bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing the effect of encapsulated and unencapsulated fennel extracts on the shelf life of minced common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated in the mince
Authors: Bagheri Roya , Izadi Amoli Rabeeh , Tabari Shahndasht Nastaran , Shahosseini Seyed Rasoul
Published: September 2015

The quality of minced kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) with gum arabic encapsulated (0.3% and 0.5% w/w) and unencapsulated fennel extract (FE) (0.3% and 0.5% w/w) stored at 4°C was examined over a storage period of 15 days. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count [TVC] and total psychrotrophic count [TPC]) and chemical (peroxide value (PV) and total volatile nitrogen (TVB‐N)) parameters. Also the inhibitory effect of encapsulated and unencapsulated FE was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inoculated in minced kilka. According to the results, encapsulated FE samples showed the lowest amount of lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration during the storage period compared with the control and pure extract treatments. Although, the encapsulated FE at 0.5% showed drastic bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to others. Generally, gum arabic encapsulation could help to obtain higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in lower FE concentrations in minced fish.
Critical Mentoring Practices to Support Diverse Students in Higher Education: Chicana/Latina Faculty Perspectives
Authors: Figueroa Julie López , Rodriguez Gloria M.
Published: September 2015

This chapter outlines critical practices that emerged from utilizing social justice frameworks to mentor first‐generation, underrepresented minority students at the undergraduate to doctoral levels. The mentoring strategies include helping students to reframe instances when faculty and peers unconsciously conflate academic rigor with color‐blind scholarship.
Educational Testimonio: Critical Pedagogy as Mentorship
Authors: Burciaga Rebeca , Cruz Navarro Natalia
Published: September 2015

This chapter chronicles the use of educational testimonio as one approach to critical pedagogy as mentoring in a college classroom. Written from the perspectives of an instructor and a student, it explores educational testimonio as one tool that has implications beyond the classroom, including retention in higher education and supporting the development of aspirations beyond undergraduate schools on the path to the professoriate.
Of Feral Faculty and Magisterial Mowglis: The Domestication of Junior Faculty
Authors: Reddick Richard J.
Published: September 2015

This chapter presents an assistant professor's scholarly personal narrative at the precipice of promotion, and reveals how the feral child metaphor might aptly describe many junior professors’ experiences as they navigate a path toward tenure. This chronicling of mentorship in sometimes unexpected venues may aid new faculty and those invested in their success in both earning tenure and retaining them in the field.
Developing a Latino Mentoring Program: Project MALES (Mentoring to Achieve Latino Educational Success)
Authors: Sáenz Victor B. , Ponjuan Luis , Segovia Jorge , Del Real Viramontes José
Published: September 2015

This chapter highlights the development of Project MALES (Mentoring to Achieve Latino Educational Success). At the center of Project MALES is a mentoring program that aims to cultivate an engaged support network for males of color at the University of Texas at Austin and across surrounding communities. Specifically, there is a discussion of the theories and framework that guided the creation of this mentoring program and its ongoing development.
Weaving Authenticity and Legitimacy: Latina Faculty Peer Mentoring
Authors: Núñez Anne‐Marie , Murakami Elizabeth T. , Gonzales Leslie D.
Published: September 2015

As an alternative to typical top‐down mentoring models, the authors advance a conception of peer mentoring that is based on research about collectivist strategies that Latina faculty employ to navigate the academy. The authors advance recommendations for institutional agents to support mentoring for faculty who are members of historically underrepresented groups.
Gene expression profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosisLipoarabinomannan‐treated macrophages: A role of the Bcl‐2 family member A1 in inhibition of apoptosis in mycobacteria‐infected macrophages
Authors: Halder Priyanka , Kumar Ranjeet , Jana Kuladip , Chakraborty Sohini , Ghosh Zhumur , Kundu Manikuntala , Basu Joyoti
Published: September 2015

Macrophages play an important role in the establishment of infection by intracellular pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to inhibit apoptosis and to downregulate immune responses of host cells using various strategies, including activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ. Mannose‐capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is one of the known bacterial effectors that plays a role in subversion of host immunity and activation of PPARγ. Here, we have used an unbiased global gene expression profiling approach to understand (a) how ManLAM regulates host cell immune responses and (b) the role of PPARγ in modulating ManLAM‐induced host cell signaling. We have demonstrated that ManLAM‐dependent inhibition of macrophage apoptosis is mediated by the upregulation of the antiapoptotic B‐cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family member A1. Our in silico analyses suggested that ManLAM‐mediated PPARγ signaling is linked to important functions such as phagocytosis, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell survival, and autophagy. We have validated that ManLAM upregulates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5)α, an important transcriptional regulator of cell survival in a PPARγ‐dependent manner. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(9):726–736, 2015
4‐Toluenesulfonamide as a Building Block for Synthesis of Novel Triazepines, Pyrimidines, and Azoles
Authors: Khodairy A. , Ali Ali M. , El‐Wassimy M. T.
Published: September 2015

N‐{(E)‐(dimethylamino)methylidenearbamothioyl}‐4‐toluenesulfonamide (2) was obtained by reaction of N‐carbamothioyl‐4‐toluenesulfonamide (1) with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal or alternatively by the reaction of 1‐(dimethylamino)methylidenethiourea with tosyl chloride. Compound 2 was reacted with substituted anilines to yield anilinomethylidine derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g. Treatment of 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g with phenacyl bromide gave triazepines 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g and imidazoles 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g. Esterification of compound 3e afforded ester derivative 6, which was subjected to react with hydrazine to yield hydrazide derivative 7. Oxadiazole 8 was obtained by reaction of 7 with CS2/KOH. Compound 3e was treated with o‐aminophenol or o‐aminothiophenol to give benzazoles 9a, 9b. N‐(Diaminomethylidene)‐4‐toluenesulfonamide (10) reacted with enaminones to yield pyrimidines 11, 12, 13, respectively. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses. Some selected compounds were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity. In general, the newly synthesized compounds showed good antifungal activity.
Connection between November snow cover over Eastern Europe and winter precipitation over East Asia
Authors: Ao Juan , Sun Jianqi
Published: September 2015

In this study, the connected spatial and temporal features of winter precipitation over East Asia and November snow cover over Eurasia are analysed using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. The results show that a strong consistent variation of winter precipitation occurs over East Asia, especially north of 35°N, closely related to the snow cover change over Eastern Europe. Mechanism analysis indicates that the processes behind the physical link between the November snow cover over Eastern Europe and East Asian winter precipitation are different in December compared to January and February. In December, the persistence of the snow cover anomaly can ‘memorize’ the signal of the November snow cover and impact December circulation and precipitation over East Asia. During January–February, the snow cover anomaly disappears, while the variability of the polar vortex resulting from the interaction of the troposphere and stratosphere serves as a bridge connecting the November snow cover over Eastern Europe and the January–February precipitation over East Asia. Revealing the role of the November snow cover is significant not only for understanding East Asian winter precipitation variability but also for its prediction.
Innovative mixture of salts in the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the extraction of residual macrolides in milk followed by analysis with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: da Costa Rafaela Pinto , Spisso Bernardete Ferraz , Pereira Mararlene Ulberg , Monteiro Mychelle Alves , Ferreira Rosana Gomes , da Nóbrega Armi Wanderley
Published: September 2015

A simple extraction technique has been developed for seven macrolide antibiotics in milk. The procedure involves a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method based on acetonitrile extraction, followed by the addition of a mixture of salts (sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, and potassium carbonate) not yet reported in literature. The method was validated for tylosin and was selective, free of matrix effect, and linear in the range of 0.78–18.75 ng/mL in the final extract, corresponding to 0.125–3 times the maximum residue limit. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, decision limit, and detection capability were, respectively, 0.84, 2.79, 58.4, and 71.7 μg/kg. The overall average recovery at 25, 50, and 75 μg/kg ranged from 89–97%. Repeatability and intermediate precision expressed by relative standard deviations were below 10.5 and 12%, respectively. The extension of the validation for spiramycin, throleandomycin, oleandomycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin is under consideration since the procedure proved to be able to efficiently extract all studied macrolides, with recoveries from 74–104% at 50 μg/kg for tylosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, and oleandomycin and 20 μg/kg for throleandomycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin.
Anomalous T2 relaxation in normal and degraded cartilage
Authors: Reiter David A. , Magin Richard L. , Li Weiguo , Trujillo Juan J. , Pilar Velasco M. , Spencer Richard G.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To compare the ordinary monoexponential model with three anomalous relaxation models—the stretched Mittag‐Leffler, stretched exponential, and biexponential functions—using both simulated and experimental cartilage relaxation data.

Methods

Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine both the ability of identifying a given model under high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) conditions and the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates under more modest SNR as would be encountered clinically. Experimental transverse relaxation data were analyzed from normal and enzymatically degraded cartilage samples under high SNR and rapid echo sampling to compare each model.

Results

Both simulation and experimental results showed improvement in signal representation with the anomalous relaxation models. The stretched exponential model consistently showed the lowest mean squared error in experimental data and closely represents the signal decay over multiple decades of the decay time (e.g., 1–10 ms, 10–100 ms, and >100 ms). The stretched exponential parameter αse showed an inverse correlation with biochemically derived cartilage proteoglycan content.

Conclusion

Experimental results obtained at high field suggest potential application of αse as a measure of matrix integrity. Simulation reflecting more clinical imaging conditions, indicate the ability to robustly estimate αse and distinguish between normal and degraded tissue, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for human studies. Magn Reson Med 76:953–962, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation and storage dispatch in electricity networks with generator disruptions
Authors: Moarefdoost M. Mohsen , Snyder Lawrence V.
Published: September 2015

We present methods for optimizing generation and storage decisions in an electricity network with multiple unreliable generators, each colocated with one energy storage unit (e.g., battery), and multiple loads under power flow constraints. Our model chooses the amount of energy produced by each generator and the amount of energy stored in each battery in every time period in order to minimize power generation and storage costs when each generator faces stochastic Markovian supply disruptions. This problem cannot be optimized easily using stochastic programming and/or dynamic programming approaches. Therefore, in this study, we present several heuristic methods to find an approximate optimal solution for this system. Each heuristic involves decomposing the network into several single‐generator, single‐battery, multiload systems and solving them optimally using dynamic programming, then obtaining a solution for the original problem by recombining. We discuss the computational performance of the proposed heuristics as well as insights gained from the models. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 493–511, 2015
Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators During Implementation of a Complex Model of Group Prenatal Care in Six Urban Sites
Authors: Novick Gina , Womack Julie A. , Lewis Jessica , Stasko Emily C. , Rising Sharon S. , Sadler Lois S. , Cunningham Shayna C. , Tobin Jonathan N. , Ickovics Jeannette R.
Published: September 2015

Group prenatal care improves perinatal outcomes, but implementing this complex model places substantial demands on settings designed for individual care. To describe perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing and sustaining CenteringPregnancy Plus (CP+) group prenatal care, 24 in‐depth interviews were conducted with 22 clinicians, staff, administrators, and study personnel in six of the 14 sites of a randomized trial of the model. All sites served low‐income, minority women. Sites for the present evaluation were selected for variation in location, study arm, and initial implementation response. Implementing CP+ was challenging in all sites, requiring substantial adaptations of clinical systems. All sites had barriers to meeting the model's demands, but how sites responded to these barriers affected whether implementation thrived or struggled. Thriving sites had organizational cultures that supported innovation, champions who advocated for CP+, and staff who viewed logistical demands as manageable hurdles. Struggling sites had bureaucratic organizational structures and lacked buy‐in and financial resources, and staff were overwhelmed by the model's challenges. Findings suggested that implementing and sustaining health care innovation requires new practices and different ways of thinking, and health systems may not fully recognize the magnitude of change required. Consequently, evidence‐based practices are modified or discontinued, and outcomes may differ from those in the original controlled studies. Before implementing new models of care, clinical settings should anticipate model demands and assess capacity for adapting to the disruptions of innovation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Obesity Paradox: Origin and best way to assess severity in patients with systolic HF
Authors: Pozzo Joffrey , Fournier Pauline , Lairez Olivier , Vervueren Paul‐Louis , Delmas Clement , Elbaz Meyer , Carrie Didier , Galinier Michel , Roncalli Jerome
Published: September 2015

Objective

Obesity in patients with heart failure (HF) is a factor of better prognosis, supposedly partly because of the particular epidemiology of HF in this population. This study expected to compare the parameters of severity and mortality in patients with and without obesity, to better understand the origin of this paradox.

Methods

Two hundred twenty‐two patients with nonischemic HF and systolic dysfunction were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (≥30 vs. <30 kg/m2, respectively) and explored for functional parameters and prognosis.

Results

B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were lower and peak oxygen consumption higher in patients with obesity. Patients with obesity had a better prognosis than patients without obesity with a 4‐year mortality of 11.1% and 26.4%, respectively (P = 0.009). By univariate analysis, obesity was associated with a reduced risk of death: HR 0.52 [0.28–0.99]. This protective effect was no longer present after adjusting for VO2max and BNP level.

Conclusions

The obesity paradox is probably partly due to an overestimation of the severity of HF in patients with obesity because of the multifactorial nature of their dyspnea. Obesity no longer has a protective effect after adjustment for the usual prognostic parameters of HF.
AssessingFOXO1Aas a potential susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes and obesity inAmericanIndians
Authors: Muller Yunhua L. , Hanson Robert L. , Wiessner Gregory , Nieboer Lori , Kobes Sayuko , Piaggi Paolo , Abdussamad Mahdi , Okani Chidinma , Knowler William C. , Bogardus Clifton , Baier Leslie J.
Published: September 2015

Objective

A prior genome‐wide association study (GWAS) in Pima Indians identified variation withinFOXO1Athat modestly associated with early‐onset (onset age <25years) type 2 diabetes (T2D).FOXO1Aencodes the forkhead transcription factor involved in pancreatic β‐cell growth and hypothalamic energy balance; therefore,FOXO1Awas analyzed as a candidate gene for T2D and obesity in a population‐based sample of 7,710 American Indians.

Methods

Tag SNPs in/nearFOXO1A(minor allele frequency≥0.05) were analyzed for association with T2D at early onset (n = 1,060) and all ages (n = 7,710) and with insulin secretion (n = 298). SNPs were also analyzed for association with maximum body mass index (BMI) in adulthood (n = 5,918), maximum BMIz‐score in childhood (n = 5,350), and % body fat (n = 555).

Results

An intronic SNP rs2297627 associated with early‐onset T2D [OR = 1.34 (1.13‐1.58),P = 8.7 × 10−4] and T2D onset at any age [OR = 1.19 (1.09‐1.30),P = 1 × 10−4]. The T2D risk allele also associated with lower acute insulin secretion (β = 0.88, as a multiplier, P = 0.02). Another intronic SNP (rs1334241,D′ = 0.99,r2 = 0.49 with rs2297627) associated with maximum adulthood BMI (β = 1.02, as a multiplier,P = 3 × 10−5), maximum childhood BMIz‐score (β = 0.08,P = 3 × 10−4), and % body fat (β = 0.83%,P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Common variation inFOXO1Amay modestly affect risk for T2D and obesity in American Indians.
Providing food to treat adolescents at risk for cardiovascular disease
Authors: de Ferranti Sarah D. , Milliren Carly E. , Denhoff Erica Rose , Quinn Nicolle , Osganian Stavroula K. , Feldman Henry A. , Ebbeling Cara B. , Ludwig David S.
Published: September 2015

Objective

Diet modification is recommended to treat childhood cardiovascular (CV) risk factors; however, the optimal dietary strategy is unknown.

Methods

In a randomized trial, the effect of a low‐fat (LF) and a low‐glycemic‐load (LGL) reduced‐calorie diet were examined in youth with overweight/obesity with CV risk factors. Using a novel intervention, we delivered LF or LGL meals and nutrition education to the home for 8 weeks (Intensive Phase), followed by 4 months Maintenance without food provision. Between‐group differences in the change in insulin area under the curve (InsAUC) by oral glucose tolerance test and other risk factors were analyzed.

Results

Overall, participants (n = 27) showed substantial improvement during the Intensive Phase, including InsAUC (−59 ± 18.2 µU/ml × 120 min, P = 0.004), total cholesterol (−9.9 ± 3.6 mg/dl, P = 0.01), weight (−2.7 ± 0.5 kg, P < 0.001), waist circumference (−3.1 ± 0.8 cm, P < 0.001), HOMA‐IR (−1.7 ± 0.4, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (−5 ± 1.4 mm Hg, P = 0.002), and CRP (−0.1 ± 0.1 mg/dl, P = 0.04). There were minimal between‐group differences; the LF group showed greater declines in HDL (P = 0.005) and fasting glucose (P = 0.01) compared to the LGL group. Improvements waned during Maintenance.

Conclusions

Home delivery of LF or LGL diets resulted in rapid and clinically important improvements in CV risk factors that diminished without food delivery and did not differ based on dietary intervention. If scalable, food provision may represent an alternative nutrition treatment strategy.
What Are the Characteristics that Software Development Project Team Members Associate with a Good Project Manager?
Authors: Medina Alicia , Francis Alison J.
Published: September 2015

In this study we investigate what software development project team members consider to be a good project manager. Previous research has been carried out using project manager self-assessments, other project stakeholder views, or recruiters’ views. This qualitative study used the repertory grid technique to identify the characteristics that project team members associate with a good project manager. This technique has been adopted because of its strength in eliciting personal constructs. Among the 18 characteristics identified, the seven most relevant were classified and compared with previous findings, which reveals differences between the team members’ and project managers’ and other stakeholders’ perceptions. Those findings complement the existing skill set and could be considered when recruiting and training project managers and staffing projects.
Improving complex medical care while awaiting next‐generation CFTR potentiators and correctors: The current pipeline of therapeutics
Authors: Goralski Jennifer L. , Davis Stephanie D.
Published: September 2015

While a major target in cystic fibrosis (CF) research in recent years has been the development of corrector and potentiator drugs targeting the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, these therapies have not yet proven robust enough to replace or eliminate other therapies that have demonstrated improved health outcomes and quality of life in patients with CF. Further, ivacaftor is only indicated for approximately 5% of the US CF population, although the FDA has recently approved lumacaftor/ivacaftor, a combination therapy intended for those homozygous for Phe508del, which should reach a much larger number of patients. This review appraises therapeutics currently available or being studied while we await the next generation of CFTR potentiators and correctors. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S66–S73. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the sea state on Mediterranean heavy precipitation: a case‐study from HyMeX SOP1
Authors: Thévenot O. , Bouin M.‐N. , Ducrocq V. , Lebeaupin Brossier C. , Nuissier O. , Pianezze J. , Duffourg F.
Published: September 2015

Sea state can influence the turbulent air–sea exchanges, especially the momentum flux, by modifying the sea‐surface roughness. The high‐resolution non‐hydrostatic convection‐permitting model MESO‐NH is used here to investigate the impact of a more realistic representation of the waves on heavy precipitation during the Intense Observation Period (IOP) 16a of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period (SOP1). Several quasi‐stationary mesoscale convective systems developed over the western Mediterranean region, two of them over the sea, and resulted in heavy precipitation on the French and Italian coasts on 26 October 2012. Three different bulk parametrizations are tested in this study: a reference case (NOWAV) without any wave effect, a parametrization taking into account theoretical wave effects (WAV) and a last one with realistic wave characteristics from the MFWAM analyses (WAM). Using a realistic wave representation in WAM significantly increases the roughness length and the friction velocity with respect to NOWAV and WAV. The three MESO‐NH sensitivity experiments of the IOP16a show that this surface‐roughness increase in WAM generates higher momentum fluxes and directly impacts the low‐level dynamics of the atmosphere, with a slowdown of the 10 m wind, when and where the wind speed exceeds 10 m s−1 and the sea state differs from the idealized one. The turbulent heat fluxes are not significantly influenced by the waves, these fluxes being controlled by the moisture content rather than by the wind speed in the simulations. Although the convective activity is globally well reproduced by all the simulations, the difference in the low‐level dynamics of the atmosphere influences the localization of the simulated heavy precipitation. Objective evaluation of the daily rainfall amount and of the 10 m wind speed against the observations confirms the positive impact of the realistic wave representation on this simulation of heavy precipitation.
Sexual Problems among Japanese Women: Data from an Online Helpline
Authors: Ozaki Yumi , Nagao Koichi , Saigo Rieko , Tai Toshihiro , Tanaka Norie , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Nakajima Koichi , Takahashi Yoshimitsu
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Sexual problems have been more prevalent among East Asian women than those from other areas of the world. However, Japanese women seldom tend to consult their treating physicians as such intimate problems are socially awkward topics to share and may be considered shameful. Presently, there is little data in the literature regarding women's sexual problems in Japan.

Aims

We aimed (i) to investigate the types of sexual problems that were reported among Japanese women who had sought online consultations; and (ii) to examine whether factors such as age and family structure (marital status and presence of children) increased the likelihood of sexual problems.

Methods

An online helpline received a total of 316 messages from Japanese women related to sexual problems over a 3-year period. We evaluated 276 respondents, who provided demographic information such as age and family structure as well as their response to an open-ended question regarding their sexual problems.

Main Outcome Measures

Main outcome measures were the types of sexual problems reported by Japanese women.

Results

The majority of respondents were in their 30s (53.6%). Sexual aversion accounted for 42.4% of the complaints, partners' sexual issues for 18.5%, and pain during sex for 16.7%. Family structure significantly correlated with sexual problems (P < 0.001). Women with sexual aversion were more likely to be younger (P = 0.003) and have children (P < 0.001). Women whose partners had sexual issues were more likely to be married (P < 0.001) and have no children (P < 0.001). Women who reported pain during sex were more likely to have no children (P = 0.006).

Conclusion

Sexual aversion was the most common sexual problem among Japanese women who sought help via the online helpline. Family structure was related to sexual problems. More detailed assessments of family structure may be important in better identifying the triggering causes of the reported sexual problems.
Transforming Business Models in Fast‐Emerging Markets–Lessons from India
Authors: Goyal Sandeep , McCord Mark , Kapoor Amit
Published: September 2015

There is a need for understanding the entrepreneurship and business models in the emerging economies, especially the fast‐expanding ones, from a different perspective as compared to the developed economies. The consistent gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, significant socioeconomic potential, untapped needs of the population, and economic growth potential in the fast‐expanding emerging economies like the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) have changed the paradigm for investment, thereby creating a new economic development reality and focus for the global companies. However, achieving success in these emerging markets has its own unique mix of challenges. This requires a transformative and innovative mind‐set toward conceptualization of a working business model that can fit into the reality of the socioeconomic and cultural challenges of these emerging markets. Further, the business model changes and alignment in these emerging markets require closer analysis and understanding of the global trends as well as ability to leverage the emerging technologies and linkages. The objective of this article is to explore the magnitude of opportunities and emerging business models transforming the socioeconomic landscape in fast‐expanding emerging markets. In doing so, the article attempts to provide an overview of the emerging business model typologies and patterns that will enable the global companies to make better‐informed decisions and build their presence in the fast‐expanding emerging markets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of springtime nocturnal temperature inversions in a high latitude environment
Authors: Williams R. , Thorp T.
Published: September 2015

Air temperature and wind data were collected along a transect spanning both the north‐facing and south‐facing slope of a valley near Kevo, Finnish Lapland during a 10‐day period in March 2014. Our data show that strong temperature inversions developed on some nights, which largely dissipated the following day. This was especially the case over the south‐facing slope, suggesting that aspect influences the destruction of cold‐air pools. A period of milder, more humid weather conditions, however, showed a much reduced tendency for cold‐air pooling (CAP) to occur in the valley.
Long‐term pattern of population dynamics in the field vole from central Europe: cyclic pattern with amplitude dampening
Authors: Gouveia Ana , Bejček Vladimír , Flousek Jiří , Sedláček František , Šťastný Karel , Zima Jan , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Tkadlec Emil
Published: September 2015

The subject of population cycles is regarded as controversial due to a number of unsettled questions such as whether or not cyclic patterns are governed by the same processes at high and low latitudes in Europe. Recent evidence suggests that the dynamics at high and low latitudes share the common temporal pattern of vole dynamics referred to as collapsing population cycles. Despite concurrent interest, the key contention around the causal mechanisms that drive population cycles remains a hot topic in ecology. The aims of this study are to supplement information on the seasonal population dynamics of the field vole Microtus agrestis in the Czech Republic by analysing 25 years of time series data. By applying robust estimation procedures, we estimated several parameters to describe population dynamics, such as population variability, amplitude dampening, cycle period, order of the dynamics and the structure of density dependence. The parameters indicate that field vole dynamics in central Europe are highly variable, cyclic dynamics of order two, with peaks in abundance occurring regularly at intervals of 4–5 years. In addition to exhibiting population cycles, the field vole populations show a pattern of dampened amplitude as observed elsewhere in Europe, including northern latitudes. By analysing temporal trends in seasonal abundances, population growth rates and environmental temperatures, we did not obtain evidence to support the hypothesis that amplitude dampening results from the negative effect of increasingly mild winters on winter population growth rates.
Drivers of local densities of endangeredLycaena hellebutterflies in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Nabielec Joanna , Nowicki Piotr
Published: September 2015

Due to their specialised habitat requirements, butterflies are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation. Understanding the drivers of local abundances of species is essential for their effective conservation in fragmented landscapes. We investigated factors affecting population densities of an endangered European butterfly, the Violet Copper (Lycaena helle), occurring in a small metapopulation near the city of Kraków, southern Poland. The environmental parameters tested as predictors of the local densities of the species included both the variables associated with spatial structure of habitats such as patch sizes, their isolation and fragmentation as well as those potentially reflecting habitat quality. Patch area and vegetation height turned out to be the only factors significantly influencingL. helledensities, both having a positive effect. The positive impact of patch area is a bit surprising, since its relationship with population densities is typically negative in butterflies. In our study system it is likely to derive from source‐sink dynamics as the smaller habitat patches are apparently too small to sustain viable local populations. In turn, the positive influence of vegetation height implies that the ongoing succession does not deteriorate the quality of the recently abandoned meadows yet, whereas higher turf may provide better sheltering places. The loss of almost half ofL. hellehabitat patches in the study area in recent years is alarming. However, its inclusion into the Natura 2000 system should help to conserve the species as long as this act is followed by proper management of its habitats.
Decreasing or increasing heat shock protein 72 exacerbates or attenuates heat‐induced cell death, respectively, in rat hypothalamic cells
Authors: Lin Kao-Chang , Lin Hung-Jung , Chang Ching-Ping , Lin Mao-Tsun
Published: September 2015

Heat shock protein (HSP) 72 in serum was decreased to a greater degree in patients with serious heat stroke than in those with mild heat stroke. Thus, increased levels of HSP72 appeared to correlate with a better outcome for the patient. Nevertheless, the function of HSP72 in the heat‐induced hypothalamic cell death has not been assessed. In this study, we found that increasing HSP72 levels with mild heat preconditioning or decreasing HSP72 levels with pSUPER plasmid expressing HSP72 small interfering RNA significantly attenuated or exacerbated heat‐induced cell death in cultured primary hypothalamic cells, respectively. Our findings suggest that HSP72 plays a pivotal role in heat‐induced cell death and may be associated with heat tolerance.
Cost-effectiveness of a physician-nurse supplementary triage assessment team at an academic tertiary care emergency department
Authors: Cheng Ivy , Castren Maaret , Kiss Alex , Zwarenstein Merrick , Brommels Mats , Mittmann Nicole
Published: September 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of physician-nurse supplementary triage assistance team (MDRNSTAT) from a hospital and patient perspective.

Methods

This was a cost-effectiveness evaluation of a cluster randomized control trial comparing the MDRNSTAT with nurse-only triage in the emergency department (ED) between the hours of 0800 and 1500. Cost was MDRNSTAT salary. Revenue was from Ontario’s Pay-for-Results and patient volume-case mix payment programs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was based on MDRNSTAT cost and three consequence assessments: 1) per additional patient-seen; 2) per physician initial assessment (PIA) hour saved; and 3) per ED length of stay (EDLOS) hour saved. Patient opportunity cost was determined. Patient satisfaction was quantified by a cost-benefit ratio. A sensitivity analysis extrapolating MDRNSTAT to different working hours, salary, and willingness-to-pay data was performed.

Results

The added cost of the MDRNSTAT was $3,597.27 [$1,729.47 to ∞] per additional patient-seen, $75.37 [$67.99 to $105.30] per PIA hour saved, and $112.99 [$74.68 to $251.43] per EDLOS hour saved. From the hospital perspective, the cost-benefit ratio was 38.6 [19.0 to ∞] and net present value of –$447,996 [–$435,646 to –$459,900]. For patients, the cost-benefit ratio for satisfaction was 2.8 [2.3 to 4.6]. If MDRNSTAT performance were consistently implemented from noon to midnight, it would be more cost-effective.

Conclusions

The MDRNSTAT is not a cost-effective daytime strategy but appears to be more feasible during time periods with higher patient volume, such as late morning to evening.
Brain Tissue Oxygenation in Patients with Septic Shock: a Feasibility Study
Authors: Wood Michael , Song Andy , Maslove David , Ferri Cathy , Howes Daniel , Muscedere John , Boyd J Gordon
Published: September 2015

Background: Delirium is common in critically ill patients and its presence is associated with increased mortality and increased likelihood of poor cognitive function among survivors. However, the cause of delirium is unknown. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess brain tissue oxygenation in patients with septic shock, who are at high risk of developing delirium. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in a 33-bed general medical surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were eligible for recruitment. The FORESIGHT NIRS monitor was used to assess brain tissue oxygenation in the frontal lobes for the first 72 hours of ICU admission. Physiological data was also recorded. We used the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU to screen for delirium.Results: From March 1st 2014-September 30th 2014, 10 patients with septic shock were recruited. The NIRS monitor captured 81% of the available data. No adverse events were recorded. Brain tissue oxygenation demonstrated significant intra- and inter-individual variability in the way it correlated with physiological parameters, such as mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation. Mean brain tissue oxygen levels were significantly lower in patients who were delirious for the majority of their ICU stay. Conclusion: It is feasible to record brain tissue oxygenation with NIRS in patients with septic shock. This study provides the infrastructure necessary for a larger prospective observational study to further examine the relationship between brain tissue oxygenation, physiological parameters, and acute neurological dysfunction.
Hegel's Pragmatic Critique and Reconstruction of Kant's System of Principles in the 1807Phenomenology of Spirit.
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R.
Published: September 2015

Peirce's study of Kant, and later of Hegel, and Dewey's (1930) retention of much of Hegel's social philosophy are recognised idealist sources of pragmatism. Here I argue that the transition from idealism to pragmatic realism was already achieved by Hegel. Hegel's ‘Objective Logic’ corresponds in part to Kant's ‘Transcendental Logic’ (WdL,GW21:47.1-3). Hegel faults Kant for relegating concepts of reflection to an Appendix to his Transcendental Logic (WdL,GW12:19.34-38), and for treating reason as ‘only dialectical’ and as ‘merely regulative’ (WdL,GW12:23.12, .16-17). I present three important yet neglected features of Kant'sCritique of Pure Reasonwhich are key enthymemes undergirding Hegel's critical reconstruction of Kant's Critical philosophy (§2). I then summarise some features of the philosophical context within which Hegel begins to re-assess and reconstruct Kant's Transcendental Logic (§3), and review several key steps in this direction Hegel undertook in the 1807Phenomenology(§4). (A related paper extends these results to Hegel'sLogicandEncyclopaedia.) These points show that Hegel's reanalysis of Kant's Critical philosophy is the first and still one of the most sophisticated and adequate pragmatic — specifically pragmatic realist — accounts of thea priori.
Brandom vs. Hegel: The Relation of Normativity and Recognition to the True Infinite
Authors: Turken Alper
Published: September 2015

Robert Brandom's neo-pragmatist interpretation of Hegel suggests that Hegel understands normative statuses, and therefore all conceptual commitments, as social achievements based on reciprocal recognition. This is expressed in the slogan ‘For Hegel, all transcendental constitution is social institution.’1An important problem with this interpretation lies in its oversight that Hegel's concept of true infinite is presupposed and operative in Hegel's account of recognition inPhenomenology. This paper argues that Hegel's theory of recognition in thePhenomenologyis based on his logical concepts and therefore cannot institute them.
A CHARACTERISATION OF 3-JORDAN HOMOMORPHISMS ON BANACH ALGEBRAS
Authors: ZIVARI-KAZEMPOUR A.
Published: September 2015

We show that, under special hypotheses, each 3-Jordan homomorphism ${\it\varphi}$ between Banach algebras ${\mathcal{A}}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}$ is a 3-homomorphism.
An Ottoman response to Darwinism: İsmail Fennî on Islam and evolution
Authors: BILGILI ALPER
Published: September 2015

The Scopes trial (1925) fuelled discussion in the United States on the social and political implications of Darwinism. For the defenders of the 1925 Tennessee law – which prohibited the teaching of Darwinism in schools – Darwinism was, amongst other things, responsible for the German militarism which eventually led to the First World War. This view was supported by İsmail Fennî, a late Ottoman intellectual, who authored a book immediately after the trial which aimed to debunk scientific materialism. In it, he claimed that Darwinism blurred the distinction between man and beast and thus destroyed the foundations of morality. However, despite his anti-Darwinist stance, İsmail Fennî argued against laws forbidding the teaching of Darwinism in schools, and emphasized that even false theories contributed to scientific improvement. Indeed, because of his belief in science he claimed that Muslims should not reject Darwinism if it were supported by future scientific evidence. If this turned out to be the case, then religious interpretations should be revised accordingly. This article contributes to the literature on early Muslim reactions to Darwinism by examining the views of İsmail Fennî, which were notably sophisticated when compared with those of the anti-religious Darwinist and anti-Darwinist religious camps that dominated late Ottoman intellectual life.
“If you want to understand something, try to change it”: Social-psychological interventions to cultivate resilience
Authors: Brummelman Eddie , Walton Gregory M.
Published: September 2015

We argue that social psychology has unique potential for advancing understanding of resilience. An exciting development that illustrates this is the emergence ofsocial-psychological interventions– brief, stealthy, and psychologically precise interventions – that can yield broad and lasting benefits by targeting key resilience mechanisms. Such interventions provide a causal test of resilience mechanisms and bring about positive change in people's lives.
The self in its social context: Why resilience needs company
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Lindenberg Siegwart
Published: September 2015

In their target article, Kalisch et al. explicate an appraisal-based model to explain how people bounce back from stress. We posit that for their model, it is crucial to understand the begin-state φ (the “self”) – a state that is shaped by early social thermoregulation and through the social network.
Are positive appraisals always adaptive?
Authors: Mancini Anthony D.
Published: September 2015

The authors provide an original and integrative framework for understanding the complex array of factors that contribute to resilience. Their faith in the uniform benefits of positive appraisals neglects the potential costs of overly positive appraisals, however. As a result, their theory may have difficulty capturing the complexity of appraisal's role in determining resilience.
Broadening the definition of resilience and “reappraising” the use of appetitive motivation
Authors: Soenke Melissa , O'Connor Mary-Frances , Greenberg Jeff
Published: September 2015

Kalisch et al.'s PASTOR model synthesizes current knowledge of resilience, focusing on mechanisms as a common pathway to outcomes and highlighting neuroscience as a method for exploring this. We propose the model broaden its definition of resiliency to include positive indices of recovery, include positive affect as a mechanism, and approach motivation as distinct from overcoming aversive motivation.
Beyond resilience: Positive mental health and the nature of cognitive processes involved in positive appraisals
Authors: Vázquez Carmelo
Published: September 2015

Although the PASTOR model provides a comprehensive framework to study resilience, it faces some challenges. First, some higher-order concepts (e.g., meaning) may be difficult to model in the laboratory. Second, defining resilience as an absence of pathology might be conceptually restrictive. Finally, the proposal that the severity of the event is associated to different appraisal mechanisms needs further evidence.
Luck or luxury? Possible corruption in the car registration process in the Czech Republic
Authors: Bolcha Peter , Rovný Jan
Published: September 2015

Research into the detection of fraud and corruption has brought many new insights in recent decades, partly thanks to a decrease in the costs of data collection and processing. However, access to data often remains an issue, especially when fraud or corruption seems to be present. This article applies a simple detection method focussing on possible manipulations in the car registration process in the Czech Republic, where car registration plates are allegedly assigned in random order. As access to official data was denied, we collected data in the field for a random sample of 5,000 cars, and used this to examine the existence of statistical relationships between the cars’ estimated price at registration and their registration plate numbers. The results show that cars with intuitively appealing registration plates are on average significantly more expensive than other cars. Moreover, this price difference corresponds to the relative scarcity of the given type of registration plate number, which could be a sign of discretionary behaviour in the allocation of such plates.
Piezoresistivity in single DNA molecules
Authors: Bruot Christopher , Palma Julio L. , Xiang Limin , Mujica Vladimiro , Ratner Mark A. , Tao Nongjian
Published: September 2015

Piezoresistivity is a fundamental property of materials that has found many device applications. Here we report piezoresistivity in double helical DNA molecules. By studying the dependence of molecular conductance and piezoresistivity of single DNA molecules with different sequences and lengths, and performing molecular orbital calculations, we show that the piezoresistivity of DNA is caused by force-induced changes in the π–π electronic coupling between neighbouring bases, and in the activation energy of hole hopping. We describe the results in terms of thermal activated hopping model together with the ladder-based mechanical model for DNA proposed by de Gennes.
Shot noise generated by graphene p–n junctions in the quantum Hall effect regime
Authors: Kumada N. , Parmentier F. D. , Hibino H. , Glattli D. C. , Roulleau P.
Published: September 2015

Graphene offers a unique system to investigate transport of Dirac Fermions at p–n junctions. In a magnetic field, combination of quantum Hall physics and the characteristic transport across p–n junctions leads to a fractionally quantized conductance associated with the mixing of electron-like and hole-like modes and their subsequent partitioning. The mixing and partitioning suggest that a p–n junction could be used as an electronic beam splitter. Here we report the shot noise study of the mode-mixing process and demonstrate the crucial role of the p–n junction length. For short p–n junctions, the amplitude of the noise is consistent with an electronic beam-splitter behaviour, whereas, for longer p–n junctions, it is reduced by the energy relaxation. Remarkably, the relaxation length is much larger than typical size of mesoscopic devices, encouraging using graphene for electron quantum optics and quantum information processing.