bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation of Functioning with Beliefs about Coping, and Future Time Perspective
Authors: Chubick Jennifer D. , Boland Catherine S. , Witherspoon Arnold D. , Chaffin Kellie L. , Long Carolyn K.
Published: August 2011

51 college students were administered the Reasons for Living Inventory, Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory, and the Environmental Deprivation Scale–Questionnaire. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that those functioning well (low scores on the Environmental Deprivation Scale–Questionnaire) tended to have high scores on the future subscale of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory ( r = −.45, p < .001). There were no significant correlations with the Reasons for Living Inventory's total score or its Survival and Coping Beliefs subscale ( rs = .01 and .05, respectively). The results suggest the use of multidimensional cognitive and behavioral data to guide intervention to improve one's level of functioning. A limitation of the study is the small number of participants.
Three Screening Tests for Patients with Psychological Problems Who Undergo Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Chishima Yasutoshi , Aoki Fumihiko , Otsuka Yoshiko , Yoshida Toyokazu
Published: August 2011

To investigate their quality of life, screening tests of emotion, coping with stress, and personality were developed for use with patients in plastic and reconstructive surgery who had psychological problems. The validity and reliability of each test were examined in a sample of 329 patients who were admitted to the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The reliability of each test was supported by factor analysis, adequate internal consistency, and test-retest correlations. Also, validity was acceptable. Although further examination is required, these screening tests seem suitable for use in research among this type of patient in Japan.
Initial Evaluation of the Secondary Trauma Questionnaire
Authors: Motta Robert W. , Kefer Joshua M. , Hertz Michelle D. , Hafeez Sanam
Published: August 2011

Many measures exist to evaluate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bur there are few ways of assessing secondary traumatic stress disorder and these are Limited to specific populations. Secondary traumatic stress disorder involves the transfer of trauma symptoms from those who have been traumatized to those who have close and extended contact with trauma victims. Thus, family members of those who have been traumatized and therapists who treat trauma survivors are vulnerable to developing secondary traumatic stress disorder. In this initial evaluation of the newly developed Secondary Trauma Questionnaire, 261 mental health professionals and 157 college students were evaluated. Analysis indicated that the questionnaire showed good internal consistency and was significantly correlated with known measures of trauma. The Secondary Trauma Questionnaire is presented as a promising way to measure secondary trauma symptoms and further research using this questionnaire appears to be warranted.
Responses of Seventh Grade Students to “Do You Have a Partner with Whom You Would like to Have a Baby?”
Authors: Perrin Karen M. , Dindial Karen , Eaton Danice , Harrison Victoria , Matthews Trecia , Henry Tabia
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences in demographic data, self-esteem, and coping skills for 225 students in Grade 7 who reported having a partner with whom they wanted to have a baby and 946 students who did not. Data were collected on the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the Family Crisis-oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, and questions related to attitudes towards teen pregnancy and demographic data. The sample included 548 (46.8%) boys and 624 (53.2%) girls whose mean age was 13.2 yr. Students with a partner had significantly lower scores on the curriculum questions, self-esteem, and family coping skills, combined with higher scores in passivity. They indicated a desire to have a greater number of children, beginning by having their first child at a younger age and believed that having a baby improves a couple's relationship. Possible approaches may include effective teaching methods to overcome passivity through boosting self-confidence, goal-setting, and acquiring a purpose in life besides parenting a child.
Evaluation of a Networked Self-Testing Program
Authors: Clarke David E.
Published: August 2011

The use of a computerized, multiple-choice test bank to present practice and assessment tests on a network was evaluated with 46 men and 119 women from a first-year class in psychology. A correlation of .65 ( p <. 001) between scores on a traditional paper-and-pencil test and scores on a computerized test provided some validity for the computerized assessment. Regression analysis showed that ability (previous academic performance) and motivation (number of practice tests taken) accounted for 73% of the explained variance in computerized test scores. Sex differences did not enter the regression equation significantly.
Associations of Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders and Self-Reported Behavior Problems in Normal Children
Authors: Muris Peter , Merckelbach Harald , Moulaert Véronique , Gadet Björn
Published: August 2011

61 children, aged between 14 and 18 years, completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, a scale of anxiety disorders symptoms, and the Youth Self-report, a measure of internalizing, i.e., emotional, and externalizing, i.e., behavioral, problems. Analysis showed that, with the exception of the Social Phobia and the Specific Phobia subscales, Screen total and subscale scores were significantly related to Internalizing problems ( rs between .40 and .77). Thus, the more frequently children reported Anxiety Disorder symptoms, the more often they reported emotional problems. Furthermore, in particular, anxious-depressed problems as measured by the Youth Self-report were significantly associated with scores on Screen scales. These results further support the concurrent validity of the Screen.
Strong Commitment to Traditional Protestant Religious Beliefs is Negatively Related to Beliefs in Paranormal Phenomena
Authors: Hillstrom Elizabeth L. , Strachan Melissa
Published: August 2011

Numerous studies have yielded small, negative correlations between measures of paranormal and “traditional religious beliefs”. This may partly reflect opinions of Christians in the samples who take biblical sanctions against many “paranormal” activities seriously. To test this, 391 college students (270 women and 121 men) rated their beliefs in various paranormal phenomena and were classified as Believers, Nominal Believers, and Nonbelievers on the strength of their self-rated commitment to key biblical (particularly Protestant) doctrines. As predicted, Believers were significantly less likely than Nominal Believers or Nonbelievers to endorse reincarnation, contact with the dead, UFOs, telepathy, prophecy, psychokinesis, or healing, while the beliefs of Nominal Believers were similar to those of Nonbelievers. Substantial percentages of Nominal and Nonbelievers (30–50%) indicated at least moderate acceptance of the paranormal phenomena surveyed.
The Role of Police Dogs as Companions and Working Partners
Authors: Hart Lynette A. , Zasloff R. Lee , Bryson Sandy , Christensen Sara L.
Published: August 2011

Written responses to a questionnaire by 255 officers who used canines in police work were assessed. Almost all officers frequently played with, talked to, petted, and brushed their dogs and believed the dogs benefitted their health and well-being. Officers whose dogs slept indoors, often in the same bedroom, generally said they loved their dogs and they described their dogs as calm rather than active, as indicated by a multiple correspondence analysis. These 96 officers more than the 154 officers whose dogs slept outdoors or in kennels also planned to remain in canine work. Although departments often assumed responsibility for purchasing the dogs, the more experienced officers usually were involved in the final selection of dogs (logistic regression: p <. 0001). Compared with 94 officers not involved in selecting their dogs, 106 officers with a specific role in selecting their dogs planned to stay in canine work, as shown by a multiple correspondence analysis. They believed the dogs had saved their lives ( p <. 01). Over-all, officers reported spending 4.1 hr. on-duty and 2.9 hr. off-duty per week training their dogs, and also played with them for 6.5 hr. per week, assuring a regular pattern of exercise for the officers. Virtually all officers valued canine service and believed the dogs enhanced the department's effectiveness. This study showed that both close companionship with the dog and involvement in selecting the dog were associated both with satisfaction with the dog and with working as a canine officer.
An Examination of Raters' and Ratees' Preferences in Process and Feedback in Performance Appraisal
Authors: Manshor Amat Taap , Kamalanabhan T. J.
Published: August 2011

This paper examined the raters' and the ratees' preferences in Malaysia regarding the performance appraisal process and feedback. A total of 52 managers (raters) and 122 subordinates (ratees) participated. Analysis by t test and correlation showed significant differences between raters and the ratees on most factors. Ratees preferred to have more frequent appraisals than once a year and preferred to have more frequent feedback from the managers about their performance. Ratees' preference for the purpose of information on performance was towards salary increase, promotion, training, and career development whereas the raters gave more importance to training and career development.
Assessing Attitudes toward Gay Marriage among Selected Christian Groups Using the Lost-Letter Technique
Authors: Waugh Irma Morales , Plake Edmund V. , Rienzi Beth Menees
Published: August 2011

100 each envelopes were distributed to Christian church parking lots and general public parking lots Letters were addressed to either the “Gay Marriage Foundation” or to a neutral organization. Significantly more neutral letters ( n = 75) were returned than “Gay Marriage Foundation” letters ( n = 36) from both types of locations, but no differences were found for return rates. Gay marriage may be a controversial topic for people in this area of California. The limitations of the lost-letter technique prohibit fine distinctions; however, one may infer attitudes toward gay marriage may not be more negative among Christian church attendees than in the general public.
Using a Small Sample Q Sort to Identify Item Groups
Authors: Sachs John
Published: August 2011

A small sample of 40 second-year university students in Hong Kong were asked to perform a Q sort on the 36 items of a questionnaire used to assess six dimensions of student approaches to learning, the Learning Process Questionnaire. Participants were instructed to sort the items into as many groups as they liked with the only conditions being that all items within a group be as similar as possible in perceived meaning and that no item be placed into more than one group By treating participants' responses as a form of multiple-choice data and by applying optimal scaling, three solutions were obtained. A two-dimensional plot of the optimal item scores for the first two solutions yielded 10 clearly defined item clusters suggesting a possible ten-factor model as opposed to the six-factor model found in studies of this questionnaire. The implications of using this approach to identify potential competing factor models, especially within a cross-cultural context, are discussed.
A Field Study of Two Measures of Work Motivation for Predicting Leader's Transformational Behaviors
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Fritz Susan M. , Marx David
Published: August 2011

Relationships between motivation and transformational leadership were examined in this study. 56 leaders and 234 followers from a variety of organizations were sampled. Leaders were administered the Motivation Sources Inventory and the Job Choice Decision-making Exercise, while followers reported leaders' behaviors using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ–rater version). Scores on the Motivation Sources Inventory subscales subsequently correlated with the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire subscales of inspirational motivation, idealized influence (behavior), and individualized consideration (range, r = .13 to .23). There were no significant correlations among any of the Job Choice Decision-making Exercise subscales with any of the variables measured.
Comparison of Forced-Choice and Subjective Probability Scales Measuring Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Flannelly Laura T. , Flannelly Kevin J. , McLeod Malcolm S.
Published: August 2011

Three surveys compared the accuracy of predictions based on forced-choice and subjective probability scales. The latter produced significantly more accurate election predictions and significantly reduced the percentage of undecided, or “Don't Know” responses, compared to forced-choice scales in all three surveys. Analysis indicates subjective probability scales decrease sampling error and confirms there is an inherent source of error in traditional forced-choice questions about voting intentions not attributable to sampling error. The results are discussed with respect to (1) sampling and measurement errors in forced-choice and subjective probability scales measuring behavioral intentions, (2) their practical application, and (3) cognitive theory, especially support theory.
Shyness in Self-Disclosure Mediated by Social Skill
Authors: Matsushima Rumi , Shiomi Kunio , Kuhlman David M.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Shyness and Social Skills on Self-disclosure. Three scales, the Trait Shyness Scale, the Scale of Social Skill, and the Self-disclosure Questionnaire were administered to 443 university students. Scores on Shyness were highly negatively correlated with those on Social Skills and moderately negatively correlated with Self-disclosure. Furthermore, Self-disclosure scores correlated positively with Social Skills. Separate factor analyses of the Shyness and Social Skills scales yielded four and two factors, respectively. Findings suggest that shy people may have low interpersonal skills and thus, they may hesitate to engage in self-disclosure.
Philosophy as a Missing Link between Values and Behavior
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E. , Murphy Angela J. , Wheeler Jane V.
Published: August 2011

Despite the persistence of social scientists, evaluating the relationship between values and behavior has not yielded clear results. Here, a model is proposed to conceptualize and measure a person's operating philosophy. This assesses a different level of the value structure within personality from separate values or clusters of values; it is the evaluative structure within which a person's values exist. Building on major philosophies, such as utilitarianism or humanism, the model assumes that a person has a predominant Pragmatic, Intellectual, or Human Operating Philosophy. In a sample of 801 subjects, each of these operating philosophies had significant associations with a variety of the expected behaviors evident in work and graduate school, such as initiative and empathy, as well as learning styles, skills, and flexibility. Interpretation of the results is offered as a way to understand the relationship between people's values or beliefs and their behavior and approach to learning.
How Popular is the Personality Assessment Inventory in Practice and Training?
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

A review of recent survey data indicates that the Personality Assessment Inventory ranks among the most frequently used objective personality tests in practice and clinical training.
Moral Reasoning, Interpersonal Skills, and Cognition of Rapists, Child Molesters, and Incest Offenders
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Pottier Derek , Gauthier Tanya , Kosmyna Robert
Published: August 2011

54 inmates were subdivided into four groups and classified according to their index offense. The groups included Rapists ( n = 14), Incest Offenders ( n = 9), Child Molesters ( n = 11), General Offenders ( n = 20). Nonoffenders ( n = 20) were included as a control group. Psychometric tests including the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, the Defining Issues Test, Survey of Interpersonal Values, Porteus Maze, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were administered to all inmate and control groups. Analysis showed the rapists and child molesters scored higher on moral reasoning on the Defining Issues Test; also rapists' scores were more elevated on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory than those of other offender and control groups. These results imply that rapists and child molesters have the ability to understand moral issues; however, given their personality orientation, they ignore these interpersonal social values.
Health of Women: Associations among Life Events, Social Support, and Personality for Selected Patient Groups
Authors: Norlander Torsten , Dahlin Agneta , Archer Trevor
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of life events, social support, personality traits, and siblings' birth-order on the health of women. 199 middle-class participants were included. 95 women, randomly assigned from four different patient groups, were compared with a control group of 96 randomly selected women without any special health problems. They completed a questionnaire which included questions regarding family background, health, different life events, social support, and signs of disease and a projective test, the Sivik Psychosomatism Test. Analysis indicated that report of negative life events was associated with more physical symptoms than positive life events and that the patient groups reported more negative life events and less social support than the control group.
Factor Structure of the College Adjustment Scales
Authors: Campbell Michael H. , Prichard Shawn T.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the underlying structure of the College Adjustment Scales via principal components analysis. A correlation matrix of the nine subscales showed significant multicolinearity. A subsequent principal components analysis demonstrated that one factor accounted for 57% of the total variance and that the majority of subscales were moderately correlated with this single factor. The results suggest that the College Adjustment Scales may measure the same underlying construct and that the clinical distinctions implied by subscale scores should be regarded with caution. Conclusions are constrained by sample size and demographic characteristics, but the results suggest the need for further empirical validation of the College Adjustment Scales, which may be useful in college counseling centers.
Predictors of Propensity to Turnover in the Construction Industry
Authors: Schnake Mel , Dumler Michael P.
Published: August 2011

Relationships among perceived equity job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and propensity to turnover were investigated in a moderate-size firm in the construction industry. Analyses for 79 hourly male employees showed the strongest predictor of propensity to turnover was extrinsic satisfaction. This finding is contrary to previous research that showed strongest links between intrinsic satisfaction and propensity to turnover. Satisfaction with a supervisor was also significantly and positively related to propensity to turnover.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXXII. Coverage of Classical Conditioning in Textbooks in the Psychology of Learning, 1952–1995
Authors: Coleman S. R. , Fanelli Anthony , Gedeon Scott
Published: August 2011

Objective information was obtained from 89 textbooks in the psychology of learning published from 1952 through 1995 to answer questions about their coverage of classical conditioning. We found (a) that classical conditioning consistently received less coverage than instrumental and operant conditioning, (b) that the distinction of classical and instrumental conditioning has become established as a textbook-construction device, (c) that use of the classical-instrumental distinction by textbook authors has “hardened” after a period of “fluidity” in the 1970s, (d) that the currency of references in the basic classical (as well as instrumental) conditioning chapters diminished from 1952 to 1995. Findings are discussed in regard to the possibility that, as a class, and in comparison to other textbooks, the textbooks of the psychology of learning fall short of fulfilling some of their recognized roles.
Consistency in Choice of Social Referent
Authors: Luk Chung-Leung , Wan Wendy W. N. , Lai Julian C. L.
Published: August 2011

Similarity has been an important but ill-defined concept in social comparison theory. For social comparisons of competence, similarity should be defined within the same evaluative social context, for example, the same school for students or the same workplace for workers. 104 postsecondary school students, 96 full-time university students, and 81 part-time mature university students were recruited to participate in this study. They filled out a questionnaire to indicate whether they compared themselves with each of 11 categories of social referent in each of 10 domains of competence. Comparers preferred to choose those in the same evaluative social context as referents for social comparisons in domains of competence, and their comparisons with dissimilar others were rare. This preference was consistent across the three different samples.
Health Beliefs and Optimism as Predictors of Preventive Health Decisions in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Lai Julian C. L. , Hamid P. Nicholas , Cheng Sheung Tak
Published: August 2011

The effects of components of the Health Belief Model and optimism on preventive intention were examined in 144 Hong Kong Chinese. Two variables related to the Health Belief Model, susceptibility and severity, were experimentally manipulated for an imaginary flu outbreak and a hypothetical vaccine. Participants indicated their intention to take the hypothetical vaccine after reading each of the 4 combinations of high versus low susceptibility and severity. Analysis suggested that both higher susceptibility and higher severity were associated with stronger behavioral intention to take the vaccine. Higher optimism scores were significantly associated with lower intention to take preventive action. In addition, a significant interaction was observed for optimism and severity. The effect of optimism was higher when severity was low than when it was high. Implications of these findings for research among Chinese were discussed.
Comparison of Conduct-Disordered Behavior in Crack-Dealing versus Nondealing Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Duncan Renae D. , Kennedy Wallace A. , Smith Daniel W.
Published: August 2011

Currently, little research has investigated psychosocial functioning among juvenile crack dealers, and there appear to be few studies comparing dealers to nondealing juvenile offenders. The current study examined whether juvenile crack dealers display more severe conduct-disordered behavior than their nondealing delinquent peers. The records of 130 adolescent males committed to a residential training school were studied. Analyses indicated that crack dealers were younger when first arrested, had more arrests and commitments, and met more DSM-III–R conduct-disorder criteria than their nondealing delinquent peers. In addition, the DSM-III–R conduct-disorder criteria met by dealers were more severe, and dealers were more likely to be rearrested within six months following release. Overall, significant differences between crack dealers and nondealing juvenile offenders were found; dealers displayed a more delinquent history and a more serious and violent conduct disorder than their nondealing yet delinquent peers.
Lost Letter Returns on Five Topics from Urban, Waterfront, and Smaller Rural Communities
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Thompson Paul C. , Willers Margaret H.
Published: August 2011

Of 850 letters “lost” in Florida, 339 (39.9%) were returned in the mail and indicated across 5 addressees, 2 sizes of community, and 2 destinations, community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with returned responses, but not destinations. These findings seem to indicate that there was no bias in the willingness of people to help some strangers with a mailing address in another Florida county. The similarities of our findings with other measures of public response were discussed.
Paranormal Belief, Experience, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Authors: Fox Jezz , Williams Carl
Published: August 2011

121 college students completed the Anomalous Experience Inventory and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. Multiple regression analyses provided significant models predicting both Paranormal Experience and Belief; the main predictors were the other subscales of the Anomalous Experience Inventory with the Keirsey variables playing only a minor role.
A Test of Monroe's Motivated Sequence for its Effects on Ratings of Message Organization and Attitude Change
Authors: Micciche Tracy , Pryor Burt , Butler Jeff
Published: August 2011

The experiment examined Monroe's Motivated Sequence, an organizational pattern commonly taught in basic speech courses for its effects on attitude change and ratings of comprehensibility of messages. Treatment groups of 21, 23, and 24 participants read one of three versions of a persuasive message that advocated a $50 fee increase to improve parking facilities on campus. One version represented Monroe's five-step sequence, a second version reversed the five steps, and a third randomly ordered the steps. A control group of 22 read a message unrelated to the parking issue. Analysis showed no differences in attitude change across the four groups. The Monroe sequence condition did produce significantly higher ratings of comprehensibility on one of four comparisons.
Social Character of Materialism
Authors: Chatterjee Anindya , Hunt James M. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: August 2011

Scores for 170 undergraduates on Richins and Dawson's Materialism scale were correlated with scores on Kassarjian's Social Preference Scale, designed to measure individuals' character structure. A correlation of .26 between materialism and other-directed social character suggested that an externally oriented reference system guides materialists' perceptions, judgments, acquisitions, and possessions.
Effect of Exposure to Photographs of Thin Models on Self-Consciousness in Female College Students
Authors: Wegner Brandy S. , Hartmann Anita M. , Geist C. R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate influence of brief exposure to images taken from print media on the general self-consciousness and body self-consciousness of 67 college women. After viewing photographs of either thin female models or control photographs, the women completed the Self-consciousness Scale and the Body Self-consciousness Questionnaire. Although α was .45, the college women who looked at images of thin female models gave immediate ratings significantly ( p < .001) higher on both general Self-consciousness and Body Self-consciousness than those who looked at control images.
On the Epidemiology of Violent Juvenile Crime in America: A Total Arrest-Referenced Approach
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J. , Roundtree Terry , Camagna Tina F. , Queirolo Sergio S.
Published: August 2011

The catalyst for this study was a widely publicized U.S. government-sponsored report forecasting alarming increases in violent juvenile crime. Working from data for the entire United States given in annual FBI Uniform Crime Reports, the study presented a descriptive statistical, historical profile of violent juvenile crime in America based on the percentage of all arrests for criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault attributable to juveniles, 1941–1995. Markedly different patterns resulted from focusing on rates and rates of change calculated for 1-, 5-, and 10-yr. periods. Thus, for example, the most recent 5-yr. trend for criminal homicide indicated an average annual increase of 7.81% in the incidence of arrests attributable to juveniles, with a corresponding projected increase of 117% from 1995 to 2010. An average annual rate increase of 5.13% was indicated over the most recent 10-yr. period, leading to a predicted increase of 77% in 2010 as compared to 1995. By sharp contrast, focusing on the 15.3% rate increase which occurred in the most recent single year led to the expectation that juvenile arrests will account for 229% more of this nation's criminal homicide arrests in 2015 than was the case in 1995. In every case, widely discrepant, 15-yr. projection differences such as those noted above, are magnified considerably if we assume validity of U.S. census estimates concerning increases in the size of America's juvenile population over the time period considered. Results of the study are taken to underscore the importance of qualifying archival data-based inferences about violent juvenile crime, in terms of the specific measure(s) used and time-frame context(s) of the unit(s) of analysis.
Research on Mental Retardation: An Agenda for the Future
Authors: Verdugo Miguel ángel
Published: August 2011

This article summarizes the results of a study carried out on 12 scientific journals that deal with research on mental retardation. The purpose was to analyze the type of research currently being published. Data shows that, although most of research on mental retardation from 1991 to June, 1999 agrees with the multidimensional system proposed by the AAMR in 1992, research still tends to focus on a psychopathological model when considering people with mental retardation. We conclude by offering several suggestions on the need for a collaborative approach between researchers and professionals and the benefits of developing a supportive culture for research.
ABC Relaxation Theory and the Factor Structure of Relaxation States, Recalled Relaxation Activities, Dispositions, and Motivations
Authors: Smith Jonathan C. , Wedell Amy B. , Kolotylo Camille J. , Lewis Jacquie E. , Byers Kristie Y. , Segin Christine M.
Published: August 2011

ABC Relaxation Theory proposes 15 psychological relaxation-related states (R-States): Sleepiness, Disengagement, Physical Relaxation, Mental Quiet, Rested/Refreshed, At Ease/At Peace, Energized, Aware, Joy, Thankfulness and Love, Prayerfulness, Childlike Innocence, Awe and Wonder, Mystery, and Timeless/Boundless/Infinite. The present study summarizes the results of 13 separate factor analyses of immediate relaxation-related states, states associated with recalled relaxation activities, relaxation dispositions, and relaxation motivations on a combined sample of 1,904 individuals (group average ages ranged from 28–40 yr.). Four exploratory factor analyses of Smith Relaxation Inventories yielded 15 items that most consistently and exclusively load (generally at least .70) on six replicated factors. These items included happy, joyful, energized, rested, at peace, warm, limp, silent, quiet, dozing, drowsy, prayerful, mystery, distant, and indifferent. Subsequent factor analyses restricted to these items and specifying six factors were performed on 13 different data sets. Each yielded the same six-factor solution: Factor 1: Centered Positive Affect, Factor 2: Sleepiness, Factor 3: Disengagement, Factor 4: Physical Relaxation, Factor 5: Mental Quiet, and Factor 6: Spiritual. Implications for ABC Relaxation Theory are discussed.
Response Rates to Surveys with Self-Addressed, Stamped Envelopes versus a Self-Addressed Label
Authors: Groves Bruce W. , Olsson Roy H.
Published: August 2011

Return rates were studied for a survey on the perceived professional preparation of therapeutic recreation specialists by directors of college and university recreational therapy programs. Specifically, returns for surveys with self-addressed, stamped return envelopes enclosed were compared to those with self-adhering return address labels. Of the 75 surveys sent with a self-addressed, stamped return envelope, 42 responses (56%) were returned at a cost of $2.58 per respondent. Of the 72 surveys sent with a self-adhering return address label 43 responses (59.7%) were returned at a cost of $1.56 per response. While there was no significant difference in return rates, the self-adhering return address label was more cost effective than the self-addressed, stamped, return envelopes.
African Adolescents and Their Teachers: Sex and Rural-Urban Comparisons in Teachers' Perceived Behaviors
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated rural-urban differences in teachers' perceived behaviors among African adolescent boys and girls. On the Perceived Teacher Behavior Inventory administered to 354 boys and 530 girls from four rural and urban high schools in South Africa no significant sex differences were found on the subscales of Generalized Support, Positive Expectations, and Participation. Rural boys and girls scored significantly higher, however, than their urban peers on the Generalized Support and Participation.
Reply to Winston and Peters' “On the Presentation and Interpretation of International Homicide DATA…”
Authors: Whitney Glayde
Published: August 2011

The rationale not previously given for handling a data entry for the USA in a prior paper is carefully described, which makes clear the criticism leveled is not appropriate. Further, brief murder data were presented to illustrate “Brimelow's theory of emotional conditioning,” which suggests a strong taboo against consideration of any genetic contribution to differences among races.
Smoking Acquisition: Peer Influence and Self-Selection
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Eddy James M. , Fitzhugh Eugene C.
Published: August 2011

The study examined and contrasted the extent that peer influence and self-selection for smoking peers may affect acquisition of smoking by adolescents. Data for a U.S. national cohort sample of adolescents ( N = 4,444) who were nonsmokers in the 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Surveys and were re-interviewed in 1993 were included. The information included measures of smoking behavior and smoking status of both boys' and girls' best friends. Analysis demonstrated that, although the effects of both peer influence and self-selection of smoking friends occurred, self-selection may play a greater role in adolescents' beginning to smoke. This implies that, while teaching adolescents to resist peer pressure may be necessary, it is perhaps more important to identify factors that influence adolescents' decisions in choosing friends who smoke. This could lead to more effective preventive strategies.
Factors Associated with Spouses Moving away from Their Military Installation during an Overseas Deployment
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bell D. Bruce , Knott Benjamin
Published: August 2011

During overseas deployments, many spouses and families move away from their initial military installation, usually to live with or near relatives. Relatively little has been known about those who move away even though the issue is of importance to the military because its support systems are designed on the assumption that family members are living in proximity to those support systems. The purpose of this research was to describe the characteristics of those who actually moved away during a deployment compared to those who stayed but wanted to leave and to those who stayed. Results generally fit a social exchange model of reasons for moving, staying, or wanting to move but staying. High stress appears to lead to a desire to move but other factors act as barriers or facilitators to actually moving. Military family support did not predict moving away or staying. Implications for military support services are discussed.
Type A Behavior Pattern, Sex, and Social Support
Authors: Lynch Denis J. , Schaffer Kay F. , Hinojosa Lucia
Published: August 2011

Low social support has been suggested as a contributing factor to cardiac disease in some individuals with Type A Behavior Pattern. A number of studies have focused on the relationship between social support and Type A traits in subjects without cardiac disease as a means of evaluating this hypothesis; however, results of these studies have been confusing. In the current study, involving samples of adolescents and working adults, there was a significant positive correlation between Type A scores and satisfaction with social support in men but not in women.
Cheating among University of Transkei Students
Authors: Mwamwenda T. S. , Monyooe L. A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which cheating in academic work occurs at this university. 58 participants registered for a postgraduate diploma in education responded to a questionnaire on cheating. Some students admitted engaging in every behaviour; however, the percentage of students so engaged was much lower than those reported among British and American institutions of higher learning. This may partly be attributed to respondents being reluctant to divulge their dishonesty.
Meaningfulness as a Mediator of Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Compton William C.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 347 university students and community residents, measures of meaningfulness, self-esteem, internal locus of control, positive social relationships and optimism were given to predict subjective well-being, i.e., measures of happiness, life satisfaction, and affect balance. Correlations, canonical correlations, and structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis that meaningfulness is a significant mediator between personality variables and subjective well-being.
Personality Profiles of Environmentally Responsible Groups
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Clump Michael , Sharpe J. Patrick
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that groups high and low on environmental responsibility have different personality profiles was tested using responses of 319 introductory psychology students (132 men and 187 women) who completed the ECOSCALE and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for partial course credit. Results of discriminant function analysis supported the hypothesis, indicating that groups scoring high and low on Environmental Responsibility had significantly different personality profiles and that the standard discriminant function coefficients were quite substantial (≥ .50) for Openness (.72) and Agreeableness (.50).
Voluntary Class Absences and other Behaviors in College Students: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Trice Ashton D , Holland Samuel A. , Gagné Phillip E.
Published: August 2011

In a survey of 120 sophomore and junior undergraduate college students, we found that those who admitted to cutting class for no reason during the previous month had a lower mean GPA than those who reported no voluntary absences. Cutting class was related to reports of getting drunk, speeding, breaking the law, and visiting home, although reports of speeding, getting drunk, and breaking the law were not related to GPA. The 11 students who reported feeling depressed had a lower GPA than those without depression, while the 18 students who had not visited their families in the previous month had higher GPAs than those who had visited their families. Implications for scale development are discussed.
Ego Strength and Stress Reaction in Kuwaiti Students after the Iraqi Invasion
Authors: Torki Mostafa A.
Published: August 2011

Correlations between scores on the Barron Ego Strength Scale and a checklist of 18 Symptoms of stress reactions were calculated for two responses from 503 undergraduate Kuwaiti students (225 men and 278 women). Using total scores on both measures for all students the correlation was –.42, so students with higher ego strength scores tend to have fewer stressful symptoms. rs by symptoms ranged from –.33 to –.11.
Diagnosing Written Language Disabilities Using the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Educational Achievement—Revised and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
Authors: Brown Michael B. , Giandenoto Marc J. , Bolen Larry M.
Published: August 2011

The writing portions of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Educational Achievement–Revised and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test are often administered when establishing eligibility for special education services due to learning disabilities. The scores on these measures are typically regarded as equivalent although little is known about how scores on the two measures differ for the same students. Differences of only a few points, however, may affect eligibility for special education services. These tests were administered to 25 sixth grade students previously diagnosed with learning disabilities in written expression only. Students' Wechsler scores were consistently higher on the overall writing composite, while there was no difference in the mean scores on the language mechanics subtests. The WIAT Written Expression subtest mean, however, was significantly higher than the Woodcock-Johnson Writing Samples subtest mean. Use of the Wechsler test would be less likely to identify children for special education services in written expression when point discrepancy criteria are utilized for eligibility. Clinicians should be cognizant of the effect of the specific test chosen on eligibility outcome.
Psychosocial, Behavioral, and Biometric Characteristics of Stages of Exercise Adoption
Authors: Hammermeister Jon J. , Page Randy M. , Dolny Dennis
Published: August 2011

This study incorporates the Stages of Change model to examine the relationship between the stages of exercise adoption and indicators of health and fitness. Subjects were 198 United States Forest Service (USFS) workers recruited from 8 USFS ranger stations in the Pacific Northwest. Analysis indicated that those subjects in Action and Maintenance stages of exercise adoption differed significantly from those in Preparation and Precontemplation/Contemplation stages on a variety of indicators of both health and fitness. Also, interesting differences were noted among the physically inactive stages, e.g., Preparation stage subjects showed lower triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and higher HDL cholesterol compared with subjects in the Precontemplation/Contemplation stage. Progressing to the Preparation stage, where the individual remains inactive but is aware of the problem and has begun to make small changes, is associated with a differing (more positive) health profile in this study compared to those in the Precontemplation/Contemplation stage. These results imply that simply advancing in stage can have a variety of health benefits.
Relations among Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Somatic Symptoms in a Medically Ill Patient Sample
Authors: Kvaal Steven A. , Patodia Shobhana
Published: August 2011

The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), a brief measure of Positive and Negative Affect, may be useful in assessing mood of medical patients because it does not include somatic items frequently confounded with medical conditions. In previous research Positive and Negative Affect have been independent and uncorrelated, and Negative Affect but not Positive Affect has been positively correlated with somatic symptoms. However, relationships between variables may vary in different populations, and there is relatively little information on Positive and Negative Affect in medical patients. In the current study, the PANAS was used to assess the relationships among Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and somatic symptoms and pain in a medically ill hospital population. Positive and Negative Affect scores were positively correlated and for patients reporting pain, Positive Affect scores were positively correlated with pain intensity. Results from this and other studies indicate that Positive and Negative Affect are independent but in some populations may be correlated; positive affects such as hopefulness may co-occur with both somatic complaints and psychological distress.
Sex Differences in Memory Estimates for Pictures and Words
Authors: Ionescu Marcos D.
Published: August 2011

Memory performance estimates of men and women before and after a recall test were investigated. College students (17 men and 20 women), all juniors, participated in a memory task involving the recall of 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). Before and after the task they were asked to provide estimates of their pre- and postrecall performance. Although no sex differences were found for total correct recall, recall for pictures, and recall for words, or in the estimates of memory performance before the recall task, there were significant differences after the test: women underestimated their performance on the words and men underestimated their performance on the picture items.
Another Failure to Generalize the Mozart Effect
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E.
Published: August 2011

Several studies have not replicated Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky's 1993 finding that 10 minutes of exposure to Mozart piano music temporarily enhanced performance on three spatial reasoning tasks. Later Rauscher and Shaw argued that enhanced performance is unlikely unless three conditions are met. The present study was designed to meet those three conditions. 36 adults were exposed to one of six listening orders and one of six test orders. Listening and test orders had no systematic effect on spatial reasoning performance. A one-factor, repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded no significant difference on spatial reasoning performance after listening to classical music, jazz, or silence. A reanalysis, using only those items most likely to tap spatial reasoning, fell short of significance, and mean scores were in the direction opposite to that hypothesized. These results were inconsistent with studies that have supported a Mozart effect.
The Factor Structure of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Participants of Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Tan P. Philip , Hawkins Wesley E.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the factor structure of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire when used by individuals with psychiatric disabilities who are participating in vocational rehabilitation. The sample consisted of 87 respondents recruited from Columbus, Ohio, in 1996 who worked in noncompetitive employment. Factor analyses with varimax rotation conducted on the short-form of the questionnaire indicated three factors, an intrinsic factor and an extrinsic factor (as proposed by the Herzberg two-factor theory) as well as another pertaining to satisfaction derived from participating in vocational rehabilitation.
Three Last Letters Identify Most Female First Names
Authors: Barry Herbert , Harper Aylene S.
Published: August 2011

The last spelled letter often indicates the sex of first names. Most female names end with the last letter a, e, or i. Female names are distinctive and therefore easy to identify because of the small number of predominantly female endings. Most male names end with one of 19 last letters. Two last letters, h and y, occur with similar frequency for both sexes. The cultural tradition of higher status for men contributes to the avoidance of predominantly female last letters for male names. A female name with a predominantly male last letter therefore occurs more often than a male name with a predominantly female last letter. The findings were obtained from the 500 most frequent first names given to males and females in Pennsylvania in 1990.
Unwillingness to Communicate and Satisfaction in Organizational Relationships
Authors: Avtgis Theodore A.
Published: August 2011

To examine the relationship between unwillingness to communicate and quality of organizational relationships 200 employees of several organizations completed the Unwillingness to Communicate Scale and the Organizational Communication Relationships subscale of the International Communication Association Audit. Correlations indicated that people who reported increased communication and high reward in communication also reported greater relational satisfaction and greater perceived organizational influence.