bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls in the Measurement of the Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dip in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Delaney Angela , Pellizzari Margaret , Speiser Phyllis W. , Frank Graeme R.
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to screen adolescents with type 1 diabetes using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to 1) test the hypothesis that using a preset sleep time results in an overdiagnosis of abnormal nocturnal dipping in systolic blood pressure and 2) assess the reproducibility of an abnormal nocturnal systolic blood pressure dip.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—For aim 1, ABPM from 53 adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes was reviewed. Nocturnal dips in systolic blood pressure calculated by actual sleep time were compared with those from a preset sleep time. For aim 2, blood pressure monitoring from 98 patients using actual reported sleep time was reviewed. Reproducibility of the nocturnal dip in systolic blood pressure was assessed in a subset of “nondippers.”

RESULTS—For aim 1, the actual mean ± SE decline in nocturnal systolic blood pressure was 11.6 ± 4.7%, whereas the mean decline in nocturnal systolic blood pressure calculated using the preset sleep time was 8.8 ± 4.9% (P < 0.0001). For aim 2, 64% of patients had a normal nocturnal decline in systolic blood pressure (14.9 ± 3.1% mmHg), whereas 36% had an abnormal dip (5.7 ± 2.8% mmHg). Repeat ABPM performed in 22 of the 35 nondippers revealed that only 36% had abnormal systolic dipping confirmed on the repeat ABPM.

CONCLUSIONS—The use of actual reported sleep time is required to accurately determine the nocturnal dip in systolic blood pressure. Repeating ABPM in nondippers is essential to confirm this abnormality.
Inhibition of Filarial Glutathione-S-transferase by various classes of compounds and their evaluation as novel antifilarial agents
Authors: Ahmad R. , Srivastava A.
Published: November 2008

Glutathione S-transferase(s); GST(s) (E.C. 2.5.1.18) are a large family of multifunctional dimeric enzymes that conjugate reduced glutathione to electrophilic centres in hydrophobic organic compounds. GST(s) represent the major class of detoxifying enzymes from parasitic helminths. The GST enzymatic activity has been described in the adult and larval stages of helminths. Several forms and isoforms of the enzyme have been purified and GST genes have also been isolated and expressed as recombinant proteins. The helminth GST(s) participate in detoxification of lipid hydroperoxides and cytotoxic carbonyl compounds produced by oxygen-reactive intermediates (ORIs). The ORIs can come from the endogenous parasite metabolism or from the host immune system. The helminth GST(s) are able to conjugate glutathione to xenobiotic compounds or to bind to the anthelminth drugs. GST is usually found to be localized near to host-parasite interface. This enzyme has been identified as a potentially vulnerable target in immunotherapy and chemotherapy of parasitic diseases. The most effective drug candidates are those based on inhibitors of GST. In the present study, purified GST from cytosolic fraction of bovine filarial worms Setaria cervi was inhibited in a concentration dependent fashion by various compounds such as hemin, ethacrynic acid, S-hexylglutathione, quercetin, cibacron blue, lithocholate sulfate and ellagic acid. Cytosolic GST was inhibited to varying degrees by each inhibitor. In this context, the possible physiological significance of the observed results has been discussed.
Helminth communities and host-parasite relationships in argentine brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Gomez Villafañe I. , Robles M. , Busch M.
Published: November 2008

The aims of this research were: 1) to determine the helminth parasite fauna of seventy two Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) individuals inhabiting poultry farms in the Pampean region of Argentina; 2) to examine the relationship between parasitism and individual characteristics of the hosts, and 3) to analyze the associations among helminths. The study was carried out in twenty-four poultry farms from autumn 2000 to winter 2001. Nematodes were found in the intestine or caecum rectum of the 74 % of rats and cestodes were found along all the intestine of the 28 % of rats. Heterakis spumosa (Travassos 1914) was a central species, whereas Syphacia muris, Yamaguti 1941, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos 1914) and Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi 1819) were satellite species. Helminths do not affect rat survival and growth of rats. Rats parasitized with H. spumosa and H. diminuta were larger and older than non-parasitized rats. The intensity of infection with H. spumosa significantly increased with rat age. Rats parasitized with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Syphacia muris did not differ in size and age with respect to non-parasitized ones. The mean intensity of infections per host was 33.74, 74.28, higher than 200, and 3.10 for H. spumosa, S. muris, N. brasiliensis and H. diminuta, respectively. The mean intensity of infection with H. spumosa was higher in summer than in the other seasons, while the higher mean intensity of infection with N. brasiliensis and S. muris occurred in autumn. Infections with Heterakis spumosa and Syphacia muris, and with Syphacia muris and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were independent; while Heterakis spumosa and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were negatively associated.
Occurrence and geographical distribution of cyst nematodes in cereals and grassland in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Renčo M. , Čerevková A.
Published: November 2008

A study of occurrence and geographical distribution of cyst-forming nematodes in monocultural cereal fields and multispecies grassland vegetation in Slovak Republic revealed the presence of two species of Heterodera: H. avenae and H. schachtii. The frequency of occurrence of H. avenae was 37.8 % in cereal fields and 3.3 % in grassland. Cysts of H. schachtii were found only in cereal fields along with cysts of H. avenae, in the western part of country. The occurrence of other graminaceous cyst nematode species was not recorded.
Biomimetic Block Copolymer Membranes
Authors: Kita-Tokarczyk Katarzyna , Meier Wolfgang
Published: November 2008

In this article, we review the recent advances in the field of block copolymer membranes. We discuss the similarities and differences between natural membranes and their polymeric counterparts, pointing out the advantages of the latter in applications for biosciences and biomaterials.
Membrane properties are discussed in terms of functionality and responsiveness, and the most interesting application possibilities are highlighted.
Adhesives: Polymer Chemistry at Work
Authors: Arz Christof , Dobmann Andreas , Meincke Olaf , Schulthess Adrian , Schwotzer Willi
Published: November 2008

Successful adhesive technology relies on the diligent engineering of adhesive and cohesive forces. Polymers thereby play the dominant role as they largely determine the chemical and physical properties of the adhesive joint. A wide range of polymer systems is available, each having
special properties in its own right. The art of adhesive formulation lies in the right choice of the appropriate polymer and its modification to suit the purpose. This article provides several examples of adhesive applications in demanding industry segments.
Effects of temperature and light intensity on growth of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. crassa Mansf.)
Authors: Albayrak Sebahattin , Çamas Necdet
Published: November 2008

Changes in plant growth viz. leaf area, leaf weight ratio, root weight ratio, dry leaf weight, dry root weight, total plant dry weight, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf area ratio, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate due to the effects of environmental conditions such as temperature and light intensity were described by plant growth models. All equations produced for growth parameters were affected by light intensity and temperature. From multi-regression analysis, close relationships were found between actual and predicted growth parameters. The regression coefficients (r²) of the equations for growth parameters varied from 0.95 to 0.99 for cultivar Ecdogelb and 0.83 to 0.99 for cultivar Ecdorot, respectively.
Interaction between cadmium and zinc in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under field conditions
Authors: Akay Aysen , Koleli Nurcan
Published: November 2008

The interaction between cadmium (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 kg/da) and zinc (0, 1.5 and 3 kg/da) in barley (Hordium vulgare L. cv. Karatay-94) alone and in combination at tillering stage (3 - 4 leaf) grown under field conditions showed no phytotoxic symptoms. Cd application did not affect the grain yield of barley. Cd concentrations in flag leaf and grain increased marginally with increasing level of Cd but decreased with increasing Zn application. Cd and Zn application caused insignificant changes in N and K concentrations in barley. But P concentration in grain at especially Zn0 dose decreased with increasing level of Cd application. The effect of different doses of Cd and Zn on grains Cd content was found to be significant. Increased Cd doses generally decreased Zn content in grains. Â  Key words: Interaction, Growth, Barley, Field conditions doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1543 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 13-19, 2007 (June)
Phylogenetic relationships between members of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae of lower gangetic plains using RAPD and ISSR markers
Authors: Ray Tui , Roy SC
Published: November 2008

The present study is the first report of phylogenetic relationships between some economically important members of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae of Lower Gangetic Plains of India, using RAPD and ISSR markers. A total of 293 RAPD and 177 ISSR fragments were generated with 15 (out of 50) decamer arbitrary primers and 11 (out of 30) microsatellite repeat anchored primers, respectively. Mean genetic similarities were estimated at 0.47 and 0.45 using RAPDs and ISSRs, respectively. The members of Chenopodiaceae are separated from those of Amaranthaceae in both the cases. The mantel test between the two Jaccard's similarity matrices gave r = 0.83, showing good correlation between RAPD and ISSR based similarities. However, in both the dendrograms Celosia sp. showed distant relationships with other amaranths. Key words: Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, RAPD, ISSR, Phylogenetic relationships Â  doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1544 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 21-28, 2007 (June)
New records of phytoplankton for Bangladesh. 2. Cryptophyceae and Synurophyceae
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed , Yeasmin Jenat , Alam Munirul , Sack R Bradley , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R
Published: November 2008

This study presents two species of Rhodomonas, four species of Chroomonas, six species of Cryptomonas and Cryptochrysis minor, Cyanomonas coeruleus, Chrysodidymus synuroideus and Mallomonas akrokomos. These species have been reported from some ponds of Mathbaria in Pirojpur and Bakerganj of Barisal district in Bangladesh. Â  Key words: Phytoplankton, New records, Cryptomonads, Synuroids, Ponds doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1549 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 53-59, 2007 (June)
Pleurocarpous mosses of Bangladesh: family - Sematophyllaceae
Authors: Khatun Hamida , Hadiuzzaman Syed
Published: November 2008

A taxonomic account of eight species of pleurocarpous mosses from different localities of Bangladesh has been made. These are new addition to the pleurocarpous moss flora reported earlier. Key words : Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Sematophyllaceae, Bangladesh doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1551 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 69-80, 2007 (June)
Neurymenia fraxinifolia (Mert.) J. Ag. - a new record of a marine red alga for Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Abdullah Harun , Ahmed Roxana
Published: November 2008

Neurymenia fraxinifolia (Mert.) J. Ag. a marine red alga has been described and illustrated for the first time from St. Martin's Island, Bangladesh. Key words: Neurymenia fraxinifolia, Marine red alga, New record, Bangladesh doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1552 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 81-83, 2007 (June)
Occurrence of weed species in transplanted aman rice field as affected by cultivar
Authors: Mian MAK , Matin MA , Hossain MA
Published: November 2008

In an ecological study of weed species in transplanted aman rice field, eight weed species were observed, namely Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Echinochloa colonum L., Fimbristylis littralis (L.) Vahl., Cyperus iria L., Alisma plantago L., Jussieua decurrens (Walt.) DC., Polygonum orientale L. and Sphenocelea zeylanica Gaertn. Among them Paspalum scrobiculatum L. was the most dominating species in respect of summed dominance ratio (SDR of 41.71) and relative dry weight (RDW of 60.18%). All weed species except A. plantago and J. decurrens were found dominant in semi-dwarf modern cultivars (BR11 and BR22) than in traditional tall cultivars (Nizersail and Biroi). The highest co-efficient of similarity was rendered by BR11 versus BR22 (91.22%), similarly by Nizersail versus Biroi (90.22%). All the cultivars demonstrated a positive relationship (r = 0.71 at p < 0.01) between weed growth and grain yield of rice. Â  Key words: Weed, Transplanted aman rice, Summed dominance ratio, Coefficient, Similarity, Cultivar doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1554 Â  Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 89-92, 2007 (June)
Scanning electron microscopy of floral initiation and developmental stages in Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) under water deficits
Authors: Engin Hakan
Published: November 2008

The influence of different irrigation conditions on flower bud development of the sweet cherry cv. â0900 Ziraat' was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Flower bud development was compared in three irrigation treatments. Control trees (I100) were irrigated at approximately 100% ET. Stress treatments received 50% (I50) and 20% (I20) of the water applied to the control. The rate of flower bud initiation at the stage of differentiation of sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia was considerably slower at I20 as compared to the more irrigated treatments. Also, when water was not provided in the next year, flower bud initiation and differentiation was delayed. These results suggested that the lower the irrigation, the slower the progression of flower differentiation. Â  Key words: Floral initiation, Bud differentiation, Irrigation, Prunus avium, Sweet cherry doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1558 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 15-19, 2008 (June)
Relationships between seed yield and yield components in narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) by path analysis
Authors: Türk Mevlüt , Çelik Necmettin , Bayram Gamze , Budakli Emine
Published: November 2008

Results of correlation analysis indicated that seed yield in narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) was correlated positively with harvest index, biological yield, weight, number of seed and number of pod per plant and also plant height and number of plant per m2. Path coefficient analyses revealed that harvest index and biological yield had higher positive direct effects on seed yield than other variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 95.1% of total variation in seed yield could be explained by the variation in harvest index, biological yield and plant height. Results suggest that harvest index and biological yield are primary selection criteria for improving seed yield in narbon bean.
Pollen morphology of some Turkish Campanula spp. and their taxonomic value
Authors: Erkara Ismuhan Potoglu , Ocak Atila , Pehlivan Sevil
Published: November 2008

Detailed pollen morphological structures of 12 Turkish species of Campanula L., e.g. C. argaea, C. cymbalaria, C. glomerata subsp. hispida, C. latiloba subsp. latiloba, C. lyrata subsp. lyrata, C. olympica, C. persicifolia, C. pterocaula, C. rapunculoides subsp. cordifolia, C. rapunculus var. rapunculus, C. stricta var. stricta, C. pamphylica subsp. tokurii have been studied under light (LM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) for the first time. LM and SEM investigations show that the pollen grains of 12 taxa are more or less oblato-sphaeroidal, triporate (and/or tetraporate), tectum-scabrate, or with circular amb. The exine sculpture is granulate-scabrate in C. argaea, C. lyrata subsp. lyrata, C. stricta var. stricta, C. glomerata subsp. hispida and C. pamphylica subsp. tokurii; but those of C. cymbalaria, C. latiloba subsp. latiloba, C. olympica, C. persicifolia, C. pterocaula, C. rapunculoides subsp. cordifolia and C. rapunculus var. rapunculus are rugulate-scabrate. Â  Key words: Campanula, Pollen grains, Pollen morphology doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1561 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 33-42, 2008 (June)
Disease reaction of different crops against virulent potato isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Authors: Khandaker Md Maniruzzaman , Khair Abul , Bhuiyan Md Khurshed Alam
Published: November 2008

A total of 33 hosts from different crop types viz. cereal, pulse, oil, vegetable and fiber plants were tested for pathogenicity in artificially inoculated condition against two isolates (BTB115 and DK64) of Rhizoctonia solani, virulent to potato. In respect of symptoms developed on the stems, the most susceptible hosts against both the isolates were string bean, bottle gourd, groundnut, pea and pumpkin. Soybean stems were highly susceptible to DK64 and less susceptible to BTB115. Disease symptoms did not develop on stems of five crops namely brinjal, proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), stem-amaranth, kangkong (Ipomoea reptans L.) and tomato. Symptoms appeared on leaves of all the crops tested. Leaves of groundnut, bush bean, bottle gourd and okra were highly susceptible while those of barley and millet were less susceptible. Â  Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, Virulent, Pathogenecity, Crop hosts doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1567 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 75-80, 2008 (June)
Aromatic plants of Bangladesh : Essential oils of leaves and fruits of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robinson
Authors: Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Bhuiyan Md Nazrul Islam , Nandi Nemai Chandra
Published: November 2008

The volatile oil constituents of leaf- and fruit in Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robinson, identified by GC-MS analysis, was 83 and 33, respectively. The major constituents of leaf were phytol (22.42%), caryophyllene (21.48%), thujopsene (12.17%) and Î²-myrcene (5%); while those of the fruit oil contained lauric acid (44.84%), 3-octen-5-yne, 2,7-dimethyl (28.72%), α-cubebene (6.84%) and caryophyllene (5.04%). Key words: Litsea glutinosa, Essential oil, GC-MS, Phytol, Lauric acid doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1568 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 81-83, 2008 (June)
Parameter identifiability with Kullback–Leibler information divergence criterion
Authors: Chen Badong , Hu Jinchun , Zhu Yu , Sun Zengqi
Published: November 2008

We study the problem of parameter identifiability with Kullback–Leibler information divergence (KLID) criterion. The KLID‐identifiability is defined, which can be related to many other concepts of identifiability, such as the identifiability with Fisher's information matrix criterion, identifiability with least‐squares criterion, and identifiability with spectral density criterion. We also establish a simple check criterion for the Gaussian process and derive an upper bound for the minimal identifiable horizon of Markov process. Furthermore, we define the asymptotic KLID‐identifiability and prove that, under certain constraints, the KLID‐identifiability will be a sufficient or necessary condition for the asymptotic KLID‐identifiability. The consistency problems of several parameter estimation methods are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid‐Liquid Biphasic, Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Allyl Chloride with Trichlorosilane using an Ionic Liquid Catalyst Phase in a Continuous Loop Reactor
Authors: Hofmann Norbert , Bauer Andreas , Frey Thomas , Auer Marco , Stanjek Volker , Schulz Peter S. , Taccardi Nicola , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: November 2008

The platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of allyl chloride with trichlorosilane was investigated in an ionic liquid‐organic biphasic reaction mode. After an ionic liquid screening and repetitive batch mode experiments, the process was realized in a continuous mode using a loop reactor concept with integrated continuous separation and recycling of the ionic liquid catalyst phase. The continuous reactor could be operated for 48 h at constant activity and selectivity without addition of platinum indicating that platinum leaching into the product phase was far below 1 ppm. Enhanced selectivity for the product trichloro(3‐chloropropyl)silane (compared to the state‐of‐the art) and the possibility to use simple platinum tetrachloride (PtCl4) as platinum source are further attractive features of this new ionic liquid‐based process concept.
Recoverable Palladium Catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐ Coupling Reactions Based on Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Silica Materials Containing Imidazolium and Dihydroimidazolium Salts
Authors: Trilla Montserrat , Borja Guadalupe , Pleixats Roser , Man Michel Wong Chi , Bied Catherine , Moreau Joël J. E.
Published: November 2008

The systems formed by palladium acetate [Pd(OAc)2] and hybrid silica materials prepared by sol‐gel from monosilylated imidazolium and disilylated dihydroimidazolium salts show catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings with challenging aryl bromides and chlorides. They are very efficient as recoverable catalysts with aryl bromides. Recycling is also possible with aryl chlorides, although with lower conversions. In situ formation of palladium nanoparticles has been observed in recycling experiments.
Enhancing and Reversing the Stereoselectivity of Escherichia coli Transketolase via Single‐Point Mutations
Authors: Smith Mark E. B. , Hibbert Edward G. , Jones Alexander B. , Dalby Paul A. , Hailes Helen C.
Published: November 2008

Chiral auxiliary methodology and chiral assays have been developed to establish the enantiomeric purities of erythrulose and 1,3‐dihydroxypentan‐2‐one generated using wild‐type (WT) Escherichia coli transketolase (TK). L‐Erythrulose was formed in 95% ee and (3S)‐1,3‐dihydroxypentan‐2‐one in 58% ee. Since the latter compound was formed in moderate ee, TK libraries were screened to identify higher performing mutants. A colorimetric screen and chiral assay were successfully applied to a 96‐well format, and new active TK mutants were identified, which gave 1,3‐dihydroxypentan‐2‐one in high stereoselectivities. Remarkably, active‐site single‐point mutants were identified that were able to both enhance and reverse the stereoselectivity of TK.
Surface‐center temperature differences within milk droplets during convective drying and drying‐based Biot number analysis
Authors: Patel Kamlesh C. , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: November 2008

An assumption of uniform temperature is frequently used when evaluating average temperature‐time and average moisture content‐time profiles for the convective drying of small droplets or thin‐layer materials. In most studies, the assumption of uniform temperature was justified by estimating the heat‐transfer Biot number at the beginning and end of the drying process. However, the conventional Biot number analysis performed in the literature does not reflect the evaporative effect. In this article, we have examined the temperature uniformity and the heat‐transfer Biot number during the drying of skim milk droplets under laboratory drying conditions following the entire drying process. Surface‐centre temperature differences and conventional and drying‐based Biot numbers are calculated during the drying of skim milk droplets. A simple procedure is outlined to estimate the extent of temperature nonuniformity within the droplet. Results demonstrated that temperature nonuniformity within the skim milk droplets under drying conditions examined is very small, thus the uniform temperature assumption is more likely to be a reliable approach to model heat and mass transfer processes in industrial spray dryers. The analyses provided in this study help in understanding a few assumptions used in literature, and offer a framework that may be used in the future. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Synthesis of 11C, 18F, 15O, and 13N Radiolabels for Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Miller Philip W. , Long Nicholas J. , Vilar Ramon , Gee Antony D.
Published: November 2008

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful and rapidly developing area of molecular imaging that is used to study and visualize human physiology by the detection of positron‐emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Information about metabolism, receptor/enzyme function, and biochemical mechanisms in living tissue can be obtained directly from PET experiments. Unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT), which mainly provide detailed anatomical images, PET can measure chemical changes that occur before macroscopic anatomical signs of a disease are observed. PET is emerging as a revolutionary method for measuring body function and tailoring disease treatment in living subjects. The development of synthetic strategies for the synthesis of new positron‐emitting molecules is, however, not trivial. This Review highlights key aspects of the synthesis of PET radiotracers with the short‐lived positron‐emitting radionuclides 11C, 18F, 15O, and 13N, with emphasis on the most recent strategies.
Colloidal Lithography—The Art of Nanochemical Patterning
Authors: Zhang Gang , Wang Dayang
Published: November 2008

Nanochemical printmaking: Colloidal lithography paves a powerful nanochemical way for patterning on planar substrates and microparticles. The feature size can easily be scaled down to 100 nm by reducing the diameter of the microspheres and the feature shape diversified by the crystalline structure of a colloidal crystal mask, the mask etching time, the incidence angle of the vapor beam, and the mask registry (the azimuth angle of the vapor beam).

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Colloidal lithography relies on using colloidal crystals as masks for etching and deposition, and allows fabrication of various nanostructures on planar and non‐planar substrates with low‐cost, high‐throughput‐processing, large fabrication area, and a broad choice of materials. The feature size can easily shrink by decreasing the microsphere diameter in the colloidal mask. The feature shape can be diversified by varying the crystal structure of the colloidal mask, etching the mask, altering the incidence angle of the vapor beam, and stepwise manipulation of the mask registry. This nanochemical patterning strategy paves a complementary way to conventional top‐down lithography. This focus review provides an overview of the principle of colloidal lithography, and surveys the recent developments as well as outlining the future challenges.
Proximity of pediatric genetic services to children with birth defects in Texas
Authors: Case Amy P. , Canfield Mark A. , Barnett Ann , Raimondo Patricia , Drummond‐Borg Margaret , Livingston Judith , Kowalik Jenifer
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Families of children with major structural malformations often benefit greatly from genetic services. However, these services may not be readily available in all areas. The purpose of this study was to use data from a statewide birth defects registry and geographic information system methodology to compare the spatial distribution and to summarize the distance of pediatric clinical genetic service providers in relation to residential addresses of children with selected birth defects in Texas. METHODS: Live‐born children delivered between 1999–2004 in the Texas Birth Defects Registry with major structural defects and chromosomal anomalies were selected by a clinical geneticist according to diagnosis code. Mother's address at delivery of the case infants was geocoded as was the location of offices where clinical geneticists in Texas see pediatric patients. Using geographic information system tools, the authors then computed distance from each case mother's residence to the location of the nearest office where pediatric patients can be seen by clinical geneticists, summarized these distances, and graphically plotted the location of each case in relation to the nearest provider. RESULTS: Nearly 25,000 Registry cases met the criteria for selection for geocoding. Of those, 22,875 (91.8%) were successfully geocoded to street level. CONCLUSIONS: Although 82% of addresses were within 30 miles of the nearest pediatric genetic clinic, 14% lived 31–100 miles from the nearest facility, and 4% of case families would need to drive more than 100 miles, including some who live in midsized cities, indicating geographic disparities in access to these necessary services. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health care expenditures among Medicaid enrolled children with and without orofacial clefts in North Carolina, 1995–2002
Authors: Cassell Cynthia H. , Meyer Robert , Daniels Julie
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: National data that examine health costs among children with special needs are limited and do not address children with orofacial clefts (OFC). This study examines Medicaid expenditures among children with and without OFC. METHODS: North Carolina vital statistics, health services, birth defects registry, and Medicaid enrollment and paid claims were linked to identify resident children born 1995–2002 with and without OFC who were continuously enrolled in Medicaid. Outcome measures included average cost per child for medical, inpatient, outpatient, dental, well‐child care, mental health, and home health. Average expenditures per child were also determined and were examined by the child's phenotypic characteristics including type of cleft and whether the defect was isolated or non‐isolated. Expenditure ratios were calculated to compare cases and controls and differences in expenditures among cases by cleft type and by isolated/non‐isolated occurrence. RESULTS: During infancy, average mental health expenditure per child with OFC was 37.2 times higher than for a child without OFC. Average home health expenditure per case was 45.0 times higher than for a control. Mean expenditure per child with OFC was $22,642 compared to $3,900 for an unaffected child. Mean expenditure for a child with cleft palate and child with cleft lip with cleft palate were about three times more than a child with cleft lip alone. Mean expenditure per child with non‐isolated OFC also was substantially higher than the expenditure for a child with isolated OFC. CONCLUSIONS: Children with OFC have significantly higher health‐related Medicaid expenditures than unaffected children. These findings are important for targeting care coordination and early intervention and for program planning and policy development related to special needs children. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using active birth defects surveillance programs to supplement data on fetal death reports: Improving surveillance data on stillbirths
Authors: Duke Wes , Williams Laura , Correa Adolfo
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Surveillance of stillbirths using fetal death reports (FDRs) has been challenging because of under‐reporting of fetal deaths and missing data on the FDRs. Using active case finding and chart abstraction within the infrastructure of established birth defect surveillance programs could potentially enhance the data from FDRs. The data collection form for the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, an active, population‐based birth defects surveillance system, was modified to collect additional information on stillbirths from medical records. METHODS: The study population was a 25% simple random sample of stillbirths recorded on FDRs in 2004 (n = 125) by residents in the five central counties of metropolitan Atlanta. Stillbirth was defined as a fetal death at ≥20 weeks gestation or ≥350 g if age was unknown. Data on demographic characteristics and risk factors collected from the two sources were compared for completeness and agreement, as well as causes of and conditions associated with the fetal death. RESULTS: Combining data sources provided more information. Demographic and risk factor variables in the two data sources showed strong agreement (categorical variable, kappa range = 0.79–1.00; continuous variable, correlation coefficient range = 0.61–1.00). The actively ascertained data provided more complete information for causes and conditions of fetal death. Data from the FDRs yielded 42% of cases with no listed cause of death or associated condition compared with 10% using Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program data. CONCLUSIONS: Expanding the potential of existing active birth defects surveillance programs to include stillbirth surveillance could potentially improve the quantity and quality of available data on fetal deaths. Ongoing studies are needed to corroborate these findings and to assess completeness of case ascertainment. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiobarbiturates as Sirtuin Inhibitors: Virtual Screening, Free‐Energy Calculations, and Biological Testing
Authors: Uciechowska Urszula , Schemies Jörg , Neugebauer Robert C. , Huda Elisabeth‐Maria , Schmitt Martin L. , Meier Rene , Verdin Eric , Jung Manfred , Sippl Wolfgang
Published: November 2008

NAD+‐dependent histone deacetylases (sirtuins) are enzymes that cleave acetyl groups from lysine residues in histones and other proteins. Potent selective sirtuin inhibitors are interesting tools for the investigation of the biological functions of these enzymes and may be future drugs for the treatment of cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we present the results from a protein‐based virtual screen of a commercial database with subsequent biological testing of the most promising compounds. The combination of docking and in vitro experimental testing resulted in the identification of novel sirtuin inhibitors with thiobarbiturate structure. To rationalize the experimental results, free‐energy calculations were carried out by molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann/surface area (MM‐PBSA) calculations. A significant correlation between calculated binding free energies and measured Sirt2 inhibitory activities was observed. The analyses suggested a molecular basis for the interaction of the identified thiobarbiturate derivatives with human Sirt2. Based on the docking and MM‐PBSA calculations we synthesized and tested five further thiobarbiturates. The MM‐PBSA method correctly predicted the activity of the novel thiobarbiturates. The identified compounds will be used to further explore the therapeutic potential of sirtuin inhibitors.
A retrospective review of 1349 cases of sebaceous carcinoma
Authors: Dasgupta Tina , Wilson Lynn D. , Yu James B.
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUD:

Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cutaneous carcinoma. It is believed that this malignancy predominates in the periocular region and occurs more frequently in Asian populations and in women. The objective of the current study was to analyze demographic characteristics and outcomes for patients with this malignancy from a large United States‐based population registry.

METHODS:

An analysis of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1973 through 2004 was performed.

RESULTS:

Of 1349 patients who were identified, 54% were men, 86.2% were white, and 5.5% were of Asian/Pacific Islander ancestry. The median age at diagnosis was 73 years. The most frequent site of disease was the eyelid (38.7%). The population‐matched 5‐ and 10‐year age‐matched relative survival rate was 91.9% (standard error [SE], 1.9%) and 79.2% (SE, 3.7%), respectively. Cause of death was attributable to cancer in 31% of patients. Orbital involvement did not predict for worsened survival compared with nonorbital involvement (5‐year overall survival, 75.2% vs 68%, respectively; P = .66). The overall population‐matched rate of sebaceous carcinoma was highest in whites (2.03 cases per 1000,000; SE, 0.08) versus Asian/Pacific Islanders (1.07 per 1000,000; SE, 0.18; P = .0001) versus blacks (0.48 per 1000,000; SE, 0.11; P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results support the finding of a predominance of men among patients with sebaceous carcinoma, and no difference was observed in the prognosis for orbital and periorbital involvement. This retrospective analysis also corroborated previous case reports of a higher incidence among patients with advanced age and the highest incidence for sites in the eyelid and skin of the face. The results also established that Asian/Pacific Islander ancestry is not a risk factor for developing sebaceous carcinoma. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Changes in the presentation of nodular and superficial spreading melanomas over 35 years
Authors: Warycha Melanie A. , Christos Paul J. , Mazumdar Madhu , Darvishian Farbod , Shapiro Richard L. , Berman Russell S. , Pavlick Anna C. , Kopf Alfred W. , Polsky David , Osman Iman
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND.

Nodular melanoma (NM) may be biologically aggressive compared with the more common superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), with recent data suggesting underlying genetic differences between these 2 subtypes. To better define the clinical behavior of NMs, the authors compared their clinical and histopathologic features to those of SSMs at their institution, a tertiary referral center, over 3 decades.

METHODS.

A total of 1684 patients diagnosed with 1734 melanomas were prospectively enrolled. Of these, 1143 patients (69% SSM, 11% NM, 20% other) were diagnosed between 1972 and 1982; 541 patients (54% SSM, 23% NM, 23% other) were diagnosed between 2002 and the present. Differences between the features of NM and SSM within each time period as well as changes over time were analyzed.

RESULTS.

The authors found that SSMs are now diagnosed as thinner lesions (P < .0001) with a low incidence of histologic ulceration (P < .0001), whereas there was no significant change in the median tumor thickness or ulceration status of NMs over time (P = .10, P = .30, respectively). The median age at diagnosis of NM, however, did significantly increase over time (51 years to 63 years, P < .01). The median duration of NMs was reported to be only 5 months compared with 9 months in SSM patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

The authors' data suggest that improvements have been made in the early detection of SSM but not NM. Modifications of current screening practices, including increased surveillance of high‐risk patients with an emphasis on the “E” for “evolution” criterion of the ABCDE acronym used for early detection of melanoma, are thus warranted. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Safety and feasibility of aerobic training on cardiopulmonary function and quality of life in postsurgical nonsmall cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Jones Lee W. , Eves Neil D. , Peterson Bercedis L. , Garst Jennifer , Crawford Jeffrey , West Miranda J. , Mabe Stephanie , Harpole David , Kraus William E. , Douglas Pamela S.
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND.

A feasibility study examining the effects of supervised aerobic exercise training on cardiopulmonary and quality of life (QOL) endpoints among postsurgical nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients was conducted.

METHODS.

Using a single‐group design, 20 patients with stage I‐IIIB NSCLC performed 3 aerobic cycle ergometry sessions per week at 60% to 100% of peak workload for 14 weeks. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was assessed using an incremental exercise test. QOL and fatigue were assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Lung (FACT‐L) scale.

RESULTS.

Nineteen patients completed the study. Intention‐to‐treat analysis indicated that VO2peak increased 1.1 mL/kg−1/min−1 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.3‐2.5; P = .109) and peak workload increased 9 W (95% CI, 3‐14; P = .003), whereas FACT‐L increased 10 points (95% CI, −1‐22; P = .071) and fatigue decreased 7 points (95% CI; −1 to −17; P = .029) from baseline to postintervention. Per protocol analyses indicated greater improvements in cardiopulmonary and QOL endpoints among patients not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS.

This pilot study provided proof of principle that supervised aerobic training is safe and feasible for postsurgical NSCLC patients. Aerobic exercise training is also associated with significant improvements in QOL and select cardiopulmonary endpoints, particularly among patients not receiving chemotherapy. Larger randomized trials are warranted. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Androgen suppression therapy and prostate cancer
Authors: Oefelein Michael G.
Published: November 2008

Men with localized, low‐risk carcinoma of the prostate with multiple comorbidities may experience few benefits from androgen suppression therapy (AST), and probably would be better served by an active surveillance approach, with delayed AST if evidence of progression develops. A proactive position regarding the potential for AST to unmask existing or occult coronary artery disease or for AST to facilitate development of cardiovascular disease warrants consideration.
Management of malignant gliomas during pregnancy
Authors: Blumenthal Deborah T. , Parreño Mary Grace H. , Batten Julia , Chamberlain Marc C.
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND.

Limited data are available on the management of glioma in pregnant women. Therefore, the aim of the current article was to describe the outcome of women with malignant gliomas who were exposed to chemotherapy early in the gestation period of their pregnancies.

METHODS.

The authors presented a case series of 6 women with malignant gliomas who during glioma‐directed treatment were discovered to have an unplanned pregnancy. All patients elected to discontinue chemotherapy and carry their pregnancy to term.

RESULTS.

All women had uneventful pregnancies with no glioma‐related complications. All women delivered healthy newborns without evidence of congenital malformations despite exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy and anticonvulsant medications.

CONCLUSIONS.

Management of malignant glioma during pregnancy is challenging; however, normal delivery and healthy live birth is possible. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Early versus late intensification for patients with high‐risk Hodgkin lymphoma—3 Cycles of intensive chemotherapy plus low‐dose lymph node radiation therapy versus 4 cycles of combined doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine plus myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Arakelyan Nina , Berthou Christian , Desablens Bernard , de Guibert Sophie , Delwail Vincent , Moles Marie‐Pierre , Quittet Philippe , Jais Jean‐Philippe , Colonna Pierre , Andrieu Jean‐Marie ,   and the Groupe Ouest‐Est d'Etude des Leucémies et Autres Maladies du Sang
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND.

The 5‐year freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) rate, with treatment failure defined as the lack of post‐treatment complete remission (CR), recurrence, or death, ranges from 60% to 70% after 6 to 8 cycles of combined doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD), which is the reference treatment for patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In this randomized, phase 2 study, the authors tested 2 intensive chemotherapy regimens in 158 patients with clinical stage (CS) IIB through IV HL accompanied by high‐risk factors who were recruited between May 1997 and December 2004.

METHODS.

High‐risk CS IIB, III, and IV were defined by the presence of ≥5 involved lymphoid areas, and/or a mediastinal mass ratio ≥0.45, and/or ≥2 extra lymph node sites affected by the disease (for CS IV). In Arm V, 82 patients received 3 courses of combined vindesine (5 mg/m2), doxorubicin (99 mg/m2), carmustine (140 mg/m2), etoposide (600 mg/m2), and methylprednisolone (600 mg/m2) (VABEM) followed by low‐dose lymph node irradiation. In Arm A, 76 patients received 4 cycles of ABVD followed by myeloablative combined carmustine (300 mg/m2), etoposide (800 mg/m2), cytarabine (1600 mg/m2), and melphalan (140 mg/m2) and underwent autologous stem cell transplantation.

RESULTS.

After 3 cycles of VABEM, the CR rate was 89% versus 60% after 4 cycles of ABVD. However, after the completion of treatment, the CR rates for Arms V and A were similar (89% and 88%, respectively). The 5‐year FFTF rates for Arms V and A also were similar (79% and 75%, respectively) along with the 5‐year overall survival rates (87% and 86%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS.

Early intensification (Arm V) and late intensification (Arm A) were equally effective for treating patients with high‐risk/advanced HL. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
“Small stem cells” in adult tissues: Very small embryonic‐like stem cells stand up!
Authors: Zuba‐Surma Ewa K. , Kucia Magdalena , Ratajczak Janina , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: November 2008

This review summarizes information regarding the rare population of very small embryonic‐like stem cells (VSELs) that has been identified in adult tissues, emphasizing both their unique morphological features and potential biological significance. We focus on their pluripotent nature and expression of markers characteristic for embryonic stem cells (ESCs), epiblast (EP)SCs, and primordial germ cells (PGCs). Furthermore, we will discuss their rank in the developmental hierarchy of the SC compartment as well as their relationship to other bone marrow‐derived, primitive, nonhematopoietic SCs including: (i) endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs); (ii) mesenchymal (M)SCs; (iii) multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs); (iv) marrow‐isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMIs) cells; (v) multipotent adult (MA)SCs; and (vi) OmniCytes. We will also present different populations of very “small SCs” that have been recently described in the literature (e.g., spore‐like cells and Lin−/ALDHhigh long‐term repopulating hematopoietic SCs). © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The effects of the dimensions of technology readiness on technology acceptance: An empirical analysis
Authors: Lam Shun Yin , Chiang Jeongwen , Parasuraman A.
Published: November 2008

We develop hypotheses about the effects of the dimensions (innova-tiveness, optimism, discomfort, and insecurity) of technology readiness on two key stages of Internet acceptance, adoption, and usage of different Internet-based activities, and test them through a two-stage model using U.S. consumer survey data. The findings show that these dimensions have significant enduring effects on the two stages at varying levels of perceived risk.
The persuasiveness of online safety cues: The impact of prevention focus compatibility of Web content on consumers’ risk perceptions, attitudes, and intentions
Authors: Noort Guda Van , Kerkhof Peter , Fennis Bob M.
Published: November 2008

Safety cues are frequently used in online stores to relieve consumers’ risk perceptions concerning online purchases. This paper uses regulatory focus theory (RFT) to predict the persuasiveness of online safety cues. According to RFT (Higgins, 1997), people process information differently depending on whether they strive for achieving gains (promotion focus) or avoiding losses (prevention focus). The aim of the present study is to examine the impact of the regulatory focus compatibility of Web content on online consumer behavior. Using different online stores, two experiments show that the effect of online safety cues depends on the consumers'regulatory focus. A pilot study demonstrates that safety-oriented Web content lowers consumers’ risk perceptions, but only when in a prevention focus. The main study replicates and extends this finding by showing that online safety cues both lower consumers’ risk perceptions and engender more favorable attitudes and intentions, depending on the regulatory focus.