bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moving in small steps towards verb second: A case study
Authors: Waldmann Christian
Published: February 2012

This paper examines rule-based learning and item-based learning in relation to a Swedish child's acquisition of verb second in main clauses. While rule-based accounts assert that young children have access to syntactic structure and acquire a rule of generalized verb second, item-based accounts claim that young children are reproducing frequent word combinations in the input. The paper provides new and important data from one Swedish child, concluding that the acquisition of verb second is the result of rule-based learning.
What is a categorical model of the differential and the resource λ-calculi?
Authors: MANZONETTO GIULIO
Published: February 2012

The differential λ-calculus is a paradigmatic functional programming language endowed with a syntactical differentiation operator that allows the application of a program to an argument in a linear way. One of the main features of this language is that it is resource conscious and gives the programmer suitable primitives to handle explicitly the resources used by a program during its execution. The differential operator also allows us to write the full Taylor expansion of a program. Through this expansion, every program can be decomposed into an infinite sum (representing non-deterministic choice) of ‘simpler’ programs that are strictly linear.

The aim of this paper is to develop an abstract ‘model theory’ for the untyped differential λ-calculus. In particular, we investigate what form a general categorical definition of a denotational model for this calculus should take. Starting from the work of Blute, Cockett and Seely on differential categories, we develop the notion of a Cartesian closed differential category and prove that linear reflexive objects living in such categories constitute sound and complete models of the untyped differential λ-calculus. We also give sufficient conditions for Cartesian closed differential categories to model the Taylor expansion. This requires that every model living in such categories equates all programs having the same full Taylor expansion.

We then provide a concrete example of a Cartesian closed differential category modelling the Taylor expansion, namely the category MRel of sets and relations from finite multisets to sets. We prove that the extensional model of λ-calculus we have recently built in MRel is linear, and is thus also an extensional model of the untyped differential λ-calculus. In the same category, we build a non-extensional model and prove that it is, nevertheless, extensional on its differential part.

Finally, we study the relationship between the differential λ-calculus and the resource calculus, which is a functional programming language combining the ideas behind the differential λ-calculus with those behind Boudol's λ-calculus with multiplicities. We define two translation maps between these two calculi and study the properties of these translations. In particular, this analysis shows that the two calculi share the same notion of a model, and thus that the resource calculus can be interpreted by translation into every linear reflexive object living in a Cartesian closed differential category.
Towards an international system of professional recognition for public health nutritionists: a feasibility study within the European Union
Authors: Davies Jennifer , Hughes Roger , Margetts Barrie
Published: February 2012

Objective

To test the feasibility of a pan-European professional recognition system for public health nutrition.

Design

A multistage consultation process was used to test the feasibility of a model system for public health nutritionist certification. A review of existing national-level systems for professional quality assurance was conducted via literature review and a web-based search, followed by direct inquiries among stakeholders. This information was used to construct a consultation document circulated to key stakeholders summarising the rationale of the proposed system and inviting feedback about the feasibility of the system. Two consultation workshops were also held. The qualitative data gathered through the consultation were collated and thematically analysed.

Setting

Europe.

Subjects

Public health nutrition workforce stakeholders across twenty-nine countries in the European Union.

Results

One hundred and forty-five contacts/experts representing twenty-nine countries were contacted with responses received from a total of twenty-eight countries. The system proposed involved a certification system of professional peer review of an applicant's professional practice portfolio, utilising systems supported by information technology for document management and distribution similar to peer-review journals. Through the consultation process it was clear that there was overall agreement with the model proposed although some points of caution and concern were raised, including the need for a robust quality assurance framework that ensures transparency and is open to scrutiny.

Conclusions

The consultation process suggested that the added value of such a system goes beyond workforce development to enhancing recognition of the important role of public health nutrition as a professional discipline in the European public health workforce.
Seasonal variation of solitary wave properties in Lake Constance
Authors: Preusse M. , Freistühler H. , Peeters F.
Published: February 2012

The properties of internal solitary waves (ISWs) depend on the stratification of the water body. In most climatic regions the stratification in lakes and oceans varies during the year, and hence the properties of the ISWs can also be expected to change over the seasons. On the basis of a long‐term temperature time series recorded over 6 years, this paper investigates seasonal changes in the characteristic properties of ISWs in Lake Überlingen, a subbasin of Lake Constance. A large number of ISWs with amplitudes ranging from 3 m to 30 m were identified. More than 15% of the leading ISWs of a wave train were associated with density inversions, often indicating shear instabilities or trapped cores. For all waves the propagation depth and the value of a nonlinearity index nlp providing the degree of nonlinearity were determined, propagation depth being the rest height of the isotherm undergoing maximum displacement and nlp the ratio between wave amplitude and propagation depth. The index nlp was found to be a good parameter for predicting the occurrence of inversions. The statistical analysis of the wave properties derived from the observations revealed that the degree of nonlinearity of the ISWs changes with season. Complementary to the statistical analysis, the seasonally averaged ISW properties were compared with wave prototypes obtained numerically from the Dubreil‐Jacotin‐Long (DJL) and the stratified Korteweg‐deVries (KdV) models. The simulations indicate that the typical stratification and its seasonal variation are responsible for the degree and the seasonality of nonlinearity of the ISWs.
Solar flare impacts on ionospheric electrodyamics
Authors: Qian Liying , Burns Alan G. , Solomon Stanley C. , Chamberlin Phillip C.
Published: February 2012

The sudden increase of X‐ray and extreme ultra‐violet irradiance during flares increases the density of the ionosphere through enhanced photoionization. In this paper, we use model simulations to investigate possible additional contributions from electrodynamics, finding that the vertical E × B drift in the magnetic equatorial region plays a significant role in the ionosphere response to solar flares. During the initial stage of flares, upward E × B drifts weaken in the magnetic equatorial region, causing a weakened equatorial fountain effect, which in turn causes lowering of the peak height of theF2 region and depletion of the peak electron density of the F2 region. In this initial stage, total electron content (TEC) enhancement is predominantly determined by solar zenith angle control of photoionization. As flares decay, upward E × B drifts are enhanced in the magnetic equatorial region, causing increases of the peak height and density of the F2 region. This process lasts for several hours, causing a prolonged F2‐region disturbance and TEC enhancement in the magnetic equator region in the aftermath of flares. During this stage, the global morphology of the TEC enhancement becomes predominantly determined by these perturbations to the electrodynamics of the ionosphere.
Dynamics of Creativity and Empathy in Role Reversal: Contributions from Neuroscience
Authors: Yaniv Dani
Published: February 2012

The challenge of understanding another person and what it takes to truly feel understood by another is at the hub of human social existence. Psychodramatic role reversal is a related method, rooted in classical role theory, in which two individuals each take the role of the other in an interpersonal situation and actually behave as if one is the other, before returning to their primary selves. In this exercise, every member of the dyad has to overcome both physical constraints and the natural tendency to adhere to one's own viewpoint. This requires empathic abilities as well as creative imagination. Simultaneous holding of two mental representations, one's own and another's, may be a mechanism by which this task could be achieved. Psychological and neurobiological research is presented in favor of this assumption and the concept of creative empathy is introduced as a target for future quantitative and qualitative studies.
Habitual Creativity: Revising Habit, Reconceptualizing Creativity
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad Petre
Published: February 2012

Current psychological scholarship is based on a dichotomy between habit, associated with automatic reflex behavior, and creativity, which involves deliberation, purpose and heuristic procedures. However, this account is problematic and contradicts everyday experience where mastery, for instance, is one of the highest levels of creative performance achieved within a habitual practice. This article argues that such a separation misrepresents both habit and creativity with important theoretical and practical consequences. A first step toward reconciling the two terms is made by revisiting a series of foundational strands of theory from psychology and related disciplines. In light of these sources, habit is reformulated as a social, situated, and open system, and habitual creativity defined as the intrinsically creative nature of customary action, reflected in the way habits adjust to dynamic contexts, the way they are used, combined, and ultimately perfected. Further distinctions are then made between habit, improvisation, and innovation. Both improvisational and innovative creativity are embedded in habitual forms and this is well illustrated by craftwork: a practiced type of activity on the basis of which artisans improvise, whenever obstacles or difficulties are encountered, and even get to innovate when their intention is to generate novel artifacts or work techniques.
Protocol for Metatranscriptomic analysis of Intestinal Microbiota
Authors: Poroyko Valeriy , Hernandez Alvaro , Alverdy John , Liu Donald
Published: February 2012

The objective of this publication is to provide the detailed protocol for metartancriptomisc studies of animal intestinal microbiota. The protocol describes isolation of high quality microbial community RNA from the mammalian intestinal content, subsequent mRNA enrichment, cDNA synthesis and sequencing. Twelve libraries were prepared, pooled in equimolar concentrations into a single library and sequenced on one GS Titanium 70 × 75 picotiter plate, following this protocol. The total number of reads obtained for 12 libraries was 1,155,062 (average 96,000 per library) and the combined size of 12 libraries was 521 million bases (average 43 million bases per library). The reported size of non-ribosomal RNA library fraction is ~15%, the fraction of non-ribosomal reads is ~17%. Hence we described a robust technique for metranscriptomic studies of animal intestinal microbiota. The double stranded cDNAs, prepared following this protocol, are suitable for pyrosequencing (454, Illumina), clone library construction or could be used to archive and store metaranscriptomic samples.
Temperature inhomogeneities simulated with multiparticle-collision dynamics
Authors: Lüsebrink Daniel , Ripoll Marisol
Published: February 2012

The mesoscopic simulation technique known as multiparticle collision dynamics is presented as a very appropriate method to simulate complex systems in the presence of temperature inhomogeneities. Three different methods to impose the temperature gradient are compared and characterized in the parameter landscape. Two methods include the interaction of the system with confining walls. The third method considers open boundary conditions by imposing energy fluxes. The transport of energy characterizing the thermal diffusivity is also investigated. The dependence of this transport coefficient on the method parameters and the accuracy of existing analytical theories is discussed.
Development of soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system with a two-dimensional angle-resolved time-of-flight analyzer at SPring-8 BL07LSU
Authors: Ogawa Manami , Yamamoto Susumu , Kousa Yuka , Nakamura Fumitaka , Yukawa Ryu , Fukushima Akiko , Harasawa Ayumi , Kondoh Hiroshi , Tanaka Yoshihito , Kakizaki Akito , Matsuda Iwao
Published: February 2012

We have developed a soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system using synchrotron radiation (SR) at SPring-8 BL07LSU and an ultrashort pulse laser system. Two-dimensional angle-resolved measurements were performed with a time-of-flight-type analyzer. The photoemission spectroscopy system is synchronized to light pulses of SR and laser using a time control unit. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by mapping the band structure of a Si(111) crystal over the surface Brillouin zones and observing relaxation of the surface photo-voltage effect using the pump (laser) and probe (SR) method.
A model for the effective thermal conductivity of metal-nonmetal particulate composites
Authors: Ordonez-Miranda J. , Yang Ronggui , Alvarado-Gil J. J.
Published: February 2012

The effective thermal conductivity of particulate composites with oriented spheroidal metallic particles embedded in a dielectric matrix is analyzed under the framework of the two-temperature model of heat conduction. The obtained analytical results show that the effective thermal conductivity depends strongly on (1) the relative size of the particle inclusions with respect to the electron-phonon coupling length and (2) the ratio between the electron and phonon thermal conductivities. The effect of the electron-phonon coupling inside metallic particles is expressed by the reduction of the composite thermal conductivity with respect to its corresponding values obtained for an infinite electron-phonon coupling factor, where the analysis could be established based on the Fourier law of heat conduction. It is shown that the composite thermal conductivity has upper and lower bounds, which are determined by the particle size in comparison with the electron-phonon coupling length. The generalized model for spheroidal particles is then used to analyze the thermal conductivity for limiting cases on the particle shape including spheres, cylinders, and flat plates. For perfect electron-phonon coupling, the proposed model reduces to various previously-reported results. This study shows that the particle size dependence of the thermal conductivity of metal-nonmetal composites appears not only through the interfacial thermal resistance but also by means of the electron-phonon coupling. The results of this work could be useful for guiding the design of particulate composites with spheroidal metallic inclusions from macro/micro- to nanoscales.
Real-time observation of the capacitance variation in a surface dielectric layer in radio frequency discharge
Authors: Bang Jin-Young , Yoo Kyoung , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: February 2012

The capacitance of an Al2O3 layer coated on a probe was measured in real-time in plasma using the harmonic method. The measured capacitance was influenced by the applied power and the exposure time to the plasma. Upon varying the power, the capacitance quickly changed and then slowly saturated. The change in the capacitance was partly understood to be due the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. However, the rate of the capacitance change as a function of temperature was higher than that typically observed, and the quick response to varying power was too fast to be explained by the temperature variation. These results showed that other effects besides temperature should be considered to explain this phenomenon.
On the origin of electrical conductivity in the bio-electronic material melanin
Authors: Bernardus Mostert A. , Powell Ben J. , Gentle Ian R. , Meredith Paul
Published: February 2012

The skin pigment melanin is one of a few bio-macromolecules that display electrical and photo-conductivity in the solid-state. A model for melanin charge transport based on amorphous semiconductivity has been widely accepted for 40 years. In this letter, we show that a central pillar in support of this hypothesis, namely experimental agreement with a hydrated dielectric model, is an artefact related to measurement geometry and non-equilibrium behaviour. Our results cast significant doubt on the validity of the amorphous semiconductor model and are a reminder of the difficulties of electrical measurements on low conductivity, disordered organic materials.
Compositional instability in InAlN/GaN lattice-matched epitaxy
Authors: Wei Q. Y. , Li T. , Huang Y. , Huang J. Y. , Chen Z. T. , Egawa T. , Ponce F. A.
Published: February 2012

The InxAl1−xN/GaN system is found to show compositional instability at the lattice-matched composition (x = 0.18) in epitaxial layers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The breakdown in compositional homogeneity is triggered by threading dislocations with a screw component propagating from the GaN underlayer, which tend to open up into V-grooves at a certain thickness of the InxAl1−xN layer. The V-grooves coalesce at ∼200 nm and are filled with material that exhibits a significant drop in indium content and a broad luminescence peak. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that the structural breakdown is due to heterogeneous nucleation and growth at the facets of the V-grooves.
Management teaching, the spiritual dimension and the acceptance of the Islamic other
Authors: Weir David
Published: February 2012

This article aims to provide a reminder of other traditions of spirituality and the contemplative in ethical questions in business, and to suggest some opportunities for re-introducing these themes into the work of business schools. It is timely to go beyond the Western emphases on management and knowledge rooted in positivistic epistemologies and in individualistic ‘rational actor’ models of organizational action in which economic goal-orientation and objective-targeted behaviours are assumed to be universal human characteristics. It reviews some of the foundational principles of management in the Islamic world, as Islam represents a comprehensive worldview and a basis for cultural and behavioural universality. In particular, I note the Islamic approach to wealth, seen as a collective and community asset within the responsibility of theUmmah, theWastaapproach to mediation and influence in social networks and the concern for the interests of the generalized other.
Environmental isolation and characterisation of Cryptococcus species from living trees in Havana city, Cuba
Authors: Illnait‐Zaragozí M. T. , Martínez‐Machín G. F. , Fernández‐Andreu C. M. , Perurena‐Lancha M. R. , Theelen B. , Boekhout T. , Meis J. F. , Klaassen C. H.
Published: February 2012

Cryptococcus isolates from Cuban patients were identified as C. neoformans var. grubii. Although this species has since long been associated with bird droppings, a recent genotyping study provided strong evidence for additional origins of exposure. We sampled different species of trees in Havana, Cuba to identify other potential sources of exposure to this fungus. A total of 662 samples were collected from 331 trees and cacti from Havana, Cuba. Initial selection of the isolates was carried out by conventional techniques. Isolates were further characterised using a combination of AFLP analysis and DNA sequence analysis. Identification by conventional methods yielded 121 C. neoformans and 61 C. gattii isolates. Molecular analyses showed that none of these isolates was C. gattii and only one isolate proved to be C. neoformans var. grubii. A total of 27 different other species were identified. The most prevalent species was C. heveanensis (33%). Sixty‐five unidentifiable isolates segregated into ten potentially novel species. Conventional cultivation methods have a low specificity for C. neoformans complex and molecular analyses need to be applied to confirm identification of isolates from environmental sources. Environmental niches responsible for most of human cryptococcal infections in Cuba remain to be identified.
Inheritance of white petiole in celery and development of a tightly linked SCAR marker
Authors: Han Qing , Wang Shuai , Yang Wencai , Shen Huolin
Published: February 2012

With 2 figures and 1 table

Petiole colour is an important breeding objective for celery. An F2 segregation population of 185 plants was constructed from a cross between the white petiole parent ‘CE72W’ and the normal green parent ‘CE82L’ in celery. Field statistic data revealed that all F1 individuals had white petioles and the ratio of white to normal green was 3 : 1 in the F2 population. These results indicated that a dominant gene, designated Wp1, controlled the white petiole trait. Sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) techniques combined with bulked segregant analysis were subsequently carried out in an F2 population. One hundred and thirty‐five SRAP markers were screened and tested. Only one SRAP marker (E67M59) that was tightly linked to the white petiole trait was identified and successfully converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. In conclusion, this SCAR marker will facilitate the marker‐assisted selection of celery breeding and can be used for further genetic study and genetic map building.
Gene expression analysis of chilling requirements for flower bud break in peach
Authors: Leida Carmen , Romeu José F. , García‐Brunton Jesús , Ríos Gabino , Badenes María L.
Published: February 2012

With 2 figures and 2 tables

Dormancy has been defined as the inability to initiate growth from meristem under favourable environmental conditions. The length of dormancy is a genotype‐specific trait that limits the climatic adaptability of temperate crops, as peach. A better knowledge of the genes involved in dormancy may provide genetic tools for an early assessment of the trait in breeding programmes. Recent studies on the molecular aspects of dormancy provided an initial description of candidate genes involved in bud dormancy maintenance and release in peach. In this paper, we compare the chilling requirement for dormancy release of five peach cultivars with the expression of five genes and ESTs related to bud dormancy: DAM5, DB396 (ppa007606m), DB247 (ppa012188m), SB280 (ppa006974m) and PpB63 (ppa008309m). Results indicated that gene expression analysis could contribute to estimate the chilling requirement for dormancy release of new cultivars.
Dynamic changes in the gene expression of zebrafish Reelin receptors during embryogenesis and hatching period
Authors: Imai Hideaki , Oomiya Yoshihiro , Kikkawa Satoshi , Shoji Wataru , Hibi Masahiko , Terashima Toshio , Katsuyama Yu
Published: February 2012

The brain morphology of vertebrates exhibits huge evolutionary diversity, but one of the shared morphological features unique to vertebrate brain is laminar organization of neurons. Because the Reelin signal plays important roles in the development of the laminar structures in mammalian brain, investigation of Reelin signal in lower vertebrates will give some insights into evolution of vertebrate brain morphogenesis. Although zebrafish homologues of Reelin, the ligand, and Dab1, a cytoplasmic component of the signaling pathway, have been reported, the Reelin receptor molecules of zebrafish are not reported yet. Here, we sought cDNA sequence of zebrafish homologue of the receptors,vldlrandapoer2, and examined their expression patterns byin situhybridization. Developmental gene expression pattern ofreelin,dab1,vldlr, andapoer2in the central nervous system of zebrafish was compared, and their remarkable expression was detected in the developing laminar structures, such as the tectum and the cerebellum, and also non‐laminated structures, such as the pallium. The Reelin receptors exhibited different spatial and temporal gene expression. These results suggest a possibility that duplication and subsequent functional diversity of Reelin receptors contributed to the morphological and functional evolution of vertebrate brain.
CROSS‐MARKET TRADING IN CHINA'S LARGE STATE‐OWNED COMMERCIAL BANKS, 2006–2011
Authors: BURDEKIN RICHARD C. K. , YANG YANG (AMANDA)
Published: February 2012

This paper examines the differential between the share prices of China's large state‐owned commercial banks traded in Shanghai versus prices observed in Hong Kong. We find a significant role for investor sentiment, as reflected in relative price‐earnings ratios, in explaining these price differentials for all four banks. The share price in Shanghai tends to move ahead of the share price in Hong Kong when more positive sentiment in Shanghai makes local investors willing to pay more for the same predicted earnings. We also identify common trends in relative bank price‐earnings ratios and price differentials across the two markets. (JEL G14, G15)
FREE WILL ACCORDING TO JOHN DUNS SCOTUS AND NEUROSCIENCE
Authors: Severino Sally K.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. This paper examines two views of free will. It looks first at the fourteenth‐century religious insights of John Duns Scotus, one of history's seminal thinkers about free will. It then examines what current neuroscience tells us about free will. Finally, it summarizes the past and present views and concludes by answering two questions: Does free will refer to an absence of external constraint, or does it refer to a human ability to decide in an acausal manner?
PATERNITY BETWEEN LAW AND BIOLOGY: THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ISLAMIC LAW OF PATERNITY IN THE WAKE OF DNA TESTING
Authors: Shabana Ayman
Published: February 2012

Abstract: The discovery of DNA paternity tests has stirred a debate concerning the definition of paternity and whether the grounds for such a definition are legal or biological. According to the classical rules of Islamic law, paternity is established and negated on the basis of a valid marriage. Modern biomedical technology raises the question of whether paternity tests can be the sole basis for paternity, even independently of marriage. Although on the surface this technology seems to challenge the authority of Islamic law in this area, the paper argues that classical Islamic rulings pertaining to paternity issues continue to hold higher authority even in cases of conflict with modern technology‐based alternatives. Through closer analysis, the paper traces the emergence of a differentiation in the function of DNA tests between identity and paternity verification. While the former is accepted without reservation, the latter is approved only when it does not violate the rulings of Islamic law.
MAINTENANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF R&D LEADERSHIP*
Authors: AFONSO OSCAR , BANDEIRA ANA MARIA
Published: February 2012

In the standard Schumpeterian‐growth models only follower firms invest in R&D activities and larger economies grow faster. Since these results are counterfactual, this paper reveals that leader firms often support R&D activities and economic growth can be independent of the market size. In particular, the maintenance of R&D leadership increases with: (i) the technological‐knowledge gap between leader and followers, since a firm‐specific learning effect of accumulated technological knowledge from past R&D is considered, (ii) the leaders' strategies that delay the next successful R&D supported by some follower firm, (iii) the market size, and (iv) the up‐grade of each innovation.
Lucretius Hebraizant: Spinoza's Reading of Ecclesiastes
Authors: Montag Warren
Published: February 2012

Spinoza viewed the book of Ecclesiastes, in its original Hebrew and thus cleared of the interpretations imposed upon it in the guise of translation, as a powerful critique of the two most important variants of the superstition that taught human beings to regard both nature and themselves as degraded expressions of an unattainable perfection. The first was organized around the concept of miracle, the divine suspension of the actual concatenation of things, as if God were an earthly sovereign declaring a state of exception. The second was the apparent opposite of this first, the idea that the concatenation of things has an origin and an end, that is, an order decreed by God. Spinoza reads Ecclesiastes through the lens of Epicurus and Lucretius, as if it were an attempt in the Hebrew idiom, an idiom in certain ways perhaps better suited for this task than either Greek or Latin, to shatter the decrees of destiny and to regard with pleasure those singular things (both human and non‐human) that cannot and need not be made straight.
Acute Postictal Psychosis: A Stereo EEG Study
Authors: So N. K. , Savard G. , Andermann F. , Olivier A. , Quesney L. F.
Published: February 2012

Summary An acute psychosis characterized by auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions developed in a 19‐year‐old man with temporal lobe epilepsy after he had a cluster of seizures when antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) had been gradually discontinued. Continuous stereotactic depth and epidural EEG recordings confirmed that this was a postictal rather than an ictal event. Acute postictal psychosis is a self‐limited condition phenomenologically distinct from ictal or postictal confusion.

Une psychose aiguë caractérisée par des hallucinations auditives et un délire paranoïde s'est installée chez un homme âgé de 19 ans présentant une épilepsie temporale, à la suite d'une série de crises succédant une diminution progressive du traitement antiépileptique. Des enregistrements EEG profonds par méthode stéréotaxique et épiduraux ont confirmé qu'il s'agissait là d'un état post‐critique plutôt que d'un état critique. La psychose aiguë post‐critique est un tat auto‐limité qui se distingue sur le Plan phénoménologique de la confusion critique ou post‐critique.

En un hombre de 19 años con epilepsía del lóbulo temporal mostró un cuadro de psicosis aguda caracterizado por alucinaciones auditivas y delirios paranóicos después de una serie de ataques que aparecieron una vez que se había interrumpido la medicación anti‐epiléptica tras una reducción gradual. Los registros stereotácticos con EEG de superficie y epidural, confirmaron que se trataba de un acontecimiento post‐ictal más que ictal. La psicosis aguda post‐ictal es una situación de breve duración que difiere de la confusión ictal o post‐ictal.

Bei einem 19 Jahre alten Mann mit Temporallappenepilepsie entwickelte sich nach einer. Serie von Anfällen, nach dem die Antiepileptika allmählich abgesetzt worden waren, eine akute Psychose mit auditorischen Halluzinationen und paranoiden Vorstellungen. Kontinuierliche sterotaktische Tiefen und Epidural‐Elektroden—EEG Ableitungen bestätigten, daß es sich um ein postiktales Ereignis und nicht um ein iktales Ereignis handelte. Die akute Psychose ist ein eigenständiger Zustand, der phänomenologisch von den iktalen oder postiktalen Konfusionszuständen absugrenzen ist.
Transcranial Doppler Quantification of Residual Shunt after Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: Correlation of Device Efficacy with Intracardiac Anatomic Measures
Authors: SORENSEN SHERMAN G. , SPRUANCE SPOTSWOOD L. , SMOUT RANDALL , HORN SUSAN
Published: February 2012

Background:

Percutaneous, mechanical closure of defects of the atrial septum fails to completely resolve shunting in up to 20% of cases. Little is known about the factors associated with device failure.

Methods:

We measured the left atrial opening (X), right atrial opening (Z), tunnel length (Y), septum secundum, device‐septum primum separation, and tunnel compressibility of the patent foramen ovale (PFO) in 301 patients with cryptogenic neurological events, PFO anatomy, and severe Valsalva shunting (Spencer Grade 5–5+). All patients then underwent percutaneous closure with the GORE®HELEX Septal Occluder device and were evaluated at 3 months for residual shunt by transcranial Doppler (TCD).

Results:

Severe residual Valsalva shunt (TCD Grade 5–5+) was found at 3 months in 21 of 301 (7%) patients. X, Y, and Z were associated with failure with a high degree of statistical significance, whereas the width of the septum secundum, device‐septum primum separation, and tunnel compressibility were not. An unanticipated finding was that 14 of 35 (40%) patients sized with a large balloon failed compared with 9 of 280 (3%) sized with a small balloon (P < 0.0001). In the multivariate logistic regression model, X (P = < 0.0001) and balloon size (P < 0.0001) were both strong predictors of failure.

Conclusions:

In an intracardiac echocardiography‐defined PFO population, characterized by severe baseline Valsalva shunt and a high incidence of persistent (rest) shunting, association of six intracardiac measurements to closure device failure by multivariate logistic regression showed that the width of the left atrial opening was a strong predictor of residual shunting. An unanticipated finding was that use of a large sizing balloon was also strongly associated with failure. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:304–312)
Reducing Needle‐To‐Balloon Time by Using a Single Guiding Catheter during Transradial Primary Coronary Intervention
Authors: MOON KEON‐WOONG , KIM JI‐HOON , KIM JU‐YOUN , JUNG MI‐HYANG , KIM GEE‐HEE , YOO KI‐DONG , KIM CHUL‐MIN
Published: February 2012

Objectives and Background: It is unknown whether using a single guiding catheter for both nonculprit and culprit vessel angiography and intervention during transradial primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is feasible.

Methods: This single‐center study enrolled 242 consecutive patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who received primary PCI. Among them, 102 patients received primary PCI via transfemoral approach (TFI), 109 patients received primary PCI via transradial approach using conventional technique (Conventional TRI), and 31 underwent primary TRI using a single guiding catheter (Single Guiding TRI). The catheter used for this purpose was 6 Fr RM® 3.5 guiding catheter.

Results: Using a single guiding catheter, both coronary artery angiograms and intervention were successful in 30 of 31 patients (96.7%). Needle‐to‐balloon time (from puncture to first balloon) and door‐to‐balloon (D2B) time were similar between TFI and Conventional TRI groups and significantly lower in the Single Guiding TRI group (13.8 [TFI] and 14.1 [Conventional TRI] vs. 7.6 minutes, P < 0.001; 89.5 [TFI] and 91.0 [Conventional TRI] vs. 68.5 minutes, P = 0.008, respectively), whereas proportion of patients achieving D2B time within 90 minutes increased significantly in the Single Guiding TRI group from 51.0% for TFI and 49.5% for Conventional TRI to 74.2% (P = 0.023).

Conclusions: Primary transradial PCI using a single guiding catheter is feasible and highly successful and might allow timely restoration of blood flow in infarct‐related artery. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:330–336)
Le Conte de deux cités1 : Analyse comparative des conflits urbains de Montréal et Valence, 1995–2010
Authors: Renau Luis del Romero , Trudelle Catherine
Published: February 2012

Les processus de métropolisation à l’œuvre dans les sociétés contemporaines provoquent des restructurations territoriales qui rencontrent souvent une forte opposition de la part d’une multitude d’acteurs évoluant sur la scène urbaine. Si l’activité conflictuelle suscite l’intérêt de chercheurs depuis plusieurs décennies, l’analyse géographique des conflits urbains en tant que processus socio‐spatiaux est plus récente. Cependant, la recherche sur les conflits urbains est pauvre en termes d’analyse comparative systématique à l’échelle internationale. L’analyse comparative systématique permet d’étudier la relation entre la nature des conflits et les contextes dans lesquels ils émergent et évoluent. Cet article présente une analyse comparative des conflits urbains survenus dans quelques arrondissements de deux métropoles caractérisées par des réalités géographiques différentes, Valence (Espagne) et Montréal (Canada), durant la période 1995–2010. Des techniques d’autocorrélation révèlent une relation significative entre l’émergence de conflits et la distribution spatiale de certaines variables contextuelles. En effet, tant pour Montréal que pour Valence, la concentration de conflits est plus importante dans les quartiers les plus défavorisés. Aussi, en matière de gestion des conflits, les résultats jettent un éclairage nouveau sur des différences notables entre Montréal et Valence et ce, tant au niveau du dénouement des événements conflictuels, des répertoires d’action des acteurs impliqués, que du type d’opposition auquel font face les promoteurs des projets urbains contestés.
Quality of cluster randomized controlled trials in oral health: a systematic review of reports published between 2005 and 2009
Authors: Froud Robert , Eldridge Sandra , Diaz Ordaz Karla , Marinho Valeria Coelho Catao , Donner Allan
Published: February 2012

Froud R, Eldridge S, Diaz Ordaz K, Marinho VCC, Donner A. Quality of cluster randomized controlled trials in oral health: a systematic review of reports published between 2005 and 2009. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 3–14. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – 
Objectives:  To assess the quality of methods and reporting of recently published cluster randomized trials (CRTs) in oral health.

Methods:  We searched PubMed for CRTs that included at least one oral health‐related outcome and were published from 2005 to 2009 inclusive. We developed a list of criteria for assessing trial quality and reporting. This was influenced largely by the extended CONSORT statement for CRTs but also included criteria suggested by other authors. We examined the extent to which trials were consistent with these criteria.

Results:  Twenty‐three trials were included in the review. In 15 (65%) trials, clustering had been accounted for in sample size calculations, and in 18 (78%) authors had accounted for clustering in analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were reported for eight (35%) trials; the outcome assessor was reported as having been blinded to allocation in 12 (52%) trials; 17 (74%) described eligibility criteria at individual level, but only nine (39%) described such criteria at cluster level. Sixteen of 20 trials (80%), in which individuals were recruited, reported that individual informed consent was obtained.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the quality of recent CRTs in oral health is relatively high and appears to compare favourably with other fields. However, there remains room for improvement. Authors of future trials should endeavour to ensure sample size calculations and analyses properly account for clustering (and are reported as such), consider the potential for recruitment/identification bias at the design stage, describe the steps taken to avoid this in the final report and report observed ICCs and cluster‐level eligibility criteria.
Discovering factors influencing examiner agreement for periodontal measures
Authors: Slate Elizabeth H. , Hill Elizabeth G.
Published: February 2012

Slate EH, Hill EG. Discovering factors influencing examiner agreement for periodontal measures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 21–27. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – 
Objectives:  Calibration studies are routinely performed to establish examiner reliability in clinical periodontal research. In these studies, each periodontal site is assessed in duplicate, enabling point and interval estimation of agreement measures. We show how these data can be used additionally to discover subgroups among the periodontal sites according to degree of agreement with true periodontal status and to identify factors associated with examiner bias.

Methods:  A Bayesian hierarchical model is developed that, for all examiners, links the examiner’s recorded measurement with the site’s true periodontal status, allowing for site‐specific examiner effects on the recorded measurement. These site‐specific examiner effects are modeled as arising from a Dirichlet process mixture, which yields a small number (relative to the number of sites) of distinct effects for each examiner. Hence, sites that share the same examiner effect form a subgroup for which that examiner exhibits consistent bias relative to truth. We fit this model to data from a pilot calibration study for probed pocket depth measurements and use the results to explore examiner‐specific groupings of sites according to degree of agreement with true pocket depth. The discovered group assignments were then associated with characteristics of the site.

Results:  The Bayesian hierarchical modeling revealed that periodontal sites were grouped according to bias into three, two, and two subgroups, respectively, for each of the three study examiners. The magnitude of the bias was associated with tooth position and true depth of the pocket.

Conclusions:  Our Bayesian hierarchical model enhances the utility of data obtained from calibration studies for periodontal pocket depth by facilitating discovery of subgroups of sites according to examiner bias. The results indicate that targeting specific tooth locations and pocket depths during examiner training, uniquely for each examiner, may reduce bias in periodontal pocket depth measurements, thereby enhancing the quality of oral epidemiologic research.
The use of time‐to‐event methods in dental research: a comparison based on five dental journals over a 11‐year period
Authors: Vähänikkilä Hannu , Miettunen Jouko , Tjäderhane Leo , Larmas Markku , Nieminen Pentti
Published: February 2012

Vähänikkilä H, Miettunen J, Tjäderhane L, Larmas M, Nieminen P. The use of time‐to‐event methods in dental research: a comparison based on five dental journals over a 11‐year period. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 36–42. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – Objectives: Time‐to‐event methods are used in multivariate data analysis to describe the relationship between patient variables and the timing of an outcome event. The aims of this study were to evaluate the reporting of statistical techniques and results in dental research papers with special reference to time‐to‐event (TTE) methods and to create guidelines for the appropriate reporting of these methods.

Methods: All the original research reports published in five dental journals in 1996, 2001, 2005, 2006, and 2007 were reviewed. The evaluation covered 1985 articles that were based on the systematic collection and statistical analysis of research data. Differences between TTE approaches and others were assessed in terms of the justification for the number of cases, description of procedures, statistical references, software used, and statistical figures and tables provided.

Results: Fifty‐six papers (2.8% of the total) used time‐to‐event methods, the frequency of which increased slightly from 1996 to 2007 (P = 0.061). Statistical procedures were described more extensively in the papers, which used TTE methods. Reporting of the statistical methodology in papers using other methods was in general inadequate.

Conclusions: TTE methods are underused in dental research. Authors could well take heed of these results when designing their research, so as to make more use of such methods and to present the results in a manner that is in line with the policy and presentation of the leading dental journals. Authors could also improve their statistical reporting with the help of the guidelines presented here.
The cosmic web and the orientation of angular momenta
Authors: Libeskind Noam I. , Hoffman Yehuda , Knebe Alexander , Steinmetz Matthias , Gottlöber Stefan , Metuki Ofer , Yepes Gustavo
Published: February 2012

We use a 64 h−1 Mpc dark-matter-only cosmological simulation to examine the large-scale orientation of haloes and substructures with respect to the cosmic web. A web classification scheme based on the velocity shear tensor is used to assign to each halo in the simulation a web type: knot, filament, sheet or void. Using ∼106 haloes that span ∼3 orders of magnitude in mass, the orientation of the halo's spin and the orbital angular momentum of subhaloes with respect to the eigenvectors of the shear tensor is examined. We find that the orbital angular momentum of subhaloes tends to align with the intermediate eigenvector of the velocity shear tensor for all haloes in knots, filaments and sheets. This result indicates that the kinematics of substructures located deep within the virialized regions of a halo is determined by its infall which in turn is determined by the large-scale velocity shear, a surprising result given the virialized nature of haloes. The non-random nature of subhalo accretion is thus imprinted on the angular momentum measured at z= 0. We also find that the haloes’ spin axis is aligned with the third eigenvector of the velocity shear tensor in filaments and sheets: the halo spin axis points along filaments and lies in the plane of cosmic sheets.
Biochemical Increase in Phosphorylated Alpha‐Synuclein Precedes Histopathology of Lewy‐Type Synucleinopathies
Authors: Lue Lih‐Fen , Walker Douglas G. , Adler Charles H. , Shill Holly , Tran Hung , Akiyama Haruhiko , Sue Lucia I. , Caviness John , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Beach Thomas G.
Published: February 2012

A key component in Lewy body (LB) pathology in LB disorders is α‐synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (pαsyn). However, it is not known if increase in the level of biochemically measurable pαsyn precedes the presence of histologically identified Lewy‐type synucleinopathy (LTS). To gain sights into possible temporal sequence, we measured levels of pαsyn in cingulate and temporal cortices that develop LTS pathology at later stages of LB disorders. Brain homogenates from 128 autopsy cases including normal controls and subjects classified by Unified LTS histopathology staging system were studied. We found that biochemically measurable pαsyn levels in cingulate and temporal cortices were significantly increased at Unified stages III and IV. When pαsyn levels were compared between LTS density scores instead of Unified stages, significant increases were detected even as LTS density scores increased from 0 to 1 in olfactory bulb and substantia nigra. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that changes of pαsyn levels in cingulate and temporal cortices coincided with the early appearance of the LTS pathology in olfactory bulb and substantia nigra, even though histologically demonstrable LTS was lacking in the cortical region. Therefore, identifying the underlying mechanisms driving these changes could be crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of LB disorders.