bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple and Sensitive UPLC-MS/MS Method for High-Throughput Analysis of Ibrutinib in Rat Plasma: Optimization by Box-Behnken Experimental Design
Authors: Iqbal Muzaffar , Shakeel Faiyaz , Anwer Tarique
Published: April 2016

Ibrutinib was the first Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. The aim of this study was to develop a UPLC-tandem MS method for the high-throughput analysis of ibrutinib in rat plasma samples. A chromatographic condition was optimized by the implementation of the Box-Behnken experimental design. Both ibrutinib and internal standard (vilazodone; IS) were separated within 2 min using the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in 10 mM ammonium acetate in a ratio of 80+20, eluted at a flow rate of 0.250 mL/min. A simple protein precipitation method was used for the sample cleanup procedure. The detection was performed in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring by ion transitions of m/z 441.16 > 84.02 for ibrutinib and m/z 442.17 > 155.02 for IS, respectively. All calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.35 to 400 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) with a lower LOQ of 0.35 ng/mL only. All validation parameter results were within the acceptance criteria as per international regulatory guidelines. The developed assay was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of a novel ibrutinib self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery system formulation.
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis and Multi-Organ Metastases are Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Omar Youssef  , Virinder Kaur Sarhadi  , Lauri Lehtimäki  , Milja Tikkanen  , Arto Kokkola  , Pauli Puolakkainen  , Gemma Armengol  , Sakari Knuutila
Published: April 2016

Background: Peritoneal carcinomatosis and multi-organ metastases might be prognostic factors in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and inoperable metastases at diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to examine the relationship between patient clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer and indication for first-line systemic chemotherapy. Results: One hundred and twelve patients were accrued. According to univariate analysis, peritoneal carcinomatosis, lack of primary tumour resection and multi-organ metastases were associated with poor overall survival. According to multivariate analysis, patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and patients with multi-organ metastases had a shorter overall survival (12 vs 27.0 months, p<0.001 and 14,6 vs 27 months, p=0.007, respectively). Conclusions: Our results indicate that presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis and multi-organ metastases are independent predictors of poor outcome for patients with colorectal cancer undergoing first line treatment with standard chemotherapy.
Le caractère formatif d’un dispositif d’évaluation des enseignements par les étudiants (EEE) : une analyse de l’utilité des questionnements pour une démarche réflexive
Authors: Perret Cathy , Demougeot-Lebel Joelle
Published: April 2016

Cet article examine un dispositif d’évaluation des enseignements par les étudiants (EEE) en analysant les choix des équipes pédagogiques concernant les questionnaires qu’elles conçoivent. Cette étude est menée afin d’étudier la place possible de l’EEE dans le cadre de l’évaluation-conseil. En effet, pour que l’EEE soit utile aux enseignants, il convient que les questions posées aux étudiants permettent aux enseignants comme aux professionnels de l’accompagnement de s’inscrire dans une logique d’évaluation-conseil. Les résultats montrent leur intérêt dans ce cadre en fournissant aux enseignants des données qui leur permettent de conforter ou de modifier leurs enseignements. Ils soulignent également l’absence de recueil de données en lien avec certaines dimensions de la relation pédagogique (notamment les difficultés étudiantes et les interactions enseignant-étudiant), ce qui pose la question de la perception de l’enseignement chez les enseignants-chercheurs en France.
Testimonio y literatura. Algunas reflexiones y tres realizaciones en la narrativa argentina: Walsh, Urondo, Cortázar (1957-1974)
Authors: García Victoria
Published: April 2016

Resumen: El estudio de la relación entre testimonio yliteratura reviste la complejidad que conlleva lasiempre discutida definición de lo literario. En efecto,la discusión sobre qué había de ser la literatura, en unaAmérica Latina cuyo proceso revolucionario se veía enmarcha, posibilitó la institucionalización el testimoniocomo género literario en el comienzo de la década de1970. El presente artículo se inserta dentro de dichadiscusión, presentsando el fenómeno de la literaturatestimonial desde el punto de vista de susimplicaciones teóricas y mostrando los criteriosconceptuales que sustentan, en nuestro enfoque, laconstrucción de un corpus de literatura testimonial.De acuerdo a dichos criterios, analizamos un corpusde literatura testimonial argentina, conformado porobras de Rodolfo Walsh, Francisco Urondo y JulioCortázar, producidas entre 1957 y 1974.Palabras clave: Testimonio, Literatura,Abstract: The relation between testimony andliterature is as complex as the always debateddefinition of literature itself. In fact, the discussionabout what was and had to be literature, in the contextof a revolutionary Latin America, gave room to theinstitutionalization of testimonio as a literary genre inthe early 1970s. This paper raises that discussion. Weintroduce certain theoretical implications of thetestimonial literature phenomenon. and postulate theconceptual basis which supports the conformation of atestimonial literature corpus of analysis. From thatpoint of view, we analyze a testimonial literaturecorpus, which integrates works of three Argentineauthors, Rodolfo Walsh, Francisco Urondo and JulioCortázar, written between 1957 and 1974.Key words: Testimony, Literature, TestimonialLiterature, Argentine Literature, 60-70s.
Dos veces Julio. Sobre algunas memorias fotográficas del pasado reciente en la Argentina
Authors: Fortuny Natalia
Published: April 2016

Resumen: El punto de partida de este artículo es una foto de Julio López, ex detenido-desaparecido de la pasada dictadura argentina y vuelto a desaparecer en 2006 tras dar testimonio en el juicio que condenó al represor Miguel Etchecolatz a prisión perpetua. Una foto de López ya vista será ahora reinsertada en otro contexto, duplicada para ser dada nuevamente a la mirada. Desde ella se desplegarán las singularidades de algunas otros artefactos visuales entendidos como memorias fotográficas de la historia reciente argentina ligada a la pasada dictadura. Fotos que en sus mismos procedimientos de construcción de lo pasado se van conformando como artefactos de memoria, tensando particularmente las cuestiones del paisaje y de la figura del desaparecido.
Palabras Clave: Fotografía argentina, memorias sociales, desaparecidos.
Abstract: The starting point of this article is a photo of Julio López, ex detained-disappeared in Argentina's last dictatorship. López disappeared again in 2006, after giving testimony at the trial that convicted repressor Miguel Etchecolatz to life imprisonment. One iconic photo of Lopez will now be reinserted in another context, projected onto a river. From this, the peculiarities of some other photographic memories of Argentina's recent history will be displayed. Specially, as they are visual artifacts of memory that tense the question of the landscape and the forced disappearance.
Key Words: Photography,  Social Memories, Desaparecidos.
Tiene [la] palabra la víctima pura [?]. El vacío social, el testimonio y la desesperación del investigador ante el sufrimiento sin forma ni lenguaje
Authors: Gatti Gabriel
Published: April 2016

Resumen: A partir de una revisión de propuestas pasadas sobre la vida social en zonas alejadas de los sentidos normativos sobre la vida social ordinaria, el texto traza un recorrido que pasa por las tensiones entre representación y realidad, el testimonio y la víctima. En el límite, propone una figura teórica:?la víctima pura, una suerte de doliente sin voz y plantea algunas dudas sobre las posibilidades reales de hacer investigación social sobre ella.
Palabras clave: Víctimas, testimonio, representación, vacío social.
Abstract: From a revision of past proposals about life in distant areas from the normative senses about everyday social life, the text traces a way from the tension between representation and reality, the testimony and the victim. At the limit suggests a theoretical figure: the pure victim, a kind of mourner without voice. It lays out out some questions about the real possibilities of making social investigation about her.
Key words: Victims, Testimony, Representation, Social Vacuum.
Testimonios coalescentes: emergencias de la razón militante en las narrativas sobre la fuga de centro clandestino de detención Atila/Mansión Seré
Authors: Messina Luciana , Besse Juan
Published: April 2016

Resumen: El escrito hace pie conceptual en laconvergencia de los testimonios sobre la violencia delterrorismo de Estado y la operatoria del sistemadesaparecedor que la sustentó durante la últimadictadura militar en Argentina (1976-1983). ¿De quémanera se entraman el testimonio jurídico,periodístico, literario y cinematográfico en laproducción de verdad y en la consistencia de un sabersobre lo ocurrido en esos años? El trabajo revisa trestipos de testimonios (judicial, literario,cinematográfico) sobre la fuga de detenidos ilegalesen el centro clandestino de detención Atila/MansiónSeré, que tuvo lugar en la madrugada del 24 de marzode 1978.
Palabras Clave: Testimonio, Centro Clandestino de Detención, Razón Militante, Argentina.
Abstract: The paper makes conceptual standing onthe convergence of testimonies on the state terrorismviolence and the way in which operates thedisappearing system that supported it during the lastmilitary dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983). Howthe legal, journalistic, literary and film testimoniesinterweave in producing truth and in the consistencyof knowledge about what happened in those years?The paper reviews three types of testimonies (judicial,literary, film) on the escape of illegal prisoners fromthe center clandestine of detention Atila/MansiónSeré, which took place on the morning of March 24,1978.
Key words: Testimony, Clandestine Detention Center, Militant Reason, Argentina
'Operación Masacre'
Authors: Curi Jorge , Rein Mercedes , García (ed.) Victoria
Published: April 2016

Adaptación teatral de Operación Masacre
«DET VAR NOGEN VILDTSMAK AV HANS ÅNDE»: THOMAS GLAHN OG DET SAMISKE RUNDT SIRILUND
Authors: Lødemel Andreas
Published: April 2016

Often when the theme of Hamsun and the Sami is discussed, the focus is on the nation building structures and negative generalizations contained in Growth of the Soil (1917). Hamsun’s earlier novel Pan (1894) is sometimes mentioned in passing as an example of a more positive or neutral attitude towards the Sami. This essay adds some nuance to this narrative by examining the motif of the Sami in Pan with a line drawn to the novel Rosa (1908). The presence of the Sami is limited in Pan. Hamsun relegates them to the relatively inhospitable mountains surrounding the coastal village of Sirilund. When they do appear, Glahn’s interactions with the Sami play an interesting part in the story of the porous identity of this narrating main character. In Rosa, which like Pan is set in Sirilund, Edvarda remembers Glahn, and she makes a symbolic link between his sexual power and the Sami. Later, in what is for Hamsun an uncharacteristically sexually explicit scene between Edvarda and the Sami character Gilbert Lap, we can find an echo of the famous scene from Pan where the goat god makes his only appearance, mocking Glahn through silent laughter.
“GOING OFF THE BEATEN PATH: KNUT HAMSUN’S FORAYS INTO TRAVEL WRITING”
Authors: Conner Tom
Published: April 2016

This paper examines Knut Hamsun’s travel writing, from his many newspaper articles about America published before The Cultural Life of Modern America (Fra det moderne Amerikas aandsliv, 1889) – his idiosyncratic and very personal reckoning with America – to his only real (i.e., formal) travelogue or travel book, In Wonderland (I Æventyrland, 1903), documenting his visit to the Russian Caucasus. The article focuses on some common themes as well as striking differences among these works, so as to highlight Hamsun’s creative use of the travel genre. As the term “foray” in my title suggests, there is something illicit and transgressive about Hamsun’s travel writing. He does not readily conform to the norms of the genre; rather, he transforms the genre to suit his own purposes by infusing a large dose of his idiosyncratic genius in everything he writes about the faraway lands he visits.
Segmentation of conducting domains in PEDOT:PSS films induced by an additive for conductivity enhancement
Authors: Unuma Takeya , Yoshikawa Muneki , Nakamura Arao , Kishida Hideo
Published: April 2016

We investigate the relationship between the morphology and in-plane conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films made from aqueous dispersions with/without ethylene glycol additive. Nanometer-scale current images of the films obtained using a conductive atomic-force microscope reveal that PEDOT-rich highly conducting domains are segmented into smaller ones — with the total area of these domains being nearly constant — for larger percentages of ethylene glycol leading to higher in-plane conductivities. The in-plane transport mechanism is found to have a strong dependence on the effective thickness of insulating barriers formed by excess PSS between neighboring highly conducting domains.
Theoretical investigations of initial growth processes on semipolar AlN

surfaces under metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy growth condition
Authors: Akiyama Toru , Takemoto Yoshitaka , Nakamura Kohji , Ito Tomonori
Published: April 2016

The initial growth processes on semipolar AlN

surfaces, such as adsorption behavior of Al adatoms, are investigated on the basis of ab initio calculations and kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. By using surface phase diagrams, which are obtained by comparing the adsorption energy from ab initio calculations with gas-phase chemical potentials, we find that the adsorption of Al adatoms under H-poor condition is much easier than that under H-rich condition. Furthermore, our kinetic MC simulations demonstrate that the surface lifetime (diffusion length) of Al adatoms under H-poor condition is found to be four (two) orders of magnitude larger than that under H-rich condition. These differences implie that the growth under H-poor condition is much faster than that under H-rich condition, qualitatively consistent with the experimental results.
Genetic diversity inOryza glumaepatulawild rice populations in Costa Rica and possible gene flow fromO. sativa
Authors: Fuchs Eric J. , Meneses Martínez Allan , Calvo Amanda , Muñoz Melania , Arrieta-Espinoza Griselda
Published: April 2016

Wild crop relatives are an important source of genetic diversity for crop improvement. Diversity estimates are generally lacking for many wild crop relatives. The objective of the present study was to analyze how genetic diversity is distributed within and among populations of the wild rice speciesOryza glumaepatulain Costa Rica. We also evaluated the likelihood of gene flow between wild and commercial rice species because the latter is commonly sympatric with wild rice populations. Introgression may change wild species by incorporating alleles from domesticated species, increasing the risk of losing original variation. Specimens from all knownO. glumaepatulapopulations in Costa Rica were analyzed with 444 AFLP markers to characterize genetic diversity and structure. We also compared genetic diversity estimates betweenO. glumaepatulaspecimens andO. sativacommercial rice. Our results showed thatO. glumaepatulapopulations in Costa Rica have moderately high levels of genetic diversity, comparable to those found in South American populations. Despite the restricted distribution of this species in Costa Rica, populations are fairly large, reducing the effects of drift on genetic diversity. We found a dismissible but significant structure (θ= 0.02 ± 0.001) among populations. A Bayesian structure analysis suggested that some individuals share a significant proportion of their genomes withO. sativa. These results suggest that gene flow from cultivatedO. sativapopulations may have occurred in the recent past. These results expose an important biohazard: recurrent hybridization may reduce the genetic diversity of this wild rice species. Introgression may transfer commercial traits intoO. glumaepatula, which in turn could alter genetic diversity and increase the likelihood of local extinction. These results have important implications forin situconservation strategies of the only wild populations ofO. glumaepatulain Costa Rica.
Effects of sound exposure on the growth and intracellular macromolecular synthesis ofE. colik-12
Authors: Gu Shaobin , Zhang Yongzhu , Wu Ying
Published: April 2016

Microbes, as one of the primary producers of the biosphere, play an important role in ecosystems. Exploring the mechanism of adaptation and resistance of microbial population to various environmental factors has come into focus in the fields of modern microbial ecology and molecular ecology. However, facing the increasingly serious problem of acoustic pollution, very few efforts have been put forth into studying the relation of single cell organisms and sound field exposure. Herein, we studied the biological effects of sound exposure on the growth ofE. coliK-12 with different acoustic parameters. The effects of sound exposure on the intracellular macromolecular synthesis and cellular morphology ofE. coliK-12 were also analyzed and discussed. Experimental results indicated thatE. coliK-12 exposed to sound waves owned a higher biomass and a faster specific growth rate compared to the control group. Also, the average length ofE. coliK-12 cells increased more than 27.26%. The maximum biomass and maximum specific growth rate of the stimulation group by 8000 Hz, 80dB sound wave was about 1.7 times and 2.5 times that of the control group, respectively. Moreover, it was observed thatE. coliK-12 can respond rapidly to sound stress at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by promoting the synthesis of intracellular RNA and total protein. Some potential mechanisms may be involved in the responses of bacterial cells to sound stress.
Derek Howse (1919–98)
Authors: Waters D. W.
Published: July 2002

Commander Derek Howse, who has died aged 78, was a man of many talents which he used unstintingly in time of war, and in times of peace for the public benefit. After a distinguished career in the Royal Navy he joined the Museum service, and rose in it to become the leading authority on the history of the buildings, instruments and astronomical timekeepers of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, on the solution in the eighteenth century of the problem of determining the longitude at sea by lunar distance and by chronometer, and on the development and use of radar at sea.

Derek was the son of a Captain of the Royal Navy, and at the age of thirteen and a half years followed his father into the Navy as a Naval Cadet. In HMS Britannia (then the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth) for the next three and a half years Derek was given a very broad – for those, even more for present times – education, for it was in the sciences and the humanities, in marine engineering and in seamanship, before going to sea as a midshipman in the 16″-gun battleship HMS Rodney for some two years. He then completed his sub-lieutenant's qualifying courses in navigation, gunnery, torpedoes, anti-submarine warfare and signals in 1939, as the Second World War broke out, when he again went to sea.
Privacy and the gay right to fight
Authors: Hare Ivan
Published: July 2002

IN the course of rejecting a domestic challenge to the Ministry of Defence's policy of discharging all personnel found to be of homosexual orientation, members of the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal hinted strongly that the rule was likely to be condemned in Strasbourg (R. v. Ministry of Defence, ex p. Smith [1996] Q.B. 517, noted at (1996) 55 C.L.J. 179). This prediction was proved correct when the same applicants took their cases to the European Court of Human Rights (E.C.H.R.) in Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. U.K. (Applications 31417/96 and 32377/96) and Smith and Grady v. U.K. (Applications 33985/96 and 33986/96), 27 September 1999, The Times, 11 October 1999.
Antisuit injunctions and the Brussels Convention
Authors: Fentiman Richard
Published: July 2002

THE law concerning antisuit injunctions continues to develop, albeit in a conceptually unsatisfying, piecemeal fashion. English courts are increasingly concerned about the problem of extraterritoriality—witness Lord Goff's strictures about comity in Airbus Industrie GIE v. Patel [1998] 1 W.L.R. 686 (H.L.). But their cautious language conceals a readiness to grant relief in novel situations. A recent example is Turner v. Grovit [1999] 3 All E.R. 616, where, in the course of proceedings for constructive dismissal brought by Mr. Turner before an English employment tribunal, his employers sued him in Spain for repudiating his contract of employment. The Court of Appeal unhesitatingly restrained the Spanish proceedings. They were an abuse of process, intended solely to vex Mr. Grovit in the pursuit of his claim before the employment tribunal.
The effect of testosterone in mice divergently selected on fat

content or body weight
Authors: HASTINGS IAN M. , HILL WILLIAM G.
Published: July 2002

Lines of mice have been divergently selected on one of two traits:

(i) estimated fat content at 14

weeks of age, which has resulted in a 5-fold divergence, and (ii) body
weight

at 10 weeks of age,

which has resulted in a 3-fold divergence. Individuals from each line were

castrated or sham operated at 10 days of age and subsequently given either
exogenous

testosterone or the

appropriate control from 14 days of age. Castration increased fat content

and decreased lean

weight in all lines, an effect which was not reversed by administration
of

testosterone. Body weight

was reduced by around 10% as a result of castration and this effect was
at

least partially reversed

by exogenous testosterone. Analysis of body weight, fat content and lean

mass at 10 weeks of age

failed to detect any interaction between these treatments and genetic

background. It is therefore

concluded that testosterone metabolism has not contributed disproportionately

to the response to

artificial selection in spite of its known effects on growth and body composition.
The shorebird ichnofacies: an example from the Miocene of southern Spain
Authors: DOYLE PETER , WOOD JASON L. , GEORGE GARETH T.
Published: July 2002

The Late Miocene Sorbas Member of the Sorbas Basin, Almería Province, southeast Spain
contains an extensive avian ichnofauna preserved in lagoonal marls. Three distinctive avian ichnotaxa
can be identified: Antarctichnus fuenzalidae Covacevich and Lamperein, 1970; Iranipeda millumi n.
ichnosp.; and Roepichnus grahami n. ichnogen, n. ichnosp. In common with many other Cenozoic
avian ichnofaunas, these traces are associated with shorebirds, including plovers, storks, ducks and/or
gulls, respectively. Associated mammalian tracks include possible cat and artiodactyl footprints. The
avian tracks are abundant and show a range of behavioural aspects in common with other recorded
examples of Cretaceous–Recent shorebird tracks. These include both solitary and group activities
consistent with their postulated avian tracemakers.
Precambrian? and Cambrian stratigraphy of the

Penbegˇli-Tut inlier, southeastern Turkey
Authors: DEAN W. T. , MARTIN F. , MONOD O. , GÜNAY Y. , KOZLU H. , BOZDOGˇAN N.
Published: July 2002

The oldest rocks in the Penbegˇli-Tut inlier of

southeastern Turkey belong to the Meryemuşagˇi Formation

(base not seen); they are mostly clastic rocks of ?late Precambrian

age, overlain with angular unconformity by unfossiliferous quartzites

(270 m est.) of the Zabuk Formation. The latter unit is succeeded

conformably by the Koruk Formation (Lower?/Middle Cambrian),

comprising almost 200 m of dolomite and grey and red nodular

limestone, and the Sosink Formation (Middle Cambrian), about 600 m of

silty mudstone and sandstone with a few thin limestone beds, overlain

unconformably by Cretaceous carbonates. The closest comparison is

with the Derik-Mardin area, 220 km to the east, where the section is

more complete. The upper Koruk Formation contains trilobites of the

Pardailhania and Solenopleuropsis biozones;

trilobites from the Sosink Formation indicate the

Solenopleuropsis Biozone, a post-Solenopleuropsis

interval, and a level with Holasaphus mesopotamicus, known

only from the Derik area. Acritarchs from the highest Koruk Formation

and the whole of the Sosink belong to the lower part of microflora

A2, described from the Middle Cambrian of eastern

Newfoundland.
Lowermost Ordovician (basal Tremadoc) radiolarians from the
Little Port Complex, western Newfoundland
Authors: AITCHISON JONATHAN C. , FLOOD PETER G. , MALPAS JOHN
Published: July 2002

Lowermost Ordovician (basal Tremadoc) cherts from the Little Port
Complex, western
Newfoundland, contain a distinctive, moderately well-preserved, radiolarian

assemblage. The fauna differs
from those reported from the Arenig, suggesting that some of the earliest

radiolarian forms may have biostratigraphic
potential. The abundance of radiolarians in chert and the ease with which

they can be extracted
suggest that they are a potentially valuable tool for use in investigations

of the timing and development of
early Palaeozoic orogenic systems. A previously undescribed radiolarian

Beothuka terranova sp. nov.,
belonging to a new genus Beothuka gen. nov. and of uncertain
higher-level affinity is formalized herein.
Reactivation of relay ramps and structural evolution of the Mere
Fault and Wardour Monocline, northern Wessex Basin
Authors: BARTON C. M. , EVANS D. J. , BRISTOW C. R. , FRESHNEY E. C. , KIRBY G. A.
Published: July 2002

New geological field mapping along a 24-km-long portion of the
Mere Fault,
in the northern part
of the Wessex Basin, together with seismic reflection and other subsurface

data, allow an analysis of displacement,
both along the length and down the dip of the reactivated fault. The principal
segments of the
Mere Fault dip south at about 70° and display components of both
syndepositional normal displacement and
later reversal of movement during basin contraction. Minimum estimates
of
the largest down-to-the-south
displacements range from less than 100 m at the surface to 350 m at the

top of the pre-Permian basement
and these values decrease to zero toward the fault segment tips. Estimates

that allow for reverse movement
along the fault suggest that there must have been at least 500 m of normal

displacement along the central
portion of the segment. Stratigraphical separation at the surface indicates

that the largest down-to-the-north
displacements, associated with later fault reversal, are at least 200 m

and occur in the east, where reversal of
movement has taken place on an early, high-angle fault segment. In the

west, the principal fault strands are
eroded to deeper stratigraphical levels where largely normal slip is
preserved and segments are linked by
normal and oblique transfer faults. The Wardour Monocline was developed

during basin contraction, in part
by movement along a concealed fault segment, overstepping from the Mere

Fault at the surface, and in part
over a relay ramp between the two fault segments.
The lightcone Gauss map and the lightcone
developable of a spacelike curve in Minkowski 3-space
Authors: Izumiya Shyuichi , Pei Donghe , Sano Takasi
Published: July 2002

We define the notion of lightcone Gauss maps,
lightcone pedal curves and lightcone developables of spacelike curves in
Minkowski 3-space and establish the relationships between singularities of these
objects and geometric invariants of curves under the action of the Lorentz
group.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT ABOVE NATIONAL CONTEXT: POLITICAL

ECONOMY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SCOTLAND AND NAPLES
Authors: ROBERTSON JOHN
Published: July 2002

It is now common to study the Enlightenment ‘in national

context’, and in few cases

has the approach been more fertile than in the study of the Scottish

Enlightenment. The danger of this

approach, however, is that it deflects attention from the international

connections of the Enlightenment,

fragmenting the movement as a whole. It is argued here that the

Enlightenment is better understood

as an intellectual movement which was both cosmopolitan and patriotic,
and

that this is particularly

evident in its commitment to political economy, as the key to improving
the

human condition in this

world. The argument is developed through a comparison of Scottish and

Neapolitan political economy

from the mid- to the later eighteenth century. Though set apart by very

different economic circumstances, the Scots and the Neapolitans had a common
point of

reference in French economic

writings, and through these Hume's ideas in particular were

transmitted to Naples. It was from

within this common intellectual framework that the Scots and the

Neapolitans elaborated their

distinctive positions on the scope for free trade between nations. If

Hume and Smith believed that poor

countries such as Scotland would prosper through greater free trade,

while Genovesi and Galiani

argued that only by measures of protection could the abundant natural

resources of the kingdom of

Naples be harnessed to its benefit, their differences derived from shared

premises, and a comparable fear

of the inclination of the leading mercantile powers, Britain and France,
to

control trade to their sole advantage.
BEYOND THE PALE: JOHN CUSACKE AND THE LANGUAGE OF ABSOLUTISM
IN EARLY STUART BRITAIN
Authors: PECK LINDA LEVY
Published: July 2002

John Cusacke, an Irish gentleman who was educated on the continent
and worked on
the fringes of the court of wards, constructed a striking re-reading of
kingship, law, colonial
government, and parliament in a series of tracts written between 1615
and 1647. His writings provide
insight both into seventeenth-century colonial theory and early
Stuart political thought. Shaped in the
cauldron of Irish land struggles and continental political thought,
Cusacke rejected Old English
constitutionalism, arguing instead that Ireland was a colonial
dependency of England. Further, to
gain royal favour for various projects, Cusacke recast contemporary
conceptions of parliament and
common law, rejecting the centrality of custom, insisting that the king
was the law maker and
vigorously attacking Sir Edward Coke. Cusacke's writings reached the
libraries of
James I and Charles I, and their officials Sir Robert Naunton, master of
the
court of wards, and attorney-general
Sir Robert Bankes. Cusacke's tracts graphically demonstrate the
existence of an absolutist political
discourse in early Stuart Britain applied not to issues of theology
or of international law but to domestic politics.
JAN SCHMIDT, From Anatolia to Indonesia: Opium Trade and the Dutch Community of Izmir, 1820–1940 (Istanbul and Leiden: Nederlands Historisch–Archaeologisch Instituut, 1998). Pp. 222. $22.95 cloth.
Authors: Goffman Daniel
Published: July 2002

Most of us associate the 19th-century commerce in opium with the Opium Wars that propelled China into humiliating economic subjugation to Western powers. Opium was probably second only to slavery as a shameful economic underpinning to European domination of much of Africa and Asia. Consequently, it is important that we understand not only where the poppy was grown, who purchased it, and where and why it was marketed, but also the values and ideologies that led to its suppression by the very polities that earlier had encouraged its cultivation and habitual use.
Tides of Migration, Currents of History: The State, Economy, and the Transatlantic Movement of Labor in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Strikwerda Carl
Published: July 2002

International migration has flowed and ebbed in two long waves over the last two hundred years. The major determinants of international migration have been the economy and the state. The economic forces impinging on migration are demography, technology, the level of wages, and geographical proximity, transportation, and communications. The state is the confluence of social and political forces within countries which define, encourage or curtail, and regulate movement across borders. The lesson of the nineteenth-century migration system is that states created it or allowed it to happen. They also always had the power to end it, and they eventually did. The huge break in the history of migration which accompanied the era of the world wars points to the decisive power of the state to control migration and, by extension, the direction of economic development itself. The present article reviews the major phases of the history of modern migration in order to put the present crossroads in perspective.
Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography,

1900–1991. By JOSEPH C. MILLER.

Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1993. Pp. xvii + 556.

$90 (ISBN 0-527-63660-6).
Authors: CLARENCE-SMITH W. G.
Published: July 2002

This mammoth volume is yet another milestone in Joseph

Miller's continuing survey of the ever more extensive writings on

slavery around the world. From a working bibliography for a university

course, this undertaking has expanded and blossomed to become this

wonderful research tool for scholars, with 10,344 entries. The

pervasiveness of slavery in human history is becoming ever more

apparent, bringing out the peculiarity of the twentieth century. The

listings include secondary scholarly works directly relevant to

slavery and written from the perspective of any discipline. The

framework is basically geographical by enslaving nation. The major

problems here is the category ‘Muslim’, which might more

fruitfully have been broken up into its constituent geographical

entities. Asia, which always accounted for a far larger number of

slaves than the Americas, is under-represented, in part reflecting

scholarly coyness about this delicate topic. The entries are not

annotated, but there are two lengthy indices, for authors and for

subjects. The emphasis is on works in English, with a partial

representation of writings in major West European languages. Despite

these restrictions, the task is reaching the limits of the book

format, as the fascination of scholars with this subject shows no sign

of abating. Future editions will perhaps need to be available only in

electronic format.
Metabolic signalling and the partitioning of resources in plant storage organs
Authors: HALFORD NIGEL G.
Published: July 2002

The most important harvested organs of crop plants,
such as seeds, tubers and fruits, are often described as
assimilate sinks. They play little or no part in the
fixation of carbon through the production of sugars
through photosynthesis, or in the uptake of nitrogen
and sulphur, but import these assimilated resources to
support metabolism and to store them in the form of
starch, oils and proteins. Wild plants store resources
in seeds and tubers to later support an emergent
young plant. Cultivated crops are effectively storing
resources to provide us with food and many have
been bred to accumulate much more than would be
required otherwise. For example, approximately 80%
of a cultivated potato plant's dry weight is contained
in its tubers, ten times the proportion in the tubers of
its wild relatives (Inoue & Tanaka 1978). Cultivation
and breeding has brought about a shift in the
partitioning of carbon and nitrogen assimilate between
the organs of the plant.
American Musicology and “The Archives of Eden”
Authors: WHITE HARRY
Published: July 2002

In his T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures delivered at the University
of Kent
in March, 1971, and subsequently published as In Bluebeard's Castle
or Some
Notes Towards A Re-definition of Culture, George Steiner apostrophized
the
condition of American culture in the following way:

America is the representative and premonitory example [of the democratization

of high culture]. Nowhere has the debilitation of genuine literacy
gone further
(consider the recent surveys of reading-comprehension and recognition in

American high schools). But nowhere, also, have the conservation and learned

scrutiny of the art or literature of the past been pursued with more generous

authority. American libraries, universities, archives, museums, centres
for
advanced study, are now the indispensable record and treasure-house of

civilization. It is here that the European artist and scholar must come
to see the
cherished after-glow of his culture. Though often obsessed with the future,
the
United States is now, certainly in regard to the humanities, the active
watchman
of the classic past.

So far, so good. But Steiner's encomium (notwithstanding that second

sentence) carried with it a conditional scrutiny which was less attractive

in its implications.
IS THE NATURAL TWINNING RATE NOW STABLE?
Authors: MURPHY M. F. G. , HEY K. , WHITEMAN D. , O'DONNELL M. , WILLIS B. , BARLOW D.
Published: July 2002

As contribution to a recent debate (James, 1998; Murphy et al., 1997, 1998) the proportion of twins following ovulation induction (OI) or assisted conception (AC) in 1994 in Oxfordshire and West Berkshire was estimated, and by extrapolation the natural twinning rate in England and Wales was judged to have maintained a plateau phase since the 1970s. Similar figures for 1995 and 1996 from the same study, and hence a more stable local estimate, are now provided. The proportions, as before, were estimated from women's responses to a questionnaire within a case-control study, with ascertainment from general practitioners' records or hospital case-notes for non-responders or for those excluded from the study originally. In 1994, 1995 and 1996 the proportion of twins following OI/AC was overall 27% (24%, 30% and 27% respectively). Restriction to the 87% locally resident made no difference. The national crude twinning rate for those years was overall 13·3 per 1000 maternities (12·8, 13·6 and 13·4 respectively).
ETHNICITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE CASE OF GHANA
Authors: ADDAI ISAAC
Published: July 2002

Using a sub-sample of ever-married women from the 1993 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), this study examines differentials in contraceptive use in six cultural groups: Ga-Adangbe, Twi, Fante/other Akans, Ewe, Guan/others and Mole-Dagbani. Multivariate analysis is used to explore whether reported ethnic differentials in contraceptive use can be attributed to ethnicity or to other characteristics that distinguish the ethnic groups. Overall, the findings are generally more consistent with the 'characteristics' hypothesis, because contraceptive use differentials by ethnic group is accounted for by differences in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of these women. However, for the Fante/other Akans, even after the necessary controls, ethnicity continued to emerge as a significant determinant of contraceptive use. Programmatic implications of these results are discussed.
CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE AND DIFFERENTIALS IN AGE AT MARRIAGE, CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND FERTILITY IN PAKISTAN
Authors: HUSSAIN R. , BITTLES A. H.
Published: July 2002

Fertility rates in Pakistan have remained consistently high over the past three decades. While numerous studies have examined sociodemographic determinants, the role of biological factors, and particularly consanguinity, has received little attention, even though marriage between close biological relatives continues to be the norm in Pakistan. Reproductive behaviour among women in consanguineous (first cousin) and non-consanguineous unions was compared, using data from a 1995 study of multi-ethnic communities in Karachi and the 1990–91 Pakistan Demographic & Health Survey (PDHS). The results show that, although female age at first marriage has been gradually rising in both study samples, women in consanguineous unions married at younger ages and were less likely to use modern contraceptive methods. In the Karachi sample, women in first cousin unions experienced a higher mean number of pregnancies and also reported a higher mean number of children ever born (CEB). However, their mean number of surviving children did not differ from those born to women in non-consanguineous unions, implying higher prenatal and/or postnatal losses in couples related as first cousins. On the other hand, the PDHS showed both lower CEB values for women in consanguineous marriages and a lower number of surviving children. Given the continuing popularity of consanguineous marriage, these findings have important implications for future fertility reduction in Pakistan.
Control of Listeria monocytogenes by bacteriocins and monitoring of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria by colony hybridization in semi-hard raw milk cheese
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ EVA , ARQUÉS JUAN LUIS , GAYA PILAR , NUÑEZ MANUEL , MEDINA MARGARITA
Published: July 2002

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow at low temperatures and increase to
hazardous levels during storage of dairy products is of great concern to the dairy
industry. List. monocytogenes was detected in 3·6% of 774 cows' milk samples from
114 farms in Central Spain (Gaya et al. 1998). Ewes' and goats' milks produced in
Spain had contamination levels of 2·2 and 2·6% respectively (Rodríguez et al. 1994;
Gaya et al. 1996). List. monocytogenes may survive during the manufacture and
ripening of most cheese varieties, with higher risk in soft surface-ripened cheeses
owing to the rise in pH during ripening (Maisnier-Patin et al. 1992; Giraffa &
Carminati, 1997).

The efficacy with which actively growing bacteriocin-producing cultures inhibit
List. monocytogenes in some cheese varieties has been demonstrated. Nisin-producing
starters inhibited List. monocytogenes V7 in Camembert cheese (Maisnier-Patin et al.
1992) and List. innocua BL86/26 in raw ewes' milk Manchego cheese (Rodríguez et al.
1998). A lacticin 3147-producing starter culture (McAuliffe et al. 1999) reduced
List. monocytogenes Scott A levels in cottage cheese. Inoculation of milk with
enterocin AS-48-producing Enterococcus faecalis INIA 4 inhibited List. monocytogenes
strains Ohio and Scott A during the manufacture and ripening of Manchego cheese
(Nuñez et al. 1997).

Semi-hard cheese varieties from raw or pasteurized cows' milk mixed with
different proportions of ewes' and/or goats' milk represent ∼ 50% of Spanish cheese
production. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the antilisterial
activity of three bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from milk
(Rodríguez et al. 2000) during the manufacture and ripening of a semi-hard cheese
manufactured from raw milk.
Biochemical characterization of bovine αs1-casein
F and genotyping
with sequence-specific primers
Authors: PRINZENBERG EVA-MARIA , ANGLADE PATRICIA , RIBADEAU-DUMAS BRUNO , ERHARDT GEORG
Published: July 2002

Bovine αs1-casein F (αs1-CN F)

was found in a genetic resource of
Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Niederungsrind cows at a frequency of 0·009.
Biochemical
characterization of this new variant was obtained by automated sequencing
of
reversed-phase HPLC-separated tryptic peptides of αs1-CN
F
and αs1-CN B. αs1-CN F was found to be
a
subtype of αs1-CN B with a single amino acid substitution

(SerP/Leu) in position 66. DNA sequencing revealed a C/T transition
in position
8418 of the gene. Sequence-specific primers were designed to perform an
allele-specific
polymerase chain reaction for detection of αs1CnF.

Typing of artificial insemination sperm samples included in the genetic
resource
sperm pool identified one sire heterozygous for αs1CnF.
Prediction and investigation of the turbulent flow over a rotating disk
Authors: WU XIAOHUA , SQUIRES KYLE D.
Published: July 2002

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has been used to predict the statistically three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer (3DTBL) over a rotating disk. LES predictions
for six parameter cases were compared to the experimental measurements of Littell &
Eaton (1994), obtained at a momentum thickness Reynolds number of 2660. A signal-decomposition scheme was developed by modifying the method of Spalart (1988) to
prescribe time-dependent boundary conditions along the radial direction, entrainment
towards the disk surface was prescribed by satisfying global mass conservation. Predictions
of the mean velocities and r.m.s. fluctuations are in good agreement with data,
with the largest discrepancy occurring in the prediction of the wall-normal intensities.
The primary and two secondary shear stresses are also in good agreement with the
measurements and one-dimensional energy spectra of the velocity fluctuations agree
well with established laws, i.e. a −1 slope in the buffer region and −5/3 slope near
the edge of the boundary layer.

Conditionally averaged velocities provide new evidence in support of the structural
model of Littell & Eaton (1994) concerning the interaction of mean-flow three-dimensionality and shear-stress producing structures. Inside the buffer region under
strong ejections, the conditionally averaged crossflow (radial) velocity is larger than
the unconditioned mean, and the profile conditioned on strong sweeps is smaller
than the mean. This is consistent with the notion that streamwise vortices having
the same sign as the mean streamwise vorticity, and beneath the peak crossflow
location, are mostly responsible for strong sweep events; streamwise vortices with
opposite sign as the mean streamwise vorticity promote strong ejections. Comparison
of two-point spatial correlations with previous measurements in two-dimensional
turbulent boundary layers (2DTBLs) indicates interesting structural similarities, e.g.
the correlation of wall pressure and surface-normal velocity fluctuations is an odd
function of streamwise separation, being positive downstream and negative upstream.
These similarities offer quantitative indirect support to the hypothesis advanced by
Littell & Eaton (1994) and Johnston & Flack (1996) that structural models describing
2DTBLs may be employed as a baseline in (equilibrium) 3DTBL structural studies.
Chaotic mixing in a bounded three-dimensional flow
Authors: FOUNTAIN G. O. , KHAKHAR D. V. , MEZIĆ I. , OTTINO J. M.
Published: July 2002

Even though the first theoretical example of chaotic advection was a three-dimensional
flow (Hénon 1966), the number of theoretical studies addressing chaos and mixing
in three-dimensional flows is small. One problem is that an experimentally tractable
three-dimensional system that allows detailed experimental and computational investigation
had not been available. A prototypical, bounded, three-dimensional, moderate-Reynolds-number flow is presented; this system lends itself to detailed experimental
observation and allows high-precision computational inspection of geometrical and
dynamical effects. The flow structure, captured by means of cuts with a laser sheet
(experimental Poincaré section), is visualized via continuously injected fluorescent dye
streams, and reveals detailed chaotic structures and chains of high-period islands.
Numerical experiments are performed and compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV)
and flow visualization results. Predictions of existing theories for chaotic
advection in three-dimensional volume-preserving flows are tested. The ratio of two
frequencies of particle motion – the frequency of motion around the vertical axis and
the frequency of recirculation in the plane containing the axis – is identified as the
crucial parameter. Using this parameter, the number of islands in the chain can be
predicted. The same parameter – using as a base-case the integrable motion – allows
the identification of operating conditions where small perturbations lead to nearly
complete mixing.