bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electro-optic Kerr effect in polymer-stabilized isotropic liquid crystals
Authors: Yang Young-Cheol , Yang Deng-Ke
Published: January 2011

The electro-optic Kerr effect with a high Kerr constant around 10−9 m/V2 was observed in the polymer-stabilized isotropic liquid crystals over a wide temperature range. Optical isotropy at the field-off state was attained with randomly oriented domains of (chiral) nematic liquid crystals formed by a polymer matrix cured in the isotropic phase. Optical birefringence in the field-on state was induced by the reorientation of liquid crystals in the domains. Rapid rising and falling response times of the cells around 0.26 ms (0.52 ms total response time) were achieved. A theoretical model was proposed to explain the experimental results and agreed well with the results.
Stacked optical antennas
Authors: Pohl Dieter W. , Rodrigo Sergio G. , Novotny Lukas
Published: January 2011

We propose and analyze a stacked optical antenna (SOA). It is characterized by a stacked structure of its arms at the center, and an interstitial gap layer (IGL) in between, which plays the role of the feed gap. Because of its in-plane arrangement, the IGL can be fabricated by standard planar deposition techniques providing high accuracy and control. A SOA can be an enabling element for several technologies, in particular for optical detection, communication, and encryption besides applications in microscopy.
Gain of blue and cyan InGaN laser diodes
Authors: Lermer T. , Gomez-Iglesias A. , Sabathil M. , Müller J. , Lutgen S. , Strauss U. , Pasenow B. , Hader J. , Moloney J. V. , Koch S. W. , Scheibenzuber W. , Schwarz U. T.
Published: January 2011

Experimental gain spectra of 450 and 490 nm laser diodes on c-plane GaN are analyzed by detailed comparison with the results of a fully microscopic theory. The gain calculation shows the importance of electron LO-phonon coupling. The whole spectral gain shape, not only the low energy tail, is strongly influenced by the LO-phonon contribution. The inhomogeneous broadening parameter increases by a factor of about two for the cyan laser diode in comparison with the blue laser structure. This indicates an increase in alloy and thickness fluctuations for the longer wavelength material.
Improving stability of photoluminescence of ZnSe thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy by incorporating Cl dopant
Authors: Wang J. S. , Chen W. J. , Yang C. S. , Tsai Y. H. , Wang H. H. , Chen R. H. , Shen J. L. , Tsai C. D.
Published: January 2011

This investigation studies the effect of chlorine (Cl) dopant in ZnSe thin films that were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on their photoluminescence (PL) and the stability thereof. Free excitonic emission was observed at room-temperature in the Cl-doped sample. Photon irradiation with a wavelength of 404 nm and a power density of 9.1 W/cm2 has a much stronger effect on PL degradation than does thermal heating to a temperature of 150 °C. Additionally, this study shows that the generation of nonradiative centers by both photon irradiation and thermal heating can be greatly inhibited by incorporating Cl dopant.
Direct observation of dynamic surface acoustic wave controlled carrier injection into single quantum posts using phase-resolved optical spectroscopy
Authors: Völk S. , Knall F. , Schülein F. J. R. , Truong T. A. , Kim H. , Petroff P. M. , Wixforth A. , Krenner H. J.
Published: January 2011

A versatile stroboscopic technique based on active phase-locking of a surface acoustic wave to picosecond laser pulses is used to monitor dynamic acoustoelectric effects. Time-integrated multichannel detection is applied to probe the modulation of the emission of a quantum well for different frequencies of the surface acoustic wave. For quantum posts we resolve dynamically controlled generation of neutral and charged excitons and preferential injection of holes into localized states within the nanostructure.
Optical properties of nonvolatile memory capacitors based on gold nanoparticles and SiO2–HfO2 sublayers
Authors: Mikhelashvili V. , Meyler B. , Garbrecht M. , Yofis S. , Salzman J. , Cohen-Hyams T. , Kaplan W. D. , Roizin Y. , Lisiansky M. , Eisenstein G.
Published: January 2011

We describe the effect of optical excitation of state of the art nonvolatile memory capacitors. The devices comprise Au nanocrystals sandwiched between a SiO2 tunneling layer and a HfO2 blocking layer and exhibit an effective oxide thickness of 7.5 nm. The memory properties are modified by the optical excitation due to nonequilibrium depletion. Optical control with different illumination wavelengths as well as variable optical intensities and pulse widths is described.
Upper bounds on the electrocaloric effect in polar solids
Authors: Pirc R. , Kutnjak Z. , Blinc R. , Zhang Q. M.
Published: January 2011

Physical upper bounds on the electrocaloric effect (ECE) in bulk polar solids are derived using thermodynamic and statistical mechanics arguments. It is shown that the maximum ECE temperature change ΔT under saturation can be estimated from the dielectric data, such as the saturation polarization and effective Curie constant, as well as from the orientational degeneracy Ω of the elementary dipolar entities in the system and the specific heat of the material. Also obtained is a universal relation for the theoretical maximum value of ΔT, which depends only on Ω and the molar specific heat.
Magnetoacoustic imaging of human liver tumor with magnetic induction
Authors: Hu Gang , Cressman Erik , He Bin
Published: January 2011

Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is an imaging technique under development to achieve imaging of electrical impedance contrast in biological tissues with spatial resolution close to ultrasound imaging. However, previously reported MAT-MI experimental results are obtained either from low salinity gel phantoms, or from normal animal tissue samples. In this study, we report the experimental study on the performance of the MAT-MI imaging method for imaging in vitro human liver tumor tissue. The present promising experimental results suggest the feasibility of MAT-MI to image electrical impedance contrast between the cancerous tissue and its surrounding normal tissues.
Tunneling transport of electrons on the surface of a topological insulator attached with a spiral multiferroic oxide
Authors: Zhai Feng , Mu Peiyan
Published: January 2011

We study the transport properties of Dirac fermions on the surface of a topological insulator attached with a spiral multiferroic oxide (SMO). For the spiral plane of the SMO parallel to the spiral axis and the surface normal, the proximity-induced exchange field causes a particle-hole asymmetry and a transmission gap near the Dirac point. The transmission gap interval depends on the spiral wave vector q. This fact together with the tunability of q by gate voltages indicates an electric switch with high on-off ratios. The dependence of the conductance on the orientation of the spiral plane is also examined.
The Structure of C-type Gd2O3. A Powder Neutron Diffraction Study using Enriched 160Gd
Authors: Kennedy Brendan J. , Avdeev Max
Published: January 2011

The structure of the cubic C-type phase of Gd2O3 has been refined using high-resolution powder neutron diffraction data. The sample was enriched in 160Gd to avoid the high neutron absorption of naturally occurring Gd. The refined structure is in excellent agreement with that estimated using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy.
Arabic terminology
Authors: Yousif Elias
Published: January 2011

Like many other languages on the receiving end of scientific and technical innovations. Arabic is under a growing pressure to create an ever-increasing number of terms. To respond to this pressing need, Arabic mobilizes the full potential of its conventional resources and explores innovative complementary means. This article endeavours to investigate how Arabic is currently dealing with some specific aspects of scientific and technical terminology, namely abbreviated terms, alphanumerical combinations, mixed units as well as units created by metaphor, metonymy and analogy. The creation of new roots crafted from arabized loan words is an innovative and controversial issue. Its positive and possible negative impacts on the integrity of the language are examined.

Evidence at hand shows that Arabic is responding in different ways to terminological challenges. In doing so, it is engaged in a dual path and is constantly mediating between the necessity to adapt to the exigencies of modern technical and scientific communication on one hand while maintaining the integrity of its lexical system on the other hand. Claims that is falling short of expressing modern knowledge do not seem to be justified. Proof to the contrary is provided by the huge number of terms constantly created by various actors in all scientific and technical fields. But to be more effective, these efforts need to be better coordinated and validated outputs effectively disseminated. Follow-up mechanisms need to be put in place at different levels to ensure that the appropriate modes of creation are harmonized and that valid outputs are effectively used by originators of scientific and technical documentation.
Serbo-Croatian
Authors: Dronjic Vedran
Published: January 2011

Utilizing Kloss’s concept of Ausbausprache (language as a sociopolitical construct), this article adopts the view that many languages in the world owe their language status to non-linguistic factors such as their speakers’ ethnic, cultural, and political affiliations, as well as language policy. It is thus possible that individuals who can readily understand each other in everyday conversation (such as two individuals living on either side of the Macedonian/Bulgarian border) can be deemed to speak different languages, while those who cannot understand each other at all (such as speakers of Shanghainese and Mandarin) can be widely perceived as speakers of the same language. This article is an account of how the South Slavic language formerly known as Serbo-Croatian came to be conceived of as a single, unified language due to a number of non-linguistic factors, and how it ceased to be considered a language once these non-linguistic factors were no longer present. Thus, apart from being a case study of how one particular European language was born and how it died without any significant change in linguistic reality on the ground, the present article serves to reinforce the theoretical notion of Ausbausprache as a crucial concept for defining what a language is.
Language planning and policy in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Ming-Hsuan
Published: January 2011

This overview and analysis of language policy and planning (LPP) in Taiwan since the seventeenth century is written from the perspective of language ecology and uses Cooper’s three-part approach: status planning, acquisition planning and corpus planning. The paper investigates how languages and their speakers have interacted with one another and with their sociocultural and political contexts, and how different policies at different times have altered the local language ecology. Three emerging factors that are changing the local ecology are further identified. As the first step to successful LPP is a detailed understanding of the local language ecology, it is hoped that the analysis presented here will provide insights for future LPP in Taiwan.
The fabliaux as popular literature
Authors: Cobby Anne
Published: January 2011

In addition to the well-known scholarly editions and translations of fabliaux, there are over a hundred other selections which bear witness to a enduring popular interest in the fabliaux over the last two centuries. They express attitudes which mirror the development of critical approaches to the Middle Ages in general and to the fabliaux in particular. By contrast, the choice of texts in smaller selections reveals an unchanging dominance of a small group of fabliaux which share certain characteristics. A further constant is the ‘heritage’ approach, manifested in a local focus, dramatic adaptations and bibliophile editions.
Eine Sensation am Hof des Dogen von Venedig
Authors: Schnoor Franziska
Published: January 2011

Anlässlich einer Löwendrillingsgeburt am Hof des Dogen von Venedig, Giovanni Soranzo, im Jahr 1316 entsteht eine Reihe von lateinischen Gedichten. Sie sind grösstenteils vom Dogen in Auftrag gegeben worden, da dieser die erstmalige Geburt von Löwen in Gefangenschaft als glückliches Omen für Venedig ansieht. Auf Drängen des venezianischen Magister Giovanni und des Kanzlers des Dogen beteiligt sich auch der paduanische poeta laureatus Albertino Mussato an der Dichtung über das besondere Ereignis. Er verfasst seine Gedichte – in Form eines Dialogs mit Urania, der Muse der Astronomie – jedoch eher widerwillig und verweigert dem Dogen die gewünschte enthusiastische Ausdeutung der Löwengeburt. Zwischen Mussato und Tanto, dem venezianischen Kanzler, entwickelt sich daraufhin eine poetische Korrespondenz, in der es allerdings schon bald nicht mehr um die Löwen, sondern nur noch um prosodische Fragen geht.
The translation of wordplay in literary texts
Authors: Marco Josep
Published: January 2011

The present study aims to analyse wordplay translation on the basis of the three aspects mentioned in the title—wordplay typology, translation techniques and relevant factors. The theoretical framework is eclectic but draws particularly onDelabastita (1996, 1997)andLladó (2002). Empirical analysis is based on three English source texts and six Catalan translations, and focuses on two main issues: the frequency distribution of pairs of ST + TT segments across translation techniques, and the possible correlation(s) between translation techniques and factors influencing decision-making. It is observed that translators tend to use techniques implying a negative punning balance, i.e. resulting in some degree of loss of punning activity. Moreover, some factors identified in the literature are seen to correlate with the use of particular translation techniques. Finally, in the last section an attempt is made to go beyond description and explanation and to assess wordplay translation techniques in terms of their suitability as translation solutions.
Translation historiography in the Modern World
Authors: Azadibougar Omid
Published: January 2011

Nearly all scholarly works about the encounter of Iran with European modernity emphasize the role of translation not only in introducing new literary forms into the Persian literary system, but also in becoming the main engine of change and modernization of the culture. This paper concerns itself with this constructivist narrative of the available historiographical discourse and the translational environment between 1851 and 1921 in Iran. After describing the field of translation in the period in question, I challenge the uncritical conception of translation as a positive force by, on the one hand, investigating hypothetical cultural and linguistic implications, and on the other hand, questioning the power of translationper se, as ascribed to it in the above mentioned historiographical discourse, in socio-cultural modernization. This will prioritize the individual and cultural translational effects over the supposed institutional ones.
Laser-induced Fluorescence and Dispersed Fluorescence Spectroscopy of NiB: Identification of a New 2Π State in 19000–22100 cm−1
Authors: Zhen Jun-feng , Wang Li , Qin Cheng-bing , Zhang Qun , Chen Yang
Published: January 2011

The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled NiB radicals have been recorded in the energy range of 19000–22100 cm−1. Eleven bands have been assigned to the [20.77]2Π-X2Σ+ transition system for the first time. The dispersed fluorescence spectra related to most of these bands have been investigated. Vibrationally excited levels of the ground electronic state, with v″ up to 6, have been observed. In addition, the lifetimes for almost all the observed bands have also been measured.
Molecular Dynamic Simulation on the Absorbing Process of Isolating and Coating of α-olefin Drag Reducing Polymer
Authors: Li Bing , Sheng Xiang , Xing Wen-guo , Dong Gui-lin , Liu Yong-jun , Zhang Chang-qiao , Chen Xiang-jun , Zhou Ning-ning , Qin Zhan-bo
Published: January 2011

The absorbing process in isolating and coating process of α-olefin drag reducing polymer was studied by molecular dynamic simulation method, on basis of coating theory of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles with polyurethane as coating material. The distributions of sodium laurate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate on the surface of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles were almost the same, but the bending degrees of them were obviously different. The bending degree of SLA molecules was greater than those of the other two surfactant molecules. Simulation results of absorbing and accumulating structure showed that, though hydrophobic properties of surfactant molecules were almost the same, water density around long chain sulfonate sodium was bigger than that around alkyl sulfate sodium. This property goes against useful absorbing and accumulating on the surface of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles; simulation results of interactions of different surfactant and multiple hydroxyl compounds on surface of particles showed that, interactions of different surfactant and one kind of multiple hydroxyl compound were similar to those of one kind of surfactant and different multiple hydroxyl compounds. These two contrast types of interactions also exhibited the differences of absorbing distribution and closing degrees to surface of particles. The sequence of closing degrees was derived from simulation; control step of addition polymerization interaction in coating process was absorbing mass transfer process, so the more closed to surface of particle the multiple hydroxyl compounds were, the easier interactions with isocyanate were. Simulation results represented the compatibility relationship between surfactant and multiple hydroxyl compounds. The isolating and coating processes of α-olefin drag reducing polymer were further understood on molecule and atom level through above simulation research, and based on the simulation, a referenced theoretical basis was provided for practical optimal selection and experimental preparation of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles suspension isolation agent.
Volume-conserved Twist Excited-state of π-Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Sun Qin-chao , Liu Jian-yong , Hao Yan , Yang Xi-chuan
Published: January 2011

The excited state characters of HY103 have been studied by means of time-resolved photon emission (time-correlated single photon counting) and time dependent density functional theory calculations. The experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that HY103 dyes undergo an efficient one-bond-flip motion after photoexicitation at room temperature, which leads to a very short lifetime of the normal fluorescence state, and a weak fluorescence emission around 670 nm. However, when HY103 are excited in amorphous glasses at 77 K, the normal fluorescence emission is prolonged to nanoseconds time scale about 2 ns, and the fluorescence emission is enhanced. Furthermore, a new emission state is produced, which is characterized as a volume-conserved twisted (VCT) state. This is the first observation of a VCT state. The experiment indicates that the VCT motion of excited state of π-conjugated molecules in restricted environment can form a stable emission state, and the excited state character of π-conjugated molecules in restricted environment is complex.
Evaluations on Some Perturbative Quantum Dissipation Approaches
Authors: Zhang Ying , Ding Jin-jin , Xu Rui-xue
Published: January 2011

We compare the results of some perturbative quantum dissipation approaches to the exact linear absorption of two state systems. The considered approximate methods are the so-called complete second-order quantum dissipation theories, in either the chronological ordering prescription or the correlated driving-dissipation form. Analytical results can be derived for the linear absorption of two-state systems. Assessments on their applicability are then made by comparison to the exact results.
Theoretical Studies on One-photon and Two-photon Absorption Properties of Pyrene-core Derivatives
Authors: Ding Ming-cui , Zhang Zhen , Song Yang , Wang Chuan-kui
Published: January 2011

The analytic response theory at density functional theory level is applied to investigate one-photon and two-photon absorption properties of a series of recently synthesized pyrene-core derivatives. The theoretical results show that there are a few charge-transfer states for each compound in the lower energy region. The one-photon absorption properties of the five investigated compounds are highly consistent with those given by experimental measurements. The two-photon absorption intensities of the compounds are greatly enhanced with the increments of the molecular sizes, in which the two-photon absorption cross section of the four-branched compound is about 5.6 times of that of the mono-branched molecule. Furthermore, it is shown that the two-photon absorption properties are sensitive to the geometrical arrangements.
Improvement on the Carnahan-Starling Equation of State for Hard-sphere Fluids
Authors: Wang Xian-zhi , Ma Hong-ru
Published: January 2011

Making use of Weierstrass's theorem and Chebyshev's theorem and referring to the equations of state of the scaled-particle theory and the Percus-Yevick integration equation, we demonstrate that there exists a sequence of polynomials such that the equation of state is given by the limit of the sequence of polynomials. The polynomials of the best approximation from the third order up to the eighth order are obtained so that the Carnahan-Starling equation can be improved successively. The resulting equations of state are in good agreement with the simulation results on the stable fluid branch and on the metastable fluid branch.
Thickness Impacts of Vacancy Defects in Epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin Films Using Slow Positron Beam
Authors: Liu Jian-dang , Cheng Bin , Du Huai-jiang , Ye Bang-jiao
Published: January 2011

Thickness effects of thin La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films on (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 substrates were examined by a slow positron beam technique. Doppler-broadening line shape parameter S was measured as a function of thickness and differnt annealing conditions. Results reveal there could be more than one mechanism to induce vacancy-like defects. It was found that strain-induced defects mainly influence the S value of the in situ oxygen-ambience annealing LSMO thin films and the strain could vanish still faster along with the increase of thickness, and the oxygen-deficient induced defects mainly affect the S value of post-annealing LSMO films.
Growth of Nano Crystalline Diamond on Silicon Substrate Using Different Etching Gases by HFCVD
Authors: Khalaj Z. , Ghoranneviss M. , Nasirilaheghi S. , Ghorannevis Z. , Hatakeyama R.
Published: January 2011

We investigate the effects of etching gases on the synthesis of nano crystalline diamonds grown on silicon substrate at the substrate temperature of 550°C and the reaction pressure of 4 kPa by hot filament chemical vapor deposition method, in which CH4 and H2 act as a source and diluting gases, respectively. N2, H2, and NH3 were used as the etching gases, respectively. Results show that the optimum conditions can be obtained only for the case of H2 gas. The crystal morphology and crystallinity of the samples have been examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively.
Ionic Conduction and Fuel Cell Performance of Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3−α Ceramic
Authors: Qiu Li-gan , Wang Mao-yuan
Published: January 2011

The perovskite-type oxide solid solution Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3−α was prepared by high temperature solid-state reaction and its single phase character was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The conduction property of the sample was investigated by alternating current impedance spectroscopy and gas concentration cell methods under different gases atmospheres in the temperature range of 500–900°C. The performance of the hydrogen-air fuel cell using the sample as solid electrolyte was measured. In wet hydrogen, the sample is a pure protonic conductor with the protonic transport number of 1 in the range of 500–600 °C, a mixed conductor of proton and electron with the protonic transport number of 0.945-0.933 above 600 °C. In wet air, the sample is a mixed conductor of proton, oxide ion, and electronic hole. The protonic transport numbers are 0.010–0.021, and the oxide ionic transport numbers are 0.471-0.382. In hydrogen-air fuel cell, the sample is a mixed conductor of proton, oxide ion and electron, the ionic transport numbers are 0.942-0.885. The fuel cell using Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3−α as solid electrolyte can work stably. At 900 °C, the maximum power output density is 110.2 mW/cm2, which is higher than that of our previous cell using BaxCe0.8RE0.2O3−α (x≤1, RE=Y, Eu, Ho) as solid electrolyte.
Passive and active control of a plasmonic mimic of electromagnetically induced transparency in stereometamaterials and planar metamaterials
Authors: Lu Yuehui , Jin Xingri , Lee Seongjae , Rhee Joo Yull , Jang Won Ho , Lee Young Pak
Published: January 2011

We propose the passive and active control of a plasmonic mimic of electromagnetically induced transparency in stereometamaterials and planar metamaterials, respectively. We show that the magnetic plasmon resonance (MPR) plays an important role in the coupling of bright and dark modes and its mechanism is discussed. This study provides approaches and guidelines to make use of MPR for the realization of plasmonic switching.
Material- and fabrication-governed performance of a tunnelling magnetometer
Authors: Nguyen Hugo , Persson Anders , Thornell Greger
Published: January 2011

Miniaturization of sensitive magnetic sensors for nano- and picosatellites has come to the point where the traditional sensors with magnetic coils can soon be replaced. Thin film technology offers the possibility of making extremely small magnetic field sensors that employ the effect of anisotropic, giant and tunnelling magnetoresistance (AMR, GMR and TMR). In this paper, the development status of sensors based on microelectromechanical systems technology (MEMS), starting from a TMR layer structure, is presented. The sensors have been successfully fabricated and integrated onto an electronic circuit designed for space application. The system as a whole and the sensors in particular have not only been characterized with respect to sensitivity, resolution and noise level but also to launch vibration and space radiation. The sensor performance and limitations are strongly dependent on the deposited materials, sensor design and fabrication process. Since the sensor elements are small and sensitive (with lateral dimensions of some tens of micrometres and resolution of 100 pT at frequencies of MHz), they are also promising for other MEMS applications.
Materials used for the optical section of an optoelectronic oscillator
Authors: Duy Nguyen Lam , Nam Luong Vu Hai , Yem Vu Van , Vivien Laurent , Cassan Eric , Journet Bernard
Published: January 2011

The work presented here concerns the development of optoelectronic oscillators. Their high spectral purity is one of their most interesting qualities for photonics signal processing, communication or radio over fiber systems. The classical structure is based on a very long optical fiber loop acting as a delay line. Different techniques have been introduced, such as multiple loops, in order to get very narrow spectral lines and large mode spacing. Among the problems due to long fiber loops, there is the size and the requirement of temperature control. In order to go toward integrated solutions, it is also possible to introduce optical resonators instead of the delay line. Such resonators should present a very high quality factor in order to keep a low phase noise. Different solutions based on silica microspheres, on polymer materials or on silicon can be investigated. These resonators can be directly implemented with the associated Mach–Zehnder optical modulators in the case of both polymer and silicon materials.
CdTe quantum dots for an application in the life sciences
Authors: Thuy Ung Thi Dieu , Toan Pham Song , Chi Tran Thi Kim , Khang Dinh Duy , Liem Nguyen Quang
Published: January 2011

This report highlights the results of the preparation of semiconductor CdTe quantum dots (QDs) in the aqueous phase. The small size of a few nm and a very high luminescence quantum yield exceeding 60% of these materials make them promisingly applicable to bio-medicine labeling. Their strong, two-photon excitation luminescence is also a good characteristic for biolabeling without interference with the cell fluorescence. The primary results for the pH-sensitive CdTe QDs are presented in that fluorescence of CdTe QDs was used as a proton sensor to detect proton flux driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in chromatophores. In other words, these QDs could work as pH-sensitive detectors. Therefore, the system of CdTe QDs on chromatophores prepared from the cells ofRhodospirillum rubrumand the antibodies against the beta-subunit of F0F1–ATPase could be a sensitive detector for the avian influenza virus subtype A/H5N1.
Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Pavkov Meda E. , Burrows Nilka R. , Knowler William C. , Hanson Robert L. , Nelson Robert G.
Published: January 2011

This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of kidney disease. It concludes with a description of public health programs under development at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address diabetes and CKD.
Diabetes and Lower-Extremity Diseases
Authors: Boulton Andrew J. M. , Bowling Frank L.
Published: January 2011

The lifetime risk that a person with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer may be as high as 15%–25%, and every year an estimated 1 million people lose a leg as a consequence of this condition, equating to one amputation every thirty seconds. Diabetic foot ulceration imposes a significant medical, social, and economic burden. Disorders of the foot account for more hospital admissions than any other long-term medical condition and also increase morbidity and mortality. A clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ulceration is essential if the incidence is to be reduced and subsequent amputation prevented. This chapter presents an overview of the pathway to ulceration.
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Bertoni Alain G. , Goff David C.
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this population is an important public health goal. One immediate challenge is increasing the proportion of adults with diabetes who meet the current standards of diabetes care, which include assessment and control of hyperglycemia, lipids, and blood pressure; smoking cessation; and platelet inhibition.
Diabetes in Pregnancy
Authors: Correa-Villaseñor Adolfo , Marcinkevage Jessica A.
Published: January 2011

During a normal pregnancy, maternal metabolism undergoes a number of changes in preparation for growth and development of the fetus, including a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in insulin resistance) in the third trimester that results in increased availability of nutrients for fetal growth. During a pregnancy complicated by diabetes, such metabolic changes can complicate the management of diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, can result in a wide range of complications for both the mother and the child. This chapter provides an overview of current public health aspects of diabetes in pregnancy, including an overview of some of the challenges and opportunities for prevention.
The Associations of Diabetes with Digestive, Oral, and Liver Disease, and Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Clark Jeanne M. , Gibbons Christopher H. , Mustapha Indra
Published: January 2011

Digestive diseases impose enormous economic costs. Many of the most common and costly digestive conditions are associated with diabetes mellitus. This chapter reviews the associations between diabetes and several digestive diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers; and the associations of liver disease with diabetes.
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Knowler William C. , Hoskin Mary , Curtis Jeffrey M. , Nelson Robert G. , Hanson Robert L.
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses the prevention of type 2 diabetes. People at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes can often be identified with simple clinical tests. Many of the risk factors—such as obesity, physical inactivity, and subdiagnostic elevations in glycemia—that predict which of these people are most likely to develop diabetes are potentially modifiable. Randomized clinical trials have confirmed that treatment of diabetes risk factors in high-risk persons can reduce the development of new cases of diabetes. However, none of the tested interventions are fully successful at preventing diabetes, indicating that more effective interventions are needed.
Implementing Programs for the Primary Prevention of Diabetes in Non-Health-Care Settings
Authors: Ackermann Ronald T. , Marrero David G.
Published: January 2011

Extensive research demonstrates the effectiveness of two broad strategies to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in adults: pharmacological therapy and structured lifestyle interventions. To date, however, high-quality preventive services have proved particularly challenging to deliver in health care settings, even when there is compelling evidence for their clinical cost-effectiveness. Conversely, resources and policies to support modest weight loss and moderate physical activity behaviors have a stronger capacity to reach vast segments of the population when offered in non-healthcare community settings. This chapter considers the current evidence base for cost-effective prevention of diabetes and explores implications and emerging research for implementing policies and programs to prevent type 2 diabetes in non-healthcare settings.
Quality of Diabetes Care (Current Levels, Distribution, and Trends) and Challenges in Measuring Quality of Care
Authors: Pogach Leonard M. , Aron David C.
Published: January 2011

This chapter summarizes current definitions and approaches used in assessing the quality of diabetes care and the underlying conceptual frameworks, evidence base, and methodological issues. It also summarizes both current levels and trends in the quality of diabetes care in the United States, with specific attention paid to variation and disparities by patient subgroup. Finally, it addresses the policy implications of quality measurement for the purpose of improving care within a health care system versus measuring quality for the purpose of public comparisons and/or payment.
Adult Diabetes and Quality of Life, Psychosocial Issues, and Sexual Health
Authors: Anderson Roger T. , Pawaskar Manjiri D. , Camacho Fabian , Balkrishnan Rajesh
Published: January 2011

This chapter focuses on how diabetes impairs health-related quality of life (HRQL) among those with this condition. Epidemiologic studies show that a large proportion of individuals with either type of diabetes (type 1 or type 2) are at risk of suffering significant decrements in dimensions of HRQL, including symptom distress such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and neuropathies; functional limitations; restrictions in normal activities; work limitations; poor general health; depression; anxiety; and social withdrawal that are directly or indirectly caused by diabetes. In addition, the daily burden of self-managing diabetes with lifestyle and medical therapies may significantly reduce HRQL. A focus on diabetes and HRQL in public health is essential to: (1) develop, or propose, models for health care systems that may effectively support diabetes “survivorship” issues; (2) provide a focus on preventing avoidable negative health outcomes with diabetes, both by controlling disease progression and by supporting patient needs at all points along the continuum of care; and (3) more appropriately weigh the true cost of diabetes and its treatment options to patients and to society, and in doing so identify effective preventive and therapeutic regimens that produce the largest momentum toward improved well-being.
The Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs in the United States and Public Health Law and Policy
Authors: Thompson-Reid Patricia , Ernst Kristina L.
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs (DPCPs) in the United States. A major focus of the DPCPs is the development of strategic partners for achieving program goals. The progression from healthy to at-risk status, to disease, and ultimately death is not always understood or agreed on from a population perspective, and thus program planners for national efforts like the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program need decision support tools to help them not only advise but also explain their preferred set of interventions to constituent groups, or potential partners. The systems modeling approach, a computer-based model of outcomes from various program interventions, improves understanding of the “futures” that are likely to be generated by examining the impact of a range of alternative assumptions and interventions on the system. As emerging science revealed the cost-effectiveness of preventing diabetes, the National Diabetes Program embarked on new population-focused interventions.
National Diabetes Education Program and the Role of Partnership in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes
Authors: Kelly Jane , Gallivan Joanne M. , Clark Charles M.
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP). The NDEP was initiated in 1997 to translate the science of diabetes control and prevention into messages that would improve awareness of the disease, and increase the potential to prevent both its complications and the disease itself. NDEP's overall purpose is to mobilize a critical mass of public and private sector organizations at the national, state, and community levels to improve treatment and outcomes for people with diabetes, promote early diagnosis, and prevent the onset of diabetes. In its single decade of existence the NDEP has become the focal point for those looking for scientifically valid information about diabetes and its treatment, as reflected by the steady increases in numbers of visitors to NDEP Websites. NDEP has also become a unique forum for those nongovernmental organizations with constituencies that have diabetes or are at risk for having the disease.
Prevalence/Incidence, Risk Factors, and Future Burden of Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes in Developing Countries
Authors: Yajnik Chittaranjan S. , Forrester Terrence , Ramaiya Kaushik , Tandon Nikhil , Kale Shailaja , Tulloch-Reid Marshall
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses some of the issues related to the three most common types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes) that are particularly relevant to developing countries. The focus is on type 2 diabetes, which constitutes over 90% of all diabetes worldwide. Published data from these developing countries is presented, particularly from India and Asia because of the lead author's experience.
Diabetes in the Young
Authors: Imperatore Giuseppina , Linder Barbara , Pettitt David J.
Published: January 2011

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. In this age group the majority of cases are type 1. Worldwide, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, especially among young children. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people and current etiologic hypotheses. It highlights the challenges of diabetes classification in youth, and it describes the public health issues of screening, disease outcomes, and potential preventive strategies.
Public Health Genomics of Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Diabetic Complications
Authors: Hanson Robert L. , Nelson Robert G. , Knowler William C.
Published: January 2011

The term “genomics” generally refers to the study of an organism's entire genome and how the genome acts, often in concert with environmental factors, to influence the organism's phenotype. This field of study has grown in recent years as the basic genome sequence has become known for an increasing number of organisms, including humans. Technological advances in methods for genotyping have led to an enhanced ability to survey polymorphic DNA sequences on a genomic basis. With respect to human diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, these genomic tools are increasingly being used to map genes that influence susceptibility to disease. This chapter reviews these efforts from a public health perspective for studies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. To facilitate the understanding of these studies, the epidemiologic approaches applied to human genetics is first reviewed.
Translation Research and Major Ongoing Clinical Trials
Authors: Benjamin Evan M.
Published: January 2011

This chapter focuses on diabetes translation research. Translation research is applied research for health care and policy that strives to study how to translate available knowledge and make it useful for reducing the burden of diabetes. Translation research explores the reasons why efficacious treatments have not reduced the burden of diabetes and evaluates potential solutions. Although proven treatments and research studies that document the efficacy of treatments are widely available, inadequate implementation of such treatments is observed. To mitigate and reduce the burden of a disease, research must not only focus on the efficacy of a treatment but also illuminate how such treatment can be translated into clinical practice at a population level. Translation research may be considered an extension of effectiveness research, but it also takes on other components of health services research, public health, and community medicine.
Diabetes Public Health Information Resources
Authors: Gallivan Joanne M. , Petersen Matt
Published: January 2011

This chapter summarizes the major Web-based information, education, and research resources on diabetes prevention and control that are available to public health researchers and practitioners from organizations in the federal government, voluntary and professional organizations, and the private sector. Informational and educational resources are described for public health researchers and practitioners and for public and patient audiences.
Pursuing Paradox: The Role of Adults in Creating Empowering Settings for Youth
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Angus Rachel M.
Published: January 2011

This chapter examines youth programs as settings that foster youth development, voice, and both individual and community empowerment. It highlights setting processes through which youth develop strategic thinking for understanding and impacting on the community, experience enhanced motivation, transcend an egocentric perspective, and develop abilities to work collaboratively and bridge the divide between youth and adult worlds.
“I Came to Tell You of My Life”: Narrative Expositions of “Mental Health” in an American Indian Community
Authors: Gone Joseph P.
Published: January 2011

This chapter traces the cultural contours of “mental health” among the Gros Ventres of the Fort Belknap Indian reservation in north central Montana. This group configures wellness much differently than professional psychology, emphasizing respectful relationships instead of egonic individualism and the ritual circulation of sacred power instead of secular humanism. The chapter concludes with a few general observations regarding the promise of community psychology—especially in its recognition and celebration of narrative and empowerment—for assisting contemporary Native American communities in their efforts toward collective decolonization and communal healing.
On Voice: Difference, Power, Change
Authors: Stewart J. Eric
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides commentary on Chapters 6–9. Building on critical theory, it argues that the primary purpose of narratives is to expose and question the social ideologies that lead to the oppression of marginalized groups. It addresses the strengths and limitations of narrative work to date, including as outlined the chapters in this section, to accomplish this purpose.
Contradictions and Consistencies: Rappaport’s Contributions to Community Psychology (1968–2007)
Authors: Serrano-García Irma
Published: January 2011

This chapter examines consistencies and contradictions in Rappaport's work over the course of his career. It finds consistency in a number of areas, including his emphasis on collaboration, resource development, a focus on strength versus weakness, and the need for multilevel interventions and multidisciplinary understanding. Contradictions are reported in the definition of power, views on prevention, and the role of the profession vis-à-vis government.
The Case for Pluralism
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2011

Chapter 3 develops a pluralist alternative to postnational constitutionalism. Pluralism recognizes the blurred separation of layers of law but does not seek to reorganize them in an overarching legal framework. It envisages a heterarchical structure in which the interaction of the different layers is not ultimately determined by one supreme legal rule but governed by a variety of (potentially conflicting) norms emanating from each of the layers. Pluralism has been increasingly used as a prism for understanding the structure of law beyond the state, but it has so far gained less attention as a normative vision. This chapter develops a normative argument based on the autonomy of individuals in a world in which visions of the right scope of the polity diverge. These diverging visions deserve respect and should find reflection in institutional structures—a demand an open, pluralist order is better placed to answer than a constitutionalist one in which relationships need to find legal settlement.
Pluralism in Postnational Risk Regulation
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2011

Chapter 6 focuses on a central area of global governance often regarded as an example of failed cooperation—the regime complex around trade, food safety, and the environment, illustrated in the dispute over trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) around the WTO, the SPS Agreement, and the Biosafety Protocol. The chapter analyses institutional interactions in this area and shows how competing supremacy claims relate to broader claims by various collectives striving for control in the construction of global governance. The chapter suggests that the limits of cooperation evident in this case are due less to institutional than to societal structures. In tracing significant cooperation successes despite highly politicized conflict it also indicates that a pluralist order, by leaving issues of principle open, may provide a safety valve for issues of high salience, thus avoiding the friction a more legalized, constitutionalist order might produce.