bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and molecular docking of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from pumpkin seeds
Authors: Kadir Nurul Huda Abd , Murugan Navindran , Khan Azmat Ali , Sandrasegaran Aamchawarthinhy , Khan Azhar U. , Alam Mahboob
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to investigate the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) produced fromCucurbita pepoL. (pumpkin seeds) and their selective cytotoxic effectiveness on human colon cancer cells (HCT 116) and African Green Monkey Kidney, Vero cells. The study also investigated the antioxidant activity of ZnONPs. The study also examined ZnONPs' antioxidant properties. This was motivated by the limited research on the comparative cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on normal and HCT116 cells. The ZnO NPs were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscope/Selected Area Electron Diffraction (TEM/SAED), and Scanning Electron Microscope‐Energy Dispersive X‐ray (SEM–EDX) for determination of chemical fingerprinting, heat stability, size, and morphology of the elements, respectively. Based on the results, ZnO NPs from pumpkins were found to be less than 5 μm and agglomerates in nature. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs fingerprinting and SEM–EDX element analysis were similar to previous literature, suggesting the sample was proven as ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs also stable at a temperature of 380°C indicating that the green material is quite robust at 60–400°C. The cell viability of Vero cells and HCT 116 cell line were measured at two different time points (24 and 48 h) to assess the cytotoxicity effects of ZnO NP on these cells using AlamarBlue assay. Cytotoxic results have shown that ZnO NPs did not inhibit Vero cells but were slightly toxic to cancer cells, with a dose–response curve IC50 = ~409.7 μg/mL. This green synthesis of ZnO NPs was found to be non‐toxic to normal cells but has a slight cytotoxicity effect on HCT 116 cells. A theoretical study used molecular docking to investigate nanoparticle interaction with cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), exploring its mechanism in inhibiting CDK2's role in cancer. Further study should be carried out to determine suitable concentrations for cytotoxicity studies. Additionally, DPPH has a significant antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 of 142.857 μg/mL.

Research Highlights

Pumpkin seed extracts facilitated a rapid, high‐yielding, and environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles.

Spectrophotometric analysis was used to investigate the optical properties, scalability, size, shape, dispersity, and stability of ZnO NPs.

The cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on Vero and HCT 116 cells was assessed, showing no inhibition of Vero cells and cytotoxicity of cancer cells.

The DPPH assay was also used to investigate the antioxidant potential of biogenic nanoparticles.

A molecular docking study was performed to investigate the interaction of ZnO NPs with CDK2 and to explore the mechanism by which they inhibit CDK2's role in cancer.
Does credit growth mitigate emission intensity in ASEAN countries?
Authors: Masud Muhammad Mehedi , Noman Abu Hanifa Md. , Akhtar Rulia , Selvarajan Sonia Kumari A/P , Al‐Mamun Abdullah
Published: November 2023

In empirical studies, the disparity between financial development and environmental quality has prompted us to examine the impact of credit growth on environmental quality in ASEAN countries. These countries have experienced phenomenal credit growth over the past three decades due to their adoption of financial liberalisation, integration and innovation. In this study, we investigated the role of credit growth on environmental quality while controlling for several macroeconomic variables, including regulatory quality, natural resources, foreign direct investment, globalisation and per capita gross domestic product growth. Using static models (ordinary least square [OLS], random effect model, Panel Corrected Standard Error and partial spatial cross correlation) and dynamic models (dynamic OLS, dynamic random effect and two‐step system generalised methods of moments (GMM) on data spanning from 1984 to 2019, we observed a nonlinear association between credit growth and environmental quality. The findings suggest that credit growth may simultaneously have favourable and detrimental effects on environmental quality. High credit growth can lead to increased emissions and environmental degradation through the promotion of fossil fuel‐driven energy consumption, production and distribution of economic resources. However, if the government promotes regulatory quality and encourages lenders to invest more in green technologies and renewable and sustainable energy sources, credit growth may contribute to improved environmental quality. These results carry important policy implications.
Investigating the Association of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque MRI Features and Silent Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Huo Ran , Yuan Wanzhong , Xu Huimin , Yang Dandan , Qiao Huiyu , Han Hualu , Wang Tao , Liu Ying , Yuan Huishu , Zhao Xihai
Published: November 2023

Background

The predictive value of carotid plaque characteristics for silent stroke (SS) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is unclear.

Objective

To investigate the associations between carotid plaque characteristics and postoperative SS in patients undergoing CEA.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

One hundred fifty‐three patients (mean age: 65.4 ± 7.9 years; 126 males) with unilateral moderate‐to‐severe carotid stenosis (evaluated by CT angiography) referred for CEA.

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T, brain‐MRI:T2‐PROPELLER, T1‐/T2‐FLAIR, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and T2*, carotid‐MRI:black‐blood T1‐/T2W, 3D TOF, Simultaneous Non‐contrast Angiography intraplaque hemorrhage.

Assessment

Patients underwent carotid‐MRI within 1‐week before CEA, and brain‐MRI within 48‐hours pre‐/post‐CEA. The presence and size (volume, maximum‐area‐percentage) of carotid lipid‐rich necrotic core (LRNC), intraplaque hemorrhage (Type‐I/Type‐II IPH) and calcification were evaluated on carotid‐MR images. Postoperative SS was assessed from pre‐/post‐CEA brain DWI. Patients were divided into moderate‐carotid‐stenosis (50%–69%) and severe‐carotid‐stenosis (70%–99%) groups and the associations between carotid plaque characteristics and SS were analyzed.

Statistical Tests

Independent t test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, chi‐square test and logistic regressions (OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval). P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

SS was found in 8 (16.3%) of the 49 patients with moderate‐carotid‐stenosis and 21 (20.2%) of the 104 patients with severe‐carotid‐stenosis. In patients with severe‐carotid‐stenosis, those with SS had significantly higher IPH (66.7% vs. 39.8%) and Type‐I IPH (66.7% vs. 38.6%) than those without. The presence of IPH (OR 3.030, 95% CI 1.106–8.305) and Type‐I IPH (OR 3.187, 95% CI 1.162–8.745) was significantly associated with SS. After adjustment, the associations of SS with presence of IPH (OR 3.294, 95% CI 1.122–9.669) and Type‐I IPH (OR 3.633, 95% CI 1.216–10.859) remained significant. Moreover, the volume of Type‐II IPH (OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.001–1.028), and maximum‐area‐percentage of Type‐II IPH (OR 1.070, 95% CI 1.002–1.142) and LRNC (OR 1.030, 95% CI 1.000–1.061) were significantly associated with SS after adjustment. No significant (P range: 0.203–0.980) associations were found between carotid plaque characteristics and SS in patients with moderate‐carotid‐stenosis.

Data Conclusions

In patients with unilateral severe‐carotid‐stenosis, carotid vulnerable plaque MR features, particularly presence and size of IPH, might be effective predictors for SS after CEA.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Bamboo leaf extract treatment alleviates the surface browning of fresh‐cut apple by regulating membrane lipid metabolism and antioxidant properties
Authors: Bin Yuqi , Tian Mixia , Xie Jiani , Wang Mingyu , Chen Chen , Jiang Aili
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

The effect of bamboo leaf extract (BLE) on controlling the browning of fresh‐cut apple stored at 4 °C was investigated. Browning index, H2O2 content, O2− production rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, total phenolic content (TPC) and soluble quinone content (SQC), the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), lipoxygenase (LOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐ 6‐sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities, and the expression of genes related to browning were all investigated.

RESULTS

BLE effectively alleviated the surface browning of fresh‐cut apple, accompanied by a reduction in SQC, LOX activity, H2O2, O2− production rate and MDA accumulation. Furthermore, BLE treatment enhanced the TPC, enzymatic (SOD, CAT, APX and POD) and non‐enzymatic antioxidant activities. Principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis found the browning inhibition by BLE is not through the reduction of phenolic substrates and PPO activity.

CONCLUSION

BLE controls the browning of fresh‐cut apple by increasing the antioxidant capacity to scavenge ROS, which could alleviate oxidative damage and maintain the membrane integrity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
“God was with me”: A qualitative study of Christian meaning‐making among refugees
Authors: Shannonhouse Laura , Dosal‐Terminel Daniel , Kwag Daun , Hall M. Elizabeth Lewis , Park Crystal L. , McMartin Jason , Silverman Eric J. , Aten Jamie , O'Connor Mary Helen , Kapic Kelly
Published: November 2023

In this consensual qualitative research study, we investigated the role of refugees’ Christian faith in meaning‐making coping. High percentages of religiosity in refugee populations support the need to understand the role of religion in their coping processes. Interviews with 20 Christian refugees from 10 African and Asian countries revealed that participants drew heavily from their faith resources to cope with their experiences. Specifically, refugees reported coping practices that included trust in God, prayer, intimacy with God, spiritual surrender, lament, worship, and social support. Although many participants described spiritual struggles, including doubting God, feeling distant from God, and questioning God, most found meaning amid refugee‐related suffering and reported perspective shifts, a deepening of faith, seeing suffering as part of God's plan, experiencing a deepened sense of purpose, and growing in the likeness of Christ. Refugees also reported growth through suffering in the form of gratitude, altruism, testimony, and humility. Clinical implications include encouraging the use of religious resources for meaning‐making and supporting the resolution of spiritual struggles.
Evaluation of thermodynamic bioeffects of long‐pulsed 1064 nm laser in the photothermal lipolysis
Authors: Wu Shan , Jiang Zhixuan , Dong Jiying , Yao Min
Published: November 2023

Objectives

To evaluate the lipolysis effect of air cooling assisted long‐pulsed 1064 laser for improving local adiposity.

Materials and Methods

The second‐level (pulse duration of 0.3–60 s) long‐pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser (LP1064 nm) with or without forced‐air cooling was used to irradiate ex‐vivo subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of pig or human and in‐vivo inguinal fat tissue of Sprague Dawley rats. The temperature of skin surface as well as 5 mm deep SAT was monitored by a plug‐in probe thermal couple, and the former was confined to 39°C or 42°C during the treatment. Histological analysis of SAT response was evaluated by SAT sections stained with hematoxylin–eosin and oil red O. Ultra‐microstructure changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. A pilot study on human subject utilizing LP1064 nm laser with air cooling was conducted. The changes in gross abdomen circumference and ultrasonic imaging were studied.

Results

Histological examination showed that LP1064 nm laser treatment induced adipocyte injury and hyperthermic lipolysis both in‐ and ex‐vivo. It was also confirmed by clinical practice on patients. By real‐time temperature monitoring, we found that in comparison with LP1064 nm laser alone, additional air cooling could increase the temperature difference between epidermis and SAT, promoting heat accumulation deep in fat tissue, as well as providing better protection for epidermis.

Conclusion

LP1064 nm laser provided reliable adipose tissue thermolysis when the temperature of skin surface was sustained at 39°C or 42°C for 10 min. Application of air‐cooling during the laser treatment achieved better effect and safety of photothermal lipolysis. LP1064 nm laser, as a noninvasive device, has comparable thermal lipolysis effect as other common heat‐generating devices.
The linearized Poisson–Nernst–Planck system as heat flow on the interval under non‐local boundary conditions
Authors: Wolansky Gershon
Published: November 2023

The linearized Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equation under closed ends around a neutral state is studied. It is reduced to a damped heat equation under non‐local boundary conditions, which leads to a stochastic interpretation of the linearized equation as a Brownian particle which jump and is reflected, at Poisson distributed time, to one of the end points of the channel, with a probability which is proportional to its distance from this end point. An explicit expansion of the heat kernel reveals the eigenvalues and eigenstates of both the PNP equation and its adjoint. For this, we take advantage of the representation of the resolvent operator and recover the heat kernel by applying the inverse Laplace transform.
Screening of the Active Substances for the Assessment of Walnut Kernel in the Treatment of Scopolamine‐Induced AD Animals
Authors: Xu Xiajing , Song Yutong , Jiang Man , Liu Meihan , Zhang Xuanmeng , Wang Dongmei , Pan Yingni , Ren Shumeng , Liu Xiaoqiu
Published: November 2023

Scope

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a challenge and hotspot in the field of neuroscience research due to the high morbidity. As we all know, walnut kernel (WK) ingestion has been linked to benefits to brain health and has the function of improving memory. This study follows the AD model induced by scopolamine to reveal the active fractions and substances of walnut in the treatment of AD.

Methods and results

The histopathological analysis and brain tissue biochemistry assay are revealed the active fractions of WK, and this result determines that walnut kernel organic acids have significant therapeutic effect on AD. The strategy of studying ingredients pointed at lesions is integrated to ascertain the selected brain‐targeted effective substances of WK for blood–brain barrier by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry, and a total of eight organic acids are figured out definite absorptivity in rat brains. Finally, the binding interaction between the effective substances and target proteins is analyzed by molecular docking, and the main function related active markers are ascertained as glansreginin A, glansreginic acid, ellagic acid, and ellagic acid 4‐O‐xyloside.

Conclusions

The comprehensive process is helpful to the clinical application of WK as a promising cholinesterase inhibitors for nutritional intervention.
Palatal prolapse during nasal expiration in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yaguchi Hiroshi , Miyagawa Shinji , Mukai Taiji , Sakuta Kenichi
Published: November 2023

Introduction/Aims

We have encountered patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who exhibited palatal prolapse (PP) during nasal expiration in the supine position while awake. This may be an overlooked cause of dyspnea in MG patients. This study aimed to examine and describe the characteristics of MG patients with PP.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 183 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with MG in our hospital from 2012 to 2021. Thirty‐two patients underwent laryngoscopy because of bulbar symptoms. Eight of these patients (25%) exhibited PP on laryngoscopy. Clinical features of these eight patients were retrospectively characterized.

Results

Median age of the eight patients with PP was 70 years. Six were men. Median body mass index was 21.6 kg/m2. All patients exhibited PP in the supine position but not the sitting position. Although no patient had abnormal findings on spirometry nor chest computed tomography, six reported dyspnea or difficulty with nasal expiration only in the supine position. PP improved in all four patients who underwent edrophonium testing. All eight patients eventually improved after immunotherapy.

Discussion

PP during nasal expiration may be a cause of dyspnea in MG patients, along with respiratory muscle impairment, lung disease, and vocal cord paralysis. Laryngoscopy in the supine position is required to confirm.
The Readability of Patient‐Facing Social Media Posts on Common Otolaryngologic Diagnoses
Authors: Morse Elliot , Odigie Eseosa , Gillespie Helen , Rameau Anaïs
Published: November 2023

Objective

To assess the readability of patient‐facing educational information about the most common otolaryngology diagnoses on popular social media platforms.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Social media platforms.

Methods

The top 5 otolaryngologic diagnoses were identified from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Database. Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram were searched using these terms, and the top 25 patient‐facing posts from unique accounts for each search term and poster type (otolaryngologist, other medical professional, layperson) were identified. Captions, text, and audio from images and video, and linked articles were extracted. The readability of each post element was calculated with multiple readability formulae. Readability was summarized and was compared between poster types, platforms, and search terms via Kruskal‐Wallis testing.

Results

Median readability, by grade level, by grade level, was greater than 10 for captions, 5 for image‐associated text, and 9 for linked articles. Captions and images in posts by laypeople were significantly more readable than captions by otolaryngologists or other medical professionals, but there was no difference for linked articles. All post components were more readable in posts about cerumen than those about other search terms.

Conclusions

When examining the readability of posts on social media regarding the most common otolaryngology diagnoses, we found that many posts are less readable than recommended for patients, and found that posts by laypeople were significantly more readable than those by medical professionals. Medical professionals should work to make educational social media posts more readable to facilitate patient comprehension.
Serological response and immune‐related adverse events following COVID‐19 vaccination in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Yue , Chen Dong , Pan Yuancan , Li Haiming , Zhao Weizhe , Lu Taicheng , Kong Weijia , Ding Min , Wang Xiaomin , Zhang Ganlin
Published: November 2023

With the popularity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine and the development of vaccination strategies, the impact of COVID‐19 vaccine on cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is still unclear. In the systematic review and meta‐analysis of patients with ICIs, we assessed the serological response of cancer patients receiving COVID‐19 vaccine, and explored the risk of immune related adverse events (irAEs). We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library as of 10 June 2023, and included cancer patients who received ICIs and COVID‐19 vaccine. The systematic review and meta‐analysis include cohort study, cross‐sectional study and case report. The outcome included the serological response, Spike‐specific T‐cell response, irAEs and rare adverse events. When possible, the data were analysed by random effect analysis, and the statistical heterogeneity was assessed by Q‐test and I2 statistics. We explored the sources of heterogeneity through L’Abbe plots, Galbraith radial plots, and sensitivity analysis. The publication bias was evaluated by Egger's, Begg's linear regression test and funnel plot, and the impact of publication bias was further analysed by trim and fill method. 27 studies were eligible (19 cohort studies, 1 cross‐sectional study and 7 case reports), involving 8331 patients (with 4724 receiving ICIs). Most studies used mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA‐1273). Compared with cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, cancer patients receiving ICIs were significantly more likely to have seroconversion (RR = 1.05, 95%CI 1.01–1.10, P = 0.02). There were no statistically significant differences in seroconversion rates when comparing cancer patients receiving ICIs with controls without cancer (RR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.89–1.01, P = 0.09) or with cancer patients receiving targeted therapy (RR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.79–1.39, P = 0.75). The incidence of irAEs in patients receiving ICIs before and after COVID‐19 vaccination was (21.96%, 95%CI 16.66%–28.94%) and (14.88%, 95%CI 8.65%–25.57%), respectively. The most common irAEs were endocrine abnormalities, skin disorders, etc. The certainty of evidence was low in cancer patients with ICIs, compared with those receiving chemotherapy, and very low versus controls without cancer. Cancer patients treated with ICIs seem to be able to receive COVID‐19 vaccine safely without increasing the incidence of irAEs.
HAXPES: Inelastic background for characterization of nanostructured materials
Authors: Tougaard Sven
Published: November 2023

Analysis of the spectrum of inelastically scattered electrons in XPS has been used for decades to determine the structure of materials on the nanoscale. Using the higher photon energies available in HAXPES, the method was recently shown to determine structures rather accurately with a more than 100 nm probing depth. In this paper, these HAXPES applications are briefly reviewed. Only two parameters are required for the analysis, namely, the inelastic mean free path and the cross section for inelastic electron scattering. We also discuss in detail how these parameters are best selected.
Surfactant‐Mediated Electrochemical Precipitation of ZnO Nanospheres for Adsorption of Eosin Yellow & Rhodamine B Dyes
Authors: Biswal Avijit , Acharya Achyuta N. , Panda Prasanna K. , Dash Tapan , Tripathy Bankim C.
Published: November 2023

A simple electrochemical technique was used to synthesise zinc oxide (ZO) nanospheres and their in‐situ modification by a two‐step route of electrochemical precipitation with subsequent calcination. The ZO sample has been employed as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic dyes from their solutions. The electrochemical precipitation of zinc hydroxide (ZH) was carried out in a zinc nitrate bath at ~pH 4. The optimised concentration of 40 g dm−3is used for the synthesis of modified zinc oxide (MZO) in the presence of the surfactant TEAB. XRD analysis confirms the formation of the heterostructure ZO. The field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images support the formation of hierarchical nanostructures with interconnected nanospheres in the presence of surfactant TEAB, which was confirmed by a high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study. The porous nature of ZO and MZO was established by the N2adsorption‐desorption studies. The MZO sample showed ~99 % adsorption efficiency at an optimum dose of 0.09 g/20 mL of the 100 mg dm−3Eosin Yellow dye solution within 120 min. However, the same sample showed 96 % adsorption efficiency at an optimum dose of 0.05 g/20 mL of the 100 mg dm−3Rhodamine‐B dye solution within 120 min.
Dynamic Thermostable Cellulosic Triboelectric Materials from Multilevel‐Non‐Covalent Interactions
Authors: Wang Jinlong , Liu Yanhua , Liu Tao , Zhang Song , Wei Zhiting , Luo Bin , Cai Chenchen , Chi Mingchao , Wang Shuangfei , Nie Shuangxi
Published: November 2023

Triboelectric materials present great potential for harvesting huge amounts of dispersed energy, and converting them directly into useful electricity, a process that generates power more sustainably. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a technology to power electronics and sensors, and it is expected to solve the problem of energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing from extreme environments. In this paper, a high‐temperature‐resistant triboelectric material is designed based on multilevel non‐covalent bonding interactions, which achieves an ultra‐high surface charge density of 192 µC m−2 at high temperatures. TENGs based on the triboelectric material exhibit more than an order of magnitude higher power output (2750 mW m−2 at 200 °C) than the existing devices at high temperatures. These remarkable properties are achieved based on enthalpy‐driven molecular assembly in highly unbonded states. Thus, the material maintains bond strength and ultra‐high surface charge density in entropy‐dominated high‐temperature environments. This molecular design concept points out a promising direction for the preparation of polymers with excellent triboelectric properties.
High‐Resolution Afterglow Patterning Using Cooperative Vapo‐ and Photo‐Stimulation
Authors: Hayashi Kikuya , Hirata Shuzo
Published: November 2023

Bright afterglow room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) soon after ceasing excitation is a promising technique for greatly increasing anti‐counterfeiting capabilities. The development of a process for rapid high‐resolution afterglow patterning of crystalline materials can improve both high‐speed fabrication of anti‐counterfeiting afterglow media and stable afterglow readout compared with those achieved with amorphous materials. Here, the high‐resolution afterglow patterning of crystalline materials via cooperative organic vapo‐ and photo‐stimulation is reported. A single crystal of (S)‐(−)−2,2’‐bis(diphenylphosphino)−5,5’,6,6’,7,7’8,8’‐octahydro‐1,1’‐binaphthyl [(S)‐H8‐BINAP] doped with (S)‐(−)−2,2’‐bis(diphenylphosphino)−1,1’‐binaphthyl [(S)‐BINAP] shows green afterglow RTP. Crystals of (S)‐BINAP‐doped (S)‐H8‐BINAP changed to an amorphous state with no afterglow capability on weak continuous photoirradiation under dichloromethane (DCM) vapor. Photoirradiation induced oxidation of the (S)‐H8‐BINAP host molecule in the crystal. The oxidized (S)‐H8‐BINAP forms on the crystal surface strongly interacted with DCM molecules, which induces melting of the (S)‐BINAP‐doped (S)‐H8‐BINAP crystal and trigger formation of an amorphous state without an afterglow capability. High‐resolution afterglow patterning of the crystalline film is rapidly achieved by using cooperative organic vapo‐ and photo‐stimulation. In addition to the benefit of rapid afterglow patterning, the formed afterglow images of the crystalline film can be repeatedly read out under ambient conditions without DCM vapor.
Rational Buried Interface Engineering of Inorganic NiOx Layer toward Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Feng Menglei , Wang Yao , Liu Fang , Ren Meng , Wang Haifei , Guo Jiahao , Chen Yuetian , Miao Yanfeng , Zhao Yixin
Published: November 2023

The power conversion efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on p–i–n structure exceeds 25%, largely owning to the persistent improvement on the quality of heterojunction interface. Nickel oxide (NiOx) of low cost and superior chemical stability is one of the most promising candidates as hole‐transport material that is suitable for large‐scale fabrication. Meanwhile, the certified efficiency of inorganic NiOx‐based inverted PSCs surpasses 25% via improving the poor quality of buried interface contact, which is originated from large offset of valence band energy level, as well as high density of interfacial defects between NiOx hole‐transport layer and perovskite film. In this review, the development and progress in buried interface engineering of inorganic NiOx layer are systematically summarized, including strategies on energy level alignment and interfacial defect passivation, which are adopted to promote the better energy level alignment and suppress the defect‐assisted nonradiative recombination at interface. On the basis of deeper understanding of buried interface features, some novel materials and methods for interface modification can be rationally designed. Perspectives on future development of efficient and stable large‐scale perovskite solar modules and tandem cells are also provided.
Microscopic mechanism analysis and failure criterion study of glass fiber recycled concrete under three‐dimensional compressive stress state
Authors: Chen Yuliang , Wang Shuangyi , Liang Xin , Ye Peihuan
Published: November 2023

This study aims to address the complex stress state commonly observed in concrete structures in practical engineering, as well as the challenges posed by resource scarcity and environmental pollution. To achieve this, a total of 168 cylinder specimens of glass fiber recycled coarse aggregate concrete (GFRAC) were designed for conventional triaxial compression tests. The analysis of the test results reveals that the application of lateral restraint force induces a shift in the failure mode of GFRAC from longitudinal splitting failure to plastic deformation failure, occurring either in the middle or at the end of the specimen. The lateral constraint force can effectively improve the stress and strain at the peak point of GFRAC and the modulus of elasticity of the specimen. The glass fiber increases the peak stress of the specimen, and the maximum growth rate is 20%. On the contrary, the glass fiber reduces the peak strain, and the maximum reduction is 49.66%. Increasing the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate will lead to a decrease in peak stress, with a maximum decrease of 19.17%. Glass fiber (GF) limits the appearance and propagation of cracks by bridging, pulling out or breaking. Finally, three different failure criteria are used to analyze the triaxial compression state of GFRAC from a macro perspective.
Analysis of Wide‐Angle Scanning of High‐Power Microwave Waveguide Slot Array Antenna
Authors: Liao Yong
Published: November 2023

In the design of high‐power microwave (HPM) waveguide array of longitudinal shunt slots, the mutual coupling of slots in different waveguide can badly decrease the capability of wide‐angle scanning of array. An L‐band HPM waveguide array of longitudinal shunt slots is designed. The choke groove was designed to restrain the mutual coupling of slots of the HPM array antenna. The result of simulation verified that the scanning angle with the gain of antenna decreased of 3 dB of array without choke groove structure is only 25°, and that is 35.0° with choke groove structure. The wideband of active reflection of array can be improved by the choke groove structure. The result of experiment also verified that the slot array antenna provided 30° beam steering with a gain reduction of 1.8 dBi and the power‐handling capacity of the array with the choke groove is greater than 1.5 GW with width of pulse of 42 ns. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The Effects of AC Electric Field on Ice Nucleation in the Super‐Cooling of a Distilled Water
Authors: Takahashi Katsuyuki , Fujiwara Yuri , Sawada Yota , Takaki Koichi , Nakanishi Masahiro
Published: November 2023

The effects of an AC electric field on ice nucleation temperature and nucleation rate were investigated by freezing distilled water while exposing it to varied AC electric field strengths and frequencies. To eliminate the influence of ion injections and electric field concentrations at a metal electrode surface on ice nucleation, distilled water filled in resin cuvettes are used as samples. The samples are exposed to AC electric field induced by parallel plate electrodes placed outside of the cuvettes. The cuvettes and parallel plate electrodes placed in a freezer with an inside temperature fixed at −15°C. The electric field strength in the sample is 2 or 7.5 kV/m and frequency varies from 50 Hz to 10 kHz. The ice nucleation temperature and the nucleation rate of distilled water increase with increasing the electric field strength and the frequency. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
In Conversation with Sharon Todd: Rethinking the Future in a Time of Sorrow
Authors: Todd Sharon , Bazzul Jesse
Published: November 2023

This interview with Sharon Todd took place in Ireland on July 7, 2021. Jesse Bazzul (interviewer) and Sharon Todd (interviewee) worked together in the Department of Education at Maynooth University. Jesse was interested in Sharon’s views of climate sorrow and relational ethics. In the interview below Sharon Todd provides readers with a different way of looking at modern education—one that is relational and sets the stage for different encounters.
The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and beyond
Authors: Nasa Prashant , Kumar Rajesh , Juneja Deven , Gosh Supradip
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the importance of endogenous albumin, the most abundant plasma protein in the body. Albumin has diverse functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, intravascular buffering, drug metabolism, transport, distribution, and restoration of vascular endothelial integrity. It is also crucial for maintaining the endothelial glycocalyx layer in blood vessels. Critically ill patients may experience hypoalbuminemia, defined as serum albumin <35 g/L, due to reduced synthesis, malnutrition, increased loss, or increased catabolism. Observational studies show hypoalbuminemia as an independent predictor of worse outcomes, with a 10 g/L decrease in serum albumin linked to a higher risk of mortality, morbidity, longer ICU/hospital stays, and increased resource utilisation. Administering exogenous albumin targeting serum albumin >30 g/L may reduce complications, but further trials are needed. Exogenous albumin is used in the ICU for various indications, including resuscitation and deresuscitation. Evidence on its use as a plasma expander is inconclusive. Both high- (20%) and low-concentration (4 and 5%) albumin can be used for resuscitation if patients require additional fluid, despite receiving crystalloids. Albumin is safe and effective for plasma expansion in patients with sepsis and septic shock but should be avoided in traumatic brain injury. Judicious and vigilant use of albumin is recommended due to its cost and potential risks. Albumin administration should be based on clinical indications, and monitoring fluid balance and clinical parameters is critical to prevent fluid accumulation and oedema formation.
Fluid Management in Intra-abdominal Hypertension
Authors: Malbrain Manu L. N. G. , Nasa Prashant , De laet Inneke , De Waele Jan , Jacobs Rita , Wise Robert , Malbrain Luca , Dabrowski Wojciech , Wong Adrian
Published: November 2023

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) have significant pathophysiological consequences that can affect multiple organ systems. Fluid resuscitation is often used to restore hemodynamic stability in patients with elevated IAP; however, excessive intravenous fluid administration can paradoxically lead to ACS. This chapter explores the impact of fluid management in patients with IAH and ACS, including the effects of fluid on IAP in different patient populations and conditions. The importance of appropriate management of patients with elevated pressures in adjacent compartments, such as the abdomen, thorax, and skull, is also highlighted. The Abdominal Compartment Society's clear definitions for IAH and ACS, as well as concepts such as abdominal perfusion pressure, are discussed. Additionally, this chapter delves into the effects of elevated pressure on different organ systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous, renal, and gastrointestinal systems. The authors emphasize the need for careful fluid management in these patients to avoid exacerbating the pathophysiological consequences of elevated IAP.
Balanced Solutions: Choice of Buffer
Authors: Garg Suneel Kumar
Published: November 2023

Intravenous fluids are one of the most important parts of the multimodal strategy used in resuscitation that helps to improve tissue perfusion. There is a long controversy regarding the usage of crystalloids. It is unlikely that one balanced solution is better than another and the choice of fluid should be based on clinician preference.
Introduction to Fluid Stewardship
Authors: Wong Adrian , Wilkinson Jonny , Nasa Prashant , Malbrain Luca , Malbrain Manu L. N. G.
Published: November 2023

Intravenous (IV) fluids are commonly prescribed drugs in healthcare. However, inappropriate fluid administration is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Fluid stewardship is defined as a series of coordinated interventions for judicious IV fluid administration, with a primary goal of limiting the deleterious effects of inappropriate fluid prescription and fluid overload or accumulation and optimizing the clinical outcomes. The success of Stewardships in healthcare can achieve success by strategy and policy development, designing overarching systems, encouraging collaboration and ensuring robust governance and accountability processes. The components of fluid stewardship are optimum fluid prescription (5Ps of the fluid prescription), comprehensive fluid guidelines, continuous staff education and an audit or quality improvement framework. The optimum fluid prescription includes the 6 D’s (definitions, diagnosis, drug, dose, duration, de-escalation and documentation at discharge) of IV fluid administration.
Fluid Dynamics During Resuscitation: From Frank–Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton
Authors: Ghosh Supradip
Published: November 2023

The interaction between the return function of the circulation and cardiac function was described by Guyton. In doing so, Guyton developed a model incorporating the works of Starling and Frank with his own work. The Guytonian model provides a simple framework for understanding the possible effects of fluid boluses or vasoactive medications on various macro-hemodynamic parameters. In this chapter, we describe briefly the Guytonian model of circulation.
Toward null-state equations in d > 2
Authors: Huang Kuo-Wei
Published: November 2023

Abstract

In two-dimensional CFTs with a large central charge, the level-two BPZ equation governs the heavy-light scalar four-point correlator when the light probe scalar has dimension h = $$ -\frac{1}{2} $$
−

1
2

; the corresponding linear ordinary differential equation can be recast into a schematic form x2uxx + u = 0. In this paper, we make an observation that in a class of four-dimensional CFTs with a large central charge, the heavy-light scalar correlator in the near-lightcone limit obeys a similar equation, x3uxxxy + u = 0, when the light scalar has dimension ∆ = –1. We focus on the multi-stress tensor sector of the theory and also discuss the corresponding equations for the cases with ∆ = –2, –3. The solutions to these linear partial differential equations in higher dimensions are shown, after a suitable change of variables, to reproduce the near-lightcone correlators previously obtained via holography and the conformal bootstrap.
A diminished sciatic nerve structural integrity is associated with distinct peripheral sensory phenotypes in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mooshage Christoph M. , Tsilingiris Dimitrios , Schimpfle Lukas , Seebauer Lukas , Eldesouky Omar , Aziz-Safaie Taraneh , Hohmann Anja , Herzig Stephan , Szendroedi Julia , Nawroth Peter , Heiland Sabine , Bendszus Martin , Kurz Felix T. , Kopf Stefan , Jende Johann M. E. , Kender Zoltan
Published: November 2023

Aims/hypothesis

Quantitative sensory testing (QST) allows the identification of individuals with rapid progression of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) based on certain sensory phenotypes. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of these phenotypes with the structural integrity of the sciatic nerve among individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Seventy-six individuals with type 2 diabetes took part in this cross-sectional study and underwent QST of the right foot and high-resolution magnetic resonance neurography including diffusion tensor imaging of the right distal sciatic nerve to determine the sciatic nerve fractional anisotropy (FA) and cross-sectional area (CSA), both of which serve as markers of structural integrity of peripheral nerves. Participants were then assigned to four sensory phenotypes (participants with type 2 diabetes and healthy sensory profile [HSP], thermal hyperalgesia [TH], mechanical hyperalgesia [MH], sensory loss [SL]) by a standardised sorting algorithm based on QST.

Results

Objective neurological deficits showed a gradual increase across HSP, TH, MH and SL groups, being higher in MH compared with HSP and in SL compared with HSP and TH. The number of participants categorised as HSP, TH, MH and SL was 16, 24, 17 and 19, respectively. There was a gradual decrease of the sciatic nerve’s FA (HSP 0.444, TH 0.437, MH 0.395, SL 0.382; p=0.005) and increase of CSA (HSP 21.7, TH 21.5, MH 25.9, SL 25.8 mm2; p=0.011) across the four phenotypes. Further, MH and SL were associated with a lower sciatic FA (MH unstandardised regression coefficient [B]=−0.048 [95% CI −0.091, −0.006], p=0.027; SL B=−0.062 [95% CI −0.103, −0.020], p=0.004) and CSA (MH β=4.3 [95% CI 0.5, 8.0], p=0.028; SL B=4.0 [95% CI 0.4, 7.7], p=0.032) in a multivariable regression analysis. The sciatic FA correlated negatively with the sciatic CSA (r=−0.35, p=0.002) and markers of microvascular damage (high-sensitivity troponin T, urine albumin/creatinine ratio).

Conclusions/interpretation

The most severe sensory phenotypes of DSPN (MH and SL) showed diminishing sciatic nerve structural integrity indexed by lower FA, likely representing progressive axonal loss, as well as increasing CSA of the sciatic nerve, which cannot be detected in individuals with TH. Individuals with type 2 diabetes may experience a predefined cascade of nerve fibre damage in the course of the disease, from healthy to TH, to MH and finally SL, while structural changes in the proximal nerve seem to precede the sensory loss of peripheral nerves and indicate potential targets for the prevention of end-stage DSPN.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03022721

Graphical Abstract
Energy efficiency assessment in collective irrigation systems using water and energy balances: methodology and application
Authors: Loureiro Dália , Beceiro Paula , Fernandes Eriksson , Alegre Helena , Covas Dídia
Published: November 2023

Many collective irrigation systems have been operating for decades, facing high degradation of existing infrastructures and huge water-energy efficiency problems. Predominantly composed of open canals, they have been partially or entirely converted into pressurised pipe systems, implying a considerable increase in energy consumption and operation and maintenance costs. Simple, easy-to-use, and comprehensive approaches for energy efficiency assessment in collective irrigation systems are needed for diagnosis and assisting decision-making on implementing adequate improvement measures. This research proposes and demonstrates an innovative approach based on the water and energy balances and performance indicators to assess the effect of water losses, network layout and operation, energy recovery, and equipment on energy efficiency. A novel methodology for energy balance calculation is proposed for open canal, pressurised and combined systems. The application to a real-life open canal system and network areas allowed the identification of efficiency problems mainly due to water losses in canals, followed by the dissipated energy in friction losses. Less critical are pumping and manoeuvring equipment inefficiencies. Also, a considerable excess of gravity energy is recovered in hydropower plants. In raising pipe systems, in which shaft input energy predominates and costs for pumping play a key role, surplus and dissipated energy in friction losses are the most relevant issues. Significant energy is lost in the water conveyance and distribution in both systems. Consequently, the potential to improve energy efficiency through water loss management, network layout, and operation improvement, besides pumping and manoeuvring equipment replacement, is considerable.
Using automated software evaluation to improve the performance of breast radiographers in tomosynthesis screening
Authors: Gennaro Gisella , Povolo Letizia , Del Genio Sara , Ciampani Lina , Fasoli Chiara , Carlevaris Paolo , Petrioli Maria , Masiero Tiziana , Maggetto Federico , Caumo Francesca
Published: November 2023

Objective

To improve breast radiographers’ individual performance by using automated software to assess the correctness of breast positioning and compression in tomosynthesis screening.

Materials and methods

In this retrospective longitudinal analysis of prospective cohorts, six breast radiographers with varying experience in the field were asked to use automated software to improve their performance in breast compression and positioning. The software tool automatically analyzes craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views for their positioning quality by scoring them according to PGMI classifications (perfect, good, moderate, inadequate) and checking whether the compression pressure is within the target range. The positioning and compression data from the studies acquired before the start of the project were used as individual baselines, while the data obtained after the training were used to test whether conscious use of the software could help the radiographers improve their performance. The percentage of views rated perfect or good and the percentage of views in target compression were used as overall metrics to assess changes in performance.

Results

Following the use of the software, all radiographers significantly increased the percentage of images rated as perfect or good in both CCs and MLOs. Individual improvements ranged from 7 to 14% for CC and 10 to 16% for MLO views. Moreover, most radiographers exhibited improved compression performance in CCs, with improvements up to 16%.

Conclusion

Active use of a software tool to automatically assess the correctness of breast compression and positioning in breast cancer screening can improve the performance of radiographers.

Clinical relevance statement

This study suggests that the use of a software tool for automatically evaluating correctness of breast compression and positioning in breast cancer screening can improve the performance of radiographers on these metrics, which may ultimately lead to improved screening outcomes.

Key Points

• Proper breast positioning and compression are critical in breast cancer screening to ensure accurate diagnosis.

• Active use of the software increased the quality of craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views acquired by all radiographers.

• Improved performance of radiographers is expected to improve screening outcomes.