bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accountability and Regional Governance
Authors: While Aidan
Published: July 2007

This article looks at the emerging role of the regional chambers in England. Ostensibly acting as the first step towards elected regional government, these new partnerships have become an integral part of New Labour's pragmatic approach to English regionalisation. Providing a counterweight to the Regional Development Agencies (RDAs), regional chambers are intended to provide an inclusive forum for the various local and regional stakeholder interests. The remit of these voluntary bodies will include monitoring the activities of the RDAs and providing strategic input into a range of regional policy initiatives. Focusing on developments in two English regions, the article considers whether regional chambers will be able to compensate for the democratic deficit that has long been an intrinsic part of the regional state apparatus in England.
Towards internal cohesion?
Authors: White Lynda , Hart Mark , Harvey Stephen
Published: July 2007

Outline

This paper focuses on the extent to which EU funding available under the Local Economic Development Measure of the Northern Ireland Single Programme (1994–99) has encouraged local government in Northern Ireland to adopt a new role in local economic development. It also considers whether the implementation of the Measure has effectively addressed its objectives of economic and social cohesion. It discusses the rationale for district council involvement and concludes that the local government structure in Northern Ireland requires adaptation to optimise the impact of the aid on offer.
From Coal Mines to Culture - Utilising Economic Regeneration to Maximise Economic Inclusion
Authors: Jobling Alan
Published: July 2007

Gateshead Council has, in the last 10 years, perfected a mechanism for ensuring that social economic inclusion is at the core of capital regeneration schemes. The development of Gateshead Quays has led to the introduction of a targeted training and recruitment programme that has been refined and adapted to suit the needs of employers and represent the opening up of employment opportunities for local unwaged and unemployed people. This programme has been utilised to create real jobs for local people.
Local youth training initiatives
Authors: Dobson Steve , Goddard John A.
Published: July 2007

In April 1986, Leeds City Council staged a three day European Employment Conference on local employment initiatives involving Leeds and its twin cities Dortmund (Federal Republic of Germany) and Lille (France). High on the conference agenda was the problem of youth unemployment. This article discusses some of the local initiatives which were presented at the conference, against the background of various national education, training and employment creation schemes in operation in Germany, Britain and France. It is argued that although their overall impact on the youth unemployment problem is relatively small, the local initiatives described in this paper do provide training of a quality which is often lacking in many of the large-scale nationally based schemes.
Urban revival in sight: The end is where we start from?
Authors: Cheshire Paul
Published: July 2007

This paper tries to set recent developments in the UK in a wider spatial and historic context relating them to their underlying economic processes. By a better understanding of the forces acting on cities and a recognition of the broad patterns of change, we can gain some insight into future developments. Is further decentralisation and ex-urbanisation inevitable? Is the decline of the manufacturing sector of the urban economy a catastrophe from which cities cannot recover? What are the implications of the growth of the service sector for future patterns of urban development? How can policy assist the revitalisation of Europe's cities? These are some of the questions with which this paper is concerned.
Telecommunications and the local economy: Some emerging policy issues
Authors: Graham Stephen
Published: July 2007

Outline

This paper provides a brief overview of the issues which surround local economic development and telecommunications. The implications of telecommunications for urban and regional development in the present “information-based” era are outlined and the seven basic features of this development are described. Some necessary steps and conceptual approaches to developing specifically local development policies in this new area are then expounded by way of the development of a “framework for the local policy maker”. Finally, several leading attempts at developing locally controlled telecommunications infrastructures in the UK, as agents of economic and social development, are briefly analysed.
Third time right? The EC's third Action Programme for women
Authors: Bruegel Irene
Published: July 2007

Amid the welter of “new initiatives” from Brussels promoting social integration is a programme for women which appears to offer something new. Nothing in the way of new money, nor novel employment projects, rather a distinctly feminist flavour: “equality” is now to be integrated “into general mainstream policy”; grassroot action - organisation at the local and regional level - is required; working life has to be “reconciled” with family responsibilities and, finally, “women's unequal representation in all spheres of decision making” has to be addressed. How far this rhetoric will translate into enhanced employment prospects for women, especially women in this country, is nevertheless highly problematic.
Local Economic Strategy and Local Coalition-Building
Authors: Valler David
Published: July 2007

Outline

This paper considers the increasing prevalence of coalition-building in urban politics, associated characterisations of local public-private relations, and the developing function of local economic strategy in such processes. It concludes with a discussion of local economic strategy-making by Norwich City Council, which emphasises the distinctiveness of local policy and the limits of coalition politics.
Local governance and urban prospects: The potential of City Pride
Authors: Williams Gwyndaf
Published: July 2007

Outline

The recent re-alignment of urban policy, involving the promotion of a diversity of public-private partnerships, a fostering of local business elites, and the increasing importance of city marketing and image reconstruction, all point in the direction of a "new localism" in urban regeneration. Focusing on the potential of the recent City Pride initiative in building up consensual and holistic "visions" of Britain's main cities, the following set of papers assess the role of the "urban prospectus" in fostering local coalitions and the benefits of mutuality in order to address issues of resource procurement and allocation. The potential of this new approach for targeting large-scale programme and project investment in the local economy, infrastructural priorities and aspects of social cohesion are all considered by the contributing authors, who look specifically at recent developments in London, Manchester and Birmingham.
Cable and local economic development: Local authority roles and responses
Authors: Gibbs David , Devins David , Hughes Geraint , Tanner Keith
Published: July 2007

Outline

There has been much recent comment about the development of the "information superhighway" and the opportunities that this will create for economic development. Yet elements of such a superhighway are already in place through the activities of cable companies in the UK This paper outlines the development of cable to date and examines the response of local authorities to such developments.
Re-forming Urban Regeneration? The practice and potential of English partnerships
Authors: Littlewood Stephen , Whitney David
Published: July 2007

Outline

English Partnerships has taken a central position in land regeneration and development. Ostensibly it has been allocated the resources, status and mechanisms to answer many of the criticisms that have been levelled at urban policy during the last decade. This paper looks at how the agency is pursuing its given role in the context of the changing features of urban regeneration, and what factors are determining its effectiveness
Small Firms and Local Economic Development in South London
Authors: Phelps Nicholas
Published: July 2007

A growing body of literature has identified a number of potential constraints on small firm growth. Arguably, the severity of these constraints is closely related to the differing fortunes of industries and firms and the extent of localised external economies or diseconomies. This paper looks at the constraints facing manufacturing and business service firms in a large urban area. The paper draws on findings from a survey of small firms in Croydon. Data from the survey reveal some differences between small manufacturing and service firms in their experience of the urban environment. Physical constraints on expansion and labour shortages appear to be hindering small manufacturing firms in Croydon. Deficiencies in specific niches of the local business service sector may be preventing small business service firms from complementing and enhancing their internal capabilities. The problems facing small firms in Croydon and the sorts of local policy initiatives being developed are likely to be applicable to other large urban areas.
Small Busingess Service Firms and the 1990s Recession in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bryson John R.
Published: July 2007

During the 1990s recession, the UK experienced a dramatic growth in employment in information-intensive business firms. This paper explores this growth with reference to small management consultancy and market research firms. Business service firms continued to be established and to grow during the recession because of three related attributes: professional expertise, an existing reputation and a network of client contacts. These attributes are related to the theoretical work of Granovetter (1973; 1982; 1985) who argues that "weak ties" operate to connect different groups of people together. The implications of these attributes for local economic development are considered. Success for all companies at the level of the local economy will be partially dependent on efficient and effective use of available business service expertise. The three attributes make it impossible to develop successful mechanisms to encourage the formation of business service companies in areas with underdeveloped service infrastructure. Mechanisms, however, may be developed at the local level to encourage the establishment of “weak ties” between local companies and regional and national providers of business service expertise.
Skills and Unemployment
Authors: Shackleton J. R.
Published: July 2007

This article attempts to spell out the links which are assumed to exist between skills and unemployment. It is argued that the claims made for the beneficial effects of raising the skill levels of the workforce have been exaggerated. The author then goes on to indicate some of the other factors which influence unemployment levels, and sketches the relevance of this to local economic initiatives
Youth unemployment in Northern Ireland
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: July 2007

Summary

Nearly one tenth (8 per cent) of each cohort of school leavers in Northern Ireland experience long spells of unemployment and inactivity (“Status 0”) between the ages of 16 and 18. This is important because many such young people are likely to end up unemployed and long-term unemployed in later life. In Northern Ireland around 15 per cent of the male workforce is unemployed, and around one half of these have been out of work for more than one year. This paper outlines the nature of the Status 0 experience amongst 16 and 17 year olds in Northern Ireland, and discusses three main aspects of policy which might guide the overall policy response in Northern Ireland and elsewhere.

Firstly, resources should be targeted carefully towards the most “at risk” young people, especially during the early stages of their progression through compulsory education. Secondly, relevant professionals should ensure that the most marginalised young people are not allowed to fall through the nets of mainstream provision and, in particular, every effort should be made to help young people avoid entering Status 0 immediately after leaving school. Thirdly, consideration should be given to the financial incentives faced by training providers in terms of recruiting low achievers who are at most risk of entering Status 0. There is some evidence to suggest that many of the existing incentives in Northern Ireland are inadequate and, in some cases, may exacerbate many of the problems faced by marginalised young people.
Why Isn't Wales Richer?
Authors: Brand Steven , Hill Stephen , Munday Max , Roberts Annette
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the extent to which economic changes in Wales during the 1980s and early 1990s have impacted upon the main indicator of regional prosperity (GDP per head). The paper shows that the economic "successes" of Wales, in terms of inward investment attraction, infrastructure development and manufacturing growth, are yet to be translated into sustained improvements in relative GDP per capita. The general implications of the Welsh case for regional development strategy are examined in the conclusions.
Building and Sustaining Inter-firm Networks
Authors: Huggins Robert
Published: July 2007

The academic discussion of business co-operation and networks is often undertaken in fairly abstract terms. The objective of this paper is to add some realism through “on-the-ground” examples of inter-firm networks in which Training and Enterprise Councils (TECS) have acted in a facilitating and sup-portive capacity. This paper considers the practicalities and problems that TECs, often in the shape of “network brokers”, have encountered in facilitating the building and sustaining of local inter-firm networks, primarily among SMEs, in a number of differing scenarios. It was found that the most effective and sustainable networks are initially based on informal relations, such as those developed through voluntary attendance at “learning” workshops and seminars. As trust emerges and bonds are gradually gained these arrange-ments may evolve into more formal and long-term associations. It is suggested that the initial focus of projects should consist of expanding the “stakeholder webs” of SMEs through learning networks that focus on building the stock of social capital. Furthermore, gaining sufficient reserves of social capital should be considered prior to the planning of any formal “dotted line” commercial or innovation-based relations.
Local Economies and Business Networks Re-Visited
Authors: Jones Andrew
Published: July 2007

This article describes networks among business and professional services (BPS) firms in London, and deals with the relationship between the businesses interviewed and their locality. The article is based on empirical material derived from a large number of interviews with BPS firms in central London. It is noted that lateral links between firms are poor, relationships are better characterised as competitive rather than co-operative, and businesses tend to take little interest in the various support agencies. Although all the businesses interviewed placed great emphasis on the development of close, co-operative re-lationships with clients, markets are geographically diffuse. However, despite the weakness of localised, inter-firm links, businesses were able to identify a number of valuable and distinctive assets attached to their current location, which implies that the “local economy” continues to be important. The article finishes briefly with some implications for local economies and appropriate methods of business support.
Localisation or mainstream bending in urban regeneration?
Authors: Turok Ivan
Published: July 2007

Major uncertainties surround the appropriate response to unemployment and social polarisation within European cities. This paper discusses the rhetoric and reality of efforts to promote urban regeneration through local partnerships of various kinds. It focuses on the experience of cities facing some of the greatest challenges- Glasgow, Dublin andDuisburg. There are broad lessons to be learnt about the circumstances in which mainstream bending and localised initiatives are appropriate; how to establish effective local capacity; and the strengths and limitations of a purely "bottom-up" approach. Sam Aaronovitch was very interested in the problems facing European cities, in practical policies to overcome them and in comparative policy research of this kind. His use of the term multi-level regeneration helped to inspire this paper.
Managed Workspace
Authors: Green Howard , Strange Adam
Published: July 2007

The managed workspace format rose to prominence as a tool for local economic development during the 1980s, Its popularity has continued into the 1990s, offering support for new and small firms in their early stages of operation through the provision of suitable premises and a “protected environment”. In this article, evidence is presented to indicate that a significant proportion of tenant firms are, in fact, remaining in managed workspace well beyond the early stages of operation for which it is primarily intended, and we examine the reasons for this. Most significantly, this examination reveals that the added costs associated with the provision of the “protected environment” often appear to produce little in the way of added value for these more mature tenant firms, and on this basis we conclude with a call for a reappraisal of the role for managed workspace in local economic development policies.
The Cost of Methadone Maintenance Programs: a Comparison between Public Hospital Clinics and Private Practitioner Programs in New South Wales*
Authors: Baldwin Richard
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to establish the financial outlays for state and federal governments in providing methadone treatment services through public clinics and private medical practitioners authorised to prescribe methadone. This study did not assess the quality of care provided by public and private methadone programs. Three public clinics and twenty two private practitioner programs were studied. The mean cost of methadone treatment per client per month in the public clinics was $113.00, with a range of $61 to $239. This range illustrates significant variations in the costs of public methadone clinics and can be partly explained by differences in staff: client ratios and the type and frequency of clinical support services, for example, counselling provided in addition to methadone dispensing. The cost to treat one client in the most expensive public methadone clinic is more than the cost to Medicare for the treatment of one client within a private practitioner methadone program ($178 per client per month). However, the mean cost of the public clinics is considerably lower than private practitioner programs because of the high cost of urinalysis by private pathology laboratories. The mean cost for clinical management is similar for the two systems. At the level of service operating within public and private programs, the mean cost of methadone treatment would be approximately the same if private practitioners used the NSW government laboratory as their urine testing facility.
Effect on casualty traffic accidents of the introduction of 10 p.m. Monday to Saturday hotel closing in Victoria
Authors: Smith Ian
Published: July 2007

Abstract: During the year after 6.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, hotel closing was replaced by 10.00p.m. closing in Victoria, there was an 11.5% increase in the number of casualty accidents from 6.01 p.m. to 2.00 a.m.
Extended alcohol trading hours during the 1982 Brisbane Commonwealth Games and traffic accidents
Authors: Smith D. Ian
Published: July 2007

Abstract: During the 1982 Brisbane Commonwealth Games 39% of the hotels, clubs, restaurants, cabarets and bistros in the Brisbane Statistical Division were granted extended trading hours. Analyses using confidence intervals and chi‐square analyses for both the daytime and night‐time revealed that the increase in availability did not result in additional casualty or property damage accidents. An intensive traffic law enforcement campaign during the Games may have offset the predicted increase in traffic accidents due to the additional availability of alcoholic beverages.
Determination of the Residual Stress State in Components using Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Pyzalla A.
Published: July 2007

Neutron diffraction enables the determination of the residual stress state in the bulk of components. While usually the diffraction angle and subsequently the residual strains and stresses are determined in directions corresponding to the directions of the principal stresses, due to reasons of accessibility and the large dimensions of components the measurements frequently have to be performed in directions tilted to those of the principal axes. For such measurements equations for the determination of the error in the stresses are given and examples are presented. Further on the advantages of the well-known X-ray sin2 ψ-method in case of neutron diffraction are outlined.
Residual Stress Determination in Several MMC Samples Submitted to Different Operating Conditions
Authors: Bruno G. , Girardin E. , Giuliani A. , Koszegi L. , Levytubiana R. , Manescu A. , Rustichelli F.
Published: July 2007

The experiments here described have been carried out in the framework of a more general research, aiming to develop a set of complementary models to predict the in-service performances of particular reinforced MMC automotive and aeronautical components. As MMCs are highly heterogeneous materials, residual stresses are present both in the matrix and the particles microstructure, prior to any macroscopic loading. They vary with the temperature and with the type and level of loading imposed to the material, and have a strong influence on the mechanical behaviour of MMCs. Neutron and X-ray diffraction measurements have been performed at HMI-BENSC (Berlin, Germany), and LLB (Saclay, France) for the determination of residual stresses in a prototype component an automotive brake drum (AA359+20% SIC). As expected, the results show that in each gauge point the main contribution is generally given by thermal microstresses.
Incremental Hole Drilling and X-ray Diffraction Techniques to the Residual Stresses Determination Introduced by Shot Peening in Titanium Alloy
Authors: Montay G. , Cherouat A. , Lu J.
Published: July 2007

Shot peening is a surface deformation process that can produce very large improvements in fatigue performance, stress corrosion …  of engineering components. This treatment involves modifications of the surface and subsurface condition of a material that can be described by the change of residual stress. The aim of this study is to measure the residual stress gradient introduced by the shot peening in a titanium alloy TA6V. A lot of techniques are available today with their advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we will compare two methods, which are the X-ray technique and the incremental hole drilling method.
The d0-distribution in Al-2024 Friction Stir Welds
Authors: Steuwer A. , Withers P.J. , Burguete R.
Published: July 2007

Neutron and synchrotron radiation have been employed to create 2D maps of the variation of strains and the unstrained lattice spacing d0 in longitudinal and transverse direction over a cross-section of a friction stir weld (FSW) of an aluminium alloy AA-2024. Strains have been measured directly in the FSW using neutrons. The variation of the unstrained lattice parameter has been measured with synchrotrons on specially prepared stress-relaxed ‘combs’ of the original weld. The variation of d0 across the weld varies on the same scale as the strains on a magnitude of ∼ l000 µε thus influencing greatly the magnitude of inferred residual stresses in the sample. Both the d0 variation and strain map show detailed features reflecting the characteristic microstructure generated during the welding process. In particular, they are asymmetric about the weld centre-line. The dominant longitudinal residual stress field is tensile beneath the edge of the tool and compressive in the weld centre-line. Transverse stresses are smaller by a factor of 3 and tend to be compressive. Stresses measured by diffraction agree well with results from conventional holedrilling performed in the same sample.
Synchrotron, Neutron and Classical X-ray Measurement in An Electron Beam Welded Martensitic Steel
Authors: Asserin O. , Braham C. , Lodini A.
Published: July 2007

The F82-H modified martensitic steel is currently one of the best options for the first wall of future fusion reactors. Martensitic steel samples of F82-H (0.1 C; 8 Cr; 2 W; 0.2 V; 0.1 Mn; 0.1 Si wt %) have been electron beam welded. Strain analysis by classical X-ray, synchrotron and neutron diffraction were carried out at different distances from the weld centre (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm). Strain and stress calculations require the determination of the exact unstressed lattice parameter (d0), which is determined by XRD. Material characterization and line broadening measurements by X-rays and neutrons were performed. The integral breadth values measured by X-rays and neutrons coincide and can be compared to the micro-hardness profile.
Measurement and Prediction of Residual Stresses in a Titanium Metal Matrix Composite Ring
Authors: Pang J.W.L. , Rauchs G. , Withers P.J. , Bonner N.W. , Twigg E.S.
Published: July 2007

Residual strain measurements have been carried out on a fibre reinforced Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-6-4) ring upon fabrication and after machining. As the composite is embedded in Ti-6-4 cladding, neutron diffraction is the only non-destructive technique able to measure residual strains within the composite region. Experimental results indicate that measurements can be made as far as 10 mm below the surface using a large gauge volume and long count times. An axisymmetric finite element model has been constructed, to predict the residual stress state on cooling from consolidation phase and after machining, which incorporates thermal, elastic and creep properties of the constituent materials. Model predictions are in good agreement with experiments.
Comparison of Residual Stress Measurements Using Neutron and X-ray Diffraction around Cold Expanded Holes
Authors: Stefanescu D. , Bouzina A. , Dutta M. , Wang D.Q. , Fitzpatrick M.E. , Edwards L.
Published: July 2007

Comparative stress measurements using neutron and X-ray data from an FTI 4% cold expanded hole in 7050 T76 aluminium alloy plate are presented. Good agreement is found between neutron and X-ray diffraction results. In combination, these results can be used to follow the effects of a −30kN under-load on the stress field around a cold expanded hole. This underload increases the depth of the compressive layer adjacent to the bore of the hole but reduces the value of the peak compressive stress.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires upon Tensile Deformation
Authors: Luk´š P. , Tomota Y. , Harjo S. , Neov D. , Strunz P. , Mikula P.
Published: July 2007

The strengthening mechanism of heavily cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires was studied using the high-resolution neutron diffraction experiment performed in situ upon tensile deformation. Microstructural parameters of lattice strain, microstrain and coherent block size, the evolution of which evidences the deformation mechanism of this ultrahigh strength steel, were extracted from the position, width and shape of the in situ recorded neutron diffraction profiles, respectively, using a newly proposed method of profile shape analysis. It was found that the deformation mechanism of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires resembles the behavior of nanocrystalline materials.
In-situ Analysis of the Microstrains During Tensile Deformation of an AlSi-MMC at Room Temperature and Elevated Temperature
Authors: Pyzalla A. , Jacques A. , Feiereisen J.-P. , Buslaps T. , D’Almeida T. , Liss K.-D.
Published: July 2007

First results on the investigation of the tensile load stress-elastic strain response of an AlSi-metal matrix composites are presented. Measurements were performed at room temperature and in-situ at elevated temperature using white high-energy synchrotron radiation. The experiments show the evolution of the lattice plane dependent microstrains in the aluminium matrix and the silicon particles.
Stress Evaluation by Neutron Diffraction: Modelling of a Two-axis Spectrometer
Authors: Sprauel J.M.
Published: July 2007

Neutron stress evaluation is reliable in normal condition where the neutron probe is entirely immersed in the sample. However, near surface measurements are difficult to analyse, due to great parasitic peak shifts which are obtained in such condition. To correct these systematic errors, a numerical modelling of a whole two-axis neutron spectrometer has been developed. The simulation program computes the distribution of intensity and wavelength across the incident beam. The precise shape and size of the probe volume is also calculated. A theoretical diffraction peak is finally built through a modified Monte Carlo simulation method. The whole simulation program allows thus to predict and correct all parasitic shifts of the diffraction peak. To check the limits of the method, the procedure has been applied to the evaluation of the residual stresses induced by surface treatments, such as nitriding and shot peening.
Elastic properties of single phase γ-TiAl polycrystalline material at ambient and elevated temperature
Authors: Bokuchava G.D. , Priesmeyer H.G. , Kudryashov V.A. , Tietze U.
Published: July 2007

The automotive industry and aerospace industry are two of the most important industrial sectors using γ-TiAl based alloys — a group of intermetallic materials with tetragonal structure. γ-TiAl based alloys offer advantages for use at working temperatures range between 500°C and 850°C and lead to weight reductions of up to 40% because of their low density, advanced mechanical properties and high oxidation and creep resistance. By reducing weight, especially in oscillating or rotating components of engines and turbines in the high temperature range, efficiency and power can be increased significantly. In current work the elastic properties of single phase γ-TiAl polycrystalline material were investigated at ambient and elevated temperature. The hkl dependent lattice strain was measured in situ at uni-axial compressive load using RTOF high-resolution neutron diffraction.
NBS with thermal neutrons: some questions to be answered for simple liquids
Authors: Suck J.-B.
Published: July 2007

After an introduction into the experimental investigation of the collective dynamics in liquids by inelastic neutron scattering and the formalism used to describe the dispersion of collective excitations in simple liquids, some of the questions, still open for simple liquids, are discussed in view of the new possibilities, which are provided by a small angle time-of-flight spectrometer with a large well resolving pixel detector, which allows continuous mapping of the dynamical space covered with thermal neutrons in the variable small angle range accessible on the NBS-spectrometer BRISP.
Neutron characterization of aluminium nitride nanotubes
Authors: Bellucci S. , Balasubramanian C. , Ivanov A. , Popov A. , Schober H.
Published: July 2007

The results of experiments carried out at the ILL neutron facilities in Grenoble on nanotubes of aluminum nitride synthesized through a DC arc plasma process are presented. We discuss the phonon generalized density of states G(ω) of the nanotubes in comparison with bulk AlN. G(ω) for the bulk features two main bands at low (about 30 meV) and high (about 80 meV) frequencies. Both bands are completely smeared out in the nanomaterial indicating a broad distribution of force constants induced by structural disorder. Apart from the smearing out of the vibrational bands, we observe enhanced intensities at low frequencies (ω < 10 meV) as usually found in disordered systems. Two additional bands at 12 and 17 meV hint at pure aluminium regions within the nanomaterial. The observed changes in the microscopic dynamics must lead to appreciable differences in the thermal and transport properties of the nanotubes with respect to the bulk material. Powder diffraction experiments show sharp lines from crystalline regions superimposed on a high and rather unstructured background.
Pressure evolution of microscopic diffusion in liquid water
Authors: Cunsolo A. , Orecchini A. , Petrillo C. , Sacchetti F.
Published: July 2007

The single particle dynamics of liquid water has been investigated as a function of pressure and momentum transfer by quasielastic neutron scattering. A line-shape analysis of the experimental spectra enabled us to extract the values of the microscopic diffusion coefficients. As a result, we observe that the pressure evolution of the translational diffusion coefficient exhibits a neat maximum in its pressure dependence. Moreover, we have also found a monotonic increase of the rotational diffusion coefficient with pressure. Both these effects are clearly reminiscent of the well-known anomalous pressure-behaviour of the macroscopic transport parameters of liquid water.
Evaluated Nuclear Data Files for the Naturally-occurring Isotopes of Cadmium
Authors: Mccabe Joseph , Smith A.B. , Meadows J.W.
Published: July 2007

Comprehensive neutronic evaluated data files for the naturally-occurring isotopes of cadmium, extending from thermal → 20 MeV, are deduced from experimental data and nuclear models, and presented in the ENDF/B-VI formats. Particular attention is given to those processes relevant to fuel-cycle and fission-product applications. Comparisons are made with prior evaluations of the cadmium isotopes, and discrepancies and consistencies cited. Some of the discrepancies are very large, and they have the potential for a pronounced impact on a wide spectrum of applications.
A Comparison of Time-of-Flight (TOF) and Three Axis Spectrometer (TAS) Techniques for the Study of Excitations in Single Crystals
Authors: Dorner Bruno
Published: July 2007

Arguments on advantages and disadvantages of TOF against TAS are quite old and the situation for single crystals seemed clear for many years. But the advent of spallation sources restimulates this discussion. The difficulties in determining dispersion curves in complex crystal structures are therefore explained in detail, followed by a presentation of the TOF technique for single crystal studies in general and of the sophisticated PRISMA technique in particular. The example of Cr2O3 with 30 dispersion branches is discussed in detail because the same sample was examined at PRISMA/ISIS and on TAS-1/JAERI. The conclusion is that complex systems such as Cr2O3 cannot successfully be studied on PRISMA. More generally, when many different Brillouin zones have to be examined in a given region of q and ω, then the TAS technique is superior to the TOF.
Assessing the Relative Information Content of Different Types of Diffraction Measurements for Liquids and Glasses
Authors: Mcgreevy R.L. , Pusztai L.
Published: July 2007

A simple numerical method is proposed whereby the relative information content of different total structure factors can be determined, whether obtained by neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution, X-ray diffraction with anomalous scattering or EXAFS. By taking into account the likely level of experimental errors it can then be decided which experiments provide the maximum information and which provide no additional information. The method is illustrated by creating different sets of data corresponding to a two component Lennard Jones liquid, and then determining the partial radial distribution functions From these sets of data.
3D Computer Tomography with Thermal Neutrons at FRM Garching
Authors: Schillinger B.
Published: July 2007

A new kind of Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detector, developed at FRM Garching, has been used for computer tomography with thermal neutrons. An object of about 9 cm3 volume was examined in a thermal neutron flux of 3*105 n s−1 cm−2 with in 12 hours with a spatial resolution of about (200 microns)3.
Cold Neutron Protein Crystallography Using a Large Position-Sensitive Detector Based on Image-Plate Technology
Authors: Cipriani F. , Castagna J.-C. , Wilkinson C. , Oleinek P. , Lehmann M.S.
Published: July 2007

The use of medium to long wavelength neutron diffraction for the study of large unit cells to near atomic resolution using quasi-Laue techniques is a good way of increasing measurement capacity in neutron protein crystallography, but requires a large detector area. A cylindrical detector based on image plate technology has been constructed for this purpose, and basic design criteria together with some first results are reported.
Neutron Detectors Using Slow Scan CCDs
Authors: Rausch C.
Published: July 2007

The readout of neutron scintillators via CCD cameras has proved to be an efficient and cost effective means of position sensitive neutron detection. Slow-scan CCDs work as integrating detectors, offering high count rate capability and high linearity, whereas intensified CCDs allow the analysis of single neutron events, thus providing good background rejection at lower count rates. This paper describes the workings of a slow-scan CCD camera for neutron detection and reports about properties of various types of scintillators, fiber optic devices, lenses and CCDs that are used for these detectors, and their influence on the detective quantum efficiency.
The Future of Scintillator Detectors in Neutron Scattering Instrumentation
Authors: Rhodes N.J. , Johnson M.W. , van Eijk C.W.E.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the scintillators in common use for the detection of thermal neutrons and the advantages of using scintillator technology in the design of neutron detectors. Characteristics obtained in recent detectors incorporating these scintillators are given together with proposals for new scintillator detectors under development at ISIS. Desired characteristics of new scintillators for use in neutron detectors at both ISIS and new accelerator sources are defined.
Quantum Optical Neutron Beam Tailoring
Authors: Rauch H.
Published: July 2007

Perfect crystal neutron interferometry has provided the basis for the realization of many basic experiments for testing quantum mechanics with massive particles. The following quantum effects have been verified: 4π-symmetry of spinors, spin-superposition, gravity-induced quantum interference effects, the Aharonov-Casher effect, the magnetic Josephson effects, the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect etc. More recently, steps towards neutron quantum optics have been undertaken. Measurements have dealt with the coherence properties of the neutron beam, the photon exchange between the neutron and various electromagnetic fields, the particle number-phase uncertainty, squeezing phenomena, and the Wigner-functional behavior of a neutron system. These achievements opened the field of direct Fourier spectroscopy which brings a direct access to the space and time dependent correlation functions which describe condensed matter. Various perspectives for further experiments in the field of fundamental and condensed matter physics are discussed.
Cold Neutron Interferometry Using Multilayer Mirrors
Authors: Ebisawa T. , Funahashi H. , Tasaki S. , Otake Y. , Kawai T. , Hino M. , Achiwa N. , Akiyoshi T.
Published: July 2007

Cold neutron interferometry using multilayer mirrors is discussed. The interferometry includes two kinds of multilayer interferometers, which are analogous optically to the Mach-Zehnder and the Jamin interferometer in classical optics. The Mach-Zehnder multilayer interferometer has been installed at JRR-3M reactor of JAERI. We describe the conditions required for the Mach-Zehnder multilayer interferometer and the characteristics of the interferometer. The Jamin multilayer interferometer, called a phase echo interferometer, shows a phase echo effect analogous functionally to the spin echo principle. We describe briefly the first successful performance tests. We propose a phase echo spin interferometer using multilayer spin splitters, based on the phase echo principle and the coherent superposition of the spin eigenstates.
Performance and Future of a Neutron Resonance Spinecho Spectrometer
Authors: Köppe Maro , Hank Peter , Wuttke Joachim , Petry Winfried , Gähler Roland , Kahn Rémi
Published: July 2007

We present the neutron resonance spinecho-spectrometer (NRSE) that was recently installed at the LLB-Saclay. Brief quantum mechanical descriptions of the spectrometer principle and of the main components, the RF-flippers, are given. We also discuss the technological details of these flippers. The spinecho-curves clearly demonstrate the good performance of the instrument. A first quasielastic neutron scattering measurement on the structural relaxations of the glass former deuterated glycerol shows the high flexibility and reliability of the new spectrometer, but also indicates the need to increase the primary intensity, planned in near future.
Application of the Three Polariser – Two Shim (3p-2s) Method in Polarised Neutron Experiments
Authors: Por P.T. , Rekveldt M.TH. , Fredrikze H.
Published: July 2007

A general formulation of the three polariser – two shim method, using the spin density formalism, is described. Using this method, the polarising power of neutron polarisers or polarising samples can be separated from the depolarisation in the set-up composed of three neutron polarisers. The applications and limitations of this method are discussed in the field of polarised neutron scattering, polarised neutron reflectometry and neutron depolarisation.
Numerical Analysis of Instrumental Resolution Effects on Strain Measurements by Diffraction near Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Lorentzen Torben
Published: July 2007

The inherent instrumental optics related problems in using neutron diffraction to characterise stress gradients near surfaces or interfaces, are treated by a numerical approach. By ray-tracing relevant ranges of wavelengths and divergence angles through a diffraction set-up, it is demonstrated that the artificial peak shifts observed near surfaces and interfaces are mainly attributed to the shift of the gage volume centre of gravity away from the centre of the sample table, and to the inhomogeneity of the wavelength distribution across the irradiated gage volume. It has been demonstrated that these two effects are either competing or reinforcing effects depending on the experimental configuration. This insight can be used to reduce the errors but can not remove them completely. Some recommendations are given for optimum reduction of errors and a few ideas are provided for a complete elimination of the errors encountered.
Intergranular Stresses in Incoloy-800
Authors: Holden T.M. , Holt R.A. , Clarke A.P
Published: July 2007

The generation of intergranular residual strains under uniaxial loading conditions in the plastic regime has been measured in detail by neutron diffraction in Incoloy-800. A relatively simple theory, based on the Taylor model, gives a good semiquantitative account of the magnitudes of the strains. The results clarify the interpretation of measurements made earlier on Incoloy-800 steam generator tubes.
First Scattering Experiment on MIEZE: a Fourier Transform Time-of-Flight Spectrometer Using Resonance Coils
Authors: Besenböck W. , Gähler R. , Hank P. , Kahn R. , Köppe M. , de Novion C.-H. , Petry W , Wuttke J.
Published: July 2007

We present a first scattering experiment with MIEZE, a new high-resolution neutron spectrometer, located in the guide hall of the Laboratoire Léon Brillouin. As a variant of neutron spinecho it measures the intermediate scattering function. In opposition to spinecho it is able to measure spin-incoherent scattering without attenuation of the signal. This was demonstrated on the first sample, viscous glycerol at two different temperatures.
SLAD: A Neutron Diffractometer for the Study of Disordered Materials
Authors: Wannberg A. , Mellergård A. , Zetterström P. , Delaplane R. , Grönros M. , Karlsson L.-E. , Mcgreevy R.L.
Published: July 2007

The Studsvik Liquids and Amorphous materials Diffractometer (SLAD) is a neutron diffractometer designed for measurements of the structure factor of liquids, glasses and amorphous materials, for total (i.e. Bragg and diffuse) scattering measurements from powder crystalline samples and for medium resolution, high count rate, powder diffraction. In this paper we describe in some detail the design of the instrument and the software available for data analysis, with emphasis on the interplay between ‘hardware’ design choices and software development in optimising the scientific performance of the instrument (for a given budget and neutron source).
Inelastic Neutron Scattering for Materials Science and Engineering
Authors: Shapiro S.M. , Holden T.M.
Published: July 2007

The basic concepts of inelastic neutron scattering are introduced leading to the formulation of the differential scattering cross sections for inelastic scattering. Inelastic scattering provides several unique ways of viewing materials. It permits measurements of the forces acting on atoms in solids, leading, for example, to the characterisation of the strength and the symmetry of the binding site of hydrogen atoms in metals. It often permits a detailed examination of the environment of magnetic ions in materials through the magnetic inelastic cross section. Finally, lattice vibrations may change their frequencies dramatically when driven by changes in electronic structure which precede phase transitions and hence provide a powerful tool for understanding these transitions.
Intergranular Stresses
Authors: Holden T.M.
Published: July 2007

Intergranular residual strains exist within the grains of a polycrystalline aggregate with a length scale of the order of the grain size. They originate in different rates of thermal expansion in different phases or different crystallographic directions or in the anisotropy of the elastic and plastic response to applied stress as determined by the crystallographic orientation of the grains. There is a semiquantitative understanding of the signs and magnitudes of the strains and stresses. The industrial impact of these strains is noted. The importance of the intergranular strains for correctly interpreting measurements of strain by diffraction in terms of engineering stresses is emphasised.
Syntheses, crystal structures and dynamic 1H NMR study of diastereotopic CH2 protons in several new phosphoric triamides
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Mostaanzadeh Hossein , Shariatinia Zahra , Oroujzadeh Nasrin
Published: July 2007

Several phosphoric triamides with formula C6H5C(O)N(H)P(O)X2, X = N(C2H5)(CH2C6H5) (1), NC4H8 (2), NH-CH2-C6H5 (3), NH-CH2-(2-Cl-C6H4) (4), NH-CH2-CH(C2H5)(C4H9) (5), N(C2H5)2 (6) and P(O)(NH-CH2-C6H5)3 (7) were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The structures were determined for compounds 3, 7 and 36, 4-F-C6H4C(O)NHP(O)(NH-CH2-CH=CH2)2. In compound 3, there are intermolecular -P=O … H-N- and -C=O … H-N- hydrogen bonds which form a one-dimensional polymeric chain. Compound 7 contains intermolecular -P=O … H-N- hydrogen bonds leading to a one-dimensional polymeric chain. Compound 36 forms intermolecular -P=O … H-N-, -C=O … H-N- and -C-F … H-N- hydrogen bonds which produce a three-dimensional polymeric chain in the crystalline network. The effects of rotation, ring inversion, temperature and solvent on the coupling patterns of the CH2 protons in 1H NMR spectra were discussed. The Gibbs free energy for the rotation around the P-N bond in compounds 3, 6 and 41, (4-CH3-C6H4-O)P(O)Cl[N(CH3)(CH2C6H5)], were calculated from dynamic 1H NMR spectra at low temperatures. The ΔG# value for compound 3 is the greatest one among these molecules. The crystal structures of compounds 3 and 6 indicates that the slightly smaller P-Namine bond lengths in 3 relative to 6 cause a greater ΔG# value in 3.