bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cache‐oblivious matrix algorithms in the age of multicores and many cores
Authors: Heinecke Alexander , Trinitis Carsten
Published: December 2012

This article highlights the issue of upcoming wider single‐instruction, multiple‐data units as well as steadily increasing core counts on contemporary and future processor architectures. We present the recent port to and latest results of cache‐oblivious algorithms and implementations of our TifaMMy code on four architectures: SGI's UltraViolet distributed shared‐memory machine, Intel's latest x86 architecture code‐named Sandy Bridge, AMD's new Bulldozer architecture, and Intel's future Many Integrated Core architecture. TifaMMy's matrix multiplication and LU decomposition routines have been adapted and tuned with regard to these architectures. Results are discussed and compared with vendors’ architecture‐specific and optimized libraries, Math Kernel Library and AMD Core Math Library, for both a standard C++ version with vectorization compiler switches and TifaMMy's highly optimized vector intrinsics version. We provide insights into architectural properties and comment on the feasibility of heterogeneous cores and accelerators, namely graphics processing units. Besides bare‐metal performance, the test platforms’ ease of use is analyzed in detail, and the portability of our approach to new and upcoming silicon is discussed with regard to required effort on code change abstraction levels.

As a result, we demonstrate that because of its generic structure in terms of memory organization, TifaMMy executes with equally efficient performance on all four architectures as it automatically adapts itself to architectural parameters without losing performance against the Math Kernel Library and AMD Core Math Library, underlining its generic and cache‐oblivious properties, as the porting effort was relatively low compared with that in other implementations.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost minimization in utility computing systems
Authors: Penmatsa Satish , Chronopoulos Anthony T.
Published: December 2012

Utility computing is a form of computer service whereby the company providing the service charges the users for using the system resources. In this paper, we present system‐optimal and user‐optimal price‐based job allocation schemes for utility computing systems whose objective is to minimize the cost for the users. The system‐optimal scheme provides an allocation of jobs to the computing resources that minimizes the overall cost for executing all the jobs in the system. The user‐optimal scheme provides an allocation that minimizes the cost for individual users in the system for providing fairness. The system‐optimal scheme is formulated as a constraint minimization problem, and the user‐optimal scheme is formulated as a non‐cooperative game. The prices charged by the computing resource owners for executing the users jobs are obtained using a pricing model based on a non‐cooperative bargaining game theory framework. The performance of the studied job allocation schemes is evaluated using simulations with various system loads and configurations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring Silica Supported Molybdenum Oxide Catalysts at Work: A Raman Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Thielemann Jörg P. , Hess Christian
Published: December 2012

The structure of silica SBA‐15‐supported molybdenum oxide catalysts is investigated during selective oxidation of propylene at 500 °C using operando Raman spectroscopy. The active catalysts contain mixtures of dispersed molybdenum oxide species exhibiting monooxo and dioxo structure. An increase in molybdenum oxide loading results in a decrease of the ratio of dioxo and monooxo species from 3.8 to 1.9, as determined by quantitative analysis of Raman spectra. Additional in situ Raman studies at 500 °C reveal that the dioxo/monooxo ratio increases in the presence of steam at higher molybdenum oxide loadings. The observed structural changes are assigned to shifts in the equilibrium between dioxo and monooxo species resulting from hydration/dehydration of the catalyst. This study demonstrates that the detailed structure of nanostructured molybdenum oxide catalysts depends on temperature, gas‐phase composition, and molybdenum oxide loading.
Binary Complexes of Ammonia with Phenylacetylenes: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach to Explore Multiple Minima on Intermolecular Potentials
Authors: Dey Arghya , Mondal Sohidul Islam , Patwari G. Naresh
Published: December 2012

The hydrogen‐bonded complexes of phenylacetylene, 4‐fluorophenylacetylene, 2‐fluorophenylacetylene, and 2,6‐difluorophenylacetylene with ammonia are investigated using IR–UV double resonance spectroscopy in combination with high‐level ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory. The CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen‐bonded complex, which involves an interaction of ammonia with the acetylenic CH group is the global minimum and is observed in all four cases investigated. In addition, phenylacetylene and 4‐fluorophenylacetylene form a quasi‐planar cyclic complexes with ammonia incorporating NH⋅⋅⋅π and CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds, wherein the π‐electron density of the acetylenic CC bond acts as an acceptor to the NH group of ammonia. A third ammonia complex is observed for 4‐fluorophenylacetylene in which ammonia interacts with the fluorine atom once again, leading to the formation of a quasi‐planar cyclic complex. The substitution of the fluorine atom on the phenyl ring of phenylacetylene modulates the intermolecular potentials, which are dependent on the position of the substitution.
How does variation in the environment and individual cognition explain the existence of consistent behavioral differences?
Authors: Niemelä Petri T. , Vainikka Anssi , Forsman Jukka T. , Loukola Olli J. , Kortet Raine
Published: December 2012

According to recent studies on animal personalities, the level of behavioral plasticity, which can be viewed as the slope of the behavioral reaction norm, varies among individuals, populations, and species. Still, it is conceptually unclear how the interaction between environmental variation and variation in animal cognition affect the evolution of behavioral plasticity and expression of animal personalities. Here, we (1) use literature to review how environmental variation and individual variation in cognition explain population and individual level expression of behavioral plasticity and (2) draw together empirically yet nontested, conceptual framework to clarify how these factors affect the evolution and expression of individually consistent behavior in nature. The framework is based on simple principles: first, information acquisition requires cognition that is inherently costly to build and maintain. Second, individual differences in animal cognition affect the differences in behavioral flexibility, i.e. the variance around the mean of the behavioral reaction norm, which defines plasticity. Third, along the lines of the evolution of cognition, we predict that environments with moderate variation favor behavioral flexibility. This occurs since in those environments costs of cognition are covered by being able to recognize and use information effectively. Similarly, nonflexible, stereotypic behaviors may be favored in environments that are either invariable or highly variable, since in those environments cognition does not give any benefits to cover the costs or cognition is not able to keep up with environmental change, respectively. If behavioral plasticity develops in response to increasing environmental variability, plasticity should dominate in environments that are moderately variable, and expression of animal personalities and behavioral syndromes may differ between environments. We give suggestions how to test our hypothesis and propose improvements to current behavioral testing protocols in the field of animal personality.
Diiron(III)‐Containing 23‐Tungsto‐2‐Borate: First Evidence of 3d Metal Substitution in the {BW13} Framework
Authors: Reinoso Santiago , Vitoria Pablo , San Felices Leire , Gutiérrez‐Zorrilla Juan M.
Published: December 2012

The reaction of [HBW11O39]8–, (WO4)2–, and Fe3+ (1:2:3 ratio) in water at pH 1.5 resulted in [{FeIII(H2O)3}2(WO2)(HBW11O39)2]8– (1), the first 3d‐metal‐substituted tungstoborate whose structure differs from that of a monosubstituted Keggin framework. Polyanion 1 is composed of an unprecedented 23‐tungsto‐2‐borate subunit stabilized by FeIII coordination at the external positions. The linkage mode of the 11‐tungstoborate fragments in 1 evidences that substitution of tungsten by 3d metals can occur in the capping positions of the {BW13} skeleton.
Ca[LiAlN2]: A Quaternary Nitridoaluminate
Authors: Pust Philipp , Pagano Sandro , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2012

Ca[LiAlN2] was synthesized from LiAlH4, LiN3, calcium, and lithium metal as fluxing agent in welded‐shut tantalum crucibles at 900 °C. The compound crystallizes in the form of transparent colorless platelets that undergo hydrolysis in air and under moisture. The crystal structure [P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.7587(12) Å, b = 6.8773(14) Å, c = 5.7960(12) Å, β = 90.28(3)°, Z = 4] was solved from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and was confirmed with Rietveld refinement methods and lattice‐energy calculations (Madelung part of lattice energy, MAPLE). Ca[LiAlN2] forms layers of edge‐ and vertex‐sharing AlN4 tetrahedra isotypic with LiCaGaN2. Li+ ions are positioned in tetrahedral voids within the [Al2N2N4/2] layers resulting in a highly condensed structure of Al‐ and Li‐centered polyhedra.
Solvent Direction of Molecular Architectures in Group 1 Metal Pentacyanocyclopentadienides
Authors: Less Robert J. , Wilson Thomas C. , Guan Bihan , McPartlin Mary , Steiner Alexander , Wood Paul T. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: December 2012

A series of group 1 metal salts of the pentacyanocyclopentadienide anion [Cp(CN)5–] (1) have been crystallised from two distinct solvent systems and the structures of the resulting species investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structural results show that the bonding mode of 1 and the architecture of the resulting lattice is subtly influenced by the alkali metal and the presence of coordination or lattice solvation. The crystallisation of Na[1] from propan‐2‐ol/n‐pentane produces an open clathrate‐type structure of hexagonal type HS‐I composed of fullerene‐like units in which 1 behaves as a planar five‐fold symmetric node with solvent‐filled lattice voids. In contrast, crystallisation of the sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium salts from the same solvent system results in highly condensed, unsolvated phases in which 1 adopts a variety of non‐planar coordination modes involving four or five of the CN groups. When crystallised from nitromethane/diethyl ether, the potassium, rubidium and caesium complexes form solvated arrangements with coordinated MeNO2 that contain helical subunits.
A Unique Synthetic Method to Convert a D‐Sugar into 2‐Deoxy‐L‐ribitol Through Carbonyl Translocation
Authors: Hsu Nai‐Yun , Chang Che‐Chien
Published: December 2012

A unique and highly efficient radical process was developed to prepare 2‐deoxy‐L‐ribitol. The radical cyclization precursor was prepared over several steps from D‐sugars. Radical cyclization followed by fragmentation gave exclusively the desired product, with carbonyl translocation in an acyclic carbohydrate system. The radical process was optimized to avoid the formation of byproducts. The reaction mechanism was studied by the concentration effect, which indicated that both the radical cyclization and the fragmentation steps are relatively rapid. The stereochemistry of the 2‐deoxy‐L‐ribitol was confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure. By using this synthetic approach, a D‐sugar derivative could be transformed into 2‐deoxy‐L‐ribose in a single radical reaction.
Design Optimization of the Cooling Coil for HVAC Energy Saving and Comfort Enhancement
Authors: Vakiloroaya Vahid
Published: December 2012

This article investigates and recommends design improvements of cooling coil geometry contributes for a central cooling system by using a simulation‐optimization approach. First, theoretical–empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed. An actual central cooling plant of a commercial building in the hot and dry climate condition is used for experimentation and data collection. Available experimental results were compared to predicted results to validate the model. An algorithm was created in a transient system simulation program to predict the best design. Then different new designs for cooling coil were constructed to evaluate the potential of design improvements. Afterwards, the computer model was used to predict how changes in cooling coil geometry would affect the building environment conditions and the energy consumption of heating, ventilating, and air‐conditioning components. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1209–1216, 2013
Correction Model‐BasedANNModeling Approach for the Estimation of Radon Concentrations inOhio
Authors: Yerrabolu Pavan , Mareddy Lakshman , Bhatt Deepak , Aggarwal Priyanka , Kumar Ashok , Devabhaktuni Vijay
Published: December 2012

According to National Cancer Institute, radon is one of the major causes for lung cancer related deaths after smoking inUS. To prevent deaths due to radon inhalation there is a need to determine the level of radon concentration in each locality, for example, zip code and this would help ease the identification of areas with high radon concentration thereby allowing the necessary preventive measures to be taken. However, factors like inapproachability hinder the process of estimating radon concentration in some places. In such places it is a common practice to estimate the radon concentrations using several interpolation techniques. In this article, a new approach that improves the accuracy of the neural model with the help of sensitivity‐based correction model for modeling and estimating radon concentrations in Ohio is proposed. The results are compared with commonly used techniques such as kriging, radial basis function (RBF), inverse distance weighting (IDW), global polynomial interpolation (GPI), local polynomial interpolation (LPI), and the recently developed conventionalANNmodeling approach. Further, model accuracies of all the above models are evaluated based on Willmott's Index and the ranked performance measures criteria with emphasis on the extreme‐end (peak‐end, low‐end), and mid‐range radon concentrations. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in estimating the radon concentrations with the percentage improvement of 70–80% prediction accuracy, compared to the other techniques. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1223–1233, 2013
High‐reliable multi‐wavelength optical access network expanding by a single‐fiber tangent ring
Authors: Shao Qi , Gan Chaoqin
Published: December 2012

A highly reliable multi‐wavelength optical access network architecture based on single‐fiber and tangent rings is proposed. With the proposed architecture, both data convergence and protection can be realized. The primary ring can provide protection for the remote nodes (RNs) connected with its feeder fibers. The design of the RN used as the tangent point can realize the wavelength adding and dropping between the two tangent rings and it also realizes the network expansion of the optical access network. The protection of the RNs in sub‐ring can be realized by controlling the corresponding switches. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A correlation for predicting smoke layer temperature in a room adjacent to a room involved in a pre‐flashover fire
Authors: Johansson Nils , van Hees Patrick
Published: December 2012

Advanced fire modelling software have been developed and improved during the last couple of decays and these kinds of software have been shown to be valuable tools for fire safety engineers. However, the advances made have not replaced the need for simple hand‐calculation methods. Simple hand‐calculations methods can be used to obtain a first estimate of, for example, smoke layer temperatures in a performance‐based design or to help an engineer determine if it is necessary to perform a detailed computational fluid dynamics calculation, but the current hand‐calculations methods are limited. The current methods can for example only predict smoke gas temperatures in the fire room. A correlation that could predict temperatures in an adjacent space would be useful in performance‐based design when, for example, evaluating the conditions for evacuees or sensitive equipment in an adjacent space to the room of fire origin. In this paper, a correlation for predicting gas temperatures in a room adjacent to a room involved in a pre‐flashover fire is developed. The correlation is derived from results from computer simulations and the external validity is studied by comparing results from the correlation with full‐scale test data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbiological and biochemical origins of human foot malodour
Authors: James A. Gordon , Cox Diana , Worrall Kathryn
Published: December 2012

Although foot malodour is a common consumer problem, the range of products available to combat the condition is fairly limited. In part, this is due to an incomplete understanding of how the key odorants are generated by microorganisms resident on the skin. The aim of these studies was to identify the key chemical components of foot malodour, the organisms and metabolic pathways responsible for their production, and to develop model systems to study these processes in vitro. Using gas chromatography with simultaneous mass spectrometry and sniff port detection, volatile fatty acids were implicated as foot malodorants, with isovaleric acid particularly prominent. l‐Leucine was identified as the likely substrate, and the source of this branched amino acid postulated to be the degradation of foot callus. An in vitro assay was employed to screen a library of isolated foot bacteria for their ability to generate isovaleric acid from l‐leucine. Staphylococcus species were found to be the main producers, while some Brevibacterium, Micrococcus and Kytococcus isolates fully catabolized isovaleric acid and l‐leucine, indicating the dynamic nature of odour production. The degradation of foot callus by Kytococcus sedentarius was investigated, and an in vitro ‘foot malodour model’ developed, demonstrating the generation of isovaleric acid using a combination of partially purified K. sedentarius keratinases and a Staphylococcus species. The results of these studies provide new understanding on the microbiological and biochemical origins of foot malodour which, in turn, should lead to the development of novel deodorant systems for this part of the body. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing Multiasset Cross‐Currency Options
Authors: Shiraya Kenichiro , Takahashi Akihiko
Published: December 2012

This study develops a general pricing method for multiasset cross‐currency options, whose underlying asset consists of multiple different assets, and the evaluation currency is different from the ones used in the most liquid market of each asset; the examples include cross‐currency options, cross‐currency basket options, and cross‐currency average options. Moreover, in practice, fast calibration is necessary in the option markets relevant for the underlying assets and the currency, which is also achieved in this study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:1–19, 2014
Extracellular aggregated Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activates microglia to give a cytotoxic phenotype
Authors: Roberts Kate , Zeineddine Rafaa , Corcoran Lisa , Li Wen , Campbell Iain L. , Yerbury Justin J.
Published: December 2012

A large body of literature suggests that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology is intimately linked with neuroinflammation, specifically activation and recruitment of microglia and astrocytes. The actual cause of gliosis is unclear. Extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) has recently been shown to activate microglia in a CD14 dependant mechanism providing one potential pathway by which glial cells become activated. As protein inclusions are thought to be an important part of ALS pathology and are associated with all forms of ALS, we sought to determine if aggregated SOD1 would activate microglia. Recombinant SOD1 was aggregated and this, or monomeric forms of SOD1 were then added to EOC.13 microglial cells or primary microglial cells in culture. Although monomeric mutant SOD1 has been shown to promote microglial activation in the past, we found that aggregated SOD1 was able to much more efficiently activate microglia in culture when compared with the unaggregated form of mutant SOD1. In addition to CD14 dependant pathways, aggregated SOD1 also bound to the surface of glial cells and was internalized in a lipid raft and scavenger receptor dependent manner. We have for the first time shown that aggregated mutant SOD1 potently activates microglia. These results suggest that there may be a potential link between protein aggregation and microglial activation in ALS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Survival of people with dementia after unplanned acute hospital admission: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Sampson Elizabeth L. , Leurent Baptiste , Blanchard Martin R. , Jones Louise , King Michael
Published: December 2012

Objective

To examine the effect of dementia on longer term survival after hospital admission, and to assess whether dementia is an independent predictor of mortality. This information is vital for the provision of appropriate care.

Methods

A prospective cohort study, in a large urban acute general hospital, of 616 people (70 years and older) with unplanned medical admission. The principal exposure was DSM‐IV dementia and main outcome mortality risk. Dementia severity was analysed by using the Functional Assessment Staging scale. We examined a range of modifying variables: acute physiological disturbance (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), chronic comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index, CCI) and pressure sore risk (Waterlow score).

Results

A total 42.4% of the cohort had dementia. Nearly half (48.3%) had died 12 months after admission (median survival time 1.1 years compared with 2.7 years in people without dementia). Unadjusted hazard ratios for mortality in people with dementia was 1.66 (95% CI 1.35–2.04) and for people with moderately severe/severe dementia 2.01 (95% CI 1.57–2.57). After sequential adjustment (age, gender, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, Charlson Comorbidity Index and Waterlow score), patients with dementia had a mortality risk of 1.24 (95% CI 0.95–1.60) and those with moderately severe/severe dementia 1.33 (0.97–1.84).

Conclusions

People with dementia had half the survival time of those without dementia. The effect of dementia on mortality was reduced after adjustment, particularly by the Waterlow score, a marker of frailty. The median survival of 1 year suggests clinicians should consider adopting a supportive approach to the care of older people with moderate/severe dementia who have an emergency hospital admission. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting corporate social responsibility and sustainable development through management development: What can be learned from international service learning programs?
Authors: Pless Nicola M. , Maak Thomas , Stahl Günter K.
Published: December 2012

In this article, we discuss how the human resource development (HRD) function can support corporate sustainability strategy by designing and implementing leadership development programs incorporating international service learning assignments. We describe “Project Ulysses,” an integrated service learning program that involves sending participants in teams to developing countries to work in cross‐sector partnerships with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and social entrepreneurs, supporting them in their fight against pressing global problems. We present the findings of a narrative analysis of learning stories produced by Ulysses participants. Understanding how participants make sense of, and learn from, their experiences abroad provides us with insights into how service learning programs can help managers to develop the knowledge, skills, and mind‐set that will enable them to successfully support a company's global sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. We conclude by discussing the implications for leadership development, specifically how organizations can incorporate a responsibility and sustainability focus in their management development programs.
Nucleotide variation in IL‐10 and IL‐12 and their receptors and cervical and vulvar cancer risk: A hybrid case–parent triad and case–control study
Authors: Hussain Shehnaz K. , Madeleine Margaret M. , Johnson Lisa G. , Du Qin , Galloway Denise A. , Daling Janet R. , Malkki Mari , Petersdorf Effie W. , Schwartz Stephen M.
Published: December 2012

Given the important role of cell mediated immunity in viral clearance and control of premalignant lesions, we hypothesize that variation in the IL‐12/IL‐10 cytokine and cytokine receptor genes may influence cervical and vulvar cancer risk. We evaluated 76 tagSNPs from seven candidate genes (IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-10RA, IL-10RB, IL-12RB1, and IL12RB2) in case–parent sets (n=43 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), n=96 cervical adenocarcinoma, n=53 vulvar SCC), additional cases (n=356 cervical SCC, n=406 cervical adenocarcinoma, and n=473 vulvar SCC) and population based controls (1,111). We calculated log‐additive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between tagSNP and cancer risk using a pseudo‐likelihood based method which combined genotype information on cases, parents, and population controls. After correction for multiple comparisons, we identified several statistically significant SNP associations. Cervical SCC risk was associated with the minor alleles of the IL10RA rs9610 3’ UTR SNP (OR=1.76, 95% CI=1.15–2.68) and two synonymous IL12RB2 SNPs (rs4297265, OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.26–0.82; rs2229546, OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.21–0.87). Cervical adenocarcinoma risk was associated with the minor alleles of the IL10RA rs4252314 intronic SNP (OR=2.23, 95% CI=1.26–3.96) and IL12RB1 rs11575934 non‐synonymous SNP (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.12–2.05). Finally, the minor allele of the IL12B rs3181224 3’ UTR SNP was associated with a reduced risk of vulvar SCC (OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.12–0.74). These results raise the possibility that a shift in the balance of the immune response due to genetic variants in key cytokine genes could influence the development of cervical and vulvar cancer.
Caveolin‐1 is a novel regulator of K‐RAS‐dependent migration in colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Basu Roy Upal K. , Henkhaus Rebecca S. , Loupakis Fotios , Cremolini Chiara , Gerner Eugene W. , Ignatenko Natalia A.
Published: December 2012

Caveolin‐1 is an essential component of membrane caveolae. It is an important regulator of cellular processes such as signal transduction and endocytosis. We report here, for the first time, that caveolin‐1 is a target of the K‐RAS oncogene in colon carcinogenesis. Caveolin‐1 is induced in colon cancer cells and in human colon tumor samples, in response to K‐RAS activating mutations. An activated K‐RAS oncogene transcriptionally induces caveolin‐1 expression in human colon cancer cells and this effect is not restricted to the type of activating K‐RAS mutation. Inhibition of the P‐I3 Kinase‐AKT pathway, but not the ERK MAPK pathway, both important K‐RAS effectors, leads to a decrease in caveolin‐1 expression indicating that the AKT pathway is involved in caveolin‐1 expression in response to an activated K‐RAS. Increased AKT signaling induces caveolin‐1 expression by increasing the activity of the transcription factor, Sp1. Interestingly; caveolin‐1 depletion alters K‐RAS‐dependent signaling by decreasing Grb2‐SOS activity. Consistent with these finding, caveolin‐1‐depleted cells shows decreased migration in vitro. However, caveolin‐1 overexpression by itself does not increase migration whereas an activated Src can increase migration in a caveolin‐1‐dependent manner. This increased migration is highly dependent on the RhoA GTPase, indicating that an activated K‐RAS modulates migration in part via caveolin‐1 induction, and increasing RhoA activity via phospho‐caveolin‐1. Our findings indicate that K‐RAS regulates both caveolin‐1 expression and other factors affecting caveolin‐1 functions in colon cancer‐derived cell migration.
Disseminated tumor cells and their prognostic significance in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients
Authors: Lilleby Wolfgang , Stensvold Andreas , Mills Ian G. , Nesland Jahn M.
Published: December 2012

Detection of pretreatment disseminated cells (pre‐DTC) reflecting its homing to bone marrow (BM) in prostate cancer (PCa) might improve the current model to predict recurrence or survival in men with nonmetastatic disease despite of primary treatment. Thereby, pre‐DTC may serve as an early prognostic biomarker. Post‐treatment DTCs (post‐DTC) finding may supply the clinician with additional predictive information about the possible course of PCa. To assess the prognostic impact of DTCs in BM aspirates sampled before initiation of primary therapy (pre‐DTC) and at least 2 years after (post‐DTC) to established prognostic factors and survival in patients with PCa. Available BM of 129 long‐term follow‐up patients with T1‐3N0M0 PCa was assessed in addition to 100 BM of those in whom a pretreatment BM was sampled. Patients received either combined therapy [n = 81 (63%)], radiotherapy (RT) with different duration of hormone treatment (HT) or monotherapy with RT or HT alone [n = 48 (37%)] adapted to the criteria of the SPCG‐7 trial. Mononuclear cells were deposited on slides according to the cytospin methodology and DTCs were identified by immunocytochemistry using the pancytokeratin antibodies AE1/AE3. The median age of men at diagnosis was 64.5 years (range 49.5–73.4 years). The median long‐term follow‐up from first BM sampling to last observation was 11 years. Categorized clinically relevant factors in PCa showed only pre‐DTC status as the statistically independent parameter for survival in the multivariate analysis. Pre‐DTCs homing to BM are significantly associated with clinically relevant outcome independent to the patient's treatment at diagnosis with nonmetastatic PCa.
Comparing the effects of two neurotoxins in cortical astrocytes obtained from rats of different ages: involvement of oxidative damage
Authors: Alarcón‐Aguilar Adriana , González‐Puertos Viridiana Yazmín , Luna‐López Armando , López‐Macay Ambar , Morán Julio , Santamaría Abel , Königsberg Mina
Published: December 2012

Oxidative stress has been recognized as a potential mediator of cell death. Astrocytes play an active role in brain physiology responding to harmful stimuli by activating astrogliosis, which in turn has been associated either with survival or degenerative events. The characterization of the mechanistic actions exerted by different toxins in astrocytes is essential to understand the brain function and pathology. As age plays a critical role in degenerative processes, the aim of this study was to determine whether the administration of equimolar concentrations of two neurotoxins evoking different toxic patterns can induce differential effects on primary astrocytes obtained either from newborn or adult rats, with particular emphasis on those events linked to oxidative stress as a potential source of damage. Primary cortical astrocyte cultures derived from rat brains were exposed to 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or beta‐amyloid peptide (β‐amyloid). Mitochondrial functionality and cell viability were determined as physiological parameters, whereas lipid and protein oxidation were used as markers of oxidative damage. The results of these experiments pointed towards a higher vulnerability to MPP + over β‐amyloid, on most of the tested markers. Hence, in order to allow a comprehensive evaluation of astrocytic responses against MPP + intoxication, a third astrocyte group was included for dose‐response experiments: astrocytes derived from aged rats. The present data indicate that the differences associated with age were mainly found in astrocytes exposed to MPP + (25 and 50 μM) at 1‐h treatment. Results are discussed in terms of the differential mechanisms involved in each model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabonomics evaluation of urine from rats administered with phorate under long‐term and low‐level exposure by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Sun Xiaowei , Xu Wei , Zeng Yan , Hou Yurong , Guo Lin , Zhao Xiujuan , Sun Changhao
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of long‐term and low‐level exposure to phorate using a metabonomics approach based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS). Male Wistar rats were given phorate daily in drinking water at low doses of 0.05, 0.15 or 0.45 mg kg–1 body weight (BW) for 24 weeks consecutively. Rats in the control group were given an equivalent volume of drinking water. Compared with the control group, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) were increased in the middle‐ and high‐dose groups whereas albumin (ALB) and cholinesterase (CHE) were decreased. Urine metabonomics profiles were analyzed by UPLC‐MS. Compared with the control group, 12 metabolites were significantly changed in phorate‐treated groups. In the negative mode, metabolite intensities of uric acid, suberic acid and citric acid were significantly decreased in the middle‐ and high‐dose groups, whereas indoxyl sulfic acid (indican) and cholic acid were increased. In the positive mode, uric acid, creatinine, kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid were significantly decreased in the middle‐ and high‐dose groups, but 7‐methylguanine (N7G) was increased. In both negative and positive modes, diethylthiophosphate (DETP) was significantly increased, which was considered as a biomarker of exposure to phorate. In conclusion, long‐term and low‐level exposure to phorate can cause disturbances in energy‐related metabolism, liver and kidney function, the antioxidant system, and DNA damage. Moreover, more information can be provided on the evaluation of toxicity of phorate using metabonomics combined with clinical chemistry. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer‐by‐layer supramolecular assemblies based on linear and star‐shaped poly(glycerol methacrylate)s for doxorubicin delivery
Authors: Sun Yanfang , Gao Hui , Yang Ying‐Wei , Wang Anning , Wu Guolin , Wang Yinong , Fan Yunge , Ma Jianbiao
Published: December 2012

Hollow microcapsules, composed of pH responsive polyelectrolytes via a layer‐by‐layer (LBL) adsorption technique, were prepared. Linear or star‐shaped poly(glycerol metha crylate)s (PGOHMAs) modified with 1,4‐butanediamine and 1,2‐ethanediamine (EDA) were synthesized and used as polycations. Poly(acrylic acid) was employed as polyanion and SiO2 (about 170 nm) as template. After LBL absorption, SiO2 cores were removed by HF treatment. The particle size and zeta potential were measured by dynamic light scattering, showing that the diameter of star‐shaped amino‐PGOHMA was larger than linear counterpart. The LBL assembly and core‐etching process were evidenced by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The cytotoxicity experiments on human umbilical vein endothelial cells were carried out to evaluate the toxicity of LBL assembly. The star‐shaped and EDA‐modified PGOHMA exhibited better cell viability. The microcapsules were then used to load an anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride. High loading capacity (about 42%) and entrapment efficiency (84%) were obtained for star‐shaped polymer‐based microcapsules. The cumulative release rate was evaluated in vitro, showing faster release at an acidic condition compared to neutral pH. Confocal laser scanning microscopy evidenced the successful cellular uptake of DOX‐loaded microparticles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Temporal MRI characterization of gelatin/hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulfate sponge for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Chou Cheng‐Hung , Lee Herng‐Sheng , Siow Tiing Yee , Lin Ming‐Huang , Kumar Amit , Chang Yue‐Cune , Chang Chen , Huang Guo‐Shu
Published: December 2012

A tri‐copolymer sponge consisting of gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate (GHC) was designed to mimic the cartilage environment in vivo for cartilage regeneration. The present study aimed to temporally characterize the magnetic resonance relaxation time of GHC constructs in vivo in a rodent heterotopic model. GHC sponges with cells (GHCc) or without cells (GHC) implanted in rat leg muscle were monitored using MRI (4.7 T MR scanner) on day 0, 7, 14, and 21 after implantation. The results revealed that the transverse relaxation time (T2) of GHC constructs decreased significantly over time when compared to the T2 of GHCc constructs. However, the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of GHCc and GHC constructs remained stable. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to S100 protein, and types I and II collagen showed that normal morphology, phenotype, and function of chondrocytes were preserved in the GHCc construct. Thus, we concluded that GHC constructs adequately support chondrocyte growth and function. On top of that, T2 may be a useful tool for monitoring cartilage regeneration in GHC constructs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Biodegradable and bioactive porous scaffold structures prepared using fused deposition modeling
Authors: Korpela Jyrki , Kokkari Anne , Korhonen Harri , Malin Minna , Närhi Timo , Seppälä Jukka
Published: December 2012

Three‐dimensional printing (3DP) refers to a group of additive manufacturing techniques that can be utilized in tissue engineering applications. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a 3DP method capable of using common thermoplastic polymers. However, the scope of materials applicable for FDM has not been fully recognized. The purpose of this study was to examine the creation of biodegradable porous scaffold structures using different materials in FDM and to determine the compressive properties and the fibroblast cell response of the structures. To the best of our knowledge, the printability of a poly(ε‐caprolactone)/bioactive glass (PCL/BAG) composite and L‐lactide/ε‐caprolactone 75/25 mol % copolymer (PLC) was demonstrated for the first time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed BAG particles at the surface of the printed PCL/BAG scaffolds. Compressive testing showed the possibility of altering the compressive stiffness of a scaffold without changing the compressive modulus. Compressive properties were significantly dependent on porosity level and structural geometry. Fibroblast proliferation was significantly higher in polylactide than in PCL or PCL/BAG composite. Optical microscope images and SEM images showed the viability of the cells, which demonstrated the biocompatibility of the structures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
Use of DXA-based finite element analysis of the proximal femur in a longitudinal study of hip fracture
Authors: Naylor Kim E , McCloskey Eugene V , Eastell Richard , Yang Lang
Published: December 2012

Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is used for clinical assessment of fracture risk; however, measurements that incorporate bone strength could improve predictive ability. The aim of this study was to determine whether bone strength derived from finite element (FE) analysis was associated with hip fracture risk in a longitudinal study. We studied 728 women (mean age 82 years), 182 with subsequent hip fracture. FE models were generated from baseline DXA scans of the hip to determine femoral bone strength and load-to-strength ratio (LSR). The baseline LSR was significantly higher in fracture cases (median 1.1) compared with controls (0.7, p < 0.0001). Femoral strength and BMD were also significantly lower in cases (median 1820 N, 0.557 g/cm2) compared with controls (2614 N, 0.618 g/cm2) both p < 0.0001. Fracture risk increased per standard deviation decrease in femoral strength (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–2.8); femoral neck (FN) BMD (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.7–2.6); total hip BMD (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.1); and per SD increase in LSR (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.1). After adjusting for FN BMD, the odds ratio for femoral strength (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4) and LSR (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7) remained significantly greater than 1. The area under the curve (AUC) for LSR combined with FN BMD (AUC 0.69, 95% CI 0.64–0.73) was significantly greater than FN BMD alone (AUC 0.66, 95% CI 0.62–0.71, p = 0.004). Strength and LSR remained significant when adjusted for prevalent fragility fracture, VFA, and FRAX score. In conclusion, the DXA-based FE model was able to discriminate incident hip fracture cases from controls in this longitudinal study independently from FN BMD, prior fracture, VFA, and FRAX score. Such an approach may provide a useful tool for better assessment of bone strength to identify patients at high risk of hip fracture who may benefit from treatment to reduce fracture risk. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Melamine Trisulfunic Acid: An Efficient and Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of 4,4′‐(Arylmethylene)‐bis‐(1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ols)
Authors: Iravani Nasir , Albadi Jalal , Momtazan Hamide , Baghernejad Mojtaba
Published: December 2012

Melamine trisulfunic acid is employed as a recyclable catalyst for the condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes with 3‐methyl‐l‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one. This condensation reaction was performed in ethanol under refluxing conditions giving 4,4′‐(arylmethylene)‐bis‐(3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ols) in 80‐96% yields.
Fe(NO3)3·9H2O as Efficient Catalyst for One‐pot Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Piperidines
Authors: Hazeri Nourallah , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Aboonajmi Jasem , Sajadikhah Seyed Sajad
Published: December 2012

Fe(NO3)3·9H2O is used as an efficient and effective catalyst for the one‐pot three‐component synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines from aromatic aldehydes, anilines and b–ketoesters in ethanol at ambient temperature. This procedure includes some important aspects like the easy work‐up, no need to column chromatography, simple and readily available precursors, and good to high yields.
Catalysis Studies of Macroreticular Polystyrene Cation‐exchange Resin with Terminal Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids
Authors: Lin Zhenghuan , Guan Chuanjin , Huang Limei , Wang Wen , Ling Qidan , Zhao Chengxue
Published: December 2012

Macroreticular p‐(ω‐sulfonic‐perfluoroalkylated) polystyrene (FPS) resin with the advantages of both sulfonic polystyrene (such as macroreticular Amberlyst‐15) and perfluoroalkanesulfonic resin (such as superacidic Nafion NR50) has exhibited excellent catalytic selectivity and activity in cyclization of pseudoionone and condensation of indole. In this paper, FPS was characterized by XPS, nitrogen sorption technique, FESEM and Hammett indicator method, and employed as the solid acid catalyst in the esterification, acylation and alkylation reactions. The FPS resin showed better activity than commercial solid acid catalysts (Amberlyst‐15 and Nafion NR50) owing to its high surface area and strong acidity close to superacidity.
Large Sets of Orthogonal Arrays and Multimagic Squares
Authors: Zhang Yong , Chen Kejun , Lei Jianguo
Published: December 2012

Large sets of orthogonal arrays (LOA) have been used to construct resilient functions and zigzag functions by D. R. Stinson. In this paper, a special kind of LOA, strong double large sets of orthogonal arrays (SDLOA), is introduced and some constructions are provided. Meanwhile, a construction of multimagic squares based on SDLOAs is also given. As its application, it is proved that a t‐multimagic square of order exists whenever q is a prime power and , , which improves a similar result by H. Derksen et al. from primes to prime powers in Amer. Math. Monthly (2007).
Constructions of Strongly Regular Cayley Graphs Using Even Index Gauss Sums
Authors: Wu Fan
Published: December 2012

In this paper, generalizing the result in [9], I construct strongly regular Cayley graphs by using union of cyclotomic classes of and Gauss sums of index w, where is even. In particular, we obtain three infinite families of strongly regular graphs with new parameters.
The Discrepancy between Subjective and Objective Measures of Sleep in Older Adults Receiving CBT for Comorbid Insomnia
Authors: Lund Hannah G. , Rybarczyk Bruce D. , Perrin Paul B. , Leszczyszyn David , Stepanski Edward
Published: December 2012

Objective

To examine the effect of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) on the underreporting of sleep relative to objective measurement, a common occurrence among individuals with insomnia.

Method

Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment self‐report measures of sleep were compared with those obtained from home‐based polysomnography (PSG) in 60 adults (mean age = 69.17; 42 women) with comorbid insomnia. The self‐report data were published previously in a randomized controlled trial demonstrating the efficacy of CBT‐I compared with a placebo treatment.

Results

Self‐report measures significantly underestimated sleep at pre‐treatment and CBT‐I led to a correction in this discrepancy. There were no significant changes in PSG after CBT‐I. Path analysis showed that an increase in an objective proxy measure of sleep quality (i.e., decreased stage N1 sleep) after CBT‐I was significantly related to improvements in self‐report of sleep, with full mediation by reductions in discrepancy.

Conclusions

This is the first CBT‐I outcome study to analyze discrepancy changes and demonstrate that these changes account for a significant portion of self‐report outcome. In addition, improved sleep quality as measured by a decrease in percentage of stage N1 sleep following treatment may be one mechanism that explains why sleep estimation is more accurate following CBT‐I.
Autonomy‐Connectedness and Internalizing‐Externalizing Personality Psychopathology, Among Outpatients
Authors: Bachrach Nathan , Bekker Marrie H. J. , Croon Marcel A.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

The aims of this research were to investigate gender differences in levels of autonomy‐connectedness, Axis I Psychopathology, and higher order factors of internalizing and externalizing personality psychopathology and, second, to investigate the association between these variables.

Design

The design of this research is cross‐sectional and multicentered.

Methods

We used self‐report questionnaires, factor analysis, and regression analysis.

Results

We found evidence for a significant role of autonomy‐connectedness in Axis I Psychopathology. This was especially true for women, who were found to be more sensitive to others and sensitivity to others was strongly associated with Axis I Psychopathology. Maybe due to the research sample no evidence was found for an association of autonomy‐connectedness with externalizing psychopathology. As to the role of autonomy‐connectedness in internalizing psychopathology, we found that a lack of self‐awareness or a capacity of managing new situations, combined with a high sensitivity to others, were associated with internalizing psychopathology. Women appeared to be more sensitive to others and to report higher levels of Axis I Psychopathology than men.

Conclusion

We conclude that autonomy‐connectedness plays an important role in Axis I Psychopathology as well as in internalizing Axis II pathology. Treatment of Axis I and internalizing Axis II psychopathology should therefore also focus on autonomy problems.