bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation, 1992
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert , Day Merry Lou , Grove Chris
Published: March 2022

We conducted this experiment in a 5.4 acre block of 38-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft in height and 23 ft in width and were planted 20 X 40 ft apart. Experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty,’ 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a volume of 100 gal/acre. Applications were made on 9 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 22 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PF]), 28 May (first cover [1C]), 11 Jun (second cover [2C]), 25 Jun (third cover [3C]), 9 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 22 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 7 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 20 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 2 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). An application error was made at DD resulting in a 1.3 to 8 fold overdose. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Solubor, Streptomycin, and Topsin-M. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies/tree.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Azuki Bean, 1992
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Aguilar Hugo
Published: March 2022

Seven chemicals and 1 combination were evaluated for control of TSSM at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, Benton County, WA. Spray treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to delivery 25 gal/acre at 60 psi from a 7.5 ft boom with 8 TXVS-8 conejet nozzles. A completely randomized design was used with 0.01 acre plots replicated 5 times. Treatments were applied on 19 Aug. TSSM females were sampled by randomly selecting 20 leaflets/plot. Leaflets were placed in paper bags and kept in a cold box until processed with a mite brushing machine. Plots were visually examined for evidence of phytotoxicity.
Control of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1992
Authors: Bragg David E. , Tanigoshi Lynell K.
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted 14 Mar with a Val-Mar applicator (seeding rate; 6 lb/acre) on the Dye Ranch, Pomeroy, WA. Ten insecticides were applied 23 Jun near the end of full bloom. Spray treatments were applied using a Rears low pressure, tractor boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 21 gal/acre at 50 psi and 5 mph. Fifteen 8002 flat fan nozzles with 100 mesh screen were arranged at 22 inch spacings on a 20 ft boom. Plots were 20 x 30 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated at 2, 9, 15, and 21 DAT with 2 (180°) sweeps with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Temperatures and wind speed during treatment were 78-80°F and 3 mph, respectively. Total precipitation during the chemical evaluation period was 1.68 inches.
Suppression of Flea Beetles in Canola, 1992
Authors: Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E.
Published: March 2022

Canola plots were established at the MSU Hort Farm in Bozeman, MT. Two tests measuring 10 x 30 ft, were planted on 3 Jun. Insecticides were applied on 18 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. The hand held spray boom had Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles and a 10 ft spray swath. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates per treatment. Treatments were evaluated by assessing FB plant damage using a numerical rating of 0 to 6, where 0 = no damage, 1 = minor leaf abrasion, 2 = 1-3 shot holes with some pitting, 3 = 3-5 shot holes with 25% of cotyledon destroyed, 4 = 5-10 shot holes with 25-50% of the cotyledon destroyed, 5 = > 50% of cotyledon destroyed, and 6 = no cotyledons. In test 1, pre- and posttreatment ratings were made by randomly selecting 10 plants in each replicate. In test 2, 10 plants in each replicate showing minimal FB damage were flagged shortly after emergence and rated prior to treatment and each selected DAT. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by LSD test.
Comparison of Seed Coating and Granular Systemics for Flea Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Kellesvig Curt
Published: March 2022

This was a cooperative study with Agrigenetics on their research station at Breckinridge, MN. Coated seed was made available from Grow Tec, Ltd in Nisku, Alberta, Canada. Plots were established in clay type soils and individual plots were 6 rows, 0.9 m on center, 6.10 m in length. Treatments were replicated 4 times, in a randomized complete block. Granular applications were mixed with the seed and planted on Apr 30. The at-plant broadcast liquids were applied immediately post plant and raked in lightly. First foliar applications at germination were made on 21 May. Uneven germination made it difficult to properly time these applications. Final foliar applications were made on 16 Jul.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Chambers W. W.
Published: March 2022

Evaluation of several insecticide treatments for control of 1st generation ECB larvae, were conducted near Chester, SD. Preapplication counts indicated a uniform infestation of 3rd-instar, or younger larvae in ca. 80% of stalks sampled. Granules were applied to corn at whorl (2 Jul, ca. 1 wk prior to tasseling) stage. Untreated controls were used to assess the performance of 11 granular and 9 liquid insecticide treatments in single row plots (16.4 cm by 30.5 m) using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granules were placed directly into corn plant whorls using a Gandy pneumatic device powered by a 3.5 hp gasoline engine. Noble metering units attached to a modified chain-driven apparatus regulated the amount of granules released into the pneumatic device. The entire system was mounted on a Highboy applicator. Liquids were applied with a 3 gal CO2 backpack sprayer unit and a hand-held spray boom equipped with a single Teejet 8002 nozzle delivering 20 gal/acre at 39 psi. Insecticides were applied to corn at whorl stage. Approximately 1 month following application (2 August), twenty cornstalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Each plant was bisected vertically and examined for ECB stalk tunneling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed using SAS’s GLM procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Apple, European Red Mite and Two Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an orchard with trees of mixed ages near Malaga, Washington. The experimental design was randomized complete block with nine treatments and four single tree replications. All trees were treated with Asana 0.66 EC at 2 oz/100 gal, 200 gal/acre on 18 Jun to eliminate predatory mites. Blocks were based on pre-treatment counts on 30 Jun. Test materials were applied on 2 Jul. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre dilute application. Treatments were applied with a handgun operated at 300 psi, sprayed to the point of drip. Population density samples were 25 leaves per tree. Leaf samples were brushed onto glass plates with a leaf-brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope.
Apple, Test of One-Tenth Rates of Asana on Galandromus Occidentals, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a mature ‘Delicious’ orchard with ‘Golden Delicious’ pollenizers. Only trees of c v. ‘Delicious’ were used in the experiment. The trees were ca. 2-2.5 m in height and were irrigated with undertree impact sprinklers. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with block assigned on the basis of pre-treatment populations of WPM. There were four single-tree replicates per treatment. Each set of 16 trees used for each timing was separated from another set by at least one buffer row. Each tree used within the row was separated by at least one buffer tree from another treated tree, with the exception of the half-inch green (HIG) treatments.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1992
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworms. Both experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Centre at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. Corn was planted no-till on 14 May (in both experiments) using a John Deere Max-Emerge 2 row planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 x 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replication per treatment. Plants were counted on 9 Jun (Experiment 1) and 10 Jun (Experiment 2). Root damage ratings were evaluated 3 Aug (Experiment 1) and 5 Aug (Experiment 2) using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 17 Nov (Experiment 2). Percent moisture was determined for each plot with a moisture meter and adjusted to 15.5%.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1992
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Witkowski John F. , Echtenkamp Gerald W.
Published: March 2022

Granular and liquid insecticides were applied at planting time (P) and post plant at Concord, NE. The test plot was planted 8 May in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 16 m long row; rows were 75 cm apart. Granular materials were applied infurrow or in an 18 cm band with a John Deere 2 row planter equipped with a cone-belt insecticide distributor and incorporation tines. Cultivation treatments (C) were applied over the row on 12 Jun with a cone-belt distributor mounted on a hand powered bicycle wheel applicator. Cultivation application was followed immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator after all treatments were applied. Furadan 4 F was applied over the row at 2 different rates and 2 different times (21 May, E, and 3 Jun, L) in a 37 cm band, with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 25 psi, approximately 142 liters/ha total volume. No phytotoxicity was observed. Stand counts were not significantly different. Feeding damage was evaluated 20 and 21 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of toots completely destroyed).
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm and Bollworm on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1992
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted in a Wagram loamy sand on 28 Apr near Gibson, NC. The fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15 G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) x 50 ft with 10 ft alleys. A randomized complete block was used with 5 replicates. Treatments were applied via a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal total volume-per acre at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Initial treatment was based upon exceeding a threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals, with the 2nd application 5 d later. The 3rd and final application was triggered by meeting a larval threshold of 3 percent BW or FAW in fruit. Application dates were 25 and 30 Jul and 21 Aug. Twenty-five squares and bolls per plot were inspected for live caterpillars and damage on 4 Aug and 3 Sep. Yields were picked with a 2 row John Deere mechanical harvester. Insect and yield data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Evaluation of Ac 303630 for Control of Selected Cotton Pests, 1991
Authors: Burris E. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Cotton seed was planted 13 May on a Bruin silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots were 6 rows (1.02 m wide) x 19.8 m, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots received an infurrow treatment of Temik 15 G, 0.56 kg (AI)/ha, and Terraclor Super-X 12.5 G, 0.28 + 1.1 kg (AI)/ha. The plots were treated for boll weevils with methyl parathion 4 E on 19 Jun, and Guthion 2 L on 28 Aug. The test treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. The spray volume was calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha with 2, X-18 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows of the plots. Applications were made on 9, 12, 15, 29 Jul, 5, and 13 Aug. Bollworm-tobacco budworm (BW-TBW) terminal damage, BW-TBW square damage, boll weevil square damage and secondary pests were sampled on 12, 17, 23, 31, Jul, 1, and 7 Aug by sampling either 6 meters/plot, 25 squares/plot, 100 squares/plot, or counting 20 washed terminal leaves and 5 leaves collected from the middle of the plant. Secondary pests were counted using a binocular microscope. Yields were determined by harvesting the 4 center rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester on 27 Sep.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1992
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 4 May at Stoneville, MS. Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul (Trials 1 and 2) and 28 Jul (Trial 3) with a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gal/acre at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2, TX10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. In Trial 1, a pretreatment survey on 9 Jul indicated a moderate aphid infestation. In Trial 2, pretreatment counts were made on 9 Jul. Posttreatment aphid counts in both trials were made on 13 Jul and 17 Jul. In Trial 3, pretreatment counts were made on 28 Jul; posttreatment aphid counts were made on 3 Aug. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by counting aphids within 1.0 inch2 on the under surface of a leaf in the top, middle and bottom ⅓ of 40 randomly chosen plants/treatment (Trials 1 and 2) or, similarly, only in the top and middle ⅓ portions (Trial 3)
Control of Tpb and Eas on Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees, 1992
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Racette G.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three treatments and three replications in a small plot of 0.36 ha. Each replication was three rows wide and 11 trees long (0.04 ha). TPB activity was monitored by 4 sticky traps (white boards covered with tangle trap) place at the four corners of the plot. The traps were about 1 m above ground and placed on an outside branch. At tight cluster (11 May), 18 TPB were caught on the four traps and control measures were initiated the following morning. Treatments were applied with a Swanson® airblast sprayer adjusted to deliver 450 1/ha (47.4 gallons/acre) at 1034 KPA (150 PSI). Spray drift from one row to the other was eliminated with the use of a screen (12 x 16 ft) mounted on a trailer and pulled along by a second tractor running parallel with the sprayer in the adjacent passageway. At harvest 250 apples were collected from the center row of each replicate (750 apples per treatment) and scored for TPB and EAS injury. An analysis of variance was carried out on the actual data.
Apple, Concentrate and Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Test, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Yorking’ and 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 x 20 ft and were 19 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph, except for HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP which were applied dilute to run-off with a high pressure handgun at approximately 4 gal of spray per tree. Application dates varied between treatments and are as listed in the tables. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (captan 50 WP, Nova 40 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP and Topsin 85 DF) and nutrients (Solubor and CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 35 WP, Lannate 1.8 L) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (125 leaves/treatment). Effects of treatments on SP were measured by 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Apple, Oblique-Banded Leafroller Control with Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (‘D’ Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with a CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made on 2, 15 and 22 Jul. Streptomycin, Dithane, Captan and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. A terminal evaluation was made on 7 Aug by randomly selecting 50 terminals per tree (200 per treatment) and counting terminals with leafroller larvae or feeding damage. A harvest fruit evaluation was made on 10 Sep with 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree (400 per treatment) and inspected for leafroller damage.
Pear, Grape Mealybug Control, 1992
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature pear trees were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of GMB. Plots consisted of 8 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated by counting GMB on 10 shoots per replicate on 2 Jun and by rating 25 fruits per replicate at harvest for presence of nymphs in the calyx and fruit russet from honeydew. All early season treatments except AC 303630 were applied twice, at clusterbud (CB) stage (26 Mar) and petal fall (PF) stage (17 Apr) of tree development. AC 303630 was applied only once at PF. Three of the treatments were applied only at the time of summer generation crawlers activity (1 Jul).
Pear, Insecticide Evaluations, 1992
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature ‘Bartlett’ pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. All treatments except Agridyne and NTN 33893 at 6.7 oz were applied 23 Apr, 19 May and 20 Jul. Agridyne was applied 23, 30 Apr, 7 May and 1, 8, 15 Jun. NTN 33893 at 6.7 oz was applied 23 Apr and 19 May. Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5-beating-tray sample per replication. PP nymphs were counted from a 25-leafsample per replicate. Samples prior to 26 May consisted of fruiting spur leaves, those during the remainder of the season consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 5 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under 10 X magnification. Fruit damage by insects and mites was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market ‘Bartlett’ pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Summer Control of Pear Psylla and Pear Rust Mite, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Mature Bartlett trees in Fennville, MI (VanVorhees-Middle Block) were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 100 921/acre of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Materials were applied as indicated in the table on 6 May (white bud), 14 May (petal fall), 27 May (IC), 8 Jun (2C), 22 Jun (3C), and 2 Jul (4C). Streptomycin, Ferbam, Bee-scent, and Dodine were applied to all treatments separately. Dates of PP and PRM evaluation were 20 May, 2, 9, 16, and 23 Jun, 2, 9, 15, 24, and 30 Jul, 6, 13, and 21 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves/replication (200 per treatment) were picked and brushed in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined under a stereo microscope for PRM adults. Twenty-five of the 50 leaves were also evaluated under a stereo microscope for PP nymphs and eggs. PP adults were not evaluated. At harvest on 25 Aug, 50 fruit per replicate (200 per treatment) were examined for Sooty mold and Russeting. Evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed on the table.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Eastern Grape Leafhopper, 1991
Authors: Muza Andrew J. , Saunders Michael C.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a mature vineyard at the Erie County Field Research Laboratory in North East, PA. Treatments were applied to Concord grapes trained to the single curtain (no tie) system. Treatments consisted of 6-vine plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Each treatment row was separated by 2 untreated buffer rows. Applications were made using a Friend, small plot sprayer equipped with an FMC, vineyard boom. Treatments were applied at 100 gal/acre with pressure adjusted to 100 psi. The treatments were applied on 12 Jul. Precipitation for Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep was 3.64, 1.00, 0.75, 3.49, 3.07 and 3.25 inches, respectively. A pre-treatment count of leafhopper nymphs was taken on 9 Jul. Post-treatment evaluations was conducted 5, 14, 21 and 31 days after application. Evaluations consisted of randomly selecting 10 injured leaves per plot and recording the number of leafhopper nymphs.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Sevin, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Sevin at different treatment schedules were compared to the standard rate and timing of Guthion for control of CM. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of four single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. In all cases the first treatment was applied at the beginning of CM egg hatch, 28 May, 250 degree days following first capture of moths in a pheromone trap. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled from Jun through Jul. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1992
Authors: French J. Victor , Hernandez Elias
Published: March 2022

The experimental acaricide, AC 303630 alone and tank mixed with NR 440 spray oil, was compared to standard Kelthane and Vendex treatments for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 4 times in a 6-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 12 X 24 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied on 14 May to foliar runoff (ca. 1.7 gal/tree) using a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 psi. At each count date, 13 fruit per replicate (52/treatment) were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10 x handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Thrips Control and Impact on California Red Scale, 1989
Authors: Morse J. G. , Walker G. P. , Brawner O. L. , Aitken D.C.G. , Smith D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for control of CT were evaluated during spring, 1989 on 5-year-old “Old Line” ‘Washington navel’ orange trees in Field 41-42 located at the University of California, Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California. The effect of these treatments on CRS also was evaluated. One hundred-ten single tree plots were assigned to 10 blocks (11 trees per block) based on pretreatment levels of CRS so that the 11 trees per block had similar pretreatment infestations of CRS. One tree in each block then was assigned randomly to each of the 11 treatments. Thus, the experimental design for CRS data was a randomized complete block with 10 blocks which was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. However, the criterion for blocking (scale infestation) was irrelevant to thrips populations, therefore, the thrips data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with 10 replicates. There were 11 treatments: an untreated control and two types of spray coverage for each of 5 insecticides. “Scale” spray coverage was high volume (ca. 1,000 gal/acre) with the objective of wetting all interior and exterior woody and foliar surfaces. This is a type of coverage used to control CRS. “Thrips” coverage was low volume (200 gal/acre) with the objective of obtaining outside coverage (i.e. wetting the exterior of the tree only).
Codling Moth Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1992
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Steenwyk R. A. Van
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on ‘Serr’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Arbuckle, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. There was a buffer tree in each direction from the experimental trees. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 300 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray (8.3 gal/tree). RH-5992 at 0.125 lb Al/acre was applied on 15 Apr (CM egg deposition) and again on 11 May. RH-5992 at 0.25 lb Al/acre, Imidan and Lorsban (grower standard program) were applied on 27 Apr (5-10% CM egg hatch) for the overwintering generation. In addition, RH-5992 at 0.125 lb Al/acre was applied on 3 Jun (start of oviposition for the first CM generation) and again on 24 Jul, while RH-5992 at 0.25 lb Al/acre, Imidan and Guthion (grower standard program) were applied on 17 Jul (5% to 10% egg hatch of first generation). Control of the overwintering generation was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts weekly from 26 May through 24 Jun. Control of the first generation was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts/tree at commercial harvest on 17 Sep for CM and NOW infestation.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Imidan and Guthion, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Imidan and Guthion were evaluated for CM control when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test consisted of four single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gallons per acre. The first application coincided with beginning of CM egg hatch as predicted by the CM degree day (°D) model at 250°D after first capture of males in pheromone traps [BIOFIX], 29 May. The second application was made 21 days following the first. The third application (first against the second generation) was made at 1250°D following BIOFIX, 22 Jul; and the last application was made 21 days following the third. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled in Jun, Jul and Aug. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope. Aphids were evaluated by examining 10 shoots in two replicates (trees) per treatment on 5 Jul, after the first two sprays had been applied in all treatments, and recording the number infested by aphids as well as the number of aphids on the most infested leaf.
Spray Evaluations for Bean Insects, 1992
Authors: Webb D.R. , Eckenrode C.J. , Hessney M.L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of double rows (25 ft) planted 26 Tun; 3 ft apart and placed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. There was a 15 ft alleyway between each replication with 2 unsprayed buffer rows between treatments. A tractor-powered, 2-row planter was used for seeding. The plot was located at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, New York. Sprays were applied 4 (blossom stage), 11, and 25 Aug. The tractor-mounted sprayer was equipped with a 2-row boom with 3 nozzles/row and delivered 50 gal/acre at 50 psi. Plot evaluations on 1 Sep were conducted by harvesting all pods from consecutive plants for a 1 lb sample from each treatment in each replication. TPB damage was calculated from the no. of pods injured/1 lb sample and then recorded on a percentage basis. MBB counts were made from 25 consecutive plants from each treatment in each replication with no. of larvae recorded.
Seed Maggot Control, 1992
Authors: Webb D.R. , Eckenrode C.J. , Hessney M.L. , Taylor A.G.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, N.Y. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase seed maggot oviposition. This bait, when placed in the seed furrow, has reduced stands in bean plantings by up to 50%, so care was taken to avoid mixing with the seed. Each plot consisted of single-row treatments (15 ft), 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated using conventional slurry methods on 1 Jul, or film coatings on 30 Jun; plots were planted 2 Jul; and damage counts were made 16 Jul. The film coatings were applied by A.G. Taylor (Dept. of Hort. Science, NYS Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva. N.Y.) by suspending Trigard 75 WP and Captan (2.5 oz form/seed cwt) in a 15% solution of Opadry F (Colorcon Co.) and then spraying the seeds with the suspension. Emerged seedlings in each row were counted and percent damage was calculated using no. damaged plants.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage with Teflubenzuron, 1990
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 5 Feb 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 30 Jan. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 25 Jan. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 2 Feb for week control. Plants were irrigated 4 h day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates. Treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 1.8 m alleyway. Efficacy and residual activity of CME 13406 (0.033 kg (AI)/ha) were evaluated using three treatment strategies; applications made weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter; applications made at 2 wk intervals until heading and then judiciously thereafter; and applications made at 2 wk intervals.
Integrated Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 6 Feb 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 30 Jan. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 25 Jan. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 2 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Eight treatments and a nontreated check were compared. Treatments tested were alternate week applications of an insect growth regulator, CME 13406 (0.033 kg (AI)/ha), in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) or Dipel 2 X (0.56 kg/ha) rotated with B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Cutlass WP or Dipel 2 X); biweekly applications of CME 13406 in combination with B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Cutlass WP or Dipel 2 X); biweekly applications of CME 13406; and weekly application of Cutlass, Dipel, and Phosdrin 4 E (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Dipel 2 X (0.56 kg/ha). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design.
Sorghum Greenbug Control, 1976
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design in Clay County, Nebraska. Irrigated plots, summarized in Table 1, were 2 rows, 45 ft long (30 in centers), with 5 replications. Plots were separated by 1 untreated row on each side and a 15 ft grass driveway on each end. Irrigation water was applied with towline sprinklers. All other plots were under dryland conditions and were 2 rows, 30 feet long (30 in centers). Plots were separated by 1 untreated row on each side and 1, 4ft alley and a 15 ft wide untreated strip at each end. Dryland experiments were replicated 4 times except for the recommended insecticide test (Table 2) which was replicated 5 times. Granular insecticides were applied with a Noble metering device mounted on the planter or a bicyclewheeled carriage. Liquid insecticides were applied with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on an International Harvester 140 tractor. Relative effectiveness of treatments was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on 10 plants selected at random from each plot until July 19 when 5 plants per plot were examined. Percent control was calculated by Abbott's formula.
Aphid Control on Tobacco, 1976
Authors: Barney W. P. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

An on-farm test comparing several insecticide sprays labeled for aphid control was conducted in Granville Co., North Carolina, using a completely randomized design. Plots consisted of 4 rows x 100 ft (ca 200 plants/plot) separated by vacant 5th middles and 10 ft alleys. Spray treatments were applied using a tractor sprayer with a 2 row boom and 3 full-cone nozzles (TG-3) per row delivering 50 gal/acre at 60 psi. Furadan (10G) was applied broadcast in 6 plots 2 weeks prior to transplant. Spray treatments were applied pre-button on July 20 when aphid infestation exceeded the economic threshold of 25% or more plants medium-heavily infested. Live aphids were counted on the 2 heaviest infested leaves of 10 randomly selected plants July 23 and 27.
Tobacco Budworm Control on Tobacco, 1975-76
Authors: Regan T. E. , Barney W. P.
Published: March 2022

Ten on-farm tesfc were conducted comparing tfie systemic insectide, carbofuran (Furadan) to merhomyl treatments sprayed at different theoretical threshold levels, and to Dipel bait, and a cultural method for controlling damage of the tobacco budworm on flue-cured tobacco. Plots consisted of 4 100 ft rows separated by a vacant 5th middle and 10 ft alleys between each of 3 replications. Soil fumigant nematicide (Telone C or Shell DD ) was used prior to transplant if soil samples or previous field history indicated a need for control. Furadan was applied broadcast 2 weeks prior to transplant. Merhomyl (Lannate) treatments were applied with a tractor sprayer using a 2-row boom and 3 fijll-cone nozzles (TG-3) per row delivering 50 gal/__ acre at 60 psi. Budworms were counted weekly on 20 randomly selected plants in each plot. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Wireworm Control on Tobacco, 1976
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Collins W. K. , Barney W. P.
Published: March 2022

On-farm tests were conducted in Bladen and Lenoir counties, North Carolina, to determine the effectiveness of insecticides for control of wireworms on flue-cured tobacco. Treatments replicated 4 times with 2 rows (42 in apart and 78 ft long) per plot at each location. Insecticides were disced into plots following application and rows ridged immediately after soil in corporation. Ten to 14 days after transplant, 25 plants per plot were dug and removed to the laboratory where stems were washed, split lengthwise and examined for wireworm injury according to the following numerical evaluation criteria: 0 - no damage; 1 - no apparant damage other than scarification feeding on the epidermis; 2 - little apparent damage but feeding holes reach pith of the stem; 3 - plants greatly weakened from tunneling in the stem; 4 - plants killed due to extensive tunneling. Wireworm specimens were collected and identified from plants and adjacent soil. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Severity of Barley Yellow Dwarf As Related To Insecticidal Treatments For Control of Aphids, 1975
Authors: Reed H. E. , Chambers A. Y. , Lentz G. L.
Published: March 2022

In a field test at Jackson, Tennessee, 4 systemic insecticides were tested in 14 treatments for control of aphids which transmit barley yellow dwarf virus. Seedling date was October 1 '75. Four replications of each treatment were made using a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of 5,20 ft rows, 7.5 inches apart with 2 ft between plots.
European Pine Shoot Moth Control on Pine, 1975
Authors: Campbell R. Lee
Published: March 2022

The test plants were 4 - 6 ft tall sheared Scots pine Christmas trees located on a plantation near Tumwater, Washington. Four replicates of each treatment, in a Completely Randomized design, were used. Each plot consisted of a block of trees 9 rows × 18 rows (0.1 acre). Treatments were applied row by row with Holder backpack power mistblowers applying 3 gal per plot (30 gal/acre). Treatment dates were Jun 10, Jul 1, Jul 14, and Jul 29. The treatments were evaluated on Aug 21 by examining 100 buds in each plot (10 from each of 10 trees selected haphazardly in the middle of each plot) for evidence of infestation. On Sept 3, 100 buds from each plot of selected treatments were brought into the laboratory and dissected to ascertain presence of living larvae. Laboratory dissection of buds confirmed the accuracy of field-collected data.
Mouse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1976
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebrafontinella. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally (mg/kg basis) with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks (to prevent grooming) and are dipped (body only) into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed, and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae (usually in inguinal region). Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R.E., etal., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(3): 742-5, and Drummond, R.O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(4): 1211-2. Recent resuhTwere presented by Drummond, R. O., 1976, Insect. Acaric. Tests 1: 117-8.
Area Control of Tabanids with Naled, 1976
Authors: Hagen Arthur F.
Published: March 2022

The Scottsbluff area treated was 182 acres of lowland pasture in which 2 streams and 2 ponds are located. In addition, waste water from surrounding irrigation also drains into the area causing additional moist, swampy areas. The chemical was diluted with water with a pH of 8.2. This mixture was applied by airplane at the rate of 2 gallons/acre. Two applications were made, the first on July 7th and the second on August 11th. Both applications were made at ca 6 p.m. Mean temperature during the spraying and sampling times for the test was 81.2° F. Wind velocity during this same period was less than 5 mph. Tabanid counts were obtained by using two CO2 traps coated with Tack Trap. The number of flies caught in a 2-hr period were recorded. Pre-treatment counts were made 1 day before treatment.
Azidotriazine Poultry Feed Additive For House Fly Control; Insect Growth Regulators, 1975
Authors: Breeden G. C. , Turner E. C. , Beane W. L.
Published: March 2022

Three replicates of 5 adult Leghorn hens were used for each treatment rate of each compound tested. The compounds were thoroughly mixed with a commercial laying mash and then fed to the hens for 7 days. Untreated feed was fed the following 7 days. One collective manure sample was taken daily from each relicate. All manure samples were placed in plastic bags and frozen (0°F) immediately. After all samples from each test were collected, they were thawed, placed in emergence containers, and seeded with 50 second-instar house fly larvae. In the first test, treatment rates for the azidotriazine compounds CGA-34296 (dry 95% technical) and CGA-19255 (dry 93% technical) were 0, 5, and 10 ppm (a.i. in feed). Dimilin (dry 99.4% technical) at 5 ppm and Altosid (PS-10) at 10 ppm were used as comparison standards. The house flies used in the first test were from a field strain known from previous research to be resistant to Altosid. When collected for lab rearing (Nov 1'74) this strain had been subjected to constant pressure by a 7.5 ppm (a.i. in feed) rate of Altosid in the field for about 4 months. In the second test, treatment rates for CGA-34296 and CGA-19255 were 0, 1.25, 2.50, and 5 ppm (a.i.in feed). Only Altosid at 10 ppm was used as a comparison standard. The house flies used in the second test were from another field strain known from previous research' to be resistant to Altosid. When collected for lab rearing (Sept 23'75), this strain had been subjected to constant pressure by a 10 ppm (a.i. in feed) rate of Altosid in the field for about 3 months.
Apple,

P

.

ulmi

CONTROL WITH INSECTICIDES, 1976
Authors: Hall Franklin R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in seasonal program for efficacy against red mite using 3 Red Delicious apple trees per treatment. Treatments were applied to run-off using a hand gun and truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer operating at 450-500 psi. Gallonage applied was ca 4 gallons/tree or equivalent of 350 gal/acre. Applications were made at petal fall May 8, and 6 cover sprays on May 19, June 2, June 17, July 2, July 19, and August 9, '76. Captan 50WP at 1 lb ai/100 gal included in all plots. BAAM and Imidan plots not sprayed until June 17. Regular Guthion program had Vydate 2L at 0.125 lb ai/100 added from.July 2, to end of season. Mites were counted by randomly collecting 25 leaves from 4-8' around each replicate tree, brushing mites onto glass plates and counting the day of sample.
Apple, Summer Mite Control Treatments, 1976
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J . , Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Acaricide treatments were applied midseason to young apple trees. The trees had a grower applied standard spray schedule. The acaricide treatments were applied July 15 with a Bean, 35 gallon per minute hydraulic sprayer operating at 540 psi. The trees were sprayed to run-off. Dual tree treatments were replicated 5 times. The mite populations were sampled at about one and two weeks after treatment. Twenty leaves were collected from each replicate and brushed with a machine of a modified Henderson-McBurnie type. The dislodged mites were trapped on the surface of a revolving glass plate in a thin layer of dilute polyvinyl alcohol (Emcol 5100). Sections of the plate were counted; from this the total number of mites in each sample was calculated.
Apple, European Red Mite and Apple Rust Mite Suppression, 1976
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. , McCaffrey J. P.
Published: March 2022

Three application rates of each of three pesticides were evaluated for suppression of mite populations in a block of six year old apple trees on M M 106 rootstock at Massies Mill , VA. The rows were laid out in an east-west direction with 22 feet between them. Tree spacing in the row was 12 feet. Before the commencement of the experiment the orchard was on a regular spraying schedule of Benlate 4 oz/acre + Guthion 4 oz/acre applied to alternate rows at approximately weekly intervals. Each material was applied with an adjustable hand gun to run off at 250 psi. Each plot consisted of four adjacent trees in a row, and plots of all treatments were randomly positioned within the row. Each treatment was replicated on three cultivars: Paula Red, Golden Delicious and Red Delicious. Treatments were applied first on August 3 , 1976 and repeated August 13, 1976. All counts were taken from 25 randomly selected leaves from the two central trees in each plot. We tabulated the data as mites per leaf after brushing and counting microscopically according to the Henderson-McBurnie method. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation was by Duncan's multiple range at P 5 .05.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1976
Authors: Jackson J. O. , Koval C. F.
Published: March 2022

Dilute sprays were applied to apple trees at 200 psi with a no. 2 gunjet until run off. Test plots at the Horticultural orchard, Arlington, Wl , included 10 frees each and 30 to 40 trees each at the Potter Preserve Orchard, Baraboo, W l . At Baraboc the fungicides Polyram and Captan (2 lbs each) were applied prebloom (April 29 , May 7) and at petal fall (May 26) . Polyram was applied with insecticide treatments at petal fall and with covers (June 9 , 25; July 13, 24; August 11 , 25) . Dipel (1lb) was applied to control plot (May 26 to suppress a cankerworm infestation. At Arlington insecticides were applied June 4 (petal fall) and covers (June 10, 26; July 13, 24; August 11 , 24). Sumithion was omitted in the third cover (July 13) for both orchards. Differences in injury by curculio (Arlington) and red-banded leafroller (both orchards) were tested by comparing each treatment with every other treatment using ts (approximates t distribution, d.f. = ™, for arcsin transformed data).
Apple, Dormant Control of Oystershell Scale, 1976
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied dilute to run off with a hand sprayer (400 psi), to single tree plots of Rhode Island Greening apple trees which had been heavily infested with oystershell scale the previous year. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design replicated 3 times. One spray was applied on April 9 when trees were in the late silver tip bud stage. On July 15, ten terminals were removed from each replication and the number of scales was counted on the first 5 inches of the current year's growth.