bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canopy Dynamics of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. II. Canopy Leaf Area Balance
Authors: Pook EW
Published: December 2005

The leaf area balance of a regenerated stand of E. maculata was monitored for a period of 2� years on the basis of repetitive non-destructive measurements of production and loss of leaf area in sample branches of a group of trees representative of the forest. Leaf area loss measured in sample tree canopies was closely correlated with forest leaf fall (litter) and verified the phenological harmony between the sample group and the forest. Production and loss of leaf area from sample trees were scaled to the mean annual forest leaf fall to estimate production and loss at forest dimensions. Basal area of E. maculata tree bole was closely correlated with canopy leaf area. Basal area ratio (sample/forest) remained constant and was used to adjust sample group leaf area (determined by direct measurement) to forest dimensions for calculation of the forest leaf area balance. Basal area as an estimator of leaf area was insensitive to seasonal variations but provided a valuable reference datum. Leaf area index (LAI) of the eucalypt overstorey determined from basal area virtually remained unchanged. LAI of forest eucalypts estimated from the detailed leaf area balance fluctuated between 2.65 and 3.12. Maximum values of LAI were attained at the peak of growth seasons when rates of leaf production were high relative to leaf loss. Estimated annual production and loss of leaf area were not equal.
Surgical Experiments on Eucalypt Lignotubers
Authors: Carr DJ , Jahnke R , Carr SGM
Published: December 2005

Experiments involving surgery such as ring-barking or excision of lignotubers of seedling Eucalyptus
st johnii plants are described. Removal of the strip of stem bark and cambium from between two
lignotubers at the same node delays but does not prevent their lateral fusion. Ring-barking results
in outgrowth of lignotuber buds below the ring and a check in growth, as compared with the untreated
lignotuber at the same node. Excision of one lignotuber results in the formation of a 'replacement
lignotuber' which lacks lignotuber buds; excision of both lignotubers at a node results in the formation
of a pair of replacement lignotubers. Anatomical investigation shows that replacement lignotubers
arise following conversion of stem cambial initials to lignotuber-type initials. The results lead to the
following conclusions: outgrowth of lignotuber buds is suppressed by the seedling shoot; lignotuber
buds do not form adventitiously. At a lignotuberous node, removal of stem or lignotuber cambium
results in its replacement from the flanks of remaining lignotuber cambium. Stem cambium is not
converted to lignotuber-type cambium by homeogenetic induction since it takes place also in the
absence of lignotuber cambium.
Additions to Hyphopolynema (Hyphomycetes)
Authors: Sutton BC , Alcorn JL
Published: December 2005

Hyphopolynema is amended to include two undescribed species with setose conidiomata. H. ellisiorum is described from Juncus effusus and H. australe from Blechnum indicum. They are distinguished from the type species by conidial and conidiophore morphology and the presence of brown setae in the conidiomata.
Evaluation of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, Dopamine and Its Oxidation Products as Inhibitors of Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) Arx in Green Banana Fruits
Authors: Muirhead IF , Deverall BJ
Published: December 2005

Standard ethanolic extracts prepared from green banana peel without oxidation control inhibited C. musae in vitro. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, previously reported as an antifungal compound in green banana peel [RPP 48, 1251], was not located on chromatograms of extracts and was not regarded as a major contributor to antifungal activity. Fungal inhibitors separated from extracts were identified as oxidation products of dopamine and were also produced by the action of tyrosinase on dopamine. Extracts prepared with oxidation control had little or no antifungal activity. Although dopamine oxidation products in standard extracts were regarded as artefacts of the extraction procedure, it is suggested that these products may form during hypersensitive reactions in cells of green bananas and inhibit subcuticular hyphae which develop from hyaline appressoria. Dopamine itself was extracted from peel in antifungal concn but appeared to be confined within specialized cells. Changes in its concn were not synchronized with changes in the activity of dark-coloured appressoria which act as latent structures of the fungus.
The Impact of Fire on Tasmanian Alpine Vegetation and Soils
Authors: Kirkpatrick JB , Dickinson KJM
Published: December 2005

Observations were made across 11-40-year-old fire boundaries in Tasmanian alpine areas of varying macroenvironment and flora. Organic matter and total nitrogen in the surface soil were significantly less where the vegetation had been recently burned. There were no significant differences between recently burned and recently unburned plots in contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium or sodium or in pH. The burned plots contained few or no gymnosperms or deciduous shrubs, the most frequent dominants of the unburned vegetation. Most other shrubs were markedly less important in the burned than in the unburned plots, although most species of bolster form were little affected by fire, and some composite shrubs were most abundant on the burned plots. Most herbaceous species had equal or greater cover on the burned plots than on the unburned plots. The burned vegetation of the eastern mountains appeared to regenerate more quickly than that of the more oligotrophic western mountains.
Variation Within and Between Eucalyptus nitida Hook. F. And E. coccifera Hook. F
Authors: Shaw MJ , Potts BM , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

Morphometric analyses of adult and seedling characters indicate that a phenetic continuum exists between E. coccifea and E. nitida on several mountains in the central south-west of Tasmania. On these mountains there is a transition in adult form from stands typical of E. nitida at the base to forms approximating E. coccifera at the summit. However, these clines are not as marked in the seedling characters. Flowering time does not appear to be a major bamer to gene exchange between the different forms, and estimates of the variability of both the adult and juvenile characters indicate that there is no consistent pattern of increased variability in any of the populations from these mountains compared to allopatric populations of either taxon. A comparatively high level of intraspecific variation is apparent within E. coccifera. This species has a disjunct distribution, occumng as the tree-line species on many isolated mountains in the centre and south-east of the island, whereas E. nitida has a more continuous distribution, mainly in the west of the island. Some of the outlying E. coccifera populations occur on hills at relatively low altitude and it is argued that they may represent genetic relics left after up-slope migration following the last glacial. The restricted distribution of E. coccifera in the west may be due to limited migration of this species from a south-eastern refuge since the last glacial. The possible origins of the clines between E. coccifera and.E. nitida are discussed in terms of the significance of both historical and ecological factors.
The biology of Hakea ulicina R. Br. and H. repullulans H. M. Lee (Proteaceae)
Authors: Lee HM
Published: December 2005

A new species, Hakea repullulans H. M. Lee, is described. Morphological and anatomical differences between H. ulicina and H. repullulans, their distribution, variation of adult and juvenile foliage in geographically isolated populations and the effects of fire are described.
Regeneration of Vegetation in the Brisbane Ranges After Fire and Infestation by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Dawson P , Weste G , Ashton D
Published: December 2005

The distribution, population density and regeneration of some prominent spp. of understorey and overstorey (dominant Eucalyptus spp.) were monitored over a period of 20 yr in seasonally well drained dry sclerophyll forest. Changes varied with susceptibility to the pathogen and to fire. Changes in spp. composition and crown density of the overstorey were attributed to fire. Population density, basal area and crown cover of the Eucalyptus spp. which were associated with the pathogen, also declined in 1962-82. Both distribution and population density of Xanthorrhoea australis and Isopogon ceratophyllus declined markedly following the spread of infestation, whereas those of Hakea sericea and Lepidosperma semiteres increased. Regeneration of X. australis but not of I. Ceratophyllus was observed in certain areas of the infested plots 12-20 years after infection. This is the first record of such regeneration. It is postulated that a bush fire in 1967 both stimulated X. australis seed production and reduced further an already declining pathogen inoculum density.
A Revision of the Genus Medicosma (Rutaceae)
Authors: Hartley TG
Published: December 2005

The genus Medicosma Hooker f., which has traditionally been considered to be monotypic and endemic to Australia, consists of 22 species. Six of these are endemic to eastern Australia, one is endemic to southern New Guinea and 15 are endemic to New Caledonia. The genus is described and its taxonomic history and relationships to other genera are discussed. The species are described, keyed and their relationships are outlined and discussed. Seventeen species are described as new, namely M. elliptica, M. obovata, M, glandulosa, M, diversifolia, M. articulata, M. parvifolia, M. obliqua, M. tahafeana, M. emarginata, M. verticillata, M. congests, M. latifolia, M. subsessilis, M. suberosa, M. petiolaris, M. exigua and M. gracilis, and new combinations are made for M. fareana (F. Mueller) T. Hartley, M. sessiliflora (C. T. White) T. Hartley, M. riparia (van Royen) T. Hartley and M. leratii (Guillaumin) T. Hartley.
Canopy Dynamics of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. III Effects of Drought
Authors: Pook EW
Published: December 2005

The severe 7-month drought in coastal and adjacent tablelands regions of New South Wales in the
latter half of 1980 caused heavy leaf-shedding, wilting of persistent foliage and bark-splitting in forest
eucalypts. Defoliation of individual sample trees of E. maculata ranged from 50 to 97% of pre-drought
leaf area. Leaf area index of a stand of E. maculata was reduced from c. 4.3 to 0.8. E. maculata
was less susceptible to drought than E. globoidea and E. pilularis but more susceptible than E.
Paniculata in mixed forest on the same site.
Rapid recovery of the canopy occurred in autumn after the break of the drought and leaf areas
of all sample trees attained pre-drought values or above by summer 1981-82.
Leaf-shedding in response to severe water deficit appears to have been of adaptive significance
in enhancing tree survival in a drought of this duration.
A reassessment of Taeniopteris daintreei from the Victorian Early Cretaceous: a member of the Pentoxylales and a significant Gondwanaland plant
Authors: Drinnan AN , Chambers TC
Published: December 2005

Plant remains from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria are described. These are leaves referred to Taeniopteris daintreei, female fructifications referred to Carnoconites cranwellii and microsporangiate structures herein described as Sahnia laxiphora sp. nov. These are considered to belong to the extinct group, the Pentoxylales, originally described from localities variously dated as Jurassic or Early Cretaceous in the Rajmahal Hills of India. It is suggested that the Pentoxylales, long regarded as an obscure group, are in fact a major and important part of the mid Mesozoic Gondwana flora in Victoria.
Effects of Copper Salts on Growth and Survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi in vitro and on the Antifungal Activity of Actinomycete Populations From the Roots of Eucalyptus marginata and Banksia grandis
Authors: Keast D , Tonkin C , Sanfelieu L
Published: December 2005

Seven copper salts and 10 isolates from both mating types of Phytophthora cinnamomi have been
tested, in vitro, for copper cation toxicity to mycelial mat growth and to the germination of
chlamydospores. It has been shown that while the copper ion is toxic, extended periods of exposure
(9-23 days) to the cation are often required to change the fungistatic activity to that of a true fungicide.
This observation applies to both mycelial growth and to chlamydospore germination of P. cinnamomi.
Soluble copper (CuS02.5H20) gave short-term protection of both Eucalyptus marginata and to a
lesser degree Banksia grandis against infection by P. cinnamomi but insoluble copper (CuO) gave
none.
The rhizospheres of seedlings of E. marginata and B. grandis grown in pots contained populations
of soil actinomycetes different from each other and the parent soil population. These actinomycetes
showed substantial antifungal activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi in vitro. Moreover, the
actinomycete populations were modified by the presence of copper and by the infection of the roots
by P. cinnamomi. It is suggested that both the actinomycetes and the copper contributed to the
protection against invasion by P. cinnamomi.
The comparative reproductive biology of three Leucospermum species (Proteaceae) in relation to fire responses and breeding system
Authors: Lamont B
Published: December 2005

A study was made of both natural and cultivated populations of the resprouter after fire, Leucospermum cuneiforme, and two non-sprouters, L. cordifolium and L. erubescens. Measurements included florets per head, heads per plant (on an absolute and volume basis), nectar volume and sugar concentration, seeds per head and seed set following bagging to prevent access to pollinators. The results provided almost no support for the hypothesis that, in comparison with non-sprouters, resprouters minimize their reproductive effort in association with self-incompatibility. There was, however, some support for earlier proposals that the most self-compatible species (in this case, L. cuneiforme) have the widest ecological range, the greatest reproductive effort and highest percentage seed set.
Comparative Etiological and Epidemiological Studies on Rust Diseases of Phaseolus vulgaris and Macroptilium atropurpureum
Authors: Code JL , Irwin JAG , Barnes A
Published: December 2005

Collections of rust on Phaseolus vulgaris and Macroptilium atropurpureum from Australia and South
America were examined. Telia of Siratro rust were not observed. Urediniospores of the Siratro rust
encompassed a broader range in size than those of bean rust (Urornyces appendiculatus) but were
generally within the accepted range for that species. The walls of the Siratro rust urediniospores were
significantly thicker than those of the bean rust urediniospores and were outside the given range.
Although the Siratro rust produced small (160 μm) sporulating uredinia on the bean rust differential
cultivar Golden Gate Wax, all members of the bean rust differential set were classified as resistant
to it.
The pathogens (Siratro rust and bean rust race egh) on their respective hosts showed significantly
different responses to dew period temperature for infection. The pattern of response to the different
post dew period temperatures was also significantly different, although the optimal temperature range
for maximum infection in this stage was the same. Optimal environmental conditions for maximum
disease development during the pre-penetration stage of the disease cycle were 20°C and 24 h of dew
for Siratro rust and 15-20°C and 24 h of dew for the bean rust. The optimal temperature range for
maximum disease development for the Siratro and bean rust pathogens in the post-penetration stage
of infection was 20-26°C. While maximum numbers of uredinia developed on bean at 14-24°C this
temperature range resulted in the latent period and generation of time being extended by one day
in comparison to those at 20-26°C and 24-32°C.
Senecio L. (Asteraceae) in Australia: Nuclear DNA amounts
Authors: Lawrence M.E.
Published: December 2005

Nuclear DNA amounts of 28 species of Senecio native to Australia and of four exotic species are reported. DNA amounts per 4C nucleus range from 4.22 pg to 42.90 pg, a 10-fold difference. Some of the variation is due to polyploidy as chromosome numbers range from n = 5 (by dysploid reduction) to n = 50, but DNA amounts per genome also vary from 0.84pg to 4.69 pg, a 6-fold difference. DNA amounts correlate with cell size and, in some instances, the size of structures. There is also a correlation between DNA amount and generation length which corresponds with previous observations. The possible direction of change in DNA amount and the influence of natural selection on this process are discussed.
Rimuene in Epacridaceae and Ericaceae: Existence of Chemotypes?
Authors: Salasoo I
Published: December 2005

Rimuene has been found in several species of Epacridaceae and Ericaceae. Considerable infraspecific variation exists in rimuene content of the epicuticular wax of Richea continentis and, to a lesser extent, in Leucopogon amplexicaulis and Gaultheria appressa. There is no obvious correlation between the rimuene content and the characteristics of the habitat; therefore, the existence of chemotypes is postulated.
Growth of and Phosphorus Partitioning in Eucalyptus pilularis Smith Seedlings Raised in a Phosphorus-Deficient Soil
Authors: Mulligan DR , Patrick JW
Published: December 2005

Eucalyptus pilularis Smith seedlings were raised in a glasshouse for 260 days in a phosphorus-deficient
forest soil. Over this period, growth was divided into two major phases. Phase 1 was characterized by
an initially high but rapidly declining relative growth rate and, at least after 26 days from sowing, a
very low rate of phosphorus acquisition. Phase 2, delineated at around 116-134 days from sowing and
previously correlated with the degree of ectomycorrhizal development, commenced with an abrupt
increase in the rate of both parameters.
Over the last 90 days of Phase 1 the roots received an increasing proportion of shoot dry matter
production and accumulated 86% of current phosphorus acquisition. Continued, but slow, shoot
development during this time was made possible by high re-use of phosphorus within the shoot. During
Phase 2, increased transfer of phosphorus to the shoot (50% of total net uptake) reduced the
dependence on remobilized phosphorus and resulted in a marked stimulation of leaf production.
In addition to utilizing the limited phosphorus available for dry matter production very efficiently,
it is proposed that the success of this typically fast-growing species under such a degree of phosphorus
stress was aided by the finely tuned responsiveness of both phosphorus deployment and growth rate to
fluctuations in the soil phosphorus supply.
Anatomical Aspects of Water Movement Through Stems of Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.)
Authors: Legge NJ
Published: December 2005

Introduction of a stain through the severed roots of Eucalyptus regnans of two age classes showed that a spiral interlocked sap ascent pattern in young trees tended towards a vertical sectorial pattern by age 40 years. Microscopic examination of the stained wood suggests that intercellular water movement occurs principally via the pits. Serial transverse sections of wood from a young tree showed a limited degree of intervessel contact, with a network coefficient of 13.7 contacts m-1 and approx. 0.9% of vessel surface area in contact with other vessels. Analysis of the frequency of vessel endings indicates an average vessel length of approx. 1.8 m. Trunk segments of 40-year-old trees had relative conductivities of approx. 3.3 x 10-11 m2, while small lateral roots had values up to 10 times greater.
Distribution and cytology of Australian Neurachne and its allies (Poaceae), a group containing C3, C4 and C3-C4 Intermediate species
Authors: Prendergast HDV , Hattersley PW
Published: December 2005

Cytological, phytogeographical and habitat data are presented for the Neurachneae (Poaceae), a tribe endemic to Australia and containing seven C3 two C4 and one C3-C4 intermediate species. Chromosome counts for 34 accessions Australia-wide reveal a typical eu-panicoid base number (x = 9). Three species are diploid (Neurachne tenuifolia C3, Thyridolepis mitchelliana C3 and T. xerophila C3,); four species (Paraneurachne muelleri C4, N. minor C3-C4, N. lanigera C3, T. multiculmis C3) are tetraploid only, one (N. queenslandica C3) is hexaploid only, while two (N. alopecuroidea C3 and N. munroi C4) are variable. Aneuploidy was found in individuals of N. minor (2n = 4x+1) and N. queenslandica (2n = 6x -1). Chromosomes are small (mean c. 2 �m) and metacentric or submetacentric. Using localities derived from all known collections in Australian herbaria, actual and computer-predicted distributions were mapped using the Bioclimate Prediction System (BIOCLIM) developed by H. A. Nix and J. R. Busby. Species distributions, habitats and chromosome counts are discussed in relation to photosynthetic pathway, present and past climates and evolutionary history. The Neurachneae are mainly subtropical, arid and semiarid zone plants. However, the distribution of their C3 species contrasts with those of other C3 eu-panicoids and C3 grasses as a whole. The temperate species N. alopecuroidea is the only native C3 eu-panicoid known from south-western Australia. It is suggested that phenotypic expression of C4, photosynthesis in the Neurachneae occurred independently of other grasses and that they did not extend into arid and semiarid regions from a mesic temperate zone.
Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri Complex. I. Variation in the Adult Phenotype
Authors: Potts BM , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

A study of variation in the E. gunnii-archeri complex indicates continuous variation between the taxa E. gunnii Hook.f. and E. archeri Maiden & Blakely. Populations assigned to either taxon are normally allopatric but intergrade in an area of parapatry in central Tasmania. The E. gunnii-archeri complex is shown to comprise a multidimensional, clinally varying series of highly differentiated populations. In part, population differentiation appears to result from the interaction of multicharacter clines which parallel several major habitat gradients. This variation is summarized by classification of populations into five main phenetic groups. Whilst considerable differentiation occurs between disjunct stands, a large portion of the variation in the complex occurs in the more or less continuous central stands. In this area, major independent clines are associated with increasing exposure to the alpine environment and the north-south transition between subspp. gunnii and archeri. A peak in variability in geographically intermediate populations is apparent along the latter, but not the former, cline. In addition, it is shown that parallel clines in flowering time have the potential to retard gene flow along these clines. It is suggested that parallel clines which incidentally influence gene flow may be of considerable significance in parapatric differentiation and the origin of reproductive isolation.
Variation in the Pathogenicity of Eutypa lata (= E. armeniacae)
Authors: Carter MV , Bolay A , English H , Rumbos I
Published: December 2005

Evidence is advanced for the existence of pathotypes in Eutypa lata. Two groups of pathotypes,
respectively of high and low virulence to apricot, were identified on the basis of the uniform patterns
of response obtained following the inoculation of single ascospore isolates to four cultivars of apricot
in widely separated geographical regions.
These pathotypes exhibited similar patterns of virulence to almond, in which there was some
evidence for differences in the susceptibility of cultivars.
Of the six isolates inoculated to pear, only one was pathogenic.
The grapevine is believed to be a universal host, susceptible to a wide range of pathotypes of which
only a few are capable of pathogenesis in hosts in which the pathogen is found infrequently.
Rate of Growth of Banksia grandis Willd. (Proteaceae) in Western Australian Forest
Authors: Abbott I
Published: December 2005

Banksia grandis is a major understorey component of the jarrah forest and is a refuge of the soil fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi which kills many native plant species and threatens timber production. This paper presents data on the rate of growth of the lignotuber, shoot and stem of B. grandis. Length of the seedling lignotuber increased 0.23 cm year-1 over 3 years, that of saplings and trees increased 0.44 cm yea-1. The period for a seedling to attain 1.3 m height was calculated as c. 15 years. Short-term diameter increment of trees averaged 0.19-0.27 cm year-1, indicating that diameter at breast height of 20 cm should be attained in c. 80-100 years; this estimate is also supported by direct and indirect long- term data. Watering, shading and spraying with insecticide had no significant influence on height growth of saplings. Four years after fire, sapling coppice from large lignotubers nearly attained the height of the plant before the fire. Trees, but not saplings, grew faster after logging of forest. The significance of these growth rates is discussed in relation to two methods (mechanical removal, moderate-intensity fire) proposed to reduce the abundance of B. grandis in the jarrah forest.
The Epicuticular Waxes on the Organs of Different Varieties of Banana (Musa Spp.) Differ in Form, Chemistry and Concentration
Authors: Freeman B , Turner DW
Published: December 2005

The epicuticular waxes of leaves, bracts and fruits of 12 banana (Musa spp.) varieties were studied with
respect to total wax concentration, chemical composition and ultrastructure.
Leaf wax production commenced at the time of leaf emergence and reached a maximum at leaf
position 3 or 4, some 30-40 days after emergence. Field-grown leaves had 60% more wax (80-90 μg cm-2)
than glasshouse-grown leaves. Wax form varied with leaf maturity and large differences in form
and concentration were observed between varieties with the acuminata genome (A) compared with those
containing the balbisiana genome (B). The predominant chemical groups in leaf waxes were paraffins,
primary alcohols and fatty acids, irrespective of genome.
Bracts were waxier (up to 238 μg cm-2 and some differences in ultrastructure were associated with
genomic make-up. Chemical groups were mostly esters and fatty acids.
Fruits were the most waxy of the organs studied (up to 942 μg cm-2 ) , and differences in quantities
of wax among genomic groups were observed. Fruit waxes were less distinctly structured than leaf or
bract waxes and contained significant amounts of ketones and aldehydes, along with esters, fatty acids
and primary alcohols.
Cladistics, Phenetics and Biogeography of Populations of Boronia inornata Turcz. (Rutaceae) and the Eucalyptus diptera Andrews (Myrtaceae) Species Complex in Western Australia
Authors: Burgman MA
Published: December 2005

Numerical cladistic and phenetic analyses were undertaken on morphometric data from 22 Western
Australian populations of the southern Australian shrub Boronia inornata and from the southern
Western Australian tree Eucalyptus diptera and its unnamed allies. The E. diptera species complex
includes four taxa, three of which are at present unnamed. These species are largely allopatric, although
in one location the ranges of two species overlap. Two subspecies of Boronia inornata are described and
one of them, subsp. leptophylla, contains three informal variants. Subsp. inornata and two of the
variants of subsp. leptophylla are restricted to Western Australia. One variant of subsp. leptophylla is
sympatric with subsp. inornata in Western Australia and also occurs in southern South Australia. The
events which gave rise to the four species of the E. diptera complex and to the subspecies and variants
of B. inornata occurred within the semiarid mallee zone of Western Australia, probably during the
Quaternary. Speciation has occurred in a replacement pattern across the southern transitional rainfall
zone, which is reflected in at least one other, unrelated taxon.
Floral Ontogeny of the Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae)
Authors: Moncur MW
Published: December 2005

Scanning electron micrographs of the jackfruit are presented, showing the development of the male and
female inflorescences. An unusual feature is that the perianth segments in the female fuse in the middle
region after anthesis. Primordia numbers decreased from 315 per mm2 at floral initiation to 0.26 per
mm2 by completion of anthesis. At anthesis the males rotted before abscission, emitting a smell of
overripe fruit which attracted large numbers of insects. No insects visited the females. Pollen was not
shed readily after light physical disturbance, as would be expected from a wind-pollinated species. These
results are discussed in the light of conflicting views of whether anemophily or entomophily is the basic
mode of pollination.
Tertiary Araucarian Macrofossils From Tasmania
Authors: Bigwood AJ , Hill RS
Published: December 2005

Leaves of three species belonging to the family Araucariaceae are described from two Eocene localities
in Tasmania. Araucarioides gen. nov. is proposed to contain the fossil species. The erection of a new
genus is necessary for two reasons. Two new species, A. linearis and A. sinuosa, are intermediate
between Agathis and Araucaria and do not have the Florin rings which are the characteristic of extant
species of Araucariaceae. The third new species, A. annulata, while clearly belonging to the
Araucariaceae, is not well enough preserved to be assigned to an extant genus. These species confirm
the presence of the subtropical/tropical Araucariaceae in Tasmania in the Eocene. The evolutionary
position of the fossil species is uncertain at present.
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations of Vascular Plants on Heron Island, a Great Barrier Reef Coral Cay
Authors: Peterson Rl , Ashford AE , Allaway WG
Published: December 2005

Roots of 42 species of angiosperms collected from all vegetation zones on Heron Island were cleared,
stained with chlorazol black E and assessed for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). Percentage
of root length colonized was determined using the gridline intersect method, while stages in internal
development of the mycorrhizal association were determined by mounting cleared root pieces on
microscope slides and examining them with Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy.
Fifty-seven percent of the species had VAM and of these the percentage of root length colonized varied
from 3 to 100%. There were no statistically significant differences among the four vegetation zones of
the island in the number of species colonized. About the same proportion of trees and shrubs had VAM
as did the herbs. Two species of Brassicaceae, Lepidium virginicum and Sisymbrium orientale, had
VAM. All but three species with VAM had both arbuscules and vesicles; arbuscules were not found
in Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana, Sisymbrium orientale and Tribulus cistoides.
Genetic Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity in Populations of Paterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum L.) In South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Wood H , Degabriele R
Published: December 2005

Natural populations of Echium plantagineum on an east-west line across south-eastern Australia were
sampled on three occasions during the growing season, and seeds collected from individual plants in each
population were grown in a common glasshouse. In another experiment seedlings of E. plantagineum
were divided and clones from each plant were grown under two soil moisture regimes. Field populations
differed significantly in all seven characters measured at all sampling dates but, with one exception,
between-population differences were unrelated to five climatic indices. Glasshouse populations differed
significantly in 15 of 27 characters; variations in some of these characters were related by regression
analysis to one or more of the climatic indices. Clones grown under moisture stress flowered later, had
proportionally wider leaves and were smaller than well watered clones.
The data suggest that an ecocline has developed, or is developing, in E. plantagineum in south-
eastern Australia in response to large-scale and long-term aspects of climate, although extensive genetic
variation between individuals in each population was also observed. This species exhibits a great deal
of phenotypic plasticity in response to localized environmental factors.
Establishment, Suppression and Growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker in Multiaged Forests. I. The Effects of Fire on Mortality and Seedling Establishment
Authors: Bowman DMJS , Kirkpatrick JB
Published: December 2005

In the dry uneven-aged eucalypt forests of central Tasmania the establishment of seedlings of Eucalyptus
delegatensis requires a mitigation of the competition provided by the understorey, regeneration being
observed to follow both fire and cultivation. Most of the adult trees of E. delegatensis survive even
severe fires, although there can be considerable later mortality associated with mechanical failure of the
base of the trunk. E. delegatensis dry forest usually has a distinctive sapling layer. Fire kills most of
these saplings, the mortality rate being inversely related to their height and bark thickness.
Ecology of Bryophytic Communities in Mature Eucalyptus regnans F Muell Forest at Wallaby Creek, Victoria
Authors: Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

Bryophytic communities in plateau forests of mature Eucalyptus regnans are distributed according
to substrate type and microclimate, whereas those in gully rainforests are more catholic. Objective
classification of releves indicated the extent to which groupings are shared between these major
topographic sites and the degree to which their distribution is mediated by differences in microclimate.
Communities on many substrates in E. regnans forests are either seral to a fern floor 'climax' or exhibit
pattern and process cycles of regenerative stability.
The Study of Plant Phylogeny Using Amino-Acid-Sequences of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase .VI. Some Solanum and Allied Species From Different Continents
Authors: Martin PG , Dowd JM , Morris C , Symon DE
Published: December 2005

The N-terminal 40 amino acid sequences of the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase have been determined for 13 species of Solanum, one other species of Solanaceae and two of Convolvulaceae. From these, and previously published sequences from Solanaceae, a minimal phylogenetic tree is derived. This agrees well with current taxonomy; the first dichotomy in the Solanaceae tree is between the two subfamilies Solanoideae and Cestroideae; within Solanum the subgenera Solanum and Leptostemonum separate dichotomously; within subgenus Leptostemonum the African and Asian species diverge from the Australian. Within the Australian species of subgenus Leptostemonum two most unusual substitutions have been noted. The implications for the hypotheses of a 'molecular evolutionary clock' and of biogeographical dispersal by continental drift are discussed.
Vegetation and Modern Pollen Rain From the Barrington Tops and Upper Hunter River Regions of New South Wales
Authors: Dodson JR , Myers CA
Published: December 2005

Vegetation was mapped using existing maps, Landsat interpretation, aerial photograph interpretation and some verification by ground surveys. Twenty-five moss cushions were collected to identify pollen rain and pollen indicators of vegetation for use in fossil pollen interpretation. Eucalyptus (10%), Poaceae (4-10%), Casuarina (4-5%), Asteraceae (Tubuliflorae) (0-4%) and Cyperaceae (0-2%) were the general components in the pollen rain of the region. Subtropical rain forest was characterized by Backhousia and low values of a wide range of taxa. Cool temperate rain forest had Nothofagus values above 40% and Eucalyptus values below 20%. Subalpine grasslands had Poaceae values above 45%, Eucalyptus values below 15% and small quantities of Epacridaceae and Goodeniaceae pollen. Subalpine forest and wet eucalypt forest formations had very similar pollen representation and could be confused in pollen spectra. However, Monotoca, Banksia, Leptospermum pollen and fern spores were more common in the wet eucalypt forests. Dry eucalypt formations were characterized by 2-20% values of Bursaria, Callitris and Dodonaea as well as eucalypt values.
Biology of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolates From Tropical Pasture Legumes.
Authors: Ogle HJ , Irwin JAG , Cameron DF
Published: December 2005

The relationships between isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Stylosanthes guianensis (an
anamorphic and a teleomorphic isolate), Aeschynomene falcata and Centrosema pubescens were investi-
gated by comparing their morphology, temperature relations, symptomatology and pathogenicity. The
Stylosanthes and Aeschynomene isolates caused more severe symptoms on the host from which they were
isolated than on the other hosts. The Centrosema isolate caused moderate infection on Stylosanthes and
mild infection on Centrosema. The anamorphic isolate from Stylosanthes produced leaf blight while the
other isolates produced localised necrotic lesions. Conidia of the Centrosema isolate and the
teleomorphic isolate from Stylosanthes were relatively uniform in size and shape and rounded at both
ends. Both isolates produced fertile perithecia. Conidia of the Aeschynomene isolate and the anamorphic
Stylosanthes isolate were more variable in shape and usually tapered at one end. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the anamorphic Stylosanthes isolate and the Aeschynomene isolate was 25°C,
and for growth of the teleomorphic Stylosanthes isolate and the Centrosema isolate 27-29°C.
Infection by the anamorphic and the teleomorphic Stylosanthes isolates proceeded in a similar
fashion. Germinated spores and unmelanised appressoria were first observed at 6 h, melanised
appressoria at 12 h and multiple appressoria and penetration at 24 h after inoculation. The anamorphic
isolate produced significantly more successful penetrations than the teleomorphic isolate.
Stigma and Style Morphology in Relation to Taxonomy and Breeding Systems in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Boland DJ , Sedgley M
Published: December 2005

The stigma and style of 94 species of Eucalyptus and two species of Angophora were studied by scanning
electron microscopy and/or light microscopy. All species had papillate stigmas and a stylar canal of
varying length. Angophora species had mop-like stigmas with long papillae that were very similar in
appearance to those of the red bloodwood group of the Corymbia, e.g. E. gummifera. The spotted gum
group of the Corymbia had mop-like stigmas with short papillae and the yellow bloodwoods had tapered
stigmas. The latter group was also charaderised by an extremely thick cuticle on the outer surface of
the style, over 100 �m in thickness in E. watsoniana. All species in Blakella had tapered stigmas with
a lobed surface and relatively few short papillae. The stylar canal had no cuticle in E. papuana.
Eudesmia is a variable subgenus with E. erythrocorys unusual in having long multicellular papillae. Most
Symphyomyrtus species had blunt or pinhead-shaped lobed stigmas with a heavily cutinised stylar canal.
E. deglupta and E. microcorys did not conform to this pattern and had mop-shaped stigmas with long
papillae. Monocalyptus species had blunt stigmas with few papillae and hollow styles and appeared to
form a cohesive group.
On the basis of stigma and style morphology Angophora is more similar to Corymbia than to
Blakella. E. deglupta and E. microcorys are distinct from other Symphyomyrtus species studied.
E. trachyphloia and E. jacobsiana are more similar to E. gummifera than to E. watsoniana or other
yellow bloodwoods.
Early Tertiary Podocarpaceae - Megafossils From the Eocene Anglesea Locality, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Greenwood DR
Published: December 2005

The nomenclature of some Tertiary fossil Podocarpaceae is reviewed. Fossil Podocarpaceae from the
Eocene Anglesea locality in Victoria are described and assigned to six species from five modern genera
using cuticular and other vegetative morphology. Falcatifolium australis D. R. Greenwood is the first
record for this genus in Australia. Dacrycarpus eocenica D. R. Greenwood, Podocarpus platyphyllum
D. R. Greenwood and Prumnopitys lanceolata D. R. Greenwood are new species. Decussocarpus
brownei (Selling) D. R. Greenwood and Prumnopitys aff. Pr. Tasmanica (Townrow) D. R. Greenwood
have previously been recorded as megafossils from the Australian Tertiary. The diversity of
Podocarpaceae recorded from Anglesea is far greater than in any modern Australian forests.
Interspecific Hybridisation Between Trifolium repens and T. uniflorum
Authors: Pandey KK , Grant JE , Williams EG
Published: December 2005

Several partially fertile hybrids (2n = 32) were produced by embryo culture from crosses of the type T. repens (2n = 32) female × T. uniflorum (2n = 32) male . The reciprocal crosses, although giving better seed development in vivo, were less successful in producing viable hybrid plants. Backcrosses to both parent species and F2 hybrids were also produced. Hybrid materials were variable with respect to morphological characteristics but broadly within the expected intermediate range. Their root systems were generally coarser and deeper than that of T. repens, offering the prospect of improved resistance to beetle larvae and drought. One F1 hybrid proved to be highly self-compatible, although derived from self-incompatible parent species. Pollen fertility ranged from 0 to 58% for F1 hybrids, 0 to 13% for F2 hybrids, 0 to 84% for backcrosses to T. repens and 0 to 26% for backcrosses to T. uniflorum. Marked seasonal variations in pollen fertility were also observed. Up to two quadrivalent
chromosome associations per pollen mother cell were observed at meiosis in F1 hybrids, indicating some
intragenomic pairing of T. repens chromosomes. Quadrivalent associations were also observed in an F2
hybrid and three backcrosses to T. repens.
Pseudocercospora correae. Sp. nov, a Leaf Pathogen of Correa Species From Australia
Authors: Sutton BC , Pascoe IG , Sharma IK
Published: December 2005

Pseudocercospora correae sp. nov. is introduced for a sporodochial hyphomycete causing characteristic
lesions on leaves of some Correa species. It is described and illustrated and the criteria distinguishing
Cercoseptoria from Pseudocercospora are discussed.
Demography, Dispersal and Production of Pandanus tectorius (Pandanaceae) in Fiji
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

Populations of Pandanus tectorius (Pandanaceae) were examined at coastal and peat swamp sites in Viti
Levu, Fiji. Rates of leaf production (10-90 year-1), stem and branch growth (2-80 cm year-1)) were
determined and used in conjunction with observations of the number and spacing of leaf scars and
peduncle scars to estimate plant age. A semiprostrate juvenile phase of 4.5-9 years is followed by erect
trunk growth for c. 5-12 years followed by a flowering phase lasting 40 years or more. Male plants form
about 30 branches and flower annually, while female plants form about 16 branches and flower biennially.
Each fruit forms about 76 phalanges (drupes) and each phalange contains up to eight embryos,
although many were parasitised by insect larvae. Dispersal of phalanges by Pteropus tonganus
(Chiroptera), water, man and crabs or rats was recorded. In swamp sites occasional fires kill many of
the small-medium-sized plants, while cyclones damage and kill large plants at all sites. Because
infrequent but severe destructive events limit survivorship, it is difficult to define characteristic natalities
or mortalities. The sex ratio of the population indicates a slight preponderance of females. The allocation
of biomass to reproduction is estimated to be c. 34% in females and 15% in males, at 60 years.
Demography of Cyathea hornei (Cyatheaceae), a Tropical Tree-Fern in Fiji
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

A population of the tree-fern Cyathea hornei (Cyatheaceae) was studied in the tropical forest environ-
ment of Viti Levu, Fiji. Plants monitored over a 2.5 year period indicated that leaf production is
greatest in the hot, wet season and that leaf longevity is 1.1-1.6 years. Plants vary in the rates of leaf
production (3-9 year-1) and stem growth (1.5-40 cm year-1). From the spacing of leaf scars on the
stems and observed growth rates it is possible to estimate the growth history and age of plants. The
age class structure of the populations is consistent with a 2% annual mortality, and the largest plants
observed (550 cm stem length) have an age of 80-105 years. Reproduction commences in plants of about
150 cm stem length, and each fertile plant produces 4 x 107 2 2 x 107 s.d. spores year --1. Annual net
production varies greatly, up to 760 g year--1, and in typical fertile plants is allocated as follows: roots
15%; stems 23%; leaves 58%; and sori 4%.
Pitting of Transfusion Tracheids in Cupressaceae
Authors: Gadek PA , Quinn CJ
Published: December 2005

The morphology and development of the circular bordered pits on the transfusion tracheids in the leaves of Callitris muelleri are described from light microscopy of semithin sections and SEM studies of cut surfaces. Two parallel bars of thickening develop on the pit border either side of the aperture, and trabecula-like outgrowths develop into the cell lumen from the centre of each bar. These outgrowths are often contorted and may anastomose with the wall or each other. Development is arrested at the barred stage in occasional pits, and both 'barred' and 'trabeculate' pits may occur in the one cell. 'Trabeculate-pitting' occurs in all species of Callitris and Actinostrobus, and was also observed in species of Cupressus and Juniperus. Previous reports of outgrowths on pits in several
species of the last two genera suggest that the trabeculate pit is characteristic of both. 'Barred pits' occur
in Widdringtonia cupressoides and Catocedrus decurrens. Unadorned circular bordered pits are characteristic of Diselma archeri, and have previously been reported in a range of genera in the family. These
three types of pit are considered to represent an evolutionary transformation series in which the last type
is plesiomorphic. The occurrence of the apomorphic conditions in both northern and southern hemi-
sphere genera does not fit well with the present taxonomy of the family. The probable adaptive
significance of the trabeculate pit is discussed.
Annual Increment of Eucalyptus marginata Trees on Sites Infested With Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Davison EM , Tay FCS
Published: December 2005

The annual increment of Eucalyptus marginata in forest infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi was
compared with the growth of matched trees in adjacent uninfested forest, on two sites, for at least 4
years. On one site, trees in the infested area grew significantly faster than trees in the uninfested forest.
On the other site growth rates were similar.