bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL DISSONANCE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL‐BEING: THE IMPORTANCE OF ROLE INTERNALISATION AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE
Authors: Morris J. Andrew , Feldman Daniel C.
Published: January 2008

Over the last ten years, increasing attention has been given to employees' displays of emotions to customers during service transactions and particularly to how organisations try to control these emotional displays (Adelmann, 1989; Ashforth & Humphrey, 1993; Hochschild, 1983; Rafaeli & Sutton, 1987, 1989; Wharton & Erickson, 1993). The act of expressing organisationally‐desired emotions during service interactions has been labelled emotional labour (Ashforth & Humphrey, 1993; Hochschild, 1983). The issue in emotional labour research which has received the most focus has been “emotional dissonance”, that is, the state of discomfort generated in employees when they have to express emotions which they do not genuinely feel (Middleton, 1989). In large part, this attention to emotional dissonance has been based on the potential negative consequences that emotional dissonance can have for workers psychological well being (Hochschild, 1983; Erickson, 1991; Rafaeli & Sutton, 1987; Wharton, 1993). This study seeks to extend previous empirical research on when emotional dissonance is most likely to result in these negative consequences and, especially, the importance of role internalisation as a mediating variable in the emotional dissonance‐psychological well‐being relationship.
ENTERING INTO A BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP OR JOINT VENTURE IN THAILAND — A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Sheehan Brian
Published: January 2008

In recent years the Thai economy has performed extremely well. The growth rate in 1987 was almost 7%, the highest of the Asian countries at that time, and in 1988, 1989 and 1990, the growth rates in G.D.P. were even more spectacu‐lar, 10.9%, 13.2% and 10% respectively, or an 11.7% average over the three years, making Thailand the fastest growing economy in the world over this period.
Thought Self‐leadership: Cognitive Strategies for Managerial Effectiveness
Authors: Neck Christopher P. , Edwards Todd M.
Published: January 2008

The organisational literature suggests a plethora of techniques available to managers to enhance their managerial effectiveness (e.g., planning tools, decision‐making guidelines, etc.). However, an often‐overlooked skill that could assist managers in overcoming obstacles in their daily jobs involves the self‐management of their cognitive processes. In fact, a leading psychologist has written, “One of the most significant findings in psychology in the last twenty years is that individuals can choose the way they think,” (Seligman, 1991, p.8). It has been suggested that managers can better lead themselves and work more effectively with others by applying strategies that help them to manage or control their thoughts. More productive thinking and improved performance are the payoffs. This theory, labelled Thought Self‐Leadership (TSL), centres on employees' establishing and maintaining constructive desirable thought patterns (Neck & Manz, 1992; Manz & Neck, 1991; Neck & Milliman, 1994). This perspective suggests that just as we tend to develop behavioural habits that are both functional and dysfunctional, we also develop habits (or patterns) in our thinking that influence our perceptions, the way we process information, and the choices we make in an almost automatic way.
New Developments in Diversification and Portfolio Strategies
Authors: Pennington Jeffrey B. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: January 2008

The responsibility to secure pension funds in investments which provide safety, income, and growth has been particularly difficult since the late '70s, mainly because of the extreme volatility experienced in the financial markets. New developments in diversification strategies can be separated into three areas: overseas investments, real estate, and the re‐enterprising of American corporations.
Leadership Styles: How Important are Cultural Values? An Analysis of Managers in the Asia‐Pacific Region
Authors: Petzall Stanley , Willis Quentin
Published: January 2008

Australia's increasing interest and orientation towards the Pacific‐Asian area and the need for more knowledge and understanding of differing cultural values and leadership styles in that area, motivated the present writers to study the leadership and managerial styles of both Australian and International managers. Also, this research was prompted by the need to provide a more extensive study compared with an earlier one, carried out in 1988, with a sample consisting exclusively of Australian managers. The 1988 study was reported in an earlier issue of Management Research News (Petzall and Willis, 1990).
Earnings Forecasting Models: Adding a Theoretical Foundation for the Selection of Explanatory Variables
Authors: Sneed John E.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study is to determine if an earnings forecasting model based on factors hypothesised to result in differential profits across firms (industries) reduces model error relative to the model developed by Ou (1990). Initial research attempting to forecast earnings found that the random walk model, where current year's earnings are the prediction for next year, provides the best forecast of annual earnings (Ball and Watts 1972; Foster 1973; Beaver, Kettler, and Scholes 1970; Albrecht, Lookabill, and McKeown 1977; Brealey 1969). Ou (1990) developed an earnings forecasting model using financial statement information beyond prior years' earnings as the explanatory variables that outperformed the random walk model in predicting annual earnings.
Building the Future or Boxed in the Past? Linking Physical Workplace Symbols with Other Research Evidence
Authors: Henry Carter Simon
Published: January 2008

In 1923 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk marked the beginning of the Turkish Republic by relocating the national capital from Istanbul to Ankara. As a consequence, the new Republic transferred the locus of political power from the traditional site of Byzantium/Constantinople/Instanbul to a relatively undeveloped site of some 30,000 inhabitants closer to the geographical centre of modern day Turkey. In 1995 Utility Co moved its headquarters some fifteen miles from Alphaville to Betaville. The 800 or so staff affected have subsequently been moved from a building inherited from a public utility to a building purpose‐built for the privatised successor.
Customer Perceptions of Service Management: The Case of the Football Spectator
Authors: Baron Steve , Jones Peter
Published: January 2008

Service quality and the service encounter/experience have been identified by Fisk et.al., as two of the most prominent areas in the services marketing literature. They also go on to suggest that future research will focus on longer term service experiences and on the relationships between service experience issues and quality. This paper focuses upon these issues in reporting the initial results of an exploratory study of customer perceptions of service experience and quality among Association Football spectators in the UK.
Hungary's Adoption of a Market Orientation
Authors: Kleindl Brad A. , Fried Vance H. , Hisrich Robert D. , Gyula Fulop
Published: January 2008

The nation of Hungary has been a model of a transforming socialist state. Yet recently Hungary has followed the trend in other transforming Eastern European countries by electing a socialist parliament majority (Economist, 1994). This vote may be a reflection of how the Hungarian people feel about the reforms which are impacting their social welfare. Market and economic reforms are linked in a cycle where an improving economic environment should help firms adopt a philosophy of directing resources to meet the needs of the customers. In return, when the customer feels that their needs are being met, they are more likely to vote into control those who will allow the free market to meet their needs. Hungarian firms adoption of a market orientation, or a focus on meeting the needs of the customer, is a vital link in that nation's movement to free market reform.
Share and Share Alike? A Review of Empirical Evidence Concerning Information Sharing Among Researchers
Authors: Hubbard Raymond , Little Eldon L.
Published: January 2008

The conduct of scientific research is supposed to be a collective, public enterprise requiring the cooperation of all those involved. As Sieber (1991, p. 1) observes:
The Use of Research in Developing Advertising Strategies
Authors: Rod Michel R.M.
Published: January 2008

It seems intuitive that as firms continue to try and keep in touch with the customers they serve, research should play an increasingly important role in determining the needs and wants of the consumer. Accordingly, as goods and services are tailored to meet these needs, so too does the accompanying advertising. Additionally, there is constant pressure on advertising agencies to produce advertising that consistently meets the objectives of their clients. Marketing departments, in turn, have to justify and be accountable to top management for advertising budgets. Consequently, agencies increasingly have to provide measures of effectiveness (Flandin et al 1992). In order to optimize the process(es) that will meet client objectives, agencies have to ensure that they understand how the consumer thinks and feels. One such approach to understanding the consumer's view is account planning. The main objective of this paper will be to provide a thorough review of the account planning phenomenon in advertising and in so doing, highlight the use of advertising research from a developmental perspective. This paper will describe the account planning process and how it differs from traditional agency practices. The justification for such a paper is the fact that billions of dollars are spent annually on advertising, in the hopes that the advertiser's objectives will consistently be met. If it could be demonstrated that increased attention to the consumer, in the development stages of advertising leads to more effective advertising than when consumer input is limited to the evaluation of advertising, after the fact, this would be of significant interest to advertisers as well as advertising agencies.
The Czech Republic: A Review of the Eastern European Economy with the Lowest Unemployment Rate
Authors: Pampillón Rafael , Luis Jiménez José
Published: January 2008

In 1989, the people of Czechoslovakia ousted the communists from government after almost fifty years of rule, in a peaceful process known as the Velvet Revolution. An IMF‐backed stabilisation programme was launched in 1991. It comprised some liberalisations, a sharp devaluation of the currency and the unification of the exchange rate. In 1992, the Czechs and Slovaks decided to separate, in what was known as the Velvet Divorce. The separation of the Czech and Slovak Republics officially took place the 1st of January 1993 without political and social crisis. The state of the economy of the Czech Republic at the end of 1991, was as follows:
Manufacturing Matters: Organization and Employee Relations in Modern Manufacturing
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Lowe Jim
Published: January 2008

The period since the mid 1970s has seen dramatic changes in the economies of the industrialized nations with the vast majority of OECD countries experiencing a reduction in growth of industrial production and a marked reversal in employment trends in the industrial sector (Rowthorn and Glyn, 1990). This process of “deindustrialization” has attracted the attention of academics and commentators from a variety of disciplines and been variously heralded as evidence of the advent of “post‐industrial” society (Bell, 1974), “post‐Fordism” (Piore and Sabel, 1984), “disorgan‐ized capitalism” (Lash and Urry, 1987), and the “postmodern world” (Clegg, 1990). These authors have described discontinuous shifts in the pattern of industrial society with broad changes in regimes of accumulation and regulation which involve socio‐cultural and political as well as economic change. Economists have described the failure of Keynesian economic policies in the West to sustain rapid growth and high employment as the “end of the golden age of capitalism” (Marglin and Schor, 1990).
Globalization and Workplace Change: A Case Study in the Aluminium Industry
Authors: Wright Martyn , Edwards Paul
Published: January 2008

How globalization is shaping workplace change is increasingly debated. Much discussion has focused upon the forms of work organization, such as teamworking, which appear to be associated with global production systems (Geary, 1995, Elger and Smith, 1994). This paper examines a teamworking initiative at a British aluminium smelter, part of a Canadian multinational company. At the smelter, direct supervision was largely abolished and team‐based, self regulating workgroups were introduced. The nature and effectiveness of this programme are assessed.
The Challenge of the Product Focused Cells. Changing Patterns of Management Control in a Changing Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Ezzamel Mahmoud , Willmott Hugh , Worthington Frank
Published: January 2008

During the past decade, one of the major thrusts of change in manufacturing industry has been the alignment of manufacturing methods to rapidly changing and turbulent market demands (Piore & Sabel, 1984; Smith, Child & Rowlinson, 1990). A focus upon core products and processes, involving customer responsiveness and the elimination of waste has been coupled with a drive to improve product quality and cost reduction. ‘New Wave’ lean manufacturing techniques (Storey, 1994) and management control methods (Berry, Broadbent & Otley, 1995) are therefore now widely com‐mended as a means of improving competitiveness in industry (Smith, 1990). However, it is always easier to extol the virtues of such techniques than to translate them into a coherent set of practices (Kunda, 1992).
The “Greening” of “Brown Field” Sites
Authors: Strangleman Tim , Roberts Ian
Published: January 2008

This paper seeks to explore the impact of new forms and organisation of work on a medium sized engineering company on Tyneside. It will involve an analysis of the way management have used the heterogeneous nature of the workforce in question to implement change. This change includes the introduction of TQM, JIT and HRM policies as well as fundamental change in the way the work is organised in the factory itself. This paper will seek to link these internal conditions with the impact of external factors. These will include a discussion of the product market, and the labour market at both local and regional level.
Autonomous Strategies and the Re‐configuration of Manufacturing Systems: The Case of the Turn‐around of the East Lancashire Paper Mill 1990–1995
Authors: MacGregor D. , Coffey T.J.
Published: January 2008

This paper considers the role of the reconfiguration of manufacturing systems in the turnaround of the East Lancashire Paper Mill Co. Ltd. from its loss making position in 1990 to profitability and growth, despite a recent recession in the industry. It considers the unconventional aspects of the manufacturing strategy. This is demonstrated by the way in which the current board of directors were able to configure their manufacturing systems against the norms of the industry in order to capitalise on contrarian shifts in the pulp and paper industries.
Whatever Did Happen to the Likely Lads? Middle Management Under Lean and Mean Production
Authors: Driscoll Terry , Morris Jonathan
Published: January 2008

According to management pundits, an organisational transformation has occurred during the past decade. The bureaucratic, hierarchical organisation is no longer appropriate to meet the needs of greater market uncertainty, volatility and intensified competition. Instead organisations are to be flatter, “leaner”, more focused, more responsive and more flexible (Kanter, 1995; Peters, 1992).
Section Three Transnational Organizations and The International Dimension
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: January 2008

A major theme of much of the literature on Japanese transplants concerns the construction of employer hegemony on the basis of stringent selection, employee involvement and team‐ working. Many of the more critical contributions to this literature emphasise the tightness of work schedules and the narrow confines of worker initiative, but they nevertheless emphasise the capacity of management to engineer worker compliance and co‐operation, through a sophisticated mix of communications, surveillance and performance monitoring (Morgan and Sayer, 1988; Garrahan and Stewart, 1992; Sewell and Wilkinson, 1992; Graham, 1995). This paper deploys data from current research on a cluster of Japanese manufacturing ‘transplants’ in the Midlands to assess these arguments and to develop a rather different analysis of the problematical management of labour within such workplaces.
Japanese‐Style Manufacturing Methods and the Process of Organisational Change
Authors: Mitton Richard
Published: January 2008

By the mid‐1990's it is becoming apparent that production techniques such as Just‐in‐Time, Total Quality Management and Continuous Improvement and human resource/industrial relations strategies such as single status and Performance Related Pay, have become increasingly prevalent in the British manufacturing sector. So much so that these expressions have become commonplace within management literature and the diffusion of the techniques within British industry can be described as a ‘mature area’. A move towards these manufacturing methods is due in part to the influence of Japanese establishments operating both in Japan and Britain, (see for example Oliver and Wilkinson, 1992; Mitton and McLoughlin, 1994).
Multinationals, Labour Management and the Process of Diffusion: Evidence from Three British MNCs
Authors: Edwards Tony
Published: January 2008

Much of the literature on Multinational Companies (MNCs) and Human Resource Management (HRM) is concerned with the extent to which such companies diffuse practices developed in one subsidiary to a subsidiary in another country. Some of the research into the HRM practices of foreign‐owned companies in the UK, for example, is concerned with whether the home country management style and accompanying practices have been introduced into their British plants (e.g. Buckley and Enderwick, 1985; Oliver and Wilkinson, 1992). This can be thought of as forward diffusion in the sense that the direction of diffusion is from home to host countries. This can be contrasted with reverse diffusion in which the direction occurs from host to home countries. The first aim of the paper is to analyse which types of MNC are most likely to seek to diffuse practices from host to home countries. Another emerging strand of the literature on diffusion has examined precisely how MNCs can achieve the diffusion of practices: Mueller and Purcell (1992), for example, have investigated how MNCs in the automotive industry gain acceptance on the part of worker representatives to the diffusion of practices. Coller (1994) and Edwards et al (1993) have provided evidence on the mechanisms through which MNCs are able to diffuse practices. The second aim of the paper is to build on this literature in assessing the mechanisms through which reverse diffusion is achieved.
Industrial Relations and the New Orthodoxy?: A Comparison of Irish and US Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Turner Thomas , Dart Daryl , Gunnigle Patrick
Published: January 2008

The prolonged economic crisis in Ireland of the 1950s forced a reassessment of national economic policy, a move towards Free Trade and the adoption of an outward looking policy initiated by a strategy of ‘industrialisation by invitation’ (O'Malley, 1989). To attract foreign companies the Irish government provided grant aid to firms establishing in Ireland and the profits of export oriented industry were exempt from tax for 15 years (Daly, 1981). By the mid 1990s Ireland had apparently been transformed into a modern industrial state but indigenous industry had contributed little to industrial expansion or employment. Foreign Multinational Corporations (MNCs) accounted for 41% of manufacturing employment with over three quarters of that employment being in firms which had started up since the 1950s. While research on the impact of MNCs on the Irish economy focused mainly on employment creation the study of labour relations in such firms received much less attention. Two articles published in the mid 80s attempted to remedy this neglect (Enderwick, 1986; Kelly & Brannick, 1985).
Manufacturing Reform and the State: The Case of the Chinese Steel Industry
Authors: Sheehan Jackie , Hassard John , Forrester Paul , Morris Jon , Porter Robin , Yuxin Xiao
Published: January 2008

In 1979 the decision was taken to develop a Contract Responsibility System experiment as part of China's economic reform programme, and the system was eventually applied in 85% of China's iron and steel corporations. Before the CRS was introduced, these corporations were state‐owned and state managed; net incomes had to be handed over to the state, and funds for investment had to be examined, approved and distributed by the state. The task was one of reforming large state‐owned corporations through integrating government administration with enterprise management, and creating a sense of ‘enterprise’ on the part of workers in the process. As such the CRS operates at two main levels — enterprise level contracting with the state (the state contract system), and internal contracting within the Corporation's businesses (the internal contract system).
Contrasts Between Nation‐Specific Traditions in Manufacturing: Evidence on Building a Finnish Paper Mill to East Germany
Authors: Laurila Juha , Gyursanszky Katri
Published: January 2008

There is ample evidence for the claim that solving generic management problems needs accommodation to the specific national and institutional context. For example, forest industry corporations located in various parts of the world differ in relation to how and when their management has reacted to the aging of production facilities and the opportunities for expanding operations. As a rough generalization, whereas the North American forest industry firms have aimed at maximizing return on investment through ‘end‐game’ with the technologically outdated production facilities, the North European firms have preferred to expand the scale of the production units and to compete with the low production costs. However, these kinds of nation‐specific ways of action prove limited especially when the firms transfer their operations over national borders. This is because in those circumstances the ‘home base’ institutional support is missing. As a consequence, when building a greenfield plant in a distant location the management can not take it for granted that the previously successful technological designs and concepts would match the new personnel's cultural traditions.
Section Four Supply Chains and Inter‐Organizational Roles
Authors: Bresnen Mike , Fowler Carolyn
Published: January 2008

The question of whether or not we are witnessing a profound transformation in the nature of relations between industrial buyers and their suppliers towards more collaborative ways of working lies at the heart of more general debates about the nature and direction of organisational change in late twentieth century capitalism. The emergence of, and growing interest in, new network forms of organisation ‐ as distinct from internal bureaucratic and external market‐based forms of transaction governance (e.g. Powell, 1990) ‐ appears to suggest that, in some sectors at least, new forms of relationship are developing between capitalist producers and their suppliers which, moreover, have implications for long term business success. Japanese just‐in‐time production systems, in particular, have had an important influence upon contemporary manufacturing thinking and practice and in many respects are said to provide key elements of a model of ‘best practice’ in the organisation and management of buyer‐supplier relations. The theme of close inter‐organisational collaboration is also apparent in the analysis of, and debates surrounding, new or emergent modes of organisation ‐ for example, the networks of local small firms identified in the ‘flexible specialisation’ literature.
Section Five Future Developments
Authors: Kitson Michael , Michie Jonathan
Published: January 2008

There has been considerable debate over the causes and consequences of ‘deindustrialisation’. The relative decline of manufacturing, and particularly of manufacturing employment, and the corresponding relative growth of services, is prevalent in both slow and fast growing economies. This has led many to argue that the process is one of historical evolution such that the advanced stage of economic development is characterised by a modern tertiary sector with growing preferences for service products. This paper argues that this view is an oversimplification: dein‐dustrialisation may result from economic success; however, it may also reflect economic weaknesses. In particular, a declining manufacturer sector may have adverse impacts on a trading nation's ability to generate sufficient exports to pay for necessary imports, and hence also on the growth of productivity, national income and living standards.
Are The British Bad at Flexible Manufacturing?
Authors: Ackroyd Stephen , Procter Stephen J.
Published: January 2008

Although the argument will review a good deal of contemporary and historical research data, it is not to be thought of as an empirical undertaking. It is mainly an exercise in secondary interpretation or meta‐analysis, in which findings and propositions produced by a variety of writers for a variety of audiences is reworked and re‐presented. The paper starts from the problems of contemporary manufacturing in Britain. As one authority has recently suggested: “The relatively weak performance of British firms in international markets for technologically sophisticated products in…electrical machinery and engineering products is an acknowledged fact” (Balasubramanyam, 1994. See also Coates, 1994; Ackroyd and Whittaker, 1990). In this paper it is taken as self‐evident that the successful manufacturing firm must deploy in the market high quality and differentiated products at competitive prices. The main part of the answer of how to do this under current market conditions is equally plain: it involves innovating new products, adapting product lines rapidly and, when required, increasing (and, if necessary) decreasing the scale of productive operations. The word which best sums up these requirements for successful manufacturing in current market conditions, is flexibility. Whilst we would agree that the Atkinson model of the flexible firm is based on inadequate research and inadequate analysis, against the view of some other commenta‐tors (see, in particular, Pollert, 1991), it seems to us that the question of flexibility is worth considering in more depth (see also Procter, et al, 1994). The question with which this paper is concerned is: to what extent can the British achieve flexible manufacturing?
Power, Responsibility, Leadership and Learning: New Thinking for the New Millennium
Authors: Lloyd Bruce
Published: January 2008

Few subjects have taken up more space in the past 30 years than those related to the whole question of leadership. What is it? How is it developed? And few subjects are more critical in shaping our future visions and strategies for the new millennium.
Managing Sales Forecasting
Authors: West Douglas C.
Published: January 2008

This research examines the extent to which the number of sales forecasting methods used by a company affects forecast accuracy and the extent to which organisation affects the number of sales forecast methods chosen. The objective is to better understand marketing management practices in this respect. Contextually, the study is part of the shift in sales forecasting research away from studies of accuracy per se to studies of organisation and implementation issues. It is widely recognised that objective techniques improve forecast accuracy, especially in the long run; yet, there is considerable evidence that such techniques are not widely used. The question of why there is such a discrepancy between practice and conventional wisdom, accounts, in large part, for this interest in organisation and implementation and the development of forecast models that incorporate implementation strategies.
Trading With China Is Not Like Trading With Japan: A Cultural Comparison For Foreign Investors
Authors: Yu Wong Yim
Published: January 2008

The People's Republic of China has a growing trade surplus with the Western World which, with the United States alone, has increased from $23 billion to $29 billion, inspiring fear of another Japan in the making. She is a country with an authoritarian form of government, but in recent decades has pursued an “open door” policy on matters of trade. Many view this as a gradual conversion to a true free market economy. If that comes to pass, she will be the first Communist country to succeed in an apparent contradiction between political and economic philosophies.
Manage Your Time Well
Authors: Dobbins Richard , Pettman Barrie O.
Published: January 2008

Life is time. The meaning of life is to enrich the lives of others. The way you manage your time is the way in which you manage your life. In fact, time cannot be managed. However, you can manage the activities in your life. The actions you take determine your results.
A LACK OF CREATIVITY: EXECUTIVES SPEAK OUT
Authors: Ali Abbas J. , Al‐Aali Abdulrahman
Published: January 2008

In 1987, the Harvard Business Review conducted a survey of its readers regarding the U.S. performance in the world markets. The study indicated that the U.S. had a deep‐seated problem of inadequate international competitiveness (Scott, 1987). More recently, Ernst & Young/American Quality Foundation undertook an International Quality Study which examined quality practices in Canada, Germany, Japan and the U.S. (See Bowles, 1992). The study revealed that 22 per cent of U.S. business always or almost always translate customer expectations into the design of new products and service. In Germany and Japan, the figure was 40 per cent and 58 per cent respectively. The results induced, Joshua Hammond, president of the American Quality Foundation, to state that “It is clear … that quality performance has a long way to go before it reaches parity with financial performance as a matter of primary importance to America's senior executives”. What makes the situation more complex and urgent is the fact that international competition has changed the structure of global markets and the rules of the business game. Furthermore, U.S. businesses no longer command the lead in the global marketplace and new international competitors are not only aggressive and competent, but appear to give priority to customer needs and expectations. For example, many Japanese companies view customer satisfaction as a way of building loyalty, thereby generating repeat sales. In contrast, U.S. executives have often aimed not at producing customer satisfaction, but at preventing customer dissatisfaction (Bowles, 1992). Similarly, the Fortune Global 500 List (Fortune 1995) showed that three countries accounted for the majority of the top 500 firms in the world; U.S. (151 firms), Japan (149 firms), and Germany (44 firms). Nevertheless, the list indicated that more Japanese companies have made it to the top ten (from three in 1993 to six in 1994), while the number of the U.S. firms stayed the same (three) in both years.
An Empirical Look at the Use of Managerial and Non‐Managerial Student Subjects for Inquiries into Ethical Management
Authors: Wyld David C. , Jones Coy A.
Published: January 2008

For years behavioural researchers have debated the representativeness of research studies using students as subjects. Yet, Randall and Gibson's (1990) review of methodology in business ethics research found that student samples were used in one‐third of the studies. Hunt and Vitell (1986) framed the concern of student sample representativeness as follows:
Examining the Determinants of State Borrowing Costs: Controlling for Different Terms to Maturity
Authors: Sneed Cynthia , Sneed John , Smith Kathleen J.
Published: January 2008

Prior studies have developed models to identify factors that determine the borrowing costs for state governments. When state governments borrow money, they usually issue serial bonds. With a serial bond issue, a portion of the principal borrowed is repaid each year, along with the interest payments, over the life of the bond issue. Also, a separate yield‐to‐maturity (YTM) is assigned for the yearly maturities under the serial bond issue.
Exploring the Role of CCTV Surveillance Systems in Town Centre Management
Authors: Jones Peter , Hillier David , Turner David
Published: January 2008

Within the UK the past three decades have witnessed dramatic and continuing changes in the geography of retail provision. During this period the traditional supremacy of town and city centres at the top of the retail hierarchy has been increasingly successfully challenged by the development and diversification of out‐of‐town and edge of town shopping facilities. This ‘out of town exodus’ (Schiller, 1987) can be traced from the food superstores opened by grocery retailers from the late 1960's onwards through the development of retail warehouses, retail parks and regional shopping centres (Guy, 1994) to a more recent ‘fourth wave’ (Fernie, 1995) which include warehouse clubs, factory outlet centres and airport retailing. The cumulative effects of these developments are seen to pose a major challenge to retail businesses in town and city centres and perhaps more fundamentally to the centres themselves. The traditional spirit of the UK's town and country planning policies, first established some fifty years ago, was to positively support retail activity in town and city centres and to restrict out of town retail development (Guy, 1994). However, from the early 1980's onwards, such policies had only a limited effect in stemming the tide of retail decentralisation and they often seemed to be honoured more in the breach than in the observance.
The Effects of Group Size on the Outcome of Focus Group Sessions
Authors: Asquith Jo Ann L.
Published: January 2008

Focus group interviewing is a qualitative research technique that is widely used in private industry. In recent years, there has been a notable growth in the use of focus group sessions research to gain insight into the use of dynamic relationships of attitudes, opinions, motivations, concerns, and problems concerning current and projected human activity.
Instantaneous Engine Speed Time-Frequency Analysis for Onboard Misfire Detection and Cylinder Isolation in a V12 High-Performance Engine
Authors: Ponti Fabrizio
Published: January 2008

The diagnosis of a misfire event and the isolation of the cylinder in which the misfire took place is enforced by the onboard diagnostics (OBD) requirements over the whole operating range for all the vehicles, whatever the configuration of the engine they mount. This task is particularly challenging for engines with a high number of cylinders and for engine operating conditions that are characterized by high engine speed and low load. This is why much research has been devoted to this topic in recent years, developing different detection methodologies based on signals such as instantaneous engine speed, exhaust pressure, etc., both in time and frequency domains. This paper presents the development and the validation of a methodology for misfire detection based on the time-frequency analysis of the instantaneous engine speed signal. This signal contains information related to the misfire event, since a misfire occurrence is characterized by a sudden engine speed decrease and a subsequent damped torsional vibration. The identification of a specific pattern in the instantaneous engine speed frequency content, characteristic of the system under study, allows performing the desired misfire detection and cylinder isolation. Particular attention has been devoted to designing the methodology in order to avoid the possibility of false alarms caused by the excitation of this frequency pattern independently from a misfire occurrence. Although the time-frequency analysis is usually considered a time-consuming operation and not associated to onboard application, the methodology proposed here has been properly modified and simplified in order to obtain the quickness required for its use directly onboard a vehicle. Experimental tests have been performed on a 5.7l V12 spark-ignited engine run onboard a vehicle. The frequency characteristic of the engine-vehicle system is not the same that could be observed when running the engine on a test bench, because of the different inertia and stiffness that the connection between the engine and the load presents in the two cases. This makes it impossible to test and validate the methodology proposed here only on a test bench, without running tests on the vehicle. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the mechanical design of the engine and driveline gives the possibility of determining the resonance frequencies of the system (the lowest one is always the most important for this work) before running tests on the vehicle. This allows saving time and reducing costs in developing the proposed approach.
Comparison of Recuperator Alloy Degradation in Laboratory and Engine Testing
Authors: Pint Bruce A. , More Karren L. , Trejo Rosa , Lara-Curzio Edgar
Published: January 2008

In order to increase the efficiency of advanced microturbines, durable alloy foils are needed for their recuperators to operate at 650–700°C. Prior work has demonstrated that water vapor in the exhaust gas causes more rapid consumption of Cr from austenitic alloys, leading to a reduction in lifetime for the thin-walled components in this application. New commercial alloy foils are being tested in both laboratory tests in humid air and in the exhaust gas of a modified 60kW microturbine. Initial results are presented for a commercial batch of 80μm alloy 120 foil. The Cr consumption rates in laboratory testing were similar to those observed in previous testing. The initial results from the microturbine indicate a faster Cr consumption rate compared to the laboratory test, but longer term results are needed to quantify the difference. These results will help to verify a Cr consumption model for predicting lifetimes in this environment based on classical gas transport theory.
An Optimal Orthogonal Decomposition Method for Kalman Filter-Based Turbofan Engine Thrust Estimation
Authors: Litt Jonathan S.
Published: January 2008

A new linear point design technique is presented for the determination of tuning parameters that enable the optimal estimation of unmeasured engine outputs, such as thrust. The engine’s performance is affected by its level of degradation, generally described in terms of unmeasurable health parameters related to each major engine component. Accurate thrust reconstruction depends on knowledge of these health parameters, but there are usually too few sensors to be able to estimate their values. In this new technique, a set of tuning parameters is determined that accounts for degradation by representing the overall effect of the larger set of health parameters as closely as possible in a least-squares sense. The technique takes advantage of the properties of the singular value decomposition of a matrix to generate a tuning parameter vector of low enough dimension that it can be estimated by a Kalman filter. A concise design procedure to generate a tuning vector that specifically takes into account the variables of interest is presented. An example demonstrates the tuning parameters’ ability to facilitate matching of both measured and unmeasured engine outputs, as well as state variables. Additional properties of the formulation are shown to lend themselves well to diagnostics.
1D Engine Simulation of a Small HSDI Diesel Engine Applying a Predictive Combustion Model
Authors: Cerri T. , Onorati A. , Mattarelli E.
Published: January 2008

The paper analyzes the operations of a small high speed direct injection (HSDI) turbocharged diesel engine by means of a parallel experimental and computational investigation. As far as the numerical approach is concerned, an in-house 1D research code for the simulation of the whole engine system has been enhanced by the introduction of a multizone quasi-dimensional combustion model, tailored for multijet direct injection diesel engines. This model takes into account the most relevant issues of the combustion process: spray development, air-fuel mixing, ignition, and formation of the main pollutant species (nitrogen oxide and particulate). The prediction of the spray basic patterns requires previous knowledge of the fuel injection rate. Since the direct measure of this quantity at each operating condition is not a very practical proceeding, an empirical model has been developed in order to provide reasonably accurate injection laws from a few experimental characteristic curves. The results of the simulation at full load are compared to experiments, showing a good agreement on brake performance and emissions. Furthermore, the combustion model tuned at full load has been applied to the analysis of some operating conditions at partial load, without any change to the calibration parameters. Still, the numerical simulation provided results that qualitatively agree with experiments.
Nonlocal Cyclic Life Prediction for Gas Turbine Components With
Sharply Notched Geometries
Authors: Mücke Roland , Kiewel Holger
Published: January 2008

The safe and efficient operation of modern heavy duty gas turbines requires a reliable prediction of fatigue behavior of turbine components. Fatigue damage is located in areas where cyclic stress and strain amplitudes are highest. Thus, geometrical notches associated with stress/strain concentrations and stress/strain gradients appear to be the most important sites for fatigue crack initiation. The paper addresses a nonlocal concept for cyclic life prediction of notched components. Contrary to various local approaches in the field, the proposed method explicitly accounts for stress and strain gradients associated with notches arising from grooves, cooling holes, fillets, and other design features with stress raising effect. As a result, empirical analytical expressions for considering either strain or stress gradients for cyclic life prediction are obtained. The method has been developed from cyclic test data on smooth and notched specimens made of a ferritic 1.5CrNiMo rotor steel. The analytical formulations obtained have then been applied to test data on the nickel base superalloy MAR-M247 CC showing a good agreement between prediction and measurement. Moreover, the proposed nonlocal lifing concept has been validated by component tests on turbine blade firtrees. The predicted number of cycles to failure correlates well with the experimental results showing the applicability of the proposed method to complex engineering designs.
Predicting the Performance of System for the Co-production of Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Liquid and Power from Coal
Authors: Wang Xun , Xiao Yunhan , Xu Song , Guo Zhigang
Published: January 2008

A co-production system based on Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reactor and gas turbine was simulated and analyzed. Syngas from entrained bed coal gasification was used as feedstock of the low-temperature slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch reactor. Raw synthetic liquid produced was fractioned and upgraded to diesel, gasoline, and liquid petrol gas (LPG). Tail gas composed of unconverted syngas and FT light components was fed to the gas turbine. Supplemental fuel (NG, or refinery mine gas) might be necessary, which was dependent on gas turbine capacity, expander through flow capacity, etc. FT yield information was important to the simulation of this co-production system. A correlation model based on Mobil’s two step pilot plant was applied. This model proposed triple chain-length-dependent chain growth factors and set up correlations among reaction temperatures with wax yield, methane yield, and C2–C22 paraffin and olefin yields. Oxygenates in the hydrocarbon, water, and vapor phases were also correlated with methane yield. It was suitable for syngas, iron catalyst, and slurry bed. We can show the effect of temperature on the products’ selectivity and distribution. User models that can predict product yields and cooperate with other units were embedded into Aspen plus simulation. Performance prediction of syngas fired gas turbine was the other key of this system. The increase in mass flow through the turbine affects the match between compressor and turbine operating conditions. The calculation was carried out by GS software developed by Politecnico Di Milano and Princeton University. The simulated performance assumed that the expander operates under choked conditions and turbine inlet temperature equals the NG fired gas turbine. A “F” technology gas turbine was selected to generate power. Various cases were investigated to match the FT synthesis island, power island, and gasification island in co-production systems. Effects of CO2 removal/LPG recovery, co-firing, and CH4 content variation were studied. Simulation results indicated that more than 50% of input energy was converted to electricity and FT products. Total yield of gasoline, diesel, and LPG was 136–155g∕Nm3(CO+H2). At coal feed of 21.9kg∕s, net electricity exported to the grid was higher than 100MW. Total production of diesel and gasoline (and LPG) was 118,000t(134,000t)∕year. Under the economic analysis conditions assumed in this paper, the co-production system was economically feasible. The after tax profits can research 17 million euro. Payback times ranged from 6 to 7 years.
FLOX
®

Combustion at High Pressure With Different Fuel Compositions
Authors: Lückerath Rainer , Meier Wolfgang , Aigner Manfred
Published: January 2008

In flameless oxidation (FLOX®) the combustion is distributed over a large volume by a high internal flue gas recirculation. This technology has been successfully used for many years in technical furnaces under atmospheric conditions with very low NOx emissions. In the work presented here, FLOX® combustion was for the first time investigated at high pressure in order to assess its applicability for gas turbine combustors. A FLOX® burner was equipped with a combustion chamber with quartz windows and installed into a high pressure test rig with optical access. The burner was operated under typical gas turbine conditions at a pressure of 20bar with thermal powers up to 475kW. Natural gas, as well as mixtures of natural gas and H2 were used as fuel. The NOx and CO emissions were recorded for the different operating conditions. OH* chemiluminescence imaging and planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH were applied in order to characterize the flame zone and the relative temperature distributions. The combustion behavior was investigated as a function of equivalence ratio and fuel composition, and the influence of the gas inlet velocity on mixing and emissions was studied. For various operating conditions, the lean extinction limits were determined.
Fundamental Mechanism of Entropy Noise in Aero-Engines: Experimental Investigation
Authors: Bake Friedrich , Kings Nancy , Roehle Ingo
Published: January 2008

Entropy noise caused by combustors increases rapidly with rising Mach number in the nozzle downstream of the combustion chamber. This is experimentally shown with a dedicated test facility, in which entropy waves are generated in a controlled way by unsteady electrical heating of fine platinum wires immersed in the flow. Downstream of the heating module called entropy wave generator (EWG), the pipe flow is accelerated through a convergent-divergent nozzle with a maximum Mach number of 1.2 downstream of the nozzle throat. Parameters like mass flux of the flow, nozzle Mach number, amount of heating energy, excitation mode (periodic, pulsed, or continuously), and propagation length between EWG and nozzle have been varied for the analysis of the generated entropy noise. The results are compared with the results of a one-dimensional theory found in early literature.