bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Inhibiting Pyroptosis
Authors: Liu Guorong , Chen Saifeng , Yuan Xiaoyan , Chen Guo , Xu Lei , Meng Xinmeichen , Wu Kun , Guo Dongfeng
Published: November 2023

Background: Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is a common complication of sepsis accompanied by high prevalence and mortality in sepsis patients. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a neurotrophic factor, and it exerts critical functions in various diseases, including heart diseases, while its effect on SIC remains elusive. Hence, we aimed to investigate the action of MANF on SIC.
Methods: This study was under the guidance of Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China from January 2021 to December 2021. H9c2 cells and mice were induced by LPS to establish SIC in vitro and in vivo models. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine gene and protein expressions. The levels of MANF, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 18 (IL-18), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTn I) were detected using ELISA assay. Cell pyroptosis determination was performed by flow cytometry. The DCFDA assay kit was used to determine ROS production.
 Results: In SIC in vitro model, LPS induced cell pyroptosis (P<0.001) and ROS accumulation (n (P<0.001). Besides, MANF was decreased in LPS-induced H9c2 cells (P<0.001) and SIC patients (P<0.001). In addition, overexpression of MANF ameliorated SIC-induced injury in H9C2 cells (P<0.001). Furthermore, inhibition of  NLRP3 rescued the function of MANF on SIC-induced injury in H9C2 cells (P<0.001). Moreover, enforced  MANF suppressed the SIC-induced injury in vivo model (P<0.001).
Conclusion: MANF was down-regulated in SIC. Overexpressed MANF ameliorated the SIC injury by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.
The Effect of Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Combined with Quercetin on Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)
Authors: Nodoushan Fateme Sadeghi , Hakimian Fatemeh , Taghiyar Sana , Haghiralsadat Bibi Fatemeh
Published: November 2023

Background: Magnetic nanoparticles attract increasing interest due to their use in cancer therapy and as drug carriers for several other diseases. The present study investigates the physiochemical properties of quercetin-conjugated superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their effects on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Methods: A simple precipitation method was used to prepare the Poly Ethylene Imine (PEI)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles; they were then conjugated with flavonoid-compound quercetin on the surface via carboxylic/amine group using nanoprecipitation method. Then, the physical and chemical parameters were calculated using Zeta-sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and extract release patterns at 37 and 42 0C. Finally, the toxicity level of this quercetin- conjugated nanosystem on the MCF-7 cells was investigated by MTT assay. Results: The results showed that the prepared nanosystem attained about 74% of quercetin inclusion, 91.2 nm size, 65.1 mV zeta potential, spherical morphology and a controlled release. Compared to Fe3O4 nanoparticles and pure quercetin, MTT and microscopy analysis revealed that quercetin-conjugated Fe3O4 nanoparticles induced considerable cytotoxicity, and morphology changes against MCF7 cells. Conclusion: Quercetin-conjugated Fe3O4 nanoparticles have appropriate physiochemical properties; they can be a suitable carrier for drug delivery and a promising therapy for candidates.
Efficacy of Ozonized Water Spray for the Sanitization of Food Contact Surfaces Contaminated with E. Coli and S. Aureus as an Eco-Friendly Asepsis Approach
Authors: Rahmani Zeinab , Chaleshtori Reza Sharafati , Arani Abbas Abdoli , Taghizadeh Mohsen
Published: November 2023

Background: Cross-contamination between food, equipment, and contact surfaces during food processing may occur with some pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli and S. aureus. This study was conducted to investigate the bactericidal potential of ozonized water spray in food contact surfaces (plastic, glass, steel, and ceramic) for the inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus isolated from traditional yogurt.
Methods: Two isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and the strains were exposed to ozonized water with concentration of 4 mg/l for 0, 2, and 10 minutes and after drying on food contact surfaces (FCS).
Results: E. coli and S. aureus were defined as multidrug-resistant. Ozonized water inhibited two bacteria growth on the FCS after two minutes. On plastic, glass, and ceramic surfaces, E. coli was more sensitive than S. aureus, while S. aureus on steel surface was more sensitive than E. coli.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended to use the ozonized water spray at 4 mg/l concentration to disinfect surfaces in contact with food, especially glass and ceramic surfaces.
Food Insecurity after Cash Transfer Program in Rural Areas of Tehran: A Mixed Method Study
Authors: Haghighian-Roudsari; Arezoo , Mohammadi-Nasrabadi Fatemeh , Omidvar Nasrin , Khoshfetrat Mohammad-Reza , Mirzadeh-Ahari Zahra , Fadavi Ghasem , Mehrabi Yadollah
Published: November 2023

Background: Cash transfer (CT) is one of the strategies used by many developing countries to improve food security and nutritional status of lower socio-economic groups. This study aims to assessing household food insecurity (HFI) and viewpoints of women after CT program in rural population of Tehran province by both quantitative and qualitative methods. Methods: After making arrangements with rural health centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 250 households were selected from five rural of Iran with different socio-economic status (SES) by cluster sampling. Locally adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), food frequency, and SES questionnaires were completed, and height, weight, and waist circumference of adult females were measured. .Data on families' coping strategies were collected through 7 focus-group discussions.  Results: The frequency of mild, moderate, and severe HFI was 22.3, 22.3, and 16.0%, respectively. SES negatively affected HFI (P<0.001), and HFI negatively influenced food-group consumption (P<0.001). Most of the women reported strategies like borrowing from family and friends, skipping meals, and eating less food by mothers. Conclusions: It seems that in spite of CT program, the prevalence of HFI among Iranians in rural areas was relatively high and consumption of food groups in FI households was low.
Lifestyle Changes and COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Toupchian Omid , Soltani Sepideh , Hosseini-Marnani Elham , Eslami Fatemeh , Poorbarat Salar , T. Clark Cain C. , Heshmati Javad , Rajabzadeh Rezvan , Abdollahi Shima
Published: November 2023

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has evidently influenced people's lifestyle, particularly their health. In this study, the authors examined the association between dietary intake and lifestyle changes, and COVID-19 infection in adults living in Bojnurd, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted on 4425 adults from Bojnurd city, Iran, regarding changes in food consumption, physical activity, sleep duration, and the history of COVID-19 infection; data were collected online using a researcher-designed questionnaire. The associations between lifestyle changes and COVID-19 infection were assessed by multivariate- adjusted logistic regression models.
Results: There were significant associations between lower odds of COVID-19, increased legumes consumption (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.96), and increased physical activity (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95) during the pandemic; this was while increased intakes of refined grain (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.63), butter oil (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73), processed meat (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.82), fast foods (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.40), honey (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.64), and coffee (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.09) were associated with higher odds of infection. Moreover, higher sleep duration (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.52), increased intake of multivitamins/minerals (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.05), vitamin D (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.47), and vitamin C (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.84) were significantly associated with higher odds of infection, compared to the cases with no change.
Conclusion: Increased intake of refined grain and high-fat foods may be associated with lower odds of infection. However, the cross-sectional design of the present study precludes causal inferences.
The Efficacy of Egg White Powder on Anthropometric Indices in Malnourished Children
Authors: Shirazi Maryam Hamidian , Ahmadi Afsane , Dehghani Mohammad Reza , Dehzad Mohammad Jafar , Ekramzadeh Maryam , Nouri Mehran
Published: November 2023

Background: White egg powder provides essential amino acids compounds. This study aims to investigate the theory that a regular consumption of white egg powder would improve weight gain and appetite in children with malnutrition. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted among children aged 3-6 years with mild to severe malnutrition referred to Ghadir Mother and Child Hospital affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from April to October 2017. The malnourished children received egg white protein (1 g/kg of their current body weight) for 3 weeks. Weight loss as a primary outcome and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), and BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) were measured as secondary outcomes, assessed at baseline and after six weeks of study. Results: Of the 23 children included, 20 finished the study. Weight increased in all children although it was not significant (P = 0.101). A lower appetite was seen at the end of the intervention, but it was not significant (P = 0.575). Malnutrition based on WHZ and BAZ decreased compared to the baseline measurement, while the changes were not significant. Regarding other markers, no statistically significant changes were found compared to the baseline measurement. Conclusion: The addition of white egg powder to complementary nutrition could not improve weight gain and appetite in malnourished children. Further research with a larger study population and longer intervention time is needed to demonstrate the clear effect of egg white on improving malnutrition in children.
An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study of Malnutrition in Hemodialysis Patients in Gorgan, Iran, 2020
Authors: Rafinezhad Masoumeh , Honarvar Mohammad Reza , Vahidinia Aliasghar , Sharifi Amrollah , Amirkhanlou Saeid
Published: November 2023

Background: Malnutrition is relatively common in hemodialysis (HD) patients, which increases the risk of mortality. Seven Point Subjective Global Assessment (7-point SGA) tool is recommended to evaluate and monitor malnutrition in HD patients. The aim of this study was to investigate malnutrition using 7-point SGA in HD patients referred to dialysis centers in Gorgan city (north-eastern of Iran) in 2020. Methods: The nutritional status of 133 HD patients referred to Gorgan city dialysis center in 2020 were assessed using the 7-point SGA tool. Weight, percentage of fat, and muscle mass were measured by Omron BF511. Height was measured using the SECA portable stadiometer. Serum hemoglobin levels were recorded based on the latest recorded routine tests during the last month. A demographic information questionnaire was completed for all individuals. Medications and supplements taken by patients as well as visits by a nutrition consultant and adherence to a special diet were investigated by reviewing the medical file and asking the patient. Results: Out of 133 patients, 43.61% had no malnutrition and 56.39% had moderate malnutrition. The nutrition status was not different regarding gender and education level, but was different regarding household size (P=0.032). Patients with moderate malnutrition were older and had less weight and body mass index (BMI), but there was no statistically significant difference between height, dialysis time span, body fat and muscle mass percentage, and serum hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: This study showed a considerable rate of malnutrition in HD patients, which should be regarded by clinicians and health policymakers.
The Effects of a Nutritional Education Package Titled "Eat a Rainbow Every Day" on Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity of Elementary School Children
Authors: Sheikhi Mahdieh , Tabatabaei Seyed Mehdi , Eftekharinia Monir , Zaboli Maryam
Published: November 2023

Background: In school age children, a healthy nutritional behavior can prevent double burden of malnutrition and chronic diseases. Nutritional education has a key role in adopting a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational package on the nutritional knowledge and practices, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) of elementary school children in Zahedan, southeast Iran. Methods: In this quasi-experimental before-after study, a total of 734 elementary school children‎, aged 10–14 years, recruited by census sampling method completed the survey. Each student received 8 hours of training and they were provided with a booklet that included a weekly chart for recording intake of food groups and PA by students for 3 months. A semi-structured questionnaire that included questions on the students' nutritional knowledge, eating behavior, PA performance, and BMI before and after the intervention was used for data collection. Paired t-test, McNemar's, and Friedman tests were used for data analysis. Results: Before the intervention, the mean score of nutritional knowledge was 7.5 and the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity was 17.4% and 0.4%, respectively. After the intervention, the results showed a significant increase in the nutritional knowledge scores, the number of days with 30 min PA per week, and the frequency of consumption of dairy products, animal protein, and fruits. Also, in comparison with before intervention, a significant decrease was found in the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity of school children after the intervention. Conclusion: This multifaceted nutritional education intervention was associated with improved nutritional knowledge score, PA, and being underweight in elementary school children.
Effects of Sanctions on Food Intake of Urban Households in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran (2017-2019)
Authors: Shafaati Sara , Sobhani Seyyed Reza , Nattagh-Eshtivani Elyas , Khosravi Maryam , Saeedi Sara , Norouzy Abdolreza
Published: November 2023

Background: Sanctions are a type of forfeit aimed at forcing the subject to obey the desired political will. Since sanctions affect various components of the economic sectors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on food intake of households living in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Methods: To investigate the effect of sanctions on food intake of households living in Khorasan Razavi province, the survey data of the National Statistics Center of Iran (NSCI) on cost and income was used. 2129 households (number of households in 2017: 702, 2018: 726 and 2019: 701) were studied. In the N4 program, macronutrients and micronutrients were calculated. The studied variables were analyzed based on four income categories. In the SPSS software, quantitative variables of 2017 to 2019 were reviewed by ANOVA test and variables in pairs of the same period were reviewed by post hoc Tukey test. Results: The analysis showed that by intensifying sanctions, the cost of food has increased more than the average of income, and prices of all food groups spesifically healthy food groups have increased. The diet quality index has decreased significantly. The lower-income classes had the most insufficient dietary intake of micronutrients and the gap between dietary intake of different income classes increased during the study. Conclusion: Sanctions have affected the dietary intake due to the rise in the price of food expenditure and as a result people tend to consume cheaper and lower quality food.
The Relationship between Food Insecurity and Some Socio-Economic Factors in Patients Referring to Diabetes Clinic of Buali Hospital in Zahedan
Authors: Masoumi Seyede Mahsa , Shahraki Mansour , Eslahi Hadi , Okati Mohammad
Published: November 2023

Background: There is a close relationship between food insecurity and diabetes. It has been shown that some socio-economic factors can affect Type I diabetes. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between food insecurity and some socio-economic factors with type 2 diabetes in patients referring to Diabetes Clinic of Buali Hospital in Zahedan city. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 450 patients with type 2 diabetes as the case group and 450 similar participants without diabetes as the control group in 2021. The data were collected for the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and food insecurity by the 18-item USDA household food security questionnaire. Results: The results showed that food insecurity was significantly higher in case group (7.27±5.25) compared to the control group (6.44±5.82). Participants with higher income had lower food insecurity (P=0.0001). Married participants had higher food security compared to other status in both groups (P=0.0001). Individuals with higher education had better food security and diabetic individuals had lower education compared to healthy people (P=0.001). Employee and housewife in case group had higher food security compared to participants with other jobs (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Food insecurity was higher in diabetic patients and socio-economic factors had a close relation with food insecurity. Policy makers must consider strategies for improving socio-economic factors in Zahedan city.
Assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of using additive technologies in manufacture of the spacecraft parts
Authors: Borschev Yu.P. , Sysoev V.K.
Published: November 2023

The paper presents technical and economic analysis of the effectiveness of using the features and advantages of the additive selective laser melting (SLM) technology in design and manufacture of the spacecraft antenna-feeder systems (AFS) elements using specific examples of the angular waveguides and antennas manufactured at the Lavochkin Association. Main advantages of introducing the SLM technology in comparison with the use of traditional technologies are shown. They include reducing duration and cost of the product development and manufacturing processes; ability to create unique designs with new performance characteristics inaccessible to other technologies; improvement of the weight and size characteristics; increasing the spacecraft active life by improving the AFS reliability. Results of the technical and economic analysis confirm effectiveness and relevance of the SLM technology implementation in conditions of the spacecraft AFS elements small-scale manufacture at the rocket and space industry enterprises.
Productivity and survival of Southern Scrub-robins in the South Australian Murray Mallee
Authors:   School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia, Barker Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Southern Scrub-robin Drymodes brunneopygia is an Australian ground-foraging insectivorous bird that has suffered dramatic declines in the South Australian Murray Mallee, and within this region is now largely confined to four isolated patches (clusters) of territories on one privately owned farm at = Bakara. In order to determine if Scrub-robins fare better in some habitats than others, colour-banded adults were intensively tracked to determine their productivity and survival in four habitat patches over a 3-year period between 2008 and 2011. At Bakara, survival of adult Scrub-robins was possibly lower in the North-west patch than in other patches. Most pairs were observed to breed; breeding started in late September/early October and lasted c. 1 month. Thirty-two percent (n = 22) of juveniles survived to >1 year. Juvenile survival was higher in the South and Heritage Agreement patches,and was greater in the wetter year (2010) than in the other years. More juvenile males survived to >1 year of age (n = 16) than did females (n = 6), and survival of juveniles was positively correlated with time spent in their natal territory. Three birds bred at 2 years of age. Scrub-robin survival at Bakara appears to be positively correlated with increased rainfall and higher shrub cover, particularly of Green Tea-tree Leptospermum coriaceum or Hard-leaf Wattle Acacia sclerophylla, as was observed in the South and Heritage Agreement patches.
Multiple Sclerosis Recognition by Wavelet Entropy and Self-adaptive PSO
Authors: Hou Yangyang
Published: November 2023

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune disease that mainly affects the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. This disease can cause clinical symptoms such as cognitive decline, muscle weakness, spasms, and fatigue in patients, and the onset tends to be younger. Current medication can only prevent or alleviate symptoms, so early diagnosis of this disease can increase patients' chances of treatment. Although the use of nuclear magnetic resonance detection can improve the efficiency of early auxiliary diagnosis, it still requires experienced doctors to spend too much time and energy on comprehensive judgment. To reduce the time cost and improve the efficiency of multiple sclerosis diagnosis, this article proposes a detection and recognition algorithm for multiple sclerosis based on wavelet entropy and self-adaptive particle swarm optimization. Firstly, a triple discrete wavelet transform is performed on the brain image of multiple sclerosis, and then 10 wavelet entropies are extracted from the decomposed wavelet subbands, which can reduce the feature dimensions of the image; Then, the algorithm of self-adaptive particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the feedforward neural network, in order to obtain the optimal connection weights and thresholds during the training process. The result of the model is with an average sensitivity of 92.29±1.89, specificity of 92.54±0.67, precision of 92.48±0.59, accuracy of 92.42±0.88, and F1 score of 84.85±1.74, Matthews correlation coefficient of 92.37±0.96, and Fowlkes223 Mallows Index of 92.38±0.96. The experimental results indicate that this algorithm has a very important data support role in detecting multiple sclerosis.
Modelling Transient Production Forecasting of Horizontal Wells in Abnormal High-Pressure Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Cao Lina , Wang Hehua , Jiang Liping , Zhang Bo , Ganzer Leonhard , Li Ying , Wang Xiaochao , Li Ke , Pang Siyu , Xiao Heng
Published: November 2023

Natural gas stands out as a cleaner source of energy due to its relatively lower carbon emissions, making it an appealing choice for numerous countries. Therefore, it is essential to gain a deeper understanding of natural gas reservoirs to ensure sustainable extraction and unlock their full potential. The behavior of fluid flow and production in complex gas reservoirs, especially those characterized by abnormal high-pressure and tight porous media, is not yet fully comprehended, necessitating further investigation.

Traditional Darcy's law is no longer applicable in tight porous media with high pressure. To overcome this challenge, a new composite seepage model was developed. The model incorporates stress-sensitive permeability and threshold pressure gradient. We employed perturbation theory for permeability modulus and the Green function method for the inhomogeneous special solution, effectively addressing its nonlinearity. Through integration transformation methods, a dimensionless rate solution under constant bottom-hole pressure was derived in the Laplace domain. Eventually, a new model involving multiple factors has been proposed for production prediction in such gas reservoirs.

Studying unsteady gas flow dynamics in tight formations provides valuable insights into flow patterns. To investigate transient flow characteristics in tight gas reservoirs, log-log figures were generated through Stehfest numerical inversion. Flow periods were classified based on standardized time stages for rate curves. A parametric study revealed that stress sensitivity damages permeability, causing a larger pressure drop in intermediate and late flow regimes. This effect is reflected in upward tendencies in rate derivative curves. A higher threshold pressure gradient indicates poorer reservoir properties, making fluid flow more difficult, as evidenced by steeper downwarping in production rate curves. The combined impact of stress-sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient accentuates the variation trend in these curves. Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing can effectively address the negative impacts of these two factors, which impede seepage. Enhancing fracture conductivity can decrease even eliminate the threshold pressure gradient, while increasing proppant strength can slow down elastic and plastic deformation of reservoir rock, thereby reducing the loss of permeability.

The transient seepage model developed in this paper serves not only for production prediction but also to explain the related formation and well parameters. It functions as a traditional well test interpretation tool, particularly remarkable as it relies solely on daily production data, enhancing workflow efficiency and reducing testing time. The interpreted parameters are valuable for designing hydraulic fracturing operations, evaluating the potential of tight gas reservoirs, and ultimately increasing gas production rates.
Horizontal Sucker Rod Pumping Wells – Novel Unconventional Dyna Card Signatures Interpretation for Pump & Rod Run-life Optimisation
Authors: Varma Nakul , Jadhav Sujit , Manish Kumar , Chandak Ravi , Negi Avdesh , Jha Ajay , Bohra Avinash
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a comprehensive and pioneering analysis, exploring the hitherto uncharted terrain of newly discovered dyna-card signatures and learnings associated with their analysis. These signatures, emblematic of an intricate interplay between high-deviation, azimuth, Dog-Leg Severity, and rod-guide application in horizontal-well configurations, constitute a novel dimension in the pursuit of optimizing pump and sucker-rod run-life.

The emergence of these distinct dyna-card signatures unveils a paradigm shift, transcending the boundaries of convention by redefining the landscape of artificial lift systems. These signatures, while intricately linked to the complex conditions of horizontal-well operations, are conspicuously absent from the annals of existing literature. So, this paper will fill the gaps of theory & literature.

By methodically delving into the core of these unconventional signatures, this paper embarks on an intellectual journey that transcends the known boundaries of understanding. This journey traverses through a comprehensive examination of not only the novel dyna-card signatures but also a spectrum of both rare and common dyna-card signatures. The outcome of this analytical odyssey is a revelation of strategies that cast light on the path to bolstering the longevity and efficacy of rod-string and pump performance.

These novel & unconventional dyna-card signatures are connected with the challenges posed by elevated wear rates of rod-couplings and rod-guides, particularly where they interface with the tubing-wall, the paper introduces an arsenal of specialized rod-string designs to overcome these problems identified by the specialized dyna-card signatures. These designs, forged at the intersection of innovation and necessity, stand as a testament to the commitment to harnessing newfound knowledge in a practical manner.
Pioneering Beetaloo Shale Appraisal: Case Study of Australia's Largest Multistage Fracturing Operation
Authors: Li H. , Kalinin D. , Bruce A. , Bukovac T.
Published: November 2023

In the Beetaloo Sub-basin within the Northern Territory, Australia, the shales of the Velkerri and Kyalla Formation are highly prospective. The Carpentaria-3H well was drilled in the B Shale of the Amungee Member of the Velkerri Formation with a lateral length of more than 2,632 metres and completed over a 1,989-metre section. Beyond the appraisal nature of work, the observation of natural fractures and faulting coupled with geomechanical complexity posed multiple challenges to the planning, design, execution, and evaluation of Australia's largest stimulation job to date.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the Carpentaria-3H fracturing design and operation, following incorporating data from the Carpentaria-2H well. Completion design included developing the fracture stage interval spacing, number of clusters per stage, and cluster perforation density. For the fracturing treatment, decisions were refined for selection of fluid and proppant type, job volume optimisation and differentiation. Design optimisation is based upon both the simulator and evaluation measurements from the Carpentaria-2H reference well. Furthermore, observations from field execution, including formation response, experimental fracturing stages, and onsite design optimization, were incorporated.

The largest multi-stage fracturing operation to date in Australia was completed with 12.8 million pounds of sand and proppant successfully placed without screen out across 40 stages. Across the multiple stages trials of sleeve-perforation comparison, out-of-target stages, variable sand size and ceramic proppant were successfully executed. During post-fracturing cleanup, the Carpentaria-3H produced at an average rate of 2.6 MMscf/D over 27 days prior to being shut-in for a period of "soaking". The success of the well completion through a multi-stage fracturing operation marked a breakthrough in Beetaloo Sub-basin appraisal and demonstrated that long lateral drilling and large-scale fracturing treatments can be a viable pathway to improve efficiency and return on investment. This is despite the limitations imposed by scarce infrastructure and challenging logistics in the Australian outback.

Knowledge from the evaluation work undertaken in the previously stimulated and tested Carpentaria-2H wells was critical to advancing the Carpentaria-3H project. The Carpentaria-2H well's multi-arm calliper measurements offered enough precision to evaluate the perforation erosion following proppant placement. This generated a new technique for indirect evaluation of fluid and proppant distribution among the clusters. Production logging and chemical tracers also provided useful information for calibration and design optimization. Furthermore, advanced software tools were applied to integrate reservoir modelling, fracture and reservoir simulation, and data analysis.
A New Coupled Approach to Simulating Fault Reactivation During CO2 Sequestration
Authors: Saber Erfan , Qu Qingdong , Aminossadati Saiied M. , Li Jimmy , Chen Zhongwei
Published: November 2023

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered an important means to reducing CO2 emissions. One of the key technical risks associated with large scale CCS implementation is the potentially induced fault reactivation. To assess this risk, a coupled numerical approach was established by integrating three different software packages over four steps. Firstly, a field-scale structural geological modelling was conducted using the JewelSuite based on available geological, geophysical, and logging data. Secondly, dynamic CO2 injection was simulated using the reservoir simulator IMEX to predict reservoir pressure build-up. Thirdly, the pressure build-up and the associated reservoir uplift were simulated in the Finite Element software Abaqus. Finally, the Finite Element output database was re-imported into the JewelSuite to delineate the risk areas of fault reactivation.

The feasibility of this new approach was tested on a real geological site featuring two faults. The results suggest that, for a given fault setting, the horizontal well placement and bottom hole injection pressure (BHIP) are two critical factors in determining the risk of fault reactivation. To minimise the risk, horizontal wells should not be placed within the intermediate region between faults. Where the borehole placement cannot be optimised, the critical BHIP should be estimated and controlled during operation.
Operational Solution Framework: Leveraging Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing for Automatic Well Test Validation
Authors: Gao Chao , Vo Nghia Tri
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study is to summarize a proven solution workflow to address the challenges to handle the high volume of well tests daily incorporating information from operational activities, and especially, potential delays and errors in validation impacting other dependent business processes. The proposed solution aims to reduce processing time, minimize human error, and enhance accuracy in well test analysis. Having up-to-date and reliable well test data, engineers can improve engineering workflows, and optimize production.

The solution covers data consumption, data preparation, machine learning (ML) solution, cooperating with dependent business processes, deployment and retrain strategy. The ML solution learns from historical well test data with accepted and rejected flag to build a rule-based deterministic ML model to automatically validate and detect the invalid well test with probability. The solution does not only consume structure data but also textual data with natural language processing (NLP), such as well test comments provided by well testing engineers and operational activities in Daily Operational Reports (DORs). Data consumption, operational activities, dependent workflow control are customizable based on different projects. Retrain strategy is based on model prediction accuracy trend and defined during deployment. The solution triggers insights with confidence scores, suggesting acceptance/rejection or review of new well tests. Early detection of possible rejections enables timely actions, including retesting if necessary.

The solution was implemented and significantly reduces well test validation time from weeks to hours, enhancing the accuracy of production analysis and optimizations. The data-driven approach offers flexibility and adaptability to meet operation needs, presenting a robust alternative to rule-based validation. By integrating ML and NLP, the solution provides a comprehensive and efficient framework for well test validation, improving decision-making and ensuring compliance with Standard Operation Procedure (SOP).

This study introduces a novel approach to well test validation by leveraging ML and NLP. By considering both historical data and manual operational event inputs from engineers, the solution enhances the accuracy and efficiency of the validation process. It contributes to improved production performance analysis, diagnostics, and issue detection. The solution deployment can be customized and adaptable to different data storage and availability, to automate well test validation process in the oil and gas industry.
Development of a Mathematical Model for Optimization of Rod Guide Spacing to Mitigate SRP Failures Due to Tubing Buckling
Authors: Rajvanshi Saurabh , Sharma Aman , Gargmukh Shilpy , Gunwant Deepak , Kumar Avinav , Yadav M. P. , D. Narayan K. J. , Nischal Rajiv
Published: November 2023

Tubing buckling is a common and persistent problem encountered in Sucker Rod Pump (SRP) wells in onshore fields. This paper discusses about the optimization of rod guide spacing below the neutral point in SRP wells and development of a mathematical model for rod guide spacing.

In SRP wells, tubing below the neutral point buckles during the pump upstroke, causing frequent tubing and rod failures due to rod-on-tubing wear. The friction caused by tubing buckling increases polished rod load, pump wear and decreases lift efficiency. To avoid tubing buckling, tubing anchors and tail pipe are used for balancing of compressive force. Additionally rod guides are placed in SRP wells to prevent rod-tubing contact load but accurate spacing of rod guides is challenging task. To address this challenge, a mathematical model for rod guide spacing has been developed and validated with field data.

Lubinski et al. (1957) have analyzed tubing buckling phenomena in details and provided charts for rod guide spacing for 2″ and 2 1/2″ tubing sizes. In this paper, the work of Lubinski et al. has been carried forward. Analysis has been done for more accurate differential pressure across plunger for calculation of the compressive force in different scenarios and also generated charts for the most common tubing sizes of 2 7/8″ and 3 1/2″ for spacing of rod guides.

The developed mathematical model considers various parameters, such as specific gravity of fluid, dynamic liquid level, tubing size, and plunger diameter etc. to estimate the neutral point and optimization of rod guide spacing. The developed model has been used for more than 100 SRP wells of Indian onshore fields. This study can also be helpful in production of unconventional resources such as shale oil production and dewatering of Coal Bed Methane.

The proposed mathematical model provides accurate placement of rod guides according to the neutral point in the tubing string resulting in increased the mean time between failures. From the findings of this study, charts for spacing of rod guides have been generated for most common tubing sizes of 2 7/8″ and 3 1/2″ which will be a valuable reference for oil and gas operators in onshore fields.
Analyzing Wellbore Breakout in Deep Shale Oil Reservoirs of Western China Using Poro-Elastic Dynamics
Authors: Yang Shuai , Liu Yingbiao , Meng Xiangyan , Ding Kun
Published: November 2023

The deep shale oil reservoir in the Junggar Basin of China is facing challenges due to elevated deviatory stress conditions and extensively developed fracture features, which increase the risk of wellbore breakout during drilling. This paper presents a poro-elastic dynamic based mechanical model to characterize the wellbore stress response and breakout features for deep shale oil reservoirs. Different from the conventional method, this proposed model includes the fluid-solid coupling and the effects of fluid and solid inertia. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is applied to evaluate shale matrix failure and the weak-plane failure criterion is applied to evaluate the failure of shale bedding/fracture plane in this model. Rock mechanical properties and permeability anisotropy is also considered in this model. Then, a set of deep well parameters were taken as the examples to calculate the near-borehole stress field. The failure behaviors were also analyzed and compared with the pore-elastic static model.

The results show that compared with the poro-elastic static model that does not consider inertia, the poro-elastic dynamic model can reflect the dynamic response characteristics of pressure and stress around the wellbore after excavation. Static models tend to underestimate the severity of wellbore instability, while dynamic models are more accurate in predicting borehole breakout. The study on the factors affecting the wellbore breakout shows that Biot coefficient, in-situ stress difference, fracture parameters and bottomhole pressure have a great influence, while the elastic modulus and matrix permeability have minor influence on the wellbore breakout. This model offers insights into the dynamic mechanisms underlying wellbore instability in deep shale oil reservoirs, serving as a valuable tool for accurately predicting breakout pressure, optimizing drilling mud density, and ensuring wellbore stability.
Geophysics Based Reservoir Characterization of an Unconventional Reservoir of the Cretaceous Sembar Formation, Lower Indus Basin for Delineation of Reservoir Quality and Completion Quality
Authors: Dasgupta S. , Siddiqui F. H. , Khan F. A. , Bhatti A. I. , Nafie T. Y. , Ahmad N. , Saqib M. , Gakkhar R. A.
Published: November 2023

Unconventional reservoirs are found to have complex minerology and are strongly heterogeneous. Porosity and permeability are generally low and spatially variable. To optimize and efficient production of hydrocarbons from such reservoirs requires understanding of the reservoir quality variability for well placement and stimulation. Seismic data plays a critical role in understanding and mapping heterogeneity. Characterization of spatial variations of elastic lithofacies, associated mineralogical composition, kerogen and porosity can be achieved by integrated reservoir characterization. Formation pressures and stresses in this kerogen rich source rock is another crucial property for successful frac propagation, geometry and producibility. Herein, we present results of integrated reservoir characterization for estimation of reservoir quality and completion quality derived by integrating geophysical, petrophysical, geochemical, geological, and geomechanical information in the Lower Indus Basin, in Pakistan.
Energy-Based Fracture Network Reconstruction of Shale Gas Reservoir
Authors: Lu Ji , Lin Botao
Published: November 2023

Microseismic monitoring is a commonly used technique in characterizing hydraulic fractures. However, fracture network reconstruction remains challenging due to the heterogeneity and complex stress field of shale gas reservoirs. An Energy-based 3D Fracture Reconstruction method (EFR3D) is proposed to derive the complex fracture network from microseismic data in a shale gas reservoir. The EFR3D method mainly combines the Propose Expand and Re-Estimate Labels algorithm (PEARL), the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise algorithm (DBSCAN), and the Alpha-shape algorithm to detect the fracture orientation and fracture shape. This method formulates fracture orientation detection as an energy minimization task to improve reconstruction accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated by performing a verification procedure against different fracture numbers, fracture orientations, and fracture scales using the Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the proposed method has good adaptability and high accuracy in various fracture configurations. Furthermore, a field application of six horizontal wells located in the southern Sichuan basin, southwest China, was conducted to illustrate the robustness and practicability of the proposed method. The proposed method can serve as a practical and reliable approach to characterize hydraulic fractures.
Application of a Fully Coupled Fracture-Reservoir-Wellbore Model in Shale Gas Development: Perspectives on Inter-Well Fracture Interference
Authors: Yu Wenfeng , Wang Wendong , Zheng Shuang , Su Yuliang , Zhang Qian
Published: November 2023

In the unconventional oil and gas domain, shale gas development adheres to the technical concept of "tight well spacing and infill well." Infill wells, along with large-scale hydraulic fracturing, have become effective strategies for increasing shale gas production. Nevertheless, during hydraulic fracturing operations in the horizontal wells, there is often a risk of frac hits due to geological and engineering factors, which has a significant adverse impact on on-site operations, resulting in lower individual well production and posing challenges to the efficient development of shale gas. Managing frac hits is critical for the industry's growth rate in future. Therefore, based on the current state of hydraulic fracturing in the southern Sichuan shale gas, this study aims to clarify the mechanisms of frac hits and the influencing factors, and to propose effective methods for preventing frac hits, thereby improving the performance of gas wells.

In this article, we employed a fully coupled reservoir-fracture-wellbore geomechanical simulation method originated from Zheng (2019a), combined with the establishment of shale gas diffusion properties, to establish a frac hits model. A detailed analysis of the mechanisms and influencing factors of frac hits between shale gas wells under different interference patterns were conducted, and the effectiveness of mitigation methods for each pattern was validated. The results indicate that in reservoirs with developed natural fractures, the fractures in stimulated wells tend to propagate easily along these natural fractures, affecting offset wells. To some extent, this impact can be mitigated by avoiding fracturing in the risky stages. Similarly, the depletion of offset wells leads to a rapid decrease in rock pressure around the fracture tip. Due to the influence of pore elastic effects, rocks undergo elastic deformation, resulting in low-stress zones. The fractures in stimulated wells are affected by this phenomenon and tend to propagate towards offset wells, causing frac hits. The application of pre-pressurization in offset wells can lower the occurrence rate of frac hits.

The simulation of inter-well interference between offset wells and stimulated wells provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the frac-hit phenomenon in the southern Sichuan shale gas. This method can be used to predict or mitigate the risk and damage associated with frac hits.
Data and Model Base of Customized Hydraulic Fracturing for Continental Shale Oil
Authors: Mei Qiliang , Ma Fujian , Lei Qihong , He Youan , Luo Yin , Wang Bo , Niu Li , Liu Yuan
Published: November 2023

The challenges of lacustrine shale oil reservoirs include not only subsurface heterogeneity of reservoir quality and but also the effect of natural fractures on propagation of hydraulic fractures and associated fracture hits. The intercalated sandstone and shale in a gravity deposit setting result in significant variation in the reservoir quality. Meanwhile, the subsurface conditions become even more complicated when the reservoirs are naturally fractured. The objective of this study is to characterize reservoir quality, natural fractures, and completion quality with well, seismic, and fracturing data, eventually to provide a base for a customized fracturing job according to the local geology aiming to enhance reservoir recovery.

A geological model and a geomechanical model were built integrating all available data, including logs, core data, and seismic data, and an ant-tracking algorithm was used with variance of the seismic data as the input to delineate natural fractures. The quality check was performed by comparing drilling data, microseismic data, and fracturing data. A distributed fracture network (DFN) model was built with the ant-tracking results. Fracture stability analysis was performed when the natural fracture model and geomechanical model were ready.

The fracturing design was customized and optimized with the models mentioned above and understanding obtained from the analyses. Different fracturing strategies were applied to each stage and to each well of the same pad based on the geoscience models. Some wells were completed with large-volume and high-rate fracturing practice to maintain the long-term reservoir pressure. Alternatively, some wells were subject to an intensive staging with low-volume and low-rate fracturing practice to create better near-wellbore flowing conditions.

The combination of customized fracturing design and real-time adjustments during execution was approved to be a valid and practical geoengineering approach. The benefit of the workflow includes not only high fracturing efficiency, but also the effects on production performance. Production data measured by multiphase flow metering showed that the customized approach results in a 20% production increase.