bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Mechanism of γ/δ T-Lymphocyte and Endothelial Activation by Shear Stress
Authors: Fu Yi , Hou Yingjian , Fu Chenglai , Gu Mingxia , Li Chenghong , Kong Wei , Wang Xian , Shyy John Y.-J. , Zhu Yi
Published: December 2010

Rationale:

Endothelial cells (ECs) have distinct mechanotransduction mechanisms responding to laminar versus disturbed flow patterns. Endothelial dysfunction, affected by imposed flow, is one of the earliest events leading to atherogenesis. The involvement of γ/δ T lymphocytes in endothelial dysfunction under flow is largely unknown.

Objective:

To investigate whether shear stress regulates membrane translocation of ATP synthase β chain (ATPSβ) in ECs, leading to the increased γ/δ T-lymphocyte adhesion and the related functions.

Method and Results:

We applied different flow patterns to cultured ECs. Laminar flow decreased the level of membrane-bound ATPSβ (ecto-ATPSβ) and depleted membrane cholesterol, whereas oscillatory flow increased the level of ecto-ATPSβ and membrane cholesterol. Incubating ECs with cholesterol or depleting cellular cholesterol with β-cyclodextrin mimicked the effect of oscillatory or laminar flow, respectively. Knockdown caveolin-1 by small interfering RNA prevented ATPSβ translocation in response to laminar flow. Importantly, oscillatory flow or cholesterol treatment elevated the number of γ/δ T cells binding to ECs, which was blocked by anti-ATPSβ antibody. Furthermore, the incubation of γ/δ T cells with ECs increased tumor necrosis fact α and interferon-γ secretion from T cells and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in ECs. In vivo, γ/δ T-cell adhesion and ATPSβ membrane translocation was elevated in the aortic inner curvature and disturbed flow areas in partially ligated carotid arteries of ApoE
−/−
mice fed a high-fat diet.

Conclusions:

This study provides evidence that disturbed flow and hypercholesterolemia synergistically promote γ/δ T-lymphocyte activation by the membrane translocation of ATPSβ in ECs and in vivo in mice, which is a novel mechanism of endothelial activation.
Activation of Vascular Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Boström Kristina I. , Jumabay Medet , Matveyenko Aleksey , Nicholas Susanne B. , Yao Yucheng
Published: December 2010

Rationale:

Diabetes mellitus is frequently complicated by cardiovascular disease, such as vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction, which have been associated with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).

Objective:

To determine whether hyperglycemia in vitro and diabetes in vivo promote vascular BMP activity and correlate with vascular calcification.

Methods and Results:

Increased glucose augmented expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4; the BMP inhibitors matrix Gla protein (MGP) and Noggin; activin-like kinase receptor (ALK)1, -2, -3 and -6; the BMP type 2 receptor; and the vascular endothelial growth factor in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Diabetes induced expression of the same factors in the aortic wall of 3 animal models of diabetes, Ins2
Akita/+
mice, db/db mice, and HIP rats (rats transgenic for human islet amyloid polypeptide), representative of types 1 and 2 diabetes. Conditioned media from glucose-treated HAECs increased angiogenesis in bovine aortic endothelial cells, as mediated by BMP-4, and osteogenesis in calcifying vascular cells, as mediated by BMP-2. BMP-4, MGP, ALK1, and ALK2 were predominantly expressed on the endothelial side of the aorta, and small interfering RNA experiments showed that these genes were regulated as a group. Diabetic mice and rats showed a dramatic increase in aortic BMP activity, as demonstrated by SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation. This was associated with increased osteogenesis and calcium accumulation. These changes were prevented in the Ins2
Akita/+
mice by breeding them with MGP transgenic mice, which increased aortic BMP inhibition.

Conclusions:

Hyperglycemia and diabetes activate vascular BMP activity, which is instrumental in promoting vascular calcification and may be limited by increasing BMP inhibition.
Autoantibodies Against the Fibrinolytic Receptor, Annexin A2, in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Cesarman-Maus Gabriela , Cantú-Brito Carlos , Barinagarrementeria Fernando , Villa Rosario , Reyes Elba , Sanchez-Guerrero Jorge , Hajjar Katherine A. , Latorre Ethel Garcia
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) may be a manifestation of underlying autoimmune disease. Antibodies against annexin A2 (anti-A2Ab) coincide with antiphospholipid syndrome, in which antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA) are associated with thrombosis in any vascular bed. Annexin A2, a profibrinolytic receptor and binding site for β2-glycoprotein-I, the main target for aPLA, is highly expressed on cerebral endothelium. Here we evaluate the prevalence of anti-A2Ab in CVT.

Methods—

Forty individuals with objectively documented CVT (33 women and 7 men) and 145 healthy controls were prospectively studied for hereditary and acquired prothrombotic risk factors, classical aPLA, and anti-A2Ab.

Results—

One or more prothrombotic risk factors were found in 85% of CVT subjects, (pregnancy/puerperium in 57.5%, classical aPLA in 22.5%, and hereditary procoagulant risk factors in 17.5%). Anti-A2Ab (titer >3 SD) were significantly more prevalent in patients with CVT (12.5%) than in healthy individuals (2.1%,
P
<0.01, OR, 5.9).

Conclusions—

Anti-A2Ab are significantly associated with CVT and may define a subset of individuals with immune-mediated cerebral thrombosis.
White Matter Damage and the Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Type 2 Diabetic Mice After Stroke
Authors: Chen Jieli , Cui Xu , Zacharek Alex , Cui Yisheng , Roberts Cynthia , Chopp Michael
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Diabetes mellitus leads to a higher risk of ischemic stroke and worse outcome compared to the general population. However, there have been few studies on white matter (WM) damage after stroke in diabetes mellitus. We therefore investigated WM damage after stroke in mice with diabetes mellitus.

Methods—

BKS.Cg-
m
+/+
Lepr

db

/J
(db/db) type 2 diabetes mellitus mice and db
+
non-diabetes mellitus mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Functional outcome, immunostaining, zymography, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction were used.

Results—

After stroke, mice with diabetes mellitus exhibited significantly increased lesion volume and brain hemorrhagic and neurological deficits compared to mice without diabetes mellitus. Bielshowsky silver, luxol fast blue, amyloid precursor protein, and NG2 expression were significantly decreased, indicating WM damage, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity was significantly increased in the ischemic brain of mice with diabetes mellitus. Subanalysis of similar lesions in mice with and without diabetes mellitus demonstrated mice with diabetes mellitus had significantly increased WM damage than in mice without diabetes mellitus (
P
<0.05). To investigate the mechanism underlying diabetes mellitus-induced WM damage, oxygen–glucose deprivation-stressed premature oligodendrocyte and primary cortical neuron cultures were used. High glucose increased MMP-2, MMP-9, cleaved caspase-3 levels, and apoptosis, as well as decreased cell survival and dendrite outgrowth in cultured primary cortical neuron. High glucose increased MMP-9, cleaved caspase-3 level, and apoptosis, and decreased cell proliferation and cell survival in cultured oligodendrocytes. Inhibition of MMP by GM6001 treatment significantly decreased high glucose-induced cell death and apoptosis in cultured primary cortical neuron and oligodendrocytes but did not alter dendrite outgrowth in primary cortical neuron.

Conclusions—

Mice with diabetes mellitus have increased brain hemorrhage and show more severely injured WM than mice without diabetes mellitus after stroke. MMP-9 upregulated in mice with diabetes mellitus may exacerbate WM damage after stroke in mice with diabetes mellitus.
Soluble Glycoprotein VI Is Raised in the Plasma of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Al-Tamimi Mohammad , Gardiner Elizabeth E. , Thom Jim Y. , Shen Yang , Cooper Matthew N. , Hankey Graeme J. , Berndt Michael C. , Baker Ross I. , Andrews Robert K.
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Ischemic stroke induced by thrombosis may be triggered by atherosclerotic plaque rupture and collagen-induced platelet activation. Collagen induces glycoprotein VI shedding.

Methods—

We measured plasma-soluble glycoprotein VI (sGPVI) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 159 patients with acute (<7-day) ischemic stroke and age/sex-matched community-based control subjects.

Results—

sGPVI was elevated in stroke compared with controls (
P
=0.0168). ORs were higher in Quartile 4 for stroke cases (
P
=0.0121), and sGPVI was significantly elevated in stroke associated with large artery disease across Quartiles 2 to 4 and small artery disease in Quartile 4. sGPVI decreased 3 to 6 months after antiplatelet treatment, consistent with elevated sGPVI due to platelet activation during the thrombotic event. sGPVI correlated with P-selectin (
P
=0.0007) and was higher in individuals with the GPVI
a
haplotype (
P
=0.024).

Conclusion—

Glycoprotein VI shedding is implicated in the pathology of acute ischemic stroke.
Variation in in vitro hatch of potato cyst nematodes in response to different potato cultivars inoculated with isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Haydock Patrick , Jones Peter , Deliopoulos Thomas
Published: January 2011

Six potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars (Home Guard, Bintje, British Queen, Maris Piper, Pentland Dell and Saturna) were inoculated with Vaminoc (a commercial mixture of three selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) isolates) and with two of the individual AMF isolates present in Vaminoc, Glomus intraradices (BioRize BB-E) and Glomus mosseae (isolate BEG 12). Root length colonisation by AMF at 6 weeks after shoot emergence ranged from 49 to 54%, with Vaminoc exhibiting the highest percentage. In comparison with control plants, AMF-inoculated plants accelerated the in vitro hatch (21% mean increase) of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) species Globodera pallida (but not of G. rostochiensis) in potato root leachate collected 3 weeks after shoot emergence. The effects of mycorrhization on PCN hatch were broadly similar across the six potato cultivars. This consistency supports the potential use of AMF inoculation of potato plants as part of an integrated pest management strategy for G. pallida.
Effect of soil disturbance and biocides on nematode communities and extracellular enzyme activity in soybean cyst nematode suppressive soil
Authors: Neher Deborah , Bao Yong , Chen Senyu
Published: January 2011

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, remains a major yield-limiting pathogen of soybean. Natural suppression of SCN exists and becomes increasingly attractive; however, ecological mechanisms leading to the suppressive state are rarely studied. A glasshouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of soil disturbance and biocides on nematode community and extracellular enzyme activities in the SCN-suppressive soil collected in 2007 and 2008. Soil disturbance was simulated by passing soil through a sieve (aperture 5 mm) and compared with no-disturbance (non-sieve) treatment. Composition of microbial communities was manipulated by applying captan (fungicide), streptomycin (bactericide), captan plus streptomycin, or no biocide. SCN egg population density, proportion of second-stage juveniles (J2) parasitised by fungi, nematode communities in the soil, and plant weight in each pot were determined 70 days after planting soybean. In addition, the activities of six selected hydrolytic and oxidative extracellular enzymes representing cellulase, chitinase, serine protease, collagenase and peroxidase were measured. Soil disturbance resulted in an increase in SCN egg population density and reduction in the proportion of J2 parasitised by fungi. Biocide treatments increased SCN egg population density and the proportion of J2 parasitised by fungi at the end of experiment. Values of nematode community diversity index decreased and dominance and maturity indices increased in the disturbed soil compared with the no-disturbance treatment. Biocide treatments reduced maturity index values exclusively. With soil disturbance, the activity of extracellular enzyme L-proline aminopeptidase activity declined to less than half of that under no-disturbance in 2007. This experiment showed that both bacteria and fungi were potentially involved in the soil suppressiveness to SCN: soil disturbance and biocide application may reduce natural soil suppressiveness that was potentially associated with soil nematode community diversity and microbial enzyme activities.
El efecto tercera persona: el papel de la calidad de los argumentos y el tipo de estimación
Authors: Falces Carlos , Bautista Rebeca , Sierra Benjamín
Published: December 2010

El efecto tercera persona (ETP) se refiere a la tendencia a creer que los demás son más influidos por una comunicación persuasiva que uno mismo. Se llevó a cabo un estudio (N = 80) en el que se presentaba una de dos versiones (calidad: fuerte vs. débil) de una campaña de promoción de la salud. A la mitad se le pidió que juzgara la influencia sobre ellos mismos (1a persona) y al resto, la influencia sobre la gente (3a persona). Todos los participantes estimaron la influencia de esa campaña (estimación específica) y de las campañas de promoción de la salud en general (estimación abstracta). Los resultados muestran que la magnitud del ETP aumenta cuando la pregunta es abstracta y el mensaje es débil, mientras que cuando la pregunta es específica y el mensaje es fuerte se invierte, apareciendo el efecto primera persona. Los resultados sugieren que el nivel de abstracción de la estimación puede condicionar la aparición del ETP.
Las transgresiones morales repulsivas pero inofensivas se perciben como dañinas debido a las emociones negativas que inducen
Authors: Gutierrez Roberto , Giner-Sorolla Roger
Published: December 2010

Violaciones morales inofensivas pero repulsivas pueden justificarse como dañinas a otros debido a las emociones negativas que inducen. La relación entre las emociones de enojo y asco y el daño asociado a estas emociones como resultado de una transgresión moral fue investigada. Los resultados muestran que una violación moral que induce asco (transgresión tabú) pero que no tiene efectos dañinos para otros se relaciona más con el asco que con el enojo. Dicha violación moral creó presunción de daño de tres tipos: comunal, individual y natural. La emoción de asco fue un mediador entre la violación tabú y la presunción de daño natural mientras que la emoción de enojo fue un mediador entre la violación tabú y la presunción de daño individual. Los resultados también muestran que cuando ocurren transgresiones morales que no dañan a otras personas, las emociones de asco y enojo permiten adjudicar efectos dañinos a entidades simbólicas como la naturaleza y la comunidad, como resultado de dichas acciones.
Análisis evolutivo de la diferencia de edad en la elección de pareja de los matrimonios celebrados en España durante el período 1976–2006
Authors: Gómez-Jacinto Luis , Hombrados-Mendieta Ma Isabel
Published: December 2010

Desde una perspectiva evolutiva se ha examinado la diferencia de sexo en las preferencias de edad de la pareja mediante el censo de matrimonios celebrados en España desde 1976 hasta 2006 (13.292.902 personas). En consonancia con las hipótesis evolutivas, los varones eligen para casarse a parejas más jóvenes que ellos y esta diferencia de edad aumenta cuanto más envejecen. Las mujeres prefieren generalmente a parejas mayores a lo largo de todo su ciclo vital. Este patrón diferencial según el sexo se mantiene estable a lo largo de los años analizados y se ve poco afectado por factores moderadores como la profesión, la religión, el estado civil y la procedencia geográfica. La orientación sexual modifica la tendencia general y hace que los varones homosexuales de menos de 30 años elijan a parejas mayores que ellos y las lesbianas mayores de 40 a parejas de menor edad. Los resultados aportan una nueva evidencia al modelo evolutivo de preferencias de edad en la elección de la pareja y en la universalidad de este mecanismo de atracción sexual.
Combining motivations and emotion: The motivational dynamics of protest participation
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien , Klandermans Bert , van Dijk Wilco W.
Published: December 2010

We conducted a study to investigate the motivational dynamics of protest participation. Previous research suggests that instrumental and identity motives together with group-based anger predict people's intentions to participate in protest. The present research combines these motives with ideology into a single model. So far, no study has tested such a model or attempted to assess the motives' relative weight. Our results replicated previous findings by showing that instrumentality, identity, and ideology together with group-based anger motivates people to participate in protest. Importantly, our study extended previous findings by showing that these factors account for variance in motivation among actual participants. More specifically, ideology appeared to be the strongest motivator of protest participation, followed by identity and instrumentality. Next to these main effects, we obtained interaction effects between the three motives and group-based anger, demonstrating the need for complex and sophisticated models.
A Social Cognitive perspective on Positive Psychology
Authors: Bandura Albert
Published: December 2010

This article addresses positive psychology from the agentic perspective of social cognitive theory. There is a difference between pursuing happiness and achieving it through meaningful pursuits. Perceived well-being and satisfaction are derived from how one lives one's life not just from episodic good feelings or transient pleasures. Social cognitive theory addresses well-being and satisfaction in terms of commitment to a valued future and enablement to take the steps to realise it. The state of one's satisfaction and well-being is determined, in large part, relationally rather than solely by objective life conditions. Self-satisfaction and subjective well-being are rooted in temporal comparison on whether one's life is better or worse than in the past; social comparison on whether the quality of one's life compares favourably or unfavourably with the quality of life others enjoy; and aspirational comparison on how one's life status measures against the life ambition one set for oneself.
Sexismo hostil y benevolente: dimensiones de comparación intergrupal, imagen de los subtipos de mujer y autoimagen del endogrupo
Authors: Gómez-Berrocal Carmen , Cuadrado Isabel , Navas Marisol , Quiles Ma Nieves , Morera Ma Dolores
Published: December 2010

La presente investigación analiza la relación entre tipos de sexismo y estrategias intergrupales. En concreto, se exploran las dimensiones atribuidas por el endogrupo de los hombres a distintos subtipos de mujeres, y la relación entre tipos de sexismo y estrategias de diferenciación intergrupal y favoritismo endogrupal. Para ello, 180 hombres con una edad media de 37,67 años (DT = 12,1) cumplimentaron una de las tres versiones (mujer tradicional, mujer independiente y mujer sexy) de un cuestionario que contenía varias medidas: medida de rasgos y atributos para evaluar la percepción de la mujer estímulo; medida de rasgos y atributos de comparación endo-exogrupal y medida de sexismo. Los resultados generales pusieron de manifiesto que el tipo de mujer a la que se le asignan más características positivas es la independiente, aunque resulta también la más discriminada en la asignación de características negativas. Asimismo, el sexismo hostil y el benevolente hacia la mujer independiente se relacionan tanto con una tendencia a favorecer al endogrupo en la comparación, como a distanciarse de ese tipo de mujer por tener una imagen negativa de ella. Estos resultados se discuten en el marco de la Teoría de la Identidad Social.
Celos y sexismo: un estudio comparativo entre una muestra española y una muestra cubana
Authors: Canto Jesús M. , Moreno Pilar , Martín Jesús San , Perles Fabiola , Moscato Gianluigi , Reyes Rosa M.
Published: December 2010

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar si existían diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en el tipo de infidelidad que más les afectaba (infidelidad sexual vs infidelidad emocional) en una muestra española (200 mujeres y 117 hombres) y en una muestra cubana (102 mujeres y 98 hombres), así como evaluar si el sexismo influía en la elección del tipo de infidelidad que más les molestaba. Se obtuvieron respuestas en el dilema (elegir entre la infidelidad sexual vs emocional), en la reacción emocional y en el dolor que provocaban ambas infidelidades. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos en la muestra española y en la muestra cubana. Se observó si los datos se adecuaban a los postulados evolucionistas que sostienen que los hombres se preocupan más por la infidelidad sexual y las mujeres por la infidelidad emocional. En la muestra española los hombres y las mujeres se preocuparon más por la infidelidad emocional. En la muestra cubana, los hombres se preocuparon más por la infidelidad sexual y las mujeres igualmente por los dos tipos de infidelidades. Fue analizada la relación entre el sexismo hostil y el sexismo benévolo con la infidelidad sexual y la infidelidad emocional.
Effects of the Mixed Layer Time Variability on Kinematic Subduction Rate Diagnostics
Authors: Da Costa Maria Valdivieso , Mercier Herlé , Treguier Anne Marie
Published: January 2011

An eddy-resolving primitive equation general circulation model is used to estimate water-mass subduction rates in the North Atlantic Ocean subtropical gyre. The diagnostics are based on the instantaneous kinematic approach, which allows the calculation of the annual rate of water-mass subduction at a given density range, following isopycnal outcrop positions over the annual cycle. It is shown that water-mass subduction is effected rapidly (∼1–2 months) as the mixed layer depth decreases in spring, consistent with Stommel’s hypothesis, and occurs mostly over the area of deep late-winter mixed layers (≥150 m) across the central North Atlantic in the density range 26 ≤ σ ≤ 27.2. Annual subduction rates O(100–200 m yr–1) are found south and east of the Gulf Stream extension in the density range of subtropical mode waters from roughly 26.2 to 26.6. In the northeastern part of the subtropical gyre, annual subduction rates are somewhat larger, O(250 m yr–1), from a density of about 26.9 east of the North Atlantic Current to 27.4 (upper cutoff in this study). The overall basin-integrated subduction rate for subtropical mode waters (26.2 ≤ σ ≤ 26.6) is about 12.2 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), comparable to the total formation rate inferred from the surface density forcing applied in the model of roughly 11 Sv in this density range. In contrast, basin-integrated rates for denser central water (26.8 ≤ σ ≤ 27.2) provide a vanishingly small net subduction. In this range, eddy correlations (<30 days) between the surface outcrop area and the local subduction rate counteract the net subduction by the mean flow (deduced from monthly averaged model fields). Comparison with estimates of the annual subduction rate based on the annual mean velocity and late-winter mixed layer properties alone, as is usual in climatological and coarse-resolution model analyses, indicates a mismatch of at least 8 Sv in the density range where the model forms subtropical mode water. This mismatch is primarily due to time-varying mixed layer processes rather than small-scale mixing not resolved explicitly by the model. Our diagnostics based on the instantaneous kinematic approach provide a more complete picture of the water-mass formation process than diagnostics based only on air–sea flux or late-winter mixed layer model data. They reveal the crucial importance of both the seasonal mixed layer cycle and mesoscale eddies to the overall formation rate and provide thus a valuable tool for the analysis of water-mass formation rates in eddy-resolving numerical simulations at basin scale.
The Role of Wave-Induced Coriolis–Stokes Forcing on the Wind-Driven Mixed Layer
Authors: Polton Jeff A. , Lewis David M. , Belcher Stephen E.
Published: January 2011

The interaction between the Coriolis force and the Stokes drift associated with ocean surface waves leads to a vertical transport of momentum, which can be expressed as a force on the mean momentum equation in the direction along wave crests. How this Coriolis–Stokes forcing affects the mean current profile in a wind-driven mixed layer is investigated using simple models, results from large-eddy simulations, and observational data. The effects of the Coriolis–Stokes forcing on the mean current profile are examined by reappraising analytical solutions to the Ekman model that include the Coriolis–Stokes forcing. Turbulent momentum transfer is modeled using an eddy-viscosity model, first with a constant viscosity and second with a linearly varying eddy viscosity. Although the Coriolis–Stokes forcing penetrates only a small fraction of the depth of the wind-driven layer for parameter values typical of the ocean, the analytical solutions show how the current profile is substantially changed through the whole depth of the wind-driven layer. It is shown how, for this oceanic regime, the Coriolis–Stokes forcing supports a fraction of the applied wind stress, changing the boundary condition on the wind-driven component of the flow and hence changing the current profile through all depths. The analytical solution with the linearly varying eddy viscosity is shown to reproduce reasonably well the effects of the Coriolis–Stokes forcing on the current profile computed from large-eddy simulations, which resolve the three-dimensional overturning motions associated with the turbulent Langmuir circulations in the wind-driven layer. Last, the analytical solution with the Coriolis–Stokes forcing is shown to agree reasonably well with current profiles from previously published observational data and certainly agrees better than the standard Ekman model. This finding provides evidence that the Coriolis–Stokes forcing is an important mechanism in controlling the dynamics of the upper ocean.
Who are the Respondents of Domestic Violence Protection Orders?
Authors: Stewart Anna
Published: January 2011

This study examined a sample of both male and female respondents of applications for domestic violence protection orders in Queensland, Australia. The socio-demographic characteristics and criminal histories of respondents of only one domestic violence protection order (DVPO) application were compared with respondents of multiple DVPO applications. No differences were found between the groups in socio-economic background or ethnicity. The respondent's gender, marital status, and criminal history discriminated among respondents. Females were respondents on only one DVPO application. Respondents on cross applications were more likely to be married. Men who were respondents on multiple DVPO applications were more likely to have non-spousal violent criminal histories than men involved in only one protection order application. However, Indigenous people and people from disadvantaged areas were over-represented in the sample. These results of this study provide support for Johnson's (1995) concept of two distinct forms of couple violence. The implications of these findings for understanding the nature of domestic violence and managing violent offenders are discussed.
Drug Use, Intoxication and Offence Type in Two Groups of Alleged Offenders in Perth: A Pilot Study
Authors: Loxley Wendy
Published: January 2011

The study consisted of two cross-sectional surveys, conducted with a) community based juveniles and adults under suspicion of having committed an offence ( n = 90) and b) adults remanded in custody in Perth prisons ( n = 76). The focus of this paper is on describing the drug use and criminal histories of respondents as a context for examining their use of drugs in the period immediately preceding an alleged offence, and the relationships between drug use preceding the offence, and offence type.

There were high rates of use of most drug classes in both study groups and most respondents could be characterised as polydrug users. Community respondents reported that they had an average of 14 convictions and remand respondents an average of 33.5 convictions. In both study groups the majority of reported offences were breaking and entering or burglary. Almost all respondents reported that they had been using at least one drug in the 48 hours before the most recent alleged offence(s) took place. Between half and two thirds considered themselves to have been intoxicated before the offence(s), and almost one in three stated that they had been in withdrawal in the 6 hours before the alleged offence(s). The relationship between use of specific drug classes, intoxication and withdrawal in the six hours before the most recent alleged offence and the nature of those offences was assessed with bivariate analyses. It was found that the majority of such relationships were between heroin and property offences. The results are discussed in terms of the representativeness of the study groups, and the need for replication with larger and more representative samples is emphasised.
Test performance and imprisonment
Authors: Biles David
Published: January 2011

The suitability of administering a battery of tests to prisoners very soon after their arrival at Pentridge was examined by retesting a group of 45 prisoners at later stages in their sentences. For four out of the five tests in the battery it was found that retesting resulted in improved performance which was significant at very high levels of probability, and it was found that this improvement was not related to the length of time between testings. The tendency towards improvement for the fifth test was not statistically significant. Attempts to relate the improved test performance to other variables (age, participation in education programme and previous prison experience) were not successful. The implications of the present system of testing at Pentridge are discussed in the light of these findings.
Use of an Operant Model to Analyse Officer Control Procedures in a Borstal
Authors: Sandford Donald A.
Published: January 2011

A POST-HOC OPERANT analysis of officer control procedures was undertaken. Findings indicated that there were inconsistencies between officers with regard to what behaviours should be encouraged and discouraged. Inconsistencies were also found in the application of reinforcements or punishments for particular behaviours by individual officers.
Policing the periphery: The development of scottish policing 1795–1900
Authors: Carson W G
Published: January 2011

Abstract

This article, which is in two parts, addresses a much neglected topic — the early development of policing in Scotland. In Part I, the remarkably early growth of Scottish policing will be mapped out, and the way in which some distinctive features of the term's earliest usage carried over into the nineteenth century police form will be examined. Analytical emphasis in the first part of the article will be upon the forces giving rise to the conditions under which the institution of police could emerge, how the penetration of capitalist relations into Scotland made policing an attractive urban and rural possibility. An attempt will also be made to break through the explanatory nihilism of some recent historians who perceive so much local diversity and uneveness in the history of policing and criminal justice during the nineteenth century that they are driven effectively to abandon all overarching structural explanation. Instead of surrendering to the temptations of descriptive empiricism implicit in such elevation of diversity to analytical preeminence, this article will attempt to analyse the interplay between macro-structural factors and local exigencies in such a way that some sense can be made of diversity itself.

The second part of the article will be devoted to the other side of the relationship between Scottish policing and the society in which it emerged, to the ways in which policing contributed to the formation of social relations appropriate to a society moving rapidly into the phase of industrial capitalism.
Law enforcement by Australian consumer affairs agencies
Authors: Braithwaite John , Vale Susan
Published: January 2011

Consumer affairs agencies in Australia generally rely on conciliation rather than law enforcement. Prosecutions are rare, and when they do occur, penalties are derisory. South Australia is the only jurisdiction with a substantial record of prosecuting consumer affairs offenders. The Commonwealth Trade Practices Act is the only statute under which courts impose significant fines against corporate consumer affairs offenders.
The Papua New Guinea minimum penalties legislation
Authors: Weisbrot David
Published: January 2011

In an attempt to combat a perceived crisis in law and order, the Papua New Guinea Parliament has enacted a new scheme of mandatory minimum penalties of imprisonment applicable to a wide range of offences. Strong criticism by the judiciary and attempts to circumvent the new legislation have only resulted in further amendments by Parliament to increase the scope of the legislation and close the loopholes. It is submitted that this legislation is ill-conceived, and will not have the desired effect of deterring criminal activity. Rather the scheme creates a harsh and arbitrary system of justice in which judicial discretion is sacrificed to prosecutorial discretion, and courts, gaols and counsel are over-burdened.
The sociological analysis of courtroom interaction: A review essay
Authors: Hutton Neil
Published: January 2011

The article reviews three studies of courtroom interaction: Magistrates' Justice by Carlen, Conviction by McBarnet and Order in Court by Atkinson and Drew. The article argues that the theoretical perspectives adopted by these writers are inappropriate for the analysis of day to day courtroom procedures and suggests that the writers, in different ways, all fail to achieve their stated objectives.
Screening for alcoholism in New Zealand prison inmates
Authors: McLean Anthony
Published: January 2011

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was administered to 129 male and 102 female prison inmates. Use of the usual classification rule for the MAST resulted in 71% and 65% of the samples classified as “alcoholic”, far higher than the incidence of alcoholism in studies which used overseas prisoners. Item analyses conducted with these data, and reconsideration of data from previous New Zealand studies using the MAST, indicate that it is a sound detection instrument. The high incidence of alcoholism here therefore probably reflects the high sensitivity of the MAST by comparison with assessment procedures based on traditional alcoholism criteria, although New Zealand offender groups seem to score higher than comparable overseas offenders and the classification rule may be slightly too liberal. Accordingly, the use of a higher cut-off score seems appropriate when using MAST score in classifying individuals. A higher cut-off score still resulted in around 50–60% of inmates being classified as alcoholics. The likely benefits of rehabilitative efforts within the criminal justice system focusing on alcohol abuse are discussed.
Making ends meet: Young people, work and the criminal economy
Authors: White Rob
Published: January 2011

This paper attempts to locate changes in young people's involvement in crime, and the policing of young people, within the context of a changing political economy and the broken transitions experienced by a significant proportion of young men and young women. It begins by significant proportion of young men and young women. It begins by discussing how many young working class people have been excluded from the formal waged economy due to structural changes in the labour market. The paper then explores the relationship between the “cash crisis” affecting many unemployed school leavers, and their income and lifestyle options in the spheres of the informal waged economy, the informal unwaged economy, and the criminal economy
The Effect of a Repeated Interview on Young Children's Eyewitness Memory
Authors: Tucker Alison , Mertin Peter , Luszcz Mary
Published: January 2011

The effect of multiple interviews on the reliability of child witnesses' testimony is a current concern in both the legal and child welfare fields. This was a preliminary study of the effect of a repeated interview on the memory of five-and six-year old children for an inoculation experience. In general, findings were consistent with those from other ecologically valid studies. The children provided minimal information spontaneously but gave relatively accurate responses to what, who, where and when questions. They often were able to resist suggestible questions, and identify a person present at the inoculation from a photograph. With a repeated interview, children's performance (correct responses and errors) was consistent across time. However, interval did have an effect on some memory tasks. The findings support the current trend towards early interviewing of child witnesses after a crime, followed by minimal re-interviewing.
Are the Mentally Ill being Criminalised?: Admission of Prisoners to Psychiatric Hospitals before and after the 1986 Mental Health Act (Vic)
Authors: Glaser William , Laster Kathy
Published: January 2011

Recent changes in mental health legislation both in Australia and overseas provide more stringent criteria for the involuntary hospitalisation of the mentally ill. A possible result of this is that the mentally ill are being ‘criminalised’, reaching hospital only after their bizarre behaviour brings them to the attention of the criminal justice system. This study of prisoners admitted to mental hospitals before and after the introduction of the 1986 Mental Health Act (Vic) found little evidence to support this hypothesis. The expected rise in the numbers of such admissions was paralleled by a significant increase in the overall prison population and the predicted increase in the proportion of minor offenders did not occur. The criminalisation hypothesis also fails to account for other complex interactions found between the mental health and prison systems. Although many of the prisoners in this study were probably seriously mentally ill when initially imprisoned, an equally large group, comprising a disproportionate number of female prisoners, were probably being ‘medicalised’: hospital admission being merely another way for the prison to manage their ‘unruly’ behaviour.
Who Gets Locked Up? The Australian Police Custody Survey
Authors: McDonald David , Biles David
Published: January 2011

During August 1988 the National Police Custody Survey was conducted: data were collected on each occasion on which a person was held in a police cell anywhere in Australia. The survey was undertaken to provide information on the size and composition of the police cell population to assist in interpreting data on Aboriginal deaths in custody. A total of 28,566 incidents of police custody occurred during. the month, involving approximately 23,877 separate individuals. Aboriginal people made up almost 29% of the total; having a custody rate 27 times that of non–Aboriginal people. Substantial differences existed between the eight States and Territories in custody rates and on other variables. Public drunkenness was the most frequent reason for custody, accounting for 35% of cases, and the median length of time in the cells was 5.9 hours. It is concluded that the survey data are reasonably representative of the decade and that the survey should be repeated at regular intervals.
Illicit Drug use in the Australian Capital Territory: Implications for the Feasibility of a “Heroin Trial”
Authors: McDonald David , Stevens Adele , Dance Phyll , Bammer Gabriele
Published: January 2011

The National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and the Australian Institute of Criminology are jointly engaged in a study of the feasibility of conducting a trial to provide heroin and other opioids to current heroin users in a controlled manner. (This is referred to by the short-hand of a “heroin trial”.) Heroin and other illicit drug use in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is being researched as part of this process. We present a brief overview of the demographics of the ACT, the patterns of illegal drug use, drug prices, trends in drug use, the impact of illegal drug use and estimates of the number of heroin users in the ACT. Illicit opioid users in the ACT are not an homogeneous group of people and most are far removed from the stereotypical “junkie”. Existing data suggests that the ACT may have some 1,000 dependent heroin users and over 3,000 non-dependent users, but more work is required to develop a more precise estimate of numbers. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data is essential for highlighting the potential advantages and disadvantages of a trial and for determining whether or not a trial is feasible.
The Phantom of Deterrence: The Crime (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Sentencing Act
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic , Loh Nini
Published: January 2011

Throughout 1991 a car theft “crime wave” and a series of deaths arising from high-speed police pursuits had engendered an atmosphere of crisis in “law and order” in Western Australia. Prompted by these events, controversial legislation (the Crime (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Sentencing Act 1992) aimed at “high risk” juvenile offenders and increasing penalties was rushed through the Parliament of Western Australia in early 1992. A critique of the legislation illustrates that it both breached human rights and failed to address the difficulties of implementing selective incapacitation policies. Following the introduction of the new law the government claimed that downward trends in car theft, police high-speed pursuits and other offences were due to the deterrent effects of the increased penalties provided. The data, however, indicate that the decline in official records of car theft and juvenile convictions had begun prior to the introduction of the legislation. Significant correlations between reports of stolen vehicles and arrests for car theft (especially Aboriginal juvenile arrests) were found but not for police high-speed pursuits or arrests of persistent offenders and reports of stolen vehicles. This suggests that targeting “hard core” juvenile offenders had, at best, modest and temporary effects on vehicle theft. While a sharp decline in the relevant statistics was observed around the time of the passage of the law, this proved short-lived and other factors, such as changes in policing (the introduction of cautioning, the formation of a special motor vehicle task force, and stricter guidelines on pursuits) are more compelling explanations than the deterrent aims of the legislation.
Crime Prevention: Promise or Threat?
Authors: Sutton Adam
Published: January 2011

In many Western countries, traditional criminal justice responses to crime are being questioned. Crime prevention has been endorsed as a policy objective by a range of governments including Australia's, with most States and Territories implementing programs. The paper summarises approaches to prevention and reviews promises and threats these developments pose. Promises include less divisive and ‘exclusionary’ modes of social control, and greater policy relevance for criminology. Threats include the possibility that organising social initiatives around crime prevention themes may detract attention from underlying structural issues, and that techniques of opportunity reduction and surveillance will extend social control and accelerate the ‘privatising’ of safety and security. The paper acknowledges the relevance of these critiques to current practice in Australia. However it argues that problems are due to political and economic pressures rather than to flaws in prevention theory itself. Criminologists should insist that prevention programs and strategies be located within the context of critical social theory.
‘Real Rape’, Law Reform and The Role of Research: The Evolution of the Victorian Crimes (Rape) Act 1991
Authors: Brereton David
Published: January 2011

This paper provides a brief history of the Victorian Crimes (Rape) Act 1991 and examines the role which social science research played in the development of this legislation. The Crimes (Rape) Act was modelled closely on a report of the Law Reform Commission of Victoria. In preparing this report, the Commission undertook a comprehensive quantitative study of rape prosecutions in Victoria, as well as drawing on empirical studies from other jurisdictions. The paper concludes that the impact of the research on the development of the legislation was limited by a number of factors: the decision-making process was relatively unstructured, involved a large number of players, was highly politicised, and had a high symbolic content. However, the collection and dissemination of reliable data did take some of the heat and hyperbole out of the debate, and thereby facilitated a more constructive dialogue. This factor alone made the research worthwhile, given that the rape law reform had in the past been a highly divisive issue in Victoria.
Judged Seriousness of Crime in New Zealand
Authors: Davis Stephen A B , Kemp Simon
Published: January 2011

One hundred and fifteen Christchurch residents judged the seriousness of 25 crimes, identified either by labels or vignettes, using the method of magnitude estimation. Judgments of the labels and vignettes were highly correlated, and overall the results suggested a social consensus on the relative seriousness of the crimes. The median estimates were highly correlated with the average sentences imposed by New Zealand courts and moderately correlated with the maximum sentences prescribed by legislation and police clearance priorities.
The Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Sanctions for Aboriginal Offenders*
Authors: Roeger L S
Published: January 2011

This paper compares the recidivism rates of Aboriginal offenders sentenced to imprisonment with those placed on community based orders. This research was prompted by recommendations made by the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody which called for an understanding of the effectiveness of non-custodial orders for Aboriginal offenders. The sample was comprised of male Aboriginal offenders placed on either probation or community service or released from custody after serving between 1 month and 2 years imprisonment. Overall 43% of the sample were sentenced to imprisonment during the follow-up period which was for 3½ years. Factors found to be associated with recidivism (defined as sentenced to imprisonment) were age, number of prior convictions, previous imprisonment, possession of a juvenile record and education level. After controlling for these factors using multivariate statistical procedures, no differences were found between the recidivism rates of those imprisoned and those placed on community based sanctions. The relationship between recidivism rates and diversion from custody is discussed.
Contamination Theory and Unpaid Community Work
Authors: Trotter Christopher
Published: January 2011

Community work has been available as a sentencing disposition in Australia for about 15 years. Little is known, however, about the relative impact of different types of community work placements on offenders. There is some evidence that when offenders are placed on worksites with other offenders, they may be influenced by those offenders and in turn become more criminal. On the other hand, offenders who are placed on worksites where they either work on their own, or alongside members of the community, may be influenced in a more prosocial direction.

This study considers this issue and finds that offenders placed on worksites with other offenders are more likely to commit breaches of their orders in comparison to those placed on individual worksites. Whilst those placed on group worksites are more likely to be high risk offenders, the differences remain significant, even when the levels of risk are taken into account.