bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P450s CYP380C6 and CYP380C9 in green peach aphid facilitate its adaptation to indole glucosinolate‐mediated plant defense
Authors: Ji Rui , Lei Jiaxin , Chen Ivy W , Sang Wen , Yang Shiying , Fang Jichao , Zhu‐Salzman Keyan
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Overexpressing CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (CCA1‐ox) increases indole glucosinolate production and resistance to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Little is known of how aphids respond to this group of plant defense compounds or of the underlying molecular mechanism.

Results

Aphids reared on CCA1‐ox for over 40 generations (namely the CCA population) became less susceptible to CCA1‐ox than aphids maintained on the wild‐type Col‐0 (namely the COL population). This elevated tolerance was transgenerational as it remained for at least eight generations after the CCA population was transferred to Col‐0. Intriguingly, transcriptome analysis indicated that all differential cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes (MpCYPs), primarily MpCYP4s, MpCYP380s and MpCYP6s, were more highly expressed in the CCA population. Application of a P450 inhibitor to the CCA population resulted in decreased aphid reproduction on CCA1‐ox, which was not observed if aphids were reared on Col‐0. When indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in CCA1‐ox was blocked using virus‐induced gene silencing, the effect of the P450 inhibitor on the CCA population was attenuated, affirming the essential role played by MpCYPs in counteracting the defense mechanism in CCA1‐ox that is low or absent in Col‐0. Furthermore, we used host‐induced gene silencing to identify MpCYP380C6 and MpCYP380C9 that specifically facilitated the CCA population to cope with CCA1‐mediated plant defense. Expression profiles revealed their possible contribution to the transgenerational tolerance observed in aphids.

Conclusion

MpCYP380C6 and MpCYP380C9 in aphids play a crucial role in mitigating indole glucosinolate‐mediated plant defense, and this effect is transgenerational.
Simulation of overflow thresholds in urban basins: Case study in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
Authors: Silva Cervantes Moisés , Hernando Ana , García‐Abril Antonio , Valbuena Rubén , Velázquez Saornil Javier , Manzanera José Antonio
Published: July 2020

The space–time dynamics and the effect of urban growth on territory transformation were simulated with Iber 2D to analyze flooding events in the lower basin of the Sabinal River, Mexico. We classified the main coverages and land uses of the study area. Soil roughness and water infiltration in the soil were evaluated. Both values were used as input data in a simulation model with Iber 2D to analyze and compare the levels of water height and maximum flood level area with different precipitation values in two reference years, 1986 and 2014. Residential use land cover increased considerably while tree, pasture and agricultural use covers decreased. Consequently, in 2014, precipitation of similar magnitude led to higher values of direct runoff, increasing water levels and therefore the risk of overflowing. The water levels and moments of river overflow provided feedback for flood‐risk warning systems and tools to monitor basins lacking adequate infrastructure.
The lost moral purpose of science education
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: July 2020

Since the rise of mass schooling in the 19th century, Americans have advocated for the teaching of science at nearly every level of the educational system. The reasons for its inclusion in the school curriculum, though, have varied over the years. The argument in the mid 1800s, for example, centered on the utilitarian value of scientific knowledge for industry and everyday affairs, while in the 1950s the study of science was viewed as important for building public support for research in the United States. Towards the end of the 19th century there was a period of time when the predominant argument for science instruction rested on a moral purpose—the building of character and personal virtue. For early proponents of science education, moral uplift came from student engagement in the process of science—in coming to face the facts of the natural world that were the basis for the discovery of truth. This essay explores whether such goals for teaching science might once again have a place at a time when scientific expertize and knowledge are increasingly being minimized or dismissed.
PFACC: An OpenACC‐like programming model for irregular nested parallelism
Authors: Huang Ming Hsiang , Yang Wuu
Published: July 2020

OpenACC is a directive‐based programming model which allows programmers to write graphic processing unit (GPU) programs by simply annotating parallel loops. However, OpenACC has poor support for irregular nested parallel loops, which are natural choices to express nested parallelism. We propose PFACC, a programming model similar to OpenACC. PFACC directives can be used to annotate parallel loops and to guide data movement between different levels of memory hierarchy. Parallel loops can be arbitrarily nested or be placed inside functions that would be (possibly recursively) called in other parallel loops. The PFACC translator translates C programs with PFACC directives into CUDA programs by inserting runtime iteration‐sharing and memory allocation routines. The PFACC runtime iteration‐sharing routine is a two‐level mechanism. Thread blocks dynamically organize loop iterations into batches and execute the batches in a depth‐first order. Different thread blocks share iterations among one another with an iteration‐stealing mechanism. PFACC generates CUDA programs with reasonable memory usage because of the depth‐first execution order. The two‐level iteration‐sharing mechanism is implemented purely in software and fits well with the CUDA thread hierarchy. Experiments show that PFACC outperforms CUDA dynamic parallelism in terms of performance and code size on most benchmarks.
Automatic Versus Manual Forwarding in Web Surveys - A Cognitive Load Perspective on Satisficing Responding
Authors: Selkälä Arto , Callegaro Mario , Couper Mick P.
Published: July 2020

We examine the satisficing respondent behavior and cognitive load of the participants in particular web survey interfaces applying automatic forwarding (AF) or manual forwarding (MF) in order to forward respondents to the next item. We create a theoretical framework based on the Cognitive Load theory (CLT), Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) and Survey Satisficing Theory taken also into account the latest findings of cognitive neuroscience. We develop a new method in order to measure satisficing responding in web surveys. We argue that the cognitive response process in web surveys should be interpreted starting at the level of sensory memory instead of at the level of working memory. This approach allows researchers to analyze an accumulation of cognitive load across the questionnaire based on observed or hypothesized eye-movements taken into account the interface design of the web survey. We find MF reducing both average item level response times as well as the standard deviation of item-level response times. This suggests support for our hypothesis that the MF interface as a more complex design including previous and next buttons increases satisficing responding generating also the higher total cognitive load of respondents. The findings reinforce the view in HCI that reducing the complexity of interfaces and the presence of extraneous elements reduces cognitive load and facilitates the concentration of cognitive resources on the task at hand. It should be noted that the evidence is based on a relatively short survey among university students. Replication in other settings is recommended.
Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes and therapeutic response of heel spur patients treated by orthovoltage X-rays or a linear accelerator
Authors: Zahnreich Sebastian , Rösler Hans-Peter , Schwanbeck Carina , Karle Heiko , Schmidberger Heinz
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Biodosimetric assessment and comparison of radiation-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand breaks (DSBs) by γH2AX immunostaining in peripheral leukocytes of patients with painful heel spur after radiation therapy (RT) with orthovoltage X‑rays or a 6-MV linear accelerator (linac). The treatment response for each RT technique was monitored as a secondary endpoint.

Patients and methods

22 patients were treated either with 140-kV orthovoltage X‑rays (n = 11) or a 6-MV linac (n = 11) with two weekly fractions of 0.5 Gy for 3 weeks. In both scenarios, the dose was prescribed to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) dose reference point. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 min after the first RT session. γH2AX foci were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy to assess the yield of DSBs at the basal level and after radiation exposure ex vivo or in vivo. The treatment response was assessed before and 3 months after RT using a five-level functional calcaneodynia score.

Results

RT for painful heel spurs induced a very mild but significant increase of γH2AX foci in patients’ leukocytes. No difference between the RT techniques was observed. High and comparable therapeutic responses were documented for both treatment modalities. This trial was terminated preliminarily after an interim analysis (22 patients randomized).

Conclusion

Low-dose RT for painful heel spurs with orthovoltage X‑rays or a 6-MV linac is an effective treatment option associated with a very low and comparable radiation burden to the patient, as confirmed by biodosimetric measurements.
Forensic mental health in Europe: some key figures
Authors: Tomlin Jack , Lega Ilaria , Braun Peter , Kennedy Harry G. , Herrando Vicente Tort , Barroso Ricardo , Castelletti Luca , Mirabella Fiorino , Scarpa Franco , Völlm Birgit ,   the experts of COST Action IS1302, Pham Thierry , Müller-Isberner Rüdiger , Taube Maris , Rivellini Gianfranco , Calevro Valeria , Liardo Raffaello , Pennino Michele , Markiewicz Inga , Barbosa Fernando , Bulten Erik , Thomson Lindsay , Pustoslemšek Miran , Arroyo Jose Manuel , Seppänen Allan , Thibaut Florence , Kozaric-Kovacic Dragica , Palijan Tija Zarkovic , Markovska-Simoska Silvana , Raleva Marija , Šileikaitė Aldona , Germanavicius Arunas , Čėsnienė Ilona
Published: July 2020

Purpose

While the number of forensic beds and the duration of psychiatric forensic psychiatric treatment have increased in several European Union (EU) states, this is not observed in others. Patient demographics, average lengths of stay and legal frameworks also differ substantially. The lack of basic epidemiological information on forensic patients and of shared indicators on forensic care within Europe is an obstacle to comparative research. The reasons for such variation are not well understood.

Methods

Experts from seventeen EU states submitted data on forensic bed prevalence rates, gender distributions and average length of stay in forensic in-patient facilities. Average length of stay and bed prevalence rates were examined for associations with country-level variables including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), expenditure on healthcare, prison population, general psychiatric bed prevalence rates and democracy index scores.

Results

The data demonstrated substantial differences between states. Average length of stay was approximately ten times greater in the Netherlands than Slovenia. In England and Wales, 18% of patients were female compared to 5% in Slovenia. There was a 17-fold difference in forensic bed rates per 100,000 between the Netherlands and Spain. Exploratory analyses suggested average length of stay was associated with GDP, expenditure on healthcare and democracy index scores.

Conclusion

The data presented in this study represent the most recent overview of key epidemiological data in forensic services across seventeen EU states. However, systematically collected epidemiological data of good quality remain elusive in forensic psychiatry. States need to develop common definitions and recording practices and contribute to a publicly available database of such epidemiological indicators.
General flation models for count data
Authors: Böhning Dankmar , Ogden Helen E.
Published: July 2020

The paper discusses very general extensions to existing inflation models for discrete random variables, allowing an arbitrary set of points in the sample space to be either inflated or deflated relative to a baseline distribution. The term flation is introduced to cover either inflation or deflation of counts. Examples include one-inflated count models where the baseline distribution is zero-truncated and count models for data with a few unusual large values. The main result is that inference about the baseline distribution can be based solely on the truncated distribution which arises when the entire set of flation points is truncated. A major application of this result relates to estimating the size of a hidden target population, and examples are provided to illustrate our findings.
Radiation exposure in endovascular stroke treatment of acute basilar artery occlusions—a matched-pair analysis
Authors: Weyland Charlotte S. , Potreck Arne , Neuberger Ulf , Möhlenbruch Markus A. , Nagel Simon , Ringleb Peter A. , Bendszus Martin , Pfaff Johannes A. R.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

To determine the radiation exposure in endovascular stroke treatment (EST) of acute basilar artery occlusions (BAO) and compare it with radiation exposure of EST for embolic middle cerebral artery occlusions (MCAO).

Methods

In this retrospective analysis of an institutional review board−approved prospective stroke database of a comprehensive stroke center, we focused on radiation exposure (as per dose area product in Gy × cm2, median (IQR)), procedure time, and fluoroscopy time (in minutes, median [IQR]) in patients receiving EST for BAO. Patients who received EST for BAO were matched case by case with patients who received EST for MCAO according to number of thrombectomy attempts, target vessel reperfusion result, and thrombectomy technique.

Results

Overall 180 patients (n = 90 in each group) were included in this analysis. General anesthesia was conducted more often during EST of BAO (BAO: 75 (83.3%); MCAO: 18 (31.1%), p < 0.001). Procedure time (BAO: 31 (20–43); MCAO: 27 (18–38); p value 0.226) and fluoroscopy time (BAO: 29 (20–59); MCAO: 29 (17–49), p value 0.317) were comparable. Radiation exposure was significantly higher in patients receiving EST for BAO (BAO: 123.4 (78.7–204.2); MCAO: 94.3 (65.5–163.7), p value 0.046), which represents an increase by 23.7%.

Conclusion

Endovascular stroke treatment of basilar artery occlusions is associated with a higher radiation exposure compared with treatment of middle cerebral artery occlusions.
Hormonal Evaluation of Incidental Adrenal Masses: The Exception, Not the Rule
Authors: Kirsch Michael J. , Hsu Kun‐Tai , Lee Matthew H. , Pickhardt Perry J. , Kim David H. , Sippel Rebecca S. , Dedhia Priya H.
Published: July 2020

Background

Incidental adrenal masses (IAMs) occur in approximately 4% of patients undergoing abdominal CT scans for any indication. Hormonal evaluation is recommended for all IAMs. The purpose of this study was to identify the rate of IAMs in a screening population and to determine the adequacy of endocrine evaluation of newly identified IAMs based on established guidelines.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 6913 patients undergoing a non‐contrast screening CT colonography at a single academic medical center between June 2004 and July 2012.

Results

The prevalence of IAMs in this asymptomatic screening population was 2.1% (n = 148). Of those patients, 8.8% (n = 11) underwent some form of hormonal evaluation and only 6.4% (n = 8) patients had a “complete” workup. Cortisol, metanephrines, and an aldosterone–renin ratio were evaluated in 8.0%, 7.2%, and 4.0% of patients, respectively. Of the patients (n = 11) who underwent hormonal evaluation, 27.3% had functional masses and 36.4% underwent surgery. Of those who did not have hormonal evaluation, 42.1% (n = 48) had comorbidities that should have prompted hormonal evaluation based on established guidelines. Hormonal evaluation was not performed in 89.4% of patients with hypertension and 21.1% of patients with diabetes. 88.9% of patients on three or more antihypertensive medications did not undergo any hormonal evaluation.

Conclusions

Compliance with IAM workup guidelines is poor, which may result in missed diagnosis of functional adrenal masses. Establishment of a robust protocol and education on appropriate workup for IAMs is necessary for adequate hormonal evaluation.
Carbon use efficiency and microbial functional diversity in a temperate Luvisol and a tropical Nitisol after millet litter and N addition
Authors: Schroeder Julia , Jannoura Ramia , Beuschel René , Pfeiffer Birgit , Dyckmans Jens , Murugan Rajasekaran , Chavannavar Suvarna , Wachendorf Christine , Joergensen Rainer Georg
Published: July 2020

Tropical soils often contain less soil organic C (SOC) and microbial biomass C (MBC) than temperate soils and, thus, exhibit lower soil fertility. The addition of plant residues and N fertilizers can improve soil fertility, which might be reflected by microbial C use efficiency (CUE) and functional diversity. A 42-day incubation study was carried out, adding leaf litter of the C4 plant finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) and inorganic 15N fertilizer. The aim was to investigate amendment effects on CUE and functional diversity in a tropical Nitisol and a temperate Luvisol. At day 42, 28% of the millet litter-derived C (C4) added was mineralised to CO2C4 in the temperate Luvisol and only 18% in the tropical Nitisol, averaging all N treatments. In contrast, none of the different fractions used for calculating CUE values, i.e. CO2C4, MBC4, microbial residue C4, and particulate organic matter C4, differed between the soils in the N0 (no N addition) treatment. CUE values considering microbial residues varied around 0.63, regardless of soil type and sampling day, which needs further evaluation. Millet litter increased autochthonous SOC-derived CO2C3 production, but N addition did not. This priming effect was apparently not caused by N mining. The respiratory response to most substrates added by multi-substrate-induced respiration (MSIR) and, thus, functional diversity was higher in the Luvisol than in the Nitisol. Millet litter had positive and N addition negative effects on the functional diversity of Nitisol, indicating that MSIR is a useful tool for evaluating soil fertility.
Pai syndrome: a review
Authors: Olivero Francesca , Foiadelli Thomas , Luzzi Sabino , Marseglia Gian Luigi , Savasta Salvatore
Published: July 2020

Background

Pai syndrome is a rare idiopathic developmental condition characterized by midline craniofacial abnormalities. It was originally described as the presence of a median cleft lip, cutaneous polyps of the nasal mucosa and face, and midline lipomas of the central nervous system, mostly at the corpus callosum. However, there is great phenotypical variability and these characteristics are rarely all present at once.

Objective

The aim of this review was to analyze the available evidence regarding Pai syndrome in order to better delineate this rare condition and its features.

Methods

We analyzed the PubMed database using the words “Pai syndrome”, “frontonasal dysplasia”, “cleft lip”, “nasal polyp”, “facial polyp”, and “corpus callosum lipoma”, including reviews, case reports and case series.

Conclusion

There is no consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria of Pai syndrome up to date. It is usually diagnosed at birth, and its incidence is often underestimated. At present, the etiology of Pai syndrome is unknown. Several hypotheses regarding its genetic background have been made; however, there are not enough data yet to elucidate this point. An improved awareness could help in diagnosing the condition and performing the necessary investigations. These patients should have a multidisciplinary follow-up.
Sulforaphane-enriched extracts from glucoraphanin-rich broccoli exert antimicrobial activity against gut pathogens in vitro and innovative cooking methods increase in vivo intestinal delivery of sulforaphane
Authors: Abukhabta Salah , Khalil Ghawi Sameer , Karatzas Kimon Andreas , Charalampopoulos Dimitris , McDougall Gordon , Allwood J. Will , Verrall Susan , Lavery Siobhan , Latimer Cheryl , Pourshahidi L. Kirsty , Lawther Roger , O’Connor Gloria , Rowland Ian , Gill Chris I. R.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Studies on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) indicate beneficial effects against a range of chronic diseases, commonly attributed to their bioactive phytochemicals. Sulforaphane, the bioactive form of glucoraphanin, is formed by the action of the indigenous enzyme myrosinase. This study explored the role that digestion and cooking practices play in bioactivity and bioavailability, especially the rarely considered dose delivered to the colon.

Methods

The antimicrobial activity of sulforaphane extracts from raw, cooked broccoli and cooked broccoli plus mustard seeds (as a source myrosinase) was assessed. The persistence of broccoli phytochemicals in the upper gastrointestinal tract was analysed in the ileal fluid of 11 ileostomates fed, in a cross-over design, broccoli soup prepared with and without mustard seeds.

Results

The raw broccoli had no antimicrobial activity, except against Bacillus cereus, but cooked broccoli (with and without mustard seeds) showed considerable antimicrobial activity against various tested pathogens. The recovery of sulforaphane in ileal fluids post soup consumption was < 1% but the addition of mustard seeds increased colon-available sulforaphane sixfold. However, when sulforaphane was extracted from the ileal fluid with the highest sulforaphane content and tested against Escherichia coli K12, no inhibitory effects were observed. Analysis of glucosinolates composition in ileal fluids revealed noticeable inter-individual differences, with six “responding” participants showing increases in glucosinolates after broccoli soup consumption.

Conclusions

Sulforaphane-rich broccoli extracts caused potent antimicrobial effects in vitro, and the consumption of sulforaphane-enriched broccoli soup may inhibit bacterial growth in the stomach and upper small intestine, but not in the terminal ileum or the colon.
Strategies to prevent anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and gastric conduit reconstruction
Authors: Vetter Diana , Gutschow Christian A.
Published: July 2020

Background

Surgery remains the cornerstone of esophageal cancer treatment but is burdened with high procedure-related morbidity. Anastomotic leakage as the most important surgical complication after esophagectomy is a key indicator for quality in surgical outcome research.

Purpose

The aim of this narrative review is to assess and summarize the current knowledge on prevention of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and to provide orientation for the reader in this challenging field of surgery.

Conclusions

There are various strategies to reduce postoperative morbidity and to prevent anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy, including adequate patient selection and preparation, and many technical-surgical and anesthesiological details. The scientific evidence regarding those strategies is highly heterogeneous, ranging from expert’s recommendations to randomized controlled trials. This review is intended to serve as an empirical guideline to improve the clinical management of patients undergoing esophagectomy with a special focus on anastomotic leakage prevention.
Effect of bone quality and quantity on the primary stability of dental implants in a simulated bicortical placement
Authors: Rues Stefan , Schmitter Marc , Kappel Stefanie , Sonntag Robert , Kretzer Jan Philippe , Nadorf Jan
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Conventional dental implants inserted in the molar region of the maxilla will reach into the sinus maxillaris when alveolar ridge height is limited. When surgery is performed without prior augmentation of the sinus floor, primary stability of the implant is important for successful osseointegration. This study aimed at identifying the impact of bone quality and quantity at the implantation site on primary implant stability of a simulated bicortical placement.

Materials and methods

In our in vitro measurements, bone mineral density, total bone thickness and overall cortical bone thickness were assessed by micro-computed tomography (μCT) of pig scapulae, which resembled well the bicortical situation found in human patients. Dental implants were inserted, and micromotion between bone and implant was measured while loading the implant with an axial torque.

Results

The main findings were that primary implant stability did not depend on total bone thickness but tended to increase with either increasing bone mineral density or overall cortical bone thickness.

Clinical relevance

Limited bone height in the maxilla is a major problem when planning dental implants. To overcome this problem, several approaches, e.g. external or internal sinus floor elevation, have been established. When planning the insertion of a dental implant an important aspect is the primary stability which can be expected. With other factors, the dimensions of the cortical bone might be relevant in this context. It would, therefore, be helpful to define the minimum thickness of cortical bone required to achieve sufficient primary stability, thus avoiding additional surgical intervention.
Computational investigation of cobalt and copper bis (oxothiolene) complexes as an alternative for olefin purification
Authors: Sredojević Dušan N. , Raju Rajesh K. , Moncho Salvador , Belić Milivoj R. , Brothers Edward N.
Published: July 2020

Considering that olefins present a large volume feedstock, it is reasonable to expect that their purification is industrially critical. After the discovery of the nickel bis (dithiolene) complex Ni(S2C2(CF3)2)2 that exhibits electro-catalytic activity with olefins but tends to decompose by a competitive reaction route, related complexes have been explored experimentally and theoretically. In this paper, a computational examination is performed on differently charged cobalt and copper bis (oxothiolene) complexes [M (OSC2(CN)2)2] to test their potential applicability as the catalysts for olefin purification, using the simplest olefin, ethylene. Possible reaction pathways for ethylene addition on these complexes were explored, to determine whether some of these candidates can avoid the reaction route that leads to decomposition, which is distinctive from the nickel complex, and to form stable adducts that can subsequently release ethylene by reduction. Our calculations suggest that the neutral cobalt complex might be an alternative catalyst, because all its forms can bind ethylene to produce stable interligand adducts with moderate to low activation barriers, rather than to form intraligand adducts that lead to decomposition. The calculations also predict that these interligand adducts are capable of releasing ethylene upon reduction. In addition, it can produce the desired interligand adducts following two different reaction pathways, assigned as the direct and the indirect, with no need for anion species as co-catalysts, which is crucial for the nickel complex. Thus, the olefin purification process could be much simpler by using this catalyst.
Quality of life and olfactory function after suprasellar craniopharyngioma surgery—a single-center experience comparing transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approaches
Authors: Marx Sascha , Tsavdaridou Ioanna , Paul Sebastian , Steveling Antje , Schirmer Cornelia , Eördögh Marton , Nowak Stephan , Matthes Marc , El Refaee Ehab , Fleck Steffen K. , Baldauf Joerg , Lerch Markus M. , Stahl Andreas , Hosemann Werner , Schroeder Henry W. S.
Published: July 2020

The endoscopic endonasal approach to suprasellar craniopharyngiomas has become popular as alternative to transcranial approaches. However, the literature lacks data regarding quality of life and olfactory function. The assessment of the long-term quality of life and olfactory function of all patients harboring a suprasellar craniopharyngioma who underwent surgery in our department has been done. Patient characteristics and perioperative data were gathered in a prospectively maintained database. At the last follow-up visit, the olfactory function and the quality of life (ASBQ, SNOT-22) as well as visual and pituitary function were assessed. Thirteen and 17 patients underwent surgery via a transcranial (T) and endonasal (E) route, respectively. No differences were seen in ASBQ, SNOT-22, and olfactory function between T and E, but in E were more full-time worker and less obesity. CSF leaks occurred in 15% of T and 29% of E (p = 0.43). Patients from group E had a superior visual outcome which was most pronounced in the visual field. The degree of new anterior and posterior pituitary gland deficiency after surgery and in the follow-up was lower in group E. The general and sinonasal quality of life and the olfactory function are equal in E and T. E is associated with a superior visual outcome, lower rates of diabetes insipidus, and lower rates of obesity, but has a higher risk for postoperative CSF leaks.
The Paris Commune cartoon collection: An introduction
Authors: Marchant-Wallis Caroline
Published: July 2020

This article discusses the illustrative material found within the Paris Commune Collection held in the Special Collections of The University of Sussex, and focuses on how values and opinions were communicated through the use of sartorial cartoons and caricatures. Approaches from a range of disciplines including art, librarianship, archives and education have been employed, highlighting the value of cartoons as both pieces of art and valuable communication devices, alongside the importance of the collection for teaching, and wider importance of using archive material within teaching.
On Generalised Single-Heading Navigation
Authors: Aldea Nicoleta , Kopacz Piotr
Published: July 2020

Introducing the notion of a pseudoloxodrome, we generalise a single-heading navigation to conformally flat Riemannian manifolds, under the action of a perturbing vector field (wind, current) of arbitrary force. The findings are applied to time-optimal navigation with the use of the Euler–Lagrange equations. We refer to the Zermelo navigation problem admitting space and time dependence of both a perturbation and a ship's speed. The necessary conditions for single-heading time-optimal navigation are obtained and the pseudoloxodromes of minimum and maximum time are discussed. Furthermore, we describe winds which yield the pseudoloxodromic and loxodromic time extremals. Our research is also illustrated with the examples in dimension two emphasising the single-heading solutions among the time-optimal trajectories in the presence of some space-dependent winds.
Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing Across the Age Spectrum
Authors: Miller Claire Kane , Schroeder James W. , Langmore Susan
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is a widely used instrumental procedure used to assess swallowing function in persons of all ages, from infants to older adults. In this article, the history of FEES in adults, the protocol, the scoring system, and the interpretation of abnormal findings are summarized. The use of FEES to guide treatment in adults is also covered briefly. Following this review in adults, the use of FEES in infants and children is presented, including the anatomical–physiological assessment and the assessment of swallowing of food and liquid. Interpretation of findings and therapeutic applications are discussed.

Conclusion

FEES is a valuable part of the clinical protocol for evaluation and management of dysphagia across the life span. It provides a mechanism for in-depth analysis of swallowing structures and function during intake of liquid and food boluses. Future developments include standardized training content to ensure clinical competency and the development of standardized examination and interpretation protocols.
Classification of Physiologic Swallowing Impairment Severity: A Latent Class Analysis of Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile Scores
Authors: Beall Jonathan , Hill Elizabeth G. , Armeson Kent , Garand Kendrea L. (Focht) , Davidson Kate (Humphries) , Martin-Harris Bonnie
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Our objectives were to (a) identify oral and pharyngeal physiologic swallowing impairment severity classes based on latent class analyses (LCAs) of the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP) swallow task scores and (b) quantify the probability of severity class membership given composite MBSImP oral total (OT) and pharyngeal total (PT) scores.

Method

MBSImP scores were collected from a patient database of 319 consecutive modified barium swallow studies. Because of missing swallow task scores, LCA was performed using 25 multiply imputed data sets.

Results

LCA revealed a three-class structure for both oral and pharyngeal models. We identified OT and PT score intervals to assign subjects to oral and pharyngeal impairment latent severity classes, respectively, with high probability (probability of class membership ≥ 0.9 given OT or PT scores within specified ranges) and high confidence (95% credible interval [CI] widths ≤ 0.24 for all total scores within specified ranges). OT scores ranging from 0 to 10 and from 14 to 18 yielded assignments in Oral Latent Classes 1 and 2, respectively, while OT = 22 was assigned to Oral Latent Class 3. PT scores ranging from 0 to 13 and from 18 to 24 yielded assignments in Pharyngeal Latent Classes 1 and 2, respectively, while PT = 26 was assigned to Pharyngeal Latent Class 3.

Conclusions

LCA of MBSImP task-level data revealed significant underlying oral and pharyngeal ordinal class structures representing increasingly severe gradations of physiologic swallow impairment. Clinically meaningful OT and PT score ranges were derived facilitating latent class assignment.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12315677
High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation and Data Science: New Tools to Address an Old Problem
Authors: Coyle James L. , Sejdić Ervin
Published: July 2020

High-resolution cervical auscultation (HRCA) is an evolving clinical method for noninvasive screening of dysphagia that relies on data science, machine learning, and wearable sensors to investigate the characteristics of disordered swallowing function in people with dysphagia. HRCA has shown promising results in categorizing normal and disordered swallowing (i.e., screening) independent of human input, identifying a variety of swallowing physiological events as accurately as trained human judges. The system has been developed through a collaboration of data scientists, computer–electrical engineers, and speech-language pathologists. Its potential to automate dysphagia screening and contribute to evaluation lies in its noninvasive nature (wearable electronic sensors) and its growing ability to accurately replicate human judgments of swallowing data typically formed on the basis of videofluoroscopic imaging data. Potential contributions of HRCA when videofluoroscopic swallowing study may be unavailable, undesired, or not feasible for many patients in various settings are discussed, along with the development and capabilities of HRCA. The use of technological advances and wearable devices can extend the dysphagia clinician's reach and reinforce top-of-license practice for patients with swallowing disorders.
The Geriatric Swallow: Through Thick and Thin
Authors: Fazakerly Amanda , Nativ Nogah
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The goal of this article was to assess the utility of thickened liquids for patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Conclusion

The use of thickened liquids is pervasive, but clinical justification and understanding varies widely among practitioners of deglutition. The benefit of diet/liquid recommendations and other compensatory strategies should be validated via instrumental examination. As highlighted in this review, thickening of liquids may pose serious implications and consequences for both a patient's physical welfare and quality of life. Careful patient selection is recommended to ensure the expected benefits from liquid thickeners outweigh the risks.
Single‐end protection algorithm for HVDC transmission lines based on the current difference
Authors: Mehrabi‐Kooshki Mohammad , Mirhosseini Seyed Sattar , Jamali Sadegh
Published: July 2020

This study presents a single‐end protection algorithm for current source converter (CSC) high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines to solve shortcomings such as inadequate sensitivity, low speed and the need for communication link of conventional protection schemes. The proposed algorithm uses the average of DC line current at the rectifier terminal, sampled at 4 kHz within a 5 ms window, for simultaneous fault detection and faulted pole selection. For fault discrimination, the algorithm uses the average of second‐order difference of the sampled current data. The algorithm is verified by extensive simulation studies using a CSC‐HVDC test system modelled in PSCAD, as well as field data. The simulation results show fast and reliable protection of CSC‐HVDC lines under different fault conditions including high‐fault resistances. Moreover, the novel protection algorithm is stable against resistive–inductive faults, power flow changes, change of data window length, lightning interference and size of smoothing reactor. The algorithm does not require a communication link as used by numerous previous methods. It has a low computational burden, low sampling frequency and can be easily implemented in practical CSC‐HVDC systems without extra arrangements as the required signals are readily available in the existing measuring hardware platforms.
Wenn die Nacht zum Tag wird
Authors: Wittmann Veronika , Strasser Madeleine
Published: July 2020

Wie erleben Patienten die Nächte auf der Intensivstation? Um diese Frage beantworten zu können, starteten die beiden Autorinnen einen Selbstversuch.
Defining an Essential Clinical Dataset for Admission Patient History to Reduce Nursing Documentation Burden
Authors: Sutton Darinda E. , Fogel Jennifer R. , Giard April S. , Gulker Lisa A. , Ivory Catherine H. , Rosa Amy M.
Published: July 2020

Background Documentation burden, defined as the need to complete unnecessary documentation elements in the electronic health record (EHR), is significant for nurses and contributes to decreased time with patients as well as burnout. Burden increases when new documentation elements are added, but unnecessary elements are not systematically identified and removed.

Objectives Reducing the burden of nursing documentation during the inpatient admission process was a key objective for a group of nurse experts who collaboratively identified essential clinical data elements to be documented by nurses in the EHR.

Methods Twelve health care organizations used a data-driven process to evaluate inpatient admission assessment data elements to identify which elements were consistently deemed essential to patient care. Processes used for the twelve organizations to reach consensus included identifying: (1) data elements that were truly essential, (2) which data elements were explicitly required during the admission process, and (3) data elements that must be documented by a registered nurse (RN).

Result The result was an Admission Patient History Essential Clinical Dataset (APH ECD) that reduced the amount of admission documentation content by an average of 48.5%. Early adopters experienced an average reduction of more than two minutes per admission history documentation session and an average reduction in clicks of more than 30%.

Conclusion The creation of the essential clinical dataset is an example of combining evidence from nursing practice within the EHR with a set of predefined guiding principles to decrease documentation burden for nurses. Establishing essential documentation components for the adult admission history and intake process ensures the efficient use of bedside nurses' time by collecting the right (necessary) information collected by the right person at the right time during the patient's hospital stay. Determining essential elements also provides a framework for mapping components to national standards to facilitate shareable and comparable nursing data.
Novelties in the secretory structures of three species ofGongora(Orchidaceae: Stanhopeinae)
Authors: Casique Jorgeane V , Andrade Eloisa H de Aguiar , de Aguiar Dias Ana Cristina Andrade , Mastroberti Alexandra A
Published: July 2020

The members of the Stanhopeinae (Orchidaceae) bear osmophores, which are related to pollination since they exude volatile lipids that attract euglossine bees. Gongora spp. are pollinated exclusively by euglossine bees. In view of the structural diversity found in the flowers of this genus and the lack of data on other foraging insects that visit these flowers, we elucidated aspects of the anatomy of floral secreting structures in the Stanhopeinae group, focusing on structures in Gongora jauariensis, Gongora pleiochroma and Gongora minax, species from the Amazon Rainforest. Secretory structures were analysed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and histochemical and phytochemical procedures. Osmophores, extrafloral nectaries and elaiophores were observed. The three species bear a structured nectary on the bract and osmophores on both the sepals and labellum hypochile. In G. minax, the labellum (hypochile) shows chemical and structural characteristics of elaiophore and osmophores, suggesting that it has both functions. We report interactions between foraging ants and nectaries of Gongora spp. for the first time. Interactions with ants attracted by the nectaries on the bracts are beneficial for orchids, as the ants help to protect their reproductive structures.
Expression of the Campylobacter jejuni FliD protein and its reaction to chicken sera
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Yan , Zhou Qian , Tang Meng-Jun , Pu Jun-Hua , Fan Yan-Feng , Lu Jun-Xian , Huang Jin-Lin , Gao Yu-Shi
Published: July 2020

Campylobacter is a leading causative pathogen of acute bacterial gastroenteritis among humans. Contaminated chicken products are regarded as major sources of human infection. The flagellar capping protein (FliD), which plays important roles in colonization and adhesion to the mucosal surface of chicken ceca, is conserved among Campylobacter jejuni strains. In this study, the recombinant C. jejuni FliD protein was expressed, purified and used as a coated protein to examine the prevalence of C. jejuni antibodies in chickens. The anti-FliD antibody was prevalent among chicken serum samples taken from different farms in the diverse regions of Jiangsu province by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Campylobacter antibody was present in culture-negative chickens. No strong dose–response relationships were observed between serum FliD antibody levels and Campylobacter cultural status. These results provide a basis for further evaluating FliD as a vaccine candidate for broiler chickens or for examining host–C. jejuni interactions, with implications for improving food safety.
Indole signaling decreases biofilm formation and related virulence of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Rattanaphan Paramaporn , Mittraparp-Arthorn Pimonsri , Srinoun Kanitta , Vuddhakul Varaporn , Tansila Natta
Published: July 2020

Bacterial communication system known as quorum sensing (QS) is a pivotal system for bacterial survival, adaptation and pathogenesis. Members in the multicellular community may synthesize or acquire a signaling molecule in order to elicit downstream cellular processes. Roles of indole and derivatives, a new class of quorum-sensing signal molecules, in various bacterial physiologies and virulence have been reported recently. Indole is normally found in mammal gastrointestinal tract as a metabolite of tryptophan metabolism by microbiota. Therefore, interspecies connection via indole signaling among commensal bacteria and enteric pathogens could be anticipated. Effects of indole exposure on the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes were investigated by phenotypic and molecular approaches. Results demonstrated that synthetic indole and indole-rich conditioned medium significantly diminished biofilm formation and related virulence of L. monocytogenes including motility, cell aggregation and exopolysaccharide production. Transcript levels of virulence-associated (pssE, dltA, flaA, fliI, motB, agrA and hly) and regulatory genes (codY, sigB, prfA and gmaR) were substantially downregulated in indole-treated cells. Only mogR gene encoding for a repressor of motility genes was upregulated after indole exposure. Our findings raise the possibility that L. monocytogenes may acquire indole signaling from gut microbiota for resource-effective adaptation upon transition to new environment.
Risk-based evaluation of the vulnerability of the Skagerrak–Kattegat marine fish community to Swedish fisheries
Authors: Hornborg Sara , Hobday Alistair J , Borthwick Louisa , Valentinsson Daniel
Published: July 2020

Progress towards ecosystem-based fisheries management calls for useful tools to prioritize actions. To select suitable methods for local circumstances, evaluating approaches used in other jurisdictions can be a cost-effective first step. We tested Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) to assess the potential vulnerability of the marine fish community in the Skagerrak–Kattegat (Eastern North Sea) to possible interactions with all Swedish fisheries operating in the area. This analysis combines attributes for a species productivity with attributes related to the susceptibility to capture to quantify a single score for vulnerability: high, medium, or low risk. Results indicate that demersal trawl and gillnet fisheries were associated with the highest risk levels if interaction occurs, i.e. having the highest prevalence of species with potentially high vulnerability to the fisheries. Mixed results were seen when comparing the assessment results with available data. The main benefit of utilizing PSA in the area is the comprehensiveness of the assessment, including data-deficient fisheries and species. Drawbacks include potential overestimation of actual risks. Overall, together with available data, PSA in the studied area provides a comprehensive map of potential risks for further actions and may progress a science-based, precautionary management of the area.
Religion is Secularised Tradition: Jewish and Muslim Circumcisions in Germany
Authors: Salaymeh Lena , Lavi Shai
Published: July 2020

This article demonstrates that the legal reasoning dominant in modern states secularises traditions by converting them into ‘religions’. Using a case study on Germany’s recent regulation of male circumcision, we illustrate that religions have (at least) three dimensions: religiosity (private belief, individual right and autonomous choice); religious law (a divinely ordained legal code); and religious groups (public threat). When states restrict traditions within these three dimensions, they construct ‘religions’ within a secularisation triangle. Our theoretical model of a secularisation triangle illuminates that, in many Western states, there is a three-way relationship between a post-Christian state and both its Jewish and Muslim minorities. Our two theoretical proposals—the secularisation triangle and the trilateral relationship—contribute to a re-examination of religious freedom from the perspective of minority traditions and minority communities.