bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF DOCUMENT SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

As document supply grows in volume and importance it becomes more necessary to measure its performance. Nearly all measures are relative — over time, across countries, and between systems; they should therefore be consistent and comparable. The main measures are: fill rate (broken down by subject, form and date); speed (broken down into the various processes involved in document supply); user satisfaction (because users' needs may not be articulated); and costs. There may be trade‐offs between different measures (eg speed and costs). Any measurement system must be practical. Most data will be collected by sampling, but well designed automated systems in future should enable better measures to be calculated with less effort.
UNIVERSAL AVAILABILITY OF PATENTS
Authors: Hill Michael W
Published: February 2008

Despite their daunting reputation, patent documents, or copies of them, are in fact remarkably easy to acquire. Although some million patent specifications are published each year for approximately half that number of new inventions, confusion is in general avoided because of the influence of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which enables the 40 patent offices to work together in the cause of universal availability, to standardize their documents and to designate them uniquely. The somewhat complicated publication sequence and numbering systems of patents, both in the UK and overseas, are explained. There are many sources of supply for published patent specifications, both national and international, public and private sector, to meet varying needs, whether document or information‐centred. Amongst these are the patent offices (both national and international), regional sub‐offices, national technical libraries, depository centres and various private sector services. Finally, a reminder is given that the Science Reference and Information Service is itself a specialist both in the supply of patent documents and in information about them.
PHILOSOPHIES OF INTERLENDING IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Authors: Tague Jean , Wolfe Martha K
Published: February 2008

A study of the reasons why public libraries in the Province of Ontario, Canada, participate in interlending reveals two philosophies. Some librarians and writers believe that interlending is a part of the library community's obligation for universal availability of publications. Others see it as elitist, spending an undue share of resources on a small user group, and as inequitable, putting an unfair burden on large libraries. Clear formulations of the rationale and financial basis for interlending are needed.
RESOURCE SHARING — A CRITICAL VIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Wheelhouse Helen
Published: February 2008

Faced with the obvious impossibility of remaining totally self‐sufficient whilst trying to maintain collections and services in difficult economic times, many librarians have turned to resource sharing as the answer to their problems. This article aims to review the ever growing field of literature on resource sharing in order to try to discover what resource sharing is, what need there is for it, what it is intended or hoped to achieve, what sort of resource sharing plans and schemes have been implemented, and in particular to try to find any evidence in the literature on the real benefits and actual costs involved in resource sharing which could be used as justification for such schemes in comparison with other methods of maximizing access to resources.
MARGINAL POLITICS, CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND THE CLERGY IN SCOTLAND
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: February 2008

It is now fashionable to suggest that the Celtic regions of the United Kingdom are the internal colonies of the central English state and that they have been, particularly since the rapid industrialization of the nineteenth century, subject to a penetrating anglicization of their culture and institutions. In terms of the internal colonialism thesis, it can be argued that the cultural nationalism of Scotland which was developed in the nineteenth century was an attempt to maintain the distinctiveness of civil society in Scotland in the context of massive regional economic imbalance. The Scottish intelligentsia, dominated by Edinburgh lawyers and Presbyterian ministers, can thus be compared with the intelligentsia of Third World societies undergoing a process of de‐colonization where separate cultural identities have to be preserved or, if necessary, constructed.
THE AUTONOMY OF VALUES PROBLEM: AN ANALYSIS
Authors: Carlton Eric
Published: February 2008

In Sociology, the term ‘value’ has come to denote shared cultural standards related to objects of need, attitude or desire. Sociologists have generally confined their attention to values as empirical variables in social life whose scientific importance is not so much dependent upon their validity and ‘correctness’ as upon the fact that they are believed to be true and correct by those who hold them. For the scientific observer, values only have relevance if there is an observable relationship between the actions of subjects (individuals, groups, etc.) and the objects of their concern. Therefore, it is the holding of values and its social manifestations which is, arguably, the primary concern of the sociologist. The question of their derivation and possible ‘ontic status’ has been left largely to the uncertain ministrations of the philosophers. The possible objective validity of values tends to be regarded as a problem which falls outside the realm of science, but the insistence that social science remains value‐free, has raised the question as to what extent such freedom is really possible, and to what extent extrinsic values must always intrude.
ON THE RETRIEVAL OF SOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS: RESPONDENT VALIDATION AND THE CRITICAL CASE OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
Authors: McKeganey N.P. , Bloor M.J.
Published: February 2008

Our concern in this article is with the feeding back of sociological descriptions to those whom these descriptions purport to be about. This in particular is what we mean in our title by the ‘retrieval of sociological description’. We would like to consider here some of the issues surrounding any attempt on the part of the sociologist to offer his account for inspection by his research respondents, why one may attempt such an exercise and, tentatively, what any such exercise might look like. In particular, we wish to link such ‘feeding back’ of the sociologist's descriptions to the related issue of the validation of social research. Conventionally, validation of sociological research is thought to consist in internal methodological procedures, e.g. triangulation, random allocation, etc., but validation by respondents may represent a feasible alternative to such procedures. By respondent validation is meant here any attempt on the part of the researcher to establish a
DOMESTIC LABOUR AND PATRIARCHY: THE IMPLICATIONS OF A STUDY IN THE NORTH EAST OF ENGLAND
Authors: Close Paul , Collins Rosie
Published: February 2008

Evidence from a study in Middlesborough is presented in favour of the proposition that an adequate analysis of domestic labour in modern society depends on taking into account its content and distribution. In particular, the characteristics of the gender division of domestic labour suggest the need for an integrated theoretical approach which draws on the insights of both Marxists, concerning the development of the capitalist mode of production and feminists concerning the operation and impact of patriarchy.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO MATHEMATICS
Authors: Startup Richard
Published: February 2008

Some sociologists are more interested in using quantification as a source of legitima‐tion than in confronting mathematics as a central element of culture. Yet mathematics may be viewed as an institution with a normative core developing alongside experience of the physical world, susceptible of both “internalist” and “externalist” program‐mes of investigation.
ILLEGITIMACY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY RURAL SCOTLAND: A PUZZLE RESOLVED?
Authors: Tranter Neil L.
Published: February 2008

A study utilising personal data contained in census enumerators' returns and records of civil registration for Portpatrick (Wigtownshire) does not produce conclusive evidence for interpreting regional variations in bastardy in terms of illegitimacy subcultures or the nature of farming units. The Portpatrick data suggest that understanding of nineteenth century Scottish illegitimacy will not be resolved until the extent and causes of variations in bastardy from parish to parish within broad regions, and from time period to time period, are better understood.
NEIGHBOURS AND FRIENDS: SOCIABILITY, ISOLATION AND LONELI‐NESS AS FACTORS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL PROVISION OF NEIGHBOUR‐HOOD CARE
Authors: Bulmer Martin
Published: February 2008

Limits may be placed on sociability through a sense of social superiority (middle‐class people separating themselves from working‐class on a housing estate), through strength of sociability within the nuclear family limiting outside contacts, or through placing a value on solitude and personal privacy. Inadequate attention has been paid to those who actually “choose” social isolation; in particular, the group formed by those who never marry but choose the single life and its attendant type of social isolation would be worth study, giving consideration to the reasons behind such choices.
TARGETED PUBLIC FUNDING: THE NEXUS BETWEEN NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE EXPANSION OF COLLEGE ENROLLMENTS
Authors: Sanders Jimy M.
Published: February 2008

There is little mystery as to why the publicly subsidised expansion of college enrolments has been common during postwar years: popular demand that college opportunities be made more universal has motivated government officials to establish programmes promoting enrolment expansion. It should also be recognised that such programmes are often carried out to complement more comprehensive public efforts designed to meet national needs. A concentration on the most important events in the US which have contributed to the linkage of policies for national development and expansion of higher education shows that higher education is unlikely to lose its dual role as a centre of research, and as an institution open to a wide cross‐section of society. Further, most colleges and universities are so dependent on public financial support that future plans will be dependent on the policy makers.
THE LABOUR PROCESS AND LABOUR MARKET IN CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Winch G.M.
Published: February 2008

The critique of the neo‐classical theory of the labour market has been growing in strength in recent years. Two main strands can be identified. The American traditions emphasise the role of the production process of firms or industries, either in terms of its task requirements (Doeringer and Piore 1971), or the mode of labour process control (Edwards 1979). The British tradition emphasises the role of trade unions and the character of the industrial relations system (Rubery 1978; Nolan 1983). By looking at one industry — construction — and thereby controlling for production process and industrial relations system, this article suggests that firm type, in interaction with the product market, is also an important factor in generating non competing labour markets.
CONCEPTIONS OF THERAPEUTIC WORK IN THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES
Authors: Bloor Mick J. , McKeganey Neil P.
Published: February 2008

Therapy is reflexive but not synonymous with therapists' accounting practices. It is displayed and engenders dominance but it is not an institutional rhetoric or a mechanism of social control. Six properties of therapeutic work are enumerated — reflexiveness, interpretativeness, interventionalism, domination, habituation tendencies and selectivity. All apart from reflexiveness are subject to differences of form and extension in different therapeutic communities. These variations in therapeutic work and communities can be empirically mapped. Such a conception of therapeutic work may have applications to therapeutic work outside the therapeutic communities and any other institutional setting. Two data extracts empirically ground the discussion.
STRESS AND COPING DISCOURSE
Authors: Bellaby Paul
Published: February 2008

Explanation of sickness, injury and absence at work frequently turns on “stress” and the individual's ability to “cope” with stress. A critique of the underlying ideology and science of stress and coping discourse (SCD) is presented. An alternative sociological model is put forward in which sickness is reconceptualised as an element in social relations. An intensive study of a medium‐sized pottery firm over two and a half years is presented to support this theory. Three experiments involving women working on the line in the North Staffordshire pottery industry are reported. The findings support the argument that control of time is strongly related to absence and lateness.
WHEN DOES THREAT WORK IN RELATIONS BETWEEN NATIONS?
Authors: Patchen Martin
Published: February 2008

This article attempts to summarise and integrate what we know about the effects of threat. The factors on which the success of threat depends are examined together with situations involving threat which might provoke an adversary to a coercive response. Ways of minimising the provocative effects of threat are discussed and the author suggests that to avoid unwanted consequences threats need to be made in a way that signals that they do not reflect hostile intent or unlimited demands.
UNDEREMPLOYMENT, GENDER, AND LIFE COURSE: WOMEN ATTORNEYS AND COPING STRATEGIES FOR PARENTHOOD
Authors: Donati Marciano Teresa
Published: February 2008

This article focuses on a group of women attorneys launched on careers that are interrupted for shorter or longer periods by the birth of children. Small samples are used for illustration but studied in depth they provide a micro‐level view of employment patterns that are reported in aggregate statistics or the macro level. This article adds gender to the matrix of employment patterns and professional careers. Voluntary underemployment, negotiated for women attorneys, may be a strategy to cope with high demands and limited structural accommodations to those demands.
STABILITY AND CHANGE IN THE PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR THE WELFARE STATE; FINLAND 1975–1985
Authors: Pöntinen Seppo
Published: February 2008

The economic depression of the mid‐1970s gave reasons to question many presuppositions taken almost for granted earlier. This was the case with the welfare state too, which was seen to be in crisis. This study focuses on one particular aspect of the welfare state, namely, its acceptability or legitimacy among the citizens of Finland.
SOCIAL MOBILITY ‐ A Test of the Marginality and Acculturation Hypotheses
Authors: Ashford Sheena
Published: February 2008

The merits of acculturation and marginality theses are considered for the particular Management Bibliography case of upwardly mobile individuals who have followed educational and non‐educational routes. Two indicators — values and social integration — have been chosen as basic to the assumptions of the accultural and marginality theses, and the relation of upward occupational mobility to each is examined independently.
URBAN HOUSING CRISIS
Authors: Jo Huth Mary
Published: February 2008

Virtually all developing countries, irrespective of size and level of industrialisation, are experiencing rapid urbanisation as limited land for cultivation and growing agricultural populations continue to expel families from agricultural regions into cities and large metropolitan areas. By the year 2000, the urban population of the world is expected to grow by 1,400 million, but 1,100 million of that increase will occur in Africa as the urban population of South Asia more than doubles and that of Latin America almost doubles (United Nations Center for Human Settlements, 1984). Within the next few decades, this phenomenon will present unprecedented challenges of massive proportions to policy makers and planners in these areas of the world. Relevant to the theme of this article, the land and housing needs of low‐ income and disadvantaged groups, in particular, will become increasingly urgent. Indeed, the central characteristic of the Third World urban housing crisis is the fact that the majority of households cannot afford the cheapest legal housing plot, let alone the cheapest legal house. Thus, in the developing nations of the world, a third to three‐quarters of the largest cities' inhabitants live in residential developments consisting mainly of self‐constructed dwell‐ings on illegally occupied or subdivided land with few basic services (Satterthwaite, 1983).
UPDATING THE SETTLEMENT HOUSE: A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS
Authors: Yanay Uri , Davidson Perlmutter Felice
Published: February 2008

The settlement house movement had its origins in the 19th century as members of the upper class in England and the United States sought to develop an institution under private auspices that would serve disadvantaged populations in urban settings. A new set of circumstances exists in the 20th century as developing nations accept this responsibility and seek means to serve their populations in both urban and rural settings.
RACE, MASSACRE AND GENOCIDE: AN EXERCISE IN DEFINITIONS
Authors: Carlton Eric
Published: February 2008

“Physicists would describe most of what happens in everyday life as ”noise“… (or) activity without information. A signal‐to‐ noise problem…consists of digging out genuine information from activity without content… The protagonists of studies in the humanities fail to appreciate the extent to which their problems are of a signal‐to‐noise kind… Instead of separating the noise — throwing it away as the physicists do — they spend their energies chasing every detail… Students of sociology might indeed be described as the ultimate students of noise, literally and figuratively” (HOYLE & HOYLE 1971).
THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES AS A CASE OF MODELLING
Authors: Kenis Patrick
Published: February 2008

In this paper a sector will be dealt with, which is lately characterized by an increase in decision‐making in a scientific rationalized way, i.e. the sector of personal social services. Decision‐making is in many cases closely related and attributable to the fact that the social services are increasingly availing themselves of personal computers. An innovation which is most often discussed in terms of technological rationalization and facilitation for the provision of personal social services. This may be the case as long as the computer is used as just another, be it a different, mode, to provide services, e.g. to do away with routine, administrative, and management tasks, such as record keeping (Bloom 1975), information retrieval systems (Rubin 1976), fiscal management (Mutschler 1983), etc.
CONFIDENTIALITY IN THE HUMAN SERVICES
Authors: Macarov D.
Published: February 2008

The use of computers in the human services has been laggard as compared to their use in other areas, such as industry, commerce and the military. Nevertheless, such use is growing rapidly, and rather than expose services such as social work, nursing, teaching, and psychiatry to the dangers of indiscriminate, inappropriate, and possibly counterindicated use of such methods, it has become increasingly necessary that the possibilities and problems inherent in computer technology as applied to each of the human services be carefully examined.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER CASE SIMULATOR APPLIED TO ANALYZING AND IMPROVING CLINICAL DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Rabinowitz Yonathan
Published: February 2008

This paper describes work in progress towards the development and application of a new practice and research methodology for the study and improvement of decision‐making: CCS (Computer Case Simulator). It will aid clinicians and researchers gain a greater understanding of the decision‐making process. CCS has immediate practice applications for improving diagnosis by providing clinicians with instant feedback about their decision‐making patterns. This should facilitate more standardized and accurate decision‐making . In this paper CCS is applied to making a first systematic study of the critical decision‐making process of Mental Health Officers in the Israel Defence Forces, when deciding the disposition of soldiers, after a two day course of intensive treatment for (CSR) Combat Stress Disorder.
INFORMATION AND SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY AND PLANNING‐INFUSE: A GREY DOCUMENTS ARCHIVE
Authors: Berman Yitzchak
Published: February 2008

Information systems have been heralded as indispensible tools for enhancing the performance of human services and producing positive outcomes for people (Poertner and Rapp, 1988). Such systems can play an important role in the processes of formulating social policy, planning, and programming. This role includes the identification of social issues and their formulation, goal clarification, the identification of priorities and alternatives in these processes, and in social monitoring and evaluation (Berman, 1985). In contradistinction to the political aspect of decision‐making, information systems aid in bringing about rationalization of the decision‐making process in the public policy sphere (Welrich, 1985). The effective use of information systems, however, is dependent upon the accessibility of the system to the decision‐maker during the decision‐making process. The place of the decision‐maker in the administrative structure determines the type of information he needs and its mode of application. The value of the information system in decision‐making is contingent upon the relevance of the information in content and in being available at the right time.
Cultural Impediments to Technology Development in India
Authors: Sana Arunoday
Published: February 2008

It is a common observation that new technology introduced into Third World countries frequently fails to yield the expected results. Despite the availability of adequate finance, willing donor and recipient organisations and a congenial political climate, the imported equipment is often under‐utilised, used less productively and, at the end of its useful life, the users may look forward to a fresh induction, indicating thereby that the technology provided has not been absorbed.
CHANGING CONCEPTS OF FULL EMPLOYMENT: DIVERGENT CONCEPTS, DIVERGENT GOALS
Authors: Ginsburg Helen
Published: February 2008

In recent decades, substantial unemployment once again became commonplace enough in most Western industrial nations to erase the optimism that pervaded the early post‐World War II era. That optimism was fueled by a belief that capitalism had solved the problem of unemployment. Full employment was believed to be a permanent feature of Western economies, just as in the 1930s, mass unemployment was often considered a permanent feature of capitalist economies.
LIMITED OPTIONS FOR UNEMPLOYED WOMEN: POLICY AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Kopacsi Rosemarie C.
Published: February 2008

“Services to the Unemployed” bring to mind responses which recognise the special needs of workers faced with sudden unemployment. Community‐based supports that can provide for major needs of unemployed workers might include re‐employment opportunities, job training, vocational counselling, income maintenance, food and meal programmes, legal aid, housing services, and physical and mental health services.
PLANNING FOR MILITARY RETIREMENT: DOES IT AFFECT SUBSEQUENT JOB/LIFE SATISFACTION?
Authors: Wolpert David S.
Published: February 2008

As a result of the recent changes in world politics, especially in Eastern Europe (and between the United States and the Soviet Union), there has been a re‐evaluation of the United States military forces. There is a movement to develop a variety of ways to trim the numbers of those in the active duty military. At the same time, there is a recognised need to offer assistance to those departing the military and to enable them to make a smooth transition into the civilian world of work. Although the research reported here was conducted over two years ago and focused on those retiring from the military, the issues raised may be more relevant today.
HIV/AIDS POLICIES IN AUSTRALIA: BUREAUCRACY AND COLLECTIVE ACTION
Authors: Misztal Barbara A.
Published: February 2008

Emergencies commonly reveal the disorder from which routine order is painfully extracted. They dramatise social fissures, inconsistencies and ignorance that ordinarily remain hidden or can be ignored without damage or controversy. They transform the taken‐for‐granted into the up‐for‐discussion, compel the formation of decisions and accompanying justifications, and demand action of a special and urgent kind. Using Unger (1988) terminology, we can say that emergencies might reduce fixed distance between context and routines, thus they can be perceived as “context‐revising” situations, providing possibilities for lifting “a powerful constraint over all social practices, forcing them into a specific mould of predictable routines” (Unger 1988, p. 125). AIDS (an acronym formally designating the most developed stage of HIV infection but misleadingly used in our lexicon of public concern to stand for the disease as a whole), is such an emergency, not only due to the extent of the spread of the disease, but because this epidemic presents so many difficult ethical, legal and technical issues, and because of growing and changing knowledge about the disease, it requires continuous rethinking of strategies and adopting them to new discoveries.
A CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISON OF CHILD CARE AS AN EMPLOYER‐PROVIDED BENEFIT
Authors: Barton Laurence
Published: February 2008

With a global recession impacting employers in most industrialised nations, the management of most large organisations has been forced to trim the number of workers, reduce benefits and in some cases, eliminate entire divisions of their company. A surprising survivor during this difficult period is employer‐provided day care, a relatively new employment benefit that emerged just within the past two decades.
AUTONOMY, SOCIAL IDENTITIES, AND ALIENATION
Authors: Oldenquist Andrew
Published: February 2008

“Community” and autonomy are both considered to be positive values; the problem is that they conflict. A communitarian theory of alienation and dealienation seeks to make societal adjustments that are suggested by a particular theory of human nature, namely one according to which humans are innately social and require social identities in order to flourish. The remedies are likely to be socially (although not necessarily politically) conservative, with some analogies to the social conservatism of traditional (tribal) societies. On this theory the causes of alienation are what causes a lack of any sense of what one is, or a sense of social exclusion, or the absence of a sense of possession toward one's community or work place.
ALIENATION AND EVERYDAY LIFE: GOFFMAN MEETS MARX AT THE SHOPPING MALL
Authors: Langman Lauren
Published: February 2008

Alienation, a legacy of the Marxian Hegelian critique of domination, remains one of the most heuristic yet ambiguous concepts in social thought. Yet there endure questions of its definition, indications, level of analysis, relationships to capitalism or modernity in general. To speak of alienation raises a notion that there was once either a pristine era of bliss or a Utopian promise of universal self‐realization. I cannot enter this debate but only note that throughout most historical eras people have created societies, institutions and beliefs that have benefited the powerful few at the cost of the powerless many. Yet the few have had the power to construct definitions of reality and ideologies of legitimacy that are reproduced in the everday life routines of the many, so that arbitrary power arrangements seem natural and typical. Insofar as these routines are sustained by habits, fear and anxiety and thwart human potential, we can talk of alienated selfhood and interaction.
CULTURAL MEDIATION OF POLITICAL RESPONSES TO UNEMPLOYMENT: A COMPARISON OF SPAIN AND THE UK
Authors: Luis Alvaro Jose , Marsh Catherine
Published: February 2008

Should the unemployed be viewed as an underclass at the bottom of the stratification heap in modern societies? In the 1930s, the answer given by social scientists was unambiguously negative. The unemployed could not be considered as a social class; they were “a mass numerically not socially” who showed no group or class consciousness (Zawadsky and Lazarsfeld, 1935, p.2). The people who were unemployed at any one point in time, the argument ran, were a mixed collection of individuals who did not necessarily share a common view of society. The attitudes of the unemployed varied according to previous experience at work (Bakke, 1933) and individual and family financial situation (Jahoda, Lazarsfeld and Zeisel, 1932: 45). Similar arguments have been presented more recently: the responses of the unemployed to their condition depend critically on their previous political socialisation, for example, argues Bergere (1990).
ENGINEERING CHANGE IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Authors: Neale Pauline
Published: February 2008

Free movement of goods, capital, people and services between the twelve countries of the European Community (EC) are the founding principles of the Single European Act. Members of those occupational groups to which the term “professional” is applied are among the people who are now able to offer their services throughout the EC. Steps taken by the Commission to encourage professionals of each member state to an acceptance of their fellows' expertise may well stimulate changes to the institutional forms that have regulated that expertise for the past century or more.
LEGISLATION TO SECURE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF AGED PARENTS BY THEIR ADULT CHILDREN
Authors: McDonald Peter , Soriano Grace
Published: February 2008

In recent years, many Western countries have tightened the legislative provisions which require parents to provide for the financial support of their children. For example, new child support payment schemes have come into force in the various states of the United States, in the United Kingdom, in New Zealand and in Australia. In all of these countries, there was existing legislation providing for the support of children by their parents, but the legislation or orders arising from it were often ignored. With the rapid rise in marital breakdown and in the incidence of children being born outside of marriage, the scale of the problem became greater and hence more noticeable. Two main reasons were espoused for reform of existing legislation: it was believed that respect for the legal system in general was lessened when the law was held in contempt by so many people and, in addition, pressure was placed on the public purse for the support of the children affected.
SOCIAL POLICY IN FAMILY LIFE: THE CASE OF CHILD CARE IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Quah Stella R.
Published: February 2008

The international wealth of sociological literature on family policy has grown significantly during the past ten years not only in terms of the number of studies published but, more importantly, in terms of the scope of topics and the depth of analysis. One of the reasons for this concern with family policy is the steadily increasing number of social policy areas (such as health, savings, housing, transport, food supply, recreation and welfare, among others) found to affect either the family as a group or individuals as family members.
SEXUAL BIAS AND THE LAW: THE CASE OF PRE‐INDUSTRIAL SCOTLAND
Authors: McLachlan Hugh V. , Swales J.K.
Published: February 2008

There is commonly said to be a sexual bias within the legal system. As Anderson (1976, p.350) points out: “The notion of a justice system whose agents typically exhibit a “chivalrous” attitude towards female criminals (ie. because of their sex women are afforded more lenient treatment than men) has been set forth by several writers.” One such writer is Pollak (1950, p.151), who claims that: “Men hate to accuse women and thus indirectly to send them to their punishment, police officers dislike to arrest them, district attorneys to persecute them, judges and juries to find them guilty and so on.” Another is Cavan (1962, p.32), who writes: “…even in crime a certain degree of chivalry prevails. Some people dislike to report a woman criminal to the police and police are more likely to release women or turn a young woman over to her parents or release to a social agency than would be true for boys or men.” Others believe that there is an opposite sexual bias in the legal system. For instance, Sachs considers the various test cases in Britain on the question of whether, in law, women were to be regarded as “persons” and concludes that:
IN SEARCH OF THERMIDOR
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: February 2008

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the French Revolution in Russian intellectual life. One could even make the claim that the French Revolution has had a more significant impact on modern Russian history than it has had upon modern French history! Indeed, since the end of the nineteenth century, the French Revolution has become passe in France in the sense that no Frenchman has looked at it as a blueprint for current political development. While there have been cases in which some of the old revolutionary images were invoked to bolster support for certain political activities (such as support for the war against Germany), it has never been wholeheartedly re‐embraced and there has been a sense of detachment about the revolution, a sense that modern conditions were somehow different.
THE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT NEEDS OF THE VIETNAMESE IN BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND: ARE MENTAL HEALTH RISKS EVIDENT?
Authors: Banks N.J.
Published: February 2008

This article attempts to illustrate the socio‐economic, educational and language status of the Vietnamese in Birmingham, England through a door to door structured interview survey carried out in 1990 with 183 resident Vietnamese. The Socio‐economic, educational and English language needs of this group will be linked to existing studies of the known mental health risks of Vietnamese refugees in the U.S.A. with an argument that indicates a need for central and local government preventative action.
ESSENTIALS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING
Authors: Sharma C.L.
Published: February 2008

The quality of education and the dedication of the teaching profession are perhaps the most important determinants of the development of a nation. These have become inordinately significant in the highly competitive world of today. A nation that fails to recognise the imperative of this axiom is destined to lag behind in its quest for the development of its human and material resources and in creating a better society for its people. The schools serve as a mirror of the society and accurately reflect the stage of its development. Progressive countries of the world continually seek to improve their schools in order to provide quality education for their children, to train skilled work force for their businesses and industries, to maintain competitive edge in the global economy, and to alleviate the chronic, epidemic, and exasperating societal problems.
Anomie/Atomie: On the Impact of Secularization/Modernization on Moral Cohesion and Social Tissue
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: February 2008

Imagine we divide human history in four phases, calling them “primitive”, “traditional”, “modern” and, then, “post‐modern”. In other words, “modernity” is not seen as the end of history, and certainly not as global market economy cum democratic polity; a social formation seen here as highly unstable. A fourth phase is added, the phase that comes after modernity, like the “middle ages” come between antiquity and modernity, and “metaphysics” comes above or after physics: the post‐modern phase. The term is frequently used; the following is an effort to give that term a richer connotation.
The Interdependence Between Local Culture and the Informal Sector of the Economy
Authors: Zapotoczky Klaus
Published: February 2008

In recent times the informal sector of the economy has been receiving attention. This is the case in some European countries (mostly Italy) and more especially in the so called third world countries in different employment programs, especially those of the United Nations effort is geared towards the mobilization of this sector. This is considered as a means of creating employment opportunities and a way of contributing towards the reduction of poverty in the world. The UN conference on social development that was held in Copenhagen brought along a list of recommendations with regards to this issue.
Limits to and Development Strategies for the Informal Sector. A Case Study About Informal Woodworking Entrepreneurs in Trujillo/Peru
Authors: Holley Heinz
Published: February 2008

To understand present problems of the so called “informal economy” in developing countries, it is necessary to look back critically at the last decades of development. Despite officially declared cooperation efforts to eliminate underdevelopment; the actual relations between developed countries as metropolitan centers and developing countries as peripheries had been and continue to be characterized by antagonistic economic and political interests. This is underlined by, among other things, the growing gap with respect to a multitude of social development indicators (that is, GDP per capita, social security, health care, education etc.) between the North and the South. That fact that the goal to overcome underdevelopment could not be realized, should not only be the blame of politicians and diplomats but also the scientific community should be encouraged to reflect on their positions in the past.
“AMBASSADORS OF GOD” AND “THE SINKING CLASSES”: VISIONS OF CHARITY AND MORAL SELVING
Authors: Anne Allahyari Rebecca
Published: February 2008

American sociology has long been concerned with the social conditioning of American character, particularly with regard to caring for others. This interest can be traced to Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America (1899[1838]) in which he reflected on how democratic participation in government and voluntary associations in the 1830s shaped the American character. Tocqueville believed that participation in social institutions, and especially voluntary societies, balanced the potentially excessive individualism he observed in the United States. David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd: A Study of Changing American Character (1950) picked up similar themes in an exploration of the isolation of the individual within modern society. These concerns reached a broad audience more recently in Robert N. Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton's Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (1985) in which the authors argued that the scale had swung in favor of individualism at the expense of commitment to the social good. Robert Wuthnow (1991) addressed these issues again in Acts of Compassion: Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves, in which he explored how in volunteer work, Americans attempted to reconcile compassion with individualism. These studies, primarily focusing on white, middle‐class Americans, have laid the groundwork for an exploration of the social nature of the American character within the context of caring for others.
THE RISE OF EAST ASIA: WORLD SYSTEMIC AND REGIONAL ASPECTS
Authors: Arrighi Giovanni
Published: February 2008

The rise of East Asia to most dynamic center of processes of capital accumulation on a world scale is a phenomenon of the 1970s and 1980s. As a first approximation, the extent of this rise can be gauged from the trends depicted in figure 1. The figure shows the most conspicuous instances of “catching‐up” with the level of per capita income of the “organic core” of the capitalist world‐economy since the Second World War. As defined elsewhere, the organic core consists of all the countries that over the last half‐century or so have consistently occupied the top positions of the ranking of GNPs per capita and, in virtue of that position, have set (individually and collectively) the standards of wealth which all their governments have sought to maintain and all other governments have sought to attain. Broadly speaking, three regions have constituted the organic core since the Second World War: North America, Western Europe and Australasia (Arrighi, 1991: 41–2; Arrighi, 1990).
SOVIET CIVILIZATION AND ITS EMOTIONAL DISCONTENTS
Authors: Shalin Dmitri N.
Published: February 2008

This study is based on the premise that Soviet civilization represented a concerted effort to harness emotions to an ideological cause, to reshape human affect according to the Communist Party's political agenda. Even though these efforts largely failed, they left deep scars on the Russian psyche. The emotional culture that evolved during some 75 years of Soviet rule continues to persist after the coercive institutions supporting it have broken down, and this inertia greatly complicates the transition to a democratic society in Russia.
OUTLINE OF A SOCIOEVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF THE EMOTIONS
Authors: TenHouten Warren D.
Published: February 2008

Following Darwin, Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory defines emotions as adaptive reactions to stimuli. While his ‘stimulus’ stands as an unanalyzed psychological construct, he does explicate four existential problems of life ‐ territoriality, hierarchy, temporality, and identity ‐ each of which can present itself as positive or negative, as an opportunity or a problem. Plutchik's four existential problems can be generalized into Fiske's (1991) four elementary relations of the social life ‐ market pricing, authority ranking, communal sharing, and equality matching, respectively. A set of propositions is presented, according to which the predicted values of particular emotions are proportional to power functions of the products of pairs of social relations variables. With the measurement of just eight social relations variables, the general, formal, socioevolutionary theory makes it possible to predict the level of each of the eight primary emotions and of the 28 secondary emotions that are mixed pairs of primary emotions. The possibility that jealousy is a mix of three primary emotions ‐ fear, sadness, and surprise ‐ is discussed.
PARENT‐CHILD RELATIONS IN EAST AND WEST GERMANY SHORTLY AFTER THE FALL OF THE WALL
Authors: Szydlik Marc
Published: February 2008

This paper addresses the perceived closeness of the relation between East and West German adult children and their parents who no longer live in the same household. The empirical analyses are based on the German Socio‐Economic Panel (GSOEP). They show that East German family relations are closer than West German relations. Regarding the causes for closer or weaker relations for East and West Germans there are both similarities and differences. For example, the empirical analyses indicate differences regarding the importance of standard of living, birth cohort, and religion.
TO BE BLACK, MALE, AND “FEMINIST”‐‐MAKING WOMANIST SPACE FOR BLACK MEN
Authors: Lemons Gary L.
Published: February 2008

bell hooks says in “Reconstructing Black Masculinity” that
n[c]ollectively we can break the life threatening choke‐hold
patriarchal masculinity imposes on black men and create life
sustaining visions of a reconstructed black masculinity that can
provide black men ways to save their lives and the lives of their
brothers and sisters in struggle. Toward the work of political
(re)unification of the genders in black communities today, black men
must acknowledge and begin to confront the existence of sexism in
black liberation struggle as one of the chief obstacles empeding its
advancement. Making womanist space for black men to participate
in allied relation to feminist movement to oppose the opression of
women means black men going against the grain of the racist and
sexist mythology of black manhood and masculinity in the U.S. Its
underlying premise rooted in white supremacist patriarchal ideology
continues to foster the idea that we pose a racial and sexual threat to
American society such that our bodies exist to be feared, brutalized,
imprisoned, annihilated‐made invisible.
A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO BASH: CONFESSIONS OF AN EX‐MAN‐HATER
Authors: Leigh Hagan Kay
Published: February 2008

I remember well my first conscious exchange with a Good Man. Tom was the best friend of a man I had been dating for several months, and a warm acquaintance—though hardly a friend—of mine. I had asked him to meet me for coffee one day after a troubling incident with my lover when I feared he might hit me. While he had not, as I closed and locked the door behind him that night, I was shaken by the possibility. And I was also deeply in love. I called Tom for a “reality check,” to find out if he knew of any history of physical violence, and to seek his advice.
Gender and the Paradoxes Of Development
Authors: Fernandez Kelly Patricia
Published: February 2008

The two chapters in this section present an invaluable opportunity to reflect upon the advances made, and challenges still to be surmounted in the study of gender and development. In the late nineteen‐seventies, when the field was expanding, the enthusiasm over innovative research was equaled only by the expectation that the study of gender would soon issue a theoretical corpus of sharp descriptive and explanatory potential, and broad in its capacity for generalization. That goal has not been fully realized, and the reasons, historical as well as ideological, deserve attention.
TOWARD A COMPOSITE INDEX OF CRIMINALITY
Authors: Turner Stanley H. , Ratledge Edward C.
Published: February 2008

A provisional but largely successful empirical model is presented which scales the relative seriousness of prior criminal records, reflecting the daily judgements of a large number of practising prosecutors on how they pragmatically rate the seriousness of criminal records. The amount and types of information available in the records kept are found to influence prosecutorial decisions with respect to how serious an offender an arrestee should be considered to be.
Understanding the Failure of Japanese Management Abroad
Authors: Nirenberg John
Published: February 2008

How transferable is the Japanese way of managing? New evidence indicates some interesting trends.
DOCUMENT ACCESS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Wood James L
Published: February 2008

Demand for documents in the United States has grown through use of computer searching so that now about 25 million documents are requested annually from off‐site sources. There is no central organisation for document access and collections are widely scattered, with little information on the location of particular items. There are also problems of restricted access to many organisations which have large collections of documents. Some improvements in document access are being made but progress is slow and there are many different views on how the problem should be met.
PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL INTERLENDING SYSTEMS
Authors: Line Maurice B , Vickers Stephen
Published: February 2008

Physical access to material has largely been taken for granted but as interlibrary lending has increased so the design of interlending systems needs to be examined. 21 principles of inter/ending systems that are likely to be valid in the great majority of countries are listed, each with a brief introduction. It is hoped that the principles will provoke thought and discussion and perhaps improvements in interlending systems.