bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time of Flower Initiation in Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans’ as Related to Shoot and Leaf Elongation
Authors: Adams D. G. , Roberts A. N.
Published: August 2022

Recent interest in the production of Rhododendrons as potted plants has raised many questions concerning propagation, dormancy, flower initiation, and general patterns of growth and development. Cathey (1) has shown that general growth habit may be altered to give a more compact plant through the use of Phosphon or by B-nine. He found further that flower initiation could be stimulated after the production of 4-5 flushes of growth instead of the normal 8-9 flushes required under natural conditions, thus making this plant useful as a potted plant. Myhre (3) showed that large applications of phosphate fertilizer increased the number of terminal apices initiating flowers in ‘Cynthia’. In 1920, work in the Netherlands by Luyten and Versluys (2) indicated that leaf and flower initiation occurred early in the growth cycle, May 31 to June 8.
Vernalization in Easter Lilies ?
Authors: Langhans R. W. , Weiler T. C.
Published: August 2022

Since Derek Smith (23) in 1963 used the term vernalization to describe the cold storage requirement of Easter lilies, the appropriateness of the term periodically has been questioned. Even among those who now accept this terminology, differences of opinion have arisen in interpretation of past and current experimental results. It is with this in mind we wish to clarify our reasons for enthusiastically accepting the vernalization concept for Easter lilies.
A Number-Color-Coding Technique for Sand Culture Studies
Authors: Ballinger W. E.
Published: August 2022

Sand culture experiments with many treatments offer opportunities to apply a solution to the wrong container or plant. Such errors may destroy the treatment differences and, therefore, the experiment. Often it is necessary to depend on untrained personnel for the routine day-after-day application of solutions; this increases chance for error. Therefore, a system of number-color-coding has proven of great value.
Control of Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Seed Plants1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Hackett W. P.
Published: August 2022

Although for an entire plant, vegetative and reproductive development may proceed concurrently, at each shoot apical meristem a transition occurs from leaf production to bract or sepal production at the time of flower initiation. Subsequent stages of reproductive development are equally differentiated from that of vegetative development. Hence, vegetative and reproductive development represent alternative courses of differentiation of apical meristematic tissues.
The Role of Hormones in Fruit Set and Development
Authors: Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

This subject has been reviewed periodically by Nitsch (60) in 1953, Luckwill (53) in 1959, Leopold (47) in 1962, and lastly by Crane (19) in 1964. It has been pointed out repeatedly that the seeds in fruits are rich sources particularly of auxins, but also of gibberellins and cytokinins as well. Various types of evidence would indicate that these hormones emanating from the seeds stimulate growth of the fruit tissues surrounding them and also control fruit abscission. For example, in many fruits marked correlations exist between seed number and ultimate fruit size and also between seed distribution and fruit shape. Fruits that absciss prematurely are usually multi-seeded ones with a lower seed content than normal, or are single or multi-seeded fruits in which the seeds abort.
Ageing, Senescence, and Abscission in Plants: Phytogerontology
Authors: Addicott Fredrick T.
Published: August 2022

Present interest in ageing, senescence and abscission stems partly from the recognition that these processes are highly suitable for investigation by modern research methods, and partly from the urgent need to control the processes in numerous horticultural and agricultural situations.
A Portable Economical Instrument for Measuring Light and Temperature Intensity-Time Integrals
Authors: Cain John C.
Published: August 2022

In horticultural research there is frequent need to consider light and temperature factors in relation to plant growth and fruiting over an extended time interval; several weeks or an entire season or more for perennial plants.
Effect of Fungicides on Nutlet Set of Pecans1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A.
Published: August 2022

Fungicidal applications in 1966 exerted a profound influence on the number of nutlets set in 1967. Nutlet set ranged from practically none without fungicide sprays to 1.34 per terminal where 5 applications of Du-Ter were made at the rate of 0.12 lb per tree. Du-Ter was the most effective fungicide and dodine was next best in their enhancement of nutlet production. Dodine and Du-Ter were also most effective in controlling scab.
Yield Performance of (Juglans regia) ‘Payne’ on Seedlings of Northern California Black Walnut (Juglans hindsii) Rootstock at Three Planting Distances1
Authors: Martin George C. , Forde Harold I. , Serr Eugene F.
Published: August 2022

Walnut trees planted at 50’ × 30’ grew more slowly than xtrees at 50’ × 40’ or 50’ × 50’. Yields per tree were similar at all spacings early in the orchard’s life, but unit area yields later increased proportionately to the number of trees per acre. Long-term monetary returns above fixed costs were far greater as the number of trees per acre increased.
Public-Industry Position on Plant Variety Protection1
Authors: Weiss Martin G.
Published: August 2022

The American Seed Trade Association had legislation introduced to the 90th Congress which would have extended the present plant patent provisions for varieties of asexually reproduced plants to include varieties that are reproduced commercially by sexual means.
Approved Common Names for Pesticides1
Authors: Danielson Loran L. , Dallyn Stewart L.
Published: August 2022

Recognizing the need for coined common names for complex organic pesticide chemicals, the Federal Government in 1947 gave the Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control the responsibility for establishing appropriate names. By 1953 the committee had established common names for 24 pesticides. Beginning in 1954 the American Standards Association (predecessor to the USA Standards Institute), Sectional Committee K62, Common Names for Pest Control Chemicals, was given the responsibility for establishment of common names under the administrative sponsorship of the United States Department of Agriculture. A total of 91 common names was established by these two committees as of May 1, 1968.
Legal Maturity of ‘Temple’ Oranges as Influenced by Lead Arsenate Sprays1,2
Authors: Reese R. L. , Eldon Brown G.
Published: August 2022

Applications of lead arsenate to ‘Temple’ oranges lowered the titratable acid content but not the soluble solids or percentage juice. The percentage total decay, peel injury, and creasing were not appreciably influenced by the lead arsenate sprays. Fruit from trees sprayed with lead arsenate passed legal maturity standards 15 to 20 days earlier than fruit from non-sprayed trees.
Organizing and Presenting a Technical Paper1
Authors: Maxie E. C.
Published: August 2022

At each annual meeting of the Society a number of papers are presented poorly. Not the only offenders are inexperienced graduate students and junior horticulturists. Most of us share some blame - and should do something about it!
The Influence of N-dimethylamino Succinomic Acid Pretreatment on Chemically Induced Leaf Abscission of Certain Deciduous Woody Plants1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: August 2022

The growth retarding effect of N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) on certain deciduous fruit trees in the orchard was first reported in 1964 (1). Its value for size control in the nursery where tree size is sometimes excessive was subsequently reported in 1967 (3). It was reported in 1954 (2) that certain growth regulators applied prior to the application of a nursery stock defoliant reduced the effectiveness of the defoliant.
Evidence of Increased Fruit Set in Lowbush Blueberry by Using Honeybees
Authors: Wood G. W.
Published: August 2022

Field trials carried out with honeybees as pollinators of lowbush blueberry in 1968 showed significant increases in per cent fruit set over that obtained by native bees alone. Previous studies with honeybees have given inconsistent results. The high sets obtained in 1968 were attributed to a greater concentration of bees working on blueberry because of a scarcity of floral competition.
Effects of Certain Growth Regulators on Low Temperature Injury of Cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium1
Authors: Bruckel D. W. , Wiggans S. C.
Published: August 2022

The growth substances Alar, gibberellin, maleic hydrazide, and phosfon were applied to Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars and their effects on low temperature injury resistance determined electrolytically. Single and repeated applications of Alar and maleic hydrazide were found to reduce effectively low temperature injury, but gibberellin and phosfon applications did not affect resistance to injury.
Tree Fruit and Grape Harvest Mechanization Progress and Problems
Authors: Fridley Robert B.
Published: August 2022

The past decade has seen a marked increase in the mechanical harvest of some tree fruits grown on the Pacific Coast. Prunes and cherries are extensively harvested by a shake-catch method, walnuts and almonds by pickup machines or catching frames and tree shakers, and figs by pickup machines after natural drop. The trend indicates that machine harvest of clingstone peaches, apricots, and grapes will soon be commonplace.
Starch Content in Cherry Stems Near Loci of Graft, Banding and Scoring1
Authors: Carlson R. F. , Yu Kyung
Published: August 2022

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) budded on Mahaleb (P. mahaleb L.) in some instances exhibit incompatibility symptoms, but less frequently when on Mazzard rootstock (4). The symptoms of incompatibility of sweet cherry cultivars on Mahaleb are over-growth above the graft union and premature defoliation in the fall. Longitudinal sections through the graft union reveal a thick phloem and bark just above the graft union, whereas, no major abnormalities appear in the xylem area of the graft union (4).
An Analysis of the Inputs for Horticultural Research in 1967
Authors: Harris C. I. , Walker David R.
Published: August 2022

The authors, extracting from their experiences with CSRS have provided a “box score” for research in horticulture. Extensive interpretation has not been attenpted, but comments and evaluations by readers are welcomed.
Nature and Occurrence of Juglone in Juglans nigra L.1
Authors: Lee K. C. , Campbell R. W.
Published: August 2022

Black walnut toxicity to crop plants was found to be due to the juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) in the tree (5). Cook (3) and Massey (9) suggested that toxic material came from the roots of the walnut tree. Bode (2) believed that the toxin came from the leaves. However, the quantity of juglone in the different parts of the walnut tree has not been fully established. Daglish (4) conducted experiments on Juglans regia, in which he suggested that juglone existed in the plant as glucoside of 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene. On hydrolysis it yielded glocose and alpha-hydrojuglone.. This non-toxic hydrojuglone is oxidized to its toxic juglone from exposure to the air or some oxidizing substance from roots of other plants (6). Recent experimental data (Wang, unpublished) showed that 10 ppm commercially purified juglone reduced tomato seedling growth by 50 per cent when roots were immersed in the solution. A 100 ppm application killed the seedlings.
Stem-cavity Browning of McIntosh Apples1,2
Authors: Webster D. H. , Eaves C. A. , Forsyth F. R.
Published: August 2022

A browning of the stem-cavity region is frequently the first externally visible storage disorder to appear in Mcintosh apples. Stem-cavity brpwning is associated with core browning and is of commercial significance for it may develop after several days at 21°C during marketing (2). A somewhat similar disorder of Sturmer apples, stalk-end scald, was reported to preferentially affect terminal apples and to be controlled by scald inhibitors (3). Casual observation suggested that both size and position in the blossom cluster influenced development of stem-cavity browning of Mcintosh apples.
Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants1
Authors: Hageman R. H.
Published: August 2022

Phosphorus is ubiquitous and multi-functional in plant metabolism and possesses chemical and physical properties that facilitate experimentation. Consequently, it has been extensively studied and the accumulated literature almost defies condensation. A major goal of this presentation is to be provocative with the hope that valid questions will be raised that could lead to productive research.
Peach Thinning with Ethylene1
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M.
Published: August 2022

A resurgence of interest has been focused on the search for a chemical which would evolve ethylene after foliar application and thus induce plant growth responses. One such compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), has been under study as a peach thinner at the University of California orchards at Davis. It has been assumed that the peach thinning induced by Ethrel was caused by the ethylene gas which is released after application2. As an adjunct to the work with Ethrel, we were interested in the thinning action of ethylene gas and the resultant gross effects on the treated tree parts.
Mechanical Pollination of Two Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Vaccinium corymbosum1
Authors: Brewer J. W. , Dobson R. C. , Nelson J. W.
Published: August 2022

Mechanical pollination trials using air blasts and vibration to distribute pollen were conducted on the highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum cvs. ‘Jersey’ and ‘Rubel’. Neither treatment nor a simultaneous combination of the two gave commercial fruit set for either cultivar. Mechanical trials on the ‘Rubel’ cultivar indicated almost total failure to effect pollination. Production from ‘Jersey’ cultivar mechanical pollination trials was more promising. However, low seed numbers indicated that the increased production of this cultivar might be due to its tendency to set fruit parthenocarpically.
Nectar Studies of the Highbush Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L., cv. ‘Rubel’ and ‘Jersey’1
Authors: Brewer J. W. , Dobson R. C.
Published: August 2022

Sugar concentration in nectar from ‘Jersey’ variety blueberry blossoms was significantly higher than that from ‘Rubel’. Nectar volume was not significantly different for the 2 varieties. For both varieties sugar concentration increased as the day progressed and volume of nectar decreased. As the blossoms aged, nectar concentration and volume increased for both varieties. Paper chromatographic analysis of nectar from both varieties indicated no differences in component sugars.
Bighart, An Improved Pimiento Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Variety1,2
Authors: Greenleaf W. H. , Hollingworth M. H. , Harris Hubert , Rymal K. S.
Published: August 2022

Bighart, an improved Pimiento pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) variety (Fig. 1), was developed at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, and released to the Associated Pimiento Canners in February 1969. Bighart averaged 74% more yield than the commercial Truhart variety in 2 years’ trials at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Bighart fruits were 37% heavier, had 13% thicker walls and gave a 10% higher recovery of canned product than those of Truhart. In addition, the concentrated fruit set and fruit maturity of Bighart promises suitability for machine harvest.
Evidence of a Respiratory Climacteric in Highbush and Lowbush Blueberry Fruit
Authors: Ismail Amr A. , Kender Walter J.
Published: August 2022

The respiratory rates for eight stages of development of highbush and lowbush blueberry fruits ranging from immature green to senescence are presented. Based on these data, the blueberry exhibits a typical climacteric respiration curve. An increase in temperature from 15.5°C to 25.5°C resulted in an increase in the respiration rate.
Plural-Seeded Acorns in Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.)1
Authors: Beck Allan R. , Weigle Jack L.
Published: August 2022

Plural-seeded acorns of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) were observed in seven of 18 trees, with one tree producing acorns containing as many as five seeds. The frequency of plural-seeded acorns for individual trees ranged from 0% to 62%. There was no correlation between diameter of acorns and number of seeds per acorn.
The Role of Ripening in the Affairs of Man
Authors: Patterson Max E
Published: August 2022

The purposes of this symposium are to focus attention on the subject of ripening, to consider the nature of the ripening process, to reveal developments concerning morphology and mechanisms, and to promote thinking covering control of ripening.
Morphological Changes in Ripening Fruit
Authors: Spurr Arthur R.
Published: August 2022

Many events in the ripening of fruit have received intensive study, yet we have little information on some of the structural changes involved. It is of value to summarize the current morphological information in the field of fruit ripening so that it may be considered in relation to the other contributions to this symposium. Not only is attention given here to structure during ripening, but some biochemical and physiological data in which structural changes are strongly implicated are considered. Our attention is limited to studies on the ripening of fleshy horticultural fruits; however, the phenomena considered may apply to other types of fruits or to other plant parts and tissues.
Environmental Factors Affecting Ripening of Fruits
Authors: Smock R. M.
Published: August 2022

Since the scope of this subject is too vast to cover details, only a broad outline pointing out some unanswered questions will be given.
TIBA-Induced Pitting of Golden Delicious Apples
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Williams Max W.
Published: August 2022

The chemical 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA 1,2) has been reported by workers in the United States (1,2,3,4,8) and other countries (6,7) to influence flower bud initiation and branch angle of apple trees. This report describes injury to fruits and pedicels of Golden Delicious and to foliage of Golden Delicious, Delicious and Winesap apple trees from the application of 25 ppm TIBA about 4 weeks after bloom in North Central Washington.
Comparative Endosperm Cytokinesis in Two Low Chilling, Short Cycle Peaches and a Nectarine1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Edwards T. W.
Published: August 2022

Development from free nuclear to completely cellular endosperm was observed in ‘Flordasun’ and ‘Early Amber’ peaches and ‘Sunred’ nectarine. The free nuclear stage was present at 33, 38 and 49 days before first harvest, respectively, after which cytokinesis began. Approximately a third of the fruit had completely cellular endosperm at 23, 32 and 43 days before first harvest, at which times seed lengths and fruit diameters were 13.5 and 24.1 mm, 13.2 and 22.9 mm, and 11.4 and 20.5 mm, respectively. During cytokinesis, fruit and seed sizes were larger in the varieties with a shorter developmental cycle. Endosperm was completely cellular in all fruit of each variety at 19, 30 and 39 days and early stages of stone hardening was observed at 21, 30 and 43 days before first harvest. Seed length, fruit diameter and fruit volume were highly correlated within each variety and these parameters were related to the stages of endosperm development.
Breeding for Insect Resistance in Vegetables1
Authors: Stoner Allan K.
Published: August 2022

Insects inflict over $185 million in losses to vegetables annually in the United States (Table 1). An additional $100 million or more is spent controlling vegetable insects. Totaled the losses and control costs amount to approximately 18% of the value of vegetables grown in the U.S.
Sweetpotato Plant Production as Influenced by Gibberellin and 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Bowers J. L.
Published: August 2022

Plant production was increased by treating ‘Centennial’ and ‘Julian’ sweetpotato roots with 250 to 1000 ppm GA or 1000 to 4000 ppm CEPA (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). In general, GA treated plants were taller than controls and CEPA treated plants were shorter. Cutting roots into sections also increased plant production regardless of chemical treatment.
Some Effects of CCC and Alar on Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of Apple1
Authors: McDonnell P. F. , Edgerton L. J.
Published: August 2022

The growth retardants, CCC and Alar, were compared for their effects on fruit set and fruit quality of apple. Early season sprays were applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ and midsummer applications were made on ‘Idared’. Pre-bloom sprays of Alar increased fruit set on ‘Golden Delicious’. Pre-bloom applications of CCC and post-bloom applications of Alar tended to reduce set. Neither chemical influenced fruit size, flesh firmness or percent soluble solids of ‘Golden Delicious’ at the concentration used in this study. Pre-bloom sprays of both retardants increased the severity of fruit russet on this cultivar; post-bloom sprays did not affect russet. On ‘Idared’, Alar reduced fruit size and increased red color; it also increased flesh firmness at harvest but not after storage to March. CCC did not affect any measured characteristic of ‘Idared’ apples.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide (Alar) on Bloom Delay and Fruit Development of Delicious Apples1
Authors: Sullivan D. T. , Widmoyer F. B.
Published: August 2022

Alar applied at the rate of 4000 ppm to ‘Delicious’ apple trees in the fall delayed bloom the following spring four to five days and increased fruit set. At harvest, the fruits were smaller, less elongated, had more advanced ground color and expressible juice. Fruit diameter, over color, flesh color, soluble solids, and respiration rate were not affected.
Plant Constituents as they Affect Quality in Vegetables
Authors: McCollum J. P.
Published: August 2022

Assays for quality in vegetables are not generally considered difficult. Even the constituents of flavors may be determined readily by modern analytical methods. Characteristics such as color, sweetness, tenderness, crispness, pungency, and acidity can be readily observed. The apparent simplicity of a study of quality often obscures its complexity.
Genetics and Breeding Cooperatives for Horticultural Crops
Authors: Rick Charles M.
Published: August 2022

Attention here will be confined to those non-profit groups that serve to exchange information and materials related to genetics and breeding of specific horticultural crops. Being independent of the formal scientific societies and having arisen electively according to demand, they are highly heterogeneous in regard to functions, organization, support, and even titles. In most respects this heterogeneity is commendable since the needs of the various groups differ, and each group develops a distinctive character. It is beyond the scope of this article to present all the details of each cooperative, but they will be compared in respect to the most important aspects of their structure and functions. I hope to avoid an excessive slant toward the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, with which I have been associated since its inception. Excluded from major consideration in this article are groups devoted exclusively to line testing (ex. Southern Tomato Exchange Program, STEP), those covering an entire crop group (e.g. Vegetable Improvement Newsletter, VIN; Small Fruit Workers, SFW), or those which are restricted regionally.
A Strawberry Harvest Mechanization System1
Authors: Quick Graeme R. , Denisen Ervin L.
Published: August 2022

The development of a narrow bed cultivation technique, concentrated ripening varieties, and a novel machine for harvesting is presented as a potential solution to problems of strawberry production for processing.

Results of tests in the 1969 season and the steps in the development of this system are described. The harvester itself can readily be mounted on certain conventionally designed garden tractors.

The cost of equipment required and results obtained are sufficiently encouraging to suggest that an economical minimum labor production system might again be possible in areas which have been forced to abandon strawberry production by rising costs.
Winterhardiness in Strawberries for the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Norton R. A. , Schwartze C. D. , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: August 2022

Winter injury is the greatest limiting factor in strawberry production in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington. In recent years the problem has been accentuated by the susceptibility of the widely grown cultivar ‘Northwest’ to injury. During the winter of 1968-1969, conditions were such that severe injury occurred in strawberry plantings throughout the region. It was possible, therefore, to assess the relative winter hardiness of various cultivars and advanced selections, from the strawberry breeding programs in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, which had been placed at 5 locations in 1968. All the cultivars or selections were more winter hardy than Northwest and several appeared to have an outstanding level of hardiness. Some of the more hardy selections have as good processing quality as Northwest and at least one is likely to replace it within the next few years.
Comparative Effects of Gibberellin and Parthenocarpy on the Shape and Maturation of Peaches1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E.
Published: August 2022

A 500 ppm gibberellin A3 (GA) spray applied shortly after full bloom to unemasculated peach flowers caused some fruit to develop parthenocarpically. Nonparthenocarpic fruit sprayed with GA were similar to parthenocarpic fruit in their elongated shape and advanced maturity, and dissimilar to unsprayed control fruit. The applied GA, rather than a lack of ovule development, is therefore primarily responsible for alterations in shape and maturity of parthenocarpic peaches.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Carotene Development in ‘Alphonso’ Mango1
Authors: Subramanyam H. , Sebastian K.
Published: August 2022

Five minute dips in aqueous solutions of 2,500 ppm Alar at 25C had no consistent effect on carotene content of the flesh of ‘Alphonso’ mangoes. A similar dip at 53C caused an increase in both total carotenoids and in β-carotene. This was associated with increased respiratory rate and advance of the respiratory climacteric.
Post-Year Effects of N-Dimethylaminosuccinamic Acid on ‘Concord’ Grapes, Vitis labrusca L.12
Authors: Tukey Loren D. , Fleming Harold K.
Published: August 2022

The effects from the foliar aqueous sprays of DMAS applied between pre- and full-bloom to mature ‘Concord’ grape vines did not appear to be transmitted to the post-treatment year. The number of clusters per vine in the post-treatment year was not influenced either by the concentration or the time of application of DMAS. Yield of DMAS treated vines in the post-treatment year was highly correlated with the number of clusters per vine that year.
Production Efficiency of a Large and a Small ‘McIntosh’ Apple Tree1
Authors: Forshey C. G. , McKee M. Wayne
Published: August 2022

There were no differences between a large (29.0 ft branch spread) and a small (10.5 ft branch spread) ‘McIntosh’ apple tree in total dry matter accumulated per unit of occupied land. However, the small tree produced 80.6% more fruit on a unit area basis. In terms of leaf efficiency, the small tree produced 60.4% more dry matter per unit weight of leaves than the large tree.
Ethylene Levels in Tomato Fruits Following Treatment with Ethrel1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Wilczynski H. , de la Guardia M. , Robinson R. W.
Published: August 2022

Internal ethylene concentrations in green tomato fruits rose to a maximum of 30 to 70 ppm within 2 to 5 hours of dipping in a 10,000 ppm solution of Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), then fell to approximately 5 ppm after 24 hours. A second rise in ethylene concentration was associated with fruit ripening, and was observed both in treated fruits and in untreated fruits which ripened as a result of removal from the plant. Incubation of Ethrel with homogenates of green tomato fruits likewise resulted in evolution of ethylene. Autoclaving or boiling the homogenates did not affect activity, indicating that release of ethylene from the chemical was non-enzymatic.
Differentiating Diploid from Tetraploid Seedlings of Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Howard Ellison J. , Tiangco Elito S.
Published: August 2022

Tetraploid asparagus seedlings were produced from diploid seeds by means of colchicine treatment. Stomata length and cladophyll width were reliable characters for identifying diploids and tetraploids, but number of cladophylls per whorl and cladophyll length were unreliable.
Tomato Protection from Atrazine Residue by Activated Carbon Root Dips1
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Warren G. F.
Published: August 2022

Root dips of tomato transplants in slurries of activated carbon provided significant but not total protection from a 1 lb./A simulated residue of atrazine in the soil. Although activated carbon slurries did not damage roots, direct contact with the foliage caused severe injury.
The Influence of Growth Regulators and Temperature on Flowering of Seed Propagated Geraniums1
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Carlson William H.
Published: August 2022

The influence of B-Nine (2500 ppm), F 529 (1250 ppm), TIBA (250 ppm), IAA (100 ppm), Ethrel (1000 ppm), Cycocel spray (1475 ppm) and soil drench (2950 ppm) were investigated on seed propagated geranium, cv. ‘Carefree Scarlet’. IAA had no effect on date of flowering, plant height or branching, but TIBA sprayed plants flowered significantly earlier and Ethrel sprays significantly delayed it. Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching. A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering, but sprays had no effect on flowering. In growth chambers with 12-hour light periods of 75 F and 12-hour dark periods of 70 F, 60 F, or 50 F, earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F. The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures.
Relation of Stress-Strain Properties of Tomato Skin to Cracking of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Batal K. M. , Weigle J. L. , Foley D. C.
Published: August 2022

Stress-strain measurements of the skin from fruit of 5 tomato cultivars were related to field data for fruit cracking. No relationship was found between modulus of elasticity and fruit cracking, but ultimate force and breaking elongation showed inverse relationships to fruit cracking. Breaking elongation, which reflects both elasticity and plasticity of the skin, should be of value in estimating crack resistance of tomato fruit. The Instron instrument was used to determine these mechanical properties.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Sex Expression and Yield in Butternut Squash and its Usefulness in Producing Hybrid Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: August 2022

Ethrel, 250 ppm, applied at 9 weekly intervals, starting when the first true leaf was about 1 inch in diam. produced 91% pistillate flowers, increased fruit numbers, and decreased fruit wt of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ squash. Plant spread was reduced under this treatment due to a shortening of in tern ode length. Treatments of 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm of Ethrel applied once did not change significantly the no. of pistillate flowers on a whole plant basis. The total fruit yield did not differ among treatments. Ethrel could be used to develop a female line of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ as an aid in the development of F1 hybrids having low crookneck frequency.
Turnip Root Production Studies in Regard to Different Cultural Practices1
Authors: del Valle C. G.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments with turnips (Brassica rapa L.) from 1963 to 1968 compared fertilizer placement methods, seeding rates, boron sources, and different methods of precision seeding on Tifton loamy sand. No consistent yield differences were found among the 4 methods of fertilizer placement. Yield was reduced as spacing was reduced from 6 to 3 inches within the rows. Borate 65 was not phytotoxic and was better than borax in controlling brown heart of roots. It was equally effective as a control measure whether applied at seeding time or sidedressed 30 days after seeding. Among methods of precision seeding the Keystone seed tape was most precise in controlling spacing and resulted in 2 days earlier emergence.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: August 2022

The papers of this symposium will effectively illustrate the 2 most serious characteristics of the relationship between pollution and horticulture: there are innumerable problems to solve and there is little knowledge available to help solve them. An obvious conclusion is that there is a need for a massive research effort in the horticultural world to attack these problems. The ad hoc Committee on Environmental Pollution was formed over a year ago to alert horticulturists to this need and to help provide ideas, motivation, and means to develop appropriate research programs.
Plant Tissue Monitoring for Fluorides
Authors: Compton O. C.
Published: August 2022

Air contamination by fluorides is one of our major air pollution problems. These compounds are released by industries processing clays, ores, phosphate rock, coal, or any other fluorine-containing materials. Aluminum reduction, ceramic, phosphate, chemical, steel, and thermal power generation works all release fluorides in their normal manufacturing processes. Both gaseous and particulate fluorides may be emitted.
Growth-Retardant-Treated Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E. , Garrison S. A. , Bergman E. L. , Shannon S.
Published: August 2022

The effects of growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) on tomato transplants were evaluated in 9 field experiments. Two or more applications of 5,000 ppm of SADH at the seedling stage offers promise in scheduling tomato harvest by decreasing early yield.
The Effectiveness of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide in Preventing Preharvest Drop of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Martin George C. , Griggs William H.
Published: August 2022

‘Bartlett’ pear trees were sprayed 2 weeks after full bloom or 4 weeks before harvest with a single application of succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) at 1,000 or 2,000 ppm. Some trees that received 1,000 ppm were given a second application of Alar at 1,000 ppm 3 weeks after full bloom or 3 weeks before harvest. Alar was as effective as NAA at 10 ppm in preventing preharvest drop of fruits. Alar applied as a double spray early in the season or as a single or double spray late in the season was equally effective. Use of Alar as a preharvest drop spray provides great flexibility as it can be applied over a wide range of time. No undesirable side effects were noted from the use of Alar.
Proposed Guidelines for Reporting Studies Conducted in Controlled Environment Chambers1
Authors: Krizek Donald T.
Published: August 2022

The ASHS Working Group on Controlled Environments will sponsor an informal Evening Discussion on “Growth Chamber Research” at the annual ASHS Meeting in Miami, Florida on Monday, November 2.
Effects of Growth Retardants on Growth of Geranium Seedlings1 and Flowering
Authors: Semeniuk Pete , Taylor Robert
Published: August 2022

An inbred line of geranium seedlings was treated with CEPA and ABA sprays, CCC and CBBP drenches, and combinations of sprays and drenches. CEPA, CCC, and CBBP were physiologically active in altering the growth habits of geranium seedlings. ABA was relatively inactive. The earliest observable responses were dwarfing, stimulation of basal branching, and development of darker green leaves. CEPA alone or in combination with CCC or CBBP stimulated the greatest number of basal branches, but inhibited flower initiation for 70 days. Dwarfing effect was long-lasting in treatments with combinations of CEPA and CCC or CBBP. None of the growth retardant treatments had an effect on fruit development, seed germination, or seedling growth.
Brown Tip of Gladiolus Induced by Applications of Fertilizer Materials1
Authors: Jenkins J. M.
Published: August 2022

Exposing gladiolus plants to ozone in a closed chamber, to strong winds produced by fans, or to leaf mutilation at the base did not result in any serious leaf injury. Sodium nitrate or potassium chloride applied on exposed roots caused the development of necrotic leaf tips. Superphosphate dusted lightly on the leaves caused severe brown tip.
Response of Easter Lily to Bulb Treatments of Precooling, Packing Media, Moisture, and Gibberellin1
Authors: Laiche Adolph J. , Box C. O.
Published: August 2022

‘Harson’ lily bulbs were precooled at 45 to 50°F for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks in damp peat (68% moisture) or dry peat (8% moisture) and then soaked for 2 hr in a 900 ppm solution of GA or tap water prior to forcing. Bulbs precooled in damp peat for 4 to 6 weeks had the shortest stems and earliest flowering. Four weeks precooling in damp peat hastened stem emergence and flowering but reduced flower no. as compared to those precooled 6 weeks in dry peat. Bulbs GA treated and precooled 2 weeks flowered about 4 weeks earlier without a decrease in flower no. compared with bulbs precooled for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Bulbs precooled 4 weeks in dry peat and treated with GA emerged and flowered as early as those precooled in damp peat for 4 weeks without GA or those in dry peat 6 weeks with or without GA. GA treatment hastened flowering similar to that caused by precooling in damp peat.
Effects of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid Treatment at Various Stages of Cucumber Development1
Authors: Lower R. L. , Miller C. H. , Baker F. H. , McCombs C. L.
Published: August 2022

Aqueous solutions of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at concn of 120 ppm were applied twice at 48 hr intervals to monoecious cucumber plants having either 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 true leaves. Slight checks in plant growth were noted at treatments through the 6th leaf. Plants treated at either the 8th, 10th, or 12th leaf were severely checked in growth and pistillate flowers open at time of treatment and developing floral primordia aborted within a week; however, all treated plants recovered and flowering resumed 15-18 days after treatment. Ethrel treatment, regardless of time of application, resulted in increased no. of pistillate flowers, concentrated pistillate flower production, and a significant reduction in the no. of staminate flowers.
Evaluation of Pickles from Cucumber Plants1 Treated with 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. , Fleming H. P.
Published: August 2022

Cucumbers from plants of a gynoecious cultivar treated with 0, 240, or 480 ppm 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel)were made into fresh-pack pickles and brine stock and evaluated by experienced judges. Fruit from Ethrel-treated plants were shorter than those from untreated plants. Otherwise there were no significant differences in appearance, flavor, texture, firmness, bloater formation, or acceptability of the processed product.
Lowbush Blueberry Growth as Influenced by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Valenzuela J. B. , Kender W. J.
Published: August 2022

Aerial shoot growth and rhizome production of greenhouse grown lowbush blueberry plants were stimulated by foliar applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 50 and 100 ppm. Increasing concentrations of 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm resulted in a correspondingly greater growth inhibition. At 100 ppm, Ethrel solutions without a surfactant caused growth promotion when compared to plants treated with Ethrel with a surfactant.
Tomato Heat Unit Accumulation At Various Locations in California1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J.
Published: August 2022

Calculated maturity dates based on a common hypothetical planting date and a 43°F base temperature indicated a 38 day spread in tomato maturity among 12 locations in California. In the inland valleys assumed maturity corresponded to the marine ventilation pattern. Isotherm patterns showed that the cooler longer season areas were in the delta at the confluence of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and shorter season areas were in concentric zones on the perimeter of the delta.
Asparagus Tetraploids from Callus Tissue1
Authors: Malnassy Phillip , Howard Ellison J.
Published: August 2022

Ploidy levels were studied of asparagus plants propagated by rooted cuttings and callus tissue culture. A shift to the tetraploid condition was observed in the majority of plants derived via the callus tissue culture method and in rooted cuttings which developed callus as they rooted. Rooted cuttings without callus remained diploid. Meiotic abnormalities and low fertility were observed in the tetraploids.
About Our Cover
Authors: Cutting C. V.
Published: August 2022

Although the Long Ashton Research Station of the University of Bristol, England, became internationally noted for its pioneer work on plant nutrition and plant protection, advances of equal significance have been made in other subjects. One of these is the study of Plant Surfaces, under the direction of Dr. J. T. Martin whose survey, (with Dr. B. E. Juniper), “The Cuticles of Plants” has recently been published.
Horticultural Education in Turkish Universities1
Authors: Bienz D. R.
Published: August 2022

Training of foreign university students is one of the more important aspects of our nation’s commitment to the betterment of life in developing countries. Because of this commitment, most horticulturists have or will have contact with students from Africa, Asia, South America or the Middle East. Not infrequently, both the student and his American advisors and instructors experience frustrations which result from the different educational experience and social attitude of the foreign student. Spending a year in Turkey has greatly increased my appreciation for the difficulties these people face when they come to the United States for advanced training.
Replant Problem in Quartz Sand1
Authors: Bunemann Gerhard , Jensen Anne Merete
Published: August 2022

Thoroughly washed quartz sand previously used in culture experiments inhibited seed germination and growth of apple seedlings and grafts. The addition of potassium did not overcome this problem. Black currant germination was unaffected and growth was stimulated by washed used sand.
Leaf Anatomy and Shoot Growth in a Compact Strain of ‘Delicious’ Apple Compared to a Normal Strain Treated with Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide1
Authors: Eaton G.W. , Liu A.
Published: August 2022

Leaf anatomy and shoot growth of ‘Harrolds Red Delicious’ (‘HRD’) apple trees treated with succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) were compared with those of an untreated compact mutant strain, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (‘SD’). Leaf anatomy of the untreated ‘HRD’ and ‘SD’ were not significantly different. Alar treatments of ‘HRD’ increased thickness of spongy parenchyma, palisade parenchyma, the length but not the no. of palisade cells and total leaf thickness. The site most affected by Alar was the palisade parenchyma. Alar also suppressed shoot growth rate and the treatment effect became noticeable 1 week after treatment. The shoot growth curves were quite similar for ‘SD’ and Alar-treated ‘HRD’.
Relation of Temperature and Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Berry Set in the ‘Concord’ Grape1
Authors: Tukey Loren D.
Published: August 2022

The no. of berries on primary and secondary clusters of ‘Concord’ grape vines was significantly increased by succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at each temperature exposure in field growth chambers: natural (average day 71° F, night 53°) 51%; warm (day 80°, night 55°-60°) 61%; and hot (day 90°, night 65°-70°) 29%. The SADH treatment also caused a significant reduction in cluster length when compared to the non-treated vine-half at each temperature exposure. The smallest berries were found on the SADH treated half of each vine, and the shortest length of clusters on the vine in the hot condition.
The Effects of Growth Retardants and Temperature on the Growth and Flowering of Poinsettia cvs. ‘Annette Hegg’ and ‘Eckespoint C-l’1
Authors: Love Joseph W. , Larson Roy A. , Hilliard Bobby G.
Published: August 2022

Two poinsettia cultivars, ‘Annette Hegg’ and ‘Eckespoint C-l’ were grown at 60° and 65°F night temperatures, and subjected to growth retardant treatments. 2-ChloroethyI trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) soil drenches resulted in the shortest plants, but effective height control was achieved with combination spray applications of CCC and succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), or CCC and N-pyrrolidinosuccinamic acid (F 529) applied once, or 2 foliar applications of CCC applied 3 weeks apart. Date of flowering was not appreciably affected by the growth retardants, but was affected by temperature. Flowering was accelerated at the warmer temperature, but plant heights and bract diam were similar at both temperatures.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Growth and Flowering of Broccoli1
Authors: Fontes M. R. , Ozbun J. L.
Published: August 2022

The effects of growth retardants succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzy 1-tributylphosphonim chloride (CBBP) on growth and flowering of Brassica oleracea var. italica, cv. ‘Waltham 29’ (broccoli) were investigated. All 3 compounds reduced plant height. At higher concn SADH reduced the no. of plants flowering in both cold and non-cold treated plants. Neither floral induction nor leaf no. was significantly affected by CBBP or CCC. Leaf no. increased with increasing conc of SADH, as a probable result of the increased inhibition of floral initiation.
Horticultural Teaching in Oregon’S Secondary Schools
Authors: Smith R. Albert
Published: August 2022

Horticultural instruction in secondary schools is not new. In fact, it dates back to the middle ages in Western Germany (2). Some of the earlier high school horticultural programs in the United States are found in Los Angeles, 1908 (1), Cleveland, 1911 (1), and Boston 1918 (11). However, only since 1963, has horticultural instruction in secondary schools become widespread in the United States. Loewen (4) conducted a survey of the 50 states in 1968 and found 31 of the 43 states responding had such horticultural programs.
Are We Training Our Undergraduates as Professional Horticulturists?
Authors: Mahlstede J. P.
Published: August 2022

Most of us gathered here consider ourselves professional horticulturists. Some define their profession as that of teacher, scientist, or extension specialist. Others regard themselves as commodity-oriented professionals in olericulture, pomology, viticulture, ornamental horticulture, or enology. Summaries from questionnaires emanating from the composite of study committees of this organization suggest that professional horticulturists might be classified by field of science; that is, broadly as biologists, with specializations in physiology, morphology, ecology, cell biology, molecular genetics, and so forth.
In-Service Training Programs for Extension Staff1
Authors: Minges P. A.
Published: August 2022

The trend in extension education is toward greater specialization and increased responsibility among the field staff for the educational programs directed to specific audiences. This generally leads to a greater demand for in-service training of extension agents. It is often true that the specialized extension agent arrives on his job with more training in his speciality, but sadly lacking in much of the knowledge and many of the skills essential to conduct an effective extension program in his area of responsibility. Though most good extension workers gradually acquire essential knowledge and develop skills through their own efforts, they should reach a desirable level of competence in much less time if some formal in-service training is provided. For experienced personnel, programs to help keep them up-to-date are highly desirable, and in some cases, special training is needed to prepare them for new responsibilities.