bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased tissue factor activity in monocytes from obese young adults
Authors: Ayer Julian G , Song Changjie , Steinbeck Katherine , Celermajer David S , Freedman S Ben
Published: July 2010

1. The relationship between inflammation, obesity‐related proteins and tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of the extrinsic clotting cascade, is not well understood. We examined if basal and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) TF‐procoagulant activity (PCA) was higher in obese subjects and examined the effects of leptin, resistin and serum amyloid A (SAA).

2. PBMC from 12 obese (six male, aged 29 ± 4 years, body mass index 46.0 ± 8.7 kg/m2) and 12 age‐ and sex‐matched lean controls were cultured either unstimulated or stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ρg/mL and 100 ng/mL, for 4–16 h) or SAA (1 ng/mL, 25 ng/mL, 250 ng/mL, for 4 h). Separately, PBMC from lean subjects were cultured unstimulated with leptin (100 ρg/mL, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, 1 μg/mL), resistin (0.1 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL) or leptin (100 ng/mL) plus LPS (100 ρg/mL). TF‐PCA was determined by a 1‐stage plasma recalcification assay.

3. Four‐hour unstimulated PBMC TF‐PCA was greater in the obese (90.4 ± 16.5 vs 39.9 ± 4.7 mu TF/106 PBMC, P = 0.01). After 4 h stimulation with SAA or LPS the TF‐PCA was similar. Unstimulated TF‐PCA correlated with log serum high sensitivity C‐ reactive protein (hs‐CRP) (r = 0.42, P = 0.04) and insulin (r = 0.44, P = 0.048), but not with log serum SAA (r = 0.192, P = 0.55). Physiological concentrations of leptin or resistin and leptin plus LPS did not increase TF‐PCA in PBMC from lean subjects.

4. Basal PBMC TF‐PCA is higher in the obese and is associated with serum hs‐CRP. The obesity‐related proteins SAA, leptin and resistin are unlikely to play a major role in increasing PBMC TF‐PCA.
Effect of pravastatin on bleomycin‐induced acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Kim Jin Woo , Rhee Chin Kook , Kim Tae Jung , Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Sang Haak , Yoon Hyung Kyu , Kim Seok Chan , Lee Sook Young , Kwon Soon Suk , Kim Kwan Hyung , Kim Young Kyoon
Published: July 2010

1. Pravastatin is best known for its antilipidemic action. Recent studies have shown that statins have immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to determine whether or not pravastatin can attenuate acute lung injury and fibrosis in a mouse model.

2. Bleomycin was given to C57BL6 mice through intratracheal instillation. Pravastatin was given through intraperitoneal injection. To study the effect of pravastatin on the early inflammatory phase and the late fibrotic phase, mice were killed on days 3, 7, 14 and 21.

3. Pravastatin attenuated the histopathological change of bleomycin‐induced lung injury and fibrosis. The accumulation of neutrophils and increased production of tumor necrosis factor‐α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were inhibited in the early inflammatory phase. Pravastatin effectively inhibited the increase of lung hydroxyproline content induced by bleomycin. Furthermore, pravastatin reduced the increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), RhoA and cyclin D1. The increased levels of TGF‐β1 and CTGF mRNA expression were also significantly inhibited by pravastatin.

4. Pravastatin effectively attenuated bleomycin‐induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Our results provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of pravastatin in the treatment of acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.
Coronary vascular dysfunction promoted by oxidative‐nitrative stress in SHRSP.Z‐Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Kagota Satomi , Fukushima Kazuhito , Umetani Keiji , Tada Yukari , Nejime Namie , Nakamura Kazuki , Mori Hidezo , Sugimura Kazuro , Kunitomo Masaru , Shinozuka Kazumasa
Published: July 2010

1. Metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. SHRSP.Z‐Leprfa/IzmDmcr (SHRSP fatty) rat, established as a new rat model of metabolic syndrome, spontaneously develops obesity, severe hypertension and shows hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Using SHRSP fatty rats, we examined whether or not oxidative stress was correlated with vascular dysfunction in small and large calibre coronary arteries inex vivobeating hearts, isolated mesenteric arteries and aortas in comparison with normal rats, Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY). Vasodilation of coronary arteries was determined by microangiography of the Langendorff heart.

2. Compared with WKY, acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐induced relaxations were impaired in the coronary arteries of SHRSP fatty rats. The mesenteric arteries and aorta of SHRSP fatty rats showed impaired relaxation responses to ACh and SNP, decreased 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) production, and reduced soluble guanylyl cyclase protein expression. Superoxide release, angiotensin II and 3‐nitrotyrosine contents were increased.

3. SHRSP fatty rats were orally administered olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist, and amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, at doses of 5 and 8 mg/kg per day, respectively, for 8 weeks. Both olmesartan and amlodipine reduced blood pressure, but only olmesartan prevented the development of abnormal vascular and biochemical parameters in the SHRSP fatty rats.

4. The results showed that in the SHRSP fatty rats, the impaired nitric oxide‐ and cGMP‐mediated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells were linked to AT1receptor‐induced oxidative‐nitrative stress, which occurred concurrently with severe hypertension and metabolic abnormalitiesin vivo.
Basal process and cell divisions of neural progenitors in the developing brain
Authors: Kosodo Yoichi , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: July 2010

The basal process is an extension of certain types of neural progenitors during brain development; that is, the neuroepithelial and radial glial cells, which show radial orientation, emanating from their cell body. Originally, the basal process was considered to serve as a scaffold for the migration of newborn neurons, but recent observations obtained by advanced genetic manipulations and microscopic methods show that the basal process has additional roles. In this review, we first summarize the role of the radial glial basal process for neuronal migration and signaling and for the proper organization of the developing brain. We then focus on the emerging roles of the basal process during the division of neural progenitor cells, specifically the various modes of division of neuroepithelial and radial glial cells.
Organizational Contexts for Environmental Construction and Objectification Activity
Authors: McKinley William
Published: July 2010

abstract

This paper argues that organizations are the source of an adaptation–construction cycle. In that cycle, the consequences of organizational adaptations to current environmental states are constructed by the organization's managers into new environmental states. Therefore organizational action in response to environmental conditions has both an adaptive component and an unintended environmental enactment component. The paper identifies attributes of adapting organizations that increase the level of managerial activity devoted to environmental construction and objectification. The theoretical logic of delineating these organizational attributes moves the paper beyond present versions of enactment theory, ‘social construction of reality’ theory, and structuration theory to focus on predictors of variation in concrete activity resulting in environmental construction and objectification. Based on the discussion of the organizational predictors, propositions to be tested in future empirical research are offered. Also, the propositions are used to suggest extensions to enactment theory, social construction of reality theory, structuration theory, and contemporary versions of neo‐institutional theory. These extensions are detailed in the discussion section.
Maximizing profits and conserving stocks in the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery
Authors: Kompas Tom , Dichmont Cathy M. , Punt André E. , Deng A. , Che Tuong Nhu , Bishop Janet , Gooday Peter , Ye Yemin , Zhou S.
Published: July 2010

The Australian Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF) is one of the few that has adopted a dynamic version of a ‘maximum economic yield’ (MEY) target, and, on this basis, the fishery is undergoing a process of substantial stock rebuilding. This study details the bioeconomic model used to provide scientific management advice for the NPF, in terms of the amount of allowable total gear length in the fishery, for both the MEY target and the path to MEY. It combines the stock assessment process for two species of tiger prawns with a specification for discounted economic profits, where the harvest function in the profit equation is stock‐dependent. Results for the NPF show a substantial ‘stock effect’, indicating the importance of conserving fish stocks for profitability. MEY thus occurs at a stock size that is larger than that at maximum sustainable yield, leading to a ‘win‐win’ situation for both the industry (added profitability) and the environment (larger fish stocks and lower impact on the ecosystem). Sensitivity results emphasize this effect by showing that the MEY target is much more sensitive to changes in the price of prawns and the cost of fuel, and far less so to the rate of discount.
Problems in Australian Foreign Policy January‐June 1970
Authors: ALBINSKI HENRY S.
Published: July 2010

Australia's external policy during the first half of 1970 was dominated by three concerns‐defence planning and weapons acquisition, Vietnam/Cambodia, and defence commitments in Malaysia/Singapore. Discussion of Australia's approach to these policy concerns should, however, be set in somewhat broader perspective. First, it seems appropriate to indicate the domestic context in which policies were being formulated. Second, a review of the governing principles which provided the rationale for particular policy movements is called for.
Religion and political allegiance
Authors: MOL HANS
Published: July 2010

What are the religious differences between Australians who prefer the Australian Labor party, the Democratic Labor party, or the Liberal/Country parties? Before we answer this question from the data of the ‘religion in Australia’ survey1 it may be useful for at least some readers to give a short summary of the relationship between denominations and voting patterns. I apologise to those readers for whom all this is old ground.
A Comparison of Political Factionalism in Japan and India*
Authors: STOCKWIN J. A. A.
Published: July 2010

Most studies of political factionalism begin with attempts to define the terms ‘faction’ and ‘factionalism’. The resultant definitions are then regarded as having universal validity, irrespective of time, place, or political culture. The use of this procedure, in our opinion, leads either to the unwarranted universalisation of causal relationships having limited scope, or to generalisations which are too broad to be of much practical value.
‘…at the hands of our own men and in our own country!’
Authors: FISCHER GERHARD
Published: July 2010

Daisy Schoeffel's Account of her and her Family's Internment as Prisoners of War in Australia during World War I.
The Conceptual Framework of Nigerian Foreign Policy
Authors: Inamete Ufot B.
Published: July 2010

Afrocentrism is one of the major principles that guide Nigeria's foreign policy behaviour. As the pivot of foreign policy‐making Africa has developed into a major concept in guiding Nigerian foreign policy. The goal here is to evaluate the profile of this concept, and relate it to Nigerian foreign policy. Thus this study will analyse the nature and impact of Afrocentrism in the Nigerian foreign policy‐making milieu.
The Young Evatt — Labor's New Liberal
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: July 2010

In 1936 H. V. Evatt published The King and His Dominion Governors. Although not yet quite at the height of his achievement upon the world stage, Evatt was already the leading statesman in–the–making, at home and abroad. A figure no less than Harold Laski introduced the volume. The title page of the book testified to Evatt's prestige, as well as indicating something of his own sense of achievement Evatt presented himself to the world as follows:
The Messiah Complex: The Angel of History Looks Back at Walter Benjamin from its Perch on the Ruins of “Socialism as it Existed in Reality”
Authors: Milfull John
Published: July 2010

A Klee painting named Angelus Novus' shows an angel looking as though he is about to move away from something he is fixedly contemplating. His eyes are staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned towards the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage upon wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. The storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress.
Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin's Great Terror
Authors: Wheatcroft Stephen G.
Published: July 2010

This article presents an account of the history of Soviet repression, which integrates our current understanding of the scale and nature of repression with a history of the agents responsible for carrying out these operations. It notes that the major shifts in the nature of repression were accompanied by shifts in the operational leadership within the security forces, and that it was largely the same groups of individuals who were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war, collectivization and the Great Terror. These were the groups associated with Efim Georgievich Evdokimov, which operated in Ukraine during the Civil War, in the North Caucasus in the 1920s, and in the Secret Operational Division within OGPU in 1929‐1931. Evdokimov transferred into party administration in 1934 when he became party secretary for North Caucasus Krai. But he appears to have continued advising Stalin and Yezhov on Security matters, and the latter relied upon Evdokimov's former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that are known as “The Great Terror” in 1937‐1938.
The Australian Welfare State: Has Federalism Made a Difference?
Authors: Castles Francis G. , Uhr John
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the historical development of the Australian welfare state with a view to identifying the role that Australia's federal constitutional arrangements have played in shaping that development. Theoretical paradigms have been unanimous in their prognoses: that federal states are likely to be slow in developing welfare state programmes and typically spend less on them than unitary states. But recently it has been argued that federal institutions may have a “ratchet effect” of slowing down the pace of change, irrespective of its direction. The purpose of this chronological account of significant stages in the development of the Australian welfare state is to use the unfolding of historical events — far too rich in nuance and detail to be captured in quantitative modelling — as a test‐bed for establishing whether, and, if so, to what extent, federalism has impacted on the trajectory of Australian welfare state development.
Australian Citizenship and the Two World Wars
Authors: Beaumont Joan
Published: July 2010

This article surveys Australian citizenship: its distinctive characteristics in the first half of the twentieth century, and how these were changed by the experience of the two world wars. It argues that Australian citizenship, at the time of Federation, was racially exclusive, imperial, masculine and deeply anchored in the traditional view of the military obligation of the individual to the state. The world wars, especially the war of 1939‐45, encouraged some adjustment to these ideas, particularly in terms of the imperial link, women's status and the social rights of Australians. However, these conflicts were fought within a context of imperial loyalty and the intensity of their demands reinforced military service in defence of the nation as the primary civic virtue. The centrality of Anzac to Australian nationalism also perpetuated a gendered dimension to Australian citizenship. The world wars therefore, for all their dramatic impact on the lives of Australian families and the national political culture, did not force a major reconceptualisation of Australian citizenship.
“In the Front Line”?: Internment and Citizenship Entitlements in the Second World War
Authors: Twomey Christina
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses the experiences of Australian civilian internees of the Japanese in the Second World War and the Australian government's responses to their desires for repatriation, compensation and rehabilitation. It argues that civilian internees stood in awkward relation to understandings about sacrifice in wartime and entitlements to compensation. The dominance of the citizen‐soldier in Australian narratives of war placed civilian internees in an ambiguous position. Civilian internees had not played a direct part in battle but did have direct contact with the military enemy. They had personally suffered privation at the hands of the enemy, but were not military personnel in service of their country. Civilian internees expose the tensions around citizenship and citizenship entitlement attendant upon the elevation of war service as the ultimate sacrifice for one's country.
A Possession for Ever: Charles Bean, the Ancient Greeks, and Military Commemoration in Australia
Authors: Londey Peter
Published: July 2010

For many people after the First World War, the classical world of Greece and Rome provided a language of commemoration; those who fought on Gallipoli were often keen to see parallels with the Trojan war of 3,000 years earlier. Charles Bean, Australia's classically‐educated war correspondent, Official Historian, and chief visionary behind the Australian War Memorial, was as imbued with the classics as any. What is striking, however, is that Bean largely ignored parallels with Troy, focusing instead almost exclusively on fifth‐century BC Athens. Bean wanted more than a language of commemoration; he desired an historical backdrop which would emphasise the place in history of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Only the Athenians could provide a fitting parallel for the youthful democracy of Australia.
“Unbounded Enthusiasm”:1 Australian Historians and the Outbreak of the Great War
Authors: Mansfield Grant
Published: July 2010

There is a growing body of European scholarship revising the traditionally held view that the peoples of Europe greeted the war with boundless patriotic enthusiasm. Niall Ferguson, Jean‐Jacques Becker and Jeffery Verhey in particular have argued that the “August Days” were more myth than reality. The outbreak of the war in Australia has not yet attracted similar attention. With few exceptions, Australian scholars writing about the opening days and weeks of the war have agreed that Australian popular reaction was dominated by overwhelming enthusiasm. This paper will explore the Australian historiography, since the 1930s, and assess the extent to which the “traditional” interpretation is in need of re‐investigation.
Demonstrating the Melbourne University Respirator
Authors: Dean Katrina
Published: July 2010

The First World War was a theatre for the demonstration of Australia's contribution to the Empire, and the role of science and technology. This paper explores this relationship by tracing the history of the Melbourne University Respirator, a gas mask developed by scientists at the University of Melbourne during the Great War. In the immediate post‐war period, the Respirator was used as a political technology to educate citizens about the actual and potential contribution of scientific research to national and imperial defence. Scientists in this manner promoted national scientific and technological development and a more equal partnership with Britain. The political use of the Respirator was staged in the vivid medium of an exhibition, in which sentiment was conceivably used to motivate political action.
Decades of Disillusion: Reappraising the ALP‐ACTU Accord 1983–1996
Authors: Dow Geoff , Lafferty George
Published: July 2010

In this article we review the Accord between the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), in order to address current uncertainty over the role of unions in politics, particularly in the face of both the Coalition Government's 2006 industrial relations legislation and the ALP's apparent repudiation of the country's longstanding institutional leverage over wages and non‐wage policies. The Accord exemplified an explicitly corporatist union strategy and it initially attracted extensive and hostile commentary. However, discussion of the experiment, together with other tripartite approaches to policy formation, has waned in recent years, perhaps suggesting that it was a tactic whose time has passed. Reviewing some major criticisms, we argue that critics have dismissed the Accord too hastily. Although serious problems with the Accord process are acknowledged, the articulation of a broad program of social democratic initiatives is always likely to retain support on the political left. Despite changes in union density and workforce composition, the union movement still possesses capacity to mobilise community support and develop a principled program.
“Blood Brothers”. Racial Identification and the Right to Rule: the Australian Response to the Spanish‐American War
Authors: Lake Marilyn , Pratt Vanessa
Published: July 2010

Historians have paid scant attention to Australia's enthusiastic response to the Spanish‐American war of 1898. Yet these events help us to better understand the centrality of race to Australia's national identity. Even though the Australian colonies were bound by Britain's neutrality, from Sydney to Perth Australians cheered America's decision to declare war. Many gathered outside the US consulate to offer their services as soldiers and nurses. This enthusiasm for the US cause was underpinned by an identification with fellow Anglo‐Saxons and the assumption that Filipinos and Cubans were races not yet fit for self‐government. Australians were intent on establishing their status as equal members of the governing race.
For King, For Country: Changing “Good” Behaviour in Victoria, 1930s and 1950s
Authors: Macknight Vicki
Published: July 2010

Far from being incidental, what is taught at primary school can reveal key beliefs about the world and its future held at a given period. I compare Victorian primary school curricula and reading resources of the 1930s and 1950s, attending particularly to references to war and cultural difference. I find that in the 1930s war was to be avoided by valuing cultural differences, whereas in the later decade the aim was effacement of difference through modernisation. I argue that this attitude to difference, combined with the imperialism and internationalism of the 1930s, engendered a moral form of identity in Victorian primary school children. In contrast, under the economic nationalism of the 1950s, children were taught to be good citizens taking little moral responsibility to those who were not Australian.
“We All Make Mistakes”: the Communist Party of Australia and Khrushchev's Secret Speech, 1956
Authors: Deery Phillip , Calkin Rachael
Published: July 2010

This article examines the impact of the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on the Communist Party of Australia (CPA). Specifically it focuses on the reverberations of Khrushchev's “secret speech” within the CPA leadership for the first six months of 1956. It argues that, in contrast to the received wisdom, the response of the leadership was characterised by confusion rather than consistency, division rather than unanimity. This had implications for CPA members as they struggled to come to terms with the line of the leadership and the authenticity or otherwise of the New York Times version of Khrushchev's speech.

The words of [Khrushchev's] speech were like bullets, and each found its place in the hearts of the veteran Communists. Tears streamed down the faces of men and women who had spent forty or more years, their whole adult lives, in the movement […].1
Moving the Genocide Debate Beyond the History Wars*
Authors: Moses A. Dirk
Published: July 2010

The “History Wars” have paralysed the scholarly discussion on genocide in Australian history, because genocide is regarded as a politicized concept that distorts historical understanding. Both the public sphere and much historiography continue to regard genocide as a synonym for the Holocaust, framing public discussion of genocide in Australia as well as discouraging historians from engaging with the international comparative literature on colonial genocides. This article aims to stimulate reflection on these issues by explaining the origin and meaning of the term in intellectual and legal history. It suggests that thinking of genocide as a form of extreme counter‐insurgency helps us comprehend how colonial violence unfolds. Finally, it highlights some potential limitations of the concept in understanding the Indigenous experience of colonial genocide, before suggesting how historians can deploy it in the service of scholarship rather than “History Wars”.
“Never Hitherto Seen Outside of a Zoo or a Menagerie”: The Language of Australian Politics
Authors: Dyrenfurth Nick
Published: July 2010

Since the early 1980s, “linguistic” and “cultural” influences have shaped the study of history and the broader social sciences worldwide. In Australia these influences have developed more slowly than in comparable countries such as Great Britain or the United States. Yet the colourful language and “culture wars” of Australian politics have long been key ingredients of political history's appeal in and outside of the academy. Many practitioners perceive that the so‐called “turns” constitute a threat to the study of political history. This article contends that, on the contrary, they have enlivened historiographical concerns.
A Hard Culture? Religion and Politics in Turn‐of‐the‐Century Australian History
Authors: Bellanta Melissa
Published: July 2010

The idea that Australia developed a uniquely “hard” political culture after 1788 — a culture that prized the rational and made short shift of religion — has had plenty of currency over the years. This idea has been challenged in recent scholarship, along with the broader notion that Western society became secularised during the twentieth century. Set against the backdrop of a wider challenge to the “secularisation narrative”, this article explores the work of several historians dealing with the relationship between religion and Australian politics at the turn of the twentieth century. These historians, who include Al Gabay, Frank Bongiorno, Bruce Scates, and Judith Brett, are creating “softer” understandings of Australian political history. As a consequence, I suggest, their work has implications for the way we think about the relationship between the religious and secular Left, as well as for the way we think about Australian masculinities and culture more generally.
Beyond control: body and self in women’s childbearing narratives
Authors: Carter Shannon K.
Published: July 2010

In the United States, childbearing is often conceptualised as a time when women lose self‐control over their bodies. This project examines issues of bodily control through a social constructionist analysis of in‐depth interviews with 18 predominantly white, working and middle class women who have recently given birth in the US. Findings indicate that many participants construct themselves as both in and out of control of their bodies during childbearing. Participants also describe body/self relationships in ways that transcend power and control, perceiving the body as autonomous, accommodating and collaborating. Accommodating and collaborating bodies were described here only among participants who gave birth in the midwifery model of care. The findings illuminate various ways of conceptualising the body and point to the use of different bodily discourses by women who give birth in medical and midwifery models.
Reorganization after pre‐ and perinatal brain lesions*
Authors: Staudt Martin
Published: July 2010

The developing human brain can compensate for pre‐ and perinatally acquired focal lesions more effectively than the adult brain. The mechanisms by which this effective reorganization is achieved vary considerably between different functional systems, reflecting differences in the normal maturation of these systems. In the motor system, descending cortico‐spinal motor projections have already reached their spinal target zones at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy, with initially bilateral projections from each hemisphere. During normal development, the ipsilateral projections are gradually withdrawn, whereas the contralateral projections persist. When, during this period, a unilateral brain lesion disrupts the cortico‐spinal projections of one hemisphere, the ipsilateral projections from the contralesional hemisphere will persist. This allows the contralesional hemisphere to take over motor control over the paretic extremities. Although this mechanism of reorganization is available throughout the pre‐ and perinatal period, the efficacy of this ipsilateral takeover of motor functions decreases with increasing age at the time of the insult. In the somatosensory system, ascending thalamo‐cortical somatosensory projections have not yet reached their cortical target zones at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, these projections can still ‘react’ to brain lesions acquired during this period, and can form ‘axonal bypasses’ around periventricular white matter lesions to reach their original cortical target areas in the postcentral gyrus. Thus, somatosensory functions can be well preserved even in cases of large periventricular lesions. In contrast, when the postcentral gyrus itself is affected, no signs for reorganization have been observed. Accordingly, somatosensory functions are often poor in these patients. Language functions can be normal even in patients with extensive early left‐hemispheric brain lesions. This is achieved by language organization in the right hemisphere, which takes place in brain regions homotopic to the classical left‐hemispheric language areas in normal subjects. In patients with periventricular lesions, the degree of right‐hemispheric takeover of language functions correlates with the severity of structural damage to facial (and, thus, articulatory) motor projections.
Proteasome inhibition in medaka brain induces the features of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Matsui Hideaki , Ito Hidefumi , Taniguchi Yoshihito , Inoue Haruhisa , Takeda Shunichi , Takahashi Ryosuke
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 178–187.

Recent findings suggest that a defect in the ubiquitin‐proteasome system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A previous report (McNaught et al. 2004) demonstrated that rats systemically injected with proteasome inhibitors exhibited PD‐like clinical symptoms and pathology. However, because these findings have not been consistently replicated, this model is not commonly used to study PD. We used medaka fish to test the effect of systemic administration of proteasome inhibitors because of the high level of accessibility of the cerebrospinal fluid in fish. We injected lactacystin or epoxomicin into the CSF of medaka. With proteasome inhibition in the medaka brain, selective dopaminergic and noradrenergic cell loss was observed. Furthermore, treated fish exhibited reduced spontaneous movement. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors also induced the formation of inclusion bodies resembling Lewy bodies, which are characteristic of PD. Treatment with 6‐OHDA also induced dopaminergic cell loss but did not produce inclusion bodies. These findings in medaka are consistent with previous results reporting that non‐selective proteasome inhibition replicates the cardinal features of PD: locomotor dysfunction, selective dopaminergic cell loss, and inclusion body formation.
Larger inhibition of visual pigment kinase in cones than in rods
Authors: Arinobu Daisuke , Tachibanaki Shuji , Kawamura Satoru
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 259–268.

In the carp retina, visual pigment kinase, GRK1 (G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 1) in rods and GRK7 in cones, is inhibited by a photoreceptor neuronal Ca2+‐sensor protein, S‐modulin (or recoverin) in rods and visinin (formerly named s26) in cones. Here, we compared Ca2+‐dependent inhibition of GRK1 by S‐modulin and that of GRK7 by visinin. First, the concentrations of S‐modulin and visinin in the outer segment were estimated: the concentration of visinin (1.2 mM) was 20 times higher than that of S‐modulin (53 μM). Based on the determined concentrations of the Ca2+‐sensor proteins and the known dark Ca2+ concentrations, we estimated that in situ Ca2+‐dependent inhibition on GRK in cones would be 2.5 times higher than that in rods at the Ca2+ concentration in the dark. Because GRK activity is approximately 100 times higher in cones than in rods [Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102 (2005) 21359], the range of Ca2+‐dependent inhibition on GRK activity is more than 100 times wider in cones than in rods. The inhibitory effects of S‐modulin and visinin on photoreceptor GRKs were indistinguishable, although these Ca2+‐sensor proteins are expressed in a cell‐type specific manner. The inhibition by these Ca2+‐sensor proteins was slightly higher on GRK7 than GRK1 probably because of a characteristic specific to GRK7.
Chronic prostaglandin E2 treatment induces the synthesis of the pain‐related peptide substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide in cultured sensory ganglion explants
Authors: Ma Weiya
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 363–372.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a well known pain and pro‐inflammatory mediator abundantly produced in inflamed tissue. It causes pain by directly exciting nociceptive primary sensory neurons (nociceptors) and indirectly stimulating the release of pain‐related peptide substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). In an ex vivo culture of sensory ganglion explants, we tested the hypothesis that PGE2 could induce the synthesis of SP and CGRP in nociceptors. A stabilized PGE2 analog, 16,16‐dimethyl PGE2, in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner, significantly increased mRNA and peptide levels of SP and CGRP. The agonists of EP1 and EP4 receptors also significantly increased SP and CGRP levels. Moreover, 16,16‐dimethyl PGE2‐induced SP and CGRP were blocked by EP1 and EP4 antagonists as well as the inhibitors of both protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Nerve growth factor was partially involved in PGE2‐induced SP and CGRP synthesis. Taken together, these results indicate that PGE2 contributes to the synthesis of SP and CGRP in nociceptors, an event mediated by EP1 and EP4 receptors, nerve growth factor and protein kinase A and protein kinase C signalling pathways. We thus conclude that facilitating the synthesis of pain‐related peptides in nociceptors is a novel mechanism underlying the role of PGE2 in nociception and chronic pain states.
THE CALIBRATION OF AERIAL SURVEY CAMERAS
Authors: Sly W. E.
Published: July 2010

Two experimental procedures for aerial survey camera calibration using respectively a Wild TA theodolite and a modified Cooke, Trough ton and Simms geodetic theodolite are described. The procedures determine radial distortion only; tangential distortion is assumed to be negligible. Details of a graphical method of computing the results are given in an appendix.
THE AIR PHOTOGRAPH REQUIREMENTS OF GEOLOGISTS
Authors: Norman J. W.
Published: July 2010

The geologist's use of air photographs and the characteristics studied by photogeologists are briefly described. The influence of photographic factors such as scale, season, time of day, film type, processing, overlap and dimensional accuracy are considered from the geologist's viewpoint.
CLOSE‐RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO RESEARCH IN ORTHODONTICS
Authors: Cheffins O. W. , Clark W. A. S.
Published: July 2010

Research work is being undertaken by the Department of Orthodontics at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, which involves studying the growth of children's faces in three dimensions. In evaluating the morphology of soft tissues, the advantages offered by photogrammetry have been recognised and this paper describes how the technique has been put into practice at the hospital where a stereometric instrument, equally suitable for use as a camera or as a projection plotter, has been constructed.
EDINBURGH CASTLE ROCK:
Authors: Cheffins O. W. , Rushton J. E. M.
Published: July 2010

Edinburgh Castle is an ancient monument situated on a basalt crag which has steep cliffs falling away on three of its sides. Periodically, remedial measures have to be carried out on these cliffs by engineering geologists in order to stabilise loosened parts of the surface and thus prevent rock falls occurring. The rock structure on the sheer north‐facing cliff is currently being studied to determine the extent of work required to ensure its stability. Before such a study could proceed satisfactorily it was necessary to obtain a large scale, contoured survey of the face and this has been achieved by terrestrial photogrammetric methods. Stereoscopic photography was taken with a Wild RC5A wide angle camera pointing horizontally, being specially mounted on its side in the elevated bucket of a Simon hydraulic platform, positioned 17 metres above ground level at a distance of 100 metres from the rock face and at eight successive locations in West Princes Street Gardens. The elevation was plotted with a Zeiss Stereoplanigraph C8 at a scale of 1 : 50 with contours (with respect to a vertical datum) at horizontal intervals of 250 mm.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN CENTRIFUGAL TESTING OF SOIL MODELS
Authors: El‐Beik A. H. A.
Published: July 2010

Since 1969 photogrammetric techniques have been employed as a means of obtaining precise measurements of surface movement of soil models spinning in a centrifuge at a speed of up to 45 m s‐1. Over 100 soil model tests have been performed on about 12 different types of soil stability problem during this period. Tests have been monitored by a closed circuit TV system; two Zeiss (Jena) UMK 10/1318 cameras and a powerful flash unit have been employed to provide a succession of stereopairs.

A brief summary of the theory of soil model similarity is presented, together with a description of the tests and their photographic and photogrammetric requirements. A method of recording measurements using a Kelsh plotter with a resulting accuracy of ± 0.2 mm is demonstrated.

Settlement/heave gravity curves, resulting from photogrammetric measurements, are illustrated. The nature of the failure of soil models, as well as the prediction of similar behaviour on the full scale prototype, can be made from these curves.
STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT OF A MODEL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
Authors: Scott P. J.
Published: July 2010

A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.

Un modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo‐parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.

Ein Modell einer Hohlkasten‐Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.
SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYTICAL AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Methley B. D. F. , Elmaleeh M. E. , Abdillahi M. H. A.
Published: July 2010

Details are given of some aerial triangulation programs for use in both on line and off line modes. The results from experiments with data taken from established test areas are included. Further results are then given to demonstrate the effectiveness of a technique for compensating for systematic height error, in this case using a normal production block.

Des détails sur quelques programmes d'aérotriangulation utilisables à la fois en direct et en différé sont fournis. On y inclut les résultats d'expérimentations effectuées sur les données provenant de polygones‐tests éprouvés. Des résultats supplémentaires sont également donnés pour illustrer l'efficacité d'une méthode de compensation des erreurs altimétriques systématiques, en se basant cette fois sur un bloc normal rencontré en production.

Es werden Details für einige Aerotriangulationsprogramme zur Anwendung sowohl im On‐line als auch Off‐line Verfahren angegeben. Dazu werden die Ergebnisse von Experimenten mit Testaufnahmen angegeben. Weitere Ergebnisse werden dann angegeben, um die Leistungsfähigkeit bei der Eliminierung systematischer Höhenfehler zu demonstrieren, wobei ein Produktionsblock verwendet wurde.
PLUMB‐BOB TO PLOTTER: DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Dallas R. W. A.
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.

On examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume‐Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.

Im Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.
SOME EXPERIENCES USING PAT‐M AERIAL TRIANGULATION ADJUSTMENT PACKAGE
Authors: Farrow J. E.
Published: July 2010

The PAT‐M program package was purchased in late 1979 for use in British government surveying departments. Some initial experiences in using this method are described and discussed.

Les établissements publics britanniques de levé ont acquis à la fin 1979 un ensemble de programmes PAT‐M. Les premières expérimentations de ce système font l'objet d'une description suivie d'une discussion.

Ende 1979 wurde das PAT‐M Programmpaket zur Nutzung bei Britischen Vermessungsbehörden angekauft. Einige erste Erfahrungen bei Nutzung des Verfahrens werden beschrieben und diskutiert.
EVALUATION OF METRIC CAMERA PHOTOGRAPHY FOR MAPPING AND CO‐ORDINATE DETERMINATION
Authors: Meneguette A. A. C.
Published: July 2010

Rigorous photogrammetric methods have been used to carry out a detailed evaluation of Metric Camera panchromatic photographs of two areas, one in south‐east France and the other on the coast of Libya. Inner, relative and absolute orientation and space resection were performed in order to determine how accurately ground co‐ordinates can be obtained and the most suitable scale for mapping. Results of absolute orientation (residuals of 19m in plan and 26m in height) indicate that it is possible to produce maps at 1:100000 scale with contours at 100m intervals. Plotting has been done at 1:100000 scale showing cultural and drainage features. It was not possible to identify all detail which is plotted on existing 1:100000 scale line maps.
SOME ASPECTS OF IMAGE QUALITY IN SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Thomson G. H.
Published: July 2010

The author discusses factors which affect satellite imaging systems and in particular the qualities of the Metric Camera and Large Format Camera photography.
ERRORS IN DEPTH DETERMINATION CAUSED BY WAVES IN THROUGH‐WATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Fryer J. G. , Kniest H. T.
Published: July 2010

The determination of depths in shallow water from aerial platforms will become increasingly important as exploitation of coastal resources intensifies. Until a theoretical study of the errors in depth which could be reasonably expected from two‐media photogrammetry was made by Okamoto in 1982, there was little relevant literature apart from some isolated case studies. This paper examines the magnitude and distribution of errors in depth caused by the presence of waves on the water surface. The effects of random errors of observational measurement, in combination with waves, are assessed. A conclusion is reached that the traditional method of underwater depth calculation should be modified when the scale of the two media photography is greater than 1:4000.
THE NON‐INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF VOID FRACTION AND VELOCITY IN TWO PHASE FLOW USING HIGH SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEOPHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Stewart P. A. E.
Published: July 2010

The presence of air and liquid, or two phase flow, in gas turbine oil or fuel systems poses performance analysis problems. Conventional instrumentation is invasive and, by its presence, changes the nature of the flow itself In order to analyse a system comprehensively, a number of non‐invasive measurements are preferable. One of the objectives of this project was to determine the feasibility of photogrammetry for this task. The study has fallen into two parts. The first part which has been completed, and is reported here, concerns an investigation of the problems of applying the photogrammetric technique by using stereoscopic images of two phase flow structures and measuring them using calibrated equipment. This has been successful and valuable experience has been gained. Images have been analysed and scientific data obtained. However the nature of the flow is transient and a series of isolated images do not describe the processes and may lead to ambiguities. For this reason, the opportunity provided by John Hadland Ltd. to use the Spin Physics SP2000 High Speed Video system in August, 1984 was taken; using calibrated twin video cameras, the first high speed digital video photogrammetric system was thus operated. Accuracies in three dimensions of better than 0.5 mm are claimed for this experimental work at 1000 fiames s‐I.