bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioethics-American and Elsewhere
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

The story of bioethics that we have told is largely an American one. Apart from several brief visits to Great Britain for the Ciba conferences and the birth of Baby Louise Brown, and a trip to Australia to investigate the way they treat embryos “down under,” we have dwelt largely within U.S. borders. But of course, bioethics does not exist only in the United States. In I997, as this book is being written, there is an International Association of Bioethics, whose founders were Australian bioethicists. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). associated with the World Health Organization and UNESCO, has demonstrated interest in bioethics for many years and has issued international guidelines on many topics, including transplantation, the definition of death, and human research. Since 1985, the Council of Europe has had a Committee of Experts on Bioethical Issues which, with wide international consultation, composed a Convention for Bioethics containing guidelines on major bioethical issues. UNESCO formed an International Bioethics Committee in 1993. The European Community and its legislative arm, the European Parliament, have formulated bioethics policy and sponsored bioethical studies. Centers and institutes of bioethics exist worldwide, from Bonn to Beijing and from Bangkok to Buenos Aires. The 1994 UNESCO Directory lists 498 such centers outside the United States. The second edition of the Encyclopedia of Bioethics, published in 1995, contains many articles on historical. theoretical. and practical bioethics around the world in different nations and cultures. Clearly, bioethics is a worldwide phenomenon. And yet, in Dan Callahan’s words, “Bioethics is a native grown American product, which did emerge elsewhere but finds uniquely fertile ground in the U.S.” This chapter briefly reviews bioethics elsewhere and then asks why it grows the way it has in the United States.
Elective Patients
Authors: Lustig Andrew , Scardino Peter
Published: November 2023

Elective surgery is an option to be considered in response to non-emergent diseases that exhibit a ‘‘gray zone’’ for clinical judgment, wherein the ratio of risks to benefits has not reached a decisive balance in favor of surgical management. Surgery may be judged to be elective for two types of cases. First, surgery may be viewed as elective in response to chronic diseases and slowly progressive conditions that are relatively benign. For example, in responding to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), single-vessel coronary artery disease, emphysema, or cholelithiasis, surgery may be deemed elective because there is no demonstrable risk of physiological catastrophe if nonsurgical management is adopted as the preferred strategy, at least initially. Uncertainty about the respective ratios of risks to benefits between surgical and nonsurgical management is a function of morbidity and quality-of-life outcomes. SurgJcal management sometimes results in significant morbidity that may adversely affect the patient’s short- and long term quality of life. Likewise, nonsurgical management, which includes diagnosis, medical management, and symptom relief, may also involve significant associated morbidity and increased risk of mortality. Thus, the patient’s own values are crucial in assessing alternative outcomes and making ‘‘trade-offs’’ between associated morbidity and mortality. In a second type of case-for example, localized prostatic cancer--clinical judgment is complicated by the need to avoid a rarely seen but very bad outcome.
Care Of Dying Patients
Authors: Wear Stephen , Milch Robert , Weaver W Lynn
Published: November 2023

Most adults in the United States die in institutional settings, and most of those deaths occur under medical or surgical care. Surgeons tend not to like death, especially after an operation. As a consequence of the first factor, surgeons cannot avoid dying patients and, as a consequence of the second factor, surgeons tend not to speak candidly and specifically to dying patients about their situation and prospects. Nonetheless, dying patients confront surgeons with a number of ethical challenges, in no small measure because of these two factors and their consequences, to which we address this chapter.
Preventing and Managing Unwarranted Biases Against Patients
Authors: Kopelman Loretta M , Lannin Donald R , Kopelman Arthur E
Published: November 2023

‘‘The patient is a forty-five year old African-American male ... a thirty-year old Asian-American female ... an eighty-year-old white male.’’ Case reports begin in this familiar fashion because the patient’s age, race, and gender may hold the key to his or her needs. The patient’s mode of livelihood, living companions, sexual orientation, lifestyle or socioeconomic group may also be relevant factors in selecting medical care. Subspecialty clinics develop around such differences, such as gynecologic surgery for women or pediatric surgery for children’s special problems and unique reactions. Studies also reveal group differences. For example, middle-aged caucasian men are more likely to have coronary artery disease than premenopausal white women. Age can also be predictive to such a degree that people over eighty or under two years of age might be excluded from consideration for some surgeries because they are unlikely to survive the procedure. Race, age, gender, lifestyle choices, sexual orientation, work habits, socioeconomic background, or social background, then, can be legitimate factors in providing medical care generally, and surgical care in particular. Surgeons use this information to help identify patients’ needs and interests. In contrast, such considerations would generally be regarded as un justified in most social institutions.
Financial Relationships With Patients
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V , Jarrell Bruce E
Published: November 2023

Medical finances and bioethics seem to be both worlds apart and intricately intertwined. Purists claim that many issues relating money to medical practice are questions of professional etiquette rather than ethical issues. Yet within the medical profession, questions of reimbursement, payment mechanisms, and conflicts of interest have stimulated useful ethical discussions and guidelines since ancient times. As health care delivery systems and medical care itself evolves, surgeons’ relationships with their patients will require even more ethical direction than this chapter describes. Reimbursement asan Ethical Issue. It is appropriate for medical ethics to concern itself with the business aspects of medicine, and particularly with the surgeon’s reimbursement for rendered services. Many patients believe that their doctors are more concerned about making money than with patient well-being.
Relationships With Payers and Institutions that Manage and Deliver Patient Services
Authors: Wildes Kevin Wm. , Wallace Robert B
Published: November 2023

The rapidly changing nature of health care finance has opened a host of ethical questions for physicians, patients, hospitals, and payers. Surgeons are no exception to these questions. Each day physicians and surgeons find themselves caught in a maze of changing financial structures that influence surgical practice (see Chapter 17). The changes from fee-for-service structures to those of managed care raise a number of ethical issues about the patient-physician relationship and how patients ought to be treated. These structural changes also raise potential conflicts of interests and conflicts of obligations, or the perception of such conflicts, in the surgeon’s relationships to patients, hospitals, and payers (see Chapter 18). There are other ethical questions for hospitals and health care institutions and the surgical services they offer. As hospitals attempt to compete for market share, conflicts may arise between an institutional interest in offering economically efficient services and the fiduciary obligation of providing quality care to patients. Hospitals are no longer simply points of delivery for surgical care. They are, increasingly, financiers of medical and surgical services as well as providers of such services so they cannot escape such conflicts of interest.
The Sources of Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

Charles Taylor’s chapter has two main sections: an account of the modern “context” of nationalist movements, drawing on the work of Gellner and Anderson, and then an account of the “sources” of nationalism, applying Taylor’s own earlier work on the idea of”a politics of recognition:’ I found the first section to be insightful and helpful, but I’m puzzled about the second section and, indeed, about the distinction between the “context” and “sources” of nationalism.
The Moral Psychology of Nationalism
Authors: Margalit Avishai
Published: November 2023

The “prophets” of the nineteenth century, claims Isaiah Berlin, foresaw many of the central trends of the twentieth century: Burckhardt foresaw the importance of the military-industrial complex, Weber the growth of bureaucracy, Bakunin the revolutions in Third World countries, Durkheim the anomie of industrialized society, Tocqueville the conformism of egalitarian societies, and Marx the accelerated rate of technological change and the concentration of the means of production in the hands of the few. Yet no one foresaw the centrality of nationalism in twentieth-century life.
The Limits of National Partiality
Authors: Mcmahan Jeff
Published: November 2023

Nations are human groups distinguished by both objective and subjective criteria. The objective relations that may bind the members of a nation together include a history of mutual association and common occupancy of the same territory, common ethnic origins, use of the same language, shared religious beliefs, a common commitment to certain political institutions, a common culture involving shared values and customs, and so on. Although most nations are united in several of these ways, no single objective commonality or any particular combination of these commonalities is necessary for the existence of a nation.I At the subjective level, most adult members of a nation must share a sense that together they constitute a distinct group and that belonging to this group is a constitutive element of each member’s individual identity. They must, in other words, recognize one another as sharing a collective identity.
The Justification of National Partiality
Authors: Hurka Thomas
Published: November 2023

The moral issues about nationalism arise from the character of nationalism as a form of partiality. Nationalists care more about their own nation and its members than about other nations and their members; in that way nationalists are partial to their own national group. The question, then, is whether this national partiality is morally justified or, on the contrary, whether everyone ought to care impartially about all members of all nations. As Jeff McMahan emphasizes in chapter 8, a philosophical examination of this question must consider the specific features of nationalism as one form of partiality among others. Some—partiality for example, toward one’s spouse and children—seems morally acceptable and even a duty. According to commonsense moral thinking, one not only may but also should care more about one’s family members than about strangers. But other instances of partiality, most notably racial partiality, are in most circumstances widely condemned. Is national partiality more like familial partiality or more like racial partiality? To answer this question, we must know what in general justifies attitudes of partiality. Caring more about certain people is appropriate when one stands in certain special relations to those people.
The Case for Causation
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

Those who imagine Heaven and Hell neigbours, and conceive a vicinity be tween those two extreams upon consequence of the Parable, where Dives dis coursed with Lazarus in Abraham’s bosome, do too grossly conceive of those glorified creatures, whose eyes shall easily out-see the Sun, and behold with out a perspective the extreamest distances: for if there shall be in our glorified eyes, the faculty of sight and reception of objects, I could think of the visible species there to be in as unlimitable a way as now the intellectual. I grant that two bodies placed beyond the tenth sphear, or in a vacuity, according to Aris totle’s Philosophy, could not behold each other, because there wants a body or Medium to hand and transport the visible rays of the object into the sense; but when there shall be a general defect of either Medium to convey, or light to prepare and dispose that Medium, and yet a perfect vision, we must suspend the rules of our Philosophy, and make all good by a more absolute piece of opticks.
How to Frame the Free Will Problem
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides the groundwork for the argument of part II of this book. When viewed from the species of Philosophy as Worldview Construction that I call Philosophy as Continuous with Science, FREE will is seen as an unprincipled, subjective term that cannot denote a class of objective entities. If we try to view free choices as denoting a class of choices whose freeness is a characteristic of the choices themselves, it becomes logically contradictory. If free choice is not contradictory, its meaning fragments into a multiplicity of subjective senses. This also would prevent the term from denoting a unified objective reference class, inasmuch as the term would denote wildly disparate entities for different speakers.
Hume’s Principle: The Subjectivity of Moral Responsibility and Free Will
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I use the Humean principle that one cannot deduce a moral conclusion from a set of non-moral premises (Treatise, III, I, I) to support the subjectivity of moral responsibility and free will. The Humean principle is one of the important intermediary principles that goes into Philosophy as Continuous with Science to support the sort of naturalistic view I advocate. If the argument of this chapter is persuasive, we will see that adoption of the Humean principle by itself gives very strong reason to accept subjectivism about freedom and responsibility.

In section 1, I define the key terms and defend two important premises: that moral responsibility is a moral concept and that subjectivism of moral responsibility strongly supports moral non-realism generally. In section 2, I argue that if we accept the Humean principle, we must conclude that ascriptions of moral responsibility cannot be true. On the premise that if ascriptions of moral responsibility cannot be true, neither can ascriptions using other moral terms, it follows that the Humean principle entails the general doctrine of moral non-realism. In section 3, I argue that if we accept the Humean principle, we must hold that. free will is a moral concept. If we add this premise to the conclusion of the previous argument, the defender of the Humean principle is committed to holding that ascriptions of free choice cannot be true.
Spinoza’s Scepticism and Antiscepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

The position developed in Spinoza’s challenge to revealed religion involves a thoroughgoing scepticism about religious knowledge claims, a scepticism that often goes beyond mere doubt to outright denial. Spinoza’s scepticism about revealed religion, which appears primarily in the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, the appendix to book 1 of the Ethics, and some of his letters, grows out of his contact with Isaac La Peyrère’s ideas, and out of his application of Cartesian method to revealed knowledge. The result, as is well known, is a devastating critique of revealed knowledge claims, that has had an amazing effect over the last three centuries in secularizing modern man.

At the same time that Spinoza was so sceptical of religious knowledge claims, he was completely antisceptical with regard to “rational knowledge,” that is, metaphysics and mathematics.

This attitude, the exact opposite of that of a fideist such as Spinoza’s contemporary Pascal, is not necessarily schizophrenic. In fact, a great many modern thinkers would pay homage to Spinoza for being the first to apply rational or scientific methods to religion with properly destructive results, and to refuse to apply the same methods to the scientific or rational world which is in some way self-justifying.
The Living Elephants
Authors: Sukumar Raman
Published: November 2023

The Living Elephants is the authoritative resource for information on both Asian and African elephants. From the ancient origins of the proboscideans to the present-day crisis of the living elephants, this volume synthesizes the behavior, ecology and conservation of elephants, while covering also the history of human interactions with elephants, all within the theoretical framework of evolutionary biology. The book begins with a survey of the 60-million year evolutionary history of the proboscideans emphasizing the role of climate and vegetation change in giving rise to a bewildering array of species, but also discussing the possible role of humans in the late Pleistocene extinction of mastodonts and mammoths. The latest information on the molecular genetics of African and Asian elephants and its taxonomic implications are then presented. The rise of the elephant culture in Asia, and its early demise in Africa are traced along with an original interpretation of this unique animal-human relationship. The book then moves on to the social life of elephants as it relates to reproductive strategies of males and females, development of behavior in young, communication, ranging patterns, and societal organization. The foraging strategies of elephants, their impact on the vegetation and landscape are then discussed. The dynamics of elephant populations in relation to hunting for ivory and their population viability are described with the aid of mathematical models. A detailed account of elephant-human interactions includes a treatment of crop depredation by elephants in relation to their natural ecology, manslaughter by elephants, habitat manipulation by humans, and a history of the ivory trade and poaching in the two continents. The ecological information is brought together in the final chapter to formulate a set of pragmatic recommendations for the long-term conservation of elephants. The broadest treatment of the subject yet undertaken, by one of the leading workers in the field, Raman Sukumar, the book promises to bring the understanding of elephants to a new level. It should be of interest not only to biologists but also a broader audience including field ecologists, wildlife administrators, historians, conservationists and all those interested in elephants and their future.
Science, Politics, and Pragmatism Conserving the Elephant Populations
Authors: Sukumar Raman
Published: November 2023

The continued survival of elephants, or of hundreds of thousands of species unknown to science for that matter, is inextricably linked to a host of environ mental, biological, ecological, social, economic, and political factors. As during the late Pleistocene, global climate change, this time human induced, is an en vironmental factor that could potentially make major impacts on landscapes and species. We can barely speculate upon how elephants and their habitats would respond to climate change in the coming decades.
Introduction
Authors: McKay Nellie Y
Published: November 2023

Beloved Toni Morrison’S fifth novel, is “the book [that] had to” exist. The author’s eloquent and serious justification befits its raison d’etre. For Morrison, this publication was a conscious act toward healing a painful wound: a studied memorial to the great social wrong of the enslavement of Africans. Her powerful words, on behalf of millions, give voice to a profound lament: the absence of a historical marker to remind us never to let this atrocity happen again. For its absence has neither erased nor diminished its pain; rather, it reminds us only of itself: of what is missing. “I think I was pleading for that wall or that bench or that tower or that tree when I wrote the final words,” Morrison told The World (Morrison and Richardson 4). It is also significant though not surprising that Toni Morrison accepted the responsibility for action to rectify the neglect. She often speaks of the role of the black novelist in the world as one to address and explore issues meaningful to the welfare of the whole world community. As if responding in kind to her expression of grief, and accepting her offering, readers almost unanimously acknowledge the book as a major literary achievement of great purpose. The momentum it generated on its appearance has not abated a decade later. In the attention that they give to it, scholars, general readers, students, and critics alike continue to assess Beloved as one of the great books of this century.
Whose Story Was This? Rape Narratives in Medieval English Courts
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

A crime might have many narrators: the victim, the alleged perpetrator, the witnesses, the law enforcement agents, the jurors, and the judges. But in medieval English criminal records, the victim’s voice is often lost, particularly if she was a woman. The predominant voice is the laconic one of the sheriffs’ or justices’ clerks who recorded the bare necessities of the case and entered the verdict. In only two criminal actions did the law accord a woman a strong legal voice: an appeal involving the murderer of a woman’s husband and an appeal involving her own rapist. In both cases she narrated a story of the event and named the culprit. It is tempting to conclude that at last we can read a legal record and hear the woman’s voice, after these many centuries, recounting the calamity and horror that has entered her life as a victim of crime. The voice, however, is not a clear, unambiguous woman’s narrative. Even if she is the one bringing the charges, she must do so within a set formula for making an appeal. She may, instead, have told of the crime to a group of neighborhood men who brought the indictment against the suspect in the king’s name, or her father’s voice may be that reporting his despoiled property in the loss of his daughter’s virginity. Finally, the trial jurors might retell the story in their own words and the justices might also add their versions before reaching a decision.
Narratives of a Nurturing Culture: Parents and Neighbors in Medieval England
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

A current trend in thinking about the problems of neglected children and unruly youth is to look more seriously at the community we have lost rather than the family we have lost. Recent newspaper articles speak of community members’ inhibitions about taking any role in intervening with someone else’s children for fear of lawsuits. Governments have increasingly stepped in where a more informal community of neighbors fear to tread. In studying the medieval world, scholars have assumed that it had a strong sense of community and corporate organization, generating not only cooperative action but also emotional loyalties. We who study medieval childhood have been as remiss in ignoring this simple truth about the past as have modern social commentators.
Putting an End to Ecosystem Depletion
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Beginning in the 1960s, infrastructure development created myriad opportunities to exploit environmental wealth in the American tropics. For example, there were only 300 kilometers of paved roads in the Brazilian Amazon in 1960 (Mahar, 1989). In 1964, a federal highway traversing the eastern fringes of the watershed was completed to link Brasilia and Belem. During the next dozen years, as many as 320,000 people migrated to the road’s zone of influence (Katzman, 1977), where conditions for crop and livestock production are, for the most part, better than conditions found in the watershed’s interior.
Environmentally Sound Timber Production
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Many of those who hope to arrest the loss of threatened habitats in Latin America by promoting sustainable development of selected forest resources, like latex and aguaje, staunchly resist any form of timber harvesting. Their aversion to the latter activity is easy to understand since, for many years, most of the region’s loggers have exhibited little if any concern for environmental impacts.
Nature-Based Tourism
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Of all the economic alternatives contemplated for threatened habitats in the developing world, none appear to hold as much commercial promise as tourism. The business of accommodating people who wish to experience different planes firsthand has grown rapidly and, since the late 1980s, has accounted for 7 percent of all international trade in goods and services (Whelan, 1991). Formerly the esoteric pursuit of a few people, vacations taken for the purpose of viewing and learning about exotic flora and fauna in their natural settings now comprise an important part of the tourism market in many places (Boo, 1990).
Inside Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

This is the first book-length examination of Bartók’s 1911 opera Duke Bluebeard’s Castle, one of the twentieth century’s enduring operatic works. Writing in an engaging style, Leafstedt adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the opera by introducing, in addition to music-dramatic analysis, a number of topics that are new to the field of Bartók studies. These new areas of critical and scholarly terrain include a detailed literary study of the libretto and a gender-focused analysis of the opera’s female character, Judith. Leafstedt begins with a short introductory chapter that places Duke Bluebeard’s Castle within the context of Bartók’s early composing career, his discovery of folk music, and its impact on his later work. The book goes on to explore the composition’s troubled history, its failure to win two early Hungarian opera competitions, and the three versions of the ending that resulted, discussed here in depth for the first time. The core of the book is devoted to the musical and dramatic organization of the opera and offers an analysis of the seven individual door scenes, including a detailed analysis of scene six, the “lake of tears “ scene, illustrating the work’s complex tonal organization and dramatic structure. A separate chapter places this darkly psychological version of the Bluebeard story within the broader context of European history and literature. Throughout the book, Leafstedt draws on original Hungarian source material, much of it newly translated by the author and available here for the first time in English, and he includes a generous selection of musical examples. Inside Bluebeard’s Castle is an ideal starting point for research in twentieth-century music, Hungarian cultural history, and opera studies, as well as an invaluable guide for anyone interested in Bartók’s only opera.
Torn From the Nest
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Clorinda Matto de Turner was the first Peruvian novelist to command an international reputation and the first to dramatize the exploitation of indigenous Latin American people. She believed the task of the novel was to be the photograph that captures the vices and virtues of a people, censuring the former with the appropriate moral lesson and paying its homage of admiration to the latter. In this tragic tale, Clorinda Matto de Turner explores the relationship between the landed gentry and the indigenous peoples of the Andean mountain communities. While unfolding as a love story rife with secrets and dashed hopes, Torn from the Nest in fact reveals a deep and destructive class disparity, and criticizes the Catholic clergy for blatant corruption. When Lucia and Don Fernando Marin settle in the small hamlet of Killac, the young couple become advocates for the local Indians who are being exploited and oppressed by their priest and governor and by the gentry allied with these two. Considered meddling outsiders, the couple meet violent resistance from the village leaders, who orchestrate an assault on their house and pursue devious and unfair schemes to keep the Indians subjugated. As a romance blossoms between the a member of the gentry and the peasant girl that Lucia and Don Fernando have adopted, a dreadful secret prevents their marriage and brings to a climax the novel's exposure of degradation: they share the same father--a parish priest. Torn from the Nest was first published in Peru in 1889 amidst much enthusiasm and outrage. This fresh translation--the first since 1904--preserves one of Peru's most distinctive and compelling voices.
8
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

one the priest and the governor had left Lucia’s house after the interview to which she had summoned them to plead for the Yupanqui family, an interview whose details we learned in Chapter 5, these two worthies walked down the street chatting as follows: “What an idea! What do you say to the demands of this high and mighty lady, my dear Don Sebastian?” said the priest, taking a cheap cigarette from his case and smoothing out its ends. “Frankly, dear Father, that’s all we needed, having outsiders come here to set rules for us and, frankly, change customs handed down from our ancestors,” the governor replied, stopping for a moment to wrap himself in his great cape. “That’s right, you get these Indians all worked up, and pretty soon there’ll be nobody to so much as draw the water for washing our dishes.
12
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Arcola, who headed for the rectory accompanied by her pretty Margarita and the forty silver soles, found Father Pascual sitting by the door of his small study, near a rustic old pine table covered with a cloth that hinted at having been blue in the days of its youth. In his left hand he held his breviary, with his index finger wedged between two pages half-way through the volume; and he was, albeit mechanically, reciting the prayer of the day. Marcela stepped up to him timidly and greeted him with, “Hail Mary, tata curay”;13 and she bent down to kiss his hand, indicating to Margarita that she should do likewise. “Senora Luda lent it to me, and now give me my change so I can leave,” said Margarita’s mother, abashed at having disobeyed her bene factress’ first command with this revelation; and on hearing that name, Father Pascual, as though the viper of resentment had stung him, replied, “Change? What change? I’ll give it to you some other day,” and biting his lips with barely contained fury, he murmured, “Lucia! Lucia!” The priest sat down again, lost in thought and taking no notice of Marcela’s and Margarita’s humble parting words. He saw them disappear as he kept on muttering broken sentences, perhaps continuing the prayers that Juan Yupanqui’s wife had interrupted.
1
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The heart of man is like the cloud-covered sky: capable, it seems, of infinite variety, yet ever the same in the course followed by its violent upheavals. The stormy night gives way to a new day bright with sunshine. After the lamentable events that we reported in the first part of our tale, a period of calm settled on the people of Killac, not unlike the exhaustion that follows a time of excessive work, though the storm that had arisen in Manuel’s heart, fanned by loneliness and idleness, kept gathering strength. Several months passed in this way. A judicial inquiry was launched to. discover those truly responsible for the attack; but the preliminary procedures, legalistic as they were, had neither found them out nor discovered any part of what we know, while the entire process was marked by that slowness that is the hope of the guilty and that in Peru.
15
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Teodora’s flight was soon noticed by the revelers. The lieutenant governor was the :first to remark on it, saying, “This is the rotten old man’s doing, Colonel, because she was obviously ready to oblige your excellency.” “Are they trying to make a fool of me? I won’t put up with it, no sir! By my honor I won’t!” said Paredes, striding back and forth across the room. “Let’s go look for her, my friends,” the lieutenant governor proposed, seizing a burning candle and ready to leave. “Yes, sir, I’ll retrieve my little houri from the very bowels of the earth, yes, sir!” the subprefect repeated furiously while those eager to please.
21
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Martina rushed panting into her husband’s cell; but as she came from the bright light of day, her eyes were temporarily blinded by the darkness reigning in the place. Gradually such scanty light as seeped through the cracks between the adobes obstructing a wide sky light fell on her retina and at last allowed her to make out the walls, the floor, the bench that served as a bed, and, seated on it, her husband, who looked at his visitor not daring to ask her anything, for fear of hearing news of additional misfortunes.
22
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

As day followed day, the clouds were swept from the sky and the financial arrangements made in Manuel’s home turned out to be more promising than he had expected. Manuel would go to Lima to enroll in the School of Law. His spirits were buoyed by the hope of living near Margarita, whose enrollment in one of the best schools in the capital had also been decided on. Meanwhile, all the efforts of Don Fernando and Manuel to free Isidro from jail were fruitless, for the justice of the peace barricaded himself behind a mountain of legalisms, requested a report from the prosecutor’s office, and would go no further than to assure the parties of a rapid resolution of the matter. Don Fernando could no longer delay his departure, and he said to his wife, “My love, I’ve thought of a way to bring about a general reconciliation between us and these people in Kfllac, but for the sole purpose of getting Isidro released.”
23
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

More than twenty horses stood saddled in the courtyard of the white house, for the residents of the town, once they had received Don Fernando’s invitation, decided to pay him the customary honor of accompanying him in his departure for the distance of a league. Twelve mules, in full traveling harness, were being loaded with suitcases, trunks, and leather bags for bedding. These were Don Fernando Marin’s last hours in K.illac. Manuel and his family were among the first guests to arrive and to be courteously received. The table had been set in the ample dining room and bore, as specialties of the season, aromatic strawberries and purple plums, artistically displayed in white china bowls. Next to them, enormous platters stimulated the appetite with pigeons marinated in cider vinegar, bearing sprigs of parsley in their beaks. The parlor was overflowing with people; and the Jew to whom Don Fernando had sold his furnishings was walking from one side to another with a worried face, as though on guard lest his newly acquired property should suffer any damage.
Amateur Gentleman1829
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

The idea of sending Felix abroad on an extended journey—the “grand tour” of European gentlemen—was Abraham’s. Never fully comfortable with his family’s position as integrated Berliners, he harbored a desire that Felix would escape to launch a career elsewhere. Though Abraham preferred cosmopolitan Paris, Felix had already formed in 1825 a decidedly contrary view. Abraham’s solution was to subsidize three years of travel to allow Felix to examine firsthand several European musical centers. And so, between 1829 and 1832 Felix visited England, Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and France; his experiences, richly documented in letters, diaries, and drawings, and transformed into several major com- positions, ultimately reinforced his identity as a German musician.
Wanderlust1830–1832
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

Succumbing to Wanderlust, Felix yearned to depart for Italy, though he first celebrated his twenty-first birthday with panache: a military band serenaded him, and Heinrich Beer presented a Mozart autograph sketch- book. But some professional concerns intruded. At the beginning of 1830, the University of Berlin created a new professorship in music for Felix. Declining the honor, he advocated for Marx, who won the position later that year; Felix also refused an invitation to conduct again the St. Matthew Passion.
From Kapellmeister to Generalmusikdirektor
Authors: Todd R Larry
Published: November 2023

Overshadowing the happiness of Felix’s homecoming was the frustrating uncertainty of his position at the court, the topic of a stream of letters from August and September 1841. To Ferdinand David, who directed the Gewandhaus in Felix’s absence: “You wish to hear news about the Berlin Conservatory; I do as well, . . . but there is none.” To Verkenius in Cologne: “all the causes which formerly made it impossible for me to be- gin my career in Berlin . . . still subsist, just as they formerly did, and are likely, alas! to subsist to the end of time.” In a second, “hypochondriacal” letter to the same, Felix groused about the lack of professionalism in the royal orchestra, which he ascribed to Spontini’s vainglory (in July, Felix’s old nemesis had been convicted of lèse majesté and dismissed).
Introduction
Authors: Andal Keith G
Published: November 2023

During the 1820s and 1830s, Joseph Tuckerman, a minister at large in Boston, wrote a series of reports on poverty; among his topics were the permanently poor of his city. In describing this group, he spoke of low wages and material destitution, but he also insisted on a distinction between “the impotent poor,” “who are virtuous and estimable,” and those “who are greatly debased and vicious.” Of the first class, “some of them are truly virtuous; and all of them, in an important sense, are respectable. They have, perhaps, been inefficient, and not as provident as they should have been for a time of weakness, or of sickness, or of old age.” The second class is made up of the “idle, intemperate, and improvident,” “who are broken in constitution and health by the viciousness of their lives.” They are “daily extending disease through their bodies, and corruption and misery through their minds, by the indulgence of their vitiated and lawless appetite for ardent spirits.”
“In Search of Excitement”
Authors: Andal Keith G
Published: November 2023

One editor who turned Maggie down did so because “it closely approaches the morbid and the morbid is always dangerous.” “It produced its effect upon me,” he told Crane, “the effect, I presume, that you wished to produce, a kind of horror.” Horror—or some similar sensation—for its own sake was exactly what the dime novels were after, and “in itself it is unpleasant and in its tendency unhealthful.” Crane could hardly have been surprised. He had inscribed several copies of the original edition of Maggie with this warning: “It is probable that the reader of this small thing may consider the Author to be a bad man, but, obviously, this is a matter of small consequence to The Author.”
The Language of Liberation
Authors: Burgees John P
Published: November 2023

No genuine dialogue could take place between Christians and Marxist-Leninists in East Germany. Yet the Evangelische Kirche found ways to negotiate with the state and to raise views that implicitly challenged the state-sponsored ideology. The church regularly tested the ideological limits that the state imposed on public discourse. By examining the degree to which the church’s language went beyond the official language, this chapter offers some measure of the status of church-state relations in the mid-1980s. While focusing on official church statements and the public pronouncements of church officials, I also refer to groups that wished to go even further in testing the limits of public discourse, reflecting the tack that dissident, alternative groups in the church would take as they began to organize political protest.
The Church as a Religious and Political Force
Authors: Burgees John P
Published: November 2023

By the mid-1980s, the Evangelische Kirche in East Germany consistently represented the major ideological and political alternative to the Communist Party and the socialist state.1 In a society that had no legal political opposition and offered few opportunities for open discussion of controversial issues, the church represented a significant “free space.” It found support not only from those who continued to affiliate and participate, but also from millions of nonmembers who felt that it best represented their political interests.
Cast of Characters
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign
Published: November 2023

IN THE SPRING OF I8I9, TWENTY-FOUR men gathered in Pittsburgh with their personal effects, ready to depart on Major Stephen H. Long’s steamboat, the Western Engineer. The military contingent had preceded them in five steamboats. Long's party included a small group of army personnel as well as five “scientific gentlemen” and a crew of six:
Up the Missouri
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign
Published: November 2023

JUNE 22. TP: The meeting of the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri have a very singular appenance. The Mississippi is clear and of a transparent green, the Missouri thick with yellow mud and being heavier than the Mississippi, the water takes the bottom of the river until it strikes the opposite shore. It is there thrown to the surface and presents large spots of muddy water intermingled with the clear. The Minute Tems were very numerous near the confluence of the two rivers. This morning heard the cries of a flock of Parrakeets. Arrived opposite Bellefontaine [four miles up the Missouri] at 2 o’clock and ran on a sand bar which kept [us] until 4 before we landed. The 6th regiment are encamped on the banks of the river opposite the garrison of Bellefontaine. Col. Atkinson is contriving his boats to go by wheels turned by the soldiers. Each boat is to have two pairs of wheels and 8 men at each pair.
New Plans and a New Cast of Characters
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign
Published: November 2023

WHILE IN WASHINGTON, MAJOR LONG HAD reported to Secretary of War Calhoun and attempted to obtain financial support for another year of exploration. He found that Congress, irked by the slow progress and modest accomplishments of both the military and scientific contingents, had launched an investigation of the expedition. Furthermore, the Panic of 1819 had caused deep cuts in the military budget, and Calhoun’s resources were limited. After much discussion, it was decided that Long would lead a low-budget, four-month trip west by land, sending the Western Engineer down the Mississippi to pick up the explorers on their return. The grandiose plans of the Yellowstone Expedition had been scuttled. According to Hiram Chittenden, a harsh later critic of the expedition, “[A]s a halfhearted apology to the public for its failure, a small side show was organized for the season of 1820 in the form of an expedition to the Rocky Mountains.” The “side show” would also have its critics, including Chittenden, but it was to yield results far greater than might have been expected from the meager support provided by the government.
To the Rockies
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign
Published: November 2023

ON THE FIRST DAY OUT FROM Engineer Cantonment, the expedition moved only a few miles, camping for the night on Papillion Creek. There were delays occasioned by “the derangement of the packs, the obstinacy of the mules, and the want of dexterity and experience in our engagees.” It rained in the night, but three tents adequately protected the men. On the following morning they reached the Elkhorn, a river about thirty yards wide.
Wittgenstein: Soul on Fire
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Ludwig Wittgenstein did most of his publishing after his death, leaving that sordid business to his literary executors. The modest curriculum vitae that accumulated during his lifetime—one short book, which was his doctoral dissertation, one article, one book review—has O:ow expanded to fifteen substantial volumes. And there is more where that came from. Wittgenstein would hardly have flourished in today’s academic environment. The greatest philosopher of the century would have had to fight hard for tenure. Hi kind of perfectionism is no longer tolerated.
Churchland: A Problem Ignored
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Contemporary cognitive science—that recent and fertile confluence of philosophy, psychology, and computer science—is apt to represent the human mind (or its underlying mechanism) as a proposition-manipulating engine, a device for processing language-like symbols. Thus, philosophy of mind investigates the so-called propositional attitudes (belief, desire, intention, etc.), those central pillars of commonsense or “folk” psychology; scientific psychology tries to uncover the mechanisms and algorithms whereby the mind constructs its representations of the world, these processes being seen as symbolic computations; and the builders of computer models of mental accomplishments program their machines with appropriate languages in which the machine takes instruction. On this view, the mind is conceived as a kind of word-processor.
Davidson: Weak Wills
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Donald Davidson has this year been George Eastman Visiting Professor at Oxford: only the second philosopher to hold the august position (the first being W. V. Quine, a teacher of Davidson’s at Harvard and his greatest philosophical influence). This honor reflects his present stature in the academic world. Last year he was the subject of a massive conference held in New Jersey, organized by the indefatigable Ernie Lepore. It was probably the largest philosophical conference ever held, and it attracted nearly all of the world’s leading philosophers. Most of the papers delivered were addressed (often critically) to some aspect of Davidson’s work. For a philosophical event, it was undoubtedly a great occasion, if a somewhat overwhelming one (especially for Davidson, who attended as many of the papers as was humanly possible). Probably no other philosopher now working has been discussed as much during the last decade.

It was not always so. Davidson was something of a late-developer, or at least a late publisher. His publishing career did not seriously get off the ground until the early sixties, when he was into his forties. It was in the seventies that his writings really took hold, passing from cult status into virtual orthodoxy (in certain circles). There has yet to be a significant reaction. He has still not published a single book setting forth his ideas systematically, preferring to publish short pithy articles, intricately interrelated, which have eventually been bound together into collections.