bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Students’ Motor Activity as a Motivational Orientation towards a Healthy Lifestyle
Authors: Yachniuk Maksym , Yachniuk Iryna , Yachniuk Yurii
Published: July 2018

An individual’s physical activity is the result of human biological needs which are formed due to the interaction with the environment. But the problem itself does not acknowledge the nature of the individual’s activity because it may be solved with the help of different things or methods. The satisfying feature is defined when an individual starts to act. Consequently the research has been conducted among the students of the Chernivtsi National University. The aim of the research was to learn about the motivation for the improvement of recreational activities. As a result of the research it turned out how youth usually spend their free time after studying, why students want to train, which factors encourage them to use recreational activities, what reasons hinder them in their efforts to do the chosen recreationally curative activities and what effect they want to have on such trainings. Moreover, it was found that the majority of students want to do recreational activities although they have some obstacles to train systematically. Furthermore it was ascertained that the preference is given to the free time activities which do not require special equipment and significant costs. According to the results of the sociological research, we’ve discovered the actual motives that encourage students to the recreationally curative activities. It is worth saying a physical activity is the priority among different factors which have an influence on a young person’s health and efficiency. The analyzed data gives reasons to affirm that on the one hand students’ free time depends on demographical changes, social and cultural environment and on the other hand it is linked to the system of the orientation of their values, needs and interests.
Movement-related Activity of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Physical Rehabilitation
Authors: Nogas Angela , Karpinskiy Andriy
Published: July 2018

The article explains the main issues of health and social problems of rheumatoid arthritis. It was established that the urgency of rheumatoid arthritis is caused by progressive disease, severity of the musculoskeletal system. It is noted that there is a high incidence of lesions of working age in which there are early functional abilities decline, loss of professional and social skills, the difficulties of physical and psychological adjustment of patients to violations of motor functions. There was accent an attention that the disease causes significant morbidity, decreased quality of life and high economic expenses. According to modern standards of rheumatoid arthritis treatment, the treatment goal is achieving state of prolonged remission, in addition is decreasing of pain in joints, improvement of its movement, improvement the general patient’s stage, high temperature decreasing. There were established that carefully chosen exercises, physical activity and other renewable contribute help to stop further progression of the disease, restoring function of the affected joints and improve physical and mental condition of the patient and their quality of life. There was proved the necessity to develop a theoretical justification and comprehensive rehabilitation program for early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, which is aimed to improve the efficiency of rehabilitation, improve ability to work, physical stage and life quality.
Expert Evaluation of the Organization of Physical Education in Educational Institutions with in the General Secondary Education System
Authors: Perehinets Mykhailo , Dolzhenko Liudmyla
Published: July 2018

The current relevance of the research is due to a decrease and sometimes lack of motivation in students, especially high school age, to exercise so as the time limit for extracurricular forms of organization of physical education. The goal of the study was to determine the opinions of teachers of physical culture, on the organization of physical education in educational institutions of secondary education. The results of the research paper present data obtained from the survey author Physical Education teachers working in various schools of secondary education in Ivano–Frankivsk, on the organization of physical education in school. The research found that 21,2 % of teachers still do not take into account the views of students in choosing the variant modules. Identified guidance to teachers introduced new variant modules of the program of physical education. Described list of diseases that are ill students and other features of the educational process with physical training. The findings obtained in the study provide an opportunity to «look through the eyes of teachers» in the process of physical education in schools of general secondary education, recommendations for improving curriculum. The material can serve as methodical teacher to develop planning documents for schoolboy of all ages. The actual survey allows luggage improve teacher of physical culture in school.
Peculiarities of the Factors which Affect the Physical Activity of High School Pupils
Authors: Mandiuk Andrii
Published: July 2018

Individual's' physical activity is closely related to health level and physical fitness, which in turn are important components of life quality. The development of modern society leads to a number of negative factors which influence the overall human activity, reducing level of physical activity and causing occurrence of hypodynamia. The main objective of the study was to identify the main factors that affect high school pupils’ physical activity.To solve this task, methods of analysis of scientific and methodical literature, method of analysis and synthesis and sociological survey, were applied. The contingent surveyed were pupils of secondary schools aged 15–17 years. As result of research, peculiarities of the factors, which determine the content and scope of high school pupils’ physical activity, were identified.
Overcoming the Fear of Water at the Initial Stage of Learning to Swim
Authors: Obrazhey Olga
Published: July 2018

The article deals with the fear of children of primary school age to open water, which appears at the initial stage of teaching swimming and is a serious obstacle to mastering the skills of swimming. Analysis of the scientific researches indicate a lack of reasonable methods of overcoming fears associated with the water during swimming training and scientific methodological developments in the prevention and overcoming fears associated with water, which leads to certain problems and violations of logical consistency in teaching swimming. The following empirical methods as questionnaires, interviews, pedagogical observations are used. The article presents the results of a study of this problem, especially: the results of the survey of primary school children who arrived at the base of the summer camp «Lastochka» in Skadovsk of Kherson region in 2016 during the month of June as well as conversations and observations with them that took place in real conditions of training swimming. This study provided the opportunity to determine the origin of fear causes of primary school age children, to reveal the reasons and statistics of accidents at open water, to identify factors fear of open water of primary school age children. The article indicates signs of the most important physical symptoms associated with the fear of open water. Methodical recommendations developed to overcome fears at the initial stage of swimming lessons in open water based on the principles of psychological impact on the minds of everyone as well as the use of innovative techniques while swimming. Methodical recommendations focus on the preparation and organization of lessons with children of primary school age, with the problem of fear of open water. They aim to overcome fear and to achieve the main goals of the swimming lessons in the summer camp to teach swimming every child.
Penguraian Mekanisme Kerja Jamu dengan Menggunakan Analisis Graf Tripartit pada Jejaring Senyawa-Protein-Penyakit
Authors: Rosyadah Muchlishah , Afendi Farit Mochamad , Kusuma Wisnu Ananta
Published: July 2018

Jamu adalah obat tradisional di Indonesia. Berbeda dengan konsep one drug-one target pada obat kimia, jamu memiliki konsep multi components-network target. Hal ini disebabkan oleh keterlibatan senyawa aktif di jamu yang menargetkan beberapa protein dalam tubuh manusia.Jaringan yang menghubungkan senyawa aktif dan protein target, serta penyakit yang berhubungan dengan protein target, memberikan dasar yang kuat guna menjelaskan menjelaskan mekanisme kerja jamu secara komputasi.Data yang digunakan berasal dari jamu yang terdiri dari 4 tanaman, yaitu: pare (Momordica charantia), sembung (Blumea balsamifera), bratawali (Tinospora crispa), dan jahe (Zingiber officinale). Setiap tanaman memiliki senyawa aktif dan protein target dari tiap-tiap senyawa. Terdapat 47 senyawa aktif yang diperoleh dari jahe, 4 senyawa aktif dari sembung, 4 senyawa aktif dari pare, dan 3 senyawa aktif dari bratawali. Total ada 58 senyawa aktif yang diperoleh dari empat tanaman. Database PubChem mengidentifikasi bahwa terdapat 3.059 koneksiantara senyawa aktif dan protein tergetnya, dari 3059 koneksi tereduksi menjadi 396 protein yang unik. Selanjutnya, dengan menggunakan database disgenet, PharmGKB, dan Theurapetic Target Database didapatkan 118 sasaran penyakit yang memiliki koneksi terhadap 396 protein yang unik. Jejaring senyawa, protein target, dan penyakit yang telah dianalisis menggunakan analisis graf tripartit menunjukkan bahwa 396 protein unik dari jamu terkait dengan beberapa penyakit, sebagian besar berkaitan dengan penyakit metabolik, penyakit kardiovaskular (jantung), penyakit mata, neoplasma, stomatognatik, penyakit sistem saraf, dan penyakit Saluran pernapasan.
Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Sebagai Agen Anti-Katarak
Authors: Kusrini Eny , Tristantini Dewi , Izza Ni’matul
Published: July 2018

Bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) mengandung senyawa yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan ekstrak bunga telang dalam peluruhan katarak. Ekstrak bunga telang kering dilakukan dengan proses ekstraksi ultrasonik dengan kondisi operasi rasio pelarut dan bunga telang (a/t) 62 mL/g bunga, power output ultrasonik 60%, dan waktu ekstraksi selama 15 menit. Pengujian anti-katarak dilakukan dengan perendaman model senyawa katarak dalam ekstrak bunga telang dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak 0; 2,5 ;5; 7,5; 10% (v/v) dan waktu perendaman 15, 30, dan 45 menit. Ekstrak bunga telang dengan konsentrasi 2,5% dapat melarutkan kalsium (Ca) dan natrium (Na) penyusun dari model katarak masing-masing adalah 8,37 dan 4,43 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan air sebagai kontrol. Konsentrasi ekstrak bunga telang yang terbaik untuk meluruhkan katarak adalah 5%. Ekstrak bunga telang berpotensi sebagai anti-katarak.
Metode Ekstraksi dan Pemisahan Optimum Untuk Isolasi Xantorizol dari Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza)
Authors: Wahyuni Wulan Tri , Herdiyanto Herdiyanto , Rafi Mohamad
Published: July 2018

Xantorizol merupakan senyawa penciri utama temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza). Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan metode ekstraksi dan pemisahan optimum untuk isolasi xantorizol dari rimpang temulawak. Maserasi dan sokletasi digunakan untuk mengekstraksi xantorizol dengan pelarut metanol, dietil eter, dan n-heksana. Pemisahan dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom dan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) preparatif dan hasil pemisahan dikarakterisasi berdasarkan spektrum inframerah dan kromatografi gas-spektrum massa (KG-SM), sementara persentase kemurniannya ditentukan dengan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Ekstrak n-heksana dari teknik maserasi memiliki kandungan xantorizol lebih tinggi dibanding ekstrak lainnya yaitu sebesar 168 mg/g sampel. Fraksi ke-4 hasil pemisahan kolom terhadap ekstrak n-heksana memberikan dua spot pada KLT dengan Rf 0.54 dan 0.68, spot dengan Rf 0.54 diduga merupakan xantorizol (dikonfirmasi dengan KG-SM). Pemurnian lebih lanjut dengan KLT preparatif terhadap fraksi ke-4 menghasilkan xantorizol dengan rendemen sebesar 0.016 % berdasar bobot sampel dan tingkat kemurnian sebesar 87.40 %.
Pengaruh Pola Tanam Tumpang Sari terhadap Produktivitas Rimpang dan Kadar Senyawa Aktif Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)
Authors: Arifin Poppy F. , Faiza Lucky Lia , Nurcholis Waras , Ridwan Taufik , Batubara Irmanida , Susilowidodo Raphael Aswin , Wisastra Rosalina
Published: July 2018

Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Synm. Curcuma javanica) merupakan tanaman obat asli Indonesia yang memiliki khasiat multifungsi. Namun jangka waktu panen temulawak yang cukup lama (sekitar 9-12 bulan) menyebabkan para petani enggan menanam tanaman temulawak. Untuk itu pengembangan metode penanaman perlu dilakukan agar menguntungkan secara ekonomis bagi petani, salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan adalah tumpang sari.

Tumpang sari adalah penanaman lebih dari satu tanaman pada waktu yang bersamaan atau selama periode tanam pada satu tempat yang sama. Beberapa keuntungan dari metode tumpang sari antara lain pemanfaatan lahan kosong disela-sela tanaman pokok, penggunaan cahaya, air serta unsur hara yang lebih efektif, mengurangi resiko kegagalan panen, dan menekan pertumbuhan gulma.

Penelitian temulawak dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan petak-petak terbagi (split plot design). Rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok berdasarkan variabel jarak tanam, jumlah tunas, dan waktu panen. Parameter agronomi yang diamati adalah bobot rimpang basah dan kering yang mengindikasikan produktivitas per tanaman dan jumlah per bagian rimpang. Kandungan bioaktif xanthorrhizol dan kurkuminoid pada temulawak ditentukan dengan metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT).

Hasil pengukuran kurkuminoid dan xanthorrhizol pada temulawak menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar kedua metabolit sekunder dari penanaman dengan dan tanpa tumpang sari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode penanaman tumpang sari dapat tidak mempengaruhi kadar metabolit sekunder dari temulawak sebagai tanaman utama, sehingga dapat menjadi pilihan metode pertanian untuk meningkatkan manfaat ekonomi para petani temulawak.
Opportunities to Elevate Levels of Curcumin in Curcuma xanthorrhiza Plants
Authors: Pertamawati Pertamawati
Published: July 2018

Production of curcuminoids from Curcuma xanthorrhiza using conventional cultivation technique requires a very long time from planting to harvesting process. The use of biotechnology known as the callus culture is expected to help this problem. An experiment was conducted with the explant of curcuma leaves which are cultured in basic media of Murashige & Skoog (MS) with addition of growing substances Phenilalanine (2-amino-3-fenil-propanoat acid/C9H11NO2) with a concentration of 2, 4 and 8 mg/L and Sodium Acetate (CH3COONa) with concentration of 0.2 and 4 mg/L. Experiments done with random design with 3 times replication. The results showed  that addition of Phenilalanine at a concentration of 4 mg/L produced curcuminoids namely curcumin 0.8861% and desmethoxycurcumin 0.3307%, while the addition of sodium acetate 2 mg/L was able to induce the formation of curcuminoids namely curcumin 0.7514% and desmethoxycurcumin 0.3898%. It is suggested that further research with a callus induction technology in tissue culture need to be conducted for producing curcumin in an industrial scale.
Aktivitas Yoghurt Kacang Komak (Lablab Purpureus (L.) Sweet) Sebagai Antihiperglikemia
Authors: Wardani Elly , Pahriyani Ani
Published: July 2018

Kacang komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas sebagai antihiperglikemia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan kacang komak sebagai antihiperglikemia yang dibentuk dalam sediaan yoghurt kacang komak. Sediaan yoghurt kacang komak diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pangan fungsional pada penderita hiperglikemia. Hewan uji hamster Syrian jantan dibagi 5 kelompok perlakuan, masing-masing terdiri dari 4 ekor hamster. Kelompok I (kontrol negatif), kelompok II (kontrol positif) diberi metformin HCl, kelompok III, IV, dan V (kelompok uji) diberi sediaan yoghurt kacang komak dosis 2.7 g/kg BB, 5.4 g/kg BB dan 10.8 g/kg BB secara peroral. Hewan uji diberi pakan tinggi kolesterol selama 28 hari dan hari ke-21 diinduksi aloksan, kemudian diberi perlakuan sediaan uji selama 14 hari. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada hari ke-29 dan ke-44, untuk menghitung kadar glukosa darah menggunakan fotometer klinikal. Hasil uji ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antar kelompok perlakuan. Semua kelompok sediaan uji yoghurt kacang komak memiliki aktivitas menurunkan kadar glukosa darah terhadap hamster diabetes hiperkolesterolemia. Hasil uji Tukey penurunan kadar glukosa darah menunjukan kelompok uji sediaan yoghurt dosis 10.8 g/kg BB sebanding dengan kelompok positif yang diberikan Metformin HCl.
El origen del libro de texto gratuito en México: entre la gratuidad educativa y los desafí­os del mundo editorial en los cincuenta
Authors: Ixba Alejos Elizer
Published: July 2018

Las explicaciones sobre el origen del libro de texto gratuito (LTG) en México se han centrado en la gratuidad educativa y en las disputas por el control de la educación. Esta perspectiva, que asume ví­nculos entre el Plan de Once Años y este tipo de libro, le presta escasa atención como material impreso y a sus conexiones con el mundo editorial. A contracorriente, apoyada en la historia de libros escolares y en un diálogo con diversas fuentes, argumento que el origen del LTG, aunque revestido de polí­tica educativa para posibilitar la gratuidad, también se corresponde con problemas de la producción editorial mexicana en los años cincuenta. Asimismo, a la luz de iniciativas y debates sobre la lectura que tuvieron lugar en esos años, especulo que el LTG no únicamente pretendí­a llenar un vací­o educativo, sino también contrarrestar prácticas de lecturas de otro tipo, como las historietas, consideradas "perniciosas" por algunos grupos sociales.
Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez López (2016), Itinerario de la autonomía en la Universidad Michoacana, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia
Authors: Oikión Solano Verónica
Published: July 2018

El libro en cuestión es una edición sobria realizada por la Facultad de Historia —de cuya planta académica el autor es profesor investigador—, en colaboración con la Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, ambas instancias de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH). Gutiérrez López ha logrado, con una excelente argumentación, complejizar el fenómeno de la autonomía. Para ello el autor ha estudiado concienzudamente esta problemática desde tiempo atrás. Baste recordar otras dos obras cimeras producto de su talante investigativo: En los límites de la autonomía. La reforma socialista en la Universidad Michoacana, 1934-1943, publicada por El Colegio de Michoacán en 2011, y Autonomía y procesos políticos en la Universidad Michoacana, 1917-1963, editada por dicha universidad en 2010.
A Social Media Framework of Cultural Museums
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Gökçe , ÇELEBİ Duygu
Published: July 2018

Museums are regarded as cultural products and the core

attractions of a destination that offer cultural, historical and

artistic possessions for locals as well as tourists.

Technological developments in communication have also

contributed to the museum pre-, onsite and postexperience

of visitors. Thereby, social media enables the

museums to extend their networks also on an international

basis with up-to-date and credible information about

current researches, special events, new exhibitions,

excavations in process, and promotional activities. In this

sense, this study demonstrates how social media is used by

the museums through a research about the Facebook

accounts of 10 well-known international museums. Thus, a

32-category framework is created based on the

performances of each social media account eventually, this

research provides insights into creation of an effective

social media account with the emphasis on certain

categories’ role to draw and maintain the interest of

followers. 
Irrigation Development Planning: Aspects of Pakistan Experience
by I. D. Carruthers. Department of Economics, Wye College (University of
London), Ashford, Kent, December 1968.
Authors: Lewis J. N.
Published: July 2018

In this little book, the second in a series of Agrarian
Development Studies, issued by the Economics Department of Wye College,
the author draws upon four years' experience with the consultants to the
Water and Power Development Authority in West Pakistan to review the
main technical and economic factors to be considered in planning
irrigation development. The first chapter describes, in general terms,
some of the basic relation¬ships between crop growth and water and
drainage conditions. The author warns that in arid areas water tends to
be regarded as a unique resource. Assigning supreme priorities to single
resources can be very damaging to economic development since mere
technical feasibility is regarded as justifying irrigation projects,
regardless of whether they are economically justified.
Factor Intensities in Manufacturing Industries in
Pakistan
Authors: Islam Nurul
Published: July 2018

The choice of technology in the developing countries has been
a subject matter of considerable theoretical and empirical
investigation. That labour-abundant economy like Pakistan should opt for
labour-intensive technology in order to maximise income and employment
has been widely recommended. There has, however, been long-standing
controversy as to whether, and how far, the choice of labour-intensive
technology slows down the rate of growth of income as against the
maximisation of current income by increasing the share of wages in
income which are assumed to be wholly or mostly consumed and by
correspondingly reducing the share of profits which are assumed to add
mainly to the invisible surplus and thus to increase the rate of capital
accumulation. This line of reasoning postulates that a developing
economy has more or less free choice between alternative techniques,
embodying different degrees of labour intensity and has, in addition,
adequate instruments of policy at its disposal to regulate the choice of
technology in the public and private sectors of the economy; it further
seems to imply that it has very inadequate or ineffective instruments of
policy at its disposal to alter the disposition of income between
savings and investment, once the technology and its attendant
distribution of income between wages and profits are given. The
feasibility or the effectiveness of the various fiscal instruments for
increasing the rate of saving in a developing economy has often been
discussed, however, there is very little empirical analysis of the
existing pattern of technology as well as of the limitations on the
choice of technology in a country like Pakistan which imports technology
mainly under foreign aid tied to the purchases in the individual
aid-giving countries which happen to grant loan for individual,
particular capital projects.
A Complete Set of Consumption Coefficients for West
Pakistan
Authors: Bussink Willem C. F.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, a set of coefficients is derived which can be
used to project West Pakistan's private consumption in the medium and
longer term. For ten urban and rural income groups separately, income,
price and cross elasticities of demand have been calculated. Thus, the
methodology permits to trace the influence of changes in incomes, income
distribution and prices on consumption. 1.2 Most development models
concern themselves with aggregate income effects only, and assume
constant income distribution and prices. This may be warranted as long
as no structural shifts occur. Insofar as development implies structural
shifts, there may be an inconsistency. Apart from this, the attainment
of a more equitable income distribution is more and more being
emphasized as an independent goal of socio-economic planning. Changes in
distribution are more often than not at least partly the result of
changes in relative prices. Obviously, then, both incomes and prices
must be included in the planning framework if anything is to be said
about the effect of planned development on equity.
Capital-Intensity and the Efficiency of Factor Use (A Comparative
Study Of The Observed Capital-Labour Ratios Of Pakistani
Industries)
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman
Published: July 2018

The concept of capital-intensity, denned as the ratio of
capital to labour, has been used widely in both theoretical and applied
problems of planning. These ratios have often been used in forecasting,
e.g., in measuring the possible expansion of employment that would be
generated from a given investment programme and in estimating the rate
of investment that would be required in achieving a given employment
target. More importantly, these ratios have been recommended for use in
optimum decision-making. The usual argument is that in a labour-surplus
backward economy with scarcity of capital, it is costless or nearly so
to use labour which produces little at the margin. Thus, a given amount
of capital, the scarce resource, should be combined with as much labour,
the abundant resource, as possible. Minimizing capital-intensity has,
thus, emerged as an investment criterion: from alternative sectors those
with lowest capital-labour ratios should be expanded and from
alternative technical blueprints for each sector the projects with the
lowest capital-intensities should be chosen. The corollary in trade
theory has been to identify comparative advantage with labour-intensity
for the labour-abundant economies.
Demand for Food in Pakistan in 1975
Authors: Khan Mohammad Irshad
Published: July 2018

The recent developments in the agricultural sector of
Pakistan, especially in the West Wing, have created great optimism for
increasing food supply. The significance of increasing food supply
should, however, be judged in relation to the rising demand for food
during the process of economic growth and foreign-trade opportunities
for food. Therefore, when planning for agricultural development to raise
food supply, it is vitally important that the future levels of demand
for food are accurately predicted. Since priorities and investment
targets have to be based on demand forecasts for different commodities,
demand prediction is essential for development planning. The purpose of
this study is to project the future levels of demand for important food
items in Pakistan and then analyse the significance of those demands for
future agricultural development in Pakistan.
A Structural Model of Pakistan's Monetary Sector
Authors: Imam K. H.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to present an econometric model
which is a formal representation of the structural relationships of the
monetary sector of Pakistan. Two previous studies by Porter [15] and
Snyder [16] should be noted in this regard. The study by Porter consists
of an excellent survey of the port¬folio behaviour of the scheduled
banks* in Pakistan, yet it could hardly be cate¬gorized as a
quantitative work in the sense of establishing formal empirical
relationships. On the other hand, the study by Snyder constitutes a
quantitative work in the above sense reflecting the behavioural
responses of the scheduled banks with respect to their various assets
and liabilities. The main limitations of the latter work, as admitted by
the author himself, emerge from its lack of consideration of the process
by which the State Bank2, the scheduled banks, and the private sector
determine money supply in Pakistan. The present study is intended as a
modest attempt at filling both these caveats.
Recent Movements In Agriculture'S Terms Of Trade In Pakistan
(Notes & Comments)
Authors: Lewis, Jr Stephen R.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to add five years' data to a
study under¬taken some years ago by S. Mushtaq Hussain and myself [4].
The original study developed a fairly complete set of price weights and
price indices for manu¬factured and agricultural commodities in Pakistan
from 1951/52 to 1963/64, and analyzed the movements in the net barter
terms of trade of the domestic, agricultural and manufacturing sectors.
The results showed that the terms of trade had been turned against
agriculture by the trade-restricting policies of the government in the
early 1950's and that the subsequent relatively slow growth of
agriculture and rapid growth of manufacturing had resulted in a movement
of domestic relative prices more favourable to agriculture over the late
1950's and early 1960's. The earlier movement against agriculture and
the later improvement in agriculture's terms of trade were more
pronounced in East than in West Pakistan. A subsequent study [3]
compared the terms of trade agriculture received in Pakistan and the
terms of trade it might have received had the agricultural sector been
able to trade directly with the rest of the world without going through
the government's exchange-control mechanism. From the latter study, it
was clear that even though there had been an improvement in
agriculture's terms of trade from the mid-1950's to the early 1960's,
agriculture in both provinces was being "squeezed" relative to the terms
of trade it might have received in the rest of the world. East-Pakistan
farmers received 55 to 60 cents in manufactured goods per dollar of
marketed commodities, while West-Pakistan farmers received
The Role of Land Reform in Economic Development: A Case Study of
Taiwan by Anthony Y. C. Koo. Frederick A. Praeger, New York,
1968.
Authors: Qureshi Sarfaraz Khan
Published: July 2018

Land reform is a standard policy proposal for countries with
stagnant agricultural sectors. Knowledge of the ways and the extent to
which land reform affects economic development is limited. Conditions
which guarantee some success in the effective implementation of the
reforms are also not known. Koo's case study of Taiwanese land reforms
is an important step in narrowing the area of ignorance in both
directions. Taiwanese land reforms, initiated in 1949 and completed in
1953, were affected after fifty years of active government involvement
in providing for substantial overhead investments in the agricultural
sector. The colonial govern¬ment invested massively in land survey,
transportation system, irrigation, flood control and agricultural
extension. The ready availability of a reliable cadastral system was a
help in the quick and effective implementation of the reforms. The
adequacy of the economic infrastructure in the agricultural sector and
the extension services made tenants and new owners of land willing and
able to bene¬fit from the proper incentives provided by the land
reforms.
Overinvoicing, Underutilization, and Distorted Industrial
Growth
Authors: Winston Gordon C.
Published: July 2018

With an artificial exchange rate, a government establishes a
set of prices that makes certain transactions highly profitable at the
same time that it estab¬lishes laws making those transactions illegal.
We usually call it "corruption" when people follow the government's
price incentives instead of its contradictory legal incentives. In
Pakistan, the dollar sells for 4.75 rupees in the official market but
for two to three times that much in the free market. Handsome profits
are made by those who can trade in both. This paper describes
overinvoicing of capital-equipment imports in Pakistan industry. Moral
dimensions of the problem are not at issue. The central question is how
overinvoicing affects the allocation of investment and, therefore, the
structure of industry — how (and by how much) overinvoicing changes the
costs of capital to the men who make investment decisions1. The logic of
the problem can be developed with simple equations but an understanding
of overinvoicing and its consequences does not depend on algebra. The
reader who finds equations more a hindrance than a help can omit them
and still get a clear sense of the shape and magnitude of the
problem.
On Capital Allocation And The Real Cost Of Labour (Notes &
Comments)
Authors: Banks F. E.
Published: July 2018

This note is an extension of several contributions to the
problem of re¬source allocation in a developing economy. In separate
papers, I.M.D. Little and F. Seton* have introduced a model in which
labour in a developing economy cannot be shifted from the subsistence to
the industrial sector at zero opportunity cost, even though this labour
displays zero marginal product in its 'traditional' occupations; and in
what follows this problem will be attacked via a diagramma¬tic analysis.
A short appendix will treat a side issue of the topic. As Little
presented the model, there was an initial amount of capital K to be
divided between two sectors, the I (industrial) sector, and the C
(subsistence, traditional, or agricultural) sector. In the C-sector,
there is excess labour or dis¬guised unemployment, in the sense of
Professor W. A. Lewis2, in that the marginal product of labour in this
sector is taken as equal to zero. As it happens, however, this labour
cannot be moved to the I-Sector without an increase in production in the
C-sector. The reason for this is because as labour is transferred to the
industrial sector, consumption per head increases in the C-sector, thus
decreasing the surplus available for workers being transferred to the
I-sector. The transfer can only be carried out if a surplus equal to the
difference between the industrial wage in C-goods and the amount of
C-goods 'released' by the C-sector is forth¬coming, and for this an
increased production of C-goods (via the input of capital into the
C-sector) must take place. A similar situation would exist if
transferring workers required a wage differential; or if C-goods had to
be exported to obtain certain types of capital goods for the labour
being reallocated, and/or housing, training, etc.
Radiocarbon analysis and the history of the East Cemetery, Asine
Authors: Voutsaki Sofia , Dietz Søren , Nijboer Albert J.
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the results of the radiocarbon analysis of human bones from the East Cemetery (IQ tumulus), Middle Helladic Asine. The analyses have been carried out at the Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, using the AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy) method. The main aim of the analysis is to elucidate the history of use of the tumulus and the surrounding extramural cemetery by comparing the absolute dates with the relative dates based on the ceramic offerings and the internal stratigraphy of the tumulus. The establishment of a formal disposal area and the adoption of the tumulus are significant developments in the MH period, and it is therefore important to date their appearance with more precision. In addition, a more accurate reconstruction of the history of this important funerary monument gives us a better understanding of mortuary practices and social change in Asine, and in the MH mainland in general.
Labraunda 2008. A preliminary report on the Swedish excavations
Authors: Karlsson Lars , Blid Jesper , Henry Olivier
Published: July 2018

The Swedish archaeological project at the Karian sanctuary of Zeus Labraundos celebrated, in 2008, sixty years of work. The year 2008 was very special, both because of these celebrations, but also because of the important finds that came to light during the excavation of the unusual Roman bath that was discovered in 2007. It is built in the shape of a four-leaf clover (the so-called Tetraconch), and can be dated to the first half of the fourth century AD. A large amount of finds were discovered, including superb pieces of plates in African Red Slip and Late Roman C wares, a water flask, and coloured marble pieces. In the necropolis, we excavated another 19 rock-cut tombs. The finds from these include a golden ring with a cornelian stone and 22 gold appliqués in the shape of rosettes and palmettes. The appliqués had four holes to fasten them to the drapery of the deceased. They are very similar to appliqués found in the burial chamber of the Maussolleion in Halikarnassos. Two coins from before 350 BC show that the burial belongs in the early Hekatomnid period. In the excavations at the Acropolis Fortress Byzantine structures, possibly barracks, dated by the glazed Byzantine pottery to the period between the 11th and the 13th centuries were discovered. At the bottom of the trench there was a wall belonging to fourth-century BC Hekatomnid buildings. As every year, time and work were spent on architectural conservation and measures to increase the value of the site for visitors: a roof was erected over the Roman bath, a new wooden fence built at the entrance to the site, new metal shelves were installed in the storerooms, and finally, a re-excavation of the monumental original staircase up to the Built Tomb was initiated.
Report on the excavations in the years 2007 and 2008 southeast of the Temple of Poseidon at Kalaureia
Authors: Penttinen Arto , Wells Berit , Mylona Dimitra , Pakkanen Petra , Pakkanen Jari , Karivieri Arja , Hooton Anne , Savini Emanuel , Theodoropoulou Tatiana
Published: July 2018

Archaeological material ranging in date from the Early Bronze Age to Late Antiquity was found in 2007 and 2008 in the excavations in Area H to the south and southeast of the Temple of Poseidon. Finds datable to the periods of major change in the Sanctuary—the Late Archaic and the Early Hellenistic—illuminate the character of the change. In the Late Archaic period an attempt to erect a votive column at the site was for some reason given up, and drums of large dimensions were left visible, possibly as a reminder of the failure. The construction of a monumental drain next to the Archaic peribolos of the Temple of Poseidon in the early third century BC necessitated large-scale leveling work in the area coinciding in time with the dedication of a Ptolemaic, royal statue. These types of events have a tendency to dominate in the archaeological record at the cost of periods of normalcy. Those periods are represented in the form of pottery, other artifacts and animal remains, which constitute evidence for activities that obviously did not change much over time, such as dedicating objects to the deities present in the Sanctuary and animal sacrifice with ensuing preparation and consumption of food. In this report we attempt to present the archaeological remains in accordance with the type of deposits they originate from. Also included is an appendix on the marine mollusks by Tatiana Theodoropoulou.
A new inscribed statue base from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia
Authors: Wallensten Jenny , Pakkanen Jari
Published: July 2018

In the Kalaureia Research Program excavations of 2007 and 2008, four joining blocks of a statue base were unearthed. The monument is a dedication from the polis of Arsinoe in the Peloponnese: its inhabitants offered two statues, of King Ptolemaios and his sisterwife Arsinoe Philadelphos, to Poseidon. The present article publishes the monument and its inscription, and proceeds to present a reconstruction and an attempt at positioning the monument in its historical context.
A tale of three drums: an unfinished Archaic votive column in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia
Authors: Pakkanen Jari
Published: July 2018

Three unfinished column drums discovered at the Kalaureia Research Program excavations in 2007–2009 can be shown to have been intended for a monumental Archaic Ionic votive column. All drums have systematic masons’ marks on the contact surfaces. The latter parts of the inscriptions indicate the position of the drum in the shaft. Two alternative readings for the first part of the inscription are suggested: the first interprets it as a building instruction and the second as a price indication. The start of the building project took place very likely in the second half of the sixth century BC, and the deposit date of the fill surrounding the blocks indicates that the unfinished project was abandoned in the late sixth century BC. Reconstruction of the column shaft from the known drum dimensions demonstrates that the finished shaft would have been constructed with a slight entasis.
Classification of traffic signal system anomalies for environment tests of autonomous vehicles
Authors: Lengyel Henrietta , Szalay Zsolt
Published: July 2018

In the future there will be a lot of changes and development concerning autonomous transport that will affect all participants of transport. There are still difficulties in organizing transport, but with the introduction of autonomous vehicles more challenges can be expected. Recognizing and tracking horizontal and vertical signs can cause a difficulties for drivers and, later, for autonomous systems. Environmental conditions, deformity and quality affect the perception of signals. The correct recognition results in safe travelling for everyone on the roads. Traffic signs are designed for people that is why the recognition process is harder for the machines. However, nowadays some developers try to create a traffic sign that autonomous vehicles can use. Computer identification needs further development, as it is necessary to consider cases where traffic signs are deformed or not properly placed. In the following investigation, the advantages and disadvantages of the different perception methods and their possibilities were gathered. A methodology for the classification of horizontal and vertical traffic signs anomalies that may help in designing better testing and validation environments for traffic sign recognition systems in the future was also proposed.
Barriers and opportunities in implementation of Lean Manufacturing tools in the ceramic industry
Authors: Kleszcz Daniel
Published: July 2018

The concept of lean management in an organization, improving products and processes using the Lean Manufacturing concept, is discussed in this paper. Striving for excellence is the key factor in maintaining competitiveness on the market. Only organizations able to adapt to changing environmental conditions faster than others achieve an advantage, and the management in line with the Lean Manufacturing philosophy is de facto change management. In this paper, important factors in the ceramic industry, which should be taken into account when implementing Lean Manufacturing are characterized. Important factors affecting the implementation of lean tools include, such as: the size of the enterprise, involvement of employees, knowledge about the Lean concept, technological factor, type and variety of the product line, as well as the specificity of the ceramic industry. The greatest opportunity associated with the implementation of Lean is to increase the competitiveness of the company obtained through: meeting the quality and economic expectations of customers. The greatest opportunity associated with implementation of the Lean is to increase competitiveness of the company obtained through: meeting the quality and economic expectations of their customers. Practice shows, however, that despite the simplicity of rules and tools, few organizations manage to achieve the level of excellence of the pioneer of this concept, the Japanese Toyota Corporation.
THE EFFORTS TO INCREASE STUDENTS MATHEMATICAL COMMUNICATION SKILL TROUGH THE USE OF POWERPOINT AND GUIDED DISCOVERY METHODOLOGYON THE STUDY OF CURVED-FACE-THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT (STUDY CASE ON CLASS IX B MTsN CIMAHI – WEST JAVA, INDONESIA)
Authors: Rahmi Sylvia , Nadia Rifka , Rubiatur Rubiatur , Hasibah Bibih
Published: July 2018

The background of this research is due to the low ability of students' mathematical communication in class IX B MTs Negeri Kota Cimahi. The purpose of this study to determine how the implementation of mathematics learning using power point and to determine the improvement of students' mathematical communication skills on the Curved-face-theree-dimensional object after applying the method of guided discovery. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK) with 3 cycles that are packaged in Lesson Study program. Data collection techniques used documentation, observation, and tests. The result of the research shows that the implementation of mathematics learning using power point with guided discovery method runs conductively and shows positive response, and there is improvement of mathematical communication ability on the 3rd cycle. This is proven by tackling the students' formative value seen from the absorptive power of classical cycle 1 65.39% to 72.94% in cycle 2 and to 86.59% in cycle 3. Based on the results obtained is expected that educators can apply powerpoint spinning with good planning and implementation so that the ability of students' mathematical communication can increaseKeywords:  PTK, Lesson Study, Guided Discovery, Mathematical Communication, Power Point
APPLICATION RECIPROCAL TEACHING IN BUILDING OF STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS ABILITY
Authors: Rohimat Aang , Rolina Rosalina
Published: July 2018

This research is motivated by the lack of connection capabilities junior high school students in Bandung West. This study will examine the achievement of matemati connection capabilities of students usinglearning reciprocalteaching with the usual approach. The method used is an experimental method to design pretest-posttest control group, ie design involving at least two groups and randomly sampling classes. At the beginning and end of the study both classes were given the test. The population in this sample is the entire junior high school students in Bandung West whose characteristics have a low ability mathematical connections. Of the entire junior high school in West Bandung randomly selected and elected SMP Negeri Bandung Barat representing the characteristics of the population. The sample was selected randomly, where class G into the experimental class VIII, and VIII F be the class of the control. Collecting data in this study using a test description that has been tested first, and then score the mathematical connection capabilities of students were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using two different test average. Based on the results, good data analysis and hypothesis testing, with α = 0.05 mathematical connection capability turns the achievement of students usinglearning model reciprocal teaching is better than the students who used the usual approach
THE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN ICT APPLICATION FOR INDONESIAN LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH LESSON STUDY FOR LEARNING COMMUNITY
Authors: Primandhika Restu Bias , Firmansyah Dida
Published: July 2018

This article discusses the practice of lesson study conducted in the higher level of education in order to design a better lesson in ICT Application for Indonesian Language Learning. This study has done in one class of Indonesian Language Study Programme involving two role-model teachers with three observers as a team. The team was involved in designing, observing and evaluating each lesson that is conducted in two cycles. The lesson materials are the use of Microsoft Office for editorial purpose as the study programme specialty, such as 1) the basic skills of proof-reading tools in Word 2) write a mind-mapping style notes and journalist organization in OneNote 3) typography, writing style and adaptation for article publishing. The result shows that the practice of lesson study improves the learning quality both for teachers and student activities, especially in collaboration, communication, critical thinking ability and also creativity.
Морфологические изменения тканей головного мозга крыс в условиях локальной перманентной ишемии под воздействием гемисукцината 2-метил-6-этил-3-гидроксипиридина
Authors: Багдасарян Нарек Араевич , Хостикян Н. Г. , Алиханян К. Б. , Меликсетян В. С. , Багдасарян М. Г. , Степанян А. Г. , Кухтарова А. М. , Мирзоян Н. Р.
Published: July 2018

Изучено влияние гемисукцината 2-метил-6-этил-3-гидроксипиридина на морфологическое состояние ткани головного мозга крыс после левосторонней окклюзии средней мозговой артерии. Исследования показали, что курсовое применение в течение 6 и 12 дней гемисукцинатом 2-метил-6-этил-3-гидроксипиридина в дозе 200 мг/кг (внутрибрюшинно) приводило к восстановительным процессам в мозговой ткани. Наиболее выраженные восстановительные процессы наблюдались после 12 дней применения гемисукцинатом 2-метил-6-этил-3-гидроксипиридина.