bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
US partisan perceptions of Stephen Harper’s shift in foreign policy
Authors: Paquin Jonathan
Published: July 2018

While Stephen Harper’s foreign policy sparked heated debates during his entire tenure as prime minister, these debates were mainly confined to Canadian foreign policy circles. Little attention was paid to allies’ perceptions of these developments and, more specifically, to the perception of the United States, Canada’s main economic and security partner. How did the Bush and Obama administrations perceive these changes? Were they seen as a break from Canada’s past? Did Harper’s handling of foreign policy alter White House calculations with respect to Canada? Based on a series of semi-structured interviews conducted in Washington DC with executive officials a few months prior to the end of the Harper era in 2015, this essay shows that despite a widespread perception in Washington that Canada’s foreign policy approach had changed under Harper, partisanship was the main dividing line in terms of how this approach was perceived and assessed.
“Soldiers first”: Preparing the Canadian Army for twenty-first century peace operations
Authors: Coombs Howard G
Published: July 2018

The Canadian Army has historically adopted a paradigm of preparing for peace operations by training and educating both soldiers and leaders to be capable of general-purpose combat. This paradigm of “soldiers first” has not been without its flaws, particularly when the security environment, the operational mandate, and mission preparation became unaligned. Consequently, as we move forward into the peace activities of the twenty-first century, where Canadian soldiers will be committed to operations in complex regions like Africa and the Middle East, it will be necessary to identify and institutionalize the lessons of the past in order to ensure that the model of “soldiers first” can be adapted to the varied challenges of the contemporary and future security environment through a holistic application of specialized training, leader education, and institutional support.
Canada, NATO, and Global Russia
Authors: Jackson Nicole J
Published: July 2018

Today Russia poses significant challenges that require sophisticated responses from both Canada and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), yet more research is needed on almost all aspects of policy development. Academic experts on NATO and Russia could contribute significantly to this process. To this end, collaboration and engagement among those experts with each other’s literature would be highly beneficial. Appropriate methodologies must be developed to answer questions about Russia’s specific intentions, test the assumptions upon which NATO and Canada’s policies are founded, and discover and respond to the root causes of Russia’s discontent. Policy options should be based on detailed knowledge of global security dynamics, as well as high-quality analysis about Russia’s rhetoric and its varied use of hard, soft, and sharp soft power in regional and global cases. A research network on these topics could help decision-makers respond to these complex developments by approaching them through “the eyes of our adversaries,” clarifying the big picture of hybrid warfare and also the micro-level details.
Canada, human rights, and the future of the liberal international order
Authors: Thompson Andrew S.
Published: July 2018

Human rights—specifically international human rights law—have been central to the success of the liberal international order. But since the founding of the United Nations (UN), Canada has had a complicated relationship with international human rights law. This article provides a survey of sixty years of Canadian human rights diplomacy at the UN Commission on Human Rights, from its establishment in 1946 to its dissolution in 2006. During this period, there were moments when Canada did champion new international law, and did so courageously. Yet there were others, such as during negotiations to recognize and codify the rights of Indigenous peoples, when it stood in the way of progress. But the international order that has served Canada so well since the end of the Second World War is under threat, due to a combination of shifts in the global balance of power, and critical challenges such as climate change. If it is to survive into the twenty-first century, advanced democracies such as Canada will need to lead in the development and enforcement of international human rights law, a role that governments in Ottawa have at various times been reluctant to play.
Greensboro Schools Win Hearty Support
Authors: Phillips G. B.
Published: July 2018

What can be accomplished when schools and community work together for the good of tomorrow's citizens, is here vividly shown. A farsighted building policy has fringed the city with schools having spacious grounds. Yet the emphasis is upon improved instruction.
Cleveland's School for Problem Boys
Authors: Watson P. M.
Published: July 2018

“It is the belief of those responsible for the institution that it is natural and normal for a child to like to go to school, and that most of his misbehavior and truancy will cease when he is provided with work he can do with satisfaction and success.”
Group Work—The Recitation
Authors: Jones Edgar S.
Published: July 2018

“The talking teacher is a hindrance to the mental growth of the class, and oft-times reduces the desire of the pupil to express himself,” says the writer. This article contains many interesting suggestions for effectively conducting recitations.
Problems of Personality
Authors: Myers Garry Cleveland
Published: July 2018

“Perhaps the greatest horror which the teacher has is that her pupils might know she is disapproved. Gradually supervisors are learning never to criticise adversely the teacher in the presence of pupils.”
Idaho's Dwindling Endowments
Authors: Dienst Charles F.
Published: July 2018

A federal land grant of three million acres made for the benefit of public education when Idaho gained statehood, has been shrinking, and Idaho citizens are trying to ascertain the facts and guard the residue.
Liberal Education a Vital Need
Authors: Sills Kenneth C. M.
Published: July 2018

“For the sake of our national life we need to send out each year some men and women who have learned to exercise their mental faculties by being brought into contact with the best that has been thought and said in the world.”
Public Education in Washington
Authors: Showalter N. D.
Published: July 2018

“Without equalization there can be neither justice nor fairness to taxpayers, nor to the children whose heritage is guaranteed to be ‘the paramount duty of the state.’”
A Principal's Busy Life
Authors: Baker N. R.
Published: July 2018

If you doubt that a principal has 83,000 different situations to look after—count them yourself.
A Young Man Lands a Job
Authors: Dulebohn Irl H.
Published: July 2018

Education in the hinterland is not too standardized. Witness this way of selecting a superintendent.
Art in a New Hampshire School
Authors: MacLean D. W.
Published: July 2018

Miss Kelly's boys and girls have eyes open to the pictures Nature has hung around them.
What the Public Expects
Authors: Doyle Henry Grattan
Published: July 2018

Will the depression lead to a more careful scrutiny of the qualifications of teachers?
Learning by Group Discussion
Authors: Waltz Maynakd C.
Published: July 2018

How this socialized method may be applied to best advantage — avoiding admitted dangers.
Teaching the Handicapped Child
Authors: Patry Frederick L.
Published: July 2018

Shall the handicapped child become a liability or an asset to society? Ten guideposts to the right answer.
Democracy Assaulted
Authors: Barham Thomas C.
Published: July 2018

Youth Must Be Taught to Discriminate and Not to Swallow Every - Recommended Panacea, as So Many Adults Are Doing.
Recovery's Good Samaritan
Authors: Jansky C. M.
Published: July 2018

This is an answer to the article styled “Recovery's Frankenstein” published in the January 6 issue of this magazine.
Segregating the Anti-Social
Authors: Hogan Charles O.
Published: July 2018

In a school of seven hundred boys, twenty were found to need separate treatment, and a special class was formed. The author writes from his experience as teacher of this group.
Help for the Maladjusted Child
Authors: Inskeep Annie Dolman
Published: July 2018

Mastery of this one article on the personality difficulties of the elementary school child will add immensely to the effectiveness of any teacher.
Minneapolis School of the Air
Authors: Reed Carroll R.
Published: July 2018

How one city's school system offers pupils and public a broad educational program by radio.
Public Opinion
Authors: McGinnis William C.
Published: July 2018

How it is formed and why it so often is cut on the bias.
The Salt is Not the Loaf
Authors: Kirby Byron C.
Published: July 2018

A challenge to the New Education by one who believes the Old is indispensable.
The Generic Feminine
Authors: Coulson Edwin R.
Published: July 2018

Gentlemen, this is a sad story. “Teacher,” as you know, is mostly feminine. But this is only the beginning!
The N. E. A. at San Francisco
Authors: Farley Belmont
Published: July 2018

Largely attended and replete with interest was this year's gathering of the National Education Association on the Pacific Coast
Using Education for Democracy
Authors: Holmes Henry W.
Published: July 2018

“It is the business of the schools … to weave the lives of the young into the pattern of the social life around them.”
Pupils Study at City Zoo
Authors: Allen Harriet
Published: July 2018

If you are sceptical, read this account of San Diego's ingenious program. Here's motivation, surely!
The Arts of Free Men
Authors: Clifton Robert S.
Published: July 2018

“Man as a human being is neglected in favor of man the jobholder.” A brief for the liberal arts in secondary education
Dark Sayings
Authors: Foley Louis
Published: July 2018

The kind of verbiage teachers are expected to read is held up for scrutiny. Nineteen lines boil down to four.
“Shall Windy Words Have No End?”
Authors: Dunn James
Published: July 2018

Not in Jab's day nor in ours. But we might counter by lessons in clear thinking.
What Kind of Front Are You?
Authors: Hays R. Vernon
Published: July 2018

Your school is judged by the way you advertise it in your attitude and conversation.
The Principal Holds Court
Authors: Emery James Newell
Published: July 2018

If it isn't one thing it's half a dozen—and the principal needs to be a Solomon.
Earthquake Weather
Authors: De Jean Louis
Published: July 2018

Condensed from the forthcoming book “Junior Citizen” with permission of the publishers, (Philosophical Library, New York)
Another Road to International Understanding
Authors: Fowler Mary Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

We should be aware of the human feelings which are common to members of all races and nationalities, rather than the characteristics which make one group different from another.
Modification of the Classroom Behavior of a “Disadvantaged” Kindergarten Boy by Social Reinforcement and Isolation
Authors: Abbott Martha Schatt , Aikman Louis
Published: July 2018

This 1967 Master's degree thesis, by Martha Schatt Abbott, has been abridged by me, in order to conserve space. Secondary analysis and findings not vital to the understanding of the main hypothesis being tested, the discussion of background literature and experimental methodology of classical and operant conditioning, tables and figures portraying daily means and standard deviations, percentages of change in daily behavior of the subject under various experimental conditions, and mean frequency and length of teacher interaction by experimental condition, have been either omitted or abridged.

The results of the study have important implications relative to methodology and demonstrate that systematic use of social reinforcement in the classroom can change a child's behavior.

Acknowledgement and grateful appreciation is given to Dr. fames J. Gallagher, Director of the Education Improvement Program, Duke University, whose direction and collaboration made the study possible and to others who contributed their-time and effort at Durham where the data was collected.

The complete thesis is available in Boston University's Mugar Library.
A Curricular Strategy for Liberal Arts Education in Historical Perspective
Authors: Botstein Leon
Published: July 2018

This article discusses the current dilemma with respect to undergraduate curricular strategies. After a brief review of the debate concerning general education and required liberal arts curricula, the author outlines the development of curriculum at Franconia College, Franconia, New Hampshire, during the years 1963–1973. This historical section leads into an outline of a proposal for a project-oriented curriculum which combines theoretical study and practical action.
Education 2000 A.D.
Authors: Nash Paul
Published: July 2018

In this article the author uses a mixture of historical evidence, extrapolation from present trends, and fantasies about the future to make some projections about the human condition in the year 2000. He then deduces what implications these projections bear for educational practice during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Some of the areas he touches upon in his analysis are the spread of affluence, developments in cybernation, the challenges of an information-rich society, changes in authority relationships, sex-role differences, skin-color differences, changes in space-consciousness, changes in time-orientation, population growth, the problems of violence, the use and abuse of drugs, ecological consciousness, the nurture of creativity and aesthetic sensitivity, and changes in religion.
School Administrators and Compliance: Public Aid to Parochial Education
Authors: Jones Ruth S.
Published: July 2018

The study asks, “How do public school administrators respond when the state legislature breaks sharply with tradition and mandates that the resources of the state textbook fund be made available to private as well as public school students?” Two measures of compliance were devised that revealed a low level of service to parochial schools in general, and considerable variation in the service provided by the twenty-five districts studied. The author argues that the failure to achieve full compliance does not seem to be specific to the church/state issue, to the antagonistic position of the public school officials, or to the peculiarities of educational politics. Rather, implementation of this legislative mandate simply reflects, and is constrained by, the conditions that influence public policy implementation in all areas. To increase compliance with school laws, and in this case, public school service to the private sector, the author suggests that concerned and involved publics both recognize and apply political strategies that have proved effective in non-educational policy areas.
Sex Differences in Language Proficiency of Mexican-American Third and Fourth Graders
Authors: Betancourt Raul
Published: July 2018

Mexican-American third and fourth graders (n = 162) were administered a language proficiency test (Moreno Test of Oral Proficiency) and vocabulary test (Peabody Picture Vocabulary) in English and Spanish on two occasions. Males scored significantly higher on Spanish proficiency contrary to general research findings. The sample was further divided into high and low Spanish-ability groups and analyzed with parallel results. However, female scores on Spanish proficiency were even lower for the high group than the low. A cultural inhibition hypothesis was proposed based, in part, on Maccoby's integrative hypothesis to account for these results.
Teachers and Community: Partners or Enemies An Essay
Authors: Selden David
Published: July 2018

American teachers tend to regard the communities they serve with suspicion and sometimes downright antagonism, and these attitudes, more often than not, are reciprocated by the communities. Yet both groups, teachers and community, want to improve the quality of education. Teachers want conditions which encourage good teaching, while communities want schools in which children learn. Teaching and learning are two parts of the same process, but still the alienation between teachers and community persists. Why? Can the two groups be made to understand their true interdependence? Can they enter into a partnership from which each can benefit?
New Roles for the University: The British Experience
Authors: Pinto-Duschinsky Michael
Published: July 2018

To survey the expansion of British higher education during the last twenty years is to conduct an inquest into an almost unmitigated disaster. The greatly enlarged university system and the new polytechnics have yielded few of the advantages originally claimed by the proponents of rapid growth.

The main reason for this failure is that “expansion” has generally been seen as “more of the same.” Since the 1950s, and particularly since the authoritative Robbins Report of 1963, the new universities and polytechnics have too easily become replicas of the old. Higher education has remained geared to the traditional Oxbridge function — the provision of full time, non-vocational, residential, degree courses for 18 – 22 year olds.

Significantly, one of the most notable success stories has been the Open University. Unlike conventional institutions, this has introduced a fresh concept of higher education. It offers part time courses catering mainly for adults. The courses are based on correspondence materials and television lectures. The Open University has shown how it is possible to extend the role of the university.
The Condition of Education in America: A Legislative Perspective
Authors: Brademas John
Published: July 2018

The following essay is a transcript of a speech delivered by John Brademas at the special symposium on British and American education at Boston University during summer term, 1976.
Education for Woman: The Utah Legacy
Authors: Adix Shauna
Published: July 2018

This article presents data on the history of women at the University of Utah from 1850 to 1915 in an effort to put into perspective the meaning behind the inclusion of women at the beginning of the institution at a time when that was still relatively uncommon nationwide. Information is drawn from an in-depth review of all primary resources in the Records Center and Archives of the University of Utah. Other relevant collections and manuscripts at the University of Utah and the Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, were also consulted. The findings lead to the conclusion that the inclusion of women had a pragmatic economic base, did not give them equal access to University resources, increasingly reinforced prevalent social expectations by educating them for roles as wives, mothers and teachers and was not rooted in a basic commitment to equal education for men and women.
Early Women in Education: The Role of the Anderson School of Natural History
Authors: Burstyn Joan N.
Published: July 2018

In the summer of 1873 Louis Agassiz, of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, founded a summer school on Penikese Island. 30 women were among the students during the school's two year existence. Although it was short-lived, the school became the prototype for residential summer schools, and the people who attended it became significant figures in education, particularly in science. For women summer school had particular significance since it provided them with post-baccalaureate education when formal graduate study, which was just beginning in the United States, was not open to them. Although Louis Agassiz did not think of women as equal partners in scientific research, his male students at Penikese were later willing to accept women as graduate students and as research colleagues. In part, their willingness was a result of their experience at the Anderson School. The women there changed science teaching at several women's colleges, and helped prepare younger women to become professional scientists.
Social Education Programs and Their Effects on Children's Attitudes toward Other Nations and Other Peoples
Authors: Mitsakos Charles L.
Published: July 2018

This article presents the conclusions drawn as a result of the examination of the effect of the Family of Man social studies program on third-grade children's views of foreign peoples. Included in this report of the Family of Man Evaluation Study (hereafter referred to as FAMES) project are summaries of (a) the rationale of the curriculum evaluation study, (b) its materials and treatment groups, (c) the instruments employed, (d) the findings, and (e) the conclusions drawn from the findings.
A Problem of Categories: Classifying Approaches to Teaching
Authors: Joyce Bruce R.
Published: July 2018

This paper deals with two problems, linguistic and conceptual, associated with most discussions of teaching and teacher training. The linguistics problem arises because the term “teaching” is frequently used in a relatively undifferentiated way. The conceptual problem stems from the anomaly that most scholarship in the teaching area is generated from value orientations which masquerade in analytic dress.
(Un)framing Language Policy and Reform in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tupas Ruanni
Published: July 2018

This article explores language policy in Southeast Asia, focussing on two recent state and other institutional reform efforts and directions: one towards English, and the other towards the mother tongues. However, what needs to be highlighted is the bifurcated nature of language policy reforms in the region. That is, these two policy directions are rarely conceptualized together. In terms of implementation, they are mobilized independently as if they are products of completely different phenomena. A set of broad assumptions upon which policies and policy reforms should be based must be articulated. Educational and social justice, nationalism, and global competitiveness saturate discussion on language policies in the region. With a coherent and inclusive framing of this discussion, language policies should unite – not divide – people.
How uncertainty affects career behaviour: A narrative approach
Authors: Trevor-Roberts Edwin , Parker Polly , Sandberg Jorgen
Published: July 2018

Despite increased uncertainty in the environment, the role of uncertainty in people’s careers is poorly understood. Those few theories that account for uncertainty portray it as a negative influence on people’s career and should therefore be reduced or avoided. This article presents an empirical study that investigated the impact of uncertainty on people’s career behaviour using a narrative approach. The findings reveal that people have different understandings of career uncertainty, which leads to distinct differences in subsequent career behaviour. Specifically, we identified four qualitatively different meanings of career uncertainty we have called Stabiliser, Glider, Energiser and Adventurer. The findings add to the existing literature by showing how each meaning of career uncertainty affects career decision making, criteria to gauge career success and meaning, and negotiating transitions. This significantly broadens current conceptualisation of career uncertainty and its impact on career behaviour than existing literature.

JEL Classification: M10, M50, L10
Does Legal Status Affect Performance of Microfinance Institutions?: Empirical Evidence from India
Authors: Ghose Biswajit , Paliar S. Joplinshisha , Mena Liha
Published: July 2018

Transformation of non-government organizations (NGOs) to shareholder-owned microfinance institutions (MFIs) is an on-going debate in the field of microfinance research. Institutionalists support the transformation, whereas welfarists argue that NGOs are better conduits in serving poor clients. Prior studies on the impact of legal status of MFIs on their performance document mixed results. This study empirically investigates the extent to which the transformation is justified by examining the impact of legal status on the performance of MFIs in India. Using both univariate ( t-test and rank-sum test) and multivariate (random effect model) regression analysis on a dataset of 57 MFIs over the period of six years from 2008–2009 to 2013–2014, the study finds that the NGOs have better financial and sustainability performance than non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), but with respect to social performance both are indistinguishable. Further, the former has lesser costs of operation and better portfolio quality than the latter. Therefore, NGOs outperform NBFCs with respect to all dimensions of performance except for social performance where both are equally efficient. In conclusion, the transformation of NGOs to NBFCs may not improve the performance of Indian MFIs. These findings are expected to have substantial practical implications for managers of MFIs and for policymakers in framing policies for Indian MFIs.
Party Identification in the Age of Obama: Evidence on the Sources of Stability and Systematic Change in Party Identification from a Long-Term Panel Survey
Authors: Tucker Patrick D. , Montgomery Jacob M. , Smith Steven S.
Published: July 2018

Political scientists have long disagreed about the nature of individual-level change in party identification. While some scholars conclude that party identification is a stable identity—attributing changes in individual responses to measurement error—others show that aggregate party identification responds systematically to short-term forces such as presidential approval. In this article, we use a unique long-term panel measuring party identification twenty times in the 2011–2016 period to support a subtle compromise between these competing claims. We show that individual-level party identification changes systematically over time even after accounting for measurement error and that this change is related to short-term evaluations of the parties and the president. However, although such change exists, it is modest in the medium term and more common among specific subsets of respondents. Finally, we show that that these findings are robust to numerous alternative modeling strategies. We believe that our analysis provides the most systematic examination to date of individual-level changes in party identification.
Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies—A single institution experience and a review of literature
Authors: Shaikh Hira , Khattab Ahmed , Faisal Muhammad S , Chilkulwar Abhishek , Albrethsen Mary , Sadashiv Santhosh , Fazal Salman
Published: July 2018

Background

Ibrutinib, a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor has reformed the treatment of various B-cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Although generally well tolerated, here we describe our institutional experience of unique adverse effects encountered with the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell lymphomas.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study done at a tertiary care facility, to evaluate adverse events in patients with B-cell malignancies on treatment with ibrutinib between 2014 and 2018. Further details including type of malignancy, cytogenetics, interventions for treatment of the side effect, and outcomes were obtained through electronic health record.

Case series

We found 10 patients with unique adverse events related to ibrutinib. Among those, six had chronic lymphocytic leukemia, two had Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, and two had mantle cell lymphoma. The events included palindromic rheumatoid arthritis, diffuse spongiotic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, recurrent hemorrhagic stroke, peripheral neuropathy, recurrent paronychia, intramedullary fibrosis, recurrent joint pains, pulmonary aspergillosis, dyspnea with exacerbation of atrial fibrillation, and resolution of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Conclusion

Our case series illustrates the wide variety of unique events recognized in patients treated with ibrutinib, some of which required cessation and most had dose reduction of the treatment. Thus, stressing the importance of early identification and intervention for the events to avoid worsening of toxicity and inability to continue treatment in such patients.
Elevated Renal Oxygen Extraction During Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Is Related to Postoperative Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Olesen Niels Damkjær , Jørgensen Thomas Bech , Eiberg Jonas , Helgstrand Ulf Johan Vilhelm , Sillesen Henrik Hegaard , Cedergreen Pernille , Secher Niels Henry , Nielsen Henning Bay
Published: July 2018

Background. Open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is often followed by elevated plasma creatinine, likely due to impaired renal blood flow. We evaluated whether postoperative elevation in creatinine relates to renal oxygen extraction during surgery as an index of renal blood flow and also monitored frontal lobe oxygenation. Methods. For 19 patients (66 ± 10 years; mean ± SD) undergoing open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, renal oxygen extraction was determined by arterial and renal vein catheterization. Near-infrared spectroscopy determined frontal lobe oxygenation. Results. During surgery mean arterial pressure (from 102 ± 14 to 65 ± 11 mm Hg; P < .0001), arterial hemoglobin (from 7.7 ± 0.7 to 6.6 ± 0.8 mmol/L; P < 0.0001), and frontal lobe oxygenation (from 74 ± 6% to 70 ± 6%; P = .0414) decreased, while renal oxygen extraction increased (from 5.3% [4.3-8.1]; median [interquartile range] to 10.8% [5.8-17.5]; P = .0405). Plasma creatinine became significantly elevated on the second day after the operation (from 83 [73-101] to 105 µmol/L [79-143]; P = .0062) with a peak increase observed after 2 days (1-2). The peak increase in creatinine correlated to intraoperative renal oxygen extraction ( r = 0.51; P = .026). Conclusion. Kidney function was affected after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair likely related to limited renal blood flow. We take the increase in renal oxygen extraction and reduction in frontal lobe oxygenation to suggest that mean arterial pressure and hemoglobin were too low to maintain renal and cerebral circulation in vascular surgical patients.
Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the flow field characteristics in a novel exhaust purification muffler of diesel engine
Authors: Jun Fu , ZengFeng Zhang , Wei Chen , Hong Mao , JianXing Li
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this paper is to improve the emission performance of diesel engines. A novel exhaust purification muffler was proposed and designed. The flow field characteristics of the exhaust purification muffler were studied based on the finite volume method, the pressure loss of the exhaust purification muffler was 3315 Pa, and the pressure loss of the exhaust purification muffler was just 2% higher than the original muffler. Then, a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established and used to investigate the effect of different expansion ratio, cavity length ratio, and ratio of length to diameter on the flow field characteristics in an exhaust purification muffler of diesel engine. The study was shown that the porous media (ceramic foam) had a great influence on the flow field distribution, where the air flow velocity was stable and the pressure distribution was trapezoidal, having a good pressure reduction and deceleration effect. With the increase of the expansion ratio parameter, the airflow cross-section area changed when air entered into the inlet silencing cavity, which had great influence on the velocity field and the pressure loss. Because of the improvement of cavity length ratio parameter, the flowing distance in the inlet silencing increased, which caused more local turbulence and pressure fluctuation. Also with the increase of the ratio of length to diameter parameter, the volume of inlet silencing chamber and the air flow space increased. The change of the structural parameters of each scheme had a certain influence on the pressure loss. The maximum pressure loss changing value among the expansion ratio schemes was 878 Pa, then the maximum pressure loss changing value among the cavity length ratio schemes was 328 Pa, and it was 89 Pa among the cavity length ratio schemes. The pressure loss caused by the expansion ratio parameter changed greatly, and the pressure loss changing value caused by the change of the cavity length ratio parameter and the ratio of length to diameter parameter was relatively small. In this paper, a muffler which contained a ceramic foam and had the functions of exhaust soot purification and noise elimination was supplied. The effects of the structure factors on flow field characteristics were studied. The guidance for the design and improvement of muffler is able to be supplied in this paper.
Resource partitioning and strategies in markets for technology
Authors: Fosfuri Andrea , Giarratana Marco S , Sebrek Szabolcs Szilard
Published: July 2018

By bridging literature on resource partitioning and markets for technology, this article proposes that companies that pursue a broad (focused) product strategy buy more (less) technology in the market but sign fewer (more) deals as technology suppliers. Furthermore, an alignment between product and technology market strategies increases firms’ survival chances: Companies that pursue a broad (focused) product strategy are more likely to prosper when they buy (sell) technology in the market. To test these contentions, the authors consider a population of 736 firms that entered the security software industry between 1989 and 2002.
Effect of Tissue Inhomogeneity in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: From Real Cases to Numerical and Experimental Models
Authors: Campana Luca Giovanni , Bullo Marco , Di Barba Paolo , Dughiero Fabrizio , Forzan Michele , Mognaschi Maria Evelina , Sgarbossa Paolo , Tosi Anna Lisa , Bernardis Alessia , Sieni Elisabetta
Published: July 2018

Electrochemotherapy is an established treatment option for patients with superficially metastatic tumors, mainly malignant melanoma and breast cancer. Based on preliminary experiences, electrochemotherapy has the potential to be translated in the treatment of larger and deeper neoplasms, such as soft tissue sarcomas. However, soft tissue sarcomas are characterized by tissue inhomogeneity and, consequently, by variable electrical characteristic of tumor tissue. The inhomogeneity in conductivity represents the cause of local variations in the electric field intensity. Crucially, this fact may hamper the achievement of the electroporation threshold during the electrochemotherapy procedure. In order to evaluate the effect of tissue inhomogeneity on the electric field distribution, we first performed ex vivo analysis of some clinical cases to quantify the inhomogeneity area. Subsequently, we performed some simulations where the electric field intensity was evaluated by means of finite element analysis. The results of the simulation models are finally compared to an experimental model based on potato and tissue mimic materials. Tissue mimic materials are materials where the conductivity can be suitably designed. The coupling of computation and experimental results could be helpful to show the effect of the inhomogeneity in terms of variation in electric field distribution and characteristics.
Handcuffs in Schools: Do School Resource Officers Fill a Role in Special Education?
Authors: Meade Whitney
Published: July 2018

When students with disabilities become agitated and physically aggressive, school resource officers (SROs) are often called to assist. This article addresses the question, “What is the role of the SRO when dealing with children who already have a behavior intervention plan (BIP) in place?” Faced with an increased presence of law enforcement officers in the nation’s school, administrators should be prepared to deal with these issues when they arise.
Numerical and experimental studies on the energy performance of thermal mass windows
Authors: Liu Xiangfeng , Guo Juanli , Wang Jiehui
Published: July 2018

Thermal mass window is a transparent water storage envelope for improving energy efficiency of building. Currently, the embedded algorithms in all energy simulation programs disable the explicit energy simulation of building zones with thermal mass windows. The energy simulation methodology for building zones with thermal mass windows, as well as the comparative experiment for testing their energy performance, is presented in the article. For solving the inherent energy simulation problem, the integrated numerical approach based on the simplified one-dimensional nodal thermal model and the optical model was proposed. In a case study, the numerical approach was applied to an office-building zone with a typical thermal mass window to investigate its energy performance. Meanwhile, a comparative experiment on two thermal boxes with and without thermal mass windows under the identical outdoor conditions was also performed for the verification of energy performance of thermal mass windows. Both the simulation and the experimental results reveal that thermal mass windows can outperform conventional glazing in terms of thermal performance and energy efficiency. Shaded thermal mass windows in summer can produce cooling load reduction, while exposed ones in sunny winter days contribute to heating load reduction, which is beneficial for building energy saving.
Assessing the stochastic error of acoustic scattering matrices using linear methods
Authors: Peerlings Luck , Bake Friedrich , Boij Susann , Bodén Hans
Published: July 2018

To be able to compare the measured scattering matrices with model predictions, the quality of the measurements has to be known. Uncertainty analyses are invaluable to assess and improve the quality of measurement results in terms of accuracy and precision. Linear analyses are widespread, computationally fast and give information of the contribution of each error source to the overall measurement uncertainty; however, they cannot be applied in every situation. The purpose of this study is to determine if linear methods can be used to assess the quality of acoustic scattering matrices.

The uncertainty in measured scattering matrices is assessed using a linear uncertainty analysis and the results are compared against Monte-Carlo simulations. It is shown that for plane waves, a linear uncertainty analysis, applied to the wave decomposition method, gives correct results when three conditions are satisfied. For higher order mode measurements, the number of conditions that have to be satisfied increases rapidly and the linear analysis becomes an unsuitable choice to determine the uncertainty on the scattering matrix coefficients. As the linear uncertainty analysis is most suitable for the plane wave range, an alternative linear method to assess the quality of the measurements is investigated. This method, based on matrix perturbation theory, gives qualitative information in the form of partial condition numbers and the implementation is straightforward. Using the alternative method, the measurements of higher order modes are analyzed and the observed difference in the measured reflection coefficients for different excitation conditions is explained by the disparity in modal amplitudes.
An Eye on Vision: Five Questions About Vision Screening and Eye Health—Part 3
Authors: Nottingham Chaplin P. Kay , Baldonado Kira , Cotter Susan , Moore Bruce , Bradford Geoffrey E.
Published: July 2018

Current evidence-based and best practice vision screening and eye health approaches, tools, and procedures are the result of revised national guidelines in the past 3 years and advances in research during the past 18 years. To help the busy school nurse with little time to keep up with changes in children’s vision practices and a growing body of literature, the National Center for Children’s Vision and Eye Health at Prevent Blindness is providing answers to five questions that are often received from the field. Topical areas are: (1) instrument-based screening for children ages 6 years and older, (2) stereoacuity screening and Random Dot E, (3) binocular distance visual acuity screening, (4) a 2-line difference between the eyes as part of referral criteria, and (5) state vision screening guidelines excluding evidence-based tools.
Music attending to linear constituent structures in tonal music
Authors: Martínez Isabel Cecilia
Published: July 2018

This article investigates the perception of constituent linear structures of tonal musical pieces, using a divided attention paradigm combined with a click-detection technique. Two experiments were run so as to test whether the boundary of a linear constituent appears as a focal point in the perception of musical structure. In Experiment 1, musicians and non-musicians listened to open foreground prolongations in phrases with clicks located at different points of their constituent structures. Significant differences in response times were found that depended on click position in relation to the boundary; participants were faster in detecting clicks at constituent boundaries, and slower for clicks located before boundaries, with no effect of rhythmic factors. Experiment 2 used the same experimental design to explore perception of open linear foreground prolongations, with the assumption that an effect of branching (left to right, or vice versa) could orient attention differently to the boundary region. Results were similar to those of Experiment 1. Overall, the evidence supports the idea that linear constituency is a significant feature of the perception of tonal musical structure. Dominant events become cognitive reference points to which the focus of attention is allocated, and subordinate, dependent events that are associated to the former, orient expectations of continuation and/or closure.
The 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidates and How People Tweeted About Them
Authors: Jordan Kayla N. , Pennebaker James W. , Ehrig Chase
Published: July 2018

The 2016 election provided more language and polling data than any previous election. In addition, the election spurred a new level of social media coverage. The current study analyzed the language of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton from the debates as well as the tweets of millions of people during the fall presidential campaign. In addition, aggregated polling data allowed for a comparison of daily election-relevant language from Twitter and fluctuations in voter preference. Overall, Trump’s debate language was low in analytic/formal thinking and high in negative emotional tone and authenticity. Clinton was high in analytic and positive emotions, low in authenticity. The analysis of almost 10 million tweets revealed that Trump-relevant tweets were generally more positive than Clinton-related tweets. Most important were lag analyses that predicted polling numbers a week later from tweets. In general, when Clinton-related tweets were more analytic, her subsequent poll numbers dropped. Similarly, positive emotion language in the Clinton-related tweets predicted lower poll numbers a week later. Conversely, Trump-related tweets that were high in positive emotion and in analytic thinking predicted higher subsequent polling. In other words, when Twitter language about the candidates was used in ways inconsistent with the candidates themselves, their poll numbers went up. We propose two possible explanations for these findings: the projection hypothesis, a desire to seek qualities the candidates are missing, and the participant hypothesis, a shift in who is participating in the Twitter conversation over the course of the campaigns.
Establishing Minimal Important Differences for the VR-12 and SANE Scores in Patients Following Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Zhou Lingjie , Natarajan Madhuri , Miller Bruce S. , Gagnier Joel J.
Published: July 2018

Background:

Minimal important differences (MIDs) for the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) and the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) have not been reported in patients following treatment for rotator cuff tears (RCTs).

Purpose:

To determine the MIDs for the VR-12 and SANE among patients with RCT after treatment.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Method:

A total of 222 patients diagnosed with RCT completed the VR-12 and SANE at baseline and then received surgical or nonsurgical treatment. After 64 weeks, 160 patients completed the VR-12, the SANE, and a global change questionnaire. We applied a distribution-based approach to estimate the MIDs for the SANE and for the physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) of the VR-12. We then used the global rating score as an anchor for 20 patients who perceived a minimal improvement, and we applied an anchor-based approach. One-half standard deviation of the baseline score was used in the distribution-based approach. Linear regression analyses and backward model selection were conducted to evaluate the associations between patients’ characteristics and the anchor-based MIDs.

Results:

The MIDs derived from distribution-based method estimates for the VR-12 PCS, MCS, and SANE scores were 4.94, 5.99, and 11.80, respectively. The MIDs estimated using the anchor-based method for the PCS, MCS, and SANE scores were 2.57 (90% CI, –1.62 to 6.76), 1.87 (90% CI, –2.07 to 5.80), and 27.25 (90% CI, 16.17 to 38.33), respectively. The final regression model for significant predictors of the MID on the PCS included baseline PCS ( P < .001), body mass index ( P = .014), symptom duration ( P = .011), diabetes ( P = .009), and surgery ( P = .089). The final model for the MID on the MCS included baseline MCS ( P < .001), patient sex ( P = .027), and diabetes ( P = .083). The final model for the MID on SANE included baseline SANE score ( P = .059) and diabetes ( P = .050).

Conclusion:

This is the first study to assess the MIDs for the VR-12 and SANE scores in patients with rotator cuff disease. The estimates of MID will facilitate the interpretation and application of these outcome measures in clinical practice and research.
The Learning Curve for the Latarjet Procedure: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ekhtiari Seper , Horner Nolan S. , Bedi Asheesh , Ayeni Olufemi R. , Khan Moin
Published: July 2018

Background:

Anterior shoulder instability, including recurrent instability, is a common problem, particularly in young, active patients and contact athletes. The Latarjet procedure is a common procedure to treat recurrent shoulder instability.

Purpose:

To identify the reported learning curves associated with the Latarjet procedure and to determine a point on the learning curve after which a surgeon can be considered to have achieved proficiency.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Three online databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed) were systematically searched and screened in duplicate by 2 independent reviewers. The search included results from the inception of each database to January 23, 2017. Data regarding study characteristics, patient demographics, learning curve analyses, and complications were collected. Study quality was assessed in duplicate.

Results:

Two level 3 studies and 3 level 4 studies of fair methodological quality were included. Overall, 349 patients (350 shoulders) with a mean age of 25.1 years (range, 14-52 years) were included in the final data analysis. Patients were predominantly male (93.7%). After 22 open and 20 to 40 arthroscopic Latarjet procedures, surgeons achieved a level of proficiency as measured by decreased operative time. For open procedures, complication rates and lengths of hospital stay decreased significantly with increased experience (Spearman ρ = –0.3, P = .009 and Spearman ρ = –0.6, P < .0001, respectively).

Conclusion:

With experience, surgeons achieved a level of proficiency in performing arthroscopic and open Latarjet procedures, as measured by decreased operative time, length of hospital stay, and complication rate. The most commonly reported difference was operative time, which was significant across all studies. Overall, the Latarjet procedure is a safe procedure with low complication rates, although further research is required to truly characterize this learning curve.