bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECONOMICS OF SHEEP MARKETING IN DAMBAM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Kolo, A.  , Mohammed, I.  , Sani, R. M.
Published: April 2023

The study examined economics of sheep marketing in Dambam Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique, which consists of purposive and random sampling, was used to collect data from 1890 respondents for the period of 37 weeks.  Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear multiple regression and marketing margin techniques. The marketing margins were N 3,142 (mean), N 3,000 (minimum) and N 13,000 (maximum) per head. The respective traders net income were N 1,453(mean), N 2,650(minimum) and N 10,380(maximum) per head. The result of linear multiple regression analysis revealed that 65% variation in the selling price of sheep was accounted for by the included independent variables. The major constraints to sheep marketing in the study area were insecurity, poor road, lack of access to credit and lack of standard unit of measurement. The study concluded that sheep marketing was profitable in the study area. The study recommended that government should encourage youth to venture into the business. This should be seen as a policy option for combating unemployment among youth in Nigeria.
ADEQUATE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: A PANACEA FOR SELF-RELIANCE
Authors: Knights, E. D.  , Lawal, K. A.  , Dangana, A. E.
Published: April 2023

The need for society and or individual self-reliance is not particularly new in the history of human being in general and in Nigeria in particular. Nigerians have for example, sought and pressed for independence and self-determination from colonial rule and in October, 1960 were granted. It is often said that self-reliance cannot be achieved without self-freedom, and so there was the justification to seek, first for political independence. It was soon realized that being merely politically independent as it were, did not mean much, unless it is matched with economic self-reliance. The term self-reliance may be defined as the ability to be self-sustaining economically without the anxiety and agony of desperately seeking for assistance. At the level of individual, self-reliance is having or ability to have the necessities of life. One of the problems we have in Nigeria today is how to inculcate the spirit and virtue of self-reliance. This study addresses the issues of self-reliance and realizes that self-reliance can be achieved through proper entrepreneurial training and education. The target audience in the realization of self-reliance objectives, the study suggests, should start with graduates, unemployed, school leavers, subsistent farmers and the disabled, as they are in greater need of employment opportunities. The methodological approach, suggests the use of train the educators, mounting workshops and seminars and employing the services of consultants and specialists.
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AFFECTED BY THE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF LIME IN ABUJA, NIGERIA
Authors: Wapa, J. M.  , Iwok, I. T.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted at University of Abuja Teaching and Research farm, F.C.T-Abuja, Nigeria to determine the effects of different sources of lime on soil properties. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial fashion comprising six treatments replicated three times. The treatment includes two types of industrial lime (ultrasol - V1 and agricultural lime – V2) applied at three different levels. Data collected from the study were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The result obtained showed a high significant effects of treatments on soil chemical properties. The soil chemical properties were calcium (Ca), with the application of V2L1 (1000kg/ha) giving the highest value relative to other treatments and control. Soil exchangeable magnesium showed a significant effect in the control plot (V2Lo). Percent organic carbon and percent organic matter content in the soil were highly significant in plots treated with V1L2 (ultrasol lime at 2000kg/ha). Exchangeable potassium (k) and sodium (Na) produced the highest values in plots amended with V1L1 (ultrasol lime at 1000kg/ha) though not significant. Base saturation was increased though not significant in V2L1 (agricultural lime at 1000kg/ha) treated plot. CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) increased in the V2L0 (agricultural lime at 0kg/ha) but was not significant. Exchangeable acidity reduced greatly in V1L2 and V2L1 treated plots. Electrical conductivity in the soil and percent total nitrogen showed no significant difference but produced the highest values in plots amended with V1L1. Manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in the soil were influenced by treatments with the lowest values in plots treated with V2L2 (agricultural lime at 2000kg/ha) though not significant. Iron (Fe) was reduced in plot treated with V1L0 (ultrasol lime at 0kg/ha) but was not significantly different. Zinc (Zn) was completely eliminated on the application of both agricultural and ultrasol limes. Available phosphorus had no significant influence on the amended plots and control. Soil pH (in water (H2O), potassium chloride (KCl) and in calcium chloride (CaCl2) showed no significant effect on treatments and control. Based on the following results, the use of agricultural lime (V2­­) and ultrasol lime (V1)­ both at 1000kg/ha and 2000kg/ha could be recommended for improving soil properties.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EGBEDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Amoo, Z. O.
Published: April 2023

This study examines the contributions of infrastructure to the development of Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The objective is to identify the types, distributions and impacts of these infrastructural facilities on the lives of the people and their general economic well being. Data used were obtained from the field through questionnaire, oral interview and personal observation. Results on the distribution of economic activities showed that respondents engaged in more than one economic activity. The result on availability of infrastructures and their conditional service to the rural people showed that facilities such as public transport, local market were adjudged good by the respondents while both secondary and primary schools were adjudged fair. Roads, dispensary and electricity were adjudged by respondents to be in a poor state. The PPMC result showed that the assessment of infrastructure facilities showed that they have low significant (26%) on the livelihood of the respondents. The results further reveals that few infrastructural facilities were located in the study area, which were however not equitably distributed. The study concludes that facility provision was confronted with numerous problems in the study area which include inaccessibility, inadequacy, lack of maintenance of existing infrastructures and the attitude of government to rural facilities location. The impacts relating to poverty alleviation as observed were in the areas of access to medical care, mortality rate, employment and literacy. The study recommends policy reforms of rural development to contain rehabilitation and maintenance; there is need for government and non-governmental organization to recognize the need for sustainable infrastructural development programmes that will not change as government changes and calls for attitudinal change of the rural dwellers pertaining to public infrastructure in their domain is also recommended.
ANALYSIS OF FARM INCOME OF BENEFICIARIES AND NON-BENEFICIARIES OF HADEJIA VALLEY IRRIGATION PROJECT IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Umar, M. B.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the impact of Hadejia Valley irrigation project (HVIP) on farm income of beneficiaries in Jigawa State, Nigeria. From the list of 7036 respondents, 207 project beneficiaries and 146 non-beneficiaries were selected using a multi-stage random sampling making a total of 353 as the sample size of the study. Data were obtained using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and F-test statistics. The results showed that beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries had a mean age of 47 and 45 years, a mean household size of 15 and 21 persons, educational levels of 8 and 7 years and mean off-farm income of N137,797.00 and N237,104 .00, respectively. The study also established 30 and 24 years of irrigation farming experience, farm sizes of 3.2 and 2.1 hectares, N33,641.00 and N55, 709.00 spent in hiring labour, farm distances of 3 and 0.9 kilometres, 5 and 3 extension visits per season, a mean of N52,771.00 and N50,205.00, N50,205.68 and N32,422.33 as credit and subsidy, respectively. Membership of cooperative associations indicated a mean of 0.8 and 0.5 for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, respectively. In the study area, the average total cost of production per hectare of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries were N527,179.00 and N363, 191.00, and net farm income of N814,852.00 and N403,753.00 realized, respectively. The result of the F-test statistics on cost of production indicated F1,410 of 68.3> F at critical value of 3.86 at p = 5. 66E07 and farm income F1,410 of 726.3 >F at critical value of 3.86 at p = 8.56E-93 (P<0.05) level of significance. This suggested a significant impact of Hadejia valley irrigation project on farm income of the respondents. The study concludes that the project has had positive impact on the farm income of the project beneficiaries. It therefore, recommends that government should encourage income sources diversification; measures should be taken by the project authority to address inadequate access to extension. The project beneficiaries should form farmers’ co-operatives and measures should be taken by the project authorities to promote cost-saving technologies that encourage release of labour from irrigation to reduce the cost of production.
ANALYSIS OF INDIGENOUS MAIZE PROCESSING INTO FLOUR AMONG WOMEN IN POST WAR ZONE OF PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Abdullahi, I. M.  , Danwanka, H. A.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out in the post war zone of Plateau State, Nigeria to analyse the determinants of indigenous maize processing into flour among women in the study area. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 135 respondents from different processing communities. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from the respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, net margin analysis and Tobit regression model. The study showed a mean age distribution of 36.9 years and a mean household size of 5 persons. Majority (73.2%) of the respondents were widows and had an average of 14.7 years of processing experience. It was further revealed that more than half (60%) of the respondents did not have any formal education and had a mean monthly income of about N5, 000. The net margins per 100kg and benefit–cost ratio were found to be N8, 290; N7,875 and 1.49, respectively. The results of the Tobit model showed that all the included explanatory variables had the expected signs and that processing experience, household size, labour and monthly income were the major determinants of indigenous maize processing in the study area. The results further showed that inadequate funds for expansion and insufficient modern processing machines were among the major constraints to indigenous maize processing in the study area. The study therefore recommended that adult and non-formal education should be embraced in order to improve their understanding of modern and improved maize processing technologies. The study further recommended that government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should come to the aid of these women through empowerment programs such as the Tradermoni and Npower.
EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PASTORALISTS IN ENHANCING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN KACHIA AND BOBI GRAZING RESERVES, NIGERIA
Authors: Abdullahi, A.  , Bichi, J. M.
Published: April 2023

The study on the effects of socio-economic characteristics of pastoralists on enhancing technological innovation for livestock production was conducted in Kachia and Bobi grazing reserves, Nigeria. Two grazing reserves Bobi in Niger State and Kachia in Kaduna State were purposively selected and 260 pastoralists were randomly selected for both qualitative and quantitative data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (logistic regression) statistics. Results showed that pastoralists in the age bracket of 31-40 years (46.54%) were the majority in the grazing reserves. In terms of years of experience in grazing those with over 15 years of grazing experiences were the majority (75.77%). Attributes such as characteristics of the technologies promoted, their relative advantage, triability and observability had influence on the technological innovation among the pastoralists. Results on logit regression showed that age of pastoralist in Kachia grazing reserve had played a significant role in enhancing technological innovation in milk production, feed conservation and feed supplementation, at 5% levels and had given a good platform for the growth of dairy cooperative federation. While experience in livestock production had greatly influence adoption in deworming of livestock practice, fodder bank, feed conservation, crop process, vaccination of poultry and routine annual vaccination of ruminants against CRPP, Rinderpest and PPR. Household size had also greatly and positively influenced the technological innovation of fattening, poultry vaccination, cooperative, feed conservation and milk production, activities, in the grazing reserves. The study therefore, recommends that age, experience in livestock production among others should be considered in enhancing technological innovation of livestock production technologies in the grazing reserves.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHEEP AND GOATS TRADERS IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Kolo, A.  , Jibril, S. A.  , Sani, M. H.  , Mohammed, I.
Published: April 2023

The study analyzed socio-economic characteristics of sheep and goats traders in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 321 sheep traders and 220 goats’ traders. Data were collected with aid of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (mean score) were employed for the study. The result revealed that marketing of sheep and goats was dominated by married men with non-formal education and had marketing experience of 14 years to 18 years. However, the mean household size of sheep and goats traders was 9 persons and 7 persons, respectively. The mean current capital level of sheep and goats traders was N93,231.58 and N67,927.02, respectively. This shows that both sheep and goat’s traders in the study area were small scale traders. The result further discloses that, 51.40% and 47.73% of sheep and goats traders sourced their capital through personal savings, which are non-institutional credit sources. Inadequate capital (1st), poor access to formal credit (2nd), lack of standard unit of measurement (3rd), lack of cooperative/association (4th), disease and physical risk (5th) as well as seasonality of demand and supply (6th) were the major constraints associated with marketing sheep and goats in the study area. The study concludes that socio-economic characteristics of traders play an important role in marketing of sheep and goats in the study area, which will also have effects on the level of profit margin. The study recommends that traders should improve their level of education. This should be seen as a step option for combating illiteracy among traders in the study area. Provision of mini credit facilities to the traders, formation of sheep and goats traders association or cooperatives should be given serious consideration so as to improve the effectiveness of sheep and goats marketing in the study area.
PRODUCTIVITY OF BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEAE L.) UNDER ORGANIC SOIL AMENDMENTS
Authors: Jibrin, A. D.  , Anton Kris, R. L.
Published: April 2023

The current strategy of using organic soil amendments as a sustainable means of soil fertility restoration and for increase in yields of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Legacy) planted on marginal soils stimulated positive response in plant height, curd diameter, weight per curd, marketable and non-marketable yields, pH, organic matter, P, K levels and return on investment as observed under screen house in 2016 and 2017 seasons at the vegetable Crops nursery of the Institute of Crops Science University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031. The treatments consisted of four organic soil amendments (composted chicken manure, mushroom compost, composted horse manure and vermicompost) applied at the rate of 6 tons/ha and a control. These were combined to give five treatments combination and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated thrice. Results showed a significant effect of all the applied organic soil amendments in the two years of study on all the parameters recorded. However, composted chicken manure significantly gave the tallest height, heaviest curd, largest curd diameter, heaviest weight per curd, marketable and non-marketable yields, increased in pH, highest organic matter, P and K levels and highest return on investment of 179.42% higher than other treatments and the control in both years. It can be concluded based on this results that a clear proof of the compatible synergism of broccoli with the four organic soil amendments used had been established as a veritable means of sustainable broccoli production and marginal soil fertility restoration and management technique. It also recommends vegetable crop farmer to use decompose chicken manure level of 6 t/ha in combination with broccoli variety legacy in order to obtain higher broccoli yield, restore fertility of marginal soils for higher net profit and returns on investment in the study area.
EFFECTS OF DESCRIPTIVE NORMS, PERCEIVED ECONOMIC VIABILITY AND BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION ON LIVESTOCK AGRIPRENEURSHIP AMONG AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Adebayo, O. A.  , Umunna, M. O.  , Ibrahim, A. O.  , Omole, E. B.  , Ojo, B. S.
Published: April 2023

Agripreneurship is a means of eradicating poverty among Nigerian youths. The study examined the effects of descriptive norms, perceived economic viability and behavioural intention on livestock agripreneurship among agricultural college students in Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 432 respondents across three agricultural colleges in Niger State, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (linear regression) at P≤0.05. Results showed that the respondents were male (63.2%), not married (87.5%), were of good standing in their class performance with a cumulative grade point average of ≥2.5 (59.7%) and below 26 years old (84.7%) with a mean age of approximately 23 years. The most descriptive norm of livestock agripreneurship by respondents was the popularity of poultry production (x̅ = 3.85). The most perceived economic viability of livestock agripreneurship by respondents was the gainful employment in fish production business (x̅ =3.97). The most behavioural intention of respondents in livestock agripreneurship was to make a career out of poultry production (x̅ =3.81). Linear regression revealed that descriptive norms (β0.203) and perceived economic viability (β = 0.247) were significant factors that influenced the respondents’ behavioural intention. The study concluded that descriptive norms and perceived economic viability are major determinants of the behavioural intention of agricultural college students in livestock agripreneurship in the study area. It was recommended that agripreneurship norms, its economic viability and the behavioural intention towards it could be enhanced through the youth engagement programmes, better enabling environment, agripreneurship awareness and promotions.
ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION UTILIZATION AMONG COWPEA MARKETERS IN JALINGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Samuel, P.  , Bakari, D.  , Jatbong, J. N.
Published: April 2023

The study analyzed information utilization among cowpea marketers in Jalingo Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to select Five (5) out of 10 wards in the study area. A sample size of 64 marketers was randomly selected in the selected wards. Primary data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (Cobb Douglas regression). The result obtained showed that 68.75% of the cowpea marketers were males, while 48.44% were between the ages of 36 and 45 years. It also reveals that 46.87% had non-formal education while 40.63% had household size of between 6 and 10 persons, 77.69% were married and 54.69% and had income ranges from N101,000 – N150,000. The result obtained showed that the sources of information from friends constitute 50% (mean of 2.56) of the respondents while for the extent of information utilization among the respondents the findings reveal that the information highly utilized by cowpea marketers include price (x = 2.63), available market (2.56) and transportation (x = 2.53). Lastly, all the variables were significant at P≤0.05 level except household size (X4). It was recommended that, adequate relevant market information should be provided to enable them increase their production so as to earn more profit. Government and the marketers should collaborate together to ensure availability of transportation network so as to improve marketing efficiency.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE DISCLOSURE QUALITY ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT OF LISTED CONGLOMERATES IN NIGERIA
Authors: Abdulwahab, U. M.  , Aliyu, B.  , Isah, S.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to examine the influence of corporate disclosure on earnings management of listed Conglomerates in Nigeria. The panel data collected was analysed using multiple regression model. However, the findings revealed that the explanatory variables such as liquidity, leverage, and age of firms are significant to minimizing earnings management of listed Conglomerates firms in Nigeria. Finally, the study recommended that the listed Conglomerates firms should increase their leverage levels, which apart from enjoying the benefits of debt financing such as tax shield, provides an incentive to corporate disclosure quality, among others.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL INFLUENCED BY PARAQUAT HERBICIDE APPLICATION IN GWAGWALADA AREA COUNCIL, ABUJA, NIGERIA
Authors: Wapa, J. M.  , Iwok, I. T.  , Aniah, A. I.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted with the purpose of determining the effects of herbicide (paraquat) on some important physico-chemical properties of soils of University of Abuja Teaching and Research Farmland. A portion of land in the school farm was mapped out for this experiment. Samples of soil from the land were collected for analysis in which the physico-chemical properties of soil were determined. Thereafter, the field was laid out using RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) which had four treatments with three replicates. The four (4) treatments used were 0ml/L which involves no paraquat application and called the control. The second treatment was 5ml/L which involved the use of 5ml/L of paraquat. The third treatment was 15ml/L, in which 15ml/L of paraquat was applied. The fourth treatment used was 30ml/L, which involved the application of 30ml/L of paraquat. From the result of the soil analysis, the soil’s textural class was sandy loam. The soil was acidic with a pH of 5.2 and has an average electrical conductivity of 0.060mg/kg. Its content of organic matter, organic carbon and total nitrogen was 0.87 mg/kg, 1.08mg/kg and 0.175mg/kg respectively. Cation Exchange Capacity of the soil was low with the value 8.60cmol/kg and Effective Cation Exchange Capacity of 8.12cmol/kg. The soil was high in micro-nutrients (iron-Fe, manganese-Mn, zinc-Zn and copper-Cu). The result of the experiment showed that paraquat does not have negative effect on the properties of the soil and therefore is reliable for use within this ecological zone.
ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ ACCEPTANCE OF IMPROVED TOMATO SEED VARIETIES IN KANO RIVER IRRIGATION PROJECT (KRIP) KANO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Tafida, I.  , Ayuba, A. S.
Published: April 2023

The study analyzed smallholder farmers’ acceptance of improved tomato varieties in Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) Kano State. The KRIP areas include; Kura, Bunkure and Garun Mallam. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 181 tomato farmers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, logit regression, technology acceptance model and Likert scale. The findings revealed that majority of the farmers were male and educated with mean age of 37 years; 56% had a mean household size of 8 people and 79.6% with a mean of 0.83 hectare of land while about 73% had a mean of 12 years’ experience. Results further revealed that gender (-0.998), educational status (-0.599), household size (-0.104), farming experience (-0.130) and credit access (-0.964) had positive influence on farmers’ acceptance of UC82B, Riogrande and Chibli, respectively, while farm size was significant (P≤0.01) and had negative coefficient on the acceptance of all varieties. Technology acceptance model result reported a positive outcome in terms of ease of usage, perceived attitude, perceived usefulness and intention to continue use for all the varieties. Price instability (72.90%), pest and disease problem (63.00%) and inadequate supply of irrigation water (56.40%) were the main challenges holding back the development of tomato production enterprise. The study concluded that farmers strongly preferred UC82B variety than any other variety and acceptance of new improved tomato varieties is conditioned by farmer perception and preferences. It was recommended that farmers should be encouraged to construct mud cooling chamber in their farms to reduce postharvest loss and market glut; government and non-governmental agencies should provide pesticides at a more subsidized rate; and there is also need for investment in water infrastructure.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PADDY MILLING IN ADAMAWA STATE, NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Gabdo, B. H.
Published: April 2023

The research examined the factors influencing paddy milling in Adamawa State, Nigeria based on data generated from 160 paddy millers via multi-stage sampling technique. In the research, four major functional forms of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression were modeled; linear, semi log, exponential and double log functional forms to unravel the predictors of paddy processing in the area. Diagnostic checks revealed the data set as free from heteroscedasticity, multi collinearity and autocorrelation. Having passed the diagnostic checks, the least square regression in the study was adjudged robust; reliable and stable. However, of the four (4) functional forms modeled in the study, the double log function returned best fit in terms economic, statistical and econometric criteria and used to derive the conclusion of the study. The double log result had the highest R2 value of 74.99%, lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.348, lowest Akaike Information Criteria and Bayesian Information Criteria of 122.95 and 144.47, respectively. In terms of estimated coefficients, the double log result revealed that paddy (X1), labor (X2), firewood (X3) and milling cost (X6) were all significant at P≤0.01. Thus, paddy, labor, firewood and milling cost were adjudged significant factors that influence paddy processing. The study recommended the need for effective allocation of those variables in the right quantities and time for optimum output of milled rice.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF GILL, LIVER AND KIDNEY TISSUES OF THE FRESHWATER FISH Oreochromis niloticus (LINNAEUS 1758) EXPOSED TO Tamarindus indica SEED HUSK POWDER
Authors: Isiyaku, M. S.  , Fagbenro, O. A.  , Olufayo, M. O.
Published: April 2023

The study evaluated potential tamarind seed husk powder bioaccumulation and its morphological effects in different organs of the freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, after a single acute intra-peritoneal exposure (LC50 of 1.52mg/l) and over progressively longer exposure times (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h). The tamarind seed husk powder accumulation was differential and time dependent for most target organs (Gill > Liver > Kidney). The liver showed progressive tamarind seed husk powder accumulation, presenting its highest levels only at the 96 h exposure point. Histopathological alterations were observed in kidney, liver and gills from 24 h of tamarind seed husk powder exposure, and the extent of the alterations and their severity increased out to 96 h of exposure. These results showed a correlation between tamarind seed husk powder accumulation and the induced morphological damages in different organs along the time in a tropical fish species Oreochromis niloticus, being the histopathology a sensitive technique for the observation of the initial damage from tamarind seed husk powder exposure. The study demonstrated the necessity to regulate the discharge of tamarind seed husk powder in effluents from domestic and industrial sources into aquatic systems.
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF RICE PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Aboki, E.  , Luka, P.  , Jonathan, R.  , Rukwe, D. T.
Published: April 2023

The study evaluated technical efficiency of rice production in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 133 respondents for the study. Primary data used in the study were collected using structured questionnaire administered to respondents. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production function. Result of the study indicated that majority (80.45%) of the respondents was male; the average age of the farmers was 39 years, majority (67%) of the respondents was married. The average household size was five (5) people per household. The average farming experience of the farmers was 15 years; majority (76%) of the respondents had formal education. The average farm size of the farmers was 2 hectare, 69.17% of the rice farmers do not have access to credit, and most (75.94%) of the respondents did participate in any cooperative association. Majority (95.49%) of the respondents did not have access to extension contacts. The maximum likelihood estimate of stochastic frontier production function for rice farmers were all positive, that is, farm size, seed used, fertilizer and labor except for herbicide and cost of ploughing which were negative. It was concluded that rice farmers were efficient in their production with mean efficiency index of 87%. It was recommended that, farmers should use the available resources efficiently to attain maximum output.
ESTIMATING THE TREATMENT EFFECT OF LAND DEGRADATION ON SMALLHOLDER ARABLE CROP FARMERS’ FOOD SECURITY AND PRODUCTIVITY IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Oladimeji, Y. U.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to estimate the treatment effect of land degradation on smallholder arable crop farmers’ food security and productivity in Kwara State, Nigeria. A multi stage random farming household survey resulted in four (4) Local Government Areas (LGAs), eight (8) villages, and 240 farmers were filtered to 92 and 148 land graded and non-degraded farmers, respectively. The t-statistics, propensity score matching (PSM) and local average treatment effect (LATE) models were used as analytical tools for the study. The result showed that the t-test value of 2.3 was statistically significant at P≤0.05 signifying difference between the income of farmers whose land was degraded and non-degraded. The results of the impact of land degradation on food security and productivity of the smallholder farmers revealed that the average food security index and productivity was 0.297 and 1.17 units, respectively. The average impact estimation disclosed that degraded land had a significant and negative impact on food security status and productivity of arable crop farmers. The treatment effect on the treated (ATT) on the average had a negative impact and reduced food security index and productivity of farmers whose land was degraded by -0.419 (60.55 %) and 0.120 (9.3 %). The average effect of the treatment (ATE) for arable crop farmers also had negative difference of -0.200 and -0.090 units, respectively. The study recommended that farmers should take advantage of their cooperative membership and collaborate with relevant agencies such as extension personnel, ministry of environment and others relevant stakeholders for training and workshop on how to prevent and combat land degradation problems.
ASSESSMENT OF ADOPTION OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN KADUNA STATE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: Muhammad, M. B.  , Usman, B. O.  , Onyeama, C. G.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out to assess the adoption of family planning methods among rural women in Kaduna State. The study revealed that over 85% of the respondents were in the productive age of between 15 - 44 years with about 60.28% in a polygamous home. The main sources of information used by the respondents were health officials (21.08%), radio (20.48%) and friends (12.65%). The results further disclosed low use of modern family planning methods (38.28%); mainly preferred use of traditional methods of family planning (61.72%) and preferred use of modern methods of family planning (38.28%). Prolonged lactation (28.70%), abstinence (21.29%) and withdrawal method (18.06%) ranked first, second and third, respectively, among traditional family planning method mainly used by the respondents. Of those using modern methods, 35.07% used oral contraceptives while 26.12% of the respondents used the condom. Majority (22.00%) of the respondents reported the perceived religious prohibition against family planning, lack of approval by husband (19.14%) and fear of side effects associated as the main constraints faced in the adoption of family planning in the study area. The study recommended raising the level of both spouses in the understanding of positive aspects of family planning methods by the public health workers through use of trusted scholars via governmental and non-governmental agencies.
IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE ON POVERTY STATUS OF RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN NORTHWEST, NIGERIA
Authors: Baba, D.  , Damisa, M. A.  , Muhammad, A. B.  , Yakubu, Y. L.
Published: April 2023

The study assessed impact of adoption of quality protein maize (QPM) on rural poverty status of households in Northwest, Nigeria. The study collected data from 652 households using descriptive statistics; t-test, poverty decomposition, propensity score matching, average treatment effect, and potential outcome mean to analyze the data. The study found that about 29% - 31% (N351, 894 - N401, 658) of household expenditure goes to the purchase of food. It was equally established that 32% - 37% (N111, 878 - N141, 783) of household’s non-food expenditure was on cloth, transport, school fees and school materials. The average per capita expenditure poverty for farmers was N90.5 to N2863.60 per head per day. For farmers that do not adopt QPM, their current multidimensional poverty was 38% and had they choose to produce QPM, their multidimensional poverty index (MDPI) would be 34.7%. The current expenditure poverty status was 33% and had they choose to produced QPM, their expenditure poverty would be 61%. The study recommended increase in the publicity of QPM through bulletin, guide, and radio jingle in the study area.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CHILLI PEPPER PROCESSING IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Yahaya, M. K.  , Mustapha, A.  , Suleiman, A.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out in Kano State, Nigeria to determine the economic analysis of chilli pepper processing as a means of improving livelihoods in the study area. The researcher randomly selected 36 market processors and 33 home processors making a total of 69 sample size for the study. Descriptive statistics and gross margin model were used for the analysis. The result revealed that the age bracket of between 37-43 years (29%) dominated the chilli pepper processing enterprise and 34.8% had 6-10 years of experience. All the respondents were female and most (81.2%) had formal education. Gross margin analysis indicated that market processors along the value chain recorded a return of N180 per 0.4 kg of chilli pepper processed. The home chilli pepper processors added more value than their market counterparts with profits of N255 and N270 per 0.4 kg using modern and manual processing methods, respectively. Constraints encountered by chilli pepper processors in the study area include seasonality, high cost of other inputs used in processing, inadequate capital, health reasons and lack of patronage. The study concluded that chilli pepper processing was profitable. It was recommended that, in order to increase the revenue earnings of the processors which will thus improve their livelihoods, credit facilities should be made available to processors. Also, the chilli pepper processors’ cooperative groups should be formed to provide processing inputs at a subsidized rate to the processors.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE PRODUCERS OPERATING UNDER AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AGENDA SUPPORT PROGRAMME IN AGRICULTURAL ZONE 1 OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Mohammed, U.  , Nabara, I. S.
Published: April 2023

The study was on demographic characteristics of rice producers operating under agricultural transformation agenda support programme in agricultural zone 1 (ATASP-I) of Niger State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 165 of rice producers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and interview scheduled; and analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency and mean), Likert scale and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. The result revealed that 77.5% of the respondents were males while their mean age was 40 years. Also, 77.5% of the respondents were married; 36.3% had no formal education; and 67.2% had household size between 6-8 people. The result of participation of rice producers in ATASP-I revealed that training at the local level ranked 1st with mean value of 2.70, application of fertilizer ranked 2nd with mean value of 2.68, and planting activities ranked 3rd with mean value of 2.61. these findings is an indication of  high participation of rice producers in those activities; also results further  showed that ploughing activities and linkages with financial institution with mean value 1.20 and 1.10 has lower participation by rice producers in the study area. The major constraints encountered by the respondents were poor credit facilities ( = 4.13) and high cost of equipment ( = 4.57). It was recommended that provision of credit facilities should be made available to rice producers timely and speedily; and good extension services should be provided to rice farmers by ATASP-I in order to enhance their outputs and strengthen their capacity.
EFFECTS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REDUCTION IN NIGERIA
Authors: Agu, M. N.  , Mohammed, H. I.  , Paul, V.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to examine the effects of women entrepreneurial development on domestic violence reduction in Nigeria. A mixed method approach was used and the population of the study constituted selected women entrepreneurs across Nigeria. The study sampled 839 respondents using Top-man formula for sample size determination. The instrument for the study was questionnaire that used likert scale format. The study adopted content validity for the instruments and Cronbach alpha method of internal consistency to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using multiple regressions with the aid of content thematic analysis of SPSSv21. The study concluded that women who engaged in entrepreneurial activities support their homes; and they were considered as assets not liabilities by their husbands and therefore, earn respect. Domestic violence against women constitutes a major setback to agricultural activities in the Study Area. The study, therefore, recommended that women should be given every encouragement both financially and emotionally to embark on entrepreneurial activities such as opportunities to occupy reasonable positions in government both politically and career appointments to display their talents; and the farmers especially from the women extraction be given full protection against herdsmen at both on farms and at home. There is also need for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who are also key components in any sustainable human development agenda to end or reduce violence against women by rendering community services through the creation of adequate awareness to the general public.
ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND JOB PREFERENCE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF AGRICULTURE: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Coker, A. A. A.  , Sule, B. A.  , Mohammed, U. S.  , Jirgi, A. J.
Published: April 2023

Against the backdrop of the challenges bedevilling the African youths, including limited job opportunities, skills limitations and mismatch, the study used agriculture students of the Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria to unearth the entrepreneurial skills acquired by students; assess Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) and ascertain their job preferences. The study deployed mixed analytical tools comprising descriptive analyses, Likert perception procedure and Probit model. The study established that only 4.3% of the students attended technical schools, 42.1% chose agriculture as first choice, 95.0% never attended career sessions on entrepreneurship and agribusiness, 68.9% had previous work experiences, 14.8% were previously involved in agro-based endeavours, 90.9% liked agriculture as a profession and only 49.3% affirmed that they acquired agro-based skills after SIWES. Based on Likert weighted means of 4.26, 4.49 and 3.87, the students perceived SIWES as useful, relevant and adequate, respectively; and 86.6% preferred agro-based jobs. The key challenges to effective acquisition of skills during the SIWES year were difficulties in securing placement and inadequate funding. The study concluded that the type of schools attended and perception of relevance of curriculum were drivers of agro-based job preference. The study recommended regular sensitization at the pre-tertiary education levels on the opportunities that abound in the agriculture profession; formation of agro-based entrepreneurship networks and partnership with established entrepreneurship outfits with innovative and sustainable approaches; regular conduct of skill gap analysis to provide direction to relevant and trending 21st Century skills-set, and building capacity for feasible agribusiness plans and feasibility studies.
DETERMINANTS OF YOUTHS’ INTENTION IN AGRIBUSINESS USING THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
Authors: Abdulshakur, M. M.  , Sulaiman, U.
Published: April 2023

The study examined youths’ intention in agribusiness using theory of planned behavior. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed for data collection. However, only 250 questionnaires were properly filled and usable. The objectives were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that majority (71.2%) of the respondents were male while 28.8% were female. It also showed that majority (64.8%) of the respondent were between the ages of 23-27 with a mean of the distribution of 24.40. The findings also revealed that 46% of the respondents’ parents were civil servants, businessmen (20%), farmers (18.4%) and other occupations (15.6%). The result of the multiple regression analysis showed that attitude towards behavior (0.550) and subjective norms (0.107) were positive and significant at P≤0.01 and P≤0.05 level of significance, respectively, as predictors of entrepreneurial intention. It was concluded that the students had intention to engage in agribusiness but do not have the capability to get through with it. The students had a positive attitude towards engaging in agribusiness. It was therefore, recommended that seminars, workshops and classes should be held to encourage students to go into agricultural activities; government should also consider giving out incentives, loans, and subsidies to encourage young farmers.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NET INCOMES FOR SUPPLY CHAIN ACTORS OF FRESH TOMATO IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Atman, F. M.  , Mohammed, I.  , Yakubu, S.
Published: April 2023

The study compared the net farm income of fresh tomato supply chain actors (SCAs) among central, western and northern zones of Bauchi State. Primary data were collected with the use of a structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 658 supply chain actors (producers, wholesalers, and retailers). The data collected were analysed using farm budgeting technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result reveals net incomes of N186025.35, N321883.48 and N 66858.45 for producers, wholesalers and retailers, respectively. Also, the study shows returns per naira invested on every one naira as N0.78, N0.29 and N0.2, minimum net incomes of N -314058.33, N -2499400, N-80250.00 and maximum net incomes of N979826.67, N 4929150.00,  N 368050.0 for producers, wholesalers and retailers, respectively. The result shows significant differences in the net incomes of wholesalers and produce; wholesalers and retailers; and between retailers and producers at p < 0.05 and P<0.01 was observed. The result further reveals minimum costs incurred as N115122.50, N253450.00, N73470.00 and maximum costs incurred as N 805658.33, N4026350.00 and N 725570.00 for the SCAs. The result indicated significant differences in costs incurred between wholesalers and producers, wholesalers and retailers at P<0.01. The study concluded that fresh tomato production and marketing in the study area was profitable among the supply chain actors. It can also be said that there was significant differences in both the net incomes obtained and costs incurred by the supply chain actors among the zones. The study recommends that decisions on fresh tomato production and marketing be adjusted and re-established so as to optimise their profits. Also, SCAs can sell their products online by registering their product and location. This will allow easy access of the product by customers and it will help broaden fresh tomato market, which in turn will increase the income of the supply chain actors in the study area.