bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—Notes on the Growth of Soil
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

Previous to writing “Suggestions on Denudation,” I had not seen Mr. Darwin's paper “On the Formation of Soil;” since then, having read this essay, it appears to me that instead of Darwin proving “the disappearance of stones, etc., needs no growth of soil,” he advocates in a great measure the statement put forward in “Suggestions on Denudation.” For Darwin clearly proves that any foreign sustance placed on grass land will be gradually covered up by a growth of soil over it. This soil, however, he seems to believe to be entirely due to the labour of earth-worms, who excavate in the ground under the foreign sustance and deposit over it. From this it would appear that this eminent observer considers that the total thickness of the soil is not increased upwards by mould formed from vegetable decay, but that all is taken from below the foreign sustance and placed above it, thereby adding to the thickness of the upper stratum of the mould and diminishing the thickness of the portion below the foreign substance. This, within certain limits, may be correct; but can anyone asset that the decay of the yearly growth of vegetable matter is nil, and that it cannot possibly and its mite, no matter how small, to the thickness of the soil? If the above is the case, how can we account for the growth of peat bogs in Ireland and other countries? On the site of all peat bogs (or the bogs in the low flat country) there originally was vegetable soil, in which trees and lesser plants grew;—on this, by the decay of the vegetable matter, a spongy soil was formed that retarded the drainage, and was well fitted for the growth of such mosses as the Sphagnum, which began to luxuriate.
V.—The Red Chalk of Norfolk
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

My remarks will have to be limited to Norfolk; because personally I know very little of the Red Chalk of Yorkshire, and nothing of that of Lincolnshire. Of course the subject would be better treated as a whole; but Norfolk geologists will forgive me for not waiting until that time (perhaps never to come) when I may know all the English Red Chalk. Perfection may be devoutly prayed for; but to wait for it would be to do nothing.
VI.—On the So-called “Plant Fossils” from the Silurian of Central Wales
Authors: Nathorst A. G.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, Dec. II. Vol. IX. November, 1882, my esteemed friend, Mr. W. Keeping, describes (pp. 485–491) some markings from the Silurian beds of Central Wales, which he considers to be fossil plants. The description of those markings, however, so far from supporting the correctness of Mr. Keeping's views, seem, on the contrary, to put it quite beyond doubt that the objects referred to are only trails and burrows of Annelids. It is indeed most surprising that Mr. Keeping, although referring to my paper on trails of different animals, etc., seems to have taken no notice whatever of the statements which are there brought forward as to the mode of occurrence and structure of the worm trails. For if this had been done, I think that the objects referred to would never have been described as fossil plants.
VI.—Note on a Boring through the Chalk and Gault near Dieppe
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The following particulars of a boring for water made at Puys, near Dieppe, in 1898 have been communicated to me by Messrs. Legrand and Sutcliff, and as they appear to indicate a succession of beds very similar to that occurring beneath Dover, the present seems a fitting occasion for placing on record a brief account of the boring.
II—On the Gault Aporrhaidæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkib
Published: May 2009

Shell elongated, spire composed of many convex whorls, which are very finely striated, 2 or 3 of the striæ being very distinct and wide apart in front of the sutures. The last 2 whorls have 10 or 11 and the other whorls have 14 or 16 well-marked ribs, with occasional varices. On the last whorl there is a slight angularity in place of keel. The wing exactly resembles that of A. Parkinsoni, and in this may be distinguished from that of A. Mantelli. The anterior canal is moderately long.
V.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

This celebrated siderolite has recently been sawn into two nearly equal parts, and the occasion presented a fitting opportunity for an exhaustive examination of its constituent minerals, more especially of the olivine forming the chief ingredient. It was accordingly undertaken by von Kokscharow, at the desire of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and his memoir is mainly devoted to a description of the crystallographic characters of the silicate enclosed in the nickel-iron.
VI.—Notes on the Specific Gravity of Precious Stones
Authors: Church A. H.
Published: May 2009

From time to time I have accumulated a large number of results obtained in identifying precious stones by means of their specific gravity. From these results I have selected about 70, which will be found arranged below. The observations have been made with care, and, where no temperature is given, at 15° 5 C.; an asterisk denotes those determinations in which a very accurate assay balance by Oertling was used, and in which the specimens were immersed in alcohol, not in water. In these latter determinations any error would be confined to the third place of decimals.
VIII.—The Erroneous Nomenclature of the Drift
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

The necessity for a reform in the present nomenclature of the Drift is apparent from the different papers on the subject, but more especially from the note appended to Mr. Bird's supplementary paper on the “Post-Pliocene Formations of the Isle of.Man” (Geol. Mag. May, 1875, p. 228). The author of this paper states that this glacial drift is “generally marine.” May I ask how a drift deposited in the sea can be called glacial? Undoubtedly, originally, it was ice-formed, but so also are all the drifts or the major portion of them, that at the present day are accumulating in the seas round our islands, in our lakes, and in our river valleys; let them be shingle, gravel, sand, silt, or a boulder drift. A normal glacial drift must be deposited direct from ice.
I.—Short Sketch of the Geology of the North of Norway
Authors: Pettersen Karl
Published: May 2009

Leopold von buch, who in the beginning of this century travelled through Norway as far as the North Cape, was the first who wrote about the geology of the northern part of the country (Reise durch Norwegen und Lapland, Berlin, 1810). Some years later the natural conditions of the country were examined by Vargas Bedemar. On this voyage he went as far as Varanger, and has recorded the result of his inquiries in his work “Reise nach dem hohen Norden, Frankfurth-a.-Main, 1819.” Furthermore R. Everest, who travelled through Norway to the North Cape in the years, between 1825 and 1830, has collected various notices on the mountain structure of the countries in his work entitled “Journey through Norway.”
III.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

Greg, and likewise Heddle, found cavities in certain portions of this iron, some of the size of a pea, which are filled with metallic lead; this is the only instance where that element has been met with in a meteorite. Dr. Lawrence Smith has recently examined several specimens cut from the original mass, and is of opinion that the lead is altogether foreign to the iron, being doubtless derived from material with which the block was probably treated by the original discoverers for the purpose of extracting some noble metal from it. The lead, he finds, occurs only in cavities near the surface of the mass, which have channels of more or less size leading to the surface. In pieces of the iron detached from the interior of the block and free from fissures no lead could be discovered.
III.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

It is probable that the history of this fall has unfortunately been lost to science. Vom Rath has recently endeavoured, but without avail, to gather information from Gemrnellaro, of Palermo, respecting what now appears to have been a shower of stones rather than the fall of a single meteorite, as hitherto supposed. Gemmellaro was unable in 1869 to discover any persons who witnessed the fall; as, however, it appears that two years after the occurrence Greg was informed that an account had been printed in a Sicilian scientific journal, more particulars of the fall may yet be obtained.
III.—On the Limits of the Yoredale Series in the North of England
Authors: Lebour G. A.
Published: May 2009

When a group of beds has well-defined boundaries above and below, and when moreover its palæontological characteristics coincide with its stratigraphical limits, it becomes a boon alike to the field-geologist and to the fossil collector. When, on the other hand, both limits and fossils fail to enable one to follow a group beyond a certain point, the sooner the series as such is relegated to the limbo of purely-local, convenient, but untrue divisions, the better. I propose to show in this paper that the important group of beds commonly known as the Yoredale Series in the North-Western parts of Yorkshire is a group of the latter kind, convenient indeed in that district, but quite incapable of being traced much further North either stratigraphically or palæontologically.
IV.—Notes on West Indian Fossils
Authors: Gabb W. M.
Published: May 2009

On my return to civilization, after an absence of nearly three years, I observe in the GeologicalMagazine for 1874, New Series, Decade II. Vol. I., pp. 404 and 433, a paper by Mr. R. J. L. Guppy, of Trinidad, describing new species of fossils from the West Indian Tertiaries, to which is appended a list of the fossils known to him up to that date. Unfortunately Mr. Guppy has overlooked my Memoir on the Geology af Santo Domingo, published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society more than a year before the date of his paper. In that paper I nearly doubled the list of known fossils in the West Indian Miocene, basing my determinations on a collection of unprecedented magnitude, made during the prosecution of the Geological Survey of the Dominican Republic.
VII.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

This remarkable siderolite was found in Bohemia, at a spot not very far distant from the Saxon frontier or indeed from Rittersgrün, in Saxony, where a mass closely resembling it was almost contemporaneously found. So far back as 1751 at Steinbach, a village about midway between Breitenbach and Rittersgrün, a meteorite in all respects similar was discovered; the three masses are so similar to one another and so dissimilar to any others preserved in collections that there can be little doubt that they belong to the same fall. In 1825 Stromeyer examined a siderolite in which he found 61·8 per cent, of silica; this also appears to have been a member of this shower of meteorites, believed by Breithaupt to have been the “Eisenregen” which occurred at Whitsuntide, 1164, in Saxony, when a mass of iron fell near the town of Meissen.
I.—The Geological Bearings of Recent Deep-Sea Soundings
Authors: Green A. H.
Published: May 2009

Of the immense value of the recent deep-sea soundings there can be no doubt, but whether geologists will side with Dr. Carpenter in the deductions he has attempted to draw from these explorations seems to me a matter of considerable doubt: and I propose to discuss here several difficulties that have occurred to myself on this head. I shall take as my text Dr. Carpenter's last exposition of his views in a letter to Nature of Oct. 27th.
III.—On Phenomena connected with Denudation, observed in the so-called Coprolite Pits near Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

The upper portion of the sections in these pits usually exhibits from a foot to a foot and a half of soil, which I call, after Mr. Trimmer, “Warp.” In this district it is unusually full of land-shells of recent species. Nevertheless, the assemblage is not exactly what one meets with living on the spot. The most common Helix of the warp is H. arbustorum. This species occurs alive in the neighbourhood, but it can scarcely be called common. Helix nemoralis is common in the warp and also alive. Helix aspersa is by no means common in the warp, but it is common alive. Cyclostoma elegans is very common in the warp, but I have not seen it alive in this neighbourhood. It is exceedingly likely that drainage and cultivation may have been sufficient to have wrought these changes. At the base of the warp I have found an oyster-shell, which looks as if it had been broken at the edge to get it open.
IV.—On the Two Glaciations of the Lake District
Authors: de Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

It has always been difficult to account for the feet that, while Moraine Drifts occur at such low levels in the Lake District, Marine Drifts are found at such high elevations in the surrounding district. Mr. Mackintosh's new facts throw some light on this phenomena, but do not entirely explain it, owing to his having given, in my opinion, far too little importance to the second Glaciation experienced by the Lake District after its emergence from the Glacial Sea.
III.—Denudation of the Coalbrook-dale Coal-field
Authors: Jones Daniel
Published: May 2009

Although the Coalbrook-dale Coal-field has received a large share of the attention of geologists, the progress of mining operations reveals new facts from time to time, enabling us to explain away some of the difficulties which have beset earlier writers.
I.—On the Structure of Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Trilobites, appear to have been among the very earliest recognized fossils, not only in this country, but on the Continent, their name having been given them by Walch, in his “Natural History of Petrifactions,” published at Nuremberg a hundred years ago.
II.—Observations on the General Relations of the Drift Deposits of Ireland to those of Great Britain
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

The valuable paper by Professor Harkness on “The Middle Pleistocene Deposits of Britain,” published in the pages of this periodical, was a completely successful attempt to synchronize the members of the Drift series of Ireland with those of England and Scotland. He shows that there exist in the East of Ireland detached portions of an Upper Boulder-clay resting on the shelly sands and gravels of the “ Middle Drift,” and that in other localities these sands and gravels may be observed resting on the Lower Boulder-clay, which is generally supported by rock with a glaciated surface. The order of succession of the members of the Drift series is, therefore, precisely similar to that of the North-western counties of England, where we have at the base (a) Lower Till or Boulder-clay; (b) Marine Sands and Gravels; (c) Upper Till or Boulder-clay; —an order of succession which I have for some years felt satisfied would be found ultimately to hold good over the whole of England.
III.—Notice of Soundings executed in the Lake of Como, with a view to determine the Form of its Bed
Authors: Ball John
Published: May 2009

Those who have taken part in the recent discussions as to the origin of lake-basins are well aware that one of the chief causes which has retarded a settlement of the controversy is the ignorance prevailing as to the true form of such basins. Even as to the Swiss and Lombard lakes, constantly visited as they have been by men of science, the data are extremely scanty and no way reliable. A few soundings made by myself in the Lake of Como, in 1863, and referred to in a paper published in the Philosophical Magazine in the following December, increased my conviction of the importance of instituting careful and exact measurements of the form and dimensions of the beds of lakes, if we were to reason securely as to their origin. I expressed that conviction at the time to an active local naturalist, Don Baldassare Bernasconi, residing at Laglio. In 1865 Signer Gentilli, one of the engineers of the Lombardo-Venetian Railway, being for some months on the Lake, proposed to undertake a regular survey of the bed of the Lake by means of a complete series of soundings, and devised an instrument for measuring the distances traversed horizontally in a boat, corresponding to each cast of the sounding line. Signer Gentilli found two active coadjutors in the persons of the above-named ecclesiastic, and of Dr. Guiseppe Casella, also resident at Laglio, on the Lake.
II. Notes on some Echinodermata from the Mountain-limestone, Etc.
Authors: Rofe John
Published: May 2009

Several years since, when collecting Mountain-limestone fossils on the borders of Lancashire and Yorkshire, I found some specimens of Actinocrinus which appeared to have internal channels from the base of the arms towards the summit of the dome. Not having seen such channels noticed by any author, I showed some of the specimens to Mr. Salter, then of the Geological Survey, who suggested that they probably might be analogues of the aquiferous channels found in recent Echinoderms; and he advised me to follow up the subject, and ascertain if such passages were to be found in other Crinoidea occurring in these rocks. His advice has been followed, and a large collection of specimens, some in good preservation and others weathered, has been made, which I have had the advantage of collating with a series from the same district collected by Mr. James Parker of the Manchester Museum; and upon examination they give the following results, some of which, though probably of no great importance in themselves, may serve to illustrate some doubtful points in the organization of this confessedly obscure Order of the Animal Kingdom.
V. On some Deposits of Late Tertiary Age at Matura, on the East Coast of Trinidad
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: May 2009

In the map appended to the ‘Report on the Geology of Trinidad,’ we find the principal Tertiary coal-bearing strata of the Island indicated by a more or less irregular band of dark colour, strectching from Chaguanas, Couva, and Savonetta, on the western or Parian coast, to Manzanilla on the eastern or Atlantic side. To the north of this band lies a sterile region of detrital matter, chiefly siliceous, marked in the map by yellow with res sponts. I wish to draw attention more particularly to that part of this latter formation which lies on the eastern coast between the River Matura and Saline Bay.
II. On some supposed Ice-scratches in Derbyshire
Authors: Green A. H.
Published: May 2009

In the number of the GeologicalMagazine for last August, in a letter from Mr. Mackintosh, there is a notice of some markings, supposed to be glacial, on a rock known as ‘The Bloody Stone’, between Cromford and Bonsall, in Derbyshire. Mr. Mackintosh's language is not very clear, but I rather gather that he has doubts whether these markings were really made by ice: nor does he seem to be aware of the great interest that would attach to the discovery, if it could be proved beyond question that we have here a true ice-marked surface of rock. It is, I believe, very generally the case that the deposits and, so to speak, footmarks of the Glacial epoch are found on the western side of the central axis of the north of England in much greater force than on the eastern side. Thus much I can say from personal observation: in North Staffordshire and Lancashire, boulder-clays and gravels are found stretching from the plains far up the hill-sides, and erratic blocks lie here and there upon the moors to a height of 1,400 feet above the sea. On the other side of the socalled Pennine Chain, however, the case is widely different: through-out the whole of North Derbyshire and the adjoining uplands of Yorkshire there is nothing that can be safely set down as Drift, and certainly no blocks or pebbles of foreign rocks over the country to the north of the Wye. The valley of that river cuts right across the Great Saddle; and along it, and to the south of it, we do find stray patches of clay with ice-scratched boulders, mostly of limestone, but here and there of granite, greenstone, and other strangers, which seem to have found their way from the west along this sole opening in the barrier which elsewhere blocked up their path. ‘The Bloody Stone’ is just a case in point, lying as it does in the valley of the Derwent, about seven miles below the junction of the Wye with thatriver. I was, therefore, extremely glad to see Mr. Mackintosh's letter just in time to pay a visit to the spot, and I shall tell as carefully as I can what I there saw, in hopes that more experienced ice-men, if they cannot go to see for themselves, may be enabled to decide whether we can fairly refer the markings in question to the action of ice.
III. History of the Discovery of the Fossil Elephant of Malta, with a Description of the Fissure in which it was Originally Found
Authors: Adams A. Leith
Published: May 2009

About Midsummer of the year 1857, when a quarry was being made in the soft calcareous sandstone in the district of Gaudia, near the village of Micabba, Malta, one of the numerous fissures so common in all the formations of the two islands was observed to run in a straight line about E. and W. It was a simple vent, with several funnel-shaped expansions, and, as usual, was filled with red earth and stones. Among the débris of one of these expansions, several bones of large size attracted the attention of the workmen, and Dr. Speteri Agius, LL.D., a gentleman residing in the neighbourhood, having heard of the discovery, repaired to the spot, and picked up from among the exuvise a portion of a tooth and several fragments of bones, which he deposited in the Museum of the Maltese University. Shortly afterwards, a dispute between the proprietor and the lessee of the quarry put an end to the excavation, and the entire cavity was filled with rubbish, and levelled out into afield. In that condition it remained until reopened in June 1865.
IV. On the Geology of Hobart Town
Authors: Harrison Thomas
Published: May 2009

The island of Tasmania is connected, as it were, with the continent of Australia by two chains of islands, the lines of which are afterwards continued in the mountain-syatems both of Tasmania and Australia. The Tasmanian systems pass from north to south in a strangely zigzag course, throughout which the mineralogical character of the rocks varies considerably. The land, therefore, may be presumed to have once presented a very different line of contour to what it does at the present day.
V. Notes on Charnwood forest
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

In the midst of a comparatively tame and highly cultivated plain of New Red Sandstone near the centre of England, there rises up a part of the under crust of the earth which presents so much the appearance of an island as to lead the imagination at once to those remote ages when its porphyritic Peaks and Syenitic Knolls were surrounded by the sea. The geological history of this celebrated spot has been skilfully unravelled by Professors Sedgwick and Jukes (Article in Potters's Charnwood Forest); the Rev. W. H. Coleman (Article in White'Directory); Mr. Edward Hull (Memoirs of Geol. Survey); and others.
I.—Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Island of Malta
Authors: Hutton F. W.
Published: May 2009

Geological Structure of Malta.—The Island of Malta is entirely composed of Tertiary aqueous rocks, which lie in a nearly horizontal position, but which, being traversed by several faults, are found at very different levels. This horizontal position of the strata is interesting, as it is seldom seen in small islands situated so far from the main land; and it is probably to be accounted for by supposing that any unequal pressures which might have occurred during the upheavels of the Island, expended themselves in the production of faults, instead of inclinations and contortions of the strata.
V.—Notes on Chinese Figure Stones
Authors: Church A. H.
Published: May 2009

Three minerals, Nephrite, Agalmatolite, and Steatite, are much used by the Chinese for small articles of ornamental sculpture. The examination of several oriental specimens of these substances in my collection has led to some interesting results.
IV.—Additional Notes on the Growth of Soil
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In the former notes “On the growth of soil,” I omitted to speak of the labours of the ants—these workers, although such pigmys in this country, and, therefore, compared with the earth-worms, less capable, individually, of work, are so numerous and energetic, that in the special places to which they resort, their yearly work is much more conspicuous than the annual worm-work; but the animals operate in different places, for while the earth-worm luxuriates in rich highly-cultivated land, the hill-building-ant loves a dry, sandy or peaty soil. In the spring the ants may be observed beginning their work, and from that time they carry on their operations all through the summer, to the late autumn, or early winter. On a moor they raise hillocks scattered promiscuously about over the ground, getting closer and closer together as the colonies increase. But where the ants are most useful is in places where crags and large stones are mixed up with patches of sandy peat. In such a locality they will always build on a rock, the foundation of their habitation being at its junction with the soil. These ants seldom raise their structures as high as the moorland ants, but they make up in extent for absence in height, and by this means the rocks are gradually covered with soil and vegetation; for, on account of the season of the year at which they build, the growth of the plants keeps pace with the formation of the ant-soil, and protects it in a great measure from “Meteoric abrasion.” During the winter, however, the shape of the ant-hills is somewhat modified, but the matted roots of the plants preserve the major part of the soil which will thus remain, forming an envelope for the rock.
VII.—Note on the New Trilophodont Crag Mastodon
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

The collection of Mr. Baker, at Woodbridge, contains a tooth from the Suffolk Bone-bed, indicating a Mastodon of the section Trilophodon. The tooth appears to be the upper penultimate molar of the left side. Its chief peculiarities are its great breadth, approaching M. (Trilophodon) tapir oides; the shortness of the ridges, the cingulum well marked in parts; the absence of a posterior and presence of an anterior talon. It apparently belongs to Falconer's section, “Colliculi obtusi—valliculasque transversæ.” From a number of measurements and examinations of specimens of M. angustidens in the British Museum, of M. Borsoni and tapiroides in Paris (which I have to thank M. Lartet for very kindly showing to me), and M. Borsoni at Le Puy in the Haute Loire, I consider that this tooth, comes nearest to the corresponding tooth of the huge Pliocene Mastodon Borsoni, though the cingulum and talon (very variable parts of the tooth) are unusually marked in Mr. Baker's specimen.
V.—Notes on the Northampton Oolites
Authors: Sharp Samuel
Published: May 2009

Attention having been drawn of late to the “Northampton Sand” by the able papers of Mr. George Maw and Mr. Judd, and by the discussions which arose upon them, and to the Oolitic beds of Northamptonshire generally, by the too concentrated article (so rich in information) by Professor Morris, in the Geological Magazine for March, and by a letter from the Rev. P. B. Brodie elicited thereby in the May number, I venture to offer the following provisional statement as to the Oolitic strata in the neighbourhood of Northampton, and the order in which they occur, purposing at some future time to write more fully upon them, to enumerate the palæontological contents of each bed, and to endeavour to correlate the Northampton series with those occurring in the more northerly parts of the county and around Stamford.
IV.—The Growth of the Indian Peninsula
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

It is one of the most fascinating of the recreations of a geologist to attempt to reconstruct the physical features of some past period; and though our essays in this direction have not been attended with complete success, and our maps of early epochs bear a striking resemblance to those of Herodotus and Ptolemy, yet thesemaps have their value and they are at least steps towards one of the goals of the science of geology.
V.—The Relative Age of Flints
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Mr. G. Abbott is quite right in saying (Geol. Mag. for June, p. 275) that much work has yet to be done before we understand the formation of flints, and I would add that the work required must include observations on other siliceous concretions such as chert and cherty nodules of all kinds. It is also unquestionably important that we should, if possible, ascertain whether such concretions were formed contemporaneously with the deposits in which they are now found, or whether they are a sort of separation product formed during the consolidation of the rock after upheaval above the sea.
V. Marine Denudation illustrated by the Brimham Rocks
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

The claims of the sea as a denuding agent have been much disputed of late years; the meteoric and fluviatile theories of denudation have been revived; and the glacial theory has been extended, so as to encroach on what was once generally admitted to be the legitimate province of the sea. But, as a forgetfulness of, as well as too much reliance on, the power of the sea to modify, may become a fertile source of hasty and false generalization, it is well that the importance of waves, tides, and currents, as denuding causes, should be re-asserted, and attention directed afresh to the more striking monuments they have left behind them in regions removed from their present theatre of action. These monuments present an unmistakeable resemblance to the cliffs, buttresses, walled inlets, pillars, needles, &c., now in course of being formed by the sea; and in explaining them, the old principle of sound theorization —similar effects are referable to similar causes —is not to be set aside by overstraining the capabilities of any theory which will merely account for the phenomena.
II.—Description of a Fossil Shark (Ctenacanthus costellatus) from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Eskdale, Dumfriesshire
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The deficiency of our knowledge of the organization and configuration of the Palaeozoic Selachii is an unfortunate fact too well known to biologists to render it necessary for me to dilate upon here. Immense numbers of genera and species have been founded upon detached teeth and spines; but as yet very few specimens have occurred, which threw any light upon the general organization and configuration of the ancient possessors of these now scattered relics.
IV.—On Galerites albogalerus, Lamarck, syn. Echinoconus conicus, Breynius
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: May 2009

Next to Ananchytes ovata, there is probably no fossil Echinoid which is so well known to geologists and so common in collections as Galerites albogalerus, Lam. Described by Lamarck, studied by Forbes, and puzzled over by almost every naturalist who has classified the Echinoidea, this common yet most variable form has received a number of synonyms, and has been made to belong to four genera besides that in which it now rests.
V.—On the Structure of Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for July, 1871, Plate VIII. pp. 289–294, I published an article on the above subject, giving my views of the appendages of Trilobites, and reproducing the figure of Asaphus platycephalus, Stokes, showing traces of eight pairs of locomotory appendages, discovered by Mr. Billings in the Trenton Limestone, city of Ottawa, and described and figured by him (in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1870, pp. 479–486, and plates xxxi. and xxxii.). I also appended a note to Mr. Billings's paper (op. cit. 1870, pp. 486–488) on a palpus of Asaphus from the same locality, which is as follows:—“Having been requested by Sir William Logan to examine the Trilobite sent over by Mr. Billings from Montreal, I was led to compare it with certain specimens in the British Museum collection, presented by Dr. J. J. Bigsby, F.R.S., some years since.
II.—On the Diplodocidæ, a New Family of the Sauropoda; an Order of American Jurassic Dinosaurs
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The Sauropoda are now generally recognized by anatomists as a well-marked order of the Sub-class Dinosauria. In the previous articles of this series, the main characters of the two families of this order (Atlantosauridæ and Morosauridæ) already named by the writer have been given.3 A third family is represented by the genus Diplodocus, a study of which, more especially of the skull, throws light on the whole group of Dinosaurian reptiles.
V.—Some Geological Notes on the Neighbourhood of Newbury, Berks
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

The Oyster-bed (Ostrea Bellovacina) in the lowest part of the “Woolwich-and-Reading” series is well known as constituting an interesting horizon in the Lower Eocene formation; but, as it is not throughout persistent in the range of this group of strata, every instance of its occurrence is worth recording. It is well known in Berkshire at Clay Hill, Shaw, about a mile N.E. of Newbury; and it occurs further westward near Hungerford (Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. pp. 85 and 87). We now know of its occurrence to the South of Newbury, from the works of the new railway intended to connect Newbury and Southampton.
VI.—The Glacial Phenomena of North America, as studied in Long Island, New York, U.S.
Authors: Brysen John
Published: May 2009

Having resided for some years past on Long Island, the terminal moraine of the Great American continental glacier, and having given considerable attention to the drift phenomena, I am convinced that no oscillation of the continent has taken place subsequent to the Glacial period; and that the river kames, with their assorted gravel, etc., can be accounted for, without resorting to any such doubtful interpretations. I am aware that the presence of shells in the Boulder-clay argues in its favour; but that shells become mixed with the drift while the glacier is in motion is evident from what Prof. Geikie saw in Scandinavia. I will now try in a brief way to give your readers the result of my observations; and, though the sketch may be somewhat crude and imperfect, it may serve to throw a little light on this difficult problem.
VI.—Examination of a Calculation of the Age of the Earth based upon the Hypothesis of the Permanence of Oceans and Continents
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Some views in theoretical geology are held so vaguely that when one attempts to grasp them it is like clutching at shadows. To any one who will put his ideas into figures our thanks are therefore due.
III.—On Accumulation and Denudation, and their Influence in Causing Oscillation of the Earth’s Crust
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

The Carboniferous Limestone of the north-west of England was formed in a bay separated from another marine area farther south by a narrow isthmus and promontory never submerged, extending, as Professor Jukes pointed out, in “a band of country running east and west across England from Leicestershire, through Warwickshire, South Staffordshire, North Shropshire into Montgomeryshire,” and to the mountainous district of North Wales.
II.—Further Remarks on the Origin of the Loess
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: May 2009

In the August number of this Magazine, Mr. Howorth has challenged the view which I have advanced of the origin of the Loess (in common with the intrusive cave earth, the Warp of Trimmer, and the Trail of Fisher), from the slide of the upper and annually thawing layer of the permanently frozen soil, in the parts beyond the limit of the land-ice during the major and minor glaciations; or, as regards areas covered with sea during the major, from this process during the minor glaciation only.
III.—Joints
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

Of the various theories that have been advanced from time to time to account for the origin of jointed structure in rocks, the one that seems to find greatest favour amongst geologists of the present day is that put forth in M. Daubrée’s Etudes Synthétiques de Géologie Expérimental, vol. i. p. 300, et seq., wherein their formation is ascribed to the effects produced by torsion. No one can read the account of M. Daubrée’s experiments without feeling convinced that the deductions he has drawn will enable us to account for the origin of many forms of joints in a manner that leaves little or nothing to be desired. The mere fact that some of the foremost leaders of geological science at the present day hold views on this subject practically identical with his, will, doubtless, be generally regarded as a sufficient reason for accepting M. Daubrée’s theory as one that has supplied a definite and satisfactory answer to the much-vexed question of the origin of joints in general.
IV.—Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Carboniferous Limestone Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Having published in the Palæontographical Society’s Volume for the current year the first part of my Monograph on the Trilobites of the Carboniferous Limestone, it occurred to me that a brief account of the species described might prove useful to some of the readers of the Geological Magazine.
IV.—On the Dissolution of Aragonite Shells in the Coralline Crag
Authors: Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

In 1879 Mr. Sorby in his Presidential Address to the Geological Society published the result of his investigations into the question of the extent to which the mineralogical constitution of shells, etc., influenced their preservation as fossils.
III.—Notice of New Fish-remains from the Blackband Ironstone of Borough Lee, near Edinburgh.—No. IV
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Hitherto I have been in the habit of referring the Gyracanthus spines commonly occurring in the Borough Lee Ironstone to G. formosus or tuberculatus of Agassiz, being disposed to believe in the specific identity of those two forms, as has already been suggested by Messrs. Hancock and Atthey, and hinted at by Agassiz himself. In fact, the salient point of difference between the two is the greater extent of the tuberculation of the ridges in the latter, while in the former it is principally seen on the proximal parts of the ridges, which, as they converge towards the anterior middle line of the spine, become first simply undulated and then smooth. The original figured specimen of G. tuberculatus is from the Coal-measures of Sunderland; that of G. formosus is from the same formation at Dudley; but though Agassiz refers to it as occurring also at Burdiehouse, in Midlothian, and Burntisland in Fifeshire, it seems to me very doubtful if these Calciferous Sandstone specimens are really the same. And certainly the study of a large quantity of additional material from Borough Lee has convinced me that the species of Gyracanthus characteristic of this Ironstone of Carboniferous Limestone age is specifically different from both formosus and tuberculatus.
III.—The Terraces of the Chalk Downs
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

Mr. Mackintosh (Vol. III., p. 69, and p. 155, of the Geol. Mag.) adduces the preservation of numerous terraces on the hill-sides in the Cretaceous districts of ‘Wilts. and Dorest,’ as “evidence of limited subaerial denudation since those terraces were formed,” for that they are “raised sea-beaches,” he says, admits of no doubt.
VI.—The Rock of the Cambridge Greensand
Authors: Seeley Harry
Published: May 2009

Examining the Cambridge sands, fresh from a remembrance of the Undercliff and the grand developement of the cherty rock of the Upper Greensand in Southern sections, perhaps its most marvellous character is that here it no longer makes a feature in the land, but has dwindled away to barely a foot in thickness, and yet is to be traced through several counties. Blending insensibly into the chalk, resembling in structure beds that sometimes occur in the Gault, it appears but as a parting seam between those deposits. Yet so soon as Dr. Fitton made clear the sequence of the Cretaceous beds, Professor Sedgwick recognised in the film of black nodules, glauconite and chalky marl, the analogue of the sands of the Vale of Wardour and the Isle of Wight.
I.—Ancient Sea Margins in the Counties Clare and Galway
Authors: Kinahan G. Henry
Published: May 2009

In a paper that appeared in the “Geologist” for May, 1863, the author, Professor King, has noticed the remarkable escarpments that occur in the Burren Hills, on the south side of the Bay of Galway. He is of opinion that they have been formed by sea action during the slow upheaval of the British area after its submergence during what he calls the “subaqueous“ or “middle division“ of the Glacial period, and that “every escarpment indicates a stoppage in the upheaval.“ These escarpments, or ancient seamargins are not confined to the Burren Hills, as I have observed them in various other localities, but never so continuous, nor so well developed. In this paper it is proposed calling attention to those in counties Clare and Galway. I shall first notice the conspicuous escarpments in the Burren Hills, but before doing so I may be allowed to refer to similar phenomena in course of formation at the present day.
V.—Some Observations on the Zoantharia Rugosa
Authors: Lindström Gustave
Published: May 2009

Professor Steenstrup, some years ago, questioned the fact as to whether the Zoantharia tabulata and rugosa, included by him under the common name of “Cyathophylla,” might be considered as true polyps. MM. Edwards and Haime in framing those great subdivisions of their “Coralliaria,” remarked their striking dissimilarity from the other Actinozoa. Professor Agassiz, in his grand monograph on the Acalephæ of North America, considers these differences so important that henceforth all connection between the above-named groups and the Zoantharia aporosa and perforata will be impossible. But besides these peculiar characteristics of the Rugosa, such, for instance, as the compact imperforate structure of the calyx and septa (the septa originating from four primary ones), the absence of costæ, the strange septal fossæ in the bottom of the calyx, the processes resembling rootlets, the transverse floors or tabulæ in the interior, which often have a cellular or vesicular structure; there is another peculiarity as yet not much known.
IV.—Glaciation in West Somerset
Authors: Lucy W. C.
Published: May 2009

In a recent visit to Porlock Weir, to see the submerged forest so ably described by Mr. Godwin-Austen in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for February, 1866, I availed myself of the opportunity, afforded by the limited time at my disposal, to examine the general contour of the country, and more particularly that part of it relating to the superficial deposits.
V.—Note on the Red Chalk in Yorkshire
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

In mapping the boundaries of the Lias in that part of Yorkshire where the Cretaceous rocks overlap the Jurassic, the Red Chalk becomes extremely useful as a guide, especially as the springs constantly break out beneath it, and give good opportunities for its examination and that of the subjacent strata. Some points of interest have thus obtruded themselves upon one's notice. Its range in Yorkshire may be described as first northwards and then eastwards. Though much covered, by Boulder-clay in the latter portion, it may be traced almost step by step along the former, except where it appears to be absent.
II.—Notes on the Pleistocene Deposits yielding Mammalian Remains in the Vicinity of Ilford, Essex
Authors: Woodward Henry , Davies William
Published: May 2009

The Valley of the Thames, with its numerous tributaries, like nearly all our English river-courses, contains more or less extensive deposits of Brick-earth and gravel, which were accumulated at a period long antecedent to that when the streams had cut their higher channels down to the depth at which they at present flow.
I.—Notes on Two Ichthyodorulites Hitherto Undescribed
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

In a recent inspection of the grand collection of Fossil Fishes in, the Museum of the Earl of Enniskillen at Florence Court, his lordship called my attention more particularly to two Ichthyodorulites, which he believed to be new.
V.—On the Formation of Mountains; Being a Reply to Captain Hutton's Article in the January Number, Page 22
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

The cause of the formation of mountains is so difficult and so vast a question that I cannot undertake to answer all Captain Hutton's objections to what he concisely calls the “contraction” theory. Moreover, I feel that, as far as my endeavours can help to elucidate so great a subject, I shall do better to throw what I have further to say into a form which is not controversial. I desire not to be held a champion of any theory, and shall always honestly abandon any position, which subsequent consideration leads me to think untenable. Thus with respect to paragraph (7), p. 26, in Captain Hutton's rejoinder to my critique, I refer to the abstract I have sent to the Magazine of my paper lately read at Cambridge, for it supersedes some of the purely tentative suppositions to which Captain Hutton takes exception, and which I adopted six years ago as “not unreasonable,” in order to test the application of the theory.
II.—On some Specimens of Dithyrocaris from the Carboniferous Limestone series, East Kilbride, and from the Old Red Sandstone of Lanarkshire
Authors: Woodward Henry , Etheridge Robert
Published: May 2009

Dithyrocaris ovalis. W. and E. (Pl. V. Fig. 1), Mems. Geol. Survey, Expl. Sheet 23, Scotland, 1873, p. 100.

This species most nearly resembles D. Colei in outline, but is little more than half its size, and is quite destitute of the strong median and lateral ridges which mark Portlock's species.
V.—In Reply to Mr. Scrope's Observations on Mr. Mallet's Theory of Volcanic Energy
Authors: Mallet Robert
Published: May 2009

Observations by Mr. Scrope on the subject to which he has so long devoted his attention demand respectful attention, and that I should endeavour to assign my reasons for not agreeing with the strictures which he has made upon my paper, read to the Royal Society in June, 1872.
I.—On the West Indian Tertiary Fossils
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: May 2009

The shell for which I propose the above appellation was considered to be Strombus pugilis by Mr. Carrick Moore. The name was misprinted fragilis in his paper in the Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xix. p. 511. In my papers on the Tertiary fossils of Jamaica and the West Indies, the species was recorded under the name Str. pugilis. In ordinary specimens like those usually found in Jamaica, Haiti, and elsewhere, the only well-marked differences that can be noticed between the fossil shell and the recent Strombus pugilis are that in the former the last whorl is usually devoid of the spiniform tubercles, and that the shell is of shorter and broader figure. But some examples, supplied me by my friend Mr. Vendryes, exhibit an unexpected character. They show chevron-shaped bands of colour, about 12–15 on the last whorl. Each band takes the shape of a V, the apex of which occurs near the middle of the whorl, and forms an angle of about 30° pointing backwards or away from the aperture. These bands of colour are about two mm. wide and the spaces between them are about three mm. Numerous specimens of the recent Str. pugilis have passed through my hands, but I have never noticed the slightest approach to such a character. The recent shell is pale red or pink only relieved by an indistinct band of paler tint following the middle of the whorl. A less constant difference may be found in the low rounded lamellar dentition inside the outer lip which is very faint or altogether wanting in Strombus pugilis, but more marked in the fossil.