bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of microalgal communities in the water-column/sediment interface of the inner shelf off Parana State, Southern Brazil
Authors: Queiroz Ricardo Luiz , Brandini Frederico Pereira , Pellizzari Franciane Maria
Published: January 2009

The composition and biomass of the microalgal community at the water-column/sediment interface on the continental shelf off Parana State (Brazil) were studied every 2 months during 1999. Samples for cell identification and determination of chlorophyll a were taken from the interface layer and at discrete depths up to 4 m above the sediment. Results showed a community mainly formed by benthic and planktonic diatoms >30 µm, benthic diatoms <30 µm and cyanobacteria. Cell densities were generally higher at the interface layer. Resuspension and sedimentation events seemed to be a paramount factor regulating the composition and biomass of these communities, and affected differently cells of different size classes. Cells >30 µm, which accounted for most of the pigment biomass, were resuspended from the interface after turbulent periods, and may take advantage of calm periods to stay and grow at the interface. Small benthic diatoms were more susceptible to wind-induced turbulence occurring in higher densities in the water column just above the water-sediment interface. A cyanobacterial bloom (Trichodesmiun) was observed at these bottom layers in the spring-summer periods.
Reproductive biology and spatio-temporal distribution of Stellifer rastrifer, Stellifer naso and Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) in the Caeté estuary, northern Brazil
Authors: Camargo Mauricio , Isaac Victoria
Published: January 2009

This study analyses the spatial and temporal distribution of the dominant Sciaenids in the Caeté estuary on the northern coast of Brazil. Samples were taken by otter trawls in four areas of the Caeté estuary between October 1996 and August 1997 six bimonthly. Stellifer rastrifer, Stellifer naso and Macrododon ancylodon presented the highest biomass out of eleven species of Sciaenidae caught. Minimum and mean length at first maturity were calculated and the main spawning periods determined. Changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of the three species were related to seasonal changes in estuarine salinity and spawning pulses. Larvae and juveniles of S. rastrifer, S. naso and M. ancylodon were found in the inner estuary while larger specimens were more abundant in the outer estuary with higher salinities. M. ancylodon spawned from October to February and rested from April to August whereas S. rastrifer and S. naso spawned throughout the year, though with two peaks, in October-December and June.
Digenean metacercaria (Trematoda, Digenea, Lepocreadiidae) parasitizing "coelenterates" (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa and Ctenophora) from Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Morandini André Carrara , Martorelli Sergio Roberto , Marques Antonio Carlos , Silveira Fábio Lang da
Published: January 2009

Metacercaria specimens of the genus Opechona (Trematoda: Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) are described parasitizing "coelenterates" (scyphomedusae and ctenophores) from Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo state). The worms are compared to other Opechona species occurring on the Brazilian coast, but no association has been made because only adult forms of these species have been described. Suppositions as to the possible transference of the parasites are made.
Seasonal chaetognath abundance and distribution in a tropical estuary (Southeastern, Brazil)
Authors: Fernandes Luiz Loureiro , Sterza José Mauro , Neves Keyla de Oliveira
Published: January 2009

This study focuses on the seasonal variation of the chaetognath species in the Vitória Bay/Passage Channel estuarine system, Espírito Santo, Brazil, in terms of their abundance and distribution. Specimens of chaetognaths were collected between July 1997 and April 1998 at 10 sampling stations, with a cylindrical-conical plankton net of 200 µm mesh and 30 cm mouth, fitted with a mechanical flowmeter. Five chaetognath species were identified: Sagitta enflata, Sagitta decipiens, Sagitta hispida, Sagitta friderici and Sagitta minima. Most of them were distributed in areas of high salinity (e.g. at the stations closest to the outer estuary). The dominant species, S. enflata and S. friderici, were more frequent in the outer estuary where salinities varied from 32 (wet season - summer) to 28 (dry season - winter). S. friderici was the only species found right in the middle of the Passage Channel, at a station close to the main freshwater input into the estuary. Results showed that chaetognaths only enter the estuary due to the tidal effect, and that they are not typical residents of this system. This is to be expected because the group normally inhabits only truly marine regions.
Oyster spat recruitment in Espírito Santo State, Brazil, using recycled materials
Authors: Nalesso Rosebel C. , Paresque Karla , Piumbini Prússia P. , Tonini João Filipe R. , Almeida Lorena G. , Níckel Vanessa M.
Published: January 2009

This paper evaluated the effectiveness of four types of oyster spat collectors, made with recycled materials, in the recruitment of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea spp. at five sites in the Benevente river estuary, Anchieta District and on two islands in Piúma District, both in Espírito Santo State. The collectors were made of: 1- oyster shells, 2- PET bottles, 3- car tires and 4- tiles, all of them suspended by ropes and tied to roots of Rhizophora mangle or mussel long-lines. The number of spat recruited on each collector and their shell lengths were registered bimonthly, as well as the physico-chemical-trophic parameters of the water: salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, particulate organic matter and chlorophyll a, which were correlated (by Spearman's correlation) with the number of spat recruited. Spat settlement was significantly higher on oyster shell, tile and tire collectors, mainly at points with higher salinities, such as Praia do Coqueiro in Anchieta and on Meio and Cabrito Islands in Piúma (Kruskal-Wallis: H= 10.01; 3 d.f.; p < 0.05). Oyster spat recruitment occurred throughout the year, being higher from November to February, but because of losses due to storms or theft, the difference was not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis: H=1.42; 7 d.f.; p > 0.05). The number of oyster spat was positively correlated with the salinity (ρs= 0.331; p < 0.05) and water temperature (ρs= 0.48; p < 0.05), revealing that areas with higher salinities and summer months were better for spat collection.
The interaction of the oil and gas offshore industry with fisheries in Brazil: the "Stena Tay" experience
Authors: Jablonski Silvio
Published: January 2009

Most of the oil and natural gas produced in Brazil derive from offshore fields, virtually concentrated in the Campos Basin off the coast of Rio de Janeiro State. The area is also of intense fisheries interest, involving participation of hand-liners artisanal boats and tuna boats due to the fish aggregating effect of the oil rigs. In order to avoid accidents with the platform "Stena Tay", in operation at Santos and Campos Basins, in 2001 e 2002, an awareness project was developed aiming at avoiding the presence of fishing boats in its 500 m exclusion zone. This paper summarizes the main observations concerning the extent of the fish aggregating effect and the behavior of the fishing boats in the vicinity of the platform.
Efeitos adversos no tratamento da tuberculose: experiência em serviço ambulatorial de um hospital-escola na cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Vieira Denise Eri Onodera , Gomes Mauro
Published: January 2009

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a freqüência de efeitos adversos com o uso do Esquema I para tratamento da tuberculose e a necessidade de alterações no tratamento devido a esses efeitos. MÉTODOS: Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva de 329 prontuários de pacientes que foram tratados com o Esquema I e receberam alta por cura entre março de 2000 e abril de 2006 no Ambulatório de Tuberculose da Clínica de Pneumologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. Foram analisados os dados referentes aos efeitos adversos, época de seu aparecimento e modificações do esquema de tratamento subseqüentes. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 297 pacientes, e 146 (49,1%) apresentaram um ou mais efeitos adversos relacionados às drogas antituberculose. A freqüência dos efeitos colaterais menores foi de 41,1%, e a dos efeitos maiores foi de 12,8%. Os efeitos relacionados ao trato gastrointestinal (40,3%) e pele (22,1%) foram os mais freqüentes. Os efeitos adversos foram mais freqüentes nos primeiros dois meses de tratamento (58,4%). Houve necessidade de modificação do esquema de tratamento em 11 casos (3,7% do total). A hepatite induzida por medicamentos foi o efeito colateral que mais exigiu modificações. CONCLUSÕES: A freqüência de efeitos adversos relacionados ao tratamento da tuberculose com o Esquema I foi de 49,1% neste grupo de pacientes. Entretanto, na maioria dos casos, não houve necessidade da modificação do esquema de tratamento devido aos efeitos adversos.
Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in a slum area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Mendes Joycenea Matsuda , Machado Silvia Maria Almeida , Lourenço Maria Cristina , Ferreira Rosa Maria Carvalho , Fonseca Leila de Souza , Saad Maria Helena Feres
Published: January 2009

This retrospective molecular study involving restriction fragment length polymorphism, using insertion sequence 6110 as a marker, was conducted in order to provide an initial insight into the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in the slums of the Complexo de Manguinhos, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Of the 67 strains evaluated, 23 (34.3%) were found to belong to clusters (total clusters, 10). Household and social chains of transmission were associated with clustering, in 20% and 60%, respectively. Living in the Conjunto Habitacional Programado 2 slum was associated with clustering. Although not significant, it is relevant that 26% of the clustered strains presented primary resistance. These findings, although possibly underestimating the prevalence due to the failure to analyze all strains, could help improve the local tuberculosis control program.
Doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto
Authors: Xavier Rogério Gastal , Silva Denise Rossato , Keiserman Mauro Waldemar , Lopes Maria Francisca Torres
Published: January 2009

A doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto é caracterizada por febre e linfadenopatia, geralmente cervical. Esta doença acomete principalmente mulheres jovens. Pode ser confundida com linfoma, metástase de adenocarcinoma e tuberculose. Relatamos dois casos da doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto. No primeiro caso, uma paciente de 28 anos havia tratado tuberculose há um ano e apresentava quadro clínico e histológico compatível com a doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto. A segunda paciente, de 58 anos, recebeu tratamento inicialmente para granulomatose de Wegener e, posteriormente, para tuberculose. O exame histopatológico com estudo imunohistoquímico permitiu estabelecer o diagnóstico da doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto nos dois casos. Após o diagnóstico definitivo, ambas foram tratadas sintomaticamente e melhoraram clinicamente dentro de um mês. Posteriormente, a segunda paciente desenvolveu lúpus eritematoso sistêmico.
Papilomatose laringotraqueobrônquica: aspectos em tomografia computadorizada de tórax
Authors: Marchiori Edson , Araujo Neto Cesar de , Meirelles Gustavo Souza Portes , Irion Klaus Loureiro , Zanetti Gláucia , Missrie Israel , Sato Juliana
Published: January 2009

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os achados em tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax em pacientes com papilomatose laringotraqueobrônquica. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas, retrospectivamente, as TCs de oito pacientes, cinco masculinos e três femininos, com idades variando de 5 a 18 anos, com média de 10,5 anos. Os exames foram analisados por dois radiologistas, de forma independente, e as decisões finais foram obtidas por consenso. RESULTADOS: Os achados mais comuns nas TCs foram as lesões nodulares da traquéia e os nódulos pulmonares, muitos com escavação. CONCLUSÕES: O aspecto tomográfico mais freqüentemente observado nos casos de papilomatose laringotraqueobrônquica foi a associação de lesões polipóides de traquéia com múltiplos nódulos pulmonares, vários deles escavados.
65.4:Invited Paper: Key Human Visual System Components as Applied to Display Algorithms
Authors: Daly Scott
Published: January 2009

In most display applications, the final step is the viewing by human observers, so it is only logical to use current quantitative knowledge of the visual system in the design of imaging and display algorithms. This talk will cover key human visual system attributes, their modeling as separate components, and how they have been used in our labs to design new display algorithms and fine‐tune existing approaches. Some of the resulting algorithms described will include: motion‐adaptive backlight flashing, skin‐cognizant color mapping, two‐spatial channel architecture for color mapping and decontouring, bit‐depth extension, subpixel subsampling, and wavelet compression. The talk will also cover the new challenges that arise in very large (>100″) and bright (>500 cd/m∧2) displays, in terms of peripheral sensitivity and improved smooth pursuit eye movement capability.
66.4: Effects of Surface Treatment and Reflectance on Legibility and Visual Fatigue in Reflective‐type Displays
Authors: Lin Yu‐Ting , Lin Po‐Hung , Hwang Sheue‐Ling , Jeng Shie‐Chang , Lin Yan‐Rung
Published: January 2009

Influences of surface treatment and reflectance of reflective‐type displays on legibility and visual fatigue were studied. The results showed that the compound surface treatment of anti‐reflection and anti‐glare (ARC) exhibited better visual performance. The results also validated that a higher reflectance could improve legibility and reduce users' visual fatigue.
67.1: Active Matrix Electronic Paper with Silver Electrodeposition
Authors: Kokeguchi Noriyuki , Hakii Takeshi , Kishinami Katsuya , Hashimoto Kiyofumi , Okada Masakazu , Izumi Tomoo , Masazumi Naoki , Miyai Mitsuyoshi , Yoneda Shuji
Published: January 2009

Electronic paper (3.5 inch & 113 ppi) driven by active‐matrix using silver electrodeposition has been developed. It has a reflectivity of at least 60%, and a contrast ratio of at least 20, resulting in realizing visibility equivalent to paper. By discovering a new halogen‐free silver salt electrolyte composition, driving stability, a gray color tone, and bi‐stability have been considerably improved.
67.4: Defect Loops in the Zenithal Bistable Display
Authors: Day Sally E. , Willman Eero , James Richard , Fernández F. Aníbal
Published: January 2009

The liquid crystal structure in the Zenithal Bistable Display contains defect loops that stabilise the two states. Three‐dimensional modeling of the Zenithal Bistable Display has been performed using a realistic representation of the grating surface profile. Stabilization of the defects loops provided by “slips” in the grating surface is investigated.
69.2: New R2PAT Printing Method for Fabricating TFT Electrodes
Authors: Tanaka Masanobu , Ishihara Hirotsugu , Shimamura Toshiki , Machida Akio , Kamei Takahiro , Ogawa Masataka
Published: January 2009

We have developed a low contact pressure Residual ink Removed Pattern Transfer (R2PAT) printing method which allows fully additive, vacuum‐free TFT electrode fabrication. A 900nm resolution and ±1um alignment accuracy has been achieved. A TFT fabricated using this method had demonstrated 33.9 cm2/Vs mobility and a 108 Ion/Ioff ratio.
69.4: Invited Paper: SELAX Technology for Poly‐Si TFTs Integrated with Amorphous‐Si TFTs
Authors: Kaitoh Takuo , Miyazawa Toshio , Miyake Hidekazu , Noda Takeshi , Sakai Takeshi , Owaku Yoshiharu , Saitoh Terunori
Published: January 2009

We developed an advanced LTPS (A‐LTPS) manufacturing process, which enables production of LTPS‐TFTs by utilizing the conventional a‐Si TFT production line. The a‐Si TFT process was combined with selectively enlarging laser crystallization (SELAX) technology to improve the carrier mobility in the region where the peripheral circuits are to be fabricated. A 2.4‐inch IPS‐LCD panel for personal digital assistant use was successfully fabricated using the developed technology.
70.1: LED‐Illuminated Pico Projector Architectures
Authors: Darmon Denis , McNeil John R. , Handschy Mark A.
Published: January 2009

Optical architecture choices optimize pico‐projection engines for battery‐powered embedded applications and wall‐plug‐powered stand‐alone applications. Embedded engines offer power efficiencies above 6 lm/W, while stand‐alone systems offer luminous outputs up to 110 lm.
70.4: Invited Talk: Light Engine Design and Manufacturing Development in Projection System
Authors: Chen Sung‐Nan , Chen Mei‐Ling , Chen S‐Wei , Chen Chao‐Shun
Published: January 2009

The development of projection system in terms of various light sources during past years accumulated a progressive achievement, which may broaden the projection application and bridge a new era of effective manufacturing process.

By categorize the light sources and innovative illumination design respectively; this Article will digest (i) traditional UHP type lamp to solid state light source in relation to various integrator design in illumination, (ii) LED, focus on lighting efficiency utilization in LED light engine development and (iii) the evolutional de‐speckle and cooling methods are the core challenges and accomplishment in laser illumination design.
10.1: Distinguished Paper: Evaluation of Moving‐Line Contrast Degradation without Motion
Authors: Becker Michael E.
Published: January 2009

This paper introduces a method for evaluation of the contrast of a moving lattice (grille) pattern without imaging data acquisition and image analysis. We characterize the dynamic performance of the display under test in terms of periodic responses followed by evaluation of the dynamic contrast from the temporal variation of luminance. It thus becomes possible to simulate moving grille patterns with any pitch, arbitrary gray‐levels and speed of translation by measuring the corresponding temporal luminance variations at a fixed location. This approach is attractive due to reduced instrumental efforts and the transparent evaluation based on suitable spatial contrast sensitivities.
71.4: High Efficiency and/or Low Cost LED Backlight System for Color Sequential Technique in Color Filter‐Less LCD System
Authors: Hsieh Chun‐Yu , Wang Shih‐Jung , Lee Yu‐Huei , Chen Ke‐Horng , Ho Ming‐Tsung
Published: January 2009

This paper proposes a design methodology for implementing a high efficiency and/or a low cost RGB backlight module in color sequential notebook computers' display. A RGB LED driver composed of an asynchronous 1.5MHz DC/DC boost converter with dual loop control is fabricated by TSMC 0.25 μm BCD 40V to generate 17V or 21V output voltage to turn on more than 6 series‐red, 6 series‐green, or series‐blue LEDs at the same time for the notebooks' backlight. Besides, charge‐recycling technique is used to restore extra energy at the output node when switching to different forwarding light emitting diodes (LEDs) and release the energy next time. The total power consumption of a 15.4′ LCD panel of a notebook computer can be reduced from 5W to about 2–3W.
72.2: Invited Paper: Color Processing for Wide Gamut and Multi‐Primary Displays
Authors: Chorin Moshe Ben
Published: January 2009

Until recently most displays were based on CRT. Since all CRTs have similar color characteristics, RGB data represent colors tuned according to the CRT properties, and thus no processing is required at the display end. The emergence of wide gamut displays changed this situation, since rendering of RGB data on wide gamut displays without suitable processing would result in unnatural colors. In the article we discuss color processing for wide gamut displays, and describe algorithms and methods for gamut mapping and multi‐primary conversion.
73.3: Psycho‐Visual Evaluation of CT Image Denoising Algorithms
Authors: Vansteenkiste Ewout , Philips Wilfried , Marchessoux Cédric
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we present a psycho‐visual experiment to test the influence of noise reduction filters on CT image quality. Both lung and abdomen images were tested. We found that for lung images filtering was pernicious for the overall perceived image quality. However, filtering the abdomen images resulted in increased perceived quality image.
10.3: Overdrive LUT Optimization for LCD by Box Motion Blur Measurement and Gamma‐Based Thresholding Method
Authors: Zhao Hung‐Xin , Chao Mu‐Lin , Ni Feng‐Chou
Published: January 2009

The Overdrive technology is frequently used for speeding up the response time and improving the motion blur of LCD panel in FPD industry. Most of them try to generate Overdrive Look‐Up Table (OD‐LUT) by calculation on Gray Level (G‐G or GTG) Response Curve (GLRC) or manually tuning by human eyes. The first method cannot find the results equivalent to the human visual perception, and the inefficiency and uncontrollable stability of the second way derive the other questions. Therefore, how to systematically generate reliable optimal OD‐LUT becomes an important issue. In this paper, we not only propose an automatic system to recursively search the optimal OD‐LUT according to the Moving Picture Response Time (MPRT) of LCD, but also we further discuss how the different MPRT indexes derived from Moving Edge Blur and Box Motion Blur affect the performance of OD‐LUT Optimization Process. Furthermore, some thresholding methods for the amount of overshoot and undershoot are compared here. The experiments show that the Gamma‐Based Threshold can effectively control the strength of side effect (or double edge) that human eye will sense almost the same intensity difference on each gray level.
P‐4: Mechanisms of Threshold Voltage Drift in Nanocrystalline Thin‐Film Transistors for Active‐Matrix Displays
Authors: Templier Francois , Oudwan Maher , Sermet Frederic , Demars Patrick
Published: January 2009

The mechanisms of threshold voltage (Vth) drift in nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) TFTs have been investigated. Using bias‐temperature stress measurements, it is found that the dominant mechanism of Vth drift is charge trapping in the SiNx gate insulator. This result is confirmed by a study on ambipolar nc‐Si:H:TFTs. Comparing with a‐Si:H TFTs, this means that the reduction of the voltage shift in nc‐Si:H TFTs is the result of an improvement of the semiconductor material.
P‐13: Photosensitivity of Amorphous IGZO TFTs for Active‐Matrix Flat‐Panel Displays
Authors: Chuang Chiao‐Shun , Fung Tze‐Ching , Mullins Barry G. , Nomura Kenji , Kamiya Toshio , Shieh Han‐Ping David , Hosono Hideo , Kanicki Jerzy
Published: January 2009

We studied the optical and electrical properties of the amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs). To develop a‐IGZO density‐of‐states model, intrinsic a‐IGZO optical properties such as optical band gap and Urbach energy, and TFT characteristics under illumination are investigated. During the a‐IGZO TFTs illumination with the wavelengths ranging from 460 to 660 nm, the off‐state drain current only slightly increases while a large increase was observed for the wavelength below 400 nm. Threshold voltage and subthreshold swing are also only slightly modified between 460 to 660 nm, while field‐effect mobility is almost unchanged in the investigated photon energy range. The observed results are consistent with the a‐IGZO optical energy band gap of about 3.05 eV. This study suggest that the a‐IGZO TFTs are light sensitive above 3.0 eV and photogenerated electrons are more mobile than holes within device channel region.
P‐16: Distinguished Student Paper: Noble a‐Si:H Gate Driver with High Stability
Authors: Choi Jae Won , Kwon Min Sung , Koo Ja Hun , Park Jong Hyuk , Kim Se Hwan , Oh Dong Hae , Lee Seung‐Woo , Jang Jin
Published: January 2009

We developed a stable, hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin‐film transistor (a‐Si:H TFT) gate driver, composed of 10 TFTs and 1 capacitor. The pull‐down transistors are operated under AC bias to reduce the threshold voltage shift (Vth shift). In our previous simulation results indicate that its lifetime can be as long as 50,000 hrs by AC operation of pull‐down transistors. In this work we have studied the reliability of the gate driver manufactured. We confirmed that our gate driver is very stable, so that the expected lifetime is longer than 50000 hrs.
P‐17: Low Power Level Shifter for System‐on‐Panel Applications
Authors: Chung Hoon‐Ju , Sin Yong‐Won , Cho Bong‐Rae , Lee Seung‐Woo
Published: January 2009

A new low power level shifter using low temperature polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) for system on panel (SOP) applications is proposed. The proposed level shifter uses a capacitive coupling effect and can reduce power consumption owing to no short circuit current. The proposed level shifter consumed only 28% of the power that is necessary for the conventional one.
P‐18: Highly Stable a‐Si TFT Gate Driver with Simple Logic Circuit
Authors: Jang Yong Ho , Yoon Soo Young , Park Kwon‐shik , Kim Hae Yeol , Kim Binn , Chun Mindoo , Cho Hyung Nyuck , Choi Seung Chan , Moon Taewoong , Ryoo Chang Il , Cho Nam Wook , Kim Sung Ki , Kim Chang‐Dong , Kang In Byeong
Published: January 2009

A novel integrated gate driver with a simple logic circuit (SLC) using 5 a‐Si TFTs has been developed. The noise voltage owing to clock coupling is eliminated effectively with an overlapped clock controlled transistor. The SLC gate driver, successfully integrated in 14.1‐in. XGA TFT‐LCD's, shows marked stability despite the extremely simple structure.
P‐20: Post‐Annealing and Passivations of Transparent Bottom Gate IGZO Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Cho Doo‐Hee , Yang Shinhyuk , Shin Jaeheon , Ryu Min‐Ki , Cheong Woo‐Seok , Byun Chunwon , Yoon Sung‐Min , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Lee Jeong Ik , Hwang Chi‐Sun , Chu Hye‐Yong
Published: January 2009

We have examined post‐annealing and passivation for the transparent bottom gate IGZO TFT having an inverse co‐planar structure. The oxygen‐vacuum two step annealing enhanced the field effect mobility up to 18 cm2/Vs and the sub‐threshold swing down to 0.2 V/dec. However, the hysterysis and the bias stability problems could not be solved just by post‐annealing. Thus, we have passivated the bottom gate IGZO TFTs with organic and inorganic materials. Ga2O3, Al2O3, SiO2 and some polymer materials were effective materials for passivations. The hysterysis and the stability of the TFTs were remarkably improved by the passivations.
P‐22: Electrical Stability of ZnO TFT during Gate‐Bias Stress
Authors: Kim Tae‐Hyun , Kim Sho‐Yeon , Jeon Jae‐Hong , Choe Hee‐Hwan , Lee Kang‐Woong , Seo Jong‐Hyun , Shin Jae‐Heon , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Hwang Chi‐Sun
Published: January 2009

We fabricated TFTs with ZnO thin film as an active layer. Electrical bias stress test of ZnO TFT was also carried out. The results of stress test of ZnO TFT differed from those of a‐Si:H TFT. Therefore, the instability of ZnO TFT cannot be explained by conventional degradation mechanisms of a‐Si:H TFT. The variance of some factors in the fabrication process showed a certain trend in the results of bias stress. A possible mechanism of abnormal behavior under the gate bias stress was discussed.
11.1: Invited Paper: Review of Viewing Angle Compensation of TN‐Mode LCDs Using WV Film
Authors: Ito Tadashi , Yasuda Shoji , Oikawa Tokuju , Ito Yoji , Takahashi Yohei
Published: January 2009

We developed WV films for TN‐mode LCDs, which optimized optical parameters of the polymerized discotic material (PDM) layer and cellulose triacetate (CTA). We will review the development concept of WV film and realization of its concept before now and from now. Especially the discotic molecular alignment control enabled us to improve the contrast ratio at oblique viewing angles of TN‐mode LCDs. In addition, color shifts at oblique angles are important for large screen size TN‐mode LCD monitors and LCD TV sets. To improve this color shift problem, we have developed new technologies.
P‐29: Modeling of Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Thin Film Transistors and Subgap Density of States
Authors: Hsieh Hsing‐Hung , Kamiya Toshio , Nomura Kenji , Hosono Hideo , Wu Chung‐Chih
Published: January 2009

We report a model of the carrier transport and the subgap density of states in a representative amorphous oxide semiconductor, amorphous InGaZnO4 (a‐IGZO), for device simulation of a‐IGZO TFTs. Compared to hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a‐IGZO exhibits much lower densities of tail states and deep gap states, leading to the small subthreshold swings and high mobilities.
P‐240L: Late‐News Poster: Advanced Design of a‐Si Gate Driver and Data Line Multiplexing for Low Cost and Low Power TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kuo Che‐Cheng , Shih Chih‐Jen , Shih I‐Cheng , Hsu Chun‐Yuen , Ku Chien‐Ping , Tsai Cheng‐Hung
Published: January 2009

The techniques of data line multiplexing with integrated gate driver circuits based on the amorphous silicon TFT process are proposed and demonstrated. Our present scheme reduces the number of data lines and only needs half channels of source driver IC without huge multiplexer circuits in peripheral. The reliable gate drivers integrated in panel generate odd and even gate signals sequentially from both sides of display, while the life time of the integrated circuits can be estimated over 100,000 hours. for the polarity inversion, this panel could be operated under column inversion or two dots inversion modes. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated with the 5‐inch WQVGA AMLCD. Since only one data driver IC is needed, its cost of driver ICs and power consumption of data drivers are reduced.
P‐33: SAW Touch on Large Area Displays
Authors: Schermerhorn Jerry Dean
Published: January 2009

SAW touch integrated as a Man‐Machine Interface with large area PDP or LCD systems in Kiosks and Signage applications works by channeling acoustic pluses along transmitter‐receiver arrays on the bezel underside with low acoustic loss coupled to the display surface via silicone seal.
11.2: Improved Contrast Ratio in IPS‐Pro LCD TV by Using Quantitative Analysis of Depolarized Light Leakage from Component Materials
Authors: Utsumi Yuka , Takeda Shintaro , Kagawa Hiroyuki , Kajita Daisuke , Hiyama Ikuo , Tomioka Yasushi , Asakura Toshiki , Shimura Masato , Ishii Masahiro , Miyazaki Kaori , Ono Kikuo
Published: January 2009

The degree of imperfection was defined as the independent intrinsic index of the degree of degraded contrast ratio for each component. The scattering index of liquid crystal layer gives an effective guideline for reducing light leakage intensity. By using this guideline, we have made an IPS‐Pro LCD with a uniform contrast ratio of 1500:1 within ±16.5° of polar angle.
P‐34: 3D and Stereoscopic Display Systems and Art Education Strategy in Developing Countries
Authors: Moussallam Nessreen Youssef Abo
Published: January 2009

The 3d‐Stereoscopic display systems gives a wide range of applications in many fields, but it has been untapped enough in the field of education, especially in developing countries. There are several challenges to using high tech Educational process in these centuries. This paper presumes that using 3D hyper‐realistic images for the interactive visual systems could help establishing new paradigm assisting as an effective tool in art educational process.
P‐35: Image Hamiltonian: A Proposed Metric for Medical Image Transmission
Authors: Ou C. R. , Ou Chung‐Ming , Ho Ray
Published: January 2009

A metric based on the two‐dimensional Hamiltonian is suggested for medical image transmission. By comparing the images on different platforms, the present method can give a reasonable prediction and judgment on the quality of the transmitted medical images.
P‐261L: Late‐News Poster: Automatic Gamma and VCOM Calibration in TFT‐LCD Panel
Authors: Kim Hong J. , Wong Mike
Published: January 2009

Optimizing gamma and VCOM setting in a LCD panel is a tedious and time consuming process that usually takes engineers days in the lab. This paper describes an automatic calibration system that is able to achieve the optimum VCOM and Gamma setting in less than one minute, enabling automatic gamma and VCOM optimization in the production line.
P‐39: Theoretical Limit of Object Colors and Real Object Colors
Authors: Fujine Toshiyuki , Kanda Takashi , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Sugino Michiyuki , Teragawa Masatsugu , Yamamoto Yoichi , Ohta Noboru
Published: January 2009

We clarified how wide the gamut of subjects intended to be reproduced on a display are, and what kind of characteristics the BT.709 display has. First we revealed the theoretical limit of real object colors (surface‐colors) with pseudo optimal color, and the gamut of real object colors referred SOCS. Then we revealed the characteristics of the BT.709 display gamut from comparison between BT.709 display gamut and TV color signal distribution which was measured. Then we estimated a probability distribution of real object colors, and suggested a display color design strategy with this knowledge.
P‐43: Effects of Changing Image Size on Depth Perception Using a Floating 3‐D Display
Authors: Shibata Takashi , Yamazoe Takashi , Kawai Takashi , Kuribayashi Hidenori , Hatada Toyohiko , Tomisawa Isao , Ishikawa Masaru
Published: January 2009

A floating‐image display produces 3‐D effects using a lens system that makes an image appear to float in the air. The authors examine the effects on depth perception and asthenopia of viewing a floating image that continuously changes in size. The results of the experiments suggest that viewers perceive the floating image to be moving back and forth as the image size changes despite the fact that the image's actual position does not change. Monocular depth cues, especially changes in size, enhanced the 3‐D effects of images presented on the floating‐image display.
P‐45: A Study on the Relationships between Human Perception and the Physical Phenomenon of Speckle
Authors: Lee Yun Mi , Lee Dong Uk , Park Jong Myoung , Park So Yeon , Lee Seung Gyu
Published: January 2009

Our study used the objective and subjective evaluation to show a practical quantitative measurement of speckle in relation to real usage. Speckle sensitivity was measured as a function of luminance, viewing distance and image content. We examined the relationships between human perception and the physical phenomenon of speckle.
P‐48: Adaptive Frame Rate Up‐Conversion Considering Low Computational Complexity and Complex Motion
Authors: Kang Suk‐Ju , Yoo Dong‐Gon , Lee Sung‐Kyu , Kim Young Hwan
Published: January 2009

This paper presents a new method for frame rate up‐conversion using sub‐sampled bilateral motion estimation, motion vector smoothing, simplified bidirectional motion compensated interpolation, and complex motion detection. The proposed method produces improved image quality and requires less computational complexity compared to conventional motion estimation. The average PSNRs of the proposed method for frame rate up‐conversion outperform those of the benchmark frame rate up‐conversion technique by up to 4.39 dB for the test sequences. Furthermore, the motion estimation of the proposed FRUC method reduces the required computational complexity to 12.5% of that required for full‐search block matching motion estimation.
P‐52: Evaluation of LCD Optical Performances with Motion Blur Reduction and Color Improvement Technologies
Authors: Chen Eddy G. , Li Kuo‐Feng , Chan Kai‐Chieh , Chen Sz‐Hsiao , Hsieh Tsau‐Hua , Yang Chiulien , Pang Jia‐Pang
Published: January 2009

Motion blur and color improvement technologies are applied to three popular LC modes, twisted nematic, fringe field switching, and multi‐domain vertical aligned. FFS panel demonstrates the best overall performance. A new metric for avoiding flicker or comparing flicker performance between different panels is proposed.
P‐53: Spatio‐Temporal Level‐Adaptive Overdrive Method for LCD Driver ICs for Mobile Phone
Authors: Hotta Aira , Okumura Haruhiko , Minamizaki Hironori
Published: January 2009

We developed a novel spatio‐temporal LAO processing method (ST‐LAO) that can be installed on LCD driver IC for a mobile phone by applying a novel edge‐enhancement processing to the linear approximation LAO method to reduce the LAO circuit size.
P‐58: Wide‐Range Dimming Control of LED Backlight for Avionic Displays
Authors: Chung Se‐Kyo , Lim Su‐Hyun , Lim Jeong‐Gyu , Shin Hwi‐Beom , Shin Min‐Jae , Sohn Seung‐Gurl
Published: January 2009

This paper deals with a wide‐range dimming control of a LED backlight for avionic AMLCDs. The design and implementation of a digital dimming controller using a current‐controlled buck converter and light sensor feedback are presented. The proposed system provides a brightness control capability in a wide dimming range of from 200fL to 0.05fL (4,000:1), which is suitable for avionic displays. The experimental results are provided to verify the control performance.
3.4:Invited Paper: A Novel Use of MEMS Switches in Driving AMOLED
Authors: Yoon Jun‐Bo , Lee Jeong Oen , Yang Hyun‐Ho , Jang Weon Wi
Published: January 2009

As the current thin film transistors (TFTs) for driving AMOLED have been made of amorphous silicon, poly‐Silicon, or organic materials, they have suffered from carrier mobility‐related problems. We proposed in this work a new idea of using MEMS switches as the TFTs, for achieving a better switching characteristic capable of conducting large current with high uniformity and stability. Using simulation and initial experiments with the metallic MEMS switches, we successfully demonstrated that the digital driving of OLED using MEMS switches was possible with gray scale. The fabricated 50μm × 10μm‐Sized switch conducted current of up to 15mA and it operated up to 1.3×105Cycles in a hot switching mode in air when the current was 57μA and switching pulse frequency was 100Hz. Complete active‐matrix driving of multiple OLED pixels is to be done.
P‐61: Temperature Coefficient of Diode‐Connected LTPS Poly‐Si TFTs and its Application on the Bandgap Reference Circuit
Authors: Lu Ting‐Chou , Zan Hsiao‐Wen , Ker Ming‐Dou , Huang Wei‐Ming , Lin Kun‐Chih , Shih Ching‐Chieh , Chiu Chao‐Chian , Liu Chun‐Ting
Published: January 2009

The temperature coefficient (TC) of n‐type diode‐connected polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (poly‐Si TFTs) is investigated. The relationship between TC and the activation energy is observed and explained. It is also found that TC is not sensitive to the deviation of the laser crystallization energy. On the contrary, channel width can effectively modulate TC. By using the diode‐connected poly‐Si TFTs with different channel widths, a new bandgap reference circuit for precise analog circuit design on glass substrate is proposed and realized. From the experimental results in a LTPS process, the output voltage reference exhibits a very low TC of 195 ppm/ °C, between 25 °C and 125 °C.
P‐243L: Late‐News Poster: A 480‐Output TFT‐LCD Source Driver IC for COG Applications
Authors: Jeon Hyun‐Kyu , Hong Ju‐Pyo , Koh Man‐Jung , Hoang Duong Quoc , Kim Jun‐Ho , Kim An‐Young , Son Young‐Suk , Oh Hyung‐Seog , Han Dae‐Keun , Do Gun‐Woo , Seong Nak‐Jin , Cho Soon‐Dong , Jang Kyeong‐Kun , Kang Sin‐Ho
Published: January 2009

A 480‐output TFT‐LCD source driver IC for a COG (Chip On Glass) application is presented. To reduce the cost of the TFT‐LCD module, COG technology is being adopted for the portable display devices. To achieve the high data rate transfer on the COG‐type TFT‐LCD module, an ACDS (Advanced Current‐mode Differential Signaling) interface is proposed. The offset compensating algorithm is adopted to alleviate the block dim phenomenon due to the offset of internal gamma buffers. The driver IC was fabricated in 0.35um high voltage CMOS technology process and evaluated with 13.3‐inch diagonal wide XGA (1280RGB×800) TFT‐LCD module of which cost was reduced significantly.
P‐62: Organic Surface of a TFT Array Treated with Nitrogen Plasma
Authors: Liao Hsin‐Ming , Huang Te‐Chun , Huang Guo‐You , Chen Mao‐Song , Huang Wei‐Ming
Published: January 2009

The photosensitive organic material for the hydrogenated amorphous‐Si (a‐Si) and low temperature Poly‐Si (LTPS) thin film transistors (TFTs) has been widely applied. Through the low dielectric organic layer, higher aperture ratio and higher LCD panel performance can be achieved. This study focus on the surface of organic material that treated by nitrogen plasma found the interface between the organic layer and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film wherein nitrogen‐containing compounds produced by the nitrogen plasma treatment. On the organic surface of TFT array, better adhesion with nitrogen plasma treatment than without treated may be attributed to C‐N‐In or C‐N‐Sn bond formation between the interface of nitrogenated polymer surface and ITO sputter layer.
P‐63: A New Transparent Plastic Substrate having High Heat Resistance and Low Retardation for Flexible Displays
Authors: Fujii Yasuyoshi , Makita Ken‐ichi , Okada Hisanori , Obara Naoto , Doi Toru
Published: January 2009

We have been developing a new transparent plastic substrate for flexible displays. The plastic substrate (OPS substrate) is composed of a newly developed base film (OPS film) and hard coat layers. The OPS substrate has excellent physical properties such as high transparency, low retardation and high heat resistance over 200°C. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is relatively low as 40–45ppm. The dimensional changes under various conditions including temperature and humidity were directly observed by using CCD camera.

The electrical properties of the OPS substrate sputtered Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) at various temperatures were evaluated. The OPS substrate sputtered ITO at 200°C shows low sheet resistance as 10Ω/□ and it is almost same as that of glass substrate sputtered ITO under the same condition.
P‐72: Is the Photo‐Elasticity of PSAs for LCD Panels Reducible?
Authors: Kusama Kentaro , Matano Tadashi , Ohashi Yuki , Kobayashi Mamoru , Nagamoto Koichi
Published: January 2009

To overcome the light‐leakage problem of LCD panels the effect of the mechanical elasticity on the photo‐elasticity of pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was investigated. Among various cross‐linked acrylic copolymer‐based PSAs those with UV irradiation had lower photo‐elasticity regardless of their high mechanical elasticity and resulted in minor light leakage.

The 17 inch test panel fabricated with one of UV‐cured PSA formulations, of which photo‐elasticity coefficient was 3 × 10−11 N/cm2, had little light leakage even after thermal durability test at 80 °C for 500 hrs and no detectable defect after various durability tests.
P‐77: Polymer‐Based Plastic Electrode Film for PDLC Applications
Authors: Kim Jin‐Yeol , Kim Tae‐Wook , Woo Hak‐Yong , Kwon Sijoong , Park Su‐Cheol
Published: January 2009

Plastic electrode films composed of poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):p‐toluene sulfonate (PEDOT:PTS) have been fabricated by using depositing polymerization method in gas‐phase. These conductive PEDOT:PTS films have a high transparency up to 80%, and possess a very low sheet resistance down to 100 Ω/squre at 100‐nm thickness. We report on the fabrication and characterization of a PDLC device using a highly conductive PEDOT: PTS for the electrodes and demonstrate its superior performance relative to that of a similar device using the ITO layer as the electrodes.
P‐79: Characterization of Narrow‐Channel TFT Using Asymmetric Halftone Exposure
Authors: Chun Ki‐Chul , Woo Juhyun , Jung Deuk‐soo , Park Mungi , Kim Hwan , Lim Byoung‐Ho , Yu Sang‐Jeon
Published: January 2009

Asymmetric slits were designed to make channel length (L) of thin film transistor (TFT) narrower. Amorphous silicon TFTs, having various channel lengths in the range of 1.5μm to 4μm, were successfully fabricated by optimizing two different slit widths beyond its own resolution limitation of a exposure system. Also, characteristics of TFTs having channel length below 4μm were investigated in this paper.
P‐262: Printing Technologies for Flexible OLEDs
Authors: Tijdink Marcel , de Winter Suzanne , Kruijt Peter , Michels Jasper , Wilson Joanne , Harkema Stephan , Hack Martin , Hoog Ad op 't , Bollen Dirk
Published: January 2009

There is a large potential market for flexible OLED Lighting and signage, however this requires to scale up present laboratory processes towards low cost, large area printing technologies. This presentation will compare lab scale made spin coated OLEDs on glass with ink jet and gravure printed OLEDs on foils.
P‐81: A Novel Moving Picture Study of the IPS mode TV with 120Hz Driving for Full HDTV Application
Authors: Park Se Hong , Park In Cheol , Kim Jae Hong , Kim Jang Ryang , Shin Jong Keun , Lee Kyung Ha , Jung In Jae , Ru Ji Bong , Kim Byung No , Yun Ju Ho
Published: January 2009

Motion Picture Quality (MPQ) in LCD TV becomes very important point because of color vividness at motion picture image. To express MPQ is not only response time, but also color shift. We have studied the color shift of motion picture concept in two cases: one is a primary color shift and the other one is a motion blur color shift from motion blur by moving pictures with a fast speed. We are defined the Motion Picture Color Shift (MPCS) evaluation method to improve the display quality of LCD TV. As result of this paper confirmed that IPS have realized the most resemblant quantitative result with human eye perception and examined to judge the quality of captured moving picture via a pursuit camera system using Macbeth pattern and general color pattern. The color shift of IPS TV was measured by the novel evaluation method. In the Macbeth pattern, the max value of Δu'v' in IPS and VA is 0.012 and 0.018, respectively. The IPS TV had shown that have advantages of not change at moving picture.
P‐83: The Correlation of MPRT and Moving Picture Resolution with Actually Perceived Moving Image Qualities
Authors: Baek Heume‐Il , Yoon Jae‐Kyoung , Ahn Ji‐Young , Lim Moojong , Shin Hyun‐Ho
Published: January 2009

The motion picture response time (MPRT) methods have been widely used to evaluate the degree of motion blurs in display devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma display panels (PDPs). Recently, APDC (Advanced PDP development center Corporation) announced the moving picture resolution method to represent the moving image quality of FPDs by using a resolving power as a measure. However, there are some differences in evaluation results of these two methods for same display devices. In this study, we measured the moving picture resolutions of five different FPDs which have different MPRT values and compared these results with actually perceived moving image qualities. The results show that the MPRT has higher correlation with actually perceived moving image qualities than the moving picture resolution method.
P‐84: Luminance and Color Measurement for LED Backlights with a Hyperspectral Camera
Authors: Hsu Hsiang‐Han , Lan Yu‐Ping , Lai Chieh‐Hung
Published: January 2009

A calibrated hyperspectral camera is used for luminance and color measurements for entire surface of LED backlights. The measurement results are compared and consistent with the results of point to point measurements of widely used Topcon spectroradiometer SR‐3A. The hyperspectral camera demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of this application.
P‐89: New Multispectral Fourier Optics Viewing Angle Instrument for Full Characterization of LCDs and their Components
Authors: Boher Pierre , Leroux Thierry , Bignon Thibault , Glinel David
Published: January 2009

Fourier optics viewing angle instruments are now widely used to check the viewing angle behaviors of displays in terms of luminance, contrast and color. In the present paper we introduce a new generation of EZContrast instruments that provides not only luminance and color at any incidence and azimuth angle but also the full spectral radiance in all the visible range. After a description of the new system we show that these new measurement capacities are useful in different situations: for the LCD emissions, each color behavior can be understood in all its details and color variations measured with an un‐precedent accuracy; for display components, their angular and spectral transmittance properties are useful for best understanding and more precise optical simulations.