bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diet Factor in Pellagra
Authors: Wilson WM. H.
Published: May 2009

This subject has been dealt with by so many investigators and, within recent years in the United States, in such minute detail that it would seem surprising that no definite conclusion has yet been reached as to the cause of the disease or the actual part played by the diet in bringing about the condition.
The Measurement of the Air-Way of the Nose and Nose-Opening Rays
Authors: Hill Leonard
Published: May 2009

Dishoeck (1935) confirmed the claim for the discovery of nose “opening” rays made by L. Hill (1932), a discovery denied by Dufton and Bedford (1933) and Winslow, Greenburg and Herrington (1934). By means of a blower fan and a well-fitting tube Dishoeck sends a stream of air through one nasal orifice and out through the mouth while the subject holds his breath. The input pressure of the air, meanwhile, is measured by a water manometer which is connected with the air tube just before this enters the nasal orifice. A few seconds suffices to secure such a reading. He calibrates the instrument by measurements made with glass tubes, each about the length of the nasal passage, viz. 6 cm., and fitted with varying diaphragmatic holes.
The Incidence and Clinical Correlation of Types of Corynebacterium diphtheriae at Romford, Essex. A Survey of 400 Cases
Authors: Tannahill E. W.
Published: May 2009

1. A consecutive series of 400 cases of diphtheria from the Romford (Essex) area have been bacteriologically typed and correlated with the clinical findings.

2. Gravis infection was found to be the most prevalent type.

3. The intermedius type was the most lethal and severe.

4. Mitis infection formed the smallest proportion of cases, usually of a mild character.

5. Laryngeal cases were few, and all three bacteriological types were represented.

6. A large proportion of children of 7 years and over were attacked.
A Further Analysis of the Types of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Common to the Glasgow Area
Authors: Carter H. S.
Published: May 2009

1. 1614 strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been typed and analysed and some anomalous varieties described.

2. The various types have been considered in their relation to case severity.

3. Some comments are offered on the colonial and biochemical characteristics of the various types of C. diphtheriae

4. and on the serology of the strains found in Glasgow.

5. Two gravis-like strains Types IV and VI have been observed and correlated with clinical findings, and their cultural and biochemical characteristics described.

6. Attempt has been made to confirm alleged change in fermentative characteristics by growth in serum broth, with negative results.
The Size of the Virus of Rabies (“Fixed” Strain) by Ultrafiltration Analysis
Authors: Galloway I. A. , Elford W. J.
Published: May 2009

Discussion and summary

The filtration end-point of 0·2μ leads us to assign according to Elford (1933) a value 100—150 mμ. for the particle diameter of the virus of rabies. This figure we have previously reported inAnn. Report Med. Res. Council(1934) and also in a discussion held by the Royal Society of Medicine (Galloway, 1936). Recently the Japanese workers, Yaoiet al.(1936), using similar graded collodion membranes (gradocol) and the same general technique as employed in the present experiments, have studied independently another strain of “fixed” rabies virus “Fukuoka”. Their stock filtrates appear to have been more potent than ours, their figures for the limiting infective dilution being 10–3to 10–4. The incubation period in rabbits inoculated with the “Fukuoka” strain is also shorter than in the case of rabbits inoculated with Pasteur Institute (Paris) strain. Even so, they find exactly the same value for the filtration end-point 0·2 μ as found by us for the Pasteur strain, thus indicating the particle size of these two “fixed” strains of rabies virus to be the same.
A comparative study of the reaction in vivo and in vitro of rabbit tissues to infection with bovine tubercle bacilli: Part II. Observations on cultures of spleen and lymph glands from infected rabbits
Authors: Brieger E. M. , Fell Honor B. , Smith B. R.
Published: May 2009

1. Rabbits were infected with virulent bovine tubercle bacilli in three ways: by (1) intravenous, (2) intrasplenal and (3) intrapulmonary injection. In series (1) and (2) part of the spleen, and in series (3) part of the draining lymph glands were sectioned for histological examination, and usually explants for tissue culture were made from the rest of the organ.

2. A histological study of the infected spleens and lymph glands fixed after different periods of infection showed the usual picture of progressive tuberculous infection; acid-fast bacilli were rare and often difficult to find.

3. After a few days' cultivation in vitro, explants of the infected spleens often became densely infiltrated with bacilli.

4. Previous investigators have expressed the view that acid-fast bacilli are so few in tuberculous lesions in vivo, because large numbers become unstainable. If this is true, and if the unstained bacilli remain viable, it would readily account for the extraordinarily rapid bacillary infiltration of tissue cultures of infected organs. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the few scattered acid-fast rods in the original tissue grow at a prodigious rate under the conditions of life in vitro.

5. These alternatives and other theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Diphtheria in the immunized with observations on a diphtheria-like disease associated with non-toxigenic strains ofcorynebacterium diphtheriae
Authors: Edward D. G. ff. , Allison V. D.
Published: May 2009

A series of thirty-five patients suffering from diphtheria, who had been previously fully inoculated against the disease and from whom toxigenic diphtheria bacilli were isolated, were investigated and compared with seventeen patients who had not been inoculated. There were smaller groups of those patients who had had incomplete courses of immunization and of those who had had previous attacks of the disease.

Two-thirds of the infections in the inoculated were due toCorynebacterium diphtheriae, intermediustype.Intermediusinfections were proportionately more numerous in the inoculated than in the uninoculated, whereas gravis infections were less frequent.

Estimations of the antitoxin in the blood were made on admission. The inoculated patients had levels of antitoxin below, or in the neighbourhood of, that believed to confer protection.

In the inoculated group severity did not appear to be influenced by the level of antitoxin in the blood on admission.

Antitoxin in the blood was found to have increased after recovery from the disease in all except one patient; the increase was considerable in those who had been inoculated previously.

From 23·5% of all cases of clinical diphtheria investigated only non-toxigenic diphtheria bacilli (gravis, intermediusandmitistypes) were isolated. These cases were considered separately. On admission the majority had in their blood considerable amounts of antitoxin, which did not increase after recovery. No other pathogenic organisms were regularly found. The possibility is discussed that under certain conditions non-toxigenicC. diphtheriaemay be able to cause a diphtherialike disease.
The immunizing potency of alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid vaccine after storage for ten Years
Authors: Felix A. , Anderson E. S.
Published: May 2009

1. Alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid vaccine retains its power of stimulating Vi- and O-antibody formation unimpaired during storage at 1–2° C. for at least 10 years.

2. The Vi antibody induced by immunization with the 10-year-old vaccine possesses full ‘functional efficacy’ in passive-immunity tests in mice.

3. The expiry date of this type of vaccine can be extended to a period of 10 years, provided the vaccine is kept in cold storage.

4. Alcoholized vaccine can serve as ‘standard vaccine’ in any future attempt at standardization of the potency of typhoid vaccine.
Further experiments with the soluble antigen of the MEF1 poliomyelitis virus
Authors: Selzer G. , van den Ende M.
Published: May 2009

By ultracentrifugation of emulsions of brains from suckling mice infected with the MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus, infective virus can be separated from a non-infective soluble antigen. The soluble antigen which remains in the supernatant fluid is serologically specific and is responsible for most of the complement fixation shown by such brain emulsions.

Soluble antigen is not demonstrable in the brains of adult mice infected with a strain of the virus which has not been adapted to sucklings.

The soluble antigen is heat stable and resists treatment with organic lipoid solvents such as acetone, ether and chloroform.
The requirement for antibody and Complement forin vitroPhagocytosis of Starch Granules
Authors: Nelson Robert A. , Lebrun Jacqueline
Published: May 2009

Against the concept that starch is inert immunologically and, therefore, an ideal substrate forin vitrostudies on leucocytes, the results here recorded demonstrate that there are at least two components of serum which are specifically required for phagocytosis of starch. The available evidence suggests that the heat-labile component is C′, and the heat-stable component is specific Ab. The latter, which is a serum globulin, conforms to the definition of Ab from three standpoints: (1) it is adsorbed to the starch granule at low temperature and cannot be eluted by washing with saline at pH 7–0; (2) although it is found in ‘normal’ serum, it appears in increased quantities in the serum of animals injected with starch; and (3) once combined with the starch granule, it exerts threein vitroimmunological effects, i.e. opsonization, induction of immuneadherence, and agglutination. As evidence that the latter reactions are due to specific Ab, the enhancement of phagocytosis and the induction of immune-adherence are manifestedonlyin the presence of C′.

The measurement of Ab or C′ has been complicated by the finding that fresh normal serum to be employed as C′ has invariably contained Ab to starch. This situation is similar to that which exists with a variety of micro-organisms, e.g.Micrococcus aureus, against which the majority of normal animals and human beings possess circulating Ab. To obtain C′ free of Ab, fresh guinea-pig serum was adsorbed in the cold with starch. Despite the low temperature which would be expected to reduce the C′ fixation, about 30–40% of C′ activity was lost during adsorption for 60 min. at 0° C. When the adsorption was performed in the absence of Mg2+and Ca2+, the loss of C′ was lessened considerably. This is interpreted to mean that at least two factors contributed to the loss of C′ cited above: (1) the specific fixation of some or all components of C′ to the starch-Ab complex, which requires the presence of Mg2+and Ca2+, and which occurs even in the cold; and (2) the non-specific action of starch in adsorbing C′, or perhaps destroying C′, which does not require Mg2+or Ca2+.
Complement fixation with antigens prepared from bluetongue virus-infected mouse brains
Authors: Kipps A.
Published: May 2009

Six strains of bluetongue virus were compared by cross complement-fixation tests performed on Perspex sheets according to the method of Fulton & Dumbell using antigens derived from crude saline extracts, and acetone and ether extracts, of infected suckling mouse brains. Only minor differences were encountered with the former and no significant differences with the latter. The reasons for this are discussed.

In the neutralization tests important differences were demonstrated between strains.

There is evidence that the soluble antigen is composed of particles of varying size, that the smaller particles are responsible for the marked overlapping in the complement-fixation tests, and that increasing complexity associated with increasing particle size may be concerned with increasing serological specificity.
The growth of vaccinia virus in the chorio-allantois of the developing chick embryo and the production of complement-fixing antigen and haemagglutinin
Authors: Maitland H. B. , Tobin Barbara M.
Published: May 2009

1. Elementary body suspensions of vaccinia virus placed on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo showed immediately an enhanced infectivity which may amount to a several-fold increase in titre.

2. In studying the growth curve of vaccinia virus in the chorio-allantois the distribution of virus between the liquid and the membrane had to be taken into account.

3. Some virus disappeared after inoculation, but this did not necessarily indicate a non-infective phase in a growth cycle.

4. Virus began to increase in 4–5 hr. and proceeded without stepwise increments, reaching a maximum in about 36 hr.

5. Haemagglutinin and complement-fixing ‘soluble’ antigen were formed during the growth of virus, and the titre of each was directly related to the amount of virus. They were detectable when the titre of virus reached respectively 106.5–10.70and 105.5–106.0pocks per ml.

6. Haemagglutinin may have been acting as a complement-fixing antigen.

7. Neither haemagglutination nor complement-fixation provided evidence for the occurrence of a non-infective phase of virus as part of a growth cycle.
Q fever in Great Britain. Epidemiological information from a serological survey of healthy adults in Kent and East Anglia
Authors: Marmion B. P. , Stoker M. G. P. , Walker C. B. V. , Carpenter R. G.
Published: May 2009

1. Eleven thousand two hundred and twenty-eight sera from persons, mostly blood donors, living in Kent and seven counties in East Anglia, have been tested and 379 (3·4%) found to have complement-fixing antibody toRickettsia burnetiat a serum titre of 1/10 or greater.

2. A group of 396 donors in Kent and East Anglia, composed of 190 donors with antibody, and 206 donors from those without antibody to serve as controls, were interviewed, and an epidemiological history was obtained on the possible ways in which they had been exposed toR. burnetiduring the period 1942–53.

3. A comparison of the epidemiological histories of the positive and negative donors showed that donors in Kent who had constant occupational exposure to cattle and sheep including unprocessed materials from them, or who had had a raw milk supply to their homes for all or part of the period 1942–53, more frequently had antibody than those donors without such qualities. In East Anglia the positive serological state among donors was associated only with the use of raw milk and not with occupational exposure to animals. There were suggestive findings among Kentish donors that those who visited farms or other potentially infectious places, either during the course of their job or during their leisure, also experienced greater risk of infection.

4. In general, these findings of infection from occupational exposure, from visits to infectious localities, or from the use of raw milk in the home, confirmed the tentative epidemiological conclusions drawn from a previous investigation of patients with Q fever. It was not found in this survey, however, that residence near dairy farms, receipt of objects from potentially infectious localities, or contact with persons from such localities was associated with a special risk of infection.

5. No association was found between the donors' serological state and the keeping of dogs, cats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, psittacine birds in the vicinity of the home or its infestation by mice, rats or mosquitoes.
Studies on the agent of canine virus hepatitis (Rubarth's disease): III. The Properties of the complement-fixing antigen and its probable structure
Authors: Larin N. M. , Orbell W. G.
Published: May 2009

The complement-fixing antigen activity of canine hepatitis virus is due to particles which are estimated to measure from 70 to 105 mμ and which probably can form larger aggregates. The active particles in the original virus tissue suspension were of sizes similar to those in the purified preparations, their serological properties being identical. The chemical properties of the antigen are those of protein, probably ribonucleoprotein. No evidence has been obtained to explain the association of a high concentration of the antigen with the presence of numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies in the lesions. It is evident, however, from these experiments that the inclusion bodies are not just deposits of the serologically active material. Since the intranuclear inclusion bodies and also the antigen are probably composed of ribonucleoprotein, it is possible that they both represent certain stages in the formation of virus protein by a catalytic reaction from the denatured host proteinogen.
Further observations on the Protective action of glycine against the heat-inactivation of complement with particular reference to intensification by some carbohydrates
Authors: Gordon J. , Turner G. C.
Published: May 2009

1. The protection afforded by glycine and other amino-acids to guinea-pig complement against heat-inactivation is increased in the presence of sugars, although the latter are not themselves protective.

2. No significant increase in protective activity occurs in the presence of the alcohols derived from some of the sugars tested.

3. A marked exception amongst the alcohols is inositol, which reinforces the protective power of glycine at least as much as do the sugars.

4. The fourth component of complement is destroyed by heating at 63° C. for 30 min. It is, however, protected against heat-inactivation by glycine, and this protective effect is intensified in the presence of glucose and inositol.

5. The protection afforded to serum by the presence of glycine or glycine dissolved in glucose is removed when the system is dialysed, indicating that if a complex is formed it is readily dissociable.
The ecology of Microsporum canis Bodin in New Zealand
Authors: Marples Mary J.
Published: May 2009

1. The clinical findings and environmental factors of 138 families infected with Microsporum canis are recorded.

2. Of the 171 children suffering from tinea capitis, 25% had lesions which remained localized, 51% had local spread of infection and 24% had a generalized spread, involving most of the scalp.

3. The clinical pattern of the infection was not associated with the sex or age of the child, nor with the source of infection.

4. In 30.5% of the families there was a definite cat source of infection, in 3.6% a definite dog source and in 13.9% a definite human source. A further 20.3% had a probable animal source, and 7.9% a probable human source, while in 23.9% no obvious source of infection could be found.

5. The social status of 95 families was investigated. In 4.2% the breadwinner was a farmer, in 12.6% he belonged to the professional and managerial group, in 60% he was a skilled labourer and in 22.1% an unskilled labourer. The houses of 75 families were visited. House conditions were classed as good in 58%, fair in 33% and poor in 9%. It is suggested that ringworm due to M. canis in New Zealand is not associated with poverty or poor conditions and no stigma should be attached to the development of an infection.

6. Evidence for the following types of transmission of infection was obtained: cat to child; dog to child; child to child; child to adult; cat to cat; child to cat; dog to cat; cat to dog.

7. The findings of the investigation are discussed. It is suggested that human infections with M. canis are part of a complicated network resulting from the commensal relationship of the cat to man. Better care of cats so that kittens are not allowed to stray would assist in the control of human infections.
Partial immunological paralysis toTrichomonas foetusantigen in calves
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson Muriel
Published: May 2009

The intramuscular injection of large amounts, 2–3 g., ofTrichomonas foetuscrude antigen into five young calves during the first 3 weeks of life produced no antibody.

When the animals were tested with the standard challenge at intervals of several months they responded feebly, showing a definitely impaired capacity to produce antibody, when compared with the response of normal animals.

The ages of the animals still showing this partial paralysis ranged from 1 year and 5 months to 2 years and 2 months.
Laboratory Studies of Anopheles Atroparvus in Relation to Myxomatosis
Authors: Andrewes C. H. , Muirhead-Thomson R. C. , Stevenson J. P.
Published: May 2009

Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus which have gorged on myxoma-infected rabbits may retain their infectivity for as long as 220 days in a period covering the winter months. Virus titres in infected mosquitoes may also remain stable for several weeks at summer temperatures; virus has been recovered after 36 days in summer.

Virus in these Anopheles is, in most instances, to be found only in the head and mouthparts. Survival on mouthparts of killed mosquitoes, on the other hand, has been only for a few days.

One strain of virus (Newhaven strain) isolated from wild A. atroparvus produces flat erythematous lesions on intradermal inoculation into rabbits, and deaths occur later than with typical strains.

The possible role of over-wintering atroparvus as a reservoir of infection of myxomatosis is discussed.

The possibility is considered that transmission of infection by Anopheles is not purely mechanical, but that limited multiplication occurs in the insects.
Hospital infections and hospital hygiene at Malmö General Hospital: 1. The incidence of staphylococcal infections during three years
Authors: Ericson Carl , Juhlin Ingmar
Published: May 2009

The incidence of purulent staphylococcal infections at a large Swedish university hospital was followed during 3 years and has been described as an expression of the incidence of hospital infections.

A marked decrease in the relative number of infections was found. The decrease was most evident among infections with ‘80/81’ strains and other antibiotic resistant hospital strains and was parallel in all the departments investigated. This is taken as an evidence for the assumption that the lowering of the amount of staphylococcal infections was brought about by a factor that was active throughout the hospital, probably some hygienic preventive measure.
Hospital infections and hospital hygiene at Malmö General Hospital: 2. Hygienic measures and their correlation with the incidence of infection
Authors: Juhlin Ingmar , Ericson Carl
Published: May 2009

A hygienic programme, which has been developed and maintained during several years at a large Swedish university hospital, is presented in detail. The composition and working methods of the Infection Control Committee are described and some economic calculations given. The possible connexion between the hygienic measures and a marked decrease of the incidence of infections is discussed. This decrease did not occur until a satisfactory method for the routine hand disinfection had been introduced, using a commercial antibacterial cleaner containing 3% hexachlorophene.
Toxoplasma skin- and dye-test surveys of severely subnormal patients in Lincolnshire
Authors: Robertson J. S.
Published: May 2009

Of 918 severely subnormal patients in mental deficiency hospitals in Lincolnshire 917 were tested by the toxoplasmin skin tests, forty-nine out of 265 patients were dye tested because of a positive skin test or other indication. All patients in another group of 655 subnormals were dye tested, and comparison of these results with those of groups from the normal population showed that in children there was an excess of about 20% of dye-test positivity among the subnormals—a figure identical with that found by Thalhammer in Vienna.

The excess of positives became progressively less with increasing age and by middle age the incidence was the same in subnormals as among blood donors in the county. It is suggested that this indicates that patients in hospital are exposed to a lower risk of acquiring infection and that the higher incidence among adult males than among adult female defectives is due to the fact that more of them go out to work, many of them on farms. This factor could also explain the lower incidence of positivity in adult mongols and epileptics who are less commonly employable.

Possible explanations of the higher incidence among subnormal than among control children are discussed. Although it is tempting to assume that it indicates that some may be cases of congenital toxoplasmosis, the lack of gradient between child mongols, child epileptics and other subnormal children does not support this hypothesis. The numbers of mongol and epileptic children were too small to give statistically significant results. It is possible that the home environments of severely subnormal children exposed them to a higher risk of infection than did the homes of the control children and that the observed excess of dye and skin-test positivity may be due to increased incidence of acquired infection before their admission to hospital.

It was found that there was reasonable concordance between the dye test at a titre of 1/8 and skin sensitivity reactions exceeding 7 mm. in diameter, but poor agreement if 10 mm. was taken as the criterion of positivity.

Despite the lesser sensitivity of the skin test, the pattern of the results was the same as that observed in the dye-test survey, and the value of the skin-test for epidemiological surveys was confirmed.
Staphylococci in noses and streptococci in throats of isolated and semi-isolated Antarctic communities
Authors: Sladen W. J. L.
Published: May 2009

The Antarctic provides unusually simplified conditions for the study of the persistence and exchange of micro-organisms of the upper respiratory tract. The work reported here was done while the author was in the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and the United States Antarctic Research Program.

Staph, aureus and Staph, albus persisted in the noses, and a-haemolytic streptococci in the throats of men throughout long periods of isolation and semi-isolation in Antarctica.

On the whole, men kept their own strains (phage types) of Staph, aureus despite living in very close contact with each other.

Persistent carriers of Staph, aureus (90% or more positive swabs per individual) continued to carry this organism for as long as 2 years in Antarctica. Data from men at Wilkes and Hallett IGY Stations indicated that there was a decrease in the intermittent and occasional carrier rates, resulting in a much lower total carrier rate after 12 months Antarctic isolation.

Evidence is presented to suggest that β-haemolytic streptococci had disappeared from throats after 12 months of isolation. It is thought that the absence of upper respiratory infections in these communities is due to absence of the bacterial or viral agents.

There is an urgent need for further work on the carriage of micro-organisms in the present unique epidemiological conditions of the Antarctic, and for better laboratory facilities there.
Evolutionary changes in myxoma virus in Britain: An examination of 222 in naturally occurring strains obtained from 80 counties during the period October–November 1962
Authors: Fenner Frank , Chapple Paul J.
Published: May 2009

Samples of lesions containing viable myxoma virus were collected from 222 infected wild rabbits captured in 80 counties of Britain during October–November 1962. They were dispatched by air to Australia and passaged once in domestic rabbits before being tested for their virulence by the intradermal inoculation of groups of six laboratory rabbits with small doses of virus.

The results showed that a wide range of viruses of differing properties now coexist in Britain. Their virulence ranges from very high (99 % lethal) to low (about 50 %), but the majority of strains fall into the grade III virulence group, with estimated case mortality rates varying between 70 and 95%. The viruses also produce disease of varying symptomatology, skin lesions being very prominent, raised or flat. There was no obvious association between lesion type and virulence.

Tests made on the wild rabbits from which the samples were obtained, and on Inoculated domestic rabbits, showed that virulence could not be predicted by gel-diffusion tests.
Salmonellae in cattle and their feedingstuffs, and the relation to human infection
Authors:   Joint Working Party of the Veterinary Laboratory Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the Public Health Laboratory Service
Published: May 2009

1. The incidence of salmonellosis in cattle in England and Wales has been investigated.

2. S. dublin and S. typhi-murium were much the commonest serotypes encountered.

3. The frequency of both serotypes was highest in the last quarter of the year, which is the period of maximum calvings. The high incidence of calf infection in this quarter is probably related to calf sales and movement.

4. In the previous investigations (Reports, 1959a, 1961), these serotypes were isolated only infrequently from the raw materials of animal feedingstuffs and from complete animal foods.

5. The distribution of phage-types of S. typhi-murium in cattle was compared with that in man and in animal feedingstuffs. Six phage-types were common both in cattle and in man. These types were: 1a (2), 1 var. 5 (U9), 1a var. 1 (3an), 1 (1), 1a (U57) and 2 (12). Three of the types found in feedingstuffs were common in both human and bovine infections. These types were: 1a (2), 1a (U57)and 2 (12).

6. In a study of ten incidents of salmonellosis in cattle, it was shown that the same phage-type or serotype was commonly found in man in other farm animals and occasionally in feedingstuffs.

7. It is clear that salmonellosis is spread into different regions of the country by calf movement.

8. The importance is endorsed of conditions of travel and lairage, and of the holding time at abattoirs, in the promotion of cross-infection with salmonellae.

9. Measures are outlined for the reduction of salmonellosis in cattle and of its transfer to man.
Studies on the pathogenesis of rinderpest in experimental cattle: III. Proliferation of an attenuated strain in various tissues following subcutaneous inoculation
Authors: Taylor W. P. , Plowright W.
Published: May 2009

Twenty-five grade cattle were infected subcutaneously with 1040to 104·6TCD 50 of a highly-attenuated strain of rinderpest virus which is used as a vaccine. No clinical reaction was observed but the proliferation of virus was studied in twenty-two tissues harvested at daily intervals from the first to the 10th days after inoculation. Serum samples collected at the same times were examined for rinderpest-neutralizing antibody.

There was an ‘eclipse’ phase of 3 days during which no infectivity could be demonstrated in any tissue. On the 4th day virus had generalized, as shown by its detection in lymphoid tissues which were not associated with the site of inoculation; occasional animals showed evidence of viral proliferation in the local muscle and subcutaneous tissue. A considerable growth of virus, with peak titres between 104·0and 105·0TDC50/g., was demonstrated in the prescapular, pharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, also in the palatal tonsils and Peyer's patches of the ileum. Highest titres (105·4TCD50/g.) were recorded in the prescapular haemo-lymph nodes, but less virus (up to 103·4TCD50/g.) appeared in the spleen.

A low-level viraemia was detected in eight of the thirteen cattle killed on the 5th to 8th days inclusive. Minimal quantities of virus were found on two occasions each in the bone marrow and lung. No virus was recovered from the mucosae of the base of the tongue, abomasum, ileum, caecum and colon; liver, heart, kidney and brain tissue also failed to support its multiplication.

Neutralizing antibody was present in all cattle by the 10th day after inoculation, its appearance being associated with the abrupt decline in virus titres, which was usually demonstrable on the 8th day.

The behaviour of the attenuated virus was compared with that of virulent strains, and it was concluded that its lack of pathogenicity was due primarily to its failure to proliferate in the mucosae of the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts. Vaccine virus was, in fact, exclusively ‘lymphotropic’, a characteristic which may account for the solid, lasting immunity it confers and for the considerable antibody response it provokes in inoculated cattle. Inability to spread by contact amongst susceptible cattle may be a result of the absence of virus in mucosae or parenchymatous organs and hence in excretions.
Isolation of variants during passage of a strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus in partly immunized cattle
Authors: Hyslop N. St G. , Fagg R. H.
Published: May 2009

Foot-and-mouth disease virus of Type SAT 1 (strain Turkey 323/62) was passaged serially 34 times in cattle previously vaccinated with increasing doses of formol-treated vaccine of the homologous strain. Primary vesicles developed in all the partly immunized animals and secondary lesions occurred in the majority. Virus from the 34th passage was capable of reinfecting a steer only 76 days after primary infection early in the passage series. Virus isolated from the second infection of this animal differed from that isolated from the primary infection in complement-fixing properties and in sensitivity to antiserum, and these differences were of a degree indicative of subtype variation.

The variant strain was transmissible by contact, and virus titres in tongue and foot lesions of partly immunized animals were of the same order as those encountered in susceptible cattle.

These observations suggest one way in which variant strains may arise in the field.
An association between adenoviruses isolated from simian tonsils and episodes of illness in captive monkeys
Authors: Bullock Gillian
Published: May 2009

A study was made of the ‘latent’ viral flora of simian tonsils. This was followed by isolation of viruses from two batches of sick monkeys whose illness is described. Simian viruses 15, 17 and 32 were isolated from nose and throat swabs obtained from the sick monkeys. A connexion between human and simian adenoviruses is suggested.
Toxoplasmosis and Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Fleck D. G.
Published: May 2009

Sera from most of the Tristan da Cunha community were tested for toxoplasma antibody. In a comparison with sera from ‘normal’ inhabitants of South Wales there was a significantly higher incidence of dye tests positive at 1/16 or more in the Tristan community at all age groups. The incidence of retinitis was also found to be much higher than in Britain. It appears unlikely that toxoplasmosis caused any cases of mental defect or abortion on the Island.
An outbreak ofPseudomonas aeruginosa(pyocyanea) infection in a Premature Baby Unit, with observations on the intestinal carriage ofPseudomonas aeruginosain the newborn
Authors: Jellard C. H. , Churcher Gillian M.
Published: May 2009

An outbreak of infection in a Premature Baby Unit due to a single strain ofPseudomonas aeruginosais described. The outbreak lasted for 16 months, during which this organism was isolated from the faeces of 99/418 premature babies, many of them being symptomless carriers. There were seven deaths due to the infection. The source of the epidemic was not found. The main reservoir of infection was the babies' faeces. Though many full-term babies were symptomless carriers of the epidemic strain ofPs. aeruginosa, they were not ill.

Measures for control of the outbreak, and the aetiology of neonatal intestinal infection withPs. aeruginosaare discussed.
The Dip-Slide: a modified dip-inoculum transport medium for the laboratory diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Guttmann Dennis
Published: May 2009

The dip-slide, consisting of a glass microscope slide coated with nutrient medium and inoculated by dipping in freshly voided urine, provides a simple measure of the bacterial concentration in fresh urine. This is a useful supplement to the usual microscopy and culture of urine in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in general practice, when specimens cannot be delivered to a laboratory within several hours of collection, particularly when urine specimens have to travel by post. Dip-slides are also useful as the sole test in screening for symptomless bacteriuria.
The effect of the addition of Bordetella parapertussis suspensions on the protective power of the pertussis component of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccines
Authors: Köhler-Kubelka N.
Published: May 2009

The addition of a parapertussis component to diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine reduces the agglutinogenic potency of the pertussis component in mice. The loss is evident when the amount of the parapertussis component added is 25% of that of the pertussis component, while the influence of relatively lower amounts of parapertussis organisms is less striking.

The parapertussis component in these vaccines, amounting to 2–25% of the pertussis component, does not affect the protective power of the pertussis component in mice.
Aerobic bacteria occurring in the hind-gut of the cockroach,Blatta orientalis
Authors: Burgess N. R. H. , McDermott S. N. , Whiting J.
Published: May 2009

Methods are described for the isolation and identification of aerobic bacteria occurring naturally in the hind-gut of the cockroachBlatta orientaliscaptured from a number of wild sources, to establish whether or not human pathogens occurred naturally within the gut. During the investigation an organism was frequently found which could not be classified in any described species, and for which we propose the nameEscherichia blattae.
Salmonella dublin abortion in cattle: II. Observations on the whey agglutination test and the milk ring test
Authors: Hinton M.
Published: May 2009

The serum and whey agglutination test were compared on paired samples from thirty-five cases of bovine abortion associated with Salmonella dublin infection. The whey test proved nearly as useful as the serum test for confirming an active infection though it was only practicable to examine the whey for flagellar antibodies. S. dublin was isolated from nearly half of the milk samples obtained within the first week of abortion but none of those collected after the fourth week. The whey test proved of no value in retrospective identification of abortion cases. The trial using the milk ring test was disappointing.
Effect of stay in hospital and oral chemotherapy on the antibiotic sensitivity of bowel coliforms
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth J. , Datta Naomi , Jones Glynne , Marr Frances M. , Froud Wendy J. B.
Published: May 2009

The effects of oral chemotherapy and stay in hospital on the antibiotic resistance patterns of faecal coliform flora were studied. The coliform flora of 64% of 25 patients who were not receiving antibiotics was sensitive to all drugs tested. Hospitalization alone did not affect this proportion. The administration of tetra-cycline or ampicillin to patients, whether at home or in hospital, significantly increased the percentage of resistant bowel coliforms. Tetracycline showed a significantly greater effect than ampicillin. There was no significant increase in the percentage of patients with resistant flora after treatment with amoxycillin.
Bacteriophage restriction in Salmonella typhimurium by R factors and transfer factors
Authors: Anderson E. S. , Threlfall E. J. , Carr Jacqueline M. , Savoy L. G.
Published: May 2009

A total of 2716 R factors and transfer factors isolated from Escherichia coli and salmonellas of human and animal origin were studied for their phage-restrictive effects in Salmonella typhimurium phage type 36. All of 1402 wild fi+ factors were non-restricting. The F factor of E. coli K12 was unique among the F-like factors tested in that it inhibited lysis of type 36 by one typing phage. In contrast, eleven distinct changes in the phage type of 36 were produced by fi− I-like factors. I-like plasmids can thus be subdivided by this method.

I-like R factors and transfer factors from human and animal enterobacteria were categorized by their phage-restrictive effects in type 36. Factors resembling Δ in this respect predominated among fi− I-like factor from human E. coli and S. typhimurium and from porcine E. coli. Δ-like and Coll-like fi− factors were equally distributed in bovine S. typhimurium. Coll-like factors were commonest in bovine and avian E. coli.
Field trials of the rodenticide gophacide against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Swinney T. , Bradfield A.
Published: May 2009

The acute rodenticide gophacide was tested against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) and treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after each treatment. Seven of eight populations of mice living in premises where alternative food supplies were limited were successfully controlled when medium oatmeal bait containing gophacide at 0.1% was laid directly for 4 days. In further treatments against mice inhabiting more complex environments and having greater access to other foods, the performance of gophacide at 0.1% and at 0.25% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3.0% in the same bait-base. The poison treatments were conducted for 1 or 4 days and always after 3 days pre-baiting. Treatment success varied considerably irrespective of the type of treatment or of the poison used. In general, however, gophacide proved to be as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.
The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice: II. Appearance of hypersensitivity, production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and transformation of spleen cells in response to virus antigens
Authors: Hutt Lindsey M.
Published: May 2009

The appearance of specific hypersensitivity to virus antigens was examined in mice infected intravenously with vaccinia virus. Both immediate hypersensitivity, transferable by serum, and delayed-type hypersensitivity, transferable only by cells, were apparent 8 days after infection and demonstrable for at least a further 130 days. Production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by lymphocytes from infected mice was measured directly in terms of inhibition of migration by antigen or indirectly by determining the effect of soluble factors elaborated by the stimulated lymphocytes. The irregular results may have been the resultants of antigen-mediated macrophage stimulation, toxicity and induction of migration inhibitory factor. Transformation of spleen cells – presumably lymphocytes – from infected mice could be inducedin vitroby virus antigens for at least 139 days after infection. Virus/lymphocyte interaction appears to be a particularly fruitful area for further study.
Mycoplasmas isolated from the respiratory tract of horses
Authors: Allam N. M. , Lemcke R. M.
Published: May 2009

Ten mycoplasmas were isolated from 130 nasopharyngeal swabs from thoroughbred horses with acute respiratory disease and three from 198 apparently normal horses. Two mycoplasmas were isolated from 21 tracheal swabs taken at necropsy. These mycoplasmas, together with six isolated from the equine respiratory tract by other workers, were subjected to biochemical and serological tests. Other properties examined in certain representative strains were appearance under the electron microscope, ability to adsorb or agglutinate the erythrocytes of various animal species and the electrophoretic pattern of the cell proteins.

On the basis of these tests, mycoplasmas from the equine respiratory tract were divided into seven species. Three species belonged to the genusAcholeplasma, members of which do not require sterol for growth, and were identified asA. laidlawii, A. oculi(formerlyA. oculusi) originally isolated from the eyes of goats, and a recently named speciesA. equifoetale, previously isolated from aborted equine fetuses.

Of the four sterol-dependentMycoplasmaspecies, one was identified asM. pulmonis, a common rodent pathogen. Another cross-reacted serologically withM. felisand should probably be classified as that species. The other two species probably represent new species peculiar to the horse. One of these, represented by the strains N3 and N11, ferments glucose and is serologically distinct from 19 recognized species of glucose-utilizing mycoplasmas and from two species which do not metabolize either glucose or arginine. The other species, represented by four strains, hydrolyses arginine and, because it is serologically distinct from all the named arginine-hydrolysingMycoplasmaspecies, the nameM. equirhinissp.nov. is proposed for it.

Of the seven species, onlyM. pulmonisand the glucose-utilizing species represented by N3 and N11 were found exclusively in horses with acute respiratory disease.A. oculiwas isolated from an apparently normal horse. The other four species were found in normal horses as well as those with respiratory disease, although three out of the four strains ofM. equirhiniswere from sick horses.
Hypersensitivity in cattle after foot -and -mouth disease vaccination: response to hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Authors: Black L. , Menard F. J. R. R. , Beadle G. G. , Pay T. W. F.
Published: May 2009

Intravenous provocation (IVP) tests demonstrated that hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (MC) was able to elicit anaphylactic signs in cattle vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine produced at one centre but not with similar vaccine produced at another. The former vaccine also provoked serum reagins which were demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) tests in goats.

Reaginic sera which reacted specifically with MC were used in PCA tests to screen samples taken serially from the vaccine production lines. The reactions observed suggested that a substance with MC or similar specificity was present in the antifoaming agent routinely added to vaccines.
The serological relationship betweenBrucellaspp.,Yersinia enterocoliticaserotype IX andSalmonellaserotypes of Kauffmann-White group N
Authors: Corbel M. J.
Published: May 2009

The serological relationship betweenBrucellaspp.,Yersinia enterocoliticaIX, and the group N salmonella serotypesS. godesberg, S. landau, S. morehead, S. neusdorf, S. soerengaandS. urbanawas examined using agglutination, antiglobulin, complement fixation, immunodiffusion and fluorescent antibody methods.

Antisera to the group N salmonella serotypes all reacted to significant titres in agglutination and complement fixation, but not antiglobulin or immunodiffusion tests with smooth brucella antigens. These antisera also reacted in agglutination, but not antiglobulin, tests withY. enterocoliticaIX. They did not react significantly in any tests with rough brucella antigens.

Conversely, antisera to smoothBrucellaspp. agglutinated group N salmonellas to low titre andY. enterocoliticaIX to titres similar to those given against the homologous strain. Antiserum toY. enterocoliticaIX on the other hand reacted with smooth brucella antigens to high titre in agglutination, complement fixation and antiglobulin tests, and with the group N salmonella antigens to substantial titres in agglutination tests.

In direct fluorescent antibody tests, smoothBrucellastrains andY. enterocoliticaIX reacted strongly with FITC-labelled antibody toBr. abortuswhereas the group N salmonella strains reacted weakly.

In tests with monospecific antisera to the A and M determinants ofBr. abortusandBr. melitensisrespectively,Y. enterocoliticaIX reacted only with the antiserum to the A determinant whereas group N salmonellas reacted to low titre with both A and M antisera.

The results of cross-absorption tests confirmed this relationship and suggested that the O30 antigens of group N salmonella serotypes contained antigenic determinants similar to, but not identical with, the antigenic structure shared by smoothBrucellaspp. andY. enterocoliticaIX.