bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dipolar versus Octupolar Triphenylamine‐Based Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles as Brilliant One‐ and Two‐Photon Emitters for (Bio)imaging
Authors: Parthasarathy Venkatakrishnan , Fery‐Forgues Suzanne , Campioli Elisa , Recher Gaëlle , Terenziani Francesca , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille
Published: October 2011

Two related triphenylamine‐based dipolar and octupolar fluorophores are used to prepare aqueous suspensions of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) via the reprecipitation method. The obtained spherical nanoparticles (30–40 nm in diameter) are fluorescent in aqueous solution (up to 15% fluorescence quantum yield) and exhibit extremely high one‐ and two‐photon brightness, superior to those obtained for quantum dots. Despite the two chromophores showing similar fluorescence in solution, the fluorescence of FONs made from the octupolar derivative is significantly red‐shifted compared to that generated by the dipolar FONs. In addition, the maximum two‐photon absorption cross section of the FONs made from the octupolar derivative is 55% larger than that of the dipolar derivative FONs. The experimental observations provide evidence that the different molecular shape (rodlike versus three‐branched) and charge distribution (dipolar versus octupolar) of the two chromophores strongly affect the packing inside the nanoparticles as well as their spectroscopic properties and colloidal stability in pure water. The use of these FONs as probes for biphotonic in‐vivo imaging is investigated on Xenopus laevis tadpoles to test their utilization for angiography. When using FONs made from the octupolar dye, the formation of microagglomerates (2–5 μm scale) is observed in vivo, with subsequent lethal occlusion of the blood vessels. Conversely, the nanoparticles of the dipolar dye allow acute imaging of blood vessels thanks to their suitable size and brightness, while no toxic effect is observed. Such a goal cannot be achieved with the dissolved dye, which permeates the vessel walls.
Writing a roll‐out‐roll‐in facility for small machines
Authors: Bowring C. A.
Published: October 2011

This paper describes some routines to save the current contents of the main memory of a small computer, activate any other program (e.g. a file enquiry program, or a batch stream) and later restore the original program. In the description attention is paid to those aspects of the implementation that gave some difficulty and how they were overcome.
Ganzheitliche Bewertung von Stahl‐ und Verbundbrücken nach Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Maier Philippa , Friedrich Heinz , Kaschner Rolf , Mensinger Martin , Pfaffinger Marjolaine , Sedlbauer Klaus , Fischer Matthias , Beck Tabea , Ummenhofer Thomas , Zinke Tim
Published: October 2011

Brückenbauwerke stellen einen unentbehrlichen Bestandteil der Infrastruktur dar und umfassen ein großes öffentliches Investitionsvolumen. Im Vergleich zum Hochbau handelt es sich bei Brücken um besonders langlebige Bauwerke mit einer planmäßigen Nutzungsdauer von 100 Jahren. Es ist daher ersichtlich, dass der Nachhaltigkeit im Brückenbau ein besonderes Augenmerk geschenkt werden muss. In dem zum Titel des Artikels gleichnamigen Forschungsprojekt P843 wird eine ganzheitliche Bewertung von Stahl‐ und Verbundbrücken durch die Analyse der drei Aspekte der ökologischen Qualität, der ökonomischen Qualität und der sozialen und funktionalen Qualität durchgeführt. Drei unterschiedliche Typen von Referenzbrücken werden in diesem Forschungsvorhaben über den gesamten Lebenszyklus untersucht und brückenbauspezifische Besonderheiten für die Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung herausgestellt. Durch die Erfassung von Degradationsprozessen kann eine möglichst präzise Vorhersage des Lebenszyklus und somit der erforderlichen Unterhaltungsmaßnahmen erfolgen. Die Erarbeitung einer ganzheitlichen Datenbasis für den Brückenbau soll hier Grundlagen zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei Planung und Ausschreibung von Brücken und ihrer Beurteilung nach Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit geben.

Holistic assessment of steel and composite bridges according to criteria of sustainability. Bridges are essential for the infrastructure network and cover a large investment volume. Compared to building construction bridges are especially long‐living structures with a scheduled service‐life of 100 years. Therefore, it is evident that special attention must be focussed on the sustainability in bridge construction. In the research project P843, named as this article, a holistic assessment of steel and composite bridges is made by the analysis of the three aspects of the environmental, economic and socio/cultural quality. Three different types of reference bridges are studied over the entire life cycle and specific characteristics of bridges pointed out regarding sustainability analyses. By the description of degradation processes the life cycle can be described and anticipated as accurate as possible and required maintenance measurements planed. The elaboration of a holistic database for bridges shall give support during design and at tender stage for an evaluation by criteria of sustainability.
Zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Stahlkonstruktionen für regenerative Energien
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Bechtel Anne , Wagner Hermann‐Josef , Baack Christoph , Lohmann Jessica , Stranghöner Natalie , Berg Jörn
Published: October 2011

Die Betrachtung der Nachhaltigkeit nimmt einen wachsenden Stellenwert in der Gesellschaft ein. Nachhaltige Systeme, die weder ökologische noch ökonomische Auswirkungen haben und kein negatives Erbe für zukünftige Generationen sind, werden bevorzugt eingesetzt. Dieser Grundsatz bildet sich insbesondere in der Baubranche zu einem maßgebenden Faktor bei Bemessung und Planung aus.

Für den Gebäude‐ und Industriebau haben sich Bewertungssysteme zur Quantifizierung der Nachhaltigkeit bereits durchgesetzt und bewährt. Durch den politisch initiierten Umschwung von fossilen Energieträgern auf regenerative ist es insbesondere für deren Tragkonstruktionen von wachsender Bedeutung nachhaltig zu sein. Daher wird in diesem Beitrag die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Stahlkonstruktionen regenerativer Energien behandelt. Die Vorgehensweise sowie erste methodische Ansätze und Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt. Dabei werden insbesondere die ökologischen Auswirkungen stählerner Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen vertieft analysiert. Für anstehende Untersuchungen von Biogasanlagen wird der Betrachtungsrahmen festgelegt.

Sustainability assessment for steel constructions of renewables. The consideration of sustainability gets more important to society aspects. Sustainable systems that eliminate ecologic and economic effects on future generations are preferred. Especially in civil engineering this convention gains importance.

Up‐to‐date established and approved assessment systems to evaluate and quantify the sustainability of constructions regard only buildings. With respect to the change of energy sources from fossil to renewable, the constructions for renewables should fulfil sustainable criteria. Therefore this article establishs a rating system regarding sustainability for steel structures of renewable energies. The approach as well as preliminary results considering ecological effects of offshore wind energy support structures are given. Indicators derived from the building sector are presented. Beside the wind energy, the focus is set to biogas plants.
Die Windelbachtalbrücke – Überbauerneuerung mit innovativem Montageverfahren
Authors: Langer Stephan
Published: October 2011

40 Jahre nach ihrer Erbauung wird die 302 m lange Talbrücke Windelbach einer Instandsetzung unterzogen, die eine Erneuerung der Überbauten auf zu sanierenden Talpfeilern erforderlich macht. Dabei kommt als Ersatzneubau für die bestehenden Spannbetonträger ein moderner Verbundüberbau zum Einsatz. Aufgrund der topographischen Verhältnisse und der Bedingungen zur Aufrechterhaltung eines 4+0‐Verkehrs wurde ein innovatives Montageverfahren mit Schwerlastgleiswagen zur Montage der neuen Stahlverbundkästen und Demontage der bestehenden Spannbetonträger entwickelt (Bild 1).

The Windelbach viaduct – Renewal with an innovative assembly method. 40 years after its construction, the 302 m long Windelbach viaduct undergoes repairs, which requires a renewal of the superstructure on to be rehabilitated pillars. At this a modern composite‐steel‐superstructure replaces the existing prestressed concrete beams. Due to the topographical conditions and the conditions for maintaining a 4+0 traffic an innovative assembly method with heavy‐duty rail‐trolleys to mount the new composite steel boxes and removal of existing prestressed concrete beams has been developed (fig. 1).
Lebensdauer alter stählerner Bauwerke
Authors: Peil Udo , Reininghaus Matthias , Schendel Ingo
Published: October 2011

Die Re‐Investitionen in den Ingenieurbaubestand der Bundesrepublik Deutschland können durch eine Verlängerung der Nutzungsdauer der Bauwerke erheblich gesenkt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über Arbeiten, die im Rahmen des Sonderforschungsbereiches SFB 477 “Sicherstellung der Nutzungsfähigkeit von Bauwerken mit Hilfe innovativer Bauwerksüberwachung“ an der TU‐Braunschweig entstanden sind. Es wird auf das Hauptthema der Lebensdauerbestimmung alter stählerner Bauwerke durch Monitoring eingegangen, dem sich ein Überblick von verschiedenen Methoden zur Bestimmung des inhärenten Schadens im Tragwerk anschließt. Die zuverlässige Bestimmung von Schwachpunkten im Bauwerk wird erläutert und die richtige Wahl der Monitoringstrategie für das betrachtete Tragwerk angesprochen. Im Anschluss wird ein Verfahren zur Lebensdauervorhersage von ermüdungsbeanspruchten Bauwerken durch Monitoring und begleitende Versuche vorgestellt. Ein Abschnitt über die Risserkennung am Bauwerk mit Hilfe von Piezo‐Rastern schließt den Artikel ab.

Life cycle prediction of steel structures. The reinvestments into the civil engineering buildings in Germany can be substantially lowered by an extension of their service life. This paper gives an overview of methods which were developed by the Collaborative‐Research‐Center SFB 477 “Life cycle assessment of structures via innovative monitoring” at the Technischen Universität Braunschweig. The main topic is the lifetime assessment of old steel buildings by monitoring, followed by an overview of different methods to determine the inherent damage in the structure. The reliable determination of weak points in the building is described and the correct choice of the monitoring strategy for a weak detail is explained. A procedure is presented to determine the life expectancy of fatigue‐stressed buildings by monitoring and further attempts. The article is closed by a section over the flaw detection at buildings by using piezo arrays.
Bau der Südtragwerke der Südbahnhofbrücke und des Arsenalstegs im Zuge der Entstehung des neuen Hauptbahnhofes in Wien
Authors: Hinterberger Roland , Wall Edmund
Published: October 2011

Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert den ersten Abschnitt des baulichen Werdeganges der beiden neuen Brückenbauwerke B0351 “Südbahnhofbrücke“ (Straßen‐, Rad‐ und Fußgängerbrücke) und B0352 “Arsenalsteg“ (Fußgänger‐ und Radfahrersteg), welche die Gleisanlagen im Osten des zukünftigen Hauptbahnhofes Wien überspannen. Mit dem Bau der neuen Brücken im Auftrag der Stadt Wien, Magistratsabteilung 29 (MA 29) – Brückenbau und Grundbau, werden die Stadtentwicklungsgebiete im Nahbereich des künftigen Hauptbahnhofes besser verknüpft. Für Bahnreisende stellen die beiden Brücken eine einladende Geste dar – eine Vorankündigung des zukünftigen Hauptbahnhofes gleichsam als Tor zur Stadt.

Construction of the southern section of the Südbahnhofbrücke and the Arsenalsteg in the course of the development of the new central railway station of Vienna, Austria. This article covers the first phase of construction of the new bridges B0351 “Südbahnhofbrücke” (roadway, bicycle lane and pedestrian bridge) and the B0352 “Arsenalsteg” (pedestrian and bicycle lane bridge), spanning the railways in the eastern part of the future central railway station of Vienna, Austria. With the realisation of these new bridges on behalf of the city of Vienna, Municipal Department 29 (MA 29) – Bridge Construction and Foundation Engineering, the urban development areas around the new central railway station will be better connected. The new bridges will act as a new doorway to Vienna and be perceived, by the railway travellers, as an invitation to the city, heralding the future central railway station.
Rezensionen: Stahlbau 10/2011
Authors: Kühn Bertram
Published: October 2011

DIN‐Taschenbuch 283. Schweißtechnik 6. Strahlschweißen, Bolzenschweißen, Reibschweißen. Von DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.

DIN‐DVS‐Taschenbuch 284. Schweißtechnik 7. Schweißtechnische Fertigung, Schweißverbindungen. Von DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.
Genital piercing
Authors: Winter Andy
Published: October 2011

A letter about the article on genital piercing by Anderson et al. that appeared in the previous issue of Trends in Urology & Men's Health (July/August 2011;2(4):31–6). Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
An M‐Rice wind speed frequency distribution
Authors: Baïle R. , Muzy J.‐F. , Poggi P.
Published: October 2011

Several known statistical distributions can describe wind speed data, the most commonly used being the Weibull family. In this paper, a new law, called ‘M‐Rice’, is proposed for modeling wind speed frequency distributions. Inspired by recent empirical findings that suggest the existence of some cascading process in the mesoscale range, we consider that wind speed can be described by a seasonal AutoRegressive Moving Average (ARMA) model where the noise term is ‘multifractal’, i.e. associated with a random cascade. This leads to the distribution of wind speeds according to the M‐Rice probability distribution function, i.e. a Rice distribution multiplicatively convolved with a normal law. A comparison based on the estimation of the mean wind speed and power density values as well as on the different goodness‐of‐fit tests (the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the Kuiper test and the quantile–quantile plot) was made between this new distribution and the Weibull distribution for 35 data sets of wind speed from the Netherlands and Corsica (France) sites. Accordingly, the M‐Rice and Weibull distributions provided comparable performances; however, the quantile–quantile plots suggest that the M‐Rice distribution provides a better fit of extreme wind speed data. Beyond these good results, our approach allows one to interpret the observed values of Weibull parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Stereospecifically‐Labeled Fatty Acids in Oxygenase and Desaturase Biochemistry
Authors: Brash Alan R. , Schneider Claus , Hamberg Mats
Published: October 2011

Oxygenation and desaturation reactions are inherently associated with the abstraction of a hydrogen from the fatty acid substrate. Since the first published application in 1965, stereospecific placement of a labeled hydrogen isotope (deuterium or tritium) at the reacting carbons has proven a highly effective strategy for investigating the chemical mechanisms catalyzed by lipoxygenases, hemoprotein fatty acid dioxygenases including cyclooxygenases, cytochromes P450, and also the desaturases and isomerases. This review presents a synopsis of all published studies through 2010 on the synthesis and use of stereospecifically labeled fatty acids (71 references), and highlights some of the mechanistic insights gained by application of stereospecifically labeled fatty acids.
Electroacupuncture alleviates affective pain in an inflammatory pain rat model
Authors: Zhang Y. , Meng X. , Li A. , Xin J. , Berman B.M. , Lao L. , Tan M. , Ren K. , Zhang R.‐X.
Published: October 2011

Pain has both sensory–discriminative and emotional–affective dimensions. Previous studies demonstrate that electroacupuncture (EA) alleviates the sensory dimension but do not address the affective. An inflammatory pain rat model, produced by a complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hind paw, was combined with a conditioned place avoidance (CPA) test to determine whether EA inhibits spontaneous pain‐induced affective response and, if so, to study the possibility that rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) opioids underlie this effect. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (250–275 g, Harlan) were used. The rats showed place aversion (i.e. affective pain) by spending less time in a pain‐paired compartment after conditioning than during a preconditioning test. Systemic non‐analgesic morphine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the affective reaction, suggesting that the affective dimension is underpinned by mechanisms different from those of the sensory dimension of pain. Morphine at 0.5 and at 1 mg/kg did not induce reward. Rats given EA treatment before pain‐paired conditioning at GB 30 showed no aversion to the pain‐paired compartment, indicating that EA inhibited the affective dimension. EA treatment did not produce reward or aversive effect. Intra‐rACC administration of D‐Phe‐Cys‐Tyr‐D‐Trp‐Orn‐Thr‐Pen‐Thr amide (CTOP), a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, but not norbinaltorphimine (nor‐BNI), a selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, blocked EA inhibition of the affective dimension. These data demonstrate that EA activates opioid receptors in the rACC to inhibit pain‐induced affective responses and that EA may be an effective therapy for both the sensory–discriminative and the affective dimensions of pain.
COUNTING PERMUTATIONS BY NUMBERS OF EXCEDANCES, FIXED POINTS AND CYCLES
Authors: MA SHI-MEI
Published: October 2011

In this paper we present a combinatorial proof of an identity involving the two kinds of Stirling numbers and the numbers of permutations with prescribed numbers of excedances and cycles. Several recurrence relations related to the numbers of excedances, fixed points and cycles are also obtained.
BOUNDED AND FULLY BOUNDED MODULES
Authors: HAGHANY A. , MAZROOEI M. , VEDADI M. R.
Published: October 2011

Generalizing the concept of right bounded rings, a module MR is called bounded if annR(M/N)≤eRR for all N≤eMR. The module MR is called fully bounded if (M/P) is bounded as a module over R/annR(M/P) for any ℒ2-prime submodule P◃MR. Boundedness and right boundedness are Morita invariant properties. Rings with all modules (fully) bounded are characterized, and it is proved that a ring R is right Artinian if and only if RR has Krull dimension, all R-modules are fully bounded and ideals of R are finitely generated as right ideals. For certain fully bounded ℒ2-Noetherian modules MR, it is shown that the Krull dimension of MR is at most equal to the classical Krull dimension of R when both dimensions exist.
AN EXTENSION OF SURY’S IDENTITY AND RELATED CONGRUENCES
Authors: MEŠTROVIĆ ROMEO
Published: October 2011

In this paper we give an extension of a curious combinatorial identity due to B. Sury. Our proof is very simple and elementary. As an application, we obtain two congruences for Fermat quotients modulo p3. Moreover, we prove an extension of a result by H. Pan that generalizes Carlitz’s congruence.
Do prebiotics reduce the number of fever episodes in healthy children in their first year of life: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: van Stuijvenberg Margriet , Eisses Annemieke M. , Grüber Christoph , Mosca Fabio , Arslanoglu Sertac , Chirico Gaetano , Braegger Christian P. , Riedler Josef , Boehm Günther , Sauer Pieter J. J.
Published: October 2011

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of adding specific prebiotics to standard formula feeding on the number of fever episodes in the first year of life. In the present randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in seven centres in five West European countries, 830 healthy term infants, without a first-degree family history of allergic disease, of mothers who indicated to give only formula feeding were randomised either to receive a standard non-hydrolysed cows' milk-based formula to which a mixture of specific oligosaccharides was added (prebiotics group (PG)), or to receive a similar formula without oligosaccharides (control group (CG)). A separate reference group consisted of 300 breast-fed infants. The primary outcome was the number of fever episodes prospectively documented by the parents. There was no difference in the number of fever episodes between the PG (median value 1·19; 25th–75th percentile 0·09–2·34) and CG (1·16; 25th–75th percentile 0·06–2·38). The median number of fever episodes in the separate breast-feeding reference group was 1·24 (25th–75th percentile 0·51–3·45). There was no effect of adding specific prebiotics to standard formula feeding in reducing the number of fever episodes in the present study.
Self-consistent dynamics of electromagnetic pulses and wakefields in laser-plasma interactions
Authors: Bonatto A. , Pakter R. , Rizzato F.B.
Published: October 2011

In the present analysis we study the time dependent, self-consistent propagation of nonlinear electromagnetic pulses in plasmas. Interactions of the electromagnetic pulses and wakefields are fully taken into account, from which one obtains accurate information on pulse time dependent dynamics and stability. While wide pulses may or may not retain the localized shape depending on their power, narrower pulses always tend to delocalize as time evolves.
Consumer perspectives in surgical research and audit
Authors: Ahern Eleanor , Thavaneswaran Prema , Babidge Wendy , Maddern Guy J.
Published: October 2011

Objectives: The aim was to learn about perspectives of consumers contributing to the work of the Division of Research, Audit and Academic Surgery of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. The research arm of the Division has worked with consumers since it was formed in 1998.

Methods: Nine consumers who worked with the Division over the past 5 years completed (1) a written survey focused on their background and past experience, and (2) a semi-structured phone interview focused on their motivations for becoming involved in this work; their role; the evolution of the role of consumers in healthcare research; and what health information for consumers should contain.

Results: Participants came from various backgrounds and had different motivations for being involved. A common theme was concern about uncertainties in surgery and the need to provide consumers with information about potential benefits and risks of a procedure. Participants believed that a consumer presence was vital in research on surgical procedures, and that the content and wording of consumer information must be chosen carefully in order for the public to use it in a meaningful way. They also acknowledged the changing role of the consumer, who was rapidly becoming a partner in the doctor–patient relationship.

Conclusions: In surgical research and audit, the consumer perspective is unique and informed by a wealth of experience. The findings of this study may be of interest to other health technology assessment and associated agencies seeking to involve consumers within their own research process.
Decision aid for women considering breast cancer screening
Authors: Pasternack Iris , Saalasti-Koskinen Ulla , Mäkelä Marjukka
Published: October 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the process and challenges of developing a decision aid for the national public breast cancer screening program in Finland.

Methods: An expert team with stakeholder representation used European guidelines and other literature as basis for selecting relevant content and format for the decision aid for breast cancer screening. Feedback from women was sought for the draft documents.

Results: A decision aid attached to the invitation letter for screening was considered the best way to ensure access to information. In addition, tailored letter templates for all phases of the screening program, a poster, and a public website were developed. Initial feedback from users (women, professionals, and service providers), was mainly positive. Six months after publishing, the implementation of the decision aid was still incomplete.

Conclusions: Providing balanced information for women invited to breast cancer screening is demanding and requires careful planning. Professionals and service providers need to be engaged in the HTA process to ensure proper dissemination and implementation of the information. End user participation is essential in the formulation of information. There is a need to follow up the implementation of the decision aid.
Influence of Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism on Recognition of Emotional Faces
Authors: Defrancesco Michaela , Niederstätter Harald , Parson Walther , Oberacher Herbert , Hinterhuber Hartmann , Canazei Markus , Bidner Judith , Deisenhammer Eberhard A. , Kemmler Georg , Weiss Elisabeth M. , Marksteiner Josef
Published: October 2011

Monoamines, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, play a crucial role in the regulation of emotion processing and mood. In this study, we investigated how polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) influence emotion recognition abilities. We recruited 88 female undergraduate students and assessed 5-HTT genotype and the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. The subjects completed two computerized tasks: The Penn Emotion Recognition Test (ER40) and the Penn Emotion Acuity Test (PEAT). For the ER40, we found that s-allele carriers performed significantly worse in the recognition of happy faces, but did better in the recognition of fearful faces, compared with homozygous l-carriers of the 5-HTT gene. Neither 5-HTT nor COMT genotypes influenced the ability to discriminate between different intensities of sadness or happiness on the PEAT. Moreover, there was no significant interaction between the two polymorphisms in their effect on performance on the ER40 or the PEAT. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1014–1020)
Helpvshelp to: a multifactorial, mixed-effects account of infinitive marker omission
Authors: LOHMANN ARNE
Published: October 2011

This article presents an analysis of the alternation between the bare and the full infinitive with the verbhelpin English. In particular, the influence of three general principles proposed to underlie this case of variation is investigated and discussed, viz. thecomplexity principle, thedistance principleandavoidance of identityeffects. A multifactorial analysis of corpus data from the BNC, which allows for the determination of the different strengths of determinants, reveals that the present alternation is governed to a large degree byhorror aequi, the avoidance of identity on the lexical level.
A study on characteristics of EM radiation from stripline structure
Authors: Kayano Yoshiki , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

In recent years, effective methods for predicting and suppressing electromagnetic interference over a broad band are required. In this paper, we focus on the prediction of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from a stripline structure with a ground thin wire by an equivalent circuit model. First, frequency responses of common‐mode (CM) current on the printed circuit board and EM radiation are studied with finite difference time domain modeling. Secondly, an equivalent circuit model for predicting CM current is proposed. The equivalent circuit model for prediction is based on the concepts of CM antenna impedance, distributed constant circuit, and electric coupling between the power plane and the thin ground wire. Good agreement between the predicted and full‐wave analysis results indicates the validity of the proposed equivalent circuit model. The frequency response of EM radiation from the stripline structure can be identified using our proposed model. In addition, the equivalent circuit model provides enough flexibility for different geometric parameters and can be used to develop physical insights and design guidelines.
The carbon allotrope glitter as n-diamond and i-carbon nanocrystals
Authors: Bucknum Michael , Castro Eduardo
Published: October 2011

Diffraction data taken from nanocrystalline n-diamond and i-carbon forms is fit to a so-called glitter model, in which the geometry of the C lattice has been optimized by density functional theory (DFT). A calculated theoretical diffraction pattern for glitter is shown to be a close fit to the experimental data for these novel C forms.
The tortoise and the hare? Post-fire regeneration in mixed Eucalyptus - Callitris forest
Authors: Lunt Ian D. , Zimmer Heidi C. , Cheal David C.
Published: October 2011

Seedling regeneration after a high intensity wildfire was assessed in a mixed forest dominated by Eucalyptus species and Callitris endlicheri (Parl.) F.M. Bailey. Patterns were compared against the ‘slow seedling’ or ‘tortoise-and-hare’ theory of competitive interactions between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Browsing effects were documented using fenced plots, and seedling density, mortality and height were assessed over 6 years, from 2004–10. Consistent with expectations, Eucalyptus seedlings grew faster than Callitris seedlings in most situations. Callitris seedlings grew faster and produced seed cones sooner in plots with fewer Eucalyptus seedlings compared with plots with dense Eucalyptus seedlings. The local growth rates of Callitris seedlings were not associated with long-term site suitability for Callitris, as many plots with diminutive Callitris seedlings and dense Eucalyptus seedlings were dominated by Callitris trees before the 2003 fire. Contrary to expectations, few Callitris seedlings died during the 6-year period, so competition during the regeneration phase did not regulate co-existence. Strong drought tolerance and the ability to persist in dense, unthinned stands may enable Callitris to persist beneath dense Eucalyptus regeneration. Nevertheless, Callitris seedlings growing with dense Eucalyptus seedlings have a longer primary juvenile period than seedlings in sites with fewer seedling or adult eucalypts, which places these stands at greater risk of mortality in future fires and greater risk of browsing in the meantime.
Nectar collected with microcapillary tubes is less concentrated than total nectar in flowers with small nectar volumes
Authors: Petit Sophie , Rubbo Nadia , Schumann Russell
Published: October 2011

Previous research indicated that microcapillary tubes greatly underestimated sugar present in flowers with low nectar volumes, but it was unclear whether tubes missed liquid nectar or whether sugar concentration in nectar they collected did not represent total sugar concentration in a flower. We determined the suitability of microcapillary tubes to estimate the energetic value of Acrotriche patula R.Br. (Ericaceae) nectar from total sugar mass. We collected a standing crop of nectar from individual flowers with microcapillary tubes and subsequently washed the flowers to recover putatively any residual sucrose, glucose, and fructose. We assessed microcapillary nectar volume as a predictor for total sugar mass in a flower by regression analysis, identified the percentage of sugar missed by microcapillary tubes, and compared sugar ratios between microcapillary samples and total nectar. Nectar volume collected with microcapillary tubes cannot be used to predict total nectar sugar contents in a flower. Microcapillary tubes missed 71% of the floral sugar on average, but not a large volume, indicating that sugar is not evenly distributed in a flower’s nectar. Proportions of different sugars did not differ significantly between microcapillary samples and total samples. Animals with different tongue morphologies and feeding behaviours may obtain different energetic rewards from the same flower with low nectar volume. Variation in a flower’s nectar at one point in time is likely to favour the generalisation of pollination systems.
Determination of manganese and zinc in coastal waters by anodic stripping voltammetry with a vibrating gold microwire electrode
Authors: Gibbon-Walsh Kristoff , Salaün Pascal , van den Berg Constant M. G.
Published: October 2011

Environmental contextMetals in the marine environment play a role in biological processes but can also be toxic. An electrochemical method with a simple microwire electrode is presented that facilitates detection of zinc and manganese in coastal waters. The method is very sensitive and will likely lead to the development of an in-situ monitoring apparatus.
AbstractA vibrating, gold, microwire electrode (VGME) is used here to detect low nanomolar levels of dissolved Mn by anodic stripping chronopotentiometry (ASC) and sub-nanomolar levels of dissolved Zn by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in seawater. Mn is detected using a deposition potential (Edep) of –1.35 V, and Zn using Edep = –0.9 V, at pH 8. The method is an example of under-potential deposition (UPD), with positive shifts of the metal oxidation potentials of 0.4–0.6 V compared to the mercury electrode. The limits of detection for Mn (1.4 nM) and for Zn (0.3 nM) in seawater with a 300-s plating time, are better than achieved using other non-mercury based electrodes and nearly as good as a mercury film electrode for Zn. The detection of sub-nanomolar Mn is subject to an unusual interference by arsenate, which lowers the sensitivity when the deposition time is extended beyond 300 s. The VGME has advantages related to robustness, stability and ease of use (no polishing, simple regeneration) facilitating on-site and in-situ use. Zn and Mn are readily measured in seawater of natural pH without the need for reagents, facilitating use of this method in a system for in-situ monitoring. The methods are applied here to coastal seawater (Liverpool Bay, Irish Sea) and can be used for freshwaters such as river water.
Effect of particle orientation and of flow velocity on the combustibility of Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus firebrand material
Authors: Almeida Miguel , Viegas Domingos Xavier , Miranda Ana Isabel , Reva Valeria
Published: October 2011

Spotting is a very important mechanism of forest fire spread. Its negative effect increases in extreme fire danger conditions. In order to predict the maximum spotting distance, the duration of the combustion reaction of potential firebrands should be evaluated. This paper reports the results of an experimental laboratory study of the combustibility of firebrand material (pine cones and scales and pieces of bark of eucalypt) of two representative species in Portugal, Pinus pinaster Ait. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. The main purpose was to assess the role on the burning conditions of the firebrand particle orientation angle θ in relation to the airflow and of the flow velocity (U) around the particle. Tests were made varying the angle of orientation of the main axis of the particle in relation to incident flow in the range of ±90°; flow velocities were tested from 0 to 6.5 m s–1. After ignition, particle mass loss owing to flaming or glowing combustion of the particle was continuously measured. Residual mass, duration of the flaming phase and the burnout times are reported for each case. Empirical models to estimate the trends of variation of some of these parameters with θ and U are proposed to illustrate their importance for the range of test conditions.
Premotor synaptic plasticity limited to the critical period for song learning
Authors: Sizemore Max , Perkel David J.
Published: October 2011

Synaptic plasticity has been hypothesized to underlie learning and memory. Understanding of how such plasticity might produce motor learning is limited, in part because of the paucity of model systems with a tractable learned behavior under control of a discrete neural circuit. Songbirds possess both of these traits, thereby providing an excellent model for studying vertebrate motor learning. We report unique evidence of long-term depression (LTD) in the juvenile songbird premotor robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). LTD induction at RA recurrent collateral synapses requires NMDA receptors, postsynaptic depolarization, and postsynaptic calcium, and can be reversed by high-frequency stimulation. In adult birds, which have exited the critical period for sensorimotor learning and cannot modify their song, we were no longer able to induce LTD at RA collateral synapses. Furthermore, testosterone-induced premature maturation of song in juveniles abolishes LTD. LTD in nucleus RA therefore makes an excellent candidate mechanism to mediate song learning during development and is well-suited to provide insight into other forms of vertebrate motor learning.
Molecular hijacking of siroheme for the synthesis of heme and
d
1
heme
Authors: Bali Shilpa , Lawrence Andrew D. , Lobo Susana A. , Saraiva Lígia M. , Golding Bernard T. , Palmer David J. , Howard Mark J. , Ferguson Stuart J. , Warren Martin J.
Published: October 2011

Modified tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll, heme, siroheme, vitamin B
12
, coenzyme F
430
, and heme
d
1
underpin a wide range of essential biological functions in all domains of life, and it is therefore surprising that the syntheses of many of these life pigments remain poorly understood. It is known that the construction of the central molecular framework of modified tetrapyrroles is mediated via a common, core pathway. Herein a further branch of the modified tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway is described in denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria as well as the Archaea. This process entails the hijacking of siroheme, the prosthetic group of sulfite and nitrite reductase, and its processing into heme and
d
1
heme. The initial step in these transformations involves the decarboxylation of siroheme to give didecarboxysiroheme. For
d
1
heme synthesis this intermediate has to undergo the replacement of two propionate side chains with oxygen functionalities and the introduction of a double bond into a further peripheral side chain. For heme synthesis didecarboxysiroheme is converted into Fe-coproporphyrin by oxidative loss of two acetic acid side chains. Fe-coproporphyrin is then transformed into heme by the oxidative decarboxylation of two propionate side chains. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed and the evolutionary significance of another role for siroheme is examined.
A molecular mechanism of direction switching in the flagellar motor of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Paul Koushik , Brunstetter Duncan , Titen Sienna , Blair David F.
Published: October 2011

The direction of flagellar rotation is regulated by a rotor-mounted protein assembly, termed the “switch complex,” formed from multiple copies of the proteins FliG, FliM, and FliN. The structures of major parts of these proteins are known, and the overall organization of proteins in the complex has been elucidated previously using a combination of protein-binding, mutational, and cross-linking approaches. In
Escherichia coli
, the switch from counterclockwise to clockwise rotation is triggered by the signaling protein phospho-CheY, which binds to the lower part of the switch complex and induces small movements of FliM and FliN subunits relative to each other. Direction switching also must produce movements in the upper part of the complex, particularly in the C-terminal domain of FliG (FliG
C
), which interacts with the stator to generate the torque for flagellar rotation. In the present study, protein movements in the middle and upper parts of the switch complex have been probed by means of targeted cross-linking and mutational analysis. Switching induces a tilting movement of the FliM domains that form the middle part of the switch and a consequent rotation of the affixed FliG
C
domains that reorients the stator interaction sites by about 90°. In a recently proposed hypothesis for the motor mechanism, such a reorientation of FliG
C
would reverse the direction of motor rotation.
The ePetri dish, an on-chip cell imaging platform based on subpixel perspective sweeping microscopy (SPSM)
Authors: Zheng Guoan , Lee Seung Ah , Antebi Yaron , Elowitz Michael B. , Yang Changhuei
Published: October 2011

We report a chip-scale lensless wide-field-of-view microscopy imaging technique, subpixel perspective sweeping microscopy, which can render microscopy images of growing or confluent cell cultures autonomously. We demonstrate that this technology can be used to build smart Petri dish platforms, termed ePetri, for cell culture experiments. This technique leverages the recent broad and cheap availability of high performance image sensor chips to provide a low-cost and automated microscopy solution. Unlike the two major classes of lensless microscopy methods, optofluidic microscopy and digital in-line holography microscopy, this new approach is fully capable of working with cell cultures or any samples in which cells may be contiguously connected. With our prototype, we demonstrate the ability to image samples of area 6 mm × 4 mm at 660-nm resolution. As a further demonstration, we showed that the method can be applied to image color stained cell culture sample and to image and track cell culture growth directly within an incubator. Finally, we showed that this method can track embryonic stem cell differentiations over the entire sensor surface. Smart Petri dish based on this technology can significantly streamline and improve cell culture experiments by cutting down on human labor and contamination risks.
Yeast pheromone receptor genes
STE2
and
STE3
are differently regulated at the transcription and polyadenylation level
Authors: Di Segni Gianfranco , Gastaldi Serena , Zamboni Michela , Tocchini-Valentini Glauco P.
Published: October 2011

The orderly expression of specific genes is the basis for cell differentiation.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
has two haploid mating types, a and α cells, in which the mating-specific genes are differentially expressed. When a and α cells are committed to mate, their growth is arrested. Here we show that a cryptic polyadenylation site is present inside the coding region of the a-specific
STE2
gene, encoding the receptor for the α-factor. The two cell types produce an incomplete
STE2
transcript, but only a cells generate full-length
STE2
mRNA. We eliminated the cryptic poly(A) signal, thereby allowing the production of a complete
STE2
mRNA in α cells. We mutagenized α cells and isolated a mutant producing full-length
STE2
mRNA. The mutation occurred in the
ITC1
gene, whose product, together with the product of
ISW2
, is known to repress
STE2
transcriptional initiation. We propose that the regulation of the yeast mating genes is achieved through a concerted mechanism involving transcriptional and posttranscriptional events. In particular, the early poly(A) site in
STE2
could contribute to a complete shutoff of its expression in α cells, avoiding autocrine activation and growth arrest. Remarkably, no cryptic poly(A) sites are present in the a-factor receptor
STE3
gene, indicating that
S. cerevisiae
has devised different strategies to regulate the two receptor genes. It is predictable that a correlation between the repression of a gene and the presence of a cryptic poly(A) site could also be found in other organisms, especially when expression of that gene may be harmful.
Interspecific Y chromosome introgressions disrupt testis-specific gene expression and male reproductive phenotypes in
Drosophila
Authors: Sackton Timothy B. , Montenegro Horacio , Hartl Daniel L. , Lemos Bernardo
Published: October 2011

The
Drosophila
Y chromosome is a degenerated, heterochromatic chromosome with few functional genes. Nonetheless, natural variation on the Y chromosome in
Drosophila melanogaster
has substantial
trans
-acting effects on the regulation of X-linked and autosomal genes. However, the contribution of Y chromosome divergence to gene expression divergence between species is unknown. In this study, we constructed a series of Y chromosome introgression lines, in which Y chromosomes from either
Drosophila sechellia
or
Drosophila simulans
are introgressed into a common
D. simulans
genetic background. Using these lines, we compared genome-wide gene expression and male reproductive phenotypes between heterospecific and conspecific Y chromosomes. We find significant differences in expression for 122 genes, or 2.84% of all genes analyzed. Genes down-regulated in males with heterospecific Y chromosomes are significantly biased toward testis-specific expression patterns. These same lines show reduced fecundity and sperm competitive ability. Taken together, these results imply a significant role for Y/X and Y/autosome interactions in maintaining proper expression of male-specific genes, either directly or via indirect effects on male reproductive tissue development or function.
Evidence‐based practice and teacher action‐research: a reflection on the nature and direction of ‘change’
Authors: Colucci‐Gray Laura , Das Sharmistha , Gray Donald , Robson Dean , Spratt Jennifer
Published: October 2011

This study was conceived as an opportunity to reflect on the place of action‐research in the contested landscape of educational change in the UK where increasing emphasis has been put on the use of evidence to drive reform. In the context of a government‐sponsored project in Scotland, this study looked at the impact of a scholarship initiative supporting classroom teachers to undertake action‐research projects on a topic of their own choice with the assistance of a mentor. Data collected from interviews with teachers and analysis of teacher action‐research reports pointed to a multi‐faceted concept of practice unfolding from individual inquiry and dialogical conversations with colleagues and university mentors. The study argues for further analysis of the use of action‐research as a means to develop teachers’ knowledge and to recover the value of collective and creative engagements in education to guide reform.
Ideas are not innovations
Authors: Kastelle Tim , Steen John
Published: October 2011

Tim Kastelle is a senior lecturer in innovation management at University of Queensland Business School (UQBS). He is managing editor of Innovation:Management,Policy & Practice, the leader of the UQBS executive education and MBA innovation programs, and does research and consulting on the topic of management of innovation.

John Steen is a senior lecturer in strategy at UQBS. He currently holds an Australian Research Council grant to examine innovation in capital-intensive and project-based firms. He has published in a variety of strategy and innovation journals, but does not refer to any of them when he is talking to managers.
Neuromuscular Disorders Associated With Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Stübgen Joerg-Patrick
Published: October 2011

Approximately 400 million worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). During the course of illness, approximately 20% of patients develop disease manifestations outside the liver. Neuropathy develops in approximately 5% of patients with chronic HBV infection and rarely during acute HBV infection. The pathogenesis of the various HBV-associated neuropathy syndromes possibly involves deposition of immune complexes in nerves or blood vessel walls. Direct viral infection of nerves has not been demonstrated. Management entailed supportive care with antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment as clinically indicated. Rare cases of muscle disease, mostly inflammatory myopathy, have been associated with HBV infection. Presumably, HBV-associated antigens trigger immune mechanisms directed against components of muscle tissue. There is no evidence of replicative virus infection of muscle fibers. Management entailed immunomodulatory treatment, occasionally with anti-HBV therapy. Physicians should be aware that HBV infection has the potential to trigger presumed immune-mediated neuromuscular syndromes.