bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homeschooling in Russia: Barriers and Mechanisms to Overcome Them
Authors: Lyubitskaya Kristina A. , Jankiewicz Szymon V. , Knyaginina Nadezhda V. , Petyakina Elizaveta V.
Published: March 2022

Secondary education through homeschooling is becoming more common among parents. It is becoming trendy in the context of distance learning when families act as active participants in the educational process at home. One of the most popular reasons for choosing to homeschool is to overcome regional educational inequality — to compensate for it and provide quality education to continue studying at a good university. However, parents of homeschooled children face different barriers. The authors conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with parents of children in grades 1—8 and highlighted the barriers to implementing homeschooling. The article analyzes the identified barriers to the presence or absence of a legal component and gives recommendations on changing the legislation and the organizational model of homeschooling.
 
Acknowledgments. The article was prepared based on the results of an expert-analytical study “Improving the legislative regulation of the family form of general education. Possibilities of combining various forms of education in the development of educational programs of general education” commissioned by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 2019.
Удовлетворенность старшеклассников школой: слагаемые, факторы, следствия
Authors: Харченко Константин Владимирович
Published: March 2022

В статье представлены результаты двух социологических исследований удовлетворенности старшеклассников условиями обучения в школе, которые проводились на основе репрезентативной выборки в образовательных организациях Белгородской области в 2018 и 2019 гг. Для решения поставленных задач были использованы принцип многомерности, системный, структурно-функциональный и личностно-ориентированный подходы, методы сравнительного и математико-статистического анализа. Обзор российских и зарубежных исследований соответствующей тематики позволил определить специфику социологического подхода — в отличие от психологического, он в большей мере ориентирован на внешнюю среду социального взаимодействия и на социальное управление. Раскрыта роль категории удовлетворенности в измерении эффективности образовательной системы. Сравнение результатов двух исследований позволяет говорить об отсутствии позитивной динамики и даже о некотором снижении удовлетворенности. Наибольшее негативное влияние оказывают перегрузка старшеклассников, непонимание со стороны учителей и шумная обстановка в классе, среди частных аспектов — качество учебников и школьного питания. Удовлетворенность прямо пропорциональна функциональной грамотности, особенно таким ее элементам, которые подразумевают субъектность, коррелирует с активностью участия в жизни школы, а также, в несколько меньшей степени, с успеваемостью. Подчеркивается, что удовлетворенность формирует не только организационную лояльность в настоящем, но и социальный потенциал организации на перспективу. В заключении показано, как результаты измерения удовлетворенности могут транслироваться в плоскость управленческих решений.
Какие методы работы с организационными изменениями поколение Z считает наиболее эффективными: взгляд на перспективу
Authors: Ганьшина Елена Юрьевна
Published: March 2022

Динамическое регулирование властных иерархий в организациях происходит параллельно с выходом на рынок молодых работников, относящихся к так называемому поколению Z. От того, какие базовые представления существуют у данного поколения, во многом зависит успех организационных трансформаций и внедрения инноваций — как технологических, так и управленческих. В данной работе исследуются взгляды представителей поколения Z в возрасте от 18 до 21 года о том, какие стратегии работы с организационными изменениями они считают наиболее эффективными. Это дает возможность не только провести анализ текущих воззрений молодежи на управленческие подходы к внедрению инноваций, но и спрогнозировать, какие стратегии будут приносить максимальный эффект в будущем. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны в первую очередь тем компаниям, которые стремятся сохранить конкурентоспособность в изменчивой внешней среде и заинтересованы получить максимально полную поддержку своих организационных изменений у представителей молодого поколения работников.
Толерантность к социальным неравенствам в эпоху неопределенности в России: важна ли субъективная мобильность?
Authors: Мареева Светлана Владимировна , Слободенюк Екатерина Дмитриевна , Аникин Василий Александрович
Published: March 2022

В статье на данных общероссийских репрезентативных исследований, проведенных в рамках международной программы ISSP в 1992—2019 гг., а также исследования ФНИСЦ РАН 2020 г. рассматривается восприятие социального неравенства населением, его динамика и роль социальной мобильности как фактора его дифференциации. Показано, что по восприятию доходного неравенства ситуация остается схожей с картиной, характерной еще для 1990-х годов — совсем другого этапа развития страны. Подавляющее большинство россиян и сегодня считают неравенство доходов излишне высоким и несправедливым. Такие представления и связанный с ними высокий запрос на перераспределение не различаются в разных социально-демографических и социально-экономических группах. Опыт социальной мобильности также не приводит к значимой дифференциации в этом отношении; слабым влиянием характеризуется и ожидаемая мобильность в среднесрочной перспективе. Относительно заметно «работают» в этом отношении только краткосрочные ожидания: если они позитивны, то снижают негативное восприятие доходного неравенства и запрос на перераспределение. Что касается восприятия немонетарных неравенств, то нормативные представления о том, минимизация каких из них необходима для достижения социальной справедливости, оказываются схожими в группах с разным направлением ожидаемой или уже совершенной мобильности. Это позволяет сделать вывод о том, что восприятие и монетарного, и немонетарных неравенств, как и запросы на их сокращение, формируются в большей степени исходя из нормативных представлений о «должном» устройстве общества и оценки его соответствия наблюдаемой реальности, чем из особенностей индивидуальной ситуации, в том числе и ожидаемой или фактической мобильности.
Благодарность. Статья подготовлена в рамках гранта, предоставленного Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (№ соглашения о предоставлении гранта: 075-15-2020-928).
Penilaian Tingkat Cemaran Logam Berat Pada Lahan Pertanian di Hulu Sungai Citarum, Jawa Barat
Authors: Handayani Cicik Oktasari , Sukarjo Sukarjo , Dewi Triyani
Published: March 2022

Konsentrasi logam berat pada lahan pertanian sangat penting untuk dipantau karena berdampak pada lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai tingkat kontaminasi logam berat pada lahan pertanian di Kabupaten Bandung (DAS Hulu Sungai Citarum) dengan menganalisis faktor kontaminasi, faktor resiko ekologi, indeks beban polusi dan tingkat akumulasi logam berat yang berasal dari sumber antrhopogenik. Penentuan titik pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan secara grid pada satuan (unit) lahan pada peta penggunaan lahan. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan dengan metode survey pada 273 titik lokasi. Sampel tanah dianalisis kandungan logam berat Pb, Cd, Cr, Co dan Ni, kemudian dianalisis pola sebaran dan kontaminasi tanahnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata konsentrasi logam Pb, Cd, Cr, Co dan Ni pada tanah masih berada di bawah batas kritis logam berat. Berdasarkan analisis kontaminasi dari faktor kontaminan (CF) dan potensi resiko ekologi (Er) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi logam Cd telah mencapai pada kategori sangat tercemar dan sangat berpotensi pada resiko ekologi. Tingkat pencemaran logam berat yang bersumber dari aktivitas anthropogenik menunjukkan kategori sedang hingga berat untuk logam Cd.ABSTRACTThe concentration of heavy metals in agricultural land is very important to monitor because it has an impact on the environment and public health. This study aims to provide information on the level of heavy metal contamination on agricultural land in Bandung Regency (the upstream watershed of the Citarum River) by analyzing contamination factors, ecological risk factors, pollution load index, and the level of accumulation of heavy metals from anthropogenic sources. Determination of the point of soil sampling is done on a grid on land units on the land use map. Soil sampling was carried out by survey method at 273 location points. Soil samples were analyzed for the heavy metal content of Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni, then the distribution pattern and soil contamination were analyzed. The results showed that the average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni in the soil was still below the critical limit for heavy metals. Based on the analysis of contamination from the contaminant factor (CF) and potential ecological risk (Er) it shows that the concentration of Cd metal has reached the category of highly polluted and has a high potential for ecological risk. The level of heavy metal pollution originating from anthropogenic activities shows a moderate to a heavy category for Cd.
The Japanese ‘X wa Y o shiteiru’ pattern as simple stative expressions
Authors: Ogami Yuichiro
Published: March 2022

This paper discusses the Japanese ‘X wa Y o shiteiru’ form, which represents the simple state or property of an object. After illustrating the basic features of the linguistic pattern, the paper examines how the pattern is formed by focusing on the conceptualizer’s cognition regarding objects. To conclude, the paper argues that the simple stative interpretation of the pattern derives from the process of subjectification proposed in the field of cognitive grammar.
Reappraising Plato’s Cratylus
Authors: Meißner David
Published: March 2022

While the argument of Plato’s Cratylus supports both the claim that there is a natural correctness of names and the claim that correct names need not be descriptions or imitations of their referents, the protagonists of the Cratylus find it infeasible to reconcile these two claims. In my paper, I account for this puzzling observation by elaborating a novel interpretation of the Cratylus. I show that the protagonists of the Cratylus are unable to make sense of the results of their joined investigation because they rely on a mistaken preconception of what a correct name is. Based on this diagnosis, I contend that Plato wants his readers to comprehend and overcome the dialectical predicament of his protagonists. I thus illuminate both the internal logic of the Cratylus and the philosophical agenda Plato pursues in staging a dialogue with this particular internal logic.
Pitting initiation on 304 stainless steel in a chloride-contaminated pore solution under alternating temperature conditions
Authors: Feng Xingguo , Zhang Tianyi , Zhu Ruihu , Chen Zheng , Lu Xiangyu
Published: March 2022

Pitting initiation on 304 stainless steel grades was investigated in alternating temperature pore solutions to simulate pitting on stainless steel rebar in a tropical marine environment. The results suggested that a larger amplitude of alternating temperature heavily doped the passive film, reduced the film’s thickness and increased the (Fe3+ox + Fe3+hy)/Fe2+ox and Cr3+hy/Cr3+ox ratios in the film. Alternating temperatures more significantly degraded the passive film and intensified the pitting sensitivity on the stainless steel when compared with the average temperatures of the alternating temperature cycles. More pitting initiation sites were observed on the samples that experienced the 22–60 °C and 22–70 °C alternating temperature cycles than their counterparts in 50 °C and 60 °C solutions, respectively.
Incorporating research literature and chemistry textbooks in 5E instructional model to reveal ambiguous oxidation state formalism of CuS for pre-service science teachers
Authors: Savarimuthu Irudhayaraj , Susairaj Maria Josephine Arokia Marie
Published: March 2022

This paper implements the 5E instructional model to reveal authentic concepts in chemistry, in particular the ambiguous oxidation state formalism of copper sulfide (CuS) for pre-service science teachers (PSTs). We discuss the process and outcomes of learning phases of the 5E (engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate) for authentic chemistry learning. The puzzle activity of engage phase demonstrate PSTs prior-knowledge, understanding, problem-solving skills in the fundamental concepts of chemistry. However, we observed misconceptions in chemistry concepts, in particular the oxidation state formalism of CuS. Next, the explore phase describe how the scientific evidence from research literature give insight into whether the PSTs conceptions are in accordance with research evidence. The research evidence from collaborative literature review revealed the uncertainty in the oxidation state formalism of CuS. In the explain phase, we explained the complex electronic structure of CuS. In the fourth phase, the elaborate phase, we involve the PSTs in the book review to elaborate and analyze the uncertain concept. The results of the book review provide insight into the coverage of oxidation state formalism of CuS in nine chemistry textbooks. Finally, in evaluate phase, the results of questionnaire describe the PSTs perspectives and experiences in the student-centered chemistry learning.
A comparison study of hyaluronic acid hydrogel exquisite micropatterns with photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods
Authors: Chen Feng , Gu Shaochun , Zhang Qianming , Liu Tong , Liu Zhenjie , Kuang Tairong
Published: March 2022

The microstructure design of hydrogel materials offers a broad range of practical applications and is extensively used in flexible sensors, polymer microneedles, microfluidic chips, and other biomedical engineering fields. Among the bio-sourced hydrogels, oligomeric hyaluronic acid (HA) possesses wound healing, anti-tumor, and angiogenesis properties. However, micropatterning soft hydrogels, such as HA-relative hydrogels containing 90% water by weight, continue to pose difficulties for both high precision and micro-scale lithography. The purpose of this study was to compare the photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods of methacryloyl HA hydrogel (HAMA-gel) to those for synthetic light-curable polymer resins. Photolithography and light-cured inkjet printing methods with designed scale, high resolution, and little processing times were used to effectively prepare micropatterns of HAMA-gel. The well-shaped micropatterns consisted of parallel channels in tens of micrometers and strip/grid lines in the hundreds of micrometers. Human vein endothelial cells cultured on the material’s surface demonstrated that HAMA-gel had good biocompatibility. The width of the flow channel (10 and 20 µm) was regulated on the surface of the microstructure to allow for simultaneous control of cell growth along the flow channel and groove directions.
Agenda zwischen Ambition und Abseits?
Authors: Gohl Christopher
Published: March 2022

Die Ampel-Koalition will „mehr Fortschritt wagen“. Macht der Koalitionsvertrag Hoffnung darauf, dass sie dafür die Demokratie besser organisiert und zivilgesellschaftlich vertieft? Eine Untersuchung des Koalitionsvertrags soll die real existierende demokratie- und engagementpolitische Agenda der Ampel für die Jahre 2021–2025 herausarbeiten. Dafür wird zunächst im Rückgriff auf das historische Beispiel von Hildegard Hamm-Brücher und auf Konzeptionen der Politikwissenschaften überlegt, welche Aspekte, Kategorien und Gestaltungsansprüche „Demokratiepolitik“ erfassen könnte, und in welchem Verhältnisse sie zur Engagementpolitik steht. Mit Hilfe der gewonnenen heuristischen Begriffe wird anschließend der Koalitionsvertrag durchkämmt und werden Funde auf politische Herausforderungen, einschlägige Leitbilder sowie auf drei Agenden der Demokratie als Herrschaftsform, Regierungsform und Lebensform ausgetragen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das staats- und wirtschaftsfixierte Narrativ der Ampel nicht zum faktischen Ehrgeiz in demokratie- und engagementpolitischen Fragen passt. Das abschließende Fazit würdigt einerseits die umfassenden Vorhaben und problematisiert andererseits fehlende Klärungen und Leitbilder, mögliche Bruchstellen und offensichtliche blinde Flecken. Noch kann die Ampel ihre Ambition aus dem Abseits nehmen, das der Demokratie- und Engagementpolitik droht.
Demokratieförderung zwischen Staat und Zivilgesellschaft
Authors: Kleist J. Olaf , Weiberg Mirjam
Published: March 2022

Die Bundesregierung hat mit der Förderung von Programmen für Demokratie immer wieder auf extremistische und anti-demokratische sozio-politische Herausforderungen reagiert. Neben der institutionalisierten politischen Bildung wurden so seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre – in Reaktion auf rechtsextreme Ereignisse und gesellschaftliche Forderungen nach Gegenmaßnahmen – zunehmend zivilgesellschaftliche Projekte durch Sonderprogramme gefördert. Aus der Zivilgesellschaft ist diese Entwicklung kritisiert worden, u. a. aufgrund der eingeschränkten inhaltlichen Schwerpunktsetzungen, dem Aufbau von Parallelstrukturen, der mangelnden Qualitätssicherung, der politischen Alibi-Funktion sowie der zeitlichen Befristung und der mangelnden Nachhaltigkeit der Programme. Wir zeichnen zunächst die Entwicklung dieser Programme als einen aus sich heraus entwickelten, aber strukturell begrenzten Lernprozess nach, der in das bisher größte und komplexeste BundesprogrammDemokratie leben!des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) mündete. Hierbei diskutieren wir insbesondere die Kurzfristigkeit der geförderten (Modell)Projekte und die aktuelle Möglichkeit und Grenzen, diese nach den Plänen der neuen Bundesregierung zum Demokratiefördergesetz in eine dauerhafte Strukturförderung zu überführen.
Comments on ‘A weighting analogue to pair matching in propensity score analysis’ by L. Li and T. Greene
Authors: Orihara Shunichiro , Kawamura Taishi , Taguri Masataka
Published: March 2022

Li and Greene (A weighting analogue to pair matching in propensity score analysis. Int J Biostat 2013;9:215–34) propose that estimates derived by the matching weight (MW) estimator are similar to those derived by the one-to-one propensity score matching estimator. The MW estimator has some useful properties, however, some regularity conditions need to be confirmed to derive an asymptotic distribution since the MW has a non-differentiable point. In this letter, we confirm the asymptotic distribution of the MW estimator and the sufficient conditions to achieve it.
Alfonso Carrillo y Acuña and His Attempts to Reform the Toledan Church within the Context of the Castilian Succession Conflict (1465–1479)
Authors: Roda Sánchez Ana
Published: March 2022

This article studies the attempts of Archbishop Alfonso Carrillo y Acuña to reform the Archdiocese of Toledo. In particular, I will focus on the Provincial Council of Aranda (1473), which addressed issues like priestly concubinage, absenteeism of priests from their parishes and the level of education of the clergy. Though the Council’s constitutions certainly contain reformative exhortations, it is not so clear that Carrillo convened the Council out of pastoral concerns exclusively. Contrarily, there are reasons to believe the Archbishop mainly sought to assure his political position in the midst of the conflict for the Castilian succession. Overall, scholarship has greatly studied Carrillo’s political deeds, but usually not in relation to the pastoral and reformative enterprises simultaneously undertaken by the Archbishop. This article aims to start filling this gap, linking those two aspects and demonstrating to what extent the latter was dependent on the former. Moreover, this article will bring more clarity on the pastoral turn of the Archbishops of Toledo in the Late Middle Ages. Though Cisneros is recognized for his pastoral leadership and acknowledged as the great promoter of Church reform in Castile, all this already started before. I intend to clarify when and how it happened.
Publicus–Privatus The Divine Foundations of Authority in Dietrich Reinking
Authors: Astorri Paolo , Nørgaard Lars Cyril
Published: March 2022

This article examines the relationship between the magistrate and his subjects as developed in the Tractatus de regimine seculari et ecclesiastico (1619) by the German jurist Dietrich Reinking (1590–1664). The Tractatus represents the magistrate-subject relationship by reference to the adjectives publicus and privatus. We argue that these adjectives carry particular weight within the context of Reinking’s political theory that bases itself upon the Lutheran doctrine of the two kingdoms. Publicus is associated with a figure of authority that has been divinely ordained and governs the world, while privatus refers to the inferior subjects, who must obey the political authorities, even when these authorities act unjustly. This obedience has limits, however. If the magistratus issues a precept that contradicts divine and natural law, private subjects are entitled to disobey. Indeed, subjects, who participate in public administration, may actively resist, if the magistrate violates the fundamental laws of the empire. Such violations amounts to committing a sin against the divine authority that has ordained the officium of the magistrate, and which defines him as something more than a private man. Thus, the adjectives publicus and privatus belong to the worldly kingdom, where personae privatae are governed by personae publicae: this governance is parcelled into different officia that govern the res publica and are constrained by divine and natural law. In the spiritual kingdom, this distinction between private and public collapses, and individuals are placed on the same level vis-à-vis Christ, who is the sole persona publica.
Objective Facts
Authors: Sankey Howard
Published: March 2022

This is a brief exploration of the notion of an objective fact. The form of objectivity at issue is distinct from epistemic objectivity or objectivity about truth. It is an ontological form of objectivity. Objective facts may obtain whether or not we know, believe or are aware of them. They depend upon objects, for example, on the properties that objects have or the relationships into which objects enter. Setting scepticism to one side, there is a perfectly mundane sense in which we may come to have knowledge or fail to have knowledge of such facts. We must perceive objective facts from a perspective, but this does not enter into the facts. Nor does the fact that we must describe facts using language mean that facts are language-dependent.
Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
Authors: Tabrez Shams , Khan Azhar U. , Mirza Ahmed A. , Suhail Mohd , Jabir Nasimudeen R. , Zughaibi Torki A. , Alam Mahboob
Published: March 2022

In the present study, pumpkin seed extract was used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) along with evaluating its anticancer activity using different molecular biology tools in the human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT-116). Morphological and structural properties of the biogenically synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For estimating the anticancer efficacy, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity, morphological alteration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were determined. SEM and TEM data revealed the formation of spherical nanoparticles possessing an average size of 20 nm. The CuO NPs showed 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 25 µg/mL against the HCT-116 cell line. The treatment with IC50 concentration of CuO NPs showed significant shrinking, detachment, membrane blebbing, and shape distortion of cancer cells. Similarly, the IC50 dose of CuO NPs showed significantly early apoptosis in cancer cells compared to late apoptosis. The cancer cell line also showed a dose-dependent increase and decrease in ROS formation and MMP, respectively. The results obtained through various assays indicated significant anticancer efficacy of biogenically synthesized CuO NPs. Thus, further studies are recommended to validate our results using ex vivo and in vivo models.
Bulk density: An index for measuring critical soil compaction levels for groundnut cultivation
Authors: Oritsejafor Favour O. , Ogunkanmi Labake , Aliku OrevaOghene , Aiyelari EmilOlorun A.
Published: March 2022

Assessing soil compaction using soil bulk density as an index for measurement could provide background information on the critical range of soil compaction for groundnut production in Nigeria. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in 2012 (year 1) and 2014 (year 2) to assess the effects of five levels of soil compaction (1.1 Mg m−3[control], 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 Mg m−3) on groundnut yield. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design with four replicates. Number of Pods (NP) and Fresh Pod Mass (FPM) of groundnut were estimated using standard procedures and subjected to ANOVA atα0.05. The NP of groundnut differed significantly among the treatments and was reduced by 70.1 and 76.0% in 1.4 and 1.5 Mg m−3relative to 1.1 Mg m−3in year 1, while corresponding low values were 40.4% (1.4 Mg m−3) and 48.4% (1.5 Mg m−3) in year 2. It was noteworthy that the NP in 1.2 and 1.3 Mg m−3were statistically similar. Consequently, FPM of groundnut was in the order of 1.1 > 1.3 > 1.2 > 1.4 > 1.5 Mg m−3in years 1 and 2, respectively. Hence, soil compaction at 1.1–1.3 Mg m−3could be critical for groundnut cultivation.
Electrochemiluminescence sensors and forensic investigations: a viable technique for drug detection?
Authors: Brown Kelly , Dennany Lynn
Published: March 2022

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are today considered one of the major ticking public health time bombs in regard to drug abuse. The inability to identify these substances with current screening methods, sees their distribution remain uninterrupted and contributes to the high death rates amongst users. To tackle this problem, it is vital that new robust screening methods are developed, addressing the limitation of those currently in place, namely colour subjectivity and lack of compatibility with the complex matrices these substances may be found within. To this avail, electrochemical methods have been assessed. These low cost and extremely portable sensors have been successfully applied for the direct detection of a broad range of compounds of interest in a range of matrices including, herbal material, commercial drinks and biological fluids (serum, saliva, sweat and urine). With their high versatility, gifted through a significant degree of flexibility in regard to electrode material a range of sensors have to date been reported. In this review the various electrochemical sensors developed to date for NPS detection will be compared and contrasted, with a special focus upon those utilising electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology.
Las Múltiples Identidades Políticas en la Refundación Institucional Boliviana
Authors: Virginia Quiroga María , Florencia Pagliarone María
Published: March 2022

El presente artículo rescata la noción de identidades políticas, basada en la teoría de la hegemonía, para analizar el actual proceso político boliviano. En ese sentido se plantean articulaciones entre la constitución y consolidación del MAS-IPSP de los productores de coca, el ciclo de acción colectiva de los primeros años del siglo XXI y la llegada al gobierno de Evo Morales. El énfasis se coloca en las implicancias de esta articulación para la refundación institucional del país, expresada - entre otros factores - a través de la sanción de una nueva constitución política del Estado;
Democracia e Participação: Os Conselhos Comunais na Venezuela
Authors: Aduci Mendes Valdenésio
Published: March 2022

O processo constituinte ocorrido na Venezuela em 1999 colocou em evidência um profundo debate político sobre a democracia instaurada no país a partir da década de 1960, sinalizando a decadência do modelo democrático representativo daquela época. Diante de um quadro de profunda crise herdada da IV República, a Constituição da Venezuela de 1999 tem a pretensão de refundar a República com base nos princípios de um Estado federal descentralizado, o qual trataria de promover uma sociedade democrática participativa e protagonista, multiétnica e pluricultural. Este estudo realizado junto aos representantes dos Conselhos Comunais aponta que estas organizações políticas comunitárias venezuelanas têm perdido autonomia, têm um baixo índice de pluralismo político e ainda têm contribuído com o processo de recentralização do poder nas mãos do presidente Hugo Chávez Frías.
Democracia y Desarrollo Económico Basado en la Explotación de Recursos Minerales:
Authors: Spognardi Andrés
Published: March 2022

El artículo examina en modo crítico la reciente transformación de la democracia y de la estrategia de desarrollo basada en la explotación de los recursos minerales boliviana. Se exploran los fundamentos teóricos y las limitaciones prácticas del esquema promovido por las instituciones financieras internacionales durante la década de 1990 (democracia liberal con protección efectiva de los derechos de propiedad e inversiones privadas en la industria de hidrocarburos) y se discuten los principales rasgos y desafíos del nuevo enfoque autóctono boliviano (democracia participativa con protección condicional de los derechos de propiedad e inversiones privadas en la industria de hidrocarburos). Si bien la nueva estrategia representa un claro avance, su éxito en el largo plazo dependerá de la capacidad del sistema político para balancear eficientemente las demandas de una sociedad compleja y desigual con las exigencias de una economía de mercado.
National Leverage:
Authors: Ziegler Rogers Melissa
Published: March 2022

Weak bureaucratic capacity fundamentally challenges the stability of new democracies. Decentralization has placed greater importance on low capacity sub-national bureaucracies. When, why and from who do we see successful reform initiatives of these bureaucracies? I argue that sub-national politicians in new democracies do not have political will or resources to reform. Rather, impetus for reform comes from threats to their resources, especially federal transfers, from the national level. Accordingly, the success of reforms depends on the national government’s commitment and often derailed by short-time horizons and political expediency. These constraints on national leverage are shown in Argentina’s Fiscal Pact of 1993. Partisanship and sub-national capacity are shown to interact to both fuel and temper reform initiatives.
Low Level Of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) In Patients With Chronic Heart Failure And Multivessel Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Garganeeva Alla A. , Kuzheleva Elena A. , Fediunina Vera A. , Tukish Olga V. , Mareev Yuri V. , Fudim Marat , Popov Sergey V.
Published: March 2022

Rationale — Several biomarkers are used to determine the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF), including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2). We investigated NGAL serum levels in patients with HF and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods — Fifty-three patients with chronic HF and stable multivessel CAD were included in the study. Patients were grouped on the basis of the NGAL level: low NGAL group (NGAL<37 ng/mL, n=19) and normal NGAL group (NGAL ≥37 ng/mL, n=34). Results and Discussion — The main findings from our study of patients with HF and multivessel CAD were: 1) Plasma NGAL levels were below reference values in 35.8% of cases. 2) We detected a strong positive correlation between neutrophil count and NGAL level (0.573, р<0.001). 3) Neutropenia was present in 15.8% of patients in the low NGAL group and in none in the group with a normal NGAL level (p=0.041). 4) Postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms were more often diagnosed in patients of the first group (15.8%) and in none of patients in the second group (p=0.041). Conclusion — Low NGAL has been associated with neutropenia in patients with heart failure and multivessel atherosclerotic CAD. Left ventricular aneurysms were diagnosed in 15.8% (n=3) patients with low NGAL and in none with normal NGAL levels. These changes may be due to maladaptive remodeling of the heart after myocardial infarction, but further research is needed.
Contemporary View On Thread Lifting: Histological And Anatomical Approaches
Authors: Borzykh Olga B. , Karpova Elena I. , Shnayder Natalia A. , Demina Olga M.
Published: March 2022

Currently, thread lifting in aesthetic facial rejuvenation is not the top priority, but nevertheless its popularity continues to gain momentum. In connection with increasing popularity, the number of issues related to thread lifting and its undesirable side effects also increases. In this publication, an analysis of Russian and international databases was carried out, including MedLine, PubMed, elibrary.ru, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, over the period from 2010 to 2020 (10 years). In the search, the following keywords were used both in Russian and English: threads, thread lifting, rhytidoplasty, face rejuvenation, face lift, cog threads, Aptos, suture material. As a result, of all available publications, 51 articles were left for further analysis, on the basis of which the nuances of thread classification, histological changes in tissues in response to thread implantation, along with anatomical basics and features during the procedure of thread lifting were analyzed. The effectiveness and duration of the thread lifting effect is still subject to debate. Hence, sometimes, it is possible to identify the duration of the effect in the same study ranging from 1 month to 2 years. Despite the long history of thread lifting, there are still unresolved issues that need to be covered.
Dynamic modeling of semitrailer trucks equipped by steered wheels
Authors: M. Diachuk  , O. Lykhodii  , Leontiev Dmitry , L. Ryzhykh  , Yu. Aleksandrov
Published: March 2022

Improving the performance of articulated vehicles is not only by completing the tractor systems, but also by intellectualizing the trailer links (TL), is a complex task. In this regard, the search for and justification of the implementation of controlled TL systems is an important process (Intelligent Trailer). The research has been carried for the purpose of development of the systemic approach from the idea schematization to the practical recommendations. The paper proposes a general approach for creating a comprehensive calculation model that establishes a link between the dynamics of movement of articulated vehicle and the active controlling systems of the semitrailer. The key moments is the developed mathematical model based on matrix technique that facilitates the creation of the universal simulation model in the Simulink environment. The created method with recommended programming product afforded to increase the exactness of modelling of curving way of articulated vehicle on 10 % under the diminishing of time on the calculation about 50 % in comparison with classical method. At the expense of experimental investigation there was confirmed appropriateness of proposed imitation model of movement dynamics of articulated vehicle, general relative mistake in comparison with theoretical investigations was not over than 5%. Additional combining to semitrailer chassis the active turning control system diminishes the size line of constant movement of articulated vehicle in the circle on 14,5% in comparison with semitrailer without this system, which is also positive from the point of safety of articulated vehicle maneuverability.
Optimization of combustion parameters for CRDI small single cylinder diesel engine by using response surface method
Authors: Dond Dipak Kisan , Gulhane Nitin P
Published: March 2022

Limited fossil fuel’s reservoir capacity and pollution caused by them are the big problem today in the world. The small diesel engine, working with a conventional fuel injection system was the major contributor to this. The current study represented a statistical investigation of such a small diesel engine. A mechanical fuel injection system of the small diesel engine was retofitted with a simple version of the electronic common rail diesel injection (CRDI) system in the present study. The effect of combustion parameters such as compression ratio (CR), injection pressure (IP) and start of injection timing (IT) was considered in the study. The study was performed to optimize these parameters with respect to performance and emission aspects. The reduction in parameters such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke and hydrocarbon (HC) from engine exhaust gases were considered in the emission aspect. Improve brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and fuel economy was considered in the performance aspect. The response surfaced method (RSM) was used to optimise these combustion parameters. The regression equations were obtained for measurable performance and emission parameters using the RSM model. The surface plots derived from the regression equations were used to analyse the effect of considered combustion parameters. Diesel injected at a pressure 600 bar, with retarded injection timing 15° crank angle (CA) before top dead center (bTDC) and compression ratio set at 15 was found to be optimum for this CRDI small diesel engine. The further validation of optimum parameters was done by conducting a confirmatory test on the engine. The maximum error in prediction was found to be 2.7%, which shows the validation of the RSM model.
Optimization on fishing net porosity of twin pontoon floating breakwater in waves
Authors: Fakhruradzi Sheikh , A. Fitriadhy
Published: March 2022

Chaotic process in wave passing through pores on the attached fishing net between twin pontoons of floating breakwater (TPFB) may lead to several severe problems relating to the hydrodynamic performance of such coastal structure. In presence of relatively fine pores, the wave transmission coefficient (Kt) tends to diminish while the reflection coefficient (Kr) will likely increase, or vice versa for coarse ones. The circumstance requires a complete design optimization study into obtaining an optimum porosity. This paper presents optimization on the fishing net porosity (n) of TPFB using artificial intelligence (AI) model. Here, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with various genetic parameters is proposed to search for optimum n ratio through primarily minimizing transmission (Kt) and reflection coefficients (Kr) while maximizing energy dissipation coefficient (Kd). In addition, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) programme is developed using an extended Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver for a solid-permeable obstacle. Several parameters such as wavelengths and porosity ratios including a set of optimization criteria, have been taken into account in the simulation, where the optimum solution is then selected from various populations. Meanwhile, the optimum result will be qualitatively evaluated, in which it is visualized by the characteristic patterns of induced energy dissipation. The results revealed that the optimization algorithm is effectively capable of determining global trade-offs between Kt, Kr, and Kd. As compared to the existing model, Kt and Kr decrease to less than 0.85 and 0.42 respectively, whereas Kd was increased up to 0.34 resulting in optimum hydrodynamics of TPFB indicated by further enhancement in the rate of energy dissipation across TPFB entanglement. For validation, the numerical model can fairly simulate well on the hydrodynamics of structure.
Challenges in Von Hippel–Lindau’s disease: PRRT in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Ayub N , Braat A J A T , Timmers H J L M , Lam M G E H , van Leeuwaarde R S
Published: March 2022

Von Hippel–Lindau’s disease (VHL) is a hereditary tumor syndrome characterized by its prototype lesions, hemangioblastomas, and renal cell carcinomas. Treatment for renal cell carcinomas can ultimately result in long-term dialysis. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) can also occur in the course of the disease. Currently, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is the standard treatment for progressive neuroendocrine tumors. However, little is known about treatment with PRRT in patients on dialysis, an infrequent presentation in patients with VHL. We present a 72-year-old man with VHL on hemodialysis and a progressive pNET. He received four cycles of PRRT with a reduced dose. Only mild thrombopenia was seen during treatments. The patient died 9 months after the last PRRT because of acute bleeding in a hemangioblastoma. Hemodialysis is not a limiting factor for PRRT treatment and it should be considered as it seems a safe short-term treatment option for this specific group.

Learning points

Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) is a complex disease in which former interventions can limit optimal treatment for following VHL-related tumors later in life.

Metastasized pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors occur as part of VHL disease.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy seems a safe short-term treatment option in patients on hemodialysis.
miR-146a promotes M2 macrophage polarization and accelerates diabetic wound healing by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB axis
Authors: Peng Xuefeng , He Fang , Mao Yanling , Lin Yihui , Fang Jingwen , Chen Yangchun , Sun Zhichun , Zhuo Yafen , Jiang Jianjia
Published: March 2022

We tried to unveil the clinical significance of miR-146a as a biomarker in M2 macrophage polarization in diabetic wound healing. Initially, we found reduced miR-146a in macrophages of diabetic patients. Next, dual-luciferase assay verified that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was a target gene of miR-146 and was negatively regulated by miR-146. Moreover, after ectopic expression and depletion experiments of miR-146 and/or TLR4, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response of macrophages was detected. The results revealed that overexpression of miR-146a promoted the M2 macrophage polarization by suppressing the TLR4/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) axis, so as to enhance wound healing in diabetic ulcers. Further, mouse models with diabetic ulcers were established to investigate the effects of miR-146a on diabetic wound healing in vivo, which revealed that miR-146a promoted wound healing in diabetic ulcers by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB axis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that miR-146a can induce M2 macrophage polarization to enhance wound healing in diabetic ulcers by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB axis.
Personalised medicines for familial hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Josephs Tracy Marie , Zhang Frankie , Dinh Le Vi , Keller Andrew N , Conigrave Arthur D. , Capuano Ben , Gregory Karen Joan , Leach Katie
Published: March 2022

Loss-of-function calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations cause the mineral metabolism disorders familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia or neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism,and increase the risk of femoral fracture, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and other diseases. In severe cases, CaSR mutations are lethal. Off-label use of the CaSR positive allosteric modulator (PAM), cinacalcet, corrects hypercalcemia in some patients with CaSR mutations. However, other patients remain unresponsive to cinacalcet, attesting to the need for novel treatments. Here we compared the effects of cinacalcet to two other clinically approved synthetic CaSR activators, evocalcet and etelcalcetide, as well as a novel PAM, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)ethan-1-ol (MIPS-VD-836-108) on clinically relevant CaSR mutations. We assessed the compounds in CaSR-expressing HEK293 cells for correction of mutation-induced impairments in intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) mobilization and cell surface expression. While cinacalcet, MIPS-VD-836-108 and evocalcet rescued the signaling of cell surface-expressed mutants, albeit to varying degrees, etelcalcetide was ineffective. Cinacalcet and evocalcet, but not MIPS-VD-836-108 or etelcalcetide, restored expression of a R680H mutant. However, no compound rescued expression of I81K and C582R mutants or a receptor missing 77 amino acids in the extracellular domain mimicking deletion of CASR exon 5, which impairs CaSR function. These data suggest specific compounds may be clinically effective in some patients with CaSR mutations, but other patients will remain refractory to treatment with currently available CaSR-targeting activators, highlighting the need for new generation drugs to rescue both the signaling and expression of mutant CaSRs.
La tecnología ante la crisis ecosocial
Authors: González Reyes Luis
Published: March 2022

Un mito es un relato lleno de hechos fantásticos y personajes fabulosos con el que los pueblos tratan de explicar y controlar fenómenos que no pueden comprender. Con una definición de este tipo, nada parece más alejado de ser un mito que el sistema tecnocientífico. En este texto no se va a abordar el método científico, el mecanismo de trabajo científico-técnico, que efectivamente no cumple las características para ser un mito, sino que se discutirá el papel que la ciencia y la tecnología tienen en los imaginarios colectivos.
El sistema tecnocientífico es incomprensible para la inmensa mayoría de la población. ¿Quién sabe cómo funciona un ordenador, cuál es el mecanismo por el que retiramos dinero de un cajero o en qué consiste de verdad el refinado de petróleo? ¿Cuántas personas pueden explicar la Teoría de la Relatividad o el funcionamiento de la fotosíntesis? Para la gran mayoría de la población, estos fenómenos significan un ejercicio de fe similar a la de creer que Thor genera los rayos con su maza, solo que en este caso los personajes de autoridad son otros. A pesar de eso, la tecnociencia es la forma fundamental que explica el mundo. Es más, su función no se restringe únicamente a explicarlo, sino a dirigirlo. Es la principal herramienta que concebimos los seres humanos para moldear el futuro. En estos sentidos, tiene características de mito.
En este texto se van a abordar dos elementos centrales para la construcción del mito de la ciencia y la tecnología: su neutralidad y su omnipotencia.