bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age- and sex-related bone uptake of Tc-99m-HDP measured by whole-body bone scanning
Authors: Sieweke Nicole , Bohuslavizki K. H. , Kampen W. U. , Zuhayra M. , Clausen M. , Henze E. , Brenner W.
Published: March 2018

Aim of this study was to validate a recently introduced new and easy-to-perform method for quantifying bone uptake of Tc-99m-labelled diphosphonate in a routine clinical setting and to establish a normal data base for bone uptake depending on age and gender. Methods: In 49 women (14-79 years) and 47 men (6-89 years) with normal bone scans as well as in 49 women (33-81 years) and 37 men (27-88 years) with metastatic bone disease whole-body bone scans were acquired at 3 min and 3-4 hours p.i. to calculate bone uptake after correction for both urinary excretion and soft tissue retention. Results: Bone uptake values of various age-related subgroups showed no significant differences between men and women (p >0.05 ). Furthermore, no differences could be proven between age-matched subgroups of normals and patients with less than 10 metastatic bone lesions, while patients with wide-spread bone metastases revealed significantly increased uptake values. In both men and women highest bone uptake was obtained (p <0.05 ) in subjects younger than 20 years with active epiphyseal growth plates. In men, bone uptake slowly decreased with age up to 60 years and then showed a tendency towards increasing uptake values. In women, the mean uptake reached a minimun in the decade 20-29 years and then slowly increased with a positive linear correlation of age and uptake in subjects older than 55 years (r = 0.57). Conclusion: Since the results proposed in this study are in good agreement with data from literature, the new method used for quantification could be validated in a large number of patients. Furthermore, age- and sexrelated normal bone uptake values of Tc-99m-HDP covering a wide range of age could be presented for this method as a basis for further studies on bone uptake.
Comparison of Rhenium-188, Rhenium-186-HEDP and Strontium-89 in palliation of painful bone metastases
Authors: Franke W.-G- , Kropp J. , Koch R. , Runge R. , Hliscs R. , Liepe K.
Published: March 2018

Aim: Several radiopharmaceuticals were compared previously with regard to the efficiency in pain palliation of bone metastases. Furthermore, first results were reported on the suitability for such kind of therapy of the generator produced radionuclide rhenium-188. Method: Influence of Rhenium-188-HEDP (Re-188), Rhenium-186-HEDP (Re-186) and Strontium-89 (Sr-89) on pain symptoms and bone marrow function were obtained in 44 patients (pts). These were 16 pts. with Re-188 (2943 ± 609 MBq), 13 pts. with Re-186 (1341 ± 161 MBq) and 15 pts. with Sr-89 (152 ±18 MBq) (6 woman with breast cancer and 38 mens with prostata cancer). Results: 81 of pts. after Re-188,77% after Re-186 and 80 % after Sr-89 reported relief of pain. The Karnofsky-lndex established by pts. increased from 74 ± 9% to 85 ± 11 % after Re-188, from 70 ± 1 1 % to 76 ± 1 1 % after Re-186 and from 62 ± 10% to 69 ± 10% after Sr-89. However, the difference between the pre- and the post-therapeutic value is only statistically significant in the case of Re-188 therapy (p = 0.001 ). A decrease of platelets of 30 ± 14% after 2.8 ± 0.7 for pts. treated with Re-188, of 39 ± 20% after 3.7 ± 1.0 weeks for pts. treated with Re-186 and of 34 ± 26% after 4.4 ± 1.0 weeks for pts. treated with Sr-89 compared to the value before therapy was observed. The difference was not significant between the 3 groups of pts. (p= 0.125 to 0.862). Conclusion: All tried radiopharmaceuticals were effective in pain palliation. The various radionuclides had no significant difference in the pain relief or the bone marrow impairment. If only the Karnofsky-lndex after Re-188 HEDP seems to be a little more increase.
Advantages and limitations of whole-body bone marrow MRI using turbo-STIR sequences in comparison to planar bone scans
Authors: Manthey N. , Berger F. , Sommer H. , Pfluger T. , Hahn K. , Tausig A.
Published: March 2018

At modern MRI tomographs the whole body can be screened for bone marrow metastases within 45 min. Aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic advantages and disadvantages of a whole-body bone marrow MRI protocol using Turbo Short Tau Inversion Recovery [STIR] sequences in comparison to planar bone scintigraphy (SZ). Patients and methods: In order to screen for bone metastases within two weeks SZ and whole-body MRI with Turbo-STIR-sequences were performed in 20 patients with known breast cancer. For further evaluation five regions were defined: scull, spine including the pelvis, femora, humeri and ribs including scapulae and sternum. Results: In 9/20 patients neither with SZ nor with MRI bone metastases were detected (staging M0). Among the remaining 11 patients SZ detected 109 and MRI 150 lesions which were typical for bone metastases. All of these 11 patients were staged Ml correspondingly with both methods. Within the thorax (ribs, sternum, scapulae) MRI discovered only 6/17 and within the scull 0/6 lesions which were suspicious for metastases in SZ. Inversely MRI identified much more metastatic lesions than SZ within the femora (20/16), the humeri (14/12) and the spine including the pelvis (110/58). Conclusions: Susceptibility-, truncation*, chemical-shift-, third arm- and particularly pulsation artifacts along with the impossibility to chose slice orientation equally advantageous for all regions of the body cause impaired image quality of MRI whole body scanning. Therefore, concerning the detection rate of bone metastases within the thorax (ribs, sternum and scapulae) and the scull, conventional Turbo-STIR-MRI whole-body scans are even less accurate than conventional planar bone scintigraphy in those regions.
Comparison of PET and fMRI activation patterns during declarative memory processes
Authors: Krause B. J. , Schmidt D. , Hautzel H. , Herzog H. , Shah N. J. , Halsband U. , Müller-Gärtner H.-W. , Mottaghy F. M.
Published: March 2018

Aim: In this study neuronal correlates of encoding and retrieval in paired association learning were compared using two different neuroimaging methods: positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: 6 right-handed normal male volunteers took part in the study. Each subject underwent six 0-15-butanol PET scans and an fMRI study comprising four single epochs on a different day. The subjects had to learn and retrieve 12 word pairs which were visually presented (highly imaginable words, not semantically related). Results: Mean recall accuracy was 93% in the PET as well as in the fMRI experiment. During encoding and retrieval we found anterior cingulate cortex activation, and bilateral prefrontal cortex activation in both imaging modalities. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the precuneus in episodic memory. With PET the results demonstrate frontopolar activations whereas fMRI fails to show activations in this area probably due to susceptibility artifacts. In fMRI we found additionally parahippocampal activation and due to the whole-brain coverage cerebellar activation during encoding. The distance between the center-of-mass activations in both modalities was 7.2 ± 6.5 mm. Conclusion: There is a preponderance of commonalities in the activation patterns yielded with fMRI and PET. However, there are also important differences. The decision to choose one or the other neuroimaging modality should among other aspects depend on the study design (single subject vs. group study) and the task of interest.
Gated Blood Pool SPECT and Phase Analysis to Assess Simulated Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in the Baboon
Authors: van Gelder A. L. , Hugo N. , Weller R. , Stanton J. J. , Beverley G. H. , Clausen M. , Dormehl Irene
Published: March 2018

This study assesses the diagnostic potential of a tomographic technique with phase analysis to detect premature electroventricular contraction patterns simulated by pacing in the baboon. The data of gated SPECT were analysed by backprojection of the Fourier coefficients, followed by angulation and integration to thick slices of the entire ventricular mass yielding separate ventricular contraction patterns in three perpendicular views. Electrodes were implanted in each baboon: at the sinu-atrial node; posterior, left ventricular; anterior left ventricular; on the left and the right lateral ventricular walls. The atrium was stimulated throughout at a fixed rate. Subsequent ventricular stimuli followed during the QRS complex, such to invoke the appearance of pre-excitation QRS morphology. The first points of activation (FPA) from this algorithm were correctly detected for the RV, for the anterior and posterior sites, although the latter two manifested first points in the RV. LV pacing manifested also as a FPA in the RV, but was followed by a true subsequent point in the LV.
Näherungsfehler bei der physikalischen Planung der Radiojodtherapie der Schilddrüse
Authors: Czempiel H. , Bogner L.
Published: March 2018

Die zur Aktivitätsberechnung bei der Radiojodtherapie der Schilddrüse in der Literatur angegebenen Formeln werden auf die darin enthaltenen Näherungen untersucht und mit einer Referenzgleichung verglichen, die auf der ICRP- Publikation 30 beruht. Die Anwendung der verschiedenen Formeln auf 2 klinische Fälle zeigt beträchtliche Abweichungen im Vergleich zum Referenzverfahren. Untersuchungen eines Patientenkollektivs von 314 Personen ergeben bei einem relativ hohen Anteil starke Anflutverzögerungen in den Jod- Uptake-Kurven. Simulationsrechnungen belegen, daß erhebliche Fehler bei Vernachlässigung der Anflutphase auftreten. Es wird eine Gleichung vorgestellt, die diese berücksichtigt. Große individuelle Unterschiede ergeben sich bei prä- bzw. posttherapeutisch bestimmten Uptake-Kurven. Die Auswirkungen auf den Unterschied zwischen geplanter und tatsächlich applizierter Schilddrüsendosis werden aufgezeigt. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Bestimmung der Schilddrüsenmasse werden diskutiert und ein Kombinationsverfahren aus Szinti- und Sonodaten vorgestellt.
Die Kinetik von rezeptorvermittelter Radiotoxizität des 16α-[125I]-Iodöstradiol-3,17ß
Authors: Fischer T. , Böttcher B. , Mraheel S.A. , Scharl A. , Gabruk-Szostak B. , Scheidhauer K. , Göhring U.-J. , Meller-Rehbein B. , Shukla S. K. , Schicha H. , Schomäcker K.
Published: March 2018

Ziel: Es wurden radiozytotoxische Effekte von 16α-[125l]-lodöstradi- ol-3,17ß ü

125

I]E) an MCF-7-Mammakarzinom-Zellen in Abhängigkeit von der Inkubationszeit in dem Zeitraum zwischen 1 und 24 h untersucht. Methoden: Der Rezeptorstatus der Zellen wurde durch immunhisto- chemische Färbung bestimmt. Die Akkumulation von [125|]E wurde in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit von nichtradioaktivem Östradiol sowie [127I]E und in Östrogenrezeptor (ER)-negativen im Vergleich zu ER-positiven Zellen getestet. Die Ermittlung der subzellulären Verteilung erfolgte in 0,25 M Saccharose durch Ultrazentrifugation. Die Radiozytotoxizität wurde unter den verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen durch Standard- Kolonie-Assays nach Inkubation mit [125I]E (1.85 kBq/ml-55.5 kBq/ml) für 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 und 24 h ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Eine deutliche Zytotoxizität wurde nur bei Inkubation ER-positiver Zellen mit [125I]E gefunden. Das Maximum lag bei einer Reduktion der Überlebensfraktion auf 20-25% bei Radioaktivitätskonzentrationen im Inkubationsmedium von >37 kBq/ml. Diese maximalen Effekte wurden nach Inkubationszeiten von 8 h gefunden. Eine Verlängerung der Inkubationszeit führte zu keiner weiteren Verstärkung der Toxizität. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Radioaktivität an die Östrogenrezeptoren gebunden wurde. Infolge ihrer Kernlokalisation haben Radioöstrogene, die sehr niederenergetische Elektronen (Auger-Elektronen) emittieren, therapeutische Relevanz durch ER-vermittelte Entfaltung zellinaktivierender, ionisierender Strahlung ohne Beeinflussung benachbarter Zellen. Allerdings sollte anstelle von 125l das kürzerlebige 123l zur Markierung zum Einsatz kommen, da die entscheidenden Strahleneffekte innerhalb von 8 h erfolgen.
Septale Myokardperfusion bei komplettem Linksschenkelblock: Kasuistik und Literaturübersicht
Authors: Aurisch R. , Munz D. L. , Richter W.-S.
Published: March 2018

Bei einer 55jährigen Frau mit komplettem Linksschenkelblock (LSB) wurden bei koronarangiographisch ausgeschlossener RIVA-Stenose innerhalb eines Jahres drei Myokardszintigraphien durchgeführt. Die erste Szintigraphie mit Tc-99m-Sestamibi zeigte einen anteroseptalen Defekt nach Fahrradergometrie. Dieser Defekt konnte in den beiden folgenden Szintigraphien nach pharmakologischer Belastung mit Dipyridamol weder mit TI-201 noch mit Tc-99m-Sestamibi reproduziert werden. Die Ruheuntersuchung erfolgte in allen Fällen mit TI-201 und war normal. Schlußfolgernd ist bei LSB der pharmakologischen Belastung mit Dipyridamol der Vorzug vor der Ergometrie zu geben; die Wahl des Radiopharmakons spielt demgegenüber für die diagnostische Genauigkeit der Myokardszintigraphie eine untergeordnete Rolle.
Necrotizing Granulomas within the Periprosthetic Tissues of Cemented and Cementless Total Arthroplasties
Authors: Shajrawi I. , Luria M. , Mendes D. G. , Boss J. H.
Published: March 2018

Necrotizing granulomas were found in the pseudocapsule or interfacial membrane of two patients with an aseptically loosened cemented total hip arthroplasty and in one patient with an aseptically loosened cementless knee arthroplasty. The environs of the necrotizing granulomas disclosed prosthetic debris-induced foreign body granulomatous, chronic inflammatory and cicatrizing changes. Particulate breakdown products of polyethylene and finely dispersed metallic particles were present in the necrotic core, stroma and macrophages of the necrotizing granulomas. A review of the literature and the authors’ personal experience attests to the rarity of such granulomas in the periprosthetic tissues. Polyethylene being non-antigenic, it is suggested that an allergic-pathergic reaction to metallic ions released in loco from the prosthesis itself, from the deposited metallic wear particles or from both accounts for the development of the necrotizing granulomas.
Microangiography of the Humeral Condyle in Cocker Spaniel and Non-Cocker Spaniel Dogs
Authors: Larsen Linda J. , McLaughlin R. M. , Cash W. C. , Roush J. K.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blood supply to the humeral condyle of dogs and compare the blood supply of Cocker Spaniel dogs to non- Cocker Spaniel dogs. We hypothesize that there is a congenitally altered blood supply of the humeral condyle in some Cocker Spaniels when compared to the blood supply of the humeral condyle in other breeds of dogs, which leads to abnormal ossification between the medial and lateral aspects of the humeral condyle, and predisposes them to fracture and delayed healing.

Microangiography was performed on four Cocker Spaniel and four non- Cocker Spaniel dogs of similar size and weight. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the microangiographs of the humeral condyles revealed a decreased vascular density in the medial, midcondylar and lateral aspects of the condyle in the Cocker Spaniel dogs compared to the non-Cocker Spaniel dogs. This decreased vascular density may play a role in the increased incidence of humeral condylar fractures in the adult Cocker Spaniel dog without any or only minor trauma, and in the delayed healing seen in association with these fractures.

A microradiographic comparison was made between the blood supply of the humeral condyles of Cocker Spaniel and other breeds of dogs. A decreased vascular density was documented in Cocker Spaniel dogs.
T9-T10 Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Three Dogs
Authors: Selcer R. , Adams W. H. , Thomas W. B. , Wilkens B. E.
Published: March 2018

Three middle-aged (6-8 years), intact male Dachshunds were admitted to the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UTVTH) with acute onset of back pain and pelvic limb paralysis.

Physical examination of dog #1 revealed hyperaesthesia of the thoracolumbar spine. Superficial pain sensation was absent in the pelvic limbs, while deep pain sensation was intact. The cutaneous trunci (panniculus) reflex was absent caudal to the thoraco-lumbar region. Reflexes to the pelvic limbs were exaggerated.

A myelogram showed dorsal deviation of the ventral contrast column and attenuation of the ventral and dorsal contrast columns at the T9-T10 disc space. A hemilaminectomy was performed from T9 to T10, and mineralized disc material was retrieved from the vertebral canal at T9-T10. The T9- T10 to L3-L4 disc spaces were fenestrated. Two weeks after surgery, superficial and deep pain sensation of the rearlimbs were present, but paralysis persisted. The animal was euthanatised at the owners’ request. A postmortem examination was not performed.

Dog #2 displayed absent superficial pain sensation, and intact deep pain sensation of the pelvic limbs. Hyperaesthesia of the thoracolumbar region and hyperreflexia of the rear limbs were noted. Examination of the cutaneous trunci reflex was not performed. A myelogram revealed ventral extradural compression of the spinal cord at T9- T10. A T9-T10 hemilaminectomy revealed a large amount of extruded disc material, which was removed. The Tll- T12 to L4-L5 intervertebral discs were fenestrated. Forty-eight hours postoperatively, the patient regained voluntary motor function, and recovery was uneventful.

Neurologic examination of dog #3 revealed absence of deep pain sensation in the pelvic limbs; duration of which was not known. Spinal radiographs and myelography revealed ventral extradural spinal cord compression at T9-T10 (Fig.). A right-sided hemilaminectomy at T9-T10 revealed a large amount of calcified disc material, ventral to the spinal cord. The T11-T12 through Ll- L2 intervertebral discs were fenestrated. Sixty days postoperatively, paralysis persisted and the dog was euthanatised. No postmortem examination was performed.

Herniation of the T9-T10 intervertebral disc was diagnosed in three Dachshunds with acute paraplegia. The clinical diagnosis and surgical management of T9-T10 disc herniation are similar to that in the more common sites of disc herniation.
Jejunal Rupture Associated with a Traumatic Partial Pubic Symphysial Separation in a Dog
Authors: Wells K. L. , Marti J. M.
Published: March 2018

A distal jejunal perforation was caused by entrapment in a minimally displaced pubic symphysial separation and ischial fracture caused by a road accident. Other pelvic fractures were not identified.

Faecal material leaked into the retroperitoneal space of the pelvic cavity and produced a pararectal enterocutaneous fistula one week after the accident. Obvious evidence of septic peritonitis was not present, although a uro-abdomen was identified as a result of an avulsed ureter. Nephro-ureterectomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis and fracture repair procedures were carried out but the patient was euthanatised two days postoperatively.

Small intestinal injury associated with pelvic trauma is extremely uncommon in the dog. In previously reported cases, intestinal loops were damaged by comminuted pubic fractures or the callus reaction during their healing process. In the Case Reported here, a jejunal loop was trapped in a partial pubic symphysial separation caused by an automobile accident.
Clinical, Radiographic and Histological Evaluation of the Plastic Spiked Washer in the Dog
Authors: Schelling S. H. , Tidwell A. S. , Boudrieau R. J.
Published: March 2018

Plastic spiked washers and metal washers were implanted in the periarticular soft tissues of six joints in three experimental dogs. These dogs were followed clinically and radiographically over a 16 week time frame, at which time they were euthanatized and histological evaluation was obtained. Differences were not observed clinically nor radiographically between joints, nor between locations, with the different implant devices throughout the time frame investigated in the experimental dogs. Histological evaluation revealed a very minimal to mild, fundamentally identical inflammatory response to all of the implants in all of the specimens; however, in three specimens (plastic spiked washers), very infrequent lesions of a few randomly scattered microgranulomas, surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue envelope, were observed. The histological response of a limited inflammatory reaction was comparable to the positive controls using metal washers in the experimental dogs, despite the few microgranulomas observed. A clinical retrospective evaluation of 31 joints in 29 dogs from 1992 to 1996, in which a plastic spiked washer was implanted, also was performed. Long term follow up (mean 2.6 years) of 21 dogs in the clinical case series revealed no complications related to infection or a foreign-body reaction. Both the experimental and clinical studies supported the authors’ impression that the plastic spiked washer is well tolerated over the long term.

A 16 week experimental study was performed in three dogs (six joints) in order to evaluate if any clinical, radiographic or histological differences could be found in the periarticular soft tissues with implantation of either a plastic spiked washer or a metal washer. No differences were observed clinically or radiographically between joints, or between locations, with the different implants. Histological evaluation revealed a very minimal to mild inflammatory response to all of the implants; however, a few very infrequent and randomly scattered microgranulomas were observed in response to the plastic spiked washers.
Holding Power of 3.5 mm Versus 4.0 mm Screw Applications Placed in Stripped 2.7 mm Screw Sites
Authors: Kerwin S. C. , Sedrish S. A. , Hosgood G. , Oliver J. L. , Kelly K. , Fitch R. B.
Published: March 2018

Mechanical stripping of orthopaedic screws is a complication that can occur during plate fixation of fractures. This report compares the holding power of 3.5 mm cortical and 4.0 mm cancellous orthopaedic screws inserted as a salvage technique in stripped 2.7 mm screw sites in cadaver bone. Both 3.5 mm and 4.0 mm orthopaedic screws were applied with and without tapping to stripped screw sites in the diaphysis of mature canine tibiae. Mechanical testing of the pull-out force required to extract these screws showed that all of the applications have comparative holding powers, but the 4.0 mm screw had significantly greater holding power when compared with the 3.5 mm screw. Tapping the stripped screw site, prior to placing the 3.5 mm or 4.0 mm screw, did not significantly affect the holding power. The 4.0 mm cancellous screw has the advantages of significantly greater holding power and less interference with the 2.7 mm dynamic compression plate, when compared to the 3.5 mm cortical screw.

The holding power of 3.5 mm cortical and 4.0 mm cancellous orthopaedic screws placed tapped and untapped into 2.7 mm stripped screw sites in post-mortem canine tibiae were compared. All applications had comparable holding power, but with the 4.0 mm screw the holding power was significantly greater. Tapping stripped screw sites did not have any significant effect on holding power.
Comparison of Histomorphometric Measurements of Equine Sternal Cancellous Bone with Bone from other Skeletal Sites
Authors: Désévaux C. , Martineau-Doizé B. , Laverty S.
Published: March 2018

Histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsy specimens in humans is a reliable techniqu e which provides information on bone status and turnover. A techniqu e of sternal biopsy has been recently developed in “standin g horses” . The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that the histomorphometric analysis of sternal cancellous bone was representative of other skeletal sites in horses.

Post-mortem cancellous bone samples were obtained from the sternum, 12th rib, ilium, 1st lumbar vertebra and the tibia, of seven adult horses and embedded in methylmethacrylate. Sections, 7 μm thick, were cut and were stained with Goldner’s green trichrome. Histomorphometric parameters were measured by a semi-automated method. Sections from the sternum were qualitativel y similar to those from the rib, ilium and vertebra. Histomorphometric measurements were easily performed on the sternal, ilium, rib and vertebral sections. The tibial sections were not suitable for evaluation. The sternal histomorphometric parameters of bone formation and resorption were overall representative of those from other skeletal sites.

The present study demonstrated that sternal cancellous bone is acceptable for bone histomorphometry in horses as it reflects overall skeletal osseous activity.

This study compares qualitatively and quantitatively cancellous bone from the sternum, 12th rib, ilium, first lumbar vertebra and the tibia of seven adult horses. Sternal cancellous bone is acceptable for bone histomorphometry and reflects overall skeletal osseous activity.
Cystic Periosteal Osteosarcoma in the Tibia of a Dog
Authors: Bracker K. E. , Shub V. , Zwahlen C. , Powers B. E. , Schulz K. S.
Published: March 2018

Periosteal osteosarcoma, a rare neoplasm in dogs, was diagnosed in an eleven- year-old Golden Retriever. In this case, the tumour formed a single, large, fluid filled cyst, that originated from the periosteum of the tibia. Periosteal osteosarcomas are intermediate grade tumours and behave less aggressively than central osteosarcomas, however, they are more malignant than the low grade parosteal osteosarcoma. Cure for periosteal osteosarcoma in people may be achieved in 70-80% of cases by local excision. In this case euthanasia was elected one year post-amputation due to emaciation and lethargy associated with metastatic disease.

A cystic periosteal osteosarcoma was diagnosed in an eleven year old Golden Retriever. The tumour originated from the tibia and formed a single large fluid filled cyst. Periosteal osteosarcomas are rare, moderately aggressive tumours that may be differentiated from parosteal, surface, and central osteosarcomas. In this case euthanasia was elected one year post-amputation due to metastatic disease.
Fixation of an Atlantoaxial Subluxation by Use of Cannulated Screws
Authors: Shores A. , Rochat M. C.
Published: March 2018

An eight month old Rottweiler was presented with signs of a cervical spinal cord lesion. Hypoplasia of the dens and subsequent atlantoaxial (A-A) subluxation was diagnosed by radiography. The A-A joint was arthrodesed by use of 4.0 mm cannulated screws. The dog regained full neurological function.
Bone Plate Fixation: Its Relationship with Implant Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Field J. R.
Published: March 2018

The use of internal fixation devices for fracture repair induces profound changes in the affected bone. The factors implicated in the development of implant induced osteoporosis have been extensively studied. The processes following bone plate fixation which results in vascular and structural changes to the bone have not been accurately described. There are many inconsistencies in the design of experimental studies and in data interpretation which confound the issue.

Implant induced osteoporosis appears to be a biphasic phenomenon following the application of rigid internal fixation, with an early-onset osteonecrosis (8-12 weeks) elicited through cortical vascular insufficiency, followed by osteoporosis (24-36 weeks) induced by stress redistribution.

The development of implant induced osteoporosis appears to involve mechanical factors (surgical trauma, screw placement, rigidity of the fixation device), acting in conjunction with vascular insufficiencies related to the bone-plate interface contact area and pressure distribution.

Whatever the pathogenesis, the end result is a thinning of the diaphyseal cortices. Should implant removal be deemed necessary such osteoporosis is a cause for concern in view of the bones predisposition to refracture following plate removal. The degree of cortical osteoporosis observed appears to be time-dependent following internal fixaton and as such the clinical outcomes, after implant removal, are also related to the timing of removal.

Numerous factors have been implicated in the development of the vascular and structural changes that follow the plating of bone. It appears that implant induced osteoporosis has a multifactorial pathogenesis involving surgical trauma, screw placement and the rigidity of the fixation device. Elements involved in the interface between plate and bone, such as interface contact area and pressure, are also implicated in the pathogenesis.
Detection of Embolic Events by Capnography and Trans-oesophageal Echocardiography during Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Matis U. , Reindl S.
Published: March 2018

Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and continuous monitoring of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at end expiration (PETCO2) were performed in 63 dogs during total hip replacement and in three dogs during femoral stem revision. The PET CO2 usually did not change during insertion of the acetabular prosthesis, but in 17.5% of the cases, it decreased by more than 10 mmHg after insertion of the femoral prosthesis. In all of the cases, transoesophageal echocardiography revealed echogenic structures in the right side of the heart, immediately after insertion of the acetabular and of the femoral prostheses. These appeared as either numerous pinpoint echoes, which passed through the right side of the heart in a “snow flurry” like fashion, or more echogenic particles. The embolaemia, seen ultrasonographically, was categorized into one of six grades of severity. Statistical analysis showed significant positive correlations between the severity of the embolaemia and the extent of the decrease in PETCO2 (rs = 0.405; P = 0.001; n = 60), and between the severity of the embolaemia and the duration of the decrease in PETCO2 before it returned to baseline values (rs = 0.345; P = 0.007; n = 60).

Trans-oesophageal echocardiography demonstrated that embolaemia was induced during cemented prosthesis insertion. It was proposed that an increase in intramedullary pressure, during insertion, forces bone marrow into the venous circulation. Bone marrow itself can constitute an embolus, but also it may activate intravascular coagulation, thus leading to thromboembolism, in addition to bone marrow embolism. Elongated particulate emboli, up to several centimetres in length, were seen on ultrasonogrammes and were thought to be, at least in part, products of intravascular coagulation. A significant decrease in the platelet concentration in peripheral venous blood, after insertion of the femoral prosthesis, was also indicative of intravascular coagulation. The extent of the impairment of gas exchange was documented by means of capnography. The significant positive correlation between the embolaemia, seen via ultrasonography, and the decrease in PETCO2 strongly suggest a causal relationship between the two variables. The rapid recovery, that occurred in most patients, is attributed to the enormous lytic ability of pulmonary tissue. Prophylactic measures include the maintenance of normovolaemia during the operations, thorough lavage of the intramedullary cavity before prosthesis insertion and steps to prevent an increase in intramedullary pressure during implantation.

Using trans-oesophageal echocardiography, embolaemia in the right side of the heart was consistently detected immediately after insertion of cemented acetabular as well as cemented femoral prostheses in dogs. There was a significant correlation between the severity of the embolaemia and the decrease in carbon dioxide at end expiration (PETCO2) after femoral prosthesis insertion.
Bending properties of stainless steel dynamic compression plates and limited contact dynamic compression plates
Authors: Hill C. M. , Kageyama T. , Conzemius M. G. , Smith G. K. , Little F. M.
Published: March 2018

The equivalent bending stiffness and bending strength of the stainless steel DCP and stainless steel LC-DCP were compared. Three plates, of each size, were tested destructively in ‘four point bending’. All of the LC-DCP were significantly less stiff and less strong than the comparable size DCP, with the exception of the 4.5 mm narrow LC-DCP which was significantly stronger and more stiff than the 4.5 mm narrow DCP (p <.01). The design advantages of the LC-DCP are ease and versatility of plate application and improved cortical blood flow which one assumes promotes fracture healing. Also, the lower recorded stiffness of the LC-DCP may be advantageous in that it decreases the stress protection of the plated bone. Since optimal strength and stiffness of bone plates are currently unknown, the clinical relevance of the decreased strength and stiffness of the LC-DCP has yet to be determined.

Stainless steel LC-DCP and DCP of various sizes were tested in four point bending to ascertain equivalent bending stiffness and bending strength of each type of plate. The LC-DCP were consistently less stiff and strong than their DCP counterparts (p <.01) with the exception of the 4.5 mm Narrow LC-DCP which was stronger and more stiff than the 4.5 mm Narrow DCP. In general, as plate size increased. the difference between the two plate designs decreased. If it can be shown that there is not any detrimental effect on fracture healing, the design features of the LC-DCP make it a desirable choice for most fracture applications.
Management of sternebral osteomyelitis in a horse
Authors: Neuwirth L. , Gull T. , Pack L. A. , Rhoads W. S.
Published: March 2018

Sternal osteomyelitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses with chronic swelling and drainage from the ventral thorax. Other differentials should include foreign body, fungal infection or neoplasia. The sternum can become infected from direct trauma or penetrating wounds, or secondary to extension of a distant site of infection, including septic jugular thrombophlebitis. Radiographs can be obtained of the caudal sternum in the standing horse. Partial sternebrectomy can be effective for the treatment of sternal infections in horses.

Sternebral osteomyelitis is uncommon in animals. The case reported describes the pathogenesis and treatment of sternebral osteomyelitis that developed in a horse following abdominal surgery. Partial sternebrectomy, local, and systemic antimicrobial therapy were effective in resolving the infection and returning the horse to its previous use.
Simple and multiple fractures of the radius treated with an external fixator
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Toombs J. P. , Schaeffer D. J. , Laverty P. H.
Published: March 2018

The medical records of 56 dogs with diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna treated with Type lb or Type II external skeletal fixation were reviewed. The patients were referred to the College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois or the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine during the period from 1983 to 1999. There were thirty-two “simple” fractures and twenty-four multiple fractures. Twenty-four Type II frames and eight Type lb frames were used to treat the “simple” fractures. Twenty Type II frames and four Type lb frames were used to treat the multiple fractures. Eight of the thirty-two dogs with “simple” fractures and twelve of the twenty-four dogs with multiple fractures were admitted with open fractures. Open fractures were associated with a significantly longer time to fracture “bridging” Open reduction was used more frequently for the treatment of dogs with “simple” fractures. Open reduction resulted in greater bone contact at the fracture site. Contact at the fracture site resulted in a shorter time to removal of the external fixation. Clinical union was achieved in fifty of fifty-six fractures, with a mean time to removal of the fixation of 14.2 weeks. Significant difference, in the mean time to fracture “bridging” or the mean time to fixator removal, were not found between the “simple” and multiple fracture groups. Complications occurred in 25% (14/56) of fractures. Complications of fracture healing occurred in 18% (9/56) of fracture repairs, and fracture related complications occurred in 9%. The complications occurred more frequently in dogs weighing under 5 kg. There was not any difference between the “simple” and multiple fracture groups, with respect to the type or frequency of complications experienced. The results of this study indicate that stabilization, with an External Fixator, is an appropriate treatment for both “simple” and multiple diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna.
The unilateral external fixator and acrylic connecting bar, combined with I.M pin, for the treatment of tibial fractures
Authors: Shani J. , Shahar R.
Published: March 2018

A unilateral external skeletal fixator (ESF) system with an acrylic connecting bar, combined with an intramedullary (I.M) pin, was used to treat simple, comminuted and open fractures of the tibia in 12 clinical cases occurring in large and small dogs, and in cats. A minimal surgical approach was used in all cases. The I.M pin was placed first, in the normograde fashion, to align the tibial fragments. Transfixation pins were then inserted from the medial side, using previously published guidelines for safe corridors in the tibia (30), thus minimizing the potential for soft tissue trauma. An acrylic connecting bar was used in all of the cases, enabling connection of pins that were not in the same plane. All of the fractures healed uneventfully. This report shows that unilateral ESF with an acrylic connecting bar, combined with an I.M pin, is an effective method for the repair of a wide variety of tibial fractures.
Ventral fixation of cervical vertebral fractures in two red kangaroos using screws and polymethylmethacrylate
Authors: Dyce J. , Ivany J. M.
Published: March 2018

Fractures of the cervical vertebrae in two tetraparetic juvenile red kangaroos were stabilized using a modified ventral screws and polymethylmethacrylate technique. One kangaroo developed terminal ventilatory complications during anaesthesia. The second recovered normal mobility.
Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle as the cause of lameness in dogs
Authors: Heinen V. , Fehr M. , Nolte I. , Meyer-Lindenberg A.
Published: March 2018

In a retrospective and prospective trial over six years, 17 joints from 13 dogs presented with incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC) were included. All dogs showed lameness of the forelimb but no humeral condylar fractures. One dog showed a fracture of the olecranon. Four of the bilaterally affected dogs showed only unilateral lameness. 53.8% of the dogs (7/13) were younger than one year. With regard to breed distribution, the German Wachtel was most frequently represented with three dogs. In 12 dogs the diagnosis was made by radiography in a craniocaudal view, and seven dogs could be further investigated by computed tomography. In one dog the diagnosis was only made during arthroscopy. Two joints showed an additional fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna and another two an osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle. During arthroscopy, all joints showed a clearly visible fissure line in the joint cartilage between the humeral condyles. In ten joints the I0HC was treated with a transcondylar lag screw under arthroscopic control. Three of the four bilaterally affected dogs were treated only unilaterally because of a lack of lameness on the other side. In the dog with the olecranon fracture, only the fracture was treated. The patients were rechecked clinically and radiologically (n = 10) or by means of a questionnaire (n = 1) at an average of 26 months post operation. Seven cases, six of them treated by lag screw fixation, did not show any lameness. Three joints (one dog with olecranon fracture, two unilaterally affected dogs with lag screw fixation) showed some degree of lameness after heavy strain and one dog showed a continuous slight lameness. The four bilaterally affected and only unilaterally treated dogs showed no lameness on the untreated joint. With regard to development of arthrosis, six radiographically examined joints showed no increase in arthroses. In five joints the increase was mild and in two joints moderate. In six joints with lag screw fixation, the IOHC was radiographically unified and was confirmed by computed tomography in three cases.
Validation of canine cancellous and cortical polyurethane foam bone models
Authors: Kennedy S. C. , Johnson A. L. , Pijanowski G. J. , Ehrhart N. , Schaeffer D. , Silbernagel J. T.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop standard canine cortical and cancellous polyurethane foam (PUF) bone models. Canine cancellous and cortical bone mineral densities were determined with dual-energy-x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Polyurethane foam was cast in two densities, corresponding to the predetermined canine cancellous and cortical bone mineral densities for use as synthetic bone models. Cancellous bone screws (4.0 mm and 6.5 mm) were extracted from both canine cancellous bone segments and blocks of cancellous density PUF. Cortex bone screws (3.5 mm and 4.5 mm) were extracted from both canine cortical bone segments and blocks of cortical density PUF. There was not any difference in the cancellous screw pull-out forces between cancellous density PUF and canine cancellous bone. Cortex screw pull-out forces were significantly less for cortical density PUF than for canine cortical bone. Cancellous density PUF makes an excellent cancellous bone model for use in implant testing.
Cadaveric evaluation of canine arthroscopic bicipital tenotomy
Authors: Schulz K. S. , Ingel K. , Holsworth I. G.
Published: March 2018

The purposes of this study were to determine the optimal portal location, limb position and instrumentation for arthroscopic assisted biceps tenotomy as an alternative to open tendon transection and humeral tenodesis and to evaluate anatomical location and support of the tendon following transection.

Eight canine cadaver shoulder joints underwent arthroscopic visualization of bicipital tendon length via cranio-lateral and caudo-lateral camera portals in a variety of thoracic limb positions to determine maximal tendon length visualization by anatomical marking. Comparison of tenotomy time and ease was compared between radio frequency microscalpel, blade and arthroscopic shaver. Gross anatomical dissection was performed post-tenotomy to record tendon lengths, locations and supporting structures.

The cranio-lateral camera port in conjunction with combined moderate shoulder and elbow flexion optimized tendon visualization, accessible length, and instrumentation ease. Visualized tendon length varied from 39-76% of total tendon length. Tenotomy times were lowest via blade and were unable to be performed with the shaver. After tenotomy the distal tendon segment remained loosely tethered within the in- tertubercular groove at the level of the intertubercular ligament by tendon sheath and capsular attachments.

Biceps tenotomy is readily performed with standard arthroscopic equipment. Appropriate limb positioning and modification of previously described portals allows maximal access. Immediately posttenotomy the distal tendon is loosely maintained within the bicipital groove by tendon sheath and capsular attachments.
Management of comminuted supracondylar fractures of the humerus with closed reduction and a hybrid type Ml external fixator
Authors: Eaton-Wells R. D. , Mitchell R. A. S. , Fearnside S. M.
Published: March 2018

Closed reduction and a hybrid type I-II external skeletal fixator (ESF) were utilised for the repair of comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures in seven dogs and two cats. The modified design of the ESF afforded significant flexibility in the management of these fractures, with closed reduction allowing the principles of biological osteosynthesis to be applied. Successful bone healing was achieved in eight cases. During implant removal, refracture occurred in one case. In comminuted supracondylar fractures of the humerus, where accurate fragment reduction is not feasible or where reconstruction may lead to further soft tissue damage and compromised blood supply to the bony fragments, the construct appeared to offer advantages, both mechanically and biologically, over other external fixator designs or bone plating. The design was used successfully in both large and small dog breeds and cats. The aim of this study is to report on the management and outcomes of comminuted supracondylar fractures managed using closed reduction and a hybrid type I-II ESF.
Kinematics of the elbow and stifle joints in greyhounds during treadmill trotting An investigation of familiarisation
Authors: Richards J. , Clements D. N. , Drew S. T. , Bennett D. , Carmichael S. , Owen M. R.
Published: March 2018

We studied the familiarisation time required to obtain reliable sagittal plane kinematics for the elbow and stifle joints in eleven treadmill-naïve greyhounds trotting on a treadmill. Motion analysis software was used to measure sagittal elbow and stifle joint movements and to calculate joint angular velocities. After a twominute walking initiation period, the dogs trotted for two and a half minutes. Three trials of three seconds (27 to 30, 72 to 75 and 117 to 120 seconds) trotting, each comprising four complete strides, were analysed. The angle versus time and angular velocity versus time graphs were plotted. For each stride, angular velocity and angular velocity data at key points during the gait cycle were recorded. These angles corresponded with the flexion and extension angles and the peak angular velocities of the elbow and stifle joints during stance and swing phase. Reliable elbow and stifle joint kinematics were obtained within 30 seconds of trotting, which did not differ significantly over the twominute test period indicating that the dogs had familiarised to the treadmill.
Tibial plateau angles with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Howard J. , Rytz U. , Spreng D. , Schawalder P. , Doherr M. , Schmökel H. , Venzin C.
Published: March 2018

The tibial plateau angles (TPA) of dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) injuries were evaluated and further compared to the TPAs of dogs from a previous population and of wolves. Similar TPA measurements were found in all groups, suggesting that any possible changes in breeding practises, breed preferences, nutrition or other factors have not significantly influenced the TPA over time. Moreover, a difference was not found in the TPA between any group and the group affected with CrCL injury, suggesting that the TPA is not a clinically relevant predisposing factor in the development of canine CrCL rupture.
Villonodular synovitis in the dog
Authors: Sjöström L. , Åkerblom S.
Published: March 2018

Four cases of villonodular synovitis were diagnosed by histopathology. All four dogs were treated medically with either carprophen or a combination of carprophen and glucosamine complex (Cosequin®). In three of the dogs the condition improved significantly, and these dogs returned to normal workload.
Digital radiography
Authors: Mattoon J. S.
Published: March 2018

Digital radiography has been used in human medical imaging since the 1980's with recent and rapid acceptance into the veterinary profession. Using advanced image capture and computer technology, radiographic images are viewed on a computer monitor. This is advantageous because radiographic images can be adjusted using dedicated computer software to maximize diagnostic image quality. Digital images can be accessed at computer workstations throughout the hospital, instantly retrieved from computer archives, and transmitted via the internet for consultation or case referral. Digital radiographic data can also be incorporated into a hospital information system, making record keeping an entirely paperless process. Digital image acquisition is faster when compared to conventional screen-film radiography, improving workflow and patient throughput. Digital radiography greatly reduces the need for “retake” radiographs because of wide latitude in exposure factors. Also eliminated are costs associated with radiographic film and x-ray film development. Computed radiography, charged coupled devices, and flat panel detectors are types of digital radiography systems currently available.