bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reform of the UN Security Council as one of the priorities of the activity of Brazil at the international level
Authors: Chekova J. M.
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the issue of the UN Security Council reform. The author considers the currently existing expansion initiatives, as well as the positions of the five permanent members and the main countries interested in launching the process. The UN Security Council reform is analyzed as one of the priorities of Brazilian foreign policy, so special emphasis is laid on the role of the Latin American giant in this process. The author examines the Brazilian strategy aimed at obtaining a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.
TOLERAR/TOLERANCIA: TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL MEANINGS IN THE SPANISH POST-CHRISTIAN SOCIETY
Authors: Gorenko G. .
Published: August 2020

The article presents lexicographical analysis of words “tolerar” and “tolerancia” in Spanish, which allows us to follow paths of transformation of their fundamental meanings. Considered semantic changes are a reflection of deep processes that occur in the Spanish post-Christian society.
OCCITANIA IN CATALONIA
Authors: Grinina E. .
Published: August 2020

Annotated article focuses on the presence of Occitania in Catalonia. Both regions are linked old and close linguistic and cultural ties. Aran language (subdialects modern Occitan language), one of the three official languages of the Aran Valley in Catalonia, is a means of self-identification of the inhabitants of the Aran Valley, perceive themselves as occitans.
THE COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF WORDS IN THE LIGHT OF TRANSLATION AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Authors: Karpovskaya NATALIA
Published: August 2020

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the influence of word pragmatic potential on the process of taking translation decisions. The most part of attention is focused on the translation difficulties of the lingual pragmatic categories components, on the specifics of the pragmatic relations in the process of bilingual com-munication, as well as on the importance of translator in these latter days
SPANISH IN CATALONIA (Conditional Languages and exalted nationalism)
Authors: Del Moral RAFAEL
Published: August 2020

For the last decades the coexistence of Spanish and Catalan has experienced an identity crisis, a clash between the languages that is not apparent in other ambilingual territories or other Catalan-speaking regions. This paper will show the reasons behind these misunderstandings and will advance a procedure to analyze them. It will also consider principles of respect between each of the language speakers as well as how linguistic politics clash with basic principles related to the evolution and reciprocity of languages. These concepts will be grounded in general socio-linguistic theory concerning the feelings of belonging (mother tongue) and of learning (forein language) and the respective communication codes of their users. This presentation draws from my recently published book Las batallas de la eñe: lenguas condicionadas y nacionalismos exaltados, a study that reveals the discrepancies among the Central and autonomous Spanish governments’ blueprints and arrangements, natural selection principles and language usage.
AUTHORITY AND LAW ORDER IN THE SPANISH-SPEAKING PAREMIOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Perederi ELENA
Published: August 2020

The article focuses on the original evaluative Spanish proverbs with the components “rey” and “ley” and is aimed at revealing stereotypes existing in the area of ‘authority’ and ‘law order’, as well as the type of po-litical culture. The analysis of the material has revealed the prevalence of negative appreciation of the power and laws and the lack of cooperation with the people, that is the parochial-subject political culture.
THE COUNTS VORONTSOV AND 18TH CENTURY SPAIN
Authors: Volosyuk OLGA
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the image of Spain created by 18th century Russian travelers to the country. Their experiences, especially that of Alexander Vorontsov, not only created an image of the distant country in Rus-sia, but also affected the orientation of the Russian Court’s policy towards Spain, as the Vorontsovs were one of Russia’s most influential noble families in the second half of the 18th century.
LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY AND ACRONYMIC DERIVATION IN THE PENINSULAR SPANISH
Authors: Fàbregas Alegret IMMACULADA
Published: August 2020

The investigation that we present is based on the ability to generate an endless number of words from a morphophonological process, in particular, acronymic derivation. We center our work on a delimited terri-tory: the peninsular Spanish. Throughout our study, we’ll show the latest creative tendencies in the subject of acronymic derivation in the Iberian Peninsula, using certain premises and targets that we’ll specify further. After a series of terminological clarifications, we’ll take as an observation area a lexical corpus that we’ll present and which analysis will allow us to draw some conclusions
Compliment piropo in Spanish space
Authors: Astakhova Elena V.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the Spanish compliment piropo as a special form of language communication which is directly connected to popular culture, covers diﬀerent aspects of life and is related with studies of national character, saving or abandoning traditions and old values. The compliment piropo reﬂects particular features of historical, literal, social and physiological events experienced by Spanish society. The phenomenon of piropo shows global transformations in the economy, policy, social and gender relationship of Spanish society during the last third of the twentieth and early twenty-ﬁrst century.
The political formation of Brazil and the process of the inertial democracy
Authors: Baquero Marcello , Ranincheski Sonia , De O. De Castro Henrique Carlos
Published: August 2020

The article aims to study some important features of the Brazilian political culture. The article focuses on the concept of the “inertial democracy” elaborated by one of its authors, Marcello Baquero. With the purpose to discover the reasons of the disappointment of the Brazilians towards the politics the authors analyze the most signiﬁcant points of the Brazilian political formation and give their conclusions.
Evolution of Spanish society socio-cultural values and norms at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries
Authors: Kozhanovsky Alexandr
Published: August 2020

Spain is one of the European countries where global cultural and ideological transformation - distinctive for the late 20th-early 21st century - has been particularly profound and radical. This led in Spain to the coexistence and confrontation of two diﬀerent systems of values: the “old”, associated with the usual ideological tenets and the “new” one, liberal and focused on “political correctness”, “tolerance”, “feminism”, etc. The author considers a number of traditional folk festivals in modern Spain from the point of view of diﬀerent speciﬁc situations of the value-ideological confrontation, with its course, results and possible prospects.
Spain in the EU and transatlantic economic interaction
Authors: Tayar Violetta
Published: August 2020

In the article are considered the prospects of forming of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the EU and the USA. The article analyzes the importance of transatlantic interaction for economy of Spain and its line items in the EU.
THE PROBLEM OF CEUTA AND MELILLA IN SPANISH FOREIGN POLICY
Authors: Cherkasova Ekaterina
Published: August 2020

The article is dedicated to one of the most important problems of Spain’s foreign policy, namely the problem of the two Spanish enclaves located on the territory of Morocco - Ceuta and Melilla. The historical and legal provisions form the basis of arguments of the Spanish and Moroccan parts justifying their claim to these disputed territories. A comparison is made between the problems of Ceuta and Melilla and Gibraltar.Particular attention is paid to the question of whether they are covered by NATO’s security guarantee. The author substantiates that Morocco is using the issue of Ceuta and Melilla as a means of pressure on Spain to get beneﬁts in other areas, including trade, immigration, and ﬁshing. Rabat also seeks to force Spain to change its position on the Western Sahara. The current situation of the Spanish cities in the light of their current economic, migratory and political problems is analyzed. It isemphasized that illegal immigration mostly from sub-Saharan countries is one of the main problems of the Spanish-Moroccan relations, complicating the situation in Ceuta and Melilla. This problem is far from being resolved. The main task of the Western countries regarding this issue is the maintenance of stability in the region, which perfectly meets the interests of Spain. Madrid’s eﬀorts are focused primarily on prevention of such development of political and economic situation which would put the country before the need to strengthen its southern border by military means. This strategic objective has become particularly relevant in light of recent events in North Africa.
Financial and economic shocks and trends in economic development: the experience of Latin American countries
Authors: Fomina Olga
Published: August 2020

This article aims to the stages of economic development in Latin America, analyzes the experience of overcoming the crisis phenomena in the ﬁnancial and economic spheres. The author shows the strategies and models of the socio- economic development of Latin American countries from the beginning of the 20th century to the present days.
Victorious powers and Spain in the post-war world order
Authors: Kryukova Elena
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the foreign policy and domestic policy of Spain in the ﬁrst years after the end of the Second World War. The author analyzes the relationships between the Francoist Spain and the USA, England, France and the USSR during the difﬁcult period of entry of the country into the new system of the international relations.
Spain in the EU and transatlantic economic relations
Authors: Tayar Violetta
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the importance of transatlantic economic relations for economy of Spain and for its positions in the EU. Special attention is given to institutional and structural factors which make impact on development of transatlantic economic interaction.
The category of animacy and its acquisition in the grammars of Russian and Spanish
Authors: Nerea Madariaga
Published: August 2020

The category of animacy is the expression in grammar of the opposition between animate and inanimate beings. This category does not grammaticalize in every language and, even if it does, it almost never grammaticalizes in the same way. To show this, I will analyze here the animacy effects in two languages, which seem to grammaticalize in similar ways (Spanish and Russian). In these two languages, animacy mainly affects differential object marking (the so-called DOM). Unlike other European languages, both Russian and Spanish make use of DOM for animate objects (Veo a mi amigo / Я вижу своего друга), but there are independent factors that distinguish the Russian and the Spanish patterns. Having in mind the difficulties that learners of Russian and Spanish must face, I will offer a brief comparative of the acquisition of the DOM in these two languages by different types of speakers (speakers of L1, heritage language speakers and speakers of L2).
Corporate law in Spain: some modern trends in the development of companies
Authors: Orlova Elena
Published: August 2020

The article examines modern interpretations of the corporate law, taking into account the example of Spain. The current trends in the activities of the companies are analyzed, special attention is focused on the elaboration of codes of good governance of the companies, which become, in fact, an important part of the national legislations. It is noted that transparency, social responsibility and good governance are nowadays the most important requirements for the successful activity of the company, that contribute to increase its competitiveness in the market, as well as to strengthen its commercial reputation. Therefore, they promote the growth of the attractiveness of companies for investors, in the eyes of civil society and public authorities.
Phatic formulas in teaching Spanish as a foreign language: from theory to practice
Authors: Kutkova Anastasia
Published: August 2020

The presentation consists of two parts: the theoretical part presents the topic and proves the importance of studying phatic formulas from the communicative and methodological points of view; and the practical part contains sample assignments. It is a question of Spanish lexical units such as: vale, ¿vale?, ¿sabes?, ¿perdón?, ¡No me lo digas!, la verdad es que, mira, etc.
Enantiosemy: Unity or Struggle of Opposites?
Authors: Murzin Yuriy
Published: August 2020

The phenomenon of enantiosemy is due to the semantic evolution of the word has resulted in the formation of an opposite meaning to the main meaning of the same. Are key elements of this process, the dualism of human thinking, the asymmetry of the linguistic sign, the meaning diffuse the root of the etymon and the inversion of the relation subject-object, among others. Sometimes, as a result of the diachronic variation of the nuclear meaning the word lose in a certain period of time its original meaning which recur with time in some phrases or syntactical constructions which form the word.The lexical-semantic variants of a word count with nuclear common semes. Are opposed to them generally non-nuclear semes. The meaning of the enantiosemic word only you can reveal it from the context. The opposite meanings present a case of polysemy and form a single whole. The concepts that these words are complemented to designate objects, processes or phenomena, simultaneous or consecutive inextricably linked to each other.In the present work, we analyze cases of nominative, grammatical and conversive enantiosemy of some nouns, pronouns, adverbs and verbs. The study was carried out on the basis of lexicographical, literary and journalistic examples.
The State of Autonomies in Spain. Historical Roots of a Current Problem
Authors: López Ángel Herrerín
Published: August 2020

During the last few months, ever years, in Spain, we have witnessed the worsening of the problem of Catalan nationalism and its claim to independence. Beyond the particularities of the Catalan issue, this question involves a broader need to restructuring a State capable of accommodating all regions in our country. This essay aims to look at the past and analyze how the Spanish Second Republic – a Democratic reference in current Spanish society – tried to rearticulate Spain’s regional and cultural diversity in such a tumultuous decade as that of the 1930s.
The prehistory of the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula: “genetic intervention” of the early pyramid period
Authors: Orlov Alexander A.
Published: August 2020

Recently, the American geneticist David Reich, according to the results of studies, got by his group, published a hypothesis that 4.5 thousand years ago, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by the tribes of nomadic pastoralists who came from the steppes of Eastern Europe, by so-called “people of the Yamnaya culture” (the Yamnaya people). Having a higher technological level (had four-wheeled carts, domesticated horses, etc.), those people quickly conquered the Iberian tribes, completely eliminating or enslaving the entire male autochthonous population. Such a rapid and, apparently, far from peaceful expansion led to the fact that the next generation of residents of the Iberian Peninsula had already 100% Y chromosomes (which are transmitted exclusively through the paternal line) of immigrants. The Yamnaya people brought their culture to the Peninsula, and probably the IndoEuropean language, the carriers and distributors of which they were, migrating across the expanses of Europe.
Semantic Dynamics of the Constituents of the Cyclic Structures in Spanish Language
Authors: Karbachova Tatyana
Published: August 2020

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the semantic dynamics of the names of time segments, which are combined into lexical cyclic structures. Synchronous analysis using etymological data makes it possible to explain semantic transformations and to reveal derivational mechanisms.
Brazil: main tasks of national education system to achieve Goal 4 “Quality education” of UN Agenda 2030
Authors: Ermolieva E.
Published: August 2020

On 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda officially came into force. With its 17 Goals countries will mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change on global, regional and national levels. Education is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as the Goal number 4. To achieve “inclusive and equitable quality education” countries started to develop national programs aiming to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda according to their specific needs and challenges. Brazil declared to adopt main SDGs in the country´s dimension, including the target “to ensure equal access of all people to quality education”.
New phenomena and trends in Chilean politics
Authors: Diyakova L. V.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes new phenomena and trends in Chilean politics, the results of the first period of activity of the center-right government ofS. Pinera, who came to power in 2018. The main attention is paid to the analysis of contradictory initiatives of the government aimed at increasing economic efficiency at the expense of social expectations. It is noted that the greatest risks are associated with the deepening crisis in relations between the government and society, the activation of the radical protest movement caused by the unsuccessful attempt to raise prices for the subway. This measure led to mass youth protests in October 2019, clashes with police and the imposition of a state of emergency, which was accompanied by an appeal of the government to help of the army. The result of the severe political crisis was the resignation of the Cabinet and the announcement of a new package of social reforms. Among the new political phenomena, the author also highlights the decline of traditional center-left, the collapse of the coalition New majority, the beginning of the institutionalization of leftist party alternative to the official center-left, and strengthening the ultra-conservative wing on the right flank.
Latin American experience of fighting against the corruption (example of Guatemala)
Authors: Morozov D. V.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the Guatemalan case of the fight against corruption. Here, the level of interweaving of the state with criminals has reached a high degree. Even international institutions, such as the International Commission to Combat Impunity inGuatemala, are not able to withstand this process and even more so the changes in the structure of the political system. The dominant elites ofGuatemalaare opposed to any attempt at change. The course of events shows that, according to the author, real changes inGuatemalacan only be carried out through revolutionary actions.
Latin American states cooperation with the United States of America and the European Union
Authors: Novitskiy E. R.
Published: August 2020

Both the political and economic role of the Latin American region has increased significantly in the modern world. The largest Latin American countries have emerged as major regional players. In this regard, the analysis of the current foreign policy relations of the region is of particular interest and relevance for this research. Many key actors in the international arena are now paying increasing attention to the region. For a long time, the main partners of Latin American countries in various fields have been the USA and the European Union (EU), which have long historical ties with the region. However, against the backdrop of increased interest in the region on the part of other major international players, in particular China, the positions of both the US and the EU may have been weakened.
Phenomenon of Islamic State of Iraq and Levant: A Glimpse from the Middle East
Authors: Zinin Y.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the current supranational regulation of the energy market in the EU in the light of the interrelations between Russia and the EU. It is focused on the description The article treats a phenomenon of Islamic state of Iraq and Levant (ISIL): its underground, ideological conception and ways for its combating as it is seen and handled by scientific-and-expert community of the Middle East. A nature of arguments and rhetoric propagated by local Islamists is closely examinated. The author esteems that within the concurrence on vision space in the region political Islam will be henceforth present. Consequently, differentiation of trends inside this phenomenon, alignment between its moderate and extreme fractions will be going on. The importance of so called Wassatiya –reasonable, Middle Way Islam combatting ISIL and other extreme streams takes more and more root in media and scientific-and-expert community in the Middle East. Secular-liberal thinking has not yet became an competitive power in arab countries due to arhaic social relations and excessive religion traditions which are very strong.
The Evolution of Local Human Civilizations and the Problem of the Proliferation of Standards in International Relations
Authors: Kazantsev A. , Medvedeva S.
Published: August 2020

The article contains prognosis of development of local human civilizations in the regions of world neighboring to Russia (Europe, Islamic world, Asia-Pacific region). This issue is analyzed from the point of view of proliferation of norms within the system of international relations, which is the process playing a key role from the point of view of guaranteeing robustness of this system. The main conclusion of the paper is that the speed of norm proliferation within the system of international relations in the 21 century will be checked by a set of factors. First, the dynamic of development of Europe and the USA indicates a clear tendency towards decrease of unifying potential that has appeared originally as a result of influence of the Western world towards other local human civilizations. Second, the study of development of Islamic civilization indicates that there is a significant potential of rejection of unification of norms within the system of international relations. Third, analysis of the group of local human civilizations existing in the Asia-Pacific region demonstrates that economic development of this region is accompanied by formation of ideas about cultural norms alternative to Europe-centric world.
Interactional Economy and the Category of Compatibility in Development of Human Society
Authors: Morozov V.
Published: August 2020

Socio-economic conditions of human society are considered in the paper together with prospects for integrated way of development of communities through the interaction economy suggested by the author. A short synopsis is given of the theory of compatibility as a basis of such economy and prerequisite of its functioning. A variant of application of the mechanism of interaction economy is proposed that embraces all social planes including seven hierarchical subsystems of the society.
The Prospect of Reinterment of Georgian Kings Vakhtang VI and Teimuraz II in Theirhistorical Homeland as a Factor of Improvement of Russian-Georgian Relations
Authors: Tokarev A.
Published: August 2020

The article discusses the obstacles to the reinternment of Georgian kings, buried in Astrakhan, in the context of Russian-Georgian relations coolness.
Climate Changes and the Imperatives of All Round-a-Year Human Activity in the Arctic
Authors: Voronkov L.
Published: August 2020

The author questions the indisputability of the Arctic’s existing climate change assessments and insists on the need to adjust the Arctic strategies of states to different scenarios of such changes. While not denying the impact of human society on the Earth’s climate, the author believes to be important not to limit research on its changes by exclusively natural-scientific aspects, but to include considerations concerning the influence of peculiarities of human society’s development on the climate. He thinks it is important to take into account the combine impact of the changing nature of contemporary industrial activity, of sources for energy supply, the on-going processes of building of “smart” economy and its innovative development, demographic changes, improvement of human capital as well as the impact of increased environmental consciousness of human beings on the global and Arctic climate. Despite the observed climatic changes in the Arctic, it remains ice-covered the major part of the year. Any commercially justified human activities in the Arctic must be based on the need to maintain a year-round exploitation of its resources and possibilities and to create the appropriate infrastructure, machinery and equipment. The author comes to the conclusion that the need to resolve these problems requires considerable financial resources and time.
Discourse on SCO in India
Authors: Das Kundu N.
Published: August 2020

The paper examines terms and prospects for India to become full member-state SCO, different attitudes to this question in SCO. Changes of attitudes towards SCO in the Indian political establishment and public opinion are analyzed.
The Republic of Tajikistan as the key element cooperation of SCO cooperation in the fight against Terrorism and Extremism
Authors: Khudoberdy K.
Published: August 2020

The main problem for SCO – security and new threats from Islamic State. Economic cooperation is also important, Tadjikistan already obtained certain benefits as far as its infrastructure is concerned.
Chinese Plan of the Economic Belt of the Great Silk Road, SCO an the EAEU
Authors: Bordachev T.
Published: August 2020

The paper deals with problems of interaction and mutual development of states within international organizations and economic-political strategic projects existing in Central Euarasia.
New Economic Opportunities and Challenges for the SCO Territory
Authors: Momunov N.
Published: August 2020

The article describes contradiction between enormous potential of SCO and absence of big-scale multilateral economic projects within this organization. The principles of co-operation and program of actions are not developed yet; they exist, in the author’s opinion in “manual management” regime. Without elaboration of adequate financial mechanisms the economic cooperation is difficult or even impossible to be sustained. Special attention should be focused at coordination of recently emerged different programs of integration (EAU, Silk Road economic belt).
Introduction
Authors: Lukin A.
Published: August 2020

Introduction.
India and the SCO: Cultivating Stronger Ties with the Eurasian Region
Authors: Singh Roy M.
Published: August 2020

Present paper examines India’s growing interest and role which it seeks to play in this Eurasian organization. India’s economic potential, vast experience and institutional capabilities can add greater value and share best practices in newer areas, the biggest challenge for India would be to adapt to the new geopolitical reality in the region.
Remarks on the Impact of Science and Technology Progress on International Relations in Digital Era
Authors: Biryukov A. V.
Published: August 2020

The article investigates the problem of Science and Technology impact on International Relations. Special attention was drawn to International Science and Technology Relations in Digital Era. They are developing within the context of Global Information Revolution and transition to Multipolar World. In the prospective part the article deals with transformation of International Science and Technology Relations and establishment of Global Technology Alliance. The latter could include creation of Global Technology Fund, renovation of Global Technology Transfer and broadening of Global Cloud Technology Resource.
Uniqeness and Universality of Freedom Practices and the Principles of Open Access
Authors: Sergeyev V.
Published: August 2020

The author suggests a new version of the typology of political regimes originally formulated by D. North. The main distinction of the proposed taxonomy from that of North, which is based on politico-economical analysis, is the introduction of a new element of classification, namely, “post-revolutionary” regimes.

The paper treats European history as a process of gradual spreading of “extended access order” from West to East of Europe under a condition of existence of an intermediate zone within which “post-revolutionary regimes” are realized.
Continental, Maritime and Aerial Aspect of the‘One Belt One Road’: India’s Perspective
Authors: Das Kundu N.
Published: August 2020

The “One Belt One Road” initiative, is mainly to increase the regional cooperation and develop trade and economic collaboration. Nonetheless, with the OBOR initiatives China is also seen using commerce as a tool to expand its geopolitical and geostrategic influence. This article tries to highlight various aspects on “One Belt One Road”. The article would try to bring forth the insights, which helps in understanding the debates on new geo-political reality and trade and economic development through possible regional cooperation.
Constructed Territories: Featuring A Fantasy of East Asian Border Disputes
Authors: Iwashita A.
Published: August 2020

The author considers practical and historical aspects of territorial conflicts between Japan and neighboring countries, i.e. with Russia on South Kuril islands (Northern territories), with China on Diaoyudao (Senkaku) islands and with Korea on Tokto (Takeshima) island. Theoretical issues of so called “constructed territories” in these three cases are analyzed. These constructed territories act as a diplomatic tool for a state to maximize its interests in the international field. But no win for no country in this dangerous game is expected.
On the Possibility of “Confidence-Building Measures” Implementation with Regard to China and Taiwan
Authors: Hongyi L.
Published: August 2020

The article describes the process which took place before establishment of Shanghai Cooperation Оrganization. Under analysis are negotiations between USSR and China on the issue of border delimitation which resulted in strengthening of mutual trust and creation of control mechanism in the sphere of armaments. The said cooperation in the sphere of regional security can be considered as a model for establishment of the similar mechanism of mutual trust between two shores of Taiwan strait. SCO is a proper model because China is a side of bilateral talks and takes real part in working out confidence-building measures as a foundation of security cooperation. The usage of these measures in the relations between Taiwan and China could become a model for development of intraregional cooperation in the East Asia (Asia-Pacific region)
On the current status of the Church schism in Abkhazia
Authors: Mukhanov V.
Published: August 2020

The article examines the current status of the Church schism in Abkhazia, given his assessment and the background to the emergence. Analyzes the arragment of forces and positions of outside players in this issue, as well as the prospects for its resolution.
The EU Response to the «Refugee Crisis» of 2015 and Prospects for a Common EU Migration Policy
Authors: Bolshova N.
Published: August 2020

The paper reviews the EU response to the recent «refugee crisis» through the theoretical lens of restrictive and preventive approaches and the concept of the «external dimension» in EU migration policy. The author examines the EU’s response as an indicator of the effectiveness of current EU migration policy under crisis situations caused by massive flows of migrants. According to the author, the European institutions have not been able to offer quick and effective «European solution». EU is late with the development, implementation of the policy measures as well as with bringing of them to the European public in an appropriate way, allowing to prevent social protests against asylum seekers. As a result the refugee crisis has caused «the crisis of solidarity» in the EU. There is a gap to state between the European values and real readiness of the EU to adhere to them. Instead the strategy of burden sharing between member-states EU implements the strategy of burden shifting on Turkey. The progress made by the EU in the field of communitarisation of migration policy could prevent neither the escalation of migration crisis, nor its negative consequences regarding the interim collapse of Schengen and Dublin systems. In this situation, the return to the intergovernmental approach in regulation of certain sensitive domains of EU migration policy is possible. The nature of the EU response confirms that the «external dimension» of migration policy has been implemented mostly through a restrictive approach, while a preventive approach has been marginalizing.
Does the US program of Conventional Prompt Global Strike threaten Russian national security?
Authors: Zvedre E.
Published: August 2020

The article analyses a concept of Conventional Prompt Global Strike aimed at developing weapons systems that can deliver a conventional warhead anywhere in the world within an hour as a prioritized part of the US military strategy. The Pentagon planners believe that deployment of CPGS weapon would allow a selective and far more effective response to post-cold war threats, such as international terrorist networks, “rogue states” and other adversaries, thus drastically reducing reliance on nuclear deterrent in a number of situations. Over the years the Pentagon’s R&D activities in this area encompassed numerous established and emerging weapon technologies, including use of surface-launched and sea-launched strategic missiles and hypersonic glide vehicles. The CPGS program is raising serious concerns in Moscow, where Russian officials consider it as a threat to Russia’s strategic nuclear arsenals and national security interests alongside with the US plans to develop and deploy global ballistic missile defense capabilities and attack weapons in space. Moscow predicts it could undermine strategic balance and trigger a nonnuclear arms race.
A New Look of World Politics: Reformatting the Post-Bipolar Space
Authors: Borishpolets K. P.
Published: August 2020

The article evaluates the qualitative changes in world politics during 2014-2015.

In the last two years the system of international relations encountered significant difficulties. Contradictions accumulated in different spheres of world politics that were usually treated as latent, arose in the agenda. The starting point of this transformation was the Ukrainian crisis. However, the further events force one to reassess not only its direct consequences but also wide processes at the global level. One of them is deterioration of relations between Russia and Western countries, increase of influence of large non-Western markets and strengthening of turbulence in developing countries. Project of the unipolar regulation, promoted by the US, demonstrates its ineffectiveness. The main point here is inability of the US to secure the stability of the international system without real consensus of all world powers. We witness an active blend of traditional and new challenges to the international security that decreases the controllability of the situation, first of all in regional segments of the world, Middle East and Europe in particular. These processes give ground for reformatting of the world development, and post-bipolar world politics is gaining a new face. We speak not about going back to pre-crisis order, but about step-by-step elimination of the American hegemony in global and regional decision-making. There will be deepening of the fragmentation of the world politics and growth of strife of the international relations that may continue in the mid-term perspective.
NATO’s aid for Ukraine after Maidan
Authors: Silaev N.
Published: August 2020

NATO – Ukraine relations for recent decades have been one of the key issues of the discussion on European security. Coup d’etat and the outbreak of civil war in 2014 have established new situation in these relations. Both sides have got boost for cooperation though new obstacles have appeared for their rapprochement. Analyzing the aid NATO and its principal members provide Ukraine one may consider what is the relations between NATO and Ukraine and what are the motives defining the proper form of aid. Despite broad political support for Ukraine NATO members are rather moderate in the field of practical aid. Arms supply is restrained. The dominating form of aid appears to be intensified joint military exercises and NATO’s military presence of Ukrainian territory. Though US and other NATO members reaffirm and enhance their unformal commitments and guaranties to Ukraine they also try to avoid steps that could lead to direct confrontation with Russia. Thus NATO – Ukraine relations may illustrate “alliance dilemma”.
"Soft power" as a Concept: a Critical Analysis
Authors: Emel’yanova N.
Published: August 2020

The focus of the article is on current discussions on the heuristic significance of the "soft power" concept, examines the socio-political and philosophical foundations of the phenomenon, and states the de-Americanization of the soft power discourse and the related changes in the behavior of the new "soft power" actors.

The theoretical basis of the article is the conceptual interpretation of the concept of "power" proposed by Joseph Nye as an alternative to Realistic and Neo-Realistic models of power relations in modern world politics. Nye singled out coercion, influence and attractiveness as equivalent dimensions of force.

The research methodology is based on formal-logical and content-logical methods.

The research procedure first of all is built around the typology of criticism of "soft power" as a concept and the prospects for its overcoming.

In the analysis of the results, it is noted that Nye in the concept of "soft power" had verified the accents of modern socio-philosophical and political-philosophical approaches in relation to the power-discourse of international relations. It is predicted that the theoretical comprehension of the "soft power" will develop, as its use by states will continue. First, it concerns "rising forces" (such as China and India).

In conclusion, it is emphasized that the ability of the state to compete globally in three areas (economic growth, military technological development and value-cultural impact) allows us to talk about it in terms of full power, which is impossible without resorting to the complex phenomenon of "soft power", questions of national identity in a new way and to the non-material grounds of the state.
Prospects of the EAEU Single Services Market
Authors: Bolshova N.
Published: August 2020

The paper analyzes the formation of a single services market in the Eurasian Economic union. Free trade of services plays an important role in the Eurasian economic integration. It contributes to the development of cross-border trade and business ties of the EAEU partners. The impact of services sector on reciprocal and international trade of member-states is expected to grow further in future as a result of deepening of economic integration and expanding of external economic relations of the EAEU.

The paper reviews economic and institutional factors, which may hinder integration of member-states services markets. Among economic impediments the author highlights such factors as a low volume of intraregional trade in services, member-states' orientation on third countries in trade in services, a low level of diversification of brunch structures of their trade in services, a low share of innovative and business services in reciprocal trade, as well as monocentric system of trade in services (with one dominant state in the Union as a main supplier and consumer of services). As an institutional factor the author regards a lack of supranational mechanism of liberalization of reciprocal trade in services. Eurasian economic commission elaborates the plans of liberalization of trade in services. However the power of Commission to influence the decision making process in this sphere is limited by the member-states. The regulation of a single services market belongs to the authority of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council and is beyond of the scope of direct competences of the Commission.
Towards Strengthening of the OSCE Effectiveness in Responding to International and European Security Challenges
Authors: Shcherbak Igor
Published: August 2020

The author is accentuating the importance of improving effectiveness of the OSCE’ crisis management in the conditions of erosion of strategic stability on the European continent in the result of unprecedented worsening of relations between Russia and the West. Special attention is devoted to the modernization of the OSCE’s crises management potential and maintaining dialogue between the West and Russia, including by creation of consultative platform in the framework of the OSCE to discuss emergencies. The author proposed adoption of several confidence-building measures aimed at restoration of dialogue and finding the way to settle the crises situations. In this context important role could be given to establishing complex peacekeeping missions under the auspices of the OSCE.
An Afghan Diary. The Year 2002
Authors: Konarovsky Mikhail
Published: August 2020

In late 2001 Russia supported the International anti terrorist coalition’s activity aimed at toppling Al Qaida being backed by the Taliban regime. The Interim Administration of Afghanistan based on decisions of the Bonn international conference, had been formed. Simultaneously, the Embassy resumed its activity and a new Ambassador had been confirmed by the International Committees of both Chambers of the Federal Assembly. At the meeting in Kremlin President Putin outlined urgent priorities of Russia’s policy in Afghanistan aimed at reestablishing and strengthening of ties with that nation at the new, post Taliban stage of its history. Besides urgent political issues, launching of Embassy’ s everyday administrative and life activity let alone the recovery of the Embassy’s compound, were among the priorities, with destroyed national infrastructure as well as economy in Kabul and all over the country.
Abkhazia – 2018: The Dynamics of Domestic Political Process in the Prospect of Presidential Election
Authors: Novikov Vladimir
Published: August 2020

The paper considers the dynamics of the domestic political process in the Republic of Abkhazia in 2018. The pivot of this process was the presidential election campaign that started in 2018. The author makes an attempt to analyze the activities of both the current authorities and the opposition. The events of early 2018 related to the pardon of Georgy Lukava revitalized the slogan of early resignation of President Raul Khajimba that was taken off after the December 2016 agreements. The main dilemma the opposition faces now is that it cannot ignore the street protest but at the same time does not aspire the repetition of 2014 events. Special attention is paid to the positioning of ex-President Alexander Ankvab in relation to the authorities and the opposition. The struggle is also considered within originally pro-authorities forces (evidenced by the rivalry around the position of prime-minister and searching of an alternative to Khajimba as President) which, up to December 2018, led to some signs of split among Khajimba’s supporters. The author makes some short-term forecasts; in particular, he suggests that ex-Chairman of the State Security Council Astamur Tarba (who announced in March 2019 his intention to be nominated to the presidency) could count upon former supporters of Khajimba who had been disappointed in the current Head of State. Analyzed are also attempts to create “a third force” (“Common Cause”) as an alternative to both the authorities and the opposition. In conclusion, the pre-election alignment of forces and possible results of the election are considered, with special attention to the influence of Aslan Bjania’s illness on the electoral process.
The International Community’s Fight Against Doping in Sport: UNESCO’s Role and Place
Authors: Orlov A. O.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the problem of doping in the sport of high achievements (“big sport”). The author notes the leading role of UNESCO in the fight against this evil as an international intergovernmental organization, endowed with appropriate powers by the UN General Assembly. He believes that various non-governmental organizations (WADA, IOC, etc.) should play a supporting role, which will avoid potentially very dangerous situations for international law, when nongovernmental organizations assume the authority to condemn or accuse sovereign States of non-compliance with certain requirements or to attribute to them the implementation of certain policies. Emphasizing the importance for Russian sport to be at the forefront of the fight against doping in sports, the author focuses on the need to quickly overcome the doping crisis faced by Russian sport in recent years. In this context, he proposes to establish strict public monitoring of the processes taking place in the “big sport” of Russia.
Digital Diplomacy and US Consular Assistance
Authors: Petrov K. E.
Published: August 2020

The paper discusses the digitization of diplomacy and the consular assistance at the present stage of the communication technologies development. Globalization, and especially the rapid development of the mass media and social media has affected almost every citizen. This process allowed the Foreign offices to come closer to resolving the issue of smart personal communication with nationals who are abroad. The first part of the paper analyzes the possibilities of using the power of the modern social media by the Ministries of foreign affairs to create and maintain effective crisis communication. The second part of the article focuses on the analysis of a digital consular assistance to nationals at home and abroad using the example of a specialized application created by the US Department of State.
Abkhazia – 2019: from Khajimba to Khajimba
Authors: Novikov V.
Published: August 2020

The paper considers the course and outcomes of 2019 Presidential election campaign in Abkhazia as well as factors that stipulated its character (postponement of elections because of Aslan Bzhania’s disease, the number of contenders, etc.). The alignment of forces before the campaign is outlined, and the principal contenders are characterized, together with political forces that promoted them. A due attention is paid to the extraordinary polycentrism of Abkhaz politics, in  which not only the authority, opposition and the “third force” but also various electoral competitors of both the authority and the opposition, as well as numerous contenders to the role of the “third force” co-exist. Such disposition led to scattering of the electorate at the presidential election. The course of the electoral campaign is scrutinized with an emphasis put on the analysis of programmatic provisions of the contenders and their political style. The political maneuvers of the authority, opposition and Alexander Ankvab’ team between two rounds of the elections are traced. A special attention is paid to the causes of Raul Khajimba’s victory. The situation after the elections is also considered in the paper, and a prognosis is suggested of possible development.