bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation of Irregular Shaped Microplastics Under Steady and Dynamic Flow Conditions
Authors: Wang Zhen , Dou Ming , Ren Pengju , Sun Bin , Jia Ruipeng , Zhou Yuze
Published: February 2021

Because of different compositions, physicochemical properties and shapes in nature of the microplastics (MPs), their migration process in the environment is very different, which makes it difficult to predict the behavior trajectory. This article mainly studies the sedimentation law of MPs under static and dynamic water conditions. Four kinds of materials, respectively polystyrene (PS), Polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), about 1230 MP particles with irregular shapes are selected for sedimentation experiments. They are divided into three shapes: near-sphere, polygonal ellipsoid and fragment. The experimental results show that the near-sphere MPs settled at the fastest rate, followed by the polygonal ellipsoid MPs, and the fragmented MPs settled at the slowest rate. By the force analysis of MPs in the settlement process, and the theoretical formula of MP settlement rate with their shape, particle size, density and water density are obtained, which has better fitting degree.
Cannabidiol Has a Unique Effect on Global Brain Activity: A Pharmacological, Functional MRI Study in Awake Mice 
Authors: Sadaka Aymen , Ozuna Ana , Ortiz Richard , Kulkarni Praveen , Johnson Clare , Bradshaw Heather , Cushing Bruce , Li Ai-Ling , Hohmann Andrea , Ferris Craig
Published: February 2021

Background: The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders. How does CBD interact with the brain to alter behavior? We hypothesized that CBD would produce a dose-dependent reduction in brain activity and functional coupling in neural circuitry associated with fear and defense. Methods: During the scanning session awake mice were given vehicle or CBD (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg I.P.) and imaged for 10 min post treatment. Mice were also treated with the 10 mg/kg dose of CBD and imaged one hr later for resting state BOLD functional connectivity (rsFC). Imaging data were registered to a 3D MRI mouse atlas providing site-specific information on 138 different brain areas. Blood samples were collected for CBD measurements.Results: CBD produced a dose-dependent polarization of activation along the rostral-caudal axis of the brain. The olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex showed an increase in positive BOLD whereas the brainstem and cerebellum showed a decrease in BOLD signal. This negative BOLD affected many areas connected to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). The ARAS was decoupled to much of the brain but was hyperconnected to the olfactory system and prefrontal cortex. The pattern of ARAS connectivity closely overlapped with brain areas showing high levels N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) messenger RNA.Conclusion: The CBD-induced decrease in ARAS activity is consistent with an emerging literature suggesting that CBD reduces autonomic arousal under conditions of emotional and physical stress. The putative target and mechanism of action is NAPE-PLD the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of lipid signaling molecules like anandamide.
Sustainable Zero Liquid Discharge of Concentrated Brine by Janus Wood Evaporator
Authors: Chen Xi , He Shuaiming , Falinski Mark , Wang Yuxi , Li Tian , Zheng Sunxiang , Sun Dongya , Dai Jiaqi , Bian Yanhong , Zhu Xiaobo , Jiang Jinyue , Hu Liangbing , Ren Zhiyong
Published: February 2021

Solar-driven distillation is a promising technology for energy-efficient freshwater generation, but salt accumulation on solar absorbers and system longevity are major challenges that hinder its widespread application. In this study, we present a novel Janus wood evaporator that overcame these challenges and achieved record-high evaporation efficiencies in high-salinity brine, one of the most difficult water sources to treat using desalination. The Janus wood evaporator had an asymmetric surface wettability, where the top layer acted as a hydrophobic solar absorber with enhanced thermal insulation, while the bottom hydrophilic wood layer allowed for rapid water replenishment. An evaporation efficiency of 82.0% was achieved for 20% NaCl solution, and superior salt-resistance was observed during a 10-cycle longevity test. To ensure the environmental sustainability of the new Janus wood evaporator, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compare this Janus wood evaporator to emerging Janus evaporators. Results showed that Janus wood evaporators could emit up to two orders of magnitude less CO2 equivalents than an aerogel Janus evaporator (AJE) and up to 80% fewer emissions than an electrospun Janus mat (EJM), indicating a functional and more sustainable opportunity for off-grid industrial applications and humanitarian efforts.
Enhanced bulk photovoltaic effect in two-dimensional ferroelectric CuInP2S6
Authors: Li Yue , Fu Jun , Mao Xiaoyu , Chen Chen , Liu Heng , Gong Ming , Zeng Hualing
Published: February 2021

The photocurrent generation in photovoltaics relies essentially on the interface of p-n junction or Schottey barrier with the photoelectric efficiency constrained by the Shockley-Queisser limit. The recent progresses have shown a promising route to surpass this limit via the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) for crystals without inversion symmetry. Here we report the BPVE in two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric CuInP2S6 with enhanced photocurrent density by two orders of magnitude higher than conventional bulk ferroelectric perovskite oxides. The BPVE is inherently associated to the room-temperature polar ordering in 2D CuInP2S6. We also demonstrate a crossover from 2D to 3D BPVE material with the observation of a dramatic decrease in photocurrent density when the thickness of the 2D material exceeds the free path length (\({l}_{0}\)) at around 40 nm. This work spotlights the potential application of ultrathin 2D ferroelectric materials for the third-generation photovoltaic cells.
Prevalence of Occupational Related Upper and Low Back Musculoskeletal Disorders in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mengistu Dechasa Adare , Demmu Yohannes Mulugeta
Published: February 2021

Background: Occupational related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major public health problem and result in the growing demands of healthcare service utilization, causing temporary and permanent disability and reduced quality of life. In developing countries, particularly in Ethiopia, there is no adequate evidence on the overall prevalence of occupational-related MSDs and remains less prioritized and empirically unrepresented. Thus, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of occupational-related musculoskeletal disorders, particularly low and upper back musculoskeletal disorders in Ethiopia.Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis considered studies conducted in Ethiopia, written in the English language, and published from 2017-2020. The articles were searched using the following electronic databases such as Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online database, and Science direct using a combination of Boolean logic operators, Medical Subject Headings, and main keywords. Quality assessment of the articles was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools to determine the relevance of articles to the study.Results: The current study found the pooled prevalence of occupational-related upper back pain and low back pain in the previous one year was 27.1% [95% of CI: 18.4, 37.9%] and 54.2% [95% of CI: 48.2, 60.0%] respectively. However, the pooled prevalence of occupational-related upper back pain in the previous one year after subgroup analysis based on publication year, study population, and study area was 43.8% [95% of CI: 39.3, 47.7%], 34.7%[95% of CI: 33.1, 36.2%] and 36.2% [95% of CI: 33.6, 39.0%] respectively while the pooled prevalence of occupational-related low back pain in previous one year based on subgroup analysis by publication year, study population, and study area was 61.8% [95% of CI: 58.9, 64.6%], 52.8% [95% of CI: 51.3, 54.3%] and 55.2% [95% of CI: 51.4, 59.0%] respectively.Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that, more than half of the included study participants were experienced low back pain in the previous year, whereas more than one-fourth of the included participants were experienced upper back pain. Thus, applying occupational health and safety practices in the working environment plays an important role in reducing work-related MSDs and other occupational hazards.
Long-Term Prognosis after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Tumors in Patients Aged Over 80 Years
Authors: Nishimura Tomoyuki , Oka Shiro , Tanaka Shinji , Kamigaichi Yuki , Tamari Hirosato , Shimohara Yasutsugu , Okamoto Yuki , Inagaki Katsuaki , Matsumoto Kenta , Tanaka Hidenori , Yamashita Ken , Ninomiya Yuki , Kitadai Yasuhiko , Arihiro Koji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: February 2021

Background: In Japan, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is standardized for large colorectal tumors. However, its validity in the elderly population is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ESD for colorectal tumors in elderly patients aged over 80 years.Methods: ESD was performed on 178 tumors in 165 consecutive patients aged over 80 years between December 2008 and December 2018. We retrospectively evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of ESD. We also assessed the prognosis of 160 patients followed up for more than 12 months.Results: The mean patient age was 83.7+3.1 years. The number of patients with comorbidities was 100 (62.5%). Among all patients, 106 (64.2%) were categorized as class 1 or 2 according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of physical status (ASA-PS), and 59 (35.8%) were classified as class 3. The mean procedure time was 97.7±79.3 minutes. The rate of histological en bloc resection was 93.8% (167/178). Delayed bleeding in 11 cases (6.2%) and perforation in 7 cases (3.9%) were treated conservatively. The 5-year survival rate was 89.9%. No deaths from primary disease (mean follow-up time: 35.3+27.5 months) were observed. Overall survival rates were significantly lower in the non-curative resection group that did not undergo additional surgery than in the curative resection group (P=0.0152) and non-curative group that underwent additional surgery (P=0.0259). Overall survival rates were higher for ASA-PS class 1 or 2 patients than class 3 patients (P=0.0105). Metachronous tumors (>5 mm) developed in 9.4% of patients. Conclusions: ESD for colorectal tumors in patients aged over 80 years is safe. Colorectal cancer-associated deaths were prevented regardless of ASA-PS although comorbidities pose a high risk of poor prognosis.
A Bio-inspired and Low-power 2D Machine Vision with Adaptive Machine Learning and Forgetting
Authors: Dodda Akhil , Jayachandran Darsith , Radhakrishnan Shiva Subbulakshmi , Das Saptarshi
Published: February 2021

Natural intelligence has many dimensions, and in animals, learning about the environment and making behavioral changes are some of its manifestations. In primates vision plays a critical role in learning. The underlying biological neural networks contain specialized neurons and synapses which not only sense and process the visual stimuli but also learns and adapts, with remarkable energy efficiency. Forgetting also plays an active role in learning. Mimicking the adaptive neurobiological mechanisms for seeing, learning, and forgetting can, therefore, accelerate the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and bridge the massive energy gap that exists between AI and biological intelligence. Here we demonstrate a bio-inspired machine vision based on large area grown monolayer 2D phototransistor array integrated with analog, non-volatile, and programmable memory gate-stack that not only enables direct learning, and unsupervised relearning from the visual stimuli but also offers learning adaptability under photopic (bright-light), scotopic (low-light), as well as noisy illumination conditions at miniscule energy expenditure. In short, our “all-in-one” hardware vision platform combines “sensing”, “computing” and “storage” not only to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck of conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology but also to eliminate the need for peripheral circuits and sensors.
The Impact of Inpatient Endoscopy in the Management of Anticoagulant-Associated Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed
Authors: Abdallah Abdallah , Smith Christopher , Baker Hayes , Tucker Chris , Coffey Todd , Smith Dantwan , Burcham Kaycee , Arshad Waqaar , Ramirez Raul , Moore Brandon , Duran Adriano , Shah Neil
Published: February 2021

Background: Patients on systemic anticoagulation are at increased risk for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). Guidelines recommend endoscopy within 24 hours for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Unfortunately, lack of resources and/or gastroenterologists in small, community centers limit the ability to perform timely endoscopy. Conservative management is used in this setting with delayed or outpatient endoscopy, specifically in those who respond to medical therapy. There is minimal data on the outcomes of patients managed in this fashion.Objective: To compare outcomes of patients on systemic anticoagulation who present with non-variceal upper GIB in a small community hospital.Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort chart review.Participants: 115 adult patients who met the inclusion criteria for non-variceal upper GIB on systemic anticoagulation. Excluded patients were those on dual antiplatelet therapy, history of decompensated cirrhosis, variceal bleeds, active GIB identified on imaging (defined as contrast extravasation on CT angiogram or positive tagged RBC nuclear scan), and those with gastrointestinal malignancy.Interventions: Resuscitative medical therapy (MT) alone vs inpatient endoscopy with resuscitative MT.Main Measures: Outcomes included red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, re-admission for GIB, and 30-day all-cause mortality. Sub-group analysis was also performed based on endoscopy timeline and anticoagulation type.Key Results: Patient in MT group required less RBC transfusions compared to endoscopy group (1.4 vs 2.5 average units, [95% CI 1.01-1.87]; P=0.004). There was no statistical significance for re-admission for gastrointestinal bleeding or mortality between both groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in RBC transfusions based on EGD timing. Most patients were on warfarin (n=47) and there were no differences in re-admission for GIB or mortality based on anticoagulant use.Conclusion: Our study suggests that there is no significant therapeutic benefits to inpatient endoscopy in comparison to medical management alone in anticoagulated patients who present with non-variceal UGIB.
Weaning and Extubation Assisted With Conversational Hypnosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wormser Johan , Romanet Christophe , Philippart François , Bellaïche Aurel
Published: February 2021

Background: Patients admitted in intensive care units often receive mechanical ventilation. Prior to extubation, the weaning process could be a major cause of dyspnea and anxiety in awake intubated patients. Hypnotherapy is nowadays commonly used to manage anxiety and pain. Our hypothesis is that hypnosis would decrease stress during the weaning and extubation process.Methods: This systematic review follows PRISMA Guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020171445). Web of Science, MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched between 02/23/20 and 03/11/20. We included all types of interventional trials assessing hypnotherapy for intubated patients whom were undergoing the weaning process or extubation. Two of the authors independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias from identified trials.Results: One study fulfilled our selection. This case series included 2 patients. Eleven sessions were completed. Hypnotherapy decreased anxiety during the weaning process from a median of 1 point (Interquartile Range: 1.0-2.5). Increase in oxygen saturation is also reported. There was no evidence of neither an anxiety reduction or an oxygen saturation improvement. This is due to the scarcity of publication and the methodological design of the one selected study.Conclusions: We cannot conclude whether or not hypnosis could be recommended in the weaning process of intubated patients. Further studies are needed to assess hypnosis effects.
Uncompromising Patriot and Citizen Oleksandra Chernova-Zhyvotko
Authors: Sydorenko Natalya , Dubetska Oksana
Published: February 2021

The article examines journalistic activities of Oleksandra Chernova-Zhyvotko in emigration, clarifies the topic of her publications in the Ukrainian periodicals of Poland, USA, Canada and other countries. The object of the study is primarily monthly journal «Vilna Ukraina / Free Ukraine» (Detroit, New York, USA, 1954–1972) and some other periodicals. Methods of monitoring, press clipping, comparison and generalization are used.
As an active author of the journal «Vilna Ukraina / Free Ukraine», O. Chernova-Zhyvotko mostly published the articles related to the world or Ukrainian women’s movement, the achievements of Ukrainian women in the political, literary and social fields.
EXPANSION OF CLIMATIC SPATIAL RANGE OF CRIMEAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN RUSSIA AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES UNDER PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE
Authors:   Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Yasjukevich V.V. , Popov I.O. ,   Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Published: February 2021

The aim of the work is to give a brief description of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever (=Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) as a nosological unit and to assess possible climate-related changes in its spatial range in Russia and neighboring countries in response to projected climate change in accordance with the scenarios of moderate and extreme anthropogenic impact on the Earth's climate system RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crimean hemorrhagic fever is an acute infectious disease of humans transmitted through the bites of ticks of the arid zone. The incidence on the territory of the Russian Federation is low, less than 300 cases per year (according to long-term data), but in humans it is often accompanied by severe damage to many organs and systems of the patient. A climate predictor was used to model the boundary Crimean hemorrhagic fever spatial range, namely, the isotherm of the sum of active temperatures SAT = 3000°C٠day at a threshold of 10°C. It coincides quite satisfactory with the northern boundary of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever spatial range given in special scientific literature. In addition to climatic requirements, we also introduced an ecological one into the model: the northern boundary of the spatial range should be within the forest-steppe zone, since the vectors are ticks of the arid zone. Model cartographic estimates of changes in the Crimean hemorrhagic fever spatial range under scenario of moderate anthropogenic impact on the Earth's climate system RCP4.5 showed that the spatial range will expand northward, as well as into the high-altitude regions of the Caucasus and Central Asia, in the 21st century. The features of the spatial range changes under the RCP8.5 scenario are the same, but the expansion is more pronounced. These changes will be most fully pronounced, if the arid zone border moves slightly to the North due to climate-related reduction of the forest zone. The assessment of changes under both scenarios did not revealed no a trends toward a reduction in the Crimean hemorrhagic fever spatial range in Russia and neighboring counries
CAMINHOS PARA REPENSAR O CURRÍCULO ESCOLAR: OLHARES A PARTIR DAS ARTICULAÇÕES CIÊNCIA, CULTURA E ARTE
Authors: Ewerling da Rosa Suiane Da , Da Purificação Costa Itana , Avelino Gomes Lucélia
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre teorias de currículo e suas contribuições para repensar o Ensino de Ciências. Para problematizar essa construção discute-se propostas fundamentadas pela interface Arte e Ciência. O objetivo está em promover análises crítico-reflexivas sobre o campo curricular e suas implicações a partir da articulação Ciência e Cultura, utilizando a Arte como ênfase potencializadora. O trabalho trata-se de uma investigação qualitativa e de cunho bibliográfico. Como resultado destacamos uma proposição curricular fundamentada pela temática Cultura e Ciências: diálogos e interfaces para um ensino significativo. Portanto, como contribuição evidenciamos diálogos sobre construções curriculares e encaminhamentos para o Ensino de Ciências/Física sinalizando limitações e potencialidades da proposta.
CONSTRUINDO A DISCIPLINA DE PSICOFARMACOLOGIA E APRENDIZAGEM COM ALUNOS DE UM CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO A PARTIR DE CÍRCULOS DE DIÁLOGO E COMPREENSÃO
Authors: Santos Daniela Copetti
Published: February 2021

Este artigo tem como propósito refletir sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos alunos na aprendizagem e os fatores relacionados ao uso demasiado de medicamentos, principalmente em idade escolar. Essas reflexões serão feitas a partir da construção de círculos de diálogo e compreensão aonde cada pós-graduando terá a oportunidade de trazer as suas experiências vividas em sala de aula com os seus alunos. Os círculos de diálogo são baseados na Escuta – e dentro desta a Presença, a Atenção e o Silêncio de cada participante. Fazendo uso dessa metodologia foi possível estruturar a disciplina de Psicofarmacologia e Aprendizagem ministrada no curso de Pós-graduação em Neuropsicopedagogia Clínica e Institucional. Através dessa construção entre professor e alunos foi possível explorar diferentes áreas, entre elas: Farmacologia, Neurociência, Pedagogia Social e Psicologia. Verificamos que muitas vezes o uso de medicamentos em indivíduos, principalmente na infância e adolescência, ocorre de forma errada, grandes quantidades, altas dosagens e muitas vezes sem um diagnóstico correto. Chega-se assim a conclusão que boas doses de amor, carinho e atenção podem substituir consideravelmente o uso desses medicamentos. O aluno deve ser encantado pelo mundo, pelo espaço no qual está aprendendo.
EMENDA CONSTITUCIONAL Nº 95/2016: AMEAÇAS E DESAFIOS AOS INSTITUTOS FEDERAIS
Authors: Henning Adriana Clarice , Brittes Letícia Ramalho
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho busca investigar os efeitos do congelamento dos gastos públicos, via Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016, no ensino médio integrado da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (EPT). A partir de uma discussão teórica busca apontar os avanços na Educação Profissional trazidos pelos Institutos Federais bem como os desafios que se colocam frente à aprovação da Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016. Considerando as concepções que dão origem ao debate sobre a construção de uma Educação Profissional e tecnológica emancipadora, na perspectiva do trabalho como princípio educativo e tendo a emancipação humana como horizonte é possível fazer uma contextualização do momento pelo qual passa a Educação no país, servindo a um projeto de Estado e sociedade.
INTRODUZINDO O CONCEITO DE AVALIAÇÃO POR RUBRICAS POR INTERMÉDIO DE OFICINAS: ANÁLISE DE UMA EXPERIÊNCIA PILOTO
Authors: Brasil Irala Valesca , Blass Leandro , Maria da Silva Junqueira Sonia
Published: February 2021

Este artigo busca descrever a experiência de uma oficina voltada à qualificação da avaliação de desempenho acadêmico via utilização de rubricas (BROOKHART, 2013; FRANCIS, 2018; HOWELL, 2014), realizada junto a estudantes da Licenciatura em Matemática de uma universidade pública no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. A pertinência da temática se dá pelo fato de que a formação inicial, de forma geral, dispensa poucas oportunidades aos licenciandos, ao longo dos seus cursos de graduação, para refletirem e se apropriarem a respeito dos sentidos produzidos pela avaliação nos contextos de ensino. Dessa forma, a produção de espaços alternativos e complementares à sala de aula regular, como os promovidos por meio de oficinas, pode contribuir para ampliar as experiências dos graduandos a respeito da capacidade de se tornarem avaliadores mais qualificados no exercício dos seus papéis imediatos (como alunos, através da autoavaliação ou da coavaliação entre pares) ou futuros (como professores). Os resultados da experiência da oficina piloto apontam para a necessidade de ampliação das oportunidades coletivas para discussão sobre as práticas avaliativas, bem como instrumentalizar os licenciandos com ferramentas orientadas teoricamente, com vistas a qualificar os procedimentos vinculados à avaliação, como pode ser o exemplo da avaliação via utilização de rubricas.
A Description of Dzә (Jenjo) Nouns and Noun Phrases, an Adamawa Language of Northeastern Nigeria
Authors:   Federal University Wukari, Benson Peace
Published: February 2021

Dzə [jen] is an Adamawa language spoken in some parts of Taraba, Adamawa and Gombe states in Northeastern Nigeria. The study presented in the article syntactically describes nouns and noun phrases in Dzə. In an attempt to document Dzə and taking into consideration that Dzə is an under-investigated and under-documented language, the result will provide important data to typological research and to linguists working on Adamawa languages. The study adopts a descriptive research design in collecting, describing and analyzing the data. The data was obtained from fieldwork in December 2014, personal observations of daily conversations, introspection and the Dzə Bible. In the article, a brief overview of the phonology and tone of Dzə is provided. It also shows the different kinds of nouns, pronouns and noun phrases in Dzə; simple and complex noun phrases. The language is rich in pronouns, consisting of subject pronouns, object pronouns, reflexive pronouns, interrogative pronouns and possessive pronouns. As it is with most African languages, the elements that constitute a noun phrase occur after the head noun. These elements are articles, demonstratives, possessives, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, genitive constructions (inalienable and alienable possessives) and relative clauses. This is a preliminary study of Dzə and it is open for further research and contributions.
The Motif of Journey in Kunwar Narain’s Poetry
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lesik Ksenia A.
Published: February 2021

The article is focused on the motif of a journey in the works of a modern Indian poet, Kunwar Narain, a representative of New Hindi poetry. This motif of a journey is extremely important in Indology studies. Starting with the Indian epic poems “Mahabharata” and “Ramayana”, the motif of pilgrimage has been one of the significant plot lines. During the Medieval period, the motif of a journey became an allegory of individuality cognition. In modern Hindi literature writers introduce innovation in the image of travel, remaining within the established Indian tradition. The research in this article is based on the bilingual collection of poems by Kunwar Narain “No other world”. The article argues that a journey becomes the leitmotif in the poet’s lyrics. As a result, the Indian poet writes a kind of a travel literature, which is based on the image of the way with two semantic motives: a journey as a hero’s movement in space and a hero’s search for his essence, including a peculiar path as an allegory of his spiritual formation. The article focuses on the compositional distribution of poems in the “Journey” section of the book. This distribution expresses the movement of the author’s thoughts. The analysis of the literary techniques, symbolic images and allusions was conducted in the frames of not only Indian literature, but also American poet Walt Whitman’s creations, which had a great influence on Kunwar Narain’s lyrics. Literary influences are identified that contributed to the formation of the Indian poet’s worldview.
The Cries of Street Vendors as a Folklore Genre and Example of Oral Advertising in Iraq
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Hana Yafia Yousif Jamil
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the review of the cries of street vendors as a kind of folk genre used in Iraq. The tradition of shouting short texts, praising goods to customers, has a long history. Skillful mastery of the word, the ability to poetically improvise has always been very appreciated in the Middle East. It is no wonder that poetry tournaments emerged and gained wide popularity in the region. The functions of cries are similar to the functions of advertising: to attract the attention of the customer and to convince him or her to purchase the street vendor’s goods. Street vendors in Iraq use dialectal Arabic words and expressions including Turkish and Persian words. As a rule, their language is rich in various metaphors, epithets or lines from famous folk songs. Often, a seller’s cry that was successfully invented was then borrowed by other merchants of related goods. A similar thing also happened when a merchant’s son, adopting his father’s profession, inherited a saying with which he continued to appeal to potential buyers. Currently, this phenomenon is becoming increasingly rare, but, nevertheless, continues to exist, which can be observed during religious and public holidays. Some examples of verbal advertising have become catchy slogans on product labels.
Artificial Intelligence in China: The Current State of Industry and Development Trends
Authors:   Guangzhou Nanfang College, Strukova Polina E.
Published: February 2021

Currently, in many countries of the world, developments in the field of artificial intelligence are given priority. Among the main countries competing for leadership in this area, China is gaining more and more weight, surpassing the United States of America in America who is considered the undisputed market leader. Despite tight government control and generous financial support for the artificial intelligence sector, which leads to the industry’s boom, China faces certain difficulties in developing this high-tech industry. Some of these difficulties are due to historical factors, while others are due to the state of the industry’s market. The country’s leaders are planning to overcome some of them by reforming related industries and introducing specific approaches to strengthen the position of Chinese companies involved in developments in machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision fields, as well as working on projects in the field of big data analysis, autonomous intelligent systems, etc. This article provides an overview of the current state of the artificial intelligence industry in China and analyzes the recent trends of this market in China.
Latin Case System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Zheltova Elena V. , Zheltov Alexander Ju. ,   St. Petersburg State University,   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
Published: February 2021

The article attempts, firstly, to critically analyze the traditional order of cases in Latin, secondly, to discover an internal mechanism that brings the elements of a paradigm together, and thirdly, to present a new model of the nominal and pronominal case paradigms in Latin. The authors develop the idea that the crucial role in structuring a case paradigm belongs to morphemic syncretism. The syncretism is treated as a systemic phenomenon of morpheme neutralization rather than a result of phonetic reduction. In the paradigm built on this principle, the cases marked with the same endings necessarily take adjacent positions. There is a certain correlation between the morphemic syncretism and the semantics of cases extensively exemplified in the Latin literature. Taking this as reference point, the authors establish a formally motivated paradigmatic order of cases and single out a set of semantic features that shape the case paradigm. This method enables authors to find the non-contradictory paradigmatic positions for both the core and the “marginal” cases (vocative and locative). Applied to the pronominal cases, however, it reveals the significant discrepancy between the nominal and pronominal paradigms concerning two cases — nominative and genitive. The pronominal nominative’s special status is determined by its pragmatic rather than syntactic functions, which is typical for pro-drop languages. The genitive case appears in three different forms that originate from the possessive pronouns and correspond to the three basic functions of the genitive — possessive, objective, and partitive ones. Such transparadigmatic syncretism brings together the paradigms of personal and possessive pronouns, which are related by nature. The approach suggested in this study makes it possible to present in a new way the nominal and pronominal case paradigms, to demonstrate in what points they differ from each other, and to highlight some functional and semantic features of the particular cases.
The Classical and Jesuit Erudition of Stefan Iavorskii in His Panegyrics to Varlaam Iasinskii
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University, Awianowicz Bartosz
Published: February 2021

This article offers an overview of the Greco-Latin and early modern Jesuit sources of Stefan Iavorskii’s (1658–1722) three bilingual panegyrics addressed to his patron Varlaam Iasinskii, rector of the Kiev-Mohyla college (1669–1689), the Orthodox metropolitan of Kiev (1690– 1707), Hercules post Atlantem infracto virtutum robore honorarium pondus sustinens published in Chernihiv in 1684, Arctos Caeli Rossiaci in Gentilitiis Syderibus and Pełnia nieubywaiącey chwały w herbowym xiężycu (The Plenitude of Inexhaustible Glory in the heraldic moon), published in Kiev in 1690 and 1691. Both these works are prosimetric bilinguals (some sections are in Latin, others in Polish), testifying to a significant classical erudition of their author. However, Hercules is one most traditionally “classical” in its dispositio and elocutio, while the style of the other two, written after Iavorskii’s educational journey through Jesuit schools in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, is much more innovative, highly metaphorical, allegorical, relying on the argumentation of surprise (based on acumen- and argutia-theory expounded in the rhetoric of Jan Kwiatkiwiecz) and emblems due to an extensive use of combinations of multiple pictorial-verbal themes (especially in Pełnia).
Reliefs of the Summer Palace: An Early Onset of Russian Antiquity
Authors:   Institute of Art History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Zubov Institute), Korolev Alexander V. , Pozdnev Michael M. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: February 2021

The Summer Palace, a ship-like realisation of Peter the Great’s high aspirations in fields both mundane and aesthetic, wears an admirably preserved and well-maintained girdle of twenty-eight bas-reliefs and one haute-relief crowning the entrance. Themed mostly around Ovid’s Metamorphoses, they are both propagandistic allegories and reflections on the private life of the incumbent. The accumulation of traditional motives is handled with a freedom betraying a lack of thoroughness in representation as well as a desire for all things classical. The reliefs thus appear to be neither an unfinished piece by the great Andreas Schlüter nor an accurate reproduction of well-known artefacts crafted by his continuers (Braunstein, Mattarnowi, or even Le Blond, et al.) and marred beyond recognition by clumsy handiwork on the home turf, but an early attempt of domestic art to think Classics while going under its own steam in their execution. The living force behind these pieces was, evidently, Peter the Great himself: the in­ventiveness of composition uninhibited by poor execution, the introduction of recurrent sea­faring (sea is an omnipresent background in reliefs even when the plot borrowed from Ovid is definitely terrestrial) and amatory motifs along with a close unity of literary and allegoric, intimately personal and statesmanlike, point in his direction. The engravings by Giovanni Andrea Maglioli on which (as Renate Kroll has shown) five relieves are modelled also correlate with Ovid representing the amorous Neptune transformed in various sea beasts. However, the majority of plots and artistic decisions prove to be sourced in a set of 226 engravings by Charles Le Brun originally accompanying a free verse translation of the Metamorphoses by Isaac de Berserade. The later copy of this work spotted by Peter either in Holland during the Great Embassy (1697–1698) or among the books of his European friends at home and finally reproduced in Petersburg in 1722 delivered the first and, admirably, never quite so full plastic representation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Russia.
Some Notes on the Translation of De liberis educandis Made by S. I. Pisarev
Authors:   Moscow State University, Kharlamova Sofya A.
Published: February 2021

The article covers the translation of Plutarch’s treatise De liberis educandis made by S. Pisarev, which was the first Russian translation of Plutarch’s works from ancient Greek (1771). In trying to find out what editions were used by Pisarev for his oeuvre, the author focuses on some particular features of his translations, such as the use of italics in marking the poetic quotations. Though the marking is not uniform, its style, as compared to the editions and Latin translations of the treatise in the 16th — early18th century, allows supposing that Pisarev used a bilingual edition, either within a collection of Moralia or as a separate book. Theoretically, seven such editions could have been employed. Further analysis of variae lectiones in these editions as reflected in Pisarev’s translation leads to the conclusion that we have to choose between two editions that is, by Rivandrus (1583) and an authoritative Frankfurt ed. of 1599 reproduced twice in the 17th century (1620, and then 1624, in Paris). Since the only discernible difference between them turns to be an inverted word order in a poetic quotation, the author analyses the word order in Pisarev’s text to finally decide in favour of the Frankfurt edition.
Department of Classical Languages and Literature of the LIPLH: Creation and Organization of the Educational Process
Authors:   Chelyabinsk State University, Skvorcov Artyom M.
Published: February 2021

The article is based on the records of the Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Linguistics and History (LIPLH), which are kept in the Central State Archive of Literature and Arts of St. Petersburg, as well as unpublished memoir notes by the first head of the Department of Classical Languages, O. M. Freudenberg. Chronological framework of the research — 1932–1937 — the time of the existence of the Department as part of LIPLH. The Department of Classical Languages and Literatures, re-founded in 1932, became a uniting link between the pre-revolutionary generation of philologists and the young generation formed in the 1920s. Here merged traditional methods and approaches to the teaching of ancient languages and Marxist innovations, such as focus on ‘practicality’, and a combination arose of the earlier individual forms of research with the new collective ones (publication of general works). The article argues that the appointment of O. M. Freudenberg as the head of the department was quite expected, for she was a singularly appropriate figure for the communist establishment. The author also comes to the conclusion that the full interruption of the traditions of learning and teaching of classical languages in Leningrad in the late 1920s — early 1930s never happened, and that the department has become a successor to similar institutions that functioned earlier in the frame of the ‘cycle’ of ancient history at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of the LSU, as well as at the Research Institute for Comparative History of Literatures and Languages of the West and East of the LSU, and at the State Institute of Speech Culture. The author also draws the conclusion that the opening/closing of the departments in the 1930s was not only a consequence of the activities of government structures but also of the internal conflicts of the scholarly community.
ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν in Septuaginta (1 Regn. 19. 11–17) and Josephus (AJ 6. 11. 3–4)
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute for History at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Gavrilov Alexander
Published: February 2021

A comparison of the episode with the trick of Michal in the Hebrew text as it stands in 1 Sam. 19. 11–17 with the story in the First Book of the Kingdoms in the LXX shows one striking discrepancy: instead of a goatskin כּבְִיר†הֳעִזִים†) in the Masoretic text the translation of the Alexandrians spoke of ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν (“goat’s liver”) lying on the bed along with teraphim under the same covering installed by the daughter of Saul to feign her quasi-ill bedridden husband David and so to outwit the king. As it seems, a certain oddity of the Greek variant could be (and sometimes was) explained through the ductus of Hebrew letters daleth and resh ( ד†and ר ) that might easily be taken for one another, so that כבר could falsely be read as כבד and understood as כבֵָד†, i. e. ‘liver’, which was a Hebrew word in common use in opposition to כּבְִיר (presumably ‘a rug‘) that occurs only twice and only in this episode of the Bible. This change from goatskin to the goat-liver came most probably at the time of translation from Hebrew to Greek, if it had not appeared earlier and was not discussed already in Jewish milieu. Nevertheless, the authority of the LXX as well as Bildungsprestige of Hellenism was such that deviant readings as ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν gained authority from such persons as Philon, St. Paul or Josephus Flavius, who not only follows (Ant. Jud. VI 11. 3–4) the Septuagint version of the story, but tries to support the would-be realistic trustworthiness of the narrative in the Septuagint through the idea of a natural ability of liver to vacillate (its πήδημα) when touched, which could give an impression of a living person keeping to his bed due to illness ( σθμαίνειν). In this situation Vulgata reasonably preferred the veritas Hebraica, so that even such versions of the Bible which generally adhere to the LXX often prefer to follow the Hebrew original on this point.
Protein Aggregation and Self Assembly in Health and Disease
Authors: Basak Ajoy , Basak Sarmistha
Published: February 2021

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Self-attachment of proteins leading to the formation of highly insoluble protein oligomers and aggregates has become an important focus of research owing to its diverse implications in pathophysiology and diseases. This has become a more frequent phenomenon in most neurological and neurodegenerative diseases as well as in dementia. In recent years such event of protein aggregation has linked to other disease conditions, disorders or adverse health conditions. Interestingly, aggregation of protein also plays role in development, growth or metabolism. Most often physiological proteins are initially bio-synthesised in native or nascent geometrical forms or conformations but later they undergo specific folding pattern and thereby acquire a stable configuration that is biologically relevant and active. It is highly important that these proteins remain in their biologically active configuration in order to exert their functional properties. Any alteration or change to this structural configuration can be detrimental to their specific functions and may cause pathological consequences leading to the onset of diseases or disorders. Several factors such as the action of chaperones, binding partners, physiological metal ions, pH level, temperature, ionic strength, interfacial exposure (solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid), mutation and post translational modification, chemical changes, interaction with small molecules such as lipids, hormones, etc. and solvent environment have been either identified or proposed as important factors in conferring the ultimate status of protein structure and configuration.
Among many misfolding protein conformations, self-assembly or aggregation is the most significant. It leads to the formation of highly oligomeric self-aggregates that precipitate and interfere with many biochemical processes with serious pathological consequences. The most common implication of protein aggregation leading to the formation of deposits / plaques of various morphological types is the onset of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington, ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), CJD (Creutzfeldt Jakob Dementia), Prion diseases, Amyloidosis and other forms of dementia. However increasingly studies revealed that protein aggregation may also be associated with other diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, renal, corneal and cardiovascular diseases. Protein aggregation diseases are now considered as part of “Proteinopathy” which refers to conditions where proteins become structurally abnormal or fail to fold into stable normal configurations. In this review, we reflect on various aspects of protein self-aggregation, potential underlying causes, mechanism, role of secondary structures, pathological consequences and possible intervention strategies as reported in published literatures.
Fresh or Frozen Embryo Selection in Embryo Transfer: Live Birth Rates and Obstetric and Fetal/Neonatal Results
Authors: Kirca Nurcan , Öngen Meryem
Published: February 2021

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Assisted reproductive techniques used in the treatment of infertility have been promising methods for infertile individuals. Embryo selection and embryo transfer are an important part of assisting reproductive techniques. The selection of the embryo to be transferred is important for the implantation and clinical pregnancy success. In addition, whether to use a fresh embryo or frozen embryo for embryo transfer is a controversial issue. While the fresh embryo transfer technique is widely used, the frozen embryo transfer technique has become widespread. The main factor in choosing the method of freezing the embryos is to avoid the negative effects of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation on endometrial receptivity. Therefore, it is thought that the use of frozen embryos can improve pregnancy outcomes and reduce the risk of developing obstetric and perinatal problems. However, in the embryo freezing technique, there are problems such as the risk of developing degeneration in the embryo during freezing or thawing process and postponing the transfer. In addition, adverse conditions have been reported such as an increased risk of developing hypertensive disorders in the mother and macrosomia in the baby.