bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Friction and Low Viscosity Final Drive Oil
Authors: Kubo Tomoo , Akie Naoto , Okamoto Yuji , Okuda Sachiko , Sagawa Takumaru , Ariyama Mona , Komatsubara Hitoshi
Published: December 2019

The new lubricant was newly developed for differential gear unit to contribute to all friction factors/conditions (Boundary, Hydrodynamic & those Mixed Lubrication) even if the differential gear is operating under very severe conditions such as high-gear-contact pressure and highly sliding speed. The main concept of development was selecting and formulating the optimized additives for severe lubrication conditions in order to achieve the best balance between thinner-film thickness and extreme pressure performance. In conclusion, by the application of both synthetic base oil instead of mineral one and activation technology of MoDTC in spite of ZnDTP free formulation, it is finally realized to reduce the torque of final drive unit by 40% and it can be estimated the 0.5% of CO2 reduction in actual vehicles.
Management of authentic digital accounting records in an enterprise resource planning system in the public sector of Botswana
Authors: Mosweu Olefhile
Published: December 2019

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are often implemented in the public sector value chains for purposes of improving business processes. In 2004, the government of Botswana implemented the Government Accounting and Budgeting System (GABS), an ERP to facilitate improved management of financial records. The custodian of the system is the Accountant General’s Department (AGD) in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED). This descriptive study adopted a qualitative approach and collected data through interviews and documentary analysis. The study sample was selected purposively from six (6) departments with the mandate of each as a determining factor in relation to answering the research questions. The collected data were analysed thematically in accordance with research objectives. The main purpose of this study was to investigate records management practices related to the management of authentic digital accounting records generated and stored in GABS to support the audit process in Botswana’s public sector. The study revealed that although there is a national legislative and policy framework in place, it has not been operationalised through guidelines and procedures to guide the management of digital records generated by the system. Furthermore, records retention and disposal through the system have not been catered for, resulting in the system being clogged by old records since it was commissioned in 2004. Amongst others, this study recommends the development and implementation of guidelines and procedures to guide the management of records produced by the system.
Pós-positivismo: Uma análise das convergências na literatura
Authors: Zanon Junior Orlando Luiz
Published: December 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os pontos centrais sobre a Ciência Jurídica (ou Teoria do Direito) geralmente compartilhados, em maior ou menor gradação, nas diversas correntes pós-positivistas. A discussão se justifica diante do cenário de crise do modelo teórico proposto pelo Positivismo Jurídico, consoante argumentado pelos principais autores do movimento chamado Pós-positivismo, cabendo mencionar o substancialismo (Ronald Dworkin), o procedimentalismo (Robert Alexy) e o pragmatismo (Richard Posner). A ideia central é no sentido de que estes autores, embora partam de matrizes de raciocínio distintas, apresentam alguns pontos de concordância, ainda que com gradações e peculiaridades, os quais constituem noções centrais ao enfoque pós-positivista. Em síntese, foi diagnosticada a convergência majoritária quanto à adoção das teses do relacionamento entre direito e moral, da interdisciplinaridade, da multidimensionalidade dos critérios de julgamento e, ainda, da insuficiência da lógica dedutiva clássica (subsunção). Quanto à metodologia empregada, destaca-se que na fase de investigação foi utilizado o método indutivo, na fase de tratamento de dados o cartesiano e o texto final foi composto na base lógica dedutiva. Nas diversas fases da pesquisa, foram acionadas as técnicas do referente, da categoria, do conceito operacional e da pesquisa bibliográfica.
La importancia actual del artículo 822 del Código Civil español y su falta de reforma en el anteproyecto de ley por el que se reforma la legislación civil procesal en materia de discapacidad
Authors: Botello Pedro
Published: December 2019

A través del presente artículo me cuestiono por qué el legislador actual no aprovechó el Anteproyecto de Ley por el que se reforma la legislación civil y procesal en materia de discapacidad que fue presentado ante el Consejo de Ministros en septiembre de 2018, para disipar las importantes incertidumbres jurídicas que la redacción actual del artículo 822 del Código civil plantea respecto a un derecho de enorme importancia para las personas con discapacidad, como es el derecho de habitación que, bien por voluntad del testador o bien por Ministerio de la ley, podrá establecerse a su favor sin que se compute en la legítima, siempre y cuando ostenten la condición de legitimario del causante.
Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhou Peisheng , Cao Shuzhen , Zhao Yu
Published: December 2019

Abstract. One of the most important processes in the global mercury (Hg)
biogeochemical cycling is the deposition of atmospheric Hg, including
gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and
particulate-bound mercury (PBM), to the land surfaces. Results of wet, dry,
and forest Hg deposition from global observation networks, individual
monitoring studies, and observation-based simulations have been reviewed in
this study. Uncertainties in the observation and simulation of global
speciated atmospheric Hg deposition to the land surfaces have been
systemically estimated based on assessment of commonly used observation
methods, campaign results for comparison of different methods, model
evaluation with observation data, and sensitivity analysis for model
parameterization. The uncertainties of GOM and PBM dry deposition
measurements come from the interference of unwanted Hg forms or incomplete
capture of targeted Hg forms, while that of GEM dry deposition observation
originates from the lack of a standardized experimental system and operating
procedure. The large biases in the measurements of GOM and PBM concentrations
and the high sensitivities of key parameters in resistance models lead to
high uncertainties in GOM and PBM dry deposition simulation.
Non-precipitation Hg wet deposition could play a crucial role in alpine and
coastal regions, and its high uncertainties in both observation and
simulation affect the overall uncertainties of Hg wet deposition. The
overall uncertainties in the observation and simulation of the total global
Hg deposition were estimated to be ± (25–50) % and ±
(45–70) %, respectively, with the largest contributions from dry
deposition. According to the results from uncertainty analysis, future
research needs were recommended, among which a global Hg dry deposition
network, unified methods for GOM and PBM dry deposition measurements,
quantitative methods for GOM speciation, campaigns for comprehensive forest
Hg behavior, and more efforts in long-term Hg deposition monitoring in Asia
are the top priorities.
Potential dual effect of anthropogenic emissions on the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA)
Authors: Kari Eetu , Hao Liqing , Ylisirniö Arttu , Buchholz Angela , Leskinen Ari , Yli-Pirilä Pasi , Nuutinen Ilpo , Kuuspalo Kari , Jokiniemi Jorma , Faiola Celia L. , Schobesberger Siegfried , Virtanen Annele
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The fraction of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) vehicles
comprising the total vehicle pool is projected to increase in the future.
However, thorough knowledge about the influence of GDI engines on important
atmospheric chemistry processes is missing – namely, their contribution to
secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursor emissions, contribution to SOA formation, and
potential role in biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. The objectives of
this study were to (1) characterize emissions from modern GDI vehicles and
investigate their role in SOA formation chemistry and (2) investigate
biogenic–anthropogenic interactions related to SOA formation from a mixture
of GDI-vehicle emissions and a model biogenic compound, α-pinene.
Specifically, we studied SOA formation from modern GDI-vehicle emissions
during the constant-load driving. In this study we show that SOA formation
from GDI-vehicle emissions was observed in each experiment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured
with the proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight
mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) could account for 19 %–42 % of total SOA mass generated in each experiment. This suggests that there were lower-volatility
intermediate VOCs (IVOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the GDI-vehicle exhaust that likely contributed to SOA production but were not detected with the
instrumentation used in this study. This study also demonstrates that two distinct mechanisms caused by anthropogenic emissions suppress α-pinene SOA mass yield. The first suppressing effect was the presence of NOx. This mechanism is consistent with previous reports demonstrating suppression of biogenic SOA formation in the presence of anthropogenic emissions. Our results indicate a possible second suppressing effect, and we suggest that the presence of anthropogenic gas-phase species may have suppressed biogenic SOA formation by alterations to the gas-phase chemistry of α-pinene. This hypothesized change in oxidation pathways led to the formation of α-pinene oxidation products that most likely did not have vapor pressures low enough to partition into the particle phase. Overall, the presence of gasoline-vehicle exhaust caused a more than 50 % suppression in α-pinene SOA mass yield compared to the α-pinene SOA mass yield measured in the absence of any anthropogenic influence.
High-precision atmospheric oxygen measurement comparisons between a newly built CRDS analyzer and existing measurement techniques
Authors: Berhanu Tesfaye A. , Hoffnagle John , Rella Chris , Kimhak David , Nyfeler Peter , Leuenberger Markus
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are tightly coupled in land biosphere CO2–O2 exchange processes, whereas they are not coupled in oceanic exchange.
For this reason, atmospheric oxygen measurements can be used to constrain
the global carbon cycle, especially oceanic uptake. However, accurately
quantifying small (∼1–100 ppm) variations in O2 is
analytically challenging due to the very large atmospheric background which
constitutes about 20.9 % (∼209 500 ppm) of atmospheric air.
Here we present a detailed description of a newly
developed high-precision oxygen mixing ratio and isotopic composition
analyzer (Picarro G2207) that is based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy
(CRDS) as well as to its operating
principles; we also demonstrate comprehensive laboratory and field studies using the abovementioned instrument. From the laboratory tests, we calculated a short-term precision
(standard error of 1 min O2 mixing ratio measurements) of
< 1 ppm for this analyzer based on measurements of eight standard
gases analyzed for 2 h, respectively. In contrast to the currently
existing techniques, the instrument has an excellent long-term stability;
therefore, calibration every 12 h is sufficient to get an overall
uncertainty of < 5 ppm. Measurements of ambient air were also
conducted at the Jungfraujoch high-altitude research station and the
Beromünster tall tower in Switzerland. At both sites, we observed
opposing and diurnally varying CO2 and O2 profiles due to
different processes such as combustion, photosynthesis, and respiration.
Based on the combined measurements at Beromünster tower, we determined
height-dependent O2:CO2 oxidation ratios varying between −0.98 and
−1.60; these ratios increased with the height of the tower inlet, possibly due to
different source contributions such as natural gas combustion, which has a high
oxidation ratio, and biological processes, which have oxidation ratios that are relatively lower.
Evaluation of ARM tethered-balloon system instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds
Authors: Dexheimer Darielle , Airey Martin , Roesler Erika , Longbottom Casey , Nicoll Keri , Kneifel Stefan , Mei Fan , Harrison R. Giles , Marlton Graeme , Williams Paul D.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. A tethered-balloon system (TBS) has been developed and is being
operated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) on behalf of the U.S.
Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User
Facility in order to collect in situ atmospheric measurements within
mixed-phase Arctic clouds. Periodic tethered-balloon flights have been
conducted since 2015 within restricted airspace at ARM's Advanced Mobile
Facility 3 (AMF3) in Oliktok Point, Alaska, as part of the AALCO (Aerial
Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok), ERASMUS (Evaluation of Routine
Atmospheric Sounding Measurements using Unmanned Systems), and POPEYE
(Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments) field campaigns. The
tethered-balloon system uses helium-filled 34 m3 helikites and 79 and
104 m3 aerostats to suspend instrumentation that is used to measure
aerosol particle size distributions, temperature, horizontal wind, pressure,
relative humidity, turbulence, and cloud particle properties and to
calibrate ground-based remote sensing instruments. Supercooled liquid water content (SLWC) sondes using the vibrating-wire
principle, developed by Anasphere Inc., were operated at Oliktok Point at
multiple altitudes on the TBS within mixed-phase clouds for over 200 h.
Sonde-collected SLWC data were compared with liquid water content derived
from a microwave radiometer, Ka-band ARM zenith radar, and ceilometer at the AMF3, as well as liquid water content derived from AMF3 radiosonde flights. The in situ data collected by the Anasphere sensors were also compared with data collected simultaneously by an alternative SLWC sensor developed at the University of Reading, UK; both vibrating-wire instruments were typically observed to shed their ice quickly upon exiting the cloud or reaching maximum ice loading. Temperature sensing measurements distributed with fiber optic tethered balloons were also compared with AMF3 radiosonde temperature measurements. Combined, the results indicate that TBS-distributed
temperature sensing and supercooled liquid water measurements are in
reasonably good agreement with remote sensing and radiosonde-based
measurements of both properties. From these measurements and sensor
evaluations, tethered-balloon flights are shown to offer an effective method
of collecting data to inform and constrain numerical models, calibrate and
validate remote sensing instruments, and characterize the flight environment
of unmanned aircraft, circumventing the difficulties of in-cloud unmanned aircraft flights such as limited flight time and in-flight icing.
Energetic electron enhancements under the radiation belt (L < 1.2) during a non-storm interval on 1 August 2008
Authors: Suvorova Alla V. , Dmitriev Alexei V. , Parkhomov Vladimir A.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. An unusual event of deep injections of >30 keV electrons from
the radiation belt to low L shells (L<1.2) in the midnight–dawn sector
was found from NOAA/POES observations during quiet geomagnetic conditions on
1 August 2008. Using THEMIS observations in front of the bow shock, we
found transient foreshock conditions and interplanetary magnetic
field (IMF) discontinuities passing the
subsolar region at that time. These conditions resulted in generation of
plasma pressure pulses and fast plasma jets observed by THEMIS,
respectively, in the foreshock and magnetosheath. Signatures of interactions
of pressure pulses and jets with the magnetopause were found in THEMIS and
GOES measurements in the dayside magnetosphere and ground magnetogram
records from INTERMAGNET. The jets produce penetration of hot magnetosheath
plasma into the dayside magnetosphere, as was observed by the THEMIS probes
after approaching the magnetopause. High-latitude precipitations of the hot
plasma were observed by NOAA/POES satellites on the dayside. The
precipitations preceded the >30 keV electron injections at low
latitudes. We propose a scenario of possible association between the
phenomena observed. However, the scenario cannot be firmly supported because
of the lack of experimental data on electric fields at the heights of
electron injections. This should be a subject of future experiments.
Small-scale heterogeneity of trace metals including rare earth elements and yttrium in deep-sea sediments and porewaters of the Peru Basin, southeastern equatorial Pacific
Authors: Paul Sophie A. L. , Haeckel Matthias , Bau Michael , Bajracharya Rajina , Koschinsky Andrea
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Due to its remoteness, the deep-sea floor remains an
understudied ecosystem of our planet. The patchiness of existing data sets
makes it difficult to draw conclusions about processes that apply to a wider
area. In our study we show how different settings and processes determine
sediment heterogeneity on small spatial scales. We sampled solid phase and
porewater from the upper 10 m of an approximately 7.4×13 km2
area in the Peru Basin, in the southeastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, at 4100 m water
depth. Samples were analyzed for trace metals, including rare earth elements
and yttrium (REY), as well as for particulate organic carbon (POC),
CaCO3, and nitrate. The analyses revealed the surprisingly high spatial
small-scale heterogeneity of the deep-sea sediment composition. While some
cores have the typical green layer from Fe(II) in the clay minerals, this
layer is missing in other cores, i.e., showing a tan color associated with
more Fe(III) in the clay minerals. This is due to varying organic carbon
contents: nitrate is depleted at 2–3 m depth in cores with higher total
organic carbon contents but is present throughout cores with lower POC
contents, thus inhibiting the Fe(III)-to-Fe(II) reduction pathway in organic
matter degradation. REY show shale-normalized (SN) patterns similar to
seawater, with a relative enrichment of heavy REY over light REY, positive
LaSN anomaly, negative CeSN anomaly, and positive
YSN anomaly and correlate with the Fe-rich clay layer and, in some cores,
also correlate with P. We therefore propose that Fe-rich clay minerals, such as
nontronite, as well as phosphates, are the REY-controlling phases in these
sediments. Variability is also seen in dissolved Mn and Co concentrations
between sites and within cores, which might be due to dissolving nodules in
the suboxic sediment, as well as in concentration peaks of U, Mo, As, V, and
Cu in two cores, which might be related to deposition of different material
at lower-lying areas or precipitation due to shifting redox boundaries.
Metabolic tradeoffs and heterogeneity in microbial responses to temperature determine the fate of litter carbon in simulations of a warmer world
Authors: Pold Grace , Sistla Seeta A. , DeAngelis Kristen M.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Climate change has the potential to destabilize the Earth's massive terrestrial carbon (C) stocks, but the degree to which models project this destabilization to occur depends on the kinds and complexities of microbial processes they simulate. Of particular note is carbon use efficiency (CUE), which determines the fraction of C processed by microbes that is anabolized into microbial biomass rather than lost to the atmosphere and soil as carbon dioxide and extracellular products. The temperature sensitivity of CUE is often modeled as an intrinsically fixed (homogeneous) property of the community, which contrasts with empirical data and has unknown impacts on projected changes to the soil C cycle under global warming. We used the Decomposition Model of Enzymatic Traits (DEMENT) – which simulates taxon-level litter decomposition dynamics – to explore the effects of introducing organism-level heterogeneity into the CUE response to temperature for decomposition of leaf litter under 5 ∘C of warming. We found that allowing the CUE temperature response to differ between taxa facilitated increased loss of litter C, unless fungal taxa were specifically restricted to decreasing CUE with temperature. Litter C loss was exacerbated by variable and elevated CUE at higher temperature, which effectively lowered costs for extracellular enzyme production. Together these results implicate a role for diversity of taxon-level CUE responses in driving the fate of litter C in a warmer world within DEMENT, which should be explored within the framework of additional model structures and validated with empirical studies.
Extending the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy v2.55)
model hierarchy: The ECHAM/MESSy idealized (EMIL) model
set-up
Authors: Garny Hella , Walz Roland , Nützel Matthias , Birner Thomas
Published: December 2019

Abstract. While models of the Earth system gain more and more complexity, a need emerges to establish model hierarchies and to utilize simplified models to improve process understanding. The Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) was developed with the aim to provide an environment to allow for model configurations and set-ups of varying complexity, and as of now the hierarchy reaches from a chemical box model to the full coupled ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) Chemistry-Climate model. In the current study, we present and document the development of a new simplified set-up within the ECHAM/MESSy model, namely the dry dynamical core model set-up ECHAM/MESSy IdeaLized (EMIL). The set-up is achieved by the implementation of a new submodel for relaxation of temperature and horizontal winds to given background values (the RELAX submodel), which replaces all other physics submodels in the EMIL set-up. The RELAX submodel incorporates options to set the needed parameters (e.g. equilibrium temperature, relaxation time and damping coefficient) to functions used frequently in the past (given by Held and Suarez, 1994; Polvani and Kushner, 2002). Test simulations with the EMIL model set-up show that results from earlier studies with other dry dynamical core models are reproduced under same set-ups. Furthermore, modifications to the previously used set-ups are tested, with the following main findings: 1) lowering the equilibrium temperature in the lower stratosphere at winter polar high latitudes to more realistic values (i.e. below observed temperatures) results in high latitudes temperature profiles in the model closer to observations, and 2) when replacing the idealized topography to generate planetary waves by mid-tropospheric wave-like heating (as suggested in a previous study), the response of the tropospheric jet to changes in the equilibrium temperature is strongly damped, indicating that the wave-like heating has to be used with care. As application examples, we present simulations with simplified chemistry to study the impact of dynamical variability and idealized changes on tracer transport, and simulations of idealized monsoon circulations forced by localized heating. The ability to simulate dynamical systems and to incorporate passive and chemical active tracers in the EMIL set-up demonstrates the potential for future studies of tracer transport in the idealized dynamical model.
Spatial and temporal variation in river corridor exchange across a 5th-order mountain stream network
Authors: Ward Adam S. , Wondzell Steven M. , Schmadel Noah M. , Herzog Skuyler , Zarnetske Jay P. , Baranov Viktor , Blaen Phillip J. , Brekenfeld Nicolai , Chu Rosalie , Derelle Romain , Drummond Jennifer , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Garayburu-Caruso Vanessa , Graham Emily , Hannah David , Harman Ciaran J. , Hixson Jase , Knapp Julia L. A. , Krause Stefan , Kurz Marie J. , Lewandowski Jörg , Li Angang , Martí Eugènia , Miller Melinda , Milner Alexander M. , Neil Kerry , Orsini Luisa , Packman Aaron I. , Plont Stephen , Renteria Lupita , Roche Kevin , Royer Todd , Segura Catalina , Stegen James , Toyoda Jason , Hager Jacqueline , Wisnoski Nathan I.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Although most field and modeling studies of river corridor
exchange have been conducted at scales ranging from tens to hundreds of meters,
results of these studies are used to predict their ecological and
hydrological influences at the scale of river networks. Further complicating
prediction, exchanges are expected to vary with hydrologic forcing and the
local geomorphic setting. While we desire predictive power, we lack a
complete spatiotemporal relationship relating discharge to the variation in
geologic setting and hydrologic forcing that is expected across a river
basin. Indeed, the conceptual model of Wondzell (2011) predicts systematic
variation in river corridor exchange as a function of (1) variation in
baseflow over time at a fixed location, (2) variation in discharge with
location in the river network, and (3) local geomorphic setting. To test
this conceptual model we conducted more than 60 solute tracer studies
including a synoptic campaign in the 5th-order river network of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Oregon, USA) and replicate-in-time experiments
in four watersheds. We interpret the data using a series of metrics
describing river corridor exchange and solute transport, testing for
consistent direction and magnitude of relationships relating these metrics
to discharge and local geomorphic setting. We confirmed systematic decrease
in river corridor exchange space through the river networks, from headwaters
to the larger main stem. However, we did not find systematic variation with
changes in discharge through time or with local geomorphic setting. While
interpretation of our results is complicated by problems with the analytical
methods, the results are sufficiently robust for us to conclude that space-for-time
and time-for-space substitutions are not appropriate in our study system.
Finally, we suggest two strategies that will improve the interpretability of
tracer test results and help the hyporheic community develop robust datasets that will enable comparisons across multiple sites and/or discharge
conditions.
Seasonal and interannual variability in population dynamics of planktic foraminifers off Puerto Rico (Caribbean Sea)
Authors: Jentzen Anna , Schönfeld Joachim , Weiner Agnes K. M. , Weinkauf Manuel F. G. , Nürnberg Dirk , Kučera Michal
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The state of a population of planktic foraminifers at a
certain time reflects multiple processes in the upper ocean, including
environmental conditions to which the population was exposed during its
growth, the age of the cohorts, and spatiotemporal patchiness. We carried
out depth-stratified (0–60, 60–100 m) replicated sampling off Puerto
Rico in autumn 2012, revisiting three stations previously sampled in autumn 1994 and spring 1995, in order to analyze seasonal and interannual
variability of planktic foraminifers and the stable isotopic composition of
their tests. The merged dataset from all three sampling campaigns allows us
to assess short- and long-term changes in foraminiferal population dynamics
and the spatial assemblage coherency along the shelf edge. All three
sample series cover more than 2 weeks during either spring (1995) or
autumn (1994, 2012) and include the time of the full moon when reproduction
of some surface-dwelling planktic foraminifers has been postulated to take
place. Our analyses indicate that interannual variability affected the
faunal composition, and both autumn assemblages were characterized by
oligotrophic tropical species, dominated by Trilobatus sacculifer and Globigerinoides ruber (white and pink variety).
However, G. ruber (white) had a higher abundance in 1994 (37 %) than in 2012 (3.5 %), which may be partially due to increasing sea surface temperatures
since the 1990s. Between 60 and 100 m water depth, a different faunal
composition with a specific stable oxygen isotope signature provides
evidence for the presence of the Subtropical Underwater at the sampling
site. Measurements on T. sacculifer sampled in autumn 2012 revealed that test size,
calcification and incidence of sac-like chambers continued to increase after
full moon, and thus no relation to the synodic lunar reproduction cycle was
recognized. During autumn 2012, outer bands of hurricane Sandy passed
the Greater Antilles and likely affected the foraminifers. Lower standing
stocks of living planktic foraminifers and lower stable carbon isotope
values from individuals collected in the mixed layer likely indicate the
response to increased rainfall and turbidity in the wake of the hurricane.
Origin of the Residual Linewidth Under FSLG-Based Homonuclear Decoupling in MAS Solid-State NMR
Authors: Hellwagner Johannes , Grunwald Liam , Ochsner Manuel , Zindel Daniel , Meier Beat H. , Ernst Matthias
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Homonuclear decoupling sequences in solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) show experimentally significantly larger residual linewidth than expected from Floquet theory to second order. We present an in-depth theoretical and experimental analysis of the origin of the residual linewidth in frequency-switched Lee-Goldburg (FSLG) based decoupling sequences. We analyze the effect of experimental pulse-shape errors (e.g. pulse transients and B1-field inhomogeneities) and use a Floquet-theory based description of higher-order error terms that arise from the interference between the MAS rotation and the pulse sequence. It is shown that the magnitude of the third-order auto term of a single homo- or heteronuclear coupled spin pair is important and leads to significant line broadening under FSLG decoupling. Furthermore, we show the dependence of these third-order error terms on the angle of the effective field with the B0 field. An analysis of second-order cross terms is presented that shows that the influence of three-spin terms is small since they are averaged by the pulse sequence. The importance of the static rf-field inhomogeneity is discussed and shown to be the main source of residual line broadening while pulse transients do not seem to play an important role. Experimentally, the influence of the combination of these error terms is shown by using restricted samples and pulse-transient compensation. The results show that all terms are additive but the major contribution to the residual linewidth comes from the rf-field inhomogeneity for the standard implementation of FSLG sequences, which is significant even for samples with a restricted volume.
Nonlinear deformation and run-up of single tsunami waves of positive polarity: numerical simulations and analytical predictions
Authors: Abdalazeez Ahmed A. , Didenkulova Ira , Dutykh Denys
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The estimate of an individual wave run-up is especially
important for tsunami warning and risk assessment, as it allows for evaluating
the inundation area. Here, as a model of tsunamis, we use the long single wave
of positive polarity. The period of such a wave is rather long, which makes it
different from the famous Korteweg–de Vries soliton. This wave nonlinearly
deforms during its propagation in the ocean, which results in a steep wave
front formation. Situations in which waves approach the coast with a steep
front are often observed during large tsunamis, e.g. the 2004 Indian Ocean and
2011 Tohoku tsunamis. Here we study the nonlinear deformation and run-up of
long single waves of positive polarity in the conjoined water basin, which
consists of the constant depth section and a plane beach. The work is
performed numerically and analytically in the framework of the nonlinear
shallow-water theory. Analytically, wave propagation along the constant
depth section and its run up on a beach are considered independently without
taking into account wave interaction with the toe of the bottom slope. The
propagation along the bottom of constant depth is described by the Riemann wave,
while the wave run-up on a plane beach is calculated using rigorous
analytical solutions of the nonlinear shallow-water theory following the
Carrier–Greenspan approach. Numerically, we use the finite-volume method
with the second-order UNO2 reconstruction in space and the third-order
Runge–Kutta scheme with locally adaptive time steps. During wave propagation
along the constant depth section, the wave becomes asymmetric with a steep
wave front. It is shown that the maximum run-up height depends on the front
steepness of the incoming wave approaching the toe of the bottom slope. The
corresponding formula for maximum run-up height, which takes into account
the wave front steepness, is proposed.
The impact of rheological uncertainty on dynamic topography predictions
Authors: Bodur Ömer F. , Rey Patrice F.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Much effort is being made to extract the dynamic components of the Earth's
topography driven by density heterogeneities in the mantle. Seismically
mapped density anomalies have been used as an input into mantle convection
models to predict the present-day mantle flow and stresses applied on the
Earth's surface, resulting in dynamic topography. However, mantle convection
models give dynamic topography amplitudes generally larger by a factor of
∼2, depending on the flow wavelength, compared to dynamic
topography amplitudes obtained by removing the isostatically compensated
topography from the Earth's topography. In this paper, we use 3-D numerical
experiments to evaluate the extent to which the dynamic topography depends
on mantle rheology. We calculate the amplitude of instantaneous dynamic
topography induced by the motion of a small spherical density anomaly
(∼100 km radius) embedded into the mantle. Our experiments
show that, at relatively short wavelengths (<1000 km), the
amplitude of dynamic topography, in the case of non-Newtonian mantle
rheology, is reduced by a factor of ∼2 compared to isoviscous
rheology. This is explained by the formation of a low-viscosity channel
beneath the lithosphere and a decrease in thickness of the mechanical
lithosphere due to induced local reduction in viscosity. The latter is often
neglected in global mantle convection models. Although our results are
strictly valid for flow wavelengths less than 1000 km, we note that in
non-Newtonian rheology all wavelengths are coupled, and the dynamic
topography at long wavelengths will be influenced.
Continuous and autonomous snow water equivalent measurements by a cosmic ray sensor on an alpine glacier
Authors: Gugerli Rebecca , Salzmann Nadine , Huss Matthias , Desilets Darin
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements of seasonal snowpack are crucial in many research fields. Yet accurate measurements at a high temporal resolution are difficult to obtain in high mountain regions. With a cosmic ray sensor (CRS), SWE can be inferred from neutron counts. We present the analyses of temporally continuous SWE measurements by a CRS on an alpine glacier in Switzerland (Glacier de la Plaine Morte) over two winter seasons (2016/17 and 2017/18), which differed markedly in the amount and timing of snow accumulation. By combining SWE with snow depth measurements, we calculate the daily mean density of the snowpack. Compared to manual field observations from snow pits, the autonomous measurements overestimate SWE by +2 % ± 13 %. Snow depth and the bulk snow density deviate from the manual measurements by ±6 % and ±9 %, respectively. The CRS measured with high reliability over two winter seasons and is thus considered a promising method to observe SWE at remote alpine sites. We use the daily observations to classify winter season days into those dominated by accumulation (solid precipitation, snow drift), ablation (snow drift, snowmelt) or snow densification. For each of these process-dominated days the prevailing meteorological conditions are distinct. The continuous SWE measurements were also used to define a scaling factor for precipitation amounts from nearby meteorological stations. With this analysis, we show that a best-possible constant scaling factor results in cumulative precipitation amounts that differ by a mean absolute error of less than 80 mm w.e. from snow accumulation at this site.
Avaliação dos fatores de cancelamento de cirurgias em hospitais do nordeste brasileiro
Authors: Araújo Jennyfer Kelly Moraes de , Ferreira Fabiana Andrea Soares , Comassetto Isabel , Bernardo Thaís Honório Lins
Published: December 2019

Objetivos: Identificar a taxa de cancelamento cirúrgico e avaliar os fatores que causam o cancelamento de cirurgias. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa realizada nos centros cirúrgicos de dois hospitais de grande porte do Nordeste brasileiro, sendo um público e o outro privado-público. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética, sob Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética (CAAE) 46831515.6.0000.5013, e a coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio do banco de dados eletrônico dos hospitais. Resultados: No período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, no hospital privado-público, foram programadas 20.810 cirurgias e suspensas 4.815, com taxa de suspensão cirúrgica de 23,3%. No hospital público, foram programadas 6.392 cirurgias e suspensas 2.702, com taxa de suspensão de 42,7%. Os principais fatores de suspensão relacionaram-se ao paciente e a aspectos administrativos. Conclusão: Foi possível identificar aumento da incidência de cancelamentos cirúrgicos no decorrer dos anos, evidenciando taxas de suspensão consideráveis. Dessa forma, é preciso que as instituições busquem estratégias com a finalidade de minimizar a incidência de cancelamentos de procedimentos anestésico-cirúrgicos nas instituições de saúde
Saúde bucal em crianças com câncer: conhecimentos e práticas dos cuidadores
Authors: De Oliveira Ponte Yohana , Diógenes Alves Ximenes Rubiane , De Albuquerque Vasconcelos Amanda , Cavalcante Girão Daniela
Published: December 2019

Objetivo: avaliar os conhecimentos e as práticas dos cuidadores sobre saúde bucal em crianças com câncer, na instituição beneficente Lar Amigos de Jesus, em Fortaleza, Ceará, além de identificar as principais complicações bucais decorrentes do tratamento oncológico e como é estabelecida a relação médico-dentista desses pacientes. Materiais e método: a população do estudo foi composta por 15 cuidadores, que são pessoas responsáveis pelo acompanhamento das crianças acolhidas pela entidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: todos os entrevistados eram do sexo feminino e não trabalhavam. Quanto ao grau de parentesco com a criança, 14 das entrevistadas eram as mães e uma entrevistada era a avó. Após a decomposição do corpus e da codificação das unidades temáticas, o material coletado foi estruturado nas seguintes categorias: cuidados em saúde bucal, complicações bucais decorrentes do tratamento oncológico, relação médico-dentista, saúde geral e saúde bucal. Conclusão: a manutenção da higiene bucal das crianças, antes, durante e após o tratamento antineoplásico, é da maior relevância para evitar o aparecimento de complicações bucais decorrentes das diferentes terapias aplicadas no combate ao câncer. Entretanto, pode-se perceber a falta de informação sobre as práticas de higiene bucal e a dificuldade em entender a importância da saúde bucal para a manutenção da saúde sistêmica. Ficou evidenciada a importância da inserção do cirurgião-dentista na equipe multidisciplinar para acompanhamento do paciente oncológico pediátrico, visando à melhoria da qualidade de vida desse sujeito.
Dogmática Penitenciaria y Realidades Actuales en el Derecho Penitenciario Hondureño
Authors: Rivas Paniagua Raúl Gilberto
Published: December 2019

En el presente artículo se hace un análisis de los aspectos dogmáticos relevantes de la ciencia penitenciaria, los mismo con el objetivo de entender cómo ha ido evolucionando la dogmática penitenciaria y en algunos aspectos de qué manera se ha establecido del porque se plantea que la pena ha entrado en decadencia por los múltiples factores que presenta la ejecución de la pena privativa de libertad, así mismo, se plantea una valoración crítica del lento avance del Estado de Honduras en enmendar los problemas estructurales ya denunciados en el informe de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
Valores individuales y colectivos en estudiantes universitarios desde la teoría de Schwartz
Authors: Sánchez H. Claudia María
Published: December 2019

El propósito del estudio fue comprender los valores individuales y colectivos de los estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán de Honduras, desde la Teoría de Schwartz, quien propone 10 tipos de valor (poder, logro, hedonismo, autodirección, estimulación, universalismo, benevolencia, tradición, conformidad, seguridad).El Cuestionario de valores de Schwartz (CVS) fue administrado a 321 estudiantes que cursan distintos niveles académicos en sus respectivas carreras de estudio. Los hallazgos indican similitud entre la estructura de valores que la teoría de Schwartz propone y los diez tipos de valor de esta población. Además, se identificó la importancia que otorgan a los valores colectivos en relación a los individuales, lo cual es un aporte en el conocimiento de este constructo.
Caracterización de la Responsabilidad Profesional Medica, Dirección de Medicina Forense de Tegucigalpa
Authors: Cedillo Mayely , Roque Pacheco Gustavo , Matamoros Zelaya Mireya
Published: December 2019

Justificación: Las fallas relacionadas a la actuación profesional, impactan negativamente a los pacientes e incluso pueden conducirlos a la muerte. Las denuncias constituyen un mecanismo por el que los pacientes o sus familiares expresan insatisfacción, y cuando se analizan, sistemáticamente, no solo desde la perspectiva legal, constituyen una oportunidad de mejora continua. Objetivo: Caracterizar las denuncias por responsabilidad profesional médica dictaminadas en la Dirección de Medicina Forense de Tegucigalpa. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 89 denuncias por responsabilidad profesional médica, entre el 2010 y el 2015 dictaminadas en la Dirección de Medicina Forense de Tegucigalpa, siendo las variables de estudio: De las víctimas: edad, sexo, escolaridad. De los denunciantes: edad, sexo, motivo de la denuncia, relación con la víctima, procedencia. Del denunciado: Edad, sexo, centro donde laboraba, tiempo de laborar y especialidad ejercida. Resultados: El 5,61% de las denuncias correspondieron a casos de responsabilidad profesional médica, 20% de las cuales fueron por desconocimiento inexcusable y 80% por omisión de cuidados. Ginecobstetricia fue la especialidad más denunciada con el 30%. Los médicos más denunciados (77,6%) trabajaban en una institución pública, y el conflicto en la relación médico- paciente fue la causa de denuncia más frecuente (40.4%). Conclusión: Los médicos del sexo masculino, cercanos a los 50 años de edad y con más de 15 años de experiencia, que laboraban en centros públicos y que ejercían las especialidades de Ginecobstetricia, Ortopedia y Cirugía General, fueron los más denunciados; entre los motivos más frecuentes de denuncia se citaron los conflictos en la relación médico-paciente-familiar, la inconformidad en el diagnóstico y falta de ética profesional de otros profesionales con comentarios adversos hacia sus colegas o las instituciones
EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF A TUBE IN COOLING ON A BED OF PASSAGECONTINUOUS UNDER NATURAL CONVECTION
Authors: Souza J. L. F. , Ziviani M. , Vitor J. F. A. , Rodrigues Filho F. A. , Nunes R. O.
Published: December 2019

The process behind manufacturing bars and profiles in the steel industry utilizes heating and cooling at controlled rates in order to facilitate changes in their geometries, as well as to obtain desired changes in mechanical steel properties.This work develops an experimental procedure to reproduce the thermal behavior tubes over a cooling bed. In literature the experimental results obtained by Damasceno (2004) do not take into account the temperature measurements of the sidewalls and the floor below the bed and storage temperatures within and outside the shed. These failures compromise the claim to validate the mathematical model of Souza (2015) and therefore new measurements were obtained with room temperatures controlled, order to validate the mathematical model of a cooling bed heat treatment of steel mill Vallourec Tubes, located in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND FLAME TEMPERATURES ON LPG RADIAL BURNERS IN DOMESTIC COOKERS
Authors: Silva R. L. da , Azevedo L. S. , Sant´Anna B. V. , Patelli Jr J. R. , Vieira M. M.
Published: December 2019

The objective is to investigate radial burners through experimental tests, looking for its thermal performance behavior. Gas burners in domestic cookers operate on LPG, typically with two different geometries and five thermal power conditions. Usually, those thermal equipment lacks information on its whole operating conditions range for higher energy conversion efficiency and lower fuel consumption; it is not pointed out by the manufacturer or by energy efficiency labeling, what could result in a recommendation for widely effective performance. Appropriate instrumentation was used to carry out the measurements and methodology used as a guideline regulations from INMETRO/CONPET, ABNT - Brazilian Technical Standards Normative, and ANP - National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels. Experimental measurements and uncertainties are for the following parameters: fuel mass consumption (kg.s-1), test time elapsed (s), temperature (°C), water mass (kg) and flame temperature by K-type thermocouples (quantitative) and a thermal camera (qualitative). Main conclusions are: a) Operating domestic cookers with handle position selector on middle position (TP3) provides almost the same temperature rise as maximum fuel consumption (TP5), i.e., ΔT in the water container; b) Heat is better transferred (Qgas → Qwater) with the handle position selector fully opened (TP5@B1) and just before fully opening (TP4@B2); c) A non-linear behavior occurs for ηThermal, when moving forward the handle position selector; maximum efficiency occurs at fully open (TP5@B2) and middle opening (TP3@B1); d) Higher values for TPexperimental occurs for B2, in comparison to B1, in whole operational condition ranges; differences are mainly due to geometric parameters (ARB2/ARB1~0.82). In general, B2 has a better geometric design; e) Uncertainty analysis indicate values lower than ±3%, proving to be a suitable methodology for the experimental results in this work; f) Flame temperatures are entirely consistent with both, ηThermal and heat energy delivered, reaching higher temperature values at TP4 for both burners; 751.5°C (B1) and 830.7°C (B2).
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A TWO-STAGE SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE
Authors: Kothe L. B. , Petry A. P.
Published: December 2019

This article presents a numerical and experimental study of vertical axis wind turbine performance comparison involving a two-stage Savonius rotor with similar parameters. The experimental study is conducted in the aerodynamic tunnel at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The aerodynamics rotors are manufactured by 3D prototyping technique. Numerical simulations are performed using the Finite Volumes Method performed by the solution of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and continuity equations using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The numerical domain is modeled in order to maintain the same characteristics of the experimental model. The mesh quality is evaluated through the GCI (Grid Convergence Index) method. The static and dynamic torque coefficients and the power coefficients are compared. The tests are made without blockage corrections due to the small blockage ratio from 7.5%. Results show that the turbine has a positive static torque coefficient for any rotor angles. The dynamic torque reaches the maximum value for a tip speed ratio (λ) of 0.2 for the experimental and numerical cases. The relative difference between the numerical simulations and the experimental results are between 3.8% and 13.4%.