bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subtropical pupping ground for a cold-water shark
Authors: Campana Steven E. , Joyce Warren , Fowler Mark
Published: April 2010

Porbeagle sharks ( Lamna nasus ) are large pelagic sharks apparently restricted to the cold temperate waters of the northern and southern hemispheres. Despite considerable knowledge of their biology, their pupping (birthing) grounds have never been identified. Pop-up archival transmission tags applied to 21 sharks off eastern Canada indicated that males and immature sharks of both sexes remained primarily on the continental shelf for periods of up to 348 days after tagging. However, mature female porbeagles migrated up to 2356 km through the winter, at depths down to 1360 m beneath the Gulf Stream, to a subtropical pupping ground in the Sargasso Sea. In addition to this pupping ground being well south of their documented range, the placement of such a key life history stage in international, largely unregulated waters poses problems for the conservation and management of a species that is largely fished in Canadian waters.
Structure of two phages of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus
Authors: Ackermann H.-W. , Smirnoff W. A. , Bilsky A. Z.
Published: April 2010

Phage TP50 resembles phage SP50 of B. subtilis and phage No. 1 of B. mycoides. Phage PBC1 has a long tail fiber like flagella-specific phages and resembles B. pumilus phage PBP1. The latter was reexamined but has different dimensions. Heads of phages TP50 and PBP1 are icosahedral. Staining with uranyl acetate causes shrinkage of phage heads. Lysates of B. cereus contain cubic, round, or filamentous particles not previously described.
Control of serine transhydroxymethylase synthesis in Escherichia coli K12
Authors: Miller B. A. , Newman E. B.
Published: April 2010

Variations in serine transhydroxymethylase (STHM) activity as a function of the addition of certain nutrilites to the growth medium of cells of Escherichia coli K12 have been studied. STHM activity was decreased by growth in (a) glycine at high concentrations, and (b) a mixture of C1-derived metabolites (histidine, methionine, adenine, guanine, thymidine) at moderate concentrations. Two hypotheses are explored. The regulation of STHM synthesis can be explained in terms of variations in the intracellular concentration of glycine alone, or together with variations in the concentration of a C1 intermediate.
The organic nitrogen exigency of and effects of manganese on coremia production in Penicillium clavigerum and Penicillium claviforme
Authors: Tinnell W. H. , Jefferson B. L. , Benoit R. E.
Published: April 2010

The production of mycelium and conidia of Penicillium clavigerum and Penicillium claviforme is severely restricted if an amino acid is not present in a maltose–mineral salts medium. This requirement can be satisfied by any L-amino acid, although the optimum quantity varies with the type of amino acid. When ammonium–nitrogen is substituted for nitrate–nitrogen or amino acid–nitrogen in the P. clavigerum medium, the formation of coremia and conidia is prevented, mycelial growth is inhibited, and an orange intracellular pigment is produced. The numbers of coremia and conidia produced by both organisms are regulated by the quantity of manganese in the media.
Purification and partial characterization of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Vaks B. , Zuckerberg A. , Rosenberg E.
Published: April 2010

A strain of Myxococcus xanthus, referred to as M. xanthus TA, has been isolated which produces an antibiotic capable of inhibiting growth of certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic production was significantly inhibited when the concentration of protein hydrolysate in the production medium exceeded 1%. The antibiotic was purified over 1000 times to apparent homogeneity by silicic acid chromatography and by a variety of preparative alumina thin-layer chromatographic procedures. The purified antibiotic was partially characterized by its chromatographic behavior in six solvent systems, stability to acid, alkali and heat, infrared, ultraviolet, and mass spectra. The antibiotic has a λmax of 242 nm in methanol.
Conjugation in Ustilago violacea. I. Morphology
Authors: Poon N. H. , Martin J. , Day A. W.
Published: April 2010

Conjugation in the anther smut fungus, Ustilago violacea, is described and five stages are characterized viz. (i) intimate pairing of cells of opposite mating type; (ii) development of bumps from each cell at the point of pairing. The cell walls of opposing pegs are fused, but the plasma membranes are not yet affected; (iii) elongation of the bumps into pegs; (iv) dissolution of the walls and plasma membranes of opposing pegs at the point of contact, and the formation of a tube; (v) elongation of the tube to the mature mating configuration (about 5 μm). Electron micrographs and Nomarski interference contrast micrographs of this sequence are illustrated. The assembly of the conjugation tube begins as early as 1.5 h after the cells are mixed on mating medium and is completed in about 45 min. Even in asynchronous populations there is a burst of synchronous mating, followed by later asynchronous mating. Observations on the ability to mate of unbudded and budded cells support the evidence from cell cycle work that allele a1 mates only in the G1 phase (unbudded) while allele a2 is competent to mate during all phases.
Characterization of the nadR locus in Escherichia coli
Authors: Tritz Gerald J.
Published: April 2010

The biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is under the genetic control of the nadR+ locus. The nadR+ allele is dominant to the nadR allele in transheterogenotes, indicating that the regulation is of the positive type. Mutants of the nadR type are unable to synthesize quinolinic acid; however, they do retain the ability to convert quinolinic acid into NAD and to recycle this NAD through the pyridine nucleotide cycle. Thus, the nadR+ locus regulates only genes involved in the biosynthesis of quinolinic acid.
Automatic agar melter for the microbiology laboratory
Authors: Dyk M. van , Pérusse J. , Pivnick H. , Sharpe A. N.
Published: April 2010

An apparatus for melting agar suspensions, before their being dispensed into smaller portions for sterilization, has been developed. The apparatus senses the temperature of the agar, and automatically removes the heating unit when the agar reaches 96C. Compared with conventional methods, less personal attention is required, and the probability of suspensions boiling over is avoided. The performances of several microbiological media prepared using the apparatus were equal to those prepared by conventional methods.
Rapid identification of western equine encephalomyelitis virus
Authors: Kirk Larry J. , Holden Preston
Published: April 2010

A technique is described using a hemagglutinin formed in duck embryo cell culture under agar for rapid identification of western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus by a modification of the microtiter hemagglutination inhibition test. Using this technique, 695 WEE virus strains isolated from mosquitoes and vertebrate blood samples were identified. The technique is simple, inexpensive, and rapid, allowing identification to be made within 48 h or less after initial inoculation of field specimens. Results were invariably confirmed by the plaque reduction neutralization test. The technique also appears to be applicable to the identification of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses.
Northway virus: a new Bunyamwera group arbovirus from Alaska
Authors: Calisher Charles H. , Lindsey Helen S. , Ritter Donald G. , Sommerman Kathryn M.
Published: April 2010

Five Bunyamwera group arbovirus strains were isolated from sentinel rabbits and from mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes and Culiseta collected in eastern and central Alaska in 1970–1971. By a serum dilution plaque reduction neutralization test performed in cell cultures, the five strains appear to be identical with each other but different from other North American Bunyamwera group prototype viruses. The name Northway is proposed for this new virus.The significance of Northway virus for use in serologic surveys and ecologic studies is considered briefly.
Dimension control in bacteria
Authors: Sedgwick Edward G. , Paulton Richard J. L.
Published: April 2010

The effect of nutrition on the relation between growth rate and cell arrangement, cell size, and macro-molecular composition in Bacillus subtilis is described in comparison to earlier observations with other bacteria. Improvements in nutrition resulted in faster growth rates but, although the mass and size of the replicating unit (i.e. cell number/chain) also increased, there was no change in the mass or size of the individual cell. This constant cell size and variable cell arrangement in B. subtilis is in contrast to other bacteria and requires new proposals for the control of cell size and arrangement in different bacteria.
Pigments and isoprenoid compounds in extremely and moderately halophilic bacteria
Authors: Kushwaha S. C. , Gochnauer M. B. , Kushner D. J. , Kates M.
Published: April 2010

Quantitative measurements were carried out on pigmented and colorless isoprenoid compounds in several species of extremely and moderately halophilic bacteria. Phytoene was found in most extreme halophiles; it was present in high concentrations in a moderately halophilic coccus (H5) and absent from a moderately halophilic rod (A31C). Only the pigmented extreme halophiles contained β-carotene. Halobacterium cutirubrum contained substantial amounts of lycopene; this compound was present only in small amounts or missing from the other bacteria. Though lycopene is a precursor of β-carotene in plants, there was no correlation between the amounts of lycopene and β-carotene in the different bacterial species. C50 pigments (bacterioruberins) were found only in pigmented extreme halophiles. There was no consistent correlation between the amounts of C40 and C50 compounds in these bacteria. This suggests that the latter may have a biosynthetic pathway independent of the former.Squalene, dihydrosqualene, and tetrahydrosqualene were found in most of the bacteria studied. Menaquinone was found in all species, except the moderately halophilic rod A31C which contained ubiquinone instead. The visual pigment retinal was found in most of the pigmented extreme halophiles, but was not detected in the moderate halophiles.
Development of conidial chlamydospores of Fusarium sulphureum in distilled water
Authors: Schneider Edward F. , Seaman W. L.
Published: April 2010

Macroconidia of two isolates of Fusarium sulphureum (F. sambucinum f. 6) formed conidial chlamydospores in distilled water. Essentially all of the conidia placed in the system produced chlamydospores within 4–6 days. Differentiation of conidial cells into chlamydospores depended upon the age and concentration of the conidia. Conidia from 30- to 38-day-old colonies grown on potato sucrose agar produced chlamydospores in distilled water but those from 5-day-old colonies did not complete the differentiation to chlamydospores. At low concentrations (500 to 1000 conidia/ml), conidia of all ages germinated in distilled water, but did not form chlamydospores. At higher concentrations germination was inhibited and conidial chlamydospores were produced. In contrast, conidia of F. oxysporum at similar concentrations in distilled water germinated and produced hyphal chlamydospores. In a three-salts solution using pregerminated conidia, F. oxysporum and one isolate of F. sulphureum produced hyphal chlamydospores, but a second isolate of F. sulphureum did not form such chlamydospores. The first change observed in conidia of F. sulphureum during differentiation in distilled water was a loss of cytoplasm, usually from the apical and basal cells. Also, electron microscopy revealed that these empty cells lost the inner layer of their walls. The conidial chlamydospores of F. sulphureum contain the dense cytoplasm and have the thick walls characteristic of other Fusarium chlamydospores.
Pseudomycelium development and sporulation in Saccharomyces fragilis
Authors: Steele S. D. , Miller J. J.
Published: April 2010

Saccharomyces fragilis exhibited extensive pseudomycelium development when growing beneath cover glasses at 10–30 °C on solid media containing various carbon sources, and produced four types of spore. Evidence is presented that pseudomycelium development was not stimulated by anaerobic conditions, but probably resulted from the accumulation of metabolic by-products. Budding growth without pseudomycelium occurred beneath cover glasses at 35–45 °C on medium with 1–10% (but not 0.1%) glucose, or in the presence of cysteine. Cystine or thioglycollate did not prevent pseudomycelium development.
A rapid gas-extraction technique for the quantitative study of denitrification in aquatic systems by N-isotope ratio analysis
Authors: Chan Y. K. , Campbell N. E. R.
Published: April 2010

A rapid technique was developed for the extraction and preparation of gas samples required for field studies of aquatic denitrification. With this method, the natural atom percent abundance of 15N in air-saturated distilled water was found to be 0.370 ± 0.004 SD. Nitrogen-15 tracer experiments showed that 20% of the nitrate taken up was denitrified in 5 days in lake water samples collected after fall turnover. Under conditions conducive to denitrification, 90% of the nitrate taken up was denitrified in 2 days by pure cultures of a Pseudomonas species.
Immunisation contre la tumeur à virus SV40; relation antigénique entre les cellules embryonnaires de hamster et les cellules transformées par le SV40
Authors: Houle Ginette , Richer G. , Dubreuil R. , Borduas A. G.
Published: April 2010

The degree of protection conferred by the injection of different cellular preparations against the subsequent challenge with cells transformed by SV40 was studied in the hamster. Irradiated tumor cells have afforded a high degree of protection, while a smaller degree of protection was induced by antigenically modified tumor cells or by tumor cells desintegrated by freezing and thawing. An enhancement phenomenon was observed when irradiated embryonic cells were used for immunization: that would indicate that an antigenic relationship exists between embryonic hamster cells and adult hamster cells transformed by SV40.
Further evidence on differentiation of Aspergillus sojae from Aspergillus oryzae by electrophoretic patterns of cellulase, pectin-lyase, and acid proteinase
Authors: Nasuno S.
Published: April 2010

Cellulase (β-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC. 3.2.1.4), pectin-lyase (EC. 4.2.2.3), and acid proteinase (aspergillopeptidase A) (EC. 3.4.4.17) extracted from wheat bran solid culture of 23 strains of Aspergillus oryzae and 21 strains of Aspergillus sojae showed species-specific patterns on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The electrophoretic patterns of the cellulase were independent of age or cultural conditions. The pectin-lyase patterns were also independent of culture age except early phase of growth. The species-specific patterns were clear at the stage of the maximum production of acid proteinase. With the exception of one strain, no variation of the electrophoretic mobilities of these key enzymes were observed between the strains of the same species. The results provide further evidence to support the establishment of A. sojae as a species distinct from A. oryzae and the use of the electrophoretic zymograms as a taxonomic aid.
The growth of Mycobacterium leprae in snakes
Authors: Kwapinski J. B. G. , Kwapinski E. H. , McClung N. M.
Published: April 2010

Mycobacterium leprae, obtained from a human case of lepromatous leprosy, was successfully grown in newborn snakes, within 5 to 6 weeks, and it was transferred from snake to snake, upon intramuscular injection.
Phacidin, a fungal growth inhibitor from Potebniamyces balsamicola var. boycei
Authors: Funk A. , McMullan E. E.
Published: April 2010

Potebniamyces balsamicola Smerlis var. boycei Funk produces a fungal growth inhibitor for which the name "phacidin" is proposed. It was extracted from cultures with benzene and purified as a yellow crystalline substance with the formula C16H22O5, which inhibited growth of a wide variety of fungi.
Role of carotenoid pigments in radio-resistant micrococci
Authors: Lewis Norman F. , Alur Madhavesh D. , Kumta Umesh S.
Published: April 2010

The carotenoid pigments of two radio-resistant bacteria viz., Micrococci radiophilus and Micrococcus radiodurans, were affected qualitatively by culturing them in the presence of nicotine, and quantitatively by culturing them in the presence of diphenylamine or at extreme pH levels. Alteration of the pigment content of these organisms, either qualitatively or quantitatively, had no effect on their sensitivity to gamma irradiation.Cells of these radio-resistant micrococci, which normally contained predominantly keto-carotenoids, were found to accumulate the acyclic carotenoid lycopene when grown in the presence of nicotine. Pigments of nicotine-grown cells were stable to 3.0 Mrad as compared with those of either DPA-grown or normal cells which were totally destroyed at 1.0 Mrad.
Precursors of polyamines in Pseudomonas acidovorans
Authors: Karrer E. , Warren R. A. J.
Published: April 2010

Pseudomonas acidovorans 29 synthesizes the polyamines putrescine, 2-hydroxyputrescine, and spermidine from glutamate and (or) ornithine but not from arginine. It is permeable to arginine and ornithine, and incorporates these compounds into acid-insoluble material; it is impermeable to putrescine. The conversion of labeled glutamate to the polyamines is not decreased in the presence of arginine or ornithine.
The structure of spherulites of bacterial cellulose from Acetobacter xylinum
Authors: Sowden L. C. , Colvin J. Ross
Published: April 2010

Evidence from phase and polarizing microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy indicates that the cellulose microfibrils in the spherulites of bacterial cellulose are oriented tangentially, not radially. Also, the orientation may be limited to only a fraction of the thickness of the pellicle. It is suggested that the tangential deposition may be caused by a gradient of concentration of a weakly soluble inhibitor of cellulose formation about a center.
Single and continuous exposure of the adult American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to marine vibrios
Authors: Tubiash Haskell S.
Published: April 2010

Adult American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were challenged by single and continuous exposure to high concentrations of vibrios and other bacteria reportedly pathogenic to aquatic animals. A reduction in microbial population in a test system containing oysters compared with an oyster-free control indicated that the mollusks were ingesting or otherwise clearing the bacteria. Oysters exposed to one strain of Vibrio anguillarum experienced higher mortalities than those exposed to the other test organisms, but in no case did mortalities approach those previously found in similarly challenged larval bivalve mollusks. These bacteria appear to be of marginal significance as primary pathogens of adult American oysters.
Analogy and homology of the dehydrogenases of Oomycetes. II. Regulation by GTP of D(−)lactic dehydrogenases and isozyme patterns
Authors: Wang H. S. , LéJohn H. B.
Published: April 2010

The presence and electrophoretic mobilities of D(−)lactic dehydrogenase isozymes was studied in 49 species of Oomycetes. The lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes were electro-phoretically similar in species of the following genera: Saprolegnia, Achlya, Protoachlya, and Isoachlya. There were moderate differences in electrophoretic mobilities of the isozymes of species of Aphanomyces, Aphanopsis, Thraustotheca, and Leptolegnia. Two species of Lepto-mitales were studied and the isozyme from Sapromyces elongatus was unique and distinct compared to all the other Oomycete D(−)LDH isozymes. It is present in large quantities (about 5% of cell protein) and is a highly cathodic protein. The isozymes of the genus Pythium displayed greater variation in electrophoretic mobilities, and in three cases, more than one isozyme species was present in the same organism. Leptolegnia caudata was the only other organism outside the Pythium spp. that had two isozymes.The isozymes of the genus Pythium were the most sensitive to allosteric inhibition by GTP.
Pigmentation and autofluorescence of Candida species after growth on tryptophan media
Authors: Chaskes Stuart , Phillips Arthur W.
Published: April 2010

Candida albicans and six other medically important Candida species were cultured on glucose–salts–biotin media containing tryptophan as the major nitrogen source. Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis produced a pink pigment; C. krusei, C. pseudotropicalis, and C. gulliermondii formed brown pigments. Pigmentation of C. stellatoidea was variable, some strains produced brown pigments and others a pink pigment. Production of pink pigment was catalyzed by light. Cultures incubated in the dark produced only trace amounts of the pink pigment. Iron enhanced pigment production. Intense autofluorescence was observed for strains producing the brown pigment and weak autofluorescence for strains producing the pink pigment.
Single-step purification of urease by affinity chromatography
Authors: Wong Bassanio L. , Shobe Charles R.
Published: April 2010

Single-step purification of urease (urea aminohydrolase; EC. 3.5.1.5) from cell-free extracts of Proteus morganii and from partially purified preparations of jack bean urease were achieved in less than 90 min by affinity chromatography on hydroxyurea-substituted beaded agarose columns. The specific activities of the purified enzymes were as high as, or higher than, those reported by other authors for urease preparations obtained by conventional techniques. In addition, yields of enzyme activity were routinely 6 to 100 times greater than recoveries previously reported for this enzyme.
ICMSF methods studies. III. An appraisal of 16 contemporary methods used for detection of Salmonella in meringue powder
Authors: Idziak Edmund S. , Airth J. M. A. , Erdman I. E.
Published: April 2010

Meringue powder naturally contaminated with salmonellae was sent to 14 laboratories for analysis by their current method. A total of 16 methods were used for the analysis and considerable variation was noted in the complexity of the methods, as well as their ability to isolate Salmonella from the specimens. The need for collaborative assays to define such methodology, particularly for foods moving in international commerce, is recognized.
The antibiotic activity of cultures from fungal spores collected by a spore trap on permanent pasture
Authors: Brewer D. , Taylor A. , Hoehn M. M.
Published: April 2010

The air and herbage fungal flora of permanent pasture at Nappan, Nova Scotia, has been sampled by means of a mobile spore trap during the spring, summer, and fall of 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, and 1972. In 1968 and 1972 a random sample of the isolates collected was grown in the laboratory and the cultures obtained screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. In 1967, 1968, and 1972 about 25% of the isolates tested produced metabolites that were inhibitory to growth. The summer efflorescence observed in all 5 years was not accompanied by a corresponding surge of antibiotic-producing organisms, except in the early summer and fall. Five of the six most commonly found species, when collected in the fall, were more likely to produce antibiotics than the same species isolated in the spring and early summer. This changing faculty of this fungal population to produce antibiotics as the season advances was observed whether bacteria, fungi, or algae were used as test organisms. The results appear to provide experimental evidence for the utility of antibiotic production for survival.
The core particles of herpes simplex virus
Authors: Henry Claude J.
Published: April 2010

Numerous core particles measuring 45–50 nm in diameter were observed in the nuclei of cells infected with herpes simplex virus for 20 h. The sites for core-particle assembly appeared to be closely associated with viral DNA-replicating areas in the nucleus. The core particles were subsequently observed to be associated with the protein subunits that comprise the outer capsid of the virus. Outer capsids were formed only in areas in which core particles were present; however, numerous empty capsids (lacking a core particle) measuring 80–90 nm in diameter were also observed. The effect of trypsin digestion on thin sections of infected cells revealed that the core particles were selectively degraded by trypsin, but that the outer capsid and envelope remained relatively intact. The core particles appeared to be more sensitive to trypsin treatment after acquisition of a capsid and envelope.
Relationship between nucleoside triphosphate pools and DNA replication in the cell cycle of Escherichia coli
Authors: Khachatourians George G. , Huzyk Lydia
Published: April 2010

The correlation between DNA replication and the nucleoside triphosphate pool fluctuation in the cell cycle of Escherichia coli B/r was examined. 32P-labelled endogenous nucleoside triphosphates in normal synchronous cultures of E. coli B/r and those in which the chromosome replication cycle was inhibited by nalidixic acid, a specific inhibitor of DNA synthesis, were compared. No marked accumulation or depletion of nucleoside triphosphate pools was observed during the inhibition of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle. We suggest that changes in the pool levels during the cell cycle of E. coli occur independently of the DNA replication cycle.
Soil fungistasis: fungus spore germination in soil at spore densities corresponding to natural population levels
Authors: Griffin Gary J. , Ford Robert H.
Published: April 2010

An autoradiographic spore-location technique is described that allows for the first time observation of spore germination in soil at low natural population levels (103 to 104 spores/g soil). When Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli was used as a test fungus, percentage macroconidial germination was greatest in nonsterile soil at 3 × 103 and 3 × 104 conidia/g soil, and percentage germination decreased sharply with increasing conidial density. Mean germ tube length was greater at 3 × 103 than at 3 × 104 conidia/g soil. The results indicate that inhibition of spore germination (apparent soil fungistasis) of a fungus in soil environments at conventionally used high spore densities (105 to 106 spores/g soil) may not mean that spores of the fungus will be equally inhibited in the same environments at lower natural population levels.
Serotyping of Proteus rettgeri on the basis of O antigens
Authors: Penner John L. , Hinton Norman A. , Hennessy Joan
Published: April 2010

A serotyping system for Proteus rettgeri on the basis of 72 O antigens has been developed in a study of 324 strains obtained from widely distributed sources. In the investigation of the interrelations among the 72 O-type strains by cross-titration of each of the 72 anti-O sera with antigen of each of the O-type strains, both reciprocal and nonreciprocal (unilateral) reactions were observed. The presence of the Kunin common enterobacterial antigen (CA) was noted in each strain of P. rettgeri examined, and the unilateral reactions of two antisera were shown to be due to antibody present against CA. This indicated that CA was in the immunogenic state in two strains of this species. A second common antigen resembling CA in some respects but differing in specificity and in its agglutinability was shown to be the cause of unilateral reactions in a third antiserum. In other cases, unilateral reactive antibodies appeared to be directed against antigens that remained undefined. Each reciprocal reaction was investigated to determine the nature of the interrelations between interacting strains, and the definition of these led to the development of procedures for the production of absorbed anti-O sera with greater specificity. The serotyping scheme has increased the number of strains that may be typed through their O antigens, and its application in epidemiological investigations of infections due to P. rettgeri is indicated.
Corynebacterium okanaganae, an entomopathogenic species of the Corynebacteriaceae
Authors: Luthy P.
Published: April 2010

The causative agent of chalky disease, a bacterial septicemia of the cicada Okanagana rimosa, was taxonomically identified. The morphology, physiology, and habitat of the pathogen suggest the establishment of a new species within the genus Corynebacterium. The new species is named Corynebacterium okanaganae after the generic name of the host, Okanagana rimosa. The type strain is LBG B 4405.
Guanidine inhibition of poliovirus growth. Partial elimination by protease antagonists and low temperature
Authors: Tershak Daniel R.
Published: April 2010

Exposure of poliovirus-infected cells to guanidine for 15 min or 120 min at the end of the latent period causes 90- to 120-min delay in viral growth after removal of inhibitor by washing. The amount of guanidine associated with the cells after washing does not appear to interfere with viral growth. The delay in viral growth caused by guanidine can be partially overcome with inhibitors of proteases, TPCK and TLCK and incubation at 3 °C. The data suggests that guanidine stimulates turnover or modification of viral proteins.
Pathogenesis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infection in bovine fetal tracheal organ cultures
Authors: Chia Wha-Kiam , Savan M.
Published: April 2010

Bovine fetal tracheal organ cultures were infected with a field strain of IBR virus and the effect of the virus was assessed by observing ciliary activity and cytopathic changes in unstained, hematoxylin-eosin-stained, and fluorescent-labeled antibody preparations of the culture system. The virus was quantitated in bovine fetal kidney cell cultures. The IBR virus was first detected in infected organ cultures at 8–12 h postinoculation and persisted for at least 23 days. A decrease in ciliary activity was not observed until 48 h postinoculation, at the same time that the first signs of cytopathic effect was seen in the unstained cultures. The viral infection first appeared as discrete foci of rounded cells on the epithelial surface, but then spread from cell to cell beneath the ciliated epithelial cells leading to early degeneration of the non-ciliated epithelial cells and microvesiculation which eventually resulted in a massive sloughing of the whole epithelial layer. The virus was not limited to the epithelial layer but infected a variety of cell types among the submucosal and connective tissue components of the organ cultures.
Human antibody response to group A streptococcal teichoic acid
Authors: Klesius Phillip H. , Zimmerman Robert A. , Mathews James H. , Auernheimer Arthur H.
Published: April 2010

The immunochemical characteristics and antibody levels in human sera to a specific group A streptococcal teichoic acid (TA) were studied. This phenol-extracted TA had DL-α-glycerophosphate as the major antigen determinant and not N-acetylglucosamine (N-AGA) as measured by an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO), N-AGA, and staphylococcal TA did not inhibit the streptococcal TA reaction. In studies of patients with or without history of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) or rheumatic heart disease (RHD), there was an inverse relationship between magnitude of TA hemagglutinating and A-CHO precipitating antibody (Ab) titers. Age-specific distribution of TA-Ab titers was not characteristic of titers observed against other streptococcal protein or carbohydrate antigens.
Variations in enzyme activities of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminococcus albus grown in continuous culture
Authors: Kotzé J. P. , Kistner A.
Published: April 2010

One strain each of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and of Ruminococcus albus were grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation at three dilution rates. The activities of several intermediary enzymes were determined in cell-free extracts. In both organisms, the coefficients of variation of enzyme activities were, with few exceptions, much larger than those of the dry-weight concentration of cells and of glucose uptake from the medium. In B. fibrisolvens, the coefficients of variation of all enzyme activities per milliliter of culture were much greater at a dilution rate (D) of 0.5 h−1 than at D = 0.12 and 0.2 h−1. In R. albus, on the other hand, the coefficients of variation were greater at D = 0.1 h−1 than at D = 0.2 and 0.43 h−1. Cell counts made at short intervals over a period covering three doubling times of a R. albus culture growing under steady-state conditions provided no evidence of synchrony of cell divisions that might account for the fluctuations in enzyme activities. The results indicate the importance of determining the extent of variations in enzyme activities in cells growing at a particular growth rate under steady-state conditions before attempting to compare the effect of different growth rates on enzyme activities. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to an earlier study on changes in enzyme activities in extracts of the mixed microbial population of an experimental anaerobic digester during adaptation to a synthetic substrate and after prolonged operation on this substrate.
Degradation of Dyfonate in soil inoculated with Rhizopus arrhizus
Authors: Flashinski S. J. , Lichtenstein E. P.
Published: April 2010

The fungus Rhizopus arrhizus, capable of degrading the soil insecticide Dyfonate in shake cultures, was added to a 14C-Dyfonate-treated soil (Piano silt loam) to test its capability to degrade the insecticide in a soil environment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that this soil was a poor substrate for the growth of microorganisms and that the fungus grew well only when a glucose-containing nutrient medium was added to the soil. It was under these conditions that 14C-Dyfonate was degraded during a 21-day incubation period as indicated by a recovery of only 12% of the applied insecticide, by the production of its oxygen analog, dyfoxon, and by the appearance of significant amounts of water-soluble metabolites (11% of the applied 14C). Inoculation of soils with fungal spores in water also resulted in a metabolism of the insecticide, but at a slower rate. The addition of nutrient media, but no fungal spores, to Dyfonate-treated soil, enhanced the growth of naturally occurring microorganisms and resulted in some degradation of the insecticide.
Studies on β-galactosidase activity in Vibrio El Tor
Authors: Bhattacharya G. , Dastidar P. Ghosh , Sinha A. M. , Majumder P. K. , Chatterjee G. C.
Published: April 2010

Vibrio El Tor contains constitutive β-galactosidase but it cannot use lactose as it lacks the enzyme β-galactoside permease. It is suggested that the genetic makeup of Vibrio El Tor is cryptic constitutive (i−z+y−). The enzyme β-galactosidase in Vibrio El Tor is sensitive to glucose repression and this can be partially overcome by the addition of cyclic AMP.
Inorganic ion content of fungal mycelia and spores
Authors: Dalby David K. , Gray William D.
Published: April 2010

Inorganic ion analyses were made on the mycelia and spores of five fungi: Linderina pennispora, Aspergillus niger, Spicaria elegans, and Penicillium claviforme and Penicillium roqueforti. The concentration of mineral elements in spores and mycelia of the five fungi varied with each element. The amount of Cu was consistently higher in spores than in mycelia. Zinc concentrations were higher in mycelia than in spores with the exception of A. niger. The concentration of Mg was higher in mycelia than in spores of the five species with the exception of L. pennispora. As with Mg, K concentrations varied considerably.
Induction of the L-phase of Listeria monocytogenes by rabbit alveolar macrophages in vitro
Authors: O'Beirne Andrew J. , Eveland Warren C.
Published: April 2010

Rabbit alveolar macrophages can induce the L-phase of Listeria monocytogenes in vitro. Microscopic examination of Listeria-infected cultures revealed the presence of intracellular wall defective variants. Isolation techniques using saran membranes yielded L-phase variants which exhibited typical L-form colonies on osmotically protected medium. All attempts at reverting the isolated L-phase have been unsuccessful.
Effects of n-alkanes on Cladosporium resinae
Authors: Teh J. S. , Lee K. H.
Published: April 2010

Growth of three different soil isolates of Cladosporium resinae on a large number of carbon compounds was found to be inhibited by n-hexane and n-heptane whereas n-octane and all higher liquid n-alkanes had no effect on growth. In addition, n-hexane and, to a lesser extent, n-heptane caused rapid inhibition of glucose incorporation and considerable loss of potassium and protein from the cells. The phenomenon is unlikely to be due to removal of membrane lipids such as sterols and phospholipids by the n-alkanes, but rather to a limited disorganization of the cell membrane resulting in rapid loss of selective permeability.
A microspectroscopic method for visualizing the cytochrome profiles of microorganisms
Authors: Shobe Charles R.
Published: April 2010

A rapid procedure for determining the principal reduced cytochrome absorbance bands of bacteria by microspectroscopy is described. Preliminary results of experiments in which this method has been used indicate that the technique may provide additional information which can be useful for identifying certain microorganisms.
A soil fungus tolerant to extreme acidity and high salt concentrations
Authors: Gould W. D. , Fujikawa J. I. , Cook F. D.
Published: April 2010

An extremely acid-tolerant fungus in the genus Scytalidium was isolated from a soil of very low pH. Optimal growth of the fungus occurred between pH 1.0 and 2.0. The fungus tolerated acid concentrations of 2.0 N and salt concentrations up to and including 1.0 M. Growth in the presence of acids was affected primarily by the anion present but in high salt concentrations, no trends were apparent. Other isolates resembling this fungus have been obtained from similar environments, indicating that this species may be common to very acid environments.
Applicability of cetrimide, nitrofurantoin, TTC, and sodium arsenite to the isolation of marine pseudomonads
Authors: Noseworthy Joyce E. , Moskovits George
Published: April 2010

The ability of cetrimide, nitrofurantoin, TTC, and sodium arsenite to select for marine pseudomonads and eliminate non-pseudomonads was examined. All four reagents were able to do this at suitable concentrations, but 0.03% cetrimide was superior in permitting good growth of the test pseudomonads in the shortest average period of time at 20C. In completely eliminating test non-pseudomonads, only half of the pseudomonads examined could be recovered.
Growth of Thermomonospora fusca on lignocellulosic pulps of varying lignin content
Authors: Crawford Don L.
Published: April 2010

The ability of the thermophilic actinomycete, Thermomonospora fusca, to degrade lignocellulose was investigated. Thermomonospora fusca was grown at 55C on lignocellulosic pulps varying in lignin content between 3% and 18%. Thermomonospora fusca was found to degrade primarily the carbohydrate fraction of these substrates. Small, and probably insignificant, losses of lignin were observed after 14 days growth on the substrates. Increasing lignin content in the pulps proportionally blocked carbohydrate utilization by T. fusca. The organism, however, could still substantially solubilize even the substrate containing 18% lignin. It is thought that T. fusca plays a role in the decomposition of lignocellulose in nature; however, it is probably involved with carbohydrate degradation, not lignin degradation.
Relationship between loss of magnesium and loss of salt tolerance after sublethal heating of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hurst Andre , Hughes Ashton , Collins-Thompson David L. , Shah Bhagwandas G.
Published: April 2010

The effect of sublethal heating on Staphylococcus aureus was followed by plate counting on trypticase soy agar and by calculating decimal reduction times (D52C). Pseudodecimal reduction times (D′52C) were obtained from plate counts on trypticase soy agar containing 7.5% NaCl. D52C was a measure of lethality and the ratio D′52C/D52C was used as a measure of injury. Sublethal heating was carried out in various 100 mM (pH 7.2) solutions.Orthophosphates of potassium, ammonium, and sodium were more lethal than the corresponding chlorides (average D52 values of 18.2 and 29.6 min respectively). Orthophosphates also appeared to be more injurious than chlorides (average D′52C/D52C values of 0.43 and 0.62 respectively). 'Phosphate'-heated cells lost 28.4% of their cellular Mg while 'chloride'-heated cells lost 11% of their Mg. Good correlation exists between D′52C/D52C values and the magnesium lost. Kinetic studies in potassium buffer also showed good correlation between loss of salt tolerance and loss of cellular Mg. This, and other evidence, suggests that loss of Mg is one of the primary events in the sublethal heat injury of S. aureus.
A viral inhibitory substance in culture filtrates of Proteus mirabilis. 1. Inhibition of Sindbis virus plaque formation without a parallel antiviral action in fluid medium
Authors: Mahdy M. S. , Bansen E.
Published: April 2010

Culture filtrates of Proteus mirabilis contain a viral inhibitory substance (VIS) which has a selective action. It inhibits the plaque formation by Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis viruses in chick embryo cell cultures without parallel depression of viral yield or cytopathogenic effect in cultures maintained in fluid medium.The action of VIS is both time- and temperature-dependent. The inhibitor does not affect viral replication or degenerative changes produced by vaccinia, polio 1, echo 11, and coxsackie A9 viruses in tube cultures.The action of VIS is intracellular. It is not caused by direct inactivation of viral infectivity, by cytotoxicity, by impairment of viral adsorption properties of cells, or by interference with the process of virus release. Furthermore, the action of VIS is mediated by a mechanism other than the induction of interferon.The inhibitor is a soluble non-dialyzable substance. It is thermostable at 60 °C for 1 h but is labile when stored at either 4 °C or −20 °C for periods more than 3 weeks. Neither ultraviolet irradiation nor treatment with trypsin affects VIS activity. The antiviral action is destroyed by either 0.1 M potassium periodate or dialysis against pH 2 buffer.Other members of the Proteus group produced substance(s) that inhibited Sindbis virus plaque formation. Such inhibitors have not been characterized.Principles such as VIS may serve as models of inhibitors which are selectively active against in vitro localized viral lesions.
The effect of mycobacteriophage particles on cell-mediated immune reactions
Authors: Mankiewicz E. , Kurti V. , Adomonis H.
Published: April 2010

Suspensions of mycobacteriophages added to cultures of white blood cells (WBC's) reduce the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated blast responses. Ultraviolet (UV) inactivation of the phages abolishes the inhibitory effect. Buffy coat cells from guinea pigs inoculated with mycobacteriophages and mice inoculated with these phages or with lysogenic mycobacteria show, without prior in vitro exposure to the antigen, significant reductions in the rate of their migration. This "spontaneous" migration inhibition is removed by prior treatment of the cells with trypsin or puromycin.
The bacterial flora in the alimentary tract of freshwater salmonid fishes
Authors: Trust T. J. , Sparrow R. A. H.
Published: April 2010

The bacterial flora in the alimentary tract of five species of freshwater salmonid fishes was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. The fish were obtained from 16 different locations in British Columbia. The predominant microflora consisted of Gram-negative rods with species of Enterobacter, Aeromonas, and Acinetobacter present in the largest numbers. As many as 108 viable organisms per gram wet weight of alimentary tract plus contents were counted.
Morphological and cytological effects of carbenicillin on Pseudomonas pseudomallei
Authors: Dilworth Carole R. , Franklin Mervyn , Bance Gerald N.
Published: April 2010

Microscopic observation of P. pseudomallei revealed that impaired cell division occurred upon the addition of carbenicillin to early exponential phase cultures. Cells were noticeably elongated after 1 h, and continued to increase in length with time. At 6 h filaments were abundant. Spherical bodies, some of which appeared to lyse, were frequently observed along the length of these filaments. Electron microscopy of thin sections confirmed that filament formation proceeded without fission, and constrictions were absent. Replication and segregation of DNA appeared normal; and the density of ribosomes suggested that protein synthesis was not impaired. Two types of inclusion bodies, observed in the nucleoid region of the filaments, were more pronounced compared with untreated cells. It was speculated that one of the inclusions was polyphosphate. The cell walls of the filaments showed decreased electron density. These observations suggest that synthesis of components of the cell wall is impaired by carbenicillin.
Mice tuberculosis quantified by the lung density technique
Authors: Portelance V. , Boulanger R. P. , Robillard P.
Published: April 2010

Groups of CF1 mice were respectively infected intravenously with four decreasing doses of the virulent H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis and the progress of tuberculous disease was followed by three techniques yielding essentially objective results. Survival rates showed that 84% of the mice infected with the largest dose died within 30 days of infection but this technique was unable to differentiate among the other three groups of mice infected with smaller doses. Bacterial culture counts performed after increasing intervals of infection on spleen homogenates of similarly infected groups of mice showed that different degrees of tuberculous involvement had effectively been induced in the four groups. Lung density determinations performed on the same groups of animals gave results establishing that this technique was capable of distinguishing the four groups of mice one from another. The observation that the lung density technique reflects the degree of tuberculous disease accurately was further substantiated by experiments performed on groups of mice respectively injected intravenously with comparable numbers of viable cells of seven mycobacterial strains of different virulence, all harvested at the same "physiological age." Statistically significant differences existed between the experimental groups infected with the virulent strains on the one hand and those injected with the avirulent ones on the other; no differences existed among the groups infected with virulent strains or among those injected with avirulent ones. Of particular interest is the observation that the lung density technique can also differentiate groups of mice injected either with virulent or avirulent strains from those injected with the attenuated bovine BCG strain. The results of both the bacterial culture count and lung density techniques applied to the same groups of mice in the early and late phases of tuberculous disease are discussed.
The nature of the ribosomal cistrons of Hyphomicrobium strain B-522
Authors: Moore Richard L.
Published: April 2010

The proportion of Hyphomicrobium strain B-522 DNA complementary to ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as determined by rRNA/DNA hybridization experiments was 0.37%. The estimated values for the number of 23-S and 16-S ribosomal cistrons, and their overall base composition were found to be similar to those of other bacteria.