bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Darling of Paris
Authors: Drew William M.
Published: May 2023

Pearl's engagement at the Casino de Paris in 1922 and the series of mysterious and dramatic incidents that followed is the focus of this chapter along with her romance with a French nobleman, and the escalating scandals in Hollywood fueled by the tabloid press that may have influenced Pearl in her refusal to so much as even visit the West Coast.
Farewell to America
Authors: Drew William M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter relates the production in 1922 of Pearl's return to the serial genre, Plunder, the death of a stuntman doubling for her and the resulting negative publicity and its profound effect on the actress, causing her to suffer a nervous breakdown, and her decision to leave the United States for Europe.
A Gilded Exile
Authors: Drew William M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter, dealing with the years from 1926 to 1929, relates the beginning of Pearl's retirement as an expatriate in France with her interest in horse racing and managing a casino, her romance with a wealthy Greco-Egyptian businessman named Theodore Cozzika, her visit to America for the purpose of a family reunion in Missouri, and the suicide of her second husband, Wallace Mccutcheon.
The Aftermath
Authors: Drew William M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers a wide range of time from the disclosure of Pearl's will in 1938 to the commemoration of the centenary of The Perils of Pauline in 2014. Topics discussed include the disposal of her estate and its effect on her family, the popular and critical reputation of the actress as seen in historical accounts, the production of the fictionalized 1947 biopic, The Perils of Pauline, stan-ing Betty Hutton, the fictionalized biographical volume published in 1969, the later fate of many of those close to Pearl over the decades, and the belated scholarly attention paid to her work on the screen.
African Americans at Home and Abroad
Authors: Jackson Eric R.
Published: May 2023

Compared to European ethnic groups, Black Americans have rarely, collectively forced the United States to create or format a concrete and coherent foreign policy strategy toward the continent of Africa. Moreover, not until the last sixty or seventy years have many Black Americans held an interest in the internal affairs and governmental structures of any African country. Restricted continuously by the color line and concentrated mostly in the South until the early 1900s, most Black Americans had little time and reason to be concerned or connected to the conditions of persons of color who lived outside the borders of the United States. Furthermore, obscene and powerful stereotypes about the continent of Africa and the persons who resided there, that had originated during the enslavement period, permeated not only the culture and psyche of the United States' larger society, but also the consciousness and perspective of many Black Americans. This chapter explores these themes with great care and precision.
Black Feminism
Authors: Jackson Eric R.
Published: May 2023

Since its origins, Black feminist thought has been a collection of uniform concepts and themes but it is not a static ideology or philosophy. It is a set of ideas, principles, concepts, etc. based on age, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and regional differences of all Black American women who share a universal set of experiences. These ideals are based on the nature of and resistance to this oppression. This includes how to be a Black woman in a nation that denigrates, objectifies, and oppresses women of African descent. This common experience also suggests that certain concepts have shaped the construction of Black Feminist thought. Many contemporary Black feminist scholars and writers, from a primarily historical perspective, have classified Black feminist thought into four main themes: 1) the legacy of struggle based on the duality of racism and sexism; 2) the search for a voice; 3) the nexus between thought and action; and 4) the development of an empowerment ethos for everyday life. This chapter discusses the themes from a variety of perspectives.
The African American Experience from a Sociological Perspective
Authors: Jackson Eric R.
Published: May 2023

The discipline of sociology originated in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries as the region continuously experienced major political and social upheavals. Some of the important figures in the field during this time period were the French philosopher Auguste Comte, who coined the term "sociology" to explain the new, evolving social order of Europe, as well as European philosophers Emile Dirkheim and Max Weber who made major contributions to growing foundational principles of the developing field of sociology with their notions of normative values (and beliefs) and the concept of the "Protestant work ethic" respectively. In comparison, during the 1950s and 1960s, a cadre of Black American sociologists, based on the foundational principles of several early Black American scholars from a variety of academic disciplines, developed the field of Black Sociology as a major field of inquiry. Specifically, these scholars defined Black Sociology as the study of structural forces and foundational principles inside and outside of the Black American community which manifest in various forms, units, and components. Also crucial to the origins of the field of Black Sociology is its definition, shaping, and interpersonal relationship within the Black American community. This chapter explores the field Black Sociology rooted in the themes.
The Creative Expressions of African Americans
Authors: Jackson Eric R.
Published: May 2023

Music has been a major influence on the construction of Black American culture since the first person of African descent arrived in the Western Hemisphere during the discovery period. During their journey to the Americas, persons of color performed music and built instruments they brought with them from their homeland in West and Central Africa. These activities operated as a unifying intellectual and emotional vehicle where the body and mind were inseparable as well as where the sacred and secular worlds were understood as a whole. Music also served as a place that integrated function and meaning for all of those who would listen. Additionally, Black American music has had a powerful and lasting influence on the history of the United States since the nation's inception. Finally, Black American music has helped to direct many high profile social causes and events. Many Black American performers have become trailblazers from whom many non-Black American musicians and artists have followed, copied, and borrowed from over the centuries. This chapter examines these themes.
Formulation and Effectiveness Testing of Mosquito Repellent Spray Combination of Citrusev Oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and Patchouli Oil (Pogostemon cablin)
Authors: Ariati Widya
Published: May 2023

Dengue fever is a health problem caused by the dengue virus dengue virus whose problem has not been resolved. Various attempts have been made to prevent dengue fever, one of which is chemical-based insecticides, but the use of chemicals can cause side effects ranging from mild to severe. The purpose of this study was to increase the use of natural ingredients as an alternative to mosquito repellents to minimize side effects and determine the effectiveness of the spray repelency against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This research method used an experimental approach using 20 mosquitoes, which were divided into five groups, namely formulation I (10% lemonggrass oil and 2% pathouli oil), formulation II (10% lemonggrass oil and 4% pathouli oil), formulation III (10% lemonggrass oil and 6% pathouli oil), control (-) ( propylene glycol and ethanol 96%) and control (+) (soffel spray) were each given the same treatment. The mist was sprayed on the arm, put in the test cage, and counted the number of mosquitoes perched on the arm for 5 minutes. The percentage of mosquito repellent power in fomulation I am 69%, formulation II is 76%, formulation III is 92%. The data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA using the LSD (least significant difference) test; there were substantial differences between the treatment group and the level of effevtiveness of the repulsion againts the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
Leading From Behind the Screen: Business Leaders Adapting to Virtual Performance Management
Authors: Ashwood Dr. Sara , Tanner Dr. Amanda
Published: May 2023

Leaders of financial organizations do not have sufficient competencies to lead virtual employees, which contributes to lower engagement and retention rates. This qualitative inquiry technique study explored eight financial leaders’ perspectives on the competencies required to effectively lead and engage a virtual team. Six themes emerged from the data: The importance of consistent, frequent communication to support engagement and collaboration in a virtual environment, the importance of leaders managing performance by holding employees accountable to achieve expectations while providing role clarity, clear priorities, and ensuring productivity, the importance of leaders getting to know their employees both personally and professionally, their goals and motivations, and encouraging and empowering employees to make decisions while providing development opportunities, the importance of having competence using technology effectively to communicate, enhance employee engagement, and be available to employees, the importance of leaders embracing new ways of work, changing technology, and different team dynamics while understanding and respecting work-life balance, and the importance of leaders recognizing the value each employee brings. Virtual leaders must adapt and improve their skills and methods in a remote setting to promote the success of their employees and achieve results.
D6.5 Generic guideline for conducting an extended FtO analysis and FtO analyses for all intended clinical trials
Authors: Mucke Hermann
Published: May 2023

This document provides the generic methodology and specific resource access points to conduct a freedom-to-operate (FtO) analysis tailored to the needs of a drug repurposing project. It has been compiled based on the extensive experience the author has accumulated with many projects of this type. Its most valuable feature is that it can be executed with minimal technical resources (only web access is required) and can be conducted internally up to the point where potentially critical findings (if any) are discussed with a patent attorney. When conducted properly this method actually improves the relevance of the analysis because no patent attorney can be expected to be fully familiar with all scientific aspects of a repurposing project. Despite its simplicity it integrates easily into the REPO4EU drug repurposing platform as a module that draws mostly on internal resources, and involves minimal expenses. While patent searches form the dominant motive, we also discuss how suitable suppliers can be recruited, an issue that is particularly important when the active ingredient is reformulated (as mostly will be the case).
Methods for Studying Maximum Flows. Application to the Wadi Sebdou Watershed (Tafna - NW Algeria)
Authors: Abdelmoumene Hanane
Published: May 2023

step in the studies of strategic projects for the prevention and management of flood phenomena in at-risk watersheds. The Oued Sebdou watershed is a tributary of the Tafna, with an area of 439.3 km2, characterized by a semi-arid climate. It has an elongated form, with a lithology that favors flow (Bouanani, 2004). The objective of this study is to analyze the morphological characteristics, the rainfall regime and the determination of the frequency of floods, using the different empirical formulas that have been developed in the Algerian context for use in specific areas. The errors generated by the application of these formulas can lead to serious technical, financial and environmental problems such as a wrong dimensioning of storage or protection works, an erroneous cartography of the floodable zones whose consequences would be disastrous. In this work, the analysis of the error of using these formulas in the Sebdou sub-basin was established. Also, the Gradex method was tested in this study. The results indicated that the GIANDOTTI method is the most reliable with a relative error of 19.7% (T=1000years), and the formulas of SOKOLOVSKY and TURRAZA are satisfactory and give flows close to those obtained from observations in the Sebdou hydrometric station
Chatbots in Pharmacy: A Boon or a Bane for Patient Care and Pharmacy Practice?
Authors: Ramadhani Chusnul
Published: May 2023

Chatbots in pharmacies have gained popularity in recent years, potentially revolutionizing patient care and pharmacist workflow. However, whether chatbots are, a boon or a bane for the pharmacy profession remains. This review article aims to comprehensively analyze the literature on chatbots in pharmacy, including their benefits, limitations, and future directions. Findings suggest that chatbots have the potential to improve medication adherence, provide patient education, and streamline pharmacist workflow. However, there are limitations to their use, such as the need for robust natural language processing algorithms and concerns regarding patient privacy and security. Furthermore, the lack of regulatory oversight and standardized development processes may hinder their widespread adoption. Overall, while chatbots have the potential to improve certain aspects of pharmacy practice, caution must be taken to ensure their accuracy and safety. Moreover, chatbots should be viewed as a tool to support pharmacists in providing high-quality patient care rather than replacing the valuable expertise and human connection pharmacists provide. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of chatbots in pharmacy practice and to address the limitations and concerns highlighted in this review.
Homogeneous Boltzmann equation in quantum relativistic kinetic theory
Authors: Escobedo Miguel , Mischler Stephane , Valle Manuel A.
Published: May 2023

We consider some mathematical questions about Boltzmann equations for quantum particles, relativistic or non relativistic. Relevant particular cases such as Bose, Bose-Fermi, and photon-electron gases are studied. We also consider some simplifications such as the isotropy of the distribution functions and the asymptotic limits (systems where one of the species is at equilibrium). This gives rise to interesting mathematical questions from a physical point of view. New results are presented about the existence and long time behaviour of the solutions to some of these problems.
Singularities of transition processes in dynamical systems: Qualitative theory of critical delays
Authors: Gorban Alexander N.
Published: May 2023

This monograph presents a systematic analysis of the singularities in the transition processes for dynamical systems. We study general dynamical systems, with dependence on a parameter, and construct relaxation times that depend on three variables: Initial conditions, parameters \(k\) of the system, and accuracy \(\varepsilon\) of the relaxation. We study the singularities of relaxation times as functions of \((x_0,k)\) under fixed \(\varepsilon\), and then classify the bifurcations (explosions) of limit sets. We study the relationship between singularities of relaxation times and bifurcations of limit sets. An analogue of the Smale order for general dynamical systems under perturbations is constructed. It is shown that the perturbations simplify the situation: the interrelations between the singularities of relaxation times and other peculiarities of dynamics for general dynamical system under small perturbations are the same as for the Morse-Smale systems.
Directive Illocutionary Acts in Venom: Let There Be Carnage Movie
Authors: Ni Ketut Ica Rahayuni  , Putu Devi Maharani  , Komang Dian Puspita Candra
Published: May 2023

This study discussed the directive illocutionary act in Venom: Let There Be Carnage. It evaluates how all characters in the movie convey directive illocutionary acts. This study aims to find out the types of directive illocutionary acts. The data were collected using the observation method. The data is collected by watching the movie repeatedly while checking the conversation in the transcript and determining the utterance that contained a directive illocutionary act. Then, classify the utterance of the directive illocutionary act into three: command, request, and suggestions based on the theory by Kreidler (1998). In analyzing the data, the writer used the qualitative method. As a result, the writer found all types of directive illocutionary acts according to the theory from Kreidler (1998). There were 82 data found, and the most type of directive illocutionary act occurred was command with 51 data, request 23 data and suggestion 8 data.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR A BIOGAS POWERED STANDALONE POWER PLANT: A CASE STUDY OF GIWA COMMUNITY, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Neminebor M. P. , Umar U. A. , Oyedeji A. N.
Published: May 2023

In this research work, a feasibility survey was conducted to determine the possibility of establishing a standalone power plant powered by biogas obtained from anaerobic digestion of three (3) agricultural residues for the Giwa community. These agricultural residues are chicken dropping, kitchen residues and cow dung with kitchen agricultural residue having the highest yield rate of 0.33 m
3/kg. However, due to the limitation in the gathering of kitchen agricultural residue, its percentage was limited to 20% while the remaining 80% was shared among the two (2) other agricultural residues, with cow dung having a yield rate of 0.05 m
3/kg and chicken droppings with 0.2 m
3/kg. In order to determine the capacity of the plant, the power consumption of the community was estimated using stratified sampling method while the same method was used to determine the number of cows and chicken in the study area. Expected power consumption of 10,320 KW was estimated using stratified sampling method while biogas that was obtainable from the study area was estimated as 78,210.926 m3as against the required volume of 64,512 m3. Finally, from the result of financial modulation done during the feasibility studies, a grand total of N 959,742,167.77 is required as the setup cost, while the plant will require N 110,871.67 as running cost daily with a daily income of N 1,238,400 at an energy sales price of N 5.01 Thus, the company is expected to make a daily profit of N 789,269.83 after tax which will allow the investment made on the plant be recoverable within a debt period (debt term) of about 3 years and 5 months at a full degree of freedom.
Russo-Georgian five-day war
Authors: Parezanović Marko
Published: May 2023

The Russian-Georgian five-day war represents not only an extremely interesting military phenomenon, but also sheds light on the challenging corridors of the complex geopolitical framework in the South Caucasus region. Although this five-day war is relatively often mentioned in the domestic public during various military and political analyses, it is noticeable that there is no adequate fund of scientific papers and other professional analyzes that would follow this dynamic and level of interest. Certain events of a complex structure and character, which certainly includes a war, even a five-day one, require a certain time distance and passage of time, in order to create the conditions to draw objective conclusions, which would be useful in both scientific and social meaning. Although at that time this war seemed, conditionally speaking, as a fairly simple and successful operation of the Russian armed forces, it actually brought to the surface all the anomalies, not only of the Russian army, but also of the Russian society as a whole, with its multi-layered analysis. This contributed to the Russian state leadership making important decisions and making certain systemic changes, which brought progress to the Russian side, and added worries to the opponents. From the characteristics of this war, many other countries can also draw certain experiences, primarily for the most effective protection of their sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Pháp luật bầu cử ở Việt Nam - lịch sử phát triển và một số vấn đề đặt ra
Authors: Đặng Minh Tuấn , Nguyễn Hải Long
Published: May 2023

Bầu cử đã được tổ chức ở Việt Nam ngay sau khi đất nước giành được độc lập, khởi đầu bằng cuộc Tổng tuyển cử bầu Quốc hội đầu tiên năm 1946 theo các sắc lệnh đầu tiên của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh. Ngay sau đó, những nguyên tắc nền tảng về bầu cử dân chủ được Hiến pháp năm 1946 ghi nhận và tiếp tục được kế thừa, phát triển trong những Hiến pháp sau này, như: Hiến pháp năm 1959, Hiến pháp năm 1992 (sửa đổi bổ sung năm 2001), Hiến pháp năm 2013 và Luật Bầu cử năm 2015. Tuy nhiên, pháp luật về bầu cử hiện nay vẫn còn có những hạn chế nhất định, rất cần được sửa đổi, bổ sung.

Từ khóa: Pháp luật; bầu cử; Quốc hội; Hội đồng nhân dân.
Analisis Poisson Bracket dan Persamaan Hamilton-Jacobi pada Hukum Mekanika Klasik melalui Penerapan Transformasi Kanonik
Authors: Fatimah Siti , Lumembang Megastin M
Published: May 2023

Transformasi kanonik merupakan kesimetrian bentuk kanonis suatu objek fisik setelah dan sebelum dilakukan perubahan (transformasi). Besaran fisis yang digunakan dalam rumusan Hamilton yaitu jarak dan momentum. Dalam transformasi kanonik, terdapat empat fungsi pembangkit yang akan diaplikasikan dalam Poisson Bracket dan persamaan Hamilton-Jacobi yang nantinya akan menghasilkan transformasi kontak. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan transformasi kanonik pada Poisson Bracket dan persamaan Hamilton-Jacobi tidak mengubah arti perubah lama menjadi perubah baru. Perubah yang berkonjugasi secara kanonis pada penerapan transformasi kanonik dihubungkan dengan menggunakan Poisson Bracket sehingga kordinat lama dalam Hamilton juga disebut sebagai perubah berpasangan secara konjugat kanonis. Penggunaan fungsi pembangkit pada persamaan Hamilton tetap mengacu pada kordinat lama dan kordinat baru serta waktu sehingga aksi yang terjadi dinyatakan secara eksplisit terhadap fungsi waktu dan kordinat dengan meninjau lintasan awal saat t1 pada posisi q­1. Penelitian ini dapat menjadi rujukan dalam penyederhaan solusi umum persamaan Hamilton-Jacobi melalui transformasi kanonik pada hukum mekanika klasik.
Implementasi E-Commerce Berbasis Website pada Toko Warren Store Palopo
Authors: Mahi Nurmayanti , Paembonan Solmin , Hasnahwati Hasnahwati
Published: May 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membangun sebuah e-commerce berbasis website pada toko warren store palopo. Metode pengembangan sistem yang digunakan dalam penelitian ialah metode waterfall dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data dokumentasi, metode pengamatan atau observasi, metode wawancara, metode studi Pustaka. Implementasi e-commerce berbasis website dirancang menggunakan model UML (Unified Modelling Language) yang terdiri dari use case diagram, activity diagram, sequence diagram, serta class diagram. E-commerce yang dibangun berbasis website menggunakan Bahasa pemrograman PHP versi 7 serta database Mysql. Hasil dari implementasi e-commerce berbasis website ini berupa halaman login, halaman dashboard admin, halaman kelola kategori, halaman kelola data barang, halaman kelola data pesanan barang, halaman kelola rekening, halaman home, halaman register, halaman detail barang, halaman keranjang dan halaman pesanan anda . sistem ini telah diuji dengan menggunakan penguian black box dimana semua tampilan yang diuji benar sesuai yang diinginkan dan pengujian usability menggunakan kuesioner dengan menggunakan rumus skala likert.
Marketing strategy to increase sales at PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kandang Village, Bengkulu City
Authors: Ernitasari Ernitasari
Published: May 2023

There are two issues studied in this thesis, namely, (1) How is the marketing strategy to increase sales at PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kelurahan Kandang, Bengkulu City, (2) What is the marketing strategy to increase sales at PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kelurahan Kandang, Bengkulu City, in terms of Islamic economics, the purpose of this research is to determine the marketing strategy to increase sales at PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kandang Village, Bengkulu City. To find out the marketing strategy to increase sales at PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kandang Village, Bengkulu City in terms of Islamic economics. To reveal the problem in depth and thoroughly, the researcher uses a qualitative descriptive method. From the results of this study it was found that (1) the marketing strategy to increase sales of PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kandang Village, Bengkulu City uses a marketing mix. (2) Islamic economic review of marketing strategy to increase sales of PT. Jaya Beton Persada, Kelurahan Kandang, Bengkulu City, has implemented a marketing strategy in accordance with Islamic law.
El darrer enterrament turc a Réthimno: un escoli a «Crònica d’una ciutat», de Pandelís Prevelakis
Authors: Ayensa Eusebi
Published: May 2023

En 1977 Pandelís Prevelakis va pronunciar a Réthimno el seu discurs Réthimno com a estil de vida, en el qual donava abundants claus interpretatives sobre l’obra que el va consagrar com a escriptor, Crònica d’una ciutat (1938). En l’esmentat discurs es referia a l’article del periodista Mikhalis Papadakis «El darrer enterrament turc a Réthimno», publicat a Kritikí Epitheórissi.
Myofibroblast senescence promotes arrhythmogenic remodeling in the aged infarcted rabbit heart
Authors: Baggett Brett C , Murphy Kevin R , Sengun Elif , Mi Eric , Cao Yueming , Turan Nilufer N , Lu Yichun , Schofield Lorraine , Kim Tae Yun , Kabakov Anatoli Y , Bronk Peter , Qu Zhilin , Camelliti Patrizia , Dubielecka Patrycja , Terentyev Dmitry , del Monte Federica , Choi Bum-Rak , Sedivy John , Koren Gideon
Published: May 2023

Progressive tissue remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) promotes cardiac arrhythmias. This process is well studied in young animals, but little is known about pro-arrhythmic changes in aged animals. Senescent cells accumulate with age and accelerate age-associated diseases. Senescent cells interfere with cardiac function and outcome post-MI with age, but studies have not been performed in larger animals, and the mechanisms are unknown. Specifically, age-associated changes in timecourse of senescence and related changes in inflammation and fibrosis are not well understood. Additionally, the cellular and systemic role of senescence and its inflammatory milieu in influencing arrhythmogenesis with age is not clear, particularly in large animal models with cardiac electrophysiology more similar to humans than previously studied animal models. Here, we investigated the role of senescence in regulating inflammation, fibrosis, and arrhythmogenesis in young and aged infarcted rabbits. Aged rabbits exhibited increased peri-procedural mortality and arrhythmogenic electrophysiological remodeling at the infarct border zone (IBZ) compared to young rabbits. Studies of the aged infarct zone revealed persistent myofibroblast senescence and increased inflammatory signaling over a 12-week timecourse. Senescent IBZ myofibroblasts in aged rabbits appear to be coupled to myocytes, and our computational modeling showed that senescent myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte coupling prolongs action potential duration (APD) and facilitates conduction block permissive of arrhythmias. Aged infarcted human ventricles show levels of senescence consistent with aged rabbits, and senescent myofibroblasts also couple to IBZ myocytes. Our findings suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting senescent cells may mitigate arrhythmias post-MI with age.
Genetic validation of PfFKBP35 as an antimalarial drug target
Authors: Thommen Basil T , Dziekan Jerzy M , Achcar Fiona , Tjia Seth , Passecker Armin , Buczak Katarzyna , Gumpp Christin , Schmidt Alexander , Rottmann Matthias , Grüring Christof , Marti Matthias , Bozdech Zbynek , Brancucci Nicolas MB
Published: May 2023

Plasmodium falciparum accounts for the majority of over 600,000 malaria-associated deaths annually. Parasites resistant to nearly all antimalarials have emerged and the need for drugs with alternative modes of action is thus undoubted. The FK506-binding protein PfFKBP35 has gained attention as a promising drug target due to its high affinity to the macrolide compound FK506 (tacrolimus). Whilst there is considerable interest in targeting PfFKBP35 with small molecules, a genetic validation of this factor as a drug target is missing and its function in parasite biology remains elusive. Here, we show that limiting PfFKBP35 levels are lethal to P. falciparum and result in a delayed death-like phenotype that is characterized by defective ribosome homeostasis and stalled protein synthesis. Our data furthermore suggest that FK506, unlike the action of this drug in model organisms, exerts its antiproliferative activity in a PfFKBP35-independent manner and, using cellular thermal shift assays, we identify putative FK506-targets beyond PfFKBP35. In addition to revealing first insights into the function of PfFKBP35, our results show that FKBP-binding drugs can adopt non-canonical modes of action – with major implications for the development of FK506-derived molecules active against Plasmodium parasites and other eukaryotic pathogens.
Order out of Chaos
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This book explains why Iraqis turned to the mosque after state collapse. In 2003, the US-led invasion of Iraq destroyed the Baʻthist state. Despite this, the citizens of Basra established predictable routines of daily life and social order as the familiar and customary structures of state-imposed order collapsed. What enabled individuals in Basra to work together to produce order amid anarchy? The answer: the Friday mosque. A week after the regime fell, Shiʻi imams introduced Friday congregational prayers and associated sermons for the first time in most places since the 1950s. These sermons facilitated the spread of common knowledge and coordination, both locally and nationally, and contributed to the emergence of a relatively cohesive imagined community of Iraqi Shiʻi that came to dominate Iraq's political order. The book reveals the interconnectedness of the enduring problem of how societies create social order in a stateless environment, the origins and limits of political authority and leadership, and the social and political salience of collective identity.
Order, Authority, and Identity
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of how Iraqis turned to the mosque to produce social order after state collapse. The ritual of Friday congregational prayers and associated sermons was new for most of Iraq's Shiʻi Muslims. Nevertheless, they began to attend these Friday congregational prayers when it suddenly became an acceptable ritual in most Shiʻi mosques. Iraqis' reliance on mosque sermons and religious networks for information and the production of social order contributed to an increase in public expressions of piety, including assertive expressions of sectarian identity. Mosque messages were couched in religious terms, and the ways that Iraqis coordinated reflected clerics' preferences. Focusing on the city of Basra, the chapter explains that the book addresses the problem of how societies create social order in a stateless environment, the origins and limits of political authority and leadership, and the social and political salience of collective identity.
The Sanctions-Era Roots of Postinvasion Developments
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the extent to which recent Iraqi history can explain the rise of religious actors and sectarian politics after the US-led invasion in 2003. It focuses on the alleged weakness of the Iraqi state under sanctions, Saddam Hussein's Faith Campaign, and the nature of the authority that Shiʻi and Sunni clerics held before the invasion. In the 1990s, the Baʻth's support for loyal tribal leaders increased, and many sheikhs saw their status elevated as they were brought into state patronage networks through personal relations with Saddam, security agencies, or party offices. The chapter looks at the clerical structure of Shiʻi Islam in Iraq. From 1923 to 2003, the dominant characteristic of Shiʻi religious authorities in Iraq was quietism, which broadly meant serving as an authority on traditional religious issues and avoiding involvement in political affairs. The chapter also considers Ali Sistani's gradual consolidation of the marjaʻiyya, as well as the Baʻth regime's tight regulation of the training, licensing, and placement of Sunni clerics. Sunni clerical networks were new, relatively flat, deeply connected to the state, and based on interpersonal ties and a shared ideology rooted in a Baʻthist interpretation of Islam and Arab nationalism.
Collapse
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the looting of Basra and the collapse of the Iraqi state following the US-led invasion in 2003. The British entry into Basra on the afternoon of April 6 coincided with a sudden and complete collapse of central political authority, and similar scenes played out throughout Arab-majority parts of Iraq. During the Iran–Iraq War, the Baʻth Party's Southern Bureau took over many administrative functions in Basra, effectively replacing the municipal government. This commingling of the party and municipal institutions continued through the 1990s and partly explains why the looting in Basra was particularly thorough, even compared to elsewhere in Iraq. Decades of Baʻth rule left Iraqi society atomized and social trust exceptionally weak. Social groups and institutions that might have encouraged cooperative behavior had been systematically eliminated or co-opted into the party over time. The chapter looks at the occupation authorities' failure to reestablish social order in Iraq. The lack of order was most obvious in terms of security, and a dominant theme in interviews was the overwhelming sense of uncertainty that Iraqis felt in the situation.
The Emergence of Local Orders
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines why some institutions (Friday mosques and sermons) motivated Iraqis to coordinate, while others (e.g., tribes, occupation authorities, political parties, other religious organizations) could not. In the immediate aftermath of state collapse, local clerics in Iraq controlled the most accessible and reliable way to induce neighbors to work with one another. Ritual aspects of the Friday mosque sermon make it an institution with a substantial capacity for producing common knowledge. As attendees came to believe that others would follow through on sermon messages, Friday mosques began to be able to coordinate residents of localities on priorities and basic behaviors, like how to dispose of trash and how to behave toward known looters. People produced and sustained order in many neighborhoods by hearing and coordinating around the content of sermons. However, local social orders generated by Friday mosque sermons were constrained by two factors. First, the set of behaviors on which local preachers could induce compliance was limited. Second, messages in a mosque's sermon only reached those who heard it.
Ayatollahs’ Networks and National Authority
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains why Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani and Moqtada al-Sadr, instead of religious party leaders or other elites, surprisingly became Iraq's most important political entrepreneurs. Using insights from social network analysis, the chapter traces how Shiʻi ayatollahs, who control hierarchical networks of clerical deputies, could reliably and consistently disseminate similar messages in different mosques and generate common knowledge, coordination, and low-cost cooperation across dispersed Shiʻi congregations on national-level issues like federalism and voting strategies. The chapter argues that the postinvasion augmentation of Sistani's authority was constrained by the individual-level cost of commands he could issue. Sistani's edicts fostered large-scale participation when they asked Shiʻa to coordinate or to engage in low-cost endeavors. When the costs of complying with a command rose, however, followers were less likely to follow. Knowing this, and to maintain followers' expectations that others will follow future commands, Sistani limited what he asked his followers to do.
The Limits of Sunni Religious Authority
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter compares the clerical structure of the Sunni Arabs to that of the Shiʻa. Following state collapse, Sunni clerics also facilitated intracongregational coordination, but the preexisting network structure of Sunni clerics did not provide a comparable institutional capacity to disseminate similar messages in geographically dispersed mosques. The two most prominent Sunni Arab political organizations after the invasion both reflected clerics' newfound authority. Yet, Sunnis remained relatively fractured and leaderless at the national level; they failed to adopt coordinated positions on many issues during the transition process. In light of this argument, the chapter reexamines the often lamented problem of Sunni inclusion in post-Saddam Iraqi governments. The challenge was not so much finding suitable Sunni leaders; the dilemma of postinvasion Iraqi politics was bargaining between groups when one side is highly coordinated and another other side is not.
Beyond Basra and Beyond Sermons
Authors: Patel David Siddhartha
Published: May 2023

This chapter extends the argument about social-order making to other places and other cognate forms of producing order via information. It discusses the rise of political community and collective identity. The chapter begins by going beyond Basra in looking at the coordination of Friday sermons in other places and times, including attempts to unify sermons across Egypt. It then goes beyond sermons in explaining how the argument speaks to broader issues of culture and social order; one can think of other rituals and technologies—unrelated to Islam or religion—that can produce a similar unifying effect. Ultimately, the information mechanism is generalizable: how people come to know what others know and then collectively act, especially when order or political authority is highly fluid and contested.
The Order of War
Authors: Sutherland Suzanne
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how Italian military entrepreneurs created identities as experts, governors, and advisors to princes who promised to bring order to war. The decades in which officer-scholars wrote occurred during a rich moment of intersection between the legacies of Renaissance learning and the emergence of the mathematical and empirical sciences. Military entrepreneurs, who belonged to a longer tradition of learned warriors, became scientific practitioners. Indeed, the military entrepreneurs who fought in the Thirty Years' War, Raimondo Montecuccoli included, absorbed and enriched the writings and conversations of the soldier-scholars of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The knowledge they produced emerged from geographically wide-ranging careers that involved service to multiple rulers on battlefields across Europe. The military science treatises themselves reflect a kaleidoscope of possibility. As they led troops in conflicts across Europe, Italian noblemen invested their own families' wealth and credit and risked their reputations, health, and safety.
The Performative State
Authors: Ding Iza
Published: May 2023

What does the state do when public expectations exceed its governing capacity? This book shows how the state can shape public perceptions and defuse crises through the theatrical deployment of language, symbols, and gestures of good governance—performative governance. The book unpacks the black box of street-level bureaucracy in China through ethnographic participation, in-depth interviews, and public opinion surveys. It demonstrates in vivid detail how China's environmental bureaucrats deal with intense public scrutiny over pollution when they lack the authority to actually improve the physical environment. They assuage public outrage by appearing responsive, benevolent, and humble. But performative governance is hard work. Environmental bureaucrats paradoxically work themselves to exhaustion even when they cannot effectively implement environmental policies. Instead of achieving “performance legitimacy” by delivering material improvements, the state can shape public opinion through the theatrical performance of goodwill and sincere effort. The book also explains when performative governance fails at impressing its audience and when governance becomes less performative and more substantive. It focuses on Chinese evidence but the author's theory travels: comparisons with Vietnam and the United States show that all states, democratic and authoritarian alike, engage in performative governance.
The Shifting Landscape of Donations
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: May 2023

This chapter develops a processual geography and history of the diasporic relationship. It tracks the changes over time in the amounts donated locally and from overseas to the village school and other public projects from the 1920s to the late 1990s, as well as smaller differences linked to each project's local or global scope. It also talks about financial flows that reveal changing relations of dependency and the shifting valences of local and global scales. The chapter shows how the relocation of the lineage foundation from Hong Kong to Pine Mansion in the early 1990s embodied the change in relations and signaled a reterritorialization and relocalization of the lineage and its ritual economy. The history of overseas donations discloses the strategic positioning of migrants and their descendants in the world system.
Collective Funds and the Moral Economy of Surplus
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the transformation of the former agricultural collectives into shareholding companies, showing the persistence of a redistributive system of income drawn from collective land. It highlights the moral economy of the lineage that has persisted by adjusting pre-1949 moral patterns to the Maoist morality and then to the capitalist era. Despite expectations that the lineage would vanish, continuities in economic and territorial organization account for its contemporary reemergence as a corporate entity in a different form. The chapter highlights shareholding companies, in which only native villagers are entitled to participate, that were established based on subsistence ethics and participate in a moral economy of surplus. It points out how the local membership of a former village community has gained increased valence in the context of urbanization.
Saving the Ancestral Sites, Mobilizing for the Public Good
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: May 2023

This chapter talks about the global overseas extension that offers the lineage economic and symbolic resources based on its prestigious past, which the people of Pine Mansion have used to counter some of the changes induced by economic reforms and urbanization. The people of Pine Mansion were mobilized to defend two of the village's most important sites: the grave of the founding ancestor and the century-old primary school, and spatial rationalization. It analyzes these mobilizations in terms of scalar action rather than neoliberal governmentality. The chapter looks at the principle of the public good and the figure of the founding ancestor, which stands for the public good and are systematically invoked in calls for local and overseas financial contributions. Diasporic funding has been instrumental not only in the revitalization of ancestral worship in villages but also in the cunning circumvention of government-imposed urbanization policies.
Chinese Globalization and the Changing Value of Scales
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses what the case of Pine Mansion reveals in terms of the processes and periodization of Chinese globalization. It considers Chinese globalization as the major feature of the last wave of globalization that is neither new nor chaotic and occurs within an integrated world system. It also reviews Chinese emigration in light of a moral economy of scale based on the distinction between scale as scope and scale as valence. The chapter highlights the Chen lineage, which has been globalized by a century of emigration. Although they are still global in reach, the diasporic networks have refocused on the place of origin as a consequence of the creation of Shenzhen and the reopening of China.
Introduction
Authors: Brada Betsey Behr
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights the premise that the “global” of global health is a “political accomplishment.” It addresses the question of how people learn to use global health to stage the moral and affective transformation of themselves and those around them. These longed-for transformations of self and others are affective in the sense that global health pedagogies are concerned about whether subjects have the right feelings about what is wrong. The chapter shows how the transformative potential that global health seems to hold becomes effectively and politically powerful in itself. It tracks how interlocutors wrestled with global health's inchoate nature and the labor they had to invest in learning to make places, activities, materials, and people legible as global health in order to precipitate a transformation.
The Metalanguage of HIV Intervention
Authors: Brada Betsey Behr
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains how the HIV epidemic itself seemed to point to the inability of Batswana to acknowledge and intervene. It shows how American health professionals used the metalanguage of HIV intervention or talking about how people talk about HIV and its treatment to insist on the inability of Batswana to confront the country's epidemic. American professionals used this metalanguage to project a scalar infrastructure across multiple sites that positioned those outside Botswana as the arbiters of truthful claims about HIV within Botswana. The chapter argues that the constitution of Botswana's epidemic as an object of American moral and technical expert intervention was not a feature of the epidemic per se, but a project that relied on scalar claims asserted and maintained through the metalanguage of HIV intervention. It discusses how pediatricians sought to shape children's subjectivities, transforming their own self-understanding in terms of pediatricians' fetishized view of antiretrovirals.
Pedagogy as Dispossession
Authors: Brada Betsey Behr
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines physician training at Referral Hospital as an instance of capacity building, highlighting African professionals' struggles to call attention to extractive aspects of American clinical pedagogies. It talks about clinical capacity building as a rhetorical strategy, illustrating how the rhetoric of clinical capacity building made it possible for clinical pedagogies themselves to function as a mechanism of extraction. It also describes how Batswana considered themselves and those around them in terms of their contributions to American-driven projects of knowledge production and intervention. The chapter points out how clinical pedagogies promised to bring Botswana into “the global” even as they contributed to an enduring “local” site for American global health. It investigates clinical pedagogies framed in terms of capacity building as a key “rhetorical strategy.”