bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Development in Business Education
Authors: Lourenço Fernando , Sappleton Natalie , Lei Weng Si , Cheng Ranis
Published: March 2014

This chapter highlights the challenges of teaching sustainability in business schools. The authors provide a discussion of economic liberalism and different forms of stakeholder theory to explain the varying attitudes among educators towards ethics, responsibility and sustainability. The assumption that business schools encourage a ‘profit-first-mentality' is fleshed out, and it is argued that this attitude likely affects the effectiveness of teaching and learning in respect to ethical, responsible and sustainable values. The chapter later questions whether it is better to flow with the dominant economic-driven values as prescribed by conventional business education or to challenge it in order to nurture sustainability-driven values among students. These options are explored and the suggestion that entrepreneurship has a role to play as a pedagogical tool to support the teaching of sustainable development is offered. It is argued that entrepreneurship does not confront, but supports the extant values of conventional business education and therefore is a feasible approach for business education. Finally, implications for business and management education, as well as, the role of entrepreneurship to promote sustainability-values are discussed drawing on models and two case studies (UK and China).
Analyzing Farmers' Learning Process in Sustainable Development
Authors: Chalil Diana
Published: March 2014

Rice is the staple food grain for Indonesians. With the increasing population, Indonesia has tried to improve its rice production by using high yielding varieties (HYV) and more chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Initially the program was quite successful, but later production began to stagnate with subsequent environmental and health issues. As an alternative, Indonesia embarked on wide scale promotion of organic rice farming. However, success seems unlikely. One of the first barriers to successful implementation was that not many rice crop (paddy) farmers converted their farms to the organic system. In fact, this chapter relates that the early stages of farmers' learning process actually went smoothly but did not continue in the final stages. Lack of time, labor, and funds to cover extra activities of the first years of the conversion mainly explain the barriers for farmers to complete the learning process. The barriers need to be understood and addressed in order to improve the sustainable integration of organic rice farming into Indonesian cultural practices.
Sulforaphane Protects from T Cell–Mediated Autoimmune Disease by Inhibition of IL-23 and IL-12 in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Geisel Julia , Brück Jürgen , Glocova Ivana , Dengler Katja , Sinnberg Tobias , Rothfuss Oliver , Walter Michael , Schulze-Osthoff Klaus , Röcken Martin , Ghoreschi Kamran
Published: March 2014

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate, is part of an important group of naturally occurring small molecules with anti-inflammatory properties. The published reports are best conceivable with an inhibition of T cell function, but the mode of action remains unknown. We therefore analyzed the effect of SFN on T cell–mediated autoimmune disease. Feeding mice with SFN protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Disease amelioration was associated with reduced IL-17 and IFN-γ expression in draining lymph nodes. In vitro, SFN treatment of T cells did not directly alter T cell cytokine secretion. In contrast, SFN treatment of dendritic cells (DCs) inhibited TLR4-induced IL-12 and IL-23 production, and severely suppressed Th1 and Th17 development of T cells primed by SFN-treated DCs. SFN regulated the activity of the TLR4-induced transcription factor NF-κB, without affecting the degradation of its inhibitor IκB-α. Instead, SFN treatment of DCs resulted in strong expression of the stress response protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which interacts with and thereby inhibits NF-κB p65. Consistent with these findings, HO-1 bound to p65 and subsequently inhibited the p65 activity at the IL23a and IL12b promoters. Importantly, SFN suppressed Il23a and Il12b expression in vivo and silenced Th17/Th1 responses within the CNS. Thus, our data show that SFN improves Th17/Th1-mediated autoimmune disease by inducing HO-1 and inhibiting NF-κB p65-regulated IL-23 and IL-12 expression.
Cutting Edge: A Double-Mutant Knockin of the CD28 YMNM and PYAP Motifs Reveals a Critical Role for the YMNM Motif in Regulation of T Cell Proliferation and Bcl-xL Expression
Authors: Boomer Jonathan S. , Deppong Christine M. , Shah Dulari D. , Bricker Traci L. , Green Jonathan M.
Published: March 2014

CD28 is a critical regulator of T cell function, augmenting proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cell survival. Our previous work using knockin mice expressing point mutations in CD28 demonstrated that the distal proline motif was primarily responsible for much of CD28 function, whereas in marked contrast to prior studies, mutation of the PI3K-binding motif had little discernible effect. In this study, we examined the phenotype of mice in which both motifs are simultaneously mutated. We found that mutation of the PYAP motif unmasks a critical role for the proximal tyrosine motif in regulating T cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-xL but not cytokine secretion. In addition, we demonstrated that, although function is more severely impaired in the double mutant than in either single mutant, there remained residual CD28-dependent responses, definitively establishing that additional motifs can partially mediate CD28 function.
Differential Kinetics of Antigen Dependency of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Rabenstein Hannah , Behrendt Anne C. , Ellwart Joachim W. , Naumann Ronald , Horsch Marion , Beckers Johannes , Obst Reinhard
Published: March 2014

Ag recognition via the TCR is necessary for the expansion of specific T cells that then contribute to adaptive immunity as effector and memory cells. Because CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in terms of their priming APCs and MHC ligands we compared their requirements of Ag persistence during their expansion phase side by side. Proliferation and effector differentiation of TCR transgenic and polyclonal mouse T cells were thus analyzed after transient and continuous TCR signals. Following equally strong stimulation, CD4+ T cell proliferation depended on prolonged Ag presence, whereas CD8+ T cells were able to divide and differentiate into effector cells despite discontinued Ag presentation. CD4+ T cell proliferation was neither affected by Th lineage or memory differentiation nor blocked by coinhibitory signals or missing inflammatory stimuli. Continued CD8+ T cell proliferation was truly independent of self-peptide/MHC-derived signals. The subset divergence was also illustrated by surprisingly broad transcriptional differences supporting a stronger propensity of CD8+ T cells to programmed expansion. These T cell data indicate an intrinsic difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells regarding the processing of TCR signals for proliferation. We also found that the presentation of a MHC class II–restricted peptide is more efficiently prolonged by dendritic cell activation in vivo than a class I bound one. In summary, our data demonstrate that CD4+ T cells require continuous stimulation for clonal expansion, whereas CD8+ T cells can divide following a much shorter TCR signal.
Presence of CD8+ T Cells in the Ectocervical Mucosa Correlates with Genital Viral Shedding in HIV-Infected Women despite a Low Prevalence of HIV RNA–Expressing Cells in the Tissue
Authors: Gibbs Anna , Hirbod Taha , Li Qingsheng , Bohman Karin , Ball Terry B. , Plummer Francis A. , Kaul Rupert , Kimani Joshua , Broliden Kristina , Tjernlund Annelie
Published: March 2014

The female genital tract is a portal of entry for sexual HIV transmission and a possible viral reservoir. In this study, the ectocervical CD8+ T cell distribution was explored in situ and was related to expression of CD3 and HLA-DR and presence of HIV RNA. For this purpose, ectocervical tissue samples and genital secretions were collected from HIV-seropositive (HIV+) Kenyan female sex workers (FSWs) (n = 20), HIV-seronegative (HIV−) FSWs (n = 17), and HIV− lower-risk women (n = 21). Cell markers were assessed by in situ staining and by quantitative PCR. HIV RNA expression in tissue was analyzed by in situ hybridization, and viral shedding was assessed by quantitative PCR. The HIV+FSW group had a higher amount of total cells and CD8+, CD3+, and HLA-DR+ cells compared with the HIV−FSW group and HIV− lower-risk women. The majority of CD8+ cells were CD3+ T cells, and the numbers of CD8+ cells correlated significantly with plasma and cervical viral load. HIV RNA expression in situ was found in 4 of the 20 HIV+FSW women but did not correlate with cervical or plasma viral load. Thus, the HIV+ women displayed high numbers of CD8+, CD3+, and HLA-DR+ cells, as well as a limited number of HIV RNA+ cells, in their ectocervical mucosa; hence, this localization cannot be neglected as a potential viral reservoir. The elevated levels of CD8+ T cells may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV in the female genital tract.
Meaningful work, work engagement and organisational commitment
Authors: Geldenhuys Madelyn , Łaba Karolina , Venter Cornelia M.
Published: March 2014

Orientation: Meaningful work can yield benefits for organisations and lead to positive work outcomes such as satisfied, engaged and committed employees, individual and organisational fulfilment, productivity, retention and loyalty.Research purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships amongst psychological meaningfulness, work engagement and organisational commitment and to test for a possible mediation effect of work engagement on the relationship between psychological meaningfulness and organisational commitment.Motivation for the study: Managers have to rethink ways of improving productivity and performance at work, due to the diverse, and in some instances escalating, needs of employees (e.g. financial support) to uphold their interest in and enjoyment of working.Research approach, design and method: A quantitative approach was employed to gather the data for the study, utilising a cross-sectional survey design. The sample (n = 415) consisted of working employees from various companies and positions in Gauteng, South Africa.Main findings: The results confirmed a positive relationship between psychological meaningfulness, work engagement and organisational commitment. Further, psychological meaningfulness predicts work engagement, whilst psychological meaningfulness and work engagement predict organisational commitment.Practical/managerial implications: Employers identifying their employees’ commitment patterns and mapping out strategies for enhancing those that are relevant to organisational goals will yield positive work outcomes (e.g. employees who are creative, seek growth or challenges for themselves).Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to the literature through highlighting the impact that meaningful work has on sustaining employee commitment to the organisation.
Une propriété de domination convexe pour les orbites sturmiennes
Authors: Bousch Thierry
Published: March 2014

Let x = (x0; x1; … ) be a N-periodic sequence of integers (N ≥ 1), and s a sturmian sequence with the same barycenter (and also N-periodic, consequently). It is shown that, for affine functions ∝: RN(N) → R which are increasing relatively to some order ≤2 on RN(N) (the space of all N-periodic sequences), the average of |∝| on the orbit of x is greater than its average on the orbit of s.
Comparison between Emerging Q Fever in French Guiana and Endemic Q fever in Marseille, France
Authors: Edouard Sophie , Mahamat Aba , Demar Magalie , Abboud Philippe , Djossou Felix , Raoult Didier
Published: March 2014

Q fever is an emergent disease in French Guiana. We compared the incidence clinical and serologic profiles between patients from Cayenne, French Guiana and Marseille in metropolitan France during a four-year period. The annual incidence of diagnosed acute Q fever was significantly higher in Cayenne (17.5/100,000) than in Marseille (1.9/100,000) (P = 0.0004), but not the annual incidence of endocarditis (1.29 versus 0.34/100,000). Most patients had fever (97%) and pneumonia (83%) in Cayenne versus 81% and 8% in Marseille (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) but transaminitis was more common in patients from Marseille (54% versus 32%; P < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular infections was significantly lower in Cayenne (7%) than in Marseille (17%) (P = 0.017), although they showed a stronger immune response with higher levels of phase I IgG (P = 0.024). The differing epidemiology, clinical, and serologic responses of patients from Cayenne and Marseille suggest a different source of infection and a different strain of Coxiella burnetii.
Nutritional Status of Young Children with Inherited Blood Disorders in Western Kenya
Authors: Tsang Becky L. , Sullivan Kevin M. , Ruth Laird J. , Williams Thomas N. , Suchdev Parminder S.
Published: March 2014

To determine the association between a range of inherited blood disorders and indicators of poor nutrition, we analyzed data from a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 882 children 6–35 months of age in western Kenya. Of children with valid measurements, 71.7% were anemic (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL), 19.1% had ferritin levels < 12 μg/L, and 30.9% had retinol binding protein (RBP) levels < 0.7 μmol/L. Unadjusted analyses showed that compared with normal children, homozygous α+-thalassemia individuals had a higher prevalence of anemia (82.3% versus 66.8%, P = 0.001), but a lower prevalence of low RBP (20.5% versus 31.4%, P = 0.024). In multivariable analysis, homozygous α+-thalassemia remained associated with anemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.8, P = 0.004) but not with low RBP (aOR = 0.6, P = 0.065). Among young Kenyan children, α+-thalassemia is associated with anemia, whereas G6PD deficiency, haptoglobin 2-2, and HbS are not; none of these blood disorders are associated with iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, or poor growth.
Comprehensive Sterilization of Malaria Vectors Using Pyriproxyfen: A Step Closer to Malaria Elimination
Authors: Lwetoijera Dickson W. , Harris Caroline , Kiware Samson S. , Killeen Gerry F. , Dongus Stefan , Devine Gregor J. , Majambere Silas
Published: March 2014

One of the main challenges to malaria elimination is the resilience of vectors, such as Anopheles arabiensis, that evade lethal exposure to insecticidal control measures or express resistance to their active ingredients. This study investigated a novel technology for population control that sterilizes mosquitoes using pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue. Females of An. arabiensis were released in a semifield system divided into four equal sections, and each section had a mud hut sheltering a tethered cow providing a blood source for mosquitoes. In all sections, the inner mud hut walls and roofs were lined with black cotton cloth. In one-half of the sections, the cloth was dusted with pyriproxyfen. An overwhelming 96% reduction in adult production was achieved in pyriproxyfen-treated sections compared with control sections. This unprecedented level of control can be exploited to design new vector control strategies that particularly target existing behaviorally resilient and insecticide-resistant populations.
Intraspecific Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Dirofilaria immitis Samples from Western China Using Complete ND1 and 16S rDNA Gene Sequences
Authors: Liu Tianyu , Liang Yinan , Zhong Xiuqin , Wang Ning , Hu Dandan , Zhou Xuan , Gu Xiaobin , Peng Xuerong , Yang Guangyou
Published: March 2014

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) is the causative agent of an important zoonotic disease that is spread by mosquitoes. In this study, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of D. immitis were performed based on complete ND1 and 16S rDNA gene sequences, which provided the foundation for more advanced molecular diagnosis, prevention, and control of heartworm diseases. The mutation rate and evolutionary divergence in adult heartworm samples from seven dogs in western China were analyzed to obtain information on genetic diversity and variability. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using both maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayes methods based on the complete gene sequences. The results suggest that D. immitis formed an independent monophyletic group in which the 16S rDNA gene has mutated more rapidly than has ND1.
Using Mitochondrial Genome Sequences to Track the Origin of Imported Plasmodium vivax Infections Diagnosed in the United States
Authors: Rodrigues Priscila T. , Alves João Marcelo P. , Santamaria Ana María , Calzada José E. , Xayavong Maniphet , Parise Monica , da Silva Alexandre J. , Ferreira Marcelo U.
Published: March 2014

Although the geographic origin of malaria cases imported into the United States can often be inferred from travel histories, these histories may be lacking or incomplete. We hypothesized that mitochondrial haplotypes could provide region-specific molecular barcodes for tracing the origin of imported Plasmodium vivax infections. An analysis of 348 mitochondrial genomes from worldwide parasites and new sequences from 69 imported malaria cases diagnosed across the United States allowed for a geographic assignment of most infections originating from the Americas, southeast Asia, east Asia, and Melanesia. However, mitochondrial lineages from Africa, south Asia, central Asia, and the Middle East, which altogether contribute the vast majority of imported malaria cases in the United States, were closely related to each other and could not be reliably assigned to their geographic origins. More mitochondrial genomes are required to characterize molecular barcodes of P. vivax from these regions.
Prevalence of Anemia and Its Risk Factors Among Lactating Mothers in Myanmar
Authors: Zhao Ai , Zhang Yumei , Li Bo , Wang Peiyu , Li Jiayin , Xue Yong , Gao Hongchong
Published: March 2014

In Myanmar, 60% of the population consists of mothers and children, and they are the groups most vulnerable to anemia. The objectives of this study are to determine (1) the anemia prevalence among lactating women and (2) the risk factors associated with anemia. Convenience sampling was used to select three villages in two different regions (Kachin and Shan) in Myanmar. Hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators were measured for 733 lactating women. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with anemia. The anemia prevalence rate was 60.3% in lactating women, with 20.3% of lactating women having severe anemia. Factors of malnutrition (P = 0.026), self-reported symptoms of night blindness or poor dark adaptation (P < 0.001), lack of primary education experience (P < 0.001), low family annual capita income (< 800 MMK; P < 0.001), drinking spring or river water (P < 0.001), and drinking unboiled water (P = 0.016) were associated with anemia. To promote health in lactating women, a comprehensive intervention is needed in these regions.
Old World Hantaviruses in Rodents in New Orleans, Louisiana
Authors: Cross Robert W. , Waffa Bradley , Freeman Ashley , Riegel Claudia , Moses Lina M. , Bennett Andrew , Safronetz David , Fischer Elizabeth R. , Feldmann Heinz , Voss Thomas G. , Bausch Daniel G.
Published: March 2014

Seoul virus, an Old World hantavirus, is maintained in brown rats and causes a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. We captured rodents in New Orleans, Louisiana and tested them for the presence of Old World hantaviruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with sequencing, cell culture, and electron microscopy; 6 (3.4%) of 178 rodents captured—all brown rats—were positive for a Seoul virus variant previously coined Tchoupitoulas virus, which was noted in rodents in New Orleans in the 1980s. The finding of Tchoupitoulas virus in New Orleans over 25 years since its first discovery suggests stable endemicity in the city. Although the degree to which this virus causes human infection and disease remains unknown, repeated demonstration of Seoul virus in rodent populations, recent cases of laboratory-confirmed HFRS in some US cities, and a possible link with hypertensive renal disease warrant additional investigation in both rodents and humans.
Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Antibodies in a Low-Endemicity Area Using Indirect Immunofluorescence and Circumoval Precipitin Test
Authors: Carvalho do Espírito-Santo Maria Cristina , Pinto Pedro Luiz , Gargioni Cybele , Alvarado-Mora Monica Viviana , Pagliusi Castilho Vera Lúcia , Pinho João Ranato Rebello , de Albuquerque Luna Expedito José , Borges Gryschek Ronaldo Cesar
Published: March 2014

Parasitological diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis lack sensitivity, especially in regions of low endemicity. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infections by antibody detection using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA-IgM) and circumoval precipitin test (COPT). Serum samples of 572 individuals were randomly selected. The IFA-IgM and COPT were used to detect anti-S. mansoni antibodies. Of the patients studied, 15.9% (N = 91) were IFA-IgM positive and 5.1% (N = 29) had COPT reactions (P < 0.001 by McNemar's test). Immunodiagnostic techniques showed higher infection prevalence than had been previously estimated. This study suggests that combined use of these diagnostic tools could be useful for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in epidemiological studies in areas of low endemicity.
Responsible management of motor vehicle drivers with dementia
Authors: Yates M , Ibrahim JE
Published: March 2014

When Bridget Driscoll, a 44-year-old mother of two died after being struck by a motor vehicle, considered to be the first motor vehicle fatality in UK and possibly the world, the coroner stated ‘I trust this sort of nonsense will never happen again’.1 Sadly, the coroner, medical practitioners and general public would be deeply and repeatedly disappointed. It was 1896. Motor vehicles were a curiosity. Drivers did not undergo any form of testing, be it medical fitness, driving ability or otherwise, and there were no licensing regulatory agencies. By 2010, road injury was the ninth most common cause of death globally (1.3 million deaths per annum) and dementia the fourth most common in high income countries.2 By 2030 the number of all licensed UK drivers who are 65 years or older will increase by almost 50% to almost one in every four drivers.3 If the juxtaposition of driving with dementia in an ageing population is not already a contentious social, political and medical issue, it certainly will become so.
A survey of the management of transient loss of consciousness in the emergency department
Authors: Matthews IG , Lawson J , Parry SW , Davison J
Published: March 2014

Background: Transient loss of consciousness (TLoC) is a common presentation to the emergency department (ED). We sought to evaluate current practice in the management of patients with TLoC presenting to a large, city centre ED, against national standards.

Methods: The ED admissions database was searched to identify all patients attending with TLoC during October 2012. The clinical record of the attendance was reviewed to determine if the initial assessment met national standards.

Results: Ninety-one patients had a primary presentation with TLoC, representing 0.95% of ED attendances. Documentation of before/during/after the clinical event and clinical examination were done well. Notable aspects done less well included lying and standing blood pressure and recording of driving status. No patient was discharged from the ED with a copy of their 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Sixty-five patients (71%) were discharged from the ED, with follow-up arranged for 11 (16%). Additional follow-up would have been appropriate in a further 15 cases (28%).

Conclusion: Several aspects of the initial assessment of TLoC were done well. Areas for improvement include driving status documentation and advice, recording of postural blood pressures and ECG provision on discharge.
The effectiveness of geriatrician-led comprehensive hip fracture collaborative care in a new acute hip unit based in a general hospital setting in the UK
Authors: Gupta A
Published: March 2014

Background: We introduced a new model of care for patients with hip fractures involving a multidisciplinary approach. We then assessed the impact of this geriatrician-led comprehensive and collaborative hip fracture care on hip fracture outcomes.

Methods: The traditional model of care comprised of patients being managed on an orthopaedic ward under the care of one of ten orthopaedic surgeons, with a weekly orthogeriatric liaison. In this study model, hip fracture patients were directly admitted from the emergency department to a new, acute, dedicated hip unit that provided joint patient care by orthopaedic surgeons and an orthogeriatrics team. Intervention measures included fast track admission, a preoperative geriatric assessment, daily geriatrician-led clinical care on weekdays and general medical support on weekends. Standard protocols were implemented. Weekly geriatrician-led multidisciplinary meetings were held with an emphasis on early mobilisation and early discharge planning.

Results: There was a significant reduction in the time to surgery performed within 48 hours (86% vs 77% p=0.013) and in the hospital length of stay (34 vs 19.6 days p<0.001).

Conclusions: The main reasons for the improved outcomes in the study could include the multidisciplinary teamworking with geriatrician-led pre and post-operative care, and working closely with orthopaedic surgeons. Additionally, implementation of systematic protocols could have contributed to positive results.
The use of wide-scale mental agility testing to identify people at risk of dementia: crucial or harmful?
Authors: Fox C , Alessi C , Ahluwalia S , Hachinski V
Published: March 2014

The prevalence of dementia in the UK is rising rapidly and is predicted to double over the next 30 years. The NHS in England has been told to push for a rapid rise in dementia diagnosis rates, so that by 2015, two out of three cases are identified. The Prime Minister has raised the ‘dementia challenge’ as a priority for the NHS. While there is agreement on the need for action, debate arises over the nature of that intervention. Some, including Professor Alessi, argue that tools exist to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and they should be used because the disease is amenable to interventions. He believes that we need a shift in knowledge and attitude from thresholds to a continuum of cognitive impairment, from late to early stages and from effects to causes. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) should become part of the routine NHS Health Check after people reach age 40. Dr Fox argues on the other hand that widespread testing could lead to unnecessary anxiety and panic among those at risk and that funding should be focused on learning more about the early stages of dementia. While the concept of early testing is appealing, there is a large knowledge gap; instruments in use have not been tested in pre-dementia patients and have limited validity. While there is debate over the approach, we can agree that the economic and social impacts of this condition need to be addressed sooner rather than later.
Coagulation
Authors: Chee YL
Published: March 2014

The haemostatic system comprises four compartments: the vasculature, platelets, coagulation factors, and the fibrinolytic system. There is presently no laboratory or near-patient test capable of reproducing the complex regulated interaction between these four compartments. The prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) only test the coagulation protein compartment of the system and results have to be carefully interpreted in the context of the clinical presentation and assay limitations. This article will give a general overview of the limitations of PT and APTT and discuss specific issues that need to be considered when the tests are requested, in the context of anticoagulant monitoring, bleeding symptoms, and routine preoperative screening. Of these indications, routine preoperative screening is the most controversial and is generally not warranted in the absence of an abnormal bleeding history.
Should sleepy patients see general neurologists?
Authors: Morrison I
Published: March 2014

This paper is based on Dr Morrison’s presentation at the St Andrews Day Festival Symposium held at the Royal College of Physicians on 29 November 2013. In this case, as discussed at the Symposium, the patient has presented with ‘tired all the time’, one of the most common complaints seen by GPs and one which can be linked to a number of physical and psychological causes. Dr Morrison assesses whether Neurology is the most appropriate place for this patient.
Murder, mortsafes and Moir: a medical student looks at anatomy teaching in Aberdeen
Authors: Humphries E
Published: March 2014

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries anatomy theatres in Scotland suffered from a shortage of cadaveric material. Medical students and their teachers were eager to improve their medical education and began to look for ways to further their anatomy knowledge and so turned to bodysnatching. Bodysnatching failed to meet the demand so some resorted to murder to acquire cadavers, sometimes in exchange for money. Bodysnatching became common throughout the British Isles and prompted the 1832 Anatomy Act, which allowed unclaimed bodies to be used for dissection.
The history of psychiatry: personal reflections
Authors: Beveridge A
Published: March 2014

Does an engagement with the history of psychiatry benefit the practising clinician? This paper adopts a personal perspective. It sketches the ideological conflicts which have raged in the study of the history of psychiatry in recent decades and looks at the often heated debates between historians and psychiatrists on the subject. It looks at the author’s involvement with the subject and considers how this may have influenced both clinical practice and the approach to history. The paper then considers the author’s work in the field and the interplay between historical theory and clinical practice. It concludes that studying the history of their subject can make doctors more reflective about their work.
Avaliação de cursos de graduação na modalidade a distância: uma experiência no Curso de Graduação em Administração da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Authors: Rodrigues Cláudia Medianeira Cruz , Nunes Rogério da Silva , Beuren Gilberto Müller , Miorando Bernardo Sfredo
Published: March 2014

O artigo apresenta uma proposta de instrumento de avaliação de Cursos de Graduação na modalidade a distância. Em processo de validação, foi realizada uma aplicação no Curso de Graduação em Administração, modalidade a distância, em dez polos localizados no Estado de Santa Catarina: Araranguá, Canoinhas, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis, Joinville, Lages, Laguna, Palhoça e Tubarão. O instrumento é dividido nas dimensões corpo docente, organização didático-pedagógica e instalações físicas, tal qual está previsto no Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior (SINAES). Estão apresentados os resultados por polo e há um tratamento quantitativo dos 157 instrumentos respondidos pelos estudantes com relação aos constructos Os resultados permitiram identificar a satisfação dos estudantes, onde os melhores índices de aprovação em cada constructo foram: professores, no polo de Joinville; tutores presenciais, Joinville; tutores a distância, Laguna; coordenação de curso e de polo, Laguna; sistema de ensino, Joinville; participação em atividades acadêmicas, Joinville; organização do curso, Canoinhas; expectativas referentes à conhecimento e empregabilidade, Joinville; condições do polo, Chapecó; suporte acadêmico/técnico, Canoinhas; e tecnologias da informação (TIC’s), no polo de Joinville.
Qualidade, comprometimento e confiança na retenção de alunos no ensino superior
Authors: Santini Fernando de Oliveira , Guimarães Julio Cesar Ferro de , Severo Eliana Andréa
Published: March 2014

A competividade gerada no setor de serviços influenciaa busca pelo entendimento dos fatores que contribuem para a melhoria dorelacionamento entre os fornecedores de serviço, com clientes e usuários é umtema recorrente no marketing de relacionamento. A qualidade percebida, confiança e ocomprometimento com a empresa são resultados de processos contínuos deatendimento às demandas contratadas pelos clientes e usuários. Este estudo sepropõe a investigar a intensidade das ligações entre a qualidade percebida,confiança e comprometimento relacionada a retenção, avaliando a moderação da marcanestas relações. Os resultados obtidos, por meio da aplicação de uma pesquisaquantitativa descritiva junto a 816 alunos de duas Instituições de EnsinoSuperior (IES) localizadas em Caxias do Sul/RS, demonstraram relações positivase significativas na qualidade, confiança e comprometimento na retenção dosalunos. O efeito moderador da marca da IES nas relações sugeridas e a retenção dosalunos não foram detectas.
Expansão da educação superior no Brasil a partir do REUNI: o curso noturno de odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Souza Juliana Maciel de , Weschenfelder Helena Corrêa , Toassi Ramona Fernanda Ceriotti
Published: March 2014

Este artigo é resultado de um estudo que tem por objetivo analisar o perfil do estudante ingressante do curso noturno de Odontologia em uma universidade pública no sul do Brasil, bem como os motivos de escolha, expectativas em relação à profissão e perspectivas de atuação profissional. Iniciado no segundo semestre de 2010, o curso noturno de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul propõe-se a inserir o estudante que trabalha durante o dia na universidade. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal. Foram convidados a participar da pesquisa todos os estudantes que realizaram a matrícula no curso em 2010, 2011 e 2012 (n=90).  A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado. O estudo foi aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade (protocolo no 21797). Um total de 88 estudantes participaram desse estudo (taxa de resposta = 97,8%). A maior parte dos estudantes são mulheres, jovens, brancos, solteiros, sem filhos, com até dois irmãos, naturais do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, residem com os pais e trabalham. É necessário o acompanhamento permanente da experiência dos cursos criados com base na proposta ‘REUNI’ em cada instituição federal.
Impact of heterogeneous ice nucleation by natural dust and soot based on a probability density function of contact angle model with the Community Atmospheric Model version 5
Authors: Wang Y. , Liu X. , Hoose C. , Wang B.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. In order to investigate the impact of different treatments for the contact angle (α) in heterogeneous ice nucleating properties of natural dust and black carbon (BC) particles, we implement the classical-nucleation-theory-based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation (Hoose et al., 2010) in the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5), and then improve it by replacing the original single contact angle model with the probability density function of α (α-PDF) model to better represent the ice nucleation behavior of natural dust found in observations. We re-fit the classical nucleation theory (CNT) to constrain the uncertain parameters (i.e., onset α and activation energy in the single α model; mean contact angle and standard deviation in the α-PDF model) using recent observation datasets for Saharan natural dust and BC (soot). We investigate the impact of time-dependence of droplet freezing on mixed-phase clouds and climate in CAM5, and the roles of natural dust and soot by different nucleation mechanisms. Our results show that when comparing with observations, the potential ice nuclei (IN) calculated by the α-PDF model has a better agreement than that calculated by the single-α model at warm temperatures (T > −20 °C). Ice crystals can form at lower altitudes (with warmer temperatures) simulated by the α-PDF model compared with the single-α model in CAM5. All of these can be attributed to different ice nucleation efficiencies among aerosol particles with some particles having smaller contact angles (higher efficiencies) in the α-PDF model. In the sensitivity tests with the α-PDF model, we find that the change of mean contact angle has larger impact on the active fraction than that of standard deviation, even though the change of standard deviation can lead to the transition of freezing behavior. Both the single α and the α-PDF model indicates that the immersion freezing of natural dust plays a more important role in the heterogeneous nucleation than that of soot in mixed-phase clouds.
The fate of NOx emissions due to nocturnal oxidation at high latitudes: 1-D simulations and sensitivity experiments
Authors: Joyce P. L. , von Glasow R. , Simpson W. R.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The fate of nitrogen oxide pollution during high-latitude winter is controlled by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and is highly affected by the competition between heterogeneous atmospheric reactions and deposition to the snowpack. MISTRA, a 1-D photochemical model, simulated an urban pollution plume from Fairbanks, Alaska to investigate this competition of N2O5 reactions and explore sensitivity to model parameters. It was found that dry deposition of N2O5 made up a significant fraction of N2O5 loss near the snowpack, but reactions on aerosol particles dominated loss of N2O5 over the integrated atmospheric column. Sensitivity experiments found the fate of NOx emissions were most sensitive to NO emission flux, photolysis rates, and ambient temperature. The results indicate a strong sensitivity to urban area density, season and clouds, and temperature, implying a strong sensitivity of the results to urban planning and climate change. Results suggest that secondary formation of particulate (PM2.5) nitrate in the Fairbanks downtown area does not contribute significant mass to the total PM2.5 concentration, but appreciable amounts are formed downwind of downtown due to nocturnal NOx oxidation and subsequent reaction with ammonia on aerosol particles.
The sensitivity of primary productivity to intra-seasonal mixed layer variability in the sub-Antarctic Zone of the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Joubert W. R. , Swart S. , Tagliabue A. , Thomalla S. J. , Monteiro P. M. S.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The seasonal cycle of primary productivity is impacted by seasonal and intra-seasonal dynamics of the mixed layer through the changing balance between mixing and buoyancy forcing, which regulates nutrient supply and light availability. Of particular recent interest is the role of synoptic scale events in supplying nutrients, particularly iron, to the euphotic zone in the Sub Antarctic Zone (SAZ), where phytoplankton blooms occur throughout summer. In this study, we present high resolution measurements of net community production (NCP) constrained by ΔO2/Ar ratios, and mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Atlantic SAZ. We found a non-linear relationship between NCP and MLD, with the highest and most variable NCP observed in shallow MLDs (< 45 m). We propose that NCP variability in the SAZ may be driven by alternating states of synoptic-scale deepening of the mixed layer, leading to the entrainment of iron (dFe), followed by restratification, allowing rapid growth in an iron replete, high light environment. Synoptic iron fluxes into the euphotic zone based on water column dFe profiles and high resolution glider MLD data, reveal a potentially significant contribution of "new iron" which could sustain NCP throughout summer. Future process studies will help elaborate these findings further.
Secchi depth in the Oslofjord–Skagerrak area: theory, experiments and relationships to other quantities
Authors: Aas E. , Høkedal J. , Sørensen K.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The Secchi depth and its relationships to other properties of the sea water in the Oslofjord–Skagerrak area have been investigated. White and black disks of different sizes have been applied, and the Secchi depth has been observed with the naked eye, through colour filters and with a water telescope. Spectral luminances and illuminances have been calculated from recordings of radiance and irradiance, and attenuation coefficients have been determined. A theoretical expression for the Secchi depth based on luminances has been tested against field observations, and it is found that the field results for the product of Secchi depth and attenuation coefficients are on average only 4% less than the predicted value for the white disk. For the Secchi depths observed through colour filters or for the black disk, the average field results are more than 30% smaller than the theoretical estimates. The reduction in the disk diameter from 30 to 10 cm should theoretically reduce the Secchi depths by 13–22%, while the field observations show an average reduction of 10–20%. Similarly we find from theory that the removal of sun glitter should increase the Secchi depth by 12%, while the observed increase is 14% on average for the white disk. Our overall conclusion is that the theoretical expression works well for the white disk, but less so for the colour filter observations and the black disk. Statistical relationships between Secchi depths and attenuation coefficients have been determined, and it is found that the root-mean-square errors relative to the mean value are smaller for the beam attenuation coefficients (12–24%, white disk) than for the vertical attenuation coefficients (16–65%, white disk). The depth of the 1% level of surface quanta irradiance (PAR) can be estimated with a relative root-mean-square error of 23% from observations of the white Secchi depth. Similar estimates of chlorophyll a and total suspended material will have rms errors in the range 40–90%. Our conclusion becomes that the Secchi depth observation is a very useful tool for checking the value and order of magnitude of other related quantities in the Oslofjord–Skagerrak area.
Multi-scale optimal interpolation: application to DINEOF analysis spiced with a local optimal interpolation
Authors: Beckers J.-M. , Barth A. , Tomazic I. , Alvera-Azcárate A.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We present a method in which the optimal interpolation of multi-scale processes can be untangled into a succession of simpler interpolations. First, we prove how the optimal analysis of a superposition of two processes can be obtained by different mathematical formulations involving iterations and analysis focusing on a single process. From the different mathematical equivalent formulations we then select the most efficient ones by analyzing the behavior of the different possibilities in a simple and well controlled test case. The clear guidelines deduced from this experiment are then applied in a real situation in which we combine large-scale analysis of hourly SEVIRI satellite images using DINEOF with a local optimal interpolation using a Gaussian covariance. It is shown that the optimal combination indeed provides the best reconstruction and can therefore be exploited to extract the maximum amount of useful information from the original data.
Three newly recorded species of Parasympodiella and Chalara from China
Authors: Li Xiao-Xia , Ma Li-Guo , Xia Ji-Wen , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: March 2014

Three new Chinese records of fungi were discovered from subtropical forests of Guangxi Province, China. Parasympodiella laxa, P. eucalypti, and Chalara unicolor are described and illustrated from specimens collected on dead branches and compared with closely related
species.
Lactarius taxa by Zdeněk Schaefer – types and other collections in PRM
Authors: Holec Jan , Pešicová Kamila , Edrová Lenka
Published: March 2014

Extant PRM herbarium vouchers of Lactarius taxa described, validated, or neotypified by Zdeněk Schaefer are enumerated and discussed. For each taxon, the holotype, paratypes, other original materials, and later collected specimens identified or revised by Schaefer are
cited. The nomenclatural status of each taxon is evaluated and information from published revisions/discussions is summarized. These data provide a basis both for thorough revisions by classical and molecular methods and for future lecto- or neotypifications. Such revisions are encouraged
because some of Schaefer's taxa (e.g., L. albocremeus) may represent good species while others should clearly be synonymized with earlier published taxa. Currently accepted taxa are L. pilatii and L. bertillonii (≡ Lactifluus bertillonii).
Flavophlebia sphaerospora, a new corticoid species from India
Authors: Kaur Maninder , Singh Avneet P. , Dhingra G.S.
Published: March 2014

Flavophlebia sphaerospora sp. nov. is described from Himachal Pradesh, India.
Embryonispora, a new genus of hyphomycetes from China
Authors: Zhao Kai-ning , Yin Guo-hua , Zhao Guo-zhu , Cao Ai-xin
Published: March 2014

Embryonispora bambusicola gen. & sp. nov., found on dead culms of bamboo and dead branches of an unidentified tree in China, is described and illustrated. The genus is characterized by sporodochial conidiomata and muriform, reniform or flattened, dorsiventrally curved, pale
brown to brown conidia. The new taxon is compared with morphologically close related genera and species.
Cyclical Variation in the Effect of Federal Funds Target Rate Surprises on Hospitality Index Returns
Authors: Chen Ming-Hsiang
Published: March 2014

This paper examines the effect of US Federal Reserve monetary policy action announcements on hospitality index returns (HIRs) and provides evidence of cyclical variation in the impact of federal funds target rate surprises on US HIRs. To obtain a correct identification of monetary policy changes, the paper follows Kuttner in separating the surprise element from the expected element of the target rate changes. The surprise element is expected to have a strong influence on HIRs because the surprise component is not yet priced in the market. Test results show that funds target rate surprises can have a significant impact on airline, gambling, hotel and travel and leisure index returns, but actual funds target rate changes and the expected component have no strong impact on HIRs. Moreover, the significant influence of funds target rate surprises on HIRs depends on business conditions and is much greater in size and statistical significance in business contraction. In particular, the significant effects of federal funds target rate surprises on airline, hotel and restaurant index returns are found to exist only during periods of business cycle contraction.
Educational Mismatch and Returns on Human Capital in the Spanish Hospitality and Travel Agency Sectors
Authors: García-Pozo Alejandro , Sánchez-Ollero José Luis , Marchante-Mera Andrés
Published: March 2014

The authors analyse the returns on human capital and the importance of educational mismatch in determining wages in the Spanish hospitality and the travel agency sectors. In addition, they assess the impact of several job characteristics (business size, full-time contracts and permanent contracts) and personal characteristics (gender and worker nationality) on wages. Using an expanded Mincerian wage equation and data from the 2006 Spanish Wage Structure Survey, they estimate separate regressions for each educational group analysed: overeducated, undereducated and adequately educated workers. The results show that the return on human capital and the real hourly wage may be quantitatively influenced by educational mismatch. Moreover, evidence is presented regarding the impact of firm size on wage returns and the data also reveal wage differentials by the gender and nationality of workers in the Spanish hospitality industry.