bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation
Authors: Maxwell Joseph A.
Published: June 2004

The view that qualitative research methods can be used to identify causal relationships and develop causal explanations is now accepted by a significant number of both qualitative and quantitative researchers. However, this view is still controversial, and a comprehensive justification for this position has never been presented. This article presents such a justification, addressing both recent philosophical developments that support this position and the actual research strategies that qualitative researchers can use in causal investigations.
Lack of the adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 accelerate the development of BCR/ABL-induced chronic myeloid leukemia-like myeloproliferative disease in mice
Authors: Pelletier Shawn D. , Hong Daniel S. , Hu Yiguo , Liu Yuhua , Li Shaoguang
Published: June 2004

In vitro studies show that BCR/ABL-expressing hematopoietic cells exhibit altered adhesion properties. No in vivo studies show whether the altered adhesion properties affect BCR/ABL leukemo-genesis. Using mice with homozygous inactivation of genes encoding the 2 adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), we show that the mutant mice develop BCR/ABL-induced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-like leukemia at a significantly faster rate than do wild-type (WT) mice. Lack of P-selectin and ICAM1 did not have a significant effect on the development of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BALL) induced by BCR/ABL. Using mice deficient for P-selectin or ICAM1 alone, we show that P-selectin plays a major role in the acceleration of CML-like leukemia. Lack of P-selectin resulted in early release of BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid progenitors from bone marrow, appearing to alter the biologic properties of leukemic cells rather than their growth rate by increasing their homing to the lungs, causing fatal lung hemorrhages. These results indicate that adhesion of BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid progenitors to marrow stroma through P-selectin and ICAM1 play an inhibitory role in the development of CML-like disease, suggesting that improvement of adhesion between BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid progenitor cells and bone marrow stroma may be of therapeutic value for human CML. (Blood. 2004;104:2163-2171)
The role of angiopoietins in the development of endothelial cells from cord blood CD34+ progenitors
Authors: Hildbrand Patrick , Cirulli Vincenzo , Prinsen Robyn C. , Smith Kent A. , Torbett Bruce E. , Salomon Daniel R. , Crisa Laura
Published: June 2004

Circulating endothelial progenitors contribute to neovascularization at sites of injury and tumorigenesis in postnatal life. Yet, the molecular mechanisms initiating the endothelial developmental program of these precursors remain elusive. Here we provide evidence that endothelial development from progenitors circulating in human cord blood requires angiopoietins, a set of growth factors also involved in vascular branching during embryogenesis. We show that cord blood cells with the potential for endothelial development reside in a CD34+CD11b+ subset capable of autonomously producing and binding angiopoietins. Functionally, endogenous angiopoietin-1 regulates initial endothelial cell commitment, whereas angiopoietin-2 enhances expansion of the endothelial cell progeny. These findings suggest a role for angiopoietins as regulators of endothelial development from circulating progenitors and imply a function of angiopoietins at distinct developmental steps in postnatal angiogenesis.
Unique gene expression program of human germinal center T helper cells
Authors: Kim Chang H. , Lim Hyung W. , Kim Jong R. , Rott Lusijah , Hillsamer Peter , Butcher Eugene C.
Published: June 2004

Gene expression profiling was used to compare the gene expression patterns of human germinal center (GC) T helper (Th) cells with other CD4+ T-cell subsets (naive, central, and effector memory T cells). GC-Th cells, specifically localized in germinal centers to help B cells, are distantly related to central and effector memory T cells in global gene expression profiles. GC-Th cells displayed substantial differences in mRNA for adhesion molecules, chemoattractant receptors, and cytokines compared with other populations. Distinct expression of transcriptional factors by GC-Th cells is consistent with the hypothesis that they may be different from other T cells in cell lineage. Interestingly, CXCL13, a critical chemokine for B-cell entry to lymphoid follicles, is one of the most highly up-regulated genes in GC-Th cells. GC-Th cells (but not other T cells) produce and secrete large amounts of functional CXCL13 upon T-cell receptor activation, a process that is dependent on costimulation, requires translation and transcription, and is dramatically enhanced by activation in the presence of GC-B cells. This study revealed for the first time the unique gene expression program of GC-Th cells.
Dynamic interaction of HMGA1a proteins with chromatin
Authors: Harrer Monika , Lührs Hardi , Bustin Michael , Scheer Ulrich , Hock Robert
Published: June 2004

High-mobility-group proteins A1 (HMGA1; previously named HMGI/Y) function as architectural chromatin-binding proteins and are involved in the transcriptional regulation of several genes. We have used cells expressing proteins fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to analyze the distribution and dynamics of HMGA1a in vivo. HMGA1-GFP proteins localize preferentially to heterochromatin and remain bound to chromosomes during mitosis. FRAP experiments showed that they are highly mobile components of euchromatin, heterochromatin and of mitotic chromosomes, although with different resident times. For a more-detailed investigation on the interaction of HMGA1a with chromatin, the contribution of the AT-hook DNA-binding motifs was analyzed using point-mutated HMGA1a-GFP proteins. Furthermore, by inhibiting kinase or histone deacetylase activities, and with the help of fusion proteins lacking specific phosphorylation sites, we analyzed the effect of reversible modifications of HMGA1a on chromatin binding. Collectively our data show that the kinetic properties of HMGA1a proteins are governed by the number of functional AT-hooks and are regulated by specific phosphorylation patterns. The higher residence time in heterochromatin and chromosomes, compared with euchromatic regions, correlates with an increased phosphorylation level of HMGA1a. The regulated dynamic properties of HMGA1a fusion proteins indicate that HMGA1 proteins are mechanistically involved in local and global changes in chromatin structure.
Complex Formation and Gelation between Copolymers Containing Pendant Azobenzene Groups and Cyclodextrin Polymers
Authors: Takashima Yoshinori , Nakayama Tomofumi , Miyauchi Masahiko , Kawaguchi Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira
Published: June 2004

The copolymers of acrylamide and acrylamide with pendant azobenzene (AzBA–AAm) were prepared by radical polymerization. The association constants of trans-AzBA–AAm copolymers with β-CD are larger than those of cis-AzBA–AAm copolymers. The trans-AzBA–AAm guest copolymer was found to form supramolecular gels with β-CD–pAA (pAA; poly(allylamine)) host copolymers in water.
Side Chain Bromination of Mono and Dimethyl Heteroaromatic and Aromatic Compounds by Solid Phase N-Bromosuccinimide Reaction without Radical Initiator under Microwave
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Dey Swapan , Jana Subrata , Adak Avijit Kumar
Published: June 2004

A series of side chain mono and dibromo derivatives of mono and dimethyl heteroaromatic and aromatic compounds (1–17) were synthesized by one step solid phase N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) reaction without radical initiator by microwave irradiation. The benzylic mono and dibromo products were exclusively preferred except in the case of 6-methylpyridine amides (8 and 9) where nuclear and also side chain bromination resulted. Naphthyridine systems resulted improved yields. By this method, we also report the synthesis of 2-pivaloylaminopterin-6-carbaldehyde.
Total Synthesis of (–)-ent-Jolkinolide D
Authors: Suenaga Kiyotake , Takayanagi Yui , Yamaura Masashi , Kigoshi Hideo
Published: June 2004

The first total synthesis of the enantiomer of jolkinolide D, a bioactive diterpene from Euphorbia jolkini Boiss, was achieved from abietic acid. The enantiomer did not exhibit the biological activities that the natural jolkinolide D possesses.
Synthesis of Aryl-substituted Quinoline Derivatives via Brønsted Acid-catalyzed [4+2] Aza Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Nakashima Saeko , Yokota Koji , Fuchibe Kohei
Published: June 2004

CF3SO3H-catalyzed [4+2] aza Diels–Alder reaction of aldimines with silyl enol ethers, and subsequent in situ oxidation furnished quinoline derivatives in good to excellent yields, wherein use of CF3SO3H as a Brønsted acid is critical for the cyclization reaction.
Acute Interstitial Nephritis Due to Cefoperazone
Authors: Torun Dilek , Sezer Siren , Kayaselcuk Fazilet , Zumrutdal Aysegul , Ozdemir Fatma N , Haberal Mehmet
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To describe a case of cefoperazone-induced acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) in which the diagnosis was supported by renal biopsy.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 35-year-old woman presented to our hospital with decreased urine output and no past history of renal problems. Fifteen days prior to presentation, she had started treatment with intramuscular cefoperazone 1 g/day for a scalp infection. On day 12 of therapy, the patient noted decreased urine output, anorexia, and weakness, but she continued taking cefoperazone for 3 more days. Hemodialysis and oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg (30 mg twice daily) were started. Renal function returned to normal after 2 months of prednisolone treatment.

DISCUSSION:

Although AIN has been linked with other cephalosporins, as of June 18, 2004, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a cefoperazone-induced case. We based our diagnosis on the features of acute-onset renal failure, abnormal urinalysis findings, eosinophilia, inflammatory infiltrate in the interstitium, and recovery from renal failure after initiation of corticosteroid treatment. Application of the Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable relationship between the acute renal failure secondary to the possible AIN and cefoperazone therapy in this patient.

CONCLUSIONS:

This case indicates that cefoperazone, like other cephalosporins, can cause AIN. We recommend close monitoring of renal function in patients who are prescribed this drug.
Designing for an ageing population: an inclusive design methodology
Authors: Wright Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

Within the United Kingdom 19 million people, nearly half the electorate, are aged over 50 years, constituting a significant consumer group with a combined annual income of £166 billion (Nicholson, 2001). However, ‘everyday products and services are designed in a way that
ignores the needs of older people ... excluding them from a society that is youth obsessed’ (Design and Innovation, 2000). Whilst designers have access to marketing and ergonomic data, personal perceptions based on negative stereotypes may prejudice the design process. Building on research
into professional design practice and the ageing population, this paper proposes an inclusive design methodology to challenge ageist assumptions and contribute to curriculum developments in learning and teaching design in higher education. The research is timely as age discrimination legislation
was agreed within the European Union in 2000 (European Union Directive, 2000) and is anticipated to be implemented within the United Kingdom by 2006 (Age Concern, 2002).
Control of Roof Plate Development and Signaling by Lmx1b in the Caudal Vertebrate CNS
Authors: Chizhikov Victor V. , Millen Kathleen J.
Published: June 2004

Numerous studies have identified the roof plate as an important signaling center controlling dorsal interneuron specification and differentiation in the developing spinal cord. Currently, the molecular pathways of roof plate formation and function are poorly understood. We determined that the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Lmx1b is sufficient to induce functional roof plate in the early chick developing spinal cord. In the chick, Lmx1b acts upstream of Lmx1a in the roof plate developmental program. Once the roof plate forms, we show that Bmp and Wnt signaling are the major components ofLmx1a/b-dependent roof plate dorsal patterning activity. The roof plate function ofLmx1bis not conserved across vertebrates becauseLmx1bis not expressed in mouse roof plate progenitors. Instead, mouse caudal CNS roof plate formation relies entirely onLmx1a. Lmx1bcan, however, partially rescue roof plate development indreher(Lmx1a-/-) mice, indicating that Lmx1b has some functional redundancy to Lmx1a. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the roof plate-inducing activity of Lmx1b can be suppressed by Mash1 (Cash1), which is normally expressed in intermediate neural tube in both chick and mouse. Our data identifyLmx1bas a key regulator of spinal cord roof plate induction and function.
Constitutive Overexpression of Human Erythropoietin Protects the Mouse Retina against Induced But Not Inherited Retinal Degeneration
Authors: Grimm Christian , Wenzel Andreas , Stanescu Dinu , Samardzija Marijana , Hotop Svenja , Groszer Mathias , Naash Muna , Gassmann Max , Remé Charlotte
Published: June 2004

Elevation of erythropoietin (Epo) concentrations by hypoxic preconditioning or application of recombinant human Epo (huEpo) protects the mouse retina against light-induced degeneration by inhibiting photoreceptor cell apoptosis. Because photoreceptor apoptosis is also the common path to cell loss in retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), we tested whether high levels of huEpo would reduce apoptotic cell death in two mouse models of human RP. We combined the two respective mutant mouse lines with a transgenic line (tg6) that constitutively overexpresses huEpo mainly in neural tissues. Transgenic expression of huEpo caused constitutively high levels of Epo in the retina and protected photoreceptors against light-induced degeneration; however, the presence of high levels of huEpo did not affect the course or the extent of retinal degeneration in a light-independent (rd1) and a light-accelerated (VPP) mouse model of RP. Similarly, repetitive intraperitoneal injections of recombinant huEpo did not protect the retina in the rd1 and the VPP mouse. Lack of neuroprotection by Epo in the two models of inherited retinal degeneration was not caused by adaptational downregulation of Epo receptor. Our results suggest that apoptotic mechanisms during acute, light-induced photoreceptor cell death differ from those in genetically based retinal degeneration. Therapeutic intervention with cell death in inherited retinal degeneration may therefore require different drugs and treatments.
Überwachung temperaturgeführter Transporte mit Hilfe mobiler Fahrzeugkommunikation (Monitoring of Temperature-critical Transports through Mobile Vehicle-communication)
Authors: Erkens Elmar , Fitsch Marco , Kopfer Herbert , Gräser Axel
Published: June 2004

Der Beitrag stellt die Erweiterung eines speditionellen Kommunikationssystems um ein Modul für die Überwachung temperaturgeführter Transporte vor. Zunächst werden Anforderungen an die Überwachung von Kühltransporten beschrieben. Danach wird das Kommunikationssystem w@pLog vorgestellt, in das die Temperaturüberwachung zu integrieren ist. Abschließend wird das auf Basis der Erfordernisse der temperaturgeführten Transporte und der Fahrzeugkommunikation abgeleitete technische Lösungskonzept erläutert.
Mehrstufige Kapazitäts- und Ablaufplanung in der Mini Factory Diode der Bosch GmbH in Reutlingen (Multi-Stage Capacity Planning and Scheduling in the Mini Factory Diode of Bosch Ltd. in Reutlingen)
Authors: Haase Knut , Pauli Matthias , Soniadis Gabriel
Published: June 2004

Ein komplexes Maschinenbelegungsplanungsproblem in einem Unternehmen der Halbleiterindustrie wird betrachtet. Die Problemstellung ist durch eine divergierende Produktionsstruktur (Mehrstufigkeit), signifikante Rüstzeiten und alternative Maschinenfolgen gekennzeichnet. Gegenstand der Betrachtung sind die beiden letzten Produktionsstufen, d. h. die Montage und die Endmessung. Die Montage ist als Fließfertigung und die Endmessung als Werkstattfertigung organisiert. Besonderheiten der Planung ergeben sich aus festzulegenden Einsatzzeiten der Maschinen und kapazitätsreduzierenden Anlaufzeiten nach einem Maschinenstillstand. Die Problemstellung wird als mehrperiodiges Knapsack-Problem formalisiert. Zur heuristischen Lösung wird ein genetischer Algorithmus vorgeschlagen, der für den praktischen Einsatz in eine menügesteuerte Umgebung eingebunden ist. Durch den Einsatz des in Java implementierten Programms reduziert sich die Planungszeit von mehreren Tagen auf wenige Minuten, wobei die generierten Pläne eine hohe Akzeptanz bei den Planern fanden.
Dezentrale Automatisierungsstrategien für Gepäckbeförderungssysteme (Decentralized Automation Strategies for Baggage Transportation Systems)
Authors: Fay Alexander , Fischer Ivo
Published: June 2004

Wird das Gepäck in Flughäfen mit Hilfe von Einzelfahrzeugen befördert, so stellt die Steuerung der Fahrzeuge eine große Herausforderung für einen zentralen Steuerungsrechner dar. In diesem Beitrag wird ein dezentrales Steuerungskonzept vorgestellt. Dabei werden die Transportaufträge mit einem marktbasierten Verfahren den Fahrzeugen zugewiesen, und das Routing der Fahrzeuge durch das Streckennetz erfolgt ähnlich wie bei den Routing-Mechanismen des Internets.
Sulfotransferasen: Struktur, Mechanismus, biologische Aktivität, Inhibierung, Anwendung in Synthesen
Authors: Chapman Eli , Best Michael D. , Hanson Sarah R. , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: June 2004

Seit langem ist bekannt, dass die Sulfonierung von Biomolekülen in einer Vielzahl von Organismen stattfindet, von Prokaryoten bis hin zu vielzelligen Spezies, und ständig werden neue biologische Funktionen entdeckt, die mit dieser Umsetzung verknüpft sind. Frühe Studien zu Sulfotransferasen (STs), den Enzymen, die Sulfonierungen katalysieren, konzentrierten sich primär auf zytosolische STs, die an Entgiftungsreaktionen, der Hormonregulation und am Wirkstoffmetabolismus beteiligt sind. Obwohl man von ihrer Existenz gewusst hat, wurden membranassoziierte STs bis vor kurzem kaum untersucht. Sie sind an der Sulfonierung komplexer Kohlenhydrate und Proteine beteiligt und spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei einer Reihe von molekularen Erkennungsmechanismen und biochemischen Signalwegen. Des Weiteren hängen STs mit vielen pathophysiologischen Prozessen zusammen. Dies führte zu einem verstärkten Interesse an den komplexen Funktionen von STs und an der Möglichkeit zur Targetierung in therapeutischen Eingriffen. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Fortschritte bei der Aufklärung der Strukturen und Mechanismen von Sulfotransferasen sowie ihre biologische Aktivität, Inhibierung und Anwendung in der Synthese diskutiert.
Non‐kinase second‐messenger signaling: new pathways with new promise
Authors: Springett Gregory M. , Kawasaki Hiroaki , Spriggs David R.
Published: June 2004

Intercellular signaling by growth factors, hormones and neurotransmitters produces second messenger molecules such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Protein Kinase A and Protein Kinase C are the principal effector proteins of these prototypical second messengers in certain cell types. Recently, novel receptors for cAMP and DAG have been identified. These proteins, designated EPAC (Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP) or cAMP‐GEF (cAMP regulated Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor) and CalDAG‐GEF (Calcium and Diacylglycerol regulated Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor) or RasGRP (Ras Guanine nucleotide Releasing Protein) are able to mediate some of the physiologic effects of the second messengers in a protein‐kinase‐independent fashion. These proteins are exchange factors for Ras family GTPases that operate in pathways that run parallel to the classic kinase‐dependent pathways. The rapidly emerging recognition of the functions of these “non‐kinase” effectors in diverse processes such as insulin secretion, thymocyte development, asthma and malignant transformation creates new opportunities for discovery and identifies potential new therapeutic targets. BioEssays 26:730–738, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Turning back the clock on neural progenitors
Authors: Carr Adrian R. , Choksi Semil P. , Brand Andrea H.
Published: June 2004

Drosophila neural progenitor cells, or neuroblasts, alter their transcriptional profile over time to produce different neural cell types. A recent paper by Pearson and Doe shows that older neuroblasts can be reprogrammed to behave like young neuroblasts, and to produce early neural cell types, simply by expressing the transcription factor, Hunchback.1 The authors show that competence to respond to Hunchback diminishes over time. Mani pulating neural progenitors in this way may have important implications for therapeutic uses of neural stem cells. BioEssays 26:711–714, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of dietary flaxseed on the Fischer 344 rat: II. liver γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity
Authors: Hemmings Susan J. , Westcott Neil , Muir Alister , Czechowicz Dominika
Published: June 2004

The effect of 10% flax chow consumption from the 30th to the 130th day after birth was examined in male Fischer 344 rats. The effects of both the high lignan/high oil Norlin strain and a high lignan/low oil Solin strain of flaxseed were compared. Physically and behaviourally there were no differences in rats belonging to the three dietary groups at any time. At 50 and 100 days of dietary exposure, blood glucose levels were the same in Norlin and Solin flax chow‐fed and as well as regular chow‐fed rats; there were no signs of toxicity in the Norlin and Solin flax‐fed rats since their plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase were the same and equal to those of regular chow‐fed rats. The activity of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase (γGT) displayed an increase in the liver homogenates of flax chow‐fed rats. This increase was the same in Norlin and Solin flax‐fed rats at 50 and 100 days. Thus the liver effect was not oil, but lignan, likely secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), induced and was effected early on, and sustained, after flax exposure. The degree of heat activation of liver homogenate γGT was the same in regular chow‐fed and flax chow‐fed rats. Compared to liver homogenate γGT activity, the soluble form of γGT was expressed at very low levels while the plasma membrane‐bound form of γGT was expressed at very high levels in rat liver in both regular chow‐fed and flax chow‐fed rats. There was no effect of flax feeding on the soluble form of liver γGT which was expressed at a very low level. Flax feeding effected an increase in the activity of γGT in isolated plasma membrane fractions which mirrored that in liver homogenates: the same degree of increase was seen in Norlin flax chow‐fed and Solin flax chow‐fed rats. Flax consumption effects an increase in the activity of liver γGT at the level of the plasma membrane which is lignan dependent, physiologically relevant and may be linked to hepatoprotection against injury through an increase in reduced glutathione. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PKU‐5: An Aluminoborate with Novel Octahedral Framework Topology
Authors: Ju Jing , Yang Tao , Li Guobao , Liao Fuhui , Wang Yingxia , You Liping , Lin Jianhua
Published: June 2004

A new anhydrous aluminoborate Al4B6O15 (PKU‐5) has been synthesized in a boric acid flux in a closed system at 350 °C. PKU‐5, which crystallizes in the space group R3 with the lattice constants a=11.43398(9) and c=6.48307(5) Å, consists of Al octahedra and triangularly coordinated boron. The Al octahedron adopts the (10,3)‐a network, in which each octahedron shares three edges with the neighboring octahedra forming ten‐membered‐ring channels. The octahedral backbone in PKU‐5 can be considered as a primary octahedral framework topology and, setting out from the structures of the aluminoborates (PKU‐1 and PKU‐5), we propose construction rules for the octahedral frameworks. There are two types of connections for edge‐sharing octahedra in porous frameworks, trans and cis type, by which various microporous octahedral frameworks of different topologies can be constructed. The borate groups share oxygens with the Al octahedral frameworks forming two kinds of three‐membered‐ring units consisting of two octahedra and one triangle (2Al+B) and one octahedron and two triangles (Al+2B), respectively.
Seasoning Materials Chemistry by Using a Well‐Matured Organic Concept
Authors: Yokoyama Yasushi
Published: June 2004

The concept “introduction of allylic 1,3‐strain (A(1,3)‐strain) to photochromism” originated from the experience of total synthesis of natural products about 18 years ago, when the author was a post doc. It was first applied to synthetic organic reactions, then it was successfully employed in the diastereoselective photochromic reactions of diarylethenes. A diastereomeric excess of the photoreaction was 88 % for the first example, and it was improved to 94 % by the recent operation of rational molecular tailoring.
An Industrially Viable Catalyst System for Palladium‐Catalyzed Telomerizations of 1,3‐Butadiene with Alcohols
Authors: Jackstell Ralf , Harkal Surendra , Jiao Haijun , Spannenberg Anke , Borgmann Cornelia , Röttger Dirk , Nierlich Franz , Elliot Mark , Niven Stuart , Cavell Kingsley , Navarro Oscar , Viciu Mihai S. , Nolan Steven P. , Beller Matthias
Published: June 2004

The telomerization reaction of 1,3‐butadiene with alcohols to give alkyl octadienyl ethers in the presence of palladium–carbene catalysts has been studied in detail. Unprecedented catalyst efficiency with turnover numbers (TON) up to 1 500 000 and turnover frequencies (TOF) up to 100 000 h−1 have been obtained after optimization for the reaction of methanol in the presence of an excess of in situ generated carbene ligands. High yields (75–97 %) and catalyst productivities (TON 15 000–100 000) are observed for other aliphatic alcohols and phenols. For comparison five carbene–palladium(0) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Both electronic and steric effects on the stability and reactivity of the catalysts have been discussed on the basis of density functional theory calculations.
‘Chemobrain’ in breast carcinoma?
Authors: Wefel Jeffrey S. , Lenzi Renato , Theriault Richard , Buzdar Aman U. , Cruickshank Scott , Meyers Christina A.
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy‐induced cognitive dysfunction in patients with breast carcinoma has been described previously. However, those studies only assessed patients' postchemotherapy cognitive functioning and were not able to determine the relation between cognitive function and other treatments, such as surgery and radiotherapy, that often precede systemic chemotherapy.

METHODS

Eighty‐four women with breast carcinoma underwent a comprehensive neuropsychologic evaluation before receiving adjuvant therapy for nonmetastatic primary breast carcinoma.

RESULTS

Before the start of systemic therapy, 35% of women in the current cohort exhibited cognitive impairment. Verbal learning (18%) and memory function (25%) were impaired significantly more frequently relative to normative expectations. Although the impairments were not significant in the women who were examined, nonverbal memory (17%), psychomotor processing speed and attention (13%), confrontational naming (13%), visuoconstruction (13%), and upper‐extremity fine motor dexterity (12%) were impaired more frequently than was expected. Affective distress was related significantly to cognitive impairment (Pearson chi‐square = 9.90; P = 0.002). Given the conservative statistical approach employed, extent of surgery, hormone replacement therapy history, and current menopausal status failed to achieve statistical significance, but these variables did exhibit provocative trends with respect to cognitive impairment.

CONCLUSIONS

Cognitive impairment frequently is observed before the administration of systemic chemotherapy. Thus, investigations purporting to measure chemotherapy‐induced cognitive dysfunction must employ study designs that incorporate prechemotherapy baseline assessments to accurately detect changes in cognitive function that are attributable to chemotherapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Correspondence estimation of the source profiles in receptor modeling
Authors: Gajewski Byron J. , Spiegelman Clifford H.
Published: June 2004

This article considers the estimation of source profiles from pollution data collected at one receptor site. At this receptor site, varying metrological conditions can cause errors that are possibly a mixture of distributions. A standard estimator utilizes a least squares approach because of its optimal properties under normally distributed errors and consistency under many other distributions. In contrast, we study the behavior of least squares relative to our new approach, which is better suited for dealing with errors having a mixture of distributions. The estimator loses efficiency under normal errors, but in turn gains efficiency while in the presence of a mixture of distributions. The new alternative has a tuning constant that determines the level of efficiency, which we show using asymptotic theory for large samples and simulation for small samples. An example from Houston, TX, U.S.A. is considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dutch case studies of the estimation of extreme quantiles and associated uncertainty by bootstrap simulations
Authors: Pandey M. D. , Van Gelder P. H. A. J. M. , Vrijling J. K.
Published: June 2004

The article presents several practical applications of the peaks‐over‐threshold (POT) method to the estimation of extreme quantiles of environmental variables, such as sea level, river discharge, precipitation, wave height and earthquake magnitude using actual data collected in the Netherlands. The quantile estimation by the POT method is conceptually simple, since it involves fitting a Pareto distribution to peaks of a time series exceeding a high threshold. However, practical applications of the POT method are confounded by the selection of a suitable threshold, since quantile estimates tend to exhibit large and erratic variation with threshold. The article illustrates this threshold sensitivity of quantile estimates in a variety of data sets. Specifically, the article compares the performance of L‐moment and de Haan methods for modelling peak data by the Pareto distribution. To evaluate the quantile bias and variance as functions of threshold, a semi‐parametric bootstrap algorithm is utilized. The article deliberately emphasizes the use of conceptually simple and practical methods to promote engineering applications of statistical theory of extremes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictability of FTY720 efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo macrophage tracking: Clinical implications for ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Rausch Martin , Hiestand Peter , Foster Carolyn A. , Baumann Diana R. , Cannet Catherine , Rudin Markus
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To examine the efficacy of FTY720 as a new agent to reduce inflammatory activity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) by in vivo macrophage tracking.

Material and Methods

FTY720 was used for treatment of rats in a model of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at an oral dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on in vivo tracking of macrophages labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles, immunohistological staining (IHC), and neurological readouts was used to study the burden of disease in treated and untreated animals.

Results

While untreated animals showed severe paralysis of the hind paws, intense accumulation of macrophages in brain tissue, and areas of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) disruption, FTY720‐treated animals displayed no signs of inflammatory activity or neurological impairment. These observations were made for both acute phase and first relapse.

Conclusion

Tracking of macrophages by MRI provides direct evidence of the immunomodulatory efficacy of FTY720 in the EAE model and correlates well with neurological symptoms and histology. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:16–24. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preferential occult injury of corpus callosum in multiple sclerosis measured by diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Ge Yulin , Law Meng , Johnson Glyn , Herbert Joseph , Babb James S. , Mannon Lois J. , Grossman Robert I.
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assessment of microscopic fiber tract injury in the corpus callosum (CC) and other normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS).

Materials and Methods

DTI was performed in 12 healthy volunteers and 15 patients who have relatively short disease duration (mean = 2.7 years). Both fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were obtained in different regions of normal‐appearing CC (NACC) and NAWM in frontal and occipital regions.

Results

The data showed significantly lower FA (P < 0.001) and higher MD (P < 0.04) for NACC regions, but not for frontal and occipital NAWM regions, in patients than in those in healthy volunteers after Bonferroni adjustment. The increase of MD in the entire NACC regions was correlated with the total cerebral lesion volume (r = 0.75, P = 0.001) in patients.

Conclusion

The water diffusion changes indicate that in the early phase of disease there is a preferential occult injury of CC, which is likely due to the Wallerian degeneration from distant lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:1–7. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of regional lung function impairment in airway obstruction and pulmonary embolic dogs with combined noncontrast electrocardiogram‐gated perfusion and gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid aerosol magnetic resonance images
Authors: Ogasawara Nobuhiko , Suga Kazuyoshi , Kawakami Yasuhiko , Yamashita Tomio , Zaki Mohammed , Matsunaga Naofumi
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To define regional function impairment in airway obstruction (AO) and pulmonary embolic (PE) dogs with a combination study of noncontrast electrocardiogram (ECG)‐gated perfusion and gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) aerosol magnetic resonance (MR) images.

Methods

After acquisition of multiphase fast‐spin‐echo (FSE) MR images during cardiac cycles in 14 AO dogs and 19 PE dogs, ECG‐gated perfusion‐weighted (PW) images were obtained by subtraction between two‐phase images of the minimum lung signal intensity (SI) during systole and maximum SI during diastole. Each dog subsequently inhaled Gd‐DTPA aerosol for 20 minutes, and subtracted Gd‐DTPA aerosol images were obtained from precontrast and maximally enhanced images. ECG‐gated PW images were compared with intravenous Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced pulmonary arterial perfusion phase (PAPP) images.

Results

ECG‐gated PW images were consistent with Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced PAPP images in all dogs, with significant correlations in the affected‐to‐unaffected lung perfusion ratios (P < 0.005). Gd‐DTPA aerosol images showed sufficient and uniform enhancement in the unaffected lungs. In all the AO areas, these combined images showed the matched perfusion and aerosol deposition defects. These images showed perfusion defects without aerosol deposition defects in the relatively small embolized areas, but showed the matched defects in the widely embolized areas probably due to hypoxic bronchial constriction.

Conclusion

The combination MR studies may be acceptable for noninvasively defining regionally impaired lung function in AO and PE. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:46–55. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cine magnetic resonance microscopy of the rat heart using cardiorespiratory‐synchronous projection reconstruction
Authors: Brau Anja C.S. , Hedlund Laurence W. , Johnson G. Allan
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To tailor a cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy technique for the rat that combines improvements in pulse sequence design and physiologic control to acquire high‐resolution images of cardiac structure and function.

Materials and Methods

Projection reconstruction (PR) was compared to conventional Cartesian techniques in point‐spread function simulations and experimental studies to evaluate its artifact sensitivity. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were imaged at 2.0 T using PR with direct encoding of the free induction decay. Specialized physiologic support and monitoring equipment ensured consistency of biological motion and permitted synchronization of imaging with the cardiac and respiratory cycles.

Results

The reduced artifact sensitivity of PR offered improved delineation of cardiac and pulmonary structures. Ventilatory synchronization further increased the signal‐to‐noise ratio by reducing inter‐view variability. High‐quality short‐axis and long‐axis cine images of the rat heart were acquired with 10‐msec temporal resolution and microscopic spatial resolution down to 175 μm × 175 μm × 1 mm.

Conclusion

Integrating careful biological control with an optimized pulse sequence significantly limits both the source and impact of image artifacts. This work represents a novel integration of techniques designed to support measurement of cardiac morphology and function in rodent models of cardiovascular disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:31–38. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of decolourised hsian‐tsao leaf gum to low‐fat salad dressing model emulsions: a rheological study
Authors: Lai Lih‐Shiuh , Lin Pei‐Hsuan
Published: June 2004

The effects of mixed gums, including decolourised hsian‐tsao leaf gum (dHG) mixed with propylene glycol alginate (PGA) or xanthan gum (XG), and egg yolk concentration on the rheological properties of low‐fat salad dressing model emulsions were studied. All model emulsions showed pseudoplastic flow behaviour. Model emulsions with PGA addition showed the lowest pseudoplasticity, followed by those with dHG and then XG addition. Increasing the PGA level in the dHG/PGA system reduced the pseudoplasticity. Increasing the XG level in the dHG/XG system did not change the pseudoplasticity significantly but imparted a significant increase in viscosity. Dynamic viscoelasticity measurements indicated that model emulsions with dHG or XG addition could be classified as elastic gels. However, model emulsions with PGA addition essentially belonged to the class of either dilute or concentrated solutions rheologically, depending on the egg yolk concentration. The rheological characteristics of individual gums were found to be confounded in generating the rheological characteristics of model emulsions containing them. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of the microbial community and its changes in liquid piglet feed formulations
Authors: Plumed‐Ferrer Carme , Llopis Marta , Hyvönen Paula , Wright Atte von
Published: June 2004

The stability of the microbial populations in liquid piglet feed formulations was studied over a period of 3 months. Total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria, lipolytic bacteria, Bacillus cereus group and yeasts and moulds were monitored using selective media. The results demonstrated a tendency for slight increases in the numbers of total aerobic bacteria (p = 0.002), lactic acid bacteria (p = 0.014), proteolytic bacteria (p = 0.006) and lipolytic bacteria (p = 0.003). The numbers of amylolytic bacteria (p = 0.791) and yeasts and moulds (p = 0.620) were more variable, and Bacillus cereus‐like bacteria were nearly absent. Lactic acid bacteria, especially lactobacilli and leuconostocs, were the predominant population, indicating that a natural fermentation occurred, reducing the pH of the feeds to 4.7. The presence of proteolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic bacteria could theoretically lead to an improvement in the digestibility of the feeds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Isoflavone content of soybean cultivars grown in eastern Canada
Authors: Seguin Philippe , Zheng Wenju , Smith Donald L , Deng Wenhua
Published: June 2004

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) seeds contain isoflavones that have positive impacts on human health. The objective of this study was to determine isoflavone concentrations of early maturing soybean cultivars grown in different environments and to determine their relation to other important seed characteristics. Twenty soybean cultivars were grown in replicated trials at two sites in Montreal, Canada in 2002/2003 and their total and individual isoflavone concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Seed yield, 100‐seed weight and oil, crude protein and crude fiber concentrations were concurrently determined. Total and individual isoflavone concentrations were significantly affected by cultivar, site and year. Total isoflavone concentration ranged from 360 to 2241 µg g−1 and averaged 851 µg g−1 across environments and cultivars. Variation across environments ranged from 20 to 100% for specific cultivars. Total isoflavone concentration was, on average, 40% greater in 2003 than 2002, which was characterized by above average temperatures and severe drought. Despite significant cultivar × year × site interactions, cultivars with consistently high and low isoflavone concentrations across environments were identified. Weak but significant positive correlations were observed between total isoflavone concentration and seed yield, 100‐seed weight and crude fiber, indicating that isoflavone concentration is positively associated with other desirable seed characteristics. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of autologous instead of allogeneic blood transfusion during esophagectomy prolongs disease‐free survival among patients with recurrent esophageal cancer
Authors: Motoyama Satoru , Okuyama Manabu , Kitamura Michihiko , Saito Reijiro , Kamata Shuichi , Murata Katsuyuki , Ogawa Jun‐ichi
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

A substantial body of evidence suggests that allogeneic blood transfusion increases the rate of recurrence of resected malignancies. The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding better the clinical characteristics of recurrent esophageal cancer and determining whether any survival advantage is conferred by transfusing autologous instead of allogeneic blood during the esophagectomy for the original malignancy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 123 patients who received blood transfusion while undergoing esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer between January 1991 and February 1998. We focused on those patients in whom the malignancy recurred. Of them, 23 patients received allogeneic blood and 18 received autologous blood. Compared were the clinico‐pathological factors influencing prognosis as well as the disease‐free survival periods and the period of survival after recurrence of the cancer.

Results

The clinico‐pathological factors that influenced prognosis were similar in the two groups. There was also no significant difference in the rate at which the esophageal cancer recurred, or in survival time once it had recurred. On the other hand, disease‐free survival prior to recurrence was significantly prolonged in the autologous blood transfusion group.

Conclusion

Use of autologous instead of allogeneic blood prolongs disease‐free survival of esophageal cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;87:26–31. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gastric cancers based on immunohistochemical analysis of micrometastases
Authors: Karube Tomoaki , Ochiai Takenori , Shimada Hideaki , Nikaidou Takashi , Hayashi Hideki
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

The sentinel lymph node (SN) theory has the potential to change the trend of surgery for gastric cancer that is based on wide resection of the stomach with dissection of regional lymph nodes. However, feasibility tests of SN mapping procedures in gastric cancers with analysis of micrometastasis are rare. This study aimed to estimate the clinical usefulness of SN mapping using a dual procedure with dye‐ and gamma probe‐guided techniques for gastric cancers, based on immunohistochemical staining (IHC) analysis.

Methods

SN mapping procedures were performed on 41 patients with T1‐T2 gastric cancer, and gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy followed. All SNs and non‐SNs obtained from the patients were tested by IHC analysis using anti‐cytokeratin antibodies.

Results

Using the dual mapping procedure, SNs were detected in all patients (100%). SN was positive in all patients with lymph node metastasis except in one with non‐solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with marked lymphatic permeation, thus achieving an accuracy rate of 98%.

Conclusions

The method was accurate in predicting nodal status and could be an indicator for less invasive treatment in patients with gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;87:32–38. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The history and future of melanoma staging
Authors: Thompson John F. , Shaw Helen M. , Hersey Peter , Scolyer Richard A.
Published: June 2004

The evolution and progressive refinement of an internationally accepted melanoma staging system over the last 50 years has resulted in much greater accuracy and increased utility, but the staging process has become more complex and less intuitive. This raises the question of whether melanoma staging should continue to develop with ever‐increasing levels of complexity, or whether attempts should be made to produce an alternative system that is simpler and more intuitive. The current, TNM‐based American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for melanoma incorporates only some of the prognostic factors of proven significance. However, the information that is now available about these and other, well‐documented prognostic factors allows accurate prediction of an individual melanoma patient's prognosis using a computer‐generated estimate. Thus an alternative staging strategy that could be considered in the future would be to use such an estimate to obtain a numerical score for each patient, based on all available information agreed to be of prognostic relevance. A stage grouping could then be assigned on the basis of that score, according to previously determined score ranges for each stage and substage. The advantages of such a system would be that it would allow more reliable comparison of treatment results within and between institutions, and would provide more equivalent stratification groups for patients entering clinical trials of new therapies and those entering adjuvant therapy trials. A further advantage would be that because there would be a direct link between staging and prognostic estimate, such a system would be more readily able to be understood in an intuitive fashion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:224–235. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.