bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing democracy through simulation, deliberation, and inquiry with elementary students
Authors: Payne Katherina Ann , Hoffman James V. , DeJulio Samuel
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Democracy is learned through doing, not telling. The purpose of this paper is to report the findings from an action research project where a group of fourth-grade students participated in a simulation that explored the possibilities and the constraints of acting democratically, while faced with the dilemmas of environmental disaster and establishing a new society.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors studied how participating students engaged in deliberations and self-directed inquiry. The authors focused the data collection on the responses of students to the challenges presented in the simulation.

Findings

Based on the analysis of student work during the simulation and reflection on the simulation after the project, the authors documented the ways in which students critiqued authority or expressed their distrust in it, engaged in difficult deliberations around controversial issues, and developed expanded agency through inquiry-based learning.

Originality/value

This paper presented a model of inquiry learning that can be critical, i.e. examining issues of power and justice, while engaging in deliberation via a simulation that integrated social studies and English language arts. Creating space for young students to deliberate issues, steeped in values, and ethics, allows them to recognize the inherent tension and dissension necessary to a healthy democracy.
Single‐visit dynamic occupancy models: an approach to account for imperfect detection with Atlas data
Authors: Peach Michelle A. , Cohen Jonathan B. , Frair Jacqueline L.
Published: April 2017

Atlas data provide biodiversity information at a relatively fine spatial grain over a broad spatial extent and, increasingly, at multiple points in time, which make them invaluable for understanding processes that affect species distributions over time. The effect of survey effort on species detection has long been appreciated and Atlases typically include survey standards and records of effort, but challenges remain in analysing Atlas data that have not been collected using a repeated sampling protocol designed to correct for imperfect detection.

We developed a single‐visit dynamic occupancy model to quantify the effects of climatic and land‐use drivers on local species extinction and colonization while accounting for imperfect detection using repeat Atlas data. We evaluated model stability using data simulated under alternative scenarios and, ultimately, applied the model to empirical data for Canada warbler Cardellina canadensis, a wide‐spread species exhibiting a long‐term population decline.

At sample sizes that are realistic for many Atlases (n = 1000–10 000 independent survey blocks), our models produced unbiased estimates of detection, occupancy, colonization and extinction parameters. Slope estimates for explanatory covariates were somewhat less stable than overall occupancy, colonization and extinction rates, with covariate effects being sensitive to the total number of, and relationships among, explanatory variables.

In comparison to other analyses of Canada warbler distributions that indicated minor changes over time, our approach identified a widespread decline in occupancy probability across New York, consistent with the broader population trend, particularly in the areas where it was initially more likely to occur.

Synthesis and applications. A single‐visit dynamic occupancy model is a novel method for analysing common, ecologically valuable datasets, such as Atlases, that lack repeated sampling necessary to correct for imperfect detection using alternative multi‐season occupancy modelling approaches. As a result, using this method can improve understanding of species distributions and factors that shape them over time, thereby providing more accurate information to guide conservation and management.
Complications of pregnancy and labour in women with Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome: a nationwide cross‐sectional study
Authors: Horbach SE , Lokhorst MM , Oduber CE , Middeldorp S , van der Post JA , van der Horst CM
Published: April 2017

Objective

To evaluate complications of pregnancy, including thromboembolism, in women with extensive vascular malformations associated with Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome (KTS).

Design

Nationwide cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Two tertiary expert centres and the Dutch Klippel–Trénaunay patient organisation.

Sample

Adult women with KTS.

Methods

Patients with KTS were invited to participate in a comprehensive online survey about their obstetric history. Reference data on pregnancy outcomes and complications of non‐diseased women were collected from population‐based cohorts from the literature.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence of complications, specifically venous thromboembolism and postpartum haemorrhage.

Results

Sixty women completed the survey. Seventeen patients did not conceive, of whom three refrained from pregnancy because of KTS. A total of 97 pregnancies and 86 deliveries were reported in 43 patients. KTS‐related symptoms were aggravated during pregnancy in 43% of patients. Deep vein thrombosis was present in 5.8% and pulmonary embolism was present in 2.3% of pregnancies, which was extremely high compared with the reference population (P < 0.0001), with a relative risk of 108.9 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 46.48–255.03) and 106.2 (95% CI 26.97–418.10), respectively. Severe postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) occurred in 11% of KTS pregnancies, compared with 5.8% of pregnancies in the reference population (relative risk, RR 1.81, 95% CI 0.97–3.37, P = 0.06).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that women with KTS have a significant risk of venous thromboembolic events, severe postpartum haemorrhage, and aggravation of KTS symptoms during pregnancy, and in early postpartum period. Obstetricians should counsel patients about these risks in the preconception phase. Antithrombotic prophylaxis should be considered in the obstetric management of patients with KTS.

Tweetable abstract

High risk of complications during pregnancy and labour in women with Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome.
Outcome reporting across randomised controlled trials evaluating therapeutic interventions for pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Duffy JMN , Hirsch M , Kawsar A , Gale C , Pealing L , Plana MN , Showell M , Williamson PR , Khan KS , Ziebland S , McManus RJ ,   iHOPE: International Collaboration to Harmonise Outcomes in Pre‐Eclampsia
Published: April 2017

Background

Standardising outcome collection and reporting in pre‐eclampsia trials requires an appraisal of current outcome reporting.

Objectives

To map maternal and offspring outcome reporting across randomised trials evaluating therapeutic interventions for pre‐eclampsia.

Search strategy

Randomised trials were identified by searching bibliographical databases from inception to January 2016.

Selection criteria

Randomised controlled trials.

Data collection and analysis

We systematically extracted and categorised outcome reporting.

Main results

Seventy‐nine randomised trials, reporting data from 31 615 maternal participants and 28 172 of their offspring, were included. Fifty‐five different interventions were evaluated. Included trials reported 119 different outcomes, including 72 maternal outcomes and 47 offspring outcomes. Maternal outcomes were inconsistently reported across included trials; for example, 11 trials (14%) reported maternal mortality, reporting data from 12 422 participants, and 16 trials (20%) reported cardiovascular morbidity, reporting data from 14 963 maternal participants. Forty‐three trials (54%) reported fetal outcomes and 23 trials (29%) reported neonatal outcomes. Twenty‐eight trials (35%) reported offspring mortality. There was poor reporting of childhood outcomes: six trials (8%) reported neurodevelopmental outcomes. Less than half of included trials reported any relevant information regarding harms for maternal participants and their offspring.

Conclusions

Most randomised trials evaluating interventions for pre‐eclampsia are missing information on clinically important outcomes, and in particular have neglected to evaluate efficacy and safety in the offspring of participants. Developing and implementing a minimum data set, known as a core outcome set, in future pre‐eclampsia trials could help to address these issues.

Tweetable abstract

Future #preeclampsia research requires a core outcome set to reduce #research waste.@coreoutcomes@jamesmnduffy

International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews:CRD42015015529;www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.aspID=CRD42015015529.
Assessment of voluntary deep inspiration breath‐hold with CINE imaging for breast radiotherapy
Authors: Estoesta Reuben Patrick , Attwood Lani , Naehrig Diana , Claridge‐Mackonis Elizabeth , Odgers David , Martin Darren , Pham Melissa , Toohey Joanne , Carroll Susan
Published: April 2017

Deep Inspiration Breath‐Hold (DIBH) techniques for breast cancer radiation therapy (RT) have reduced cardiac dose compared to Free Breathing (FB). Recently, a voluntary deep inspiration breath‐hold (vDIBH) technique was established using in‐room lasers and skin tattoos to monitor breath‐hold. An in‐house quality assessment of positional reproducibility during RT delivery with vDIBH in patients with left‐sided breast cancer was evaluated. The electronic portal imaging device (EPID) was used in cinematographic (CINE) mode to capture a sequence of images during beam delivery. Weekly CINE images were retrospectively assessed for 20 left‐sided breast cancer patients receiving RT in vDIBH, and compared with CINE images of 20 patients treated in FB. The intra‐beam motion was assessed and the distance from the beam central axis (CA) to the internal chest wall (ICW) was measured on each CINE image. These were then compared to the planned distance on digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR). The maximum intra‐beam motion for any one patient measurement was 0.30 cm for vDIBH and 0.20 cm for FB. The mean difference between the distance from the CA to ICW on DRR and the equivalent distance on CINE imaging (as treated) was 0.28 cm (SD 0.17) for vDIBH patients and 0.25 cm (SD 0.14) for FB patients (P = 0.458). The measured values were comparable for patients undergoing RT in vDIBH, and for those in FB. This quality assessment showed that using in‐room lasers and skin tattoos to independently monitor breath‐hold in vDIBH as detected by ‘on‐treatment’ CINE imaging is safe and effective.
Prospective evaluation of the diagnostic value of sensitive KIT D816V mutation analysis of blood in adults with suspected systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Kristensen T. , Vestergaard H. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Mortz C. G. , Kjaer H. F. , Ollert M. , Møller M. B. , Broesby‐Olsen S. ,   the Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital (MastOUH)
Published: April 2017

Background

Sensitive KIT D816V mutation analysis of blood has been proposed to guide bone marrow (BM) investigation in suspected systemic mastocytosis (SM). The aim of this prospective study was for the first time to compare the D816V status of the “screening blood sample” used to guide BM biopsy in suspected SM to the outcome of the subsequent BM investigation.

Methods

Fifty‐eight adult patients with suspected SM were included. The outcome of sensitive KIT D816V analysis of blood was compared to the result of the BM investigation.

Results

Screening blood samples from 44 of 58 patients tested D816V‐positive. In 43 of these, SM was subsequently diagnosed in the BM investigation. One patient with a D816V‐positive screening sample was diagnosed with monoclonal MC activation syndrome. Screening blood samples from 14 patients tested D816V‐negative. SM was subsequently diagnosed in five of these, whereas nine patients did not fulfill any diagnostic SM criteria (excluding tryptase criterion). Of the 48 SM patients, 90% tested D816V‐positive. Thirteen SM patients presented with Hymenoptera venom‐induced anaphylaxis, no skin lesions, and baseline serum tryptase ≤20 ng/mL. Of these, 92% tested D816V‐positive in the screening blood sample.

Conclusion

This prospective study demonstrates that a D816V‐positive result in a screening blood sample identifies SM among patients with hymenoptera venom‐induced anaphylaxis in whom the diagnosis would most probably have been missed, with potential severe implications. The observed false‐negative screening results also underline that BM investigation is mandatory in all adult patients with clear signs of, or highly suspected SM, regardless of the KIT mutation status.
The influence of Coriolis force driven water circulation on the palaeoenvironment of Hornsund (S Spitsbergen) over the last century
Authors: Pawłowska Joanna , Zajączkowski Marek , Szczuciński Witold , Zaborska Agata , Kucharska Małgorzata , Jernas Patrycja E. , Forwick Matthias
Published: April 2017

The influence of the Coriolis force on the Hornsund fjord environment (southern Spitsbergen) was investigated in the marine sedimentary record from the last century. Due to the influence of the rotational effects, Atlantic and Arctic Water enter the fjord along the southern shore and exit along the northern shore. Thus, the sedimentary record from the southern part reflects the large‐scale hydrological processes associated with these oceanic water‐masses, whereas the northern portion is affected by a combination of regional and local waters (including glacial meltwater). To assess the significance of the Coriolis force driven circulation in this environment over the last century, two short sediment cores were sampled from the southern and northern parts of the fjord. The cores were dated with 210Pb and 137Cs and analysed for grain size, ice‐rafted debris, benthic foraminifera and stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C). The influence of the Coriolis force was most apparent in the benthic foraminiferal record. The foraminiferal assemblage of the southern part of the fjord is characterized by markedly higher species diversity and a high percentage of Atlantic water species compared to the northern part. This pattern probably resulted from the lower level of environmental disturbance and the constant introduction of propagules and juveniles from offshore pools. The northern part of the fjord is characterized by more unstable environmental conditions due to the variable delivery of turbid meltwater, which is reflected in the low‐diversity foraminiferal assemblage dominated by glaciomarine taxa and bottom current indicators. The influence of the Coriolis force on the sedimentary regime is less clear. As the geometry of many of the European Arctic fjords allows the rotational dynamics of water‐masses, our results may serve as a reference for further studies on the influence of the Coriolis force‐driven rotational dynamics on modern and past environments.
Functional status and amount of hip displacement independently affect acetabular dysplasia in cerebral palsy
Authors: Chung Myung Ki , Zulkarnain Arif , Lee Jae Bong , Cho Byung Chae , Chung Chin Youb , Lee Kyoung Min , Sung Ki Hyuk , Park Moon Seok
Published: April 2017

Aim

Acetabular dysplasia is the one of main causes of hip displacement in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Although several studies have shown a relationship between hip displacement and acetabular dysplasia, relatively few have evaluated the association between quantitative acetabular dysplasia and related factors, such as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level.

Method

We performed a morphometric analysis of the acetabulum in patients with CP using multiplanar reformation of computed tomography data. The three directional acetabular indices (anterosuperior, superolateral, and posterosuperior) were used to evaluate acetabular dysplasia. Consequently, linear mixed‐effects models were used to adjust for related factors such as age, sex, GMFCS level, and migration percentage.

Results

A total of 176 patients (mean age 9y 5mo, range 2y 4mo–19y 6mo; 104 males, 72 females) with CP and 55 typically developing individuals (mean age 13y 6mo, range 2y 5mo–19y 10mo; 37 males, 18 females) in a comparison group were enrolled in this study. Statistical modelling showed that all three directional acetabular indices independently increased with GMFCS level (p<0.001) and migration percentage (p<0.001).

Interpretation

Acetabular dysplasia was independently affected by both the amount of hip displacement and the GMFCS level. Thus, physicians should consider not only the migration percentage but also three‐dimensional evaluation in patients at high GMFCS levels.
Future challenges and therapeutic opportunities in type 2 diabetes: Changing the paradigm of current therapy
Authors: Owens David R. , Monnier Louis , Barnett Anthony H.
Published: April 2017

Most algorithms for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not recommend treatment escalation until glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) fails to reach the recommended target of 7% (53 mmol/mol) within approximately 3 months on any treatment regimen (“treat to failure”). Clinical inertia and/or poor adherence to therapy contribute to patients not reaching glycaemic targets when managed according to this paradigm. Clinical inertia exists across the entire spectrum of anti‐diabetes therapies, although it is most pronounced when initiating and optimizing insulin therapy. Possible reasons include needle aversion, fear of hypoglycaemia, excessive weight gain and/or the need for increased self‐monitoring of blood glucose. Studies have suggested, however, that early intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed, symptomatic patients with T2DM with HbA1c >9% (75 mmol/mol) can preserve beta‐cell function, thereby modulating the disease process. Furthermore, postprandial plasma glucose is a key component of residual dysglycaemia, evident especially when HbA1c remains above target despite fasting normoglycaemia. Therefore, to achieve near normoglycaemia, additional treatment with prandial insulin or a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1 RA) is often required. Long‐ or short‐acting GLP‐1 RAs offer effective alternatives to basal or prandial insulin in patients inadequately controlled with other therapies or basal insulin alone, respectively. This review highlights the limitations of current algorithms, and proposes an alternative based on the early introduction of insulin therapy and the rationale for the sequential or fixed combination of GLP‐1 RAs with insulin (“treat‐to‐success” paradigm).
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of two omeprazole formulations on stomachpHand gastric ulcer scores
Authors: Raidal S. L. , Andrews F. M. , Nielsen S. G. , Trope G.
Published: April 2017

Reasons for performing the study

Limited data are available on the relative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different omeprazole formulations.

Objectives

To compare pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a novel omeprazole formulation against a currently registered product.

Study design

Masked 2 period, 2 treatment crossover.

Methods

Twelve clinically healthy horses were studied over two 6‐day treatment periods. Horses were randomly assigned to receive a novel omeprazole paste (Ulcershield:ULS) or a currently registered reference omeprazole product (OMO). GastricpHwas measured continuously for 10 h on the day prior to commencing treatment (Day –1) and after 6 days of oral treatment (Day 5) usingin situantimonypHprobes within an indwelling nasogastric tube. Plasma pharmacokinetics were determined on Days 0 and 6.

Results

Treatment significantly (P<0.005) increased gastricpHon Day 5, compared to results obtained prior to treatment (Day –1) and there was no significant difference between products (P = 0.773). Similarly, comparison of median hourly gastricpH(P = 0.593), mean gastricpH(P = 0.154), percentage time pH<4 (P = 0.259) and area under the time–gastricpHresponse curve (P = 0.734) did not discriminate between products. Both treatments resulted in significantly lower gastric ulcer severity scores (both P = 0.004), with no difference between treatments (P = 0.688). Comparison of mean log area under time–plasma concentration curves demonstrated that, although the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval was within the −20% limit for bioequivalence, the upper limit was exceeded, suggesting that the test product could have greater bioavailability than the reference product.

Main limitations

The small sample size, large interhorse plasma omeprazole concentrations, and low bioavailability of omeprazole impacted the sensitivity of the bioequivalence analysis.

Conclusions

ULSmatched or slightly exceededOMOplasma concentrations. Both products resulted in equivalent increases in gastricpH, gastricpHprofiles and decrease in gastric ulcer scores. Thus,ULSwas pharmacodynamically equivalent toOMOand was associated with an equivalent beneficial effect on gastric squamous mucosal ulceration.
Direct observation of crack propagation in a liquid crystal display glass substrate during wheel scribing
Authors: Tomei Naoko , Murakami Kumiko , Fukunishi Toshio , Yoshida Satoshi , Matsuoka Jun
Published: April 2017

In‐situ observation of crack propagation in an LCD glass substrate was performed during wheel scribing. It was found that a median crack initiated just beneath the wheel and stopped once, and that the crack re‐propagated after passing through the wheel. In this study, the first pop‐in median crack is defined as the first crack, and the re‐grown median crack is defined as the second crack. From in‐situ photoelastic measurements during a static indentation of the wheel, the maximum tensile stress was observed just beneath the wheel. The tensile stress beneath the wheel was also confirmed from FE analysis. It is considered that this tensile stress is the origin of the first crack nucleation. On the other hand, from post‐observation of the cross‐section of a scribing groove after scribing, it was found that the median crack was closed in the plastic zone. It is considered that this closure results from compressive stress in the plastic zone beneath the scribing groove, and that this compressive stress causes the first crack to be arrested.
Studies on the chitin/chitosan binding properties of six cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophin 3 from Bombyx mori
Authors: Qu M. , Ren Y. , Liu Y. , Yang Q.
Published: April 2017

Chitin deacetylation is required to make the cuticle rigid and compact through chitin chain crosslinking. Thus it is presumed that specialized proteins are required to bind deacetylated chitin chains together. However, deacetylated‐chitin binding proteins have not ever been reported. In a previous work, six cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophin 3 (CPAP3s) were found to be abundant in the moulting fluid of Bombyx mori. In this study, these BmCPAP3s (BmCPAP3‐A1, BmCPAP3‐A2, BmCPAP3‐B, BmCPAP3‐C, BmCPAP3‐D1 and BmCPAP3‐D2) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using metal‐chelating affinity chromatography. Their binding activities demonstrated that although all of the BmCPAP3s showed similar binding abilities toward crystalline chitin and colloidal chitin, they differed in their affinities toward partially and fully deacetylated chitin. Amongst them, BmCPAP3‐D1 exhibited the highest binding activity toward deacetylated chitin. The gene expression pattern of BmCPAP3‐D1 was similar to BmCPAP3‐A1 and BmCPAP3‐C at most stages except that it was dramatically upregulated at the beginning of the pupa to adult transition stage. This work is the first report of a chitin‐binding protein, BmCPAP3‐D1, which exhibits high binding affinity to deacetylated chitin.
Thermodynamics of copper‐manganese and copper‐iron spinel solid solutions
Authors: Sahu Sulata K. , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: April 2017

High‐temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry has been performed to investigate the energetics of spinel solid solutions in the Mn3O4‐CuMn2O4 and Fe3O4‐CuFe2O4 systems. The spinel solid solutions were synthesized by a ceramic route and calcined at appropriate temperatures to obtain single phase samples. The drop solution enthalpies of the solid solutions in the Mn3O4‐CuMn2O4 system are the same within experimental error as the enthalpies of drop solution of mechanical mixtures of the end‐members, indicating a zero heat of mixing, i.e., ideal mixing in terms of enthalpy. In Fe3O4‐CuFe2O4, the drop solution enthalpy of the solid solutions shows a positive deviation from those of the mechanical mixture of the end‐members, suggesting negative mixing enthalpy. The formation enthalpies of the spinel solid solutions from their constituent oxides plus oxygen and from the elements were also determined.
Characterization of Host Cell Mutants Significantly Resistant to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection
Authors: Yu Xue , Zhang Haili , Zhu Guan
Published: April 2017

Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic protist and a causative agent of mild‐to‐severe diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. Despite its globally recognized importance, knowledge on the mechanism of parasite invasion and molecular interactions between host cells and the parasite is limited. Here, we report the establishment of 43 mutant cell lines derived from HCT‐8 cells by UV‐induced mutagenesis and the characterization of three mutants with significantly reduced susceptibility to cryptosporidial infection. Based on qRT‐PCR assay performed at 18 h postinfection time, the parasite loads could be reduced by ~45%, ~35%, and ~20% in mutants A05, B08, and B12, respectively (p < 0.001 in all three mutants vs. HCT‐8 cells). The mutagenesis mainly affected the attachment of parasite in A05 (i.e. ~30% reduction, p < 0.001 vs. HCT‐8), and intracellular development in B08 and B12. The three cell mutants may serve as valuable reagents to further investigate the mechanism of parasite invasion and intracellular development by identifying the gene mutations associated with the parasite attachment (A05) and intracellular development (B08 and B12).
Autoimmune hepatitis: From current knowledge and clinical practice to future research agenda
Authors: Sebode Marcial , Hartl Johannes , Vergani Diego , Lohse Ansgar W. ,   the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG)
Published: April 2017

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory liver disease. Unknown triggers lead to a mainly T cell‐mediated immune response targeting the liver, the main auto‐antigen of which has not been identified yet. The diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis is based on the elevation of immunoglobulin G/hypergammaglobulinemia, detection of characteristic autoantibodies as well as a typical pattern on liver histology. Exclusion of other causes of hepatitis and response to immunosuppressive treatment support the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. The mainstay of autoimmune hepatitis treatment has, from its first description to the current time, consisted of predniso(lo)ne to induce remission, in combination with azathioprine, which is used to maintain it. Nonetheless, side effects and non‐response with ongoing inflammation despite standard therapy demand treatment alternatives. Only through a better understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis can a more selective and effective treatment be offered to patients in the future. Until this goal is reached, improvement of diagnostic approaches and optimization of current therapy rank highest on the research agenda for autoimmune hepatitis.
Cirrhosis is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: A nationwide, population‐based study
Authors: Lee HyunJung , Choi Eue‐Keun , Rhee Tae‐Min , Lee So‐Ryoung , Lim Woo‐Hyun , Kang Si‐Hyuck , Han Kyung‐Do , Cha Myung‐Jin , Oh Seil
Published: April 2017

Background & Aims

Information is lacking regarding whether cirrhosis is associated with atrial fibrillation development. We aimed to investigate the incidence and clinical significance of atrial fibrillation in cirrhotic patients.

Methods

Cirrhotic patients (n=3596; mean age, 54.7±12.3 years; male, 72.5%) without previous atrial fibrillation were selected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort database between 2004 and 2008. Age‐ and sex‐matched controls (n=17 980) were randomly sampled in a 5:1 ratio from non‐cirrhotic individuals. Both cohorts were followed up for incident atrial fibrillation and death until 2013.

Results

During 9 years of follow‐up, atrial fibrillation was newly detected in 113 (3.1%) cirrhosis patients and 385 (2.1%) controls (incidence: 3.48 and 2.16 per 1000 person‐years respectively). Cirrhotic patients were at higher risk for atrial fibrillation development compared to controls (hazard ratio, 1.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.18‐1.80) after multivariate adjustment. On subgroup analysis, cirrhosis increased the risk for atrial fibrillation, especially in younger (age younger than 65 years) men without comorbidities (CHA2DS2‐VASc score, 0). Cirrhotic patients showed increased overall mortality compared to controls (hazard ratio, 4.80; 95% confidence interval, 4.47‐5.15) as well as increased cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.07‐1.75). However, there was no significant association between development of atrial fibrillation and increased mortality in cirrhosis patients (P=.188 and .260).

Conclusions

Cirrhosis was an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation development, especially in younger, otherwise healthy men, stressing the importance of cardiac assessment in cirrhotic patients. Meanwhile, atrial fibrillation development in cirrhosis patients was not associated with increased mortality.
The fate of recently fixed carbon after drought release: towards unravelling C storage regulation in Tilia platyphyllos and Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Galiano Lucía , Timofeeva Galina , Saurer Matthias , Siegwolf Rolf , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Hommel Robert , Gessler Arthur
Published: April 2017

Carbon reserves are important for maintaining tree function during and after stress. Increasing tree mortality driven by drought globally has renewed the interest in how plants regulate allocation of recently fixed C to reserve formation. Three‐year‐old seedlings of two species (Tilia platyphyllos and Pinus sylvestris) were exposed to two intensities of experimental drought during ~10 weeks, and 13C pulse labelling was subsequently applied with rewetting. Tracking the 13C label across different organs and C compounds (soluble sugars, starch, myo‐inositol, lipids and cellulose), together with the monitoring of gas exchange and C mass balances over time, allowed for the identification of variations in C allocation priorities and tree C balances that are associated with drought effects and subsequent drought release. The results demonstrate that soluble sugars accumulated in P. sylvestris under drought conditions independently of growth trends; thus, non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) formation cannot be simply considered a passive overflow process in this species. Once drought ceased, C allocation to storage was still prioritized at the expense of growth, which suggested the presence of ‘drought memory effects’, possibly to ensure future growth and survival. On the contrary, NSC and growth dynamics in T. platyphyllos were consistent with a passive (overflow) view of NSC formation.
Cellular and humoral immunity after vaccination or natural mumps infection
Authors: Terada Kihei , Hagihara Kimiko , Oishi Tomohiro , Miyata Ippei , Akaike Hiroto , Ogita Satoko , Ohno Naoki , Ouchi Kazunobu
Published: April 2017

Background

This study measured cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) and serum antibody to clarify the basis of breakthrough after vaccination and reinfection after mumps.

Methods

From a pool of 54 college students, 17 seronegative subjects and 14 subjects with intermediate level of antibodies against mumps were vaccinated with a monovalent mumps vaccine, and CMI was assessed using interferon‐γ release assay.

Results

CMI positivity according to pre‐existing antibody level, defined as titer <2.0 index units, negative; 2.0–3.9 index units, intermediate; and ≥4.0 index units, positive, was 8/17 (47.1%), 9/14 (64.3%) and 19/23 (82.6%) before vaccination, respectively. Of the 17 seronegative subjects, seven (41.2%) had a history of vaccination and/or natural infection, four (57.1%) of whom were CMI positive or intermediate. Ten (71%) of 14 subjects with intermediate antibody level had a history of vaccination or natural infection, eight (80%) of whom were CMI positive or intermediate. After vaccination the interferon (IFN)‐γ and antibody titers increased significantly, but seven (41.2%) of the 17 seronegative subjects and 13 (92.9%) of the 14 intermediate‐level subjects tested positive for both antibody and CMI. In a comparison of the natural infection group (confirmed as IgG seropositive and/or CMI positive without vaccination) versus the vaccination group, IgG antibody titer (mean ± SD) was 14.4 ± 8.0 versus 3.6 ± 2.4 index units (P < 0.01) and IFN‐γ was 122.7 ± 90.0 pg/mL versus 59.5 ± 37.8 pg/mL (P > 0.05), respectively.

Conclusion

Vaccination or even natural mumps infection did not always induce both cellular and humoral immunity.
Human galectin‐9 on the porcine cells affects the cytotoxic activity of M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cells through inducing a shift in M2‐differentiated THP‐1 cells
Authors: Jung Sung Han , Hwang Jeong Ho , Kim Sang Eun , Kim Young Kyu , Park Hyo Chang , Lee Hoon Taek
Published: April 2017

Background

In xenotransplantation, immune rejection by macrophages occurs rapidly and remains a major obstacle. Studies to control immune rejection in macrophages have been continuing to date. Recent studies have reported that human galectin‐9 (hGal‐9) can regulate the function of regulatory T cells (Treg), as well as cytotoxicity T cells (CTL) and natural killer cells (NK). Although the effect of hGal‐9 on lymphocytes has been well studied, the relationship between hGal‐9 and myeloid cells has been scarcely studied.

Methods

To confirm the decreased cytotoxic activity effect by hGal‐9 in M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cells, we established the hGal‐9 expressing transgenic porcine cell line. hGal‐9 siRNA was transfected to transgenic cells and recombinant hGal‐9 (rhGal‐9) was treated to co‐culturing condition, and then, flow cytometry assay was conducted for analyzing the cytotoxic activity of M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cells. Related inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐10, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐23, and TGF‐β) and related enzymes (iNOS and Arginase 1) were analyzed by qPCR and Western blot assay. To identify the shift in M1/M2‐differentiated THP‐1 cells, expression levels of CCR7, CD163, iNOS, and Arginase 1 and population of M2 marker positive cells were analyzed.

Results

The expression levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cells co‐cultured with hGal‐9‐expressing porcine kidney epithelial cells were decreased, but not in co‐cultured THP‐1 cells. However, the expression levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines were also increased in co‐cultured M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cells. The cytotoxicity effect of M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cells on transgenic cells was decreased while the expression levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines and M2 macrophages‐related molecules were increased. M2 differentiation program was turned on while M1 program was turned down by enhancing the phosphorylation levels of Akt and PI3K and the expression level of PPAR‐γ. Due to these changes, differentiation of M2 program was enhanced in cells co‐cultured with hGal‐9.

Conclusions

These data suggested that hGal‐9 has a reduction in M1‐differentiated THP‐1 cell cytotoxic activity‐related acute immune rejection in pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation in addition to its role in lymphoid lineage immune cell regulation.
Ultrasound Imaging for Posterior Knee Pain: Tibial Nerve Schwannoma Not Popliteus Muscle Strain
Authors: Chang Ke-Vin , Wu Wei-Ting , Özçakar Levent
Published: April 2017

.
Adaptive foveated single-pixel imaging with dynamic supersampling
Authors: Phillips David B. , Sun Ming-Jie , Taylor Jonathan M. , Edgar Matthew P. , Barnett Stephen M. , Gibson Graham M. , Padgett Miles J.
Published: April 2017

The performance of a single-pixel computational video camera is enhanced by mimicking the compressive features of animal vision.
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase promotes Toll-like receptor–induced inflammation by stabilizing TRAF6
Authors: Kim Eunha , Beon Jiyoon , Lee Seulgi , Park Seung Ju , Ahn Hyoungjoon , Kim Min Gyu , Park Jeong Eun , Kim Wooseob , Yuk Jae-Min , Kang Suk-Jo , Lee Seung-Hyo , Jo Eun-Kyeong , Seong Rho Hyun , Kim Seyun
Published: April 2017

Inositol polyphosphate multikinase acts as a key determinant of inflammation by stabilizing the signaling adaptor TRAF6.
Isolation of the simplest hydrated acid
Authors: Zhang Rui , Murata Michihisa , Wakamiya Atsushi , Shimoaka Takafumi , Hasegawa Takeshi , Murata Yasujiro
Published: April 2017

The simplest hydrated HF was realized, whose properties were revealed by x-ray analysis, spectroscopy, and theoretical studies.
Anomalous spin-orbit torque switching due to field-like torque–assisted domain wall reflection
Authors: Yoon Jungbum , Lee Seo-Won , Kwon Jae Hyun , Lee Jong Min , Son Jaesung , Qiu Xuepeng , Lee Kyung-Jin , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: April 2017

The switching probability of spin-orbit torque devices is controlled by the field-like torque, and switching back can occur.
Type I interferon responses drive intrahepatic T cells to promote metabolic syndrome
Authors: Ghazarian Magar , Revelo Xavier S. , Nøhr Mark K. , Luck Helen , Zeng Kejing , Lei Helena , Tsai Sue , Schroer Stephanie A. , Park Yoo Jin , Chng Melissa Hui Yen , Shen Lei , D’Angelo June Ann , Horton Peter , Chapman William C. , Brockmeier Diane , Woo Minna , Engleman Edgar G. , Adeyi Oyedele , Hirano Naoto , Jin Tianru , Gehring Adam J. , Winer Shawn , Winer Daniel A.
Published: April 2017

Obesity-related insulin resistance correlates with type I interferon–driven activation and expansion of intrahepatic T cells. See the related Focus by

Ma
et al
.
Commensal bacteria (ab)use CD8
+
T cells to induce insulin resistance
Authors: Ma Chi , Greten Tim F.
Published: April 2017

Type I interferon–dependent expansion of intrahepatic CD8
+
T cells promotes systemic insulin resistance in obesity. See the related Research Article by

Ghazarian
et al
.
Interaction between 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol- and Hydrogen Cyanide-Producing Pseudomonas brassicacearum LBUM300 and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in the Tomato Rhizosphere
Authors: Paulin Mélanie M. , Novinscak Amy , Lanteigne Carine , Gadkar Vijay J. , Filion Martin
Published: April 2017

We have previously demonstrated that inoculation of tomato plants with 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)- and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)-producing
Pseudomonas brassicacearum
LBUM300 could significantly reduce bacterial canker symptoms caused by
Clavibacter michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
. In this study, in order to better characterize the population dynamics of LBUM300 in the rhizosphere of tomato plants, we characterized the role played by DAPG and HCN production by LBUM300 on rhizosphere colonization of healthy and
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
-infected tomato plants. The impact of
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
presence on the expression of DAPG and HCN biosynthetic genes in the rhizosphere was also examined.
In planta
assays were performed using combinations of
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
and wild-type LBUM300 or DAPG (LBUM300Δ
phlD
) or HCN (LBUM300Δ
hcnC
) isogenic mutant strains. Populations of LBUM300 and
phlD
and
hcnC
gene expression levels were quantified in rhizosphere soil at several time points up to 264 h postinoculation using culture-independent quantitative PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) TaqMan assays, respectively. The presence of
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
significantly increased rhizospheric populations of LBUM300. In
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
-infected tomato rhizospheres, the populations of wild-type LBUM300 and strain LBUM300Δ
hcnC
, both producing DAPG, were significantly higher than the population of strain LBUM300Δ
phlD
. A significant upregulation of
phlD
expression was observed in the presence of
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
, while
hcnC
expression was only slightly increased in the mutant strain LBUM300Δ
phlD
when
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
was present. Additionally, biofilm production was found to be significantly reduced in strain LBUM300Δ
phlD
compared to the wild-type and LBUM300Δ
hcnC
strains.

IMPORTANCE
The results of this study suggest that
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
infection of tomato plants contributes to increasing rhizospheric populations of LBUM300, a biocontrol agent, as well as the overexpression of the DAPG biosynthetic operon in this bacterium. The increasing rhizospheric populations of LBUM300 represent one of the key factors in controlling
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
in tomato plants, as DAPG-producing bacteria have shown the ability to decrease bacterial canker symptoms in tomato plants.
Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin on Syntrophic Fatty Acid-Oxidizing and Methanogenic Cultures and Biogas Reactor Microbiomes
Authors: Popp Denny , Plugge Caroline M. , Kleinsteuber Sabine , Harms Hauke , Sträuber Heike
Published: April 2017

Coumarins are widely found in plants as natural constituents having antimicrobial activity. When considering plants that are rich in coumarins for biogas production, adverse effects on microorganisms driving the anaerobic digestion process are expected. Furthermore, coumarin derivatives, like warfarin, which are used as anticoagulating medicines, are found in wastewater, affecting its treatment. Coumarin, the structure common to all coumarins, inhibits the anaerobic digestion process. However, the details of this inhibition are still elusive. Here, we studied the impact of coumarin on acetogenesis and methanogenesis. First, coumarin was applied at four concentrations between 0.25 and 1 g · liter
−1
to pure cultures of the methanogens
Methanosarcina barkeri
and
Methanospirillum hungatei
, which resulted in up to 25% less methane production. Acetate production of syntrophic propionate- and butyrate-degrading cultures of
Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans
and
Syntrophomonas wolfei
was inhibited by 72% at a coumarin concentration of 1 g · liter
−1
. Coumarin also inhibited acetogenesis and acetoclastic methanogenesis in a complex biogas reactor microbiome. When a coumarin-adapted microbiome was used, acetogenesis and methanogenesis were not inhibited. According to amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and
mcrA
genes, the communities of the two microbiomes were similar, although
Methanoculleus
was more abundant and
Methanobacterium
less abundant in the coumarin-adapted than in the nonadapted microbiome. Our results suggest that well-dosed feeding with coumarin-rich feedstocks to full-scale biogas reactors while keeping the coumarin concentrations below 0.5 g · liter
−1
will allow adaptation to coumarins by structural and functional community reorganization and coumarin degradation.

IMPORTANCE
Coumarins from natural and anthropogenic sources have an inhibitory impact on the anaerobic digestion process. Here, we studied in detail the adverse effects of the model compound coumarin on acetogenesis and methanogenesis, which are two important steps of the anaerobic digestion process. Coumarin concentrations lower than 0.5 g · liter
−1
had only a minor impact. Even though similar inhibitory effects can be assumed for coumarin derivatives, little effects on the anaerobic treatment of wastewater are expected where concentrations of coumarin derivatives are lower than 0.5 g · liter
−1
. However, when full-scale reactors are fed with coumarin-rich feedstocks, the biogas processes might be inhibited. Hence, these feedstocks should be utilized in a well-dosed manner or after adaptation of the microbial community.
Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015
Authors: Benschop Kimberley S. M. , van der Avoort Harrie G. , Jusic Edin , Vennema Harry , van Binnendijk Rob , Duizer Erwin
Published: April 2017

Polioviruses (PVs) are members of the genus
Enterovirus
. In the Netherlands, the exclusion of PV circulation is based on clinical enterovirus (EV) surveillance (CEVS) of EV-positive cases and routine environmental EV surveillance (EEVS) conducted on sewage samples collected in the region of the Netherlands where vaccination coverage is low due to religious reasons. We compared the EEVS data to those of the CEVS to gain insight into the relevance of EEVS for poliovirus and nonpolio enterovirus surveillance. Following the polio outbreak in Syria, EEVS was performed at the primary refugee center in Ter Apel in the Netherlands, and data were compared to those of CEVS and EEVS. Furthermore, we assessed the feasibility of poliovirus detection by EEVS using measles virus detection in sewage during a measles outbreak as a proxy. Two Sabin-like PVs were found in routine EEVS, 11 Sabin-like PVs were detected in the CEVS, and one Sabin-like PV was found in the Ter Apel sewage. We observed significant differences between the three programs regarding which EVs were found. In 6 sewage samples collected during the measles outbreak in 2013, measles virus RNA was detected in regions where measles cases were identified. In conclusion, we detected PVs, nonpolio EVs, and measles virus in sewage and showed that environmental surveillance is useful for poliovirus detection in the Netherlands, where live oral poliovirus vaccine is not used and communities with lower vaccination coverage exist. EEVS led to the detection of EV types not seen in the CEVS, showing that EEVS is complementary to CEVS.

IMPORTANCE
We show that environmental enterovirus surveillance complements clinical enterovirus surveillance for poliovirus detection, or exclusion, and for nonpolio enterovirus surveillance. Even in the presence of adequate surveillance, only a very limited number of Sabin-like poliovirus strains were detected in a 10-year period, and no signs of transmission of oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains were found in a country using exclusively inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Measles viruses can be detected during an outbreak in sewage samples collected and concentrated following procedures used for environmental enterovirus surveillance.