bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipid-based and protein-based interactions synergize transmembrane signaling stimulated by antigen clustering of IgE receptors
Authors: Bag Nirmalya , Wagenknecht-Wiesner Alice , Lee Allan , Shi Sophia M. , Holowka David A. , Baird Barbara A.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Lipid organization of the plasma membrane is known to be important for facilitating protein interactions in transmembrane signaling. However, the orchestration of these interactions in live cells remains elusive. We employed imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (ImFCS) to systemically investigate the interplay of lipids and proteins during mast cell signaling, initiated as phosphorylation of antigen-crosslinked immunoglobulin E–receptor (IgE-FcεRI) complexes by lipid-anchored Lyn kinase. We found that stabilized liquid ordered-like nanodomains around clustered FcεRI—which can be accessed by Lyn kinase but not by transmembrane phosphatase—provide essential spatial filtering that augments Lyn’s binding and phosphorylating FcεRI while suppressing dephosphorylation by phosphatase. ImFCS provides quantitative evidence of the functional link between lipid-based membrane organization and transmembrane signaling in live cells.
Subsize Pt-based intermetallic compound enables long-term cyclic mass activity for fuel-cell oxygen reduction
Authors: Cheng Han , Gui Renjie , Yu Hao , Wang Chun , Liu Si , Liu Hongfei , Zhou Tianpei , Zhang Nan , Zheng Xusheng , Chu Wangsheng , Lin Yue , Wu HengAn , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: August 2021

Significance

Pt-based alloys are regarded as the oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts with the most potential to replace commercial Pt/C in proton exchange membrane fuel cells as long as their durability reaches the required standard. We demonstrated a series of Pt-based intermetallic compounds with ultrathin Pt skin and an average particle size down to about 2.3 nm that bring sustainable cyclic mass activity in fuel cells. Moreover, the subsize scale of Pt-based intermetallic compounds benefits the design of the confined structure for membrane electrode assembly, which further enhanced the stability under humid fuel-cell operations. Our work highlights advanced electrocatalysts for fuel cells and offers insight into the correlation between the structure and performance for membrane cathode electrode structures.
The radish Ogura fertility restorer impedes translation elongation along its cognate CMS-causing mRNA
Authors: Wang Chuande , Lezhneva Lina , Arnal Nadège , Quadrado Martine , Mireau Hakim
Published: August 2021

Significance

Nucleo-cytoplasmic male sterilities (CMS) are two-component genetic systems in which mitochondria-encoded male sterility transcripts are controlled through the action of nuclear-encoded restorer-of-fertility proteins. Fertility restorers most often impact the accumulation of CMS transcripts. In this analysis, we demonstrate that fertility restoration in the Ogura system from radish operates through a specific blockade of ribosome progression along the
orf138
CMS transcript. Our analysis reveals that CMS transcripts can be controlled at the translational level, a discovery that will be instrumental to produce custom synthetic fertility restorers.
Scalar fields in causal dynamical triangulations
Authors: Ambjorn Jan , Drogosz Zbigniew , Gizbert-Studnicki Jakub , Görlich Andrzej , Jurkiewicz Jerzy , Németh Dániel
Published: August 2021

A typical geometry extracted from the path integral of a quantum theory of gravity may be quite complicated in the UV region. Even if a single configuration is not physical, its properties may be of interest to understand the details of its nature, since some universal features can be important for the physics of the model. If the formalism describing the geometry is coordinate independent, which is the case in the model studied here, such understanding may be facilitated by the use of suitable coordinate systems. In this article we use scalar fields that solve Laplace’s equation to introduce coordinates on geometries with a toroidal topology. Using these coordinates we observe what we identify as the cosmic voids and filaments structure, even if matter is only a tool to visualize the geometry. We also show that if the scalar fields we used as coordinates are dynamically coupled to geometry, they can change it in a dramatic way, leading to a modification of the spatial topology.
Three dimensional orientation of small polyatomic molecules excited by two-color femtosecond pulses
Authors: Xu Long , Tutunnikov Ilia , Prior Yehiam , Averbukh Ilya Sh.
Published: August 2021

We study the excitation of asymmetric-top (including chiral) molecules by two-color femtosecond laser pulses. In the cases of non-chiral asymmetric-top molecules excited by an orthogonally polarized two-color pulse, we demonstrate, classically and quantum mechanically, three-dimensional orientation. For chiral molecules, we show that the orientation induced by a cross-polarized two-color pulse is enantioselective along the laser propagation direction, namely, the two enantiomers are oriented in opposite directions. The classical and quantum simulations are in excellent agreement on the short time scale, whereas on the longer time scale, the enantioselective orientation exhibits quantum beats. These observations are qualitatively explained by analyzing the interaction potential between the two-color pulse and molecular (hyper-)polarizability. The prospects for using the enantioselective orientation for enantiomers’ separation is discussed.
Two different emission enhancement of trans-stilbene crystal under high pressure: Different evolution of structure
Authors: Gu Yarong , Shao Guicheng , Tian Zhumei , Li Haixia , Wang Kai , Zou Bo
Published: August 2021

Mechanoresponsive luminescent (MRL) materials have drawn extensive concern due to their potential applications in mechanical sensors, memory chips, and security inks; especially these possessing high emission efficiency. In this work, we found trans-stilbene crystal exhibited two different pressure-induced emission enhancement (PIEE) behaviors at different pressure areas. The structural characterizations combined with density functional theory calculation indicate that the first emission enhancement was due to the decrease of nonradiation transition by the weaken of energy exchange process between atoms and lattice. And the second emission enhancement was attributed to the strengthen of C–H…C interactions from the non-planarization comformation. The results regarding the mechanoresponsive behavior of trans-stilbene offered a deep insight into PIEE from the structural point of view, which will facilitate the design of and search for high-performance MRL materials.
Transition state and formation process of Stone–Wales defects in graphene
Authors: Bai Jian-Hui , Yao Yin , Jiang Ying-Zhao
Published: August 2021

Stone–Wales (SW) defects are possibly formed in graphene and other two-dimensional materials, and have multiple influence on their physical and chemical properties. In this study, the transition state of SW defects in graphene is determined with the fully discrete Peierls theory. Furthermore, the atomic formation process is investigated by means of ab-initio simulations. The atomic structure change and energetics of the SW transformation are revealed. It is found that the transition state is at the SW bond rotation of 34.5° and the activation energy barrier is about 12 eV. This work provides a new method to investigate SW transformations in graphene-like materials and to explore unknown SW-type defects in other 2D materials.
Emerging of Ag particles on ZnO nanowire arrays for blue-ray hologram storage
Authors: Li Ning , Li Xin , Zhang Ming-Yue , Miao Jing-Ying , Fu Shen-Cheng , Zhang Xin-Tong
Published: August 2021

Noble-metal/metal-oxide-semiconductor nanostructures as an important material platform have been applied in massive data storage. ZnO exhibits excellent optical modulation ability. However, plasmon induced charge separation effect in Ag/ZnO systems is very weak due to the low chemical activity on surface of the oxide. Herein, we prepare ZnO nanowire arrays via the hydrothermal method, and measure their absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance, proving the existence of oxygen defects in ZnO. Accordingly, an idea of “electron reverse transfer” is proposed such that blue-ray (403.4 nm) induces reduction of Ag+ ions through the excitation of ZnO. Rod-like and spherical silver nanoparticles emerge on the surface and in the gap of ZnO nanowire arrays, respectively, after the visible light stimulus. It is found that nanowire density, oxygen defects and surface roughness are dependent on hydrothermal time. The optimized diffraction efficiency of 0.08% is obtained for reconstructing hologram in the nanocomposite film. This work provides a bright way for construction of ZnO-based optoelectronic integrated devices.
Widely tunable single-photon source with high spectral-purity from telecom wavelength to mid-infrared wavelength based on MgO:PPLN*
Authors: Sun Chang-Wei , Sun Yu , Duan Jia-Chen , Xue Guang-Tai , Liu Yi-Chen , Lu Liang-Liang , Zhang Qun-Yong , Gong Yan-Xiao , Xu Ping , Zhu Shi-Ning
Published: August 2021

By utilizing the extended phase-matching (EPM) method, we investigate the generation of single photons with high spectral-purity in a magnesium-doped periodically-poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) crystal via the spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process. By adjusting the temperature and pump wavelength, the wavelength of the single photons can be tuned from telecom to mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths, for which the spectral-purity can be above 0.95 with high transmission filters. In experiments, we engineer a MgO:PPLN with poling period of 20.35 μm which emits the EPM photon pair centered at 1496.6 nm and 1644.0 nm and carry out the joint spectral intensity (JSI) and Glauber’s second-order self-correlation measurements to characterize the spectral purity. The results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations. Our work may provide a valuable approach for the generation of spectrally pure single photons at a wide range of wavelengths which is competent for various photonic quantum technologies.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Pd/Co2 MnSi/NiFe2O4/Pd multilayers on F-mica substrates
Authors: Bai Qingwang , Guo Bin , Yin Qin , Wang Shuyun
Published: August 2021

Pd/Co2MnSi (CMS)/NiFe2O4 (NFO)/Pd multilayers were fabricated on F-mica substrate by magnetron sputtering. The best PMA performance of the multilayer structure Pd(3 nm)/CMS(5 nm)/NFO(0.8 nm)/Pd(3 nm) was obtained by adjusting the thickness of the CMS and NFO layers. F-mica substrate has a flatter surface than glass and Si/SiO2 substrate. The magnetic anisotropy energy density (K
eff) of the sample deposited on F-mica substrates is 0.6711 Merg/cm3 (1 erg=10−7 J), which is about 30% higher than that of the multilayer films deposited on glass (0.475 Merg/cm3) and Si/SiO2 (0.511 Merg/cm3) substrates, and the R
Hall and H
C are also significantly increased. In this study, the NFO layer prepared by sputtering in the high purity Ar environment was exposed to the high purity O2 atmosphere for 5 min, which can effectively eliminate the oxygen loss and oxygen vacancy in NFO, ensuring enough Co–O orbital hybridization at the interface of CMS/NFO, and thus effectively improve the sample PMA.
Skillful decadal prediction of unforced southern European summer temperature variations
Authors: Borchert L F , Koul V , Menary M B , Befort D J , Swingedouw D , Sgubin G , Mignot J
Published: August 2021

We assess the capability of decadal prediction simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) archive to predict European summer temperature during the period 1970–2014. Using a multi-model ensemble average, we show that Southern European (SEU) summer temperatures are highly predictable for up to ten years in CMIP6. Much of this predictive skill, is related to the externally forced response: historical simulations explain about 90% of observed SEU summer temperature variance. Prediction skill for the unforced signal of SEU summer temperature is low: initialized model simulations explain less than 10% of observed variance after removing the externally forced response. An observed link between unforced SEU summer temperature and preceding spring Eastern North Atlantic—Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) motivates the application of a dynamical-statistical model to overcome the low summer temperature skill over Europe. This dynamical-statistical model uses dynamical spring SST predictions to predict European summer temperature, and significantly increases decadal prediction skill of unforced European summer temperature variations, showing significant prediction skill for unforced Southern European summer temperature 2–9 years ahead. As a result, dynamical-statistical models can benefit the decadal prediction of variables with initially limited skill beyond the forcing, such as summer temperature over Europe.
Thermal analysis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes doped glass fiber reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Chaudhary S K , Singh K K
Published: August 2021

Thermal characterization is one of the important aspects for evaluating the heat flux and decomposition kinetics of different materials, alloys and composites at different temperature. In this work Multi-scale nano-composites (MWCNTs/glass fiber/epoxy) were prepared by hand lay-up process followed by vacuum bagging method. Thermal properties of MWCNTs doped glass fiber reinforced polymer composites were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It has been found that in the presence of MWCNTs it is very difficult to break the polymeric chains and that leads to reduction in cross linking density and glass transition temperature of MWCNTs doped glass fiber reinforced polymer composites as compared to pristine one.
Hierarchical biomaterials via photopatterning-enhanced direct ink writing
Authors: Guzzi Elia A , Bischof Raffaele , Dranseikiene Dalia , Deshmukh Dhananjay V , Wahlsten Adam , Bovone Giovanni , Bernhard Stéphane , Tibbitt Mark W
Published: August 2021

Recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM) technologies provide tools to fabricate biological structures with complex three-dimensional (3D) organization. Deposition-based approaches have been exploited to manufacture multimaterial constructs. Stimulus-triggered approaches have been used to fabricate scaffolds with high resolution. Both features are useful to produce biomaterials that mimic the hierarchical organization of human tissues. Recently, multitechnology biofabrication approaches have been introduced that integrate benefits from different AM techniques to enable more complex materials design. However, few methods allow for tunable properties at both micro- and macro-scale in materials that are conducive for cell growth. To improve the organization of biofabricated constructs, we integrated direct ink writing (DIW) with digital light processing (DLP) to form multimaterial constructs with improved spatial control over final scaffold mechanics. Polymer–nanoparticle hydrogels were combined with methacryloyl gelatin (GelMA) to engineer dual inks that were compatible with both DIW and DLP. The shear-thinning and self-healing properties of the dual inks enabled extrusion-based 3D printing. The inclusion of GelMA provided a handle for spatiotemporal control of cross-linking with DLP. Exploiting this technique, complex multimaterial constructs were printed with defined mechanical reinforcement. In addition, the multitechnology approach was used to print live cells for biofabrication applications. Overall, the combination of DIW and DLP is a simple and efficient strategy to fabricate hierarchical biomaterials with user-defined control over material properties at both micro- and macro-scale.
Preparation and corrosion resistance of superhydrophobic film by one-step electrodeposition
Authors: Zhao Wanyou , Li Jun , Jin Yang , Chen Ming
Published: August 2021

Superhydrophobic film with cauliflower-like structure was prepared on copper sheet by one-step electrodeposition method. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the superhydrophobic film were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XPS and contact angle measurements. Due to the cauliflower-like hierarchical structure and low surface energy, the as-prepared surface can reach up to a maximum contact angle of 158.3°, and the rolling angle is not more than 7°. Polarization curve was investigated using electrochemical workstation, and the as-prepared superhydrophobic surface showed improved corrosion resistance compared with bare copper.
Localization and delocalization of eigenmodes of harmonic oscillators
Authors: Arnaiz Víctor , Macià Fabricio
Published: August 2021

We characterize quantum limits and semi-classical measures corresponding to sequences of eigenfunctions for systems of coupled quantum harmonic oscillators with arbitrary frequencies. The structure of the set of semi-classical measures turns out to depend strongly on the arithmetic relations between frequencies of each decoupled oscillator. In particular, we show that as soon as these frequencies are not rational multiples of a fixed fundamental frequency, the set of semi-classical measures is not convex and therefore, infinitely many measures that are invariant under the classical harmonic oscillator are not semi-classical measures.
On uniform Hilbert Schmidt stability of groups
Authors: Akhtiamov Danil , Dogon Alon
Published: August 2021

A group

Γ
\Gamma

is said to be uniformly HS-stable if any map

φ
:
Γ
→
U
(
n
)

\varphi : \Gamma \to U(n)

that is almost a unitary representation (w.r.t. the Hilbert Schmidt norm) is close to a genuine unitary representation of the same dimension. We present a complete classification of uniformly HS-stable groups among finitely generated residually finite ones. Necessity of the residual finiteness assumption is discussed. A similar result is shown to hold assuming only amenability.
Divergence criteria for matrix generalized hypergeometric series
Authors: Cuchta Tom , Grow David , Wintz Nick
Published: August 2021

We provide proofs of sharp divergence criteria for a large class of matrix hypergeometric series by estimating lower norm bounds of their terms. Difficulties in extending our techniques to singular matrix parameters are illustrated.
Uniformization of compact foliated spaces by surfaces of hyperbolic type via the Ricci flow
Authors: Muñiz Manasliski Richard , Verjovsky Alberto
Published: August 2021

We give a new proof of the uniformization theorem of the leaves of a compact lamination by surfaces of hyperbolic conformal type. We use a laminated version of the Ricci flow to prove the existence of a laminated Riemannian metric (smooth on the leaves, transversally continuous) with leaves of constant Gaussian curvature equal to -1, which is conformally equivalent to the original metric.
Symmetric Banach sequence spaces respect Weyl submajorization
Authors: Sukochev Fedor , Zanin Dmitriy
Published: August 2021

Let

E
E

be a symmetric Banach sequence space. We show that there exists an equivalent symmetric norm on

E
E

which is monotone with respect to the Weyl (i.e., logarithmic) submajorization. Surprisingly, this purely commutative result is proved by a very non-commutative method.
Blasphemy and religion
Authors: Sherwood Yvonne
Published: August 2021

‘Blasphemy and religion’ evaluates the concept of blasphemy in religion, looking at the common theme emerging across the world religions. In Islam, ‘blasphemy’ is about protecting the community from fitnah (civil unrest). In Hinduism and Buddhism, it is about preventing adharma (non-dharma or anti-dharma). In the Bible, blasphemy is a crime of lèse-majesté, concerned with protecting the dignity of socially revered gods and men. In each case, blasphemy is social, political, and religious, and prohibiting blasphemy is about protecting community cohesion. The relationship between blasphemy and religious violence and the concept of inner-religious blasphemy is an interesting point of discussion here.
Evidence for climate change
Authors: Maslin Mark
Published: August 2021

‘Evidence for climate change’ presents the scientific evidence that anthropogenic climate change is already happening and considers changes in global temperature, precipitation, sea level, and extreme weather events (heatwaves, droughts, floods, storms, and wildfires). The latest IPCC report states that it is virtually certain that anthropogenic climate change has caused increases in the frequency and severity of hot extremes and decreases in cold extremes on most continents. Climate change is also the main cause of the intensification of heavy precipitation observed over continental regions, often resulting in flooding. Moreover, human climate change has played a role in shaping the global distribution and intensity of tropical cyclones/typhoons and hurricanes. What do the climate change deniers say and why they are wrong?
Solutions
Authors: Maslin Mark
Published: August 2021

‘Solutions’ outlines the three types of solutions to climate change. The first is adaptation, which is providing protection for the population from the impacts of climate change. Both physical and social adaptations are required to protect people’s lives and livelihoods. The second solution is mitigation, which in its simplest terms is reducing our carbon footprint and thus reversing the trend of ever-increasing GHG emissions. This type of solution includes switching to renewable energy and electric vehicles, fossil-fuel subsidy reforms, smart power grids, sustainable agriculture, reforestation and rewilding. The third solution is geoengineering, which involves large-scale extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or modification of the global climate.
indelPost: harmonizing ambiguities in simple and complex indel alignments
Authors: Hagiwara Kohei , Edmonson Michael N , Wheeler David A , Zhang Jinghui
Published: August 2021

Small insertions and deletions (indels) in nucleotide sequence may be represented differently between mapping algorithms and variant callers, or in the flanking sequence context. Representational ambiguity is especially profound for complex indels, complicating comparisons between multiple mappings and call sets. Complex indels may additionally suffer from incomplete allele representation, potentially leading to critical misannotation of variant effect. We present indelPost, a Python library that harmonizes these ambiguities for simple and complex indels via realignment and read-based phasing. We demonstrate that indelPost enables accurate analysis of ambiguous data and can derive the correct complex indel alleles from the simple indel predictions provided by standard small variant detectors, with improved performance over a specialized tool for complex indel analysis.

Availability and implementation

indelPost is freely available at: https://github.com/stjude/indelPost.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Diversity Revealed by Rapid Whole-Genome Sequence Typing
Authors: Moustafa Ahmed M , Planet Paul J
Published: August 2021

Discrete classification of SARS-CoV-2 viral genotypes can identify emerging strains and detect geographic spread, viral diversity, and transmission events. We developed a tool (GNU-based Virus IDentification [GNUVID]) that integrates whole-genome multilocus sequence typing and a supervised machine learning random forest-based classifier. We used GNUVID to assign sequence type (ST) profiles to all high-quality genomes available from GISAID. STs were clustered into clonal complexes (CCs) and then used to train a machine learning classifier. We used this tool to detect potential introduction and exportation events and to estimate effective viral diversity across locations and over time in 16 US states. GNUVID is a highly scalable tool for viral genotype classification (https://github.com/ahmedmagds/GNUVID) that can quickly classify hundreds of thousands of genomes in a way that is consistent with phylogeny. Our genotyping ST/CC analysis uncovered dynamic local changes in ST/CC prevalence and diversity with multiple replacement events in different states, an average of 20.6 putative introductions and 7.5 exportations for each state over the time period analyzed. We introduce the use of effective diversity metrics (Hill numbers) that can be used to estimate the impact of interventions (e.g., travel restrictions, vaccine uptake, mask mandates) on the variation in circulating viruses. Our classification tool uncovered multiple introduction and exportation events, as well as waves of expansion and replacement of SARS-CoV-2 genotypes in different states. GNUVID classification lends itself to measures of ecological diversity, and, with systematic genomic sampling, it could be used to track circulating viral diversity and identify emerging clones and hotspots.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Valiengo Leandro , Maia Ana , Cotovio Gonçalo , Gordon Pedro C , Brunoni André R , Forlenza Orestes V , Oliveira-Maia Albino J
Published: August 2021

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) in older adults is a serious public health concern. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a nonpharmacological intervention approved for MDD treatment in adults, but its value in older adults remains unknown. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze evidence of rTMS efficacy in MDD treatment among older adults.

Methods

We systematically reviewed the literature for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies assessing rTMS for the treatment of MDD in patients older than 50 years, published until June 2020. Random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean differences (SMDs) were conducted to assess change in depression severity score (primary outcome), while odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess secondary categorical outcomes (response and remission). Additionally, univariate meta-regression analyses were performed to identify potential predictors of change in depression severity scores.

Results

Fourteen RCTs were included in meta-analyses and 26 studies (10 RCTs and 16 open-label studies) in meta-regression. Active rTMS was significantly superior to sham treatment for reduction of severity (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.13–0.60), as well as response (OR = 3.26; 95% CI = 2.11–5.04) and remission (OR = 4.63; 95% CI = 2.24–9.55). Studies were of moderate to high quality, with funnel plots and Egger’s regression test not suggestive of publication bias. In meta-regressions, higher mean age and number of sessions were significantly associated with greater improvement.

Conclusions

Our results support that rTMS is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for MDD in older adults and that it should be considered in the treatment of this vulnerable population.
Host-mediated effects on the reproductive phenological asynchrony of a generalist mistletoe in China
Authors: Li Manru , Chen Jin , Zhang Ling
Published: August 2021

Host-mediated effects on hemiparasitic mistletoes were hypothesized to contribute to mistletoes reproductive phenological asynchrony, thus providing a longer period of food supply to its mutualistic pollinators and dispersers. However, studies with empirical data interrogating this hypothesis are lacking. Weekly monitoring of flowering and fruiting patterns on a generalist mistletoe Dendrophthoe pentandra (Loranthaceae) was conducted for two consecutive years in tropical Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. We examined whether flowering and fruiting patterns were seasonal, quantified the degree of stagger within D. pentandra populations and determined the factors influencing the first flowering date (FFD) of D. pentandra. Furthermore, the effect of change in the number of host species on reproductive phenological asynchrony of mistletoe was examined. We found that (i) both flowering and fruiting exhibited unimodal peaks in the two consecutive years of the study; (ii) the FFD was significantly influenced by crown area of mistletoe and light, such that clump with larger crown and more light exposure had an earlier FFD and longer flowering and fruiting durations; (iii) different host species had a significant impact on the phenology of mistletoes. However, contrary to our hypothesis, the number of host species did not significantly change the asynchrony of reproductive phenology of mistletoe. Therefore, these results suggest that alternative hypotheses are needed to interpret the ecological significance of the number of host species and phenological asynchrony of generalist mistletoes.
Distinguishing Features of Adolescents With Undiagnosed Infectious Tuberculosis Attending a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Al Dubisi Fatimah , Harvey Gregory , Ostrow Olivia , Lam Ray , Science Michelle , Kitai Ian
Published: August 2021

More than 10 days of fever or 13 days of cough differentiated adolescent patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department with infectious tuberculosis (TB) from most patients with pneumonia. Upper lobe involvement was significantly more common in patients with TB. Symptom- and radiograph-based algorithms could minimize TB exposure and aid diagnosis.
Managing an adult CF population in the COVID-19 pandemic—1 year on
Authors: Nazareth D , Sumner C , Daniels J , Mathews J , Hyde G , Walshaw M
Published: August 2021

Background

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 required an alteration in the routine care of people with CF (pwCF), deemed to be extremely vulnerable.

Aim

We wished to report the alterations in clinical practice, including the introduction of remote video-assisted clinics, made to manage the adult pwCF attending our large centre.

Methods

We studied clinical records over a period of 2 years (March 2019 to February 2021) by comparing 19th March to 20th February (Y1) with 20th March to 21st February (Y2).

Results

We have shown out of hospital Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) support increased and a greater proportion of IV therapy was administered at home. The VAC model of care increased clinical activity while reducing clinic non-attendance rates, suggesting more individuals engage with their carers.

Conclusions

This new model of care has allowed greater engagement with pwCF.
Metastatic acral melanoma treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cho Kenneth K. , Cust Anne E. , Foo Yun Megan , Long Georgina V. , Menzies Alexander M. , Eslick Guy D.
Published: August 2021

Acral melanomas are a unique subset of melanomas occurring on the palms, soles, and nails. There is poor prognosis with surgery alone and no specific guidelines for the treatment of metastatic acral melanoma. This meta-analysis explored the systemic therapy outcomes for metastatic acral melanoma. Medline, Pubmed, EMBASE, and the grey literature were searched from 2010 to August 2020 for studies specifying the treatment outcome of metastatic acral melanoma. Studies were assessed by two investigators. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed and pooled Kaplan–Meier curves for progression-free survival and overall survival were created. Critical appraisal was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Nineteen nonrandomized studies were included, comprising 646 patients with acral melanomas and 1609 patients with nonacral melanomas treated with systemic therapy including chemotherapy, KIT-targeted drugs, as well as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Thirteen studies included Kaplan–Meier curves for progression-free survival or overall survival and 11 studies reported treatment responses. Patients with acral melanomas had worse prognosis than nonacral cutaneous melanoma (acral overall survival: median 15 months, 95% CI, 13.7–16.3 months; nonacral cutaneous: median 24 months, 95% CI, 22.6–25.4 months, P < 0.001). Acral melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy had higher overall survival at 12 months (53%) compared with anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy (34%; P < 0.001). This study provides estimates of treatment response for metastatic acral melanoma, demonstrating low activity across a breadth of approved drug therapies, including anti-PD-1, the most active therapy in melanoma to date. Further research into treatments for metastatic acral melanoma is needed.
Importance of Trauma-Informed Practice in Evaluation of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Langenfeld Adam , Kroupina Maria , Palmer Alyssa , Gustafson Kimara , Augustyn Marilyn
Published: August 2021

CASE:

As part of a multidisciplinary adoption support clinic, Erin, a 5-year-old girl, adopted approximately 6 months before the clinic visit, presents for postadoption evaluation. Erin was born at full term. Her birth history was significant for reported maternal treatment for liver failure during pregnancy. Her previous medical history included hospitalization for a viral illness at age 2 months, recurrent ear infections, and a fractured forearm. Family history was significant for a maternal history of bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, and concern for substance abuse; a paternal history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression; and full biological brother with a history of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder. Erin and her brother lived with their parents until she was approximately 3 years old. At that time, there were concerns for poor hygiene, inconsistent medical care, poor school attendance for her brother, financial instability, and significant neglect. Erin was reportedly confined to her crib for hours at a time. She and her older brother were removed from the home because of concerns for significant neglect and placed into foster care. Approximately 3 months after foster placement, Erin underwent testing because of concerns for abnormal behaviors and possible developmental delays. Symptoms included poor sleep, repetitive behaviors such as head banging, delayed speech that primarily involved grunting, and lack of toilet training. She was hyperactive and aggressive and had poor caregiver attachment. On evaluation, she was small for age, poorly groomed, and easily distracted with poor eye contact and did not tolerate interactions with examiners. Neuropsychological testing consisted of symptom checklists and caregiver interview only because she did not tolerate diagnostic testing. She was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and global developmental delay with intellectual and language impairments. Over the following year, Erin was transitioned to a second foster family and was subsequently adopted. She received speech, occupational, and physical therapy, along with trauma-informed therapy. She made significant gains in multiple domains and was able to graduate from trauma-informed therapy after 1 year. On examination, Erin greets you with appropriate eye contact and reports that she is feeling “good.” She is verbal and interactive with her brother and parents. She looks to parents for support when asked to participate in the physical examination. She does not display any significant repetitive behaviors. Erin's parents are concerned that her initial diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and global developmental delay do not accurately reflect her current level of functioning and are afraid she may have been misdiagnosed. How would you proceed with next steps to address these diagnoses?
Effect of free androgen index on blood pressure variability and target organ damage in postmenopausal hypertensive women: findings from a cross-sectional study
Authors: Chen Jianshu , Wang Qiongying , Pei Ying , Li Ningyin , Han Junchen , Yu Jing
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The present study investigated the effects of free androgen index (FAI) on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and target organ function in postmenopausal hypertensive women.

Methods:

A total of 285 postmenopausal hypertensive women (mean age 54.06 ± 3.61) were admitted to the Department of Hypertension of Lanzhou University Second Hospital between December 2018 and December 2020. According to the serum FAI level, the participants were divided into a low-FAI (<0.15) group, a medium-FAI (0.15-0.2) group, and a high-FAI (>0.2) group. The relationship of FAI with 24-hour ABP, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was analyzed.

Results:

The LVMI, CAVI, 24-hour mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), 24-hour SBP coefficient of variation and 24-hour SBP standard deviation, 24-hour SBP average real variation (ARV), and 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ARV in high-FAI group were significantly higher than those in low- and medium-FAI groups (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, partial correlation analysis showed that FAI was positively correlated with LVMI (r = 0.728, P < 0.001), CAVI (left: r = 0.718, P < 0.001; right: r = 0.742, P < 0.001), 24-hour SBP ARV (r = 0.817, P < 0.001), and 24-hour DBP ARV (r = 0.747, P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, it was found that LVMI increased by 17.64 g/m2 for every 1 unit increase in FAI. CAVI also increased by 8.983 for every additional unit of FAI. In addition, the results also showed that LVMI and CAVI decreased respectively by 0.198 g/m2 and 0.009 for every 1 unit increase in sex hormone–binding globulin. Multivariable linear regression showed that FAI was an independent risk factor for 24-hour SBP ARV (OR: 20.416, 95% CI 8.143-32.688, P = 0.001) and 24-hour DBP ARV (OR: 16.539, 95% CI 0.472-32.607, P = 0.044). The results also showed that sex hormone–binding globulin was an independent factor of 24-hour SBP ARV (OR: −0.022, 95% CI −0.044 to 0.000, P = 0.048) and 24-hour DBP-ARV (OR: −0.018, 95% CI −0.029 to −0.008, P = 0.001).

Conclusion:

Higher serum FAI levels in postmenopausal hypertensive women indicate abnormal BP regulation and more serious target organ damage. FAI is closely related to 24-hour SBP ARV and 24-hour DBP ARV in postmenopausal hypertensive women.
Mediation of Anti-Keloid Effects of mTOR Inhibitors by Autophagy-Independent Machinery
Authors: Jiang Meng , Bu Wen-Bo , Chen Yu-Jie , Li Li , Xiao Ta , Gu Heng
Published: August 2021

Objective:

Blocking mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation with mTOR inhibitors has promising therapeutic potential for keloids. However, the precise mechanism of mTOR inhibitors remains unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the role of autophagy machinery in the anti-keloid effects of mTOR inhibitors.

Methods:

We first validated the biological effects induced by the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin (100 nmol/L) and KU-0063794 (5 μmol/L) on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and collagen synthesis of keloid fibroblasts (KFs) derived from Han Chinese persons through a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine incorporation, Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, migration, and western blotting. To explore whether autophagy machinery is involved in the anti-keloid effects of mTOR inhibitors, we first blocked the autophagy activation induced by rapamycin and KU-0063794 with a pharmacological autophagy inhibitor (wortmannin) or by silencing the key autophagy gene (ATG5), and we then re-evaluated these biological effects on KFs.

Results:

Blocking mTOR activation with either rapamycin or KU-0063794 completely inhibited proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis of primary KFs but did not affect apoptosis. Incubating KFs with the autophagy inhibitor wortmannin or performing ATG5 silencing abrogated the subsequent activation of autophagic activity induced by rapamycin (rapamycin + E-64d + pepstatin vs. rapamycin + wortmannin + E-64d + pepstatin: 1.88 ± 0.38 vs. 1.02 ± 0.35, F = 6.86, P = 0.013), (non-sense control + rapamycin vs. ATG5 small interfering RNA + rapamycin: 1.46 ± 0.18 vs. 0.75 ± 0.20, respectively; F = 7.68, P = 0.01) or KU-0063794 (KU-0063794 + E-64d + pepstatin vs. KU-0063794 + wortmannin + E-64d + pepstatin: 1.65 ± 0.35 vs. 0.76 ± 0.17, F = 10.01, P = 0.004), (NC + KU-0063794 vs. ATG5 small interfering RNA + KU-0063794: 1.59 ± 0.50 vs. 0.77 ± 0.09, F = 5.93, P = 0.02) as evidenced by decreased accumulation of LC3-II. However, blockage of autophagy induction in mTOR inhibitor-treated KFs with both methods did not disturb their anti-keloid effects, such as inhibition of cell viability, cell migration, and collagen synthesis (P > 0.05 each).

Conclusion:

Blocking mTOR activation with the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and KU-0063794 showed anti-keloid effects in KFs. Restoration of autophagy inhibition by mTOR inhibitors does not contribute to their anti-keloid effects.
An introduction to and review of cardiac neurodevelopment: the risks and recommended approaches
Authors: Ligsay Andrew , Goldberg Caren S.
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review

To introduce the reader to the current understanding of the neurocognitive profile of congenital heart disease (CHD) survivors, the risk factors that may influence outcomes, and to the recommendations for cardiac neurodevelopmental care.

Recent findings

A growing body of literature has shown that survivors of CHD are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Multiple elements influence each patient's risk, which likely begins in utero and extends to perioperative management, surgical considerations, and long-term clinical care. Additionally, sociodemographic factors may compound these risks. Serial developmental follow-up is recommended for children with critical CHD.

Though there are some clinical factors that increase risk, based on the high rate of developmental impairments for children with CHD, serial evaluations are recommended. Multidisciplinary and multicenter collaboration is ongoing and will facilitate moving this field forward to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for children with CHD.
Overexpression of Human Aspartyl (Asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase in NSCLC: Its Diagnostic Value by Means of Exosomes of Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Authors: Zhu Haohao , Liu Huai , Wen Jianfeng , Yuan Ting , Ren Guangyu , Jiang Yonqing , Yuan Yujun , Mei Jinhong , Yu Yuefei , Li Guorong
Published: August 2021

The human aspartyl β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is overexpressed in tumor tissues. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic procedure for infections and malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tumor exosomes carrying ASPH gene marker were present in bronchoalveolar fluid of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A tissue microarray analysis was applied to explore the expression of ASPH in different histologic NSCLC. The human NSCLC cell lines and normal bronchial cell lines were used to study exosomal ASPH exprerssion. A total of 27 NSCLC, 21 benign tumor, and 15 healthy controls underwent BAL. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the ASPH expression in malignant and normal lung tissues. The expression characteristics of ASPH in different NSCLC and normal bronchial cells and pneumocytes were confirmed by cell blocks. A reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was carried out to study the levels of exosomal ASPH expression. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray demonstrated that overexpression of ASPH was found in NSCLC tissues including adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, but absent in adjacent normal tissues. All NSCLC specimens exhibited high levels of ASPH immunoreactivity, while nonmalignant and normal lung tissues exhibited a very low level of expression. Overexpression of ASPH was found in exosomes from NSCLC cell lines but absent from the normal bronchial cell line NL-20. ASPH level from BAL exosomes was significantly increased in NSCLC patients compared with that from nonmalignant or health group. Our method of isolation of BAL exosomes was easily performed in the clinical laboratory. BAL exosomal ASPH can be a potential biomarker for NSCLC diagnosis.
Improving Compliance and Quality of Documentation of Cerebral Function Monitoring in a Neonatal Neurocritical Care Unit
Authors: Goswami Ipsita , Chansarn Panadda , Aldana Aguirre Jose , Taher Floura , Wilson Diane , Hahn Cecil , ElShahed Amr , Lee Kyong-Soon
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Neonates admitted to neurocritical care units frequently undergo continuous bedside cerebral function monitoring (CFM). Documentation of CFM findings that are complete and accurate can augment the quality of care through improved communication. We aimed to increase the compliance with and quality of CFM documentation in the electronic medical records by 50% in our neonatal intensive care unit over 6 months.

Methods:

We used the Plan-Do-Study-Act methodology, process mapping, and fishbone analysis. We implemented interventions, including the development of standardized EMR templates, face-to-face reminders at staff meetings and clinical handover sessions, and teaching on CFM interpretation.

Results:

We evaluated 50 and 161 charts pre (August–October 2018) and postintervention (December 2018–July 2019), respectively. We improved compliance with documentation from 72% to 89% (P = 0.004); and the quality of documentation from 10% to 61% (P < 0.001). Multimodal reminders to document and educational sessions to increase familiarity with CFM interpretation effectively improved the quality of documentation.

Conclusions:

We improved the compliance with and the quality of CFM documentation using targeted quality improvement interventions with case-focused educational sessions, reference tools, and standardized templates. Barriers to compliance with documentation were adverse effects on the workflow that changes in the EMR system may address. A significant challenge to sustainability was the high frequency of rotating trainees. We addressed this challenge by developing mandatory electronic teaching modules that include reminders to document and a case-focused teaching curriculum; to increase awareness of the importance of CFM documentation and increase confidence in CFM interpretation.
Circulating microRNAs from the mouse tibia fracture model reflect the signature from patients with complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Wickman Jason R. , Luo Xuan , Li Wenwu , Jean-Toussaint Renee , Sahbaie Peyman , Sacan Ahmet , Clark J. David , Ajit Seena K.
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) often results from an initial trauma that later produces a disproportionate amount of pain. The mechanisms underlying CRPS have been studied using a tibia fracture model (TFM) in rodents because this model closely mimics symptoms and has several molecular correlates observed in patients with CRPS.

Objective:

Here, we determined whether the TFM has alterations in circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and cytokines transported by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that faithfully model previously reported miRNA alterations from patients with CRPS.

Methods:

We isolated and characterized serum-derived sEVs from mice 3 weeks after fracture when symptoms such as pain hypersensitivity develop. Whole-transcriptome profiling was used to determine sEV miRNAs, and Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine 23-plex assay was used to measure cytokines. Differentially expressed miRNAs from TFM were compared with previously reported circulating miRNA alterations from patients with CRPS.

Results:

Although sEV cytokine levels were unchanged, there were significant changes in sEV miRNA profiles. Differentially expressed miRNAs from TFM sEVs significantly overlapped with those previously reported in patients with CRPS. Of the 57 sEV miRNAs dysregulated in the TFM, 30 were previously reported in patients with CRPS compared with healthy control donors both in sEVs and 23 in whole blood.

Conclusions:

These findings enhance the validity of TFM as a model for CRPS and suggest that specific miRNA dysregulation may be a shared feature of CRPS and the TFM. These dysregulated miRNAs could help identify mechanistic targets or serve as biomarker candidates for both diagnosis and treatment responses in clinical trials.