bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspects regarding extracurricular sport activities in schools from Bihor County, Romania
Authors: geo CLAUDIA , BUHAȘ RALUCA
Published: March 2021

Background: ‪Participation in various extra-curricular sports activities is an important component of the professional activity of physical education teachers, regardless of whether we bring into discussion the organisation of such activities or training school teams in order to participate in these sports events. Material and methods: On the one hand, the present paper approaches the way in which teachers are involved in extracurricular sports activities from a descriptive perspective. On the other hand, the paper captures physical education teachers’ opinions on the way these sports competitions are organised and brings to attention some aspects that would need to be improved in this regard. Data were collected by a questionnaire addressed to physical education teachers from primary and secondary schools in Bihor County, Romania. Results: ‪Our results show the availability of physical education teachers to be involved in other extracurricular sports activities and to guide talented students toward various sports clubs. Conclusions: ‪Our research emphasises the need to improve certain aspects when organising local and regional sports competitions addressed to school teams as well as the importance to involve the public and private sector in these events.
Effects of goal-related statistics on match outcome during the Intercontinental Beach Soccer Cup Dubai 2019
Authors: Aquino Rodrigo , Malias Bruno , Soares Felipe , Macedo Pedro , da Silva Netto Vitor , Filho Carlos Augusto Kalva , Motta Fernando Brunoro , Machado João Cláudio , Alves Isabella dos Santos , Clemente Filipe Manuel
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of goal-related statistics on match outcome during the Intercontinental Beach Soccer Cup Dubai 2019. The offensive sequences that resulted in goal was analyzed in all 20 matches during the competition (n=138 goals). A set of 35 goal-related statistics were grouped in nine macro-categories: Match-period, Court-zone, Set-play, Open-play, Touches by players before goal, Offensive method, Goalkeeper-line, Number of passes before goal, Ball trajectory. Match outcome in regular time was considered the matches resulting in a loss (n=16), draw (n=8) or win (n=16). The most goals were scored in Open-play (69%), during the 2nd and 3rd periods (36% for each), near to goal (Zone 4; 50%), preceded by 1-touch (67%) and 0-pass (29%), using positional attack (46%), without goalkeeper-line (68%), and with high-ball trajectory (51%). The results of the discriminant function analysis shows the following order of importance to discriminate match outcome, with advantage for winning teams: 4v4 goal-successful (F-Ratio = 12.022), Zone 4, 1-touch, 3rd period, High-ball, Counterattack, Zone 2, Sand-touch (F-Ratio = 4.838). Winning teams scored their goals mainly in open-play situations and without goalkeeper-line, using counterattack to achieve zones near the opponent’s goals, implementing a direct offensive style. Also, goals scored were usually preceded by 1-touch, both through high-ball and sand-touch ball trajectory.
Wyjątkowość modelowania sloganów reklamy politycznej (na przykładzie kampanii prezydenckiej na Ukrainie w 2019 roku)
Authors: Romaniuk Svitlana
Published: March 2021

W artykule przedstawiono analizę lingwistyczną ukraińskiej reklamy politycznej, w szczególności – stosowanych w niej sloganów wyborczych. Badanie pole-gało na wybraniu, zestawieniu i analizie reklamy politycznej, która pojawiała się w prze-strzeni medialnej Ukrainy w 2019 roku, i przewidywało analizę zawartości werbalnej komunikatów politycznych z uwzględnieniem szaty graficznej, tj. obrazu (zdjęcia, gra-fiki). Analizie poddano slogany stosowane w kampanii wyborczej prezydenta Ukrainy Wołodymyra Zeleńskiego w maju 2019 roku. Przykładowy materiał źródłowy obejmuje slogany polityczne z przestrzeni medialnej Ukrainy, np. Кінець епохи бідності; Кінець епохи брехні; Кінець епохи жадібності; Зе!Президент – слуга народу; Все буде ЗЕшибісь! i in. Praca ma na celu wykazanie, w jaki sposób i za pomocą jakich środ-ków językowych kandydaci na wysokie stanowiska państwowe „docierają” do wyborców i przekonują ich do oddania na nich głosów. Wstępne wnioski wynikające z przeprowa-dzonego dotychczas oglądu materiału dowodzą, że im bardziej nacechowany emocjonalnie język przekazu wyborczego, tym bardziej elektorat jest zainteresowany osobą kandydata. Wyjątkowym i typowym dla języka analizowanej kampanii wyborczej było wykorzystanie nazwiska kandydata Zełeńskiego (od przymiotnika zielony), m.in. pierwszej sylaby зе- w różnych wariantach, w tym także stosowanie w wyrazach niepoprawnych, pejoratywnych (np. ЗЕшибісь) czy też w obraźliwych konstrukcjach tworzonych od nazwiska kontrkan-dydata Petra Poroszenki (Зустрінь весну без пороху).
Methods for enhancement of high-sensitivity detection for a surface wave EMAT
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Xin , Wang Xuebin , Zheng LingLing , Li Ruipeng , Lu Chao , Shi Wenze
Published: March 2021

Due to the poor conversion efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) testing, the defect detection sensitivity is limited, which restricts the extensive industrial applications. A finite element model for the testing process of a meander-coil EMAT was established that considers the simplified excitation and detection circuits for the EMAT. Based on this model, the effect of the connection methods (parallel or series) of the coils in the generating and receiving EMATs on their generating and receiving efficiency was investigated, and the simulation results were validated experimentally. Subsequently, the pulse compression technique with a 13-bit Barker code was used for the EMAT detection, and improvements of the SNR and range resolution were established through numerical simulation and experimental measurement. The results show that compared with the traditional EMAT design, which comprises single-layer transmitting and receiving coils, the conversion efficiency of the optimized EMAT with two excitation and receiving coils in the parallel connection can be improved by 52.8%. With the application of the Barker-coded pulse compression to detect the ultrasonic A-scan signal with no synchronous average, the SNR of the defect echo can be improved by 9.5 dB compared with the A-scan signal with 128 synchronous averages.
PERBAIKA LINGKUNGAN KERJA GUNA MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN KESEJAHTERAAN PENGRAJIN ATAP DAUN NIPAH TRADISIONAL DI DESA PULAU PALAS DENGAN METODE WORK SAMPLING
Authors: Sofian Randi
Published: March 2021

Work productivity is the ability of employees to produce compared to the inputs used, an employee can be said to be productive if they are able to produce goods or services as expected in a short or appropriate time. Productivity is not a calculation of quantity, but a ratio, a comparison and a systematic measurement of a level of efficiency. Production is related to quantity, while productivity is related to the results of unity from an input (Sinungan, 1990: 93). Thus the determination of productivity is faced with the desired results achieved (effectiveness) and the resources used to achieve these results (efficiency). Measurements using measures of efficiency and effectiveness are two dimensions of productivity that are very important in managerial business where they can show productivity indexes which are the ratios to the extent to which resources are used in conjunction with achieving predetermined goals.

The results of the research are obtained from the productivity level of workers of palm leaf weavers using the side work method for two months, each study for 7 hours, namely coconut covering workers working productively with 95% yield and delay ratio of 0.07%, and allowance the nipah leaf weaver is 23.6% with the following details: 12.00% of energy released, 4.5% work attitude, 1.3% work movement, 0% eye fatigue, temperature condition the workplace is 5.50%, the atmosphere is 0.5%, and the environment is good at 2.50%.
Analisa Dan Perancangan Pengeloaan Dana Kas Studi Kasus Masjid Darussalam Al - Mubin Tembilahan
Authors: Yunita Fitri
Published: March 2021

Perkembangan teknologi informasi di era revolusi industri 4.0 saat ini telah banyak digunakan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan serta memberikan kemudahan bagi para penggunanya (brainware).Salah satu pemanfaatan dari perkembangan ini adalah pada tempat ibadah atau masjid. Saat ini, keadaaan keuangan masjid masih diproses secara konvensional oleh Bendahara Masjid Darussalam Al-Mubin Tembilahan dengan menggunakan pena, kertas dan kalkulator. Dengan demikan, Bendahara Masjid akan mengalami kesulitan dalam mengelola laporan pemasukan maupun pengeluaran yang telah tersimpan bertahun-tahun lamanyajuga terkadang dalam perhitungan pengeluaran dan pemasukan dana kas, terjadi selisih angka sehingga membingungkan pengurus masjid.

Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisa dan merancang sistem informasi dana kas masjid Darussalam Al-Mubin menggunakan SDLC sebagai metode pengembangan sistem, sedangkan untuk analisa sistem menggunakan metode PIECES dan metode perancangan modelnya menggunakan metode UML (Unified Modeling Language).
Combination Gel Formulation Extracts of Moringa Leaf and Red Betel Leaf as an Inhibitor of Acne-Causing Bacteria (Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus)
Authors: Wahyuningsih Eko Sri , Sumaryono Wahono , Chaidir Chaidir
Published: March 2021

The most common skin disorder is acne (Acne vulgaris) which is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the pilosebaceous unit. Infection can be caused by Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Moringa leaves are known to inhibit acne growth. Piper crocatum leaves are also thought to have antibacterial activity. The study aims to determine the effect of the combination of the two extracts in inhibiting the growth of acne-causing bacteria, also tested the gel formula to meet physical and chemical parameters as well as stability to temperature and storage, also to test the acute dermal irritation against rabbit. Each extract with a concentration of 0.3%; 0.6%; 1.25%; 2.5%; 5%; 10%; 20%, incubated then measured the inhibition zone, then determined the minimum inhibition zone concentration of the two extracts to determine the lowest levels of the extracts which still gave antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria by the well diffusion method. The extract combination was formulated in a gel preparation with the excipients Carbopol 940, PG, Phenoxyethanol, TEA, CMC, and Aquadest. Antibacterial activity test for gel preparations used the well method with positive control Medi-Klin® gel. Then the formula evaluation includes physical, chemical, and microbiological evaluations. The results showed that the combination gel form had activity against P. acne and S. aureus at concentrations of 2.5% : 2.5%. The combination gel preparation of the two extracts also has synergistic effect in inhibiting acne bacteria. The formula can meet physical and chemical parameters and is stable to temperature and storage.
The Discovery of Novel BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using a Pharmacophore Modeling and Virtual Screening Approach
Authors: Huang Ting-Ting , Wang Xin , Qiang Shao-Jia , Zhao Zhen-Nan , Wu Zhuo-Xun , Ashby Charles R. , Li Jia-Zhong , Chen Zhe-Sheng
Published: March 2021

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) typically results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 to produce the bcr-abl oncogene that when translated, yields the p210 BCR-ABL protein in more than 90% of all CML patients. This protein has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity that activates numerous downstream pathways that ultimately produces uncontrolled myeloid proliferation. Although the use of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib have increased the overall survival of CML patients, their use is limited by drug resistance and severe adverse effects. Therefore, there is the need to develop novel compounds that can overcome these problems that limit the use of these drugs. Therefore, in this study, we sought to find novel compounds using Hypogen and Hiphip pharmacophore models based on the structures of clinically approved BCR-ABL TKIs. We also used optimal pharmacophore models such as three-dimensional queries to screen the ZINC database to search for potential BCR-ABL inhibitors. The hit compounds were further screened using Lipinski’s rule of five, ADMET and molecular docking, and the efficacy of the hit compounds was evaluated. Our in vitro results indicated that compound ZINC21710815 significantly inhibited the proliferation of K562, BaF3/WT, and BaF3/T315I leukemia cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. The compound ZINC21710815 decreased the expression of p-BCR-ABL, STAT5, and Crkl and produced apoptosis and autophagy. Our results suggest that ZINC21710815 may be a potential BCR-ABL inhibitor that should undergo in vivo evaluation.
Practical Approaches for Knock-Out Gene Editing in Pigs
Authors: Ratner Laura Daniela , La Motta Gaston Emilio , Briski Olinda , Salamone Daniel Felipe , Fernandez-Martin Rafael
Published: March 2021

Pigs are an important resource for meat production and serve as a model for human diseases. Due to their physiological and anatomical similarities to humans, these animals can recapitulate symptoms of human diseases, becoming an effective model for biomedical research. Although, in the past pig have not been widely used partially because of the difficulty in genetic modification; nowadays, with the new revolutionary technology of programmable nucleases, and fundamentally of the CRISPR-Cas9 systems, it is possible for the first time to precisely modify the porcine genome as never before. To this purpose, it is necessary to introduce the system into early stage zygotes or to edit cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this review, several strategies for pig knock-out gene editing, using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, will be summarized, as well as genotyping methods and different delivery techniques to introduce these tools into the embryos. Finally, the best approaches to produce homogeneous, biallelic edited animals will be discussed.
The Normal and Brain Tumor Vasculature: Morphological and Functional Characteristics and Therapeutic Targeting
Authors: Guyon Joris , Chapouly Candice , Andrique Laetitia , Bikfalvi Andreas , Daubon Thomas
Published: March 2021

Glioblastoma is among the most common tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Overall survival has not significantly improved over the last decade, even with optimizing standard therapeutic care including extent of resection and radio- and chemotherapy. In this article, we review features of the brain vasculature found in healthy cerebral tissue and in glioblastoma. Brain vessels are of various sizes and composed of several vascular cell types. Non-vascular cells such as astrocytes or microglia also interact with the vasculature and play important roles. We also discussin vitroengineered artificial blood vessels which may represent useful models for better understanding the tumor–vessel interaction. Finally, we summarize results from clinical trials with anti-angiogenic therapy alone or in combination, and discuss the value of these approaches for targeting glioblastoma.
At the Crossroads of Molecular Biology and Immunology: Molecular Pathways for Immunological Targeting of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wondergem Niels E. , Nijenhuis Dennis N. L. M. , Poell Jos B. , Leemans C. René , Brakenhoff Ruud H. , van de Ven Rieneke
Published: March 2021

Background: Recent advances in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have led to implementation of anti-programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy to standard of care for recurrent/metastatic HNSCC. However, the majority of tumors do not respond to these therapies, indicating that these tumors are not immunogenic or other immunosuppressive mechanisms might be at play.

Aim: Given their role in carcinogenesis as well as in immune modulation, we discuss the relation between the STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt signaling pathways to identify potential targets to empower the immune response against HNSCC.

Results: We focused on three pathways. First, STAT3 is often overactivated in HNSCC and induces the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, thereby promoting recruitment of immune suppressive regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME) while hampering the development of dendritic cells. Second, PI3K/AKT/mTOR mutational activation results in increased tumor proliferation but could also be important in HNSCC immune evasion due to the downregulation of components in the antigen-processing machinery. Third, canonical Wnt signaling is overactivated in >20% of HNSCC and could be an interesting pleotropic target since it is related to increased tumor cell proliferation and the development of an immunosuppressive HNSCC TME.

Conclusion: The molecular pathology of HNSCC is complex and heterogeneous, varying between sites and disease etiology (i.e., HPV). The in HNSCC widely affected signaling pathways STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt are implicated in some of the very mechanisms underlying immune evasion of HNSCC, thereby representing promising targets to possibly facilitate immunotherapy response.
IMPLEMENTASI METODE K-MEANS CLUSTERING PADA TES PSIKOLOGI UNTUK MENENTUKAN KELOMPOK BELAJAR SISWA BERBASIS MOBILE
Authors: Saputra Reynaldo Ferdian , Agus Pranoto Yosep , Primaswara P. Renaldi
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini merupakan tes psikologi yang ditujukan kepada siswa SMPK Alethia Malang berbasis mobile .Metode yang digunakan adalah K-Means Clustering untuk menentukan hasil dari tes berupa kelompok gaya belajar siswa seperti auditori, visual dan kinestetik. Kebutuhan pada produk skripsi yang dikembangkan mencakup fungsional dan nonfungsional.

Hasil dari aplikasi ini berupa output clustering siswa yang menampilkan kelompok gaya belajar. Produk mempunyai fitur-fitur berupa tes pengerjaan soal, menampilkan hasil atribut siswa dalam bentuk diagram, dan menampilkan hasil akhir clustering. Berdasarkan pengujian terhadap fitur-fitur tersebut seluruhnya telah berjalan dengan baik. Berdasarkan pengujian pengguna diketahui bahwa dari 11 data training didapatkan hasil 2 siswa cluster auditori, 1 siswa cluster visual, dan 8 siswa cluster kinestetik. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk dapat menampilkan hasil clustering dari seluruh siswa yang terdaftar pada aplikasi.
WORK-LIFE BALANCE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG STAFF OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, NIGERIA
Authors: AWOSUSI Omowumi Omojola , OLUSESI Lateef Damilare , ZAKARIYA Samuel Shaji
Published: March 2021

The study investigated the relationship between Work-life Balance (WLB) and Emotional Intelligence among staff of the University of Ilorin, a conventional public institution in Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The study population was all staff of the University of Ilorin which was put at 6,000. Using Taro Yamane (1967) formula, a sample size of 375 was selected. The actual participants were picked through stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire developed from the combination of Hayman (2005)’s WLB Scale and Daniel Goleman (1997)’s EI Dimensions made of 30 items. Three hypotheses were formulated. Two of them were tested with Pearson rho Correlation and the third with Linear Regression Analysis. It was found (i) that work-life balance was significantly related to emotional intelligence [r (373) = 0.483, p<0.01]. (2) that work-life balance is significantly correlated with Self-regulation [r (373) = 0.908, p<0.01] and (3) that Work-Life Balance had a significant influence on Self Awareness. The value of R square shows that 35.9% of the variation in the dependent variable (self-awareness) is explained by the independent variable (work-life balance). The model is highly significant at (F=103.692, p=.000) which shows that it can be used to predict the outcome variable. The value of coefficient (β = 0.599) is significant and positive, showing that work-life balance leads to increase in self-awareness. From the findings and conclusions of the study, it is recommended that for the degree of employees’ emotional intelligence to improve tremendously, organisations must enact adequate Work-Life Balance policies to reduce strains and pressures of workers. Employers should organise periodical capacity building for staff to develop their emotional intelligence; and organisations must ensure that staff take advantage of their (the establishments) life-enriching welfare policies such as opportunities for leave and sponsored holidays.
Cultural Nuances in Work Attitudes and Behaviors: Towards a Model of African Work Culture
Authors: Olowookere Elizabeth I. , Agoha Benedict C. , Omonijo Dare O. , Odukoya Jonathan A. , Elegbeleye Ayotunde O.
Published: March 2021

This study explored managers’ perception of the work behaviors and attitudes of Nigerian workers with reference to Nigeria’s cultural orientation and the global culture. It compared Japan, USA and Nigeria on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, work culture and organizational outcomes. Descriptive survey design and purposive sampling technique were used in data collection. A total of 131 managers (74 males and 57 females) from manufacturing organizations in Ota, Ogun State were interviewed. The structured interview comprised of 12 statements on work attitudes and behaviors to which respondents agreed or disagreed and made remarks. Four research questions were asked and answered using frequency distribution. The result showed that greater percentage of managers perceived Nigerian workers to require close supervision, sanctions and coercion in driving compliance with organizational rules. Workers were also perceived to be motivated mostly by pay, rewards and benefits. However, only about half of the respondents agreed that Nigerian workers are self-centered and individualistic. Lastly, they perceived that given the right circumstances, Nigerian workers are highly resourceful and capable of participative decision-making and mutual responsibility. This study concluded that Nigeria as well as Japan have collectivist cultures while America has individualistic culture. Although collectivism has paid off as evinced in the successes of Japanese companies, Nigerian organizations, like many others in Africa, have been victims of acculturation with adverse consequences for organizational growth. Hence, a model of African work culture was recommended, one that should not jettison indigenous cultures, but ensure an effective blend with global best practices.

 

Received: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 / Published: 5 March 2021
Clinical Insights into SARS-COV-2 Infection in Rural Rajasthan, India
Authors: Anand Derashri  , Shivadatta Padhi  , Dinesh Vaishnav  , Anish Jain  , Ruma Bose  , Vandana Tyagi
Published: March 2021

Background: This study aimed to highlight the primary endpoint of death and to understand the clinical andepidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 infection in the rural community of Chittorgarh, Rajasthan,India.Method: This was a retrospective, observational study of COVID-19 patients from March to June 2020 thatcollected and analysed epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data.Results: In 353 patients, COVID-19 affected all age groups, mainly those aged 16–49 years, followed bythose aged 50–64 years; 82.43% were male; 68% of infected patients were asymptomatic at presentationand were incidentally positive on contact tracing. Among symptomatic cases, fever (88%) was the mostcommon symptom; of 14 severe COVID-19 patients with pneumonia, 8 died. Leukopenia, lymphopenia,thrombocytopenia, and abnormal liver function tests were common lab findings. Thirty patients hadradiographic evidence of pneumonia. The most common complications were acute respiratory distresssyndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and kidney injury. The case fatality rate was 0.02%, andthe Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score>6 was a surrogate marker for admittance to the intensivecare unit.Conclusion: Low case fatality rate and SOFA score surrogate for ICU admittance
COVID-19 Microbiological and Radiological Diagnostics
Authors: Jeličić Karlo , Đaković Rode Oktavija , Višković Klaudija , Mehmedović Armin , Kurolt Ivan Christian
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods and their optimal implementation. The main routine microbiological diagnostic tools are molecular and serological methods. Sensitivity and utilisation of molecular methods is the best at the disease onset, while serological methods are the best if used at least 5-7 days after disease onset. Positive molecular test result (real-time polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR) must be interpreted in the clinical presentation context. A sampling site for molecular analysis is based on disease severity; upper and lower respiratory tract samples are used for mild and severe presentations, respectively. Virus cultivation is the only method of proving the existence of a viable virus in a tissue sample, but due to the method complexity, it is not a part of a routine process. Ground glass opacities with or without reticular pattern and/or consolidation are typical findings for COVID-19 pneumonia. Multi-slice computerized tomography (MSCT) is a superior radiological method for performing X-ray of the chests.
Speckle Observations of TESS Exoplanet Host Stars: Understanding the Binary Exoplanet Host Star Orbital Period Distribution
Authors: Howell Steve B. , Matson Rachel A. , Ciardi David R. , Everett Mark E. , Livingston John H. , Scott Nicholas J. , Horch Elliott P. , Winn Joshua N.
Published: March 2021

We present high-resolution speckle interferometric imaging observations of TESS exoplanet host stars using the NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet and Stellar Speckle Imager instrument at the 3.5 m WIYN telescope. Eight TESS objects of interest that were originally discovered by Kepler were previously observed using the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument. Speckle observations of 186 TESS stars were carried out, and 45 (24%) likely bound companions were detected. This is approximately the number of companions we would expect to observe given the established 46% binarity rate in exoplanet host stars. For the detected binaries, the distribution of stellar mass ratio is consistent with that of the standard Raghavan distribution and may show a decrease in high-q systems as the binary separation increases. The distribution of binary orbital periods, however, is not consistent with the standard Ragahavan model, and our observations support the premise that exoplanet-hosting stars with binary companions have, in general, wider orbital separations than field binaries. We find that exoplanet-hosting binary star systems show a distribution peaking near 100 au, higher than the 40–50 au peak that is observed for field binaries. This fact led to earlier suggestions that planet formation is suppressed in close binaries.
The Origin of Strong Linear Polarization from Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Wang Runna , Liu Siming , Xiong Anda , Chen Qi-Hui , Zhu Fengrong
Published: March 2021

The detection of almost 100% linearly polarized emission from the fast radio burst source FRB 121102 implies coherent emission of relativistic electrons moving perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. The origin of such a particle distribution is very intriguing. Given that FRB 121102 is likely driven by a neutron star, we explored orbits of charged particles trapped in a dipole magnetic field (the Störmer problem). Most previous studies focused on particles with relatively low energies so that the guiding center approximation may be applied. High-energy particles usually have chaotic orbits except those on a periodic orbit or near stable periodic orbits. Via evaluation of the maximum Lyapunov exponent of orbits of particles launched from the equatorial plane with an axial velocity (the angular velocity sets the length and energy scales of the system), we found prominent regions of quasi-periodic orbits around stable periodic orbits in the equatorial plane at high energies. Particles in these orbits oscillate around the equatorial plane and their radial distance from the dipole can vary by a factor of ∼2. Relativistic electrons in such orbits may be responsible for the almost 100% polarized emission from FRB 121102.
CO Excitation, Molecular Gas Density, and Interstellar Radiation Field in Local and High-redshift Galaxies
Authors: Liu Daizhong , Daddi Emanuele , Schinnerer Eva , Saito Toshiki , Leroy Adam , Silverman John D. , Valentino Francesco , Magdis Georgios E. , Gao Yu , Jin Shuowen , Puglisi Annagrazia , Groves Brent
Published: March 2021

We study the carbon monoxide (CO) excitation, mean molecular gas density, and interstellar radiation field (ISRF) intensity in a comprehensive sample of 76 galaxies from local to high redshift (z ∼ 0–6), selected based on detections of their CO transitions J = 2 → 1 and 5 → 4 and their optical/infrared/(sub)millimeter spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We confirm the existence of a tight correlation between CO excitation as traced by the CO (5–4)/(2–1) line ratio R
52 and the mean ISRF intensity

U

as derived from infrared SED fitting using dust SED templates. By modeling the molecular gas density probability distribution function (PDF) in galaxies and predicting CO line ratios with large velocity gradient radiative transfer calculations, we present a framework linking global CO line ratios to the mean molecular hydrogen gas density

n

H

2

and kinetic temperature T
kin. Mapping in this way observed R
52 ratios to

n

H

2

and T
kin probability distributions, we obtain positive

U

–

n

H

2

and

U

–T
kin correlations, which imply a scenario in which the ISRF in galaxies is mainly regulated by T
kin and (nonlinearly) by

n

H

2

. A small fraction of starburst galaxies showing enhanced

n

H

2

could be due to merger-driven compaction. Our work demonstrates that ISRF and CO excitation are tightly coupled and that density–PDF modeling is a promising tool for probing detailed ISM properties inside galaxies.
Observing Carbon and Oxygen Carriers in Protoplanetary Disks at Mid-infrared Wavelengths
Authors: Anderson Dana E. , Blake Geoffrey A. , Cleeves L. Ilsedore , Bergin Edwin A. , Zhang Ke , Schwarz Kamber R. , Salyk Colette , Bosman Arthur D.
Published: March 2021

Infrared observations probe the warm gas in the inner regions of planet-forming disks around young Sun-like T Tauri stars. In these systems, H2O, OH, CO, CO2, C2H2, and HCN have been widely observed. However, the potentially abundant carbon carrier CH4 remains largely unconstrained. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to characterize mid-infrared fluxes of CH4 along with several other carriers of carbon and oxygen. In anticipation of the JWST mission, we model the physical and chemical structure of a T Tauri disk to predict the abundances and mid-infrared fluxes of observable molecules. A range of compositional scenarios are explored involving the destruction of refractory carbon materials and alterations to the total elemental (volatile and refractory) C/O ratio. Photon-driven chemistry in the inner disk surface layers largely destroys the initial carbon and oxygen carriers. This causes models with the same physical structure and C/O ratio to have similar steady-state surface compositions, regardless of the initial chemical abundances. Initial disk compositions are better preserved in the shielded inner disk midplane. The degree of similarity between the surface and midplane compositions in the inner disk will depend on the characteristics of vertical mixing at these radii. Our modeled fluxes of observable molecules respond sensitively to changes in the disk gas temperature, inner radius, and total elemental C/O ratio. As a result, mid-infrared observations of disks will be useful probes of these fundamental disk parameters, including the C/O ratio, which can be compared to values determined for planetary atmospheres.
A Novel Metagenomic Workflow for Biomonitoring across the Tree of Life using PCR-free Ultra-deep Sequencing of Extracellular eDNA
Authors: Manu Shivakumara
Published: March 2021

Biodiversity is declining on a planetary scale at an alarming rate due to anthropogenic factors. Classical biodiversity monitoring approaches are time-consuming, resource-intensive, and not scalable to address the current biodiversity crisis. The environmental DNA-based next-generation biomonitoring framework provides an efficient, scalable, and holistic solution for evaluating changes in various ecological entities. However, its scope is currently limited to monitoring targeted groups of organisms using metabarcoding, which suffers from various PCR-induced biases. To utilise the full potential of next-generation biomonitoring, we intended to develop PCR-free genomic technologies that can deliver unbiased biodiversity data across the tree of life in a single assay. Here, we present a novel metagenomic workflow comprising of a lysis-free extracellular DNA enrichment protocol from large-volume filtered water samples, a completely PCR-free library preparation step, an ultra-deep next-generation sequencing, and a pseudo-taxonomic assignment strategy using the dual lowest common ancestor algorithm. We demonstrate the utility of our approach in a pilot-scale spatially-replicated experimental setup in Chilika, a large hyper-diverse brackish lagoon ecosystem in India. Using incidence-based statistics, we show that biodiversity across the tree of life, from microorganisms to the relatively low-abundant macroorganisms such as Arthropods and Fishes, can be effectively detected with about one billion paired-end reads using our reproducible workflow. With decreasing costs of sequencing and the increasing availability of genomic resources from the earth biogenome project, our approach can be tested in different ecosystems and adapted for large-scale rapid assessment of biodiversity across the tree of life. *1
First steps towards a barcoding database for the Iberian cladocerans
Authors: López-Blanco Charo , García-Alix Antonio , Wang Yi , S. Epp Laura
Published: March 2021

Due to similarities in morphological features together with strong dispersal abilities, it was thought that some groups of zooplankton (e.g. rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans) have cosmopolitan distributions. In the particular case of cladocerans, recent molecular studies using DNA barcode regions have indicated a different picture, including the existence of multiple regional endemic species and geographical phylogroups; even at very small geographical scales. This has demostrated that cladocera species are less widely distributed than assumed. Morphological identifications of these animals require expertise and high taxonomic specialization. Even so, species identifications are hampered by the small size of the organisms (especially from the littoral zone) and by the sampling cost for obtaining rare species and both parthenogenetic and gamogenetic specimens. The use of molecular techniques can provide new tools to identify cryptic diversity, and by being added to taxonomical approaches, provide more precise data of biodiversity. However, the accuracy of species assignment in metabarcoding relies on the availability of a DNA reference library, which is challenging in areas with high endemicity rates such as the Iberian Peninsula. A preliminary compilation of the available molecular data for the cytochrome (COI) in public repositories (Barcode of Life Data Systems and NCBI GenBank) shows that the available sequences only cover ~60% of the Iberian freshwater cladocerans. The family Daphniidae is very well represented, while the family Chydoridae, which contained most of the Iberian endemism, is underrepresented. We have identified the gaps, and are now focusing on collecting the target organisms to fill the missing taxa of the Iberian library. A compendium of the sampling points, species recovered so far, pitfalls, and future strategy is presented here. The effective completion of a DNA database for cladocerans will have applications not only in biomonitoring programs but to develop DNA-based methods in paleolimnology.
L'enfant en Centrafrique
Authors: Ndamobissi Robert , Sadio Abdoulaye , Goula Raymond
Published: March 2021

La République centrafricaine est l’un des pays les plus pauvres de la planète. Il est classé au 165e rang sur 173 pays selon l’indice de développement humain durable établit par le PNUD dans son rapport annuel 2002. Confronté aux multiples troubles politico-militaires et aux faiblesses en matière de gestion macro-économique, le taux de croissance économique est quasi nul en 2002 et environ 62 % de la population vit en dessous du seuil de pauvreté monétaire de 1 dollar par jour. Le pays n’a pas pu signer un accord avec le FMI et la Banque mondiale depuis plus de cinq ans pour un programme triennal de Facilité d’ajustement pour la croissance économique et la réduction de la pauvreté. L’analyse des inégalités par l’approche des « avoirs du ménage » à l’aide des données de l’enquête MICS 2000, a révélé de grandes inégalités en matière de santé, d’éducation, de nutrition et de jouissance des droits des enfants en République centrafricaine. Le constat universel a été vérifié : les ménages pauvres sont les plus vulnérables sur le plan social. La caractérisation des ménages pauvres a permis de définir les groupes les plus vulnérables face à la pauvreté : les ménages vivant en milieu rural, les ménages vivant hors Bangui et principalement dans les zones cotonnières et l’est du pays, les ménages dirigés par une femme ou par un jeune, les ménages dont le chef a un niveau d’instruction faible et dont le statut dans l’emploi est instable, et les ménages de petite taille. Les ménages nombreux avec plus d’adultes connaissent une situation plus favorable, du fait de l’apport de plusieurs sources de revenus dans le ménage : il s’agit d’une nouvelle stratégie développée par les ménages pour améliorer leur statut économique. De même le VIH/sida a un impact sur la structure des ménages ; des réponses appropriées pour faire face aux conséquences socio-économiques du sida sur les familles s’avèrent nécessaires. La politique de planification familiale doit prendre en compte cet aspect de la stratégie de survie des familles en réfléchissant sur des approches efficaces de communication. Ces résultats recommandent une segmentation des actions de lutte contre la pauvreté qui puisse adresser des réponses spécifiques appropriées à chaque groupe cible. Des actions doivent également être envisagées pour lutter contre le chômage des immigrants ayant un faible niveau d’instruction, vivant principalement dans les bidonvilles, et qui sont économiquement vulnérables.
Les grandes décisions de l’histoire de France
Authors: Gueniffey Patrice
Published: March 2021

Le 21 août 1802, c’est dans une voiture attelée à huit chevaux que, des Tuileries, Bonaparte se rendit au palais du Luxembourg. Il semblait loin le temps – à peine plus de deux ans pourtant – où il avait fallu se contenter de fiacres de louage dont on avait hâtivement caché les numéros pour accompagner les consuls aux Tuileries devenues leur résidence officielle. Pour la première fois aussi, il voyageait seul. Ses deux collègues, Cambacérès et Lebrun, suivaient dans une autre voiture. Tout le long du chemin, les troupes formaient la haie. Il y avait foule sur le parcours. Un nombreux état-major à cheval, en grand uniforme, escortait le Premier consul, puis venaient les régiments de la garde consulaire et le cortège des grands corps de l’État. Arrivé devant le Sénat, il descendit de voiture, accueilli par une imposante délégation. Proclamé Consul à vie quelques jours plus tôt, après le dépouillement des résultats du plébiscite, il venait prêter serment devant les sénateurs. Les festivités avaient commencé la semaine précédente lorsqu’on avait célébré avec une solennité inconnue depuis la chute de la royauté le trente-troisième anniversaire du chef de l’État : « On rendit à Dieu de solennelles actions de grâce, dira ironiquement Fouché, d’avoir, dans son ineffable bonté, donné à la France un homme qui avait bien voulu consentir à exercer toute sa vie le pouvoir suprême. » Trois cents instrumentistes avaient donné un grand concert, on avait tiré des feux d’artifice, illuminé les Tuileries et Notre-Dame et inauguré sur le Pont-Neuf une statue dédiée à la paix. Encore quelques jours, et c’est un Bonaparte tout de bleu vêtu qui, accompagné de Joséphine, se leva dans sa loge du Théâtre-Français pour y recevoir l’ovation du parterre et saluer par trois fois. Peut-être la France n’avait-elle pas encore renoué avec la royauté, mais elle avait assurément retrouvé un roi, fût-ce sous le nom de « Consul à vie » .
La première année de la vie
Authors: Gouin-Décarie Thérèse , Pouliot Thérèse , Poulin-Dubois Diane
Published: March 2021

Cette recherche se propose de vérifier deux étapes importantes de l’évolution des réactions de l’enfant à son image spéculaire. Afin de tenter d’expliquer les résultats contradictoires obtenus par certains chercheurs, les auteurs cherchent à évaluer le rôle de la structuration du champ spatial dans l’ordre d’apparition de la réaction à l’image-miroir altérée et à l’image-miroir d’un objet. Cinquante sujets, répartis également dans cinq groupes d’âge de 6 à 30 mois, furent soumis à cinq épreuves. Les résultats obtenus permettent de confirmer l’existence d’une séquence fixe de réussite des tâches et indiquent que la localisation des objets dans l’espace ne semble pas jouer un rôle dans l’ordre d’apparition des réactions retenues.
Capitalismes asiatiques et puissance chinoise
Authors: Lafaye de Micheaux Elsa
Published: March 2021

Résumé L’analyse contemporaine des transformations de l’économie asiatique est issue d’un cadre intellectuel plus large qui n’a fait que récemment place à la diversité des capitalismes au sein de l’Asie, en se limitant le plus souvent au Japon, à la Chine et aux nouveaux pays industrialisés comme la Corée du Sud ou Taïwan. Il s’agit désormais d’élargir le spectre à l’Asie du Sud-Est, espace économique certes marqué par la proximité avec la Chine mais néanmoins très hétérogène et délaissé par le champ de la recherche en économie politique. Une méthodologie institutionnaliste pluridisciplinaire et non fonctionnaliste permet de tirer profit des travaux de sciences sociales déjà existants et d’affiner la lecture des évolutions du capitalisme en Asie.
Capitalismes asiatiques et puissance chinoise
Authors: Bafoil François
Published: March 2021

Résumé Les États « très en retard » de développement se caractérisent par de nombreuses dépendances : une forme spécifique d’autoritarisme politique sous la domination des clans – des politiques de concessions aux affidés –, une faible diversification de la structure économique, l’importance des fonds étrangers et une vaste corruption. C’est le cas du Cambodge et du Laos où ces dépendances sont relayées au niveau local par la mise en œuvre des « zones économiques spéciales ». Ces dernières se multiplient sur la base de politiques de défiscalisation et de dérégulation du travail. Faute d’institutions publiques compétentes, la croissance se diffuse peu autour des zones. Ce sont autant d’éléments qui permettent de construire la catégorie de « capitalisme politique ».
Capitalismes asiatiques et puissance chinoise
Authors: Barral Stéphanie
Published: March 2021

Résumé Les grandes plantations, figures emblématiques de la production agricole capitaliste et héritages directs de la période coloniale, sont l’objet d’un intérêt politique accru dans plusieurs pays de la zone intertropicale. C’est le cas des plantations de palmier à huile en Indonésie, intégrées principalement à de grandes firmes privées appartenant à des Indonésiens d’origine chinoise et dont le développement est largement soutenu par les gouvernements successifs depuis les années 1970. Ce chapitre s’intéresse à leurs conditions d’expansion à partir de l’analyse du rapport salarial et des mécanismes de stabilisation de leurs ouvriers. L’étude de terrain menée au sein de six grandes plantations montre que, dans ce contexte d’État social libéral paternaliste, les politiques sociales des compagnies sont directement influencées par le marché local du travail. Le rôle majeur qu’elles jouent dans la définition des protections sociales, ainsi que celui du foncier dans la constitution de protections complémentaires, expliquent les fortes disparités géographiques en termes de sécurité économique des ouvriers de plantations.
China Innovation Inc.
Authors: Bironneau Romain
Published: March 2021

Le système d’innovation chinois est le résultat d’une histoire qui s’inscrit dans un contexte. Il se bâtit sur les conséquences de la période maoïste et en empruntant à des systèmes extérieurs considérés comme pertinents dans leur fonctionnement et leur performance. Une série d’indicateurs permettent de mesurer la progression d’un système d’innovation chinois en devenir. La mise en œuvre de la volonté de réforme institutionnelle qu’ils traduisent s’inscrit dans la dépendance et l’interaction avec des réseaux d’influence informels qui l’accompagnent en même temps qu’ils la contraignent.
China Innovation Inc.
Authors: Arvanitis Rigas
Published: March 2021

Le modèle actuel de développement chinois a pour conséquence d’opposer une Chine à croissance rapide, qui se fonde sur la vitalité des entreprises, à une Chine plus lente. La dynamique des zones économiques ne serait pas tant celle qu’impulsent les autorités que celle que génèrent les entreprises qui les peuplent. Après son entrée fracassante dans la modernité technologique, la Chine doit, semble-t-il, s’attacher à produire par elle-même une société moderne et non pas seulement une administration moderne.
Mediterra 2016 : Zéro gaspillage en Méditerranée
Authors: Brun Matthieu , Blanc Pierre , Otto Halka
Published: March 2021

Résumé L’urbanisation, les mutations économiques, sociales et démographiques conjuguées aux effets du changement climatique exercent une pression toujours plus grande sur des ressources naturelles déjà menacées. En Méditerranée comme au niveau mondial, la gestion de l’eau, du foncier, de la forêt mais aussi de la biodiversité est plus que jamais essentielle pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable à l’horizon 2030. Ce chapitre revient sur l’état des ressources naturelles au niveau mondial en insistant à la fois sur la nécessité de lutter contre les pertes et gaspillages des ressources naturelles mais aussi sur les besoins de coopération et d’innovations sociales et organisationnelles à plusieurs échelles.