bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organogenesis in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.): A plant recalcitrant to tissue culture
Authors: Kabir MR , Ahmed S , Akhond MAY
Published: September 2016

Seedling-derived cotyledonary nodes and hypocotyl explants of BARI Dherosh- 1 were cultured in vitro on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D), 6- Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), BAP with 1-Nepthaleneacetic acid (NAA), BAP with Indole 3-butyric acid (IAA) and Zeatin with IAA along with a control. Shooting response (100%) with callus was only observed from cotyledonary nodes on thidiazuron (TDZ) where hypocotyls produced only callus or callus with roots on different concentrations of plant growth regulators. Considering the shooting response, the cotyledonary nodes of BARI Dherosh-1 were cultured on various concentrations of TDZ for regeneration. The highest percentage (64.0) with maximum number (6.8) of shoots per explant were observed in 0.044 ?M TDZ in 8.4 days. The regenerated shoots were rooted on ½ strength MS, MS supplemented with 2.46 ?M IBA and 0.53 ?M NAA. The highest percentage (83.3) and minimum days (9.7) required for root induction were recorded in 2.46 ?M IBA. The rooted plantlets were transferred to soil and hardened in the plastic pots under green house conditions. The rooted shoots grew normally under natural conditions following acclimatization.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 521-528, September 2016
Resynthesis of new R lines in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Miah MA , Rasul MG , Mian MAK
Published: September 2016

Identification of male fertility restorer genotypes for rapeseed CMS lines towards hybrid development in spring habit rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) adapted for short day winter season was studied. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during October, 2008 to March, 2011. An exotic CMS-based F1 hybrid of rapeseed was selfed to get F2 generation with a view to resynthesizing restorer line. As a result a restorer line for Nap248A Z1 and Nap248A Z2 cytoplasmic male sterile lines was identified in the F3 generation of the exotic F1 rapeseed hybrid which appears as the first case so far reported as achievement in Bangladesh in this regard. Genetic analysis further revealed fertility restoration for Nap248A Z1 and Nap248A Z2 cytoplasmic male sterility was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene as a simple genetic phenomenon.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 529-540, September 2016
Nutritive value and yield potential of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) genotypes
Authors: Biswas A , Hossain MM , Alam Z , Islam MM , Biswas A
Published: September 2016

Two experiments were conducted at the research field and laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur, during April 2012 to September 2013 to find out the yield performance and nutritional quality of seven genotypes of okra in Bangladesh. The results revealed that the highest yield of okra obtained from BARI Dherosh1 (14.9 t/ha) and the lowest yield was obtained from Hybrid Raja (5.76 t/ha). The highest fruits per plant were recorded from BARI Dherosh1 (24.27 fruits/plant). The genotype Green Hybrid produced the lowest edible fruit per plant (10.27). Maximum virus infestation was recorded in genotype Hybrid Raja (100%) and the lowest in Arka Anamika (76.67%) as well as Arka Anamika performed well in many aspect such as yield (12.95 t/ha), fruits per plant (19.83), number of branches per plant (6). The highest content of free ascorbic acid was recorded in Nabik (3.35 mg/100gm) and the minimum ascorbic acid content was observed in Green Hybrid (1.987 mg/100g). Hybrid Moti had the maximum amount of ?-carotene (0.15 IU/100 g), while minimum amount of ?-carotene was found in IPSA Okra (0.09IU/100 g). The highest K content was observed in IPSA Okra (1.091%) and the lowest in Hybrid Raja (1.06%). The highest amount of Fe was observed in Hybrid Moti (139.60 ppm) and the lowest amount of Fe was observed in Green Hybrid (111.80 ppm). The present results revealed that the yield was maximum in BARI Dherosh1 while Hybrid Moti was superior in nutritive value.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 541-554, September 2016
Variability and character association in cinnamon germplasm
Authors: Mozumder SN , Nath N , Akter N , Akter S , Banik BR
Published: September 2016

The experiment was conducted at the Regional Spices Research Center, BARI during May 2014 to April 2015 to study the variability and character association in cinnamon germplasm taking the characters - tree growth, leaf characteristics, bark thickness, specific bark weight and quality of bark of cinnamon plants. Range, variance and coefficient of variation of 30 different characters showed variations in 53 cinnamon accessions. High coefficient of variation was found for base girth, main stem height, number of tertiary branches/plant, tree volume, fresh and dry bark weight of tertiary branches. Bark thickness and specific bark weight gradually declined from main stem to lateral branches. The hierarchical cluster analysis with single scaled dendrogram showed eight clusters due to variation among the germplasm. Cluster III contained maximum 14 genotypes followed by cluster I and cluster VII, each having 12 genotypes. Association analysis revealed that significant correlation of base girth with tree volume, and secondary branches/plant had also significant correlation with leaf thickness and tree volume. It also revealed that significant correlation of fresh bark thickness of main stem with fresh bark thickness of primary, secondary and tertiary stems, also with fresh and dry bark weight of main, primary, secondary and tertiary stems. Specific bark weight had also significant correlation with fresh and dry bark weight of main, primary, secondary and tertiary barks.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 555-564, September 2016
Combining ability and heterosis on yield and its component traits in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Talukder MZA , Karim ANM S , Ahmed S , Amiruzzaman M
Published: September 2016

Combining ability and heterosis were studied in a 7×7 half diallel cross in maize for grain yield and yield contributing characters. Significant general and specific combining ability variances were observed for all the characters studied. The significant estimates of GCA and SCA variances suggested the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions for the expression studied traits. In these studies, variances due to SCA were higher than GCA for all charactesr, which revealed the predominance of non additive gene action (dominance and epistasis) for controlling these traits. Parents P1 and P4 were excellent general combiner for days to tasseling and silking while P1 and P5 for early maturity. P4 for short height and, P4 and P7 for higher thousand kernel weight. The parents P4 and P6 having good combining abilities for yield. Heterosis estimation was carried out using two commercial varieties NK40 and 900MG. When standard commercial check NK40 was used, the percent heterosis for kernel yield varied from -51.39 to 12.53%. Among the 21 F1s, 3crosses exhibited significant positive heterosis for kernel yield. The highest heterosis was exhibited by the cross P4×P6 (12.43%), P6×P7 (10.89%) and P2×P3 (9.87%) respectively. Compared with 900MG as check, the percent heterosis for kernel yield varied from -53.73 to 7.01%. Among the 21 F1s, none of the crosses exhibited significant positive heterosis for kernel yield. The highest heterosis were exhibited by the crosses P4×P6 (7.01%), P6 x P7 (5.55%) and P2×P3 (4.57%). The crosses showed significant positive SCA values could be used for variety development after verifying them across the agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 565-577, September 2016
Age Related Changes in Pinealocytes of the Pineal Gland in Bangladeshi Cadavers
Authors: Afroz Halima , Nurunnabi Abu Sadat Mohammad , Rahman Mushfika , Fatema Kanij , Ara Shamim
Published: September 2016

Background: The pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) contains cords and follicles of pinealocytes and neuroglia.Objective: To determine the number of the pinealocytes and neuroglial cells per sq. mm of microscopic field in different age group in a Bangladeshi population to view the age related change.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2009 to June 2010, based on the collection of 60 pineal glands from whole human brains of unclaimed dead bodies from the morgue. All the samples were divided into four age-groups: 15-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years and >50 years. Histological slides were prepared by using routine Harris Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stain. The number of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells per sq. mm of the microscopic field were determined by point counting technique, using ocular micrometer. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and independent sample t test were used.Results: The mean number of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells were found 10875.00±649.75 and 606.31±94.52 in group15-30 years, 9738.83±761.35 and 631.57±94.52 in group31-40 years 31-40 years, 9637.78±382.02 and 568.41±69.57 in group 41-50 years and 8134.64±358.07 and766.31±248.00 in group >50 respectively. Age related significant differences were found in number of pinealocytes in 15-30 years vs 31-40 years, 15-30 years vs 41-50, 15-30 years vs >50, 31-40 years vs >50 and 41-50 vs >50 years. However, no differences were found in number of neuroglial cells among different age groups.Conclusion: This study showed progressive degeneration of pinealocytes with advancing age. However, no age related changes were found in number of neuroglial cells.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, June; 11(1): 18-22
Urinary iodine excretion among thyroid peroxidase antibody positive pregnant women: a comparative study
Authors: Sultana O , Hussain D , Rahman Z , Jahan N , Sultana N
Published: September 2016

Urinary iodine excretion increases during pregnancy. Presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) accelerates this excretion rate. The objectives of the study was to observe the relation between TPO-Ab and urinary excretion of iodine in normal pregnant women during 1st trimester. This case-control study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College from 1st January to 31st December 2011. A total number of 120 subjects were included in the study and divided into control group (Group A) and study group (Group B). Group A consisted of 60 healthy non-pregnant women aged between 20 to 35 years. Group B consisted of 60 normal pregnant women of same age range. Group B was further subdivided into Group B1 and Group B2 according to the level of TPO-Ab. Group B1 consisted of 11 TPO-Ab positive pregnant women and Group B2 consisted of 49 TPO-Ab negative pregnant women. Group A was selected from personal contacts and Group B from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital. For assessment of iodine excretion, urinary iodine concentration, serum TPO-Ab and HCG of all pregnant women was measured by Spectrophotometric method, Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay and Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay, respectively. In this study, urinary iodine was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in normal pregnant women during 1st trimester in comparison to those of nonpregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in TPO-Ab positive pregnant women in comparison to those of TPO-Ab negative. Again, urinary iodine concentration showed significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation with that of TPO-Ab. Urinary iodine excretion increased in TPO-Ab positive normal pregnant women during 1st trimester. So, iodine supply should be increased during pregnancy and screening for TPO-Ab should be done routinely during pregnancy.Mediscope Vol. 3, No. 1: January 2016, Pages 28-32
Dok-1 and Dok-2 Regulate the Formation of Memory CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Laroche-Lefebvre Constance , Yousefi Mitra , Daudelin Jean-François , Charpentier Tania , Tarrab Esther , Klinck Roscoe , Lamarre Alain , Labrecque Nathalie , Stäger Simona , Duplay Pascale
Published: September 2016

Diverse signals received by CD8+ T cells are integrated to achieve the required magnitude of cell expansion and the appropriate balance of effector/memory CD8+ T cell generation. Notably, the strength and nature of TCR signaling influence the differentiation and functional capacity of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. Dok-1 and Dok-2, the two members of the Dok family expressed in T cells, negatively regulate TCR signaling in vitro. However, the role of Dok proteins in modulating T cell function in vivo has not yet studied. We studied the function of Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins in the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response to vaccinia virus infection. Comparison of responses to vaccinia virus expressing OVA peptide SIINFEKL by wild-type and Dok-1/2−/− CD8+ OT-I cells showed that the absence of Dok-1 and Dok-2 slightly reduced the magnitude of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cell expansion. This was not due to reduced proliferation or enhanced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells. Dok-1/2–deficient effector CD8+ T cells showed increased cell surface TCR expression following virus infection in vivo and increased expression of granzyme B and TNF upon stimulation with peptide Ag ex vivo. Finally, Dok-1/2–deficient effector CD8+ T had a severe defect in survival that resulted in impaired generation of memory CD8+ T cells. These results reveal the critical involvement of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in a negative-feedback loop that prevents overactivation of CD8+ T cells and promotes memory formation.
Simultaneous Bilateral Versus Staged Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Release: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Park Kevin W. , Boyer Martin I. , Gelberman Richard H. , Calfee Ryan P. , Stepan Jeffrey G. , Osei Daniel A.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine if simultaneous bilateral carpal tunnel release (CTR) is a cost-effective strategy compared with bilateral staged CTR for the treatment of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome.

Methods: A decision analytic model was created to compare the cost effectiveness of three strategies (ie, bilateral simultaneous CTR, bilateral staged CTR, and no treatment). Direct medical costs were estimated from 2013 Medicare reimbursement rates and wholesale drug costs in US dollars. Indirect costs were derived from consecutive patients undergoing unilateral or simultaneous bilateral CTR at our institution and from national average wages for 2013. Health state utility values were derived from a general population of volunteers using the Short Form-6 dimensions (SF-6D) health questionnaire.

Results: Both surgical strategies were cost effective compared with the no-treatment strategy. Bilateral simultaneous CTR had lower total costs and higher total effectiveness than bilateral staged CTR, and had an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $921 per quality-adjusted life year compared with the no-treatment strategy. The conclusions of the analysis remained unchanged though all sensitivity analyses, displaying robustness against parameter uncertainty.

Conclusions: Surgical management is cost effective for the treatment of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Bilateral simultaneous CTR, however, has lower total costs and higher total effectiveness compared with bilateral staged CTR.

Level of Evidence: Economic and Decision Analysis I
Information Literacy and Instruction: Scaling Instruction to Needs: Updating an Online Information Literacy Course
Authors: LeMire Sarah
Published: September 2016

Scalability is a buzzword in both libraries and higher education these days. As library budgets continue to tighten and technology continues to advance, libraries are flipping classrooms and deploying technology in order to better scale our instructional efforts. The University of Utah is no different. Several years ago, the library moved away from the standard one-shot workshops offered to the University’s undergraduate writing requirement course, Writing 2010, and replaced it with an online information literacy course. The transition has largely been successful, both at reducing the number of low-impact one-shot workshops our librarians teach, and also at involving instructors in information literacy. However, changes in personnel, technology, and curriculum prompted a recent revision and updating of the library’s information literacy course.
Do You Want to Chat? Reevaluating Organization of Virtual Reference Service at an Academic Library
Authors: Côté Maryvon , Kochkina Svetlana , Mawhinney Tara
Published: September 2016

Since their inception, virtual reference services have evolved considerably and are now a significant component of library services in many types of library environments. The current paper reports on a study undertaken at a research-intensive academic library that analyzed and evaluated a decade-old virtual reference service. The main goal of the study was to obtain a broad and comprehensive picture of the current service, grounded in the actual day-to-day provision, usage, and organization of the service. The group of librarians involved in the study developed a feasible, efficient, and adaptable methodology for assessing and evaluating a virtual reference service. The developed methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative methods can be used and applied for a similar evaluation of the service in any type of library environment.
Book Review: How They Lived: An Annotated Tour of Daily Life through History in Primary Sources
Authors: Buss Carla Wilson
Published: September 2016

How They Lived: An Annotated Tour of Daily Life through History in Primary Sources is an excellent two-volume set to start upper elementary, middle-grade, and even early high school students on the path to discovering the excitement and value of primary sources. Ciment, an independent scholar, has crafted a tool that is fairly unique in the field: introducing younger researchers to primary sources from ancient times to the present day. How They Lived uses both objects and documents, which will grab the interest of younger students.
Book Review: Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection
Authors: Bemis Michael F.
Published: September 2016

From the genesis of the concept of manifest destiny in the 1840s, through the attainment of statehood for Alaska and Hawaii in 1959, and up to the present day as the world’s lone superpower, the locomotive that is our nation has barreled down the twin rails of physical growth and world influence. Powerful, but not omnipotent, America has also learned some hard lessons in playing the role of global policeman.
Salas de Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) na rede regular pública de ensino paranaense: desafios, limites e possibilidades do paradigma inclusivo
Authors: Ferreira Denize Cristina Kaminski
Published: September 2016

Este estudo busca fomentar discussões e reflexões quanto aos desafios, limites e possibilidades da inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais na rede regular de ensino. No âmbito legal, a inclusão é um elemento inerente ao direito social da educação, pautando-se em princípios de justiça social, nesta perspectiva as salas de atendimento educacional especializado (AEE) constituem-se como facilitadoras da inclusão de alunos especiais nas escolas regulares, porém para que seu potencial seja explorado a contento, faz-se necessário a priorização do paradigma inclusivo em oposição a práticas excludentes, com destaque para a atuação do educador enquanto facilitador do processo de inclusão no espaço escolar. Ademais esta pesquisa expõe dados empíricos coletados qualitativamente em três escolas públicas da região metropolitana de Curitiba, no que tange ao atendimento educacional especializado em salas multifuncionais, ressalta-se a peculiaridade do estado do Paraná, o qual considera como clientela da Educação Especial, conforme determinação federal, alunos com deficiência, transtornos globais do desenvolvimento, altas habilidades/superdotação, e por normatização estadual, estende seu atendimento a educandos com transtornos funcionais específicos.
Bacterial flagellar capping proteins adopt diverse oligomeric states
Authors: Postel Sandra , Deredge Daniel , Bonsor Daniel A , Yu Xiong , Diederichs Kay , Helmsing Saskia , Vromen Aviv , Friedler Assaf , Hust Michael , Egelman Edward H , Beckett Dorothy , Wintrode Patrick L , Sundberg Eric J
Published: September 2016

Flagella are crucial for bacterial motility and pathogenesis. The flagellar capping protein (FliD) regulates filament assembly by chaperoning and sorting flagellin (FliC) proteins after they traverse the hollow filament and exit the growing flagellum tip. In the absence of FliD, flagella are not formed, resulting in impaired motility and infectivity. Here, we report the 2.2 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of FliD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the first high-resolution structure of any FliD protein from any bacterium. Using this evidence in combination with a multitude of biophysical and functional analyses, we find that Pseudomonas FliD exhibits unexpected structural similarity to other flagellar proteins at the domain level, adopts a unique hexameric oligomeric state, and depends on flexible determinants for oligomerization. Considering that the flagellin filaments on which FliD oligomers are affixed vary in protofilament number between bacteria, our results suggest that FliD oligomer stoichiometries vary across bacteria to complement their filament assemblies.
Pre‐eruptive inflation caused by gas accumulation: Insight from detailed gas flux variation at Sakurajima volcano, Japan
Authors: Kazahaya Ryunosuke , Shinohara Hiroshi , Mori Toshiya , Iguchi Masato , Yokoo Akihiko
Published: September 2016

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rate observations were made at Sakurajima volcano, Japan, to quantify the relationship between the SO2 emission rate and inflation prior to Vulcanian explosions. The explosions associated with precursory inflation events were preceded by decreases in SO2 emission rates by 10–60 min. The amounts of accumulated gas were calculated using time series of SO2 emission rate. The amounts of accumulated SO2 and increases in strain records before the explosions showed a positive correlation. The volume increase of a deformation source calculated using the strain records was of the comparable order of magnitude as the volume of the accumulated volcanic gas. The results suggest that the inflations before the explosions were caused by the gas accumulation.
Estimation of cloud fraction profile in shallow convection using a scanning cloud radar
Authors: Oue Mariko , Kollias Pavlos , North Kirk W. , Tatarevic Aleksandra , Endo Satoshi , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Gustafson William I.
Published: September 2016

Large spatial heterogeneities in shallow convection result in uncertainties in estimations of domain‐averaged cloud fraction profiles (CFP). This issue is addressed by using large eddy simulations of shallow convection over land coupled with a radar simulator. Results indicate that zenith profiling observations are inadequate to provide reliable CFP estimates. Use of scanning cloud radar (SCR), performing a sequence of cross‐wind horizon‐to‐horizon scans, is not straightforward due to the strong dependence of radar sensitivity to target distance. An objective method for estimating domain‐averaged CFP is proposed that uses observed statistics of SCR hydrometeor detection with height to estimate optimum sampling regions. This method shows good agreement with the model CFP. Results indicate that CFP estimates require more than 35 min of SCR scans to converge on the model domain average. The proposed technique is expected to improve our ability to compare model output with cloud radar observations in shallow cumulus cloud conditions.
Dipolarization front and current disruption
Authors: Lui A. T. Y.
Published: September 2016

The modification of current density on the dawn‐dusk cross section of the magnetotail with the earthward approach of a dipolarization front (DF) is examined through the recently published results of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation. It is found that the current density intensifies by ~37% abruptly within ~1.5 ion gyrotime as the DF approaches and shows localized regions with north‐south extrusions. After reaching its peak value, it undergoes a drastic current reduction (DCR) by ~65% within ~2 ion gyrotime. Breakdown of the frozen‐in condition occurs in the neutral sheet region in association with DCR, demonstrating the non‐MHD behavior of the phenomenon. The evolution of current density from this 3‐D PIC simulation bears several similarities to those observed for the current disruption (CD) phenomenon, such as explosive growth and disruption of the current density leading to a breakdown of the frozen‐in condition. The evolution is also similar to those from a previous two‐dimensional (2‐D) PIC simulation specially designed to investigate the nonlinear evolution of the cross‐field current instability for CD. One interpretation of these findings is that CD and substorm triggering can be associated with earthward intrusion of a DF into the near‐Earth plasma sheet as indicated by previous Cluster and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations. An alternative interpretation is that both DF and CD are consequences of a global evolution from an ion‐tearing‐like instability of the magnetotail.
Auroral evidence of radial transport at Jupiter during January 2014
Authors: Gray R. L. , Badman S. V. , Bonfond B. , Kimura T. , Misawa H. , Nichols J. D. , Vogt M. F. , Ray L. C.
Published: September 2016

We present Jovian auroral observations from the 2014 January Hubble Space Telescope (HST) campaign and investigate the auroral signatures of radial transport in the magnetosphere alongside contemporaneous radio and Hisaki EUV data. HST FUV auroral observations on day 11 show, for the first time, a significantly superrotating polar spot poleward of the main emission on the dawnside. The spot transitions from the polar to main emission region in the presence of a locally broad, bright dawnside main emission feature and two large equatorward emission features. Such a configuration of the main emission region is also unreported to date. We interpret the signatures as part of a sequence of inward radial transport processes. Hot plasma inflows from tail reconnection are thought to flow planetward and could generate the superrotating spot. The main emission feature could be the result of flow shears from prior hot inflows. Equatorward emissions are observed. These are evidence of hot plasma injections in the inner magnetosphere. The images are thought to be part of a prolonged period of reconnection. Radio emissions measured by Wind suggest that hectometric (HOM) and non‐Io decametric (DAM) signatures are associated with the sequence of auroral signatures, which implies a global magnetospheric disturbance. The reconnection and injection interval can continue for several hours.
On the links between the radio flux and magnetodisk distortions at Jupiter
Authors: Louarn Philippe , Kivelson Margaret G. , Kurth William S.
Published: September 2016

Using measurements of the Galileo magnetometer and plasma wave instrument, it is shown that the flux of the Jovian auroral radio emissions is correlated with the azimuthal component of the magnetic field (Bφ) measured in the plasma disk, the situations of large magnetic twist of the disk (large ΔBφ, the difference between the measured and the model field) corresponding to enhanced radio intensities (frequency > 300 kHz). For the four orbits discussed here (three in the postmidnight and one in the premidnight sector), representing ~44 days of observations, from 25 to 85 Jovian radius in the magnetodisk, the radio intensity observed during periods of small radial current (ΔBφ < 1 nT) is typically a factor of 5 to 10 smaller than that observed at large radial current (ΔBφ > 5–6 nT). It is proposed that these variations are the direct consequences of enhanced magnetosphere/ionosphere coupling current systems linked to episodes of larger outward mass outflows in the disk, resulting in larger parallel currents and, thus, in enhanced auroral activity. The application of Hill's model shows that the observed variations of Bφ can be explained by increasing the mass outflow rate from ~150 kg/s (quiet periods) to more than 2 t/s (“energetic” events), for Pedersen conductance ranging from 0.1 to 1 S. This is consistent with the canonical values given in the literature. It is estimated that these modulations of the mass flow rates lead to variations of the power dissipated in the disk from ~1014 to 1015 W due to the torque exerted by the magnetic coupling with Jupiter's ionosphere, with a conversion rate into the power radiated by the radio waves of the order of 10−6.
Active tectonics of Peru: Heterogeneous interseismic coupling along the Nazca megathrust, rigid motion of the Peruvian Sliver, and Subandean shortening accommodation
Authors: Villegas‐Lanza J. C. , Chlieh M. , Cavalié O. , Tavera H. , Baby P. , Chire‐Chira J. , Nocquet J.‐M.
Published: September 2016

Over 100 GPS sites measured in 2008–2013 in Peru provide new insights into the present‐day crustal deformation of the 2200 km long Peruvian margin. This margin is squeezed between the eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate at the South America trench axis and the westward continental subduction of the South American Plate beneath the Eastern Cordillera and Subandean orogenic wedge. Continental active faults and GPS data reveal the rigid motion of a Peruvian Forearc Sliver that extends from the oceanic trench axis to the Western‐Eastern Cordilleras boundary and moves southeastward at 4–5 mm/yr relative to a stable South America reference frame. GPS data indicate that the Subandean shortening increases southward by 2 to 4 mm/yr. In a Peruvian Sliver reference frame, the residual GPS data indicate that the interseismic coupling along the Nazca megathrust is highly heterogeneous. Coupling in northern Peru is shallow and coincides with the site of previous moderate‐sized and shallow tsunami‐earthquakes. Deep coupling occurs in central and southern Peru, where repeated large and great megathrust earthquakes have occurred. The strong correlation between highly coupled areas and large ruptures suggests that seismic asperities are persistent features of the megathrust. Creeping segments appear at the extremities of great ruptures and where oceanic fracture zones and ridges enter the subduction zone, suggesting that these subducting structures play a major role in the seismic segmentation of the Peruvian margin. In central Peru, we estimate a recurrence time of 305 ± 40 years to reproduce the great 1746Mw~8.8 Lima‐Callao earthquake.
Nonlinear inversion of tilt‐affected very long period records of explosive eruptions at Fuego volcano
Authors: Waite Gregory P. , Lanza Federica
Published: September 2016

Magmatic processes produce a rich variety of volcano seismic signals, ranging over several orders of magnitude in frequency and over a wide range of mechanism types. We examined signals from 400 to 10 s period associated with explosive eruptions at Fuego volcano, Guatemala, that were recorded over 19 days in 2009 on broadband stations with 30 s and 60 s corner periods. The raw data from the closest stations include tilt effects on the horizontal components but also have significant signal at periods below the instrument corners on the vertical components, where tilt effects should be negligible. We address the problems of tilt‐affected horizontal waveforms through a joint waveform inversion of translation and rotation, which allows for an investigation of the varying influence of tilt with period. Using a phase‐weighted stack of six similar events, we invert for source moment tensor using multiple bands. We use a grid search for source type and constrained inversions, which provides a quantitative measure of source mechanism reliability. The 30‐10 s band‐pass results are consistent with previous work that modeled data with a combined two crack or crack and pipe model. At the longest‐period band examined, 400‐60 s, the source mechanism is like a pipe that could represent the shallowest portion of the conduit. On the other hand, source mechanisms in some bands are unconstrained, presumably due to the combined tilt‐dominated and translation‐dominated signals, which are not coincident in space and have different time spans.
Recent warming on Spitsbergen—Influence of atmospheric circulation and sea ice cover
Authors: Isaksen K. , Nordli Ø. , Førland E. J. , Łupikasza E. , Eastwood S. , Niedźwiedź T.
Published: September 2016

Spitsbergen has experienced some of the most severe temperature changes in the Arctic during the last three decades. This study relates the recent warming to variations in large‐scale atmospheric circulation (AC), air mass characteristics, and sea ice concentration (SIC), both regionally around Spitsbergen and locally in three fjords. We find substantial warming for all AC patterns for all seasons, with greatest temperature increase in winter. A major part of the warming can be attributed to changes in air mass characteristics associated with situations of both cyclonic and anticyclonic air advection from north and east and situations with a nonadvectional anticyclonic ridge. In total, six specific AC types (out of 21), which occur on average 41% of days in a year, contribute approximately 80% of the recent warming. The relationship between the land‐based surface air temperature (SAT) and local and regional SIC was highly significant, particularly for the most contributing AC types. The high correlation between SAT and SIC for air masses from east and north of Spitsbergen suggests that a major part of the atmospheric warming observed in Spitsbergen is driven by heat exchange from the larger open water area in the Barents Sea and region north of Spitsbergen. Finally, our results show that changes in frequencies of AC play a minor role to the total recent surface warming. Thus, the strong warming in Spitsbergen in the latest decades is not driven by increased frequencies of “warm” AC types but rather from sea ice decline, higher sea surface temperatures, and a general background warming.
Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in relation to climate and canopy nitrogen in U.S. forests
Authors: Guerrieri Rossella , Lepine Lucie , Asbjornsen Heidi , Xiao Jingfeng , Ollinger Scott V.
Published: September 2016

Understanding relations among forest carbon (C) uptake and water use is critical for predicting forest‐climate interactions. Although the basic properties of tree‐water relations have long been known, our understanding of broader‐scale patterns is limited by several factors including (1) incomplete understanding of drivers of change in coupled C and water fluxes and water use efficiency (WUE), (2) difficulty in reconciling WUE estimates obtained at different scales, and (3) uncertainty in how evapotranspiration (ET) and WUE vary with other important resources such as nitrogen (N). To address these issues, we examined ET, gross primary production (GPP), and WUE at 11 AmeriFlux sites across North America. Our analysis spanned leaf and ecosystem scales and included foliar δ13C, δ18O, and %N measurements; eddy covariance estimates of GPP and ET; and remotely sensed estimates of canopy %N. We used flux data to derive ecosystem WUE (WUEe) and foliar δ13C to infer intrinsic WUE. We found that GPP, ET, and WUEe scaled with canopy %N, even when environmental variables were considered, and discuss the implications of these relationships for forest‐atmosphere‐climate interactions. We observed opposing patterns of WUE at leaf and ecosystem scales and examined uncertainties to help explain these opposing patterns. Nevertheless, significant relationship between C isotope‐derived ci/ca and GPP indicates that δ13C can be an effective predictor of forest GPP. Finally, we show that incorporating species functional traits—wood anatomy, hydraulic strategy, and foliar %N—into a conceptual model improved the interpretation of Δ13C and δ18O vis‐à‐vis leaf to canopy water‐carbon fluxes.
Coupled radiative convective equilibrium simulations with explicit and parameterized convection
Authors: Hohenegger Cathy , Stevens Bjorn
Published: September 2016

Radiative convective equilibrium has been applied in past studies to various models given its simplicity and analogy to the tropical climate. At convection‐permitting resolution, the focus has been on the organization of convection that appears when using fixed sea surface temperature (SST). Here the SST is allowed to freely respond to the surface energy. The goals are to examine and understand the resulting transient behavior, equilibrium state, and perturbations thereof, as well as to compare these results to a simulation integrated with parameterized cloud and convection. Analysis shows that the coupling between the SST and the net surface energy acts to delay the onset of self‐aggregation and may prevent it, in our case, for a slab ocean of less than 1 m. This is so because SST gradients tend to oppose the shallow low‐level circulation that is associated with the self‐aggregation of convection. Furthermore, the occurrence of self‐aggregation is found to be necessary for reaching an equilibrium state and avoiding a greenhouse‐like climate. In analogy to the present climate, the self‐aggregation generates the dry and clear subtropics that allow the system to efficiently cool. In contrast, strong shortwave cloud radiative effects, much stronger than at convection‐permitting resolution, prevent the simulation with parameterized cloud and convection to fall into a greenhouse state. The convection‐permitting simulations also suggest that cloud feedbacks, as arising when perturbing the equilibrium state, may be very different, and in our case less negative, than what emerges from general circulation models.
Cryoseismology
Authors: Podolskiy Evgeny A. , Walter Fabian
Published: September 2016

The last decade witnessed an explosion in yearly number of publications on passive glacier seismology. The seismic signals from a wide range of glacier‐related processes fill a broad band of frequencies (from 10−3to 102 Hz) and moment magnitudes (fromM–3 toM7) providing a fresh and unprecedented view on fundamental processes in the cryosphere. New insights into basal motion, iceberg calving, glacier, iceberg, and sea ice dynamics, and precursory signs of unstable glaciers and ice structural changes are being discovered with seismological techniques. These observations offer an invaluable foundation for understanding ongoing environmental changes and for future monitoring of ice bodies worldwide. In this review we discuss seismic sources in the cryosphere as well as research challenges for the near future. The field of glacier seismology is evolving so rapidly that some parts of this review will likely soon be outdated. Nevertheless, given an overwhelming number of recent publications and rapidly growing seismic data volumes provided by modern seismic installations in polar and mountain regions, this introduction to cryosphere seismicity aims to serve as a timely and comprehensive reference for glaciologists and seismologists.
Bayesian analysis of stage‐fall‐discharge rating curves and their uncertainties
Authors: Mansanarez V. , Le Coz J. , Renard B. , Lang M. , Pierrefeu G. , Vauchel P.
Published: September 2016

Stage‐fall‐discharge (SFD) rating curves are traditionally used to compute streamflow records at sites where the energy slope of the flow is variable due to variable backwater effects. We introduce a model with hydraulically interpretable parameters for estimating SFD rating curves and their uncertainties. Conventional power functions for channel and section controls are used. The transition to a backwater‐affected channel control is computed based on a continuity condition, solved either analytically or numerically. The practical use of the method is demonstrated with two real twin‐gauge stations, the Rhône River at Valence, France, and the Guthusbekken stream at station 0003⋅0033, Norway. Those stations are typical of a channel control and a section control, respectively, when backwater‐unaffected conditions apply. The performance of the method is investigated through sensitivity analysis to prior information on controls and to observations (i.e., available gaugings) for the station of Valence. These analyses suggest that precisely identifying SFD rating curves requires adapted gauging strategy and/or informative priors. The Madeira River, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon, provides a challenging case typical of large, flat, tropical river networks where bed roughness can also be variable in addition to slope. In this case, the difference in staff gauge reference levels must be estimated as another uncertain parameter of the SFD model. The proposed Bayesian method is a valuable alternative solution to the graphical and empirical techniques still proposed in hydrometry guidance and standards.
The Effects of Iron, Silicon, Chromium, and Aluminum Additions on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Recycled 3D Printing Filaments
Authors: Pan Guan‐Ting , Chong Siewhui , Tsai Hsuan‐Ju , Lu Wei‐Hua , Yang Thomas C.‐K.
Published: September 2016

With the increasing use of 3D printers especially the fused filament fabrication type in the industries and general public, there is indeed a need to consider the after‐use treatment for the products. The use of recycled filaments as the feedstock for 3D printers is a feasible alternative, but its application is limited to rather poor product quality. This study, thus, evaluates the effects of adding iron (Fe), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), and aluminum (Al) nano‐crystalline powders into the recycled polypropylene/high‐density polyethylene plastics feedstock for filament extrusion. Physical and mechanical analysis tests revealed that the addition of 1% Fe–Si–Cr or Fe–Si–Al resulted in better thermal stability, and up to 37% and 17% improvement, respectively, in yield strength and Young modulus compared with the original recycled filaments, possibly due to the enhancement of interfacial adhesion between the nano‐metal powders and the polymer, leading to reduced crack formation.
The Patterning Cascade Model and Carabelli's trait expression in metameres of the mixed human dentition: exploring a morphogenetic model
Authors: Paul Kathleen S. , Astorino Claudia M. , Bailey Shara E.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

The Patterning Cascade Model (PCM) provides an evolutionary developmental framework for exploring diversity in tooth crown form. According to the model, proximity of secondary enamel knots and tooth germ size track underlying developmental processes that dictate ultimate crown morphology (i.e., cusp number, accessory cusp presence/size). Previous research has shown the model to successfully predict variation in Carabelli's trait expression between antimeric and metameric pairs of human permanent molars. In this study, we quantify Carabelli's trait expression for metameres of the mixed dentition (dm2 and M1) and assess the PCM's potential for explaining differences in expression between the two elements.

Materials and methods

Crown dimensions, intercusp distances, and Carabelli's trait expression were collected from 49 subadults possessing observable dm2/M1 pairs. Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests and paired t‐tests were performed to assess whether metameres differ significantly in morphometric variables. We explored the relationships between relative intercusp distances (RICDs) and Carabelli's trait expression using proportional odds logistic regression.

Results

Intra‐individual dm2/M1 pairs differed significantly in Carabelli's trait expression (p = 0.01), with dm2 exhibiting higher grades of expression more commonly despite its smaller crown size. Paired molars differed in only one statistically significant RICD: metacone‐hypocone (p < 0.01). Most RICDs shared the predicted negative relationship with Carabelli's trait expression, but this relationship was only statistically significant for three RICDs in the dm2 (mean, protocone‐paracone, metacone‐hypocone).

Conclusions

We found mixed support for the PCM's ability to explain differences in Carabelli's trait expression between metameres of the mixed molar row. Results suggest that protocone‐paracone enamel knot spacing has the greatest influence on Carabelli's trait expression. Lack of statistical significance for many of the relationships explored may reflect limitations related to sample composition and sample size.
Harnessing the Dual Properties of Thiol‐Grafted Cellulose Paper for Click Reactions: A Powerful Reducing Agent and Adsorbent for Cu
Authors: Rull‐Barrull Jordi , d'Halluin Martin , Le Grognec Erwan , Felpin François‐Xavier
Published: September 2016

A new approach exploiting the dual properties of thiol‐grafted cellulose paper for promoting copper‐catalyzed [3+2]‐cycloadditions of organic azides with alkynes and adsorbing residual copper species in solution was developed. The thiol‐grafted cellulose paper, used as a paper strip, effects the reduction of CuII to catalytically active CuI and acts as a powerful adsorbent for copper, thereby facilitating the work‐up process and leaving the crude mixture almost free of copper residues after a single filtration.
Crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl acetate) using poly(maleic anhydride‐alt−2,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐pentadiene) as polyfunctional crosslinker and decrosslinking by ozone degradation
Authors: Lou Limin , Okamura Haruyuki , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: September 2016

Crosslinking and decrosslinking reactions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) using an alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride and 2,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐pentadiene (PMAD) as the polyfunctional crosslinker and subsequent ozone degradation are reported. PVA and PVAc are heated at 200 °C for 0.5 to 3 h in the presence of 5 to 30 wt % of PMAD in the solid state to obtain the corresponding crosslinked polymers. The reactions of a hydroxy group of PVA and an acetate group of PVAc with an anhydride group of PMAD slowly proceed to give insoluble polymers with a loose crosslinking structure. Almost no change in the thermal decomposition temperatures and the IR spectra is observed during the crosslinking reactions. The crosslinked PVA produces hydrogels with a high swelling ratio of 500 to 1700%, which are readily degradable during a reaction with ozone in water at 0 °C. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44229.
Highly effective adsorption performance of carboxymethyl cellulose microspheres crosslinked with epichlorohydrin
Authors: Lin Qingwen , Gao Mengfan , Chang Jiali , Ma Hongzhu
Published: September 2016

Different sizes of epichlorohydrin‐crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose (E/CMC) microspheres were successfully prepared by an inverse suspension method. With further modification by monochloroacetic acid (MCA), MCA–E/CMC microspheres were successfully synthesized. The structures and morphologies of these microspheres were analyzed with polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and laser particle ζ‐potential recording. The adsorption properties of the microspheres were investigated with methylene blue (MB) as a model pollutant. The highest adsorption amount of MB (998.2 mg/g) onto MCA–E0.7/CMC which was the samples which treated with 0.7 mL of C4H9OH was obtained. Meanwhile, the effect of the operating parameters, such as the contact time, initial pH of the solution, temperature, and initial dye concentration, on the adsorption amount and MB removal were systematically studied. The results show that pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model provided the best correlation with the experimental data for the adsorption of MB onto the MCA–E0.7/CMC microspheres. Both the physical and chemical adsorption played the main role in the adsorption process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44363.