bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the association between initial proteinuria and morbidity rate or death in dogs with naturally occurring chronic renal failure
Authors: Jacob Frédéric , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Neaton James D. , Kirk Claudia A. , Allen Timothy A. , Swanson Laurie L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether urine protein-to-creatinine
ratio (UP:C) ≥ 1.0 at initial diagnosis of
chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with greater
risk of development of uremic crises, death, and progression
of renal failure in dogs.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—45 dogs with CRF.

Procedure—Dogs were prospectively assigned to 2
groups on the basis of initial UP:C < 1.0 or ≥ 1.0. The
association between magnitude of proteinuria and
development of uremic crises and death was determined
before and after dogs with initial UP:C ≥ 1.0
were assigned to 3 subgroups and compared with
dogs with initial UP:C < 1.0. Changes in reciprocal
serum creatinine concentration were used to estimate
decrease in renal function.

Results—Initially, dogs had similar clinical characteristics
with the exception of systolic blood pressure
and UP:C. Relative risks of development of uremic
crises and death were approximately 3 times higher
in dogs with UP:C ≥ 1.0, compared with dogs with
UP:C < 1.0. Relative risk of adverse outcome was
approximately 1.5 times higher for every 1-unit increment
in UP:C. The decrease in renal function was of
greater magnitude in dogs with UP:C ≥ 1.0, compared
with dogs with UP:C < 1.0.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Initial UP:C
≥ 1.0 in dogs with CRF was associated with greater
risk of development of uremic crises and death, compared
with dogs with UP:C < 1.0. Initial determinations
of UP:C in dogs with naturally occurring CRF
may be of value in refining prognoses. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2005;226:393–400)
Farm characteristics and management practices associated with development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , O'Conor Michael S. , Chaffin M. Keith , Martens Ronald J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify farm characteristics and management practices associated with development ofRhodococcus equipneumonia in foals.

Design—Prospective case-control study.

Animals—5,230 foals on 138 breeding farms with 9,136 horses.

Procedure—During 2003, participating veterinarians provided data from 1 or 2 farms with ≥ 1 foal withR equipneumonia and unaffected farms. Data from affected and unaffected farms were compared by use of logistic regression analysis.

Results—A number of variables relating to farm size and desirable management practices were significantly associated with increased odds of farms being affected withR equipneumonia. By use of multivariate logistic regression, affected farms were determined significantly more likely to have raised Thoroughbreds, housed ≥ 15 foals, used concrete floors in foaling stalls, and tested foals for passive transfer of immunity than unaffected farms. These results remained significant even after accounting for exposure of foals to other breeding farms during the first month of life.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Breeding farms with large acreage and a large number of mares and foals have greater odds of being affected byR equipneumonia. Clinical relevance of associations with Thoroughbred breed and concrete flooring in foaling stalls remains uncertain. Desirable management factors commonly used on farms were not effective for controlling or preventing development ofR equipneumonia. This finding indicates a need to focus on host factors that influence disease development. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:404–413)
Evaluation of the analgesic effects of phenylbutazone administered at a high or low dosage in horses with chronic lameness
Authors: Hu Helen H. , MacAllister Charles G. , Payton Mark E. , Erkert Ronald S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare analgesic effects of phenylbutazone administered at a dosage of 4.4 mg/kg/d (2 mg/lb/d) or 8.8 mg/kg/d (4 mg/lb/d) in horses with chronic lameness.

Design—Controlled crossover study.

Animals—9 horses with chronic forelimb lameness.

Procedure—Horses were treated IV with phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg/d or 8.8 mg/kg/d) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution once daily for 4 days. All horses received all 3 treatments with a minimum of 14 days between treatments. Mean peak vertical force (mPVF) was measured and clinical lameness scores were assigned before initiation of each treatment and 6, 12, and 24 hours after the final dose for each treatment.

Results—Compared with values obtained after administration of saline solution, mPVF was significantly increased at all posttreatment evaluation times when phenylbutazone was administered. Clinical lameness scores were significantly decreased 6 and 12 hours after administration of the final dose when phenylbutazone was administered at the low or high dosage but were significantly decreased 24 hours after treatment only when phenylbutazone was administered at the high dosage. No significant differences in mPVF and clinical lameness scores were found at any time when phenylbutazone was administered at the low versus high dosage.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the high dosage of phenylbutazone was not associated with greater analgesic effects, in terms of mPVF or lameness score, than was the low dosage. Considering that toxicity of phenylbutazone is related to dosage, the higher dosage may not be beneficial in chronically lame horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:414–417)
Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays performed on milk and serum samples for detection of paratuberculosis in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Hendrick Steven H. , Duffield Todd F. , Kelton David F. , Leslie Ken E. , Lissemore Kerry D. , Archambault Marie
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether results obtained for milk and serum samples with ELISAs intended for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cows were comparable to results obtained by means of mycobacterial culture of fecal samples.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—689 lactating dairy cows in 9 Ontario herds.

Procedure—Milk, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from all cows. Fecal samples were submitted for mycobacterial culture. Serum samples were tested with a commercially available ELISA for antibodies againstMycobacterium paratuberculosis, and preserved milk samples were tested with an indirect ELISA for antibodies againstM paratuberculosis.

Results—Results were positive for 130 of the 689 (18.9%) serum samples, 77 of the 689 (11.1%) milk samples, and 72 of the 689 (10.4%) fecal samples. The level of agreement between results for milk and serum samples was only moderate. Proportions of positive results for serum and fecal samples were significantly different, but proportions of positive results for milk and fecal samples were not significantly different. In addition, results for milk samples had a higher level of agreement with results of mycobacterial culture than did results for serum samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the indirect ELISA used on milk samples may be a convenient method of detecting paratuberculosis in dairy herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005; 226:424–428)
Effects of positive results for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis as determined by microbial culture of feces or antibody ELISA on results of caudal fold tuberculin test and interferon-γ assay for tuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Dunn John R. , Kaneene John B. , Grooms Daniel L. , Bolin Steven R. , Bolin Carole A. , Bruning-Fann Colleen S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether cattle testing positive forMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisasdetermined by microbial culture of feces or antibody ELISA were more likely to have false-positive responses on the caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) test or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assay forMycobacterium bovisthan cattle testing negative forM paratuberculosis.

Animals—1,043 cattle from 10 herds in Michigan.

Procedure—Feces and blood samples for plasma were collected from cattle ≥ 24 months old on the day the CFT test was read. Fecal samples were submitted for microbial culture forM paratuberculosis. Plasma samples were tested for antibody againstM paratuberculosis, and IFN-γ after stimulation with purified protein derivative tuberculin fromM bovisorM avium.

Results—Of 1,043 cattle, 180 (17.3%) had positive CFT test results (suspects) and 8 (0.8%) had positive IFN-γ assay results after stimulation with purified protein derivative tuberculin fromM bovis. Forty-five (4.3%) and 115 (11.0%) cattle tested positive forM paratuberculosisas determined by microbial culture of feces and antibody ELISA, respectively. Cattle with positive responses forM paratuberculosisappeared to have an increased likelihood of false-positive results on the CFT test, although this association was not significant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—No significant association was detected among cattle testing positive forM paratuberculosisas determined by microbial culture of feces and antibody ELISA and positive CFT test and IFN-γ assay results forM bovis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:429–435)
Epidemiologic features of Campylobacter infection among cats in the upper midwestern United States
Authors: Bender Jeffrey B. , Shulman Stephanie A. , Averbeck Gary A. , Pantlin Gayle C. , Stromberg Bert E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the epidemiologic features ofCamp-ylobacterinfection among cats in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.

Design—Prevalence survey.

Animals—152 cats examined at 3 private veterinary clinics and an animal humane society.

Procedures—Fecal samples were submitted for bacterial culture forCampylobacterspp. To determine the duration ofCampylobactercarriage, follow-up fecal samples were collected from cats with positiveCampylobacterculture results.

Results—Campylobacterorganisms were cultured from 37 of the 152 (24%) fecal samples.Campylobacterisolates were identified asCampylobacter upsaliensis(29 cats),Campylobacter jejuni(2), andCampylobacter coli(1); species of the remaining 5 isolates could not be determined.Campylobacterorganisms were isolated from 36 of the 122 (30%) cats that were ≤ 1 year old but from only 1 of the 30 (3%) cats that were > 1 year old, and shedding was more common during the summer and fall months. No association betweenCampylobactershedding and clinical signs of disease was identified. For 4 of 13 cats from which follow-up fecal samples were obtained, duration ofCampylobactercarriage could not be determined becauseCampylobacterorganisms were isolated from all follow-up samples. For the remaining 9 cats, median duration ofCampylobactercarriage was 44 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—C upsaliensiscan commonly be isolated from the feces of overtly healthy kittens in the Midwest United States. Because carriage may be prolonged, veterinarians should encourage good hand hygiene among owners of cats, especially among owners with new kittens in their household. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:544–547).
Secretion of sex hormones in dogs with adrenal dysfunction
Authors: Hill Kate E. , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine R. , Koshko Mark A. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Glickman Nita W. , Nelson Richard W. , Blevins William E. , Oliver Jack W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate adrenal sex hormone concentrations in response to ACTH stimulation in healthy dogs, dogs with adrenal tumors, and dogs with pituitary- dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—11 healthy control dogs, 9 dogs with adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (adenocarcinoma [ACA] or other tumor); 11 dogs with PDH, and 6 dogs with noncortisol-secreting adrenal tumors (ATs).

Procedure—Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs; physical examination findings; and results of ACTH stimulation test, low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, or both. Dogs with noncortisol-secreting ATs did not have hyperadrenocorticism but had ultrasonographic evidence of an AT. Concentrations of cortisol, androstenedione, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were measured before and 1 hour after IM administration of 0.25 mg of synthetic ACTH.

Results—All dogs with ACA, 10 dogs with PDH, and 4 dogs with ATs had 1 or more sex hormone concentrations greater than the reference range after ACTH stimulation. The absolute difference for progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone concentrations (value obtained after ACTH administration minus value obtained before ACTH administration) was significantly greater for dogs with ACA, compared with the other 3 groups. The absolute difference for androstenedione was significantly greater for dogs with ACA, compared with dogs with AT and healthy control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dogs with ACA secrete increased concentrations of adrenal sex hormones, compared with dogs with PDH, noncortisol-secreting ATs, and healthy dogs. Dogs with noncortisol-secreting ATs also have increased concentrations of sex hormones. There is great interdog variability in sex hormone concentrations in dogs with ACA after stimulation with ACTH. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:556–561)
Comparison of results of clinicians' assessments, cytologic examination of fine-needle lymph node aspirates, and flow cytometry for determination of remission status of lymphoma in dogs
Authors: Williams Laurel E. , Broussard Maia Tcheng , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Neel Jennifer
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine interclinician agreement
when assessing remission of lymphoma in dogs and
the association among results of clinicians' assessments
via lymph node palpation, cytologic examination
of fine-needle lymph node aspirates, and flow
cytometry as determinants of remission.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—23 dogs with untreated lymphoma.

Procedure—Two clinicians independently measured
large lymph nodes and cytologic examination and flow
cytometry of cells from a mandibular or popliteal lymph
node were performed 1 week prior to initiating treatment.
Lymph node measurements with clinicians'
remission assessments and cytologic examination
were repeated at weeks 2, 3, and 5; flow cytometry
was repeated at week 5.

Results—Significant correlation was identified
between clinicians' remission assessments. Significant
correlation between lymph node palpation and
cytologic examination was identified at week 5, but
not at weeks 2 and 3. Lymphoma was diagnosed in
16 of 23 (70%) dogs at initial evaluation by use of
flow cytometry, although it was of limited use at
subsequent evaluations and results were not diagnostic
of lymphoma in any dog at week 5, including
1 dog in which lymphoma was diagnosed cytologically.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results
suggested that physical examination and measurement
of lymph node volume may not be sufficient
for accurately determining remission, that flow
cytometry alone should not be relied on as a means
for diagnosis, and that cytologic examination of fineneedle
lymph node aspirates should be considered
as the most accurate means of determining remission
status at times in which treatment modifications
are considered. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:562–566)
Survival times in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma treated by means of surgical resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy: 23 cases (1986–2000)
Authors: Weisse Chick , Soares Nancy , Beal Matthew W. , Steffey Michele A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Henry Carolyn J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine survival times in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma treated by means of pericardectomy and tumor resection, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, and identify complications associated with treatment.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—23 dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were included only if the diagnosis was confirmed histologically.

Results—The most common initial complaints included acute collapse (8 [35%] dogs), anorexia or inappetence (8 [35%]), and lethargy (8 [35%]). The most common physical examination abnormalities included muffled heart sounds (12 [52%] dogs), tachycardia (7 [30%]), and weak pulses (7 [30%]). Postoperative complications developed in 12 (52%) dogs; however, most complications were minor. Twenty (87%) dogs were discharged from the hospital. Survival time was significantly longer in the 8 dogs that received adjuvant chemotherapy (mean, 164 days; median, 175 days) than in the 15 dogs that did not receive chemotherapy (mean, 46 days; median, 42 days). Dogs that received chemotherapy were significantly younger and had significantly lower WBC counts than did dogs that did not receive chemotherapy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in dogs with right atrial hemangiosarcoma, surgical resection of the tumor was associated with a low complication rate and complications that did arise typically were minor. In addition, use of adjuvant chemotherapy following resection was associated with significantly longer survival times, compared with resection alone. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:575–579)
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods
Authors: Sato Kenji , Bartlett Paul C. , Saeed Mahdi A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofEscherichia coliisolates cultured from fecal samples from cows and calves on dairy farms that used organic (ie, no or severely limited antimicrobial use) versus conventional production methods.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—Fecal samples from 10 cows and 10 calves on each of 30 organic dairy farms and 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms in Wisconsin.

Procedure—E coliisolates obtained from the fecal samples were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials by means of a microbroth dilution test. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was compared between organic and conventional dairy farms.

Results—E coliwas isolated from 1,121 (94%) fecal samples. Farm type (organic vs conventional) and animal age (cow vs calf) were significantly associated with odds thatE coliisolates would be resistant to various antimicrobials. After controlling for age, logistic regression analyses indicated that isolates from conventional dairy farms had significantly higher rates of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole than did isolates from organic dairy farms. However, no significant differences were detected for the 10 other antimicrobials that were tested.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that compared with isolates from conventional dairy farms,E coliisolates from organic dairy herds have significantly lower prevalences of resistance to 7 antimicrobials; however, prevalence of resistance was not significantly different for 10 other antimicrobials. Resistance was more common for isolates from calves than for isolates from adult dairy cows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:589–594)
Measurement of M-mode echocardiographic parameters in healthy adult Maine Coon cats
Authors: Drourr Lori , Lefbom Bonnie K. , Rosenthal Steven L. , Tyrrell William D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine reference values for M-mode echocardiographic parameters in nonsedated healthy adult Maine Coon cats and compare those values with data reported for nonsedated healthy adult domestic cats.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—105 healthy adult Maine Coon cats.

Procedure—Over a 3-year period, M-mode echocardiographic examinations (involving a standard right parasternal transthoracic technique) were performed on Maine Coon cats as part of prebreeding evaluations;values of M-mode parameters in healthy individuals were collected, and mean values were calculated for comparison with those reported for healthy adult domestic cats.

Results—The mean ± SD weight of Maine Coon cats was significantly greater than that of domestic cats. Mean values of left ventricular internal dimension at end diastole and end systole (LVIDd and LVIDs, respectively), interventricular septal thickness at end systole (IVSs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end systole (LVPWs), left atrial dimension at end systole (LADs), and aortic root dimension (Ao) in Maine Coon cats differed significantly from values in healthy domestic cats. The greatest differences detected between the 2 groups involved values of LVIDd, LADs, and Ao. Linear regression analysis revealed a weak but significant correlation between weight and each of LVIDd, LVPWs, IVSs, Ao, LADs, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values of several M-mode echocardiographic parameters in Maine Coon cats differ from those reported for domestic cats; these differences should be considered during interpretation of echocardiographic findings to distinguish between cardiac health and disease in this breed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:734–737)
Results of 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy following premedication with medetomidine or acepromazine
Authors: Väisänen Misse A-M. , Vainio Outi M. , Raekallio Marja R. , Hietanen Heikki , Huikuri Heikki V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate heart rate characteristics in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy following premedication with medetomidine or acepromazine.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—43 client-owned dogs.

Procedure—24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography was performed beginning approximately 1 hour prior to administration of premedications. Dogs were premedicated with medetomidine and butorphanol (n = 21) or acepromazine and butorphanol (22) and, approximately 85 minutes later, were anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane. Electrocardiographic recordings were examined to determine heart rate, cardiac conduction disturbances (ventricular premature complexes and atrioventricular block), and indices of heart rate variability (HRV).

Results—Minimum heart rate during the 24-hour recording period was significantly lower among dogs given medetomidine than among dogs given acepromazine, but during the postoperative period, heart rate increased in all dogs as they became physically active. Intraoperative time domain HRV indices were lower and the low frequency-to-high frequency ratio was higher among dogs given acepromazine than among dogs given medetomidine; however, significant differences between groups were no longer seen by 6 hours after surgery. There was no significant difference between groups with regard to the number of ventricular premature complexes or to values of scaling exponent α2 (a nonlinear measure of HRV).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that there are greater enhancements in vagally related heart rate indices in medetomidine-treated dogs that may persist until 6 hours after surgery. Despite the low heart rates, dogs given medetomidine showed expected responses to surgery and positional stimuli, and the 2 preanesthetic protocols may not result in different prevalences of ventricular premature complexes. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:738–745)
Prevalence and response to surgical treatment of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament avulsion in horses: 37 cases (1990–2001)
Authors: Beinlich Christopher P. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To clarify the diagnosis of avulsion of the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL), correlate avulsion of this ligament with lameness, determine the prevalence of avulsion of the LPICL in a hospital population, and evaluate the response to surgical removal of the avulsion fragment in horses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—37 horses with avulsion of the LPICL.

Procedure—Medical records and radiographs of horses with avulsion of the LPICL were reviewed; follow-up information was obtained from race records and from owners via a telephone survey.

Results–Of 6,418 horses evaluated for forelimb lameness from March 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001, 37 (0.5%) had avulsion of the LPICL; each horse had a discrete fragment associated with avulsion of the ligament origin from the ulnar carpal bone. Twenty-six horses underwent arthroscopic fragment removal; 20 of 22 (91%) horses for which follow-up information was available returned to work. Of 9 horses treated conservatively, 5 returned to work. Odds ratio calculations indicated that horses treated surgically were 8 times as likely to return to work than those not treated surgically. Twelve horses had LPICL avulsion without concurrent osteochondral fragmentation in the same or additional joints; follow-up information was available for 9 of those horses, of which 8 returned to athletic work.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, discrete avulsion of the LPICL can be a cause of lameness and arthroscopic debridement may be the treatment of choice. Prognosis for return to work of horses with avulsion of the LPICL is good. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:760–766)
Prevalence of and risk factors for paratuberculosis in purebred beef cattle
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Libal Melissa C. , Whitlock Robert L. , Hairgrove Thomas B. , Barling Kerry S. , Thompson James A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To estimate the prevalence of paratuberculosis in purebred beef cattle in Texas and identify risk factors for seropositivity.

Design—Epidemiologic survey.

Animals—4,579 purebred cattle from 115 beef ranches in Texas.

Procedure—Blood was collected, and serum was analyzed for antibodies with a commercial ELISA. Fecal samples were collected and frozen at −80°C until results of the ELISA were obtained, and feces from seropositive cattle were submitted for mycobacterial culture. Herd owners completed a survey form on management factors.

Results—Results of the ELISA were positive for 137 of the 4,579 (3.0%) cattle, and 50 of the 115 (43.8%) herds had at least 1 seropositive animal. Results of mycobacterial culture were positive for 10 of the 137 (7.3%) seropositive cattle, and 9 of the 50 (18%) seropositive herds had at least 1 animal for which results of mycobacterial culture were positive. Risk factors for seropositivity included water source, use of dairy-type nurse cows, previous clinical signs of paratuberculosis, species of cattle (Bos taurus vs Bos indicus), and location.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that seroprevalence of paratuberculosis among purebred beef cattle in Texas may be greater than seroprevalence among beef cattle in the United States as a whole; however, this difference could be attributable to breed or regional differences in infection rates or interference by cross-reacting organisms. Veterinarians should be aware of risk factors for paratuberculosis as well as the possibility that unexpected serologic results may be found in some herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:773–778)
Assessment of the effect of gastrointestinal nematode infestation on weight gain in grazing beef cattle
Authors: Mertz Keith J. , Hildreth Michael B. , Epperson William B.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the effect of subclinical, naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infestation on weight gain in yearling cattle kept on pasture.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—799Bos taurusyearlings kept on pasture with 2,805 herd mates in eastern and central South Dakota.

Procedure—11 trials were initiated at 9 sites from 1999 through 2001. For each trial, approximately 10% of cattle in each site's pasture group were identified, weighed, and administered a bolus of ivermectin (sustained-release formulation) prior to turnout. A similar subgroup of nontreated control cattle was identified and weighed prior to turnout. For each trial, treated and control groups remained with the larger pasture group throughout the entire grazing season. At the end of the grazing season, weight measurements and fecal samples were obtained from all treated and control cattle; average daily grazing gain was calculated and compared between these 2 groups.

Results—Treatment of grazing cattle with ivermectin increased average daily gain by 0.0459 ± 0.01 kg/head/d (mean ± SEM; 0.1 ± 0.02 lb/head/d), compared with that achieved in control cattle. Control cattle had significantly greater fecal egg counts at grazing season end than treated cattle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with anthelmintic-treated cattle, yearling cattle with naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematode infestations kept on pasture in the US Northern Plains had a decreased average daily gain equivalent to 6.6 kg (14.5 lb) less gain in a 143-day grazing season. Strategies for control of nematode populations in pastures should be considered to ameliorate this production loss. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:779–783)
Evaluation of a method of intracoelomic catheterization in koi
Authors: Lewbart Gregory A. , Butkus Deborah A. , Papich Mark G. , Coleman Angela K. , Krum Howard N. , Noga Edward J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop an easy and safe method for catheterization and determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin after intracoelomic administration in koi.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—20 healthy koi.

Procedure—6 koi were anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate, and a 23-gauge, three-fourths-inch butterfly catheter was inserted into the coelomic cavity and secured. Catheters were flushed daily for 6 days with 0.4 mL of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution containing heparin (100 units of heparin in 250 mL of saline solution) without removing koi from the aquarium. At the end of the sixth day (144 hours), each of the 6 catheterized koi and 6 uncatheterized (control) koi was anesthetized individually. Enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb]) was administered to catheterized koi via the injection port and to control koi via a 23-gauge needle in the same site as the catheter placement. A pharmacokinetics study was performed on multiple plasma samples to validate the efficiency of the catheter. Reliability of the catheterization method was determined in 8 koi.

Results—All 6 catheters remained patent and effective for the 6 days prior to the start of the pharmacokinetics study. Results for the 2 routes of administration were comparable, and all koi survived the study without any detectable clinical problems.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An intracoelomic catheter was effective and safe when maintained in koi for at least 6 days. This would be highly beneficial for veterinarians, clients, and fish, especially when intracoelomic administration of a drug would require daily or more frequent dosing. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226: 784–788)
Evaluation of biochemical analytes in vitreous humor collected after death in West Indian manatees
Authors: Varela René A. , Bossart Gregory D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate biochemical analytes in vitreous humor collected after death in West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris).

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—73 West Indian manatees of various ages and both sexes.

Procedure—The condition of manatee carcasses submitted for routine postmortem examination was categorized as fresh, moderately autolyzed, or severely autolyzed. The eyes were removed, frozen for shipping, and thawed on arrival at the laboratory. Vitreous humor was extracted, and various biochemical analytes were measured. Values for each analyte were compared with published reference ranges for corresponding biochemical analytes in serum. Values were also compared among the carcass condition groups.

Results—Creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations in vitreous humor were significantly higher in severely autolyzed carcasses than in fresh carcasses. Potassium concentrations in vitreous humor were significantly higher in moderately autolyzed carcasses than in fresh carcasses but were highly variable in severely autolyzed carcasses. These data were consistent with those reported in other species.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that measurement of biochemical analytes in vitreous humor of manatees is feasible and has potential for assisting in the postmortem diagnosis of certain metabolic, renal, and nutritional diseases; determining severity of autolysis at time of necropsy; and determining the time of occurrence of human-induced trauma. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:88–92)
Evaluation of aerobic bacteriologic culture of epidermal collarette specimens in dogs with superficial pyoderma
Authors: White Stephen D. , Brown Amy E. , Chapman Phillip L. , Jang Spencer S. , Ihrke Peter J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate a method of aerobic bacteriologic culture of epidermal collarette specimens from dogs with superficial pyoderma and compare results with those for aerobic bacteriologic culture of abdominal skin specimens in healthy dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—22 dogs with epidermal collarettes and 24 healthy dogs.

Procedure–Dry sterile cotton swabs were rolled across epidermal collarettes or hairless areas of abdominal skin in healthy dogs and submitted for aerobic bacteriologic culture. Hemolytic colonies of gram-positive–staining cocci were tested for catalase production, and if results were positive, a coagulase test was performed. Colonies with coagulase activity were tested for the ability to ferment mannitol. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on allStaphylococcusspp that were isolated.

Results–S intermediuswas isolated from collarettes in 18 of 22 dogs with superficial pyoderma but not from healthy dogs. Estimated sensitivity and specificity of the culture method were 81.8% and 100%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the ability to cultureS intermedius, the number ofS intermediusisolates without resistance to antimicrobials, and the number ofS intermediusisolates resistant to penicillin G when comparing dogs with superficial pyoderma for the first time and dogs with recurrent pyoderma, dogs that did or did not receive concurrent antimicrobials, and dogs with and without underlying allergic disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance–Bacteriologic culture of epidermal collarette specimens was a simple and reliable method for identification of S intermedius in dogs with superficial pyoderma, regardless of history of pyoderma or current antimicrobial use. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:904–908)
Analgesic efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in onychectomized cats
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Howe Lisa B. , Peterson Kurt D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of preemptive administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in cats undergoing onychectomy or onychectomy and neutering.

Design—Randomized controlled study.

Animals—64 female and 74 male cats that were 4 to 192 months old and weighed 1.09 to 7.05 kg (2.4 to 15.5 lb).

Procedure—Cats received meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg [0.14 mg/lb], SC) or butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], SC) 15 minutes after premedication and prior to anesthesia. A single blinded observer measured physiologic variables, assigned analgesia and lameness scores, and withdrew blood samples for each cat at baseline and throughout the 24 hours after surgery. Rescue analgesia (butorphanol, 0.4 mg/kg, IV or SC) or administration of acepromazine (0.025 to 0.05 mg/kg [0.011 to 0.023 mg/lb], IV) was allowed.

Results—Meloxicam-treated cats were less lame and had lower pain scores. Cortisol concentration was higher at extubation and lower at 1, 5, and 12 hours in the meloxicam-treated cats. Fewer meloxicam-treated cats required rescue analgesia at 3, 5, 12, and 24 hours after extubation. General impression scores were excellent or good in 75% of meloxicam-treated cats and 44% of butorphanol-treated cats. There was no treatment effect on buccal bleeding time; PCV and BUN concentration decreased in both groups, and glucose concentration decreased in meloxicam-treated cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Preoperative administration of meloxicam improved analgesia for 24 hours without clinically relevant adverse effects in cats that underwent onychectomy or onychectomy and neutering and provided safe, extended analgesia, compared with butorphanol. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:913–919)
Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984–2002)
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Wooden Brent G. , Adin Christopher A. , Stone Elizabeth A. , Gregory Clare R. , Mathews Kyle G. , Cowgill Larry D. , Vaden Shelly , Nyland Thomas G. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—163 client-owned cats.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed, and information on signalment, history, clinical signs, and results of clinicopathologic testing and diagnostic imaging was obtained.

Results—The number of cats in which ureterolithiasis was diagnosed each year increased progressively during the study period. Clinical signs tended to be nonspecific and included inappetence, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss. A combination of survey radiography and abdominal ultrasonography revealed ureteral calculi in 66 of 73 (90%) cats in which the diagnosis was confirmed at surgery or necropsy. Ultrasonography revealed that ureteral calculi were causing ureteral obstruction in 143 of 155 (92%) cats. One hundred thirty-four of 162 (83%) cats had azotemia, 84 of 156 (54%) had hyperphosphatemia, and 22 of 152 (14%) had hypercalcemia. Urinary tract infection was documented in 10 of 119 (8%). Fifty-eight of 76 (76%) cats with unilateral ureterolithiasis had azotemia and 33 (43%) had hyperphosphatemia, indicating impairment of renal function in the contralateral kidney or prerenal azotemia. Ultrasonographic imaging of the contralateral kidney in cats with unilateral ureteral calculi suggested that preexisting renal parenchymal disease was common in cats with ureterolithiasis. Ninety-one of 93 (98%) ureteral calculi contained calcium oxalate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that abdominal imaging should be performed in all cats with chronic nonspecific signs or with acute or chronic renal failure to rule out ureterolithiasis. Preexisting renal disease may be common in cats with ureteral calculi. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226: 932–936)
Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984–2002)
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Wooden Brent G. , Adin Christopher A. , Stone Elizabeth A. , Gregory Clare R. , Mathews Kyle G. , Cowgill Larry D. , Vaden Shelly , Nyland Thomas G. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine outcome of medical and surgical treatment in cats with ureteral calculi.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—153 cats.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information.

Results—All cats were initially treated medically before a decision was made to perform surgery. Medical treatment included parenteral administration of fluids and diuretics to promote urine production and passage of the ureteral calculus and supportive treatment for renal failure. Ureteral calculi in the proximal portion of the ureter were typically removed by ureterotomy, whereas ureteral calculi in the distal portion of the ureter were more likely to be removed by partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy. Ureterotomy could be performed without placement of a nephrostomy tube for postoperative urine diversion. Postoperative complication rate and perioperative mortality rate were 31% and 18%, respectively. The most common postoperative complications were urine leakage and persistent ureteral obstruction after surgery. Chronic renal failure was common at the time of diagnosis and continued after treatment, with serum creatinine concentration remaining greater than the upper reference limit in approximately half the cats. Twelve-month survival rates after medical and surgical treatment were 66% and 91%, respectively, with a number of cats dying of causes related to urinary tract disorders, including ureteral calculus recurrence and worsening of chronic renal failure.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that medical and surgical management of ureteral calculi in cats are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Treatment can stabilize renal function, although many surviving cats will continue to have impaired renal function. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:937–944)
Surgical and nonsurgical management of sagittal slab fractures of the third carpal bone in racehorses: 32 cases (1991–2001)
Authors: Kraus Beth M. , Ross Michael W. , Boston Raymond C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare results (ie, return to racing
and earnings per race start) of surgical versus nonsurgical
management of sagittal slab fractures of the
third carpal bone in racehorses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—32 racehorses (19 Thoroughbreds, 11
Standardbreds, and 2 Arabians).

Procedure—Medical records and radiographs were
reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment
and treatment. Follow-up information was obtained
from race records. Robust regression analysis was
performed to evaluate earnings per start in horses
that raced at least once before and after injury.

Results—22 (69%) horses raced at least once after
treatment of the fracture. All 7 horses treated by
means of interfragmentary compression raced after
treatment, and horses that underwent interfragmentary
compression had significantly higher earnings
per start after the injury than did horses treated without
surgery. Eight of 9 horses treated by means of
arthroscopic debridement of the damaged cartilage
and bone raced after treatment, but only 7 of 16 horses
treated without surgery (ie, stall rest) were able to
return to racing after treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that racehorses with sagittal slab fractures of the
third carpal bone have a favorable prognosis for return
to racing after treatment. Horses treated surgically
were more likely to race after treatment than were
horses treated without surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2005;226:945–950)
Evaluation of patterns of removal and associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits in swine breeding herds
Authors: Anil Sukumarannair S. , Anil Leena , Deen John
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize pattens of removal and evaluate the associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits among culled gilts and sows.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—Data from a convenience sample of 11 farms pertaining to the removal of 51,795 gilts and sows from January 1991 to December 2002. Mean culling and mortality (death and euthanasia) rates for all inventoried gilts and sows ranged from 23% to 50% and 4.7% to 9.5%, respectively.

Procedure—An analysis of categories of removal (cull, death, or euthanasia) and reasons for removal of gilts and sows was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations among culling because of lameness and sow productivity traits among culled gilts and sows.

Results—Among sows that were removed, the proportion of parity ≥ 1 sows that died (both death and euthanasia) was > 3 times the proportion of parity ≥ 1 sows that were culled within 20 days after farrowing. Among lame sows that were removed, the proportion of parity ≥ 1 sows that died (death and euthanasia) was higher than the proportion of parity ≥ 1 sows that were culled within 20 days after farrowing. Among sows that were removed, the proportion of sows that died (deaths and euthanasia) was higher during lactation than nonlactation. This was also observed among lame sows that were removed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The proportion of death among removed sows, especially lame sows, was higher during lactation than nonlactation. Results indicated that risk of death is not the same for sows throughout their lifetime. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:956–961)
Perioperative survival rates after surgery for diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats: 92 cases (1990–2002)
Authors: Gibson Thomas W. G. , Brisson Brigitte A. , Sears William
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the survival rates of dogs
and cats that underwent surgical treatment for traumatic
diaphragmatic hernia within 24 hours of admission
and determine whether timing of surgery affected
perioperative survival rate.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—63 dogs and 29 cats treated surgically for
traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed to evaluate
associations between perioperative survival rates and
variables including timing of surgery in relation to admission
and acute versus chronic diaphragmatic hernia.

Results—Among the 92 animals, 82 (89.1%) were
discharged alive after surgery. Sixty-four (69.6%)
patients received surgical intervention within 12
hours of admission, and 84 (91.3%) received surgical
intervention within 24 hours of admission. Median
time from admission to discharge was 4 days (2 to 33
days). Data for acute cases (68 dogs and cats) were
analyzed separately. Sixty-three (92.6%) patients with
acute diaphragmatic hernia received surgical intervention
within 24 hours of admission to the hospital,
and 59 (93.7%) of these patients were discharged
alive. Twenty-nine (42.6%) patients with acute
diaphragmatic hernia received surgical intervention
within 24 hours of trauma, and 26 of 29 (89.7%)
patients were discharged alive. An overall acute and
chronic perioperative survival rate of 89.7% was
observed in dogs and cats that received surgical intervention
within 24 hours of admission.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results in 68
dogs and cats that underwent surgery within 24 hours
of admission suggested that early surgical intervention
for acute diaphragmatic hernia was associated with
good perioperative survival rates. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2005;227:105–109)
Effect of premolar and molar occlusal angle on feed digestibility, water balance, and fecal particle size in horses
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Cymbaluk Nadia F. , Townsend Hugh G. G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether occlusal angle of the premolar and molar teeth (ie, molar occlusal angle) was associated with feed digestibility, water balance, or fecal particle size in adult horses.

Design—Observational study.

Animals—40 pregnant mares ranging from 3 to 19 years old.

Procedure—The horses were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 feeding groups with 8 horses/group. Horses were sedated, and molar occlusal angle was measured with 2 methods. An oral examination was performed, and total number of dental abnormalities was recorded. Feed digestibility, water balance, and fecal particle size were measured 7 and 16 weeks later.

Results—Molar occlusal angle ranged from 6.3° to 19.3° and was not significantly associated with feed digestibility, water balance, or fecal particle size. The number of dental abnormalities was not associated with feed digestibility. Molar occlusal angle did not vary significantly with horse age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that molar occlusal angles between 6° and 19° do not adversely affect feed digestibility, water balance, or fecal particle size in adult horses. Additionally, there was no association between age and molar occlusal angle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:110–113)