bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conduct problems among children in low-income, urban neighborhoods: A developmental psychopathology- and RDoC-informed approach
Authors: Drabick Deborah A. G. , Jakubovic Rafaella J. , Everett Valerie S. , Friedman Abbey L. , Emory George O. , Kalchthaler Faylyn B.
Published: October 2021

Conduct problems are associated with numerous negative long-term psychosocial sequelae and are among the most frequent referrals for children's mental health services. Youth residing in low-income, urban communities are at increased risk for conduct problems, but not all youth in these environments develop conduct problems, suggesting heterogeneity in risk and resilience processes and developmental pathways. The present study used a developmental psychopathology- and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-informed approach for conceptualizing risk and resilience for conduct problems among children from low-income, urban neighborhoods. Participants were 104 children (M = 9.93 ± 1.22 years; 50% male; 96% African American, 4% Latinx). We assessed four constructs reflecting cognitive and neurobiological processes associated with conduct problems using multiple levels of analysis and informants: autonomic nervous system reactivity, limbic system/orbitofrontal cortical functioning, dorsolateral prefrontal cortical functioning, and conduct problems. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles: typically developing (TD, n = 34); teacher-reported conduct problems (TCP, n = 14); emotion processing (EP, n = 27); and emotion expression recognition (EER, n = 29). External validation analyses demonstrated that profiles differed on various indices of conduct problems in expected ways. The EP profile exhibited lower levels of emotional lability and callous–unemotional behaviors, and higher levels of prosocial behavior. The TD profile demonstrated elevated emotional lability. Implications for etiological and intervention models are presented.
The critical window in random digraphs
Authors: Coulson Matthew
Published: October 2021

We consider the component structure of the random digraphD(n,p) inside the critical window$p = n^{-1} + \lambda n^{-4/3}$. We show that the largest component$\mathcal{C}_1$has size of order$n^{1/3}$in this range. In particular we give explicit bounds on the tail probabilities of$|\mathcal{C}_1|n^{-1/3}$.
What Is Out There and What Can We Learn? International Evidence on Funding and Delivery of Long-Term Care
Authors: Roland Daniel , Forder Julien , Jones Karen
Published: October 2021

This article describes the social care funding and delivery arrangements of a varied selection of developed countries, focusing on long-term care of older people. International evidence and latest reforms can inform the debate as countries struggle economically. Some have opted for mandatory social insurance that provides universal coverage. A premium is paid and if the insured individual or relatives require support, they are entitled to it. Others opted for a similar universal system but with earmarked taxation, while others fund their social care entirely from general taxation. Many chose a safety-net system in which benefits are means-tested leaving wealthier individuals to secure private arrangements of care. Within the UK, the level of support varies as Scotland provides personal care free of charge, being more generous than England, Wales and Northern Ireland. There is no “one solution”, but understanding different options can help in the discussion of current and future reforms.
Long-term organic and conventional farming effects on nutrient density of oats
Authors: Omondi Emmanuel Chiwo , Wagner Marisa , Mukherjee Atanu , Nichols Kristine
Published: October 2021

Declining nutrient densities of crops in the past 50–70 years have been attributed to unsound agricultural practices and plant breeding focus on yield rather than quality. Few studies have quantified the soil and nutritional quality of grains in organic and conventional farms and reported results are scarce and inconsistent. The Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial (FST) was established in 1981 to quantify the effects of long-term organic and conventional grain cropping systems and tillage practices. A 2014 study to quantify effects on the nutrient density of oat grains was integrated into three systems within the long-term trial: organic manure-based (MNR), organic legume-based (LEG), and conventional synthetic input-based (CNV), split between tilled (T) and no-till (NT) practices. Oat grains with hulls removed were analyzed for minerals (n = 24), vitamins (n = 24), amino acids (n = 24) and proteins (n = 24), while soil samples to a depth of 10 cm were analyzed for elemental minerals, and total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). Organic systems increased six out ten soil minerals whose concentrations were influenced by cropping systems: aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), barium (B) and strontium (Sr). All essential amino acids were greater in oat grains under LEG systems compared with other systems except lysine, histidine and methionine. Both LEG systems also increased 12 out of 13 non-essential amino acids in oat grains. Total oat N, C and S required for amino acid synthesis tended to be greater in organic systems. Soil N, C and S were highly correlated with total oat amino acids under organic systems compared to CNV. Organic LEG had significantly greater vitamin B1 than MNR and CNV. These results suggest that nutrient concentrations of oat grains were greater in organic systems compared to CNV systems, and the increase could be partially explained by the long-term soil management differences between the systems.
Development and Validation of the Short Version of the Sense of Humor	Scale (SHS-S)
Authors: Heintz Sonja , Ruch Willibald , Lau Chloe , Saklofske Donald H. , McGhee Paul
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Humor training has become increasingly popular to enhance the “sense of humor” and well-being and to decrease depressive symptoms. Despite the wide applications of these training programs, the assessment of training efficacy has attracted less attention. The Sense of Humor Scale (SHS; McGhee, 1996 , 1999 ) recently was expanded to a long version (SHS-L) to enhance its internal consistency ( Ruch & Heintz, 2018 ). At the same time, there is also the need for a brief version of this scale. The purpose of the present study is to develop a short version (SHS-S) in both German- and English-speaking countries, test its psychometric properties (internal consistency, factorial, construct, and criterion validity), and assess measurement invariance across gender and the two languages. Using three samples (Sample 1: 570 English-speakers, Sample 2: 353 German-speakers, Sample 3: 94 other-reports), the 29-item SHS-S was developed and yielded promising internal consistency and validity scores for the six humor skill factors of enjoyment of humor, laughter, verbal humor, finding humor in everyday life, laughing at yourself, and humor under stress. Overall, the SHS-S is an internally consistent, valid, and economic tool for future research and group-based applications, while the SHS-L seems especially useful in individual applications.
The Assessment of Time Attitudes Among Adolescents and Young Adults	With the Polish Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory – Time Attitude Scale	(AATI-TA-Polish)
Authors: Przepiórka Aneta , Błachnio Agata , Jankowski Tomasz , Mello Zena R. , Worrell Frank C.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. In this paper, we examined the dimensionality, reliability, structural validity, and convergent validity of scores on the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory – Time Attitude Scale (AATI-TA) in a sample of 989 Polish adolescents and young adults. Two studies were conducted. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses supported both the original 6-factor model (Past Positive, Past Negative, Positive Present, Negative Present, Future Positive, and Future Negative) and an alternative time-valence model with two factors related to valence (Positivity and Negativity) and three temporal factors (Past, Present, and Future). Study 1 results also provided evidence of invariance between adolescents and adults up to latent means. AATI-TA scores were also found to be invariant by gender and national context with scores from American adolescents. AATI-TA scores also yielded satisfactory reliability estimates. In Study 2, the incremental validity of AATI-TA scores over the contributions of ZTPI scores was assessed for and demonstrated with satisfaction with life and self-esteem. Overall, the results suggest that the Polish version of the AATI-TA yields psychometrically sound scores in Polish adolescents and adults.
Seismic Wave Propagation Through Layered Reduced Micropolar Medium
Authors: Dhabu Anjali C. , Singla Varun K. , STG Raghukanth
Published: October 2021

The ground motions recorded in the near‐field regions of earthquakes reveal that, along with translational motions the rotational motions can severely damage structures. To capture these ground rotations more realistically, the present study makes a novel attempt to model the Earth medium as a horizontally layered reduced micropolar half‐space. Layers in this medium are characterized by five material constants: Lame's constant (), Eringen's shear modulus (), density (), rotational moment of inertia (), and an additional material constant (). Cylindrical coordinate system is used to analytically derive the Green's functions and obtain the response of the layered Earth medium subjected to a point earthquake force. The analytically obtained surface translations and rotations involve integrations over the wavenumber and frequency parameters and hence, are evaluated numerically. These solutions converge to corresponding classical elastic medium when the micropolar medium parameters obey the relations and , where is the maximum frequency considered in the simulation. Thereafter, ground motions are simulated for several combinations of earthquake magnitudes and epicenter distances by modeling the Earth medium as an eight layered reduced micropolar half‐space. Further, ground motions for the 2012 Wutai earthquake were simulated using the proposed model and compared with the response of classical elastic medium. The comparisons indicate that the surface rotations are significantly higher in the case of reduced micropolar medium. The proposed formulation can be extended to simulate ground motions for finite‐fault seismic sources.
Achieving Breakthroughs in Global Hydrologic Science by Unlocking the Power of Multisensor, Multidisciplinary Earth Observations
Authors: Durand Michael , Barros Ana , Dozier Jeff , Adler Robert , Cooley Sarah , Entekhabi Dara , Forman Barton A. , Konings Alexandra G. , Kustas William P. , Lundquist Jessica D. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Rodell Matthew , Steele‐Dunne Susan
Published: October 2021

Over the last half century, remote sensing has transformed hydrologic science. Whereas early efforts were devoted to observation of discrete variables, we now consider spaceborne missions dedicated to interlinked global hydrologic processes. Furthermore, cloud computing and computational techniques are accelerating analyses of these data. How will the hydrologic community use these new resources to better understand the world's water and related challenges facing society? In this commentary, we suggest that optimizing the benefits of remote sensing for advancing hydrologic research will happen by integrating multidisciplinary and multisensor data, leveraging commercial satellite measurements, and employing data assimilation, cloud computing, and machine learning. We provide several recommendations to these ends.
STEPS: Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations Applied to the San Andreas and Toe Jam Hill Faults to Redefine Geologic Slip Rate Uncertainty
Authors: Hatem Alexandra E. , Gold Ryan D. , Briggs Richard W. , Scharer Katherine M. , Field Edward H.
Published: October 2021

Geologic slip rates are a time‐averaged measurement of fault displacement calculated over hundreds to million‐year time scales and are a primary input for probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, which forecast expected ground shaking in future earthquakes. Despite their utility for seismic hazard calculations, longer‐term geologic slip rates represent a time‐averaged measure of the tempo of strain release and do not measure variability across earthquake cycles. We have developed a numerical approach called STEPS (Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations), which is built upon field‐based observations and explicitly incorporates realistic variations in displacement per event and variability in the recurrence interval between earthquakes. The STEPS approach, which simulates strain release through time, relies on representing earthquake cycles as stairsteps, rather than straight‐line paths, connecting per earthquake time‐displacement coordinates. We simulate earthquake histories based on these input constraints using two examples: the Carrizo section of the San Andreas fault and the Toe Jam Hill fault of the Seattle fault zone. We find that modeled slip rate distributions agree with slip rates reported for the sites of interest by the original investigators, while providing a slip rate distribution that reflects the variability of earthquake frequency and displacement. The STEPS approach provides an estimate of fault slip rate uncertainty based on a synthetic suite of plausible time‐displacement paths resulting from individual earthquakes, rather than measurement uncertainties associated with offset features. When considering this simulated earthquake behavior between measurements, the uncertainty associated with earthquake paths is greater than that calculated by the long‐term rate.
Signatures of High‐Latitude Waves in Observations of Geomagnetic Acceleration
Authors: Chi‐Durán Rodrigo , Avery Margaret S. , Buffett Bruce A.
Published: October 2021

Models for the second time‐derivative of the geomagnetic field reveal prominent activity at high latitudes. Alternating patches of positive and negative geomagnetic acceleration propagate to the west at speeds that exceed nominal fluid velocities in the core. We show that waves are a viable interpretation of these observations. Magnetic Rossby waves produce a high‐latitude response with suitable phase velocities. However, the spatial complexity of the prediction is not compatible with the observations. Our preferred interpretation involves zonal MAC waves. These waves can account for the observed geomagnetic field when a stratified layer exists at the top of the core. The required layer has a thickness in excess of 100 km and a buoyancy frequency comparable to the rotation frequency. We anticipate a gradual reduction in the phase velocity over time, leading to a future change in the propagation direction.
Field‐Aligned and Ionospheric Currents by AMPERE and SuperMAG During HSS/SIR‐Driven Storms
Authors: Pedersen M. N. , Vanhamäki H. , Aikio A. T. , Käki S. , Workayehu A. B. , Waters C. L. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: October 2021

This study considers 28 geomagnetic storms with Dst  nT driven by high‐speed streams (HSSs) and associated stream interaction regions (SIRs) during 2010–2017. Their impact on ionospheric horizontal and field‐aligned currents (FACs) have been investigated using superposed epoch analysis of SuperMAG and AMPERE data, respectively. The zero epoch () was set to the onset of the storm main phase. Storms begin in the SIR with enhanced solar wind density and compressed southward oriented magnetic field. The integrated FAC and equivalent currents maximize 40 and 58 min after , respectively, followed by a small peak in the middle of the main phase ( + 4 hr), and a slightly larger peak just before the Dst minimum ( + 5.3 hr). The currents are strongly driven by the solar wind, and the correlation between the Akasofu and integrated FAC is 0.90. The number of substorm onsets maximizes near . The storms were also separated into two groups based on the solar wind dynamic pressure pdyn in the vicinity of the SIR. High pdyn storms reach solar wind velocity maxima earlier and have shorter lead times from the HSS arrival to storm onset compared with low pdyn events. The high pdyn events also have sudden storm commencements, stronger solar wind driving and ionospheric response at , and are primarily responsible for the first peak in the currents after . After days, the currents and number of substorm onsets become higher for low compared with high pdyn events, which may be related to higher solar wind speed.
Synoptic Mesoscale to Basin Scale Variability in Biological Productivity and Chlorophyll in the Kuroshio Extension Region
Authors: Clayton Sophie , Palevsky Hilary I. , Thompson LuAnne , Quay Paul D.
Published: October 2021

The Kuroshio current separates from the Japanese coast to become the eastward flowing Kuroshio Extension (KE) characterized by a strong latitudinal density front, high levels of mesoscale (eddy) energy, and high chlorophyll a (Chl). While satellite measurements of Chl show evidence of the impact of mesoscale eddies on the standing stock of phytoplankton, there have been very limited synoptic, spatially resolved in situ estimates of productivity in this region. Here, we present underway measurements of oxygen/argon supersaturation (ΔO2/Ar), a tracer of net biological productivity, for the KE made in spring, summer, and early autumn. We find large seasonal differences in the relationships between ΔO2/Ar, Chl, and sea level anomaly (SLA), a proxy for local thermocline depth deviations driven by mesoscale eddies derived from satellite observations. We show that the KE is a pronounced hotspot of high ΔO2/Ar in spring, but corresponding surface Chl values are low and have no correlation with ΔO2/Ar. In summer, there is a hotspot of productivity associated with the Oyashio front, where ΔO2/Ar and Chl are strongly positively correlated. In autumn, ΔO2/Ar and Chl are consistently low throughout the region and also positively correlated. By combining our analysis of the in situ ΔO2/Ar data with complementary Argo, BGC‐Argo, repeat hydrography, and SLA observations, we infer the combination of physical and biological controls that drive the observed distributions of ΔO2/Ar and Chl. We find that the KE and Oyashio currents both act to supply nutrients laterally, fueling regions of high productivity in spring and summer, respectively.
Response of the Upper‐Level Monsoon Anticyclones and Ozone to Abrupt CO2 Changes
Authors: Tweedy Olga V. , Oman Luke D. , Waugh Darryn W. , Schoeberl Mark R. , Douglass Anne R. , Li Feng
Published: October 2021

The summer monsoon anticyclones are the dominant climatological features of the Northern Hemispheric (NH) summertime circulation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). However, the response of these anticyclones to the increased levels of remains highly uncertain, as does the impact on the distribution of UTLS ozone and other tracers. This study examines the response of the NH summertime monsoon anticyclones and UTLS ozone to the abrupt increase in forcing using output from a suite of coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model simulations. These models show an equatorward shift of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone, a weakening of the North American summer monsoon anticyclone, and a stronger westerly flow penetrating deep into the tropics above the Pacific Ocean and North America. We use additional idealized experiments from atmosphere‐only general circulation models with prescribed SSTs and sea ice concentration to isolate the direct atmospheric radiative effects from the indirect effect of SST warming on the UTLS monsoon anticyclones. Comparison between atmosphere‐only and coupled ocean–atmosphere experiments shows that SST warming is the principal mechanism producing UTLS monsoonal circulation changes. The experiments result in a significant reduction up to 40%–50% of the UTLS ozone in the northern tropics, which could have an impact on radiative balance near the surface.
Optimizing Carbon Cycle Parameters Drastically Improves Terrestrial Biosphere Model Underestimates of Dryland Mean Net CO2 Flux and its Inter‐Annual Variability
Authors: Mahmud Kashif , Scott Russell L. , Biederman Joel A. , Litvak Marcy E. , Kolb Thomas , Meyers Tilden P. , Krishnan Praveena , Bastrikov Vladislav , MacBean Natasha
Published: October 2021

Drylands occupy ∼40% of the land surface and are thought to dominate global carbon (C) cycle inter‐annual variability (IAV). Therefore, it is imperative that global terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), which form the land component of IPCC earth system models, are able to accurately simulate dryland vegetation and biogeochemical processes. However, compared to more mesic ecosystems, TBMs have not been widely tested or optimized using in situ dryland CO2 fluxes. Here, we address this gap using a Bayesian data assimilation system and 89 site‐years of daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) data from 12 southwest US Ameriflux sites to optimize the C cycle parameters of the ORCHIDEE TBM. The sites span high elevation forest ecosystems, which are a mean sink of C, and low elevation shrub and grass ecosystems that are either a mean C sink or “pivot” between an annual C sink and source. We find that using the default (prior) model parameters drastically underestimates both the mean annual NEE at the forested mean C sink sites and the NEE IAV across all sites. Our analysis demonstrated that optimizing phenology parameters are particularly useful in improving the model's ability to capture both the magnitude and sign of the NEE IAV. At the forest sites, optimizing C allocation, respiration, and biomass and soil C turnover parameters reduces the underestimate in simulated mean annual NEE. Our study demonstrates that all TBMs need to be calibrated for dryland ecosystems before they are used to determine dryland contributions to global C cycle variability and long‐term carbon‐climate feedbacks.
Effects of River Partial Penetration on the Occurrence of Riparian Freshwater Lenses: Experimental Investigation
Authors: Jazayeri Amir , Werner Adrian D. , Wu Huiqiang , Lu Chunhui
Published: October 2021

This study examines the occurrence of riparian lenses adjacent to partially penetrating, gaining rivers under the controlled conditions of a laboratory sand tank. Laboratory experiments and numerical modeling of the freshwater lens extent are used to provide physical verification (in light of limited examples of well‐characterized field cases) of the analytical methodology, thereby evaluating the underlying assumptions. Parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis are applied to assess both the experimental conditions and the benefit of lens observations in applying the analytical approach. The experimental freshwater lens was reproduced by both analytical and numerical models, with the exception of small mismatches (between analytical results and measured data) in the lens thickness in the near‐river region. These are most likely due to vertical flow effects that arise from the partial river penetration and saltwater inflows to the river bottom, and that are only partly accounted for in the analytical approach. Uncertainty analysis highlighted that accurate lens predictions based on the analytical method requires calibration to direct lens measurements; a similar finding from earlier studies of fully penetrating river conditions. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that the saltwater head boundary, freshwater and saltwater densities, and the aquifer depth below the riverbed (in descending order of sensitivity) are the most important factors in controlling freshwater lens occurrence and saltwater discharge. The results provide the first physical verification of the occurrence of stable riparian lenses adjacent to partially penetrating, gaining rivers, and verify a recent analytical solution for lens extent and saltwater discharge.
The biological applications of DNA nanomaterials: current challenges and future directions
Authors: Ma Wenjuan , Zhan Yuxi , Zhang Yuxin , Mao Chenchen , Xie Xueping , Lin Yunfeng
Published: October 2021

DNA, a genetic material, has been employed in different scientific directions for various biological applications as driven by DNA nanotechnology in the past decades, including tissue regeneration, disease prevention, inflammation inhibition, bioimaging, biosensing, diagnosis, antitumor drug delivery, and therapeutics. With the rapid progress in DNA nanotechnology, multitudinous DNA nanomaterials have been designed with different shape and size based on the classic Watson–Crick base-pairing for molecular self-assembly. Some DNA materials could functionally change cell biological behaviors, such as cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, autophagy, and anti-inflammatory effects. Some single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) or RNAs with secondary structures via self-pairing, named aptamer, possess the ability of targeting, which are selected by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and applied for tumor targeted diagnosis and treatment. Some DNA nanomaterials with three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures and stable structures are investigated as drug carrier systems to delivery multiple antitumor medicine or gene therapeutic agents. While the functional DNA nanostructures have promoted the development of the DNA nanotechnology with innovative designs and preparation strategies, and also proved with great potential in the biological and medical use, there is still a long way to go for the eventual application of DNA materials in real life. Here in this review, we conducted a comprehensive survey of the structural development history of various DNA nanomaterials, introduced the principles of different DNA nanomaterials, summarized their biological applications in different fields, and discussed the current challenges and further directions that could help to achieve their applications in the future.
Transmembrane protein 97 exhibits oncogenic properties via enhancing LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling in breast cancer
Authors: Zhu Huifang , Su Zijie , Ning Jiong , Zhou Liang , Tan Lifeng , Sayed Sapna , Song Jiaxing , Wang Zhongyuan , Li Huan , Sun Qi , Liu Shanshan , Sha Ou , Leng Feng , Chen Xianxiong , Lu Desheng
Published: October 2021

Upregulation of transmembrane protein 97 (TMEM97) has been associated with progression and poor outcome in multiple human cancers, including breast cancer. Recent studies suggest that TMEM97 may be involved in the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, the molecular mechanism of TMEM97 action on Wnt/β-catenin signaling is completely unclear. In the current study, TMEM97 was identified as an LRP6-interacting protein. TMEM97 could interact with LRP6 intracellular domain and enhance LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling in a CK1δ/ε-dependent manner. The binding of TMEM97 to LRP6 facilitated the recruitment of CK1δ/ε to LRP6 complex, resulting in LRP6 phosphorylation at Ser 1490 and the stabilization of β-catenin. In breast cancer cells, knockout of TMEM97 attenuated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade via regulating LRP6 phosphorylation, leading to a decrease in the expression of Wnt target genes AXIN2, LEF1, and survivin. TMEM97 deficiency also suppressed cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and stemness properties in breast cancer cells. Importantly, TMEM97 knockout suppressed tumor growth through downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a breast cancer xenograft model. Taken together, our results revealed that TMEM97 is a positive modulator of canonical Wnt signaling. TMEM97-mediated Wnt signaling is implicated in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer, and its targeted inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
A sub-150-nanometre-thick and ultraconformable solution-processed all-organic transistor
Authors: Viola Fabrizio Antonio , Barsotti Jonathan , Melloni Filippo , Lanzani Guglielmo , Kim Yun-Hi , Mattoli Virgilio , Caironi Mario
Published: October 2021

Recent advancements in the field of electronics have paved the way to the development of new applications, such as tattoo electronics, where the employment of ultraconformable devices is required, typically achievable with a significant reduction in their total thickness. Organic materials can be considered enablers, owing to the possibility of depositing films with thicknesses at the nanometric scale, even from solution. However, available processes do not allow obtaining devices with thicknesses below hundreds of nanometres, thus setting a limit. Here, we show an all-organic field effect transistor that is less than 150 nm thick and that is fabricated through a fully solution-based approach. Such unprecedented thickness permits the device to conformally adhere onto nonplanar surfaces, such as human skin, and to be bent to a radius lower than 1 μm, thereby overcoming another limitation for field-effect transistors and representing a fundamental advancement in the field of ultrathin and tattoo electronics.
Recycling lead and transparent conductors from perovskite solar modules
Authors: Chen Bo , Fei Chengbin , Chen Shangshang , Gu Hangyu , Xiao Xun , Huang Jinsong
Published: October 2021

Perovskite photovoltaics are gaining increasing common ground to partner with or compete with silicon photovoltaics to reduce cost of solar energy. However, a cost-effective waste management for toxic lead (Pb), which might determine the fate of this technology, has not been developed yet. Here, we report an end-of-life material management for perovskite solar modules to recycle toxic lead and valuable transparent conductors to protect the environment and create dramatic economic benefits from recycled materials. Lead is separated from decommissioned modules by weakly acidic cation exchange resin, which could be released as soluble Pb(NO3)2 followed by precipitation as PbI2 for reuse, with a recycling efficiency of 99.2%. Thermal delamination disassembles the encapsulated modules with intact transparent conductors and cover glasses. The refabricated devices based on recycled lead iodide and recycled transparent conductors show comparable performance as devices based on fresh raw materials. Cost analysis shows this recycling technology is economically attractive.
The GPR171 pathway suppresses T cell activation and limits antitumor immunity
Authors: Fujiwara Yuki , Torphy Robert J. , Sun Yi , Miller Emily N. , Ho Felix , Borcherding Nicholas , Wu Tuoqi , Torres Raul M. , Zhang Weizhou , Schulick Richard D. , Zhu Yuwen
Published: October 2021

The recently identified G-protein-coupled receptor GPR171 and its ligand BigLEN are thought to regulate food uptake and anxiety. Though GPR171 is commonly used as a T cell signature gene in transcriptomic studies, its potential role in T cell immunity has not been explored. Here we show that GPR171 is transcribed in T cells and its protein expression is induced upon antigen stimulation. The neuropeptide ligand BigLEN interacts with GPR171 to suppress T cell receptor-mediated signalling pathways and to inhibit T cell proliferation. Loss of GPR171 in T cells leads to hyperactivity to antigen stimulation and GPR171 knockout mice exhibit enhanced antitumor immunity. Blockade of GPR171 signalling by an antagonist promotes antitumor T cell immunity and improves immune checkpoint blockade therapies. Together, our study identifies the GPR171/BigLEN axis as a T cell checkpoint pathway that can be modulated for cancer immunotherapy.
Autoencoder-based detection of the residues involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling
Authors: Tsuchiya Yuko , Taneishi Kei , Yonezawa Yasushige
Published: October 2021

Regulator binding and mutations alter protein dynamics. The transmission of the signal of these alterations to distant sites through protein motion results in changes in protein expression and cell function. The detection of residues involved in signal transmission contributes to an elucidation of the mechanisms underlying processes as vast as cellular function and disease pathogenesis. We developed an autoencoder (AE) based method that detects residues essential for signaling by comparing the fluctuation data, particularly the time fluctuation of the side-chain distances between residues, during molecular dynamics simulations between the ligand-bound and -unbound forms or wild-type and mutant forms of proteins. Here, the AE-based method was applied to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) system, particularly a class A-type GPCR, CXCR4, to detect the essential residues involved in signaling. Among the residues involved in the signaling of the homolog CXCR2, which were extracted from the literature based on the complex structures of the ligand and G protein, our method could detect more than half of the essential residues involved in G protein signaling, including those spanning the fifth and sixth transmembrane helices in the intracellular region, despite the lack of information regarding the interaction with G protein in our CXCR4 models.
Eye-tracking analyses of physician face gaze patterns in consultations
Authors: Jongerius C. , van den Boorn H. G. , Callemein T. , Boeske N. T. , Romijn J. A. , Smets E. M. A. , Hillen M. A.
Published: October 2021

Face gaze is a fundamental non-verbal behaviour and can be assessed using eye-tracking glasses. Methodological guidelines are lacking on which measure to use to determine face gaze. To evaluate face gaze patterns we compared three measures: duration, frequency and dwell time. Furthermore, state of the art face gaze analysis requires time and manual effort. We tested if face gaze patterns in the first 30, 60 and 120 s predict face gaze patterns in the remaining interaction. We performed secondary analyses of mobile eye-tracking data of 16 internal medicine physicians in consultation with 100 of their patients. Duration and frequency of face gaze were unrelated. The lack of association between duration and frequency suggests that research may yield different results depending on which measure of face gaze is used. Dwell time correlates both duration and frequency. Face gaze during the first seconds of the consultations predicted face gaze patterns of the remaining consultation time (R2 0.26 to 0.73). Therefore, face gaze during the first minutes of the consultations can be used to predict face gaze patterns over the complete interaction. Researchers interested to study face gaze may use these findings to make optimal methodological choices.
Comprehensive device simulation of 23.36% efficient two-terminal perovskite-PbS CQD tandem solar cell for low-cost applications
Authors: Madan Jaya , Singh Karanveer , Pandey Rahul
Published: October 2021

The major losses that limit the efficiency of a single-junction solar cell are thermalization loss and transmission loss. Thus, to efficiently utilize the full solar spectrum and to mitigate these losses, tandem solar cells (TSC) have significantly impacted the photovoltaic (PV) landscape. In this context, the research on perovskite/silicon tandems is currently dominating the research community. The stability improvements of perovskite materials and mature fabrication techniques of silicon have underpinned the rapid progress of perovskite/silicon TSC. However, the low absorption coefficient and high module cost of the silicon are the tailbacks for the mass production of perovskite/silicon TSCs. Therefore, PV technology demands to explore some new materials other than Si to be used as absorber layer in the bottom cell. Thus, here in this work, to mitigate the aforementioned losses and to reduce cost, a 23.36% efficient two-terminal perovskite-PbS CQD monolithic tandem solar cell has been designed through comprehensive device simulations. Before analyzing the performance of the proposed TSC, the performance of perovskite top cells has been optimized in terms of variation in optical properties, thickness, and interface defect density under standalone conditions. Thereafter, filtered spectrum and associated integrated filtered power by the top cell at different perovskite thickness from 50 to 500 nm is obtained to conceive the presence of the top cell above the bottom cell with different perovskite thickness. The current matching by concurrently varying the thickness of both the top and bottom subcell has also been done to obtain the maximum deliverable tandem JSC for the device under consideration. The top/bottom subcell with current matched JSC of 16.68 mA cm−2/16.62 mA cm−2 showed the conversion efficiency of 14.60%/9.07% under tandem configuration with an optimized thickness of 143 nm/470 nm, where the top cell is simulated under AM1.5G spectrum, and bottom cell is exposed to the spectrum filtered by 143 nm thick top cell. Further, the voltages at equal current points are added together to generate tandem J–V characteristics. This work concludes a 23.36% efficient perovskite-PbS CQD tandem design with 1.79 V (VOC), 16.67 mA cm−2 (JSC) and 78.3% (FF). The perovskite-PbS CQD tandem device proposed in this work may pave the way for the development of high-efficiency tandem solar cells for low-cost applications.
Guanidinylated SBA-15/Fe3O4 mesoporous nanocomposite as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of pyranopyrazole derivatives
Authors: Hassanzadeh-Afruzi Fereshte , Asgharnasl Somayeh , Mehraeen Sara , Amiri-Khamakani Zeinab , Maleki Ali
Published: October 2021

In this study, a novel mesoporous nanocomposite was fabricated in several steps. In this regard, SBA-15 was prepared by the hydrothermal method, next it was magnetized byin-situpreparation of Fe3O4MNPs. After that, the as-prepared SBA-15/Fe3O4functionalized with 3-minopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) via post-synthesis approach. Then, the guanidinylated SBA-15/Fe3O4was obtained by nucleophilic addition of APTES@SBA-15/Fe3O4to cyanimide. The prepared nanocomposite exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives which can be related to its physicochemical features such as strong basic sites (presented in guanidine group), Lewis acid site (presented in Fe3O4), high porous structure, and high surface area. The characterization of the prepared mesoporous nanocomposite was well accomplished by different techniques such as FT-IR, EDX, FESEM, TEM, VSM, TGA, XRD and BET. Furthermore, the magnetic catalyst was reused at least six consequent runs without considerable reduction in its catalytic activity.
The effect of non-surgical and surgical mechanical root debridement on infrabony defects: a retrospective study
Authors: Majzoub Jad , Salami Ali , Barootchi Shayan , Tavelli Lorenzo , Chan Hsun-Liang , Wang Hom-Lay
Published: October 2021

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the outcomes of non-surgical and surgical mechanical root debridement for the treatment of infrabony defects and explore potential prognostic factors. Treated infrabony defects followed for at least 1 year were selected. All data pertaining to the clinical outcomes were recorded. Multi-level regression analysis and Cox Proportional-Hazards Models were used to assess the immediate (3–6 months) clinical outcomes, survival of the treated teeth, and factors influencing these results. 132 patients were included in the analysis. The analysis showed 1.42 ± 1.71 and 2.23 ± 1.64 mm in pocket depth (PD) reduction, 0.13 ± 1.83 and 0.08 ± 1.76 mm in clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, and 1.29 ± 1.56 and 2.15 ± 1.33 mm increase in gingival recession (REC) for the non-surgical and surgical groups, respectively. The 5-year survival rates were 93% for the non-surgically and 90% for the surgically treated teeth. Several factors affected clinical outcomes and tooth survival. Within its limitations, the treatment of infrabony defects with non-surgical and surgical mechanical root debridement was found to result in moderate but significant PD reduction, nevertheless, this may also be attributable to the resultant REC.
CTHRC1 expression is a novel shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of survival in six different human cancer subtypes
Authors: Sial Nuzhat , Ahmad Mukhtiar , Hussain Muhammad Safdar , Iqbal Muhammad Junaid , Hameed Yasir , Khan Mehran , Abbas Mustansar , Asif Rizwan , Rehman Jalil Ur , Atif Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Rashid , Hameed Zahid , Saeed Hina , Tanveer Rida , Saeed Saba , Sharif Aneeqa , Asif Hafiz Muhammad
Published: October 2021

According to the previous reports, the collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) causes tumorigenesis by modulating the tumor microenvironment, however, the evidence is limited to a few human cancer subtypes. In the current study, we analyzed and validated the CTHRC1 expression variations in 24 different human cancer tissues paired with normal tissues using publically available databases. We observed that CTHRC1 was overexpressed in all the 24 major subtypes of human cancers and its overexpression was significantly associated with the reduced overall survival (OS) duration of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), and Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). This implies that CTHRC1 plays a significant role in the development and progression of these cancers. We further noticed that CTHRC1 was also overexpressed in HNSC, KIRC, LIHC, LUAD, STAD, and UCEC patients of different clinicopathological features. Pathways enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of CTHRC1 associated genes in seven diverse pathways. We also explored few interesting correlations between CTHRC1 expression and promoter methylation, genetic alterations, CNVs, CD8+ T immune cells infiltration, and tumor purity. In conclusion, CTHRC1 can serve as a shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in HNSC, KIRC, LIHC, LUAD, STAD, and UCEC patients of different clinicopathological features.
A super-grayscale and real-time computer-generated Moiré profilometry using video grating projection
Authors: Li Hongmei , Cao Yiping , Wan Yingying , Li Chengmeng , Xu Cai , Zhang Hechen , An Haihua
Published: October 2021

By using the time-division multiplexing characteristics of the projector and the integral exposure characteristics of the charge coupled device (CCD) camera, a super-grayscale and real-time computer-generated Moiré profilometry based on video grating projection is proposed. The traditional digital static grating is of 256-grayscale at most. If an expected super-grayscale grating with a maximum grayscale of 766 is designed and divided into three 256-grayscale fringe patterns with balanced grayscale as far as possible, they can be synthesized into a repeated playing video grating instead of the traditional static grating. When the video grating is projected onto the measured object, as long as the exposure time is set to three times the refresh cycle of the video grating, the super-grayscale deformed patterns in the 766-grayscale can be captured with a 10-bit CCD camera, so that the deformed patterns are realistic. The digital error in computer-generated Moiré profilometry is effectively reduced. In addition, this method can expand the linear range of the deformed pattern by 20% in computer Moiré profilometry. Therefore, the proposed method has the perspectives of high accuracy and real-time measurement. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the validity and capability of the proposed method.
Determination of ammonium in natural water using a quinoline-based o-dialdehyde fluorescent reagent with visible excitation wavelength
Authors: Chen Xuejia , Xiong Tingkai , Xu Jin , Li Yan , Zhang Min , Liang Ying
Published: October 2021

A method of determination of ammonium in natural water is proposed using a novel fluorescent reagent with visible-light excitation wavelength.
The effect of Fe(iii) ions on oxygen-vacancy-rich BiVO4 on the photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Han Wenjun , Lin Huiwen , Fang Fan , Zhang Yaqian , Zhang Kai , Yu Xu , Chang Kun
Published: October 2021

The surface oxygen vacancies could promote the photocatalytic O2 evolution of BiVO4. Simultaneously, Fe3+ ions in solution could facilitate the holes' transfer to improve the water oxidation reaction.
Simultaneous adsorption of phosphate and diclofenac by Li/Al layered double hydroxides loaded on modified wheat straw
Authors: Zhang Yunhai , Wang Hao , Li Ying , Shi Yuexiao , Pan Shunlong , Nie Guangze , Zhang Yongjun
Published: October 2021

Various organic and inorganic pollutants co-exist in wastewater, including highly concerning emerging organic pollutants like diclofenac (DCF) and nutrient pollutants like phosphate.
Box-copper catalyzed cascade asymmetric amidation for chiral exo-methylene aminoindoline derivatives
Authors: Yang Xiao-Peng , Lv Hao-Peng , Yang Hao-Di , Wang Bai-Lin , Wang Xing-Wang
Published: October 2021

Indapybox-copper-catalyzed cascade asymmetric inter- and intramolecular amidation was achieved between propargylic carbamates and α-halohydroxamates. A series of exo-methylene 3-aminoindoline derivatives were obtained in good catalystic outcomes.
Comparing the anion binding of 4-amido- with 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimides
Authors: Filiti Jacob , Hearn Kyle , Rudebeck Elley , Ngo Huynh Thien , Pham-Tran Nguyen-Nguyen , Pfeffer Frederick
Published: October 2021

The synthesis and evaluation of a new anion receptor based on the 4-amido-1,8-naphthalimide scaffold is described.
An inorganic Co-containing heteropolyoxoniobate: reversible chemochromism and H2O-dependent proton conductivity properties
Authors: Shi Nian , Wang Yong-Jiang , Li Xin-Xiong , Sun Yan-Qiong , Zheng Shou-Tian
Published: October 2021

A novel pure inorganic cobalt-containing heteropolyoxoniobate is constructed from crescent-shaped [SiNb18O54]14− units. It exhibits reversible chemochromism, H2O-dependent proton conductivity, water vapor adsorption and magnetic properties.
Asymmetric cycloisomerization/[3 + 2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of chiral spiroisobenzofuran-1,3′-pyrrolidine derivatives
Authors: Dong Pei , Chen Long , Yang Zhendong , Dong Shunxi , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2021

An asymmetric tandem cycloisomerization/[3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2,2′-diester aziridine and 2-ethynyl benzyl alcohol with Au(i)/chiral N,N′-dioxide−Dy(iii) as a relay catalyst system was developed.
DeepReac+: deep active learning for quantitative modeling of organic chemical reactions
Authors: Gong Yukang , Xue Dongyu , Chuai Guohui , Yu Jing , Liu Qi
Published: October 2021

Based on GNNs and active learning, DeepReac+ is designed as a universal framework for quantitative modeling of chemical reactions. It takes molecular structures as inputs directly and adapts to various prediction tasks with fewer training data.
Systematic investigation of the aza-Cope reaction for fluorescence imaging of formaldehyde in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Du Yimeng , Zhang Yuqing , Huang Meirong , Wang Shushu , Wang Jianzheng , Liao Kongke , Wu Xiaojun , Zhou Qiang , Zhang Xinhao , Wu Yun-Dong , Peng Tao
Published: October 2021

Systematic investigation of various homoallylamines reveals N-p-methoxybenzyl homoallylamine as the optimal 2-aza-Cope reaction moiety for development of highly efficient formaldehyde fluorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo imaging.
Long-cycling and high-rate electrochemical performance of expanded graphite cathode materials with a two-stage aluminum storage mechanism
Authors: Yang Chunyan , Ma Yunlong , Feng Xiaoqiong , Ning Hong , Zhang Shiying , Li Jinfeng , An Changsheng
Published: October 2021

The expanded graphite (EG) with the large interlayer spacing provides more transmission channel for AlCl4− anions. The two-stage aluminum storage mechanism of EG was confirmed by electrochemical technology and in situ X-ray diffraction technique.