bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia
Authors: STUART BRYAN L. , SCHOEN SARA N. , NELSON EMMA E.M. , MAHER HEATHER , NEANG THY , ROWLEY JODI J.L. , MCLEOD DAVID S.
Published: December 2020

The Limnonectes kuhlii complex is a group of morphologically similar species of fanged frogs distributed across much of mainland and insular Southeast Asia. Many new species in this complex have been described in recent years, primarily on the basis of mitochondrial DNA divergence corroborated by differences in linear measurements and qualitative characters. Males in this species complex develop enlarged heads at sexual maturity, but the degree of head enlargement varies among mature males, even within the same population. We evaluated the utility of body length (snout–vent length minus head length) in descriptive statistics and in size-adjusting measurements for traditional morphometric analysis, as well as a landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of male head shape, in Indochinese species of the L. kuhlii complex. The analyses supported quantitative and qualitative morphological distinction of a divergent mitochondrial lineage of the L. kuhlii complex in northeastern Cambodia, and the lineage is described as a new species. Limnonectes fastigatus sp. nov. differs from its closest relatives and from geographically proximate members of the complex by having the combination of elongated, slender odontoids; nuptial pads on the first finger; immaculate belly; significantly different body length-adjusted measurements in both sexes; and a significantly different male head shape. The new species is the only member of the L. kuhlii complex known from Cambodia.
Taxonomic review of the genus Dusungwua Kemal, Kizildağ & Koçak, 2020 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with descriptions of six new species and propositions of synonyms
Authors: REN YINGDANG , YANG LINLIN , LIU HONGXIA , LI HOUHUN
Published: December 2020

Eleven species of the genus Dusungwua Kemal, Kizildağ & Koçak 2020 in China are reviewed with emendation of the generic charaters. Among them, six new species, Dusungwua antennalveata Ren & Li, sp. nov., D. basinigra Ren & Li, sp. nov., D. fascecornuta Ren & Li, sp. nov., D. paripalpa Ren & Li, sp. nov., D. similiquadrangula Ren & Li, sp. nov. and D. strictivinculum Ren & Li, sp. nov. are described as new to science. Also, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Eurhodope pseudodichromella Yamanaka, 1980 syn. nov. is synonymized with D. dichromella (Ragonot, 1893), Trachycera nipponella Yamanaka, 2000 syn. nov., Trachycera vicinella Yamanaka, 2000 syn. nov. and Trachycera yakushimensis Yamanaka, 2000 syn. nov. are synonymized with D. paradichromella (Yamanaka, 1980). The female of D. quadrangula (Du, Sung & Wu, 2005) is described for the first time. Photos of adults as well as male and female genitalia are provided, along with a key to the Chinese species and a distibution map to show the localities of these species.
Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Entoniscidae) infesting Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, with remarks on larval stages of entoniscids and description of a new family, genus and two new species of hyperparasites infesting entoniscids
Authors: OANH LE THI KIEU , BOYKO CHRISTOPHER B.
Published: December 2020

An undescribed entoniscid isopod was found to parasitize Monomia haani, a common portunid crab in Khanh Hoa province of Vietnam. The new species is the eighth in the genus Cancrion, the second species of Cancrion found parasitizing hosts in the family Portunidae, and the first member of the family Entoniscidae to be described from southeast Asia. The cryptoniscius larva of a species of Cancrion is described for the first time. The new entoniscid infests hosts with a prevalence of 10.1% and intensity of 1 or 2 females per host. A new family, genus and species of cryptoniscoid hyperparasite with novel female and cryptoniscus body morphology is also described; this is the first record of a hyperparasite found infesting an entoniscid isopod. The purported cryptoniscus larva of Tiarinion texopallium Shields & Ward, 1998 is shown to be that of a hyperparasitic cryptoniscoid isopod closely allied to the new Vietnamese hyperparasite and is described as a new species belonging to the new family and genus.
Radar-Based Bayesian Estimation of Ice Crystal Growth Parameters within a Microphysical Model
Authors: Schrom Robert S. , van Lier-Walqui Marcus , Kumjian Matthew R. , Harrington Jerry Y. , Jensen Anders A. , Chen Yao-Sheng
Published: December 2020

The potential for polarimetric Doppler radar measurements to improve predictions of ice microphysical processes within an idealized model–observational framework is examined. In an effort to more rigorously constrain ice growth processes (e.g., vapor deposition) with observations of natural clouds, a novel framework is developed to compare simulated and observed radar measurements, coupling a bulk adaptive-habit model of vapor growth to a polarimetric radar forward model. Bayesian inference on key microphysical model parameters is then used, via a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler, to estimate the probability distribution of the model parameters. The statistical formalism of this method allows for robust estimates of the optimal parameter values, along with (non-Gaussian) estimates of their uncertainty. To demonstrate this framework, observations from Department of Energy radars in the Arctic during a case of pristine ice precipitation are used to constrain vapor deposition parameters in the adaptive habit model. The resulting parameter probability distributions provide physically plausible changes in ice particle density and aspect ratio during growth. A lack of direct constraint on the number concentration produces a range of possible mean particle sizes, with the mean size inversely correlated to number concentration. Consistency is found between the estimated inherent growth ratio and independent laboratory measurements, increasing confidence in the parameter PDFs and demonstrating the effectiveness of the radar measurements in constraining the parameters. The combined Doppler and polarimetric observations produce the highest-confidence estimates of the parameter PDFs, with the Doppler measurements providing a stronger constraint for this case.
Method Uncertainty Is Essential for Reliable Confidence Statements of Precipitation Projections
Authors: Uhe Peter , Mitchell Dann , Bates Paul D. , Allen Myles R. , Betts Richard A. , Huntingford Chris , King Andrew D. , Sanderson Benjamin M. , Shiogama Hideo
Published: December 2020

Precipitation events cause disruption around the world and will be altered by climate change. However, different climate modeling approaches can result in different future precipitation projections. The corresponding “method uncertainty” is rarely explicitly calculated in climate impact studies and major reports but can substantially change estimated precipitation changes. A comparison across five commonly used modeling activities shows that, for changes in mean precipitation, less than half of the regions analyzed had significant changes between the present climate and 1.5°C global warming for the majority of modeling activities. This increases to just over half of the regions for changes between present climate and 2°C global warming. There is much higher confidence in changes in maximum 1-day precipitation than in mean precipitation, indicating the robust influence of thermodynamics in the climate change effect on extremes. We also find that none of the modeling activities captures the full range of estimates from the other methods in all regions. Our results serve as an uncertainty map to help interpret which regions require a multimethod approach. Our analysis highlights the risk of overreliance on any single modeling activity and the need for confidence statements in major synthesis reports to reflect this method uncertainty. Considering multiple sources of climate projections should reduce the risks of policymakers being unprepared for impacts of warmer climates relative to using single-method projections to make decisions.
Exploring the Role of Media Use Within an Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) Approach to Vote Likelihood
Authors: Holbert R. Lance , Dias Nicholas C. , Hardy Bruce W. , Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew S. , Renninger Andrew S. , Romer Daniel , Winneg Kenneth M. , Pasek Josh
Published: December 2020

Political interest is a key predictor of likelihood to vote. We argue that the political interest–vote intention relationship can be explained by well-established theories that predict behavior across domains (e.g., theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior). Relying on the integrated behavioral model, we propose a core mediation model with vote likelihood (i.e., behavioral intention) as the dependent variable. Two types of media use (conservative and liberal–moderate) are then assessed in relation to the core model. We explore the ways in which our results contribute to theory and outline a research agenda.
Is Blush on CT Scan in Patients With Pelvic Fracture Associated With Embolization Rates and Outcomes?
Authors: Koganti Deepika , Grady Zachary J. , Nguyen Jonathan , Butler Caroline C. , Robb Todd S. , Sciarretta Jason , Arroyo-Archer Krystal , Grant April A.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

In trauma patients with pelvic fractures, computed tomography (CT) scans are a critical tool to evaluate life-threatening hemorrhage. Contrast extravasation, or “blush”, on CT may be a sign of bleeding, prompting a consult for angiography and possible embolization. However, the utility of blush on CT is controversial. We sought to evaluate our experience with patients who sustained pelvic fractures and had blush on CT.

Method

A retrospective review was performed for all patients with blunt pelvic fractures between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and injury data were obtained. Comparison of mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS was performed for 3 subgroups: angio versus no angio; embo versus no embo; prophylactic embo versus therapeutic embo. We also calculated the sensitivity, specify, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of CT blush to predict the need for embolization.

Results

889 patients were found to have a blunt pelvic fracture. 51 patients had blush on CT scan. 29 (56.9%) underwent angiography. 17 (58.6%) of these 29 patients were found to have extravasation and were embolized. 12 patients had an angio with no extravasation, and 6 of these patients (50%) underwent prophylactic embolization. No significant difference was found for hospital LOS, ICU LOS, or mortality in our 3 groups. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for CT blush were 74%, 96%, 33%, 99%, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with active extravasation undergoing embolization had similar outcomes to patients without active extravasation. Blush on CT scan had low sensitivity and low PPV but high specificity and high NPV. Future studies need to include careful attention to the CT protocol utilized as well as patient selection.
The Role of Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Therapy for Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A National Cancer Database Propensity Score Matched Analysis
Authors: Linden Kimberly , Melillo Atlee , Gaughan John , Obinero Chioma , Kellish Alec , Wozniak Marisa R. , Patel Raj M. , Pandya Vidish , Atabek Umur , Spitz Francis , Hong Young K.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Adjuvant therapy is recommended in duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA), but the role of neoadjuvant therapy remains undefined. We compared the effect of neoadjuvant therapy to adjuvant therapy on overall survival, 30-day, and 90-day mortality following the resection of DA.

Methods

A retrospective review of the National Cancer Database was performed on patients with DA who received either adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy in addition to surgical resection. Propensity score matching was done for patient, socioeconomic, and tumor characteristics. Overall survival, 30-day, and 90-day mortality were compared.

Results

A total of 112 patients were identified; 55 received adjuvant therapy; 57 received neoadjuvant therapy. There was no difference in 30-day (0% vs. 1.75%; P = 1.00), 90-day mortality (1.82% vs. 7.02%; P = .36), nor overall survival (1 yr: 86% vs. 76; 3 yr: 49% vs. 46%; 5 yr: 42% vs. 39%; P = .28).

Conclusions

There was no difference in overall survival after propensity score matched analysis.
Double-Volume Intraoperative Lavage Reduce Bacterial Contamination After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Matsuki Ryota , Sugiyama Masanori , Momose Hirokazu , Kogure Masaharu , Suzuki Yutaka , Mori Toshiyuki , Sakamoto Yoshihiro
Published: December 2020

Background

To clarify whether double-volume peritoneal lavage can decrease the risk of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Materials and Methods

Forty-nine patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and intraoperative peritoneal lavage using 6000 mL of saline before abdominal closure were studied retrospectively. Bacterial cultures of the lavage fluid were taken twice, after irrigation using 3000 mL of saline and then after an additional 3000 mL of saline. Bacterial culture of the drainage fluid was taken on day 1, and the relationship between the results of bacterial cultures and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula was examined.

Results

Double amount of peritoneal lavage significantly decreased the incidence of positive bacterial cultures than single amount of peritoneal lavage (45% vs. 29%, P < .05). Multivariate analysis showed that positive bacterial culture of drainage fluid on day 1 and main pancreatic duct size (<3 mm) were independent risk factors for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula. A positive bacterial culture of the final lavage fluid and preoperative biliary drainage were independent factors related to a positive bacterial culture on day 1.

Discussion

A positive bacterial culture on day 1 is an independent risk factor for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula during pancreaticoduodenectomy. Double-volume intraperitoneal lavage may be effective for reducing the incidence of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula.
Teaching and Mentoring Early in Surgical Practice
Authors: Kapadia Muneera R. , Hrabe Jennifer E. , Shelton Julia , Erdahl Lillian M.
Published: December 2020

Background

Transitioning from trainee to independent surgeon is challenging, with teaching and mentoring learners adding complexity. This study aimed to identify benefits and challenges of teaching and mentoring residents early in surgical practice.

Materials and Methods

A mixed-methods survey with multiple choice and open-ended questions was developed for early career (first 3 years) and experienced (more than 3 years) surgeons working with residents. The survey was initially piloted by 6 surgeons, revised according to feedback and distributed on Twitter. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed.

Results

Seventy-three valid responses were analyzed, 21 (25%) from early career surgeons and 53 (75%) from experienced surgeons. The majority were women (62%), practiced in academics (78%) and lived in the United States (76%). Most of the early career and experienced surgeons selected the operating room as the most teaching challenging location (62% early career; and 60% experienced). Top teaching challenges of early career surgeons were the need to focus on own skills (24%) and concern for patient safety/outcomes (24%), while experienced surgeons reported need to focus on own skills (23%) and difficulty giving up control (23%). Open-ended responses identified themes related to teaching and mentoring. Comments highlighted benefits of organizational support to facilitate teaching and mentoring and negative experiences due to resident learners not respecting early career surgeons.

Discussion

This pilot study explores an area not previously studied. Early career surgeons and experienced surgeons find many similar challenges and benefits of teaching and mentoring residents. Challenges and themes identified can guide early career surgeons and organizations with regard to teaching and mentoring.
Optimal Management of the Hyperkinetic Gallbladder: A Comparison of Outcomes Between Operative and Nonoperative Approaches
Authors: Williford Michael L. , Fay Katherine T. , Simpson Francis J. , Defnet Ann M. , Schuster David M. , Sethi Ila , Lin Edward , Davis Steven Scott
Published: December 2020

Background

A hyperkinetic gallbladder is defined as a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan ejection fraction (EF) of >80%. This condition is poorly described, and there is no current consensus on optimal management. The intent of this study was to determine if cholecystectomy improves symptoms in patients with a hyperkinetic gallbladder when compared to those managed nonoperatively and if there were variables predictive of symptom improvement with or without cholecystectomy.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study included patients from 3 academic hospitals in the Atlanta metro area between the years 2006 and 2018. All patients with an EF >80% were included. Following voluntary exclusion patients were contacted by phone. Each patient was administered a questionnaire regarding their surgical history, medical management, and current symptom profile via Otago score. Institutional Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

Results

4785 HIDA scans were performed, and 194 reported an EF >80% (incidence 15.7%). 96% of these scans were reported as normal by the radiologist. 68 patients were able to be contacted by phone and completed the questionnaire. 18 patients underwent cholecystectomy, and 89% reported that their symptoms attributed to gallbladder disease were no longer present. 50 patients did not undergo cholecystectomy, and alternate diagnoses, medication prescriptions, diet modification, emergency department visits, and Otago score were higher in this cohort.

Discussion

Patients who undergo cholecystectomy for a diagnosis of hyperkinetic gallbladder, on average, report improvement in symptoms when compared to patients managed nonoperatively. This study supports the practice of reporting and managing hyperkinetic gallbladders as a pathologic entity.
Protocol-Based Intravenous Fluid Hydration for Newly Created Ileostomies Decreases Readmissions Secondary to Dehydration
Authors: Borsuk Daniel J. , Studniarek Adam , Marecik Slawomir J. , Park John J. , Kochar Kunal
Published: December 2020

Background

Newly created ileostomies often result in patient readmission due to dehydration secondary to high ostomy output. Implementation of a mandatory home intravenous hydration protocol can avoid this. We aim to evaluate the impact of mandatory home intravenous hydration for patients with newly created ileostomies.

Materials and Methods

All patients at a single, tertiary care center who underwent ileostomy creation during a period of sporadic home intravenous hydration (February 2011-December 2013) and mandatory protocol hydration (March 2016-December 2018) were reviewed for incidence of dehydration, readmissions, and emergency department visits.

Results

241 patients were evaluated. 119 were in the “sporadic” group and 122 were in the “protocol” group. Operative approach differed among both groups, with hydration protocol patients undergoing 15% less open procedures and 4.9% more hand-assisted laparoscopic procedures ( P = .0017). Prior to protocol implementation, 23.5% of patients were sent home with intravenous hydration. Length of hospital stay after index ileostomy creation was shorter for “protocol” patients by 3.3 days ( P < .0001). 15.1% of “sporadic” patients experienced dehydration as compared to 7.4% of “protocol” patients ( P = .0283). Following protocol implementation, the number of patients readmitted due to dehydration increased from 13 to 14 ( P = .01).

Discussion

Standardized, mandatory at-home intravenous hydration following ileostomy creation leads to a significant reduction in postoperative incidence of dehydration and dehydration-associated readmissions. This protocol should be followed for all patients with newly created ileostomies, so long as adequate home health nursing support and active surveillance are available.
Biliary Dyskinesia: Current Perspectives and Future Directions
Authors: Richmond Bryan K. , Walker Andrew
Published: December 2020

Biliary dyskinesia (BD) is a disorder characterized by functional biliary pain, the absence of gallstones on ultrasound, and the finding of a reduced gallbladder ejection fraction on a cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphic scan. Cholecystectomy remains a commonly applied treatment for BD, despite a lack of high-quality evidence supporting the practice. The following article provides an overview of the current diagnostic strategies, treatment outcomes with both surgical and nonsurgical treatment, emerging considerations related to special populations, and suggestions for addressing the identified knowledge gaps, moving forward in an effort to develop stronger, more evidence-based practice guidelines for treating this poorly understood and poorly studied condition.
Heart rate variability in patients with dementia or neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cheng Ying-Chih , Huang Yu-Chen , Huang Wei-Lieh
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Heart rate variability, a quantitative measure of mainly parasympathetic activity, has been applied in evaluating many types of psychiatric and neurological disorders, including dementia (or neurocognitive disorders). However, although dementia patients often showed significantly lower heart rate variability (various indices) than healthy controls, and different types of dementia had distinct heart rate variability features, the results were not identical across studies. We designed a systematic review and meta-analysis for incorporating data from different studies.

Methods:

We gathered studies comparing heart rate variability in patients with dementia and in healthy controls. Heart rate variability was analysed in several ways: parasympathetic function in hierarchical order (main analysis), total variability, comparison of heart rate variability between different subtypes of dementia, specific indices of heart rate variability and heart rate variability reactivity.

Results:

In the initial search, we found 3425 relevant articles, from which 24 studies with a total of 1107 dementia patients and 1017 control participants finally entered the main meta-analysis. The dementia patients had a significantly lower resting heart rate variability for parasympathetic function (Hedges’ g = −0.3596, p = 0.0002) and total variability (Hedges’ g = −0.3059, p = 0.0002) than the controls. For diagnostic subgroup analysis relative to the controls, heart rate variability was significantly lower in patients with mild cognitive impairment (Hedges’ g = −0.3060) and in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (Hedges’ g = −1.4154, p < 0.0001). Relative to patients with Alzheimer’s disease, heart rate variability in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies was significantly lower (Hedges’ g = −1.5465, p = 0.0381). Meta-regression revealed that gender proportion was significantly associated with effect size.

Conclusion:

Our results show that dementia patients (especially those with dementia with Lewy bodies and mild cognitive impairment) have lower parasympathetic activity than healthy people. The influence of gender on the results should be carefully interpreted.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a decision-making task in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Husain Syeda F , Ong Samantha K , Cuizhen Liu , Tran Bach , Ho Roger C , Ho Cyrus S
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Patients with major depressive disorder tend to exhibit poorer decision-making capacity than the general population, but neurobiological evidence is lacking. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy monitors changes in oxy-haemoglobin concentration in the cerebral cortex. It may provide an objective assessment of neurophysiological responses during decision-making processes. Thus, this study investigated the effect of major depressive disorder diagnosis and severity on prefrontal cortex activity during the Iowa gambling task.

Methods:

Right-handed healthy controls ( n = 25) and patients with major depressive disorder ( n = 25) were matched for age, gender, ethnicity and years of education in this cross-sectional study. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals and the responses made during a computerised Iowa gambling task were recorded. In addition, demographics, clinical history and symptom severity were noted.

Results:

Compared to healthy controls, patients with major depressive disorder had reduced haemodynamic response in several cortical regions of the frontal lobe (Hedge’s g range from 0.71 to 1.52; p values range from ⩽0.001 to 0.041). Among patients, mean oxy-haemoglobin declined with major depressive disorder severity in the right orbitofrontal cortex (Pearson’s r = −0.423; p = 0.024).

Conclusion:

Haemodynamic dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex during decision-making processes is associated with major depressive disorder diagnosis and severity. These neurophysiological alterations may have a role in the decision-making capacity of patients with major depressive disorder.
Pericardial Effusion in Children Admitted With Kawasaki Disease: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study From the Pediatric Health Information System
Authors: Schexnayder Amy G. , Tang Xinyu , Collins R. Thomas , Schexnayder Stephen M. , Bolin Elijah Holbrook
Published: December 2020

Pericardial effusion (PCE) can be associated with Kawasaki disease (KD). We performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of the Pediatric Health Information System of children admitted with KD to determine the association between PCE and adverse outcomes. A total of 17 422 patients were in the cohort, of which 440 (3%) had PCE. PCE was associated with longer hospital length of stay (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.23; P < .01) and risk of readmission at 30 days (aOR = 1.42; P = .03). Black children were more likely to have a PCE (aOR = 1.54, P < .01) and longer length of stay (aOR = 1.05; P < .001). These data may support delayed discharge in children with PCE and KD in the hopes of preventing readmission. Special consideration needs to be given to how black children with KD are managed.
Help-Seeking Attitudes and Distress Disclosure Among Syrian Refugees in Germany
Authors: Schlechter Pascal , Kamp Svea , Wanninger Katharina , Knausenberger Judith , Wagner Ullrich , Wilkinson Paul O. , Nohr Laura , Hellmann Jens H.
Published: December 2020

Many refugees experience a wide range of mental health problems, but typically use mental health services less often than settled residents. Practical constraints like limited access to mental health care and language barriers largely account for this discrepancy. However, little is known about the psychological aspects explaining this difference in mental health service usage, like attitudes toward psychological help-seeking and the disclosure of distress. The present study compares German residents’ and Syrian refugees’ attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help ( N = 384). Refugees reported more depressive symptoms and functional impairment than residents. Crucially, refugees also held more negative attitudes toward professional psychological help-seeking than residents. These group differences in attitudes were to a large part mediated by distress disclosure. We conclude that it is important to achieve a thorough understanding of how to address help-seeking attitudes and to encourage distress disclosure to promote treatment of mental health issues among many refugees.
How Ideas from Ecological Capture-Recapture Models May Inform Multiple Systems Estimation Analyses
Authors: Worthington Hannah , McCrea Rachel , King Ruth , Vincent Kyle Shane
Published: December 2020

Abundance estimation, for both human and animal populations, informs policy decisions and population management. Capture-recapture and multiple sources data share a common structure; the population can be partially enumerated and individuals are identifiable. Consequently, the analytical methods were developed simultaneously. However, whilst ecological models have been developed to describe highly complex, biologically realistic scenarios, for example modeling population changes through time and combining different forms of data, multiple systems estimation has changed comparatively less so. In this paper we provide a brief description of the historical development of ecological and epidemiological capture-recapture and discuss the associated underlying differences that have led to model divergence. We identify three key areas where ecological modeling methods may inform and improve multiple systems estimation.
Responsive Phenomenology of God: On Varying Divine Evidence
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: December 2020

A ‘phenomenology of God’ will characterize human experience of God, at least regarding some of its distinctive aspects. This article contends that theism acknowledging a God worthy of worship owes its ultimate credibility to a morally relevant phenomenology of God, given the centrality of God’s unique moral character and will in all things divine. The neglect of such a phenomenology has left many versions of theism speculative and uncompelling, even if they call themselves a ‘phenomenology of the Spirit’. So, inquirers about a God worthy of worship should attend carefully to the prospect of a morally relevant phenomenology of God. The article explains that this phenomenology is interpersonally responsive and thus interactive in a manner foreign to typical moral phenomenology, and that it contributes to an illuminating approach to varying divine evidence among humans. The article also identifies a morally relevant challenge, based in conscience, for sincere inquirers about God.
Be Wise: A complementary and alternative medicine health literacy skill-building programme
Authors: Weinert Clarann , Nichols Elizabeth , Shreffler-Grant Jean
Published: December 2020

Background:

Health literacy has been found to be the strongest predictor of health status; and without adequate health literacy, consumers may not understand/adequately evaluate the myriad of choices available. Older rural residents tend to use self-prescribed complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies and glean information about these therapies primarily by word of mouth/media.

Objectives:

The purpose of this article is to describe the Be Wise health literacy skill building programme and the participants’ evaluation of the programme.

Design:

The programme involved four sessions delivered over 7 weeks at seniors’ centres in rural communities.

Method:

Data were collected initially ( N = 127), at the end of the sessions ( N = 67) and after 5 months ( N = 52).

Setting:

Participants were primarily rural Caucasian women, mean age 76 years, and most had an associate/baccalaureate degree.

Results:

Questions were worded to ascertain satisfaction with the programme, usefulness of the information provided, willingness to recommend the programme, and the likelihood of using the programme. All scores were most favourable ranging from 3.35 to 4.41 on a 5-point scale. A question regarding the usefulness of the Be Wise programme in managing health received at mean score of 3.55 on a 5-point scale. Written comments on the questionnaires were overwhelmingly favourable.

Conclusion:

Delivering programmes to older adults in small rural communities has special challenges and rewards. Participants were enthusiastic about learning more about making informed health care choices. There is a compelling need for continued programme development and long-term outcomes evaluation.
Can Sri Lanka Stay Ahead of India in the Face of Population Ageing?
Authors: Guest Ross , Bandaralage Jay
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the potential for population ageing in Sri Lanka to allow India to close the gap in the living standards with Sri Lanka over the coming decades. The working-age population in Sri Lanka is currently about 7 per cent higher than in India, but it will be 8 per cent lower by 2050. The reason is that Sri Lanka’s demographic transition to lower fertility rates began earlier and has been steeper than in India. Potential demographic dividends from slowing employment growth and changing age distribution of the workforce are likely to further close the gap in living standards between the two countries. The calculations here suggest the gap could be closed by, between 16 and 25 per cent from 2015 to 2050 due to demographic change. In addition, despite its higher share of middle-aged workers, Sri Lanka has in recent times had a lower saving and investment share of GDP than India and a higher consumption share, which will also tend to allow India to close the gap. This paper attempts to quantify these demographic and macroeconomic effects, and considers policy options for Sri Lanka.
Family perception of the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder patient and the family accommodation
Authors: de Matos Mariana Bonati , Pires Andressa Jacondino , Trettim Jéssica Puchalski , Scholl Carolina Coelho , Tabeleão Viviane Porto , Stigger Rafaelle Stark , Rubin Bárbara Borges , Molina Mariane Lopez , Pinheiro Ricardo Tavares , Quevedo Luciana de Avila
Published: December 2020

Background:

Family members tend to modify their routine by assisting or participating in the patient’s rituals. These behaviors have been identified as family accommodation (FA).

Aims:

The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between family accommodation of relatives of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients and their perceptions about the obsessions and compulsions of the patient.

Method:

This was a cross-sectional study with family members of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Southern Brazilian city. The family perception of the OCD symptoms and their accommodation were assessed through the Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Interviewer-Rated (FAS-IR).

Results:

The level of family accommodation was higher in those family members who lived with the patient when compared to those who did not live with them ( p = .011). The obsessions associated with higher levels of family accommodation were: contamination ( p < .001), hoarding/saving ( p = .001), symmetry/exactness ( p = .001), religious ( p = .019), and diverse ( p = .003). Regarding compulsions, the perception of all symptoms was associated with higher levels of family accommodation ( p < .05).

Conclusion:

The family accommodation is present in family members of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder patients, regardless of the type of obsessive/compulsive symptom perceived.
Experimental and numerical study of the polyurethane foaming process using high-pressure CO2
Authors: Hu Dongdong , Zhou Chen , Liu Tao , Chen Yichong , Liu Zhen , Zhao Ling
Published: December 2020

A simulation of simultaneous bubble nucleation and growth was performed for polyurethane/CO2 physical foaming process. The single-factor and comprehensive effects of viscoelastic properties, Henry’s constant, CO2 diffusion coefficient and surface tension on the cell morphology were numerically analyzed. The results show that the cell density of PU foam ( N0) increases and its average cell diameter ( Dv) reduces with increased Henry’s constant and slower gas diffusion. Both N0 and Dv reduces with the curing degree ( α). In addition, the effects of α and foaming conditions on the cell structure were experimentally investigated. With an increase of α at foamable range, Dv decreases continuously and N0 increases first and then declines. With increasing saturation pressure and depressurization rate or decreasing temperature, N0 increases and Dv reduces. There is an intrinsic correlation between the simulated and experimental variables, and the results of the simulation and experiment are generally consistent.
Bareback Sex in the Age of Preventative Medication: Rethinking the ‘Harms’ of HIV Transmission
Authors: Ashford Chris , Morris Max , Powell Alex
Published: December 2020

The experiences of people living with HIV have been transformed over recent years. Advances in medical science have made the virus a manageable chronic condition, while eliminating the risk of onward transmission for those with access to treatment, something referred to as TasP (treatment as prevention) or U=U (undetectable equals untransmissible). More recently, the availability of PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), alongside PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis), through the NHS has created the conditions for condomless sexual encounters to take place without the fear of HIV transmission associated with previous decades. Despite this, the criminal law has continued to frame HIV in terms of personal responsibility and bodily autonomy within the dominant narratives of danger, disease, and out-dated science. Doctrinal law has failed to keep pace with social and scientific change. Therefore, in this article, we provide a re-examination of the criminal issues relating to HIV transmission within this new landscape, arguing that it necessitates a shift in attitude, policy and doctrine. We specifically argue that HIV transmission does not meet the appropriate harm threshold to constitute GBH and that if criminal law is ultimately about preventing or regulating harm, the ongoing criminalisation of HIV transmission is counter to that aim.
Ethnic Disparities in Dental Caries among Adolescents in China
Authors: Wu S.C. , Ma X.X. , Zhang Z.Y. , Lo E.C.M. , Wang X. , Wang B. , Tai B.J. , Hu D.Y. , Lin H.C. , Wang C.X. , Liu X.N. , Rong W.S. , Wang W.J. , Si Y. , Feng X.P. , Lu H.X.
Published: December 2020

Comprehensive research on ethnic disparities in dental caries in China is limited. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to compare the levels of dental caries in adolescents between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minority groups in China and to explore the risk indicators for dental caries within ethnic subgroups. Data from the Fourth National Oral Health Survey in 2015, which covered all 31 province-level administrative divisions in mainland China, were used. The dental caries status in the permanent dentition of adolescents aged 12, 13, 14, and 15 y was measured using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DFMT) score, and sociodemographic characteristics and oral health–related behaviors were also collected. A total of 118,601 adolescents were included, with ethnic minority groups accounting for 13.15%. Of the Han and minority groups, the standardized prevalence of dental caries experience was 40.58% and 47.67%, and the mean DMFT scores were 0.97 and 1.28, respectively. According to the multivariate zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis, the caries status of minorities was more severe than Han adolescents (adjusted prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.18). This disparity was greater among adolescents who lived in rural areas, had mid-level economic status, and frequently consumed sugary beverages. After propensity score matchings, Uygur (PRR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.25–1.67), Tibetan (PRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.3–1.48), and Yi (PRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04–1.48) adolescents were significantly more likely to have caries than Han adolescents. Subgroup analyses revealed that gender, age, location of residence, economic status, region, consumption of sweet snacks and sugary beverages, and dental visit pattern were significantly associated with dental caries within ethnic minorities.
Does the WTO exacerbate international conflict?
Authors: Chatagnier J Tyson , Lim Haeyong
Published: December 2020

As one component of its mission to reduce trade barriers and encourage the liberalization of international commerce, the World Trade Organization provides states with a forum in which they can raise and resolve complaints about partners’ unfair trading practices. This mechanism streamlines the process of identifying non-compliant behavior, and provides real incentives for the removal of such policies. By furnishing a form of dispute resolution, the institution should be both trade-inducing and peace-enhancing for member states. However, this very mechanism also has the potential to aggravate existing dispute for two reasons. First, it removes the opportunity for states to use economic policies as instruments of structural linkage in resolving disputes. Second, it deprives its members of powerful economic tools that could be used in lieu of militarized responses. Using the implementation of the WTO Dispute Settlement mechanism, as well as the subsequent expiration of Article 13 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (the so-called ‘peace clause’), we examine whether the opportunity to resolve trade disputes through the organization affects the likelihood that member states engage in militarized conflict with one another. We find that membership in a trade institution facilitates peaceful interaction, but that judicialization erases these benefits. We conclude that institution building requires caution and attention to the possibility of unintended consequences.
Developing Self-Efficacy to Improve Music Achievement
Authors: Zelenak Michael S.
Published: December 2020

Albert Bandura identified self-efficacy as the dominant self-perception shaping action, effort, and achievement. In music education, researchers have identified a positive relationship between self-efficacy and achievement, but how can music educators develop self-efficacy to improve achievement? This article offers a description of self-efficacy and provides practical strategies to promote its development in music education. These strategies can be applied in any music learning environment so that music educators may be more fully prepared to integrate activities that build self-efficacy into their instruction, enabling their students to reach higher levels of achievement.
Three-dimensional finite element analysis comparative model of tooth–implant nonrigid fixation
Authors: Muradyan Tigran A , Muradyan Nshan A , Verlinski Sergey V , Poghosyan Anna Yu
Published: December 2020

Connecting implants with teeth is sometimes considered for the support of prostheses in partial edentulism, especially in periodontally compromised and surgical treated patients. The aim of this study is the presentation of a model of tooth–implant nonrigid fixation in comparison with implant–implant and implant–tooth rigid fixation by three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis.

As a model, a situation with a mandibular second premolar and two molars edentulism was selected. Two implantation options with three prosthetics designs were considered. The comparative analysis of stress and strain distribution values under vertical 100 and 200 N loading was performed.

The highest peri-implant crestal bone stress distribution was observed in the model with the implant–tooth rigid fixation with 200 N vertical loading with results of 136.56 MPa. In the model with implant–tooth nonrigid fixation, the maximum strain value was observed in the tooth–connector zone and the stress distribution was higher in the connectors and the prosthesis pontic zone, with a maximal value of 27.77 MPa.

The design of a tooth–implant fixed denture could be suggested as a method of choice for rehabilitation of the posterior edentulous segment in cases when only one distal implant could be installed. Further clinical research is required to obtain reliable validation data for the proposed method.
Liberal feminism and postcolonial difference: Debating headscarves in France, the Netherlands, and Germany
Authors: Korteweg Anna C , Yurdakul Gökçe
Published: December 2020

In this article, we analyze headscarf debates that unfolded in the first decade of the twenty-first century in France, the Netherlands, and Germany. Through a socio-historical overview looking at newspaper articles and policy and legal documents, we show how the headscarf has become a site for negotiating immigrant-related, postcolonial difference. We argue that certain feminist understanding of gender liberation and postcolonial difference in the headscarf debates reveal the continuity of control mechanisms from the colonial to the postcolonial era. We highlight the possibilities for decolonial thought and practice by centering the situatedness of headscarf. This allows us to show how Muslim citizens are active participants in producing contemporary Western European histories even as some of their practices face overt rejection.
Islamic religious education at the heart of the secular problem-space in Belgium
Authors: Groeninck Mieke
Published: December 2020

This article aims at providing an answer to why and how, during the entire history of Islamic institutionalization in Belgium, Islamic education has remained at the centre of discussions concerning the place of Islam in Belgian society and in the formation of Belgian Muslim citizens. This question is differently approached in the northern/Flemish and southern/francophone part of the country, depending on specific historical sensibilities. By placing the figure of the Islamic teacher in the longer history of Belgian federalization and school struggles over the ‘soul of the child’, this article will simultaneously provide a reflection on Belgian secularism as a continuous ‘problem-space’ in which new and old ‘secularizers’ and ‘sacralizers’ are constituted and sustain the very question of politics’ relation to religion and vice versa.
Book review: Lalta Prasad, Betwixt Development and Discontent: Dalit Adivasis on the South-Eastern Margins of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Verma Manish K.
Published: December 2020

Lalta Prasad, Betwixt Development and Discontent: Dalit Adivasis on the South-Eastern Margins of Uttar Pradesh. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., 2017, XVI+168 pp., ₹650 (hardback). ISBN 93-5125-220-5.
Book review: James Chiriyankandath, Diego Maiorano, James Manor, and Louise Tillin, The Politics of Poverty Reduction in India: The UPA Government, 2004 to 2014
Authors: Malik Bibhuti Bhushan
Published: December 2020

James Chiriyankandath, Diego Maiorano, James Manor, and Louise Tillin, The Politics of Poverty Reduction in India: The UPA Government, 2004 to 2014. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan, 2020, 192 pp., ₹575 (Paperback). ISBN 978-93-5287-848-2
War and strange non-death of neoliberalism: The military foundations of modern economic ideologies
Authors: Nakano Takeshi
Published: December 2020

This essay provides a hypothesis about how geopolitical environments significantly affect the rise and fall of modern economic ideologies. First, it articulates how the two world wars transformed political, social and ideological conditions into those favourable for the rise of Keynesianism. Second, it theoretically identifies the political and social foundations of Keynesianism with expanded state capacity, social cohesion and social equality, all of which were by-products of major wars. Third, it shows how the transformation of geopolitical environments and the change of the nature of warfare since the late 1960s undermined the political and social foundations of Keynesianism and paved the way for the rise and dominance of neoliberalism. By shedding light on military and geopolitical dimensions of international environments, our hypothesis well explains the sudden fall of Keynesianism in the 1970s and the current robustness of neoliberal dominance.
Book review: Wendy Doniger, Beyond Dharma, Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics
Authors: Srivastava Vinay Kumar
Published: December 2020

Wendy Doniger, Beyond Dharma, Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics. New Delhi: Speaking Tiger, 2018, 226 pp. + xiv., ₹599. ISBN 978-93-87693-21-0 (Paperback).
Integrating research integrity into the history of science
Authors: Mody Cyrus C. M. , Sibum H. Otto , Roberts Lissa L.
Published: December 2020

This introductory essay frames our special issue by discussing how attention to the history of research integrity and fraud can stimulate new historical and methodological insights of broader import to historians of science.