bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A statistical alternative to current measures of image quality in digital mammography
Authors: Caldwell D , Baldelli P , Phelan N , Kenny P
Published: January 2022

Objective. Mammogram image quality in European breast screening systems is defined by threshold gold thickness (T) assessment of the CDMAM contrast-detail phantom. Previous studies have outlined several limitations of the phantom including expense, number of images required and inter-phantom manufacturing variability. Two alternative approaches to image quality assessment for routine quality control are examined and compared to the CDMAM technique: (i) A detectability index (d′) based on a non-prewhitened model observer with an eye filter (NPWE) and (ii) A statistical estimate of contrast based on image noise levels (CSTAT
). Approach. The d′ calculation follows a previously published methodology based on the NNPS and contrast, both measured from an image of 5 cm of PMMA containing a 0.2 mm Al target, as well as the MTF measured under standard conditions. For the proposed statistical method, pixels in the centre of the same NNPS image were re-binned into a range of equivalent CDMAM target areas. For any area, the minimum contrast necessary to distinguish a signal from the background, CSTAT
, is 3.29σ at a 95% level of confidence, where σ is the standard deviation of the background pixels. Theoretical analysis predicts a simple relationships between CSTAT
, T and d′. Measured values of CSTAT
were compared to T and d′ as a function of air kerma at the detector for ten digital mammography systems from three different manufacturers. Main Results. Theoretical relationships between CSTAT

,
d′ and T were demonstrated. Minimum acceptable image quality performance for 0.10 and 0.25 mm diameter discs, defined by the European Guidelines in terms of T, are equivalent to d′ values of 0.85 and 5.36 and threshold CSTAT
values of 0.055 and 0.022. Significance. Strong correlations between log(T), log(d′) and log(CSTAT
) suggest that either alternative approach produces information corresponding to that obtained using the CDMAM. CSTAT
should be considered as a simple, objective and cost-effective alternative to routine image quality assessment in mammography.
Direct multi-dimensional Chebyshev polynomial based reconstruction for magnetic particle imaging
Authors: Droigk Christine , Maass Marco , Mertins Alfred
Published: January 2022

Magnetic Particle Imaging is a tomographic imaging technique that measures the voltage induced due to magnetization changes of magnetic nanoparticle distributions. The relationship between the received signal and the distribution of the nanoparticels is described by the system function. A common method for image reconstruction is using a measured system function to create a system matrix and set up a regularized linear system of equations. Since the measurement of the system matrix is time-consuming, different methods for acceleration have been proposed. These include modeling the system matrix or using a direct reconstruction method in time, known as X-space reconstruction. In this work, based on the simplified Langevin model of paramagnetism and certain approximations, a direct reconstruction technique for Magnetic Particle Imaging in the frequency domain with two- and three-dimensional Lissajous trajectory excitation is presented. The approach uses Chebyshev polynomials of second kind. During reconstruction, they are weighted with the frequency components of the voltage signal and additional factors and then summed up. To obtain the final nanoparticle distribution, this result is rescaled and deconvolved. It is shown that the approach works for both simulated data and real measurements. The obtained image quality is comparable to a modeled system matrix approach using the same simplified physical assumptions and no relaxation effects. The reconstruction of a 31 × 31 × 31 volume takes less than a second and is up to 25 times faster than the state-of-the-art Kaczmarz reconstruction. Besides, the derivation of the proposed method shows some new theoretical aspects of the system function and its well-known observed similarity to tensor products of Chebyshev polynomials of second kind.
Multi-channel convolutional analysis operator learning for dual-energy CT reconstruction
Authors: Perelli Alessandro , Alfonso Garcia Suxer , Bousse Alexandre , Tasu Jean-Pierre , Efthimiadis Nikolaos , Visvikis Dimitris
Published: January 2022

Objective. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has the potential to improve contrast and reduce artifacts and the ability to perform material decomposition in advanced imaging applications. The increased number of measurements results in a higher radiation dose, and it is therefore essential to reduce either the number of projections for each energy or the source x-ray intensity, but this makes tomographic reconstruction more ill-posed. Approach. We developed the multi-channel convolutional analysis operator learning (MCAOL) method to exploit common spatial features within attenuation images at different energies and we propose an optimization method which jointly reconstructs the attenuation images at low and high energies with mixed norm regularization on the sparse features obtained by pre-trained convolutional filters through the convolutional analysis operator learning (CAOL) algorithm. Main results. Extensive experiments with simulated and real computed tomography data were performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, and we report increased reconstruction accuracy compared with CAOL and iterative methods with single and joint total variation regularization. Significance. Qualitative and quantitative results on sparse views and low-dose DECT demonstrate that the proposed MCAOL method outperforms both CAOL applied on each energy independently and several existing state-of-the-art model-based iterative reconstruction techniques, thus paving the way for dose reduction.
Artificial spin ice phase-change memory resistors
Authors: Caravelli Francesco , Chern Gia-Wei , Nisoli Cristiano
Published: January 2022

We present a proposal for realization of an electrical memory reminiscent of a memristor in connected Kagome artificial spin ice. We show that current flowing through the system alters the magnetic ensemble, which in turns controls the overall resistance thus leaving memory of current passage in the system. This introduces a current-dependent effect for a dynamic resistive state. We simulate a spin-induced thermal phase-change mechanism, and an athermal domain-wall spin inversion. In both cases we observe electrical memory behavior with an I–V hysteretic pinched loop, typical of memristors. These results can be extended to the more complex geometries in which artificial spin ice can be designed to engineer the hysteresis curve.
On the origin and the detection of characteristic axion wiggles in photon spectra
Authors: Kachelrieß M. , Tjemsland J.
Published: January 2022

Photons propagating in an external magnetic field may oscillate into
axions or axion-like particles (ALPs). Such oscillations will lead to
characteristic features in the energy spectrum of high-energy photons from
astrophysical sources that can be used to probe the existence of ALPs.
In this work, we revisit
the signatures of these oscillations and stress the importance of a proper
treatment of turbulent magnetic fields.
We implement axions into ELMAG,
a standard tool for modelling in a Monte Carlo framework the propagation
of gamma-rays in the Universe, complementing thereby
the usual description of photon-axion oscillations with a Monte Carlo
treatment of high-energy photon propagation and interactions.
We also propose an alternative method of detecting axions through
the discrete power spectrum using as observable
the energy dependence of wiggles in the photon spectra.
Effects of single synthetic jet on turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Zhang Jin-Hao , Li Biao-Hui , Wang Yu-Fei , Jiang Nan
Published: January 2022

The turbulent boundary layer (TBL) is actively controlled by the synthetic jet generated from a circular hole. According to the datasets of velocity fields acquired by a time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) system, the average drag reduction rate of 6.2% in the downstream direction of the hole is obtained with control. The results of phase averaging show that the synthetic jet generates one vortex pair each period and the consequent vortex evolves into hairpin vortex in the environment with free-stream, while the reverse vortex decays rapidly. From the statistical average, it can be found that a low-speed streak is generated downstream. Induced by the two vortex legs, the fluid under them converges to the middle. The drag reduction effect produced by the synthetic jet is local, and it reaches a maximum value at x
+ = 400, where the drag reduction rate reaches about 12.2%. After the extraction of coherent structure from the spatial two-point correlation analysis, it can be seen that the synthetic jet suppresses the streamwise scale and wall–normal scale of the large scale coherent structure, and slightly weakens the spanwise motion to achieve the effect of drag reduction.
Effect of carbon nanotubes addition on thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics
Authors: Li Ya-Nan , Wu Ping , Zhang Shi-Ping , Pei Yi-Li , Yang Jin-Guang , Chen Sen , Wang Li
Published: January 2022

Increasing the phonon scattering center by adding nanoparticles to thermoelectric materials is an effective method of regulating the thermal conductivity. In this study, a series of Ca3Co4O9/x wt.% CNTs (x = 0, 3, 5, 7, 10) polycrystalline ceramic thermoelectric materials by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared with sol-gel method and cold-pressing sintering technology. The results of x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy show that the materials have a single-phase structure with high orientation and sheet like microstructure. The effect of adding carbon nanotubes to the thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 was systematically measured. The test results of thermoelectric properties show that the addition of carbon nanotubes reduces the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the material. Nevertheless, the thermal conductivity of the samples with carbon nanotubes addition is lower than that of the samples without carbon nanotubes. At 625 K, the thermal conductivity of Ca3Co4O9/10 wt.% CNTs sample is reduced to 0.408 W⋅m−1⋅K−1, which is about 73% lower than that of the original sample. When the three parameters are coupled, the figure of merit of Ca3Co4O9/3 wt.% CNTs sample reaches 0.052, which is 29% higher than that of the original sample. This shows that an appropriate amount of carbon nanotubes addition can reduce the thermal conductivity of Ca3Co4O9 ceramic samples and improve their thermoelectric properties.
Electrical brain stimulation and continuous behavioral state tracking in ambulatory humans
Authors: Mivalt Filip , Kremen Vaclav , Sladky Vladimir , Balzekas Irena , Nejedly Petr , Gregg Nicholas M , Lundstrom Brian Nils , Lepkova Kamila , Pridalova Tereza , Brinkmann Benjamin H , Jurak Pavel , Van Gompel Jamie J , Miller Kai , Denison Timothy , St. Louis Erik K , Worrell Gregory A
Published: January 2022

Objective. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Sleep disorders are common in people with epilepsy, and DBS may actually further disturb normal sleep patterns and sleep quality. Novel implantable devices capable of DBS and streaming of continuous intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) signals enable detailed assessments of therapy efficacy and tracking of sleep related comorbidities. Here, we investigate the feasibility of automated sleep classification using continuous iEEG data recorded from Papez’s circuit in four patients with drug resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy using an investigational implantable sensing and stimulation device with electrodes implanted in bilateral hippocampus (HPC) and anterior nucleus of thalamus (ANT). Approach. The iEEG recorded from HPC is used to classify sleep during concurrent DBS targeting ANT. Simultaneous polysomnography (PSG) and sensing from HPC were used to train, validate and test an automated classifier for a range of ANT DBS frequencies: no stimulation, 2 Hz, 7 Hz, and high frequency (>100 Hz). Main results. We show that it is possible to build a patient specific automated sleep staging classifier using power in band features extracted from one HPC iEEG sensing channel. The patient specific classifiers performed well under all thalamic DBS frequencies with an average F1-score 0.894, and provided viable classification into awake and major sleep categories, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM. We retrospectively analyzed classification performance with gold-standard PSG annotations, and then prospectively deployed the classifier on chronic continuous iEEG data spanning multiple months to characterize sleep patterns in ambulatory patients living in their home environment. Significance. The ability to continuously track behavioral state and fully characterize sleep should prove useful for optimizing DBS for epilepsy and associated sleep, cognitive and mood comorbidities.
The local strong metric dimension in the join of graphs
Authors: Amalia R , Firdausiyah  , Yulianto T , Faisol  , Kuzairi
Published: January 2022

Let G be a connected graph. A vertex w is said to strongly resolve a pair u, ν of vertices of G if there exists some shortest u − w path containing ν or some shortest ν − w path containing u. A set W of vertices is a local strong resolving set for G if every pair of adjacent vertices of G is strongly resolved by some vertex of W. The smallest cardinality of a local strong resolving set for G is called the local strong metric dimension of G. In this paper we studied the local strong metric dimension in the join of graphs. We use the path, cycle, complete, and star graphs in this studies.
On twin edge mean colorings of graphs
Authors: Tolentino J D , Tolentino M A C , Bernales E B
Published: January 2022

Let k ≥ 2 be an integer and G be a connected graph of order at least 3. In this paper, we introduce a new neighbor-distinguishing coloring called twin edge mean coloring. A proper edge coloring of G that uses colors from ℕ
k
= {0,1,…, k − 1} is called a twin k-edge mean coloring of G if it induces a proper vertex coloring of G such that the color of each vertex υ of G is the average of the colors of the edges incident with υ, and is an integer. The minimum k for which G has a twin k-edge mean coloring is called the twin chromatic mean index of G and is denoted by

χ

t
m

′

(
G
)

. First, we establish lower and upper bounds for

χ

t
m

′

(
G
)

under general or more specific assumptions. Then we determine the twin chromatic mean indices of paths, cycles, and stars.
Some result on integrality of several matrix representation of complete r-uniform hypergraph
Authors: Zakiyyah A Y
Published: January 2022

The eigenvalues of matrix representation hypergraph have the possibility that all of it can be an integer or otherwise. The Laplacian integral hypergraphs are those hypergraphs whose Laplacian spectrum consists entirely of integers likewise the definition of signless Laplacian integral and Seidel integral. This research focuses on the properties of the entry matrix and formulates the spectrum of the Laplacian matrix, Signless Laplacian matrix, and Seidel Matrix of complete r-uniform hypergraphs. Hence, it can determine the integrality of the representation matrix respectively. The result concludes that complete r-uniform hypergraphs are Laplacian integral, signless Laplacian integral, and Seidel integral.
The mixed metric dimension of wheel-like graphs
Authors: Darmaji  , Azahra N
Published: January 2022

Consider the graph G = (V, E). It is a connected graph. It is a simple graph too. A node w ∈ V, then we call vertex, determined two elements of graph. There are vertices and edges of graphs. Any two vertices x, y ∈ E ∪ V if d(w, x) ≠ d(w, y), which d(w, x) and d(w, y) is the mixed distance of the element w (vertices or edges) in graph G. A set of vertices in a graph G is represented by the symbol Rm
that defines a mixed metric generator for G, if the elements of vertices or edges are stipulated by several vertex set of Rm
. There’s a chance that some mixed metric generators have varied cardinality. We choose one whose the minimum cardinality and it is called the mixed metric dimension of graph G, denoted by dimm
(G). This research examines the mixed metric dimension of gear Gn
, helm Hn
, sunflower SFn
, and friendship graph Frn
. We call these graphs by wheel-like graphs. Our findings include the mixed metric dimension of gear graph Gn
of order n ≥ 4 is dimm
(Gn
) = n, helm graph Hn
of order n ≥ 4 is dimm
(Hn
) = n, sunflower graph SFn
of order n ≥ 5 is dimm
(SFn
) = n and friendship graph Frn
of order n ≥ 3 is dimm
(Frn
) = 2n.
On resolving efficient domination number of path and comb product of special graph
Authors: Kusumawardani I , Dafik  , Kurniawati E Y , Agustin I H , Alfarisi R
Published: January 2022

We use finite, connected, and undirected graph denoted by G. Let V (G) and E(G) be a vertex set and edge set respectively. A subset D of V (G) is an efficient dominating set of graph G if each vertex in G is either in D or adjoining to a vertex in D. A subset W of V (G) is a resolving set of G if any vertex in G is differently distinguished by its representation respect of every vertex in an ordered set W. Let W = {w
1, w
2, w
3, …, wk
} be a subset of V (G). The representation of vertex υ ∈ G in respect of an ordered set W is r(υ|W) = (d(υ, w
1),d(υ, w
2), …, d(υ, wk
)). The set W is called a resolving set of G if r(u|W) ≠ r(υ|W) ∀ u, υ ∈ G. A subset Z of V (G) is called the resolving efficient dominating set of graph G if it is an efficient dominating set and r(u|Z) ≠ r(υ|Z) ∀ u, υ ∈ G. Suppose γre
(G) denotes the minimum cardinality of the resolving efficient dominating set. In other word we call a resolving efficient domination number of graphs. We obtained γreG of some comb product graphs in this paper, namely Pm
⊲ Pn
, Sm
⊲ Pn
, and Km
⊲ Pn
.
On graceful chromatic number of some graphs
Authors: Asy’ari M L , Dafik  , Agustin I H , Nisviasari R , Adawiyah R
Published: January 2022

We examine that all graphs in this paper are limited, simple and connected. A graceful k-coloring of a graph is a proper vertex coloring f
1 : V (G) → {1, 2,…, k} where k ≥ 2 which induces a proper edge coloring f
2 : E (G) → {1, 2,…, k − 1} characterized by f
2(uυ) = |f
1(u) — f
2 (υ)|. Nethermost k for which a graph G has a graceful k-coloring is named a graceful chromatic number of a graph G, denoted by χg
(G). In our research, we will obtain the exact value of the graceful chromatic number of some graphs.
On the rainbow antimagic coloring of vertex amalgamation of graphs
Authors: Joedo J C , Dafik  , Kristiana A I , Agustin I H , Nisviasari R
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study is to develop rainbow antimagic coloring. This study is a combination of two notions, namely antimagic and rainbow concept. If every vertex of graph G is labeled with the antimagic labels and then edge weight of antimagic labels are used to assign a rainbow coloring. The minimum number of colors for a rainbow path to exist with the condition satisfying the edge weights w(x) ≠ w(y) for any two vertices x and y is the definition of the rainbow antimagic connection number rac(G). In this study, we use connected graphs and simple graphs in obtaining the rainbow antimagic connection number. This paper will explain the rainbow antimagic coloring on some graphs and get their formula of the rainbow antimagic connection number. We have obtained rac(G) where G is vertex amalgamation of graphs, namely path, star, broom, paw, fan, and triangular book graph.
On the r-dynamic chromatic number of subdivision of wheel graph
Authors: Riba’ah R Z , Dafik  , Kristiana A.I , Maylisa I.N , Slamin
Published: January 2022

Let H be simple, non-isolated vertex, connected and directionless graphs with vertex set V (H), edge set E(H). With the use of c-coloring of graph H, using the formula c : υ(H) → S, where |S| = c, the colors of the adjacent vertex are different. A proper c-coloring of H is an r-dynamic coloring if it’s applied to every vertex υ ∈ V (H) satisfies |c(N(υ))| ⩾ min {r, d(υ)}. The minimum c such that H has an r-dynamic coloring with c colors is called an r-dynamic chromatic number, denoted by χ

r
(H). In this study, we will obtain the exact value of r-dynamic chromatic number of subdivision by wheel graph.
Improving the robustness of the affine cipher by using a rainbow antimagic coloring
Authors: Nisviasari R , Dafik  , Agustin I H , Kurniawati E Y , Maylisa I N , Septory B J
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, cryptosystems can be applied in several areas in life. One of them is in transaction data. In transaction data, a very strong cryptosystem is needed so that the transaction data is safe. Cryptosystems are better with a strong keystream. In this case, we use rainbow antimagic as a cryptosystem key to improve the robustness of the keystream by using affine cipher. The algorithm uses the edge weights of rainbow antimagic vertex labeling of graphs as a key for encryption and decryption. In this paper, we found the rainbow antimagic connection number of tadpole graphs and two algorithms to straighten affine ciphers.
Determination of Hue Saturation Value (HSV) color feature in kidney histology image
Authors: Kurniastuti I , Yuliati E N I , Yudianto F , Wulan T D
Published: January 2022

The kidney is organ that plays an important role in the body’s metabolism, especially the process of filtration and reabsorption of food waste. Currently the determination of kidney parts through kidney histology is still done manually by experts based on experience and knowledge. Therefore, to make it easier to determine the parts of the kidney, a histological image segmentation of the kidney was carried out. In the segmentation process, it is necessary to extract the color features of the parts of the kidney, namely the glomerulus and proximal tubule. The color features used are Hue, saturation, value (HSV) color space. The hue means the representation of color type. The saturation defines the amount of white color is mixed with hue. The value in HSV color space denotes the intensity or lightness or brightness of the color. The method consists of three steps such as pre-processing step, extraction feature HSV and statistical analysis. The result of statistical analysis showed that the hue and value features, glomerulus and proximal tubule had different ranges of values. However, the features of saturation, glomerulus and proximal tubule is overlap.
Estimation of Packed Red Cells (PRC) in Bojonegoro blood bank using Modified Kalman Filter
Authors: Muhith A , Herlambang T , Rahmalia D , Karya D F
Published: January 2022

Blood Transfusion Unit (UTD) as a blood supply provider is required to meet the demand for blood, but in reality, the blood stock does not always meet the blood demand. The blood type stocks in the Blood Transfusion Unit (UTD) relies on blood donors voluntarily donating their blood. Red blood cells only have a life span of 35 days as of the blood donation date. If overdue the blood cannot be used for transfusion. Fulfillment of the availability of blood is a very important thing. On one hand, too much blood stock results in significant losses, such as expiration. On the other hand, too low blood stock makes the people’s blood needs unfulfilled. Therefore, this paper is an effort to estimate the blood supply at Indonesian Red Cross Bojonegoro by using the Modified Kalman Filter method. The Modified Kalman Filter is a comparison of two Kalman Filter development methods, those are Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Fuzzy Kalman Filter (FKF). The simulation results showed that the EKF method was accurate than the FKF method, with an error of 3 % generated by the EKF and that of 9% by the FKF.
Estimation of Thrombocyte Concentrate (TC) in PMI Gresik using unscented and square root Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Muhith A , Herlambang T , Rahmalia D , Irhamah  , Karya D F
Published: January 2022

Ministry of Health established the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) as an organization to anticipate the need for blood by obligation to provide enough proper blood for use. Its process of delivering information related to blood donation requires the public always come to PMI. In such way it is less efficient and effective. In addition, there is no system for estimating blood stock to anticipate the blood supply needed in the next period. Blood transfusion is needed in terms of both quality and quantity by patients suffering from various health problems. Due to the urgency of blood transfusion, maintaining the stability of blood stock is a must so as not to cause blood loss due to excessive of the blood stock. To minimize such loss, blood stock prediction is needed. The objective of this study was to estimated the blood demand for blood type of Thrombocyte Concentrate (TC) or concentrated red blood cells at PMI Gresik by applying the method of Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Square Root Ensemble Kalman Filter (SR-EnKF). The simulation results showed that both methods have high accuracy with an error of less than 3%.. The best simulation showed that the error between the real data and the simulation with SR-EnKF was in the order of 0.0023574 with generated 300 ensembles. Where as that with UKF was some 0.025566.
Design of conveyor table with quality function deployment method and statistical analysis of anthropometry data approach as a physical distance tool for SMEs
Authors: Sinaga Zulkani , Montororing Yuri Delano Regent , Muhazir Achmad
Published: January 2022

The world is currently facing with COVID-19 pandemic. One way to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is to do physical distancing. However, this has an impact on the continuity of the economy and business. The Ministry of Trade, Cooperatives, SMEs, and Industry announced that the Covid-19 pandemic affected the activities of SMEs. One of the SMEs that impacted is the commercial sector, such as markets, essential food stores, food stalls, coffee shops, etc. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, the business process carried out was face-to-face with customers without any distance. So that when the physical distancing rules are implemented, the service flow will be disrupted. With this conveyor, the SMEs service process flow can support business process activities properly and smoothly while still complying with physical distancing rules. The process of moving business products from the seller to the consumer is done automatically. Based on these problems, it is necessary to design a conveyor table that will be used as a media for physical distancing tools that are in according needs of the user using the Quality Function Deployment method and statistical analysis of anthropometric data approach.
Production process improvements to minimize product defects using DMAIC six sigma statistical tool and FMEA at PT KAEF
Authors: Montororing Yuri Delano Regent , Widyantoro Murwan , Muhazir Achmad
Published: January 2022

PT KAEF is one of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industries in Indonesia that produces various kinds of drug variants. Currently, PT KAEF is experiencing problems in the form of product defects that exceed the company’s standard, which is 1%. By using the DMAIC Six Sigma Statistical tool (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control), it is possible to evaluate the possibility of failure of the production system so that the cause of each product defect can be identified and get the right problem-solving solution and with Failure Mode Effects Mode can be known the solutions for the priority problems. From the search results, it can be seen that liquid products are the products with the most defects, with the causes of defects caused by errors in work procedures and the use of old machines. From the improvement results, it was found that the level of product defects decreased from 2,26% to 0,93% or in sigma level increase from 4,18 to 4,46.
n-cutting site of DNA splicing language for single string and palindromic rule
Authors: Ruslim N M , Yusof Y , Adzhar N
Published: January 2022

A new symbolization of Yusof-Goode (Y-G) splicing system was introduced by Yusof in 2012, is inspired by the framework of Formal Language Theory introduced by Head in 1987. Y-G splicing system is intended to present the biological process of DNA splicing in a translucent way. In this paper, starting with some relevant preliminaries, one theorem is proposed via Y-G approach using one initial string and one rule with different characteristics of the restriction enzyme. Additionally, the theorem showed the behavior of the splicing languages generated at single stage splicing. Two cases are considered in the theorem by conducting splicing using palindromic rule and palindromic recognition site with same left and right context for Case I and different left and right context for Case II. Furthermore, two molecular examples are discussed to validate two cases proposed in the theorem, which shows the real meaning of the theorem in biological aspect. From the proposed theorem, based on the splicing language generated, the type of splicing language can be determined. It is discovered that, the generated languages are in the form of limit and transient.
A meta analysis study: is Problem Based Learning (PBL) effective toward students’ mathematical connections ability?
Authors: Aisyah S , Usdiyana D
Published: January 2022

PBL has become a popular topic in educational research studies. Several studies examine the effect of PBL toward students’ mathematical connection abilities. A total of 8 articles qualified for inclusion. This study analyzed them using Meta Analysis with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) application by selecting the Hedge’s equation to determine its effect size and bias publication was assessed by the funnel plot, and Rosenthal’s fail-safe N (FSN) test. Based on the analysis result, the overall effect size is 0.797 according to random-effect model with a 95% confidence interval (CI). It was classified as a moderate level. The findings of the study showed that the overall implementation of PBL had a larger positive effect significantly compared to conventional learning on the students’ mathematical connection’s ability. Because, in the implementation of the PBL model, students are faced with problems that are closely related to everyday life. This shows that mathematical connection ability is needed one of which is the aspects of the connection between mathematics and daily life. Doing this research can support the development of learning and can be an alternative learning model to improving students’ mathematical connections ability.
An analysis of students learning independence in mathematics based on google classroom
Authors: Sipayung T N , Imelda  , Siswono T Y E , Masriyah
Published: January 2022

Learning independence is something that is expected in this digital era. So much knowledge can be obtained from various sources, not only from learning at school. For this reason, qualitative research is needed to analyze it. The purpose of this qualitative research with the case study method is to analyze student learning independence in online learning mathematics based on google classroom. The technique used is by giving questionnaires to students through a google form that is distributed in google classroom. This study was applied to 30 students grade VII-A of SMP Santo Yoseph Medan in the 2021/2022 Academic Year. Based on the learning independence questionnaire that has been filled out by students, the results show that the average percentage of students’ dependence on others is 86.27, students have self-confidence is 71.07, students behave in a disciplined manner is 72.86, students have a sense of responsibility are 72.67, students have behaviour based on their own initiative is 91.33, students do self-control is 77.55. So, based on overall indicators of learning independence, it is concluded that students are independent in learning mathematics with an average percentage of 78.63. From several indicators of learning independence, it was found that the attitude on one’s own initiative was more dominant than some other indicators.
The analysis of students metaliteracy under the implementation of RBL-STEM in solving graph rainbow antimagic coloring problems
Authors: Kurniawati E Y , Dafik  , Agustin I H , Maylisa I N
Published: January 2022

Problem-solving can grow if students are trained to have metaliteracy. Metaliteracy is the ability to think that focuses on critical thinking skills and collaborative efforts. This study aims to determine the impact of the implementation of RBL-STEM to analyze the metaliteracy of students in solving rainbow antimagic coloring problems. The methods used in this study were a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This research used two classes, experimental and control. Both classes were given the same treatments with different experiment classes using LKM that have been developed with the RBL model. The analysis of the results of the homogeneity test on the pre-test items showed that the two classes were homogeneous with a significant value is ≥ 0.05, and the results of the independent sample t-test on post test result showed that the sig (2-tailed) value is 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05) so its significant. It can be concluded that the RBL-STEM model can improve the metaliteracy level of the students in solving rainbow antimagic coloring.
The synthesis of qualitative evidence-based learning by design model to improve TPACK of prospective mathematics teacher
Authors: Yurniwati  , Utomo Erry
Published: January 2022

Teachers in the 21st century are required to have the ability to integrate technology for content knowledge and teaching strategies known as TPACK. 21st-century teachers must have the knowledge and skills to use various technological tools, both traditional and modern, to facilitate learning and improve learning outcomes. For this reason, it is necessary to prepare prospective teachers who have the knowledge and skills to integrate technology into education. This research aims to design a learning model to develop TPACK of prospective elementary teachers in mathematics learning. This literature study is based on related articles or books and analyzed to formulate applicable learning models. The results showed that The synthesis of qualitative evidence-based learning by design could improve the TPACK of prospective teachers. Because it provides an authentic context to learn about educational technology by starting from the difficulties of students. Also, it enhances prospective teachers’ self-regulated learning and collaboration.
The Science Environment Technology Society (SETS) based e-module development with project based learning model in colloidal learning
Authors: Azura W , Silalahi A , Zubir M , Nurfajriani
Published: January 2022

Online learning prefers to use electronic teaching materials, one of the teaching materials used is e-modules as a learning resource that can improve students’ abilities. This form of inquisition is oriented to R&D (Research & Development) with the application of the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Research for implementation of e-module based using pre-experiment design with One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample selection was done by purposive sampling technique, the samples studied were students of SMA Negeri 1 Tanjungbalai as many as 32 students. The instruments used are the BSNP questionnaire and thedescription test High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). The results showed that the development of SETS-based e-modules with the PjBL model on colloidal learning: (1) the average feasibility of developing e-modules for all BSNP criteria was eligible (content feasibility = 3.54, language eligibility = 3.59, presentation feasibility = 3.84 and the feasibility of graphics = 3.68, then the e-module is feasible to use, and (2) its use has an effect on increasing High Order Thinking Skill students’(HOTS) (with an N-gain of 0.44).
rPOL2V5: a compact radiation-hard resonant switched-capacitor DC-DC converter for the CMS HGCAL
Authors: Caregari S. , Ripamonti G. , Antoszczuk P.D. , Michelis S. , Saggini S.
Published: January 2022

A radiation-tolerant resonant switched-capacitor DC-DC converter (rPOL2V5) has been developed to supply the front-end analog and digital circuits for the detectors used in the LHC High Luminosity upgrades. It has been of particular interest to the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) community due to its lower volume compared to existing radiation-hard buck converters. rPOL2V5 is based on an ASIC developed using 130 nm CMOS technology. It is powered by a 2.5 V input and it can supply a maximum current from 2 A to 5 A, depending on the output voltage value, which can range from 1 V to 1.5 V. This work presents the strategies adopted at the ASIC and PCB level to bring the converter to maturity, and its electrical and radiation characterisation results.
Status and perspectives of the PETALO project
Authors: Ferrario Paola
Published: January 2022

PETALO (Positron Emission Tof Apparatus with Liquid xenOn) is a novel concept for positron emission tomography scanners, which uses liquid xenon as a scintillation medium and silicon photomultipliers as a readout. The large scintillation yield and the fast scintillation time of liquid xenon, as well as its scalability, makes it an excellent candidate for PET scanners with time-of-flight measurements, especially for total-body machines. A first prototype of PETALO, devoted to demonstrate the potential of the concept, measuring the energy and time resolution and to test technical solutions for a complete ring is fully operational. The prototype consists of an aluminum box filled with liquid xenon, with two arrays of SiPMs on opposite sides facing the xenon. A β+ emitter source generating 511-keV pairs of gammas is placed in a central port and the SiPMs record the scintillation light produced by the gamma interactions, allowing for the reconstruction of the position, the energy and the time of the interactions.
Verification and validation (VnV) of control software for an isocentric rotation chair positioner used to treat patients with head/neck cancers in a fixed carbon-ion beamline
Authors: Zhang X. , Hsi W.C. , Yang F. , Zhou R.
Published: January 2022

To utilize the full capability of the isocentric rotating chair positioner for the image-guided radiotherapy treatment (IGRT) in a carbon-ion fixed beamline, a verification and validation (VnV) procedure was deployed prior to commissioning the positioner for its clinical application. Based on the structural characteristics of the motion mechanisms and the treatment workflow, we developed the mathematical manipulations to construct an operational-matrix implemented for executing 6 Degree-of-Freedom (6-DoF) displacements required by IGRT system in the IEC fixed (I
fix) coordinate. We initially found that a residual misaligned Z-axis of the rotating-platform (Z
Irpf) introduced deviations in the order of a few mm for rotations over 360°. We established the sets of categorized VnV-variable to evaluate few residual (but minor) misalignments of the various mechanisms that can cause deviations in the measured displacements. We developed a concept of correlation using each set of VnV-variable to construct a correction-matrix applied on the operational-matrix. Each correction uses the Hexapod to model and compensate the deviations induced by a specific misaligned mechanism. We applied the correction-matrix using VnV-variable values of 0.05° and 2.79 mm for the misalignment of Z
Irpf. These values were determined during the VnV procedure. By applying correction-matrix, we achieved an accuracy of ± 1.0 mm in-translation and ± 1.0° in-rotation of 6-DoF displacements having pitch/roll within 2° for a clinical trial treating 17 patients using treatment fields without pitch/roll. To utilize this positioner for treatment fields with ± 20° pitch/roll, we need to construct and implement an additional correction-matrix in the control software to achieve the required clinical accuracy.
Global assessment of urban trees’ cooling efficiency based on satellite observations
Authors: Yang Qiquan , Huang Xin , Tong Xiaohua , Xiao Changjiang , Yang Jie , Liu Yue , Cao Yinxia
Published: January 2022

Trees are among the most important urban land covers, and their effects on local thermal environments have been extensively evaluated by using the concept of urban trees’ cooling efficiency (CE), defined as the magnitude of land surface temperature (LST) reduction by per 1% increase in fractional tree cover (FTC). Existing studies provide quantitative knowledge of the CE at local and regional scales, but global-scale analyses are still lacking. Therefore, this study fills this research gap through investigating the spatiotemporal pattern of CE in 510 global cities. CE is quantified by the opposite value of the regression coefficient of FTC (i.e. CE =−∂LST/∂FTC) in a multiple linear regression model, where LST is the dependent variable and FTC, surface elevation, and nighttime light intensity are the independent variables. Results show that daytime LST decreases greatly with increasing FTC in most cities, and the globally averaged annual daytime CE reaches 0.063 °C %−1, while at night, the effect of urban trees on LST weakens a lot, with an annual average CE of only 0.007 °C %−1 across global cities. CE varies markedly among cities and tends to be higher in hot and dry cities, which can be attributed to the significant nonlinear relation between CE and climatic conditions, in that the increase in temperature and the decrease in humidity can enhance vapor pressure deficit and further promote the heat dissipation by plant transpiration. As expected, CE shows a distinct seasonal variation, generally characterized as being higher in summer and lower in winter. In addition, our results suggest that previous studies based on a bivariate linear regression model have overestimated CE, especially at night when trees’ activities are weak. This global-scale study provides new insights into the mitigation of urban thermal stress from the perspective of increasing urban greenery.
Deforestation triggering irreversible transition in Amazon hydrological cycle
Authors: Xu Xiyan , Zhang Xiaoyan , Riley William J , Xue Ying , Nobre Carlos A , Lovejoy Thomas E , Jia Gensuo
Published: January 2022

The Amazon is hypothesized to reach an irreversible ‘tipping point’ when deforestation slows the hydrological cycle sufficiently that tropical forest ecosystems cannot be sustained. However, inception of such a tipping point has not been supported by observations and the relevant links between deforestation and atmospheric moisture recycling are poorly understood. Here we show that reduction in evapotranspiration from 20 years of deforestation dried the atmosphere persistently and caused moisture decoupling, i.e. an opposite sign of moisture change between the lower and middle troposphere. Increased deforestation exacerbated the lower troposphere drying and caused it to penetrate deeper into the middle troposphere in the dry and transition seasons over monsoon forests and savannas. Deforestation induced warming-enhanced buoyant updrafts, elevated hot and dry air and thereby reduced downward mixing of water supplies from the tropical Atlantic that normally moisten the Amazon forests. The severe atmospheric desiccation in the southern and eastern Amazon cannot be compensated by enhanced water supplies from the Atlantic Ocean, demonstrating an irreversible transition in Amazon hydrological cycle exacerbated by rapid deforestation. The more recent drying through the seasons over rainforests and during the wet season over the transition zones from rainforests to monsoon forests and savannas, however, suggests a window of opportunity for preventing ecosystem collapse with forest conservation.
Bottom-up drivers of future fire regimes in western boreal North America
Authors: Foster Adrianna C , Shuman Jacquelyn K , Rogers Brendan M , Walker Xanthe J , Mack Michelle C , Bourgeau-Chavez Laura L , Veraverbeke Sander , Goetz Scott J
Published: January 2022

Forest characteristics, structure, and dynamics within the North American boreal region are heavily influenced by wildfire intensity, severity, and frequency. Increasing temperatures are likely to result in drier conditions and longer fire seasons, potentially leading to more intense and frequent fires. However, an increase in deciduous forest cover is also predicted across the region, potentially decreasing flammability. In this study, we use an individual tree-based forest model to test bottom-up (i.e. fuels) vs top-down (i.e. climate) controls on fire activity and project future forest and wildfire dynamics. The University of Virginia Forest Model Enhanced is an individual tree-based forest model that has been successfully updated and validated within the North American boreal zone. We updated the model to better characterize fire ignition and behavior in relation to litter and fire weather conditions, allowing for further interactions between vegetation, soils, fire, and climate. Model output following updates showed good agreement with combustion observations at individual sites within boreal Alaska and western Canada. We then applied the updated model at sites within interior Alaska and the Northwest Territories to simulate wildfire and forest response to climate change under moderate (RCP 4.5) and extreme (RCP 8.5) scenarios. Results suggest that changing climate will act to decrease biomass and increase deciduous fraction in many regions of boreal North America. These changes are accompanied by decreases in fire probability and average fire intensity, despite fuel drying, indicating a negative feedback of fuel loading on wildfire. These simulations demonstrate the importance of dynamic fuels and dynamic vegetation in predicting future forest and wildfire conditions. The vegetation and wildfire changes predicted here have implications for large-scale changes in vegetation composition, biomass, and wildfire severity across boreal North America, potentially resulting in further feedbacks to regional and even global climate and carbon cycling.
Extensions of the noncommutative Standard Model and the weak order one condition
Authors: Besnard Fabien
Published: January 2022

In the derivation of the Standard Model from the axioms of noncommutative geometry the scalar sector is given by a finite Dirac operator which has to satisfy the first-order condition. However, the general solution to this constraint still has unphysical terms which must be fine-tuned to zero. Some of them can be removed by the so-called second-order condition. However, the first-order condition generally does not survive in extensions to models with gauge groups larger that U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3). In this paper we show that in the U(1)B–L-extension one can implement a weaker form of the first-order condition which, we argue, is necessary in order for noncommutative Gauge theory to make sense at all, and that this condition reduces the amount of fine-tuning to the off-diagonal terms in the Yukawa mass matrices for the leptons and quarks. It follows that the weak order one condition imposed on a the B–L-extended model yields exactly the same constraint as the much more restrictive, and, we believe, less well motivated, second-order condition imposed on the Standard Model alone.