bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Microgrid Optimal Dispatching Based on a Multi-Strategy Optimization of Slime Mould Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhou Yangkun
Published: February 2024

In order to cope with the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution, carbon emissions need to be reduced and so the structure of the power grid is constantly being optimized. Traditional centralized power networks are not as capable of controlling and distributing non-renewable energy as distributed power grids. Therefore, the optimal dispatch of microgrids faces increasing challenges. This paper proposes a multi-strategy fusion slime mould algorithm (MFSMA) to tackle the microgrid optimal dispatching problem. Traditional swarm intelligence algorithms suffer from slow convergence, low efficiency, and the risk of falling into local optima. The MFSMA employs reverse learning to enlarge the search space and avoid local optima to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, adaptive parameters ensure a thorough search during the algorithm iterations. The focus is on exploring the solution space in the early stages of the algorithm, while convergence is accelerated during the later stages to ensure efficiency and accuracy. The salp swarm algorithm’s search mode is also incorporated to expedite convergence. MFSMA and other algorithms are compared on the benchmark functions, and the test showed that the effect of MFSMA is better. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the MFSMA for function optimization, particularly in solving the 24 h microgrid optimal scheduling problem. This problem considers multiple energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaics, and energy storage. A microgrid model based on the MFSMA is established in this paper. Simulation of the proposed algorithm reveals its ability to enhance energy utilization efficiency, reduce total network costs, and minimize environmental pollution. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) A comprehensive microgrid dispatch model is proposed. (2) Environmental costs, operation and maintenance costs are taken into consideration. (3) Two modes of grid-tied operation and island operation are considered. (4) This paper uses a multi-strategy optimized slime mould algorithm to optimize scheduling, and the algorithm has excellent results.
Impaired Self-Awareness in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s Diseases: A Literature Review of Neuroimaging Correlates
Authors: Tondelli Manuela , Manigrasso Miriana , Zamboni Giovanna
Published: February 2024

Little is known about the brain correlates of anosognosia or unawareness of disease in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Huntington’s Disease (HD). The presence of unawareness or impaired self-awareness (ISA) of illness has profound implications for patients and their caregivers; therefore, studying awareness and its brain correlates should be considered a key step towards developing effective recognition and management of this symptom as it offers a window into the mechanism of self-awareness and consciousness as critical components of the human cognition. We reviewed research studies adopting MRI or other in vivo neuroimaging technique to assess brain structural and/or functional correlates of unawareness in PD and HD across different cognitive and motor domains. Studies adopting task or resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and/or 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography brain imaging and/or magnetic resonance imaging structural measures were considered. Only six studies investigating neuroimaging features of unawareness in PD and two in HD were identified; there was great heterogeneity in the clinical characteristics of the study participants, domain of unawareness investigated, method of unawareness assessment, and neuroimaging technique used. Nevertheless, some data converge in identifying regions of the salience and frontoparietal networks to be associated with unawareness in PD patients. In HD, the few data are affected by the variability in the severity of motor symptoms. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms and brain correlates of unawareness in PD and HD; in addition, the use of dopaminergic medications should be carefully considered.
Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery
Authors: Ahmed A. Karim , Rowan Nicholas R. , Mukherjee Debraj
Published: February 2024

Advances in technology, instrumentation, and reconstruction have paved the way for extended endoscopic approaches to skull base tumors. In the sagittal plane, the endonasal approach may safely access pathologies from the frontal sinus to the craniocervical junction in the sagittal plane, the petrous apex in the coronal plane, and extend posteriorly to the clivus and posterior cranial fossa. This review article describes these modular extended endoscopic approaches, along with crucial anatomic considerations, illustrative cases, and practical operative pearls.
Psychological Preparedness of Psychologists during the COVID-19 Emergency: Are There Any Individual Differences?
Authors: Veggi Sara , Di Tella Marialaura , Castelli Lorys , Zara Georgia
Published: February 2024

The COVID-19 outbreak has posed an unprecedented global challenge. However, despite the large amount of evidence on the psychological consequences of the pandemic, very few studies have focused on psychologists themselves. (1) Background: The present study aimed to characterise the professional and clinical profile of psychologists facing the COVID-19 outbreak and to investigate the relationship between psychological preparedness and a series of potential predictors (e.g., sociodemographic and professional variables and psychological distress). (2) Methods: A total of 1115 psychologists fully completed an online survey. The data collection period started with the first wave of the pandemic. Participants were asked to provide sociodemographic and professional data and to complete three questionnaires assessing psychological preparedness, worry, and anxiety symptoms. (3) Results: Descriptive results showed that the COVID-19 outbreak did not cause an interruption to the psychological practice of professionals (both in the public and in private sectors) and that psychologists accepted the introduction of technological devices within their regime of work in order to guarantee their service to clients. Only a minority of participants reported clinically significant levels of symptoms of anxiety and worry. Regression analyses revealed that being older, having taken part in training courses on the COVID-19 emergency, and experiencing lower levels of worry and anxiety were all significant predictors of both cognitive and affective psychological preparedness. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, these findings seem to highlight that specific factors can enhance psychological preparedness among psychologists. Therefore, it is vital to inform authorities about the importance of providing emergency programmes to train healthcare workers, especially psychologists, on how to develop psychological preparedness when facing the negative consequences of critical incidents at a universal level, given their crucial role in promoting mental health.
Adaptation and Validation of the Perception of Anomie Scale in Chilean University Students
Authors: Cea-Leiva Fredy , Salvo-Garrido Sonia , Dominguez-Lara Sergio
Published: February 2024

The Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS) is a measure used to evaluate the state of society and whether it is disintegrated and deregulated. Although widely used, the psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and measurement invariance according to sex have not been studied in the Chilean university population. To explore these properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 383 students from public (45.7%) and private (54.3%) universities, with a mean age of 21.5 years (SD = 3.3). A CFA and ESEM were performed, which confirmed the two-factor correlated structure, achieving better goodness-of-fit indices by eliminating five items (RMSEA = 0.09; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.95). This also provided evidence of reliability and measurement invariance according to sex. This study provides evidence of the psychometric quality of the PAS scale, thus allowing its use in the Chilean university context.
Enhancing Inclusive Teaching in China: Examining the Effects of Principal Transformational Leadership, Teachers’ Inclusive Role Identity, and Efficacy
Authors: Wang Dongsheng , Huang Liang , Huang Xianhan , Deng Meng , Zhang Wanying
Published: February 2024

This research examined the effects of principal transformational leadership on teachers’ inclusive teaching behaviour, with a particular inquiry into the mediating effects of teachers’ inclusive role identity and efficacy for inclusive practice, as informed by identity theory and social cognitive theory. Structural equation modelling with bootstrapping estimation was conducted using data from 712 teachers delivering inclusive teaching in primary or secondary schools in China. The results revealed the sequentially mediating mechanisms of teachers’ inclusive role identity and efficacy underlying the principal transformational leadership effects on teachers’ inclusive teaching behaviour. Research implications are also discussed.
Experimental Study on MgO-Na2CO3 Combined Excitation Recycled Fine-Powder-Slag Cementitious System and Modification
Authors: Liu Jianping , Tian Yulin , Ge Xiaowei , Liu Bing , Liu Kaixin , Song Ge
Published: February 2024

The hydration mechanism and strength development of alkaline salt-activated cementitious materials primarily rely on the alkaline activators and mineral admixtures employed. However, the impact of increased Mg2+, Al3+, and Si4+ resulting from the addition of MgO and steel slag (SS) on the hydration mechanism of these systems remains undetermined. This study delves into the hydration mechanism and mechanical properties of a Na2CO3-MgO-activated regenerated micropowder-slag-based cementitious material system. Mechanical properties were assessed by measuring dry shrinkage and compressive strength at various ages, up to 28 days. The reaction mechanism was scrutinized using X-ray diffraction and a thermogravimetric analysis. The main reaction products contributing to the strength development are C-S-H, C-(A)-S-H gel, and hydrotalcite. Other carbonate-containing phases make smaller contributions. The findings reveal that when SS usage is at 10%, it yields higher early strength compared to ordinary samples. Samples incorporating MgO and SS achieved strengths similar to or surpassing those of the control samples. A noteworthy observation is the synergistic excitation effect between sodium carbonate (NC) and MgO, leading to the generation of a significant amount of gelling substances. These substances fill the pores of the structure, resulting in the formation of a dense microstructure. Consequently, the enhanced interaction between NC and MgO contributes to the overall strength development of the cementitious material.
Effects of Different Antioxidant Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides on Anti-Aging Properties of Asphalt Binders
Authors: Liu Quantao , Li Jinjie , Chen Shuaichao
Published: February 2024

This research aims to prepare different antioxidant intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and compare the thermal oxidation and ultraviolet (UV) aging resistances of different modified asphalts. The ion exchange technique was used to intercalate three different antioxidants: 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-carboxyphenyl) propionic acid, antioxidant 1222, and sodium dibutyl dithiocarbamate (rubber accelerator TP) into the interlayer of LDHs. The morphology, structures, UV blocking, and free radical scavenging properties of different antioxidant intercalated LDHs were characterized, respectively. The effects of the anti-aging agents on the physical properties (penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity); rheological behaviors (complex modulus and phase angle); and functional groups (C=O and S=O) of asphalt both before and after thermal oxidation aging and UV aging were systematically investigated. The results of the crystal structure and functional group analysis show that the three different antioxidants can be successfully inserted into the interlayer of LDHs without destroying their layered structures. Antioxidant intercalated LDHs exhibit a remarkable capacity for absorbing UV rays, coupled with a moderate ability to reflect UV light. Moreover, the inclusion of antioxidants into the interlayers of LDHs confers upon them the ability to scavenge free radicals. After 2 h of reaction, the free radical scavenging rates of LDHs-3, LDHs-1222, and LDHs-TP were 57.7%, 35.6%, and 17.1%, respectively. With an increase in the content of the antioxidant intercalated LDHs, the performance of the modified asphalt varies, and 4% is the optimal content of the anti-aging agents. Asphalts with the three antioxidant intercalated LDHs all had favorable storage stability, and their physical and rheological properties were improved after aging compared to LDHs-modified asphalt. The LDHs-3-modified asphalt showed the best anti-ultraviolet aging effect, while LDHs-1222-modified asphalt showed the best anti-thermal oxidation aging effect. This research lays the foundation for developing aging-resistant asphalt and improving the durability of asphalt pavement.
Long Noncoding RNA RP11-278A23.1, a Potential Modulator of p53 Tumor Suppression, Contributes to Colorectal Cancer Progression
Authors: Kamikokura Masayo , Tange Shoichiro , Nakase Hiroshi , Tokino Takashi , Idogawa Masashi
Published: February 2024

Recently, many studies revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancers. To identify lncRNAs contributing to colorectal cancers, we screened lncRNAs through expression and survival analyses in datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The screen revealed that RP11-278A23.1 expression is significantly increased in colorectal cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and that high RP11-278A23.1 expression correlates with poor prognosis. The knockdown of RP11-278A23.1 inhibited the growth of and promoted apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Next, to comprehensively examine differentially expressed genes after RP11-278A23.1 knockdown, RNA sequencing was performed in HCT116 cells. The expression of p21, a p53 target gene, was significantly upregulated, and the expression of several p53 target proapoptotic genes was also altered. RP11-278A23.1 knockdown increased p53 expression at the translational level but not at the transcriptional level. Interestingly, RP11-278A23.1 knockdown also altered the expression of these proapoptotic genes in DLD1 cells with mutated p53 and in p53-knockout HCT116 cells. These results suggest that RP11-278A23.1 modifies the expression of these apoptosis-related genes in p53-dependent and p53-independent manners. In summary, lncRNA RP11-278A23.1 contributes to colorectal cancer progression by promoting cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis, suggesting that this lncRNA may be a useful therapeutic target.
Inhibition of TNBC Cell Growth by Paroxetine: Induction of Apoptosis and Blockage of Autophagy Flux
Authors: Huang Qianrui , Wu Mengling , Pu Yamin , Zhou Junyou , Zhang Yiqian , Li Ru , Xia Yong , Zhang Yiwen , Ma Yimei
Published: February 2024

The strategy of drug repurposing has gained traction in the field of cancer therapy as a means of discovering novel therapeutic uses for established pharmaceuticals. Paroxetine (PX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor typically utilized in the treatment of depression, has demonstrated promise as an agent for combating cancer. Nevertheless, the specific functions and mechanisms by which PX operates in the context of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain ambiguous. This study aimed to examine the impact of PX on TNBC cells in vitro as both a standalone treatment and in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, apoptosis was assessed through flow cytometry, and the effects on signaling pathways were analyzed using RNA sequencing and Western blot techniques. Furthermore, a subcutaneous tumor model was utilized to assess the in vivo efficacy of combination therapy on tumor growth. The results of our study suggest that PX may activate the Ca2+-dependent mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway in TNBC by potentially influencing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as well as by inducing cytoprotective autophagy. Additionally, the combination of PX and chemotherapeutic agents demonstrated moderate inhibitory effects on 4T1 tumor growth in an in vivo model. These findings indicate that PX may exert its effects on TNBC through modulation of critical molecular pathways, offering important implications for improving chemosensitivity and identifying potential therapeutic combinations for clinical use.
Blood Vessel-Targeted Therapy in Colorectal Cancer: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives
Authors: Jacobsen Anne , Siebler Jürgen , Grützmann Robert , Stürzl Michael , Naschberger Elisabeth
Published: February 2024

The vasculature is a key player and regulatory component in the multicellular microenvironment of solid tumors and, consequently, a therapeutic target. In colorectal carcinoma (CRC), antiangiogenic treatment was approved almost 20 years ago, but there are still no valid predictors of response. In addition, treatment resistance has become a problem. Vascular heterogeneity and plasticity due to species-, organ-, and milieu-dependent phenotypic and functional differences of blood vascular cells reduced the hope of being able to apply a standard approach of antiangiogenic therapy to all patients. In addition, the pathological vasculature in CRC is characterized by heterogeneous perfusion, impaired barrier function, immunosuppressive endothelial cell anergy, and metabolic competition-induced microenvironmental stress. Only recently, angiocrine proteins have been identified that are specifically released from vascular cells and can regulate tumor initiation and progression in an autocrine and paracrine manner. In this review, we summarize the history and current strategies for applying antiangiogenic treatment and discuss the associated challenges and opportunities, including normalizing the tumor vasculature, modulating milieu-dependent vascular heterogeneity, and targeting functions of angiocrine proteins. These new strategies could open perspectives for future vascular-targeted and patient-tailored therapy selection in CRC.
Factors Associated with Increased Knowledge about Breast Density in South Australian Women Undergoing Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Bhattacharjee Avisak , Walsh David , Dasari Pallave , Hodson Leigh J. , Edwards Suzanne , White Sarah J. , Turnbull Deborah , Ingman Wendy V.
Published: February 2024

Background: There is growing awareness of breast density in women attending breast cancer screening; however, it is unclear whether this awareness is associated with increased knowledge. This study aims to evaluate breast density knowledge among Australian women attending breast cancer screening. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on women undergoing breast cancer screening at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Breast/Endocrine outpatient department. Participants were provided with a questionnaire to assess knowledge, awareness, and desire to know their own breast density. Result: Of the 350 women who participated, 61% were familiar with ‘breast density’ and 57% had ‘some knowledge’. Prior breast density notification (OR = 4.99, 95% CI = 2.76, 9.03; p = 0.004), awareness (OR = 4.05, 95% CI = 2.57, 6.39; p = 0.004), younger age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96, 0.99; p = 0.02), and English as the language spoken at home (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.23, 8.77; p = 0.02) were independent predictors of ‘some knowledge’ of breast density. A significant proportion of participants (82%) expressed desire to ascertain their individual breast density. Conclusions: While knowledge of breast density in this Australian cohort is generally quite low, we have identified factors associated with increased knowledge. Further research is required to determine optimal interventions to increase breast density knowledge.
Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Literature Review and Our Experience of NAC-GS
Authors: Aoki Taku , Mori Shozo , Kubota Keiichi
Published: February 2024

In addition to established evidence of the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), evidence of the effects of neoadjuvant treatments (NATs), including chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, has also been accumulating. Recent results from prospective studies and meta-analyses suggest that NATs may be beneficial not only for borderline resectable PDAC, but also for resectable PDAC, by increasing the likelihood of successful R0 resection, decreasing the likelihood of the development of lymph node metastasis, and improving recurrence-free and overall survival. In addition, response to NAT may be informative for predicting the clinical course after preoperative NAT followed by surgery; in this way, the postoperative treatment strategy can be revised based on the effect of NAT and the post-neoadjuvant therapy/surgery histopathological findings. On the other hand, the response to NAT and AC is also influenced by the tumor biology and the patient’s immune/nutritional status; therefore, planning of the treatment strategy and meticulous management of NAT, surgery, and AC is required on a patient-by-patient basis. Our experience of using gemcitabine plus S-1 showed that this NAT regimen achieved tumor shrinkage and decreased the levels of tumor markers but failed to provide a survival benefit. Our results also suggested that response/adverse events to NAT may be predictive of the efficacy of AC, as well as survival outcomes.
Effect of Polyphenols on Inflammation Induced by Membrane Vesicles from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Oura Yukino , Shimamura Yuko , Kan Toshiyuki , Masuda Shuichi
Published: February 2024

Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium found on human skin, produces toxins and various virulence factors that can lead to skin infections such as atopic dermatitis. These toxins and virulence factors are carried in membrane vesicles (MVs), composed of the bacterium’s own cell membranes, and are expected to reach host target cells in a concentrated form, inducing inflammation. This study investigated the effects of two polyphenols, (–)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and nobiletin (NOL), on the expression of S. aureus virulence factors and the inflammation induced by MVs. The study found that EGCG alone decreased the production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA), while both EGCG and NOL reduced biofilm formation and the expression of virulence factor-related genes. When S. aureus was cultured in a broth supplemented with these polyphenols, the resulting MVs showed a reduction in SEA content and several cargo proteins. These MVs also exhibited decreased levels of inflammation-related gene expression in immortalized human keratinocytes. These results suggest that EGCG and NOL are expected to inhibit inflammation in the skin by altering the properties of MVs derived from S. aureus.
LiGdxY1−xF4 and LiGdF4:Eu3+ Microparticles as Potential Materials for Optical Temperature Sensing
Authors: Oleynikova Ekaterina I. , Morozov Oleg A. , Korableva Stella L. , Pudovkin Maksim S.
Published: February 2024

In this work, the physical characterization of LiGdxY1−xF4 (x = 0.05, 0.3, 0.7, and 1.0) and LiGdF4:Eu3+ microparticles was performed. The distribution coefficient of LiGdxY1−xF4 (x = 0.05) was determined for the first time (0.84). Based on kinetic characterization data, the LiGdF4 sample was chosen for further Eu3+ doping (0.1 and 1.0 at.%). For the LiGdF4:Eu3+ sample, Eu3+ emission was clearly observed under the excitation of Gd3+. This fact indicates an effective energy transfer from Gd3+ to Eu3+. The temperature-dependent spectral characterization of the LiGdF4:Eu3+ (1.0%) sample revealed that in the 30–250 K temperature range, a broad emission peak is evidenced. Its intensity sharply increases with the temperature decrease. We made a suggestion that this phenomenon is related to the irradiation-induced defects. The integrated luminescence intensity ratio of this broad peak and the Eu3+ emission were taken as temperature-dependent parameters. The sensitivity values are very competitive, and the first maximum occurs at 174 K (3.18%/K). The kinetic characteristics of both Gd3+ and Eu3+ did not demonstrate a notable temperature dependence. The LiGdF4:Eu3+ sample showed the possibility of being used as an optical temperature sensor, operating in the cryogenic temperature range.
High-Performance Ceramics in Musculoskeletal Surgery: Current Use and Future Perspectives
Authors: Eschweiler Jörg , Greven Johannes , Rath Björn , Kobbe Philipp , Modabber Ali , Hildebrand Frank , Migliorini Filippo , Hofmann Ulf Krister
Published: February 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease among the elderly population, necessitating effective treatment options. Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is a reliable surgical procedure that has shown good long-term clinical outcomes for OA. However, certain challenges, such as implant failure caused by particle-induced aseptic loosening or hypersensitivity to metal ions, remain unresolved in TJA. High-performance ceramic implants have emerged as a promising solution to address these persistent implant-related issues. This review article provides an overview of the composition and characteristics of ceramics used in TJA, highlighting their potential advantages and associated risks. While ceramic implants have demonstrated excellent performance in vivo for hip and knee arthroplasty, their bioinert behaviour is still considered a crucial factor regarding cementless options. Therefore, novel methods are investigated that seem to be able to combine the benefits of ceramic materials with an excellent osseointegration behaviour, which makes ceramics as implant materials an even stronger option for future applications.
Neurobiological, Genetic, and Epigenetic Foundations of Eating Disorders in Youth
Authors: Cerniglia Luca
Published: February 2024

Eating disorders (EDs), encompassing conditions such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, represent a significant public health concern, particularly among children and adolescents [...]
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists—A Potential New Medication for Pediatric Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
Authors: Choi Erika , Ramirez Tovar Ana , He Zhulin , Soler Rodriguez Dellys M. Soler , Vos Miriam B. , Arora Shruthi , Fadoju Doris
Published: February 2024

Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common liver disease in children in the US and, if untreated, may progress to end-stage liver disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown improvement in MASLD markers in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Currently, there is a lack of medications available for the treatment of pediatric MASLD. We aimed to provide preliminary data on the effects of GLP-1 RAs on markers of MASLD in a retrospective study, in an effort to bridge this gap in the pharmacotherapies available. Nine patients from a T2DM clinic who met the following inclusion criteria were included in this study: patients diagnosed with pre-diabetes or T2DM, prescribed a GLP-1 RA in the prior 12 months, and having alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevated to twice the upper limit of the normal range, indicating evidence of MASLD. The average change between baseline and the first measurement after starting a GLP-1 RA was calculated for ALT, hemoglobin A1c, and BMI. ALT decreased by an average of 98 points. A1c decreased by an average of 2.2 points. BMI decreased by an average of 2.4 points. There was greater reduction in ALT and A1c compared to BMI, suggesting that improvement in MASLD may be independent of weight loss. This is a preliminary study that shows potential, and prospective studies are needed to evaluate the effects of GLP-1 RAs in the management of pediatric MASLD.
B Cell Subsets and Immune Checkpoint Expression in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Ntsethe Aviwe , Mkhwanazi Zekhethelo Alondwe , Dludla Phiwayinkosi Vusi , Nkambule Bongani Brian
Published: February 2024

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by dysfunctional B cells. Immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) are upregulated in patients with CLL and may correlate with prognostic markers such as beta-2 microglobulin (B2M). The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of immune checkpoints on B cell subsets and to further correlate them with B2M levels in patients with CLL. We recruited 21 patients with CLL and 12 controls. B cell subsets and the levels of immune checkpoint expression were determined using conventional multi-color flow cytometry. Basal levels of B2M in patients with CLL were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with CLL had increased levels of activated B cells when compared to the control group, p < 0.001. The expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 were increased on activated B cells and memory B cells, p < 0.05. There were no associations between B2M levels and the measured immune checkpoints on B cell subsets, after adjusting for sex and age. In our cohort, the patients with CLL expressed elevated levels of PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints on activated and memory B cell subsets. However, there was no correlation between these immune checkpoint expressions and B2M levels.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Soil: Transport Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Removal by Biochar-Modified Capping Layer
Authors: Wang Shifang , Song Lei , He Haijie , Zhang Wenjie
Published: February 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as a primary pollutant in industrial-contaminated sites or polluted soils, cause severe damage to the soil. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the transport of VOCs in soil is imperative to develop effective detection means and removal methods. Among them, biochar possesses potential advantages in the adsorption of VOCs, serving as an effective method for removing VOCs from soil. This review provides an overview of the VOCs within soil, their transport mechanisms, monitoring technology, and removal approach. Firstly, the historical development of the VOC migration mechanism within the capping layer is described in detail. Secondly, the in situ monitoring techniques for VOCs are systematically summarized. Subsequently, one of the effective removal technologies, a capping layer for polluted sites, is simply introduced. Following this, the potential application of a biochar-modified capping layer for the removal of VOCs is comprehensively discussed. Finally, the major challenges in the field and present prospects are outlined. The objective of this study is to furnish researchers with a foundational understanding of VOCs, their relevant information, and their removal approach, inspiring environmental protection and soil pollution control.
High-Compression Crash Simulations and Tests of PLA Cubes Fabricated Using Additive Manufacturing FDM with a Scaling Strategy
Authors: Garcia-Granada Andres-Amador
Published: February 2024

Impacts due to drops or crashes between moving vehicles necessitate the search for energy absorption elements to prevent damage to the transported goods or individuals. To ensure safety, a given level of acceptable deceleration is provided. The optimization of deformable parts to absorb impact energy is typically conducted through explicit simulations, where kinetic energy is converted into plastic deformation energy. The introduction of additive manufacturing techniques enables this optimization to be conducted with more efficient shapes, previously unachievable with conventional manufacturing methods. This paper presents an initial approach to validating explicit simulations of impacts against solid cubes of varying sizes and fabrication directions. Such cubes were fabricated using PLA, the most used material, and a desktop printer. All simulations could be conducted using a single material law description, employing solid elements with a controlled time step suitable for industrial applications. With this approach, the simulations were capable of predicting deceleration levels across a broad range of impact configurations for solid cubes.
Processing, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB2-MoSi2-C Ceramics
Authors: Sajdak Maria , Kornaus Kamil , Zientara Dariusz , Moskała Norbert , Komarek Sebastian , Momot Kinga , Golis Edmund , Zych Łukasz , Gubernat Agnieszka
Published: February 2024

Titanium boride (TiB2) is a material classified as an ultra-high-temperature ceramic. The TiB2 structure is dominated by covalent bonds, which gives the materials based on TiB2 very good mechanical and thermal properties, making them difficult to sinter at the same time. Obtaining dense TiB2 polycrystals requires a chemical or physical sintering activation. Carbon and molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) were chosen as sintering activation additives. Three series of samples were made, the first one with carbon additives: 0 to 4 wt.%; the second used 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.% MoSi2; and the third with both additions of 2 wt.% carbon and 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.% MoSi2. On the basis of the dilatometric sintering analysis, all additives were found to have a favourable effect on the sinterability of TiB2, and it was determined that sintering TiB2 with the addition of carbon can be carried at 2100 °C and with MoSi2 and both additives at 1800 °C. The polycrystals were sintered using the hot-pressing technique. On the basis of the studies conducted in this work, it was found that the addition of 1 wt.% of carbon allows single-phase TiB2 polycrystals of high density (>90%) to be obtained. The minimum MoSi2 addition, required to obtain dense sinters with a cermet-like microstructure, was 5 wt.%. High density was also achieved by the materials containing both additives. The samples with higher MoSi2 content, i.e., 5 and 10%, showed densities close to 100%. The mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus, hardness and fracture toughness (KIc), of the polycrystals and composites were similar for samples with densities exceeding 95%. The Vickers hardness was 23 to 27 GPa, fracture toughness (KIC) was 4 to 6 MPa·m0.5 and the Young’s modulus was 480 to 540 GPa. The resulting TiB2-based materials showed potential in high-temperature applications.
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles: Synthetic Strategies and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Gatou Maria-Anna , Skylla Eirini , Dourou Panagiota , Pippa Natassa , Gazouli Maria , Lagopati Nefeli , Pavlatou Evangelia A.
Published: February 2024

In recent times, there has been considerable interest among researchers in magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, due to their excellent biocompatibility, stability, and diverse biomedical uses, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties, as well as tissue engineering, bioimaging, and drug delivery applications. Consequently, the escalating utilization of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in medical contexts necessitates the in-depth exploration of these nanoparticles. Notably, existing literature lacks a comprehensive review of magnesium oxide nanoparticles’ synthesis methods, detailed biomedical applications with mechanisms, and toxicity assessments. Thus, this review aims to bridge this gap by furnishing a comprehensive insight into various synthetic approaches for the development of MgO nanoparticles. Additionally, it elucidates their noteworthy biomedical applications as well as their potential mechanisms of action, alongside summarizing their toxicity profiles. This article also highlights challenges and future prospects for further exploring MgO nanoparticles in the biomedical field. Existing literature indicates that synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles demonstrate substantial biocompatibility and display significant antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Consequently, this review intends to enhance readers’ comprehension regarding recent advancements in synthesizing MgO nanoparticles through diverse approaches and their promising applications in biomedicine.
Morphological Variation and New Description of the Subcutaneous Gland of Sepiella inermis (Van Hasselt, 1835) in Thai Waters
Authors: Phuynoi Sonthaya , Sukhsangchan Charuay , Xu Ran , Zheng Xiaodong
Published: February 2024

The external morphology and morphological variations of Sepiella inermis vary across regions, necessitating investigation. However, the histological information on the subcutaneous gland has been insufficient to describe it. In this study, specimens were systematically collected and characterized from the Gulf of Thailand. Regarding external morphology, female cuttlebones exhibit greater width and more pronounced curves compared to males, while males feature 17–19 white dots along the fin margins. The presence of the subcutaneous gland was discerned during the embryonic stage at stage 19. A histological study of the subcutaneous gland illustrated the structure and development of the gland in both embryonic and adult stages, with four layers of membranes covering the gland. In the adult stage, trabeculae are dispersed throughout the gland, whereas in the embryonic stage, they form four distinct lines. The morphometric analysis revealed significant differences between males and females (p < 0.05) and the morphological variations within both sexes across the seven study areas exhibit significant differences (p < 0.05). According to the discriminant analysis results, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups in Surat Thani Province. Examining the length–weight relationship between dorsal mantle length and body weight showed significant differences between the sexes, indicating an allometric growth.
Karyological Study of Acanthocephalus lucii (Echinorhynchida): The Occurrence of B Chromosomes in Populations from PCB-Polluted Waters
Authors: Marková Anna , Orosová Martina , Marec František , Barčák Daniel , Oros Mikuláš
Published: February 2024

In this study, we performed a cytogenetic analysis of Acanthocephalus lucii specimens from three sites with different levels of environmental pollution. Standard and fluorochrome staining (CMA3/DAPI), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and histone H3 probes, and silver impregnation were performed. Chromosome complements of 2n = 7/8 (male/female), n = 1m + 2sm + 1a (X), and CMA3-positive bands in all chromosomes were found in all three populations. FISH revealed one 18S rDNA locus on the X chromosome and one locus of H3 histone genes on the first chromosome pair. At the intraspecific level, the populations differed in the presence of supernumerary B chromosomes, which were found in all specimens from Zemplínska Šírava and in 89.4% of specimens from the Laborec River, but not at the reference site. The first two sites are considered to be water bodies with high toxin contamination. Based on this fact, we assume an increased frequency of chromosome breaks leading to the formation of DNA fragments that have the potential to form B chromosomes. The present results add to the very limited data on the organization of multigene families in the genome of Acanthocephala and suggest a possible causal link between water pollution and the occurrence of B chromosomes in fish parasites.
Millepora spp. as Substrates of Their Hydrozoan Counterparts Stylaster sp. in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Fourreau Chloé Julie Loïs , Pica Daniela , Jamodiong Emmeline A. , Mironenko Castelló Guillermo , Mizukami Iori , Reimer James Davis
Published: February 2024

The association between two hydrozoans, Stylaster sp. and Millepora spp., has been described as a case of pseudo-auto-epizoism, and has only been reported from the Caribbean region of the Atlantic Ocean. Here, we report on the occurrence of this association in the Pacific Ocean on coral reefs around Iriomote-jima Island, Japan, suggesting the association to be more widespread than had previously been thought. Moreover, Stylaster sp. colonies were observed living healthily on bleached and dead branches of Millepora spp., indicating that this interaction is facultative. The interaction reported here differs from the relationship between the Caribbean Stylaster roseus and Millepora alcicornis by the connection points between the two partners, which is made evident by the whitening of the Millepora counterpart in Iriomote-jima Island, while being seamless in the Caribbean association. Further research is necessary to fully understand the nature of these relationships, comprehending under what conditions it occurs, and establishing which species are involved in the interactions.
Correction: Marceau, F. Drugs of the Kallikrein–Kinin System: An Overview. Drugs Drug Candidates 2023, 2, 538–553
Authors: Marceau François
Published: February 2024

In the original publication [...]
Harnessing of Artificial Intelligence for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Systematic Review
Authors: Baddal Buket , Taner Ferdiye , Uzun Ozsahin Dilber
Published: February 2024

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are the most common adverse events in healthcare and constitute a major global public health concern. Surveillance represents the foundation for the effective prevention and control of HAIs, yet conventional surveillance is costly and labor intensive. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to support the development of HAI surveillance algorithms for the understanding of HAI risk factors, the improvement of patient risk stratification as well as the prediction and timely detection and prevention of infections. AI-supported systems have so far been explored for clinical laboratory testing and imaging diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance profiling, antibiotic discovery and prediction-based clinical decision support tools in terms of HAIs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current literature on AI applications in the field of HAIs and discuss the future potentials of this emerging technology in infection practice. Following the PRISMA guidelines, this study examined the articles in databases including PubMed and Scopus until November 2023, which were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 162 included articles. By elucidating the advancements in the field, we aim to highlight the potential applications of AI in the field, report related issues and shortcomings and discuss the future directions.
Amino Acid Metabolism in Leukocytes Showing In Vitro IgG Memory from SARS-CoV2-Infected Patients
Authors: Fanelli Giuseppina , Lelli Veronica , Rinalducci Sara , Timperio Anna Maria
Published: February 2024

The immune response to infectious diseases is directly influenced by metabolic activities. COVID-19 is a disease that affects the entire body and can significantly impact cellular metabolism. Recent studies have focused their analysis on the potential connections between post-infection stages of SARS-CoV2 and different metabolic pathways. The spike S1 antigen was found to have in vitro IgG antibody memory for PBMCs when obtaining PBMC cultures 60–90 days post infection, and a significant increase in S-adenosyl homocysteine, sarcosine, and arginine was detected by mass spectrometric analysis. The involvement of these metabolites in physiological recovery from viral infections and immune activity is well documented, and they may provide a new and simple method to better comprehend the impact of SARS-CoV2 on leukocytes. Moreover, there was a significant change in the metabolism of the tryptophan and urea cycle pathways in leukocytes with IgG memory. With these data, together with results from the literature, it seems that leukocyte metabolism is reprogrammed after viral pathogenesis by activating certain amino acid pathways, which may be related to protective immunity against SARS-CoV2.
Chromatin Organization during C. elegans Early Development
Authors: Jash Eshna , Csankovszki Györgyi
Published: February 2024

Embryogenesis is characterized by dynamic chromatin remodeling and broad changes in chromosome architecture. These changes in chromatin organization are accompanied by transcriptional changes, which are crucial for the proper development of the embryo. Several independent mechanisms regulate this process of chromatin reorganization, including the segregation of chromatin into heterochromatin and euchromatin, deposition of active and repressive histone modifications, and the formation of 3D chromatin domains such as TADs and LADs. These changes in chromatin structure are directly linked to developmental milestones such as the loss of developmental plasticity and acquisition of terminally differentiated cell identities. In this review, we summarize these processes that underlie this chromatin reorganization and their impact on embryogenesis in the nematode C. elegans.
Distributed Dynamic Surface Control for a Class of Quadrotor UAVs with Input Saturation and External Disturbance
Authors: Zhu Guoqiang , Lv Laiping , Sun Lingfang , Zhang Xiuyu
Published: February 2024

An adaptive dynamic surface trajectory tracking control method based on the Nussbaum function is proposed for a class of quadrotor UAVs encountering unknown external disturbances and unidentified nonlinearities. By transforming controller expressions into numerical solutions, the challenge of overly complex controller design expressions is addressed, simplifying the overall controller design process and enhancing the efficiency of simulation programs. Additionally, an adaptive controller based on Nussbaum gain is introduced to effectively resolve actuator saturation issues. This approach mitigates complexities associated with traditional control design and ensures smooth operation of the quadrotor UAVs. The proposed methodology offers promising prospects for enhancing the robustness and performance of quadrotor UAVs under uncertain operating conditions. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, a hardware-in-the-loop experimental setup is constructed. The dynamic model of the quadrotor UAVs and the proposed controller scheme are implemented on the Rapid Control Prototype (RCP) and Real-Time Simulator (RTS), respectively. This facilitates a semi-physical simulation experiment, providing a basis for the subsequent application of the control scheme to actual aerial vehicles. The concluding experimental results affirm the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme and highlight its potential for practical applications.
Small and Simple Systems That Favor the Arrow of Time
Authors: Chamberlin Ralph V.
Published: February 2024

The 2nd law of thermodynamics yields an irreversible increase in entropy until thermal equilibrium is achieved. This irreversible increase is often assumed to require large and complex systems to emerge from the reversible microscopic laws of physics. We test this assumption using simulations and theory of a 1D ring of N Ising spins coupled to an explicit heat bath of N Einstein oscillators. The simplicity of this system allows the exact entropy to be calculated for the spins and the heat bath for any N, with dynamics that is readily altered from reversible to irreversible. We find thermal-equilibrium behavior in the thermodynamic limit, and in systems as small as N=2, but both results require microscopic dynamics that is intrinsically irreversible.