bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policing “Domestic Disturbances” in Small Towns and Rural Communities: Implications for Officer and Victim Safety
Authors: Huey Laura , Ricciardelli Rose
Published: May 2017

Drawing on Canadian police data on homicide involving domestic dispute calls from 1960 to the present (n = 20), as well as on in‐depth interviews with police officers (n = 33) working in rural and remote communities, the authors reexamine the argument that police attendance at domestic disturbance calls can pose a special threat to officer safety. Although some scholarship suggests that purported risks have been overstated, the authors argue that location may be a critical factor in reducing or heightening not only risks to officers, but also to victims. Although intended as an exploratory work, situated within the context of cultural support for domestic violence in rural communities, the authors raise both interesting policy implications, as well as potential avenues for future research.

En partant de données de la police canadienne sur les homicides impliquant des disputes familiales de 1960 à nos jours (n = 20), ainsi que sur des entrevues en profondeur avec des agents policiers (n = 33) travaillant dans des régions rurales et des communautés éloignées, les auteurs ré‐examinent l'argument voulant que les interventions policières lors d'appels liés à des problèmes domestiques posent un risque spécial pour les agents policiers. Même si certains spécialistes suggèrent que ces risques sont exagérés, les auteurs affirment que le lieu pourrait être un facteur important par rapport au niveau de risque pour les agents policiers, ainsi que les victimes. Même s'il s'agit d'une recherche exploratoire, se situant dans le contexte du soutient culturel de la violence domestique dans les communautés rurales, les auteurs s'intéressent à la fois aux implications en termes de gestion et aux directions possibles en termes de recherches futures.
Molecular, clinical and neuropsychological study in 31 patients with Kabuki syndrome and KMT2D mutations
Authors: Lehman N. , Mazery A.C. , Visier A. , Baumann C. , Lachesnais D. , Capri Y. , Toutain A. , Odent S. , Mikaty M. , Goizet C. , Taupiac E. , Jacquemont M.L. , Sanchez E. , Schaefer E. , Gatinois V. , Faivre L. , Minot D. , Kayirangwa H. , Sang K.‐H.L.Q. , Boddaert N. , Bayard S. , Lacombe D. , Moutton S. , Touitou I. , Rio M. , Amiel J. , Lyonnet S. , Sanlaville D. , Picot M.C. , Geneviève D.
Published: May 2017

Kabuki syndrome (KS—OMIM 147920) is a rare developmental disease characterized by the association of multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. This study aimed to investigate intellectual performance in children with KS and link the performance to several clinical features and molecular data. We recruited 31 children with KMT2D mutations who were 6 to 16 years old. They all completed the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition. We calculated all indexes: the Full Scale Intellectual Quotient (FSIQ), Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptive Reasoning Index (PRI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Working Memory Index (WMI). In addition, molecular data and several clinical symptoms were studied. FSIQ and VCI scores were 10 points lower for patients with a truncating mutation than other types of mutations. In addition, scores for FSIQ, VCI and PRI were lower for children with visual impairment than normal vision. We also identified a discrepancy in indexes characterized by high WMI and VCI and low PRI and PSI. We emphasize the importance of early identification and intensive care of visual disorders in patients with KS and recommend individual assessment of intellectual profile.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Childcare and Preschool Expulsion
Authors: Martin Karin A. , Bosk Emily , Bailey Denise
Published: May 2017

Previous research outlines the correlates of childcare expulsion in the USA, yet researchers know little about how these correlates produce expulsion. This in‐depth qualitative analysis of 30 childcare providers’ accounts of expulsion finds a patterned process to expulsion: Teachers search for causes and solutions to challenging behaviours. When interventions fail, overwhelmed teachers shift their focus from ‘struggling’ children to ‘bad families’. Once the explanation of behaviour changes from within to outside of the child, expulsion is imminent. Interventions in teachers’ understandings, not only in children's behaviours, are discussed as a possible way to reduce expulsion.
Treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis: past, present and future
Authors: Lanthier Nicolas , Stärkel Peter
Published: May 2017

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) manifests as a clinical syndrome characterized by recent jaundice and liver function deterioration in an actively drinking patient. The principal cause of AH is alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) defined histologically by the coexistence of steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning and satellitosis. While nonsevere AH usually responds to alcohol abstinence, severe AH, identified by Maddrey scoring ≥ 32, has a bad prognosis and is traditionally treated by a 28‐day course of prednisone therapy. A recent trial, which showed no improvement of long‐term survival but significant reduced mortality after 28 days of corticoid therapy compared to placebo, opens a debate on its efficacy. N‐acetyl‐cysteine supplementation combined with steroid therapy is also able to reduce the 28‐day mortality compared to steroid alone. While guidelines recommend high‐calorie intake and protein supplementation in decompensated liver diseases, intensive enteral nutrition together with corticoid treatment does not reduce mortality compared to corticoid alone in a recent study with ASH patients. Stimulation of liver regeneration through interleukin‐22, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor or farnesoid X receptor agonists, inhibition of apoptosis, early liver transplantation and modulation of gut microbiota through antibiotic or faecal transplantation approaches constitute new therapeutic perspectives that are investigated in current clinical trials. Inhibition of oxidative stress, modulation of gut fungal populations and stimulation of progenitor cell proliferation and pro‐regenerative inflammatory pathways constitute prospects for future human trials. For long‐term survival, strategies for persistent alcohol abstinence remain the key of success, opening another large research field.
Hegel on Kant's Analytic–Synthetic Distinction
Authors: Werner Andrew
Published: May 2017

In this paper, I argue, first, that Hegel defended a version of the analytic/synthetic distinction—that, indeed, his version of the distinction deserves to be called Kantian. For both Kant and Hegel, the analytic/synthetic distinction can be explained in terms of the discursive character of cognition: insofar as our cognition is discursive, its most basic form can be articulated in terms of a genus/species tree. The structure of that tree elucidates the distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments. Second, I argue that Hegel has an interesting and so far unexplored argumentforthe analytic/synthetic distinction: Hegel argues that the systematic relationship between concepts expressed in a genus/species tree can only be expressed through synthetic judgments. Third and finally, I explore some of the implications that the arguments in the first two parts of the essay have for understanding the way in which Hegel differs from Kant. I argue that Hegel accepts Kant's point that discursive cognition cannot be used to cognize the absolute. However, Hegel thinks that we can, nevertheless, cognize the absolute. I explore the character of this non‐discursive cognition and argue that we can understand Hegel's glosses on this form of cognition—as simultaneously analytic and synthetic and as having a circular structure—through contrasting it with his account of discursive cognition. As a consequence, I argue that we must give up on attempts to understand ‘the dialectical method’ and ‘speculative cognition’ on the model of discursive cognition.
The complex nature of headland shrub encroachment: The case of Headland Zieria (Zieria prostrata)
Authors: Hunter John Thomas , Hunter Vanessa Hewlett
Published: May 2017

Headland Zieria (Zieria prostrata) is an endangered species restricted to four headlands with a potential population of 1000 individuals. The species also occurs within the endangered ecological community Themeda grassland on sea cliffs and coastal headlands in the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions. Shrub encroachment of native species is perceived as a threatening process within these grasslands, and also to the unique species within them, such as Headland Zieria. Suggested management actions for the community and Headland Zieria include the removal of other shrubs by frequent fire or mechanical means. We conducted a survey and correlative analyses to test the validity of these proposed actions. We provide evidence that Headland Zieria is facilitated by a higher density of nearby shrubs which may provide protection from the elements and decrease competition from other understorey species but is eventually out competed by them when the grassland fully transitions to a Banksia shrubland. We suggest that Headland Zieria is an ecotonal specialist that may require an invasion front of shrubs and/or isolated patches. The implementation of fire and/or overstorey shrub removal may be detrimental where populations of Headland Zieria occur. Our study highlights the need to look more closely at interactions before management actions changing vegetation structure and composition are implemented.
Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): a stored grain pest on olive trees in Sicily
Authors: Buonocore E. , Lo Monaco D. , Russo A. , Aberlenc H. P. , Tropea Garzia G.
Published: May 2017

In October 2014 samples were collected from olive trees growing in South‐Eastern Sicily (Italy) that were showing wilting symptoms. In the field, clear signs of flagging appeared on young twigs and lateral shoots, and many leaves had fallen to the ground. Initial laboratory examinations of attacked twigs revealed the presence of a large number of adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792). Sampling was repeated during the following 2 years, and while an outbreak of the pest did not occur, continuous damage was observed. In 2016, exclusively using pheromone‐baited traps in olive trees, a large number of adults were captured. The main local climatic parameters were monitored from 2014 to 2016 and compared with the population levels. The incidence of damage and survival of R. dominica in an environment different from its usual one (stored grain) deserves attention, especially considering that climate change could greatly affect pest demographics and put olive trees in this area and further afield at risk of increased damage.
Effect of environmental conditions on the seasonal and inter‐annual variability of small pelagic fish abundance off North‐West Africa: The case of both Senegalese sardinella
Authors: Thiaw Modou , Auger Pierre‐Amaël , Ngom Fambaye , Brochier Timothée , Faye Saliou , Diankha Ousmane , Brehmer Patrice
Published: May 2017

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of environmental variations on the abundance of Sardinella aurita and Sardinella maderensis in Senegalese waters in the upwelling system. Monthly data indicating the abundance of sardinella were first estimated from commercial statistics, using Generalized Linear Model from 1966 to 2011. Abundance indices (AIs) were then compared with environmental indices, at the local scale, a Coastal Upwelling Index (CUI) and a coastal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) index, and on a large scale, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), using correlations and times series analyses. The results showed that the abundance of sardinella is determined by a strong seasonal pattern and inter‐annual fluctuations. The abundance of S. aurita peaked in spring and in autumn, whereas that of S. maderensis peaked in the warm season (July–September). The trend of the sardinella abundance was significantly correlated with the CUI, especially in autumn and spring. Interannual fluctuations of S. maderensis and S. aurita abundance are, respectively, driven by the precocity and the duration of the upwelling season that is attributed to distinct migration patterns. Both sardinella species also respond with a delay of around 4 years to the winter NAO index and the autumn CUI, and the AMO index, respectively, both related to migration patterns. The wide variations in sardinella biomass are caused by variations in environmental conditions, which should be considered in the implementation of an ecosystem‐based approach in sardinella stocks management.
Comparison of F13A1 gene mutations in 73 patients treated with recombinant FXIII‐A2
Authors: Ivaškevičius V. , Biswas A. , Garly M.‐L. , Oldenburg J.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Congenital factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive bleeding disorder usually caused by mutations in the F13A1 gene that produce a severe quantitative (type I) deficiency of the FXIII‐A subunit.

Aim

To determine the genotypes of patients with severe FXIII‐A deficiency treated with recombinant FXIII‐A subunit (rFXIII‐A2) participating in three international efficacy and safety trials.

Methods

We determined the genotypes of 73 patients in total; 32 had already undergone genotype analysis and were known to carry F13A1 mutations that have been previously reported in the literature. Mutation screening was performed in 41 patients with unknown genetic status using direct sequencing.

Results

In total, 51 distinct mutations in 73 patients were identified. Two patients showed a phenotype of severe FXIII‐A deficiency, despite having heterozygous missense mutations. Two siblings carried a missense mutation in the F13A1 gene (p.Ser296Arg) in combination with a novel, probably polymorphic variant of the F13B gene (p.Ser654Phe). Molecular modelling of five F13A1 novel missense mutations (p.Leu171Phe, p.Glu204Lys, p.Leu276Phe, p.Asp405His and p.Gly411Cys) predicted a damaging effect of these mutations on protein structure. Although five patients treated with rFXIII‐A2 had transient, low‐titre, non‐neutralizing anti‐rFXIII antibodies, no patients developed FXIII‐neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors).

Conclusion

The identified mutations are causally implicated in severe FXIII deficiency; however, they do not appear to increase the risk of neutralizing antibody development against rFXIII‐A2.
An Evaluation of Oral Presentation Competency in Interior Design Education
Authors: Hynes Wendy , Kwon Hyun Joo
Published: May 2017

As digital modelling programmes become increasingly prevalent in interior design education, there is concern that graduates are entering the workforce relying too much on strong graphic presentation skills while lacking the basic ability to speak about design. This study explores the gap between practitioners’ perceptions of importance regarding oral presentation competency and students’ perceptions of their oral presentation performances. Additionally, the study explores correlations between in‐class activities and students’ perceptions of their oral presentation competency. Mixed‐methods of investigation include a Delphi study with a panel of interior design practitioners and a survey questionnaire of both practitioners (n = 102) and currently active interior design students (n = 91) in the USA. An Importance‐Performance framework is employed for comparison. Results identify performance criteria for evaluating oral presentation competency and indicate variances between students’ perceptions of their performance and industry perceptions of importance. Furthermore, students’ in‐class activities including studio critiques and written peer assessments show significant correlation with student oral presentation performance indicating activities already frequently incorporated into a design curriculum may have a greater impact on improving performance than specific oral presentation instruction alone.
Telemedicine in dermatology: findings and experiences worldwide – a systematic literature review
Authors: Trettel A. , Eissing L. , Augustin M.
Published: May 2017

Telemedicine has become an important element of health care in many countries and profited from the technological progress of the last two decades. Due to the visual character of the dermatological specialty, teledermatology in particular participated in that development and is becoming a major tool in dermatological consultation. The objective of this article was to identify the use of teledermatology across the world based on published original articles. A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE and Embase databases for eligible publications (predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria) and a cross‐validation search were conducted. Search results were reviewed systematically. The search resulted in 204 publications meeting the inclusion criteria for analysis. The highest number of published studies on teledermatology was performed in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy and Austria. The majority of dermatological indications for telemedical consultations were not specified or included various kinds of skin diseases, followed by skin cancer and wounds. Research questions predominantly focused on concordance, effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness to determine the value. Teledermatology proved to be a reliable consultation tool in the majority of studies. If specified, telemedicine was used in daily dermatological routine for patient management purposes, to consult patients in peripheral locations, or for medical support in nursing homes or home care settings. The application of teledermatology worldwide is highest in North American and European countries, while countries with poor geographical distribution of physicians seem to be under‐represented in teledermatological use, as concluded from publication output. Regarding indications, comparison with classic consultation and area of application, most studies were of general nature. For precise determination of the value, systematic studies would be needed. However, teledermatology is already accepted as a valid tool.
Volver a Nuestras Raíces: The Reemergence and Adaptation of Traditional Forms of Andean Reciprocity
Authors: Lyle Henry F.
Published: May 2017

Este manuscrito es inspirado por la investigación etnográfica del mantenimiento de las instituciones de propiedad común y redes de apoyo social en una pequeña comunidad quechua en el altiplano en el sur de Perú. Campesinos deben instituir los programas de cría y plantar y cultivar cosechas y otros trabajos de mantenimiento. Además de la acción colectiva, la mayoría de las casas tienen su propio jardín y rebaño que requieren el apoyo de otros hogares. El uso de la teoría del capital simbólico y modelos de castigo indirecto, explico cómo formas modificadas de ayni y minga trabajan en conjunto para resolver el problema de parasitismo en una pequeña comunidad de pastores de los Andes. En la exploración de esta intersección convincente de grupo y la cooperación diádica, describiré la acción colectiva y redes de apoyo social en la comunidad, y consideraré sus paralelismos con la reciprocidad andina tradicional. [Andes, ecologia, Peru]
Computed tomography or necropsy diagnosis of multiple bullae and the treatment of pneumothorax in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kim Jong‐Min , Han Sungyoung , Shin Jun‐Seop , Min Byoung‐Hoon , Jeong Won Young , Lee Ga Eul , Kim Min Sun , Kim Ju Eun , Chung Hyunwoo , Park Chung‐Gyu
Published: May 2017

Pulmonary bullae and pneumothorax have various etiologies in veterinary medicine. We diagnosed multiple pulmonary bullae combined with or without pneumothorax by computed tomography (CT) or necropsy in seven rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) imported from China. Two of seven rhesus macaques accompanied by pneumothorax were cured by fixation of ruptured lung through left or right 3rd intercostal thoracotomy. Pneumonyssus simicola, one of the etiologies of pulmonary bullae, was not detected from tracheobronchiolar lavage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on the CT‐aided diagnosis of pulmonary bullae and the successful treatment of combined pneumothorax by thoracotomy in non‐human primates (NHPs).
Identification of potential crucial genes associated with early‐onset pre‐eclampsia via a microarray analysis
Authors: Ma Yifei , Lin Hongmei , Zhang Hong , Song Xiu'e , Yang Huili
Published: May 2017

Aim

This study aimed to identify potential key genes related to early‐onset pre‐eclampsia (EOPET), and to obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this disease.

Methods

The microarray dataset GSE44711 was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, including eight chorionic villi samples from EOPET placentas and eight normal controls. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified using the LIMMA package, and their potential functions were predicted by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Furthermore, protein–protein interactions (PPI) were obtained from the STRING database, and the PPI network was visualized by Cytoscape software. Then, significant modules were screened out from the PPI network, and GO enrichment analysis for DEG in modules was performed. Also, the potential transcription factors (TF) regulating DEG in modules were predicted, and TF–DEG network was visualized by Cytoscape.

Results

A total of 270 upregulated and 200 downregulated DEG were identified. A set of DEG was related to functions such as female pregnancy and hormone metabolic process (e.g. NGF). In PPI network modules, some DEG (e.g. SERPINE1 and FN1) were significantly associated with anatomical structure morphogenesis, and some other DEG (e.g. GZMA) were relevant to the immune system process. Furthermore, SERPINE1, NGF, and FN1 interacted with each other and were regulated by RELA.

Conclusion

The DEG related to hormone metabolic process (e.g. NGF), anatomical structure morphogenesis (e.g. SERPINE1 and FN1), and immune system process (e.g. GZMA) are predicted to play significant roles in the progress of EOPET, which will be confirmed by experiments in future.
Knowledge Development Approaches and Breakthrough Innovations in Technology‐Based New Firms
Authors: Kamuriwo Dzidziso Samuel , Baden‐Fuller Charles , Zhang Jing
Published: May 2017

Compared to large established firms, technology‐based new firms (TBNF) seem well placed to produce breakthrough innovations although questions remain as to their adeptness at subsequent exploitation. Building on the innovation and strategy literatures, the study identifies two different knowledge‐development approaches or modes (business models) in TBNFs—internal versus external—and examines their relation to breakthrough innovation and subsequent progression of the product to market. The internal mode assembles knowledge inside the firm to generate its innovations, whereas the external mode relies heavily on alliances to develop and assemble knowledge among firms embedded in a creative network. The study uses a unique panel dataset of 69 UK new biotechnology firms over an 11‐year period to explore this issue empirically. The findings show that the external knowledge‐development mode is associated with more breakthrough innovations and a faster movement of innovations to market. The externally focused mode is not impeded by its relative lack of internal knowledge; it uses partners to access, assemble, and develop a wide scope of knowledge in a flexible manner. In addition, partners provide deep domain expertise to undertake the requisite deep‐dives. In contrast, the internal mode has the huge challenge of assembling knowledge resources internally and suffers from a quicker onset of path dependence that impedes the generation of breakthroughs. This study provides a choice of business models (internal or external) that is associated with different breakthrough and speed to market performance outcomes. Going forward, policy makers and managers seeking breakthrough innovations, and speedy progression of the innovations to market should consider the potential resource efficiency of the external mode and the vital role played by collaborations—small firm versus large firm and private versus public entities.
The Interface of Explicit and Implicit Knowledge in a Second Language: Insights From Individual Differences in Cognitive Aptitudes
Authors: Suzuki Yuichi , DeKeyser Robert
Published: May 2017

Recent research has called for the use of fine‐grained measures that distinguish implicit knowledge from automatized explicit knowledge. In the current study, such measures were used to determine how the two systems interact in a naturalistic second language (L2) acquisition context. One hundred advanced L2 speakers of Japanese living in Japan were assessed using tests of automatized explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge, along with tests of phonological short‐term memory and aptitude tests for explicit and implicit learning. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that aptitude for explicit learning significantly predicted acquisition of automatized explicit knowledge, and automatized explicit knowledge significantly predicted acquisition of implicit knowledge. The effects of implicit learning aptitude and phonological short‐term memory on acquisition of automatized explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge were limited. These findings provide the first empirical evidence that automatized explicit knowledge, which develops through explicit learning mechanisms, may impact the acquisition of implicit knowledge.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. All original materials are publicly accessible in the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
A cryptic pigment biosynthetic pathway uncovered by heterologous expression is essential for conidial development in Pestalotiopsis fici
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Xiuna , Fan Aili , Zheng Yanjing , Liu Xingzhong , Wang Shihua , Zou Huixi , Oakley Berl R. , Keller Nancy P. , Yin Wen‐Bing
Published: May 2017

Spore pigmentation is very common in the fungal kingdom. The best studied pigment in fungi is melanin which coats the surface of single cell spores. What and how pigments function in a fungal species with multiple cell conidia is poorly understood. Here, we identified and deleted a polyketide synthase (PKS) gene PfmaE and showed that it is essential for multicellular conidial pigmentation and development in a plant endophytic fungus, Pestalotiopsis fici. To further characterize the melanin pathway, we utilized an advanced Aspergillus nidulans heterologous system for the expression of the PKS PfmaE and the Pfma gene cluster. By structural elucidation of the pathway metabolite scytalone in A. nidulans, we provided chemical evidence that the Pfma cluster synthesizes DHN melanin. Combining genetic deletion and combinatorial gene expression of Pfma cluster genes, we determined that the putative reductase PfmaG and the PKS are sufficient for the synthesis of scytalone. Feeding scytalone back to the P. fici ΔPfmaE mutant restored pigmentation and multicellular adherence of the conidia. These results cement a growing understanding that pigments are essential not simply for protection of spores from biotic and abiotic stresses but also for spore structural development.
T‐cells and macrophages peak weeks after experimental stroke: Spatial and temporal characteristics
Authors: Vindegaard Nina , Muñoz‐Briones Clara , El Ali Henrik H. , Kristensen Lotte Kellemann , Rasmussen Rune Skovgaard , Johansen Flemming Fryd , Hasseldam Henrik
Published: May 2017

The activities of the central and peripheral immune systems impact neurological outcome after ischemic stroke. However, studies investigating the temporal profile of leukocyte infiltration, especially T‐cell recruitment, are sparse. Our aim was to investigate leukocyte infiltration at different time points after experimental stroke in mice. Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed on 11 weeks old C57BL/6J mice, allowed to survive for 1, 3, 8, 14 or 28 days. In addition to infarct size measurements, detailed immunohistochemical analyses of T‐cell and macrophage influx were performed. A recently introduced F‐19 MR probe (V‐sense), designed to track macrophages, was furthermore tested. Fourteen and 28 days after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion a significant increase in CD3+ T‐cells was found within the ipsilateral hemisphere compared to controls, especially within the infarct core and the corpus callosum. The number of CD68+ cells within the infarct core was significantly increased at days 8, 14 and 28. This temporal pattern was also seen in MRI. After experimental stroke within the infarcted cortex we found a delayed (day 14) infiltration of T‐cells and macrophages. Furthermore, our data show that T‐cells are present in higher numbers in the corpus callosum compared to the rest of the brain (except from the infarct core where they were highest).
Co‐introduction vs ecological fitting as pathways to the establishment of effective mutualisms during biological invasions
Authors: Le Roux Johannes J. , Hui Cang , Keet Jan‐Hendrik , Ellis Allan G.
Published: May 2017

Interactions between non‐native plants and their mutualists are often disrupted upon introduction to new environments. Using legume–rhizobium mutualistic interactions as an example, we discuss two pathways that can influence symbiotic associations in such situations: co‐introduction of coevolved rhizobia; and utilization of, and adaptation to, resident rhizobia, hereafter referred to as ‘ecological fitting’. Co‐introduction and ecological fitting have distinct implications for successful legume invasions and their impacts. Under ecological fitting, initial impacts may be less severe and will accrue over longer periods as novel symbiotic associations and/or adaptations may require fine‐tuning over time. Co‐introduction will have more profound impacts that will accrue more rapidly as a result of positive feedbacks between densities of non‐native rhizobia and their coevolved host plants, in turn enhancing competition between native and non‐native rhizobia. Co‐introduction can further impact invasion outcomes by the exchange of genetic material between native and non‐native rhizobia, potentially resulting in decreased fitness of native legumes. A better understanding of the roles of these two pathways in the invasion dynamics of non‐native legumes is much needed, and we highlight some of the exciting research avenues it presents.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Specificity and effectiveness of legume–rhizobium interactions and their impacts on non‐native legume establishment
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III.
Co‐introduction and ecological fitting: two pathways to establish legume–rhizobium interactions during biological invasions
1357

IV.
Consequences of co‐introduction of rhizobia and non‐native legumes for invasion impacts
1357

V.
Concluding remarks and future directions
1359

Acknowledgements
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References
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SET DOMAIN GROUP701 encodes a H3K4‐methytransferase and regulates multiple key processes of rice plant development
Authors: Liu Kunpeng , Yu Yu , Dong Aiwu , Shen Wen‐Hui
Published: May 2017

Chromatin‐based epigenetic information plays an important role in developmental gene regulation, in response to environment, and in natural variation of gene expression levels. Histone H3 lysine 4 di/trimethylation (H3K4me2/3) is abundant in euchromatin and is generally associated with transcriptional activation. Strikingly, however, enzymes catalyzing H3K4me2/3 remain poorly characterized in crops so far.

Here, we investigated the function of the rice SET DOMAIN GROUP 701 (SDG701) gene by molecular and biochemical characterization of the gene product, and by studying effects of its loss or gain of function on plant growth and development.

We demonstrated that SDG701 encodes a methytransferase specifically catalyzing H3K4 methylation. Overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that SDG701 is crucial for proper sporophytic plant development as well as for gametophytic transmission that directly impacts rice grain production. In‐depth analysis of plant flowering time revealed that SDG701 promotes rice flowering under either long‐day or short‐day photoperiods. Consistently, the SDG701 protein was found to bind chromatin to promote H3K4me3 and to enhance expression of the rice Hd3a and RFT1 florigens.

Collectively, our results establish SDG701 as a major rice H3K4‐specific methyltransferase and provide important insights into function of H3K4me3 deposition in transcription activation of florigens in promoting plant flowering.
Herbivory‐induced jasmonates constrain plant sugar accumulation and growth by antagonizing gibberellin signaling and not by promoting secondary metabolite production
Authors: Machado Ricardo A. R. , Baldwin Ian T. , Erb Matthias
Published: May 2017

Plants respond to herbivory by reconfiguring hormonal networks, increasing secondary metabolite production and decreasing growth. Furthermore, some plants display a decrease in leaf energy reserves in the form of soluble sugars and starch, leading to the hypothesis that herbivory‐induced secondary metabolite production and growth reduction may be linked through a carbohydrate‐based resource trade‐off.

In order to test the above hypothesis, we measured leaf carbohydrates and plant growth in seven genetically engineered Nicotiana attenuata genotypes that are deficient in one or several major herbivore‐induced, jasmonate‐dependent defensive secondary metabolites and proteins. Furthermore, we manipulated gibberellin and jasmonate signaling, and quantified the impact of these phytohormones on secondary metabolite production, sugar accumulation and growth.

Simulated herbivore attack by Manduca sexta specifically reduced leaf sugar concentrations and growth in a jasmonate‐dependent manner. These effects were similar or even stronger in defenseless genotypes with intact jasmonate signaling. Gibberellin complementation rescued carbohydrate accumulation and growth in induced plants without impairing the induction of defensive secondary metabolites.

These results are consistent with a hormonal antagonism model rather than a resource–cost model to explain the negative relationship between herbivory‐induced defenses, leaf energy reserves and growth.
Comparative Public Policy: Origins, Themes, New Directions
Authors: Wilder Matt
Published: May 2017

Comparative public policy combines theories of the policy process with the study of political systems and specific issue areas. Yet, some ambiguity surrounds what distinguishes the comparative approach from other perspectives on public policy. This review brings greater clarity to the comparative policy project by emphasizing the need to be attentive to similarities and differences regarding the institutional contexts in which policymaking takes place. This attention is necessary to avoid “forcing a fit” between the empirical reality and theories and frameworks designed with specific institutional configurations in mind. While forced fit posed problems for past research, recent theoretical advancements have been devised to facilitate comparison across dissimilar institutional settings. The following discussion highlights amendments to established approaches intended to deal with problems of comparison and identifies promising new perspectives from which comparative analysis may be conducted. The latest wave of comparative policy scholarship, having accounted for institutional variation, looks beyond institutions to policy discourses in order to explain how ideas, norms, and political culture affect how policy actors maneuver within, maintain, or change the institutional environment in which they operate.
The Dynamic Role of State and Nonstate Actors: Governance after Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Or Nick H. K. , Aranda‐Jan Ana C.
Published: May 2017

In this article, we review the dynamic role of state and nonstate actors in governance. We first discuss the main arguments for and against the state being the main actor in governance in recent literature. Then, we review some of the literature about the changing role of state and nonstate actors in response to the 2007–08 global financial crisis from 2011 to 2015. The two themes under examination are, first, more control over financial markets and second, austerity measures. They illustrate different trajectories of governance that go beyond the now well‐established New Public Management paradigm of public sector reforms. Our review shows that no single actor provides the best mode of governance for all circumstances. Instead, governance is hybrid and dynamic. The mode of governance is dependent on the circumstances under which an actor is more capable of interacting with other actors to provide public services.
Legal Power: The Basic Definition
Authors: Lindahl Lars , Reidhav David
Published: May 2017

The concept of legal power (often called legal competence) is important in the law since, with regard to actions having legal effect, the “exercise of legal power” delimits those actions for which manifestation of intention to achieve a legal effect is essential for the effect to ensue. The paper proposes a definition that captures this feature of legal power and marks it off from “direct effect,” as well as from permissibility and practical ability to achieve the legal effect. This analysis of power is limited to the “immediate” legal power of a physical person characterized by the power‐holder achieving a legal result by the power‐holder's own behaviour (not by representatives acting on behalf of the power‐holder). It is argued that in the literature on power the concept of legal power is frequently construed in such a way that it becomes either too broad or too narrow.
Analysis of platelet‐reactive alloantibodies and evaluation of cross‐match‐compatible platelets for the management of patients with transfusion refractoriness
Authors: Wang J. , Xia W. , Deng J. , Xu X. , Shao Y. , Ding H. , Chen Y. , Liu J. , Chen D. , Ye X. , Santoso S.
Published: May 2017

Background

Cross‐match‐compatible platelets can improve corrected count increments (CCIs) in alloimmunised patients with transfusion refractoriness. However, only a few studies mentioned that the specificities of platelet‐reactive alloantibodies can predict high reactivity in cross‐match assays among these patients.

Methods

A total of 204 medical records of patients who were refractory to random single‐donor apheresis platelets between January 2014 and December 2014 were enrolled. Platelet‐reactive antibodies in patients' serum were screened by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The platelet cross‐match assays were performed by a solid‐phase adherence assay. The specificities of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and human platelet antigens (HPAs) alloantibodies were determined by Luminex Single Antigen and Monoclonal Antibody‐specific Immobilization of Platelet Antigens (MAIPA) assays, respectively.

Results

Anti‐HLA and anti‐HPA alloantibodies were found in 114 of 204 (55.88%) patients, including 110 (96.49%) with anti‐HLA alloantibodies only, 2 (1.75%) with anti‐HPA alloantibodies (anti‐GPIIb/IIIa) only and 2 (1.75%) with both anti‐HLA and anti‐HPA alloantibodies (anti‐HPA‐3a and anti‐HPA‐5b). The most common HLA class I alloantibody phenotypes in cross‐match‐incompatible patients were HLA‐A23 (59.38%), ‐A24 (50.00%), ‐A02 (43.75%), ‐B27 (65.63%), ‐B40 (50.00%), ‐B18 (46.88%) and ‐B07 (43.75%). A total of 480 cross‐matched platelet units were administered in 82 of 114 alloimmunised patients with a mean CCI of 7800 ± 5200, a significant improvement over random platelet units (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

No development of additional platelet alloantibodies was observed during this platelet transfusion regiment. This study showed that transfusion of cross‐match‐compatible platelet units offers effective and safe management of platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). The finding of alloantibodies among cross‐match‐incompatible cases can be used as predictors for platelet donor selection.
Hepatic AA amyloidosis in a cat: cytologic and histologic identification of AA amyloid in macrophages
Authors: Neo‐suzuki Sakurako , Mineshige Takayuki , Kamiie Junichi , Kayanuma Hideki , Mochizuki Yukako , Hisasue Masaharu , Tsuchiya Ryo , Shirota Kinji
Published: May 2017

A 3‐year‐old, spayed female, Domestic Shorthair cat presented with anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, probable hemoabdomen, and multiple masses on the right lateral liver lobe. Clinicopathologic and imaging abnormalities included anemia, azotemia, icterus, and hepatomegaly with hypoechoic masses. On cytologic evaluation of a fine‐needle aspiration of a liver mass there was abundant extracellular pink‐ to purple‐colored material between hepatocytes. The amorphous material was stained with direct fast scarlet (DFS), and green birefringent areas were observed under polarized light, confirming the presence of amyloid. A unique finding on the cytologic smear were macrophages containing amorphous and fibrillar amyloid‐like protein. Histopathologic examination using H&E and Congo red staining confirmed amyloid deposits within the space of Disse, along the sinusoids, portal tracts, blood vessel walls, and within the cytoplasm of macrophages. Immunohistochemical staining with anti‐AA amyloid antibodies further confirmed the presence of AA amyloid. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of the cytologic finding of AA amyloid protein within macrophages and DFS stain detection of amyloid on a cytologic smear.
Implementing a fully automated high‐throughput strategy for blood donor genotyping
Authors: Dinardo C. L. , Bianchi J. V. , Dezan M. R. , Oliveira V. B. , Gomes F. C. A. , Gallucci A. J. O. , Levi J. E. , Krieger J. E. , Pereira A. C. , Santos H. C. , Domingues H. , Rocha V. G. , Mendrone‐Júnior A. , Sabino E. C.
Published: May 2017

Background

High‐throughput molecular assays are essential tools for the search of rare blood donors.

Aims and methods

To evaluate a fully automated workflow designed for genotyping blood donors’ red blood cell (RBC) and platelets (PTL) antigens using the OpenArray Real‐time PCR system.

Results

5487 blood donors were genotyped using the proposed strategy in two steps: (1) nucleic acid purification in the QIASymphony® equipment and (2) genotyping of the most important RBC and PTL antigens by a customized assay designed for the OpenArray Real‐time PCR system. 142 662 single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped with 99·6% of accuracy in 15 work‐days. Software was created for the purpose of data interfacing and organization of a database to be used in a regular basis to find compatible blood for alloimmunized patients.

Conclusions

The proposed fully automated genotyping strategy is accurate, fast and suitable for meeting the needs of a laboratory of molecular immunohematology.
Metacarpophalangeal joint injury patterns on magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison in racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds
Authors: Olive Julien , Serraud Nicolas , Vila Thibault , Germain Jean‐Philippe
Published: May 2017

The metacarpal condyle has received extensive attention as a predominant site of overload arthropathy in racehorses. However, detailed descriptions of MRI lesion patterns for the metacarpophalangeal joint and comparisons between types of racing horses are currently lacking. Aims of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study were to describe and compare standing low‐field magnetic resonance findings in the metacarpophalangeal joints for groups of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds using systematic semiquantitative scores. Data archives at the Clinique Vétérinaire Equine de Chantilly and Imavet were searched during the period from June 2010 to February 2016. Images were retrieved and reviewed by one reader. A total of 30 Standardbreds and 77 Thoroughbreds were sampled. The Thoroughbreds developed a much higher rate of stress fractures (40.3% vs. 10%) and overall more severe scores of subchondral sclerosis and bone marrow lesions than Standardbreds. The Standardbreds had more sites of subchondral bone defect and resorption, as well as higher synovitis and joint capsule thickening scores. Both Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds frequently developed multifocal subchondral lesions not limited to the distal palmar condyle. The Standardbreds had a higher tendency to develop dorsomedial joint pole subchondral injuries. Both Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds developed a noticeably high rate of periarticular soft tissue injuries (36.7% in Standardbreds and 20.8% in Thoroughbreds), which were rarely considered as the main contributors to the lameness. Findings supported the use of low‐field MRI as a whole‐organ assessment tool for Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds with suspected metacarpophalangeal joint injuries.
Effect of Jet Position on Cooling an Array of Heated Obstacles
Authors: Maghrabie Hussein M. , Attalla M. , Fawaz H. E. , Khalil M.
Published: May 2017

Numerical study of the effect of jet position (JP) on cooling process of an array of heated obstacles simulating electronic components has been investigated based on realizable k–ε model. Jet positions have been changed to impinge each row of obstacles consecutively. The experiments have been achieved at three different values of jet-to-channel Reynolds number ratio, Rej/Rec = 1, 2, and 4. In this study, a comparison between two different cooling processes, cross flow only (CF) and jet impingement with cross flow (JICF), has been achieved. The flow structure, heat transfer characteristics, and the pumping power have been investigated for different jet positions. The results show that the jet position affects significantly the flow structure, as well as the heat transfer characteristics. According to the results of average heat transfer coefficient and the pumping power, the more effective jet position for all values of jet-to-channel Reynolds number ratio (1, 2, and 4) is achieved when the jets impinge the third row of obstacles (JP3).
Achipteria sgardelisi sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Achipteriidae) from Greece and its morphological ontogeny
Authors: Seniczak Stanisław , Seniczak Anna
Published: May 2017

Achipteria sgardelisi sp. nov. and its morphological ontogeny is described and illustrated. The adult of this species has a clavate bothridial seta, with a barbed head distally, which is not common in Achipteria Berlese, 1885; in most species the head is smooth. Notogastral setae c2 and la are long, while the other setae are short, and rounded porose areas are present, of which Aa is the largest. Genua I and II lack anteroventral apophysis, genu IV is approximately as long as tibia IV, and setae bv'' and v'' on femur I and l' on femur III are short. All prodorsal setae of juveniles are minute. Most gastronotal setae of larva are short, thick and barbed, except for minute c-series and smooth h2, whereas most gastronotal setae of nymphs are minute, except for short, thick and barbed lp and h-series. Leg claws of all instars are smooth. The morphology of the adult and juveniles of A. sgardelisi is compared with congeners.