bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
South Pacific circulation changes and their connection to the tropics and regional Antarctic warming in austral spring, 1979–2012
Authors: Clem Kyle R. , Fogt Ryan L.
Published: March 2015

After 1979, statistically significant warming in Antarctica is only observed in austral spring (September–November, SON) across West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. While previous work has linked this warming to reductions in sea ice cover, we note that a substantial (30–60%) portion of the warming is related to changes in the SON atmospheric circulation. In particular, western Antarctic Peninsula warming is consistent with increasing pressure in the South Atlantic, while western West Antarctica warming is tied to a deepening of the Amundsen Sea low near the eastern Ross Sea. While both of these circulation changes are associated with increased warm, northerly flow toward the Antarctic continent, they are connected with different aspects of tropical variability. The increase in pressure in the South Atlantic is associated with a trend toward more La Niña‐like conditions in the tropical Pacific, and an associated Rossby wave train. In contrast, the deepening of the Amundsen Sea low is more strongly tied to a shift in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) toward its negative phase since the 1990s. Compared to typical La Niña events, the recent negative PDO events display a different tropical forcing, which drives a Rossby wave train that propagates more meridionally across the South Pacific, culminating in the eastern Ross Sea, rather than in the South Atlantic. The results suggest multiple independent forcing mechanisms governing the SON pressure trends and associated Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica warming after 1979, which partially cancel each other out in the Amundsen Sea and portions of eastern West Antarctica.
A rapid, economical, and accurate method to determining the physical risk of storm marine inundations using sedimentary evidence
Authors: Nott Jonathan F.
Published: March 2015

The majority of physical risk assessments from storm surge inundations are derived from synthetic time series generated from short climate records, which can often result in inaccuracies and are time‐consuming and expensive to develop. A new method is presented here for the wet tropics region of northeast Australia. It uses lidar‐generated topographic cross sections of beach ridge plains, which have been demonstrated to be deposited by marine inundations generated by tropical cyclones. Extreme value theory statistics are applied to data derived from the cross sections to generate return period plots for a given location. The results suggest that previous methods to estimate return periods using synthetic data sets have underestimated the magnitude/frequency relationship by at least an order of magnitude. The new method promises to be a more rapid, economical, and accurate assessment of the physical risk of these events.
Rheology of Mg2GeO4 olivine and spinel harzburgite: Implications for Earth's mantle transition zone
Authors: Shi F. , Zhang J. , Xia G. , Jin Z. , Green H. W.
Published: March 2015

Geophysical modeling requires an upper mantle low‐viscosity zone (LVZ); recent results suggest that the LVZ could be within the mantle transition zone (MTZ) or above it, depending on boundary conditions. The rheology of the olivine‐dominated uppermost mantle is well constrained experimentally but not the MTZ. Here we report first‐time measurement of the rheology of Mg2GeO4 spinel (analogue of ringwoodite, the dominant mineral of the lower MTZ) in the dislocation creep regime and compare it with that of Mg2GeO4 olivine. In both cases, we incorporate 15–20% pyroxene, the second most abundant mineral in the upper mantle to provide a realistic comparison of rock rheologies. Under similar conditions, spinel‐dominated material is about twice as strong as olivine‐dominated material. Our results suggest that unless H2O weakening of ringwoodite or phase‐transformation‐induced grain size reduction occurs in the lower MTZ, it will be more viscous than above the 410 km discontinuity.
Intercomparison of satellite sensor land surface phenology and ground phenology in Europe
Authors: Rodriguez‐Galiano V. F. , Dash J. , Atkinson P. M.
Published: March 2015

Land surface phenology (LSP) and ground phenology (GP) are both important sources of information for monitoring terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate changes. Each measures different vegetation phenological stages and has different sources of uncertainties, which make comparison in absolute terms challenging, and therefore, there has been limited attempts to evaluate the complementary nature of both measures. However, both LSP and GP are climate driven and therefore should exhibit similar interannual variation. LSP obtained from the whole time series of Medium‐Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data was compared to thousands of deciduous tree ground phenology records of the Pan European Phenology network (PEP725). Correlations observed between the interannual time series of the satellite sensor estimates of phenology and PEP725 records revealed a close agreement (especially for Betula Pendula and Fagus Sylvatica species). In particular, 90% of the statistically significant correlations between LSP and GP were positive (mean R2 = 0.77). A large spatiotemporal correlation was observed between the dates of the start of season (end of season) from space and leaf unfolding (autumn coloring) at the ground (pseudo R2 of 0.70 (0.71)) through the application of nonlinear multivariate models, providing, for the first time, the ability to predict accurately the date of leaf unfolding (autumn coloring) across Europe (root‐mean‐square error of 5.97 days (6.75 days) over 365 days).
Bacterial Nomenclature
Authors: Sneath Peter H.A.
Published: March 2015

Nomenclature has been called the handmaid of taxonomy. The nomenclature of the different kinds of living creatures falls into two parts: (a) informal or vernacular names, or very specialized and restricted names; and (b) scientific names of taxonomic groups (taxon, plural taxa). Since scientific names are in Latinized form, they obey the grammar of classic, medieval, or modern Latin (Neo‐Latin). The taxonomic hierarchy is a conventional arrangement. The form of Latinized names differs with the category. The species name consists of two parts. The first is the
genus name
. This is spelled with an initial capital letter, and is a Latinized substantive. The second is the
specific epithet
, and is spelled with a lower case initial letter. The
Code
of nomenclature for bacteria, therefore, established a new starting date of 1980, with a new starting document, the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names.
Etymology in Nomenclature of Procaryotes
Authors: Trüper Hans G.
Published: March 2015

When I was invited to write this chapter I felt flattered. I have always been interested in names, in etymology and semantics. The invitation was probably due to more than 25 years of active membership in the International Committee for Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) and in the Editorial Board of the
International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
, and there especially my self‐adopted task of watching the correctness of new Latin names by offering advice in etymology and questions of procaryote nomenclature
Bacilli class. nov
.
Authors: Ludwig Wolfgang , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz , Whitman William B.
Published: March 2015

Ba.cil' li. N.L. masc. n.
Bacillus
type genus of the type order of the class; N.L. masc. pl. n.
Bacilli
the
Bacillus
class.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli”
Arthrobacter
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Wieser Monika , Buczolits Sandra
Published: March 2015

Ar.thro.bac'ter. Gr. n.arthrona joint; N.L. masc. n.bactera rod; N.L. masc. n.Arthrobactera jointed rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Arthrobacter

The majority of species exhibit a marked rod–coccus growth cycle when grown in complex media; stationary‐phase cultures (generally after 2–7 d) are composed entirely or largely of coccoid cells that are 0.6–1.0 µm in diameter; some species are showing only spherical cells throughout the growth cycle.Fatty acidsare predominantly iso‐ and anteiso‐branched withC15:0anteiso,C15:0iso,C17:0anteiso,and C16:0iso predominating. Few species exhibit significant amounts of C16:0.Quinone systemis composed ofcompletely unsaturated or mono‐saturated menaquinones with chain lengths of eight to ten isoprenoic units. Thecell‐wall peptidoglycan contains the diagnostic diamino acid lysinewith several variations in the interpeptide bridge conforming topeptidoglycan type A3αor A4α.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 55–72.

Type species:Arthrobacter globiformis(Conn 1928) Conn and Dimmick 1947, 301AL.
Pasteuria
Authors: Sayre Richard M. , Starr Mortimer P. , Dickson Donald W. , Preston James F. , Giblin‐Davis Robin M. , Noel Gregory R. , Ebert Dieter , Bird George W.
Published: March 2015

Pas.teu'ri.a. N.L. gen. n.Pasteuriaof Pasteur, named after Louis Pasteur, French savant and scientist.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Pasteuriaceae / Pasteuria

Gram‐positive, endospore‐forming bacteria. Propagation following germination within a nematode or cladoceran host proceeds through the formation of rounded to elliptical (termed “cauliflower‐like” by Metchnikoff, 1888) vegetative microcolonies from which “daughter” microcolonies may be formed. The sporogenous cells at the periphery of the colonies are usually attached by narrow “sacrificial” intercalary hyphae that lyse, resulting in developing sporangia arranged in clumps of eight or more, but more often in quartets, triplets, or doublets and, finally, as single teardrop‐shaped or cup‐shaped or rhomboidal mature sporangia. The rounded end of the sporangium encloses a single refractile endospore (1.0–3.0 µm in major dimension), an oblate spheroid, ellipsoidal or almost spherical in shape, usually resistant to desiccation and elevated temperatures (one species has somewhat limited heat tolerance). Nonmotile. Sporangia and microcolonies are endoparasitic in the bodies of freshwater, plant, and soil invertebrates. Axenic cultivation has not been documented, but it can be grown in the laboratory with its invertebrate host. The pathogen is horizontally transmitted via soil or waterborne spores. Infected hosts fail to reproduce.

DNA G+C content(mol%): not known.

Type species:Pasteuria ramosaMetchnikoff 1888, 166AL.
Bacillales
Authors: De Vos Paul
Published: March 2015

Ba.cil.la' les. N.L. masc. n.
Bacillus
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending denoting an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bacillales
the
Bacillus
order.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales
Heparin‐Engineered Mesoporous Iron Metal‐Organic Framework Nanoparticles: Toward Stealth Drug Nanocarriers
Authors: Bellido Elena , Hidalgo Tania , Lozano Maria Victoria , Guillevic Mazheva , Simón‐Vázquez Rosana , Santander‐Ortega Manuel J. , González‐Fernández África , Serre Christian , Alonso Maria J. , Horcajada Patricia
Published: March 2015

The specific modification of the outer surface of the promising porous metal‐organic framework nanocarriers (nanoMOFs) preserving their characteristic porosity is still a major challenge. Here a simple, fast, and biofriendly method for the external functionalization of the benchmarked mesoporous iron(III) trimesate nanoparticles MIL‐100(Fe) with heparin, a biopolymer associated with longer‐blood circulation times is reported. First, the coated nanoparticles showed intact crystalline structure and porosity with improved colloidal stability under simulated physiological conditions, preserving in addition its encapsulation and controlled release capacities. The effect of the heparin coating on the nanoMOF interactions with the biological environment is evaluated through cell uptake, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, cytokine production, complement activation, and protein adsorption analysis. These results confirmed that the heparin coating endowed the nanoMOFs with improved biological properties, such as reduced cell recognition, lack of complement activation, and reactive oxygen species production. Overall, the ability to coat the surface of the nanoMOFs using a simple and straight‐forward approach could be taken as a way to enhance the versatility and, thus, the potential of porous MOF nanoparticles in biomedicine.
Aminopalladation‐Triggered Carbene Insertion Reaction: Synthesis of 2‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐yl)acetates
Authors: Hu Ziwei , Luo Shuang , Zhu Qiang
Published: March 2015

The first example of a nucleopalladation‐triggered carbene insertion reaction for the synthesis of C‐3 alkylated indole derivatives from ortho‐alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides and α‐diazoacetates is presented; it involves a palladium catalyst and a weak base in the open air. Yields range from 49–88% with excellent functional group tolerance. The reaction proceeds through intramolecular aminopalladation of alkynes followed by carbene insertion. Migratory insertion of the carbene into the σ‐indolylpalladium intermediate was favored over NH insertion.

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Organoselenium‐Catalyzed Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones by Hydrogen Peroxide to Access Vinyl Esters
Authors: Zhang Xu , Ye Jianqing , Yu Lei , Shi Xinkang , Zhang Ming , Xu Qing , Lautens Mark
Published: March 2015

By carefully screening the organoselenium pre‐catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, simple dibenzyl diselenide was found to be the best pre‐catalyst for Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones with the green oxidant hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. The organoselenium catalyst used in this reaction could be recycled and reused several times. This new method was suitable not only for methyl unsaturated ketones, but also for alkyl and aryl unsaturated ketones. Therefore, it provided a direct, mild, practical, highly functional group‐tolerant process for the chemoselective preparation of the versatile (E)‐vinyl esters from the readily available (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones. A possible mechanism was also proposed to rationalize the activity of the organoselenium catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in this Baeyer–Villiger oxidation reaction.

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A 75‐year pictorial history of the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony
Authors: Kessler Matthew J. , Rawlins Richard G.
Published: March 2015

This article presents a pictorial history of the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of its establishment by Clarence R. Carpenter in December 1938. It is based on a presentation made by the authors at the symposium, Cayo Santiago: 75 Years of Leadership in Translational Research, held at the 36th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 20 June 2013. Am. J. Primatol. 78:6–43, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Falling‐Solid Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis: An Efficient Preparation of Arylacetylenes
Authors: Wentrup Curt , Becker Jürgen , Winter Hans‐Wilhelm
Published: March 2015

Automated falling‐solid flash vacuum pyrolysis allows the rapid and efficient synthesis of a variety of arylacetylenes from 4‐arylmethylidene‐5(4H)‐isoxazolone derivatives, which were prepared from aldehyde precursors. The acetylenes are readily obtained in multigram quantities.
Solution‐Based Synthesis of Layered Intergrowth Compounds of the Homologous PbmBi2nTe3n+m Series as Nanosheets
Authors: Chatterjee Arindom , Biswas Kanishka
Published: March 2015

Layered intergrowth compounds in the homologous PbmBi2nTe3n+m family are interesting because they are examples of natural heterostructures. We present a simple solution‐based synthesis of two‐dimensional nanosheets of PbBi2Te4, Pb2Bi2Te5, and PbBi6Te10 layered intergrowth compounds, which are members of the PbmBi2nTe3n+m [that is, (PbTe)m(Bi2Te3)n] homologous series. Few‐layer nanosheets exhibit narrow optical band gaps (0.25–0.7 eV) with semiconducting electronic‐transport properties.
Bioactivation of loxoprofen to a pharmacologically active metabolite and its disposition kinetics in human skin
Authors: Sawamura Ryoko , Sakurai Hidetaka , Wada Naoya , Nishiya Yumi , Honda Tomoyo , Kazui Miho , Kurihara Atsushi , Shinagawa Akira , Izumi Takashi
Published: March 2015

Loxoprofen (LX) is a prodrug‐type non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug which is used not only as an oral drug but also as a transdermal formulation. As a pharmacologically active metabolite, the trans‐alcohol form of LX (trans‐OH form) is generated after oral administration to humans. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the generation of the trans‐OH form in human in vitro skin and to identify the predominant enzyme for its generation. In the permeation and metabolism study using human in vitro skin, both the permeation of LX and the formation of the trans‐OH form increased in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner after the application of LX gel to the skin. In addition, the characteristics of permeation and metabolism of both LX and the trans‐OH form were examined by a mathematical pharmacokinetic model. The Km value was calculated to be 10.3 mm in the human in vitro skin. The predominant enzyme which generates the trans‐OH form in human whole skin was identified to be carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) by immunodepletion using the anti‐human CBR1 antibody. The results of the enzyme kinetic study using the recombinant human CBR1 protein demonstrated that the Km and Vmax values were 7.30 mm and 402 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. In addition, it was found that no unknown metabolites were generated in the human in vitro skin. This is the first report in which LX is bioactivated to the trans‐OH form in human skin by CBR1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do wild carnivores forage for prey or for nutrients?
Authors: Kohl Kevin D. , Coogan Sean C. P. , Raubenheimer David
Published: March 2015

A widespread perception is that carnivores are limited by the amount of prey that can be captured rather than their nutritional quality, and thus have no need to regulate macronutrient balance. Contrary to this view, recent laboratory studies show macronutrient‐specific food selection by both invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and in some cases also associated performance benefits. The question thus arises of whether wild predators might likewise feed selectively according to the macronutrient content of prey. Here we review laboratory studies demonstrating the regulation of macronutrient intake by invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and address the question of whether this is likely to also occur in the wild. We conclude that it is highly likely that wild predators select prey or selectively feed on body parts according to their macronutrient composition, a possibility that could have significant implications for ecological and foraging theory, as well as applied wildlife conservation and management.
A Murine Monoclonal Antibody to Glycogen: Characterization of Epitope‐Fine Specificity by Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR Spectroscopy and Its Use in Mycobacterial Capsular α‐Glucan Research
Authors: van de Weerd Robert , Berbís M. Alvaro , Sparrius Marrion , Maaskant Janneke J. , Boot Maikel , Paauw Nanne J. , de Vries Nadine , Boon Louis , Baba Otto , Cañada F. Javier , Geurtsen Jeroen , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Appelmelk Ben J.
Published: March 2015

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a major pathogen responsible for 1.5 million deaths annually. This bacterium is characterized by a highly unusual and impermeable cell envelope, which plays a key role in mycobacterial survival and virulence. Although many studies have focused on the composition and functioning of the mycobacterial cell envelope, the capsular α‐glucan has received relatively minor attention. Here we show that a murine monoclonal antibody (Mab) directed against glycogen cross‐reacts with mycobacterial α‐glucans, polymers of α(1–4)‐linked glucose residues with α(1–6)‐branch points. We identified the Mab epitope specificity by saturation transfer difference NMR and show that the α(1–4)‐linked glucose residues are important in glucan–Mab interaction. The minimal epitope is formed by (linear) maltotriose. Notably, a Mycobacterium mutant lacking the branching enzyme GlgB does not react with the Mab; this suggests that the α(1–6)‐branches form part of the epitope. These seemingly conflicting data can be explained by the fact that in the mutant the linear form of the α‐glucan (amylose) is insoluble. This Mab was subsequently used to develop several techniques helpful in capsular α‐glucan research. By using a capsular glucan‐screening methodology based on this Mab we were able to identify several unknown genes involved in capsular α‐glucan biogenesis. Additionally, we developed two methods for the detection of capsular α‐glucan levels. This study therefore opens new ways to study capsular α‐glucan and to identify possible targets for further research.
Enzymatic Enantioselective Decarboxylative Protonation of Heteroaryl Malonates
Authors: Lewin Ross , Goodall Mark , Thompson Mark L. , Leigh James , Breuer Michael , Baldenius Kai , Micklefield Jason
Published: March 2015

The enzyme aryl/alkenyl malonate decarboxylase (AMDase) catalyses the enantioselective decarboxylative protonation (EDP) of a range of disubstituted malonic acids to give homochiral carboxylic acids that are valuable synthetic intermediates. AMDase exhibits a number of advantages over the non‐enzymatic EDP methods developed to date including higher enantioselectivity and more environmentally benign reaction conditions. In this report, AMDase and engineered variants have been used to produce a range of enantioenriched heteroaromatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids, including pharmaceutical precursors, from readily accessible α‐hydroxymalonates. The enzymatic method described here represents an improvement upon existing synthetic chemistry methods that have been used to produce similar compounds. The relationship between the structural features of these new substrates and the kinetics associated with their enzymatic decarboxylation is explored, which offers further insight into the mechanism of AMDase.
Photochromism Emergence in N‐Salicylidene p‐Aminobenzenesulfonate Diallylammonium Salts
Authors: Jacquemin Pierre‐Loïc , Robeyns Koen , Devillers Michel , Garcia Yann
Published: March 2015

N‐Salicylidene p‐aminobenzenesulfonate salts were prepared by in situ condensation of p‐aminobenzenesulfonate diallylammonium salt and salicylaldehyde. Modulation of thermo‐ and photochromism was achieved by varying the alkyl chain length of the diallylammonium counter‐cation. A structural–optical properties investigation reveals that both crystal packing and dihedral angle between aromatic rings of the N‐salicylidene aniline switch are not sufficient to predict the occurrence of photochromism in the solid state. The available free space around the N‐salicylidene p‐aminobenzenesulfonate, in addition to the flexibility of the nearby environment, is shown to be of major importance for the cis→trans isomerisation to occur as well as for the stabilisation of the trans‐keto form. Emergence of photochromic properties was determined from the diallylhexylammonium cation within the series of investigated counter‐cations. High stability is observed for the trans‐keto form of one polymorph of N‐salicylidene p‐aminobenzenesulfonate diallylhexylammonium salt (k=2.4×10−7 s−1).
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Mediated Aglycone Delivery (HAD): A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐cis α‐D‐Glucosides from Common Glycosyl Donors in the Presence of Bromine
Authors: Yasomanee Jagodige P. , Demchenko Alexei V.
Published: March 2015

Described herein is the expansion of the picoloyl protecting‐group assisted H‐bond mediated aglycone delivery (HAD) method recently introduced by our laboratory. At first it was noticed that high α‐stereoselectivity is only obtained with S‐ethyl glycosyl donors and only in the presence of dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DMTST), in high dilution, and low temperature. Combining the mechanistic studies of the HAD reaction and bromine‐promoted glycosylations allowed a very effective method to be devised that allows for highly stereoselective α‐glycosidation of practically all common leaving groups (S‐phenyl, S‐tolyl, S/O‐imidates) at regular concentrations and ambient temperature.
Heteronuclear 3 d/DyIII Coordination Clusters as Catalysts in a Domino Reaction
Authors: Griffiths Kieran , Gallop Christopher W. D. , Abdul‐Sada Alaa , Vargas Alfredo , Navarro Oscar , Kostakis George E.
Published: March 2015

Three isoskeletal tetranuclear coordination clusters with general formula [MII2DyIII2L4(EtOH)6](ClO4)2⋅2 EtOH, (M=Co, 1; M=Ni, 2) and [NiII2DyIII2L4Cl2(CH3CN)2]⋅2 CH3CN (3), have been synthesized and characterized. These air‐stable compounds, and in particular 3, display efficient homogeneous catalytic behavior in the room‐temperature synthesis of trans‐4,5‐diaminocyclopent‐2‐enones from 2‐furaldehyde and primary or secondary amines under a non‐inert atmosphere.
Intraoperative consultation on pediatric central nervous system tumors by squash cytology
Authors: Lacruz César R. , Catalina‐Fernández Inmaculada , Bardales Ricardo H. , Pimentel José , López‐Presa Dolores , Sáenz‐Santamaría Javier
Published: March 2015

Squash cytology (SC) is a very useful procedure during neurosurgical intraoperative consultation (IOC), and it is especially recommended for the evaluation of soft tumors or tumors that are highly cellular (just the characteristics of pediatric central nervous system [CNS] tumors). The aim of this review is to familiarize pathologists with the range of cytomorphologic appearances that can occur during IOC for pediatric CNS tumors and with the diagnostic dilemmas and pitfalls encountered in this setting. This article is based on the medical literature and the authors' experience with a large series of cases accrued over a 12‐year period at 3 institutions. SC is a specially recommended procedure in IOC for pediatric CNS tumors; it reveals the fine cellular details and background features in a manner not seen in corresponding frozen sections. Indeed, a differential diagnosis between histologically look‐alike processes can be achieved with more confidence if SC is employed. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:331–46. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Neuroarchitecture and neuroanatomy of the Drosophila central complex: A GAL4‐based dissection of protocerebral bridge neurons and circuits
Authors: Wolff Tanya , Iyer Nirmala A. , Rubin Gerald M.
Published: March 2015

Insects exhibit an elaborate repertoire of behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. The central complex plays a key role in combining various modalities of sensory information with an insect's internal state and past experience to select appropriate responses. Progress has been made in understanding the broad spectrum of outputs from the central complex neuropils and circuits involved in numerous behaviors. Many resident neurons have also been identified. However, the specific roles of these intricate structures and the functional connections between them remain largely obscure. Significant gains rely on obtaining a comprehensive catalog of the neurons and associated GAL4 lines that arborize within these brain regions, and on mapping neuronal pathways connecting these structures. To this end, small populations of neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster central complex were stochastically labeled using the multicolor flip‐out technique and a catalog was created of the neurons, their morphologies, trajectories, relative arrangements, and corresponding GAL4 lines. This report focuses on one structure of the central complex, the protocerebral bridge, and identifies just 17 morphologically distinct cell types that arborize in this structure. This work also provides new insights into the anatomical structure of the four components of the central complex and its accessory neuropils. Most strikingly, we found that the protocerebral bridge contains 18 glomeruli, not 16, as previously believed. Revised wiring diagrams that take into account this updated architectural design are presented. This updated map of the Drosophila central complex will facilitate a deeper behavioral and physiological dissection of this sophisticated set of structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:997–1037, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential expression patterns of K+/Cl− cotransporter 2 in neurons within the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rats
Authors: Javdani Fariba , Holló Krisztina , Hegedűs Krisztina , Kis Gréta , Hegyi Zoltán , Dócs Klaudia , Kasugai Yu , Fukazawa Yugo , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Antal Miklós
Published: March 2015

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ and glycine‐mediated hyperpolarizing inhibition is associated with a chloride influx that depends on the inwardly directed chloride electrochemical gradient. In neurons, the extrusion of chloride from the cytosol primarily depends on the expression of an isoform of potassium–chloride cotransporters (KCC2s). KCC2 is crucial in the regulation of the inhibitory tone of neural circuits, including pain processing neural assemblies. Thus we investigated the cellular distribution of KCC2 in neurons underlying pain processing in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rats by using high‐resolution immunocytochemical methods. We demonstrated that perikarya and dendrites widely expressed KCC2, but axon terminals proved to be negative for KCC2. In single ultrathin sections, silver deposits labeling KCC2 molecules showed different densities on the surface of dendritic profiles, some of which were negative for KCC2. In freeze fracture replicas and tissue sections double stained for the β3‐subunit of GABAA receptors and KCC2, GABAA receptors were revealed on dendritic segments with high and also with low KCC2 densities. By measuring the distances between spots immunoreactive for gephyrin (a scaffolding protein of GABAA and glycine receptors) and KCC2 on the surface of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor‐immunoreactive dendrites, we found that gephyrin‐immunoreactive spots were located at various distances from KCC2 cotransporters; 5.7 % of them were recovered in the middle of 4–10‐µm‐long dendritic segments that were free of KCC2 immunostaining. The variable local densities of KCC2 may result in variable postsynaptic potentials evoked by the activation of GABAA and glycine receptors along the dendrites of spinal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1967–1983, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Benzyl Alcohol Initiated by OH Radicals: The Addition Channels
Authors: Wang Liming
Published: March 2015

Benzyl alcohol (BA) is present in indoor atmospheres, where it reacts with OH radicals and undergoes further oxidation. A theoretical study is carried out to elucidate the reaction mechanism and to identify the main products of the oxidation of BA that is initiated by OH radicals. The reaction is found to proceed by H‐abstraction from the CH2 group (25 %) and addition to the ipso (60 %) and ortho (15 %) positions of the aromatic ring. The BA–OH adducts react further with O2 via the bicyclic radical intermediates—the same way as for benzene—forming mainly 3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxopropanal and butenedial. If NOx is low, the bicyclic peroxy radicals undergo intramolecular H‐migration, forming products containing OH, OOH, and CH2OH/CHO functional groups, and contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation.
Ebf2 is required for development of dopamine neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter of mouse
Authors: Yang Qiaoqiao , Liu Shuxi , Yin Min , Yin Yanqing , Zhou Guomin , Zhou Jiawei
Published: March 2015

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) play critical roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes including sleep‐wake rhyme, antinociception, and drug addiction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their development are poorly understood. Here, we showed that PAG DA neurons arose as early as E15.5 in mouse embryos. During the prenatal period, the majority of PAG DA neurons was distributed in the intermediate and caudal regions of the PAG. In the postnatal brain, ∼50% of PAG DA neurons were preferentially located in the caudal portion of the PAG. Moreover, transcription factor early B‐cell factor 2 (Ebf2) was transiently expressed in a subset of DA neurons in embryonic ventral mesencephalon. Functional analysis revealed that loss of Ebf2 in vivo caused a marked reduction in the number of DA neurons in the midbrain PAG but not in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Thus, Ebf2 is identified as a novel and important regulator selectively required for midbrain PAG DA neuron development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1282–1294, 2015
Phenotypic differences of CD4+ T cells in response to red blood cell immunization in transfused sickle cell disease patients
Authors: Vingert Benoît , Tamagne Marie , Habibi Anoosha , Pakdaman Sadaf , Ripa Julie , Elayeb Rahma , Galacteros Frédéric , Bierling Philippe , Ansart‐Pirenne Hélène , Bartolucci Pablo , Noizat‐Pirenne France
Published: March 2015

Alloimmunization against red blood cells (RBCs) is the main immunological risk associated with transfusion in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, about 50–70% of SCD patients never get immunized despite frequent transfusion. In murine models, CD4+ T cells play a key role in RBC alloimmunization. We therefore explored and compared the CD4+ T‐cell phenotypes and functions between a group of SCD patients (n = 11) who never became immunized despite a high transfusion regimen and a group of SCD patients (n = 10) who had become immunized (at least against Kidd antigen b) after a low transfusion regimen. We studied markers of CD4+ T‐cell function, including TLR, that directly control lymphocyte function, and their spontaneous cytokine production. We also tested responders for the cytokine profile in response to Kidd antigen b peptides. Low TLR2/TLR3 expression and, unexpectedly, strong expression of CD40 on CD4+ T cells were associated with the nonresponder status, whereas spontaneous expression of IL‐10 by CD4+ T cells and weak Tbet expression were associated with the responder status. A Th17 profile was predominant in responders when stimulated by Jbk. These findings implicate CD4+ T cells in alloimmunization in humans and suggest that they may be exploited to differentiate responders from nonresponders.
Reward responsiveness in patients with chronic pain
Authors: Elvemo N.A. , Landrø N.I. , Borchgrevink P.C. , Håberg A.K.
Published: March 2015

Background

It is proposed that changes in reward processing in the brain are involved in the pathophysiology of pain based on experimental studies. The first aim of the present study was to investigate if reward drive and/or reward responsiveness was altered in patients with chronic pain (PCP) compared to controls matched for education, age and sex. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between reward processing and nucleus accumbens volume in PCP and controls. Nucleus accumbens is central in reward processing and its structure has been shown to be affected by chronic pain conditions in previous studies.

Methods

Reward drive and responsiveness were assessed with the Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Activation Scale, and nucleus accumbens volumes obtained from T1‐weighted brain MRIs obtained at 3T in 19 PCP of heterogeneous aetiologies and 20 age‐, sex‐ and education‐matched healthy controls. Anhedonia was assessed with Beck's Depression Inventory II.

Results

The PCP group had significantly reduced scores on the reward responsiveness, but not reward drive. There was a trend towards smaller nucleus accumbens volume in the PCP compared to control group. There was a significant positive partial correlation between reward responsiveness and nucleus accumbens volume in the PCP group adjusted for anhedonia, which was significantly different from the same relationship in the control group.

Conclusions

Reward responsiveness is reduced in chronic pain patients of heterogeneous aetiology, and this reduction was associated with nucleus accumbens volume. Reduced reward responsiveness could be a marker of chronic pain vulnerability, and may indicate reduced opioid function.
Investigation of Printing‐Based Graded Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Bottenfield Christian G. , Wei Fanan , Park Hui Joon , Guo L. Jay , Li Guangyong
Published: March 2015

A 2‐step method involving the evaporation of solvent through surface encapsulation and induced alignment (ESSENCIAL) has been used to create a compositionally graded active layer of interspersed acceptor and donor domains by printing‐based technologies, which can be used to fabricate solar cells with higher performance than that from traditional bulk heterojunction fabrication methods. Herein, to clarify the fundamental mechanism of the performance improvement, a multi‐scale simulation has been conducted to compare solar cells resulting from these two types of processing. The multi‐scale simulation identified the underlying improvements of the ESSENCIAL morphology over traditional morphologies. Monte Carlo simulations obtained higher hole‐mobility values and lower monomolecular recombination rates for the ESSENCIAL‐fabricated cells that, in conjunction with the optical and electrical components, showed higher short‐circuit currents, fill factors, and efficiencies, as indicated experimentally. The simulation offers the unique ability to model the varied active layer compositions and elucidate the underlying solar cell physics of complex morphologies.
Sustainable CO2Adsorbents Prepared by Coating Chitosan onto Mesoporous Silicas for Large‐Scale Carbon Capture Technology
Authors: Sneddon Gregor , Ganin Alexey Y. , Yiu Humphrey H. P.
Published: March 2015

In this article, we report a new sustainable synthesis procedure for manufacturing chitosan/silica CO2adsorbents. Chitosan is a naturally abundant material and contains amine functionality, which is essential for selective CO2adsorptions. It is, therefore, ideally suited for manufacturing CO2adsorbents on a large scale. By coating chitosan onto high‐surface‐area mesoporous silica supports, including commercial fumed silica (an economical and accessible reagent) and synthetic SBA‐15 and MCF silicas, we have prepared a new family of CO2adsorbents, which have been fully characterised with nitrogen adsorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. These adsorbents have achieved a significant CO2adsorption capacity of up to 0.98 mmol g−1at ambient conditions (P=1 atm andT=25 °C). The materials can also be fully regenerated/recycled on demand at temperatures as low as 75 °C with a >85 % retention of the adsorption capacity after 4 cycles, which makes them promising candidates for advanced CO2capture, storage and utilisation technology.
Do water quality criteria based on nonnative species provide appropriate protection for native species?
Authors: Jin Xiaowei , Wang Zijian , Wang Yeyao , Lv Yibing , Rao Kaifeng , Jin Wei , Giesy John P. , Leung Kenneth M. Y.
Published: March 2015

The potential use of toxicity data for nonnative species to derive water quality criteria is controversial because it is sometimes questioned whether criteria based on species from one geographical region provide appropriate protection for species in a different region. However, this is an important concept for the development of Chinese water quality criteria or standards. Data were assembled on 38 chemicals for which values were available for both native and nonnative species. Sensitivities of these organisms were compared based on the 5% hazardous concentration values and the species sensitivity distribution from a literature review. Results of the present study's analysis showed that there is approximately 74% certainty that use of nonnative species to generate water quality criteria would be sufficiently protective of aquatic ecosystems in China. Without applying any assessment factor to the water quality criteria generated from nonnative species, the uncertainty would be 26% when the native Chinese species might be under protection. Applying an assessment factor of 10 would offer adequate protection to native Chinese species for approximately 90% of tested chemicals and thus reduce the uncertainty from 26% to 10%. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1793–1798. © 2015 SETAC
Amino acid profile and oxidizable vitamin content of Synsepalum dulcificum berry (miracle fruit) pulp
Authors: Njoku Njideka E. , Ubbaonu Collins N. , Alagbaoso Serah O. , Eluchie Chioma N. , Umelo Munachiso C.
Published: March 2015

The amino acid profile of the Synsepalum dulcificum berry was studied. Among the essential amino acid observed, leucine (2.35 g/100 g protein) was the highest while methionine (0.31 g/100 g protein) was the lowest. The nonessential amino acids were also discovered, with glutamic acid (3.43 g/100 g protein) being the highest and glycine (0.38 g/100 g protein), the lowest. The study of the oxidizable vitamins revealed that vitamin C (1.33 mg/100 g) was more abundant than vitamin A (2.54 µg) and vitamin E (0.78 mg/100 g). This information will hopefully enhance the fruits acceptability by more people and thus, generally promote its utilization and appreciation in our diets.
In vitro evaluation of digestive and endolysosomal enzymes to cleave CML‐modified Ara h 1 peptides
Authors: Mattison Christopher P. , Dinter Jens , Berberich Matthew J. , Chung Si‐Yin , Reed Shawndrika S. , Le Gall Sylvie , Grimm Casey C.
Published: March 2015

Ara h 1 is a major peanut allergen. Processing‐induced modifications may modulate the allergenic potency of Ara h 1. Carboxymethyl lysine (CML) modifications are a commonly described nonenzymatic modification on food proteins. In the current study, we tested the ability of digestive and endolysosomal proteases to cleave CML‐modified and unmodified Ara h 1 peptides. Mass spectrometric analyses of the digested peptides demonstrate that carboxymethylation of lysine residues renders these peptides refractory to trypsin digestion. We did not detect observable differences in the simulated gastric fluid or endolysosomal digestion between the parental and CML‐modified peptides. One of the tested peptides contains a lysine residue previously shown to be CML modified laying in a previously mapped linear IgE epitope, but we did not observe a difference in IgE binding between the modified and parental peptides. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the increased resistance of peanut allergens modified by thermal processing, such as Ara h 1, to digestion in intestinal fluid after heating and could help explain how food processing‐induced modifications may lead to more potent food allergens by acting to protect intact IgE epitopes from digestion by proteases targeting lysine residues.
Effect of packaging materials on the chemical composition and microbiological quality of edible mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on cassava peels
Authors: Ajayi Oluwakemi , Obadina Adewale , Idowu Micheal , Adegunwa Mojisola , Kajihausa Olatundun , Sanni Lateef , Asagbra Yemisi , Ashiru Bolanle , Tomlins Keith
Published: March 2015

Edible fungi such as mushrooms are highly perishable and deteriorate few days after harvest due to its high moisture content and inability to maintain their physiological status. In this study, the effect of packaging materials on the nutritional composition of mushroom cultivated from cassava peels was investigated. Mushroom samples were dried at 50°C in a cabinet dryer for 8 h. The dried mushroom samples packaged in four different packaging materials; high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), laminated aluminum foil (LAF), high density polyethylene under vacuum (HDPEV) were stored at freezing (0°C) temperatures for 12 weeks. Samples were collected at 2‐week intervals and analyzed for proximate composition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, ash, moisture), mineral content (calcium, potassium), vitamin C content, and microbiological qualities (total aerobic count, Pseudomonal count, Coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Salmonella count) using the standard laboratory procedures. Carbohydrate, protein, fat content of dried mushrooms packaged in HDPE at freezing temperature ranged from 45.2% to 53.5%, 18.0% to 20.3%, and 3.2% to 4.3%, while mushrooms in polypropylene ranged from 45.2% to 53.5%, 18.5% to 20.3%, 2.6% to 4.3%. Carbohydrate, protein, fat of mushroom in LAF ranged from 47.8% to 53.5%, 17.3% to 20.3%, and 3.3% to 4.3%, respectively, while carbohydrate, protein, fat of mushroom in HDPEV ranged from 51.1% to 53.5%, 19.5% to 20.3%, and 3.5% to 4.3%. Microbiological analysis showed that total aerobic count, Pseudomonal count, and Staphyloccocal count of dried mushroom ranged from 2.3 to 3.8 log cfu/g, 0.6 to 1.1 log cfu/g, and 0.4 to 0.5 log cfu/g, respectively. In conclusion, dried mushroom in HDPE packaged under vacuum at freezing temperature retained the nutritional constituents than those packaged with other packaging materials.
The Return–Volatility Relation in Commodity Futures Markets
Authors: Chiarella Carl , Kang Boda , Nikitopoulos Christina Sklibosios , Tô Thuy‐Duong
Published: March 2015

By employing a continuous time multi‐factor stochastic volatility model, the dynamic relation between returns and volatility in the commodity futures markets is analyzed. The model is estimated by using an extensive database of gold and crude oil futures and futures options. A positive relation in the gold futures market and a negative relation in the crude oil futures market subsist, especially over periods of high volatility principally driven by market‐wide shocks. The opposite relation holds over quiet periods typically driven by commodity‐specific effects. According to the proposed convenience yield effect, normal (inverted) commodity futures markets entail a negative (positive) relation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:127–152, 2016
A review of the global pesticide legislation and the scale of challenge in reaching the global harmonization of food safety standards
Authors: Handford Caroline E , Elliott Christopher T , Campbell Katrina
Published: March 2015

Pesticide use is important in agriculture to protect crops and improve productivity. However, pesticides have the potential to cause adverse human health or environmental effects, depending on exposure levels. This review examines existing pesticide legislation worldwide, focusing on the level of harmonization and impacts of differing legislation on food safety and trade. Pesticide legislation varies greatly worldwide, because countries have different requirements, guidelines, and legal limits for plant protection. Developed nations have more stringent regulations than developing countries, which lack the resources and expertise to adequately implement and enforce legislation. Global differences in pesticide legislation act as a technical barrier to trade. International parties such as the European Union (EU), Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have attempted to harmonize pesticide legislation by providing maximum residue limits (MRLs), but globally these limits remain variable. Globally harmonized pesticide standards would serve to increase productivity, profits, and trade and also enhance the ability to protect public health and the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;9999:1–12. © 2015 SETAC

Key Points

At present, pesticide legislation is developed and enforced on a national basis, with developed nations having more stringent regulations than developing countries. Global differences in pesticide regulations act as a technical barrier to trade. International parties have attempted to harmonize pesticide legislation. Single, globally acceptable pesticide standards are desirable to increase productivity, profits and trade, and protect public health and the environment.