bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mudanças na paisagem e serviços dos ecossistemas. Abandono agrícola e variação no carbono orgânico dos solos
Authors: Nunes Adélia N.
Published: June 2019

O carbono orgânico do solo (COS) contribui para melhorar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo e para o fornecimento de bens e serviços vários, de aprovisionamento, regulação ou suporte, que interferem na saúde e bem-estar humano. Com o presente estudo pretende-se analisar os processos sucessão vegetal, na sequência do abandono agrícola, e a respetiva influência na variação do carbono orgânico na camada edáfica superficial, na parte meridional da Beira Transmontana. Os resultados mostram que o processo de abandono agrícola se traduz num aumento do teor de COS, pouco relevante quando coberto vegetal é incipiente, dominado por comunidades herbáceas, mas mais do que duplica quando se verifica a instalação de comunidades arbustivas ou de carvalhal ainda em fase de recuperação (+ 139% e 108%, respetivamente, face aos solos com culturas arvenses de sequeiro). Apesar deste acréscimo de carbono no solo, estas comunidades só contêm aproximadamente metade do valor apurado para o carvalhal representativo da vegetação autóctone. Assim, a gestão adequada do solo, na sequência do abandono, pode constituir, uma boa opção para melhorar a sua qualidade e estratégia para o sequestro do carbono.
BR-163: from “landless men” to “manless land”
Authors: Dos Passos Messias Modesto
Published: June 2019

In 1970, the Brazilian government started the project of building the large highways in the Amazon, highlighting the Transamazon, linking the region from East to West, and BR-163, known as Cuiabá-Santarém, from South to North — highways that crossed each other opened axes of penetration and integration. On the 16th of June, 1970, the Plan of National Integration (PIN) was created. The displacement of peasants from areas submitted to “demographic pressure” is made official and the speech of connecting the landless man of the Northeast to the manless land of the Amazon is put into practice in a chaotic and socially unfair way. In December 1974, the highway Cuiabá-Santarém was opened to the public. In Mato Grosso, the road would motivate the penetration of large agricultural projects and the colonization commanded by private groups. In the state of Pará, in the stretch between Santarém and Rurópolis (at the crossing of Cuiabá-Santarém and Transamazon), the colonization directed to small landowners is predominant, commanded by the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA). Along all the road, the appreciation of the land, the attraction of migratory currents and the land speculation had immediate impacts to the local population — especially the indigenous ones. Our final consideration allow us, for the sake of concluding, to claim that the successive changes in the “development plans” according to the political and economic conjunctures, contributed to the failure of the great majority of colonization projects. Our conclusion is directed to some variables that points to the unsustainability of the regional development model: An excluding model: in the effort of choosing an image which is revealing of the environment of the present frontier I would say that it is of exclusion. A productivist model: after twenty year it is agribusiness that, notably in Mato Grosso, has the strongest development, supported by the necessity of Brazil obtaining income from exportable goods such as soybean. Deforesting and continuous fragmentation of Amazon forest.
A formação e o ensino do turismo acessível: O caso das escolas profissionais do Faial, Pico e de São Jorge
Authors: Valente Tiago Inácio
Published: June 2019

A temática da acessibilidade universal no turismo, também conhecido como turismo acessível, inclusivo entre outras designações, está presente nos planos, discursos e apresentações das mais diversas entidades, organizações e instituições. A educação e formação no turismo em geral, e nas temáticas da acessibilidade e mobilidade universal no turismo em particular, assumem uma grande importância para o desenvolvimento do setor como em recursos humanos qualificados. O presente artigo investiga se as temáticas acima mencionadas estão presentes no Catálogo Nacional de Qualificações, em particular nas áreas de formação ligadas ao setor do turismo. Para este efeito, são apresentados os principais resultados de um inquérito aplicado aos formandos dos cursos de turismo das escolas profissionais do Faial, Pico e de São Jorge nos Açores. Constata-se que num total de 524 Unidades de Formação de Curta Duração existentes no Catálogo Nacional das Qualificações relativo ao setor do turismo, 5 abordam as temáticas do turismo acessível e inclusivo. 66 dos 107 inquiridos referem não ter tido qualquer módulo ou formação na área, o que corresponde a mais de 60%.
Risk of Developing Metachronous Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia After Polypectomy in Patients With Multiple Diminutive or Small Adenomas
Authors: Kim Nam Hee , Jung Yoon Suk , Lee Mi Yeon , Park Jung Ho , Park Dong Il , Sohn Chong Il
Published: June 2019

INTRODUCTION:

Current post-polypectomy guidelines recommend a 3-year surveillance interval for ≥3 nonadvanced adenomas (NAAs) without discrimination between diminutive (1–5 mm) and small (6–9 mm) adenomas. We compared the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACRN) among these groups.

METHODS:

We studied 9,733 patients who underwent ≥1 adenoma removal and follow-up colonoscopic surveillance. Patients were classified based on baseline adenoma characteristics: group 1, 1–2 NAAs (n = 8,051); group 2, ≥3 diminutive NAAs (n = 293); group 3, ≥3 small NAAs (n = 258); and group 4, advanced adenomas (AAs) (n = 1,131).

RESULTS:

The mean age of the study population was 45.8 ± 8.2 years. In group 4, most patients (94.5%) had 1 AA. The 3- and 5-year cumulative incidence rates of metachronous ACRN in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.9%, 2.8%, 3.5%, and 4.0% and 3.1%, 10.7%, 15.1%, and 8.5%, respectively. Groups 2, 3, and 4 had a higher risk of metachronous ACRN than group 1. Compared with those for group 1, adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for metachronous ACRN were 2.07 (1.16–3.68), 3.29 (1.94–5.56), and 2.73 (2.00–3.72) for groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. However, this relationship was statistically insignificant between groups 2, 3, and 4. Compared with those for group 2, adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for groups 3 and 4 were 1.59 (0.76–3.30) and 1.32 (0.72–2.42), respectively, and 0.83 (0.47–1.46) for group 4 compared with group 3. The results of patients aged ≥50 years were identical to those of all patients.

DISCUSSION:

Risk of metachronous ACRN was not different between patients aged ≥50 years who underwent polypectomy of ≥3 diminutive NAAs, ≥3 small NAAs, and AA, thus supporting current guidelines that recommend a uniform surveillance interval for these lesions.
Novel HLA Class I Alleles Outside the Extended DR3 Haplotype Are Protective against Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Lammert Craig , McKinnon Elizabeth J. , Chalasani Naga , Phillips Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2019

INTRODUCTION:

HLA class II allele, DRB1*03:01, is the most common genetic risk factor for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), but other unrecognized HLA related risks exist.

METHODS:

We compared the HLA class I (A, B, C) and class II (DR, DQ, DP) typing between patients with well-characterized AIH and healthy controls by high resolution sequencing of the HLA region. Seventy-three patients with AIH and 87 healthy controls were included. Association between HLA alleles and AIH was considered singly and in clusters and adjusted for age, gender, and DRB1*03:01.

RESULTS:

DRB1*03:01 was singly associated with AIH among whites (odds ratio [OR]: 3.09, P = 0.002) and carriers of DRB1*03:01 also carried DQA*05:01 and DQB1*02:01. Significant HLA class I alleles were associated with AIH including those belonging to the A03 (OR: 0.4, P = 0.01) and B44 supertype (OR: 0.44, P = 0.03). Further refinement of HLA-A by binding pocket structure revealed that the sequence Y(F/T)AVMENV(H/Q)Y, corresponding to HLA-A alleles A*03:01-02; *31:01; *32:02, was protective for AIH (OR: 0.3, P = 0.002). A protective association also existed for alleles belonging to the HLA-B binding pocket structure Y(H/Y)TVKEISNY (OR: 0.35, P = 0.01), corresponding to HLA-B alleles: B*40:01-02; *41:02; *44:02-03; *45:01; *49:01; *50:01-02. Associations with specific class I alleles belonging to the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (HLA-A*01:01, HLA-B*08:01, HLA-C*07:01) were not significant when considered jointly with DRB1*03:01 and reported protective class I alleles.

DISCUSSION:

Our study identified novel supertypes and HLA-A and B peptide binding structures protective against AIH. Further risk assessment of class I molecules remains important in AIH as they are key mediators of adaptive immunity.
Displaying a taxidermy rhinoceros in a museum: the Lisbon conservation approach
Authors: Teixeira Catarina , Waterhouse David M. , Moura Laura , Andrade Pedro
Published: June 2019

The present problems around the public display of a full taxidermy mounted rhinoceros in Lisbon and the motifs for the replacement of its original horns are presented in this paper. The twentieth century specimen concerned belongs to the National Museum of Natural History and Science of the University of Lisbon (MUHNA C). The several warnings of rhino horn thefts occurring in museums across Europe in the last two decades and the frequency of requests for loans of this specimen for exhibitions, raised an internal debate at the MUHNA C. In this paper, firstly, we present a short overview of the problems in terms of the international context and the vulnerability of these specimens at museums, followed by a brief overview of the history of the Lisbon specimen. Finally, we detail and discuss our conservation, methodology and ethical approach to the removal and replacement of the specimen’s original horns with replicas, based on Norfolk Museums Service’s (UK) protocol and experience.
Pertumbuhan dan produksi dua varietas selada (Lactuca sativa l.) pada berbagai tingkat naungan dengan metode hidroponik
Authors: Hakim M Arif Rohman , Sumarsono Sumarsono , Sutarno Sutarno
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT  The study aims to determine the growth and production of two varieties of lettuce at various levels of shade by hydroponic methods. This research was done by using serie experiment by Randomized Block Design with 3 bloks. Treatment of varieties with 3 series groups on each shade treatment. The shade treatment consisted of four shaded treatment levels (N0), 50% Shade (N1), 60% Shade (N2), and 70% Shade (N3). every shade was tested 2 varieties of lettuce Romain Romain green varieties (V1) and Romain lettuce varieties Tiberius (V2). Parameters observed for plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of plant, and dry weight of plant. The results showed that shade levels increased plant height in 50% and 60% shade, but decreased leaf number, leaf area, wet weight, and dry weight as shade level increased. Tiberius varieties produce higher plant height, leaf number, and wet weight significantly higher than Green Romain varieties. Keywords :Lettuce, shades, varieties, hydroponic ABSTRAK  Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan dan produksi dua varietas selada pada berbagai tingkat naungan dengan metode hidroponik. Penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan seri dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan varietas dengan 3 kelompok seri pada setiap perlakuan naungan. Perlakuan naungan terdiri dari empat taraf perlakuan yaitu tanpa naungan (N0), Naungan 50% (N1), Naungan 60% (N2), dan Naungan 70% (N3). Pada setiap naungan dicobakan 2 varietas selada yaitu selada Romain varietas Green Romain (V1) dan selada Romain varietas Tiberius (V2). Parameter yang diamati tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, berat segar tanaman, dan berat kering tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat naungan menaikkan tinggi tanaman pada naungan 50% dan 60%, tetapi menurunkan jumlah daun, luas daun, berat basah, dan berat kering seiring dengan meningkatnya tingkat naungan. Varietas Tiberius menghasilkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan berat basah lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan varietas Green Romain. Kata kunci : Selada, naungan, varietas, hidroponik
Pengaruh substitusi pupuk anorganik dengan pupuk herbal organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum mill) varietas permata
Authors: Sari Rifaya Dania , Budiyanto Susilo , Sumarsono Sumarsono
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT  The aim of this research was to observe of subtitution of inorganic fertilizer with organic herbs fertilizer on growth and production of tomato plants. The research used Monofactor Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The treatment that substitution of inorganic fertilizer with organic herbal fertilizer were 100%+0% (T0); 80%+20% (T1); 60%+40% (T2); (T3) 40%+60% (T3);20%+80% (T4); 0%+100% (T5). Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of fruit and weight of fresh fruit. Data were analysis of variabel (F Test) and further test with Tukey Multiple Range Test (BNT). The results showed that the substitution of fertilizer on treatment T3 (40% of inorganic fertilizers + 60% organic herbal fertilizer) can give number of leaves, number of flowers, number of fruit and weight of fresh fruit higher than compared with the other treatment. However, no significant effect on plant height. Keywords: Tomato varieties of permata, organic herbal fertilizer, dosage ABSTRAK  Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh substitusi pupuk anorganik dengan pupuk herbal organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat. Penelitian menggunakan percobaan Monofaktor Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikanadalah substitusi pupuk anorganik dengan pupuk herbal organik yaitu 100%+0% (T0); 80%+20% (T1); 60%+40% (T2); (T3) 40%+60% (T3);20%+80% (T4); 0%+100% (T5). Parameter yang diamati yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah bunga, jumlah buah dan berat buah segar. Data diolah dengan analisis ragam (Uji F) dan uji lanjut denganBeda Nyata Terkecil (BNT).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa substitusi pupuk pada perlakuan T3(40% pupuk anorganik + 60% pupuk herbal organik) dapat menghasilkan jumlah daun, jumlah bunga, jumlah buah dan berat segar buah tomat lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman. Kata kunci: tomat varietas permata, pupuk herbal organik, dosis
Etnobotânica da flora medicinal de quintais na comunidade Mamangal, Rio Meruú, Igarapé-Miri, Pará
Authors: Santos Elda Quaresma , Costa José Francisco da Silva , Pereira Maria das Graças da Silva , Costa Jeferson Miranda , De Sousa Ronaldo Lopes
Published: June 2019

A cidade de Igarapé-Miri encontra-se localizada na região Norte, Estado do Pará. A comunidade Mamangal está situada as margens do Rio Mamangal Grande, entre os rios Meruú-Açu e Maiauatá. Neste estudo objetivou pesquisar os conhecimentos tradicionais sobre a manipulação, os usos e as indicações terapêuticas das plantas usadas pelos moradores da comunidade Mamangal. A seleção dos colaboradores se deu através da metodologia “bola de neve”. Foram incluídos 20 participantes, na faixa etária de 30 a 76 anos, todos eram alfabetizados e a planta com predomínio de uso foi o mastruz, para tratar de afecções intestinais. A flora medicinal dos quintais da comunidade Mamangal apresentou elevada diversidade de espécies usada na medicina local.
A Multiobjective Robust Approach for the Design of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Ahmadian Behrooz Hesam
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a chance-constrained multiobjective optimization framework for the optimal design of gas transmission lines (GTL) in which the total annual cost (TAC) and operability index as the two conflicting objectives are minimized and maximized, respectively. The delivery flow rates are assumed to be random Gaussian variables since the customer demand can be uncertain in the design phase. Accordingly, a robustness measure is introduced in order to quantify the risk of the final design against delivery uncertainties. The proposed model is capable of determining the optimum design variables including the pipeline diameter and thickness along with the location of the compressor stations and their capacities. The effects of design parameters including pipe thickness, pipe diameter and customer demand uncertainty level on the design of a GTL are investigated from economic as well as the robustness point of view. It is shown that the design with the highest nominal pipe size (NPS) and least thickness possible is the optimal design when TAC is considered as the objective function while the design with both the highest NPS and thickness possible shows the highest robustness and flexibility against delivery demand fluctuations. The final decision about the optimal NPS and thickness should be made on the basis of the expected uncertainty of the customer future demand. The results also can quantitatively suggest the required over-design factor that must be considered in the design phase of the GTL for various compressor stations.
T-dual solutions of the Hull–Strominger system on non-Kähler threefolds
Authors: Garcia-Fernandez Mario
Published: June 2019

We construct new examples of solutions of the Hull–Strominger system on non-Kähler torus bundles over K3 surfaces, with the property that the connection

∇

{\nabla}

on the tangent bundle is Hermite–Yang–Mills. With this ansatz for the connection

∇

{\nabla}

, we show that the existence of solutions reduces to known results about moduli spaces of slope-stable sheaves on a K3 surface, combined with elementary analytical methods. We apply our construction to find the first examples of T-dual solutions of the Hull–Strominger system on compact non-Kähler manifolds with different topology.
Oppositions, overlaps, and ontologies: The general theory of verbal humor revisited
Authors: Oring Elliott
Published: June 2019

The General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) has dominated the discussion of humor theory for the last quarter of a century. It generated a great deal of interest in humor studies by scholars both within and outside the discipline of linguistics. Problems are resident in GTVH, however, which have been inherited from its predecessor the Semantic Script Theory of Humor (SSTH). Script Opposition and Script Overlap are not adequately defined, nor are they sufficient for the identification of a joke-carrying text. The resource of the Logical Mechanism posited by GTVH may have complicated rather than simplified the matter as the list of proposed mechanisms are too loosely defined and woefully incomplete. The Ontological Semantics Theory of Humor (OSTH) has promised to demonstrate the adequacy of the linguistic theories of humor by the ability of computers to process natural language input to discriminate between joke-carrying and non-joke-carrying texts. That promise, also decades old, remains to be fulfilled, and it is questionable whether it can be fulfilled if based on SSTH and GTVH platforms.
The relationship between serum FGF-23 concentration and insulin resistance, prediabetes and dyslipidemia in obese children and adolescents
Authors: Kutluturk Yesim , Akinci Aysehan , Ozerol Ibrahim Halil , Yologlu Saim
Published: June 2019

Background

Obesity is known to cause metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and alters bone mineralization. The effects of obesity on fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), which is important in bone mineralization, have not yet been clarified. Our aim was to investigate the association between FGF-23 concentration and obesity-associated dysmetabolism.

Methods

Subjects comprised 46 obese children and adolescents. The same number of age-matched, healthy controls were recruited. Markers of bone mineralization and glucose metabolism were measured. Thyroid function and insulin resistance were investigated in both groups. In obese subjects; an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and hemoglobin A1c and lipid fractions were measured. Bone mineral density and hepatic steatosis were investigated.

Results

Serum FGF-23, α-klotho and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were significantly lower while fasting insulin, fasting glucose, C-peptide and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in the obese group compared to controls. A significant negative correlation was observed between free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) and both FGF-23 and α-klotho in the obese group. Significant negative correlation was found between FGF-23 and C-peptide and a positive correlation was found between FGF-23 and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) in the obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Significant negative correlations were found between FGF-23 and both fasting insulin levels and C-peptide levels in the obese subjects with hepatic steatosis.

Conclusions

In our study, insulin resistance-associated hyperinsulinism and/or lower 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, both present in obese children and adolescents, may lead to decreased serum FGF-23 concentrations in obese subjects.
Socio-cultural and clinician determinants in the maternal decision-making process in the choice for trial of labor vs. elective repeated cesarean section: a questionnaire comparison between Italian settings
Authors: Triunfo Stefania , Minciotti Claudia , Burlon Barbara , Giovannangeli Franca , Danza Michelangela , Tateo Saverio , Lanzone Antonio
Published: June 2019

Objective

To identify socio-cultural and clinician determinants in the decision-making process in the choice for trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) or elective repeat cesarean section (ERCS) in delivering women.

Methods

A tailored questionnaire focused on epidemiological, socio-cultural and obstetric data was administered to 133 patients; of these, 95 were admitted for assistance at birth at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” (FPG) IRCCS, Rome, and 38 at S. Chiara Hospital (SCH), Trento, Italy. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression modeling were performed.

Results

Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) rates were higher at SCH than at FPG (68.4% vs. 23.2%; P < 0.05). Maternal age in the TOLAC/VBAC group was significantly higher at SCH than at FPG (37.1 vs. 34.9 years, P < 0.05). High levels of education and no-working condition corresponded to a lower rate of VBAC. Proposal on delivery mode after a previous CS was missed in the majority of cases. Participation in prenatal course was significantly less among women in the ERCS groups. Using logistic regression, the following determinants were found to be statistically significant in the decision-making process: maternal age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.968 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.941–0.999); P = 0.019], education level [OR = 0.618 (95% CI 0.419–0.995); P = 0.043], information received after the previous CS [OR = 0.401 (95% CI 0.195–1.252); P = 0.029], participation in antenatal courses [OR = 0.534 (95% CI 0.407–1.223); P = 0.045] and self-determination in attempting TOLAC [OR = 0.756 (95% CI 0.522–1.077); P = 0.037].

Conclusion

In the attempt to promote person-centered care, increases in TOLAC/VBAC rates could be achieved by focusing on individual maternal needs. Anad hocstrategy for making birth safer should begin from accurate information at the time of the previous CS.
Crystal structure of 2-tert-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, C10H13N3
Authors: Huang Guo-Ling , Chen Xiu-Wen , Chen Lu , Li Yi-Biao
Published: June 2019

C10H13N3, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 14), a = 9.4795(7) Å, b = 10.7585(10) Å, c = 18.8783(13) Å, V = 1925.3(3) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0702, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1959, T = 296(2) K.
Determination of 210Po in low-level wild bilberries reference material for quality control assurance in environmental analysis using extraction chromatography and α-particle spectroscopy
Authors: Hurtado-Bermúdez Santiago , Mas José Luis
Published: June 2019

Certified reference materials (CRM) are being widely used for quality control assurance in environmental analysis. For certain CRM, the analytes and/or the range of concentrations are not be available or certified at all. The Joint Research Centre – Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM) of the European Commission has issued a CRM of Wild Berries (IRMM-426) in order to validate radionuclide measurement methods for activity concentrations of the natural radionuclide 40K and the anthropogenic nuclides 90Sr and 137Cs, but not for 210Po. The aim of the work was to determine low-level activity concentration of 210Po in these wild berries. The activity concentration of 210Po was assessed by α-particle spectroscopy after dissolution of the sample by wet digestion and chemical isolation of Po by extraction chromatography. According to the time elapsed since sample collection, the results here shown can be useful not only for ultra low-level analysis of 210Po but also for 210Pb in the reference material.
A review of the most important medicinal herbs affecting giardiasis
Authors: Nazer Mohamad Reza , Abbaszadeh Saber , Anbari Khatereh , Shams Morteza
Published: June 2019

Infection due to the protozoa giardia is one of the most common parasitic infections in the world. Millions of people across the world acquire this infection each year. The most common clinical symptoms of giardiasis include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea, indigestion, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and oily feces with bad smell. Drugs used for giardiasis lead to certain side effects, such as unpleasant taste in the mouth, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, headache and leukopenia. Considering the importance of giardiasis infection, it is essential to identify anti-parasitic herbal drugs to eliminate cystic and trophozoite types of this disease. Hence, this article is aimed to report the medicinal plants that are used in Iranian traditional medicine against giardiasis. The information in this review study was obtained from scientific articles indexed in databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar that were retrieved using the search terms giardia, protozoa, herbs, extracts and essential oils. Medicinal plants such as Lavandula stoechas, Ferula assa-foetida, Tanacetum parthenium, Allium paradoxum, Chenopodium botrys, Carum copticum, Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, Allium ascalonicum, ZizIphora clinopodioides, Zataria multiflorahad, Eucalyptus globulus, Lippia beriandievi, Punica granatum are among the most important herbs used in Iranian herbal medicine as anti-giardiasis agents. These herbs are good candidates to produce natural and effective drugs for giardia.
A mini-review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Scrophularia striata
Authors: Tamri Pari
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Scrophularia striata (Scrophulariaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Iran and in Iranian folk medicine it has been used for variety of disorders. The present article aims to provide a review at the studies done on phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of S. striata. Methods: This mini review is based on a literature study of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: The main chemical constituents which have been isolated and identified from Scrophularia striata are cinnamic acid, some flavonoids such as quercetin, isorhamnetin3-O-rutinoside and nepitrin and one glycoside (acteoside1) . This plant possesses antiinflammatory , antibacterial , antioxidant, anticancer, analgesic and neuroprotective effects. In addition it accelerates wound healing process Conclusion : Scrophularia striata has a potential for the treatment of several diseases and disorders, but there are only a few studies done to investigate the plant phytochemistry, thus f urther studies should be focused on isolation and identification of active compounds with pharmacological activities. Besides, the majority of pharmacological studies have been performed using aerial parts of plant , thus further studies are needed to investigate bioactivity of other parts of the plant.
Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory process by ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) ointment
Authors: Kravchenko Iryna , Eberle Lida , Nesterkina Mariia , Kobernik Alona
Published: June 2019

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory activity of the ointment based on ginger extract was investigated on carrageenan-induced inflammation. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on the carrageenan inflammation model in rat. The animals were divided into 5 groups: first group– control (without treatment); second group– animals received preventive treatment of ointment with ginger extract two days before experiment and with subsequent treatment after administration of phlogogen; 3rd group– animals received applications of 5% ibuprofen 2 days before experiment and with subsequent treatment after induction of inflammation; fourth group – animals were treated with ginger extract ointment after one day of the phlogogen administration; fifth group – animals were treated with reference drug after one day of the phlogogen introduction. The biochemical parameters (concentration of sialic acids, seromucoids, contents of total proteins and protein fractions) of the blood of experimental animals were investigated. Results: After local application of the ointment from the ginger extract, under the conditions of its application after phlogogen inoculation, the effect was the same as anti-inflammatory effect of the ibuprofen which was used as reference drug. The preventive ointment application provided faster and more intense reduction of the inflammatory focus with returning to the background indicators on the eighth day of the experiment, and for biochemical parameters on the sixth day of therapy. Conclusion: The ointment from ginger extract shows anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting inflammation caused by carrageenan.
Collagenase inhibition by water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) sprout extract
Authors: Kawaguchi Tomoaki , Nagata Kaori
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Collagenase plays an important role in the degradation of dermal matrix proteins leading to wrinkle formation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the inhibitory effect of water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) sprout extract on the activity of collagenase and to identify the inhibitory compounds.Methods: Collagenase inhibitory activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay. Activity-guided fractionation was performed using liquid-liquid extraction of water and n-butanol and Diaion HP-20 column chromatography, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction collection.Results: A methanolic extract of water-pepper sprout inhibited collagenase activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 156.7 μg/mL. Collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 23.5 μg/mL) was found in 50% methanol eluate from the HP-20 column chromatography of the n-butanol soluble fraction. The active compound (IC50 = 1.9 μg/mL) in the eluate was isolated by HPLC and identified as quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) from comparing retention time, UV-Vis absorption, and mass spectra with those of the standard. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that hyperoside was an uncompetitive inhibitor against collagenase. Hyperoside was also the most abundant flavonoid present in the methanolic extract.Conclusion: These results suggest that water-pepper sprouts could be beneficial as a natural source of collagenase inhibitor which might be used for the treatment of skin aging.
In vivo antiplasmodial potential of aqueous seed extract of Ricinus communis
Authors: Ubulom Peace ME. , Ettebong Ette O. , Udofia Edidiong J. , Inyang Etuk Rachel S
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Ricinus communis is used by the people of Niger-Delta region of Nigeria, for the treatment of various ailments, especially malaria. This study evaluated the antiplasmodial potentials of the aqueous seed extract of R. communis, using Plasmodium berghei berghei. Methods: Acute toxicity study was carried out to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract. Antiplasmodial effect of the extract was assessed in suppressive, repository/ prophylactic and curative models, using Swiss albino mice (15-29 g). Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of parasitized blood. Extract doses administered were 54.77, 109.54 and 164.32 mg/kg/d of the seed extract and each dose had 6 replicates. Artesunate (5 mg/kg/d) and pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg/d) were used as standard drugs, while distilled water (10 mL/kg/d) served as control. Results: Acute toxicity study produced LD50 of 547.72 mg/kg. The extract demonstrated a dosedependent reduction in parasitaemia in all tests. At the end of 4-day test, suppressive effect of 20.80, 49.00, 75.00 and 88.40% were obtained for doses 54.77, 109.54 and 164.32 mg/kg/d of the seed extract and artesunate, respectively. In the repository test pyrimethamine was more potent (72.26%) than the seed extract (9.47%–51.42%). The extract also exhibited appreciable curative effect. The activity of the seed extract was significant when compared with the control (P < 0.05). Mice treated with the seed extract and drugs survived for longer duration than the control group. Conclusion: The aqueous seed extract of R. communis has antiplasmodial potential and its active principle should be elucidated and further investigated to help in the ongoing fight against malaria.
Efficacy of a combination of herbal gel versus topical diltiazem (2%) in chronic anal fissure healing: a randomized doubleblind clinical trial
Authors: Tavakoli-Dastjerdi Sedigheh , Motavasselian Malihe , Emami Seyed Ahmad , Mansourian Marjan , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Teimouri Azam
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Chronic anal fissure (CAF) is a common painful ailment that adversely affects quality of life. Nonsurgical treatments such as topical diltiazem are routinely administered to patients with CAF. However, diltiazem is associated with side effects such as headache and allergic reactions, which often lead to discontinuation of the treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a topical Persian herbal remedy with analgesic, antiinflammatory and antiseptic properties versus topical diltiazem (2%) in CAF healing. Methods: In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, 70 patients with CAF were randomly divided into an intervention group receiving topical herbal medicine and control group receiving topical diltiazem (2%) for 6 weeks. Both groups were given lifestyle and dietary advice including adherence to a high-fiber diet, avoidance of spicy foods, use of a laxative (psyllium powder) in case of constipation, and taking sitz baths. Severity of pain, bleeding, and itching were measured at the first visit as well as the first, third, and sixth weeks of treatment. Wound healing and epithelialization were evaluated by anal examination. The treatment and follow-up period was 12 weeks; 6 weeks for assessing the effect of treatment and 6 weeks for examining treatment maintenance and evaluating the percentage of recurrence. Results: The herbal medicine caused significant reduction in pain compared with diltiazem (P < 0.001). The herbal medicine had a significant effect in terms of wound healing at the end of the period (P < 0.001). Recurrence rate was lower in the intervention group (32%) than the control group (56%), though this difference was not significant (P = 0.323) Conclusion: Findings of this clinical trial suggest a higher efficacy of the combination herbal remedy versus topical diltiazem 2% in the management of pain and wound associated with CAF.
Más allá de la independencia: editoriales anarquistas colombianas como formaciones culturales y medios alternativos radicales
Authors: Hurtado Tarazona Alejandra
Published: June 2019

En este artículo se aborda el caso de tres editoriales independientes anarquistas colombianas (Pie de Monte Editorial,  Imprenta Comunera y Gato Negro), en aras de estudiar su papel dentro de un contexto editorial en el que impera la concentración del mercado en grandes conglomerados transnacionales. El objetivo principal es analizar de qué modo estas editoriales constituyen (o no) formaciones emergentes y medios alternativos radicales; el concepto de formaciones emergentes se aborda desde la teoría de Raymond Williams, y los medios alternativos radicales desde John Downing y Chris Atton. A partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas dirigidas a los editores y análisis documental, este artículo genera conocimiento inédito en el campo de los estudios editoriales, el cual está en proceso de consolidación en Colombia y Latinoamérica. Se concluye que los proyectos en cuestión ofrecen alternativas a las dinámicas capitalistas neoliberales de las editoriales dominantes, a partir de un modelo de autogestión que apunta hacia un  quehacer editorial relacionado con la idea de los comunes (commons).
Estimating Relatedness Between Malaria Parasites
Authors: Taylor Aimee R , Jacob Pierre E , Neafsey Daniel E , Buckee Caroline O
Published: June 2019

Understanding the relatedness of individuals within or between populations is a common goal in biology. Increasingly, relatedness features in genetic epidemiology studies of pathogens. These studies are relatively new compared to those in humans and other organisms, but are important for designing interventions and understanding pathogen transmission. Only recently have researchers begun to routinely apply relatedness to apicomplexan eukaryotic malaria parasites, and to date have used a range of different approaches on an ad hoc basis. Therefore, it remains unclear how to compare different studies and which measures to use. Here, we systematically compare measures based on identity-by-state (IBS) and identity-by-descent (IBD) using a globally diverse data set of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, and provide marker requirements for estimates based on IBD. We formally show that the informativeness of polyallelic markers for relatedness inference is maximized when alleles are equifrequent. Estimates based on IBS are sensitive to allele frequencies, which vary across populations and by experimental design. For portability across studies, we thus recommend estimates based on IBD. To generate estimates with errors below an arbitrary threshold of 0.1, we recommend ∼100 polyallelic or 200 biallelic markers. Marker requirements are immediately applicable to haploid malaria parasites and other haploid eukaryotes. C.I.s facilitate comparison when different marker sets are used. This is the first attempt to provide rigorous analysis of the reliability of, and requirements for, relatedness inference in malaria genetic epidemiology. We hope it will provide a basis for statistically informed prospective study design and surveillance strategies.
Externe Effekte in der Umweltökonomie
Authors: Hausner Heinz
Published: June 2019

In der Umweltökonomie führen negative externe Effekte regelmäßig zu Marktversagen. Die Umweltpolitik versucht dem in zweifacher Hinsicht zu begegnen: Erstens durch die Erhebung von staatlichen Umweltsteuern und zweitens durch handelbare Emissionszertifikate. Da Umwelt ein internationales öffentliches Gut darstellt, können nationalstaatliche Lösungen nicht zu den gewünschten Ergebnissen führen.
Defining Global Health Tracks for Pediatric Residencies
Authors: Haq Heather , Barnes Adelaide , Batra Maneesh , Condurache Tania , Pitt Michael B. , Robison Jeff A. , Schubert Chuck , St Clair Nicole , Uwemedimo Omolara , Watts Jennifer , Russ Christiana M.
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND:

Global health (GH) offerings by pediatric residency programs have increased significantly, with 1 in 4 programs indicating they offer a GH track. Despite growth of these programs, there is currently no widely accepted definition for what comprises a GH track in residency.

METHODS:

A panel of 12 pediatric GH education experts was assembled to use the Delphi method to work toward a consensus definition of a GH track and determine essential educational offerings, institutional supports, and outcomes to evaluate. The panelists completed 3 rounds of iterative surveys that were amended after each round on the basis of qualitative results.

RESULTS:

Each survey round had 100% panelist response. An accepted definition of a GH track was achieved during the second round of surveys. Consensus was achieved that at minimum, GH track educational offerings should include a longitudinal global child health curriculum, a GH rotation with international or domestic underserved experiences, predeparture preparation, preceptorship during GH electives, postreturn debrief, and scholarly output. Institutional supports should include resident salary support; malpractice, evacuation, and health insurance during GH electives; and a dedicated GH track director with protected time and financial and administrative support for program development and establishing partnerships. Key outcomes for evaluation of a GH track were agreed on.

CONCLUSIONS:

Consensus on the definition of a GH track, along with institutional supports and educational offerings, is instrumental in ensuring consistency in quality GH education among pediatric trainees. Consensus on outcomes for evaluation will help to create quality resident and program assessment tools.
Forecast of the psychological reaction of the user when viewing images by means of machine learning
Authors: Kyrylenko R. V. , Guk N. A. , Verba O. V.
Published: June 2019

In the article, a problem of prediction a user's psychological response to the presented image is considered. A complex algorithm that solves proposed problem with respect to fuzzy input data which operates in real time is proposed. A classification problem for each particular user based on previously generated content by the user using a set of algorithms including machine learning algorithm is considered. Due to a huge amount of variety in possible input data and it’s complexity algorithms that reduce fuzziness are considered. In order for a prediction system to understand and learn from data it has been provided, it has to be prepared in such a way that the algorithm could more easily find patterns and inferences. For that purpose, all incoming data passes two additional steps which also allows the system to neglect fuzziness. At the first step, the software has to definitely determine a presence of the desired object (face, in the article) which must be done fast enough to be made in a time of present-ing the picture to a user and it must be stable to data fuzziness. In order to solve that problem histogram of oriented graphs is considered. Because of its nature, the algorithm solves a problem in comparatively fast and robust way. At the second step, the face landmark estimation algorithm is considered. It allows the system to reduce the number of patterns that have to be learned in order to predict the behavior reducing the number of such patterns by narrowing down the two-dimensional transform of the object. The last step, prediction, is implemented with an artificial neural network that embraces incoming object and determines user’s resolution based on its experience. Such algorithm allows the system to keep learning throughout its life cycle which leads to constant im-provements in its results. The proposed algorithms complex was implemented. High speed, fuzziness resistance, independence of external conditions can be considered as its advantages. Slow learning cycle can be considered as its main disadvantage. Tests results provided in the article
Quasi-completeness of the class of problems on the "weight-minimax edge"
Authors: Perepelitsya V. A. , Tereschenko E. V. , Ryabenko A. E.
Published: June 2019

The tasks of multi-criteria optimization in the general formulation do not have a trivial solution, which gives rise to a multitude of approaches in determining the most “successful” solution from a certain set of solutions that satisfy the problem conditions. One of the ways of formal defining of the possible alternative solution set is to isolate the Pareto set, i.e. the set of unimprovable alternatives. The previously developed approach was applied for studying some classes of multi-criteria problems, the objective functions of which have certain properties, and its productivity was confirmed. The concept of complete problems was introduced, for which the equality of the sets of feasible solutions, the Pareto and the full set of alternatives was fulfilled. In previous works, the authors introduced the concept of quasi-completeness. In the article the class of two-criterion problems, for which the admissible solution for the first criterion has a constant number of edges, and objective function contains the criterion of weight and the criterion of the minimax edge, is distinguished. The problem on the graph of the general structure and the problem on the bichromatic graph, for which the feasible solutions have a constant number of edges, were selected as representatives of this class. A method for studying the properties and estimating the powers of an admissible set of solutions, a Pareto set and a complete set of alternatives for the problems of the selected class, has been formulated. A theorem on the quasi-completeness for the selected class problems is proved. There were obtained estimates for two representatives of this class: “about a spanning tree and a minimax edge”, “about a perfect matching on a bichromatic graph and a minimax edge”. Polynomial algorithms for solving the problems under study are proposed. Estimates of the computational complexity of these algorithms are given
The Role and Place of Education in Bridging the Digital Divide (the Case Study of the Republic of Bashkortostan)
Authors: Shamsutdinova Tatiana M.
Published: June 2019

Introduction. The article is of relevance due to the ongoing processes of digitalization of the economy of the Russian Federation and the increasing demands on the digital competence of society. The purpose of this paper is to review the factors causing the digital divide and characterize the role of the education system in bridging the digital divide of the population (using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan).

Materials and Methods. Data from the Territorial Statistics Service and other open sources of information were used as the materials for the theoretical part of the study. The experimental part of the study was based on testing of students of the Bashkir State Agrarian University conducted by the author in order to determine their level of digital competence. The research methods employed included collection, systematization and analysis of data.

Results. The study has analyzed the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the digital divide in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main factors causing the digital divide in the Republic have been identified: those associated with the differentiation of the population according to territorial characteristics as well as to economic and social criteria. It has been shown that the problem of the digital divide of rural and urban areas is of great relevance for the Republic of Bashkortostan. The role of vocational education in overcoming digital inequality has been substantiated; the growth of the university students’ level of digital competence as a result of their training has been estimated.

Discussion and Conclusion. The issue of bridging the digital divide is a comprehensive one and can be solved only by consolidating the efforts of all members of the society to create a unified digital environment, with the support from regional authorities and involvement of federal government resources. The results are of practical importance for teachers of information technology, as well as for representatives of regional IT-structures. Further areas of study of the problem of the digital divide are associated with the identification of new ways of forming and developing digital competence in the educational process.