bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explicit Finite Element Models Accurately Predict Subject-Specific and Velocity-Dependent Kinetics of Sideways Fall Impact
Authors: Fleps Ingmar , Guy Pierre , Ferguson Stephen J , Cripton Peter A , Helgason Benedikt
Published: June 2019

The majority of hip fractures in the elderly are the result of a fall from standing or from a lower height. Current injury models focus mostly on femur strength while neglecting subject-specific loading. This article presents an injury modeling strategy for hip fractures related to sideways falls that takes subject-specific impact loading into account. Finite element models (FEMs) of the human body were used to predict the experienced load and the femoral strength in a single model. We validated these models for their predicted peak force, effective pelvic stiffness, and fracture status against matching ex vivo sideways fall impacts (n = 11) with a trochanter velocity of 3.1 m/s. Furthermore, they were compared to sideways impacts of volunteers with lower impact velocities that were previously conducted by other groups. Good agreement was found between the ex vivo experiments and the FEMs with respect to peak force (root mean square error [RMSE] = 10.7%, R2 = 0.85) and effective pelvic stiffness (R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 12.9%). The FEMs were predictive of the fracture status for 10 out of 11 specimens. Compared to the volunteer experiments from low height, the FEMs overestimated the peak force by 25% for low BMI subjects and 8% for high BMI subjects. The effective pelvic stiffness values that were derived from the FEMs were comparable to those derived from impacts with volunteers. The force attenuation from the impact surface to the femur ranged between 27% and 54% and was highly dependent on soft tissue thickness (R2 = 0.86). The energy balance in the FEMS showed that at the time of peak force 79% to 93% of the total energy is either kinetic or was transformed to soft tissue deformation. The presented FEMs allow for direct discrimination between fracture and nonfracture outcome for sideways falls and bridge the gap between impact testing with volunteers and impact conditions representative of real life falls. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
β‐Adrenoceptor signaling regulates proliferation and contraction of human bladder smooth muscle cells under pathological hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Lai Junyu , Ai Jianzhong , Luo Deyi , Jin Tao , Liao Banghua , Zhou Liang , Feng Shijian , Jin Xi , Li Hong , Wang Kunjie
Published: June 2019

Background

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) promotes bladder detrusor hyperplasia, increases bladder pressure, and decreases bladder compliance. To extensively explore its underlying mechanism, our study aimed to investigate the effect of pathological hydrostatic pressure on human bladder smooth muscle cell (hBSMC) proliferation and contraction through β‐adrenoceptor (ADRB) signaling in vitro.

Methods

hBSMCs were subjected to pathological hydrostatic pressure (100 cm H2O) to investigate the effect of ADRBs on the proliferation and contraction of hBSMCs treated with its agonists and/or antagonists.

Results

Firstly, exposure to 100 cm H2O hydrostatic pressure significantly upregulated the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) in hBSMCs at 6 hours, and promoted cell proliferation at 24 hours. When subjected to hydrostatic pressure alone, hBSMCs treated with ADRB2 and ADRB3 agonists for 6 hours inhibited α‐SMA expression compared with untreated cells. By contrast, hBSMCs treated with ADRB2 agonists for 24 hours suppressed cell proliferation compared with untreated cells. The two classical pathways of ADRB, protein kinase A (PKA), and exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibited the contraction of hBSMCs under hydrostatic pressure via regulating mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) activity. The proliferation of hBSMCs was mainly regulated by the EPAC pathway through extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity.

Conclusion

The contraction of hBSMCs under hydrostatic pressure was regulated by ADRB2 and ADRB3 via the PKA/EPAC‐SMAD2 pathway, and the proliferation of hBSMCs was regulated by ADRB2 via the EPAC‐ERK1/2 pathway. Compared with ADRB3, ADRB2 played a predominant role under pathological hydrostatic pressure. These findings markedly uncovered the underlying mechanism of ADRBs in PBOO and provided new insights into the efficient treatment of patients with PBOO.
Long noncoding RNA MIR155HG facilitates pancreatic cancer progression through negative regulation of miR‐802
Authors: Qin Yan , Liu Xin , Pan Liang , Zhou Rong , Zhang Xiaoping
Published: June 2019

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) present the key regulatory functions in tumorigenesis. More and more studies have suggested that lncRNA MIR155HG is involved in different human cancers. However, the underlying regulatory role of lncRNA MIR155HG and potential mechanisms in pancreatic cancer (PC) remain illusive. In this research, our group found that lncRNA MIR155HG expression was remarkably increased in PC tumor tissue and cells compared to that in the adjacent normal tissue and cells. In addition, higher MIR155HG expression was positively associated with the poor prognosis of patients. In addition, we exhibited that silence of MIR155HG by short hairpin RNA knockdown significantly inhibited cell growth and promoted cell apoptosis in PC cells. We performed bioinformatics analysis to search for the target of MIR155HG. As demonstrated by Luciferase reporter assay, we found that miR‐802, a tumor suppressor in various cancer, is a direct target of MIR155HG. We demonstrated that the tumor‐promoting effects of MIR155HG were contributed by negative regulation of miR‐802 in PC cells. In summary, our results suggest that lncRNA MIR155HG might be applied as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for PC.
Creating Cultural Meaning in Products and Brands: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: MacInnis Deborah J. , Torelli Carlos J. , Park C. Whan
Published: June 2019

R. Batra (2019) and S. Fournier and C. Alvarez (2019) provide many substantive perspectives related to the questions about creating cultural meaning in products and brands. This commentary organizes their views and thoughts under five broadly categorized questions and identifies additional relevant perspectives and questions for future research.
The role of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) to the autolysis of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus)
Authors: Liu Zi‐qiang , Liu Yu‐xin , Zhou Da‐yong , Liu Xiao‐yang , Dong Xiu‐ping , Li Dong‐mei , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) is easy to autolysis in response to a variety of environmental and mechanical factors. In the current study, collagen fibres were extracted from fresh sea cucumber body wall and then incubated with endogenous matrix metalloprotease (MMP) of sea cucumber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), chemical analysis and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis were utilized to demonstrate the changes in collagen fibres, collagen fibrils and collagen proteins. Moreover, a verification experiment was also carried out to confirm the contribution of MMP to the autolysis of sea cucumber.

RESULTS

Endogenous MMP caused complete depolymerization of collagen fibres into smaller collagen fibril bundles and collagen fibrils due to the fracture of proteoglycan interfibrillar bridges. Meanwhile, endogenous MMP also caused partial degradation of collagen fibrils by releasing soluble hydroxyproline and pyridinium cross‐links. Furthermore, the treatment with MMP inhibitor (1,10‐phenanthroline) prevented the autolysis of tissue blocks from S. japonicus dermis.

CONCLUSION

Endogenous MMP was the key enzyme in the autolysis of sea cucumber, while its action still focused on high‐level structures of collagens especially collagen fibres. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Commentary on the Special Issue on Moral Injury: Advances, Gaps in Literature, and Future Directions
Authors: Neria Yuval , Pickover Alison
Published: June 2019

We contextualize and provide commentary on articles in the current issue that address the nature, measurement, and consequences of exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and moral injury (MI). PMIEs involve acts of commission or omission of oneself and others and can include perpetration of, and failure to prevent, harm; MI includes “the lasting psychological, biological, spiritual, behavioral, and social impact of perpetrating, failing to prevent, or bearing witness to acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations” (Litz et al., 2009). New and informative research aims to characterize types of PMIEs among military service members and veterans, including in multinational samples. There are also ongoing efforts to devise outcome scales that reliably capture broad MI outcome themes. Further, several new measures of MI assess emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses of wrong‐doing; the nature of distress following PMIEs in civilians, servicemembers, and veterans; and interpersonal consequences in youth. These are promising efforts toward ecologically valid definitions of a potential MI phenotype. Notably, PMIEs may or may not meet DSM PTSD Criterion A, yet early longitudinal data reveal predictive and reciprocal effects of MI and PTSD on one another. Further, a growing literature on MI outcomes beyond PTSD is identifying ways in which MI is linked to alcohol misuse and self‐injurious behaviors. The sum of these efforts has led experts to consider the utility and shortcomings of extant PTSD interventions for individuals with MI. We address clinical implications of this emerging research domain, gaps in the literature, and future directions for research.
Cadmium uptake from sediment by Cylindrotheca closterium and the effect of diatom presence on partitioning of cadmium between sediment and water: A laboratory study
Authors: Becker Amani E. , Copplestone David
Published: June 2019

Although it is well established that microalgae take up metals and other contaminants from water and it has been suggested that algae may play a significant role in mobilizing sediment bound contaminants, there has been little research on the uptake of sediment‐associated contaminants by microalgae. This may be important for microphytobenthos, which is closely associated with sediments. We report on laboratory experiments investigating the uptake of cadmium (Cd) from sediment and water by Cylindrotheca closterium over 96 h. The role of microalgae in the partitioning of Cd between sediment and water was also investigated. While concentrations do not typically represent those in the natural environment, we showed C. closterium takes up Cd from sediment, and concentration in microalgae is affected by sediment organic matter content. Cylindrotheca closterium influenced Cd movement between sediment and water: transfer from water to sediment was slowed, while transfer from sediment to overlying water (all treatments) and interstitial water (unprocessed sediment treatments) was increased. This is the first article to describe Cd uptake by diatoms from intertidal sediment in relation to sediment properties and mobilization of Cd from sediment in the presence of diatoms. Microalgae may serve as a pathway for sediment‐associated metals to enter into aquatic food webs, and their presence appears to increase metal concentrations in water potentially making any mobilized metals available for uptake by other species. Given this and their importance as the basis of the food chain, there may be implications for environmental and human health and potential impacts for the biological stability of the sediment.
α‐Iminocarboxamide‐Ni Complex Immobilized on Acid‐Treated Montmorillonite as Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Murayama Isshin , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Sakuragi Tsutomu , Iiba Kenji , Hirahara Miru , Ogihara Hitoshi , Kurokawa Hideki
Published: June 2019

The complex [N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐2‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenylimino)‐propanamidato‐κ2N,O](η1‐benzyl)nickel(lutidine) is immobilized on an acid‐treated montmorillonite. When the montmorillonite is treated with alkylaluminum, the catalyst shows a high activity with high molecular‐weight polyethylene. The catalytic behavior of the polymerization suggests isomerization of the complex on acid sites of the support surface.
Exchange Bias in Chemically Reduced FeCo Alloy Nanostructures
Authors: Rajesh Ponraj , Greneche Jean-Marc , Jacob G. Antilen , Arun Thirumurugan , Joseyphus R. Justin
Published: June 2019

The equiatomic FeCo alloy with average particle sizes of 140 and 30 nm is obtained using an instant chemical reduction process. The mean hyperfine field of 36.0(5) T estimated from 300 K 57Fe Mössbauer spectra is consistent with a disordered FeCo phase with a relative fraction of 90(2)% for both the samples, along with γ‐Fe2O3. A CoO shell with an average thickness of 2.7 nm is inferred from transmission electron microscopy in the size‐reduced FeCo. The room temperature coercivity of the size‐reduced FeCo is higher than the expected theoretical values. An exchange bias field (HE of 296 Oe), vertical remanence shift at 15 K, and an exchange bias blocking temperature of 150 K are exhibited by the 30 nm FeCo particles. The observed HE and its temperature dependence are fairly explained based on a random field model.
Layered MoS2 Nanosheets Fabricated by Vacuum Electron Beam Evaporation and Thickness‐Dependent Field Emission Properties
Authors: Guo Mei-Mei , Wang Xiao-Ping , Wang Li-Jun , Yang Xin-Wei , Yang Ying , Li Meng-Han , Deng Man-Jun
Published: June 2019

A series of 2D MoS2 nanosheet films are fabricated on Mo‐coated alumina ceramics using a vacuum electron beam vapor deposition technique. It is found that both the crystallographic orientation and the thickness of the films can be controlled well by changing the processing conditions. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the deposited MoS2 films has a direct effect on their microtopographies and field emission characteristics. For each MoS2 film, its field emission performance increases first with an increase in thickness and subsequently decreases in the examined thickness range; the best film thickness is 15 nm. All the experimental results are explained in detail.
Separation of Individual Thermal Double‐Donor Levels by Laplace Deep‐Level Transient Spectroscopy
Authors: Gwozdz Katarzyna , Kolkovsky Vladimir , Weber Joerg
Published: June 2019

Thermal double donors (TDDs) are created by heat treatment of Czochralski‐grown Si at temperatures around 450 °C. A family of individual defects with very similar donor (TDDn0/+ with n = 0–16) and double‐donor (TDDn+/++) levels is known today. The close‐level positions of the individual TDDs result in broad and asymmetric deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) peaks. Herein, Laplace DLTS are used to study this asymmetry. Several well‐separated Laplace DLTS peaks are resolved in our samples. Metastable properties of the TDDs are taken as advantages to identify the double‐donor levels (++/+) of TDD0, TDD1, and TDD2.
Platinum–Copper Defects in Silicon
Authors: Kolkovsky Valery , Kolkovsky Vladimir , Weber Jörg
Published: June 2019

The interaction of interstitial Copper (Cui) with substitutional platinum impurities (Pts) in n‐type FZ silicon wafers is studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and Laplace DLTS. Copper is introduced into silicon, which is Pt doped during growth, using chemo‐mechanical polishing (CMP) at room temperature in a copper‐contaminated slurry. After the CMP process, four new levels i.e., E80, E131, E147, and E271 are observed. These levels are only observed in Pt‐doped samples. From an analysis of the depth profiles of the new levels, it is ruled out, that the levels belong to different charge states of the same defect. The sum of concentrations of all depth profiles give a constant concentration of about 3 × 1014 cm−3, which corresponds to the total PtS concentration in the samples. Therefore, the new levels are attributed to several different defects which contain one substitutional Pt and several (1–4) interstitial Cu atoms.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Novel B, N Co–Doped Carbon Materials for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Yanping , Shen Lili , Wei Xianhua , Long Zhen , Guo Xiaoqiang , Qiu Xiaoqing
Published: June 2019

Boron and nitrogen have been widely utilized as the heteroatoms to prepare boron doped carbon materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors since they can act as the electronic acceptor and enhance the electronic conductivity. However, little attention is paid to the coeffect of boron and nitrogen on the performance of carbon materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, boron, nitrogen co‐doped carbon materials have been prepared through a facile, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective one‐pot method, and used as the anode for SIBs. The as‐obtained boron, nitrogen co‐doped carbon materials show a high reversible specific capacity of 329.71 mAh g−1 and a high capacity retention of 91.3% after 100 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. The improved electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the enhanced electronic conductivity and double‐layer capacitance behavior by the introduction of boron and nitrogen. The present work demonstrates that boron, nitrogen‐co‐doped carbon is promising anode materials for SIBs, which provides novel insights to the design of carbon anode materials for SIBs.
Improvement of Surface Passivation of Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact Structure by Thermal Annealing in Mixture of Water Vapor and Nitrogen Environment
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Liao Mingdun , Huang Yuqing , Guo Xueqi , Yang Qing , Wang Zhixue , Gao Tian , Shou Chunhui , Zeng Yuheng , Yan Baojie , Ye Jichun
Published: June 2019

The effects of post‐crystallization annealing within various atmospheres on the surface passivation quality of tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) for crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells are studied. The results provide an innovative method for improving the surface passivation of the as‐crystallized TOPCon structure by annealing at moderate temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 °C within a mixture of water vapor and nitrogen atmosphere. The wet nitrogen improves the implied open‐circuit voltages (iVoc) from 700–710 to ≈730 mV on average and reduces the single‐side reverse saturated recombination current density (J0) to 3.8 fA cm−2, which is much more effective than the so‐called forming‐gas annealing. In addition, the contact resistivity remains in low values of ≈5 mΩ cm2, ensuring its application in the high‐efficiency c‐Si solar cell. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy provides the evidence that the enhanced surface passivation by the water vapor annealing results from the hydrogen incorporation, which is logically believed to passivate the defects in the oxide and c‐Si interface region. This study proposes a simple and cost‐effective technique to improve the surface passivation of TOPCon structure, which is suitable for the high‐efficiency c‐Si solar‐cell manufacture.
Navigating Your Career as a Mid‐Level Manager
Authors: Adams‐Dunford Jane , Cuevas Frank , Neufeldt Ellen
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides insights into the mid‐level management leadership challenges, realities of their position, and the unique impact mid‐level managers bring to campus organizational culture.
Career Opportunities Beyond the Ivory Tower
Authors: Brown Paul Gordon , Trudell Christopher
Published: June 2019

The authors explore various reasons, issues, benefits, and challenges in making the transition to careers outside of a college or university setting and provide practical advice.
Complexities of Social Identity and Professional Role Transitions
Authors: Robbins Claire Kathleen , Johnson Nicole J. , Pete Kendall , Porcaro Gabby , Accapadi Mamta Motwani , Kniess Dena
Published: June 2019

By integrating their own narratives with theory and research, the authors share practical implications of the complex relationship between professional role transitions and multiple social identities.
A novel fault location algorithm for mixed overhead‐cable transmission system using unsynchronized current data
Authors: Ding Jiali , Wang Xin , Zheng Yihui , Li Lixue
Published: June 2019

The characteristic impedance value of the overhead line is different from that of the underground cable. Existing traveling wave‐based fault location methods for mixed power transmission systems have setbacks including location error caused by wave velocity and difficulty in detecting wave arrival time. In order to solve these problems, the increase of available information from different locations by installing wire‐based sensors along the power line is a feasible solution. In this paper, a traveling wave‐based fault location system, which is based on the current data measured at the midpoint of the overhead line and the joint point, is introduced. The data at these two locations are measured by the wire‐based current sensor we designed. The whole transmission line system is divided by these two sensors into three segments. The first step of this proposed method is to record the postfault current data at the two measuring devices. Second, by comparing the amplitudes and polarities of the current at these two measurement points, the faulty segment can be identified. Finally, postfault wave propagation paths are ascertained; the accurate velocity values of the waves in the overhead line and underground cable are obtained; and then, the fault point is located without the need of time synchronization. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Einleitung
Authors: Egger Jan
Published: June 2019

Schulanlagen und Schulhäuser sind durch Architektur geprägte Räume. Wie jedes Gebäude haben sie einen Auftrag: Sie sind funktional auf die pädagogische Praxis zugeschnitten und für die Aufgaben der Schule konzipiert. Schulbauten sind damit geprägt durch normative Vorstellungen, was ,gute Schule‘ ausmacht und wie Unterricht vonstattengehen soll. Neben pädagogischen Anforderungen müssen Schulbauten zahlreichen weiteren Ansprüchen genügen: bautechnische, ästhetische, ökonomische, regionalpolitische, topographische und andere mehr prägen die Möglichkeiten und Ausdrucksmaterialität von Schulanlagen. Insbesondere sind Schulbauten als öffentliche Gebäude auch politische Bauten und Teil einer staatlichen Repräsentation.
Special report
Authors: Harif Mhamed , Weisdorf Daniel , Novitzky Nicolas , Szer Jeff , Mahmal Lahoucine , Benakli Malek , Othman Tarek Ben , Bazuaye Nosakhare , McGrath Eoin , Eldridge Paul W , Torjemane Lamia , Madani Abdellah , Nacer Redouane Ahmed , Belkhedim Reguia , Rasheed Walid , Ahmed Syed O. , Kodera Yoshihisa , Aljurf Mahmoud , Niederwieser Dietger W. , Quessar Asmaa
Published: June 2019

The first meeting of the African Blood and Marrow Transplantation (AfBMT) was held in Casablanca from April 19, 2018 to April 21, 2018, with the aim of fostering hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) activity in Africa. Out of the 54 African countries, HSCT is available only in six (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tunisia). During this meeting, African teams and international experts from the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) gathered to share their experience and discussed ways to help fill the gap. Nurses and patients held their meeting in parallel. International support and collaboration can help by providing expertise adapted to local resources and regional population needs. Local engagement including government and private participants are necessary to initiate and develop local HSCT capability.
Origin of spherulitic and cone-in-cone concretions in Cambro-Ordovician black shales, St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Hesse Reinhard , Fong Christopher , Schumann Dirk
Published: June 2019

Spherulitic concretions are very rare among carbonate concretions that generally consist of micritic carbonate. The occurrence of spherulitic concretions in Cambro-Ordovician black shales of unknown stratigraphic age on a mid-channel island in the St Lawrence Estuary in Quebec is a new example in addition to only three hitherto reported occurrences of spherulitic carbonate concretions. Their origin is still poorly understood. These concretions occur in close association with, and show various transitions to, cone-in-cone structure. The spherules, measuring 0.5 to 12 mm in diameter, consist of intergrown fine fibres of ferroan calcite and quartzine, pointing to the formation of the concretions below the sulfate-reduction zone. A phenomenological theory of spherulitic crystallization relates the thickness δ of an impurity-rich layer in front of impurity-rejecting growing crystals to the impurity-diffusion coefficient D and the growth velocity G of the crystal by δ = D/G. In spherulite-forming environments, extremely small values of δ (in the order of <10−4 cm) in conjunction with cellulation lead to spherulitic fibre growth. The theory of spherulitic crystallization is here applied to sedimentary deposits for the first time. The intimate association of calcite and quartzine in the concretions requires a chemical change from alkaline to acidic conditions, which occurs below the carbonate-reduction zone owing to the dissolution of sponge spicules or radiolarians. The transition from spherulite to the silica-free cone-in-cone structure occurs when the silica reservoir that acted as an impurity is exhausted in the crystallization process.
The age-thickening of sweetened condensed milk: II. Effects of temperature and of storage
Authors: Samel Ruth , Muers M. M.
Published: June 2019

The rate of age-thickening of separated sweetened condensed milk increased with decreasing condensing temperature, over the range 55–22°C. Preheating the milk for 10 min at 85°C reduced the destabilizing effect of low condensing temperatures.

Changes take place after condensing which have the effect of decreasing the rate of age-thickening during subsequent high-temperature storage. These changes are complete in about 2 weeks at room temperature but take longer at lower temperature.

The hypothesis is put forward that the stabilizing effects of a moderately high condensing temperature, and of cool storage after condensing, are connected with the precipitation of insoluble salts, especially calcium phosphate. The effect of preheating is ascribed to the formation of nuclei of precipitated calcium phosphates which facilitates further precipitation during and after condensing.

Experiments on age-thickening at a series of different temperatures with four batches of commercial condensed milk gave mean values for the temperature coefficients of increase in ‘initial’ and ‘permanent’ viscosity of 4·9 and 7·5 per 10 degC, respectively. The difference between these values is thought to support our previous conclusion that two different processes are involved.
Properties and mineralogy of topsoil in the town of Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen, Norway)
Authors: Szymański Wojciech , Siwek Janusz , Skiba Michał , Wojtuń Bronisław , Samecka-Cymerman Aleksandra , Pech Paweł , Polechońska Ludmiła , Smyrak-Sikora Aleksandra
Published: June 2019

Soil is one of the most important constituents of an ecosystem, playing a crucial role in many environmental reactions and processes. Despite the fact that many environmental studies were conducted in the vicinity of Longyearbyen, very little is known about the physical and chemical properties as well as mineralogy of soils occurring in this town. Thus, the main aims of this study were: (1) to determine the texture, chemical properties and mineralogy of the topsoil horizons of urban soils occurring in the Longyearbyen area (Spitsbergen, Norway); and (2) to determine and explain their spatial distribution within the area of Longyearbyen. In general, the topsoils are characterised by loamy texture; acidic reaction; quite high content of total organic carbon (TOC); high content of Si, Al and Fe; and low content of K, Na, Ca, Mg and P. Quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, mica and chlorite are the prevailing minerals. Differences in the concentration of TOC, total nitrogen and elements in the topsoils are mainly related to the diversity of texture and mineralogy of the local parent material and the development of vegetation cover. The results indicate that topsoils in Longyearbyen are characterised by the natural properties and are not strongly transformed by human activity. However, pollution of soil with trace elements related to coal mining should be checked.
Phonological typology in Optimality Theory and Formal Language Theory: goals and future directions
Authors: Pater Joe
Published: June 2019

Much recent work has studied phonological typology in terms of Formal Language Theory (e.g. the Chomsky hierarchy). This paper considers whether Optimality Theory grammars might be constrained to generate only regular languages, and also whether the tools of formal language theory might be used for constructing phonological theories similar to those within Optimality Theory. It offers reasons to be optimistic about the first possibility, and sceptical about the second.
NOTES FROM NARNIA (ON THE HUMAN BODY)
Authors: Baker Samuel
Published: June 2019

What is a human body? Some reasons are given for thinking that, in the primary case, it is a body that is both of and suitable to a rational animal.
THE MEANINGS OF BELIEF
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2019

Atheist critiques of religious belief tend to assume that this belief is of broadly the same kind as that treated by philosophers: a disposition to take as true the content of some propositional knowledge claim. I argue here that it is not. What is primarily meant by ‘belief’ in a religious context refers to something quite different, and while this kind of belief sometimes implies belief in the philosophers’ sense it doesn't always do so, and even when it does it is with significant qualifications. Similar considerations apply to other words, such as ‘truth’, ‘knowledge’ and ‘meaning’ itself. In each case atheists tend to impose on religious discourse a particular philosophical meaning rather different from that typically intended.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Law Stephen
Published: June 2019

Here's a brief introduction to the philosophical puzzle of free will.
TAKING CREDIT
Authors: Manley Stewart
Published: June 2019

A team of two brothers enters a baking contest. Their cake wins the first-place prize of £500. Will they demand £500 each? Of course not. Winners must split the prize. We often ignore this when we claim credit for team accomplishments. We take more credit than we deserve. I apply this idea to baking competitions and academic production but it applies equally to other arenas with teams of varying sizes.
Die Wiederentdeckung des Grundwortschatzes
Authors: Hoffmann-Erz Ruth
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Befunde über schlechte Rechtschreibleistungen der letzten Jahre haben dazu geführt, dass in den meisten Bundesländern Grundwortschätze wieder eingeführt wurden, nachdem diese vor vielen Jahren abgeschafft worden waren. Während in einigen Bundesländern die Grundschulen zu einer Erprobung des jeweiligen Grundwortschatzes aufgefordert wurden (Bremen, Hessen, Schleswig-Holstein), ist in manchen Bundesländern der Grundwortschatz für die Grundschulen bereits verpflichtend (Bayern, Berlin / Brandenburg, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Mit der Wiederentdeckung der Rechtschreibwortschätze kehren auch die Kontroversen darüber zurück, welche Wörter in einen Grund- bzw. Rechtschreibwortschatz aufgenommen werden sollten und ob die Methode überhaupt geeignet ist, die Rechtschreibleistungen zu verbessern. Neuere Forschungen zum Rechtschreiberwerb sprechen dafür, dass die Arbeit mit Modellwörtern grundlegende Rechtschreibkompetenzen aufbauen kann. Aus fachdidaktischer Sicht scheint es notwendig, die Grundwortschatzarbeit methodisch zu erneuern und eng mit dem Rechtschreibunterricht sowie dem Textschreiben zu verbinden. Der Beitrag stellt ein Konzept zur Arbeit mit einem Rechtschreibwortschatz vor.
The Seismic Response to Injected Carbon Dioxide: Comparing Observations to Estimates Based Upon Fluid Flow Modeling
Authors: Vasco D. W. , Alfi Masoud , Hosseini Seyyed A. , Zhang Rui , Daley Thomas , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B. , Hovorka Susan D.
Published: June 2019

Time‐lapse seismic amplitude differences and travel time shifts, obtained while monitoring enhanced oil recovery at Cranfield, Mississippi, reveal coherent changes that are associated with the injection of carbon dioxide. Rock physics modeling highlights the importance of the oil, brine, and gas content of pore fluids prior to the injection of carbon dioxide. For example, compressional velocity changes due to the injection of carbon dioxide can drop from 300 m/s to less than 100 m/s as the percentage of oil increases from 1% to 50%. Predictions based upon a new technique for modeling wave propagation in a poroelastic medium containing an arbitrary number of fluids, coupled with multicomponent numerical reservoir modeling at Cranfield, reproduce the general pattern of observed seismic amplitude changes and travel time shifts. In particular, time‐lapse amplitude changes suggest a significant and widespread lowering of compressional velocities due to the injection of CO2 into an aquifer bounding the oil rim of the reservoir. It appears that the large‐scale variations in preexisting pore fluid content have a major influence on seismic velocity changes, even in the highly heterogeneous reservoir at Cranfield.
Delineation of Damage Zones From 3 km Downhole Geophysical Logs in the Koyna Seismogenic Zone, Western India
Authors: Goswami Deepjyoti , Roy Sukanta , Akkiraju Vyasulu V.
Published: June 2019

Delineation of subsurface faults and damage zones is a major goal of scientific drilling projects in seismically active areas. Geophysical logs acquired in a 3‐km deep scientific borehole KFD1 in the Koyna seismogenic zone, a site of recurrent reservoir triggered seismicity over the past 55 years, provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the rock properties and delineate the fault zones. KFD1 passed through 1,247‐m thick Deccan traps and continued for 1,767 m into the underlying granitic basement rocks that host the seismic activity in the depth range 2–10 km. We have studied the physical properties and acoustic behavior of basement granitoids from the analysis of geophysical logs from 1,500 to 3,000 m. Salient results are as follows. (1) Seven anomalous zones are identified below 2,100‐m depth based on electrical resistivity, caliper, density, neutron porosity, self‐potential, and sonic data. (2) The anomalous zones are characterized by significant shear wave velocity anisotropy (up to 25%), as revealed by cross‐dipole sonic data. (3) Dispersion analysis of dipole flexural modes confirms that the anisotropy is primarily stress induced; fast polarized shear wave azimuth (FSA) therefore indicates the orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress SHmax. (4) Comparison of FSA with independent estimates of SHmax orientations obtained from drilling induced tensile fractures and strike of inclined fractures in the anisotropic zones shows that FSA is controlled mainly by the stress regime. Therefore, the stress rotations inferred from anisotropy analyses in the anomalous zones indicate their association with subsurface fault damage zones.
D�j� Vu: Understanding Subduction Zones’ Cycle of Seismicity
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: June 2019

A unique geodetic data set from Japan’s Nankai subduction zone offers an unparalleled opportunity to study surface deformation spanning almost an entire seismic cycle.
Methylation age acceleration does not predict mortality in schizophrenia
Authors: Kowalec Kaarina , Hannon Eilis , Mansell Georgina , Burrage Joe , Ori Anil P. S. , Ophoff Roel A. , Mill Jonathan , Sullivan Patrick F.
Published: June 2019

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is associated with high mortality. DNA methylation levels vary over the life course, and pre-selected combinations of methylation array probes can be used to estimate “methylation age” (mAge). mAge correlates highly with chronological age but when it differs, termed mAge acceleration, it has been previously associated with all-cause mortality. We tested the association between mAge acceleration and mortality in SCZ and controls. We selected 190 SCZ cases and 190 controls from the Sweden Schizophrenia Study. Cases were identified from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register with ≥5 specialist treatment contacts and ≥5 antipsychotic prescriptions. Controls had no psychotic disorder or antipsychotics. Subjects were selected if they had died or survived during follow-up (2:1 oversampling). Extracted DNA was assayed on the Illumina MethylationEPIC array. mAge was regressed on age at sampling to obtain mAge acceleration. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, the association between mAge acceleration and mortality was tested. After quality control, the following were available:n = 126 SCZ died, 63 SCZ alive, 127 controls died, 62 controls alive. In the primary analyses, we did not find a significant association between mAge acceleration and SCZ mortality (adjustedp > 0.005). Sensitivity analyses excluding SCZ cases with pre-existing cancer demonstrated a significant association between the Hannum mAge acceleration and mortality (hazard ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–1.22,p = 0.005). Per our pre-specified criteria, we did not confirm our primary hypothesis that mAge acceleration would predict subsequent mortality in people with SCZ, but we cannot rule out smaller effects or effects in patient subsets.
Direct measurement of nanostructural change during in situ deformation of a bulk metallic glass
Authors: Pekin Thomas C. , Ding Jun , Gammer Christoph , Ozdol Burak , Ophus Colin , Asta Mark , Ritchie Robert O. , Minor Andrew M.
Published: June 2019

To date, there has not yet been a direct observation of the initiation and propagation of individual defects in metallic glasses during deformation at the nanoscale. Here, we show through a combination of in situ nanobeam electron diffraction and large-scale molecular dynamics simulations that we can directly observe changes to the local short to medium range atomic ordering during the formation of a shear band. We observe experimentally a spatially resolved reduction of order prior to shear banding due to increased strain. We compare this to molecular dynamics simulations, in which a similar reduction in local order is seen, and caused by shear transformation zone activation, providing direct experimental evidence for this proposed nucleation mechanism for shear bands in amorphous solids. Our observation serves as a link between the atomistic molecular dynamics simulation and the bulk mechanical properties, providing insight into how one could increase ductility in glassy materials.
Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice
Authors: Stebegg Marisa , Silva-Cayetano Alyssa , Innocentin Silvia , Jenkins Timothy P. , Cantacessi Cinzia , Gilbert Colin , Linterman Michelle A.
Published: June 2019

Ageing is a complex multifactorial process associated with a plethora of disorders, which contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. One of the organs significantly affected by age is the gut. Age-dependent changes of the gut-associated microbiome have been linked to increased frailty and systemic inflammation. This change in microbial composition with age occurs in parallel with a decline in function of the gut immune system; however, it is not clear whether there is a causal link between the two. Here we report that the defective germinal centre reaction in Peyer’s patches of aged mice can be rescued by faecal transfers from younger adults into aged mice and by immunisations with cholera toxin, without affecting germinal centre reactions in peripheral lymph nodes. This demonstrates that the poor germinal centre reaction in aged animals is not irreversible, and that it is possible to improve this response in older individuals by providing appropriate stimuli.
Functional testing of thousands of osteoarthritis-associated variants for regulatory activity
Authors: Klein Jason C. , Keith Aidan , Rice Sarah J. , Shepherd Colin , Agarwal Vikram , Loughlin John , Shendure Jay
Published: June 2019

To date, genome-wide association studies have implicated at least 35 loci in osteoarthritis but, due to linkage disequilibrium, the specific variants underlying these associations and the mechanisms by which they contribute to disease risk have yet to be pinpointed. Here, we functionally test 1,605 single nucleotide variants associated with osteoarthritis for regulatory activity using a massively parallel reporter assay. We identify six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with differential regulatory activity between the major and minor alleles. We show that the most significant SNP, rs4730222, exhibits differential nuclear protein binding in electrophoretic mobility shift assays and drives increased expression of an alternative isoform ofHBP1in a heterozygote chondrosarcoma cell line, in a CRISPR-edited osteosarcoma cell line, and in chondrocytes derived from osteoarthritis patients. This study provides a framework for prioritization of GWAS variants and highlights a role ofHBP1and Wnt signaling in osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
Author Correction: Felodipine induces autophagy in mouse brains with pharmacokinetics amenable to repurposing
Authors: Siddiqi Farah H. , Menzies Fiona M. , Lopez Ana , Stamatakou Eleanna , Karabiyik Cansu , Ureshino Rodrigo , Ricketts Thomas , Jimenez-Sanchez Maria , Esteban Miguel Angel , Lai Liangxue , Tortorella Micky D. , Luo Zhiwei , Liu Hao , Metzakopian Emmanouil , Fernandes Hugo J. R. , Bassett Andrew , Karran Eric , Miller Bruce L. , Fleming Angeleen , Rubinsztein David C.
Published: June 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Setting the table for meat consumers: an international Delphi study on in vitro meat
Authors: Tiberius Victor , Borning Jenny , Seeler Sabrina
Published: June 2019

The growing global demand for meat is being thwarted by shrinking agricultural areas, and opposes efforts to mitigate methane emissions and to improve public health. Cultured meat could contribute to solve these problems, but will such meat be marketable, competitive, and accepted? Using the Delphi method, this study explored the potential development of cultured meat by 2027. Despite the acknowledged urgency to develop sustainable meat alternatives, participants doubt that challenges regarding mass production, production costs, and consumer acceptance will be overcome by 2027. Considering the noticeable impacts of global warming, further research and development as well as a change in consumer perceptions is inevitable.
Neonicotinoids and ectoparasitic mites synergistically impact honeybees
Authors: Straub Lars , Williams Geoffrey R. , Vidondo Beatriz , Khongphinitbunjong Kitiphong , Retschnig Gina , Schneeberger Annette , Chantawannakul Panuwan , Dietemann Vincent , Neumann Peter
Published: June 2019

The Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is the most important managed pollinator globally and has recently experienced unsustainably high colony losses. Synergistic interactions among stressors are believed to be primarily responsible. However, despite clear evidence of strong effect on honeybee longevity of widely-employed neonicotinoid insecticides and of the ubiquitous ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, no data exist to show synergistic effects between these two stressors. Even though neonicotinoids had no significant impact by themselves, we here show for the first time a synergistic time-lag interaction between mites and neonicotinoids that resulted in significantly reduced survival of long-lived winter honeybees. Even though these mites are potent vectors of viruses, the virus-insecticide interaction had no significant impact. The data suggest a previously overlooked mechanism possibly explaining recent unsustainably high losses of managed A. mellifera honeybee colonies in many regions of the world. Future mitigation efforts should concentrate on developing sustainable agro-ecosystem management schemes that incorporate reduced use of neonicotinoids and sustainable solutions for V. destructor mites.
Low dimensions electron localization in the beyond real space super cell approximation
Authors: Moradian Rostam , Moradian Sina
Published: June 2019

Metal to insulator phase transition due to electron localization in disordered alloys (Anderson transition) and interacting electrons (Mott transition) systems is one of major problem in these fields. Multi site electron scattering is responsible for localization which can’t be seen by single site approximations such as coherent potential approximation (CPA) and dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). Here we develop a multi site technique to calculate multi site electron scattering for observation of phenomenons such as electron localization especially in low dimension systems. Our self-energy in first Brillouin zone (FBZ) is casual, in contrast to previous approximation fully crystal electron wave vector, q, dependent and continuous with respect to q. It recovers coherent potential approximation in the single site approximation and is exact when the number of sites in the super cell approaches to the total number of lattice sites. We illustrate that this approximation undertakes electrons localization for one and two dimensional alloy systems which isn’t observed by previous multi site approximations such as dynamical cluster approximation (DCA).
Publisher Correction: Characterization, mechanism of action and optimization of activity of a novel peptide-peptoid hybrid against bacterial pathogens involved in canine skin infections
Authors: Greco Ines , Emborg Agnete Plahn , Jana Bimal , Molchanova Natalia , Oddo Alberto , Damborg Peter , Guardabassi Luca , Hansen Paul R.
Published: June 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Computational identification of microbial phosphorylation sites by the enhanced characteristics of sequence information
Authors: Hasan Md. Mehedi , Rashid Md. Mamunur , Khatun Mst. Shamima , Kurata Hiroyuki
Published: June 2019

Protein phosphorylation on serine (S) and threonine (T) has emerged as a key device in the control of many biological processes. Recently phosphorylation in microbial organisms has attracted much attention for its critical roles in various cellular processes such as cell growth and cell division. Here a novel machine learning predictor, MPSite (Microbial Phosphorylation Site predictor), was developed to identify microbial phosphorylation sites using the enhanced characteristics of sequence features. The final feature vectors optimized via a Wilcoxon rank sum test. A random forest classifier was then trained using the optimum features to build the predictor. Benchmarking investigation using the 5-fold cross-validation and independent datasets test showed that the MPSite is able to achieve robust performance on the S- and T-phosphorylation site prediction. It also outperformed other existing methods on the comprehensive independent datasets. We anticipate that the MPSite is a powerful tool for proteome-wide prediction of microbial phosphorylation sites and facilitates hypothesis-driven functional interrogation of phosphorylation proteins. A web application with the curated datasets is freely available at http://kurata14.bio.kyutech.ac.jp/MPSite/.