bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHOROID PLEXUS CYST IN A DOG
Authors: Galano Heather R. , Platt Simon R. , Neuwirth Lisa , Quist Charlotte F. , de Lahunta Alexander
Published: May 2005

A 6‐year‐old male Doberman Pinscher had a 2‐month history of dysequilibrium. Lesion localization was determined to be the cerebellomedullary pontine angle. In computed tomographic images, a well‐defined, circular, hypoattenuating mass was visible at the cerebellomedullary pontine angle. The lesion, which was isoattenuating to cerebrospinal fluid, was 4 × 8 mm in diameter. Peripheral ring enhancement was evident after contrast medium administration. A choroid plexus cyst was diagnosed histopathologically.
TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL VISCERA OF HEALTHY LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Watrous Barbara J. , Cebra Margaret L.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. Six adult llamas, five juvenile llamas, and five adult alpacas were scanned with a 5 MHz linear transducer. The first and third gastric compartments occupied most of the left and right ventral abdomen, respectively. The saccules of the first compartment gave its wall a unique, hyperechoic appearance; whereas, all other viscera appeared as tubular structures. Except for the third gastric compartment, motility was visible in all structures by movement of fluid segments or contraction of the wall. Where it could be measured, wall thickness was between 2 and 4 mm, except that the caudal portion of the third compartment occasionally had a thicker wall. Fluid segments in the intestines were generally short and short lived. This description of normal camelids should aid in the ultrasonographic assessment of camelids suspected to have a gastrointestinal disorder.
RENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE, VOLUME, AND FUNCTION OF CATS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Reichle Jean K. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Léveillé Renée
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic (US) and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in cats; to compare renal volume in cats with ADPKD (n = 5; mean age 59 ± 10 months)) and normal cats (n = 5; mean age 66 ± 10 months) using 2 imaging modalities, US and CT; and to calculate cyst volume using CT. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined by 2 methods:99mTc‐diethylene‐triaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc‐DPTA) scintigraphic uptake and99mTc‐DTPA plasma clearance. Sonographically, ADPKD affected kidneys were characterized by multiple anechoic to hypoechoic, round to irregularly shaped structures with variation in size. Affected kidneys had indistinct corticomedullary junctions and foci of mineralization. Intravenous (IV) contrast medium administration allowed more definitive identification of cysts with CT, and identification of distortion of renal pelves by cysts. A significant difference (Welch ANOVA,P= 0.05) was detected between the US‐estimated renal volumes of normal and affected cats. No statistically significant differences were detected in CT volume (between the normal and affected cats, or between US and CT volume measurements) or the 2 GFR methods. In this group of clinically normal, middle‐aged ADPKD cats, renal function was within normal limits and not significantly different than normal.
CRANIAL MEDIASTINAL CYSTS IN NINE CATS
Authors: Zekas Lisa J. , Adams William M.
Published: May 2005

Nine cats, from 11 to 17 years of age (mean 13.6 years of age), were diagnosed with a cranial mediastinal cyst. Thoracic radiographs in all cats were characterized by an increased soft tissue opacity in the cranial mediastinum confirmed to be a cyst by ultrasonography or necropsy. Ultrasonographically cysts appeared as an anechoic mass. A low‐cellularity clear fluid was obtained on aspiration. The majority of the cats (n = 8) presented for unrelated conditions with no signs of respiratory distress. No treatment for the cyst was pursued except for drainage during ultrasonographic‐guided aspiration in several cats. On follow‐up of eight cats, none were symptomatic for the cyst from 3–45 months after diagnosis. Mediastinal cyst should be considered when a cranial mediastinal mass is evident radiographically in an older cat. The majority of feline cranial mediastinal cysts are benign with no need for treatment.
EFFECT OF DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON ORIENTATION ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SIGNAL INTENSITY IN ISOLATED EQUINE LIMBS—THE MAGIC ANGLE EFFECT
Authors: Busoni Valeria , Snaps Fréderic
Published: May 2005

Ten normal equine isolated limbs were imaged using a knee coil in a 1.5 Tesla magnetic field, with short echo time sequences (TE < 15 ms). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on each isolated limb in different positions, with and without extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Deep digital flexor tendon orientation ranged from 20 to 60 degrees in relation to the static magnetic field. Increased intratendinous signal intensity was observed when the angle between the deep digital flexor tendon and the constant magnetic field approached 55 degrees (“magic angle”). The increased signal intensity was independent from extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Recognition of the magic angle phenomenon is essential for proper evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging studies of the equine foot.
ACCURACY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR ESTIMATING INTRAMEDULLARY OSTEOSARCOMA EXTENT IN PRE‐OPERATIVE PLANNING OF CANINE LIMB‐SALVAGE PROCEDURES
Authors: Wallack Seth T. , Wisner Erik R. , Werner Jonathan A. , Walsh Peter J. , Kent Michael S. , Fairley Robert A. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this work was to compare the accuracy of radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for estimating appendicular osteosarcoma margins. The accuracy of computed tomography (CT) and bone scintigraphy was also assessed when these studies were available. Eight dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma underwent radiographic and MRI of affected limbs. In addition, bone scintigraphy was performed in six dogs and CT examination was performed in five dogs. Two observers jointly measured tumor length on all imaging studies. Correlative gross and histologic evaluation of all affected limbs was performed to determine tumor extent as measured from the nearest articular surface. Results from imaging studies were compared to gross and microscopic morphometry findings to determine the accuracy of each modality for determining tumor boundaries. MRI images were accurate with a mean overestimation of actual tumor length of 3 ± 13%. T1‐weighted non‐contrast images were superior in identifying intramedullary tumor margins in most instances whereas contrast‐enhanced images provided supplemental information in two dogs. Lateromedial and craniocaudal radiographs overestimated tumor length by 17 ± 28% and 4 ± 26%, respectively. Scintigraphy and CT overestimated tumor margins by 14 ±. 28% and 27 ±36%, respectively. MRI appears to be an accurate diagnostic imaging modality in determining intramedullary osteosarcoma boundaries. MRI should be considered as part of a pre‐operative assessment of appendicular osteosarcoma, particularly when a limb‐sparing procedure is contemplated.
ASSESSING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY IN VETERINARY IMAGING
Authors: Scrivani Peter V.
Published: May 2005

With continued specialization in diagnostic radiology and imaging technology, it increasingly becomes important for diagnostic radiologists to focus on the science of diagnosing disease. Imaging modalities provide a means to examine patients; however, it is the detection of imaging signs (Roentgen signs) that constitutes imaging tests. All tests are subject to error, and the degree of error cannot be determined by clinical experience alone. Therefore, measurements of diagnostic accuracy are important. Accuracy estimates are greatly influenced by selection of the decision criterion and sample population. This article reviews some of the principles for assessing diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging, which is helpful for deciding what tests to perform and how to interpret results once a test has been performed.
A COMPARISON OF NORMAL TISSUE COMPLICATION PROBABILITY OF BRAIN FOR PROTON AND PHOTON THERAPY OF CANINE NASAL TUMORS
Authors: Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Sumova Andrea , Lomax Antony , Schneider Uwe , Klink Bettina , Fidel Janean , Blattmann Hans
Published: May 2005

This study compared the calculated normal tissue complication probability of brain in dogs with a nasal tumor, which had both photon and proton treatment planning. Nine dogs diagnosed with a variety of histologies, but all with large, caudally located nasal tumors were studied. Three‐dimensional (3–D) photon dose distribution, and a proton dose distribution was calculated for each dog. To calculate the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for brain, the partial brain volume irradiated with the prescribed dose was determined, then a mathematic model relating complications to partial volume and radiation dose was used. The NTCP was always smaller for proton plans as compared to photon plans, indicating conformation of the dose to the target allows a higher dose to be given. If a 5% NTCP were accepted, the mean applicable dose for this group of dogs was 50.2 Gy for photons, but 58.3 Gy for protons. Not all dogs would benefit the same from proton irradiation. If a large partial brain volume has to be irradia‐ted, the advantage becomes minimal. There is also a minimal advantage if the planning target volume (PTV) includes a small, superficial brain volume. However, for a complex PTV shape the degree of conformation is clearly superior for protons and results in smaller calculated NTCPs.
DYSPLASIA EPIPHYSEALIS HEMIMELICA IN A BOXER PUPPY
Authors: Vignoli Massimo , Sarli Giuseppe , Rossi Federica , Terragni Rossella , Pozzi Luigi
Published: May 2005

A Boxer puppy had an unusual dysplastic lesion of the distal epiphysis of the left femur. Biopsy and CT examination were performed. A diagnosis of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) was made. To the investigators knowledge, this condition has not been described before in animals. DEH is a growth disorder involving preferentially the medial compartment of the lower limbs, and it is associated with epiphyseal hypertrophy and delayed mineralization.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS‐LIKE LESIONS OF THE PROXIMAL ARTICULAR SURFACE OF THE PROXIMAL PHALANX IN A HORSE
Authors: Schoenborn William C. , Rick Mark C. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

A 6‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding presented with a left forelimb lameness. The results of lameness examination, radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography are presented. Based on the diagnostic imaging, subchondral fractures and osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx were diagnosed. A brief discussion of osteochondritis dissecans is presented.
IMAGING OF THE CANINE AND FELINE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT: A REVIEW
Authors: Schwarz Tobias , Weller Renate , Dickie Alison M. , Konar Martin , Sullivan Martin
Published: May 2005

The radiographic anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in the dog and cat is described in dorsoventral and oblique projections. The positioning for different oblique views in conventional radiography and technical details of computed tomography are reviewed. Typical radiographic features of craniomandibular osteopathy, dysplasia, luxation, subluxation, fractures, ankylosis, degenerative joint disease, infection, and neoplasia involving the temporomandibular joint are discussed.
A NEWLY RECOGNIZED PATTERN OF CANINE OSTEOCHONDROMATOSIS
Authors: Mozos Elena , Novales Manuel , Ginel Pedro J. , Pérez José , Pool Roy R.
Published: May 2005

Clinicopathological findings are described for a unique skeletal pattern of osteochondromatosis (syn. multiple osteochondromas) in three crossbred littermate dogs. Multiple nonpainful bilaterally symmetric skeletal lesions arose from focal semiannular and annular areas of periosteal thickening on the cortical surface of the metaphyses and diaphyses of long bones. Flat bones of the skull were spared. In radiographs osteochondromas in different stages of evolution were apparent. Grossly there were smoothly contoured, nodular subperiosteal masses of dense fibrocartilaginous and osseous tissue that were continuous with and overlying apparently normal but thin trabeculae of cancellous bone. Cortical compacta was attenuated or absent beneath exostoses. In histologic sections of the cartilage‐capped exostoses a hyperplastic periosteum formed a focal semiannular or annular cap of proliferative hyaline cartilage tissue that underwent endochondral ossification and replacement by cancellous bone at its base. Intertrabecular spaces in the cancellous bone of exostoses were filled with fibro‐osseous and hematopoietic tissue. A hereditary origin was suspected for the osteochondromas. Origin of some osteochondromas as semiannular or annular perturbations of the perichondrial ring of metaphyseal physes of long bones likely contributed to limb shortening and a pattern of billaterally symmetric angular limb deformities of all limbs as occurs in some children affected by osteochondromatosis.
MULTICENTRIC LYMPHOMA WITH INTESTINAL INVOLVEMENT IN A DOG
Authors: Yam Philippa S. , Johnson Victoria S. , Martineau Henny M. , Dickie Alison , Sullivan Martin
Published: May 2005

A 5‐year‐old, male German shepherd dog was evaluated for a 5‐week history of vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and weight loss. In abdominal radiographs, there was an unusual corrugated appearance within a loop of intestine. Sonographically, this loop also had a similar corrugated appearance with alternating hyperechoic and hypoechoic bands. Lymph nodes within the abdomen and thorax were enlarged, and a thoracic mass was also detected. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates of the mesenteric lymph nodes were highly suggestive of lymphoma. After postmortem examination, a diagnosis of multicentric lymphoma with involvement of the gastrointestinal tract was made.
AN INFECTED HIP PROSTHESIS IN A DOG DIAGNOSED WITH A 99mTC‐CIPROFLOXACIN (INFECTON) SCAN
Authors: Peremans K. , De Winter F. , Janssens L. , Dumont F. , Van Bree H. , Dierckx R.
Published: May 2005

This case report describes the use of the 99mTo‐labeled radiopharmaceutical eiprofloxaein (Infecton) in a case of hip prosthesis loosening in a dog. Serial planar radiographs were not conclusive, and culture of the synovial fluid was negative. Antibiotic treatment did not result in improvement of the lameness. Scintigraphy was performed with 99mTc‐Infecton, a tracer claimed to be specific for infection. Antibiotic treatment was interrupted 6 weeks prior to the examination. Planar and tomographic images at 3 h and at 24 h postinjection showed increased activity along the acetabulum and the proximal femoral bone surrounding the femoral prosthesis, indicating focal infection. Bacteriology performed after removal of the implant revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
MENSURATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES IN 17 CATS
Authors: Wallack Seth T. , Wisner Erik R. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this retrospective study was to estimate using magnetic resonance imaging the size range of the pituitary gland in cats who had no evidence of pituitary disease. The pituitary gland was measured from transverse and sagittal magnetic resonance postgadolinium T1‐weighted images in 17 cats. The cats were 0.83 to 15 years of age and weighed between 2.9 and 6.5 kg. Linear pituitary measurements were performed on a dedicated workstation using electronic calipers. Mean (± standard deviation) pituitary gland length was 0.54 cm (± 0.06 cm) and mean width was 0.50 cm (± 0.08 cm). Mean pituitary gland height measured on sagittal images was 0.34 cm (± 0.05) and measured on transverse images was 0.32 cm (± 0.04 cm). Mean pituitary volume was 0.05 cm3 (± 0.01 cm3). There was no significant correlation between cat weight (kg) and pituitary volume or age and pituitary volume. The pituitary gland appearance varied on pre‐ and postcontrast T1‐weighted images. On the precontrast images, the majority of pituitary glands had a mixed signal intensity. On postcontrast images, uniform pituitary gland enhancement was seen commonly.
DIAGNOSIS OF A PORTO‐AZYGOUS SHUNT USING HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Thompson Margret S. , Graham John P. , Mariani Christopher L.
Published: May 2005

Congenital portosystemic shunts occur uncommonly in dogs. Conventional diagnostic methods either do not offer simultaneous diagnosis and anatomic characterization or require an invasive selective catheterization. Helical computed tomography (HCT) is a rapid, noninvasive means of acquiring crosssectional images of any portion of the body. Combined with a peripheral venous injection of contrast medium, HCT can produce computer‐rendered, “angiogram‐like” images of vasculature. These computer‐ generated multiplanar and three‐dimensional HCT angiographic images were helpful in the diagnosis and accurate anatomic characterization of a porto‐azygous shunt. A brief discussion of scanner and contrast medium protocol considerations necessary to achieve adequate vascular opacification for volumetric data reconstructions and diagnosis are outlined.
USE OF CONTRAST HARMONIC ULTRASOUND FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN THREE DOGS
Authors: Salwei Rochelle M. , O'Brien Robert T. , Matheson Jodi S.
Published: May 2005

Contrast harmonic ultrasound was used to determine macrovascular and perfusion patterns in three dogs with congenital extrahepatic solitary portosystemic shunts (PSS). With coded harmonic angio‐graphic ultrasound, the size and tortuosity of the hepatic arteries were subjectively increased. Single pulse intermittent low‐amplitude harmonic perfusion imaging provided contrast enhancement time‐intensity curves from regions of interest in the liver. Mean (±standard deviation) peak perfusion times of dogs with PSS were significantly shorter (p= 0.01; 7.0 ± 2.0 s) than reported in normal dogs (22.8 ± 6.8 s). The contrast inflow slope for the dogs with PSS (14.6 ± 3.7 pixel intensity units [PIU] was significantly (p= 0.05) larger than reported for normal dogs (3.6 ±1.4 PIU/s). These results indicate that combined coded harmonic angiographic and contrast harmonic perfusion sonography can be used to detect increased hepatic arterial blood flow as an indicator of PSS in dogs.
GASTRIC EMPTYING IN CATS USING FOODS VARYING IN FIBER CONTENT AND KIBBLE SHAPES
Authors: Armbrust L.J. , Hoskinson J.J. , Lora‐Michiels M. , Vet Med , Milliken G.A.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of kibble shape and fiber content of commercial dry foods on gastric emptying in healthy cats. Eight healthy cats were used to evaluate four different diets which varied in shape of kibble (round versus triangle) or fiber content (low versus high). Diets were labeled with99mTc‐mebrofenin and gastric emptying was evaluated with nuclear scintigraphy. There was a significant difference between the kibble shapes at both T50and T20. The triangle shaped kibble required significantly longer time than the round kibble to reach T50(P= 0.02) and T20(P=0.001). Diet fiber content did not have a significant influence on T50, and T20‐ The influence of caloric and water intake was assessed with division of cats into high, medium, and low intake groups. The caloric intake had its main effect at T50with the lowest quartile of caloric intake requiring significantly less time to reach T50than the middle group and upper quartile (P= 0.05). Water intake did not have a significant effect on gastric emptying in this study. There was no relationship or correlation between the surface area of the food (cm2/kg) and T90, T50, and T20.
A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF 140 DOGS WITH ORAL MELANOMA TREATED WITH EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION
Authors: Proulx David R. , Ruslander David M. , Dodge Richard K. , Hauck Marlene L. , Williams Laurel E. , Horn Birgitte , Sylvester Price G. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Despite the early notion that canine oral malignant melanoma is radioresistant, recent data suggest that external beam radiotherapy is effective in local tumor control. However, optimal fractionation schedules have not been established. The high rate of regional and distant metastasis is another problem that has hindered long‐term control. The role of chemotherapy in the management of canine oral melanoma has also not been determined. In this study, data from 140 dogs irradiated at North Carolina State University were evaluated with the following objectives: (1) to compare the efficacy of three radiation therapy protocols (36 Gy, 9 Gy × 4 fractions; 30 Gy, 10 Gy × 3 fractions; or >45 Gy, 2–4 Gy × 12–19 fractions) for the treatment of dogs with oral malignant melanoma, (2) to identify any host or tumor factors influencing prognosis, and (3) to determine the impact of systemic chemotherapy on treatment outcome. Information regarding response to therapy, disease progression, and survival were determined from the medical records or from information obtained by telephone or mail survey. Relationships between host, tumor, and treatment variables and outcome measures (response, time to first event, and survival) were evaluated using Fisher's exact test (response) and the Cox regression model (time to first event and survival). The median time to first event for the 140 dogs was 5.0 months (95% C.I., 4–6 months) and the median survival was 7.0 months (95% C.I., 6–9 months). In the univariate analysis, the following variables were associated with increased time to first event and survival: (1) rostral tumor sublocation; (2) lack of bone lysis observed on skull imaging, and (3) microscopic tumor burden. In a multivariate analysis of 111 dogs with complete data for these variables, tumor sublocation, bone lysis, and tumor volume were identified as joint predictors of time to first event (p<.001,p<.001, andp= .04, respectively) and survival (p<.001,p<.001, andp= 05, respectively). There were no differences in response, time to first event and survival between the three radiation therapy protocols used. Systemic chemotherapy had no impact on the development of metastatic disease, time to first event, or survival, although the dosages used in this study were suboptimal. External beam radiation therapy is effective in local disease control of canine oral malignant melanoma; however, the optimal fractionation scheme has yet to be determined. The high metastatic rate observed with this disease and the inefficacy of systemic chemotherapy indicate that further investigation into novel therapies is warranted.
A REVIEW OF NONCONVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES AND CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF NONCARDIAC CANINE DISORDERS
Authors: Szatmári Viktor , Harkaanyi Zoltán , Vöaröas Károly
Published: May 2005

Modern ultrasound contrast media are gas‐containing stabilized microbubbles that remain intact in the circulating blood for several minutes after intravenous injection and increase the intensity of the backscattered ultrasound. When the microbubbles disappear from the blood, they can be detected in the parenchyma of the liver and the spleen for about 30 more minutes (late liver‐ and spleen‐specific phase). The insonated microbubbles produce second harmonic ultrasound frequencies, whose detection requires nonconventional ultrasound modalities such as pulsed inversion imaging. Nonconventional ultrasound techniques can also be used without microbubbles because second harmonics can be generated by ultrasound in tissues as well. The physical principles and advantages of nonconventional ultrasound techniques are described. The circulating microbubbles can be used not only to enhance weak Doppler signals, but also to perform dynamic contrast studies. Contrast‐enhanced dynamic ultrasound studies‐similar to contrast‐enhanced CT and MRI examinations‐have been used in humans to characterize lesions noninvasively (i.e., without biopsies) found during conventional ultrasound examinations. To map the distribution of contrast medium in a nodule or in an organ, specific scanning techniques such as stimulated acoustic emission have been developed. Stimulated acoustic emission occurs when high acoustic pressure ultrasonic waves disrupt the stationary or slowly moving microbuhbles. This results in the release of a large amount of harmonic ultrasound frequencies. When the stimulated acoustic emission technique is used for dynamic studies, scanning must be interrupted several times to allow the microvasculature of the lesion to refill with microbubbles (interval delay imaging). The contrast patterns of malignant and benign hepatic nodules in humans have been the most intensively studied. Another type of dynamic study in humans measures the transit time of the contrast medium; that is, how fast the peripherally injected microbubbles reach the hepatic veins. Hepatic cirrhosis can be differentiated from other diffuse parenchymal liver diseases by a shorter transit time. Introducing nonconventional ultrasound techniques and ultrasound contrast media in veterinary diagnostic imaging may have potential value; however, intensive research should be carried out before ultrasound contrast agents can routinely be used in clinical practice.
SONOGRAPHIC SIGNS OF GASTRODUODENAL LINEAR FOREIGN BODY IN 3 DOGS
Authors: Hoffmann Karon L.
Published: May 2005

This article describes the sonographic signs identified in three dogs with confirmed gastroduodenal linear foreign bodies. The sonographic signs included the following; an abnormal tortuous path of the descending duodenum, the presence of a hyperechoic linear structure within the duodenal lumen which was carefully followed orally to the pylorus. The presence of a mass with strong acoustic shadow within the pylorus may also be imaged. The normal intestinal layers were present in the duodenal wall. In real time, the intestinal path was followed through many “hairpin” turns, and during this process the lumen was observed for identification of a linear structure. Secondary sequelae of gastrointestinal perforation were more difficult to identify with confidence in the cases presented.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LYMPHOMA INVOLVING THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS IN A CAT
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Jeffery N.D. , Baines E.A. , Woodger N. , Herrtage M.E.
Published: May 2005

An 11‐year‐old, neutered, female Domestic Long Hair cat had a 3‐week history of left forelimb lameness. Conscious proprioception and postural reflexes were absent on the left thoracic limb. The cat had slightly reduced placing and hopping responses on the left pelvic limb, absent cutaneous trunci muscle reflex on the left side, and left triceps muscle atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2 × 2 × 2 cm mass in the region of the left brachial plexus. The cat was treated by left forelimb amputation and hemilaminectomy. Histopathology of the brachial plexus revealed lymphoma.
CEREBRAL VENTRICULAR SIZE IN DEVELOPING NORMAL KITTENS MEASURED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Hultin Jäderlund Karin , Hansson Kerstin , Berg Anna‐Lena , Sjöström Anders , Narfström Kristina
Published: May 2005

To evaluate the age of fontanelle closure of normal kittens and the size of their lateral ventricles, 50 ultrasonographic examinations using the bregmatic fontanelle as an acoustic window were made. Seven kittens, laboratory animals, were included in the study. To verify the location of the lateral ventricle, two of the kittens were sacrificed as neonates. In one of them ink was injected prior to autopsy into one lateral ventricle under sonographic guidance. In a longitudinal study of five of the kittens, the skull depth and the depth of the central part of the lateral ventricle reproduced in a longitudinal view could be measured up to the age of about 5 months. During that period, the skull depth increased from a median value of 1.95 cm (1.92–1.98) in a seven‐day‐old cat to 2.58 cm (2.52–2.59) in a 154‐day‐old cat, while the afore‐mentioned ventricle values increased from 0.3 mm to 1.1 mm.
PRENATAL SONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL DEATH AND HYDRANENCEPHALY IN TWO CHIHUAHUA FETUSES
Authors: Cruz RobertDe J. , Alvarado Manuel S. , Sandoval Jorge E. , Vilchez Eloina
Published: May 2005

Hydranencephaly and fetal death was diagnosed in two of three fetuses during the abdominal sonographic examination of a 2.5‐year‐old, intact female Chihuahua that had clinical signs of dystocia 63 days after mating. A cesarean section was performed and one live normal puppy was present. Two dead puppies, each with a markedly enlarged and fluid filled skull were removed.
USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY RENAL ANGIOGRAPHY FOR SCREENING FELINE RENAL TRANSPLANT DONORS
Authors: Bouma Jennifer L. , Aronson Lillian R. , Keith Dennis G. , Mark Saunders H.
Published: May 2005

Preoperative knowledge of the renal vascular anatomy is important for selection of the appropriate feline renal donor. Intravenous urograms (IVUs) have been performed routinely to screen potential donors at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (VHUP), but the vascular phase views lack sufficient detail of the renal vascular anatomy. Computed tomography angiography (CTA), which requires a helical computed tomography (CT) scanner, has been found to provide superior renal vascular anatomic information of prospective human renal donors. The specific aims of this study were as follows: 1) develop the CTA technique for the feline patient; and 2) obtain preliminary information on feline renal vessel anatomy in potential renal donors. Ten healthy, potential feline renal donors were anesthetized and imaged using a third‐generation helical CT scanner. The time delay between IV contrast medium injection and image acquisition, and other parameters of slice collimation, slice interval, pitch, exposure settings, and reconstruction algorithms were varied to maximize contrast medium opacification of the renal vascular anatomy. Optimal CTA acquisition parameters were determined to be: 1) 10‐sec delay post‐IV bolus of iodinated contrast medium; 2) two serially acquired (corresponding to arterial and venous phases) helical scans through the renal vasculature; 3) pitch of 2 (4 mm/sec patient translation, 2 mm slice collimation); and 4) 120‐kVp, 160‐mA, and 1‐sec exposure settings. Retrospective reconstructed CTA transverse images obtained at a 2‐nim slice width and a 1‐mm slice interval in combination with two‐dimensional reformatted images and three‐dimensional reconstructed images were qualitatively evaluated for vascular anatomy; vascular anatomy was confirmed at surgery. Four cats had single renal arteries and veins bilaterally; four cats had double renal veins. One cat had a small accessory artery supplying the caudal pole of the left kidney. One cat had a left renal artery originating from the aorta at a 90° angle with the cranial mesenteric artery. CTA of the feline renal vascular anatomy is feasible, and reconstruction techniques provide excellent anatomic vascular detail. CTA is now used routinely at VHUP to screen all potential feline renal donors.
TYPE‐4 ESOPHAGEAL HIATAL HERNIA IN A CHINESE SHAR‐PEI DOG
Authors: Rahal Sheila C. , Mamprim Maria J. , Muniz Lucy M.R. , Teixeira Carlos R.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiography of a 3‐month‐old, female Chinese Shar‐pei revealed an esophageal hiatal hernia with stomach, liver, and small intestine displaced into the thorax. Three days after the surgical correction, the dog developed ileal intussusception and was reoperated. Recovery was uncomplicated and the dog was asymptomatic 16 months after surgery.
REVIEW OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF EAR DISEASES IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: Garosi Laurent S. , Dennis Ruth , Schwarz Tobias
Published: May 2005

Diagnostic imaging techniques (conventional radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are an essential tool in the diagnostic work‐up of ear diseases. Conventional radiography is commonly used, but often lacks sensitivity. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) are complementary imaging studies of the middle ear, labyrinth, internal auditory canal and their contents. CT provides excellent images of bony structures and is indicated where osseous changes are of greatest diagnostic importance. MR is superior in imaging soft tissue components including intral‐abyrinthine fluid. Therefore, more than one of these imaging techniques may be required in order to make a diagnosis.
THE NORMAL UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL EXAMINATION IN THE FERRET
Authors: Schwarz Leslie A. , Solano M. , Manning A. , Marini R.P. , Fox J.G.
Published: May 2005

Upper gastrointestinal examinations were performed in 11 unsedated ferrets and 4 ferrets sedated with ketamine and diazepam. Each animal received a 8–13 mL/kg body weight dosage of barium liquid (30% weight:volume). Radiographs were made immediately and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min (mins) after the barium was administered. Gastric emptying began immediately. Mean total gastric emptying was longer in sedated ferrets (130 ± 40 min versus 75 ± 54 min); however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.18). Small intestinal transit time was less than 2 h in all ferrets. The barium‐filled small bowel was best visualized on the 20‐ and 40‐min radiographs and did not exceed 5–7 mm in width. Flocculation of barium in the small intestine and adherence of barium to the stomach mucosa was seen in almost all animals. The longitudinal colonic mucosal folds in the colon were well visualized in the normal upper gastrointestinal study and aided in distinguishing small intestine from large intestine. The use of ketamine and diazepam sedation did not significantly affect the parameters evaluated in the upper gastrointestinal study series.
STAGING OF LUMBAR INTER VERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION IN NONCHONDRODYSTROPHIC DOGS USING LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: Seiler Gabriela , Häni Hansjürg , Scheidegger Jürg , Busato André , Lang Johann
Published: May 2005

Recognition of disc degeneration in vivo is important in the investigation of the pathophysiology of intervertebral disc disease as well as the assessment of patients. The purpose of this study was to compare low‐field magnetic resonance imaging and histopathologic findings of disc degeneration in the canine caudal lumbar spine. A simple four‐stage classification system for disc degeneration is proposed. Most common signs of disc degeneration in magnetic resonance imaging included nuclear clefts, decreased signal intensity of the nucleus pulposus and tears of the annulus fibrosus, or disc herniations. The association between magnetic resonance images and histopathologic findings was highly significant. A sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 79% for magnetic resonance imaging was calculated using histopathology as the gold standard.
OTOLITHIASIS IN THREE DOGS
Authors: Ziemer Lisa S. , Schwarz Tobias , Sullivan Martin
Published: May 2005

Mineral opacities within the tympanic bullae, termed otoliths, were detected in three dogs by means of radiography and computed tomography. Radiographic signs of otitis externa were present in two dogs. One dog had clinical signs of vestibular disease, whereas the other two dogs had no clinical evidence of ear disease. Otolithiasis may represent mineralized necrotic material of a current or previous case of otitis media.
The Intracellular Fate of
Salmonella
Depends on the Recruitment of Kinesin
Authors: Boucrot Emmanuel , Henry Thomas , Borg Jean-Paul , Gorvel Jean-Pierre , Méresse Stéphane
Published: May 2005

Salmonella enterica
causes a variety of diseases, including gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. The success of this pathogen depends on its capacity to proliferate within host cells in a membrane-bound compartment. We found that the
Salmonella
-containing vacuole recruited the plus-end–directed motor kinesin. Bacterial effector proteins translocated into the host cell by a type III secretion system antagonistically regulated this event. Among these effectors, SifA targeted SKIP, a host protein that down-regulated the recruitment of kinesin on the bacterial vacuole and, in turn, controlled vacuolar membrane dynamics.
Clearing the View of Our Foundations
Authors: Wengrow David
Published: May 2005

Myths of the Archaic State
Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations.
By Norman Yoffee
. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005. 291 pp. $75, £45. ISBN 0-521-81837-0. Paper, $34.99, £19.99. ISBN 0-521-52156-4.

Favoring considerations of social evolution over ethnogrpahic analogies, the author disputes the commonly held interpretation that the earliest states were large and despotically controlled.
Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake
Authors: West Michael , Sánchez John J. , McNutt Stephen R.
Published: May 2005

As surface waves from the 26 December 2004 earthquake in Sumatra swept across Alaska, they triggered an 11-minute swarm of 14 local earthquakes near Mount Wrangell, almost 11,000 kilometers away. Earthquakes occurred at intervals of 20 to 30 seconds, in phase with the largest positive vertical ground displacements during the Rayleigh surface waves. We were able to observe this correlation because of the combination of unusually long surface waves and seismic stations near the local earthquakes. This phase of Rayleigh wave motion was dominated by horizontal extensional stresses reaching 25 kilopascals. These observations imply that local events were triggered by simple shear failure on normal faults.
The role of dispersal and demography in determining the efficacy of marine reserves
Authors: Gerber Leah R , Heppell Selina S , Ballantyne Ford , Sala Enric
Published: May 2005

Marine reserves are rapidly becoming an important tool for protection and recovery of depleted marine populations. However, the relative value of reserves to particular species is strongly dependent on its life history and behavior. We present a general conceptual framework for considering dispersal in simple demographic models. This framework includes transition matrices that consist of two age-structured models connected by transition probabilities for general migration, ontogenetic shifts, and recruitment in both a reserve and an unprotected area. We show that life history characteristics and perturbation analysis can be used to predict changes in growth rate due to a decrease in adult mortality resulting from a marine reserve for different levels and types of dispersal. Reserves enhanced growth rate for all species irrespective of net dispersal between the reserve and surrounding matrix habitat, but the efficacy of reserves relative to catch reduction depended significantly on the magnitude and sign of net dispersal across the reserve boundary. Patterns of reserve efficacy across different dispersal types were strongly species specific. Given the paucity of spatially explicit data for many marine systems and species, this simple approach represents a first step in applying life history information to advance current theory and provide practical considerations for marine reserve management.
The effect of adaptive change in the prey on the dynamics of an exploited predator population
Authors: Abrams Peter A , Matsuda Hiroyuki
Published: May 2005

Mathematical models examine the relationship between harvesting effort and stock size for a predator species when the prey adapts to the risk of predation. In one set of models, the prey can increase its own reproductive rate if it increases its vulnerability to the predator. In the second set of models, each of two prey species has fixed characteristics, but changes in the average characteristics within the prey trophic level occur via shifts in the relative abundance of the two species. In both models, the equilibrium predator population can increase as harvest of that species increases. In the case of two-prey models, the predator's equilibrium population always increases with an increased harvest rate if the two prey coexist and share a single resource. The predator's equilibrium population often decreases from its maximum size to zero over a very small range of harvest rates, once those rates become high enough. Because increased stock size is often used to justify increased harvest rates, this relationship poses a risk that harvest rate will increase to the point where the stock quickly collapses. The results are relevant to understanding changes in the population size of a species experiencing declining environmental conditions.
Darwinian fishery science: lessons from the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia)
Authors: Conover David O , Arnott Stephen A , Walsh Matthew R , Munch Stephan B
Published: May 2005

The potential of fishing mortality to cause rapid evolutionary changes in life history has received relatively little attention. By focusing only on ecological responses, standard fisheries theory and practice implicitly assume either that genetic influences on life history in the wild are negligible or that natural selection and adaptation is a slow process that can be effectively ignored. Lack of contrary evidence has allowed these assumptions to persist. Drawing upon >25 years of research on the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), we show that adaptive genetic variation in many traits is finely tuned to natural variation in climate. Much of this variation is caused by a gradient in size-selective winter mortality and involves two- to threefold changes in physiological traits that influence population productivity. Many other species are now known to display similar patterns. Harvest experiments show that these traits can evolve rapidly in response to size-selective fishing. Hence, the pool of genotypes that code for life history traits is a highly dynamic property of populations. We argue that the lessons from Menidia are applicable to many exploited species where similar observations would be difficult to obtain and advocate greater use of species models to address fundamental questions in fishery science.
Harvest selection, genetic correlations, and evolutionary changes in recruitment: one less thing to worry about?
Authors: Munch S B , Walsh M R , Conover D O
Published: May 2005

Harvest selection may lead to detrimental evolutionary changes in exploited populations. Few studies have considered the indirect impacts that harvest selection may have arising through genetic correlations. Using data from a long-term fishing experiment on Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia), we show that there are significant genetic correlations between adult length at harvest and several early life history characters known to influence recruitment success. Based on this analysis, we estimate the magnitude of the change in recruitment success that may arise indirectly from selection on adults. In contrast with studies of harvest selection on adult characteristics, we find the response of characters in the early life history to be relatively slow and that impacts on recruitment, if any, are likely to be driven by selective changes in fecundity.
Life history consequences of overexploitation to population recovery in Northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A
Published: May 2005

Changes to life history traits are often concomitant with prolonged periods of exploitation. In the Northwest Atlantic, 30- to 40-year declines of more than 90% of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been associated with significant reductions in age and length at maturity, changes most parsimoniously explained as genetic responses to fishing. Increased survival costs of reproduction associated with earlier maturity, resulting in higher natural mortality and shorter life span, negatively affect population growth rate and rate of recovery. Coupled with lower hatching rate among first-time spawners and smaller size at maturity, a modest reduction in age from 6 to 4 years can reduce annual population growth in Atlantic cod by 25%30%, based on the output of a stochastic, age-structured life history model. Earlier maturity more than doubles the probability of negative population growth every generation. These results underscore the potential for fishing-induced changes to life history traits alone to generate slow or negligible recovery in marine fishes, exacerbating negative impacts on population growth resulting from ecosystem-level alterations to interspecific competition and predation.
Effect of site management on leaf area, early biomass development, and stand growth efficiency of a Eucalyptus grandis plantation in South Africa
Authors: du Toit Ben , Dovey Steven B
Published: May 2005

The effects of intensive site management operations on leaf area index (LAI), aboveground woody biomass (WB) development, and stand growth efficiency were studied in a South African Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) stand from establishment to 3.5 years of age. Site management treatments included slash removal, slash retention, fertilization, slash burning, and slash disturbance through mechanized harvesting operations. Stand LAI development responded strongly and significantly to the site management treatments imposed at establishment. Responses were driven by nutrient supply but were apparently limited by a severe drought after establishment. At 1.3 years, LAI in the slash removal treatment reached 2.1, compared to 4.5 following fertilization or slash burning. Treatments also significantly affected the development of aboveground WB, which ranged from 53.6 (slash removal) to 64.9 (fertilization) and 65.8 Mg·ha1 (slash burning) at 3.5 years. Biomass allocation to roots and stand growth efficiency (i.e., WB increment per unit of LAI) did not differ significantly between treatments. We conclude that the fast-growing treatments produced more WB because of more rapid development of maximum LAI. The possible implications of this response mechanism for management operations that aim to improve growth through improved nutrient supply are discussed, with reference to unthinned, short-rotation crops.
The role of leaf chemistry inMelampsora medusaeinfection of hybrid poplar: effects of leaf development and fungicide treatment
Authors: Johnson Jon D , Kim Yong
Published: May 2005

Immature leaves of poplars are immune to Melampsora leaf rust infection, regardless of the level of resistance or susceptibility of older leaves. Leaf phenolic and protein concentrations were quantified in leaves of varying maturity (measured by leaf plastochron index, LPI) from a rust-susceptible, interspecific hybrid poplar clone, 47-174 (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.). Using leaf water extracts and apoplastic solutions, concentrations of phenolics and proteins decreased as LPI increased. Urediniospore germination increased 3-fold, and hyphae elongation increased 3.5-fold as LPI increased from 1 to 11. Inoculation significantly increased concentrations from 9% (LPI 5) to over 120% (LPI 11). Application of triadimefon (Bayleton®) significantly increased the apoplastic concentrations of phenolics and proteins by 43% and 25%, respectively. In vitro urediniospore germination and hyphae elongation decreased over 7-fold and 3-fold, respectively, in these leaves, to levels comparable to immature leaves. This study has shown that defense compounds are present in immature poplar leaves that likely contribute to Melampsora medusae rust immunity, and that triadimefon application created a similar immunity in susceptible leaves. Identification of specific compounds associated with this immunity could assist in the development of resistant poplar clones through traditional breeding or gene modification.