bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic approaches to bleeding disorders
Authors: Peyvandi F. , Hayward C. P. M.
Published: July 2016

The genes encoding the coagulation factors were characterized over two decades ago. Since then, significant progress has been made in the genetic diagnosis of the two commonest severe inherited bleeding disorders, haemophilia A and B. Experience with the genetic of inherited rare bleeding disorders and platelet disorders is less well advanced. Rare bleeding disorders are usually inherited as autosomal recessive disorders, while it is now clear that a number of the more common platelet function disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant traits. In both cases, DNA sequencing has been useful since most of these disorders are due to mutations located at the coding regions or splice sites of genes encoding the abnormal protein. However, in 5–10% of patients affected with severe clotting factor deficiencies, no genetic defect can be identified and until recently, the genetic characterization of inherited platelet disorders had been confined to the more prevalent conditions such as Glanzmann disease and Bernard–Soulier syndrome. In patients with no gene mutations identified, so far, the role of next‐generation sequencing as well as of other new genomic technologies will very likely have increasing importance. However, such methods require extensive bioinformatics analysis that, in turn will require critical revision of our current diagnostic infrastructure.
Genetic analysis of bleeding disorders
Authors: Edison E. , Konkle B. A. , Goodeve A. C.
Published: July 2016

Molecular genetic analysis of inherited bleeding disorders has been practised for over 30 years. Technological changes have enabled advances, from analyses using extragenic linked markers to next‐generation DNA sequencing and microarray analysis. Two approaches for genetic analysis are described, each suiting their environment. The Christian Medical Centre in Vellore, India, uses conformation‐sensitive gel electrophoresis mutation screening of multiplexed PCR products to identify candidate mutations, followed by Sanger sequencing confirmation of variants identified. Specific analyses for F8 intron 1 and 22 inversions are also undertaken. The MyLifeOurFuture US project between the American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network, the National Hemophilia Foundation, Bloodworks Northwest and Biogen uses molecular inversion probes (MIP) to capture target exons, splice sites plus 5′ and 3′ sequences and to detect F8 intron 1 and 22 inversions. This allows screening for all F8 and F9 variants in one sequencing run of multiple samples (196 or 392). Sequence variants identified are subsequently confirmed by a diagnostic laboratory. After having identified variants in genes of interest through these processes, a systematic procedure determining their likely pathogenicity should be applied. Several scientific societies have prepared guidelines. Systematic analysis of the available evidence facilitates reproducible scoring of likely pathogenicity. Documentation of frequency in population databases of variant prevalence and in locus‐specific mutation databases can provide initial information on likely pathogenicity. Whereas null mutations are often pathogenic, missense and splice site variants often require in silico analyses to predict likely pathogenicity and using an accepted suite of tools can help standardize their documentation.
Impact of household food processing strategies on antinutrient (phytate, tannin and polyphenol) contents of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): a review
Authors: Haileslassie Hiwot A. , Henry Carol J. , Tyler Robert T.
Published: July 2016

Pulses, which include beans and chickpeas, are major constituents of the human diet. They are important sources of energy and nutrients, particularly protein, folate and minerals. However, they also contain antinutrients which bind minerals, mainly iron and zinc, rendering them less bioavailable or unavailable for absorption. The levels of these antinutrients may be reduced by food processing techniques such as soaking and germination. Researchers have used these techniques in a number of studies; however, there is no consensus regarding the optimum processing conditions for reduction in the levels of these antinutrients. Thus, this review was conducted to describe the results of studies on soaking and germination of chickpeas and beans. A systematic search was carried out utilising Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA) (1969 to present), Web of Science (1899 to present) and Scopus (1823 to present). A total of thirty‐three articles were reviewed. Both soaking and germination resulted in significant but variable degrees of reduction in levels of antinutrients in most studies.
Optimisation of inulin extraction from globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi.) by electromagnetic induction heating process
Authors: Terkmane Naila , Krea Mohamed , Moulai‐Mostefa Nadji
Published: July 2016

In this study, a D‐optimal design was used to optimise the extraction process conditions of inulin with a high degree of polymerisation from Globe artichoke heart (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi.), using electromagnetic induction heating (EMIH) as a new extraction process. Four factors were simultaneously studied which were the extraction temperature (55–90 °C), the extraction time (30–120 min), the weight ratio (plant material dry weight/volume of distilled water: 5–10%) and the mode of heating (conventional or electromagnetic induction heating). It was found that the second‐order polynomial models developed by the response surface methodology (RSM) describe adequately the relationship between the factors and responses (extraction yield, viscosity and solubility of inulin). The optimum extraction conditions that led to a maximal extraction yield (45.98%) and an optimal viscosity (3.25 mL g−1) of extracted inulin are temperature of 89.49 °C, extraction time of 120 min and a 5.01% of weight ratio using EIMH process. Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy spectrum of the extracted inulin was identical to that of the native inulin. The analysis of the extract by thin‐layer chromatography confirms the absence of pectin in the final product, as well as the X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibits a semi‐crystalline structure of the biopolymer.
Antioxidant activity and typical ageing compounds: their evolutions and relationships during the storage of lager beers
Authors: Li Huipin , Zhao Mouming , Cui Chun , Sun Weizheng , Zhao Haifeng
Published: July 2016

Five commercial lager beers were used to investigate the evolution of antioxidant activity and ageing compounds during storage. The relationships between antioxidant activity and ageing compounds were clarified by principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of beers evaluated by different assays gradually decreased by 16.08–22.71% (average of 18.56%) and 1.99–78.79% (averages of 24.44–70.50%), which was accompanied by 100.50–269.35% (average of 178.77%) and 11.11–57.14% (average of 28.73%) of increases in total ageing compounds and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, respectively, during 6 months of storage at 25 °C. Results from PCA elucidated that there were negative correlations between antioxidant activities and ageing compounds of beers during storage, and satisfactory discrimination among beers with different storage time could be achieved on the basis of antioxidant activities and typical ageing compounds selected.
Elevated total serum immunoglobulin E (>1000 IU/mL): implications?
Authors: Tay T. R. , Bosco J. , Aumann H. , O'Hehir R. , Hew M.
Published: July 2016

Atopic eczema, allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis, helminthic infections and rare primary immunodeficiencies are known to elevate total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) above 1000 IU/mL. However, of 352 patients with IgE >1000 IU/mL seen in our hospital over a 5‐year period, less than 50% had these conditions. Markedly elevated IgE levels in the rest of the patients were associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergy, instances where the test is of limited diagnostic utility.
The use of low‐dose sodium valproate in the management of neuropathic pain: illustrative case series
Authors: Pirapakaran K. , Aggarwal A.
Published: July 2016

Anti‐epileptic drugs are commonly used in the management of neuropathic pain. Sodium valproate, however, is an anti‐epileptic drug that is not commonly used. We report four patients with neuropathic pain who responded very well to the initiation of low‐dose oral sodium valproate. Low‐dose sodium valproate may have a role in managing neuropathic pain, especially when other first‐line agents are unsuccessful or relatively contraindicated.
Liver and lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis: an adult cystic fibrosis centre's experience
Authors: Sivam S. , Al‐Hindawi Y. , Di Michiel J. , Moriarty C. , Spratt P. , Jansz P. , Malouf M. , Plit M. , Pleass H. , Havryk A. , Bowen D. , Haber P. , Glanville A. R. , Bye P. T. P.
Published: July 2016

Liver disease develops in one‐third of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). It is rare for liver disease to have its onset after 20 years of age. Lung disease, however, is usually more severe in adulthood. A retrospective analysis was performed on nine patients. Three patients required lung transplantation approximately a decade after liver transplant, and another underwent combined liver and lung transplants. Four additional patients with liver transplants are awaiting assessment for lung transplants. One patient is awaiting combined liver and lung transplants. With increased survival in CF, several patients may require more than single organ transplantation.
A comparison of hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays for characterizing immunity to seasonal influenza A
Authors: Truelove Shaun , Zhu Huachen , Lessler Justin , Riley Steven , Read Jonathan M. , Wang Shuying , Kwok Kin On , Guan Yi , Jiang Chao Qiang , Cummings Derek A. T.
Published: July 2016

Background

Serum antibody to influenza can be used to identify past exposure and measure current immune status. The two most common methods for measuring this are the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) and the viral neutralization assay (NT), which have not been systematically compared for a large number of influenza viruses.

Methods

A total of 151 study participants from near Guangzhou, China, were enrolled in 2009 and provided serum. HI and NT assays were performed for 12 historic and recently circulating strains of seasonal influenza A. We compared titers using Spearman correlation and fit models to predict NT using HI results.

Results

We observed high positive mean correlation between HI and NT assays (Spearman's rank correlation, ρ=.86) across all strains. Correlation was highest within subtypes and within close proximity in time. Overall, an HI=20 corresponded to NT=10, and HI=40 corresponded to NT=20. Linear regression of log(NT) on log(HI) was statistically significant, with age modifying this relationship. Strain‐specific area under a curve (AUC) indicated good accuracy (>80%) for predicting NT with HI.

Conclusions

While we found high overall correspondence of titers between NT and HI assays for seasonal influenza A, no exact equivalence between assays could be determined. This was further complicated by correspondence between titers changing with age. These findings support generalized comparison of results between assays and give further support for use of the hemagglutination inhibition assay over the more resource intensive viral neutralization assay for seasonal influenza A, although attention should be given to the effect of age on these assays.
The Effect of Educational Software, Video Modelling and Group Discussion on Social‐Skill Acquisition Among Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Hetzroni Orit E. , Banin Irit
Published: July 2016

Background

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often demonstrate difficulties in social skills. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a comprehensive intervention program on the acquisition of social skills among students with mild IDD.

Method

Single subject multiple baseline design across situations was used for teaching five school‐age children with mild IDD social skills embedded in school‐based situations.

Results

Results demonstrate that the intervention program that included video modelling and games embedded with group discussions and simulations increased the level and use of adequate social behaviours within the school's natural environment.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate the unique attribution of a comprehensive interactive program for acquisition and transfer of participants' social skills such as language pragmatics and social rules within the school environment. Group discussions and simulations were beneficial and enabled both group and personalized instruction through the unique application of the program designed for the study.
Bowen disease of the nail unit: a retrospective study of 12 cases and their association with human papillomaviruses
Authors: Perruchoud D.L. , Varonier C. , Haneke E. , Hunger R.E. , Beltraminelli H. , Borradori L. , Ehnis Pérez A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Bowen disease is the most frequent nail malignancy, usually seen as a verrucous plaque of the nail in men.

Objective

To characterize the affected patient population, the clinical manifestations, the diagnostic delay and diagnostic steps, and presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated all cases of Bowen disease of the nail unit over a period of 9 years. Data were obtained from our electronic database. Human papilloma virus genotype was assessed in biopsy specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing.

Results

We identified 12 cases of Bowen disease of the nail unit in 10 patients. Mean age at onset was 52 years, with a male predominance of 90%. The thumb and middle finger were the most frequently affected (66%). Fifty percent of the lesions presented as periungual and subungual verrucous tumours. Patients sought medical evaluation after a mean delay of 5.7 years; histopathological diagnosis was made after a mean delay of 3.2 years. HPV infection was identified in 75% of the cases.

Conclusions

Any recently appeared verrucous lesion of the nail unit in men above the age of 40 years should raise the suspicion of Bowen disease and lead to further histopathological diagnostic procedures.
Scalp psoriasis and biologic agents: a retrospective, comparative study from a tertiary psoriasis referral centre
Authors: Fotiadou C. , Lazaridou E. , Sotiriou E. , Kyrgidis A. , Apalla Z. , Ioannides D.
Published: July 2016

Background

The scalp is a frequent and difficult‐to‐treat localization of psoriasis. Little evidence exists regarding the use of biologic agents in recalcitrant cases of scalp psoriasis that are resistant to other treatment options.

Objectives

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of currently available biologic agents (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, ustekinumab) in the treatment of scalp symptoms in patients suffering from moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study consisted of a review of the database of all psoriasis patients who suffered from scalp symptoms and received biologic treatment between January 2012 and December 2014. The patients were divided into four groups based on the drug administered. Scalp psoriasis severity was assessed by the Psoriasis Scalp Severity Index (PSSI) at baseline and at weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48. Psoriasis severity was evaluated with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) at the same time points.

Results

In total, 145 patients were enroled in the study (infliximab n = 35, etanercept n = 30, adalimumab n = 39, ustekinumab n = 41). At week 4, the infliximab group achieved a 74% mean decrease in the PSSI (ΔPSSI), followed by mean decreases of 61.7%, 53.1% and 53.7% in the ustekinumab, etanercept and adalimumab groups respectively. The differences in the ΔPSSI were lower at week 48: ustekinumab 94.9%, infliximab 94.3%, etanercept 83.1% and adalimumab 89.0%. The PASI score improved sufficiently in all treatment groups. Infliximab and ustekinumab exhibited greater efficacy at weeks 4 and 12. This difference was not as prominent as that revealed by the PSSI. At week 48, the differences in the ΔPASI were barely statistically significant (P = 0.048).

Conclusions

All four biologic agents yielded significant improvement in both scalp and skin lesions. Ustekinumab and infliximab exhibited the greatest efficacy, which was clinically meaningful from the early stages of the study. Adalimumab and etanercept followed, yielding satisfactory improvement rates.
Impaired CD23 and CD62L expression and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases secretion by eosinophils in adults with atopic dermatitis
Authors: de Oliveira Titz T. , Orfali R.L. , de Lollo C. , dos Santos V.G. , da Silva Duarte A.J. , Sato M.N. , Aoki V.
Published: July 2016

Background

Eosinophils are multifunctional, polymorphonuclear leucocytes that secrete proteins within cytoplasmic granules, such as cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases (MMPs) and metalloproteinases tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). Although eosinophilia is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD), several functional aspects of eosinophils remain unknown.

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the phenotype and functional response of eosinophils under staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2/6 (FSL‐1) stimulation in the secretion of CCL5, MMPs and TIMPs in adults with AD.

Methods

Forty‐one adult patients with AD and 45 healthy controls enrolled for the study. Phenotype of eosinophils from granulocytes of peripheral blood was analysed by flow cytometry. We performed evaluation of CCL5 (cytometric bead array), MMP and TIMP (ELISA) secretion, in culture supernatants of purified eosinophils stimulated with SEB or TLR2/6 agonist (FSL‐1).

Results

We found a higher frequency of LIN1−CCR3+ eosinophils, and decreased expression of CD23 and CD62L receptors in eosinophils of AD patients. There was no difference in MMP and TIMP serum levels between the evaluated groups. However, we detected decreased basal levels of TIMP‐1, TIMP‐2 and CCL5 in culture supernatants from purified, unstimulated eosinophils from AD patients.

Conclusion

In adults with AD, phenotypical features of eosinophils reveal decreased expression of early activation and L‐selectin receptors. Regarding the functional profile of purified eosinophils related to tissue remodelling in atopic dermatitis, innate immune stimulation (TLR2/6 agonist and SEB) did not affect the ratio of MMP/TIMPs secretion in AD. Our findings reinforce the potential breakdown in tissue remodelling process mediated by eosinophils in AD.
Trophic structure of a coastal fish community determined with diet and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Malek A. J. , Collie J. S. , Taylor D. L.
Published: July 2016

A combination of dietary guild analysis and nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable‐isotope analysis was used to assess the trophic structure of the fish community in Rhode Island and Block Island Sounds, an area off southern New England identified for offshore wind energy development. In the autumn of 2009, 2010 and 2011, stomach and tissue samples were taken from 20 fish and invertebrate species for analysis of diet composition and δ15N and δ13C signatures. The food chain in Rhode Island and Block Island Sounds comprises approximately four trophic levels within which the fish community is divided into distinct dietary guilds, including planktivores, benthivores, crustacivores and piscivores. Within these guilds, inter‐species isotopic and dietary overlap is high, suggesting that resource partitioning or competitive interactions play a major role in structuring the fish community. Carbon isotopes indicate that most fishes are supported by pelagic phytoplankton, although there is evidence that benthic production also plays a role, particularly for obligate benthivores such as skates Leucoraja spp. This type of analysis is useful for developing an ecosystem‐based approach to management, as it identifies species that act as direct links to basal resources as well as species groups that share trophic roles.
Comparison of Two Methodologies for Estimating Equivalent Sweet Concentration of High‐Intensity Sweeteners with Untrained Assessors: Case Study with Orange/Pomegranate Juice
Authors: Reis Felipe , De Andrade Juliana , Deliza Rosires , Ares Gastón
Published: July 2016

The estimation of equivalent sweet concentrations of high‐intensity sweeteners is one of the first steps for the substitution of sucrose during the development of low‐calorie products. The aim of this work was to compare two sensory methodologies (paired comparison and magnitude estimation) and two data analysis approaches (logistic regression and survival analysis) to estimate equivalent sweet concentration of high‐intensity sweeteners, using orange/pomegranate juice as case study. Three low‐calorie sweeteners were considered: sucralose, stevia and monk fruit extract. For each sweetener, a series of six orange/pomegranate juice samples with different sweetener concentration were prepared. Three groups of 100 consumers participated in the study. Each group was randomly divided into two groups of 50, each of which evaluated samples using one of the two methodologies (paired comparison and magnitude estimation). Paired comparison and magnitude estimation provided similar estimations for the three high‐intensity sweeteners which were in agreement with published data, regardless of the statistical approach used for data analysis. However, logistic regression and survival analysis differed in the accuracy of the estimations.

Practical Applications

Paired‐comparison and magnitude estimation provided similar estimations. However, due to its simplicity and perceived ease participants, paired comparison seems to be the recommended approach for the estimation of equivalent sweet concentrations of high‐intensity sweeteners with consumers. Data analysis should be performed using survival analysis to obtain more accurate estimations.
Solubilization of bovine gelatin using power ultrasound: gelation without heating
Authors: Farahnaky Asgar , Zendeboodi Fatemeh , Azizi Rezvan , Mesbahi Gholamreza , Majzoobi Mahsa
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of power ultrasound without using any heating stage in solubilizeing gelatin dispersions, and to characterize the mechanical and microstructural properties of the resulting gels using texture analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Usually to prepare a gel from gelatin, a primary heating stage of at about 40C or above is required to solubilize gelatin macromolecules. In this study solubilizing gelatin dispersions using power ultrasound without any heating was successfully performed. For solubilising gelatin, an ultrasound equipment with a frequency of 20 kHz, amplitude of 100% and power range of 50‐150 W was used. Aqueous gelatin dispersions (4% w/v) were subjected to ultrasound for different times (40–240 s) at a constant temperature of 13C. Applying ultrasound to gelatin dispersions caused increases in water absorption and water solubility of the hydrocolloid. The textural parameters of the resulting gelatin gels, increased with increasing time and power of ultrasound. Moreover, a generalized Maxwell model with three elements was used for calculating relaxation times of the gels. The microstructural observations by SEM showed that the structural cohesiveness of the gels increased by increasing ultrasonication time. Ultrasound‐assisted solubilization of gelatin can have emerging implications for industrial uses in pharmaceuticals, food and non‐food systems.

Practical applications

Usually to prepare a gel from gelatin, a primary heating stage of at about 40C or above is required to solubilize gelatin macromolecules. Therefore, the use of gelatin as a hydrocolloid in food processings or pharmaceutical formulations which lack a heating step has been a technological and practical challenge. In this study solubilizing gelatin dispersions using power ultrasound without any heating was successfully performed. Ultrasound‐assisted solubilisation of gelatin can have emerging implications for industrial uses in pharmaceuticals, food, and non‐food systems, for example, to conserve heat sensitive compounds.
The Neural Language Systems That Support Healthy Aging: Integrating Function, Structure, and Behavior
Authors: Diaz Michele T. , Rizio Avery A. , Zhuang Jie
Published: July 2016

Although healthy aging is generally characterized by declines in both brain structure and function, there is variability in the extent to which these changes result in observable cognitive decline. Specific to language, age‐related differences in language production are observed more frequently than in language comprehension, although both are associated with increased right prefrontal cortex activation in older adults. The current paper explores these differences in the language system, integrating them with theories of behavioral and neural cognitive aging. Overall, data indicate that frontal reorganization of the dorsal language stream in older adults benefits task performance during comprehension but not always during production. We interpret these results in the CRUNCH framework (compensation‐related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis), which suggests that differences in task and process difficulty may underlie older adults' ability to successfully adapt. That is, older adults may be able to neurally adapt to less difficult tasks (i.e., comprehension) but fail to do so successfully as difficulty increases (i.e., production). We hypothesize greater age‐related differences in aspects of language that rely more heavily on the dorsal language stream (e.g., syntax and production) and that recruit general cognitive resources that rely on frontal regions (e.g., executive function, working memory, and inhibition). Moreover, there should be a relative sparing of tasks that rely predominantly on ventral stream regions. These results are both consistent with patterns of age‐related structural decline and retention and with varying levels of difficulty across comprehension and production. This neurocognitive framework for understanding age‐related differences in the language system centers on the interaction between prefrontal cortex activation, structural integrity, and task difficulty.
Precision Education Initiative: Moving Toward Personalized Education
Authors: Hart Sara A.
Published: July 2016

This article propose the Precision Education Initiative, which is the tailoring of education to the specific characteristics of the individual student. Mirroring precision medicine, the author lays out both near‐term and longer term goals that educational research, and importantly educational practice, should follow.
The Learning Hippocampus: Education and Experience‐Dependent Plasticity
Authors: Wenger Elisabeth , Lövdén Martin
Published: July 2016

The hippocampal formation of the brain plays a crucial role in declarative learning and memory while at the same time being particularly susceptible to environmental influences. Education requires a well‐functioning hippocampus, but may also influence the development of this brain structure. Understanding these bidirectional influences may have important implications for the educational setting. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the hippocampus, review evidence on how experience may shape this brain region and its functions, discuss age differences in such experience‐dependent plasticity, and outline the implications of our current theoretical understanding of plasticity for the educational setting.
Cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean
Authors: Shine M. B. , Yang Jung‐Wook , El‐Habbak Mohamed , Nagyabhyru Padmaja , Fu Da‐Qi , Navarre Duroy , Ghabrial Said , Kachroo Pradeep , Kachroo Aardra
Published: July 2016

Salicylic acid (SA), an essential regulator of plant defense, is derived from chorismate via either the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) or the isochorismate synthase (ICS) catalyzed steps. The ICS pathway is thought to be the primary contributor of defense‐related SA, at least in Arabidopsis. We investigated the relative contributions of PAL and ICS to defense‐related SA accumulation in soybean (Glycine max).

Soybean plants silenced for five PAL isoforms or two ICS isoforms were analyzed for SA concentrations and SA‐derived defense responses to the hemibiotrophic pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora sojae.

We show that, unlike in Arabidopsis, PAL and ICS pathways are equally important for pathogen‐induced SA biosynthesis in soybean. Knock‐down of either pathway shuts down SA biosynthesis and abrogates pathogen resistance. Moreover, unlike in Arabidopsis, pathogen infection is associated with the suppression of ICS gene expression. Pathogen‐induced biosynthesis of SA via the PAL pathway correlates inversely with phenylalanine concentrations. Although infections with either virulent or avirulent strains of the pathogens increase SA concentrations, resistance protein‐mediated response to avirulent P. sojae strains may function in an SA‐independent manner.

These results show that PAL‐ and ICS‐catalyzed reactions function cooperatively in soybean defense and highlight the importance of PAL in pathogen‐induced SA biosynthesis.
From the BMI paradox to the obesity paradox: the obesity–mortality association in coronary heart disease
Authors: Antonopoulos A. S. , Oikonomou E. K. , Antoniades C. , Tousoulis D.
Published: July 2016

Despite a strong association between body weight and mortality in the general population, clinical evidence suggests better clinical outcome of overweight or obese individuals with established coronary heart disease. This finding has been termed the ‘obesity paradox’, but its existence remains a point of debate, because it is mostly observed when body mass index (BMI) is used to define obesity. Inherent limitations of BMI as an index of adiposity, as well as methodological biases and the presence of confounding factors, may account for the observed findings of clinical studies. In this review, our aim is to present the data that support the presence of a BMI paradox in coronary heart disease and then explore whether next to a BMI paradox a true obesity paradox exists as well. We conclude by attempting to link the obesity paradox notion to available translational research data supporting a ‘healthy’, protective adipose tissue phenotype. © 2016 World Obesity
Cell morphologic changes and PCNA expression within craniofacial sutures during monkey Class III treatment
Authors: Han X. , Lu H. , Li S. , Xu Y. , Zhao N. , Xu Y. , Zhao W.
Published: July 2016

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate and compare the cellular morphologic changes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression within craniofacial sutures in growing Rhesus monkeys treated with a Class III functional appliance.

Materials and methods

Six Rhesus monkeys in the mixed dentition stage were divided into three groups: a 45‐day experimental group, a 90‐day experimental group, and a control group. Monkeys in the experimental groups were fitted with a Class III magnetic twin‐block appliance. Cellular changes in six craniofacial sutures—the zygomaticomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal, transverse palatine, pterygopalatine, zygomaticofrontal, and frontomaxillary sutures were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by means of histomorphologic analysis, TEM, and immunohistochemical test of PCNA.

Results

Obvious and altered bone remodeling combined with bone deposition and resorption was present in craniofacial sutures in the experimental groups. Increased activity of enlarged fibroblasts with abundant organelles was revealed. PCNA expression increased in the 45‐day group compared with the control group, followed by the 90‐day group. The highest percentage of PCNA‐positive cells was found in the pterygopalatine suture in the 45‐day group and the zygomaticomaxillary suture in the 90‐day group.

Conclusions

The pterygopalatine and zygomaticomaxillary sutures are more active among the craniofacial sutures in the craniofacial complex remodeling during Class III treatment. The magnetic twin‐block appliance effectively promoted suture remodeling by enhancing the activity and proliferation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts, especially in the early phase.
Determinants of Debt Concentration at the State Level
Authors: Greer Robert A. , Denison Dwight V.
Published: July 2016

We examine the general factors that affect the distribution of debt among state and local governments. We measure the distribution as the percentage of total state and aggregate local debt that is issued or held by the state level of government. Using a fiscal federalism framework, we discuss the fiscal, legal, and political factors that play an important role in determining the level of government that issues debt. Findings suggest that important factors of debt concentration at the state level include state political ideology and economic factors of income per capita and unemployment rates.
Impact of Food Restriction on the Expression of the Adiponectin System and Genes in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis of Pre‐Pubertal Ewes
Authors: Wang R , Kuang M , Nie H , Bai W , Sun L , Wang F , Mao D , Wang Z
Published: July 2016

Contents

Adiponectin, a cytokine secreted typically by adipocytes, has been implicated as a molecular switch between female reproduction and energy balance. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of adiponectin system and patterns of genes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovary (HPO) axis of food‐restricted pre‐pubertal ewes. Eighteen 2‐month‐old female ewes were assigned to 3 groups after a pre‐feeding ad libitum for 10 days (six in each group): the control group (C), the low‐food‐restricted group (LR) and the high‐food‐restricted group (HR), which were fed with 100%, 70% and 50% of ad libitum food intake, respectively. The hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and serum were collected after food restriction for 2 months. Results by ELISA showed that food restriction increased serum adiponectin concentrations. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that the gene transcriptions for adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and 2 (AdipoR2) were enhanced in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis, while KISS‐1/GPR‐54 and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone β‐subunit (LHβ) and follicle‐stimulating hormone β‐subunit (FSHβ) in the pituitary were reduced after food restriction. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that AdipoR1 localized in the oocytes of follicles in the ovary. These results suggest that the alterations in the expression of adiponectin and its receptors in response to food restriction might negatively influence the HPO axis.
Suicidality in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Emotion‐Triggered Impulsivity
Authors: Johnson Sheri L. , Carver Charles S. , Tharp Jordan A.
Published: July 2016

A growing body of research suggests that impulsive responses to emotion more robustly predict suicidality than do other forms of impulsivity. This issue has not yet been examined within bipolar disorder, however. Participants diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (n = 133) and control participants (n = 110) diagnosed with no mood or psychotic disorder completed self‐report measures of emotion‐triggered impulsivity (Negative and Positive Urgency Scales) and interviews concerning lifetime suicidality. Analyses examined the effects of emotion‐triggered impulsivity alone and in combination with gender, age of onset, depression severity, comorbid anxiety, comorbid substance use, and medication. A history of suicide ideation and attempts, as well as self‐harm, were significantly more common in the bipolar disorder group compared with the control group. Impulsive responses to positive emotions related to suicide ideation, attempts, and self‐harm within the bipolar group. Findings extend research on the importance of emotion‐triggered impulsivity to a broad range of key outcomes within bipolar disorder. The discussion focuses on limitations and potential clinical implications.
Vesicles Are Persistent Features of Different Plastids
Authors: Lindquist Emelie , Solymosi Katalin , Aronsson Henrik
Published: July 2016

Peripheral vesicles in plastids have been observed repeatedly, primarily in proplastids and developing chloroplasts, in which they are suggested to function in thylakoid biogenesis. Previous observations of vesicles in mature chloroplasts have mainly concerned low temperature pretreated plants occasionally treated with inhibitors blocking vesicle fusion. Here, we show that such vesicle‐like structures occur not only in chloroplasts and proplastids, but also in etioplasts, etio‐chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts and even transforming desiccoplasts without any specific pretreatment. Observations are made both in C3 and C4 species, in different cell types (meristematic, epidermis, mesophyll, bundle sheath and secretory cells) and different organs (roots, stems, leaves, floral parts and fruits). Until recently not much focus has been given to the idea that vesicle transport in chloroplasts could be mediated by proteins, but recent data suggest that the vesicle system of chloroplasts has similarities with the cytosolic coat protein complex II system. All current data taken together support the idea of an ongoing, active and protein‐mediated vesicle transport not only in chloroplasts but also in other plastids, obviously occurring regardless of chemical modifications, temperature and plastid developmental stage.
Interaction of chlorhexidine with trisEDTA or miconazole in vitro against canine meticillin‐resistant and ‐susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from two UK regions
Authors: Clark Siân‐Marie , Loeffler Anette , Schmidt Vanessa M , Chang Yu‐Mei , Wilson Alison , Timofte Dorina , Bond Ross
Published: July 2016

Background

Topical therapy is an important alternative to systemic antibacterial therapy for treatment of canine superficial pyoderma in light of the emergence of multidrug‐resistant staphylococci. Chlorhexidine is widely used in shampoo products alone or in combination with miconazole or tromethamine‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (trisEDTA). Comparisons of these combinations have not been made.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole and chlorhexidine/trisEDTA in vitro in a collection of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) from northern (NUK) and southeastern (SEUK) United Kingdom (UK) sources.

Methods

MICs of chlorhexidine, miconazole, trisEDTA and combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole (1:1) or chlorhexidine/trisEDTA (80:16:1 and 80:5:1) were determined for 196 canine SP isolates from NUK [49 meticillin‐resistant (MRSP), 50 meticillin‐susceptible (MSSP)] and fom SEUK (48 MRSP, 49 MSSP) using agar dilution.

Results

TrisEDTA alone did not inhibit growth. Chlorhexidine/miconazole MICs (median = 0.5 mg/L) were lower than those of either drug alone (P < 0.05) and lower than chlorhexidine/trisEDTA MICs (median = 1 mg/L; P < 0.0005) in each bacterial type and from both regions, except for miconazole in NUK MSSP. An additive interaction was noted between chlorhexidine and miconazole or trisEDTA (80:16:1 ratio) in 79 and 43 isolates, respectively, whereas antagonism between chlorhexidine and trisEDTA was noted for three isolates. NUK isolates were more susceptible than SEUK isolates (P < 0.05), except MRSP exposed to chlorhexidine and the chlorhexidine/trisEDTA (80:16:1) combination.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These low MICs are likely to be exceeded by topical therapy. Evaluation of the mechanisms by which chlorhexidine combinations interact to reduce MICs is warranted, in view of increasing concerns of biocide tolerance in staphylococci.
Comparisons Between Staphylectomy and Tie‐Forward Procedures in Combination with a Sternothyroideus Myotenectomy for the Treatment of Intermittent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate: An Observational Study
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Johanssen Bengt , Waldner Cheryl
Published: July 2016

Objective

To compare the performance of horses with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (IDDSP) treated surgically with a control group and to determine whether there was a difference in postoperative performance between horses treated with a staphylectomy or a tie‐forward procedure.

Study Design

A retrospective observational study.

Animals

Swedish Warmblood trotting horses (Standardbreds) with endoscopically confirmed IDDSP (n=56) and control horses (n=48) with endoscopically normal upper airways tested using overground endoscopy identified from medical records.

Methods

Generalized estimating equations that accounted for repeated measurements were used to compare presurgery and postsurgery racing performance (speed, m/s) of IDDSP horses, and to compare their performance to control horses. Similarly, the effects of surgical procedure type on whether horses returned to racing, postsurgical speed, career race starts and earnings were evaluated.

Results

There was no significant difference in race speed between IDDSP and control horses at any time point. The percentage of horses racing postoperatively, the number of career races, and career earnings did not differ between staphylectomy treated and tie‐forward treated horses, nor between IDDSP and control horses.

Conclusion

In our study there was no difference in the postoperative outcomes between the two surgical techniques used to treat definitively diagnosed IDDSP. These results find no strong evidence to promote use of one technique over another in the treatment of this condition.
Use of a Barbed Knotless Suture for Laparoscopic Ablation of the Nephrosplenic Space in 8 Horses
Authors: Albanese Valeria , Hanson R. Reid , McMaster Mattie A. , Koehler Jennifer W. , Caldwell Fred J.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate use of a knotless suture for laparoscopic closure of the equine nephrosplenic space.

Study Design

Experimental in vivo study.

Animals

Normal horses without previous history of abdominal surgery (n=8).

Methods

The nephrosplenic space was closed under laparoscopic visualization using a unidirectional, barbed 0 metric absorbable suture (copolymer of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate). Intracorporeal suturing of the nephrosplenic space was performed in a cranial‐to‐caudal direction in a simple continuous fashion. Repeat evaluation was performed laparoscopically in 2 horses and by necropsy in 6 horses. The length of closure was measured and nature of the healed tissue was evaluate grossly.

Results

Total surgery time was 65–167 minutes (mean ± SD, 89.6 ± 22.6). Suturing time was 30–65 minutes (40.4 ± 16.3). Second laparoscopy in 2 horses was performed at days 198 and 227. Necropsy was performed at day 69–229 postoperatively (132.7 ± 63.0) in 6 horses. The closure measured 12–14 cm in length (13 ± 1) and consisted of mature fibrous tissue bridging the splenic capsule and the nephrosplenic ligament. No residual suture material was identified grossly in any horses. The procedure was easily performed; extracorporeal suture management to hold it taut was unnecessary since the barbs had excellent purchase in the apposed tissues, and intracorporeal knot tying was not required.

Conclusion

The barbed knotless suture appears to be a valid alternative to facilitate laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in normal horses; however, further work is necessary to investigate its suitability in clinically affected horses.
Bile acids induce necrosis in pancreatic stellate cells dependent on calcium entry and sodium‐driven bile uptake
Authors: Ferdek Pawel E. , Jakubowska Monika A. , Gerasimenko Julia V. , Gerasimenko Oleg V. , Petersen Ole H.
Published: July 2016

Key points

Acute biliary pancreatitis is a sudden and severe condition initiated by bile reflux into the pancreas.

Bile acids are known to induce Ca2+ signals and necrosis in isolated pancreatic acinar cells but the effects of bile acids on stellate cells are unexplored.

Here we show that cholate and taurocholate elicit more dramatic Ca2+ signals and necrosis in stellate cells compared to the adjacent acinar cells in pancreatic lobules; whereas taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate primarily affects acinar cells.

Ca2+ signals and necrosis are strongly dependent on extracellular Ca2+ as well as Na+; and Na+‐dependent transport plays an important role in the overall bile acid uptake in pancreatic stellate cells.

Bile acid‐mediated pancreatic damage can be further escalated by bradykinin‐induced signals in stellate cells and thus killing of stellate cells by bile acids might have important implications in acute biliary pancreatitis.

Acute biliary pancreatitis, caused by bile reflux into the pancreas, is a serious condition characterised by premature activation of digestive enzymes within acinar cells, followed by necrosis and inflammation. Bile acids are known to induce pathological Ca2+ signals and necrosis in acinar cells. However, bile acid‐elicited signalling events in stellate cells remain unexplored. This is the first study to demonstrate the pathophysiological effects of bile acids on stellate cells in two experimental models: ex vivo (mouse pancreatic lobules) and in vitro (human cells). Sodium cholate and taurocholate induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in stellate cells, larger than those elicited simultaneously in the neighbouring acinar cells. In contrast, taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate (TLC‐S), known to induce Ca2+ oscillations in acinar cells, had only minor effects on stellate cells in lobules. The dependence of the Ca2+ signals on extracellular Na+ and the presence of sodium–taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) indicate a Na+‐dependent bile acid uptake mechanism in stellate cells. Bile acid treatment caused necrosis predominantly in stellate cells, which was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+ and significantly reduced in the absence of Na+, showing that bile‐dependent cell death was a downstream event of Ca2+ signals. Finally, combined application of TLC‐S and the inflammatory mediator bradykinin caused more extensive necrosis in both stellate and acinar cells than TLC‐S alone. Our findings shed new light on the mechanism by which bile acids promote pancreatic pathology. This involves not only signalling in acinar cells but also in stellate cells.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Shell-and-Tube Phase-Change Material Thermal Energy Storage Unit
Authors: Sherer Thomas H. , Joshi Yogendra
Published: July 2016

Solid liquid phase-change materials (PCMs) present a promising approach for reducing data center cooling costs. We review prior research in this area. A shell-and-tube PCM thermal energy storage (TES) unit is then analyzed numerically and experimentally. The tube bank is filled with commercial paraffin RUBITHERM RT 28 HC PCM, which melts as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) flows across the tubes. A fully implicit one-dimensional control volume formulation that utilizes the enthalpy method for phase change has been developed to determine the transient temperature distributions in both the PCM and the tubes themselves. The energy gained by a column of tubes is used to determine the exit bulk HTF temperature from that column, ultimately leading to an exit HTF temperature from the TES unit. This paper presents a comparison of the numerical and experimental results for the transient temperature profiles of the PCM-filled tubes and HTF.