bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Level of Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland—A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Zalewska Anna , Gałczyk Monika , Van Damme-Ostapowicz Katarzyna
Published: June 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the level of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Methods: The online survey was conducted among Polish adult citizens (204 respondents) with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. The level of depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory in Polish. Results: Depressive symptoms of moderate or severe degree appeared in about every fourth person. Women were characterised with higher mean depression scores. In the group of men, significant correlations were found between mental condition and age—the higher the age, the higher the values of depression measures. Those who were asymptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 had the best results—a lack of depression, while those who were fully symptomatic had the worst results—major depressive disorder. Conclusions: There is a need for further research and monitoring of mental health in specific population groups. It is necessary to plan preventive measures to prevent the negative effects of the pandemic, especially in women. Specialist support should be implemented during and after the pandemic.
Telehome Monitoring of Symptoms and Lung Function in Children with Asthma
Authors: Fossati Audrey , Challier Caroline , Dalhoumi Aman Allah , Rose Javier , Robinson Annick , Perisson Caroline , Galode François , Luaces Baptiste , Fayon Michael
Published: June 2022

Background: The ability to perceive bronchial obstruction is variable in asthma. This is one of the main causes of inaccurate asthma control assessment, on which therapeutic strategies are based. Objective: Primary: To evaluate the ability of physicians to characterize the bronchial obstruction perception profile in asthmatic children using a clinical and spiro-metric telemonitoring device. Secondary: To evaluate its impact on asthma management (control, treatment, respiratory function variability) and the acceptability of this telemonitoring system. Methods: 26 asthmatic children aged 6–18 years equipped with a portable spirometer and a smartphone application were home-monitored remotely for 3 months. Clinical and spiro-metric data were automatically transmitted to a secure internet platform. By analyzing these data, three physicians blindly and independently classified the patients according to their perception profile. The impact of telemonitoring on the quantitative data was assessed at the beginning (T0) and end (T3 months) of telemonitoring, using matched statistical tests. Results: Patients could initially be classified according to their perception profile, with a concordance between the three observers of 64% (kappa coefficient: 0.55, 95%CI [0.39; 0.71]). After discussion among the observers, consensus was reached for all patients but one. There was a significant >40% decrease in FEV1 and PEF variability, with good acceptance of the device. Conclusions: Clinical and spiro-metric tele-home monitoring is applicable and can help define the perception profile of bronchial obstruction in asthmatic children. The device was generally well accepted.
Analyses of Pepper Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase Gene Family and Cloning of CcCCR1/2 and Their Function Identification in the Formation of Pungency
Authors: Wu Dan , Ni Miao , Lei Xin , Zhang Liping , Zhang Wei , Shu Huangying , Wang Zhiwei , Zhu Jie , Cheng Shanhan , Liu Pingwu , Lv Honghao , Yang Limei
Published: June 2022

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductases (CCR) have a possible role in pungency formation of pepper because they can convert feruloyl-CoA, sinapoyl-CoA, and p-coumaroyl-CoA into lignin, which are also competitive precursors of capsaicin biosynthesis in phenylpropanoid metabolism. In this study, genome-wide CCR gene family, exon–intron structures, sequence homology, phylogenetic characterization, and promoters were analyzed in pepper. Two CCR genes were cloned from Capsicum chinense, their enzymic kinetic parameters and regulatory function were identified by heterologous expression, ectopic expression, and VIGS. In total, 38 genes were found as predicted CCRs or CCR-like proteins and were composed of 2–10 exons. The promoters of pepper CCRs contained growth, stress, hormone, and light-response elements. The affinity and catalytic efficiency of CcCCR1/2 to feruolyl-CoA was the highest. The analysis of metabolic substances showed that capsaicin content was negatively correlated with lignin and positively correlated with flavonoids. The highest expression of CcCCR1 was found in stems, the higher expression of CcCCR2 was found in stem and early fruit than other organs. CCR1, 2 had certain effects on capsaicin content by regulating related enzyme activity, CCR2 played a more important role in regulating pungency formation. Our results clarify the competitive mechanism between lignin and capsaicin biosynthesis and provide an explanation for spice regulation.
Quantitatively Unravelling the Impact of High Altitude on Oolong Tea Flavor from Camellia sinensis Grown on the Plateaus of Tibet
Authors: Chen Peifen , Cai Jiarong , Zheng Peng , Yuan Yugui , Tsewang Wugyan , Chen Yuchun , Xiao Xi , Liao Jinmei , Sun Binmei , Liu Shaoqun
Published: June 2022

The plateaus of Tibet have a unique climate that poses a great challenge for local agriculture. To promote sustainable development in Tibet, an elite tea variety has been introduced. However, the modifications of tea flavors in response to the climate of the plateaus are unknown. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other taste substances of tea planted in its original location (OOT) and in Tibet (TOT) were systematically analyzed and compared. The volatile components in TOT and OOT showed a slight difference, and principal component analysis revealed that the characteristic aroma compounds distinguishing tea grown in Tibet from tea grown in Guangdong were hotrienol and benzyl alcohol. In terms of taste substances, TOT exhibited higher levels of water extractable compounds, including polyphenols and amino acids, but lower levels of caffeine than OOT, which implies that TOT may taste better than OOT. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the changes in aroma and flavor profiles of tea induced by high altitude systematically, which will provide a basis for reference during the introduction and cultivation of tea crops to the plateaus of Tibet.
Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Equipment in a Greenhouse Pepper Crop
Authors: Sánchez-Hermosilla Julián , Pérez-Alonso José , Martínez-Carricondo Patricio , Carvajal-Ramírez Fernando , Agüera-Vega Francisco
Published: June 2022

Greenhouse vegetable production is of great importance in southern Europe. It is a cultivation system characterised by a high planting density and environmental conditions that favour the development of pests and diseases. Although alternatives to chemical pest and disease control have been used over recent years in greenhouse crops, it is still mostly plant protection products that are used to protect crops and prevent crop losses. Hand-held spraying equipment is mainly used to apply plant protection products to this type of crop. This equipment is technologically basic, offering low deposition efficiency in the plant canopy, high losses to the ground, and a high risk of worker exposure. In this context, it is important to utilise technologies that reduce the problems associated with using the conventional hand-held sprayers in greenhouses. This study evaluated the deposition and uniformity in the plant canopy and the losses to the ground when applying plant protection products with an electrostatic hand-held sprayer; the results were then compared with applications carried out using a conventional hand-held sprayer. For this purpose, a colorimetric method has been used based on the application of a tartrazine solution. The tests showed that the electrostatic spraying equipment increased the plant canopy deposition by 1.48 times that of the hand-held spray gun, resulting in a 48% reduction in the application rate. There was also a 1.78-times increase in deposition on the underside of the leaves and a 36.36% reduction in losses to the ground. In general, the electrostatic hand-held sprayer improves the effectiveness of the plant canopy deposition and reduces losses to the ground compared to the hand-held spray gun commonly used in pest and disease control.
Effects of Edaphic Fertilization and Foliar Application of Se and Zn Nanoparticles on Yield and Bioactive Compounds in Malus domestica L.
Authors: Montaño-Herrera Anay , Santiago-Saenz Yair Olovaldo , López-Palestina César Uriel , Cadenas-Pliego Gregorio , Pinedo-Guerrero Zeus H. , Hernández-Fuentes Alma Delia , Pinedo-Espinoza José Manuel
Published: June 2022

In this study, we evaluated the effects of edaphic fertilization with N, P, and K (150-50-80, 100-60-60, and without edaphic fertilization (SFE)) and foliar fertilization with nanoparticles (NPs) of Se and Zn (Se: 50 ppm, Zn: 250 ppm, and no nanoparticles (NP0)) on the yield and antioxidant compounds of apple fruits. We conducted this study in a 20-year-old commercial orchard. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design of nine treatments. The treatments with fertilization doses of 150-50-80 and 100-60-60, supplemented with Se and Zn NPs, generally increased the yield, sugar content, and ascorbic acid of the apple fruits. The SFE + NPZn treatment produced the highest increase (+193% compared with the control) in fruit yield. The SFE + NPSe and SFE + NPZn treatments led to higher contents of phenols and flavonoids, with maximum values of 7.6 mg GAE and 15.82 mg QE per gram of dry weight. These compounds presented a direct correlation with the antioxidant activity in the fruits. The foliar application of Se and Zn nanoparticles supplemented the soil fertilization with N, P, and K to improve the yield and bioactive-compound synthesis of the apple fruits.
Hydrogen Storage Properties of a New Ti-V-Cr-Zr-Nb High Entropy Alloy
Authors: Bouzidi Anis , Laversenne Laetitia , Nassif Vivian , Elkaim Erik , Zlotea Claudia
Published: June 2022

We are reporting the synthesis, the physicochemical, and the hydrogen sorption properties of a novel bcc high entropy alloy Ti0.30V0.25Cr0.10Zr0.10Nb0.25. At room temperature, the alloy rapidly absorbs hydrogen reaching a capacity of 2.0 H/M (3.0 wt.%) and forming a dihydride with fcc structure, as confirmed by both synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. The absorption Pressure–Composition Isotherms corroborated with synchrotron X-ray diffraction prove that the reaction with hydrogen occurs within two steps, i.e., bcc alloy → bcc monohydride → fcc dihydride. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the second step transformation evidence the formation of a stable dihydride with ΔHabs = −75 kJ/molH2. The phase transition during hydrogen/deuterium desorption was investigated by in situ synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction confirming a reversible reaction with hydrogen. Furthermore, the cycling properties show a decrease of the capacity over the first cycles followed by a stabilization at 2.44 wt.%, whereas the absorption kinetics improve after the first cycle reaching full capacity after only 30 s at room temperature.
COVID-19 Variants in Critically Ill Patients: A Comparison of the Delta and Omicron Variant Profiles
Authors: Corriero Alberto , Ribezzi Mario , Mele Federica , Angrisani Carmelinda , Romaniello Fabio , Daleno Antonio , Loconsole Daniela , Centrone Francesca , Chironna Maria , Brienza Nicola
Published: June 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease is a pandemic that has disrupted many human lives, threatening people’s physical and mental health. Each pandemic wave struck in different ways, infectiveness-wise and mortality-wise. This investigation focuses on critically ill patients affected by the last two variants, Delta and Omicron, and aims to analyse if any difference exists between the two groups. Methods: intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 consecutive admissions between 1 October 2021 and 31 March 2022 were recorded daily, and data concerning the patients’ demographics, variants, main comorbidities, ICU parameters on admission, and the outcome were analysed by a univariate procedure and by a multivariate analysis. Results: 65 patients were enrolled, 31 (47.69%) belonging to the Omicron versus 34 (52.31%) to the Delta group. The mortality rate was 52.94% for the Omicron group versus 41.9% for the Delta group. A univariate analysis showed that the Omicron variant was associated with total comorbidities number, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), pre-existing pulmonary disease, vaccination status, and acute kidney injury (AKI). In stepwise multivariate analysis, the total number of comorbidities was positively associated with the Omicron group, while pulmonary embolism was negatively correlated with the Omicron group. Conclusion: Omicron appears to have lost some of the hallmarks of the Delta variant, such as endothelialitis and more limited cellular tropism when it comes to the patients in the ICU. Further studies are encouraged to explore different therapeutic approaches to treat critical patients with COVID-19.
Oral Hygiene in Adolescence: A Questionnaire-Based Study
Authors: Sbricoli Luca , Bernardi Lia , Ezeddine Fatima , Bacci Christian , Di Fiore Adolfo
Published: June 2022

Oral health is fundamental to our well-being, especially in adolescence. The aim of this study is to investigate oral hygiene knowledge through a questionnaire in a sample of adolescents, paying particular attention to those wearing orthodontic braces. The study was designed as a descriptive report of a local survey. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to individuals born between 2000 and 2005, both on paper and online. Among 213 adolescents answering the questionnaire, 206 went to the dentist at least once (most of them between 5 and 9 years old), and 144 experienced at least one session of professional oral hygiene. Approximately 83% of the sample brushed their teeth at least twice a day, while only 7% used dental floss daily. Only 54% of respondents wearing orthodontic braces were advised to undergo professional oral hygiene during their orthodontic treatment. Education on oral hygiene at home came only from their parents for 61% of the whole sample. Most respondents had their first visit to the dentist apparently too late. Flossing was rare, whether the adolescents wore orthodontic braces or not. In many cases, professional oral hygiene was not common during orthodontic treatment. Adolescents did not learn about oral hygiene from a dental specialist.
Tranexamic Acid for Postpartum Hemorrhage Treatment in Low-Resource Settings: A Rapid Scoping Review
Authors: Tran Nguyen Toan , Bar-Zeev Sarah , Schulte-Hillen Catrin , Zeck Willibald
Published: June 2022

Tranexamic acid (TXA) effectively reduces bleeding in women with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in hospital settings. To guide policies and practices, this rapid scoping review undertaken by two reviewers aimed to examine how TXA is utilized in lower-level maternity care settings in low-resource settings. Articles were searched in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Emcare, the Maternity and Infant Care Database, the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Practice Database, and the Cochrane Library from January 2011 to September 2021. We included non-randomized and randomized research looking at the feasibility, acceptability, and health system implications in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Relevant information was retrieved using pre-tested forms. Findings were descriptively synthesized. Out of 129 identified citations, 23 records were eligible for inclusion, including 20 TXA effectiveness studies, two economic evaluations, and one mortality modeling. Except for the latter, all the studies were conducted in lower-middle-income countries and most occurred in tertiary referral hospitals. When compared to placebo or other medications, TXA was found effective in both treating and preventing PPH during vaginal and cesarean delivery. If made available in home and clinic settings, it can reduce PPH-related mortality. TXA could be cost-effective when used with non-surgical interventions to treat refractory PPH. Capacity building of service providers appears to need time-intensive training and supportive monitoring. No studies were exploring TXA acceptability from the standpoint of providers, as well as the implications for health governance and information systems. There is a scarcity of information on how to prepare the health system and services to incorporate TXA in lower-level maternity care facilities in low-resource settings. Implementation research is critically needed to assist practitioners and decision-makers in establishing a TXA-inclusive PPH treatment package to reduce PPH-related death and disability.
Editorial: International Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Social Work
Authors: Campbell Jim , Brophy Lisa , Davidson Gavin
Published: June 2022

The following collection of articles reflects the diversity of research, policy and practice in mental health social work in a range of international contexts [...]
Placental Syndromes—A New Paradigm in Perinatology
Authors: Kosińska-Kaczyńska Katarzyna
Published: June 2022

Placental syndromes include pregnancy loss, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and intrauterine fetal demise. This paper discusses the common etiopathogenesis of those syndromes and the role of angiogenic biomarkers in their development. Pregnancy implantation, placental development and maternal adaptation are complex processes in which fetal and maternal cells interact. The syncytiotrophoblast, trophoblast, uterine natural killer cells and regulatory T cells interfere and interact in all the above-mentioned processes. The proper angioneogenesis and vasculogenesis of the placenta, as well as maternal circulatory adaptation, are dependent on angiogenic factor expression. Insufficient maternal immunotolerance, dysregulation in uterine natural killer or regulatory T cell function, syncytiotrophoblast and trophoblast ischemia and hypoxia or impaired balance in angiogenic factors are all related to the occurrence of placental syndromes. Differences in the time of impairment onset and its intensity and correlation with other dysfunctions result in the development of a specific syndrome. The clinical manifestations in the form of a combination of specific symptoms determine the diagnosis. However, they are just symptoms of an underlying complex trophoblast disorder.
Cyber-Victimization Experience among Higher Education Students: Effects of Social Support, Loneliness, and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Heiman Tali , Olenik-Shemesh Dorit
Published: June 2022

Most of the research literature on cyberbullying (CB) has focused on adolescents, but due to their intensive, unsupervised use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT), higher education students are at high risk of being involved in CB. The current study examined the nature of CB among 1004 higher education students. In addition, we explored the relationships between cyber-victimization, social support, loneliness, and self-efficacy. For that purpose, we applied a path analysis model (PA) to explain the effect of each variable on the cyber-victimization experience, expecting that high levels of loneliness and low levels of self-efficacy will predict cyber-victimization, but might be moderated and reduced by high levels of social support. Results revealed that social support moderated the relationships between these socio-emotional variables and cyber-victimization, and might serve as a protective factor. These findings on young adults may contribute to the understanding of the nature of cyber-victimization throughout the life cycle. Nowadays, academic institutions are facing an uphill effort in trying to restrain online misbehavior. In view of the findings, higher education policy could help facilitate coping with CB through student support and focused intervention programs.
Development of a Patient Decision Aid to Support Shared Decision Making for Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma
Authors: Sorensen von Essen Helle , Poulsen Frantz Rom , Dahlrot Rikke Hedegaard , Piil Karin , Steffensen Karina Dahl
Published: June 2022

When high-grade gliomas recur, patients, their families, and clinicians face difficult medical decisions. There is no curable treatment, and the treatment options all come with a risk of complications and adverse effects. The patients are often cognitively affected, and they need tailored decision support. The objective of this study was to develop a patient decision aid (PtDA) targeted at patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Based on existing knowledge and the International Patient Decision Aids Standards, the PtDA was developed through an iterative process. The PtDA was alpha-tested by potential users to assess its acceptability and usability. The development team comprised three clinicians, two patients, two family members, and a researcher. The fifth version of the PtDA was submitted to the alpha test. Eleven patients, nine family members, and eleven clinicians assessed the PtDA and found it acceptable. Three changes were made during the alpha test. Most participants perceived the PtDA to prepare patients for decision making and improve consultations. The involvement of potential users was emphasized during the development and alpha test process. The PtDA was assessed as useful and acceptable by patients, family members, and clinicians in the decision-making situation of recurrent high-grade glioma.
Trazodone Prolonged-Release Monotherapy in Cannabis Dependent Patients during Lockdown Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Series
Authors: Mazza Marianna , Caroppo Emanuele , Marano Giuseppe , Kotzalidis Georgios D. , Avallone Carla , Camardese Giovanni , Janiri Delfina , Moccia Lorenzo , Simonetti Alessio , Janiri Luigi , Sani Gabriele
Published: June 2022

(1) Background: During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, cannabis use increased relative to pre-pandemic levels, while forced home confinement frequently caused sleep/wake cycle disruptions, psychological distress, and maladaptive coping strategies with the consequent appearance of anxiety symptoms and their potential impact on substance use problems. (2) Aim: Long-acting trazodone (150 mg or 300 mg daily) has a potential benefit as monotherapy in patients with cannabis use disorder. The present work aims to investigate the effectiveness of trazodone in optimizing the condition of people with cannabis dependence under pandemic conditions. (3) Methods: All cases with cannabis use disorder were uniformly treated with long-acting trazodone 150 mg or 300 mg/day; their craving and clinical status were monitored through appropriate psychometric scales. Side effects were recorded as they were reported by patients. We described the cases of three young patients—one man and two women—who were affected by chronic cannabis use disorder and who experienced lockdown-related psychological distress and sought psychiatric help. (4) Results: The described cases highlight that the once-a-day formulation of trazodone seems to have a therapeutic role in patients with cannabis use disorder and to guarantee tolerability and efficacy over time. No significant side effects emerged. (5) Conclusions: The use of long-acting trazodone (150 mg or 300 mg daily) has a potential benefit as monotherapy in patients with cannabis use disorder. Trazodone deserves to be studied in terms of its efficacy for cannabis use disorder.
An Exploration of Dance Learning Stress Sources of Elementary School Dance Class Students with Artistic Abilities: The Influences of Psychological Capital and Self-Concept
Authors: Huang Hsiu-Chin , Hsieh Huey-Hong , Chang Chia-Ming , Lu Yung-Chien , Mui Wui-Chiu
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors which may cause the increase of students’ stress in dance class in elementary school. In this study, students’ demographic variables, psychological capital (which includes four sub-constructs), and self-concept (which includes five sub-constructs) were used as predicting variables to estimate their influences on dance class students’ stress level. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 450 elementary art talent class students with 412 valid responses. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships proposed by the study. As for demographic variables, the results show that the grade, gender, and the dance class hours per week had no significant influences on stress, while the seniority level had a negative influence, which indicated that junior dance students had more stress than senior students. As for psychological capital, self-efficacy and optimism had negative influences on stress, while the other two sub-constructs, hope and resilience, did not have a significant influence on stress. As for physical self-concept, the worry of overweight had positive influences on their stress, while appearance, physical ability performance, health status, and satisfaction of body parts had no significant influence on stress. Based on the research findings, suggestions were made to reduce students’ pressure in learning dance.
Use of Generalized Weighted Quantile Sum Regressions of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Kidney Function to Explore Joint Effects of Multiple Metals in Blood
Authors: Luo Kuei-Hau , Tu Hung-Pin , Yang Cheng-Hong , Yang Chen-Cheng , Chen Tzu-Hua , Chuang Hung-Yi
Published: June 2022

Exposure to heavy metals could lead to adverse health effects by oxidative reactions or inflammation. Some essential elements are known as reactors of anti-inflammatory enzymes or coenzymes. The relationship between tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and heavy metal exposures was reported. However, the interaction between toxic metals and essential elements in the inflammatory response remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in blood and TNF-α as well as kidney function. We enrolled 421 workers and measured the levels of these seven metals/metalloids and TNF-α in blood; kidney function was calculated by CKD-EPI equation. We applied weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and group WQS regression to assess the effects of metal/metalloid mixtures to TNF-α and kidney function. We also approached the relationship between metals/metalloids and TNF-α by generalized additive models (GAM). The relationship of the exposure–response curve between Pb level and TNF-α in serum was found significantly non-linear after adjusting covariates (p < 0.001). Within the multiple-metal model, Pb, As, and Zn were associated with increased TNF-α levels with effects dedicated to the mixture of 50%, 31%, and 15%, respectively. Grouped WQS revealed that the essential metal group showed a significantly negative association with TNF-α and kidney function. The toxic metal group found significantly positive associations with TNF-α, serum creatinine, and WBC but not for eGFR. These results suggested Pb, As, Zn, Se, and mixtures may act on TNF-α even through interactive mechanisms. Our findings offer insights into what primary components of metal mixtures affect inflammation and kidney function during co-exposure to metals; however, the mechanisms still need further research.
Dust Storms Increase the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Chen Chin-Shyan , Chen Conmin , Liu Tsai-Ching
Published: June 2022

The main purpose of this study was to examine the association between dust storms (DSs) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using a 5 year representative national dataset with one million participants, according to information on DS, meteorology, and air pollution in Taiwan. There were 18,855 AMD outpatient cases and 1080 AMD inpatient cases during 2008–2012. A Poisson time-series model was used for the analysis. The results show that AMD cases are significantly associated with exposure to dust storm events. Average daily numbers of wet and dry AMD outpatient cases increased from 6.03 and 4.26 on no-event days to 8.25 and 6.67, 2 days after DSs. Average daily numbers of wet and dry AMD inpatient cases increased from 0.26 and 0.33 on no-event days to 0.58 and 0.75, 1 day after DSs. Both genders and different age groups are all affected by the occurrence of DSs, especially 1 and 2 days after DS events. Women are at a higher risk of outpatient visits and hospitalizations for relatively severe wet AMD. Although AMD highly correlated with age, this study also found that dry AMD outpatient visits in people under the age of 50 were also found to be significantly associated with DS events. In order to protect the health of eyes and avoid AMD, one should reduce or avoid outdoor activities when DS events occur.
Are Child Domestic Workers Worse Off than Their Peers? Comparing Children in Domestic Work, Child Marriage, and Kinship Care with Biological Children of Household Heads: Evidence from Zimbabwe
Authors: Musizvingoza Ronald , Blagbrough Jonathan , Pocock Nicola Suyin
Published: June 2022

Child domestic work is a hidden form of child labour driven by poverty and social norms. However, little is known about the situations of child domestic workers. This study aims to describe and analyse gender-specific working conditions, health, and educational outcomes among hidden child domestic workers (CDWs) living in third-party homes relative to married children, biological children, and other children in kinship care. Data from the 2019 Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) were analysed. Descriptive statistics and bivariable logistic regression were used to describe frequency and estimated prevalence. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) were used to identify exposures and inform the selection of covariates. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the effect of each exposure variable. The prevalence of CDWs was 1.5% and CDWs were mainly girls and living in much wealthier households with more educated household heads while married girls were living in much poorer households. When compared among girls themselves, being a CDW was significantly associated with having a functional disability, while married girls were more frequently engaged in hazardous working conditions. We provide the first intersectional analysis comparing work, violence, and health outcomes among CDWs, married children and other children. Child protection measures are needed to safeguard children in domestic work and marriages.
Resilient or Vulnerable? Effects of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Mental Health of Refugees in Germany
Authors: Goßner Laura , Kosyakova Yuliya , Laible Marie-Christine
Published: June 2022

Even though the COVID-19 pandemic had consequences for the whole society, like during most crises, some population groups tended to be disproportionally affected. We rely on the most recent data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees to explore the resilience or vulnerability of refugees in the face of the pandemic. As the 2020 wave of the survey was in the field when the second nationwide lockdown started in December, we are able to apply a regression discontinuity design to analyze how refugees in Germany are coping with these measures. Our results reveal a negative effect of the lockdown on refugees’ life satisfaction. Male refugees and those with a weaker support system face stronger negative outcomes than their counterparts. Since mental health is an important prerequisite for all forms of integration, understanding the related psychological needs in times of crisis can be highly important for policymakers and other stakeholders.
Effects of Sex, Training, and Maturity Status on the Cardiopulmonary and Muscle Deoxygenation Responses during Incremental Ramp Exercise
Authors: Runacres Adam , Mackintosh Kelly , Evans Tim , McNarry Melitta A.
Published: June 2022

Whilst participation in regular exercise and sport has generally increased over recent decades globally, fundamental questions remain regarding the influence of growth, maturation, and sex on the magnitude of training response throughout adolescence. Trained (108 participants, 43 girls; age: 14.3 ± 1.8 years) and untrained (108 participants, 43 girls; age: 14.7 ± 1.7 years) adolescents completed an incremental ramp test to exhaustion during which breath by gas exchange, beat-by-beat heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Q·) and muscle deoxygenation were assessed. Device-based physical activity was also assessed over seven consecutive days. Boys, irrespective of training status, had a significantly higher absolute (2.65 ± 0.70 L min−1 vs. 2.01 ± 0.45 L min−1, p < 0.01) and allometrically scaled (183.8 ± 31.4 mL·kg−b min−1 vs. 146.5 ± 28.5 mL·kg−b min−1, p < 0.01) peak oxygen uptake (V·O2) than girls. There were no sex differences in peak HR, SV or Q· but boys had a higher muscle deoxygenation plateau when expressed against absolute work rate and V·O2 (p < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation appears to be more important in determining the sex differences in peak V·O2 in youth. Future research should examine the effects of sex on the response to different training methodologies in youth.
Peer Effects on Farmers’ Purchases of Policy-Based Planting Farming Agricultural Insurance: Evidence from Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Bao Xueling , Zhang Fengwan , Guo Shili , Deng Xin , Song Jiahao , Xu Dingde
Published: June 2022

The tendency to conform with peers, and learning by imitation, have become new influencing factors that affect farmers’ purchases of policy-based planting agricultural insurance. Based on the survey data of 540 farmers in Sichuan Province in 2021, this study empirically analyzed the impact of peer effects on farmers’ purchases of policy-based planting agricultural insurance and its mechanism. The results show that: (1) Regardless of whether farmers’ relatives and friends visit during the New Year period, the purchase of policy-based planting agricultural insurance by relatives and friends will positively and significantly affect the purchasing behavior of the farmers. (2) The impact of the peer effect on the behavior of farmers purchasing policy-based planting agricultural insurance is related to the relationship between the strengths and weaknesses. (3) The results of the mechanism analysis show that, through the mediating variables of social network and trust, the influence of the peer effect is weakened. (4) Heterogeneity analysis shows that farmers having a larger land scale and higher educational background are more influenced by the same peer effect. The results of the study emphasize the importance of the peer effect on the behavior of farmers purchasing policy-based planting agricultural insurance, and can provide a decision-making reference for the formulation of related policies.
Influence of Sport Practice and Body Weight on Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren Living in the Campania Region
Authors: Mancini Annamaria , Martone Domenico , Vitucci Daniela , Capobianco Adriano , Alfieri Andreina , Buono Pasqualina , Orrù Stefania
Published: June 2022

Background: Physical fitness (PF) levels correlate with health hallmarks at all ages. In this study, w aimed to determine the PF level of schoolchildren from the Campania Region (Italy) through health-related PF (HRPF) components, taking into account body weight and sport practice (SP). Methods: PF level was determined in 565 schoolchildren aged 10–13 (11.7 ± 1.0 yrs; m: 353, f: 212) using some of the Eurofit battery tests. Results: 77% children practiced sport, boys more than girls (86% vs. 63%, respectively; p < 0.05). Boys performed better than girls (p < 0.05) in the Plate Tapping, Standing Broad Jump, Bent-Arm Hang, and 10 × 5 m Shuttle Run tests; girls performed better in the Sit-and-Reach Test (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overweight/obese status negatively affects the muscular strength of lower limbs, even if it progressively improves during growth. SP was revealed to be a determinant in performance only in some PF tests, likely due to the heterogeneous training level among boys and girls who practice sport.
Risk Factors for Locomotive Crew Members Depending on Their Place of Work
Authors: Zhidkova Elena A. , Gutor Ekaterina M. , Popova Inga A. , Zaborova Victoria A. , Kryuchkova Kira , Gurevich Konstantin G. , Krikheli Natella I. , Heinrich Katie M.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of workplace exposure, behavior, and individual health conditions, along with resulting medical activity among locomotive crew members depending on their place of work. Patients and methods: Participants included 5585 train drivers and 3723 train drivers’ assistants (7% of the total train operators in the Russian Federation). Measured height and weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, pulse rate, and blood pressure were also measured. The risk assessment was conducted using the STEPS tool. The level of commitment to a Healthy Lifestyle was assessed based on World Health Organization recommendations. Occupational risk factors were surveyed. Morbidity was analyzed over the past year. Results: The lowest frequency of work exposure risk factors was found for employees of the Trans-Baikal railway; the highest was among Krasnoyarsk, North, and South-East. The participants from the Far East and October Railways had the lowest self-reported frequency of behavioral risk factors. The participants from the Eastern Siberian, October, and Southern Urals railways had the lowest occurrence of individual health conditions. The participants from the East Siberian, Far East, Kuibyshev, and Sverdlovsk railways were the least likely to visit their doctor, take temporary disability leave, or be hospitalized. The total assessed Healthy Lifestyle commitment index was higher for participants from the Far Eastern and Southern Urals railways. The participants from the Moscow and October railways were the least committed to a Healthy Lifestyle. Conclusions: Significant differences exist between risk factors and Healthy Lifestyle commitment between railways. Future research should examine changes due to a new corporate health program introduced in 2020.
‘Breathing Fire’: Impact of Prolonged Bushfire Smoke Exposure in People with Severe Asthma
Authors: Beyene Tesfalidet , Harvey Erin S. , Van Buskirk Joseph , McDonald Vanessa M. , Jensen Megan E. , Horvat Jay C. , Morgan Geoffrey G. , Zosky Graeme R. , Jegasothy Edward , Hanigan Ivan , Murphy Vanessa E. , Holliday Elizabeth G. , Vertigan Anne E. , Peters Matthew , Farah Claude S. , Jenkins Christine R. , Katelaris Constance H. , Harrington John , Langton David , Bardin Philip , Katsoulotos Gregory P. , Upham John W. , Chien Jimmy , Bowden Jeffrey J. , Rimmer Janet , Bell Rose , Gibson Peter G.
Published: June 2022

Wildfires are increasing and cause health effects. The immediate and ongoing health impacts of prolonged wildfire smoke exposure in severe asthma are unknown. This longitudinal study examined the experiences and health impacts of prolonged wildfire (bushfire) smoke exposure in adults with severe asthma during the 2019/2020 Australian bushfire period. Participants from Eastern/Southern Australia who had previously enrolled in an asthma registry completed a questionnaire survey regarding symptoms, asthma attacks, quality of life and smoke exposure mitigation during the bushfires and in the months following exposure. Daily individualized exposure to bushfire particulate matter (PM2.5) was estimated by geolocation and validated modelling. Respondents (n = 240) had a median age of 63 years, 60% were female and 92% had severe asthma. They experienced prolonged intense PM2.5 exposure (mean PM2.5 32.5 μg/m3 on 55 bushfire days). Most (83%) of the participants experienced symptoms during the bushfire period, including: breathlessness (57%); wheeze/whistling chest (53%); and cough (50%). A total of 44% required oral corticosteroid treatment for an asthma attack and 65% reported reduced capacity to participate in usual activities. About half of the participants received information/advice regarding asthma management (45%) and smoke exposure minimization strategies (52%). Most of the participants stayed indoors (88%) and kept the windows/doors shut when inside (93%), but this did not clearly mitigate the symptoms. Following the bushfire period, 65% of the participants reported persistent asthma symptoms. Monoclonal antibody use for asthma was associated with a reduced risk of persistent symptoms. Intense and prolonged PM2.5 exposure during the 2019/2020 bushfires was associated with acute and persistent symptoms among people with severe asthma. There are opportunities to improve the exposure mitigation strategies and communicate these to people with severe asthma.
Apportionment and Spatial Pattern Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Sources Related to Industries of Concern in a County in Southwestern China
Authors: Chen Xiaohui , Lei Mei , Zhang Shiwen , Zhang Degang , Guo Guanghui , Zhao Xiaofeng
Published: June 2022

Soil heavy metal pollution is frequent around areas with a high concentration of heavy industry enterprises. The integration of geostatistical and chemometric methods has been used to identify sources and the spatial patterns of soil heavy metals. Taking a county in southwestern China as an example, two subregions were analyzed. Subregion R1 mainly contained nonferrous mining, and subregion R2 was affected by smelting. Two factors (R1F1 and R1F2) associated with industry in R1 were extracted through positive matrix factorization (PMF) to obtain contributions to the soil As (64.62%), Cd (77.77%), Cu (53.10%), Pb (75.76%), Zn (59.59%), and Sb (32.66%); two factors (R2F1 and R2F2) also related to industry in R2 were extracted to obtain contributions to the As (53.35%), Cd (32.99%), Cu (53.10%), Pb (56.08%), Zn (67.61%), and Sb (42.79%). Combined with PMF results, cokriging (CK) was applied, and the z-score and root-mean square error were reduced by 11.04% on average due to the homology of heavy metals. Furthermore, a prevention distance of approximately 1800 m for the industries of concern was proposed based on locally weighted regression (LWR). It is concluded that it is necessary to define subregions for apportionment in area with different industries, and CK and LWR analyses could be used to analyze prevention distance.
The Risk of CVDs from Desalinated Seawater: A Nested Case-Control Study
Authors: Shi Juexin , Liu Yuan , Wang Qin , Hu Xiaojian , Ye Bixiong , Dong Shaoxia
Published: June 2022

The aim of this paper was to assess the association between desalinated seawater and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We conducted a nested case-control prospective study on a cohort of 7806 subjects who live on an island of China that lacks fresh water. From this cohort, we identified 140 paired CVD cases and matched controls by sex and age during the same period. Questionnaires were used in order to investigate basic sociodemographic information and risk factors for CVDs, and urine samples were collected to measure calcium and magnesium levels. Using these data we developed and tested both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. We observed no significant differences in risk of CVDs between groups with desalinated seawater and fresh water intake. From multivariate logistic regression, we found that obesity (OR = 5.38, 95% CI: 1.05–27.45), physical activity (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16–0.75), hypertension (OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.58–8.25), alcohol consumption (OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.02–6.47), and irritability (OR = 4.30, 95% CI: 1.93–9.60) were associated with an increased risk of CVD. In this population, we found no association between desalinated seawater intake and CVDs; the incidence of CVDs was primarily related to lifestyle.
Sport Motivation from the Perspective of Health, Institutional Embeddedness and Academic Persistence among Higher Educational Students
Authors: Kovács Karolina Eszter , Kovács Klára , Szabó Fruzsina , Dan Beáta Andrea , Szakál Zsolt , Moravecz Marianna , Szabó Dániel , Olajos Tímea , Csukonyi Csilla , Papp Dávid , Őrsi Balázs , Pusztai Gabriella
Published: June 2022

Regular physical activity from an early age is an important part of a healthy life because if we incorporate exercise early into our lifestyle, we are more likely to maintain our commitment to sport into adulthood and even throughout our lives. In our research, we used the PERSIST 2019 database, which contains data from students at higher education institutions in Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, and Serbia. We used factor analysis to isolate four sports motivation factors (intrinsic, introjected, extrinsic, and amotivation). Factors influencing the different types were measured using linear regression analysis, involving the variables in four models. The results show that the effects of the sociodemographic variables are significant for gender, country, and mother’s job, especially in terms of intrinsic, introjected, and extrinsic motivation. The role of coping is salient for health awareness factors, with a positive effect on intrinsic motivation and a negative effect on the other types. The impacts of quality of education and support are typically negative, while the positive effect of satisfaction with infrastructure is noteworthy. The effect of persistence in sport on intrinsic and introjected motivation is positive. Frequency of training increases intrinsic motivation, while practical sport embeddedness generates extrinsic motivation. In terms of relationships, a mainly teacher-oriented network within the institution typically has a negative effect on intrinsic motivation, while peer relationships outside the institution typically increase intrinsic and extrinsic sport motivation. Academic persistence has a positive effect on intrinsic motivation and a negative effect on introjected motivation. Our research highlights the complexity of factors influencing sport motivation and the role of coping, which typically remains strong when relationship-related variables are included. In addition, we must emphasise the dominant role of relationship network patterns, which may even reduce commitment to sport.