bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D and allergies
Authors: Gafvelin Guro
Published: January 2013

An increasing amount of evidence has established that the biologically active
form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, possesses immunoregulatory
properties. Vitamin D exerts its effects through binding to the nuclear
vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed by cells of the immune system.
Most of the immunological effects mediated by vitamin D-VDR are regulatory,
inhibiting adaptive immune responses. It has become apparent that the
incidence of vitamin D insufficiency is surprisingly high in the general
population. A link between low vitamin D serum levels and the increased
prevalence of allergic diseases has been proposed. This possible connection
has been investigated in numerous studies on associations between vitamin D
serum concentrations and different allergic conditions, as well as studies on
the effect of vitamin D supplementation. Although there is some evidence for
a protective role of vitamin D in asthma, no consensus on the role of vitamin
D in allergic disease has yet been reached. Still, treatment strategies
involving vitamin D supplementation to risk groups, combinatorial
corticosteroid and vitamin D treatment in asthma and vitamin D as an
immunomodulator in allergen specific immunotherapy show promise for the
future.
Enfermement des mineurs délinquants. Dans les murs
Authors: Dayan Jacques
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’enfermement des mineurs est la plus sévère des figures de la peine, et pour les mineurs la plus péjorative en termes de santé mentale, de développement et de réitération. Les aménagements entrepris dans les Établissements pénitentiaires pour mineurs peuvent-ils réduire les effets d’affiliation et de stigmatisation d’une incarcération ? Les Centres éducatifs fermés tels qu’ils sont construits offrent-ils des perspectives favorables à une entreprise pédagogique ? Celle-ci est-elle concevable sans la prise en compte de la dimension psychique de l’acte antisocial ? Nous examinons ces questions dans ce texte dans les suites de l’examen des étiologies supposées de la délinquance.
Le flux des mineurs délinquants et ses traductions éducatives. Délinquances et justice
Authors: Choquet Luc-Henry
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’examen du flux des mineurs délinquants fait apparaître les grandes tendances résultant de l’activité des différents services concourant à une réponse pénale en augmentation. Mais les résultats de cet examen illustrent surtout la diversification des types de délinquance et des trajectoires procédurales et institutionnelles. Le cas le plus fréquent est celui de mineurs délinquants qui, ayant eu affaire avec l’institution judiciaire une première fois, ne réitèrent pas. A contrario , les mineurs qui ont commis les actes les plus graves ou qui sont fortement « réitérants » sont plus rares. Tous appellent à des prises en charge spécifiques conduites en fonction des caractéristiques des mineurs concernés et de la dynamique psychologique qui sous tend les actes et leurs circonstances.
Comprendre la délinquance ?
Authors: Dayan Jacques
Published: January 2013

Résumé Délits et crimes sont selon É. Durkheim des acceptions issues de la conscience commune. Mais comment se forge et se transmet cette conscience ? Qu’est-ce que l’acte délictueux ? Tout acte antisocial relève-t-il d’une pathologie ? Existe-t-il une épistémologie commune aux champs sociologique et psychologique ? Nous tentons de répondre à ces questions et à leurs implications dans le champ de la justice des mineurs et des soins aux délinquants.
Montreuil, « le 21 e arrondissement de Paris » ?
Authors: Collet Anaïs
Published: January 2013

Résumé Depuis les années 1970, dans les grandes agglomérations, les anciens quartiers populaires de centre-ville sont transformés par l’arrivée de jeunes ménages des franges supérieures des classes moyennes qui les réhabilitent, au propre comme au figuré. La diffusion plus récente de ce phénomène de gentrification à la petite couronne parisienne met en lumière l’ampleur et les enjeux du travail mené par ces gentrifieurs : arrivés là par contrainte financière, ils travaillent le quartier dans toutes ses dimensions – matérielle, sociale, symbolique – pour en effacer autant que possible le caractère banlieusard et le doter des attributs des quartiers anciens de centre-ville – densité, mixité, ancienneté, centralité. L’enjeu de cette lutte est de déplacer la frontière entre quartiers désirables et quartiers repoussoirs, au regard des goûts et des normes des « nouvelles classes moyennes », et ainsi de rétablir une trajectoire résidentielle déclassante. L’analyse minutieuse des mobilisations des gentrifieurs du Bas Montreuil dans les années 1990 et 2000 révèle ainsi les mécanismes concrets de l’appropriation de l’espace et l’importance des enjeux du classement socio-résidentiel.
La vi(ll)e en rose ?
Authors: Giraud Colin
Published: January 2013

Résumé Malgré l’apparition de « quartiers gays » au centre des métropoles occidentales depuis quelques décennies, on connaît mal les rapports des populations homosexuelles à ces espaces. Cet article interroge cette nouvelle figure de la centralité urbaine sous l’angle des trajectoires, des modes de vie et des manières d’être homosexuel des populations résidentes de deux quartiers gays de Paris et Montréal. La reconstitution de leurs trajectoires socio-spatiales, l’analyse de leurs pratiques et de leurs représentations permettent d’identifier plusieurs manières d’entrer et de vivre dans ces quartiers : le quartier gay reste investi de manière très différenciée selon les parcours et les propriétés sociales des individus. Ce résultat amène à remettre en cause certaines images uniformisantes et stigmatisantes au sujet des quartiers gays et des homosexualités contemporaines.
Optimized Communication Architecture of MPSoCs with a Hardware Scheduler
Authors: Zhang Diandian , Zhang Han , Castrillon Jeronimo , Kempf Torsten , Vanthournout Bart , Ascheid Gerd , Leupers Rainer
Published: January 2013

Efficient runtime resource management in multi-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs) for achieving high performance and low energy consumption is one of the key challenges for system designers. OSIP, an operating system application-specific instruction-set processor, together with its well-defined programming model, provides a promising solution. It delivers high computational performance to deal with dynamic task scheduling and mapping. Being programmable, it can easily be adapted to different systems. However, the distributed computation among the different processing elements introduces complexity to the communication architecture, which tends to become the bottleneck of such systems. In this work, the authors highlight the vital importance of the communication architecture for OSIP-based systems and optimize the communication architecture. Furthermore, the effects of OSIP and the communication architecture are investigated jointly from the system point of view, based on a broad case study for a real life application (H.264) and a synthetic benchmark application.
Implementation and Evaluation of Skip-Links
Authors: Hollis Simon J. , Jackson Chris
Published: January 2013

The Skip-link architecture dynamically reconfigures Network-on-Chip (NoC) topologies in order to reduce the overall switching activity in many-core systems. The proposed architecture allows the creation of long-range Skip-links at runtime to reduce the logical distance between frequently communicating nodes. This offers a number of advantages over existing methods of creating optimised topologies already present in research, such as the Reconfigurable NoC (ReNoC) architecture and static Long-Range Link (LRL) insertion. This architecture monitors traffic behaviour and optimises the mesh topology without prior analysis of communications behaviour, and is thus applicable to all applications. The technique described here does not utilise a master node, and each router acts independently. The architecture is thus scalable to future many-core networks. The authors evaluate the performance using a cycle-accurate simulator with synthetic traffic patterns and compare the results to a mesh architecture, demonstrating logical hop count reductions of 12-17%. Coupled with this, up to a doubling in critical load is observed, and the potential for 10% energy reductions on a 16×16 node network.
Beyond Hidden Bodies and Lost Pigs
Authors: Pereira Joe
Published: January 2013

Interactive Fiction is a text-based genre of video game which blends participatory storytelling, the exploration of virtual worlds, and logical puzzle-solving. As it is a form of electronic literature as well as a form of video game, and it is compatible with the principles of second language acquisition, it can be used for digital game-based language learning. This chapter presents a case study on the perceptions of learners of English as a foreign language on the use of Interactive Fiction to practise language skills, particularly as a means of improving reading for fluency. The games played by the learners were 9:05 and Lost Pig, and the results produced by the study provided positive evidence towards the use of Interactive Fiction as an engaging language learning tool.
Civilization IV in 7th Grade Social Studies
Authors: Senrick Solomon
Published: January 2013

Civilization IV allows a player to experience the development and management of complex components of an empire, like technology acquisition, trade, and diplomacy. It includes a thorough encyclopedia-like reference tool, Civilopedia, which a player can use to inform one’s decision making. When the game is broken down into parts and approached with thoughtful, creative pedagogy, students are motivated to learn historical concepts, systems thinking, and skills like information fluency and creativity at their own pace.
Medicina
Authors: Müller Amanda , Mathews Gregory
Published: January 2013

The School of Nursing & Midwifery at Flinders University provides dedicated support for the English language needs of over 500 international students. As part of a strategic plan to deal with communication difficulties among these students, a series of language-learning initiatives are being implemented. One of these is a game called Medicina, which has already undergone the full cycle of development, testing, and release. This game familiarizes students with confusable and common medication names. It also aims to improve phonological awareness through a focus on word form. This chapter discusses the creation of Medicina from inception through to dissemination, detailing the stages, challenges, and lessons learned in the process, in the hope of informing other educators of the level of commitment involved in a digital game-based project.
Cloud Computing
Authors: Sahlin John P.
Published: January 2013

Defining Cloud Computing can be difficult, as each organization often has its own spin on the definition. Despite being hard to define, Gartner Research named Cloud Computing as one of the top technologies to watch in 2010, 2011, and 2012. At its core, Cloud Computing is a technical architecture that meets a specific business need. This chapter traces the roots of Cloud Computing from its origins in mainframe distributed computing, discusses the basics of the Cloud Computing model today, and offers insights for future directions that are likely to be pursued in the Cloud Computing arena. A number of challenges to Cloud Computing are identified, including concerns of security and how to deal with the rise of mobile computing. The chapter ends with recommendations on how to choose which Cloud model is most appropriate to meet your organization’s needs and how to establish a successful Cloud strategy.
Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing
Authors: Takabi Hassan , Joshi James B.D. , Ahn Gail-Joon
Published: January 2013

Cloud computing paradigm has recently gained tremendous momentum. It has been found very promising for significant cost reduction and the increased operating efficiencies in computing. However, security and privacy issues pose as the key roadblock to its rapid adoption. In this chapter, the authors present the security and privacy challenges in Cloud computing environments and discuss how they are related to various delivery and deployment models, and are exacerbated by the unique aspects of Clouds. The authors also propose a comprehensive security framework for Cloud computing environments and discuss various approaches to address the challenges, existing solutions and future work needed to provide a trustworthy Cloud computing environment.
Preferred Learning Tools in Online Mathematics Classes
Authors: Porro Ana M.
Published: January 2013

The review of the literature on the role of instructional strategies in online mathematics learning addresses the following major areas and their related subsets: motivation and academic success; online learning and andragogy; and instructional design and learning strategies. It is noted that the hypothesis that motivational strategies promote achievement and success in online mathematics courses is supported by recent investigators who suggested the need to research the effectiveness of incorporating motivational strategies in the implementation of online instructional designs (Bellon & Oates, 2002; Kelsey & D’Souza, 2004; Patall, et al., 2008; Sanacore, 2008; Skinner, 2005). Additionally, the limited role documented on motivation in online mathematics courses by both mathematicians and educators is included. Next, discussions of online learning, andragogy and learning theories, learners’ characteristics and heuristics in interpersonal and cognitive tools are addressed. Lastly, laying the foundation of theory into practice, considerations for instructional designs are included along with suggestions for design and implementation of learning strategies.
Online Professional Development for Adults
Authors: Bradley J. Bernard , Rachal John , Harper Lin
Published: January 2013

Online professional development programs for adults are increasing in frequency. Numerous scholarly articles have been written that offer polemical or anecdotal evidence supporting the effectiveness of andragogically facilitated non-formal professional development courses, including those conducted online. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to validate their usefulness, especially those offered via the Internet. Such non-formal educational programming may be most conducive to both implementing and empirically testing a more purist definition of andragogy (Pratt, 1988; Rachal, 2002; Bradley, 2011). This chapter explores the theoretical frameworks of andragogy, as well as existing experimental or quasi-experimental research studies, with a view toward creating more learner-centered non-formal educational transactions that meet the unique needs of adult learners. Lastly, suggestions for both practitioners and researchers alike are offered to help build the body of evidence-based research and extend practical advice to educators when designing and facilitating virtual learning programs for adults that emphasize professional development.
Using Information and Communication Technology to Maximize Workforce Readiness
Authors: Dee Merideth
Published: January 2013

The following chapter will provide a general discussion regarding the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and how ICT can be used to help prepare students for the demands of the workforce. Additionally, the chapter will explore why ICT fluency is an important factor in preparing students for the demands of the workforce. Furthermore, the chapter will review the literature and empirical research concerned with: attitudes toward the use of ICT, the value of using ICT with regards to workforce readiness and professional development, how different learning environments, such as blended-learning, e-learning, m-learning, virtual learning communities, and social interaction impact workforce readiness, and the theories to consider when designing multimedia and why multimedia can help to prepare students for the workforce.
Content Analysis of CONTENTdm Item Level Records and Their Aggregated Metadata in WorldCat
Authors: Lee Iris , Tyson Mary
Published: January 2013

This study examines the content in CONTENTdm item level records and their aggregated metadata in WorldCat. The research ascertains some amount of loss of contextualization in semantic meaning of digitized primary resources. Data was collected from non-probability sampling of CONTENTdm item records selected randomly from CONTENTdm’s Collection of Collections Web page. The same aggregated digitized resources were retrieved in WorldCat, and the data was recorded and analyzed against the CONTENTdm records. Evidence shows that the value of the metadata is altered or ambiguous when the local field name is divorced from the descriptive metadata. Contextual meaning is lost when metadata is shared. In fact, the study reveals that the de-contextualization problem is two-fold: some inconsistent mapping from aggregated metadata and lack of clarity in the metadata itself.
Documenting the Untold Stories of Feminist Activists at Welfare Rights Initiative
Authors: Tobar Cynthia
Published: January 2013

The authors document the process as they undertake the pre-planning, creation, and initial steps towards the construction of a born digital oral history project. The goal with this project is to retool the concept of a digital exhibit as not solely an educational tool aimed at scholarly researchers but also to reach out to a wider audience of community activists interested in examining the history of grassroots activism and the role of grassroots activist organizations in policymaking. Themes include: approaches to user-centered digital library design, lessons learned, and challenges ahead; for whom are digital libraries being created, and for what purpose? digital libraries for individuals, communities, and societies; digital collection building, collection development policy, and content management; techniques for creating collections.
CRM in the Banking Sector
Authors: Al-Shamali Sarah , Nwankwo Sonny , Gbadamosi Ayantunji
Published: January 2013

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the practices of customer relationship management (CRM) strategy implementation in the Gulf Banking sector, contextualizing with Kuwait. There is broad consensus in the literature that improving and enhancing the relationship with customers is imperative and a determinant factor to gaining competitive edge in the marketplace. The financial sector in general, particularly the banking sector, has taken on a pro-active role in the Kuwaiti economy and, accordingly, susceptible to wide-ranging reforms which are profoundly impacting sector-specific competitive tactics and strategies. This study provides a preliminary evaluation of the evolutionary trends of CRM strategy implementation through a developed model, the antecedents and consequences in relation to competitive positioning/repositioning of organizations in the Kuwaiti banking sector.
An Inventory Model for New Product When Demand Follows Dynamic Innovation Process having Dynamic Potential Market Size
Authors: Aggarwal K. K. , Kumar Alok
Published: January 2013

In this era of globalization and constant innovation the life cycles of the products are diminishing which tends to dynamic behaviour of the system and because of this there is a constant introduction of new products in the market. Therefore, while developing inventory models for new products, it becomes necessary to consider dynamic parameters associated with the demand function and are responsible for making the system dynamic which are essential for economic ordering policies for such products. In this paper an economic order quantity model has been developed in which the demand is time dependent and innovation driven. The parameters such as coefficient of innovation and potential market size associated with the demand function have been considered as dynamic over time to match with the real feature of the system. The model is illustrated with a numerical example and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to different parameters has been performed to know the utility of the model.
J H J A Greyvenstein en A S Geyser se teologiese denke oor die volkskerkgedagte
Authors: Van Eck Ernest
Published: January 2013

The theological thoughts of J H J A Greyvenstein and A S Geyser on the concept 'people's church'. This paper - in two parts - aims to participate in the current debate regarding the writing of a new church order for the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika, concentrating on Article III of the current church order. As a debate within the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, the first article tra"ces the thoughts of two previous professors in New Testament Studies, J H J A Greyvenstein and A S Geyser, on the concept 'people's church' ('volkskerk'). In the following article Greyvenstein and Geyser's understanding of the Hervormde Kerk as 'peoples church' ('volkskerk') will critically be evaluated by means of a social-scientific analysis of meals as ceremonies in Mark's gospel. Sonder om die tradisie van die vadere uitgesproke met goddelike gesag te beklee, redeneer die ideoloog graag dat die vaders tog nie verkeerd kon wees in hulle verstaan van die Woord nie en origens gee hy in die praktyk, so nie in beginsel nie, aan die tradisie in elk geval dieseifde geldigheid as aan die Woord. (Geyser 1960/1961b:304) Eintlik het die Kerk geen ander bestaansrede nie as om te getuig dat Jesus die Christus die openbaring van Gods liefde is nie....Want die Kerk het tot enige ell enigste taak om die Evangelie te verkondig tydig en ontydig, op aile plekke aan aile mense en instansies onder aile omstandigheide. As hy daaraan nie voldoen nie of nie kan voldoen nie, kom die Kerk as Kerk in gedrang.(Geyser 1951:9; 1960:18)
'Destined for the downfall and rise of many in Israel': Luke 2:34b in patristic (and modern) exegesis
Authors: Barkhuizen J. H.
Published: January 2013

A close reading of both patristic and modem exegetes points towards the existence of two main schools of thought, and the aim of this short paper is to introduce the main proponents of each school, stating both the basic notion of each and the biblical evidence serving as the basis for their subsequent argumentation. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further discussion What did Simeon mean when he referred to the child Jesus in Luke 2:34b, as the downfall and rise of many in Israel? A close reading of both patristic and modem exegetes points towards the existence of two main schools of thought 1. The prophecy of Simeon 'has usually been interpreted as the fall of some and the rising of others, that is a process of self-judgement in which men determine the verdict to be passed on their lives, by tile response they make to the coming of the Messiah' (Caird 1979:64). One very typical commentary within this school of thought is for example the following by Fritz Rienecker (1977:69): Es zeugt von einem tiefen Blick des alten Simeon, dass er die Verheis-sung des Jesaja (Kap  8,13-15) in  Christus sich erftillen sieht. Alle mussen in Israel an Ihm vorbei und keiner kann Ihn unbeachtet lassen. Israel ist 'Wie ein Strom, der sich an Christus, dem Felsen, brechen und zwiegeteilt weiterstromen wird. Dem einen zum Fall, dem andem zum Reil.
Does the historical Jesus matter?
Authors: Borg Marcus J.
Published: January 2013

Perceptions of the relationship between the historical study of Jesus and Christian theology have swung like a pendulum between two extremes. In the nineteenth century, there was a widespread assumption that the historical Jesus mattered significantly; for much of the twentieth century, the dominant claim has been that the historical Jesus has little or no theological significance. In recent scholarship, there are tentative steps toward affirming a 'both-and' position: though Christian faith is to some extent independent of historical research, it is also true that images of Jesus do very much affect images of the Christian life.
Interpreting the Bible in the 'new' South Africa: Remarks on some problems and challenges
Authors: Human D. J.
Published: January 2013

Interpreting the Bible in the 'new' South Africa DJ Human Department of Biblical Studies (Sec B) University of Pretoria The Bible plays an important role in South African society. The interpretation of this book within or outside the Christian community has become an increaslingly major source of debate. It has been used and misused in several spheres of society. This article does not intend providing an extensive and composite picture of the problems and character of biblical hermeneutics. Nor will it attempt to elaborate on or explain the origins, development and influences of all the different her-meneutical approaches. Rather, it poses to be an introduction to a few of the problem(s) encountered in the attempt to understand the Bible, especially in terms of the 'new' South Africa. Within the framework of this scope, remarks will be made regarding the challenges involved in interpreting the Bible, the role of the interpreter in the interpretation process, the varied forms of literature to be found in Scripture, and in the last instance, to take cognisance of a few methodological approaches to the text analysis of the Bible.
Bronne vir Jesus-studies
Authors: Geyser P. A.
Published: January 2013

Sources for Jesus studies.The premise of this aricle is that historical research should not be predetermined in any way. All available sources should be utilized. Applied to historical Jesus studies, the implication is that the researcher cannot be restricted to the canon. The article focuses on the sources that are used for histoical Jesus (reconstruction). The Jesus tradition is chronologically stratified according to John Dominic Crossan's, Inventory of the Jesus tradition by chronological stratiication and independent attestation. This inventory is to be found as an appendix to his 1991 book The historical Jesus'. However, the openness to extra-canonical sources does not provide us with any noticeable new information.
The historicity of the circle of the Twelve: All roads lead to Jerusalem1
Authors: Van Aarde Andries
Published: January 2013

The aricle consists ofive argumentaive sections. The first deals with the textual evidence with regard to the expressions "disciples", "the Twelve" and "apostles". In the second section it is argued that Jesus did not create the idea of "the Twelve". Firstly, the argument focuses on a discussion of the differences and similarities in the lists of twelve names found in the synopic gospels, Acts and the Sayings Gospel Q and, secondly, of the so-called "minor agreement" between Mathew (19:28) and Luke (22:30) with regard to the expressions the "twelve thrones" and the "twelve tribes of Israel". The investigation concludes that all roads lead to Jerusalem with regard to the historicity of the circle of the Twelve. Section three discusses the situaion in pre-70 CE Jerusalem where the earliest Jesus faction linked the idea of "the Twelve" with there surrection of Jesus and the appearances tradition. It is argued that the appearances tradition coincides negaively with an endeavour among leaders of the Jesus movement to seek positions of power and, positively, with the spread of the gospel to people who were previously considered to be excludedfrom being children of God.
Historicity and theology, and the quest for historical Jesus1
Authors: Geyser P. A.
Published: January 2013

The issue of history and historicity is reviewed in this article. The efforts of New Historicism is brought to bear on this question in an effort to find a way out of the impasse created by the modernist demand for objectivity and the postmodern resignation to radical relativism. The possibility of historiography is explored in conjunction with the pragmatic approach and leads to the conclusion that a kind of historical knowledge is attainable which can be described as useful even if not perfect. The author concurs with Crossan and his working definition of history as the past reconstructed interactively by the present through argued evidence in public discourse. The intersubjective nature of any historical enterprise leads the author to the conclusion that the search for the historical Jesus can only be done in the dialectical approach of a both ... and: both the historical Jesus and the kerygmatic Christ
The rise and nature of Feminist Spirituality
Authors: De Villiers Pieter G.R.
Published: January 2013

This article discusses the growth and nature of Feminist Spirituality as a phenomenon in its own right and in juxtaposition to Feminist Theology. After attempting a deinition of Feminist Spirituality, its links with doctrine are investigated and it is then placed within the framework of Contextual Theologies. As such, attention is drawn to seminal characteristics of Feminist Spirituality, namely its analytical approach, its rejection of a privatised spirituality and its emphasis on receiving as a form of spirituality.
Etiese vrae oor en perspektiewe op die mediese beeindiging van die lewe
Authors: Lategan Laetus O.K.
Published: January 2013

Ethical questions and perspectives on the medical ending of life. A thorny issue in medical ethics is the medical ending of life. This article looks into the phenomena of abortion and euthanasia as examples of the medical ending of life. For the purposes of this article attention is paid to the theological criteria for abortion and euthanasia. Medical examples are then provided which illustrate the ethical difficulty in dealing with situations in which one has to make a decision whether a life should be medically ended or not The article concludes with pastoral perspectives on dealing with the issues of abortion and euthanasia.
Die funksie van ruimte in die reisverhale in 1 Henog 12-36
Authors: Venter P. M.
Published: January 2013

The function of space in the travel narratives of 1 Enoch 12-36. Using the theoies of Malbon and Van Eck on the functional use of space in narratives, a narrative analysis is presented of Enoch's account of three journeys in 1 Enoch 12-36. In the microsocial world of these narratives focal space is used as expression of the symbolic universe of the apocalyptic author(s). According to this view cosmological space is allocated by God as either a place of punishment for the disobedient or as a refuge for the faithful. In this knowledge the author(s) of the apocalypse found security when they experienced crises during the third and second century BCE. Preference for spatial rather than chronological data in apocalyptic thinking at this early stage of apocalypticism is described against the background of the influence of wisdom literature and the concept of holiness.
Waarom Jesus-studies?
Authors: Geyser P. A.
Published: January 2013

Why Jesus studies? Present-day historical Jesus studies are the epistemological product of what has become known as the New Historicism. The aim of the article is to emphasize two aspects of the New Historicism as epistemological approach. The one aspect focuses on the profitability of this endeavour and the other on the historical nature of the New Historicism. As far as profitability is concerned, the social standing and identity of the researcher are emphasized. Among otherthings, the social interests of the researcher are taken into account. Concerning the historical nature of this kind of research, a distinction is drawn between the Jesus of history and the Jesus of faith. The aim of the article is to gain clarity on the relationship between the Jesus of history (pre-Easter) and the Jesus of faith (post-Easter). J D Crossan's exposition of the reasons for Jesus studies is followed. He distinguishes three reasons: historical, ethical and theological.
The Second Letter to the Thessalonians Re-read as Pseudepigraph1
Authors: Van Aarde Andries
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study is to suggest a socio-historical frame of reference within which 2 Thessalonians may have communicated meaningfully with its intended readers. The question of the historical background of 2 Thessalonians is discussed within the context of the question of the letter's authorship. First, the article focuses on the traditional view that Paul was the author and that the delayed parousia was the issue he addressed. Second, the article aims to argue an alternative view: 2 Thessalonians is reread as a pseudepigraph and it is an open question whether the delayed parousia was really the problem the author addressed.
Conhecimento, segurança, resistência e utilização de tecnologias de auto-atendimento bancário
Authors: Abbade Eduardo Botti , Noro Greice De Bem
Published: January 2013

The self-service technologies are constantly evolving banks and financial institutions and this also reflected in adaptive necessity and the follow-up by customers. Besides, resistance behavior and security perceived also impact on the adoption of those new technologies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between knowledge, safety, strength and adoption services for self-service banking. This study investigates three different types of self-service technology: ATMs, Internet Banking and Mobile Banking. This study was conducted through a survey research. Data collection was through interviews with structured questionnaires to a non-probability sample of 72 clients. The statistical techniques adopted were descriptive analysis, ANOVA, correlation and multivariate regression. The check of balances, statements and applications services is the most used in self-services technologies. In addition, the knowledge, safety and use are significantly and positively correlated. The resistance level is significantly and negatively correlated to knowledge, safety and use of those systems. It was also found that security affects positively and significantly the use of all the three systems. On the other hand, knowledge and resistance has not achieved significance. KEYWORDS: Technology Banking, Mobile Banking, Internet Banking.
Africa, health and migration
Authors: Sawadogo Natéwindé
Published: January 2013

Much of the human migration literature refers to the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up long‐term or short‐term residence. Most forms of mobility are considered voluntary, when people have chosen to move, or involuntary in the case of forced migration. Migration occurring beyond a country's boundaries is defined here as international migration, as opposed to mobility, or internal migration. Health is defined as the ability of a person to meet the expectations, physically and mentally, of his or her network of relationships. The degree of achievement of social participation is socially constructed, implying that it is embedded within the culture of the person's networks of relationships. Studies of the relationships between human migration and health in Africa are typically replications of general migration theory. Migrants have been either pushed to move due to health problems at their place of origin or pulled by perceived desirable health conditions at destinations. In addition, one often sees migrants represented as carriers of diseases throughout their trajectory and potentially spreading disease wherever they go.
Africa, immigrant legislation and laws
Authors: Ayodele James Olabisi
Published: January 2013

Over the past 500 years, Africa, perhaps the most geopolitically strategic continent with rich natural resources, a warm climate, and an abundant labor supply, has been an important region of exploitation for European colonialists and a destination for immigrant settlers. Africa's vast and diverse mineral and natural deposits, enormous labor power, and warm climate are all attractions for immigrants. Historically, the continent has not had legislation (deliberate act of parliament and/or the results of such act in terms of laws) to control migration. Africa's porous and open borders have encouraged migration from the Europe, Arabia, and South Asia who first ventured into the continent for trade and commerce in goods and human slaves. In the contemporary period, demand for expatriates' skill has made immigration inevitable.
Africa, south of the Sahara, intra‐ and intercontinental population movements
Authors: Matlou Matlotleng P.
Published: January 2013

This essay starts with an overview of migration across Africa, and then increasingly concentrates on Africa south of the Sahara, from ancient times until today. A historical context is necessary to locate the modern era in order to understand where we are today and what possibilities exist for the future. It covers both national and international migration, but concentrates more on the latter.
United States: African colonization, Manifest Destiny, and Indian Removal
Authors: Tomek Beverly C.
Published: January 2013

Throughout US history migration has been closely linked to the idea of Manifest Destiny. In the traditional sense, this concept is linked to the westward movement of European Americans, but it also played a significant role in two other migrations – the displacement of Native Americans and the movement of African Americans to colonies throughout the world, most notably to Liberia.
African diasporas, theories, representations and definitions
Authors: Sakho Papa
Published: January 2013

In the early 21st century, populations of African origin are more and more visible in migration discourses, as much in receiving countries of the North as on the African continent, even though the former only represent a tiny proportion of individuals established outside their continent of origin. As cases in point, in the early 2000s the World Bank estimated their presence in the countries of the North at nearly one million in the USA (22 percent being of North African origin), and 282,600 in Canada; and in Europe at 4.7 million (1.7 million from sub‐Saharan Africa, 3 million from North Africa) (World Bank 2007). Yet, on the one hand these African populations attract attention from Northern countries, especially through their rapid growth, to the point of invoking an “invasion.” On the other hand, within the African continent they draw attention to themselves because of the importance of money transfers, which, in recent years, has often been referred to as a godsend.
African emigration to United Kingdom
Authors: Ojeleye Olukunle
Published: January 2013

Migration of Africans to the United Kingdom has been a long and continuous tradition. Their movement to the United Kingdom (UK) can be separated into two distinct phases – forced and voluntary.
African slave trade and maritime transportation
Authors: Ajala O. A.
Published: January 2013

The 15th‐century Portuguese exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bullDum Diversas, granting Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any “Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers” to hereditary slavery, which legitimized the slave trade under Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in hisRomanus Pontifexbull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonization of Africa.
Agriculture and migration
Authors: Akeju Olatomiwa David
Published: January 2013

The agriculture–migration nexus is historically significant. The pre‐agricultural hunter‐gatherer society is known to have reduced its continuous and cyclical human migration with the discovery of agriculture. In other words, the discovery of the science of cultivating the land, producing crops, and raising livestock, limited human movement from one place to the other. However, with more scientific discovery and as agricultural practice became more significant for the advancement of human development, the push–pull notion of migration became intricately linked to agriculture.
Andes, migration, 1900 to present
Authors: Julca Alex
Published: January 2013

Andean migration has rarely been a one‐step movement from the countryside to the city. In the Peruvian case, since the early 1900s when modernization was starting to become a new way of life, peasants who had lived on the land for centuries were first acquainted with it in the capitals of their provinces. The economic and social experiences accumulated in these nearby towns served to move further afield to places and cities where the boom in certain commodities (for example, rubber, lumber, mining) – often destined for foreign markets – lured them with the promise of jobs with higher pay and of social progress. These earlier migration processes were initially temporary, and sometimes required the “pull” of
enganchadores
, whose work was to go around towns recruiting workers. Economic security promised by the possibility of higher income was often enough to instigate the move. Under the
latifundio
system, whereby large land areas were owned by landlords who had servants to work the land, agriculture was premised on poor working and living conditions for peasants, without the possibility of social progress held out by modern urban life, including the perks of education, medicines, water, and sanitation.
Anglo‐American migration to Mexico, 19th to early 20th century
Authors: Henderson Timothy J.
Published: January 2013

Like most of the Latin American republics, Mexico was interested in attracting immigrants during the 19th century, but in general was notably unsuccessful in this area. An exception was its invitation to Anglo‐American immigrants to populate its northern reaches, which proved enormously consequential.
Anomie, psychological disillusionment
Authors: Ayodele James Olabisi
Published: January 2013

Anomie, a concept popularized by a French sociologist, Emile Durkheim (1858–1917), depicts a breakdown in known norms or literally the suspension of existing norms in a given situation. It equally refers to the inevitable social confusion arising from the exposure of an individual or a people to too many norms with conflicting expectations. In the case of anomic circumstance resulting from the paucity of rules, peoples (in our present discourse, immigrants) would have no means of defining their situation.
Anticolonialism, decolonialism, neocolonialism
Authors: Herzog Ben
Published: January 2013

“Anticolonialism,” “decolonialism,” and “neocolonialism” are terms related to the category of colonialism (as well to the term “postcolonialism”). These terms have multiple meanings; they simultaneously signify an ideology, a historical moment, and a collective action. Although anticolonialism, decolonialism, and neocolonialism are terms that are usually analyzed separately, these concepts are linked together and, over the last century, have had extensive influence on human migration. The breakup of the European and American colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America reoriented and intensified population movements across the globe. Large numbers of officials of the colonial administrations, natives, and settlers went back to their former “motherlands.” Indeed, neocolonialism shapes the cognitive framework of both refugees and migrants to this day.
Arab diaspora, United States
Authors: Abouyoub Younes
Published: January 2013

Early Arab migrants, from 1870 until World War I, were driven out of their homeland mainly, but not exclusively, by economic necessity. Not unlike their fellow Irish and Italian migrants, social transformation in the homeland, economic uncertainties, the improvement of transportation, and rumors of an “American El Dorado” were the driving factors behind the first wave of Arab migrants, who came mainly from among the peasantry. Between 1899 and 1932, 106,391 migrants came from Syria, of whom 69,514 were males and 36,877 females (International Migration Statistics n.d.)
Arctic migrations
Authors: Heleniak Timothy
Published: January 2013

The cold, remote, sparsely populated Arctic and northern regions of the world do not figure prominently in discussions of migration. However, there are considerable migration movements into and within the Arctic which have a considerable impact on the settlements and populations in the region. Arctic migration includes the earliest human expansions into North America. People have been moving into, within, and out of the Arctic for millennia for many of the same reasons they move elsewhere in the world and the laws that govern human migration elsewhere apply to population movements in the Arctic regions. However, two factors distinguish population movements in the Arctic from elsewhere. The first is the obvious cold climatic conditions which make travel and movement difficult. It was the development of modern modes of transportation, especially air travel, that allowed migration in the Arctic to increase significantly. The second is the remoteness between population settlements in the circumpolar North and more densely populated urban agglomerations outside the Arctic and the long distances between settlements within the Arctic. According to one definition of the Arctic, there are four million people living in this region, a combination of both indigenous people carrying on traditional livelihoods and migrant newcomers who come to exploit the natural resources of the region.
Armed conflict and refugees
Authors: Williams Nathalie E.
Published: January 2013

Armed conflict has been, and continues to be, a major problem around the world. In 2009 there were 36 ongoing armed conflicts; this is lower than in the 1990s but 24 percent higher than in the early 2000s (Harbom & Wallensteen 2010), suggesting no consistent upward or downward trend in conflict. Furthermore, there is no apparent regional trend in the outbreak of armed conflicts; in just the past 30 years, every region of the world, including Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, has experienced intense armed conflict. One serious consequence of armed conflict is migration, a phenomenon that scholars are still seeking to understand.
Arts, music, and migration
Authors: Gidley Ben
Published: January 2013

The experience of human migration has been a major theme of artistic production for probably as long as movement has been a feature of human life. Storytelling and song, the visual arts, then literature and theater, and more recently cinema and television have all registered the importance of migration. Thus, some of the earliest surviving examples of the arts address themes of exile and travel. For example, the Bronze Age Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh, dating from as early as 2100BCE, records the journeys of the hero Gilgamesh, whilenostos(homecoming) is a major theme of ancient Greek literature. This includes Homer'sIliadandOdyssey, dating from the 8th centuryBCEor earlier, telling the story of the hero Odysseus (known to the later Romans as Ulysses), and his long journey home from battle. This has been a major influence on Western literature and arts ever since, and Odysseus' journey has frequently served as a metaphor for migration, exile, and return. Similarly, the Norse sagas, dating from the period around 1000CE, feature tales of voyages, including the migration from Denmark to Iceland.