bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for transients when estimating abundance of bottlenose dolphins in Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida
Authors: Conn Paul B. , Gorgone Antoinette M. , Jugovich Amelia R. , Byrd Barbie L. , Hansen Larry J.
Published: May 2011

We investigated the potential for using mark–recapture models to estimate abundance of bottlenose dolphin populations in open systems (e.g., bays, estuaries). A major challenge in these systems is that immigration and emigration occur during sampling, thus violating one of the most basic assumptions of mark–recapture models. We assumed that dolphins using our study site were composed of both residents (those that used the study area almost exclusively during our study), and transients (those that passed through our study area but did not remain long), and examined several mark–recapture estimators for their ability to accurately and precisely estimate the abundance of residents and the superpopulation (i.e., residents + transients). Using simulated data, we found that a novel approach accounting for transients resulted in estimators with less bias, smaller absolute relative error, and confidence interval coverage closer to nominal than other approaches, but this novel approach required intensive sampling and that the “correct” transient pattern be specified. In contrast, classical mark–recapture estimators for closed populations often overestimated the number of residents and underestimated the superpopulation. Using photo‐identification records, a model‐averaged estimate of the superpopulation of bottlenose dolphins in and around Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida was 232 (SE = 13) animals. We estimated resident abundance at 179 (SE = 8), which was lower than the number of unique animals we encountered (188). Our results appear promising for developing monitoring programs for bottlenose dolphins and other taxa in open systems. Our estimators should prove useful to wildlife managers who wish to base conservation decisions on estimates of the number of animals that reside primarily in their study or management area. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The oil palm industry bows to NGO campaigns
Authors: Khor Yu Leng
Published: May 2011

Palm oil has become the key supplier to the global edible oils market. Continued oil palm development should be a good thing as it is the most effective supplier in terms of low land usage, and it brings much needed development to poor tropical developing regions. It provides livelihoods for an estimated 4.5 million people. As a monocrop that has supplanted forest and peat lands in areas with unmatched biodiversity and inhabited by poor indigenous tribes, it has been heavily criticized for its negative environmental and social impacts. Escalating NGO campaigns, particularly from Europe, over the last seven years have seriously reined in the speed and prospects for oil palm expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia. Large corporate growers have acceded to NGO pressures, as these have resulted in high‐key boycotts by the likes of Unilever and Nestle. Many large companies have signed on as members of the World Wildlife Fund for Nature‐initiated, Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil. Multi‐national consumer brands are being persuaded to change their buying policies, with potential global implications. Strategies to ignore or deny problems in oil palm sustainability have not worked well: a handful of NGOs have played David to the palm oil Goliaths of Indonesia and Malaysia. Since mid‐2010, Indonesia's President is trying to make less‐than‐popular policy changes, and the outcomes bear watching.
A study of thermal effects in an offset‐halves journal bearing profile using different grade oils
Authors: Chauhan Amit , Sehgal Rakesh , Sharma Rajesh Kumar
Published: May 2011

The Reynolds equation has been solved simultaneously along with the energy equation and heat conduction equation by finite difference method to find pressure and temperature distribution for circular and offset‐halves journal bearings. Numerical solution of energy equation was achieved using parabolic temperature profile approximation technique for faster computation. A comparative study for the rise in oil temperatures, thermal pressures and load‐carrying capacity for the three different commercially available oils namely Hydrol 68, Mak 2T and Mak Multigrade (Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited [BPCL], Mumbai, India) has been carried out. With an increase in speed, the oil temperature, the thermal pressure and the load‐carrying capacity rose for all the grade oils under study. The rise in computed oil temperature, thermal pressures as well as load‐carrying capacity has been found maximum for Mak Multigrade oil and minimum for Mak 2T oil. The nature of temperature profiles and load‐carrying capacity has been found to be in good agreement with those available in the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion of aluminium, stainless steels and AISI 680 nickel alloy in nitrogen‐based fuels
Authors: Kap I. , Starostin M. , Shter G. E. , Grader G. S.
Published: May 2011

Nitrogen‐based compounds can potentially be used as alternative non‐carbon or low‐carbon fuels. Nevertheless, the corrosion of construction materials at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of such fuel has not been reported yet. This work is focused on the corrosion of AISI Al 6061, 1005 carbon steel (CS), 304, 316L, 310 austenitic stainless steels (SS) and 680 nickel alloy in highly concentrated water solution of ammonium nitrate and urea (ANU). The corrosion at 50 °C and ambient pressure and at 350 °C and 20 bar was investigated to simulate storage and working conditions. Sodium chloride was added to the fuel (0–5 wt%) to simulate industrial fertilizers and accelerated corrosion environment. Heavy corrosion of CS was observed in ANU solution at 50 °C, while Al 6061, 304 and 316L SS showed high resistance both to uniform and pitting corrosion in ANU containing 1% of sodium chloride. Addition of 5% sodium chloride caused pitting of Al 6061 but had no influence on the corrosion of SS. Tests in ANU at 350 °C and 20 bar showed pitting on SS 304 and 316L and 680 nickel alloy. The highest corrosion resistance was found for SS 310 due to formation of stable oxide film on its surface.
In vivo and ex vivo evidence for ketamine‐induced hyperglutamatergic activity in the cerebral cortex of the rat: Potential relevance to schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Sang‐Young , Lee Hyunseung , Kim Hyun‐Ju , Bang Eunjung , Lee Sung‐Ho , Lee Do‐Wan , Woo Dong‐Cheol , Choi Chi‐Bong , Hong Kwan Soo , Lee Chulhyun , Choe Bo‐Young
Published: May 2011

Subanesthetic doses of ketamine, a noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, impair prefrontal cortex (PFC) function in the rat and produce symptoms in humans similar to those observed in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study, in vivo 1H‐MRS and ex vivo 1H high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HR‐MAS) spectroscopy was used to examine the brain metabolism of rats treated with subanesthetic doses of ketamine (30 mg/kg) for 6 days. A single voxel localization sequence (PRESS, TR/TE = 4000/20 ms and NEX = 512) was used to acquire the spectra in a 30‐µl voxel positioned in the cerebral cortex (including mainly PFC) of the rats (ketamine group: n = 12; saline group: n = 12) anesthetized with isoflurane. After the in vivo 1H‐MRS acquisition, the animals were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex tissues were extracted (ketamine group: n = 7; saline group: n = 7) for ex vivo 1H HR‐MAS spectroscopy (CPMG sequence, 2.0‐s presaturation delay, 2.0‐s acquisition time, 128 transients and 4‐ms inter‐pulse delay) using a 500‐MHz NMR spectrometer. All proton metabolites were quantified using the LCModel. For the in vivo spectra, there was a significant increase in glutamate concentration in the cerebral cortex of the ketamine group compared with the controls (p < 0.05). For the ex vivo HR‐MAS spectra, there was a significant increase in the glutamate/total creatine ratio, and a decrease in the glutamine/total creatine and glutamine/glutamate ratios in the cerebral cortex tissue of the ketamine group compared with the controls. The results of the present study demonstrated that administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine in the rat may exert at least part of their effect in the cerebral cortex by activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the interactions of an acyl carrier protein domain from the 6‐deoxyerythronolide B synthase
Authors: Charkoudian Louise K. , Liu Corey W. , Capone Stefania , Kapur Shiven , Cane David E. , Togni Antonio , Seebach Dieter , Khosla Chaitan
Published: May 2011

The assembly‐line architecture of polyketide synthases (PKSs) provides an opportunity to rationally reprogram polyketide biosynthetic pathways to produce novel antibiotics. A fundamental challenge toward this goal is to identify the factors that control the unidirectional channeling of reactive biosynthetic intermediates through these enzymatic assembly lines. Within the catalytic cycle of every PKS module, the acyl carrier protein (ACP) first collaborates with the ketosynthase (KS) domain of the paired subunit in its own homodimeric module so as to elongate the growing polyketide chain and then with the KS domain of the next module to translocate the newly elongated polyketide chain. Using NMR spectroscopy, we investigated the features of a structurally characterized ACP domain of the 6‐deoxyerythronolide B synthase that contribute to its association with its KS translocation partner. Not only were we able to visualize selective protein–protein interactions between the two partners, but also we detected a significant influence of the acyl chain substrate on this interaction. A novel reagent, CF3‐S‐ACP, was developed as a 19F NMR spectroscopic probe of protein–protein interactions. The implications of our findings for understanding intermodular chain translocation are discussed.
EMMPRIN regulates cytoskeleton reorganization and cell adhesion in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhu Haining , Zhao Jun , Zhu Beibei , Collazo Joanne , Gal Jozsef , Shi Ping , Liu Li , Ström Anna‐Lena , Lu Xiaoning , McCann Richard O. , Toborek Michal , Kyprianou Natasha
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND

Proteins on cell surface play important roles during cancer progression and metastasis via their ability to mediate cell‐to‐cell interactions and navigate the communication between cells and the microenvironment.

METHODS

In this study a targeted proteomic analysis was conducted to identify the differential expression of cell surface proteins in human benign (BPH‐1) versus malignant (LNCaP and PC‐3) prostate epithelial cells. We identified EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) as a key candidate and shRNA functional approaches were subsequently applied to determine the role of EMMPRIN in prostate cancer cell adhesion, migration, invasion as well as cytoskeleton organization.

RESULTS

EMMPRIN was found to be highly expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells compared to BPH‐1 cells, consistent with a correlation between elevated EMMPRIN and metastasis found in other tumors. No significant changes in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis were detected in EMMPRIN knockdown cells compared to the scramble controls. Furthermore, EMMPRIN silencing markedly decreased the ability of PC‐3 cells to form filopodia, a critical feature of invasive behavior, while it increased expression of cell–cell adhesion and gap junction proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that EMMPRIN regulates cell adhesion, invasion, and cytoskeleton reorganization in prostate cancer cells. This study identifies a new function for EMMPRIN as a contributor to prostate cancer cell–cell communication and cytoskeleton changes towards metastatic spread, and suggests its potential value as a marker of prostate cancer progression to metastasis. Prostate 72:72–81, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum/glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 expression in primary human prostate cancers
Authors: Szmulewitz Russell Z. , Chung Elizabeth , Al‐Ahmadie Hikmat , Daniel Silver , Kocherginsky Masha , Razmaria Aria , Zagaja Gregory P. , Brendler Charles B. , Stadler Walter M. , Conzen Suzanne D.
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND

Serum/glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), a known target of the androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is reported to enhance cell survival. This study sought to better define the role of SGK1 and GR in prostate cancer.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was performed for AR, GR, and SGK1 on primary prostate cancers (n = 138) and 18 prostate cancers from patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy. Relative staining intensity was compared utilizing a Fisher's exact test. Univariate analyses were performed using log‐rank and chi‐squared tests to evaluate prostate cancer recurrence with respect to SGK1 expression.

RESULTS

SGK1 expression was strong (3+) in 79% of untreated cancers versus 44% in androgen‐deprived cancers (P = 0.003). Conversely, GR expression was present in a higher proportion of androgen‐deprived versus untreated cancers (78% vs. 38%, P = 0.002). High‐grade cancers were nearly twice as likely to have relatively low (0 to 2+) SGK1 staining compared to low‐grade cancers (13.8% vs. 26.5%, P = 0.08). Low SGK1 expression in untreated tumors was associated with increased risk of cancer recurrence (adjusted log‐rank test P = 0.077), 5‐year progression‐free survival 47.8% versus 72.6% (P = 0.034).

CONCLUSIONS

SGK1 expression is high in most untreated prostate cancers and declines with androgen deprivation. However, these data suggest that relatively low expression of SGK1 is associated with higher tumor grade and increased cancer recurrence, and is a potential indicator of aberrant AR signaling in these tumors. GR expression increased with androgen deprivation, potentially providing a mechanism for the maintenance of androgen pathway signaling in these tumors. Further study of the AR/GR/SGK1 network in castration resistance. Prostate 72:157–164, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variation in the toll‐like receptor 4 and prostate cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Shui Irene M. , Stark Jennifer R. , Penney Kathryn L. , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Epstein Mara M. , Pitt Michael J. , Stampfer Meir J. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Lindstrom Sara , Sesso Howard D. , Fall Katja , Ma Jing , Kraft Peter , Giovannucci Edward , Mucci Lorelei A.
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND

Common genetic variants in the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in inflammation and immune response pathways, may be important for prostate cancer.

METHODS

In a large nested case–control study of prostate cancer in the Physicians' Health Study (1982–2004), 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and genotyped to capture common variation within the TLR4 gene as well as 5 kb up and downstream. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess associations of these SNPs with total prostate cancer incidence, and with prostate cancers defined as advanced stage/lethal (T3/T4, M1/N1(T1–T4), lethal) or high Gleason grade (7 (4 + 3) or greater). Cox‐proportional hazards regression was used to assess progression to metastases and death among prostate cancer cases.

RESULTS

The study included 1,267 controls and 1,286 incident prostate cancer cases, including 248 advanced stage/lethal and 306 high grade cases. During a median follow‐up of 10.6 years, 183 men died of prostate cancer or developed distant metastases. No statistically significant associations between the TLR4 SNPs were found for total prostate cancer incidence, including SNPs for which an association was reported in other published studies. Additionally, there were no significant associations with TLR4 SNPS and the incidence of advanced stage/lethal, or high grade cancers; nor was there evidence among prostate cancer cases for associations of TLR4 SNPs with progression to prostate cancer specific mortality or bony metastases.

CONCLUSIONS

Results from this prospective nested case–control study suggest that genetic variation across TLR4 alone is not strongly associated with prostate cancer risk or mortality. Prostate 72:209–216, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of different droplet size on the knockdown efficacy of directly sprayed insecticides
Authors: Sugiura Masaaki , Horibe Yoshihiro , Kawada Hitoshi , Takagi Masahiro
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Although insecticidal aerosols have been widely accepted for household use, the discharged amount should be maintained at minimum levels because they contain volatile organic compounds. Hence, it would be valuable to develop a technique whereby insecticide droplets adhere efficiently to an insect's body. The present study was undertaken in order to clarify how differences in the mode of adhesion to the insect body influence the knockdown effect.

RESULTS: When the discharged volume of droplets with different diameters was the same, the adhesion volume of larger droplets was twice that of smaller droplets, resulting in a higher insect knockdown. In contrast, when the adhesion volume of the two droplet types was the same, a greater number of smaller droplets than larger droplets adhered, and the smaller droplets caused higher insect knockdown. The knockdown effect of both droplet types was lowered when the mesothoracic spiracles of cockroaches were blocked; however, the effect of larger droplets was lowered to a lesser degree.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, the probability of adhesion to the more susceptible regions of an insect's body, i.e., areas surrounding the mesothoracic spiracles, was improved when a greater number of smaller droplets were adhered, resulting in higher knockdown. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of the extracellular acidification of Escherichia coli by a light‐addressable potentiometric sensor
Authors: Werner Carl Frederik , Krumbe Christoph , Schumacher Katharina , Groebel Simone , Spelthahn Heiko , Stellberg Michael , Wagner Torsten , Yoshinobu Tatsuo , Selmer Thorsten , Keusgen Michael , Baumann Marcus E. M. , Schöning Michael J.
Published: May 2011

The monitoring and control of a biogas digester is important to maximise the energy output and to avoid down times. Within the digester process, the metabolic activity of relevant organisms represents a key parameter. A light‐addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) can be used to determine the extracellular acidification of these organisms. With the developed on‐chip differential LAPS set‐up, external influences, like sensor drift, temperature fluctuations and external pH changes can be compensated. An immobilisation protocol based on polyacrylamide has been developed to immobilise the organisms on the sensor surface. To validate the system, Escherichia coli have been used as a model organism. Measurements with E. coli in suspension and measurements with E. coli embedded in polyacrylamide gel were performed. It was shown, that the activity of the E. coli in the polyacrylamide was as high as in suspension, when determining the effect of the immobilisation towards the extracellular acidification rate.
Improved flux‐pinning properties of REBa2Cu3O7–z films by low‐level Co doping
Authors: Wang Wentao , Pu Minghua , Wang Weiwei , Lei Ming , Cheng Cuihua , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2011

Biaxially textured REBa2Cu3–xCoxO7–z (RE = Gd,Y) films were prepared on (00l) LaAlO3 substrate using self‐developed fluorine‐free chemical solution deposition (CSD) approach. The in‐field Jc values are significantly improved for REBa2Cu3–xCoxO7–z films through low‐level Co doping. Co‐doped GdBa2Cu3O7–z film shows the highest Jc values at higher temperatures and fields, whereas the Jc values of Co‐doped YBa2Cu3O7–z film surpass that of other films at lower temperatures and fields. In addition, the volume pinning force densities of films with Co doping have been distinctly enhanced in the applied fields, indicating improved flux‐pinning properties. The possible reasons are discussed in detail.
Excellent silicon surface passivation with 5 Å thin ALD Al2O3 layers: Influence of different thermal post‐deposition treatments
Authors: Richter Armin , Benick Jan , Hermle Martin , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: May 2011

Thin layers of Al2O3 always require a thermal post‐deposition treatment to activate the passivation on crystalline silicon surfaces. In this work, we studied the influence of different thermal post‐deposition treatments for the activation of passivating ALD Al2O3 single layers and Al2O3/SiNx stacks. For the stacks, especially with less than 5 nm Al2O3, a short high temperature process at ∼800 °C results in a remarkably lower surface recombination compared to a commonly applied annealing at 425 °C. We observed that four ALD cycles of Al2O3 are sufficient to reach the full potential of surface passivation, and even with one atomic layer of Al2O3 (one ALD cycle) emitter saturation current densities as low as 45 fA/cm2 can be reached on boron‐diffused emitters. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanistic Studies on the Antidiabetic Activity of a Polysaccharide‐rich Extract of Radix Ophiopogonis
Authors: Ding Linwei , Li Peibo , Lau Clara Bik San , Chan Yuet Wa , Xu Dingzhou , Fung Kwok‐Pui , Su Weiwei
Published: May 2011

To study the hypoglycemic mechanisms of a polysaccharide‐rich extract of Radix Ophiopogonis, the influences of the extract on activity of NIT‐1 insulinoma cells damaged by streptozotocin (STZ), activity of α‐glucosidase, glucose absorption into intestinal brush border membrane vesicles, gluconeogenesis by H4IIE hepatoma cells and glucose uptake by 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were investigated. The results show that the extract improved the activity of NIT‐1 cells damaged by STZ, inhibited glucose absorption into intestinal brush border membrane vesicles and reduced the activity of α‐glucosidase. However, gluconeogenesis in H4IIE cells and glucose uptake in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes did not change significantly in the presence of the extract. These results suggest that the hypoglycemic mechanisms of the polysaccharide‐rich extract of Radix Ophiopogonis are caused by protection in pancreatic islet cells and the inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and absorption. This is possibly the first report on the underlying mechanisms responsible for the antidiabetic effect of Radix Ophiopogonis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variance plus bias optimal response surface designs with qualitative factors applied to stem choice modeling
Authors: Allen Theodore T. , Tseng Shih‐Hsien
Published: May 2011

This paper explores the issue of model misspecification, or bias, in the context of response surface design problems involving quantitative and qualitative factors. New designs are proposed specifically to address bias and compared with five types of alternatives ranging from types of composite to D‐optimal designs using four criteria including D‐efficiency and measured accuracy on test problems. Findings include that certain designs from the literature are expected to cause prediction errors that practitioners would likely find unacceptable. A case study relating to the selection of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics majors by college students confirms that the expected substantial improvements in prediction accuracy using the proposed designs can be realized in relevant situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and efficient 2k − 1 designs for experiments in blocks of size two
Authors: Wang P. C. , Cook R. Dennis
Published: May 2011

Two‐level factorial designs in blocks of size two are useful in a variety of experimental settings, including microarray experiments. Replication is typically used to allow estimation of the relevant effects, but when the number of factors is large this common practice can result in designs with a prohibitively large number of runs. One alternative is to use a design with fewer runs that allows estimation of both main effects and two‐factor interactions. Such designs are available in full factorial experiments, though they may still require a great many runs. In this article, we develop fractional factorial design in blocks of size two when the number of factors is less than nine, using just half of the runs needed for the designs given by Kerr (J Qual. Tech. 2006; 38:309–318). Two approaches, the orthogonal array approach and the generator approach, are utilized to construct our designs. Analysis of the resulting experimental data from the suggested design is also given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inequalities for phase‐space Rényi entropies
Authors: Hornyák I. , Nagy Á.
Published: May 2011

Relations between different kinds of phase‐space Rényi and Shannon entropies are proved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
The first steps of the Li‐B‐H cluster formation
Authors: Vázquez‐Villavicencio Mario , Aburto Andrea , Orgaz Emilio
Published: May 2011

We have theoretically investigated the formation of Li:B:H clusters from standard reactants in gas phase. Molecular electronic structure computations as well as Born‐Oppenheimer molecular dynamics have been carried out to investigate the early stages of the formation of Li:B:H clusters. We describe the thermochemical properties of the different possible reactions and the first stable structures that could initiate the growing process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Non‐human viruses developed as therapeutic agent for use in humans
Authors: Koppers‐Lalic Danijela , Hoeben Rob C.
Published: May 2011

Viruses usually infect a restricted set of host species, and only in rare cases does productive infection occur outside the natural host range. Infection of a new host species can manifest as a distinct disease. In this respect, the use of non‐human viruses in clinical therapy may be a cause for concern. It could provide the opportunity for the viruses to adapt to the new host and be transferred to the recipient's relatives or medical caretakers, or even to the normal host species. Such environmental impact is evidently undesirable. To forecast future clinical use of non‐human viruses, a literature study was performed to identify the viruses that are being considered for application as therapeutic agents for use in humans. Twenty‐seven non‐human virus species were identified that are in (pre)clinical development, mainly as oncolytic agents. For risk management, it is essential that the potential environmental consequences are assessed before initiating clinical use, even if the virus is not formally classified as a genetically modified organism. To aid such assessment, each of these viruses was classified in one of five relative environmental risk categories, ranging from “Negligible” to “Very High”. Canary pox virus and the Autographa californica baculovirus were assigned a “Negligible” classification, and Seneca Valley virus, murine leukemia virus, and Maraba virus to the “High” category. A complicating factor in the classification is the scarcity of publicly available information on key aspects of virus biology in some species. In such cases the relative environmental risk score was increased as a precaution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CAN WE IMPROVE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE OF FLOODPLAIN LAKES USING CLADOCERAN ZOOPLANKTON?
Authors: Kattel G. R.
Published: May 2011

Natural resource managers across Australia intend to promote healthy floodplain lake ecosystems with rich diversity and composition of biota because such ecosystems provide economically valuable services to society. However, management practice of these floodplain lake ecosystems is impeded by confounding effects of anthropogenic impacts and natural climate variability in recent decades. Yet, there are a few potential biological markers available that profoundly respond to ecological effects of climate change and human disturbances. Cladoceran zooplankton plays an intermediary role in food web dynamics. They show distinct responses to changes in temperature and environmental perturbations, such as acidification, nutrient loading and salinization. The effects of temperature and land‐use changes on food web dynamics and water quality, in particular, are major concerns for shallow lowland large river floodplain lakes management in Australia. Information on zooplankton assemblages and diversity can help increase our understanding of ecological processes in a wide range of environmental exposures. The study of cladoceran fossils and their ephippia preserved in floodplain lake sediment has substantially furthered our understanding of species–environment relationships at different temporal and spatial scales and allowed us to develop powerful inference models for degraded floodplain lake ecosystems. This consequently defines a benchmark of a shift from a naturally intact ecosystem to an ecologically poor regime. In this paper, I have made an attempt to persuade wetland managers through application of contemporary and palaeocladoceran communities to improve management practice of floodplain lake ecosystems in Australia by providing a range of examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiddling While the Planet Burns: The Scientific Validity of Chaordic Systems Thinking
Authors: Emery Merrelyn
Published: May 2011

In response to my refutation of their 2008 paper, Kira and van Eijnatten defend their refusal to retract their paper with a claim to scientific validity. This note examines the scientific validity of their approach, chaordic systems thinking (CST), using only the most basic criteria: respect for evidence, observing and reporting accurately and precisely, having an approach that is coherent, internally consistent, capable of generating propositions testable in real organizations and generating useful results. CST fails on every criterion. Instead of working on the best available evidence to advance research on the cooperative sustainable organizations that are required to deal with the biggest crisis humanity has ever faced, CST is attempting to solve a problem long since solved. It illustrates a serious malaise in social science. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Spanish Cultivars During Olive Fruit Ripening
Authors: Gómez‐González S. , Ruiz‐Jiménez J. , Luque de Castro M. D.
Published: May 2011

The oils produced from five olive cultivars (i.e. arbequina, gordal, manzanilla, picual and picudo) and the evolution of fatty acid profile during olive fruit ripening were studied. The total oil content increased throughout ripening for Picudo cultivars; however, all other cultivars reached maximum oil contents between ripeness stage 2 and 4. The content of trans (0.3–5.8%), saturated (8.3–21.4%), monounsaturated (41.9–84.1%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (2.3–49.7%) varied with the ripeness state and cultivar. Different trends of the different parameters were found as a function of the ripeness state and the cultivar. Statistical analysis reveal that manzanilla drupes, at the different ripeness states, are clearly different from the rest of the cultivars. In addition, there were no significant differences in the fatty acid profile of the oils obtained from drupes at ripeness states between 2 and 4.
Is Ductal Carcinoma in Situ with “Possible Invasion” More Predictive of Invasive Carcinoma than Pure Ductal Carcinoma in Situ?
Authors: Arazi-Kleinman Tal , Causer Petrina A. , Nofech-Mozes Sharon , Jong Roberta A.
Published: May 2011

Objectives

To compare the underestimation of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) vs DCIS with “possible invasion” at breast biopsy and to determine if any factors related to clinical indication, imaging abnormality, biopsy, or DCIS-grade affected the likelihood of underestimation.

Methods

Of 3836 consecutive lesions that were biopsied by using a 14-gauge needle, 117 lesions revealed DCIS. Surgical pathology results of invasive carcinoma were compared with needle biopsy results of DCIS or DCIS with possible invasion. Clinical indication, imaging abnormality, biopsy guidance modality, sample number, and histologic grade were recorded. Yates corrected χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to determine differences between groups.

Results

A total of 101 lesions were DCIS and 16 were DCIS with possible invasion at biopsy. Thirty-six of 117 lesions (31%) revealed invasive carcinoma at resection pathology. Invasive carcinoma was present more often when DCIS with possible invasion was diagnosed compared with pure DCIS (7/16 [44%] vs 29/101 [29%], P = .36). No factor, including clinical indication, imaging abnormality, biopsy guidance method, sample number, or grade, was found to significantly affect the likelihood of underestimation for lesions diagnosed as DCIS vs DCIS with “possible invasion.” The likelihood of pure DCIS underestimation significantly increased when lesions were high grade compared with either intermediate or low grade (18/44 [41%] vs 9/44 [21%] vs 2/10 [20%], P = .03).

Conclusion

For lesions biopsied by using a 14-gauge needle, there is a trend towards underestimation of the presence of invasive carcinoma when pathology reveals DCIS with possible invasion compared with pure DCIS. High-grade DCIS was significantly more likely to be underestimated.
Epigenetic reprogramming during tissue regeneration
Authors: Katsuyama Tomonori , Paro Renato
Published: May 2011

Epigenetic control of gene regulation is fundamental to the maintenance of cellular identities during all stages of metazoan life. Tissue regeneration involves cellular reprogramming processes, like dedifferentiation, re‐differentiation, and trans‐differentiation. Hence, in these processes epigenetic maintenance of gene expression programs requires a resetting through mechanisms that we are only beginning to understand. Here we summarize the current status of these studies, in particular regarding the role of epigenetic mechanisms of cellular reprogramming during tissue regeneration.
The correlation among the percentage of positive biopsy cores from the dominant side of prostate, adverse pathology, and biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Memis Ali , Ugurlu Ozgur , Ozden Cuneyt , Oztekin Cetin Volkan , Aktas Binhan Kagan , Akdemir Alp Ozgur
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation among various preoperative clinical variables, including certain prostate needle biopsy parameters, biochemical failure, and adverse pathology, after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). We retrospectively evaluated the records of our 156 patients who underwent RRP because of localized prostate cancer. Serum prostate‐specific antigen level, clinical stage, and the information obtained from biopsy [Gleason score, number of positive cores, percentage of positive cores (PPCs) from the dominant side of prostate, and overall PPC] were evaluated as predictors of adverse pathology and biochemical failure. Of the patients, 30.2% (n = 38) had nonorgan‐confined disease, 19.1% (n = 24) had positive surgical margins, 11.9% (n = 15) had positive seminal vesicle invasion, and 16.7% (n = 21) had biochemical failure after RRP. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a PPC value of 55% or more from the dominant side of prostate is the only independent predictor of nonorgan‐confined disease and seminal vesicle invasion. Clinical stage (T2b), biopsy Gleason score, and PPC values of 55% or more from the dominant side of prostate were found to be statistically significant predictors of positive surgical margin and biochemical failure. Our results support that PPC from the dominant side of prostate is a useful parameter for the prediction of adverse pathology and biochemical failure after RRP.
Experimental study on the instability of wake of axisymmetric streamlined body
Authors: ASAI MASAHITO , INASAWA AYUMU , KONISHI YASUFUMI , HOSHINO SHINICHI , TAKAGI SHOHEI
Published: May 2011

The instability of wake of an axisymmetric body with the NACA aerofoil section was experimentally studied under low background turbulence. The body was suspended using a magnetic suspension and balance system to avoid undesirable influences of mechanical supports on the disturbance development. The Reynolds number based on the chord length of the aerofoil section ranged from 5.3 × 104 to 2.1 × 105. For the body with a NACA0015 aerofoil section where there is no boundary-layer separation on the body surface, the wake was convectively unstable, even at the highest Reynolds number examined. Although the wake maintained axisymmetry of mean flow, the instability waves often took a planar-symmetric form, indicating that the occurrence of disturbance can be influenced by minute variations in the position and orientation of the suspended body. For bodies with thicker NACA0018 and NACA0024 aerofoil sections where the flow involved a region of absolute instability immediately downstream of the trailing edge, the global mode could grow rapidly and attain saturation amplitude within a very short distance from the trailing edge despite that the region of absolute instability was limited only to small streamwise distance, about one tenth of the instability wavelength. The predominant frequency of vortex shedding was found to be very close to the absolute frequency near the trailing edge, especially at the upstream boundary of the region of absolute instability. This is consistent with the theoretical model for the development of a nonlinear global mode. It was also found that the mean flow axisymmetry was broken around the critical Reynolds number for global instability, which led to the appearance and growth of a planar-symmetric global mode.
Chloroplast thylakoids reduce glucose uptake and decrease intestinal macromolecular permeability
Authors: Montelius Caroline , Gustafsson Karolina , Weström Björn , Albertsson Per-Åke , Emek Sinan Cem , Rayner Marilyn , Erlanson-Albertsson Charlotte
Published: May 2011

Thylakoid membranes, derived from chloroplasts, have previously been shown to retard fat digestion and lower blood glucose levels after oral intake. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of thylakoid membranes on the passage of methyl-glucose, dextran and ovalbumin over rat intestine in vitro using Ussing chambers. The results show that thylakoids retard the passage of each of the test molecules in a dose-dependent way. The thylakoids appear to be attached on the mucosal surface and a mechanism is suggested that the thylakoids delay the passage of the test molecules by sterical hindrance. The present results indicate that thylakoid membranes may be useful both to control intestinal absorption of glucose and to enhance the barrier function of the intestine.
Differentiation ofSolenopsis invictasocial forms using high resolution melt PCR
Authors: Oakey J. , Harris E. , Pease B. , Jennings C. , McCubbin K.
Published: May 2011

Solenopsis invictaBuren (red imported fire ant) are invasive pests that have the capability of major destructive impacts on lifestyle, ecology and economy. Control of this species is dependent, in part, upon ability to estimate the potential spread from newly discovered nests. The potential for spread and the spread characteristics differ between monogyne and polygyne social forms. Prior to this study, differentiation of the two social forms in laboratory test samples commonly used a method involving restriction endonuclease digestion of an amplifiedGp-9fragment. Success of this assay is limited by the quality of DNA, which in the field-collected insects may be affected by temporary storage in unfavourable conditions. Here, we describe an alternative and highly objective assay based upon a high resolution melt technique following preamplification of a significantly shorterGp-9fragment than that required for restriction endonuclease digestion. We demonstrate the application of this assay to aS. invictaincursion in Queensland, Australia, using field samples from which DNA may be partially degraded. The reductions in hands-on requirements and overall duration of the assay underpin its suitability for high-throughput testing.
The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective
Authors: Casson Mark , Lee John S.
Published: May 2011

The origins of the market are obscure, but substantial documentary evidence survives from the eleventh century onward, when chartered markets and new towns were established across Western Europe. The expansion of the market system is important for business history because it created new opportunities for business growth. There has been no systematic literature review on market evolution since Henri Pirenne and Raymond de Roover, and this article attempts to fill the gap. It shows that successful markets were regulated–often by civic authorities–to maintain a reputation for reasonable prices and quality control. Markets were located at both transport hubs and centers of consumption, even when the latter were quite remote. However, as transport and communication costs declined, shakeouts occurred and only the larger markets survived.
J. P. Morgan in London and New York before 1914
Authors: Hannah Leslie
Published: May 2011

Before 1914, London had a stock exchange that was larger and qualitatively more developed than New York's. Yet the London Stock Exchange has received a bad press from historians, while the New York Exchange has achieved star billing. This forensic reexamination of J. P. Morgan–a player in both markets–suggests that such a historiography is egregiously biased. Morgan's higher profi ts in New York derived partly from insider deals and partly from monopolistic exactions that U.S. protectionism facilitated but that proved more problematic in the U.K.'s open, competitive markets. Morgan's contributions to the impressive catch-up process by the New York Exchange are more plausibly viewed as successful emulation of European securities-market precedents on routine matters than of the allegedly path-breaking “information-signaling” innovations of more Panglossian accounts.
MAKING THE PATIENT-CONSUMER IN MARGARET THATCHER'S BRITAIN
Authors: MOLD ALEX
Published: May 2011

This article examines the role played by patient organizations in the making of the patient as consumer during Margaret Thatcher's term as prime minster. It details a crucial moment in the reconstitution of the relationship between state and citizen, as universal entitlements to welfare gave way to individualistic rights to, and choice of, services. Though patients had been regarded as consumers prior to this period, it was during the 1980s that the patient-consumer moved from the margins to centre-stage. By examining the activities of patient groups around three key themes – the provision of information, the development of patients' rights, and the notion of patient choice – this article shows that ideas about what it meant to be a patient-consumer came initially from patient groups. Through their work in these areas, patient groups built up a kind of patient consumerism that was concerned with the needs of the wider population, as well as representing demands made by individual patient-consumers. By the end of the 1980s, however, the patient-consumer was reconfigured by the Conservative government, and emphasis moved from the collective needs of patient-consumers to the rights of individuals within increasingly marketized services. This development thus raises questions not only about who speaks for the consumer, but also about the relationship between citizenship and consumption in contemporary Britain.
CONSULTATION AND CONSENT UNDER JAMES VI
Authors: MACDONALD ALAN R.
Published: May 2011

Divisions in the Scottish political community that were evident by the end of the reign of James VI have been posited as roots of the Scottish revolution of 1638 and the wars of the three kingdoms. This article argues that the disengagement of central government from the political nation at large was a key factor in this development. By demonstrating the frequency of conventions of the estates, it highlights the intensity of consultation in James's Scottish government before 1603. A sudden decline in their frequency thereafter was symptomatic of a wider failure of government to adapt to the absence of the king in the context of a composite monarchy. While correspondence between the king and the privy council was copious, communication between the council and the political elites of Scotland withered. Without conventions of the estates as a vital point of contact in which new policies could be tested and negotiated, parliaments became more disagreeable. The crown's reliance on unprecedented levels of management and increased central direction alienated a significant proportion of the political elite, driving them into the oppositional stance which endured through the reign of Charles I.
REPUBLICANISM, RAILWAY IMPERIALISM, AND THE FRENCH EMPIRE IN AFRICA, 1879–1889
Authors: ROBERTS T. W.
Published: May 2011

This article questions accepted views of French expansion as a largely autonomous process, reflecting new attitudes towards Africa among policy-makers. It argues that the African railway schemes of 1879 were the outcome of an understanding between powerful railway interests and mainstream elements of the newly victorious republican parties. The ambitions of the railway companies were restricted in scope, however, being confined mainly to existing French possessions, while their sponsorship of imperial expansion was little more than a tactical expedient. It was only when the opportunities created for expansion were taken up by locally based pressure-groups or became caught up in international rivalries that empire began to take root in the Soudan and the Congo. By the time the anti-colonial reaction of the mid-1880s took hold, railway imperialism, a product of the short-lived economic boom, had already run its course. Government now had an opportunity and an incentive to put its imperial house in order. Nevertheless, the resulting equilibrium remained vulnerable to a re-emergence of the forces that had first set France on the road to empire in tropical Africa.
PLANNING THE URBAN FUTURE IN 1960s BRITAIN
Authors: ORTOLANO GUY
Published: May 2011

This article recovers Buckinghamshire county council's proposal to build a monorail city for 250,000 residents during the 1960s. The project was eventually taken over by Whitehall, which proceeded to establish Britain's largest new town of Milton Keynes instead, but from 1962 to 1968 local officials pursued their monorail metropolis. By telling the story of ‘North Bucks New City’, the article develops a series of claims. First, the proposal should be understood not as the eccentric creation of a single British county, but rather as one iteration of larger state efforts to manage the densities and distributions of growing populations. Second, while the 1960s witnessed the automobile's decisive triumph as a means of personal mobility in Britain, that very triumph ironically generated critiques of the car and quests for alternatives. Third, the monorail was part of a complex social vision that anticipated – and, in part through the facilitation of recreational shopping, sought to alleviate – a crisis of delinquency expected to result from a world of automation and affluence. Fourth, despite its ‘futuristic’ monorail, the plan ultimately represented an effort by experts and the state to manage social change along congenial lines. Fifth, the proposal advanced a nationalist urbanism, promising renewed global stature for post-imperial Britain by building upon its long urban history. Finally, the article concludes by arguing that this unrealized vision points to the limitations of ‘modernism’ in the history of urban planning, and to the problems of teleology in the history of the 1960s.