bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments. II. Management based on kinship
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

With more detailed genetic information, more precise genetic management of fragmented populations can be achieved, leading to improved retention of genetic diversity and lower inbreeding. Using mean kinship within and between populations (estimated from modeling, pedigrees, genetic markers or genomes), and moving individuals among fragments with the lowest between fragment mean kinships provides the best approach to gene flow management. Populations should then be monitored to confirm that movement of individuals has resulted in the desired levels of gene flow, and that genetic diversity has been enhanced.
Failure to Connect
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

Despite being an important telephone pioneer, Britain’s pre-1939 telephone system was characterized by slow diffusion, high charges, and an often, at best, apathetic approach to market expansion on the part of its monopoly service provider. This was closely linked to Treasury opposition to investment in this nationalized service, despite such investment offering a good rate of return. The Treasury’s stranglehold on the telephone service became the subject of vigorous political controversy, eventually compelling government to relax Treasury control. However, even supporters of expansion did not envisage the service being extended to working-class or low-income, middle-class households. This chapter explores the constraints facing Britain’s early telephone network and the campaign during the 1930s to expand telephone utilization and diffusion, together with its achievements and limitations. It also discusses how subscribers used their telephones.
Data collection
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

One way students learn about data collection is actually to collect some data. This teaches some of the principles of experimental design and sampling and also gives the students a feel for the practical struggles and small decisions needed in real data gathering. This chapter includes several classroom demonstrations and examples to illustrate key ideas, as well as examples of instructions for longer projects. Activities include sampling from the telephone book and Benford’s law; family size and selection bias; aerial photographs to crowd count; experiments with question order and anchoring and measure bias; and taste tests and experimental design.
Teaching statistics to social scientists
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides advice on how to teach applied regression and multilevel models to students from a broad set of fields, especially the social sciences. These students typically want to fit and understand models beyond what they get from computer output. They tend to be highly motivated because they are trying to solve real problems in their applied fields. The course has little mathematics, and instead employs the computer to fit and simulate models. The chapter provides a step-by-step plan of the first two weeks of classroom activities in this applied regression course.
Directed projects in a mathematical statistics course
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

In this chapter we present a model for using case studies for the core of an undergraduate theoretical statistics course. These case studies have more depth than most examples found in typical mathematical statistics texts. Each case study provides a real-world question to be addressed as well as background information on the question, data to address the problem, and suggestions for investigating the problem. An important goal is to encourage and develop statistical thinking. This chapter provides both a sample case study on quality control and analysis of variance and a directed project on experimental design that includes a discussion of how we have changed the class to fit these activities into the course. In essence, the case studies become the centerpiece of the course, and as a result, the curriculum, lectures, and assignments are significantly different from a traditional mathematical statistics course.
The False Guarantee and Regress Objections
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that if normative predicates ascribe descriptive properties, there must be something that makes it the case that a certain normative predicate ascribes a certain descriptive property. It then considers three assumptions that reductive realists could make about what makes this the case. It argues that if they make the first assumption, their view runs into the false guarantee objection. It argues that if they make the second assumption, their view runs into the regress objection. And it argues that if reductive realists make the third assumption, this returns them to the choice between the first two assumptions. The chapter concludes that if there are normative properties, these properties are not identical to descriptive properties.
Conclusion
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

I have argued that there are sound arguments that together seem to show that the error theory is true. I have argued that we cannot believe the error theory and that there is therefore no reason for us to believe this theory. And I have argued that this makes the error theory more likely to be true....
When emerging biomedical technologies converge or collide
Authors: Mathews Debra J.H.
Published: September 2017

Neuroethics is concerned with the ethical, legal, and policy issues raised by the neurosciences and their applications in medicine and society. However, neuroscience sometimes involves other emerging biomedical technologies, such as genetics, regenerative medicine, and synthetic biology, which generate their own ethics and policy conundrums. When emerging biomedical technologies converge or collide in a single project, application, or product, challenges are compounded. These challenges may be mitigated by the development of shared models for ethical analysis focused not on the details of a particular technology but rather on the nature of the class of technologies, such as whether they are emerging, rapidly evolving, and ethically contentious. These challenges and characteristics, and a framework approach to managing them, are the focus of this chapter.
Neuromodulation ethics: Preparing for brain–computer interface medicine
Authors: Klein Eran
Published: September 2017

Brain–computer interface (BCI) technology is moving from research to clinical practice. Devices that detect seizure patterns and provide preemptive neurostimulation are in clinical use, and significant advancements have been made in BCI-based control of neuroprosthetics and deep brain stimulation systems for treatment of movement disorders. The transition of BCI-based devices into regular clinical use raises ethical challenges for clinicians and patients. Clinicians have important responsibilities in the initial consent process for obtaining BCI devices and in the ongoing management or neuromodulation of patients with BCI-based devices. Rather than understanding neuromodulation as purely technical, it is argued in this chapter that neuromodulation is better thought of as assistive, and that rehabilitation medicine provides a useful framework for beginning to address the kinds of ethical challenges likely to emerge for neuromodulation in BCI medicine.
Neuroprognostication after severe brain injury in children: Science fiction or plausible reality?
Authors: Welsh Sarah S. , Dupont-Thibodeau Geneviève , Kirschen Matthew P.
Published: September 2017

Neuroprognostication is a complex process that spans the resuscitative, acute, and subacute phases of brain injury and recovery. Improvements over time have transitioned the task of outcome prediction after severe brain injury from estimating survival to providing a qualitative prognosis of functional neurologic recovery. This chapter follows the case of an 8-year-old boy who remained comatose following a cardiac arrest due to drowning. We describe and analyze novel applications of current technologies that could be used in the future to improve the accuracy, reliability, and confidence in the neuroprognostication process for physicians and families that are at the heart of ethical decision-making in medicine.
Placebo beyond controls: The neuroscience and ethics of navigating a new understanding of placebo therapy
Authors: Rommelfanger Karen S.
Published: September 2017

Placebo, as a negative control, has become a gold standard of research and clinical trials. “True” or significant effects must go beyond the placebo control, with the tacit understanding being that placebo achieves nothing significant. Placebo administration need not be synonymous with violating the doctor–patient covenant of trust, however. Ethical arguments around placebo require updating as they are based on premises that ignore data that (1) challenge the inertness of placebo, (2) suggest that patients often deem deceptive placebo use as ethically permissible, and (3) that placebo effects need not require deception. This chapter reviews the history of placebo and related ethical conflicts, discusses competing explanations for the mechanisms of placebo, and concludes by arguing that with rhetorical force, neuroscience should be incorporated into care in a way that does not reduce, but rather enriches the understanding of the complexities of human experience.
Cognitive enhancement of today may be the normal of tomorrow
Authors: Jotterand Fabrice
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the use of cognitive enhancers in healthy individuals with cognitive deficits caused by mental impairment. The objectives of this analysis are twofold: (1) to outline some of the problems associated with the attempt to distinguish the concept of enhancement from therapy, and (2) to show the relevance of the distinction between two different categories of cognitive enhancement in the attempt to demonstrate why the notion of human enhancement might become part of the therapeutic language of tomorrow. The various conceptualizations of enhancement found in literature, especially as outlined by Chadwick and Agar, are examined in this chapter and the notion of the clinical ideal to evaluate the concept of enhancement in the context of clinical interventions is introduced. In the final section of the chapter, the implications of the clinical ideal in relation to the use of cognitive enhancers in people with mental impairment are considered.
Experiencing Penia
Authors: Taylor Claire
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 examines poverty dynamics in three distinct ways: (i) through an examination of conjunctural aspects of poverty and the events that are described as precipitating hardship, (ii) through a discussion of chronic poverty as social re-categorization, and (iii) through an exploration of gendered aspects of poverty. Together these case studies demonstrate that the discourses of poverty discussed in Chapter 2 are contested by the penetes themselves, e.g. women were able to use their social networks to resist the discourses that devalued their labour.
Experiencing Penia
Authors: Taylor Claire
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the mechanisms through which poverty was alleviated or reproduced. It explores how various measures which might be seen in terms of hardship alleviation (political pay, associations, distribution of sacrificial meat) in fact demonstrate how rules of civic entitlement shaped access to resources. Other examples, such as local political structures and access to credit, show a disproportionate number of affluent Athenians, which served to reproduce the structures of wealth and poverty. Poverty was also reproduced by economic processes which allowed for the consolidation of wealth by the wealthy in the second half of the fourth century. This chapter reviews such evidence.
The Oath of Allegiance
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 explores the slow progress from the excommunication of Elizabeth by Pope Pius V in 1570 to the Oath of Allegiance in the wake of the Gunpowder Plot. That oath has been seen as a tolerant act by some, a hostile one by others, designed to flush out Catholics and force a loyalty that silenced dissent. However it is read, the oath marks another transformation in English public culture, one that crystallized religious divisions. The chapter shows how significant the change was through the study of another trial that has not always been seen in terms of the culture of the oath, the Essex divorce trial.
Testimony
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 explores the issues of eyewitness accounts and testimony. In both legal disputes and for information about foreign countries great reliance was placed on the accounts of eyewitnesses. But how could anyone be sure that those who provided testimony were telling the truth? Reliable, honest testimony was central to questions of truth and lying and so features heavily in discussion in this period. The chapter explores a variety of cases such as the accounts given of the death of Robert Greene; the murder of Anthony James by Annis and George Dell; the case of the mysterious herring with lettering on its side, and the plots against Mary Queen of Scots, as well as the fictional account of issues about travel in Thomas Nashe’s The Unfortunate Traveller, to show how debates about truth and lies were undertaken.
Othello and the Culture of Lies between Conscience and Reputation
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7, concentrating on a particular literary work, Othello, looks at evidence, apparently miraculous events and phenomena, and travel writing, asking whether such writings were really an excuse to delude and dupe a public, suspending ordinary standards of truthfulness, and to tell a series of lies. The chapter shows how Shakespeare is alive to the wide variety of forms of lying identified by commentators, placing diverse types of falsehood together in order to ask many of the main questions posed by debates about lying in this period: did small lies lead to big lies? How could one tell when someone was lying? Could one ever be permitted to lie and, if so, what might the consequences be? And, why do people tell lies?
Greek Tragic Women on Shakespearean Stages
Authors: Pollard Tanya
Published: September 2017

Greek Tragic Women on Shakespearean Stages argues that ancient Greek plays exerted a powerful and uncharted influence on early modern England’s dramatic landscape. Drawing on original research to challenge longstanding assumptions about Greek texts’ invisibility, the book shows not only that the plays were more prominent than we have believed, but that early modern readers and audiences responded powerfully to specific plays and themes. The Greek plays most popular in the period were not male-centered dramas such as Sophocles’ Oedipus, but tragedies by Euripides that focused on raging bereaved mothers and sacrificial virgin daughters, especially Hecuba and Iphigenia. Because tragedy was firmly linked with its Greek origin in the period’s writings, these iconic female figures acquired a privileged status as synecdoches for the tragic theater and its ability to conjure sympathetic emotions in audiences. When Hamlet reflects on the moving power of tragic performance, he turns to the most prominent of these figures: “What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba/ That he should weep for her?” Through readings of plays by Shakespeare and his contemporary dramatists, this book argues that newly visible Greek plays, identified with the origins of theatrical performance and represented by passionate female figures, challenged early modern writers to reimagine the affective possibilities of tragedy, comedy, and the emerging genre of tragicomedy.
Compensation and Proportionality in War
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2017

Virtually all wars inflict massive casualties on innocent civilians. Even if inflicting such casualties is justified all things considered, the victims are owed compensation—or so I argue. In doing so, I address two questions. First, who owes the compensatory duties in cases where the casualties were justifiably inflicted? I argue that those who authorize the justified infringements and who benefit from those harms must compensate the victims if the war’s unjust aggressor cannot or will not do so. Second, what happens if it is reasonable to surmise beforehand that we will culpably fail to discharge our compensatory duties post bellum? I argue that satisfying the war’s proportionality constraint is virtually impossible under those conditions. A lesson is that failing to take duties of compensation seriously constrains the moral permission to protect ourselves.
Proportionality in Warfare as a Political Norm
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues in favor of a political version of the norm of proportionality. Proportionality, as embodied in the “orthodox” narrow proportionality test, is widely used in the legal and ethical debates about the use of force. There are, however, reasons to be dissatisfied with the current norm. This article identifies the reasons for the failure of proportionality—mainly the lack of commensurability between the variables that are aggregated in the calculus of proportionality and the lack of attention paid to the intertemporal dimension of proportionality. Moreover, this chapter challenges the prevailing individualist model we find both in law and ethics. It argues for a reframing of proportionality in political terms which meets the challenges of contemporary warfare. The chapter then establishes five principles that would serve as the groundstone of this new political norm.
Conclusion
Authors: Prestel Joseph Ben
Published: September 2017

The conclusion argues that the study of debates on urban change in Berlin and Cairo reveals a parallel periodization in the history of these two cities. During the second half of the nineteenth century, contemporaries in both places moved from associating the transformation of these cities with shifting emotions to efforts of actively shaping the emotions of city dwellers through reform. The conclusion presents the argument that the prominence of emotions in these debates can be explained through their functionality as being both universal and adaptable to a local context. Drawing on this similarity, it calls for a reconsideration of regional categories in historical research on cities with a stronger focus on the role of empire, capitalism, and nationalism as components of a potentially global urban history.
John Locke: The Philosopher as Christian Virtuoso
Authors: Nuovo Victor
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this book is to present the philosophical thought of John Locke as the work of a Christian virtuoso. In his role as ‘virtuoso’, an experimental natural philosopher of the sort that flourished in England during the seventeenth century, Locke was a proponent of the so-called ‘new philosophy’, a variety of atomism that emerged in early modern Europe. But he was also a practicing Christian, and he professed confidence that the two vocations were not only compatible but mutually sustaining. Locke aspired, without compromising his empirical stance, to unite the two vocations in a single philosophical endeavor with the aim of producing a system of Christian philosophy. Although the birth of the modern secular outlook did not happen smoothly or without many conflicts of belief, Locke, in his role of Christian virtuoso, endeavored to resolve apparent contradictions. Nuovo draws attention to the often-overlooked complexities and diversity of Locke’s thought, and argues that Locke must now be counted among the creators of early modern systems of philosophy.
Epilogue: Final Ends and Meaningful Lives
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: September 2017

The meaningfulness of life is not a mere additive function of locally meaningful moments. In making meaning, people undertake the active and creative task of constructing their past—of interpreting it, of using the ‘raw material’ of the succession of events, putting it in the form of a narrative. The narrative as a whole is capable of endowing the constituent events with meaning or depriving them of it. This notion of perspective in which one sees one’s life, past as well as future, is indispensable for the notion of the meaningfulness of life.
The Decline of the International Model
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2017

The creation of a common market was (and is) a central task of the European Economic Community and today the European Union. The 1957 EEC Treaty thereby offered a variety of legal instruments to unite the different national markets into a ‘common’ European market. Originally, it closely followed the GATT suggestions in Article XXIV and outlawed customs duties (and equivalent measures), while it equally prohibited quantitative restrictions (and equivalent measures). The EEC Treaty also contained a non-discrimination provision for imported goods, yet the latter was textually confined to fiscal measures; and the question therefore arose how the 1957 Rome Treaty would regard State regulatory measures that discriminated against out-of-State goods. This chapter explores the constitutional choices made by the original Rome Treaty and the early Court with regard to market integration.
The Rise of the Federal Model II
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2017

The federal model is potentially subject to two ‘special’ cases. First, because the jurisprudence on Article 34 primarily concerned goods produced within the Union, the question arises whether the same constitutional principles also apply to restrictions imposed on goods coming from outside the Union. A second special problem, on the other hand, relates to export restrictions under Article 35. Section I discusses these special cases, while Section II subsequently explores the various exemptions and justifications for national measures considered to hinder intra-Union trade. According to the so-called ‘purely internal situation’ rule, the Court has traditionally exempted situations from the scope of both Articles 34 and 35 that were, as regards their facts, procedurally confined to a single Member State. This ‘procedural’ exemption was complemented by those substantive justifications expressly mentioned in Article 36, which were—after Cassis—themselves complemented by an unlimited number of ‘mandatory’ or ‘imperative’ requirements.
Epilogue
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2017

Can the judicial creation of the EU internal market be justified? A famous—positive—answer has, in the past, been suggested by Miguel Maduro’s We the Court; and the first section explores the credentials of his ‘majoritarian activism’ thesis. The second section surveys alternative forms of legitimacy, such as ‘output legitimacy’ and ‘messianic legitimacy’, but it also offers a new Kantian approach to the legitimacy question.
Spicy Food as Cause of Death: Coincidence and Necessity in MetaphysicsΕ‎ 2–3
Authors: Nielsen Karen Margrethe
Published: September 2017

In this paper I consider Aristotle’s argument involving ineluctable causal chains in Metaphysics E 3, and maintain that it seeks to establish the existence of coincidental causes. The thesis that Aristotle targets for refutation is not, as has frequently been assumed, efficient-causal determinism, but rather the view that everything that happens has a per se cause which produces its effects by way of a teleological process. I argue that Aristotle’s endorsement of coincidental causes is compatible with efficient-causal determinism. While eating spicy food is a coincidental cause of dying from violence, there could still be efficient-causal chains leading from eating spicy food to dying in this way. The paper considers the parallel argument in Metaphysics K 8 in support of this interpretation.
Grotius’ Imago Dei Anthropology
Authors: Nijman Janne E.
Published: September 2017

In the standard account Hugo Grotius secularized international law by grounding it on human nature. This chapter argues we should not stop at the standard account, but rather should dig deeper and examine the theological anthropology grounding Grotius’ ideas on the law of nature and nations. With some attention for the influence of both (neo-)scepticism and (neo)stoicism in analyses of Grotius’ understanding of human nature and natural law, this chapter examines Grotius’ ideas through the lens of the Christian theological notion of imago Dei—the idea that human beings are different from other animals in that they are created in ‘the image and likeness of God’. The chapter relates the concept of the imago Dei briefly to the early seventeenth-century theological and political debates in the Dutch Republic and discusses the Arminian interpretation of the imago Dei along the lines of three dimensions generally set apart: ontological, teleological, and functional.
Religion and Empire Carl Schmitt’s Katechon between International Relations and the Philosophy of History
Authors: Nicoletti Michele
Published: September 2017

Carl Schmitt’s thought on international relations appears from the outset to be profoundly informed by his reflections on the philosophy of history. In this the German jurist seems to be fully consonant with the climate of his time, of that generation which saw the 19th century ‘concert of Europe’ crumble beneath their feet into the great tragedy of European civil war which began with the First World War. The collapse of the world order thus almost inevitably leads him to question the meaning of history and to be influenced by the ideas of the end of the world and of history, and by the symbols and metaphors connected to this theme, which have been part of Western culture for centuries.
Sufferer-Centered Requirements on Theodicy and All-Things-Considered Harms
Authors: Crummett Dustin
Published: September 2017

Both Marilyn Adams and Eleonore Stump have endorsed requirements on theodicy which, if true, imply that we can never suffer all-things-considered harms. William Hasker has offered a series of arguments intended to show that this implication is unacceptable. This chapter evaluates Hasker’s arguments and finds them lacking. However, it also argues that Hasker’s arguments can be modified or expanded in ways that make them very powerful. The chapter closes by considering why God might not meet the requirements endorsed by Stump and Adams and shows how they can modify their requirements to avoid the untenable implications about harm while still respecting the concerns that motivated their requirements in the first place.
The Posture of Faith
Authors: Page Meghan
Published: September 2017

While faith is often described as a cognitive state, many philosophers argue that faith includes a noncognitive factor, and is not merely a species of belief. In this chapter, a novel model of this affective component is developed, based on recent work in clinical psychology concerning the relationship between posture and approach motivation. It further argues that this model accurately represents many crucial features of faith: faith can motivate us to act against our desires, faith is both voluntary and passive, faith makes us vulnerable, faith is an activity, and faith can intensify belief.
Introduction
Authors: Jeutner Valentin
Published: September 2017

This part introduces and illustrates the idea of a legal dilemma by means of a hypothetical Cartesian coordinate system. The introduction alsosets out the objectives of the book. It does so with reference to three research questions concerning, first, the definition of a legal dilemma, second, the possibility of the existence of a legal dilemma, and, finally, the way in which the international legal order should address legal dilemmas. Subsequently, the introduction outlines five examples to which the book keeps referring. The examples concern the regulation of nuclear weapons, submarine warfare, military alliances, conflicting infrastructure treaties, and the rescue of persons in distress at sea.
The Possibility of a Legal Dilemma
Authors: Jeutner Valentin
Published: September 2017

The second part validates the stipulative definition of Part I by identifying those norm conflicts which contemporary international law cannot satisfactorily resolve. In doing so, this part answers the second research question—whether legal dilemmas could exist in international law—in the affirmative and demarcates the doctrinal space that legal dilemmas occupy. The argument develops in three sections. The first section identifies the inherent limitations of norm conflict resolution devices. Norm conflict resolution devices deal with a norm conflict by establishing a hierarchy or a compromise between norms. They thereby identify a course of action that avoids impairing either norm unduly. The second section considers the limitation of norm conflict accommodation devices. The third section explains why measures of last resort do not preclude the possibility of the existence of legal dilemmas.
The Accountability of Armed Groups under Human Rights Law
Authors: Fortin Katharine
Published: September 2017

Although the practice of holding armed groups to account under human rights law remains controversial and under-theorized as a matter of law, statements from Commissions of Inquiry and United Nations Special Rapporteurs holding armed groups to account under this body of law are relatively commonplace. Motivated by this contradiction, this study aims to clarify when and how armed groups are bound by human rights law. It brings several key issues of clarification to the legal framework. The first part of the book presents a new perspective on the role that human rights law plays in the legal framework that applies to non-international armed conflict. In particular, the study investigates the normative added value that human rights law can bring vis-à-vis international humanitarian law. The second part of the book sheds light on the circumstances in which armed groups acquire obligations under human rights law. Combining historical and comparative research with theoretical analysis on international legal personality, the research demonstrates what the legal frameworks of belligerency, insurgency, and international humanitarian law can tell us about when and how such groups may be bound by human rights law. The third part of the book tests and investigates the four most utilized theories of how armed groups are bound by human rights law, examining (i) treaty law, (ii) control of territory, (iii) international criminal law, and (iv) customary international law. The book’s conclusions are drawn together thematically and contain important practical recommendations for practitioners in this field.
Added Value of Application of International Human Rights Law to Armed Groups
Authors: Fortin Katharine
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 of the book investigates the normative added value of holding armed groups to account under human rights law. Reviewing the legal frameworks of international human rights law and international humanitarian law and comparing them to social science literature on inter alia rebel governance, the chapter explains how and where human rights law is able to bring most value. It concludes that its value lies principally in the law enforcement paradigm, in particular in the regulation of everyday life under rebel control. The chapter concludes by examining the relationship between the added value of human rights law and an armed group’s control of territory.
Armed Groups and Treaty Law
Authors: Fortin Katharine
Published: September 2017

Chapter 8 employs the theories identified in Chapter 7 to consider whether it is possible to argue that armed groups are bound by the major human rights treaties. The chapter conducts detailed analysis of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It also examines the main human rights treaties which it argues hold most textual potential to bind armed groups, namely the Convention against Torture, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, and the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa.
International Organizations’ Obligations under Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Ferstman Carla
Published: September 2017

The chapter considers in what circumstances international organizations have international legal personality and what results from such personality. It also considers whether international legal personality gives rise to rights and obligations and which ones. Central to this analysis, the chapter studies whether an international organization may have human rights and international humanitarian law obligations and whether these derive from its international legal personality, its constituent agreement, as a result of the functions of the organization, or some combination thereof. The chapter concludes that international organizations have obligations to comply with peremptory norms and accepted general principles of international law (which include elements of human rights and international law) that apply to all subjects under international law. There are also additional obligations which apply in particular contexts, and are aligned with organizations’ purposes and their capacities to act and react in any given situation.
Limited Extended Inheritance
Authors: Merlin Francesca
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the question of the extension of biological inheritance in the light of the fact that organisms inherit much more than DNA. Starting from recent proposals to reconceive the concept of biological inheritance, the chapter shows that one of the main assumptions in the literature is simply taken for granted without providing any evidence or argument to support it. The chapter first analyzes four distinctions—and the lessons drawn from them—and then proposes a redefinition of inheritance, which brings to the fore its privileged link with reproduction and the specific theoretical role of this concept in evolutionary biology.
Heredity and Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Uller Tobias , Helanterä Heikki
Published: September 2017

Heredity is a central concept in biology and one of the core principles needed for adaptive evolution. For most of the past 100 years, heredity has been defined and conceptualized in terms of transmission of genes. This is heuristically useful but imposes a certain structure on evolutionary theory and leaves out aspects of heredity that may be important to understand evolution. Emerging developmental perspectives on evolution suggests that alternative ways to represent heredity may prove useful. To this end, this chapter explains how evolutionary biologists treat heredity, conceptually and mathematically. It argues that treating heredity as an outcome of developmental processes not only makes it clearer how different mechanisms of inheritance contribute to evolution but also shows that inheritance cannot be treated as a static channel of transmission of information because it evolves as part of the process of adaptation.
Introduction
Authors: Ashe Laura
Published: September 2017

DIABOLUS.

Cil qu’il vus ad tant defendu,

Il ad en sei mult grant vertu.

En celui est grace de vie,

De poësté, de seignorie,

De tut saveir, e bien e mal.

EVA.

Quel savor a?1

(DEVIL.

The one he’s so firmly forbidden you contains...
Church, Parties, and Politics
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: September 2017

Was the Church of England, between the Restoration and the Oxford movement, divided into parties? W. J. Conybeare, in a famous article of 1853, claimed that High and Low Church faded away, leaving a complacent worldliness. This chapter traces the emergence and track record of the identities ‘High Church’, ‘Latitudinarian’, and ‘Low Church’, shows their origin in polemic, traces their trajectories in political and religious conflict, and concludes that Conybeare’s reifications of identities were partly retrojections. Both the assertion and the denial of party labels were tactically motivated, but party identities nevertheless had both theological and parliamentary party-political purposes. The Broad Church cause that Conybeare sought to promote is revealed, and the seriousness of principled conflicts in earlier decades reasserted. The chapter centrally contends that since Conybeare’s account was inadequate, Norman Sykes’s model of the Hanoverian Church as consensual, unified, and moderate cannot now be sustained.
Church Building and Architecture
Authors: Nelson Louis P.
Published: September 2017

Contrary to popular perceptions, the long eighteenth century was a period of significant church building and the architecture of the Church of England in this era played a critical role in religious vitality and theological formation. While certainly not to the expansive scale of Victorian church construction, the period was an era of significant building, in London, but also across the whole of the British Empire. Anglican churches in this era were marked not so much by stylistic questions as by programmatic concerns. The era produced the auditory church, designed to accommodate better the hearing of the sermon and the increasing importance of music in worship. There were also changes to communion practice that implicated the design of architecture. Finally, some few Anglicans considered the theological implications of historical inspiration but many more considered the role of sensibility and emotion in worship and in architecture as one of worship’s agents.
Anglican Religious Societies, Organizations, and Missions
Authors: Manning David
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides the first critical survey of those societies that worked under the rubric of the Church of England over the course of its ‘long eighteenth century’. Transcending a scholarly focus on the voluntary quality of such groups and challenging more general assumptions about the supposedly areligious nature of ‘enlightened’ sociability and learning, it shows how the Church of England revitalized its authority by utilizing extra-parochial societies to reconstitute its relationship with its national and international communion. As a reference work, the chapter seeks to inform the general reader whilst guiding specialists towards new lines of enquiry. But its insights into societies such as the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge underscore the extent to which ‘Anglican religious societies’ actively shaped the wider history of the English-speaking world.
Anglican Evangelicalism
Authors: Atkins Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the emergence and development of Anglican Evangelicalism from the early eighteenth century onwards. It argues that while Evangelicals have always harked back to the first, formative generations of their movement, this has tended to obscure the theological diversity, practical pragmatism, and fluid organization that characterized the new piety. What follows, then, examines the beginnings of an enduring movement, but it also outlines a distinct phase in its existence. The first section considers the gradual emergence of Evangelicalism as a distinct identity in the Church of England; the second, its ramification in clerical associations and among groups of prosperous laypeople; the third, its infiltration of metropolitan officialdom and provincial society via organized philanthropy and patronage. As well as mapping the networks that spread Evangelical influence, it explores the lasting tensions thus generated: above all, what did it mean to be both Anglican and Evangelical?
The Possibility of Constitutional Theory
Authors: Kyritsis Dimitrios
Published: September 2017

This chapter sets out the main tenets of moralized constitutional theory, which supplies the methodology of the book. According to moralized constitutional theory the purpose of constitutional law is to buttress the legitimacy of a political regime by furnishing standing assurances that government power will be used properly. Although moralized constitutional theory maintains that contentious constitutional law issues are ultimately determined by principles of political morality, it is compatible with both legal positivism and anti-positivism. Moreover, it does not ignore either the history of different legal systems or considerations of political exigency to which constitutions are also sensitive. But it insists that the overarching reason history and political exigency matter is a moral one. Nor does moralized constitutional theory block reform. It is only meant to answer the pressing moral question under what conditions state coercion is warranted here and now.
Two Modes of Judicial Deference
Authors: Kyritsis Dimitrios
Published: September 2017

In order to preserve the courts’ subsidiarity, even when they monitor the legislature, we must develop a suitable concept of judicial deference. This is the aim of this chapter. It distinguishes two modes of deference, the epistemic and the robust. On the epistemic model, deference affects the deliberative process of judges but does not change the standard by which we evaluate legislative decisions. On the robust model, deference does not affect judicial deliberation but changes what is the right thing to do; it may require giving effect to the authority’s decision, although it is sub-optimal as far as its content is concerned on the strength of countervailing considerations of institutional design. These two modes of deference can also be combined (composite deference). Deference, thus understood, is not erratic and ad hoc but sensitive to reasons of political morality and amenable to rational application.
Brentano’s Thesis Revisited
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: September 2017

In Psychologie, Brentano introduced a new mark of mental phenomena: all and only mental phenomena are intentional. No physical state or property is intentional. Under the label ‘Brentano’s Thesis’ this mark of the mental has guided philosophical research both by phenomenologists and by analytic philosophers of mind. This chapter reconstructs the view of intentionality that underlies Brentano’s Thesis and finds it under-explained. Brentano clearly struggled to convey to his readers what he took to be the common feature of the mental. The chapter goes on to assess attempts to explain intentionality in independently intelligible terms by such philosophers as Chisholm, Crane, and Molnar, and finds them all wanting.
Studying Globalization at Home
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: September 2017

This chapter documents the ethnographic context in which the interviews and participant observation were conducted for the study presented in this book. It also situates the study within the context of narrative inquiry and develops arguments about the role of self-reflexivity in doing ethnography at “home” and producing qualitative forms of knowledge that are based on personal, experiential, and cultural narratives. It is argued that there is significant interest in the adoption of interpretive methods or qualitative research in psychology. The qualitative approaches in psychology present a provocative and complex vision of how the key concepts related to describing and interpreting cultural codes, social practices, and lived experience of others are suffused with both poetical and political elements of culture. The epistemological and ontological assumptions undergirding qualitative research reflect multiple “practices of inquiry” and methodologies that have different orientations, assumptions, values, ideologies, and criterion of excellence.
Gender, UN Peacebuilding, and the Politics of Space
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: September 2017

The United Nations is an organization founded at least in part on hope: hope for a postwar future offering security, human rights, justice, “social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.” This book documents some of the ways in which the UN engages with peacebuilding as a practice of hope, under the auspices of the UN Peacebuilding Commission that was created in 2005. Hope was part of the Commission’s foundational mandate: the hope that the Commission, as a principal actor in the UN peacebuilding apparatus, would “integrate a gender perspective into all of its work”; and the hope that the Commission would “consult with civil society, non-governmental organizations, including women’s organizations, and the private sector engaged in peacebuilding activities, as appropriate.” This book engages with the work that gender is doing conceptually to organize the way that peacebuilding is defined, enacted, and resourced, as well as exploring the ways in which women, gender, and civil society are constructed in UN peacebuilding discourse. Laying bare the logics of gender and space that organize the discourse, the author argues that these constructions work independently and together to constitute the terrain of UN peacebuilding discourse in three ways: to create “conditions of impossibility” in the implementation of peacebuilding activities that take gender seriously as a power dynamic; to heavily circumscribe women’s meaningful participation in peacebuilding; and to produce hierarchies that paradoxically undermine the contemporary emphasis on “bottom-up” governance of peacebuilding activities.
Boxwood Dieback Caused By Colletotrichum theobromicola: A Diagnostic Guide
Authors: Singh Raghuwinder , Doyle Vinson P.
Published: September 2017

Boxwood (Buxus spp.) is a popular perennial landscape shrub in the United States grown for its vibrant green color and evergreen growth. Several important plant diseases are known to occur on boxwood. In 2015, a new disease of boxwood called boxwood dieback was identified in Louisiana and is the first known report in the United States. Boxwood dieback is a stem/shoot disease caused by a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum theobromicola. This manuscript presents a comprehensive guide to diagnose and identify boxwood dieback caused by C. theobromicola.