bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Flow Response to Surface Heterogeneity during a Semi-Idealized Diurnal Cycle
Authors: Janzon Erik , Arnqvist Johan , Shapkalijevski Metodija , Körnich Heiner , Rutgersson Anna
Published: January 2023

To characterize the effects of subgrid surface heterogeneity, the blending-height concept has been developed as a coupling strategy for surface parameterization schemes used in numerical weather prediction models. Previous modeling studies have tested this concept using stationary conditions with one-dimensional strips of surface roughness. Here, large-eddy simulations are used to examine the response of the blending height and effective surface roughness to tiled land-cover heterogeneity, or a two-dimensional chessboard pattern of alternating high and low vegetation given a diurnal cycle of solar irradiance in subarctic conditions. In each experiment, the length scale of the roughness elements is increased while the total domain fraction of each vegetation type is kept constant. The effective surface roughness was found to decrease with increasing length scale of surface cover heterogeneity, which is shown to have a significant impact on estimated wind turbine power calculated from logarithmic wind profiles. In stable conditions, the blending height in cases with large heterogeneity length scales was found to exist well above the surface layer. Because the behavior of the blending height has implications for coupled models, a simple model for the blending height as a function of heterogeneity length scale is introduced.
Statistical Modeling of 2-m Temperature and 10-m Wind Speed Forecast Errors
Authors: Bouallègue Zied Ben , Cooper Fenwick , Chantry Matthew , Düben Peter , Bechtold Peter , Sandu Irina
Published: January 2023

Based on the principle “learn from past errors to correct current forecasts,” statistical postprocessing consists of optimizing forecasts generated by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. In this context, machine learning (ML) offers state-of-the-art tools for training statistical models and making predictions based on large datasets. In our study, ML-based solutions are developed to reduce forecast errors of 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed of the ECMWF’s operational medium-range, high-resolution forecasts produced with the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). IFS forecasts and other spatiotemporal indicators are used as predictors after careful selection with the help of ML interpretability tools. Different ML approaches are tested: linear regression, random forest decision trees, and neural networks. Statistical models of systematic and random errors are derived sequentially where the random error is defined as the residual error after bias correction. In terms of output, bias correction and forecast uncertainty prediction are made available at any point from locations around the world. All three ML methods show a similar ability to capture situation-dependent biases leading to noteworthy performance improvements (between 10% and 15% improvement in terms of root-mean-square error for all lead times and variables), and a similar ability to provide reliable uncertainty predictions.
Distinct Influences of Two Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation Modes on Synoptic-Scale Eddies over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Zhou Haoyu , Hsu Pang-Chi
Published: January 2023

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO), which consists of a 10–30-day component and a 30–90-day component, is vigorous over the East Asian and the western North Pacific (WNP) monsoon regions where synoptic-scale eddies are also active. In this study, we systematically compare and diagnose the modulating effects of the 10–30- and 30–90-day BSISO modes on the development and maintenance of the WNP synoptic-scale eddies in terms of eddy energetics. During the developing phase of the synoptic eddies, the eddies tend to grow faster under the background conditions associated with the 10–30-day BSISO mode, compared with that associated with the 30–90-day mode, indicating the importance of the 10–30-day mode in eddy development. In contrast, the 30–90-day BSISO mode shows a larger contribution to the maintenance of the synoptic eddy intensity after the eddies reach their maximum amplitude. On the basis of the diagnoses of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget equation, we find that the positive EKE advection induced by the 10–30-day flow is the leading process resulting in the increased EKE for eddy development. However, the 30–90-day circulation anomalies provide long-lasting favorable conditions (relative to those of the 10–30-day anomalies) to maintain the eddy intensity by generating a positive barotropic energy conversion from 30- to 90-day kinetic energy to EKE. These results not only advance our understanding of multiscale interactions over the WNP but also help toward better monitoring and prediction of synoptic-scale eddies, including tropical cyclones, using the background BSISO information.

Significance Statement

The western North Pacific is a region with active but complex multiscale interactions among synoptic-scale disturbances, intraseasonal oscillation, and low-frequency background monsoonal activity. The relative effects of 10–30- and 30–90-day intraseasonal variability on the synoptic-scale disturbances were quantitatively examined based on the eddy kinetic energy budget analysis. The results show that the 10–30-day (30–90-day) mode of intraseasonal oscillations plays a key role in the growth (maintenance) of synoptic-scale disturbances through the advection (barotropic energy conversion) process. The results suggest the implication of monitoring and predicting the activity of synoptic-scale disturbances using the information of two different intraseasonal modes.
Substance use disorder screening and brief intervention in routine clinical practice in specialist adult mental health services: A systematic review
Authors: Reilly John , Meurk Carla , Heffernan Ed , Sara Grant
Published: January 2023

Background and Objectives:

Substance use disorders co-occurring with other mental health disorders are common and harmful. Clinical guidelines often recommend substance use screening and brief intervention though evidence about screening practice in mental health services is limited. This systematic review of routine clinical practice in adult mental health services aims to identify (a) proportions of screening and brief intervention, (b) how they are practised and (c) their outcomes.

Methods:

We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase and relevant Cochrane databases for articles until 31 July 2021 reporting on adults in English, regardless of geographical location. Backward snowball methods were used to locate additional articles. Screening, brief intervention and mental health services were defined. Data were extracted and variables compared related to setting, period, patient cohort, substances routine substance use disorder care pathways, and study quality was assessed.

Results:

We identified 17 articles reporting routine screening within adult mental health services. Studies in community settings mainly reported on screening for alcohol and other substance use disorders, while studies from inpatient settings reported mainly on tobacco. There was marked variation in methods and screening proportions. Only two studies reported on brief intervention.

Conclusion:

This systematic review shows marked variation in mental health services routine screening practices with early focus on alcohol but more recently tobacco screening. We suggest approaches to enhancing implementation of screening and brief intervention in routine care, particularly using electronic health records.
Standing on the Shoulders of Goffman: Advancing a Relational Research Agenda on Stigma
Authors: Aranda Ana M. , Helms Wesley S. , Patterson Karen D. W. , Roulet Thomas J. , Hudson Bryant Ashley
Published: January 2023

Drawing from Goffman’s original observations on stigma and the consequences of interactions between the stigmatized and supportive or stigmatizing audiences, we conduct a 20-year review of the diverse literature on stigma to revisit the collective nature of stigmatization processes. We find that studies on stigma’s origins, responses, processes, and outcomes have diverged from Goffman’s relational view of stigma as they have overlooked important relational mechanisms explaining the processes of (de)stigmatization. We draw from those conclusions to justify the need to study stigma as a collective phenomenon. We develop a relational perspective on stigma based on understanding how attributes are stigmatized (or not) by audiences in their interactions. We argue that to advance stigma research, it is necessary to build on Goffman’s theory to include the stigmatizers (i.e., the normal) and supporters (i.e., the wise); how they create, sustain, or remove stigma; and how they relate to the stigmatized (i.e., the targets). Accordingly, we provide a research agenda on stigma as a collective phenomenon that theorizes a relational perspective, proposes a typology of how audiences relate to stigmatization, and identifies patterns of relations between audiences. We thus offer a missing piece to existing accounts of stigma by focusing on the key role of audiences (i.e., stigmatizers or supporters of the stigmatized) rather than on the targets of stigma (i.e., the own).
The role of mental engagement between moderate or vigorous physical activity and academic achievement in adolescents
Authors: Fu Lingyi , Wang Yi , Leung Shing On , Hu Wan Ling
Published: January 2023

Background:

Physical activity (PA) is considered an important factor affecting academic achievement (AA). Different intensities of PA affect mental engagement (ME), which, in turn, affects AA. However, the role of ME in the relationship between PA and AA remains unclear.

Objective:

This study aimed to examine the mediating and/or moderating role of ME (i.e. cognitive flexibility [COGFLEX], metacognition [META] and competitiveness achievement motivation [COMPETE]) in the relationship between PA (both moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities) and AA.

Method:

Structural equation modelling was used to build a mediated moderation model. A total of 68,144 students from eight economies who participated in the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment were included in the study.

Results:

Moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) was significantly positively correlated and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) was significantly negatively correlated with AA in adolescents. COGFLEX, META and COMPETE were found to play a significant mediating role in the relationship between both types of PA (MPA and VPA) and AA. COGFLEX and COMPETE were found to moderate the relationship between VPA and AA.

Conclusion:

ME plays a mediated moderation role in the relationship between the intensity of PA and AA. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
A Reanalysis of the Voicing Effect in English: With Implications for Featural Specification
Authors: Morley Rebecca L. , Smith Bridget J.
Published: January 2023

The voicing effect is among the most studied and robust of phonetic phenomena. Yet there remains a lack of consensus on why vowels preceding voiced obstruents should be longer than vowels preceding voiceless obstruents. In this paper we provide an analysis of the voicing effect in a corpus of natural speech, and using production data from a metronome-timed word repetition study. From this evidence, as well as the existing literature, we conclude that vowel duration differences follow from consonant duration differences. The characteristic voicing effect in English is largely limited to words of especially long duration, and preceding vowel duration does not reliably cue obstruent voicing under the following circumstances: when obstruent voicing or duration cues conflict; for lax or unstressed vowels; and for most conversational speech. We show that this behavior can be modeled using a competing-constraints framework, where all segments resist expanding or compressing past a preferred duration. Inherent segment elasticity determines the degree of resistance, but segment duration is ultimately determined by the interaction of these segmental constraints with constraints on the distribution of the lengthening force within the syllable, and how closely target durations are matched. This account of the voicing effect has a number of implications for phonological theory, especially the central role that the concept of prominence plays in the analysis of underlying features.
Firefighter Suicide: A Theoretical Model for a Population Specific Behavioral Autopsy Program
Authors: Vega Luzimar , Johnson-DeLeon Candice C. , Kohalmi Alicia , Howell Brittany , Miller Stephanie , LeDuc Todd
Published: January 2023

Some research suggests that firefighters are possibly at greater risk than other at-risk first responder/public service populations for suicidality (e.g., police, Veterans, active duty military non-deployed males; Martin et al., 2017 ; Stanley et al., 2015; Stanley et al., 2016 ). Behavioral autopsies have been utilized to elucidate the clinical picture of other at-risk populations; however, to date there is no proposed or applied model for a suicide behavior autopsy in fire personnel. Developing a standardized suicide behavior autopsy will allow for a comprehensive understanding of firefighters who die by suicide and highlight potential areas for intervention. The aim of this paper is to integrate best practices for autopsy procedures from other high-risk populations into a comprehensive theoretical model for a proposed behavioral health autopsy for firefighters. Our recommended protocol is presented along with relevant limitations, clinical implications, and recommendations for future research.
Snowboard Landings from Different Heights: Electroencephalography Activity in Motor Preparation and Lower Limb Electromyography Changes
Authors: Ouyang Bowen , Chen Jiaming
Published: January 2023

The neural strategies for movements of the lower extremities for landings from different landing heights in trained half-pipe snowboarders are not well known. We observed changes in brain activity as measured by electroencephalography (EEG) and lower limb muscle activity as measured by electromyography (EMG) in trained and untrained half-pipe snowboarders landing from different heights (30 and 60 cm). There were 12 trained male half-pipe snowboarders (HS) and 12 untrained participants (UP). We recorded EEG signals during motor preparation prior to dropping and EMG signals from right lateral rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) muscles during landings. Generally, theta power in the frontal cortex significantly increased in the preparation period compared to the resting state, while the alpha 1 and alpha 2 power values in central and parietal cortical areas decreased as dropping heights increased. Additionally, the HS group displayed greater magnitudes of change in power values in three frequency bands compared to the UP group. The HS group (relative to UP group) also showed higher normalized EMG amplitudes for RF and GL during contact, especially at 60 cm. The HS group (relative to the UP group) presented lower antagonist EMG activity and a higher GL/TA ratio at the 60 cm dropping height. Long-term specialized training might lead to greater neural modulation of predictive sensorimotor control and specific neuromuscular activation patterns during landing.
Animosity and Tourism: Resident Perspectives
Authors: Farmaki Anna
Published: January 2023

Despite the growing interest that scholars have paid to animosity in tourism settings, pertinent research draws mostly from tourist perspectives to examine the effects of animosity on travel-related decision-making. The aim of this study is to explore the animosity perceptions of residents against Russian tourists who, following the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the sanctions imposed on Russia, are likely to experience intense animosity when traveling abroad. The study draws from interviews with residents based in Cyprus, a well-known island destination in the Mediterranean that is popular among Russian tourists. The study concludes that animosity within tourism settings represents a complex construct as it evolves and manifests varyingly, depending on multiple factors including media representations, passage of time from occurrence of event, previously held attitudes toward tourists, political or cultural affinity and subjective norms. The study offers a classification of resident animosity/affinity which provides theoretical and practical insights.
Religious worship online: A qualitative study of two Sunday virtual services
Authors: Dein Simon , Watts Fraser
Published: January 2023

This article examines the experience of online worship among 13 participants ‘attending’ virtual services in Cambridge. We focus upon an online formal Eucharistic service and a more informal Sunday evening non-Eucharistic service. After providing an overview of the literature on online religion, more specifically the possibility of a virtual religious community and the performance of online Eucharist, we present data from semi-structured interviews which were analysed through thematic analysis. The interviews reveal that virtual services, while better than nothing, have significant limitations in terms of participation, belonging, and the kind of religious experience engendered. While only two participants expressed the view that the virtual service was better than the live service, the majority found that the virtual service lacked a sense of connectedness. However, everyone agreed that it was different from a television broadcast in several important ways. The overall view was that celebrating the Eucharist was not possible online, because congregants could not actually partake of the bread and wine blessed by the priest which, for them, was an essential aspect of the ritual. For most people there was neither spiritual communion, nor a belief in consecration at a distance, leaving them feeling they were not really participating in the Eucharist. The participants in the study who engaged with both the Eucharist in the morning and the non-Eucharistic service in the evening generally seem to have preferred the latter. The data from this study are congruent with studies of diverse faiths which reveal the perceived importance of physical presence, contact and connection as being important for ritual effectiveness.
Disciplining Our Own: Politicizing the Image of the Strict Black Principals, 1970-1985
Authors: Offutt-Chaney Mahasan
Published: January 2023

Between the 1970s and 1980s, a bipartisan group of philanthropists, educational researchers, and eventually the Ronald Reagan administration politicized the image of the strict school disciplinarian as the key to urban school turnaround. While Black communities saw Black leaders as part of a broader project of racial and economic justice, local and national networks of educational elites reduced Black urban communities’ demands for self-determination to the disciplinarian strategies of strict Black leaders. This group of actors advanced Black school leaders’ disciplinarian strategies as a substitute for structural reforms that targeted the political and economic conditions that constrained urban schools. This idea of the strict Black disciplinarian clarifies how discipline became a dominant focus of school reform after 1970. In doing so, it deepens understanding of the educationalization of social problems, clarifies how and why discipline became a dominant focus of school reform after 1970, and illuminates the consequences of the neoliberal carceral turn in urban education.
An anti-windup control strategy for discrete time-delay system based on triple Lyapunov functional
Authors: Agrawal Komal , Negi Richa , Pal Vipin Chandra
Published: January 2023

This paper addresses the design of a dynamic output feedback-based anti-windup compensator to mitigate the windup phenomenon for a discrete time-varying delayed system with input saturation to establish the asymptotic stability. Linear matrix inequalities–based stability conditions are derived locally and globally. The controller for the closed-loop system is designed to reduce the effect of external bounded disturbances by utilizing the linear matrix inequality approach. The novel triple Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional along with reciprocal convex inequality is used to solve the expressions contained in the forward difference of the functional and to maximize the basin of attraction. Finally, industrial examples are simulated to prove the effectiveness of the proposed criterion.
Consensus of discrete-time multi-agent systems with consecutive packet losses in directed communication topology
Authors: Chen Bing , Chen Yangzhou , Zhan Jingyuan
Published: January 2023

In this paper, consensus analysis and design are investigated for discrete-time multi-agent systems (MASs) with consecutive packet losses in communication links of directed communication topology. It is assumed that at each transmitted instant, the packet loss is stochastic and described by Bernoulli distribution, but during a given time window, the data could be successfully transmitted to the agent from each of its neighbors. First, we utilize the incidence matrix of a directed spanning tree of the communication topology to construct a linear transformation matrix so that the consensus problem is equivalently transformed into a mean square asymptotic stability problem of a reduced-order system. Second, by using Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional approach, we derive some sufficient conditions of consensus criterion in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). These conditions express the relationship among the control gain matrix, packet loss rate, and the number of consecutive packet losses. Based on the conditions, gain matrix in the consensus protocol is designed to guarantee the MAS with stochastic packet losses to achieve mean square asymptotic consensus. Moreover, for the special case of undirected communication topology, by using the matrix decomposition method, the variables of LMIs are transformed into the low-order conditions independent of the network size. Finally, some numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A finite-time adaptive sliding mode control based on DOB for AUVs subject to matched and mismatched disturbances
Authors: Ramezani-al Mohammad Reza , Tavanaei-Sereshki Zahra , Emami Kianoush
Published: January 2023

This paper proposes an adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) based on disturbance observer (DOB) for trajectory tracking problem of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Due to sensitivity of the SMC to mismatched disturbances, this paper presents an adaptive SMC based on a new exponential reaching law. The controller uses a DOB to estimate both matched and mismatched time-varying disturbances. The stability of DOB in the presence of time-varying disturbances is proved via the Lyapunov stability theorem. To design the controller, sliding surfaces containing estimation of the matched and mismatched disturbances are defined. In order to increase the speed of reaching to the surfaces and avoid chattering, the gains of the proposed reaching law have been adapted based on the sliding surfaces. It has been proved that the proposed reaching law converges to the sliding surfaces in a finite time. The stability of the overall system with DOB and controller has also been proved using the Lyapunov technique. A simulation study has conducted to test how the proposed method controls the AUVs to track a desired trajectory when the vehicles are exposed to both matched and mismatched disturbances. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed controller is superior to the controllers previously reported in the literature.
Optimal constrained integral sliding mode control design for fuzzy-based nonlinear systems
Authors: Daneshian Keramat , Forouzanfar Mehdi , Seyed Moosavi Seyed Mohsen , Aghajari Ebrahim
Published: January 2023

This study introduces a novel H∞ optimal constrained integral sliding mode control (OCISMC) for nonlinear systems due to the matched/unmatched external disturbances based on Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy models. Based on the Lyapunov function, the appropriate conditions are provided to reach the sliding mode from any initial condition and robustness against the matched disturbances is guaranteed. The optimal nominal part of the proposed OCISMC is designed based on an online optimization problem. To reach robustness against the unmatched disturbances and constrained controller, the H∞ performance and the limitations of the control signal are included in the design procedure of the suggested OCISMC. Furthermore, by considering a non-quadratic Lyapunov function (NQLF), a new linear matrix inequality problem with less conservatism is derived. Finally, two examples are simulated and compared with the existing works to illustrate the capability of the proposed OCISMC.
Start-up process optimization of pumped-storage unit with Tilt–Integral–Derivative controller
Authors: Lv Yijing , Liu Wanying , Zheng Yang , Chen Sheng , Chen Qijuan
Published: January 2023

Focused on the hydraulic–mechanical coupled transient behaviors of the pumped-storage unit (PSU), this paper discusses the theoretical implementation and the parameter optimization of tilt–integral–derivative (TID) controller in turbine start-up processes. A novel learning backtracking search algorithm (LBSA) is adapted to optimize the control parameters, and a comprehensive index combining the relative deviation of the rotational speed and the relative deviation of the volute’s water pressure is designed as the objective function. A nonlinear mathematical model which can reflect hydraulic and mechanical dynamic characteristics of the pumped-storage governing system (PSGS) is established for the simulation of the transient period. Simulation experiments of two typical operating conditions are carried out under no-load condition. The simulation results show that the TID controller attaches significance to suppressing the amplitude of water hammer pressure and damping the hydraulic fluctuations. It will also restrain the trend of state trajectories oscillating back and forth in the unstable “S” shaped regions.
Let’s Enjoy an Evening on the Couch? A Daily Life Investigation of Shared Problematic Behaviors in Three Couple Studies
Authors: Pauly Theresa , Lüscher Janina , Berli Corina , Hoppmann Christiane A. , Murphy Rachel A. , Ashe Maureen C. , Linden Wolfgang , Madden Kenneth M. , Gerstorf Denis , Scholz Urte
Published: January 2023

Symptom-system fit theory proposes that problematic behaviors are maintained by the social system (e.g., the couple relationship) in which they occur because they help promote positive relationship functioning in the short-term. Across three daily life studies, we examined whether mixed-gender couples reported more positive relationship functioning on days in which they engaged in more shared problematic behaviors. In two studies (Study 1: 82 couples who smoke; Study 2: 117 couples who are inactive), days of more shared problematic behavior were accompanied by higher daily closeness and relationship satisfaction. A third study with 79 couples post-stroke investigating unhealthy eating failed to provide evidence for symptom-system fit. In exploratory lagged analyses, we found more support for prior-day problematic behavior being associated with next-day daily relationship functioning than vice-versa. Together, findings point to the importance of a systems perspective when studying interpersonal dynamics that might be involved in the maintenance of problematic behaviors.
The Impact of Awe on Existential Isolation: Evidence for Contrasting Pathways
Authors: Edwards Megan E. , Helm Peter J. , Pratscher Steven , Bettencourt B. Ann , Arndt Jamie
Published: January 2023

We propose that awe has multifaceted relations with existential isolation, a feeling of separation between the self and others or the world. Three studies examined the relation between awe and existential isolation via feelings of small self (vastness, self-size, self-perspectives) and a sense of connectedness. Awe (vs. a control topic) was induced either using virtual reality (Study 1) or a recall task (Studies 2 and 3) and was indirectly associated with higher and lower levels of existential isolation through differing pathways. Awe was associated with lower feelings of existential isolation via an increased sense of vastness, which in turn predicted greater connectedness; whereas awe was associated with higher feelings of existential isolation via increased sense of feeling small, which in turn predicted lower connectedness. This work advances understanding of the complex nature of awe—revealing its competing effects on the self and the social connectedness pathways through which awe can influence existential isolation.
Disability Severity, Professional Isolation Perceptions, and Career Outcomes: When Does Leader–Member Exchange Quality Matter?
Authors: Lyons Brent J , Baldridge David C , Yang Liu-Qin , Bryan Camellia
Published: January 2023

Employees with disability-related communication impairment often experience isolation from professional connections that can negatively affect their careers. Management research suggests that having lower quality leader relationships can be an obstacle to the development of professional connections for employees with disabilities. However, in this paper we suggest that lower quality leader–member exchange (LMX) relationships may not be a uniform hurdle for the professional isolation of employees with disability-related communication impairment. Drawing on psychological disengagement theory, we predict that employees with more severe, rather than less severe, communication impairment develop resilience to challenges in lower quality LMX relationships by psychologically disengaging from professional connections and, in turn, bear fewer negative consequences of professional isolation on career outcomes. In two studies of deaf and hard of hearing employees, we find that in lower quality LMX relationships employees with more severe communication impairment perceive being less isolated than employees with less severe communication impairment, and, in turn, report better career outcomes. Overall, our findings suggest that employees with more severe communication impairment may develop effective coping strategies to manage challenges of perceived professional isolation for career outcomes when in lower quality LMX relationships.
Strategy by Doing and Product-Market Performance: A Contingency View
Authors: Jung Christopher , Mallon Mark R. , Wilden Ralf
Published: January 2023

The strategy-by-doing perspective argues that firms operating in highly dynamic environments can benefit from taking strategic actions in lieu of advance planning because such actions have learning effects that help the firm keep pace with changes in the environment. The implicit assumption is that strategy by doing is effective in dynamic environments but likely not in stable environments. This study challenges this notion and expands the purview of the strategy-by-doing perspective. We first argue that strategy by doing is generally an effective strategy due to the organizational learning it facilitates. We next discuss how environmental dynamism is multidimensional, encompassing both market and technological dynamism. The positive effects of strategy by doing on product-market performance are amplified in highly dynamic environments that feature high levels of both market and technological dynamism. We go on to argue that stable environments are also suitable for strategy by doing, where it can facilitate opportunity creation. However, strategy by doing may hinder performance in mixed environments where one form of dynamism is present and the other is not. Focusing on strategy by doing in the form of product changes, our analysis of 4,000 firms over a period of 20 years shows support for our arguments about environmental contingencies affecting the relationship between strategy by doing and performance. We discuss how these findings have implications for theory and practice.
Business Churning and Neighborhood Instability: Is There a Link?
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Kane Kevin , Kim Young-An , Hipp John R.
Published: January 2023

Much of the work concerning economic dynamism has focused on its aggregate-level implications, while there have been rising concerns about business displacement at the community or neighborhood level. In this article, we analyze this important (restructuring) process using detailed establishment-level business information and explore how it manifests itself across space within the Los Angeles—Long Beach—Santa Ana, CA Urbanized Area. We also investigate the association between business churning and neighborhood-level housing vacancy rates to understand the implications of dramatic changes in the business landscape. We find that housing vacancies are more likely to increase in urban neighborhoods with a higher establishment death rate, while the creation of new businesses can mitigate the association to some extent. We also detect substantial variation across decades not only in the spatial distribution of business churning but also in its association with housing vacancy rates, suggesting the evolving nature of business dynamics and their implications.
Nonlinear Harmonic Distortion of Complementary Golay Codes
Authors: Hamilton Fraser , Hoskins Peter , Corner George , Huang Zhihong
Published: January 2023

Recent advances in electronics miniaturization have led to the development of low-power, low-cost, point-of-care ultrasound scanners. Low-cost systems employing simple bi-level pulse generation devices need only utilize binary phase modulated coded excitations to significantly improve sensitivity; however the performance of complementary codes in the presence of nonlinear harmonic distortion has not been thoroughly investigated. Through simulation, it was found that nonlinear propagation media with little attenuative properties can significantly deteriorate the Peak Sidelobe Level (PSL) performance of complementary Golay coded pulse compression, resulting in PSL levels of −62 dB using nonlinear acoustics theory contrasted with −198 dB in the linear case. Simulations of 96 complementary pairs revealed that some pairs are more robust to sidelobe degradation from nonlinear harmonic distortion than others, up to a maximum PSL difference of 17 dB between the best and worst performing codes. It is recommended that users consider the effects of nonlinear harmonic distortion when implementing binary phase modulated complementary Golay coded excitations.
B-line Elastography Measurement of Lung Parenchymal Elasticity
Authors: Koda Ren , Taniguchi Hayato , Konno Kei , Yamakoshi Yoshiki
Published: January 2023

This paper proposes a method to determine the elasticity of the lung parenchyma from the B-line Doppler signal observed using continuous shear wave elastography, which uses a small vibrator placed on the tissue surface to propagate continuous shear waves with a vibration frequency of approximately 100 Hz. Since the B-line is generated by multiple reflections in fluid-storing alveoli near the lung surface, the ultrasonic multiple-reflection signal from the B-line is affected by the Doppler shift due to shear waves propagating in the lung parenchyma. When multiple B-lines are observed, the propagation velocity can be estimated by measuring the difference in propagation time between the B-lines. Therefore, continuous shear wave elastography can be used to determine the elasticity of the lung parenchyma by measuring the phase difference of shear wave between the B-lines. In this study, three elastic sponges (soft, medium, and hard) with embedded glass beads were used to simulate fluid-storing alveoli. Shear wave velocity measured using the proposed method was compared with that calculated using Young’s modulus obtained from compression measurement. Using the proposed method, the measured shear wave velocities (mean ± S.D.) were 3.78 ± 0.23, 4.24 ± 0.12, and 5.06 ± 0.05 m/s for soft, medium, and hard sponges, respectively, which deviated by a maximum of 5.37% from the values calculated using the measured Young’s moduli. The shear wave velocities of the sponge phantom were in a velocity range similar to the mean shear wave velocities of healthy and diseased lungs reported by magnetic resonance elastography (3.25 and 4.54 m/s, respectively). B-line elastography may enable emergency diagnoses of acute lung disease using portable ultrasonic echo devices.
Improved multi-lingual sentiment analysis and recognition using deep learning
Authors: Khan Amjad
Published: January 2023

Speech emotion recognition (SER) is still a fresh in natural language processing domain since the accuracy is beyond targeted. Mainly due to real-time applications such as human–robot interaction, human behaviour evaluation and virtual reality rely heavily on SER. Moreover, cross-lingual SER plays a significant role in practical applications, especially when users of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds interact with the system. However, the existing conventional approaches of SER cannot be employed for real-world applications because it uses the same corpus for training and testing, which cannot be used for multi-lingual environments to detect or classify real emotions. In such a situation, the performance of SER is degraded. Therefore, the proposed work develops cross-lingual emotion recognition through Urdu, Italian, English and German. The features are extracted through the most employed audio feature known as MFCCs (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients). Experimental results exhibited that the proposed deep learning model comes out with promising results on the URDU data set with 91.25% accuracy using random forest (RF) and XGBoost classifier.
The Heterogeneous Effect of Parental Investment on Old-Age Support: Only Children As the Main Caregivers in China
Authors: Chen Jacqueline Chen , Lu Bei , Yang Mingxu
Published: January 2023

In an era of rapid aging and shrinking family sizes, only children have gradually become the main providers of old-age support. China offers a unique opportunity to investigate old-age support provision in one-child families due to its strict family planning policies. Using four-wave panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we ask whether old-age support in one-child families is more or less motivated by parental investments than in multi-child families. Results show a coexistence of fairness maintenance thesis and singleton compensation thesis: children’s returns to parents in one-child families are weakly motivated by their parents’ large-sum investments, but strongly motivated by parental daily transfers. In one-child families, sons are more obliged to provide old-age support in return for parental transfers than are daughters. The policy implications for old-age support provision in an aging society with a declining family size are also discussed.
Violent infrastructure, nationalist stigmatisation and spatial erasure
Authors: Sen Somdeep
Published: January 2023

This article studies the violent politics of stigmatisation and erasure of nationalist urban infrastructure. In general, urban infrastructure is a mechanism of state power. But, through the case of the imposing presence of Turkish nationalist infrastructure in the Kurdish city Diyarbakir, it demonstrates that when tied to an antagonistic nationalist political project, this infrastructure is often purposefully built to violently cleanse urban spaces of the national “other”. Be it a statue, a mural or a picture of a nationalist leader – this infrastructure is incapable of inflicting physical pain. Nonetheless, its violence is symbolic and meant to have a real effect on Diyarbakir’s Kurds’ ability and willingness to identify as Kurds. That said, violence does not entirely inform the spatial experience of those targeted by this nationalist infrastructure. The article demonstrates that Kurdish residents also found ways of remaining unaffected, even treating the infrastructure laden with Turkish nationalist iconography as a reminder of their own Kurdish identity. This article thus expands our understanding of what nationalist infrastructure does. It may be designed to be violent. However, it also reveals itself to be a site of contestation – equally inspiring the persistence of the counter-narrative of the national “other”.
Autonomy of migration in the light of deportation. Ethnographic and theoretical accounts of entangled appropriations of voluntary returns from Morocco
Authors: Maâ Anissa
Published: January 2023

The intricate relationship between border control and migrations is the core puzzle of this paper, which takes voluntary returns from Morocco as a case study and autonomy of migration (AoM) as a theoretical framework. More precisely, the paper examines voluntary returns from the perspective of migrants themselves to grasp border control through the lens of its disputed, distorted and sometimes subverted implementation. The paper draws on data collected during fieldwork conducted between 2016 and 2018 in Morocco, including ethnographic observations and interviews with staff from the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), migrants and local intermediaries. It focuses on the case of sub-Saharan migrants leaving Morocco through “Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration” programmes led by IOM and confronts empirical data with the AoM theoretical framework. The paper demonstrates that migrants’ entangled appropriations of return are defined in close relationship with a wide range of actors intervening during the process of return. Ultimately, migrants reformulate the meaning of their involvement in voluntary return into strategic, moral, relative, and symbolic terms. However, these entangled appropriations of a deportation device simultaneously reinforce social norms and institutional regulations underlying migration dynamics and border control. Eventually, the paper draws conclusions on the political effects of migrants' entangled appropriation of a deportation device on the production of intertwined im/mobility regimes between the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.
Exploring the lived experiences of (un)employment among visually impaired persons in Nigeria: Implications for policy and practice
Authors: Okonji Emeka Patrick , Okonji Patrick Ifechukwude , Connors Elyse , Leja James
Published: January 2023

Blind people have been consistently underemployed in Nigeria. There have been recent policy initiatives, and programmes especially by the federal government and the Lagos state government, aimed at improving the unemployment situation of people with disabilities, but not much success has been recorded. This study explored the views of blind individuals about their (un)employment experiences to understand their challenges and proffer solutions. The study employed a qualitative approach, conducting one-to-one unstructured qualitative interviews with 22 blind and visually impaired adults aged between 18 and 55 years. Verbatim transcripts of the interviews were analysed using the thematic analysis approach. Four major themes emerged: describing participants’ views on discrimination and lack of inclusive processes in recruitment; perceived gaps with policy enforcement; inadequate support systems for vocational skills training and entrepreneurship; as well as general views on life, society, and hopes for future employment opportunities. The most common barrier to employment mentioned by participants was the misconception by employers that being blind meant being unable to work. There was a general lack of confidence and trust in recent policies seeking to address structural barriers to visually impaired people’s employment goals. Real solutions and specific policy changes were desired.
Reframing the discourse and rhetoric of language testing and assessment for the public square
Authors: Taylor Lynda
Published: January 2023

As applied linguists and language testers, we are in the business of “doing language”. For many of us, language learning is a lifelong passion, and we invest similar enthusiasm in our language assessment research and testing practices. Language is also the vehicle through which we communicate that enthusiasm to others, sharing our knowledge and experience with colleagues so we can all grow in understanding and expertise. We are actually quite good at communicating within our own community. But when it comes to interacting with people beyond our own field, are we such effective communicators? Wider society—politicians, journalists, policymakers, social commentators, teachers, and parents—all seem to find assessment matters hard to grasp. And I am not sure we as language testers do much to help them. So I find myself wondering why that is? Is it that our language is too specialised, or overly technical? Do we choose unhelpful words or images when we talk about testing? Worse still, do we sometimes come across as rather arrogant or patronising, perhaps even irrelevant to non-specialists’ needs and concerns? If so, could we perhaps consider reframing our discourse and rhetoric in future to improve our communicative effectiveness, and how might we do that?
Interaction between syntactic and information structure in the second language processing of Korean dative sentences
Authors: Kim Hyunwoo , Park Sun Hee
Published: January 2023

It remains an open question whether second language (L2) learners can process linguistic properties at the syntax–discourse interface. This study examines this issue in the context of the L2 processing of Korean dative sentences under different information structure requirements. Given that discourse constraints associated with information structure tend to manifest more strongly in noncanonical than in canonical structures, we tested whether L2 learners of Korean show sensitivity to such constraints during online processing. In a story-continuation task, both native and nonnative speaker groups showed a strong preference for producing canonical dative patterns, indicating their comparable knowledge of the canonical status of Korean dative sentences. In a self-paced reading task, both groups spent longer reading times when the word order of dative sentences did not follow given–new information structure, but only for the noncanonical and not the canonical structure. These results suggest that L2 processing of dative structures at the syntax–discourse interface relies on the same parsing architecture that guides native-speaker processing.
Off the RADAR; questions regarding the trial protocol of a randomised controlled trial of antipsychotic reduction and discontinuation
Authors: Jauhar Sameer , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Foreman David
Published: January 2023

The randomised controlled trial of antipsychotic reduction and discontinuation addresses essential questions with regard to continued use of antipsychotics in schizophrenia, pertaining to social functioning and continued antipsychotic use. However, significant methodological issues stated in the trial protocol have the potential to confound interpretation of any findings. These include use of a non-blinded outcome measure, treatment as usual comparator and possible sample size issues.