bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel signalling mechanisms and targets in renal ischaemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Kusch A. , Hoff U. , Bubalo G. , Zhu Y. , Fechner M. , Schmidt‐Ullrich R. , Marko L. , Müller D. N. , Schmidt‐Ott K. M. , Gürgen D. , Blum M. , Schunck W.‐H. , Dragun D.
Published: February 2013

Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common and severe clinical problem. Vascular dysfunction, immune system activation and tubular epithelial cell injury contribute to functional and structural deterioration. The search for novel therapeutic interventions for I/R‐induced AKI is a dynamic area of experimental research. Pharmacological targeting of injury mediators and corresponding intracellular signalling in endothelial cells, inflammatory cells and the injured tubular epithelium could provide new opportunities yet may also pose great translational challenge. Here, we focus on signalling mediators, their receptors and intracellular signalling pathways which bear potential to abrogate cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis of I/R‐induced AKI. Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) and its respective receptors, cytochrome P450 (CYP450)‐dependent vasoactive eicosanoids, NF‐κB‐ and protein kinase‐C (PKC)‐related pathways are representatives of such ‘druggable’ pleiotropic targets. For example, pharmacological agents targeting S1P and PKC isoforms are already in clinical use for treatment for autoimmune diseases and were previously subject of clinical trials in kidney transplantation where I/R‐induced AKI occurs as a common complication. We summarize recent in vitro and in vivo experimental studies using pharmacological and genomic targeting and highlight some of the challenges to clinical application of these advances.
Effect of Plating Technique on Periosteal Vasculature of the Radius in Dogs: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Garofolo Stephen , Pozzi Antonio
Published: February 2013

Objective

To (1) evaluate the normal extraosseous blood supply of the cranial aspect of the canine radius and (2) to compare the effects of minimally invasive (MIPO) and open plating technique on its preservation.

Study Design

Experimental cadaveric study.

Sample Population

Adult canine thoracic limbs (n = 36) obtained from cadavers weighing 25–35 kg.

Methods

Twelve unpaired limbs were used to study the normal extraosseous blood supply. Each limb was injected with blue latex and India ink, and then underwent microdissection. Twelve paired limbs were used to study the effects of the 2 surgical plating techniques. On each of the paired radii, either MIPO or open plating was performed. After surgery, limbs were prepared and injected using the same methodology as the normal limbs. The dorsal surface of the radius was divided into 4 zones. Extravasation and periosteal filling were scored and the results were compared between groups using the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test; significance was set at P < .05.

Results

The topography of the vasculature on the cranial aspect of the radius consisted of a complex network of periosteal vessels originating from the median, radial, caudal interosseous, and cranial interosseous arteries. Open plating caused significantly greater extravasation than MIPO (P = .0003). For each zone the MIPO group had significantly greater periosteal filling compared to those in the open plating group.

Conclusions

In this cadaveric model, based on the superior periosteal filling and vascular integrity, MIPO disrupted less periosteal vasculature of the canine radius than open plating.
Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG
Authors: Gavrilyuk Julia , Ban Hitoshi , Uehara Hisatoshi , Sirk Shannon J. , Saye-Francisco Karen , Cuevas Angelica , Zablowsky Elise , Oza Avinash , Seaman Michael S. , Burton Dennis R. , Barbas Carlos F.
Published: February 2013

Broadly neutralizing antibodies PG9 and PG16 effectively neutralize 70 to 80% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. In this study, the neutralization abilities of PG9 and PG16 were further enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. A novel air-stable diazonium hexafluorophosphate reagent that allows for rapid, tyrosine-selective functionalization of proteins and antibodies under mild conditions was used to prepare a series of aplaviroc-conjugated antibodies, including b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, and CD4-IgG. The conjugated antibodies blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency of the parent antibodies against nonresistant HIV-1 strains. Conjugation did not alter the pharmacokinetics of a model IgG in blood. The PG9-aplaviroc conjugate was tested against a panel of 117 HIV-1 strains and was found to neutralize 100% of the viruses. PG9-aplaviroc conjugate IC
50
s were lower than those of PG9 in neutralization studies of 36 of the 117 HIV-1 strains. These results support this new approach to bispecific antibodies and offer a potential new strategy for combining HIV-1 therapies.
Native aortic valve fungal endocarditis
Authors: Chaudhary Shyam Chand , Sawlani Kamal Kumar , Arora Rahul , Kumar Vivek
Published: February 2013

Infective endocarditis is the most common and dangerous form of endovascular infection. Fungal endocarditis especially of native valve is rare withCandida albicansbeing the causative organism in one-fourth of such cases. Diagnosis of such cases is further complicated if blood cultures are sterile, vegetations are not initially seen on echocardiogram and patient presents with non-specific symptoms. We hereby report a patient with native valve fungal endocarditis, treated successfully with voriconazole.
Ophthalmic manifestations of herpes zoster virus in patients with multiple myeloma following bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Khalafallah Alhossain A , Woodgate Miriam , Koshy Kurien , Patrick Andrew
Published: February 2013

We report three patients with ophthalmic herpes zoster (HZ) manifestations on the background diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). It seems that immunocompromised status has caused reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) producing a well-characterised neurological syndrome and subsequent postherpetic neuralgia in two patients. One patient experienced lymphocytic leptomeningitis resulting in unilateral optic neuritis. All patients received similar myeloma disease-specific treatment prior to HZ reactivation. All patients were treated with thalidomide and steroids, and they thereafter underwent autologous stem cell transplantation. Prior to HZ reactivation they received new immunomodulatory drugs in the form of thalidomide in addition to bortezomib (2 patients) and lenalidomide (1 patient). Immediate specific antiviral therapy was successfully applied with intravenous acyclovir for 10 days, followed by long-term oral famciclovir maintenance. Two patients progressed to have chronic HZ ophthalmicus and postherpetic neuralgia requiring ongoing antiviral therapy and neuroepileptic medications for the neuropathic pain.
Abdominal distention and renal failure in a neonate
Authors: Bedri Badreldin , Goodwin Julie E
Published: February 2013

A term male neonate presented to his paediatrician for a routine follow-up after hospital discharge. Prenatal care had been excellent and labour and delivery had been unremarkable. He had been feeding, gaining weight and was not in distress though significant abdominal distention was noted. Lab tests revealed electrolytes derangements, metabolic acidosis and renal failure. An ultrasound revealed severe unilateral hydronephrosis and echogenic kidneys. A voiding cystourethrogram revealed the definitive diagnosis which was posterior urethral valves.
Surveillance without chemotherapy in a woman with recurrent molar pregnancy
Authors: Bagga Rashmi , Siwatch Sujata , Srinivasan Radhika , Dhaliwal Lakhbir Kaur
Published: February 2013

A 27-year-old fouth gravida patient with previous two partial molar pregnancies and one missed abortion underwent a suction evacuation for partial molar pregnancy at 9 weeks of gestation. She was followed up with serum HCG values. Though the HCG level reduced from a pre-evacuation value of 1 40 223–31 157 mIU/ml 1 week post procedure, the levels continued to be positive in low titres 6 months after suction evacuation. The management options were discussed with the patient and a decision was taken to continue surveillance with serial HCG titres. HCG levels normalised after 11 months without the need for chemotherapy.
Serotonin syndrome: pills, thrills and shoulder aches
Authors: Proudfoot Malcolm , Gormley Joe
Published: February 2013

This case demonstrates an acute presentation of unwitnessed seizure causing typical injuries. Progress in hospital was complicated by worsening autonomic disturbance and agitation, typical for serotonin syndrome, suspected in light of recent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor  antidepressant initiation. Supportive care required treatment in the intensive care unit setting but full recovery ensued. This case not only reminds clinicians of the potential pitfalls in assessing postictal injured patients, but also that serotonin syndrome requires a high-index of diagnostic suspicion given the range of presenting features. Management ranges from simple withdrawal of the offending agent to specific therapies such as a cyproheptadine.
The effect of sodium nitroprusside on survival and stress signaling in PC12 rat phaeochromocytoma cells expressing a dominant negative RasH mutant protein
Authors: Bátor Judit , Varga Judit , Szeberényi József
Published: February 2013

Toxic concentrations of the second messenger nitric oxide cause cellular stress leading to cell death. Ras proteins, possible targets of nitric oxide–induced nitrosylation, may act as mediators in nitrosative stress. To analyze the possible involvement of Ras proteins in nitric oxide cytotoxicity, a PC12 rat phaeochromocytoma cell line expressing a dominant negative Ras mutant protein was used in this study. Cytotoxic concentrations of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside activated several proapoptotic mechanisms, including stimulation of the stress kinase pathways mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inhibition of the translation initiation factor eIF2α, induction and phosphorylation of the p53 protein, and inhibited Akt-mediated antiapoptotic signaling, independent of Ras function. Simultaneously, Ras-dependent stimulation of the prosurvival ERK pathway was also observed, followed by an increased activation of the caspase-9/caspase-3 cascade in cells with impaired Ras function. It is concluded that nitric oxide stimulation of multiple signaling pathways contributes to the cell death program, whereas concomitant activation of the Ras/ERK pathway provides a certain degree of protection.
Femoral Neck Version Affects Medial Femorotibial Loading
Authors: Papaioannou T. A. , Digas Georgios , Bikos Ch. , Karamoulas V. , Magnissalis E. A.
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary evaluation of the possible effect that femoral version may have on the bearing equilibrium conditions developed on the medial tibiofemoral compartment. A digital 3D solid model of the left physiological adult femur was used to create morphological variations of different neck-shaft angles (varus 115, normal 125, and valgus 135 degrees) and version angles (−10, 0, and +10 degrees). By means of finite element modeling and analysis techniques (FEM-FEA), a virtual experiment was executed with the femoral models aligned in a neutral upright position, distally supported on a fully congruent tibial tray and proximally loaded with a vertical only hip joint load of 2800 N. Equivalent stresses and their distribution on the medial compartment were computed and comparatively evaluated. Within our context, the neck-shaft angle proved to be of rather indifferent influence. Reduction of femoral version, however, appeared as the most influencing parameter regarding the tendency of the medial compartment to establish its bearing equilibrium towards posteromedial directions, as a consequence of the corresponding anteroposterior changes of the hip centre over the horizontal tibiofemoral plane. We found a correlation between femoral anteversion and medial tibiofemoral compartment contact pressure. Our findings will be further elucidated by more sophisticated FEM-FEA and by clinical studies that are currently planned.
Multivariable Analysis in Cerebrovascular Research: Practical Notes for the Clinician
Authors: Reboldi Gianpaolo , Angeli Fabio , Verdecchia Paolo
Published: February 2013

The term ‘multivariate analysis' is often used when one is referring to a multivariable analysis. ‘Multivariate', however, implies a statistical analysis with multiple outcomes. In contrast, multivariable analysis is a statistical tool for determining the relative contributions of various factors to a single event or outcome. The purpose of this article is to focus on analyses where multiple predictors are considered. Such an analysis is in contrast to a univariable (or ‘simple') analysis, where single predictor variables are considered. We review the basics of multivariable analyses, what assumptions underline them and how they should be interpreted and evaluated.
Functional, Not Fossilized
Authors: Wills John E., Jr.
Published: February 2013

This article describes the main lines of relations between the Qing and two
neighbors, Đại Việt (Vietnam) and Siam (Thailand), ca.
1700-1820. It argues that the tribute system was not a “fossil” of
Qing pretensions and meaningless ceremonies but a functional matrix for
adjustment to changing realities. It cites archival sources in Beijing and
Taipei that will repay further detailed study.   Cet article
décrit les principaux canaux de communication entre les Qing et deux de
leurs voisins, le Đại Việt (Vietnam) et le Siam
(Thaïlande), pendant les années 1700-1820 approximativement. Il
est démontré que le système tributaire, loin
d’être une représentation fossilisée des
prétentions des Qing et de se limiter à un ensemble de
cérémonies dénuées de sens, constituait une matrice
fonctionnelle permettant de s’adapter à des réalités
changeantes. Les sources citées, extraites des archives conservées
à Pékin et à Taipei, devraient permettre de poursuivre
l’enquête de manière fructueuse.
Tumefactive perivascular spaces mimicking cerebral edema in a patient with diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome: a case report
Authors: John Seby , Samuel Susan , Lakhan Shaheen E
Published: February 2013

Introduction

Acute cerebral edema is a significant cause of death in patients treated for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 44-year-old African American woman admitted with acute severe headache and diagnosed with diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. Computed tomography of the head showed diffuse leukoencephalopathy, but sparing of the cortex. We were concerned for acute cerebral edema secondary to hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed numerous collections of cystic spaces in the white matter of both hemispheres representing tumefactive perivascular spaces. Her headache improved with correction of the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state.

Conclusion

Although the clinical presentation and head computed tomography were concerning for cerebral edema, the distinctive features on brain magnetic resonance imaging helped to clarify the diagnosis and differentiate it from other processes.
Clinically Unsuspected Cryoglobulinemia: Cases That Present as Laboratory Artifact
Authors: Warren Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2013

On the basis of anecdotal instances in which atypical laboratory findings suggested the possibility of unsuspected cryoglobulinemia, we applied predetermined criteria to determine how often such findings predict the presence of clinically significant cryoglobulinemia. The laboratory criteria are smeared M-spike (paraprotein) in agarose gel serum protein electrophoresis, precipitated protein at the serum application point of agarose electrophoresis gel, greater than 50% quantitative discrepancy between the densitometrically estimated M-spike and the relevant corresponding serum immunoglobulin isotype concentration from the same specimen, and smeared protein observed on an agarose electrophoresis immunofixation gel. Cases that fulfilled any of these criteria were prospectively collected for 2 years. Brouet types and clinical findings were determined in cases where cryoglobulins were subsequently identified and clinical data available. Among 83 patients in whom any of the above laboratory findings were identified, 52 had subsequent cryoglobulin evaluations. Fourteen of these 52 patients had cryoglobulinemia. Findings indicative of clinically significant cryoglobulinemia were present in 8 of the 10 patients in whom follow-up clinical data were available.
Systementwurf eines MST basierten piezoelektrischen Versorgungsmoduls für energieautarke Anwendungen
Authors: Frey Alexander , Schreiter Matthias , Seidel Julian , Li Xiaoming , Wagner Dieter , Kühne Ingo
Published: February 2013

Der Systementwurf eines piezoelektrischen Versorgungsmoduls für ein energieautarkes Reifendruck-Kontrollsystems (RDKS) wird beschrieben. Hierfür werden der Generatorentwurf unter Einbeziehung des piezoelektrischen Materialsystems sowie die Auslegung der spezifischen Schnittstellenschaltung betrachtet. Die vorgestellte, auf einer analytischen Modellierung beruhende Entwurfsmethode, erlaubt es einen geeigneten Parameterraum für die Generatorgeometrie zu identifizieren.
Survival aspects in patients diagnosed with type ii diabetes mellitus between 1970 and 1999 in the diabetes center timişoara
Authors: Hogea Corina Marcela , Sima Alexandra , Albai Alin , Rosu Mihaela , Serban Viorel
Published: February 2013

Background. Diabetes mellitus is a serious pathological state, which shortens thelifespan, with severe complications and increased mortality. Objective. To study themain aspects regarding the survival for a period of 30 years, in patients newlydiagnosed with T2DM in the Diabetes Center Timişoara. Material and methods Thestudy enrolled 4,913 subjects, 2,742 women (55.81%) and 2,171 men (44.19%),mean age at diagnosis of 58.2± 11.5 years, diagnosed with T2DM between 1970 and1999. Results We observed a decreasing trend of the all cause death between theanalyzed groups as well as within the same group, during the study periods.Conclusion Our data support the results of numerous longitudinal descriptivestudies indicating a decrease of the secular mortality trend, but especially ofmortality in the last decades in diabetic patients.
Characteristics of People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Depending on Age at Onset
Authors: Florea Mirela , Hâncu Nicolae
Published: February 2013

Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the cardio-metabolic profilebetween younger (< 45 years) and older (≥ 45 years) people with newly diagnosedtype 2 diabetes (T2DM). Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study including910 persons with newly diagnosed T2DM and registered at the Clinical Center ofDiabetes Cluj-Napoca was carried out between 2006 - 2008. Results: The mean agewas 40.21±3.60 yrs. in the younger group and 60.08±8.22 yrs. in the older group.Both groups of patients were obese, but the younger-onset group was significantlymore obese as measured by body mass index (BMI), than the older group (BMI 32.45vs. 30.61 kg/m2, p=0.001). The absolute coronary heart disease (CHD) risk level wassignificantly higher in older than younger individuals (p<0.001). Conclusions:Despite being two decades younger, it is remarkable that many young people withnewly diagnosed T2DM have a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors.
Gender and Contractile Functions of Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscles in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Imam Kamil Asghar , Sarwar Madiha , Wali Usman , Siddique Lubna , Perveen Shahida
Published: February 2013

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus has been linked with specific morphological andmetabolic abnormalities of skeletal muscle in a fiber specific manner. Aim: Thepresent study was designed to compare the contractile functions of slow and fastskeletal muscles in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male and female SpragueDawley rats. Material and methods: Thirty healthy Sprague Dawley rats (15 maleand 15 female) were divided into two groups and studied after four weeks followingdiabetes induction. The rats in group I (male diabetic; n = 15) and group II (femalediabetic; n = 15) were fed on normal pellet diet and water ad libitum and rendereddiabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 65 mg/kg body weight at the startof study (day 1). At the end of four weeks, the contractile parameters of slow soleusand fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were recorded by iWorx advancedanimal/human physiology data acquisition unit (AHK/214). Results: At the end offour weeks, the weight of isolated soleus and EDL muscles in the male diabetic ratswas significantly higher (p < 0.001) as compared to the female diabetic rats.However, no significant difference was found in any of the contractile functions ofisolated soleus and EDL muscles when compared between the male and femalediabetic rats. Conclusion: No gender differences exist in the contractile functions ofslow and fast skeletal muscles in streptozotocin induced diabetic Sprague Dawleyrats.
Scleral Electrocautery and its Effects on Choroid Vessels: Implications for Subretinal Fluid Drainage During Scleral Buckling Surgery
Authors: Roybal C. Nathaniel , Tsui Irena , Sanfilippo Christian , Hubschman Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

External drainage of subretinal fluid as part of a scleral buckling procedure rapidly restores the retinal pigment epithelium–neural retina interface in rhegmatogenous retinal detachments but carries the inherent risk of subretinal hemorrhage and retinal incarceration. The authors investigated variations to the technique to reduce the chance of subretinal hemorrhage originating from the choroid.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A novel method for needle drainage using electrocautery of the sclerochoroidal layers before puncture was employed. The effect of 0% to 50% scleral electrocautery in a porcine model was investigated.

RESULTS:

A significant decrease in choroidal vessel diameter and choroidal vessel density at 40% electrocautery was demonstrated.

CONCLUSION:

Electrocautery without scleral cut-down before external drainage of subretinal fluid likely decreases the chance of subretinal hemorrhage by decreasing choroidal vascularity.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2013;44:176–180]
Learning and Teaching as Communicative Actions
Authors: Warren Scott J. , Wakefield Jenny S. , Knight Kim A. , Alsobrook Metta
Published: February 2013

This chapter explains how Twitter was implemented into three higher education course modality designs: two face-to-face courses in Digital Textuality, one fully online course in Global Policy, and two hybrid courses in Instructional Design II and Theory of Educational Technology Implementation, respectively. Learning and teaching as communicative actions (LTCA) theory guided the designs expanded on here. The authors sought to understand how instructors in their natural educational settings would use social media, specifically Twitter, as a pedagogical tool and aid to support their existing curriculum. Thus, the intent is to report the experiences of instructors using this tool in higher education in order to provide a clear narrative of their experiences, engage readers in critical thinking about the use and implementation of such a tool in the educational setting, and foster discussion, while also allowing the reader to draw appropriate parallels to their own contexts.
From Streams of Observations to Knowledge-Level Productive Predictions
Authors: Wernsdorfer Mark , Schmid Ute
Published: February 2013

The benefit to be gained by Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems depends heavily on the successful recognition of human intentions. Important indicators for specific intentions are behavior and situational context. Once a sequence of actions can be associated with a specific intention, assistance may be provided by anticipating the next individual step and supporting the human in its execution. The authors present a combination of Sequence Abstraction Networks (SAN) and IGOR to guarantee early and impartial predictions with a powerful detection for symbolic regularities. They first generate a hierarchy of abstract action sequences, where individual contexts represent subgoals or minor intentions. Afterwards, they enrich this hierarchy by recursive induction. An example scenario is presented where a table needs to be set for several guests. It turns out that correct predictions can be made while still executing the observed sequence for the first time. Support can therefore be completely individual to the person being assisted but nonetheless be very dynamic and quick in anticipating the next steps.
IFN-α Induces APOBEC3G, F, and A in Immature Dendritic Cells and Limits HIV-1 Spread to CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Mohanram Venkatramanan , Sköld Annette E. , Bächle Susanna M. , Pathak Sushil Kumar , Spetz Anna-Lena
Published: February 2013

Cytokines and IFNs, such as TNF-α and IFN-α, upregulate costimulatory molecules in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), enabling effective Ag presentation to T cells. This activation of MDDCs is often accompanied by upregulation of apolipoprotein B mRNA–editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) (A3) family proteins that are able to restrict HIV-1 replication in MDDCs by inducing hypermutations in the viral genome. In this study, we show that TNF-α upregulates costimulatory molecules and are able to restrict HIV-1BaL replication in MDDCs without significant induction of A3G, A3A, or A3F. Conversely, low quantities of IFN-α failed to upregulate costimulatory molecules, did not induce IL-12p40 or migration, but significantly induced A3G, A3A, and A3F mRNA expression and restricted viral replication in MDDCs. We also showed that transmission of HIV-1 from MDDCs to autologous T cells was significantly reduced in the presence of IFN-α. Sequence analyses detected the induction of high frequency of G-to-A hypermutations in the env genes from HIV-1BaL–infected MDDCs treated with low quantities of IFN-α2b. These findings show that low quantities of IFN-α can induce functional A3 family proteins and restrict HIV-1 replication in MDDCs while keeping an immature nonmigratory phenotype, supporting further investigations of modalities that enhance retroviral restriction factors. In addition, the findings highlight the role of IFN-α as a double-edged sword in HIV-1 infection, and we show that IFN-α can be powerful in reducing HIV-1 infection both in MDDCs and T cells.
Genetic Interactions among Idd3, Idd5.1, Idd5.2, and Idd5.3 Protective Loci in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Lin Xiaotian , Hamilton-Williams Emma E. , Rainbow Daniel B. , Hunter Kara M. , Dai Yang D. , Cheung Jocelyn , Peterson Laurence B. , Wicker Linda S. , Sherman Linda A.
Published: February 2013

In the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci control the development of insulitis and diabetes. Independently, protective alleles of Idd3/Il2 or Idd5 are able to partially protect congenic NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes, and to partially tolerize islet-specific CD8+ T cells. However, when the two regions are combined, mice are almost completely protected, strongly suggesting the existence of genetic interactions between the two loci. Idd5 contains at least three protective subregions/causative gene candidates, Idd5.1/Ctla4, Idd5.2/Slc11a1, and Idd5.3/Acadl, yet it is unknown which of them interacts with Idd3/Il2. Through the use of a series of novel congenic strains containing the Idd3/Il2 region and different combinations of Idd5 subregion(s), we defined these genetic interactions. The combination of Idd3/Il2 and Idd5.3/Acadl was able to provide nearly complete protection from type 1 diabetes, but all three Idd5 subregions were required to protect from insulitis and fully restore self-tolerance. By backcrossing a Slc11a1 knockout allele onto the NOD genetic background, we have demonstrated that Slc11a1 is responsible for the diabetes protection resulting from Idd5.2. We also used Slc11a1 knockout-SCID and Idd5.2-SCID mice to show that both loss-of-function alleles provide protection from insulitis when expressed on the SCID host alone. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that Slc11a1 is Idd5.2.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of a Novel 3D Metal-Organic Cd(II) Coordination Polymer Based on Helical Units
Authors: Li Hai-Hua , Zhang Peng , Pu Jia-Yi , Zhao Yu-Ying , Mei Chong-Zhen
Published: February 2013

A metal-organic framework based on 4-methylphthalic acid (H2L) and 4,4’-bipyridine (bpy), namely {[Cd(L)(bpy)1:5]·2(H2O)}n (1), has been synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 exhibits a 3D coordination network based on layers. Each layer consists of left- or right-handed {Cd-L-Cd-bpy-Cd-L-Cd-bpy}n double helices.Water molecules are also incorporated in the network. Compound 1 shows fluorescence at ca. 360 nm upon excitation at 304 nm.
Pay-for-Performance Incentives for Home Dialysis Use and Kidney Transplant
Authors: Koukounas Kalli G. , Kim Daeho , Patzer Rachel E. , Wilk Adam S. , Lee Yoojin , Drewry Kelsey M. , Mehrotra Rajnish , Rivera-Hernandez Maricruz , Meyers David J. , Shah Ankur D. , Thorsness Rebecca , Schmid Christopher H. , Trivedi Amal N.
Published: June 2024

Importance

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ mandatory End-Stage Renal Disease Treatment Choices (ETC) model, launched on January 1, 2021, randomly assigned approximately 30% of US dialysis facilities and managing clinicians to financial incentives to increase the use of home dialysis and kidney transplant.

Objective

To assess the ETC’s association with use of home dialysis and kidney transplant during the model’s first 2 years and examine changes in these outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cross-sectional study used claims and enrollment data for traditional Medicare beneficiaries with kidney failure from 2017 to 2022 linked to same-period transplant data from the United Network for Organ Sharing. The study data span 4 years (2017-2020) before the implementation of the ETC model on January 1, 2021, and 2 years (2021-2022) following the model’s implementation.

Exposure

Receiving dialysis treatment in a region randomly assigned to the ETC model.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were use of home dialysis and kidney transplant. A difference-in-differences (DiD) approach was used to estimate changes in outcomes among patients treated in regions randomly selected for ETC participation compared with concurrent changes among patients treated in control regions.

Results

The study population included 724 406 persons with kidney failure (mean [IQR] age, 62.2 [53-72] years; 42.5% female). The proportion of patients receiving home dialysis increased from 12.1% to 14.3% in ETC regions and from 12.9% to 15.1% in control regions, yielding an adjusted DiD estimate of −0.2 percentage points (pp; 95% CI, −0.7 to 0.3 pp). Similar analysis for transplant yielded an adjusted DiD estimate of 0.02 pp (95% CI, −0.01 to 0.04 pp). When further stratified by sociodemographic measures, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, dual Medicare and Medicaid enrollment, and poverty quartile, there was not a statistically significant difference in home dialysis use across joint strata of characteristics and ETC participation.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, the first 2 years of the ETC model were not associated with increased use of home dialysis or kidney transplant, nor changes in racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in these outcomes.
Human Neural Stem Cell Expansion in Natural Polymer Scaffolds Under Chemically Defined Condition
Authors: Chang Fei‐Chien , James Matthew Michael , Zhou Yang , Ando Yoshiki , Zareie Hadi M. , Yang Jihui , Zhang Miqin
Published: July 2024

The maintenance and expansion of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in 3D tissue scaffolds is a promising strategy in producing cost‐effective hNSCs with quality and quantity applicable for clinical applications. A few biopolymers have been extensively used to fabricate 3D scaffolds, including hyaluronic acid, collagen, alginate, and chitosan, due to their bioactive nature and availability. However, these polymers are usually applied in combination with other biomolecules, leading to their responses difficult to ascribe to. Here, scaffolds made of chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, or collagen, are explored for hNSC expansion under xeno‐free and chemically defined conditions and compared for hNSC multipotency maintenance. This study shows that the scaffolds made of pure chitosan support the highest adhesion and growth of hNSCs, yielding the most viable cells with NSC marker protein expression. In contrast, the presence of alginate, hyaluronic acid, or collagen induces differentiation toward immature neurons and astrocytes even in the maintenance medium and absence of differentiation factors. The cells in pure chitosan scaffolds preserve the level of transmembrane protein profile similar to that of standard culture. These findings point to the potential of using pure chitosan scaffolds as a base scaffolding material for hNSC expansion in 3D.
Transfer Interface‐Controlled Printing of 2D MOF for Charge‐Transfer Dynamics Engineering through Ultrasound‐Promoted Hetero‐Interfacial Polarization
Authors: Li Jun , Wu Shuilin , Zheng Yufeng , Wang Chaofeng , Cui Zhenduo , Li Zhaoyang , Zhu Shengli , Jiang Hui , Chu Paul K , Liu Xiangmei
Published: July 2024

Understanding ultrasound‐induced charge transfer of 2D metal‐organic framework (2DMOF) nanofilms and their broad applications remain elusive. Herein, the “transfer interface‐controlled printing” 2DMOF high‐quality nanofilm is reported and in situ ultrasound‐irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy is developed to trace the charge transfer dynamics at the nanoscale. Uniformly distributed, vertical/planar MoS2 nanosheets are grown on a porphyrin‐based 2DMOF and the local potential difference and piezoelectric polarization in these parallel and vertical 2DMOF‐MoS2 heterostructures generate a local internal polarization field to induce efficient interfacial charge transfer. This sonocatalytic platform improves electron–hole pair separation and sonocatalytic activity to boost reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, providing a superior therapeutic effect against dental peri‐implant infection because effective ROS generation and stable Zn2+ release results in rapid peri‐implant anti‐infection and enhanced osseointegration at the bone–implant interface. This study offers a guideline for the optimization of charge transfer pathway of 2DMOF heterostructures with uniformity, thickness controllability, large‐scale and universal deposition, high catalytic efficiency, and abundant active site exposure for diverse advanced applications.
Enhancing Energy Density in Flexible All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors via Dielectricizer Zwitterion‐Containing Quasi‐Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Kwon Hyeoksu , Kim Seonho , Park Hayoung , Park Jae Seo , Park Joonhyeok , Lee Yongjin , Yang Seung Jae , Choi U Hyeok
Published: July 2024

To improve the energy density of quasi‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte (QPE)‐based supercapacitors, the design of zwitterion‐containing QPE (ZQPE) with a high dielectric constant (ɛs) is proposed. This enhancement would increase the capacitance of ZQPE‐based supercapacitors, given the direct proportionality between capacitance and dielectric constant. The optimized ZQPE exhibits a high ionic conductivity (2.2 × 10−3 S cm−1) and good mechanical robustness (4.1 × 104 Pa) at room temperature. The ZQPE shows a much higher static dielectric constant (ɛs = 69) than the zwitterion‐free QPE (ɛs = 48), as supported by density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The flexible all‐solid‐state supercapacitor, fabricated with ZQPE and activated carbon electrodes, exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The incorporation of zwitterion to QPE results in an increase in specific capacitance from 178 to 225 F g−1 with a wide operating potential window (0–4 V). The ZQPE‐based supercapacitor also exhibits a large energy density of 142 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 464 W kg−1 and remarkable long‐term electrochemical and mechanical cycling stability, retaining 80% of its capacitance retention over 10 000 cycles and even under rolling deformation for 1500 cycles. This strategy offers new insights for developing QPE designs for high energy density all‐solid‐state supercapacitors.
In Situ Exploration of Dipole Field Effects on Weak Hysteresis in 3D/2D Perovskites
Authors: Chen Zeyu , Wu Fan , Pathak Rajesh , Chen Lu , Bian Jinxin , Mabrouk Sally , Elam Jeffrey W. , Qiao Quinn
Published: July 2024

This research delves into the effects of 2D layers on the functionality of 3D perovskite using lock‐in amplifier‐based in situ surface photovoltage (SPV) and its phase spectroscopy, with an emphasis on elucidating the connection between the tuning of dipole moments and the photocurrent hysteresis. Conventionally, the SPV of a perovskite/hole transport layer is observed to diminish as positive bias escalates. However, this trend is reversed in the case of 3D perovskite samples, where an augmentation in SPV is noted under positive bias. Notably, 3D/2D perovskite structures initially show a decrease, then an increase in SPV as bias intensifies, a phenomenon more pronounced with larger dipole moments in 2D. However, there is no linear relationship between the dipole moment and the hysteresis factor. Furthermore, using in situ light‐chopping‐frequency‐modulated SPV and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy, it is revealed that the dipole fields of 2D layers can hinder ion migration. This leads to efficient hole transfer and minimal photocurrent hysteresis in 3D/2D perovskites, providing strong evidence for the underlying cause of hysteresis. Additionally, these findings suggest intricate interplays among the external electric field, interface dipole moments, and surface photovoltaics, offering significant insights into perovskite optoelectronics.
Ultra‐Long and Rapid Operating Sodium Metal Batteries Enabled by Multifunctional Polarizable Interface Stabilizer
Authors: Jun Seo‐Young , Shin Kihyun , Son Chae Yeong , Kim Suji , Park Jimin , Kim Hyung‐Seok , Hwang Jang‐Yeon , Ryu Won‐Hee
Published: July 2024

Abundant and economical sodium (Na) metal batteries promise superior energy densities compared to lithium‐ion batteries; however, they face commercialization challenges owing to problematic interfacial reactions leading to dendrite formation during cycling. This paper reports the ultra‐long and rapid operation of Na metal batteries enabled by the introduction of a vinylpyrrolidone (VP)‐based multifunctional interface stabilizer in the electrolyte. The VP electrolyte additive provides benefits such as surface flattening, durable solid electrolyte interphase layer formation, preservation of fresh Na, and acceleration of horizontal crystal growth along the (110) plane. Symmetric Na–Na cells with the stabilizer exhibit notably stable operation for over 5 000 cycles at a high current density of 5 mA cm−2, surpassing previous research. Performance improvement is also demonstrated in a full‐cell configuration with an Na3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode. This approach offers a promising solution for achieving performance levels comparable to lithium‐ion batteries in Na metal battery technology.
Preliminary results of dandelion cultivation under different seeding rates and harvest regimes
Authors: Basso Elena , Pornaro Cristina , Zanin Giampaolo , Giannini Michele , Macolino Stefano
Published: July 2024

In the past, several wild plants were widely consumed as food by humans. Dandelion [Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg] is a wild species with remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties. Many studies have investigated the chemical components of the plant for human health. Nonetheless, little research has been carried out on the cultivation and related production of this species. With this study, we intend to investigate some cultural practices to start defining an efficient protocol for dandelion cultivation in northern Italy. Two seeding rates (0.14 and 0.55 g m−2) and two harvest regimes (when leaves reached a length of 20 cm and 1 week later) were compared. Leaf fresh weight yield was determined at each harvest, and the following morphological parameters were measured: plant height, number of plants per square meter, number of leaves per square meter, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, leaf weight, and specific leaf weight. The productivity of dandelion was found to be unaffected by the seeding rate, and no significant differences were found between harvest regimes. The delayed harvest regime was only advantageous at the first cut as it allowed for a longer establishment phase, resulting in a higher yield. The nitrate content in the leaves differed between the first two cuts and the third and fourth cuts with both harvest regimes and both sowing rates.
Evaluating the yield of surviving plants from early‐season hail damage in corn: A field survey
Authors: Lisboa I. P. , Proctor C. A. , Elmore R. W. , McMechan A. J. , Mueller N. D. , Wilson J. , Zobeck G. , Nygren A. , Bastidas A. , Ortez O. A.
Published: July 2024

Economic losses due to hailstorms across US corn fields occur every year. Hailstorms result in leaf defoliation, decreasing photosynthetic area and impairing carbon assimilation and crop yield for all corn (Zea mays L.) development stages. However, more attention is often given to stand reductions rather than damage to stems or leaf defoliation. During the 2014 growing season, a natural hail event affected many areas of eastern Nebraska. Twelve affected corn fields were surveyed and included in this study. An injury score scale (1–5) was developed based on various injury and severity levels before the V6 (6‐leaf corn growth stage) (six‐collared leaves). Scores were assigned to affected fields approximately 10–15 days after the hailstorm. At the end of the growing season, ears were harvested, and grain yield per plant was determined. The highest grain yield (p < 0.05) was recorded with plants that were affected but retained a main stem in good condition, albeit defoliation was present (score 1, lowest damage category). In contrast, when the main stem was cut and the plant had poor regrowth (score 3), yields were reduced by approximately 53% compared to plants with an injury score of 1. A significant negative linear relationship (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.01) between injury score and yield was observed (higher injury score from hail events resulted in lower yields). Based on these results, corn yield reduction due to plant injury from hail events before V6 should not be only attributed to stand reductions. Our findings indicate an opportunity to adjust the US evaluation standards for early‐season hail damage events in corn fields.
Representing cropping systems with the MEMS 2 ecosystem model
Authors: Zhang Yao , King Alison E. , Hamilton Emma , Cotrufo M. Francesca
Published: June 2024

Croplands have been the focus of substantial investigation due to their considerable potential for sequestering carbon. Understanding the potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and necessary management strategies will be enabled with accurate process‐based models. Accurately representing crop growth and agricultural practices will be critical for realistic SOC modeling. The MEMS 2 model incorporates a current understanding of SOC formation and stabilization, measurable SOC pools, and deep SOC dynamics and is seen as a highly promising tool to inform management intervention for SOC sequestration. Thus far, MEMS 2 has been developed to represent grasslands. In this study, we further developed MEMS 2 to model annual grain crops and common agricultural practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, harvesting, and tillage. Using four Ameriflux sites, we demonstrated an accurate simulation of crop growth and development. Model performance was strong for simulating aboveground biomass (index of agreement [d] range of 0.89–0.98) and green leaf area index (d from 0.90 to 0.96) across corn, soybean, and winter wheat. Good agreement with observations was also achieved for net ecosystem CO2 exchange (d from 0.90 to 0.96), evapotranspiration (d from 0.91 to 0.94), and soil temperature (d of 0.96), while discrepancy with the available soil water content data remain (d from 0.14 to 0.81 at four depths to 100 cm). While we will continue model testing and improvement, MEMS 2 (version 2.14) has now demonstrated its ability to effectively simulate the growth of common grain crops and practices.
Rice breeding for multi‐canopy system: Estimations of genetic parameters and response to selection
Authors: Sholehah Ma'rifatus , Suwarno Willy Bayuardi , Hapsari Vany Putri , Sulistyo Nisfia Nurfirdausy , Marwiyah Siti , Aswidinnoor Hajrial
Published: June 2024

One strategy currently being developed to increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity is using a multi‐canopy cropping system in rice cultivation. This method involves planting tall and short rice genotypes in the same hill. The objective of this experiment was to estimate the genetic parameters and response to selection in multi‐canopy rice. Each experiment was arranged in an augmented randomized complete block design with five replications for the checks. In the first planting season, 200 F3 families from IPB196 and IPB197 populations were planted in monoculture and multi‐canopy as the short genotypes. IPB187‐F‐40‐1‐1 was used in multi‐canopy as the tall genotype. Selection of 25% based on grain weight per hill of short genotype in multi‐canopy was performed, and 50 families were selected and their F4 seeds were planted in the second season along with the same tall genotype. The results indicated the genotype × cropping system was significant for grain weight per hill in the F3 and F4 generations. Grain weight per hill has a similar realized h2ns in the multi‐canopy (0.58) with monoculture (0.54). Meanwhile, the response to selection in multi‐canopy (3.60) was higher compared to monoculture (2.09), and therefore the selection of rice lines for a multi‐canopy system should be conducted in the multi‐canopy environment. A selection percentage of 5% resulted in a higher response to selection. These findings may provide insight into the acceleration of breeding rice varieties for the multi‐canopy system.
Unexpected Low Rate of Amyloid‐β Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Brier Matthew R. , Schindler Suzanne E. , Salter Amber , Perantie Dana , Shelley Nicole , Judge Bradley , Keefe Sarah , Kirmess Kristopher M. , Verghese Philip B. , Yarasheski Kevin E. , Venkatesh Venky , Raji Cyrus A. , Gordon Brian A. , Bateman Randall J. , Morris John C. , Naismith Robert T. , Holtzman David M. , Benzinger Tammie L.S. , Cross Anne H.
Published: July 2024

The life expectancy of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased, yet we have noted that development of a typical Alzheimer disease dementia syndrome is uncommon. We hypothesized that Alzheimer disease pathology is uncommon in MS patients. In 100 MS patients, the rate of amyloid‐β plasma biomarker positivity was approximately half the rate in 300 non‐MS controls matched on age, sex, apolipoprotein E proteotype, and cognitive status. Interestingly, most MS patients who did have amyloid‐β pathology had features atypical for MS at diagnosis. These results support that MS is associated with reduced Alzheimer disease risk, and suggest new avenues of research. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:453–459