bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Identification and Possible Environmental Impact of Trace Gases and Vapours in Landfill Gas
Authors: Young P.J. , Parker A.
Published: October 2007

Trace compounds present in gas from six landfill sites have been identified and their concentrations measured. At least 100 components are present including hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes and organic sulphur compounds. In domestic waste sites these varied with the age of the refuse.

Industrial waste sites evolved gas much richer in hydrocarbons and solvents including halocarbons. Vinyl chloride and benzene were also present in significant concentrations. A 100-fold dilution would be advisable to eliminate any long-term health hazard. Domestic waste sites do not pose a health hazard due to minor components although a 1,000,000-fold dilution is required to bring some of them below the odour threshold. At most sites, hydrogen sulphide was not a significant contributor to smell.
Untersuchungen Über Den Einfluß Der Belüftung Sowie Der Struktur Des Rottegutes Auf Den Rotteverlauf Bei Der Kompostierung Von Abwasserschlamm Examinations On the Effect of the Oxygen Supply and the Structure of the Bulking Agents On the Composting Process of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Bickel F.
Published: October 2007

Experiments with the composting of municipal sewage sludge were made to examine the effect of different bulking agents and of the oxygen supply on the process. The bulking agents have been chopped straw, milled bark and sawdust as organic materials and Styropor—foamed polystyrene as a synthetic material. The bulking agents have been dried at 105°C and then mixed with the same quantity of digested municipal sewage sludge. Because of the different water capacity of each material different structures were reached. i.e. the free air space in the mixture differed, because each material extracted a different quantity of water out of the sludge. This effect can be seen in Table 1, while a scheme of the experiment is given in Figures 1 and 2.

In a second run the oxygen content was changed from 21 Vol-% to 50 Vol-% in dry air at the same rate of 17 1/h for 3 min in each hour. In both runs the composting process was followed by measuring the temperatures and the CO2-rate in the exit air. For comparison two parameters have been calculated, the energy production and the carbon loss which are shown in Table 2. These results show that bark was the best bulking agent (2608 kJ and 45.4 g carbon loss), while the synthetic material produced almost no activity (326 kJ and 4.2 g carbon loss). The effect of the higher oxygen content can be seen by comparing the curves of the temperatures in Figs 3 and 4 showing the characteristic form. After reaching the maximum, the temperatures stayed for a longer time on a higher level during the second run, marking a higher activity of the process. The curves of the CO2-rate given in the Figs 5 and 6 show the same effect.

Overall it is evident, that the structure of the mixture, i.e. the bulking agent has a greater effect on the composting process than the increased oxygen content.
Reclamation of Deep Mine Refuse Banks With Municipal Sewage Sludge
Authors: Seaker Eileen M. , Sopper W.E.
Published: October 2007

Municipal sludge was applied on a deep mine anthracite refuse bank at rates of 80 and 108 dry Mg/ha to facilitate vegetation establishment. A monitoring system was installed to determine the effects of the sludge applications on the quality and growth of the vegetative cover, chemical properties of the soil, and chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater.

Data collected over a 5-year period indicate that the addition of sludge improved the physical and chemical condition of the black, highly acidic refuse material and promoted establishment and continued growth of a complete vegetative cover. Sludge applications resulted in slight increases in some trace metal concentrations in the surface soil and in the vegetation. However, soil concentrations were within the normal range found in U.S. soils. Vegetation foliar trace metal concentrations were well below plant tolerance levels and no phytotoxicity symptoms were ever observed. In general, the sludge applications had no significant adverse effect on the chemical or bacteriological quality of groundwater.

The results indicate that single applications of stabilized municipal sludge, applied at rates up to 108 dry Mg/ha with lime, can be used in an environmentally safe manner to revegetate coal refuse banks in the Appalachian mining region, with a cover that is self-maintaining for the 5-year period mandated under the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.
Planning, Design and On-Going Control of Environmental Protection Practices for Landfill Sites in the U.K
Authors: Newton J.W.
Published: October 2007

A private operator's view of the detailed and varied factors that need to be assessed when considering the opening and running of a new controlled landfill site is outlined. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to properly plan, design and control a landfill site, for it is only through these means that the Industry will gain public confidence and acceptability. Although not specifically dealing with Special Wastes, the principles of landfill design and operation will apply in general to most operators.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Issues in Europe and Related Who Activities
Authors: Suess M.J.
Published: October 2007

The overall goal of WHO is to co-operate with its Member States, and provide them with assistance on demand or as needed. Towards this end, the WHO Regional Office for Europe has implemented, over many years, programme activities related to the management of municipal and industrial solid waste, sewage sludge, hazardous waste, waste from hospitals and other health care facilities, and radioactive waste. The published results of the various activities include conclusions and recommendations addressed to national public and environmental health authorities and to the scientific and professional community, as a whole.

In more specific terms, work has been completed in recent years on the impact on health from microbes and chemicals in sewage sludge applied to land, and from emissions of dioxin, furan, PAH and heavy metal compounds from municipal waste incinerators. Policy guidelines and a code of practice for the management of hazardous waste, prepared together with the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP, were published in six languages, including Chinese. At present, the emphasis is shifting to hazardous waste, and a study is under way on the health impact of hazardous waste containing certain identified "priority chemicals". A code of practice is currently being used in work for the site selection for hazardous waste facilities, including landfills. There is also a plan for the training of national trainees in the sound management of hazardous waste. WHO/HQ, together with UNEP and the World Bank, are completing a text on the management of hazardous waste in developing countries. The first two volumes are expected to be published in 1988. A third volume with a number of national case studies is also being prepared. To assist WHO in its tasks, increase the effectiveness of results, and avoid duplication of activities, co-operation is being maintained with various individual experts, national institutes and authorities, and other international governmental and non-governmental organizations. Co-ordination of work and exchange of information is a matter of routine by means of periodic interagency consultations, participation in meetings of other organizations and country visits.
Hazardous Waste Management in Victoria Australia
Authors: Robinson Brian
Published: October 2007

The current hazardous waste management policy in Victoria, Australia is presented. A basic strategy includes waste minimisation, cradle to grave control, State regulated, privately owned waste treatment plants and a planned high temperature incinerator to be located in New South Wales. Public participation at all levels has been encouraged.
Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment Facilities in Thailand
Authors: Lohwongwatana Boonyong , Soponkanaporn Teerapon , Sophonsridsuk Aioporn
Published: October 2007

In Thailand, hazardous waste is becoming a major problem, especially toxic chemicals and heavy metal pollutants discharged from factories. The Industrial Works Department (IWD), which has full responsibility for the control of all factory pollution problems, has initiated a joint hazardous waste treatment programme for handling industrial liquid, sludge and solid hazardous wastes from all factories situated in and around Bangkok and the eastern seaboard region. Four industrial hazardous wastes treatment centres are planned. Secure landfills together with research and development centres will also be provided nearby for the ultimate disposal of the inert-salt sludges. The investment, operation and management of the centres is to be handled by private companies which can generate revenue by charging service fees directly to their customers. Since both governmental and private sectors have no experience in this field, a grant system for a pilot centre has been launched by the Government which has reduced the operating costs by providing land, treatment facilities, infrastructure and secured landfills. The first treatment centre which was officially planned in 1985 was put into operation in July 1988 at Samea Dam, Bangkhuntien District, a western suburb of Bangkok. The construction of all necessary facilities was paid for by the Government. The operation and management of the centre is handled by a private contractor, Siam Control Company (SCC) under a 5-year lease. The users will pay service fees directly to the contractor and the Government will receive a rental and royalty fee from the contractor.
Estimation of Hazardous Wastes From Employment Statistics: Victoria, Australia
Authors: Monahan D.J.
Published: October 2007

Estimates of hazardous waste production in Victoria, Australia were compared. Empirical estimates based on unit load factors obtained in North America applied fairly well. Estimates based on responses to questionnaires (60%) were about twice as great. The two estimates bracketed observed (incomplete) production data based on deliveries to hazardous waste facilities. Factors which may cause variations to actual waste generation or its estimate have been outlined.
Control of Aeration in Static Pile Composting
Authors: Leton T.G. , Stentiford E.I.
Published: October 2007

The systems of aeration control currently available for "Aerated Static Pile" composting are reviewed. These systems are fixed rate, variable rate and automated rate of aeration control. It is concluded that only the automated aeration system can actually cater for the dynamic nature of the composting process. Advantages such as a means of monitoring aeration effectiveness, and an indication of the end of active composting can be incorporated into the system.
Effects of Plastics in Anaerobic Digestion of Urban Solid Wastes
Authors: Muthuswamy S. , Nemerow N.L.
Published: October 2007

Anaerobic digestion is a possible method for treating urban solid wastes. This pilot plant study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of plastic refuse on the anaerobic digestion process of municipal solid wastes. The air-blown polyethylene film present in the air classified light fraction of solid waste from Pompono Beach, Florida, U.S.A. was removed by visual separation. Control digesters operating on this substrate, produced more gas than test digesters to which the plastic scraps had been returned.
Sea Lagoons in Hong Kong for the Disposal of Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA)
Authors: Wigmore J.W. , Kubrycht S.A.
Published: October 2007

The design of lagoons for the dewatering and retention of ash from pulverised coal burned in a power plant in Hong Kong is described. To reduce pollution of nearby oyster beds the sea water used to convey the ash as a slurry is decanted and returned to the power plant for discharge into deep water.
Leaching of Residues From Msw Incineration
Authors: Cernuschi S. , Giugliano M. , de Paoli I.
Published: October 2007

Laboratory batch and column leaching tests of fly ash from MSW incineration have shown that heavy metals in fly ashes collected in dry or spray dry acid removal systems using lime are much more soluble than the same metals in fly ash collected without added lime. Much of the increase in solubility can be ascribed to the presence of chlorides. In particular nearly all of the lead, cadmium, copper and zinc is released at pH 5 in acetic acid from acid gas cleaning residues while only about a third is released from fly ash alone. Substantial fractions of lead are released even at high pHs from acid gas cleaning residues.
Landfilling Characteristics of Flue Gas Desulphurizing Wastes
Authors: Wahlström Margareta , Ranta Jussi , Lindroos Pekka
Published: October 2007

Leachate from mixtures of fly ash and flue gas desulphurizing (FGD) residues were analysed by shake and column tests. The pozzolanic reaction between FGD and fly ash proceeds over a period of several months forming a dense structure with reduced leachability. High variations were found between different sources of ash and FGD.
Municipal Solid Waste Management—an Example of a Partnership Between Five Municipalities
Authors: Holst Bent
Published: October 2007

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s many joint municipal partnerships were established in Denmark to take responsibility for the planning and handling of waste on behalf of municipalities in the partnership. RENO SYD is a typical joint municipal partnership, established to handle the municipal solid waste of five municipalities with a total of 65,000 inhabitants. The paper reviews the by-laws and organization of RENO SYD; the facility financing ownership or leasing; the collection of the various waste types; the reception at recycling cites; the refuse treatment, energy recovery, waste separation, treatment and landfill disposal; recycling; and economics, including tipping fees and taxation.
Treatment of Organic-Contaminated Industrial Wastes Using Cement-Based Stabilization/Solidification— I. Microstructural Analysis of Cement-Organic Interactions
Authors: Montgomery D.M. , Sollars C.J. , Perry R. , Tarling S.E. , Barnes P. , Henderson E.
Published: October 2007

The major deficiencies in cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes are their inability to treat inorganic wastes contaminated with organic material or organic wastes. In general, organic compounds are poorly retained in a cement matrix and frequently have a detrimental, poorly understood, effect upon cement hydration and strength development. These interactions need to be understood as fully as possible, however, if S/S processes are to be developed in ways which will assure the long-term integrity of the resultant products.

The work presented in this paper investigates some fundamental aspects of the interactions of two organic compounds, 3-chlorophenol and chloronaphthalene, with a cement matrix. Phenolic compounds have previously been shown to have a detrimental effect upon the macrostructural properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), for example, the strength, setting rate and leachability (Montgomery et al. 1988). Microstructural studies in this work have shown that 3-chlorophenol inhibits the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S in cement chemists' notation), with up to 90% of the C3S remaining after 28 days for highly dosed 3-chlorophenol/OPC samples. The formation of ettringite was found to be increased by the presence of 3-chlorophenol and its conversion to monosulphate inhibited. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of the samples showed that 3-chlorophenol crystallized in the cement matrix to form discrete crystals containing calcium and phenol. In contrast, chloronaphthalene had no observable effect on hydration reactions. In a subsequent paper, detailed studies will be presented showing how these deleterious effects can be minimized by the use of organophilic clays as a pre-solidification adsorbent.
Water Movement Through an Experimental Soil Liner
Authors: Krapac I.G. , Cartwright K. , Panno S.V. , Hensel B.R. , Rehfeldt K.R. , Herzog B.L.
Published: October 2007

A field-scale soil liner was constructed to test whether compacted soil barriers in cover and liner systems could be built to meet the U.S. EPA saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement (≤ 1 × 10-7 cm s-1). The 8 × 15 × 0.9 m liner was constructed in 15 cm compacted lifts using a 20,037 kg pad-foot compactor and standard engineering practices. Water infiltration into the liner has been monitored for one year. Monitoring will continue until water break through at the base of the liner occurs. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities were 2.5 × 10-9, 4.0 × 10-8, and 5.0 × 10-8 cm s-1 based on measurements of water infiltration into the liner by large-and small-ring infiltrometers and a water balance analysis, respectively.

Also investigated in this research was the variability of the liner's hydraulic properties and estimates of the transit times for water and tracers. Small variances exhibited by small-ring flux data suggested that the liner was homogeneous with respect to infiltration fluxes. The predictions of water and tracer breakthrough at the base of the liner ranged from 2.4-12.6 y, depending on the method of calculation and assumptions made. The liner appeared to be saturated to a depth between 18 and 33 cm at the end of the first year of monitoring. Transit time calculations cannot be verified yet, since breakthrough has not occurred. The work conducted so far indicates that compacted soil barriers can be constructed to meet the saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement established by the U.S. EPA.
The Geriatric Patient and Long-term Care: An Opportunity and Challenge for Pharmacy
Authors: Higbee Martin D.
Published: October 2007

A significant interest in the elderly population has occurred over the last decade as evidenced by the increase in journals, journal articles, books, and research regarding the aged patient. This explosion of data concerning the elderly is essential since our educational background in disease process and therapy is generally learned from the young adult perspective. Additionally, the elderly patient represents a high-risk patient to health care professionals for a variety of reasons: (1) the elderly person has in many cases multiple chronic diseases; (2) has complicated, multiple drug regimens; (3) has an increased incidence of adverse drug reactions compared to younger adults; (4) exhibits atypical presenting symptoms of disease and adverse drug reactions; (5) is at risk for iatrogenic disease; and (6) is neglected generally due to negative stereotypical attitudes held by health care professionals. The elderly population, however, represents an opportunity for pharmacy services due to the increasing numbers of elderly, the opportunity to provide new, nontraditional, and innovative services, as well as the emergence of new practice areas of health care delivery for our elderly. Additionally, there is a need to enhance educational experiences in long-term care and conduct geriatric and gerontologic research in these settings.
Clinical Reasoning Behind the Federal Indicators
Authors: Morton Mark R.
Published: October 2007

Many consultant pharmacists are familiar with the federal government's list of drug irregularities, or indicators, used as guidelines for performing drug regimen reviews; however, they are not always aware of the actual reasoning behind these indicators. The indicators are the minimal standards for drug regimen reviews and consultants must understand them thoroughly in order to advance further their clinical consultant practice. This article will address the clinical background for these indicators in order to enhance their use by consultants. Particular attention will be given to therapy modifications necessary in the older adult. Some specific topics covered include the monitoring of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, sedative/hypnotic therapy, cardiovascular drugs, certain antibiotics, laxatives, and drugs that require serum concentration monitoring.
Overcoming Blocks in Provision of Pharmacy Services in Long-term Care Facilities (LTCFs)
Authors: Roost Sister Charlotte
Published: October 2007

The obstacles in the area of needs assessment, selling the idea, human resources, and finance are addressed. Needs assessment should be addressed in the planning stage of implementing a new or revised pharmacy service to the elderly. It is the first of many stages in which the involvement of people from different departments and levels of authority is crucial to the success of the project. The advantage of involving many different people within and outside of the pharmacy department in the needs assessment is that the foundation is established for their ultimate acceptance of the new service or project. The greatest obstacle to the implementation of services in a LTCF is also the greatest resource, people. Identifying the people who are resistant to change will enable management to address the root of the resistance early in the implementation process. Working within the LTCF organizational and authority structure will increase the acceptance of the change. Most facilities operate on a budget that has limited funds; therefore, internal and external funding need to be creatively investigated.
Pediatric Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
Authors: Lifshin Lisa S.
Published: October 2007

Fluid and electrolyte therapies in pediatric patients are reviewed. Physiologically, the proportion of body water to body weight is different in infants and children than adults. This difference makes managing the pediatric patient an intricate task. Several factors that may increase or decrease fluid needs are discussed.

The main goals of deficit/replacement and maintenance therapies are reviewed. Laboratory analyses assist in evaluating the types of dehydration states. The degree of dehydration may be established by patient history and physical examination. The 5%, 10%, and 15% rule of dehydration is an adequate method for estimating proper fluid replacement.

Maintenance fluid therapy is evaluated and described for certain pediatric disease states, such as pyloric stenosis, burns, and surgery. Guidelines are presented for each situation, but each patient should be treated on an individual basis.
Operational Issues for Hospital-Based Home Infusion Pharmacies
Authors: Pelham Larry D. , Bushaw Karin E. , Norwood Michael R. , O'Brien Margaret
Published: October 2007

This article focuses on a nonprofit, hospital-based comprehensive home infusion service in which all intravenous (IV) drugs or nutritional admixtures, professional services, supplies, and reimbursement services are performed solely by inpatient pharmacists, IV therapy nurses, and pharmacy assistants. By modifying an inpatient work load measurement system, additional staff are justified by total time for home infusion service work units. Twenty-four-hour back-up by cross-trained inpatient pharmacists and IV therapy nurses has contributed to the number of patients served by the home infusion service, which has grown steadily. A permanent and complete outpatient medical record is maintained for each patient (separate from inpatient records) in the infusion service and is available for 24-hour easy access for after-hour calls. All multidisciplinary team members participate in formal, weekly patient-care case conferences to review and update all patient therapies. Services covered, billing procedures, procedure codes, allowable charges, prior approval requirements, copayment arrangements, claims processing schedules, and related billing arrangements were first identified. The overall success of the program's reimbursement remains at 85% of charges when combining all patients. Structure, process, and outcome criteria unique to a comprehensive home care quality assurance program evolved from our high volume (total parenteral nutrition [TPN]), high risk (pain management, antibiotics), and problem-prone (TPN, pain management) therapies. Reimbursement remains the most troublesome aspect of initiating a successful hospital-based program. The success of our program depends heavily on the ability to attract and retain a highly motivated professional staff and to maintain strong referral networks with local physicians, hospital discharge planners, and other health care professionals.
Generic Drugs—A Look Back and a Look Ahead
Authors: Lachman Leon , Turco Salvatore , O'Donnell James T.
Published: October 2007

This review includes the viewpoints of three pharmaceutical scientists tracing the origins of the generic drug industry, examining the recent generic drug controversies, and offering suggestions to hospital practitioners for coping with the controversies.
Department of Veterans Affairs Pharmacy Service in the Year 2000: Chaos or Planned Change?
Authors: Lee W. Barry
Published: October 2007

The practice of pharmacy is changing rapidly. Technological and economic forces will be the catalysts for a major paradigm shift in the profession of pharmacy. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) pharmacy service is making preparations for the evolving roles of pharmacists in the future.
Alcoholism Treatment: A Model of Abstinence-Oriented Care
Authors: Baldwin Jeffrey N. , Kriegler Kathleen A.
Published: October 2007

Alcohol is the United States' foremost drug of abuse. Although a significant portion of the population continues to identify alcoholism with moral weakness, society embraces treatment as the primary mode of dealing with this disease. Treatment stressing ongoing abstinence from alcohol is the most universally accepted method of therapy. Following initial intervention and referral, treatment of the alcoholic includes detoxification; intensive early treatment, using either outpatient or inpatient treatment settings; and long-term support for recovery. Aftercare programs often require continuing attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, recovery support groups, and psychotherapy. In addition, recovering individuals may receive continued health care supervision from a physician knowledgeable about alcoholism. Family therapy is stressed as a component of recovery.
Dispensing and Prescribing Cautions for Medical Care During Recovery From Alcohol and Drug Addiction
Authors: Davis Nancyann H.
Published: October 2007

Alcoholics and addicts who are recovering may find that prescription and nonprescription drugs can be stumbling blocks to recovery unless they have appropriate counseling and drug therapy management. Pharmacists can use their knowledge of pharmacy, pharmacology, and physiology to help patients avoid relapse to active alcoholism or addiction. They can serve as patient mediators with busy prescribers. In patient counseling, pharmacists can differentiate between passing and life-threatening symptoms, explain drug-free or drug-minimum alternatives, and generally supplement the tools and principles patients receive in their mutual support groups.
Total Pharmacy Care for Senior Citizens
Authors: Gideon Vern
Published: October 2007

The geriatric population continues to be the fastest growing segment of our society. The behavioral characteristics and particular needs of senior citizens require special considerations by health professionais. Pharmacists need to take an increasingly active role in providing more comprehensive pharmacy care; considerably more than just the delivery of medication. Our total commitment must be to enhance the quality of life for our older patients.
Delivery of Infusion Therapies in the Home for Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Choy Fred N. , McCloskey William W.
Published: October 2007

Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) often suffer from a variety of infectious and noninfectious complications as a result of their compromised immune status. Therapies that AIDS patients may require include antimicrobial therapy, parenteral nutrition, pain management, chemotherapy, and agents to regulate hematopoiesis. Although parenteral therapies have been more traditionally administered in a hospital, technological advances, economic advantages, and patient and clinician acceptance have helped establish home infusion therapy as a viable alternative for many patients with a chronic disease such as AIDS. Providing pharmaceutical care in the home care arena to patients with AIDS not only involves patient monitoring and parenteral product preparation, but also a thorough understanding of infection control practices. Working in conjunction with other health care professionals, pharmacists play a major role in helping to assure the safe and effective delivery of the complex therapies required by many patients with AIDS in the comfort of their homes.
Schema theory and the analysis of text worlds in poetry
Authors: Semino Elena
Published: October 2007

This article demonstrates an approach to the study of text worlds in poetry based on the theory of background knowledge and comprehension generally known as schema theory. It is argued that such an approach constitutes a useful alternative to the possible-world models which have traditionally been applied to the description of fictional worlds. From a cognitive point of view, text worlds can be seen as resulting from the application of certain portions of the reader's background knowledge (schemata) to the interpretation of texts. The reader's perception of a particular text world will depend on the extent to which his or her existing schemata are confirmed or challenged during the process of interpretation. Following Cook (1990 and forthcoming), I describe the former outcome as 'schema reinforcement' and the latter as 'schema refreshment'. Two contemporary poems (Seamus Heaney's 'A Pillowed Head' and Sylvia Plath's 'The Applicant') are analysed in detail, in order to:

i. show the possibility of combining linguistic description and schema theory in the analysis of texts, and

ii. demonstrate the usefulness of the notions of schema reinforcement and schema refreshment in accounting for the differences between the worlds projected by different texts.

A partial redefinition of the notion of schema refreshment is suggested in the light of the analyses.
Conversational implicature and characterisation in Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men 1
Authors: Rong Chen
Published: October 2007

This article studies characterisation in Reginald Rose's three-act play, Twelve Angry Men (1955) in terms of Grice's theory of conversational implicature. It shows that characters' personalities and ideologies can be seen in their violations of particular conversational maxims, the motivations for such violations, and the implicatures thus produced. Although there is no one-to-one relationship between a type of implicature and a personality trait, looking at implicature in context enables literary critics and stylisticians to study how characters are portrayed and how the theme of the work is brought out.
Post-feminist text analysis
Authors: Mills Sara
Published: October 2007

This article argues that there is a need for a new form of feminist text analysis which would take account of the changes which have occurred in feminist theory, linguistic theory, critical text analysis and in sexism itself. Rather than relying on relatively simple models of interpretation, this new form of analysis, post-feminist text analysis, would demonstrate awareness of the complexity and context-specific nature of the meanings of words within texts; it would also be aware of the necessity to develop new models of analysis for sexism and gender relations. In the analysis of a British advertisement for a dating agency following this discussion, I have tried to indicate directions in which this form of analysis might take.1
Lobbying 'Brussels'
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: October 2007

The increase in paradiplomacy the activities of regions below the level of the state in international politics particularly in matters of trade and economic affairs - has been noted by scholars of federal states. This paper draws on this literature to consider the background and debates within the United Kingdom, one of the most centralized states in the European Union, on the setting up of Scotland Europa, a Scot tish lobbying office in Brussels in May 1992. The resurgence of political nationalism in Scotland in the late 1980s coincided with the 'relaunch' of Europe, with the Single European Act and the single European Market providing significant backdrops. Government fears that such an office might be used by its oppo nents to articulate alternative views were voiced in leaked memoranda and these provide important insights into its thinking. In essence, the issue of 'Who speaks for Scotland?' lay at the heart of debates on the nature and functions of the Brussels office. Europe was offering a new battleground in an old war. In particular, difficulties existed between the Scottish Office, representing central government, and the Scottish local authorities. These were ultimately resolved largely due to the skills of the first chief executive of the lobbying office. To date, a limited role has been cut out for Scotland Europa. Conse quently, the fears that paradiplomacy might become protodiplomacy- whereby the international activities of regions no longer parallel those of their central governments but act against them and threaten the integrity of the state - have proved unfounded.
Premedicating Children for Painful Invasive Procedures
Authors: Klein Elizabeth R.
Published: October 2007

Children with cancer experience a great deal of anxiety concerning their treatment and invasive tests such as bone marrow aspirations (BMAs) and lumbar punctures (LPs). Responses of pain, fear, and anxiety are well documented and may cause regression, developmental delay, sleeping and eating problems, nausea and vomiting, nightmares, and depression. Diagnostic and treatment procedures need not cause such adverse effects if sufficient pharmacological sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia are used. However, studies show that inappropriate interventions such as underdosing and limited use of medications occur because of certain myths, beliefs, and lack of pharmacological knowledge on the part of health professionals. Studies that specifically address premedication for painful procedures in children with cancer have shown that only a small percentage of children receive premedications and that there is no clear consensus or standard for either drugs or dosages. The issue of premedicating children before procedures remains controversial and deserves further investigation. This study explored the attitudes and perceptions of oncology physicians and nurses concerning medicating children before procedures. Findings showed that most pediatric oncology specialists medicate their patients before invasive procedures and that the most common premedications used are Versed; Demerol, Phenergan, Thorazine; chloral hydrate; Ativan; fentanyl; Demerol; and Xylocaine. Most pediatric oncology specialists believe that premedication is necessary for children for BMAs and LPs.
Hospice Care for Children: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Martinson Ida M.
Published: October 2007

Of the 100,000 children who die each year in the United States, close to 15,000 children could benefit from hospice/home care services. This article describes the concept of pediatric hospice care, reviews the Martinson study that was conducted in the 1970s, gives a chronological report on some institutions that provide hospice care for children in the United States and other parts of the world, and discusses the future of pediatric hospice care.
Pediatric Cancer Pain Management: A Survey of Nurses' Knowledge
Authors: Schmidt Kaye , Eland JoAnn , Weiler Kay
Published: October 2007

This study assesses the knowledge base of pediatric nurses in Iowa regarding cancer pain. The Iowa Cancer Pain Relief Initiative surveyed 10,000 nurses in the state of Iowa (representing approximately 25% of all actively licensed nurses in the state). A demographic question allowed pediatric nurses' responses to be separated and analyzed independently. One hundred six of the respondents indicated their primary area of practice to be pediatrics, and it is this group of respondents that was analyzed. Content analysis of questionnaires from pediatric respondents indicated that pediatric nurses cared for cancer patients regularly but had poor understanding of general principles of pain management for the cancer patient. Nurses had exaggerated concerns regarding the risk of addiction and respiratory depression associated with narcotic analgesics. They also had poor understanding of basic pharmacokinetic principles of common analgesic agents.
Detection and Treatment of Central Line Thrombus: A Case Study
Authors: Ruble Kathy , Lawrence-Kane Patricia , Brown Stefanie
Published: October 2007

Central line thrombus is a well recognized complication of long-term venous access devices. Oncology nurses are key players in the recognition and treatment of central line thrombus. An understanding of the mechanisms and interrelated variables in the formation of thrombus, as well as knowledge of treatment alternatives is essential for the pediatric oncology nurse. Described here are some of the causes and contributing factors in the development of central line thrombus. In addition, a case study is used to examine an unusual presentation and treatment of a complicated central line thrombus. Issues discussed include (1) the effects of L-asparaginase and its analogs on clotting mechanisms; (2) the effects of suboptimal placement of the catheter tip on thrombus formation; (3) the diagnosis of a intracardiac central line related thrombus by means of routine echocardiogram in an asymptomatic patient; and (4) the necessity of cardiac surgery as an intervention for large right atrial thrombus.
Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Dunn Joni
Published: October 2007

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents used in the management of pediatric neoplastic disorders during the past 20 years. However, its use has been limited by well-characterized, dose-related cardiac toxicity. Recently, cardiac dysfunction has been noted in pediatric patients who had received doxorubicin years before. This article summarizes current information regarding the pathophysiology and risk factors associated with cardiotoxicity and reviews detection methods and treatments of this condition.
Glutamine-Supplemented Tube Feedings Versus Total Parenteral Nutrition in Children Receiving Intensive Chemotherapy
Authors: Ford Connie , Whitlock James A. , Pietsch John B.
Published: October 2007

Although enteral nutrition is generally advocated in the care of children with cancer, those patients receiving intensive chemotherapy alone or in combination with bone marrow transplantation often require total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Two patients are presented illustrating some differences between enteral and parenteral feedings in children receiving intensive chemotherapy. Nasogastric glutamine-supplemented tube feedings were well tolerated both in the hospital and at home. The cost of care for the enterally supported child was less than one third of the TPN-supported child. Although TPN appears to be beneficial in some patients with cancer, it is expensive and is associated with several significant disadvantages. Among these are an increased incidence of both gram-positive and gram-negative infections and an increased incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Enteral nutrition is less costly than TPN and maintains the structural and functional integrity of the intestinal mucosa. The addition of certain substrates such as glutamine, arginine and omega-3 fatty acids may improve the body's immune response as well. We hypothesize that early glutamine supplemented tube feedings in children receiving intensive chemotherapy alone or in combination with bone marrow transplantation will result in improved nutrition with fewer infections and lower cost than TPN-supplemented patients. In addition, a shorter hospital stay and improved quality of life are anticipated.
Dusting Off That Old Proposal: How to Survive in the Land of Research
Authors: Clarke-Steffen Laura , Stewart Janet
Published: October 2007

Pediatric oncology nursing would benefit from more research directed toward questions that relate to the care of children with cancer. There are many ideas and proposals that are begun but never carried to fruition. This article will detail how to assess and rework a research proposal to provide the basis for a research project that will add to the scientific knowledge of nursing care of children with cancer.
Parent Coping and Child Distress Behaviors During Invasive Procedures for Childhood Cancer
Authors: LaMontagne Lynda L. , Wells Nancy , Hepworth Joseph T. , Johnson Barbara D. , Manes Rebecca
Published: October 2007

This study examines what parents identified as their primary stressor before their child's invasive procedure, what coping strategies were used to manage the stress, what level of distress their children experienced during each phase of the procedure, and whether parents' coping modes were associated with their children's distress. Twenty children with cancer from 3 to 11 years of age and the parent present during the procedure participated in the study. Parents' primary stressors were identified as uncertainty about parent role and anticipating the child's distress during the procedure. Although parents used both emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies for coping with their primary stressors, they primarily relied on emotion-focused strategies. Children experienced the most behavioral distress during the procedural phase, and girls exhibited more distress than boys. The parents' coping modes were not associated with their children's distress, but children of parents whose primary stressor was uncertainty about parent role had higher distress than children of parents whose primary stressor was anticipating the child's distress. The findings related to parents' stressors, their coping strategies, and their children's distress were consistent with previous research. Directions for future research and suggestions for dealing with invasive procedures for childhood cancer are described.
Siblings of Children With Cancer: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Murray John S.
Published: October 2007

Research on siblings of children with cancer during the past 40 years has clearly shown that the childhood cancer experience is a stressor that may increase subjective feelings of stress by well siblings and in some cases lead to decreased psychosocial competencies and increased psychopathologies. Research has expanded from identifying psychosocial problems experienced by the sibling after the patient's death to identifying stressors during the illness experience. More recent studies have been targeted at identifying what action siblings take to cope with the stressors imposed since the cancer diagnosis and have addressed what interventions pediatric oncology nurses use in clinical practice to provide support to siblings of children with cancer. The current state of this body of literature, a review of 18 studies, is presented in this article along with a critique of the research studies and suggestions for future research.
A Program of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Education for Nurses in Romania
Authors: Simon Cara , Evans Kim , Calles Nancy R. , Harris Alice T. , Dobmeier Margaret , Moreau Lisa , Owen Christine , Rayburn Terry
Published: October 2007

After the fall of the communist government in Romania, many children were found to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected. The majority of these children were abandoned and currently live in orphanages. The children have been cared for on a day-to-day basis by nurses with little general nursing education and even less HIV education. The Romanian-American Pediatric AIDS Education and Clinical Research Program was established at Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine in May, 1996 to aid in the education of Romanian nurses. Syllabi developed by the U.S. nursing team were initially piloted in three pediatric HIV centers in Romania in July, 1997. Since that time, two annual nursing symposia have been held offering topics on general pediatrics and HIV-related content. The purpose of this article is to describe a program of HIV education for nurses in Romania.
Directions for Health Education: New Spokes in the Wheel... Or a New Wheel
Authors: Ware Beverly G.
Published: October 2007

This paper, presented as a Presidential Address at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Public Health Education, examines the current state of SOPHE and the practice of health education. It begins with a review of current issues impacting on SOPHE and health education, and then assesses the current directions both are pursuing. Needs to be addressed and implications for the future are suggested
A Study of Patient Satisfaction as an Evaluation Parameter for Utilization of Primary Health Care Services
Authors: El Shabrawy Ali M.
Published: October 2007

Patient satisfaction is ofvalue to primary health care authorities.

The main objective of this study was to estimate patient satisfaction with respect to primary health care services in Riyadh City. 14 primary health care centres were chosen randomly to represent geographic areas of Riyadh. Information was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire conducted by 30 well-trained final year medical students. Systematic sampling of family files was conducted and the household head was interviewed.

900 respondents were interviewed concerning their satisfaction with the services delivered.

40% were dissatisfied. One third of the dissatisfied said that the centre was too far away: 19.4% complained that the working hours of the centre were not suitable: 38.9% complained about the absence of specialty clinics: 19.4% had language barriers with the physicians: 63.9% complained about the delay in the centre: 16.7% of the satisfied and 38.9% of the dissatisfied complained that the physicians do not explain to them their health problems and their treatment. In 22.7% of the non-satisfied category, physician's explanations were neither clear nor understandable.

The Primary Health Care Centre will be the first choice if they feel sick for 74.6% of the satisfied category and 61.1% for the non-satisfied category. Implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations are given to
School Nurses: Constraints and Opportunities for the Future
Authors: Doggett Marie-Anne , Faulkner Alex , Farrow Stephen , Shelley Ann
Published: October 2007

School nurses are all too often the forgotten element of the school health services, lacking in central guidance and with a great variety of duties and functions which have grown up in an ad hoc and unstructured way. At a time when many districts are reviewing their approach to these services in the light of current policy changes, it would be helpful to step back and consider the issues from a historical perspective in order to understand the great variability in the role of school nurses today. Changing management structures demand improved understanding and acceptance of review and evaluation mechanisms, but where basic information is lacking, overall considerations of need and effectiveness may be severely limited.