bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Promise of Palliative Care
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter assesses palliative care. Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for people with life-threatening illnesses by involving a team of nurses, doctors, social workers, and clergy in a care plan. Hospice care—administered in dedicated units and in services delivered at home—has been slowly expanding over the past two decades, but the increasing percentage of patients who use hospice for less than 7 days suggests that the full benefits of end-of-life palliative care are not being realized. Meanwhile, the use of unwanted, aggressive end-of-life care, often inconsistent with patient preferences, remains pervasive. For palliative care to be effective, it must be supported by government policies and insurer incentives; it must also be owned by communities, which must continue to ask for help in designing and paying for high-quality palliative care for patients and their caregiving families.
The Downside of Drinking
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter addresses five potential reasons as to why alcohol, an ancient substance, seems to have become newly hazardous. First, the alcohol industry continues to be powerful and savvy. Industry advertising never says that alcohol is not addictive; rather, the message is “use responsibly,” which implies that alcohol’s use—unlike the use of drugs—is controllable. Second, although the proportion of Americans drinking has remained steady at about two in three people over the past 70 years, Americans are drinking more, and more easily. Third, during this decade of economic expansion, many Americans have more income. In contrast to the stereotype, affluent people are more likely to drink than low-income people. Fourth, binge-drinking is now a rite of passage in college. With women a growing percentage of collegiate heavy drinkers, and with alcohol-makers targeting women with sweeter and fizzier products, health risks accumulate among women, who generally experience greater alcohol effects at lower doses than men. Fifth, Americans have become complacent about driving under the influence, because seatbelts and safer cars have lowered alcohol-related fatalities. Yet, paradoxically, alcohol-related traffic accidents are on the rise. Consuming less alcohol in total or on a per-occasion basis would probably improve the health of most people. That is a credible and reasonable public health goal.
Planning for End of Life
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the planning for end-of-life care. Results of a 2017 survey show that older adults are likelier than younger people to have documented their end-of-life wishes. Yet few adults with or without written documents have discussed end-of-life care with their doctors. Age, education, and discussions about death were predictors of having such a plan. Those with a college education or higher were most likely to have a written document, compared to those with some college, high school, or less education. Also, talking about death while growing up correlated with having written documents about wishes for medical care. Care settings encouraging or mandating doctors to use an advanced directive toolkit, such as the one created by the National Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment Paradigm, can improve the communication gap with providers and help seriously ill patients better express their wishes for end-of-life care.
Zero Tolerance for Preventable Deaths
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter addresses preventable deaths. Of the approximately 150,000 daily deaths around the world, about a third are preventable. In the United States, more than 400,000 people die annually due to smoking, and more than 300,000 due to poor diet—these are the leading causes of preventable deaths. The good news is that the number of preventable deaths is declining in the United States. Preventable deaths from cancer, injuries, stroke, and heart disease decreased by 25%, 23%, 11%, and 4%, respectively, in the first 5 years of the 2010s. The number of preventable deaths can be reduced further. Preventing these deaths would require a tremendous effort to lessen risk behaviors and deal with the foundational social, economic, and environmental forces that shape health. It is quite remarkable, however, that people are not focused on the early interventions, risk factor reduction programs, and public health efforts that can dramatically reduce preventable deaths.
Practice Research in the Human Services
Authors: Austin Michael  J. , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model offers a practical approach to conducting practice research in the field of human services. This evolving form of applied research seeks to understand practice in the context of the relationships between service providers and service users, between service providers and their managers, between agency-based service providers and community advocacy and support groups, and between agency managers and policymakers. Practice research represents a form of evidence-informed practice that involves a wide array of research designs and methods, in contrast to the narrower emphasis on experimental designs that characterizes evidence-based practice. The emerging principles and practices associated with practice research highlight: (1) including multiple, diverse stakeholders, (2) maximizing and negotiating participation, (3) promoting practitioner engagement in all phases of the research process, and (4) developing new identities for participants as research-minded practitioners and practice-minded researchers. The book is designed for researchers, practitioners, service users, and students, and it focuses on concrete experiences that illustrate the processes and activities involved in a specific, locally negotiated model of practice research. The book describes multiple practice research studies across an array of fields of practice in the human services, focusing on the research questions, designs, roles and relationships that have been developed in the context of a university-agency practice research partnership. These descriptions and stories are used to construct a comprehensive, detailed picture of the research process. Based upon these descriptions, the book synthesizes a set of broader principles and guidelines for practice researchers.
Learning from the Literature
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model explains how freestanding literature reviews direct attention to existing literature in order to identify implications for agency practice and policymaking, reflecting a growing interest among human service agency leaders in monitoring the expanding knowledge base. Chapter 3 describes the process of developing a structured literature review that incorporates qualitative and quantitative studies that appear in peer-reviewed academic journals, as well as the “gray” literature, which includes reports published by government agencies and research institutes. Concrete steps are outlined, including: identifying topics of interest with the practice community, refining the focus of the literature search with practice partners, specifying search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria, conducting the online search process using the inclusion/exclusion criteria, synthesizing research evidence, conducting practice surveys, integrating research evidence with practice evidence, engaging practice partners in the interpretation of findings, developing the final report, and promoting dissemination and utilization.
Learning from the Experiences of Other Organizations through Cross-case Analysis
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model offers examples of practice research that employ cross-case comparisons in order to identify practice implications and enable senior managers to identify innovations for application to their own organizations. The key steps are described, including the dialogue and negotiation process that involves the university researcher with the practice community of agency administrators. The first study described in the chapter examined welfare reform implementation by county agencies, based on interviews with social service agency staff and consumers, as well as documents relevant to each program or practice. The second study focused on organizational knowledge-sharing processes in county agencies, while the third study explored organizational growth and resilience among nonprofit organizations. Practice research principles generated by the projects relate to generalizability limitations, data source triangulation and timeliness, and case study context.
Using Qualitative Data Mining for Practice Research in Child Welfare
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

As described previously in Chapter 5 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model, qualitative data mining represents a key example of an emerging practice research methodology using case records extracted from child welfare agency databases. Chapter 10 describes the social policy context of child welfare practice along with the role of the practice research platform described in Chapter 1. It provides a detailed discussion of the methodology, outlining seven major steps, including: (1) building on a university-agency partnership; (2) identifying mutual goals and developing practice research questions; (3) identifying practice and research concerns; (4) identifying qualitative data sources and assessing data; (5) secure data extraction, storage, and database creation; (6) analytical strategies; and (7) generating practice knowledge through dissemination of findings. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions for using this form of practice research.
Reasoning with Unarticulated Thoughts
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks closely at another important aspect of the articulation process: the kind of reasoning that we engage in when we articulate a thought. Although we often articulate our thoughts without engaging in any reasoning, a certain kind of reasoning does sometimes play an ancillary role in our assessment of a formulation. In articulating a thought, we are often cognizant of various attitudes that we have in reaction to it. The thought may seem true or false, hopeful or alarming, frivolous or serious, and so on. We reject formulations that do not support such attitudes in any way. This chapter shows that these attitudes pass through a kind of “normative filter”, or a rapid normative evaluation, and goes some way toward understanding the character of this evaluation using the previous account of implicit knowledge. Understanding how we reason with unarticulated thoughts can enhance our understanding of reasoning, more generally.
Kinds of Self-Knowledge in Ancient Thought
Authors: Leigh Fiona
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the topic of self-knowledge in ancient thought, asking in particular what the ancient concept (or concepts) of knowing oneself amounts to. The chapter begins by contrasting the issues which occupy ancient and contemporary discussions of self-knowledge, and the obvious points of continuity and discontinuity between the two. The author isolates two forms of self-knowledge: cognitive self-knowledge or knowledge of one’s own mental states, and dispositional self-knowledge or knowledge of one’s moral or intellectual dispositions, and traces the treatment of these forms of self-knowledge in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Hellenistic philosophers, and Plotinus. In the course of discussing the texts of each thinker or school, and the relevant scholarship, this chapter also canvasses the ways in which the chapters in the rest of this volume seek to engage with some of the problems or issues that have emerged.
From the Cradle to the Cave
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret
Published: April 2020

In the Republic two odd passages, one in Book 7 and the other in Book 10, invite us to think about self-perception and its paradoxes. The situation of the prisoner in the cave, whose view of himself is limited to his own shadow, is paralleled by the ‘amazing sophist’ of Republic 10, who holds up a mirror and makes everything, including himself. Here it is suggested that Plato emphasizes the paradoxical nature of both. As a consequence, these passages allow us to rethink how Plato conceives perception as a model for knowledge, and how he thinks that self-perception may be understood as a model for self-knowledge. It is suggested that we might understand Platonic knowledge as ‘stereoscopy’, with internalist conditions.
Aristotle on Knowing One’s Own Character
Authors: Nielsen Karen Margrethe
Published: April 2020

The chapter addresses the question of the relationship between self-knowledge and virtue. It extracts an account of self-knowledge from Aristotle’s remarks about magnanimity and truthfulness in the Nicomachean Ethics, and explains how magnanimity in the form of self-knowledge acts as an ‘adornment of virtue’ by reinforcing our inclination to choose virtuous acts for their own sakes. Self-knowledge, it turns out, is confined to the virtuous: only the virtuous person knows her own decision for action, while the akratic becomes temporarily ignorant of her decision, in failing to attend to it and its affirming function. The vicious person, meanwhile, does not perceive or know the true quality of her actions or motives, being in error about their value. This chapter defends an account of Aristotelian self-knowledge as necessarily encompassing practical nous rather than simply theoretical nous.
Epicureans on Hidden Beliefs
Authors: Warren James
Published: April 2020

Epicurean accounts of philosophical therapy—as involving, for example, repetitive practices, as well as argumentation—allow that a person may fail to know himself because he fails to know what he believes. This chapter considers two Epicurean texts that offer categorizations of kinds of belief and attempts to distinguish a class of what we might call ‘hidden’ beliefs: beliefs that can be extremely damaging but are difficult to identify and remove because the believer does not know that he is committed to them. Closer attention to these Epicurean texts is important for a full understanding of the Epicureans’ psychological outlook and the presuppositions of some of their therapeutic practices. The author then evaluates the positing of such hidden beliefs.
Self-Knowledge, Self-Perception, and Perception of One’s Body in Stoicism
Authors: Gourinat Jean-Baptiste
Published: April 2020

While self-knowledge is usually considered to be knowledge of our soul by our soul, this is not the case in Stoicism. There is hardly a debate on self-knowledge in Stoicism, because there is no perception of myself as something different from my own body. The Stoics tend to identify the self with the ruling part of the soul, but they have no certain knowledge about it. Self-perception is the perception of the whole body and soul as a unity and of the parts of the body and the soul, and this allows a human being to rule his/her own body, but it is neither perception nor knowledge of the ‘self’. Since a human being is a complete mixture of a body and soul, it knows itself as an animated body, and this kind of knowledge is quite different from the form of self-knowledge involved in most of ancient philosophies.
An Alternative to Cartesianism? Plotinus’s Self and its Posterity in Ralph Cudworth
Authors: Aubry Gwenaëlle
Published: April 2020

The aim of this chapter is, first, to analyse the specific articulation, in Plotinus, of the notions of self-knowledge, self-consciousness, and interiority. It is, more precisely, to show how the conceptual relations we have inherited from the ‘Cartesian moment’—between self-knowledge and self-consciousness, but also between self and substance, or between self and identity—are actually dissociated in Plotinus ‘philosophy. Insofar as he accepts an immediate reflexivity, Plotinus cannot be enlisted for the ancient thought of the self. But because he does not confer on self-knowledge the value of a principle, he cannot be enlisted either for the modern philosophies of consciousness and the subject. Nonetheless, Plotinus’ philosophy of the self was a direct source of inspiration for a Modern, the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth, who finds in it a basis to criticize some fundamental aspects of Descartes’ thought. The chapter therefore also evaluates this legacy in Ralph Cudworth.
Introduction
Authors: Turk Alice , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: April 2020

This chapter summarizes the ideas that led to this book. Articulatory Phonology in the Task Dynamic framework (AP/TD) takes a very different approach from traditional Symbolic Phonology. That is, phonological representations in AP/TD are spatiotemporal, whereas a model developed from generative phonology has symbolic, atemporal phonology. This difference in phonological representation has significant implications for the architecture of the production planning process, which must account for the quantitative details of surface phonetic form. Findings in the literature on general motor timing and particularly on speech motor timing suggest that it is time to re-evaluate these two approaches. These findings motivate the development of a symbol-based, three-component model with separate phonological and phonetic planning components, as well as a motor–sensory implementation component, all guided by general purpose timekeeping mechanisms that are extrinsic to the phonology.
Articulatory Phonology/Task Dynamics
Authors: Turk Alice , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: April 2020

This chapter summarizes the basic mechanisms of the Articulatory Phonology model, currently the most thoroughly worked-out model in the literature, with a focus on its system-intrinsic mechanisms used to account for systematic variation in speech timing. Key features of the model are reviewed, and oscillator-based mechanisms are described for timing control for articulatory gestures, control of inter-gestural coordination, prosodic timing control, and the control of overall speech rate. Strengths of the AP/TD approach are discussed, which include facts that are well-accounted-for within this model, such as the predominance of CV syllables within the world’s languages, as well as characteristics of processing within the model that are assumed to be advantageous, such as the avoidance of the need to explicitly plan the details of articulatory movement when planning an utterance. This presentation forms the basis of the evaluation presented in subsequent chapters.
Summary and conclusion
Authors: Turk Alice , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: April 2020

This volume compares two very different approaches to modeling speech planning: Articulatory Phonology, with quantitative phonological representations and a set of phonology-intrinsic timing mechanisms, and XT/3C, an alternative model with non-quantitative symbolic phonological representations and general-purpose phonology-extrinsic timing mechanisms. It argues that the motor-control literature for both speech and non-speech supports the XT/3C approach, which expands on earlier models based on Generative Phonology to include a Phonological Planning Component to set the symbolic goals for an utterance, a separate Phonetic Planning Component to provide the quantitative target specifications for the utterance, and a Motor-Sensory Implementation Component to track and adjust the movements required to reach those targets on time. It preserves the insights of a symbol-based phonology, while also providing a comprehensive account of systematic phonetic variation, including timing.
Popular Resistance and the Idea of Rights
Authors: Aitchison Guy
Published: April 2020

Neo-republican theorists have expressed scepticism at the idea of non-institutional moral rights which they associate with objectionable aspects of the natural rights tradition. However, their alternative risk making rights the gift of the state and so losing the role of rights as a vocabulary of political critique and struggle. In this chapter, I defend the coherence of rights as moral entitlements which individuals possess independently of state recognition. I examine an early radical strand of natural rights thinking as articulated by the English Levellers. These early modern radical republicans defended a right to resistance as a fall-back right that guaranteed the other rights one enjoyed. Attention to this current of thinking has the potential to correct the statist bias of contemporary republican accounts by highlighting the idea of rights as a vocabulary of social criticism tied to the people as a source of moral claims and collective resistance.
Two Traditions of Radical Democracy from the 1830 Revolution
Authors: Nabulsi Karma
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the contrasting radical republican visions of Filippo Buonarotti and Godefroy Cavaignac at the time of 1830 Revolution in France and in opposition to Lafayette’s accommodation with liberal monarchy. These two revolutionary models shared a common admiration for the egalitarian Jacobin tradition of the French Revolution, but diverged sharply on the role of leadership and organization in republican movements, as well as the tactics and strategies to be pursued. Cavaignac’s inclusive, broad-based, and optimistic vision contrasted with Buonarotti’s closed, hierarchical, and sombre view. These discussions highlighted the creativity and robustness of radical republican political culture, as well as the key role the virtues played in shaping its political mobilizations during this period.
Literature and Literariness
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that literariness in the Western tradition has been defined by a tension between making and believing, between an emphasis on poiesis as construction and the various attitudes of belief the reader or audience brings to a text or performance. It traces this tension from the work of Plato and Aristotle to the early modern period, when the centrality of rhetoric and maker’s knowledge (the idea that we can only know what we make ourselves) fundamentally shaped the conception of the literary work. It argues that modern concepts of literariness represent a declension from the heroic conception of poetic making characteristic of the early modern period.
Hobbes and Maker’s Knowledge
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that in Leviathan Hobbes draws on the classical rhetorical tradition to make his case for maker’s knowledge, or the idea that we can only know what we make ourselves. In particular, it explores the role of fiction, narrative, and persuasion in the argument of the text. I demonstrate that one of Hobbes’s goals is to disarm the revolutionary potential of religious belief by arguing that such belief is an artifact created by the sovereign. Hobbes’s emphasis on maker’s knowledge or construction anticipates the emergence of the discipline of aesthetics in the eighteenth century.
Enlightenment Origins
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: April 2020

This chapter locates the origins of the first Scottish Enlightenment in James VII and II’s patronage in 1680s Edinburgh and the psychological and social impact of the revolution of 1688 on Jacobite, Episcopalian, and Catholic scholars. It closely examines the institutional structures of learned societies, libraries, and churches, demonstrating the ways in which they shaped the agenda of subsequent writers. In doing so, it offers new readings of important moments such as the foundation of the Advocates Library and the ill-fated Catholic presence at Holyroodhouse while offering case studies in the form of the well-known polymath Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh and the more obscure scholar John Cockburn.
Thomas Innes
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: April 2020

The challenges discussed in Chapter 3 culminated in Thomas Innes’s 1729 Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain, or Scotland, the subject of this chapter. Innes’s paradigm-shifting reconstruction of early medieval Scottish history, together with the final rejection of humanist history which it required, still underpins modern understandings of the period. Innes’s own methods and goals, however, were more complex than mere seeking after truth and this chapter interrogates his Jacobite and Catholic, but surprisingly ecumenical agenda as well as tracing the immediate and longer-term fortunes of his theories.
Such Honourable and Worthy Persons
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: April 2020

This chapter assesses the cultural impact of the works of scholarship discussed here. Were they read and, if so, by whom? Using subscription lists, it argues that not only were these texts widely received throughout and furth of Scotland but that their reception allows us to trace the culture of the north-east exporting its own traditions to Scotland at large in a crucial, but subsequently forgotten, moment of cultural and intellectual upheaval. This in turn is placed within the wider context of Early Enlightenment reading, within and beyond the nation. Finally, the conclusion reiterates the arguments of the book as a whole and looks towards the end of the eighteenth century and the fate of Early Enlightenment thought.
Introduction
Authors: Akande Dapo , Kuosmanen Jaakko , McDermott Helen , Roser Dominic
Published: April 2020

The interlocking threats of armed conflict, environmental degradation, and poverty constitute a central part of the political and moral challenges facing the world in the twenty-first century. However, anyone who considers that these challenges should be confronted with approaches that incorporate and are built upon human rights faces a difficult task. High regard for human rights seems to have developed in a particular and bygone political context. The rise of populism and nationalism in recent years may be seen as having created myriad novel and complex realities. These developments suggest that work now needs to be done to apply human rights to new realities but may also indicate that we need to adapt our understanding of human rights in light of them....
Two Visions of Human Rights
Authors: Rodin David
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the moral foundation of rights. Both the Interest Theory of Rights, rooted in consequentialism, and the Will Theory of Rights, based on the moral status of agents, have difficulty in accounting for the dynamic nature of rights—the fact that allocations of rights and duties can change over time through processes of forfeiture and liability arising from the responsible action of individual agents. The Reciprocity Account of Rights can explain the dynamic nature of rights and has several other important advantages compared with the Interest and Will Theories. However, the account has difficulty in explaining the rights of future generations since it is not clear how current and future persons can stand in a relationship of normative reciprocity. It also has difficulty in explaining the right to engage in harmful defensive action aimed at protecting third parties. This chapter will examine these problems and explore the resources that the Reciprocity Theory to address them.
‘Sustainable Security’
Authors: de Londras Fiona
Published: April 2020

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 commits the international community to promoting ‘just, peaceful and inclusive societies’ with a clear focus on security. Central to the goal, is the creation of ‘strong’ national institutions. Rather than taking this to licence the creation of repressive institutions, this chapter argues that SDG 16 invites a radical re-imagining of dominant discourses on security. This would see interpersonal insecurity as a core concern that must be addressed together with geopolitical insecurity, and recognize that strong institutions are those that are robust, well-resourced, responsive, and well-governed. In the absence of a shift towards sustainability in our pursuit of security, the transformative potential of Sustainable Development Goal 16 will be difficult to realize; indeed, the goal may instead be used to legitimate oppressive, repressive, and often fundamentally undemocratic measures and institutions said to be needed to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime.
The Right to Life and the International Law Framework Regulating the Use of Armed Drones
Authors: Heyns Christof , Akande Dapo , Hill-Cawthorne Lawrence , Chengeta Thompson
Published: April 2020

This chapter provides a holistic examination of the international legal frameworks which regulate targeted killings by drones. It argues that for a particular drone strike to be lawful, it must satisfy the legal requirements under all applicable international legal regimes. It is argued that the legality of a drone strike under the jus ad bellum does not preclude the wrongfulness of that strike under international humanitarian law or international human rights law. The chapter then considers the important legal challenges that the use of armed drones poses under each of the three legal frameworks mentioned above. It considers the application of the right to life in armed conflict, particularly in territory not controlled by the state conducting the strike. The chapter then turns to some of the key controversies in the application of international humanitarian law to drone strikes, such as the possibility of a global non-international armed conflict and the question of who may be targeted in a non-international armed conflict. The final substantive section considers the law relating to the use of force by states against non-state groups abroad.
Poverty and Human Rights
Authors: Fredman Sandra
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that human rights and the SDGs should work together to eliminate extreme poverty. The goals articulated in the SDG agenda should be closely tied to legally binding human rights instruments so that they are viewed as entitlements, rather than policy aspirations. Conversely, the SDGs should be used to provide detailed content to binding human rights. This requires a reconfiguration of human rights, and particularly the traditional assumptions that the role of human rights is to protect individuals against state interference, which militates against effective engagement of human rights in addressing poverty. Instead, freedom requires the state to facilitate realization of individual capabilities; individuals should be regarded as achieving fulfilment through social relationships; and equality should be substantive rather than formal. From these starting points, poverty can be seen to be a gross violation of human rights, requiring immediate and concerted action from state and non-state actors alike.
Uphill Battle
Authors: Kuosmanen Jaakko
Published: April 2020

The link between human rights and public budgets is both evident and controversial. It is evident in the sense that in practise, the realization of all human rights is tied to the drafting and implementation of budgets. It is, however, also controversial in that there is plenty of contestation around the nature of obligations human rights set on state budgeting. This is caused partly by the indeterminate nature of human rights: instead of clear quantified standards, human rights set general guiding principles for public budgeting. This chapter examines the challenging road ahead for ‘budgeting for human rights’. More specifically, the chapter will focus on four key challenges that emerge in deliberation towards human rights compatible pubic budgets: transparency, compliance, siloed governance, and participation.
The Promise and Pitfalls of the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Carmona Magdalena Sepúlveda , Donald Kate
Published: April 2020

This chapter will critically address the contribution of a human rights-based approach in addressing persistent poverty. Using the commitments of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a lens, it will examine how a human rights approach should influence the conceptualization and measurement of poverty, and the policies and financing instruments used to tackle it. The authors examine several crucial policy and action areas, such as social protection, gender equality, fiscal policy, improving participation and accountability, and contrast the prevailing ‘traditional’ development approach with an approach grounded in human rights. It asks how far we have come in changing the paradigm and what are the crucial actions needed to realize the ‘transformation’ envisaged in the SDGs, including the elimination of extreme poverty.
Don’t Look Too Far
Authors: Roser Dominic
Published: April 2020

The extent of uncertainty which besets environmental challenges is an important factor for policy choice. Precautionary principles capture the intuition that we ought to act cautiously in the face of uncertainty. However, precautionary principles have often been criticized for being either trivial or extreme. This criticism is justified in a number of cases. Examples include precautionary principles which suggest triggering conditions for cautiousness such as serious damage, irreversible damage, non-linear damage, or uncertainty (as an opposite to risk). Apart from this negative case, the chapter also makes a positive case by providing a rationale for cautiousness. If increased uncertainty means that there is both an increased probability of implicating rights and an increased probability of providing benefits that go beyond the fulfilment of rights, then a rights-based approach will generally be averse to increased uncertainty. This is because rights implications and supererogatory benefits do not matter symmetrically as the former are not simply offset by the latter.
The Paris Agreement as a Human Rights Treaty
Authors: Knox John H
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the Paris Agreement on climate change in light of international human rights law, with particular attention to the human rights language included in the Paris Agreement. The chapter reviews the efforts over the previous decade to characterize climate change as a threat to human rights; describes the evolution of human rights obligations relating to environmental harm in general and to climate change in particular; and assesses the new climate regime in light of these norms. It concludes that the Paris Agreement is consistent with the human rights obligations relating to climate change in many respects, but that states must strengthen their commitments in order to fulfil those obligations completely. Finally, the chapter examines how human rights norms may influence climate policy in the future.
The Upbringing of Man
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

The chapter begins by discussing the culturally specific concept of vospitanie (‘upbringing’), which is placed in the context of the dialectics of ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ and related to problems of social reproduction confronting the Russian educated strata in conditions of the empire’s modernization following the 1860s’ Great Reforms of Alexander II. In particular, the chapter examines the turning of vospitanie into a domain of knowledge, looking at the various constructions of a ‘science of upbringing’ (nauka o vospitanii). The latter was expected to be rooted in physiology and psychology, but in practice took on a number of different forms in the period between the 1860s and the 1900s. The core of this chapter focuses on the mobilization of parents from Russia’s educated classes into the scientific study of early child development. The chapter discusses: the construction of the figure of a pseudo-professional ‘mother-educator’ (mat′-vospitatel′nitsa) as a target of expert discourse; the rise of parents’ circles as frameworks for constituting new forms of expertise in child development that targeted the educated classes; the fostering in Russia of parent diaries as a method and genre for studying the earliest stages of child development; and finally, the attempt by the neuropsychiatrist Vladimir Bekhterev in the 1900s–1910s to transpose the study of early childhood from the unreliable hands of ‘subjective’ parents to the ‘objective’ setting of a lab-nursery at his Pedology Institute.
Pedagogy as Science
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

While the previous chapter focused on parents and the study of early childhood, this chapter looks at the rise of institutions and practices devoted to the scientific study of the schoolchild population in the imperial era. It analyses how complex interactions between different professional groups—teachers, psychologists, and doctors—shaped new kinds of expertise in school-based child development and socialization. The analysis opens with a discussion of the crisis of the professional identity of Russian teachers who were arguably the most important constituency on which the rise of child science as a movement, in Russia and elsewhere, depended. It then examines efforts (especially those of psychologists Aleksandr Nechaev and Aleksandr Lazurskii) to turn pedagogy into a ‘science’, leading to the creation of novel research setups, especially in the context of teacher training. Of critical importance here was the promotion of new, applied forms of experimental psychology that sought simultaneously to innovate psychology as a science and articulate new scientific underpinnings of pedagogy. This led to the formation of novel disciplinary frameworks, most notably ‘experimental pedagogy’ and ‘pedology’, which were situated, unstably and controversially, across established professional and disciplinary jurisdictions. The chapter ends with an examination of the contemporaneous efforts by medical professionals to impose their own, distinctly medical, models of child science on schools and pedagogy. Of particular interest here is the rise of school hygiene in Russia and the efforts to enhance the expertise and power of the school doctor.
Pedology at Work
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet pedology as a domain of occupational work in the context of the construction of the Soviet education system across the 1920s–1930s. Of particular interest is the role that pedological work played in combating ‘underperformance’ (neuspevaemost′) through the practice of streaming and referrals to special schools of those evaluated as performing below the norm. The chapter traces the origins of this policy in the 1920s, but its focus is on the expansion of the school pedology service under the Commissariat of Enlightenment during the 1930s. The role of this service was to carry out systematic monitoring and streaming of schoolchildren, to give expert advice and support to teachers and school heads. The chapter argues that Soviet pedology had in this last period of its existence, from 1932 to 1936 been reduced to a form of science-based expertise black-boxed into an applied instrument. The chapter concludes with an account of the demise of pedology in the mid-1930s, including the build-up to the notorious Communist Party decree against pedology, published on 4 July 1936, and the process of pedology’s institutional dismantlment and symbolic de-legitimation in the wake of the decree. The chapter argues that what was being abolished and dismantled in 1936 was principally pedology as occupational work rather than science as such.
Civil Wars
Authors: Fiore Alessio
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 discusses examples and episodes from the ‘civil wars’ in Italy (1080s–1110) which is seen as a more appropriate term than ‘Investitures conflict’. This seems reasonable as whilst it is true that at one level there was an ideological struggle ongoing between papacy and empire, at another level the disintegration of imperially-backed structures of rule in north/central Italy led to savage outbreaks of violence. The situation is imaginatively paralleled with modern ‘failing states’ such as Afghanistan, Libya, and Somalia. However it does not lead to economic collapse; on the contrary the period is marked by strong uninterrupted economic growth. The chapter offers an analysis of the disaggregation of old power systems and geography and the creation of a new polycentered scene which is very important for understanding the background to the rise of both the city communes and rural territorial lordships.
Inside the Lordship
Authors: Fiore Alessio
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 considers the social makeup of rural village society. It looks into the formation of a class of milites (knights), or second-rank nobility, whose status was enhanced through land and privileges conceded to them by territorial lords in return for service. It also analyses the changing content and role of individuals described as boni homines and visconti. The ability to fight on horseback became the chief distinguishing factor between this group and rustici. The latter group does not disappear or become uniformly subject to lords however. Small proprietors continued to exist, and in some areas, such as Tuscany, to flourish. However, it can be seen a tendency for the lowest level of rural tenant to become merged with servi in the sources; in other words they are declining in status to being merely chattels that can be bought and sold with land.
Collective Powers
Authors: Fiore Alessio
Published: April 2020

It focuses on the interventions of cities in the countryside in the decades either side of 1100 drawing examples primarily from Lombardy, Tuscany, and Lazio. The particular character of the area close to cities (5–10km) which urban authorities sought to control politically, economically and militarily is emphasized. Detailed examples of judicial and fiscal powers exercised by the communes over rural communities both near and far from the city follow. The author points out that although some of the stronger communes such as Milan and Genoa managed to achieve a high degree of control over their territories from the early 1100s, smaller and less powerful centres (for example, Alba and Imola) struggled to do so. Nevertheless, through local consensus, many cities achieved a hegemonic position over extensive tracts of the countryside at the expense of the dynastic families who had previously held sway there. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of the (far less numerous) autonomous rural communities such as Isola Comacina, Chiavenna, and Val di Scalve, proposing the novel idea of ‘collective lordships’, a point re-emphasized in the conclusion.
Royal Legitimation and its Crisis
Authors: Fiore Alessio
Published: April 2020

The chapter marks the beginning of the second part of the book, dedicated to the discourses, languages and cultures of power in the territorial lordship. Symbolic and actual power of royal/imperial diplomas and judicial hearings (placita) remained strong in the tenth century. However the latter almost ceased completely by c.1100 and the former had dwindled considerably in number and importance by the time of emperor Lothar III (1133–7). Local actors had found new ways to acquire legitimization for the actions and transactions. This process was characterized not only by a sharp change of social practices but also by a transformation in documentary production.
Optomechanics for Gravitational Wave Detection: From Resonant Bars to Next Generation Laser Interferometers
Authors: Blair David , Ju Li , Ma Yiqiu
Published: April 2020

This chapter reviews the 40-year history that led to the first detection of gravitational waves, and goes on to outline techniques which will allow the detectors to be substantially improved. Following a review of the gravitational wave spectrum and the early attempts at detection, it emphasizes the theme of optomechanics, and the underlying physics of parametric transducers, which creates a connection between early resonant bar detectors and modern interferometers and techniques for enhancing their sensitivity. Developments are presented in an historical context, while themes and connections between earlier and later work are emphasized.
Spin-coupled Mechanical Systems
Authors: Jayich Ania Bleszynski
Published: April 2020

A hybrid system composed of a spin coupled to a mechanical degree of freedom is interesting for several reasons: enhancing the functionality of the spin and of the mechanical system, and in the quantum and semiclassical regimes. This chapter gives an overview of some of the goals of spin-coupled mechanical systems and then introduces the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre, its energy level structure, and its sensitivity to external fields, with a discussion on what makes NVs exciting for hybrid quantum technologies and in particular integration with mechanical oscillators. Simple group theory arguments will be introduced to explain the NV’s energy level structure and its coupling to strain. It concludes with a discussion of different NV centre-mechanical coupling mechanisms, specifically magnetic- and strain-based ones, with realistic values for the coupling strength and protocols for coupling, as well as technical challenges to achieving a functional NV-mechanical coupled system, particularly in the quantum regime.
Atom Optomechanics
Authors: Treutlein Philipp
Published: April 2020

This chapter gives an introduction to optomechanics with ultracold atoms. The opening half deals with optomechanical atom–light interactions. Section 9.2 introduces atom trapping. Section 9.3 discusses the properties of trapped atoms as mechanical oscillators. Section 9.4 describes optomechanical interactions, treating the atoms as polarizable particles, a model used in section 9.5 to derive optomechanical coupling of atoms and a cavity field and briefly review cavity optomechanics experiments with atoms in the quantum regime. The second half deals with hybrid mechanical-atomic systems. We start with an overview of different coupling mechanisms, then focus on light-mediated interactions and derive the coupling of a membrane to an ensemble of laser-cooled atoms. Section 9.8 reviews experiments on sympathetic cooling of a membrane with cold atoms, with perspectives for mechanical quantum control discussed in section 9.9. Section 9.10 introduces the possibilities that arise if the mechanical oscillator is coupled to the atomic internal state.
The Ache of Modernism
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

The “ache of modernism” registered convulsive social transformations of the process of modernity as they crested in the fin de siècle. Early in the twentieth century, artists began embracing the future as provocation to a new artistic reckoning. In the process they rejected inherited protocols of presentation and representation. At the same time, they responded affirmatively to the challenges of new media, particularly cinema. But recursions from the distant past, like the commedia dell’arte, proved equally influential. These combined sources of replenishment from past and future inspired modernists in all the arts to assume an acrobatic attitude, affirming art as athletic prerogative commensurate with such popular enterprises as vaudeville and slapstick comedy in cinema.
Renaissance of the Archaic
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

The wartime scene in New York continues with Finnegans Wake once again setting a precedent, this time for the Abstract Expressionists. It was a moment when they—like the European exiles among them—were exploring the indigenous art of the Americas and the unfathomable scope of the archaic revealed by successive discoveries in Europe of Paleolithic caves, from Altamira to Lascaux. They—along with the European exiles—found these discoveries existentially chastening, inspiring the insistence of poet Charles Olson on the “post-modern” urgency of a post-humanist outlook, recoverable in prehistory. As figuration receded from art, the aura of the symbol was invested in the titles of paintings, which were abuzz with terms like “night” and “archaic.” But a palpable symbol did emerge, not as artifice but as semiotic index in the form of the human hand.