bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pouvoir et pluralisme du mouvement syndical: Le cas des Etats-Unis
Authors: Donsimoni Marie-Paule
Published: September 2022

La puissance du mouvement syndical, aux Etats-Unis, se reflète au travers des conventions collectives. L’élaboration de ces conventions est régie, depuis 1936, par le Wagner Act. En particulier, un seul syndicat est abilité à représenter les ouvriers d’une unité de production. Cette unité reflète la volonté de syndicalisation des ouvriers qui doivent donner la majorité de leurs suffrages au syndicat qui les représente. En raison de la multiplicité des syndicats, plus de 170 en 1975, cette réglementation a pour effet de segmenter les négociations collectives en petites unités et de réduire le champ d’application des centrales syndicales aux seules unités qui ont su les élire. Ainsi, en 1975, près de trente pour cent des ouvriers du secteur manufacturier ne sont pas couverts par une convention collective. De même, seuls quatre pour cent des ouvriers couverts dépendent d’une convention collective qui s’applique à l’intégralité de leur branche d’activité. Pour les autres, la convention ne s’applique qu’à l’établissement, l’entreprise ou la région dans lesquels ils travaillent.
Consumption Constraints, Uncertain Income Streams and the Life Cycle Model
Authors: Simmons P.
Published: September 2022

There has been a strong resurgence of interest in the life cycle model of consumption with a stochastic income stream. In particular, with various degrees of restrictiveness, it is argued that this theory implies that consumption should follow a Markov process. At one extreme with additive quadratic preferences, perfect capital markets and a known constant interest rate, this holds exactly. More generally with additive preferences, expected discounted marginal utilities obey the martingale condition. The purpose of the present note is to point out that such results depend on the existence of interior solutions and that such an assumption is much more restrictive in this framework than it is generally in economics.

With income risk and expected utility maximisation, the utility of each state is weighted by its probability. Suppose that there are some high and low income possibilities and income has a positive mean. The utility function may possess one of two properties: either the marginal utility of consumption in a state remains finite or becomes unbounded as consumption becomes low.
An Alternative Solution to the Moral Hazard Problem and Some Sufficient Conditions for Its Absence
Authors: Moussa H.
Published: September 2022

Moral hazard is one of the problems that is believed to plague the insurance industry. A major aspect of the problem deals with the effect of the availability of insurance on the level of care exercised by the insured to reduce the probability of loss. When an insurance policy is not available against, say theft, an economic agent could devote time to watching over his property. At the extreme he could ensure that the probability of loss was zero, but the cost of such a strategy would likely be prohibitive. For such an instance the optimal action is to expend an effort less than that required to reduce the probability of theft to zero and hence to bear some risk. If we assume that economic agents are risk averse they would be willing to pay for a transfer of risk to another economic agent thereby enhancing their welfare. This transfer of risk is obtained through the purchase of an insurance policy. However if all goods are normal, the increase in welfare obtained from the purchase of insurance will be used to increase the consumption of leisure and that of other goods. As a consequence the purchase of insurance will cause the economic agents to expand less effort on the reduction of the probability of loss. That is, the optimal level of effort devoted to guarding against loss will depend on whether insurance is available.
Macroeconomic Policy Co-ordination: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Bean Charles R.
Published: September 2022

Unemployment has risen steadily during the last five years in all of the major European economies. Although there have been some signs that the rate of increase may have slackened this is mainly due to the fiscal-led expansion in the United States. Recent evidence suggests that the growth rate in the United States is slackening, and the need to reduce the structural budget deficit means that the rest of the developed countries can no longer rely on the United States as the main source of demand growth in the world economy. In spite of this, European governments have been reluctant to undertake fiscal and monetary policy actions which might sustain the recovery. In part this reflects a pessimism about the efficacy of conventional stabilisation policies born of the experience of the mid-seventies. However, the current situation is arguably very different now. Whereas the recession of the mid-seventies was largely the result of a supply-side shock requiring a downward adjustment in real wages, the recession of the early eighties is largely a consequence of the contractionary fiscal and monetary policies pursued outside the United States. That the present high levels of unemployment are Keynesian rather than Classical in nature has been argued forcefully by e.g. Dornbusch et al. (1983) and Bruno (1985). A reversal of these contractionary policies could therefore be expected to increase employment. Thus Layard et al. (1984) have argued there is scope for a temporary, supply-side friendly, fiscal expansion concentrated in public investment, subsidies to private investment and measures to reduce the marginal cost of employment. This would be accompanied by a modest relaxation of monetary policy to prevent real interest rates rising. Because such an expansion would be temporary it need have no long-run implications for inflation or real interest rates.
Devaluations and Employment in the Economic Policy of the Nordic Countries - Some Reflections on the Finnish Experience
Authors: Pekkarinen Jukka , Sauramo Pekka
Published: September 2022

The small open economies of the Nordic type (Sweden, Norway and Finland, in particular) have close similarities as far as their economic structure and institutions are concerned. They are all heavily dependent on foreign trade; their exports are quite highly concentrated and cyclically sensitive; the labour market partners are well organized and the wage-setting institutions are fairly similar; economic policy priorities are also rather close to one another, with heavy emphasis on employment, growth and external balance.

Against this background of structural similarities, one cannot help but notice that there are clear systematic and persistent differences in the economic policy mixes adopted by these countries. Notwithstanding the fact that these differences are partly explained by different political coalitions, different traditions of economic policy thinking etc, it is worth analyzing the contents of these differences as such and assessing their effects on the economic performance of different Nordic countries. This is what the present paper attempts to do from a certain restricted perspective. In particular, it highlights the peculiarities of the Finnish policy mix.
Mimétisme et anticipations rationnelles: une perspective keynésienne
Authors: Orlean André
Published: September 2022

Ce texte se propose d’étudier le rôle de l’imitation dans le fonctionnement des marchés financiers. Si la présence de tels comportements n’a paséchappé à certains analystes des vagues spéculatives, sa théorisation reste, quant à elle, parfaitement marginale dans la pensée économique. Ce rejet a des racines profondes; il est consubstantiel aux présupposés de cette discipline. Effectivement l’hypothèse mimétique met en scène un sujet marchand aux antipodes de l’homo œconomicus des manuels: il est indécis, influençable, perpétuellement soumis aux rumeurs qui circulent, à l’emprise du regard des autres. Cette analyse place alors, au centre de ses préccupations, les dynamiques de contagion, d’influence réciproque, autrement dit les phénomènes de foule. Or, comme l’indique J.P. DUPUY, « l’économie se présente comme la négation de la foule: l’économie se dresse tout entière contre la foule, c’est le retour de la foule qu’elle se donne pour mission à tout prix d’empêcher ». Car, pour la théorie utilitariste, la rationalité de l’ordre marchand, son efficacité s’identifient à l’individualité calculatrice.
L’endogénéité de la monnaie chez Keynes
Authors: Lavoie Marc
Published: September 2022

1. La Monnaie Endogene est Absente de la « Theorie Generale »

I1 est souvent difficile de donner des étiquettes qui aient un sens. Ainsi, il a souvent été reproché aux économistes dits post-keynésiens de formuler des concepts qui ne découlent pas de l’analyse de Keynes. Ils lui auraient même attribué des idées contraires à celles qu’il avait explicitement présentées.

Récemment, des économistes de l’école post-keynésienne (Kaldor [1970, 19821, Moore [1979, 1985]) ont cherché à différencier clairement leur analyse de la monnaie des analyses monétaires néo-classiques ou monétaristes. Pour ces auteurs post-keynésiens, la monnaie estendogène. Elle résulte des décisions de demande de crédits des entreprises. C’est ce que Paul Davidson [1972, p. 226] appelle le processus générateur de revenus. Evidemment, même sans accroissement du revenu, il peut y avoir accroissement du stock de monnaie, par des opérations d’open-market associées à des effets de portefeuille. Mais dans une économie historiquement dynamique, ce processus est tout à fait secondaire [Cramp 1971, p. 651].
Propriété publique, rentabilité et efficacité
Authors: Cartelier Lysiane
Published: September 2022

La nationalisation totale d'entreprises privées concurrentielles n'est pas un acte anodin de politique industrielle, ni sur le plan financier, ni sur le plan de la légitimité de la présence et de la gestion étatique. Dès l'instant, en effet, où la puissance publique décide de gérer d'autres domaines que ceux des traditionnelles missions de service public, la justification de sa présence n'est plus aussi automatique et la supériorité économique de sa gestion doit être démontrée, non seulement sur la situation antérieure (aides publiques sans transfert de propriété), mais aussi et surtout sur les autres formules envisageables d'économie mixte (contrôle public majoritaire, actionnariat salarial, autres modalités de socialisation de l'investissement privé).

L'importance vague de nationalisation, opérée en France en 1982, a été ainsi justifiée par la nécessité d'instaurer un autre mode de valorisation du capital national, s'exprimant dans d'autres objectifs et d'autres critères de gestion que celui de la seule rentabilité financière. Parmi ces objectifs, mentionnons notamment la conduite de la modernisation selon une logique plus industrielle que financière, le souci d'une internationalisation mieux maîtrisée, accordant plus de poids au nombre d'emplois maintenus et d'investissements localisés dans la nation, le rétablissement des grands équilibres internes et externes.
Limites de la privatisation des services publics
Authors: Blankart Charles B.
Published: September 2022

I. Qu'est-ce que la privatisation?

Lorsque l'on parle de la privatisation, on veut dire le plus souvent qu'il faut avoir recours à l'intérêt individuel pour rendre les services publics plus efficaces. D'après cette opinion les postes, les télécommunications ou les services aériens devraient être privatisés. Mais aussi des candidats tout différents sont mentionnés dans cette discussion, par exemple les prisons ou la collecte des ordures ménagères. Où sont donc les limites de la privatisation? C'est la question que je veux aborder dans cette communication.

Le moins que l'on puisse dire d'après ces exemples c'est que le problème de la privatisation a beaucoup de dimensions. La tâche des scientifiques est alors de réduire la multitude des aspects à quelques caractéristiques communes de la privatisation pour aboutir à des conclusions générales. J'approche le problème en distinguant deux formes de la privatisation, la privatisation de l'offre et la privatisation du capital. Pour comprendre le sens de cette distinction, il faut d'abord examiner d'une façon statique les différentes modalités possibles de l'offre des biens et des services; c'est ce qui est fait dans le tableau suivant.

On y voit les différentes formes de l'offre quand on lit la matrice de haut en bas. Sur la première ligne à gauche se trouve le cas classique des biens collectifs ou publics. En général ces biens sont offerts gratuitement et financés par le gouvernement. Souvent le gouvernement possède aussi le capital, c'est-à-dire qu'il est responsable de l'administration du bien ou service lorsque celui-ci est installé. Un exemple typique est indiqué dans la premiére cellule à gauche. On y trouve des voies urbaines, offertes et entretenues par une ville. Dans ce cas, le capital et donc l'administration sont publics, independamment de la construction qui peut être publique ou privée.
The Use of Unemployment and Vacancy Data in Analysing Unemployment
Authors: Taylor Jim
Published: September 2022

INTRODUCTION

Until 1975, unemployment in the UK had remained below the 1 million mark for over 30 years. Between 1979 and 1982 it rose from under 1.5 million to over 3 million and has remained there ever since. The 1980s have certainly been a disaster as far as unemployment is concerned and a question of paramount importance to policymakers is whether the government can do anything to reduce unemployment significantly in the foreseeable future. The answer to this question depends on the causes of unemployment and whether these causes can be affected by government action. Unfortunately, the causes of current unemployment are not clearly understood and there is a startling lack of consensus amongst policymakers and their economic advisers over what can (or should) be done to tackle the unemployment problem.

One of the issues about which there is substantial disagreement amongst economists is whether unemployment is currently high because of a deficiency in the aggregate demand for goods, or whether it is high for other reasons. These other reasons include : the existence of disincentives to take jobs because unemployment benefit is too high relative to net takehome pay ; a serious mismatch between labour demand and labour supply ; excessively high real wages relative to labour productivity; the sudden structural collapse of large sections of UK manufacturing industry; and a combination of these factors.
Germany and the European Disease
Authors: Davis John , Minford Patrick
Published: September 2022

I. INTRODUCTION

Unemployment in Europe has risen during the 70s and early 80s to double digit rates, rates which are not considered likely to fall much in the remaining years of the 80s. This is so in enough countries to encourage some to speak of a ‘European disease’. Those of us who live in Britain have long been familiar with the ‘British disease’, as have the Dutch with their ‘Dutch disease’ (supposedly related to North Sea energy resources). This paper suggests that these earlier national ailments are precursors of the general European one to which attention has more recently been drawn — notably by Professor Giersch who has spoken of a ‘market sclerosis’ in Europe, especially in the labour market (Giersch, 1985). (Also see OECD (1985, p. 38)).

However, in spite of this provocative general opening we wish to focus in this paper on West Germany, and thus to highlight a specific case of what may well be a general phenomenon. Our motivation is fourfold: to widen the analysis of the possible disease to a country in which there is wide interest; to stimulate other European researchers to work along the lines of analysis portrayed here; to follow up the echoes sounded in the comments of authoritative national students (e.g. Giersch, op. cit., and de Grauwe, Fratianni and Nabli, 1985), and finally, to utilize a full macroeconomic model of the Federal Replublic of Germany in this direction of research.
Job Creation Programs in an International Comparison
Authors: De Wachter Marcia , Somers Yolanda
Published: September 2022

INTRODUCTION

With an election year in France and in the Netherlands, a national collective convention in Belgium and high unemployment rates in most European countries, an economic reflection on the effectiveness and efficiency of the pursued job creation policies is certainly meaningful.

The main purpose of the job creation policies, as conceived in most European countries, is the promotion of an effective and fair fine tuning of supply and demand of labor.

The instruments traditionally used, can be divided into five categories, namely :

1. Wage-cost subsidies

2. Educational and vocational measures

3. Direct job creation measures

4. Reduction of labor supply

5. Promotion of entrepreneurship.
A Vintage Model of Labour Demand by U.K. Manufacturing
Authors: Ansar J. , Ingham A. , Toker M. , Ulph A.
Published: September 2022

The conventional model of factor demand has firms choosing the technique of production and mix of factor inputs to minimise the cost of producing some given level of output for an exogenously determined set of factor prices and a given set of technical knowhow. In this simple model, firms are free to vary the mix of factors each period. Unemployment then occurs as a feature of labour market failure. For otherwise wage rates would adjust so that supply equalled demand. A vintage model takes account of the fact that some factors are durable, and this means that it is important to take account of two different decisions on factor choice. Firms will make an ex-ante choice of techniques at the time that new capital is installed — e.g. will firms use automated energy intensive or labour intensive production methods? Once that piece of capital is installed, firms may be able subsequently to alter the mix of factors, but their ability to do so is now constrained by the ex-ante choice of technique. This second decision is the ex-post decision.
Employment and Unemployment in the Netherlands, 1960-1984: A Putty-Clay Approach
Authors: Muysken J. , Van Zon A.H.
Published: September 2022

1. INTRODUCTION

Since the mid-seventies vintage models have played an important role in the analysis of the Dutch economy. Although earlier vintages of these models were of a clay-clay nature, due to technical progress in economic analysis and in estimation methods, more recent vintages are of a putty-clay nature. Examples of the latter are Kuipers and van Zon (1982) and Gelauff, Wennekers and De Jong (1985). We shall further refer to them as KvZ and GWJ, respectively. Our model fits in with this putty-clay tradition. However, before highlighting several features of our model, some general remarks should be made.

In the period 1950-1970 employment in the private sector in the Netherlands increased from 3400 to 4130 thousand man-years. It remained at a more or less constant level of 4100 thousand man-years till 1980 and then decreased rapidly to a level of 3800 in 1983, at which it remained for the years 1984 and 1985. Likewise, unemployment increased slowly from 70 thousand man-years in 1970 to 325 thousand man-years in 1980. Then unemployment accelerated towards a level of 800 thousand man-years in 1983, at which it remained for the years 1984 and 1985. The unemployment rate is about 17 % nowadays. Muyskens and Meijers (1985) explain that the earlier developed clay-clay vintage models cannot adequately deal with these turbulent developments in the period 1980-1985.
Conflicting Specifications for Investment Functions in Rationing Models: A Reconciliation
Authors: Lambert Jean-Paul
Published: September 2022

A number of attempts have been made recently (see, a.o., Mulkay [1983], Artus and Muet [1984], Gérard and Vanden Berghe [1984]) to develop and estimate appropriate specifications for investment functions in a rationing context. Some of the specifications proposed are however clearly conflicting, not in the usual sense that they reflect conflicting theoretical premises (between which empirical testing might hopefully discriminate) but in the unacceptable sense that there exists some logical incompatibility between different specifications derived from the same theoretical framework.

In this note, we focus our attention on two specifications among the most significant ones proposed recently, show why they are contradictory and then explain what is the correction to be brought to one of them in order to reconcile both specifications. In the course of the discussion, we also seize the opportunity to point to common empirical practices which are clearly unwarranted and could account for some deceptive results encountered (even with a theoretically correct specification).
A Pioneering Analysis of the Core: Turgot's Essay on Value
Authors: Desai Meghnad
Published: September 2022

SECTION I

The idea of the core of an economy and the convergence of core allocations to the competitive equilibrium are well established in the economic literature. It has been assumed by most authors on this topic that it was Edgeworth who in his Mathematics Psychics first stated and proved the major result concerning the core. [Debreu and Scarf (1963), Arrow and Hahn (1971)]. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to an essay by Turgot where the idea of the core is clearly stated and an argument about the convergence of the core to the competitive equilibrium as the number of consumers increases is first presented. Edgeworth’s Mathematical Psychics came out in 1881, Turgor’s essay was written some time in the 1760’s, definitely by 1770, but did not appear until Du Pont published his Oeuvres in 1808. Either way, if we can persuasively argue Turgot's claim then the discovery of this result is pushed back by more than a hundred years.
Investment, Sales Constraints and Profitability in France, 1957-1985
Authors: Sneessens Henri , Maillard Bénédicte
Published: September 2022

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the investment behavior of the firm in the context of a quantity rationing (or disequilibrium) model with monopolistic competition on the goods market. Investment is entirely profit-driven as in the q-theory of investment. The profit variable is however decomposed into three components: the markup rate on variable costs, the capacity utilization rate and the discrepancy between the optimal and the actual-labor ratios. The model has the same long run implication as an accelerator model if and only if the optimal capacity utilization rate is constant in the long run. The suggested quantity rationing model is estimated on French data, over the period 1956-1985. The emphasis is on the investment equation. The parameter estimates are shown to have remained fairly stable over time.
A Vintage Model of Scrapping and Investment
Authors: Ingham Alan , Ulph Alister , Toker Mehmet
Published: September 2022

This paper constructs and estimates a vintage model of production for manufacturing in the U.K. including the investment and scrapping decisions. The model uses a generalised Leontief flexible functional form, which allows for the testing of ex-ante and ex-post substitution. The data does not allow the rejection of some substitutability at both ex-ante and ex-post stages. The model also allows for an examination of price responsiveness of input-output coefficients. Finally the model is used to construct a capacity utilisation index.
Investment and Financial Decision Making in the UK Company Sector
Authors: Padgett Carol
Published: September 2022

This paper looks at the interrelationships between the real and financial decisions made by the UK industrial and commercial company sector. It uses a capital gains augmented version of Purvis’ integrated expenditure and portfolio allocation model, a development of the Brainard-Tobin “pitfalls” approach. Investment, dividend payments, working capital, debt and equity decisions are modelled simultaneously subject to an income constraint. The results show that the size and composition of the sector’s borrowing commitment play an important part in determining the level of capital spending.
A short-period growth cycle model
Authors: Glombowski Jörg , Krüger Michael
Published: September 2022

Goodwin's well-known growth cycle model has been rejected by Keynesians because it fails to take product disequilibria into account and gives rise to cycles which are much longer than observable business cycles. In the present article it is shown that cycles of much shorter duration can be obtained if the Goodwin model is modified by taking reactions to product market disequilibria into account. While shifts in income distribution between wages and profits remain the cycle maker, the modifications intensify the profit squeeze (and profit recovery) and thus speed up the cyclical process.
Le réalisme cognitif et l’avenir du “Modèle économique”
Authors: Favereau Olivier
Published: September 2022

Van Parijs démontre que certains schémas d’explication fonctionnalistes ou évolutionnistes (par renforcement/accommodement) sont compatibles avec le schéma d’explication économique (fondements microéconomiques de la macroéconomie), à condition d’affaiblir la rationalité individuelle. Curieusement, Van Parijs refuse ce pas en avant vers le « Réalisme Cognitif » dans le cas du modèle économique, pour lequel il continue de recommander la conception optimisatrice de la rationalité individuelle. Cette contradiction a deux effets: elle coupe Van Parijs des interrogations actuelles sur les institutions, et elle enferme son travail dans la perspective ancienne de Friedman (1953).
Le paradigme rationaliste et ses compagnons. Réponse à Vromen et Favereau
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe
Published: September 2022

Le modèle économique et ses rivaux accorde une importance centrale à la distinction entre un paradigme économique ou rationaliste, défini par l’agrégation d’actions rationnelles, et un paradigme évolutionnaire défini par un processus de renforcement. Vromen soutient que cette distinction est intenable, tandis que Favereau suggère que le paradigme rationaliste, tel qu’il est décrit, correspond à une étape friedmanienne de la théorie économique, qui arrive maintenant à son terme. Dans cette réponse, je soutiens que la distribution tient la route, et que le modèle rationaliste n’est pas solidaire de la méthodologie friedmanienne, mais que les deux défis indiquent d’intéressants nouveaux développements du projet de dégager la structure profonde des sciences sociales en général, et de la science économique en particulier, projet auquel « Le Modèle économique et ces rivaux » s’est efforcé de continuer.
Fiscalité, q de Tobin et investissement privé en Suisse
Authors: Zarin-Nejadan Milad
Published: September 2022

Cette contribution a pour objet d’élaborer un modèle mettant en relation la variable q de Tobin corrigée pour la fiscalité avec le taux d’accumulation du capital dans le but d’évaluer l’effet de l’incitation fiscale sur l’investissement privé en Suisse. L’estimation du modèle sur la base des données portant sur la période d’après-guerre révèle le rô1e mineur joué par la fiscalité dans le processus d’investissement en Suisse. Par ailleurs, d’après les rèsultats de la simulation du modèle sous divers scénarios de réforme fiscale, les instruments fiscaux employés en Suisse, à savoir la manipulation du taux d’imposition des bénéfices et des taux de dépréciation fiscalement admis paraissent relativement inefficaces. Par contre, un instrument direct comme le crédit d’impôt, jamais encore utilisé, témoigne d’une assez grande efficacité.
Mobilité interrégionale, réallocation de l’emploi et dynamique du chômage
Authors: Chéron Arnaud
Published: September 2022

Cet article analyse les implications de la réallocation géographique de la main-d’oeuvre sur la dynamique du chômage. On considère un modèle à deux régions où un processus d’appariement rend explicite la dynamique des flux sur le marché du travail. L’influence des déplacements de la main d’euvre sur le chômage est alors conditionnelle aux délais d’embauches et de migrations des travailleurs. On montre à partir d’une simulation dans le cas France-Allemagne que les flux migratoires ont un effet déstabilisant sur les dynamiques régionales du chômage: elles engendrent une relation positive entre le taux de chômage et le salaire au sein de chaque région.
Art experts and auctions Are pre-sale estimates unbiased and fully informative?
Authors: Bauwens Luc , Ginsburgh Victor
Published: September 2022

Public sales art catalogues include low and high pre-sale price estimates by experts. This makes it possible to analyze whether pre-sale estimates are unbiased predictors of realized prices. Unbiasedness is tested using a sample of some 1,600 lots of English silver auctioned by Christie’s and Sotheby’s. Results show that estimates are slightly (but significantly) biased and that experts do not use all the information that is available to them when they make their estimates.
Rules versus play in early modern art markets
Authors: de Marchi Neil , van Miegroet Hans J.
Published: September 2022

The paper identifies and tries to account for the forms taken in selected art markets for the selling of paintings, as a response to specific features and constraints in the local regulatory environment. Our analytical histories cover 15th century Bruges, 16th century Antwerp, 17th century Amsterdam, and early 18th century London and Paris. They yield some evidence that : (1) restrictive guilds did not succeed in stifling innovation. though innovators were forced to take indirect routes and to adopt forms not always the most efficient; (2) where circumstances allowed a choice of auction form (English or Dutch) the method selected matched the prior experience of buyers (low or high respectively) ; and (3) in the single instance where guilds were open to cooperation across skill categories this coincided with a series of marketing experiments and a range of novel products.
The Built Heritage : Some British Experience
Authors: Creigh-Tyte S.W.
Published: September 2022

This paper provides a brief overview of policy intervention mechanisms affecting the preservation of the historic environment in Britain. This covers half a million “listed buildings” in England alone. Within this policy framework, the paper then discusses stated preference valuation exercises on the built environment and the results of a long – term exercise comparing returns of listed and unlisted office properties in the UK since 1980.
Formation d’une entente dans un appel d’offres au premier prix et risque de détection exogène
Authors: Brisset Karine
Published: September 2022

Nous analysons le problème de la formation d’une entente entre soumissionnaires à un appel d’offres au premier prix confrontés au risque d’être détecté. Considérant qu’une entente peut être détectée dès qu’un offreur est dénoncé, notre objectif est de déterminer l’influence de ce risque sur la taille d’équilibre de l’entente. Deux critères de rationalité individuelle sont retenus. Premièrement, nous considérons qu’un offreur accepte d’entrer dans l’entente si et seulement son profit espéré est supérieur à celui qu’il aurait en restant en dehors. Lorsque le risque de dénonciation est trop important, nous montrons qu’aucune coalition ne peut se former. Considérant ensuite qu’un offreur accepte de participer à l’entente dès qu’il obtient un profit espéré supérieur à celui qu’il aurait en l’absence de toute coalition, nous montrons qu’une entente ne peut se former que si elle comprend un minimum d’offreurs lorsque le risque de dénonciation est élevé.
First Observation of Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Waves Inside Mirror Mode Structures in the Earth's Outer Magnetosphere
Authors: Chen Rui , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Chen Huayue , Wang Shui
Published: September 2022

Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are one of the most common plasma waves in the Earth's magnetosphere, and they are considered to be excited by the electron loss‐cone distributions near the magnetic equator. Using the Magnetospheric Multiscale data, we report an unusual event of ECH waves at L = ∼12.4 and MLT = ∼16.0 hr, where the ECH waves are locally excited inside non‐propagating magnetic oscillations, that is, mirror mode structures. The observation reveals that the mirror mode structures are generated by anisotropic ions ( ∼ 1.3 – 1.7), and electron mirror loss‐cone distributions are formed due to the magnetic configuration of the mirror mode structures. Combing with the linear instability analysis, we confirm that the ECH waves are locally excited by the electron mirror loss‐cone distributions inside the mirror mode structures. Therefore, we propose that the mirror mode structures provide another potential source region for ECH waves in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Deriving Ionospheric Total Electron Content by VLBI Global Observing System Data Analysis During the CONT17 Campaign
Authors: Motlaghzadeh Sanam , Alizadeh M. Mahdi , Cappallo Roger , Heinkelmann Robert , Schuh Harald
Published: September 2022

This article focuses on the new generation of geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), the VLBI global observing system (VGOS), and measurements carried out during the CONT17 campaign. It uses broadband technology that increases both the number and precision of observations. These characteristics make VGOS a suitable tool for studying the atmosphere. This study focuses on the effects of the ionosphere on VGOS signals using a model that incorporates and extends ideas originally published in Hobiger et al. (2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RS003297). Our investigation revealed that the differential total electron content (dTEC) data product calculated with the VGOS post‐processing software had a sign error that fortunately, does not change the final values of the phase and group delay. Therefore, this study was a way to identify this problem within the dTEC product. After diagnosing and solving this problem, the underlying model was modified such that instead of considering a single unknown for the latitude gradient of the ionosphere, a time series of latitude gradients were considered that enhanced the resulting vertical total electron content (VTEC) estimates. For evaluation purposes, time series of VTEC at each station during the CONT17 campaign were compared with VTEC obtained from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The final agreement between VGOS and GNSS was between 1.1 and 5.9 TEC units (TECU).
Measurements of Size and Electrical Charges Carried by Precipitation Particles During RELAMPAGO Field Campaign
Authors: Ávila Eldo , Martínez Lucia , Pereyra Rodolfo , Lang Timothy , Deierling Wiebke , Wingo Matthew , Melo Gregory , Medina Bruno
Published: September 2022

The electrical charge carried by raindrops provides significant information about thunderstorm electrification mechanisms, since the charge acquired by hydrometeors is closely related to the microphysical processes that they undergo within clouds. Investigation of charges on raindrops was conducted during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Meso‐scale/micro‐scale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations field campaign. A newly designed instrument was used to determine simultaneously the fall velocity and charge for precipitating particles. Hydrometeor size and charge were measured in Córdoba city, Argentina, during electrified storms. Temporal series of size‐charge of single raindrops were recorded for two storms, which were also monitored with a Parsivel disdrometer and Lightning Mapping Array. The results show that the magnitude of the electric charges range between 1 and 50 pC and more than 90% of the charges are mainly carried by raindrops >1 mm, even though most of the raindrops are smaller than 1 mm. Furthermore, the measurement series show charged hydrometeors of both signs all the time. A correlation between the sizes and the charges carried by the raindrops was found in both storms.
Sahel Rainfall Projections Constrained by Past Sensitivity to Global Warming
Authors: Schewe Jacob , Levermann Anders
Published: September 2022

Africa's central Sahel region has experienced prolonged drought conditions in the past, while rainfall has recovered more recently. Global climate models project anything from no change to a strong wetting trend under unabated climate change; and they have difficulty reproducing the complex historical record. Here we show that when a period of dominant aerosol forcing is excluded, a consistent wetting response to greenhouse‐gas induced warming emerges in observed rainfall. Using the observed response coefficient estimate as a constraint, we find that Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate models with a realistic past rainfall response show a smaller spread, and higher median, of projected future rainfall change, compared to the full ensemble. In particular, very small or negative rainfall trends are absent from the constrained ensemble. Our results provide further evidence for a robust Sahel rainfall increase in response to greenhouse‐gas forcing, consistent with recent observations, and including the possibility of a very strong increase.
The Formation of Refractory Dissolved Organic Nitrogen From Free Amino Acids in the Ocean
Authors: Lu Kaijun , Liu Zhanfei
Published: September 2022

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is actively involved in N cycling and transformation processes in the ocean, yet how this large N pool is formed remains elusive. Here we incubated 15N‐labeled individual amino acids (Ala, Val, and Phe) in seawater and monitored their fates over 21 days. About 25%–45% of Phe‐N and Val‐N were transformed to “uncharacterizable DON,” as compared to only about 6% for Ala‐N, indicating the formation of refractory DON is related to specific amino acids. Through a stable isotope probing approach, 5 Phe‐derived DON molecules from the incubations were found to be present in natural waters, and their possible structures were proposed. These results shed new lights on the formation mechanisms of refractory DON, including the roles of specific amino acids and particular chemical structures that may resist decomposition in millennial time scales.
Nocturnal Southerly Moist Surge Parallel to the Coastline Over the Western Bay of Bengal
Authors: Fujinami Hatsuki , Sato Tomonori , Kanamori Hironari , Kato Masaya
Published: September 2022

The role of the diurnal atmospheric circulation cycle around the eastern Indian subcontinent, leeward of the monsoon westerlies, on the hydroclimate of South Asia remains unknown. Here, we reveal that low‐level moist southerlies are greatly enhanced at night parallel to the coastline over the western Bay of Bengal (BoB), and then flow onto the Gangetic Plain enhancing onshore moisture flux and nocturnal precipitation over the Himalayas and the Meghalaya Plateau. This nocturnal surge is strongly controlled by the diurnal cycle of dynamic and thermodynamic effects around the subcontinent. At night, nocturnal westerly low‐level jets appear over the subcontinent. Strong low‐level southwesterly flow with a low‐level jet structure also appears parallel to the coastline over the western BoB, extending from the west of Sri Lanka. The low‐level westerlies from the subcontinent and the low‐level southwesterlies merge into a single strong southwesterly flow, forming the low‐level moist surge.
Abundant Nitrate and Nitric Acid Aerosol in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Yu Pengfei , Lian Siying , Zhu Yunqian , Toon Owen B. , Höpfner Michael , Borrmann Stephan
Published: September 2022

The tropospheric and stratospheric nitrate aerosol is simulated by a sectional aerosol model coupled to the Community Earth System Model. The simulated nitrate mass fractional contribution to aerosols is significantly higher in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) than that at the surface. Both in situ measurements and simulations show that nitrate aerosol accounts for about 30%–40% of the aerosol mass at the tropopause of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) region. Furthermore, simulated condensed nitric acid particles account for ∼20% of the annual mean aerosol mass at the tropical tropopause, and over 95% in the UTLS at the South Pole in June‐July‐August. Our study suggests that the extremely cold ambient conditions in the UTLS of the tropics, ASM and polar regions thermodynamically favor the condensation of ammonia and nitric acid. The widely distributed nitrate aerosol in the global UTLS may be overlooked by climate models.
Antarctic Bottom Water Warming and Circulation Slowdown in the Argentine Basin From Analyses of Deep Argo and Historical Shipboard Temperature Data
Authors: Johnson Gregory C.
Published: September 2022

A decadal warming trend of 2.1 (±0.2) m°C yr−1 in Antarctic Bottom Water within the western Argentine Basin is found by comparing Deep Argo temperature profiles from 2021 to 2022 to nearby historical shipboard data from 1972 to 1998. This trend is similar in magnitude, but about 10 times more certain, than a previously published trend in the eastern Argentine Basin estimated using repeat hydrographic section data (World Ocean Circulation Experiment Section A16S) from 1989, 1995, and 2014. The present analysis also detects a warming rate in the coldest water entering the basin about double that in the interior. The observed reduction in deep meridional temperature gradient indicates a reduction in geostrophic shear, consistent with a reduced flow rate, and transport, of the coldest, deepest water entering the basin. The falling isotherms in the basin are consistent with an 0.6 × 106 m−3 s−1 reduction in inflow of the coldest waters to the basin.
On the Choice and Implications of Rheologies That Maintain Kinematic and Dynamic Consistency Over the Entire Earthquake Cycle
Authors: Mallick Rishav , Lambert Valère , Meade Brendan
Published: September 2022

Viscoelastic processes in the upper mantle redistribute seismically generated stresses and modulate crustal deformation throughout the earthquake cycle. Geodetic observations of these motions at the surface of the crust‐mantle system offer the possibility of constraining the rheology of the upper mantle. Parsimonious representations of viscoelastically modulated deformation through the aseismic phase of the earthquake cycle should simultaneously explain geodetic observations of (a) rapid postseismic deformation, (b) late in the earthquake cycle near‐fault strain localization. To understand how rheological formulations affect kinematics, we compare predictions from time‐dependent forward models of deformation over the entire earthquake cycle for an idealized vertical strike‐slip fault in a homogeneous elastic crust underlain by a homogeneous viscoelastic upper‐mantle. We explore three different rheologies as inferred from laboratory experiments: (a) linear Maxwell, (b) linear Burgers, (c) power‐law. The linear Burgers and power‐law rheologies are consistent with fast and slow deformation phenomenology over the entire earthquake cycle, while the single‐layer linear Maxwell model is not. The kinematic similarity of linear Burgers and power‐law models suggests that geodetic observations alone may be insufficient to distinguish between them, but indicate that one may serve as an effective proxy for the other. However, the power‐law rheology model displays a postseismic response that is non‐linearly dependent on earthquake magnitude, which may offer a partial explanation for observations of limited postseismic deformation near some magnitude 6.5–7.0 earthquakes. We discuss the role of mechanical coupling between frictional slip and viscous creep in controlling the time‐dependence of regional stress transfer following large earthquakes and how this may affect the seismic hazard and risk to communities living close to fault networks.
Analysis of the Vibration Modes of Impact Geoplates and Implications for Bedload Flux and Grain Size Measurements
Authors: Portogallo M. , Simoni S. , Vignoli G. , Bertoldi W.
Published: September 2022

Seismic geophones have been frequently used in combination with metal plates to indirectly estimate bedload flux in gravel bed mountain rivers. This indirect method has been calibrated with direct measurements in several conditions and proved effective to provide relevant information on spatial and temporal scales otherwise impossible to explore. Notwithstanding, a detailed description of the vibration modes of the plate is still lacking, limiting the possibility to interpret the signal. Here, we report on two sets of experiments where we explored the geoplate response in terms of frequency and amplitude of different vibrational modes. A first set of dry experiments was designed to investigate the variability of the signal as a function of the impact location on the plate. A second set reproduced standard flow conditions, with single pebbles transported by the flow. Results highlighted the occurrence of two main vibration modes, with a first rapid phase (about 5 ms) characterized by higher frequencies, and a second longer and more stable phase of vibration with a frequency in the range of 300–400 Hz. The signal of single impacts showed a good correlation with pebble mass, with only the number of impacts on the plate depending on the flow conditions. The evaluation of the grain size is a challenge given the variability of the signal generated by similar impacts. We propose a filtering strategy to improve grain size estimation. Our analysis shows that a more detailed understanding of the vibrational modes helps identifying best practices for an improved signal acquisition and elaboration.
Impact of Density Gradients on the Secondary Flow Structure of a River Confluence
Authors: Duguay J. , Biron P. M. , Lacey J.
Published: September 2022

A small gradient in the densities (Δρ) of two rivers in Canada was recently shown to develop coherent streamwise orientated vortices (SOVs) in their confluence. Here we use eddy‐resolved numerical modeling to examine how the magnitude and direction of Δρ affect these secondary flow structures. At equal density, lone anticlockwise SOVs are predicted near the surface, a possibility supported herein by recent aerial observations of such SOVs at the confluence. When a Δρ is considered, a front from the denser channel always slides underneath the lighter channel independent of whether the dense front pushes into the fast (Coaticook) or slow (Massawippi) tributary. When the fast Coaticook is denser, coherent clockwise rotating SOVs tend to form. However, when the slow Massawippi is denser, interfacial instabilities are generated as the fast flow of the Coaticook shears overtop the dense front. Thus, the tributary's velocity opposing the dense front's propagation modifies secondary flow characteristics. Importantly, both these cases would have the same densimetric Froude number (FD) if defined using an average velocity of the confluence (e.g., that of the downstream channel), yet this single FD value cannot account for the differences observed between both. This ambiguity inherent to current conventions for calculating FD places into question its use as an adequate predictor of density‐driven secondary flow at confluences.