bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association of statins plus LDL receptor‐targeted liposome‐encapsulated doxorubicin increases in vitro drug delivery across blood–brain barrier cells
Authors: Pinzón‐Daza ML , Garzón R , Couraud PO , Romero IA , Weksler B , Ghigo D , Bosia A , Riganti C
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The passage of drugs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits the efficacy of chemotherapy in brain tumours. For instance, the anticancer drug doxorubicin, which is effective against glioblastoma in vitro, has poor efficacy in vivo, because it is extruded by P‐glycoprotein (Pgp/ABCB1), multidrug resistance‐related proteins and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in BBB cells. The aim of this study was to convert poorly permeant drugs like doxorubicin into drugs able to cross the BBB.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were performed on primary human cerebral microvascular endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells, alone and co‐cultured with human brain and epithelial tumour cells.

KEY RESULTS Statins reduced the efflux activity of Pgp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 in hCMEC/D3 cells by increasing the synthesis of NO, which elicits the nitration of critical tyrosine residues on these transporters. Statins also increased the number of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors exposed on the surface of BBB cells, as well as on tumour cells like human glioblastoma. We showed that the association of statins plus drug‐loaded nanoparticles engineered as LDLs was effective as a vehicle for non‐permeant drugs like doxorubicin to cross the BBB, allowing its delivery into primary and metastatic brain tumour cells and to achieve significant anti‐tumour cytotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We suggest that our ‘Trojan horse’ approach, based on the administration of statins plus a LDL receptor‐targeted liposomal drug, might have potential applications in the pharmacological therapy of different brain diseases for which the BBB represents an obstacle.
Metamorphic evolution of non‐equilibrated granulitized eclogite from Punta de li Tulchi (Variscan Sardinia) determined through texturally controlled thermodynamic modelling
Authors: CRUCIANI G. , FRANCESCHELLI M. , GROPPO C. , SPANO M. E.
Published: July 2012

The metamorphic evolution of a granulitized eclogite from Punta de li Tulchi, NE Sardinia, Italy, reconstructed utilizing a combined microstructural (symplectitic, coronitic and kelyphytic features) and thermodynamic approach, involved a complex metamorphic history with equilibrium attained only at a domainal scale. Microstructural analysis and mineral zoning allow recognition of reactants and products involved in successive balanced mineral reactions. The P–T conditions at which each microstructure was formed are constrained by calculating isochemical phase diagrams (pseudosections) for the composition of effectively reacting domains. A pre‐symplectite stage developed during prograde metamorphism under conditions ranging from 660–680 °C, 1.6–1.8 GPa to 660–700 °C at 1.7–2.1 GPa. Pseudosections calculated for subsequent clinopyroxene + plagioclase and orthopyroxene + plagioclase symplectitic coronae using the composition of effectively reacting microdomains suggest temperature in excess of 800 °C and pressures of 1.0–1.3 GPa. Modelling the development of later plagioclase + amphibole coronae around garnet during decompression yields conditions of 730–830 °C and 0.8–1.1 GPa. H2O (wt%) isomodes indicate that the granulitized eclogites were H2O‐undersaturated at peak‐P conditions and during most of the subsequent heating and decompression. This allowed the preservation of prograde garnet zoning in spite of the strong granulite facies overprint. The P–T evolution of Punta de li Tulchi granulitized eclogite is very similar in shape to that registered by other NE Sardinia retrogressed eclogites thus suggesting a common tectonic scenario for their evolution.
Early Palaeozoic high‐pressure granulites from the Dunhuang block, northeastern Tarim Craton: constraints on continental collision in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: ZONG K. Q. , ZHANG Z. M. , HE Z. Y. , HU Z. C. , SANTOSH M. , LIU Y. S. , WANG W.
Published: July 2012

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the largest accretionary collages in the world, and records a prolonged sequence of subduction‐accretion and collision processes. The Tarim Craton is located at the southernmost margin of the CAOB. In this study, the discovery of early Palaeozoic high‐pressure (HP) granulites from the Dunhuang block in the northeastern Tarim Craton is reported, and these rocks are characterized through detailed petrological and geochronological studies. The peak mineral assemblage of the HP mafic granulite is garnet + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz + rutile, which is overprinted by amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphic assemblages. The calculated P–T conditions of the peak metamorphism are ∼1.4–1.7 GPa and ∼800 °C. The retrograde P–T conditions are ∼0.7 GPa and ∼700 °C. The metamorphic zircon grains from the HP mafic granulite show homogeneous CL‐images, low Th/U ratios and flat HREE patterns and yield a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 444 ± 5 Ma. The metamorphic zircon grains from the associated kyanite‐bearing garnet gneiss and garnet‐mica schist show a similar 206Pb/238U age of 429 ± 3 and 435 ± 4 Ma, respectively. The c. 440–430 Ma age is interpreted to mark the timing of HP granulite facies metamorphism in the Dunhuang block. The results from this study suggest that the Dunhuang block experienced continental subduction prior to the early Palaeozoic collisional orogeny between the northeastern Tarim Craton and the southern CAOB, and the Dunhuang area could be considered as the southward extension of the CAOB. It is suggested that the continental collision in the eastern part involving the Dunhuang block of the southern CAOB may have occurred c. 120 Ma earlier than in the western part involving the Tianshan orogen.
In‐Center Thrombolysis for Clotted AV Access: A Cohort Review
Authors: Umanath Kausik , Morrison Robert S. , Christopher Wilbeck J. , Schulman Gerald , Bream Peter , Dwyer Jamie P.
Published: July 2012

Thrombosis is the leading cause of arteriovenous (AV) access failure for hemodialysis patients requiring frequent interventions. We describe a novel approach to the lyse‐and‐wait technique in thrombosed AV access using nurse‐administered thrombolytics in a hospital‐based hemodialysis unit. All patients at a single‐center, large, urban, tertiary care hospital, who underwent in‐center thrombolysis via alteplase instilled directly into a thrombosed AV access by inpatient hemodialysis unit staff between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007, were eligible. Included subjects were at least 18 years old and did not have known or suspected infection or trauma to the AV access site. Primary outcome measure was successful thrombolysis defined as hemodialysis performed immediately or after the interventional radiology (IR) procedure. Adverse events related to the procedure were collected. A total of 321 procedures, performed on 145 subjects (77 (53%) male, 68 (47%) female) remained for analysis. Successful instillation occurred in 317 of 321 procedures (98.8%). Successful thrombolysis occurred in 237 of 321 procedures (73.8%). Adverse events (8 major and 10 minor) occurred in 18 procedures, yielding a complication rate of 5.6%. In‐center thrombolysis with alteplase administration by hemodialysis unit nursing staff under physician supervision is safe and effective with an adverse outcome rate similar to the literature. Thus, this modified lyse‐and‐wait protocol can be adopted with appropriate IR and surgical backup in place.
Infantile Hemangioma in Four Siblings
Authors: Couto Rafael A. , Hassanein Aladdin H. , Maclellan Reid A. , Greene Arin K.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Infantile hemangioma is the most common tumor of infancy, affecting approximately 5.0% of Caucasians. We present the unlikely occurrence of four siblings with infantile hemangiomas; there was no family history of the tumor. One child was low birth weight, there was one set of twins, and three infants had multiple lesions. The estimated probability of four consecutive children having this phenotypic expression of infantile hemangioma is 1/4,232,804.
Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Tricuspid Inflow and Tissue Doppler Velocity of Tricuspid Annulus in Healthy Persons
Authors: Mittal S. R.
Published: July 2012

Effect of treadmill stress test on tricuspid flow and tissue Doppler imaging of tricuspid annulus were evaluated in 26 healthy persons. Exercise resulted in significant increase in A‐wave velocity and significant reduction in E‐wave deceleration time and E/A ratio. On tissue Doppler imaging Aa‐wave increased significantly with decrease in isovolumic relaxation time and Ea/Aa ratio.
Relation of Mitral Annular Dilation with Dynamic Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Rheumatic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Cagliyan Caglar Emre , Davutoglu Vedat , Sari Ibrahim , Turkmen Serdar , Ozer Orhan , Tanboga Ibrahim Halil , Tekin Kamuran , Balli Mehmet , Akilli Rabia Eker , Aksoy Mehmet
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Dynamic mitral regurgitation (MR) is frequently investigated in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Data about the dynamic MR in patients with organic valve disease are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of MR by exercise in patients with rheumatic valve disease (RVD). Methods: Asymptomatic patients with rheumatic MR and normal left ventricular function had been included in our study. Transthoracic echocardiography and Doppler measurements were performed at rest and just after submaximal exercise test performed with treadmill. Severity of MR was evaluated quantitatively by measuring effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) with flow convergence method. Results: A total of 34 patients with rheumatic MR had been included. Severity of MR increased in 10 patients with exercise (Group 1) and decreased in 24 of them (Group 2). When the variables of two groups were compared; diastolic blood pressure after exercise, EROA, left atrial volume, left ventricular diastolic volume and mitral annular area values were significantly higher in Group 1 patients. A linear regression model was constructed by considering change of EROA by exercise the dependent, and the variables showing significant differences as the independents. Mitral annular area was found to be independently associated with EROA increase with exercise (R2= 0.499; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Mitral annular dilation is independently associated with increase of MR with submaximal exercise in asymptomatic patients with MR due to RVD with normal left ventricular function.
Three‐Dimensional Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiography: Methodological Aspects and Clinical Potential
Authors: Urbano‐Moral Jose A. , Patel Ayan R. , Maron Martin S. , Arias‐Godinez Jose A. , Pandian Natesa G.
Published: July 2012

Speckle‐tracking echocardiography (STE) is an advanced echocardiographic technique that allows a novel approach to the assessment of cardiac physiology through the study of myocardial mechanics. In its three‐dimensional (3D) modality, it overcomes the drawbacks inherent to other echocardiographic techniques, namely two‐dimensional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Several research studies and software improvements have led 3D‐STE to become a promising tool for accurate evaluation of global and regional cardiac function. This article addresses the image acquisition, analytical methods, and parameters of myocardial mechanics that could be derived from 3D‐STE. This systematic guidance may help to establish its usefulness in the global and regional evaluation of cardiac function, and to facilitate its clinical application.
Schools, Their Spatial Distribution and Characteristics, and Fertility Limitation*
Authors: Brauner‐Otto Sarah R.
Published: July 2012

Abstract

This article investigates the complex relationship between various dimensions of women's educational context and their contraceptive use later in life. Using data from rural Nepal on all the schools that ever existed in one community, I create geographically weighted measures of school characteristics—specifically teacher and student characteristics—that capture exposure to the complete array of schools and investigate the direct relationship between these dimensions of school characteristics and contraceptive use. These analyses provide new information on the broader issue of how social context influences the adoption of innovative behaviors by exploring the wide‐reaching effects of school characteristics on individuals. Findings show that the gender of teachers, the gender of other students, and the level of teacher education are all related to women's use of contraception; that increased exposure to these school characteristics throughout the study area, but not necessarily at the closest school, is related to higher rates of contraceptive use; and that school characteristics early in the life course can have long‐term consequences for individual behavior.
The Role of Social Capital in Educational Aspirations of Rural Youth*
Authors: Byun Soo‐yong , Meece Judith L. , Irvin Matthew J. , Hutchins Bryan C.
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Drawing on a recent national survey of rural high school students, this study investigated the relationship between social capital and educational aspirations of rural youth. Results showed that various process features of family and school social capital were important for predicting rural youths' educational aspirations beyond sociodemographic background. In particular, parents' and teachers' educational expectations for their child and student, respectively, were positively related to educational aspirations of rural youth. In addition, discussion with parents about college was positively related to educational aspirations of rural youth. On the other hand, there was little evidence to suggest that number of siblings and school proportions of students eligible for free lunch and minority students are related to educational aspirations of rural youth, after controlling for the other variables. We highlight unique features of rural families, schools, and communities that may combine to explain the complexity of the role of social capital in shaping educational aspirations of rural youth.
The Role of Threat Appraisal in the Relation Between Peer Victimization and Adjustment Problems in Early Italian Adolescents
Authors: GIANNOTTA FABRIZIA , SETTANNI MICHELE , KLIEWER WENDY , CIAIRANO SILVIA
Published: July 2012

Appraisals are a key, but understudied part of the coping process. In the current study, the mediating role of threat appraisals in the relation between relational and physical victimization by peers and internalizing and externalizing problems was investigated in a sample of 155 Italian adolescents (52% female; M age = 12.2 years) using a cross‐sectional design. Structural equation modeling revealed that appraisals of threat (negative self‐evaluation, negative evaluation by others, loss of relationship) mediated associations between peer victimization and internalizing problems. Moreover, peer victimization affected externalizing behaviors, but this link was not mediated by threat appraisal. Implications for interventions with youth are discussed.
Impact of a College Student Academic Mentoring Program on Perceived Parental and Teacher Educational Involvement
Authors: LAROSE SIMON , TARABULSY GEORGE M. , HARVEY MARYLOU , GUAY FRÉDÉRIC , DESCHÊNES CLAIRE , CYRENNE DIANE , GARCEAU ODETTE
Published: July 2012

This article examines the hypothesis that academic mentoring of college students improves perceived parental and teacher educational involvement. College students were randomly assigned to a 1‐year academic mentoring program (protégés, n = 150) or a control group (n = 167) and completed questionnaires before, during, and after the intervention. Protégés perceived greater levels of parent and teacher educational involvement than did participants from the control group. However, the impact of the mentoring program on perceived parental involvement was found only among students who reported a secure relationship with their parents. Additional analyses suggest that some of these improvements were related to quality of the working alliance between mentors and protégés and to supportive behaviors exhibited by mentors during the intervention.
How Do People React to Stigma Acknowledgment? Race and Gender Acknowledgment in the Context of the 2008 Presidential Election1
Authors: HAGIWARA NAO , WESSEL JENNIFER L. , RYAN ANN MARIE
Published: July 2012

Some studies have found that acknowledging one's stigmatized social identity in an evaluative context leads to more favorable evaluations, whereas others have found that stigma acknowledgment can increase negative evaluations. The present study examined one potential factor (i.e., evaluators' attitudes toward social groups to which acknowledgers belong) that may moderate the relation between stigma acknowledgment and evaluations, in the context of race and gender acknowledgment in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Results indicated that acknowledgment of race, but not gender, led to more negative evaluations, particularly for high‐prejudiced individuals. The findings highlight the importance of examining stigma acknowledgment effects from a Person × Situation perspective. Implications for advancing understanding of acknowledgment as a useful strategy in evaluative contexts are discussed.
Bonding promotion of resin composite to silica‐coated zirconia implant surface using a novel silane system
Authors: Matinlinna Jukka P. , Choi Andy H. , Tsoi James Kit‐Hon
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Bonding of restorative materials in dentistry may be enhanced significantly by the use of engineered silane blends. Trialkoxy silane esters have the unique property to unite dissimilar materials. Silanization is required when cementing the crown or the abutment on a silica‐coated zirconia subgingival implant surface with an organophosphate‐resin‐composite. In this laboratory study, we report about our latest findings in laboratory experiments on experimental silane primers.

Material and methods

In the adhesion promotion of resin‐composites to the zirconia implant surface using four experimental blends, a so‐called “Novel Silane System”, consisting of a functional silane (3‐acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 3‐styrylethyltrimethoxysilane) and a cross‐linking silane, bis‐1,2‐(triethoxysilyl)ethane, were mixed in a water/ethanol solvent system with a pH of 4.5, and applied onto silica‐coated planar zirconia specimens. A resin composite stub (with a bonding area diameter of 2.0 mm) was cemented using a polypropylene mold. Initial shear bond strengths (baseline values) were measured of specimens after dry storage and after thermo‐cycling between 5.0 ± 0.5°C and 55.0 ± 0.5°C. As the control was a dental prehydrolyzed ready‐to‐use silane product.

Results

All the values for shear bond strength test were significantly increased (P > 0.05) during thermo‐cycling. The results showed that the highest shear bond strength was obtained for 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane +bis‐1,2‐(triethoxysilyl)ethane in both dry and thermo‐cycled conditions with stress values of 11.04 and 14.89 MPa, respectively. The lowest values were found for the control silane in both dry and thermo‐cycled conditions with stress values of 4.5 and 6.5 MPa, respectively.

Conclusion

Silanization with a novel silane system yielded significantly higher shear bond strength than the control silane (a 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane containing). We have introduced a bonding system that might be useful and durable in implant dentistry.
Osteocyte lacunar density and area in newly formed bone of the augmented sinus
Authors: Kuchler Ulrike , Pfingstner Gerd , Busenlechner Dieter , Dobsak Toni , Reich Karoline , Heimel Patrick , Gruber Reinhard
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Osteocytes, the most common cells of the bone, are buried in lacunae. Density and area of the osteocyte lacunae change with increasing maturation of the newly formed bone. Evaluation of osteocyte lacunae can therefore provide insights into the process of graft consolidation.

Materials and Methods

Here, we determined the osteocyte lacunar density (number of osteocyte lacunae per bone area; N.Ot/BAr) and the osteocyte lacunar area in μm2 (Lac.Ar) in histological specimens 6 and 12 weeks after the sinuses of 10 minipigs were augmented with Bio‐Oss®, a deproteinized bovine bone mineral, and Ostim®, an aqueous paste of synthetic nanoparticular hydroxyapatite. The region of interest was defined by the following criteria: (i) >1 mm from the host bone, (ii) >0.5 mm from the sinus mucosa, (iii) minimum area of 0.2 mm2, and (iv) bone tissue spanning at least two bone substitute particles.

Results

The overall osteocyte lacunar density was significantly higher in the Bio‐Oss® group than in the Ostim® group and decreased during the observation period at a similar range in both groups. The osteocyte lacunar area was smaller in the Bio‐Oss® group than the Ostim® group but there was no significant change within the groups over time.

Conclusions

These results suggest that bone substitutes affect the osteocyte lacunar density and the osteocyte lacunar area in the newly formed bone within the augmented sinus in this particular model situation. These measures can provide insights into the maturation of newly formed bone in the augmented sinus.
The Poetics of House and Home in the Short Stories of Elizabeth Bowen
Authors: D’hoker Elke
Published: July 2012

This essay offers a comprehensive analysis of the images of house and home in the short fiction of Elizabeth Bowen. First, the essay analyses the construction of these images in terms of style, arguing that Bowen’s idiosyncratic combination of a variety of figural tropes and narrative strategies results in a strong but highly ambivalent bond between house and character, whereby houses at once illuminate and efface their inhabitants. Second, while most critics have interpreted Bowen’s houses in the context of her Anglo‐Irish background as emblems of a lost tradition and identity, this essay argues that Bowen’s houses also evoke other contexts, in particular the celebration of the domestic in interwar Britain. Through a detailed reading of several short stories, it shows how Bowen both satirises this idealisation of the home and uncovers its far more awful reality, especially for the ‘daughters’ and ‘ladies’ of the house. A final part considers the isolation that marks nearly all of Bowen’s houses and opposes it to her characterisation of the ideal house as a place of hospitality and recognition.
Sex in Rotrou’s Theater Performance and Disorder
Authors: Ekstein Nina
Published: July 2012

Sexual desire is ubiquitous in all theater. It follows that virtually all theatrical traditions struggle with the issue of the representation of that desire onstage. The French stage of the 1630s and Jean Rotrou’s theater of that period in particular constitute an unusual moment of relative freedom before the imposition of the bienséances banished sexual activity from the stage. What I propose is a theatrical reading of sex in Rotrou’s plays, a tripartite examination of dramatic strategy: how Rotrou foregrounds the scandalous by direct depiction of sexuality onstage; how at other moments he moves to attenuate its prurient force by opting instead for innuendo or suggestive situations. Rotrou’s most striking originality lies in his third strategy: presenting sexuality as a theatrical performance, generally with the assistance of cross‐dressing and other forms of disguise.
,,Aber Gift ist nur für uns Weiber; nicht für Männer.“ Sprache, Macht, Geschlecht in Lessings Emilia Galotti
Authors: Dörr Volker C.
Published: July 2012

Gotthold Ephraim Lessings berühmtes bürgerliches Trauerspiel Emilia Galotti operiert mit Differenzierungen, wie sie in der feministischen Literaturtheorie geläufig sind: Weiblich konnotierte Fülle von sprachlichen Bedeutungen steht männlich kodierter definitiver Beschränkung gegenüber. Es lässt sich zeigen, dass Emilia auch sterben muss, weil sie die Ordnung der Geschlechter stört: indem sie droht, sich der Definitionsgewalt des Vaters nicht zu unterwerfen. Eine ähnliche Insubordination gegenüber der definierenden Gewalt prägt auch die Rezeption des Dramentextes selbst; er leistet immer erneut Widerstand dagegen, auf eindeutige Weise gelesen zu werden.
Reading Flaubert’s First and Second Éducation sentimentale
Authors: Anderst Leah
Published: July 2012

Gustave Flaubert wrote two distinct novels entitled Éducation sentimentale. The first, from 1845, features many characters and plot points similar to those in the more widely known masterpiece of 1869. This essay begins by surveying existing criticism of the early novel and of the relationship between the two novels, and it then turns to close examinations of paired passages from the two works. Comparing parallel passages from the 1845 and the 1869 Éducation underscores the development of Flaubert’s formal and thematic preoccupations and demonstrates, in particular, an important change in Flaubert’s narrative voice. As his writing evolves, Flaubert’s narrators and characters grow increasingly farther apart, and this move plays an important role in what become interconnected features of Flaubert’s mature works: narrative impersonality, irony, and style indirect libre.
A simple method for lower lip reconstruction after trauma using an advancement mucosal flap from the remaining lip
Authors: Liu Ming‐Yueh , Sapountzis Stamatis , Choong Mun‐Yau , Li Tzong‐Shiun
Published: July 2012

The traumatic injury of lower lip is a frequent clinical condition, and quite often, the soft tissue loss makes the reconstruction of lower lip's defect a challenging procedure. Many methods have been described to reconstruct these defects; however, most of them lack simplicity and require advance experience in flap surgery. In this report, a simple technique is presented for lower lip reconstruction following traumatic injury using an advancement mucosal flap from the remaining lower lip. With this method pleasant cosmetic result can be achieved.
Influence of smear layer removal and application mode of MTA on the marginal adaptation in immature teeth: a SEM analysis
Authors: Araújo Ana Cristina , Nunes Eduardo , Fonseca Ana Abras , Cortes Maria Ilma , Horta Martinho Campolina , Silveira Frank Ferreira
Published: July 2012

Objectives

This study was an ex vivo evaluation of the marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical barrier using teeth with an open apex and scanning electron microscopy.

Materials and methods

Eighteen single‐rooted human teeth were used. An artificial open apex was created using Gates Glidden drills #6–1 in a crown‐down manner until the #1 bur passed through the foramen. A 1.36‐mm divergent open apex was created at the foramen by retrograde apical transportation using a #40 Profile 0.6 taper instrument inserted to the length of the cutting blade. The teeth were divided into four groups (n = 4), and two teeth served as controls. The GI = mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was placed as a 5‐mm‐thick apical barrier without removal of the smear layer; GII = MTA was placed with indirect ultrasonic activation; GIII = apical plug was placed after removal of the smear layer without indirect ultrasonic activation; and GIV = MTA was placed with indirect ultrasonic activation, but the smear layer had been previously removed. The root apices were visualized with SEM (1000×), and 12 predetermined material/dentine interface points were measured (gaps). One‐way anova and Bonferroni's post hoc tests were used to compare the linear measurements of the gaps between the groups.

Results

GIV had the lowest gap when compared with other groups, and no statistical differences were found among GI, GII, and GIII.

Conclusions

The technique of MTA placement using passive ultrasonic vibration in association with smear layer removal improved the marginal adaptation of the material.
Bone augmentation and autogenous transplantation of premolar to the site of the fissure in a cleft palate patient
Authors: Luvizuto Eloá R. , Faco Eduardo F. S. , Faco Renato S. , Queiroz Thallita P. , Margonar Rogerio , Betoni‐Júnior Walter , Camara Kléryo A. S. , Assunção Wirley G.
Published: July 2012

This article presents a case report of autogenous tooth transplantation to the site of the fissure, in addition to bone augmentation with graft of autogenous bone harvested from the iliac crest, performed in a cleft palate patient, who had insufficient bone volume. A non‐syndromic 10‐year‐old girl, with a unilateral cleft lip and palate, incisal transforamen fissures, agenesis of the maxillary left central incisor and both maxillary lateral incisors, was treated with autogenous bone graft in the cleft area. The orthodontic treatment plan was to replace the missing lateral incisors with the maxillary canines and to extract the mandibular first premolars. One of the mandibular premolars was extracted from its site with 2/3 of its root formation completed and transplanted to the maxillary left central incisor area. After orthodontic treatment, the anatomic crowns were characterized with composite resin. Autogenous tooth transplantation can be performed in the area of the fissure in young cleft palate patients, by performing bone graft augmentation before transplantation of the tooth, to gain sufficient recipient alveolar bone volume. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for the success of this clinical procedure, especially in cleft palate patients.
Dental trauma in patients with maxillofacial fractures
Authors: Zhou Hai‐Hua , Ongodia David , Liu Qi , Yang Rong‐Tao , Li Zu‐Bing
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the correlation between dental injuries and the pattern of maxillofacial fractures. The correlation with age, gender, trauma mechanism and type of maxillofacial fracture was also investigated.

Materials and methods

From January 2000 to December 2009, 1131 patients with facial fractures were registered. Of these, 473 presented with associated dental trauma. The information and data collected and analyzed included: age, gender, mechanism of injury, type of facial fracture, type of dental injury, and the relationship between dental injury and facial fracture.

Results

Dental injury was sustained by 473 patients (41.8%), with a total of 2215 injured teeth. Of the 2215 injured teeth, 1191 (53.8%) were in the maxilla and 1024 (46.2%) in the mandible. Fall from a height had the highest risk of dental injuries (OR = 4.145, P = 0.002). The central incisor was the most injured tooth for both the maxilla (388, 36.2%) and mandible (284, 27.7%). The most common type of dental injury was avulsion (1070, 47.4%). More anterior teeth in the maxilla were of crown fracture, avulsion, and intrusion than that in the mandible, whereas more anterior teeth in the mandible were of subluxation and concussion than that in the maxilla. Dental injuries were more prone to occur in patients who sustained only symphysis fractures (OR = 2.817, P < 0.001), only 0.236‐fold risk in patients who sustained only mandible angle fracture (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The occurrence of dental trauma is significantly related to the pattern and position of the maxillofacial fractures.
The effect of light on tooth whitening: a split‐mouth design
Authors: Henry RK , Bauchmoyer SM , Moore W , Rashid RG
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Conflicting research exists on the effect that various lights have on in‐office tooth whitening. The aim of this study was to determine whether a sodium arc bulb lamp used with 25% hydrogen peroxide shows significant differences in shade using a split‐mouth design.

Methods

Forty‐nine subjects meeting study criteria had anterior teeth whitened with a 25% hydrogen peroxide in‐office whitening system. The light was used on a randomly selected right or left half of the mouth. The opposing side was whitening only with gel. Shades were recorded using a spectrophotometer before, immediately after, 1 and 2 weeks post‐whitening. Sensitivity was also recorded using a visual analogue scale. Values were analysed with a Friedman test with a stepdown Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.

Results

All teeth increased in lightness after whitening procedures. The only significant differences between use of the light and without use of the light were on the maxillary arch 1 week after whitening (P = 0.010). Sensitivity was greatest immediately after whitening but subsided within 1 week of whitening.

Conclusions

The use of a sodium arc bulb lamp with 25% hydrogen peroxide in‐office whitening produces better results on maxillary teeth up to 1 week after whitening is completed. Subjects could not distinguish differences on each side of the mouth.
Correlation between villous height and the disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of piglets from nursing to growing
Authors: TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , KISHINO Eriko , INOUE Ryo , NAKANISHI Nobuo , NAKAYAMA Keizo , ITO Tetsuya , USHIDA Kazunari
Published: July 2012

Early weaning induces villous atrophy in the small intestine. Reduction in villous height in the small intestine after weaning is associated with reductions in brush‐border enzyme activity. Body weight gain after weaning is, therefore, correlated with villous height. This evidence suggested that the maintenance of small intestinal structure and function after weaning is important for the growth of young pigs. On the other hand, the relationship between villous height and the activity of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine has not been studied with piglets from the suckling to the growing period. Five suckling piglets, four piglets in the proximal stage of weaning, four pigs in the distal stage of weaning and four growing pigs were used. The activities of lactase (LA), sucrase (SA) and maltase (MA) were determined. LA showed a positive correlation with villous height in weaning. SA and MA were positively correlated with villous height from suckling to growing. In a previous study, non‐infectious dyspeptic diarrhea was frequently observed in growing piglets on Japanese swine farms. The maintenance of villous height to retain disaccharidase activity may prevent dyspepsic diarrhea in this stage.
Specific role of maternal weight change in the first trimester of pregnancy on birth size
Authors: Diouf Ibrahima , Botton Jérémie , Charles Marie Aline , Morel Olivier , Forhan Anne , Kaminski Monique , Heude Barbara ,   The EDEN Study Group
Published: July 2012

The specific role of weight change in the first weeks of gestation in fetal growth has not been fully explored in humans. Our aims were to investigate: (1) the specific association between weight change in the first trimester of pregnancy (WCT1) and size at birth in term pregnancies; and (2) the role of placental weight in this relationship. From 2002 women included in the French EDEN study, 1744 mother–child pairs reached term, had pre‐pregnancy weight available and at least five measures of weight in pregnancy. We extrapolated women's weight at each week of gestation with a three‐degree polynomial model and estimated weight change during each trimester of gestation. We used a multivariate linear model to investigate the associations between WCT1 and birth size after taking into account potential confounders (age, parity, BMI, tobacco use, educational level, length of gestation, newborn gender, weight change after the first trimester and centre of study). Then, we performed path analysis to investigate whether the relation between WCT1 and birth size could be mediated by placental weight. After taking into account weight gain in later gestation, WCT1 was positively associated with birthweight. Results of path analysis showed that there was no direct association between WCT1 and birth size, but that this association was mediated by placental weight. Weight change during the first weeks of pregnancy may impact on fetal growth independently of weight change later in pregnancy through its effects on placental growth and function.
‘It is me who eats, to nourish him’: a mixed‐method study of breastfeeding in post‐earthquake Haiti
Authors: Dörnemann Jenny , Kelly Ann H.
Published: July 2012

In Haiti, initiation of breastfeeding is high, but early mixed feeding is the norm. In a situation of crisis, mothers' worries about insufficiency of breast milk, disruption of social networks and free unmonitored distribution of breast milk substitutes impact feeding practices. This study was conducted to explore the attitudes, practices and understandings of breastfeeding in the post‐earthquake situation in Haiti. A mixed‐method study was conducted in Léogâne, Haiti, a town close to the epicentre of the 2010 earthquake. In a household survey, 1131 mothers of children under 24 months were interviewed about feeding practices. In the quantitative component, we conducted 25 in‐depth interviews and seven focus group discussions with mothers, grandmothers, traditional birth attendants, fathers and health care professionals. Mothers described breastfeeding as a challenging responsibility to ensure the infants' health. They understood breast milk as a dynamic substance, the quality of which would deteriorate if the mother's diet was poor or if the mother was afflicted with a psychosocial condition called move san or colere, ‘bad blood’. To protect the child in these situations, early supplementary feeding is introduced. Only 20% of informants exclusively breastfed infants under 6 months. Because of a lack of confidence in the quality of breast milk, Haitian mothers tend to wean children earlier. The abiding concerns of Haitian mothers over the quality of their breast milk suggest a number of ways – such as dietary advice – that post‐earthquake aid agencies could enhance breastfeeding support.
A comparison of infant and toddler feeding practices of mothers with and without histories of eating disorders
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth R. , Bentley Margaret E. , Hamer Robert M. , Hodges Eric A. , Ward Dianne S. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: July 2012

This preliminary study surveyed the feeding practices of mothers with eating disorder histories through evaluation of mothers' reported feeding styles, child diet composition and restrictive special approaches to feeding. For this non‐randomised cohort study, 25 mothers with eating disorder histories and 25 mothers with no history of an eating disorder with children ages 6–36 months were selected such that the groups were similar based on child age group and child sex. Mothers were compared on self‐reported feeding style using the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire and on child diet composition and special feeding approaches using a modified version of the Toddler Diet Questionnaire from the Women, Infants, and Children program. Mothers with eating disorder histories scored lower on the restrictive feeding style subscale than controls. No significant differences were detected between groups in child diet including the percentage of mothers who breastfed, duration of breastfeeding, age at solid food introduction, daily number of meals or snacks or daily frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables or protein foods. Mothers with eating disorder histories were more likely to report taking a restrictive special approach to feeding such as limiting processed foods or feeding organic foods only. Although mothers with eating disorder histories may not differ greatly from control mothers in terms of child diet composition (smaller effects may not have been detected due to limited sample size), they may be more likely to take restrictive special approaches to feeding which mirror dietary rules common in individuals with eating disorders.
Maternal selenium, copper and zinc concentrations in pregnancy associated with small‐for‐gestational‐age infants
Authors: Mistry Hiten D. , Kurlak Lesia O. , Young Scott D. , Briley Annette L. , Broughton Pipkin Fiona , Baker Philip N. , Poston Lucilla
Published: July 2012

Pregnancy during adolescence increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, especially small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) birth, which has been linked to micronutrient deficiencies. Smoking has been shown to be related to lower micronutrient concentrations. Different ethnicities have not been examined. We used a subset from a prospective observational study, the About Teenage Eating study consisting of 126 pregnant adolescents (14–18‐year‐olds) between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. Micronutrient status was assessed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Smoking was assessed by self‐report and plasma cotinine, and SGA was defined as infants born <10th corrected birthweight centile. The main outcome measures were as follows: (1) maternal plasma selenium, copper and zinc concentrations in adolescent mothers giving birth to SGA vs. appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) infants; and (2) comparison of micronutrient concentrations between women of different ethnicities and smoking habits. The plasma selenium {mean ± standard deviation (SD) [95% confidence interval (CI)]} concentration was lower in the SGA [n = 19: 49.4 ± 7.3 (CI: 45.9, 52.9) µg L−1] compared with the AGA [n = 107: 65.1 ± 12.5 (CI: 62.7, 67.5) µg L−1; P < 0.0001] group. Smoking mothers had a lower selenium concentration compared with non‐smokers (P = 0.01) and Afro‐Caribbean women had higher selenium concentrations compared with White Europeans (P = 0.02). Neither copper nor zinc concentrations varied between groups. Low plasma selenium concentration in adolescent mothers could contribute to the risk of delivering an SGA infant, possibly through lowering placental antioxidant defence, thus directly affecting fetal growth. Differences in plasma selenium between ethnicities may relate to variation in nutritional intake, requiring further investigation.
Comparison of mid‐infrared transmission spectroscopy with biochemical methods for the determination of macronutrients in human milk
Authors: Silvestre Dolores , Fraga Miriam , Gormaz María , Torres Ester , Vento Máximo
Published: July 2012

The variability of human milk (HM) composition renders analysis of its components essential for optimal nutrition of preterm fed either with donor's or own mother's milk. To fulfil this requirement, various analytical instruments have been subjected to scientific and clinical evaluation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a rapid method for the analysis of macronutrients in HM as compared with the analytical methods applied by cow's milk industry. Mature milk from 39 donors was analysed using an infrared human milk analyser (HMA) and compared with biochemical reference laboratory methods. The statistical analysis was based on the use of paired data tests. The use of an infrared HMA for the analysis of lipids, proteins and lactose in HM proved satisfactory as regards the rapidity, simplicity and the required sample volume. The instrument afforded good linearity and precision in application to all three nutrients. However, accuracy was not acceptable when compared with the reference methods, with overestimation of the lipid content and underestimation of the amount of proteins and lactose contents. The use of mid‐infrared HMA might become the standard for rapid analysis of HM once standardisation and rigorous and systematic calibration is provided.
Evidence‐based practice for the busy nurse practitioner: Part one: Relevance to clinical practice and clinical inquiry process
Authors: Facchiano Lynda , Snyder Charlene Hoffman
Published: July 2012

Purpose: Evidence‐based practice (EBP) continues to gain momentum within health care. The purpose of this four‐part EBP series is to provide an introductory overview of the EBP process, emphasizing EBP steps one through three, in order to assist nurse practitioners (NPs) in building EBP skills that can be integrated into clinical practice. The relevance of EBP to the NP's clinical practice, an introduction to the EBP process steps, and clinical inquiry process begin the series.

Data sources: Scientific literature review, gray literature, and online evidence‐based practice databases and resources.

Conclusions: EBP has become increasingly important to NPs, yet there is evidence suggesting it is not being fully implemented in clinical practice. EBP is one way to keep the busy NP's knowledge up to date, enhance clinical judgment, and augment the existing provider–client decision‐making process.

Implications for practice: The principles of EBP have become the cornerstone strategy for NPs to translate research findings into clinical practice. Practicing in an ever‐changing healthcare environment, NPs have a responsibility to provide their clients with the best available evidence, while incorporating that evidence into the provider–client decision‐making process.
Evidence‐based practice for the busy nurse practitioner: Part three: Critical appraisal process
Authors: Facchiano Lynda , Hoffman Snyder Charlene
Published: July 2012

Purpose: Evidence‐based practice (EBP) involves integrating research evidence with clinical expertise to answer clinical practice inquiries. The purpose of part 3 of this EBP series is to provide an introductory overview of the critical appraisal process, relevant clinical measurements, and critical thinking skills that can enhance nurse practitioners’ (NPs') confidence in the clinical decision‐making process.

Data sources: Scientific literature review, gray literature, PubMed and other online literature databases and resources, and online EBP websites.

Conclusions: Critical appraisal skills can assist NPs in interpreting available research, determining its validity reliability, and applicability to their clinical practice. Similarities in the critical appraisal process center around determining a study's reliability, validity, and applicability to the client(s) in question, while the differences exist in the clinical measurements used within specific research designs.

Implications for practice: Because medicine is an evolving field, access to knowledge sources that address diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic questions is essential for the NP in order to maintain best practice skills. Making EBP user friendly for the practicing NP is paramount for utilization of best evidence.
A clinical guideline for intrauterine device use in adolescents
Authors: Smith Ellen , Daley Alison Moriarty
Published: July 2012

Purpose: To present an evidence‐based review of the data for and against the use of the intrauterine device (IUD) in adolescent females and to provide guidelines for selection of appropriate candidates.

Data sources: Clinical research, expert opinions, and systematic reviews of IUD use in adolescents.

Conclusions: The use of the IUD in adolescents has been questioned in the past as a result of concerns surrounding increased risks for pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in adolescents. Current research reveals no contraindications to IUD use based solely on age or parity and illuminates many benefits to use, including a decrease in menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea.

Implications for practice: The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rates rose from 2005 to 2007, reversing a decade‐long downward trend. Adolescents need safe, effective, user‐friendly contraceptive methods. IUDs are a safe and effective option for adolescents and provide an additional contraceptive option for nurse practitioners to offer their patients to prevent unintended pregnancy and enhance adolescent sexual health and well‐being. Proper selection of candidates for IUD use can mitigate clinical and legal risks associated with IUD use.

To obtain CE credit for this activity, go to http://www.aanp.org and click on the CE Center. Locate the listing for this article and complete the post‐test. Follow the instructions to print your CE certificate.

Disclosure  The authors report no competing interests.