bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Low Levels of Maternal IgG Antibodies to R Protein and Neonatal Septicemia with Group B Streptococci Carrying R Protein
Authors: Lindén Viveka , Christensen Karen Kvist , Christensen Poul
Published: August 2009

A method was designed for quantitation of serum antibodies to R protein in group B streptococci (GBS). Four sera from mothers of infants with neonatal septicemia caused by type II, R+ GBS showed a binding range from 400 to 740 cpm in contrast to a range of 690–1,220 cpm in 5 parturients carrying type II, R+ strains in the urogenital tract giving birth to healthy infants (p < 0.05). The range of antibodies in sera from 8 mothers to infants infected with GBS type III, R+ was 370–750 cpm, whereas the range in sera from 10 carriers of type IIIR+ giving birth to healthy infants varied between 510 and 1,280 cpm (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that R protein is an important virulence factor in neonatal GBS septicemia/meningitis.
Evaluation of the Pulmonary Immune Response by Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Fluids Obtained by Serial Lung Lavage
Authors: Hill J.O. , Bice D.E. , Harris D.L. , Muggenburg B.A.
Published: August 2009

Lavage fluids were obtained from Beagle dogs by serial bronchoalveolar lavage from immunized and control lung lobes 3–21 days after local deposition of sheep red blood cells. Results showed that immunized lobes contained more total protein, albumin, IgG and antigen-specific antibody than did unimmunized control lobes or lobes that received autologous red cells in saline. Antigen-specific antibody was present in the lavage fluid from 7 through 21 days after immunization. Mercaptoethanol treatment of lavage fluid had little effect on the antibody titer, suggesting that IgG, and possibly IgA, were the predominant immunoglobulin classes in the antigen-specific antibody pool throughout the course of the serial lavage study. The data suggest that most of the antigen-specific antibody was made locally by cells in the lung.
Radiation-Resistant IgE-Secreting Cells in the Mouse: Susceptibility to Suppressor T Cells
Authors: Holt P.G. , Leivers S.
Published: August 2009

X-irradiation (800 or 1,000 R) of Balb/c mice displaying ‘persistent’ high-titer anti-ovalbumin IgE responses resulted in only minor decreases in antibody titres measured 40 days later, indicating that the bulk of IgE production could be ascribed to long-lived radiation-resistant (and thus non-dividing) plasma cells. IgE-specific suppressor T cells from ovalbumin-tolerant mice did not affect ongoing persistent IgE synthesis by these plasma cells, but prevented their emergence in ovalbumin-immunized mice and in those adoptively immunized with splenocytes from animals displaying persistent IgE responses.
Leukotriene C4 and Dimethylphenylpiperazinium-Induced Responses in Canine Airway Tracheal Muscle Contraction and Fluid Secretion
Authors: Johnson Herbert G. , McNee Martha L. , Johnson Mark A. , Miller Merdis D.
Published: August 2009

Leukotrienes have been implicated as putative mediators in several air way diseases. In previous canine studies it was shown that leukotriene C4 (LTC4) enhanced fluid secretion over baseline values and this enhancement could be blocked by hexamethonium. This indicates that leukotrienes have as one of their actions, stimulation of ganglionic motor neurons. In the present study, we determined that LTC4 acts at a similar site as the specific nicotinic receptor agonist dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP). Both LTC4 and DMPP when given alone enhanced mucus secretion and induced tracheal muscle contraction over control baseline (p <0.05). When added to DMPP, LTC4 enhanced the DMPP effect of muscle contraction at 5 and 8 μg by a synergistic amount, while the secretion was only additive. The slopes of the dose-response curves for DMPP+ LTC4 did not differ by a statistically significant amount. LTC4 and DMPP act on a similar, if not the same, ganglionic receptor.
Enhancement of the Anaphylactoid Reaction in Rats by Phenylalanine Enamine
Authors: West G.B.
Published: August 2009

Low doses of phenylalanine enamine, administered at the same time as dextran, significantly enhanced the onset, height and duration of the anaphylactoid reaction in rats. The enhancement occurred after intraperitoneal or local administration. The enamine did not modify the histamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine responses in rat paws, so its effect on dextran may be due to modification of the release mechanism of the two amines from tissue mast cells.
Abnormalities of Circulating T Cell Subsets in Atopy: Influence of Specific Immunotherapy
Authors: Canonica Giorgio W. , Dirienzo Walter , Cosulich Elisabetta , Ferrini Silvano , Ciprandi Giorgio , Melioli Giovanni
Published: August 2009

Blood samples of patients with severe respiratory allergic diseases contain increased numbers of T cells bearing surface HLA-DR antigens, indicating the presence of activated T cells. In the same group of patients, MLR3 and MLR4, two monoclonal antibodies (Mab) directed to subsets of activated peripheral T cells, recognize T cell percentages within the normal range. Thus, it seems possible that specialized subsets of activated T cells (HLA-DR+/MLR3-MLR4––) are represented in the peripheral blood of atopic patients. Such cells are lacking in patients after specific imunotherapy. Similar results – an increased percentage of 5/9+ T cells in untreated patients and normal counts of 5/9+ T cells in treated ones – were obtained in the two groups of patients by using another Mab, 5/9, which serves as a reliable marker of helper T cells in resting peripheral T lymphocytes. These data further support the concept of a T cell imbalance in allergic patients and suggest a possible role of specific immunotherapy in correcting the modification of peripheral T cell abnormalities.
Effect of Anti-Allergic and Cyclic AMP-Active Drugs on Histamine Secretion from Rat Mast Cells Treated with the Novel Calcium Ionophore Chlortetracycline
Authors: White J.R. , Pearce F.L.
Published: August 2009

The anti-allergic drugs disodium cromoglycate, doxantrazole and quercetin, and a number of compounds known to elevate intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, inhibited histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with the novel calcium ionophore, chlortetracycline. The potency of the compounds varied inversely with the concentration of ionophore. The activity of the drugs cannot be explained in terms of their postulated effect on the receptor-mediated activation of calcium channels in the mast cell membrane. Alternative mechanisms for their action are thus considered.
Absence of Complement Activation in vitro by Sodium Meglumine Ioxitalamate
Authors: Freyria Anne-Marie , Billet Françoise , Eloy Rosy , Traeger Jules
Published: August 2009

The effect of radiographic contrast media on proteins of the complement system in vitro was investigated using protein level measurement and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Despite the 20% loss of total serum hemolytic activity (CH50) induced by sodium meglumine ioxitalamate (0.5 M), no significant changes in C3c, C3N or B were detected by radial immunodiffusion. These contrast media did not cause electrophoretic conversion of C3, as assessed by the absence of split product, and the small degree of spontaneous C3 conversion (loss of 20% C3N antigen and the presence of two peaks with C3c antigen) which occurred when serum was incubated in polypropylene tubes, was inhibited by the contrast media. The effects of sodium meglumine ioxitalamate and zymosan in vitro on complement activation were compared.
Kinetics of Oral Tolerance: Study of Variables Affecting Tolerance Induced by Oral Administration of Antigen
Authors: Saklayen Mohammad G. , Pesce Amadeo J. , Pollak Victor E. , Michael Gabriel
Published: August 2009

The induction of antigen-specific tolerance by oral administration of hen egg albumin (OVA) was shown to be time- and dose-dependent. The IgE response was the most effectively suppressed by antigen feeding prior to or after parenteral immunization. The effect on IgG response paralleled that observed on the IgE response, but the magnitude of suppression was less pronounced. The IgA response was enhanced rather than suppressed if the interval between feeding and parenteral immunization was short or if the animals were antigen-fed after the intraperitoneal priming.
Anti-Heart Antibodies in Cardiac Allograft Recipients
Authors: Harkiss G.D. , Cave P. , Brown D.L. , English T.A.H.
Published: August 2009

Serum antibodies reactive with rat cardiac and skeletal muscle were found by indirect immunofluorescence in 11 of 16 heart transplant patients receiving heterologous antithymocyte globulin and 1 of 5 patients receiving cyclosporin A. These antibodies appeared de novo following transplantation and were present for variable lengths of time. Antibodies reactive with rat liver, stomach and kidney were also found in several patients. 9 out of 16 patients receiving equine globulin had antibodies directed against components of the microvasculature, including endothelial, smooth muscle and vessel wall connective tissue. Analysis of antibody kinetics and acute cardiac rejection did not reveal any well-defined associations, though anti-heart antibodies were present in 4 of 6 patients who died from acute rejection.
Are Fcγ Receptors Naturally Clustered on Normal Human B Lymphocytes?
Authors: An T.
Published: August 2009

The Fcγ receptor (FcR) on normal human B lymphocytes was studied by using electron-microscopic monovalent ligands made of one ferritin (Fer) and one rabbit IgG anti-Fer. The binding of ligands was ascertained with the modified Coombs mixed antiglobulin reaction. The receptors were found clustered at 0°C, which was not affected even by examining the coated cells without washing away excess of the ligand solution, or by cross-linking bound ligands with a second antibody. The clusters varied in length, measuring up to 220 nm. Most of them were less than 110 nm long, and were seen as spots. When lymphocytes were preincubated with both cytochalasin B and colchicine, the clustering of FcR was not affected. Our findings show that FcR on B lymphocytes are naturally aggregated, which is not primarily mediated with the cytoskeletons made of actin microfilaments and microtubules.
Comparative Study on Cat Allergens from Fur and Saliva
Authors: Didierlaurent A. , Foglietti M.J. , Guérin B. , Hewitt B.E. , Percheron F.
Published: August 2009

The allergenic components of cat fur extract were localized in the molecular weight range 65,000–40,000 and had a pI of 3.9–5, except one with a more acid pI of 3.5. The fraction with a mean molecular weight of 65,000 contained proteins of pI 4.5–5 and mainly cat serum albumin. The fraction with a mean molecular weight of 40,000 showed two peaks of activity. One of them was associated with a protein of pI 3.5, and immunodiffusion analysis showed the presence of ‘Cat Allergen One’. A comparative study on cat saliva showed that the allergenic activity was restricted to proteins of the same molecular weight range. ‘Cat Allergen One’ was present in the fraction of molecular weight 40,000.
Grass Conjuvac®
Authors: Taylor W.A. , Cane A.K. , Hammond M.D.
Published: August 2009

Treatment of rats with Conjuvac® induced no anti-pollen extract (PE) IgE and no sensitization, whereas alum-adsorbed pollen extract induced IgE antibody and marked sensitivity. Conjuvac induced anti-PE IgE in rats treated with Bordetella pertussis organisms but the antibody concentrations were less than those induced by PE with B. pertussis. There was no indication, either in rats injected with B. pertussis and Conjuvac or alginate (ALG), of sensitization to ALG. In guinea pigs, Conjuvac induced immediate hypersensitivity to PE but there was no delayed hypersensitivity. Furthermore, no immediate hypersensitivity and little or no delayed hypersensitivity to ALG was detected in guinea pigs injected with Conjuvac or ALG. Histological studies at Conjuvac injection sites in rabbits revealed inflammatory reactions less intense than those produced by aluminium hydroxide.
Antiallergic Activity Profiles in vitro of RHC 3164 and Related Compounds
Authors: Khandwala A. , Dally-Meade V. , Jariwala N. , Huang F.
Published: August 2009

RHC 3164 has been investigated for its antiallergic activities in 3 in vitro models of anaphylaxis. RHC 3164 was 6 times more potent than DSCG as an inhibitor of antigen-induced release of histamine (AIR) from rat mast cells (RMC) and had an activity profile identical to that of DSCG in the following respects: loss of inhibitory activity with increasing preincubation time, tachyphylactic properties, cross-tachyphylaxis to DSCG, and inability to inhibit nonimmunologic release of histamine. Neither RHC 3164 nor DSCG had any effect on immunologic release of histamine from human basophils or guinea pig lung slices. We conclude that RHC 3164 is a potent inhibitor of immunologic release of histamine from RMC with a mechanism of action similar to that of DSCG.
Comparison of DNFB and K2Cr2O7 ‘Flare-Up’ Reactions in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Parker Darien , Turk J.L. , Drössler K.
Published: August 2009

A comparison has been made of the ‘flare-up’ of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact reactions with that of ‘flare-up’ of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) contact sensitivity reactions following the intravenous injection of dinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (DNBSO3) or K2Cr2O7. Differences in time course were noted and these were confirmed by increase in vascular permeability and histological appearance. Failure to influence the reactions with indomethacin would appear to exclude the participation of an Arthus-type phenomenon, despite evidence of a drop in the circulating antibody levels. Increased numbers of basophils were found particularly in the DNFB/DNBSO3 reaction during its resolution. These reactions could therefore be broadly included among the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivities.
Contact Sensitivity in Guinea Pigs: Allogeneic Reaction and Carrier Specificity in Antigenic Recognition
Authors: Polak L.
Published: August 2009

In the present paper it is shown that both induction and elicitation of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs are genetically controlled. This genetical control is operating by two somehow different mechanisms. The recognition of hapten on allogeneic macrophages during the inductive phase is suppressed by the allogeneic response against these macrophages whereas the elicitation upon transfer of syngeneically primed lymphocytes is limited by the identity of at least some components of the major histocompatibility complex. This nonidentity contradicts the rule of carrier specificity, which is a requirement for all delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, the presentation of haptens to primed cells is less restricted than presentation of protein antigens.
Lymphocyte Beryllium Binding: Relationship to Development of Delayed Beryllium Hypersensitivity
Authors: Skilleter D.N. , Price R.J.
Published: August 2009

Beryllium binding to human and both inbred and outbred guinea pig lymphocytes has been characterized by Scatchard binding analysis. In isotonic media, only one class of binding sites, presumed to be located on the outer cell surface, was identified with a relatively low affinity (KA 3–4 × 105M––1). In hypotonic media in which the cells rupture, an additional class of binding sites, probably in the cell nucleus, is revealed with a higher affinity (KA 1–2 × 106M––1). Preliminary investigation of the high affinity binding in strain XIII guinea pig peripheral blood lymphocytes provides evidence that a greater level of beryllium binding may be predictive of the potential to express delayed beryllium hypersensitivity.
Amino Acid Composition of the Highly Purified Allergen from Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Fujita Koichiro , Ikeda Teruaki , Tsukidate Setsuko
Published: August 2009

The amino acid analysis of the purified allergen from Dirofilaria immitis revealed that it had a total number of 98 amino acid residues. The allergen was remarkably rich on glutamic acid (15 residues), lysine (14 residues) and aspartic acid (12 residues). No half-cystine was obtained. The ratio of the acidic residues to the basic ones was 1.4. The weak positive charge of the allergen is contributed by the fewer number of basic residues relative to acidic residues.
Lowered Fc IgG Receptor-Bearing T Lymphocytes Correlate with Non-Organ-Specific Autoantibodies in Silicosis
Authors: Miossec P. , Youinou P. , Cledes J. , Clavier J. , Philippon P. , Ferec C. , Casburn-Budd R.
Published: August 2009

A survey of silicosis patients and people exposed to silica dust was set up in an effort to look for any relationship between humoral and cell-mediated autoimmune phenomena. It was found that in both sets of subjects, the level of Fc IgG receptor-bearing T lymphocytes was significantly reduced, there was also an inverse correlation between these cell concentrations and IgG- and IgM-circulating immune complex levels. In addition, raised levels of various autoantibodies were found in both groups, however, none of the exposed subjects has developed silicosis to date.
Inhibition of Tumor Cell Line Alkaline Phosphatase by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin , Hoffman Thomas
Published: August 2009

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in intact Ag8 cells was measured by a colorimetric assay in which spectrophotometer readings were obtained directly through wells of microtiter plates using a Multiskan ELISA reader. The wide difference between enzymatic activity observed in cells of this cell line and human peripheral blood monocytes permitted an assessment of inhibition of cell line growth in the presence of plastic-adherent peripheral blood cells. Comparison at 24 h of incubation of enzymatic measurements with those obtained using 3H-thymidine uptake showed comparable results, although values obtained with the enzyme were generally lower. Similarly, direct comparison of results obtained by the enzyme-based method showed good correlation with the number of viable tumor cells remaining in culture. Inhibition of AP activity was observed earlier than inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation, reaching its peak after 10 h of incubation. This technique has potential application for other enzyme systems and provides a new tool for analyzing mechanisms whereby effector cells are able to control proliferation of transformed cells.
Fractionation of Aspergillus fumigatus Antigens by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography and Gel Filtration
Authors: Schønheyder H. , Andersen P.
Published: August 2009

Aspergillus fumigatus somatic antigen prepared from young hyphae was fractionated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography followed by gel filtration. The antigenic activity of fractions was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and immunodiffusion. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high levels of IgG antibodies were detected against an antigen fraction of approximate molecular weight 470,000 both in patients with aspergillosis (n = 3) and in healthy controls (n = 3). High levels of antibodies to four fractions of MW 250,000, 160,000, 160,000–50,000, and 50,000–25,000 were found only in patients. The MW 250,000 fraction exhibited catalase activity, and the MW 50,000–25,000 fraction had neutral protease activity. These purified aspergillus antigens may be useful in serodiagnosis of aspergillosis.
Transmethylation Reactions in Human Basophils Induced by Anti-IgE or Specific Antigen
Authors: Garcia R. , Sastre J. , Lauzurica P. , Tricas L. , Gurbindo C. , Lahoz C.
Published: August 2009

The activation of methyl transferases in the membrane of human basophilic leukocytes was measured by incorporation of 3H-methyl groups into phospholipids. Basophils of healthy individuals were activated by anti-IgE, those of pollen allergic patients by the specific antigen, Lolium perenne extract. Basophil-rich fraction was obtained from peripheral blood by centrifugation in a gradient of Ficoll/metrizamide (g = 1.085). After incubation with anti-IgE an increase in the 3H-methyl incorporation was detected during the first 30 s of the reaction. The maximal incorporation in basophils of the pollen allergic patients, activated by L. perenne extract, was enhanced at 15 s. Appropriate controls showed that the activation of methyl transferases occurred in basophils only.
Preliminary Analysis of Primary and Secondary Anti-Thy-1 Responses Elicited by Immunization with Cell-Bound and Cell-Free Antigen
Authors: Zaleski M.B. , Reichner J.S. , Albini B.
Published: August 2009

Primary and secondary anti-Thy-1 responses were elicited in C57BL/6Kh and (C57BL/ 6Kh × BALB/cKh)Fι mice by injection of either intact or sonicated Thy-1 disparate thymocytes as the source of the two forms of Thy-1 antigen – cell bound and cell free, respectively. The primary response was characterized by a high number of anti-Thy-1 plaque-forming cells in the spleen and a high titer of serum antibodies that belonged predominantly to the IgM class. The secondary response consisted of a moderate number of plaque-forming cells and a high titer of serum antibodies that belonged to the IgG and IgM classes. Only secondary responses ensued in mice primed and boosted with the same form of antigen, whereas primary and secondary responses developed concomitantly in animals primed with one form and boosted with both forms simultaneously. These data suggested that the two forms of Thy-1 antigen activate in a given responder two discrete subsets of T cells.
Varying Presentations of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Ricketti Anthony J. , Greenberger Paul A. , Patterson Roy
Published: August 2009

The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) may be difficult when the major criteria are not present or when the clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings have been altered by prior corticosteroid therapy. However, the early diagnosis of ABPA is important because it may lead to the prevention of evolution to the corticosteroid-dependent asthma stage (stage IV) or fibrotic lung disease stage (stage V). The clinical histories of 3 ABPA patients are reviewed to demonstrate that these patients may appear in different stages of ABPA and with markedly varied presentations. The high index of suspicion required for diagnosis of ABPA deserves emphasis as does the importance of excluding a diagnosis of ABPA in all asthmatics with immediate skin reactivity to Aspergillus fumigatus.
Effect of Metrizamide, a Nonionic Radiographic Contrast Agent, on Human Serum Complement
Authors: von Zabern I. , Przyklenk H. , Nolte R. , Vogt W.
Published: August 2009

The nonionic radiographic contrast material (RCM) metrizamide causes consumption of total complement activity in normal human serum (NHS) in vitro in the absence and to a lesser extent also in the presence of EDTA. The depression of titers of total complement is related to an inactivating effect of metrizamide on component C2. Furthermore, metrizamide induces activation of the alternative pathway as evidenced by the appearance of C3 and factor B cleavage products in NHS, dependent on the presence of divalent cations. Alternative pathway activation is probably mediated by an antagonizing effect of metrizamide on the inactivation of C3b. Unlike ionic RCM, the nonionic substance metrizamide does not lead to cleavage of the internal thiolester bond present in native C3 and C4, at concentrations that produce potent consumption of C3 activity in NHS.
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity against Semliki Forest Virus in Mice: Local Transfer of Delayed Type Hypersensitivity with Thioglycollate-induced Peritoneal Exudate Cells
Authors: Kraaijeveld C.A. , Benaissa-Trouw Barry , Harmsen M. , Snippe H.
Published: August 2009

In mice, a strong delayed type hypersensitivity (DH) without detectable neutralizing antibodies in serum could be obtained after intracutaneous injection of inactivated Semliki Forest virus (SFV) mixed with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA). Thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from these mice were highly effective in passive transfer of DH against SFV locally in footpads of naive recipient mice. DH reactions were measured with a footpad swelling test. By contrast, either immune PEC from nonstimulated peritoneal cavities or thioglycollate-induced PEC from mice which had developed neutralizing antibodies were unable to transfer DH passively.
Comparative Adjuvant Activities of Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: McMaster Philip R.B. , Tsang Victor C.W. , Wong Kwei-Hay , Feeley John C. , Gann Donald S.
Published: August 2009

Adjuvant activity of heat-killed Legionella pneumophila was demonstrated and compared with that of inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The two species of bacteria were suspended separately in oil and Arlacel A. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline was then emulsified within the respective adjuvants and injected intradermally into guinea pigs. Antibodies to the BSA antigen in the sera of the animals were quantitated with the kinetic-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-Elisa). Guinea pigs immunized with BSA in adjuvant with killed L. pneumophila produced high titers of anti-BSA antibody, which, on the average, were nearly as high as in those immunized with BSA in complete Freund’s adjuvant with M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and which were much greater than in others immunized with incomplete adjuvant, lacking bacteria. Moreover, with a polypeptide hapten, the L. pneumophila evoked as much or more antibody in rabbits as the mycobacterium adjuvant. The effect of the legionella adjuvant upon the cellular immune response was examined using skin tests. For this purpose guinea pigs were immunized with picryl-guinea pig albumin in these adjuvants. 6 weeks later, they were skin-tested with that antigen. They showed reactions which appeared to have immediate as well as delayed components when examined grossly and histologically. Others, immunized with incomplete adjuvant, did not exhibit delayed reactions. Accordingly, heat-killed L. pneumophila acts as a potent adjuvant. Under the circumstances of these experiments, it was as effective as heat-killed M. tuberculosis.
Migration of Blood-Borne Lymphocytes into Antigen-Stimulated Lymph Nodes
Authors: Kimpton Wayne G. , Walsh Andrew , Poskitt David C. , Muller Konrad
Published: August 2009

The kinetics of lymphocyte recruitment into rat popliteal lymph nodes stimulated with varying doses of allogeneic lymphocytes or purified protein derivative of tuberculin differed markedly. The number of blood-borne lymphocytes entering lymph nodes stimulated with allogeneic lymphocytes was greater and the duration of their entry more prolonged than in lymph nodes stimulated with the soluble antigen purified protein derivative of tuberculin. When individual antigenic doses were compared, lymphocyte recruitment into popliteal lymph nodes was shown to be dependent upon antigenic dose; higher doses of antigen resulting in increased levels of lymphocyte recruitment. In addition it was found that there is no linear relationship between lymph node weight changes and the extent of lymphocyte recruitment.
Immunoglobulin E in Extracts of Feces from Children
Authors: Kolmannskog Svein , Haneberg Bjørn , Marhaug Gudmund , Bolle Roald
Published: August 2009

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) was demonstrated by a double antibody radioimmunoassay technique (PRIST) in 5 of 17 unconcentrated fecal extracts from children. Four of the PRIST-positive extracts also had measurable levels of IgE determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (Enzygnost IgE). However, using a competitive antibody radioimmunoassay technique (RIST), IgE was found in all unconcentrated fecal extracts. The RIST-IgE levels of the extracts were higher and did not correlate to IgE measured by the other methods, nor to the IgE in serum from the same children or to the manifestation of allergy. On the other hand, 4 of the 5 children with measurable PRIST-IgE levels, and 3 of the 4 children with detectable Enzygnost IgE concentrations in the extracts, had elevated serum IgE as well as a history of allergy. Gel filtration studies indicated that IgE determined by the PRIST and Enzygnost IgE methods had been degraded to fragments of lower molecular weight than that of albumin. This study also suggests that the IgE in feces measured by the RIST method is overestimated due to the influence from nonspecific substances of high molecular weight.
Immune Complexes in Ovarian Cancer: Association between IgM Class Complexes and Antinuclear Autoantibodies in Ascitic Fluid
Authors: Silburn Peter A. , Neil John C. , Khoo Soo Keat , Daunter Brian , Hill Ron , Collins Russell J. , Mackay Eric V.
Published: August 2009

Samples of ascitic fluid from patients with ovarian cancer were analyzed for autoantibodies to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens and for immune complexes (ICs) detectable by the C1q deviation and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation (either IgG or IgM class) assays. The predominant autoantibody was antinuclear (ANA); this was detected in 29 of 58 samples (59% showing the homogeneous and 41% the speckled pattern). The antibody was not reactive to saline extractable nuclear antigens. A strong association between this autoantibody and the PEG-precipitated IgM class ICs was shown, suggesting the possible participation of this autoantibody in IgM class ICs formation. The lack of association between C1q-reactive and IgG class ICs and the autoantibodies indicates that the IgG class ICs may be more related to the tumor.
Distribution of Cat Allergen 1 in Cat Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Brown Phillip R. , Leitermann Kathleen , Ohman Jr. John L.
Published: August 2009

The distribution of the major allergen of the domestic cat, cat allergen 1, was studied in 22 different tissues obtained from a male and female cat and in samples of saliva and urine. Of the cat tissues studied, only extracts of pelt and female brain contained amounts of cat allergen 1 in excess of 0.50 U/ml. Smaller amounts of cat allergen 1 were found in extracts of eye, thyroid, ovary, sublingual gland and large intestine. Unstimulated cat saliva contained a mean of 1.08 U/ml cat allergen 1. Saliva stimulated with ketamine HCl alone, or with ketamine HCl plus pilocarpine, contained 0.68–8.16 U/ml cat allergen 1. In all of the stimulated saliva collections, the total quantity of cat allergen 1 obtained was relatively constant (between 40 and 80 U). These results suggested that the elaboration of cat allergen 1 in saliva is independent of parasympathetic control. Cat allergen 1 could only be detected in cat urine that had been concentrated 9-fold in concentrations of less than 0.5 U/ml. The above results support the hypothesis that the major source of cat allergen 1 is the saliva, and that the presence of cat allergen 1 in the pelt is due to deposition of the allergen during grooming.
Effect of Phenytoin and Carbamazepine on Subpopulations of Mononuclear Blood Cells as Defined by Membrane Antigens
Authors: Gilhus Nils Erik
Published: August 2009

Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of healthy blood donors were incubated with phenytoin 20 μg/ml or carbamazepine 10 μg/ml for 30 min at 37 °C. In 4 out of 10 incubation experiments, the percentage of cells expressing the membrane antigen T3 was markedly reduced. However, the mean percentage of cells expressing the antigens T3, T4, T8 and HLA-DR was not influenced significantly by incubation with the drugs. Accordingly, the reduction of IgA and IgM serum concentrations in patients on phenytoin and carbamazepine is most probably not due to changes in T regulator lymphocytes.
Failure of Covalently Cross-Linked Human IgG Myeloma Subclass Protein to Release Histamine from Human Leukocytes
Authors: Zhou T. , Conroy M.C. , Spengler H. , de Weck A.L.
Published: August 2009

We have examined the ability of IgG subclass antibodies to release histamine from human leukocytes using covalently cross-linked oligomers of human myeloma proteins. Purified IgG1, G2, G3, G4, (or IgE) was incubated with dimethyl suberimidate to induce cross-linking. The resulting dimers, trimers, and higher molecular weight oligomers were isolated using gel filtration columns (Sephadex G200 and Ultrogel AcA 22) connected in tandem. None of the oligomers of IgG1, G2, G3, or G4 released histamine from leukocytes of donors whose basophils released histamine when challenged with IgE dimer. Furthermore, preincubation with subclass specific oligomers did not desensitize cells to challenge with IgE dimer or to anti-IgE. We conclude that, under our experimental conditions, oligomers of human IgG myeloma subclass antibodies do not trigger histamine release nor modulate IgE-mediated reactions.
Sidedness of the Reaction to β-Lactoglobulin in Sensitised Colonic Epithelia
Authors: Kessel D. , Cuthbert A.W.
Published: August 2009

The short circuit current reaction to β-lactoglobulin shown by the epithelial lining of the colon from guinea-pigs fed with cows’ milk is elicited only when the challenge is applied to the basolateral side of the tissue. However if the apical surface of the epithelium is subjected to controlled lesioning with ultraviolet irradiation then apical challenge with β-lactoglobulin becomes effective. A similar situation ensues when preparations are aged in vitro at room temperature in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution. Although irradiation causes insignificant changes in the electrical resistance of the tissue, the evidence suggests that it allows β-lactoglobulin to penetrate the epithelium from the apical side. If the model is applicable to clinical conditions of food allergic disease then it appears that concomitant changes in epithelial permeability as well as the development of sensitivity are required.
Studies on C3ahu Binding to Human Eosinophils: Characterization of Binding
Authors: Goers John W. , Glovsky Michael , Hunkapiller M.W. , Farnsworth V. , Richards J.H.
Published: August 2009

C3a purified to chemical homogeneity from human serum binds preferentially to human eosinophils > neutrophils. Little or no binding is found with human platelets. Maximum binding to eosinophils at 37 °C occurs within 15 min. Dilution of 125I-C3a by either cold C3a or washing away unbound 125I-C3a and reincubating at 37 °C reveals a T½ of ∼30 min. C3adesArg neither binds to eosinophils nor inhibits the binding of 125I-C3a. The binding of C3a to human eosinophils may reflect a physiologic role of C3a in eosinophil motility or function.
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: The Significance of Immunoglobulin E Levels in Tears and Serum
Authors: Samra Zemira , Zavaro Aron , Barishak Yomtov , Sompolinsky David
Published: August 2009

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VC) is an inflammatory disorder of the outer eye, probably of allergic etiology. The present study was performed on patients with a typical clinical appearance of VC and examined periodically for serum and tear IgE and albumin (HSA). The geometric mean of serum and tear IgE was 219 and 18 IU/ml, respectively, for the patients, but about 100 and less than 1 IU/ml for serum and tears of healthy controls and of parents of VC patients. A positive correlation between variations in tear IgE and tear HSA was observed, indicating that tear IgE levels have a significant influence on the intensity of the inflammatory process.
Kinetics of the Histological Changes in Lymphoid Organs and of the T-Cell Inducing Capacity of Serum in Mice Treated with Imuthiol® (Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate)
Authors: Pompidou Alain , Renoux Micheline , Guillaumin Jean-Maurice , Macé Bertrand , Michel Paule , Coutance Françoise , Renoux Gérard
Published: August 2009

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Imuthiol>) triggers in mice an increased production of T-cell recruiting factors and an early and prolonged hyperplasia in the T-cell dependent areas of peripheral lymphoid organs, partially independent from thymus modification. The data confirm previous findings on the role of an extrathymic factor and are consonant with the notion of a feedback regulation to control T-cell differentiation.
Studies on Cholera-Toxin-Induced Desensitization of Adenylate Cyclase in the Mouse Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Lönnroth Ivar , Lange Stefan , Hansson Hans-Arne
Published: August 2009

Repeated peroral pretreatment (‘immunization’) with cholera toxin (CT) in mice induces protection against CT as well as against prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), as evaluated by fluid accumulation in intestinal loops. The fluid response to CT is depressed for more than 1 month, while the response to PGE1 is inhibited for 4–7 days after the pretreatment. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that neither the binding nor the penetration of CT into the intestinal epithelial cells is affected by the toxin pretreatment. Furthermore, the CT-induced release of mucus in goblet cells is not influenced by the toxin pretreatment. In contrast, the enzyme adenylate cyclase (AC), which mediates the actions of CT and PGE1, shows a long-lasting desensitization to CT, as estimated in mucosal membrane preparations. Chlorpromazine and cycloheximide revert the desensitization to CT as well as to PGE1. The present data suggest that intestinal resistance to CT in the mouse is due to desensitization of the reaction between CT and AC and requires stimulation of AC, as well as an active protein synthesis.
Cross-Reactivity of IgE Antibodies with Allergens in Birch Pollen, Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Halmepuro Liisa , Vuontela Kaija , Kalimo Kirsti , Björkstén Fred
Published: August 2009

Allergens extracted from apple, carrot, celery tuber and orange were coupled to radioallergosorbent test (RAST) discs. These and commercial birch, mugwort and timothy pollen discs were used to study sera from 90 patients for the presence of IgE antibodies which react with the allergens in question. Individual sera frequently gave positive results with several discs – in particular with birch pollen, apple, carrot and celery tuber discs. If IgE antibodies to birch pollen or apple allergens were detected, there was a 90% chance of antibodies being found also to the second one of these two source materials. Skin tests and patient histories indicated similar clustering of allergies. RAST inhibition experiments showed that the clustering phenomenon was due to cross-reactivity. All immunological determinants in fruits and vegetables appeared to be present also in birch pollen, but all birch pollen determinants were not present in fruits and vegetables. 45 children with atopic dermatitis were studied to establish whether a positive orange RAST would correlate with a history of atopic dermatitis aggravated by orange. The results were negative.
Studies on Alternaria Allergens
Authors: Vijay H.M. , Huang H. , Young N.M. , Bernstein I.L.
Published: August 2009

The biochemical and immunological characteristics of a series of commercial samples of Alternaria tenuis were examined, including samples from two different companies. There was a considerable variation in the biochemical parameters such as the gel filtration profile on Sephadex G-100, isoelectric focussing pattern and immunodiffusion precipitin band pattern. The content and proportion of two high molecular weight polysaccharides, one a galactomannan and the other a glucan, also varied greatly. In contrast, the allergenic properties of the samples were more consistent. In rat IgE passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests, extensive cross-reactivity was observed among batches from the same company, but this cross-reactivity was weaker when batches from the two companies were compared. In direct radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) the samples showed similar reactivities, but RAST inhibition tests showed a 40-fold range in activity between samples from one company and 55-fold between batches from the two sources. It was found that the proportions of the major A. tenuis allergen and a related hypoallergenic antigen in the samples were relatively constant, hence RAST inhibition can be used as a measure of allergenic potency despite the presence of this cross-reacting antigen. The lack of correlation between allergenic and biochemical properties of the various samples suggests that a simple biochemical test is unlikely to be a satisfactory replacement for the RAST inhibition assay in standardizing A. tenuis extracts.
Origins of Serum IgE and of the Homocytotropic Antibody-Secreting Cells in the Thoracic Duct Lymph of Rats Infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Allan W. , Mayrhofer G.
Published: August 2009

Mesenteric lymphadenectomy caused a marked reduction in the amounts of both parasite-specific and total IgE in the serum of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infested rats. This was accompanied by reduced quantities of IgE in the thoracic duct lymph, showing that the mesenteric lymph node is of great importance in the generation of the elevated IgE levels which accompany this infestation. Conversely, the intestinal lamina propria and the Peyer’s patches did not appear to be significant contributors to either thoracic duct lymph or serum IgE levels. Homocytotropic antibody-secreting cells specific for parasite antigens were detected in the thoracic duct lymph of lymphadenectomized rats and are believed to arise directly from the gut mucosa and possibly from Peyer’s patches.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity against HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR Specificities
Authors: Akiyama N. , Ohsawa N. , Kano K.
Published: August 2009

HLA specificity of alloantibodies involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated using PHA-induced lymphoblasts (PLB) from peripheral blood and Epstein-Barr virus-induced human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). The ADCC activity with PLB sensitized by HLA-A or HLA-B antibodies was relatively low, but higher than that of control. DR antibodies completely failed to sensitize PLB for ADCC. LCL sensitized by corresponding DR antibodies gave strong ADCC reactions, independent from their D phenotypes. The ADCC reactions against LCL were abolished by absorption of the DR antibodies from the alloantisera. Thus the ADCC with LCL would provide a procedure to study the role of DR antibodies in chronic rejection of long-term renal allografts.
Regulation of Allotype-Linked NPb Idiotype by an Idiotype-Positive Soluble Factor Derived from a T Cell Hybridoma
Authors: Abe Ryo , Karasuyama Hajime , Yagi Junji , Tada Tomio
Published: August 2009

We reported in this paper genetic requirements for the suppression of anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) antibody response induced by an NP-specific, Igh-1 linked idiotype (NPb) positive T suppressor factor (NPb-TsF) derived from a T cell hybridoma 7C3–13 of B10.BR (Igh-1b, H-2k) mouse origin. NPb-TsF could suppress the responses mounted by primed spleen cells of all IgVH compatible strains regardless of their H-2 haplotypes. The majority of the anti-NP antibody response suppressed by NPb-TsF was idiotype positive (Id+). NPb-TsF was also capable of suppressing the responses of H-2 compatible but Igh incompatible strains where responding cells do not produce NPb idiotype. NPb-TsF was incapable of suppressing the responses of mouse strains who are incompatible both in IgVH and H-2 loci, indicating that the identity in either IgVH or H-2 genes between NPb-TsF and responding cells was necessary for the initiation of the suppression by NPb-TsF. It was further found that the NPb-TsF utilizes anti-idiotypic Lyt-1+2+3+ T cells (transducer cells), which are present only in IgVH compatible strains, to ultimately suppress the Id+ antibody production by B cells. These results indicate that there exists a pathway where an idiotypic NPb-TsF activates a suppressor circuit mediated via the idiotype-antiidiotype interactions apart from the previously described carrier-specific and H-2 restricted suppressor circuit. Both pathways involve the ‘transduction’ step utilizing Lyt-1+2+3+ intermediary T cells. Our experiments provide important clues for coupling the two major immunological concepts, network and circuit.
Kinetics of Intestinal Lamina propria Mast Cells, Globule Leucocytes, Intraepithelial Lymphocytes, Goblet Cells and Eosinophils in Murine Strongyloidiasis
Authors: Carroll S.M. , Mayrhofer G. , Dawkins H.J.S. , Grove D.I.
Published: August 2009

The changes in numbers of 6 cell populations in the intestine of mice at various intervals after primary and challenge infections with Strongyloides ratti have been quantified. The number of lamina propria mast cells increased 8 days after primary infection and reached a peak at 12 days. After secondary infection, there was a transient fall in mast cell numbers followed by a slow increase. Globule leucocytes showed a similar trend early in the primary infection and had reached normal levels after 28 days. After challenge infection, there was an early and rapid increase in their numbers. Granular intraepithelial lymphocytes did not alter significantly during the first 14 days, but were significantly greater 28 days after primary infection; they did not vary significantly after challenge infection. However, numbers of non-granular intraepithelial lymphocytes increased 10 days after infection, were elevated prior to the secondary infection at 28 days, then declined in numbers nearly 2 weeks after challenge infection. Goblet cells increased significantly 12 days after primary infection then declined rapidly. After challenge infection, there was an accelerated increase in numbers. Eosinophil numbers increased 4 days after infection, reached a peak at 12 days and then declined. After challenge infection, there was an augmented and accelerated increase in eosinophil numbers followed by rapid decline. The role of the various cells types in host defences against worms or in containment of the inflammatory responses evoked by these parasites are discussed.
Identification and Characterization of Parietaria judaica Allergens
Authors: Corbi A.L. , Carreira J.
Published: August 2009

Allergens of Parietaria judaica pollen extract have been identified and characterized biochemically. Two main allergenic components, A1 and A2, have been found by crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis and demonstrated to be spread in a wide range of pH. Immunoblotting studies revealed that at least eight SDS-denatured polypeptides show IgE-binding activity. The one exhibiting the highest allergenic activity, named Pj10 (MW 10,000 daltons) was found in all the fractions when the pollen extract was fractionated by chromato-focusing. Bidimensional electrophoretic analysis suggested that Pj10 either can form homopolymeric proteins of different molecular weights or can be associated to a number of proteins by disulfide bridges. Furthermore, Pj10 is the main molecular structure with IgE-binding activity in the two allergenic components A1 and A2 defined by immunological criteria.
Differential Activities of Rabbit Bone Marrow Suppressor Cells
Authors: Soderberg Lee S.F.
Published: August 2009

A population of nonadherent Fcγ-receptor-bearing (FcγR+) suppressor cells in normal rabbit bone marrow (BM) which inhibited the constitutive proliferation of other BM cells has been previously described. Suppression was by blocking the release of a soluble growth-promoting factor. In the present report, it was found that the FcγR+ BM suppressor cells, which were suppressive to background proliferation, were not suppressive to lymphocyte activation by immune complexes (IC). Adherent BM cells showed suppressive activity toward IC stimulation, but none toward constitutive BM proliferation. IC-induced proliferation was enhanced by the soluble growth factor, but only in the absence of adherent cells. Adherent cells did not affect growth factor enhancement of constitutive proliferation, suggesting that different cell populations were affected. Depletion of the FcγR+ suppressor cells promoted growth of cells which subsequently developed FcγR+, increasing the possibility of interaction with IC, which also preferentially induced FcγR+ cells.