bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest and soil fungal community dynamics are fuelled by root rot pathogen‐induced gaps
Authors: González de Andrés Ester , Gazol Antonio , Camarero J. Julio , Bonet José Antonio , Caballol Maria , Ceausu Alexandra , Oliva Jonàs
Published: July 2024

Forest dynamics are driven by micro‐disturbances leading to gap formation. Root rot pathogens can cause mortality to adult trees, which die forming gaps. However, little is known about the biotic and abiotic factors that govern gap creation and expansion such as tree infection or drought resilience, and what are the consequences for nutrient cycling and soil microbiota.

We studied the dynamics of gaps created by Heterobasidion abietinum in mountain silver fir (Abies alba) forests from the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Tree‐ring width information was used to evaluate growth patterns of trees located within and at the edge of gaps and under closed canopy conditions. We analysed soil nutrient content and microbial structure at different positions with respect to the gap. Soil fungal community was also characterized by sequencing the ITS2 region.

Gaps created by H. abietinum ranged 582–1072 m2 and gathered large amounts of standing and laying dead wood biomass amounting to up to 500 m3 ha−1 of coarse woody debris. This indicates that tree mortality had been occurring over decades, and it was preceded by a long‐term growth decline and impaired drought resilience. Root rot affected trees beyond the current limit of the gaps leading to growth decline, preventing canopy closure and allowing the release of suppressed trees within the gap. Gap formation did neither affect soil fertility nor fungal and bacterial biomass and diversity, but long‐distance ectomycorrhizal fungi were more abundant within gaps.

Synthesis. Root rot pathogens play key ecological roles in forest dynamics at fine spatial scale. Heterobasidion abietinum infection, and its interaction with drought, creates and expands gaps by killing large trees and preventing surrounding trees from closing the gap. The survival of mycorrhizal networks to gap formation suggests little disruption of soil fungal communities.
Bank Competition, Loan Portfolio Concentration and Stock Price Crash Risk: The Role of Tone Ambiguity
Authors: Gkoumas Nikolaos C. , Leledakis George N. , Pyrgiotakis Emmanouil G. , Androutsopoulos Ion
Published: July 2024

We examine the association between loan portfolio concentration, competition and stock price crash risk in the US banking industry. We find that during economic downturns, banks with poorly diversified loan portfolios that operate in competitive markets are more likely to crash. Importantly, we show that this link is channelled through aggressive earnings management and ambiguous annual reports. Therefore, managerial ambiguity can serve as an early warning signal of information obfuscation, which can eventually lead to stock price crashes. As a quasi‐natural experiment, we use the passage of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act in 2018. This policy lowered the regulatory requirements and oversight for a specific group of large banks. The results of a difference‐in‐differences analysis support our baseline findings and add to the ongoing debate on the roots of the 2023 banking crisis. Therefore, our findings can be informative to market participants, regulators and policy makers.
Fasting blood glucose as a screening measure for late‐onset gestational diabetes in the third trimester
Authors: Tang Xiaoxia , Wei Jin , Wu Shaohua , Wu Sufang
Published: July 2024

Objective

To investigate the positive rate of late‐onset gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by additional fasting blood glucose (FBG) screening at 32–34 gestational weeks (GW) and analyse the perinatal outcomes of late‐onset GDM after standard treatment.

Design

An Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Single centre in China.

Population

1130 singleton pregnancies with negative GDM screening in their first and second trimester.

Methods

Additional FBG testing was performed at 32–34 GW. Pregnancies with FBG ≥5.1 mmol/L were diagnosed as GDM and received standardized treatment. Perinatal outcomes were collected and compared.

Main Outcome Measures

Diagnosis of late‐onset GDM, obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Results

6.3% (71/1130) of participants had FBG values ≥5.1 mmol/L and were diagnosed with late‐onset GDM. Sixty‐five (91.5%) were treated by dietary therapy and 6 (8.5%) by insulin therapy. The perinatal outcomes of full‐term delivery were compared. The incidence of macrosomia (22.7% vs. 5.1%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83–16.61, p = 0.002) and NICU transferring (18.3% vs. 10.1%, aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.01–3.74, p = 0.046) was significantly higher in late‐onset GDM group than that in FBG <5.1 mmol/L group. Elevated FBG was associated with overweight or obesity during pregnancy (54.9% vs. 34.9%, OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.40–3.68, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

6.3% of singleton pregnancies with normal GDM screening results in the first and second trimester were found to have late‐onset GDM by additional FBG screening at 32–34 GW, and their risk of macrosomia during a full‐term pregnancy remains significantly higher after standard treatment.
Analysis of automotive paint layers on plastic substrates using chemical imaging μ‐FTIR and O‐PTIR microspectroscopy
Authors: Wontor Kendall , Clisham Carly , Hummel Jessica , Cizdziel James V.
Published: June 2024

Automobile paint chips are a crucial piece of trace evidence for forensic investigators. This is because automotive paints are composed of multiple layers, including the primer, basecoat, and clearcoat, each of which has its own chemical composition that can vary by vehicle make, model, year, and manufacturing plant. Thus, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectral databases for automobile paint systems have been established to aid law enforcement in, for example, narrowing search parameters for a suspect's vehicle. Recently, car manufacturers have implemented primers on plastic substrates that are much thinner (~5 μm) than those on metal substrates, making it more difficult to manually separate for analyses. Here, we evaluated FTIR microspectroscopy (μ‐FTIR) and optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy (O‐PTIR) to chemically image cross sections of paint chips without manually separating the layers. For μ‐FTIR, transmission and transflection modes provided the highest quality spectra compared to reflection and μ‐ATR analyses. Point analysis was preferable to chemical imaging, as peaks were identified in the point (MCT) detector's lower spectral range that was below the imaging (FPA) detector's cutoff, such as those associated with titanium dioxide. Reduced spectral range can lead to a similar issue in O‐PTIR analyses depending on instrument configuration. However, its complementary Raman spectra showed strong titanium dioxide peaks, providing an alternate means of identification. Both techniques are likely to become more relevant as they are non‐destructive and avoid manual separation of the layers. O‐PTIR is particularly well‐suited for analysis of the thin primer layer due to its superior spatial resolution.
Characteristics of preterm births during COVID‐19 mitigation measures
Authors: Liu Yizhen (Amy) , Matheson Alexia , Sleaby Rochelle , Mulcahy Brendan , Palmer Kirsten R. , Hodges Ryan J. , Mol Ben W. , Malhotra Atul , Rolnik Daniel L.
Published: June 2024

Background

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, mitigation measures were associated with a reduction in preterm birth rates; while not clearly proven, this observation has sparked significant interest.

Aim

To understand the cause of this reduction by exploring the characteristics of preterm birth cohorts.

Material and methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study where we compared women who delivered preterm in three Melbourne maternity hospitals and conceived between November 2019 and February 2020 (mitigation measures‐exposed cohort) to women who delivered preterm and conceived between November 2018 and February 2019 (non‐exposed cohort). We compared maternal characteristics, pregnancy complications, antenatal interventions, intrapartum care, and indications for delivery.

Results

In the exposed cohort, 252/3129 women delivered preterm (8.1%), vs 298/3154 (9.4%) in the non‐exposed cohort (odds ratio (OR) 0.84, 95% CI 0.70–1.00, P = 0.051). The baseline characteristic of two cohorts were comparable. Rates of spontaneous preterm labour (sPTL) without preterm pre‐labour rupture of membranes (PPROM) were lower in the exposed cohort (13.1% vs 24.2%, OR 0.47, P = 0.001) while PPROM occurred more often (48.0% vs 35.6%, OR 1.67, P = 0.003). With a non‐statistically significant prolongation of pregnancy in the cohort exposed to mitigation measures for both sPTL without PPROM (35.4 vs 34.9 weeks, P = 0.703) and PPROM (35.6 vs 34.9 weeks, P = 0.184). The rate of spontaneous labour after PPROM was higher in the exposed cohort compared to the non‐exposed cohort (40.1% vs 24.1%, OR 2.09, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The reduction in preterm delivery during mitigation measures may have been driven by a reduction in spontaneous labour without PPROM, which seemed to result in more PPROM later in pregnancy.
When and how is abusive supervision enacted toward competent subordinates? The role of supervisors' power loss concern and downward envy
Authors: Azeem Muhammad Umer , Haq Inam Ul , Murtaza Ghulam , Khan Rahman
Published: July 2024

In general, supervisor abuse is directed toward low‐performing subordinates. Similarly, envy is typically felt by professionals in lower ranks toward those in higher positions. By contrast, this study investigates the counterintuitive relationship between the abusive behavior of envious leaders toward their competent subordinates. Specifically, we argue that supervisors become envious of competent employees when they are anxious about losing power. Multisource, time‐lagged data collected from dyads (198 supervisors and 198 subordinates) in Pakistan‐based organizations support the proposed hypotheses. The findings show a positive relationship between perceptions of subordinate competence, supervisors' downward envy, and abusive supervision. In addition, the relationship between perceived subordinates' competence and supervisors' envy is strong when supervisors' power loss concerns are high. This study provides useful theoretical and practical insights for human resource managers dealing with unethical workplace behavior.
Featured Cover
Authors: Li Fan , Karimi Najmeh , Wang Siqi , Pan Tianshi , Dong Jingxi , Wang Xin , Ma Sinan , Shan Qingtong , Liu Chao , Zhang Ying , Li Wei , Feng Guihai
Published: July 2024

The cover image is based on the Letter to the Editor mRNA isoform switches during mouse zygotic genome activation by Fan Li et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.13655.

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Utility of the novel fetal heart quantification (fetal HQ) technique in diagnosing ventricular interdependence and biventricular dysfunction in a case of prenatally diagnosed Uhl's anomaly
Authors: Vaidyanathan Balu , Soman Sruthi , Karmegaraj Balaganesh
Published: June 2024

Uhl's anomaly is characterized by complete or partial absence of right ventricular myocardium. We describe a case of prenatally diagnosed Uhl's anomaly with biventricular dysfunction which was quantified with speckle tracking echocardiography using a novel fetal heart quantification (fetal HQ) technique.
Consequences of repeated sarcoptic mange outbreaks in an endangered mammal population
Authors: Wallén Johan , Erlandsson Rasmus , Larm Malin , Meijer Tomas , Norén Karin , Angerbjörn Anders
Published: July 2024

Diseases and parasites are important drivers of population dynamics in wild mammal populations. Small and endangered populations that overlap with larger, reservoir populations are particularly vulnerable to diseases and parasites, especially in ecosystems highly influenced by climate change. Sarcoptic mange, caused by a parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei, constitutes a severe threat to many wildlife populations and is today considered a panzootic. The Scandinavian arctic fox Vulpes lagopus is endangered with a fragmented distribution and is threatened by e.g. red fox Vulpes vulpes expansion, prey scarcity and inbreeding depression. Moreover, one of the subpopulations in Scandinavia has suffered from repeated outbreaks of sarcoptic mange during the past decade, most likely spread by red foxes. This was first documented in 2013 and then again 2014, 2017, 2019, 2020 and 2021. We used field inventories and wildlife cameras to follow the development of sarcoptic mange outbreaks in this arctic fox subpopulation with specific focus on disease transmission and consequences for reproductive output. In 2013–2014, we documented visual symptoms of sarcoptic mange in about 30% of the total population. Despite medical treatment, we demonstrate demographic consequences where the number of arctic fox litters plateaued and litter size was reduced after the introduction of S. scabiei. Furthermore, we found indications that mange likely was transmitted by a few arctic foxes travelling between several dens, i.e. ‘super‐spreaders'. This study highlights sarcoptic mange as a severe threat to small populations and can put the persistence of the entire Scandinavian arctic fox population at risk.
Multinational evaluation of genetic diversity indicators for the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
Authors: Mastretta‐Yanes Alicia , da Silva Jessica M. , Grueber Catherine E. , Castillo‐Reina Luis , Köppä Viktoria , Forester Brenna R. , Funk W. Chris , Heuertz Myriam , Ishihama Fumiko , Jordan Rebecca , Mergeay Joachim , Paz‐Vinas Ivan , Rincon‐Parra Victor Julio , Rodriguez‐Morales Maria Alejandra , Arredondo‐Amezcua Libertad , Brahy Gaëlle , DeSaix Matt , Durkee Lily , Hamilton Ashley , Hunter Margaret E. , Koontz Austin , Lang Iris , Latorre‐Cárdenas María Camila , Latty Tanya , Llanes‐Quevedo Alexander , MacDonald Anna J. , Mahoney Meg , Miller Caitlin , Ornelas Juan Francisco , Ramírez‐Barahona Santiago , Robertson Erica , Russo Isa‐Rita M. , Santiago Metztli Arcila , Shaw Robyn E. , Shea Glenn M. , Sjögren‐Gulve Per , Spence Emma Suzuki , Stack Taylor , Suárez Sofía , Takenaka Akio , Thurfjell Henrik , Turbek Sheela , van der Merwe Marlien , Visser Fleur , Wegier Ana , Wood Georgina , Zarza Eugenia , Laikre Linda , Hoban Sean
Published: July 2024

Under the recently adopted Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, 196 Parties committed to reporting the status of genetic diversity for all species. To facilitate reporting, three genetic diversity indicators were developed, two of which focus on processes contributing to genetic diversity conservation: maintaining genetically distinct populations and ensuring populations are large enough to maintain genetic diversity. The major advantage of these indicators is that they can be estimated with or without DNA‐based data. However, demonstrating their feasibility requires addressing the methodological challenges of using data gathered from diverse sources, across diverse taxonomic groups, and for countries of varying socio‐economic status and biodiversity levels. Here, we assess the genetic indicators for 919 taxa, representing 5271 populations across nine countries, including megadiverse countries and developing economies. Eighty‐three percent of the taxa assessed had data available to calculate at least one indicator. Our results show that although the majority of species maintain most populations, 58% of species have populations too small to maintain genetic diversity. Moreover, genetic indicator values suggest that IUCN Red List status and other initiatives fail to assess genetic status, highlighting the critical importance of genetic indicators.
National 22‐year epilepsy surgery landscape shows increasing open and minimally invasive pediatric epilepsy surgery
Authors: Vessell Meena , Willett Andrew , Ugiliweneza Beatrice , Sharma Mayur , Mutchnick Ian , Boakye Maxwell , Chern Joshua , Weiner Howard , Neimat Joseph
Published: June 2024

Objectives

A surgical “treatment gap” in pediatric epilepsy persists despite the demonstrated safety and effectiveness of surgery. For this reason, the national surgical landscape should be investigated such that an updated assessment may more appropriately guide health care efforts.

Methods

In our retrospective cross‐sectional observational study, the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried for individuals 0 to <18 years of age who had an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code for drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). This cohort was then split into a medical group and a surgical group. The former was defined by ICD codes for ‐DRE without an accompanying surgical code, and the latter was defined by DRE and one of the following epilepsy surgeries: any open surgery; laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT); vagus nerve stimulation; or responsive neurostimulation (RNS) from 1998 to 2020. Demographic variables of age, gender, race, insurance type, hospital charge, and hospital characteristics were analyzed between surgical options. Continuous variables were analyzed with weight‐adjusted quantile regression analysis, and categorical variables were analyzed by weight‐adjusted counts with percentages and compared with weight‐adjusted chi‐square test results.

Results

These data indicate an increase in epilepsy surgeries over a 22‐year period, primarily due to a statistically significant increase in open surgery and a non‐significant increase in minimally invasive techniques, such as LITT and RNS. There are significant differences in age, race, gender, insurance type, median household income, Elixhauser index, hospital setting, and size between the medical and surgical groups, as well as the procedure performed.

Significance

An increase in open surgery and minimally invasive surgeries (LITT and RNS) account for the overall rise in pediatric epilepsy surgery over the last 22 years. A positive inflection point in open surgery is seen in 2005. Socioeconomic disparities exist between medical and surgical groups. Patient and hospital sociodemographics show significant differences between the procedure performed. Further efforts are required to close the surgical “treatment gap.”
Osteoinductive and regenerative potential of premixed calcium‐silicate bioceramic sealers on vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Bernardini Chiara , Zamparini Fausto , Prati Carlo , Salaroli Roberta , Spinelli Andrea , Zannoni Augusta , Forni Monica , Gandolfi Maria Giovanna
Published: June 2024

Aim

The osteogenic potential of new premixed calcium‐silicate‐containing bioceramic sealers (Ca‐Si sealers) was tested with porcine vascular wall‐mesenchymal stem cells (pVW‐MSCs).

Methodology

Two Ca‐Si‐containing sealers: Ceraseal (MetaBiomed, Cheong‐si, South Korea) and AH Plus Bioceramic (Maruchi, Wonju‐si, South Korea), and an epoxy resin sealer (AH Plus; Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) as a control, were prepared according to the manufacturers' indications. All samples were allowed to set for 100% of their setting time in a sterile humid cabinet at 37°C and 95% relative humidity. pVW‐MSC seeding efficiency and osteogenic differentiation were analysed as marker of gene/protein expression for up to 12 days. Mineralization assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed and evaluated over a period of 21 days. Statistical analyses were conducted using one‐way analysis of variance (p < .05). Additional samples were prepared and stored under the same conditions and inspected using an environmental scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy system.

Results

Significantly higher cell seeding efficiency (p < .05) was observed for both Ca‐Si sealers from day 8. pVW‐MSCs showed a significant shift towards the osteogenic lineage only when seeded in contact with Ca‐Si sealers. Gene expression of osteopontin was upregulated significantly. Collagen I and osteocalcin were clearly expressed by cells in contact with Ca‐Si sealers. Mineralization granules were observed in Alizarin red assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of both Ca‐Si sealers. No gene expression or granule mineralization were observed on the epoxy resin sealer.

Conclusions

Premixed Ca‐Si sealers displayed a higher potential for osteogenic activity on pVW‐MSCs. Epoxy resin sealer was unable to induce any osteogenic activity. The properties of both Ca‐Si sealers suggest their potential as osteoinductive platforms for vascular MSCs in periapical bone.
External auditing arrangements of smaller authorities in England
Authors: Lakoma Katarzyna , Murphy Peter , Toothill Angela
Published: June 2024

Less complex entities (LCEs) make a critical contribution to the public, private and voluntary sectors in England and internationally and account for the great majority of all local public audits. Recently, the role and objectives of financial reporting and external auditing in England have been subject to unprecedented criticism through a number of independent national reports. This paper discusses the auditing arrangements for LCEs in the public sector in England by examining the evidence generated by the local public audit review by Sir Tony Redmond. It discusses implications for the local public audit regime and considers whether the existing and proposed accountability and transparency arrangements are compatible with the new International Standard on Auditing (ISA) for LCEs. It contributes to the limited research on the new ISA for LCEs by investigating the differences and similarities between the new ISA for LCEs and the emerging auditing standards for English LCEs.
Non‐stomatal factors limit cotton photosynethesis under silverleaf whitefly stress
Authors: Lin Tongo‐Bao , Schwartz Amnon , Saranga Yehoshua
Published: June 2024

Reduced plant productivity induced by silverleaf whiteffy (SLW), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, is often associated with reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn). This study was aimed at characterizing the effects of SLAV on photosynthetic activity in cotton and the underlying mechanisms. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Sivon) plants were examined under SLW‐infested and non‐infested conditions and subjected to measurements of gas exchange, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence. SLW infestation significantly reduced the Pn of cotton by 22‐54% throughout the day us well as throughout most of the examined ranges of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and CO2 concentrations. Stomatal conductance was also reduced by SLW injury, while intercellular CO2 concentration (C1) was not affected, suggesting that stomatal limitation is not the major factor limiting Pn. This conclusion was further supported by estimates of stomatal limitation, based on Pn/Cl curves, which were not affected by SLW infestation. On the other hand, non‐stomatal limitation induced by SLW was over 2‐fold higher than stomatal limitation. Chlorophyll a and b contents were not modified by SLW infestation. Fluorescence ratio (Fi/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII were reduced by less than 10%; thus, impaired photochemical reaction is probably not the only factor limiting Pn under SLW infestation. In conclusion, SLW‐induced Pn reduction in cotton was due to non‐stomatal factors, possibly induced by impaired carbon fixation and/or carbohydrate export.
Formation kinetics and thermodynamic stability of the Aurivillius compounds in Bi4Ti3O12–BiFeO3 system
Authors: Gong Weiping , Zhang Duoduo , Xiao Lang , Zhao Jiahui , Wang Ting , Li Kai , Zhao Zhentin , Scharrer Manuel , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: July 2024

The Aurivillius compounds in the Bi2O3–Fe2O3–TiO2 system, combining ferroelectric, semiconducting, and ferromagnetic properties, have attracted particular interest. Formation kinetics and thermodynamic stability are the fundamental knowledge needed for modeling and predicting the temporal microstructure and property evolution during materials processing but have not yet been addressed by quantitative experimental measurement. This article focuses on the Bin+1Fen–3Ti3O3n+3 Aurivillius compounds on the Bi4Ti3O12–BiFeO3 tie‐line to elucidate the mechanisms and thermodynamic controls responsible for phase formation of compounds with various perovskite‐like layers. Five high‐purity Aurivillius compounds Bi4Ti3O12, Bi5FeTi3O15, Bi6Fe2Ti3O18, Bi7Fe3Ti3O21, and Bi8Fe4Ti3O24 with integer n = 3–7 values were synthesized and their phase transformation properties and enthalpies of formation were studied by X‐ray diffraction in situ, high temperature differential scanning calorimetry, and high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. Thermodynamic stability of the compounds decreases with increasing n, and formation kinetics gradually slow down, demonstrating the inherent difficulty to synthesize pure Aurivillius compounds with n larger than 8. This difficulty was confirmed by an impurity phase coexisting with Bi9Fe5Ti3O27.
Oxidation under stress of SiC‐based fibers at intermediate temperature and ambient air
Authors: Mazerat S. , El‐Morsli J. , Sarrazin R. , Pailler R.
Published: June 2024

If the temperature and environment effects on the oxidation of SiC fibers have been extensively documented, the impact of external stresses (stress‐oxidation coupling effect) remains questioned. Therefore, interrupted static fatigue tests were conducted on filaments. Surviving specimens (>60%) were subsequently tensile tested and fracture surfaces recovered for analysis. The external stress was found to have no impact on the oxidation regime (linear or parabolic) nor on its rate, which is comparable to literature data. As long as the slow crack growth (SCG) incubates (negligible growth rate), the oxidation was shown to govern the embrittlement. Fracture surface analysis revealed tensile residual stresses, attributed to a wedge effect when specimens were unloaded. Rare tests (<2%) were interrupted while the crack had significantly grown highlighting the successive crack fronts. Sources of residual stresses and differences between fiber types (flaw position inducing a bias on lifetime prediction) are discussed. In these circumstances, a coupling effect between the oxidation embrittlement and the SCG could be assumed for moderate stress levels, which is pertinent for most of ceramic matrix composite applications.
Yttria substitution effect of tantalate aluminosilicate glasses with ultra‐high Young's modulus
Authors: Hayashi Katsuki , Nishizaki Hikaru , Mitsui Kazuki , Tricot Grégory , Saitoh Akira
Published: July 2024

We report novel oxide glasses that are compatible with ultra‐high Young's modulus (∼150 GPa) and a small coefficient of thermal expansion (∼5.0 ppm/K). These glasses were prepared using a conventional melt‐quenching technique. The viscosity–temperature relation provides the reshaping temperature for the stiff and less dilated oxide glasses. The origin of the ultra‐high Young's modulus is the inclusion of Y2O3 as well as five‐ and six‐coordinated alumina oxide and Ta2O5, which has a large ionic packing ratio due to higher oxygen coordination numbers. On the other hand, the small thermal expansion coefficient originates from including Ta2O5 and SiO2 with large dissociation energy due to strong bonds.
High‐yield nanovesicles extruded from dental follicle stem cells promote the regeneration of periodontal tissues as an alternative of exosomes
Authors: Liang Lu , Wang Limeiting , Liao Zhenhui , Ma Liya , Wang Pinwen , Zhao Junjie , Wu Jinyan , Yang Hefeng
Published: July 2024

Aim

To identify an optimized strategy for the large‐scale production of nanovesicles (NVs) that preserve the biological properties of exosomes (EXOs) for use in periodontal regeneration.

Materials and Methods

NVs from dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) were prepared through extrusion, and EXOs from DFSCs were isolated. The yield of both extruded NVs (eNVs) and EXOs were quantified through protein concentration and particle number analyses. Their pro‐migration, pro‐proliferation and pro‐osteogenesis capacities were compared subsequently in vitro. Additionally, proteomics analysis was conducted. To further evaluate the periodontal regeneration potential of eNVs and EXOs, they were incorporated into collagen sponges and transplanted into periodontal defects in rats. In vivo imaging and H&E staining were utilized to verify their biodistribution and safety. Micro‐Computed Tomography analysis and histological staining were performed to examine the regeneration of periodontal tissues.

Results

The yield of eNVs was nearly 40 times higher than that of EXOs. Interestingly, in vitro experiments indicated that the pro‐migration and pro‐proliferation abilities of eNVs were superior, and the pro‐osteogenesis potential was comparable to EXOs. More importantly, eNVs exhibited periodontal regenerative potential similar to that of EXOs.

Conclusions

Extrusion has proven to be an efficient method for generating numerous eNVs with the potential to replace EXOs in periodontal regeneration.
A pair of nuclear factor Y transcription factors act as positive regulators in jasmonate signaling and disease resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lin Chuyu , Lan Chenghao , Li Xiaoxiao , Xie Wei , Lin Fucheng , Liang Yan , Tao Zeng
Published: July 2024

The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth and immunity by orchestrating a genome‐wide transcriptional reprogramming. In the resting stage, JASMONATE‐ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins act as main repressors to regulate the expression of JA‐responsive genes in the JA signaling pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying de‐repression of JA‐responsive genes in response to JA treatment remain elusive. Here, we report two nuclear factor Y transcription factors NF‐YB2 and NF‐YB3 (thereafter YB2 and YB3) play key roles in such de‐repression in Arabidopsis. YB2 and YB3 function redundantly and positively regulate plant resistance against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, which are specially required for transcriptional activation of a set of JA‐responsive genes following inoculation. Furthermore, YB2 and YB3 modulated their expression through direct occupancy and interaction with histone demethylase Ref6 to remove repressive histone modifications. Moreover, YB2 and YB3 physically interacted with JAZ repressors and negatively modulated their abundance, which in turn attenuated the inhibition of JAZ proteins on the transcription of JA‐responsive genes, thereby activating JA response and promoting disease resistance. Overall, our study reveals the positive regulators of YB2 and YB3 in JA signaling by positively regulating transcription of JA‐responsive genes and negatively modulating the abundance of JAZ proteins.
Educational results of the Japan Maternal Emergency Life‐Saving (J‐MELS) simulation training organized by Japan Council for the Implementation of the Maternal Emergency Life‐Saving System (J‐CIMELS): a 12‐month longitudinal follow‐up study in Japan
Authors: Imai Kenji , Hashimoto Yuhei , Ito Yumiko , Sakata Keiko , Kawanami Masashi , Nakano‐Kobayashi T. , Hashii Koji , Yamahata Yoshihiro , Kajiyama Hiroaki , Kotani Tomomi
Published: July 2024

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term results of Japan Maternal Emergency Life‐Saving (J‐MELS) simulation training on obstetric healthcare providers, over a 12‐month follow‐up period.

Methods

A total of 273 trainees from 17 J‐MELS Basic courses conducted between August 2021 and October 2023 were included. The trainees' responses to the pre‐ and post‐tests, questionnaires, and self‐reports on the usefulness of the J‐MELS scenarios in actual clinical settings at 1, 6, and 12 months after the training were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was also conducted to identify the factors influencing knowledge retention.

Results

We found an overall improvement in clinical knowledge acquisition after J‐MELS training and a significant retention of this improvement at least until 12 months later. However, these scores gradually declined over. Trainees reported increased usefulness of J‐MELS scenarios in actual clinical practice at 1, 6, and 12 months after training, particularly in managing obstetric emergencies such as atonic postpartum hemorrhage. Knowledge retention was influenced by several specific factors, such as years of clinical experience, affiliated institutions, qualifications, and especially pre‐test scores.

Conclusion

Our longitudinal follow‐up study demonstrated, for the first time, the long‐term results of J‐MELS simulation training using post‐tests and self‐report data. Our findings provide valuable insight into the impact of J‐MELS simulation training on maternal emergency care. By elucidating the factors influencing knowledge retention and practical utility, the findings offer actionable recommendations for optimizing training strategies and improving maternal outcomes in actual clinical practice.
Contact point marking with the OccluSense system—an in vitro study on reliability and validity
Authors: Popa Stefanie , Ahlers M. Oliver
Published: June 2024

Background

Occlusal contacts can be stained and thereby visualised employing occlusal indicators. Qualitative and quantitative indicators are differentiated. The hybrid system OccluSense supposedly combines analogue contact marking and digital registration of contacts. The reliability and validity of its contact marking have not yet been validated.

Objectives

The aim of this controlled randomised in‐vitro study was to examine the reliability and validity of analogue contact staining with OccluSense compared to Arti‐Fol and the reference standard Gnatho‐Film.

Materials and Methods

An experimental apparatus was designed to simulate static occlusion. The occlusal contacts were stained 50 times with Gnatho‐Film to determine the average number and location of contacts registered. For comparison, the contacts were pre‐stained with Gnatho‐Film and then registered with Arti‐Fol or OccluSense 50 times each. Every staining was statistically evaluated and compared to Gnatho‐Film alone, regarding the number and location of contacts. Based on the observed characteristic staining behaviour of OccluSense, a modified evaluation strategy was developed for its colour markings (OccluSense (mod.)).

Results

Both evaluations of OccluSense determine that the same number of contacts was registered in over 94% of all cases. Neither OccluSense nor Arti‐Fol stain the exact same number of contacts as Gnatho‐Film, but the modified evaluation OccluSense (mod.) did improve the results for validity.

Conclusion

When employing the modified evaluation strategy, OccluSense staining achieves similar reliability and validity as the reference standard. Pre‐colouring of occlusal contacts with Gnatho‐Film and the modified evaluation strategy, might become standard for analysing occlusal contacts stained by OccluSense in the future.
Timing of feeding a protein supplement on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids during exercise recovery in horses
Authors: Graham‐Thiers Patty , Bowen Kristen
Published: July 2024

Eight geldings weighing 544 ± 16 kg were used to evaluate feeding a postexercise protein meal on plasma amino acids during recovery. Horses were fed sweet feed, corn, grass hay and equal amounts of a protein pellet (32% CP) with meals (MP group) or postexercise (EP group). Horses exercised 1–2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 12 weeks. A pre and poststudy 4 days total urine and feces collection was conducted. Urine and fecal samples were analyzed for nitrogen (N) to calculate N balance. Blood samples were drawn immediately after and at 1 and 3 h postexercise at the start and end of the study for plasma amino acid concentrations. Absorbed N and N retention were greater for the MP group compared to the EP group (p = 0.038, 0.033 respectively). An interaction revealed an increase in fecal N (p = 0.01) and decreased N digestibility for the MP group compared to the EP group at the end of the study. Plasma concentrations for 8 out of 14 amino acids were less for the EP group immediately after exercise compared to the MP group (p < 0.02). Plasma concentrations of lysine and arginine were greater for the EP group compared to the MP group at 1 and 3 h after exercise (p < 0.05 and 0.04 respectively). Changes were different for 8 out of the 14 amino acids immediately post exercise, 7 out of 14 amino acids at 1 h postexercise and 10 out of 14 amino acids at 3 h postexercise with positive changes for the EP group and negative changes for the MP group. The EP group had improved supply of plasma amino acids in the recovery period that sustained for 3 h postexercise and are indicative of better amino acid supply supporting muscle development.
Exploring emotional regulation in insomnia with and without major depressive episode
Authors: Garrivet Julie , Gohier Bénédicte , Maruani Julia , Ifrah Guillaume , Trzepizur Wojciech , Gagnadoux Frederic , Henry Chantal , Geoffroy Pierre A.
Published: June 2024

Previous studies have highlighted the pivotal role of emotional regulation impairment in the progression of depressive and insomnia disorders, individually. Nevertheless, to date, no study has undertaken a direct comparison of the emotional profiles in individuals experiencing insomnia with or without major depressive episode (MDE). In this study, our objective was to closely examine multiple aspects of emotional regulation among individuals experiencing insomnia, with or without concurrent depression. This descriptive observational study involved 57 participants, comprising 27 individuals with comorbid chronic insomnia and MDE, and 30 with chronic insomnia alone. All participants completed self‐questionnaires assessing aspects of emotional regulation: the Affect Intensity Measure (intensity), Affective Lability Scale (lability), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis Pisa Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (temperament), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (cognitive strategies), and Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States (reactivity). There were statistically significant differences between the group with insomnia with MDE and insomnia without MDE in terms of anxiety/depression lability. Discrepancies also manifested in terms of activation or inhibition in motor activity and motivation. Additionally, a noteworthy variance in cognitive strategies for emotional regulation was observed, specifically in self‐blame and catastrophising. From a cognitive perspective, patients with insomnia and a MDE exhibited a greater inclination towards self‐blame and catastrophising, in contrast to those with insomnia only. Behaviourally, the former group demonstrated heightened inhibition of motivation and motor activity. These findings underscore the importance of larger‐scale investigations to validate these insights and pave the way for clinical prospects centred around emotional regulation, ultimately fostering personalised treatments for insomnia.
Effects of dispersing media on the rheological and tribological properties of basil seed mucilage‐based thickened liquids
Authors: Kongjaroen Akapong , Gamonpilas Chaiwut , Methacanon Pawadee
Published: July 2024

The development of thickening powders for the management of dysphagia is imperative due to the rapid growth of aging population and prevalence of the dysphagia. One promising thickening agent that can be used to formulate dysphagia diets is basil seed mucilage (BSM). This work investigates the effects of dispersing media, including water, milk, skim milk, and apple juice, on the rheological and tribological properties of the BSM‐thickened liquids. Shear rheology results revealed that the thickening ability of BSM in these media in ascending order is milk < skim milk ≈ apple juice < water. On the other hand, extensional rheology demonstrated that the longest filament breakup time was observed when BSM was dissolved in milk, followed by skim milk, water, and apple juice. Furthermore, tribological measurements showed varying lubrication behavior, depending on the BSM concentration and dispersing media. Dissolution of BSM in apple juice resulted in the most superior lubrication property compared with that in other dispersing media. Overall, this study provides insights on BSM's application as a novel gum‐based thickening powder in a range of beverages and emphasizes how important it is for consumers to have clear guidance for the use of BSM in dysphagia management.
A Real‐world Study of Denosumab For Reducing Refracture Risk after Percutaneous Vertebral Augmentation
Authors: Zou Jun , Zhang Yijian , Niu Junjie , Song Dawei , Huang Zhenna , Li Zongjie , Liu Tao , Meng Bin , Shi Qin , Zhu Xuesong , Yang Huilin
Published: July 2024

Objective

To investigate the use of anti‐osteoporotic agents and refracture incidence in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) following percutaneous vertebral augmentation (PVA) and to evaluate the real‐world treatment of patients using denosumab following PVA. This study aims to provide spine surgeons with empirical insights derived from real‐world scenarios to enhance the management of bone health in OVCF patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was based on data from the MarketScan and Optum databases from the USA. Female patients aged 55–90 years who underwent PVA for OVCF between January 2013 and March 2020 were included and followed up from the day after surgery. Patients who received at least one dose of denosumab were included in the denosumab cohort and were further divided into the on‐treatment and off‐treatment groups according to whether they received a second dose of denosumab, with follow‐up beginning on the index day (225 days after the first denosumab dose). In this study, the off‐treatment group was considered as the control group. Refracture incidence after PVA, the proportion of patients using anti‐osteoporotic agents in the total study population, and refracture incidence after the index day in the denosumab cohort were analyzed.

Results

A total of 13,451 and 21,420 patients from the MarketScan and Optum databases, respectively, were included. In the denosumab cohort, the cumulative incidence of clinical osteoporotic fractures within 3 years after the index day was significantly lower in the on‐treatment group than in the off‐treatment group (MarketScan database: 23.0% vs 39.0%, p = 0.002; Optum database: 28.2% vs 40.0%, p = 0.023). The cumulative incidence of clinical vertebral fractures was also lower in the on‐treatment group than in the off‐treatment group, with a significant difference in the MarketScan database (14.4% vs 25.5%, p = 0.002) and a numerical difference was found in the Optum database (20.2% vs 27.5%, p = 0.084).The proportion of patients using anti‐osteoporotic agents was low at 6 months postoperatively, with only approximately 7% using denosumab and 13%–15% taking oral bisphosphonates.

Conclusion

Postmenopausal women have a high refracture rate and a low proportion of anti‐osteoporotic drug use after PVA. Continued denosumab treatment after PVA is associated with a lower risk of osteoporotic and clinical vertebral fractures. Therefore, denosumab may be a treatment option for patients with osteoporosis after PVA.
The Differences on the Fatty Infiltration of Paraspinal Muscles between Single‐ and Multiple‐level Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Shen Minjie , Shen Zhijia , Yang Guanyu , Tian Xin , Zhao Hongcheng , Wang Wenhao , Yang Huilin
Published: July 2024

Objective

Multiple‐level Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is related to postoperative re‐herniation and low back pain. Although many investigators believed that there is an interdependence between paraspinal muscles degeneration and IDD, few studies focused on the fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscles on single‐ and multiple‐level IDD in patients with LDH. This study aims to investigate the difference on the fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscles between single‐ and multiple‐levels IDD in patients with LDH. and to explore in patients with LDH whether fatty infiltration is a potential risk factor for multiple‐level IDD.

Methods

This study was conducted as a retrospective observational analysis of 82 patients with LDH from January 1, 2020 to December 30, 2020 in our hospital were enrolled. Twenty‐seven cases had single‐level IDD (Group A), and 55 cases had multiple‐level IDD (Group B). We measured the mean computed tomography (CT) density value of the paraspinal muscles, including multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES) and psoas muscle (PM) at each disc from L1 to S1. Subgroups were set to further analyze the odds ratio (OR) of fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscles in different sex and BMI groups. We measured sagittal angles and analyzed the relationships between these angles and IDD. Finally, we use logistic regression, adjusted for other confounding factors, to investigate whether fatty infiltration is an independent risk factor for multi‐level IDD.

Results

The average age in multi‐level IDD (51.40 ± 15.47 years) was significantly higher than single‐level IDD (33.37 ± 7.10 years). The mean CT density value of MF, ES and PM in single‐level IDD was significantly higher than multi‐level IDD (all ps < 0.001). There was no significant difference of the mean value of angles between the two groups. No matter being fat (body mass index [BMI] > 24.0 kg/m2) or normal, patients with low mean muscle CT density value of MF and ES are significantly easier to suffer from multiple‐level IDD. In the pure model, the average CT density value of the MF, ES and PM is all significantly associated with the occurrence of multi‐IDD. However, after adjusting for various confounding factors, only the OR of the average CT density value for MF and ES remains statistically significant (OR = 0.810, 0.834, respectively).

Conclusions

In patients with LDH, patients with multiple‐level IDD have more severe fatty infiltration of MF and ES than those with single‐level IDD. Fatty infiltration of MF and ES are independent risk factors for multiple‐level IDD in LDH patients.
‘I need to understand… so we can decide together’: Difficult conversations about alopecia areata
Authors: Tissera Kristin A. , Gorbatenko‐Roth Kristina , Prose Neil S. , Johnson Kirsten
Published: June 2024

The management of alopecia areata (AA) in pediatric patients poses unique challenges, particularly regarding treatment discussions and decision making involving both patients and their families. This commentary presents findings from unpublished research on treatment‐discontinuation discussions between AA patients and their treating providers, shedding light on the hopes, expectations, and disappointments of individuals with severe AA. The study explored patient and guardian satisfaction with these discussions, emphasizing the importance of addressing psychosocial concerns, facilitating contact with support groups, and demonstrating empathy. The role of dermatologists in conversations about treatment, prognosis, and quality of life is examined, emphasizing the need for honesty, empathy, and realistic expectations. The authors propose a patient‐centered approach to initiating and guiding discussions, focusing on understanding the impact of AA on patients and their families and collaboratively deciding on treatment options. The mantra: ‘I need to understand how this is affecting all of you, so we can decide together what to do next’ is central to this proposed approach. Special considerations for different scenarios are discussed, highlighting the importance of individualized care and effective communication. Overall, the commentary emphasizes the significance of actively listening, acknowledging emotions, and prioritizing patient and family goals to optimize care for pediatric AA patients.