching a facile way to attain highly efficient ORR and OER electrocatalysts are highly desirable. The key factors to improve the electrochemical performance of materials are to optimize their low‐dimensional feature and adjust effective compositions. Prussian blue and its analogues (PB/PBAs) with open framework have attracted growing attention as hopeful precursors and templates to diverse transition metal‐based materials and carbon hybrids for ORR and OER. Compared to other precursors, PB/PBAs are more feasible for large‐scale application due to their easy preparation, low cost, tuneable compositions and great environmental friendliness. In this review, recent progresses in the utilization of PB/PBA to rationally design and synthesize complex composites with controlled morphologies, sizes, and compositions for ORR, OER and metal‐air batteries are described in detail. Afterwards, a brief summary of the synthetic methods to complex transition metal‐based compositions with nanostructures converted from PB/PBAs are provided. Lastly, the research challenges and possible development direction of open framework materials for metal‐air batteries are outlined through analysing the merits and drawbacks of using PB/PBAs as precursors.
Teilerneuerung der Waschmühltalbrücke im Zuge der A6
Authors: Wörner Rolf , Donauer Franz‐Josef , Bernhardt Lars , Winkler Bernd
Published: January 2019

Die Autobahn A6 ist eine der wichtigsten in Ost‐West‐Richtung verlaufenden Verkehrswege in Süddeutschland. Um der heutigen und zukünftigen Verkehrsbelastung mit über 70.000 Kfz/Tag gerecht zu werden, wird die A6 bei Kaiserslautern derzeit sechsstreifig ausgebaut. Auf der Ausbaustrecke liegt mit der Waschmühltalbrücke eine der wenigen, bisher noch weitgehend unveränderten Großbrücken aus der Zeit der Reichsautobahnen. Sie wurde in den Jahren 1935 bis 1937 erbaut und steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Es stellte sich die Entwurfsaufgabe, die beiden schmalen Sandsteinbogenreihen des Bestands zu erhalten und mit einer Konstruktion zu überbauen, die ausreichend Platz für den neuen Fahrbahnquerschnitt bietet. Für die bestehende Brücke musste eine Überbeanspruchung des Bestands insbesondere durch Zwangeinwirkungen zuverlässig ausgeschlossen werden. Hierzu wurde zwischen Bestand und neuem Überbau eine flächige Gleitebene ausgebildet. Durch rechnerische Untersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass auf diese Weise die Beanspruchung des Bestands auch unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses unvermeidbarer Ebenheitstoleranzen in der Gleitebene erheblich reduziert werden kann.

Für die Bauausführung der Gleitschicht wurden spezifische Anforderungen an die Eigenschaften und Ebenheit der Gleitschicht formuliert. Die Einhaltung dieser Anforderungen wurde mit einem maßgeschneiderten Qualitätssicherungssystem kontrolliert und sichergestellt.
On the interpretation of the hazard ratio in Cox regression
Authors: De Neve Jan , Gerds Thomas A.
Published: January 2019

We argue that the term “relative risk” should not be used as a synonym for “hazard ratio” and encourage to use the probabilistic index as an alternative effect measure for Cox regression. The probabilistic index is the probability that the event time of an exposed or treated subject exceeds the event time of an unexposed or untreated subject conditional on the other covariates. It arises as a well known and simple transformation of the hazard ratio and nicely reveals the interpretational limitations. We demonstrate how the probabilistic index can be obtained using the R‐package Publish.
Surgical training programmes in the South Pacific, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste
Authors: Watters D A , McCaig E , Nagra S , Kevau I
Published: January 2019

Background

There is a surgical workforce shortage in Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Pacific and Timor Leste. Previously, Pacific Island specialists who trained overseas tended to migrate.

Methods

A narrative review was undertaken of the training programmes delivered through the University of Papua New Guinea and Fiji National University's Fiji School of Medicine, and support provided through Australian Aid and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS), including scholarships and visiting medical teams.

Results

The Fiji School of Medicine MMed programme, which commenced in 1998, has 39 surgical graduates. Sixteen of 22 Fijians, nine of ten Solomon Islanders and four of five in Vanuatu currently reside and/or work in-country. Surgical training in PNG began in 1975, and now has 104 general surgical graduates, 11 of whom originate from the Pacific Islands or Timor Leste. The PNG retention rate of local graduates is 97 per cent, with 80 per cent working in the public sector. Twenty-two surgeons have also undertaken subspecialty training. Timor Leste has trained eight surgical specialists in PNG, Fiji, Indonesia or Malaysia. All have returned to work in-country. The RACS has managed Australian Aid programmes, providing pro bono visiting medical teams to support service delivery and, increasingly, capacity building in the region. The RACS has funded scholarships and international travel grants to further train or sustain the surgical specialists.

Conclusion

The local MMed programmes have been highly successful in retaining specialists in the region. Partnerships with Australian Aid and RACS have been effective in ensuring localization of the faculty and ongoing professional development.
Prevalence and predictors of surgical-site infection after caesarean section at a rural district hospital in Rwanda
Authors: Nkurunziza T , Kateera F , Sonderman K , Gruendl M , Nihiwacu E , Ramadhan B , Cherian T , Nahimana E , Ntakiyiruta G , Habiyakare C , Ngamije P , Matousek A , Gaju E , Riviello R , Hedt-Gauthier B
Published: January 2019

Background

There are few prospective studies of outcomes following surgery in rural district hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of surgical-site infection (SSI) following caesarean section at Kirehe District Hospital in rural Rwanda.

Methods

Adult women who underwent caesarean section between March and October 2017 were given a voucher to return to the hospital on postoperative day (POD) 10 (±3 days). At the visit, a physician evaluated the patient for an SSI. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for SSI, built using backward stepwise selection.

Results

Of 729 women who had a caesarean section, 620 were eligible for follow-up, of whom 550 (88·7 per cent) returned for assessment. The prevalence of SSI on POD 10 was 10·9 per cent (60 women). In the multivariable analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with SSI: bodyweight more than 75 kg (odds ratio (OR) 5·98, 1·56 to 22·96; P = 0·009); spending more than €1·1 on travel to the health centre (OR 2·42, 1·31 to 4·49; P = 0·005); being a housewife compared with a farmer (OR 2·93, 1·08 to 7·97; P = 0·035); and skin preparation with a single antiseptic compared with a combination of two antiseptics (OR 4·42, 1·05 to 18·57; P = 0·043). Receiving either preoperative or postoperative antibiotics was not associated with SSI.

Conclusion

The prevalence of SSI after caesarean section is consistent with rates reported at tertiary facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Combining antiseptic solutions for skin preparation could reduce the risk of SSI.
A realized vision of access to safe, affordable surgical and anaesthesia care
Authors: Hagander L , Leather A
Published: January 2019

Where is the funding?
Abnormalities of white matter microstructure in unmedicated patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder: Changes after cognitive behavioral therapy
Authors: Zhong ZhaoXi , Yang XiangYun , Cao RuiXiang , Li Ping , Li ZhanJiang , Lv LuXian , Zhang Dai
Published: January 2019

Background

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Structural and functional white matter defects may suggest a vital neurobiological basis of OCD. However, the effects of CBT on white matter in OCD remain unknown.

Objective

The aim was to investigate white matter changes and the effect of CBT on white matter in OCD patients.

Methods

Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were acquired using DTI. Participants included 85 patients with OCD and 90 healthy controls. VBM was then performed to detect regions with significant group differences.

Results

Obsessive–compulsive disorder patients exhibited significantly reduced FA values in bilateral OFC, right cerebellum, and left SPG, while higher FA values were observed in right PUT compared with healthy controls. Following CBT, OCD patients showed higher FA values in right MFG, left OFC, right cerebellum, and left MTG, and decreased FA values in right PUT in comparison with pretreatment. Furthermore, FA values in the left OFC of patients were significantly positively correlated with the Y‐BOCS and its associated Compulsions subscale, and FA values in the right PUT were positively correlated with Compulsions subscale. In addition, the percentage change in FA values in left MTG was positively correlated with the percentage reduction in Compulsions subscale, while the percentage change in FA values in left OFC and right PUT was negatively correlated with the percentage reductions in Obsessive and Compulsions subscale, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate the abnormalities of white matter microstructure in unmedicated patients with OCD. These abnormalities may be partly reversed by CBT.
Spatio‐temporal image correlation rendering mode visualizes the specific location and surrounding structure of ventricular septal defect
Authors: Liu Jinyu , Wang Yueheng , Zhao Huilin , Liu Weiwei
Published: January 2019

The limitations of traditional two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography in accurate diagnosis of ventricular septal defect (VSD) prompt the necessity of spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) technology. Our study attemped to reconstruct the volume data of VSD using STIC rendering mode, and dynamically display the specific location and surrounding structure of VSD, in order to assist conventional 2D echocardiography. A total of 20 fetuses diagnosed as VSD using 2D echocardiography were enrolled in our study. Multiplane imaging mode was applied to obtain 2D four‐chamber view, five‐chamber view, and main artery short‐axis view. STIC rendering mode was performed to collect volume data and visualize the shape, specific location and surrounding structure of VSD. A more detailed VSD classification for 20 VSD cases was identified. Based on the specific location and surrounding structure under STIC images, they were further subdivided into different types. STIC rendering mode intuitively showed the specific shape and surrounding structure of VSD. STIC technology can be used for definite classification and diagnosis of VSD, combining with 2D echocardiography to make a better therapeutic intervention in clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 32:408–420, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selection, Addiction and Catalysis: Emerging Trends for the Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Peptides and Proteins in Vivo
Authors: Mayer Clemens
Published: January 2019

Expanding the genetic code of organisms by incorporating noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into target proteins through the suppression of stop codons in vivo has profoundly impacted how we perform protein modification or detect proteins and their interaction partners in their native environment. Yet, with genetic code expansion strategies maturing over the past 15 years, new applications that make use—or indeed repurpose—these techniques are beginning to emerge. This Concept article highlights three of these developments: 1) The incorporation of ncAAs for the biosynthesis and selection of bioactive macrocyclic peptides with novel ring architectures, 2) synthetic biocontainment strategies based on the addiction of microorganisms to ncAAs, and 3) enzyme design strategies, in which ncAAs with unique functionalities enable the catalysis of new‐to‐nature reactions. Key advances in all three areas are presented and potential future applications discussed.
‘Play is the highest form of research’
Authors: Mattar Mirabelle
Published: January 2019

Working with systems, families, and multidisciplinary teams requires a different mindset from the conventional practice of medicine. The systemic therapist deals with a great deal of information, and there is a steady demand to respond in the moment. I have come to think of my interactions as a performance, but it is a performance grounded in professional responsibility. This is an approach that has been echoed in the writings of family therapists such as Salvador Minuchin, who has talked about the need to be less traditionally “supportive” and to rely more on challenging families to do it “differently” (Miller, 2011). Or to take another example, Bradford Keeney (2009, p. 2) tells us to “move creatively with our clients or our sessions will go nowhere.” He adds: “We must learn to go beyond the guidance initiated by previous clinical trainings. No matter what therapeutic orientation one practices, it must breathe and circulate creativity in order for sessions to come alive.”
When Mom is depressed, everyone suffers
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2019

Why does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) care about perinatal — the period before and after a child's birth — depression? Because when the mother is depressed, the health of the baby — before and after birth — can be affected. This is one of the most common — and costly — obstetric complications in the United States, according to a report released in December by the AAP.
Prognostic significance of prior ischemic stroke in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Wang Hao , Ning Xiaohui , Zhu Chenggang , Yin Dong , Feng Lei , Xu Bo , Guan Changdong , Dou Kefei
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To investigate the long‐term outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with previous ischemic stroke.

Background

Ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD) are leading causes of death that often coexist with each other. With the increased use of PCI in high‐risk patients with CAD, the association between prior ischemic stroke and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events in patients with CAD undergoing PCI has been a topic of interest.

Methods

We enrolled 10,300 consecutive patients who had undergone PCI from January 2013 to December 2013 and classified them into the prior ischemic stroke group (n = 1,106) and no prior ischemic stroke group (n = 9,194). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) during follow‐up. The secondary endpoints included each component of the primary endpoint and stent thrombosis (ST).

Results

Overall, 10.7% patients had a history of ischemic stroke. At a median 29‐month follow‐up, MACCEs following PCI occurred with 2‐year incidences of 15.4% in the prior ischemic stroke group and 11.7% in the no prior ischemic stroke group. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that prior ischemic stroke was independently associated with a higher risk of MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.294; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.100–1.522; P = 0.002), recurrent stroke (adjusted HR = 2.463; 95% CI: 1.729–3.507; P = 0.000), and ST (adjusted HR = 1.787; 95% CI: 1.075–2.971; P = 0.025). A high residual syntax score and low renal function were independent risk factors for MACCEs.

Conclusions

Increased concern and active treatment strategies are needed in patients undergoing PCI who have a history of ischemic stroke.
Entwicklung von Biopolymermembranen mit funktionellen Eigenschaften
Authors: Schäffer Jörg , Ibrahim Amir , Grüner‐Lempart Sabine
Published: January 2019

Die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten der Anwendung von Beschichtungen mit Biopolymeren legen es nahe, derartige Membranen mit gezielten Eigenschaften auszustatten. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss verschiedener Additive und Prozessparameter auf die Stabilität und Durchlässigkeit von Biopolymermembranen, im Speziellen von Alginatfilmen. Als Modellsystem dienen im Vertropfungsverfahren hergestellte Alginatsphären. Neben den unterschiedlichen Effekten von Additiven zeigt sich, dass die mechanische Stabilität und Durchlässigkeit unabhängig voneinander beeinflusst werden können.
Phasenwechsel in Polymeren durch Licht
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: January 2019

Duroplaste, Thermoplaste und Elastomere sind bewährte Kunststoffe mit klar definierten Eigenschaften. Zunehmend interessieren sich Materialwissenschaftler jedoch für adaptive dynamische Netzwerke. Solche Netzwerke reagieren auf Reize mit Änderungen in ihren Eigenschaften und können somit das Leistungsspektrum von normalen Kunststoffen erweitern und ergänzen.