bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximizing biodiversity conservation and carbon stocking in restored tropical forests
Authors: Brancalion Pedro H.S. , Bello Carolina , Chazdon Robin L. , Galetti Mauro , Jordano Pedro , Lima Renato A.F. , Medina Aretha , Pizo Marco Aurélio , Reid J. Leighton
Published: April 2018

Assessing the conservation value of restoration plantings is critical to support the global forest landscape restoration movement. We assessed the implications of tree species selection in the restoration of Brazil's Atlantic Forest regarding carbon stocking and species conservation. This assessment was based on a comprehensive dataset of seedling acquisition records from 961 restoration projects,  more than14 million seedlings, 192 forest remnants, and functional data from 1,223 tree species. We found that animal‐dispersed trees with larger seeds tend to have higher seed prices, yet are underrepresented in the seedlings acquired for restoration plantations. Compared to forest remnants, fruit supply potentially offered by the species acquired for restoration plantings is lower for birds, but higher for bats. Reduced abundance of medium‐ and/or large‐seeded, animal‐dispersed trees lead to declines of 2.8–10.6% in simulated potential carbon stocking. Given the uncertainty in these estimates, policy interventions may be needed to encourage greater representation of large‐seeded, animal‐dispersed tree species in Atlantic Forest restorations. These findings provide critical guidance for recovering tree functional diversity, plant‐frugivore mutualistic interactions, and carbon stocking in multi‐species tropical forest restoration plantings.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Prevalence and implications for surgical treatment outcome
Authors: Kamenskaya Oksana , Loginova Irina , Chernyavskiy Alexander , Edemskiy Aleksander , Lomivorotov Vladimir V. , Karaskov Aleksander
Published: April 2018

Objective

The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and examine their impact on the results of pulmonary thrombendarterectomy (PEA).

Methods

We enrolled 136 patients with CTEPH who scheduled for elective PEA. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) including full‐body plethysmography with bronchodilation test and lung diffusion capacity assessment were performed in all patients prior to surgery treatment. The diagnosis of COPD was verified in accordance with the recommendations of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017. The effect of COPD on perioperative characteristics, complications, in‐hospital and one‐year mortality of patients with CTEPH were analysed.

Results

In the study group with CTEPH the prevalence of COPD was 23%. In 13% of patients, COPD was first detected. The results of PFTs showed more severe airflow limitations with obstructive pattern in patients with concomitant COPD, as well as a more pronounced decrease in the lung diffusion capacity. The presence of COPD in patients with CTEPH significantly increases the risk of residual pulmonary hypertension in the early postoperative period of PEA (OR = 6.2 (1.90‐10.27), P = .002), duration of hospital stay (OR = 1.1 (1.01‐1.20), P = .020) and the risk of in‐hospital mortality (OR = 4.4 (1.21‐16.19), P = .023). The lung diffusion capacity revealed significant negative associations with the duration of hospital stay and in‐hospital mortality (OR 0.87 (0.74‐0.98), P = .012).

Conclusion

COPD in patients with CTEPH significantly increases the risk of residual pulmonary hypertension, in‐hospital mortality and increases the duration of hospital stay after PEA.
Pleural tuberculosis: A concise clinical review
Authors: Shaw Jane A. , Irusen Elvis M. , Diacon Andreas H. , Koegelenberg Coenraad F.
Published: April 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, and the commonest cause of death in people living with HIV. Globally, pleural TB remains one of the most frequent causes of pleural exudates, particularly in TB‐endemic areas and in the HIV positive population. Most TB pleural effusions are exudates with high adenosine deaminase (ADA), lymphocyte‐rich, straw‐coloured and free flowing, with a low yield on mycobacterial culture. TB pleurisy can also present as loculated neutrophil‐predominant effusions which mimic parapneumonic effusions. Rarely, they can present as frank TB empyema, containing an abundance of mycobacteria. Up to 80% of patients have parenchymal involvement on chest imaging. The diagnosis is simple if M. tuberculosis is detected in sputum, pleural fluid or biopsy specimens, and the recent advent of liquid medium culture techniques has increased the microbiological yield dramatically. Where the prevalence of TB is high the presence of a lymphocyte‐predominant exudate with a high ADA has a positive predictive value of 98%. In low prevalence areas, the absence of an elevated ADA and lymphocyte predominance makes TB very unlikely, and pleural biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Pleural biopsy for liquid culture and susceptibility testing must also be considered where the prevalence of drug resistant TB is high. Treatment regimens are identical to those administered for pulmonary TB. Initial pleural drainage may have a role in symptom relief and in hastening the resolution of the effusion. Surgical intervention may be required in loculated effusions and empyemas.
Pulmonary functions in pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Authors: Batur Muhammed , Seven Erbil , Tanrıkulu Merhamet , Ekin Selami , Tekin Serek , Yasar Tekin
Published: April 2018

Objectives

It is well‐known that pseudoexfoliative material deteriorates iris dilatation function. This material was also found in lung tissue. The aim of the study was to evaluate pulmonary function in patients with pseudoexfoliation.

Methods

This prospective study included 60 pseudoexfoliation syndrome patients without any pulmonary diseases and 52 age‐ and gender‐matched controls without any pulmonary diseases. Patients were asked about their cigarette use and the presence of any systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and asthma. All cases underwent full ophthalmologic and general medical examinations including pulmonary auscultation and pulmonary posterior‐anterior X‐ray. Pulmonary function tests were used for evaluation of pulmonary function. FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC and saturation values were recorded.

Results

Mean age was 67.1 ± 8.8 (44‐82) years in the pseudoexfoliation group and 63.8 ± 9.4 (43‐82) years in the control group (P > .05). Mean FEV1 was 1.60 ± 0.62 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 1.84 ± 0.61 in the control group (P = .036). Mean FEV1% was 70.65 ± 23.89 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 83.46 ± 17.83 in the control group (P = .002). Mean FEV1/FVC ratios were 0.72 ± 0.15 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 0.77 ± 0.11 in the control group (P = .043). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups for FVC, saturation or cigarette use.

Conclusion

These results suggest that there is decline in some pulmonary functions in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
Current status and future perspectives of endoscopic full‐thickness resection
Authors: Mori Hirohito , Kobara Hideki , Nishiyama Noriko , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: April 2018

Flexible endoscopy has developed from a diagnostic tool for tissue biopsy sampling to a treatment tool for endoscopic resection of neoplasms in the digestive tract. In the near future, one of the advanced endoscopic techniques, endoscopic full‐thickness resection (EFTR), is expected to be a feasible endoscopic procedure. In the present review, systematic review of conventional exposed EFTR was carried out. Search queries were (endoscopic full‐thickness resection or EFTR) (over‐the‐scope clip or OTSC) (Overstitch System) from 2015 to 2017. Four retrospective, single‐center studies with regard to conventional EFTR were identified. With regard to indication for conventional exposed EFTR, gastrointestinal stromal tumor was a good indication for EFTR. Mean tumor size of all four studies was 20.71 mm. In two studies, endoclips were used to close the resected opening without any complications, but the other two studies reported complications such as delayed perforation even using OTSC. Procedure times were reported from a minimum of 40 min to a maximum of 105 min. We also refer to introduction of a newly developed procedure of EFTR (non‐exposed EFTR), and development of a new suturing device in Japan.
Extremely preterm children exhibit increased interhemispheric connectivity for language: findings from fMRI‐constrained MEG analysis
Authors: Barnes‐Davis Maria E , Merhar Stephanie L , Holland Scott K , Kadis Darren S
Published: April 2018

Children born extremely preterm are at significant risk for cognitive impairment, including language deficits. The relationship between preterm birth and neurological changes that underlie cognitive deficits is poorly understood. We use a stories‐listening task in fMRI and MEG to characterize language network representation and connectivity in children born extremely preterm (n = 15, <28 weeks gestation, ages 4–6 years), and in a group of typically developing control participants (n = 15, term birth, 4–6 years). Participants completed a brief neuropsychological assessment. Conventional fMRI analyses revealed no significant differences in language network representation across groups (p > .05, corrected). The whole‐group fMRI activation map was parcellated to define the language network as a set of discrete nodes, and the timecourse of neuronal activity at each position was estimated using linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer in MEG. Virtual timecourses were subjected to connectivity and network‐based analyses. We observed significantly increased beta‐band functional connectivity in extremely preterm compared to controls (p < .05). Specifically, we observed an increase in connectivity between left and right perisylvian cortex. Subsequent effective connectivity analyses revealed that hyperconnectivity in preterms was due to significantly increased information flux originating from the right hemisphere (p < 0.05). The total strength and density of the language network were not related to language or nonverbal performance, suggesting that the observed hyperconnectivity is a “pure” effect of prematurity. Although our extremely preterm children exhibited typical language network architecture, we observed significantly altered network dynamics, indicating reliance on an alternative neural strategy for the language task.
Delivering development? Evidence on self‐help groups as development intermediaries in South Asia and Africa
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Biscaye Pierre , Leigh Anderson C.
Published: April 2018

Donors and governments increasingly seek to deliver development projects through community‐based organizations such as self‐help groups (SHGs), but little is known about the effectiveness of such arrangements. This article briefly summarizes hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of interventions usingSHGs and presents the results of an evidence review on the impacts of interventions delivered throughSHGs on health, finance, agriculture and empowerment outcomes in South Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. Though the impacts ofSHG‐based interventions are generally positive, the evidence base is limited and does not generally test whether alternative delivery mechanisms might be more effective.
Helping students to become capable learners
Authors: Black Paul
Published: April 2018

The main aim of this article is to argue that the need for teachers and their schools to prepare their students for life beyond their school‐days must be met by requiring teachers themselves to both achieve this aim and produce the evidence of their students’ capability as learners. In so doing, they must change their classroom teaching from a focus on transmission of content knowledge to the active involvement of students in open‐ended and collaborative learning. Achievement of this aim requires that some specific features of pedagogy be implemented in classrooms. In order to do this, teachers will have to develop the linked skills of design of activities, of guidance of students’ progress, of the adaptation of the design through teacher‐student and student‐student interaction, and of making assessments at the many stages of implementation and as a final summation of achievement. So a secondary aim of this article is to review the evidence for work which has studied the development of these skills with and by teachers.
The more‐individuals hypothesis revisited: the role of community abundance in species richness regulation and the productivity–diversity relationship
Authors: Storch David , Bohdalková Eliška , Okie Jordan
Published: April 2018

Species richness increases with energy availability, yet there is little consensus as to the exact processes driving this species–energy relationship. The most straightforward explanation is the more‐individuals hypothesis (MIH). It states that higher energy availability promotes a higher total number of individuals in a community, which consequently increases species richness by allowing for a greater number of species with viable populations. Empirical support for the MIH is mixed, partially due to the lack of proper formalisation of the MIH and consequent confusion as to its exact predictions. Here, we review the evidence of the MIH and evaluate the reliability of various predictions that have been tested. There is only limited evidence that spatial variation in species richness is driven by variation in the total number of individuals. There are also problems with measures of energy availability, with scale‐dependence, and with the direction of causality, as the total number of individuals may sometimes itself be driven by the number of species. However, even in such a case the total number of individuals may be involved in diversity regulation. We propose a formal theory that encompasses these processes, clarifying how the different factors affecting diversity dynamics can be disentangled.
Landscape evolution and nutrient rejuvenation reflected in Amazon forest canopy chemistry
Authors: Chadwick K. Dana , Asner Gregory P.
Published: April 2018

Terra firme forests make up more than three quarters of the western Amazon basin and are often considered functionally homogeneous in regional scale mapping and modelling efforts. However, the landforms underlying these systems are subject to dynamic processes of landscape evolution occurring within an otherwise geomorphically stable terrace formation. These processes may introduce systematic variability in local nutrient status of terra firme ecosystems. We utilised high‐resolution airborne topographic and imaging spectroscopy data, with directed field soil surveys, to reveal that active stream incision and patterns of soil rock derived nutrient availability drive foliar canopy chemistry distributions across seven catchments within a single terrace formation. These results strongly suggest that fine‐scale geomorphic processes directly affect biogeochemical cycles throughout the lowland western Amazon. Furthermore, links between landscape evolution and foliar chemical distributions indicate that geomorphic processes drive the fine‐scale spatial organisation of this tropical ecosystem, with implications for the functional assembly and biogeography of Amazonian forests.
Short‐term prey field lability constrains individual specialisation in resource selection and foraging site fidelity in a marine predator
Authors: Courbin Nicolas , Besnard Aurélien , Péron Clara , Saraux Claire , Fort Jérôme , Perret Samuel , Tornos Jérémy , Grémillet David
Published: April 2018

Spatio‐temporally stable prey distributions coupled with individual foraging site fidelity are predicted to favour individual resource specialisation. Conversely, predators coping with dynamic prey distributions should diversify their individual diet and/or shift foraging areas to increase net intake. We studied individual specialisation in Scopoli's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) from the highly dynamic Western Mediterranean, using daily prey distributions together with resource selection, site fidelity and trophic‐level analyses. As hypothesised, we found dietary diversification, low foraging site fidelity and almost no individual specialisation in resource selection. Crucially, shearwaters switched daily foraging tactics, selecting areas with contrasting prey of varying trophic levels. Overall, information use and plastic resource selection of individuals with reduced short‐term foraging site fidelity allow predators to overcome prey field lability. Our study is an essential step towards a better understanding of individual responses to enhanced environmental stochasticity driven by global changes, and of pathways favouring population persistence.
Brainstem leukoaraiosis independently predicts poor outcome after ischemic stroke
Authors: Giralt‐Steinhauer E. , Medrano S. , Soriano‐Tárraga C. , Mola‐Caminal M. , Rasal R. , Cuadrado‐Godia E. , Rodríguez‐Campello A. , Ois A. , Capellades J. , Jimenez‐Conde J. , Roquer J.
Published: April 2018

Background and purpose

Increased supratentorial white matter hyperintensities volume (S‐WMHV) has been reported to be a predictor of worse outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, few studies have focused on less common locations, such as brainstem white matter hyperintensities (B‐WMH), and their relationship to S‐WMHV. This study aimed to examine whether B‐WMH affect clinical outcome after AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

Methods

Based on magnetic resonance imaging evidence, B‐WMH were evaluated in 313 prospectively identified patients with AIS/TIA and registered as absent or present. Standardized S‐WMHV was quantified using a validated volumetric image analysis and natural log‐transformed (Log_S‐WMHV). Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3–6 at 3 months after the index event.

Results

Brainstem white matter hyperintensities were detected in 57 (18.2%) patients. In unadjusted analyses for outcome, the presence of B‐WMH was associated with worse outcome, compared with patients without B‐WMH (P = 0.034). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, atrial fibrillation, stroke severity, reperfusion therapies and Log_S‐WMHV, only B‐WMH [odds ratio (OR), 2.46; P = 0.021] and stroke severity (OR, 1.23; P < 0.001) remained independently associated with unfavourable 90‐day modified Rankin Scale score. Patients with B‐WMH were older (OR, 1.06; P < 0.001) and tended to have more hyperlipidaemia (OR, 2.21; P = 0.023) and peripheral arterial disease (OR, 2.57; P = 0.031).

Conclusions

Brainstem white matter hyperintensities are an independent predictor of poor outcome after AIS/TIA and this relationship persists after adjustment for important prognostic factors. Our results also show that leukoaraiosis in this location identifies patients with a specific risk factor profile, suggesting differences in the underlying pathogenesis.
Vertical movement symmetry of the withers in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness at trot
Authors: Rhodin M. , Persson‐Sjodin E. , Egenvall A. , Serra Bragança F. M. , Pfau T. , Roepstorff L. , Weishaupt M. A. , Thomsen M. H. , van Weeren P. R. , Hernlund E.
Published: April 2018

Background

The main criteria for lameness assessment in horses are head movement for forelimb lameness and pelvic movement for hindlimb lameness. However, compensatory head nod in horses with primary hindlimb lameness is a well‐known phenomenon. This compensatory head nod movement can be easily misinterpreted as a sign of primary ipsilateral forelimb lameness. Therefore, discriminating compensatory asymmetries from primary directly pain‐related movement asymmetries is a prerequisite for successful lameness assessment.

Objectives

To investigate the association between head, withers and pelvis movement asymmetry in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness.

Study design

Experimental study.

Methods

In 10 clinically sound Warmblood riding horses, forelimb and hindlimb lameness were induced using a sole pressure model. The horses were then trotted on a treadmill. Three‐dimensional optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data from reflective markers attached to the poll, withers and tubera sacrale. The magnitude and side (left or right) of the following symmetry parameters, vertical difference in minimum position, maximum position and range‐up were calculated for head, withers, and pelvis. Mixed models were used to analyse data from induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness.

Results

For each mm increase in pelvic asymmetry in response to hindlimb lameness induction, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.35–0.55 mm, but towards the contralateral side. In induced forelimb lameness, for each mm increase in head movement asymmetry, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.05–0.10 mm, in agreement with the head movement asymmetry direction, both indicating lameness in the induced forelimb.

Main limitations

Results must be confirmed in clinically lame horses trotting overground.

Conclusions

The vertical asymmetry pattern of the withers discriminated a head nod associated with true forelimb lameness from the compensatory head movement asymmetry caused by primary hindlimb lameness. Measuring movement symmetry of the withers may, thus, aid in determining primary lameness location.
Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release
Authors: Abass M. , Picek S. , Garzón J. F. G. , Kühnle C. , Zaghlou A. , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R.
Published: April 2018

Background

In horses castration with primary intention healing is usually performed under balanced inhalation anaesthesia. To optimise analgesia, the use of local anaesthesia was tested.

Objectives

To investigate the effect of local mepivacaine before castration with first intention healing under balanced medetomidine‐isoflurane anaesthesia and flunixin meglumine, morphine analgesia on perioperative cytokine levels and pain in horses.

Study design

Prospective blinded clinical study.

Methods

Twenty stallions were randomly assigned to control or mepivacaine groups. Flunixin meglumine was administered before sedation with medetomidine and followed by ketamine/diazepam intravenously (i.v.). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and 3.5 μg/kg per hour medetomidine. Mepivacaine horses were given mepivacaine 2% (3.5 mL SC, 1 mL/100 kg intrafunicularly, 2 mL/100 kg intratesticularly) on each side. For recovery, horses were given 2 μg/kg medetomidine i.v. and 0.1 mg/kg morphine i.m. and oral phenylbutazone (0.02 mg/kg q12h) for post‐operative analgesia. One hour before premedication and 4, 8 and 24 h post‐incision, pain was scored with three different pain scales (Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain, Horse Grimace Scale, Equine Utrecht University Scale for Composite Pain Assessment) and plasma cytokines (interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) were measured. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression and unpaired t‐test, significance level P≤0.05.

Results

Horses in both groups showed a significant increase in pain scores and cytokines compared to baseline. Post‐operatively the mepivacaine group exhibited significantly lower pain scores and cytokine levels. Mean heart rate during anaesthesia was significantly lower in the mepivacaine group compared to control group (28.8 ± 1 and 33.2 ± 1.7 respectively). Otherwise there were no differences between the groups.

Main limitations

The decision to provide additional analgesia was based on the attending surgeon's assessment rather than a standardised rescue analgesia plan based on pain scores. The study was only conducted for 24 h post‐castration and complications were not recorded.

Conclusion

Local mepivacaine before castration with primary wound closure improved anaesthesia quality, attenuated post‐operative increases in cytokines and reduced post‐operative pain despite balanced anaesthesia with multimodal analgesia in control horses.
Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods
Authors: Pedersen S. K. , Cribb A. E. , Windeyer M. C. , Read E. K. , French D. , Banse H. E.
Published: April 2018

Background

Prevalence of, and risk factors for, equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) are well established. Limited data exists on risk factors for equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD).

Objectives

To identify management factors associated with EGGD in show jumping Warmbloods in training. A secondary objective was to identify management factors associated with ESGD.

Study design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

Gastroscopies were performed in horses following a 12–16 h fast. Management questionnaires were collected for each horse. Risk factors were determined using multivariable logistic regression modelling.

Results

Eighty‐three horses were included in the final analysis. Exercising ≥6 days per week increased the odds of EGGD grade ≥1/4 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–10.7) compared to less frequent exercise. Currently showing increased the risk of EGGD grade ≥2/4 (OR = 10.2; 95% CI, 1.04–100), while competing at the international level decreased the odds of EGGD grade ≥2/4 (OR = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01–0.97). Exercise intensity increased the odds of grade ≥1/4 ESGD (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.03–7.8) and feeding beet pulp decreased odds (OR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07–0.7). Exercise intensity (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 1.1–12.8) increased the likelihood of grade ≥2/4 ESGD and feeding beet pulp decreased the odds of grade ≥2/4 ESGD (OR = 0.1; 0.02–0.64) respectively.

Main limitations

This study used a convenience sample of horses within a relatively small (approximately 200 km) geographic radius. The sample size was relatively small, particularly within the international competition level group.

Conclusions

Training and feeding strategies and competition level appear to influence the occurrence of EGGD and ESGD. Prospective studies evaluating the impact of training frequency, duration, and intensity on gastric physiology may clarify the role of exercise in gastric disease.
Determinants of amikacin first peak concentration in critically ill patients
Authors: Boidin Clément , Jenck Sophie , Bourguignon Laurent , Torkmani Sejad , Roussey‐Jean Aurore , Ledochowski Stanislas , Marry Lucie , Ammenouche Nacim , Dupont Hervé , Marçon Frédéric , Allaouchiche Bernard , Bohé Julien , Lepape Alain , Goutelle Sylvain , Friggeri Arnaud
Published: April 2018

Amikacin antimicrobial effect has been correlated with the ratio of the peak concentration (Cmax) to the minimum inhibitory concentration. A target Cmax ≥ 60–80 mg/L has been suggested. It has been shown that such target is not achieved in a large proportion of critically ill patients in intensive care units. A retrospective analysis was performed to examine the determinants of Cmax ≥ 80 mg/L on the first peak in 339 critically ill patients treated by amikacin. The influence of available variables on Cmax target attainment was analyzed using a classification and regression tree (CART) and logistic regression. Mean Cmax in the 339 patients was 73.0 ± 23.9 mg/L, with a target attainment rate (TAR, Cmax ≥ 80 mg/L) of 37.5%. In CART analysis, the strongest predictor of amikacin target peak attainment was dose per kilogram of lean body weight (dose/LBW). TAR was 60.1% in patients with dose/LBW ≥ 37.8 vs. 19.9% in patients with lower dose/LBW (OR = 6.0 (95% CI: 3.6–10.2)). Renal function was a secondary predictor of Cmax. Logistic regression analysis identified dose per kilogram of ideal body weight (OR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09–1.17)) and creatinine clearance (OR = 0.993 (95% CI: 0.988–0.998)) as predictors of target peak achievement. Based on our results, an amikacin dose ≥ 37.8 mg/kg of LBW should be used to optimize the attainment of Cmax ≥ 80 mg/L after the first dose in critically ill patients. An even higher dose may be necessary in patients with normal renal function.
Increased CO2 fluxes from a sandy Cambisol under agricultural use in the Wendland region, Northern Germany, three years after biochar substrates application
Authors: Polifka Steven , Wiedner Katja , Glaser Bruno
Published: April 2018

In recent years, biochar has been discussed as an opportunity for carbon sequestration in arable soils. Field experiments under realistic conditions investigating the CO2 emission from soil after biochar combined with fertilizer additions are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the CO2 emission and its 13C signature after addition of compost, biogas digestate (originating from C4 feedstock) and mineral fertilizer with and without biochar (0, 3, 10, 40 Mg biochar/ha) to a sandy Cambisol in Northern Germany. Biomass residues were pyrolized at ~650°C to obtain biochar with C3 signature. Gas samples were taken biweekly during the growing season using static chambers three years after biochar substrate addition. The CO2 concentration and its δ13C isotope signature were measured using a gas chromatograph coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results showed increased CO2 emission (30%–60%) when high biochar amount (40 Mg/ha) was applied three years ago together with mineral fertilizer and biogas digestate. On average, 59% of the emitted CO2 had a C3 signature (thus, deriving from biochar and/or soil organic matter), independent of the amount of biochar added. In addition, our results clearly demonstrated that only a small amount of released CO2 derived from biochar. The results of this field experiment suggest that biochar most likely stimulates microbial activity in soil leading to increased CO2 emissions derived from soil organic matter and fertilizers mineralization rather than from biochar. Nevertheless, compared to the amount of carbon added by biochar, additional CO2 emission is marginal corroborating the C sequestration potential of biochar.
flowAMOEBA: Identifying Regions of Anomalous Spatial Interactions
Authors: Tao Ran , Thill Jean‐Claude
Published: April 2018

This study aims at developing a data‐driven and bottom‐up spatial statistic method for identifying regions of anomalous spatial interactions (clusters of extremely high‐ or low‐value spatial flows), based on which it creates a spatial flow weights matrix. The method, dubbed flowAMOEBA, upgrades a multidirectional optimum ecotope‐based algorithm (AMOEBA) from areal data to spatial flow data through a proper spatial flow neighborhood definition. The method has the potential to dramatically change the way we study spatial interactions. First, it breaks the convention that spatial interaction data are always collected and modeled between spatial entities of the same granularity, as it delineates the OD region of anomalous spatial interactions, regardless of the size, shape, scale, or administrative level. Second, the method creates an empirical spatial flow weights matrix that can handle network autocorrelation embedded in spatial interaction modeling, thus improving related policy‐making or problem‐solving strategies. flowAMOEBA is tested and demonstrated on a synthetic data set as well as a county‐to‐county migration data set.
The economy by other means: The historiography of capitalism in the modern Middle East
Authors: Cheta Omar Youssef
Published: April 2018

The history of modern political economy, a major subfield within Middle Eastern Studies, is largely considered to have been eclipsed by the growing interest in the history and politics of identity in the 1990s. In this article, I explain the newfound academic interest in engaging with capitalism as a historical object in relation to the modern Middle East. I argue that the new rubric of “History of Capitalism,” which was forged in the context of the contemporary crisis of capitalism, has allowed historians to approach the economy anew with analytical tools drawn mainly from cultural history. Based on surveying this new body of scholarship on the modern Middle East, I suggest organizing it around three main themes: Economic Thought, Consumerism, and Infrastructure. After discussing the main research questions animating each of these categories, I conclude by highlighting the potential inherent in the historiographical eclecticism of this wave of interest in studying capitalist processes.
The origin of strata within the inner accretionary prism of Nankai Trough: Evidence from clay mineral assemblages along the NanTroSEIZE transect
Authors: Underwood Michael B.
Published: April 2018

One of the more prominent architectural elements of the Nankai subduction margin, offshore southwest Japan, is an out‐of‐sequence thrust fault (megasplay) that separates the inner accretionary prism from the outer prism. The inner prism (hanging wall of the megasplay) is dominated by mudstone, which is enigmatic when the sedimentary facies is compared to coeval deposits in the Shikoku Basin (i.e. inputs from the subducting Philippine Sea plate) and to coarser‐grained turbidite sequences from the Quaternary trench wedge. Clay mineral assemblages amplify the mismatches of sedimentary facies. Mudstones from the inner prism are uniformly depleted in smectite, with average bulk values of 23–24 wt%, whereas the Shikoku Basin deposits show progressive decreases in proportions of smectite over time, from averages of 46–48 wt% at 10 Ma to 17–21 wt% at 1 Ma. Plate‐boundary reconstructions for the Philippine Sea region provide one solution to the conundrum. Between 15 Ma and 10 Ma, the Pacific plate subducted near the NanTroSEIZE transect, and a trench‐trench‐trench triple junction migrated to the northeast. Accretion during that period involved sediments that had been deposited on the Pacific plate. Motion of the Philippine Sea plate changed from 10 Ma to 6 Ma, resulting in sinistral slip along the proto‐Nankai Trough. Sediments accreted during that period probably had been deposited near the triple junction, with a hybrid detrital provenance. Renewed subduction of the Philippine Sea plate at 6 Ma led to reorganization of watersheds near the Izu–Honshu collision zone and gradual incision of large submarine canyons on both sides of the colliding Izu arc. Accreted Pliocene mudstones share more of an affinity to the triple junction paleoenvironment than they do to Shikoku Basin. These differences between subducting Shikoku Basin strata and accreted Pacific plate sediments have important implications for interpretations of frictional properties, structural architecture, and diagenetic fluid production.
Sex‐dependent habitat selection in a high‐density Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax population in southern France, and the implications for conservation
Authors: Devoucoux Pierrick , Besnard Aurélien , Bretagnolle Vincent
Published: April 2018

Conservation measures often rely on habitat management, so knowledge about a species’ habitat use is a prerequisite for effective conservation planning. The Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax, a medium‐sized bird native to the Palaearctic steppes and today found in extensively farmed habitats, is a threatened species. Its population experienced a 94% decline in farmland habitats in France between 1982 and 1996, and populations all over Europe have suffered equally sharp declines. Due to this steep negative trend, this species has been the subject of a number of habitat selection studies in order to develop relevant conservation measures based on its habitat requirements. In this study, we investigated the habitat selection of a range of habitat types by both sexes and at two nested spatial scales: plot scale and landscape scale. In addition, we analysed intra‐specific social interactions by incorporating conspecific density in the statistical models of habitat use. The study was conducted on a very high‐density population, perhaps the highest ever recorded for this species at around 50 Bustards per 100 ha of suitable habitat. Our methodology combined two field approaches (point counts and quadrat counts). The findings showed rather limited sexual dimorphism in terms of habitat selection at a local scale, with only vegetation height differing between sexes at a micro‐habitat scale, no selection at landscape scale, and a prevailing role of social factors at both scales. The implications for future conservation strategies in relation to population density and landscape composition are discussed.
Solar light induced antibacterial performance of TiO2 crystallized glass ceramics
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Kushwaha Himmat S. , Singh Vinay P. , Vaish Rahul , Ilahi Bouraoui , Madhar Niyaz A.
Published: April 2018

This work investigates the antibacterial potential of TiO2‐based glass‐ceramic. A glass of TiO2 microcrystals embedded in glass matrix of BaO‐TiO2‐B2O3was obtained by melt quench method followed by controlled heat treatment at the 650°C for 3 hours. Crystallization of anatase phase of TiO2 was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. UV‐visible absorbance and photoluminescence were also recorded. Interestingly band gap of TiO2 glass‐ceramic (crystallized glass) was found to be 2.9 eV. Crystallized glass showed excellent antibacterial property against Escherichia coli in both forms (powder and plate). More than 90% of disinfection was achieved by photocatalytic TiO2 glass‐ceramic surface within one hour of sunlight exposure, which was significantly higher than as‐quenched glass surface and TiO2 glass‐ceramic surface under dark. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) intensity of bacterial cells in the presence of crystallized glass was almost three times higher than the control and as‐quenched glass under light. Higher production of ROS is major factor for bacterial degradation on crystallized glass surface.
Push or Carry? Pragmatic Opportunities for Language Development in Strollers versus Backpacks
Authors: Mireault Gina C. , Rainville Brady S. , Laughlin Breanna
Published: April 2018

Strollers and backpacks are employed early, frequently, and throughout the first year, with parents overwhelmingly using strollers. However, because these transport modalities put infants in different proximities to caregivers, postures, and states of alertness, their use may translate to different opportunities that are of developmental consequence, particularly with regard to language. We used GoPro technology in a within‐subjects counterbalanced design to measure dyadic vocalizations in strollers and backpacks with 7‐ to 11‐month‐old infants. Parent‐infant dyads (N = 36) who regularly used both transport modes took two 8‐min walks in their own neighborhoods using their own carriers while wearing lightweight head‐mounted GoPros. There was significantly more parent speech, infant vocalizations, dyadic conversations, and infant‐initiated speech in backpacks, as well as more head motion consistent with visual scanning by infants. Backpacks appear to be a practical way to encourage more engaging, language‐enriched developmental opportunities in the critical first year.
Increase in CTGF mRNA expression by respiratory syncytial virus infection is abrogated by caffeine in lung epithelial cells
Authors: Kunzmann Steffen , Krempl Christine , Seidenspinner Silvia , Glaser Kirsten , Speer Christian P. , Fehrholz Markus
Published: April 2018

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. Underlying pathomechanisms of elevated pulmonary morbidity in later infancy are largely unknown. We found that RSV‐infected H441 cells showed increased mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a key factor in airway remodeling. Additional dexamethasone treatment led to further elevated mRNA levels, indicating additive effects. Caffeine treatment prevented RSV‐mediated increase in CTGF mRNA. RSV may be involved in airway remodeling processes by increasing CTGF mRNA expression. Caffeine might abrogate these negative effects and thereby help to restore lung homeostasis.
Influenza‐associated mortality determined from all‐cause mortality, Denmark 2010/11‐2016/17: The FluMOMO model
Authors: Nielsen Jens , Krause Tyra Grove , Mølbak Kåre
Published: April 2018

Background

In temperate zones, all‐cause mortality exhibits a marked seasonality, and influenza represents a major cause of winter excess mortality. We present a statistical model, FluMOMO, which estimate influenza‐associated mortality from all‐cause mortality data and apply it to Danish data from 2010/11 to 2016/17.

Methods

We applied a multivariable time series model with all‐cause mortality as outcome, influenza activity and extreme temperatures as explanatory variables while adjusting for time trend and seasonality. Three indicators of weekly influenza activity (IA) were explored: percentage of consultations for influenza‐like illness (ILI) at primary health care, national percentage of influenza‐positive samples, and the product of ILI percentage and percentage of influenza‐positive specimens in a given week, that is, the Goldstein index.

Results

Independent of the choice of parameter to represent influenza activity, the estimated influenza‐associated mortality showed similar patterns with the Goldstein index being the most conservative. Over the 7 winter seasons, the median influenza‐associated mortality per 100 000 population was 17.6 (range: 0.0‐36.8), 14.1 (0.3‐31.6) and 8.3 (0.0‐25.0) for the 3 indicators, respectively, for all ages.

Conclusion

The FluMOMO model fitted the Danish data well and has the potential to estimate all‐cause influenza‐associated mortality in near real time and could be used as a standardised method in other countries. We recommend using the Goldstein index as the influenza activity indicator in the FluMOMO model. Further work is needed to improve the interpretation of the estimated effects.
Curcumin accelerates cutaneous wound healing via multiple biological actions: The involvement of TNF‐α, MMP‐9, α‐SMA, and collagen
Authors: Yen Yu‐Hsiu , Pu Chi‐Ming , Liu Chen‐Wei , Chen Ya‐Chun , Chen Yu‐Chen , Liang Chan‐Jung , Hsieh Jung‐Hsien , Huang Hui‐Fu , Chen Yuh‐Lien
Published: April 2018

Curcumin, a constituent of the turmeric plant, has antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidative effects, but its effects on wound healing are unclear. We created back wounds in 72 mice and treated them with or without topical curcumin (0.2 mg/mL) in Pluronic F127 gel (20%) daily for 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 days. Healing in wounds was evaluated from gross appearance, microscopically by haematoxylin and eosin staining, by immunohistochemistry for tumour necrosis factor alpha and alpha smooth muscle actin, and by polymerase chain reaction amplification of mRNA expression levels. Treatment caused fast wound closure with well‐formed granulation tissue dominated by collagen deposition and regenerating epithelium. Curcumin increased the levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha mRNA and protein in the early phase of healing, which then decreased significantly. However, these levels remained high in controls. Levels of collagen were significantly higher in curcumin‐treated wounds. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha smooth muscle actin was increased in curcumin‐treated mice on days 7 and 12. Curcumin treatment significantly suppressed matrix metallopeptidase‐9 and stimulated alpha smooth muscle levels in tumour necrosis factor alpha‐treated fibroblasts via nuclear factor kappa B signalling. Thus, topical curcumin accelerated wound healing in mice by regulating the levels of various cytokines.
The Rise and Rise of Inflation
Authors: O'Neill Rob , Ralph Jeff , Smith Paul
Published: April 2018

Where did our current measures of consumer price inflation come from? Who made the important changes that led to the sophisticated methodology we use today, and when were those changes made? Rob O'Neill, Jeff Ralph and Paul Smith explore the history of one of our most important economic indicators
The tape casting process for manufacturing low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic green sheets: A review
Authors: Ren Luchao , Luo Xianfu , Zhou Hongqing
Published: April 2018

For low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic technology, the fabrication of high‐performance green sheet is a critical step because of its effect on subsequent operations such as punching, printing, laminating, and firing. Here, we present an overview of the tape casting process for manufacturing high‐performance low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic green sheets. Previous research is reviewed, and the primary materials for preparing the casting slurry, such as powders, solvents, dispersants, binders, and plasticizers, are systematically described. Their functions, application methods, and action mechanisms are described. Suggestions are made for future research into the tape casting process based on recent results.
Temperature stability and electrical properties in La‐doped KNN‐based ceramics
Authors: Lv Xiang , Wu Jiagang , Zhu Jianguo , Xiao Dingquan , Zhang Xi‐xiang
Published: April 2018

To improve the temperature stability and electrical properties of KNN‐based ceramics, we simultaneously consider the phase boundary and the addition of rare earth element (La), 0.96K0.5Na0.5Nb0.96Sb0.04O3‐0.04(Bi1‐xLax)0.5Na0.5ZrO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ceramics. More specifically, we investigate how the phase boundary and the addition of La3+ affect the phase structure, electrical properties, and temperature stability of the ceramic. We show that increasing the La3+ content leads to a change in phase structure, from a rhombohedral‐tetragonal (R‐T) phase coexistence to a cubic phase. More importantly, we show that the appropriate addition of La3+ (x = 0.2) can simultaneously improve the unipolar strain (from 0.127% to 0.147%) and the temperature stability (i.e., the unipolar strain of 0.147% remains unchanged when T is increased from 25 to 80°C). In addition, we find that the ceramics with x = 0.2 exhibit a large piezoelectric constant (d33) of ~430 pC/N, a high Curie temperature (TC) of ~240°C and a fatigue‐free behavior (after 106 electric cycles). The enhanced electrical properties mostly originate from the easy domain switching, whereas the improved temperature stability can be attributed to the R‐T phase boundary and the appropriate addition of La3+.
In vivo human sock‐mapping validation of a simple model that explains unipolar electrogram morphology in relation to conduction‐repolarization dynamics
Authors: Orini Michele , Taggart Peter , Lambiase Pier D.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

The unipolar electrogram (UEG) provides local measures of cardiac activation and repolarization and is an important translational link between patient and laboratory. A simple theoretical model of the UEG was previously proposed and tested in silico.

Method and results

The aim of this study was to use epicardial sock‐mapping data to validate the simple model's predictions of unipolar electrogram morphology in the in vivo human heart. The simple model conceptualizes the UEG as the difference between a local cardiac action potential and a position‐independent component representing remote activity, which is defined as the average of all action potentials. UEGs were recorded in 18 patients using a multielectrode sock containing 240 electrodes and activation (AT) and repolarization time (RT) were measured using standard definitions. For each cardiac site, a simulated local action potential was generated by adjusting a stylized action potential to fit AT and RT measured in vivo. The correlation coefficient (cc) measuring the morphological similarity between 13,637 recorded and simulated UEGs was cc  =  0.89 (0.72–0.95), median (Q1–Q3), for the entire UEG, cc  =  0.90 (0.76–0.95) for QRS complexes, and cc  =  0.83 (0.58–0.92) for T‐waves. QRS and T‐wave areas from recorded and simulated UEGs showed cc> 0.89 and cc> 0.84, respectively, indicating good agreement between voltage isochrones maps. Simulated UEGs accurately reproduced the interaction between AT and QRS morphology and between RT and T‐wave morphology observed in vivo.

Conclusions

Human in vivo whole heart data support the validity of the simple model, which provides a framework for improving the understanding of the UEG and its clinical utility.