bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in sampling bags – impact of temperature
Authors: Le H. , Sivret E. C. , Parcsi G. , Stuetz R. M.
Published: November 2013

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are a major component of odorous emissions that can cause annoyance to local populations surrounding wastewater, waste management and agricultural practices. Odour collection and storage using sample bags can result in VSC losses due to sorption and leakage. Stability within 72 hour storage of VSC samples in three sampling bag materials (Tedlar, Mylar, Nalophan) was studied at three temperatures: 5, 20, and 30 °C. The VSC samples consisted of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (MeSH), ethanethiol (EtSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), tert-butanethiol (t-BuSH), ethylmethyl sulfide (EMS), 1-butanethiol (1-BuSH), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), diethyl disulfide (DEDS), and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). The results for H2S showed that higher loss trend was clearly observed (46–50% at 24 hours) at 30 °C compared to the loss at 5 °C or 20 °C (of up to 27% at 24 hours) in all three bag materials. The same phenomenon was obtained for other thiols with the relative recoveries after a 24 hour period of 76–78% at 30 °C and 80–93% at 5 and 20 °C for MeSH; 77–80% at 30 °C and 79–95% at 5 and 20 °C for EtSH; 87–89% at 30 °C and 82–98% at 5 and 20 °C for t-BuSH; 61–73% at 30 °C and 76–98% at 5 and 20 °C for 1-BuSH. Results for other sulfides and disulfides (DMS, EMS, DMDS, DEDS) indicated stable relative recoveries with little dependency on temperature (83–103% after 24 hours). DMTS had clear loss trends (with relative recoveries of 74–87% in the three bag types after 24 hours) but showed minor differences in relative recoveries at 5, 20, and 30 °C.
Principles of Separation
Authors: Williams Mark E. , Balogun Rasheed A.
Published: November 2013

Extracorporeal “blood purification,” mainly in the form of hemodialysis has been a major portion of the clinical activity of many nephrologists for the past 5 decades. A possibly older procedure, therapeutic plasma exchange, separates and then removes plasma as a method of removing pathogenic material from the patient. In contrast to hemodialysis, therapeutic plasma exchange preferentially removes biologic substances of high molecular weight such as autoantibodies or alloantibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, and Ig paraproteins. These molecular targets may be cleared through two alternative procedures: centrifugal separation and membrane separation. This review presents operational features of each procedure, with relevance to the nephrologist. Kinetics of removal of these plasma constituents are based on the principles of separation by the apheresis technique and by features specific to each molecular target, including their production and compartmentalization in the body. Molecular targets for common renal conditions requiring therapeutic plasma exchange are also discussed in detail.
Sex Differences in Diabetes and Risk of Incident Coronary Artery Disease in Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Adults
Authors: Kalyani Rita Rastogi , Lazo Mariana , Ouyang Pamela , Turkbey Evrim , Chevalier Karinne , Brancati Frederick , Becker Diane , Vaidya Dhananjay
Published: November 2013

OBJECTIVE

Controversy exists about the coronary artery disease (CAD) risk conveyed by diabetes in young and middle-aged women. We investigated sex differences in CAD by diabetes status among healthy individuals with different underlying risks of heart disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We examined subjects aged <60 years without CAD at enrollment in the high-risk GeneSTAR Study (n = 1,448; follow-up ∼12 years), Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA; n = 3,072; follow-up ∼7 years), and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) Mortality Follow-up Study (n = 6,997; follow-up ∼15 years). Diabetes was defined by report, hypoglycemic use, and/or fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL. The outcome was any CAD event during follow-up (fatal CAD in NHANES).

RESULTS

In the absence of diabetes, CAD rates were lower among women in GeneSTAR, MESA, and NHANES (4.27, 1.66, and 0.40/1,000 person-years, respectively) versus men (11.22, 5.64, and 0.88/1,000 person-years); log-rank P < 0.001 (GeneSTAR/MESA) and P = 0.07 (NHANES). In the presence of diabetes, CAD event rates were similar among women (17.65, 7.34, and 2.37/1,000 person-years) versus men (12.86, 9.71, and 1.83/1,000 person-years); all log-rank P values > 0.05. Adjusting for demographics, diabetes was associated with a significant four- to fivefold higher CAD rate among women in each cohort, without differences in men. In meta-analyses of three cohorts, additionally adjusted for BMI, smoking, hypertension, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol, antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering medication use, the hazard ratio of CAD in men versus women among nondiabetes was 2.43 (1.76–3.35) and diabetes was 0.89 (0.43–1.83); P = 0.013 interaction by diabetes status.

CONCLUSIONS

Though young and middle-aged women are less likely to develop CAD in the absence of diabetes, the presence of diabetes equalizes the risk by sex. Our findings support aggressive CAD prevention strategies in women with diabetes and at similar levels to those that exist in men.
Molecular Characteristics, Phenotypic Diversity and Genotype-Estimated Therapeutic Responsiveness of Serbian Patients with Phenylketonuria / MOLEKULARNE KARAKTERISTIKE, FENOTIPSKA RAZNOLIKOST I PROCENA ODGOVORA NA TERAPIJU ZASNOVANA NA GENOTIPU KOD SRPSKIH PACIJENATA SA FENILKETONURIJOM
Authors: Stojiljković-Petrović Maja , Klaassen Kristel , Pavlović Sonja
Published: November 2013

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare, inherited metabolic disease which is transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern. PKU is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme. This review cites the most prominent methods for the detection of mutations in the PAH gene. Since the image of PKU transcends »simple« monogenic disease, the known data on non-coding PAH gene variants and their role and PKU modifier genes have been further reviewed. It has been shown that there is a significant correlation between mutant PAH genotypes and PKU phenotypes. However, genotype-phenotype correlation inconsistencies have also been found. This review discusses the possible causes of phenotypic inconsistencies, such as oversight of more than two mutations present in the patient’s PAH genotype, pitfalls of patient phenotypic classification (plasma phenylalanine concentration and phenylalanine tolerance), the inter-allelic complementation (positive and negative) phenomenon. A new therapeutic approach, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) supplementation therapy, is an important innovation in the course of PKU patients’ treatment. How - ever, in countries where the BH4-loading test and BH4-supplementation therapy are not available, a genotype-based estimation of responsiveness to the therapy is a valuable approach. It enables BH4-potential benefit estimation, which provides vital information both for the patient and for the population. An optimal molecular diagnostics algorithm, established according to the published mutation frequencies in Serbian PKU patients, has been suggested. In the future, the molecular-genetic algorithm for PKU could be expanded to include a variety of transcriptional regulatory elements located in noncoding PAH gene regions and yet to be discovered modifier genes.
Laboratory Investigation of Thrombophilia / LABORATORIJSKO ISPITIVANJE TROMBOFILIJA
Authors: Margetić Sandra
Published: November 2013

Laboratory investigation of thrombophilia is aimed at detecting the well-established hereditary and acquired causes of venous thromboembolism, including activated protein C resistance/factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, deficiencies of the physio - logical anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and increased plasma levels of homocysteine and coagulation factor VIII. In contrast, investigation of dysfibrinogenemia, a very rare thrombophilic risk factor, should only be considered in a patient with evidence of familial or recurrent thrombosis in the absence of all evaluated risk factors mentioned above. At this time, thrombophilia investigation is not recommended for other potential hereditary or acquired risk factors whose association with increased risk for thrombosis has not been proven sufficiently to date. In order to ensure clinical relevance of testing and to avoid any misinterpretation of results, laboratory investigation of thrombophilia should always be performed in accordance with the recommended guidelines on testing regarding the careful selection of patients, time of testing and assays and assay methods used. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important aspects on thrombophilia testing, including whom and when to test, what assays and assay methods to use and all other variables that should be considered when performing laboratory investigation of thrombophilia.
The Pharmacogenetics of Cardiovascular Drugs / FARMAKOGENETIKA KARDIOVASKULARNIH LEKOVA
Authors: Stanković Sanja , Ašanin Milika , Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: November 2013

This article will primarily summarize the current knowledge of the pharmacogenetics of commonly used drugs for the cardiovascular system: oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet therapy and statins. Coumarin anticoagulants are widely used to treat and prevent thromboembolisms. Variations in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes influence the pharmacodynamic response to coumarins. Genetic variation makes an important contribution to the variation in the response to clopidogrel, the most commonly prescribed antiplatelet treatment. Genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene as in the paraoxonase 1 gene are associated with clopidogrel effectiveness and have shown an association with excess of ischemic events such as myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis, but also with serious threat of bleeding. Statin pharmacogenetics has the potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy by statins. Genetic variations in apolipoprotein E, cholesterol ester transfer protein, kinesin-like protein 6, statin transporter OATP1B1 etc. could partly explain the interindividual variation in statins therapeutic response and adverse reactions. Finally, we comment on the pharmacogenetics of other cardiovascular drugs that have been extensively studied, but for which data are conflicting or that have not yet seen clinical implementation. Based on the available data, it could be expected that in the future genome-tailored drug prescription and use of defined algorithms will contribute to the successful drug action, lowering the frequency of adverse events, and will have greater clinical relevance.
“Youth is Drunke with Pleasure, and therefore Dead to all Goodnesse”: Regulating the Excess of the Erotic Early Modern Body
Authors: Orman Steve
Published: November 2013

This article investigates the erotic and youthful body in John Fletcher’s play The Faithful Shepherdess, written for The Children of the Queen’s Revels c.1607. For many early modern scholastic, medical, and conduct manual writers, the life stage of Youth was a particularly dangerous moment in an individuals’ life, a time where the body was in a constant state of flux and ruled by unhealthy bodily excess. Fletcher’s play presents an assortment of characters who are all ruled by or obsessed with their own youthful passions. This article engages with Galenic humoral theory, an area that has been neglected in scholarship on Fletcher’s play, to provide a close analysis of Youth and erotic excess on the early modern stage.
Eroticism in and of the City: The Question of Approach
Authors: Kębłowska-Ławniczak Ewa
Published: November 2013

Discussions of eroticism usually commence with references to Georges Bataille and his L’Erotisme, whose first English edition was published under the title Death and Sensuality: A Study of Eroticism and the Taboo (1962), thus encouraging analyses in terms of transgression. This article opens with a quotation from Zygmunt Bauman’s essay, “On Postmodern Uses of Sex,” which reflects on the instability of the concept and emphasizes its contextualization. This openly declared incongruity raises questions of applicability. What is meant by eroticism today, i.e. in and after postmodernism? The article seeks to explore the relevance of the term in studies of urban drama and tries to suggest a workable approach that would differentiate between the commonly observable erotic material found on display within the premises of the city and the eroticism of the city itself. In the latter case the erotic relationship involves the materiality of the urban context and its user. The essay, focusing on drama, assumes that plays are written for the stage-their proper mode of existence-and deems it necessary to include the city/theatre and city/drama interdependence as well as the nexus of concepts such as urban drama and its genre restrictions into the following analysis.
Body, Sensuousness, Eros and the New Aesthetic Order from Schiller to Rushdie
Authors: Bădulescu Dana
Published: November 2013

In the present article, I look into the culture-building power of Eros from Schiller’s ideas of “the aesthetic state of mind” in Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man, through the Pre-Raphaelites’ eroticism to the nineteenthcentury fin de siècle aestheticized homoeroticism and beyond. I argue that eroticism is a reaction to the increasing sense of alienation brought about by bourgeois modernity. The “moments” and texts used to illustrate the thesis that eroticism shaped an alternative order are far from exhausting a very large list which could add nuances to the argument. The body is one of the essential aspects tackled, since eroticism cannot be conceived in its absence. The body may be an object of desire around which imagination weaves its yarn, or a blank page to be inscribed, or a danger zone, or a hypertrophied space projected by the lover’s longing for fusion. Eroticism in Salman Rushdie’s novels is the focus of my approach after a survey of some landmarks of erotic imagination. I argue that his novels are a new stage of the imagination infused by Eros. The article probes into how two centuries of aesthetic modernity have been shaped by the reality principle proposed by Schiller and how that essentially erotic model has suffered changes in time.
Estimating Particle Concentration in Natural Water by Speckle Contrast
Authors: Chicea Dan
Published: November 2013

A coherent light scattering experiment was carried out on an aqueous clay suspension with an extended range of concentrations. The far field speckle was recorded as a video recording in an unconventional manner using a charged coupled device. A computer code for image processing, written for this purpose, was used to compute the average far field contrast. The variation of average contrast with particle concentration was analysed, and a possible fast procedure for assessing the particle concentration over an extended concentration range was suggested.
Fisheries Management Influence on Some Ecophysiological Groups of Bacteria in Lotic Ecosystems Of the Cefa Nature Park (Romania)
Authors: Filimon Marioara Nicoleta , Drăguşin Patricia , Drăguşin Cristina , Popescu Roxana , Mugur Maria , Ratis Claudia , Voia Sorin
Published: November 2013

The nutrient circuit in aquatic ecosystems may seem simple, but the truth is that nutrient biochemical circuits are rather complex. Circuits are established by a series of interconnected biological, chemical and physical processes. Human activities lead to degradation of wet fields. Water quality and quantity have been changed, especially the quantity of polluting substances. Bacteriological studies in lotic ecosystems from Cefa Nature Park were carried out to establish four ecophysiologic microorganism groups: nitrogen-fixing bacteria, amonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Recorded values differ greatly from one species to the other according to sample points and season. Higher values in autumn are due to an increased intake of organic matter at the end of the vegetation period. Decomposition processes are intensified because of a growing number of microorganisms. Fishery management influences qualitative and quantitative variations in the microorganism communities of the lotic ecosystems in Cefa Natural Park.
The Relevance of Data Interchange for the Effective Protection of Threatened Species by Example of New Records of Endangered Caddisfly Species (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Authors: Scheder Christian , Gumpinger Clemens
Published: November 2013

All over the world, comprehensive data on aquatic communities are collected in the course of applied investigations (e.g. environmental impact assessments for road or railway construction projects, assessments of wastewater treatment plants, hydropower plants, etc.). At the same, little is known about certain endangered or rare species, their distribution or their actual conservation status, as the data collected in applied projects are usually not published. It can be stated that applied investigations would offer valuable information on the distribution of endangered species if there was sufficient data interchange within or data transfer to the scientific community. This thesis is supported by the fact that the authors were able to demonstrate that 72 caddisfly species that are quoted in the Austrian Red List in the course of applied investigations in Austria, but that none of the data have been published so far. The present study provides a list of endangered Trichoptera species that were observed by the authors in the context of routine surveys over the past five years. It is intended thus to provide an example of how data that could be relevant for obtaining a comprehensive picture of certain species are often lost on their way to publication.
Barbus Meridionalis Risso 1827 (Syn. Barbus Balcanicus): Proposal for Monitoring Elements for Croatia, in the Context of Natura 2000
Authors: Bănăduc Doru , Curtean-Bănăduc Angela
Published: November 2013

The action framework at the European Union level for the protection of biodiversity was established based on the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and the Birds Directive (79/409/EEC). One main element of the future implementation of these Directives in Croatia is the establishment of a Natura 2000 network of special protection sites, a network which should rely on a specific monitoring plan at national level for each species of community interest. In this context, the present study proposes a set of monitoring elements for Barbus meridionalis for the Croatian Continental Biogeographical Region. The proposal is based on seven main criteria: proximity of national border, high quality populations, habitats which should be ecologically reconstructed, key habitats/sectors with high importance for connectivity, point sources of industrial pollution, areas/sectors influenced by diffuse sources of agricultural pollution, and areas/sectors influenced by habitat modifications.
November 2013 Letter to the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Ingram Tony , Silvernail Jason , Benz Laurence N. , Flynn Timothy W.
Published: November 2013

Letter to the Editor-in-Chief of JOSPT as follows: “A Cautionary Note on Endorsing the Placebo Effect” and Authors' Response. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(11):849–851. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0203
Future Directions in Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: Harnessing Complexity in a Heterogeneous Population
Authors: Kittelson Andrew J. , George Steven Z. , Maluf Katrina S. , Stevens-Lapsley Jennifer E.
Published: November 2013

This perspective article proposes a conceptual model for the pain experience for individuals diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Pain in knee OA is likely a heterogeneous, multifactorial phenomenon that involves not only the OA disease process but also elements specific to patient psychology and pain neurophysiology. The relevant contributions to the pain experience for any individual patient remain difficult, if not impossible, to definitively determine, and the rationale for many clinical treatment decisions arises primarily from a mechanistic understanding of OA pathophysiology. The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) recently identified “phenotyping” of OA pain as a research priority to “better target pain therapies to individual patients.” This perspective article proposes that contributions from 3 domains—knee pathology, psychological distress, and pain neurophysiology—should be considered equally important in future efforts to understand pain phenotypes in knee OA. Ultimately, characterization of pain phenotypes may aid in the understanding of the pain experience and the development of interventions specific to pain for individual patients.
Copper/bamboo fabric composite prepared via a silver catalytic electroless deposition process for electromagnetic shielding
Authors: Liang Qian , Lu Yinxiang
Published: November 2013

Copper/bamboo fabric composite prepared via a silver catalytic electroless plating process is reported. The microstructure of the composite was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, which illustrated that the copper coating was composed of spherical particles and clusters. The composition and chemical state of the metal layer were measured using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectra; copper and a small amount of nickel were detected. Mechanical properties were measured based on a standard (ISO 13934-1:1999) for the fabrics with and without copper coating. The breaking force for the composite was improved by about 16.8% compared to uncoated bamboo fabric. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the composite was more than 40 dB at frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 1000 MHz. The copper coating on bamboo fabric passed the Scotch®-tape test.
Superplasticity of coarse-grained Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al alloy
Authors: Sheikhali Amir Hossein , Morakkabati Maryam , Abbasi Seyed Mahdi , Rezaei Arash
Published: November 2013

The superplastic behavior of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al alloy with beta single phase structure and average grain size of 220 μm was investigated. It was found that elongation increases with temperature at strain rates of 0.1 and 1 s−1. The optimum condition for superplastic deformation of the alloy was achieved in the temperature range 1030–1080°C and with a strain rate of 0.1 s−1. In this condition the amount of elongation reaches 200%. Grain refinement occurred during deformation which can be attributed to the occurrence of dynamic recovery and continuous dynamic recrystallization. In addition, it was seen that in the temperature range 930–1080°C, the strain rate sensitivity parameter (m) was higher than 0.3, which is an appropriate value for superplastic deformation. A high value of m, elongation over 100%, and coarse-grained microstructure of the alloy suggested that superplastic behavior of the Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al alloy can be similar to the behavior of coarse-grained superplastic alloys.
Homogenization of direct chill cast AlSi1MgMn billets
Authors: Birol Yucel
Published: November 2013

The homogenization practice for direct chill cast AlSi1MgMn billets was investigated. It takes 8 h at 570 °C and at least 4 h at 580 °C to even out the Mg and Si distribution in the aluminium matrix and to obtain relatively small discrete αc-Al12(Fe, Mn)3Si particles with a “necklace” configuration. Once Mg and Si are solutionized, the equilibrium β-Mg2Si phase precipitates during post-soaking cooling at ≥ 500 K h–1. β′-Mg2Si precipitates are also identified in samples cooled at ≤ 250 K h−1. Hardness produced in this cooling rate range is relatively lower suggesting improved extrudability. These billet samples are fully solutionized at 500 °C during billet pre-heating. Typical press exit temperatures may suffice for adequate age hardening in billet samples soaked at 580 °C for 8 h and subsequently cooled at 250 K h−1. This is a very attractive feature as it implies a full age hardening capacity even without the need for a separate solution heat treatment.
Grain growth and sinterability in Er2O3-doped cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2)
Authors: Aktas Bulent , Tekeli Suleyman , Kucuktuvek Mustafa
Published: November 2013

The effects of the addition of Er2O3 on the grain growth and sinterability of c-ZrO2 were investigated using 8 mol.% yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2) and various amounts of Er2O3. For these purposes, the content of 0–15 wt.% Er2O3 and c-ZrO2 powders were doped using a colloidal process. Undoped and Er2O3-doped c-ZrO2 specimens were annealed for grain growth at different temperatures and holding times. An increase in annealing temperature and holding time caused grain growth in all specimens. Activation energy of the undoped c-ZrO2 obtained was 358 kJ mol−1 and the activation energies of 1, 5, 10 and 15 wt.% Er2O3-doped specimens obtained were 388, 403, 432 and 476 kJ mol−1, respectively. While excessive grain coarsening in the undoped c-ZrO2 was observed, a lesser level of grain growth occurred in the Er2O3-doped specimens, due to the segregation of Er2O3 at the grain boundaries and the restriction in the grain boundaries mobility of c-ZrO2.
Nanoindentation responses of Si–Ge multilayers
Authors: Lian Derming
Published: November 2013

In this study, we employed the nanoindentation technique to evaluate the pop-in events of Si–Ge multilayers under extra-low forces. X-ray diffraction revealed a shift of the peaks of the Ge atoms from 68.70 to 68.50°, due to gradual mixing of previously isolated Si and Ge atoms into an SiGe compound, upon increasing the annealing temperature. Atomic force microscopy images of the vicinity near the triangular indentation mark revealed that the primarily plastic deformation, the pop-in event observed in the load–displacement curve, was based on slightly active dislocation nucleation and propagation during treatment with the artificial indenter. The samples annealed at RT, 400, 500, and 600°C exhibited hardnesses (H) of 18.6 ± 1.2, 17.9 ± 1.1, 18.9 ± 1.2, and 15.0 ± 0.8 GPa, respectively, and elastic moduli (E) of 220.0 ± 5.2, 224.9 ± 5.4, 220.7 ± 4.5, and 186.7 ± 3.8 GPa, respectively. These values reveal that elastic/plastic contact translation of the Si–Ge multilayer occurred to various extents depending upon the annealing conditions; in addition, the values of h
f/h
max for the samples annealed at RT, 400, 500, and 600°C were 0.449, 0.416, 0.412, and 0.470, respectively. In a crystal structure, release of the indentation load reflects the directly compressed volume; the total penetration depth into the film was approximately 30 nm with a peak load of 500 μN. Accordingly, the annealed samples can exhibit pop-in after indentation earlier than samples treated merely at RT.
Microstructural evolution of aluminium–copper alloys during the downward directional solidification process
Authors: Wang Fu , Ma Dexin , Zhang Jun , Liu Lin , Hong Jianping , Bogner Samuel , Bührig-Polaczek Andreas
Published: November 2013

The microstructural evolution of Al–Cu alloys during the downward directional solidification process was investigated. At the planar-to-cellular transformation point, the planar liquid/solid (L/S) interface broke down at the centre. This was contrasted with the behaviour in the liquid metal cooling process, where the interface broke down at the periphery. The critical withdrawal rate at this point was higher than the theoretical value. In addition to this, the variation in the primary dendrite arm spacing (λ
1) as a function of the withdrawal rate (V) at constant G
L for the Al-2.0 wt.% Cu alloy agreed with the conventional processes. The comparison of λ
1 in our experiment to the calculated value λ
1 using the Kurz–Fisher, Ma and Trivedi models showed that λ
1, calculated by these models, overvalued our experimental results. However, the λ
1 calculated from the Hunt model agreed well with the experimental values of λ
1. When we reduced the diameter of the sample from 13 mm to 9 mm and maintained the other parameters constant, the L/S interface retained a planar shape. This indicated that the L/S interface was more stable in the smaller sample than that in the larger. This result contrasted with the result in the liquid metal cooling process.
The effect of Sn addition and sulfide ion concentration on the corrosion behavior of Cu-35Zn in NaCl solution
Authors: Kenevisi Mohammad Saleh , Nasab Ali Safdari
Published: November 2013

This study investigates the corrosion behavior of Cu-35Zn brass with 0 and 5 wt.% of tin in NaCl solution with a mass concentration of 3.5% containing 0, 400 and 1200 ppm of sulfide ions. For the purpose of assessing the corrosion behavior, open circuit potential, linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization studies were employed. The results of the study show that on increasing the S2−concentration, an increase in the corrosion rate of the samples was observed. Moreover, the addition of Sn to the alloy leads to an increase in the polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance of the alloy. The corrosion potential as well as the corrosion current density were calculated using the Tafel extrapolation method. Addition of S2−shiftsEcorrtowards more negative values and increasesicorr. The surface of the samples was studied using light optical microscopy and pits were mainly observed in the grain boundaries of the Cu-35Zn sample.
Experimental determination of a representative texture and insight into the range of significant neighboring grain interactions via orientation and misorientation statistics
Authors: Bodelot Laurence , Ravichandran Guruswami
Published: November 2013

The mechanical response of polycrystalline metallic materials is heavily influenced by the orientations of their grains. To predict polycrystalline behavior more accurately, crystal plasticity models account for grain orientations and also, sometimes, for interactions between neighboring grains. However, these models often lack sound experimental input or validation. Furthermore, experimental studies themselves rarely tackle simply the concept of representativity in terms of texture; neither do they try to analyze up to what range neighbor interactions appear to be significant. In this article, we address both aforementioned issues in a single and easily implementable framework by performing extensive statistical analyses of discrete raw orientation and misorientation data respectively, obtained by means of electron back-scattered diffraction on thousand-grain microstructures. First, we show that the analysis of orientation statistics helps determine whether an experimental dataset can be considered as a microstructurally representative volume element in terms of texture. Second, we explain how the statistical processing of misorientations can shed some light on the range of neighbors that have a significant weight in the misorientation distributions and possibly on the grain interactions.
Use of the Taguchi Method for Optimization of Poly (Butylene Terephthalate) and Poly (Trimethylene Terephthalate) Blends through Injection Molding
Authors: Zaverl M. , Misra M. , Mohanty A.
Published: November 2013

A statistical experimental design method known as the Taguchi method was utilized to optimize the injection molding processes of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) blends. Impact strength was taken as the optimized property. The significant parameters included mold temperature, injection pressure, holding pressure, injection time and holding temperature. Results of the Taguchi analysis gave mold temperatures as major influencing factor on the impact strength. The optimal processing conditions were determined through the Taguchi method giving an increase of 13.7% in impact strength for the blend. Further analysis was done to distinguish the blends dependency on temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry curves indicated the presence of recrystallization peaks that were dependent on the temperature profile the sample had received prior to testing. Polarized optical microscopy was used to show the different sphereulitic growth patterns under varying isothermal conditions. It was seen that at 90°C sphereulitic growth contained pockets of different sized spereulites. AFM imaging was also used to indicate differences in blended polymer morphology.
Study on Mechanical, Thermal Properties and Morphology of Biodegradable Poly(butylene succinate)/Nano-TiO2 Composites
Authors: Zhou C.-W. , Zhao J.-X. , Liu Q. , Meng B. , Wu Z.-H.
Published: November 2013

Nanocomposites of Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL)-coated nano-TiO2 (C–TiO2) are prepared by melt-blending technique. The influence of high loading C–TiO2 on the microstructure, mechanical, thermal and dynamic rheological properties of pure PBS and its nanocomposites are studied. Scanning Electron Microscope results demonstrate that the surface modification and content of TiO2 are main factors to affect the microstructure of composites. Mechanical tests show that adding C–TiO2 into PBS matrix is an effective way to improve the impact strength of the PBS. Impact property and tensile property are sensitive to different microstructure, the former is distance between particles and the latter is the aggregation of particles. Dynamic rheological tests show that the incorporation of C–TiO2 particles into PBS can improve the elastic properties of PBS nanocomposites and restrict the mobility of PBS chains. Differential scanning calorimeter indicates the addition of C–TiO2 can increase the crystallization rate but do not influence the main PBS crystals. Depending on the state of composites, the C–TiO2 restricts or improves the mobility of PBS molecules.
Modification of Liquid Oxygen Compatibility of Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin
Authors: Liu M.-J. , Li S.-C. , Wu Z.-J. , Wang Z. , Li J.-L.
Published: November 2013

In order to improve the compatibility of bisphenol F epoxy resin with the liquid oxygen, the hexabromocyclododecane and the antimony trioxide were added to bisphenol F epoxy resin, and then cured resin was mechanically impacted according to ASTM D-2512-95. The microstructure and the surface element compositions of the specimen before and after the mechanical impact were investigated and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. These results indicated that the addition of the antimony trioxide was favorable to help the hexabromocyclododecane to improve the compatibility of the bisphenol F epoxy resin with liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen compatibility mechanism and the synergistic effect of the hexabromocyclododecane and antimony trioxide on the improvement of compatibility of bisphenol F epoxy resin with liquid oxygen were analyzed in detail.
Pressure Variation during Interfacial Instability in the Coextrusion of Low Density Polyethylene Melts
Authors: Martyn M. T. , Coates P. D.
Published: November 2013

Pressure variation during the coextrusion of two low density polyethylene melts was investigated. Melt streams were delivered to a die from two separate extruders to converge in a 30°° geometry to form a two layer extrudate. Melt flow in the confluent region and die land to the die exit was observed through side windows of a visualisation cell. Stream velocity ratio was varied by control of extruder screw speeds. Layer thickness ratios producing wave type interfacial instability were quantified for each melt coextruded on itself and for the combined melts. Stream pressures and screw speeds were monitored and analysed. Wave type interfacial instability was present during the processing of the melts at specific, repeatable, stream layer ratios. Increased melt elasticity appeared to promote this type of instability. Analysis of process data indicates little correlation between perturbations in extruder screw speeds and stream pressures. The analysis did however show covariance between the individual stream pressure perturbations. Interestingly there was significant correlation even when interfacial instability was not present. We conclude that naturally occurring variation in extruder screw speeds do not perturb stream pressures and, more importantly, natural perturbations in stream pressures do not promote interfacial instability.
The Effects of Processing Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness Distribution at the Sharp Angle Corner of Water Assisted Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Pudpong T. , Buahom P. , Areerat S. , Rungseesantivanon W. , Satoh I. , Saito T.
Published: November 2013

Water-assisted injection molding (WAIM) has been widely used for tubular plastic parts due to its advantages of relatively low cost and fast cycling time. However, the non-uniform distribution of the wall thickness, especially at the sharp corner, is still a basic problem in the WAIM process. This work presents the effects of sharp corner angles on wall thickness distribution in sections near corners for various processing conditions of the WAIM process, including melt temperature, mold temperature, water delay time, water holding time, and holding pressure. Three grades of polypropylene (PP) resins with different melt flow indices were studied using seven mold geometries that varied the angle of the sharp corner section. The wall thickness distribution at the corner sections were characterized in terms of inner and outer residual wall thicknesses, hollow core ratio, and the percentage of difference between the inner and outer wall thicknesses. In addition, computational fluid dynamic simulations with Moldflow Plastics Insight version 4.1 were performed for each sharp corner angle. It was found that the wall thickness distribution of the straight tube was more uniform than those of the curve tubes. Water injection delay time and water pressure were the major parameters that had a significant impact on the hollowed core ratios, while the percent difference between inner and outer wall thicknesses was mainly influenced by melt temperature.
The Influence of Extrusion Conditions on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Virgin and Recycled PP, HIPS, ABS and Their Ternary Blends
Authors: Stenvall E. , Tostar S. , Boldizar A. , Foreman M. R. St. J.
Published: November 2013

A recyclable plastics waste stream of electrical and electronic equipment has previously been found to contain acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS, ∼40 wt%), high impact polystyrene (HIPS, ∼40 wt%), polypropylene (PP, ∼10 wt%) and a rest fraction consisting mainly of other styrene-based thermoplastics. In this work, one virgin and one recycled ternary blend consisting of these three components were melt-blended in an extruder to study the influence of processing conditions on the mechanical and thermal properties. The aim of the work has been to understand the inherent compatibility between ABS, HIPS and PP without added compatibilisers, in order to investigate the recycling potential of a real recyclable WEEE plastics fraction. Favourable processing conditions with respect to tensile properties of the virgin blend were found at intermediate screw rotations (40 to 80 min−1) and relatively low barrel temperatures (170 to 220°C), which can be understood from the low onset of thermo-oxidative degradation at 200°C. The recycled blend and recycled ABS, HIPS and PP showed higher stiffness and yield stress, but lower elongation at break than the corresponding virgin materials. The stiffness and yield stress of the blends were found mainly to follow the rule of mixtures of their components while the elongation at break exhibited adverse characteristics indicating incompatibility between ABS, HIPS and PP. The significant variations in the elongation at break of the blends appeared to be due to the ABS component. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an additional melt peak for the recycled blend compared to the virgin blend, otherwise the transitions were similar. The additional peak could be assigned to polyethylene in the PP component. The onset of the thermo-oxidative degradation was found to be at almost 190°C in the case of the recycled blend, which was high considering that it was close to that of the virgin blend and higher than expected from the rule of mixtures of the recycled components.
Operative nuances to safeguard anomalous vertebral artery without compromising the surgery for congenital atlantoaxial dislocation: untying a tough knot between vessel and bone
Authors: Salunke Pravin , Futane Sameer , Sahoo Sushant K. , Ghuman Mandeep S. , Khandelwal Niranjan
Published: November 2013

Object

Stabilization of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) by using lateral masses requires extensive dissection. The vertebral artery (VA) is commonly anomalous in patients with congenital CVJ anomaly. Such a vessel is likely to be injured during dissection or screw placement. In this study the authors discuss the importance of preoperative evaluation and certain intraoperative steps that reduce the chances of injury to such vessels.

Methods

A 3D CT angiogram was obtained in 15 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for congenital atlantoaxial dislocation. The course of the VA and its relationship to the C1–2 facets was studied in these patients. The anomalous VA was exposed intraoperatively, facet surfaces were drilled in all, and the screws were placed according to the disposition of the vessel.

Results

A skeletal anomaly was found in all 10 patients who had an anomalous VA. Four types of variations were noted: 1) the first intersegmental artery in 5 patients (bilateral in 1); 2) fenestration of VA in 1 patient; 3) anomalous posterior inferior cerebellar artery crossing the C1–2 joint in 1 patient; and 4) medial loop of VA in 5 patients. The anomalous vessel was dissected and the facet surfaces were drilled in all. The C-1 lateral mass screw was placed under vision, taking care not to compromise the anomalous vessel, although occipital screws or sublaminar wires were used in the initial cases. A medial loop of the VA necessitated placement of transpedicular or C-2 lateral mass screws instead of pars interarticularis screws. The anomalous vessel was injured in none.

Conclusions

Preoperative 3D CT angiography is a highly useful method of imaging the artery in patients with CVJ anomaly. It helps in identifying the anomalous VA or its branch and its relationship to the C1–2 facets. The normal side should be surgically treated and distracted first because this helps in opening the abnormal side, aiding in dissection. In the posterior approach the C-2 nerve root is always encountered before the anomalous vessel. The defined vascular anatomy helps in choosing the type of screw. The vessel should be mobilized so as to aid the drilling of facets and the placement of screws and spacers under vision, avoiding its injury (direct or indirect) or compression. With these steps, C1–2 (short segment) rigid fusion can be achieved despite the presence of anomalous VA.
Dying from Immortality: Notes for a Discussion with Martin Hägglund
Authors: Rabaté Jean-Michel
Published: November 2013

This paper praises Martin Hägglund for his general take on Derrida, while objecting to a certain rigidity in the use of the concept of survival. This concept allowed Hägglund to reject the temptation of a ‘religious’ Derrida in Radical Atheism, but in Dying for Time, it leads to a hurried reading of psychoanalysis. My objections revolve around several forms: the role of gods for Plato and Greek thought; the reductive reading of Diotima's speech in the Sympoisum, and an all too rapid rejection of the idea of the Todestrieb in Freud and Lacan. I go back to Derrida's reading of Freud in The Postcard to point out that he too had misread Freud's Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Finally, I argue that there can be something like a non-proper or improper immortality.
Developing Derrida's Psychoanalytic Graphology: Diametric and Concentric Spatial Movements
Authors: Downes Paul
Published: November 2013

Derrida's work encompasses dynamic spatial dimensions to understanding as a pervasive theme, including the search for a ‘new psychoanalytic graphology’ in Writing and Difference. This preoccupation with a spatial text for repression also occurs later in Archive Fever. Building on Derrida, this paper seeks to develop key aspects of a new dynamic psychoanalytic graphology through diametric and concentric interactive spatial relation. These spatial movements emerge from a radical reconstruction of a neglected aspect of structural anthropologist Lévi-Strauss’ work on spatial relations prior to myth. This psychoanalytic graphology is argued to silently pervade Freud's own direct accounts of repression. This graphological domain is developed through diametric and concentric spatial movements across common concerns of Derrida and Freud such as inversions, interruption and restoration, regarding traces in the unconscious. A spatial text is uncovered for diverse features of Freudian repression, including ambivalence in obsessional neurosis and psychosis, splitting of the ego and repetition compulsion. This psychoanalytic graphology challenges the construction of a restricted subjectivity based on repressive diametric spatial relations. It goes beyond Freud's logocentric repression, resonant with Derrida's more radical call for a wider spatio-temporal understanding of structures of differential relation, prior to causality and myth.
A Religious Centre with a Civic Circumference: Towards the Concept of a Deep Map of American Religion
Authors: Dunn Stuart , Kadish Lesley , Pasquier Michael
Published: November 2013

This methodological paper sets out a definition of, and a vision for, a deep map. A deep map is defined as a platform and a means of expressing historical narratives, and seeks to move beyond the current situation, where time is presented as an attribute of space, and space as an attribute of text. It sets out a conceptual design of a deep map which brings all three together, allowing articulation of a narrative in the history of one denomination of US religion, the Unitarian church in Indianapolis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
A Study of a Powder Coating Gun near Field: A Case of Staggered Concentric Jet Flow
Authors: Payne Graham , Matovic Darko , Grandmaison Edward
Published: November 2013

This paper examines, experimentally and numerically, an isothermal coaxial air jet, created by an innovative nozzle design for an air propane torch, used for the thermal deposition of polymers. This design includes staggering the origins of the central and annular jets and creating an annular air jet with an inward radial velocity component. The experimental work used a Pitot tube to measure axial velocity on the jet centerline and in the fully developed flow. The static gauge pressure in the near field was also measured and found to be positive, an unexpected result. The numerical work used Gambit and Fluent. An extensive grid sensitivity study was conducted and it was found that results from a relatively coarse mesh were substantially the same as results from a mesh with almost 11 times the number of control volumes. A thorough evaluation of all of the RANS models in Fluent 6.3.26 found that the flow fields they calculated showed at most partial agreement with the experimental results. The greatest difference between numerical and experimental results was the incorrect prediction by all RANS models of a recirculation zone in the near field on the jet axis. Experimental work showed it did not exist.