bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ins and outs of assistants' accommodation
Authors: Turner Trevor
Published: October 2010

Unlike their European and North American contemporaries, veterina assistants in Britain traditionally receive accommodation with te job. Here, TREVOR TURNER discusses the value of the benefit and asks, should the profession instead be paying a ‘living wage’?
Differential diagnosis and treatment of sheep scab
Authors: Sargison Neil
Published: October 2010

CLINICAL sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis infestation) is a highly contagious ectoparasitic disease affecting sheep of all ages. The clinical signs include pruritus, serous exudation and eventually severe debilitation in untreated sheep. The failure to identify early lesions and/or improper treatment of sheep infested with P ovis, are real welfare concerns. Following the deregulation of the previous sheep scab control measures (Sheep Scab [National Dip] Order 1990) in July 1992, there has been an alarming increase in the number of outbreaks of sheep scab reported in the UK. There is now no statutory device to ensure that sheep are correctly plunge‐dipped for the control of P ovis infestation. Veterinary surgeons must, therefore, advise on the most appropriate treatment for each outbreak of sheep scab, depending on the severity of the infestation, the stage of pregnancy of the sheep and the handling facilities available.
Cryosurgery ‐ toy or tool?
Authors: Burley Ken
Published: October 2010

‘If in doubt, freeze it’ was a maxim of the 1980s. It reflected a belief in the almost magical properties of cryosurgery and hence its extensive use and misuse. In this article, the fifth of the ‘toy or tool’ series, Ken Burley assesses the pros and cons of the procedure.
Conjunctival pedicle grafts
Authors: Habin David
Published: October 2010

ANY surgical technique employed in the management of ulcerative keratitis should fulfil the following functions: protecting the corneal surface during the corneal healing period; preventing the progression of corneal ulceration to corneal perforation; retarding corneal stromal 'melting'; and aiding the repair of corneal perforation. The two most frequently performed techniques are third eyelid flaps and conjunctival pedicle grafts, the latter being the technique of choice in cases of deep and/or progressive corneal ulceration.
Cystitis and ascending pyelonephritis in the sow
Authors: Carr John , Walton John , Done Stan
Published: October 2010

CYSTITIS and pyelonephritis is reported to account for between 7 and 29 per cent of adult sow deaths, although it has become less common in the UK in recent years. While clinically the condition must be treated on an individual basis, where a number of animals are affected the disease can affect farm performance. This article discusses the treatment of the individual sow and the various protocols for controlling cystitis in a herd.
The seduction of novelty
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

WHAT stimulates the first thought in a practitioner's mind that the practice should acquire a new piece of equipment? Before investing in new items, a thorough investigation should be conducted to ascertain whether the potential level of use of a new piece of equipment justifies its purchase.
Protecting your investment
Authors: Paine Michael
Published: October 2010

PROTECTING yourself, your dependants and your practice is not a one‐off action, it must be part of an ongoing review. This article sets out a programme of insurance and personal financial planning relevant to individual and practice needs.
Fighting the flab ‐ a question of cooperation
Authors: Jevring Caroline
Published: October 2010

OBESITY is one of the most challenging conditions for veterinary surgeons to manage effectively. The success of a treatment programme depends completely on gaining the cooperation of the owner who is often fundamental to both cause and treatment of the condition. This article explains how to set up an effective weight management programme in practice.
Rational perioperative antibacterial therapy
Authors: Hotston Alasdair
Published: October 2010

ANTIBACTERIAL agents do not cure bacterial infections; rather, they allow the natural defence mechanisms of the body, both immune‐mediated and innate, to eliminate infection. They work most effectively when the causes of infection are controlled. In rational antibacterial therapy the use of antibacterial agents is restricted to situations where they are essential and have the most realistic chances of success. This article largely concerns antibiotic therapy in the context of surgical chemoprophylaxis. It highlights general points applicable to all involved with the use of antibacterial agents and also briefly considers the role of these drugs in the management of patients with indwelling drains and catheters.
Equine dental surgery
Authors: Howarth Simon
Published: October 2010

EQUINE dental surgery has evolved slowly over the past 150 years because of the lack of adequate instrumentation to overcome the limited access to the equine oral cavity and the complicated regional anatomy of the horse's head. Although an age‐old procedure, the removal of diseased dental tissue is still fraught with potential hazards, the consequences of which may not only be disastrous but can also result in litigation. The surgical management of equine dental disease should, therefore, not be undertaken lightly.
The business of buying and selling veterinary practices
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

BEFORE undertaking the purchase or sale of a practice, it is important that both parties behave in a committed and businesslike manner. What is the best way of achieving a mutually acceptable deal to ensure a smooth transfer of ownership? This article considers some of the issues to be addressed.
Impact of multimedia
Authors: Little Geoff
Published: October 2010

WITH the latest computer technology, it is possible for anyone to produce professional looking artwork with the minimum amount of fuss. However, there can be a further impact on your lifestyle.
It shouldn't happen to a vet. . .
Authors: Tindall John
Published: October 2010

IN today's world, communication should present no problems to running a practice efficiently. The Veterinary Defence Society accepts that many of the cases presented to it result from misunderstandings and personal communication failures, but the four cases highlighted in this article refer to the communication systems used to transmit client needs to the ’on duty‘ practitioner.
Diagnosis of central nervous system disorders in the pig
Authors: Done Stan
Published: October 2010

THE wide range of neurological disorders of the pig provide a special challenge to the skills of the clinician and pathologist. The most frequent clinical sign is sudden death; it is a major indicator of two of the commonest neurological disorders ‐ water deprivation syndrome and streptococcal meningitis. This obviously precludes any investigation, other than a post mortem examination. In the living animal, neurological disorders may manifest with many simultaneous signs. Because neurological examination is a potentially frightening and largely impossible project, differential diagnosis is often not attempted, and immediate resort is made to slaughter. Despite these problems it is possible to achieve a diagnosis. The practice of neurology depends, for the most part, on detailed clinical examination and history taking. The retrospective evaluation of all aspects of the environment in its widest sense, including in particular nutrition and feeding methods, is of the utmost importance.
Somatic cell counts and the new milk market
Authors: Edmondson Peter
Published: October 2010

MANY changes have occurred in relation to herd somatic cell counts over the past few years, in particular since the demise of the Milk Marketing Board in October 1994. The final stage of EU legislation governing cell counts will be implemented on July 1, 1997.
Ultrasonography of the palmar metacarpus and pastern in the horse
Authors: McDiarmid Andrew
Published: October 2010

INJURIES to the tendons and ligaments of the palmar metacarpus are common and of great economic importance to the equine industry. Prior to the development of diagnostic ultrasonography, the diagnosis of tendon injuries was based primarily on palpation. Ultrasonography has provided the equine clinician with a non‐invasive technique for assessing the type and extent of tendon damage and monitoring the progress of healing. This article describes the soft tissue anatomy of the palmar metacarpus and pastern and the ultrasonographic examination of injuries to the tendinous structures of these areas.
Alphachloralose
Authors: Foster Darren
Published: October 2010

ALPHACHLORALOSE is used as a rodenticide and bird poison. It has been employed in the past as a general anaesthetic agent for laboratory animals because of its central depressive properties. It is presented as oatmeal‐type particles (4 per cent alphachloralose) or cake crumb/cereal preparations (2 per cent alphachloralose).
Computerisation ‐ defining the way ahead
Authors: Barrow Martin
Published: October 2010

MANY veterinary practices today have computer systems and use them quite effectively to assist in the management of the business. They have decided which activities to computerise, how to implement the changes and which systems to use. Other practices, however, remain undecided or wary of computers and the changeover is not something they look forward to.
Keeping a finger on the practice pulse
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

IT is important to be able to check on the financial health of a practice. This can be done by calculating simple parameters and monitoring how they change over time. Comparisons can also be made with other practices.
Post weaning respiratory syndrome in the pig
Authors: White Mark
Published: October 2010

UP until 1991, the British pig herd had enjoyed a period of health that was not complicated by major persistent viral involvement. In May 1991, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (blue‐eared pig disease) appeared in this country, followed at the end of 1991 by the emergence of a swine influenza virus strain that was a variant of the H1N1 swine strain seen since 1986 and designated H1 195852. Since then, a syndrome of disease in pigs in the immediate post weaning period has assumed a major role in pig production in Great Britain under many different husbandry systems. It is referred to variously as blue flu, chronic respiratory disease, post weaning respiratory syndrome or fading weaner syndrome.
Pet superstores ‐ threat or opportunity?
Authors: Bower John
Published: October 2010

TRADITIONALLY, the veterinary profession has had a love‐hate relationship with the pet shop. Vets provided medicine and surgery, while the shops provided the pet and its accessories ‐ lead, collar, food and bedding. More recently, the lines of distinction have become blurred. Vets, as well as expressing concern over the welfare of dogs and cats for sale in pet shops, also stock pet food and behavioural therapy aids and toys to sell to clients; pet shops retail ear and skin treatments plus other over the counter products and do not refer customers to the vet as often as in the past. Now a super breed of pet shop has emerged ‐ the pet superstore. Here, John Bower asks, does it represent a threat to the small pet shop and to traditional small animal practice, or an opportunity?
Practice property ‐ pursuing the leasing option
Authors: Arthur Nick
Published: October 2010

THE location of a practice is a significant contributing factor to the success of the business. The premises from which the business is run can be either purchased freehold or leased from a landlord on commercial terms. In the April issue of [i]In Practice[/i], the issues concerned with buying a practice were considered. Here, aspects pertinent to leasing are explored.
Tax efficient remuneration
Authors: Bailey James
Published: October 2010

Tax efficient remuneration involves providing people with rewards for their efforts which attract less tax or National Insurance contributions than cash payments. In effect, such rewards increase the amount of time employees spend in a week working for themselves rather than the Government. This article suggests some ways of redressing the balance a little in favour of the employees.
Decision making in the managemnent of canine hip dysplasia
Authors: Coughlan Andrew
Published: October 2010

CANINE hip dysplasia is an abnormal development of the hip joint. Despite efforts to reduce its incidence by radiographic screening and controlled breeding programmes, it is still a common clinical problem. Whether dealing with a young dog with lax, subluxating hips or an adult animal with advanced osteoarthritis, the same dilemma often faces the clinician ‐ will surgery benefit the patient and, if so, which procedure is most appropriate?
Credit control in mixed practice
Authors: Fairley Jo
Published: October 2010

WE are an 11‐vet mixed practice with a purpose‐built hospital in a small town in Gloucestershire, and three branch surgeries. Our problems in credit control range from cajoling a cheque out of a large dairy client before the account runs up to £10,000, to apprehending a hamster client who owes £5 and is head‐down going towards the exit.
Peculiar drug poisonings in pets
Authors: Thursby‐Pelham Charles
Published: October 2010

A POISON is any substance which, when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism in small quantities, destroys life or injures health. Paracelsus, in the early 1500s, said that all things were poisonous and only the dose determined how much so. His statement is well illustrated by the substances encompassed in this article: these drugs are deliberately taken by people for reasons of therapy or abuse but, when consumed by animals, either as a result of the dose or the particular sensitivity of the animal, they produce intoxication.
Embracing the philosophy of Investors in People
Authors: Clarke Carole
Published: October 2010

INVESTORS in People is a national standard which is both an award and a philosophy indicating that a business acknowledges its staff as its most valuable asset, and is committed to developing them in line with clearly set out business objectives. There must be adequate systems in place for training and evaluation and a commitment to continual improvement. Whether or not a practice intends to undergo the formal process of assessment, the standard is a valuable one to aim for as it offers a useful framework for practice development and improvement.
Disciplinaries and dismissals: ensuring a fair case
Authors: Hart Nicholas
Published: October 2010

FOR many veterinary surgeons, as with other professionals in partnership, the problems arising out of employing support and professional staff can be daunting. If these are of a serious enough nature to warrant disciplinary action, it is important to ensure that the procedures are applied properly. Some critical points of good practice, designed to avoid employment problems, are discussed in this article.
Medical treatment of otitis externa in the dog and cat
Authors: Little Chris
Published: October 2010

OTITIS externa is extremely common among small animals and can be frustrating to manage. Some primary causes of otitis and predisposing and perpetuating factors for the condition were highlighted in an article in the previous issue (pp 9–16). That article also described a simple approach to the investigation of otitis. Here, the medical treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats is discussed.
Decision making in the management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Miller Andrew
Published: October 2010

RUPTURE of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common causes of chronic hindlimb lameness in dogs and accounts for a significant fraction of the case load of many referral surgeons, practices and teaching institutions. Difficulty in diagnosis and uncertainty as to the best method of treatment appear to be the main factors contributing to the high case load. This article describes the diagnostic signs and tests that the author finds most helpful and discusses the various treatment options.
Decision making in the treatmment for hyperthyroidism in cats
Authors: Mooney Carmel
Published: October 2010

FELINE hyperthyroidism is a frequently encountered disorder with which practitioners are now familiar. Currently, there are three methods of treatment for the hyperthyroid cat. This article looks at the advantages and disadvantages of each and discusses the factors to bear in mind when formulating a treatment regimen for an individual animal.
Manipulation of milk protein content in dairy cows
Authors: Chamberlan Tom
Published: October 2010

AS a result of market forces and producer constraints most dairy farmers are wanting to increase milk protein while maintaining, or depressing, butterfat composition. This article discusses ways of raising the milk protein content through nutritional means.
Cervical pain in small animals
Authors: McKee Malcolm
Published: October 2010

CERVICAL pain is a common presentation in small animal practice and often results in significant distress to both the patient and owner. It is of the utmost importance to obtain a prompt definitive diagnosis so that the prognosis can be determined and appropriate management instituted. Radiography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis are the two most useful ancillary aids.
Veterinary life down under
Authors: Neville Ian
Published: October 2010

THE British veterinary profession is perhaps more closely linked to that in Australia than to any other in the world. Cultural, political and family ties are perpetuated by mutual recognition of degrees, extensive cooperation and shared aspirations for the profession. Here, Ian Neville, who is currently working in Australia, compares veterinary life in Britain and Australia.
Easing the burden of risk assessnments
Authors: Newby John
Published: October 2010

THE first experience most practices would have had of the need to make formal risk assessments came with the introduction of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (CDSHH) Regulations 1988. These have since been revised and extended as COSHH 1994. New regulations which came into force in 1992 applied the COSHH principles to all aspects of the work of all enterprises. However, what is risk assessment? Why is it necessary? How are risk assessments made and what risk have to be assessed? This article sets out to provide some answers.
Decision making in the treatment of pelvic fractures in small animals
Authors: Innes John , Butterworth Steve
Published: October 2010

PELVIC fractures are usually the result of major trauma. In many cases there will be concomitant injuries to other tissues and this, together with the varied configuration of pelvic fractures, can present a challenge to the attending clinician. Careful patient management is a prerequisite for fracture assessment and treatment. Several factors will determine whether conservative or surgical management is appropriate. This article outlines a logical approach to the dog or cat presented with pelvic fractures.
Dealing with cutaneous staphylococcal infection in dogs
Authors: Lloyd David
Published: October 2010

STAPHYLOCOCCAL infection resulting in various forms of pyoderma is one of the commonest problems faced by veterinary surgeons in practice. Most forms of pyoderma are recurrent and the cost of therapy represents a severe burden for owners. A better understanding of the ecology of the staphylococci and the factors which promote infection can lead to more rational and effective therapeutic approaches.
Speaking in public ‐ will it be alright on the night?
Authors: Butcher Ray
Published: October 2010

AN invitation to speak in public provides a tremendous opportunity to educate the audience on matters such as animal welfare and responsible pet ownership. It also gives a chance to promote the image of the veterinary profession in general and obviously the speaker's clinic and services in particular. Although only a few are ‘born naturals’, most people are extrovert enough so that, with a little preparation, they can take full advantage of this opportunity. Clearly a poor performance could have an adverse effect. Here are some hints to ensure that everything will ‘be alright on the night’.
It shouldn't happen to a vet…
Authors: Tindall John
Published: October 2010

FAILING to check the facts, the history or the details found during an investigation can lead to aggrieved clients and claims for compensation. This article considers several examples of a type of case regularly notified to the Veterinary Defence Society, where additional checking would have prevented claims being made.
Teat disinfection in dairy herds
Authors: Blowey Roger , Edmondson Peter
Published: October 2010

TEAT disinfection is one of the most important preventive measures in mastitis control. It is carried out either immediately prior to milking (pre‐dipping) or, most commonly, after milking (post dipping). Pre‐dipping controls environmental mastitis; the disinfectant is allowed a minimum of 30 seconds contact time and is then wiped from the teats before applying the cluster. Post dipping controls contagious mastitis; the disinfectant is applied as soon as the cluster is removed and the teats are left unwiped. This article examines the reasons for teat disinfection, the chemicals used and methods of application, and highlights associated management faults.
Differential diagnosis of faecal tenesmus in dogs
Authors: Simpson Jim
Published: October 2010

IN general, tenesmus is a symptom of large intestinal disease but in particular it is associated with conditions of the rectum and/or anus. The differential diagnosis of faecal tenesmus includes mechanical obstruction and inflammatory conditions of the colon, rectum and anus.
Integrating behaviour counselling into practice
Authors: Bower Caroline
Published: October 2010

IT is estimated that one in five dogs has a behaviour problem. The figure for cats is considerably lower, but problems do exist. In this article, Caroline Bower offers some advice to those practitioners who may be considering establishing a behaviour counselling service in their practice.
Handling and clinical examination of psittacine birds
Authors: Malley Dermod
Published: October 2010

BIRDS are able to mask the signs of illness. This is regarded by many workers as their ‘preservation reflex’ ‐ a response to the perceived threat of predators (or the presence of a clinician). As clinical signs are also kept from the bird‐keeper, the illness may be well advanced before it is noticed. Receptionists should therefore be instructed to regard all requests for attention to birds as urgent and not to leave cases until the following appointment session. The clinical examination of psittacines follows the same course as for any other animal: the procurement of a relevant history, careful observation and physical examination of the subject, followed by special investigations and tests (which will be the subject of later articles), to enable the attending clinician to prescribe a relevant course of treatment.
Diagnosis and treatment of corneal disorders in dogs
Authors: Renwick Peter
Published: October 2010

CORNEAL disease in dogs is commonly encountered in companion animal practice. Careful case assessment is required, using a number of basic diagnostic tools, in order to reach a diagnosis and institute appropriate treatment.
Partnerships or limited companies?
Authors: West Jayne
Published: October 2010

THE veterinary profession has discussed alternatives to the traditional practice structure for some years. Recently, a group of interested practices met to discuss the possibility of practices becoming limited companies, and subsequently called on the Royal College to permit this form of venture. Despite apparent interest, a [i]Veterinary Record[/i] leader on the subject of practice incorporation prompted a deafening silence, so is the matter simply being talked about or is there a real desire for something to happen?
Employing a paraprofessional in practice
Authors: Moore Bob
Published: October 2010

PRACTITIONERS of mature years will recall the days when every practice had a ‘yardsman’. His duties were wide‐ranging and might have included grooming the principal's horse ready for his rounds or assisting with manual tasks such as castrations. Perhaps he also would have cleaned the principal's spats and boots each morning. Nowadays, some practices employ a paraprofessional who will undertake tasks ranging from routine maintenance of property through to assisting with surgical procedures.
Caudal analgesia in sheep
Authors: Scott Phil
Published: October 2010

OBSTETRICAL problems occur all too commonly in sheep and pose serious welfare concerns. This article describes an analgesic regimen based on sacrococcygeal epidural xyalzine injection which has produced encouraging results in the field in the treatment of these cases.
For better for worse, for richer for poorer…
Authors: Jennings Sue
Published: October 2010

HOW easy is it for two vets who are married to each other to combine the responsibilities of family and career? What hurdles do they have to overcome to make it all work? In this article, Sue Jennings, a partner in a six‐person practice, gives a personal account of how she and her husband, Paul, a partner in a different, threeand‐ a‐half person practice, have coped with marriage, partnership and parenthood.
Diagnosis and management of peritonitis in small animals
Authors: Bray Jonathan
Published: October 2010

PERITONITIS is an inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. It may occur as a complication of abdominal surgery, a consequence of blunt abdominal trauma or following disease of abdominal organs. In spite of an improved understanding of the condition, the mortality rate remains high. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention are, therefore, vital to the success of therapy. This article is directed at improving the understanding of the pathophysiology of peritonitis, and outlines the current recommendations which contribute to its successful management.
Liver disease in dogs
Authors: Rutgers Carolien
Published: October 2010

LIVER disease in dogs can develop as a result of many different insults. Mild damage may repair itself since the liver has tremendous regenerative capabilities. Severe and/or chronic damage, however, may lead to progressive and self‐perpetuating chronic liver disease. The clinical signs of liver disease are usually non‐specific and laboratory testing is essential for its recognition and evaluation. A definitive diagnosis is usually based on a combination of laboratory tests, radiography and/or ultrasound, and ultimately on histological examination of a liver biopsy.
Tips for the travelling vet
Authors: Neville Ian
Published: October 2010

ENGLISH is the international language of science which, combined with an inherited legacy of friendly nations (in the form of the Commonwealth), makes working abroad a viable possibility for many in the British veterinary profession. Working abroad can offer a change of environment and a chance to learn new skills, to experience other cultures, to travel, to enhance income, to help people and their animals, to deal with new species and diseases and to conduct scientific research.
Post mortem examination of the hooves of cattle, horses, pigs and small ruminants under practice conditions
Authors: Ossent Pete , Lischer Christoph
Published: October 2010

A SOURCE of frustration for clinicians dealing with lameness in livestock is a discrepancy between pronounced clinical signs and a lack of visible changes in the hooves, especially in cattle and horses. In contrast, pigs' claws usually appear more severely altered from the exterior than they do from within; nevertheless, hidden lesions in pigs' feet are common. The same is true in small ruminants. A post mortem examination of feet from lame animals returned after slaughter is usually highly rewarding. This article describes a procedure whereby inaccessible and concealed lesions may be exposed by very simple means. The horn shoe is removed and its inner surface, the corium, its deeper layers, the tendons, ligaments, bursae, bone surfaces and joints are dissected. This provides an efficient and useful instrument for practitioners seeking the cause of clinical signs and, furthermore, may help support a decision to slaughter a lame animal lacking visible lesions.
Naso‐oesophageal tube feeding in dogs and cats
Authors: Cox Celia
Published: October 2010

NASO‐OESOPHAGEAL tube feeding is a useful method for providing dogs and cats with their nutritional requirements when they are either too ill or traumatised to eat voluntarily. This important aspect of patient treatment is often neglected. Yet, if unattended, the animal will not only suffer from the effects of the original illness, but also from the secondary effects of malnutrition. The latter increase patients' recovery time and may even threaten their survival. By introducing appropriate supplementary nutrition early on, many animals may be saved or returned to health more quickly.
Expert witnesses: the case for training
Authors: Pamplin Christopher
Published: October 2010

WRITING reports for use in court and giving expert evidence from the witness box demand skills quite different from those that most professionals acquire during the course of their careers. There is growing support for the idea of formal training in these skills.
Assessment of back pain in horses
Authors: Cauin Eddy
Published: October 2010

BACK pain is common in horses yet, in many cases, a definitive diagnosis remains elusive. The aim of this article is to present a systematic approach to the patient with a suspected back problem. For the present purposes, back pain is defined as pain arising from the thoracolumbar or sacral spine and associated soft tissues. Examination of the pelvis is also included.
Practical approach to reconstruction of wounds in small animal practice Part 2
Authors: Anderson Davina
Published: October 2010

REPAIR of large skin deficits can be an all‐round challenge, involving preoperative planning, careful preparation of the patient and a high standard of postoperative care. This article is not intended as a comprehensive guide to all ways of closing wounds, but covers some of the most useful techniques for reconstruction. The techniques may be used individually as a one‐step procedure or in combination as part of a staged process of wound closure. A sound understanding of the healing processes and the principles of surgical manipulation of the skin is essential in order to gain the most from these techniques. The aim is to achieve a functional and cosmetic repair in the shortest time possible, with least discomfort to the patient.
Bovine fertility ‐ practical implications of the maternal recognition of pregnancy
Authors: Sheldon Martin
Published: October 2010

REPRODUCTIVE wastage influences the herd calving index, culling rate, calving pattern, genetic progress and profitability, and has been estimated to cost the UK cattle industry £250 million per year. The majority of reproductive loss occurs before the expected time of the first return to oestrus following service. This period of approximately 21 days encompasses fertilisation, early embryogenesis and the maternal recognition of pregnancy. The aim of this article is to review those factors that influence early embryo survival and the success of the maternal recognition of pregnancy. A knowledge of these factors may allow veterinary surgeons to formulate strategies to increase the survival of embryos.
CT scanner: toy or tool?
Authors: Boydell Pip , Crossley David
Published: October 2010

TO date, the 'toy or tool?' series has focused on a variety of items of equipment routinely used in veterinary practice. In this article, Pip Boydell and David Crossley present a cost:benefit analysis of a rather more specialist piece of equipment ‐ a computed tomography scanner ‐ which they have been using in their practice over the past two years.
Notifiable viral diseases and spongiform encephalopathies of cattle, sheep and goats
Authors: Kitching Paul
Published: October 2010

THE establishment of the Single Market in the European Union and freer movement of animals and products has increased the risk that some diseases that have been eliminated from the United Kingdom could return, almost without notice. This article describes the important epidemiological and diagnostic features of the viral and subviral diseases of cattle, sheep and goats that are notifiable in the UK. An article on the notifiable diseases of pigs has been published previously in In Practice (May 1994, pp 110‐128).
Decision making in the management of canine intervertebral disc disease
Authors: Wheeler Simon
Published: October 2010

INTERVERTEBRAL disc disease is a frequent disorder of dogs; it is only rarely a cause of clinical signs in cats. Most clinicians are familiar with the diagnosis of the condition, but there may be some confusion about the most appropriate methods of treatment. While there is some controversy regarding certain regimens, particularly involving unconventional methods, there is a large amount of data in the veterinary literature concerning the disease. This article draws on this data to present guidelines which can be used in selecting the most appropriate method of treatment for individual patients.
An approach to hindlimb lameness 3. Local analgesic techniques
Authors: Dyson Sue
Published: October 2010

PERINEURAL local analgesia, ring blocks, intrasynovial analgesia and intrathecal analgesia are integral parts of many lameness investigations, either to identify or confirm the site(s) of pain. Before performing any form of local anaesthesia, it is important to establish the consistency of lameness and to be aware of the limitations of the techniques. If lameness is only slight and tends to improve spontaneously with exercise, interpretation of a nerve block is difficult. Very severe lameness, although consistent, may be improved only marginally by local analgesia. The order in which local analgesic techniques should be performed is determined by the presenting clinical signs and the skill of the investigator. An experienced clinician may be reasonably confident that pain arises from the tarsometatarsal joint, and therefore proceed directly to intra‐articular analgesia of the joint, whereas it may well behove an inexperienced practitioner to start with desensitisation of the foot region and proceed step‐wise proximally.
Planning permission and how to obtain it
Authors: Arthur Nick
Published: October 2010

MANY long‐established veterinary practices have existed since a time when planning consent was not needed or was easily obtained. Nowadays, the vet who wishes to buy an established practice, or who wishes to convert an existing building, is faced with negotiating with the local planning authority for permission to do so. This article gives a general introduction to the procedure for obtaining planning permission.
Decision making in the management of portosystemic shunts
Authors: Watson Penny
Published: October 2010

PORTOSYSTEMIC shunts are abnormal vascular communications allowing some of the portal blood draining the stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen to bypass the liver and directly enter the systemic circulation. They may be congenital anomalies of portal venous drainage or acquired secondary to portal hypertension. They are relatively common in dogs and are also occasionally seen in cats, horses, cows and pigs. A shunt may be suspected in an animal with a suggestive history, clinical appearance and blood test results. Definitive diagnosis is more difficult, relying on demonstration of shunting and/or visualisation of the shunting vessel(s) with ultrasound, contrast radiography, gamma‐scintigraphy or directly at laparotomy. Management decisions depend on a definitive diagnosis and also present a challenge as several factors, including the type of shunt and the age at presentation, will influence whether an animal is managed surgically or medically.
An approach to hindlimb lameness 4. Practical aspects of local analgesia
Authors: Dyson Sue
Published: October 2010

IN the previous article, the principles of local analgesic techniques were discussed in general terms (In Practice, February 1997, pp 82‐88). This article describes specific nerve block techniques and their potential limitations. Although, theoretically, nerve blocks should start as far distally as possible ‐ eliminating, sequentially, pain arising from the plantar aspect of the foot, the foot and pastern, and then fetlock ‐ the incidence of distal limb problems is less common in hindlimbs than in forelimbs. Therefore, a strategic approach is suggested based upon the results of a detailed clinical examination, gait analysis and response to flexion tests.
How do you score on health, safety and welfare regulations?
Authors: Copson Malcolm
Published: October 2010

UNITED Kingdom health and safety law is both long and complex ‐ and can be open to wide interpretation. This quiz is designed to give a general overview of some of the regulations and to help practices comply with them. For each question, the answers cannot be completely comprehensive, so the relevant act or regulation which would normally apply has been quoted. It must be appreciated, however, that by the very nature of the subject, a health and safety breach may extend to any number of regulations.
Rationalising practice work
Authors: Gunn Dixon , Belgrave Jos
Published: October 2010

WHEN a sector of practice starts to decline, a stage may eventually be reached when the question arises of whether the practice should remain involved with that area of work. Dropping a sector of work is not straightforward, however. As this article explains, much thought is required, balancing reasoned calculations against the desire to offer a service to all the clients of the practice.
Patellar luxation in the dog and cat
Authors: Ferguson John
Published: October 2010

PATELLAR luxation is a commonly seen orthopaedic problem in veterinary practice. Diagnosis of the condition is usually straightforward. However, a knowledge of the normal anatomy, function and interrelationship between the hip and stifle joints, femur, tibia and soft tissues is necessary if the surgeon is to choose the most appropriate method of treatment. This article describes medial and lateral patellar luxation, the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment options available in the dog and cat.
An approach to hindlimb lameness 5. Ancillary diagnostic aids
Authors: Dyson Sue
Published: October 2010

IN the majority of cases of hindlimb lameness, a comprehensive clinical examination, with or without the use of diagnostic local analgesia, should enable the clinician to localise pain to an area. The purpose of this article is to highlight the uses and limitations of a variety of ancillary diagnostic aids which can be used in order to reach a definitive diagnosis. There are also some cases of hindlimb gait abnormalities which are neurological in origin, where specific laboratory tests are useful to confirm the diagnosis.
What price goodwill?
Authors: Gray Neil
Published: October 2010

THE goodwill debate has been going on for many years. The problem, suggests Neil Gray, is not so much establishing the existence of goodwill as arriving at its value.
Behind every harmonious parnership. . .
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

AN essential requirement for any group of individuals carrying on business together is a properly drawn‐up partnership agreement. It not only provides a blueprint for the working life of the relationship but can also legislate in advance for situations in which the partnership comes to an end, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. In this article, Nick Openshaw sets out exactly why a partnership agreement is so important.
Juvenile nephropathies in dogs and cats
Authors: Gleadhill Allison
Published: October 2010

RENAL failure, although generally thought to be a condition associated with old age, can be seen at any age and is not uncommon in dogs under five years old. Juvenile nephropathies have been reported in many breeds of dogs; however, there are few instances where a genetic basis has been conclusively demonstrated. In cats, juvenile nephropathies are much rarer ‐ as are most inherited problems ‐ as the vast majority of cats are bred from totally unrelated parents. Some renal diseases have been shown to have a familial basis in dogs and cats, and familial renal diseases are well recognised in people.
A stress survival course
Authors: Dale Charlotte
Published: October 2010

THE art of stress management is a relatively new field and could easily fill a three day interactive course. As the people who suffer most from stress are likely to be those who can least spare the time to attend such a course, this article, the third in a series on stress and its management, concentrates on survival techniques that can be used by everyone.
Supporting a practice member through a certificate
Authors: Bower John
Published: October 2010

IN these days of increasing specialisation, partly driven by client demand and partly by the thirst for new knowledge and ability, the benefits to a practice of having one or more certificate holders on the staff are obvious. In this article, John Bower describes the arrangements for supporting a certificate candidate which have been established in his practice and examines the costs and benefits which have been identified in the process.
Pregnancy toxaemia in the ewe
Authors: Andrews Anthony
Published: October 2010

PREGNANCY toxaemia, or twin lamb disease, is a common and important disease of late pregnancy. With the drive to increase lambing percentages, and margins dependent on feed costs, the problem has become widespread, particularly in intensively farmed, lowland flocks; the condition is rarely seen under extensive conditions. Many farmers will be faced with a few cases annually, but in certain years up to 40 per cent of ewes in a flock, and possibly 2 per cent of the national flock, may be affected. Control of the disease relies on close attention to nutrition, from as early on as one month before tupping.
The information explosion: technology for the veterinary practice
Authors: Nicholls Phil
Published: October 2010

COMPUTERS have been used for educational and informational purposes for many years. This article outlines some of the different types of software which have been developed specifically for the veterinary market and which may be of interest to veterinary surgeons in general practice.
Reptile anaesthesia and the practising veterinarian
Authors: Malley Dermod
Published: October 2010

VETERINARIANS in companion animal practice are increasingly being asked to perform surgery (in which they are well experienced) on exotic species (in which they have little or no basic training). The aim of this review is to elucidate some of the points concerning anaesthesia of three orders of the Reptilia: Squamata (lizards and snakes), Chelonia (tortoises, terrapins and turtles) and Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators). Together they represent over 6000 species, giving an extremely heterogeneous collection of animals with many anatomical and physiological differences. Thus, for reasons of space, omissions of fact must be excused by the reader.
Diagnosing canine hypothyroidism
Authors: Ramsey Ian
Published: October 2010

HYPOTHYROIDISM is usually caused by immune‐mediated destruction or idiopathic atrophy of the thyroid gland. Diagnosis is initially based on historical and clinical findings consistent with the condition. If the history or clinical examination are inconsistent with the diagnosis, then other differential diagnoses should be thoroughly investigated before any investigations are conducted on the thyroid gland. Unfortunately, many dogs present with a history that is at least suggestive of hypothyroidism (for example, lethargy and poor coat condition), but clinical examination proves unrewarding. In these cases further tests are indicated. This article discusses the interpretation ‐ and limitations ‐ of specific tests of thyroid function and sets out a diagnostic protocol.
Collection and administration of plasma to a newborn foal
Authors: Stoneham Sarah
Published: October 2010

THE administration of plasma to a foal can be a life‐saving procedure. Commercial products have become available, but are expensive. As an alternative, plasma can be collected easily and efficiently in the field at a reasonable cost.
Performance appraisal: it really can work
Authors: Clarke Carole
Published: October 2010

ALL practices are made up of a group of individuals, with varying roles and responsibilities, working together towards common aims. For the practice to be successful, each individual needs to know what these aims are, how they contribute to achieving them, and how they can be most effective in their jobs. This means they also need to know how they are doing now, and what training they might need to develop their role in the practice. In an earlier article (In Practice, May 1997, pp 285‐288), Steve Derby provided a framework for an appraisal system. In this, the first in a series of three articles, Carole Clarke discusses the practicalities of performance appraisal, based on the system established in her practice.
Telephone training ‐ who needs it?
Authors: Reid Isobel
Published: October 2010

THE answer to the above is everyone who deals with people on the telephone in the course of their work. The receptionist in any organisation is usually the first point of contact a client has, and the impression ‐ good or bad ‐ given by that receptionist will reflect the organisation as a whole. People may ignore or forget about the adequate, or even the excellent, but they will happily tell all their friends about the awful, and it is easy to see how damaging that could be to a business. This article, which is based on workshops run by the author, illustrates that communicating on the telephone may not be as straightforward as it first appears.
Creating your own CPD programme
Authors: Macandrew Hamish
Published: October 2010

TRADITIONALLY, the range of CPD courses on offer to the veterinary profession has been fairly adhoc, dependent on provider availability rather than 'customer' demands. Recently, however, things have started to change, with many professions, such as the law and engineering, seeking a more structured, logical approach to training which can be planned at least a year in advance and tailored to the needs of an organisation's personnel. The veterinary profession has also started to follow suit and, in response, the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies recently launched a ‘customised CPD’ programme. In this article Hamish Macandrew explains how it operates.
Decision making in the managemnent of constipation in the cat
Authors: Yam Philippa
Published: October 2010

CONSTIPATION is defined as infrequent or absent defecation associated with the retention of faeces within the colon and rectum. Megacolon, a condition in which the colon becomes dilated and hypomotile due to chronic constipation, may be idiopathic or secondary to an underlying cause. The clinician may be faced with the dilemma of whether to treat such cases medically or surgically. Several factors will influence that decision, including identification of an underlying cause, the functional ability of the colon and the response to medical therapy.
Ageing horses ‐ an illustrated guide
Authors: Richardson Jill
Published: October 2010

THE traditionally held view that examination of the teeth provides an accurate estimation of age has recently been brought into question and it is important that the horse‐owning public becomes aware that dental criteria can, at best, provide an 'informed guess' of an individual's age. However, despite the inaccuracies of the process, there is no excuse for careless examination of the teeth, and it is advisable that a written record is made of the findings on which age estimation is founded.