bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of Interpersonal Violence, Abuse, and Nonvictimization Trauma and Severity of Psychiatric Symptoms Among Children in Outpatient Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Gagnon Kerry , Connor Daniel F. , Pearson Geraldine
Published: March 2011

In a clinical sample of child psychiatry outpatients, chart review data were collected for 114 consecutive admissions over a 1-year period at a Child and Adolescent Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic. Data included history of documented maltreatment, potentially traumatic domestic or community violence, neglect or emotional abuse, and noninterpersonal stressors as well as demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, and parent-rated child emotional and disruptive behavior problems. On a bivariate and multivariate basis, any past exposure to interpersonal violence—but not to noninterpersonal traumas—was related to more severe disruptive behavior problems, independent of the effects of demographics and psychiatric diagnoses. Noninterpersonal trauma and psychiatric diagnoses were associated with emotional problems; exposure to interpersonal violence appeared to partially account for this relationship despite not being independently associated with emotional problem severity. History of exposure to interpersonal violence warrants clinical and research attention as a severity marker and potential treatment focus in psychiatric outpatient services for children, particularly those with disruptive behavior problems.
A Methodology to Investigate the Relationship between Lower-Limb Dynamics and Shoe Stiffness Using Custom-Built Footwear
Authors: Toon D , Vinet A , Pain M T G , Caine M P
Published: February 2011

It has been demonstrated that, by varying the mechanical properties of footwear, the sprinting performance can be improved. It has been hypothesized that, for maximal performance, tuning the shoe stiffness to the requirements of the athlete is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using sprint shoes constructed with selective-laser-sintered Nylon 12 sole units for sprint-related jump tasks and to examine whether adaptations to the mechanical properties of the footwear were sufficient to elicit changes to lower-limb dynamics during athletic performance. An internationally competitive sprinter completed sprint-related jump metrics in various selective-laser-sintered shoes with bending stiffnesses of 9 N, 24.5 N, and 38 N in flexion and 7.4 N, 14.7 N, and 26.1 N in extension. The participant performed best in the medium-stiffness shoe for squat jumps and the maximum-stiffness shoe for bounce drop jumps. This investigation has demonstrated that selective laser sintering can produce high-integrity footwear with markedly different mechanical properties. Such footwear, coupled with an appropriate test method, has been shown to be suitable for investigating the relationship between lower-limb dynamics and shoe stiffness.
Design of the Grand Touring Sports Car Wing
Authors: Marqués-Bruna P , Grimshaw P
Published: February 2011

This study evaluated the adaptation of natural laminar flow airfoils for Grand Touring (GT) sports car racing and the influence of wing geometry and flow control devices on rear-wing aerodynamics. The mean camber lines for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 651-412 and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) LS(1)-0413 airfoils were calculated. Numerical analysis was conducted using thin-airfoil theory and finite-wing theory. Airfoil variables included zero-lift angle of attack and centre-of-pressure location. Wing variables encompassed induced and effective angles of attack, lift and drag coefficients, and lift-to-drag ratio. Modelling consisted of variations in wing aspect ratio and the integration of end plates and a Gurney flap. A tapered rectangular planform is quasi-elliptical and attains near-unity Oswald efficiency. The NASA LS(1)-0413 airfoil is stall resistant and produces high downforce at the expense of extra drag because of factors related to camber, profile thickness, leading edge radius, and concave pressure recovery. The wing should be set at an incidence above that for best lift-to-drag ratio. The NACA 651-412 airfoil is aerodynamically more efficient but produces less downforce and may be used as a stabilizer. Augmented aspect ratio, end plates, and a Gurney flap enhance wing aerodynamics via flow control and modified downwash configuration. The analysis suggests that a tapered LS(1)-0413 wing of 5.56 aspect ratio fitted with end plates and a Gurney flap, set at high incidence, is an appealing single-element arrangement for applications in Grand Touring sports car engineering.
The Behaviour of An Arrow Shot from a Compound Archery Bow
Authors: Park J L
Published: February 2011

The behaviour of an arrow exiting an archery bow is of interest in relation to equipment selection and optimization, as well as to the performance of the arrow down-range. In particular, it is a necessary input into a study of the impact of archer technique errors and wind drift. While the performances of recurve archery bows have been modelled by a number of researchers, those of compound archery bows have not. A compound archery bow is mechanically more complex and the archer holds the string using a mechanical release device rather than with fingers directly on the string. Consequently the arrow behaviour is significantly different from that for a recurve bow.

This paper provides the results of an analysis of an arrow leaving a compound bow in both the vertical and the horizontal planes. Techniques similar to those used by Kooi for a recurve bow were used, together with photographs obtained using a triggered flash light. The paths taken by the bow's nocking point in both the vertical and the horizontal planes had a substantial influence on the arrow behaviour. In the vertical plane this was both measured and modelled for one bow type and for a second bow type it was modelled. In the horizontal plane it was measured and modelled for one bow type but with the locus varied by twisting the bow laterally.

Three sizes of the most commonly used arrows were examined: the recommended size, and arrows one and two sizes stiffer. It was concluded that both the recommended size and the stiffer sizes behaved similarly, giving increased scope to optimize arrow selection for parameters such as wind drift. One major archer technique error, namely twisting the bow, was included in the analysis and shown to have a significant impact on the arrow behaviour and the path taken by the arrow in the horizontal plane.
Loads on a Gymnastics Safety Support System during Maximal Use
Authors: Hiley M J , Apostolidis A , Yeadon M R
Published: February 2011

Support systems can be used to prevent or reduce the impact during landings in various gymnastics disciplines. A support system typically consists of two ropes, three pulleys attached to steelwork in the roof space of the gymnasium, and a belt around the gymnast's waist. The aim of the study was to determine the forces at the pulleys and the tension in the ropes during maximal loading for a dynamic gymnastics skill. Additionally the relationships between the drop height and the peak force and between the gymnast mass and the peak force, together with the effect of the coach's actions, were investigated. A gymnastics support system was instrumented with strain-gauge-based load cells. A coach attempted to arrest the fall of a gymnast equivalent mass (range, 10—35 kg) over a range of drop heights (0.25—1.5 m). To establish the coach's contribution, trials were repeated with the coach replaced by an equivalent mass and with the rope tied off to the floor. Peak forces of 1.3 kN were recorded for a simulated maximum loading gymnastics scenario (drop height, 1.25 m; gymnast mass, 35 kg). The coach's actions reduced the peak forces by 35 per cent and 48 per cent in comparison with an equivalent deadweight and with the rope tied off respectively.
Biomechanical disc culture system: feasibility study using rat intervertebral discs
Authors: Ramakrishnan P S , Hong J , Martin J A , Kurriger G L , Buckwalter J A , Lim T-H
Published: February 2011

A small-scale biomechanical disc culture system was designed to stimulate intervertebral disc (IVD) ‘motion segment’ in culture environment with load-controlled compression and combined load (compression + shear). After 7 days of diurnal mechanical loading, cell viability of discs stimulated with static compression load (0.25 MPa) and static combined load (compression (0.25 MPa) + shear (1.5 N)) were similar (> 90 per cent) to unloaded controls. Mechanically stimulated discs showed decrease in static/dynamic moduli, early stress relaxation, and loss of disc height after 7 days of diurnal loading. Histological data of discs indicated load-induced transformations that were not apparent in controls. The feasibility of studying the mechanobiology of intact IVD as a motion segment was demonstrated. Media conditioning (improve tissue stability in long-term culture) and application of biochemical gene expression assays (differential tissue response to types of mechanical stimulation) are proposed as future improvements. The study suggests that the limitations in studying mechanobiology of IVD pathology in vitro can be overcome and it is possible to understand the physiologically relevant mechanism of IVD pathology.
Socioeconomic Determinants of First Names
Authors: Bloothooft Gerrit , Onland David
Published: March 2011

AbstractModern naming practices in the Netherlands between 1982 and 2005 were studied on the basis of 1409 popular first names, divided into fourteen name groups determined by the common preferences of parents for the names involved. Socioeconomic variables such as family income, parents' level of education, and lifestyle indicators were analyzed in relation to the names — and name groups — of the children in 281,751 households. Naming practices could be described on two independent dimensions. The first of these was education and family income: parents with lower incomes and levels of education preferred English, Italian, Spanish, and international names, while those with higher incomes and levels of education chose predominantly Dutch, Frisian, Nordic, Hebrew, and French names. A second dimension distinguished between conservative and religious parents with a preference for traditional names, and trendy parents who favored shorter and modern names. The complex nature of the relationship between social class and naming practice, and its dynamics, is discussed.
Mr "Py" is Probably a Good Mathematician: An Experimental Study of the Subjective Attractiveness of Family Names
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Pascual Alexandre
Published: March 2011

AbstractResearch suggests that surnames are associated with connotations such as ethnicity, liking, familiarity … In this experiment we tested the effect of a symbolic connation associated with a surname. Several ads offering private math lessons for pupils were published in various local French newspapers. The surname of the professor in mathematics who offered his help was manipulated according to the experimental conditions: Mr Py a surname that sounds like the famous mathematical constant (Pi) was compared with Mr Rie a name with the same frequency and vowel sound but who was not associated with any symbol or professional connotation, and Mr Le Gal the most frequent surname in the geographic area where the experiment was conducted. It was found that the ad published by Mr Py received more phone contacts than when the same ad was published with the two other surnames. Results provide some support that symbolic connotations associated with surname and a professional function has implications on people's behavior toward their owner.
Regulation of cardiac microRNAs by serum response factor
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Azhar Gohar , Helms Scott A , Wei Jeanne Y
Published: March 2011

Serum response factor (SRF) regulates certain microRNAs that play a role in cardiac and skeletal muscle development. However, the role of SRF in the regulation of microRNA expression and microRNA biogenesis in cardiac hypertrophy has not been well established. In this report, we employed two distinct transgenic mouse models to study the impact of SRF on cardiac microRNA expression and microRNA biogenesis. Cardiac-specific overexpression of SRF (SRF-Tg) led to altered expression of a number of microRNAs. Interestingly, downregulation of miR-1, miR-133a and upregulation of miR-21 occurred by 7 days of age in these mice, long before the onset of cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that SRF overexpression impacted the expression of microRNAs which contribute to cardiac hypertrophy. Reducing cardiac SRF level using the antisense-SRF transgenic approach (Anti-SRF-Tg) resulted in the expression of miR-1, miR-133a and miR-21 in the opposite direction. Furthermore, we observed that SRF regulates microRNA biogenesis, specifically the transcription of pri-microRNA, thereby affecting the mature microRNA level. The mir-21 promoter sequence is conserved among mouse, rat and human; one SRF binding site was found to be in the mir-21 proximal promoter region of all three species. The mir-21 gene is regulated by SRF and its cofactors, including myocardin and p49/Strap. Our study demonstrates that the downregulation of miR-1, miR-133a, and upregulation of miR-21 can be reversed by one single upstream regulator, SRF. These results may help to develop novel therapeutic interventions targeting microRNA biogenesis.
In vitro evaluation of a double-stranded self-complementary adeno-associated virus type2 vector in bone marrow stromal cells for bone healing
Authors: Alaee Farhang , Sugiyama Osamu , Virk Mandeep S , Tang Ying , Wang Bing , Lieberman Jay R
Published: March 2011

Background

Both adenoviral and lentiviral vectors have been successfully used to induce bone repair by over-expression of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in primary rat bone marrow stromal cells in pre-clinical models of ex vivo regional gene therapy. Despite being a very efficient means of gene delivery, there are potential safety concerns that may limit the adaptation of these viral vectors for clinical use in humans. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector is a promising viral vector without known pathogenicity in humans and has the potential to be an effective gene delivery vehicle to enhance bone repair. In this study, we investigated gene transfer in rat and human bone marrow stromal cells in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the self-complementary AAV vector (scAAV) system, which has higher efficiency than the single-stranded AAV vector (ssAAV) due to its unique viral genome that bypasses the rate-limiting conversion step necessary in ssAAV.

Methods

Self-complementaryAAV2 encoding GFP and BMP-2 (scAAV2-GFP and scAAV2-BMP-2) were used to transduce human and rat bone marrow stromal cells in vitro, and subsequently the levels of GFP and BMP-2 expression were assessed 48 hours after treatment. In parallel experiments, adenoviral and lentiviral vector mediated over-expression of GFP and BMP-2 were used for comparison.

Results

Our results demonstrate that the scAAV2 is not capable of inducing significant transgene expression in human and rat bone marrow stromal cells, which may be associated with its unique tropism.

Conclusions

In developing ex vivo gene therapy regimens, the ability of a vector to induce the appropriate level of transgene expression needs to be evaluated for each cell type and vector used.
The Benefits of Using Clickers in Small-Enrollment Seminar-Style Biology Courses
Authors: Smith Michelle K. , Trujillo Caleb , Su Tin Tin
Published: March 2011

Although the use of clickers and peer discussion is becoming common in large-lecture undergraduate biology courses, their use is limited in small-enrollment seminar-style courses. To investigate whether facilitating peer discussion with clickers would add value to a small-enrollment seminar-style course, we evaluated their usefulness in an 11-student Embryology course at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Student performance data, observations of peer discussion, and interviews with students revealed that adding clickers to a small-enrollment course 1) increases the chance students will do the required reading before class, 2) helps the instructor engage all students in the class, and 3) gives students a focused opportunity to share thinking and to learn from their peers.
Domestic violence: the hidden epidemic associated with mental
illness
Authors: Hegarty Kelsey
Published: March 2011

Despite domestic violence being a very common problem in individuals with
severe mental illness, there is very little research in this setting.
Multiple barriers exist to disclosure by users and enquiry by providers.
Training and systems for identification and responding to domestic violence
are urgently needed in mental health clinics.
The Mythical Method in Song and Saga, Prose and Verse: Part One
Authors: Nohrnberg James C.
Published: February 2011

T.S. Eliot's 'mythical method' is a publishing author's practice of taking an ancient or received story as the organizing principle for a self-standing and contemporary narrative. Joyce's use of Ulysses is an example. Homer's epic had a long history of exegesis, including serving as one of the sources of Milton's Satan in Paradise Lost .
'Arthurian Torsos' and Professor Nohrnberg's Unrepeatable Experiment
Authors: Buckman Ty
Published: February 2011

This essay identifies the 'unrepeatable experiment' that is at the core of James Nohrnberg's critical work, especially The Analogy of The Faerie Queene , by following his reading of Arthur in the early part of the poem to the appearance of the Blatant Beast at the end.
Arthuriana and the Limits of C.S. Lewis' Ariosto Marginalia
Authors: Ross Charles
Published: February 2011

C.S. Lewis always marked the Arthurian moments in Ariosto's Orlando furioso . Arthuriana, like Christianity, was a forum for spiritual awakening for Lewis. Its marvels suggest that not everything in this world, including right and wrong, can be explained without recourse to some other realm or state.
Merlin, Magic, and the Meta-fantastic: The Matter of That Hideous Strength
Authors: Martin Thomas L.
Published: February 2011

Merlin is important to the revival of Arthurian and mythic elements in a modern context fictionalized by C.S. Lewis in That Hideous Strength . But Merlin is especially key to understanding the meta-fantastic elements of the story, including the narrative method that bridges science fiction material with that of the fantastic as well as addresses a number of linguistic concerns about the inefficacy of literary language and the difficulty of awakening poetic faith in a modern audience.
Crocodiles and Crusades: Egypt in Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso
Authors: Cavallo Jo Ann
Published: February 2011

Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso take quite opposite approaches to the Crusading ideology found in Carolingian epic. This article probes these differences by comparing their respective development of the episode of the magus Orilo/Horrilo at Damietta and its surrounding narrative context.
Delay the War But Not the Sex: Boiardo on Action and Time
Authors: Spangenberg Brady J.
Published: February 2011

Matteo Maria Boiardo developed two contrasting experiences of time, one pertinent to war, the other to personal relationships. Where the martial sequences of the Orlando Innamorato develop in linear chronology, its romantic sequences move in asynchronous fashion, sometimes forward, sometimes backward, but always indeterminate. Delay is often necessary in war but usually useless in love.
Spenser and the Search for Asian Silk
Authors: Murrin Michael
Published: February 2011

Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene follows the Arthurian tradition of travel eastward. Because the poem distributes its narrative onto a scene of action that forms part of the Muscovy Company's activities in Central Asia in the 1560s, The Faerie Queene can be understood as a literary response to a new kind of commercial risk.
Interpictorial Allusion and the Politics of "Looking Like" in Allison and Emma's Rug by Allen Say
Authors: Kokkola Lydia
Published: February 2011

Whilst many children do not "look like" their birth parents, cross-culturally adopted children are often forced to address this topic within a social context that pathologizes lack of physical resemblance as though it signals a lack of community. A challenge for children's book authors is to address the complex emotions that arise from adoption without imposing a singular narrative outcome. In this article, I examine two picturebooks by Allen Say. Allison centralizes the issue of "looking like," whereas Emma's Rug examines the issue through allusions to European art in Emma's own paintings and in Say's paintings of his protagonist.
Mischief, Gender, and Empire: Raising Imperial Bachelors and Spinsters in Catherine Sinclair's Holiday House
Authors: Valint Alexandra Rae
Published: February 2011

Much of the critical response to Catherine Sinclair's Holiday House (1839) obscures the differences between young siblings Harry and Laura Graham, as well as how adults respond differently to each child's mischief. A close reading of the text shows that although Harry and Laura frequently scheme and play together, gender influences their mischief, its dangers, and its consequences. Furthermore, the siblings' mischief and gender—as well as the adults' response to the children's mischief and gender—contribute to how each child is raised to fulfill a gender-appropriate role in Great Britain's imperial project.
Predicting a Better Situation? Three Young Adult Speculative Fiction Texts and the Possibilities for Social Change
Authors: Ventura Abbie
Published: February 2011

This essay examines varying models of social justice and the possibilities for enacting change in three speculative young adult novels. To interrogate M. T. Anderson's Feed (2002), Nancy Farmer's The House of the Scorpion (2002), and Pete Hautman's Rash (2006) as representative literature of the trajectory of global capitalism, this essay employs economic and cultural theory from the twentieth and twenty-first century to understand how young adults are being refigured as consumers, producers, and agents for resistance in the imagined twenty-first century of the novels. The essay addresses both contemporary concerns and manifestations of global capitalism and how the authors represent this condition and our future through ideas of youth subjects as revolutionary forces, whether because of their idealized youth status, their isolated acts of resistance, or collective partnership.
Fidelity, Felicity, and Playing Around in Wes Anderson's Fantastic Mr. Fox
Authors: Kertzer Adrienne
Published: February 2011

This essay examines the discourse of fidelity in the production and marketing of Wes Anderson's film, Fantastic Mr. Fox . It argues that while Anderson invokes fidelity to Roald Dahl in multiple ways, he appears much more interested in playing around. Using the voice of Dahl's widow to confirm fidelity, Anderson radically revises the character and voice of Mrs. Fox from the supportive character depicted in Dahl's short story. The film's obsessive language of fidelity thus masks Anderson's sly subversion of Dahl's representation of gender, in particular his depiction of adult women.
Sparing the White Child: The Lessons of Uncle Tom's Cabin for Children in an Age of Segregation
Authors: Hochman Barbara
Published: February 2011

Children's editions of a popular novel inevitably rewrite the source, reworking it for new ends. Such revisions reflect contemporary notions about the uses of children's books and governing assumptions about what children are, want, or need. This essay explores the cultural significance of the Young Folks Uncle Tom's Cabin , a neglected turn-of-the-century children's edition of Stowe's novel, adapted by Grace Duffie Boylan with illustrations by Ike Morgan. First published in 1901, the book was reissued by a variety of publishers until as late as 1956. The Young Folks Uncle Tom's Cabin was radically different from the tale that adults wept over and children eagerly devoured when Stowe's novel first appeared. Editorial changes designed to adapt Uncle Tom's Cabin for "young folks" at the turn of the century imply a series of cultural transformations—altered racial politics, the consolidation of class divisions, increasingly rigid gender binaries, and mounting uncertainty about childhood in the wake of new theories and childrearing practices. Although the Young Folks Uncle Tom's Cabin reinforces the idea of childhood (for some) as a playful, separate sphere, it reflects contemporary anxieties both about race-relations and about what little white boys and girls are made of.
Child Labor in the Gold Coast: The Economics of Work, Education, and the Family in Late-Colonial African Childhoods, c. 1940-57
Authors: Lord Jack
Published: February 2011

Historical knowledge of childhood in the Gold Coast (modern Ghana) is sparse and too often disconnected from a global historiography that has convincingly demonstrated the "child" to be a social construct. In contemporary discourse the "African child" is most commonly portrayed as either aspiring scholar or helpless victim—images that are echoed in the fleeting appearances of children in Africanist historiography. This essay, by contrast, explores the economic aspects of childhood in the colonial periphery and paints a more complex picture of the "African child." Children in the twentieth-century Gold Coast were vital economic actors and agents: at once producers, consumers, and accumulators of wealth. They remained so despite the political and commercial upheavals of the colonial period. Exploring the economic use and the social purpose of child labor illuminates both the material experience of children and their place in the household and wider society—and it sheds light, too, on the question of why both illiteracy and child labor are stubbornly persistent in modern Ghana.
Gender, Age, and the Abandonment of Children in Eighteenth-Century Dijon, France
Authors: Nelson Jessica
Published: February 2011

This paper draws on the daily schedule and institutional records of two institutions for abandoned children in Dijon, France, to describe the lives of the boys of the Bonnets Rouges and the girls of Sainte-Anne from 1706 to 1754. These institutions served as a respite for families who found it difficult to provide for their children. I argue that families in need used the institution to better their children's chances of survival since admission to an institution gave the children opportunities for education and training as well as shelter, food, and clothing. The situation in eighteenth-century Dijon provides an excellent case study of how the provincial and city governments provided poor relief. The study of these institutions can provide us not only with clues about social attitudes toward the poor during this time period and insights into the various social and economic pressures that caused some families to abandon their children but also enable us to assess the roles gender and age played in abandonment.
The Paradox of American Adolescence
Authors: Zuckerman Michael
Published: February 2011

A century ago, adolescence was understood as a stage of life marked by awakening sexual urgency and by rebellious alliance with fellow teens against adult authority. It was a time of storm and stress. Modern students of adolescence no longer find much evidence of that teen turmoil. On the empirical evidence, they pronounce the great majority of adolescent experience continuous with childhood patterns and congruent with adult formations to come. But vernacular American perceptions have proven impervious to this new academic understanding. In the popular culture, adolescents still seem antagonistic to society. Adults still see teens as out of hand and beyond control. They still mistrust them and expect the worst of them. They still fear them and their peer culture. This essay examines that paradox: no matter what research reveals, belief in the generation gap and its attendant age-animosities still prevails in contemporary America. Generational antagonism makes sense to Americans, even if social scientists can't find much of it. This essay proposes that persisting American obsession with adolescent transgression reflects persisting adult anxiety about standards in a society that has been uncertain of its standards for four centuries.
Form-Giving and the Remains of Identity in A Gesture Life
Authors: Lee Christopher
Published: February 2011

This essay examines how the Asian American novel anchors its epistemological project on figures of identity that authorize its historicist claims. I argue that Chang-rae Lee's novel A Gesture Life relies on the remains of identitarian thinking even as it dismantles the coherence of identity categories. These assumptions become legible as Lee displaces the realist framework of the novel by depicting multiple temporalities and relying on racialized and gendered figures that exceed the time of history. I end by considering how A Gesture Life reveals the theoretical and political conundrums of Asian American literary culture after the critique of essentialism.
Diasporic Shame and Not-Quite-Queer Performativity in Lan Samantha Chang's Hunger
Authors: Lee Steven M.
Published: February 2011

Utilizing the relationship Eve Sedgwick conceives between shame and "queer performativity," this essay argues that there is a distinctly politicized ethnicity inherent in the immigrant musician father's shame-driven compulsion to perform in Lan Samantha Chang's Hunger. Although the politics of this diasporic shame are effectively lost upon the assimilative second generation daughters (as well as a mainstream American audience), its lasting legacy is at once the hindrance of their complete assimilation to dominant society and the production of a haunting and irreconcilable longing for ethnic affiliation that is in marked contradistinction to the progressive Asian American political consciousness realized in previous daughter-father narratives such as Maxine Hong Kingston's China Men.
Chinese American Attitudes toward Homeland Government and Politics: A Comparison among Immigrants from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong
Authors: Lien Pei-te
Published: February 2011

The Chinese Diaspora in the United States has a long history of involvement in homeland political development and change. Much of the prior research, however, has been historical in focus and qualitative in methodological orientation and does not engage quantitative approaches in systematically analyzing the relationships between divergent origins and political attitudes of the contemporary population. This study uses primary data collected from a national telephone survey of U.S. residents of Chinese descent originated from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in fall 2007 to explore the role of transnational ties in structuring immigrant pinions on homeland government and politics.
"The Face Is the Road Map": Vietnamese Amerasians in U.S. Political and Popular Culture, 1980–1988
Authors: Lipman Jana K.
Published: February 2011

During the 1980s, U.S. politicians and the media presented Vietnamese Amerasians as quintessential Americans who could be brought home rather than as foreigners or as immigrants. However, Amerasians were non-white immigrants and their rights to enter the United States intertwined with debates over immigration restriction and the ongoing search for American Prisoners of War. The popular emphasis on Amerasians' American "look" resulted in a discourse which valued whiteness, and sometimes blackness, at the expense of Vietnamese mothers and Asian identities. This article argues how Amerasian immigration policies re-inscribed hierarchies of race and sexuality grounded in the history of Asian exclusion.
Nonnative Identity, Gendered Labor, and Native Homeland in Local Literature from Hawai'i: Marie Hara's Bananaheart and Other Stories
Authors: Ray Kasturi
Published: February 2011

This article traces how women of Japanese descent in Marie Hara's short story collection Bananaheart and Other Stories (1994) lay claim to the Native homeland of Hawai'i through acts of social reproduction. It also analyzes how the land, as repository of repressed histories, emerges as a force of the uncanny to respond to these claims. The ensuing struggles between the characters and land illuminate the relationships among gendered labor, space, and time that complicate non-native claims to belonging in Hawai'i.
The Archives of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center
Authors: Patterson Nick
Published: February 2011

This article presents a brief history of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (CPEMC), and an overview of its archives. The Center was one of the earliest and most influential centers of electronic music in the United States, especially during the decade or so after its founding. Established in 1959, assisted by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, it was a joint venture between Columbia and Princeton Universities, directed by composers Otto Luening and Vladimir Ussachevsky (representing Columbia), and Milton Babbitt and Roger Sessions (representing Princeton). The Center was active in supporting the work of many domestic and international composers wishing to work in electronic media, and was the locus for the composition of many important and influential works of electronic music. The Center also housed the RCA MKII synthesizer, the first programmable music synthesizer. The archives of the Center consist of roughly 80 percent sound recordings, principally reel-to-reel tapes, including original recordings of the concerts of the Composers' Forum from 1951 to the mid-1970s. The remaining holdings include documents; manuscripts; technical manuals and blueprints, music manuscripts, sketches, and scores; bibliographies and discographies; photographs; slides; a small amount of correspondence; administrative records; and ephemera. The Center is still active today, as the Columbia University Computer Music Center. The archives have been recently deeded to the Columbia University Libraries, and some processing and preservation work has commenced.
The Ghost and the Machine in the Sidney Family Corpus
Authors: Pender Patricia
Published: February 2011

While it is widely accepted that Mary Sidney played an important part in the publication of Sir Philip Sidney's works, it is less well-recognized that in doing so she made a profound impact on the construction of the English author function. Through her management of her brother's corpus, her patronage activities, and through her own literary self-fashioning, Mary Sidney helped define the terms of early modern authorship and authority. Ironically, however, in cultivating the archetype of the "Dead White Male" she promoted a poetic mythology whose enduring influence would eventually obscure her own decisive role in its development.
Sabrina and the Making of English History in Poly-Olbion and A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle
Authors: Murphy Erin
Published: February 2011

The mythical figure Sabrina had a robust life in English writing about the past in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This essay explores the many Sabrinas of this period, culminating in an examination of the relationship between the nymphs of Drayton's Poly-Olbion and Milton's A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle . The Sabrina tradition shows that the nymph of Milton's masque arises not only from the Severn, but also from shifts in historiography. This new understanding of Sabrina and the making of history reveals how the radical presence and virginity of Milton's nymph engage ideas of national temporality, providing fertile ground for his later attacks on hereditary monarchy.
The Politics of Election in Lady Mary Wroth's Pamphilia to Amphilanthus
Authors: Bassnett Madeline
Published: February 2011

This essay suggests that the inward style of Wroth's sonnet sequence can be attributed to her reliance on a Protestant discourse of election that shares symbols commonly associated with Petrarchism, such as the tortured heart, the occluding dark, and the illuminating light. As I will further argue, the language of predestination had become an oppositional discourse by 1621, enabling Wroth's public self-identification with other militant Protestants such as William Herbert, who opposed the political and religious policies of James I.
The Broadside Ballad and Textual Publics
Authors: Nebeker Eric
Published: February 2011

This essay investigates the role of the broadside ballad in creating early modern textual publics and the role they played in developing a culture of printed controversy in which all levels of society could participate. Through analysis of a broadside flyting involving Thomas Churchyard and Thomas Camel, I show that broadside ballads were particularly well-suited for encouraging participation in textual publics because they were cheap, widely distributed, and variedly consumed. Furthermore, I argue that broadside ballad controversies were crucial to opening a space for printed debate in England for controversies such as that surrounding the Marprelate tracts.
Exteriority in Milton and Puritan Life Writing
Authors: Tredennick Linda
Published: February 2011

This essay reassesses the relationship between Protestantism and the rise of individuality in the early modern period, specifically the claim that Puritanism encouraged believers to scrutinize their internal psyche for signs of election and thus helped form a modern subjectivity located within an interior essence. Instead, this essay argues that in Milton's prose autobiographical statements and in Puritan life writing, the true location of individual identity lies not within but without. These writers offer an important step in the creation of modern identity precisely because they devalue the interior self rather than celebrating or essentializing it.
Spenser And Religion—Yet Again
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: February 2011

This essay argues that scholars have invariably misrepresented Spenser's religious views by concentrating only on his doctrinal and confessional allegiances. Spenser's religion needs to be seen as a response to the Reformation and the realization that marriage was now the institution in which everyone had to live. Using the work of John Calvin in particular, the essay argues that the first edition of The Faerie Queene charts the transformation of religious values after the Reformation, showing that Holiness could no longer be seen as a virtue isolated from all others, a realization that, as the poem demonstrates, had far-reaching consequences.
Violence, Visual Metaphor, and the "True" Lucrece
Authors: Vasileiou Margaret Rice
Published: February 2011

Reanimating the 1980s critical discussion about how rhetoric in Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece effects and affects the poem's plot, this essay takes the ekphrastic scene at the center of the poem, in which Lucrece attempts to access a true Sinon hidden behind the painting's canvas, to demonstrate how visual rhetoric motivates Tarquin's rape of Lucrece and Lucrece's suicide. In these violent acts, Tarquin and Lucrece attempt to surpass obfuscating representations and access unmediated truth, but discover that such truth is not obfuscated, but rather constituted, by visual metaphor. Shakespeare's characters respond to this revelation by resurrecting visual metaphor, thereby carrying rhetorically inspired violence into Roman history.
Recent Studies in the English Renaissance
Authors: Loewenstein David
Published: February 2011

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the English Renaissance and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Peter Lund Simmonds and the Political Ecology of Waste Utilization in Victorian Britain
Authors: Cooper Timothy
Published: February 2011

This article investigates the category of waste and its ideological function within Victorian political ecology. It seeks to draw out the connections between conceptions of nature, understandings of technology, and political economy in mid-Victorian capitalist ideology. It does so through a detailed reading of the corpus of one Victorian writer and commentator on technological subjects, Peter Lund Simmonds. Simmonds is interesting both as an everyday producer of knowledge about science and technology, and because he explicitly draws on the category of waste as a condition of possibility for technological progress and civilization. Ultimately he is indicative of the continuing str! ength of cornucopian ideas of nature among ideologues of capit! alist improvement in the mid-Victorian period, which suggests the limited metropolitan influence of any emerging conservationism or "green imperialism."
From Death Rays to Light Sabers: Making Laser Weapons Surgically Precise
Authors: Slayton Rebecca
Published: February 2011

This paper explores how, in the two decades following the laser's invention, the popular image of the laser weapon was transformed from a terrifying "death ray" capable of contaminating large areas to a surgically precise tool and rationale for a major new defense program. Whereas previous histories of the laser treat its popularizations as irrelevant to real-world developments, this account emphasizes that mass media provide sites for scientists and engineers to vie for control over the meaning and direction of technological development. It shows how the laser as a symbol came to link two very different applications: the everyday use of low-energy lasers to increase the "precision" of technologies, and the experimental development of high-energy lasers that would be destructive. I argue that the symbolic appeal of laser weapons made the laser a central part of President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" missile defense program.
The Ruhr Museum at the Zollverein Colliery in Essen, Germany
Authors: Hauser Walter
Published: February 2011

The Zollverein coalmine complex in Essen, Germany, has become a powerful symbol of the new Ruhr area. With the recent opening of the Ruhr Museum in the coal washing plant of the colliery, the site serves now as a spectacular backdrop for the story of the largest industrial agglomeration in Europe, the Ruhrgebiet . At this former distribution hub for the raw material that fueled Germany's industrial age, the museum presents the seamless continuity of natural and cultural history from the carbon age up to today. The first part of the exhibition, called "Contemporary Phenomena," presents a panorama of scenes of the culture and nature of the region, displaying hundreds of photographs. The second part, ! dblquote Memory," is devoted to the region's preindustrial history from prehistoric times up to the eighteenth century. The final part returns to the region's industrialization, its dramatic rise and fall in under two centuries.
Building the First Gas Network, 1812-1820
Authors: Tomory Leslie
Published: February 2011

Between 1812 and 1820, the Gas Light and Coke Company built the world's first urban gas network in London. The company transformed the technology from the existing stand-alone installations into an integrated network spanning much of the metropolis. Doing this involved solving business, technical, and social problems. Technically, the gas company found ways to generate large volumes of gas efficiently, mitigate leaks and stabilize pressure, and balance gas generation with demand. Socially, the company's customers had very different expectations of how to use gas than the company did. The company had to find ways of controlling usage patterns. From a business point of view, the company w! as only able to do this once it had reformed its internal mana! gement into a hierarchical structure of committees with clearly defined mandates. All this shows that the gas industry was one of the first integrated technological systems, a claim usually made for railways.
Recapitalizing the Fleet: A Material Analysis of Late-Nineteenth-Century U.S. Naval Power
Authors: Wolters Timothy S.
Published: February 2011

This article quantitatively analyzes American naval-force structure from 1869 to 1899. It makes four arguments: first, that operational capabilities lagged behind political decisions by many years; second, that antiquated ships imposed a significant financial burden on the U.S. Navy; third, that successful fleet operations required a technologically compatible force structure; and finally, that the United States was ill-prepared to fight a major maritime war until about 1897. U.S. naval power during the Spanish-American War was thus both novel and fragile, and might have failed had it been put to the test earlier. The article also compares American naval recapitalization to other capital-intensive industries and to earlier periods in naval histor! y, such as the galley era and the age of sail, and concludes with potential lessons for contemporary policymakers and military leaders.
The Trail from Trail: New Challenges for Historians of Technology
Authors: Kaijser Arne
Published: February 2011

The Trail Smelter Case arbitration is famous in international environmental law. Following a decision by an international tribunal in 1941, Canada agreed to pay indemnities for air pollution caused by a Canadian plant in the state of Washington. This case illustrates a problem of utmost importance for humankind, namely transnational vulnerabilities. The author argues that historians of technology can contribute to a deeper understanding of these problems, which are often intimately linked with technology. He cites two ongoing projects that study such vulnerabilities. The Eurocommons project focuses on Europe's common skies, rivers and seas and studies conflicts concerning the exploitation of their resources, while the Eurocrit project analyzes how transnational infrastructures have cre! ated new forms of interdependencies and shared vulnerabilities! among European nations. The author argues that cosmopolitan scholarship, a close cooperation among scholars from many countries with intimate knowledge of different contexts, is necessary for studying transnational problems.
Historians of Technology in the Real World: Reflections on the Pursuit of Policy-Oriented History
Authors: Hirsh Richard F.
Published: February 2011

Despite widespread acceptance of the notion that studies of the past provide tangible benefits, academic historians usually remain reluctant to apply "lessons" from history to the realms of public and business policy. This article suggests reasons for that reluctance while also suggesting that historians of technology can make valuable contributions to the policy community. In particular, these professionals can employ tools and insights developed in their field to highlight the social contexts in which technology evolves, helping decision makers understand why specific policies may or may not accomplish stated goals. The article also suggests means by which historians can influence policy, such as through their teaching, their writing and speaking to lay ! audiences, and their direct participation in government bodies. Due to institutional disincentives for this nontraditional activity, however, historians interested in policy work should already have acquired secure, tenured positions within their academic institutions.