bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoflavone‐enriched soybean leaves attenuate ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis in rats by anti‐inflammatory activity
Authors: Xie Cheng‐Liang , Park Ki H , Kang Sang S , Cho Kye M , Lee Dong H
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

With an increasing aging population, postmenopausal osteoporosis has become a global public health problem. Previous evidence has shown that postmenopausal osteoporosis is a skeletal disease mainly caused by estrogen deficiency, generally accompanied by inflammation, and dietary isoflavones may ameliorate postmenopausal osteoporosis by anti‐inflammatory activity. We have generated isoflavone‐enriched soybean leaves (IESLs), but their anti‐inflammatory activity and effect on attenuating osteoporosis are still obscure. Here, we determined the isoflavone profiles of IESLs and evaluated their anti‐inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and anti‐osteoporotic effects on ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis in rats.

RESULTS

IESLs had a high content of total isoflavone. Hydrolysate of IESLs (HIESLs) was rich with the aglycones daidzein and genistein, and HIESLs can significantly inhibit lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation by reducing messenger RNA expression of iNOS, COX‐2, IL6, and IL1β. Moreover, ovariectomized rats receiving aqueous extracts of IESLs (HIESLs) orally maintained more bone mass than control rats did, which was attributed to inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by downregulating the messenger RNA expression of the bone‐specific genes RANKL/OPG, OC, and cathepsin K, and the inflammation‐related genes IL6, NFκB, and COX‐2.

CONCLUSION

IESLs may attenuate postmenopausal osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis with anti‐inflammatory activity and be a potential source of functional food ingredients for the prevention of osteoporosis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of the volatile profiles of 22 traditional and newly bred maize varieties and their porridges by PTR‐QiTOF‐MS and HS‐SPME GC–MS
Authors: Ekpa Onu , Fogliano Vincenzo , Linnemann Anita
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Low adoption of maize varieties bred to address the nutritional needs of the growing African population limits their impact. Aroma is essential in consumer preference, but has hitherto hardly been studied. We analysed the volatile organic compounds of flours and porridges of 22 maize varieties belonging to four nutritionally distinct groups, namely provitamin A maize, quality protein maize, yellow and white maize.

RESULTS

Proton‐transfer‐reaction quadrupole ion time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐QiTOF‐MS) analysis generated 524 mass peaks ranging from 16.007 to 448.089 m/z. Principal component analysis separated the varieties belonging to the four groups. With headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME GC–MS), 48 volatile compounds were identified in maize flour and 21 in maize porridge, including hexane, nonane, pentanoic acid, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 1‐hexanol, hexanal, nonanal, 2‐pentylfuran and 2‐heptanone. Volatile compounds such as 1,2,4‐trimethyl benzene, associated with thermal degradation of carotenoids, increased in the porridge of yellow and provitamin A maize.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that PTR‐QiTOF‐MS and HS‐SPME GC–MS combined with multivariate analysis are instrumental to study the volatile aroma compounds of different maize varieties.
Models to predict disease‐free survival for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with surgical resections
Authors: Lai Yin , Lee Jin‐Chiao , Hung Hao‐Chien , Cheng Chih‐Hsien , Wu Tsung‐Han , Lee Chen‐Fang , Wu Ting‐Jung , Chou Hong‐Shiue , Chan Kun‐Ming , Lee Wei‐Chen
Published: September 2020

Background and Objectives

Precise prognostic prediction for an individual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient before and after liver resection is important. We aimed to establish simple prognostic models to predict disease‐free survival (DFS) for these patients.

Methods

Six hundred and ninety‐eight HCC patients with liver resections were reviewed. Preoperative (model 1) and postoperative (model 2) nomogram‐based scoring systems were constructed by multivariate analyses, and DFS was estimated.

Results

Among 698 patients, 490 (70.2%) patients had tumor recurrence at a median follow‐up of 84.4 months. Risk factors of tumor recurrence in model 1 included viral hepatitis, platelet count, albumin, indocyanine green retention rate, multiplicity of tumor, and radiologic total tumor volume (TTV). Prognostic variables identified in model 2 were viral hepatitis, platelet count, multiplicity of tumor, cirrhosis, microvascular invasion, and pathologic TTV. By nomogram in model 1, the patients were classified into three groups with 5‐year DFS of 61.0%, 35.7%, and 21.1%, respectively (P < .0001). In model 2, the patients were divided into five groups with 5‐year DFS of 58.0%, 43.7%, 24.0%, 15.4%, and 0.0%, respectively (P < .0001).

Conclusion

Based on nomogram models, DFS for the patients who had liver resection for HCC can be predicted before liver resection and re‐assessed after liver resection.
Spatial Scale and Shape of Prescribed Fires Influence Use by Wild Turkeys
Authors: Sullivan Daniel J. , McEntire Kira D. , Cohen Bradley S. , Collier Bret A. , Chamberlain Michael J.
Published: September 2020

In recent years, there have been increasing efforts to understand effects of prescribed fire on population dynamics of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo; turkeys) in pine (Pinus spp.) forests. Although distribution of turkeys is not limited to pine forests, these forests provide nesting and brood‐rearing habitat throughout the southeastern United States. Previous studies have investigated direct (e.g., nest loss to fire) and indirect (e.g., nest‐ and brood‐site selection) effects of prescribed fire, but little is known about how turkeys are influenced by the spatial scale and shape of prescribed fire. We constructed an individual‐based model (IBM) with landscapes of 2 burn unit shapes and 17 spatial scales. We used telemetry data obtained from global positioning system‐marked female turkeys to replicate movement behaviors of turkeys within the model. We hypothesized that use of units burned during the current year (<1 yr) would decrease as scale of fires increased, and that shape of burn units would influence use by turkeys. Spatial scale most influenced turkey use; the greatest use was in burned stands of approximately 23 ha in size, whereas least use was associated with burned stands >1,269 ha. At a spatial scale of 23 ha, the daily percent use of rectangular burn units was 7% greater than square‐shaped burn units. Likewise, daily percent use of rectangular burn units was 34% greater than square‐shaped burn units at a spatial scale of 1,269 ha. When burn units were rectangular‐shaped, daily percent use decreased by 48% as the spatial extent of the fires increased from 23 ha to 203 ha. Likewise, when burn units were square‐shaped, turkey use decreased by 49% as spatial extent of fires increased from 23 ha to 203 ha. Our findings suggest the importance of managing forested landscapes with prescribed fires not exceeding approximately 200 ha if wild turkeys are a management concern. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Does Subglottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Warrant a Different Strategy Than Other Laryngeal Subsites?
Authors: Jumaily Mejd , Gallogly James A. , Gropler Matthew C. , Faraji Farhoud , Ward Gregory M.
Published: September 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

Subglottic squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC) is a rare cancer with limited evidence‐based treatment guidelines. This study aimed to describe the treatment patterns for SSCC and to determine which treatments provide the best overall survival.

Study Design

Retrospective database review.

Methods

The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients treated for SSCC from 2004 through 2014. Overall survival (OS) rates were determined by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Clinicopathologic characteristics were assessed by univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, which corrected for age, sex, race, insurance status, income quartile, residence, Charlson‐Deyo comorbidity score, facility type providing treatment, tumor grade, and clinical N and T category.

Results

In this cohort of 549 patients with SSCC, the 5‐year OS was 48.2%. SSCC presented at an advanced stage (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III or IV) in 60.1% of cases; 78.3% of cases had no nodal metastases. Among only stage IV cases, multivariable analysis showed that radiotherapy (RT) (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.944; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.76‐12.8; P < .001) and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (HR = 2.321; 95% CI: 1.36‐3.97; P = .002) were both associated with decreased 5‐year OS compared to a group consisting of all surgeries. When this analysis was repeated for only stage III cases, RT (HR = 1.134; 95% CI: 0.38‐3.37; P = .821) and CRT (HR = 1.784; 95% CI: 0.78‐4.08; P = .170) were equivalent to surgery.

Conclusions

Using the NCDB to study the largest cohort of SSCC with known staging and treatment, primary surgery may provide a better 5‐year OS in advanced‐stage SSCC.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1117–E1124, 2021
Factors Associated With the Choice of Radiation Therapy Treatment Facility in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Sullivan Christopher B. , Al‐Qurayshi Zaid , Anderson Carryn M. , Seaman Aaron T. , Pagedar Nitin A.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To analyze the clinicodemographic characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients receiving postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) at a different treatment facility rather than the initial surgical facility for head and neck cancer.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort analysis.

Methods

Utilizing the National Cancer Data Base, 2004 to 2015, patients with a diagnosis of oral cavity/oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were studied. Multivariate analysis was completed with multivariate regression and Cox proportional hazard model, and survival outcomes were examined using Kaplan‐Meier analysis.

Results

A total of 15,181 patients who had surgery for a head and neck cancer at an academic/research center were included in the study population. Of the study population, 4,890 (32.2%) patients completed PORT at a different treatment facility. Treatment at a different facility was more common among patients who were ≥65 years old, white, Medicare recipients, those with a greater distance between residence and surgical treatment facility, and with lower income within area of residence (each P < .05). Overall survival was worse in patients completing PORT at a different treatment facility versus at the institution where surgery was completed (61.9% vs. 66.4%; P = .002).

Conclusions

PORT at a different facility was more common in older individuals, Medicare recipients, those with greater distance to travel, and lower‐income individuals. Completing PORT outside the hospital where surgery was performed was associated with inferior survival outcomes among head and neck cancer patients.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:1019–1025, 2021
Enzyme activity of soils in urban landscapes of the lower Don area, Southern Russia
Authors: Gorbov Sergey N. , Gorovtsov Andrey V. , Bezuglova Olga S. , Anisimova Marina A. , Skripnikov Pavel N. , Tishchenko Svetlana A. , Marschner Bernd
Published: September 2020

Soils are the main component of the urban ecosystem and they perform environment‐forming and protective functions. The dynamics of the organic matter and enzymatic activity is an early diagnostic indicator of negative changes in urban pedogenesis. However, the features of the enzymatic activity of urban soils of the Chernozem zone are poorly studied, and the available research focuses on the upper humus‐accumulative horizons or the urbic horizons. The study aimed to reveal the regularities of the enzymatic activity distribution through 200 cm in the profile of urban soils and to show their relationship with the content of the main soil components. Urbic Technosols Molic, Ekranic Technosols, Urbic Technosols, Technic Chernozems (caChernozems of fallow and virgin areas of the Rostov Agglomeration were studied. Soil samples were taken down to a depth of 200 cm. The activity of extracellular enzymes was determined by the fluorescence method. Soil organic matter content was determined by the high‐temperature combustion method on a TOC analyzer. А number of patterns in the distribution of the enzymatic activity have been identified. Most of the Urbic Technosols were characterized by a low enzymatic activity. Factor analysis showed a negative correlation of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in natural soil. A positive correlation of oxidases with hydrolases was shown in urbanized horizons. We found that the longer the time of sealing, the stronger the inhibition of enzymatic activity. We conclude that enzymatic activity can be used as an indicator in biodiagnostics, biomonitoring, and bioindication of the urban soils.
Genetic, textual, and archeological evidence of the historical global spread of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata[L.] Walp.)
Authors: Herniter Ira A. , Muñoz‐Amatriaín María , Close Timothy J.
Published: September 2020

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata[L.] Walp.) was originally domesticated in sub‐Saharan Africa but is now cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. Utilizing archeological, textual, and genetic resources, the spread of cultivated cowpea has been reconstructed. Cowpea was domesticated in Africa, likely in both West and East Africa, before 2500 BCE and by 400 BCE was long established in all the modern major production regions of the Old World, including sub‐Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, India, and Southeast Asia. Further spread occurred as part of the Columbian Exchange, which brought African germplasm to the Caribbean, the southeastern United States, and South America and Mediterranean germplasm to Cuba, the southwestern United States, and Northwest Mexico.
Contrasting nonphotochemical quenching patterns under high light and darkness aligns with light niche occupancy in Arctic diatoms
Authors: Croteau Dany , Guérin Sébastien , Bruyant Flavienne , Ferland Joannie , Campbell Douglas A. , Babin Marcel , Lavaud Johann
Published: September 2020

Over the seasons, Arctic diatom species occupy shifting habitats defined by contrasting light climates, constrained by snow and ice cover dynamics interacting with extreme photoperiod and solar angle variations. How Arctic diatom photoadaptation strategies differ across their heterogeneous light niches remains a poorly documented but crucial missing link to anticipate Arctic Ocean responses to shrinking sea‐ice and increasing light. To address this question, we selected five Arctic diatom species with diverse life traits, representative of distinct light niches across the seasonal light environment continuum: from snow‐covered dimly lit bottom ice to summer stratified waters. We studied their photoacclimation plasticity to two growth light levels and the subsequent responses of their nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and xanthophyll cycle to both dark incubations and light shifts. We deciphered NPQ and xanthophyll cycle tuning in darkness and their light‐dependent induction kinetics, which aligned with species' light niche occupancy. In ice‐related species, NPQ was sustained in darkness and its induction was more reactive to moderate light shifts. Open‐water species triggered strong NPQ induction in darkness and reached higher maximal NPQ under high light. Marginal ice zone species showed strong adaptation to light fluctuations with a dark response fine‐tuned depending upon light history. We argue these traits are anchored in diverging photoadaption strategies fostering Arctic diatom success in their respective light niches.
Prediction of corrosion products of iron at a low‐level radioactive waste disposal facility in Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Kazutoshi , Tani Junichi , Hironaga Michihiko
Published: September 2020

Estimation of the volumetric expansion ratio due to the corrosion of metals is an essential part of the safety assessment of low‐level radioactive waste disposal facilities in Japan, because such volumetric expansion can disrupt the barrier function of these facilities. In the present study, the corrosion products of iron were predicted from potential–pH diagrams and the results of a synthesis test, and the volumetric expansion ratios of the corrosion products were evaluated. Under a basic set of conditions expected at a disposal facility over a storage period of a thousand to tens of thousands of years, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and FeOOH were predicted as the major stable corrosion products of iron. The maximum volumetric expansion ratio determined from the true density of these products was 2.9, and the maximum volumetric expansion ratio, assuming the generation of voids in the corrosion products, was 3.7, which is the Pilling–Bedworth ratio of Fe(OH)2. The volumetric expansion ratio may increase in the presence of carbonate ions in a long‐term environment with a reduced pH.
Effect of GTAW remelting on the corrosion performance of AISI 316L cladding
Authors: Malhotra Dikshant , Shahi Amandeep S. , Gupta Kamal
Published: September 2020

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process was used for remelting of the top clad layers of austenitic stainless steel 316L deposited on low‐carbon steel using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Different electrochemical techniques were used for assessing and comparing sensitization and pitting corrosion performance of these clads (both in the as‐welded as well as aged condition), besides comparing their passive film characteristics. Top clad layer remelting was influential upto a penetration depth of around 2.34 mm. Aging of clads at 750°C/24 hr accelerated the precipitation of carbides, which suppressed partially due to their remelting as indicated by electron probe microanalysis studies. Due to this GTAW remelted clads exhibited a relatively lesser degree of sensitization and higher pitting corrosion resistance as compared to the conventional GMAW clads. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed a relatively higher concentration of O, Cr, Ni, and Mo in the passive film of remelted clad surfaces than the conventional ones, which accounted for enhanced protectiveness of passive film on remelted surfaces as indicated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies.
Differences of the high‐temperature corrosion of ferrite steel T92 caused by applied stresses and NaCl–Na2SO4 molten salts
Authors: Liu Zhuhan , Ning Zhiyuan , Luo Qinlan , Zhou Qulan , Li Na
Published: September 2020

The corrosion behavior of T92 in the environment characterized by the applied stress and NaCl–Na2SO4 molten salts was studied by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersion spectroscopy. The dissolution and precipitation of oxides in molten salts resulted in changes in the elemental distribution in corrosion scales. Moreover, the applied stress was found to accelerate the outward diffusion of Cr causing fast deformation of protective oxides because of the easy diffusion path available. On the contrary, applied stresses also compacted the corrosion layers and enlarge the gaps between layers. These two opposite effects indicate that there should be a threshold stress for corrosion relief.
Sectorial extensions for ultraholomorphic classes defined by weight functions
Authors: Jiménez‐Garrido J. , Sanz J. , Schindl Gerhard
Published: September 2020

We prove an extension theorem for ultraholomorphic classes defined by so‐called Braun–Meise–Taylor weight functions ω and transfer the proofs from the single weight sequence case from V. Thilliez to the weight function setting. We are following a different approach than the results obtained in a recent paper by the authors, more precisely we are working with real methods by applying the ultradifferentiable Whitney‐extension theorem. We are treating both the Roumieu and the Beurling case, the latter one is obtained by a reduction from the Roumieu case.
All eyes on you: The social audience and hedonic adaptation
Authors: Chugani Sunaina , Irwin Julie R.
Published: September 2020

Marketers have a keen interest in keeping customers happy past the point of product acquisition. However, consumer happiness with products typically declines over time, a process called “hedonic adaptation.” Understanding this process is essential for managing consumers' post‐acquisition experiences, and yet marketers have not explored how the ubiquitous social environment influences hedonic adaptation. We explore the effect of a social audience (i.e., the presence of others and the perception that those others are noticing you) on adaptation to positive products using two real‐world studies and one lab study. We show that a social audience can slow hedonic adaptation by cuing consumers to believe that others are admiring their product. This perceived admiration, in turn, helps consumers see the product through fresh, unadapted eyes. These findings help clarify the role of the consumption environment in adaptation, help explain why product happiness can vary by consumer over time, and show that the effects of social forces do not always occur at the moment of product acquisition.
Recombinant expression of an l‐amino acid oxidase from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in Pichia pastoris including fermentation
Authors: Heß Marc Christian , Bloess Svenja , Risse Joe Max , Friehs Karl , Fischer von Mollard Gabriele
Published: September 2020

l‐amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of l‐amino acids to the corresponding α‐keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Here, we show the overexpression, purification, and the characterization of LAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in the yeast Pichia pastoris with a 9His‐tag and compare this with the recently characterized 6His‐hcLAAO4 expressed in E. coli. The expression of the enzyme with an ER‐signal sequence in P. pastoris resulted in a glycosylated, secreted protein. The enzymatic activity without activation was higher after expression in P. pastoris compared to E. coli. Due to treatment with acidic pH, a striking increase of activity could be detected for both expression systems resulting in similar specific activities after acid activation. Regarding the substrate spectrum, temperature stability, Km, and vmax values, hcLAAO4 showed very few differences when produced in these two expression systems. A higher yield of hcLAAO4 could be obtained by fermentation.
Channelopathies Are a Frequent Cause of Genetic Ataxias Associated with Cerebellar Atrophy
Authors: Gauquelin Laurence , Hartley Taila , Tarnopolsky Mark , Dyment David A. , Brais Bernard , Geraghty Michael T. , Tétreault Martine , Ahmed Sohnee , Rojas Samantha , Choquet Karine , Majewski Jacek , Bernier François , Innes Allan Micheil , Rouleau Guy , Suchowersky Oksana , Boycott Kym M. , Yoon Grace
Published: September 2020

Background

Cerebellar atrophy is a nonspecific imaging finding observed in a number of neurological disorders. Genetic ataxias associated with cerebellar atrophy are a heterogeneous group of conditions, rendering the approach to diagnosis challenging.

Objectives

To define the spectrum of genetic ataxias associated with cerebellar atrophy in a Canadian cohort and the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing for this group of conditions.

Methods

A total of 92 participants from 66 families with cerebellar atrophy were recruited for this multicenter prospective cohort study. Exome sequencing was performed for all participants between 2011 and 2017 as part of 1 of 2 national research programs, Finding of Rare Genetic Disease Genes or Enhanced Care for Rare Genetic Diseases in Canada.

Results

A genetic diagnosis was established in 53% of families (35/66). Pathogenic variants were found in 21 known genes, providing a diagnosis for 31/35 families (89%), and in 4 novel genes, accounting for 4/35 families (11%). Of the families, 31/66 (47%) remained without a genetic diagnosis. The most common diagnoses were channelopathies, which were established in 9/35 families (26%). Additional clinical findings provided useful clues to specific diagnoses.

Conclusions

We report on the high frequency of channelopathies as a cause of genetic ataxias associated with cerebellar atrophy and the utility of exome sequencing for this group of conditions.
Analysis of clinical and genetic characteristics in 10 Chinese individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome and literature review
Authors: Liu Chen , Li Xiaoying , Cui Jing , Dong Rui , Lv Yvqiang , Wang Dong , Zhang Haiyan , Li Xiaomei , Li Zilong , Ma Jian , Liu Yi , Gai Zhongtao
Published: September 2020

Background

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare congenital developmental disorder with variable multisystem involvement and genetic heterogeneity. We aimed to analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese individuals with CdLS.

Methods

We collected data regarding the neonatal period, maternal status, clinical manifestation, including facial dimorphisms and development, and follow‐up treatment for individuals diagnosed with CdLS. In individuals with suspected CdLS, high‐throughput sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and real‐time qualitative PCR were used to verify the diagnosis.

Results

Variants, including six that were novel, were concentrated in the NIPBL (70%), HDAC8 (20%), and SMC3 (10%) genes. We found two nonsense, three splicing, and two deletion variants in NIPBL; a missense variant and an absence variant in HDAC8; and a missense variant in SMC3. Eleven cardinal features of CdLS were present in more than 80% of Chinese individuals. Compared with non‐Chinese individuals of diverse ancestry, there were significant differences in the clinical characteristics of eight of these features.

Conclusion

Six novel pathological variants were identified; thus, the study expanded the gene variant spectrum. Furthermore, most cardinal features of CdLS found in Chinese individuals were also found in individuals from other countries. However, there were significant differences in eight clinical features.
Variable anisotropic FOV for 3D radial imaging with spiral phyllotaxis (VASP)
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Guruprasad , Smink Jouke , Tourais Joao , Breeuwer Marcel , Kouwenhoven Marc
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To develop a new 3D radial trajectory based on the natural spiral phyllotaxis (SP), with variable anisotropic FOV.

Theory & Methods

A 3D radial trajectory based on the SP with favorable interleaving properties for cardiac imaging has been proposed by Piccini et al (Magn Reson Med. 2011;66:1049‐1056), which supports a FOV with a fixed anisotropy. However, a fixed anisotropy can be inefficient when sampling objects with different anisotropic dimensions. We extend Larson’s 3D radial method to provide variable anisotropic FOV for spiral phyllotaxis (VASP). Simulations were performed to measure distance between successive projections, analyze point spread functions, and compare aliasing artifacts for both VASP and conventional SP. VASP was fully implemented on a whole‐body clinical MR scanner. Phantom and in vivo cardiac images were acquired at 1.5 tesla.

Results

Simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments confirmed that VASP can achieve variable anisotropic FOV while maintaining the favorable interleaving properties of SP. For an anisotropic FOV with 100:100:35 ratio, VASP required ~65% fewer radial projections than the conventional SP to satisfy Nyquist criteria. Alternatively, when the same number of radial projections were used as in conventional SP, VASP produced fewer aliasing artifacts for anisotropic objects within the excited imaging volumes.

Conclusion

We have developed a new method (VASP), which enables variable anisotropic FOV for 3D radial trajectory with SP. For anisotropic objects within the excited imaging volumes, VASP can reduce scan times and/or reduce aliasing artifacts.
Biology and Ecology of Grass Carp in China: A Review and Synthesis
Authors: Zhao Yingming , Zhang Liang , Wang Chunfang , Xie Congxin
Published: September 2020

Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella was introduced to the southern United States in the 1960s to control aquatic macrophytes in aquaculture ponds. The accidental release of Grass Carp from some research facilities and aquaculture farms at the start of the introduction, followed by the broad promotion of stocking triploid and diploid fish, helped to facilitate the expansion of the invasive range of the species in North America. Grass Carp have recently been observed to reproduce in Lake Erie. The species has been an important food fish in China for centuries, and Chinese scientists and government agencies have accumulated a great deal of experience, knowledge, and data on Grass Carp. We review Chinese literature and provide a synthesis of the biology and ecology of Grass Carp in China, including the native geographic distribution as well as the factors that determine its reproductive success, growth, and foraging behavior. We also review the impacts of the introduction (or invasion) of Grass Carp on receiving systems and the effects of dams and pollution on Grass Carp. This review fills knowledge gaps in the Western scientific literature about Grass Carp. It provides scientific information that could be used to guide future research and management on ways to control the invasion and propagation of this species.
Linear barycentric rational collocation method for solving heat conduction equation
Authors: Li Jin , Cheng Yongling
Published: September 2020

The linear barycentric rational collocation method for solving heat conduction equation is presented. The matrix form of discrete heat conduction equation by collocation method is also obtained. With the help of convergence rate of the barycentric interpolation, the convergence rate of linear barycentric rational collocation method for solving heat conduction equation is proved. At last, several numerical examples are provided to validate the theoretical analysis.
Ketonemia and Glycemia Affect Appetite Levels and Executive Functions in Overweight Females During Two Ketogenic Diets
Authors: Lodi Alessandra , Zarantonello Lisa , Bisiacchi Patrizia Silvia , Cenci Lorenzo , Paoli Antonio
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study sought to investigate how glycemia and ketonemia variations during two ketogenic diet protocols affect appetite, executive functions, and mood in young women with overweight.

Methods

Fifty healthy young females with overweight were randomly assigned to (1) a ketogenic diet without any restriction on energy intake, (2) a commercial energy‐restricted ketogenic Mediterranean diet, and (3) an energy‐restricted Mediterranean diet for 10 days. A visual analogue scale was used to test appetite, and one mood test and two cognitive tasks (working memory and inhibition control) were performed. Moreover, body composition, fasting blood glucose, and β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were measured.

Results

A positive correlation was found between glycemia and appetite (P = 0.019), unfullness score (P =  0.001), and desire to eat (P = 0.030) (pre‐ and postdiet levels). Postdiet BHB levels showed a positive correlation with fullness score (P = 0.002) and a negative correlation with appetite (P = 0.022) and desire to eat (P = 0.009). A positive correlation was found between prediet levels of glycemia and reaction times in the go‐trials of the executive function test (P = 0.018). Postdiet BHB level showed a negative correlation with the accuracy of the no‐go trials (P = 0.027).

Conclusions

Ketogenic diets, compared with a Mediterranean diet, have a greater effect in terms of appetite reduction but might affect inhibition functions.
Local knowledge, know‐how and knowledge mobilized in a globalized world: A new approach of indigenous local ecological knowledge
Authors: Congretel Mélanie , Pinton Florence
Published: September 2020

More than 30 years after the 1988 Declaration of Belém, which we can consider an important outcome of socio‐environmental movements, this reflexive paper proposes new ways of approaching indigenous local knowledge (ILK) related to the living environment and understanding its relevance in times of global socio‐environmental crisis.

Drawing upon the example of an ethnodevelopment project based on guarana production by indigenous Sateré‐Mawé people in the Brazilian Amazon, two important issues are addressed. First, we reflect on how a traditional management system can contribute to both biological and cultural conservation, even when that system is inserted in new global markets and spoken about through a scientific perspective. Second, we address the challenge of incorporating ILK into conservation research by formulating a set of methodological proposals.

We show that ILK is a dynamic, adaptive and political product of local–global interactions. This leads us to defend an analysis of ILK that would focus on its processes of creation rather than on the body of knowledge that results from them, thus helping to account for ILK's vitality and the various forms of its legitimation.

At the crossroads of ethnobiology, science and technology studies, and social anthropology, these research methods seek to go beyond the inventory, categorization and structural analysis of thoughts and practices to instead privilege an analysis of the interactions between local populations and resources; at the same time, they operate across different scales and integrate actors from the beginning to the end of (sometimes long) value chains.

Such an approach aims to make visible the modes of knowledge translation and hybridization that indigenous people might implement to maintain control over their collective identities and their relationship with a changing environment.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication and risk of suicide attempt: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Liu Wen‐juan , Mao Hong‐jing , Hu Lin‐lin , Song Ming‐fen , Jiang Hai‐yin , Zhang Lei
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Epidemiologic findings are inconsistent regarding the association between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication exposure and suicide attempt in individuals with ADHD.

Methods

A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library up to February 2020 was performed. A meta‐analysis was conducted for outcomes in which a summary risk ratio (RR) was calculated when taking heterogeneity into account.

Results

Both population‐level and within‐individual analyzes showed that ADHD medication was associated with lower odds of suicide attempts (RR = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58‐1.00; P = .049 and RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49‐0.97; P = .049, respectively). However, the association only existed for participants who were treated with stimulants (RR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53‐0.99; P = .042 on population‐level analysis and RR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.84; P < .001 on within‐individual analysis). Furthermore, a lower risk of suicide attempts was not observed in subjects who took ADHD medication for 1 to 90 days (RR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.74‐1.13; P = .416 on within‐individual analysis).

Conclusion

The results indicate that non‐stimulant treatment is not associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt, but stimulant treatment is associated with a lower risk of suicide attempt.
The investigation on PVT control method establishment for scientific injection molding parameter setting and its quality control
Authors: Chang Yung‐Hsiang , Wei Tzu‐Hsiang , Chen Shia‐Chung , Lou Ying‐Fan
Published: September 2020

Injection molding is one of the commonly used processes for plastic part production due to numerous advantages, such as rapid production, complex shape modability, and material selectivity. However, highly experience‐based conventional production restrains the industry development. Company know‐how loses with the experienced operator's left. On the other hand, molded part quality was only based on the operator check. There is without an effective solution to maintain its stability and defect‐free adjustment. How to establish a scientific injection molding setup and quality control method is an urgent topic. This study established a practical method for quality monitoring based on the pressure‐volume‐temperature (PVT) property. The PVT processing path control for scientific molding parameter setup was investigated. This is not only the method for parameter optimization but also the molded part quality control. Three major qualities were discussed in this study, including product weight, shrinkage, and warpage. By the molding condition optimization, three qualities improved up to 1%, 41.9%, and 9.2%, respectively.
High‐quality amorphous silicon thin films for tunnel oxide passivating contacts deposited at over 150 nm/min
Authors: Li Shenghao , Pomaska Manuel , Hoß Jan , Lossen Jan , Qiu Kaifu , Hong Ruijiang , Finger Friedhelm , Rau Uwe , Ding Kaining
Published: September 2020

Hot‐wire chemical vapor deposition was utilized to develop rapidly grown and high‐quality phosphorus‐doped amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin films for poly‐crystalline silicon on tunnel oxide carrier‐selective passivating contacts. Deposition rates higher than 150 nm/min were obtained for the in situ phosphorus‐doped a‐Si:H layers. To optimize the passivating contact performance, material properties such as microstructures as well as hydrogen content were characterized and analyzed for these phosphorus‐doped a‐Si:H films. The results show that a certain microstructure of the films is crucial for the passivation quality and the conductance of passivating contacts. Porous silicon layers were severely oxidized during high‐temperature crystallization, giving rise to very low conductance. The insufficient effective doping concentration in these layers also yields inferior passivation quality due to lack of field‐effect passivation. On the other hand, dense silicon layers are insensitive to oxidation but very sensitive to blistering of the films during the subsequent high‐temperature process steps. By optimizing the deposition parameters, a firing‐stable‐implied open‐circuit voltage of 737 mV and a contact resistivity of 10 mΩ·cm2were achieved at a high deposition rate of 100 nm/min while 733 mV and 90 mΩ·cm2were achieved at an even higher deposition rate of 150 nm/min.
Entstehung zweier „kosmischer Diamanten“
Authors: Jutzi Martin , Bastani Arian
Published: September 2020

Bennu und Ryugu sind zwei erdnahe Asteroiden mit einer diamantähnlichen Form, über deren Entstehung lange gerätselt wurde. Nun zeigen Computersimulationen, dass ihre Form die Folge eines Zusammenstoßes zwischen zwei Asteroiden sein kann, wonach sich anschließend Kollisionsbruchstücke durch die Gravitation wieder zusammenfügten. Die Ergebnisse könnten auch helfen, die Vorgänge bei der Entstehung der Erde besser zu verstehen.
Starke Lichtemission in hexagonalen Ge‐ und SiGe‐Halbleitern
Authors: Bechstedt Friedhelm , Botti Silvana , Rödl Claudia , Haverkort Jos
Published: September 2020

Wegen der Bedeutung des Halbleiters Silizium (Si) für die moderne Kommunikations‐ und Computertechnologie werden die letzten Jahrzehnte häufig als Siliziumzeitalter bezeichnet. Mit der zunehmenden Miniaturisierung der Schaltkreise steigt aber das Risiko für Störungen der elektrischen On‐Chip‐Kommunikation. Eine mögliche Lösung dieses Problems könnte eine optische Kommunikation mit Lichtemittern und ‐empfängern auf demselben Chip sein. Die kürzlich von unserem europäischen Forscherteam nachgewiesene Lichtemission von hexagonalen Ge‐ und SiGe‐Halbleitern könnte solche Bauelemente ermöglichen.
Laser gegen Luftverschmutzung
Authors: Sigrist Markus
Published: September 2020

Der Einsatz von Lasern in der Umweltforschung war vor 50 Jahren noch ein Novum. Heute gehören sie zum Standardrepertoire.
Ein Sternenhimmel in der Badewanne
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: September 2020

Auf einer Wasseroberfläche driftende Blasen rufen im Sonnenlicht auf dem Grund des Behälters sternförmige Kaustiken hervor. Ursache ist die Brechung und Fokussierung des Lichts am äußeren und inneren Meniskus der Blase.
Zwischen innerer Energie und Phasendiagrammen
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: September 2020

Zwei Jahre Jahre lang arbeitet er als Lateinlehrer, zwei weitere als Lehrer für „Naturphilosophie“. Letzteres Fach galt zu dieser Zeit im alten Europa schon als aussterbende Disziplin: Dort war man längst dazu übergegangen, das Sammelsurium aus Philosophie, Mathematik, Physik und Chemie auszudifferenzieren. Nicht so in der Neuen Welt, wo der Gesuchte seine akademische Karriere am Yale College startet.
Do pulmonary and extrapulmonary features differ among cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and healthy children?
Authors: Denizoglu Kulli Hilal , Gurses Hulya Nilgun , Zeren Melih , Ucgun Hikmet , Cakir Erkan
Published: September 2020

Background

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is generally likened to cystic fibrosis (CF) due to similarities in impaired mucociliary clearance and some other symptoms. The aim of our study was to investigate pulmonary and extrapulmonary characteristics of children with CF and PCD since no studies have addressed respiratory muscle strength in children with PCD and to compare the results to those obtained from healthy age‐matched controls.

Methods

Pulmonary and extrapulmonary characteristics were assessed by 6‐min walk test, spirometry, maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure measurements, and knee extensor strength test in the children with CF, PCD, and healthy controls.

Results

Children with PCD and CF had similar PFT results, except forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25–75) which was lower in PCD (p = .04). Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) value was lower in the children with CF compared with the healthy controls (p = .016), MEP value of the children with PCD was worse than those with CF and healthy controls (p = .013 and p = .013), respectively. 6‐min walk test (6MWT) distance of the children with CF was lower than their healthy counterparts (p = .003). Knee extensor muscle strength differed among the children with PCD, CF, and healthy control groups, but post hoc test failed to show statistical significance (p = .010).

Conclusion

Children with CF and PCD had some impairments in pulmonary functions, respiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, and peripheral muscle strength compared with healthy children. However, the unique characteristics of each disease should be considered during physiotherapy assessment and treatment. The clinicians may especially focus on the respiratory and peripheral muscle strength of the children with PCD.
First‐Principles Study of Pressure‐Induced Amorphization of Fe2SiO4 Fayalite
Authors: Misawa Masaaki , Shimojo Fuyuki
Published: September 2020

Fayalite (Fe2SiO4), which is an end member of the olivine series ((FexMg1 − x)2SiO4), undergoes a crystal‐to‐amorphous transformation under high pressure at room temperature conditions. This pressure‐induced amorphized fayalite has an interesting feature: it exhibits antiferromagnetism at low temperature regardless of its non‐crystalline structure. In spite of this unique property, the first‐principles investigation of pressure‐induced amorphized fayalite has not been carried out yet. Herein, to clarify the energetic and structural properties of pressure‐induced amorphized fayalite, the first‐principles molecular dynamics simulations of the compression and decompression processes of fayalite in the pressure range 0–120 GPa are performed. The energetic and structural properties are also compared with those of well‐equilibrated melt‐quenched amorphous Fe2SiO4. Based on structural analysis, it is confirmed that not only sixfold but also fivefold coordinated silicon atoms exist in the amorphous‐like structure under high pressure. In addition, it is found that the silicon atoms play the role of network former in the amorphous‐like phase under high pressure, but change to a network‐modifier role after release to ambient conditions. Moreover, it is found that the obtained amorphous‐like phase has a partially ordered structure. It is inferred that the partially ordered structure likely enables the pressure‐amorphized fayalite to exhibit antiferromagnetism.
Light Amplification without Inversion from Hybrid Quantum Dot–Resonator Circuit: Floquet Nonequilibrium Green's Function Approach
Authors: Jahangiri Neda
Published: September 2020

Herein, a new mechanism of steady‐state light amplification without inversion from a hybrid quantum dot circuit coupled to a single mode of electromagnetic resonator is theoretically investigated. Hybrid quantum dot circuit consists of a single‐level quantum dot which is connected weakly to one normal metal electrode and strongly to one superconducting electrode. Using the Floquet nonequilibrium Green's function technique, it is shown that the gain originates from the Andreev reflection processes at proper gate voltages when the bias voltage exceeds a certain threshold. Also, it is found that the inversionless light amplification is mediated by spin transitions between Andreev and Floquet–Andreev bound states in the superconducting energy gap.
Au Nanohole–Nanodisk Hybrid Array for Plasmonic Sensing
Authors: Wi Jung-Sub , Na Hee-Kyung
Published: September 2020

The phenomenon of extraordinary light transmission through sub‐wavelength‐sized holes in noble metal films has attracted significant attention due to its potential applications in optical filters and plasmonic sensors. Herein, an Au nanohole–nanodisk hybrid array, which allows controllable extraordinary light transmission, is presented to detect the target analytes. A 3D electromagnetic simulation proves that the proposed plasmonic nanostructure array with its constant geometry can vary the light transmittance by altering the refractive index of the surrounding medium. As the refractive‐index‐dependent plasmon coupling between the Au nanohole and nanodisk can drastically enhance the light transmission, the Au nanohole–nanodisk hybrid array can be utilized as a sensitive and feasible plasmonic sensor.
Recombination and Resistive Losses of Transferred Foil Contacts for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Iqbal Nafis , Li Mengjie , Gregory Geoffrey , Dahal Som , Bowden Stuart , Davis Kristopher O.
Published: September 2020

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells have been studied extensively due to their potential to reach high energy conversion efficiencies. However, one of the limiting factors for this technology is the metallization, which uses low‐curing‐temperature silver pastes that result in fingers with higher bulk resistivity. Herein, a simple approach to fabricate the SHJ solar cell contacts is demonstrated with commercially available low‐cost silver (Ag) electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) pastes and aluminium (Al) foils. This technique can result in a transparent conductive oxide (TCO)‐free cell structure and has the potential to combine cell metallization and interconnection. Recombination and resistive loss analyses are performed on the fabricated test samples. A dark saturation current density at the contact (J0c) of 3.05 fA cm−2 for test samples before annealing is reported. The analysis of the experimental and simulated photoluminescence (PL) images shows negligible added recombination. The contact resistivity (ρc) value is 49.3 mΩ cm2 after annealing which can be optimized by specialized ECA pastes.