bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retirement Savings Accounts: A Summary of the Bush Administration's Proposal
Authors: Purcell Patrick J.
Published: June 2003

President Bush's proposed federal budget for fiscal year 2004 would establish lifetime savings accounts (LSAs) and retirement savings accounts (RSAs). Individuals could deposit up to $7,500 annually in an LSA, regardless of their wage or salary income. Contributions would not be tax deductible, but investment earnings would accrue tax free. Money could be withdrawn from an LSA at any time and used for any purpose. Individuals also could contribute up to $7,500 from earned income to an RSA. Contributions to an RSA also would be after tax, but qualified distributions (after age 58, disability or death) would be tax free. Beginning in 2004, several kinds of employersponsored retirement plans would be consolidated into employer retirement savings accounts (ERSAs). Qualification rules in the tax code would be simplified, whereas other rules governing ERSAs would conform substantially to those that apply to 401(k) plans. This article describes the proposed plans in detail.
Executive Compensation: A Comparison of the United States and Japan
Authors: Taft Darrell , Singh Gangaram
Published: June 2003

This article compares executive compensation in the United States and Japan. It describes the components that make up the total compensation package for each country and the development of the packages. It also analyzes current trends related to each country's executive pay schemes and presents some predictions for the future of CEO compensation. Based on the information provided in this article, it is difficult to contest the fact that American CEOs currently earn quite a bit more than their Japanese counterparts. Several of the reasons for this discrepancy are outlined. Although it can be argued that the CEO compensation model used in Japan is beginning to resemble the model used in America, tremendous strides will need to be taken before the pay gap between the two countries is narrowed.
Introduction
Authors: Weber Rachel , Theodore Nik
Published: June 2003

There is a growing understanding that leaving welfare is a complex process and not a discrete event. This focus section explores aspects of this process, such as (a) the significance of social networks in shaping labor market outcomes, (b) the barriers that welfare recipients face when seeking employment, and (c) the importance of job retention to earnings levels. Findings from these three studies suggest the need for innovative forms of labor market intermediation to facilitate career progression.
“I Name it and I Claim it—In the Name of Jesus, this Job is Mine”: Job Search, Networks, and Careers for Low-Income Women
Authors: Chapple Karen
Published: June 2003

Much of the quantitative research on labor market attachment within female low-wage labor markets de-emphasizes the variation within this population. Based on in-depth interviews with 92 women on welfare in San Francisco, this article develops a typology of labor market attachment using cluster analysis and illustrates the variation within this labor market segment by focusing on clerical jobs. Various supply-side factors (i.e., education, work experience, and network structure) and demand-side factors (i.e., wages and occupation) interact with the job search method to shape labor market attachment. For chronically unemployed women, informal job search methods in part explain poor labor market outcomes, whereas career-oriented women use network resources and education to connect to career paths. Policies to increase labor market attachment should recognize the interconnectedness of job search strategies, human capital, networks, and demand-side factors by improving employment brokering and addressing long-term workforce development needs.
On the Way to Work: Welfare Participants and Barriers to Employment
Authors: Blumenberg Evelyn
Published: June 2003

The landmark 1996 welfare reform legislation required welfare participants to transition rapidly into the labor market. However, many welfare participants have not fared well in the competition for jobs because they face multiple barriers to employment. This study draws on data from a California job readiness survey of welfare participants to examine the effects of employment barriers on male and female welfare participants. The results of logistic modeling show that individual barriers negatively affect employment outcomes and that the likelihood of employment declines with an increasing number of barriers. These findings suggest that economic development programs intended to aid welfare participants in making a successful transition into the labor market must move beyond piecemeal approaches to meeting the needs of welfare participants and include comprehensive strategies that address multiple barriers to employment.
The Impact of Employer Characteristics and Workforce Commitment on Earnings of Former Welfare Recipients
Authors: White Sammis B. , Geddes Lori A.
Published: June 2003

Former welfare recipients have fared differentially in the 1990s. Some are now earning self-supporting incomes, whereas others remain in poverty despite work efforts. Still others have no recorded work involvement. In this article, the authors attempt to learn why. The vast majority of research studies to date on the employment and earnings outcomes of former welfare recipients have focused exclusively on the characteristics of the women recipients. This study is an exception: It focuses on the characteristics of the employers who chose to hire these former recipients. It asks two questions: One concerns the overall importance of employer characteristics in determining employment and earnings outcomes. The second explores the relative roles of various employer characteristics in determining earnings outcomes. The article also examines the effect on earnings of women’s commitment to work. This is the first comprehensive longitudinal examination of these topics.
Overqualified Minority Youth in a Detroit Job Training Program: Implications for the Spatial and Skills Mismatch Debates
Authors: Meiklejohn Susan Turner
Published: June 2003

This article explores an unanticipated finding from my research study, “Suburban Job Search of Urban Workers,” which I implemented to study barriers to suburban job search as perceived by young Black and White workers in Detroit. Of 55 African American respondents, 33 (60%) had either been accepted to or attended college and may have been overqualified for the training programs they were in. Likely explanations for respondents’ choices include lack of networks, poor self-esteem, perceived financial issues, and the lure of jobs in the Big 3 firms in the context of an overarching “explanation”: the extreme and stark segregation that characterizes the Detroit metropolitan area. I believe that this entrenched segregation has both narrowed the information pipeline and increased the notion of “hostile suburbs” among Black urban youth. This perceived hostility is borne out by described discriminatory experiences and may have increased young people’s apprehension when seeking jobs and educational opportunities beyond Detroit’s borders.
The Contribution of Small Business Loan Guarantees to Economic Development
Authors: Bradshaw Ted K.
Published: June 2003

Analysis of the outcome of economic development programs is essential for improved public policy. This study reports on the California State Loan Guarantee Program, which guaranteed small business bank loans to carefully selected firms that could not otherwise obtain credit. The study tracked the actual change in employment at 1,166 firms that received 1,515 loan guarantees from 1990 to 1996 during the depths of the California recession. The study found that employment increased in firms receiving loan guarantees by 40% among all firms and 27% among nonagricultural firms. The program also increased state tax revenues by $25.5 million, well in excess of the $13 million the state spent on the program. Firms receiving loan guarantees had a default rate of only 2%.
Update on the Prevention and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Navo Marisa , Smith Judith A.
Published: June 2003

Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer among women and the number one gynecologic fatality. The etiology of ovarian cancer is still an enigma. Three common hypotheses under investigation include the ovulation, the pituitary gonadotropin, and the chronic inflammatory processes. Chemoprevention strategies used for ovarian cancer include oral contraceptives, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and retinoids. Surgical strategies are also used in the prevention of ovarian cancer. The primary treatment for patients with ovarian cancer is surgery with optimal tumor debulking, and for patients with advanced disease, this is followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The standard practice is to follow surgery with six cycles of paclitaxel plus carboplatin. The second-line chemotherapy agents have had minimal long-term benefit for treating ovarian cancer. Hence, treatment with investigational agents remains the best option for patients with recurrent disease due to lack of alternative curative treatment.
A Review of Cardiovascular Disease and Treatment Differences in Women
Authors: Parker Mary H.
Published: June 2003

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant health care problem in the United States today. Women comprise an increasing component of the population affected by this disease. Recent reports have suggested that women are not enrolled in adequate numbers in major clinical studies and, furthermore, are less likely to receive treatment as recommended by evidence-based medicine guidelines. Historical differences in the investigation and treatment of cardiovascular disease between women and men are discussed. Reasons for differences in study enrollment of women are proposed. Efforts by the Food and Drug Administration to improve data collection in women are outlined. The influence of major risk factors, including smoking, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, on development and progression of CVD is addressed. Major trials of CVD and heart failure are examined. An assessment of progress toward a goal of gender treatment equality is made.
Osteoporosis: A Pharmacotherapy Update
Authors: Brown Thomas E. R.
Published: June 2003

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was the gold standard in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, with new data that demonstrate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, venous thromboembolic disease, and stroke, HRT is no longer first-line therapy for most postmenopausal women. The bisphosphonates and raloxifene are antiresorptive agents that have been proven to increase bone mineral density and decrease fractures. These agents are considered to be the therapy of choice in prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. New dosing regimens for the bisphosphonates may improve adherence. The other dramatic change to the pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis is the approval of an agent that stimulates bone formation. Parathyroid hormone has the potential to significantly alter the current treatment approach. In addition, this article reviews the role of calcitonin and ipriflavone combination therapy and discusses data on investigational agents including ibandronate, zoledronic acid, vitamin K, and strontium ranelate.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Focus on Women
Authors: Pakyz Amy L. , Newberry Yvonne , Townsend Gregory C.
Published: June 2003

Nearly half of all HIV infections worldwide occur in women, and 20% of AIDS cases in the United States are women. Differences in HIV virologic and immunologic markers occur between men and women and have been studied to determine the effect on disease progression, mortality, and treatment. Certain adverse clinical events associated with highly active retroviral therapy (HAART), such as drug rashes and lipodystrophy, may affect women more than men. Depressive symptoms and low mental health quality of life occur commonly in HIV-infected women and can influence whether a woman will use HAART. Substance abuse among HIV-infected women is common, which can play a factor in coinfection rate with other infectious diseases and adherence to therapy. Also, HIV-infected women are at risk for increased severity and prevalence of human papillomavirus, which can be associated with cervical cancer. As demographics of HIV infection change, medical, psychological, and social problems must be addressed.
Mother to Child Transmission of HIV
Authors: Newberry Yvonne , Kelsey Julie J.
Published: June 2003

Transmission of HIV from mother to child remains a global priority, despite the fact that highly active antiretroviral therapy has dramatically reduced the number of infants born HIV-infected in the Western world. A significant number of children worldwide continue to become infected with the virus daily. Studies examining several modified therapies during pregnancy and labor have shown a considerable reduction in the transmission rate. Beyond drug therapy, factors such as viral load, maternal disease, cesarean deliveries, and placental infection also play important roles in transmission. Breastfeeding continues to be a large source of transmission to infants in less developed countries. New studies are examining components in breast milk and drug therapy in an attempt to prevent maternal-child transmission.
Novel Uses of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Women
Authors: El-Ibiary Shareen Y. , Lee Kelly C.
Published: June 2003

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used as first-line therapy to treat mood disorders due to their demonstrated efficacy, safety, and tolerability profiles. SSRIs may play an intricate role in treating hormone-mediated disorders that disturb the quality of life for women. Selected uses of SSRIs, specifically in the treatment of hot flashes, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and postpartum depression, are explored in this article. Data from several studies support the use of SSRIs in these conditions, and therefore, these agents have the potential to significantly improve mood, cognitive function, physical symptoms, and social functioning in patients with these disorders. In addition, SSRIs may prove to be viable alternatives to current therapies that may be contraindicated, poorly tolerated, or lack efficacy in patients with these disorders.
Female Sexual Dysfunction: Review of the Disorder and Evidence for Available Treatment Alternatives
Authors: Miller Heather B. , Hunt Jacquelyn S.
Published: June 2003

With the introduction and marketing of sildenafil, national attention has focused on sexual dysfunction in men. However, strides are being made to focus more effort on evaluation and treatment of female sexual disorder (FSD) since a 1999 national survey reported prevalence rates as high as 43% in women. Evaluation and assessment of FSD requires a comprehensive history and physical examination. Understanding of FSD requires knowledge and understanding of sexual anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Nonpharmacologic treatment may include sex therapy or relationship counseling. Pharmacologic treatment of FSD has focused mainly on hormonal therapies, including estrogen and testosterone, with the majority of studies being done in postmenopausal and hysterectomized women. However, recent studies indicate a more prudent and careful use of hormonal therapies. Research is also moving toward evaluation of bupropion and sildenafil as options for women who suffer from FSD. Available evidence for treatment alternatives is scant and in some cases inconclusive.
Recent Advances in Hormonal and Barrier Contraception
Authors: Raney Erin C. , Méthot Julie
Published: June 2003

Hormonal and barrier contraceptive choices have undergone unprecedented expansion over the past decade. Oral contraceptives have been joined by products with alternative hormone delivery systems, including transdermal, injectable, and intravaginal. In addition, the doses and chemical structures of the estrogen and progestin components have been altered to improve tolerability. Barrier methods continue to offer nonhormonal options with varied levels of protection from sexually transmitted infections. With the expansion of choices, consideration of individual needs is key to maximizing effectiveness and tolerability. Future advancements will continue to focus on individualized options as well as expanded male contraceptive devices.
Giving Birth
Authors: Kartchner Robin , Callister Lynn Clark
Published: June 2003

The meaning of the childbirth experience for Chinese women living in the People's Republic of China is described in this phenomenological study. Ten primiparous women participated in audiotaped interviews within 5 months of giving birth, 9 from Beijing and 1 from Chongqing. The interviews were translated by a bilingual native Chinese speaker and transcribed by the researcher. Themes were identified from the rich narrative data, including the One Child Policy's influence on childbearing, the transition to motherhood, and the influence of the cultural practice of “doing the month” (zuo yue zi). The findings provide insights into how nurses can provide better nursing care by learning about and validating specific cultural practices related to childbearing. The rising number of Chinese immigrants to the United States reflects the increasing need for more culturally competent care by nurses to ensure positive perinatal health outcomes.
Spirituality in Caregivers of Family Members with Dementia
Authors: Acton Gayle J. , Miller Earline W.
Published: June 2003

Caring for a loved one with dementia is a difficult and stressful task due to the multiple memory and behavior problems that persist over many years. Researchers have implemented various intervention strategies and evaluated their impact on the negative aspects of caregiving. Yet, many of these strategies have failed to show reductions in the burden of caregiving. However, caregivers sometimes report that these same intervention strategies were extremely helpful. Perhaps those strategies are helping caregivers find spiritual meaning in their lives that empowers them to transcend their caregiving difficulties. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate spiritual meaning in caregivers of family members with dementia. A descriptive, naturalistic field study using qualitative interviewing techniques was used to collect data from 9 family caregivers of adults with dementia. In this study, spirituality was described as a connection between a higher power, others, and oneself that resulted from patterns of process, communication, and discovery.
A Phenomenological Pilot Study of the Nurses' Experience Providing Spiritual Care
Authors: Kociszewski Cynthia
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this phenomenological pilot study was to describe the experience that nurses have in providing spiritual care to their patients and/or patients' family members. Three nurses with a variety of clinical backgrounds were interviewed to elicit their experience of providing spiritual care. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method to reveal seven themes: the spiritual nurse, capturing the elusive and abstract nature of spirituality, the nurse-client spiritual journey, opening the doors for the spiritual journey, choosing to be silent, the nurse as a role model for spiritual behaviors, and reaping the benefits of spiritual care. Limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.
Buddhism, Behavior Change, and OCD
Authors: Olson Tom
Published: June 2003

For individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), the difficulty of their situation comes as no surprise. But what might be less expected is how directly their situation is spoken to in Buddhist teachings. Still, in nearly all mainstream discussions of psychiatric disorders, including OCD, the rich philosophical and spiritual dimensions of these conditions and the related treatment and care tend to be either ignored or disguised in euphemisms and vague explanations. This article sheds light on this hidden aspect of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing through a philosophical analysis of one of the most popular approaches to treating OCD, Schwartz's four-step method from Brain Lock. In so doing, the argument is made that sharing the philosophical and spiritual foundations of treatment and care promises not only to deepen the insights and skills of clinicians but also to empower clients as participants in their own journeys toward wellness and beyond.
A Behavioral-Medicine Program in HIV
Authors: Nicholas Patrice K. , Corless Inge B. , Webster Ann , McGibbon Chris A. , Davis Sheila M. , Dolan Sara E. , Paul-Simon Alexandra
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this descriptive study is to examine quality of life issues in participants in a behavioral-medicine group (N = 24). Of the sample, 60% indicated current use of complementary therapies. Sexual functioning, a subscale of the quality-of-life measure, was positively correlated with length of time with HIV. CD4+ lymphocyte counts were not significantly correlated with quality of life (QOL). Viral load (VL) was positively correlated with the social-support subscale of the QOL scale. Use of body therapies (massage, acupuncture) was associated with social functioning and use of nutritional therapies was associated with mental health. Results of the study indicate that clinical interventions, including behavioral-medicine interventions and complementary therapies for persons with HIV/AIDS, can result in greater QOL.
Using Reflexology for Pain Management
Authors: Stephenson Nancy L. N. , Dalton Jo Ann
Published: June 2003

More than two thirds of Americans with chronic pain are now using complementary and alternative therapies. One complementary and alternative therapy, reflexology, has a long history and has been found useful on a case-by-case basis. This article provides a review of the literature on the use of reflexology as a therapy in pain management. Although reflexology is widely used, systematic research is needed to examine its effectiveness. To date, however, only a few studies have focused on reflexology's use in pain management. Because reflexology is a noninvasive, nonpharmacological therapy, nurses are in a position to do research on and make decisions about its clinical effectiveness.
Fostering Neighborhood Democracy: Legitimacy and Accountability within Loosely Coupled Systems
Authors: Chaskin Robert J.
Published: June 2003

This article explores the range of organizations and participatory mechanisms that take on some aspect of the role of neighborhood-based governance (in some way speaking for or acting on behalf of their neighborhoods) in three cities. It describes the extent to which they perform similar or different functions and discusses the strengths and weaknesses presented by the system of relationships as they are currently structured. It also explores two key issues—legitimacy and accountability—in an attempt to distill lessons about the relative roles and effectiveness of these different participatory mechanisms and community organizations and the relationships among them. The article suggests ways that sponsors (including foundations and government) can more effectively engage with neighborhoods and promote neighborhood-based decision making and action and highlights some unanswered questions that might be pursued as part of a larger research agenda to inform the practical pursuit of participatory, community-building strategies.
Flexible Response in Changing Environments: The German Third Sector Model in Transition
Authors: Bode Ingo
Published: June 2003

Currently, international research on the nonprofit sector is paying increasing attention to institutional as well as organizational analysis. Drawing on both approaches, this article seeks an understanding of the changing configuration of the sector by investigating the dimension of flexibility in the relation between nonprofits and their various dynamic environments. The approach is developed for the German case. The analysis not only permits identification of the underpinnings of the old “corporatist model,” shaping the German third sector as a social sphere between the state and the market economy, but also points at the factors leading to a gradual erosion of that model. Moreover, it allows a brief exploration of the evolutionary dynamics of the German nonprofit fields in comparison to major international trends.
What Factors Affect the Entry and Exit of Nonprofit Human Service Organizations in Metropolitan Areas?
Authors: Twombly Eric C.
Published: June 2003

The goal of this article is to advance the literature on nonprofit organizational adaptation by assessing the factors that significantly contribute to the entry and exit of human service organizations in metropolitan areas. More specifically, this study uses nonprofit, economic and demographic data and information on welfare reform implementation patterns to examine the causes of the formation and deaths of groups in the nonprofit human service sector from 1992 to 1996. This time frame marked the widespread implementation of welfare reform under the federal Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) waiver program. This study found that organizational size, age, and service activities are the key determinants in the failure of human service nonprofits, whereas environmental factors such as AFDC waiver implementation relate to the widespread formation of nonprofit providers.
Grassroots Associations Versus Larger Nonprofits: New Evidence from a Community Case Study in Arts and Culture
Authors: Toepler Stefan
Published: June 2003

Very small nonprofit organizations are typically omitted from sector accounts, because neither the IRS nor the Bureau of Census collect data on these groups. Arguably, this may not pose a major problem. Prevailing economic theories in the nonprofit field direct attention to larger and more formal service-providing organizations. From an economic point of view, very small and informal organizations are of lesser importance. However, social capital and civil society arguments have focused renewed attention on informal, voluntaristic groups, many of which are likely small in scale and thus being missed in existing data sources. This article presents data from a community study of cultural organizations, comparing small-scale groups to larger organizations to contribute to our understanding of the economic dimensions of the nonprofit sector's grassroots base.
Response Rates for Mail Surveys of Nonprofit Organizations: A Review and Empirical Test
Authors: Hager Mark A. , Wilson Sarah , Pollak Thomas H. , Rooney Patrick Michael
Published: June 2003

The failure of a substantial portion of mail survey recipients to respond to invitations to participate in research projects raises issues of nonresponse error. Because this error is difficult to quantify, survey researchers seek high rates of return to signal legitimacy and reduce questions regarding nonresponse bias. Research on survey method indicates that the design of the survey research process has a measurable influence on the rate of survey returns. This article focuses on three aspects of research design that are expected to influence mail survey returns in surveys of nonprofit organizations: questionnaire complexity, use of Federal Express versus standard mail, and the use of monetary incentives. Using an experimental design, the research concludes that questionnaire complexity and the use of monetary incentives generate no difference in returns, whereas the use of Federal Express to deliver the survey to nonprofit executives has a measurable positive effect.
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing a Rights-Based Approach to Development: An Oxfam America Perspective
Authors: Offenheiser Raymond C. , Holcombe Susan H.
Published: June 2003

Two practitioners/thinkers take old ideas about human rights and make a new case for an economic and social rights-based approach to development. Our mid-20th century predecessors recognized—in Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—that a secure world requires a social contract that assures everyone access to basic economic and social rights. In today's globalized world, the private sector and civil society join the state in influencing the ability of the marginalized to enjoy basic rights. Pursuing a rights-based approach is an end to business as usual for international development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs will need to move beyond supporting delivery of services to building the capacity of civil society to be an organized and effective balance to the power of governments and of the private sector. This transformation will have profound effects on the basic business plans, evaluation systems, and staff competencies of international development NGOs.
Dissolving Dualities: The Case for Commonsense Replication
Authors: Racine David
Published: June 2003

Although replicating promising organizations and programs has been crucial to the development of the nonprofit sector, the replication process remains poorly understood. Its development has been caught on the horns of three unhelpful dualities: replication versus adaptation, competition versus cooperation, and systems or organizational capabilities versus leadership. Drawing on actual replication experiences, the article contends that these dualities represent false, oversimplified choices and that bridging the gaps they imply would enable replication to do more to strengthen the sector.
Globalisation and Higher Education Research
Authors: Beerkens Eric
Published: June 2003

Globalisation has become one of the key concepts in the social sciences today. In higher education research, too, the term is used frequently. Maybe even so frequently that it sometimes seems possible to pronounce virtually anything under the heading of globalisation. This article attempts to identify the various interpretations of globalisation in general, as well as in higher education research. It will do so in an interdisciplinary manner. The different interpretations of globalisation are related to the different past realities that are taken as a point of departure. Four different conceptualisations are identified and will be further explored. These are also explored for the field of higher education research. The following broad topics are identified in this field: the changing nature of international linkages, government authority over higher education, threats to diversity, and the loss of national identities.
Grades as Incentives: A Quantitative Assessment with Implications for Study Abroad Programs
Authors: Merva Mary
Published: June 2003

The problem under investigation is to examine if grades motivate students and, if so, by how much. This article uses a unique data set of 436 students enrolled in an American university located in Europe composed of approximately 50% study-abroad students and 50% degree-seeking students to examine whether there is a significant difference in semester grade point average (GPA) outcomes between students whose grades are averaged into their cumulative GPA with those who take courses on a pass/fail basis. Using linear regression models controlling for academic ability as well as other relevant variables, the study finds that students whose grades are averaged into their cumulative GPA are estimated to have an increase in the mean semester GPA of .36 points, or 11.4% above the average. For study-abroad students who take courses on a pass/fail basis, the results suggest that academic incentives are adversely affected by this grade transfer policy.
Linking Distance and International Education: A Strategy for Developing Multicultural Competence among Distance Learners
Authors: Ngai Phyllis Bo-Yuen
Published: June 2003

How can educators help distance learners develop knowledge and skills required for the expanding globalization? Campus-based-education providers rely mainly on two educational strategies to help students develop competencies that allow for effective participation in diverse workplace settings: (a) multicultural or international curriculums and (b) encouraging interaction with students and faculty of diverse backgrounds on campus. Although the former can be adopted/adapted online, the latter exerts no affect on the exploding number of distance learners. Although distance-education curricula and virtual interactions can lay a valuable knowledge foundation, practice through face-to-face experience is vital for learning essential multicultural skills. Participation in international educational programs provides opportunities to test out, adjust, consolidate, and fully develop most aspects of multicultural competence that are encountered virtually. The challenge arising from the contradiction between the increasing commitment to campus diversity and the increasing demand for distance education can be resolved by enhancing international education.
The Influence of Peers and Student Recruitment Agencies on Thai Students' Choices of International Education
Authors: Pimpa Nattavud
Published: June 2003

This article explores various influencing factors from peers and agents on Thai students' choices of international education. The study classifies choices of international education into the decision to study abroad, choice of country, city, academic program, and university. The influences from peers and agents are identified as information, persuasion, and competition. The results indicate that agents exert a stronger influence than peers on Thai students' choices of international education. The study also suggests that Thai students from different levels of education perceived the influence of peers and agents in a different way. Therefore, it can be concluded that the need for international education and the decision-making process of these groups of students are dissimilar, as the decision-making process of international students is complex and involves various stakeholders. This information affords protagonists marketing Australian education a better understanding of choices made by international students.
Globalisation and Access to Higher Education
Authors: van der Wende Marijk C.
Published: June 2003

This article addresses the growing demand for access to higher education and the conditions under which this is leading to a worldwide market. The supply of transnational (or cross-border) education and the export of educational services play an increasingly important role in fulfilling this demand. Pressures to further liberalize the global higher education market by extending the commitments under General Agreement on Trade in Services are analyzed in terms of implications and concerns. Furthermore, the European response to these global developments is considered, focusing on the question whether the Bologna Process is a sufficiently adequate response to the challenges of globalisation. Finally, some observations and comments are presented on the current discussion and the role and arguments of various actors in it.
A Conflict Theory of Group Risk Taking
Authors: Dahlbäck Olof
Published: June 2003

The primary purpose of the article is to show how a theory of group risk taking can be derived from a conflict theory of individual risk taking. This effort begins with three related assumptions: (a) that risk generates internal conflict in individuals who make nonimpulsive decisions, (b) that individuals' reactions to these conflicts generate unpleasant feelings that affect their risk taking, and (c) that they can change these feelings by using defense mechanisms which, in turn, may result in changes in the risks they take. It is further assumed that the use of such defense mechanisms is facilitated when decisions are made in groups; this assumption forms the basis of a theory of group risk taking. A second purpose of this article is to discuss the methodological problems that arise when analyzing group risk taking. It is argued that analysis of group risk taking should concern the changes in risk taking found at both the group and the individual level and that it should consider interactions among factors involved in conflict reactions. This is illustrated by a small empirical study.
Should I Stay or Should I Go?
Authors: Bayazit Mahmut , Mannix Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2003

The authors examined team demographic diversity, perceived team efficacy, intrateam conflict, and perceived team performance as predictors of members' intentions to remain in their team, a form of behavioral commitment. Eighty-three second-year MBA students randomly assigned to 28 three-person teams participated in a negotiation simulation. As hypothesized, results from HLM analysis showed team relationship conflict but not task conflict mediated the relationship of age and national diversity with members' intent to remain. Individual members' initial perceptions of their team's negotiation efficacy and negotiation performance were also found to predict their intent to remain as a team member, but team performance did not mediate the team efficacy-intent-to-remain relationship. Hypotheses predicting that team relationship conflict moderates the relationship of team efficacy with intent to remain and team performance were not supported.
A Model of Norm Development for Computer-Mediated Teamwork
Authors: Graham Charles R.
Published: June 2003

The process of establishing norms is an important aspect of group dynamics. Most, if not all, of the major models of group development incorporate norming as an important part of the process. However, little is understood and agreed on regarding how norms develop. With the increased availability and power of technology to connect people at remote sites, the popularity of computer-mediated teamwork has increased dramatically. This new communication context brings with it some dramatic differences from the traditional face-to-face context, along with a need to understand how norms develop in this environment. This study investigates the norming process engaged in by 10 computer-mediated learning teams. The study describes how group norms evolve from a general to an operationalized state. Based on the findings of the research, a model describing the process of norm development in computer-mediated teams is presented. In addition, a model is presented to describe how individual perceptions of norm boundaries are modified as the group norms become more operationalized.
Teams and Tasks
Authors: Bradley John , White Barbara Jo , Mennecke Brian E.
Published: June 2003

Researchers have studied interpersonal interventions as a means of increasing the performance of work teams. However, for short-term teams working on contrived tasks of short duration—a combination common in research studies—interpersonal interventions do not seem to affect team performance as much as task interventions. Yet, for short-term teams working on real tasks of longer duration and for ongoing teams, the effects of interpersonal interventions on team performance are more positive. This article presents a temporal framework of teams and tasks that predicts the expectation of benefit, which in turn mediates the effectiveness of interpersonal interventions on team performance.
A Hermeneutical Approach to External Validation of Simulation Models
Authors: Feinstein Andrew Hale , Cannon Hugh M.
Published: June 2003

Validation is the most important tool in evaluating the effectiveness of a simulation model. An integral subset of validation is external validation. Through a historical philosophical discussion and examples, the authors provide a road map to navigate approaches to this topic. The authors also provide methodology suggestions by reconciling foundational philosophical approaches and incorporating a hermeneutical perspective to increase the usability, validity, and generalizability of simulation models.
Becoming Congress: A Longitudinal Study of the Civic Engagement Implications of a Classroom Simulation
Authors: Bernstein Jeffrey L. , Meizlish Deborah S.
Published: June 2003

Does the content of political science courses affect civic learning? The authors examine whether differences in students' self-reported knowledge, cynicism, and participation depend on whether their American government course included a character-playing simulation. The authors use an innovative longitudinal, quasi-experimental research design to test not only for immediate effects but also for those that differentiated the two groups 3 years after they took the course. Differential effects of the simulation at the end of the particular course are virtually nonexistent. Three years later, however, students who had the simulation reported more understanding of the concepts taught in the simulation than did the control group. They also emerged less politically cynical. No differences were observed, however, on items reflecting political participation.
Negotiating from Mars to Venus: Gender in Simulated International Negotiations
Authors: Florea Natalie B. , Boyer Mark A. , Brown Scott W. , Butler Michael J. , Hernandez Magnolia , Weir Kimberly , Meng Lin , Johnson Paula R. , Lima Clarisse , Mayall Hayley J.
Published: June 2003

Gender analysis has emerged as an important conceptual approach to the study of decision making and conflict resolution in the international arena. Although scholars and practitioners within the field of international relations have debated the effect of gender on the negotiation and decision-making process, little systematic evidence to support their assertions has taken place. This article examines a set of data from the GLOBALED PROJECT that provides insights into the different ways men and women perceive world affairs and interact in a negotiation setting. In particular, the authors examine differences in the negotiation styles of all-female, all-male, and mixed-gender groups when negotiating over international or global issues. Findings from the GLOBALED PROJECT, a computer-mediated study of gender differences in decision-making and negotiation skills, show that there are indeed significant differences between the approaches used by various gender groupings. Although much work remains to be done in this area, this research indicates that some of the impressionistic and anecdotal characterizations of the different ways men and women approach negotiations and decision making are indeed well-grounded when examined through systemic evidence.
Validating Simulation-Based Models of Conflict
Authors: Sandole Dennis J. D.
Published: June 2003

This article discusses the Genesis of War project, in which the author employed the PRISONERS' DILEMMA SIMULATION (PDS) to generate data on the etiology of violent conflict and war as a basis for developing theory relevant to better understanding and dealing with violent ethnic conflicts occurring in post-cold war Europe (e.g., former Yugoslavia). Given the simulation basis of the intended theory construction, there was a need to validate the simulation-generated data before going forward, made more acute by the observation that very little validation of simulation-based data seems to have been done or reported in the literature. Accordingly, a comprehensive validation of the multivariate findings generated by the use of the PDS is presented: an assessment conducted through comparisons with findings from other studies in terms of (a) direction of relationship, (b) magnitude of relationship, (c) ranking of dependent variables by proportion of variation explained, and (d) ranking of independent variables by proportion of variation explained. Across comparisons, the level of agreement between PDS and corresponding (mostly real-world) findings was not only relatively high but also consistent, basically falling within the range of the 75% norm established by Guetzkow's assessment of his INTER-NATION SIMULATION (INS). Such triangulation of findings reinforces the view that some simulations are appropriate for investigating real-world conflict processes.
The Cyprus Crisis:
Authors: Shellman Stephen M. , Turan Kürşad
Published: June 2003

Using Kolb's experimental learning model as a blueprint, the authors devise an active learning simulation to introduce students to general theories and concepts of international relations. Besides encompassing abstract theories and concepts, the simulation facilitates the development of critical and analytical thinking skills. Students research real political actors' roles and actively participate in managing an acute crisis in Cyprus. During the crisis, students must evaluate options, make binding decisions, and negotiate deals with one another. The authors find that students embrace the opportunity to learn in a fun, stimulating environment and learn more as a result.
Calder Connections:
Authors: Fowler Sandra M.
Published: June 2003

A model or a slice of a model is often the referent underlying a simulation game. CALDER CONNECTIONS is a short simulation game developed to illustrate one element in a model connecting art and culture. CALDER CONNECTIONS helps participants understand the range of impressions, knowledge, and connections they bring to art and any intercultural encounter. In other words, the role of the viewer in art (or in life) is the centerpiece of this game. The author describes the development of the game, how it is played using art postcards, and how the learning from the game can be applied.
The Power Politics Game:
Authors: Reilly David A.
Published: June 2003

The behavior of states in the international system, according to theories of power politics, is centered on survival. Individuals become citizens, relinquishing their right to self-govern, to improve their security. Their primary demand of the state, in return, is that it function to protect its citizens. The state, therefore, must develop strategies to ensure its survival. This has led historically to a concern about the power of a state relative to others. Given that the international system lacks a centralized authority capable of dictating and enforcing laws, each state must engage in self-help strategies. This simulation enables participants to experience power politics as they unfold and to serve as leaders attempting to ensure the survival of their state. They will develop foreign policies intended to improve their security and bargain for foreign assistance. The game is most effective as a learning tool when followed by a debriefing session that introduces the theories behind many of the activities they engaged in. The simulation and debriefing can be conducted in 1.5 to 2 hours.
Characteristics of Mindless Teaching Evaluations and the Moderating Effects of Image Compatibility
Authors: Dunegan Kenneth J. , Hrivnak Mary W.
Published: June 2003

Administrators use data from student evaluations of teachers (SETs) as input for making numerous decisions. However, many in the profession question the validity of SET information. This study examines the SET process from a cognitive perspective and investigates the relationship between student images of their teachers and characteristics of mindless SET completion. Questionnaire data from 127 students show significant correlations between SET scores and overall teacher evaluations, but only when images of the current and ideal teacher are not compatible. When images of the current and ideal teacher are compatible, correlations between SET and overall scores are not statistically significant.
Teaching Qualitative Methods in Management Classrooms —
Authors: Harlos Karen P. , Mallon Mary , Stablein Ralph , Jones Campbell
Published: June 2003

This article describes an innovative approach to teaching qualitative research methods for organizational studies using researchers who publicly display in real-time their approaches to analyzing real textual data. The authors developed this approach to help students appreciate the many ways in which qualitative research can generate uniquely meaningful interpretations of text. Students reported that the qualitative module was worthwhile in helping them to demystify the process of data analysis, particularly demonstrated through a joint panel session of three researchers. The authors also hope that this article inspires others to use similar approaches in their own teaching of qualitative methods.