bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Council of Europe Convention of Istanbul, 5 June 1990
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The European Convention on Certain International Aspects of Bankruptcy, concluded under the auspices of the Council of Europe, was opened for signature in Istanbul on 5 June 1990. For ease of reference and identification, the Convention is usually known as the Istanbul Convention. Article 34 of the Convention states that it will enter into force after a minimum of three ratifications have been lodged in accordance with Article 33. To date, eight of the Member States of the Council of Europe have signed the Istanbul Convention, but only one –– Cyprus –– has ratified it. With the passing years there is increasing reason to doubt whether the Convention will succeed in attracting even the minimum number of ratifications necessary to enable it to enter into force.
UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The various regional initiatives examined in Chs. 5, 6, and 7 include examples of a variety of different approaches to the challenge of achieving a more orderly and effective solution to the problems with which this book is centrally concerned. The problems experienced in concluding and implementing several of the treaties and conventions which have been examined above suggest that, despite their undoubted potential to serve as vehicles for effective international cooperation, the effort involved in negotiating and bringing into effect a regionally-based treaty of a commercially sophisticated nature is likely to be substantial. Indeed, the greater the degree of practical utility that is sought by means of such a treaty, the greater the difficulty in bringing it to fruition, and hence the greater the risk of ultimate failure.
Speech and Social Engagement
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

There are many respects in which spoken language can be treated as an aspect of social ceremonial, and thus (to stay with Collingwood’s metaphor) as one of the ‘daughters of the dance’. There are some striking cases. For example in the Yolngu area of North-East Arnhem Land, there are two sets of dialects. The first is the usual geographical spread of variants. The second set, the styles of speech known as Thuwala and Thuwal, better termed ‘sociolects’, are not related to geography but to the conceptual division of the Yolngu people into two complementary and exogamous moieties. These moieties cut across all local dialects, and are always found paired within marriages and across the generations. Children grow up speaking according to their mother’s moiety style, but later switch to their father’s. The actual difference between the ‘sociolects’ consists of a rule about vowel deletion in certain grammatical morphemes, resulting in a distinctly different rhythm of speech.
The Dialectics of Gender and Generation
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

Our lives are lived, in many ways like those of other species, along the trajectories of sex/gender and of age. Both are obviously rooted in biological or organic life. But unlike the other species, human beings make abstractions out of these ideas, play around with their significance, turning them into ordering principles and arguing about their proper role in social life. The personal, experiential aspects of living our lives as social creatures are among the themes explored in the next chapter. Here, I present some of the analytical tools which anthropologists have fashioned in order to pinpoint and compare the moving choreography by which we relate to each other through conventionalized principles of gender and age, a domain of study conventionally dubbed ‘kinship and marriage’. It is important to remember that the links of human kinship are not simply biological facts but are life data made salient through shared moral and theoretical perceptions.
Human Bodies, Social Persons, and Conscious Selves
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

Can we imagine such a thing as ‘a person’ in the abstract? Try. The figure which spontaneously comes to mind must surely have some very specific features-whether male or female, baby or adult, healthy or sick, hopeful or exhausted, happy or angry, Japanese or Irish, dressed or undressed, friend or stranger. Fairly soon, we need to ask not only ‘What is a person?’ —but in the suggestive phrase of Christina Toren, who they are. In criticizing ‘natural science’ models of the human person, she claims that for her, ‘The fundamental question from an anthropological perspective is how do people become who they are?’
Anthropology as a Human Science: Conversations with History and Religion
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

The human capacity for productive labour, and for language (our old self images as ‘the Toolmaker’ and the ‘Speechmaker’ respectively) are still robust ways of summing up our nature as a species. But Terry Eagleton’s interesting comments in the quotation above also draw our attention to the way that humans (with these capacities) are ‘actually inserted into their environs’. We must then ask, what are those environs? Eagleton clearly has more in mind than surrounding forests. He is referring implicitly to social environs, to the context of collective human life within which we grow up and acquire physical habits, language, an ear for music, an eye for art, and so on, all those things which complete our humanity.
The Assembly of Ladies
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

The Assembly of Ladies, the single anonymous poem in this anthology, is a woman’s dream, recounted retrospectively by a lady to a man with whom she falls into conversation. Like the dream of TG, it concerns the offering of pleas at a court, but here the plaintiffs are all women, and the figure from whom they seek redress is not Venus but Lady Loyalty. Unlike TG, no answer to the complaints is given in the dream, and the women who make them are simply promised fuller hearing by Lady Loyalty at a future parliament.
Women at Home and Abroad I: Aristocratic Adulteresses and Patriotic Wives
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

The gallantry of the present period will, probably, make a greater é clat in the annals of the polite world than all the histories of court intrigues that have engaged the attention of any preceding historian or biographer; and we flatter ourselves that the anecdotes which we shall be able to furnish, will be the means of handing down to posterity a lively idea of the prevailing beauties, and their most zealous admirers, of this aera. My charming Bride! It was a strange perversion of Taste, that led me to consider the delicate timidity of your deportment, The role of wife was fundamentally important yet controversial in late eighteenth-century English society.
English Law and Convention Concepts
Authors: Oliver Dawn
Published: October 2023

Among Professor Harlow’s many contributions to public law have been her writings on the public-private divide in English law, or more accurately on the absence of any real such divide. In her article’ “Public” and “Private” Law: Definition without Distinction’1 she argued that the distinction is ‘wholly incompatible with the English tradition and is unlikely to contribute in any meaningful way to the solution of the many problems which modern administrative law has to overcome’.
Integration and the Europeanization of the Law
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone
Published: October 2023

Carol Harlow blends the concerns of the lawyer and the social scientist as well as anyone in the world. Given the focus of her research, how legal systems actually operate, with what social consequences, one might see blending as an obvious or natural move. Yet, traditional legal scholarship prefers determining what the law is, rather than tracing how actors make it work; it typically defends obsolete distinctions between ‘law’ and ‘politics’; and it still shies from adopting perspectives considered somehow ‘external’ to the law.
Somerset House, 23 April 1796
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

On the afternoon of Saturday, 23 April 1796, some one hundred guests-foreign princes and ambassadors, ministers of the British Crown, members of both Houses of Parliament and London aldermen, bishops and noblemen, connoisseurs, collectors, scholars, and artists-filed into the Academy’s entrance hall at Somerset House and ascended the elliptical staircase to the Great Exhibition Room. Those who arrived early took the opportunity to pre view the Academy summer show undisturbed by the crowds which would throng the apartments from the following Monday. The exhibition was well worth viewing, if we trust Anna Larpent’s and Horace Walpole’s judgement, indeed, ‘the best Exhibition that had been for some time.’ Meanwhile, Messrs. Richold and Mollard of the Freemasons’ Tavern in Great Queen Street were putting the finishing touches to a lavish annual Academy banquet. Many guests, even peers of the realm, had lobbied vigorously over previous weeks to secure an invitation; others had requested to be seated next to a friend or political associate, or someone they were eager to get to know.
On Male Liberation
Authors: Sawyer Jack
Published: October 2023

Male liberation calls for men to free themselves of the sex-role stereo- types that limit their ability to be human. Sex-role stereotypes say that men should be dominant; achieving and enacting a dominant role in relations with others is often taken as an indicator of success. ‘Success,’ for a man, often involves inﬂuence over the lives of other persons. But success in achieving positions of dominance and influence is necessarily not open to every man, since dominance is relative and hence scarce by definition. Most men in fact fail to achieve the positions of dominance that sex-role stereotypes ideally call for. Stereotypes tend to identify such men as greater or lesser failures, and in extreme cases, men who fail to be dominant are the object of jokes, scorn, and sympathy from wives, peers, and society generally.
White Hero Black Beast: Racism, Sexism and the Mask of Masculinity
Authors: Hoch Paul
Published: October 2023

The continual celebration of a certain consciousness of manhood, of masculinity, of what it means to be male, has been rudely interrupted in the past fifteen years by the rise of movements against male chauvinism. The charge of chauvinism (or racism), reasonably enough, attempts to identify the ‘oppressor’ and separate him from the oppressed. But this is only the first step. To eliminate oppression, one has to destroy its social roots, and to do this one has to have at least some idea of the precise processes, interests, fears, repressions and institutional structures which create chauvinists (or racists). Without this, the implication might all too readily persist that the male is naturally a chauvinist (or the white a racist), and such a supposition if left unchallenged could actually fortify the oppression by uniting all males (or whites) on its side and providing them with an apparently biological basis for their behaviour.
‘Muslim Brothers, Black Lads, Traditional Asians’: British Muslim Young Men’s Constructions of Race, Religion and Masculinity
Authors: Archer Louise
Published: October 2023

Despite the growth of academic interest in masculinity, issues around black masculinity remain largely undertheorized. British Muslim men are noticeably absent in the literature, despite their increasing representation in public discourses as fundamentalist, ‘ultimate Others’ (Phoenix, 1997). This article uses a critical feminist approach to explore young Muslim men’s construction of racialized, gendered identities. Discussion groups were conducted with 24 young British Muslims, aged 14–15 years. Half of the groups were conducted by the white, British, female author, and the other half by a British-Pakistani female researcher. Particular attention is given to the young men’s use of discourses of hegemonic masculinity in their negotiations between ‘Muslim’, ‘black’ and ‘Asian’ masculinities. Issues are also raised with regard to the role of the researcher(s) and the interaction of ‘race’ and gender between interviewers and participants in the production of research.
The Literary Galleries and the Field of Art
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: October 2023

IN 1737, picture dealers were flooding the country with ‘Ship Loads of dead Christs, Holy Families, Madona’s, and other dismal Dark Subjects’. Eight years later, after making this complaint under the name of ‘Britophil’, William Hogarth painted his self-portrait and chose to rest his bust, and therefore his fame, on volumes of Shakespeare, Milton, and Swift. Associating with the poets, Hogarth gave visual shape to what was a recurrent reply to Dubos and later Montesquieu and Winckelmann. While these foreigners claimed that art was alien to the British national character due to a climate hampering the imagination, British responses indicated in Shakespeare and Milton the counter- proof and promise of British genius.
The Plot of Adam and Eve
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: October 2023

REPRESENTING Adam and Eve on canvas was no easy task. To follow Satan from Hell to Eden, from rebellion to temptation, Fuseli had to anticipate and negotiate his readers’ expectations. In a review of Eve appearing before Adam at Macklin’s Poets’ Gallery in 1788, the St James’s Chronicle had approved of Eve’s impersonation of Venus de Medici; Adam, however, failed to combine ‘the Form of the Apollo of Belvidere, united with that of the Gladiator’. That expectation for a sublime male form was satisfied by the monotonously Herculean Satan and Adam in Boydell’s Milton edition. If turning readers into spectators meant meeting statuesque expectations, the visual templates for the heroic male form were well defined from the first two pictures at the Milton Gallery, which introduce Satan as a Michelangelesque male prototype. Painted among the last, between 1797 and 1799, after Westall’s pictures for Boydell were published and on view, these 4-metre canvases are also the gallery’s largest pictures.
Henry Jessey, Sarah Wight, and the Struggle to Make Women’s Bodies into Knowledge
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

Women petitioners and preachers of the 1640s and early 1650s questioned some of the customary limits of female gender roles in early modern England. Noisy and insistent, they proposed new kinds of equality with men. These women emphasized both their spiritual equality with men and their rights to speak out in public. Preaching women, however, were only part of the explosion of religious diversity during the Civil War and Interregnum. Other women burst into prominence as prophets, visionaries, and seekers. Some, such as Anna Trapnel and Elizabeth Poole, took public roles, speaking to members of the government.
Culpeper’s Radical Book
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

In 1651 Nicholas Culpeper published a midwifery manual that proposed new ways of thinking about women’s reproductive bodies. Many of the ideas in the book were not novel, but the connections he made between women’s reproductive bodies and the politics of knowledge were new. Just as Thomas Raynalde’s 1545 book was shaped by the turmoil of the Reformation, Culpeper’s work was structured by the gender troubles of the 1640s. His book offers readers a model of the relationship between men and women that is grounded in the body itself. In the midst of a world turned upside down by civil war, Culpeper imagined the human body as a source of stability and an image of appropriate relations between men and women. He presented this source of stability in engaging prose that made no apologies for its subject matter. Unlike earlier writers such as Raynalde or Henry Jessey, Culpeper did not worry about male readers or about the improprieties of writing about female bodies. He revelled in them. His book became a model for a new kind of writing about women’s bodies that made them representations of larger social relations.
The Restoration Crisis in Paternity
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

The process of making babies continued to be a site for arguments about gender relations and political disorder in the 1660s and 1670s. Although Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, political stability did not follow. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza proved childless, and concerns about who would succeed Charles were coloured by the all too fresh memories of the traumas of the two previous decades. Again and again, people feared the return of the upheavals of 1641. Their fears were amplified by a series of crises, plots, and scandals whose narratives were told and retold in various forms of political propaganda.
Venture Capital and the Structure of Capital Markets: Banks versus Stock Markets
Authors: Black Bernard S , Gilson Ronald J
Published: October 2023

Contrasting capital markets in the USA with those of Japan and Germany has become a commonplace activity. The USA has a large number of comparatively small banks that play a limited role in the governance of large corporations, and a well-developed stock market with an associated market for corporate control that figures prominently in corporate governance.
Business Organization Law and Venture Capital
Authors: McCahery Joseph A , Vermeulen Erik P M
Published: October 2023

The subject of this chapter is the reform of business organization law in Europe. An inquiry into the relationship between the development and diffusion of new business forms invites a discussion of the inherent advantages and disadvantages of alternative business structures.
Internet Portals as Portfolios of Entry Options
Authors: Perotti Enrico , Rossetto Silvia
Published: October 2023

This chapter seeks to understand the possible foundations of the notion of platform investment, a concept which has received mainstream interest in management science (for a survey see Kogut and Kulatilaka (1994)) and relate it to the strategic real option literature, a methodology to price growth opportunities.
The Dotcom Premium: Rational Valuation or Irrational Exuberance?
Authors: Cooper Michael , Rau P Raghavendra
Published: October 2023

How do you value a high-tech firm? This question is important, given the extreme run-up in prices for high-tech firms in the latter half of the previous decade, in particular for Internet firms.
The Liquidation Preference in Venture Capital Investment Contracts: A Real Option Approach
Authors: Cossin Didier , Leleux Benoît , Saliasi Entela
Published: October 2023

Valuing early stage high-tech growth-oriented companies is a challenge to current valuation methodologies. This inability to come up with robust point estimates of value could potentially lead to a breakdown of market liquidity.
Functional Participation in Social Regulation: the Case of European Occupational Health and Safety Policy
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

To bring the debate about functional participation as an additional source of legitimacy in European governance beyond the general ‘civil society claims ‘, this book analyses institutionalized forms of functional participation within a particular policy-sector. This chapter will first explain why it is especially interesting to study functional participation within the European social dimension, and within the sector of occupational health and safety policy in particular. While it is not the aim of this book to deal extensively with the material law or substance of this policy-sector, the analysis of functional participation will gain in strength if one is aware of the general features of this policy area.
Functional Participation Across Stages and Modes of Policy-making
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

In the preceding chapters the features and normative underpinnings of the different institutionalized forms of functional participation have been described separately. It has already become apparent that some forms of functional participation are involved (mainly) in regulatory policy-making whereas others play (dominantly) a role in persuasive policy-making. However, the institutionalized forms of functional participation do not exist in complete isolation from each other.
Finale: London, March 1870
Authors: Andrews Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Dickens was in Leeds in mid-April 1869, at the start of his Farewell Reading tour. It was ‘Farewell’ because he had finally yielded to family and friends and persuaded himself to bring his Reading career to an end before it brought an end to him. His friend Edmund Yates, son of the man who, half a century earlier, had partnered Charles Mathews in some of those bravura shows of impersonation, met Dickens in Leeds on 12th April and was shocked by the change in his appearance and manner: ‘He looked desperately aged and worn; the lines in his cheeks and round his eyes, always noticeable, were now deep furrows; and there was a weariness in his gaze, and a general air of fatigue and depression about him.
Insurable Interest, Illegality, and Public Policy
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

A contract of insurance may be inherently invalid or unenforceable on the grounds of illegality or public policy. In particular, the doctrine of insurable interest, which originated in and continues to reflect the fundamental nature of a contract of insurance as a contract of indemnity, also implements public policy that a marine insurance contract is not employed as an instrument of wager. Public policy, in the form of fiscal legislation, is also the origin of the inadmissibility in evidence of a marine insurance contract not embodied in a policy. Alternatively, the insurance may be unenforceable by reason of the insured adventure being illegal or contrary to public policy.
Interpretation And Rectification Of Insurance Contracts
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with how one ascertains the content of the bargain between insurer and assured. This necessarily involves interpretation of the terms selected by the parties, in the same way as with any commercial contract. In addition, however, the insurance context raises the question of the utility of the slip as an aid to interpretation of any subsequent policy. The availability of rectification will also be considered. Phillips J once observed, in the context of a reinsurance dispute: ‘As is the way with hotly contested issues of construction, Counsel on each side has assured me that my task is a simple one and that the answer is obvious. I do not find the issue simple.
Marine Risks
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The standard market clauses for hulls and freight provide cover against loss of or, in the case of hull insurance, damage to the insured property on a named perils basis and divide the list of covered perils into two groups, a division necessitated by the fact that cover in respect of the second group of perils, but not the first, is subject to a due diligence proviso. For convenience, the term ‘marine risks’ is adopted to designate the first group of perils. This chapter is concerned with that first group, while the second group is considered in Chapter 11 below. The scope of cover under the Institute cargo clauses is also briefly considered.
Excluded Losses
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

Section 55(1) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 states the presumptive causation rule of the proximate cause. The three paragraphs of section 55(2) then provide that the insurer is not liable for certain losses. Technically, these paragraphs do not imply exclusion clauses into marine policies. Rather, they create rules of interpretation as to the scope of cover granted in the first place. This could have led to the assured carrying the burden of disproving the applicability of the losses listed in section 55(2) as part of proving a loss covered by the policy. It is, however, clear that the burden of proof in respect of the section 55(2) losses lies on the insurer, as if they were indeed contractual exclusions.
Duration Of Cover
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

A marine adventure, the subject-matter of a marine insurance contract, consists in principle of the exposure of a ship, goods, or freight to marine perils. The relevant adventure is, however, further defined by reference to duration and nature. Section 25(1) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 provides as follows: Where the contract is to insure the subject-matter at and from, or from one place to another or others, the policy is called a ‘voyage policy,’ and where the contract is to insure the subject-matter for a definite period of time the policy is called a ‘time policy.’ A contract for both voyage and time may be included in the same policy.
Losses
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

Marine policies afford cover in respect of different types of loss. First, there is physical damage to or loss of the subject-matter insured. Secondly, the assured may also recover losses, charges, or expenditure incurred voluntarily or as a matter of law in order to avert or minimize a loss. Cover for such losses, charges, or expenditure is discussed in Chapter 24 below. Thirdly, the assured may incur loss in the form of liability to a third party, although commonly the relevant entitlement under a marine policy will be to indemnification of payment made in satisfaction of that liability. This chapter is concerned predominantly with loss in the first sense, although certain issues relating to liability cover are also considered.
Claims And Claims Handling
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with the process of making a claim under an insurance policy and the handling of claims by insurers. A more developed set of clauses addressing claims and their handling is a feature, and constitutes Part 3, of the International Hull Clauses (01/11/03). After highlighting the potentially significant role of the leading underwriter, the chapter considers assureds’ obligations to inform the insurer of the possibility of a claim, the doctrine of abandonment and the notice of abandonment procedure, the time limits for bringing a claim, obligations that arise in connection with claims, the fraudulent claims doctrine, and issues relating to payment of claims.
Averting And Minimizing Loss
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with ancillary heads of cover under which an assured can recover in respect of losses and liabilities incurred voluntarily or by law in order to avert or minimize loss. It addresses the recoverability of sue and labour expenses, of losses and liabilities arising in general average, and of liability for the different awards that may be made at law and under contract to salvors. A final section then considers the issue of under-insurance in respect of each of these heads of ancillary loss.
The Indeterminacy of the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

With its echoes and anticipations of Barthes, Debord, Perec, and Certeau, Blanchot’s essay is an invaluable source of thinking about the everyday. Yet it was prompted by the writings of Henri Lefebvre, and particularly the second volume, published in 1961, of Lefebvre’s mammoth Critique de la vie quotidienne (which registers Lefebvre’s encounter with Debord and Situationism).
Surrealism and the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

Surrealism can claim a central place in any discussion of approaches to the everyday. Firstly, because through all its switches of emphasis, and even in its dissident forms, the movement always maintained a commitment to the transformation of daily life, in line with Rimbaud’s dictum: ‘changer la vie’. Secondly, because in its obsession with precursors, Surrealism retrospectively created a lineage, encompassing German Romanticism, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmè, Apollinaire, and Reverdy, in which we can now identify key elements in the valorization and exploration of the quotidien.
Security and the responsibilities of the public and private sectors
Authors: Gyarmati István
Published: October 2023

The 21st century began with an event in the United States that signalled the end of an historic era. The aircraft that destroyed the New York World Trade Center and a part of the Pentagon demonstrated that the cold war era, and even the post-cold war era, has come to an end; that old concepts of security no longer apply; that new threats have emerged which are much more realistic and no less devastating than those of the cold war; and that defence against them has proved to be extremely difficult. The cold war era was characterized by threats that threatened to destroy much of humankind, if not all life on earth. However, those threats were relatively remote.
Open Market Operations
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

In reviewing the second of the three main instruments of monetary policy implementation, this chapter will proceed as follows. Section 5.1 summarizes views on when and how open market operations were discovered.
Reserve Requirements
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

The previous two chapters set out some controversial twentieth-century debates on the functions and appropriate specifications of standing facilities and open market operations.
The Practice of Monetary Policy Implementation in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews the evolution of the overall practice of monetary policy implementation in the three central banks during the twentieth century. In contrast to the previous three chapters, it focuses as little as possible on single instruments but rather on their overall interaction in achieving the operational target.
Gats and its Impact on Private Sector Participation in Water Services
Authors: Tuerk Elisabeth , Ostrovsky, Aaron , Speed1 Robert
Published: October 2023

The importance of water to all forms of life is undisputable, yet half a billion people suffer from severe water shortages and nearly one billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. The availability of water is also a limiting factor for many industries, in particular agriculture. Balancing ecological and human requirements for water with the requirements of economic development raises many difficult environmental, social, and legal issues. To meet these challenges, many countries are undergoing systemic changes to the management of water resources and the provision of water services. These changes include the privatization of water services. While privatization can be a useful tool to make domestic water services more functional and efficient, it should take place as part of strategies for sustainable development and not be deemed an end in itself.
Economics of Water Services and the Right to Water
Authors: Smets Henri
Published: October 2023

Although the right to water is now generally recognized as a fundamental right, some States do not want to acknowledge its importance, as they are in favour of privatizing water utilities and/or wish to avoid any interference due to social concerns. The potential conflict between trade laws and the fundamental right to water should not be exaggerated and should be examined in the context of national practice. The majority of French water services is managed by the private sector and, at the same time, France acts in conformity with its obligations under international law concerning the right to water. This chapter shows that water services can be operated under public-private partnership or as a public service, without special difficulties concerning the right to access to water.
Water, Agriculture, and Subsidies in the International Trading System
Authors: Bernasconi-Osterwalder Nathalie
Published: October 2023

The world ‘s fresh water resources are rapidly decreasing while per capita use of fresh water is increasing at an unprecedented rate•. 1 Large-scale farming and irrigation, the destruction of forests and wetlands, toxic dumping, and urban and industrial pollution are spoiling the Earth ‘s surface water and forcing us to use our water reserves faster than they can be replenished. Recent studies indicate that water-related subsidies can lead to the wasteful use of water for agricultural and other purposes.2 Instead of encouraging the con servation of existing water supplies, subsidies can encourage wasteful practices such as excessive irrigation. Too much irrigation can often lead to additional environmental problems, including the waterlogging and salinization of irrigated croplands. Also, the intensive use of-often subsidized-fertilizers and pesticides in irrigated (and other) areas contributes to the pollution of soils and water resources. While the problems related to water subsidies are numerous and cut across various policy areas, this chapter has a narrow legal scope: it examines whether international trade rules regarding subsidies apply to agricultural water-related subsidies, and whether they offer a framework that is useful for reducing and eliminating environmentally harmful agricultural water subsidies. The chapter only marginally addresses the very important social aspects of water subsidies.3
Equity of the Ineffable: Cultural and Political Constraints on Ethnomedicine as a Health Problem in Contemporary Tibet
Authors: Adams Vincanne
Published: October 2023

My goal in this chapter is to show that health can be understood in cultural terms—for everyone, not just for Tibetans, not just for cultural anthropologists. By this I mean not simply that culture is revealed in the subjective experience of suffering that can be understood as narrowly cultural-specific. Health is a product of social, economic, political, and religious social structures that are themselves shaped and constituted culturally and in contested political terrain. Health equity, then, must also be considered in cultural terms.
Conclusion:A Moment of Crisis and Opportunity
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

So ‘1968’ was a period of roughly ten years (c.1966—c.1976) in which various material and socio-psychological changes suddenly and forcefully made headline news. After an intellectually vibrant preparatory period (c.1956—c.1966), a whole series of states experienced a range of momentous events which made it seem possible that a new society could be constructed, a society where individuals and communities could finally be in control of their own destiny. No longer did it seem preordained that traditional economic, political, and cultural elites would continue to set the narrow parameters within which millions of individuals had to run on the treadmill of their alienated lives. The horizon of a different way of organizing social life shone most brightly, I argue, in those parts of Europe where the challenges to the status quo affected a broad cross-section of society, most notably when the spirit of 1968 began to affect dependent wage workers on the factory and office floors of the late industrial First World. For a number of conflicting reasons, this tendency was most pronounced in Mediterranean Europe. To the north of Romance-language Europe, the process of questioning traditional authorities and received wisdoms for the most part affected young people—and in particular youth enrolled on various rungs of the educational ladder. While the relative isolation of radical experiments in university and secondary school environments in what I term the ‘northern European’ tier of states (including the United States) contributed to a particularly acute sense of ‘lived rebellion’, in effect the social depth of radical transformations was by and large far more pronounced in southern Europe than elsewhere.
Nonparametric Spline Regression with Autoregressive Moving Average Errors
Authors: Kohn Robert , Ansley Craig F , Wong Chi-Ming
Published: October 2023

Suppose we observe a function with noise. When the noise is independent, spline or kernel nonparametric regression is a popular way of estimating the function which does not require specifying its functional form. If the data are collected in time order then the noise is likely to be correlated and the usual nonparametric regression estimators may perform poorly. See for example Diggle & Hutchinson (1989), Altman (1990) and Hart (1991).
Detrending, Stylized Facts and the Business Cycle
Authors: Harvey A C , Jaeger A
Published: October 2023

Establishing the ‘stylized facts’ associated with a set of time series is widely considered a crucial step in macroeconomic research (see e.g. Blanchard and Fischer, 1989, chapter 1). For such facts to be useful they should (1) be consistent with the stochastic properties of the data and (2) present meaningful information. Nevertheless, many stylized facts reported in the literature do not fulfil these criteria. In particular, information based on mechanically detrended series can easily give a spurious impression of cyclical behaviour. Analysis based on autoregressive-integrated-moving average (ARIMA) models can also be misleading if such models are chosen primarily on grounds of parsimony.
Time Series Models for Count or Qualitative Observations
Authors: Harvey A C , Fernandes C
Published: October 2023

It is not unusual to find time series consisting of count data. Such series record the number of events occurring in a given interval and are necessarily nonnegative integers. An example would be the number of accidents occurring in a given period. The number of goals scored by England against Scotland in international football matches also has the characteristics of count data. Count data models are usually based on distributions such as the Poisson or negative binomial. If the means of these distributions are constant or can be modeled in terms of observable variables, then estimation is relatively easy; see, for example, the book on generalized linear models (GLIM) by McCullagh and Nelder (1983). The essence of time series models, however, is that the mean of a series cannot be modeled in terms of observable variables but depends on some stochastic mechanism.
On Gibbs Sampling for State Space Models
Authors: Carter C K , Kohn R
Published: October 2023

Further details of the structure of the model are given in Section 2.1. Equation (1.1) is called the observation equation and (1.2) the state transition equation. When e(t) and u(t) are independent Gaussian sequences unknown parameters are usually estimated by maximum likelihood following Schweppe (1965). The Kalman filter and state space smoothing algorithms are used to carry out the computations.
Climate Change in Business
Authors: Cameron James
Published: October 2023

There is no doubt that the threat of climate change is real and dramatic in scale. It looms large and full of foreboding. It can make one feel overawed, nihilistic, or depressed into inactivity. Those feelings are of little use if one also wants to do something about ‘anthropogenic‘ climate change. In so far as there is a global culture, it is one where business enterprise presents itself at centre stage. Over two decades now, what we simplistically describe as ‘business‘ has played a central role in the societal response to climate change. For much of that period, that role was, in the hands of vety powerful energy and natural resource interests, malevolent.
UK Emissions Trading Schemes
Authors: Dodwell Chris
Published: October 2023

The UK plays a leading role in the fight against climate change and continues to press for a strong global response to climate change during international negotiations. In a key speech in September 2004, the UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, called climate change ‘The World‘s greatest environmental challenge‘, stating that it would be a top priority for the UK‘s presidency of the GB in 2005 and citing emissions trading as a key mechanism for reducing emissions (see further section 6 below). Over the last thirty years, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the UK has doubled and, while energy use has remained static, carbon dioxide emissions have fallen by more than 20 per cent, meaning that carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP have halved.
Pollution Permit Trading in Chile
Authors: S Marcela Main
Published: October 2023

Santiago de Chile is situated in a valley surrounded by mountains as high as 3,000 metres. It encompasses an area of approximately 15,500 km2 in which nearly 6 million people live, 40 per cent of Chile‘s total population. Santiago accounts for around SO per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. The manufacturing sector is the second largest economic activity of the region. This combination of geographic and economic characteristics, given the weather conditions present in the area, contributes to an unfavourable dispersion of pollutants in the autumn and winter seasons. In fact, the valley significantly restricts the circulation of wind and, therefore, the renewal of air inside the basin.
Canada’s Experience in Emissions Trading and Participating in the Kyoto Mechanism
Authors: Gehring Markus , Chambers Bradnee
Published: October 2023

On 17 December 2002, Canada became the ninety-ninth country to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Early in the Kyoto negotiations, Canadian policymakers realized that achieving its 6 per cent reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 levels would require a serious commitment one with potentially significant economic implications on its energy, transport, and manufacturing sectors. With this in mind, an advanced Canadian strategy was to develop experience in cost-effective, market-based systems. Particular emphasis was placed on emissions trading, which could lay the groundwork and prepare Canada for the eventuality of a future comprehensive implementation programme.
Personnel Economics and Non-Competitive Labour Markets
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Personnel economics analyses personnel issues inside the firm. Yet, each firm operates inside a labour market, and the functioning of such a market has important consequences for personnel economics. The view of personnel economics analysed in this book is based on two key properties of the labour markets: In an imperfect labour market the traditional competitive view of the labour market does not hold. In a competitive labour market, the wage is fully set by market forces and firm–worker pairs have no control over its value. In addition, in a perfect labour market the workers are just indifferent between working for the firm or working for somebody else. The resulting equilibrium wage is fully flexible, and whenever business conditions change, wages can be adjusted in response.
The Optimal Skill Ratio
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Before entering into the details of personnel policies, the firm needs to have a general view of the right balance of its workforce. Indeed, choosing the right balance of the workforce is a key pre-requisite for sound personnel management. There are two key dimensions that should be considered: the skill composition of the labour force and the hours/employment trade-off. Labour is not a homogeneous quantity, and a highly skilled worker is a very different factor of production from an unskilled worker. Highly skilled workers are likely to be more profitable to the firm. But they are also likely to be more costly. A trade-off emerges, and the firm has to find the right balance between cost and productivity. In personnel economics, solving this problem means finding the optimal skill ratio. This chapter shows that the solution to this trade-off requires the analysis of relative costs and relative productivity, where the word relative refers to different skill level. In general, we will see that the best skill composition is not necessarily the cheapest skill composition nor the most productive composition.
Training and Human Capital Investment
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Lifetime education, as a form of a lifelong process of learning, is a key concept in modern organizations. It is often argued that in a competitive and changing world the only successful firms are those that employ workers that continuously upgrade and adapt their skills. While such a view may look extreme, it is obvious that lifelong learning is a key dimension in all organizations. Just think about how difficult it is for older workers to adapt to a digital economy without the appropriate skills. This means that education, the process of acquiring skills, does not finish with graduation, but it continues throughout the working careers of most workers. And most of such education takes place during the employment relationship, in the form of training. In other words, training is a key decision in personnel economics.
Training Investment in Imperfect Labour Markets
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

The general conclusion of the baseline model of training (or the Becker model as it is known in the literature) developed in the previous chapter is that there will be no firm-sponsored investment in general training. This conclusion follows from the assumption that the labour market is competitive, so the firm will never be able to recoup its training expenditures in general skills later during the employment relationship. In real life labour markets, and particularly in imperfect labour markets, there are many instances in which firms bear a significant fraction (sometimes all) of the costs of general training investments. The chapter explores the key dimensions of firm-sponsored general training. We will see that in imperfect labour markets, where specific rents are pervasive, it may well be the case that firms undertake some investment in general training. Such a result crucially depends on the existence of an imperfect labour market, in the sense that wages paid to workers are higher than the corresponding outside option.
Relative Compensation and Efficiency Wage
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Piece rates and bonus schemes provide incentives that operate independently of the relationship among co-workers. Specifically, workers need not be working with anyone else to be motivated by a piece rate scheme. Piece rate compensation is based on an individual’s absolute performance rather than his performance relative to some standard or some other individual. Yet, in reality, most individual motivation is produced not by absolute reward but by a compensation that is based on relative comparison. Managerial employees who move up the corporate ladder do so by being better than their peers, not necessarily by being good. Comparisons are key in determining promotions in private firms. Since promotions carry with them higher salaries, higher status, and perhaps more interesting assignments, workers seek to get promotions.
In the Shadow of Stabilization
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

The year 1925 did not only enter history books on account of the Hindenburg elections. A second event in this year equally warrants historical consideration: the signing of the Locarno Treaties on 26 October 1925.1 From the beginning, the atmosphere of the negotiations at Locarno differed significantly from the spirit of post-war hostility at Versailles. In the main treaty (the so-called security pact), Germany, France, and Belgium agreed to refrain from using force to alter the existing western German border. Britain and Italy guaranteed this agreement and pledged to come to the aid of the attacked country, be it France or Germany. With respect to the eastern German border, however, the Luther government was not prepared to go beyond the conclusion of arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, which were not internationally guaranteed and thus only of symbolic significance.