bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjunct Consonants in Dardic
Authors: Grierson George A.
Published: January 2010

The correct affiliation of the Dardic languages is a subject regarding which different opinions have been expressed. Some scholars have described them as Eranian languages that have borrowed freely from Indo-Aryan. Others (and probably the most numerous) maintain that they are Indo-Aryan languages that have borrowed from Eranian, and a third (of which I am an unworthy member) suggests that they are neither of these, but that they are descended from a group of Aryan dialects intermediate between those that developed into Eranian and those that developed into Indo-Aryan languages. The latest opinion is that expressed by Professor Morgenstierne, who divides the Dardic languages into two groups.
Sur le gènitif Sanskrit “ máma ”.
Authors: Meillet A.
Published: January 2010

Le gènitif du pronom personnel Sanskrit de première personne m෡ma est isolè en indo-europèen; aucune autre langue n'en ofEre le correspondant. Au contraire, la forme iranienne mana a un correspondant exact dans mene du vieux slave, dont l'antiquitè est confirmèe par les formes des langues baltiques. Il est naturel de conclure de là que máma est une forme altèrèe, et mana la forme ancienne de l'indo-iranien. Hypothèses compliquées; mais les développements linguistiques ne sont pas toujours simples.

Dans le volume III de la belle Altindische Grammatik qu'il vient de publier en collaboration avec M. Debrunner, M. Wackernagel, § 228a, p. 461, maintient cependant une opinion contraire: skr. mama continuerait l'ancienne forme indo-iranienne; iran. mana et si. mene en seraient des formes alterees par dissimilation; l'indo-iranien mama representerait un ancien ama reposant sur erne que supposeraient les formes grecques et armeniennes; et m- y serait retabli d'apres d'autres formes du pronom. Il en faut examiner le detail pour faire la critique de 1'explication: le problème est menu en apparence; mais il touche à des questions capitales pour l'étude des langues indo-europèennes.
On the Ephedra, the Hūm Plant and the Soma
Authors: Stein Aurel
Published: January 2010

In choosing the subject for this short paper I am guided not solely by the fact that the archæological observations which first drew my attention to it were gathered in that field of my Central-Asian explorations with which I have fortunately been able to associate my old friend Professor Rapson as one of the earliest and most helpful of my collaborators. What invests certain curious finds among modest burial remains of the Lop desert with a special quasi-personal interest for me is the distant and puzzling relation they bear to a much discussed question of Vedic and Avestic research, that of the sacred Soma and Haoma.

It is a question which was often touched upon in his lectures by that great scholar and teacher, Professor Rudolf von Roth, during the years 1881–4, when I had the good fortune, figuratively, to sit at his feet as an eager devoted pupil. The question as to the identity of the original Soma plant and its home which he had discussed just at that time in two short papers of masterly clearness, was not to be solved then, and still remains undecided. But Roth's main contention still holds good that a solution for it could be hoped for only by the study of relevant physical facts, if possible, on the ground of early Aryan occupation.
Gandhayukti in the Lalitavistara
Authors: Thomas E. J.
Published: January 2010

Since the investigations of Oldenberg on the language of the Lalitavistara, it is no longer a useful question to ask whether the prose portions or the verses are the older. There is more than one layer of verse as well as of prose. Still less is it sufficient to describe it as “ a poem of unknown date and authorship, but probably composed in Nepāl, by some Buddhist poet who lived some time between six hundred and a thousand years after the birth of Buddha ”. As Oldenberg has shown, there is an older layer of verse in fairly good Sanskrit, which rests on passages in a dialect closely related to Pāli, and which was hence easily sanskritized. There are also the poems in so-called mixed Sanskrit, mixed just because they were once in a dialect that resisted all efforts to fit them with a proper Sanskrit dress, and still later are the verses which may have been originally composed in Sanskrit.
Lee Formes turques mongoles dans la nomenclature zoolagique du Nuzhatu-’l-ḳulūb
Authors: Pelliot Paul
Published: January 2010

On savait depuis longtemps que Hamdullāh al Mustaufī al-Kazwīnī, dans la partie d'histoire naturelle de son Nuzhatu-’l-ḳulūb de 1339, avait donné les noms de beaucoup d'animaux, et parfois de minéraux et de plantes, en turc et en mongol, mais le texte n'était accessible qu'en manuscrit ou dans une médiocre édition lithographique de Bombay parue en 1893-4.
An Analytical Study of the Conjugations of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

The morphology of the Japanese language has been explored most thoroughly within the confines of the language itself, as can be seen from the Nihon Bunpōron, one of the admirable publications of Professor T. Yamada's, and Mr. G. B. Sansom's excellent treatise, An Historical Grammar of Japanese. There are,nevertheless, various difficulties to be overcome, and many problems to be solved, if the ancient Japanese literature is to be better understood.Some of these obstacles have recently been pointed out by Professor J. L. Pierson in his scholarly work The ManyôŚû, in which the author has submitted many a plausible theory based on materials offered by the Japanese language alone.
A Grammar of the Language of Kwara ‘Ae, North Mala, Solomon Islands
Authors: Ivens Litt.D. W. G.
Published: January 2010

The Kwara ‘Ae language is spoken by a hill people who live in the neighbourhood of the mountain called Ala Saa, North-West Alite Mountain, on North Mala, Solomon Islands. The present grammar has been compiled from a translation of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (1930), the translator being Mr. N. C. Deck, of the South Sea Evangelical Mission on North Mala, and the publishers the British and Foreign Bible Society. Use has been made also of a booklet of 32 pp. entitled “Kwara ‘Ae Questions”, and notes kindly supplied by Mr. Deck have been used in the compilation of this grammar.
Mon labial clusters
Authors: Shorto H. L.
Published: January 2010

In this paper I seek to show that proto-Mon-Khmer *p as the second element in an initial cluster normally developed in Mon to -w-, and that *b underwent the same development accompanied by voicing of the initial consonant where this was a plosive. The point, as a contribution to Mon-Khmer phonology, is a minor one; but it has consequences of some importance for morphological reconstruction.
Tone and the Nilotic case system
Authors: Bennett Patrick R.
Published: January 2010

In a number of Nilotic languages spoken in East Africa it has been shown that there exists formal marking of case based exclusively on tonal differentiation. This has been fully described in Maasai (Tucker and Mpaayei, 1955) and all investigated Kalenjin dialects (Tucker and Bryan, 1962. 1964–5). It also is clearly present in my own data on Teso, though interestingly enough it seems to be lacking in the Luo group generally.
Shona praise-poetry
Authors: Fortune G. , Hodza A. C.
Published: January 2010

0.0. Our knowledge of traditional African literature has been greatly increased of recent years thanks, in part, to the Oxford Library of African Literature. Among the volumes of that series there have been some which have studied, either in breadth or depth, the genre of praise-poetry. The following notes on praise-poetry among the Shona aim at being a contribution to a study which Wilfred Whiteley, as joint editor of the Oxford Library, did much to promote.
Sociolinguistic research in Kenya: an inquiry into problems involved in the teaching of swahili
Authors: Gorman Thomas P.
Published: January 2010

One of the purposes of the Survey of Language Use and Language Teaching in Kenya, which Professor Whiteley directed, was to gather information that might help to clarify the nature of the problems faced by language teachers. One of my concerns in the Survey was to investigate problems that were encountered in the teaching of Swahili at secondary level; and in this paper I would like to outline and discuss some of the information obtained, regarding such problems and the factors to which they can be attributed.
Political evolution in the Songea Ngoni chiefdoms, 1850–1905
Authors: Gulliver P. H.
Published: January 2010

Before he became a professional linguist, Wilfred Whiteley was employed in anthropological research by the then Government of Tanganyika in the Southern Province of that Territory (1948–51). In 1949 he was requested to investigate the customary law on chiefly succession in the Njelu Ngoni chiefdom of Songea District, where dispute had arisen over the appointment of a new chief. In 1952–3 I was asked to continue and to widen those inquiries, both as part of a general anthropological survey and because a succession dispute had developed in the other Ngoni chiefdom in the same District. Whiteley had left a brief memorandum and a few notes which I was able to use as a starting-point. Some of the resulting data have been published elsewhere (Gulliver, 1954, 1955, and 1971). It is fitting, however, to return to those materials in memory of my old friend and colleague, and as a reminder of his sustained interest in social anthropology.
Tone-groups and clause structure in Swahili
Authors: Maw Joan
Published: January 2010

In a recent (and as yet unpublished) study of Swahili intonation (John Kelly and Joan Maw) it was pointed out that the neutral situation vis-à-vis grammar is to have one tone-group corresponding to one clause (except under certain predictable conditions), and within the tone-group to have two points of reference, named the ‘salient’ and the ‘tonic’, whose neutral positions (again except in certain predictable cases) are respectively on the first lexical item and on the last item in the clause. Any other arrangement constitutes ‘special’ intonation. Amongst other conclusions, it was tentatively hypothesized that special intonation of the multiple tone-group type seemed to correlate with marked clause structure. Marked clause structure, as defined in Maw, Sentences in Swahili, London, 1969, designated clauses with marked sequence of elements of structure, such as the Subject following the Predicator, the Complement preceding the Predicator, the Subject and Predicator separated by an Adjunct, and so on (the neutral situation being generally the sequence (A)SPC(A)); and also discontinuous clauses. The hypothesis that multiple tone-groups and marked clause structure might show correlation could only be tentative, because in the passages used for the Kelly and Maw study marked clause structure was not particularly frequent. But in the most varied text there were 36 clauses with marked sequence of elements, of which 28 had multiple tone-groups. Moreover there were only 37 clauses with multiple tone-groups in all in that text. This particular point about possible correlation was, of course, only a minor suggestion in a general description, but it seemed worth looking into more closely.
Notes on tone in Ganda
Authors: Meeussen A. E.
Published: January 2010

E. W. Stevick's study of Ganda (1969) is an important contribution to our understanding of a complicated tone system, both through the new data on conjugation which it makes available and through the rules which allow of a unified treatment of nominal and verbal units as they appear either alone or in the sentence. The present paper is an attempt to make use of some of the possibilities offered by Stevick's work, especially by reducing the unanalysed types of verb stems to sequences of underlying formatives to which appropriate rules can apply, and by interpreting junctures in phonological terms. Several questions, e.g. rules pertaining to enclitics, had to be left out of account; this is due to the fact that the present author had no possibility of working with an informant for this analysis (no more than for any of his previous work on Ganda).
The ‘Mbugu’ anomaly
Authors: Tucker A. N. , Bryan M. A.
Published: January 2010

The people known to both Africans and Europeans as Mbugu (Wambugu, Vambugu) live in the western Usambara mountains in Tanzania among the Sambaa. Their language, long known as posing a linguistic problem, is usually-described as having a non-Bantu lexicon and a Bantu grammatical structure. However, the actual linguistic situation is somewhat more complicated than this, as our researches (A.N.T. 1965, M.A.B. 1959) now show.
The verbal extensions in Southern Bantu languages: a descriptive and comparative classification
Authors: Westphal E. O. J. , Masiea J. R. , Tindleni S. M. , Jimba H. M. , Mzileni I. V. , Matiela M. T.
Published: January 2010

At the beginning of this year (1973) members of the Department of African Languages at the University of Cape Town met in a daily seminar to discuss post-radical elements in predicatives [P] occurring in sentences [Ss] of the type:

Ss → [(S) + P]

where the subject [S] precedes a verbal predicate [Pv] … but not a copular predicate [Pc]. The topic of our discussions was in part the subject of Professor Whiteley's work on transitivity in Swahili, though we extended it to consider the relationship between the verbal extensions … which we will consider here … and certain syntactical preferences. In this work we were happily joined by Professor A. N. Tucker and it seemed to us that the subject of our labours was a fitting contribution to the memorial publication planned for Wilfred Whiteley by his colleagues at the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London. Even though my colleagues did not have the pleasure of knowing Wilfred Whiteley they wished to be joined in this tribute to a fellow Bantuist.
‘Nobkissen Versus Hastings’
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: January 2010

In the sixth Article of Impeachment brought against him by the House of Commons, Warren Hastings was accused of disobeying the Regulating Act of 1773 and the orders of the Court of Directors of the East India Company by accepting presents from various Indians. These presents included a sum of three lakhs of sicca rupees, or £37,500, described as a loan from Maharaja Nabakrishna, or ‘Nobkissen’ as he was usually known to his European contemporaries. Both the prosecution and the defence agreed that Hastings had originally borrowed the three lakhs, subsequently keeping them and using them to repay money which he claimed was owed to him by the East India Company. The prosecution maintained that Hastings had ‘fraudulently’ extracted the loan and that he had ‘corruptly and illegally’ retained it as a present, inventing the pretext that the Company owed him money. Hastings replied that Nobkissen had converted the loan into a present of his own free will, and that he had accepted it on the Company's behalf and had used it to repay money genuinely spent on its service in the past. His version convinced a majority of those members of the House of Lords who took part in the verdict at the end of the trial, and he was acquitted by 20 votes to 5 on that particular section of the Presents Article. The episode did not, however, end with the Impeachment. Nobkissen filed a Bill against Hastings in the Court of Chancery for the return of his money, and, although he was unsuccessful, much new evidence was disclosed which would have had an important bearing on the Impeachment. The purpose of this article is to review Hastings's relations with Nobkissen in the light of this new material. It may still be possible to accept the peers' verdict that Hastings had acted neither ‘fraudulently’ nor ‘illegally and corruptly’, but before this verdict can be accepted, very much more will have to be taken into account than was discussed at the Impeachment.
The investigation of a case of attempted murder in eighteenth-century Mongolia
Authors: Bawden C. R.
Published: January 2010

In my article ‘A case of murder in eighteenth-century Mongolia’ I analysed and summarized five documents through which the course taken by a murder case could be traced from the level of the Banner, which made the initial investigations, up to that of the Imperial consent to the recommendations submitted to the Throne by the Li Fan Yüan, and then back again to the Banner as the executive organ which had to put the punishments into effect. That case arose in the Banner of thezasagor Banner Prince Ǖrjinjav, and amongst other things it demonstrated the gap between regulations and the way they might be applied. Reference was made in the article to another case which arose in Ǖrjinjav's Banner, one of attempted murder, the documents concerning which are to be found in the same printed collection. In the present article I propose to analyse these documents, which concern a girl called Omboh.
The Advent of Pashtūnmāldārsin north-western Afghanistan
Authors: Tapper Nancy
Published: January 2010

The aim of this article is to give an account of the considerations which led Amīr ‘Abd al-Rahmān Khān (1880–1901) to encourage Pashtūn migration to northern Afghanistan, the difficulties met in the execution of this policy, and the reasons for its final success. It is hoped that this case study will throw light on some of the domestic problems which faced the Iron Amīr and demonstrate a new aspect of his role in the ‘Great Game’ between Russia and Britain.
An eighth/fourteenth-century quadrant of the astrolabist al-Mizzī
Authors: Fehérvári Géza
Published: January 2010

A few years ago the author's attention was drawn to a signed and dated quadrant which is in a private collection in California. Since the writer cannot claim to know much (let alone to understand the working) of astronomical instruments, it seemed logical to look around and offer its publication to an expert. Unfortunately, no one has so far expressed any enthusiasm or interest. But the quadrant bears the signature of a well-known astrolabist and is dated; its publication, therefore, seems desirable.
The case of Ḥjj Nr al-Dn, 182347: a study in land tenure
Authors: Lambton Ann K. S.
Published: January 2010

Among the British Indian merchants engaged in trade with Persia in the first half of the nineteenth century was Hjj Nr al-Dn Muhammad b. Ahmad
al-Dn Muhammad, a native of Masulipatam. He was a rich and highly respected merchant, holding at one time a position of influence at Shrz, where he had settled at the beginning of the century and married. He was a Sh' and reputed to be pious and well versed in the tenets of Sh'ism. He had intercourse with Husayn 'Al Mrz Farmn Farm (the son of Fath 'Al Shh and governor of Frs from 1214179980 to 12501834), Fath 'Al Shh, and Muhammad Shh; he also enjoyed the favour of the latter's prime minister Hjj Mrz Aqs, who referred to him in 1843 as his esteemed friend,2 but eventually forfeited this because of the partiality which Muhammad Shh showed him for many years.3 In due course Hjj Nr al-Dn acquired possession of two estates in Frs. His title to them was subsequently questioned and the dispute led to a long and complicated case with the Persian government.
The Arab star-calendar and planetary system in Hausa verse
Authors: Hiskett M.
Published: January 2010

The MS of this poem came to me among the same collection of miscellaneous Hausa and Arabic MSS kindly loaned to me by Alhaji Nasiru, which contained B of the Song of Bagauda. As in the case of this latter, all that could be told me was that the manuscript had come from a malam in Kano City. The poem was attributed to 'Abdullh b. Muḥammad by several local savants learned in astrology whom I consulted. The initial invocation al-'abd al-faqr il raḥmat rabbihi is of course characteristic of 'Abdullh, and Bivar has pointed to the significance of these invocations.
Palṭiel: a Note
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

A good deal of effort and ingenuity has been devoted to the problem of establishing the historical identity of Palṭiel, an enigmatic figure in the eleventhcentury chronicle of Ahima'as. In this work, the author relates what purports to be the history of his family over the previous two centuries and gives pride of place to one Palṭiel ben Shefaṭyah, an astrologer who rose to high office under the Fṭimid Caliph al-Mu'izz in Tunisia and Egypt. The family, according to Ahima'aṣ, had lived in Oria, in southern Italy, for generations. Then came the Fṭimid raids on the Italian mainland. With al-Mu'izz as their commander, 'they devastated the entire province of Calabria, and reached Oria, on the borders of Apulia; they besieged it, defeated all its forces; so that the city was
Thirty-eight Poems by Po Chu-i
Authors: Waley A. D.
Published: January 2010

Of these poems all but three are now translated for the first time. Aversions of Nos. 8, 11, and 14 were published by Pfizmaier (Denkschriften der Kais. Akad. d. Wissensch in Wien, vol. xxxvi), but they were so incorrect that I need make no apology for translating these three poems again.
The Phonetics of the Bengali Language
Authors: Anderson J. D.
Published: January 2010

In Bengali, as in most Indian languages, every consonant, unless some other vowel is written with it, i pronounced with an unwritten “inherent” vowel, = a.
Notes on the Nestorian Monument at Sianfu
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

is used here as in Taoist phraseology, to indicate spiritual purity of nature, and cannot very well be translated “true” or “genuine” (), as Diaz takes it, followed by Legge and Saeki. A better definition is that formulated by Diaz himself when he comes to explain the word , namely: . We may observe in passing that the whole of this exordium strongly recalls the language of the Tao Tê Ching, especially in chapters 4 and 25. Nearly all that is said here of the Trinity might apply equally well to Tao. Diaz goes on to remark that is the fundamental attribute () of God, and his fundamental condition (). But perhaps this is over-refinement. Other renderings are appended; the second and third seem to me faulty because they interpret as an adverb modifying .
The Study of Arabic
Authors: Arnold T. W.
Published: January 2010

The Lecturer first emphasised the importance of the study of Islam in view of the large number of Muhammadans in the British Empire, amounting (at the lowest estimate) to 90½ millions, and implying a problem of great importance to the statesman, the politician, the educationalist, and to all persons concerned with the larger problems of the globe. Whatever the total Muhammadan population of the world may be, and, in the absence of trustworthy religious statistics, or even of any form of census whatsoever in many of the countries concerned, it is impossible to say exactly what it amounts to,—(on the most careful reckoning, it is probably something between 200 and 230 millions)—the 90½ millions of Muhammadan British subjects form a large proportion of the whole, and have an importance beyond what mere numbers imply, because of the superior culture of large sections among them. He showed by illustrations how religious considerations enter more largely into the daily life of Muhammadan people than in Christian society; the religion of Islam claims to speak with authority in the domain of law, politics, and social organisation, as much as in the sphere of theology and ethics; the wisest and most carefully considered plans of statesmen and reformers run a risk of being wrecked upon the rock of fanaticism. In the world of Islam the foundations of society have been set in religion, in a manner that is hard to understand for the average European Christian who has entered on the inheritance of ancient Greece and Rome, and the institutions of the barbarian invaders who swept the Roman Empire away.
Petitions from the Ayyūbid period
Authors: Stern S. M.
Published: January 2010

During all periods of Islamic history, subjects with a grievance were free to address petitions to the ruler, one of whose traditional functions was to remedy injustice personally (al-naẓar fi'l-maẓālim). From Egypt we have a series of extant petitions from the Middle Ages. The practice of the Fāṭimids has been described in the detailed commentary accompanying my edition of three petitions from the time of that dynasty; the information which can be derived from the documents is there completed by accounts in literary sources. Here I publish all those petitions from the Ayyūbid period which are known to me. In another study I hope to perform the task carried out for the Fāṭimid period for the Mamlūk period also, comparing the detailed statements of the historians with the extant documents. For the Ayyūbid period there are no detailed descriptions of the procedure followed in submitting petitions, and the little which is known will be set out in the course of our discussion.
Some Irrigation Systems in ḥaḍramawt
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

How deeply questions of irrigation affect the daily life of the peoples of southern Arabia was first impressed upon me when the summer floods came down to am-Fajarah in Ṣubaiḥī country lying west of Aden, where I happened to be stationed at the time. The villagers turned out to argue, with some violence, over the distribution of the flood-waters. It was, however, as Shaikh Durain, a Lahej official with us in the village, pointed out, without weapons that the villagers had come to the fray, and though the women stood behind, disputing the issue no less fiercely than.the men, egging them on, so that all would doubtless have come to blows, men and women alike, there would have been no stabbings or shootings. Shaikh Durain cynically implied that there was more of sound than fury in the rencontre, but of course this is not always so, and disputes arising over rights to the use of water can lead to blood-feuds. Since those days I have made some investigation into irrigation and its wealth of technical vocabulary in various parts of the Aden Protectorate, studying some systems in more or less detail, especially those near Mūdiyah village in Dathīnah.
Some Notes on the Provincial Administration of the Early Ṣafawid Empire
Authors: Savory R. M.
Published: January 2010

The names of the principal officers of the early Ṣafawid ṣtate are well known and need only a brief recapitulation here. They were: (1) the wakīl; (2) the amīr al-umarā; (3) the qūrchībāshī; (4) the wazīr; (5) the ṣadr. Of these, the wakīl was the vicegerent of the Shāh, representing him in both his temporal capacity as pādishāh and in his spiritual capacity as murshid-i kāmil. He was thus the most powerful official in the early Ṣafawid state. The amīr al-umarā was, as his name denotes, the principal amīr; he was the commander-in-chief of the qizilbāsh Turkomān tribesmen who constituted the military basis of Ṣafawid political power. The function of the qūrchībāshī during the early Ṣafawid period is extremely obscure. As commander of the qūrchīs or qizilbāsh; tribal cavalry his authority would appear to have been in conflict with that of the amīr al-umarā. The office of qūrchībāshī was from the beginning distinct from that of amīr al-umarā, and during at least the first 30 years of Ṣafawid rule it was of less importance than the latter. From about 940/1533–4 onwards, however, there was a decline in the power of the amīr al-umarā, and a corresponding increase in that of the qurchībāshī, and under Isma'īl II and Muḥammad Khudābanda the qūrchībāshī became the most influential officer in the state. The wazīr was the head of the bureaucracy, and was traditionally the principal officer of state. Up to the time of 'Abbās I, however, his authority was restricted by the overriding authority of the wakīl, by the intervention of the amīr al-umarā in political affairs, by the existence of the ṣadr, who deprived him of the possibility of exercising general supervision over the religious institution, and by the predominantly military character of the early Ṣafawid state in general, which placed the ‘men of the pen’ at a disadvantage vis-à-vis the ‘men of the sword’. The ṣadr was the head of the religious institution, but since in practice the religious institution was subordinated to the political institution, the authority of the ṣadr was necessarily subordinated to that of the wakīl. The main function of the ṣadr was the imposition of doctrinal unity, namely Shi'ism, throughout the Ṣafawid empire. Once this object had been achieved, the power of the ṣadr declined, although from time to time the ṣadr made attempts (largely unsuccessful) to intervene in political matters.
The Sounds of Bengali
Authors: Anderson J. D.
Published: January 2010

In the first issue of our Bulletin the Director was good enough to allow me to insert a very diffident and tentative attempt to record the characteristic sounds of Bengali in the script of the International Phonetic Association, and to reduce them to some sort of rule for the benefit of students. Writing at a long distance of time and space from Bengal, I was not so rash as to suppose that my assertions were beyond question. On the contrary, I hoped and wished to provoke discussion on a subject which has only recently become the subject of serious study. I was not surprised, therefore, when a valued colleague (not himself a Bengali) told me that some Bengali friends of his were convinced that my attempt was a failure and my statements incorrect. This criticism, however, was not of much help to me, since it did not give details.
Further Poems by Po Chu-i, and an Extract from his Prose Works, together with two other T‘ang Poems
Authors: Waley Arthur
Published: January 2010

In 170 Chinese Poems I have given an account of Po Chü-i's life and translations of over sixty of his poems.

Here are twenty-two further poems, of which all but one are now translated for the first time. The exception is No. 19, of which Pfizmaier gives a very inaccurate version in Denkschr. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Wien, xxxvi (1888), p. 239.
Notes on the Nestorian Monument at Sianfu
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

When I wrote my note on (33) , etc. (Bulletin, I, 3, p. 39), I was unaware, that Père Havret had discussed and amplified his previous translation of the passage in a small pamphlet entitled La Stèle Chrétienne de Si-ntgan-fou: quelques notes extraites d'un commentaire inédit, which was published at Leiden in 1897. Through the kindness of my friend Mr. A. C. Moule I have since had access to these notes, where it is conclusively shown that the passage in question conceals an allusion to the following words in the Slhih chou clti, spoken bv the envoys from Yüeh-chih to the Emperor Wu Ti: “Notre état est à trois cent mille li d'ici; on y observe constainment les présages célestes. Or, le vent d'est a soufflé d'après les lois harmoniques durant des centaines de décades sans discontinue; et les images azurés ont donné leur note musicale des mois entiers sans interruption. De lá, nous pûmies inférer qu'en ce même temps il se trouvait en Chine un prince vertueux.” Pére Havret then turns to the sentence in the Inscription, and interprets it in the light of his discovery: “En définitive, il faut voir dans ces nuages et dans ce vent, non point des phénomènes météorologiques qui accompagnèient le voyage d'Olopen, mais une formule flatteuse pour l'empereur T'ai-tsong dont la renommée attirait vers la Chine les prédicateurs d'Occident.” It will be seen that the compliment is delicately implied rather than actually expressed in the Chinese text, being only recognizable by one who is acquainted with the passage in the Shih chou chi. My translation, therefore, may stand; but the initial note about Kaban's forecasting of the weather will need some modification.
Utendi wa Ayubu
Authors: Werner Alice
Published: January 2010

This poem is mentioned by Steere (in the Preface to his Swahili Tales, p. xii) in the following terms: “I should have been glad to have exhibited the whole of the ‘Utenzi on Job’, which was the best I met with, but my authority could give me no more than the beginning, my copy breaking off short in the council of the fiends as to how to avail themselves of the permission to vex Job [st. 37–46]. The stanzas I have printed [1–6 in an imperfect form] are followed by a confession of God's greatness and a long commemoration of Mohammed, his family, and chief followers. Then there is an account of Job's prosperity, mentioning, amongst other things, the ducks and fowls which he had; then the colloquy between Satan and the Almighty, and the planning of the temptation. The language of this Utenzix is singularly clear and intelligible.”
Ludovico Marracci
Authors: Ross E. Denison
Published: January 2010

In the course of an examination of George Sale's translation of the Qurʼán, I was struck by certain remarks made by him in his address to the reader. He says first that, with the exception of a MS. of Baydawi's Commentary, which he borrowed from the Dutch Church in Austin Friars, he relied solely on MSS. and books in his own possession for his Moslem authorities.
Phonetic Transcriptions from Indian Languages
Authors: Chatterji Suniti Kumar
Published: January 2010

These transcriptions are tentative in character, and are presented with great diffidence. The idea was taken from similar transcriptions of versions of the fable of the North Wind and the Sun in various languages published by the International Phonetic Association in an excellent little pamphlet, The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. They have been done from dictation by persons who habitually speak the respective languages, and the transcriber has checked and in other ways sought to verify them at every step. Nearly all of them were done in Calcutta early in 1919, but they have since been revised. He has not given a table of sounds, as so many languages and dialects (there are some twenty-two in the present paper, including practically all the important languages of India) cannot be well represented all together. The sounds of Sanskrit may be regarded as the norm for all Indian languages, and the ordinary values of these are too well known to be described here.
The Lotuko Language
Authors: Raglan Lord
Published: January 2010

The Lotuko language as here set forth is spoken by about 40,000 people, all of whom, with the exception of a few hundreds in the Opari district of Mongalla Province and the Chua District of Uganda, live in the district of that name.
Notes on Kimakonde
Authors: Johnson Frederick
Published: January 2010

The Makonde language is spoken by a tribe inhabiting the plateau between the Lukuledi and Ruvuma Rivers (in the southern part of Tanganyika territory), conjointly with the Ndonde, Mavia, Maraba, and (near Newala) the Matambwe, Ngoni, and Makua. With the exception of a short grammatical sketch by the late Bishop Steere and a vocabulary included in Sir H. H. Johnston's Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages, little or nothing relating to this language has hitherto been published. (See Cust, Modern Languages of Africa, ii, 341, where it is called, mistakenly, “Konde.”) A good deal of information as to the above group of tribes is to be found in the works of K. Weule (Negerleben in Ostafrika, 1908, and Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse meiner ethnographischen Forschungsreise, 1908).
A British School of Indian Studies in India
Authors: Vogel J. Ph.
Published: January 2010

The subject to which I venture to invite your attention is not altogether new to the members of the Royal Asiatic Society. Three years ago, at a meeting of the Society on 14th March, 1916, with Sir Charles Lyall in the chair, when the Campbell Memorial Gold Medal was awarded to Professor Macdonell, of Oxford, the latter in his reply touched upon the desirability of creating, on behalf of British Sanskrit scholars, some opportunity of study and research in India. “The only remedy,” Professor Macdonell said, “seems to be the establishment of a school of research for Europeans at some centre of Sanskrit learning, preferably Benares, like the School of Classical Archæology at Athens or the French School at Hanoi in Indo-China. It will be a reproach to this country if we cannot establish something of this kind in India, with all our obligations to advance education and learning in connexion with the ancient civilization and literature of the vast Indian Empire.”
Two Indian Standards of the Eighteenth Century, with facsimiles and translations of tracings from Arabic Inscriptions
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

In the spring of 1921 Captain Geoffrey Bailey sent me two pairs of tracings made from Indian standards captured in the battle of Seringapatam, 4th May, 1799. The standards are among the treasures of the chapel of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea. On examination they proved to be of considerable interest, and readers of the Bulletin will perhaps be glad to have an opportunity of studying them in the facsimiles which, through the kindness of the editor, I am able to present, along with such notes as may be necessary for their elucidation.
Man as Willer
Authors: Davids C. A. F. Rhys
Published: January 2010

We know that in the Pali and Jain scriptures we find, as we do not find in other early Indian scriptures, the triplet: action of mind, action of word, action of body. We know that the triplet is a feature in the ancient Persian thought which we associate with the work of Zarathustra. And we may or we may not have noted as significant, how three great founders of creeds which were primarily concerned with the importance of man's will and man's actions or conduct, should be credited with the wording of this triplet, while the intermediate development in India of the creeds of the rite and the ritual, the piiest and the sacrifice, leftthe triplet unstressed. When this threefold wording of thought, word, and deed as modes of action (kamma) came into use in Buddhist teaching we do not know. It does not appear everywhere in the Pali scriptures. In many books it scarcely appears at all. It attains its chief prominence in the fourth, or Anguttara Nikāya. But wherever it does occur, it occurs as an unquestioned and accepted way of wording.
A Selection from the T'ung Shu by Chou Tzu with Commentary by Chu Hsi
Authors: Bruce J. Percy
Published: January 2010

I. Truth is the fundamental attribute of the Saint.

II. It is said, “Great is the Principle of Origin indicated by Ch'ien, from it all things derive their beginning”; here Truth is presented to us as it is at its source.

III. It is said, “It is the law of Ch'ien, by its changes and transformations to impart the Nature and Decree in their perfection to each individual thing”; here Truth is presented to us as it is in its accomplishment.

IV. Thus Truth, in its beginning and in its consummation, is the pure and spotless, and the supremely good.
‘Omar Khayyam
Authors: Ross E. Denison
Published: January 2010

The interest in ‘Omar Khayyám is perennial, not only among those who can only appreciate FitzGerald's masterly version, but also among those who can study the Persian poet at first hand: and within the last few years notable contributions have been made to the biography of 'Omar and more critical examination of the verses attributed to him. It is with this last subject that I wish to deal in the present article.
The Grammar of the Jnanesvari
Authors: Doderet W.
Published: January 2010

Jnānadeva's commentary on the Bhagavadgītā, completed in the year A.D. 1290 as recorded in the iti śrī in chapter xviii, shows, after making allowances for the errors and glosses of copyists, the state of the Marāthī language at the end of the thirteenth century A.D. The oldest known existent copy is dated by the poet Ekanātha in the Śaka year 1506, corresponding to A.D. 1584.
Some Readings of Janakiharana XVI
Authors: Dé S. K.
Published: January 2010

The text of Jānakī-harana xvi, published by Dr. L. D. Barnett in BSOS., vol. iv, pt. ii, pp. 285 f., from an old Malayalam MS., gives me an opportunity of furnishing readings of the same text from another MS. recently acquired by the Madras Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, of which a certified transcript exists in the Dacca University Library. The acquisition of this MS. by the Madras Library was reported in their Report of the Working of the Peripatetic Party, during the Triennium 1916–17–18–19.
Istālif and other place-names of Afghanistan
Authors: Morgenstierne Georg
Published: January 2010

How long did Greek continue to be spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan ? We shall probably never know. Till now Greek inscriptions have only been found on the outskirts of Afghan territory and from pre-Christian times, at Kandahar and at Ai Khanum (second century B.C.). The latter must have been a thoroughly Hellenistic city, and Kandahar also must have had an element in its population speaking or understanding Greek for Aśoka to have inscriptions written there in this language. On coins Greek continued to be used long after the Graeco-Bactrian kings, by the Indo-Parthian and the first Kusana kings. And the position of Greek was at any rate strong enough to induce the Kusānas to use Greek, and not Indian or Aramaic, script for their own language, a script which persevered, in a debased form, down into the ninth century A.D.
Ibn ‘Abbās's Al-lughāt fī'l-Qur’ān
Authors: Rippin A.
Published: January 2010

The study of Muslim lexicology concerned with the Qur'ān has a short but illustrious bibliography, the highlights of which may be summed up for the purposes of the following discussion by mentioning four people: Arthur Jeffery, whose Foreign vocabulary of the Qur'ān contains a lengthy introduction concerning various classical Muslim attempts to come to grips with the Qur'ānic lexicon; Chaim Rabin, who in his Ancient West-Arabian attempts to use a text which deals with dialect words in the Qur'ān as one of Ms sources for the reconstruction of ‘pre-literary Arabic dialects’; Lothar Kopf, who, through his articles and posthumously published dissertation extracts, exposes many of the trends and pitfalls in Arabic dictionaries, most notably those features which result from the influence of the Qur'ān; and John Wansbrough, who via his Quranic studies has treated us to his analysis of some of the early texts and has provided some very cogent and persuasive arguments concerning the motivations behind the compilation of such treatises.
Sanskrit mā- ‘to approach, meet, join; (trans.) to bring to’
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

A recent article (BSOAS, XLIII, 2, 1980, 311–28) was devoted to distinguishing the Sanskrit root mā- ‘to make, produce, create’ from mā- ‘to measure’. By this the number of homonymous roots mā- was not exhausted. A survey of the passages in the Ṛgveda in which this root is found soon makes it evident that these two meanings account for only a portion of the usages. There are many passages in which neither of these meanings applies. Most notable are those passages in which the poet asks the gods to bring riches, etc., and uses the root mā- to express this action. Examples are as follows:

nū no rayíṃ puruvīraṃ bṛhántaṃ

dásrā mímāthām ubháyeṣu asmé

‘0 you two skilful gods, bring to both of us people (poets and patrons) great wealth associated with many men.’
Hun-t'o: tulum, floats and containers in Mongolia and Cetral Asia
Authors: Serruys Henry
Published: January 2010

In 1933, in a brief remark on the expression hun-t'o‘leather bag’, Peter A. Boodberg identified it as a Kitan word and proposed to explain it through the Mongol °huquta, huyuta (modern Mongol uyula, pronounced ūta) ‘bag, sack’. Boodberg referred to Pelliot's article of 1925 on the Mongol °h- lost in the modern language; but Pelliot in his paper does not even mention hun-t'o. Professor Boodberg's note remained largely unnoticed, due no doubt to its brevity, comprising as it did not more than a few lines in a longer article which appeared in a publication distributed in rather restricted circles.
Le da drag tibétain
Authors: Przyluski J. , Lalou M.
Published: January 2010

Pour les grammairiens tibétains, da drag (= faux d) est le nom d'un suffixe qui s'ajoute aux finales n, r, l.

La loi d'euphonie du da drag exige au debut de la syllabe suivante: t, Č, p.

On peut distinguer deux états du da drag:—

(1) le d est écrit.

(2) le d n'est pas écrit, mais la syllabe qui suit n, r, l, présente la forme qu'elle aurait si le da drag était écrit.
Japanese Names for the Four Cardinal Points
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

In 1925 P. Pelliot drew a very interesting comparison between the Mongol and the Tungus names for the four cardinal points. This comparison was followed by S. M. ShirokogorofFs detailed study of the Northern Tungus terms of orientation, to which W. Kotwicz added a short note on the Mongol terms. Later in 1928 the latter scholar touched on the same subject in nis article entitled “Sur les modes d'orientation en Asie Centrale”, in which the Turkish names for the four cardinal points are discussed. These noteworthy studies show clearly how in the above-mentioned languages the four cardinal points are expressed by various words signifying “right” and “left” and “front” and “back”, as well as “upward” and “downward”.
Yogakṣema
Authors: Ray Rai Bahadur Amarnath
Published: January 2010

The word Yogakṣema claims high antiquity. It is found used in the Vedic Saṃhitās, Brāhmaṇas, and Śrauta-Sūtras. (See Bloomfield's Concordance, p. 808a.) It occurs in the Taittirīya Upaniṣad, Bhṛgu-vallī, ii, 51, and in the Kaṭha Upaniṣad, ii, 1, 2. Its best-known use is in the Bhagavad-gītā, ix, 22, while it is found further compounded as niryogakṛema in ii, 45 of the same work.
Jihān-shāh Qara-qoyunlu and his Poetry (Turkmenica 9)
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

Before broaching my subject I should like to explain the reason why a serial number has been added to the title of this article. A list of my publications will be found in the BSOAS., 1953, xiv/3, pp. 69–81, but as a variety of subjects has interested me during my career, readers may be baffled by the seemingly disconnected array of titles. In fact, my original intention was to integrate my studies in separate books, but on seeing that for both material and personal reasons this plan had no chances of success, I decided to take every opportunity for publishing the material collected—not only to solve some definite problems, but also to show the methods which I would have wished to apply to my subjects, in the light of my experience and the observations made in some more developed fields. This underlying preoccupation is what to my mind connects my writings. On the other hand, I should like to draw the attention of users of my ‘ specimens ’ to some particular classes of my studies; in a word, to their serial character.
Notes on the Mureighan Inscription
Authors: Beeston A. F. L.
Published: January 2010

Ry. 506 is an inscription of some importance for an otherwise obscure period of Arabian history. G. Ryckmans, in his editio princeps of the inscription,3 and J. Ryckmans in his comments thereon,4 have made very valuable contributions to the understanding of this far from easy text. A few notes may, I think, be nevertheless added.

At the outset, one point to be remembered in dealing with this text is that Abraha, its author, is frequently referred to in the plural, as we see from sṭrw in line 2 here (with Abraha as the subject), as well as throughout C. 541. Consequently, plural verbs and the plural pronoun -hmw can refer to Abraha himself.

Line 1. It is interesting to confront the form of titulature here used with that found in C. 541/4–8. The comparison allows us to make some deductions about the name or epithet zybmn (so spelt here, against zbymn in C. 541):—