bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐subject morphological brain networks: connectivity mapping, topological characterization and test–retest reliability
Authors: Wang Hao , Jin Xiaoqing , Zhang Ye , Wang Jinhui
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Structural MRI has long been used to characterize local morphological features of the human brain. Coordination patterns of the local morphological features among regions, however, are not well understood. Here, we constructed individual‐level morphological brain networks and systematically examined their topological organization and long‐term test–retest reliability under different analytical schemes of spatial smoothing, brain parcellation, and network type.

Methods

This study included 57 healthy participants and all participants completed two MRI scan sessions. Individual morphological brain networks were constructed by estimating interregional similarity in the distribution of regional gray matter volume in terms of the Kullback–Leibler divergence measure. Graph‐based global and nodal network measures were then calculated, followed by the statistical comparison and intra‐class correlation analysis.

Results

The morphological brain networks were highly reproducible between sessions with significantly larger similarities for interhemispheric connections linking bilaterally homotopic regions. Further graph‐based analyses revealed that the morphological brain networks exhibited nonrandom topological organization of small‐worldness, high parallel efficiency and modular architecture regardless of the analytical choices of spatial smoothing, brain parcellation and network type. Moreover, several paralimbic and association regions were consistently revealed to be potential hubs. Nonetheless, the three studied factors particularly spatial smoothing significantly affected quantitative characterization of morphological brain networks. Further examination of long‐term reliability revealed that all the examined network topological properties showed fair to excellent reliability irrespective of the analytical strategies, but performing spatial smoothing significantly improved reliability. Interestingly, nodal centralities were positively correlated with their reliabilities, and nodal degree and efficiency outperformed nodal betweenness with respect to reliability.

Conclusions

Our findings support single‐subject morphological network analysis as a meaningful and reliable method to characterize structural organization of the human brain; this method thus opens a new avenue toward understanding the substrate of intersubject variability in behavior and function and establishing morphological network biomarkers in brain disorders.
Chaephilones A and B, Two New Azaphilone Derivatives Isolated from Chaetomium globosum
Authors: Chen Chunmei , Wang Jing , Zhu Hucheng , Wang Jianping , Xue Yongbo , Wei Guangzheng , Guo Yi , Tan Dongdong , Zhang Jinwen , Yin Chunping , Zhang Yonghui
Published: March 2016

Two new azaphilone derivatives, chaephilones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the fungus Chaetomium globosum, together with four structurally related analogs 3 – 6. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR. The known compounds were identified as chaetomugilin Q (3), chaetomugilin D (4), 11‐epichaetomugilin A (5), and chaetomugilin S (6) by comparing their NMR data and optical rotation values with those reported. Compound 2 represents the first example of azaphilone with an open furan ring. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines (HL‐60, SMMC‐7721, A‐549, MCF‐7, and SW480) by the MTS method.
1,2,3‐Triazole Bridge as Conformational Constrain in β‐Hairpin Peptides: Analysis of Hydrogen‐Bonded Positions
Authors: Celentano V. , Diana D. , Di Salvo C. , De Rosa L. , Romanelli A. , Fattorusso R. , D'Andrea L. D.
Published: March 2016

Conformational constrained β‐hairpin peptides are useful tool to modulate protein–protein interactions. A triazole bridge in hydrogen‐bonded positions between two antiparallel strands induces a conformational stabilization of the β‐hairpin peptide. The entity of the stability of the β‐hairpin peptide depends on the length of the bridge.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational and Experimental Investigations of Na‐Ion Conduction in Cubic Na3PSe4.
Authors: Bo Shou‐Hang , Wang Yan , Kim Jae Chul , Richards William Davidson , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: March 2016

Cubic Na3PSe4 as a solid‐state electrolyte for room temperature Na‐ion batteries is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Na2Se, red P, and Se under Ar (BN tube, 300 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Magnesium Intercalation into a Layered Oxyfluoride Cathode.
Authors: Vaughey John T. , et al.
Published: March 2016

MoO2.8F0.2 is prepared by solvothermal reaction of a 33:1.25 molar mixture of α‐MoO3 and Mo in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle Superlattices as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting.
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Yongcheng , Zhou Tong , Zhang Hui , Sun Xuhui , Tang Jing , Zhang Lijuan , Al‐Enizi Abdullah M. , Yang Zhongqin , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: March 2016

CoO, MnO, and CoMnO oleate complexes are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of MnCl2 and CoCl2 as well as sodium oleate in a solvent mixture (8:6:14) of EtOH, H2O, and hexane (70 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Access to Multifunctionalized Norcamphor Scaffolds by Asymmetric Organocatalytic Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Mose Rasmus , Jensen Magnus E. , Preegel Gert , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: March 2016

An asymmetric Diels—Alder reaction of cyclopentenone (I) with a variety of activated 1,2‐disubstituted and trisubstituted ethylenes is presented in the presence of the organocatalyst (ORG) and propionic acid as co‐catalyst to furnish chiral multifunctionalized norcamphor compounds with high stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Arylation of Racemic Halides with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Sidera Mireia , Fletcher Stephen P.
Published: March 2016

A highly enantioselective Csp2—Csp3 bond‐forming method that couples aryl‐ or allylboronic acids to cyclic racemic allyl halides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of the C—C σ‐Bond Using Air as the Oxidant: Chemoselective Synthesis of Carbon Chain‐Shortened Aldehydes, Ketones and 1,2‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Xing Qi , Lv Hui , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei
Published: March 2016

A simple iron‐catalyzed aerobic C—C bond cleavage of ketones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Secondary Amides with a Hydrosiloxane Leading to Secondary Amines.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Takeoka Masashi , Kumaki Takayuki , Asano Hirotaka , Konakahara Takeo , Ogiwara Yohei
Published: March 2016

This reducing system is applicable to aromatic and aliphatic amides and shows a relatively high tolerance to a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzylic C—H Trifluoromethylation of Phenol Derivatives.
Authors: Egami Hiromichi , Ide Takafumi , Kawato Yuji , Hamashima Yoshitaka
Published: March 2016

Phenol derivatives (I) and (IV) are trifluoromethylated using Togni reagent (II) and a Cu‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Destruction and Construction: Application of Dearomatization Strategy in Aromatic Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Wang Shuo‐En , Wang Linfei , He Qiuqin , Fan Renhua
Published: March 2016

Oxidative dearomatization of N‐tosylated anilines and subsequent reaction with cyanoacetates and related cyano substituted activated methylene compounds followed by the addition of an external nucleophile offers a straightforward access to arenes substituted with a quarternary carbon.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese‐Catalyzed Direct Nucleophilic C(sp2)—H Addition to Aldehydes and Nitriles.
Authors: Zhou Bingwei , Hu Yuanyuan , Wang Congyang
Published: March 2016

The nucleophilic addition of aromatic and olefinic C—H bonds to a wide range of aldehydes and nitriles affords alcohols or ketones with excellent regio‐ and E/Z‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Directing‐Group‐Assisted Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Esterification of Phenols with Aldehydes.
Authors: Zheng Yong , Song Wei‐Bin , Xuan Li‐Jiang
Published: March 2016

A novel, green, and ligand‐free approach is developed for the direct synthesis of esters, utilizing the copper‐catalyzed oxidative esterification of phenols with aldehydes in the presence of tBuOOH as an oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Pillar[6]arenes.
Authors: Santra S. , Kopchuk D. S. , Kovalev I. S. , Zyryanov G. V. , Majee A. , Charushin V. N. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: March 2016

The newly developed method for the synthesis of pillar[6]arenes involves the solid‐state condensation of finely milled 1,4‐dialkoxybenzene and paraformaldehyde by grinding in the presence of a catalytic amount of H2SO4.
ChemInform Abstract: H‐β‐Zeolite Catalyzed Transamidation of Carboxamides, Phthalimide, Formamides and Thioamides with Amines under Neat Conditions.
Authors: Rao Sadu Nageswara , Chandra Mohan Darapaneni , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: March 2016

A green method for the transamidation and thioamidation using H‐β‐zeolite as heterogeneous recyclable catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Pentafulvene Carbometalation—Access to Enantiopure Titanocene Dichlorides of Biological Relevance.
Authors: Cini Melchior , Bradshaw Tracey D. , Woodward Simon , Lewis William
Published: March 2016

Enantiomerically enriched cyclopentadienyl ligands are obtained by an unprecedented asymmetric copper‐catalyzed addition of ZnEt2 to the exocyclic C=C bond of pentafulvenes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Heterogeneous Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Thiols Leading to Alkynyl Sulfides.
Authors: Fang Zhiqiang , He Wen , Cai Mingzhong , Lin Yang , Zhao Hong
Published: March 2016

The use of a MCM‐41 supported copper‐complex/K2CO3 catalyst combination allows the synthesis of alkynyl sulfides in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetra‐n‐butylammonium Iodide Catalyzed C—H Azidation of Aldehydes with Thermally Stable Azidobenziodoxolone.
Authors: Shinomoto Yukino , Yoshimura Akira , Shimizu Hisato , Yamazaki Mutsumi , Zhdankin Viktor V. , Saito Akio
Published: March 2016

The process succeeds using various aryl and alkyl aldehydes, and the products are isolated in moderate yields as the corresponding methyl carbamates obtained via Curtius‐rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiroindenes by Enol‐Directed Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization and Spiroannulation.
Authors: Chidipudi Suresh Reddy , Burns David J. , Khan Imtiaz , Lam Hon Wai
Published: March 2016

Various spiroindenes are enantioselectively obtained by oxidative annulation of α‐aryl cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with alkynes using chiral cyclopentadienyl rhodium catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of β‐Lactones from Ketenes and Chiral β‐Oxyaldehydes.
Authors: Chen Shi , Mondal Mukulesh , Adams Matthew P. , Wheeler Kraig A. , Kerrigan Nessan J.
Published: March 2016

Chiral β‐lactones bearing up to three stereogenic centers are prepared in moderate to good diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Amine‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Annulation of Allenoates with Azodicarboxylates: Facile Synthesis of 1,2‐Diazetidines.
Authors: Xu Silong , Chen Jingrong , Shang Jian , Qing Ziqi , Zhang Junjie , Tang Yuhai
Published: March 2016

The title [2 + 2] annulation reaction proceeds with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity to produce the corresponding 2‐diazetidines in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Methyl 2‐Formylbenzoates by Using a Ruthenium/Me‐BIPAM Catalyst for Synthesis of Chiral 3‐Aryl‐isobenzofuranones.
Authors: Yohda Masaaki , Yamamoto Yasunori
Published: March 2016

The title reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups and affords the chiral benzofuran derivatives with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed C—H Alkylation of Indolines with Allylic Alcohols: Direct Access to β‐Aryl Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Han Sang Hoon , Choi Miji , Jeong Taejoo , Sharma Satyasheel , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Park Jihye , Oh Joa Sub , Kim Woo Jung , Lee Jong Suk , Kim In Su
Published: March 2016

The site‐selective C—H alkylation of various N‐heterocycles, such as indolines (I) and (IV) as well as pyrroles (VIII) with allylic alcohols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Highly Functionalized Carbazoles via Condensation of an Enolate to a Nitro Group.
Authors: Poudel Tej Narayan , Lee Yong Rok
Published: March 2016

A simple procedure is elaborated for the synthesis of carbazole esters (III) from 2‐nitrocinnamaldehydes or 2‐nitrochalcones (I) and β‐ketoesters (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Fast Continuous‐Flow Trifluoromethylation of Coumarins with the CF3 Radical Derived from CF3SO2Na and TBHP.
Authors: Zhang Xiaodan , Huang Ping , Li Yaming , Duan Chunying
Published: March 2016

A fast and mild conversion of coumarin to 3‐trifluoromethyl‐coumarin in a continuous flow reactor using inexpensive sodium triflate as the trifluoromethylation reagent is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed One‐Step Synthesis of Functionalized N‐Alkylpyridinium Salts from Biomass Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural.
Authors: Sowmiah Subbiah , Veiros Luis F. , Esperanca Jose M. S. S. , Rebelo Luis P.N. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: March 2016

The reaction of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural with alkylamines delivers N‐alkylpyridinium salts in moderate to high yields, and in the case of terminal alkyldiamines exclusively monopyridinium salts are formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydroacridinones: Insights into a Mechanistic Route.
Authors: Chung Tsai‐Wen , Narhe Bharat D. , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: March 2016

As part of a mechanistic study of 3‐component reactions between aldehydes, 1,3‐diones and aromatic amines, initially prepared Michael adducts (I) are reacted with arylamines giving the title compounds in good to high yields and remarkable differences in regioselectivity during annulation between O‐ and N‐heterocycles (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Domino Condensation—Intramolecular Nucleophilic Cyclization Approach Toward Annulated Imidazo‐Pyrrolopyridines.
Authors: Voskressensky Leonid G. , Storozhenko Olga A. , Festa Alexey A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Dang Thi Tuyet Anh , Nguyen Van Tuyen , Varlamov Alexey V.
Published: March 2016

A facile protocol is developed for the base‐promoted domino reaction of 6‐azaindole salts (I) with aldehydes (II) to form the title compounds (III) in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Approaches Toward the Synthesis of N4‐Monosubstituted Quinazolin‐2,4‐diamines.
Authors: Mohamed Tarek , Rao Praveen P. N.
Published: March 2016

Different approaches to synthesize title compounds (II) are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Elucidation of Verucopeptin, a HIF‐1 Inhibitory Polyketide—Hexapeptide Hybrid Metabolite from an Actinomycete.
Authors: Yoshimura Aya , Nishimura Shinichi , Otsuka Saori , Hattori Akira , Kakeya Hideaki
Published: March 2016

The absolute stereochemistry of the title compound is determined and its inhibitory activity in hypoxia inducible factor‐1 assays is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Fused Thioglycosyl Benzo[e][1,4]oxathiepin‐5‐ones and Benzo[f][1,4]thiazepin‐5(2H)‐ones by a Sequence of Palladium‐Catalyzed Glycosyl Thiol Arylation and Deprotection—Lactonization Reactions.
Authors: AL‐Shuaeeb Riyadh Ahmed Atto , Galvani Gilles , Bernadat Guillaume , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad , Messaoudi Samir
Published: March 2016

An efficient and practical protocol for the synthesis of substituted fused thioglycosyl benzoxathiepinones and benzothiazepinones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Pseudellones A—C, Three Alkaloids from the Marine‐Derived Fungus Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea F42—3.
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Hou‐Jin , Xu Meng‐Yang , Ju Ying‐Chen , Wang Lai‐You , Xu Jun , Yang De‐Po , Lan Wen‐Jian
Published: March 2016

Compounds (I)‐(III) exhibit no significant antibacterial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Unciaphenol, an Oxygenated Analogue of the Bergman Cyclization Product of Uncialamycin Exhibits anti‐HIV Activity.
Authors: Williams David E. , Bottriell Helen , Davies Julian , Tietjen Ian , Brockman Mark A. , Andersen Raymond J.
Published: March 2016

Unciaphenol (I) is isolated from cultures of the actinomycete Streptomyces uncialis and shows in vitro anti‐HIV activity against viral strains that are resistant to clinically utilized anti‐retroviral therapies.
ChemInform Abstract: Topochemical Molten Salt Synthesis for Functional Perovskite Compounds
Authors: Li Lihong , Deng Jinxia , Chen Jun , Xing Xianran
Published: March 2016

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ceria‐Containing Ordered Mesoporous Silica: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Pal Nabanita , Cho Eun‐Bum , Patra Astam K. , Kim Dukjoon
Published: March 2016

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum Nanocatalysts on Metal Oxide Based Supports for Low Temperature Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Elezovic N. R. , Radmilovic V. R. , Krstajic N. V.
Published: March 2016

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Oxidation of Nitric Oxide (NO) with Carbonaceous Materials
Authors: Shen Yafei , Ge Xinlei , Chen Mindong
Published: March 2016

Review: e.g. activated carbon, carbon nanofibers; 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Interactions Between Metal Species and Nitrogen‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Xia Wei
Published: March 2016

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selected Synthetic Strategies to Cyclophanes
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Shirbhate Mukesh Eknath , Waghule Gopalkrushna T.
Published: March 2016

Review: [266 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Highlights in Biosynthesis Research Using Stable Isotopes
Authors: Rinkel Jan , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: March 2016

Review: [85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bi‐ and Bis‐1,2,3‐triazoles by Copper‐Catalyzed Huisgen Cycloaddition: A Family of Valuable Products by Click Chemistry
Authors: Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Wang Ding , Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: March 2016

Review: [82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Additions of Copper Acetylides to Cyclic Iminium and Oxocarbenium Ions
Authors: Liu Jixin , Dasgupta Srimoyee , Watson Mary P.
Published: March 2016

Review: [65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Desulfination as an Emerging Strategy in Palladium‐Catalyzed C—C Coupling Reactions
Authors: Ortgies Dirk H. , Hassanpour Avid , Chen Fei , Woo Simon , Forgione Pat
Published: March 2016

Review: [79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids Derived from Organosuperbases: En Route to Superionic Liquids
Authors: Nowicki Janusz , Muszynski Marcin , Mikkola Jyri‐Pekka
Published: March 2016

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Ambient Annulations for Pyrrole Synthesis from Amines and Arylacetaldehydes
Authors: Huang Huawen , Tang Lichang , Cai Jinhui , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: March 2016

Review: 121 refs.
Was Licht bewirken kann
Authors: Wöhrle Dieter
Published: March 2016

Licht basiert auf Photonen. Im Teil 1 wurde der gegenwärtige Kenntnisstand über Photonen behandelt. Außerdem standen die Sonne als natürliche Strahlungsquelle und verschiedene künstliche Strahlungsquellen und deren Bedeutung im Mittelpunkt. Im Fokus von Teil 2 stehen bedeutende Beispiele der Wechselwirkung von Photonen mit Materie. Die solare Einstrahlung ist mit der Photosynthese, die kurz behandelt wird, der Ausgangspunkt der irdischen Biosphäre. Photonen als kleinste Werkzeuge fließen mit ihrer Energie in chemische Prozesse der Photokatalyse und Photochemie ein. Solare Einstrahlung ist auch die Voraussetzung für physikalische Energiegewinnung in photovoltaischen Solarzellen und der Solarthermie. Photonen aus solarer Einstrahlung und auch künstlichen Strahlungsquellen werden eine zunehmende Bedeutung in einer Photonenwirtschaft spielen.
Lithium‐Ionen‐Technologie und was danach kommen könnte
Authors: Bieker Peter , Winter Martin
Published: March 2016

In einem zweigeteilten Aufsatz berichten wir über die Grundlagen und diversen Zellchemien von Hochenergieakkumulatoren. Im ersten Teil haben wir beschrieben, welche Voraussetzungen erfüllt sein müssen, um eine wiederaufladbare Batterie mit hohen Energieinhalten pro Gewicht und Volumen, also eine “Superbatterie” zu realisieren. Dabei haben wir festgestellt, dass die Hochenergie‐Zukunftstechnologien Brennstoffzelle als auch Metall‐Luft‐Zelle schon zu Anfang der Batteriegeschichte entdeckt wurden, und dass eine Superbatterie mit Elektroden auf der Basis von Li‐Metall bzw. Li‐Einlagerungsmaterialien im Moment am vielversprechendsten erscheint. In diesem zweiten Teil haben wir diese Li‐Batterietechnologien im Detail beschreiben, aber auch Alternativsysteme vorgestellt. Allen Batteriesystemen ist gemein, dass sie einem anderen energieliefernden Reaktionsmechanismus als eine thermische Verbrennung folgen. In Hinsicht auf elektromobile Anwendungen ist ein Vergleich der Energieinhalte von Batterie und Benzinverbrennungsmotor deshalb nur bedingt fair und zielführend.
Synthesis of C4 and C8 Chemicals from Ethanol on MgO‐Incorporated Faujasite Catalysts with Balanced Confinement Effects and Basicity
Authors: Zhang Lu , Pham Tu N. , Faria Jimmy , Santhanaraj Daniel , Sooknoi Tawan , Tan Qiaohua , Zhao Zheng , Resasco Daniel E.
Published: March 2016

A new type of catalyst has been designed to adjust the basicity and level of molecular confinement of KNaX faujasites by controlled incorporation of Mg through ion exchange and precipitation of extraframework MgO clusters at varying loadings. The catalytic performance of these catalysts was compared in the conversion of C2 and C4 aldehydes to value‐added products. The product distribution depends on both the level of acetaldehyde conversion and the fraction of magnesium as extraframework species. These species form rather uniform and highly dispersed nanostructures that resemble nanopetals. Specifically, the sample containing Mg only in the form of exchangeable Mg2+ ions has much lower activity than those in which a significant fraction of Mg exists as extraframework MgO. Both the (C6+C8)/C4 and C8/C6 ratios increase with additional extraframework Mg at high acetaldehyde conversion levels. These differences in product distribution can be attributed to 1) higher basicity density on the samples with extraframework species, and 2) enhanced confinement inside the zeolite cages in the presence of these species. Additionally, the formation of linear or aromatic C8 aldehyde compounds depends on the position on the crotonaldehyde molecule from which abstraction of a proton occurs. In addition, catalysts with different confinement effects result in different C8 products.
Acculturation preferences and behavioural tendencies between majority and minority groups: The mediating role of emotions
Authors: López‐Rodríguez Lucía , Cuadrado Isabel , Navas Marisol
Published: March 2016

The main goal of this research was twofold. First, we aimed at determining how acculturation preferences and emotions were related to specific intergroup behavioural tendencies towards majority and minority groups. Second, we aimed at developing an intergroup behavioural tendencies scale that differentiates between valence (facilitation and harm) and intensity (active and passive). The role of intergroup contact was also examined, as it is a known predictor of intergroup prejudice. In order to fulfil these goals, we carried out two studies. In Study 1, Spanish participants (N = 279) answered a questionnaire about Moroccans (a devalued group) or Ecuadorians (a valued group) by reporting their acculturation preferences for immigrants, their positive and negative emotions, quantity of contact with them and behavioural tendencies towards them. In Study 2, Moroccans (N = 92) and Ecuadorians (N = 87) assessed Spaniards on these measures. Results confirmed the structure of the new behavioural tendencies scale across four groups of participants. Overall, findings also showed that acculturation preferences and quantity of contact indirectly predicted behavioural tendencies through positive emotions. This research contributes to knowledge on how the majority and minority's acculturation preferences are related to their emotions and specific dimensions of intergroup behavioural tendencies, confirming the predominant mediating role of positive emotions in this process.
Three‐dimensional beam–truss model for reinforced concrete walls and slabs – part 2: modeling approach and validation for slabs and coupled walls
Authors: Lu Yuan , Panagiotou Marios
Published: March 2016

A three‐dimensional beam–truss model (BTM) for reinforced concrete (RC) walls that explicitly models flexure–shear interaction and accurately captures diagonal shear failures was presented in the first part of this two‐paper series. This paper extends the BTM to simulate RC slabs and coupled RC walls through slabs and beams. The inclination angle of the diagonal elements for coupled RC walls is determined, accounting for the geometry of the walls and the level of coupling. Two case studies validate the model: (1) a two‐bay slab–column specimen experimentally tested using cyclic static loading and (2) a five‐story coupled T‐wall–beam–slab specimen subjected to biaxial shake table excitation. The numerically computed lateral force–lateral displacement and strain contours are compared with the experimentally measured response and observed damage. The five‐story specimen is characterized by diagonal shear failure at the bottom story of the walls, which is captured by the BTM. The BTM of the five‐story specimen is used to study the effects of coupling on shear demand for lightly reinforced RC coupled walls. The effect of mesh refinement and bar fracture of non‐ductile transverse reinforcement is studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymictic pool behaviour in a montane meadow, Sierra Nevada, CA
Authors: Lucas Ryan G. , Suárez Francisco , Tyler Scott W. , Moran Jean E. , Conklin Martha H.
Published: March 2016

We observed polymictic behaviour in stream pools in Long Meadow, Sequoia National Park, California—part of the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory. Stream pools stratified thermally during the day time and were isothermal at night—this pattern persists from the middle of summer into the fall. We found that four characteristics typical of a mountain meadow environment—low stream flow, open sky, cold groundwater discharge, and elevated organic carbon concentrations—are particularly conducive to pool stratification. Incoming shortwave radiation was the dominant energy input to heat pool water while nighttime emitted longwave radiation was the major cooling mechanism. Relatively cold groundwater discharge into the pool bottom increased density stratification within the pool. Elevated DOC concentrations increased the capacity of the pool to absorb photosynthetically active radiation and also promoted stratification. Stream velocities in the meadow were generally insufficient to meet threshold Richardson numbers and mix the pools during the daytime; smaller stream cross sectional areas would have potential for destabilizing pools in the daytime. We propose a conceptual model for describing polymictic stream pools and assessing the potential for polymictic pools to occur. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of an air–liquid interface exposure system for assessing toxicity of airborne nanoparticles
Authors: Latvala Siiri , Hedberg Jonas , Möller Lennart , Odnevall Wallinder Inger , Karlsson Hanna L. , Elihn Karine
Published: March 2016

The use of refined toxicological methods is currently needed for characterizing the risks of airborne nanoparticles (NPs) to human health. To mimic pulmonary exposure, we have developed an air–liquid interface (ALI) exposure system for direct deposition of airborne NPs on to lung cell cultures. Compared to traditional submerged systems, this allows more realistic exposure conditions for characterizing toxicological effects induced by airborne NPs. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the deposition of silver NPs (AgNPs) is affected by different conditions of the ALI system. Additionally, the viability and metabolic activity of A549 cells was studied following AgNP exposure. Particle deposition increased markedly with increasing aerosol flow rate and electrostatic field strength. The highest amount of deposited particles (2.2 μg cm–2) at cell‐free conditions following 2 h exposure was observed for the highest flow rate (390 ml min–1) and the strongest electrostatic field (±2 kV). This was estimated corresponding to deposition efficiency of 94%. Cell viability was not affected after 2 h exposure to clean air in the ALI system. Cells exposed to AgNPs (0.45 and 0.74 μg cm–2) showed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced metabolic activities (64 and 46%, respectively). Our study shows that the ALI exposure system can be used for generating conditions that were more realistic for in vitro exposures, which enables improved mechanistic and toxicological studies of NPs in contact with human lung cells.Copyright © 2016 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Catalyst‐free Synthesis of 5‐Arylimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline Derivatives in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Qiang Wen‐Wen , Zhang Mei‐Mei , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: March 2016

The reaction of 2‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)aniline and aromatic aldehyde was treated in ionic liquids under catalyst‐free condition and gave dehydrogenated 5‐aryl‐2,3‐diphenylimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines. The same reaction gave un‐aromatized 5‐aryl‐2,3‐diphenyl‐5,6‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline derivatives while it was controlled in an inert gas. This procedure approach to imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines has the advantages of milder reaction conditions, one‐pot, catalyst free, high yields, and environmentally benign.
The importance of surgical margins in renal cell and urothelial carcinomas
Authors: Alemozaffar Mehrdad , Filson Christopher P. , Master Viraj A.
Published: March 2016

This chapter reviews the prevalence, outcomes, and management of positive surgical margins for patients with either renal cell or urothelial carcinomas. Though renal cell carcinoma tends to be resistant to conventional radio‐ or chemotherapy, kidney cancer patients with positive surgical margins can often be managed with close surveillance with acceptable outcomes. On the other hand, urothelial tumors tend to be more aggressive, and positive surgical margins after radical cystectomy often requires adjuvant therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:316–322. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guided Tour Influence on Cruise Tourist Experience in a Port of Call: An eWOM and Questionnaire‐Based Approach
Authors: Sanz‐Blas Silvia , Buzova Daniela
Published: March 2016

The study aims at exploring the importance of guided tours in cruise tourists experience while visiting a port of call and analyzing qualitative (electronic word of mouth from Tripadvisor) and quantitative (personal interviews with tourists) data. The results obtained from the electronic word of mouth analysis suggest that taking a guided tour is a highly satisfactory and sentimentally positive experience for the cruise tourist. Moreover, the empirical findings revealed that taking a guided tour has a moderating effect on (1) the interaction between destination image–satisfaction, (2) the satisfaction–loyalty causal relationship and (3) the destination image formation process regarding the infrastructure and atmosphere, and tourism resources image dimensions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Contribution of Astragalus adsurgens Roots and Canopy to Water Erosion Control in the Water–Wind Crisscrossed Erosion Region of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhao Chunhong , Gao Jian'en , Huang Yuefei , Wang Guangqian , Xu Zhen
Published: March 2016

Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Astragalus adsurgens roots and canopy on water erosion yield, erosion processes and soil resistance to erosion. Experiments were conducted on grass, root and bare slopes, with sandy soil from a water–wind crisscrossed erosion region of the Loess Plateau, China. A. adsurgens coverage on grass slopes was approximately 40%. There were three rainfall intensities of 30, 60 and 90 mm h–1 and four slope gradients of 3, 6, 9 and 12°. A. adsurgens had a significant effect on soil erosion control; soil loss was reduced by ~70% on slopes with the grass compared with bare slopes. The grass roots reduced soil loss more than its canopy, particularly in high‐intensity rainfall, which reduced soil loss by 82%. The presence of the grass and its roots changed the soil erosion process, reducing soil erodibility (Kr) and increasing the critical shear stress (τc). The soil erosion rate on the bare slope increased steadily over time; on the grass and root slopes, its rate initially increased, then decreased and then finally stabilized. Kr on the grass and root slopes was reduced by 96% and 89%, respectively, compared with the bare slope, while the corresponding τc increased by 92% and 195% respectively. These results provide insights into the mechanisms of grass on soil and water conservation and may help to improve vegetation construction in water–wind crisscrossed erosion regions of the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of the Hemoglobin‐Conjugated Polymer Micelles by Thiol Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Qi Yanxin , Li Taihang , Wang Yupeng , Wei Xing , Li Bin , Chen Xuesi , Xie Zhigang , Jing Xiabin , Huang Yubin
Published: March 2016

Amphiphilic triblock copolymers mPEG‐b‐PMAC‐b‐PCL are synthesized using methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol), cyclic carbonic ester monomer including acryloyl group, and ε‐caprolactone. Copolymers are self‐assembled into core–shell micelles in aqueous solution. Thiolated hemoglobin (Hb) is conjugated with micelles sufficiently through thiol Michael addition reaction to form hemoglobin nanoparticles (HbNs) with 200 nm in diameter. The conjugation of Hb onto the micelle surface is further confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Feeding ratio of copolymer micelles to Hb at 1:3 would lead to the highest hemoglobin loading efficiency 36.7 wt%. The UV results demonstrate that the gas transporting capacity of HbNs is well remained after Hb is conjugated with polymeric micelles. Furthermore, the obtained HbNs have no obvious detrimental effects on blood components in vitro. This system may thus have great potential as one of the candidates to be developed as oxygen carriers and provide a reference for the modification of protein drugs.

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Visible Light and pH Responsive Polymer‐Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanohybrids for Controlled Release
Authors: Wang Guojie , Dong Jie , Yuan Tingting , Zhang Juchen , Wang Lei , Wang Hao
Published: March 2016

A visible light and pH responsive anticancer drug delivery system based on polymer‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) has been developed. Perylene‐functionalized poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylates) sensitive to visible light and pH are electrostatically attached on the surface of MSNs to seal the nanopores. Stimulation of visible light and acid can unseal the nanopores to induce controlled drug release from the MSNs. More interestingly, the release can be enhanced under the combined stimulation of the dual‐stimuli. The synergistic effect of visible light and acid stimulation on the efficient release of anticancer drugs from the nanohybrids endows the system with great potential for cancer therapy.

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Impact of nanotechnology on the delivery of natural products for cancer prevention and therapy
Authors: Siddiqui Imtiaz A. , Sanna Vanna
Published: March 2016

Chemoprevention of human cancer by dietary products is a practical approach of cancer control, especially when chemoprevention is involved during the early stages of the carcinogenesis process. Research over the last few decades has clearly demonstrated the efficacy of dietary products for chemoprevention in cell culture and preclinical animal model systems. However, these in vitro and in vivo effects have not been able to be translated to bedside for clinical use. Among many reasons, inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability of promising chemopreventive agents are considered to significantly contribute to such a disconnection. Since its advent in the field of cancer, nanotechnology has provided researchers with expertise to explore new avenues for diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of the disease. In a similar trait, we introduced a novel concept in which nanotechnology was utilized for enhancing the outcome of chemoprevention (Cancer Res. 2009; 69:1712–1716). This idea, which we termed as ‘nanochemoprevention’, was exploited by several laboratories and has now become an advancing field in chemoprevention research. This review summarizes some of these applications of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly focused on controlled and sustained release of bioactive compounds with emphasis on current and future utilization of nanochemoprevention for prevention and therapy of cancer.
A rank‐exploiting infinite Arnoldi algorithm for nonlinear eigenvalue problems
Authors: Van Beeumen Roel , Jarlebring Elias , Michiels Wim
Published: March 2016

We consider the nonlinear eigenvalue problem M(λ)x = 0, where M(λ) is a large parameter‐dependent matrix. In several applications, M(λ) has a structure where the higher‐order terms of its Taylor expansion have a particular low‐rank structure. We propose a new Arnoldi‐based algorithm that can exploit this structure. More precisely, the proposed algorithm is equivalent to Arnoldi's method applied to an operator whose reciprocal eigenvalues are solutions to the nonlinear eigenvalue problem. The iterates in the algorithm are functions represented in a particular structured vector‐valued polynomial basis similar to the construction in the infinite Arnoldi method [Jarlebring, Michiels, and Meerbergen, Numer. Math., 122 (2012), pp. 169–195]. In this paper, the low‐rank structure is exploited by applying an additional operator and by using a more compact representation of the functions. This reduces the computational cost associated with orthogonalization, as well as the required memory resources. The structure exploitation also provides a natural way in carrying out implicit restarting and locking without the need to impose structure in every restart. The efficiency and properties of the algorithm are illustrated with two large‐scale problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a SILAC method for proteomic analysis of primary rat microglia
Authors: Zhang Ping , Culver‐Cochran Ashley E. , Stevens Stanley M. , Liu Bin
Published: March 2016

Microglia play important and dynamic roles in mediating a variety of physiological and pathological processes during the development, normal function and degeneration of the central nervous system. Application of SILAC‐based proteomic analysis would greatly facilitate the identification of cellular pathways regulating the multifaceted phenotypes of microglia. We and others have successfully SILAC‐labeled immortalized murine microglial cell lines in previous studies. In this study, we report the development and evaluation of a SILAC‐labeled primary rat microglia model. Although the isotope labeling scheme for primary microglia is drastically different from that of immortalized cell lines, our de novo and uninterrupted primary culture labeling protocol (DUP‐SILAC) resulted in sufficient incorporation of SILAC labels for mass spectrometry‐based proteomic profiling. In addition, label incorporation did not alter their morphology and response to endotoxin stimulation. Proteomic analysis of the endotoxin‐stimulated SILAC‐labeled primary microglia identified expected as well as potentially novel activation markers and pro‐inflammatory pathways that could be quantified in a more physiologically relevant cellular model system compared to immortalized cell lines. The establishment of primary microglia SILAC model will further expand our capacity for global scale proteomic profiling of pathways under various physiological and pathological conditions. Proteomic MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002759.
Multiplexed protein profiling by sequential affinity capture
Authors: Ayoglu Burcu , Birgersson Elin , Mezger Anja , Nilsson Mats , Uhlén Mathias , Nilsson Peter , Schwenk Jochen M.
Published: March 2016

Antibody microarrays enable parallelized and miniaturized analysis of clinical samples, and have proven to provide novel insights for the analysis of different proteomes. However, there are concerns that the performance of such direct labeling and single antibody assays are prone to off‐target binding due to the sample context. To improve selectivity and sensitivity while maintaining the possibility to conduct multiplexed protein profiling, we developed a multiplexed and semi‐automated sequential capture assay. This novel bead‐based procedure encompasses a first antigen capture, labeling of captured protein targets on magnetic particles, combinatorial target elution and a read‐out by a secondary capture bead array. We demonstrate in a proof‐of‐concept setting that target detection via two sequential affinity interactions reduced off‐target contribution, while lowered background and noise levels, improved correlation to clinical values compared to single binder assays. We also compared sensitivity levels with single binder and classical sandwich assays, explored the possibility for DNA‐based signal amplification, and demonstrate the applicability of the dual capture bead‐based antibody microarray for biomarker analysis. Hence, the described concept enhances the possibilities for antibody array assays to be utilized for protein profiling in body fluids and beyond.
Interannual variability in effective diffusivity in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere from reanalysis data
Authors: Abalos Marta , Legras Bernard , Shuckburgh Emily
Published: March 2016

The effective diffusivity based on passive tracer advection is used to evaluate the long‐term mixing properties for the period 1980–2012 in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere (UTLS) using data from the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. The regions of strongest interannual variability in effective diffusivity coincide with the regions of strong climatological mixing, such as the winter and spring midlatitude stratosphere, the polar lowermost stratosphere and around the edge of the subtropical jets (especially in summer). The annular modes dominate the variability in the winter polar vortices, and the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in the tropical stratosphere. El Niño/Southern Oscillation modulates the strength of mixing across the subtropical jets, and has a significant impact on mixing in the summer subtropical lower stratosphere. Long‐term trends show a vertical shift in the mixing consistent with the effect of ozone depletion on the zonal wind in the austral summer polar stratosphere. Other significant trends include increased mixing in the austral surf zone and a dipolar pattern in the boreal summer and autumn, with mixing increased on the equatorward part of the subtropical jet and reduced just above. The results are highly consistent with those from the JRA‐55 reanalysis when the same horizontal resolution is used. The calculations are also qualitatively consistent with effective diffusivity obtained directly from the potential vorticity field and, in the UTLS, they are broadly consistent with those obtained from the ozone field.
Estimating restricted mean treatment effects with stacked survival models
Authors: Wey Andrew , Vock David M. , Connett John , Rudser Kyle
Published: March 2016

The difference in restricted mean survival times between two groups is a clinically relevant summary measure. With observational data, there may be imbalances in confounding variables between the two groups. One approach to account for such imbalances is estimating a covariate‐adjusted restricted mean difference by modeling the covariate‐adjusted survival distribution and then marginalizing over the covariate distribution. Because the estimator for the restricted mean difference is defined by the estimator for the covariate‐adjusted survival distribution, it is natural to expect that a better estimator of the covariate‐adjusted survival distribution is associated with a better estimator of the restricted mean difference. We therefore propose estimating restricted mean differences with stacked survival models. Stacked survival models estimate a weighted average of several survival models by minimizing predicted error. By including a range of parametric, semi‐parametric, and non‐parametric models, stacked survival models can robustly estimate a covariate‐adjusted survival distribution and, therefore, the restricted mean treatment effect in a wide range of scenarios. We demonstrate through a simulation study that better performance of the covariate‐adjusted survival distribution often leads to better mean squared error of the restricted mean difference although there are notable exceptions. In addition, we demonstrate that the proposed estimator can perform nearly as well as Cox regression when the proportional hazards assumption is satisfied and significantly better when proportional hazards is violated. Finally, the proposed estimator is illustrated with data from the United Network for Organ Sharing to evaluate post‐lung transplant survival between large‐volume and small‐volume centers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key Reading Recovery Strategies to Support Classroom Guided Reading Instruction
Authors: Lipp Jamie R. , Helfrich Sara R.
Published: March 2016

Effective teachers are continuously striving to improve their instruction. Reading Recovery teachers have detailed and specific literacy training and expertise that can be of great value to classroom teachers, especially in the area of guided reading instruction. This article explores the ways in which key Reading Recovery strategies can be interwoven into primary classroom guided reading instruction to support acceleration. Fluency, supportive book introductions, prompting, and observation and analysis are emphasized throughout.
A Ten‐membered Dimetallacycle with an [Ag···Ag]2+Dication Bridged by TwoP, NLigands
Authors: Thirumoorthi Ramalingam , Rautiainen J. Mikko , Laitinen Risto S. , Chivers Tristram
Published: March 2016

The reaction of silver hexafluoridoantimonate with Ph2PCH2PPh2NSiMe3(1) in dichloromethane produces the dimeric complex [Ag(μ‐Ph2PCH2PPh2NSiMe3)]2[SbF6]2(2), in which two heterobifunctional ligands1in the dication areN, P‐chelated in a head‐to‐tail fashion to a [Ag···Ag]2+unit that exhibits an Ag···Ag contact of 2.8530(6) Å. Quantum theory of atoms‐in‐molecules (QTAIM) analysis of the bonding revealed an attractive interaction between the two silver atoms.