bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on anti-fatigue design method of welded structure oriented to stiffness coordination strategy
Authors: Niu Chunliang , Xie Suming , Zhang Tao
Published: December 2021

Purpose

In order to obtain the relationship between the geometry and stress concentration of load-bearing welded joints, the fatigue design method of welded structures based on stiffness coordination strategy is studied.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the structural stress theory, a new method for anti-fatigue design of welded structures oriented to stiffness coordination strategy is proposed, and the detailed implementation process of this method is given. This method is also called the three-stage anti-fatigue design method for welded structures, which includes three stages, namely, identification, analysis and relief of stress concentration.

Findings

Through the experimental analysis of welded joints in IIW standard, the effectiveness of stiffness coordination in welded joint design is proved. The method is applied to the design of welded parts and products, and the feasibility of the method in alleviating the phenomenon of stress concentration and improving the fatigue resistance of welded structures is verified.

Originality/value

In this study, based on the principle of coordinated design of weld stiffness, a three-stage anti-fatigue design method of welded structure is proposed. The method has practical value for the optimization design and anti-fatigue performance improvement of welded structure in engineering products.
The role of digital technologies to unleash a green recovery: pathways and pitfalls to achieve the European Green Deal
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Lopes de Sousa Jabbour Ana Beatriz , Jain Vranda , Shishodia Anjali
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The article aims to concern identification and development of pathways for a green recovery process post pandemic taking into account the role of digital technologies for unleashing the policies planned within the European Green Deal (EGD).

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on a systematic literature review (SLR). The electronic databases Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) were surveyed. The authors followed the SLR guidelines laid down by Tranfield et al. (2003) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) framework and 65 articles were found eligible after thorough reading and inclusion in the analysis.

Findings

The article presents an innovative framework containing the digital technologies and their roles in enabling the achievement of the EGD policies and the barriers to their adoption.

Originality/value

The proposed framework would guide organizations and policymakers' decisions to pursue a pathway in which a green recovery is possible, mainly after the consequences of the current pandemic, considering the pitfalls of the journey. The article is original as it provides an up-to-date guidance toward an emerging theme, which is a green recovery economy including a net-zero carbon worldwide target.
Indian diaspora in Ghana: cultural and family heritage of tourists' travel preference
Authors: Mohammed Iddrisu , Preko Alexander , Allaberganov Azizbek , Thomas Tachie-Eyiah Yaw
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The literature has acknowledged the importance of diaspora studies because of the influx of funds into the local economy, including the tourism and hospitality sector. However, little empirical research appears to be known about the subject matter, principally within the developing country perspective. This study aims to respond to research calls by investigating the impact of diasporic cultural heritage, family heritage on travel preference of West African Indian migrant visitors to their homeland.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is guided by the theory of acculturation. A quantitative data were gathered from a sample of 312 diasporas, and the regression analysis was used to analyze the data.

Findings

The study finds that cultural heritage and family heritage have positive and significant impact on travel preference of migrant visitors to their homeland. Further analysis of the independent samplet-test reveals a significant difference between Indian Ghanaians and Ghanaian Indians in their thought of cultural heritage. However, no significant differences were found in the Indian Ghanaian and Ghanaian Indian’s family heritage and travel preference to their homeland.

Research limitations/implications

This study is destination-specific of Indian migrant visitors. The application of the study’s outcome to other diaspora would demand a larger sample size for generalization to be made. The study offers compelling insights on cultural heritage, family heritage and travel preference to marketing a diaspora tourism site.

Originality/value

The study expands the application of the theory of acculturation within the diaspora literature and establishes that integration and separation strategies of the theory explain the positive interests of the migrant visitors’ traveling preference to their homeland.
Using social exchange theory to examine minoritized STEM postdocs’ experiences with faculty mentoring relationships
Authors: Karalis Noel Tiffany , Miles Monica Lynn , Rida Padmashree
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Mentoring postdocs is a shared responsibility and dynamic process that requires a mutual commitment between the faculty mentor and postdoc. The purpose of this study is to understand how minoritized science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) postdocs view and engage in mentoring exchanges with their faculty mentors. In the context of this study, minoritized postdocs include women, people of color, and individuals with international status; faculty mentors include postdocs’ Principal Investigators (PIs).

Design/methodology/approach

Three researchers and 31 data sources (i.e., interview transcripts) were used to construct the case. Researchers first deductively and independently coded the data sources using Molm’s (2006) social exchange framework to identify examples of direct, generalized, and productive mentoring exchanges. Researchers then used thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006) to identify emergent themes among coded examples of direct, generalized, and productive mentoring exchanges.

Findings

Data analyses revealed three emergent themes: (1.1) postdocs valued regular meetings and communication with mentors to clarify responsibilities and role expectations, (1.2) postdocs found more value in their interactions with junior faculty PIs who were flexible and open to innovative ideas, and (1.3) postdocs appreciated conversations about short- and long-term career goals and advice with mentors.

Originality/value

Findings offer implications for faculty and postdocs’ approaches to mentoring relationships, and for approaches to cultivating supportive scholarly communities in STEM higher education. Recommendations include flexibility in research assignments, increased awareness of non-academic careers, and opportunities for informal interactions and intra/interdepartmental community building.
The influence of formal and informal control on market and financial results
Authors: Espinosa Sáez Daniel , Ortiz-Rendón Paola Andrea , Munuera Alemán José Luis
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the relationship between control mechanisms and marketing performance based on a sample of marketing managers. To that end, this paper focuses on the relationship between the types of controls used in marketing and the market and business results.

Methodology

This study collected the data through a survey among marketing professionals with experience and decision-making capacity involving marketing budgets and plans, in practical terms a sample of 97 marketing managers and analyzed the data via a structural equation model using Smart PLS 3.

Findings

The findings confirm that marketing control mechanisms have a significant impact on business results, demonstrating the relationship of formal controls with market results and the relationship between informal controls with financial results. Likewise, the authors were able to prove that there is a relationship between formal and informal control.

Practical implications

The implementation of the control mechanisms should be based on the development of a detailed evaluation system of the activities carried out by the marketing employees and an analysis of their capabilities and abilities. In addition, managers should integrate formal control decisions into their marketing strategy to improve organizational results.

Originality

The results of this study help explain the relationship between marketing control mechanisms and organizational results and allow to understand what the level of influence is that marketing control mechanisms have on market and financial results.
Azole‐resistant Aspergillus fumigatus as an emerging worldwide pathogen
Authors: Rivelli Zea Sofia Marisel , Toyotome Takahito
Published: December 2021

Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous pathogen, causes aspergillosis in humans, especially in immunodeficient patients. Azoles are frontline antifungal drugs for treating aspergillosis. The recent global emergence of azole resistance in A. fumigatus has become a serious problem worldwide. It has arisen through two routes: long‐term azole medical therapy, called the patient route, and the use of azole fungicides in its habitats especially for agricultural activities, called the environmental route. Resistant strains developed through the latter route show cross‐resistance to medical azoles because of the identical molecular target Cyp51A between azole compounds used for medical treatment and agricultural disease control. In azole‐resistant strains arising through the environmental route, A. fumigatus is observed frequently to possess mutations in the cyp51A gene linked to tandem repeats in the promoter region such as TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A. The results of microsatellite genotyping analyses of resistant A. fumigatus strains have suggested a transboundary spread of this microorganism in many countries. Diverse actors are involved in the global highway of transmission. Therefore, the matter must be addressed as a “One Health” issue. This review presents a background of azole resistance in A. fumigatus and introduces newly discovered difficulties generated as this pathogen spreads worldwide.
Kantian moral education for the future of humanity: The climate change challenge
Authors: Wyrębska-Đermanović Ewa
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I investigate the potential of a Kantian account of moral education to facilitate the development of humanity towards much-needed change in individual and collective responses to global problems such as climate change. Kant's account of moral development is focused on the internal motivation for and not the external result of action. An often-proposed strategy to tackle climate change consists of calling for various juridical sanctions, rules and laws that regulate the climate-affecting actions of agents, as well as the behaviour of corporations and even nations. I agree with such approaches, which on a Kantian framework belong to the sphere of state or international legislation. Significantly, Kant emphasises that legal sanctions on external actions are only one of two main aspects of morality, the other being free actions and their underlying motivations. My focus is on investigating how Kant's account of moral progress on an individual and collective level can provide a perspective that complements the politico-juridical solutions to this problem. My starting point is a brief overview of the available means of bettering human beings on an individual level. I then discuss Kant's propositions for moral change on the collective and eventually global levels, while showing the significance of shaping not only the global legal order, but also communal participation in the idea of the kingdom of ends. I then proceed to show how Kant's demanding account of the ethical community can be interpreted in a weaker sense and serve to better understand some modern problems and offer practical prescriptions for informal moral education on a collective level. In so doing, I apply the general account of moral education on the collective level to the problem of climate change, while showing that the Kantian means for moral progress might be of value in stopping humanity on its march to self-destruction.
Dynamics of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in the reclaimed islands of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem, India
Authors: Das Nilanjan , Mondal Ayan , Mandal Sudipto
Published: December 2021

The loss and deterioration of mangroves would lead to potentially important greenhouse gases (GHG) from the mangrove ecosystem. Seasonal variations of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes are studied in the Indian part of the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem. Considering the importance of CH4 and CO2 fluxes, a dynamic model is proposed here with CH4 and CO2 as state variables. The data used in the model are collected and analysed from the field over two years. The parameters that are taken from the literature sources are calibrated in the model. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the valuable contribution of various parameters to the dynamics of CH4 and CO2 emissions from the mangrove beds. Model simulation results are appropriately validated with the observed data. Results showed that CH4 and CO2 fluxes were higher during monsoon. Pearson correlation was done to assess the relationships between emissions and all the physical–chemical factors involved in the model. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the temperature sensitivity (Q10) was the system‐sensitive parameter for CH4 and CO2 emissions. The soil moisture and relative light intensity were the sensitive parameters for CH4 and CO2 emissions, respectively. Model showed that the increase in the anthropogenic emissions including emissions from livestock and fossil fuel caused an increase of 2% of CH4 and 3% of CO2 in the system, respectively. The proposed model could be a tool for environmental managers to assess the emission process at different global locations.
TLR2 and TLR4 molecules and antigen‐presenting cell compositions in cecal tonsils of broiler chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the first two weeks of the post‐hatch period
Authors: Eren Ulker , Kum Sadiye , Nazligul Ahmet , Gules Ozay , Aka Ebru , Yildiz Mustafa , Zorlu Secil
Published: December 2021

Chickens do not have lymph nodes. Gut‐associated lymphoid tissue is the major immunological organization for the digestive system. Cecal tonsils are an important part of this organization. This study is a descriptive and experimental study that was conducted to determine the histological development of the cecal tonsils and the distribution of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and antigen‐presenting cells during the first 2 weeks of the chick's life. The tissue sections were stained using Crossmon's triple technique, Gordon and Sweet's silver impregnation, and streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex methods. The classical tonsil framework with fossa and tonsillar units were observed in 4 days cecal tissue. The web of reticular fibres forming the stroma of the tissue had the impression that the lymphoid cells filling in time. The development of cecal tonsil was completed histologically on the day 10 and following day 14 samples. Regardless of the antigenic stimulation, TLR2, TLR4 and CD83, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are present in proximal cecal tissue. However, CD83‐positive dendritic cells in the germinal centre were first distinguished on day 7. Furthermore, the high antigen presentation capacity of the cecum with an intense MHC class II molecule expression was determined. Histological and immunohistochemical findings in this study revealed that both innate and adaptive cecal defence mechanisms were in the learning period during the first 2 weeks. The learning period of innate immunity may require more detailed research. However, the results obtained in this study will be taken into consideration in the vaccination programmes in chicks.
Childhood aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in low–middle‐income countries
Authors: Moleti Maria Luisa , Testi Anna Maria , Foà Robin
Published: December 2021

In high‐income countries (HICs) paediatric aggressive B‐cell lymphomas are curable in about 90% of cases. Much worse results, with cure rates ranging from less than 30% to about 70%, are achieved in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where 90% of paediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphomas occur. Low socio‐economic and cultural conditions, the lack of optimal diagnostic procedures, laboratory facilities and adequate supportive care exert a strong negative impact on compliance, treatment delivery, toxicity and, consequently, on the clinical outcome. Published data are scarce, generally originating from single institutions, and are difficult to compare. National and international cooperation projects have been undertaken to reduce the unacceptable gap between HICs and LMICs in the management of children with cancer, by promoting the sharing of knowledge and by implementing adequate local healthcare facilities, with initial promising results. In the present review, we will summarize the results so far obtained in the management of paediatric aggressive B‐cell NHL in LMICs.
Therapy for isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2)R172‐mutant acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Linch David C. , Hills Robert K. , Burnett Alan K. , Russell Nigel , Gale Rosemary E.
Published: December 2021

Although we earlier reported a very poor outcome for younger adult patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2)R172‐mutated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) entered into UK trials compared to IDH2WT and IDH2R140‐mutated patients, this was not corroborated by a study from the German‐Austrian AML Study Group. We have therefore investigated a later cohort of IDH2‐mutated patients to identify any changes in outcome and whether this could inform the optimal treatment for IDH2R172 AML. We found an improved outcome for IDH2R172‐mutated AML in the later trials and the data suggests that this may be due to the increased use of allogeneic transplantation to consolidate first remission.
Palaeoecological and genetic analyses of Late Pleistocene bears in Asiatic Russia
Authors: Kosintsev Pavel A. , Bocherens Hervé , Kirillova Irina V. , Levchenko Vladimir A. , Zazovskaya Elya P. , Trofimova Svetlana S. , Lan Tianying , Lindqvist Charlotte
Published: December 2021

Brown bears are one of the few large carnivore species that survived the final Pleistocene wave of extinctions, perhaps in part owing to their wide ecological plasticity, variety of forms and polyphagia. Although the brown bear has become a well‐studied system, many questions remain regarding the ecological, trophic and genetic diversity throughout their distribution. For example, knowledge about Asiatic Russian brown bears from the Late Pleistocene arctic tundra steppe, an ecosystem with no analogue in modern times, is sparse. Here we compared diets, morphometry and genetic affinities of Late Pleistocene bears based on broadly sampled subfossil remains from Asiatic Russia. Collecting sites included the Ural Mountains, the lower reaches of the Irtysh River, the upper reaches of the Ob River, the Altai Mountains of western Siberia, the Indigirka–Kolyma Lowlands and northwestern Chukotka. An extremely large bear specimen from the middle Indigirka (41 090 14C a BP) that lived in landscapes of treeless shrubs and wet meadows had a diet composed principally of large herbivorous mammals. A bear from western Chukotka (25 880 14C a BP), much smaller in size, had a diet close to that of modern brown bears. These two Late Pleistocene NE Russian brown bears may comprise a previously undiscovered, but extinct, genetic lineage. At the end of the Pleistocene (MIS 3 and MIS 2), the brown bears from the Ob River Valley and Urals lived in periglacial forest‐steppes and those from the southern Urals in conditions of periglacial steppe. Brown bears from the Ob River valley and Urals, as well as ancient Altai bears, were characterized by a varied diet, from polyphagia to vegetarianism. In living brown bears, the proportions of different dietary foods are primarily related to food availability, which depends on the geographical zone and climatic conditions. We conclude that the same was true for Late Pleistocene brown bears of NE Siberia.
Environmental filtering and deforestation shape frog assemblages in Amazonia: An empirical approach assessing species abundances and functional traits
Authors: Torralvo Kelly , de Fraga Rafael , Lima Albertina P. , Dayrell Jussara , Magnusson William E.
Published: December 2021

Biological assemblages are often predictable from knowledge of natural environmental heterogeneity and change in response to anthropogenic disturbances, such as deforestation, so understanding ecological mechanisms and processes mediating assemblages is essential to direct conservation actions. We sampled frogs along an edaphic and vegetation‐structure gradient in the Brazilian Amazon to test the hypothesis that assemblages change in species composition and functional trait characteristics across landscapes due to environmental filtering. Our study area covered a gradient of forest fragmentation, and we hypothesized that assemblages would change in response to both natural gradients and deforestation. We found that frog assemblages are locally structured by species turnover along gradients in distance to water bodies, vegetation structure, soil sand and silt content, and proportion of the area deforested. Additionally, we found that small‐bodied species and those with direct breeding (no larval stage) were no longer present in deforested areas. We conclude that frog assemblages are not randomly distributed across forests, but trait filtering has resulted in different species subsets from the regional pool, which change among sites with different environmental conditions and disturbance levels. Our findings highlight the importance of creating reserves to effectively protect forests and maintain connectivity among forest fragments resulting from deforestation.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
A phase 1 trial of xentuzumab, an IGF‐neutralizing antibody, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Doi Toshihiko , Kuboki Yasutoshi , Naito Yoichi , Ishida Masahiro , Tanaka Tetsuya , Takeuchi Yoshito
Published: December 2021

Xentuzumab is an insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) ligand‐neutralizing antibody. This phase 1 trial assessed xentuzumab in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Patients aged ≥20 y old with solid tumors that were refractory or not amenable to standard therapy were enrolled. Patients received xentuzumab intravenously at a starting dose of 750 mg/wk. Dose escalation used a 3 + 3 design with dose de‐escalation. The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of xentuzumab. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and anti‐tumor activity were also assessed. Fifteen patients received xentuzumab in the dose escalation part (750 mg/wk [n = 6]; 1000 mg/wk [n = 3]; 1400 mg/wk [n = 6]). There were no dose‐limiting toxicities at any dose; the MTD of xentuzumab was not reached. Xentuzumab 1000 mg/wk was recommended as the relevant biological dose. Six further patients received xentuzumab 1000 mg/wk in an expansion cohort. Of 21 patients, 13 (61.9%) experienced a drug‐related adverse event, most commonly fatigue (23.8%), neutropenia (19.0%), diarrhea, nausea, white blood cell count decrease, and muscle spasms (14.3% each). No relevant deviations from dose linearity of xentuzumab exposure were observed during dose escalation. Total IGF‐1 and IGF‐2 levels increased and bioactive IGF levels decreased from baseline to 24 h after the first infusion in cycle 1. Partial response was observed in 2 (9.5%) patients with desmoid‐type fibromatosis. Disease control was achieved in 6 (28.6%) patients (median duration 42.4 mo). Xentuzumab monotherapy was well tolerated in Japanese patients and showed evidence of anti‐tumor activity. This study was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02145741).
Childhood protective strategies for adult daughters of abused women raised in rural areas
Authors: Anderson Kim M. , Carroll Michael K.
Published: December 2021

This qualitative study aimed to highlight the contextual nuances of childhood protective strategies from the perspectives of adult daughters of abused women raised in rural areas (N = 35). Children exposed to domestic violence courageously find ways to survive and persevere against adverse and harsh familial conditions. Thematic analysis of qualitative data produced three overarching themes related to participants' childhood efforts to protect themselves and their mothers: (1) seeking safety and connection (i.e., friends, pets, nature, school and extracurricular activities), (2) hiding and invisibility (i.e., physically hiding, reading, mental escapes and planning for the future), and (3) intervening and protecting others (i.e., diverting, mediating and opposing violence). The study's findings underscore the tenuous balance for female children exposed to domestic violence between seeking refuge from violence exposure versus challenging rural cultural norms of male dominance and female subordination. Implications for helping professionals include acknowledging how the rural context influences girls' coping strategies while addressing safety planning for themselves and their mothers.
Child maltreatment and substance abuse: Unaccompanied children and adverse outcomes in long‐term foster care in the United States
Authors: Hasson Robert G. , Crea Thomas M. , Easton Scott D. , Underwood Dawnya
Published: December 2021

Unaccompanied children have arrived in increasing numbers to the United States since 2014, with 69,488 referrals to the Office of Refugee Resettlement in 2019. Little is known about the health and well‐being of unaccompanied children placed in long‐term foster care. This study includes a secondary analysis of administrative data from a national non‐profit that provides services and advocacy for unaccompanied children in long‐term foster care. The focus of the study was to examine how histories of child maltreatment (verbal, physical and sexual abuse and neglect) and substance abuse are associated with adverse outcomes in a sample of unaccompanied children in long‐term foster care (n = 204). Results from a negative binomial regression model indicate a history of sexual abuse and history of neglect are associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes for these children at their time of discharge from long‐term foster care. Research and practice implications are discussed.
Visual Analysis of Two‐Phase Flow Displacement Processes in Porous Media
Authors: Frey Steffen , Scheller Stefan , Karadimitriou Nikolaos , Lee Dongwon , Reina Guido , Steeb Holger , Ertl Thomas
Published: December 2021

We developed a new visualization approach to gain a better understanding of the displacement of one fluid phase by another in porous media. This is based on a recent experimental parameter study with varying capillary numbers and viscosity ratios. We analyse the temporal evolution of characteristic values in this two‐phase flow scenario and discuss how to directly compare experiments across different temporal scales. To enable spatio‐temporal analysis, we introduce a new abstract visual representation showing which paths through the porous medium were occupied and for how long. These transport networks allow to assess the impact of different acting forces and they are designed to yield expressive comparability and linking to the experimental parameter space both supported by additional visual cues. This joint work of porous media experts and visualization researchers yields new insights regarding two‐phase flow on the microscale, and our visualization approach contributes towards the overarching goal of the domain scientists to characterize porous media flow based on capillary numbers and viscosity ratios.
Comparison between students' self‐evaluation and faculty members' evaluation in a clinical endodontic course at King Saud University
Authors: Almohaimede Amal A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The objective of this study was to compare faculty member evaluations with student self‐evaluations in a clinical endodontic course in the dental school at King Saud University and to evaluate the reliability of the students' self‐assessment scores after using a rubric with well‐defined criteria.

Materials and methods

Evaluated and self‐evaluated endodontic cases that were clinically treated by the fourth‐year undergraduate dental students at the College of Dentistry, Girls University Campus, at King Saud University over 2 years (2017–2018) were included. Cases included anterior teeth, premolars and molars. The evaluation form was divided into six sections with well‐defined criteria to cover all aspects of nonsurgical root canal treatment with a maximum grade of 10 points can be scored for each student per case. The students evaluated themselves for each section and then were evaluated by two faculty members. Student and faculty assessment agreement and the reliability of the students' self‐assessment scores were measured. Ap ≤ .05 was considered significant.

Results

A total of 363 cases were included: 26.7% anterior teeth, 38.84% premolars and 34.43% molars. The students evaluated themselves with higher grades compared to the evaluators' grading in all steps and in the overall grading in all teeth types. The students' self‐assessment scores showed good and moderate reliability in all steps and in the overall grading.

Conclusion

The students tend to overrate their performance, and their assessments have moderate to good reliability, which reflects the reliability of the rubric used as an accurate measurement tool that helps the evaluator and the student objectively assess their performance.
ILAE clinical practice recommendations for the medical treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy
Authors: Mula Marco , Brodie Martin J , de Toffol Bertrand , Guekht Alla , Hecimovic Hrvoje , Kanemoto Kousuke , Kanner Andres M , Teixeira Antonio L , Wilson Sarah J
Published: December 2021

The aim of this document is to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the medical treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy. The working group consisted of members of an ad hoc Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Commission on Psychiatry, ILAE Executive and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) representatives. The development of these recommendations is based on a systematic review of studies on the treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy, and a formal adaptation process of existing guidelines and recommendations of treatment of depression outside epilepsy using the ADAPTE process. The systematic review identified 11 studies on drug treatments (788 participants, class of evidence III and IV); 13 studies on psychological treatments (998 participants, class of evidence II, III and IV); and 2 studies comparing sertraline with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; 155 participants, class of evidence I and IV). The ADAPTE process identified the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the biological treatment of unipolar depression as the starting point for the adaptation process. This document focuses on first‐line drug treatment, inadequate response to first‐line antidepressant treatment, and duration of such treatment and augmentation strategies within the broader context of electroconvulsive therapy, psychological, and other treatments. For mild depressive episodes, psychological interventions are first‐line treatments, and where medication is used, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first‐choice medications (Level B). SSRIs remain the first‐choice medications (Level B) for moderate to severe depressive episodes; however, in patients who are partially or non‐responding to first‐line treatment, switching to venlafaxine appears legitimate (Level C). Antidepressant treatment should be maintained for at least 6 months following remission from a first depressive episode but it should be prolonged to 9 months in patients with a history of previous episodes and should continue even longer in severe depression or in cases of residual symptomatology until such symptoms have subsided.
Academics' commitment and job satisfaction: Tenure‐ vs. non‐tenure‐track in South Korea
Authors: Lee Soo Jeung
Published: December 2021

This study analyses academics' commitment and job satisfaction according to full‐time non‐tenure‐track (FTNT) and full‐time tenure‐track (FTT) in South Korea's changing academic environment. Data were collected from the 2018 Academic Profession in the Knowledge‐Based Society Survey. One‐way analyses of variance show no statistically significant differences in professional commitment (PC) and organisational commitment (OC) between FTNT and FTT academics, but FTNT academics exhibit significantly lower job satisfaction. Hierarchical linear regression models indicate that OC positively relates to job satisfaction, but PC is not statistically significantly associated with job satisfaction. This study argues that work conditions and stable positions are important factors in job satisfaction, though committed academics are likely to remain with the profession and organisation. These findings have implications for the treatment of academics and for university hiring and promotion procedures in today's changing academic environment.
Bone mineral density, kidney function and participant‐reported outcome measures in women who switch from tenofovir disoproxil emtricitabine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor to abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir
Authors: Campbell Lucy , Ibrahim Fowzia , Barbini Birgit , Samarawickrama Amanda , Orkin Chloe , Fox Julie , Waters Laura , Gilleece Yvonne , Tariq Shema , Post Frank A. ,   the BESTT Trial Team*,†
Published: December 2021

Objectives

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in BMD in women who switched from TDF, emtricitabine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (TDF/FTC/NNRTI) to abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir (ABC/3TC/DTG).

Methods

We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which women aged ≥ 40 years were randomized 1:2 to continue TDF/FTC/NNRTI or switch to ABC/3TC/DTG. We analysed changes in BMD at the hip and lumbar spine from baseline to week 96 using linear regression, and markers of bone turnover and kidney function using repeated measures mixed effects models with multiple imputation for missing data. We conducted exploratory analyses of weight, mental health, sleep and symptoms attributed to HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy.

Results

Ninety‐one women [mean (standard deviation) age 50.4 (6.6) years] were randomized. Women who switched to ABC/3TC/DTG maintained viral suppression and experienced improvements in BMD at the lumbar spine (but not the neck of the femur or the total hip), bone resorption markers and proteinuria (total protein, albumin and retinol‐binding protein) and modest weight gain without changes in body mass index. Although mean anxiety, depression and sleep scores did not differ between the two study arms, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance at baseline predicted ABC/3TC/DTG discontinuation for neuropsychiatric side effects [odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) 11.9 (2.0–71.6), 16.0 (2.6–97.9) and 10.0 (1.8–56.0), respectively].

Conclusions

Switching from TDF/FTC/NNRTI to ABC/3TC/DTG improved the BMD of the lumbar spine and kidney function. These benefits need to be balanced against modest weight gain and the need for antiretroviral therapy substitutions in a proportion of participants.
Preparation of concrete specimen for internal sulfate attack analysis using electron backscatter diffraction
Authors: Uwanyuze R. Sharon , Enright Lucas , Zhang Jiyao , Schafföner Stefan
Published: December 2021

Concrete cores were obtained from houses in eastern Connecticut, USA, that had varying degrees of crumbling foundations and wall cracking. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used simultaneously with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy to investigate the degradation of these samples. This combination allowed the precise correlation of elemental composition with mineral crystallography phase mapping. EBSD examination showed the presence of pyrrhotite, pyrite, and marcasite phases in some of the samples, whereas internal sulfate attack (ISA) is triggered by the release of sulfates through the oxidation of such iron sulfides. Secondary expansion products from ISA are associated with foundation cracking, wall bulging, and drastically decreased structural stability. The main contribution of this study is therefore an automated procedure for preparation of concrete samples and analysis of aggregates using EBSD.
Association between asthma and periodontitis in the US adult population: A population‐based observational epidemiological study
Authors: Shah Parth D. , Badner Victor M. , Moss Kevin L.
Published: December 2021

Aim

To examine the association between asthma and periodontitis in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States.

Materials and Methods

Data obtained from 10,710 adult men and women who participated in National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey from 2009 to 2014 were analysed. Asthma was measured based on self‐reported physician diagnosis. Periodontitis was the outcome of interest. It was classified into mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis according to the updated CDC/AAP case definitions. Multivariable models were developed to examine the association of asthma with periodontitis while controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, income, body mass index, diabetes, and smoking. Odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Replication was performed by differently classifying the outcome using another system called periodontal profile class (PPC).

Results

Current asthmatics, in reference to never asthmatics, had lower odds of severe periodontitis [(adjusted OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.30–0.87) and (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35–0.97) as classified using CDC/AAP case definitions and PPC system, respectively]. However, there was no statistically significant association between asthma and any other forms of periodontitis (p value >.05).

Conclusions

In the United States, current‐asthmatic adults were less likely to have severe periodontitis as compared with never‐asthmatic adults. Further research is required to fully understand this association.
Membrane fixation enhances guided bone regeneration in standardized calvarial defects: A pre‐clinical study
Authors: An Yin‐Zhe , Strauss Franz‐Josef , Park Jin‐Young , Shen Yu Qin , Thoma Daniel Stefan , Lee Jung‐Seok
Published: December 2021

Aim

To determine whether collagen membrane (CM) fixation enhances guided bone regeneration in standardized defects.

Materials and Methods

Four 8‐mm‐diameter defects were surgically made in eight rabbit calvaria, and randomly allocated into four groups: control (empty), unfixed‐CM, fixed‐CM, and unfixed‐CM with bone graft (BG + CM) (positive control). After 1‐ and 4‐week healing periods, the animals were sacrificed and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, micro‐computed tomography, and histological outcomes were assessed.

Results

At week 1, the expression levels of BMP‐2, FGF‐2, VEGF, and osteocalcin were significantly higher in the fixed‐CM group than in the unfixed‐CM and control groups (p < .05). Conversely, cathepsin‐K was significantly expressed in the unfixed‐CM group. No significant differences in expression markers were observed between the fixed‐CM and BG + CM groups (p > .05). At week 4, new bone formation was significantly higher in the fixed‐CM group than the unfixed‐CM and control groups (p < .05), but similar to the BG + CM group (p > .05).

Conclusions

CM fixation enhances the expression of osteogenic factors similar to BG + CM, leading to significantly more new bone formation. This suggests that the osteogenic potential is greater when membranes are fixed, thereby limiting the necessity of membrane‐supporting materials to enhance bone formation.
Concerns about the COVID‐19 Pandemic Among Justice‐Involved and Low‐Income Youth
Authors: Cavanagh Caitlin , Clough Isabelle , Thomas April Gile
Published: December 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused immense change and stress among adolescents. Yet, little is known about youths’ concerns related to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This is particularly true among youth who have been highly impacted by the pandemic—namely, justice system‐involved youth, low‐income youth, and youth who consider themselves to be low status. Youth from the community, youth on probation, and incarcerated youth completed a survey describing their concerns related to COVID‐19 across three concern domains: economic, social concerns, and COVID‐19 itself. Results suggested that, with respect to economic concerns, incarcerated youth felt more concern about their ability to get a job if needed than youth on probation or community youth (accounting for gender and household income), and more concerned about food security (accounting for gender and subjective social status). With respect to social concerns, both incarcerated youth and youth on probation felt that the quality of their relationship with family members had decreased as a result of the pandemic, relative to community youth (accounting for gender and income), while incarcerated youth only felt that the quality of their friendships had decreased (accounting for gender and subjective social status). With respect to concerns about COVID‐19, no group differences were observed about getting sick or dying from COVID‐19, but low‐income youth regardless of justice system status were more concerned about dying of COVID‐19 than their affluent counterparts. Overall, the study gives voice to the concerns of the most vulnerable youth during the pandemic.
Automatic detection of Kikuchi bands based on Radon transform and PPHT
Authors: Han Yuexing , Li Ruiqi , Zeng Yi , Liu Mengyang
Published: December 2021

The information of crystal structure and orientation can be provided by analysing the EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) patterns which are obtained with the EBSD devices. The reliability and accuracy of the information relies on the location of bands and intersections of the EBSD patterns. In this study, a method is proposed to automatically obtain the locations and intersections of the EBSD patterns, that is, Kikuchi bands. The proposed method uses Radon transform and progressive probabilistic Hough transform to detect straight lines and line segments of the Kikuchi band edges, respectively. Then, Kikuchi bands can be presented by fitting the hyperbolas with the endpoints of line segments. The results can numerically describe the information of Kikuchi bands. Experimental results show that the method is robust and can detect more accurate Kikuchi bands and intersections.
Rethinking “zero tolerance”: A moderated mediation model of mental resilience and coping strategies in workplace violence and nurses’ mental health
Authors: Fan Sisi , An Wenhong , Zeng Lihong , Liu Jue , Tang Siyuan , Chen Jia , Huang Hui
Published: December 2021

Aims

This study aimed to investigate whether the impact of workplace violence (WPV) on nurses’ mental health varies with mental resilience and coping strategies.

Background

Workplace violence is a serious threat to nurses’ mental health, and its impact on nurses’ mental health is influenced by many factors.

Method

A cross‐sectional study involving 349 participants was conducted over 12 months. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro.

Results

In total, 82.52% of nurses were exposed to WPV. WPV not only affects mental health directly but also indirectly through mental resilience. Coping strategies had a moderating effect among WPV, mental resilience and mental health. When nurses coped with psychological violence with intolerance, WPV had a stronger negative effect on their mental health. When nurses coped with psychological violence with tolerance but coped with physical violence with intolerance, mental resilience had a stronger positive effect on their mental health.

Conclusions

Good mental resilience and coping with psychological violence with tolerance while coping with physical violence with intolerance can help buffer WPV and promote mental health.

Clinical relevance

Employers who have a “zero tolerance” policy regarding WPV need to re‐examine how they currently operate.
In search of lost beauty: Experiences of Iranian women with melasma
Authors: Edalatkhah Hasan , Sadeghieh‐Ahary Saied , Abbasnejad Fatemeh , Karimollahi Mansoureh
Published: December 2021

Background

The skin condition called melasma affects patients' appearance significantly and affects them psychologically and emotionally, besides leading to an impaired body image.

Aim

Since access to quality information in different cultural environments is necessary to understand the psychological problems associated with melasma, the aim of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of 20 Iranian women with melasma.

Patients/Methods

The content analysis method was employed for this study. Twenty participants were selected through purposive sampling, and data were collected through face‐to‐face in‐depth interviews and then transcribed verbatim.

Results

After categorizing the initial codes, 14 subthemes were identified, which were classified under five themes—camouflage, seeking treatment, lost beauty, grief, and others' reaction; these were then grouped under a general one, “in search of lost beauty.”

Conclusions

Melasma has a tremendous impact on the lives of the women it affects, and therapists should focus on the condition's social and psychological aspects, in addition to treatment.
The Chief Justice versus the iconoclast: Popular constitutionalism and support for using “sociological gobbledygook” in legal decisions
Authors: Woodson Benjamin W. , Parker Christopher M.
Published: December 2021

Conventional wisdom assumes that the public wants judges that will simply interpret and apply the law as it is written. However, existing evidence shows a substantial portion of the American population supports the doctrine of popular constitutionalism. Using two experiments involving the use of social science in legal decisions, we show that popular constitutionalists evaluate the judiciary using a different set of criteria than legal traditionalists. For legal traditionalists, using social science in legal decisions is perceived as an undesirable nonlegal influence and reduces acceptance of a court decision. For popular constitutionalists, social science is perceived as objective evidence that can be used to understand the practical effects of a decision and increases acceptance. We conclude by discussing the need for more research on popular constitutionalists, as little is known about how this group evaluates the judiciary and interprets its actions.