bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Recent Spinal Cord Injury on Wnt Signaling Antagonists (Sclerostin and Dkk-1) and Their Relationship With Bone Loss. A 12-Month Prospective Study
Authors: Gifre Laia , Vidal Joan , Carrasco Josep L , Filella Xavier , Ruiz-Gaspà Silvia , Muxi Africa , Portell Enric , Monegal Ana , Guañabens Nuria , Peris Pilar
Published: December 2014

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been associated with a marked increase in bone loss and bone remodeling, especially short-term after injury. The absence of mechanical load, mediated by osteocyte mechanosensory function, seems to be a causative factor related to bone loss in this condition. However, the pathogenesis and clinical management of this process remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the effect of recent SCI on the Wnt pathway antagonists, sclerostin and Dickkopf (Dkk-1), and their relationship with bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) evolution. Forty-two patients (aged 35 ± 14yrs) with a recent (<6months) complete SCI were prospectively included. Sclerostin and Dkk-1, bone turnover markers (bone formation: PINP, bone ALP; resorption: sCTx) and BMD (lumbar spine, proximal femur, total body and lower extremities [DXA]) were assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. The results were compared with a healthy control group. 22/42 patients completed the 12-month follow-up. At baseline, SCI patients showed a marked increase in bone markers (PINP and sCTx), remaining significantly increased at up to 6 months of follow-up. Additionally, they presented significantly increased Dkk-1 values throughout the study, whereas sclerostin values did not significantly change. BMD markedly decreased at the proximal femur (-20.2 ± 5.4%, p < 0.01), total body (-5.7 ± 2.2%, p = 0.02) and lower extremities (-13.1 ± 4.5%, p = 0.01) at 12 months. Consequently, 59% of patients developed densitometric osteoporosis at 12 months. Patients with higher Dkk-1 values (>58 pmol/L) at baseline showed higher sublesional BMD loss. In conclusion, this study shows that short-term after SCI there is a marked increase in bone turnover and bone loss, the latter associated with an increase in Dkk-1 serum levels. The persistence of increased levels of this Wnt antagonist throughout the study and their relationship with the magnitude of bone loss suggests a contributory role of this mediator in this process. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Synthesis of beta‐cyclodextrin‐grafted‐alginate and its application for removing methylene blue from water solution
Authors: Yang Ji‐sheng , Han Su‐ya , Yang Li , Zheng Hai‐cheng
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Beta‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) has a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic internal cavity which gives it the ability to form a host–guest complex. Sodium alginate (NaAlg) is a natural polysaccharide which can form a hydrogel in the presence of divalent cations.

RESULTS

The degree of substitution (DS) of the resulting β‐CD grafted alginate was 12%. The adsorption ratio of β‐CD to methylene blue (MB) was close to 2:1 which agreed with the theoretical value. The inclusion property of the Alg‐β‐CD/MB‐Ca hydrogel was excellent and stable. The hydrogel could be disintegrated easily with the aid of Na2CO3, and the Alg‐β‐CD sol obtained could be reused.

CONCLUSION

This study indicated that the method of aggregation–disintegration of the prepared hydrogel used to adsorb MB from water was effective and could be reused. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Invasive carcinoma derived from “flat type” branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: impact of classification according to the height of mural nodule on endoscopic ultrasonography
Authors: Koshita Shinsuke , Fujita Naotaka , Noda Yutaka , Kobayashi Go , Ito Kei , Horaguchi Jun , Kanno Yoshihide , Ogawa Takahisa , Masu Kaori , Michikawa Yousuke , Iwashita Yuji , Sawai Takashi , Uzuki Miwa , Fujishima Fumiyoshi
Published: December 2014

Background

It has been reported that many branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD‐IPMN) with a mural nodule (MN) reveal adenocarcinomas. On the other hand, invasive cancer derived from BD‐IPMN without MN on endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) also exists. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinicopathological features of invasive cancer derived from BD‐IPMN without MN on EUS.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients pathologically diagnosed with invasive cancer derived from BD‐IPMN were included in this study.

Results

Based on the height of MNs on EUS, the subjects could be clearly classified as 12 patients whose background BD‐IPMNs had high MNs (nodule‐forming type IPMN) and nine whose background BD‐IPMNs showed no MNs (flat type IPMN). The background BD‐IPMN of the 12 patients with nodule‐forming type IPMN were non‐gastric type. On the other hand, the background BD‐IPMN of the nine patients with flat type IPMN was gastric type. The recurrence rate was higher (33% vs. 67%) and the 5‐year survival was worse (76% vs. 33%) in flat type IPMN.

Conclusions

There may be a pathway for the development of invasive cancer without the formation of an MN in BD‐IPMN, and attention should be paid even to the patients with BD‐IPMN which does not present an MN.
Muscle optimization techniques impact the magnitude of calculated hip joint contact forces
Authors: Wesseling Mariska , Derikx Loes C. , de Groote Friedl , Bartels Ward , Meyer Christophe , Verdonschot Nico , Jonkers Ilse
Published: December 2014

In musculoskeletal modelling, several optimization techniques are used to calculate muscle forces, which strongly influence resultant hip contact forces (HCF). The goal of this study was to calculate muscle forces using four different optimization techniques, i.e., two different static optimization techniques, computed muscle control (CMC) and the physiological inverse approach (PIA). We investigated their subsequent effects on HCFs during gait and sit to stand and found that at the first peak in gait at 15–20% of the gait cycle, CMC calculated the highest HCFs (median 3.9 times peak GRF (pGRF)). When comparing calculated HCFs to experimental HCFs reported in literature, the former were up to 238% larger. Both static optimization techniques produced lower HCFs (median 3.0 and 3.1 pGRF), while PIA included muscle dynamics without an excessive increase in HCF (median 3.2 pGRF). The increased HCFs in CMC were potentially caused by higher muscle forces resulting from co‐contraction of agonists and antagonists around the hip. Alternatively, these higher HCFs may be caused by the slightly poorer tracking of the net joint moment by the muscle moments calculated by CMC. We conclude that the use of different optimization techniques affects calculated HCFs, and static optimization approached experimental values best. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Relationship between physical impairments and movement patterns during gait in patients with end‐stage hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Zeni, Joseph , Pozzi Federico , Abujaber Sumayah , Miller Laura
Published: December 2014

Patients with hip osteoarthritis demonstrate limited range of motion, muscle weakness, and altered biomechanics; however, few studies have evaluated the relationships between physical impairments and movement asymmetries. The purpose of this study was to identify the physical impairments related to movement abnormalities in patients awaiting total hip arthroplasty. We hypothesized that muscle weakness and pain would be related to greater movement asymmetries. Fifty‐six subjects who were awaiting total hip arthroplasty were enrolled. Pain was assessed using a 0–10 scale, range of motion was assessed with the Harris Hip Score and isometric hip abductor strength was tested using a hand‐held dynamometer. Trunk, pelvis and hip angles and moments in the frontal and sagittal planes were measured during walking using three dimensional motion analysis. During gait, subjects had 3.49 degrees less peak hip flexion and 8.82 degrees less extension angles (p < 0.001) and had 0.03 Nm/k*m less hip adduction moment on the affected side (p = 0.043). Weaker hip muscles were related to greater pelvis (r = −0.291) and trunk (r = −0.332) rotations in the frontal plane. These findings suggest that hip weakness drives abnormal movement patterns at the pelvis and trunk in patients with hip osteoarthritis to a greater degree than hip pain. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
An improved methodology for the characterization and identification of sepia in works of art by normal Raman and SERS, complemented by FTIR, Py‐GC/MS, and XRF
Authors: Roldán María L. , Centeno Silvia A. , Rizzo Adriana
Published: December 2014

The natural sepia pigment is based on eumelanin, the most prevalent type of melanin, and can be obtained from the ink sac of different members of the Cephalopoda class, such as cuttlefish and squid. The main components of natural sepia are indole derivatives, but pigments prepared following historical recipes are generally more heterogeneous as they may also contain proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. Sepia is difficult to identify in works of art owing to its heterogeneity, insolubility in most organic solvents, interference by the binding media, and its poorly defined spectroscopic properties. In the present study, three commercial natural sepia pigments, along with a sample extracted from cuttlefish following a historical recipe in an artists' manual, a relatively more pure commercial melanin, and a synthetic eumelanin obtained by the oxidation of dopamine were characterized by normal Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), complemented by Fourier transform infrared, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and X‐ray fluorescence, in order to obtain vibrational signatures for the identification of the pigment in works of art. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and X‐ray fluorescence analysis showed that the pigment composition is strongly influenced by the extraction procedure used. Lipids were identified in the chromatograms of all the natural samples analyzed, and the majority of these also showed the presence of cholesterol derivatives. Additional components resulting from the decomposition of polysaccharides were found to be present in the sepia extracted from cuttlefish in our laboratories. Normal Raman and SERS were also used to study two sepia inks applied on paper and subjected to accelerated aging. In the SERS measurements, a hydroxylamine‐reduced silver colloid was used as this substrate is suitable for the identification of other natural heterogeneous black‐brown pigments. The SERS methodology developed was applied to identify sepia in Waiting for Aaron, a drawing by the 19th century artist Robert Frederick Blum. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and effective approach for on‐site assessment of total carotenoid content in wolfberry juice during processing
Authors: Zheng Xiaodong , Zhu Fengtao , Wu Maoyu , Yan Xinhuan , Meng Xiaomeng , Song Ye
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Carotenoid content analysis in wolfberry processed products has mainly focused on the determination of zeaxanthin or zeaxanthin dipalmitate, which cannot indicate the total carotenoid content (TCC) in wolfberries.

RESULTS

We have exploited an effective approach for rapid extraction of carotenoid from wolfberry juice and determined TCC using UV–visible spectrophotometry. Several solvent mixtures, adsorption wavelengths of carotenoid extracts and extraction procedures were investigated. The optimal solvent mixture with broad spectrum polarity was hexane–ethanol–acetone (2:1:1) and optimal wavelength was 456 nm. There was no significant difference of TCC in wolfberry juice between direct extraction and saponification extraction.

CONCLUSION

The developed method for assessment of TCC has been successfully employed in quality evaluation of wolfberry juice under different processing conditions. This measurement approach has inherent advantages (simplicity, rapidity, effectiveness) that make it appropriate for obtaining on‐site information of TCC in wolfberry juice during processing. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
On‐line extraction and determination of two herbicides: Comparison between two modes of three‐phase hollow fiber microextraction
Authors: Tajik Mohammad , Yamini Yadollah , Esrafili Ali , Ebrahimpour Behnam
Published: December 2014

Two different modes of three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction were studied for the extraction of two herbicides, bensulfuron‐methyl and linuron. In these two modes, the acceptor phases in the lumen of the hollow fiber were aqueous and organic solvents. The extraction and determination were performed using an automated hollow fiber microextraction instrument followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. For both three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction modes, the effect of the main parameters on the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized by central composite design. Under optimal conditions, both modes showed good linearity and repeatability, but the three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents has a better extraction efficiency and figures of merit. The calibration curves for three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction with an organic acceptor phase were linear in the range of 0.3–200 and 0.1–150 μg/L and the limits of detection were 0.1 and 0.06 μg/L for bensulfuron‐methyl and linuron, respectively. For the conventional three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 3.0–250 and 15–400 μg/L and LODs were 1.0 and 5.0 μg/L for bensulfuron‐methyl and linuron, respectively. The real sample analysis was carried out by three‐phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents because of its more favorable characteristics.
Flow and Sediment Connectivity in Semi‐arid Landscapes in SE Spain: Patterns and Controls
Authors: Marchamalo Miguel , Hooke Janet M. , Sandercock Peter J.
Published: December 2014

Much of the water and sediment fluxes in semi‐arid catchments are found to be highly concentrated in localized pathways. Identifying the location of these pathways in the landscape is important for management and restoration. Measures can then be targeted so as to minimize the potential for erosion and sediment flux along these pathways. A method of repeat field mapping of flow and sediment pathways suitable for Mediterranean catchments is presented. Several small catchments in Cárcavo basin, SE Spain, differing in topographic and land use characteristics, were monitored under several events. Morphometric properties of pathways were analysed and compared with rainfall characteristics. Number and length of pathways varied with rainfall characteristics and also antecedent conditions. In low rainfall events, runoff sources and main pathways were disconnected, but in a larger event, the network of pathways became fully connected. The pathway patterns showed that man‐made lines such as terrace embankments and tracks have a major influence on sediment connectivity. Micro‐topographic factors, soil moisture and the presence of vegetation are highly influential on pathways and the frequency of water and sediment fluxes. Runoff and erosion hotpots for the development of pathways were identified, which should be targeted for mitigation and restoration measures using vegetation. The relevance of local scale factors emphasizes the importance of repeat field observations to understand connectivity and pathways development in the landscape. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatographic separation of fatty acids methyl esters with online reduction
Authors: Delmonte Pierluigi , Kramer John K.G. , Hayward Douglas G. , Mossoba Magdi M. , Fardin‐Kia Ali Reza , Aldai Noelia
Published: December 2014

The accurate analysis of complex fats and oils often requires combining data from multiple GC separations, fractionation by LC prior to GC analysis, and identifying fatty acids or confirming their identities by mass spectrometry and synthetic reference materials. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography markedly increases the number of resolved fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in a single separation experiment by combining the separations of two capillary columns. The addition of a capillary reducer in front of the second capillary column provides unique separation patterns and structural information for fatty acids based on simple elution rules.
Universal fungal prophylaxis and risk of coccidioidomycosis in liver transplant recipients living in an endemic area
Authors: Kahn Allon , Carey Elizabeth J. , Blair Janis E.
Published: December 2014

Recipients of liver transplantation (LT) are at increased risk for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis, primarily because of chronic immunosuppression and impaired cellular immunity. Unfortunately, no consensus exists regarding optimal posttransplant prophylaxis. In a prior study at our institution, we observed both de novo and recurrent coccidioidomycosis despite targeted antifungal prophylaxis. In response, in February 2011, we instituted a universal prophylaxis program consisting of fluconazole (200 mg daily) for the first posttransplant year. In the current study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent LT between the initiation of universal prophylaxis and July 11, 2013. Patients receiving a second transplant or dual‐organ transplant and those who died or did not have follow‐up in the 12‐month post‐LT period were excluded. Data from the universal prophylaxis cohort were compared with previously published data from the targeted prophylaxis era. Of the 160 patients undergoing LT during the study period, 143 met criteria for data analysis. When compared with the 349 patients in the targeted prophylaxis cohort, patients in the universal prophylaxis group were older and had higher rates of pre‐LT coccidioidomycosis, asymptomatic coccidioidal seropositivity, posttransplant diabetes mellitus, and renal insufficiency. Fluconazole‐related toxicity occurred in 13 of the universal prophylaxis patients, 7 of whom were required to discontinue use of the medication. Coccidioidomycosis developed in 10 of the 391 patients (2.6%) in the targeted prophylaxis cohort and in none of the patients in the universal prophylaxis group (P = 0.04). These data strongly support the use of a 1‐year antifungal prophylaxis regimen for LT recipients in endemic regions. Liver Transpl 21:353–361, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Changes in liver and spleen volumes after living liver donation: A report from the adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation cohort study (A2ALL)
Authors: Emond Jean C. , Fisher Robert A. , Everson Gregory , Samstein Benjamin , Pomposelli James J. , Zhao Binsheng , Forney Sarah , Olthoff Kim M. , Baker Talia B. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Merion Robert M.
Published: December 2014

Previous reports have drawn attention to persistently decreased platelet counts among liver donors. We hypothesized an etiologic association between altered platelet counts and postdonation splenomegaly and sought to explore this relationship. This study analyzed de‐identified computed tomography/magnetic resonance scans of 388 donors from 9 Adult‐to‐Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study centers read at a central computational image analysis laboratory. Resulting liver and spleen volumes were correlated with time‐matched clinical laboratory values. Predonation liver volumes varied 2‐fold in healthy subjects, even when they were normalized by the body surface area (BSA; range = 522‐1887 cc/m2, n = 346). At month 3 (M3), postdonation liver volumes were, on average, 79% of predonation volumes [interquartile range (IQR) = 73%‐86%, n = 165] and approached 88% at year 1 (Y1; IQR = 80%‐93%, n = 75). The mean spleen volume before donation was 245 cc (n = 346). Spleen volumes greater than 100% of the predonation volume occurred in 92% of donors at M3 (n = 165) and in 88% at Y1 after donation (n = 75). We sought to develop a standard spleen volume (SSV) model to predict normal spleen volumes in donors before donation and found that decreased platelet counts, a younger age, a higher predonation liver volume, higher hemoglobin levels, and a higher BSA predicted a larger spleen volume (n = 344,R2 = 0.52). When this was applied to postdonation values, some large volumes were underpredicted by the SSV model. Models developed on the basis of the reduced sample of postdonation volumes yielded smaller underpredictions. These findings confirm previous observations of thrombocytopenia being associated with splenomegaly after donation. The results of the SSV model suggest that the biology of this phenomenon is complex. This merits further long‐term mechanistic studies of liver donors with an investigation of the role of other factors such as thrombopoietin and exposure to viral infections to better understand the evolution of the spleen volume after liver donation.Liver Transpl 21:151‐161, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.
Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of Terpyridine End‐Capped Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide)‐block‐Poly(2‐(Dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate) Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Brassinne Jérémy , Poggi Elio , Fustin Charles‐André , Gohy Jean‐François
Published: December 2014

At the basis of smart self‐assembled materials are lying small building blocks that can hierarchically assemble in response to stimuli, e.g., temperature or chemical species. In this context, the synthesis of terpyridine end‐capped poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) diblock copolymers via controlled radical copolymerization is reported here. The self‐assembly of those copolymers is investigated in dilute aqueous solutions while varying temperature or adding transition metal ions, respectively, leading to the formation of micellar nanostructures or metallosupramolecular triblock copolymers.

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Approaching Two‐Dimensional Copolymers: Photoirradiation of Anthracene‐ and Diaza‐Anthracene‐Bearing Monomers in Langmuir Monolayers
Authors: Payamyar Payam , Servalli Marco , Hungerland Tim , Schütz Andri P. , Zheng Zhikun , Borgschulte Andreas , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: December 2014

By using structurally similar amphiphilic monomers, it is shown that compressed monolayers of varying amounts of such monomers at the air/water interface can be converted by photo­irradiation into the corresponding covalently connected monolayer sheets. Since one of the monomers carries three anthracene units and the other three 1,8‐diaza‐anthracene units, the growth reaction is proposed to take place through photochemically achieved [4+4]‐cycloaddition between pairs of these units that are co‐facially (face‐to‐face) arranged, to furnish the corresponding covalent dimers. While evidence for both homodimers is amply available, the existence of the heterodimer needs to be established with the help of a model reaction to support the conceptual aspect of this work, copolymerization in two dimensions. The sheet copolymers exhibit substantial robustness in that they can be spanned over 20 × 20 μm2‐sized holes without rupturing under their own weight. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies reveal that the monomers are incorporated into the sheet copolymers according to feed. These results establish existence of the first covalent sheet copolymer, which is considered a step ahead towards novel 2D materials.

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Honokiol inhibits melanoma stem cells by targeting notch signaling
Authors: Kaushik Gaurav , Venugopal Anand , Ramamoorthy Prabhu , Standing David , Subramaniam Dharmalingam , Umar Shahid , Jensen Roy A. , Anant Shrikant , Mammen Joshua M.V.
Published: December 2014

Melanoma is an aggressive disease with limited therapeutic options. Here, we determined the effects of honokiol (HNK), a biphenolic natural compound on melanoma cells and stemness. HNK significantly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, viability, clonogenicity and induced autophagy. In addition, HNK significantly inhibited melanosphere formation in a dose dependent manner. Western blot analyses also demonstrated reduction in stem cell markers CD271, CD166, Jarid1b, and ABCB5. We next examined the effect of HNK on Notch signaling, a pathway involved in stem cell self‐renewal. Four different Notch receptors exist in cells, which when cleaved by a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α‐Converting Enzyme (TACE) and γ‐secretase protein complex, results in the release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which then translocates to the nucleus and induces target gene expression. Western blot analyses demonstrated that in HNK treated cells there is a significant reduction in the expression of cleaved Notch‐2. In addition, there was a reduction in the expression of downstream target proteins, Hes‐1 and cyclin D1. Moreover, HNK treatment suppressed the expression of TACE and γ‐secretase complex proteins in melanoma cells. To confirm that suppression of Notch‐2 activation is critical for HNK activity, we overexpressed NICD1, NICD2, and performed HNK treatment. NICD2, but not NICD1, partially restored the expression of Hes‐1 and cyclin D1, and increased melanosphere formation. Taken together, these data suggest that HNK is a potent inhibitor of melanoma cells, in part, through the targeting of melanoma stem cells by suppressing Notch‐2 signaling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dysport and Botox at a ratio of 2.5:1 units in cervical dystonia: A double‐blind, randomized study
Authors: Yun Ji Young , Kim Jae Woo , Kim Hee‐Tae , Chung Sun Ju , Kim Jong‐Min , Cho Jin Whan , Lee Jee‐Young , Lee Ha Neul , You Sooyeoun , Oh Eungseok , Jeong Heejeong , Kim Young Eun , Kim Han‐Joon , Lee Won Yong , Jeon Beom S.
Published: December 2014

We aimed to compare Dysport (abobotulinumtoxinA, Ipsen Biopharm, Slough, UK) and Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA, Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) at a 2.5:1 ratio in the treatment of cervical dystonia (CD). A Dysport/Botox ratio of lower than 3:1 was suggested as a more appropriate conversion ratio, considering its higher efficacy and more frequent incidence of adverse effects not only in the treatment of CD but also in other focal movement disorders. A randomized, double‐blind, multicenter, non‐inferiority, two‐period crossover study was done in CD, with a duration of at least 18 months. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment for the first period with Dysport or Botox, and they were followed up for 16 weeks after the injection. After a 4‐week washout period, they were switched to the other formulation and then followed up for 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the changes in the Tsui scale between the baseline value and that at 1 month after each injection. A total of 103 patients were enrolled, and 94 completed the study. Mean changes in the Tsui scale between baseline and 4 weeks after each injection tended to favor Botox; however, this was not statistically significant (4.0 ± 3.9 points for the Dysport treatment vs. 4.8 ± 4.1 points for Botox; 95% confidence interval, −0.1‐1.7; P = 0.091). The mean change of the Toronto western spasmodic torticollis rating scale score, the proportion of improvement in clinical global impression and patient global impression, and the incidences of adverse events were not significantly different between the two treatments. With regard to safety and efficacy, Dysport was not inferior to Botox in patients with CD at a conversion factor of 2.5:1. [clinicaltrial.gov: NCT00950664] © The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Algorithmic approach to lower abdominal, perineal, and groin reconstruction using anterolateral thigh flaps
Authors: Zelken Jonathan A. , AlDeek Nidal F. , Hsu Chung‐Chen , Chang Nai‐Jen , Lin Chih‐Hung , Lin Cheng‐Hung
Published: December 2014

Lower abdominal, perineal, and groin (LAPG) reconstruction may be performed in a single stage. Anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps are preferred here and taken as fasciocutaneous (ALT‐FC), myocutaneous (ALT‐MC), or vastus lateralis myocutaneous (VL‐MC) flaps. We aim to present the results of reconstruction from a series of patients and guide flap selection with an algorithmic approach to LAPG reconstruction that optimizes outcomes and minimizes morbidity. Lower abdomen, groin, perineum, vulva, vagina, scrotum, and bladder wounds reconstructed in 22 patients using ALT flaps between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively studied. Five ALT‐FC, eight ALT‐MC, and nine VL‐MC flaps were performed. All flaps survived. Venous congestion occurred in three VL‐MC flaps from mechanical cause. Wound infection occurred in six cases. Urinary leak occurred in three cases of bladder reconstruction. One patient died from congestive heart failure. The ALT flap is time tested and dependably addresses most LAPG defects; flap variations are suited for niche defects. We propose a novel algorithm to guide reconstructive decision‐making. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:104–114, 2016.
On global stability of an HIV pathogenesis model with cure rate
Authors: Muroya Yoshiaki , Enatsu Yoichi
Published: December 2014

In this paper, applying both Lyapunov function techniques and monotone iterative techniques, we establish new sufficient conditions under which the infected equilibrium of an HIV pathogenesis model with cure rate is globally asymptotically stable. By giving an explicit expression for eventual lower bound of the concentration of susceptible CD4+ T cells, we establish an affirmative partial answer to the numerical simulations investigated in the recent paper [Liu, Wang, Hu and Ma, Global stability of an HIV pathogenesis model with cure rate, Nonlinear Analysis RWA (2011) 12: 2947–2961]. Our monotone iterative techniques are applicable for the small and large growth rate in logistic functions for the proliferation rate of healthy and infected CD4+ T cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized model for relative phases based on bilinear representation of natural image series
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Chen Bo
Published: December 2014

Local phase is now known to carry information about image features or object motions. But it is harder to use directly compared with amplitude, so far. In this paper, we propose that the relative local phase, which is a function of scale, position and time, really matters in representing the information of image structures or movements. A unified description of relative phase is given in this paper based on a bilinear representation of natural image series via multi‐scale orientated dual tree complex wavelets. Then, the behaviors of nontrivial relative phase, especially for their distribution on multi‐scale and multi‐subband, are investigated. We propose a new generalized model, which is derived from Möbius transform, to describe various relative phases. Numerical experiments for a large amount of test images show that the new model performs best compared with the von Mises or wrapped Cauchy distribution. Especially for those with asymmetric pdf, our function fits with the histogram quite well while the other two may fail. We thus lay a groundwork for relative phase‐based image processing methods, such as classification, deblurring and motion perception. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by maintenance oral immunosuppression in refractory myasthenia gravis
Authors: Buzzard Katherine A. , Meyer Nicholas J. , Hardy Todd A. , Riminton D. Sean , Reddel Stephen W.
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) can be refractory to conventional immunotherapy. We report on the efficacy and durability of intravenous (IV) remission‐induction cyclophosphamide (CYC) followed by oral immunosuppression in refractory MG. Methods: We identified 8 patients from our medical records with moderate or severe refractory MG who were treated with 6 cycles of IV CYC (0.75 g/m2) every 4 weeks followed by oral immunosuppression. Results: Six patients improved within 3 months of treatment. Four patients remained in clinical remission (mean follow‐up 31 months). Two patients responded partially, and 1 patient relapsed after 11 months. Two patients were non‐responders. CYC was well tolerated. Acetylcholine receptor antibody levels remained below pretreatment levels in patients in clinical remission. The leukocyte nadir was lower in CYC responders. Conclusions: Remission‐induction IV CYC followed by oral immunosuppression is a rapid, effective, and durable treatment for refractory MG. Adding a post‐CYC immunosuppressant may account for low relapse rates compared with other published series. Muscle Nerve 52: 204–210, 2015
Metabolic syndrome in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Vujnic Milorad , Peric Stojan , Popovic Srdjan , Raseta Nela , Ralic Vesna , Dobricic Valerija , Novakovic Ivana , Rakocevic‐Stojanovic Vidosava
Published: December 2014

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Methods: We studied 66 DM1 patients (50% men, aged 41.9 ± 10.5 years, disease duration of 19.3 ± 8.6 years). New worldwide consensus criteria for MetS from 2009 were used. Results: Components of MetS were present at the following frequencies: hypertriglyceridemia 67%; low HDL cholesterol 35%; hypertension 18%; central obesity 14%; and hyperglycemia 9%. MetS was present in 11 (17%) patients. The presence of MetS was not associated with patients' gender, age, disease severity, disease duration, or CTG repeat length (P > 0.05). Patients with MetS had significantly lower total SF‐36 scores as a measure of quality of life in comparison to patients without MetS (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although certain components of MetS were very frequent in patients with DM1, only 17% met the criteria for MetS. Muscle Nerve 52: 273–277, 2015
Growth hormone improves short stature in children with Diamond‐Blackfan anemia
Authors: Howell Jonathan C. , Joshi Sarita A. , Hornung Lindsey , Khoury Jane , Harris Richard E. , Rose Susan R.
Published: December 2014

Background

Diamond‐Blackfan anemia (DBA), an inherited marrow failure syndrome, has severe hypoplastic anemia in infancy and association with aplastic anemia, MDS/leukemia, and other malignancies. Short stature is present in most patients. Isolated cases have demonstrated improved growth on growth hormone (GH) therapy.

Procedures

GH treatment data were obtained from 19 children with DBA (6 at our site and 13 from Genentech). Control data from 44 non‐GH treated children were provided by Diamond Blackfan Anemia Registry. Annual growth velocity (GV) and height‐for‐age Z‐scores (HAZ) were compared between groups and for up to 4y of GH treatment.

Results

Constructed DBA‐specific male and female height‐for‐age charts for non‐GH treated patients revealed short stature compared to CDC norms. GH‐treated patients had significantly lower HAZ prior to treatment initiation compared to non‐GH‐treated controls. Among GH‐treated patients, GV significantly improved in the first two years relative to pre‐treatment. HAZ significantly improved in each of 4y of GH therapy compared to baseline. After 2y of therapy, HAZ for GH‐treated patients were not significantly different from controls, demonstrating successful catch‐up growth.

Conclusions

GH treatment in children with DBA improves both GV and HAZ during treatment sustained for up to 4y. Very short children with DBA can be treated successfully with GH to restore stature to levels comparable to less affected patients. DBA height charts are useful tools for assessing age‐specific growth in this typically short population. Careful consideration of individualized benefit of GH therapy versus risk is important in view of long‐term underlying ∼5% malignancy risk in DBA. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:402–408. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A summary of the osteosarcoma banking efforts: A report from the Children's Oncology Group and the QuadW Foundation
Authors: Glover Jason , Krailo Mark , Tello Tanya , Marina Neyssa , Janeway Katherine , Barkauskas Don , Fan Timothy M. , Gorlick Richard , Khanna Chand ,   the COG Osteosarcoma Biology Group
Published: December 2014

Background

Survival rates of patients with osteosarcoma have remained stagnant over the last thirty years. Better understanding of biology, new therapeutics, and improved biomarkers are needed. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) addressed this need by developing one of the largest osteosarcoma biorepositories ever, containing over 15,000 tumor and tissue samples from over 1,500 patients.

Procedure

The biology study P9851 and the banking study AOST06B1 has enrolled 1,787 patients (as of September, 2013). Clinical information was lacking on 510 patients on P9851, who were not enrolled on a concurrent therapeutic trial. The value of these specimens was diminished. The lack of statistical support available for biology projects slowed the analysis of several critical studies. The QuadW Foundation, CureSearch, and the COG formed the Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office (CSBAO) to provide the infrastructure and address these needs by linking clinically annotated patient data to archived tissue samples and to develop biostatistical support for childhood sarcoma research.

Results

Originally 5.3% of samples from the 510 patients on P9851 not enrolled on a therapeutic study had full clinical annotation. The efforts of the CSBAO have linked clinical annotation to 90.8% of those specimens and provided statistical analyses to several studies that had used COG samples. As a result, 24 biology studies in osteosarcoma have been completed and published in peer‐reviewed journals.

Conclusions

These samples and in‐silico data are available to the research community for basic and translational science projects to improve the biological understanding and treatment of patients affected by osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:450–455. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple relapses in high‐grade osteosarcoma: When to stop aggressive therapy?
Authors: Tamamyan Gevorg , Dominkus Martin , Lang Susanna , Diakos Christopher , Mittheisz Edda , Horcher Ernst , Holter Wolfgang , Zoubek Andreas , Bielack Stefan , Kager Leo
Published: December 2014

The prognosis after relapse of high‐grade osteosarcoma is poor and complete resection of all tumors is essential for survival. A 6‐year old was diagnosed with high‐grade osteosarcoma and treated according to the COSS‐96 protocol. Within 5 years from initial diagnosis, five osteosarcoma relapses occurred and every time it was possible to achieve complete surgical remission. Additional treatments included chemotherapy and dendritic cell‐based cancer immune therapy. Since the end of therapy of the 5th relapse, he is alive for 11½ years. Our experience further supports that aggressive surgery can help to achieve long‐term survival even in patients with multiple osteosarcoma relapses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:529–530. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of prenatal and postnatal diagnostic criteria for twin anemia‐polycythemia sequence
Authors: Veujoz Marine , Sananès Nicolas , Severac François , Meyer Nicolas , Weingertner Anne‐Sophie , Kohler Monique , Guerra Fernando , Gaudineau Adrien , Nisand Israël , Favre Romain
Published: December 2014

Objective

The aim of this study is to analyze the relevance of the prenatal and postnatal diagnostic parameters of twin anemia‐polycythemia sequence (TAPS).

Methods

Diagnostic data of all cases of TAPS followed in our institution between 2006 and 2013 were reviewed. Statistical analyses were conducted using Bayesian methods.

Results

Twenty cases of TAPS were included. We found a relationship between the hemoglobin level and the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (coefficient −0.25 [−0.34, −0.15], Pr(coef < 0) = 99.99%). Sensitivity and specificity of the prenatal diagnosis were 71% and 50%, respectively, regarding the correspondence with postnatal diagnosis. There was no correlation between the number [odds ratio (OR) = 0.89 [0.72, 1.10], Pr(OR > 1) = 14.8%)], the mean diameter (OR = 0.98 [0.32, 3.06], Pr(OR > 1) = 48.9%), or the total diameter (OR = 0.79 [0.36, 1.53], Pr(OR > 1) = 26.3%) of arteriovenous anastomoses and the severity of TAPS.

Conclusion

Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity is a reliable tool for estimating the hemoglobin level in cases of TAPS. The correspondence between prenatal and postnatal diagnosis is imperfect. Further studies are required to evaluate opportunity of widening postnatal diagnostic criteria. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton transfer reactions of N‐aryl triazolium salts: unusual ortho‐substituent effects
Authors: Tucker David E. , Quinn Peter , Massey Richard S. , Collett Christopher J. , Jasiewicz David J. , Bramley Christopher R. , Smith Andrew D. , O'Donoghue AnnMarie C.
Published: December 2014

Previous studies of the C(3)‐hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of the triazolium ion conjugate acids of triazolyl N‐heterocyclic carbenes revealed a change of mechanism under acidic conditions with N1‐protonation to a dicationic salt. Interestingly, the data suggested an increase in pKaN1 in the presence of a N‐pentafluorophenyl substituent relative to other N‐aryl substituents with hydrogens or methyl substituents rather than fluorines at the ortho‐positions. To probe the presence of an apparent donor effect of a N‐pentafluorophenyl substituent, which differs from the more common electron withdrawing effect of this group, we have studied the analogous deuterium exchange reactions of four triazolium salts with heteroatoms or heteroatom substituents in the 2‐position and/or 6‐position of the N‐aryl ring. These include triazolium salts with N‐2,4,6‐tribromophenyl 11, N‐2,6‐dichlorophenyl 12, N‐2‐pyridyl 13 and N‐2‐pyrimidinyl 14 substituents. The log kex – pD profiles for 11, 12 and 14 were found to show similar trends at lower pDs as for the previously studied N‐pentafluorophenyl triazolium salt, hence supporting the presence an apparent donor effect on pKaN1. Surprisingly, the log kex – pD profile for N‐pyridyl salt 13 uniquely showed acid catalysis at lower pDs. We propose herein that this data is best explained by invoking an intramolecular general base role for the N‐(2‐pyridyl) substituent in conjunction with N1‐protonation on the triazolium ring. Finally, the second order rate constants for deuteroxide ion catalysed C(3)‐H/D exchange (kDO, M−1 s−1), which could be obtained from data at pDs >1.5, were used to provide estimates of C(3)‐carbon acid pKaC3 values for the four triazolium salts 11, 12, 13, 14. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Predictors of quality of life of cancer patients, their children, and partners
Authors: Götze Heide , Ernst Jochen , Brähler Elmar , Romer Georg , von Klitzing Kai
Published: December 2014

Objective

The objective of this study is to assess the quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients and their family members over 1‐year period post therapy.

Methods

We evaluated QOL in cancer patients (N = 161) (Short Form‐8 Health Survey (SF‐8), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 30‐ Item Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ‐C30)), their partners (N = 110) (SF‐8), and their children (N = 115) (KIDSCREEN‐27) using a longitudinal design (t1: post therapy, t2: 6 months after t1, t3: 12 months after t1). Multiple regression models were employed to examine factors related to QOL.

Results

After cancer therapy, impairments in the patients' QOL were found primarily in emotional and social areas and also in role functions. We found the highest symptom burden in fatigue (M = 45.21), sleep disturbances (M = 41.04), and financial difficulties (M = 39.2). Partners had lower mental QOL compared with the general population at each assessment point (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in physical QOL between partners and the general population (p > 0.05). Social support, full‐time employment, tumor stage 0–2, time since diagnosis <1 year, and lower levels of anxiety and depression were associated with better QOL in patients. Full‐time employment, social support, and lower levels of anxiety and depression had a significant impact on the partners' QOL. Higher levels of anxiety and depression in patients (p = 0.006) adversely influenced children's QOL.

Conclusions

Family members' QOL is overall stable over time indicating the need for professional psychosocial support for those family members with low QOL. For the children, new measures are needed to better examine the experience with parental cancer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Plasma Chemistry of Ethyl Lactate Plasma Polymerization Discharges
Authors: Ligot Sylvie , Guillaume Maxime , Raynaud Patrice , Thiry Damien , Lemaur Vincent , Silva Tiago , Britun Nikolay , Cornil Jérôme , Dubois Philippe , Snyders Rony
Published: December 2014

In this work, a new plasma diagnostic method has been used to quantify the plasma‐generated species that play a part in the ethyl lactate plasma polymer film deposition. This method has been possible by using the RGA mass spectrometry combined with the in situ FTIR spectroscopy supported by DFT calculations. Ethyl lactate plasma phase can then be qualitatively and quantitatively probed by varying the experimental parameters. More specifically, it has been shown that by increasing the power from 30 to 280 W, the density of ester‐bearing species in the plasma strongly decreases and supports the drop of ester content in plasma polymers. Additionally, the temperature of the plasma has been determined by the in situ IR spectroscopy and has revealed a too weak increase (60 K) to affect the fundamental vibrational levels. Our IR spectroscopy approach goes into that direction too.
Molecular modeling and computational analyses suggests that the Sinorhizobium meliloti periplasmic regulator protein ExoR adopts a superhelical fold and is controlled by a unique mechanism of proteolysis
Authors: Wiech Eliza M. , Cheng Hai‐Ping , Singh Shaneen M.
Published: December 2014

The Sinorhizobium meliloti periplasmic ExoR protein and the ExoS/ChvI two‐component system form a regulatory mechanism that directly controls the transformation of free‐living to host‐invading cells. In the absence of crystal structures, understanding the molecular mechanism of interaction between ExoR and the ExoS sensor, which is believed to drive the key regulatory step in the invasion process, remains a major challenge. In this study, we present a theoretical structural model of the active form of ExoR protein, ExoRm, generated using computational methods. Our model suggests that ExoR possesses a super‐helical fold comprising 12 α‐helices forming six Sel1‐like repeats, including two that were unidentified in previous studies. This fold is highly conducive to mediating protein–protein interactions and this is corroborated by the identification of putative protein binding sites on the surface of the ExoRm protein. Our studies reveal two novel insights: (a) an extended conformation of the third Sel1‐like repeat that might be important for ExoR regulatory function and (b) a buried proteolytic site that implies a unique proteolytic mechanism. This study provides new and interesting insights into the structure of S. meliloti ExoR, lays the groundwork for elaborating the molecular mechanism of ExoRm cleavage, ExoRm–ExoS interactions, and studies of ExoR homologs in other bacterial host interactions.