bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilatometrically Determined Volumes of Neutralization for a Series of Differently Charged Octahedral Aquo and Ammine Complexes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kitamura Y. , van Eldik R.
Published: December 2015

Reaction volumes at infinite dilution (ΔV̄0) were obtained at 25°C using a Carlsberg dilatometer for 19 reactions of the type MAz + OH− → MBz‐1 + H2O, where M = Pt(IV), Rh(III) and Co(III); A = H2O, NH3 and C2O4H; B = OH, NH2 and C2O4; and z = charge on complex which was varied between 4 + and 2‐ by selecting appropriate non‐participating ligands. The values of ΔV̄0 strongly depend on z and range from 35.5 ± 0.4 for Pt(NH3)64+ to 2.4 ± 0.3 cm3 mol−1 for Co(CN)5OH22‐. The results are consistent with the fundamental theories concerning electrostriction effects, and ΔV̄0 can be expressed as ΔV̄0 = (14.5 ± 0.8) ‐ (2.5 ± 0.2) Δz2 cm3 mol−1 where Δz2 = (z‐1)2‐z2. In addition it was found that ΔV̄0 = 22.1 ± 0.1 cm3 mol−1 for the neutralization reaction of a strong acid.
Direct Evidence for the Participation of Oxygen Vacancies in the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide over Ceria‐Supported Gold Catalysts by using Operando Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Lohrenscheit Marno , Hess Christian
Published: December 2015

Supported gold catalysts are highly active for a variety of reactions, including low‐temperature CO oxidation. It has been shown that reducible support materials, for example, ceria and titania, may significantly alter catalytic performance. However, the current understanding of the CO oxidation mechanism of such gold catalysts is still incomplete, as important details such as the activation of oxygen and the role of oxygen vacancies are unknown. To elucidate the role of the ceria support during room‐temperature CO oxidation, we employed operando Raman spectroscopy by simultaneously recording the Raman spectra of the catalyst and the gas‐phase FTIR spectra. Our results give first direct spectroscopic evidence for the participation of oxygen vacancies in the oxidation of CO over ceria‐supported gold, which thus underlines the crucial role of the support material for detailed understanding of the mode of operation of supported gold catalysts.
Homonuclear Mixed‐Valent Cobalt Imidazolate Framework for Oxygen‐Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Flügel Erik A. , Lau Vincent W‐h. , Schlomberg Hendrik , Glaum Robert , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: December 2015

Herein, the synthesis and characterization of the first mixed‐valent, purely cobalt‐based zeolitic imidazolate framework, CoII3CoIII2(C3H3N2)12 is presented. The material adopts the cubic garnet‐type structure and combines high thermal stability of up to 350 °C with excellent chemical stability. Electrochemical characterization showed that the cobalt centres are redox active and efficiently support oxygen evolution, thus rendering this framework a potential candidate for single‐site heterogeneous catalysis based on earth‐abundant elements.
Overall Water Splitting on the Transition‐Metal Oxynitride Photocatalyst LaMg1/3Ta2/3O2N over a Large Portion of the Visible‐Light Spectrum
Authors: Pan Chengsi , Takata Tsuyoshi , Domen Kazunari
Published: December 2015

One of the main targets of studies on water splitting photocatalysts is to develop semiconductor materials with narrower bandgaps capable of overall water splitting for efficient harvesting of solar energy. A series of transition‐metal oxynitrides, LaMgxTa1−xO1+3xN2−3x (x≥1/3), with a complex perovskite structure was reported as the first example of overall water splitting operable at up to 600 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of LaMg1/3Ta2/3O2N was investigated in detail in order to optimize photocatalyst preparation and water‐splitting activity. Various attempts exploring photocatalyst preparation steps, that is, cocatalyst selection, coating material and method, and synthesis method for the oxide precursor, revealed photocatalyst structures necessary for achieving overall water splitting. Careful examination of photocatalyst preparation procedures likely enhanced the quality of the produced photocatalyst, leading to a more homogeneous coating quality and semiconductor particles with fewer defects. Thus, the photocatalytic activity for water splitting on LaMg1/3Ta2/3O2N was largely enhanced.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Strontium Dinickel Iron Orthophosphate.
Authors: Ouaatta Said , Assani Abderrazzak , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: December 2015

SrNi2Fe(PO4)3 is prepared by drying a stoichiometric HNO3 solution of the metal nitrates followed by calcination of the residue in air (Pt crucible, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Crystal Structures of Thallium (I) Thorium Fluorides and Crystal Chemistry of Monovalent Tetravalent Cation Pentafluorides.
Authors: Oudahmane Abdelghani , El‐Ghozzi Malika , Jouffret Laurent , Avignant Daniel
Published: December 2015

Single crystals of TlThF5 (I) are prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of TlF and ThF4 (Pt tube, 753 K, 3 weeks).
ChemInform Abstract: Host‐Sensitized Photoluminescence and Coordination Environment Evolution in Ba6 (Bi1‐xTbx)9B79O138 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1).
Authors: Li Qiaoqi , Cong Rihong , Gao Wenliang , Yang Tao
Published: December 2015

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of H3BO3 (10% excess), Bi2O3, BaCO3, and Tb4O7 (staged heating, 700‐850 °C, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of CaCu5‐Type RNi3TSi (R: Gd and Tb, T: Mn, Fe, Co and Cu) Compounds.
Authors: Morozkin A. V. , Knotko A. V. , Yapaskurt V. O. , Yao Jinlei , Yuan Fang , Mozharivskyj Y. , Nirmala R. , Quezado S. , Malik S. K.
Published: December 2015

LnNi3TSi (Ln: Gd, Tb; T: Mn, Fe, Co, Cu) compounds with the CaCu5‐type structure (space group P6/mmm, powder XRD) are prepared by arc melting of stoichiometric amounts of the elements and subsequent annealing under argon (1070 K, 200 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ammine Calcium and Strontium Borohydrides: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties.
Authors: Jepsen Lars H. , Lee Young‐Su , Cerny Radovan , Sarusie Ram S. , Cho Young Whan , Besenbacher Flemming , Jensen Torben R.
Published: December 2015

Sr(NH3)4(BH4)2 (I) and Ca(NH3)6(BH4)2 (II) are prepared by passing anhydrous NH3 over Ca(BH4)2 and Sr(BH4)2 (‐5 °C, 1‐2 h) and subsequent vacuum drying.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structures and Optical Properties of A2Zn3 (SeO3)4·xH2O (A: Li, Na, K; x = 2 or 0).
Authors: Liu Yunsheng , Mei Dajiang , Xu Jingli , Wu Yuandong
Published: December 2015

Single crystals of M2Zn3 (SeO3)4·xH2O (M: Li, Na, K; x = 2 or 0) are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of stoichiometric amounts of the alkali metal and zinc carbonates as well as SeO2 in H2O at pH 6.2, 7.5, and 8.6, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Atomically Thin Two‐Dimensional Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites.
Authors: Dou Letian , et al.
Published: December 2015

Atomically thin sheets of the hybrid perovskite (BuNH3)2PbBr4 are grown on Si/SiO2 substrates by evaporation of a highly diluted stoichiometric solution of MeNH3Br and PbCl2 in anhydrous DMF/PhCl (1:1) (75 °C, 10 min).
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis, Structure and Properties of a New Compound with 1D Linear Chain Arsenomolybdate Anion Building Block.
Authors: Zhao Wenqi , Su Zhanhua , Zhao Zhifeng , Cong Bowen , Xia Lin , Zhou Baibin
Published: December 2015

The new compound [Cu(bipy)]2 [H2As2Mo2O14] is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of MoO3, CuCl2, Na3AsO4, bipy, HCl, and H2O (autoclave, pH 3.5, 160 °C, 6 d; 58% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: An Aluminum Hydride that Functions Like a Transition‐Metal Catalyst.
Authors: Yang Zhi , Zhong Mingdong , Ma Xiaoli , De Susmita , Anusha Chakkittakandiyil , Parameswaran Pattiyil , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: December 2015

The aluminum hydride (ALH) efficiently catalyzes the hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones as well as the addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroamidocarbonylation of Olefins to Imides.
Authors: Li Haoquan , Dong Kaiwu , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2015

The convenient protocol allows the regioselective synthesis of a wide range of imides from olefins, amides, and carbon monoxide.
ChemInform Abstract: ansa‐Ruthenium(II) Complexes of R2NSO2DPEN‐(CH2)n (η6‐Aryl) Conjugate Ligands for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Kisic Andrea , Stephan Michel , Mohar Barbara
Published: December 2015

New 3rd generation designer ansa‐ruthenium(II) complexes, featuring N,C‐alkylene‐tethered N,N‐dialkylsulfamoyl‐DPEN/η6‐arene ligands, exhibit good catalytic performance in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various classes of (het)aryl ketones in a HCOOH/Et3N mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Enantioselective Mannich Reaction of Aldehydes with Cyclic N‐Acyliminium Ions by Synergistic Catalysis.
Authors: Berti Francesco , Malossi Federico , Marchetti Fabio , Pineschi Mauro
Published: December 2015

The organocatalyzed alkylation of quinoline N,O‐acetals (I) with aldehydes (II) followed by reduction of intermediate aldehydes gives rise to alcohols (III) with good to high enantioselectivity but only low to moderate diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Aziridine Ring Opening‐Disulfide Formation‐Reduction‐Michael Addition in One‐Pot Mediated by Tetrathiomolybdate.
Authors: Sureshkumar Devarajulu , Gunasundari Thanikachalam , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan
Published: December 2015

An efficient procedure is elaborated for the synthesis of β‐sulfonamidosulfides from aziridines, alkenes, and tetrathiomolybdate.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic α‐Fe2O3 Nanofibers: An Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Selective Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Ziyadi Hakimeh , Heydari Akbar , Nikbakht Fatemeh
Published: December 2015

Magnetically recyclable α‐Fe2O3 nanofibers are used as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (R)‐BINOL‐Derived (Cyclopentadienone)Iron Complexes and Their Application in the Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones.
Authors: Gajewski Piotr , Renom‐Carrasco Marc , Facchini Sofia Vailati , Pignataro Luca , Lefort Laurent , de Vries Johannes G. , Ferraccioli Raffaella , Piarulli Umberto , Gennari Cesare
Published: December 2015

Chiral (cyclopentadienone)iron complexes, featuring an (R)‐BINOL‐derived backbone, are prepared and their application in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Fluorophosphonium Cations in Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogen Activation and Catalytic Hydrogenation of Olefins.
Authors: vom Stein Thorsten , Perez Manuel , Dobrovetsky Roman , Winkelhaus Daniel , Caputo Christopher B. , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: December 2015

The hydrogenation of olefins is achieved using a combination of phoshorous(V)‐based Lewis acids with diaryl amines for the activation of dihydrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Carbazoles and Indoles by an SNAr‐Based “Aromatic Metamorphosis” of Thiaarenes.
Authors: Bhanuchandra M. , Murakami Kei , Vasu Dhananjayan , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: December 2015

Dibenzothiophene dioxides undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution with anilines to form carbazoles in a single operation.
ChemInform Abstract: A meta‐Selective C—H Borylation Directed by a Secondary Interaction Between Ligand and Substrate.
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Ida Haruka , Nishi Mitsumi , Kanai Motomu
Published: December 2015

An Ir‐catalyzed meta‐selective C—H borylation of aromatic amides, esters, phosphonates, phosphonic diamides, and phosphine oxides using a novel designed catalytic system comprising a bipyridine moiety with a pendant hydrogen‐bond donor is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxyl‐Directed Cross‐Coupling: A Scalable Synthesis of Debromohamigeran E and Other Targets of Interest.
Authors: Blaisdell Thomas P. , Morken James P.
Published: December 2015

A hydroxyl functional group in β‐position to a pinacol boronate directs Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Direct α‐Arylation of Ethers with Azoles.
Authors: Correa Arkaitz , Fiser Bela , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique
Published: December 2015

The direct α‐arylation of cyclic and acyclic ethers with azoles (I), (IV), and (VI) is achieved, which features a novel Fe‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling process.
ChemInform Abstract: Aggregates of Perylene Bisimide Stabilized Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Preparation of Propargylamines and Quinolines via C—H Activation.
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Kumar Manoj , Bhalla Vandana
Published: December 2015

Aggregates of the perylene bisimide derivatives act as reactors and stabilizers for the preparation of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Acylative Dealkylation of N‐Alkylsulfoximines.
Authors: Lamers Philip , Priebbenow Daniel L. , Bolm Carsten
Published: December 2015

An iron‐catalyzed dealkylative acylation of N‐alkyl sulfoximines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting the Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Dual Role of Nitrile Imines: One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of Furo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Giustiniano Mariateresa , Mercalli Valentina , Amato Jussara , Novellino Ettore , Tron Gian Cesare
Published: December 2015

In the first step, isocyanoacetamides react with hydrazonoyl chlorides to intermediary 1,3‐oxazol‐2‐hydrazones which, in the presence of dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate, afford furo[2,3‐d]pyridazin‐4(5H)‐ones in an unprecedented complex triple domino Diels—Alder/retro‐Diels—Alder/lactamization cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: Site and Stereoselectivity in Sulfa—Michael Addition to Equivocally Activated Conjugated Dienes.
Authors: Kowalczyk Rafal , Boratynski Przemyslaw J. , Wierzba Aleksandra J. , Bakowicz Julia
Published: December 2015

It is found that the product ratio of the competing sulfa—Michael 1,4‐ and 1,6‐addition depends on the potency of the electron withdrawing group and can be to some extend altered by the choice of the activation method.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopentanoids: Applications to the Construction of the ABCD Tetracyclic Core of Retigeranic Acid A.
Authors: Zhang Junlin , Wang Xiao , Li Shuang , Li Dian , Liu Song , Lan Yu , Gong Jianxian , Yang Zhen
Published: December 2015

The key steps are a novel Rh‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of enyol (II) for the construction of the cyclopentanoid having two contiguous quaternary stereocenters at the bridgehead positions and the intramolecular Pauson—Khand reaction affording the advanced tetracyclic core structure of retigeranic acid A.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Cannizzaro Cascade Synthesis of ortho‐Fused Cycloocta‐2,5‐dien‐1‐ones from 2‐Bromo(hetero)aryl Aldehydes.
Authors: Burroughs Laurence , Eccleshare Lee , Ritchie John , Kulkarni Omkar , Lygo Barry , Woodward Simon , Lewis William
Published: December 2015

Starting from 2‐bromo(hetero)aryl aldehydes, diverse terminal acetylenes and 1‐chloropropargyl(hetero)arenes an access to ortho‐fused cycloocta‐2,5‐dien‐1‐ones is developed which tolerates various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition Reaction of Thioesters to Norbornenes.
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Tanii Saori , Yamada Tomoki , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: December 2015

A palladium complex derived from Pd2(dba)3 and tris(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine catalyzes the addition reaction of thioesters to norbornenes, giving the trans‐2‐acyl ‐3‐organothionorbornanes predominantly with the acyl group at the endo‐position and the organothio group at the exo‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐arylcyclopentanones and 4‐Arylcyclopentenones Through a Heck—Matsuda Desymmetrization of meso cis‐4‐Cyclopentene‐1,3‐diol.
Authors: Carmona Rafaela C. , Correia Carlos Roque D.
Published: December 2015

The title compounds can be efficiently obtained in racemic and enantioselective manner by Heck—Matsuda reaction under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(2‐pyridyl)diselenoethers as Versatile Ligands for Copper‐Catalyzed C—S Bond Formation in Glycerol.
Authors: Cargnelutti Roberta , Lang Ernesto S. , Schumacher Ricardo F.
Published: December 2015

The simple protocol allows the C—S‐coupling reaction of aryl halides with thiols to give thioethers in moderate to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Thioesterifications Free of Activating Agent and Thiol: A Three‐Component Reaction of Carboxylic Acids, Thioureas, and Michael Acceptors.
Authors: Swain Sharada Prasanna , Chou Yen‐Lin , Hou Duen‐Ren
Published: December 2015

Both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids with functional groups as well as α,β‐unsaturated esters and ketones as Michael acceptors can be used for the thioesterification.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Triarylbismuthanes with Terminal Alkynes under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Matsumura Mio , Yamada Mizuki , Tsuji Toshiyuki , Murata Yuki , Kakusawa Naoki , Yasuike Shuji
Published: December 2015

A novel and mild Sonogashira‐coupling reaction with triarylbismuthanes under aerobic conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Novel Spirocycles via 1,2,4,5‐Tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene under Operationally Simple Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Ali Rashid
Published: December 2015

Following outlined scheme, a number of C—H acidic substrates is successively converted into mono‐ and bis‐spiro compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Closing Metathesis Reactions of Acyloxysulfones: Synthesis of γ‐Alkylidene Butenolides.
Authors: Phan Iris T. , Gilbert Garrett J. , O'Neil Gregory W.
Published: December 2015

The title compounds are formed in a two‐step synthesis involving ring‐closing metathesis and sulfone elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Route to Thiophene‐2,4‐diamines.
Authors: Zali‐Boeini Hassan , Fadaei Negar
Published: December 2015

Thiophenediamines are prepared by self‐condensation of tertiary thioamides in the presence of I2 and K2CO3.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Approach to CF3‐Containing 2‐Pyrrolidones by Tandem Michael Addition—Cyclization: Exemplification in the Synthesis of Amidine Class BACE1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Mateu Natalia , Ciordia Myriam , Delgado Oscar , Sanchez‐Rosello Maria , Trabanco Andres A. , Van Gool Michiel , Tresadern Gary , Perez‐Benito Laura , Fustero Santos
Published: December 2015

The synthesis of new fluorinated pyrrolidones (III) starting from unprotected amino esters and amino nitriles (II) through a Michael addition‐lactamization sequence is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient, Three‐Component Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives Catalyzed by Iodobenzene and Oxone.
Authors: Jagadhane Prashant B. , Jadhav Nikhil C. , Herlekar Omkar P. , Telvekar Vikas N.
Published: December 2015

This simple and highly efficient three‐component protocol furnishes pyrroles in the presence of iodobenzene catalyst and Oxone by using easily available amines, nitrostyrene, and diketones in a one‐pot procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: ZnO Nanorods as an Efficient Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of Indole Derivatives Using Isatoic Anhydride.
Authors: Sayyed‐Alangi Sayyed Zahra , Hossaini Zinatossadat
Published: December 2015

Indole derivatives are synthesized in the presence of methanol or ethanol using ZnO nanorods as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Acyl‐1‐hydroxy‐1H‐indole‐5,6‐dicarbonitriles.
Authors: Chirkova Zhanna V. , Kabanova Mariya V. , Sergeev Sergey S. , Filimonov Sergei I. , Abramov Igor G. , Samet Alexander V. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu.
Published: December 2015

Title compounds (VI) are synthesized by sequential Vilsmeier—Haack formylation of starting 4‐(2‐aryl‐2‐oxoethyl)‐5‐nitrophthalonitriles followed by reduction.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Isatin‐Derived Ketimines with Acrolein.
Authors: Yoshida Yasushi , Sako Makoto , Kishi Kenta , Sasai Hiroaki , Hatakeyama Susumi , Takizawa Shinobu
Published: December 2015

The use of β‐isocupreidine or α‐isocupreine as chiral catalysts allows for the preparation of the enantiomeric products with (S)‐ or (R)‐configuration of the newly generated tetra‐substituted chiral center, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: TFA‐Promoted Direct C—H Sulfenylation at the C2 Position of Non‐Protected Indoles.
Authors: Hostier Thomas , Ferey Vincent , Ricci Gino , Pardo Domingo Gomez , Cossy Janine
Published: December 2015

The practical and efficient metal‐free sulfenylation is performed on variously substituted N‐protected and N‐unprotected indoles using N‐arylsulfanyl, N‐hetarylsulfanyl or N‐alkylsulfanylsuccinimides.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides Catalyzed by Ionic Liquid [Heemim][ZrCl5].
Authors: Hu Yu‐Lin , Lu Ming , Yang Xue‐Lin
Published: December 2015

An ionic liquid is used as a catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates (III) from epoxides (I) and carbon dioxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Bentonite Clay: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Cardozo Victor A. , Sanchez‐Obregon Ruben , Salgado‐Zamora Hector , Jimenez‐Juarez Rogelio
Published: December 2015

The procedure has several advantages, including short reaction times, large‐scale preparations, easy isolation of the products (III), and good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stereoselective Formation of Highly Substituted CF3‐Dihydropyrans as Versatile Building Blocks.
Authors: Donslund Bjarke S. , Monleon Alicia , Larsen Jesper , Ibsen Lise , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2015

The enantioselective reaction of bromides (I) and (VI) with unsaturated aldehydes (II) followed by reduction or acetalization of intermediate aldehydes gives rise to alcohols (III) or acetals (VIII), which are readily converted into dihydropyran derivatives (V) and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Nanosilica‐Supported Dual Acidic Ionic Liquid as a Heterogeneous and Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Flavanones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Zekri Negar , Tahershamsi Leili
Published: December 2015

Various flavones are obtained by cyclization of the corresponding hydroxychalcones using the nanosilica‐supported dual acidic ionic liquid based on 1‐methyl‐3‐(4‐sulfobutyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate as efficient, green, stable, and reusable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Oxochromenyl Xanthenone and Indolyl Xanthenone Derivatives as anti‐HIV‐1 RT Inhibitors.
Authors: Kasralikar Hanmant M. , Jadhavar Suresh C. , Bhusare Sudhakar R.
Published: December 2015

18 Title compounds of type (IV) or (VI) are prepared and tested as anti‐HIV‐1 RT inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: C1‐Benzyl and Benzoyl Isoquinoline Synthesis Through Direct Oxidative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling with Methyl Arenes.
Authors: Wan Miao , Lou Hongxiang , Liu Lei
Published: December 2015

The reaction tolerates variously substituted methyl arenes and can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Organopromoted Direct Synthesis of 6‐Iodo‐3‐methylthioimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines via Convergent Integration of Three Self‐Sorting Domino Sequences.
Authors: Liu Shan , Xi Hailing , Zhang Jingjing , Wu Xia , Gao Qinghe , Wu Anxin
Published: December 2015

A novel cyanamide‐promoted four‐component coupling reaction for the synthesis of title compounds (IV) and (VI) from aryl methyl ketones (II) and 2‐aminopyridines in the presence of I2 and DMSO is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel One‐Pot Pseudo Four Component Reaction: Expeditious Synthesis of Functionalized Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Sanaeishoar Haleh , Nazarpour Roya , Mohave Fouad
Published: December 2015

The title compounds are rapidly and efficiently obtained by reaction of various aminopyridines, benzaldehydes, and phenacyl bromides under mild and solvent‐free reaction conditions using DABCO as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: B(C6F5)3 Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Biginelli Reaction: An Efficient and Environmentally Benign Protocol for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones/thiones.
Authors: Prajapti Santosh Kumar , Gupta Keshav Kumar , Babu Bathini Nagendra
Published: December 2015

The main highlights of the present protocol are low catalyst loading, low toxicity, compatibility with acid‐labile‐protecting groups, short reaction time, consistently excellent yields and simple reaction/workup procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of 6‐Anilinopurines with Alkynes via C—H Activation: Synthesis of Indole‐Substituted Purines/Purine Nucleosides.
Authors: Allu Srinivasarao , Kumara Swamy K. C.
Published: December 2015

The title reaction can be extended to nucleosides leading to unprotected indole‐substituted purine nucleosides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Route to Chiral Dihydrobenzothiazines Through Ring Opening of Activated Aziridines with 2‐Halothiophenols/Copper‐Powder‐Mediated C—N Cyclization.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Sayyad Masthanvali , Nanaji Yerramsetti , Jana Sourita
Published: December 2015

Regio‐ and stereoselective base‐promoted ring opening of aziridines with o‐halothiophenols and subsequent Cu‐catalyzed intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution offers a straightforward synthetic route to dihydrobenzothiazine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Parham Cyclization Approach to Diaryl‐Fused Seven‐Membered Ring Heterocyclic Ketones.
Authors: Farrokh John , Campos Catherine , Hunt David A.
Published: December 2015

The novel synthesis of the title compounds involves the generation of functionalized aryllithiums from aryl bromides followed by intramolecular cyclization onto an electrophilic nitrile functional group.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoindolo[1,4]benzoxazinone and Isoindolo[1,5]benzoxazepine: Two New Ring Systems of Pharmaceutical Interest.
Authors: Parrino Barbara , Ciancimino Cristina , Carbone Anna , Spano Virginia , Montalbano Alessandra , Barraja Paola , Cirrincione Girolamo , Diana Patrizia
Published: December 2015

Product (IXa) shows promising antitumor activity against different cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Benzoxasiloles: Ligand‐Controlled Switching from Inter‐ to Intramolecular Aryl‐Transfer Process.
Authors: Kumar Ravindra , Hoshimoto Yoichi , Yabuki Hayato , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: December 2015

This method gives 3‐aryl‐, 3‐vinyl‐, 3‐alkynyl‐2,1‐benzoxasiloles from o‐silylbenzaldehydes in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid—Promoted Phospha‐Michael Reaction: Convenient Access to β‐Nitrophosphonates.
Authors: Jayaprakash S. H. , Satheesh Krishna B. , Santhi Sudha S. , Bakthavatchala Reddy N. , Sreelakshmi P. , Kumar Reddy K. Madhu , Suresh Reddy C.
Published: December 2015

Catalytic amounts of DBU·AcOH ionic liquid are used in the neat and environmentally benign protocol for the construction of C—P bonds from nitroalkenes and phosphites.
ChemInform Abstract: Schisandrosides A—D, Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignan Glucosides from the Roots of Schisandra chinensis
Authors: Kim Hye Mi , Ryu Byeol , Lee Jin Su , Choi Jung‐Hye , Jang Dae Sik
Published: December 2015

isolation and structure elucidation of schisandrosides A and B, (I), and schisandrosides C and D, (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Lignan Derivatives from Lindera glauca (SIEBOLD et. ZUCC.) BLUME.
Authors: Suh Won Se , Kim Ki Hyun , Kim Ho Kyung , Choi Sang Un , Lee Kang Ro
Published: December 2015

Two new aryl‐tetralin lignan glycosides, linderanosides A (I) and B (II), and a new dihydrobenzofuran neolignan glycoside, lindranoside C (III), are isolated together with five known lignan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Indolyl Diketopiperazine Metabolites from the Antarctic Soil‐Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO 05705.
Authors: Zhou Xiaojiang , et al.
Published: December 2015

Three new indoxyl diketopiperazine derivatives, penilline A (I), its Z‐isomer isopenilline A (II) and penilline B (III) are isolated together with seven known alkaloid compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A New p‐Terphenyl Derivative from the Mushroom Thelephora vialis.
Authors: Liu Rui , Wang Ya‐Nan , Xie Bo‐Jun , Pan Qin
Published: December 2015

isolation and structure elucidation of the new p‐terphenyl derivative, vialisyl A (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of the Endophytic Fungus Hypoxylon sp. 12F0687 Isolated from Taiwanese Ilex formosana.
Authors: Chen Yi‐Shuan , Cheng Ming‐Jen , Hsiao Yi , Chan Hing‐Yuen , Hsieh Sung‐Yuan , Chang Chun‐Wei , Liu Ta‐Wei , Chang Hsun‐Shuo , Chen Ih‐Sheng
Published: December 2015

Two new compounds, the benzenoid hypoxyphenone (I) and the azaphilone derivative hypoillexidiol (II), are isolated together with twelve previously identified compounds and two metabolites isolated for the first time from a natural source.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiviral Carboxylic Acids and Naphthoquinones from the Stems of Rhinacanthus nasutus.
Authors: Thongchuai Benchaluk , Tragoolpua Yingmanee , Sangthong Padchanee , Trisuwan Kongkiat
Published: December 2015

Three novel carboxylic acids, together with six known napthoquinones and one known δ‐lactone, are isolated from the stems of Rhinacanthus nasutus.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypercohin K, a Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinol with an Unusual Spiro‐Fused Cyclopropane Ring from Hypericum cohaerens.
Authors: Yang Xing‐Wei , Yang Jing , Liao Yang , Ye Ye , Li Yan‐Ping , Yang Shu‐Ya , Xia Fan , Xu Gang
Published: December 2015

Hypercohin K [(‐)‐I] is shown to exhibit a significant inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase and four human tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenges in Co‐Alloyed Titanium Oxynitrides, a Promising Class of Photochemically Active Materials.
Authors: Brancho James J. , Bartlett Bart M.
Published: December 2015

Review: recent developments in modified TiO2 photocatalysts with emphasis on water splitting; 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Semimetal‐Functionalised Polyoxovanadates
Authors: Monakhov Kirill Yu. , Bensch Wolfgang , Koegerler Paul
Published: December 2015

Review: [221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In vivo Delivery, Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Arami Hamed , Khandhar Amit , Liggitt Denny , Krishnan Kannan M.
Published: December 2015

Review: 367 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication and Doping Methods for Silicon Nano‐ and Micropillar Arrays for Solar‐Cell Applications: A Review
Authors: Elbersen Rick , Vijselaar Wouter , Tiggelar Roald M. , Gardeniers Han , Huskens Juriaan
Published: December 2015

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Configuring Bonds Between First‐Row Transition Metals
Authors: Eisenhart Reed J. , Clouston Laura J. , Lu Connie C.
Published: December 2015

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Properties of Lignin in Copolymers, Blends, and Composites: A Review
Authors: Sen Sanghamitra , Patil Shradha , Argyropoulos Dimitris S.
Published: December 2015

Review: 197 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Melamine Trisulfonic Acid (MTSA): An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst in Green Organic Synthesis
Authors: Vekariya Rajesh H. , Patel Kinjal D. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: December 2015

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Deep Eutectic Mixtures: Promising Sustainable Solvents for Metal‐Catalyzed and Metal‐Mediated Organic Reactions
Authors: Garcia‐Alvarez Joaquin
Published: December 2015

Review: [67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Bond Functionalization Chemistry: The Case for Quasi‐Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Reay Alan J. , Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: December 2015

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Enaminones. Part 1. Stereocontrolled Synthesis Using Diastereoselective and Catalytic Asymmetric Methods
Authors: Chattopadhyay Amit Kumar , Hanessian Stephen
Published: December 2015

Review: [54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products and Medicinal Drugs Through One‐Pot‐Reaction Strategies
Authors: Hong Bor‐Cherng , Raja Arun , Sheth Vishal M.
Published: December 2015

Review: [78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 4π Electrocyclization in Domino Processes: Contemporary Trends and Synthetic Applications Towards Natural Products
Authors: Sheikh Nadeem S.
Published: December 2015

Review: [63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Free Palladium‐Mediated Cycloalkenylations of Olefinic Enolic Systems
Authors: Le Bras Jean , Muzart Jacques
Published: December 2015

Review: [95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Facts and Fictions About Polymorphism
Authors: Cruz‐Cabeza Aurora J. , Reutzel‐Edens Susan M. , Bernstein Joel
Published: December 2015

Review: 119 refs.
Practical parallel AES algorithms on cloud for massive users and their performance evaluation
Authors: Fei Xiongwei , Li Kenli , Yang Wangdong , Li Keqin
Published: December 2015

Many e‐business or social network servers have been constructed on cloud. On such open environments, private data of massive users have to be protected by encrypting, such as using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and furthermore, this process must be finished in a short time for users' better experience. This gives huge pressure on cloud servers, especially common servers, such as web servers. We urgently need an inexpensive and highly efficient method to relieve cloud servers' pressure. Fortunately, many cores of a graphics processing unit (GPU) can undertake this hard mission because of stronger computing power and lower price. The GPU environments can be virtualized on demand by cloud through the vCUDA technology. Of course, for those clouds not equipped with a GPU, a central processing unit (CPU) can still work as multithreads in parallel. Thus, in a cloud, AES can be parallelized using many cores of a GPU or multicores of a CPU with high efficiency and low cost. For typical cloud applications, such as web services, there are massive users and each one has short plaintext. If we simply parallelize AES in such an application, we cannot obtain better performance because of the GPU's extra data transferring cost. Thus, we coalesce the massive users' data and cut these data into same‐length slices for improving the performance of parallel AES as much as possible. So we design six parallel AES algorithms using GPU parallelism or CPU parallelism, which differ in parallel scope and whether data are coalesced or cut to slices. Specifically, they are coalescent and sliced GPU (GCS), coalescent and unsliced GPU, uncoalescent GPU, coalescent and sliced CPU, coalescent and unsliced CPU, and uncoalescent CPU. Moreover, we implement them on two representative platforms and evaluate their performance. Through comparing their performance, GCS has the best performance among these algorithms. In a cloud with Nvidia GPUs, GCS is a more powerful algorithm for massive users' data encrypting, relatively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Intercellular bridges” in a case of well differentiated squamous carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Michaela , Mikita Geoffrey , Hoda Rana S.
Published: December 2015

Intercellular bridges may aide in definitive identification of malignant cell origin, especially in squamous cell carcinoma. They are difficult to identify in routine cytologic specimens and are especially rare in smear preparations. Herein, we present images of intercellular bridges from a case of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a cytologic specimen obtained from FNA of a paraesophageal lymph node. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:121–123. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Squares of different sizes: effect of geographical projection on model parameter estimates in species distribution modeling
Authors: Budic Lara , Didenko Gregor , Dormann Carsten F.
Published: December 2015

In species distribution analyses, environmental predictors and distribution data for large spatial extents are often available in long‐lat format, such as degree raster grids. Long‐lat projections suffer from unequal cell sizes, as a degree of longitude decreases in length from approximately 110 km at the equator to 0 km at the poles. Here we investigate whether long‐lat and equal‐area projections yield similar model parameter estimates, or result in a consistent bias. We analyzed the environmental effects on the distribution of 12 ungulate species with a northern distribution, as models for these species should display the strongest effect of projectional distortion. Additionally we choose four species with entirely continental distributions to investigate the effect of incomplete cell coverage at the coast. We expected that including model weights proportional to the actual cell area should compensate for the observed bias in model coefficients, and similarly that using land coverage of a cell should decrease bias in species with coastal distribution. As anticipated, model coefficients were different between long‐lat and equal‐area projections. Having progressively smaller and a higher number of cells with increasing latitude influenced the importance of parameters in models, increased the sample size for the northernmost parts of species ranges, and reduced the subcell variability of those areas. However, this bias could be largely removed by weighting long‐lat cells by the area they cover, and marginally by correcting for land coverage. Overall we found little effect of using long‐lat rather than equal‐area projections in our analysis. The fitted relationship between environmental parameters and occurrence probability differed only very little between the two projection types. We still recommend using equal‐area projections to avoid possible bias. More importantly, our results suggest that the cell area and the proportion of a cell covered by land should be used as a weight when analyzing distribution of terrestrial species.
A Prototype Public Speaking Skills Assessment: An Evaluation of Human‐Scoring Quality
Authors: Joe Jilliam , Kitchen Christopher , Chen Lei , Feng Gary
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the evaluation of human‐scoring quality for an assessment of public speaking skills. Videotaped performances given by 17 speakers on 4 tasks were scored by expert and nonexpert raters who had extensive experience scoring performance‐based and constructed‐response assessments. The Public Speaking Competence Rubric was used to score the speeches. Across all of the dimensions of presentation competence, interrater reliability between expert and nonexpert raters ranged between .23 and .71. The dimensions of public speaking competence associated with the lowest interrater reliability were effectual persuasion and word choice (.41 and .23, respectively). Even expert raters, individuals with a background in teaching and evaluating oral communication, had difficulty agreeing with one another on those dimensions. Low‐inference dimensions such as visual aids and vocal expression were associated with much higher levels of interrater reliability, .65 and .75, respectively. The holistic score was associated with an interrater reliability of .63. These results point to the need for a significant investment in task, rubric, and training development for the public speaking competence assessment before it can be used for large‐scale assessment purposes.
Individualized covariance profile of cortical morphology for auditory hallucinations in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Yun Je‐Yeon , Nyun Kim Sung , Young Lee Tae , Chon Myong‐Wuk , Soo Kwon Jun
Published: December 2015

Neocortical phenotype of cortical surface area (CSA) and thickness (CT) are influenced by distinctive genetic factors and undergo differential developmental trajectories, which could be captured using the individualized cortical structural covariance (ISC). Disturbed patterns of neocortical development and maturation underlie the perceptual disturbance of psychosis including auditory hallucination (AH). To demonstrate the utility of selected ISC features as primal biomarker of AH in first‐episode psychosis (FEP) subjects experiencing AH (FEP‐AH), we employed herein a support vector machine (SVM). A total of 147 subjects (FEP‐AH, n = 27; FEP‐NAH, n = 24; HC, n = 96) underwent T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. The FreeSurfer software suite was used for cortical parcellation, with the CSA‐ISC and CT‐ISC then calculated. The most informative ISCs showing statistical significance (P < 0.001) across every run of leave‐one‐out group‐comparison were aligned according to the absolute value of averaged t‐statistics and were packaged into candidate feature sets for classification analysis using the SVM. An optimal feature set comprising three CSA‐ISCs, including the intraparietal sulcus, Broca's complex, and the anterior insula, distinguished FEP‐AH from FEP‐NAH subjects with 83.6% accuracy (sensitivity = 82.8%; specificity = 85.7%). Furthermore, six CT‐ISCs encompassing the executive control network and Wernicke's module classified FEP‐AH from FEP‐NAH subjects with 82.3% accuracy (sensitivity = 79.5%; specificity = 88.6%). Finally, extended sets of ISCs related to the default‐mode network distinguished FEP‐AH or FEP‐NAH from HC subjects with 89.0–93.0% accuracy (sensitivity = 88.4–93.4%; specificity = 89.0–94.1%). This study established a distinctive intermediate phenotype of biological proneness for AH in FEP using CSA‐ISCs as well as a state marker of disease progression using CT‐ISCs. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1051–1065, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor pathway ameliorates liver disease in Atp7B−/− (Wilson disease) mice
Authors: Hamilton James P. , Koganti Lahari , Muchenditsi Abigael , Pendyala Venkata S. , Huso David , Hankin Joseph , Murphy Robert C. , Huster Dominik , Merle Uta , Mangels Christopher , Yang Nan , Potter James J. , Mezey Esteban , Lutsenko Svetlana
Published: December 2015

Wilson disease (WD) is a hepatoneurological disorder caused by mutations in the copper‐transporter, ATP7B. Copper accumulation in the liver is a hallmark of WD. Current therapy is based on copper chelation, which decreases the manifestations of liver disease, but often worsens neurological symptoms. We demonstrate that in Atp7b−/−
mice, an animal model of WD, liver function can be significantly improved without copper chelation. Analysis of transcriptional and metabolic changes in samples from WD patients and Atp7b−/−
mice identified dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NRs), especially the liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor heterodimer, as an important event in WD pathogenesis. Treating Atp7b−/−
mice with the LXR agonist, T0901317, ameliorated disease manifestations despite significant copper overload. Genetic markers of liver fibrosis and inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased, lipid profiles normalized, and liver function and histology were improved. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the major role of an altered NR function in the pathogenesis of WD and suggest that modulation of NR activity should be explored as a supplementary approach to improving liver function in WD. (Hepatology 2016;63:1828‐1841)
Gab1 adaptor protein acts as a gatekeeper to balance hepatocyte death and proliferation during acetaminophen‐induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Furuta Kunimaro , Yoshida Yuichi , Ogura Satoshi , Kurahashi Tomohide , Kizu Takashi , Maeda Shinichiro , Egawa Mayumi , Chatani Norihiro , Nishida Keigo , Nakaoka Yoshikazu , Kiso Shinichi , Kamada Yoshihiro , Takehara Tetsuo
Published: December 2015

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug‐induced acute liver failure. In APAP‐induced acute liver failure, hepatocyte death and subsequent liver regeneration determines the prognosis of patients, making it necessary to identify suitable therapeutic targets based on detailed molecular mechanisms. Grb2‐associated binder 1 (Gab1) adaptor protein plays a crucial role in transmitting signals from growth factor and cytokine receptors to downstream effectors. In this study, we hypothesized that Gab1 is involved in APAP‐induced acute liver failure. Hepatocyte‐specific Gab1 conditional knockout (Gab1CKO) and control mice were treated with 250 mg/kg of APAP. After APAP treatment, Gab1CKO mice had significantly higher mortality and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels compared to control mice. Gab1CKO mice had increased hepatocyte death and increased serum levels of high mobility group box 1, a marker of hepatocyte necrosis. In addition, Gab1CKO mice had reduced hepatocyte proliferation. The enhanced hepatotoxicity in Gab1CKO mice was associated with increased activation of stress‐related c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and reduced activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and AKT. Furthermore, Gab1CKO mice showed enhanced mitochondrial translocation of JNK accompanied by an increase in the release of mitochondrial enzymes into the cytosol, which is indicative of increased mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent nuclear DNA fragmentation. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that Gab1‐deficient hepatocytes were more susceptible to APAP‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death, suggesting that hepatocyte Gab1 is a direct target of APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Our current data demonstrate that hepatocyte Gab1 plays a critical role in controlling the balance between hepatocyte death and compensatory hepatocyte proliferation during APAP‐induced liver injury. (Hepatology 2016;63:1340–1355)
The Admission of the Whole Family in a Child Psychiatry Setting: A Follow‐up Study*
Authors: Churven Peter , Durrant Michael
Published: December 2015

This paper describes a follow‐up study of 40 consecutive whole family admissions. One hundred and forty three families have been admitted over the past three years. The reasons for admission are described as well as some explanation of the factors contributing to the 80% successful outcome based on independent therapist and parent reports.
Ritual, Change and Psychotherapy
Authors: Schwartzman John
Published: December 2015

Symptomatic behavior often appears or is initially perceived during transitional stages in the life cycle when changes in behavior and relationships are culturally appropriate. Symptomatic behavior legitimates lack of change in the relationships of the symptomatic individual and those in his or her social context. By this it provides a pseudo‐solution to the universal problem of dependency and autonomy (Sluzki & Vernon, 1971), which must be solved by individuals in every society.

Many non‐Western societies have rites of passage (van Gennep, 1960) to ritualistically mark significant transition. The performance of these rituals helps individuals change their position in the social context while at the same time validating the context. Rites of passage are characterized by paradoxical communications. The paradoxical structure of these rituals will be described and implications for the use of ritual in family therapy will be suggested using a case example as illustration.
Evaluating Marital Therapy1
Authors: Hartin Warwick
Published: December 2015

Outcome studies of marital therapy indicating a trend towards more rigorous research are reviewed. The complexities of evaluation require consideration of spontaneous remission, deterioration, values, control groups, duration and type of treatment. Multiple measures of outcome are advocated and it is suggested that, in Australia, marital therapy outcome studies have made a promising beginning.