bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Quaternary history of the Lake O'Hara region, British Columbia – an evaluation of sedimentation rates and bulk amino acid ratios in lacustrine records
Authors: Reasoner Mel A. , Rutter Nathaniel W.
Published: October 2017

Lake O'Hara (subalpine) and Opabin Lake (alpine) are situated directly adjacent to a high section of the Continental Divide in the central Canadian Rocky Mountains. Core samples recovered from the lakes show a consistent stratigraphy comprising gyttja and underlying inorganic clastic sediments. The gyttja contains Bridge River (2350 years BP) and Mazama (6800 years BP) tephras and is separated from the lower clastic sediments by a sharp, conformable contact. Radiocarbon dates obtained from conifer needles, extracted from directly above the contact, indicate that deglaciation had proceeded upvalley from the O'Hara basin priorto ca. 10 100 years BP. Preliminary palaeobotanical and macrofossil data suggest that a Pinus–Abies forest with lesser Picea was established in the vicinity of Lake O'Hara by this time. Consequently, the minimum age of moraine systems situated downvalley from Lake O'Hara is Late Wisconsinan.Mean annual sedimentation rates were derived from sediment thickness data from 14 Lake O'Hara and 2 Opabin Lake cores. Averaged total sedimentation rate values from the Lake O'Hara cores are 0.13 mm/year (post-Bridge River), 0.13 mm/year (Mazama – Bridge River) and 0.05 mm/year (11 000 years BP – Mazama). Averaged total sedimentation rate values from the Opabin Lake cores are 0.19 mm/year (post-Bridge River), 0.07 mm/year (Mazama – Bridge River), and 0.06 mm/year (8530 years BP – Mazama). Higher total sedimentation rates in post-Bridge River sediments of Opabin Lake are presumably related to climatic conditions associated with more extensive upvalley ice during the last ca. 2300 years. Highly variable sedimentation rate data obtained from the Lake O'Hara cores suggest that the use of sedimentation rate data as a proxy record of upvalley glacial activity is inappropriate in the Lake O'Hara setting where inflowing glacial stream systems are interrupted by upvalley lake basins.Aspartic acid D/L ratios were derived from bulk gyttja samples of known age from seven Lake O'Hara and one Opabin Lake core. In all but two cases, aspartic acid D/L ratios increase consistently with respect to sediment age. The increasing downcore trends in the aspartic acid D/L ratios suggest the possibility of using amino acid data from bulk gyttja samples as a check for reworking in cases where chronostratigraphic markers are absent.
Last interglacial sediments of the Don Valley Brickyard, Toronto, Canada, and their paleoenvironmental significance
Authors: Eyles Nicholas , Clark Bryan M.
Published: October 2017

The Don Valley Brickyard in Toronto is an internationally designated type site in recognition of diverse faunal remains in the Don Beds of last (Sangamonian) interglacial age; pollen in overlying strata record the climatic deterioration marking the onset of the last (Wisconsinan) glacial cycle. New sedimentological descriptions show that the Don Beds, about 8 m thick, were deposited in a lacustrine lower shoreface environment subject to episodic storms. Storm-deposited sand facies are interbedded with peaty muds that are extensively bioturbated. Water depths, derived from wave-formed ripples using linear wave theory, appear to have increased during deposition of the Don Beds from about 2 m to about 18 m (12–28 m above the modern lake level), a change that is recorded by an overall fining-up sequence. Increasing water depths may have been the result of isostatic recovery of the lake outlet to the east. The Don Beds overlie a thin bouldery deposit, possibly a remnant of older Illinoian glacial sediments (York Till). The interglacial beds pass up into prodelta rhythmites (Scarborough Clays) of a regionally extensive delta body, indicating continued deepening. Deepening was accompanied by steadily decreasing mean annual temperatures; upper deltaic sediments (Scarborough Sands), exposed to the east along lakeshore bluffs, were deposited in a cold-climate setting during the opening phase of the Wisconsin glaciation.
Extinct muskox and other additions to the Late Pleistocene Riddell Local Fauna, Saskatoon, Canada
Authors: Skwara T. , Walker E. G.
Published: October 2017

Fossils recently recovered from the Riddell Member of the Floral Formation, a richly fossiliferous intertill sand and gravel deposit in the Saskatoon area, include taxa previously unknown from the Riddell Local Fauna and confirm the presence of others. Bootherium bombifrons (= Symbos cavifrons), represented by a well-preserved but incomplete skull, is new. Details of its preserved morphology support concepts of developmental variability and sexual dimorphism in the extinct species. Also new is the beaver, Castor canadensis, represented by an incomplete ulna. Additional fossils of horses indicate that at least two species, Equus niobrarensis, as well as the previously identified E. conversidens, were present. A Rancholabrean age (probably Rancholabrean II) for the fauna is confirmed by the presence of Bootherium bombifrons, a muskox known only from Illinoian and younger time in North America, but lithologic and stratigraphic relationships of tills and ecological requirements of the fauna limit the Riddell Member to the Sangamonian. Disharmonious associations of small mammals and high megafaunal diversity are consistent with the emerging picture of Pleistocene ecosystems as highly co-evolved and heterogeneous and without modern analogs.
Near-surface soil displacement in sorted circles, Resolute area, Cornwallis Island, Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Washburn A. L.
Published: October 2017

Lines of dowels originally inserted vertically to depths of 100 and 200 mm in generally fine grained soil across sorted circles were repeatedly surveyed over a 3 year period. Measurements of dowel heave, lean, and lateral displacement provided evidence of circle activity. They suggest that the cumulative soil displacement was radial and that its velocity near the surface increased linearly from zero at the center of a circle to a maximum at the stony border. This permits an estimate of the minimum age of circles. Radial displacement decreased with depth and was probably negligible below an average depth of about 100 mm. Although this displacement pattern supports the soil-circulation hypothesis for well-developed sorted circles, the data also suggest some limitations.
Neogene Chilcotin basalts in south-central British Columbia: geology, ages, and geomorphic history
Authors: Mathews W. H.
Published: October 2017

An extensive but generally thin mantle of basalt flows, the Chilcotin Group, covers much of the Interior Plateau of south-central British Columbia. It provides material for dating and for reconstructing the original form of the paleosurface on which it was deposited. K–Ar whole-rock dates demonstrate that several ages of basalt are represented, from Early Miocene (or even Late Oligocene?) to Early Pleistocene, with particularly abundant eruptions about 14–16, 9–6, and 1–3 Ma ago.Basalts of Middle Miocene and later ages, if not the Early Miocene relics as well, clearly rest on land surfaces of low local relief. In places the low-relief surfaces had been incised to depths of 100–200 m and the valleys backfilled with mid-or late Cenozoic sediments prior to burial by the basalts. The low-relief surfaces throughout the area are believed to have been developed close to a common base level, and regional differences in their present elevation are thus largely a product of post-basalt deformation. This is recorded by Miocene or later uplift of the southern Coast Mountains and gentle flexing in parts of the Interior Plateau.Major stream incision to depths of up to 1000 m following uplift provides a convenient, but not infallible, means of distinguishing Chilcotin basalts from mid-Pleistocene and younger "valley basalts."The Chilcotin Group is, for the most part, a small-scale counterpart of the roughly contemporaneous Columbia River basalt group of Washington and Oregon.
Nd, Sr, and O isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of mafic intrusions in the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of central Canada
Authors: Hegner E. , Kyser T. K. , Hulbert L.
Published: October 2017

Sm–Nd isotopic data from five mafic intrusions in the La Ronge – Lynn Lake Domain indicate crystallization between 1.88 and 1.79 Ga. The data from a single intrusion in the Glennie Lake Domain suggest a slightly younger age of about 1.71 Ga. These results indicate a cogenetic origin of the mafic intrusions with the associated volcanic and plutonic rocks.Initial εNd values vary from +4.5 to −0.6 and can be modeled by mixing Proterozoic mantle-derived magmas with ≤17% Archaean crust or subduction of ≤3% sediment similar to pelites from the Wollaston Domain. The initial εNd value of 0 for a Late Proterozoic Mackenzie dike is compatible with an origin from mantle sources affected by Hudsonian subduction processes.Rb–Sr data indicate variable and generally high initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios, which reflect, in part, isotopic redistribution during metamorphism. δ18O values of coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase indicate isotopic disequilibrium. Plagioclase samples show variable degrees of enrichment in 18O due to isotopic exchange with metamorphic fluids that probably also affected Rb and Sr.
Chronologie Th/U des concrétions calcaires des varves du lac glaciaire de Deschaillons (Wisconsinien inférieur)
Authors: Hillaire-Marcel Claude , Causse Christiane
Published: October 2017

Late Pleistocene Lake Deschaillons varves from the central St. Lawrence Lowlands represent a lithostratigraphic unit whose upper limit is defined by the overlying Gentilly Till, which was laid down during the last Laurentide Ice advance over the area. Calcareous concretions are imbedded in the varves. These concretions reflect two distinct phases of CaCO3 precipitation. The first phase was during the early diagenesis of the interstitial organic matter. This phase is characterized by high uranium contents (~ 8 μg∙g−1), low carbon- and oxygen-isotope composition (−22 > δ13C > −24‰, −16 > δ18O > −9‰, vs. PDB), and 14C activities lower than 3% (vs. 13.56 dpm∙g−1). The second phase of CaCO3 precipitation occurred during postglacial times, as shown by the higher 14C activity (~30%) and stable-isotope composition (δ13C > −16‰; δ18O > −9‰). No significant U uptake was observed in the corresponding concretions. Th and U activity ratios were determined. The results allow evaluation of the analytical artefacts resulting from partial leaching of the detrital particles incorporated in the concretions by the weak acid treatment used to solubilize calcite. Since the early diagenetic concretions contain a significant but variable detrital fraction, 230Th/232Th and 234U/232Th isochrons from activity ratios measured in several samples are not representative of the age of the carbonate fraction. Isochrons from activity ratios of leachate and residue from individual samples yield, however, a reproducible slope (mean value: 0.52 ± 0.01) representative of the 230Th/234U activity ratio of the pure carbonate fraction. An age of 79 800 ± 1400 years is calculated for the relevant phase of CaCO3 precipitation. It is considered, within a few hundred years, the age of the Lake Deschaillons episode, which would therefore correspond to the first Wisconsinian ice advance in southern Quebec, at the transition between isotopic stages 5a and 4 of the oceanic 18O stratigraphy.
Discovery of Martin Frobisher's Baffin Island "ore" in Ireland
Authors: Hogarth D. D. , Roddick J. C.
Published: October 2017

Five cobbles of metamorphosed ultramafic rock from the shores of southern Ireland are believed to have been derived from the ship Emanuel of Bridgwater in 1578. The Emanuel, one of Martin Frobisher's fleet, had loaded what was thought to be gold ore from three localities in southeast Baffin Island and, on the return journey, was wrecked and then beached on the western side of Smerwick Harbour, close to where the cobbles were found. One type of cobble, with brown hornblende, forsterite, and ilmenite, is similar to rock collected from Countess of Sussex mine, Baffin Island, which accounted for 25% of the Emanuel's lading and 30% of the ore mined by Frobisher in 1577 and 1578. It was Frobisher's largest mine, and the rock resembled ore stored by Frobisher in Dartford, England. The other type of cobble, composed of green hornblende, diopside, and ilmenite, could not be matched with Baffin Island or Dartford rock. K–Ar ages of the two rock types were 1810 Ma (hornblende + diopside) and 1881 Ma (hornblende + forsterite), consistent with a Hudsonian overprint on southeast Baffin Island. Hornblende-rich "ore" from Frobisher's first mine (not loaded on the Emanuel) gave a K–Ar age of 1722 Ma. The K–Ar ages and ultramafic rocks are unlike any known in Ireland.
Concentration of gold during retrograde metamorphism of Archean banded iron formations, Slave Province, Canada
Authors: Ford R. Craig , Duke Norman A.
Published: October 2017

Gold-bearing iron formations are widely distributed within extensive metasedimentary terranes of the Archean Slave Province, situated in the northwestern Canadian Precambrian Shield. Mineralized iron formations occur within thick turbidite sequences overprinted by a protracted history of deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism. Economically significant gold prospects are specifically sited at structural culminations characterized by polyphase folding. Based on garnet–biotite geothermometry on the stable prograde metamorphic assemblage of enveloping metapelites, peak metamorphic conditions are approximated to be 570 °C and 4 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa). Diagnostic prograde mineralogy reveals that two facies of silicate iron formation are represented at the five gold occurrences investigated: (1) amphibolitic iron formation (AIF), characterized by quartz + grunerite + hornblende + pyrrhotite ± garnet ± graphite + ilmenite, and (2) pelitic iron formation (PIF), consisting of quartz + biotite + garnet + ilmenite ± grunerite ± hornblende. Textures reveal that grunerite crystallization preceded hornblende and garnet. Within AIF, banded pyrrhotite is in textural equilibrium with prograde metamorphic minerals. Retrograde hornblende, garnet, zoisite, apatite, carbonate, ferroactinolite, and gold-bearing sulphide minerals replace the prograde mineral assemblages on the margins of quartz veins that intensify at AIF fold hinges.It is hypothesized that the iron-formation-hosted gold deposits of the Slave Province are a result of multistage processes. Gold concentrated at high background levels within pyrrhotite-bearing AIF was remobilized during fluid migration into brittle AIF fold hinges in subsequent metamorphic and deformational events. Metamorphic fluid, ponded in fractured AIF hinge domains, caused retrogressive replacement, quartz veining, and gold-bearing sulphide precipitation during waning temperature. Although the mineralized hinge zones commonly display evidence of late chloritization, this alteration did not further affect gold distribution. The gold precipitated with destabilization of thio complexes due to sulphidation prior to low-temperature hydrothermal activity.
Evidence of a continent-wide fault system on the Attawapiskat River, Hudson Bay Platform, northern Ontario
Authors: Suchy Daniel R. , Stearn Colin W.
Published: October 2017

The grouping of areas of outcrop of Lower Silurian reefs along a stretch of the Attawapiskat River west of James Bay (northern Ontario, Canada) is controlled by a conjugate set of faults striking approximately 60 and 280°. The faults are evident in disturbed outcrops along the river and in subtle lineaments revealed in aerial photographs and Landsat imagery in the surrounding marshland topography. Slumping of large blocks from a reef crest in Silurian time and stratigraphic relationships within the Hudson Basin indicate a major episode of movement in late Llandovery time. Movements on the fault set have been traced back to Proterozoic time and, to affect the present subdued topography recently emerged from marine inundation, must have been renewed in rapid recent postglacial uplift of this area.
First evidence of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus L.) in Late Pleistocene Champlain Sea sediments, Quebec
Authors: Bouchard M. A. , Harington C. R. , Guilbault J. -P.
Published: October 2017

The almost complete skull of a walrus has been discovered in Champlain Sea sediments at Sainte-Julienne-de-Montcalm, 60 km north of Montréal. It is the first report of that species in glacial marine deposits west of Québec City. The skull has been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry at 10 090 ± 60 BP (TO-2224) and the shells in the sediment adhering to it at 10 880 ± 60 BP (TO-2225). The discrepancy between the two age determinations is attributed to diachronism between the skull and the shells, the latter having been redeposited. The radiometric age implies that walruses were part of a Champlain Sea marine vertebrate fauna consisting of three species of seals and five whale species. As the sea drained, walruses withdrew toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they have been hunted to extinction in historic times.
Regional depth-controlled hydrothermal metamorphism in the Zymoetz River area, British Columbia
Authors: Mihalynuk M. G. , Ghent E. D.
Published: October 2017

An estimated 6 km of basic to silicic volcanic flows and clastic rocks of the Early Jurassic Telkwa Formation is exposed in moderately east-dipping fault blocks along the Zymoetz River, British Columbia. Extensive wholesale zeolitic replacement of porous tuff beds suggests widespread hydrothermal activity. Metamorphic grade increases regionally from laumontite–albite facies to prehnite–pumpellyite facies with increasing stratigraphic depth. Telkwa Formation strata and the imparted metamorphic zonation are cut and tilted by rotational block faulting, and are repeated in each of the upturned blocks. Late Mesozoic to Tertiary plutonism locally thermally overprinted the regional facies, particularly in the western part of the area. Fluid-inclusion isochores, combined with calculated mineral equilibria, suggest that metamorphism took place at fluid pressures of 2 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa) or less, consistent with estimates of stratigraphic burial. Metamorphic fluids were H2O rich and low in dissolved salts. Maximum temperatures during regional depth-controlled hydrothermal metamorphism, based upon the widespread presence of laumontite and the lack of wairakite in the middle to upper parts of the Telkwa Formation, probably did not exceed about

250 °C at H2O pressures of 2 kbar. Mineral zones, estimated paleotemperatures, and geothermal gradients are comparable to regional hydrothermal metamorphism in active volcanic settings such as Iceland.
Faulting and overburden and bedrock seismic velocities at Buchans and Gullbridge, Newfoundland, from seismic refraction measurements: applications to shallow geology and exploration
Authors: Wright C.
Published: October 2017

P-wave arrival times from seismic reflection surveys recorded at two mine sites in Newfoundland were used to estimate lateral variations in seismic velocity in uppermost bedrock. The abundant information on medium- to long-wavelength lateral variations in seismic velocity in bedrock is a by-product of refraction statics analyses, which has rarely been fully exploited to constrain shallow geological interpretation. Local minima in seismic velocity in bedrock are associated with faults, showing that subvertical features that do not produce observable reflections can also be mapped. Significant variations in seismic velocity also indicate variations in lithology or formation boundaries. Variations in overburden and weathering thicknesses are accurately defined at Gullbridge where the careful choice of shot–receiver configuration allows estimates of both lateral and vertical variations in the seismic velocities of glacial overburden. The information on overburden properties is of value in drift prospecting for minerals and in studies of Quaternary geology.
Low-pressure metamorphism of the mafic volcanic rocks of the Rossland Group, southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Powell Wayne G. , Ghent Edward D.
Published: October 2017

Mafic volcanic rocks of the Rossland Group have been metamorphosed in the subgreenschist to lower amphibolite faciès. Subgreenschist-facies regional metamorphic rocks are subdivided into prehnite–pumpeilyite zone and prehnite–epidote zone. Fluid inclusions in two subgreenschist-facies veins yielded mean homogenization temperatures of 139 and 151 °C. Assuming a reasonable maximum temperature limit of 275 °C for the subgreenschist fades, the fluid-inclusion isochores indicate a pressure <250 MPa for regional metamorphism in the subgreenschist facies. This is consistent with the widespread occurrence of prehnite–chlorite-bearing assemblages. Metamorphic grade increases sharply northward approaching the large plutons of the Nelson suite. The contact aureoles of the Nelson batholith and the related Bonnington pluton encompass most of the region, producing an extensive region underlain by rocks within the hornblende–oligoclasc zone. Intrusion of the Nelson plutonic suite overlapped with the development of the Hall Creek syncline and Silver King shear zone. The pattern of isograds across the Rossland Group indicates superimposed contact and regional metamorphism rather than progressively deeper structural levels northward.
The paleoecological significance of new species of Limbicysta (Acritarcha) from the upper Albian of the Canadian Arctic Islands
Authors: MacRae R. Andrew , Hills L. V. , McIntyre D. J.
Published: October 2017

Limbicysta octopediformis and Limbicysta quadriformis are new acritarch species from the upper Albian Bastion Ridge and Strand Fiord formations of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Islands. They are similar to the type species, Limbicysta pediformis Marshall, but have eight asymmetric or four symmetric process tips versus the four asymmetric and one symmetric process tips of L. pediformis. They are distinguished from other species of Limbicysta by their single wall layer, lack of longitudinal folds, and degree of compression. Like other species of Limbicysta, both new species are found associated with indicators of brackish-water paleoenvironments—in this example, assemblages dominated by terrestrial palynomorphs and with a low diversity of dinoflagellate cysts dominated by Nyktericysta spp. and acritarchs. The presence of Limbicysta in large numbers indicates stressed nearshore marine environments, probably brackish water. This study extends the age range of Limbicysta considerably (late Pliensbachian to early Santonian), and the geographic occurrence from the Southern Hemisphere into the Northern Hemisphere. The affinities of the genus are uncertain.
Cod Liver Oil: Component Fatty Acids as Determined by Gas–Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D.
Published: October 2017

The component fatty acids of cod liver oil from a single fish have been determined by gas–liquid chromatography on several polyester columns with identifications by the linear log plot and separation factor procedures. A number of acids have been detected which are not listed in recent comparable studies.
Early Stages in the Recovery to Injury in the Dorsal Fin of the Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Townsley P. M. , Hughes M. L.
Published: October 2017

The early stages in the recovery of the dorsal fin of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to a "clean cut injury" are described. It is concluded that the observed rapid epidermal migration, wound closure and cell mitosis are essentially the same in in-vivo as in in-vitro experiments. An accumulation of carbohydrate material occurs in the outermost layer of epidermal cells. There is a change in the carbohydrate composition or structure in the dermal layers at the site of injury. The basal epidermal cells rapidly divide in the in-vitro culture whereas only those basal epidermal cells in an in-vivo injury in close proximity to the injury divide. The surrounding nutrient medium in in-vitro cultures does not appear to be involved in the initial cell migration. However, ascorbic acid does stimulate epidermal migration, mucous secretion, and basal epidermal cell mitosis.
Pagurus pubescens and a Proposed New Name for a Closely Related Species in the Northwest Atlantic (Decapoda: Anomura)
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: October 2017

Reference is made to Krøyer's description of the hermit crab, Pagurus pubescens, and to Stimpson's later description of P. krøyeri. Comparison of specimens of krøyeri with the type specimen of pubescens showed them to be identical. The American species thought by Stimpson to be pubescens and, therefore, left without a name, is now given a name, P. arcuatus. Both species are compared with P. trigonocheirus, and a new diagnostic character, the shape of the anterior division of the third sternite, is used.
Cod Flesh: Component Fatty Acids as Determined by Gas–Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D.
Published: October 2017

The fatty acids of cod flesh, chiefly derived from the phospholipids, are characterized by a very high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a very low proportion of monoethylenic fatty acids. There appears to be a correlation in the ratios of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver fatty acids and in the flesh fatty acids.
An Asymmetrical Pair of Cod Otoliths
Authors: May A. W.
Published: October 2017

not available
Records of Shrimps (Order Decapoda) from British Columbia
Authors: Butler T. H.
Published: October 2017

not available
Cooking Method and Palatability of Frozen Cod Fillets of Various Qualities
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Fraser Doris I. , MacIntosh Ruth G. , Myer Margaret
Published: October 2017

Cooking method modified the taste and texture scores of frozen cod fillets of various qualities. All methods gave high scores with good quality fish, but on samples with frozen storage deterioration, much better discrimination between quality levels was shown by baking and steaming than by frying; texture showed greater differences than taste. Initial quality levels of the fillets prior to freezing had little effect on scores or on the subsequent deterioration of the stored frozen product. Thus baking or possibly steaming is the best cooking method for detection and comparison of quality changes on storage. Frying is the method of choice for the consumer if product quality is in doubt, but any method may be used for a top-quality product.
Fecundity of the American Plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) from Grand Bank and Newfoundland Areas
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: October 2017

Fecundity estimates were made on a total of 140 mature American plaice from the southern and northern slopes of the Grand Bank and from St. Mary's Bay. Log–log relationships were established between fecundity and fish length, gutted and gilled weight, age, and ovary weight. No differences were found to exist between the fecundity–length relationship of plaice from the three areas, but there is a suggestion that within areas there may be annual differences in egg production. At comparable ages plaice from the southern slope of the Grand Bank are larger in size and produce more eggs than those from the northern slope and St. Mary's Bay.
A Vacuum-Assisted Subsampler for Use with Small Planktonic Organisms
Authors: McHardy Robert A.
Published: October 2017

not available
Bathythermograph Data on Aperture Cards: A New Approach to an Old Problem
Authors: Sauer Charles D.
Published: October 2017

not available
Utilization of Lipids by Fish.: III. Fatty Acid Oxidation by Various Tissues from Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Jonas R. E. E. , Bilinski E.
Published: October 2017

not available
Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Zooplankton in Two Shallow Lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Schindler D. W. , Novén Bengt
Published: October 2017

Seasonal variations in the abundance of zooplankton were studied in lakes 122 and 132 for a period of 10 months beginning in mid-May 1968. Seasonal dynamics of various species are discussed in relation to their patterns in the Canadian Shield and in other localities.Day and night vertical distributions for each lake were sampled on two dates in summer. Three species of rotifers migrated diurnally in lake 122, but no evidence of diurnal movement was found in lake 132. All crustaceans studied in both lakes migrated vertically to some degree, except for nauplius larvae and Leptodora kindtii. There was little difference in vertical distribution patterns on the two dates studied.Average zooplankton biomass in the two lakes was calculated and compared with that found in other studies. Average zooplankton biomass during the ice-free season was 72 and 156 mg/m3 dry weight for lakes 122 and 132, respectively. Dominant species in both lakes were Diaptomus minutus, Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, Holopedium gibberum, and Bosmina longirostris. Ecological tolerances for rotifer species agreed well with those found for Swedish waters.
Matière organique dissoute dans l'estuaire maritime du St-Laurent — comparaison et choix des méthodes
Authors: Cauchois D. , Khalil M.
Published: October 2017

To study quantitatively and qualitatively the dissolved organic matter in the St. Lawrence maritime estuary, a comparison between the different extracting methods has been undertaken. We propose two of them; one based on liquid–liquid extraction, the second by adsorption on a resin (Amberlite XAD-2). The methods used remove different spectrums of organic compounds from sea water. Hydrocarbons were found to constitute the major part of the extracts varying between 3 and 5 mg/liter. None of the methods used extracts more than 20% of the total organic matter present. The concentration of the organic chloro-compounds in the water column is in the order of 80 ppb.
Nutrient Composition of Experimentally Produced Meals from Whole Argentine, Capelin, Sand Lance, and from Flounder and Redfish Filleting Scrap
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Regier L. W. , Claggett F. G. , March B. E. , Biely J.
Published: October 2017

Nutrient composition studies have been carried out on single samples of meals produced from whole Atlantic argentines (Argentina silus), capelin (Mallotus villosus), American sand lance (Ammodytes americanus) and from filleting scrap from flounders (Pleuronectidae sp.) and redfish (Sebastes marinus).Analyses included protein, fat, ash, moisture, minerals, vitamins, available lysine, amino acids, and protein digestibility. The whole fish meals appeared nutritionally equal to good herring meal. The filleting scrap meals were lower in protein content but the nutritional values of the proteins were equivalent to that of herring.
Influence of Trisodium Nitrilotriacetate on the Mortality, Growth, and Fecundity of the Freshwater Snail (Helisoma trivolvis) Through Four Generations
Authors: Flannagan John F.
Published: October 2017

Studies on four succeeding generations of the snail, Helisoma trivolvis, indicated that nominal concentrations of trisodium nitrilotriacetate up to 100 mg/liter were not acutely toxic. Concentrations above 25 mg/liter appeared to impose a stress on the growth and fecundity of the snails. However, the effects seemed to be lessened with each succeeding generation. At predicted environmental levels Na3NTA is unlikely to have any lasting effect on euryplastic species of aquatic invertebrates, such as H. trivolvis.
Cleidodiscus baldwini vi. sp. (Monogenoidea: Ancyrocephalinae) from the Gills of the Trout-Perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) of Lake Huron
Authors: Dechtiar Alex O.
Published: October 2017

A new species of monogenean, Cleidodiscus baldwini, from the trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) is described. This is the first report of a monogenean of the genus Cleidodiscus from North American populations of the trout-perch.
Stress of Formalin Treatment in Juvenile Spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Wedemeyer Gary , Yasutake W. T.
Published: October 2017

The physiological stress of 200 ppm formalin treatments at 10 C is more severe in the juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) than in the spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In the steelhead, a marked hypochloremia follows a 1-hr treatment and recovery requires about 24 hr. During longer treatments, hypercholesterolemia together with reduced regulatory precision, hypercortisolemia, alkaline reserve depletion, and hypocapnia unaccompanied by a fall in blood pH occur — suggestive of compensated respiratory alkalosis. In the spring chinook, hypochloremia and reduced plasma cholesterol regulatory precision are the significant treatment side effects but recovery requires only a few hours.Formalin treatments also cause epithelial separation, hypertrophy, and necrosis in the gills of both fishes but again, consistent with the physiological dysfunctions, these are more severe in the steelhead.
Comparison of Protection in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Inoculated with and Fed Hagerman Redmouth Bacterins
Authors: Anderson Douglas P. , Nelson John R.
Published: October 2017

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed 1.0 mg Hagerman redmouth bacterin per fish for 2 wk had no detectable specific, circulating, agglutinating antibody. In fish given a single subcutaneous inoculation of 1.0 mg of bacterin per fish, antibody was present from 3 wk later until 3 mo later, when the final sample was taken. Median lethal doses at various intervals after the bacterins were administered indicated that the inoculated fish could withstand a greater challenge by subcutaneous inoculation of the virulent bacteria than the orally immunized fish. The fish fed the vaccine lost their protection within 6 wk, whereas the inoculated fish had high levels of protection through 3 mo. The degree of protection was also confirmed by a "natural" exposure challenge.
Fecundity and Egg Size of a Brood Stock of Salvelinus fontinalis × S. namaycush Hybrids (Splake)
Authors: Ayles G. B.
Published: October 2017

Estimates of average egg diameter and average number of eggs per female from a brood stock of Salvelinus fontinalis × S. namaycush (splake) hybrids were 0.468 cm and 1169 eggs, respectively. Variation in egg size between females was attributable to variation in both size and age of the fish, whereas differences in fecundity were attributed only to differences in female size. At a given size a splake had more and larger eggs than have been reported for lake trout. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the reestablishment of a viable trout population in Lake Huron.
First Record of the Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus) in Alberta
Authors: Roberts Wayne E.
Published: October 2017

Fourteen specimens of the mooneye (Hiodon tergisus) were collected from the North Saskatchewan and Red Deer rivers in central Alberta, and are first records of this species from these rivers, representing a considerable westward extension of its known range. There appears to be an established population in the Red Deer River, where 13 of 35 Hiodon specimens examined were H. tergisus, the remainder being goldeye (H. alosoides). Only one of fifty-five Hiodon specimens examined from the North Saskatchewan River was H. tergisus.
Rarely Seen Fishes Captured in Hudson Submarine Canyon
Authors: Haedrich R. L. , Polloni P. T.
Published: October 2017

The alepocephalid Rouleina mollis (Koehler 1896), the ophidiid Xyelacyba myersi Cohen 1961, and the two macrourids Nezumia longebarbatus (Roule and Angel 1933) and Sphagemacrurus grenadae (Parr 1946) were trawled in Hudson Submarine Canyon (ca. 39°18′N 72°00′W) between 1500 and 1960 m on the bottom. These records constitute considerable extensions of the known ranges. The eretmophorid Halargyreus johnsoni Günther 1862, previously recorded from Hudson Canyon but unknown elsewhere in the area, was also taken. The trawl haul which captured these noteworthy species took, in addition, 290 specimens in 18 species of deep benthic fishes. Abundant species included Antimora rostrata, Synaphobranchus kaupi, Alepocephalus agassizi, Nezumia bairdii, Dicrolene intronigra, and Aldrovandia phalacra. These species also predominated in a catch made in a similar haul at the same place 4 yr previously, suggesting that the species composition of such deep-living canyon assemblages is quite stable.
Genomic instability in Solanum tuberosum × Solanum kurtzianum interspecific hybrids
Authors: Marfil C F , Masuelli R W , Davison J , Comai L
Published: October 2017

The use of interspecific crosses in breeding is an important strategy in improving the genetic base of the modern cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Until now, it has normally been interspecific Solanum hybrids that have been morphologically and cytologically characterized. However, little is known about the genomic changes that may occur in the hybrid nucleus owing to the combination of genomes of different origin. We have observed novel AFLP bands in Solanum tuberosum × Solanum kurtzianum diploid hybrids; 40 novel fragments were detected out of 138 AFLP fragments analyzed. No cytological abnormalities were observed in the hybrids; however, we found DNA methylation changes that could be the cause of the observed genomic instabilities. Of 277 MSAP fragments analyzed, 14% showed methylation patterns that differed between the parental species and the hybrids. We also observed frequent methylation changes in the BC1 progeny. Variation patterns among F1 and BC1 plants suggest that some methylation changes occurred at random. The changes observed may have implications for potato breeding as an additional source of variability.Key words: DNA methylation, genome instability, interspecific hybrids, potato, Solanum.
Wastewater biosolids: an overview of processing, treatment, and management
Authors: Oleszkiewicz J A , Mavinic D S
Published: October 2017

Treated as a valuable resource, municipal sludge, often today referred to as biosolids, is processed through a variety of novel unit operations leading to a safe, aesthetically pleasing, and sought-after product. The design engineer is concerned first with the ultimate disposal and utilization of the biosolids, providing at least two options for the final disposal. Volume reduction, stabilization or vector attraction reduction, and pathogen inactivation are the key goals; process trains combining them into one unit process are the target technologies. Drying and pelletization are now being applied at much smaller plants because of the introduction of indirect dryers, which have fewer air pollution problems than the direct dryers still used at some larger plants. Stabilization of biosolids in newer plants is more often combined with disinfection at thermophillic temperatures, in anaerobic and particularly in aerobic regimes. For the smallest plants, dewatering is now available in drying bags or vacuum drying beds, and larger plants benefit from an array of new devices offering sludge cakes as dry as 22 to [Formula: see text]40% total solids. The ultimate dryness will depend on the quality of sludge, polymer conditioning program, and machine parameters. Emphasis on cost reduction, with simultaneous demand for an excellent quality end product, calls for innovative and case-specific solutions that go beyond the treatment plant and also address the quality of industrial-commercial discharges to the municipal sewers.Key words: sludge, biosolids, process design, dewatering, digestion.
Wastewater treatment technologies required for current and future regulatory requirements
Authors: Monteith Hugh , Sterne Lars
Published: October 2017

This paper provides an overview of regulatory issues related to wastewater treatment, the probable direction that future regulatory requirements will take, and any new technology needed to meet the anticipated requirements. Pressures for more stringent regulations governing wastewater treatment will probably come from environmental activists, a concerned public, global commitments to initiatives such as reductions of greenhouse gases or upper atmospheric ozone depletion, and from commitments to trading partners for a "level playing field" for environmental controls. The issues are concerned with all aspects of wastewater treatment, including liquid, solids, and air emissions. For many concerns, current technology will meet anticipated future requirements, while for other challenges, new technology, or economically viable variations of existing technology, will be required. Improved cost-effective technologies will be required to reduce emissions of greenhouse and smog-forming gases from wastewater treatment facilities. Disposal of wastewater residual solids will continue to be one of the most significant challenges facing the industry. One of the greatest uncertainties lies in the development of regulatory limits for the class of compounds known as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances. Because proposed future regulatory limits for these substances are uncertain, the technologies required to meet whatever limits are specified are also uncertain.Key words: wastewater, treatment, future, regulations, technologies.
Evolution of histone H3: emergence of variants and conservation of post-translational modification sites1This article is part of Special Issue entitled Asilomar Chromatin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Waterborg Jakob H.
Published: October 2017

Histone H3 proteins are highly conserved across all eukaryotes and are dynamically modified by many post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here we describe a method that defines the evolution of the family of histone H3 proteins, including the emergence of functionally distinct variants. It combines information from histone H3 protein sequences in eukaryotic species with the evolution of these species as described by the tree of life (TOL) project. This so-called TOL analysis identified the time when the few observed protein sequence changes occurred and when distinct, co-existing H3 protein variants arose. Four distinct ancient duplication events were identified where replication-coupled (RC) H3 variants diverged from replication-independent (RI) forms, like histone H3.3 in animals. These independent events occurred in ancestral lineages leading to the clades of metazoa, viridiplantae, basidiomycota, and alveolata. The proto-H3 sequence in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) was expanded to at least 133 of its 135 residues. Extreme conservation of known acetylation and methylation sites of lysines and arginines predicts that these PTMs will exist across the eukaryotic crown phyla and in protists with canonical chromatin structures. Less complete conservation was found for most serine and threonine phosphorylation sites. This study demonstrates that TOL analysis can determine the evolution of slowly evolving proteins in sequence-saturated datasets.
The roles of peptidyl-proline isomerases in gene regulation1This review is part of Special Issue entitled Asilomar Chromatin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Dilworth David , Gudavicius Geoff , Leung Andrew , Nelson Christopher J.
Published: October 2017

The post-translational modification of proteins and enzymes provides a dynamic and reversible means to control protein function and transmit biological signals. While covalent modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation have drawn much attention, in the past decade the involvement of peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIs) in signaling and post-translational modification of protein function has become increasingly apparent. Three distinct families of PPI enzymes (parvulins, cyclophilins, and FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs)) each have the capacity to catalyze cis–trans proline isomerization in substrate proteins, and this modification can regulate both structure and function. In eukaryotic cells, a subset of these enzymes is localized to the nucleus, where they regulate gene expression at multiple control points. Here we summarize this body of work that together establishes a clear role of these enzymes as evolutionarily conserved players in the control of both transcription of mRNAs and the assembly of chromatin.
Histone H3 phosphorylation, immediate-early gene expression, and the nucleosomal response: a historical perspective1This article is part of Special Issue entitled Asilomar Chromatin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Healy Shannon , Khan Protiti , He Shihua , Davie James R.
Published: October 2017

Histone H3 is modified at serines 10 and 28 in interphase cells following activation of the RAS-MAPK or p38-MAPK pathways by growth factors or stress. These modifications are involved in the regulation of immediate-early genes, including Jun and Fos, whose increased expression is a trademark of various cancers. This review outlines the series of discoveries that led to the characterization of these modifications, the kinase, MSK1/2, which is activated by both MAPK pathways and directs phosphorylation of H3, and the mechanistic function of these modifications in transcriptional activation. Research examining the effect of deregulated MSK1/2 in human disorders, namely cancer, is evaluated. Recently, a number of reports proposed novel, intervening pathways leading to enrichment of phosphorylated serine 10 and 28 and the activation of MSK1/2. These novel pathways predict an even more complicated signalling mechanism for cell growth, apoptosis, and the immune response, suggesting that MSK1/2 is intrinsically responsible for an even greater number of biological processes. This review proposes that MSK1/2 is an optimal target for cancer therapy, based on its fundamental role in transmitting external signals into varied responses involved in cancer development.
Diaryloxycarbenes from oxadiazolines
Authors: Lu Xiaosong , Reid Darren L , Warkentin John
Published: October 2017

Symmetric and unsymmetric 2,2-diaryloxy-5,5-dimethyl-Δ3-1,3,4-oxadiazolines were synthesized by oxidative cyclization of aryloxycarbonyl hydrazones of acetone with lead tetraacetate and subsequent treatment of the product mixture with a phenol in acidic solution. Thermolysis of the oxadiazolines in benzene solution at 110°C afforded carbonyl ylide intermediates that cyclize, in part, to the corresponding 2,2-diaryloxyoxirane intermediates. The oxiranes, which were not observed, are required to account for the 1,1-diaryloxy-2-methylpropenes (ketene acetals) that were isolated. Most of the carbonyl ylides fragment to acetone and diaryloxycarbenes. The latter form dimers (tetraaryloxyethenes) or they can be trapped with phenols to form orthoformates. Diphenoxycarbene was also trapped with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD). The method appears to be the first for generating the parent diphenoxycarbene under relatively mild conditions in solution, and the only one to date for generating unsymmetrically substituted diaryloxycarbenes. Minor competing fragmentations of the oxadiazolines to 2-diazopropane and the appropriate diaryl carbonates, were also observed.Key words: diarylcarbonate, diaryloxycarbene, diaryloxy oxadiazoline, ketene acetal, orthoformate.
Investigation of two-component mixed self-assembled monolayers on gold
Authors: Wang Zhen , Shi Yan-Li , Li Hu-Lin
Published: October 2017

Two-component mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) composed of 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (MMO) and 1-dodecanethiol (C12SH) in various molar percentages were prepared on gold surfaces by self-assembly. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and wettability results gave evidence that the coverage of MMO was controlled by the composition of MMO in the assembling solution. The monolayer coverage and apparent rate constant of the redox active probes in solution of different molar ratios of mixed SAMs could be calculated using impedance measurements. The cyclic voltammetry reveals that the probes are selectively passed through the mixed SAMs depending upon their properties.Key words: self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemistry, electrochemical impedance analysis.