bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Concurrency for Opportunistic Forwarding in Duty-Cycled IoT Networks
Authors: Liu Daibo , Cao Zhichao , He Yuan , Ji Xiaoyu , Hou Mengshu , Jiang Hongbo
Published: May 2019

Due to limited energy supply of Internet of Things (Zhao et al. 2018) (IoT) devices, asynchronous duty cycle radio management is widely adopted to save energy. Since the sleep schedules of nodes are unsynchronized, a sender has to repeatedly send frames to coordinate with its receiver or keep sleeping until the receiver’s wake-up time will come according to receiver’s sleep-wake schedule. In such contexts, opportunistic forwarding, which takes the earliest forwarding opportunity instead of a deterministic forwarder, shows great advantage in utilizing channel resource for duty-cycled IoT networks. The multiple forwarding choices with temporal and spatial diversity increase the chance of collision tolerance in opportunistic forwarding, potentially enhancing the overall performance of duty-cycled multi-hop networks. However, since the current channel contention mechanisms mainly focus on collision avoidance, it is too conservative to exploit concurrency.

To address this problem, in this article, we propose COF to fully exploit the potential Concurrency for Opportunistic Forwarding in duty-cycled IoT networks. COF achieves concurrent transmission by: (i) measuring conditional link quality under the interference of on-going transmissions, and then (ii) further modeling the benefit of potential concurrency opportunities. According to the expected benefit of concurrency, COF decides whether or not to transmit in concurrent way. COF also adopts concurrency flag and signal features to avoid data collision caused by disordered concurrent transmissions and enhance the accuracy of conditional link quality estimation. COF can be easily integrated into the conventional unsynchronized and duty-cycled protocols. We have implemented COF and evaluated its performance on a 40-node testbed. The results show that COF can effectively exploit potential concurrency in opportunistic forwarding and COF outperforms the state-of-art protocols under diverse traffic load and network density.
Multicast Scaling of Capacity and Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Liu Xuecheng , Fu Luoyi , Wang Jiliang , Wang Xinbing , Chen Guihai
Published: May 2019

Motivated by the requirement of heterogeneity in the Internet of Things, we initiate the joint study of capacity and energy efficiency scaling laws in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, and so on. The whole network is composed of
n
nodes scattered in a square region with side length
L
=

n
α

, and there are
m
=

n
ν

home points {

c
j

}
j=1

m

, where a generic home point

c
j

generates

q
j

nodes independently according to a stationary and rotationally invariant kernel
k
(

c
j

, ⋅). Among the
n
nodes, we schedule

n
s

independent multicast sessions each consisting of
k
− 1 destination nodes and one source node. According to the heterogeneity of nodes’ distribution, we classify the network into two regimes: a cluster-dense regime and a cluster-sparse regime. For the cluster-dense regime, we construct single layer highway system using percolation theory and then build the multicast spanning tree for each multicast session. This scheme yields the Ω(
n
½+(α − ½)γ
/

n
s

√
k
) per-session multicast capacity. For the cluster-sparse regime, we partition the whole network plane into several layers and construct nested highway systems. The similar multicast spanning tree yields the Ω(
n
½−(1− ν)γ/2
/

n
s

√
k
) per-session multicast capacity, where γ is the power attenuation factor. Interestingly, we find that the bottleneck of multicast capacity attributes to the network region with largest node density, which provides a guideline for the deployment of sensor nodes in large-scale sensor networks. We further analyze the upper bound of multicast capacity and the per-session multicast energy efficiency. Using both synthetic networks and real-world networks (i.e., Greenorbs), we evaluate the asymptotic capacity and energy efficiency and find that the theoretical scaling laws are gracefully supported by the simulation results. To our best knowledge, this is the first work verifying the scaling laws using real-world large-scale sensor network data.
Estrogen determines sex differences in adrenergic vessel tone by regulation of endothelial β-adrenoceptor expression
Authors: Riedel Kristin , Deussen Andreas Johannes , Tolkmitt Josephine , Weber Silvio , Schlinkert Pia , Zatschler Birgit , Friebel Carmen , Müller Bianca , El-Armouche Ali , Morawietz Henning , Matschke Klaus , Kopaliani Irakli
Published: May 2019

Vessels of female rats constrict less and relax more to adrenergic stimulation than vessels of males. Although we have reported that these sex-specific differences rely on endothelial β-adrenoceptors, the role of sex hormones in β-adrenoceptor expression and related vessel tone regulation is unknown. We investigated the role of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone on β-adrenoceptor expression and adrenergic vessel tone regulation, along with sex-specific differences in human mammary arteries. The sex-specific differences in vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation in rat vessels were eliminated after ovariectomy in females. Ovariectomy increased vessel vasoconstriction to norepinephrine more than twofold. Vasorelaxations by isoprenaline and a β3-agonist were reduced after ovariectomy. Estrogen, but not progesterone substitution, restored sex-specific differences in vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation. Vascular mRNA levels of β1- and β3- but not β2-adrenoreceptors were higher in vessels of females compared with males. Ovariectomy reduced these differences by decreasing β1- and β3- but not β2-adrenoreceptor expression in females. Consistently, estrogen substitution restored β1- and β3-adrenoreceptor expression. Orchiectomy or testosterone treatment affected neither vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation nor β-adrenoceptor expression in vessels of male rats. In human mammary arteries, sex-specific differences in vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation were reduced after removal of endothelium or treatment with l-NMMA. Vessels of women showed higher levels of β1- and β3-adrenoceptors than in men. In conclusion, the sex-specific differences in vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation are common for rat and human vessels. In rats, these differences are estrogen but not testosterone or progesterone dependent. Estrogen determines these differences via regulation of vascular endothelial β1- and β3-adrenoreceptor expression.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study proposes a mechanistic concept regulating sex-specific differences in adrenergic vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation. Estrogen increases vascular β1- and β3-adrenoceptor expression in female rats. This and our previous studies demonstrate that these receptors are located primarily on endothelium and when activated by norepinephrine act via nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, β-adrenergic stimulation leads to a more pronounced vasorelaxation in females. Coactivation of endothelial β1- and β3-adrenoreceptors leads to higher NO release in vessels of females, ultimately blunting vasoconstriction triggered by activation of smooth muscle α-adrenoceptors.
Elevated bone marrow sympathetic drive precedes systemic inflammation in angiotensin II hypertension
Authors: Ahmari Niousha , Santisteban Monica M. , Miller Douglas R. , Geis Natalie M. , Larkin Riley , Redler Ty , Denson Heather , Khoshbouei Habibeh , Baekey David M. , Raizada Mohan K. , Zubcevic Jasenka
Published: May 2019

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity is a hallmark of hypertension (HTN), and it is implicated in altered immune system responses in its pathophysiology. However, the precise mechanisms of neural-immune interaction in HTN remain elusive. We have previously shown an association between elevated sympathetic drive to the bone marrow (BM) and activated BM immune cells in rodent models of HTN. Moreover, microglial-dependent neuroinflammation is also seen in rodent models of HTN. However, the cause-effect relationship between central and systemic inflammatory responses and the sympathetic drive remains unknown. These observations led us to hypothesize that increase in the femoral BM sympathetic nerve activity (fSNA) initiates a cascade of events leading to increase in blood pressure (BP). Here, we investigated the temporal relationship between the BM sympathetic drive, activation of the central and peripheral immune system, and increase in BP in the events leading to established HTN. The present study demonstrates that central infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) induces early microglial activation in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, which preceded increase in the fSNA. In turn, activation of fSNA correlated with the timing of increased production and release of CD4+.IL17+T cells and other proinflammatory cells into circulation and elevation in BP, whereas infiltration of CD4+cells to the paraventricular nucleus marked establishment of ANG II HTN. This study identifies cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in neural-immune interactions in early and established stages of rodent ANG II HTN.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Early microglia activation in paraventricular nucleus precedes sympathetic activation of the bone marrow. This leads to increased bone marrow immune cells and their release into circulation and an increase in blood pressure. Infiltration of CD4+ T cells into paraventricular nucleus paraventricular nucleus marks late hypertension.
Urinary Metabolomics to Identify a Unique Biomarker Panel for Detecting Colorectal Cancer: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Deng Lu , Ismond Kathleen , Liu Zhengjun , Constable Jeremy , Wang Haili , Alatise Olusegun I. , Weiser Martin R. , Kingham T.P. , Chang David
Published: May 2019

Background:

Population-based screening programs are credited with earlier colorectal cancer diagnoses and treatment initiation, which reduce mortality rates and improve patient health outcomes. However, recommended screening methods are unsatisfactory as they are invasive, are resource intensive, suffer from low uptake, or have poor diagnostic performance. Our goal was to identify a urine metabolomic-based biomarker panel for the detection of colorectal cancer that has the potential for global population-based screening.

Methods:

Prospective urine samples were collected from study participants. Based upon colonoscopy and histopathology results, 342 participants (colorectal cancer, 171; healthy controls, 171) from two study sites (Canada, United States) were included in the analyses. Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed to quantify 140 highly valuable metabolites in each urine sample. Potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer were identified by comparing the metabolomic profiles from colorectal cancer versus controls. Multiple models were constructed leading to a good separation of colorectal cancer from controls.

Results:

A panel of 17 metabolites was identified as possible biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Using only two of the selected metabolites, namely diacetylspermine and kynurenine, a predictor for detecting colorectal cancer was developed with an AUC of 0.864, a specificity of 80.0%, and a sensitivity of 80.0%.

Conclusions:

We present a potentially “universal” metabolomic biomarker panel for colorectal cancer independent of cohort clinical features based on a North American population. Further research is needed to confirm the utility of the profile in a prospective, population-based colorectal cancer screening trial.

Impact:

A urinary metabolomic biomarker panel was identified for colorectal cancer with the potential of clinical application.
HPV Epitope Processing Differences Correlate with ERAP1 Allotype and Extent of CD8+ T-cell Tumor Infiltration in OPSCC
Authors: Reeves Emma , Wood Oliver , Ottensmeier Christian H. , King Emma V. , Thomas Gareth J. , Elliott Tim , James Edward
Published: May 2019

Presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) predicts survival in many cancer types. In HPV-driven cancers, cervical and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (CSCC and OPSCC, respectively), numbers of infiltrating T cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, and presentation of HPV E6/E7 epitopes are associated with improved prognosis. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) regulates the presented peptide repertoire, trimming peptide precursors prior to MHC I loading. ERAP1 is polymorphic, and allotypic variation of ERAP1 enzyme activity has an impact on the presented peptide repertoire. Individual SNPs are associated with incidence and outcome in a number of diseases, including CSCC. Here, we highlight the requirement for ERAP1 in the generation of HPV E6/E7 epitopes and show that the functional activity of ERAP1 allotype combinations identified in OPSCC correlate with tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell (CD8)/TIL (CD8/TIL) status of the tumor. Functional analyses revealed that ERAP1 allotype combinations associated with CD8/TILlow tumors have a reduced capacity to generate both a model antigen SIINFEHL and the HPV-16 E782-90 epitope LLMGTLGIV from N-terminally extended precursor peptides. In contrast, ERAP1 allotypes from CD8/TILhigh tumors generated the epitopes efficiently. These data reveal that ERAP1 function correlates with CD8/TIL numbers and, by implication, prognosis, suggesting that the presentation of HPV-16 epitopes at the cell surface, resulting in an anti-HPV T-cell response, may depend on the ERAP1 allotype combinations expressed within an individual.
Cognitive Domains and Postdischarge Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Huynh Quan L. , Negishi Kazuaki , De Pasquale Carmine G. , Hare James L. , Leung Dominic , Stanton Tony , Marwick Thomas H.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Cognitive impairment is a prevalent, independent marker of readmission in heart failure (HF), but the screening is time-consuming. This study sought (1) to identify HF patients at low risk of cognitive impairment (obviating screening) and (2) to simplify a predictive model of HF outcomes by only using cognitive domains that are most predictive.

Methods and Results:

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was performed in 1152 Australian patients with HF who were followed for 12 months. One-third (376/1152) of the patients were enrolled into an HF disease management plan to reduce early readmission. Postdischarge outcomes in HF included 30- and 90-day readmission or death and days alive and out of hospital within 12 months of discharge. Cognitive impairment—present in 54% of patients—independently predicted HF outcomes. Normal cognition could be predicted with common clinical and sociodemographic factors with good discrimination (C statistic=0.74 [0.69–0.78]). The visuospatial/executive and orientation domains were most predictive of HF postdischarge outcomes. Using either Montreal Cognitive Assessment score or these 2 domains provided similar incremental values (
P
=0.0004 and
P
=0.0008, respectively) in predicting HF outcomes (both C statistic=0.76) and could similarly identify a group of high-risk patients who benefited most from an HF disease management plan.

Conclusions:

Cognitive function independently predicts HF outcomes and may also contribute to how a patient responds to intervention. The time and resources spent on cognitive assessment for risk-stratification in HF may be minimized by (1) identifying patients with low risk of cognitive impairment and (2) simplifying the screening instrument to include only the domains that are most predictive of postdischarge outcomes in HF.
Maximum Individual Complexity is Indefinitely Scalable in Geb
Authors: Channon Alastair
Published: May 2019

Geb was the first artificial life system to be classified as exhibiting open-ended evolutionary dynamics according to Bedau and Packard's evolutionary activity measures and is the only one to have been classified as such according to the enhanced version of that classification scheme. Its evolution is driven by biotic selection, that is (approximately), by natural selection rather than artificial selection. Whether or not Geb can generate an indefinite increase in maximum individual complexity is evaluated here by scaling two parameters: world length (which bounds population size) and the maximum number of neurons per individual. Maximum individual complexity is found to be asymptotically bounded when scaling either parameter alone. However, maximum individual complexity is found to be indefinitely scalable, to the extent evaluated so far (with run times in years and billions of reproductions per run), when scaling both world length and the maximum number of neurons per individual together. Further, maximum individual complexity is shown to scale logarithmically with (the lower of) maximum population size and maximum number of neurons per individual. This raises interesting questions and lines of thought about the feasibility of achieving complex results within open-ended evolutionary systems and how to improve on this order of complexity growth.
How to Make Swarms Open-Ended? Evolving Collective Intelligence Through a Constricted Exploration of Adjacent Possibles
Authors: Witkowski Olaf , Ikegami Takashi
Published: May 2019

We propose an approach to open-ended evolution via the simulation of swarm dynamics. In nature, swarms possess remarkable properties, which allow many organisms, from swarming bacteria to ants and flocking birds, to form higher-order structures that enhance their behavior as a group. Swarm simulations highlight three important factors to create novelty and diversity: (a) communication generates combinatorial cooperative dynamics, (b) concurrency allows for separation of time scales, and (c) complexity and size increases push the system towards transitions in innovation. We illustrate these three components in a model computing the continuous evolution of a swarm of agents. The results, divided into three distinct applications, show how emergent structures are capable of filtering information through the bottleneck of their memory, to produce meaningful novelty and diversity within their simulated environment.
Evolutionary Innovations and Where to Find Them: Routes to Open-Ended Evolution in Natural and Artificial Systems
Authors: Taylor Tim
Published: May 2019

This article presents a high-level conceptual framework to help orient the discussion and implementation of open-endedness in evolutionary systems. Drawing upon earlier work by Banzhaf et al. (2016), three different kinds of open-endedness are identified: exploratory, expansive, and transformational. These are characterized in terms of their relationship to the search space of phenotypic behaviors. A formalism is introduced to describe three key processes required for an evolutionary process: the generation of a phenotype from a genetic description, the evaluation of that phenotype, and the reproduction with variation of individuals according to their evaluation. The formalism makes explicit various influences in each of these processes that can easily be overlooked. The distinction is made between intrinsic and extrinsic implementations of these processes. A discussion then investigates how various interactions between these processes, and their modes of implementation, can lead to open-endedness. However, an important contribution of the article is the demonstration that these considerations relate to exploratory open-endedness only. Conditions for the implementation of the more interesting kinds of open-endedness—expansive and transformational—are also discussed, emphasizing factors such as multiple domains of behavior, transdomain bridges, and non-additive compositional systems. In contrast to a traditional Darwinian analysis, these factors relate not to the generic evolutionary properties of individuals and populations, but rather to the nature of the building blocks out of which individual organisms are constructed, and the laws and properties of the environment in which they exist. The article ends with suggestions of how the framework can be used to categorize and compare the open-ended evolutionary potential of different systems, how it might guide the design of systems with greater capacity for open-ended evolution, and how it might be further improved.
The Bay of Pigs Fiasco and the Kennedy Administration's Off-the-Record Briefings for Journalists
Authors: Barrett David M.
Published: May 2019

After the failure of the April 1961 Bay of Pigs intervention in Cuba, senior officials from the Kennedy administration, including the president, devoted two days to off-the-record briefings for more than 200 journalists. Although President John F. Kennedy refused to assign blame, other officials were less circumspect, disagreeing about whether the Central Intelligence Agency or another part of the government was responsible for the failure. The most notable aspect of this episode is not that senior administration personnel discussed a covert action in the presence of journalists but that the briefings subsequently remained unknown. Some newspapers briefly mentioned them, but no book on the Bay of Pigs—from the 1960s through today—has mentioned that such briefings happened or described their content. Using primary-source materials (including fragments of the briefings’ transcript) plus some newspaper accounts, this article describes the conflicting opinions voiced at the briefings and explores why and how the Kennedy administration succeeded in keeping the encounters mostly unknown.
Art-Science Collaborations: Why Do They Matter to Medicine?
Authors: Wellbery Caroline
Published: May 2019

Art-science collaborations between medical researchers and artists provide insight into their practical relevance. It is critical to recognize that while artists can communicate aspects of medical research to the public, art also opens up new avenues for representing relationships and may therefore jump-start creative ideas for new insights, technologies and collaborations. These in turn may improve teamwork, raise social or historical contextual awareness, or inspire product development.
Procedurally Generated Artworks Based on Multiple Sequence Alignment of Orthologous Gene Copies
Authors: Calvino Martin
Published: May 2019

In this article, the author presents a novel approach to the procedural generation of artwork series based on multiple sequence alignment of orthologous gene copies. In the strategy developed, nucleotides present in a string of DNA (A, G, C, T) were each assigned to an existing artwork. New visual compositions were then created by collaging columns of pixels from each of the existing four artworks according to the arrangement of nucleotides after orthologous genes were aligned. The resulting outcome was a distinctive set of artworks in which visual differences were governed by nucleotide divergence at genes of interest due to evolutionary processes.
New Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from mountains of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Authors: SHIMABUKURO ERIKA MAYUMI , TRIVINHO-STRIXINO SUSANA , LAMAS CARLOS JOSÉ EINICKER
Published: May 2019

Five new species of Polypedilum from mountains of the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil, are described and illustrated as adult male. Two new species belong to the subgenus Polypedilum s. str.: Polypedilum (Polypedilum) caete sp. n. and P. (P.) aymbere sp. n. and three new species belong to the subgenus Tripodura: P. (Tripodura) yvatekaty sp. n., P. (T.) goiocoio sp. n. and P. (T.) ybytyra sp. n.
Theoretical Understanding of the Linear Relationship between Convective Updrafts and Cloud-Base Height for Shallow Cumulus Clouds. Part I: Maritime Conditions
Authors: Zheng Youtong
Published: May 2019

Zheng and Rosenfeld found linear relationships between the convective updrafts and cloud-base height zb using ground-based observations over both land and ocean. The empirical relationships allow for a novel satellite remote sensing technique of inferring the cloud-base updrafts and cloud condensation nuclei concentration, both of which are important for understanding aerosol–cloud–climate interactions but have been notoriously difficult to retrieve from space. In Part I of a two-part study, a theoretical framework is established for understanding this empirical relationship over the ocean. Part II deals with continental cumulus clouds. Using the bulk concept of mixed-layer (ML) model for shallow cumulus, I found that this relationship arises from the conservation law of energetics that requires the radiative flux divergence of an ML to balance surface buoyancy flux. Given a certain ML radiative cooling rate per unit mass Q, a deeper ML (higher zb) undergoes more radiative cooling and requires stronger surface buoyancy flux to balance it, leading to stronger updrafts. The rate with which the updrafts vary with zb is modulated by Q. The cooling rate Q manifests strong resilience to external large-scale forcing that spans a wide range of climatology, allowing the slope of the updrafts–zb relationship to remain nearly invariant. This causes the relationship to manifest linearity. The physical mechanism underlying the resilience of Q to large-scale forcing, such as free-tropospheric moisture and sea surface temperature, is investigated through the lens of the radiative transfer theory (two-stream Schwarzschild equations) and an ML model for shallow cumulus.
On the Nonlinear, Three-Dimensional Structure of Equatorial Oceanic Flows
Authors: Constantin A. , Johnson R. S.
Published: May 2019

A systematic development, based on the construction of an asymptotic solution of the Euler equation, written in rotating, spherical coordinates , is used to investigate the flows of the type seen in the neighborhood of the Pacific equator. First, it is shown that the observed poleward surface-flow structure away from the line of the equator is possible only if the flow evolves (changes) in the azimuthal direction. Then, allowing for variations in the azimuthal direction, the shallow-water, small-Rossby-number version of the problem, approximated close to the equator, leads to an asymptotic formulation that admits any prescribed azimuthal velocity profile at some fixed longitude φ. The maximum extent of the flow region inside which we can describe in detail the velocity field is restricted by the size of the Rossby number. The analysis demonstrates that the meridional υ and vertical w velocity components are nonlinearly connected to u, and that all three velocity components appear at the same order in the leading (scaled) equations, even though the physical size of w is very much smaller than that of the other two components. An appropriate choice is made for u, at a given φ, and the corresponding complete three-dimensional flow field, which emerges from the interlinkage of the velocity components, is described; the thermocline is also added to the flow configuration. We compare these results with the available field data, demonstrating that this formulation captures all the main structures of the flow field, but also allows for many choices to be made that can be used to adjust the details of the flow and to model other, similar flows.
The Influence of Objective and Perceived Adaptive Capacity on Midwestern Farmers’ Use of Cover Crops
Authors: Gardezi Maaz , Arbuckle J. Gordon
Published: May 2019

Cover crops are grown between periods of regular crop production or planted into crops with the primary purpose of protecting and improving soil health. These crops possess several resilience-enhancing properties that are well suited to help farmers adapt to climate change. Through an “adaptive capacities framework,” we examine how farmers’ adaptive capacities—contextualized within institutional and environmental conditions—can influence their decision to use cover crops. We use generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to examine the relative importance of (i) “internal” variables—farmers’ perceived capacity to act; (ii) “external” or “objective” resources—assets and entitlements; and (iii) contextual variables—the institutional and environmental context within which adaptation occurs, as predictors of farmers’ use of cover crops. Our results suggest that several objective and perceived adaptive capacities are positively associated with farmers’ decisions to use cover crops, and formal institutions such as risk management subsidies are correlated with lower use of cover crops.
The Genetic and Molecular Determinants of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Doody Jaime , Adil Eelam A. , Trenor Cameron C. , Cunningham Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare vascular tumor of unknown etiology. Studies investigating the molecular and genetic determinants of JNA are limited by small sample size and inconsistent approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine all eligible JNA studies in aggregate, applying qualitative analysis to highlight areas of particular relevance, including potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Methods:

The PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases were screened with inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to all citations. Manuscripts investigating the genetic determinants, histopathogenesis, and heritability of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were included. Non-English studies, case reports, and articles focusing on clinical management without original data were excluded. Full text articles were obtained. A qualitative synthesis of data was performed.

Results:

A total of 59 articles met criteria for inclusion. These were divided into 6 categories based on the primary topic or target discussed, (1) steroid hormone receptors, (2) chromosomal abnormalities, (3) growth factors, (4) genetic targets, (5) molecular targets, (6) Wnt cell signaling, and (7) studies that overlapped multiple of the aforementioned categories. Although relatively low n values prevent definitive conclusions to be drawn, a predominance of certain molecular targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Wnt/β-catenin pathway intermediaries is apparent.

Conclusions:

Although the etiology of JNA remains elusive, contemporary molecular genetic investigation holds promise for risk stratification and could form the basis of a modernized staging system. A multicenter clinical registry and linked tissue bank would further promote the search for JNA specific biomarkers.
Features of foreign policy birds: Israeli prime ministers as hawks and doves
Authors: Kesgin Baris
Published: May 2019

Scholars and policymakers have long used the shorthand of hawks and doves to characterize leader personalities that correspond to a particular political inclination, whereby hawks are considered right-wing and more aggressive in foreign policy, and doves are left-wing and more peaceful. This article posits that a sound discussion of who hawks and doves in foreign policy are requires an engagement with research on political leadership. It promises a less superficial understanding of the dichotomy of hawks and doves, and uses leadership trait analysis to explore hawkish and dovish leaders’ qualities. The article profiles Israel’s prime ministers since the end of the Cold War, where in a high security environment, these words are most often used to describe its domestic and foreign matters and its cooperative and conflictual actions. This article’s findings encourage an unpacking of these commonly used shorthand labels with political leadership approaches. They are also useful to highlight, most notably, the significance of complexity and distrust in understanding hawkish and dovish leaders. Hawks think simpler and are more doubtful of others than doves, this article finds. Future research, the article suggests, will benefit from looking deeper than simple, dichotomous use of this analogy, and exploring ways to operationalize individual-level measurements of hawks and doves in foreign policy.
Incremental transformation: Success from farming system synergy
Authors: Kirkegaard John A
Published: May 2019

Those not immediately involved in managing a dryland farm sustainably in a risky water-limited environment such as Australia may think a comparison with rocket science a bit of a stretch. But if the level of challenge, the importance to humanity, the long-term multidisciplinary team approach and planning required, and the level of uncertainty inherent in the pursuit are measures, then I think the comparison is warranted. The importance of the farming systems agronomy research that has supported agriculture and food security in Australia and globally since William Farrer’s time perhaps receives less public attention than some other science areas such as genetics, genomics, or digital agriculture—indeed, agriculture is now literally “rocket science” as satellite-guided machines and sensors gather volumes of data about the soils, plants, and weather on farms at scales and speeds hitherto impossible. Yet despite spectacular advances in individual genetic or management technologies, few have been singularly transformational. Rather significant productivity improvements generally arise when a combination of technologies, often old and new are integrated and synergize in specific ways within a system—a process here termed incremental transformation. William Farrer himself was clearly aware of this fact, as this article shows, he placed as much importance on maintaining the fertility of the soil in which he grew wheat as on improving the wheat plant itself. This article first provides some background to Farrer and on his interests in Genotype × Environment × Management (G × E × M) interactions (though he certainly did not use that terminology). It then describes some examples from my own research teams, to demonstrate the ongoing impact that arises from research to capture synergies from new genetics and improved management in the pursuit of incremental transformation.
Water transport on interlaced yarns
Authors: Zhu Chunhong , Tada Haruka , Shi Jian , Yan Jiawei , Morikawa Hideaki
Published: May 2019

In this study, water transport on different interlacing conditions of yarns was investigated in order to simulate the effect of yarn crimp on water migration in woven fabrics. An apparatus was designed to simulate the interlacing condition of one set of yarns, and the water transport distance versus time can be obtained. With the apparatus, the effect of twist on the water transport of interlaced cotton yarns was explored. The results showed that for higher twisted yarns, the water transport distance was shorter than that for lower twisted ones. For higher twisted yarns, in spite of the same outward appearance, the actual water transport route was longer. Moreover, with the apparatus, the interlacing angle can be changed from 0o to 180o at 20o intervals, and the effect of the interlacing angle was explored, which can be applied to simulate yarn crimp in woven fabric. The water transport at interlacing angles of 40o, 80o, 120o, and 160o was discussed, and we found that the interlacing angle decreased the water transport distance in weft yarns because of the decreased contact distance. It can be concluded that the twist and interlacing angle had an important effect on water transport in interlaced yarns. This study is a basic study for research on the mechanism of water transport, and it shows understanding of the relationship between the fabric structure and its physical property. It can be applied not only for woven fabrics, but also for knitted fabrics, braids, and some other fiber assemblies.
The Ironic Legacy of an Opus Dei Bishop: Native Priests and Andean Catholicism in Postconflict Apurímac, Peru
Authors: Lee Christine
Published: May 2019

Since the end of the civil war, the diocese of Abancay in the south-central Peruvian Andes has produced a clergy made up entirely of men born and raised in the diocese where they now work. Yet, ironically, this diocese was specifically criticized by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for its lack of engagement with local Andean populations. Abancay is a politically and theologically conservative diocese strongly influenced by the Opus Dei bishop who trained this generation of native clergy, but it is also a diocese in the process of forging a new relationship between Andeanness and institutional Catholicism.

Desde el final de la guerra civil, la diócesis de Abancay, en los Andes peruanos del centro-sur, ha producido un clero formado exclusivamente por hombres nacidos y criados en la diócesis donde trabajan actualmente. Sin embargo, irónicamente, esta diócesis fue criticada específicamente por la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación por su falta de compromiso con las poblaciones andinas locales. Abancay es una diócesis política y teológicamente conservadora fuertemente influenciada por el obispo perteneciente al Opus Dei que formó a esta generación de clérigos nativos, pero también es una diócesis en el proceso de forjar una nueva relación entre la identidad andina y el catolicismo institucional.
Intercultural Disagreement: Implementing the Right to Prior Consultation in Peru
Authors: Ilizarbe Carmen
Published: May 2019

How do state and indigenous representatives process disagreement? What challenges does cultural difference pose to intercultural dialogue? An analysis of the debates that preceded the implementation of the right to prior consultation of indigenous peoples in Peru points to the normative orientation toward consensus that informs the design of processes of intercultural dialogue and concludes that the structure and foundations of disagreement must be taken into account for fair, democratic dialogue to exist.

¿Cómo procesan el desacuerdo los representantes estatales e indígenas? ¿Qué retos plantea la diferencia cultural al diálogo intercultural? Un análisis de los debates que precedieron la implementación del derecho a la consulta previa de los pueblos indígenas en Perú apunta a la orientación normativa hacia el consenso que informa el diseño de los procesos de diálogo intercultural y concluye que la estructura y los fundamentos del desacuerdo deben tomarse en cuenta para que exista un diálogo justo y democrático.
Learning to Give Reverse Causality Explanations for Correlations: Still Hard After All These Tries
Authors: Sibulkin Amy E. , Butler J. S.
Published: May 2019

After explicit instruction on how to give possible bidirectional (two-way) causality explanations for a correlation, 240 students from eight sections of social psychology and research methods courses wrote “reverse causality” explanations on various test questions, creating a total of 882 answers. Averaging across multiple graded attempts over four semesters, only 45% of the explanations were correct. The highest average for a single question was 67% correct. A regression predicting correct answers showed that students with higher grade point averages (GPAs) were more likely to answer correctly. Controlling for GPA and topic of the correlation, later attempts were significantly more likely to be answered correctly than earlier attempts.
Creating Statistics Exercises on the Basis of Research Articles
Authors: Bebermeier Sarah , Hagemann Anne
Published: May 2019

We describe how students can be encouraged to actively review course contents on inferential statistics by creating application-oriented exercises and sample solutions on the basis of concrete and realistic research articles and their data. For evaluation purposes, we use students’ reactions to the activity and investigate its effects on the final statistics exam. Students’ ratings of the quality of the exercises, necessary knowledge, and the evaluation of the activity were very positive, and participating students achieved better grades in the final exam than nonparticipants, whereas the groups did not differ regarding their initial skills or motivational characteristics. We conclude by discussing implications for lecturers teaching statistics.
AIS Politics: The Contested Use of Vessel Tracking at the EU’s Maritime Frontier
Authors: Pezzani Lorenzo , Heller Charles
Published: May 2019

Automatic identification system (AIS) is a vessel tracking system, which since 2004 has become a global tool for the detection and analysis of seagoing traffic. In this article, we look at how this technology, initially designed as a collision avoidance system, has recently become involved in debates concerning migration across the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, after having briefly discussed its emergence and characteristics, we examine how through different practices of (re)appropriation AIS, and the data it generate, have been seized upon, both to contest and to sustain the exclusionary nature of borders, and the mass dying of migrants at sea to which it leads. We do so by referring to forms of data activism we have contributed to in the frame of our Forensic Oceanography project as well as to situations in which AIS has been mobilized by xenophobic groups to demand even stronger exclusionary measures. At the same time, we point to the multiplicity of actors who participate in the politics of migration through AIS in unexpected ways. We conclude by highlighting the irreducible ambivalence of practices of appropriation and call for persistent attention to one’s own positioning within the global datascape constituted by AIS and other data.
Three Lions on Her Shirt: Hot and Banal Nationalism for England’s Sportswomen
Authors: Bowes Ali , Bairner Alan
Published: May 2019

It has long been claimed that sport plays an important role in the formulation of national identity. Key to understanding this relationship is Michael Billig’s concept of banal nationalism, which is used in this article to examine national symbols that act as daily reminders of the nation. Specifically, the article discusses the relationship between Englishness and sport by drawing upon data from interviews with representative English sportswomen in association football, cricket, netball, and rugby union. The article demonstrates the important role that (men’s) sport plays in developing a sense of national identity in England and, in particular, one that is distinct from Britishness. Furthermore, the significance of national symbols is evidenced as banal reminders of national identity for England’s sportswomen.
Remaking imperial power in the city: The case of the William Barak building, Melbourne
Authors: Porter Libby , Jackson Sue , Johnson Louise
Published: May 2019

When the enormous drapes that had been covering a new building in central Melbourne were thrown off in early 2015, an extraordinary sight was revealed: a colossal image of a face staring down the city’s civic spine. This moment of unveiling marked a fascinating moment for Indigenous–settler relations in Australia, but especially urban, densely settled Melbourne. For the face is that of William Barak, ancestor and leader of the Wurundjeri people, whose country was stolen and remade into what we now know as Melbourne. That an early land rights champion is represented in the built form at such a pivotal location in the city that dispossessed his people offers an opportunity to consider the forms of violence, appropriation and misrepresentation that are perpetually constitutive of settler-colonial cities. Drawing together critical Indigenous scholarship, settler-colonial studies and geographies of memorialization, the paper analyses the building to demonstrate the contemporary workings of settler-colonial urbanization. The paper analyses the representational politics the building performs, the history of land sales since contact and the role of the site in a wider imperialist planning project to reveal the intimate nexus of land, property and recognition politics that work to continuously secure white possession of Indigenous lands.
An opportunistic maintenance strategy for offshore wind turbine based on accessibility evaluation
Authors: Lubing Xie , Xiaoming Rui , Shuai Li , Xin Hu
Published: May 2019

The maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines operated under the irregular, non-stationary conditions limit the development of offshore wind power industry. Unlike onshore wind farms, the weather conditions (wind and waves) have greater impacts on the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farm. Accessibility is a key factor related to the operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbine. Considering the impact of weather conditions on the maintenance activities, the Markov method and dynamic time window are applied to represent the weather conditions, and an index used to evaluate the maintenance accessibility is then proposed. As the wind turbine is a multi-component complex system, this article uses the opportunistic maintenance strategy to optimize the preventive maintenance age and opportunistic maintenance age for the main components of the wind turbine. Taking the minimum expectation cost as objective function, this strategy integrates the maintenance work of the key components. Finally, an offshore wind farm is taken for simulation case study of this strategy; the results showed that the maintenance cost of opportunistic maintenance strategy is 10% lower than that of the preventive maintenance strategy, verifying the effectiveness of the opportunistic maintenance.
Long-term safety and tolerability of erenumab: Three-plus year results from a five-year open-label extension study in episodic migraine
Authors: Ashina Messoud , Goadsby Peter J , Reuter Uwe , Silberstein Stephen , Dodick David , Rippon Gregory A , Klatt Jan , Xue Fei , Chia Victoria , Zhang Feng , Cheng Sunfa , Mikol Daniel D
Published: May 2019

Background

Previously published three-month placebo-controlled and one-year open-label clinical trial data have provided information on the efficacy and safety of erenumab.

Methods

Interim analysis was undertaken from an ongoing five-year open-label treatment phase after all patients completed three years in the open-label treatment phase or discontinued the study. Adult patients with episodic migraine enrolled in the open-label treatment phase initially received 70 mg erenumab monthly. A protocol amendment increased the dosage to 140 mg monthly to assess long-term safety of the higher dose. Safety and tolerability were assessed by monitoring adverse events, electrocardiograms, laboratory assessments, and vital signs.

Results

Of 383 patients enrolled in the open-label treatment phase, at data cutoff 235 (61.3%) remained in the study, all received 140 mg for ≥1 year. Median (Q1, Q3) exposure (70 or 140 mg) for all patients enrolled was 3.2 (1.3, 3.4) years. The most frequent adverse events (≥4.0/100 patient-years) were reported as viral upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, influenza, and back pain. Exposure-adjusted serious adverse event rates were 4.2/100 patient-years. There was no increase in cardiovascular events over time.

Conclusions

In this long-term study of a CGRP-receptor antibody, erenumab was found to be safe and well-tolerated with a spectrum and rate of adverse events consistent with shorter-term placebo-controlled studies.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01952574
An examination of IFLA and Data Science Association ethical codes
Authors: Trepanier Cheryl , Shiri Ali , Samek Toni
Published: May 2019

This paper compares the 2012 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions’ Code of Ethics for Librarians and Other Information Workers and the 2013 Data Science Association’s Data Science Code of Professional Conduct and discusses the disjuncture and related considerations that might strengthen practical understandings of the implications of ethics in library and information professional practice. This paper cautions against conflating a data scientist’s ethical framework with those of the traditional librarian and supports the development of a more robust framework for library and information ethics and a more comprehensive and inclusive framework for thinking about and conceptualizing data ethics.