bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High School Spanish Teachers' Attitudes and Practices Toward Spanish Heritage Language Learners
Authors: Russell Brittany D. , Kuriscak Lisa M.
Published: August 2015

This case study uses survey data to examine the attitudes and pedagogical practices of preservice and current high school Spanish teachers toward Spanish heritage language learners (HLLs). The research questions addressed were (1) the extent to which participants were aware of the challenges facing Spanish HLLs who are enrolled in traditional second language courses, (2) the pedagogical practices they implemented and/or recommended, and (3) the extent to which they perceived the need for Spanish heritage language programs at the high school level. Participants, though largely aware of issues facing HLLs, struggled with how best to support them in practice, and the majority noted a need for implementation of programs for Spanish as a heritage language. Also discussed is the importance of enhancing teaching methods programs and professional development opportunities for high school Spanish teachers to better serve HLLs.
The Relationship Between Global Competence and Language Learning Motivation: An Empirical Study in Critical Language Classrooms
Authors: Semaan Gaby , Yamazaki Kasumi
Published: August 2015

This article examines the relationship between global competence and second language learning motivation in critical language classrooms. Data were collected from 137 participants who were studying critical languages (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Persian) at two universities on the East and West Coasts of the United States, using a 30‐item Likert scale survey. There was a positive relationship between global competence and second language motivation, as well as between global competence and the components that are seen as constituting second language learning motivation.
Co‐producing fieldwork under fire: collaborating with journalists in Syria and Iraq
Authors: Paasche Till F
Published: August 2015

This commentary discusses the co‐production of fieldwork with journalists in conflict zones. Although this type of collaboration can produce rich and novel datasets on the workings of chaos, security and conflict, it has received very little attention within geography and related disciplines. This commentary therefore focuses on the author's experience of cooperating with journalists in March and October 2014 in the Kurdish‐held Syrian territories called Rojava (the West), and in June 2014 when visiting the Kurdish Peshmerga forces at the frontlines with the Islamic State (by then still Islamic State of Iraq and al Shams) outside Mosul and Kirkuk, Iraq. Following a brief discussion about the advantages of an academic–journalist co‐production of fieldwork, the commentary lists the practicalities of such collaboration based on the experiences made in the field, including a section on more problematic issues encountered. Given the nature of this kind of fieldwork, which is not without risk, the discussion of personal safety plays a central role in the commentary.
Association of sarcopenic obesity with the risk of all‐cause mortality: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Tian Simiao , Xu Yang
Published: August 2015

Many prospective studies have investigated the relationship between sarcopenic obesity (SO) and risk of mortality. However, the results have been controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between SO and all‐cause mortality in adults by a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. A systematic literature search was carried out through electronic databases up to September 2014. A total of nine articles with 12 prospective cohort studies, including 35 287 participants and 14 306 deaths, were included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, compared with healthy subjects, subjects with SO had a significant increased risk of all‐cause mortality (pooled HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12–1.37, P < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 53.18%, P = 0.0188), but no indication for publication bias (P = 0.7373). Heterogeneity became low and no longer significant in the subgroup analyses by three SO definitions. More importantly, SO, defined by mid‐arm muscle circumference and muscle strength criteria, significantly increased the risk of mortality (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23–1.73 and 1.23, 1.09–1.38, respectively). The risk of all‐cause mortality did not appreciably change considering the geography (USA cohorts and non‐USA cohorts) or the duration of follow up (≥10 years and <10 years). However, the risk estimate was only significant in men (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.08–1.41, P = 0.0017), not in women (HR 1.16, P = 0.1332). The results of the present study show that subjects with SO are associated with a 24% increase risk of all‐cause mortality, compared with those without SO, in particular in men; the significant association was found independent of geographical location and duration of follow up. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 155–166.
Polycentric Governance and Irrigation Reform in Kenya
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth , Washington‐Ottombre Camille , Dell'Angelo Jampel , Cole Daniel , Evans Tom
Published: August 2015

In Kenya, as in many developing countries, centralized control over water resources was implemented to improve agricultural productivity. By the 1980s, however, Kenya's postindependence policies of bureaucratic control were in disarray, and conflicts over water use were common. More recently, Kenya has embarked on a series of reforms that create a polycentric approach to water governance, in which decision making about water resources is shared among multiple, overlapping local, regional, and national authorities. Drawing on archival and field research, we examine these reforms in their historic context and argue that whereas centralized control was poorly adapted to the Kenyan context, polycentric governance is better suited to Kenya's variable social and ecological conditions and the available resources of its administrative agencies.
Patient‐defined goals for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Coylewright Megan , Palmer Roseanne , O'Neill Elizabeth S. , Robb John F. , Fried Terri R.
Published: August 2015

Background

Patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) at high risk for aortic valve replacement are a unique population with multiple treatment options, including medical therapy, surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Traditionally, in elderly populations, goals of treatment may favour quality of life over survival. Professional guidelines recommend that clinicians engage patients in shared decision making, a process that may lead to decisions more aligned with patient‐defined goals of care. Goals of care for high‐risk patients with AS are not well defined in the literature, and patient‐reported barriers to shared decision making highlight the need for explicit encouragement from clinicians for patient involvement.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to elicit and report patient‐defined goals from elderly patients facing treatment decisions for severe AS.

Methods

This analysis was conducted at Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center, an academic medical institution. In a retrospective manner, we qualitatively analysed goal statements reported by high‐risk, elderly patients with severe AS evaluated for TAVR between June 2012 and August 2014.

Results

Forty‐six patients provided treatment goals during consideration of TAVR and defined preferred outcomes as maintaining independence, staying alive, reducing symptoms or, most commonly, increasing their ability to do a specific activity or hobby.

Conclusions

In the high‐risk patient population considering TAVR, patient‐reported goals may be obtained with a simple question delivered during the clinical encounter. Encouraging patients to define their goals may lead to a greater degree of shared decision making, as advocated in current professional guidelines.
A case study of the organisation of research knowledge by systematic reviews within the mental health care field
Authors: Forsetlund Louise , Austvoll‐Dahlgren Astrid , Johansen Marit , Lidal Ingeborg B. , Odgaard‐Jensen Jan , Vist Gunn E.
Published: August 2015

Background

Our aim was to explore how systematic reviews of the effects of complex interventions within the field of organisation of mental health care organised research knowledge.

Methods

We looked up references included in 14 mental health care reviews in the database Epistemonikos to examine overlap between reviews. We classified topic concordance between study reports and reviews as similar, narrower, broader or other topic to indicate how well the research knowledge was organised.

Findings

We examined 182 comparisons between the theme of study reports and reviews. In 100 (55%) of the 182 comparisons, the review had a broader theme, 18 (10%) narrower, 34 (19%) similar and in 30 (16%), the review's theme was classified as ‘other’. The content analysis indicated that there existed (inconsistent) overlapping of study reports between different topics.

Conclusions

Within the field organisation of mental health care, there exists some unclear and inconsistent organisation of current knowledge. This may diminish the validity and reliability of systematic reviews. It is important that review authors take care in defining the review question precisely, conduct thorough literature searches, consider each study's hypothesis, disciplinary tradition and context, and if necessary, examine which other reviews have included a study in question.
The story so far: a summary of the contributions to the ‘Dissertations into practice’ feature
Authors: Marshall Audrey
Published: August 2015

The ‘Dissertations into practice’ feature began life in March 2012 with a dual aim: to encourage students and new professionals to write for publication and to highlight the impact of student research on policy and practice. This article reflects on the initiative and to summarise what has been achieved so far. It highlights the diverse range of contributions to the feature so far and proves that student research can and does influence policy and practice. It also demonstrates that, with a bit of encouragement and support, students are willing and able to write for academic publication.

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Knowledge for Healthcare: the future of health librarianship
Authors: Bryant Sue Lacey , Stewart David , Goswami Louise , Grant Maria J.
Published: August 2015

Many people are still not receiving the right care. It is imperative for health care librarians to come together around a common vision to achieve Knowledge for Healthcare so that the right knowledge and evidence is used at the right time in the right place. The authors describe five workstreams within a modernisation programme: Service Transformation, Workforce Planning and Development, Quality and Impact, Resource Discovery and Optimising Investment. Communications, engagement and partnership working are central to success. The development framework sets out principles on which to base decisions, and design criteria for transforming services.
Overexpression of BRCA1 or BRCA2 in prostatectomy specimens is predictive of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Kim Sung Han , Park Weon Seo , Yun Soo In , Joo Jungnam , Joung Jae Young , Seo Ho Kyung , Chung Jinsoo , Lee Geon Kook , Lee Kang Hyun
Published: August 2015

Aims

To investigate the protein expressions of breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) in prostatectomy specimens of localized prostate cancer (PC) patients, along with their associations with cancer characteristics and prognosis.

Methods and results

Immunohistochemistry for BRCA1 and BRCA2 was performed on tissue microarrays of 510 PC cases treated from 2002 to 2012. The cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was scored for intensity, and clinicopathological parameters, including biochemical recurrence (BCR), were evaluated. During a median follow‐up of 44 months, 128 patients developed BCR, with positive staining rates of 93.3% (n = 476) and 41.6% (n = 212) for BRCA1 and BRCA2, respectively, in the malignant tissues. The BRCA2 expression differed significantly between BCR‐positive and BCR‐free cases [hazard ratio (HR): 1.75, P = 0.002]. BRCA1 and BRCA2 correlated significantly with age [odds ratio (OR): 0.131] and pN stage (OR: 6.00), pN stage (OR: 1.717) and BCR (OR: 1.972), respectively (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that BRCA1 (HR: 0.435), BRCA2 (HR: 2.45), pT3 stage (HR: 2.253), resection margin positivity (HR: 1.58), prostate size (HR: 0.975) and Gleason score (HR: 2.214–2.253) were independent predictors of BCR (P < 0.05). Moreover, BRCA2 correlated significantly with BCR‐free survival (P = 0.0017).

Conclusions

BRCA1 or BRCA2 overexpression is a significant predictive factor for BCR in PC patients.
Effect of germination on vitamin C, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Wang Hong , Qiu Caisheng , Abbasi Arshad M. , Chen Gu , You Lijun , Li Tong , Fu Xiong , Wang Yufu , Guo Xinbo , Liu Rui Hai
Published: August 2015

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is well known for its health benefits and chemical composition. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic changes caused by germination in vitamin C, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of flaxseed. It was observed that eight‐day germination of flaxseed sprouts caused increases in phytochemical contents, that is 22.1‐fold increase in vitamin C, 2.67‐fold increase in phenolics and 5.48‐fold increase in flavonoid contents as compare to initial concentration in flaxseeds on dry weight basis. The stimulation was also noted in the three identified phenolic acid ingredients including caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Similarly, the total PSC and ORAC values of flax sprouts at day 8 increased by 3‐ to 4‐folds compared to nongerminated flaxseeds. It is revealed that comparatively, 8‐day germination of flax sprouts leads to a significant increase in vitamin C, phenolic constituents and total antioxidant activities than those of flaxseeds.
Critical social science and emancipation:II, development and application
Authors: Edwards Paul
Published: August 2015

How can industrial relations scholars engage with practice while remaining critical? PartIargued that a notion of real interests establishes the grounds for action. This notion can be developed in terms of differing dimensions of interests. These dimensions are illustrated using concrete examples. The dimensions do not provide direct answers in specific instances; personal judgement remains essential. But they provide some tools for thinking about these issues. They also help to identify the conditions under which intervention is unproblematic and hence where institutional reform in industrial relations and ‘uncritical management studies’ more generally can be acceptable from a critical point of view.
Elevated transmission of upper respiratory illness among new recruits in military barracks in Thailand
Authors: Levy Jens W. , Bhoomiboonchoo Piraya , Simasathien Sriluck , Salje Henrik , Huang Angkana , Rangsin Ram , Jarman Richard G. , Fernandez Stefan , Klungthong Chonticha , Hussem Kittinun , Gibbons Robert V. , Yoon In‐Kyu
Published: August 2015

Background

New recruits within military barracks present conditions favorable for the spread of respiratory pathogens. However, respiratory pathogen transmission in such confined settings in the tropics has not been well studied.

Methods

Recruits in four successive Royal Thai Army basic training classes living in military barracks were monitored for the symptoms of influenza‐like illness (ILI) or upper respiratory illness (URI). Classes 1 and 2 were also monitored after basic training. Nasal/throat swabs from acute illnesses were collected and tested by influenza RT‐PCR (all four classes). In addition, class 1 had multiplex PCR performed along with the analysis of bed locations within the barracks.

Results

Influenza‐like illness/upper respiratory illness rates ranged from 4·7 to 6·9 per 100 recruit‐weeks in the four classes and generally decreased during the course of basic training (P < 0·05 in three of four classes). Rates during basic training were 1·7 (95% CI: 1·29, 2·29) and 2·5 (95% CI: 1·5, 4·1) times higher than after basic training (classes 1 and 2, respectively). In class 1, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, and rhinovirus were the most commonly identified respiratory pathogens; only one influenza PCR‐positive infection was detected in all four classes. Bed locations of URI/ILI cases in class 1 tended to be in closer proximity to each other.

Conclusion

Basic training recruits in military barracks in the tropics had high rates of acute respiratory illnesses with illness patterns consistent with external seeding followed by substantial internal transmission. Our findings may contribute to control measures in similar confined settings both within and outside the military.
Cultures of participation—for students, by students
Authors: Payton Fay Cobb
Published: August 2015

Culturally relevant health information is said to benefit diverse populations and is critical for health dissemination and user experience creation. Social media and online content provide mechanisms to engage specific populations while helping to reduce barriers that can often hinder participation and engagement. Using action research and informed by co‐creation theory, the MyHealthImpactNetwork.org initiative seeks to provide a user experience targeting Black female college students. Data were collected from females at a large university located in the Southeast United States. Through focus group participants' feedback, co‐creation with students as design delegates and reviews of social media resentments, MyHealthImpactNetwork.org evolved to include user‐driven content. Results indicate that Black females are interested in HIV prevention information that uses simple, non‐technical health jargon. The information should be, however, socially engaging to enable their voices to be heard, absent of cultural assumptions and biases about Black women, and embody an ownership ethos relative to social content. Informed by principals of canonical action research and the co‐creation that results between the researcher and potential user, these findings suggest that the hedonic dimension underpins the key design lessons. This research helps to fill a void in the literature regarding the creation of user experiences for health‐related messages, particularly those regarding stigmatized conditions, such as HIV, while designing for cultures of participation among under‐represented groups.
THE MYTH OF THE UNFEELING STRATEGIC THERAPIST
Authors: Kleckner Trudy , Bland Cayla , Frank Larry , Amendt John H. , Bryant R. duRee
Published: August 2015

This paper explores what the authors consider to be a widespread myth: that strategic therapists ignore, avoid, or neglect client feelings in treatment. This myth is promulgated by trainers' admonitions and strategic theorists' injunctions against dealing with client affect. It is also cultivated by omission of this topic in the strategic literature. The myth is destructive in that it misrepresents what strategic practitioners actually do in a therapy session. Seven elements of the myth are delineated and the corresponding fallacies are illustrated.
Macaronesia is a departure gate of anagenetic speciation in the moss genus Rhynchostegiella
Authors: Patiño Jairo , Vanderpoorten Alain
Published: August 2015

Aim

Why some groups of species radiate, when others appear not to have done so, remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. Here, we investigate why island endemism, a common surrogate of speciation rate, reaches its lowest levels among land plants in bryophytes. Using molecular phylogeographical analyses in the moss genus Rhynchostegiella, we contrast the hypotheses (1) that the small size of oceanic islands and moderate genetic isolation in island populations with high dispersal capacities promote lower anagenetic diversification rates than in continental populations, and (2) that island and continental speciation rates do not differ, but island endemics quickly colonize continents.

Location

Macaronesia, Europe and Africa.

Methods

A time‐calibrated multilocus species tree for 80 populations, representing the nine species of Rhynchostegiella across their entire distribution range, was constructed using beast. Based on this dated tree, ancestral ranges were estimated in BioGeoBears and speciation rates using bamm.

Results

Although island‐endemic Rhynchostegiella species evolved anagenetically, speciation rates did not significantly differ between island and continental lineages. Seven episodes of colonization from islands to continental regions were inferred from ancestral‐area estimations, which identified the Canary Islands as the ancestral distribution area of the genus, lending support to our second hypothesis.

Main conclusions

Our findings reinforce the view of north‐eastern Atlantic archipelagos as ‘departure gates’ for the colonization of western Europe during the late Pleistocene. They further show that, over longer evolutionary time‐scales, the colonization of continents from island ancestors can lead to speciation and contribute to extant patterns of continental diversity.
Grading keratinocyte atypia in actinic keratosis: a correlation of reflectance confocal microscopy and histopathology
Authors: Pellacani G. , Ulrich M. , Casari A. , Prow T.W. , Cannillo F. , Benati E. , Losi A. , Cesinaro A.M. , Longo C. , Argenziano G. , Soyer H.P.
Published: August 2015

Background

Actinic Keratosis (AK) is the clinical manifestation of cutaneous dysplasia of epidermal keratinocytes, with progressive trend towards squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective

To evaluate the strength of the correlation between keratinocyte atypia, as detected by Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) and histopathology, and to develop a more objective atypia grading scale for RCM quantification, through a discrete ranking.

Methods

A total of 48 AKs and two control areas (photodamaged and non‐photodamaged skin) were selected for this study. All these areas were documented by RCM and biopsied for histopathology. One representative image of the epidermis was selected for RCM and for histopathology and used for side‐by‐side comparison with purpose written software. The assessor chose which of two images displayed more keratinocyte atypia, and an ordered list from the image showing the least to the most keratinocyte atypia was generated. Three evaluations were obtained for RCM and two for histopathology.

Results

Good interobserver correlation was obtained for RCM and histopathology grading, with high concordance between RCM and histopathology grading.

Conclusions

Expert rater scan consistently distinguish different grades of cytological atypia. Non‐invasive RCM data from in vivo imaging can be graded for keratinocyte atypia, comparable to histopathological grading.
Treatment of axillary osmidrosis: a comparison between subcutaneous laser and superficial liposuction curettage
Authors: Chen Y.‐T. , Shih P.‐Y. , Chen H.‐J. , Chen T.‐J.
Published: August 2015

Background

Axillary osmidrosis can lead to personal and social problems, particularly in Asian culture. Superficial liposuction with curettage and subcutaneous laser are surgical intervention commonly used for osmidrosis.

Objective

Retrospectively, we compared the effectiveness and complications between superficial liposuction with curettage and subcutaneous laser in an Asian population.

Methods

Totally, 66 and 19 patients receiving subcutaneous laser and superficial liposuction with curettage (LC) were recruited. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by patients subjectively. Recurrence rate of osmidrosis and complications were also evaluated.

Results

95% of patients showed good‐to‐excellent improvement in LC group and only 30% of patients showing good‐to‐excellent results in laser group (P < 0.01). Binary logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio of LC was 53.288 (P = 0.006) for >50% improvement in osmidrosis. The recurrence rate was not significantly different (P = 0.139), however, the duration to recurrence of osmidrosis was significantly longer in LC group (P < 0.01). The complication rate was 31% in LC group and 6% in laser group (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Superficial liposuction with curettage provides more effective treatment with higher complication rates and is possibly suitable for severe patients. For mild‐to‐moderate osmidrosis, or preferring a better cosmetic result or short recovery, subcutaneous laser could be applied.
Diadegma insulare development is altered by Plutella xylostella reared on water‐stressed host plants
Authors: Munir S. , Dosdall L. M. , O'Donovan J. T. , Keddie A.
Published: August 2015

Natural enemies of herbivores function in a multitrophic context, and their performance is directly or indirectly influenced by herbivores and their host plants. Very little is known about tritrophic interactions between host plants, pests and their parasitoids, particularly when the host plants are under any stress. Herbivores and their natural enemies’ response to plants under stress are diverse and variable. Therefore, in this study we investigated how diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), reared on water‐stressed host plants (Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L.) influenced the development of its larval parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Cresson). No significant differences were observed in development of P. xylostella when reared on water‐stressed host plants. However, all results indicated that water stress had a strong effect on developmental parameters of D. insulare. Development of D. insulare was delayed when the parasitoid fed on P. xylostella, reared on stressed host plants. Egg to adult development of D. insulare was faster on non‐stressed B. napus than non‐stressed S. alba followed by stressed B. napus and S. alba. Female parasitoids were heavier on non‐stressed host plants than stressed counterparts. Furthermore, the parasitoid lived significantly longer on stressed B. napus. However, body size was not affected by water treatment. Most host plant parameters measured were significantly lower for water‐stressed than non‐stressed treatments. Results suggest that development of this important and effective P. xylostella parasitoid was influenced by both water stress and host plant species.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci for conservation genetic studies of the coral reef fish Centropyge bicolor
Authors: Herrera M. , Saenz‐Agudelo P. , Nanninga G. B. , Berumen M. L.
Published: August 2015

A total of 23 novel polymorphic microsatellite marker loci were developed for the angelfish Centropyge bicolor through 454 sequencing, and further tested on two spatially separated populations (90 individuals each) from Kimbe Bay in Papua New Guinea. The mean ± s.e. number of alleles per locus was 14·65 ± 1·05, and mean ± s.e. observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity frequencies were 0·676 ± 0·021 and 0·749 ± 0·018, respectively. The markers reported here constitute the first specific set for this genus and will be useful for future conservation genetic studies in the Indo‐Pacific region.
Using food intake records to estimate compliance with the Eatwell Plate dietary guidelines
Authors: Whybrow S. , Macdiarmid J. I. , Craig L. C. A. , Clark H. , McNeill G.
Published: August 2015

Background

The UK Eatwell Plate is consumer based advice recommending the proportions of five food groups for a balanced diet: starchy foods, fruit and vegetables, dairy foods, nondairy sources of protein and foods and drinks high in fat or sugar.

Many foods comprise ingredients from several food groups and consumers need to consider how these fit with the proportions of the Eatwell Plate. This involves disaggregating composite dishes into proportions of individual food components. The present study aimed to match the diets of adults in Scotland to the Eatwell Plate dietary recommendations and to describe the assumptions and methodological issues associated with estimating Eatwell Plate proportions from dietary records.

Methods

Foods from weighed intake records of 161 females and 151 males were assigned to a single Eatwell group based on the main ingredient for composite foods, and the overall Eatwell Plate proportions of each subject's diet were calculated. Food group proportions were then recalculated after disaggregating composite foods.

Results

The fruit and vegetables and starchy food groups consumed were significantly lower than recommended in the Eatwell Plate, whereas the proportions of the protein and foods high in fat or sugar were significantly higher. Failing to disaggregate composite foods gave an inaccurate estimate of the food group composition of the diet.

Conclusions

Estimating Eatwell Plate proportions from dietary records is not straightforward, and is reliant on methodological assumptions. These need to be standardised and disseminated to ensure consistent analysis.
Effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) mouthwash containing 1% tannin on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis: a double‐blinded, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Radafshar Golpar , Ghotbizadeh Mahshid , Saadat Farshid , Mirfarhadi Nastaran
Published: August 2015

Aim

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of Iranian green tea mouthwash containing 1% tannin on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis.

Methods

In this randomized, double‐blinded, parallel, controlled clinical trial, 40 volunteer dental students with a gingival index ≥1 were enrolled. At baseline, gingival, plaque, and bleeding indices were recorded and all the participants received dental polishing. Based on random allocation, 20 participants used the test and 20 used chlorhexidine mouthwash with no change in regular toothbrushing methods. The participants were asked to use 15 mL of the respective mouthwash for 1 min, twice a day for 28 days. All indices, as well as stain index, were recorded after 1 and 4 weeks post‐rinsing. Data were analyzed using repeated‐measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests.

Results

Significant in‐group differences, but not between‐group differences, were observed in all indices after 1 and 4 weeks compared to baseline. The test mouthwash resulted in significantly less tooth staining than the control.

Conclusion

The 1% tannin green tea mouthwash could be a safe and feasible adjunct to mechanical plaque control. The tested green tea mouthwash could be considered a good alternative for chlorhexidine in contraindicating situations.
SIV‐infection‐driven changes of pattern recognition receptor expression in mesenteric lymph nodes and gut microbiota dysbiosis
Authors: Glavan Tiffany W. , Gaulke Christopher A. , Hirao Lauren A. , Sankaran‐Walters Sumathi , Dandekar Satya
Published: August 2015

Background

The impact of HIV infection on pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue and its association with dysbiosis is not well understood.

Methods

PRR and cytokine gene expression were examined in mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) of rhesus macaques during acute and chronic (untreated and early antiretroviral (ART) treated) infections. Gene expression was correlated with microbial abundance in the gut and immune activation.

Results

PRR expression rapidly increases during acute infection and is significantly decreased in chronic infection. Early ART maintains elevated PRR expression. Correlation analysis revealed three distinct groups of bacterial taxa that were associated with gene expression changes in infection.

Conclusions

PRR and cytokine gene expression in the gut‐draining mLN are rapidly modulated in response to viral infection and are correlated with gut dysbiosis. These data suggest that the dysregulation of PRR and related cytokine expression may contribute to chronic immune activation in SIV infection.
One-step production of darunavir solid dispersion nanoparticles coated with enteric polymers using electrospraying
Authors: Nguyen Duong Nhat , Palangetic Ljiljana , Clasen Christian , Van den Mooter Guy
Published: August 2015

Objectives

The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of producing darunavir (DRV) solid dispersion nanoparticles coated with an enteric polymer in one single step using electrospraying.

Methods

The core-shell nanoparticles were made using coaxial electrospraying. A solution of DRV with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in a mixture of organic solvents formed the core, while the shell was produced from an enteric polymer (Eudragit L100) dissolved in an organic solvent. The final particles were evaluated in terms of morphology, physical state, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro dissolution.

Key findings

Nanoparticles of encapsulated DRV solid dispersions within Eudragit L100 were successfully prepared with high encapsulation efficiency (90%). The enteric coating layer reduced the percentage of DRV release in acidic medium in the in-vitro dissolution test to less than 20%.

Conclusions

This study showed the potential of coaxial electrospraying for encapsulating solid dispersions within core-shell structured nanoparticles.
Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable
Authors: Manchester Lucien C. , Coto‐Montes Ana , Boga Jose Antonio , Andersen Lars Peter H. , Zhou Zhou , Galano Annia , Vriend Jerry , Tan Dun‐Xian , Reiter Russel J.
Published: August 2015

Melatonin is remarkably functionally diverse with actions as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, circadian rhythm regulator, anti‐inflammatory and immunoregulating molecule, and as an oncostatic agent. We hypothesize that the initial and primary function of melatonin in photosynthetic cyanobacteria, which appeared on Earth 3.5–3.2 billion years ago, was as an antioxidant. The evolution of melatonin as an antioxidant by this organism was necessary as photosynthesis is associated with the generation of toxic‐free radicals. The other secondary functions of melatonin came about much later in evolution. We also surmise that mitochondria and chloroplasts may be primary sites of melatonin synthesis in all eukaryotic cells that possess these organelles. This prediction is made on the basis that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes developed from purple nonsulfur bacteria (which also produce melatonin) and cyanobacteria when they were engulfed by early eukaryotes. Thus, we speculate that the melatonin‐synthesizing actions of the engulfed bacteria were retained when these organelles became mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. That mitochondria are likely sites of melatonin formation is supported by the observation that this organelle contains high levels of melatonin that are not impacted by blood melatonin concentrations. Melatonin has a remarkable array of means by which it thwarts oxidative damage. It, as well as its metabolites, is differentially effective in scavenging a variety of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Moreover, melatonin and its metabolites modulate a large number of antioxidative and pro‐oxidative enzymes, leading to a reduction in oxidative damage. The actions of melatonin on radical metabolizing/producing enzymes may be mediated by the Keap1‐Nrf2‐ARE pathway. Beyond its direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant effects, melatonin has a variety of physiological and metabolic advantages that may enhance its ability to limit oxidative stress.
The rights and responsibilities of citizenship for service users: some terms and conditions apply
Authors: Hamer H. P. , Finlayson M.
Published: August 2015

Accessible summary

What is known about the subject?

Citizenship is an important yet largely overlooked concept within psychiatric and mental health nursing practice

Many service users are subject to legally mandated restrictions that place conditions on their rights and responsibilities as citizens.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Even though service users have legal status as citizens, they continue to experience many conditions on their rights and responsibilities.

Concerns about services users' trustworthiness and doubts about their levels of insight impact on their status as full citizens.

What are the implications for practice?

Nurses' understandings of the conditions placed on the citizenship rights and responsibilities of service users will ensure inclusive and less restrictive care and treatment

Integration of the principles of therapeutic reciprocity and procedural justice within practice will help nurses balance both the rights of services users and legal restrictions on their liberty and autonomy

Introduction

Service users have long been lobbying for equal participation as citizens, yet citizenship is an important and largely overlooked concept within nursing education and practice.

Aims

The study explored service users' understandings of their rights and responsibilities of citizenship and the conditions placed on these.

Methods

A total of 17 service users participated in semi‐structured interviews. Isin's theory of the content of citizenship was used to analyze the data using a framework approach.

Results

Service users experience conditional citizenship that includes barriers to their participation and their rights and responsibilities that others in society enjoy.

Discussion

When the world of the service user is constructed through the language of the biomedical model, nurses may unwittingly reinforce psychiatric labels and thus perpetuate the stereotype that service users lack the competence to fully enact their rights and responsibilities.

Implications for practice

When providing care, nurses should incorporate the notion of therapeutic jurisprudence and the principles of reciprocity, procedural justice and the implementation of advanced directives to reduce conditions on service users' status as citizens.
Relationship between Vasectomy and Sexual Frequency
Authors: Guo David P. , Lamberts Remy W. , Eisenberg Michael L.
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Men who are considering vasectomy as a means of contraception may have significant anxiety about their future sexual potency. As a result, couples may choose other forms of contraception with lower efficacy.

Aim

We sought to determine the relationship between vasectomy and the frequency of sexual intercourse.

Methods

We analyzed data from cycles 6 (2002) to 7 (2006–2008) of the National Survey of Family Growth to compare the frequency of sexual intercourse of men who had undergone vasectomy with men who had not. Analysis was performed using data from male and female responders, and excluded men who had never had sex and those below age 25. We constructed a multivariate logistic regression model to adjust for demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, and health factors.

Main Outcome Measure

The main outcome measure was the sexual frequency in the last 4 weeks.

Results

Among male responders, a total of 5838 men met criteria for our study; 353 had undergone vasectomy. For vasectomized men, the average frequency of sexual intercourse was 5.9 times per month compared with 4.9 times for nonvasectomized men. After adjusting for age, marital status, race, education, health, body mass index, children, and income, vasectomized men had an 81% higher odds (95% confidence interval [CI] 6–201%) of having intercourse at least once a week compared with nonvasectomized men. A total number of 5211 female respondents reported 670 of their partners had undergone vasectomy. For partners of vasectomized men, the average frequency of intercourse was 6.3 times per month, compared with 6.0 times for partners of nonvasectomized men. After adjustment, women with vasectomized partners had a 46% higher odds (95% CI 5–103%) of having sexual intercourse at least once a week compared with women with nonvasectomized partners (P = 0.024).

Conclusion

Vasectomy is not associated with decreased sexual frequency. This finding may be helpful to couples as they consider contraceptive options.
Mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus: therapeutic and evolutionary implications
Authors: Neubauer Michael , Zhu Zhaojun , Penka Mirjam , Helmschrott Christoph , Wagener Nikola , Wagener Johannes
Published: August 2015

Mitochondria within eukaryotic cells continuously fuse and divide. This phenomenon is called mitochondrial dynamics and crucial for mitochondrial function and integrity. We performed a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Phenotypic characterization of respective mutants revealed the general essentiality of mitochondrial fusion for mitochondrial genome maintenance and the mold's viability. Surprisingly, it turned out that the mitochondrial rhomboid protease Pcp1 and its processing product, s‐Mgm,1 which are crucial for fusion in yeast, are dispensable for fusion, mtDNA maintenance and viability in A. fumigatus. In contrast, mitochondrial fission mutants show drastically reduced growth and sporulation rates and increased heat susceptibility. However, reliable inheritance of mitochondria to newly formed conidia is ensured. Strikingly, mitochondrial fission mutants show a significant and growth condition‐dependent increase in azole resistance. Parallel disruption of fusion in a fission mutant partially rescues growth and sporulation defects and further increases the azole resistance phenotype. Taken together, our results indicate an emerging dispensability of the mitochondrial rhomboid protease function in mitochondrial fusion, the suitability of mitochondrial fusion machinery as antifungal target and the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in azole susceptibility.
Living within stories: Exploring the experiences of people with transient ischemic attack
Authors: Crowfoot Gary Mitchell , van der Riet Pamela Jane , Maguire Jane Margaret
Published: August 2015

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) significantly increases a person's risk of ischemic stroke. However, little is known about the experiences of these people or what influences their decision to access care. This article explores the stories of three people who experienced a TIA. All participants were interviewed after receiving a diagnosis of TIA by a specialist neurologist. By utilizing a framework of narrative inquiry, several storylines were revealed across temporal, social, and geographical landscapes. The main storylines include: bodily disruption, time stasis, altered temporal perceptions, the roles of others, and help‐seeking behavior. The primary author also reflects upon his own origin and explores how this inquiry has influenced his perceptions, career, and nursing practice. This inquiry may assist healthcare workers to gain insight into the experiences of people with TIA and suggests how involvement of significant others is beneficial when educating people at risk of TIA.
Acculturation and health behaviors among international students: A qualitative approach
Authors: Yan Zi , FitzPatrick Kathleen
Published: August 2015

The process of acculturation often results in changes in the health behavior of international students. This study employed an open‐ended, qualitative approach in an attempt to gain an in‐depth understanding of the acculturation process for physical activity, diet, and drinking behavior among international students. Eighteen undergraduate international students (average age 19.20, standard deviation 1.21) were interviewed for 45–60 min. Most of the international students became more physically active after they arrived in the United States. Facilitators included accessibility, weight management, free time, and role modeling. Most international students were unsatisfied with the food on campus. Their strategies for adjusting to this included ordering food from restaurants, visiting supermarkets, and moving off campus. Most international students felt uncomfortable with the drinking culture in the United States, although some of them felt drinking was a good way to socialize with Americans and explore American culture. Colleges and universities should adopt strategies to better help their international students build lifelong healthy behaviors.
Gettier Across Cultures1
Authors: Machery Edouard , Stich Stephen , Rose David , Chatterjee Amita , Karasawa Kaori , Struchiner Noel , Sirker Smita , Usui Naoki , Hashimoto Takaaki
Published: August 2015

In this article, we present evidence that in four different cultural groups that speak quite different languages (Brazil, India, Japan, and the USA) there are cases of justified true beliefs that are not judged to be cases of knowledge. We hypothesize that this intuitive judgment, which we call “the Gettier intuition,” may be a reflection of an underlying innate and universal core folk epistemology, and we highlight the philosophical significance of its universality.
New techniques in antibiotic discovery and resistance: Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Carey Paul R. , Heidari‐Torkabadi Hossein
Published: August 2015

Raman spectroscopy can play a role in both antibiotic discovery and understanding the molecular basis of resistance. A major challenge in drug development is to measure the population of the drug molecules inside a cell line and to follow the chemistry of their reactions with intracellular targets. Recently, a protocol based on Raman microscopy has been developed that achieves these goals. Drug candidates are soaked into live bacterial cells and subsequently the cells are frozen and freeze‐dried. The samples yield exemplary (nonresonance) Raman data that provide a measure of the number of drug molecules within each cell, as well as details of drug–target interactions. Results are discussed for two classes of compounds inhibiting either β‐lactamase or dihydrofolate reductase enzymes in a number of Gram‐positive or Gram‐negative cell lines. The advantages of the present protocol are that it does not use labels and it can measure the kinetics of cell–compound uptake on the time scale of minutes. Spectroscopic interpretation is supported by in vitro Raman experiments. Studying drug–target interactions in aqueous solution and in single crystals can provide molecular level insights into drug–target interactions, which, in turn, provide the underpinnings of our understanding of data from bacterial cells. Thus, the applicability of X‐ray crystallographic–derived data to in‐cell chemistry can be tested.
Therapeutic applications of the TAT‐mediated protein transduction system for complex I deficiency and other mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Lin Bo‐Yu , Kao Mou‐Chieh
Published: August 2015

Among the five enzyme complexes in the oxidative phosphorylation system, NADH–coenzyme Q oxidoreductase (also called complex I) is the largest, most intricate, and least understood. This enzyme complex spans the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the first step of electron transfer by the oxidation of NADH, and thereby provides two electrons for the reduction of quinone to quinol. Complex I deficiency is associated with many severe mitochondrial diseases, including Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and Leigh syndrome. However, to date, conventional treatments for the majority of genetic mitochondrial diseases are only palliative. Developing a reliable and convenient therapeutic approach is therefore considered to be an urgent need. Targeted proteins fused with the protein transduction domain of human immunodeficiency virus 1 transactivator of transcription (TAT) have been shown to enter cells by crossing plasma membranes while retaining their biological activities. Recent developments show that, in fusion with mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs), TAT–MTS–bound cargo can be correctly transported into mitochondria and restore the missing function of the cargo protein in patients’ cells. The available evidence suggests that the TAT‐mediated protein transduction system holds great promise as a potential therapeutic approach to treat complex I deficiency, as well as other mitochondrial diseases.