bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farewell to Christendom
Authors: Curry Thomas J.
Published: October 2003

Protestantism abandoned Christendom by way of the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights, and Catholicism did the same in the Declaration of Religious Liberty of the Second Vatican Council. Because scholars have misinterpreted and manipulated the historical background of the meaning of the Free Exercise of Religion and Establishment of Religion, they have led legislators and judges back into the problem of Church and State that prevailed in Christendom, and that the Amendment solved. As a result, the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment has reached a point of deep confusion and crisis. Whereas the Amendment was intended to specify government's lack of jurisdiction in religion, modern interpretations of it have conferred upon government power to define the meaning of the Free Exercise of Religion, religious neutrality, and what aids or hinders religion. The way out of the present confusion lies in confining government to what is secular and forbidding it to make religious assessments and decisions. Examining the decisions of the Supreme Court, this work demonstrates that by reconnecting with the history of the First Amendment and approaching it as a limitation on the power of government, rather than as a grant to government to protect religious liberty, the courts can escape the crisis and confusion they are presently experiencing. Religious liberty is a natural right. Within the meaning of the First Amendment, the Free Exercise of Religion means freedom from government jurisdiction in religion, not a government guarantee to allow individuals to exercise the religion of their choice.
Setting the Context
Authors: Curry Thomas J.
Published: October 2003

Outlines the extent to which modern scholars have strayed from an understanding of the history surrounding the First Amendment, and elevated logic over history. Instead of recognizing religious liberty as a “natural right,” and the Constitution as a limitation on government, they have interpreted the First Amendment as augmenting the power of government. This development has brought about what both James Madison and Alexander Hamilton especially feared.
The Continuing Emergence of Religious Liberty
Authors: Curry Thomas J.
Published: October 2003

The enactment of the First Amendment did not automatically guarantee religious liberty. Americans came to see themselves as a Protestant Nation and enacted a de facto establishment of religion. The advent of Catholic immigrants provided the opposition and diversity needed to vindicate religious freedom. Historians have generally failed to recognize this development, and many of them continue to advocate an unhistorical nonpreferential establishment of religion, or to erroneously describe the Amendment as creating a “wall of separation” between Church and State.
The End of Christendom and the Role of the Courts
Authors: Curry Thomas J.
Published: October 2003

Evaluates existing Church–State decisions from the point of view of the interpretation of the First Amendment as a single mandate against the exercise of government jurisdiction in religion. It deals with Church property disputes, government assistance to parochial schools, and government promotion of religion. It also examines claims for exemption for the sake of conscience and how the Court has dealt with these. It shows how the Court can bring its decisions into harmony with an historical understanding of the First Amendment and remedy the disparity that currently exists between the Court's reasoning and the actual decisions it makes.
The Specter of Speciesism
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: October 2003

This is a study of the ways in which animals have been viewed in the Buddhist and Christian religious traditions. The concept of speciesism is used to explore basic questions about which animals, human or otherwise, were significant to early Buddhists and Christians. The volume also seeks to establish a general method of assessing religious traditions’ relationship to cultures’ and believers’ views of the living beings outside the human species. Focusing on language choices, science and other empirical data, ethics, and mechanisms of cultural transmission, the volume assesses the earliest strata of, first, Buddhist tradition and then Christian tradition. Drawing on scriptures and interpretive traditions in Christianity and Buddhism, the volume argues that decisions about human ethical responsibilities in each religion are deeply rooted in ancient understandings of the place of humans in the world and our relationships with other animals. Assessing the reasoning and discourse patterns about nonhuman animals, especially in light of new perspectives that have emerged in reliance on the patient observation of the lives of the more complicated of nonhuman animals (elephants, dolphins, whales, and the nonhuman great apes), the volume attempts to provide a foundation for open‐minded discussions about possible relations with life outside the human species.
The Christian Understanding of Other Animals
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: October 2003

A general assessment of early Christian views, concentrating on the notions of dominion, stewardship, sacrifice, and the Greek‐inspired narrowing of rich and sometimes contradictory values regarding nonhuman animals that were part of the Hebrew view of the surrounding world inherited by the early Christians. Generally, the early tradition established a view regarding humans and other animals that still operates for many Christians today. This claim is that each and every member of the human species, by virtue of species membership alone, has a special, qualitatively superior ontological status relative to other animals. The tradition claims that it is eminently moral that the interests of any human animal prevail in virtually any nontrivial circumstance over the interests of any other animal. The notion of “speciesism” illuminates features of how mainstream Christianity has come to understand the place of other animals even though there are individuals and subtraditions exhibiting values that clearly do not fit the description “speciesist.”
Research in an Imperfect World
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: October 2003

Concludes by considering the responsibilities of scientific researchers in societies in which the ideal of well‐ordered science does not hold. It looks, in particular, at the case of the Human Genome Project and at the moral imperatives that arise from our current, partial, knowledge of human molecular genetics.
Coming to Terms
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the impact of demographic change (Southern population growth and Northern population decline) on the form of Christianity that is likely to be practiced in the future and points out that claims that the Southern churches have strayed from older definitions of Christianity are greatly exaggerated. However much Southern Christian types have diverged from older Christian orthodoxies, they have in almost all cases remained within recognizable Christian traditions. The first part of the chapter looks at various aspects of inculturation (interpreting the Christian proclamation in a form appropriate for particular cultures) in relation to determining what are the core beliefs and what are the cultural accidents of Christianity; these aspects include architecture, liturgy and religious language, changes in patterns of worship and their underlying beliefs, and the implications of the emphasis on popular belief and tradition for the veneration of the Virgin Mary in Southern Catholic communities. The second part of the chapter discusses patterns in the emerging Southern churches that go beyond familiar Christian traditions, even as far as a thinly disguised paganism, which is manifested in belief in spirits and spiritual powers (which have their strongest impact on terms of healing and miracles and exorcism) and the concept of spiritual welfare (confronting and defeating demonic forces). The third part of the chapter discusses the cultural conflict over literal interpretations of exorcism and spiritual healing in the Bible, the acceptance by the Southern churches of the Old and New Testaments as documents of immediate relevance, their emphasis on aspects of Christianity that have become unfamiliar, and their revival of ancient customs. Last, the Southern churches – the ‘new’ Christianity – are discussed in terms of their sectarian character, and how this is likely to change in the future as they grow and mature, and become more like the major churches.
God and the World
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the implications of the very close association between church and state in the global South, which in some sense mirrors the lack of distinction between religion and ordinary life in medieval Europe, and contrast with the segregation of religion from everyday life in the West–the separation of church and state. The history of this close association is traced from colonial to the twentieth century, when Third World (Southern) churches came increasingly to be identified with the cause of reform or, frequently, revolution; differences are described in the liberation theologies adopted in the three Southern regions concerned –Latin America, Africa and Asia, where they took very different courses. Most of the rest of the chapter looks at the sorts of problems that are likely to arise in Christian nations where Christian political activism occurs: threats to a nation’s freedom, democracy, and constitution through the imposition of Christian regimes, uncritical support for new regimes supported by churches, violent acts by messianic, and prophetic, or apocalyptic groups; here, Latin America provides an example of many cases where religious change from Catholicism to Protestantism/Pentecostalism has led to instability. Last, the future implications and dangers of the clear hemispheric division between North and South in the role of religion in politics are outlined.
Asymptotic Explanation
Authors: Batterman Robert W.
Published: October 2003

This chapter provides a fairly detailed discussion of the renormalization group account of the universality of critical phenomena. This discussion allows one to determine the distinctive features of asymptotic explanation in general. Two other, superficially quite different, explanatory accounts involving “intermediate asymptotics” are then discussed. It is argued that these different examples exhibit the same general asymptotic explanatory strategy – one that is ubiquitous in physics and applied mathematics. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of stability considerations in the asymptotic explanations.
Emergence
Authors: Batterman Robert W.
Published: October 2003

This chapter reviews the received view about emergence (to the extent that there is such a view). It argues that for at least some forms of emergence the important feature is the asymptotic nature of the relationship between the emergent properties and the lower level characterizing the components. It also argues that contrary to the received view, there can be emergent properties in situations in which there are no part/whole relationships. The example of the rainbow is discussed further in this context.
Establishment and Governance of the Antebellum Bank
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard
Published: October 2003

Bank chartering in early America was high‐stakes politics. Legislators were asked to create corporations with governance structures and corporate hierarchies that would be accountable and transparent, yet profitable. While the chartering system in some states was prone to corruption and rent‐seeking, corporate charters created firms that mitigated the principal‐agent problem. Internal structures aligned the incentives of shareholders and managers.
The Rise and Fall of the Suffolk System
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard
Published: October 2003

The Suffolk Bank of Boston established a regional clearinghouse system known as the Suffolk system. Traditional interpretations of the system emphasize the benefits created by the system's clearing operations and effective coinsurance scheme. Although the system created such benefits, it did so by intimidating and coercing member banks. The system is analyzed using modern theories of networks, including membership externalities and appropriate pricing rules. Because the Suffolk Bank did not set efficient prices for its services, an alternative network was established and the system collapsed.
New York's Safety Fund System
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard
Published: October 2003

Economists and regulatory agencies justify deposit insurance because they consider banks unique among capitalist firms. Because banks hold highly idiosyncratic portfolios that are hard for outside monitors to value correctly, macroeconomic shocks that threaten the viability of individual banks can threaten the entire system. Although deposit insurance diminishes the threat of bank runs and, thereby, creates a social benefit, deposit insurance also generates potentially large costs, which provides a justification for regulatory oversight and regulation. Like most bank insurance schemes, the Safety Fund was prone to moral hazard, or excessive risk taking by member banks and adverse selection, wherein better banks left the system, leaving only high‐risk banks as members. The system collapsed after only a small number of failures because of poor oversight, moral hazard, adverse selection, regulatory forbearance, and an under‐funded insurance.
Property Banking, Free Banking, and Branch Banking
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard
Published: October 2003

In an effort to encourage immigration and expand commercial agriculture, several southern states created and subsidized plantation banks designed to monetize agricultural economies and provide long‐term mortgage credit. These experiments typically failed, not because of the inherent inconsistency between issuing short‐term liabilities and holding long‐term assets, but due to unfortunate timing. Most were established in the mid‐1830s and could not establish themselves prior to the panics of 1837 and 1839. Other southern and western states allowed free banking, which was neither particularly good nor bad. Still other states built branch banking networks that performed well in good times and bad, largely because their small numbers encouraged intrabank and interbank cooperation.
The Catholic Church and the Making of the Croatian Nation, 1970–1984
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav
Published: October 2003

The largest of the Yugoslav nationalist movements that emerged in the late 1960s was the Croatian National Movement, which during the period 1973 to 1989 was heavily suppressed by Tito's communists, while at the same time the Croatian Catholic Church was outspoken both in the cause of nationalism and in the fight for religious liberty. This chapter gives an account of the role of the Croatian Catholic Church in the development of the nation between 1970 and 1984. It discusses the Catholic Church in relation to the Croatian National Movement in 1970–2, the announcement of the resumption of the Great Novena (a nine‐year long jubilee) in 1974, and the birth of the Catholic nation of Croatia.
Irving Greenberg and the Post‐Holocaust Voluntary Covenant
Authors: Morgan Michael L.
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, and in Chs. 6–7, and 9–10, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Irving Greenberg, an orthodox rabbi and deeply traditional figure, but also a bold and radical Jewish thinker. Citations of each thinkers work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to an honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
Arthur Cohen and the Holocaust as Tremendum
Authors: Morgan Michael L.
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, and in Chs. 6–8, and 10, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Arthur Cohen, a prominent Jewish theologian, but not institutionally tied to one of the denominations of American Judaism; he was an editor and a novelist. Citations of each thinker's work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to an honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
The Bijak of Kabir
Authors: Hess Linda , Singh Shukdeo
Published: October 2003

Kabir, the fifteenth‐century weaver‐poet of Varanasi, is still one of the most revered and popular saint‐singers of North India. He belonged to a family of Muslim julahas (weavers of low‐caste status), is believed to have been a disciple of the Hindu guru Ramanand, and often sang of inner experience using language of the subtle yogic body. Yet he cannot be classified as Hindu, Muslim, or yogi. Fiercely independent, he has become an icon of speaking truth to power. In a blunt and uncompromising style, he exhorted his listeners to shed their delusions, pretensions, and orthodoxies in favor of a direct experience of truth. He satirized hypocrisy, greed, and violence—especially among the religious. Belonging to a social group widely considered low and unclean, he criticized caste ideology and declared the equality of all human beings. Kabir was an oral poet whose works were written down by others. His oral traditions have flourished for more than 500 years, producing a rich array of musical forms, folk and classical, in countless local dialects and regional styles. Thousands of poems are popularly attributed to Kabir, but only a few written collections have survived over the centuries. The Bījak is the sacred book of the Kabir Panth, or sect devoted to Kabir's teachings. This book presents about half of the Bījak; the translators have selected those poems which seem most representative and which work best in translation. The Bījak includes three main sections called Ramainī, Śabda, and Sākhī, and a fourth section containing miscellaneous folksong forms. Most of the Kabir material has been popularized through the song form known as śabda (or pada), and through the aphoristic two‐line sākhī (or doha) that serves throughout north India as a vehicle for popular wisdom. These two forms have been emphasized in this translation; a group of ramainīs have also been included. An introduction by Hess precedes the translations; scholarly notes and three appendices, including an essay on Kabir's ulatbamsi or “upside‐down language,” are also by Hess.
Language
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: October 2003

Nagel rejects the view that the social phenomenon of language is at the bottom of everything by arguing that we cannot account for reason by means of a naturalistic description of the practices of language. The most general forms of reason do not depend on any given language, says Nagel, and any language adequate for rational thought must have some way of expressing them. Meaning is not just use unless we understand use in a normative sense that already implies meaning. Nagel finds support for his view in Wittgenstein's argument on rule‐following, which provides a way to avoid the perpetual desire to get outside our thoughts. From Wittgenstein's comments, it is clear, Nagel argues, that the rule‐following practices of our linguistic community can be understood only by specifying the internal content of our thoughts.
Economic Justice in Political Theory
Authors: Murphy Liam , Nagel Thomas
Published: October 2003

Once we abandon the idea that justice in taxation is a matter of determining a fair share of tax burdens, we must ask what the legitimate ends of government are, and what the legitimate means of pursuing those ends are, particularly insofar as they involve the taxing power. Is the legitimate role of government limited to the provision of public goods, or does it include providing benefits for (worse-off) people and promoting equality of opportunity or welfare? Consequentialist and deontological theories of social justice provide importantly different approaches to these and other questions that stand behind tax policy--such as the moral standing of the market, the importance of individual responsibility, and the proper understanding of the moral value of liberty.
Self‐Control, Akrasia, and Second‐Order Desires
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: October 2003

Traditional, Aristotelian conceptions of actions that manifest self‐control and actions that manifest weakness of will (akrasia) feature evaluative judgments. This chapter defends modest revisions of those conceptions that feature such judgments and apply to orthodox and unorthodox species of both kinds of action. It is argued that neither akratic nor self‐controlled action is properly analyzed in terms of higher‐order desires or higher‐order preferences. A judgment‐featuring account of what it is to be a self‐controlled person is developed.
Transition: From Self‐Control to Autonomy
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: October 2003

Introduces the second half of the book and links self‐control to autonomy. Determinism, compatibilism, and incompatibilism are defined, the experience of acting is explored, and three kinds of autonomy regarding proattitudes are distinguished: autonomously developing a proattitude over a stretch of time, autonomously possessing a proattitude during a stretch of time, and being autonomous regarding the influence of a proattitude on one's intentional behavior. It is argued that akratic action is compatible with determinism, that autonomy does not entail moral responsibility, that moral responsibility for an action does not entail that the action is autonomously performed, and that autonomously doing something does not entail that the agent was free to do something else instead.
Psychological Autonomy and Personal History
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: October 2003

Some thought experiments that incompatibilists have designed to undermine particular compatibilist analyses of free action and free will should lead their opponents to investigate the possible bearing of agents’ histories on their freedom. This chapter develops several thought experiments of this kind and argues that they motivate a certain history‐sensitive compatibilist view of psychological autonomy. It is argued that two agents who are psychological twins at a time may, owing to differences in their histories, be such that one is autonomous and the other is not. Connections among autonomy, ability, moral responsibility, and authenticity are examined; compulsion is analyzed; and Susan Wolf's “Reason View” of moral responsibility is criticized.
Compatibilist Autonomy and Autonomous Action
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: October 2003

Defends a collection of sufficient conditions for compatibilist autonomy. The conditions include ideal self‐control, mental health, the absence of compelled and coercively produced motivational states, the absence of a certain kind of deception, and the agent's being a reliable deliberator. It is shown how various incompatibilist objections featuring manipulation or mind control can be overcome.
Schools and Textbooks
Authors: Witham Larry A.
Published: October 2003

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights opened hearings on religion in public schools in 1998, and the evolution debate was a key issue. This chapter looks at the idea of “neutrality” toward religion in schools, Supreme Court rulings, classroom treatment of the topic, the history and content of biology textbooks and science curriculum, school board clashes, and views of biology teachers.
The Good Society
Authors: Witham Larry A.
Published: October 2003

Questions of human origins and human nature stir emotional debates over Darwin and the Bible. This chapter looks at evolutionist and creationist views of morality. It asks whether human nature is explained best by (1) top–down or bottom–up forces, (2) mind–body dualism or biological monism, and (3) sociability or selfishness. It covers sociobiology, evolutionary “emergence” of morals, apes as ancestors, the social role of religion, and the “soul.”
Introduction
Authors: Oldenhage Tania
Published: October 2003

In her 1987 presidential address to the Society of Biblical Literature, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza called for a rhetorical‐ethical turn in biblical studies and asked biblical scholars to take account of their public responsibility. Drawing from the insights of feminism, she emphasized that biblical scholarship never happens in a political vacuum and instead is always shaped by specific values and interests and by the socio‐political context in which scholars are positioned. This chapter introduces the themes and concerns of this book as an attempt to follow Schüssler Fiorenza's call for an ethics of accountability by showing that New Testament parable scholars during the last five decades worked not in a political vacuum but in situations shaped by Holocaust memory.
“On Sundays the Forgotten Comes”
Authors: Oldenhage Tania
Published: October 2003

This chapter begins to discuss issues of Holocaust remembrance in Germany through a close reading of the poem “Zoon Politikon” by Marie Luise Kaschnitz. This poem describes how the forgotten memories of Nazi genocide return to a German home and haunt its inhabitants. By attending to the poem's first historical setting, West Germany, during the Auschwitz trials in the mid‐1960s, Oldenhage explores the ways in which members of the first and second generation in postwar Germany have been affected by the legacy of the Holocaust. The chapter draws from Sigmund Freud's essay “The Uncanny” and on more recent theories on ghosts, haunting, and the uncanny.
Limit‐Experiences of Human Life
Authors: Oldenhage Tania
Published: October 2003

This chapter develops a critical reading of what Oldenhage calls the “limit‐rhetoric” in Ricoeur's 1975 essay “Biblical Hermeneutics.” Oldenhage points out that during the 1970s the notion of limit was already becoming a crucial trope within Holocaust literary studies. Focusing on Terrence Des Pres's study of Holocaust testimonies, Oldenhage explores how notions such as “limit‐situation” or “extremity” helped Des Pres to draw attention to the experiences of Holocaust survivors that so far had been ignored or misinterpreted. By cross‐reading the fields of Holocaust studies and New Testament parable studies, Oldenhage raises questions about Ricoeur's deployment of the charged trope of “limit‐experiences” in relation to the parables of Jesus.
5 Christian Republicanism
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: October 2003

By the early 1800s, the language of republicanism was ubiquitous throughout American Christianity. Prior to 1740 or so, however, traditional Christians mostly opposed republicanism. Revivalists like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards often interjected the language of liberty into their sermons, but they used this rhetoric for mostly spiritual purposes. War with France during the 1750s and the series of disputes with Britain during the 1760s that led to war, however, accelerated the integration of republican political philosophy and Christian thought. At the same time, Americans embraced the concept of “virtue,” an amorphous term that took on a variety of sometimes conflicted meanings, as their way of maintaining a healthy society protected from “slavery” and “tyranny.”
6 Theistic Common Sense
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: October 2003

By 1790, American Christians also embraced the “new moral philosophy,” a way of understanding their faith through “commonsense moral reasoning.” Because they came to believe that God had created humans with a capacity for moral reasoning, American Christians largely gave up the traditional, hierarchical arbiters of truth found in the established churches of Europe and took into their own hands the determination of religious truth and control of the churches.
19 The Bible and Slavery
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: October 2003

Central to the slavery debate was the issue of how to use the Scripture. Three major positions emerged on the Bible and slavery. Theological conservatives usually defended a literal reading of the Scripture, which was held to provide a divine sanction for slavery. Radicals who wanted to abolish slavery sometimes agreed that the Bible sanctioned slavery, but that acknowledgment led them to disparage the Bible. In the middle were a distraught contingent of Bible readers who were troubled by their conclusion that the Bible sanctioned slavery, and who failed unsuccessfully in trying to combine faithfulness to Scripture and opposition to slavery. All factions, but especially the middle group, were constrained in their understanding of the Bible by the confluence (distinct to America) between traditional Christianity and commonsense republican principles.
Mortal Bodies
Authors: Lang Karen C.
Published: October 2003

Candrakiriti rejects Brahmin priests’ belief in immortality, whether defined as eternal life in heaven, as the continuance of life on earth through the birth of sons, or as specialized knowledge acquired through meditation. His arguments demonstrate his familiarity with the early Vedas’ advocacy of physical immortality through procreation and later Upaniṣads’ advocacy of spiritual immortality acquired through knowledge of the identity of the individual soul with the cosmic source of all life. The practice of mindfulness applied to the body provides direct and immediate perception of its mortal nature. The main thrust of Buddhist teachings on death is threefold: death is certain, the time of death is uncertain, and only religious practice will be of any value when death comes.
Introduction: “A New Order of Things”
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L.
Published: October 2003

Introduces the book's main argument: that it is too simple, and ultimately misleading, to say that SCAP (that is, General MacArthur and officers of the American Occupation) “imposed” a Constitution on postwar Japan. Rather, in this book, Japan is treated as a case study of democratization. The chapter also introduces the principal players (MacArthur, Whitney, and Kades on the American side; Shidehara, Yoshida, and Kanamori on the Japanese side). It then describes, in terms that invite comparison with other cases of democratization, the main features of the context (cultural, social, economic, and international) in which they worked to lay the foundation for constitutional democracy.
“Only as a Last Resort”: The Americans Take Over
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L.
Published: October 2003

Begins by noting that, early in the Occupation period, General Douglas MacArthur (SCAP) told Japanese leaders that their country could not fulfill the terms of the Potsdam Declaration without revising its Constitution. It analyzes seminal documents from Washington (particularly JCS 1380 and SWNCC 228), emphasizing their warning that Japan should take leadership of this project. It shows that, by the end of January 1946, MacArthur, pressed by Allies on the Far Eastern Commission, had determined that Japan could not accomplish this goal without active American intervention.
“Fundamental Principles of Democracy”: Human Rights and Imperial Property
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L.
Published: October 2003

At the end of July, the subcommittee turned to the bill of rights: Article 20, banning “religious education”; Article 24, on marriage and the family; Articles 25–28, to which the Social Democrats sought to add a guarantee of “minimum standards” of living, and Articles 31–40, dealing with the rights of accused persons. Ch. 17 analyzes these deliberations. The subcommittee's work produced intense sparring between Yoshida and Ashida around the issue of the imperial family's property. GHQ, in the person of Colonel Kades, kept close watch over these deliberations.
“Sincere and Steady Efforts”: Denouement
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L.
Published: October 2003

Recounts the climax in the House of Representatives over constitutional revision. (In Japan's new democratic dispensation, the popularly elected lower house had controlling power.) Ch. 18 tells how the two major parties in the conservative governing coalition (Liberals and Progressive Democrats) became actively involved in negotiations over the exact terms of Article 9, renouncing war and armed forces, and the disposition of imperial property. It also recounts how Colonel Kades, somewhat reluctantly, brought forward several amendments demanded by the Allied member‐nations on the Far Eastern Commission, including one providing that only “civilians” could serve in the cabinet. Finally, it summarizes the proceedings of Saturday, August 24, a time for soaring eloquence and the final vote in the House of Representatives.
“Last Service to the Fatherland”: The House of Peers Addresses Constitutional Revision
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L.
Published: October 2003

Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical to the project's legitimacy. Ch. 19 tells how the proposed revision came under severe attack by peers, but was also stoutly defended. The principal defenders, besides Kanamori, were a highly respected lawyer, Takayanagi Kenzō, and Nanbara Shigeru, president of the University of Tokyo; the scholarly Sasaki Sōichi and a fierce and eloquent peer, Sawada Ushimaro, led the critics. Again the role of the emperor under the new charter (kokutai) was an object of earnest interest, as was Article 9 and the bill of rights.
The Impurity of Gentiles in Second Temple Sources
Authors: Hayes Christine E.
Published: October 2003

In a wide range of Jewish texts representing diverse groups in the Second Temple period, Gentiles are consistently portrayed as susceptible to moral rather than ritual impurity – in keeping with Pentatuechal precedent. Texts diverge, however, on the question of genealogical purity. For Philo, Josephus, and other writers who reject the Ezran democratization of holiness and extension of genealogical purity requirements to lay Israelites, conversion and marriage between Jews and converted Gentiles are permitted, while those who adopt the Ezran line view conversion as anathema, and intermarriage as a profanation of the holy seed of Israel. The different approaches to genealogical purity are illuminated by a discussion of Second Temple debates surrounding Gentile access to the sanctuary. Finally, the evidence for a principle of Gentile ritual impurity at Qumran is considered.
Perception, Predication, and Belief
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: October 2003

Examines psychological facts such as colour, focusing on thoughts, beliefs and perceptions, while analysing how they relate to physical facts. Perceptions of colour need to be acknowledged separately from objects before they can be philosophically unmasked, because the idea that humans experience sensations does not explain predicational seeing, which assigns certain properties to an object. Two strategies are identified to prove the unreality of colour, one stating that perceptions of colour are not true, the other arguing that, according to subjectivism, colours depend on perceived sensations.
Equality and Duties to Future Generations
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin
Published: October 2003

Using case studies focusing on the Yucca Mountain, Nevada Nuclear waste dump, the chapter analyzes the concepts of equal treatment, duties to future generations, and proxy consent. It also shows how these three values are threatened in the Nevada case, and it argues that indigenous people have been especially victimized by nuclear activities that violate principles of environmental justice.
Developing Nations, Equal Protection, and the Limits of Moral Heroism
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin
Published: October 2003

Using case studies focusing on how developed nations impose environmental risks on developing countries, the chapter reveals how the U.S. and other nations ship banned pesticides or hazardous waste to developing nations. The chapter analyzes the concepts of equal protection and moral heroism or supererogation. It argues that most indigenous people do not give genuine informed consent to such risks and that it is not paternalistic to protect native people. Extending and developing arguments of Peter Singer, the chapter also argues that ordinary citizens have duties (that are not heroic) to help protect innocent victims from first‐world exploitation, even though there are many economic incentives that lead nations to exploit the poor of the world.
The Making of a National Identity
Authors: Machado Daisy L.
Published: October 2003

Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis became a significant force in shaping the national identity of the U.S. The ideologies incorporated into Turner's frontier thesis were not only meant to provide a historical interpretation of how the U.S. came into being but also satisfied the national need for a “usable past.” This frontier thesis was able to transmit a series of symbols that became imbedded in the nation's self‐perception and self‐understanding: Virgin land, wilderness, land and democracy, Manifest Destiny, chosen race. Race must be understood as an important piece of this developing national identity because the idea of “purity” of race was used as a rationalization to colonize, exclude, devalue, and even exterminate the native borderlands people.
The Press as Amateur Psychologist, Part I
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul
Published: October 2003

Examines the role journalists adopt during presidential campaigns, and how that role determines the frame of campaign news. Assuming that what is presented to the voters is a persona, journalists act as amateur psychologists, seeking to discover the “real” person behind the candidate. They then focus on the moments or events that reinforce the conclusions they have made about the candidates’ respective characters.
The Press as Amateur Psychologist, Part II
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul
Published: October 2003

In the 2000 election, journalists settled on twin portraits of Al Gore and George W. Bush that framed the coverage each received. Gore was portrayed as the lying panderer, while Bush was portrayed as the inexperienced dolt. These portraits then determined how campaign events were interpreted. While neither portrait was complimentary, in the end they worked to Bush's advantage, because no moral value was attached to inexperience, while a moral value was attached to Gore's alleged dishonesty.
The Press as Custodian of Fact
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul
Published: October 2003

The custodianship of fact should be the role that undergirds journalism. All too often, reporters allow the frames of their stories to shape the facts, instead of the other way around. The press has a responsibility to adjudicate factual disputes among political actors, even at the risk of charges of bias. The chapter offers a series of recommendations that would guide journalists toward fulfilling this role.
Logic, “Liberty”, and the Metaphysics of Responsibility
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2003

This chapter presents a critical discussion of the classical interpretation of Hume's compatibilist strategy. It argues, in particular, that the classical interpretation fails to provide a satisfactory account of why Hume held that his specific views about the nature of “necessity” puts the free will controversy in a “new light.” This leads to the conclusion that there is something wrong with the classical interpretation and its heavy emphasis on Hume's conceptual distinction between two kinds of “liberty”.
Causation, Compulsion, and Compatibilism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2003

Hume claims, famously, that causes do not compel their effects, and so it does not follow that if an action was caused it was compelled (and thus unfree). We get confused on this issue, according to Hume, because we have a natural tendency to suppose that we have some idea of necessity as it exists in the material world beyond that of constant conjunction and the accompanying inference of the mind. Much of what Hume says about the “verbal” nature of the free will controversy has to be understood in light of this point. On a more critical note, I argue that Hume's views on the subject of causation undermine and discredit the classical compatibilist position by weakening, if not removing, the (metaphysical) connexion between agent and action. Since Hume maintains that his views about causation and necessity support his compatibilist strategy, this observation puts the classical interpretation of Hume's compatibilism in doubt.
The Content and Objects of Moral Sentiment
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, I deal with a number of difficulties involved in Hume's account of the nature and content of moral sentiment, as implied by his general theory of emotion. I argue that moral sentiment should be understood, not in terms of certain peculiar pleasant or painful feelings, but rather in terms of the relevant cognitive–evaluative features involved. Related to this problem, I also consider Hume's account of the objects of moral sentiment and the nature of moral virtue. Moral virtue cannot, I maintain, be understood simply in terms of pleasurable or painful qualities of (the human) mind. This observation indicates serious shortcomings in Hume's account of the nature of moral capacity, and I make several suggestions about how these weaknesses in Hume's theory can be removed.
Grace
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: October 2003

Grace is conceived here as love that is not completely explained by the excellence of its object. This chapter argues that authentic love, divine as well as human, necessarily has something of the character of grace. That is because what is truly loved must be loved for its own sake, and hence with a certain particularity and noncomparative appreciation. The chapter considers what sorts of reasons for love, and what grounds for ascribing universality to God's love, are compatible with this particularity.
Symbolic Value
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: October 2003

This chapter argues that it is good to care about what one's actions and one's life symbolize, express, and stand for, and good in some cases to act for the sake of such symbolic values in preference to more extrinsic and more tangible consequences because expressive action provides a way of being for important goods, a way that is especially important in situations of relative helplessness (though not only there). This argument is related to conceptions of martyrdom, eschatology, and worship.
Vocation
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: October 2003

This chapter argues that the moral life needs good projects, engaging one's love or commitment, that are one's own in a morally valid way, and that the concept of vocation is helpful in structuring this aspect of the moral life. Vocation may be conceived in terms of either a command or an invitation from God. The argument here suggests that it will normally be a matter of actual goods that are given to one to love, and that it should be connected with a conception of one's selfhood. This conception is defended against act consequentialism as a way of identifying one's own moral tasks.
Revelation of the Good
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: October 2003

This chapter proposes a doxastic practice epistemology for ethics, holding that we rightly, and probably inescapably, rely on belief‐forming dispositions that we have formed in learning social practices of evaluation. In the context of a theistic metaethics, the reliability of such practices and dispositions is explained in terms of a concept of “general revelation,” a concept that allows that some to whom ethical truths are revealed may be atheists. The chapter also expounds a conception of “special revelation” connected with historic religious traditions, in which particular possibilities of goodness may be empirically discovered and divine commands may be addressed to particular communities at particular times.
The Metaphysics of Free Will
Authors: O'Connor Timothy
Published: October 2003

This chapter develops the basic metaphysics of agent causation. The author analyzes causal notions generally in terms of the notion of ’causal power’ or ’causal capacity.’ The difference between event (or broadly mechanistic) causation and agent (or personal) causation concerns the way in which causal capacities are exercised. With event causation, the capacity to generate a particular effect (in some cases, from a range of possible effects) is exercised ’as a matter of course’: having the capacity in the right circumstances directly gives rise to what is either its unique characteristic effect or one of the effects within its characteristic range. By contrast, having the properties that subserve an agent‐causal capacity doesn’t produce an effect; rather, it enables the agent to freely determine an effect (within a circumscribed range).
Agency, Mind, and Reductionism
Authors: O'Connor Timothy
Published: October 2003

Many contemporary theorists reject the notion of agent causation on the grounds that it conflicts with metaphysical Naturalism, a.k.a. the emerging scientific picture of the world. There is little basis for this claim. We must sharply distinguish the plausible claim that macrophysical phenomena arise out of and are causally sustained by microphysical events (’The Causal Unity of Nature Thesis’) from the far from evident claim that all such phenomena are constituted by more fundamental processes (’The Micro‐Macro Constitution Thesis’). Granted the former thesis, why accept the latter? The Constitution Thesis is not empirically established, nor does it follow from the Unity Thesis, as is shown by the possibility of some higher‐level features being emergent in a robust sense.