bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOCIETY HISTORY —1888 TO 1980
Authors: GATZOULIS JULIANI
Published: March 2009

On numerous occasions members of the Society have stated a desire to know more about ASNE, its origin, and its growth over the past 92 years. Since only a small brochure existed, used primarily for membership recruitment purposes, the recommendation was made that a history be prepared and published as a souvenir booklet suitable for distribution at the ASNE Day 63rd Annual Banquet held on 2 May 1980. As a result, the Council approved, a History Committee was established, and after many long hours of hard work and much research the task was completed in time for the banquet.

Since many members were not able to attend ASNE DAY 1980, “Society History — 1888–1980” is shared with them at this time so that they too may have the benefit of the Committee's efforts. Reprinted herein, is the very concise and informative booklet prepared by Dr. Juliani Gatzoulis and her Committee.
INTEGRATING THE NAVY'S 21ST CENTURY MISSION REQUIREMENTS INTO TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED, YET AFFORDABLE, DESTROYER DESIGNS
Authors: BASKERVILLE JAMES E. , WHIDDON W. DAVID
Published: March 2009

This paper defines the current state of balance of naval power between the United States and Russia, highlighting the shift in favor of the Soviet Navy. The various alternative weapons systems which could be employed to balance the growing Soviet threat are examined and the conventional surface combatant ship is found to be the most cost effective solution. System level technological improvements are discussed and various goals are identified to enable an increase in capabilities to fulfill future mission requirements without a drastic increase in acquisition cost.
COMMAND CENTER NETWORK (CCN) —BACKBONE OF FUTURE COMMAND AND CONTROL
Authors: ALLGAIER GLEN R.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the development of a generalized data communications network which combines high‐speed (10 Mbps) data bus technology with the higher level data exchange protocols such as those developed for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). This serves the dual function of providing communication between multiple users, both computers and humans, as well as facilitating the human user interface to these other systems. The Command Center Network (CCN) provider access to the data resident In existing Navy information systems such 88 Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS), Naval Modular Automated Communication System (NAVMACS), Anti‐Submarine Warfare Module (ASWM) and navigation systems. This facilitates the interconnection of command and control subsystems which manipulate this data to provide a higher level view of the environment to the Task Force Commander, a function which is presently performed by numerous Staff officers, using manual techniques. The CCN is designed with a strong emphasis on modularity. This not only allows for evolutionary growth from a small set of interconnected systems, but also provides for easy adaptation as the requirements of command and control change. It provides a mechanism for transitioning from the current large systems, which are structured in a very complex manner, to a number of smaller, distributed systems with standard interfaces which can be easily added or subtracted to provide the desired command and control capability.
COMPUTER AIDS FOR SHIP DESIGN, INTEGRATION AND CONTROL
Authors: CARLSON CRAIG M. , JOHNSON ROBERT A. , HELMING F. WILLIAM
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an integrated approach to Computer‐Aided Ship Design for U.S. Navy preliminary and contract design. An integrated Hull Design System (HDS), currently under development by the Hull Group of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA 32). is the vehicle for the discussion. This paper is directed toward practicing ship design professionals and the managers of the ship design process. Primary emphasis of this paper, and of the development effort currently under way, is on aiding ship design professionals in their work. Focus is on integration and management control of the extremely complex set of processes which make up naval ship design. The terminology of the Ship Designer and Design Manager is used. The reader needs no familiarity with the technologies of computer science.
UNDERWATER SHIP HULL INSPECTION
Authors: MITTLEMAN JOHN , WYMAN DAVID
Published: March 2009

Navy managers need accurate information in order to make cost effective decisions. In the case of ship hull repair or maintenance decisions, the information can often be obtained through Nondestructive Examination (NDE) of the hull. Newly developed NDE hardware and techniques now permit many inspections to be performed on waterborne ships, thus avoiding the cost and/or necessity of dry‐docking for inspection. These underwater inspections are also used to forecast accurately hull work requirements for upcoming planned overhauls, to plan and to evaluate underwater repair work, and to monitor the status of known defects in hull structures.

Underwater NDE techniques being developed at the Naval Coastal System Center (NCSC) under Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) sponsorship include stereo photography, magnetic particle inspection, ultrasonic thickness gaging and flaw detection, and electromagnetic weld inspection. Individual techniques are currently in various stages of qualification as Navy approved procedures.

Throughout the development process at NCSC, field work on Navy ship hulls has been undertaken in order to assure the techniques' operational effectiveness, accuracy, reliability, and utility to Navy managers. Thus, a substantial body of real world data exists.

This paper describes procedures which are being qualified, techniques under development, and cites examples of inspection performed on waterborne ships.
INNOVATIONS IN COMPUTER‐AIDED DESIGN OF MARINE TURBINES USING INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS
Authors: GINGRICH JOHN K. , WINTER REINHOLD L.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the Interactive Graphics System used by the General Electric Company, Medium Steam Turbine Department (Engineering & Manufacturing) for designing, drafting, and manufacturing applications. A brief overview of the hardware malting up the system is described, followed by a more detailed description of the actual applications. Two‐dimensional applications described include a Heat Balance Analysis, Flow Diagrams, and Electrical Schematics. A more fruitful area for increased productivity gains is described in the three‐dimensional or mechanical applications including turbine design & layout and bucket design. coordination of the design with manufacturing for numerical control tape generation is described through CAM and Plate Frame Cutting applications. Finally, a short review of the engineering design work using Interactive Graphics is discussed.

Productivity gains of 2.6 to 1 are being realized, and the overall savings to the Medium Steam Department are outlined.
CABLE BURIAL IN THE DEEP OCEAN FLOOR
Authors: ROCKWELL PHILIP K. , ENGEL JOHN H. , PIERCY WILLIAM BRUCE
Published: March 2009

Bottom fishing equipment employed by scallopers and trawlers routinely damage or break important Navy Oceanographic cables resulting in substantial repair coats and unacceptable system interruption. The Civil Engineering Laboratory (CEL), sponsored by the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFACENGCOM), has been developing and validating an engineering concept for a Deep Ocean Cable Burial (DOCB) System. This DOCB System will providethe Navy with an efficient, effective and reliable means of burying cables 3‐feet deap in ocean mediments, at speeds not less than one knot, to water depths of 6,000 feet.

The DOCB System b a remotely controlled machine which underruns and buries existing (previously laid) cables. It is powered and controlled from a surface ship via an electromechanical umbilica cable. The machine is self‐propelled by ducted thrusters and supported on water lubricated skids. The excavation system computer an orbital vibrating plowshareand a vertical waterjet. Full‐scale field testing at CEL baa keyed on three areas:

Quantifying the reduction in drawbar force achieved by applying orbital vibration to an upward cutting plowshare.

Evaluating a Vertically impinging jet nozzle for depth of a cut M a function of jet operating parameters.

Demonstrating the effect on the soil drag of a flat‐bottomed skid due to forcing a thin layer of water between the skid and the seafloor.

The field teats of an orbital vibratory plow were performed in a 1 to 2 psi clay simllar to that found on the ocean floor. The results showed that a 70% reduction in drawbar force was achieved by applying an elliptical orbital vibration. It was also shown that the vibration feature would split or push aside buried rocks which would have stalled a conventional stationary plow.

The water jet tests demonstrated that a 2 1/2‐in. nozzle cuts 36‐in. deep in 1 to 2 psi clay. The nozzle pressure was 75 psi and flow was 1,200 gpm. The water jet did not produce a clearly defined trench, but it broke up the soil sufficiently for passage of a cable feedshoe. Finally, it was shown that forcing a layer of water between the skid and soil reduced the skid/soil drag by 50% in both sand and clay soils.

The results of the field tests, coupled with a thorough feasibility/preliminary design study performed by others under contract to CEL, has brought the DOCB concept to the point where design and fabrication of a full‐scale operational prototype call be initiated.
WATER/ENERGY CONSERVATION IN NAVY SHIPS
Authors: SCHATZBERG PAUL , McPHEE ARCHIE D. , KELLY CHARLES M. , LARD EDWIN W.
Published: March 2009

Maintaining adequate underway production of fresh water for potable and boilerfeed consumption her been a chronic problem for many Navy ships for decades. Although “energy free” low pressure auxiliary exhaust steam is used in water production, a recent investigation (Naval Engineers Journal, April 1976) concluded that a significant net energy cost is involved. This energy cost has become more significant due to 1) the rapid rise in fuel costs and 2) the reduction in available auxiliary exhaust steam as the Navy's Energy Conservation Program becomes implemented. Indeed, as the Navy's ships begin to increase their operating efficiency, the energy cost of fresh water will rice. Many ships exceed their water allocation of 30 gal/man‐day by 10 to 20 gallons. A goal was set to demonstrate that potable water consumption can be reduced by 20 to 25 gal/mm‐day without Impairing “Hotel” services by the use of water conserving approaches such as reduced‐flow showers; a modified laundry procedure; installation of flow meters at key locations; and other techniques. This conservation was demonstrated successfully during extended underway periods in USS Saratoga (CV‐60) and USS Jonas Ingram (DD‐938). Fleet‐wide implementation of these conservation approaches could save the Navy millions of dollars.
MACHINERY ARRANGEMENT DESIGN ‐ A PERSPECTIVE
Authors: RESNER MICHAEL E. , KLOMPARENS STEPHEN H. , LYNCH JOHN P.
Published: March 2009

The machinery arrangement design process has remained relatively unchanged over the years. Recently, external demands have been placed on both the product and the producers that call for changes to this process. This paper cites these external demands and traces the evolution of the process changes from the rule‐of‐thumb machinery box sizing routines up to the current automated procedures. The machinery arrangement design practice is presented, and existing analytic and graphics aids are discussed. The user requirements for improved design aids are presented, with implementation guidelines and hardware/software alternatives.
HEAT PIPES AND THEIR POTENTIAL NAVAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: WU CHIH
Published: March 2009

The principle of the heat pipe is very simple. Phenomena involved are surface tension and the latent heat of the working fluid. There are no moving parts. Its effective thermal conductivity is hundreds of times more than conventional solid heat conductors. Substantial research in this field did not begin until the 1960s. Already there have been efforts made to employ heat pipes in various areas. The Navy can benefit from the useful characteristics of heat pipes. Several potential naval applications are discussed in the paper. More and more opportunities for the employment of the heat pipes could be realized as time goes on.
GAS TURBINE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY PROPULSION FOR U.S. NAVY SURFACE COMBATANTS
Authors: MARRON H.D.
Published: March 2009

This paper will discuss the current NAVSEA Program to design, develop, test, and evaluate a Waste Heat Recovered marine gas turbine cruise propulsion plant for non‐nuclear surface combatants. Elements of the paper to be addressed include: alternative systems considered for cruise propulsion development, the combined cycle design objectives of simplicity, low maintenance, high reliability, a 20 percent overall performance goal and minimal ship impact on weight and volume. The need to involve industry support in all phases of system development and into production will be discussed relative to the overall need to reduce initial capital and logistic support costs.
ON OPTIMIZATION OF UNDERWATER HULL CLEANING FOR GREATER FUEL ECONOMY
Authors: PREISER HERMAN S. , LASTER DONALD R.
Published: March 2009

The rapidly increasing cost and the uncertain supply of oil provide strong impetus to And ways to conserve ships' fuel and to optimize its use. Underwater mechanical removal of marine fouling from U.S. Navy ship hulls and propellers has been shown to result in immediate and rather substantial fuel savings. The long‐term savings from underwater cleaning is not nearly so certain because of the interactions between the cleaning techniques, paint performance, and regrowth of the fouling. Of particular interest is the sensitivity of the fuel savings as a function of cleaning frequency.

The following three questions are addressed:

Does underwater cleaning lengthen Anti‐Fouling (AF) paint service life?

Does underwater cleaning really save fuel?

Is underwater cleaning cost effective?

The answers to these questions obviously depend strongly upon the use of the ships and the manner in which they are operated. For U.S. Navy ships, underwater hull cleaning will save fuel provided adequate attention is given to the scheduling of the cleaning in terms of drydock cycle and deployment. Additional efforts toward optimization of underwater cleaning also are discussed.
MMS (METEOROLOGICAL MEASURING SYSTEM) DROPSONDE AND MINI‐REFRA CTIONSONDE
Authors: SCHMIDT EDWARD T.
Published: March 2009

This paper is intended to present an overview of a program currently under development at the Naval Air Development Center. The program, which is sponsored by the Naval Air Systems Command (AIR‐370), is intended to provide meteorological sensors and processors which will allow for the tactical exploitation of refractive anomalies by the fleet.
SHIP REPAIR A MEANINGFUL NAVAL RESERVE FUNCTION
Authors: CULVER JOHN A.
Published: March 2009

The activation of three Floating Workshops (YR) has been, in the author's opinion, a giant step for the naval reserve. It provides an unlimited potential to support the regular Navy with a Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity (SIMA), and bring the Total Force concept into focus.

The organization of the reserve unit was orginally based on management from the Engineering Duty (ED) reserve officer community and technical enlisted ratings. The operation provided a repair capability each weekend. The capability was expanded in the summer of 1977 at Newport, R.I. by conducting a Repair Exercise (REPAIREX) where the YR‐26 was manned for eight weeks by reservists and provided repair support for three destroyers and three minesweepers.

The reserve unit that was originally activated to man the YR‐26 was the Advance Ship Repair Base – Floating Workshop – Complete Capability Response Unit (ASRB‐YR 201 CRU).

The cost for personnel to man this reserve repair operation is 17.2% of the cost of regular Navy manning.

The ASRB‐YR 201 unit operated with a mobilization mission to deploy to a forward advance base when and where needed. The mission was changed and the name changed to Ship Repair Base (SRB). The mission was changed to support SIMAs in the Continental U.S. (CONUS). This change resulted in the loss of primary billets for most ED officers and no clear mobilization plans for the YRs. Also, the ownership of the YRs after mobilization is garbled. This change in mission is considered a significant mistake by the author.

The recommendations of this article conclude there is a need for a clear definition of the mission by the planners of the Navy and naval reserve, a stronger utilization of ED officers in the management of the units, a plan to utilize other repair oriented units in manning the YRs, a more active role by the technical manager which is the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) in the technical aspects of the reserve units, and a clear definition for the control of the YRs.
A GUIDE TO GENERICSEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Authors: BALES NATHAN K. , CIESLOWSKI DANIEL S.
Published: March 2009

The generic interrelationships between seakeeping performance, hull configuration, and ship displacement are explored. Results are presented graphically as envelopes of Attainable Seakeeping Performance versus Displacement. The scope of the envelope at a given displacement indicates the performance variability attainable through configuration changes. These performance envelopes admit evaluation of seakeeping at the earliest stages of the ship design process. They can be used to establish the performance attainable at a given displacement, the displacement required to attain a given performance level, or the feasibility of simultaneous constraints on performance and displacement.
THE NEEDS FOR MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND THE IMPACTS ON COMBAT SYSTEM DESIGN
Authors: THOMAS LEONARD C.
Published: March 2009

This paper considers a number of combat system studies relating to surface combatants, the results of which indicate certain deficiencies in existing systems and equipments within an increasingly hostile environment. This situation is used as a foundation for new technology applications. An overall systems engineering approach is presented as a means of closing the gap between performance requirements and the environment using available technology within traditional guidelines.

The combat system environment is discussed under three headings. The immediate environment considers the ship platform restraints on the combat system together with the effects of the life span of the ship, subsystem autonomy, and operational data requirements. The external environment considers mission requirements, the natural elements, the threats, and man‐made interference. The third aspect of the environment is concerned with the need to maintain operational readiness during peacetime.

Based upon the environmental considerations, some fundamental Top Level Requirements are derived. The application of available technology is evaluated using three major combat system elements to illustrate an approach to satisfying the postulated requirements. The examples selected include a Vertical Launching System (VLS), a Multi‐Function Phased‐Array Radar (MFAR), and a Distributed Processing System (DPS). In each case, the new technology concept is stated, examined in terms of requirements, and compared with existing systems. Potential approaches, problems and relationships with the total combat system are discussed.

Vertical Launching concepts, Multi‐function Phased‐Array Radar concepts, and Distributed Processing concepts are presented. The closing summary addresses the problem of matching requirements to the environment. The systems engineering approach is reiterated as a method to achieve the optimum balance of performance, availability, and cost.
A FLEET ORIENTED ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE CONTROL PROGRAM
Authors: LAYL JERRY N. , ELLIS GEORGE D.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the implementation of the Waterfront Corrective Action Program (WCAP) in the Pearl Harbor area utilizing the currently existing Navy organization and management structure in coordinating the following activities:

—Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard

—Mobile Technical Unit One (MOTU‐1)

—Intermediate Maintenance Activities

—TYPE Commander (COMNAVSURFGRU MIDPAC)

—Contractor support

A typical WCAP scenario is presented to indicate how each participant is most effectively employed. Future WCAP initiatives are also discussed with respect to institutionalization and improvement of electromagnetic interference (EMI) control in the Pacific Fleet.
YRBM(L) 31 IMPROVED FLEET SUPPORT
Authors: CASTLE JOSEPH E. , EDWARDS JAMES F.
Published: March 2009

Yardcraft Repair, Berthing, Messing (Large)'s [YRBM(L)'s] support ships and submarines during overhauls by providing habitability, workshop, office, classroom and stowage facilities. This paper discusses the recently delivered YRBM(L) 31 from design through activation, illustrating the value of designer/owner/user interaction. An “on‐site” design approach was utilized, in which a design team visisted existing YRBM(L)‘s and worked directly with occupying crews to incorporate fleet lessons learned. The paper highlights the improvements obtained by this approach, including reduced cost and improved fleet support.
ADVANCED INTEGRATED ELECTRIC PROPULSION A REALITY OF THE EIGHTIES
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V. , GREENE DAVID L.
Published: March 2009

In recent years there have been such significant advances in electric machine and system technology developments that electric drive propulsion has become highly attractive for use in Navy combatants. Two advanced concepts which are now widely accepted in other application areas are central to this change in attitude. First is the use of water‐cooling of electric machines and equipment to improve power density; and second is the use of high‐power, solid‐state electronic power conditioning to achieve system maneuvering requirements.

The conceptual design configuration of an Advanced Integrated Electric Propulsion Plant suitable for use in a major surface combatant, and one which utilizes the two applications previously mentioned, is addressed in this paper. Details of the specific system and subsystem design parameters are provided along with state‐of‐the‐art construction techniques. Simulation results are discussed including impact on ships service Type I power. Information on Land Base/Test Site requirements is included.

The information provided in this paper represents a significant effort to define the essential characteristics of an electric drive system employing advanced technology, to establish the feasibility of such a drive system, and to identify the method by which a technical demonstration of the system can be accomplished.
PROGRESS AND PARADOX: BENJAMIN ISHERWOOD AND THE DEBATE OVER IRON VS. STEEL IN AMERICAN WARSHIP DESIGN
Authors: SLOAN EDWARD W.
Published: March 2009

By arguing that iron was preferable to steel for building United States warships in the early 1880s, Chief Engineer Benjamin Isherwood concluded his controversial naval career by appearing to be a stubborn reactionary in the face of technological progress. But was he willfully blind to reality? Was he so self‐evidently wrong for the issues and conditions of that era? Was his professional engineering judgment any less acute than earlier in his career when, in a similar instance of opposition to engineering innovation, his position had been vindicated by empirical testing and operational results?

This essay explores, through Isherwood's changing reputation, a general problem of historical judgment, whereby posterity tends to recognize and acclaim historical “winners” — and condemn or ignore historical “losers” — based on criteria which may not be relevant to the situation which the historical participants had to face.
SAFETY OF FLOATING DRYDOCKS IN ACCORDANCE WITH MIL‐STD‐1625A
Authors: WASALASKI ROBERT G.
Published: March 2009

Recent accidents involving floating dry docks have raised concern about the rated lifting capacity and stability during drydocking operations. MIL‐STD‐1625A called for renewed attention to the problems of safety in drydocking naval ships in regard to the stability and buoyancy of floating dry docks. The U.S. Navy, as a primary user of floating dry docks in this country, developed MIL‐STD‐1625A to certify drydocking facilities for a rated lifting capacity for drydocking naval ships. The intent of the MIL‐STD is to provide guidance for certifying all new and existing drydocking facilities. This paper addresses the aspects of the MIL‐STD that apply specifically to floating dry docks. Whereas, the MIL‐STD addressed both the design and material condition of the dry dock and the associated machinery, this paper addresses only the lifting capacity and stability of the dock. Specifically, this paper will discuss safety during the operation of floating dry docks as it is affected by lifting capacity, stability and structural strength limits due to keel loading and buoyancy requirements. An example of the kind of data required by the MIL‐STD‐1625A will be presented.
BATTLE GROUP TACTICAL DATA LINKS: BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR THE COMBAT SYSTEM DESIGNER
Authors: WELCH RICHARD L.W.
Published: March 2009

Coordinated battle group operations depend upon effective digital data communications to share tactical information among the member unite. This dependency will become even stronger in the face of ever faster, more numerous and more capable threats. Certain data link problems, such as the lack of sufficient personnel training and equipment maintenance, have been widely publicized. This publicity, however, tends to obscure deeper problems which lie in the design of the shipboard data link software and fall within the purview of the combat system designer. This paper reviews the physical basis for the sharing of tactical data among command and control computers within a battle group. It identifies and discusses principles important for the combat system engineer to keep in mind while designing the software. Pitfalls and traps which are present in the necessary compromises and approximations which must be used in algorithm development are stressed.
NEW OVERHAUL TECHNIQUES FOR UNIQUE NAVAL DECK MACHINERY
Authors: DENISON LON L. , GREEN ARTHUR F.
Published: March 2009

“A winch is a winch is a winch” does not apply to the complex and unique deck machinery used by the U.S. NAVY today for underway replenishment (UNREP) of fuel, ammo and stores ‐ the modern UNREP winch. It must be designed to compensate for the relative motion of the two ships while underway 150 feet apart, at 12 knots, in up to sea state 5; while transferring large, sensitive missiles between ships at a rapid rate. Late in 1977, following a senior task force review of serious problems, Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) put the UNREP systems and equipment at the top of a list of equipment designated as requiring “special technical support” during overhaul.[1]

This paper reviews the background that leads to equipping the modern UNREP fleet with this equipment, the problems encountered maintaining the equipment, and the workings of a special Pacific Fleet (PACFLT) UNREP winch overhaul program. After 4 years of operation, this program is providing a quality overhaul in a cost‐effective manner.
TRENDS IN SURFACE WARSHIP DESIGN 1861‐1983
Authors: SIMS PHILIP
Published: March 2009

Naval architects are forced to study history because the life of a ship class is longer than the working life of an engineer. The introduction in 1861 of the iron hull combined with the shell gun and armor plate caused a twenty year period of confusion. The trial and error approach to adapting the new technology combined with poor understanding of naval architectural fundamentals resulted in weirdly configured vessels and a few disasters. The twenty years prior to the turn of the century were an era of beneficial technology trends resulting in each class having better performance than the last. The turn of the century to 1920 was a frantic period including an arms race, introduction of the new airplane and submarine threats and the development of new ship technology like steam turbines, oil fuel and centralized fire control. The 1920‐1940 period was the era of naval arms limitation resulting in intensive attempts to squeeze the most firepower out of the displacement quotas. The WW II and post‐war eras were notable not only for the rapidly increasing threat (including nuclear submarines and cruise missiles) but the emphasis on the important endurance and hard to measure sustainability issues which caused a disquieting growth in ship size and cost.
A TIME FOR SHIPBUILDING RENAISSANCE
Authors: RAMSAY RAYMOND
Published: March 2009

This paper provides an overview of the U.S. shipbuilding and repair industry vitality, and its past and present capability to support new ship construction programs in the national interest. The capabilities of the shipbuilding industrial base are also examined at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of supplier support in relation to an expanded naval shipbuilding program.

The aspects of technological improvements and the humane use of human beings, in the ship production process, are discussed with particular reference to the workforce management practices in foreign countries.

An optimistic conclusion provides a prognosis regarding the prosecution of expanded naval shipbuilding programs within the capacity and capability of the U.S. industry.
DEVELOPMENT OF LONG LIFE ANTIFOULING PAINTS AND SHIPBOARD EVALUATION
Authors: COLOGER CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: March 2009

This paper is an account of selected events in a technology exchange over a period of years that have led to the development, by the Navy, of improved evaluation procedures and new antifouling paint formulations potentially capable of five year service. It begins with the Navy's publication in 1952 of “Marine Fouling and Its Prevention.” At the time, the evaluation of new antifouling paints relied primarily on the exposure of test panels at marine sites in various locations. To reduce the variations in panel tests results, populations of barnacles were raised in the laboratory from the embryo to adult form to investigate various modes of physical and chemical fouling control. Bioassay populations of barnacles, both as larvae and adults, used to assess a large number of toxins, led to the selection of organometallic compounds as an effective toxic component in a new generation of antifouling paints. New paint formulations, based on various toxic release mechanisms, exhibited enhanced antifouling capability. These paints were used with improved epoxy paints formulated by the Navy to control corrosion. The need over the past decade to conserve fuel has led to new concepts for the underwater maintenance of hull coating systems. The advancing underwater diving technology has made available underwater multibrush cleaners and diver held power tools. Shipboard evaluation of experimental antifouling hull coating systems has brought about the application of new ship survey and inspection procedures assisted by improving underwater color photography.
THE SHIP CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPROVEMENT BOARD: A STATUS REPORT
Authors: WILLIAMS STUART
Published: March 2009

On 7 September 1982, Admiral W.N. Small, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, signed a memorandum establishing the Ship Characteristics and Improvement Board (SOB). This ended months of deliberation between the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), Naval Material Command (NAV‐MAT), and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) on how ship characteristics should best be developed and approved for both ship acquisition and fleet modernization programs. Admiral Small's guidance was:

“With the advent of the SCIB, we have the opportunity to clarify and discipline our approach to both new ship design as well as the evolution of military characteristics of existing platforms. The goal is to eliminate in so far as is possible turbulence, technical defects and the perceived lack of Fleet Modernization Program (FMP) focus.”

By tracing the history of characteristics decision making for naval ship programs, this paper establishes the foundation of the present SCIB. Organizational elements of the SOB, including the functions of its permanent staff and working groups, are explained and the recent track record of the SCIB on various programs is reviewed. Based on its first full year of operation, an overall assessment of SOB performance and a projection of future efforts is made.
THE CONFORM PROGRAM — AN UPDATE
Authors: SPAULDING KENNETH B.
Published: March 2009

This paper provides a progress report on the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) Surface Ship Continuing Concept Formulation (CONFORM) program, first introduced to the Society at ASNE Day, 1981, by Commander Michael R. Terry. Since that time the program has produced many designs, achieved significant visibility and influence, and evolved in character. Designs and problem areas are summarized and the future potential of the program discussed.
SHIP COMBAT SYSTEM SIMULATION (SCSS)
Authors: MENSH DENNIS R.
Published: March 2009

This paper will describe a combat system integration and analysis tool called the Ship Combat System Simulation (SCSS). The SCSS was designed as an analysis tool to study sensor command and control and weapon system integration for shipboard combat systems. The simulation represents the combat system components as nodes in a network. Data flows between the nodes through the links.

SCSS is a structured program simulation written in Simscript II.5. The structured program feature allows for ease of combat system reconfiguration into different types of architectures. Consequently, SSCS can be used to study and analyze different combat system architectures.

Currently the model has an antiairwarfare (AAW) capability and a partial antisurface warfare (ASUW) capability. The model has been used in ship vulnerability and survivability studies, individual combat system component studies, component trade‐off analysis; and total system reaction time analysis. Figure 1 presents a sample of a SCSS link‐node diagram. Figures 8 and 9 present combat system sequence and timing diagrams. The model boasts a postprocessing capability that includes both statistics and graphics packages.

The SCSS has been developed jointly by the Naval Weapons Center, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Naval Surface Weapons Center, Naval Ships Weapons Systems Engineering Station, and CACI, Inc. SCSS is supported by naval and industrial laboratories throughout the country. The users of the simulation belong to the SCSS User's Group which meets periodically throughout the year. Members of the User's Group develop equipment nodes and exchange ideas. The User's Group maintains SCSS configuration management allowing for Simscript II.5 code written by any one user to be used by all other users.
DETECTION — A MODERN VIEW
Authors: HILL ROBERT T.
Published: March 2009

Over the last ten years or so, a modest amount of sensor integration and automation has been introduced, improving in several ways the detect function of the detect‐control‐engage trio of functions embraced by the combatant system. After a review of the basic ideas of this integration, the further increases in inferential power that can be provided by application of several emerging technologies to a fairly broad sensor base (including that of the force) are presented. The technologies include multisensor operations and netting, far more use of a priori information, more inference from present signal processing and the new computer circuitry, architecture and programming fields frequently discussed today. The article concludes with a discussion of a possible way to proceed to improved systems, considering that we cannot stop and start over in much of our surveillance system design in the major combatants.
EXTENSION AND APPLICATION OF SHIP DESIGN OPTIMIZATION CODE (SHIPDOC)
Authors: RICHARDSON WILLIAM M. , WHITE WILLIAM N.
Published: March 2009

An existing nonlinear ship design optimization program designated SHIPDOC has been extended and a new surface effect ship (SES) description input file is being developed under the sponsorship of the Naval Sea Systems Command's surface ship concept formulation (CONFORM) program. SHIPDOC is currently being used in support of several feasibility and preliminary level SES designs.

The program has several novel features including an open‐ended, user‐created ship description and the potential to model all types of ships both enhanced and conventional, surfaced and submerged. This capability has been combined with a nonlinear optimization algorithm that solves for the minimum weight ship subject to user controlled constraints.

This paper presents a brief overall description of SHIPDOC and its current capabilities followed by a synopsis of ship types, both surface and submerged, which have been designed with the program in order to illustrate SHIPDOC's practical design capability.
SIX YEAR INTERACTION OF UNDERWATER CLEANING WITH COPPER BASED ANTIFOULING PAINTS ON NAVY SURFACE SHIPS
Authors: COLOGER CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Navy implemented a program for the underwater cleaning of Navy surface ships during the fuel crisis of the early seventies. New methods were developed to inspect fouling and paint damage on the hull of a waterborne ship. Underwater photographs of ship bottoms before and after cleaning were used to devise ratings for fouling and paint deterioration. Ratings were employed to evaluate the multiple underwater cleaning of forty‐four surface ships whose hull coatings comprised a copper based vinyl antifouling paint and an epoxy polyamide anticorrosion paint. It was found that the service life of this coating system was shortened by the formation of a thin surface overlay of insoluble cupric compounds. Further, it was found that initial application of more coats of antifouling paint did not lengthen service life. The data indicate that epoxy AC coatings that may have been more uniformly applied are more likely to perform their protective functions better than similar coatings whose uniformity of thickness is not readily controlled. Underwater cleaning does not damage the hull coating when intact on flat and slightly contoured surfaces but may damage the antifouling paint on surface protuberances. Underwater cleaning does not induce blisters but may aggravate corrosion when existing blisters at the coating‐to‐steel interface are ruptured by the cleaning action thus exposing the metal substrate. Underwater cleaning is a viable maintenance procedure and provides an added option to control fouling and extend the service life of the antifouling paint when it reaches a marginal level of performance.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN SHIP DESIGN ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION
Authors: PARKER M.N. , ODABASI A.Y. , FITZSIMMONS P.A. , GOGGIN C.J.
Published: March 2009

Within the last ten years ship design, shipbuilding and ship operation have witnessed the emergence of new microcomputer technologies which have had a dramatic impact on the way ships are designed, built and operated. This paper presents the development of the BRITDES computer aided design and detailing system and its utilisation of microcomputers in ship design, analysis and production.
A Computer Model for Shipboard Energ Y Analysis
Authors: DeTOLLA JOSEPH P. , FLEMING JEFFREY R.
Published: March 2009

In support of the Navy's efforts to improve the energy usage of future ships and thereby to reduce fleet operating costs, a large scale computer model has been developed by the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center (DTNSRDC) to analyze the performance of shipboard energy systems for applications other than nuclear or oil‐fired steam propulsion plants. This paper discusses the applications and utility of this computer program as a performance analysis tool for design of ship machinery systems.

The program is a simulation model that performs a complete thermodynamic analysis of a user‐specified energy system. It offers considerable flexibility in analyzing a variety of propulsion, electrical, and auxiliary plant configurations through a component building block structure. Component subroutines that model the performance of shipboard equipment such as engines, boilers, generators, and compressors are available from the program library. Component subroutines are selected and linked in the program to model the desired machinery plant functional configurations. The operation of the defined shipboard energy system may then be simulated over a user‐specified scenario of temperature, time, and load profiles. The program output furnishes information on component operating characteristics and fuel demands, which allows evaluation of the total system performance.
“CUT AND SPLICE”—A METHOD OF WEIGHT ESTIMATING FOR REPEAT SHIP DESIGN
Authors: BURCH GREGORY J.
Published: March 2009

“Cut and splice” is a weight estimating method for repeat design and modified repeat design of naval ships where a change in length of the original design is necessary. Beginning with the highest level of detail weight available for the design, usually a final weight report, expressed in one of the U.S. Navy's accounting systems (BSCI or SWBS), and in the format for use with the ship design weight estimate (SDWE) computer program, the original details are manipulated with the aid of the high speed computer to simulate cutting the ship at a specific longitudinal point, shifting all weight aft of that cut plane a specific distance, and filling the void space created by the shift with a homogeneous length of ship. The resultant ship inherits the design philosophy incorporated into the original ship.

Where many potential changes to the original design will be contemplated, a unit length insert for each functional section of the ship may be derived so that the weight and moment impact of any change anywhere in the ship can be assessed quickly when the true length increase becomes known.
ON THE ADVANCES MADE IN THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DURING THE EXISTENCE OF THE INSTUTION.
Authors: Reed Sir Edward J.
Published: March 2009

Paper read at the International Congress of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (abridged).
A FAST COMBATANT SUPPORT SHIP
Authors: COVICH PHILIP
Published: March 2009

The evolution of one alternative to the existing fast combatant support ship is presented. A brief overview of the major requirements, principal characteristics and major features of the design is provided. The major ship systems such as the hull, propulsion, underway replenishment, cargo handling and combat systems are described as well as the trade‐offs considered in the selection of these systems. The role the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB) and the fleet played in the design is noted. The paper concludes with a summary and description of the major innovations that have been included in the design, such as the reversing reduction gear and the special features needed to satisfy the latest airborne noise requirements.
MERCHANT SHIP DESIGN FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE
Authors: BOYLSTON JOHN W.
Published: March 2009

U.S. merchant ship owners have recently been constructing a high percentage of special purpose ships. Some of these ships are not achieving their full economic potential due to changing trade patterns. Due to the high cost of conversion, lay‐up is often the more attractive alternative. This situation should cause ship owners to consider future mission conversion during initial ship design. Design for relatively easy mission conversion would not only be an advantage to a ship owner, but would also facilitate the use of merchant ships in military support roles.

Based on the thesis that the needs of merchant ship owners and the needs of the military are more compatible than is generally recognized and in an effort to stimulate discussion, the author proposes three conceptual designs as examples of how future U.S. merchant ships could be designed to facilitate both their conversion to other roles, as commercial trade patterns change, and their conversion to various military support roles. The examples include: (1) a coastal bulker/tanker; (2) a national emergency economy defense ship (NEEDS); and (3) an all‐deck multipurpose ship.
RELIABILITY ALLOCATION AND PREDICTION FOR A FULLY DISTRIBUTED SHIP MACHINERY CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: VAIL JEANNINE A. , KLEIN STEVEN K.
Published: March 2009

A functional allocation of reliability requirements for a fully distributed machinery control system is performed using platform level availability and associated top level logistics requirements. The allocation approach chosen uses the number of signals required for a particular control or monitoring function as the measure of subsystem complexity. Values obtained assuming various sparing levels are also predicted. System availability is then predicted using U.S. Navy in‐service equipment data and traditional Tiger simulation techniques to assess the realism of each approach. Unavailability and unreliability critical system functions are identified and spares required to achieve these reliability, maintainability and availability (RMA) levels are discussed.
AIR CUSHION LANDING CRAFT NAVIGATION
Authors: GRAHAM HERBERT R. , KIM JOHN C. , BAND EDWARD G.U. , FOWLER ALEX W.
Published: March 2009

Air cushion vehicles (ACVs) have operated successfully on commercial routes for about twenty years. The routes are normally quite short; the craft are equipped with radar and radio navigation aids and maintain continuous contact with their terminals. Navigation of these craft, therefore, does not present any unusual difficulty. The introduction of air cushion vehicles into military service, however, can present a very different picture, especially when external navigation aids are not available and the craft must navigate by dead reckoning.

This paper considers the problems involved when navigating a high‐speed air cushion vehicle by dead reckoning in conditions of poor visibility. A method is presented to assess the ACV's navigational capability under these circumstances. A figure of merit is used to determine the sensitivity of factors which affect navigation such as the range of visibility, point‐to‐point distance, speed, turning radius and accuracy of onboard equipment. The method provides simplistic but adequate answers and can be used effectively to compare the‐capability and cost of alternative navigation concepts.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EXPERT WEAPON DIRECTION SYSTEM
Authors: STEWART ROBERT L. , OUSBORNE DOUGLAS R.
Published: March 2009

A research project that addresses the efficacy of expert systems techniques for improving effectiveness of missile employments from Navy surface ships is discussed in terms of general weapon systems operations, special requirements of real‐time tactical situations, and a functioning experimental expert weapon direction system. An overview of the current weapon direction system and associated missile employment operation is provided as a basis for discussing timing and coordination requirements. The development and test of an experimental expert support system using sumulated missile engagements is reviewed in terms of language structures, incorporation of expert procedural knowledge, and system modeling. Preliminary results from testing the experimental expert system at the engagement system land based test site in Laurel, Maryland are reported, and future plans are summarized.
AN INTEGRA TED HULL DESIGN PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCIBILITY
Authors: INGVASON SIGURDUR , McCALLUM DONALD N. , KRAINE GILBERT L.
Published: March 2009

Recent European innovations in hull form design have highlighted the savings which can be achieved in ship powering requirements by hull modifications, principally at the bow and stern. Designs of one of the authors, Sigurdur Ingvason of Sweden, are described and discussed. His twin‐skeg integrated hull design concept, which combines good hydrodynamic features with producibility is analyzed by model testing in comparison to a recent U.S. Navy tanker design, the T‐AO 187 class. Gains of the order of 14% at the ship's design speed are predicted. Major producibility concepts and features are also discussed at length. These concepts capitalize on the experience of several Swedish shipyards.