bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEMANFAATAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA BERBASIS MASYARAKAT SEBAGAI MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI KELURAHAN LATUPPA KECAMATAN MUNGKAJANG KOTA PALOPO
Authors: Ishak Ishak , Suwandi N Suwandi
Published: March 2020

AbstractProduksi sampah setiap hari semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah produk dan pola konsumsimasyarakat(1). Dari 250 juta jiwa penduduk Indonesia dapat menghasilkan 151.192 ton per hari dengan kebiasaanorang Indonesia membuang sampahnya sembarangan sebanyak 70,31%. Kesadaran masyarakat yang kurang untukbuang sampah pada tempatnya akan berakibat pada kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat untuk menjaga lingkungan.Kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat untuk mengikuti kegiatan bersama membersihkan lingkungan membuatsampah-sampah yang ada belum ditangani dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui danmenyusun model pemberdayaan masyarakat sesuai kebutuhan masyarakat dalam mengelolah sampah rumahtangga. Penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode penelitian sosial Participatory Action Research (PAR). PAR terdiridari tiga kata yang saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Ketiga kata tersebut adalah partisipasi, riset dan aksi.Peneliti melakukan beberapa tahapan yang dimulai dari pendidikan dan penyadaran yang dilakukan asyarakatterkait masalah sampah rumah tangga. Partisipasi dari masyarakat dibangun dengan melibatkan masyarakat yangada di kelurahan Latuppa untuk melakukan pengolahaan sampah melalui pelatihan daur ulang sampah plastikmenjadi bahan kerajinan rumah tangga dan pelatihan pengolahan sampah organik menjadi pupuk kompos. Dengan adanya pelatihan daur ulang sampah plastik menjadi barang kerajinan rumah tangga dan juga mengadakanpelatihan pembuatan pupuk kompos untuk sampah organik dapat merubah perilaku masyarakat untuk tidakmembuang sampah disekitar pemukiman dan tidak membakar sampah di pekarangan. Adanya penyuluhan tentangsampah juga dapat menyadarkan masyarakat tentang pentingnya menjaga lingkungan.Kata kunci: Pemanfaatan sampah; Pemberdayaan masyarakat; Sampah rumah tangga
Urbanização de favelas em Jundiaí - SP: os casos do Jardim São Camilo, Jardim Novo Horizonte, Parque Centenário e Vila Ana
Authors: Rodrigues Samora Patrícia , Tarricone Jimenez Flávia
Published: March 2020

Este artigo apresenta e analisa a experiência recente de Jundiaí – SP que utilizou recursos Federais dos Programas de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) e Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) para urbanizar assentamentos precários da cidade no período de 2010 a 2017. As intervenções realizadas nas comunidades Jardim São Camilo, Jardim Novo Horizonte, Parque Centenário e Vila Ana demonstram variedade tipológica e de soluções urbanísticas que, vistas conjuntamente, são representativas do trabalho da Fundação Municipal Ação Social (FUMAS) órgão municipal engajado nas questões de habitação de interesse social. A partir da coleta de dados do projeto e da obra das quatro experiências, bem como visitas de campo e entrevista com técnicos da FUMAS, as informações foram sintetizadas em um quadro, que permitiu uma visão de conjunto da política empregada no município, que se revelou acertada em muitos aspectos, mas ainda depende de esforços adicionais para se concretizar. Tendo em vista que o Estatuto das Cidades enfatizou o papel dos municípios no planejamento territorial e setorial da habitação, este caso ilustracomo ações assertivas em direção a soluções específicas para as necessidades particulares de cada assentamento podem se beneficiar de recursos federais que não impõem modelos únicos.
Lugares de memória difícil em São Paulo: reconhecimento de valor nas políticas de preservação do patrimônio cultural
Authors: Machado e Silva Mariana Busson , De Oliveira Tourinho Andréa
Published: March 2020

As memórias difíceis, relacionadas a situações violentas - conflitos, catástrofes naturais ou não - que geram sentimentos negativos e indeléveis em um determinado grupo social, têm sido, de forma crescente, objeto de discussões e estudos. No Brasil, as memórias difíceis ou traumáticas, como têm sido chamadas, começam a ganhar visibilidade na década de 1980, pós-ditadura militar, sendo objeto de interesse de várias áreas do conhecimento. Mais recentemente, há uma tendência de ampliação dos estudos sobre essa temática no campo da preservação do patrimônio cultural, porém a abordagem ainda é pouco explorada. O presente artigo trata do reconhecimento dos lugares de memória difícil, relacionados ao período militar, pelos órgãos de preservação na cidade de São Paulo, buscando identificar os valores a eles atribuídos.
O reconhecimento do patrimônio cultural de matriz africana – tombamento e registro de territórios tradicionais em São Paulo
Authors: Watanabe Elisabete Mitiko , Cruz Heloisa de Faria
Published: March 2020

Em meio a trajetória recente de reconhecimento de bens ligados à história e memória das populações negras pelo órgão de preservação do patrimônio no Estado de São Paulo, o presente artigo discute questões sobre a adequação da utilização dos instrumentos do tombamento e do registro no trabalho de identificação e proteção de territórios de matriz africana como bem cultural, a partir dos estudos técnicos desenvolvidos sobre os espaços de Candomblé e Umbanda pela UPPH1 , que balizaram a decisão do CONDEPHAAT. Na reflexão que propõe busca contribuir com a discussão sobre a importância da preservação destes espaços como suportes materiais da cultura afro-brasileira em São Paulo.
Memória e Patrimônio Cultural em São Paulo
Authors: De Oliveira Tourinho Andréa
Published: March 2020

Vetor de memória, o patrimônio cultural, após a Segunda Grande Guerra, sobretudo a partir dos anos 1980, tem se constituído como campo em contínua e acelerada transformação devido, principalmente, às mudanças nas formas como a memória - juntamente com a história - tem sido compreendida e enfrentada.
Habitar o presente, construir o passado: história oral e patrimônio nos conjuntos residenciais modernos em São Paulo
Authors: Brito do Nascimento Flávia
Published: March 2020

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir o patrimônio cultural e o lugar da memória nos conjuntos residenciais construídos pelos Institutos e  posentadorias e Pensões (IAPs) na cidade de São Paulo nas décadas de 1940 e 1950. A partir do projeto de história oral com seus residentes, discutimos a elaboração do passado e seus sentidos para o presente face aos processos de transformação arquitetônica e urbana na metrópole. Em que medida, sob o olhar dos sujeitos sociais os conjuntos são referências culturais? Como pensar a sua perpetuação às gerações futuras diante das demandas constitucionais de ampliação do que pode ser considerado patrimônio cultural? O olhar dos moradores, a partir de suas vivências cotidianas no passado e no presente, revela profundos atrelamentos (seja na apropriação, seja na crítica) aos programas históricos de habitação no Brasil promovidos pelos IAPs. A partir da história oral, pretendeu-se discutir as trajetórias de vida nos conjuntos e suas relações com a preservação na contemporaneidade.
Fundação de São Vicente, a(s) biografia(s) de uma pintura (1892-1939)
Authors: Villa Nova de Oliveira Eduardo Polidori
Published: March 2020

Este artigo propõe reconstituir as múltiplas apropriações que marcaram a trajetória da tela “Fundação de São Vicente”, de Benedito Calixto, que pertence ao acervo do Museu Paulista desde 1900. Para tanto, apresentam-se as condições de sua produção e inauguração durante o 4º Centenário do Descobrimento do Brasil, os usos políticos da pintura pela Sociedade Commemoradora, o processo de sua aquisição definitiva pelo governo paulista e como a pintura foi exibida durante as gestões de Hermann von Ihering (1894-1916) e de Afonso Taunay (1917- 1946) no Museu Paulista, mobilizando exemplos que demonstram como o museu público agencia e difunde concepções político-imaginárias a partir das pinturas históricas.
L’élection présidentielle de 2019 au Sénégal
Authors: Robin Nelly
Published: March 2020

L’élection présidentielle de 2019 constitue un tournant dans l’histoire politique du Sénégal : le parrainage citoyen est introduit, les partis historiques n’ont pas de candidat et le vote de la diaspora est considéré comme un véritable enjeu. La cartographie, pensée ici comme un « opérateur de découverte » en sciences politiques, nous livre une première analyse des dynamiques qui ont animé l’élection présidentielle de 2019.
Des « diplomates en survêtement ». La « question allemande » au prisme des Jeux Olympiques, des années 1950 aux années 1970
Authors: Pfeil Ulrich
Published: March 2020

Pendant la guerre froide, le sport devient un enjeu important de la reconnaissance des deux États allemands, surtout après 1964, lorsque deux délégations olympiques représentent la RFA et la RDA. La diplomatie ouest-allemande cherche alors à empêcher que les emblèmes nationaux est-allemands soient déployés dans les grandes compétitions internationales. Pour la RDA, les succès sportifs servent à légitimer une séparation devenue officielle en 1973 et qui est symbolisée par le match RFA-RDA pendant la Coupe du monde disputée en Allemagne de l’Ouest un an plus tard.
La sécurité économique : angle mort du renseignement ?
Authors: de Maison Rouge Olivier
Published: March 2020

Tandis que les anglo-saxons ont une approche pragmatique – et pour le moins offensive – s’agissant du renseignement économique, la France a davantage de pudeur en la matière. Bien qu’ayant adopté une stratégie de sécurité nationale depuis dix ans, le renseignement économique en est quasiment absent. Il convient dès lors d’intégrer l’esprit de sécurité économique tant au sein de la doctrine de sécurité nationale, qui serait moins préemptée par la défense, que dans l’articulation et les missions des services de renseignement, à l’instar des États-Unis.
Nurses' Knowledge and Perceptions Related to Foot Care for Older Persons
Authors: Pierson Margaret A
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' knowledge and perceptions related to foot care of older persons. Nurses representing hospital, home health, and extended care settings were surveyed. Data were collected using a Foot Care Survey, with questions related to the nurse's role with foot care of older adults, importance of various components of patient teaching content, and knowledge about foot care.

Only half of the sample reported having content related to the mechanics of foot care in their nursing program. Ninety-five percent of the sample indicated that there is an unmet need of the elderly for assistance with foot care and that provision of this service is a nursing function. There was disagreement between practice setting as to whether the nurse needs a physician's order to do foot care. Nurses employed in home health and extended care settings indicated more independence in performing these functions. The mean score on the knowledge portion of the tool was 9.47 (possible score = 10). The data suggest that nurses possess the knowledge but have not had the opportunity to acquire the associated foot care skills. Implications for nursing education and service were discussed.
Unilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy Following Perinatal Stroke of the Middle Cerebral Artery
Authors: Kudrna Jeremy J. , Dryden Stephen C. , Richardson Cody R. , Choudhri Asim F. , Kerr Natalie C.
Published: March 2020

The authors describe a case of unilateral abducens nerve palsy following perinatal stroke of the middle cerebral artery. A 1-year-old boy presented with left eye esotropia but no other ocular abnormalities. The patient's history, examination, and diagnostic tests were consistent with abducens nerve palsy. He underwent left medial rectus recession of 5.5 mm and left lateral rectus resection of 7 mm followed by patching. At 15 months after surgery, primary gaze by prism alternate cover testing revealed a 4 prism diopter (PD) esophoria (small angle in left gaze with essentially no action of lateral rectus) and 2 PD right hyperphoria. Ophthalmologic management of abducens nerve palsy entails addressing neurological sequelae in a timely manner, treating the esotropia and strabismic amblyopia to optimize visual system development.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57:e30–e33.]
Evaluation of Survivability of a Ship After Damage with Application of a Risk Calculation Method
Authors: Szulczewski P S
Published: March 2020

This paper contains calculations of risk for a selected damage case scenario. The calculations took place with use of a risk model designed for evaluating the safety of ships and were compared with the available and published industry standard (as included in SOLAS 2009) as well. The comparison of results is presented in the form of a discussion and concludes that exact risk levels can be obtained at any stage of the vessel's life. The currently valid method as included in SOLAS 2009 regulation provides limited information about the actual survivability of a vessel in emergency conditions. It is hence very difficult to compare the current probabilistic model with risk based survivability calculations to evaluate the actual safety provided by an investigated vessel should it subsequently be severely damaged.
The Motion Trajectory-Based Finite-Time Control for the Marine Surface Vessel
Authors: Chen H L , Ren H X , Yang B C , Chen J T
Published: March 2020

This brief is devoted to the predesigned motion trajectory-based finite time dynamic positioning (DP) control for a marine surface vehicle (MSV) with unknown external disturbances. Firstly, a preset motion trajectory is presented through establishing the relationship function among position tracking errors and heading tracking error, facilitating the MSV to arrive in the equilibrium point along the pre-designed trajectory. Furthermore, a novel nonsingular and fast terminal sliding mode control (NTSMC) approach is investigated, which ensures faster convergence rate and better stability performance of the close-loop system than the conventional backstepping control approach. What’s more, by incorporating the adaptive technique with the NTSMC approach, an adaptive nonsingular and fast terminal sliding mode control (ANTSMC) strategy is addressed. Compared to the NTSMC approach, it strengthens robustness to disturbances and guarantees system states to converge to a closer neighborhood of the equilibrium point. Finally, simulation results illustrate the remarkable effectiveness of proposed control schemes.
CFD Simulation of Motion Response of a Trimaran in Regular Head Waves
Authors: Nowruzi L , Enshaei H , Lavroff J , Kianejad S S , Davis M R
Published: March 2020

CFD has proved to be an effective method in solving unsteady Reynolds–Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for analysing ships in free surface viscous flow. The research reported in this paper is intended to develop a better understanding of the parameters influencing high-speed trimaran motions responses. Variations of gridding system and time step have been investigated and reliability analysis was performed in solving the RANS equations. Different turbulence models were investigated, and the SST Menter K Omega turbulence model proved a more accurate model than Realizable K-epsilon model. In order to validate the CFD method, the results of the motions response of a highspeed trimaran are compared against a set of experimental and numerical results from a 1.6 m trimaran model tested in various head seas conditions. The results suggest that CFD offers a reliable method for predicting pitch and heave motions of trimarans in regular head waves when compared to traditional low speed strip theory methods. Unlike strip theory, the effect of breaking waves, hull shape above waterline and green seas are considered in CFD application. A wave resonance phenomenon was observed and wave deformation as a result of wave-current-wind interaction in CFD was identified as the main source of discrepancy. The results from this work form the basis for future analysis of trimaran motions in oblique seas for developing a better understanding of the parameters influencing the seakeeping response, as well as passenger comfort.
Liberation Technology: Mobile Phones and Political Mobilization in Africa
Authors: Manacorda Marco , Tesei Andrea
Published: March 2020

Can digital information and communication technology foster mass political mobilization? We use a novel georeferenced data set for the entire African continent between 1998 and 2012 on the coverage of mobile phone signal together with georeferenced data from multiple sources on the occurrence of protests and on individual participation in protests to bring this argument to empirical scrutiny. We find that while mobile phones are instrumental to mass mobilization, this only happens during economic downturns, when reasons for grievance emerge and the cost of participation falls. The results are in line with insights from a network model with imperfect information and strategic complementarities in protest occurrence. Mobile phones make individuals more responsive to both changes in economic conditions—a mechanism that we ascribe toenhanced information—and to their neighbors' participation—a mechanism that we ascribe toenhanced coordination.
Credible Auctions: A Trilemma
Authors: Akbarpour Mohammad , Li Shengwu
Published: March 2020

Consider an extensive‐form mechanism, run by an auctioneer who communicates sequentially and privately with bidders. Suppose the auctioneer can deviate from the rules provided that no single bidder detects the deviation. A mechanism iscredibleif it is incentive‐compatible for the auctioneer to follow the rules. We study the optimal auctions in which only winners pay, under symmetric independent private values. The first‐price auction is the unique credible static mechanism. The ascending auction is the unique credible strategy‐proof mechanism.
Bullying y maquiavelismo en la universidad a través del análisis de redes sociales
Authors: Spanou Kyriaki , Bekiari Alexandra , Theocharis Dimitris
Published: March 2020

Los objetivos de este estudio son detectar combinaciones de acciones maquiavélicas y de bullying (acoso escolar) y señalar sus determinantes. Se ha recopilado una muestra de cinco redes de estudiantes de los departamentos de Educación Superior en el centro de Grecia (Administración de Empresas, Veterinaria y Educación Física & Ciencias del Deporte) (245 nodos). Se han utilizado cuestionarios estandarizados. Se ha implementado análisis de redes sociales, Spearman y PCA. El departamento de Educación Física exhibe un bullying más denso y acciones maquiavelicas. Los estudiantes que tratan de obtener información beneficiosa de sus colegas son susceptibles de dañar a otros. El engaño a menudo es más susceptible de ocurrir en condiciones de controlabilidad. Burlarse aparece junto con causar infelicidad. Las víctimas de bullying en la infancia son susceptibles de ser acosadas como estudiantes. Los estudiantes de alto estado económico parecen evitar practicar el bullying. Se propusieron tipos de comportamientos maquiavélicos y de acoso escolar basados en el grado de salida (“Maquiavélico ofendido”, “Despiadado”, “Casi bullying”), la autoridad (“Maquiavélico enojado”, “Maquiavélico acosador”, “Agente de problemas oculto”) y el marcador de nivel funcional (“Sólo Ofendido Maquiavélico”, “Molesto”, “Amateur/ auto-buscador”).
Trayectorias migratorias y fracaso escolar de los alumnos inmigrados y descendientes de migrantes en Cataluña
Authors: Bayona-i-Carrasco Jordi , Domingo Andreu , Menacho Teresa
Published: March 2020

En Cataluña los cambios en la composición por origen del alumnado han sido muy intensos en los últimos años, con la entrada de menores inmigrantes internacionales, primero, y el posterior crecimiento de las segundas generaciones, provocando un fuerte aumento de la complejidad escolar. En este contexto, este trabajo cuantifica, en primer lugar, el volumen e intensidad de estos cambios, a partir de la creación de una tipología de situaciones derivadas del proceso migratorio y de la entrada en el sistema educativo, para, en un segundo momento, analizar los efectos derivados de las trayectorias migratorias sobre el fracaso escolar. Los resultados indican que los alumnos de primera generación presentan elevados niveles de fracaso escolar, y que los valores generales de fracaso observados actualmente se justifican, en parte, por un efecto composición. Al mismo tiempo, son preocupantes los niveles de fracaso observados en la segunda generación en comparación con los autóctonos.
Los relatos tributarios en la prensa española
Authors: Goenaga Ruiz de Zuazu María
Published: March 2020

Basándonos en los altos niveles de fraude fiscal en España, entendemos que los ciudadanos no están suficientemente socializados en torno a sus responsabilidades tributarias. En este sentido, y apoyándonos en la teoría de la selección expositiva por la que los individuos consumen medios afines ideológicamente, estudiamos qué papel juega la prensa en la forma de dar relevancia o enmarcar (agenda-setting) las cuestiones tributarias en una muestra de 293 noticias. Nuestro análisis pone de manifiesto que solo los periódicos conservadores (El Mundo y ABC) refuerzan sus valores característicos. De hecho, nuestros resultados permiten rechazar el modelo del pluralismo polarizado para las cuestiones tributarias.
تحرير الحمض النووي الريبوزي في الميتوكوندريا عبر إنزيم أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات من خلال أنسجة مختلفة
Authors: هدى الحمدان هدى الحمدان
Published: March 2020

تحرير الحمض النووي الريبوزي هو عملية تتم ما بعد عملية النسخ حيث يحدث تغير في النيوكليوتيدات للحمض النووي الريبوزي الرسول وقبل وصول هذا الحمض لمرحلة النضج او الاكتمال. رصدت مواقع مختلفة لنيوكليوتيدات المعدله في الحمض النووي الريبوزي لجين( ATP4) في الميتوكوندريا في كلا من نبات الأرابيدوبسيس ونبات الذرة في دراسات سابقة. يعتبر هذا الجين الذي مهم في تصنيع انزيم أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات الذي ينتج الطاقة في الميتوكوندريا. في هذه الدراسة, تم تحديد 42 موقع متغير النيوكليوتيدة بسبب تعديل الحمض النووي الريبوزي في نسخ جين ATP4 في مختلف أجزاء نبات الونكا وذلك عن طريق استخدام التحليل الحاسوبي. كذلك لقد ظهرت تسعة مواقع لتحرير الحمض النووي الريبوزي للجين ATP4 وهي في مواقع رقم (C59, C71, C89, C215, C248, C251, C395, C407, C500) منها أربعة مواقع جديدة تم اكتشافها في الميتوكوندريا في مختلف الانسجة لهذا النبات بواسطه high throughput في الميتوكندريا لنبات الونكا sequencing. وهذه الاختلافات في مواقع تحرير الحمض النووي لهذا الجين تتسبب في تغير الاحماض الامينية الأساسية لغيرها. هذا التغيير قد يرفع من نسبة حدوث التنفس الخلوي ومستوى النمو لنبات الونكا.
Leis, causas e poderes
Authors: Dutra Luiz Henrique De A.
Published: March 2020

This paper deals with the notions of scientific law, natural causes, and the powers of causes to produce their effects from the point of view of perspectival realism. In the first section I deal with the conception of cause defended by George H. Lewes, one of the forerunners of British emergentism, along with John Stuart Mill. In the next section I deal with the notion of heteropathic laws of Mill. In the last section I deploy these notions in my explanation of natural phenomena as emergent processes. I put emphasis on the fact that the base conditions of an emergent are not its causes.
A quasi-regularist view of laws
Authors: Gentile Nélida
Published: March 2020

It will be analyzed some views about laws and highlight certain aspects in each of them that, in our opinion, are to the detriment of their plausibility. The views that we will analyze are the standard regularist conception and the most sophisticated variant known as the Mill-Ramsey-Lewis (MRL) approach, on the one hand, and the necessitarianist versions of David Armstrong and Stephen Mumford, on the other. Finally, we present an alternative proposal that is intermediate between the regularist conception and Mumford’s nomological anti-realism. We believe that our proposal successfully avoids the reviewed difficulties and opens a new theoretical space within the dispute over the laws of nature.
Review of The Metaphysics of Science and Aim-Oriented Empiricism, by Nicholas Maxwell
Authors: Beanato Damian Fernandez
Published: March 2020

This is a review of the book Maxwell, N. 2019. The Metaphysics of Science and Aim-Oriented Empiricism. Springer.
Getting Deterrence Right: The Case for Stratified Deterrence
Authors: Talbot Brent
Published: March 2020

The potential for hostilities in the 21st Century is not likely to be deterred by a Cold War deterrence strategy. And while nuclear deterrence remains important, regional powers armed with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and accompanying long-range delivery capabilities are a rising concern. New technological breakthroughs in the space, cyber, and unforeseen realms could also provide asymmetric means of undermining deterrence. Moreover, the effort to achieve strategic stability in this day and age has become increasingly complicated in light of the changing relationship among the great powers. Today’s world has become one of “security trilemmas.” Actions one state takes to defend against another can, in-turn, make a third state feel insecure. There is great need for both nuclear diversity (theater and low-yield weapons) and increased conventional capabilities in the U.S. deterrent force to provide strategic stability in the decades ahead. In sum, we need a deterrence construct that both deters nuclear use by the great powers and terminates nuclear use by both regional powers and so called rogue states initiating nuclear wars on neighbors. I propose herein a policy of stratified deterrence which addresses deterrence needs at each potential level of conflict.
The Illogical Logic of American Entanglement in the Middle East
Authors: Burke Ryan , Matisek Jahara
Published: March 2020

The logic of the American approach to the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and now Syria – both in policy and practice – bears striking resemblance to the U.S. approach to Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite policies of restraint, it has proven difficult to stop the inertia of war, be it against Communism or terrorism. As this inertia grows, so too does illogical entanglement. Such deepening involvement, whether in Vietnam or the Global War on Terror, often results in combat forces undertaking nation- and state-building missions that they are not designed for, yet have been doing for almost two decades.
Surface temperature response to regional black carbon emissions: do location and magnitude matter?
Authors: Sand Maria , Berntsen Terje K. , Ekman Annica M. L. , Hansson Hans-Christen , Lewinschal Anna
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Aerosol radiative forcing can influence climate both
locally and far outside the emission region. Here we investigate black
carbon (BC) aerosols emitted in four major emission areas and evaluate the
importance of emission location and magnitude as well as the concept of the
absolute regional temperature-change potentials (ARTP). We perform
simulations with a climate model (NorESM) with a fully coupled ocean and
with fixed sea surface temperatures. BC emissions for year 2000 are
increased by factors of 10 and 20 in South Asia, North America, and Europe,
respectively, and by 5 and 10 in East Asia (due to higher emissions there).
The perturbed simulations and a reference simulation are run for 100 years
with three ensemble members each. We find strikingly similar regional surface
temperature responses and geographical patterns per unit BC emission in
Europe and North America but somewhat lower temperature sensitivities for
East Asian emissions. BC emitted in South Asia shows a different
geographical pattern in surface temperatures, by changing the Indian monsoon
and cooling the surface. We find that the ARTP approach rather accurately
reproduces the fully coupled temperature response of NorESM. Choosing the
highest emission rate results in lower surface temperature change per
emission unit compared to the lowest rate, but the difference is generally
not statistically significant except for the Arctic. An advantage of
high-perturbation simulations is the clearer emergence of regional signals.
Our results show that the linearity of normalized temperature effects of BC
is fairly well preserved despite the relatively large perturbations but
that regional temperature coefficients calculated from high perturbations
may be a conservative estimate. Regardless of emission region, BC causes a
northward shift of the ITCZ, and this shift is apparent both with a fully
coupled ocean and with fixed sea surface temperatures. For these regional BC
emission perturbations, we find that the effective radiative forcing is not
a good measure of the climate response. A limitation of this study is the
uncertainties in BC–cloud interactions and the amount of BC absorption, both of
which are model dependent.
Cloud condensation nuclei properties of South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter
Authors: Nair Vijayakumar S. , Jayachandran Venugopalan Nair , Kompalli Sobhan Kumar , Gogoi Mukunda M. , Babu S. Suresh
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Extensive measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations in the South Asian outflow to
the northern Indian Ocean were carried out on board an instrumented research
vessel, as part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation
Budget (ICARB) during the winter season (January–February 2018).
Measurements include a north–south transect across the South Asian plume
over the northern Indian Ocean and an east–west transect over the equatorial
Indian Ocean (∼2∘ S), which is far away from the
continental sources. South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean is
characterized by the high values of CCN number concentration
(∼5000 cm−3), low CCN activation efficiency
(∼25 %) and a steep increase in CCN concentration with the
increase in supersaturation. In contrast, low CCN concentration
(∼1000 cm−3) with flat supersaturation spectra was found
over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The CCN properties exhibited significant
dependence on the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the aerosol number size
distribution, and CCN activation efficiency decreased to low values
(<20 %) at the time of new-particle formation events over
near-coastal and remote oceanic regions. The analysis of the activation
efficiencies for the “similar” aerosol size distributions over the northern
Indian Ocean indicated the primary role of aerosol number size distribution
on CCN activation efficiency. The dependence of CCN properties and
activation efficiency on size-segregated aerosol number concentration,
especially during the ultrafine (<100 nm) particle events, is
investigated in detail for the first time over the region.
Long-term Time-series of Arctic Tropospheric BrO derived from UV-VIS Satellite Remote Sensing and its Relation to First Year Sea Ice
Authors: Bougoudis Ilias , Blechschmidt Anne-Marlene , Richter Andreas , Seo Sora , Burrows John Philip , Theys Nicolas , Rinke Annette
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Arctic Amplification describes the rapid increase of the air temperature in the past three decades in the Arctic, which impacts on physicochemical conditions, the ecosystem and biogeochemistry. Every polar spring, the BrO explosion, a series of chemical reactions that release bromine molecules to the troposphere occurs over sea ice covered regions. This autocatalytic mechanism depletes boundary layer and tropospheric ozone, thereby changes the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and facilitates the deposition of metals (e.g. Hg). In this study, we present a 22 year consolidated and consistent tropospheric BrO dataset, derived from four different UV-VIS satellite instruments and investigate the BrO evolution under the impact of Arctic Amplification. The retrieval data products from the different sensors are compared during periods of overlap and show good agreement. By studying the sensor merged time-series of tropospheric BrO vertical column densities, we find an increase in the magnitude of BrO explosion events under the impact of Arctic Amplification with an upward trend of about 1.5 % per year. Furthermore, the areas where BrO plumes frequently appear have changed, extending over larger regions in the Arctic during more recent years. Comparison to sea ice age data suggests that the reported changes in tropospheric BrO are linked in a complex way to the increase of first-year ice extent in the Arctic.
Microphysical properties and fall speed measurements of snow ice crystals using the Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI)
Authors: Kuhn Thomas , Vázquez-Martín Sandra
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Accurate predictions of snowfall require good knowledge of the microphysical properties of the snow ice crystals and particles. Shape is an important parameter as it strongly influences the scattering properties of the ice particles, and thus their response to remote sensing techniques such as radar measurements.
The fall speed of ice particles is another important parameter for both numerical forecast models
as well as representation of ice clouds and snow in climate models, as
it is responsible for the rate of removal of ice from these models. We describe a new ground-based in situ instrument, the Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI),
to determine snow ice crystal properties and fall speed simultaneously.
The instrument takes two high-resolution pictures of the same falling ice particle from two different viewing directions.
Both cameras use a microscope-like setup resulting in an image pixel resolution of approximately 4 µm pixel−1.
One viewing direction is horizontal and is used to determine fall speed by means of a double exposure.
For this purpose, two bright flashes of a light-emitting diode behind the camera illuminate the falling ice particle and
create this double exposure, and the vertical displacement of the particle provides its fall speed.
The other viewing direction is close-to-vertical and is used to provide size and shape information
from single-exposure images.
This viewing geometry is chosen instead of a horizontal one because shape and size of ice particles
as viewed in the vertical direction are more relevant than these properties viewed horizontally,
as the vertical fall speed is more strongly influenced by the vertically viewed properties.
In addition, a comparison with remote sensing instruments that mostly have a vertical or close-to-vertical viewing geometry is favoured when the particle properties are measured in the same direction. The instrument has been tested in Kiruna, northern Sweden (67.8∘ N, 20.4∘ E). Measurements are demonstrated with
images from different snow events, and
the determined snow ice crystal properties are presented.
A continued role of Short-Lived Climate Forcers under the Shared Socioeconomic
Pathways
Authors: Lund Marianne T. , Aamaas Borgar , Stjern Camilla W. , Klimont Zbigniew , Berntsen Terje K. , Samset Bjørn H.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Mitigation of non-CO2 emissions plays a key role in meeting the Paris Agreement ambitions and Sustainable Development Goals. Implementation of respective policies addressing these targets mainly occur at sectoral and regional levels and designing efficient mitigation strategies therefore relies on detailed knowledge about the mix of emissions from individual sources and their subsequent climate impact. Here we present a comprehensive dataset of near- and long-term global temperature responses to emissions of CO2 and individual short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) from 7 sectors and 13 regions – for present-day emissions and their continued evolution as projected under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. We demonstrate the key role of CO2 in driving both near- and long-term warming, and restate the importance of mitigating methane emissions, from agriculture, waste management and energy productions, as the primary strategy to further limit near-term warming. Due to high current emissions of cooling SLCFs, policies targeting end-of-pipe energy sector emissions may result in net added warming unless accompanied by simultaneous methane and/or CO2 reductions. East Asia, North America and Europe remain the largest contributors to total net warming until 2100, regardless of scenario, while South Asia and Africa south of the Sahara overtakes Europe by the end of the century in SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5. We find that SLCFs will continue to play a role in many regions, particularly those including low- to medium-income countries, under most of the SSPs considered here. Our dataset is made available in an accessible format, aiming also at decision-makers, to support further studies into the implications of policy implementation at the sectoral and regional scales.
Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – technical overview
Authors: Righi Mattia , Andela Bouwe , Eyring Veronika , Lauer Axel , Predoi Valeriu , Schlund Manuel , Vegas-Regidor Javier , Bock Lisa , Brötz Björn , de Mora Lee , Diblen Faruk , Dreyer Laura , Drost Niels , Earnshaw Paul , Hassler Birgit , Koldunov Nikolay , Little Bill , Loosveldt Tomas Saskia , Zimmermann Klaus
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This paper describes the second major release of the Earth System Model
Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool), a community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for the evaluation of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Compared to version 1.0, released in 2016, ESMValTool version 2.0 (v2.0) features a brand new design, with an improved interface and a revised preprocessor. It also features a significantly enhanced diagnostic part that is described in three companion papers. The new version of ESMValTool has been specifically developed to target the increased data volume of CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the related challenges posed by the analysis and the evaluation of output from multiple high-resolution or complex ESMs. The new version takes advantage of state-of-the-art computational libraries and methods to deploy an efficient and user-friendly data processing. Common operations on the input data (such as regridding or computation of multi-model statistics) are centralized in a highly optimized preprocessor, which allows applying a series of preprocessing functions before diagnostics scripts are applied for in-depth scientific analysis of the model output. Performance tests conducted on a set of standard diagnostics show that the new version is faster than its predecessor by about a factor of 3. The performance can be further improved, up to a factor of more than 30, when the newly introduced task-based parallelization options are used, which enable the efficient exploitation of much larger computing infrastructures. ESMValTool v2.0 also includes a revised and simplified installation procedure, the setting of user-configurable options
based on modern language formats, and high code quality standards following the best practices for software development.
Imprints of evaporation and vegetation type in diurnal temperature variations
Authors: Panwar Annu , Renner Maik , Kleidon Axel
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Diurnal temperature variations are strongly shaped by the absorption of solar radiation, but evaporation, or the latent heat flux, also plays an important role. Generally, evaporation cools. Its relation to diurnal temperature variations, however, is unclear. This study investigates the diurnal response of surface and air temperatures to evaporation for different vegetation types. We used the warming rate of temperature to absorbed solar radiation in the morning under clear-sky conditions and evaluated how the warming rates change for different evaporative fractions. Results for 51 FLUXNET sites show that the diurnal variation of air temperature carries very weak imprints of evaporation across all vegetation types. However, surface temperature warming rates of short vegetation decrease significantly by ~ 23 × 10−3 K/W m−2 from dry to wet conditions. Contrarily, warming rates of surface and air temperatures are similar at forest sites and carry literally no imprints of evaporation. We explain these contrasting patterns with a surface energy balance model. The model reveals a strong sensitivity of the warming rates to evaporative fraction and aerodynamic conductance. However, for forests the sensitivity to evaporative fraction is strongly reduced by 74 % due to their large aerodynamic conductance. The remaining imprint is reduced further by ~ 50 % through their enhanced aerodynamic conductance under dry conditions. Our model then compares the individual contributions of solar radiation, evaporation and vegetation types in shaping the diurnal temperature range. These findings have implications for the interpretation of land-atmosphere interactions and the influences of water limitation and vegetation on diurnal temperatures, which is of key importance for ecological functioning. We conclude that diurnal temperature variations may be useful to predict evaporation for short vegetation. In forests, however, the diurnal variations in temperatures are mainly governed by their aerodynamic properties resulting in no imprint of evaporation in diurnal temperature variations.
Beyond the stage-damage function: Estimating the economic
damage on residential buildings from storm surges
Authors: Svenningsen Lea Skraep , Bay Lisa , Doemgaard Mads Lykke , Halsnaes Kirsten , Kaspersen Per Skougaard , Larsen Morten Dahl
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Given the predicted global increase in extreme weather events, such as storm surges, the design of effective response strategies requires a very detailed and accurate understanding of the major factors driving damage costs. The costs of climate hazards are usually estimated using engineering approaches, which, based on different levels of building-specific information, link water inundation levels to the costs incurred by building owners. More recently, a number of scientific papers have pointed to the 5 limitations of such approaches because they omit important information about key context-specific factors such as emergency response options and a range of social factors reflecting age and social networks in the affected communities. This study contributes to this growing literature by providing rigorous and detailed econometric estimates of damage costs for residential buildings resulting from a storm surge that impacted large parts of Denmark in December 2013. We collected a comprehensive data set consisting of insurance cost data, the characteristics of individual buildings (size, age, construction 10 materials, heating source and distance from bodies of water), emergency services, previous experience with storm surges in the municipality and socio-economic factors. Our results indicate that the isolated effect of inundation depth on damage costs is highly sensitive to the inclusion of other explanatory variables. In our models the isolated effect of inundation depth is more than halved when our full set of control variables is included. Furthermore, our findings highlight the importance of controlling for spatial effects, such as the level of emergency services and socio-economic conditions. Discussing the transferability of our 15 findings, we highlight key sensitivities when using our damage functions in other contexts.
Twenty-first century ocean forcing of the Greenland ice sheet for modelling of sea level contribution
Authors: Slater Donald A. , Felikson Denis , Straneo Fiamma , Goelzer Heiko , Little Christopher M. , Morlighem Mathieu , Fettweis Xavier , Nowicki Sophie
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity are expected to be an important determinant of the Greenland ice sheet's future sea level contribution. Yet, simulating the impact of these changes in continental-scale ice sheet models remains challenging due to the small scale of key physics, such as fjord circulation and plume dynamics, and poor understanding of critical processes, such as calving and submarine melting. Here we present the ocean forcing strategy for Greenland ice sheet models taking part in the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6), the primary community effort to provide 21st century sea level projections for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. Beginning from global atmosphere–ocean general circulation models, we describe two complementary approaches to provide ocean boundary conditions for Greenland ice sheet models, termed the “retreat” and “submarine melt” implementations. The retreat implementation parameterises glacier retreat as a function of projected subglacial discharge and ocean thermal forcing, is designed to be implementable by all ice sheet models and results in retreat of around 1 and 15 km by 2100 in RCP2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. The submarine melt implementation provides estimated submarine melting only, leaving the ice sheet model to solve for the resulting calving and glacier retreat and suggests submarine melt rates will change little under RCP2.6 but will approximately triple by 2100 under RCP8.5. Both implementations have necessarily made use of simplifying assumptions and poorly constrained parameterisations and, as such, further research on submarine melting, calving and fjord–shelf exchange should remain a priority. Nevertheless, the presented framework will allow an ensemble of Greenland ice sheet models to be systematically and consistently forced by the ocean for the first time and should result in a significant improvement in projections of the Greenland ice sheet's contribution to future sea level change.
The freshwater shrimp Gammarus lacustris (Malacostraca, Amphipoda) in lakes on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau, southern Norway: distribution and environmental requirements
Authors: Qvenild Tore , Hesthagen Trygve , Fjellheim Arne
Published: March 2020

The distribution of the amphipod Gammarus lacustris on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau was mapped by screening published data from 245 lakes in 11 and 16 catchments in western and central/eastern areas, respectively. These data are primarily based on stomach analyses of brown trout Salmo trutta. In central/eastern areas, G. lacustris was recorded in 79% of all the lakes examined, while there are only two former records (4%) in the western area. The distribution pattern of G. lacustris on Hardangervidda appears to be related to environmental conditions. The apparent absence of G. lacustris in the western area may be explained by a combined effect of cold water due to higher deposits of snow and water with low ionic strength as a consequence of its bedrock of Precambrian gneisses and granites with little or no moraine cover. However, lakes in central/eastern areas sustain G. lacustris in spite of dilute water, as G. lacustris has been recorded in 89 lakes of which 28% had calcium concentration <1.0 mg L-1, eight of them with pH <6.0. The lower lethal threshold for calcium concentration seems to be ~0.5 mg L-1. Gammarus lacustris was found in lakes at altitudes of 832 to 1396 m a.s.l. Furthermore, their occurrence increased significantly with lake size, being 69% in lakes <1.0 km2 and 97% in larger lakes. The number of refugia with better water quality is likely to increase with lake size. Gammarus lacustris is highly searched for as prey by all size groups of brown trout (15-45 cm). Access to proximity refugia that reduce predation pressure from fish may also increase with lake size. Climate changes are now in progress in this mountain area, and detailed mapping of G. lacustris is important in order to trace future range changes.