bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redox proteomics analysis to decipher the neurobiology of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration: overlaps in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease brain
Authors: Butterfield D. Allan , Di Domenico Fabio , Swomley Aaron M. , Head Elizabeth , Perluigi Marzia
Published: September 2014

Accumulation of oxidative damage is a common feature of neurodegeneration that, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, point to the fact that reactive oxygen species are major contributors to loss of neuronal homoeostasis and cell death. Among several targets of oxidative stress, free-radical-mediated damage to proteins is particularly important in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In the majority of cases, oxidative-stress-mediated post-translational modifications cause non-reversible modifications of protein structure that consistently lead to impaired function. Redox proteomics methods are powerful tools to unravel the complexity of neurodegeneration, by identifying brain proteins with oxidative post-translational modifications that are detrimental for protein function. The present review discusses the current literature showing evidence of impaired pathways linked to oxidative stress possibly involved in the neurodegenerative process leading to the development of Alzheimer-like dementia. In particular, we focus attention on dysregulated pathways that underlie neurodegeneration in both aging adults with DS (Down's syndrome) and AD (Alzheimer's disease). Since AD pathology is age-dependent in DS and shows similarities with AD, identification of common oxidized proteins by redox proteomics in both DS and AD can improve our understanding of the overlapping mechanisms that lead from normal aging to development of AD. The most relevant proteomics findings highlight that disturbance of protein homoeostasis and energy production are central mechanisms of neurodegeneration and overlap in aging DS and AD. Protein oxidation affects crucial intracellular functions and may be considered a ‘leitmotif’ of degenerating neurons. Therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing/reducing multiple components of processes leading to accumulation of oxidative damage will be critical in future studies.
Extended performance gas Cherenkov detector for gamma-ray detection in high-energy density experiments
Authors: Herrmann H. W. , Kim Y. H. , Young C. S. , Fatherley V. E. , Lopez F. E. , Oertel J. A. , Malone R. M. , Rubery M. S. , Horsfield C. J. , Stoeffl W. , Zylstra A. B. , Shmayda W. T. , Batha S. H.
Published: September 2014

A new Gas Cherenkov Detector (GCD) with low-energy threshold and high sensitivity, currently known as Super GCD (or GCD-3 at OMEGA), is being developed for use at the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Super GCD is designed to be pressurized to ≤400 psi (absolute) and uses all metal seals to allow the use of fluorinated gases inside the target chamber. This will allow the gamma energy threshold to be run as low at 1.8 MeV with 400 psi (absolute) of C2F6, opening up a new portion of the gamma ray spectrum. Super GCD operating at 20 cm from TCC will be ∼400 × more efficient at detecting DT fusion gammas at 16.7 MeV than the Gamma Reaction History diagnostic at NIF (GRH-6m) when operated at their minimum thresholds.
Charge carrier transport and collection enhancement of copper indium diselenide photoactive nanoparticle-ink by laser crystallization
Authors: Nian Qiong , Zhang Martin Y. , Wang Yuefeng , Das Suprem R. , Bhat Venkataprasad S. , Huang Fuqiang , Cheng Gary J.
Published: September 2014

There has been increasing needs for cost-effective and high performance thin film deposition techniques for photovoltaics. Among all deposition techniques, roll-to-roll printing of nanomaterials has been a promising method. However, the printed thin film contains many internal imperfections, which reduce the charge-collection performance. Here, direct pulse laser crystallization (DPLC) of photoactive nanoparticles-inks is studied to meet this challenge. In this study, copper indium selenite (CIS) nanoparticle-inks is applied as an example. Enhanced crystallinity, densified structure in the thin film is resulted after DLPC under optimal conditions. It is found that the decreased film internal imperfections after DPLC results in reducing scattering and multi-trapping effects. Both of them contribute to better charge-collection performance of CIS absorber material by increasing extended state mobility and carrier lifetime, when carrier transport and kinetics are coupled. Charge carrier transport was characterized after DPLC, showing mobility increased by 2 orders of magnitude. Photocurrent under AM1.5 illumination was measured and shown 10 times enhancement of integrated power density after DPLC, which may lead to higher efficiency in photo-electric energy conversion.
Polymer crowding and shape distributions in polymer-nanoparticle mixtures
Authors: Lim Wei Kang , Denton Alan R.
Published: September 2014

Macromolecular crowding can influence polymer shapes, which is important for understanding the thermodynamic stability of polymer solutions and the structure and function of biopolymers (proteins, RNA, DNA) under confinement. We explore the influence of nanoparticle crowding on polymer shapes via Monte Carlo simulations and free-volume theory of a coarse-grained model of polymer-nanoparticle mixtures. Exploiting the geometry of random walks, we model polymer coils as effective penetrable ellipsoids, whose shapes fluctuate according to the probability distributions of the eigenvalues of the gyration tensor. Accounting for the entropic cost of a nanoparticle penetrating a larger polymer coil, we compute the crowding-induced shift in the shape distributions, radius of gyration, and asphericity of ideal polymers in a theta solvent. With increased nanoparticle crowding, we find that polymers become more compact (smaller, more spherical), in agreement with predictions of free-volume theory. Our approach can be easily extended to nonideal polymers in good solvents and used to model conformations of biopolymers in crowded environments.
Intraoperative cerebral blood flow imaging of rodents
Authors: Li Hangdao , Li Yao , Yuan Lu , Wu Caihong , Lu Hongyang , Tong Shanbao
Published: September 2014

Intraoperative monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is of interest to neuroscience researchers, which offers the assessment of hemodynamic responses throughout the process of neurosurgery and provides an early biomarker for surgical guidance. However, intraoperative CBF imaging has been challenging due to animal's motion and position change during the surgery. In this paper, we presented a design of an operation bench integrated with laser speckle contrast imager which enables monitoring of the CBF intraoperatively. With a specially designed stereotaxic frame and imager, we were able to monitor the CBF changes in both hemispheres during the rodent surgery. The rotatable design of the operation plate and implementation of online image registration allow the technician to move the animal without disturbing the CBF imaging during surgery. The performance of the system was tested by middle cerebral artery occlusion model of rats.
Communication: A flexible multi-reference perturbation theory by minimizing the Hylleraas functional with matrix product states
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Chan Garnet Kin-Lic
Published: September 2014

We describe a formulation of multi-reference perturbation theory that obtains a rigorous upper bound to the second order energy by minimizing the Hylleraas functional in the space of matrix product states (MPS). The first order wavefunctions so obtained can also be used to compute the third order energy with little overhead. Our formulation has several advantages including (i) flexibility with respect to the choice of zeroth order Hamiltonian, (ii) recovery of the exact uncontracted multi-reference perturbation theory energies in the limit of large MPS bond dimension, (iii) no requirement to compute high body density matrices, (iv) an embarrassingly parallel algorithm (scaling up to the number of virtual orbitals, squared, processors). Preliminary numerical examples show that the MPS bond dimension required for accurate first order wavefunctions scales sub-linearly with the size of the basis.
Narrow-band injection seeding of a terahertz frequency quantum cascade laser: Selection and suppression of longitudinal modes
Authors: Nong Hanond , Pal Shovon , Markmann Sergej , Hekmat Negar , Mohandas Reshma A. , Dean Paul , Li Lianhe , Linfield Edmund H. , Giles Davies A. , Wieck Andreas D. , Jukam Nathan
Published: September 2014

A periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal with multiple poling periods is used to generate tunable narrow-bandwidth THz pulses for injection seeding a quantum cascade laser (QCL). We demonstrate that longitudinal modes of the quantum cascade laser close to the gain maximum can be selected or suppressed according to the seed spectrum. The QCL emission spectra obtained by electro-optic sampling from the quantum cascade laser, in the most favorable case, shows high selectivity and amplification of the longitudinal modes that overlap the frequency of the narrow-band seed. Proper selection of the narrow-band THz seed from the PPLN crystal discretely tunes the longitudinal mode emission of the quantum cascade laser. Moreover, the THz wave build-up within the laser cavity is studied as a function of the round-trip time. When the seed frequency is outside the maximum of the gain spectrum the laser emission shifts to the preferential longitudinal mode.
Field-assisted patterned dissolution of silver nanoparticles in phosphate glass
Authors: Andreyuk A. , Albert J.
Published: September 2014

Phosphate glass samples doped with silver ions through a Na+-Ag+ ion-exchange process were treated in a hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures near 430 °C for durations ranging from 4 to 5 h. Such treatment causes metallic silver precipitation at the surface as well as nanoclustering of silver atoms under the surface under conditions very similar to those used for silicate glasses. The presence of silver clusters resulted in a characteristic coloring of the glass and was verified by the observation of a plasmon resonance peak near 410–420 nm in the absorption spectra. Applying a DC voltage between 1.4 and 2 kV at temperatures between 120 and 130 °C led to dissolution of the clusters in the area under the positive electrode, thereby bleaching the glass color. The use of a patterned doped-silicon electrode further led to the formation of a 300 nm thick surface relief on the glass surface and of a volume complex permittivity grating extending at least 4 μm under the surface. Such volume complex refractive index gratings may find applications in passive or active (laser) photonic devices in rare-earth doped phosphate glasses, where conventional bulk grating formation techniques have limited applicability.
True atomic-scale imaging of a spinel Li4Ti5O12(111) surface in aqueous solution by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy
Authors: Kitta Mitsunori , Kohyama Masanori , Onishi Hiroshi
Published: September 2014

Spinel-type lithium titanium oxide (LTO; Li4Ti5O12) is a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Revealing the atomic-scale surface structure of LTO in liquid is highly necessary to investigate its surface properties in practical environments. Here, we reveal an atomic-scale image of the LTO(111) surface in LiCl aqueous solution using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. Atomically flat terraces and single steps having heights of multiples of 0.5 nm were observed in the aqueous solution. Hexagonal bright spots separated by 0.6 nm were also observed on the flat terrace part, corresponding to the atomistic contrast observed in the ultrahigh vacuum condition, which suggests that the basic atomic structure of the LTO(111) surface is retained without dramatic reconstruction even in the aqueous solution.
Integrated optical and electrical modeling of plasmon-enhanced thin film photovoltaics: A case-study on organic devices
Authors: Rourke Devin , Ahn Sungmo , Nardes Alexandre M. , van de Lagemaat Jao , Kopidakis Nikos , Park Wounjhang
Published: September 2014

The nanoscale light control for absorption enhancement of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices inevitably produces strongly non-uniform optical fields. These non-uniformities due to the localized optical modes are a primary route toward absorption enhancement in OPV devices. Therefore, a rigorous modeling tool taking into account the spatial distribution of optical field and carrier generation is necessary. Presented here is a comprehensive numerical model to describe the coupled optical and electrical behavior of plasmon-enhanced polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. In this model, a position-dependent electron-hole pair generation rate that could become highly non-uniform due to photonic nanostructures is directly calculated from the optical simulations. By considering the absorption and plasmonic properties of nanophotonic gratings included in two different popular device architectures, and applying the Poisson, current continuity, and drift/diffusion equations, the model predicts quantum efficiency, short-circuit current density, and desired carrier mobility ratios for bulk heterojunction devices incorporating nanostructures for light management. In particular, the model predicts a significant degradation of device performance when the carrier species with lower mobility are generated far from the collecting electrode. Consequently, an inverted device architecture is preferred for materials with low hole mobility. This is especially true for devices that include plasmonic nanostructures. Additionally, due to the incorporation of a plasmonic nanostructure, we use simulations to theoretically predict absorption band broadening of a BHJ into energies below the band gap, resulting in a 4.8% increase in generated photocurrent.
High resolution light-sheet based high-throughput imaging cytometry system enables visualization of intra-cellular organelles
Authors: Regmi Raju , Mohan Kavya , Mondal Partha Pratim
Published: September 2014

Visualization of intracellular organelles is achieved using a newly developed high throughput imaging cytometry system. This system interrogates the microfluidic channel using a sheet of light rather than the existing point-based scanning techniques. The advantages of the developed system are many, including, single-shot scanning of specimens flowing through the microfluidic channel at flow rate ranging from micro- to nano- lit./min. Moreover, this opens-up in-vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures and simultaneous cell counting in an imaging cytometry system. We recorded a maximum count of 2400 cells/min at a flow-rate of 700 nl/min, and simultaneous visualization of fluorescently-labeled mitochondrial network in HeLa cells during flow. The developed imaging cytometry system may find immediate application in biotechnology, fluorescence microscopy and nano-medicine.
Direct observation of the structural and electronic changes of Li2MnO3 during electron irradiation
Authors: Phillips Patrick J. , Iddir Hakim , Abraham Daniel P. , Klie Robert F.
Published: September 2014

This study focuses on the effects of electron beam induced irradiation to the layered oxide Li2MnO3. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy are used to characterize structural and electronic transitions in the material during irradiation, with a focus on changes in Mn valence and O content. This truly in situ irradiation allows for specific particle tracking, dose quantification, and real-time observation, while demonstrating many parallels to the oxide's structure evolution observed during electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that typical imaging conditions are not severe enough to induce damage to the pristine oxide.
Time-domain detection of current controlled magnetization damping in Pt/Ni81Fe19 bilayer and determination of Pt spin Hall angle
Authors: Ganguly A. , Rowan-Robinson R. M. , Haldar A. , Jaiswal S. , Sinha J. , Hindmarch A. T. , Atkinson D. A. , Barman A.
Published: September 2014

The effect of spin torque from the spin Hall effect in Pt/Ni81Fe19 rectangular bilayer film was investigated using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr microscopy. Current flow through the stack resulted in a linear variation of effective damping up to ±7%, attributed to spin current injection from the Pt into the Ni81Fe19. The spin Hall angle of Pt was estimated as 0.11 ± 0.03. The modulation of the damping depended on the angle between the current and the bias magnetic field. These results demonstrate the importance of optical detection of precessional magnetization dynamics for studying spin transfer torque due to spin Hall effect.
Chlorine doped graphene quantum dots: Preparation, properties, and photovoltaic detectors
Authors: Zhao Jianhong , Tang Libin , Xiang Jinzhong , Ji Rongbin , Yuan Jun , Zhao Jun , Yu Ruiyun , Tai Yunjian , Song Liyuan
Published: September 2014

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are becoming one of the hottest advanced functional materials because of the opening of the bandgap due to quantum confinement effect, which shows unique optical and electrical properties. The chlorine doped GQDs (Cl-GQDs) have been fabricated by chemical exfoliation of HCl treated carbon fibers (CFs), which were prepared from degreasing cotton through an annealing process at 1000 °C for 30 min. Raman study shows that both G and 2D peaks of GQDs may be redshifted (softened) by chlorine doping, leading to an n-type doping. The first vertical (Cl)-GQDs based photovoltaic detectors have been demonstrated, both the light absorbing and electron-accepting roles for (Cl)-GQDs in photodetection have been found, resulting in an exceptionally big ratio of photocurrent to dark current as high as ∼105 at room temperature using a 405 nm laser irradiation under the reverse bias voltage. The study expands the application of (Cl)-GQDs to the important optoelectronic detection devices.
Using dual-band asymmetric transmission effect of 2D metamaterial to manipulate linear polarization state of electromagnetic waves
Authors: Pan Xun-Yong , Han Song , Wang Gaofeng
Published: September 2014

This work demonstrates a two-dimensional (2D) bilayered metamaterial that exhibits dual-band asymmetric transmission (AT) effect for linear polarization. The measured cross-polarization transmissions are 0.88 at 5.68 GHz and 0.92 at 10.7 GHz in one direction, while the corresponding cross-polarization transmissions are suppressed down to 0.17 and 0.18 in the opposite direction, and the AT parameters Δx/Δy reach 0.73/−0.73 and 0.80/−0.80 respectively. The simulated surface current distributions reveal that the underlying physics originates from the induced magnetic coupling. The simulated resonant electric/magnetic field distributions show that the proposed structure follows the principle of metamaterials’ subwavelength.
Effect of shell thickness on small-molecule solar cells enhanced by dual plasmonic gold-silica nanorods
Authors: Xu Xiaoyan , Du Qingguo , Peng Bo , Xiong Qihua , Hong Lei , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Wong Terence K. S. , Ko Kyaw Aung Ko , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: September 2014

Chemically synthesized gold (Au)-silica nanorods with shell thickness of 0 nm–10 nm were incorporated into the bulk heterojunction of a small-molecule organic solar cell. At optimal (1 wt. %) concentration, Au-silica nanorods with 5 nm shell thickness resulted in the highest power conversion efficiency of 8.29% with 27% relative enhancement. Finite-difference time-domain simulation shows that the localized electric field intensity at the silica shell-organic layer interface decreases with the increase of shell thickness for both 520 nm and 680 nm resonance peaks. The enhanced haze factor for transmission/reflection of the organic layer is not strongly dependent on the shell thickness. Bare Au nanorods yielded the lowest efficiency of 5.4%. Light intensity dependence measurement of the short-circuit current density shows that the silica shell reduces bimolecular recombination at the Au surface. As a result, both localized field intensity and light scattering are involved in efficiency enhancement for an optimized shell thickness of 5 nm.
Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Three New Hetero-Bimetallic Coordination Frameworks [Ru2(O2CR)4][Au(CN)2] (R = Benzoic Acid, Furan-2-carboxylate, or Thiophen-2-carboxylate)
Authors: Murphy Michael J. , Keene Tony D. , Price Jason R. , D’Alessandro Deanna M. , Kepert Cameron J.
Published: September 2014

The crystal structures and magnetic and electronic properties of three new hetero-bimetallic coordination frameworks, [Ru2(O2CR)4][Au(CN)2] (R = phenyl (1(Ph)), 2-furan (1(Furan)), and 2-thiophene (1(Thio)), have been characterised. Through variation of the functionalised carboxylate group, both the one-dimensional chain structure and properties of the frameworks have been systematically modulated. The magnetic behaviour for each framework has been modelled with a zero-field splitting model and the presence of weak inter-dimer coupling was assessed.
Simultaneous interpreting and working memory executive control
Authors: Timarová Šárka , Čeňková Ivana , Meylaerts Reine , Hertog Erik , Szmalec Arnaud , Duyck Wouter
Published: September 2014

Working memory is a complex cognitive component responsible for maintenance of information during processing. Interpreting research has so far focused on working memory capacity rather than on the central executive functions. In the study described here, 28 professional interpreters completed a battery of four central executive tasks and three simultaneous interpretations (from English into Czech or Dutch ‘A’). The results show that: (a) certain measurable features of simultaneous interpreting are related to the central executive functions of working memory; (b) one working memory function (inhibition of distractors) seems to be related to interpreting experience, while the others (automatic response inhibition, updating, attention switching) do not; (c) the relationship between working memory and simultaneous interpreting is such that different working memory functions predict different sub-processes in simultaneous interpreting, in complex patterns. The conclusions of this study are data-driven, but in line with the current literature. More specifically, the findings support those accounts of simultaneous interpreting which emphasize attentional control as an important component of the simultaneous interpreting process.
Non-native English at international conferences
Authors: Chang Chia-chien , Wu Michelle Min-chia
Published: September 2014

With the spread of English as a lingua franca (ELF), interpreting researchers have started to explore its effects on interpreting quality and on the conference interpreting profession as a whole. This study is based on interviews with ten professional conference interpreters working with Chinese A and English B in Taiwan. We focus on their experiences of interpreting ELF speakers, with particular reference to their three most recent international conferences, exploring how the interpreters cope with the challenges involved and how they perceive the effects of ELF on their profession. Overall, a total of 25 conferences were included in the analysis, involving 235 ELF speakers. The results provide a comprehensive picture of how Chinese–English conference interpreters in Taiwan have risen to the challenge presented by the ELF phenomenon, after years of experience in dealing with the difficulties this often involves.
Analogical reasoning in public health
Authors: Cummings Louise
Published: September 2014

Analogical reasoning is a valuable logical resource in a public health context. It is used extensively by public health scientists in risk assessments of new technologies, environmental hazards and infectious diseases. For its part, the public also avails of analogical reasoning when it assesses a range of public health problems. In this article, some of these uses of analogical reasoning in public health are examined. Analogical arguments have courted approval and disapproval in roughly equal measure by a long succession of logicians and philosophers. The logical features of these arguments which make them simultaneously compelling and contemptible are considered. As a form of presumptive reasoning, analogical arguments have a valuable role to play in closing epistemic gaps in knowledge. This heuristic function of these arguments is illustrated through an examination of some uses of analogical reasoning in recent public health crises. Finally, the results of a study of analogical reasoning in 879 members of the public are reported. This study reveals that lay members of the public are able to discern the logical and epistemic conditions under which analogical arguments are rationally warranted in a public health context.
Look before you leap
Authors: Koops van ’t Jagt Ruth , Hoeks John , Dorleijn Gillis J. , Hendriks Petra
Published: September 2014

This study describes two eye tracking experiments investigating the processing of poetry with and without enjambments. In Experiment 1, poetic fragments with authentic prospective (syntactically incomplete) or retrospective (syntactically complete) enjambments were investigated; in Experiment 2, enjambments were created — for the purpose of the experiment — from poetry that did not originally contain enjambments. We hypothesized that the layout of the text in poetic fragments would affect the degree to which integrative processes take place: in case of prospective enjambments, the syntactic incompleteness may preclude integration at the end of the line (before going to the next line), whereas retrospective enjambments may cause considerable re-interpretation at the next line. We indeed found significant differences in reading patterns between prose and poetry, poetry with and without enjambment, and poetry with prospective and retrospective enjambment. We interpret these results as favoring a dynamic model of language processing, where the amount and type of integration is determined by syntactic (in)completeness, semantic (in)completeness, but also the physical layout of the text.
Toward a science of science fiction
Authors: Nichols Ryan , Lynn Justin , Purzycki Benjamin Grant
Published: September 2014

What is a genre? What distinguishes a genre like science fiction from other genres? We convert texts to data and answer these questions by demonstrating a new method of quantitative literary analysis. We state and test directional hypotheses about contents of texts across the science fiction, mystery, and fantasy genres using psychometrically validated word categories from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. We also recruit the work of traditional genre theorists in order to test humanists’ interpretations of genre. Since Darko Suvin’s theory is among the few testable definitions of science fiction given by literary scholars, we operationalize and test it. Our project works toward developing a model of science fiction, and introduces a new method for the interdisciplinary study of literature in which interpretations of literary scholars can be put to the test.
A multifactorial analysis of explicitation in translation
Authors: Zufferey Sandrine , Cartoni Bruno
Published: September 2014

The search for translation universals has been an important topic in translation studies over the past decades. In this paper, we focus on the notion of explicitation through a multifaceted study of causal connectives, integrating four different variables: the role of the source and the target languages, the influence of specific connectives and the role of the discourse relation they convey. Our results indicate that while source and target languages do not globally influence explicitation, specific connectives have a significant impact on this phenomenon. We also show that in English and French, the most frequently used connectives for explicitation share a similar semantic profile. Finally, we demonstrate that explicitation also varies across different discourse relations, even when they are conveyed by a single connective.
Referential cohesion and news content
Authors: Károly Krisztina
Published: September 2014

This study explores the (re)creation of referential cohesion in Hungarian-English translation and examines the extent to which shifts of reference are motivated by the differences between the languages, the characteristics of the translation type (news translation) and the genre (news story). As referential cohesion is hypothesized to be affected by certain universals of translation, the explicitation and the repetition avoidance hypotheses are also tested. Analyses show considerable shifts of reference in translations, but these are not statistically significant. The corpus also fails to provide evidence for the universals of translation investigated; however, the in-depth analysis of optional shifts suggests that they are conditioned by the discursive features of the genre and contribute to a more explicit presentation of news content.
Jōyō kanji as core building blocks of the Japanese writing system
Authors: Joyce Terry , Masuda Hisashi , Ogawa Taeko
Published: September 2014

The architecture of writing systems metaphor has special relevance for understanding the structural nature of the Japanese writing system, and, more specifically, for appreciating how the 2,136 kanji of the 常用漢字表 /jō-yō-kan-ji-hyō/* ‘List of characters for general use’ function as the core building blocks in the orthographic representation of a considerable proportion of the Japanese lexicon. In seeking to illuminate the multiple layers of internal structure within Japanese kanji, the Japanese lexicon, and the Japanese writing system, the paper draws on insights and observations gained from an ongoing project to construct a large-scale Japanese lexical database system. Reflecting structural distinctions within the database, the paper consists of three main sections addressing the different structural levels of kanji components, jōyō kanji, and the lexicon. Keywords: Japanese writing system; building blocks; jōyō kanji; components; orthographic structure; database
Morphophonographic regularities in German: the graphematic syllable boundary
Authors: Schmidt Karsten
Published: September 2014

It is widely acknowledged that the German writing system is not only phonographically structured but also represents morphological information (besides other grammatical information). Stem constancy, i.e. the graphic resemblance between morphologically related words, is the most prominent example of this. It is, however, only the phenomenological peak of morphographic structures within the German writing system. This paper deals with the question of how the graphematic coding of phonological and morphological information interacts systematically and how this morphophonographic interaction can be modeled in an adequate way. The theoretical framework for this investigation is a – slightly modified – non-linear graphematic approach as proposed by Primus (2010) and Evertz and Primus (2013). In analogy to non-linear phonology, this framework operates with a graphematic hierarchy. Within the framework, well- known and only recently established graphematic concepts – e.g. letter features, the graphematic syllable or the graphematic word – can be modeled as parts of a hierarchically structured system. This hierarchy shows the dependencies between the different graphematic units and how the writing system codes grammatical information in a suprasegmental way. Keywords: phonographic and morphographic regularities; German writing system; non-linear graphematics; stem constancy; graphematic syllabification
In defence of fact-dependency
Authors: de Maagt Sem
Published: September 2014

G.A. Cohen and David Estlund claim that, because of their fact-dependent nature, constructivist theories of justice do not qualify as moral theories about fundamental values such as justice. In this paper, I defend fact-dependent, constructivist theories of justice against this fact-independency critique. I argue that constructivists can invoke facts among the grounds for accepting fundamental principles of justice while maintaining that the foundation of morality has to be non-empirical. My claim is that constructivists ultimately account for the normativity of fact-dependent principles by referring to a fact-independent, moral conception of the person, which is not a principle of justice.1
Sharp Hardy uncertainty principle and gaussian profiles of covariant Schrödinger evolutions
Authors: Cassano B. , Fanelli L.
Published: September 2014

We prove a sharp version of the Hardy uncertainty principle for Schrödinger equations with external bounded electromagnetic potentials, based on logarithmic convexity properties of Schrödinger evolutions. We provide, in addition, an example of a real electromagnetic potential which produces the existence of solutions with critical gaussian decay, at two distinct times.
Reaching for the sky while rooting to the ground
Authors: Liu Chun-Ming , Wang Ling
Published: September 2014

As an internationally renowned plant molecular biologist, Professor Jiayang Li is now wearing the heavy hat of the Vice-Minister of Agriculture and the President of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). During an interview with NSR, Li talked about the recent development of the CAAS innovation program, the mission of CAAS in fulfilling the country's needs, the promises of ‘molecular breeding by design’, the public concerns on genetic modified food and how he maintains an active laboratory amid heavy administrative duties.
Inhibition of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum by Juglans Species Bark Extracts
Authors: Moore M. J. , Ostry M. E. , Hegeman A. D. , Martin A. C.
Published: September 2014

A rapid and reliable technique is needed for identifying butternut trees (Juglans cinerea) with resistance to butternut canker. We investigated the potential of a bark extract bioassay to detect levels of resistance to Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Oc-j), the causal agent of butternut canker. Both reagent grade naphthoquinones and crude bark extracts of Juglans species inhibited germination of Oc-j conidia. A disc diffusion bioassay was used to study the level of inhibition by these bark extracts and results indicated extensive variation within and between butternut and other species of Juglans tested. In many months over a 3 year period, bark from butternut trees selected for apparent disease resistance could be distinguished from that of unselected trees. Inhibition of conidia germination roughly correlated to the level of resistance observed in field inoculations of the trees. Quantification of the naphthoquinone compounds juglone and plumbagin in butternut bark was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. While the concentrations of these two compounds varied by month and by individual tree, juglone levels correlated well with the bark extract bioassay in some months. These results suggest that juglone concentration may account in part for the observed range of inhibition observed in the bioassay and variation in canker resistance among selections of butternut field inoculated with Oc-j. The bark extract bioassay described in the following report may have potential use for selecting resistant butternut for conservation and restoration purposes.
Virulence Characterization of Venturia inaequalis Reference Isolates on the Differential Set of Malus Hosts
Authors: Caffier Valérie , Patocchi Andrea , Expert Pascale , Bellanger Marie-Noëlle , Durel Charles-Eric , Hilber-Bodmer Maja , Broggini Giovanni A. L. , Groenwold Remmelt , Bus Vincent G. M.
Published: September 2014

A set of differential hosts has recently been identified for 17 apple scab resistance genes in an updated system for defining gene-for-gene (GfG) relationships in the Venturia inaequalis-Malus pathosystem. However, a set of reference isolates characterized for their complementary avirulence alleles is not yet available. In this paper, we report on improving the set of differential hosts for h(7) and propose the apple genotype LPG3-29 as carrying the single major resistance gene Rvi7. We characterized a reference set of 23 V. inaequalis isolates on 14 differential apple hosts carrying major resistance genes under controlled conditions. We identified isolates that were virulent on at least one of the following defined resistance gene hosts: h(1), h(2), h(3), h(4), h(5), h(6), h(7), h(8), h(9), h(10), and h(13). Sixteen different virulence patterns were observed. In general, the isolates carried one to three virulences, but some of them were more complex, with up to six virulences. This set of well-characterized isolates will be helpful for the identification of additional apple scab resistance genes in apple germplasm and the characterization of new GfG relationships to help improve our understanding of the host-pathogen interactions in the V. inaequalis-Malus pathosystem.
Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Crop Yield and Soybean Rust Severity
Authors: Dalla Lana Felipe , Ziegelmann Patricia K. , Maia Aline de H. N. , Godoy Cláudia V. , Del Ponte Emerson M.
Published: September 2014

Meta-analytic models were used to summarize and assess the heterogeneity in the relationship between soybean yield (Y, kg/ha) and rust severity (S, %) data from uniform fungicide trials (study, k) conducted over nine growing seasons in Brazil. For each selected study, correlation (k = 231) and regression (k = 210) analysis for the Y–S relationship were conducted and three effect-sizes were obtained from these analysis: Fisher's transformation of the Pearson's correlation coefficient (Zr) and the intercept (β0) and slope (β1) coefficients. These effect-sizes were summarized through random-effect and mixed-effect models, with the latter incorporating study-specific categorical moderators such as disease onset time (DOT) (70%, moderate = >40 and ≤70%, and low = ≤40% S the check treatment), and growing season. The overall mean for [Formula: see text] (back-transformed [Formula: see text]r) was −0.61, based on the random-effects model. DOT and DP explained 14 and 25%, respectively, of the variability in [Formula: see text]r. Stronger associations ([Formula: see text] = −0.87 and −0.90) were estimated by mixed-effects models for the Zr data from studies with highest DP (DP > 70%) and earliest rust onset (DOT < R1), respectively. Overall means (based on a random-effect model) for the regression coefficients [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were 2,977 and 18 kg/ha/%−1, respectively. In other words, S as low as 3% would reduce 60 kg/ha for an expected Y of 3,000 kg/ha. In relative terms, each unitary percent increase in S would lead to a 0.6 percentage point (pp) reduction in Y. The three categorical moderator variables explained some (5 to 10%) of the heterogeneity in [Formula: see text] but not in [Formula: see text]. The estimated relative reduction in Y was 0.41 to 0.79 pp/%−1 across seasons. Highest relative yield reductions (>0.73 pp/%−1) were estimated for studies with DOT < R1 and DP > 70%; the latter possibly due to high fungicide efficacy when DP is low, thus leading to higher yield differences between fungicide-protected and nontreated plots. The critical-point meta-analytic models can provide general estimates of yield loss based on a composite measure of disease severity. They can also be useful for crop loss assessments and economic analysis under scenarios of varying DOT and weather favorableness for epidemic development.
Hymenobacter roseus sp. nov., isolated from sand
Authors: Subhash Y. , Sasikala Ch. , Ramana Ch. V.
Published: September 2014

Strain JC245T was isolated from a sand sample, and appeared as dark pink colonies on agar plates with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase and oxidase activities were positive. Casein was hydrolysed while chitin, gelatin and starch were not. Major (>5 %) fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 1ω5c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, anteiso-C17 : 1 B/iso-C17 : 1 I and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. Strain JC245T contained phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids, with minor amounts of four unidentified lipids and an unidentified amino lipid. Bacterial hopane derivatives and adenosylhopane were the major hopanoids. Hydroxyflexixanthin was identified as one of the major carotenoids of strain JC245T along with five unidentified carotenoids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 52.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain JC245T represents a member of the genus

Hymenobacter

within the family

Cytophagaceae

of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

. Strain JC245T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with

Hymenobacter roseosalivarius

AA-718T (98.3 %) and other members of the genus

Hymenobacter

(<95.1 %). However, strain JC245T showed 21±2 % relatedness (based on DNA–DNA hybridization) with

H. roseosalivarius

DSM 11622T. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC245T as a representative of a novel species in the genus

Hymenobacter

, for which the name Hymenobacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC245T ( = KCTC 42090T = LMG 28260T).
Description of Comamonas serinivorans sp. nov., isolated from wheat straw compost
Authors: Zhu Daochen , Xie Changxiao , Huang Ying , Sun Jianzhong , Zhang Weimin
Published: September 2014

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated SP-35T, was isolated from compost and was subjected to a taxonomic study. This isolate was short-rod-shaped and non-spore-forming. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence comparison indicated the isolate was related to the genus

Comamonas

. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that its closest neighbours were the type strains

Comamonas odontotermitis

Dant 3-8T (96.8 % similarity),

Comamonas testosteroni

DSM 50244T (96.5 %),

Comamonas guangdongensis

CY01T (95.9 %) and

Comamonas composti

YY287T (95.6 %). Using phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition data and a range of physiological and biochemical characteristics we could clearly distinguish strain SP-35T from type strains of the genus

Comamonas

. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SP-35T was 63.1 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidlyglycerol. Differences in phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics support the classification of strain SP-35T as a representative of a novel species in the genus

Comamonas

, for which the name Comamonas
serinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SP-35T ( = DSM 26136T = JCM 18194T).
Domibacillus enclensis sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment, and emended description of the genus Domibacillus
Authors: Sonalkar Vidya V. , Mawlankar Rahul , Krishnamurthi Srinivasan , Tang Shan-Kun , Dastager Syed G.
Published: September 2014

A novel red-pigmented bacterial strain, designated NIO-1016T, was isolated from a sediment sample from Chorao Island, India and was investigated by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain was Gram-reaction-positive, strictly aerobic, motile and catalase-positive and produced spherical to slightly ellipsoidal endospores with subterminal position on swollen sporangia. The genomic DNA G+C content was 46.9 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The predominant quinones were MK-6 (89.3 %) and MK-7 (8.7 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and an unidentified phospholipid. meso-Diaminopimelic acid (type A1γ) was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. The closest phylogenetic neighbours were identified as

Domibacillus robiginosus

DSM 25058T (98.0 % similarity) and

Domibacillus indicus

DSM 28032T (97.2 % similarity), other species of the genus

Bacillus

displayed below 96 % similarity. Phylogenetic, physiological, biochemical and morphological differences between strain NIO-1016T and its closest neighbours indicate that this strain represents a novel species in the genus

Domibacillus

in the family

Bacillaceae

for which the name Domibacillus enclensis sp. nov. is proposed with the type species NIO-1016T ( = DSM 25145T = NCIM 5462T = CCTCC AB 2011121T).
Accounting for eXentricities: Analysis of the X chromosome in GWAS reveals X-linked genes implicated in autoimmune diseases
Authors: Chang Diana , Gao Feng , Slavney Andrea , Ma Li , Waldman Yedael Y. , Sams Aaron J. , Billing-Ross Paul , Madar Aviv , Spritz Richard , Keinan Alon
Published: September 2014

Many complex human diseases are highly sexually dimorphic, suggesting a potential contribution of the X chromosome to disease risk. However, the X chromosome has been neglected or incorrectly analyzed in most genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We present tailored analytical methods and software that facilitate X-wide association studies (XWAS), which we further applied to reanalyze data from 16 GWAS of different autoimmune and related diseases (AID). We associated several X-linked genes with disease risk, among which (1)ARHGEF6is associated with Crohn’s disease and replicated in a study of ulcerative colitis, another inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Indeed, ARHGEF6 interacts with a gastric bacterium that has been implicated in IBD. (2)CENPIis associated with three different AID, which is compelling in light of known associations with AID of autosomal genes encoding centromere proteins, as well as established autosomal evidence of pleiotropy between autoimmune diseases. (3) We replicated a previous association ofFOXP3, a transcription factor that regulates T-cell development and function, with vitiligo; and (4) we discovered thatC1GALT1C1exhibits sex-specific effect on disease risk in both IBDs. These and other X-linked genes that we associated with AID tend to be highly expressed in tissues related to immune response, participate in major immune pathways, and display differential gene expression between males and females. Combined, the results demonstrate the importance of the X chromosome in autoimmunity, reveal the potential of extensive XWAS, even based on existing data, and provide the tools and incentive to properly include the X chromosome in future studies.
Synthesizing Combination Therapies for Evolutionary Dynamics of Disease for Nonlinear Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Jonsson Vanessa , Matni Nikolai , Murray Richard M.
Published: September 2014

Our previous results proposed an iterative scalable algorithm for the systematic design of sparse, small gain feedback strategies that stabilize the evolutionary dynamics of a generic disease model with linear pharmacodynamics. In this manuscript, we use piecewise linear approximations to model nonlinear drug effects. We leverage results from optimal controller synthesis for positive systems to formulate the feedback synthesis problem as an optimization problem that sequentially explores piecewise linear subsystems corresponding to higher and higher treatment dosages.