bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Payment method as a predictor of daily distress experienced by physicians
Authors: Peña-Sánchez Juan Nicolás , Lepnurm Rein , Keegan David , Dobson Roy T. , Bermedo-Carrasco Silvia
Published: March 2014

Background: Physicians face intrinsic tensions when practicing medicine; therefore, extrinsic factors that could affect distress, such as payment methods, need to be assessed. The study objectives were to: compare levels of distress by payment method, identify factors predicting distress in a two-level regression model, and explore interactions between predictors of distress and payment method. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among physicians in the Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatchewan. Physicians completed a pre-tested questionnaire about their distress. Analysis of variance was used to compare distress levels of physicians paid by fee-for-service (FFS), alternative payment plans (APPs), and blended methods. A mixed linear regression model was built to predict distress with geographical area of practice as the random component. Demographics, workload, complexity of patients, payment method, career satisfaction, and practice profile were the independent variables. The interactions between payment method and predictors of daily distress were evaluated. Results: A total of 382 physicians participated (response rate = 48.1%). Response bias was tested and found to be negligible. In the multivariable analysis, payment method was a predictor of distress which interacted with the proportion of complex cases. Lower levels of distress were found among physicians who had more than 75% of patients with complex conditions and were paid by APPs, compared to those paid by FFS and blended methods. Career satisfaction was found to be an important predictor. Nine percent of the outcome variation was explained by geographic area of practice. Conclusions: Payment method is a predictor of distress when adjusting by confounders, interacting with proportion of complex cases. APPs may promote provision of care for patients with complex conditions. Career satisfaction can be considered a protective indicator of distress. Practice environment influences distress experienced by physicians.
Femmes âgées, pauvres et sans droit de vote, mais… citoyennes?
Authors: Charles Aline
Published: March 2014

Socialement invisibles jusque-là, les personnes âgées, que l’on appelle alors les « vieillards », du Québec font irruption en 1936 sur la scène politique, en pleine crise économique. Beaucoup écrivent au premier ministre en le pressant d’instaurer la pension de vieillesse pour personnes démunies qui existe ailleurs au Canada. Parmi les lettres reçues, de nombreuses femmes, âgées et pauvres réclament cette pension comme un droit, une faveur ou les deux à la fois. Intervenant sur un terrain où ne les convient ni leur sexe, ni leur âge, ni leur origine sociale, ces Québécoises âgées testent les conceptions de la citoyenneté et préfigurent l’évolution qui fera de la vieillesse une affaire d’État.
Les perceptions et les enjeux de la vieillesse féminine dans l’art à l’aube de l’époque moderne
Authors: Cordone Caroline Schuster
Published: March 2014

Du xvie au xviiie siècle, le vieillissement féminin donne naissance à des témoignages iconographiques et textuels contrastés qui rendent compte des fonctions consenties à la vieille femme, tout comme des préjugés souvent négatifs à son égard. Au sein d’une société qui glorifie, dès la Renaissance, jeunesse, beauté et fécondité, il n’est pas aisé pour une femme mûre de maintenir un rôle lui assurant une considération familiale et sociale. Il existe aussi des femmes artistes qui incarnent les défis du grand âge et les enjeux d’une conquête qui est encore actuelle : accepter l’altérité de la vieillesse et lui donner un sens et une dignité.
Long-period waveguide gratings with amorphous silicon cladding layer on silicon-on-insulator substrates realized by anisotropic wet etching
Authors: Chuang Ricky W. , Hsu Mao-Teng , Wang Guo-Shian
Published: March 2014

Long-period waveguide gratings (LPWGs) are designed and fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates with an amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer incorporated as the cladding layer. Specifically, ridge waveguides are etched and patterned on SOI wafers via anisotropic wet etching and a-Si is deposited using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The experimental results confirm that the resonant wavelengths of LPWG devices are within the range of 1563–1580 nm and that an LPWG ridge waveguide of 8 µm wide yields a dip contrast as high as 29.5 dB and an FWHM as narrow as 1.76 nm when the input light is transverse-electric (TE)-polarized. As for the transverse-magnetic (TM)-polarized input light, an LPWG waveguide of 10 µm width yields a dip contrast as high as 14.5 dB and a measured FWHM as narrow as 1.32 nm.
Preparation and physical properties of nanoaggregates composed of charge-transfer complexes containing butadiyne derivatives with tetrathiafulvalene moieties
Authors: Imai Masato , Tatewaki Yoko , Okada Shuji
Published: March 2014

Nanoaggregates of three butadiyne derivatives, i.e., butadiyne derivatives with one tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) moiety at one end (BUT1), two TTF moieties at both ends (BUT2), and one TTF moiety directly bound to the butadiyne group (TBU), and their charge-transfer (CT) complexes with 2,5-difluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F2TCNQ) were prepared by the reprecipitation method. The nanoaggregate sizes of BUT1, BUT2, and TBU were about 80–200 nm and those of the CT complexes were reduced to about 100 nm. Upon UV irradiation, nanoaggregates of BUT1 showed regular 1,4-addition polymerization in the solid state while those of BUT2 and TBU polymerized in an irregular manner. However, solid-state polymerization of their CT complexes was not confirmed and decomposition of the complexes was observed. From the X-ray study, the crystallinity of the nanoaggregates was found to degrade in general, compared with that of the corresponding bulk crystals. Interestingly, nanoaggregates of BUT1-F2TCNQ and BUT2-F2TCNQ complexes were found to have conductivities of more than 10−6 S/cm, although their bulk crystals did not show measurable conductivities.
High-quality AlN growth on 6H-SiC substrate using three dimensional nucleation by low-pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Kitagawa Shin , Miyake Hideto , Hiramatsu Kazumasa
Published: March 2014

There is a method of controlling nucleation and lateral growth using the three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) growth modes to reduce the dislocation density. We performed 3D–2D-AlN growth on 6H-SiC substrates to obtain high-quality and crack-free AlN layers by low-pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy (LP-HVPE). First, we performed 3D-AlN growth directly on a 6H-SiC substrate. With increasing V/III ratio, the AlN island density decreased and the grain size increased. Second, 3D–2D-AlN layers were grown directly on a 6H-SiC substrate. With increasing the V/III ratio of 3D-AlN, the crystalline qualities of the 3D–2D-AlN layer were improved. Third, we performed 3D–2D-AlN growth on a trench-patterned 6H-SiC substrate. The crack density was reduced to relax the stress by voids. We also evaluated the threading dislocation density by using molten KOH/NaOH etching. As a result, the estimated edge dislocation density of the 3D–2D-AlN sample was 3.9 × 108 cm−2.
Interplanetary magnetic field control of the ionospheric field‐aligned current and convection distributions
Authors: Juusola L. , E. Milan S. , Lester M. , Grocott A. , M. Imber S.
Published: March 2014

Patterns of the high‐latitude ionospheric convection and field‐aligned current (FAC) are a manifestation of the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. By observing them we can acquire information on magnetopause reconnection, a process through which solar wind energy enters the magnetosphere. We use over 10 years of magnetic field and convection data from the CHAMP satellite and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars, respectively, to display combined distributions of the FACs and convection for different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations and amplitudes. During southward IMF, convection follows the established two‐cell pattern with associated Region 1 and Region 2 FACs, indicating subsolar reconnection. During northward IMF, superposed on a weak two‐cell pattern there is a reversed two‐cell pattern with associated Region 0 and Region 1 FACs on the dayside, indicating lobe reconnection. For dominant IMF Bx, the sign of Bz determines whether lobe or subsolar reconnection signatures will be observed, but Bx will weaken the signatures compared to pure northward or southward IMF. When the IMF rotates from northward to duskward or dawnward, the distinct reversed and forward two‐cell patterns start to merge into a distorted two‐cell pattern. This is in agreement with the IMF By displacing the reconnection location from the open lobe field lines to closed dawn or dusk field lines, even though IMF Bz>0. As the IMF continues to rotate southward, the distorted pattern transforms smoothly to that of the symmetric two‐cell pattern. While the IMF direction determines the configuration of the FACs and convection, the IMF amplitude affects their intensity.
Distribution and mitigation of higher‐order ionospheric effects on precise GNSS processing
Authors: Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Aragón‐Ángel Àngela , Defraigne Pascale , Bergeot Nicolas , Prieto‐Cerdeira Roberto , García‐Rigo Alberto
Published: March 2014

Higher‐order ionospheric effects (I2+) are one of the main limiting factors in very precise Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) processing, for applications where millimeter accuracy is demanded. This paper summarizes a comprehensive study of the I2+ effects in range and in GNSS precise products such as receiver position and clock, tropospheric delay, geocenter offset, and GNSS satellite position and clock. All the relevant higher‐order contributions are considered: second and third orders, geometric bending, and slant total electron content (dSTEC) bending (i.e., the difference between the STEC for straight and bent paths). Using a realistic simulation with representative solar maximum conditions on GPS signals, both the effects and mitigation errors are analyzed. The usage of the combination of multifrequency L band observations has to be rejected due to its increased noise level. The results of the study show that the main two effects in range are the second‐order ionospheric and dSTEC terms, with peak values up to 2 cm. Their combined impacts on the precise GNSS satellite products affects the satellite Z coordinates (up to +1 cm) and satellite clocks (more than ±20 ps). Other precise products are affected at the millimeter level. After correction the impact on all the precise GNSS products is reduced below 5 mm. We finally show that the I2+ impact on a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) user is lower than the current uncertainties of the PPP solutions, after applying consistently the precise products (satellite orbits and clocks) obtained under I2+ correction.
Earthquake ruptures modulated by waves in damaged fault zones
Authors: Huang Yihe , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Helmberger Don V.
Published: March 2014

Faults are usually surrounded by damaged zones of lower elastic moduli and seismic wave velocities than their host rocks. If the interface between the damaged rocks and host rocks is sharp enough, earthquakes happening inside the fault zone generate reflected waves and head waves, which can interact with earthquake ruptures and modulate rupture properties such as rupture speed, slip rate, and rise time. We find through 2–D dynamic rupture simulations the following: (1) Reflected waves can induce multiple slip pulses. The rise time of the primary pulse is controlled by fault zone properties, rather than by frictional properties. (2) Head waves can cause oscillations of rupture speed and, in a certain range of fault zone widths, a permanent transition to supershear rupture with speeds that would be unstable in homogeneous media. (3) Large attenuation smears the slip rate function and delays the initial acceleration of rupture speed but does not affect significantly the rise time or the period of rupture speed oscillations. (4) Fault zones cause a rotation of the background stress field and can induce plastic deformations on both extensional and compressional sides of the fault. The plastic deformations are accumulated both inside and outside the fault zone, which indicates a correlation between fault zone development and repeating ruptures. Spatially periodic patterns of plastic deformations are formed due to oscillating rupture speed, which may leave a permanent signature in the geological record. Our results indicate that damaged fault zones with sharp boundaries promote multiple slip pulses and supershear ruptures.
Enhanced relationship between the tropical Atlantic SST and the summertime western North Pacific subtropical high after the early 1980s
Authors: Hong Chi‐Cherng , Chang Tao‐Chi , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung
Published: March 2014

The western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in boreal summer shows a remarkable enhancement after the early 1980s. Whereas the sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) and the equatorial eastern Pacific had been noted to have remarkable local or remote effects on enhancing the WNPSH, the influence of the Atlantic SST, so far, is hardly explored. This article reports a new finding: enhanced relationship between the tropical Atlantic (TA)‐SST and the WNPSH after the early 1980s. Regression study suggests that the warm TA‐SST produced a zonally overturning circulation anomaly, with descending over the equatorial central Pacific and ascending over the tropical Atlantic/eastern Pacific. The anomalous descending over the equatorial central Pacific likely induced low‐level anticyclonic anomaly to the west and therefore enhanced the WNPSH. One implication of this new finding is for predictability. The well‐known “spring predictability barrier” (i.e., the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) falls dramatically during boreal spring) does not apply to the TA‐SST/WNPSH relationship. The TA‐SST shows consistently high correlation starting from boreal spring when the ENSO influence continues declining. The TA‐SST extends the predictability of the WNPSH in boreal summer approximately one season earlier to boreal spring.
The Next Generation Science Standards: A potential revolution for geoscience education
Authors: Wysession Michael E.
Published: March 2014

The first and only set of U.S.‐nationally distributed K‐12 science education standards have been adopted by many states across America, with the potential to be adopted by many more. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards, with particular emphasis on critical Earth issues such as climate change, sustainability, and human impacts on Earth systems. In the states that choose to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), American youth will have a rigorous practice‐based formal education in these important areas. Much work needs to be done to insure the adoption and adequate implementation of the NGSS by a majority of American states, however, and there are many things that Earth and space scientists can do to help facilitate the process.

The first and only set of U.S. national K‐12 science education standards are currently being adopted by states across America. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards. The majority of future Americans could soon have rigorous practice‐based formal education in critical Earth issues such as changes to climate systems, human impacts on Earth systems, and human sustainability.
Age at death and linear enamel hypoplasias: Testing the effects of childhood stress and adult socioeconomic circumstances in premature mortality
Authors: Amoroso Alexandra , Garcia Susana J. , Cardoso Hugo F.V.
Published: March 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to test the association between linear enamel hypolasias and adult socioeconomic circumstances with age at death in a modern skeletal sample of known age. Specifically, this study wishes to test whether there is a relationship between early life stressors, environmental quality in adult life and premature mortality.

Methods

The presence/absence of LEH and the number of LEH episodes were recorded in 113 adult males from the Lisbon identified skeletal collection. The association between LEH and age was quantified using linear regression and binary logistic regression models, calculating crude and adjusted linear regression coefficients and odds ratios. The models were adjusted for year of birth, socioeconomic and migration status, and cause of death.

Results

The presence and number of LEH were related to premature mortality. Individuals expressing at least one enamel defect survived 9.0 years less or were 2.5 times more likely to die before 53 years of age compared to individuals with no LEH. However, when controlling for the confounding factors considered, the association between LEH and age became nonsignificant.

Conclusions

The results indicate that although early life stressors, identified as LEH, seem strongly associated with premature mortality, adulthood socioeconomic circumstances accounts for most of the decreased longevity. This suggests that either macroscopically identified LEH in the permanent canine do not measure stressors early in life, or that a cumulative adversity model is a more adequate explanation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:461–468, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steady‐state and synchronous spectrofluorimetric methods for simultaneous determination of aliskiren hemifumarate and amlodipine besylate in dosage forms
Authors: Ebeid Walid M. , Elkady Ehab F. , El‐Zaher Asmaa A. , El‐Bagary Ramzia I. , Patonay Gabor
Published: March 2014

Aliskiren hemifumarate (ALS) and amlodipine besylate (AML) were simultaneously determined by two different spectrofluorimetric techniques. The first technique depends on direct measurement of the steady‐state fluorescence intensities of ALS and AML at 313 nm and 452 nm upon excitation at 290 and 375 nm, respectively, in a solvent composed of methanol and water (10: 90, v/v) . The second technique utilizes synchronous fluorimetric quantitative screening of the emission spectra of ALS and AML at 272 and 366 nm, respectively using Δλ of 97 nm. Effects of different solvents and surfactants on relative fluorescence intensity were studied. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be satisfactory in both techniques over the concentration ranges of 1–15 and 0.4–4 µg/mL for ALS and AML, respectively. In the first technique, limit of detection and limit of quantification were estimated and found to be 0.256 and 0.776 µg/mL for ALS as well as 0.067 and 0.204 µg/mL for AML, respectively. Also, limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated in the synchronous method and found to be 0.293 and 0.887 µg/mL for ALS as well as 0.034 and 0.103 µg/mL for AML, respectively. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of the two drugs in their co‐formulated tablets. The results were compared statistically with reference methods and no significant difference was found. The developed methods are rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and accurate for the quality control and routine analysis of the cited drugs in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations without pre‐separation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of aromatase inhibitors and body mass index on steroid hormone levels in women with early and advanced breast cancer
Authors: Elliott K M , Dent J , Stanczyk F Z , Woodley L , Coombes R C , Purohit A , Palmieri C
Published: March 2014

Background

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are central to the management of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in the adjuvant and metastatic setting. Levels of circulating steroid hormones (SHs) were measured in patients established on AIs to investigate: the influence of body mass index (BMI) in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting; the class of AI utilized in the adjuvant setting (steroidal versus non-steroidal); and differences in SH levels between women treated adjuvantly and those receiving a second-line AI for locally advanced/metastatic disease.

Methods

Plasma levels of androstenedione, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, oestradiol and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in women with breast cancer who were receiving AIs in either an adjuvant or a metastatic setting. Differences between mean SH levels by class of AI, BMI, and second-line versus adjuvant therapy were assessed.

Results

Sixty-four women were receiving AI therapy, 45 (70 per cent) in an adjuvant setting and 19 (30 per cent) were taking a second-line AI. There was no significant correlation between BMI and SH levels. However, BMI was significantly higher in the second-line AI cohort compared with the adjuvant cohort (29·8 versus 26·2 kg/m2 respectively; P = 0·026). In the adjuvant setting, patients receiving a steroidal AI had significantly higher levels of all five hormones (P < 0·050). In the second-line AI cohort, oestradiol levels were significantly higher than in the adjuvant cohort (4·5 versus 3·3 pg/ml respectively; P = 0·022). Multivariable analysis adjusted for BMI confirmed the higher residual oestradiol level in the second-line AI group (P = 0·063) and a significantly higher androstenedione level (P = 0·022).

Conclusion

Residual levels of SH were not significantly influenced by BMI. However, the significant differences in residual SH levels between the second-line and adjuvant AI cohort is of relevance in the context of resistance to AI therapy, and warrants further investigation.
Enantiomeric separation of indoxacarb on an amylose‐based chiral stationary phase and its application in study of indoxacarb degradation in water
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Zhang Kankan , Song Baoan , Ling Hurong , Li Zhining , Li Meichuan , Hu Deyu
Published: March 2014

Direct semipreparative enantioseparation of indoxacarb was performed on a semipreparative Chiralpak IA column using normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with n‐hexane–isopropanol–ethyl acetate (70:20:10) mixture as mobile phase. Degradation of indoxacarb (2.33S + 1R) and its two enantiopure isoforms in three aqueous buffer solutions and four water samples collected from natural water sources was then elucidated by HPLC analysis on Chiralpak IA column. Degradation of all three indoxacarbs complied with first‐order kinetics and demonstrated linearity with regression coefficients R2 > 0.88. Indoxacarb (2.33S + 1R) underwent enantioselective degradation in river water, rain water, and buffer solution of pH 7.0. Enantiopure S‐(+)‐indoxacarb and R‐(−)‐indoxacarb were both found to be configurationally stable in water. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Pilot Study of Associations Between Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Carers' Distress
Authors: Slater Judith , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Gilchrist Peter , Wade Tracey D.
Published: March 2014

In order to investigate the degree to which symptom reduction in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) impacted on their carers' psychological distress, we examined 12 participants in an outpatient treatment trial and their nominated ‘significant other’. Measures of eating psychopathology in the person being treated for AN were collected on six occasions: baseline, session 4, session 10, session 25 (end of treatment), and at three‐month and 12‐month follow‐up. At these same time points, measures of psychological distress were collected from carers. Early significant reductions in eating psychopathology were found in the AN group at session 4, whereas significant reductions in carers' distress were found at three‐month follow‐up and maintained at 12‐month follow‐up. These reductions were moderated by baseline body mass index of the person with AN. Carers whose significant other had a lower BMI at baseline received most benefit in terms of symptom reduction at 12‐month follow‐up. Clinical implications include the need to provide more direct support to carers in order to achieve more clinically significant reductions in distress, and the need to discuss a carer's expectations of the recovery process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Only 61% of adults being treated for anorexia nervosa (AN) were willing to allow their carer to be contacted by researchers in order to ask them to complete questionnaires over the duration of treatment and follow‐up.

Significant reductions in eating psychopathology from those being treated for AN was followed by significant reductions in their carers' distress some 12 months later.

Reductions of carers' distress was associated with only a small effect size and may indicate that more clinically significant reductions requires individualised support for the carers.

Carers whose significant other had a lower body mass index at baseline received most benefit in terms of symptom reduction at 12‐month follow‐up, which may indicate a need to clarify a carer's expectations of the recovery process.
A design methodology for power‐efficient reconfigurable SC ΔΣ modulators
Authors: Porrazzo S. , Morgado A. , San Segundo Bello D. , Van Hoof C. , Yazicioglu R. Firat , van Roermund A. H. M. , Cantatore E.
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a methodology to design reconfigurable switched‐capacitor delta‐sigma modulators (ΔΣMs) capable of keeping their corresponding power efficiency figures constant and optimal for a set of resolutions and signal bandwidths. This method is especially suitable for low‐bandwidth, medium‐to‐high‐resolution specifications, which are common in biomedical application range. The presented methodology is based on an analytic model of all different contributions to the power dissipation of the ΔΣM. In particular, a novel way to predict the static power dissipated by integrators based on class A and class AB operational transconductance amplifier is presented. The power‐optimal solution is found in terms of filter order, quantizer resolution, oversampling ratio, and capacitor dimensions for a targeted resolution and bandwidth. As the size of the sampling capacitors is crucial to determine power consumption, three approaches to achieve reconfigurability are compared: sizing the sampling capacitors to achieve the highest resolution and keep them constant, change only the first sampling capacitor according to the targeted resolution, or program all sampling capacitors to the required resolution. The second approach results in the best trade‐off between power efficiency and simplicity. A reconfigurable ΔΣM for biomedical applications is designed at transistor level in a 0.18‐µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process following the methodology discussed. A comparison between the power estimated by the proposed analytic model and the transistor implementation shows a maximum difference of 17%, validating thus the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benthic N2 fixation in coral reefs and the potential effects of human‐induced environmental change
Authors: Cardini Ulisse , Bednarz Vanessa N. , Foster Rachel A. , Wild Christian
Published: March 2014

Tropical coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems, despite being surrounded by ocean waters where nutrients are in short supply. Benthic dinitrogen (N2) fixation is a significant internal source of “new” nitrogen (N) in reef ecosystems, but related information appears to be sparse. Here, we review the current state (and gaps) of knowledge on N2 fixation associated with coral reef organisms and their ecosystems. By summarizing the existing literature, we show that benthic N2 fixation is an omnipresent process in tropical reef environments. Highest N2 fixation rates are detected in reef‐associated cyanobacterial mats and sea grass meadows, clearly showing the significance of these functional groups, if present, to the input of new N in reef ecosystems. Nonetheless, key benthic organisms such as hard corals also importantly contribute to benthic N2 fixation in the reef. Given the usually high coral coverage of healthy reef systems, these results indicate that benthic symbiotic associations may be more important than previously thought. In fact, mutualisms between carbon (C) and N2 fixers have likely evolved that may enable reef communities to mitigate N limitation. We then explore the potential effects of the increasing human interferences on the process of benthic reef N2 fixation via changes in diazotrophic populations, enzymatic activities, or availability of benthic substrates favorable to these microorganisms. Current knowledge indicates positive effects of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation and negative effects of increased ultraviolet radiation on the amount of N fixed in coral reefs. Eutrophication may either boost or suppress N2 fixation, depending on the nutrient becoming limiting. As N2 fixation appears to play a fundamental role in nutrient‐limited reef ecosystems, these assumptions need to be expanded and confirmed by future research efforts addressing the knowledge gaps identified in this review.
Phosphorus: Too Big to Fail
Authors: Schipper Willem
Published: March 2014

Phosphorus has a paramount importance in our life. Unfortunately, phosphorus deposits are increasingly becoming depleted, the element being discarded once it is used. Therefore, the need arises for a form of phosphorus stewardship. First steps have been taken towards this goal. This essay aims to serve as an introduction to, and overview of, the issue.
Peptidosteroid Tweezers Revisited: DNA Binding Through an Optimised Design
Authors: Carrette Lieselot L. G. , Morii Takashi , Madder Annemieke
Published: March 2014

A dipodal peptidosteroid based on a deoxycholic acid scaffold was designed as a transcription factor model to study, and ultimately interfere in, selective protein–DNA interactions. In this paper, the selective binding of such a dipodal peptidosteroid to its DNA binding site is described for the first time, thus proving the concept and confirming the potential of the design. To achieve this, two 25‐mer peptides were synthesized in parallel and in close proximity on a rigid amphiphilic scaffold, attached by flexible linkers. Peptide aggregation complicated the synthesis under conventional conditions to such an extent that optimization and the use of microwave assistance were required for a successful synthesis. As such, this synthesis is a good model to showcase the beneficial effects of microwave assistance in peptide synthesis.
Trends of weekly musculoskeletal pain from 2000 to 2012: National study of Finnish university students
Authors: Oksanen A.M. , Laimi K. , Löyttyniemi E. , Kunttu K.
Published: March 2014

Background

There are no nationwide trend surveys of the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among university students. The aim of the study was to examine whether the prevalence of perceived musculoskeletal pain symptoms among Finnish university students has changed from 2000 to 2012, and to explore the co‐occurrence of these symptoms.

Methods

Four cross‐sectional nationwide representative samples (n = 11,502) were compared in 2000 (n = 3174), 2004 (n = 3153), 2008 (n = 2750) and 2012 (n = 2425). The prevalence of weekly neck‐shoulder, lower back, limb or joint, and temporomandibular joint pain was studied.

Results

All the studied pains increased significantly from 2000 to 2012. The prevalence rate of neck‐shoulder pain increased from 25% to 29%, lower back pain from 10% to 14%, and limb and joint pain increased from 7% to 8%. The prevalence of pain in temporomandibular joint increased from 4% to 5%. In addition, the co‐occurrence of different musculoskeletal pain symptoms increased. All of these pain symptoms were more common among female students and among older students.

Conclusion

An increasing trend in the prevalence of frequent musculoskeletal pain was found over the period of 12‐years among Finnish university students.
“The Boy Made of Lightning”
Authors: Gainer Jesse
Published: March 2014

This column explores 21st century literacies through a sociocultural lens. Through an analysis and discussion of an ebook about the life of civil‐rights activist and voting rights pioneer, Willie Velasquez, the author illustrates the powerful potential of new technology to produce multi‐modal texts that can help students and educators study civic engagement and pursue ‘more democratic space’ inside and outside of classrooms.
Visual and Digital Texts
Authors: Botzakis Stergios
Published: March 2014

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult visual and digital texts and provides a valuable resource for visual and digital text selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Reconceptualizing Vulnerability in Personal Narrative Writing With Youths
Authors: Johnson Elisabeth
Published: March 2014

Through a student/teacher classroom conflict, the author explores ways adults produce student writers as vulnerable. Drawing on post‐structural concepts of adolescence, identity production, interrogation, and vulnerability, the author details how an English teacher invited students to perform vulnerability in personal narratives about issues like pregnancy, drug use, or domestic violence. As the context for the writing project shifted in the media and the local school community, so did ways their teacher produced students' personal narratives asking writers to re‐edit personal narratives to protect themselves from adult scrutiny. However, students interrogated this vulnerable identity, prompting their teacher to rethink her conception of vulnerability. The article closes with Judith Butler's reconceptualization of vulnerability as an active performance through which adults might turn fearful responses to students' personal disclosures into opportunities to engage more deeply with students, their families, and their own personal histories with norms for personal disclosure.
Revealing the Nature of Contemporary Tourism Research: Extracting Common Subject Areas through Bibliographic Coupling
Authors: Yuan Yulan , Gretzel Ulrike , Tseng Yuen‐Hsien
Published: March 2014

This study aims at identifying recent subject areas and citation patterns of tourism research by applying a bibliometric tool to analyze over 2000 publications since 2008 from 10 tourism journals. Twelve subject areas were identified, and interesting citation patterns were revealed. From this analysis, the tourism research was found to be quite dynamic but at the same time very much focused on marketing and management aspects. This article contributes to ongoing efforts to reveal the nature of tourism research and its knowledge bases by applying the methodology of bibliographic coupling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescent Amphiphilic PEG‐Peptide‐PEG Triblock Conjugate Micelles for Cell Imaging
Authors: Paira Tapas K. , Saha Anupam , Banerjee Sanjib , Das Tamalika , Das Pradip , Jana Nikhil R. , Mandal Tarun K.
Published: March 2014

A fluorescent amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)‐peptide‐fluorophore‐peptide‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐Pep‐F‐Pep‐PEG) triblock conjugate with a hydrophobic fluorophore moiety at the centre of the chain is synthesized by “grafting to” technique based on Schiff‐base coupling chemistry. The conjugate is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The aqueous solution of the triblock conjugate emits blue light and exhibits a fluorescence emission band at 430 nm. The amphiphilic conjugate molecules undergo self‐assembly into micelles (D ≈ 15–20 nm) in aqueous solution as confirmed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The critical aggregation concentration is determined by pyrene fluorescence assay and is found to be 0.051 mg mL−1. The highly stable and low toxic fluorescent PEG‐Pep‐F‐Pep‐PEG conjugate micelles are used for imaging of HeLa cells.
Self‐reported utilization of mental health services in the adult German population – evidence for unmet needs? Results of the DEGS1‐Mental Health Module (DEGS1‐MH)
Authors: Mack Simon , Jacobi Frank , Gerschler Anja , Strehle Jens , Höfler Michael , Busch Markus A. , Maske Ulrike E. , Hapke Ulfert , Seiffert Ingeburg , Gaebel Wolfgang , Zielasek Jürgen , Maier Wolfgang , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich
Published: March 2014

This paper provides up‐to‐date data on service use for mental health problems and disorders among adults aged 18‐79 years in Germany derived from the Mental Health Module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1‐MH; N=4483). Data are based exclusively on self‐report. Respondents were examined by clinically trained interviewers with a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview DIA‐X/M‐CIDI to assess diagnoses according to the criteria of DSM‐IV‐TR. Service use, i.e. contact to mental health care services, due to mental health problems was assessed for the past 12 months and lifetime, by type of sector and type of institution. Among respondents with a 12‐month diagnosis of a mental disorder, 23.5% of the women and 11.6% of the men reported any service use in the past 12 months. Service use depends on type of diagnosis, comorbidity and socio‐demographic characteristics. Lowest 12‐month utilization rates were found for substance use disorders (15.6%; lifetime use 37.3%), highest for psychotic disorders (40.5%; lifetime 72.1%). Further, a considerable time lap was found between disorder onset and subsequent service use among the majority of cases with anxiety and mood disorders. This paper provides self‐reported epidemiological data on mental health service use in Germany, complementing administrative statistics and the predecessor mental health module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS‐MHS) from 1998. Despite considerable changes in the mental health field in Germany and the existence of a comprehensive mental health care system without major financial barriers, we find no indications of substantially higher utilization rates for mental disorders as compared to other comparable European countries. Further, no indications of major overall changes in utilization rates are apparent. To pinpoint areas with unmet needs, more detailed analyses of the data are needed taking into account type, frequency, and adequacy of service use and treatment of mental disorders. Appropriately matched comparisons with the GHS‐MHS are needed to identify changes in patterns of utilization and interventions by type of disorder. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphologies and antibacterial properties of poly(o‐aminophenol)
Authors: Ma Aihua , Hu Tingwei , Shan Shaoyun , Su Hongying , Wu Shuisheng , Jia Qingming
Published: March 2014

HNO3‐doped poly(o‐aminophenol) (PoAP) was synthesized by a facile chemical polymerization without using any surfactants or templates. Sphere‐like microstructures of PoAP are obtained via self‐assembling of two‐dimensional nanoplates. The different microstructures of PoAP could be easily controlled by controlling polymerization conditions, and the possible formation mechanism of PoAP microstructures follows the prickly‐fluffy‐full sphere growth process. By susceptibility test, the as‐synthesized PoAP exhibits superior and sustained antibacterial activities against the typical Gram‐positive Bacillus subtilis. Transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and antibacterial test showed that morphologies of the PoAP have an obvious influence on its antibacterial activities, and the reason was further discussed. The resultant PoAP in this study may have potential applications as biological materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct growth of ZnSe and CdSe on (100) InAs substrates
Authors: Butera Silvia , Moug Richard T. , Vines Peter , Buller Gerald S. , Prior Kevin A.
Published: March 2014

ZnSe and CdSe layers have been grown on InAs substrates using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) without the need for a III‐V and II‐VI dual chamber system. This paper reports on the optimisation of a chemical oxide removal process using sulphur passivation. This removes the need for conventional in vacuo oxide removal under As overpressure that is used to prevent the formation of high densities of In droplets. X‐ray and photoluminescence characterisation of the samples confirms single crystal growth. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of ZnO/ZnTe heterojunction by using a room temperature direct bonding technology
Authors: Akiyama Hajime , Saito Katsuhiko , Tanaka Tooru , Nishio Mitsuhiro , Guo Qixin
Published: March 2014

The ZnO/ZnTe heterojunction was fabricated by using a room temperature direct bonding (RTDB) technology. Satisfactory rectification properties were confirmed, and the forward voltage drop VF was observed to be 2.3 V. The results indicate that RTDB technology is effective for fabricating ZnO/ZnTe heterojunction. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermo‐migration of Te inclusions in CdZnTe during post‐growth annealing in a temperature‐gradient field
Authors: Yang G. , Bolotnikov A. E. , Fochuk P. M. , Camarda G. S. , Hossain A. , Roy U. N. , Cui Y. , Pinder R. , Gray J. , James R. B.
Published: March 2014

We studied the post‐growth annealing of CdZnTe crystals in a temperature‐gradient field and compared the changes of Te inclusions in CdZnTe crystals before and after annealing. The infrared (IR) transmission microscopy shows that Te inclusions can migrate towards the high‐temperature end and leave some smaller dark spots behind. These dark spots may be voids within the original inclusions left behind after the migration of the Terich solid. Such thermo‐migration depends on the specific locations of the Te inclusions within the CdZnTe matrix. Grain boundaries could have a strong trapping effect on the migration of Te inclusions, probablythrough the high density of dislocation networks in the grain‐ boundary region. In addition, we also observed new Te inclusions in the grain‐boundary regions, which were formed during the annealing process. This phenomenon is attributed to the fast diffusion and gettering behavior of excess Te atoms, or possibly Cd vacancies, along the grain boundaries. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of magnetic nanotube thickness on the field behaviour of the confined transverse wall
Authors: Chen A. P. , Gonzalez J. , Guslienko K. Y.
Published: March 2014

For two magnetic nanotubes with radius, R= 100 nm, length L= 800 nm and tube thickness ΔR (difference of the outer and inner tube radii) being, respectively, 30 nm and 40 nm, the transverse walls (TW) are formed in the tube cross‐section ΔR ×L in the middle part of tube. The responses of the TW confined in these two nanotubes to the magnetic fields applied along the easy axis of the tube and induced in the circular direction had been studied by using 2D micromagnetic simulation method. The results of simulations show that only 10 nm difference in nanotubes thickness can cause very different field behaviors for the confined TW in both the magnetic fields directions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ba doped La manganites
Authors: Tonozlis George , Litsardakis George
Published: March 2014

The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of barium doped lanthanum manganites La1‐xBaxMnO3 with x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 compositions were investigated. The X‐ray powder diffraction results show that all samples crystallize in the rhombohedral R‐3c space group. The substitution of La3+ by the larger Ba+2 ions induces an increase of the unit cell volume when the doping level increases from 10% to 20%. On the contrary a further increase of Ba doping at 30% causes a decrease in the volume of unit cell. All samples exhibit a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. Transition temperature increases from 181 K to 319 K with increasing doping level. Above transition temperature the paramagnetic behavior of the samples is well described by the Curie – Weiss law. Arrott‐Belov plots show that all samples follow the behavior expected for a conventional second order transition. The magnetic entropy change and relative cooling power have been determined. |ΔSmaxM| observed in the vicinity of transition temperature increases monotonically from 1.51 Jkg–1K–1 for x = 0.1 to 2.61 Jkg–1K–1 for x = 0.3 for a field change of 2 T. The observed temperature dependence of ΔSM is explained reasonably well by the Landau theory of second order phase transition. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Brief report: Personality correlates of susceptibility to peer influence in adolescence
Authors: Stautz Kaidy , Cooper Andrew
Published: March 2014

Adolescents show a heightened susceptibility to peer influence compared to adults. Individual differences in this susceptibility exist, yet there has been little effort to link these with broader personality processes. Reward sensitivity and impulsive behaviour are also heightened in adolescence and could affect the tendency to be influenced by peers. This study examined associations between self‐reported resistance to peer influence, facets of reward sensitivity and impulsivity, and subjective social status in a sample of 269 British sixth form students (mean age 16.79). Multiple regression analyses showed that negative and positive urgency were significantly negatively associated with resistance to peer influence. The relationship between negative urgency and resistance was moderated by subjective social status, such that individuals reporting low status showed a stronger negative relationship. Results suggest that a susceptibility to peer influence is linked with a tendency to act impulsively when in heightened emotional states. Adolescents high in negative urgency who feel lower in their social hierarchy may be particularly vulnerable.
Knowledge and practices of tobacco dependence treatment among junior doctors in a Malaysian teaching hospital
Authors: Amer Nordin Amer Siddiq , Mohd Hairi Farizah , Bullen Christopher , Mohd Sobri Mohd Khairuddin
Published: March 2014

Introduction: Junior doctors are ideally placed to assist smokers quit yet little is known about their knowledge and practices.

Aims: To determine knowledge and practices in providing smoking cessation support, among junior doctors in a Malaysian teaching hospital.

Methods: In 2012, all junior doctors at University Malaya Medical Centre were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The data were collated and analysed using standard descriptive methods.

Results/Findings: Seventy per cent (n = 122/173) of those eligible completed the questionnaire, 71% reporting cessation training at medical school. Most (90%) asked patients their smoking status but only 52% asked about quitting. Sixty-one per cent lacked confidence in providing assistance to quit, especially female doctors (70.8%, p<0.01). Most (80%) were unaware of local cessation clinics, and over half (59%) were unaware of the existence of guidelines for smoking cessation (p<0.001).

Conclusions: Asking about smoking was undertaken at satisfactory levels, but low knowledge, confidence and skills among this group of junior doctors indicates that cessation education should be included in undergraduate and in postgraduate curriculum training programmes. Awareness of specialist services and guidelines should be raised. Our findings are unlikely to be unique to this hospital, suggesting the need for a nationally consistent approach.