bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PYRAZOLE AND PYRAZOLE(4,3‐D)PYRIMIDONE DERIVATIVES. I
Authors: BARALDI P. G. , VICENTINI C. B. , SIMONI D. , GUARNERI M.
Published: May 2016

Die Pyrazol‐eurbonsiitire (I) rezigiert mit "lhionylehkiritl zum Diketopiperuzin (II), das mit Aminen (III) zu Pyrazol‐earbonsiiureamitlen (IV) gespalten) werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PYRAZOLE AND PYRAZOLO(4,3‐D)PYRIMIDINONE DERIVATIVES. PART II
Authors: BARALDI P. G. , VICENTINI C. B. , SIMONI D. , MENZIANI E.
Published: May 2016

Das [)iketopiperazindion (I) reagiert mit Phenylhyilrazinen (II) zu den Pyrazolcarbonsiiurehydraziden (III i. die zu den Aminen (IV) reduziert und anschließend mit Fbrmumici zu den Pyruzolrmyrimidinen (V) cyclisiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN POTENTIAL FILARICIDES: PART XIII‐SYNTHESIS OF 1,4‐DIAZABICYCLO(4.3.0)NONANES, 1,4‐DIAZABICYCLO(4.4.0)DECANES AND 1,4‐DIAZABICYCLO(4.5.0)UNDECANES AS DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE ANALOGS
Authors: SHUKLA U. K. , KHANNA J. M. , SHARMA S. , ANAND N. , CHATTERJEE R. K. , SEN A. B.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Diuminen (I) werden durch Umsetzung mit Oxulsäureester und anschließende Reduktion die Bicyclen (III) hergestellt, die in die I)erivate (IV) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIZATION OF N‐ALKYLAZINIUM CATIONS WITH BISNUCLEOPHILES. 7. REACTIONS OF QUINOXALINIUM SALTS WITH α‐SUBSTITUTED ACETAMIDES
Authors: CHARUSHIN V. N. , NAUMOVA L. M. , IZMAILOVA G. G. , CHUPAKHIN O. N.
Published: May 2016

Die Chinoxaliniumsalze (I) reagieren in Gegenwart von Diethylamin mit den β‐Ketocarbonsiiureaniliden (II) unter Cyclisierurxg zu Hexuhydropyrrolo‐chinoxalinonen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF 6‐OXOPURINES AND THYMINES TO FORM PRODUCTS CONTAINING A CYCLOBUTANE PARTIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: WENSKA G. , PASZYC S. , SKALSKI B.
Published: May 2016

Die Verbindungen (I) geben bei der Bestrahlung thermisch stabile Photouddukte (II), die ihrerseits in einer reversiblen photochemischen Reaktion zu (III) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC FORMATION OF CARBON‐NITROGEN BONDS. 2. CATALYTIC ACTIVATION OF THE SILICON‐NITROGEN BOND
Authors: ZOECKLER M. T. , LAINE R. M.
Published: May 2016

Silazane reagieren in Gegenwart von Katalysatoren wie Ru‐(Tarbonyl mit Verbindungen, die eine ("O‐Doppelbindung besitzen, unter Ausbildung einer C‐N‐Bindung.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF ORGANOSILICON COMPOUNDS. 177. PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF 2‐METHYL‐2‐SILABICYCLO(2.2.1)HEPTANE DERIVATIVES
Authors: HOSOMI A. , MIKAMI M. , SAKURAI H.
Published: May 2016

Die Cyclopentenyl‐methylhydrosilune (lla 4:).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF PHOSPHORUS. PART 130. (TERT‐BUP)2C(PBU‐TERT)2 ‐ THE FIRST TETRAPHOSPHASPIRO(2.2)PENTANE
Authors: BAUDLER M. , LEONHARDT W.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung des Dikalium‐disphosphids (I) mit CCl4 (II) führt zum Spirocyclus (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF A SPIROCYCLIC PHOSPHORANIDE ANION: MODEL OF AN INTERMEDIATE IN A SN2(P) REACTION
Authors: SCHOMBURG D. , STORZER W. , BOHLEN R. , KUHN W. , ROESCHENTHALER G.‐V. +
Published: May 2016

Das wie bekannt durch Umsetzung von (I) und (II) im Bombenrohr synthetisierte Hydrophosphoran (III) unterwirft sich einer Säure‐Basen‐Reaktion mit Triethylamin unter Bildung des spirocyclischen Phosphoranids (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: TETRATHIASPIROPHOSPHONIA TETRACHLOROBORATES. THE STRUCTURE OF 1,4,6,9‐TETRATHIA‐5‐PHOSPHONIASPIRO(4.4)NONANE TETRACHLOROBORATE
Authors: KOBLISCHEK A. , HAUSEN H.‐D. , WEIDLEIN J. , BINDER H.
Published: May 2016

Die lz2‐molare Reaktion des Phosphoniumborats (I) mit den Dithiolen (II) liefert die Titelverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BICYCLIC DIOXAPHOSPHORANES. 3. SPECTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE CONFORMATION OF A PHOSPHORANE
Authors: CLENNAN E. L. , HEAH P. C.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Peroxid (I) und dem Phosphin (II) wird das Addukt (III) erhalten, das sich beim Erwärmen auf über 100°C langsam zersetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVE WITH A PHOSPHORUS‐ARSENIC DOUBLE BOND: THE FIRST STABLE PHOSPHAARSENE
Authors: ESCUDIE J. , COURET C. , RANAIVONJATOVO H. , WOLF J.‐G.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit tert.‐Butyllithium entsteht aus dem Tris‐(trimethylsilylHnethylphosphordichlorid (I) und dem entsprechenden As‐Derivat (II) neben den symmetrischen Kondensationsprodukten (III) und (IV) das gemischte Phospha‐arsen (V), das nach Isolierung mit Schwefel zu dem neuartigen Heterocyclus (VI) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(4‐CHLOROPHENYLSELENO)‐2‐BUTENAL AS A NEW DIENOPHILE FOR THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTION
Authors: UNEYAMA K. , TAKANO K. , TORII S.
Published: May 2016

Die I)iels‐Alder‐Reaktionen zwischen der Titelverbiitdung (V), dargestellt durch elektrochemische Ilydroxyselenierung von 3‐Btitin‐2‐ol in 87proz. Ausb., und den Dienen (IV) führt zu den Cycloaddukten (Ia) und (II) bzw. (′lb,c) und (IIIb,c) mit dominierendem Anteil von (I).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF OCTACHLORODITUNGSTATE(4‐) AND SEVERAL OF ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: SCHROCK R. R. , STURGEOFF L. G. , SHARP P. R.
Published: May 2016

Die Na‐amalgam‐Reduktion von WCl4 in TI‐IF führt zu W2CIÖ (THFM (II), das bei weiterer Reduktion das als Salz (IIIa) isolierte Wgflg‐Kation bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF CHIRAL VINYLRHENIUM COMPLEXES (η‐C5H5)RE(NO)(PPH3)(CH:CHR′). STEREOSELECTIVE REACTIONS WITH ELECTROPHILES AND A SPONTANEOUS ALKYLIDENE TO OLEFIN REARRANGEMENT
Authors: HATTON W. G. , GLADYSZ J. A.
Published: May 2016

Die Reaktion der Alkyliden‐Komplexe (I) (90:10‐ Gleichgewichtsgemische von antiklinalen/synklinalen Re=C‐Isomeren) mit K‐tert‐butylat ergibt die Vinyl‐Komplexe (ll).
ChemInform Abstract: NICKEL(II) O,O‐ALKYLENE DITHIOPHOSPHATES AND THEIR ADDUCTS WITH NITROGEN BASES
Authors: BHASIN C. P. , SRIVASTAVA G. , MEHROTRA R. C.
Published: May 2016

Ni‐dichlorid reagiert mit den Ammoniumsulzen der entsprechenden Alkylendithiophosphute in wälsriger oder ethanolischer Lösung unter Bildung der quadratischplanuren Komplexe (I).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROPYRANOFLAVONOLS BY MODIFIED ALGAR‐FLYNN‐OYAMADA REACTION
Authors: PRASAD K. J. R. , IYER C. S. R. , IYER P. R.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Hydroxyketon (I) und den aromatischen Aldehyden (II) werden die Dihydropyranoflavonole(III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRAL LEAVING GROUP. BIOGENETIC‐TYPE ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF LIMONENE AND BISABOLENES
Authors: SAKANE S. , FUJIWARA J. , MARUOKA K. , YAMAMOTO H.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem optisch aktiven Binaphthol (I) ist der Mono‐nerylether (III) zugünglich, dessen Behandlung mit verschiedenen Al‐Reagenzien (IV) natürliches D‐ Limonen (V) [abtrennbar vom Nebenprodukt Terpinolen (VI)] liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF THUJONE. IX. THUJONE AS A CHIRAL SYNTHON FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE STEROID ANALOGS. THE VINYLPICOLINE ROUTE
Authors: KUTNEY J. P. , GRICE P. , PIOTROWSKA K. , RETTIG S. J. , SZYKULA J. , TROTTER J. , LOC VAN CHU LOC VAN CHU
Published: May 2016

Durch Reaktion des Enons (l)‐ mit dem Picolin (II) läßt sich über die Stufe (III) das gesättigte Keton (IV) (P2, ; Z=2) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 2‐BROMO‐α‐ERGOCRYPTINE AND RELATED ERGOT DERIVATIVES
Authors: RUCMAN R. , KORSIC J. , JURGEC M.
Published: May 2016

Durch ′ Reaktion von Piperidon‐Zmit Brom erhält man das Bromienmgsreagenz (I).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF O4‐P‐NITROPHENYLETHYL THYMIDINE AND URIDINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: SCHULZ B. S. , PFLEIDERER W.
Published: May 2016

Z‐(p‐Nitrophenyl)‐ethanol (Ia) liefert über das Chlorid (Ib) eine lodverbindung (Ic), die mit den Thymidin‐ (IIa) und (llbl und den Uridin‐Derivaten (IIc) und (lld) zu den Substitutionsprodukten (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRAL SYNTHESIS OF POLYKETIDE‐DERIVED NATURAL PRODUCTS. 2. STEREOCONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF A SEGMENT HAVING SIX CONSECUTIVE CHIRAL CENTERS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ERYTHROMYCIN A FROM D‐GLUCOSE
Authors: OIKAWA Y. , NISHI T. , YONEMITSU O.
Published: May 2016

Es wird eine stereokontrollierte Synthese für die Verbindung (I), ausgehend von D‐Glucose" über zahlreiche Stufen angegeben.
ChemInform Abstract: OLEFINS FROM β‐HYDROXYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS ‐ SYNTHESIS OF ISOMERICALLY PURE α‐ AND β‐ASARONE
Authors: MULZER J. , LAMMER O.
Published: May 2016

Synthese von isumerenreinem α‐ und β‐Asarorl.
ChemInform Abstract: PLANT PROTECTANTS. PART XIX. A NEW PHYTOHORMONE M‐LMF 5 FROM MIMOSA PUDICA L
Authors: SCHILDKNECHT H. , BENDER W.
Published: May 2016

Der aus Mimosa pudica L. isolierte "Leaf Movement Factor" M‐LMFS besitzt die Struktur (I) (IR‐, MS‐, ′H; 13C‐NMR‐Daten).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiospecific Synthesis of (3S‐Hydroxy‐2S‐methyl)butyltriphenylphosphonium Iodide, a Precursor for the Chiral Side Chain of Pseudomonic Acid C. Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of Pseudomonic Acids from Arabinose.
Authors: FLEET G. W. J. , SHING T. K. M. , GOUGH M. J.
Published: May 2016

Aus L‐Arabinose (I) erhält man in der skizzierten Weise enantiospezifisch das Phosphoniumsulz (VIIb).
Solvent Effects on the Dynamic Polarizability and Raman Response of Molecule–Metal Oxide Hybrid Clusters
Authors: Orozco‐Gonzalez Yoelvis , Tarakeshwar Pilarisetty , Canuto Sylvio , Mujica Vladimiro
Published: May 2016

Currently, there is considerable interest in the properties of semiconducting metal oxide nanoparticle substrates because of their utility in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, dye‐sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis. While the enhancement of Raman activities of molecules adsorbed on these nanoparticles is due to a large increase in the polarizability, because of charge transfer from the molecule to the semiconducting nanoparticle, little is known about the factors responsible for modulating the polarizability, particularly the influence of the solvent. Consequently, we have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of several hybrids to study the solvent effect on the dynamic polarizabilities and electronic spectra. Our results indicate that the presence of the solvent induces a shift and an increase in the polarization response that is dependent on the identity of the hybrid. The observed enhancement can be attributed to both the resonant character of the excitation and the participation of the solvent in the charge redistribution. The methodology employed in this work could be very valuable in both identifying and developing metal oxides as novel molecular sensors.
Effects of a Randomized Reading Intervention Study Aimed at 9‐Year‐Olds: A 5‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Wolff Ulrika
Published: May 2016

The present paper reports on a 5‐year follow‐up of a randomized reading intervention in grade 3 in Sweden. An intervention group (n = 57) received daily training for 12 weeks in phoneme/grapheme mapping, reading comprehension and reading speed, whereas a control group (n = 55) participated in ordinary classroom activities. The main aim was to investigate if there were remaining effects of the intervention on reading‐related skills. Previous analyses showed that the intervention group performed significantly better than the control group on spelling, reading speed, reading comprehension and phoneme awareness at the immediate post‐test with sustained effects 1 year later. Results from the 5‐year follow‐up show that the only significant difference between the intervention (n = 47) and the control group (n = 37) was on word decoding. There was also a significant interaction effect of group assignment and initial word decoding, in the way that the lowest‐performing students benefitted the most from the intervention. Another aim was to examine if the children identified in a screening (n = 2212) as poor readers in grade 2 still performed worse than typical readers. The analyses showed that the typically developing students (n = 66) outperformed the students identified as poor readers in grade 2 on working memory, spelling, reading comprehension and word decoding. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid palm oil (Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis) supplementation improves plasma antioxidant capacity in humans
Authors: Ojeda Myriam , Borrero Martha , Sequeda Gonzalo , Diez Ofelia , Castro Vivian , García Ángela , Ruiz Álvaro , Pacetti Deborah , Frega Natale , Gagliardi Riccardo , Lucci Paolo
Published: May 2016

Hybrid palm oil obtained from interspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis palm (HPO) has been recently proved to have a favorable impact on human plasma lipids related to cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the present work, we describe for the first time, the functional effect of crude HPO supplementation on human antioxidant plasma/serum status as assessed by the total phenolic content (Folin–Ciocalteu), ORAC and TEAC assays. One hundred sixty eligible participants (>50 years) were randomized and assigned to one of the two treatments: 25 mL hybrid palm oil (HPO group) or 25 mL extra virgin olive oil (EVOO group) daily for 3 months. This study showed that supplementation of 25 mL of HPO for a period of 3 months significantly increased (p < 0.01) the total phenolic content (19.2%) as well as the antioxidant capacity of human plasma measured by both ORAC (92.1%) and TEAC (42.9%) methods. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between HPO and EVOO groups in a repeated measures analysis of variance for TPC (p = 0.344), TEAC (p = 0.217), and ORAC (p = 0.318) values. These results confirm that HPO can be considered a promising tropical edible oil with potential beneficial health effects.

Practical applications: The understanding of the antioxidant properties of an edible oil in vivo is of primary importance when evaluating its nutritional/functional characteristics and/or its potentiality to serve as an active ingredient for functional food preparations. The results of this study confirm that HPO can be considered a promising tropical edible oil with beneficial health properties since it is able to improve the antioxidant status of plasma in humans.

This 3‐month randomized trial reported examines and compares the effects of 25 mL/day supplementation of crude hybrid palm oil (Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis), thought to be a possible tropical equivalent of the Mediterranean extra‐virgin olive oil, to the ones of extra‐virgin olive oil, which is considered as a gold standard in the functional dietary oils skyline. Interestingly, at the end of the third month of study, the effects obtained by the supplementation with hybrid palm oil are similar to those provided by the extra‐virgin olive oil supplementation. In fact, hybrid palm oil consumption has been shown to significantly increase the total phenolic content (19.2%, p < 0.01) as well as the antioxidant capacity of human plasma measured by both TEAC (42.9%, p < 0.01) and ORAC (92.1% p < 0.01) assays.
Discrepancies between cortical and behavioural long‐term readouts of hyperalgesia in awake freely moving rats
Authors: Ljungquist B. , Jensen T. , Etemadi L. , Thelin J. , Lind G. , Garwicz M. , Petersson P. , Tsanakalis F. , Schouenborg J.
Published: May 2016

Background

It is still unclear to what extent the most common animal models of pain and analgesia, based on indirect measures such as nocifensive behaviours, provide valid measures of pain perception.

Methods

To address this issue, we developed a novel animal model comprising a more direct readout via chronically (>1 month) implanted multichannel electrodes (MCE) in rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1; known to be involved in pain perception in humans) and compared this readout to commonly used behavioural pain‐related measures during development of hyperalgesia. A translational method to induce hyperalgesia, UVB irradiation of the skin, was used. Localized CO2 laser stimulation was made of twenty skin sites (20 stimulations/site/observation day) on the plantar hind paw, before and during the time period when enhanced pain perception is reported in humans after UVB irradiation.

Results

We demonstrate a 2–10 fold significant enhancement of cortical activity evoked from both irradiated and adjacent skin and a time course that corresponds to previously reported enhancement of pain magnitude during development of primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. In contrast, withdrawal reflexes were only significantly potentiated from the irradiated skin area and this potentiation was significantly delayed as compared to activity in S1.

Conclusions

The present findings provide direct evidence that chronic recordings in S1 in awake animals can offer a powerful, and much sought for, translational model of the perception of pain magnitude during hyperalgesia.

What does this study add?

In a novel animal model, chronic recordings of nociceptive activity in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in awake freely moving rats are compared to behavioural readouts during UVB‐induced hyperalgesia. Evoked activity in rat S1 replicates altered pain perception in humans during development of hyperalgesia, but withdrawal reflexes do not.
Censored and shifted gamma distribution based EMOS model for probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasting
Authors: Baran Sándor , Nemoda Dóra
Published: May 2016

Recently, all major weather prediction centers provide forecast ensembles of different weather quantities, which are obtained from multiple runs of numerical weather prediction models with various initial conditions and model parametrizations. However, ensemble forecasts often show an underdispersive character and may also be biased, so that some post‐processing is needed to account for these deficiencies. Probably the most popular modern post‐processing techniques are the ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) and the Bayesian model averaging (BMA), which provide estimates of the density of the predictable weather quantity.

In the present work, an EMOS method for calibrating ensemble forecasts of precipitation accumulation is proposed, where the predictive distribution follows a censored and shifted gamma (CSG) law with parameters depending on the ensemble members. The CSG EMOS model is tested on ensemble forecasts of 24‐h precipitation accumulation of the eight‐member University of Washington mesoscale ensemble and on the 11‐member ensemble produced by the operational Limited Area Model Ensemble Prediction System of the Hungarian Meteorological Service. The predictive performance of the new EMOS approach is compared with the fit of the raw ensemble, the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution‐based EMOS model, and the gamma BMA method. According to the results, the proposed CSG EMOS model slightly outperforms the GEV EMOS approach in terms of calibration of probabilistic and accuracy of point forecasts and shows significantly better predictive skill than the raw ensemble and the BMA model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining exposure and effect modeling into an integrated probabilistic environmental risk assessment for nanoparticles
Authors: Jacobs Rianne , Meesters Johannes A.J. , ter Braak Cajo J.F. , van de Meent Dik , van der Voet Hilko
Published: May 2016

There is a growing need for good environmental risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Environmental risk assessment of ENPs has been hampered by lack of data and knowledge about ENPs, their environmental fate, and their toxicity. This leads to uncertainty in the risk assessment. To deal with uncertainty in the risk assessment effectively, probabilistic methods are advantageous. In the present study, the authors developed a method to model both the variability and the uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of ENPs. This method is based on the concentration ratio and the ratio of the exposure concentration to the critical effect concentration, both considered to be random. In this method, variability and uncertainty are modeled separately so as to allow the user to see which part of the total variation in the concentration ratio is attributable to uncertainty and which part is attributable to variability. The authors illustrate the use of the method with a simplified aquatic risk assessment of nano–titanium dioxide. The authors’ method allows a more transparent risk assessment and can also direct further environmental and toxicological research to the areas in which it is most needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2958–2967. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Still room for improvement: Preclinical and bench testing of a thin‐strut cobalt–chromium bare‐metal stent with passive coating
Authors: Wittchow Eric , Hartwig Sonja
Published: May 2016

There is a renewed interest in bare‐metal stent (BMS) design as degradable polymer coatings are increasingly used as drug‐delivery vehicles in drug‐eluting stents (DESs), leaving it to the BMS platform to determine the long‐term outcome of DES treatment. In this study comprising preclinical and bench tests, we compare two modern thin‐strut BMSs of different design. Angiography, morphometry, and histopathology data were acquired in a porcine coronary artery model in a 28‐day single‐stent study (13 hybrid farm pigs) and in a 90‐day overlapping‐stent study (8 Yucatan mini‐pigs). Standardized bench tests including ion release test were performed to compare mechanical performance of the two stent systems. We found that the optimized stent group induced significantly less neointimal formation and less inflammation than Multi‐Link Vision in both (single stent and overlapping stent) porcine studies. The higher efficacy was also associated with a markedly reduced release of cobalt, nickel, chromium, and tungsten ions in physiological solution and better performance in mechanical delivery tests. In conclusion, a further increase in efficacy and better safety profile than the well‐known Multi‐Link Vision BMS can be achieved by careful optimization of the BMS backbone. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1612–1621, 2017.
Clinical Implementation of Novel Targeted Therapeutics in Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Chamberlin Mary D. , Bernhardt Erica B. , Miller Todd W.
Published: May 2016

The majority of advanced breast cancers have genetic alterations that are potentially targetable with drugs. Through initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), data can be mined to provide context for next‐generation sequencing (NGS) results in the landscape of advanced breast cancer. Therapies for targets other than estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and HER2, such as cyclin‐dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6, were recently approved based on efficacy in patient subpopulations, but no predictive biomarkers have been found, leaving clinicians to continue a trial‐and‐error approach with each patient. Next‐generation sequencing identifies potentially actionable alterations in genes thought to be drivers in the cancerous process including phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), AKT, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), and mutant HER2. Epigenetically directed and immunologic therapies have also shown promise for the treatment of breast cancer via histone deacetylases (HDAC) 1 and 3, programmed T cell death 1 (PD‐1), and programmed T cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1). Identifying biomarkers to predict primary resistance in breast cancer will ultimately affect clinical decisions regarding adjuvant therapy in the first‐line setting. However, the bulk of medical decision‐making is currently made in the secondary resistance setting. Herein, we review the clinical potential of PI3K, AKT, FGFRs, mutant HER2, HDAC1/3, PD‐1, and PD‐L1 as therapeutic targets in breast cancer, focusing on the rationale for therapeutic development and the status of clinical testing. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2454–2463, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex Differences in mRNA Expression of Reduced Folate Carrier‐1, Folypolyformyl Glutamate Synthase, and γ‐Glutamyl Hydrolase in a Healthy Japanese Population
Authors: Hashiguchi Masayuki , Tanaka Takanori , Shimizu Mikiko , Tsuru Tomomi , Chiyoda Takeshi , Miyawaki Kumika , Irie Shin , Takeuchi Osamu , Hakamata Jun , Mochizuki Mayumi
Published: May 2016

Sex differences in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are well known, but little is known about those differences in relation to therapeutic response. Reduced folate carrier‐1 (RFC‐1), folypolyformyl glutamate synthase (FPGS), and γ‐glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) are important transporters and enzymes that convert methotrexate (MTX) in the body. This study investigated the sex differences in mRNA expression of RFC‐1, FPGS, and GGH in 190 unrelated healthy Japanese people. The genotypes and mRNA expression were determined using the real‐time PCR method. Significant differences between men and women were observed in RFC‐1, FPGS, and GGH mRNA expression. The mRNA expression of FPGS and GGH was greater in women than that in men, but the expression of RFC‐1 was less in the former than the latter. In stratified analysis by genotype, significant differences in sex‐specific mRNA expression were observed in G/G of FPGS, C/C of GGH 452, and C/C of GGH –401. All showed greater mRNA expression in women than in men. In the 5 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms RFC‐1 80G>A, RFC‐1 –43T>C, FPGS 1994G>A, GGH 452C>T, and GGH –401C>T examined, the FPGS 1994 G/G (1.46‐fold), GGH 452 C/C (2.16‐fold), and GGH –401 C/C (2.68‐fold) genotypes showed significantly higher mRNA expression in women than in men. Healthy Japanese adults in this study showed sex‐specific differences in mRNA expression that differed among RFC‐1, FPGS, and GGH. Therefore, the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and mRNA expression including sex differences might contribute to the variation in the efficacy/toxicity of MTX in patients with RA.
Brivaracetam Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure‐Response Modeling in Adult Subjects With Partial‐Onset Seizures
Authors: Schoemaker Rik , Wade Janet R. , Stockis Armel
Published: May 2016

Brivaracetam is a selective high‐affinity ligand for synaptic vesicle protein 2A, recently approved as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial‐onset (focal) seizures in patients 16 years of age and older with epilepsy. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model were developed describing brivaracetam plasma concentration and the relationship with daily seizure counts in adequate well‐controlled efficacy trials. The effect of body weight on clearance and volume was implemented using allometric scaling, and a range of covariates were investigated for their influence on brivaracetam clearance. The PKPD model described daily seizure counts using a negative binomial distribution, taking previous day seizures into account, and using a mixture model to separate “placebo‐like” and “response” subpopulations. The PK and PKPD models provided a good description of the data, documented using visual predictive checks. Coadministration with carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital decreased brivaracetam exposure by 26%, 21%, and 19%, respectively, without significant effects on PD response. Covariate analysis indicated that levetiracetam coadministration reduced the fraction of subjects in the mixture model response population to 4% and identified baseline seizure frequency as a strong predictor for being assigned to the mixture model response population. Simulation allowed characterization of the dose‐response curve, suggesting maximum response is obtained at brivaracetam 150–200 mg/day.
Efficient Synthesis of 9H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐α]Indoles via Michael Addition–Condensation of 3‐Substituted Indoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Ketimines
Authors: Zhang Minmin , Liao Lihua , Yu Shuowen , Liao Yijun , Xu Xiaoying , Yuan Weicheng , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: May 2016

By employing copper dibromide as a catalyst, Michael addition–condensation of 3‐substituted indoles with α,β‐unsaturated ketimines was realized. The reactions afforded a large variety of 9H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐α]indoles with good yields (up to 99 %). In addition, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed.
Recognition of silver nanoparticles surface‐adsorbed citrate anions by macrocyclic polyammonium cations: a spectrophotometric approach to study aggregation kinetics and evaluation of association constant
Authors: Choudhury Rupasree , Purkayastha Atanu , Debnath Diptanu , Misra Tarun Kumar
Published: May 2016

In this report, we have studied the recognition of citrate anions adsorbed on the surface of silver nanoparticles (cit‐Ag‐NPs), by macrocyclic polyammonium cations (MCPACs): Me6[14]ane‐N4H84+ (Tet‐A/Tet‐B cations) and [32]ane‐N8H168+, which are well reputed anion recognizers and are treated as to mimic of biological polyamines. The study was monitored on ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy by performing a titration of the aqueous dispersion of the cit‐Ag‐NPs by the aqueous solution of MCPACs. The ultraviolet–visible time‐scan plots over the reduction of the absorption band of surface plasmon resonance of cit‐Ag‐NPs at 390 nm are well fitted with fourth‐order polynomial equation and are employed to determine the initial aggregation rate constants. It has been stated that the aggregation is the result in electrostatic attraction followed by H‐bond formation between the surface‐adsorbed citrate anions and added MCPACs. The atomic force microscopy results have evidenced aggregation of cit‐Ag‐NPs in presence of MCPACs. The evaluated H‐bonded association constant (Kasso) using Benesi–Hildebrand method reveals that [32]ane‐N8H168+ cations form stronger association complex, as expected, with the citrate anions than the Me6[14]ane‐N4H84+ cations. The study would thus provide the insight of molecular interactions involved in nanoparticle surface‐adsorbed anions with biological polyamines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of subchondral bone histopathology of facet joint osteoarthritis in lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Netzer Cordula , Urech Karin , Hügle Thomas , Benz Robyn Melanie , Geurts Jeroen , Schären Stefan
Published: May 2016

Facet joint osteoarthritis may be a cause of low back pain in degenerative spine diseases including lumbar spinal stenosis. Subchondral bone is regarded as a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis treatment. The goal of this study was to characterize subchondral bone histopathology in osteoarthritic facet joints from lumbar spinal stenosis patients. Fifteen patients with degenerative spinal stenosis scheduled for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery were recruited for this study. Osteoarthritis severity was graded on T1‐ and T2‐weighted MRI images using Weishaupt scoring system. Dissected osteoarthritic facet joints were subjected to histological and immunohistochemistry analyses to study relative abundance of osteoblast, osteoclasts, and macrophages using van Gieson‘s, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase and CD68‐antibody staining, respectively. Presence of nerve fibers was evaluated by PGP9.5‐antibody staining. Differential bone histopathology, independent from radiological osteoarthritis grade, was observed in facet joints. Extensive de novo bone formation was found in subchondral bone tissues of eight of fifteen specimens. Regions of bone formation showed high abundance of blood vessels and CD68‐positive macrophages, but were devoid of multinucleated osteoclasts. Additional pathological changes in subchondral marrow spaces, including inflammatory infiltration and enhanced osteoclast activity, were characterized by macrophage‐rich tissues. PGP9.5‐positive nerve fibers were detected near arterioles, but not in regions displaying bone pathology. Individual histopathological parameters did not associate with clinical features or radiological osteoarthritis severity. Subchondral bone histopathology of facet joint osteoarthritis in lumbar spinal stenosis is characterized by marrow infiltration by macrophage‐rich tissues and enhanced de novo bone formation. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1475–1480, 2016.
Lumbar disc degeneration is an equally important risk factor as lumbar fusion for causing adjacent segment disc disease
Authors: Natarajan Raghu N. , Andersson Gunnar B.J.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of degenerative spinal disorders by fusion produces abnormal mechanical conditions at mobile segments above or below the site of spinal disorders and is clinically referred to as adjacent segments disc disease (ASDD) or transition syndrome in the case of a previous surgical treatment. The aim of the current study is to understand with the help of poro‐elastic finite element models how single or two level degeneration of lower lumbar levels influences motions at adjacent levels and compare the findings to motions produced by single or two level fusions when the adjacent disk has varying degree of degeneration. Validated grade‐specific finite element models including varying grades of disc degeneration at lower lumbar levels with and without fusion were developed and used to determine motions at all levels of the lumbar spine due to applied moment loads. Results showed that adjacent disc motions do depend on severity of disc degeneration, number of disc degenerated or fused, and level at which degeneration or fusion occurred. Furthermore, single level degeneration and single level fusion produced similar amount of adjacent disc motions. The pattern of increase in adjacent segment motions due to disc degeneration and increase in motions at segment adjacent to fusion was similar. Based on the current study, it can be concluded that disc degeneration should also be considered as a risk factor in addition to fusion for generating adjacent disc degeneration. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:123–130, 2017.
Mouse JMJD4 is dispensable for embryogenesis
Authors: Yoo Hyunjin , Son Dabin , Lee Young Jae , Hong Kwonho
Published: May 2016

Jumonji C domain‐containing demethylase 4 (JMJD4) is thought to help regulate mRNA translation, yet its precise in vivo role during mouse development has not been addressed. In the present study, we examined the contribution of this demethylase to embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation, and established a Jmjd4‐knockout mouse to explore its role during embryonic development. Jmjd4 expression is diminished upon ESC differentiation, and becomes restricted to certain developing organs, such as the eyes and gut, in embryonic Day‐11.5 embryos. Unexpectedly, Jmjd4‐null ESCs exhibited normal colony morphology and maintained normal expression of pluripotent genes. Furthermore, Jmjd4‐knockout embryos are born at a normal Mendelian ratio. Thus, JMJD4 is dispensable in murine development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 588–593, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A minimum of 1‐year follow‐up for MiniArc single incision slings compared to Monarc transobturator slings: An analysis to evaluate durability of continence and medium‐term outcomes
Authors: Tutolo Manuela , De Ridder Dirk J.M.K. , Montorsi Francesco , Castagna Giulia , Deprest Jan , Schellart Renè P. , Ammirati Enrico , Van Der Aa Frank
Published: May 2016

Aims

To compare efficacy and safety of two commercially available single incision slings (SIS) and trans‐obturator vaginal tapes (TOT), namely MiniArc™ and Monarc™ slings, and report the results at 5‐year follow‐up.

Methods

A retrospective‐observational study of prospectively collected data was conducted on 381 women with primary stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in a single tertiary referral center. Patients treated with MiniArc™ and Monarc™ were compared. Data regarding intraoperative and post‐operative outcomes were collected and compared. Kaplan–Meier analyses assessed continence rate (CR), objective cure (OC) rate, de novo overactive bladder symptoms (OAB), surgical failure (SF), and erosion free rates at 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year follow‐up. The log‐rank test was used to compare efficacy and complication between patients stratified according to the type of surgery.

Results

Median follow‐up was 60 months. Of 381 patients, 215 (56%) were treated with Monarc™ slings and 166 (44%) with MiniArc™. The two groups were homogeneous in terms of pre‐operative characteristics. At 5‐year follow‐up, no difference was found in CR between Monarc™ and Miniarc™ patients (87% vs. 89%; P = 0.41). Monarc™ showed better OAB free rates (97% vs. 92%; P = 0.012). No significant differences have been found in terms of SF, erosion, and OC rates. These results are limited by their retrospective nature.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that the short‐term results of MiniArc™, are maintained over time, defining the comparability of the two slings at 5 years in terms of subjective and objective outcomes and complications. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:803–807, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Case of T‐cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Relapsed As Myeloid Acute Leukemia
Authors: Paganin Maddalena , Buldini Barbara , Germano Giuseppe , Seganfreddo Elena , Meglio Annamaria di , Magrin Elisa , Grillo Francesca , Pigazzi Martina , Rizzari Carmelo , Cazzaniga Giovanni , Khiabanian Hossein , Palomero Teresa , Rabadan Raul , Ferrando Adolfo A. , Basso Giuseppe
Published: May 2016

A 4‐year‐old male with the diagnosis of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) relapsed after 19 months with an acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements analyses reveal that both leukemias were rearranged with a clonal relationship between them. Comparative genomic hybridization (Array‐CGH) and whole‐exome sequencing analyses of both samples suggest that this leukemia may have originated from a common T/myeloid progenitor. The presence of homozygous deletion of p16/INK4A, p14/ARF, p15/INK4B, and heterozygous deletion of WT1 locus remained stable in the leukemia throughout phenotypic switch, revealing that this AML can be genetically associated to T‐ALL.
An artificial diet containing plant pollen for the mealybug predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Authors: Xie Jiaqin , Wu Hongsheng , Pang Hong , De Clercq Patrick
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The specialist predatory ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is an effective natural enemy of mealybugs and plays a key role in the biological control of these pests. However, its mass production is complicated by the dependence on parallel cultures of mealybugs or the need for Ephestia kuehniella eggs as an expensive factitious prey.

RESULTS

Here we developed a pollen‐based artificial food for the predator to lower its dependence on natural prey. We found that this artificial diet was an effective alternative food for larvae and adults of this predator. The artificial food supported the development and reproduction of the predator not only in the first generation (F0) but also in the next generation (F1). Although the developmental time and preoviposition period of C. montrouzieri on the artificial food were ca 1.5 days and 4 days longer than on the natural prey, the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, respectively, its immature survival, fecundity and egg hatch were similar to those on mealybugs. In addition, adult C. montrouzieri maintained on natural or artificial food had a similar starvation resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the pollen‐based artificial diet can be used as an alternative food in the rearing of C. montrouzieri, and indicate its potential to support the mass production and wider application of this predator in biological control programmes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling Skilled and Less‐Skilled Interregional Migrations in China, 2000–2005
Authors: Liu Ye , Shen Jianfa
Published: May 2016

Previous analysis and modelling of interregional migration in China have treated migrants as a homogenous group. The flow of skilled migration is the focus of recent research. However, the skilled and less‐skilled migrations have not been systematically analysed and compared in terms of their determinants. Previous modelling of interregional migration in China does not take network autocorrelation into consideration. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by modelling skilled and less‐skilled migrations in China using the eigenvector spatially filtered method. It is found that both skilled and less‐skilled migrants tend to move away from the interior to the coastal region. Results from the eigenvector spatially filtered negative binomial regression model show that, compared with the migration of less‐skilled people, the migration of skilled people is less influenced by the friction of distance, the regional unemployment rate, and the concentration of foreign investment but is more affected by the regional wage disparity. With respect to the effect of amenities, climatic amenities exert a strong influence on skilled migration but have positive effect on less‐skilled migration at origin and no effect at destination. Quality medical services are influential for the migration of less‐skilled people to destinations but no effect on skilled people. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the dynamical downscaling and bias correction of seasonal‐scale winter precipitation predictions over North India
Authors: Tiwari P. R. , Kar S. C. , Mohanty U. C. , Dey S. , Sinha P. , Raju P. V. S. , Shekhar M. S.
Published: May 2016

This study presents the results of high‐resolution (30 km) climate simulations over North India using an optimized configuration of the Regional Climate Model (RegCM), driven by a global spectral model (T80 model with horizontal resolution of ∼1.4°) for a period of 28 years (1982–2009). The main aim of this work is to analyze the capabilities of the RegCM to simulate the wintertime precipitation over North India in the recent past. The RegCM validation revealed a good improvement in reproducing the precipitation compared to results obtained from the T80 model. This improvement comes due to better representation of vertical pressure velocity, moisture transport, convective heating rate and temperature gradient at two different latitudinal zones. Moreover, orography in the high‐resolution RegCM improves the precipitation simulation in the region where sharp orography gradient plays an important role in wintertime precipitation processes. Two bias correction (BC) methods namely mean bias‐remove (MBR) and quantile mapping (QM) have been applied on the T80 driven RegCM model simulations. It was found that the QM method is more skillful than the MBR in simulating the wintertime precipitation over North India. A comparison of model‐simulated and bias corrected precipitation with observed precipitation at 17 station locations has also been carried out. Overall, the results suggest that when the BC is applied on dynamically downscaled model, it has better skill in simulating the precipitation over North India and this model is a useful tool for further regional downscaling studies.
A regime diagram for ocean geostrophic turbulence
Authors: Klocker A. , Marshall D. P. , Keating S. R. , Read P. L.
Published: May 2016

A two‐dimensional regime diagram for geostrophic turbulence in the ocean is constructed by plotting observation‐based estimates of the non‐dimensional eddy length‐scale against a nonlinearity parameter equal to the ratio of the root‐mean‐square eddy velocity and baroclinic Rossby phase speed. Two estimates of the eddy length‐scale are compared: the equivalent eddy radius inferred from the area enclosed by contours of sea‐surface height, and the ‘unsuppressed’ mixing length, based on an estimate of the eddy diffusivity with mean flow effects removed. For weak nonlinearity, as found in the Tropics, the mixing length mostly corresponds to the stability threshold for baroclinic instability whereas the eddy radius corresponds to the Rhines scale; it is suggested that this mismatch is indicative of the inverse energy cascade that occurs at low latitudes in the ocean and the zonal elongation of eddies. At larger values of nonlinearity, as found at mid‐ and high latitudes, the eddy length‐scales are much shorter than the stability threshold, within a factor of 2.5 of the Rossby deformation radius.
Surface modification of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers by chromic acid
Authors: Li Weiwei , Meng Li , Wang Lun , Mu Jingshan , Pan Qiwei
Published: May 2016

Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were modified by chromic acid. The effects of surface modification were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that both the content of O‐containing functional groups and surface roughness of modified fibers increased. The polar groups on the modified fiber surface decreased the contact angles with water and ethylene glycol, as evidenced by contact angle measurement. The tensile test results showed the strength and the elongation at break of UHMWPE fibers decreased but the modulus increased after chromic acid modification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion on Some Typical Phenomena during Unsteady Casting Process
Authors: Li Linping , Wang Xinhua , Deng Xiaoxuan , Suo Jinliang , Ji Chenxi
Published: May 2016

To the authors' best knowledge, unsteady period casting is detrimental for the sound casting and good quality. On the basis of mathematical model and experimental observation, some typical unsteady phenomena including breakout shell, unsteady solidification, level hunching, and steel cleanliness are discussed presently. The results show that solidification factor in the mold is within 22–28 mm min−1/2 and the superheat carried by the impinging flow, about 300 mm below the meniscus, is enough to remelt the thin solidified shell of narrow face. After the analysis of unsteady crater end transition mechanism, mathematical model verified by pin shooting is established and the expression for predicting the actual unsteady length is derived. There is also a typical mold level hunching occurring during the ladle change period of high‐speed casting, which cannot be elucidated by unsteady bulging due to the aperiodic profile. Therefore, the clog–unclog mechanism is proposed. With respect to the cleanliness, powder entrapment occurs during the first two slabs of casting start, ladle change, SEN change, casting end period and the reoxidation is dominant in the casting start. Finally, the quality of cold‐rolled coils is improved by the optimization of speed transition route in the casting start.
GW method and Bethe–Salpeter equation for calculating electronic excitations
Authors: Leng Xia , Jin Fan , Wei Min , Ma Yuchen
Published: May 2016

The introduction of GW approximation to the electron's self‐energy by Hedin in the 1960s, where G and W denote the one‐particle Green's function and the screened Coulomb interaction, respectively, facilitates the computation of quasiparticle energies through Dyson's equation. GW method can also help us determine the electron–hole interaction, which is a functional derivative of self‐energy with respect to one‐particle Green's function, with excellent accuracy, and its combination with Bethe–Salpeter equation, which is derived from two‐particle Green's function, is a powerful tool to study electronic excitations and optical absorption. Thanks to the development of methodology and softwares during the last 30 years, the capability of GW method and Bethe–Salpeter equation to deal with real systems is elevated substantially, while they also exhibit many advantages over other first‐principles methods in band structures, ionization potentials, electron affinities, optical spectra, and so on. They have been successfully applied in the excited states of various systems, including crystals, metals, nanomaterials, chemical and biological systems, and so on. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:532–550. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1265

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy