bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was first introduced into the econometrics literature by Lars Hansen in 1982. Since then it has been widely applied to analyze economic and financial data. This interest has both stimulated and been facilitated by the development of numerous statistical inference techniques based on GMM estimators. Many of the studies have been published in top economic journals, which is one measure of the importance of the technique. Nearly all the studies have been published since the early 1990s and this testifies to the increasing impact of GMM on empirical analysis in economics.
The Instrumental Variable Estimator in the Linear Regression Model
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

One of the main advantages of GMM is that it can be used to perform inference about the parameters in nonlinear dynamic models. However, as might be anticipated, both nonlinearity and dynamics create a number of technical issues which need to be addressed in the statistical analysis. These issues can obscure the essential structure of the method for those readers less familiar with this type of analysis. Therefore, in this chapter, we introduce the key elements of the GMM framework using the IV estimator in the static linear model. This approach enables us to keep the technical details to a minimum and allows the reader to appreciate more readily the main ideas and intuitions. Those readers already familiar with the basic GMM framework may prefer to pass over this chapter.
GMM Estimation in Misspecified Models
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter establishes the large sample properties of the estimator and its various associated statistics in correctly specified models. In practice, a researcher never knows whether his/her assumptions correspond to the real world, and so it is important to consider the impact of misspecification on the statistical properties derived in Chapter 3. Intuition suggests misspecification has a detrimental effect, and this is borne out by the analysis presented in this chapter. In particular, it is shown that misspecification contaminates inferences about the parameter vector, and this pessimistic conclusion motivates the model specification tests presented in the next chapter. However, there is a secondary purpose to the presentation of a formal analysis of the GMM estimator under misspecification.
Alternative Approximations to Finite Sample Behaviour
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 6, it is seen that the available simulation evidence indicates that the asymptotic theory developed in Chapters 3 and 5 may not provide a good approximation to the finite sample behaviour of the GMM estimator in certain circumstances of interest. The situation can be ameliorated by careful selection of moment conditions, and this motivates the methods described in the previous chapter. However, while the use of such moment selection procedures may lead to an improvement, the overall quality of the asymptotic approximation may still leave something to be desired. Therefore, in this chapter, we consider three alternative methods for approximating the finite sample behaviour of the GMM estimator and its associated statistics.
The I(l) Models and Their Interpretation
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

One of the main points of SJ is to emphasize that the important aspect of model building is the formulation and analysis of the model, which. include the formulation of economically relevant hypotheses as restrictions on the parameters in the model. This chapter discusses the interpretation of the error correction models, how they are nested, what type of questions we can ask about the coefficients, and what these questions mean. If H(r) is the error correction model with cointegrating rank r we have the relations where R = H l., that is, R is orthogonal to H. The identification problem is formulated for the cointegrating relations in section 5.3, and linear hypotheses on o: are formulated in section 5.4.
Hypothesis Testing for the Long-Run Coefficients β
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

Chapter 7 gives a number of hypotheses on the long-run coefficients and discusses how they can be estimated. A general point of view is that we want to find all the models that can be treated by the same reduced rank regression algorithm based on eigenvalues, so we try as far as possible to reduce the estimation problem to a question of a reduced rank regression. Lemma 7.1 contains a useful result about the number of free parameters in these models which is needed for calculating the degrees of freedom for the various tests. The hypotheses are basically linear restrictions on the cointegrating space and it turns out that these are surprisingly often exactly those that are interesting in the applications. More general linear restrictions are also formulated and estimation and identification are discussed. We also include here an analysis of the data, where the rank is determined and then various tests are performed to investigate economic hypotheses.
Determination of Cointegrating Rank
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

The determination of the cointegrating rank is based upon the trace statistic, and it is shown in Chapter 12 how a procedure adopted from Pantula (1989) serves to produce an estimator of the rank with desirable proper ties. As an example of the results obtained, consider the model without a constant term H2(r).
The Power Function of the Test for Cointegrating Rank under Local Alternatives
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

It is shown in this chapter that the power function under local alternatives can be expressed in term of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. In model H2(r) without deterministic terms the local alternative considered is Various results on the product moments are then derived from this result, and it is shown in Theorem 14.4 that the trace statistic converges under the local alternative to the random variable in which a and b depend on the parameters of the model and the alternative. The exercise extends these results via the companion form to hold for models with more than one lag.
Securities and Trading Strategies
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

This and the following chapter develop the theory of valuation and replication of contingent claims in continuous-time dynamic models, with an emphasis on the case of dynamically complete markets. We focus on the pricing and replication of contingent claims that pay a random payoff at a fixed future point in time but do not pay dividends before that time. Zero-coupon bonds, forward contracts, and European-style options are examples of such claims. They are replicated by self-financing trading strategies.
Gaussian Term Structure Models
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

This chapter studies one-factor Gaussian models of the term structure of interest rates. They are all special cases of the generalized Vasicek model. In the generalized Vasicek model, which is the subject of Section 7.7, the interest rate follows a general one-factor Gaussian process. The model has three time-dependent parameters. It can, in principle, be calibrated so as to be consistent with initially given cross-sectional term structure data. One of the time dependent parameters may be chosen so as to reflect a view of the future standard deviation of the interest rate. The two remaining ones can be chosen so as to fit exactly the initial term structure of forward rates and their standard deviations, or the initial term structure of zero-coupon bond yields and their standard deviations.
Feminist Encounters: Locating the Politics of Experience
Authors: Mohanty Chandra Talpade
Published: October 2023

Feminist and anti-racist struggles in the 1990s face some of the same urgent questions encountered in the 1970s. After two decades of engagement in feminist political activism and scholarship in a variety of sociopolitical and geographical locations, questions of difference (sex, race, class, nation), experience and history remain at the centre of feminist analysis. Only, at least in the US academy, feminists no longer have to contend as they did in the 1970s with phallocentric denials of the legitimacy of gender as a category of analysis. Instead, the crucial questions in the 1990s concern the construction, examination and, most significantly, the institutionalization of difference within feminist discourses.
Women Humanists: Education for What?
Authors: Jardine Lisa
Published: October 2023

Somewhere between 1443 and 1448 the distinguished teacher Lauro Quirini, a former pupil of Guarino Guarini of Verona (1374-1460), addressed a letter of advice to the humanist Isotta Nogarola of Verona. He was responding to a request from her brother for guidance on appropriate reading for an advanced student of the studia humanitatis in the technical disciplines of dialectic and philosophy: Your brother, Leonardo ... asked me some time ago if I would write something to you, seeing that at this time you are devoting extremely zealous study (as he terms it) to dialectic and philosophy.
The Tenth Muse: Gender, Rationality, and the Marketing of Knowledge
Authors: Jed Stephanie
Published: October 2023

In 1650, Anne Bradstreefs brother-in-law published her poetry in London under the title The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America. In 1657, the volume was annotated in William London’s Catalogue [of] the Most Vendible Books in England ... as “Mrs. Bradstreet. The 10. Muse, a Poem. 80.” In 1668, a volume appeared in Mexico City celebrating and commemorating the completion of the cathedral.
Women on Top
Authors: Davis Natalie Zemon
Published: October 2023

The female sex was thought the disorderly one par excellence in early modern Europe.”Une beste imparfaicte;’ went one adage,”sans foy, sans loy, sans craincte, sans constance.” Female disorderliness was already seen in the Garden of Eden, when Eve had been the first to yield to the serpent’s temptation and incite Adam to disobey the Lord. To be sure, the men of the lower orders were also believed to be especially prone to riot and seditious unrest.
Witchcraft and Fantasy in Early Modern Germany
Authors: Roper Lyndal
Published: October 2023

In January 1669, Anna Ebeler found herself accused of murdering the woman for whom she had worked as a lying-in-maid. The means were a bowl of soup. Instead of restoring the young mother’s strength, the soup, made of malmsey and brandy in place of Rhine wine, had increased her fever. The mother became delirious but, as the watchers at her deathbed claimed, she was of sound mind when she blamed the lying-in-maid for her death. As word spread, other women came forward stating that Ebeler had poisoned their young children too.
Language, Power, and the Law: Women’s Slander Litigation in Early Modern London
Authors: Gowing Laura
Published: October 2023

“A married woman perhaps may doubt whether shee bee either none or no more than half a person”: wrote the anonymous author of the first exposition of women’s equivocal legal position, The /awes resolution of womens rights, in 1632. Legally, women’s agency was vested in their husbands: “Women have no voyse in Parliament, they make no lawes, they consent to none, they abrogate none.
Pornography and Grief
Authors: Dworkin Andrea
Published: October 2023

I searched for something to say here today quite different from what I am going to say. I wanted to come here militant and proud and angry as hell. But more and more, I find that anger is a pale shadow next to the grief I feel. If a woman has any sense of her own intrinsic worth, seeing pornography in small bits and pieces can bring her to a useful rage. Studying pornography in quantity and depth, as I have been doing for more months than I care to remember, will turn that same woman into a mourner.
Only Words
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A
Published: October 2023

Imagine that for hundreds of years your most formative traumas, your daily suffering and pain, the abuse you live through, the terror you live with, are unspeakable-not the basis of literature. You grow up with your father holding you down and covering your mouth so another man can make a horrible searing pain between your legs. When you are older, your husband ties you to the bed and drips hot wax on your nipples and brings in other men to watch and makes you smile through it. Your doctor will not give you drugs he has addicted you to unless you suck his penis.
Suffering and Speech
Authors: Dworkin Andrea
Published: October 2023

In these hearings-Minneapolis in 1983 to Massachusetts in 1992-women testify about being hurt in and by pornography. This hurt includes every kind of sexual exploitation and abuse. The hearings are road maps of injury, made graphic through the speech of those who had their legs spread, their hands tied, their mouths gagged. These hearings and the political organizing that went into creating them pushed silence off the women in these pages-they stood up and spoke. But while some legislators listened-and while other hurt women, still silent, hoped-society at large pretty much turned its back on the suffering caused by pornography and refused to consider honorable and equitable remedies. These hearings also contain all the familiar leftist arguments for pornography: it is free speech or free sexuality in a free marketplace of ideas. Only when women’s bodies are being sold for profit do leftists claim to cherish the free market.
Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800
Authors: Hunt Lynn
Published: October 2023

Pornography still provokes intense debate, but in Western countries it is now generally available to adult consumers and scholars alike. When you make your way to the Reserve Room of the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, for instance, there are only a few reminders of the secrecy formerly shrouding the famous Collection de l’Enfer. As late as 1992 you still had to fill out a form explaining your ‘precise reason for request’. The asterisk on the front of the form referred you to the back where it said, ‘general or vague terms (“scientific research,” “docu mentation,” “personal research”) will not be accepted.’ When you read those words of warning it is hard not to think of prim, worried librarians trying to keep dirty books out of the hands of the wrong people; most likely aging men in fraying suit jackets who would occupy their seats in search of something other than scholarship. It is a measure of the changing times that no one ever questions your responses any more.
Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power
Authors: Lorde Audre
Published: October 2023

There are many kinds of power, used and unused, acknowledged or otherwise. The erotic is a resource within each of us that lies in a deeply female and spiritual plane, firmly rooted in the power of our unexpressed or unrecognized feeling. In order to perpetuate itself, every oppression must corrupt or distort those various sources of power within the culture of the oppressed that can provide energy for change. For women, this has meant a suppression of the erotic as a considered source of power and information within our lives.
Newsletter: Sexual Workers from AMSS Introduce a Demand Platform
Authors: Stone’ Association of Women ‘Flowers of
Published: October 2023

The Demand platform is composed from now on of refiected and organized processes generated by sexual workers in their fight to be recognized as full fiedged citizens.

The former municipal governments directed repressive and discriminatory actions towards sexual workers, who are blamed for the existence of prostitution. With these actions, activists, who by means of direct or indirect challenge to the constant violations to women’s human rights, have been immobilized.
Introduction
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

The macroeconomic implications of asset price fluctuations have received increasing attention in academic and policy circles recently, in large part due to the recent boom–bust bubbles in the equity and now in the housing markets. Most studies in this area have focused on financial asset prices, while the role of house prices has not been explored to the same extent. Over recent years we have tried to fill this gap by investigating the role of asset prices, especially house prices, for various aspects of the macroeconomy. In this book we bring together the outcome of this research.
Goods and Asset Price Deflations
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

Deflation ought not to be a serious monetary problem; yet it has apparently become so (Bernanke 2003). Deflation should be most likely to occur under a commodity money regime, e.g. the gold standard, when it will reflect the relative shortage of the monetary base commodity vis-à-vis all other commodities. Ceteris paribus, one might expect a roughly equal probability of comparative surpluses and deficits in the monetary base commodity, and during the gold standard century before 1914 there were roughly an equal number of years of price declines and increases. In the UK, for example, between 1815 and 1913 (using the Overall Index from the Rousseaux Price Indices, Mitchell 1962: 471–3), there were 41 years in which prices rose, 45 years of price declines and 13 years of no change; and from 1873 to 1913 there were 16 years of rising prices, 17 years of falling prices and 8 years of no significant change.
Bank Regulation and Macroeconomic Fluctuations
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

Macroeconomic cycles have been changing in recent decades, since the end of the Bretton Woods system, and now involve more asset price volatility (boom–bust cycles) and financial fragility. In the face of more frequent banking crises, regulators have moved to reinforce individual bank capital adequacy ratios, for example through the Basel I and II Accords. But bank regulation is inherently procyclical; it bites in downturns, but fails to restrain in booms. The more ‘sophisticated’ and ‘risk-sensitive’ the regulation, the greater the scope for procyclicality to become a problem, particularly in view of the changing nature of macroeconomic cycles. The main purpose of this chapter is to explore this nexus, and the policy problems thereby generated.
Default, Credit Growth and Asset Prices
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

The analytical relationships between financial markets for defaultible financial assets and the real economy remain obscure. This is, perhaps, because the maintained assumption in most macroeconomic theoretical models is that all agents always pay their debts (with probability 1). This then implies that all agents can borrow (lend) an indefinite amount (to maximize their intertemporal utility) at the risk-free rate. So there is consequently no need for financial intermediaries, and there is only one market (for the risk-free asset), where—in such models—the interest rate is, in most cases, set by the reaction function of a central bank, inter- acting with the expectations of the private sector. Woodford (2003) is the canonical example, in which there are no commercial banks (or any other intermediary), no default and only one financial market.
Trade, Growth, and Inequality
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

Combining the fields of international trade theory, economic development, and economic growth, this text provides an advanced exposition suitable for graduate students as well as researchers at all levels. It combines mathematical rigour with an exceptional breadth of approaches, including institutions, history, and comparative economics. Existing research is exposited and evaluated, and numerous new results are included. The central themes of economic inequality, within and between nations, are discussed, as is convergence, or the reduction of inequality. Distinctive features of the volume include a radical re-evaluation of the theoretical basis of the economic convergence model proposed by Barro and Sala-i-Martin, a new generalization of the standard HOS model, and a new concept, the economic environment, designed to model the effects of institutions in a more analytical and micro-founded manner is discussed. Uniquely, the real world examples included focus not only on countries participating fully in globalized trade, like China, but also those countries and regions failing to fully participate, specifically the Arab world and sub-Saharan Africa. The text concludes with a discussion of current issues in world economic governance, particularly the IMF and limitations of the Washington consensus, showing that some criticism fails to confront fundamental difficulties.
Trade in an Unequal World
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

Because this book has been several years in the writing, I have been asked by friends and colleagues on many occasions: what is your book about? My usual reply has been: you can have the short answer, that takes a few seconds; or, if you have an hour, the long answer. It was always the short answer that was requested. In that case I said: ‘My book is about globalization, although I do not like that term.’ My dislike of the term globalization is not simply a snobbish disdain for a word that is currently on many lips. Neither is my aversion to the word to be explained by the opinion that it means nothing. On the contrary, globalization means too much. It is an all-embracing term for several things that are happening in the contempory world.
High-Dimension Models1
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

With three or more factors of production it is certainly not necessary that the result of trade is to make the ratios of factor prices in the respective countries more closely approach unity. Some may do so, but others may diverge depending upon complicated patterns of complementarity and competitiveness. (Stolper and Samuelson 1941-2: 72) In Chapter 5 we saw how the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson trade model (HOS for short) has retained its popularity and usefulness for analysing international trade. It has sometimes seemed necessary to adapt it for such application; the work of Paul Krugman and Adrian Wood provides leading examples of how that might be done. See Krugman and Lawrence (1993) and Wood (1994). The analysis of Chapter 5 indicates that some generalizations of HOS are readily available.
Institutions, Failing States, and Corruption
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

The following story is related by the great Islamic historian Ibn Khaldun: The philosopher Ibn Baja happened to recite at an Andalusian court a poem which made its ruler so enthusiastic that he vowed that Ibn Baja should go home walking on gold. Ibn Baja found himself in a predicament: to refuse or accept the gift was equally dangerous. To refuse would offend and anger, while to accept would make Ibn Baja so rich that his life might henceforth be at risk. Ibn Baja resolved the dilemma by begging for two pieces of gold which he proceeded to insert one in each shoe, and so walked home literally on gold, thus making the ruler’s vow come true, and yet preserving himself from the perils of great wealth. (quoted by Kedouri 1992: 13–14) In its way this tale depicts the concept of an economic environment. Ibn Baja’s decision viewed as a maximization problem is trivial.
Trade, and Growth, and Catching-Up
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

The theoretical literature on trade and growth is mostly of recent vintage, but already quite extensive. Aghion and Howitt (1998: ch. 11) provide a good overview, and allow the reader to obtain a sense of the shape and variety of the modelling approaches that have been adopted. It is no slight on the various authors who have contributed to this body of research to say that this work makes uncomfortable reading. There is a makeshift feel to these models, and it is clear that the authors cannot agree, even in broad terms, as to what are the crucial ways in which trade and growth are related to each other. This is unsurprising if one considers that both growth, and trade, have been modelled independently, according to their particular requirements.
Consequences of a Violation of a Treaty and of Divergences of Interpretation Among its Member Countries
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

As Chapter 7 has shown, it is not always easy to unequivocally ascertain the meaning behind a particular provision of a treaty when applied to a specific scenario. In case of ambiguity, there is a need for clarification; where the provision leaves no doubt as to its correct interpretation but a country does not comply with it, enforcement is needed. Both clarification and enforcement may be sought by a private party through a lawsuit in the country for which protection is claimed. Where this is not helpful, recourse to dispute settlement at the state level remains an option.
Reasons for the Shift Towards the Trade Context
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

From the very beginning of copyright protection, when the emergence of printing techniques triggered the system of privileges, technical developments have resulted in the emergence of new kinds of works and new kinds of uses which have provoked the adaptation of existing laws in the field. The extent of the technical progress that has taken place since the last revision of the Berne Convention and the adoption of the Rome Convention has inevitably had repercussions on copyright and neighbouring rights laws. Examples have included: the emergence of cable (re)transmission and satellite broadcasting; the improvement of reproduction techniques available even to consumers (offering better quality, greater speed, and more options such as colour reproduction and private audio and audiovisual copying); the emergence of computer programs; and the growing importance of databases.
Unilateral Trade Measures
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

As one of the US responses to the economic decline that had started in the 1960s, Section 301 of the US Trade Act of 1974 introduced the new trade policy of promoting US exports by forcing foreign countries to provide fair access to their markets for US products and services. This provision allowed the President to impose trade sanctions against countries that were considered to harm US exports by unfair practices, whether or not such practices violated any international law. Due to the economic power of the USA, threats of retaliation were efficient. Although this provision also covered intellectual property rights, the US Congress and industry subsequently preferred a more stringent and aggressive application of these provisions to intellectual property rights by the Office of the US Trade Representative (USTR), not least in order to use this provision during the negotiations of the GATT Uruguay Round. As a result, the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act introduced the so-called ‘Special 301’ provisions on intellectual property rights as a part of the overall reform of Sections 301 ff of the Trade Act of 1974,5 labelled as the ‘Super 301’ provisions on the enforcement of US trade rights. The Special 301 provisions aimed at securing an efficient intellectual property protection through legal provisions and enforcement measures in foreign countries in favour of US industry in order to allow the US industry to reap the benefits6 from the ongoing utilization of their works on foreign markets.
Presentation of the Wipo
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

Before the WIPO was established in 1970, the Paris and Berne Unions as well as other intellectual property treaties were administered by the BIRPI (Bureaux Internationaux Réunis pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle). The BIRPI itself had its roots in the International Bureau of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property adopted in 1883 and the International Bureau of the Berne Convention of 1886, which were united in 1893 into one common bureau with the same staff and director. The word ‘bureau’ was commonly used at that time as a designation for the secretariat of an international organization. Since at that time the League of Nations and the United Nations (UN) did not exist, the BIRPI was placed under the ‘high supervision’ of the government of the Swiss Confederation. The Swiss government appointed the Director and staff of the BIRPI and controlled its activities and finances, while the Member States of the Berne and Paris Unions and other related international treaties made decisions only when needed, namely at revision conferences rather than continuously within an established structure such as a governing body.
The Wipo Copyright Treaty (Wct) and the Wipo Performances And Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) of 1996
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

17.01 The Berne Convention of 1886 was revised about every twenty years up to 1971. In 1971, the unanimity required for a revision of the Convention was achieved only with major efforts, due to the North–South conflict between industrialized and developing countries which had arisen in the meantime. Thereafter, the economic importance of copyright and, consequently, conflicts of interest among Member States increased—not only between industrialized and developing, but also among industrialized countries, so that it seemed even more difficult to reach unanimity in the future. Nevertheless, copyright needed to be adapted to new technical and other developments that occurred after 1971. WIPO decided to meet this challenge by the so-called ‘guided development’ rather than by the preparation of a new revision conference. The strategy of ‘guided development’ aimed at discussing and promoting common and new standards of protection regarding new kinds of works and new forms of uses. The related work was accomplished mainly in common Committees of Experts of WIPO and UNESCO which resulted in recommendations, guiding principles, or model provisions, and were accompanied by studies mandated or carried out by WIPO and UNESCO. Although these results were not binding upon Member States, they had a considerable impact on the awareness of governments of particular problems and on the development of national copyright laws.
The Project of a Treaty on the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

The most recent neighbouring rights treaty, the WPPT, did not follow the Rome Convention and the TRIPS Agreement in their coverage of broadcasting organizations. One of the reasons is certainly that it emerged from the call to better protect phonograms and their producers at the international level; performers, whose performances are often incorporated into phonograms, were natural allies for protection. Broadcasting organizations, however, are no such natural allies; rather, their interests are often in conflict with those of phonogram producers and performers. Consequently, their inclusion could have complicated negotiations on the WPPT. In addition, just before the WIPO Committees started their work, TRIPS negotiations had shown the difficulties in agreeing on minimum standards for the protection of broadcasting organizations: different national law back grounds had proved to be a stumbling block for a meaningful protection in the TRIPS Agreement. Nevertheless, some delegations during Committee of Experts’ discussions suggested including broadcasting organizations in the later WPPT, but they did not find sufficient support to extend the mandates of the Committees accordingly.
Protection of Folklore
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

For a long time, indigenous peoples have sought respect and protection for their folklore or traditional cultural expressions. They consider that folklore belongs to the particular community from which it emanates, as confirmed by their customary laws, while Western intellectual property systems largely to consider that folklore is part of the public domain. The resulting conflict is evident: Westerners and other outsiders, in relying on Western laws for legality, have regularly used folklore without asking for consent from and without sharing the benefits with indigenous peoples. Thereby, Westerners affect the economic and non-economic interests of indigenous peoples whose customary laws recognize these interests; yet, these laws do not apply to outsiders. Consequently, indigenous peoples have claimed protection at national and international levels.
Comparative Tables of the Contents of the Main International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Treaties
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

The following tables for the main copyright and neighbouring rights treaties present a ‘big picture’ of the rules and elements of protection through their juxta position and thereby aim at facilitating their understanding in a broader context. The tables may be useful to clearly visualize developments over time as well as the strong tendency to build on the relevant earlier treaties. In combination, the tables may be of benefit for the reader who is interested in a comparison of the individual elements of protection and provisions under copyright and neigh-bouring rights. The tables are necessarily rudimentary; the preceding chapters should be consulted for details.
Overall Assessment of the Development of International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

In the beginning, there were thirty-two intra-German bilateral treaties. Then came the creation of the Berne Convention by ten, mostly European countries. Today, about 120 years later, there are four major multilateral treaties that cover copyright protection, five major multilateral treaties that cover different neighbouring rights, and a multitude of bilateral and regional trade or investment treaties that cover both areas, as well as several treaties on general issues, such as human rights or enforcement aspects, which have an impact on copyright and neighbouring rights. International protection of copyright and neighbouring rights today has a largely worldwide coverage. International law up to the latest treaties has largely succeeded in adapting the protection to the requirements of technical and other developments. This chapter focuses on some of the notable aspects of mainly more recent developments.
Outlook: Prospects for the Development of International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

Where are we today, and what can be expected for the development of international copyright and neighbouring rights law in the near future? When looking at the recent past, one may observe a fundamental change of atmosphere at the international level: the success of the adoption of the WCT and WPPT in 1996 was generally felt as a zenith for the protection of authors’ rights and neighbouring rights; enthusiasm was so great that soon thereafter, the idea of adopting both agreements en bloc within the TRIPS Agreement was considered. A meaningful protection of authors and neighbouring rights owners then was still an unquestioned goal and considered a good thing to achieve. Only a few years later, such a statement would no longer be undisputed, and no one would seriously think of incorporating the standards of the WCT and the WPPT into the TRIPS Agreement (although, ironically, the same result is meanwhile being reached through bilateral trade agreements and other trade measures). The user movement and the growing opposition by developing countries in the multilateral for a have changed the general situation.
Knowledge Work in Policing
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

Policing is a profession heavily reliant on knowledge. The form such knowledge takes varies from information to intelligence. What does not vary is the ‘value’ of knowledge for police work. Initially, the chapter discusses just what this notion of ‘knowledge’ means in so far as its usefulness and application in policing and law enforcement is concerned.

Furthermore, the chapter details the value of ‘Knowledge Management’ (KM) as a cross-disciplinary field of study with direct applicability to the practice of policing and law enforcement. Finally the chapter looks at the form and shape of ‘police knowledge’ and sketches out how it works. Hence, this chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book.
The Formative Years 1945–1949
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: October 2023

The Formative Years 1945–1949: The Cold War begins with the end of a World War. On 6 August 1945 an American atomic bomb explodes over the Japanese city of Hiroshima, reducing it and much of its population to ashes in the splitting of an atom. Europe is in pieces, Asia is mauled, America is supreme, and Russia is resurgent. Europe, consumed by its own conflagration, is divided along the lines agreed at two so-called Big Three conferences in 1945 between the US, Soviet Union, and Britain at Yalta in the Crimea and Potsdam a short distance from Berlin, which has rapidly become a shrine to the defeat of German expansionism. In reality, the Big Three are the Big Two plus One because, broken by two successive wars in defence of liberty and democracy, Britain is but a shadow of its former self and neither the Soviets nor the Americans are in any mood to humour a fading power. In an atmosphere redolent of a chess tournament the Soviets and the Americans set about creating their spheres of influence. However, whilst the Americans cannot bring themselves to play machtpolitik without at least the patina of ideological overlay, the hard-bitten Russians have no such qualms. And, whilst they smile politely at first Roosevelt’s and then Truman’s hope for a new world order, behind the scenes the Soviets busily go about the business of imposing an empire, albeit masked by the empty rhetoric of the communist brotherhood.
Countdown to Freedom 1980–1989
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: October 2023

1980–1989 The Countdown to Freedom begins with the overreach of oppression as the ever more defensive Soviet Union desperately tries to shore up the failing dykes of its authority. All it needs is a push—albeit a big push. The 1980s see the climax to the Cold War and its end as the US successfully plays strategic poker with the Soviet Union and forces its hand ... and its fate. However, as the Soviet Union fades a newly emergent Europe challenges the role and place of the US in its affairs. Even as the Cold War reaches its climax the battle for the shape of a new Europe is already underway.
The Strategic Vacation 1990–1999
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: October 2023

1990–1999 The Strategic Vacation: Much of the 1990s is spent clearing up the detritus of the Cold War. It is also the start of strategic vacation. Indeed, while at times fierce debate erupts over Europe’s role in the world that splits Atlanticists and Europeanists, most Europeans retreat into Euro-isolationism as they grapple with the construction of an increasingly complicated European institutional architecture. For nine months between 9 November 1989 and 2 August 1990 the world is in strategic equilibrium. It is a unique moment. The elder Bush talks of a new world order, a leading thinker foresees a systemic liberal-democratic victory that will presage the end of history and even much of the Russian elite see their ‘defeat’ as an opportunity. The Europeans get in on the act. In 1991 they agree the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and with it a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The site of its signing, the Dutch town of Maastricht, enters the political lexicon. However, for many Europeans the intricacies of European institutions become the very stuff of international relations. There is, however, a whole different world out there. It is the certainty of the profoundly out of touch.
Property Interference: Police Act 1997 Pt III
Authors: Hopkins Andrea
Published: October 2023

Part III of the Police Act 1997 (‘PA 1997’) provides a statutory basis for the authorization of surveillance operations involving interference with property or wireless telegraphy carried out by the police or other agencies authorized under the Act. In common with the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA), it was drafted in anticipation of an adverse finding against the UK by the European Commission of Human Rights in Govell v UK. In that case the applicant was subjected to police surveillance consisting of a hole drilled into his living room wall from an adjoining house enabling police officers to listen from next door and/or insert a listening device in the wall. At the time, the only regulation of the covert use of listening devices and visual surveillance devices by the police.
Extradition
Authors: Jones John RWD
Published: October 2023

Extradition is the formal procedure for a state to obtain a person’s surrender from another state for purposes of prosecution or serving a sentence. Extradition is governed by statutory law enacted in order to give effect to the UK’s bilateral and multilateral extradition arrangements with other states. Extradition is thus an area of law sui generis. To a certain extent it may be regarded as part of criminal law, since it involves the return of persons to be tried or to serve their sentences for criminal offences. On the other hand, the purpose of extradition proceedings is not to determine guilt or innocence, but to decide whether the person may be lawfully returned by the requested state to the requesting state.
Thomas Paine
Authors: Philp Mark
Published: October 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
‘That Untravell’d World’: Symbolist London
Authors: Freeman Nicholas
Published: October 2023

In H. G. Wells’s story, ‘The Door in the Wall’ (1906), an ambitious MP, Lionel Wallace, tells his friend Redmond how he is troubled by a recurring vision of a green door in a white wall. As a small child he had opened the door and entered a garden of surpassing loveliness where he played with gentle panthers and met a ‘sombre dark woman, with a grave, pale face and dreamy eyes’ who might have stepped from a Burne-Jones painting. When he returns to ‘a long grey street in West Kensington, in that chill hour of afternoon before the lamps are lit’, he is overpowered by a Wordsworthian sense of loss that he carries with him into adult life.1 Although the door appears before him on several subsequent occasions, worldly pressures prevent him from going through it, further intensifying the distance between his earthly life and his ideals. As Wallace nears 40, he sees the door with increasing regularity and is stricken with a terrible emptiness regarding his achievements and career. Soon afterwards, he is found dead at the bottom of an excavation shaft at East Kensington Station.
Differentiation in the European System of Central Banks: Circles, Core, and Directoire
Authors: Umbach Gaby , Wessels Wolfgang
Published: October 2023

In officially launching the euro with only a limited number of EU Member States partaking in the Euro system, the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) intensified trends to the differentiated integration of Member States in tasks and competences within the EU system (Giering 2007; Janning 1997; Junge 2006; Tekin and Wessels 2008). The ex ante limitation of membership, as defined by the Maastricht convergence criteria, consolidated differentiated integration within monetary policy and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB).
Czech Republic and Poland: The Limits of Europeanization
Authors: Epstein Rachel , Johnson Juliet
Published: October 2023

The Czech Republic and Poland underwent rapid economic transformation in the first decade of post-communism, which included embracing international standards of central bank independence and the depoliticization of monetary policy. However, they have shown much less appetite for adopting the euro since acceding to the European Union in 2004. ‘Europeanization’ in terms of meeting, or even striving to meet, the criteria for euro entry has been incomplete.
The Political Economy of Central Banking in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Eichbaum Chris
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the political and economic context of central banking in Australia and New Zealand and seeks to illuminate the causes and consequences of markedly different trajectories of institutional reshaping in the two nations. The focus is largely on institutional reshaping over the past 25 years and on patterns of similarity and difference over that period. Both Australia and New Zealand are classified as Westminster political systems. However, the former has a federal constitution and a bi-cameral legislature (with the governing party only infrequently commanding a majority in both houses). The latter is a unitary state, with a single legislature.
Financial Supervision: Internationalization, Europeanization, And Power
Authors: Moran Michael , Macartney Huw
Published: October 2023

Understanding central banking in the European Union since the introduction of the euro turns critically on one question that is central to this volume: how far has the experience of monetary union been accompanied by convergence? It also raises a further vital political question: what is all this doing to the way power is wielded in central banking? Our opening question immediately brings us to others: how far convergence, if it is occurring, is traceable to the introduction of monetary union; how far, if it is occurring, it is characteristic of those systems that have joined the Euro Area; and, alternatively, how far does it embrace those occupying varying positions outside the Euro Area.
Monetary Policy Strategies
Authors: Begg Iain
Published: October 2023

Contemporary macroeconomic policy places a premium on achieving stability and largely eschews active demand management. In the pursuit of macroeconomic objectives, monetary policy has become relatively more dominant over the last two decades and central bankers have evolved from being shadowy figures who cultivated their own mystique, such as Montagu Norman at the Bank of England, in the inter-war years to become—in many eyes—the leading actors in economic policy-making. Some, such as Alan Greenspan, are revered, while others (such as European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet) attract critics as well as fans, but notwithstanding Bank of England Governor Mervyn King’s stated ambition to make monetary policy boring, none is ignored.