bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration von Genesungsbegleitern in psychiatrische Behandlungsteams
Authors: Gather Jakov , Otte Ina , Werning Anna , Nossek Alexa , Vollmann Jochen , Juckel Georg
Published: April 2019

Gegenstand und Ziel Wie können ausgebildete Genesungsbegleiter (GB) in psychiatrische Behandlungsteams in Akutkliniken integriert werden? Welche Rollen und Aufgaben übernehmen sie? Welche Hindernisse treten auf und welche Strategien werden zu ihrer Überwindung entwickelt? Welche spezifischen Fähigkeiten besitzen GB? Welchen Einfluss können sie auf die Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen haben?

Material und Methoden Baseline-Erhebung mittels Kurzfragebögen in 5 psychiatrischen Kliniken des Landschaftsverbands Westfalen-Lippe. Anschließend qualitativ-empirisches Studiendesign und Auswertung der Daten mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring.

Ergebnisse GB nehmen eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Aufgaben wahr und können im Akutbereich dazu beitragen, Zwangsmaßnahmen vorzubeugen.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Unterstützung durch Ansprechpartner in den Kliniken sowie überregionale Treffen inklusive Supervisionsangebot sind für die Integration hilfreich, da sie Austausch zwischen den GB ermöglichen und Aufgaben- und Rollenfindung erleichtern.

Klinische Relevanz Das Projekt zeigt, wie GB in psychiatrische Behandlungsteams in Akutkliniken integriert werden können und welchen spezifischen Beitrag, u.a. im Hinblick auf eine Reduktion von Zwangsmaßnahmen, sie leisten können.
Certification of UK gastrointestinal endoscopists and variations between trainee specialties: results from the JETS e-portfolio
Authors: Siau Keith , Anderson John , Valori Roland , Feeney Mark , Hawkes Neil , Johnson Gavin , McKaig Brian , Pullan Rupert , Hodson James , Wells Christopher , Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Haycock Adam , Beales Ian , Broughton Raphael , Dunckley Paul ,   on behalf of the Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (JAG)
Published: April 2019

Introduction In the UK, endoscopy certification is administered by the Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (JAG). Since 2011, certification for upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy has been awarded via a national (JETS) e-portfolio to the main training specialties of: gastroenterology, gastrointestinal surgeons (GS) and non-medical endoscopists (NME). Trends in endoscopy certification and differences between trainee specialties were analyzed.

Methods This prospective UK-wide observational study identified trainees awarded gastroscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy (provisional and full) certification between June 2011 – 2017. Trends in certification, procedures and time-to-certification, and key performance indicators (KPIs) in the 3-month pre- and post-certification period were compared between the three main training specialties.

Results Three thousand one hundred fifty-seven endoscopy-related certifications were awarded to 1928 trainees from gastroenterology (52.3 %), GS (28.4 %) and NME (16.5  %) specialties. During the study period, certification numbers increased for all modalities and specialties, particularly NME trainees. For gastroscopy and colonoscopy, procedures-to-certification were lowest for GS (P < 0.001), whereas time-to-certification was consistently shortest in NMEs (P < 0.001). A post-certification reduction in mean cecal intubation rate (95.2 % to 93.8 %, P < 0.001) was observed in colonoscopy, and D2 intubation (97.6 % to 96.2 %, P < 0.001) and J-maneuver (97.3 % to 95.8 %, P < 0.001) in gastroscopy. Overall, average pre- and post-certification KPIs still exceeded national minimum standards. There was an increase in PDR for NMEs after provisional colonoscopy certification but a decrease in PDR for GS trainees after sigmoidoscopy and full colonoscopy certification.

Conclusion Despite variations among trainee specialties, average pre- and post-certification KPIs for certified trainees met national standards, suggesting that JAG certification is a transparent benchmark which adequately safeguards competency in endoscopy training.
A Revolution in Dentistry: Epigenetics
Authors: Sepolia Namita , Jindal Deepti , Kaushwaha Sandhya , Jindal Varun , Negi Monika
Published: April 2019

Epigenetics is the study of potentially heritable changes in gene expression that does not involve changes in underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation in both normal and neoplastic development. Epigenetic changes may be inherited and can occur during embryonal development or after birth. Once the change in DNA methylation takes place, following cell division the altered pattern is transferred into daughter cells by the action DNA methyltransferase enzyme, which recognizes hemi-methylated sites and methylates newly synthesized DNA formed during replication. Recently, it has been suggested that aberrant DNA methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands is a common event in odontogenic tumors. Expression of DNA methyltransferase 1,3A,3B has been noted in various odontogenic tumors. Thus, this review aims to study the various epigenetic pathways that are altered in odontogenic tumors.
Impact of COPD on Outcome in Patients Undergoing Transfemoral versus Transapical TAVI
Authors: Mach Markus , Koschutnik Matthias , Wilbring Manuel , Winkler Bernhard , Reinweber Matthias , Alexiou Konstantin , Kappert Utz , Adlbrecht Christopher , Delle-Karth Georg , Grabenwöger Martin , Matschke Klaus Ehrhard
Published: April 2019

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on clinical outcomes in patients referred for transfemoral (TF) as well as transapical (TA) aortic valve implantation and furthermore to delineate possible advantages of the TF access.

Methods One thousand eight hundred forty-two patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) at two study centers were included in the present analysis. The outcome was measured and classified according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-II criteria. Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to assess long-term survival.

Results The present analysis suggests that COPD has limited influence on post-procedural outcome after TAVI. Comparing the TF to TA approach, no significant difference on the impact of COPD on clinical outcomes has been found, except for longer post-procedural ventilation times in COPD patients treated via TA access (p < 0.001).

Conclusions COPD in patients referred for TAVI procedure was associated with poorer overall long-term survival, thus characterizing a high-risk population for futile treatment; however, the selection of access did not result in a significant difference in most Valve Academic Research Consortium-II-defined clinical outcomes in COPD patients.
Broadband transparent chiral mirrors: Design methodology and bandwidth analysis
Authors: Mai Wending , Zhu Danny , Gong Zheng , Lin Xiaoyou , Chen Yifan , Hu Jun , Werner Douglas H.
Published: April 2019

Chiral mirrors are a class of metamaterials that reflect circularly polarized light of a certain helicity in a handedness-preserving manner, while absorbing circular polarization of the opposite handedness. However, most absorbing chiral mirrors operate only in a narrow frequency band, as limited by the causality principle. Instead of absorbing the undesired waveform, here we propose a transparent chiral mirror that allows undesired waves to pass through. In particular, the handedness-preserving band of the transparent chiral mirror is free of the causality limit, thus enabling broadband functionality. Furthermore, since electromagnetic waves outside the handedness-preserving band may transmit through the proposed chiral mirror, the reflected wave contains only circular polarization components of a certain handedness over a wide frequency range, which is favored in many applications. Moreover, the scheme is lossless and scalable. To realize the proposed transparent chiral mirror, we apply an array of helical microstructures in a two-dimensional square lattice. Traditionally, this kind of structure has been used as a circular polarizer but we apply it instead in a reflective mode. Our work provides a bandwidth analysis of chiral mirrors, and paves the way to new opportunities for creating broadband chiral metamaterials with handedness-preserving properties.
Conformality in atomic layer deposition: Current status overview of analysis and modelling
Authors: Cremers Véronique , Puurunen Riikka L. , Dendooven Jolien
Published: April 2019

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) relies on alternated, self-limiting reactions between gaseous reactants and an exposed solid surface to deposit highly conformal coatings with a thickness controlled at the submonolayer level. These advantages have rendered ALD a mainstream technique in microelectronics and have triggered growing interest in ALD for a variety of nanotechnology applications, including energy technologies. Often, the choice for ALD is related to the need for a conformal coating on a 3D nanostructured surface, making the conformality of ALD processes a key factor in actual applications. In this work, we aim to review the current status of knowledge about the conformality of ALD processes. We describe the basic concepts related to the conformality of ALD, including an overview of relevant gas transport regimes, definitions of exposure and sticking probability, and a distinction between different ALD growth types observed in high aspect ratio structures. In addition, aiming for a more standardized and direct comparison of reported results concerning the conformality of ALD processes, we propose a new concept, Equivalent Aspect Ratio (EAR), to describe 3D substrates and introduce standard ways to express thin film conformality. Other than the conventional aspect ratio, the EAR provides a measure for the ease of coatability by referring to a cylindrical hole as the reference structure. The different types of high aspect ratio structures and characterization approaches that have been used for quantifying the conformality of ALD processes are reviewed. The published experimental data on the conformality of thermal, plasma-enhanced, and ozone-based ALD processes are tabulated and discussed. Besides discussing the experimental results of conformality of ALD, we will also give an overview of the reported models for simulating the conformality of ALD. The different classes of models are discussed with special attention for the key assumptions typically used in the different modelling approaches. The influence of certain assumptions on simulated deposition thickness profiles is illustrated and discussed with the aim of shedding light on how deposition thickness profiles can provide insights into factors governing the surface chemistry of ALD processes. We hope that this review can serve as a starting point and reference work for new and expert researchers interested in the conformality of ALD and, at the same time, will trigger new research to further improve our understanding of this famous characteristic of ALD processes.
THz filter based on the Si microdisk array
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Guo Kai , Guo Zhongyi
Published: April 2019

Compared to plasmonic metasurface, all-dielectric metasurface can suppress radiation loss at terahertz (THz) frequencies due to the low intrinsic loss of dielectric. Here, we propose a THz filter based on all-dielectric metasurface composed of Si microdisk (SiMD) array standing on TPX substrate. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that both electric dipole and magnetic dipole resonances are excited in the SiMD, resulting in a high reflection coefficient of 100%. The working frequency of the designed filter can be passively tuned over a wide range from 1.0 THz to 1.5 THz by manipulating the radius of the SiMD. In addition, the proposed filter is robust to the incident polarizations (x-/y-linear polarizations) and the incident angles (ranging from 0° to 25°). Besides, a new degree of freedom is introduced by cutting a split in the SiMD. The filter can work well even with a split in the SiMD since the presence of the split does not induce additional losses. We further demonstrate the resonant modes can also be modified by tuning the width of the splitting gap, resulting in a tunable THz filter with high efficiency.
GaN drift-layer thickness effects in vertical Schottky barrier diodes on free-standing HVPE GaN substrates
Authors: Sandupatla A. , Arulkumaran S. , Ng G. I. , Ranjan K. , Deki M. , Nitta S. , Honda Y. , Amano H.
Published: April 2019

Vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) with different drift-layer thicknesses (DLT) of GaN up to 30 μm grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) were fabricated on free-standing GaN grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). At room temperature, SBD’s exhibited average barrier heights (ΦB) in the range of 0.73 eV to 0.81 eV. The effective barrier heights (ΦBeff) of SBDs with different DLT also exhibited a similar range of ΦB measured at room temperature. The measured reverse breakdown voltages (VBD) of SBDs increased from 562 V to 2400 V with an increase in DLT. The observation of high VBD of SBDs could be due to the lower effective donor concentration (7.6×1014 /cm3), which was measured from SIMS analysis. The measured VBD of 2400 V is the highest value ever reported for a 30 μm DLT vertical GaN SBD without additional edge termination or field plate (FP).
Systematics and species radiation of the sheoak lace bug genus Epimixia Kirkaldy (Insecta : Heteroptera : Tingidae) in Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea
Authors: Cassis Gerasimos , Symonds Celia , Branson Lauren
Published: April 2019

On the basis of new survey, knowledge of Australia’s heteropteran fauna has been shown to have a significant taxonomic impediment, requiring the description of many new lineages. In this work we provide a monographic treatment of the lace bug genus Epimixia, including a phylogenetic analysis validating its monophyly. We redescribe the genus and previously described species E. alitophrosyne Kirkaldy, E. nigriceps (Signoret), E. nigripes dysmica Drake & Ruhoff, E. nigripes nigripes (Horváth), E. veteris Drake, E. vittata Horváth and E. vulturna (Kirkaldy). Eighteen new species are described, including the first recorded species from Papua New Guinea (E. gagnei, sp. nov.), a second species from New Caledonia (E. fulva, sp. nov.) and 16 new Australian species (E. aboccidente, sp. nov., E. acclivis, sp. nov., E. albimons, sp. nov., E. allocasuarina, sp. nov., E. bicolor, sp. nov., E. caerulamons, sp. nov., E. christopherdarwini, sp. nov., E. eneabba, sp. nov., E. kimberley, sp. nov., E. leai, sp. nov., E. megacosta, sp. nov., E. minor, sp. nov., E. pilbara, sp. nov., E. schuhi, sp. nov., E. tropica, sp. nov. and E. verticordiaphila, sp. nov.). Epimixia dysmica Drake & Ruhoff is elevated to species rank, from its previous subspeciefic status within E. nigripes. This work also reports host plants for Epimixia, predominantly belonging to the Casuarinaceae, with a handful of species associated with the Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and Fabaceae. Host plants are mapped to the Epimixia phylogeny, indicating that the Casuarinaceae-affiliated Epimixia species form a subclade. Area relationships of the Epimixia species are analysed using subtree analysis, resulting in the south-west and south-east corners of Australia being sisters, relative to the Adelaide subregion, and in turn to Atherton + New Caledonia.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E7FC4E37-517D-4AB7-A918-B9104D63AB25
Translation depends on the artist
Authors: Echauri Galván Bruno
Published: April 2019

The present paper compares and discusses different illustrations of Roald Dahl’s James and the Giant Peach through a translational prism. For this purpose, two different editions of this story (Dahl 1991; Dahl 1995) illustrated by two different artists (Michael Simeon and James Blake respectively) have been analyzed. After selecting several pictures depicting the same situations, the article intends to explain illustrators’ decisions using theoretical aspects of translation. In this vein, I seek to identify different translation procedures that stem from the analysis of the relationship between pictures and words. Such analysis is aimed at providing solid grounds to subsequently categorize the pictures according to the information they include and transmit, and their interrelation with the text. In order to achieve this aim, a comprehensive study of the chosen illustrations is conducted, focusing on five specific translation procedures: literal translation, omission, explicitation, paraphrase, and transcreation. Thus, I seek to identify the different translation strategies implicit in the decisions taken by the illustrators, and their impact on their drawings. The aforementioned data is eventually used as evidence to determine the type of interaction established between text and illustration, and the implications such interactions may have on the reader.
An exploratory study of Chinese words and phrases
Authors: Liang Linxin , Xu Mingwu
Published: April 2019

This research was carried out with two main purposes: to survey the methods necessary to translate Chinese words
and phrases into English, and to investigate how frequently their English versions appear in twenty different countries or regions. The
research was conducted through an analysis of data from Xi Jinping’s book The Governance of China (English
version), published by Foreign Languages Press. The results show that 401 Chinese words and phrases reflect seven specific
translation methods. Moreover, their frequency of usage shows obvious differences across twenty different countries or regions based on the
statistical analysis of the corpora. It is hoped that the Chinese-English (C-E) translation of political texts can benefit from
these conclusions.
Personal psychological resources, resilience and self-efficacy and their relationship with psychological distress in situations of unemployment / Los recursos psicológicos personales, resiliencia y autoeficacia, y su relación con el malestar psicológico en situaciones de desempleo
Authors: Fernández-Valera María-Magdalena , Soler-Sánchez María-Isabel , García-Izquierdo Mariano , Meseguer de Pedro Mariano
Published: April 2019

According to Hobfoll’s conservation of resources theory (1989), psychological resources such as resilience and self-efficacy could mediate the effects of unemployment on well-being. The objective of this study is to analyse the mediating role of self-efficacy and resilience on the relationship between the amount of time unemployed and psychological distress. A sample of unemployed persons from the Region of Murcia was used ( N = 280). With a transversal design and using the macro PROCESS for SPSS (2013), a multiple mediation model is proposed which analyses the mediating role of psychological resources in relation to the amount of time unemployed and self-perceived health. The explained variance of this model is 23.79%. The results show that only self-efficacy partially mediates in the relationship between the two variables (β = .18, SD = 0.06, p < .01). The main contribution of this article is showing that personal psychological resources are an effective tool to cope with life stressors, such as, in this case, unemployment.
On the uniqueness of the steady-state solution of the Lindblad–Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan equation
Authors: Nigro Davide
Published: April 2019

The aims of this paper are twofold. The first aim is to give a brief review of the most relevant theoretical results concerning the uniqueness of the steady-state solution of the Lindblad–Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan master equation and the criteria which guarantee relaxingness and irreducibility of dynamical semigroups. In particular, we test and discuss their physical meaning by considering their applicability to the characterisation of the simplest open quantum system i.e. a two-level system coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators at zero temperature. The second aim is to provide a set of sufficient conditions which guarantees the uniqueness of the steady-state solution and its attractivity. Starting from simple assumptions, we derive simple criteria that can be efficiently exploited to characterise the behavior of dissipative systems of spins and bosons (with truncated Fock space), and a wide variety of other open quantum systems recently studied.
TORMES: an automated pipeline for whole bacterial genome analysis
Authors: Quijada Narciso M , Rodríguez-Lázaro David , Eiros Jose María , Hernández Marta
Published: April 2019

Motivation

The progress of High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) technologies and the reduction in the sequencing costs are such that Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) could replace many traditional laboratory assays and procedures. Exploiting the volume of data produced by HTS platforms requires substantial computing skills and this is the main bottleneck in the implementation of WGS as a routine laboratory technique. The way in which the vast amount of results are presented to researchers and clinicians with no specialist knowledge of genome sequencing is also a significant issue.

Results

Here we present TORMES, a user-friendly pipeline for WGS analysis of bacteria from any origin generated by HTS on Illumina platforms. TORMES is designed for non-bioinformatician users, and automates the steps required for WGS analysis directly from the raw sequence data: sequence quality filtering, de novo assembly, draft genome ordering against a reference, genome annotation, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), searching for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, and pangenome comparisons. Once the analysis is finished, TORMES generates and interactive web-like report that can be opened in any web browser and shared and revised by researchers in a simple manner. TORMES can be run by using very simple commands and represent a quick an easy way to perform WGS analysis.

Availability and implementation

TORMES is free available at https://github.com/nmquijada/tormes.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Development and Field Evaluation of a System to Collect Mosquito Excreta for the Detection of Arboviruses
Authors: Meyer Dagmar B , Ramirez Ana L , van den Hurk Andrew F , Kurucz Nina , Ritchie Scott A
Published: April 2019

Mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health concern globally and early detection of pathogens is critical to implement vector management and control strategies. Existing methods for pathogen detection include screening sentinel animals for antibodies and analyzing mosquitoes for pathogen presence. While these methods are effective, they are also expensive, labor-intense, and logistically challenging. To address these limitations, a new method was developed whereby mosquito saliva is collected on honey-coated nucleic acid preservation cards which are analyzed by molecular assays for detection of pathogens. However, mosquitoes only expel small amounts of saliva when feeding on these cards, potentially leading to false negatives. Another bodily fluid that is expelled by mosquitoes in larger volumes than saliva is excreta, and recent laboratory experiments have demonstrated that a range of mosquito-borne pathogens can be detected in mosquito excreta. In the current study, we have modified light and passive mosquito traps to collect their excreta and assessed their efficacy in field evaluations. From these field-collections, we detected West Nile, Ross River, and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses. Our findings suggest that mosquito traps are easily modified to collect excreta and, that this system has the potential to enhance detection of pathogens.
The Discriminatory Legal Barrier of Partner Consent in Victorian ART Law: EHT18 v Melbourne IVF
Authors: Taylor-Sands Michelle M
Published: April 2019

In September 2018, the Federal Court of Australia found that a Victorian woman did not need her estranged husband’s consent to undergo in vitro fertilisation treatment (IVF) using donor sperm. The woman, who was 45 years of age, made an urgent application to the Court for permission to undergo IVF using donor sperm. In a single judge ruling, Griffiths J held that the requirement in the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 2008 (Vic) (‘ART Act’) for a married woman to obtain the consent of her husband discriminated against the woman in question on the basis of her marital status in contravention of the Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) (‘SD Act’). His Honour declared the Victorian law in this instance ‘invalid and inoperable’ by operation of section 109 of the Commonwealth Constitution to the extent it was inconsistent with the Commonwealth law.

Although the declarations by the Federal Court were limited in their terms to the circumstances of the case, the judgment raises broader issues about equity of access to assisted reproductive treatment (ART) in Victoria. The issue of partner consent as a barrier to access to ART was specifically raised by an independent review of the ART Act in Victoria. The Victorian Government released an interim report late last year as a first stage of the review, which canvasses some options for reform. This raises a broader question as to whether prescriptive legislation imposing detailed access requirements for ART is necessary or even helpful.
Tuberculosis in the United States: Medical Consultation Services Provided by 5 Tuberculosis Regional Training and Medical Consultation Centers, 2013–2017
Authors: Goswami Neela D , Mase Sundari , Griffith David , Bhavaraju Rajita , Lardizabal Alfred , Lauzardo Michael , Chen Lisa , Wilson John , Chappelle Courtney , Haley Connie A
Published: April 2019

With only 9105 new US tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in 2017, expert consultation is essential for TB care. Data were captured 2013–2017 from consultations by 5 CDC-funded centers, now the TB Centers of Excellence (COEs). 14 586 consultations were provided to TB providers, most related to TB disease and treatment regimens.
Trends in Vulnerability to Climate-related Hazards in the Pacific: Research, Understanding and Implications
Authors: Hay John , Duvat Virginie , Magnan Alexandre K.
Published: April 2019

The unique coping capacities and other attributes that Pacific island nations have been developing for centuries have sustained them in the face of an enormous range of local and global challenges. These include climate change-related hazards, and especially tropical cyclones and high-wave incidents that notably generate landslides and river and coastal flooding; droughts; heat waves; and ocean warming. Such hazards place resources, people, and assets at serious risk, as reflected by their vulnerability. However, measuring climate change vulnerability is problematic since climate hazards combine with anthropogenic and other physical drivers to influence the nature, levels, and variability of vulnerability. The few longitudinal studies that have been undertaken for the Pacific island countries show high and increasing vulnerabilities, despite considerable investment of money and other resources at community, island, sector, and national levels.

Considering the elements of risk (hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity to adapt), this chapter critically reviews the approaches used in the Pacific to assess vulnerability, analyzes recent changes in the vulnerability of island nations, and lays the foundation for some new thinking on island habitability and futures. It uses lessons learned, as well as success stories and success factors, to present priorities related to the assessment of climate change vulnerabilities, risks, and possible adaptation interventions in the Pacific islands region. These underpin a series of principles aimed at harmonizing understanding and action. Notably, the chapter concludes that transformational resilient development can provide a more effective response to increasingly unprecedented risks and higher vulnerabilities, for both high and low islands, including atolls.
Theoretical Strategies to Define Disability
Authors: Beaudry Jonas-Sébastien
Published: April 2019

The concept of disability is used across a variety of contexts to describe different phenomena and prescribe distinct behaviors or norms. The definitional challenge is not only that the category of “disabled people” is heterogenous, but also that what “disability” should denote, primarily or exclusively, is controversial among both theorists and practitioners. This conceptual breadth is far from innocuous: disability models have the potential to influence public policies, culture, and interactions by suggesting what rights, duties, and social expectations disability entails. Instead of examining those various definitions and arguing in favor of one, this chapter considers the unavoidable cultural polysemy of disability and contrasts the appeal and limitations of the main theoretical strategies to manage it. Some disability models deny that competing understandings of disability are valid, others seek to determine procedures through which disabilities will be defined and assessed, and still others conceptualize disability in a more culturally malleable way.
Timbre as Harmony—Harmony as Timbre
Authors: Hasegawa Robert
Published: April 2019

While timbre is typically understood as a property of a single musical note or event, many contemporary musical practices depend on the combination of multiple events—each with their own pitch, dynamic, and sound color—into unified composites with their own emergent timbres. Such composites are essential for composers of spectral music such as Gérard Grisey and Tristan Murail, but also can be heard in works by composers from Arnold Schoenberg to James Tenney. Viewed from the perspective of music psychology, these composites are “chimeric” percepts, thwarting the usual parsing of sonic input into separate sources through auditory scene analysis. When timbre is redefined to include composite events, it overlaps significantly with the discipline of harmony; many musical effects—textural sound-masses, synthesized acoustic spectra, virtual ring modulation, etc.—blur the lines between timbre and harmony, opening up a hybrid space between the two domains.
Moving Songs
Authors: Treloyn Sally , Dembal Martin Matthew , Goonginda Charles Rona
Published: April 2019

Repatriation has become almost ubiquitous in ethnomusicological research on Australian Indigenous song. This article provides insights into processes of a repatriation-centered song revitalization project in the Kimberley, northwest Australia. Authored by an ethnomusicologist and two members of the Ngarinyin cultural heritage community, the article provides firsthand accounts of the early phases of a long-term repatriation-centered project referred to locally as the Junba Project. The authors provide a sample of narratives and dialogues that deliver insight into experiences of the work of identifying recordings “in the archive” and cultural negotiation and use of recordings “on Country.” The entanglement of local epistemological frameworks with past and present collection, archival research, repatriation, and dissemination for intergenerational knowledge transmission between spirits, Country, and the living, is explored, showing how recordings move song knowledge from community to archive to community and from generation to generation, and move people in present-day communities. The chapter considers how these “moving songs” allow an interrogation of the fraught endeavor of intercultural collaboration in the pursuit of revitalizing Indigenous song traditions. It positions repatriation as a method that can support intergenerational knowledge transmission and as a method to consider past and present intercultural relationships within research projects and between cultural heritage communities and collecting institutions.
The Voltage-Dependent K+ Channel Family
Authors: Rasmussen Hanne B. , Trimmer James S.
Published: April 2019

Voltage-dependent K+ (potassium; Kv) channels are ion channels that critically impact neuronal excitability and function. Four principal α subunits assemble to create a membrane-spanning pore that opens in a voltage-dependent manner to allow the selective passage of K+ ions across the cell membrane. Forty human genes encoding Kv channel α subunits have been identified, and most of them are expressed in the nervous system. The individual Kv subunits display unique cellular and subcellular expression patterns and co-assemble into distinct homo- and hetero-tetrameric channels that differ in their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, and their sensitivity to dynamic modulation, by cellular signaling pathways. The resulting diversity allows Kv channels to impact all steps in electrical information processing, as well as numerous other aspects of neuronal functions, including those in which they appear to play a non-conducting role. This chapter reviews the current basic knowledge about this large and important family of ion channels.
Assessment of Emotion Dysregulation Using Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Schatten Heather T. , Allen Kenneth J. D. , Armey Michael F.
Published: April 2019

As emotion is a dynamic construct, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods, which gather data at multiple time points in individuals’ real-world environments, in the moment, are particularly well suited to measure emotion dysregulation and related constructs. EMA methods can identify contextual events that prompt or follow an emotional response. This chapter provides an overview of traditional methods of studying emotion dysregulation and how EMA can be used to capture emotion dysregulation in daily life, both within and independent of psychiatric diagnoses. It reviews the literature on emotion dysregulation and related constructs within specific diagnoses (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and eating disorders) and behaviors (e.g., suicide, nonsuicidal self-injury, and alcohol use). Finally, it discusses future directions in EMA research, as well as its implications for psychological treatment.
Mixed Methods in Body and Embodiment Research
Authors: Kwan Samantha , Haltom Trenton M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter outlines the foundations of mixed methods research and discusses several examples of mixed methods research in the sociology of the body and embodiment. It begins with a brief history of mixed methods and conceptualizations of this term. To illustrate mixed methods in practice, including its benefits, drawbacks, and relevance to intersectionality research, the authors discuss the first author’s research on body weight, as well as a study about young women’s contraceptive use and a study about nude embodiment. The chapter concludes by discussing the future of mixed methods for sociologists of the body and embodiment, maintaining that mixed methods would serve well scholars who desire to understand embodiment-related trends in a population, as well as experiences of lived embodiment.
Neurotrophins, Cytokines, and Pain
Authors: Sikandar Shafaq , Sommer Claudia
Published: April 2019

The neurotrophin and cytokine families of proteins regulate neuronal functions that affect survival, growth, and differentiation. Because of their extensive expression throughout the nervous system, some neurotrophins and cytokines are widely accepted to modulate synaptic plasticity and nociceptive processing. Among the neurotrophin family are nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), which all bind to the tyrosine receptor kinases. The potential for BDNF as a therapeutic target is supported by a large body of evidence demonstrating its role in driving plastic changes in nociceptive pathways to initiate and maintain chronic pain. On the other hand, NGF has already proved fruitful as an analgesic target, with efficacy shown for NGF-neutralizing antibodies for pain relief in rheumatic diseases. The cytokine family includes the interleukins, tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, interferons (IFNs), and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) family. These bind, often promiscuously, to the heterogeneous group of cytokine receptors, and this cytokine signaling is essential for normal responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In pathophysiological states, chronic inflammation enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and many studies support a modulatory role of cytokines in nociceptive processes. At the forefront of anticytokine therapy for analgesia are TNF and IL6 monoclonal antibodies, which are licensed treatments for pain relief in rheumatoid arthritis. This article reviews the pro- and antinociceptive roles of key members of the neurotrophin and cytokine families in the context of chronic pain mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.
Time and the Separation of Powers
Authors: Scheuerman William E.
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the temporal presuppositions of both early modern and contemporary models of the separation of powers, one of the intellectual and institutional pillars of modern liberal democracy. The separation of powers’ original conceptual renditions and their justifications are explored, with special attention paid to the idea of a tripartite functional separation of government bodies, checks and balances, and the dispersal of state authority as a necessary presupposition of personal and legal freedom. After exploring the separation of powers’ multifaceted temporal premises, the chapter considers how processes of social acceleration tend to impact them in potentially troublesome ways. Social acceleration throws a wrench into the separation of powers’ finely tuned “clockwork.”
Defining Terrorism
Authors: Saul Ben
Published: April 2019

Calls to legally define “terrorism” arose in the context of the extradition of political offenders from the 1930s onwards, with many unsuccessful efforts since then to define, criminalize, and depoliticize a common global concept of “terrorism.” It was only after the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 that many states began enacting national “terrorism” offences, spurred on by new obligations imposed by the United Nations Security Council. National laws remain nonetheless very diverse. At the international level, an elementary legal consensus has emerged that terrorism is criminal violence intended to intimidate a population or coerce a government or an international organization; some national laws add an ulterior intention to pursue a political, religious, or ideological cause. There remain intense disagreements amongst states, however, on whether there should be exceptions for certain “just” causes and, as a result, the conceptual impasse continues, even if it has narrowed.
The Crime–Terror Nexus and its Fallacies
Authors: Felbab-Brown Vanda
Published: April 2019

The focus on organized crime, illicit economies, and the multiple threats they pose to states and societies intensified after 9/11, when it became obvious that belligerent groups, such as the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria, derived extensive financial profits and other benefits from participating in illicit economies. The conventional view of the crime–terrorism nexus holds that in order to defeat insurgents, it is necessary to take away their money by suppressing the illegal economy, such as by eliminating drug smuggling or eradicating poppy fields. Yet policy interventions to combat organized crime and illicit economies—whether linked to violent conflict or in the absence of one—have rarely been highly effective. Eradication alienates rural populations from the government and thrusts them into the hands of the insurgents. Conversely, partnering with quasi-criminal actors has often turned out to be counterproductive with respect to other objectives, such as mitigating violent conflict, fostering good governance, and promoting human rights, and at times even counterproductive with respect to very direct objectives, such as weakening criminal groups and their linkages to terrorist organizations. Thus, as much as external actors may condemn tacitly or explicitly permitting illicit economies, such practices are often crucial for winning hearts and minds and ending conflict or for giving belligerent groups a stake in peace. Development-based policies aimed at reducing illicit drug production are crucial for avoiding such negative side-effects while maximizing the chance for peace and social justice.
Methods for the Study of Management Ideas
Authors: Strang David , Wittrock Christian
Published: April 2019

This chapter surveys methodologies employed in the study of management ideas. It emphasizes the field’s rich variety of data collection, measurement, and inferential strategies. To map this landscape, the authors group studies by the number of cases they examine, from large N event history analyses based on archival data to ethnographies of a single organization. They give particular attention to bibliometrics and discourse analysis because these methods grapple with the interpretive and communicative processes that are central to management ideas and because techniques for capturing and analysing text are currently being revolutionized across the social sciences.
Skilled Anticipation in Sport
Authors: Williams A. Mark , Fawver Bradley , Broadbent David P. , Murphy Colm P. , Ward Paul
Published: April 2019

This chapter We provides a historical overview of research focusing on the topic of anticipation, with a particular focus on its importance in various high-performance domains, including sport. The first half of the chapter will review more than five decades of research which has highlighted some of the key perceptual–cognitive skills underpinning anticipation and how these interact and vary in importance from one situation to another. In the second half, suggestions for future research in this field will be presented, highlighting the need for methodological improvements and identifying ways in which conceptual understanding may be enhanced. While acknowledging the large body of literature that exists focusing on the importance of perceiving kinematic information from opponents during anticipation (i.e., postural cues), the authors bemoan the relative paucity of research focusing on how non-kinematic information related to situational context impacts on anticipation. Implications for research design and the development of conceptual frameworks are highlighted.
Love and Enhancement Technology
Authors: Earp Brian D.
Published: April 2019

Chemical and other interventions into the biological dimensions of love are currently possible and will likely become more powerful in years to come. This chapter explores some of the conceptual issues surrounding what it would mean to change love with biochemical agents, and presents a handful of case studies of individuals and couples who might desire to use such agents as a way of enhancing their love and relationships. The chapter then discusses a number of ethical and other worries that would likely be raised by the development or use of such biotechnologies and offers some tentative responses. Ultimately, it is argued that love-enhancing biotechnology is not just a conceptual possibility, but may already be practically feasible, and is likely in some cases to be morally desirable.
What does a good night’s sleep mean? Nonlinear relations between sleep and children’s cognitive functioning and mental health
Authors: El-Sheikh Mona , Philbrook Lauren E , Kelly Ryan J , Hinnant J Benjamin , Buckhalt Joseph A
Published: April 2019

Study Objectives

We attempted to identify the duration and quality of sleep associated with the optimal child outcomes in key developmental domains including cognitive functioning, academic performance, and mental health. In doing so, we examined nonlinear associations between the sleep and developmental variables. Based on racial/ethnic disparities in children’s sleep, we assessed this variable as a moderator of examined relations.

Methods

Two hundred eighty-two children participated (Mage = 9.4 years, SD = .72; 52% boys; 65% white/European American, 35% black/African American). Sleep was examined with actigraphy for seven consecutive nights and with self-reports. Actigraphy-based sleep duration (minutes) and quality (efficiency), as well as self-reported sleep quality were derived. Children reported on their mental health and were administered cognitive performance tests. Mothers and teachers reported on children’s mental health; teachers also reported on academic functioning. Schools provided academic achievement data.

Results

Sleep duration had an accelerating nonlinear negative association with externalizing behaviors. Nonlinear associations were also detected between both actigraphy-derived and subjective reports of sleep quality and multiple developmental domains including academic functioning and mental health and the best functioning corresponded with the highest levels of sleep quality. Emphasizing the importance of individual differences, several examined associations were moderated by race/ethnicity.

Conclusions

Sleep duration and quality emerged as nonlinear predictors of multiple domains of child development. Findings illustrate that the benefits of longer and better-quality sleep did not taper off and that assessments of nonlinear relations may enhance understanding of the nature of associations between sleep and child functioning.
Barriers to hypertension and diabetes management in primary health care in Argentina: qualitative research based on a behavioral economics approach
Authors: Belizan Maria , Alonso Juan P , Nejamis Analía , Caporale Joaquín , Copo Mariano G , Sánchez Mario , Rubinstein Adolfo , Irazola Vilma
Published: April 2019

Despite efforts to improve detection and treatment of adults with hypertension and diabetes in Argentina, many public healthcare system users remain undiagnosed or face barriers in managing these diseases. The purpose of this study is to identify health system, provider, and user-related factors that may hinder detection and treatment of hypertension and diabetes using a traditional and behavioral economics approach. We did qualitative research using in-depth semistructured interviews and focus groups with healthcare providers and adult users of Public Primary Care Clinics. Health system barriers included inadequate care accessibility; poor integration between primary care clinics and local hospitals; lack of resources; and gender bias and neglect of adult chronic disease. Healthcare provider–related barriers were inadequate training; lack of availability or reluctance to adopt Clinical Practice Guidelines; and lack of counseling prioritization. From a behavioral economics perspective, bottlenecks were related to inertia and a status quo, overconfidence, and optimism biases. User-related barriers for treatment adherence included lack of accurate information; resistance to adopt lifelong treatment; affordability; and medical advice mistrust. From a behavioral economics perspective, the most significant bottlenecks were overconfidence and optimism, limited attention, and present biases. Based on these findings, new interventions that aim to improve prevention and control of chronic conditions can be proposed. The study provides empirical evidence regarding the barriers and bottlenecks in managing chronic conditions in primary healthcare settings. Results may contribute to the design of behavioral interventions targeted towards healthcare provision for the affected population.
Retropharyngeal Tuberculous Abscess: A Rare Cause of Upper Airway Obstruction and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: A Case Report
Authors: Weldetsadik Abate Yeshidinber , Bedane Alemayehu , Riedel Frank
Published: April 2019

Retropharyngeal tuberculous abscess (RPTBA) is a rare manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) even in high TB burden areas. It rarely manifests as a cause of upper airway obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with few case reports in the literature. We report a 22 months old toddler who presented with upper airway obstruction and OSA and was diagnosed with RPTBA. The child recovered completely and growing normally after intra-oral aspiration and 6 months of anti-tuberculosis treatment.