bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employment Characteristics of University Graduates in the Russian Labor Market
Authors: Razumova Tatiana , Zolotina Olga
Published: December 2020

The article presents the results of study of the positions of university graduates in the Russian labor market. The relevance of the subject is due to the fact that getting higher education instead of starting to work directly after school is now considered a social norm, and the fact that the structure of training in specialties and its quality, as stated by the top officials, does not meet the needs of the economy. The research is based on data of the first selective observation of employment of graduates of Rosstat, obtained in 2016, and the Ministry of Education and Science monitoring of graduates employment of 2015-2017. In the paper we assess the employment rate of young people with higher education by age groups; highlight regional features of university graduates employment; evaluate employment characteristics by groups of specialties; we study the distribution of employed university graduates by types of economic activity in comparison with the all-Russian structure of employment. It is concluded, that with an increase in the level of education the probability of success employment, including finding a job in the specialty, increases; and that job satisfaction is higher for those who work in their professional field. For NEET youth with higher education, recommendations on how to integrate into the labor market relations have been suggested.
The Investigation of The Different Types of the Ground Rebar Spacers with Proposing New Design Rebar Space Mixed of Concrete Palstic
Authors: Neamat Sevar , Shamsborhan Mahmood
Published: December 2020

The reinforcing spacers are commonly prepared from cementitious material, plastic or metals. These spacers are prepared to provide the reinforcing steel with ensuring that the requested concrete cover thickness is attained to guard surrounded steel from corrosion. Also, they pretend a vital role in the concrete structure performance. The toughness of reinforced concrete buildings remains extremely reliant on the features of the protection of concrete to be strong with thickness. A disappointment in finding cover thickness is considered the main impact on early deterioration within the steel, whichever in chance is a chief weaken method in reinforced concrete constructions. The specified study offerings a review study on the investigation of the advantages and disadvantages of six factors in various types concerning the ground rebar spacers studies. As a result, different types of ground rebar spacers have been compared and the new rebar spacer has been designed mixed of concrete_ plastic material
Human Resource Management with Strategic Development
Authors: Neamat Sevar
Published: December 2020

The development in globalization helped a lot of countries to consider China as a noticeably improved state in its technical, substructure, industrial, and producing possessions with facilities. Despite these signs of progress, there is an area of investigation for undertaking a rough spreading of revenue that has produced dogmatic and socio-economic difficulties in the republic. The aim of research to determine the character of managing the human resources aptitude in carrying growth and creativity competencies in standing the market. This study concentrated on the qualitative analysis of researches concentrated on planned and humanoid reserve management. An investigation assessment discovered that these human-related organizations are a vital obligation in shaping the business competences. Though, as the business retains increasing, the performance and progress of workers want to save up the covering up of the international marketplace. Open-handed some direction, training, and exercise consider as one of the good savings in developed the competencies. Client faithfulness is a decisive issue of the presentation of the corporation.
Assessing the quality of the environment in Duhok province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Muhammed Amina , Karimi Hazhir , Gharab Berivan , Neamat Sevar , Mirzaei Karamreza
Published: December 2020

Discovering the quality of the environment is essential because it directly affects health status and plays a significant role in the quality of life and public health. This research aimed to evaluate the environmental quality affecting by human-made sources in Duhok province using GIS. Based on the human-made sources affecting the quality of the environment, including population density, solid waste generation, and industrial density, the state of the environment was evaluated in the study area. The overall result indicated that about 85% of the study area has a moderate to high-quality state, while low and very low contributed to 13% and 1%, respectively. The integrated analysis of the environmental quality in Duhok province would increase the protection of the ecological environment and help the regional sustainable development and improvement of the built environment.
An Integrated Analysis with Predictions on the Architecture of the τ Ceti Planetary System, Including a Habitable Zone Planet
Authors: Dietrich Jeremy , Apai Dániel
Published: December 2020

τ
Ceti is the closest single Sun-like star to the solar system and hosts a multiplanet system with four confirmed planets. The possible presence of additional planets, especially potentially habitable worlds, remains of great interest. We analyze the structure of the τ
Ceti planetary system via the DYNAMITE algorithm, combining information from exoplanet population statistics and orbital dynamics with measurements of this specific system. We also expand DYNAMITE to incorporate radial velocity information. Our analysis suggests the presence of four additional planets, three of which match closely with the periods of three tentative planet candidates reported previously. We also predict at least one more planet candidate with an orbital period between ∼270 and 470 days, in the habitable zone for τ
Ceti. Based on the measured

values of the confirmed planets, we also assess the possible masses and nature of the detected and undetected planets. The least massive planets and candidates are likely to be rocky, while the other planets and candidates could either be rocky or contain a significant gaseous envelope. The radial velocity observable signature from the predicted habitable zone planet candidate would likely be at or just above the noise level in current data, but should be detectable in future extremely high-precision radial velocity and direct-imaging studies.
The Thermodynamics of Rotating Black Hole Star Clusters
Authors: Gruzinov Andrei , Levin Yuri , Zhu Jiarong
Published: December 2020

Rotating star clusters near supermassive black holes are studied using Touma–Tremaine thermodynamics of gravitationally interacting orbital ellipses. A simple numerical procedure for calculating thermodynamic equilibrium states for an arbitrary distribution of stars over masses and semimajor axes is described. Spontaneous symmetry breaking and breakdown of thermodynamics at low positive temperatures are rigorously proven for nonrotating clusters. Rotation is introduced through a second temperature-like parameter. Both axially symmetric and lopsided rotational equilibria are found; the lopsided equilibria precess with the angular velocity that is given by the ratio of the two temperatures. The eccentric stellar disk in the nucleus of the Andromeda galaxy may be an example of a lopsided thermodynamic equilibrium of a rotating black hole star cluster. Stellar-mass black holes occupy highly eccentric orbits in broken-symmetry star clusters, and form flattened disklike configurations in rotating star clusters. They are attracted to orbits that are stationary in the frame of reference rotating with the angular velocity of the cluster. In spherical clusters, stellar-mass black holes’ orbits are significantly more eccentric than those of the lighter stars if the temperature is negative and more circular if the temperature is positive. Finally, we note that planets, comets, dark matter particles, and other light bodies tend to form a spherically symmetric nonrotating subcluster with maximum-entropy eccentricity distribution

, even if their host cluster is rotating and lopsided.
An Analytical Treatment for Particle Acceleration at Shocks inside Coronal Mass Ejections near 1 au
Authors: Li G. , Lugaz N.
Published: December 2020

We present an analytical treatment for time-dependent diffusive shock acceleration at shocks inside magnetic clouds (MCs) observed near 1 au. The model includes the effects of (i) spatial diffusion of test particles upstream and downstream of the shock, (ii) proton advection with the plasma inside MCs, (iii) a reflecting boundary at distance L upstream of the shock to mimic the boundary of the MCs, and (iv) particle leakage out of the system at a constant rate, possibly through open field lines introduced by magnetic reconnection between the closed field lines of the MC and open field lines in the corona or heliosphere. The analysis reveals that the mean time for accelerating particles from p
0 to p is naturally reduced if the MC characteristic length is much smaller than the spatial diffusion length of energetic protons upstream of the shock. However, because most shocks inside MCs observed at 1 au are located in the back half of the MC, the time that the shock has propagated into the MCs is not sufficient to cause significant SEP enhancement—even with a reflecting boundary—if particles are only injected from the low-beta plasma inside MCs. To cause large SEP enhancements inside the shock–MC structure, magnetic reconnection at the back MC is essential to allow particles energized by the shock prior to its interaction with the MC to enter the MC. These particles consequently become the seed energetic protons that are reaccelerated at the shock inside MC.
Simultaneous Multicolor Observations of Starlink’s Darksat by the Murikabushi Telescope with MITSuME
Authors: Horiuchi Takashi , Hanayama Hidekazu , Ohishi Masatoshi
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we present the SDSS g′-, the Cousins R
c-, and I
c-band magnitudes and associated colors of Starlink's STARLINK-1113 (one of the standard Starlink satellites) and 1130 (Darksat) with a darkening treatment to its surface. Using the 105 cm Murikabushi telescope/MITSuME, simultaneous multicolor observations for the above satellites were conducted four times: on 2020 April 10 and May 18 (for Darksat), and 2020 June 11 (for Darksat and STARLINK-1113). We found that (1) the SDSS g′-band apparent magnitudes of Darksat (6.95 ± 0.11–7.65 ± 0.11 mag) are comparable to or brighter than that of STARLINK-1113 (7.69 ± 0.16 mag), (2) the shorter the observed wavelength is, the fainter the satellite magnitudes tend to become, (3) the reflected flux by STARLINK-1113 is extremely (>1.0 mag) redder than that of Darksat, (4) there is no clear correlation between the solar phase angle and orbital altitude-scaled magnitude, and (5) by flux model fitting of the satellite trails with the blackbody radiation, it is found that the albedo of Darksat is about half that of STARLINK-1113. In particular, result (1) is inconsistent with previous studies. However, considering both solar and observer phase angles and atmospheric extinction, the brightness of STARLINK-1113 can be drastically reduced in the SDSS g′ and the Cousins R
c band. Simultaneous multicolor–multispot observations of more than three colors would give us more detailed information regarding the impact of low-Earth-orbit satellite constellations.
NuSTAR Non-detection of a Faint Active Galactic Nucleus in an Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy with Kpc-scale Fast Wind
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Ichikawa Kohei , Noda Hirofumi , Kawamuro Taiki , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Toba Yoshiki , Akiyama Masayuki
Published: December 2020

Large-scale outflows are generally considered to be possible evidence that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can severely affect their host galaxies. Recently, an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) at z = 0.49, AKARI J0916248+073034, was found to have a galaxy-scale [O iii]
λ
5007 outflow with one of the highest energy-ejection rates at z < 1.6. However, the central AGN activity estimated from its torus mid-infrared (MIR) radiation is weak relative to the luminous [O iii] emission. In this work we report the first NuSTAR hard X-ray follow-up of this ULIRG to constrain its current AGN luminosity. The intrinsic 2–10 keV luminosity shows a 90% upper limit of 3.0 × 1043 erg s−1 assuming Compton-thick obscuration (N
H = 1.5 × 1024 cm−2), which is only 3.6% of the luminosity expected from the extinction-corrected [O iii] luminosity. Using the NuSTAR observation, we successfully identify that this ULIRG has a very extreme case of X-ray deficit among local ULIRGs. A possible scenario to explain the drastic decline in both the corona (X-ray) and torus (MIR) is that the primary radiation from the AGN accretion disk is currently in a fading status, as a consequence of a powerful nuclear wind suggested by powerful ionized outflow in a galaxy scale.
What Does It Mean to be a “Depleted” Comet? High Spectral Resolution Observations of the Prototypical Depleted Comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner from the McDonald Observatory
Authors: Cochran Anita L. , Nelson Tyler , McKay Adam J.
Published: December 2020

We present high spectral resolution optical observations of comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner from six nights in 2018. The observations were obtained with the Tull Coudé Spectrograph on the 2.7 m Harlan J. Smith Telescope of the McDonald Observatory. This comet’s spectrum shows strong depletions in C2, C3, CH, and NH2 relative to CN. We explore what it means for a comet to be depleted and show that all of the species are present in the spectrum at similar relative line intensities within a a molecular band compared with a typical comet. The depletions represent a much lower abundance of the species studied.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Correlates With Modified Harris Hip Score in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Harold Ryan E. , Butler Bennet A. , Delagrammaticas Dimitri , Sullivan Ryan , Stover Michael , Manning David W.
Published: December 2020

The modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) is a validated and disease-specific instrument commonly used to assess outcomes in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a validated, computer adaptive testing (CAT)–based global health assessment tool. The authors' goal was to examine the correlation between PROMIS Pain Interference and Physical Function CATs and the mHHS in patients undergoing primary THA. All THAs were performed by 1 of 2 fellowship-trained dedicated total joint surgeons at 1 academic institution. Patients completed PROMIS and mHHS assessments preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, and 52 weeks postoperatively. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation values were determined. A total of 48 patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Preoperatively, mean total PROMIS score (Pain Interference and Physical Function) was 74.2 and mHHS was 50.8. Preoperatively, mean total PROMIS score showed a moderate correlation (
r
=0.56;
P
<.0001) with total mHHS. Postoperatively, mean total PROMIS score at 3, 6, 12, and 52 weeks was 82.4, 93.4, 100, and 100, respectively (all
P
<.01 vs baseline), and mHHS was 68.2, 81.1, 85.9, and 88.6, respectively (all
P
<.01). At 3, 6, 12, and 52 weeks postoperatively, a strong and consistent correlation was observed between the total PROMIS score and mHHS (
r
=0.74, 0.74, 0.73, and 0.80, respectively; all
P
<.0001). The PROMIS Pain Interference and Physical Function CATs accurately assessed preoperative pain and dysfunction, as well as clinical improvement following THA. Combined PROMIS Pain Interference and Physical Function is comparable to the mHHS when assessing outcome following THA for osteoarthritis. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(1):e19–e25.]
Amputation Rates in More Than 175,000 Open Tibia Fractures in the United States
Authors: Mundy Lily R. , Truong Tracy , Shammas Ronnie L. , Cunningham Daniel , Hollenbeck Scott T. , Pomann Gina-Maria , Gage Mark J.
Published: December 2020

Open tibia fractures are often associated with considerable soft tissue injuries. Management of open tibia fractures can be challenging, and some patients require amputation. The patient and treatment factors have not been described on a population level in the United States. A retrospective analysis was completed using the 2000 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Amputation rates during the index hospitalization after open tibia fracture were computed based on injury, patient, and hospital characteristics in patients 18 years or older. The overall amputation rate in open tibia fractures during the index hospitalization was 2.2% (n=3769). Patients with midshaft tibia fractures comprised the largest portion of patients undergoing amputation (46.8% of total amputations) compared with distal tibia (34.0%) and proximal tibia (19.3%) fractures. Patients with no neurovascular injury comprised the largest portion of patients undergoing amputation (85.9%), followed by isolated arterial injury (11.1%), combined neurovascular injury (1.9%), and isolated nerve injury (1.1%). Amputation rates were significantly increased for midshaft tibia fractures with neurovascular injury (odds ratio, 12.39; 95% CI, 5.52–27.83) and distal tibia fractures with neurovascular injury (odds ratio, 5.45; 95% CI, 1.73–17.19) compared with tibia fractures with no neurovascular injury while controlling for confounders. On the basis of a review of the Nationwide In-patient Sample during the past decade, the authors have shown that the early amputation rate in open tibia fractures for all-comers is 2.2%. Rates of amputation varied based on fracture site, associated neurovascular injury, medical comorbidities, and hospital location. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(1):48–53.]
Combinatorial Science for Condensed Matter Physics and Metal Thin-film Study
Authors: LEE Seunghun
Published: December 2020

In condensed matter physics and materials science, we all traverse artificially designed space with a variation of interest: e.g., compositions, defects, microstructures, etc. The space is sometimes very immense and multi-dimensional. Thus, we take a long and expensive journey and may encounter many puzzling situations. Combinatorial science, based on thin-film library synthesis strategies and high-throughput characterization, may promise joy and outcomes in your research journey. Here, we discuss the necessity and possibilities of the combinatorial approach for a state-of-the-art research in condensed matter physics and for the study of thin metal films.
Oralités de résistance et oralités joyeuses
Authors: Vinson Marie-Christine
Published: December 2020

En 1924 est inaugurée L’Heure joyeuse, la première bibliothèque pour enfants créée en France. Les bibliothécaires s’appellent Claire Huchet, Marguerite Gruny et Mathilde Leriche. Formée à L’Heure joyeuse, Jacqueline Dreyfus travaille à la petite bibliothèque de Ménilmontant et dans les années 1930 à la section jeunesse de la bibliothèque de la rue Fessart. Ces pionnières ont laissé des documents qui rendent compte des difficultés rencontrées par les jeunes usagers dans leurs processus d’acculturation à la culture écrite. Il faut, dans la salle de lecture, devenir un lecteur intéressé par les livres et actif dans la communauté des lecteurs ; et lors des heures du conte, il faut cette fois devenir un auditeur attentif à la performance de la conteuse et participer aux mondes imaginaires qui sont offerts de vive voix. Devenir lecteurs, devenir auditeurs suscitent chez les enfants et les adolescents concernés des résistances fortes et des compromis mais aussi, dans certains cas, des adhésions enthousiastes. Ces résistances prennent souvent des formes diverses et réactives d’oralités juvéniles. Ces oralités contestataires ou indisciplinées font ainsi irruption dans le monde de la bibliothèque. Elles en bousculent l’ordre et parfois elles en carnavalisent presque les règles. Quand ces oralités se font joyeuses, elles disent l’anticipation des chances de profit culturel qui se manifestent à travers les régulations entre pairs et la self‑discipline. Elles s’expriment aussi dans l’abandon émotif et le silence profond des auditeurs pris dans les rets du récit et sous le charme de la conteuse. Mais ce passage des oralités de résistance aux oralités joyeuses est, pour certains jeunes usagers, un passage toujours renégocié, jamais totalement acquis.
Employability Skills for Civil Engineering
Authors: Mtshali Thokozani Isaac , Ramaligela Sylvia Manto
Published: December 2020

One of the striking characters of civil engineering is its emphasis to the development of hands-on practical skills, innovation, and creativity. Civil engineering's unique epistemological feature is heavily geared towards equipping individuals with relevant skills for occupational safety.. The purpose of this study was to identify employability skills that civil engineering teachers use to prepare students for 4IR. This study used a mixed method approach, where questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data. This study was guided by EASTA's “employability skills for TVET graduates.” This study found that most civil engineering teachers have a challenge in equipping their students with various employability skills. This is as a result of a PAT that only focuses on generic skills than core skills and personal traits. Therefore, this study recommends that the approach for civil engineering course to Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) should be viewed through an employability skills lens and calling for teachers to challenge their comfort zone in preparing their students with skills that are pertinent to the 4IR needs.
Student's Perceptions of Assessment Legitimacy in TVET Sector in South Africa
Authors: Ramaligela Sylvia Manto
Published: December 2020

Assessing student performance is one of the most critical aspects of the job of a classroom teacher. Therefore, this study seeks to explore student's perceptions of assessment practice in TVET colleges. The quantitative case study approach through questionnaire was used to discover students' perceptions of assessment practice. Random sampling method was used to select 105 males and 89 females with a total of 194 students with four TVET colleges in the Limpopo Province. The data were analysed through excel spread sheet in order to determine the specific and overall percentage of students' perceptions and four principles of PATI. The theory of assessment legitimacy was used as a lens. In order to explore student's perceptions, the study exposed learners to nine questions. The findings indicated that lecturers' classroom assessments don't reflect content validity or apply real-life experience and real-life context. However, lecturers are able to give them various assessment tasks.
A Comparative Study in Israel and Slovenia Regarding the Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior Regarding Cyber Security
Authors: Klein Galit , Zwilling Moti , Lesjak Dušan
Published: December 2020

With the COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations and institutions moved to e-learning and to e-working from home. With the increase in internet usage, the rate of cyber-attacks have also increased, and this was followed by the request for more cyber security behaviors from employees and students. In the current study, the authors explore the connection between cyber security awareness, cyber knowledge, and cyber security behavior. The authors measured the behaviors among students in two similar countries: Israel and Slovenia. Results show that students felt they had adequate awareness on cyber threat but apply only a few protective measures to protect their devices, usually relatively common and simple ones. The study findings also show that awareness to cyber threats mediate the connection between knowledge and protection behaviors, but only in the case that the knowledge is specific with regard to IT protection courses. Results, implications, and recommendations for effective cyber security training programs for organizations and academic institutions are presented and discussed.
An Useful Review on Optical Character Recognition for Smart Era Generation
Authors: Das Abhishek , Mohanty Mihir Narayan
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, the authors have reviewed on optical character recognition. The study belongs to both typed characters and handwritten character recognition. Online and offline character recognition are two modes of data acquisition in the field of OCR and are also studied. As deep learning is the emerging machine learning method in the field of image processing, the authors have described the method and its application of earlier works. From the study of the recurrent neural network (RNN), a special class of deep neural network is proposed for the recognition purpose. Further, convolutional neural network (CNN) is combined with RNN to check its performance. For this piece of work, Odia numerals and characters are taken as input and well recognized. The efficacy of the proposed method is explained in the result section.
Using IoTs-Based Monitoring System in a Smart Ambulance for E-Healtcare Applications
Authors: Aswathy S. U.  , Ajesh F.  , Philip Felix M.
Published: December 2020

In today's world, traffic jams during rush hours are a major concern. During rush hours, emergency vehicles like ambulances get stuck in jams. The smart ambulance systems are most suitable to provide clearance to emergency vehicles during rush hours. Many systems are used to implement the smart ambulance systems. The primary objective is to identify the emergency vehicle and track its location so that wireless signals to the emergency vehicles can be provided. Conventional technologies use image processing systems to identify the emergency vehicle. But these systems have a drawback during bad weather conditions. Due to wind, rain, fog, etc., the image received by the camera is distorted by noise and it becomes difficult for the system to identify the desired vehicle. In this chapter, the authors discuss in detail the existing techniques on smart ambulance based on IoT using zig bee, GSM module, Adriano, Raspberry Pi, etc., its drawback, and its future scope.
Dynamic Data Mining Based on the Stability of Dynamic Models
Authors: Chebi Hocine
Published: December 2020

This work presents a new approach based on the use of stable dynamic models for dynamic data mining. Data mining is an essential technique in the process of extracting knowledge from data. This allows us to model the extracted knowledge using a formalism or a modeling technique. However, the data needed for knowledge extraction is collected in advance, and it can take a long time to collect. The objective is therefore to move towards a solution based on the modeling of systems using dynamic models and to study their stability. Stable dynamic models provide us with a basis for dynamic data mining. In order to achieve this objective, the authors propose an approach based on agent-based models, the concept of fixed points, and the Monte-Carlo method. Agent-based models can represent dynamic models that mirror or simulate a dynamic system, where such a model can be viewed as a source of data (data generators). In this work, the concept of fixed points was used in order to represent the stable states of the agent-based model. Finally, the Monte-Carlo method, which is a probabilistic method, was used to estimate certain values, using a very large number of experiments or runs. As a case study, the authors chose the evacuation system of a supermarket (or building) in case of danger, such as a fire. This complex system mainly comprises the various constituent elements of the building, such as rows of shelves, entry and exit doors, fire extinguishers, etc. In addition, these buildings are often filled with people of different categories (age, health, etc.). The use of the Monte-Carlo method allowed the authors to experiment with several scenarios, which allowed them to have more data to study this system and extract some knowledge. This knowledge allows us to predict the future situation regarding the building's evacuation system and anticipate improvements to its structure in order to make these buildings safer and prevent the greatest number of victims.
Assessment of Phytoremediation Efficiency of Coriandrum sativum in Metal Polluted Soil and Sludge Samples
Authors: Punetha Deepshekha , Tewari Geeta , Pande Chitra , Kharkwal Girish , Tripathi Sonal
Published: December 2020

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr) on the growth (plant height, plant and seed weight) of Coriandrum sativum and uptake of metals. For this purpose, the polluted soil and sludge samples were collected from three sites of Moradabad: Karula nala (KS), Dhauri nala (DS), and Karula nala sludge (KSL). Metal content in the plant and soil was determined by AAS technique. The plants were also hydrodistilled using Clevenger apparatus and the extracted oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The content of copper in KS and KSL, Zn in KS, Ni in DS and KSL, and Cr in KS was above the permissible limits according to Indian standards. Plant weight was significantly affected in the different soil samples. Among all the collected polluted soil and sludge samples, DS sample showed the highest metal accumulation, while in the KSL sample, the plant could not survive. The study revealed that coriander can be used to remediate the contaminated soil with economic return and metal free final product, essential oil.
Donation Model Development Based on the Methodologies of Blockchain
Authors: Fu Meng-Hsuan
Published: December 2020

In order to solve the problems occurring in the current donation systems, the methodologies of blockchain include decentralized data storage, transaction hash, digital signature, blocks connection within the chain are adopted to the donation model, called blockchain donation model (BDM). In BDM, all donation transactions are recorded in detail and stored permanently; they are not allowed to change, modify, or delete. In addition, donors could indicate the specific groups for donating directly because of the peer-to-peer transmission method. All the information is sealed through the secure mechanism; only donors and donees could decrypt it with their own keys. BDM records transaction flows starting from receiving to spending the donation in detail. BDM is not only a place for listing details of donations but also a secured transaction storage. The blocks are connected together with a strong chain which is maintained by all nodes in the blockchain network. Thus, BDM is a platform dealing with the donation issue under a well secure mechanism, no intermediaries, and a permanent storage.
Addressing Security Issues of the Internet of Things Using Physically Unclonable Functions
Authors: Sultan Ishfaq , Banday Mohammad Tariq
Published: December 2020

The spatial ubiquity and the huge number of employed nodes monitoring the surroundings, individuals, and devices makes security a key challenge in IoT. Serious security apprehensions are evolving in terms of data authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality. Consequently, IoT requires security to be assured down to the hardware level, as the authenticity and the integrity need to be guaranteed in terms of the hardware implementation of each IoT node. Physically unclonable functions recreate the keys only while the chip is being powered on, replacing the conventional key storage which requires storing information. Compared to extrinsic key storage, they are able to generate intrinsic keys and are far less susceptible against physical attacks. Physically unclonable functions have drawn considerable attention due to their ability to economically introduce hardware-level security into individual silicon dice. This chapter introduces the notion of physically unclonable functions, their scenarios for hardware security in IoT devices, and their interaction with traditional cryptography.
A Maturity Model for Understanding and Evaluating Digital Money
Authors: Tribunella Thomas , Tribunella Heidi R.
Published: December 2020

As the internet and e-commerce expands, individuals will seek ways to earn and spend currency in the digital economy. Furthermore, faith in the fiat money systems of some countries is eroding and investors are searching for alternative ways to invest and store their wealth. Digital currencies (DC) are filling the demand for an alternative to government-based currency. Currently there are over 1,500 DCs with a market capitalization of over 450 billion (in US dollars) that are traded in thousands of markets. This chapter reviews the literature and history of DCs. Then the authors explain the related risks and benefits. Next, they add to the literature by proposing a model for judging the maturity of a DC. The digital currency maturity model (DCMM) will help individuals and organizations evaluate the safety and reliability of DCs given the investor's risk tolerance. Finally, the authors summarize their findings and suggest future research.
Access Control Challenges in Enterprise Ecosystems
Authors: Martins Hugo Santos , Guerreiro Sérgio Luís
Published: December 2020

There is an increasing gap between the needs of modern, complex, and distributed environments in regards to control of access to data and the level to which classical access control solutions can fulfill those needs. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the current state of art of existing research over access control in increasingly decentralized environments and to argue how the subject of access control is more relevant than ever before, with increasing research opportunities emerging. In this chapter, the authors analyze the current state of the art of access control mechanisms and systems over decentralized applications with a focus on enterprise ecosystems, analyze the current challenges and opportunities that the new technological landscape offers, specifically over the application of blockchain-based technologies in access control, and propose new research directions for the future.
Using Blockchain Technology, Artificial and Natural Neural Network in Bioinformatics
Authors: Belyanina Lubov A.
Published: December 2020

Blockchain technology has come up with solutions for the issues faced in the current healthcare system. Stakeholders and researchers can share electronic health records to find the solution to diseases. This not only improves the health sector, but it also provides information about other diseases. To maintain the security and privacy of the patient, a healthcare data gateway storage platform was created based on the blockchain technique. To overcome the problem, this article proposes a dengue diagnosis method based on nucleotides in the gene sequence, it needs only skin cells, hair, or a nail which can be collected easily from the patients. The proposed method not only diagnoses dengue, but also classifies serotypes using wavelet coefficients of EIIP indicator sequences.
Problems in Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
Authors: Balasubramanian Kannan , M. Rajakani
Published: December 2020

The integer factorization problem used in the RSA cryptosystem, the discrete logarithm problem used in Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange protocol and the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm problem used in Elliptic Curve Cryptography are traditionally considered the difficult problems and used extensively in the design of cryptographic algorithms. We provide a number of other computationally difficult problems in the areas of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis. A class of problems called the Search problems, Group membership problems, and the Discrete Optimization problems are examples of such problems. A number of computationally difficult problems in Cryptanalysis have also been identified including the Cryptanalysis of Block ciphers, Pseudo-Random Number Generators and Hash functions.
Big Data and Privacy State of the Art
Authors: Rahmani Amine
Published: December 2020

The phenomenon of big data (massive data mining) refers to the exponential growth of the volume of data available on the web. This new concept has become widely used in recent years, enabling scalable, efficient, and fast access to data anytime, anywhere, helping the scientific community and companies identify the most subtle behaviors of users. However, big data has its share of the limits of ethical issues and risks that cannot be ignored. Indeed, new risks in terms of privacy are just beginning to be perceived. Sometimes simply annoying, these risks can be really harmful. In the medium term, the issue of privacy could become one of the biggest obstacles to the growth of big data solutions. It is in this context that a great deal of research is under way to enhance security and develop mechanisms for the protection of privacy of users. Although this area is still in its infancy, the list of possibilities continues to grow.
Refugees and Humanitarian Settings
Authors: Thomason Jane , Bernhardt Sonja , Kansara Tia , Cooper Nichola
Published: December 2020

Mass migration has become one of the 21st century's greatest challenges. With an estimated 214 million people on the move internationally and forced displacement at a record high, population mobility is one of the leading policy issues of the 21st century. Women and children with no identity can be missed by national social programs in addition to the risks posed by being on the move. Developments in Blockchain can enable the tracking and delivery of in-kind aid and facilitate cash assistance programs in humanitarian settings and coordinate, collect, and analyse data in crisis to enable a timely and appropriate response. This chapter presents the ways in which Blockchain is being deployed in humanitarian and refugee settings and a series of case studies from Finland, Moldova, Kenya, and Iraq. While promising progress has been made, there remains a need for more research and evaluation as these technologies are implemented, increased user participation in design, and to ensure that privacy and security issues are addressed.
Potentials of Cryptocurrency Entrepreneurs in Transforming Global Cities and Regions
Authors: Abubakar Ismaila Rimi , Benna Abubakar U. , Benna Umar G.
Published: December 2020

The emergence of digital currencies is substantially influencing the growth of global financial markets and cities. Cryptocurrency entrepreneurs (CEs) are reshaping global cities and regions by transforming the way we live, work and interact. This chapter explores how the entrepreneurs use cryptocurrency assets and their underpinning computing technologies to transform the dysfunctional and evolving global cities. The CEs generate funds and create cutting-edge technologies to meet the challenges faced by cities, including unemployment, inadequate and rundown infrastructure and facilities as well as for new development to meet the needs of massive future urbanization. The chapter is organized in five parts. It first introduces the study and presents a background on the concepts of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrency, their emergence and development trend. It then discusses the rise of global cities and how technology impacts them, followed by the potentials and challenges of CEs in transforming global cities and regions. It ends with conclusion and future research directions.
Blockchain Technology in International Trade in Goods
Authors: Gesmann-Nuissl Dagmar
Published: December 2020

No other technology has been mentioned as frequently as blockchain technology. No less than a technical revolution should go along with it. In addition to a brief introduction to the functionality of the blockchain technology, this chapter will also highlight various fields of application and the related legal challenges in international trade. The transport industry may be mentioned as an example. Especially in the transportation of goods, a large number of documentation obligations must be adhered to and permits must be obtained. Packing lists, export licenses, and product certificates are examples of this. All mentioned documents are based on the same data set, namely the details of the type, origin, and quantity of the goods. Large parts of these documents must be carried along with the goods and presented on instructions, which causes considerable bureaucracy and makes transportation more difficult and expensive. These documents could be displayed on the blockchain in the future.
Chinese Internet Finance Credit Investigation Issue and Legal Countermeasures
Authors: Liu Cheng-Yong , Chen Ruey-Cheng
Published: December 2020

In recent years there has been a phenomenon of “Thirst for Credit Investigation Information” within China's internet finance industry. To compensate for the new credit investigation demands that traditional measures of credit investigation lack, big data credit investigation has been widely recognized as a viable solution. Big data credit investigation however poses greater risks to the rights and interests of the information subject. In order to solve the existing problems associated with the data credit investigation industry, the author advocates that special laws and regulations be revised or formulated on the basis of balancing the rights and interests of the information subject with those of public interests. In the future, the combination of big data credit investigation system with blockchain technology may effectively solve the problems that are harmful to the rights and interests of the information subject, such as information-isolated island and information security.
Network Security Approaches in Distributed Environment
Authors: Sinha Keshav , Paul Partha , Amritanjali
Published: December 2020

Distributed computing is one of the thrust areas in the field of computer science, but when we are concerned about security a question arises, “Can it be secure?” From this note, the authors start this chapter. In the distributed environment, when the system is connected to a network, and the operating system firewall is active, it will take care of all the authentication and access control requests. There are several traditional cryptographic approaches which implement authentication and access control. The encryption algorithms such as Rijndael, RSA, A3, and A5 is used for providing data secrecy. Some of the key distribution techniques have been discussed such as Diffie Hellman key exchange for symmetric key, and random key generation (LCG) technique is used in red-black tree traversal which provides the security of the digital contents. The chapter deals with the advanced versions of the network security techniques and cryptographic algorithms for the security of multimedia contents over the internet.
Smart Parking in Smart Cities Using Secure IoT
Authors: Navaroj G. Indra , Julie E.Golden
Published: December 2020

The city is transforming into the smart city using information and communication technology (ICT), and the major role in economic development is building an infrastructure to enable greater connectivity between citizen service, energy, economics, and government. A smart city can monitor the real-world scenario in real time and support the intelligent services to both locals and travelers. Due to urbanization, people move from village to city. Increase the population in city also causes an increase in vehicles. Here, parking the vehicle securely is a challenging problem. In a smart parking system, all the devices are connected to the internet. Hackers and third parties easily access the user data or sensitive data. Smart parking system application controls the traffic, air pollution, and city functions making it easy to park the vehicle and reduce accidents. Many of the problems arise in the security and privacy of the sensitive data. In this chapter, the authors discuss security and privacy issues in smart parking systems using IoT.
Blockchain, the Digital State, and the New World Order
Authors: Thomason Jane , Bernhardt Sonja , Kansara Tia , Cooper Nichola
Published: December 2020

Governments across the world are grappling with the emergence and integration of new technologies. Front runner Estonia provides the model for how a country might completely transform their government operations, economy, and society through a purposeful, strategic program of digitization. This chapter considers how such countries are approaching digital transformation, outlining considerations for governments and submitting the new paradigm outlined in the BS4SC model of a citizen-centric, data-driven, and decentralised economy.
Improving Opportunities in Healthcare Supply Chain Processes via the Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology
Authors: Jayaraman Raja , Salah Khaled , King Nelson
Published: December 2020

Despite key advances in healthcare informatics and management, little progress to address supply chain process-related problems has been made to date. Specifically, key healthcare supply chain processes include product recalls, monitoring of product supply shortages, expiration, and counterfeits. Implementing and executing these processes in a trusted, secure, efficient, globally accessible and traceable manner is challenging due to the fragmented nature of the healthcare supply chain, which is prone to systemic errors and redundant efforts that may compromise patient safety and impact health outcomes adversely. Blockchain, combined with the Internet of things (IoT), is an emerging technology that can offer a practical solution to these challenges. Accordingly, IoT blockchain offers a superior way to track and trace products via a peer-to-peer distributed, secure, and shared ledger of the blockchain network. This article highlights key challenges related to healthcare supply chains, and illustrates how IoT blockchain technologies can play a role in overcoming these challenges now and in the near future.
Avatar-Based Supply Chain Management as Expert Knowledge for Smart Solutions
Authors: Panasenko Svetlana , Potapova Irina , Belyanina Lubov , Rozhkova Liliya , Kharicheva Dina , Mkrttchian Vardan , Bershadsky Alexander
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses issues related to managing the avatar-based supply chains as expert knowledge for smart solutions in creating sustainable urban systems. Avatar-based supply chains as expert knowledge is a new term that describes the planning, search, production, distribution, and delivery of Mkrttchian's digital avatars from the place of origin to consumption. These supply chains are very different from traditional ones because they relate to a specific product-expert knowledge, which is created through electronic data distributed on the internet between business partners and value-added service providers operating in a general digital economy paradigm using blockchain technologies. This chapter focuses on the analysis of business relations and this integration into sustainable urban systems.
Factors Influencing Blockchain Diffusion in the Supply Chain
Authors: Wamba Samuel Fosso , Queiroz Maciel M.
Published: December 2020

The literature concerning supply chain management (SCM) and blockchain integration is scarce, and organizations and decision makers still have a limited knowledge about blockchain solution diffusion in SCM. Under these circumstances, studies aimed to improving the understanding of the main blockchain diffusion factors are fundamental. This chapter is a contribution to bridging such gaps, as it aims to unlock the driving factors of blockchain diffusion in the SCM environment. Based on the emerging literature on blockchain, supply chain management, expectancy theory, and diffusion of innovations, a model was developed and validated, considering data from India's supply chain management professionals. The data was analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that IT deployment capability, compatibility, and trading partner pressure are factors that affect blockchain diffusion significantly. Also, the results bring essential managerial and theoretical implications regarding the blockchain diffusion in the SCM.