bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A conditional Berry–Esseen inequality
Authors: Klein Thierry , Lagnoux Agnés , Petit Pierre
Published: July 2019

As an extension of a central limit theorem established by Svante Janson, we prove a Berry–Esseen inequality for a sum of independent and identically distributed random variables conditioned by a sum of independent and identically distributed integer-valued random variables.
The perceived mapping between form and meaning in American Sign Language depends on linguistic knowledge and task: evidence from iconicity and transparency judgments
Authors: SEVCIKOVA SEHYR ZED , EMMOREY KAREN
Published: July 2019

abstract

Iconicity is often defined as the resemblance between a form and a given meaning, while transparency is defined as the ability to infer a given meaning based on the form. This study examined the influence of knowledge of American Sign Language (ASL) on the perceived iconicity of signs and the relationship between iconicity, transparency (correctly guessed signs), ‘perceived transparency’ (transparency ratings of the guesses), and ‘semantic potential’ (the diversity (H index) of guesses). Experiment 1 compared iconicity ratings by deaf ASL signers and hearing non-signers for 991 signs from the ASL-LEX database. Signers and non-signers’ ratings were highly correlated; however, the groups provided different iconicity ratings for subclasses of signs: nouns vs. verbs, handling vs. entity, and one- vs. two-handed signs. In Experiment 2, non-signers guessed the meaning of 430 signs and rated them for how transparent their guessed meaning would be for others. Only 10% of guesses were correct. Iconicity ratings correlated with transparency (correct guesses), perceived transparency ratings, and semantic potential (H index). Further, some iconic signs were perceived as non-transparent and vice versa. The study demonstrates that linguistic knowledge mediates perceived iconicity distinctly from gesture and highlights critical distinctions between iconicity, transparency (perceived and objective), and semantic potential.
Sociological Jurisprudence Past and Present
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z.
Published: July 2019

Through the mid-twentieth century, jurisprudents considered sociological jurisprudence to be one of the most influential theories of law in the United States. By end of the century, however, it had virtually disappeared. The publication of Roger Cotterrell’sSociological Jurisprudence: Juristic Thought and Social Inquiry(2018) provides an occasion to examine what this theory of law was about, why it disappeared, and its prospects for revival. The topics covered in this essay are the circumstances surrounding the origin of sociological jurisprudence, the tenets of sociological jurisprudence, the successes of sociological jurisprudence, its relationship with sociology of law, its relationship with legal realism, its place in contemporary jurisprudence, and finally, the need to keep jurisprudence open.
A newCosmocercoidesspecies (Ascaridida: Cosmocercidae),C. wuyiensisn. sp., from the Asiatic frogAmolops wuyiensis(Amphibia: Anura)
Authors: Liu Y. , Yu Q. , Shu Y.-L. , Zhao J.-H. , Fang J.-Y. , Wu H.-L.
Published: July 2019

We identified and characterized a new cosmocercid nematode species,Cosmocercoides wuyiensisn. sp., through microscopic examination and sequencing of the partial small ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (COI) genes. The new species was isolated from the intestine of the Asiatic frogAmolops wuyiensisLiu and Hu, 1975 captured from four localities of the Anhui province in south-east China. Among the 25 recorded species of theCosmocercoidesgenus, the morphology ofC. wuyiensisn. sp. is closest to that ofC. kiliwaiandC. malayensis, which were isolated from various Mexican frog and Malaysian lizard species, respectively. However,C. wuyiensisn. sp. displayed several distinguishing features, such as small size of the male body, two spicules of unequal lengths in the male, small gubernaculum, pre-, ad- and post-cloacal caudal rosette papillae in the ratio of 18–24:2:6 and simple papillae in the ratio of 14:multiple:4, circle and number of punctation in each rosette at 1:11–16, sharply conical tail-end and the presence of lateral alae and somatic papillae in both sexes. BLAST and the phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rDNA and ITS sequences indicated thatC. wuyiensisn. sp. belonged to the genusCosmocercoides, while that of the COI gene sequence ofC. wuyiensisn. sp. showed 16.36% nucleotide divergence withC. pulcherand 47.99% nucleotide divergence withC. qingtianensis.The morphological and molecular characterization ofC. wuyiensisn. sp. provides new taxonomic data for this genus.
Triforce and corners
Authors: FOX JACOB , SAH ASHWIN , SAWHNEY MEHTAAB , STONER DAVID , ZHAO YUFEI
Published: July 2019

May the triforce be the 3-uniform hypergraph on six vertices with edges {123′, 12′3, 1′23}. We show that the minimum triforce density in a 3-uniform hypergraph of edge density δ is δ4–o(1) but not O(δ4).

Let M(δ) be the maximum number such that the following holds: for every ∊ > 0 and $G = {\mathbb{F}}_2^n$ with n sufficiently large, if A ⊆ G × G with A ≥ δ|G|2, then there exists a nonzero “popular difference” d ∈ G such that the number of “corners” (x, y), (x + d, y), (x, y + d) ∈ A is at least (M(δ)–∊)|G|2. As a corollary via a recent result of Mandache, we conclude that M(δ) = δ4–o(1) and M(δ) = ω(δ4).

On the other hand, for 0 < δ < 1/2 and sufficiently large N, there exists A ⊆ [N]3 with |A| ≥ δN3 such that for every d ≠ 0, the number of corners (x, y, z), (x + d, y, z), (x, y + d, z), (x, y, z + d) ∈ A is at most δc log(1/δ)N3. A similar bound holds in higher dimensions, or for any configuration with at least 5 points or affine dimension at least 3.
Securitizing Xinjiang: Police Recruitment, Informal Policing and Ethnic Minority Co-optation
Authors: Zenz Adrian , Leibold James
Published: July 2019

Following a series of high-profile attacks in Beijing, Kunming and Urumqi by Uyghur militants, the Chinese party-state declared a “war on terror” in 2014. Since then, China's Xinjiang region has witnessed an unprecedented build-up of what we describe as a multi-tiered police force, turning it into one of the most heavily policed regions in the world. This article investigates the securitization of Xinjiang through an analysis of official police recruitment documents. Informal police jobs, which represent the backbone of recent recruitment drives, have historically carried inferior pay levels. Yet, advertised assistant police positions in Xinjiang now offer high salaries despite low educational requirements, thereby attracting lesser-educated applicants, many of whom are ethnic minorities. Besides co-opting Uyghurs into policing their own people, the resulting employment is in itself a significant stability maintenance strategy. While the known numbers of violent attacks have subsided, China's heavy-handed securitization approach risks alienating both minority and Han populations.
Language choice and gender in a Nordic social media corpus
Authors: Coats Steven
Published: July 2019

This study analyzes language choice, bi- and multilingualism, and gender in a corpus of over 22 million Twitter messages by almost 36,000 authors from the Nordic countries and territories. Author location, gender, and tweet language are identified using a novel method. Three principal findings are discussed: First, gendered preference for particular languages in the Nordics can be explained in part by patterns of gendered migration. Second, a distinct geographical pattern of female/male preference for the national languages of the region and for English is evident for users who are likely native users of a Nordic language: Females are more likely to use English, while males are more likely to use a Nordic language. Third, while high rates of bi- and multilingualism are found across the whole sample, males are more likely to use more than one language in all the Nordic countries/territories. The latter two findings are interpreted in light of sociolinguistic considerations as evidence for incipient language shift towards English for Nordic users on the Twitter platform.
Transactional relations between early child temperament, structured parenting, and child outcomes: A three-wave longitudinal study
Authors: Liu Pan , Kryski Katie R. , Smith Heather J. , Joanisse Marc F. , Hayden Elizabeth P.
Published: July 2019

While child self-regulation is shaped by the environment (e.g., the parents’ caregiving behaviors), children also play an active role in influencing the care they receive, indicating that children's individual differences should be integrated in models relating early care to children's development. We assessed 409 children's observed temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI), effortful control (EC), and the primary caregiver's parenting at child ages 3 and 5. Parents reported on child behavior problems at child ages 3, 5, and 8. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine relations between child temperament and parenting in predicting child problems. BI at age 3 was positively associated with structured parenting at age 5, which was negatively related to child internalizing and attention-academic problems at age 8. In contrast, parenting at child age 3 did not predict child BI or EC at age 5, nor did age 3 EC predict parenting at age 5. Findings indicate that child behavior may shape the development of caregiving and, in turn, long-term child adjustment, suggesting that studies of caregiving and child outcomes should consider the role of child temperament toward developing more informative models of child–environment interplay.
Treatability Statements in Serious Illness: The Gap Between What is Said and What is Heard
Authors: BATTEN JASON N. , WONG BONNIE O. , HANKS WILLIAM F. , MAGNUS DAVID C.
Published: July 2019

Empirical work has shown that patients and physicians have markedly divergent understandings of treatability statements (e.g., “This is a treatable condition,” “We have treatments for your loved one”) in the context of serious illness. Patients often understand treatability statements as conveying good news for prognosis and quality of life. In contrast, physicians often do not intend treatability statements to convey improvement in prognosis or quality of life, but merely that a treatment is available. Similarly, patients often understand treatability statements as conveying encouragement to hope and pursue further treatment, though this may not be intended by physicians. This radical divergence in understandings may lead to severe miscommunication. This paper seeks to better understand this divergence through linguistic theory—in particular, H.P. Grice’s notion of conversational implicature. This theoretical approach reveals three levels of meaning of treatability statements: (1) the literal meaning, (2) the physician’s intended meaning, and (3) the patient’s received meaning. The divergence between the physician’s intended meaning and the patient’s received meaning can be understood to arise from the lack of shared experience between physicians and patients, and the differing assumptions that each party makes about conversations. This divergence in meaning raises new and largely unidentified challenges to informed consent and shared decision making in the context of serious illness, which indicates a need for further empirical research in this area.
Self-Inflicted Gunshot Wound as a Consideration in the Patient Selection Process for Facial Transplantation
Authors: MCQUINN MICHELLE W. , KIMBERLY LAURA L. , PARENT BRENDAN , DIAZ-SISO J. RODRIGO , CAPLAN ARTHUR L. , BLITZ AILEEN G. , RODRIGUEZ EDUARDO D.
Published: July 2019

Facial transplantation is emerging as a therapeutic option for self-inflicted gunshot wounds. The self-inflicted nature of this injury raises questions about the appropriate role of self-harm in determining patient eligibility. Potential candidates for facial transplantation undergo extensive psychosocial screening. The presence of a self-inflicted gunshot wound warrants special attention to ensure that a patient is prepared to undergo a demanding procedure that poses significant risk, as well as stringent lifelong management. Herein, we explore the ethics of considering mechanism of injury in the patient selection process, referring to the precedent set forth in solid organ transplantation. We also consider the available evidence regarding outcomes of individuals transplanted for self-inflicted mechanisms of injury in both solid organ and facial transplantation. We conclude that while the presence of a self-inflicted gunshot wound is significant in the overall evaluation of the candidate, it does not on its own warrant exclusion from consideration for a facial transplantation.
In VitroGametogenesis and the Creation of ‘Designer Babies’
Authors: SEGERS SEPPE , PENNINGS GUIDO , DONDORP WYBO , DE WERT GUIDO , MERTES HEIDI
Published: July 2019

Research into the development of stem cell-derived (SCD) gametes in humans, otherwise known asin vitrogametogenesis (IVG), is largely motivated by reproductive aims. Especially, the goal of establishing genetic parenthood by means of SCD-gametes is considered an important aim. However, like other applications in the field of assisted reproduction, this technology evokes worries about the possibility of creating so-called ‘designer babies.’ In this paper, we investigate various ways in which SCD-gametes could be used to create such preference-matched offspring, and what this would mean for the acceptability of IVG, if it is premised that it is morally problematic to ‘design’ offspring. We argue that IVG might facilitate the creation of preference-matched offspring, but conclude that this should not undermine the moral acceptability of IVG altogether—even if one concedes the premise that creating ‘designer babies’ is morally problematic. In the light of this, we also point at a possible inconsistency for a position that condemns the creation of ‘designer offspring,’ while accepting the various endeavors to have genetically related offspring.
Outcome for children following admission to hospital with a first episode of heart failure, due to heart muscle disease, in the ventricular assist device (VAD) era
Authors: Rico-Armada Andres , Crossland David S. , Coats Louise , Reinhardt Zdenka , Hermuzi Anthony , Seller Neil , Hasan Asif , O’Sullivan John J.
Published: July 2019

Aims:

Most reports on the outcome of children who present with heart failure, due to heart muscle disease, are from an era when ventricular assist devices were not available. This study provides outcome data for the current era where prolonged circulatory support can be considered for most children.

Methods & Results:

Data was retrieved on 100 consecutive children, who presented between 2010 – 2016, with a first diagnosis of unexplained heart failure. Hospital outcome was classified as either death, transplantation, recovery of function or persistent heart failure. Median age at presentation was 24 months and 58% were < 5 years old. Hospital mortality was 12% and 59% received a heart transplant. Most, 79%, of the transplants were carried out on patients with a device. Recovery of function was observed in 18% and 10% stabilised on oral therapy. Eighty-four percent of the deaths occurred in the <5 year old group. Shorter duration of support was associated with survival (34 days in survivors versus 106 in non-survivors, p = 0.01) and 72% were on an assist device at time of death.

Conclusion:

Heart failure in children who require referral to a transplant unit is a serious illness with a high chance of either transplantation or death. Modifications in assist devices will be required to improve safety, especially for children < 5 years old where the donor wait may be prolonged. The identification of children who may recover function requires further study.
Data Aggregation as Social Relations: Making Datasets from Self-Tracking Data
Authors: Nafus Dawn
Published: July 2019

Data aggregations are an under-acknowledged site of social relations. The social and technical specifics of how data aggregate are arenas for rich debates about how knowledge ought to be produced, and who should produce it. Consumer goods such as fitness trackers create conditions where data scientists or professional researchers are no longer the only ones making decisions about how to aggregate data. Users of these products also rework their data to discover something medically significant to them. These practices call attention to a modality of ‘scaling up’ datasets about a single person that is different from, and until recently largely invisible to, clinical approaches to big data, which privilege the creation of a ‘bird’s eye’ view across as many people. Both technical questions how to build these aggregations, and social questions of who should be involved, betray broader epistemological issues about how new knowledge is created from electronic devices.
R&D POLICY IN THE ECONOMY WITH STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND HETEROGENEOUS SPILLOVERS
Authors: Bondarev Anton
Published: July 2019

This paper develops an endogenous growth model with doubly differentiated R&D being the growth engine. The model incorporates dynamic structural change and heterogeneous knowledge spillovers. As a result, decentralized economy may exhibit non-monotonic growth paths and declining R&D productivity. Conditions on the knowledge spillover operator granting the existence of balanced growth for first-best and market economies are obtained. Different regulation tools helpful in achieving the sustainable path and their limits are studied.
Political representation of racial minorities in the parliament of Singapore
Authors: Tam Waikeung
Published: July 2019

This research note studies the political representation of racial minorities in Singapore. Specifically, it analyzes whether racial minority members of parliament (MPs) are more likely than Chinese MPs to represent the interests of racial minorities in the Parliament. I answer this question through conducting content analyses of the parliamentary questions raised during the plenary meetings of the 10th–12th Parliament of Singapore (2002–2015). In total, 6,678 questions were asked. Our results show that racial minority MPs were significantly more likely (21.79 times) than Chinese MPs to ask questions related to racial minorities. While this study shows that racial minority MPs were significantly more likely than Chinese MPs to ask questions related to racial minorities, it also highlights the inadequacy of representation of racial minority interests in the Parliament of Singapore. During our period of study, only 1.2% of the total number of parliamentary questions focused on racial minorities. Besides MPs' race, this study finds that partisan affiliation crucially influenced the likelihood of MPs to represent racial minority interests. Political parties played an important role in shaping MPs' representational behavior. Compared to the People's Action Party (PAP) MPs, opposition MPs were significantly more likely to raise racial minority-related questions. One possible explanation could be that opposition MPs used parliamentary questions as an important tool to challenge and criticize the governing party's policies on racial minorities. Another explanation could be that PAP racial minority MPs' first loyalty has to be to the party and government rather than their co-ethnics, given that they are beholden to party elites for their seats.
Risk Factors for Postnatal Depression among Primipara Mothers
Authors: Alzahrani Abdul D.
Published: July 2019

In recent years postnatal depression (PND) has become one of the most important public health issues because of its prevalence. Estimates for those affected by PND suggest a range of 10–15% of new mothers worldwide. In the context of Saudi society, attitudes toward this disorder are influenced by various beliefs, traditions, cultural factors, and values. These variables trigger considerable disparity in terms of frequency of symptoms. The symptoms of postnatal depression vary and can arise over a period of months, causing profound effects on mothers, also effecting mother-baby and broader familial relationships. The current study establishes the rate of occurrence and risk factors for PND in the western region of Saudi Arabia, to build on existing data. In total, 217 new Saudi mothers were recruited and data was collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Scale (EPDS) in conjunction with a self-report questionnaire. Based on recommendations in previous studies, an EPND cut-off point of 13 ≥ was applied herein. Findings show the prevalence of PND, approximately 17.1% among the participants, and contributing factors included a previous history of depression, χ2= 67.74,df= 1,p< .05, problems with the child’s health, χ2= 31.42,df= 1,p< .05, issues with home support, χ2= 43.47,df= 1,p< .05, and pregnancy complications, χ2= 7.19,df= 1,p< .05. Meanwhile, no correlation was found between PND and the baby’s gender, delivery type, breastfeeding, mother’s age, or mother’s educational level. Additional studies are required to confirm these findings, and to identify other risk factors.
Work Experience and Emotional State in Caregivers of Elderly Relatives
Authors: Crespo María , Guillén Ana Isabel , Piccini Ana Teresa
Published: July 2019

This study aims to investigate the influence of work experience variables on the emotional state of worker-caregivers based on stress process model. The emotional state (depression, negative and positive affect and worry-strain), caregiver and care recipient features, caregiving stressors and appraisal, and role strains/work-related variables were assessed in 83 worker-caregivers of elderly dependent relatives. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed for each of the four emotional outcome variables. Caregiving overload and positive job experience were the best predictors of depression and positive affect. The predictors of negative affect were reaction to memory and behavior problems, overload and role captivity. The predictors of worry and strain were daily hours of caregiving worries, reaction to memory and behavior problems, overload, role captivity and job-caregiving conflicts. The explained variances for the four models were 58.8%, 40.2%, 62.9% and 78.8%, respectively; the role strain contributions were 8.2%, 13.2%, 7.2% and 6%. The results indicate that the effect of perceived job experiences on caregivers’ emotional status is more relevant than objective job conflicts. In addition, caregivers’ emotional state is primarily related to the subjective indicators of caregiving stressors, with a lower contribution of work-related variables.
Multimodel Analysis of Future Land Use and Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Functioning
Authors: Krause A. , Haverd V. , Poulter B. , Anthoni P. , Quesada B. , Rammig A. , Arneth A.
Published: July 2019

Land use and climate changes both affect terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we used three combinations of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways (SSP1xRCP26, SSP3xRCP60, and SSP5xRCP85) as input to three dynamic global vegetation models to assess the impacts and associated uncertainty on several ecosystem functions: terrestrial carbon storage and fluxes, evapotranspiration, surface albedo, and runoff. We also performed sensitivity simulations in which we kept either land use or climate (including atmospheric CO2) constant from year 2015 on to calculate the isolated land use versus climate effects. By the 2080–2099 period, carbon storage increases by up to 87 ± 47 Gt (SSP1xRCP26) compared to present day, with large spatial variance across scenarios and models. Most of the carbon uptake is attributed to drivers beyond future land use and climate change, particularly the lagged effects of historic environmental changes. Future climate change typically increases carbon stocks in vegetation but not soils, while future land use change causes carbon losses, even for net agricultural abandonment (SSP1xRCP26). Evapotranspiration changes are highly variable across scenarios, and models do not agree on the magnitude or even sign of change of the individual effects. A calculated decrease in January and July surface albedo (up to −0.021 ± 0.007 and −0.004 ± 0.004 for SSP5xRCP85) and increase in runoff (+67 ± 6 mm/year) is largely driven by climate change. Overall, our results show that future land use and climate change will both have substantial impacts on ecosystem functioning. However, future changes can often not be fully explained by these two drivers and legacy effects have to be considered.
High‐Resolution, Multilayer Modeling of Singapore's Urban Climate Incorporating Local Climate Zones
Authors: Mughal M. O. , Li Xian‐Xiang , Yin Tiangang , Martilli Alberto , Brousse Oscar , Dissegna Maria Angela , Norford Leslie K.
Published: July 2019

We applied Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's Multilayer Urban Canopy Model (MLUCM) to simulate the urban climate of Singapore during a hot period in April 2016. The high‐resolution local climate zone (LCZ) map was used as urban land use/land cover data in order to study the intraurban variability in different LCZ classes. The LCZ map for Singapore was developed by adopting the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) methodology based on satellite remote sensing imageries and building height data. The coupled WRF/MLUCM model was validated using meteorological data from stations across Singapore. Higher index of agreement compared to observations and lower root‐mean‐squared error of 2‐m temperature, relative humidity, and global horizontal irradiance showed satisfactory model performance. A sensitivity analysis of initial and boundary conditions helped in determining the model configuration with the least error for quantifying the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The diurnal cycle and the spatial pattern of UHI were investigated, and it was found that the mean UHI intensity peaked in the early morning at 2.2 °C, reaching 3.6 °C in the Compact High Rise (LCZ1) areas. The anthropogenic heat due to indoor air conditioning was found to play a major role in all the processes studied, while the effect of the different land use types was most pronounced during nighttime and least visible near noon. The UHI circulation developed near the central catchment is found to prevent sea breezes from further propagating inland.
Coexisting Discrete Bodies of Rhyolite and Punctuated Volcanism Characterize Yellowstone's Post‐Lava Creek Tuff Caldera Evolution
Authors: Till Christy B. , Vazquez Jorge A. , Stelten Mark E. , Shamloo Hannah I. , Shaffer Jamie S.
Published: July 2019

Ion‐microprobe 206Pb/238U geochronology and trace element geochemistry of the unpolished rims and sectioned interiors of zircons from Yellowstone caldera's oldest post‐caldera lavas provide insight into the magmatic system during the prelude and aftermath of the caldera‐forming Lava Creek supereruption. The post‐caldera lavas compose the Upper Basin Member of the Plateau Rhyolite and fall into two groups based on zircon crystallization age: early lavas with zircon ages between ~750 and 550 ka and late lavas with zircon ages between ~350 and 250 ka. Zircons from the early‐erupted East Biscuit Basin flow yield U‐Pb dates and trace element compositions, which when considered with the Pb isotopic compositions of their coexisting feldspars and pyroxenes, point to an isotopically distinct parental melt present during crystallization of the Lava Creek magma but untapped by the supereruption. Distinct zircon crystallization ages and Pb‐isotope compositions of major minerals between the early and late Upper Basin Member groups suggest contrasting sources in the magma reservoir. As proxies for melt evolution, the zircons indicate that Yellowstone's post‐caldera rhyolites became more evolved between mid‐ to late‐Pleistocene time, during the same interval that melting of hydrothermally altered wall rock and recharge by new silicic magmas changed in their relative roles. The results from this study indicate that discrete and ephemeral bodies of silicic magma, at times within a mush dominated reservoir and including during the prelude to the Lava Creek eruption, have characterized Yellowstone's subvolcanic reservoir.
U.S. Hydrologic Design Standards Insufficient Due to Large Increases in Frequency of Rainfall Extremes
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Bosma Christopher D. , Lopez‐Cantu Tania
Published: July 2019

Evidence for intensifying rainfall extremes has not translated into “actionable” information needed by engineers and risk analysts, who are often concerned with very rare events such as “100‐year storms.” Low signal‐to‐noise associated with such events makes trend detection nearly impossible using conventional methods. We use a regional aggregation approach to boost this signal‐to‐noise, showing that such storms have increased in frequency over much of the conterminous United States since 1950, a period characterized by widespread hydrologic infrastructure development. Most of these increases can be attributed to secular climate change rather than climate variability, and we demonstrate potentially serious implications for the reliability of existing and planned hydrologic infrastructure and analyses. Though trends in rainfall extremes have not yet translated into observable increases in flood risks, these results nonetheless point to the need for prompt updating of hydrologic design standards, taking into consideration recent changes in extreme rainfall properties.
Does Adding Solar Wind Poynting Flux Improve the Optimum Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Coupling Function?
Authors: Lockwood Mike
Published: July 2019

We study the contribution of the solar wind Poynting flux
to the total power input into the magnetosphere. The dominant power delivered by the solar wind is the kinetic energy flux of the particles, which is larger than Ssw by a factor of order
, where MA is the Alfvén Mach number. The currents
flowing in the bow shock and magnetosheath and the electric field
of the solar wind give regions where
, which are sources of Poynting flux, generated from the kinetic energy flux. For southward interplanetary magnetic field,
is duskward and the currents in the high‐latitude tail magnetopause are also sources of Poynting flux. We show transfer of kinetic energy into the magnetosphere is less efficient than direct entry of
by a factor MA. Because MA is typically of order 10, this means that although the power density in the solar wind due to
is typically only 1%, it is responsible for of order 10% of the energy input to the magnetosphere. To investigate the effect of this, we add a term to the solar wind‐magnetosphere energy coupling function that allows for
and that increases the correlation with the geomagnetic am index for 1995–2017 (inclusive) from 0.908 to 0.924 for 1‐day averages and from 0.978 to 0.979 for annual means. The increase for means on daily or smaller timescales is a small improvement but is significant (at over the 3σ level), whereas the improvement for annual or Carrington rotation means is not significant.
Introduction to the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) 2012 Studies
Authors: Barth M. C. , Rutledge S. A. , Brune W. H. , Cantrell C. A.
Published: July 2019

The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) project aimed to determine the impact of deep, midlatitude continental convective clouds on tropospheric composition and chemistry. The DC3 field campaign was conducted over a broad area of the central United States during May–June 2012. Data collected by DC3 have been extensively analyzed, with many results published in Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry 2012 Studies (DC3), a joint special section of JGR Atmospheres and Geophysical Research Letters. This paper highlights key results from the DC3 project as an introduction to the special issue.
Climate Warming Does Not Always Extend the Plant Growing Season in Inner Mongolian Grasslands: Evidence From a 30‐Year In Situ Observations at Eight Experimental Sites
Authors: Wang Guocheng , Huang Yao , Wei Yurong , Zhang Wen , Li Tingting , Zhang Qing
Published: July 2019

Over the past three decades, a generally increased air temperature occurred at most places in Inner Mongolia. Such a climate warming, which outpaced the global average warming rate, has been reported to significantly influence the vegetation phenology across the Inner Mongolia grasslands. However, there is less evidence from in situ observations to demonstrate the effect of climate warming on grass phenology. In this study, we analyzed the trends in both climatic and grassland phenological variations using the data from a 30‐year in situ observations at eight experimental sites in Inner Mongolia. We found that the most significant warming occurred during the growing season, while the temperature in nongrowing season did not show significant trends. Under this warming climate, two thirds of the observed phenologies (start, end, and length of the growing season) for different plant species across the eight sites did not show significant changes. Plant phenology exhibited divergent shifts in magnitudes and directions, depending on not only climate variation but also plant species (e.g., L. chinensis).
KHDRBS3 regulates the permeability of blood–tumor barrier via cDENND4C/miR-577 axis
Authors: Wu Peiqi , Gao Yang , Shen Shuyuan , Xue Yixue , Liu Xiaobai , Ruan Xuelei , Shao Lianqi , Liu Yunhui , Wang Ping
Published: July 2019

The existence of blood–tumor barrier (BTB) severely restricts the efficient delivery of antitumor drugs to cranial glioma tissues. Various strategies have been explored to increase BTB permeability. RNA-binding proteins and circular RNAs have recently emerged as potential regulators of endothelial cells functions. In this study, RNA-binding protein KH RNA-binding domain containing, signal transduction associated 3 (KHDRBS3) and circular RNA DENND4C (cDENND4C) were enriched in GECs. KHDRBS3 bound to cDENND4C and increased its stability. The knockdown of cDENND4C increased the permeability of BTB via downregulating the expressions of tight junction-related proteins. The miR-577 was lower expressed in GECs. The overexpressed miR-577 increased the permeability of BTB by reducing the tight junction-related protein expressions, and vice versa. Furthermore, cDENND4C acted as a molecular sponge of miR-577, which bound to miR-577 and inhibited its negative regulation of target genes ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 to regulate BTB permeability. Single or combined treatment of KHDRBS3, cDENND4C, and miR-577 effectively promoted antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) across BTB to induce apoptosis of glioma cells. Collectively, the present study indicated that KHDRBS3 could regulate BTB permeability through the cDENND4C/miR-577 axis, which enhanced doxorubicin delivery across BTB. These findings may provide a novel strategy for chemotherapy of brain tumors.
An exceptionally flexible hydrogen-bonded organic framework with large-scale void regulation and adaptive guest accommodation abilities
Authors: Huang Qiuyi , Li Wenlang , Mao Zhu , Qu Lunjun , Li Yang , Zhang Hao , Yu Tao , Yang Zhiyong , Zhao Juan , Zhang Yi , Aldred Matthew P. , Chi Zhenguo
Published: July 2019

Flexible hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (FHOFs) are quite rare but promising for applications in separation, sensing and host-guest chemistry. They are difficult to stabilize, making their constructions a major challenge. Here, a flexible HOF (named 8PN) with permanent porosity has been successfully constructed. Nine single crystals of 8PN with different pore structures are obtained, achieving a large-scale void regulation from 4.4% to 33.2% of total cell volume. In response to external stimuli, multimode reversible structural transformations of 8PN accompanied by changes in luminescence properties have been realized. Furthermore, a series of high-quality co-crystals containing guests of varying shapes, sizes, aggregation states and even amounts are obtained, showing that 8PN can adapt to different guests by regulating the molecular conformations and assembling forms of its building blocks. The unexpected flexibility of 8PN makes it a promising material for enriching the applications of existing porous materials.
Probing a battery electrolyte drop with ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Maibach Julia , Källquist Ida , Andersson Margit , Urpelainen Samuli , Edström Kristina , Rensmo Håkan , Siegbahn Hans , Hahlin Maria
Published: July 2019

Operando ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy in realistic battery environments is a key development towards probing the functionality of the electrode/electrolyte interface in lithium-ion batteries that is not possible with conventional photoelectron spectroscopy. Here, we present the ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of a model electrolyte based on 1M bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt in propylene carbonate. For the first time, we show ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy data of propylene carbonate in the liquid phase by using solvent vapor as the stabilizing environment. This enables us to separate effects from salt and solvent, and to characterize changes in electrolyte composition as a function of probing depth. While the bulk electrolyte meets the expected composition, clear accumulation of ionic species is found at the electrolyte surface. Our results show that it is possible to measure directly complex liquids such as battery electrolytes, which is an important accomplishment towards true operando studies.
Pore elimination mechanisms during 3D printing of metals
Authors: Hojjatzadeh S. Mohammad H. , Parab Niranjan D. , Yan Wentao , Guo Qilin , Xiong Lianghua , Zhao Cang , Qu Minglei , Escano Luis I. , Xiao Xianghui , Fezzaa Kamel , Everhart Wes , Sun Tao , Chen Lianyi
Published: July 2019

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a 3D printing technology that can print metal parts with complex geometries without the design constraints of traditional manufacturing routes. However, the parts printed by LPBF normally contain many more pores than those made by conventional methods, which severely deteriorates their properties. Here, by combining in-situ high-speed high-resolution synchrotron x-ray imaging experiments and multi-physics modeling, we unveil the dynamics and mechanisms of pore motion and elimination in the LPBF process. We find that the high thermocapillary force, induced by the high temperature gradient in the laser interaction region, can rapidly eliminate pores from the melt pool during the LPBF process. The thermocapillary force driven pore elimination mechanism revealed here may guide the development of 3D printing approaches to achieve pore-free 3D printing of metals.
Brain somatic mutations observed in Alzheimer’s disease associated with aging and dysregulation of tau phosphorylation
Authors: Park Jun Sung , Lee Junehawk , Jung Eun Sun , Kim Myeong-Heui , Kim Il Bin , Son Hyeonju , Kim Sangwoo , Kim Sanghyeon , Park Young Mok , Mook-Jung Inhee , Yu Seok Jong , Lee Jeong Ho
Published: July 2019

The role of brain somatic mutations in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not well understood. Here, we perform deep whole-exome sequencing (average read depth 584×) in 111 postmortem hippocampal formation and matched blood samples from 52 patients with AD and 11 individuals not affected by AD. The number of somatic single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in AD brain specimens increases significantly with aging, and the rate of mutation accumulation in the brain is 4.8-fold slower than that in AD blood. The putatively pathogenic brain somatic mutations identified in 26.9% (14 of 52) of AD individuals are enriched in PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and AMPK pathway genes known to contribute to hyperphosphorylation of tau. We show that a pathogenic brain somatic mutation in PIN1 leads to a loss-of-function mutation. In vitro mimicking of haploinsufficiency of PIN1 aberrantly increases tau phosphorylation and aggregation. This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture underlying the pathogenesis of AD.
Structural underpinnings of Ric8A function as a G-protein α-subunit chaperone and guanine-nucleotide exchange factor
Authors: Srivastava Dhiraj , Gakhar Lokesh , Artemyev Nikolai O.
Published: July 2019

Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8A (Ric8A) is an essential regulator of G protein α-subunits (Gα), acting as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and a chaperone. We report two crystal structures of Ric8A, one in the apo form and the other in complex with a tagged C-terminal fragment of Gα. These structures reveal two principal domains of Ric8A: an armadillo-fold core and a flexible C-terminal tail. Additionally, they show that the Gα C-terminus binds to a highly-conserved patch on the concave surface of the Ric8A armadillo-domain, with selectivity determinants residing in the Gα sequence. Biochemical analysis shows that the Ric8A C-terminal tail is critical for its stability and function. A model of the Ric8A/Gα complex derived from crosslinking mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations suggests that the Ric8A C-terminal tail helps organize the GTP-binding site of Gα. This study lays the groundwork for understanding Ric8A function at the molecular level.
Therapeutic efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with ROS pathway in monocytes
Authors: Carlström Karl E. , Ewing Ewoud , Granqvist Mathias , Gyllenberg Alexandra , Aeinehband Shahin , Enoksson Sara Lind , Checa Antonio , Badam Tejaswi V. S. , Huang Jesse , Gomez-Cabrero David , Gustafsson Mika , Al Nimer Faiez , Wheelock Craig E. , Kockum Ingrid , Olsson Tomas , Jagodic Maja , Piehl Fredrik
Published: July 2019

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a first-line-treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The redox master regulator Nrf2, essential for redox balance, is a target of DMF, but its precise therapeutic mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here we show impact of DMF on circulating monocytes and T cells in a prospective longitudinal RRMS patient cohort. DMF increases the level of oxidized isoprostanes in peripheral blood. Other observed changes, including methylome and transcriptome profiles, occur in monocytes prior to T cells. Importantly, monocyte counts and monocytic ROS increase following DMF and distinguish patients with beneficial treatment-response from non-responders. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the ROS-generating NOX3 gene is associated with beneficial DMF treatment-response. Our data implicate monocyte-derived oxidative processes in autoimmune diseases and their treatment, and identify NOX3 genetic variant, monocyte counts and redox state as parameters potentially useful to inform clinical decisions on DMF therapy of RRMS.
Author Correction: Time units for learning involving maintenance of system-wide cFos expression in neuronal assemblies
Authors: Chowdhury Ananya , Caroni Pico
Published: July 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Discovery of potential genes contributing to the biosynthesis of short-chain fatty acids and lactate in gut microbiota from systematic investigation in E. coli
Authors: Zhao Chunhua , Dong Hongjun , Zhang Yanping , Li Yin
Published: July 2019

Microbiota play important roles in the internal environment and health of humans, livestock and wild animals. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate are primary metabolites that can impact the composition and function of human microbiota. According to the well-characterized key synthesis genes, many SCFA- and lactate-producing bacteria have been identified in the gut microbiota. However, unknown genes may also contribute to the formation of SCFAs and lactate. The identification of such genes will provide new engineering targets and new strategies for maintaining a stable structure of beneficial microbiota. In this study, we used Escherichia coli as a model to analyze possible genes related to SCFAs and lactate production besides the well-characterized ones. The functions of nineteen candidate genes were studied by targeted gene deletion and overexpression. Results indicated thioesterase genes such as yciA, tesA, tesB, and menI can contribute to acetate and/or butyrate formation. As for lactate, mgsA and lldD can function in addition to ldh gene. At the same time, the distribution of these functional genes in gut microbiota was investigated. Most bacteria contain the well-studied genes whereas some bacteria contain some of the described unusual ones. The results provide insights and genetic targets for the discovery of new SCFA- and lactate-producing bacteria in gut microbiota.
Biological and Sociopolitical Sources of Uncertainty in Population Viability Analysis for Endangered Species Recovery Planning
Authors: Carroll Carlos , Lacy Robert C. , Fredrickson Richard J. , Rohlf Daniel J. , Hendricks Sarah A. , Phillips Michael K.
Published: July 2019

Although population viability analysis (PVA) can be an important tool for strengthening endangered species recovery efforts, the extent to which such analyses remain embedded in the social process of recovery planning is often unrecognized. We analyzed two recovery plans for the Mexican wolf that were developed using similar data and methods but arrived at contrasting conclusions as to appropriate recovery goals or criteria. We found that approximately half of the contrast arose from uncertainty regarding biological data, with the remainder divided between policy-related decisions and mixed biological-policy factors. Contrasts arose from both differences in input parameter values and how parameter uncertainty informed the level of precaution embodied in resulting criteria. Policy-related uncertainty originated from contrasts in thresholds for acceptable risk and disagreement as to how to define endangered species recovery. Rather than turning to PVA to produce politically acceptable definitions of recovery that appear science-based, agencies should clarify the nexus between science and policy elements in their decision processes. The limitations we identify in endangered-species policy and how PVAs are conducted as part of recovery planning must be addressed if PVAs are to fulfill their potential to increase the odds of successful conservation outcomes.
Traffic jam regulates the function of the ovarian germline stem cell progeny differentiation niche during pre-adult stage in Drosophila
Authors: Li Mengjie , Hu Xiaolong , Zhang Shu , Ho Margaret S. , Wu Geng , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2019

Stem cell self-renewal and the daughter cell differentiation are tightly regulated by the respective niches, which produce extrinsic cues to support the proper development. In Drosophila ovary, Dpp is secreted from germline stem cell (GSC) niche and activates the BMP signaling in GSCs for their self-renewal. Escort cells (ECs) in differentiation niche restrict Dpp outside the GSC niche and extend protrusions to help with proper differentiation of the GSC daughter cells. Here we provide evidence that loss of large Maf transcriptional factor Traffic jam (Tj) blocks GSC progeny differentiation. Spatio-temporal specific knockdown experiments indicate that Tj is required in pre-adult EC lineage for germline differentiation control. Further molecular and genetic analyses suggest that the defective germline differentiation caused by tj-depletion is partly attributed to the elevated dpp in the differentiation niche. Moreover, our study reveals that tj-depletion induces ectopic En expression outside the GSC niche, which contributes to the upregulated dpp expression in ECs as well as GSC progeny differentiation defect. Alternatively, loss of EC protrusions and decreased EC number elicited by tj-depletion may also partially contribute to the germline differentiation defect. Collectively, our findings suggest that Tj in ECs regulates germline differentiation by controlling the differentiation niche characteristics.