bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Art of Teaching: Plotting the Parabola
Authors: Collins Helen S.
Published: January 2021

Several years ago, in teaching my classes in Intermediate Algebra, I developed the method of graphing the parabola which I will describe later. This last year, my colleagues and I have reviewed a number of recent algebra books in order to select a new text for our classes. Although some of these explained in part the method which I have been using, not one of these suggested to the pupil exactly where to start in choosing the points to plot or where to stop.
An Analysis Showing Where Guidance Might Be Helpful in the Teaching of Mathematics
Authors: Peters Ann C.
Published: January 2021

Accepting the thesis that through guidance children can be helped to live richly, we might well go further in stating that guidance and education are aspects of the same thing—the development of the whole individual. If guidance and education are the inseparable twins, then the task of directing personality, intellectual and social development falls heavily, indeed, upon the classroom teacher; for it is he who determines when the child and when the subject matter shall be taught. This, then, is the problem facing the classroom teacher of today, and the mathematics teacher in particular, as his complexities seem to have “varied directly as the increase of the high school population.”
Coordinating High School and College Mathematics
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

The problem of coordinating high school and college mathematics is one in which both high school teachers of mathematics and college teachers of the same subject should cooperate in solving. Failure to coordinate these separate fields in the past has led to a great deal of confusion and genuine loss both to the students involved and also to their teachers.
Linkages as Visual Aids
Authors: Meserve Bruce E.
Published: January 2021

Although many fundamental concepts of mathematics may be demonstrated by the use of linkages, very few teachers have used them regularly in their classes. The purpose of this paper is to show some of the ways in which linkages may be used and to consider some of the concepts which the pupils may obtain in this way. Two principal topics are considered: (a) Linkages demonstrating fundamental concepts; (b) Linkages to arouse interest. The linkages under topic (b) may also be used to demonstrate fundamental concepts in advanced secondary school classes or in college.
The Fourth Delegate Assembly
Authors: Rogers Mary C.
Published: January 2021

The Fourth Delegate Assembly of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics will be held at The Ambassador in Atlantic City, New Jersey on Thursday and Friday, April 9 and 10, 1953. There will be a breakfast for delegates on Thursday, followed by a two- hour session of the Assembly. A second session will convene on Friday morning.
Pi and Probability
Authors: Carnahan Walter H.
Published: January 2021

One of the ancient weaknesses of men seems to be to take a chance and place a bet on its outcome. And one of his oldest scientific interests is that of the relation of diameter and circumference of a circle. In this brief article we shall call attention to the relation of this scientific interest to that of the observation of certain results of chance (but not the placing of bets).
Trends in Geometry
Authors: Wilson Jack D.
Published: January 2021

The reason given for teaching plane geometry in high school has usually been its value as a course in critical thinking. This is a most desirable objective and, if established as pedagogically feasible, makes a strong case for the subject. In the twenties many writers stated that nothing else approached geometry in this phase of the work, that nowhere else, except in pure logic, did the pupil marshal his facts in such strict order and present them with such precision of statement. Further, geometry was thought to be superior to pure logic because it had in it figures that illustrated the things that were said and done. “If geometry is not taught to give a training in deductive logic, in the power to prove one's own statements, or if it does not do both, then it is not worth teaching.”
Can We Outdo Mascheroni?
Authors: Cheney Wm. Fitch
Published: January 2021

Lorenzo Mascheroni was for many years professor of mathematics at the University of Pavia (some twenty-two miles south of Milan), where Christopher Columbus had once been a student. Mascheroni was an Italian. He was born in 1750 and died in 1800. During his life, he published a considerable number of mathematical writings, the best known of which was his Geometry of the Compass, which first appeared in 1797. In it he showed how all standard constructions usually performed with straightedge and compass could be carried out with the compass alone. Mascheroni claimed that the compass was more accurate than the straightedge, since few, if any, “straightedges” are really straight, and they tend to skid more easily than a compass when in use.
The Case for the Syllogism in Plane Geometry
Authors: Ulrich James F.
Published: January 2021

It is generally agreed that one of the chief objectives of plane geometry is to foster reflective thought in the mind of the pupil. At various times and in various places it has been clearly stated that the achievement of this objective demands a clear and explicit treatment of the components of reflective thought itself, if the desired benefits from transfer of training are to accrue. The writer will make no attempt to reconcile the many forms of the term “reflective thought”; this has been done elsewhere.1 Whenever the elements of reflective thought are listed in a discussion of the objectives of plane geometry, one of those elements will be similar to this: Plane geometry should help the student to understand the nature of and develop an appreciation for deductive proof. Few would deny that this is an important mission of geometry. It is the approach made by the teacher in presenting the deductive proof to which the remainder of this article is devoted.
High School Algebra for Bright Students
Authors: Hartung Maurice L.
Published: January 2021

It has been assumed too frequently that the modernized college preparatory or “academic” curriculum in mathematics is suitable for talented students. Relatively little thought and investigation have been devoted to their needs. As a result of this situation, some educational leaders believe that this group is being inadequately served. The group of pupils includes most of the potential leaders of the next generation. It is not undemocratic to single them out for special attention. On the contrary, the preservation and perfection of the democratic way of life require the full utilization of all the human resources of the nation. This means that the brilliant as well as the dull student should have an opportunity to work and develop to his full capacity.
Affiliated Group Activities
Authors: Adkins Jackson B.
Published: January 2021

The Committee on Affiliated Groups of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has accumulated some information and ideas on the making of programs. We pass it on to readers of The Mathematics Teacher in the hope that it may be of some help in that never-ending, knotty problem of building a worthwhile and attractive program for an organization.
Professionalized Subject Matter for Junior High School Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Rosskopf Myron F.
Published: January 2021

Much has been written concerning the training of secondary school mathematics teachers. Leaders in mathematics education have had many words to say about both the educational and mathematical training of prospective teachers. Usually the latter training is divided into pure mathematics and professional mathematics. The concern of this paper is the professional mathematics training of junior high school teachers. Of approximately fifty references that were examined in the preparation of this paper, there were only two that treated explicitly the content of a professionalized subject-matter course.1 The others made recommendation that such a course ought to be given or that it should be included in a professional-training program but did not give specific information. The question of what to include in a professionalized subject-matter course or how far to go with such a course is still an open question. In this paper an effort will be made to indicate with two or three topics how far to go in such a course. No attempt will be made to indicate what to include in a semester or full-year course.
Mathematical Miscellanea: Historical extra credit
Authors: Gibbins Neil L.
Published: January 2021

Extra credit problems are an easy way for the teacher to stimulate the better students. They may be distributed periodically or inserted at the end of the regular mathematics tests. These problems are best used when they are a more difficult or an unusual application of the same type of problem being studied in the classroom.
A note on age problems
Authors: Wilson Hazel Schoonmaker
Published: January 2021

Teachers have often been told, “Don't always use x's and y's for the variables. There are other letters in the alphabet.” This author asks, “Is the number 2 being used too frequently as a certain constant in age problems?”
Points and Viewpoints: National Council News
Authors: Wilcox Marie S.
Published: January 2021

A column of unofficial comment.
The problem of varying abilities among students in mathematics
Authors: Reeve William D.
Published: January 2021

How to provide for varying abilities in a mathematics classroom is a perplexing problem. How far can the secondary schools go in providing a variety of courses for pupils of different abilities and interests?
Problem-solving
Authors: O'brien Katharine E.
Published: January 2021

The climax to problem-solving is that stage in the process when “all the pieces fall into place” What can the teacher do to help reach this climax?
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Contributions of junior high schools to American mathematical education
Authors: Breslich E. R. , Kinney Lucien B. , Dawson Dan T.
Published: January 2021

The history of American education shows that the schools have always responded to demands for adjustment of education to the needs of the community. At the time when the high schools came into existence the need was for leaders of society, i.e., doctors, ministers, and scholars. Accordingly, the major function of the high-school teacher was to train pupils for leadership. The curriculum was designed to prepare them for college. Entrance was made intentionally difficult by examinations designed to exclude those not qualified. This made the high-school population a rather select group of pupils. It is interesting to observe that mathematics was a major subject which everybody was required to take.
Historically Speaking,— Archytas’ duplication of the cube
Authors: Graesser R. F.
Published: January 2021

Archytas of Taras was a Pythagorean and a friend of Plato. He flourished in the first half of the fourth century b.c. and was a paragon of accomplishments. Famous as a mathematician, as a statesman, and as a philosopher, he was also undefeated as a general.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Rationalizing multiplication of decimal fractions
Authors: Marks John L.
Published: January 2021

The importance of decimal fractions in modern life is increasing. They are needed for reasoning and problem solving in machine shops, technical and scientific laboratories, business offices, and testing rooms; they are used by adolescents and adults in do-it-yourself projects, in hotrod building and repairing, in figuring and interpreting results of certain athletic events, and in many other activities.
Time is running out
Authors: Langer Rudolph E.
Published: January 2021

The importance of mathematics and mathematics teaching to our way of life is forcefully underscored. Mathematics IS the Queen of the Sciences.
On the formulation of certain arithmetical questions
Authors: Curtis Herbert J. , Menger Karl
Published: January 2021

This article discusses three aspects of symbols for numbers and their relation to “simplification” of arithmetical expressions.
The status of the secondary mathematics program for the talented
Authors: Baumgartner R. A.
Published: January 2021

There is an increasing interest in revising the mathematics program to take care more adequately of the talented high school pupil.
Notes from the Washington Office: Yearly financial report
Authors: Ahrendt M. H.
Published: January 2021

Members of the Couneil will be glad to know that we have enjoyed another good year financially. The report at the end of the fiscal year, ending May 31, 1956, showed that our cash resources had increased in the amount of $8,818.28. A complete report of receipts and expenditures is given below.
Certain Problems in the Teaching of Secondary Mathematics
Authors: Smith David Eugene
Published: January 2021

It is not without considerable hesitancy that I come before an association like yours to speak upon some of the great problems that confront us in the teaching of secondary mathematics.
Mathematics in the Secondary School, from the Point of View of the Industrial Establishment
Authors: Moss Sanford A.
Published: January 2021

We assume that we have only the case of a young man who is to enter industrial life upon leaving the secondary school and who is not to have a college education. As an introduction it is desirable to enumerate the various directions in which mathematical training received in the secondary school is of benefit to the young man in later industrial life.
What Mathematical Subjects Should be Included in the Curriculum of the Secondary Schools? From the Point of View of the College
Authors: Aley Robert J.
Published: January 2021

As educational thought is now adjusting itself, it seems that the time is not far distant when the secondary school curriculum will be made to meet the needs of those who are to profit by it. The college now has less influence than formerly in shaping the curriculum of the secondary school. It will have still less influence in the future unless it studies the problem from the viewpoint of present conditions and makes many needed adjustments in its requirements. I verily believe that the mathematical study which prepares best for college will prove to be of great value to the student who does not go to college.
Contesto biologico e implicazioni etiche della malattia nel Timeo di Platone
Authors: Botter Barbara
Published: January 2021

A partire dall’analisi di alcuni passi del Timeo, il testo propone lo studio delle cause e dei tipi di infermità che affliggono la salute umana al fine di mostrare che la maniera in cui il filosofo concepisce le malattie è una chiave per approfondire l’antropologia e l’etica dell’ultimo Platone. Presupposto della ricerca è la visione olistica che caratterizza il Timeo, in cui la condizione umana influenza il livello socio-politico e il livello cosmico, i quali, a loro volta, condizionano e sono condizionati dalla presenza dell’uomo. Per finalizzare lo studio abbiamo circoscritto l’analisi ai passi 69c-90c del Timeo.

Starting with the analysis of some Timaeus passages, the text proposes the study of the causes and of the types of infirmity that afflict human health in order to demonstrate that the way the philosopher conceives illnesses is a key to get a deeper knowledge of the anthropology and ethics of the last Plato. Premise of the research is the holistic vision that characterizes the Timaeus, in which the human condition affects the socio political level and the cosmic level which, in their turn, affect and are affected by the human presence. To finalize the study, we analyzed the pages 69c-90c of the Timaeus.

A partire dall’analisi di alcuni passi del Timeo, il testo propone lo studio delle cause e dei tipi di infermità che affliggono la salute umana al fine di mostrare che la maniera in cui il filosofo concepisce le malattie è una chiave per approfondire l’antropologia e l’etica dell’ultimo Platone. Presupposto della ricerca è la visione olistica che caratterizza il Timeo, in cui la condizione umana influenza il livello socio-politico e il livello cosmico, i quali, a loro volta, condizionano e sono condizionati dalla presenza dell’uomo. Per finalizzare lo studio abbiamo circoscritto l’analisi ai passi 69c-90c del Timeo.
universal se encuentra en las cosas o en el intelecto?
Authors: Salinas Leal Héctor Hernando
Published: January 2021

En su comentario a la Isagoge, Duns Escoto se pregunta dónde se halla el universal: ¿en las cosas o en el intelecto? Caracterizando al universal como universal lógico y accidente intencional de la esencia (en tanto modo de aprehensión de la esencia), en su respuesta se articulan la dimensión ontológica y la dimensión semántica del universal: con el intelecto que lo causa y con la cosa que denomina. Analizaremos estas dos relaciones y las implicaciones que se siguen en el orden de la predicación a partir del ejemplo propuesto por Escoto: «hombre es universal».

In his Questions on Porphyry’s Isagoge, Scotus asks about the place of inherence of the universal: ¿is it in the things or in the intellect? Being established the universal as logical universal and intentional accident of the essence (insofar as it is the modus by which the intellect apprehends the essence), in Scotus’s answer the ontological and the semantical dimensions of the  universal are articulated: with the intellect which causes it and with the thing it designates. We will analyse both of these relations and their implications in the order of predication taking into account Scotus’s example «man is universal».
Os pronomes pessoais e a expressão do complemento indireto no galego-português medieval e no galego contemporâneo: aproximação contrastiva
Authors: Sánchez Rei Xosé Manuel
Published: January 2021

Los pronombres personales en el gallego se ocupan de varias responsabilidades gramaticales. Una de ellas es la expresión del Complemento Indirecto mediante diversas estructuras frásicas, entre las cuales podemos encontrar también frases nominales. El objetivo del presente trabajo aspira a desarrollar una aproximación al gallego-portugués medieval y al gallego moderno para ver qué cambios se han producido en el ´´ambito de los pronombres personales y en la expresión del Complemento Directo entre ambos períodos de tempo.

Personal pronouns in Galician language deal with various grammatical responsibilities. One of them is the expression of Indirect Objet (IO) through several structures, in which we can find nominal phrases too. The objective of this work is to make an approximation to the medieval Galician-Portuguese language and the modern Galician language in order to see what changes occurred in the scope of the personal pronouns and the expression of the IO between both periods of time.
Razones para un Barroco: Ángel María Pascual y el desencanto
Authors: Insausti Gabriel
Published: January 2021

A menudo se ha reprochado al escritor Ángel María Pascual (1911-1947) un barroquismo expresivo presente en las novelas Amadís (1943) y Don Tritonel de España (1944), las Cartas de Cosmosia (1942-1946) aparecidas en El Español, su ensayo Catilina (1989 [1948]) y su poesía, recogida en un único poemario, Capital de tercer orden (1947a). Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo que publicaba estos libros la escritura de Pascual se mostraba más “clásica” en sus Glosas a la ciudad. Si se rastrean las fuentes de su barroquismo y su significado en el contexto de la España franquista se comprueba que más que una proclividad personal contiene también un mensaje estético y político: una expresión de desencanto ante el rumbo que adoptaba el régimen y una decepción de las expectativas creadas durante la guerra.

Ángel María Pascual (1911-1947) has very often been blamed for the sophistication of his writing and the baroque bias of many of his works, such as the novels Amadís (1943) and Don Tritonel de España (1944), the articles Cartas de Cosmosia (1942-1946) published on El Español, the essay Catilina (1948) and the poems, collected in one single volume, Capital de tercer orden (1947a). However, at the same time he published these books his style was shown more “classical”, sober, and perfectly readable in his Glosas a la ciudad. The study of the sources of his baroque writing and the way he combined them, therefore, shows that it contains, rather than a mere personal attitude, a political and aesthetic message: the author’s disappointment at the new political regime and the betrayal of the expectations that he entertained during the war.
La técnica epistolar en la Tercera serie de los Episodios nacionales
Authors: Baquero Escudero Ana Luisa
Published: January 2021

En la configuración narrativa de la tercera serie de los Episodios nacionales resulta especialmente llamativa la inclusión de cartas. Galdós incluye aquí tanto una novela epistolar, como dos parcialmente epistolares e intercala numerosas cartas en las restantes obras. El presente trabajo aborda, pues, el manejo galdosiano de la técnica epistolar en este conjunto novelesco que revela, también, la versatilidad y el genio literario del autor canario.

In the narrative configuration of the Third Series of the National Episodes the inclusion of letter is striking. Galdós includes here an epistolary novel as well as two partially epistoray novels and he intercalates several letters in the remaining works. The present work deals, then, with the Galdosian handling of the epistolary technique in this set of novels that reveals, also, the versatility and the literary genius of the Canarian author.
La lectura quijotesca del detective Œil-de-Dieu
Authors: Rodríguez Varela Rita
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este estudio es el análisis del personaje Oeil-de-Dieu de Fanz Hellens, que puede ser considerado como un Don Quijote en un mundo contemporáneo. Esta investigación abordará cómo la literatura y la locura se presentan como territorios habitables en los que exiliarse ante un sentimiento de extrañamiento social y moral. Se cuestionará si son personajes locos o cuerdos ya que la locura, en Oeil-de-Dieu y en Don Quijote, es una locura que sólo se muestra en lo anecdótico pero los ideales que defienden son los de un cuerdo. Por ello, este estudio mostrará que esta locura es cordura en lo esencial y pondrá de relieve la universalidad de la obra de Cervantes.

The objective of this study is the analysis of the character Oeil-de-Dieu by Franz Hellens, who can be considered as Don Quixote nowadays. This research will focus on how literature and madness constitute inhabitable territories in which to go into exile facing with a feeling of social and moral isolation. It will question if they are crazy or sane characters because madness, in Oeil-de-Dieu and in Don Quixote, is a madness that is only shown in the anecdotal, but the ideals they defend are those of a sane person. Therefore, this study will demonstrate that this madness is sanity in essence and will underline the universality Cervantes’ work.
L'esemplarità di Tisbe nel De mulieribus claris di Boccaccio
Authors: Rodríguez Mesa Francisco José
Published: January 2021

Chapter XIII of De mulieribus claris is devoted to the biography of Thisbe. For his narration, Boccaccio uses as his main source the fourth book of Ovid’s Metamorphoses although at certain times he modifies the Latin work. For instance, the suffering of Pyramus is no longer equal to that of Thisbe, and the Babylonian maid is the main victim of the love narrated: firstly because of the prohibition of her parents and later for the delay of Pyramus’s arrival at the agreed appointment.

Considering all these peculiarities, this paper analyses chapter XIII of the De mulieribus claris and its main character with the purpose of reflecting on their originality and trying to determine if, taking these specificities into account, the Babylonian girl can be considered as an exemplary woman in Boccaccio’s work and why.

Il capitolo XIII del De mulieribus claris è dedicato alla biografia di Tisbe. Per la sua narrazione, Boccaccio utilizza come fonte principale il quarto libro delle Metamorfosi ovidiane sebbene in certi momenti si distacchi dall’opera latina. Ad esempio, la sofferenza di Piramo non è più all’altezza di quella di Tisbe, e la fanciulla babilonese è la principale vittima dell’amore narrato: in primis per la proibizione dei propri genitori e in un secondo momento per la tardività di Piramo nell’arrivare all’appuntamento accordato.

Considerando queste particolarità, questo articolo analizza il capitolo XIII del De mulieribus claris e la sua protagonista con lo scopo di riflettere sull’originalità e di cercare di determinare se, tenuto conto di queste specificità, la ragazza babilonese possa considerarsi un personaggio esemplare all’interno della silloge e perché.
Rzecz z dziejów Nowej Hiszpanii como una reescritura polaca de la Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España de Bernardino de Sahagún
Authors: Kasperska Iwona
Published: January 2021

El artículo está dedicado a una enciclopedia de la cultura nahua, Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España, del siglo XVI y una de sus ediciones polaca Rzecz z dziejów Nowej Hiszpanii. Księgi I, II i III (2007), editada por Kamila Baraniecka. Tradicionalmente, dicha enciclopedia es considerada como el resultado del trabajo de campo etnográfico efectuado por un fraile franciscano español, Bernardino de Sahagún, cuestión que se discute aquí ampliamente. Resulta que el polisistema polaco dispone de cuatro diferentes reescrituras-traducciones de fragmentos seleccionados de la enciclopedia, que se centran en distintos temas. No obstante, se presta una atención especial a la traducción hecha en base a un hipertexto español (Primeros memoriales) y un hipertexto inglés (himnos) que son unas versiones del “original” bilingüe. La edición de Baraniecka es analizada como la que tiene carácter científico y, aparte de centrarse en la religión azteca, se complementa con una serie de diversos paratextos, como una introducción, notas a pie de página y un glosario.

This paper is devoted to an 16th century encyclopaedia of the Nahua culture, General History of the Things of New Spain, and one of its Polish editions Rzecz z dziejów Nowej Hiszpanii. Księgi I, II i III (2007) edited by Kamila Baraniecka. Traditionally, the encyclopaedia is considered as a result of the ethnographic fieldwork of a Spanish Franciscan friar, Bernardino de Sahagún, a question that is largely discussed here. It turns out that the Polish polysystem deals with four different rewritings-translations of selected fragments of the encyclopaedia, which are focused on different topics. Nevertheless, special attention is paid to the edition translated from Spanish (Primeros memoriales) and English (hymns) hypertexts of the “original” bilingual encyclopaedia. Baraniecka’s edition is analysed as a scientific one, focused on the Aztec religion, and completed with a series of various paratexts, such as an introduction, footnotes and a glossary.
De la promenade comme itinéraire d'apprentissage en littérature de jeunesse
Authors: Charmion Timothée
Published: January 2021

This article proposes to analyze the function of land and aerial walking in Le petit garçon qui avait envie d'espace by Jean Giono. Crucial and constantly present throughout the story, the walking pattern will give us the possibility to wonder where the story leads the young hero but also his adult alter ego: Giono himself. Our study will be essentially stylistic. As far as the methodology is concerned, we are mainly indebted, to a large extent, to the poetics of Gaston Bachelard, who takes the form of reading and writing-walking and produces dynamic reflection. Thus, the study of the chosen text will also refer to other works by Giono such as Jean Le Bleu and Le voyageur immobile and to those of other youth literature writers such as Lewis Carroll. Building series by the game of neighborhoods and echoes, we will try to approach Giono's fascination with the bush routes, the great outdoors and the airways, necessarily initiatory, which lead to them.

Cet article se propose d'étudier la fonction de la promenade terrestre et aérienne dans Le petit garçon qui avait envie d'espace de Jean Giono. Centrale et présente tout au long du récit, nous nous demanderons notamment où elle conduit le jeune héros mais aussi son double adulte : Giono lui-même. Notre étude passera d'abord par une analyse stylistique du récit de l'auteur. En ce qui concerne la méthodologie, nous tenterons de nous départir d'une démarche tenant à la fois de la lecture et de l'écriture-promenade, productrice de réflexion dynamique. Ainsi, l'étude du texte choisi se fera aussi en référence à d'autres œuvres de Giono et à celles d'autres auteurs ayant écrit à destination de la jeunesse. En construisant des séries par le jeu des voisinages et des échos, nous tâcherons d'approcher la fascination de Giono pour les itinéraires buissonniers, les grands espaces et les voies aériennes, forcément initiatiques, qui y conduisent.
¿Lealtades cambiantes en críquet? Un estudio cualitativo longitudinal de los seguidores de la Superliga de Pakistán
Authors: Hasaan A.
Published: January 2021

El críquet siempre ha sido conocido por sus competiciones de nivel internacional; sin embargo, recientemente se ha introducido el formato de liga. El propósito del presente estudio es investigar los motivos de la lealtad (y deslealtad) de los seguidores de este deporte en el contexto de la Superliga de Pakistán (PSL). Para ello, se estableció un estudio cualitativo longitudinal entre los seguidores de la PSL. El primer estudio se realizó antes del comienzo de la PSL y el segundo estudio se realizó al final de la PSL. Las respuestas de los participantes indicaron que los seguidores de la PSL tienen lealtades cambiantes y a corto plazo. El estudio identificó varias razones que motivan a los seguidores a separarse de un equipo / deportista y unirse a otro equipo / deportista. En el contexto de los equipos, se encontraron cuatro motivos: rendimiento, ubicación, el equipo en sí y el deportista; mientras que, en el contexto de los deportistas, se encontraron tres motivos diferentes: rendimiento, atributos fuera del campo y otros atributos dentro del campo. Los resultados de este estudio también se discuten en el contexto de la literatura previa.

Cricket has always been known for its international level competitions; however, recently, league-format has been introduced into it. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the motives of fans’ loyalty (and disloyalty) in the context of Pakistan Super League (PSL). For this purpose, a longitudinal qualitative study was established among the PSL fans. The first study was conducted before the beginning of the PSL and the second study was conducted at the end of PSL. The responses of the participants indicated that the PSL fans have short-term and changeable loyalties. The study identified various reasons that motivate fans to detach from one team/athlete and attach to another team/athlete. In the context of teams, four motives emerged: performance, location, the team itself and the athlete; whereas, in the context of athletes, three different motives emerged: performance, off-field attributes and other on-field attributes. The results of the study are also discussed in the context of the previous literature.
El impacto del marketing sensorial en la lealtad de los clientes en los clubes deportivos privados: Utilizando el valor percibido como variable mediadora
Authors: Soleimani M. , Ahmadi S. , Akbar Zohrehvand A.
Published: January 2021

El propósito de esta investigación fue investigar el efecto del marketing sensorial en la lealtad de los clientes de los clubes deportivos privados, con el papel mediador del valor percibido. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 385 personas (18 a 65 años) que acudían a clubes deportivos privados en Teherán en 2019. Los tres instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cuestionario de Marketing Sensorial, Cuestionario de Valor Percibido, Cuestionario de Lealtad Conductual y Actitudinal. El análisis de datos mostró que el marketing sensorial a través del valor percibido puede ser eficaz en la lealtad de conducta y de actitud de los clientes de los clubes deportivos privados. Por tanto, los directivos de los clubes deportivos deben ir más allá de medir la satisfacción del cliente y la calidad de los servicios prestados y centrarse en la fidelización de los clientes, porque la clave para atraer y fidelizar clientes es mejorar su actitud positiva hacia los proveedores de servicios deportivos.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of sensory marketing on customer loyalty of private sports clubs, with the mediating role of perceived value. The sample was composed of 385 people (18 to 65 years old) who attended private sports clubs in Tehran in 2019. The three instruments used were: Sensory Marketing Questionnaire, Perceived Value Questionnaire, Behavioral and Attitudinal Loyalty Questionnaire. The data analysis showed that sensory marketing through perceived value can be effective in the behavioral and attitudinal loyalty of customers of private fitness clubs. Therefore, the managers of sports clubs should go beyond measuring customer satisfaction and the quality of services provided and focus on customer loyalty, because the key to attract and retain customers is to improve their positive attitude towards sports service providers.
Fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas de la industria del fútbol en la provincia iraní de Mazandarán
Authors: Darzi Khelradi R. , Hami M. , Shojaei V. , Sanai M.
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas de la industria del fútbol en la provincia iraní de Mazandarán. La muestra del presente estudio estuvo formada por 80 expertos en fútbol (92,5% hombres y 7,5% mujeres). El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario válido y fiable que consta de cuatro partes: 1- Fortalezas (17 preguntas), 2- Debilidades (25 preguntas), 3- Oportunidades (13 preguntas) y 4- Amenazas (19 preguntas). El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS 24. Los resultados mostraron que la industria del fútbol de Mazandarán tenía más debilidades que fortalezas y más amenazas que oportunidades. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, los autores proponen una serie de estrategias para mejorar la industria del fútbol de esta provincia utilizando el enfoque FODA.

The objective of this study was to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of football industry in the Iranian Mazandaran Province. The sample of the present study consisted of 80 football experts (92.5% males and 7.5% females). The instrument used was a valid and reliable questionnaire consisting of four parts: 1- Strengths (17 questions), 2- Weaknesses (25 questions), 3- Opportunities (13 questions) and 4- Threats (19 questions). The statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS 24. The results showed that Mazandaran football industry had more weaknesses than strengths and more threats than opportunities. Considering these results, the authors propose a series of strategies to improve the football industry of this province using the SWOT approach.
Marketing transmedia: Análisis del ecosistema narrativo de la campaña publicitaria Leyes de la amistad de Pilsen Callao
Authors: Atarama-Rojas Tomás , Castañeda-Purizaga Lucía , Frías Oliva Luis
Published: January 2021

Hoy en día, gracias a la convergencia de medios, la publicidad puede utilizar en sus campañas estrategias que combinen los medios tradicionales con los digitales, que incorporen distintas plataformas y que involucren la participación de los consumidores, afianzando así su engagement con la marca. Los consumidores necesitan más que publicidades tradicionales que solo describen al producto y sus beneficios, necesitan que las marcas les cuenten historias inolvidables, que transmitan emociones, generen empatía, y con las cuáles se puedan identificar.Este artículo presenta un análisis del ecosistema narrativo de la campaña Leyes de la amistad de la marca cervecera peruana Pilsen Callao. A través del estudio de las diversas piezas que fueron parte de dicha campaña, tanto en soportes digitales como en medios tradicionales, y del aporte de sus elementos a su estructura y fomento de interacción con su público objetivo, se determinó que esta es de carácter transmedia y que logró superar sus objetivos con éxito, ya que tras su lanzamiento, la marca aumentó en un 27% su volumen de ventas.
Numerical simulation of filling and evacuating process of impurity gas in target capsule of inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Zou Xiong , Qi Xiao-Bo , Zhang Tao-Xian , Gao Zhang-Fan , Huang Wei-Xing ,   School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China,   Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
Published: January 2021

Cryogenic target is one of the key components of inertial confinement fusion. The removal degree and efficiency of impurity gas in cryogenic target are of great significance to the on-line preparation of ice layer for cryogenic target fuel. According to the design requirements of cryogenic target physics for impurity content in ice layer, the influence factors of upper limit of partial pressure are analyzed, based on the derivation of the calculation formula of maximum allowable partial pressure of impurity gas in the target. Then the flow field of air and hydrogen in microchannels is investigated, and the filling and evacuation model of gas flow in a microscaled filling tube is established. The dynamic simulations of microtubules with different lengths and diameters are carried out. The results show that the microtubules with a length of 5 mm could save 80% of the time compared with the microtubules of 50 mm in length when the microtubule is 5 μm in diameter. At the same time, the total flow washing time decreases by 46% when the diameter of 2 μm is doubled under the condition of 20-mm-long microtubule. Considering the requirements for efficiency and fusion stability, four kinds of tubes are proposed and simulated. The results indicate that the conical transition tube has a strong flow capacity and high flow evacuation efficiency, and is suitable for use as a filling microtubule. On the basis of the best tube shape, the comparison between the two processes under different intermediate pressures is carried out with the time and number of filling and evacuating serving as evaluation criterion. Ultimately, the intermediate pressure of 52000 Pa is selected, the total number of evacuation is 10 and the time is 758 s. Finally, the effect of temperature on the evacuation efficiency is studied in a temperature range of 113 K－293 K in steps of 60 K. The results show that the total time of filling and evacuation will be reduced by 15% on the basis of normal temperature when the temperature is reduced by 60 K, which proves the feasibility of evacuation at low temperature in practical operation.
Research on the peak energy spectrum of the solar cosmic ray ground level enhancement event (GLE72)
Authors: Zhang Yun-Feng , Jia Huan-Yu , Wang Hui ,   School of Physical Sicence and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
Published: January 2021

The ground level enhancement (GLE) event energy spectrum provides important information about the acceleration and propagation of cosmic ray. In this paper, we analyze the proton flux peak energy spectrum of recent GLE event (2017.09 GLE72) by using GOES15 satellite and neutron monitor experiment data. The method of adjacent averaging smoothing and weighted average are applied to study GOES15 satellite data, and obtain the flux peak and flux peak time. By fitting, the energy spectrum index of proton flux peak is 1.88 in the satellite observation energy range. Again, the energy spectrum index of the neutron monitor observation energy range, 4.86, is obtained by using the new neutron monitor yield function. It can be seen that the peak energy spectrum index given by satellites in the lower energy range (5–433 MeV) is much smaller than that given by the neutron monitor in the higher energy range (0.44–19 GeV). This means that, the energy spectrum in the lower energy range is harder than that in the higher energy range. Hence, the results of the energy spectrum could be explained qualitatively by the re-acceleration mechanism of high energy solar particles. In the low corona region, first, the particles released by the solar flare are accelerated, and the energy spectrum index of the high-energy range is twice that of the low-energy range. Then part of the solar high energy particles from the low corona enter into the CME, where they will be re-acceleration by the shock wave. The GLE72 event high energy range energy spectrum index given by the neutron monitor experiment is 4.86, so the energy spectrum index in low energy range should be 4.86/2 = 2.43. However, the low energy range energy spectrum index is 1.88 (lower than 2.43 in low energy range). The reason may be that the energy spectrum index is further reduced due to the re-acceleration effect in the shock wave generated by the CME. The observation of GLE event is one of the main research subjects of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Also, the GLE72 proton peak energy spectrum results provide important information to observe solar high energy particles in the LHAASO experiment.
Theoretical study on temperature-bias phase diagram of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Lü Jie , Fang He-Nan , Lü Tao-Tao , Sun Xing-Yu ,   College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
Published: January 2021

MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction is a hot issue in the field of spin electronic devices, and its temperature and bias voltage play quite an important role in practical applications. Therefore, it is desiderated to obtain the temperature-bias phase diagram of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction. This paper develops a theory which is suitable for magnetic tunnel junctions with single crystal barrier. In this theory, the single crystal barrier is regarded as a periodic grating, and the tunneling process is treated by optical diffraction theory, so the coherence of the tunneling electron can be well taken into account. Most importantly, the theory can handle both the temperature effect and bias effect of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions. According to the present theory, the temperature-bias phase diagram of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions is calculated under different half the exchange splittings, chemical potentials and periodic potentials. The theoretical results show that the extreme phase point of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) can move to high temperature region through regulating half the exchange splitting Δ of ferromagnetic electrode of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction. This will be beneficial to the applications of magnetic tunnel junctions at room temperature. Moreover, the chemical potential μ can change the bias corresponding to the maximum phase point of TMR. As is well known, the chemical potential will vary with the material of ferromagnetic electrode. Therefore, if the material of ferromagnetic electrode is chosen with a proper chemical potential, we can obtain a large TMR under high bias voltage. In other words, the output voltage can be considerably increased. This will be favorable for the preparation of high power devices. In addition, it is found that the phase diagram of TMR is significantly dependent on periodic potential v( K h). As a result, the effects of temperature and bias voltage in the MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions can be optimized by regulating half the exchange splitting Δ, chemical potential μ, and periodic potential v( K h). The present work provides a solid theoretical foundation for the applications of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions.
Preparation, structures and properties of tungsten-containing refractory high entropy alloys
Authors: Huang Wen-Jun , Qiao Jun-Wei , Chen Shun-Hua , Wang Xue-Jiao , Wu Yu-Cheng ,   Research Center for High-Entroy Alloys, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China,   Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering of New Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China,   National-Local Joint Engneering Research Center of Nonferrous Metals and Processing Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Published: January 2021

As a new type of multi-principal component solid solution alloy, high-entropy alloy has the four major effects, i.e. high entropy, lattice distortion, slow diffusion, and “cocktail” in orderly arrangement of atoms and chemical disorder. It exhibits excellent comprehensive performances and is expected to be used as a new type of high-temperature structural material, wear-resistant material, and radiation-resistant material, which is used in the areas of aerospace, mining machinery, nuclear fusion reactors and others. In this paper, the present research status, conventional preparation methods, microstructures and phase compositions of tungsten high entropy alloys are mainly introduced. In view of the excellent comprehensive properties of high-entropy alloys, the mechanical properties, friction and wear resistance, and radiation resistance of tungsten high-entropy alloys are summarized, and the future research directions of tungsten high-entropy alloys are also prospected.
The Knowledge Nexus in Teacher Qualification
Authors: Jarning Harald
Published: January 2021

Research in teacher education institutions has undergone a rapid dual process of expansion and differentiation over the past decades. A major effort in this article is to register and discuss key institutional and intellectual changes in education research linked to the case of Norway. This overview gives a background for discussion of the impacts from the growing research in teacher education units regarding the knowledge dynamics in general teacher education.
In the wake of the less segmented research policies of the last quarter of a century, emphasis on direct contributions of research to the qualification of teachers has become a highly visible issue. I will argue that with the concurrent expansion and diversification of education research, it has become vital to understand how the internal hybrid knowledge dynamics can support the quest for greater coherence in the qualification and professional repertoire of new teachers. Simultaneously, awareness of how research-driven knowledge specialisation can increase academic drift, fragmentation and professional disorientation in teacher education programmes is needed.
In the mapping of research trajectories in the field of general teacher education, the contrasts between epistemic patterns in the didactic phase of secondary disciplinarisation are compared to the educational phase. Awareness across teacher education faculty of such research-driven changes can support receptivity towards disciplinary as well as cross-disciplinary challenges and of scholarly care for a more thorough and balanced professional knowledge base. Such common professional orientations can also support the cultivation of interchanges between research, teaching and innovation, and within and across arenas and disciplines contributing to the qualification of good teachers.