bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of tumor pressure as a prognostic factor in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma where the diameter of the tumor is 3 cm or less
Authors: Ueki Toshiharu , Sakaguchi Seigo , Miyajima Yasushi , Hatono Nagafusa , Tohara Keiji , Nakabayashi Shoichi , Yao Tsuneyoshi , Kokawa Hiroshi , Hirano Motoi , Okumura Makoto
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The current study was designed to determine the usefulness of pretreatment tumor pressure as a new prognostic factor in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 3 cm or smaller in diameter).

METHODS

The study included 39 patients with small HCC in whom tumor pressure was determined. They underwent percutaneous ethanol (with Lipiodol) injection therapy (Lp‐PEI) or transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of the hepatic artery. Tumor pressure was determined percutaneously under ultrasonographic guidance. The factors analyzed were age, gender, mean blood pressure, the presence/absence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV), alcohol abuse, Child's classification, the presence/absence of esophagogastric varices, serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) level, tumor size, number of tumors, degree of tumor differentiation, the presence/absence of tumor capsule, tumor pressure, and the method of treatment. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards model was conducted on the factors that may have affected prognosis (P< 0.25) according to the univariate analysis using a proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

The rates of local and distant recurrence were higher (P< 0.01,P< 0.01, respectively) and the survival rate was lower (P= 0.03) in patients with high tumor pressure than in those with low tumor pressure. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor pressure (P< 0.01), AFP level (P= 0.01), and age (P= 0.01) were significant predictive factors associated with local recurrence. Tumor pressure (P< 0.01) and AFP level (P< 0.01) were both significantly associated with distant recurrence. The only significant predictive factor associated with survival rate was tumor pressure (P< 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

The current study revealed that tumor pressure was associated significantly with survival rates after Lp‐PEI or TAE in patients with small HCC. There were also significant predictive factors associated with local recurrence, these being tumor pressure, AFP level, and age, and with distant recurrence, namely, tumor pressure and AFP level. Tumor pressure measured before the initial treatment of patients with small HCC may be a useful new prognostic factor. Cancer 2002;95:596–604. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10690
Detection method and breast carcinoma histology
Authors: Newcomer Laura M. , Newcomb Polly A. , Trentham‐Dietz Amy , Storer Barry E. , Yasui Yutaka , Daling Janet R. , Potter John D.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The association between method of detection and breast carcinoma histopathology has not been assessed adequately in a population‐based setting.

METHODS

Among women who were included in a population‐based, case‐control study of breast cancer, patients who were newly diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma were identified from Wisconsin's statewide tumor registry. Only women age ≥ 50 years were analyzed, because screening by mammography was not recommended before age 50 years at the time of the study. The breast tumors among these women (n = 2341 tumors) included the following histopathologies: lobular carcinoma (n = 206 tumors); ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (n = 1920 tumors); papillary carcinoma (n = 15 tumors); medullary carcinoma (n = 36 tumors); mucinous adenocarcinoma (n = 56 tumors); tubular adenocarcinoma (n = 41 tumors); invasive comedocarcinoma (n = 24 tumors); scirrhous adenocarcinoma (n = 15 tumors); and mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma (n = 28 tumors).

RESULTS

Overall, women reported that 41% of tumors were detected by mammography, 48% of tumors were self detected, and 11% of tumors were detected by clinical breast examination (CBE). Detection by mammography was significantly more likely for women who had tubular carcinoma (83%; P < 0.001) and invasive comedocarcinoma (67%; P = 0.23) compared with women who had ductal carcinoma (40%). Mammography was significantly less likely to detect medullary carcinoma (17%) than ductal carcinoma (40%; P = 0.01). Lobular carcinoma was the only histopathology that, compared with ductal carcinoma, was detected significantly more often by CBE than by self detection. Mammography detected lobular carcinoma (42%) as frequently as ductal carcinoma (40%). However, the use of postmenopausal hormones may have modified these detection patterns: Among current users, mammography discovered a greater percentage of ductal carcinomas (51%) and fewer lobular carcinomas (36%) than nonusers.

CONCLUSIONS

Among women age ≥ 50 years, breast cancer detection by mammography, self detection, and CBE varied according to tumor histopathology. Cancer 2002;95:470–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10695
Optimal use of sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in patients with breast carcinoma
Authors: Wong Sandra L. , Abell Troy D. , Chao Celia , Edwards Michael J. , McMasters Kelly M.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

There are no data available from randomized controlled trials that compare the efficacy of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy with Level I/II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in patients with breast carcinoma. We performed a formal decision analysis to determine whether SLN biopsy is appropriate, compared with ALND, for patients with T1, T2, and T3 tumors and to quantify the relative value of these two procedures in the management of patients with breast carcinoma.

METHODS

All clinically relevant outcomes were modeled for both SLN biopsy and ALND. The probabilities of complications and outcomes were derived using data from the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Sentinel Lymph Node Study and from extensive review of previous studies. Utilities were assigned by the authors, incorporating values from the literature whenever possible.

RESULTS

The expected utility of SLN biopsy was higher than the expected utility for ALND for T1 and T2 tumors that were 4.0 cm or smaller. There was no clear preference for either procedure with tumors that were larger than 4.0 cm. The T1 and T2 results were robust to sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this decision analysis suggest that SLN biopsy is preferred over ALND for patients with breast tumors that are 4.0 cm or smaller. Patients should be aware of the potential for false‐negative results in SLN biopsy, but this risk is outweighed by the decreased morbidity associated with the procedure itself. Cancer 2002;95:478–87. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10696
Childhood and adolescent thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Grigsby Perry W. , Gal‐or Anat , Michalski Jeff M. , Doherty Gerard M.
Published: October 2002

OBJECTIVES

This analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of clinical and treatment factors on local tumor control, control of distant metastasis, survival, and complications in children and adolescents with thyroid carcinoma.

METHODS

The records of 56 children and adolescents with papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid were reviewed. They ranged in age from 4 to 20 years. There were 43 females and 13 males. At diagnosis, 15 (27%) patients had disease confined to the thyroid, 34 (60%) had additional lymph node metastasis to the neck or upper mediastinum, and 7 (13%) also had lung metastasis. Treatment consisted of a total thyroidectomy in 48 patients, a subtotal thyroidectomy in 4 patients, and a lobectomy in 4 patients. All 56 patients received postoperative thyroid hormone suppressive therapy.131I was administered to 82% (46 of 56) of patients after their initial surgery.

RESULTS

The overall survival rate was 98% with a follow‐up of 0.6–30.7 years (with a median follow‐up of 11.0 years). The one death that occurred in this patient population was the result of a congenital heart defect and was unrelated to thyroid carcinoma. The 10‐year progression‐free survival rate was 61%. Nineteen patients (34%) experienced a recurrence of their thyroid carcinoma. The time to first recurrence of disease ranged from 8 months to 14.8 years (mean, 5.3 years). None of those with disease confined to the thyroid developed recurrent disease. The recurrence rate was 50% (17 of 34) in patients with lymph node metastasis and 29% (2 of 7) in patients with lung metastasis (P= 0.02). Tumor characteristics were evaluated for time to first recurrence utilizing the logistic likelihood ratio test to predict disease recurrence. Thyroid capsule invasion (P= 0.02), soft tissue invasion (P= 0.03), positive margins (P= 0.006), and tumor location at diagnosis (thyroid only vs. thyroid and lymph nodes vs. thyroid, lymph nodes, and lung metastasis,P= 0.02) were significant for developing recurrent disease. Patients younger than 15 years old at diagnosis were more likely to have more extensive tumor at diagnosis than patients who were 15 years and older (thyroid only vs. thyroid and lymph nodes vs. thyroid, lymph nodes, and lung metastasis,P= 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Carcinoma of the thyroid in children and adolescents has little risk of mortality but a high risk of recurrence. Younger patients present with a more advanced stage of disease and are more likely to have disease recurrence. Total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection, followed by postoperative131I therapy, thyroid hormone replacement (suppressive) administration, and diligent surveillance are warranted. Cancer 2002;95:724–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10725
Serum concentrations of human hepatocyte growth factor is a useful indicator for predicting the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinomas in C‐viral chronic liver diseases
Authors: Yamagamim Hiroaki , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Matsumura Hiroshi , Aoki Hiroshi , Shimizu Toshihiro , Saito Takahide , Kaneko Miki , Shioda Atsuo , Tanaka Naohide , Arakawa Yasuyuki
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Numerous reports have examined the relationship between hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and either the facilitation or suppression of the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

In this study, we measured serum HGF concentrations of blood samples and conducted prospective studies to examine the long‐term outcome of C‐viral chronic hepatitis (CH) and cirrhosis in patients. The subjects examined in this study include 99 patients with C‐viral CH, cirrhosis, and HCC. The serum HGF level was measured in blood samples within 48 hours of collection using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits.

RESULTS

The serum concentrations of HGF were significantly higher in patients with HCC than in patients with CH or cirrhosis. The detection rate of HGF and its mean serum level were significantly higher in patients with a low platelet count than in patients with a high platelet count. All of the patients with serum HGF concentrations of more than 0.6 ng/mL had HCC, irrespective of the levels of α‐fetoprotein, vitamin K absence, or antagonist‐II in the blood. Serum HGF concentrations increased concomitantly with increases in areas occupied by HCC. The cumulative incidence of occurrence of HCC was significantly higher in patients with high HGF concentrations than in patients with low HGF concentrations. Multivariate analysis revealed that the elevation in serum HGF level is the most important risk factor for the occurrence of HCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The serum level of HGF represents the degree of the carcinogenic state in the liver of patients with C‐viral CH and cirrhosis. Therefore, the determination of serum HGF concentrations may be useful as a third tumor marker of HCC in detection as well as follow‐up therapy. Cancer 2002;95:824–34. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10732
Recurrent micropapillary serous ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Bristow Robert E. , Gossett Dana R. , Shook David R. , Zahurak Mariana L. , Tomacruz Rafael S. , Armstrong Deborah K. , Montz Fredrick. J.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The objectives of the current study were to: 1) characterize the clinical outcome of patients with recurrent micropapillary serous ovarian carcinoma (MPSC) and 2) evaluate the survival impact of secondary cytoreductive surgery and other prognostic variables.

METHODS

Twenty‐six patients with recurrent MPSC were identified retrospectively from hospital and tumor registry databases. Survival curves were generated from the time of tumor recurrence using the Kaplan–Meier method and statistical comparisons were performed using the log‐rank test, logistic regression analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model.

RESULTS

The median age of the patients at the time of recurrence was 46 years. The mean progression‐free interval was 31.6 months, and 92% of patients had advanced stage disease at the time of the initial diagnosis. Twenty‐one patients underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery; tumor debulking was performed in 90.5% of cases and 52.4% of patients required an intestinal resection. Optimal resection (residual disease ≤ 1 cm) was achieved in 15 patients (71.4%). Patients undergoing optimal secondary cytoreduction had a median survival time of 61.2 months from the date of disease recurrence, compared with 25.5 months for those patients in whom suboptimal residual disease remained (P< 0.02) and 29.9 months for nonsurgical patients (P< 0.01). On multivariate analysis, optimal secondary cytoreduction was found to be the only independent predictor of survival. Salvage chemotherapy produced an objective response in 25% of patients with measurable disease. The administration of chemotherapy prior to surgical intervention was associated with a trend toward worse survival and a lower likelihood of optimal secondary cytoreduction.

CONCLUSIONS

Optimal secondary cytoreductive surgery is feasible in the majority of patients with recurrent MPSC and is an independent predictor of subsequent survival. Surgical intervention should be considered for those patients with recurrent MPSC. [See editorials on pages 675–6 and 677–80, this issue.] Cancer 2002;95:791–800. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10789
Stereological estimates of total neuron numbers in the hippocampus of adult reeler mutant mice: Evidence for an increased survival of Cajal‐Retzius cells
Authors: Coulin Carola , Drakew Alexander , Frotscher Michael , Deller Thomas
Published: October 2002

The cytoarchitecture of the brain is disrupted severely in reeler mice. This is caused by a deficiency in the protein, Reelin, which is essential for the normal migration and positioning of neurons during development. Although cell migration is clearly affected by the reeler mutation, it is believed that the total number of neurons is not. Thus, we were surprised to find an unusually large number of calretinin‐immunopositive cells, presumably Cajal‐Retzius cells, in the molecular layer of the adult reeler hippocampus (Deller et al. [1999]; Exp. Neurol. 156:239–253). This suggested that the reeler mutation affects the number of neurons in the hippocampus. In order to verify this hypothesis, unbiased stereological methods were employed. Calretinin immunostaining was used as a marker for Cajal‐Retzius cells in control as well as reeler mice and Nissl staining was used to identify hippocampal principal neurons. Total numbers of calretinin‐immunopositive cells, calretinin‐immunoreactive Cajal‐Retzius cells, and Nissl‐stained neurons were estimated in different subfields of the reeler and the control hippocampus. Stereological estimates (P < 0.05) revealed that the total number of calretinin‐immunopositive and Cajal‐Retzius cells in reeler mice are 1.5 and 2.1 times that of controls, respectively. No significant difference in total neuron number was found in any hippocampal subfield. These data demonstrate that the reeler mutation affects the number of calretinin‐immunoreactive Cajal‐Retzius cells in the adult hippocampus, probably due to a reduced excitatory innervation by entorhinal terminals in the absence of reelin. However, the reeler mutation does not affect mechanisms that determine total hippocampal neuron number. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:19–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On a multilevel preconditioning module for unstructured mesh Krylov solvers: two‐level Schwarz
Authors: Tuminaro R. S. , Tong C. H. , Shadid J. N. , Devine K. D. , Day D.M.
Published: October 2002

Multilevel methods offer the best promise to attain both fast convergence and parallel efficiency in the numerical solution of parabolic and elliptic partial differential equations. Unfortunately, they have not been widely used in part because of implementation difficulties for unstructured mesh solvers. To facilitate use, a multilevel preconditioner software module, ML, has been constructed. Several methods are provided requiring relatively modest programming effort on the part of the application developer. This report discusses the implementation of one method in the module: a two‐level Krylov–Schwarz preconditioner. To illustrate the use of these methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) engineering applications, we present results for 2D and 3D CFD benchmark problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform colour spaces based on the DIN99 colour‐difference formula
Authors: Cui G. , Luo M. R. , Rigg B. , Roesler G. , Witt K.
Published: October 2002

Several colour‐difference formulas such as CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 have been developed by modifying CIELAB. These formulas give much better fits for experimental data based on small colour differences than does CIELAB. None of these has an associated uniform colour space (UCS). The need for a UCS is demonstrated by the widespread use of the a*b* diagram despite the lack of uniformity. This article describes the development of formulas, with the same basic structure as the DIN99 formula, that predict the experimental data sets better than do the CMC and CIE94 colour‐difference formulas and only slightly worse than CIEDE2000 (which was optimized on the experimental data). However, these formulas all have an associated UCS. The spaces are similar in form to L*a*b*. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 282–290, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10066
MEK inhibitor U0126 interferes with immunofluorescence analysis of apoptotic cell death
Authors: Blank Norbert , Burger Renate , Duerr Birgit , Bakker Frank , Wohlfarth Anika , Dumitriu Ingrid , Kalden Joachim R. , Herrmann Martin
Published: October 2002

Background

Binding of extracellular growth factors to cell surface receptors often results in activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). MAPK is regulated by MAPK kinase, also called MEK. Deprivation of growth factors during cell culture or intracellular MEK inhibition leads to inhibition of proliferation and apoptotic cell death. Besides other techniques, apoptotic cells can be identified by phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and exclusion of membrane‐impermeant propidium iodide (PI). We investigated the limitations of detection of apoptotic cell death and cytofluorometry in cells cultured in the presence of the MEK inhibitor U0126.

Methods

Apoptotic cell death was induced in the plasmacytoma cell line INA‐6, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and in cultured T lymphoblasts by deprivation of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) or by incubation with the MEK inhibitor U0126. Apoptotic cell death was quantified by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide (AxV/PI) double staining.

Results

U0126‐treated cells dramatically changed their fluorescence pattern during cell culture. If AxV/PI staining is employed to detect apoptotic cell death, the background fluorescence mimicks PS exposure on viable cells. The compound itself has no intrinsic fluorescence in vitro but develops an intensive fluorescence during cell culture which can be observed in all fluorescence channels with a predominance in the FL1 channel (525 nm). We further demonstrate that at least some of the U0126‐induced background fluorescence is dependent on cellular uptake and intracellular modifications or cellular responses.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that appropriate controls for every single time point are necessary if fluorescence analyses are performed in the presence of chemical enzyme inhibitors. In the case of MEK inhibitors, either the use of PD098059 or PD184352 as an alternative for U0126 or nonfluorometric methods for detection of apoptosis should be considered. Cytometry 48:179–184, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small aggregates of platelets can be detected sensitively by a flow cytometer equipped with an imaging device: Mechanisms of epinephrine‐induced aggregation and antiplatelet effects of beraprost
Authors: Satoh Kaneo , Yatomi Yutaka , Kubota Fumio , Ozaki Yukio
Published: October 2002

Background

Although cross‐talks between platelets and other blood cells are important in vivo, laboratory platelet aggregation tests have been performed mainly with the use of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) as samples. Methods that enable an efficient and sensitive detection of platelet aggregates in whole blood are being developed.

Methods

A flow cytometer equipped with an imaging device, the flow imaging cytometer 2 (FIC2), was used to detect platelet aggregates in whole blood.

Results

The FIC2 provides a resolution that is high enough to differentiate platelet aggregates from single platelets or other blood cells. Epinephrine elicited platelet aggregate formation in hirudin plus argatroban‐treated whole blood, but not in PRP. The reconstitution study revealed that a small amount of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from erythrocytes may play an important role in epinephrine‐induced platelet aggregation (in whole blood), through mediation of P2Y1 receptors. When the inhibitory effect of beraprost, an antiplatelet agent, on platelet aggregation was assessed, analysis of whole blood samples with FIC2 proved to be the most sensitive among the methods available.

Conclusions

FIC2 is a promising device for detection of platelet aggregates in whole blood, with wide basic and clinical applications. Cytometry 48:194–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colloid cyst of the third ventricle: Cytomorphologic features on stereotactic fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Parwani Anil V. , Fatani Imran Y. , Burger Peter C. , Erozan Yener S. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: October 2002

Stereotactic brain fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is a valuable diagnostic modality for evaluating space‐occupying central nervous system disorders. Colloid cyst (CC) is a rare nonneoplastic lesion thought to arise from misplaced endodermal tissue in the anterosuperior portion of the third ventricle. This study summarizes cytomorphologic features of CC on FNA along with clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlation. Ten cases of CC of the third ventricle diagnosed on FNA were retrospectively reviewed for a period of 12 yr (1989–2000). Material was obtained under stereotactic radiologic guidance. Smears were stained with Diff‐Quik and Papanicolaou stains and cell block sections with hematoxylin and eosin. The aspirates showed a characteristic sticky and viscous quality on gross examination. Smears showed abundant, amorphous, proteinaceous material with staining qualities similar to colloid aspirated from thyroid. This included a purplish, filmlike coating of the slide with occasional “cracking” artifact; thick, globular, eosinophilic fragments; and granular, ropelike, and somewhat viscous, mucinous material. Pathognomonic radiating hyphae‐like structures were not seen. The cellular components varied from isolated cuboidal/columnar cells to large tissue fragments of glandular‐type epithelium with focal ciliated border. Goblet cells were frequently identifiable, as were fragments of collagenous cyst wall. Stereotactic FNA of the CC of the third ventricle is an accurate and cost‐effective diagnostic modality. Cytomorphology coupled with the radiologic features is sufficiently unique for the diagnosis of this rare pathologic entity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:27–31. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of polymorphic N‐acetylation of new drug candidates by correlation with human NAT1 and NAT2
Authors: Jemnitz Katalin , Vereczkey László
Published: October 2002

Due to interindividual variation in N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) activity, pharmaceutical companies face the problem of polymorphic metabolism in drugs that are metabolized mainly or exclusively by this enzyme. An in vitro method has been developed to predict in vivo polymorphic N‐acetylation at an early stage of drug development. Two new type 5H‐2,3‐benzodiazepine derivatives, Nerisopam (NER) with anxiolytic activity and GYKI47261 with antiepileptic activity, are metabolized mainly by N‐acetylation in the rat and human. The selectivity of human N‐acetyltransferases (NAT1,2) to form the acetylated metabolites has been investigated by correlation analysis. Twelve human liver samples were characterized for NAT1 and NAT2 phenotype based on their enzyme activity toward two selective NAT1 (p‐aminobenzoic acid, PABA; p‐aminosalicylic acid, PAS) and two selective NAT2 (sulfamethazine, SMZ; procainamide, PROC) substrates. Significant correlation was found between enzyme activities NAT1PABA/NAT1PAS and NAT2SMZ/NAT2PROC, respectively, and no correlation was observed comparing enzyme activities toward NAT1PABA/NAT2PROC. Enzyme activities using NER and GYKI 47261 as substrates were compared to activities obtained with NAT1 and NAT2 selective substrates, and the correlation coefficients were calculated. Good correlation was established between the rates of acetylation of the two drugs and that of the NAT2 selective substrate (NER/NAT2SMZ, r2=0.91, GYKI 47261/NAT2SMZ, r2=0.91). In contrast, no correlation was found between the rate of conjugation of the drugs and that of NAT1 selective substrate (NER/NAT1PABA, r2=0.022, GYKI 47261/NAT1PABA, r2=0.0004), suggesting polymorphic in vivo metabolism, since both drugs are acetylated preferably by NAT2. According to our results, correlation analysis based on in vitro acetylation activity may be used to predict in vivo polymorphic metabolism. Drug Dev. Res. 56:17–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An exploratory study of fetal behavior at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age in hypertensive women
Authors: Warner J. , Hains S. M. J. , Kisilevsky B. S.
Published: October 2002

The relationship between maternal blood pressure (BP) and fetal behaviors as well as differential spontaneous and vibroacoustic elicited fetal behaviors were examined in hypertensive (n=21) compared to normotensive (n=22) women at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age (GA). Maternal BP was negatively related to GA at birth and birth weight. On average, fetuses of hypertensive women were born 2 weeks earlier (38 weeks GA) and 340 g lighter. Maternal systolic BP was negatively related to the number of spontaneous body movements observed on ultrasound scan over 20 min and the magnitude of the fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration elicited by a vibroacoustic stimulus. At 36 weeks GA, vibroacoustic stimulation elicited differential responding with fetuses in the hypertensive compared to the normotensive group having fewer body movements, a lower magnitude of FHR acceleration, and a lack of cardiac–body movement coupled responses. These findings suggest a relationship between maternal BP and fetal behaviors and differential functional development of sensory‐motor response systems which need to be characterized in the subgroups of hypertensive disorders observed during pregnancy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 156–168, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10062
Efficient ectopic gene expression targeting chick mesoderm
Authors: Oberg Kerby C. , Pira Charmaine U. , Revelli Jean‐Pierre , Ratz Beate , Aguilar‐Cordova Estuardo , Eichele Gregor
Published: October 2002

Abstract

The chick model has been instrumental in illuminating genes that regulate early vertebrate development and pattern formation. Targeted ectopic gene expression is critical to dissect further the complicated gene interactions that are involved. In an effort to develop a consistent method to ectopically introduce and focally express genes in chick mesoderm, we evaluated and optimized several gene delivery methods, including implantation of 293 cells laden with viral vectors, direct adenoviral injection, and electroporation (EP). We targeted the mesoderm of chick wing buds between stages 19 and 21 (Hamburger and Hamilton stages) and used β‐galactosidase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) to document gene transfer. Expression constructs using the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the β‐actin promoter, and vectors with an internal ribosomal entry sequence linked to GFP (IRES‐GFP) were also compared. After gene transfer, we monitored expression for up to 3 days. The functionality of ectopic expression was demonstrated with constructs containing the coding sequences for Shh, a secreted signaling protein, or Hoxb‐8, a transcription factor, both of which can induce digit duplication when ectopically expressed in anterior limb mesoderm. We identified several factors that enhance mesodermal gene transfer. First, the use of a vector with the β‐actin promoter coupled to the 69% fragment of the bovine papilloma virus yielded superior mesodermal expression both by markers and functional results when compared with several CMV‐driven vectors. Second, we found the use of mineral oil to be an important adjuvant for EP and direct viral injection to localize and contain vector within the mesoderm at the injection site. Lastly, although ectopic expression could be achieved with all three methods, we favored EP confined to the mesoderm with insulated microelectrodes (confined microelectroporation‐ CMEP), because vector construction is rapid, the method is efficient, and results were consistent and reproducible. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimality in the developing vascular system: Branching remodeling by means of intussusception as an efficient adaptation mechanism
Authors: Djonov Valentin G. , Kurz Haymo , Burri Peter H.
Published: October 2002

The theory of bifurcating vascular systems predicts vessel diameters that are related to optimality criteria like minimization of pumping energy or of building material. However, mechanisms for producing the postulated optimality have not been described so far, and quantitative data on bifurcation diameters during development are scarce. We used an embryonic vascular bed that rapidly grows and adapts to changing hemodynamic conditions, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and correlated vascular cast and tissue section morphology with in vivo time‐lapse video monitoring. The bifurcation exponent Δ and associated parameters were quantitatively assessed in arterial and venous microvessels ranging in diameter from 30 to 100 μm. We observed emergence of optimality by means of intussusception, i.e., formation of transvascular tissue pillars. In addition to intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG = expansion of capillary networks) and intussusceptive arborization (IAR = formation of feeding vessels from capillaries) the observed intussusception at bifurcations represents a third variant of nonsprouting angiogenesis. We call it intussusceptive branching remodeling (IBR). IBR occurred in vessels of considerable diameter by means of two alternative mechanisms: either through pillars arising close to a bifurcation, which increased in girth until they merged with the connective tissue in the bifurcation angle; or through pillars arising at some distance from the bifurcation point, which then expanded by formation of ingrowing tissue folds until they became connected to the tissue of the bifurcation angle. Morphologic evidence suggests that IBR is a wide‐spread phenomenon, taking place also in lung, intestinal, kidney, eye, etc., vasculature. Irrespective of the mode followed, IBR led to a branching pattern close to the predicted optimum, Δ = 3.0. Significant differences were observed between Δ at arterial bifurcations (2.70 to 2.90) and Δ at venous bifurcations (2.93 to 3.75). IBR, by means of eccentric pillar formation and fusion, was also involved in vascular pruning. Experimental changes in CAM hemodynamics (by locally increasing blood flow) induced onset of IBR within less than 1 hr. Our study provides morphologic and quantitative evidence that a similar cellular machinery is used for all three variants of vascular intussusception, IMG, IAR, and IBR. It thus provides a mechanism of efficiently generating complex blood transport systems from limited genetic information. Differential quantitative outcome of IBR in arteries and veins, and the experimental induction of IBR strongly suggest that hemodynamic factors can instruct embryonic vascular remodeling toward optimality. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of psychoeducation on disturbed eating attitudes and behavior in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Olmsted Marion P. , Daneman Denis , Rydall Anne C. , Lawson Margaret L. , Rodin Gary
Published: October 2002

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a six‐session psychoeducation (PE) program on young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and disordered eating attitudes and behavior.

Method

Two hundred twelve young women attending a pediatric diabetes clinic were screened for signs of eating disturbance. Of these women, 130 passed the screening and were invited to participate in the intervention phase of the study. Eighty‐five subjects were randomized to the PE or treatment‐as‐usual group. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment and at 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

Intention‐to‐treat group by time multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) indicated significant reductions following PE treatment on the Restraint and Eating Concern subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and on the Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), but no improvement in frequency of purging by insulin omission or hemoglobin A1c levels.

Discussion

The PE group was associated with reductions in eating disturbance, but not with improved metabolic control. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 230–239, 2002.
The impact of racial stereotypes on eating disorder recognition
Authors: Gordon Kathryn H. , Perez Marisol , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Eating disorders are commonly believed to affect Caucasian women more so than other women. The authors examined whether participants recognize disturbed eating symptoms to a lesser degree in an African American or Hispanic female compared with a Caucasian female.

Method

A sample of 160 undergraduate students of different ethnic backgrounds read a passage about an adolescent girl who displayed eating disorder symptoms. Participants received one of three passages; the passages differed only regarding the girl's race (African American, Caucasian, or Hispanic). Participants completed questionnaires used to reveal possible racial stereotypes about eating disorders.

Results

The study found that the race of the adolescent girl had a significant impact on detection of disturbed eating patterns, such that participants recognized the eating disorder more when they read about a Caucasian girl than when they read about a minority girl (Hispanic or African American).

Discussion

The results have implications for public awareness of eating disorders, as well as clinical implications for work with eating disorder patients from various ethnic backgrounds. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 219–224, 2002.
Maneuver target tracking with an acceleration estimator using target past positions
Authors: Hashirao Masataka , Kawase Tetsuya , Sasase Iwao
Published: October 2002

Target tracking filters with a low computational load are desired in air traffic control systems in order to simultaneously search and track multiple aircraft. The applications of the α−β filter and the Kalman filter have been widely studied. Although excellent tracking accuracy can be obtained for linear motion by the α−β filter, the tracking accuracy degrades for a maneuvering target, the difference between the predicted position and the actual target position becomes large, and mistracking where the target is lost may occur. While there has been research on filters that estimate the acceleration, these filters could only be used when there is little maneuvering and the computational load is huge. In this research, we propose a method that adds an acceleration term during turning motion as the tracking filter for maneuvering motion and not just linear motion and estimates the turning acceleration from past estimated positions of the target. We also reduce the tracking errors for a maneuvering target. We use simple trajectories of the target in computer simulations and compare the proposed method to conventional filters to demonstrate its effectiveness. And we evaluate the performance of the proposed acceleration estimation method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 29–37, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10026
Gender recognition method based on silhouette, footstep, and foot pressure measurements for counting customers
Authors: Sudo Kyoko , Yamato Junji , Tomono Akira , Ishii Ken‐ichiro
Published: October 2002

Conventional methods of gender recognition cannot be applied to counting store customers in terms of both data acquisition conditions and processing time. To solve this problem, the authors proposed a gender recognition method based on human silhouette shape characteristics. The current study demonstrated for the first time how efficient the footstep characteristic and foot pressure characteristic are for gender recognition. It discussed the recognition technique based on joining of the mentioned characteristics with the silhouette characteristic. These were joined by the one‐dimensional compression based on the Fischer discrimination of characteristic vectors arranged in the order of characteristic rates for these three types. Based on the results of clothing‐related research aimed at department store customers, a population group consisting of 45 male and 45 female participants was gathered to simulate distribution of various types of clothing and footwear. The authors conducted recognition tests with this population group and examined distributions by types of clothes and footwear in the characteristic space. The results showed that (1) for each separate characteristic rate the recognition rate which used to be 80% increased up to 90% due to use of joint characteristics, (2) there were numerous samples that featured correct recognition by the footstep characteristic or foot pressure characteristic even with erroneous recognition by the silhouette characteristic, which demonstrated effectiveness of the proposed combination of the three types of characteristic rates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 54–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10066
Identification of defects in a scan chain by IDDQ measurement
Authors: Hirase Jun‐ichi , Shindou Naoki , Akahori Koji
Published: October 2002

“Scan design” which effectively tests sequential circuits has been popular in the LSI industry. However, to make this operation successful, the scan chain must work normally. This paper proposes a new efficient test method for scan chains. This is based on the idea that an abnormal chain is identified by its abnormal IDDQ. This method can identify even the exact location of an abnormal part. The effectiveness of this method has been confirmed experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 33–39, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1110
Transient characteristics of a UPFC and its effect on suppressing power flow variation
Authors: Watanabe Yasuhiro , Fujita Hideaki , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: October 2002

This paper describes transient characteristics of a UPFC and its performance of suppressing power flow variation in a power transmission system having two parallel lines. The UPFC is installed in series with the two parallel lines and it controls the total power flow of the lines. Dynamic performance caused by a single line trip is theoretically and experimentally discussed. Experimental results reveal that a conventional control may produce an excessive power flow variation at the instant of the trip. On the other hand, the fast control scheme, which has been proposed by the authors, shows good performance of power flow control without any variation not only in steady state but also in transient state. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 65–75, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2011
What do you think is ‘fair’? Effects of ingroup norms and outcome control on fairness judgments
Authors: Hertel Guido , Aarts Henk , Zeelenberg Marcel
Published: October 2002

Two studies are reported that examine whether fairness judgments in dyadic exchange situations are influenced by descriptive ingroup norms or the interdependence structure of the exchange situation. In both studies, these factors were varied within a minimal group categorization paradigm. Results showed that ingroup norms affected fairness judgments when participants interacted with another group member and interaction outcomes could be affected by this partner. However, in interactions with group members who could not influence the outcome of the partners no effects of ingroup norms were observed. Together, the results suggest that persons do not simply assimilate their fairness judgments to the normative context of their group, but adapt fairness judgments rather strategically to the expected behavior of their interaction partner in order to maintain general equality or reciprocity principles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation, azzurro. II. micronucleus induction in immunophenotyped human lymphocytes
Authors: Soloneski Sonia , Reigosa Miguel A. , Larramendy Marcelo L.
Published: October 2002

The frequency of micronuclei was measured in human peripheral B‐lymphocytes and some T‐lymphocyte subpopulations exposed in vitro to 1.0–100.0 μg/ml of the dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation azzurro. The peripheral mononuclear lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin after pesticide treatment and B‐lymphocytes and the various T‐lymphocyte subsets were classified by the MAC (morphology, antibody, chromosomes) method, which allows the immunological identification of different cell lineages. An increased frequency of micronuclei in CD20+ (P < 0.01), CD3+ (P < 0.01), and CD8+ lymphocytes (P < 0.01) was observed only when 25.0 μg/ml of zineb and azzurro were employed. The frequency of micronuclei in treated CD8+ cells did not differ from treated CD20+ lymphocytes (P > 0.05). Lower concentrations of pesticides did not increase the frequency of micronuclei from that observed in control cultures. Furthermore, for both zineb and azzurro cytotoxicity was observed at doses higher than 50.0 μg/ml. Significant increases in the proportion of CD20+ (P < 0.01) and CD8+ cells (P < 0.01) among mitotic and interphasic lymphocytes from both zineb‐ and azzurro‐treated cultures were observed only when a concentration of 25.0 μg/ml was employed. In contrast, significant decreases in the proportion of CD3+ (P < 0.01) and CD4+ cells (P < 0.01) were found for both mitotic and interphasic lymphocytes from zineb‐ and azzurro‐treated cultures. The MAC methodology revealed that among the different lymphocyte subpopulations analyzed (CD20, CD3, CD4, and CD8), the induction of micronuclei by zineb and its commercial formulation azzurro was restricted to CD20+ B‐cells and T‐suppressor/cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:57–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New measure of DNA repair in the single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay
Authors: Kim Byung‐Soo , Park Jin Joo , Edler Lutz , von Fournier Dietrich , Haase Wulf , Sautter‐Bihl Marie‐Luise , Gotzes Florian , Thielmann Heinz Walter
Published: October 2002

Since its introduction by Östling and Johanson [1984; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123:291–298] and independent modifications by Singh et al. [1990; Exp Cell Res 175:184–191] and Olive et al. [1988; Radiat Res 112:86–94], the comet assay has been widely used in genetic toxicology, environmental biomonitoring, molecular and human epidemiology, and clinical investigations. There are still several issues to be resolved before the comet assay is accepted as a standard assay for detecting DNA damage and repair in a single cell. One of the major issues is the proper quantification of DNA damage/repair. The aim of this article is to develop a new quantitative measure of DNA damage/repair which is represented in the dose–time‐response surface. We propose to use the second derivative (2D) of the dose–time‐response surface for measuring DNA repair activity. This approach enables us to represent the DNA repair activity of cells exposed to a DNA‐damaging agent with a single number by combining all the information of a dose–time‐response experiment. The computation procedure includes the application of linear regression. An SAS/AF‐based program, “Comet Assay,” was developed for this computation and is freely available on the Internet. We considered the response of each of four DNA damage parameters: tail moment, tail length, tail DNA, and tail inertia for constructing the dose–time‐response surface. Using data from 25 patients, we observed that 2Ds based on tail moment and tail DNA were highly correlated and that tail inertia might provide information on a somewhat different aspect of DNA damage/repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:50–56, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.