bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Dews Peter
Published: November 2022

By responding to the polarized structure of Fichte’s philosophy with a comprehensive rationalism Hegel eliminates the possibility of the modern genealogical perspective on human thought and behavior introduced by the “masters of suspicion,” Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche. The problem is that Hegel’s “basic operation” (Grundoperation), namely “self-negating negation,” entails that any constraint on consciousness is always already in the process of being overcome. Hegel’s fundamental definition of freedom is compared with Schelling’s in this regard. In contrast, Schelling’s equivalent Grundoperation (the decompression of blind being-ness) sustains an ontology that allows for the type of compulsion theorized by genealogy (taken as a general term for the hermeneutics of suspicion). It achieves this without eliminating, as genealogy tends to do, the very freedom which inquiry into hidden determinants is intended to enhance. This approach, which can be termed “affirmative genealogy,” is illustrated with reference to Schelling’s theory of mythology. The chapter concludes by considering the epistemological status of Schelling’s positive philosophy, which—in contrast to Hegel’s essentially retrospective conception of philosophy—entails a practical orientation toward the future.
Grace
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter relates individual stories of combat mercy, including the tale of Leutnant Friedrich Lengfeld’s final choice that made him a moral hero his foes could not forget. Within hours of hand-to-hand combat contesting a small forester’s hut, he and his men risked their lives to help an American they had tried to kill just the night before. It details Lengfeld’s act of mercy and grace, which so impressed his former enemies that they crossed the Atlantic again 50 years later to gather in silence and honor him. The chapter highlights the monument erected by Americans to honor Lengfeld, which is remarkable considering how few memorials to Wehrmacht troops stand on German soil. The monument stands in quiet nobility, as uncommon in its presence as the merciful warrior it remembers.
Truces
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers how wars end and how belligerents stop fighting as a prelude to a return to peace. It notes that wars often end following experimental ceasefires or truces, sometimes spontaneous among opposing armies but more often negotiated. It explains how ceasefires return combatants to apprehended hostility in place of active killing: not peace, but a move away from war nevertheless. Most often, a local ceasefire is only a brief respite from fighting that may yet get far worse. The chapter recounts the false dawn in 1914 when elements of the Western armies paused fighting during the Christmas period. It shows how this did not happen again later in the Great War. It expands beyond Europe to consider other cultural periods of truce. Ramadan is the “best month in Allah’s eyes,” it is said, a time for peaceful contemplation in Muslim practice that often leads to calls for a halt to war. However, in practice, like the annual calls for truces in ongoing wars at Christmas, this tradition is mostly ignored or violated rather than respected, even when fighting coreligionists.
Prisoners
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers the motivations and mechanisms of surrender. How is violence limited in the midst of combat, and what risk is incurred deciding whether or not to kill enemy holdouts? It emphasizes how many offers to surrender do not invoke mercy, as some who try to quit fighting are still killed, often with callous cruelty. The chapter explores surrender practices and atrocities against prisoners over many centuries. It focuses on 20th-century practices and the evolution of laws governing treatment of prisoners, contrasted with real world practices. It details mistreatment of Black prisoners by Confederates in the American Civil War; differential treatment of POWs in World War II in Europe and Asia; and post–World War II treatment of prisoners around the world.
The Promise of Prosperity
Authors: Demetrious Kristin
Published: November 2022

Failures in public debates—those that are drawn out, divisive, confused, and that only arrive at a stalemate—are all too common. The emergence of this disheartening reality is all-encompassing and one in which many people feel powerless or averse to confront. This chapter explores neoliberalism, beyond the narrow lens of an economic theory, to understand its symbiosis with public relations, and how it has shaped public opinion and has worked to propel and transform wider social and cultural conditions to this end. Mapping out key neoliberal ideas, it also explores the authorization of public relations as an institutional site and a domain through the growth of global communication industries to understand what gave this phenomenon such extraordinary mobility and reach.
Airborne
Authors: Demetrious Kristin
Published: November 2022

Full-blown public relations responses by consultancies, on behalf of their clients, continue to embed strategic neonarratives in the public debates, shaping history with misinformation and conflict. Public relations plans like the GOP’s (2020) Corona Big Book to deal with the political fallout from the pandemic, and Peabody Energy’s (2014) “Advanced Energy for Life” (AEFL) campaign to promote “clean coal” to reduce greenhouse emissions, demonstrate “business as usual.” However, political “left and right” boundaries are shifting. The 2020 US presidential election showed two activist groups, seeking to puncture old realities and to build something new. Republican Voters Against Trump rejected false and divisive political discourse, while progressive activists promoted persuasive “deep canvassing.” This shows changing dynamics and resistance of the neoliberal narrative. So too does public interest communication (PIC), which attempts to align public relations to notions of the common good rather than organizational self-interest. But the hybrid practice remains firmly in the family of public relations, which is problematic. As such, political discourse may not change significantly unless the structures that hold these cultures in place change.
Introduction
Authors: Szabo Victor
Published: November 2022

The introductory chapter offers an exposition of the book’s overarching narrative while highlighting some of the core themes, scenes, and concerns that run through the four body chapters. It introduces the role of “head music” in the imagination of the 1960s psychedelic counterculture, as well as the developments in audio production that made ambient audio possible. It then describes how ambient audio was conceived in New Age circles as a “drugless” means of altering awareness, and how Brian Eno’s “ambient music” coinage rhetorically reframed this idea for hip highbrow and high-middlebrow markets. It concludes with an investigation of ambient music’s socioaesthetic value beyond its consciousness-altering function, and responds to various scholarly critiques of the ambient genre.
On the Frontiers
Authors: Hillner Julia
Published: November 2022

This chapter deals with Helena’s early life up to the time of her encounter with Constantius, the father of her son Constantine. It surveys the demographic details we possess about her origins (social status, name, birthplace, birthdate) and what these data reveal about how Helena may have experienced political events of the mid-third century, and discusses the question of whether Helena was a tavern or even sex worker in her youth.
The Jazz Age
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J.
Published: November 2022

While Broadway may have been largely “off limits” to African-Americans, the musical team of Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle met the comedy duo of Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles and decided to create the all-black musical Shuffle Along. Not only did the musical run for 504 performances, but it launched the Harlem Renaissance and the careers of Josephine Baker, Adelaide Hall, and others. A popular song from the show, “I’m Just Wild About Harry,” was subsequently used by Harry S. Truman as his campaign song. Other lyricists were also influenced by the jazz and blues of the era’s music writers, such as George Gershwin, Richard Whiting, and Vincent Youmans. This chapter explores the fast-driving music of the jazz era and the lyrics that accompanied them.
De-Lovely: Cole Porter
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J.
Published: November 2022

Like Irving Berlin, Cole Porter was able to write both words and music. However, unlike many of the successful lyricists of his time, Porter was not a New Yorker but a Hoosier, from Peru, Indiana. Viewed early in his career as a dilettante, Porter joined the French Foreign Legion to gain the experience he needed to become a better lyricist. In Europe, however, he lived the lavish life of an expatriate. His marriage of convenience provided a cover for his private life. The “Coleporteurs” traveled and entertained. Like Hart, some of Porter’s lyrics were a bit risqué and had to be bowdlerized including titles, “Let’s Do It (Let’s Fall in Love)”, for example, to be used in films because of the Production Code. This chapter focuses on Porter’s life and celebrates how it played an important role in his lyrics.
Paper Moons: Howard Dietz and E. Y. “Yip” Harburg
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J.
Published: November 2022

Howard Dietz was the epitome of the debonair New Yorker. He spent time with the literati of the Algonquin Round Table. His writing sometimes was risqué for the times. His placement of words could suggest a singer’s frustration. He could write as urbanely and wittily as Hart or as sentimentally as Hammerstein. With Arthur Schwartz he became “master of the revue,” with hits from The Little Show. Yip Harburg found that writing verse was an “intellectual pursuit” and writing a song was an “emotional explosion.” One of his biggest hits was not the typical love song of the era. “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?” was instead viewed by some as an attack against the American political system. Theatrical necessity frequently was the force behind his realistic portrayal of character and situation, whether it was the brooding “April in Paris,” the grounded “Brother,” or the jaded “It’s Only a Paper Moon.”
Coercive control and the agentic child
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter critiques the concept of childhood victimization that has dominated thinking on children and domestic violence since the inception of research on this topic. It asserts that coercive control is not simply something children are “exposed to,” but something that harms their whole experience of life in much more complex ways. While setting out the harms caused to children, this chapter also highlights the book’s approach of recognizing children’s strengths, agency, and active coping strategies. Importing a theoretical model of parent–child relations from the family studies research field, and showing how this model can enlighten the field of research on children and domestic violence, the chapter provides the reader with a platform to reimagine the roles of children in contexts of family adversity.
Knowledge, Skepticism, and Reliability
Authors: Kelly Thomas
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores the implications of the fact that biased believers can have genuine knowledge. It argues that the possibility of biased knowing gives us good reason to reject various proposed norms of philosophical methodology. It then turns to the relationship between bias and skepticism and explores the question of whether we are biased in favor of commonsense: it argues that recognizing the possibility of biased knowing allows us to concede that there is a sense in which we are biased against skepticism while clearheadedly retaining our claims to have genuine knowledge despite the skeptic’s challenges. Finally, the chapter takes up questions about the relationship between bias and cognitive reliability. It argues that when it comes to our most basic ways of forming beliefs, we differ significantly from the practices of both paradigmatically biased thinkers and paradigmatically unbiased thinkers, and the philosophical significance of this fact is explored.
Commitments
Authors: Mayer Benoit
Published: November 2022

The first part of the monograph identifies three types of obligations on the mitigation of climate change. These obligations are differentiated as a function of their source. Chapter II identifies commitments, that is obligations to which states consent specifically with the aim of fostering climate action. Commitments arise in particular under climate treaties. Chapter III identifies obligations on climate change mitigation arising from customary international law, whether as discrete obligations or as applications of broader principles. Finally, Chapter IV identifies implied obligations on climate change mitigation, focusing in particular on the obligations that can be inferred from human rights treaties.
The Requisite Level of Mitigation Action
Authors: Mayer Benoit
Published: November 2022

This chapter assesses the possibility of quantifying a state’s requisite level of mitigation action—that is to say, determining the stringency of the mitigation outcomes that a state would have to achieve in order to comply with its general mitigation obligations. The chapter reveals that this determination faces major obstacles. While states have outlined some collective objectives, they have neither accepted an obligation to act consistently with these objectives nor defined what these objectives mean for either collective or individual action on climate change mitigation. Various arguments that have been advanced in the context of domestic litigation rely on illusory legal or scientific benchmarks. Until states agree on more specific objectives and burden-sharing criteria, a judicial determination of a state’s requisite level of mitigation action may not be entirely impossible, but it would inevitably involve an unusual degree of judicial discretion.
EU Diplomatic Law
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn
Published: November 2022

This book is the first monograph to analyse how European Union (EU) practices in initiating, conducting, and terminating diplomatic and consular relations have affected international diplomatic and consular law. Over the past six decades, the EU has been granted unique powers that enable it to act prominently on the international plane. It has thereto developed a worldwide bilateral and multilateral diplomatic network. Much like states, the EU sends ambassadors to all corners of the world and accredits permanent missions at its Brussels headquarters. These developments take place against the background of international diplomatic and consular law which are based quintessentially on the principles of state sovereignty, non-interference, and reciprocity. The book offers a detailed overview of the scope of EU diplomatic and consular powers (especially in relationship to its member states), its application of the Vienna Conventions and customary international law, the consular protection of EU citizens, questions of protocol and precedence, and the legal status of the EU’s diplomatic staff and premises abroad. Finally, it identifies and conceptualises the specific contribution the EU makes to the shaping of diplomatic and consular law.
Voyaging through Strange Seas of Thought
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: November 2022

Newton’s theories of mechanics and gravity are discussed in detail and the gravitational force within a hollow mass is considered. Newton’s theories led to the greatest revolution in the history of science. The lives and work of John Michell and Henry Cavendish, two important, but lesser-known figures of eighteenth-century science, are also discussed. The text describes William Herschel and his discovery of the planet Uranus. In the nineteenth century, Urbain Le Verrier used Newtonian mechanics to deduce the existence of another planetary body—Neptune. Le Verrier went on to find discrepancies in the orbit of Mercury and suggested these might be due to an unseen inner planet subsequently named Vulcan, but no-one was able to find conclusive evidence for the existence of this planet.
Ripples in the Fabric of Things
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: November 2022

This chapter is about gravitational waves. It discusses the Hulse–Taylor binary neutron star system and its importance in testing general relativity and the discovery that the system is losing energy by emitting gravitational waves. The chapter looks at the history of gravitational wave detectors, culminating in the construction of the Advanced LIGO interferometer. The detection of the first gravitational wave signal is discussed in detail along with an analysis of the system that produced the gravitational wave. The text discusses the significance of this new window on the universe. The detection of neutron star mergers has offered an insight into how heavy elements such as gold are created. The detection of black hole mergers has given the most direct evidence for the existence of stellar mass black holes and has confirmed that gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. The chapter closes by looking at future gravitational wave observatories.
Social Behaviour in an Uncooperative Society
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris
Published: November 2022

Wytham’s badgers live in groups, but why? An opening question regarding the evolution of group living is how does it get started? Generally, if adult offspring are to be recruited to the workforce of the ‘family firm’, how can there be space (resources/food) to accommodate them in the family home? We look for evidence of cooperative benefits, and find little. Indeed, when analysing whether the presence of potential allomothers/parents translates into improved circumstances, and ultimately survival, of badger cubs, we find the opposite. Turning to hunting, we investigate whether badgers cooperate in hunting fleas. Why does the humble badger flea merit attention? Because it may tell us something about the evolution of cooperation. Fleas prompt legion questions: How many fleas might a badger have? What do badgers do about their flea burden? How much time do badgers devote to mutual grooming? Does this cooperation pay? Is flea removal effective? Or maybe mutual grooming is motivated by each individual’s sensitivity to itchiness? This leads to discoveries about the consequences of communal denning in terms of ectoparasites.
Who Goes There: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris
Published: November 2022

Are Wytham’s badgers territorial, and has this altered over time? How are groups delineated, and are these borders respected? Scent is key, using faeces at latrine sites, but how is this reinforced and matched to the strengths of the depositors or the size of the opposing group? Is a current function of badgers’ perimeter latrines in Wytham territorial defence, or are there other explanations for this geometry? These questions lead us to explore the chemistry of anal gland secretion, and to learn that badgers respond differently to the scents of their own group, their immediate neighbours, and more distant strangers. Latrines are located along the margins of group interactions—why so? ‘Keep out’? Or ‘Hello neighbour’? We deduce that they are notice boards, a badger social media for advertisement. What information is signalled; what does the fine print say? What information is signalled by anal gland secretion, and is it different to the information in urine, laden as it is with hormone metabolites?
Perception and Idealism
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

It is a standard feature of modern philosophy, at least from Locke, to tie together the questions of how we perceive the world and what we have reason to think the world is like in itself. This is a natural connection, because the questions of how we perceive it, and what kind of conception of it we can best form on the basis of that mode of perception, are obviously intimately linked. Part I of this volume defends the sense-datum theory of perception against its opponents, and argues that the sense-datum theory is much closer to a form of direct realism than is normally thought: we directly perceive the world in the form that it naturally manifests itself to creatures like us. This leaves open the question of what it is like in itself, and Part II tries to show that a Berkeleian interpretation—that the world is a nomological structure in the mind of God—is the most plausible option. Arguments with roots in Berkeley, in modern philosophers such as John Foster, and in modern science, are drawn on to support this conclusion.
Intentionality and Perception (I)
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

Brentano said that intentionality is the mark of the mental; that is, mental states are about, or reach out towards, their ‘object’, which may or may not exist. Someone can believe in fairies, though there are no fairies. Can the same model be applied to perception and sensation? Certainly, one can seem to see an elephant and there be no elephant, if one is, for example, hallucinating. But what about the status of the elephant-shape and colour? If I believe in fairies, their fairiness and whatever colour and shape I attribute to them—if any—are in the same situation, all being represented in thought. But bed-rock sense experience involves, not merely representation, but presentation, that this is the seeming presence of the object before one. Surely something constitutes this presentational nature which is not present in the case of thought or belief. Can the intentionalist cope with this extra element while avoiding qualia or sense-data? The argument of this and the next chapter is that he cannot.
Building the Manifest World
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

This chapter is the climax of Part I of this book. It attempts to show that all the ways in which the sense-datum theory has been set up as the bogy-man in the philosophy of perception are completely misconceived. This is mainly because the classical empiricist tradition had a crude account of thought and judgement, which did not allow it to grasp the interrelation of cognition and sensation. Once this is sorted out, one does not need to impute intentionality or representation to the fundamental nature of sensation in order to preserve both our natural intuitions about the directness of perception, and the dependence of perception on the particular nature of our sensory capacities, which involves sense-data.
General Conclusion
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

The General Conclusion is brief and summarizes what each chapter claims to have achieved. Part I was dedicated to defending what the author deems to be a version of a sense-datum theory of perception. The author claims that a theory is a sense-datum theory if it claims that qualities are actually present in, and not merely represented in, phenomenal content. These data are the way the world manifests itself to creatures like us. The purpose in Part II is to investigate what the world is like in itself, and suggests that the idealist solution is much less counterintuitive than it seems at first sight. Part I is independent of the conclusions of Part II, but it is a necessary prolegomenon. The author has some hope of convincing people of his thoughts on perception, and hopes, at least, to raise worries about the metaphysics of physical reality, if not wholly convince the reader, by the arguments in Part II.
Workers
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines how the work of street trading in London’s past took different forms and how this affected street sellers’ occupational identity. First, it shows how hawking could be part-time, poorly paid work, carried outside alongside other jobs, typical of the mass of casual labour that defined London’s growing economy. Next, it demonstrates how some street sellers built up complex, substantial businesses, and employed servants and apprentices. A closing section considers the impact of hawking’s flexibility and seasonality on traders’ working identities, and how they were able to express their collective worth, particularly in the later nineteenth century.
Street food
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers the foods London street sellers sold and how they reached the city, before discussing their dietary significance. It deals, in turn, with the production, supply, and varieties of fruit and vegetables, milk, fish, and prepared dishes like pies, sausages, gingerbread, and ice cream—foods that tended to be perishable, seasonal, and produced within the metropolitan region. These early street foods have been neglected by historians, but were important supplements to the staples of beer, bread, and meat and contributed to a distinctive metropolitan diet.
Retailers
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter is the first of three that consider the transforming space of the street, introducing the arguments about the halting, contradictory processes of improvement and modernization that run through them. It shows how hawkers helped ensure London’s streets remained a place of business between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, not just a channel for flowing people, traffic, and goods. It explores the various spaces in which hawkers traded, from homes to drinking houses to bridges, and how they brought the techniques of retailing and shopkeeping to the street. Finally, it describes the emergence of street markets from the mid-nineteenth century as distinctive, working class retail institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

The chapter provides the background to the passing of the Public Interest Disclosure Act, and the overall contents of the Act, then moves on to how that has shaped the consensus around the topic of whistleblowing. The recommendation of various bodies which have produced proposals for reform are then considered; the Hooper Commission, the Francis Report, and the Shipman Report by Lady Justice Smith. The changes which have been made to the Act so far are considered. The overall thesis is examined as to why what was originally the most comprehensive statute in the world is now seen by some as being too narrow. Against that context there is consideration of significant domestic proposals for reform and also developments in the EU, notably the new Whistleblowing Directive, which has to some extent influenced the domestic reform agenda.
Unfair Dismissal for Making a Protected Disclosure
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter is concerned with the provisions that render a dismissal for making a protected disclosure automatically unfair. It considers the relationship between a dismissal of an employee for making a protected disclosure and an ‘ordinary’ unfair dismissal. It deals with the amendment of claims to add a public interest disclosure element and the thin boundary line between dismissal and detriment. Identifying the principal reason in dismissal cases is another key element, as are tainted information and tainted decisions to dismiss. The chapter also considers constructive dismissal, selection for redundancy, unofficial industrial action, and the burden of proof, as well as dismissal for unprotected disclosures and time limits.
Defamation (Contributed by Antonia Foster, Partner, Carter-Ruck Solicitors)
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers the circumstances in which a whistleblower could find him or herself on the receiving end of a complaint in defamation. It considers the basic tenets of a claim for defamation, including the important statutory requirement for a claimant to show ‘serious harm’ pursuant to the statutory test under section 1 Defamation Act 2013. It considers the defences most likely to be available to a whistleblower in such circumstances: the defences of truth, qualified privilege, absolute privilege, or publication on a matter of public interest (and the approach of the courts in considering whether or not publication was on a matter of public interest). It also compares traditional qualified privilege and the concept of publication on a matter of public interest.
Whistleblowing in the Health and Financial Services Sectors
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers whistleblowing in the health and financial services sector. In relation to health it examines the momentum for reform, the introduction of Freedom to Speak Up and amendments to NHS terms and conditions. It looks at the professional standards authority for health and social care and the legislative reform for applicants in the NHS, the National Whistleblowing policy in the NHS, and the role of Whistleblowing Guardians and the National Guardian’s Office. It considers the use of injunctions and the applicability of judicial review. In relation to the financial services sector, the chapter examines the internal whistleblowing arrangements and role of the FCA and PRA. It considers the purpose and function of the whistleblowers’ champion. It discusses the use of settlement agreements and the duty to report concerns, with financial incentives to report matters. Finally, it considers the annual reports from the PRA and FCA as prescribed bodies.
Grounded Normative Theory
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Fuji
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers a way of studying deliberative democracy from an Engaged or Grounded Normative Theory (GNT) approach that blends empirical study with normative theorizing recursively, inclusively, accountably, and solidaristically. The GNT proposed in this chapter is intended to provide inspiration to deliberative democrats to develop their critical muscles and to ensure that deliberative democracy remains relevant to addressing pressing political issues, including racialized injustice and oppression. Upon outlining the basic contours of GNT as a broad field, I discuss its more specifically solidaristic expression. I then draw from my own application of solidaristic GNT methodology and offer two suggestions to encourage deliberative democrats to adopt this methodology and conduct research in ways that are in solidarity with groups, communities, and nations seeking justice as they define it.
Discourse Quality Index
Authors: Bächtiger André , Gerber Marlène , Fournier-Tombs Eléonore
Published: November 2022

This chapter surveys the development of the Discourse Quality Index (DQI) from its original to its expanded versions. It documents the DQI’s various blind spots, ranging from the omission of substantive argumentative quality and sincerity to insufficient context- and goal-sensitivity. Special attention is given to aggregation strategies of the various DQI indicators and related validity issues especially in the context of the systemic approach. The chapter proposes new ways to capture context-sensitive and distributed forms of deliberation as well as provides a concrete illustration of how to aggregate deliberative quality in novel ways (e.g. via a Lexical Scale). Finally, it considers recent developments in the automated measurement of deliberative quality.
Survey Methods
Authors: Gastil John
Published: November 2022

Surveys are a powerful tool for measuring deliberation and its impact. This chapter examines surveys in four ways. An initial section discusses the theoretical assumptions underlying surveys. The second section considers methodological challenges, such as how to draw a proper sample, how to measure complex concepts, and how to ensure adequate statistical power, particularly across different levels of analysis. The rest of the chapter examines issues in relation to previously conducted surveys, starting with those administered to the panellists who take part in deliberative events. Attention then shifts to public surveys more appropriate to studying deliberation’s impact on larger political systems. These last two sections take up issues such as longitudinal analysis, retrospective attitudes, and survey experiments.
Social Network Analysis
Authors: da Silva Eduardo M. , Ribeiro Antônio Carlos A. , Higgins Silvio S.
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a method for studying deliberative systems. SNA can help investigate whether and how a deliberative system works, whether different components of the system relate to each other, whether and how discourses and ideas flow from one site to another, and the extent to which some clusters of discourses are isolated from the rest of the system. The chapter presents four different examples that illustrate the practical application of SNA in deliberative democracy research, and emphasizes the potential of this method in revealing the connections and the pathologies within various deliberative systems.
Case Study Research
Authors: Elstub Stephen , Pomatto Gianfranco
Published: November 2022

Case study research is widely used in the field of deliberative democracy due to the depth of insight and attention to context that this method provides. This chapter explains why case study research has been integral to deliberative democracy’s development from a normative theory to an established and mature theory guided by significant empirical evidence. This chapter also suggests that as deliberative democracy research moves towards a systemic approach, case studies will continue to be essential for understanding the practice of deliberative democracy across the huge variety of contexts a system involves. Case studies are a research approach that is relevant to both positivist and interpretivist research traditions, but, as this chapter also demonstrates, this distinction is one that deliberative democracy can transcend. This chapter provides guidance on selecting a suitable case as well as collecting and analysing data, specifically in relation to the field of deliberative democracy.
Deliberative Policy Analysis
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik
Published: November 2022

Deliberative Policy Analysis (DPA) integrates the process of public participation into policy analysis, and seeks to address the complexity, uncertainty, and divergence of values and understandings which characterize contemporary policy arenas. It emphasizes deliberation between citizens and officials as a strategy of policy inquiry and an orientation towards practice as the key component of policy analysis. The chapter considers the development of DPA since its original formulation by Maarten Hajer and Hendrik Wagenaar in 2003 and offers three distinct methodological approaches of DPA as frequently used by its practitioners: Designed Deliberative Platforms, the Enhancement of the Deliberative Capacity of a Policy System; and Institutional Design-in-Practice. The chapter describes the features of these three approaches and provides practical illustrations. The chapter concludes with outlining three limitations of DPA. First, DPA claims that it provides a strategy for dealing with complexity, but its theory of complexity, and its implications for policymaking are underdeveloped. Second, DPA describes itself as a normative-empirical programme, but it does not offer a coherent understanding of, and approach to, integrating contextualized values into policy inquiry. And third, for various reasons DPA runs the risk that its results are not adopted or acknowledged by officials in a policy system.
France
Authors: Pannier Alice
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines France’s ambivalent relationship with NATO through the analysis of its strategic culture, conception of multilateralism, and vision of European security. Although France is a founding member of NATO, the transatlantic Alliance has always been only one of the various components of France’s defence policy. The historically rooted goal of strategic autonomy has pushed successive French governments to develop national capabilities and to try and make Europeans more autonomous from the United States and therefore from NATO. At the same time, France has developed close military links with the United States and other allies through capability development or in NATO-led or other types of operations. France has also been active in the Alliance’s renewed commitment to Europe’s territorial defence after 2014. However, NATO has not been France’s preferred vehicle for tackling the most pressing security threats it faces, namely, terrorism or instability in the Middle East and North Africa. Similarly, France does not see NATO as the primary organization for dealing with the security challenges stemming from new technology or with the rise of China. Overall, France’s multitrack strategic culture and its lukewarm attitude vis-à-vis the Alliance have recurrently led to a sense of strategic loneliness. Domestically, France’s ambivalence is visible in the shaky public support for NATO as well as the outright anti-NATO discourses from many French political figures.
Germany
Authors: Besch Sophia
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines German NATO policy in the post-Cold War era. It addresses the impact on German policy of external developments such as the waning US interest in Europe, the Afghanistan withdrawal, and the rise of China. It also considers domestic challenges, such as the end of the Merkel era and German political debates over the usefulness of defence spending and nuclear sharing, and analyses their effect on Germany’s role in NATO. It analyses how German policymakers and the German public perceive NATO and their own role in the Alliance, how NATO membership fits into Germany’s strategic culture, and how the German threat perception fits into NATO. It also looks at German contributions to the Alliance—in the operational space, the financial realm, and in terms of Alliance cohesion. It addresses the effects of the Trump presidency on how Germany views NATO’s reliability and solidity and examines how Germany conceives of the division of labour between NATO and other multilateral fora, specifically the European Union. Finally, the chapter reflects on future challenges to German NATO policy: the rise of China, the domestic debate over nuclear participation, the development of the EU as a defence actor, and the consequences of underinvestment in the Bundeswehr.
Walking
Authors: Siganporia Harmony
Published: November 2022

This section explores the semiosphere which makes the f/act of walking cohere: it analyses the deep axiological binaries around which meaning is coded, for example, walking alone versus walking in a group; walking as a man versus walking as a woman; walking for pleasure versus walking for a definite purpose. It explores the ways in which Gandhi sometimes overcomes these binaries (for instance, in the form of his seeming ability to walk alone whilst in the middle of crowds), and always pushes their ability for connotative signification. This chapter also urges serious reconsideration of the binary ‘urban’ and ‘rural’, with a focus on what these varied scapes might allow us to decipher of the bodies that traverse them. It also includes an autoethnographic account of what it means to walk the state of Gujarat as a visibly cis woman.
Tobacco Land
Authors: Siganporia Harmony
Published: November 2022

Gujarat supplies almost 80% of India’s ‘bidi’ tobacco, and the Anand and Kheda districts the walkers traversed in their third week on the road are known as the State’s de facto ‘growing zones’ for this cash crop. Land and labour relations in this region—from the size of the holdings to the health hazards posed to the workers in this sector—are analysed in this chapter. In the ethnographic sections pertaining to each day spent on the road, there are descriptions of ‘Chudel Mata’ (Witch Mother) temples, the State’s minority Christian population—centred largely around Anand—the State’s rather sizable NRI population, and rising levels of anti-Muslim sentiment the walkers encountered in the wake of a ‘terror attack’ in India in mid-February.
Second Nature, Habitus, and the Ethical
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

The essay offers a comparative discussion of Wittgenstein and Pierre Bourdieu on the themes of ‘second nature’ and habitus. It seeks to distinguish something commendable in Bourdieu, namely the project of using sociological enquiry to facilitate social critique, from certain hyperbolical views about the bodily as distinct from mental nature of some of his key theoretical categories. An insight common to both Wittgenstein and Bourdieu—and deployed also in recent neo-Aristotelian ethics—is that of the grounding of rule-governed, socially informed activity in our ‘natural history’ or in the life of the body. This essay, however, warns against encumbering a valuable emancipatory project—here, the empirical study of damaging processes of social determination—with the questionable idea of a ‘logic of practice’, meaning a kind of normativity ‘below the level’ of intentional action and of our ordinary deployment of concepts.
Practical Reason and Character-Formation
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

Recent Anglophone ethical theory has found much to admire in the Aristotelian conception of phronêsis (sensitivity to objective practical reasons), developed through initiation into a pre-existing form of social life. However, any such conception has had to face the challenge of powerful sceptical considerations issuing not only from the neo-Humean ‘non-cognitivist’ tradition but also from theoretical anti-humanism in the (continental) European style. This essay takes its cue more from the latter type of scepticism about practical reason, and acknowledges the essential incompleteness of the process of character-formation. But it suggests nevertheless that a sympathetic contemporary reading of ‘Platonic-Aristotelian’ ethics (to use the unitarian term favoured by H.-G. Gadamer) is as well placed as any current philosophy to show that adherence to the ethical standpoint need not be either naïve or dogmatic.
The Elusiveness of the Ethical
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

Cora Diamond celebrates the originality of Iris Murdoch’s writings on ethics, enlisting Murdoch as an ally in her campaign against the ‘departmental’ conception of morality—the idea that moral thought is just one branch of thought among others. In keeping with their rejection of this idea, both philosophers affirm the value of general humanistic reflection on experience, an enterprise in which traditions of imaginative literature as well as of self-conscious theory can invite us to participate. While welcoming this vindication of the claims of ordinary (existentially embedded) moral perception, the essay explores some difficulties flowing from the associated idea that ‘morality’ (in the guise of value-saturated human consciousness) is all-pervasive, and from the ‘perpetually-moralist’ account of our incentive to engage with fictional worlds.
Post-Existentialist Moments
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

‘Roquentin is a Platonist by nature’, says Iris Murdoch of the hero of Sartre’s Nausea, commenting on his distaste for the gross contingency of existing things. This pathological condition of detachment may admit of transformation into detachment as an ethical ideal, as in Simone Weil’s ‘decreation’. However, alongside the resulting ‘cool Platonist’ attitude, a different ‘angry’ Platonism is possible. Murdoch’s contemporary Patricia Highsmith, herself powerfully influenced by existentialist writings, provides a fictional meditation on this theme in Strangers on a Train, where the principles of order and permanence collide with the psychopathic singularity of a man convinced that it is better to commit murder than to ‘die like sheep’. Murdoch, though, has no time for the idea of the transcendent acte gratuit. Her positive resistance to this idea goes on to shape her mature philosophy.
The potentiality and caution inflections
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

At first glance, Dyirbal has a positive imperative marked by a verbal suffix, and a negative imperative marked by a different verbal suffix in conjunction with a particle ‘don’t’. However, as one delves further into the grammar, these labels appear inappropriate. The ‘positive imperative’ often has a 2nd person subject, but it can be 1st person dual, ‘let’s go’, or 1st person singular ‘I want to doze off’, or even 3rd person singular, ‘He needed to squeeze the boil’. This verbal inflection indicates a potentiality, which is likely to be realised, and it is labelled accordingly. In similar vein, ‘negative imperative’ issues not a prohibition but a caution, and is so renamed. This all correlates with the conventions of Dyirbal society where life is regulated by common consent. There was no verb ‘order’ and no ordering, just advice.
Noun markers, demonstratives, and verb markers—ancillaries
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

Following the obligatory base element, more than half non-interrogative noun markers, verb markers (and nominal demonstratives) have a further optional element, which we term an ancillary. There are almost a score of ancillaries which group into three systems: one relates to short, medium, or long distance, up and down in relation to hill or river, another just to up, down, and in front, a third to north, south, and west. There is instructive variation, with the northmost dialects lacking the distance specification in the first system. A fascinating feature is that verbs of motion in the Jalnguy avoidance style are verbalisations of ancillaries from the first system.
Eimear McBride’s Bodily Forms
Authors: Battersby Doug
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6 examines how Eimear McBride has dazzlingly reinvented stream of consciousness techniques to describe acts of sexual violence and exploitation from the perspective of their victims. In interviews and essays, McBride has openly acknowledged the influence of James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), though, like other late modernists, she has also found fault with the verisimilitude of its interior monologues, specifically lamenting their putative neglect of bodily affect. This chapter’s reading of McBride’s most accomplished novel, The Lesser Bohemians (2016), highlights how this startling prose exploits the first-person present-tense narration popularized by J. M. Coetzee, the syntactical ambiguity and unorthodox punctuation employed by Samuel Beckett (whilst abandoning his commitment to grammatical resolution), and McBride’s own corporeal modes of affective description. It argues that these formal innovations are central to the novel’s representation of the deep-rooted effects of sexual abuse on its victims’ emotional lives, through which McBride explores the kind of philosophical questions about subjectivity, affect, and ethics that have long animated late modernist aesthetics. McBride’s narration of the body and meta-fictional dramatizations of the unpredictable ways in which we can be affected by other people’s narratives together present us with a writer who is at once cautious about the inherent emotional and ethical virtues of late modernist forms and emphatic about their continued necessity for conveying intensities of erotic experience that exceed the bounds of both realist and modernist narration.
The Homeric Poem
Authors: Weaver William P.
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines Melanchthon’s theory of poetic unity, which he developed in his reading of Homer and Scripture alike. Homer and Scripture were the supreme models of poetic unity, exhibiting divine inspiration, eloquence, and arrangement (oeconomia). The chapter compares his argument of unity in a 1538 oration with ancient accounts and shows that he transformed an ancient tradition of literary criticism. In his concept of the Iliad and the Odyssey as a single poem, Melanchthon revised Aristotle’s concept of poetic unity and developed a concept of unity reflecting Protestant biblical interpretation. He made an original contribution to Homer scholarship, though he himself probably would have credited the Roman poet Virgil with showing the way. Virgil’s Aeneid is an irreplaceable witness to the unity of the Homeric poem.