bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holidays’ effect and optimism in analyst recommendations: evidence from Europe
Authors: Satt Harit
Published: December 2016

This paper documents Holidays effect in analyst recommendations in European stock markets (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden) during the period between 2003 and 2014. Our results indicate that analysts issue overly pessimistic recommendations on pre-holidays and overly optimistic recommendations on post-holidays (Christmas, Halloween and valentine). Our results are consistent with prior literature on day-of-the-week effect that documents upward trend in stock prices during the week and downward trend in stock prices over the weekend. We argue that by issuing bulk of favorable (optimistic) recommendations on Post-Holidays, analysts may hope to benefit from upward trend in stock prices. Similarly, by issuing bulk of unfavorable (pessimistic) recommendations on pre-holidays, analysts may hope to benefit from downward trend in stock prices. Moreover, we also show that our results are more pronounced in firms with higher information uncertainty and among less experienced analysts
Environmental management accounting practices: major control issues
Authors: Nyide Celani John , Lekhanya Lawrence Mpela
Published: December 2016

The use of environmental management accounting (EMA) remains debated in South Africa and the literature reveals that EMA is still at an infancy stage in the emerging economies, including South Africa. Currently, there is limited existing research on environmental management accounting practices available for use by the hotel sector in South Africa. The overall aim of this study was to investigate and describe the use of the environmental management accounting tools by the hotel sector in the 3-5 star categories in KwaZulu-Natal. The research was an exploratory study and qualitative in nature using a single case study with embedded units approach. It is envisaged that study will bridge the gap that exists in South Africa as far as environmental management accounting is concerned and it will also make the provision of meaningful results for policy decision making by the relevant stakeholders in the hotel industry. Moreover, it established factors that drive and/or hinder the implementation of EMA tools that would control and manage environmental costs and their root causes
Size of retail businesses and their level of adoption of global sourcing
Authors: Mugobo Virimai Victor , Paradza Dignity
Published: December 2016

This article uncovers the relationship between the size of retail businesses and their level of adoption of global sourcing and also discusses the challenges faced by shoe retailers in Cape Town, South Africa. A mixed method approach was used to collect and analyse data from a census group of 40 shoe retailers within and around Cape Town. The data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results of the study reveal that the size of the business plays an important role in the adoption of global sourcing. The results also reveal that smaller businesses find it difficult to acquire the resources required to execute an effective global sourcing operation.
Short-run underpricing and its determinants: Evidence from Australian IPOS
Authors: Perera Wasantha , Kulendran Nada
Published: December 2016

To find out whether the Australian IPOs are underpriced and what the determinants are, this study investigates the short-run market performance of 254 IPOs by industry, listing year and issue year over the period 2006 to 2011.To measure the short-run performance, the first listing day returns are divided into the primary market which is calculated based on the first day beginning prices and issue prices, the secondary market which is estimated based on the first day closing and opening prices and total market which is calculated based on the first day closing prices and issue prices. Then it is extended to the post-day listing analysis which includes returns up to 10 days. To find out the determinants of underpricing, this study estimates binary and multiple regression models with the offer, firm and market characteristics. The marginal probability analysis was also carried out to estimate the associated probability of each determinant which shows a directional change in the short-run market performance. The study found that overall the Australian IPOs are underpriced by 25.47% and 23.11% based on the average abnormal return (AAR) in the primary and total market, which is statistically significant at 1% and 5% level respectively. However, the secondary market analysis indicates that the Australian IPOs are overpriced by 1.55% on the AAR and it is statistically significant at 5% level. The examination of post listing returns shows that Australian IPOs are underpriced based on the average cumulative abnormal return (CAR) and it signals that investors’ wealth can be diluted due to overpricing in the long-run. The primary, total and post listing analysis shows that the industrial sector IPOs are more attractive to investors whereas the chemical and material sector IPOs are less attractive compared to other sectors. The IPO period, time to listing, listing delays, total net proceeds ratio, issue price, attached share option and the market volatility are the main determinants for the observed underpricing. The marginal probability analysis also shows that market volatility and total net proceeds ratio have a significant impact on the level of underpricing. As far as the investors’ wealth is concerned, the study shows that the short-run market performance analysis should consider both the first day return including primary and secondary market and the post-day return. Study concludes that short-run market performance is sensitive to the market, industry and listing & issue year and determinants to the model.
Szimultán végrehajtáson alapuló mozgásfelismerési algoritmusok fejlesztése mobiltelefonos szenzorok felhasználásával
Authors: Sándor Zsófia , Kis Gergely
Published: December 2016

A vezeték nélküli adatátviteli technológiákat használó szenzorhálózatok elterjedésével megnyílt a lehetőség nagymennyiségű mérési adat begyűjtésére, melyre alapulva különböző kutatócsoportok algoritmusfejlesztésekbe kezdtek a szenzoradatokban rejlő információk kinyerésére. Az egyik leggyakrabban kutatott terület a mozgásfelismerés. Cikkünkben egy olyan rendszert mutatunk be, melyben a mozgásfelismerést általános környezetben vizsgáljuk, vagyis nem a testen elhelyezett különböző szenzorok segítségével azonosítjuk a mozgásformákat, hanem a társadalom szinte bármely tagjánál fellelhető mobiltelefonos szenzorok által gyűjtött adatok felhasználásával.
Az emberi társadalomban zajló áramlások
Authors: Fabó Edit
Published: December 2016

Recenzió Dénes Tamás és Farkas János: A humán társadalom elmélete (Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó, 2015) című könyvéről
NET! Mindenekfelett? Kompetenciák a digitális univerzumban
Authors: Eszenyiné Borbély Mária
Published: December 2016

Recenzió Sipos Anna Magdolna – Varga Katalin – Egervári Dóra: NET! Mindenekfelett? – Kompetenciák a digitális univerzumban (PTE FEEK, Könyvtár- és Információtudományi Intézet, Pécs, 2015) című kötetéről
Assessing the dyadic democratic peace theory
Authors: Stekic Nenad
Published: December 2016

The ideas of the democratic (separate) peace originally exposed during the
Enlightenment period have been further explained during the 1980s, by
entitling this issue within the academic discourse and setting up its
theoretical foundations. The fruitfulness of quantitative empirical
researches of the democratic peace theory had as its consequence many papers
which were dedicated to these topics. Most of them have been taking into
consideration very wide time framework of investigation which implied the
usage of an uneven methodological data processing from different periods and
have led to bad validity of the final results. This has become very
significant when the authors were presenting diametrically different results
using the completely same methodology. The interpretation of both results and
basic theoretical foundations on which the theory is based on, also represent
significant problem without achieved consensus within the academic community.
This paper aims at empirically research the explanatory potential of the
democratic peace theory in contemporary system of the international
relations. By combining the data on conflict intensity taken from the
Heidelberg Peace Research Institute (HIIK), and the data on the democratic
level of states by Polity4 datasets, the authors tried to investigate the
main hypothesis of the theory - whether the democratic states are less war
prone in their interdependent relations? The research was conducted on 1985
registered conflicts within the 5 years term from 2010 to 2014. According to
the extensive interpretations of the results, the starting hypothesis has
been confirmed, but when it comes to the restrictive interpretation, the
claims of the theory, that democracies are less war prone, have been
rebutted.
Performance, emission and combustion analysis of a compression ignition engine using biofuel blends
Authors: Ors Ilker , Kahraman Ali , Ciniviz Murat
Published: December 2016

This study aimed to investigate the effects on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of adding biodiesel and bioethanol to diesel fuel. Diesel fuel and blend fuels were tested in a water-cooled compression ignition engine with direct injection. Test results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency increased by about 30.6% and 3.7%, respectively, with the addition of bioethanol to binary blend fuels. The results of the blend fuel?s combustion analysis were similar to the diesel fuel?s results. Bioethanol increased maximal in-cylinder pressure compared to biodiesel and diesel fuel at both 1400 rpm and 2800 rpm. Emissions of CO increased by an amount of about 80% for fuels containing a high level of bioethanol when compared to CO emissions for diesel fuel. Using biodiesel, NO emissions increased by an average of 31.3%, HC emissions decreased by an average of 39.25%, and smoke opacity decreased by an average of 6.5% when compared with diesel fuel. In addition, when using bioethanol, NO emissions and smoke opacity decreased by 55% and 17% on average, respectively, and HC emissions increased by an average of 53% compared with diesel fuel.
Nocardia Keratitis following penetrating corneal injury treated with topical ampicillin
Authors: Bhusal Bijay , Kumar A , Prajna N V , Srinivasan M
Published: December 2016

Background: Nocardia keratitis following surgical management of penetrating corneal injury is very rare. Case: A 38-year-old male presented with a deep stromal corneal infiltration with hypopyon of 10 days duration in his left eye. He had undergone a corneal tear repair on that eye 15 days prior to the onset of keratitis. The infiltrations were along the sutured corneal tear tracts. Before presenting to us, he was treated empirically with hourly topical antifungal and antibiotic for 10 days with poor clinical response. Microbiological investigations revealed the presence of Nocardia in both smear and culture. The infiltrations responded well to fortified 5% ampicillin eye drops. Conclusion: Although Nocardia keratitis is very rare following penetrating corneal injuries and clinically can mimic mycotic keratitis, it should also be suspected in cases not responding to standard treatment. Management of Nocardia keratitis requires a good clinical judgement with appropriate microbiological support. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 82-86
Recurrent iridocyclitis due to cotton fiber in anterior chamber
Authors: Joshi Rajesh S
Published: December 2016

Background: Cotton is commonly used during ophthalmic surgical procedure. Cotton fibers may get attracted to the instruments due to electrostatic forces and become adhered to the surface. With the introduction of these instruments during the surgical procedure cotton fiber may get entry into the eye. In the literature they have been infrequently reported due to insignificant effect on the ocular structures. We present a case of recurrent iridocyclitis due to cotton fiber in the anterior chamber. Patient was relived of his symptoms after removal. Case: A 78-year-old male presented with pain, redness and blurring of right eye vision since last six months. The patient had undergone phacoemulsification with implantation of hydrophilic intraocular lens (IOL) six years earlier. Postoperative follow up was uneventful from his records till last 6 months. Slit-lamp examination revealed a cotton fiber in the anterior chamber touching the endothelium. Keratic precipitates were seen on the endothelium. Removal of the cotton fiber resulted in subsidence of inflammation. Conclusion: We recommend use of plastic eye and trolley drapes, lint free instrument wipes and use of needle cap to support the globe during creation of side port while performing phacoemulsification instead of cotton buds to avoid entry of cotton fiber into the anterior chamber. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 87-90
Anatomical and visual outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with diabetic macular edema
Authors: Vyas Shyam , Thapa Raba , Bajimaya Sanyam , Pradhan Eli , Paudyal Govinda
Published: December 2016

Background: Intravitreal bevacizumab has been shown to be an effective treatment of diabetic macular edema. Objective: To assess the anatomical and visual outcome of intravitrealbevacizumab (Avastin) in patients of diabetic macular edema. Materials and methods: 52 eyes of 33 patients with diabetic retinopathy with CSME were included in this study. Detailed ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), stereoscopic biomicroscopy, and retinal thickness measurement by Optical coherence tomography (OCT), was done at baseline and at each follow- up visit. All patients were treated with 0.05 mL intravitreal injection containing 1.25 mg of bevacizumab and repeat injection was given in cases of recurrent/persistent subretinal or intraretinal fluid shown by OCT and deterioration of BCVA. Results: All patients completed 6 months of follow-up with mean number of 2.78 intravitreal injections per eye.The mean BCVA at baseline was 0.80 log MAR, with significant changes 0.68 (p=0.012), 0.63 (p=<0.001) and 0.60 log MAR (p=<0.001) at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months respectively. Final BCVA analysis demonstrated that 25 eyes (48.07%) remained stable and 22 (42.30%) improved ≥2 lines on BCVA. The mean central retinal thickness was 449.03 μm at baseline and it decreased significantly to 410.09 (p<0.001),345.76(p<0.001), 344.55(p<0.001) and 326.51(p<0.001) at 1st day, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post injection, respectively. Mean macular volume changed significantly from baseline of 10.77 μm to 10.33μm (p<0.001) 8.97 (p<0.001), 8.82 (p<0.001), 8.95 (p<0.001) at 1st day, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post injection respectively. Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab injection resulted in significant improvement in BCVA, central retinal thickness and total macular volume in patients with diabetic retinopathy with CSME, and this beneficial effect is maximum at 6 weeks. Also, slight reduction in these parameters at 3 month follow up suggests that visual improvement and stable macular thickness can be maintained longer with injection frequency of probably 6-12 weeks. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 54-61
Challenges with starting vitreoretinal services in the developing world
Authors: Amissah-Arthur Kwesi Nyan
Published: December 2016

Service development and improvement within ophthalmology has taken a whole new dimension with the constant improvement of equipment, and the development of therapies that significantly improve the management of our patients and as such alters their visual prognosis for the better. This improvement and increased reliance on both diagnostic and surgical equipment with the concomitant use of intravitreal therapies has arguably been felt more in the field of retinal diseases. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 1-2
Ideal presevation of Amniotic memebrane to be used in ocular surface
Authors: Shah Sangeeta
Published: December 2016

According to the author Amniotic membrane was prserved in 100% glycerol for 3 months in whatman filter paper at the temperature of 4 degree.
Uveitis-Glaucoma-hyphema Syndrome
Authors: Gur Zvi , Tsumei Erez , Achiron Asaf
Published: December 2016

After 20 years of catarct surgery, a 66 years old man has found to have subluxtaed intraocular lens with satbilizing haptic protuding through the pupil
Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need of Patients undergoing Orthodontic Treatment at BPKIHS, Dharan
Authors: Gyawali Rajesh , Pokharel Prabhat Ranjan , Giri Jamal , Shrestha Gunjan Kumar , Bhattarai Bhushan
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Measurement of the severity of malocclusion is assessed with various indices among which Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is widely used for clinical and epidemiological purpose. Objective: To find out the treatment need of patients who are undergoing orthodontic treatment.Materials & Method: 207 patients (71 male, 136 female) fulfilling the inclusion criteria were assessed for the dental health component (DHC) and aesthetic component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) by a single investigator. DHC was assessed with study models, whereas AC with intraoral frontal photograph.Result: Examination of DHC showed that 1 patient (0.5%) had no need; 20 patients (9.7%) had mild/little need; 50 patients (24.2%) had moderate/borderline need; 97 (46.9%) had severe need; 39 patients (18.8%) had extreme treatment need. Similarly, 7 patients (3.4%) had AC 1; 18 patients (8.7%) had AC 2; 13 patients (6.3%) had AC 3; 32 patients (15.5%) had AC 4; 34 patients (16.4%) had AC 5; 25 patients (12.1%) had AC 6; 18 patients (8.7%) had AC 7; 35 patients (16.9%) had AC 8; 15 patients (7.2%) had AC 9; 10 patients (4.8%) had AC 10.Conclusion: Among the patients who were undergoing orthodontic treatment, majority were in severe/extreme treatment need, however few with no treatment need were also found.Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 6 No. 1, June 2016, pp.23-26
Cone Beam Computed Tomography – Applications in Orthodontics
Authors: Singh Shikha , Singh Gautam , Prakash Amit
Published: December 2016

.Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 6 No. 1, June 2016, pp.35-36
Trading With the Enemy: British Business and the Law During the First World War
Authors: McDermott John
Published: December 2016

At the onset of the First World War, the British government banned trade and instituted a naval blockade against the German empire, thus declaring limited economic warfare on the basis of “business as usual.” Soon allegations were swirling in Whitehall and in the press that certain businessmen were flouting the Trading With the Enemy laws, trading indirectly with Germany through neutral ports. Moreover, Unionist backbenchers in parliament complained that German companies were permitted under British law to operate in the United Kingdom, subject to restrictions on their profits. Because of potential harm to British economic interests and because important officials and ministers, particularly in the Board of Trade, remained sympathetic to prewar, laissez-faire attitudes, the government was reluctant in the early years of the war to apply a strict definition of the blockade against Germany. Accordingly, the courts moved tentatively against suspect businessmen; by 1916, however, the government was forced by public pressure, resulting from the growing intensity of total war and hatred of the enemy, to adopt severe measures against businesses operating in the United Kingdom with alleged German connections. The result was the radical Trading with the Enemy (Amendment) Act of January 1916 — the true end of business as usual — which authorized the Board of Trade to wind-up or confiscate British companies suspected of German affiliation. By the end of the war, 583 such companies, great and small, were wound-up, the majority under the Asquith coalition government. The 1916 law was driven by commercial envy, dating from the prewar period, as well as by the state of war that existed between Britain and Germany. British business’s experience with the blockade and the Trading with the Enemy laws in the midst of total war confirms the decline both of laissez-faire and of traditional international business customs and practices to an extent unforeseen in 1914.
Discourse on History, Geography, and Law: John Dee and the Limits of the British Empire, 1576-80
Authors: MacMillan Ken
Published: December 2016

Using history, geography, and law as his supporting evidence, the English polymath John Dee (1527-1608) helped the British crown to define and defend the limits of its empire. In a series of works prepared for Queen Elizabeth and her senior advisors between 1576 and 1580, Dee argued for the existence and recovery of a vast British Empire. He based these arguments principally on the nascent precepts of international law. Dee proclaimed the queen’s right to trade in new found lands by natural law, and to draw into her dominion those lands that were discovered by English subjects and were not currently in the actual possession of a Christian prince by civil law, canon law, and the law of nations. He laid the foundation for the British claiming territory by effective occupation rather than mere discovery. He also challenged Spain’s and Portugal’s claims of dominion by taking on the explicit language of Alexander VI’s papal bull awarding all terra incognita to the Iberian countries. Although they were developed within specific contexts, Dee’s arguments were well-enough grounded in scholarship and sufficiently influential to germinate into long-term intellectual justifications for claiming sovereignty. These arguments came to be used by the crown in letters patent and official memoranda, and in disputes with other European nations who challenged England’s title to overseas territories.
Industrialisation, migration et anglicisation dans le sud du pays de Galles: Treherbert, vallée de la Rhondda, 1861-91
Authors: Poulin André
Published: December 2016

This article discusses the Anglicisation of the mining valleys in the South of Wales in the second half of the 19th century. With the aid of nominal censuses of the municipality of Treherbert in the Rhondda Fawr, we will examine the modalities of the rate of penetration of the English language in the Southern Celtic fringe. We concentrated chiefly on the 1891 census, the first to include information on language spoken. Data on language was paired with other data from the census such as age, sex birthplace, family status as well as family migratory strategies. This twinning allowed us to draw a detailed picture of the linguistic transition in the mining valleys. English was introduced in the community of Treherbert by migrants who, for the most part, spoke only English, especially those who had arrived at the end of the 19th century, by the children who went to English school, by capital and by labour. However, as we demonstrate, the family and migratory stategies made possible the linguistic cohesion in the working-class households thus insuring the preservation of the places where Welsh remained a pertinent and living language
The London Gazette as a Primary Source for the Biography of General Patrick Gordon
Authors: Pernal Andrew B.
Published: December 2016

Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries (1635-99) left for the posterity an English-language diary relating chiefly to his military service in the Swedish, Polish, and Russian armies, as well as his activities as a diplomat representing the interests of Russia in England. At present the six manuscript volumes of the diary are located in the Russian State Military Historical Archive in Moscow. Unfortunately, the diary is incomplete, since either two or three volumes are missing. The aim of this source article is to give categorical proof that this Scottish mercenary also served as a correspondent for the London Gazette. Fragments of Gordon’s correspondence, those which appeared in this newspaper, brought the English readers accurate reports from the far-away Russia, Poland-Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire. At present they serve a significant dual role for historians: to be utilized by them as primary sources for the biography of Gordon, and as an aid in helping them to fill the missing gaps of his diary. The appended three-part primary materials consist of publications in the London Gazette. Appendix I contains seven fragments of Gordon’s eight dispatches and letters, which were written between 1667 and 1687. Their full texts can be found in the manuscript collections of the Public Record Office and the British Library in London. These texts were also published by S. Konovalov in the Oxford Slavonic Papers. Appendix II comprises seven texts of probable Gordon correspondence, dated from 1671/2 to 1687. Appendix III contains a list of 38 news items which appeared in the years 1669-97 — those which are neither Gordon’s nor can be attributed to him at present. Authors offive of those items have been identified. Moreover, this source article also reveals the exact date — 5 July 1669 — of Gordon’s departure from Moscow on his first fulough to visit Scotland.
Culture in the Cities: Provincial Academies During the Early Years of Louis XIV’s Reign
Authors: Brennan Katherine Stern
Published: December 2016

Contrary to the traditional interpretation that Louis XIV’s cultural absolutism included the establishment of provincial academies under the direction of the Académie Française, this article argues that men of letters in Caen, Soissons, Angers, Arles, and Nîmes spontaneously founded independent academies to satisfy their own interests in scholarship. These academies offered members a chance to exchange ideas, criticize each other’s work, and share their contacts with other men of letters outside their city. The provincial academicians struggled to define their institutions in ways that would combine their enjoyment of private intellectual camaraderie with their desire to enhance the social value of their talents in the local political arena. Provincial men of letters shared a common intellectual formation from their years in local collèges where they studied the ancient authors and developed a taste for rhetoric. They created a provincial cultural style which supported a greater diversity of literary genres, embraced the use of Latin, and continued the pursuit of scholarship in contrast to Parisian patterns of cultural activity. Provincial academicians negotiated with the crown on their own terms, and at different moments in their history, in order to formalize the place of their institutions in the realm of Louis XIV.
Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, 21 November 1920
Authors: Leeson David
Published: December 2016

21 November 1920 was the first “Bloody Sunday” in modern Irish history. On that Sunday afternoon, fourteen people were killed or fatally wounded when police fired into the crowd at a Gaelic football match in Dublin’s Croke Park. The causes of the Croke Park massacre have been debated ever since. Some say the massacre was a reprisal for the killing and wounding of soldiers and police by Irish Republican Army assassination squads earlier that morning. The police were looking to revenge their dead and wounded comrades and opened fire on the crowd without provocation. Others disagree: the plan, they say, was merely to stop the match and search the crowd. When the security forces arrived at the park, they came under fire from insurgents in the street; the police fired back in self-defense, and innocent bystanders were killed and wounded, either in the gun battle, or the stampede that followed.

More than eighty years later, new documents may finally resolve the debate over the Croke Park massacre. In the days after Bloody Sunday, two military courts of inquiry were held: their proceedings were held back by the government, but have now been released at last. When these proceedings are combined with evidence from other contemporary sources, the causes of the massacre become clear. The police did not go to Croke Park seeking revenge: they really were planning to round up the crowd, and search for weapons and wanted men. Once they came to the park, however, a few shots were firednot by rebel pickets but by the police themselves. Spectators panicked and fled. Police panicked and started shooting indiscriminately. Their officers restored order after less than two minutes but they were too late. Nine people were dead, another five were dying, and dozens more had been injured.
Soi et l’Autre dans la perspective de l’antagonisme «barbarie-civilisation»: le cas de la Bulgarie et de ses voisins balkaniques
Authors: Panayotova Boriana
Published: December 2016

Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre de la problématique de la perception de Soi et de l’Autre. Il tente de cerner la place de la dichotomie « barbarie-civilisation » dans la construction de l’image que les Bulgares se donnent et celle qu’ils confèrent à leurs voisins. Les Bulgares organisent leur narration nationale autour de l’axe conceptuel « barbarie-civilisation », lequel qui outrepasse dès lors sa fonction initiale, à savoir incarner l’opposition Orient versus Occident, Europe versus Empire ottoman, pour se muer en critère principal de la perception de Soi et de l’Autre. Le déplacement de la Bulgarie de l’extrémité gauche vers l’extrémité droite de l’axe « barbarie-civilisation » sert de fil conducteur à la trame historique. Le texte étale les jalons qui structurent la mutation des Bulgares, d’anciens « barbares » en nouveaux « civilisés ». Toutefois, parallèlement au processus d’appropriation de la « civilisation », se déroule aussi celui de sa négation. « Civilisé » devient ainsi synonyme de décadence, de mollesse et d’immoralité, ce qui conduit à la faiblesse, à la vieillesse et à la mort. Toute la narration historique s’imprègne de ce mélange de fascination et de méfiance envers la « civilisation ». Cette hésitation constante trouve néanmoins sa résolution finale dans un éloge de la « civilisation ».
Gilbert, Translated: Silvanus P. Thompson, the Gilbert Club, and the Tercentenary Edition of De Magnete
Authors: Shipley Brian C.
Published: December 2016

The Gilbert Club was founded in 1889 by Silvanus Phillips Thompson and his friends to produce an English translation of William Gilberts pioneering treatise on magnetism and electricity, De Magnete (1600). In addition, the Club’s promoters wanted to ensure that Gilbert’s place in the history of English science was appreciated and that the tercentenaries of his book (1900) and death (1903) were observed appropriately. The key tool in their project was the publication of a “facsimile” edition of their translation, using antique typefaces and reproducing the exact layout and woodcuts of the Latin text. This allowed their translation to appear as if it had really been published in 1600, and made Gilbert accessible to a late nineteenth-century world in which electricity was suddenly everywhere. Thompson, a physical scientist, engineer, educator, and keen literary enthusiast, hinted cleverly at the tension between these two functions of the translation in the notes he compiled to accompany it. Although Thompson’s project suffered a setback with the appearance of a rival American translation before the Gilbert Club edition was complete, he recovered in time to ensure that Gilbert was given a place in the Elizabethan pantheon in 1903. The celebration of Gilbert provided common ground for the diverse and often controversy-ridden community of British electrical scientists and engineers, and the publication of the facsimile English translation of De Magnete, together with Thompson’s tireless attempts to uncover the authentic details of Gilbert’s life, should be viewed in the context of the late Victorian “invention of tradition,” in which an imagined common past was used as a source of present cohesion. Suitably reconstructed and commemorated, Gilbert himself was translated into modern form as the founder of late nineteenth-century electrical science.
Oh, What a Lovely War? War, Taxation, and Public Opinion in England, 1624-29
Authors: Healy Simon
Published: December 2016

People rarely enjoy paying taxes, particularly in wartime. When Charles I went to war with Spain in 1625 he believed the nation to be united behind him, a misunderstanding parliament corrected by predicating barely adequate votes of taxation upon alterations to unpopular domestic policies. The King chose to confront his adversaries by dissolving parliament and appealing to the nation to fund his war effort through a series of prerogative taxes. This article analyses the yields of the various types of direct taxation raised during the period 1624-30 (providing a breakdown of receipts by county), and concludes that, while Charles’s decision to collect prerogative taxation was a fiscal success, it cost him much of the political goodwill which had greeted his accession.
Sir Simonds D’Ewes and “the Poitovin Cholick”: Persecution, Toleration, and the Mind of a Puritan Member of the Long Parliament
Authors: McGee Sears
Published: December 2016

In 1637, Sir Simonds D’Ewes, MP, wrote a short treatise entitled The Primitive Practise For Preserving Truth. In it he argued that religious persecution was antichristian and that “tender consciences” should be protected and accommodated rather than forced. Knowing that the licensing authorities would reject it, D’Ewes did not publish his work until 1645. He chose to print it at precisely the moment when the Scots and their allies in the Westminster Assembly and the Long Parliament were pushing hard to instill a Presbyterian church government in England. Although D’Ewes has been called a Presbyterian, his position in this treatise is more in line with the Independents. Speaking in the House of Commons on April 24, 1645, he heatedly opposed a proposal to settle control of admission to the Eucharist in local presbyteries. Besides its importance for the debate on toleration, the historical and theological argument in The Primitive Practise is also valuable for the insights it provides into D’Ewes’s political outlook and his behavior as a Parliamentarian.
Rewriting Cromwell: A Case of Deafening Silences
Authors: Morrill John
Published: December 2016

This essay revisits the life of Oliver Cromwell and offers new perspectives on his emergence from provincial obscurity up to and beyond his 40th birthday to become one of Britain’s most brilliant generals, a king-killer, and one of the most controversial heads of state. It looks at the silence of the records and seeks to interrogate that silence: the silence that lies behind texts that are so meretricious to have lain unused; texts that used coded language that need to be explained, and the silence that is imposed by the winners but which draws attention to itself and is capable of revealing the secrets it seeks to hide. The essay offers major new interpretations of Cromwell’s (radical) life before 1640, of his role at the Putney Debates and in the trial and execution of Charles I, and of how close attention to his biblical rhetoric reveals important aspects of his thought and action.
Why None of Britain’s Long-Term POWs in Nazi Germany Were Repatriated During World War II
Authors: Kochavi Arieh J.
Published: December 2016

Britain’s hasty retreat from Dunkirk between 29 May and 4 June 1940 left approximately 34,000 British soldiers in German hands as prisoners of war (POWs). With the prolongation of the war, Whitehall came under growing public pressure to seek an exchange of long-term POWs. As late as April 1944, London proposed to Berlin a mutual exchange. Almost a year passed before the Germans responded by suggesting an exchange of 25,000 men. Wary of the repatriation of combat-fit German prisoners and concluding that only a few American POWs were actually to benefit, the Americans opposed such an exchange.
I will never consent to be wedded with you!: Coerced Marriage in the Courts of Medieval England
Authors: Butler Sara M.
Published: December 2016

This paper asks us to rethink the boundaries between consent and coercion in medieval England. From gentle persuasion to threats and abuse, coercion was a part of the courtship process. Although late medieval society expected parents to play an active, even heavy-handed, role in matchmaking, the English church recognized the possibility that parents might cross the line between influence and force, and consequently permitted annulments on these grounds. What happened when it was not the parents, but an overly zealous suitor who coerced a marriage? Very few Englishwomen brought suits of force and fear against their husbands. Those few documented cases of coerced marriage that have survived from the York cause papers of the later Middle Ages reveal how the victims perceived their own situations, and the ways litigants used the church courts to address these concerns.
Aby Warburg and the Public Purposes of Art in Hamburg
Authors: Russell Mark
Published: December 2016

This article considers Aby Warburg’s commitment to popular art education and his role in the creation of monumental artworks in Hamburg’s public realm. It considers his exhibition of drawings by Albrecht Dürer, mounted in the Volksheim in 1905, and examines his involvement with Willy von Beckerath’s mural decoration of the School of Art and Industry between 1913 and 1918. The distinctive nature of Warburg’s pedagogical goals is emphasized, partly by comparison with those of Alfred Lichtwark, director of Hamburg’s Kunsthalle. In an environment of political and social upheaval, Warburg advocated the contemplation of art to Hamburg’s working-class poor and merchant elite as a way of ameliorating social and psychological tensions. The specific episodes discussed in the article help illuminate Warburg s ideas about the public function of artworks. They also highlight the nature of Hamburg’s cultural life as the product of middle-class associations and scholars who devoted themselves to cultural affairs.
Workers in Risorgimento Bologna
Authors: Dumont Dora M.
Published: December 2016

Although historians have revisited the Risorgimento in recent years, adding significantly more sophistication to their analyses, scholars continue to have little sense of how the Italian lower classes experienced national unification. At the same time, traditional labour history, as one field that might correct this oversight, seldom looks back before unification. This study suggests the two fields would both benefit by examining labour during the decades of the Risorgimento. Despite widespread affection for Garibaldi, the popular hero of the Risorgimento, labourers were seldom engaged in the politics of nation-making. However, the development of strikes and associations in the north-central city of Bologna during the last years of the Risorgimento suggests that labourers were adapting to and making use of changes in the political atmosphere in pressing their own demands.
“The Fundamental Things”: Camp Fire Girls and Authenticity, 1910-20
Authors: McCallum Mary Jane
Published: December 2016

Camp Fire Girls was a popular and influential girls’ group noteworthy for its celebration, appropriation, and fabrication of Native lore. This paper will explore how and why Camp Fire Girls played Indian in the movement’s inaugural decade (1910 to 1920). It will argue that Camp Fire Girls was an anti-modernist response to cultural and social anxieties that industrialization, urbanization, and modern technology were making youth weak, women abandon the home, and Americans more generally forsake the wholesome countryside for myriad immoral influences of cities. It will also show that Camp Fire Girls played Indian in order to improve on, rather than escape from, modernity. Indian play reinforced in Camp Fire Girls a sense of their superiority as a more evolved race, made housework appealing to women, and taught girls how to participate in an urban world in ways that did not challenge the integrity of the “fundamental things”: their femininity, whiteness, and American character.
Sleeping Bodies, Jubilant Souls: The Fate of the Dead in Sweden 1400-1700
Authors: González Joseph M.
Published: December 2016

This paper explores the evolution of the popular view of death and dead bodies in the context of the massive social, political, and cultural changes that transformed Swedish religious and political life in the period between 1400 and 1600. In the Catholic High Middle Ages the evidence indicates that the commonly held belief was that the judgment of souls took place immediately following death. In this light the tomb had a primarily social function, serving as the link between the dead and the living by petitioning prayers to relieve the souls of the dead from the torments of purgatory, while the actual bodies of the dead seem to have held little importance in popular perception. With the Reformation, the death of purgatory, and the development of the absolutist monarchy these attitudes underwent radical change. The lack of a clearly articulated understanding of what happened to the body/soul while it awaited physical resurrection and judgment led to popular attitudes reflected by the use of the metaphor of sleep to explain the life of the dead. These beliefs, coupled with the growing effectiveness of royal government and royal law to intercede in private life, encouraged the development of attitudes that gave special emphasis to the corpse, and hence the body, as both the locus of identity/soul and the focus for punishment and judgment.
Mill’s Liberty, the Ribald Press, and the Politics of War
Authors: Day Benjamin
Published: December 2016

John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty was drafted at the peak of a public controversy over the politics of the Crimean War. This article reads On Liberty as an intervention in the war debates of the mid-1850s over the perceived emergence of public opinion as a social and political force in Britain. It positions Mill, as a radical and a public representative of the East India Company, within the political cleavages of the time, and shows how On Liberty constitutes an attempt to reconcile Mill’s democratic and imperial politics with the role that public opinion actually played during the Crimean War.
“Revanche ou Relèvement”: The French Peace Movement Confronts Alsace and Lorraine, 1871-1918
Authors: Clinton Michael
Published: December 2016

The question of Alsace and Lorraine had a profound influence in shaping the identity and program of the French peace movement between 1871 and 1918. It framed the French peace movement’s attitudes on specific issues ranging from national self-determination to the arms race and led French peace advocates to emphasize their essential patriotism without contradicting their commitment to the principles of internationalism. As a result, the French peace movement linked revanchism to the creation of an international tribunal that would resolve the question of Alsace and Lorraine through juridical methods. The French peace movement’s connections to republicanism underlay its assertion that the question of the provinces had to be resolved as a prerequisite to assuring international peace. If not, the alternative would be the dominance of militarism as the ethos of international relations.
John Bull in Search of a Suitable Russia: British Foreign Policy and the Failure of the Anglo-French-Soviet Alliance Negotiations, 1939
Authors: Strang G. Bruce
Published: December 2016

After the Nazi occupation of Prague in March 1939, the British government sought Soviet support for the Peace Front — a deterrent to further Nazi aggression based on guaranteeing the independence of Poland and Rumania. These efforts failed, as Stalin, suspicious of past Western appeasement, refused to pledge Soviet support for these guarantees unless Britain and France concluded a military alliance with the Soviets. Initially, the British Cabinet resisted this proposal, as the negotiations would likely entail considerable delay; ministers preferred instead a quick declaration of Soviet support to deter possible German aggression in the short term. When it became apparent that the Soviet position meant an alliance or nothing, the Cabinet overwhelmingly opted to pursue an alliance. Despite British determination to reach an agreement, the negotiations proved futile. Soviet demands to provide guarantees to Finland, the Baltic States, Poland, and Rumania against indirect German aggression prompted fears that the Soviets sought the right to interfere in the internal affairs of their neighbours. British ministers proved unwilling to meet Soviet demands, leading Stalin to decide to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
Bishop Gilbert Burnet and Latitudinarian Episcopal Opposition to the Occasional Conformity Bills, 1702-1704
Authors: Greig Martin
Published: December 2016

Since 1689 two factions, the Latitudinarians and the High Church party, had been fighting an occasionally vicious war for control of the Church of England. The main sources of friction between them, which were connected, were orthodoxy and the place of the Protestant Dissenters in English religious life: the High Church party accused the Latitudinarians of heterodoxy and of downplaying the doctrinal differences between Anglicans and Dissenters in order to achieve a comprehension with the Dissenters. The occasional conformity controversy arose out of this ongoing feud. Between 1702 and 1704 three bills were introduced into the English House of Commons to prevent Dissenters from taking communion in an Anglican church often enough to qualify for public office. None of these bills passed in the House of Lords. Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, and the other Latitudinarian bishops, were crucial to the failure of these bills and opposed them because they represented an attack on both comprehension and toleration, which they believed together formed the traditional policy of the Church of England towards Dissenters.
Balancing Acts: Jordan and the United States during the Johnson Administration
Authors: Bunch Clea Lutz
Published: December 2016

From the onset of the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1947, the White House consistently favoured a policy of limiting arms sales to the Middle East. American policymakers attempted to enhance regional stability and stem Soviet influence by restricting the flow of weapons to this volatile part of the world. President Lyndon Johnson’s advisors recommended that he depart from this traditional policy and develop a strategy of “arms balance,” which would provide an acceptable number of weapons to both Israel and Jordan. This new approach was crafted to address the criticism of the Israeli lobby and American Jewish constituents, who consistently pressured the White House to supply Israel with the latest in modern weaponry. The Johnson administration also sought to placate King Hussein, who threatened to seek Soviet assistance if the United States refused to provide sufficient arms to the Hashemite monarchy. Johnson’s shift to a policy of arms balance reflected the emergent view in Washington that Jordan served as a barrier to both Nasser’s ambitions and to the expansion of communism in the Middle East; however, it failed to achieve Johnson’s goal of preventing a regional war.
The Foreign Office and Anglo-Italian Involvement in the Red Sea and Arabia, 1925-28
Authors: Tripodi Christain W.E.
Published: December 2016

This article examines Britain’s response to Italy’s forward policy in the Red Sea region during the mid-to-late 1920s. Previous examination and understanding of Anglo-Italian relations during this period has tended to focus on issues other than such concrete case studies, consequently failing to create a sense of the often tense relationship between the two countries over a number of matters during this period. In this respect. Italian activity in the Yemen between 1925 and 1928 was particularly representative of the style and nature of Anglo-Italian relations during this period.