bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Against Poverty: A Common Measure
Authors: Legros Michel
Published: September 2004

There is no scientific basis to the definition of poverty: it is the outcome of a convention translated by indicators and measured by statistics. But this definition is used when setting up and evaluating public policy and is, therefore, of vital importance for the many social, public and private parties involved. The setting up in France in 1999 of an ‘Observatoire’, a body monitoring poverty and social exclusion, was a particularly original response to the problem of providing a shared view, across the board, of poverty in a country. Made up of representatives from the main administrative bodies producing data, researchers and universities, alongside representatives from associations, the Observatoire publishes a report every 18 months describing the main developments with regard to the poor and emphasizing particular aspects of poverty — people with no fixed abode, the geographical distribution of poverty within the country, the access of the poor to their rights, the image of poverty, etc.
The Inclusion and Exclusion of Minorities in European Countries: A Comparative Analysis at the Local Level
Authors: Tholen Berry , de Vries Michiel S.
Published: September 2004

Facing the reality of groups in Europe being in effect socially and politically marginalized, this article asks how the political inclusion of minorities is and should be established at the local level. First, a model is developed building on normative theories of political inclusion. This points to the importance of two dimensions of inclusion and exclusion, namely the possibility of direct participation and the granting of (special) rights to minorities. In order to test the relevance of the model data based on a survey among approximately 5000 members of the local élite in East and West European countries are analysed. The conclusion is that most local officials in East and Western Europe are remarkably unwilling to allow for special participatory arrangements or special rights. A difference between the old and new democracies in Europe as to the propensities towards possible democratic arrangements is revealed. In the old democracies, local élites are more positive as to general participatory arrangements, whereas the élites in the new democracies are more inclined to grant minorities the right to organize and institutionalize. Further analysis indicates that the differences found cannot be explained in terms of individual traits. Moral and cultural values and structural circumstances seem to be dominant factors. The relative stability of such factors suggests that we cannot be optimistic about the development of more inclusive arrangements on behalf of those that now seem to be systematically excluded.
The ‘New Clothes’ of Administrative Control of Information-Providing Organizations in Cameroon since the 1990 Reform
Authors: Ndam Gérard Pekassa
Published: September 2004

The aim of the present study is to examine whether the new political dynamism and legislative architecture of Cameroon in terms of communication has been accompanied by innovations in the administrative control of organizations providing information to describe the essence thereof. Analysis shows that the new political impetus towards democratization and the new legislative environment of liberalization have a definite influence on the practices of authorities vested with the power of administrative control. However, in the new legislative context resulting from Law 90-52, subsequent modifications and applicable regulatory texts, the control of information-providing organizations remains a major preoccupation of the administrative authorities and there have been changes. The 1990 reform regarding communication in Cameroon, of which Law 90-52 of 19 December 1990 regarding social communication constitutes the legal base, is ambiguous. Regardless of the advances that can be attributed to it, its scope appears to be limited. It is undeniable that this reform ushered in a new era. However, it must be noted that the liberalization in question was delimited. Far from being a ‘legal revolution’, the reform of December 1990 offers the prospect of less cumbersome administrative control on information-providing organizations because it is dependent upon the slow rate of democratization of the national political system.
Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation
Authors: Alvord Sarah H. , Brown L. David , Letts Christine W.
Published: September 2004

This study provides a comparative analysis of 7 cases of social entrepreneurship that have been widely recognized as successful. The article suggests factors associated with successful social entrepreneurship, particularly with social entrepreneurship that leads to significant changes in the social, political, and economic contexts for poor and marginalized groups. It generates propositions about core innovations, leadership and organization, and scaling up in social entrepreneurship that produces societal transformation. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for social entrepreneurship practice, research, and continued development.
Prisoners of the Japanese and the Politics of Apology: a Battle Over History and Memory
Authors: Cunningham Michael
Published: September 2004

This article examines the arguments and claims of the two groups which have been most active in the campaign for an apology from the Japanese for wartime atrocities and the group which believes that an apology would be counter to its advocacy of reconciliation. The claims and arguments made by the groups are used as a basis to explore further the role of apology within international politics and to develop the criteria for its use.
An Existential Case Study of Madness: Encounters with Divine Affliction
Authors: Kiser Scott
Published: September 2004

This article presents an existential case study of a psychotic episode that the author experienced, focusing particularly on a phenomenological description of the actual process of psychic breakdown and subsequent recovery. Primary importance is placed on depicting this process as an empowering source of meaning formation as well as a spiritually transformative experience. The experience of psychosis is thus portrayed as a crisis of meaning in which the individual is challenged to reestablish an ontological ground and integrated sense of self through the recreation and deepening of personal existence. The presentation is a first-person narrative account, followed by an existential analysis of the experience’s value in terms of transformation and meaning creation, as well as a discussion of the existentialist sources in philosophy, psychology, and literature, that have contributed significantly to the author’s psycho-spiritual development.
Assessing the Basis for a Culture of Peace in Contemporary Societies
Authors: De Rivera Joseph
Published: September 2004

The culture of peace promoted by the United Nations may provide a set of global norms that are needed for a peaceful world. However, the bases for the culture that is advocated rest on a liberal conception rather than empirical data. Does empirical evidence support the coherence of these bases, or are there flaws in how the culture of peace is conceived? In an attempt to answer this question, objective indicators were selected to represent each of the presumed bases for a culture of peace. These indicators were correlated with one another, and a factor analysis examined the extent to which the data cohered and could be accounted for by a single ‘peacefulness’ factor. The results suggest that four different peace factors need to be distinguished. These are correlated with different indices of peace and may be used to assess the relative peacefulness of different nation-states. The data, together with a consideration of the literature on peaceful cultures, suggest that a global culture of peace may require the development of an additional base that is not mentioned in the United Nations’ program of action.
Toward a Prototype of Expertise in Teaching
Authors: Smith Tracy W. , Strahan David
Published: September 2004

This study used a prototype view of teaching as a theoretical framework to interpret, analyze, and describe the behaviors and verbal responses of three expert teachers and to determine the degree to which these three teachers share a “family resemblance” to one another. A case study that provides descriptions of what expert teachers do and say contributes to our understanding of the complexity of expertise in teaching. Analysis of data collected for this study reveals six central tendencies of the three participants. The rich descriptions and summary representations provide specific and complex profiles to inform teacher educators and professional development providers in their efforts to improve professional practice among teachers.
Prospects for the UK Economy
Authors: Kirby Simon , Metz Robert , Riley Rebecca
Published: September 2004

The economy continued to grow faster than its trend rate in the first half of 2004. Preliminary estimates show GDP rising by 0.9 per cent in the second quarter of the year. Measured on an annualised basis, this brings the average rate of growth since the middle of last year to 3.6 per cent. It is our view that this brings the economy very close to capacity. We expect the output gap to average 0.1 per cent of trend GDP this year (see chart 1).
A Perestroikan Straw Man Answers Back: David Laitin and Phronetic Political Science
Authors: Flyvbjerg Bent
Published: September 2004

This article addresses three main issues. First, it argues that David Laitin, in a misguided critique of Bent Flyvbjerg’s book Making Social Science Matter for being a surrogate manifesto for Perestroika, misrepresents the book in the extreme. Second, the article argues that Laitin’s claim that political science may become normal, predictive science in the natural science sense is unfounded; the claim is a dead end that perestroikans try to get beyond. Finally, the article proposes that political scientists substitute phronesis for episteme and thereby avoid the trap of emulating natural science. By doing so, political scientists may arrive at social science that is strong where natural science is weak: in the reflexive analysis and discussion of values and interests aimed at praxis, which is the prerequisite for an enlightened political, economic, and cultural development in any society.
A Labor of Laws: Courts and the Mobilization of French Workers
Authors: Couton Philippe
Published: September 2004

By most measures, French labor is among the weakest in the industrialized world. Yet it has retained a high level of mobilizing and institutional power. This unusual position is partly due to the historical role of labor courts, one of France’s oldest and most influential labor institutions. Based on a range of historical and contemporary evidence, this article shows that the involvement of the state and labor in these courts over the past two centuries has played a crucial role in the evolution of French industrial relations. This process unfolded along three main dimensions: the early establishment of labor courts strongly and durably influenced the mobilization patterns of the emergent labor movement, France’s labor relations model was largely inspired by the judicialism embedded in labor courts, and a combination of more contingent events led to the emergence of a problematic notion of union“representativeness.” These patterns have contributed to shape French labor into its present condition of both weakness and strength.
Report on the Prison Litigation Reform Act: What Have the Courts Decided so Far?
Authors: Belbot Barbara
Published: September 2004

The Prison Litigation Reform Act was passed by Congress in 1996. It had a two-fold purpose: reduce the amount of prisoner litigation and curtail the involvement of the federal courts in the operations of state prison systems. Since its passage, the U.S. Supreme Court and numerous lower federal courts have had the opportunity to interpret several of its complicated and controversial provisions. This article looks at what the courts have decided thus far and predicts future court opinions.
The United States Supreme Court and the Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Alexander Rudolph
Published: September 2004

In Minnesota ex rel. Pearson v. Probate County of Ramsey County, Kansas v. Hendricks, Seling v. Young, and Kansas v. Crane, the U.S. Supreme Court decided cases pertaining to civil commitment of sex offenders to mental institutions. At first, the earliest case involved whether an offender, classified as a psychopathic personality, could be committed from the streets to a mental institution. More contemporary cases posed the question of whether a prisoner, diagnosed as a violent sexual predator or having an antisocial personality disorder, could be civilly committed to a mental health facility after this prisoner had served his entire sentence and was about to be released. For both questions, the Court answered in the affirmative. The Court’s rulings that incarcerated sex offenders nearing release may be civilly committed to a mental health facility have potentially ominous implications for both mental health and criminal justice policy.
A Simulation Study of Scalable Broadcast in High-Performance Regular Networks
Authors: Al-Dubai A. Y. , Ould-Khaoua M. , Obaidat M. S.
Published: September 2004

Broadcast is an important communication operation required by many real-world applications encountered in parallel, cluster, and grid computing environments. Broadcasting on regular networks has been widely investigated in the past. However, most of the existing algorithms handle broadcast in a sequential manner and do not scale well; as a consequence, many applications cannot be efficiently supported using existing algorithms. In an effort to avoid this limitation, this article presents a new broadcast algorithm based on coded path routing. In addition to its simplicity, the proposed algorithm has shown to be capable of performing the broadcast operation in a fixed number of message-passing steps, irrespective of the network size. An extensive simulation study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm under different traffic working conditions. The analysis reveals that the new algorithm exhibits superior performance characteristics over those of the well-known recursive-doubling and extended-dominating node algorithms.
Accelerating Gene Regulatory Network Modeling Using Grid-Based Simulation
Authors: McCollum James M. , Peterson Gregory D. , Cox Chris D. , Simpson Michael L.
Published: September 2004

Modeling gene regulatory networks has, in some cases, enabled biologists to predict cellular behavior long before such behavior can be experimentally validated. Unfortunately, the extent to which biologists can take advantage of these modeling techniques is limited by the computational complexity of gene regulatory network simulation algorithms. This study presents a new platform-independent, grid-based distributed computing environment that accelerates biological model simulation and, ultimately, development. Applying this environment to gene regulatory network simulation shows a significant reduction in execution time versus running simulation jobs locally. To analyze this improvement, a performance model of the distributed computing environment is built. Although this grid-based system was specifically developed for biological simulation, the techniques discussed are applicable to a variety of simulation performance problems.
ARMSim: A Modeling and Simulation Environment for Agent-Based Grid Computing
Authors: Cao Junwei
Published: September 2004

ARMS is an agent-based resource management system for grid computing in which agents are organized into a hierarchy and cooperate with each other to discover available grid resources using decentralized resource advertisement and discovery. Since a large-scale application of ARMS is not available, the most straightforward way to investigate the ARMS performance is through a modeling and simulation approach. In this work, an ARMS performance modeling and simulation environment (ARMSim) is presented. The ARMSim kernel is composed of a model composer and a simulation engine, while users can input related information and get simulation outputs from corresponding GUIs. A case study is included using an example model with more than 1000 agents, and several experiments carried out each involve nearly 100,000 requests. ARMSim enables the ARMS agent performance to be investigated quantitatively, and simulation results have the potential to be used at running time for online ARMS performance improvement.
A Stochastic Process Algebra Approach to Simulation of Autoreactive Lymphocyte Recruitment
Authors: Lecca P. , Priami C. , Quaglia P. , Rossi B. , Laudanna C. , Constantin G.
Published: September 2004

This article presents a stochastic model of lymphocyte recruitment in inflamed brain microvessels. Recent studies about the inflammatory process of the brain that leads to multiple sclerosis have revealed that lymphocyte extravasation is a sequence of dynamical states, mediated by partially overlapped interactions of different adhesion molecules and activation factors. This study’s model of lymphocyte recruitment is based on process algebras for mobile systems. The biochemical system is modelled as a set of concurrent processes of the biochemical stochastic π-calculus. Processes are driven by suitable probability distributions that quantitatively describe the rates and the times at which reactions to simulations occur. The results of the model reproduce, within the estimated experimental errors, the functional behavior of the data obtained from laboratory measurements.
Professional Development Schools Revisited
Authors: Leonard Jacqueline , Lovelace-Taylor Kay , Sanford-Deshields Jayminn , Spearman Patrick
Published: September 2004

The Professional Development School (PDS) concept was developed by the Holmes Group (now known as the Holmes Partnership) in response to a national call for educational reform. More recent reform agendas question the effectiveness of the PDS model. This article examines the changes that are occurring in the Temple University PDS in Philadelphia, where the state had taken over public schools. Temple University is serving as the manager of six schools. The resulting effect on both the professional development of teachers and student learning is uncertain. However, the challenges and opportunities to enhance the current PDS structure are promising.
Criminal Justice System Involvement and Continuity of Youth Crime
Authors: Johnson Lee Michael , Simons Ronald L. , Conger Rand D.
Published: September 2004

Studies of criminal careers reveal several possible factors associated with persistent offending. This analysis examines the part that criminal justice system involvement plays in persistent offending. Seven waves of data collected on 153 boys as part of the Iowa Youth and Families Project were used to test a structural equation model hypothesizing longitudinal relationships among system involvement, deviant peer association, and crime. Results revealed continuity in offending across waves but only partial continuity in deviant peer association. More important, system involvement was positively related to later crime, as well as to later deviant peer association. This finding is consistent with labeling theory and inconsistent with deterrence theory. Furthermore, crime was positively related to later deviant peer association; however, deviant peer association was not related to later crime, and same-time correlation between the two were significantly positive. Results warrant continued exploration into the potential “labeling” aspects of formal sanctioning processes.
Clarifying Some Misunderstandings about Social Systems and their Mechanisms
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: September 2004

The goal of this article is to answer some of the criticisms of my views on social science formulated by contributors to the symposium on my philosophy of social science.
Apocryphal Citizenship
Authors: Salman Ton
Published: September 2004

This article argues that studies and promotion of citizenship falls short if they forget that perceptions and practices are also informed by culture. Concretely, referring mainly to Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia, it states that (mainly poor) people on one hand “subvert” the official canon with regard to citizenship by practicing it particularisticly and looking for favors rather than “rights,” whereas on the other hand, awareness with regard to rights exists. People’s experiences, however, have taught them, in concrete encounters with state representatives, not to insist on their rights but instead to try for the “favor.” Nevertheless, in evaluating such encounters with the state, people show that they understand the clue of “universal rules” and the “rule of law” very well.
Worry about Medical Care, Family Support, and Depression of the Elders in Urban China
Authors: Sun Rongjun
Published: September 2004

This study examines the role of family support in reducing the elders’s depression in the face of the perceived inadequate public medical care in urban China. Using data from the Survey on Aging and Intergenerational Relations in Baoding City, this article investigates the overall depression level, somatic symptoms, and affective symptoms, respectively. The findings suggest that perceived inadequate public medical care, which results from dramatic changes in China’s socioeconomic transformation, has a stressful impact on all measures of depression. Family support, by its structure and function, shows both direct and moderating effects in counteracting such stress from the public domain. In light of China’s demographic transition, the state is called upon to adopt a comprehensive strategy in designing its socioeconomic development policy to meet the needs of an aging population
Privatization in Bosnia and the Craft of IOR Process Analysis
Authors: Martin Eric
Published: September 2004

International efforts to help Bosnia and Herzegovina privatize its state-owned enterprises proved dif.cult, but the complex web of interorganizational relationships (IORs) among international donors, implementers, contractors, and local players, at times, seemed even more daunting to effective implementation of reforms than the technical dif.culties of the task itself. By employing a theoretical framework of IOR development over time, important stages in the evolution of the International Advisory Group on Privatization were identi.ed, and variables within each discussed. Analysis employed linear and nonlinear process logics to help explain what linked some variables withinand betweenthese various phases. Insights seemed valuable for practitioners seeking to implement interdependent tasks, organizational representatives trying to form relationships with others, and scholars trying to understand process theories of IOR formation. In addition, this research provides an introduction to the complexities of international development assistance — a crucially important and under-researched arena.
Commodified Identities: The Myth of Italian Food in the United States
Authors: Girardelli Davide
Published: September 2004

This study approaches the phenomenon of ethnic food—in particular, Italian food—from a semiotic perspective, keeping in mind the notion of food as communication. The restaurant chain Fazoli’s is used to exemplify some of the communicative strategies employed to promote the association of a company and its products with Italy. These communicative strategies serve the ultimate goal of commodifying the Italian ethnic identity and promoting its symbolic consumption. Through a semiotic analysis, the article identifies a core group of seven themes that constitute the basic structure of the myth of Italian food in the United States. The analysis highlights an unobtrusive use of stereotypes, a mass phenomenon of identity construction, and the depletion of a cultural capital. At the same time, it is recognized that the myth has some positive aspects—namely, the celebration of personal relations (romance and family) and the enjoyment of a more expressive and slow-paced lifestyle.
Yes, There Is a (Growing) Transnational Business Community
Authors: Kentor Jeffrey , Jang Yong Suk
Published: September 2004

This research evaluates the empirical evidence of an emerging transnational corporate community over the past 25 years. In a study of the Fortune Global 500 between 1983 and 1998, we find a significant increase in the total number of interlocking directorates and even greater growth in transnational interlocks. This growth is predominantly among firms within the European Community and between firms in Europe and the US. There has also been a dramatic growth in domestic interlocks in certain European states. These findings suggest that there is, indeed, an emerging transnational business community.
School Bullying and Tackling Strategies in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Dennis S. W.
Published: September 2004

In view of the rising problem of school bullying in Hong Kong, scholars have endeavored to study the prevalence, causes, and tackling strategies of school bullying. This article highlights some typical incidences of school violence and reports research results of school bullying. It is noted unresolved school bullying problems are often a precursor of school violence and delinquency. Based on results from local studies of bullying, this article identifies risk and protective factors that contribute to the emergence and continuation of the bullyvictim problem in Hong Kong. The article argues that suppressive tactics, such as reprimanding bullies, calling parents to school, and suspension, are ineffective. Other than suppressive tactics, adopting a comprehensive antibullying strategy such as assisting students to develop adequate self-competency, strong social skills, and good relationships with parents and teachers seems to be a useful antiviolence strategy.
Psychosocial Characteristics of Criminals Committing Incest and Other Sex Offenses: A Survey in a Taiwanese Prison
Authors: Lung For-Wey , Huang Shu-Fen
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial characteristics of criminals who had committed incest or other sexual offenses. The participants, 240 criminals serving sentences for sex offenses in a Taiwanese prison, were divided into two groups: incest offenders (20.4%) and other sex offenders (79.6%). The psychosocial characteristics taken into consideration included age, parental survival, education, marital status, previous crime records, drug and alcohol abuse, diagnosed mental disorders, and victim abuse at the time of the offense. After an analysis of the data, the authors concluded that even though incest offenders showed fewer mental disorders, they needed psychiatric treatment and that this treatment should be focused not only on their mental disorder and related symptoms but especially to correct their abnormal behavior. Also, attention should be given to their psychosocial characteristics.
The Concept of Capital-Control Complex (CCC): The Case of Japan
Authors: Hong Gibin
Published: September 2004

To explain the social dynamics of accumulation regime changes, I suggest the concept of capital control complex (CCC) by combining a Gramscian perspective and Veblenean view of capital/ money. A tripod of historical bloc, ownership structure, and financial system, this concept offers a new framework for studying nationally specific corporate structures and financial systems. The rise and recent transformation of Japanese cross shareholding and J-type financial system are discussed as a case.
Globalizing Women’s Rights: Overcoming the Apartheid
Authors: Lara María Pía
Published: September 2004

This article deals with the empirical example of how social subjects, in this case women, have appropriated the language of rights in order to demand social inclusion. Since there are many different points of view in feminist theory with regard to how to deal with the idea of women’s rights, this article is divided into three sections. In the first section, I focus on how some important normative contents about democracy and rights have already been accepted by many different theorists who speak from critical perspectives. In the second section, I deal with how women’s struggles have gained consensus about the importance of defending the idea of rights for their own struggles to overcome their exclusion. In the third and last section, I turn back to the theoretical efforts by leading feminists, in order to show how these struggles from women all over the world can be thematized in our global scenario
Factors Effecting Volunteer Ombudsman Effort and Service Duration: Comparing Active and Resigned Volunteers
Authors: Nelson H. Wayne , Netting F. Ellen , Huber Ruth , Borders Kevin W.
Published: September 2004

Volunteers are key to successful ombudsmen programs. Motivating them and keeping them is difficult. The principal goal of this article is to compare active and resigned volunteer ombudsman perceptions (along with select demographic influences) of factors that either encouraged or discouraged their work. The authors find that former ombudsmen felt more role ambiguity, greater nursing facility resistance, higher boredom, and desired better supervision than active volunteer ombudsmen. They also served less time in significantly smaller facilities. Both active and resigned volunteers perceived relatively high role conflict. Implications regarding strategies to improve volunteer ombudsman work effort and retention are discussed.
Trends and Best Practices in State and Local Human Resource Management
Authors: Hays Steven W.
Published: September 2004

This article summarizes a few of themost interesting findings of a comprehensive survey of human resource management best practices in state and local government. The 4-year project has examined the most enlightened human resource management initiatives extant in government agencies and provides a number of appealing reform examples that might be transportable to other governmental settings, including federal agencies. Many of the findings challenge accepted notions about the intractable nature of public personnel systems and provide potential models that can be emulated in public agencies at every level of government.
Elevating, Integrating, and Institutionalizing Strategic Human Capital Management in Federal Agencies through the Chief Human Capital Officer
Authors: Crumpacker Martha , Crumpacker Jill M.
Published: September 2004

The Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO) Act, enacted as part of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, modifies existing human capital rules and establishes the position of CHCO in cabinet-level agencies. Although a CHCO raises the awareness of federal human capital issues, the CHCO’s actual range of authority, impact, and long-termrole remain untested. This article compares key provisions of the CHCO Act to provisions creating similar agency strategic management positions and questions whether the CHCO achieves the same status. Issues discussed includewhether elevating the role of strategic human capitalmanagement is best achieved through a politically appointed CHCO or a career senior executive; integration issues influencing the CHCO’s ability to effect workforce change within an agency; and institutionalization issues, in light of a concurrently established CHCO council and the Office of Personnel Management’s centralized role in defining, issuing, and administering government-wide workforce regulations.
Home Leaving to Military Service
Authors: Mayselessx Ofra
Published: September 2004

The home-leaving transition of male adolescents in Israel, where most 18-year-olds leave home to perform a 3-year mandatory military service, was examined. Transfer of attachment functions from parents to peers across the transition and adjustment to the basic-training period were investigated. Adolescents ( N = 143) filled out questionnaires 3 months before conscription and 6 months later, following their basic training. Before conscription, participants were in the midst of the process of transfer, and attachment insecurity was associated, as expected, with less transfer. Contrary to expectation, high fear of closeness was associated with increased transfer of proximity seeking from parents to peers across the transition. This contributed to better adjustment, offsetting the negative effect of low hardiness. Anxiety over abandonment was negatively associated with adjustment, with low hardiness mediating part of this effect. Results are discussed in light of developmental changes in relationships with primary caregivers during the home-leaving transition.
Individual and Social Influences on Ethnic Identity among Latino Young Adults
Authors: Ontai-Grzebik Lenna L. , Raffaelli Marcela
Published: September 2004

Building on prior Latino ethnic identity research, this study had three goals: describe age-related trends in ethnic identity among young adults, examine relations among ethnic identity and individual factors, and explore the impact of family and peer socialization on ethnic identity. The participants (two hundred 19- to 30-year-olds; mean age = 22.5) completed self-report surveys sent to Latino undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in four midwestern institutions of higher education. The findings suggest individual factors are strong predictors of ethnic identity during early adulthood; respondents who were younger, high on Latino orientation, spent more time in the United States, and whose parents had more formal education reported high levels of ethnic identity achievement. In contrast, ethnic identity exploration was higher among individuals whose parents preferred they date Latinos and had less formal education. The findings contribute knowledge regarding ethnic identity and suggest directions for future research on its development among diverse populations.
Adolescent Egocentrism, Risk Perceptions, and Sensation Seeking among Smoking and Nonsmoking Youth
Authors: Frankenberger Kristina D.
Published: September 2004

A survey compared adolescents (ages 14 to 18) who have never tried smoking, smoke infrequently, or smoke regularly on three characteristics: adolescent egocentrism, risk perceptions, and sensation seeking. Sensation seeking exhibited the expected result by increasing with smoking experience. Contrary to past research findings, perceptions of sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism were not related. Relations among egocentrism and evaluation of certain smoking risks varied by the level of smoking. Results are interpreted to suggest that egocentrism’s invulnerability component affects risk perceptions at the stage where adolescents decide whether to take up smoking; teens who smoke regularly appear to have put invulnerability aside and are more realistic about the risk.
Pulmonary Artery Rupture Induced by a Pulmonary Artery Catheter: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Abreu Alexandre R. , Campos Michael A. , Krieger Bruce P.
Published: September 2004

Placement and use of pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) carry potential risks. The authors describe a case of a patient who developed massive hemoptysis after placement of a PAC that caused a rupture of the pulmonary artery with pseudoaneurysm formation. Treatment was successfully achieved with transcatheter coil embolization. Pulmonary artery rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation are among the most serious complications of PAC use because of the associated risk of mortality. Patients with this complication may be asymptomatic or may present with variable amounts of hemoptysis immediately or days after using a PAC. The gold standard diagnostic test is pulmonary angiography, and the treatment of choice for most patients is transcatheter embolization. Physicians and other health care personnel handling these catheters should be familiar with the specific PAC balloon’s inflation limits to avoid complications that may injure the patient.
Extracorporeal Life Support in Pediatric and Neonatal Critical Care: A Review
Authors: Lequier Laurance
Published: September 2004

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a modified form of cardiopulmonary bypass used to provide prolonged tissue oxygen delivery in patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure. The first large-scale success of ECLS was achieved in the management of term newborns with respiratory failure. ECLS has become an accepted therapeutic modality for neonates, children, and adults who have failed conventional therapy and in whom cardiac and/or respiratory insufficiency is potentially reversible. The use of ECLS allows one to reduce other cardiopulmonary supports and apply a gentle ventilation strategy in a population of severely compromised critical care patients. ECLS has now been employed in more than 26,000 neonatal and pediatric patients with an overall survival rate of 68%. ECLS has evolved significantly over 25 years of clinical practice; patient selection for this complex and highly invasive therapy, as well as how ECLS is employed in different patient groups, is constantly changing. Generally, ECLS is used more liberally now than in the past. The number of patients requiring this support, however, is declining yearly, and those patients who receive ECLS compose a more severe subset of an intensive care population. This review provides an overview of the development of ECLS and the equipment and techniques employed. The use of ECLS for neonatal respiratory failure, pediatric respiratory failure, and cardiac support are outlined. Management of the ECLS patient is discussed in detail, and outcome of these patients is reviewed. Finally, current trends and future implications of ECLS in neonatal and pediatric critical care are addressed.
Neuropsychiatric Complications of Medical and Surgical Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Burn David J. , Tröster Alexander I.
Published: September 2004

This review deals with the range of neuropsychiatric problems that may arise from the use of medical and surgical therapies in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. As new approaches emerge, these problems are diversifying. Well-recognized drug-related complications include hallucinations and psychosis and the so-called dopamine-dysregulation syndrome. The etiology of these problems has not been fully established and is not clearly dose related, while the management can be difficult and needs to be tailored to the individual patient. Cholinergic and dopaminergic drugs may both influence cognitive function. The development of pharmacogenetics could improve the therapeutic ratio of medical approaches to PD in the future. The literature relating to the neuropsychiatric issues complicating the surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease is more recent and frequently suffers from methodological problems, lack of a systematic approach, and adequate patient follow-up. The emergence of neuropsychiatric problems in association with surgery has shed new light upon the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning these symptoms. Depression, hypo-mania, euphoria, mirth, and hypersexuality have all been described following deep brain stimulation procedures, although most studies have concentrated upon the depressive features. Anxiety has been described only rarely to date. Fortunately, permanent cognitive complications appear to be rare. The optimal management approach for surgically related neuropsychiatric problems is unknown at present. Prospective multicenter studies would contribute significantly to resolving this therapeutic uncertainty. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:172-180)
Empowering Health Promotion
Authors: Steenbeek Audrey
Published: September 2004

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, among others, are significant health concerns for Canadian aboriginal (i.e., First Nations, Inuit) adolescents. This is further compounded by ineffective prevention and promotion strategies that were designed to lessen the incidence of STIs in this population. Structure and content of health service programs are crucial considerations in STI prevention because even well-constructed and carefully implemented programs may have very little impact on aboriginal youth if these programs are not culturally sensitive and specific to individual adolescent’s needs. Furthermore, because components of sexual and reproductive health are inextricably linked to empowerment and equality between the sexes, holistic health nurses need to develop strategies that increase self-esteem, self-advocacy, and healthy choices among aboriginal adolescents.
Linking Aboriginal Healing Traditions to Holistic Nursing Practice
Authors: Hunter Linda , Logan Jo , Barton Sylvia , Goulet Jean-Guy
Published: September 2004

With a phenomenal expected growth in the Canadian Aboriginal population and the fact that less than 1% of Canadian health professionals are of Aboriginal ancestry, there is an increased need for culturally competent health professionals. This article explains diverse healing traditions and links those traditions to holistic nursing practice. Respect for culturally sensitive care is necessary for understanding Aboriginal peoples in different contexts. We suggest that nursing practice, which takes into consideration the understanding of Aboriginal healing traditions, strengthens the intention of nurses to be holistic. Holism in nursing allows the profession to be on the fore-front of understanding Aboriginal healing traditions; the linking of holistic nursing practice with Aboriginal healing traditions offers a foundation on which to build culturally competent care.
What Do “Don’t Know” Responses Really Mean in Giving Surveys?
Authors: Brooks Arthur C.
Published: September 2004

Surveys of charitable giving typically find that a substantial proportion of respondents say they do not know how much they gave in the past year. In this article, it is argued that these responses tend to distort giving levels among certain demographic groups, thus compromising the accuracy of charity measures. This problem is illustrated using data from the 2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, and the groups that are the primary source of this distortion are identified.
When less is more
Authors: Hanoch Yaniv , Vitouch Oliver
Published: September 2004

Easterbrook’s (1959) cue-utilization theory has been widely used to explain the inverted U-shaped relationship, initially established by Yerkes and Dodson, between emotional arousal and performance. The basic tenet of the theory assumes that high levels of arousal lead to restriction of the amount of information to which agents can pay attention. One fundamental derivative of the theory, as typically conceived in psychology, is the assumption that restriction of information or the ability to process a smaller set of data is fundamentally disadvantageous. To explore the merits of this point, we first argue that the relationship depicted by this collapsed version of the Yerkes-Dodson law is far too simplistic to account for the complex relationship between various cognitive functions and emotional arousal. Second, conceptualization of arousal as a unidimensional construct needs to be rejected. Finally, and most importantly, we challenge the notion that having more information available is necessarily preferable to having less information.
Reductionism Revisited
Authors: Barendregt Marko , van Rappard J. F. Hans
Published: September 2004

Reductionism in psychology is often linked with the mind-body problem. This paper reviews the reductionism debate and concludes that many of its controversies can indeed be traced to the relation between reduction and the metaphysical mind-body problem. It is proposed that reductionism, by bridging different theories, rather should be considered as a scientific stance which favours interdisciplinary co-operation. This perspective on reductionism throws a new light on the classical model of reduction, which may capture important aspects of intertheoretic reductions if it is recognized that the bridges between theories do not need to comply completely with the classical conditions. These ideas are illustrated by analysing an example of reductionistic research concerning the psychology and neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Swearing in Modern British English: The Case of Fuck in the BNC
Authors: McEnery Anthony , Xiao Zhonghua
Published: September 2004

Swearing is a part of everyday language use. To date it has been infrequently studied, though some recent work on swearing in American English, Australian English and British English has addressed the topic. Nonetheless, there is still no systematic account of swear-words in English. In terms of approaches, swearing has been approached from the points of view of history, lexicography, psycholinguistics and semantics. There have been few studies of swearing based on sociolinguistic variables such as gender, age and social class. Such a study has been difficult in the absence of corpus resources. With the production of the British National Corpus (BNC), a 100,000,000-word balanced corpus of modern British English, such a study became possible. In addition to parts of speech, the corpus is richly annotated with metadata pertaining to demographic features such as age, gender and social class, and textual features such as register, publication medium and domain. While bad language may be related to religion (e.g. Jesus, heaven, hell and damn), sex (e.g. fuck), racism (e.g. nigger), defecation (e.g. shit), homophobia (e.g. queer) and other matters, we will, in this article, examine only the pattern of uses of fuck and its morphological variants, because this is a typical swear-word that occurs frequently in the BNC. This article will build and expand upon the examination of fuck by McEnery et al. (2000) by examining the distribution pattern of fuck within and across spoken and written registers.
Spectres of Peace: Civic Participation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Bell Vikki
Published: September 2004

Understanding the Civic Forum in Northern Ireland as part of a new modeof governance that the Belfast Agreement and the Northern Ireland Act 1998 sought to make possible, the Forum can be analysed as a technology of Peace that has in turn invited the fashioning of a new democratic subject. This ‘subject’, moreover, is operating not merely within a new institutional space and within new processes but within a new ethical landscape. Thus while the participatory ethos links the Forum’s work to much wider changes in the notion of ‘democracy’, the specificities of the Forum’s context - its role as part of the Peace process set against Northern Ireland’s history of conflict - give its work a further particular purpose with a complex temporal dimension. The new landscape is one in which the ‘call to Peace’ is foregrounded, initiating a complex relationship to what has been, what ‘is’ and what the future potentially holds. Peace, it is argued here, requires a performative call to the future, a call for a new spirit. But this new spirit is one that cannot be simply conjured, marketed and distributed like an easy sentimentality, not least because sentimentality simply ignores the present’s tie to the past. Rather, the pursuit of Peace has to be sought in the messiness of the present, and has therefore to be open to the heterogeneity of ‘the past’. Competing injunctions arise from the spirits of the past, urging those in the present to follow divergent paths. Following Derrida’s Spectres of Marx(1994), it is argued that these ghosts cannot be simply banished. As this study of the Civic Forum illustrates, how the Forum positions itself, both institutionally and procedurally, necessarily involves the negotiation of notions of past and future. The successful pursuit of Peace will be dependent upon how those in the present receive the ghosts of the past and how they can allow for their enjoining as a condition of that future’s very possibility.