bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands
Authors: Do Yuno , Kim Ji Yoon , Lineman Maurice , Kim Dong‐Kyun , Joo Gea‐Jae
Published: November 2014

Improving public awareness of protected wetlands facilitates sustainable wetland management, which depends on public participation. One way of gauging public interest is by tracking Internet search behavior (ISB). We assessed public awareness of issues related to protected wetland areas (PWAs) in South Korea by examining the frequencies of specific queries (PWAs, Ramsar, Upo wetland, Sunchon Bay, etc.) using relative search volumes (RSVs) obtained from an Internet search engine. RSV shows how many times a search term is used relative to a second search term during a specific period. Public awareness of PWAs changed from 2007 to 2013. Initially the majority of Internet searches were related to the most well‐known tidal and inland wetlands Sunchon Bay and Upo wetlands, which are the largest existing wetlands in Korea with the greatest historical exposure. Public awareness, as reflected in RSVs, of wetlands increased significantly following PWA designation for the wetlands in 2008, which followed the Ramsar 10th Conference of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (COP10) meeting. Public interest was strongly correlated to the number of news articles in the popular media, as evidenced by the increase in Internet searches for specific wetlands and words associated with specific wetlands. Correspondingly, the number of visitors to specific wetlands increased. To increase public interest in wetlands, wetland aspects that enhance wetland conservation should be promoted by the government and enhanced via public education. Our approach can be used to gauge public awareness and participation in a wide range of conservation efforts.
Ectopia Cordis with a Double Outlet Right Ventricle, Large Ventricular Septal Defect, Malposed Great Arteries and Left Ventricular Hypoplasia
Authors: Malik Rabiya , Zilberman Mark V. , Tang Liwen , Miller Susan , Pandian Natesa G.
Published: November 2014

Ectopia cordis, defined as partial or complete displacement of the heart outside of the thoracic cavity, is a rare congenital malformation. If not surgically corrected during the early years of life, ectopia cordis can prove to be a fatal abnormality. However, due to the presence of multiple intracardiac and extracardiac malformations, a corrective surgery might not always be successful. The pathology of ectopia cordis with a double outlet right ventricle, large ventricular septal defect, malposed great arteries and left ventricular hypoplasia is discussed, highlighting the complexities involved in such a rare disorder.
Respirophasic Forward Diastolic Flow through the Pulmonary Valve in Massive Right Ventricular Infarction
Authors: Bouzas‐Mosquera Alberto , Bouzas‐Zubeldía Beatriz , Peteiro Jesús , Álvarez‐García Nemesio
Published: November 2014

Mini‐Abstract

We report a case illustrating Fontan physiology in massive right ventricular infarction. The infarcted right ventricle acted as a passive conduit between the right atrium and the pulmonary artery, and the flow was largely driven by respiratory variations in intrathoracic pressure. During inspiration, the pulmonary valve remained open throughout the whole cardiac cycle and the right ventricular outflow was almost entirely antegrade both in systole and diastole.
Efficacy of a psychological online intervention for depression in people with epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Schröder Johanna , Brückner Katja , Fischer Anja , Lindenau Matthias , Köther Ulf , Vettorazzi Eik , Moritz Steffen
Published: November 2014

Objective

Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in persons with epilepsy (PWEs). Despite its major impact on quality of life and risk of suicide, most PWEs are not treated for depression. A current challenge in mental health care is how to close this treatment gap and increase access to psychological services. Psychological online interventions (POIs) have shown efficacy in improving depression among individuals without neurologic disorders. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of a psychological online intervention for depression (Deprexis) in PWEs who have symptoms of depression.

Methods

Participants with self‐reported epilepsy and subjective complaints of depressive symptoms were randomized to an intervention condition (Deprexis) or to a waiting list control (WLC) condition. After 9 weeks, participants were invited to complete an online reassessment.

Results

Relative to the waiting list group, program users experienced a significant symptom decline on the Beck Depression Inventory ‐ I (BDI‐I, primary outcome) with a moderate effect size in the complete observations analysis and a small effect size in the intention‐to‐treat analysis. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement with a moderate effect size on the “energy/fatigue” subscale of the Quality of Life In Epilepsy Inventory ‐ 31 (QOLIE‐31).

Significance

The results of this trial suggest that POIs may be a feasible and beneficial tool for PWEs who have comorbid depressive symptoms.
Fewer specialists support using medical marijuana and CBD in treating epilepsy patients compared with other medical professionals and patients: Result of Epilepsia's survey
Authors: Mathern Gary W. , Beninsig Laurie , Nehlig Astrid
Published: November 2014

Objective

From May 20 to September 1 2014, Epilepsia conducted an online survey seeking opinions about the use of medical marijuana and cannabidiol (CBD) for people with epilepsy. This study reports the findings of that poll.

Methods

The survey consisted of eight questions. Four questions asked if there were sufficient safety and efficacy data, whether responders would advise trying medical marijuana in cases of severe refractory epilepsy, and if pharmacologic grade compounds containing CBD should be available. Four questions addressed occupation, geographic region of residence, if responders had read the paper, and if they were International League Against Epilepsy/International Bureau for Epilepsy (ILAE/IBE) members.

Results

Of 776 who started or completed the survey, 58% were patients from North America, and 22% were epileptologists and general neurologists from Europe and North America. A minority of epileptologists and general neurologists said that there were sufficient safety (34%) and efficacy (28%) data, and 48% would advise using medical marijuana in severe cases of epilepsy. By comparison, nearly all patients and the public said there were sufficient safety (96%) and efficacy (95%) data, and 98% would recommend medical marijuana in cases of severe epilepsy. General physicians, basic researchers, nurses, and allied health professions sided more with patients, saying that there were sufficient safety (70%) and efficacy (71%) data, and 83% would advise using marijuana in severe cases. A majority (78%) said there should be pharmacologic grade compounds containing CBD, and there were no differences between specialists, general medical personal, and patients and the public.

Significance

This survey indicates that there is a wide disparity in opinion on the use of medical marijuana and CBD in the treatment of people with epilepsy, which varied substantially, with fewer medical specialists supporting its use compared with general medical personal, and patients and the public.
Facilitating access to evidence: Primary Health Care Search Filter
Authors: Brown Lynsey , Carne Amanda , Bywood Petra , McIntyre Ellen , Damarell Raechel , Lawrence Mikaela , Tieman Jennifer
Published: November 2014

Background

The evidence base developed by, and relevant to, primary health care (PHC) is rapidly increasing. With the wealth of literature available, searchers trying to find PHC‐specific citations can feel overwhelmed.

Objectives

Flinders Filters and the Primary Health Care Research & Information Service collaborated to develop a search filter enabling efficient and effective retrieval of relevant PHC literature.

Methods

Stage 1 involved developing a PHC Search Filter in the OvidSP Medline platform using a rigorous experimental methodology. The search filter was then translated for Web‐based ‘one‐click searching’ in PubMed during Stage 2. Stage 3 involved planning and implementing a mixed‐methods evaluation.

Results

The search filter sensitivity was 77.0% with a post hoc relevance assessment of 78.3%. Four months after its launch, a mixed‐methods study evaluated the PHC Search Filter. With 90 respondents, analysis of data from the online survey demonstrated overarching benefits, a positive response to the tool and directions for further refinement of the PHC Search Filter.

Discussion

Designing the PHC Search Filter followed an established method that ensures the tool offers a validated search strategy. Evaluation results suggest that the PHC Search Filter is a useful tool that is easy to navigate. Challenges for the Filter relate to access to full text articles, while challenges for the evaluation relate to the small sample size.

Conclusions

The PHC Search Filter reduces the burden associated with literature searching, increases the value of the results that are received and provides a useful resource to improve the likelihood of incorporating relevant evidence into policy and practice.
An evaluation of a multi-site community pharmacy–based chronic obstructive pulmonary disease support service
Authors: Wright David , Twigg Michael , Barton Garry , Thornley Tracey , Kerr Clare
Published: November 2014

Objectives

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive chronic condition that can be effectively managed by smoking-cessation, optimising prescribed therapy and providing treatment to prevent chest infections from causing hospitalisation. The government agenda in the UK is for community pharmacists to become involved in chronic disease management, and COPD is one area where they are ideally located to provide a comprehensive service.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of a community pharmacy–based COPD service on patient outcomes.

Methods

Patients in one UK location were recruited over a 10-week period to receive a community pharmacy–based COPD support service consisting of signposting to or provision of smoking-cessation service, therapy optimisation and recommendation to obtain a rescue pack containing steroid and antibiotic to prevent hospitalisation as a result of chest infection. Data were collected over a 6-month period for all recruited patients. Appropriate clinical outcomes, patient reported medication adherence, quality of life and National Health Service (NHS) resource utilisation were measured.

Key findings

Three hundred six patients accessed the service. Data to enable comparison before and after intervention was available for 137 patients. Significant improvements in patient reported adherence, utilisation of rescue packs, quality of life and a reduction in routine general practitioner (GP) visits were identified. The intervention cost was estimated to be off-set by reductions in the use of other NHS services (GP and accident and emergency visits and hospital admissions).

Conclusions

Results suggest that the service improved patient medicine taking behaviours and that it was cost-effective.
Career lesbians. Getting hired for not having kids?
Authors: Baert Stijn
Published: November 2014

Using a field experiment, we investigate whether discrimination based on women's sexual orientation differs by age and family constraints. We find weakly significant evidence of discrimination against young heterosexual women. This effect is driven by age (and fertility) rather than by motherhood. We do not find any unequal treatment at older ages. This age effect is consistent with our theoretical expectation that, relative to lesbian women, young heterosexual women are penalised for getting children more frequently and taking on, on average, more at‐home‐caring tasks.
Online algorithms for scheduling two parallel machines with a single server
Authors: Jiang Yiwei , Yu Feng , Zhou Ping , Hu Jueliang
Published: November 2014

We consider an online scheduling problem on two identical parallel machines with a single server. Jobs arrive one by one and each job has to be loaded by the server before being processed on one of the machines, and unloaded immediately by the server after its processing. Both loading and unloading times are equal to one time unit. The goal is to minimize the makespan. For the variant of the problem involving both loading and unloading operations, we present an online algorithm with competitive ratio of 5/3. For the variant with loading operation only, we show that the competitive ratio of list scheduling is at least 8/5 and provide an improved online algorithm with competitive ratio of 11/7. Finally, we discuss the lower bounds for these problems. We show that both variants have a lower bound of 3/2. Furthermore, we show that the lower bound of the first variant is at least 8/5 if the online algorithm satisfies a certain constraint.
The Effects of Black Cumin, Black Caraway Extracts and Their Combination on Shelf Life Extension of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Eskandari Soheyl , Hosseini Hedayat , Gholamzadeh Marzieh , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin , Hosseini Ebrahim
Published: November 2014

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and the antibacterial activities of Nigella sativa L. (Cu) and Bunium persicum Boiss (Ca) extracts on the shelf life of silver carp, which is stored at 4 ± 1C for 15 days. In order to evaluate the quality of fish samples, some tests such as microbiological total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic count, chemical peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total volatile base nitrogen and sensory characteristics were analyzed over a period of 15 days. The results indicated that the lipid oxidation and spoilage of the samples have been delayed in three treatments of the extracts significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison with the control. Also, the psychotropic bacteria and TVC remained lower than the proposed acceptable limit (7 log10 colony‐forming unit/g). According to the sensory analysis results, the treatment of Cu extract had high quality and enhanced the beneficial effects on sensory characteristics. Results show that the B. persicum Boiss and N. sativa L. extracts have significant effect on extension of the shelf life of fresh silver carp up to 6–9 days at refrigerated storage condition.

Practical Applications

The consumers tend to eat fresh fishes rather than processed or frozen ones, while the shelf life of refrigerated fish, as a highly perishable food, is normally short. The main reason for the deterioration of fish is chemical and bacteriological activities that lead to loss of quality and subsequent spoilage. So, using different methods in order to extend the shelf life of fish is an important issue. Black caraway and black cumin are consumed widely as spices and traditional flavorings in food. These spices, regarding to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties, can be used in order to extend the shelf life and freshness quality of fishes during refrigerated storage. Results show that the Bunium persicum Boiss and Nigella sativa L. extracts have significant effect on the extension of shelf life of fresh silver carp up to 6–9 days at refrigerated storage condition.
Personality among Sexually Compulsive Men Who Practice Intentional Unsafe Sex in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: do Amaral Maria Luiza S. , Abdo Carmita H.N. , Tavares Hermano , Scanavino Marco de Tubino
Published: November 2014

Introduction

There is evidence of an association between the practice of intentional unsafe sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) and sensation seeking and impulsivity. However, other aspects of personality have been less frequently investigated.

Aims

This study aims to investigate the association between the practice of intentional unsafe sex and personality traits in individuals who sought treatment and met the criteria for compulsive sexual behavior in São Paulo, Brazil.

Methods

The sample consisted of 69 sexually compulsive MSM. The participants underwent psychiatric evaluation and an interview to define intentional condomless sex and completed self-report instruments.

Main Outcome Measures

The participants completed the following measures: the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Sexual Compulsivity Scale.

Results

Twenty-five participants (36%) reported intentional unsafe sex with casual partners, of whom 84% were gay and 16% bisexual (P < 0.05). Fifteen (22%) individuals reported being HIV positive, and 11 (73%) of them practiced intentional unprotected anal intercourse (P < 0.05). The mean of sexual compulsivity was associated with men who engaged in intentional unsafe sex (P = 0.01). Men who reported intentional unsafe sex scored significantly higher on the novelty seeking temperament dimension (P < 0.05) and scored significantly lower on the self-directedness character dimension (P < 0.001). However, self-directedness predicted intentional unsafe sex in the multiple logistic regression (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Sexually compulsive individuals who practiced intentional unsafe sex presented lower self-directedness than the group who did not engage in intentional unsafe sex, which suggests less autonomy regarding life itself. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to consider intentional unsafe sex in sexually compulsive men.
Does closantel in therapeutic doses display thyroid hormone‐like activity in sheep?
Authors: Snoj T. , Cebulj‐Kadunc N. , Kobal S.
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to define the thyroid hormone‐like activity of closantel in sheep by measuring some blood parameters that are known to be influenced by thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Our hypothesis was that, if closantel possesses thyroid hormone‐like activity, its use under in vivo conditions will result in changes similar to those in hyperthyroidism. The study was conducted in 20 Jezersko‐Solchava breed sheep. Blood sampling was performed before and 10 days after routine anthelmintic treatment with closantel. Complete blood count, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, protein, and albumin levels, as well as those of serum T3 and T4, were compared before and 10 days after closantel administration. This routine anthelmintic treatment of sheep with closantel did not significantly influence hematological parameters, thyroid hormone levels, or most of the biochemical parameters. No evidence was found for thyroid hormone‐like activity of closantel in sheep. However, significantly (P < 0.01) elevated levels of plasma triglycerides were present 10 days after closantel administration.
The effect of impact obliquity on shock heating in planetesimal collisions
Authors: Davison Thomas M. , Ciesla Fred J. , Collins Gareth S. , Elbeshausen Dirk
Published: November 2014

Collisions between planetesimals in the early solar system were a common and fundamental process. Most collisions occurred at an oblique incidence angle, yet the influence of impact angle on heating in collisions is not fully understood. We have conducted a series of shock physics simulations to quantify oblique heating processes, and find that both impact angle and target curvature are important in quantifying the amount of heating in a collision. We find an expression to estimate the heating in an oblique collision compared to that in a vertical incidence collision. We have used this expression to quantify heating in the Rhealsilvia‐forming impact on Vesta, and find that there is slightly more heating in a 45° impact than in a vertical impact. Finally, we apply these results to Monte Carlo simulations of collisional processes in the early solar system, and determine the overall effect of impact obliquity from the range of impacts that occurred on a meteorite parent body. For those bodies that survived 100 Myr without disruption, it is not necessary to account for the natural variation in impact angle, as the amount of heating was well approximated by a fixed impact angle of 45°. However, for disruptive impacts, this natural variation in impact angle should be accounted for, as around a quarter of bodies were globally heated by at least 100 K in a variable‐angle model, an order of magnitude higher than under an assumption of a fixed angle of 45°.
Differential transcriptomic responses of ancient and modern Daphnia genotypes to phosphorus supply
Authors: Roy Chowdhury Priyanka , Frisch Dagmar , Becker Dörthe , Lopez Jacqueline A. , Weider Lawrence J. , Colbourne John K. , Jeyasingh Punidan D.
Published: November 2014

Little is known about the role of transcriptomic changes in driving phenotypic evolution in natural populations, particularly in response to anthropogenic environmental change. Previous analyses of Daphnia genotypes separated by centuries of evolution in a lake using methods in resurrection ecology revealed striking genetic and phenotypic shifts that were highly correlated with anthropogenic environmental change, specifically phosphorus (P)‐driven nutrient enrichment (i.e. eutrophication). Here, we compared the transcriptomes of two ancient (~700‐year‐old) and two modern (~10‐year‐old) genotypes in historic (low P) and contemporary (high P) environmental conditions using microarrays. We found considerable transcriptomic variation between ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ genotypes in both treatments, with stressful (low P) conditions eliciting differential expression (DE) of a larger number of genes. Further, more genes were DE between ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ genotypes than within these groups. Expression patterns of individual genes differed greatly among genotypes, suggesting that different transcriptomic responses can result in similar phenotypes. While this confounded patterns between ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ genotypes at the gene level, patterns were discernible at the functional level: annotation of DE genes revealed particular enrichment of genes involved in metabolic pathways in response to P‐treatments. Analyses of gene families suggested significant DE in pathways already known to be important in dealing with P‐limitation in Daphnia as well as in other organisms. Such observations on genotypes of a single natural population, separated by hundreds of years of evolution in contrasting environmental conditions before and during anthropogenic environmental changes, highlight the important role of transcriptional mechanisms in the evolutionary responses of populations.
Exploring Heritage Language Anxiety: A Study of Chinese Heritage Language Learners
Authors: Xiao Yang , Wong Ka F.
Published: November 2014

The rapidly increasing population of heritage students within the recent expansion of Chinese language education leads us to explore anxiety levels specific to Chinese heritage language (CHL) learners. This study examines the anxiety profiles of 87 CHL learners, enrolled in separated heritage‐track courses at two U. S. universities, from a larger sample of 192 Chinese language students. The results indicate that of the four language skill‐based activities, writing provokes the most anxiety in CHL learners, and students' avoidance behavior was found to be strongest in the three subcomponents of writing anxiety. At the same time, correlations with the other three skill‐based anxieties were the weakest, revealing the complex construct of CHL writing anxiety. Factor analysis and regression procedures indicate that a large portion of CHL writing anxiety is explained not only by factors of the second language writing process but also by factors associated with the learners' heritage identity. Finally, suggestions for a Heritage Language Anxiety Scale and pedagogical implications for CHL writing instruction are provided.
Development of Interactional Competence in Japanese as a Second Language: Use of Incomplete Sentences as Interactional Resources
Authors: Taguchi Naoko
Published: November 2014

This study investigates the development of interactional competence by second language (L2) learners of Japanese studying abroad as indexed by their use of incomplete sentences, a common linguistic phenomenon in Japanese conversations. Eighteen international students of mixed L1 backgrounds participated in the study at a Japanese university. They conversed with a peer for 20 minutes in Japanese, while the researcher participated in the conversation occasionally. Analysis of the two conversations, recorded 12 weeks apart at the beginning and end of the semester, showed a notable increase in the learners' production of incomplete utterances, although change in participant structure (dyadic between learner peers vs. triadic among learner peers and the researcher) showed no effect in the learners' use of incomplete sentences. Close analysis of the use of the incomplete sentences in sequential organization revealed the learners' development in interactional competence: Over time they became able to use the linguistic resource of incomplete utterance endings to co‐construct meaning in talk‐in‐progress.
Biomechanical consequences of branching in flexible wave‐swept macroalgae
Authors: Starko Samuel , Claman Barry Z. , Martone Patrick T.
Published: November 2014

Wave‐swept macroalgae present an excellent system for studying the effects of chronic physical stress on the morphological evolution of plants. Wave‐induced water velocities impose great drag forces, leading to a morphological tradeoff between light interception and drag reduction/tolerance. What are the hydrodynamic consequences of morphological diversification, such as increased branching?

Drag was measured on artificial macroalgae of constant ‘photosynthetic’ area, but differing branching patterns, in a high‐speed flume at water velocities up to 3.5 m s−1. A meta‐analysis was used to compare dislodgement forces of branched and unbranched species of comparable sizes in the field to determine if drag‐prone morphologies had greater attachment strengths.

Branched fronds experienced greater drag than unbranched fronds of the same size. Greater drag in branched forms was not the result of increased projected area but probably resulted from greater pressure or friction drag. In the field, branched species resisted greater dislodgement forces than unbranched species of comparable size, suggesting that branched species compensate for increased drag with stronger attachment to the substratum.

Branching has clear biomechanical consequences, increasing drag and the need for increased attachment. This raises questions about physiological and ecological advantages that may have driven the repeated evolution of biomechanically costly, branched morphologies.
Internal and external factors affecting photosynthetic pigment composition in plants: a meta‐analytical approach
Authors: Esteban Raquel , Barrutia Oihana , Artetxe Unai , Fernández‐Marín Beatriz , Hernández Antonio , García‐Plazaola José Ignacio
Published: November 2014

Photosynthetic pigment composition has been a major study target in plant ecophysiology during the last three decades. Although more than 2000 papers have been published, a comprehensive evaluation of the responses of photosynthetic pigment composition to environmental conditions is not yet available.

After an extensive survey, we compiled data from 525 papers including 809 species (subkingdom Viridiplantae) in which pigment composition was described. A meta‐analysis was then conducted to assess the ranges of photosynthetic pigment content.

Calculated frequency distributions of pigments were compared with those expected from the theoretical pigment composition. Responses to environmental factors were also analysed. The results revealed that lutein and xanthophyll cycle pigments (VAZ) were highly responsive to the environment, emphasizing the high phenotypic plasticity of VAZ, whereas neoxanthin was very stable.

The present meta‐analysis supports the existence of relatively narrow limits for pigment ratios and also supports the presence of a pool of free ‘unbound’ VAZ. Results from this study provide highly reliable ranges of photosynthetic pigment contents as a framework for future research on plant pigments.
Loss of periodicity in breeding success of waders links to changes in lemming cycles in Arctic ecosystems
Authors: Aharon‐Rotman Yaara , Soloviev Mikhail , Minton Clive , Tomkovich Pavel , Hassell Chris , Klaassen Marcel
Published: November 2014

Lemming population cycles in the Arctic have an important impact on the Arctic food web, indirectly also affecting breeding success in Arctic‐nesting birds through shared predators. Over the last two decades lemming cycles have changed in amplitude and even disappeared in parts of the Arctic. To examine the large scale effect of these recent changes we re‐analysed published data from the East Atlantic Flyway (EAF), where a relationship between lemming cycles and wader breeding success was earlier found, and new data on breeding success of waders in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway (EAAF).

We found that 1) any long‐term periodicities in wader breeding success existed only until the year 2000 in the EAAF and until the 1980s in the EAF; 2) studying these patterns at a smaller spatial scale, where the Siberian–Alaskan breeding grounds were divided into five geographical units largely based on landscape features, breeding success of waders from the EAAF was not correlated to an index of predation pressure, but positively correlated to Arctic summer temperatures in some species. We argue that fading out of lemming cycles in some parts of the Arctic is responsible for faltering periodicity in wader breeding success along both flyways. These changed conditions have not yet resulted in any marked changing trends in breeding success across years, and declining numbers of waders along the EAAF are therefore more likely a result of changing conditions at stop‐over and wintering sites.
Mechanisms and reproductive consequences of breeding dispersal in a specialist predator under temporally varying food conditions
Authors: Terraube Julien , Vasko Ville , Korpimäki Erkki
Published: November 2014

Individual variation in breeding dispersal has extensive ecological and evolutionary consequences, but the factors driving individual dispersal behaviour and their fitness consequences remain poorly understood. Our data on dispersal events of a rodent‐specialist predator, the Eurasian kestrelFalco tinnunculus, over 20 years in western Finland offers a unique opportunity to explore the mechanisms underlying breeding dispersal behaviour and its reproductive consequences in a wild bird population. Sex, age, body condition and previous breeding success affected breeding dispersal. Dispersal distances were longer in females than in males as well as longer in yearlings than in older individuals. Body condition was positively correlated to breeding dispersal distances, particularly for females. The lowest dispersal distances were recorded for intermediate brood sizes in the year preceding dispersal. Our results highlight sex‐ and environment‐specific consequences of breeding dispersal on reproductive performance. During increase phases of the three‐year vole cycles, males dispersing further had lower reproductive performance after dispersal, whereas in females, long breeding dispersal distances were associated with increased breeding success under all environmental conditions. These results suggest benefits associated to breeding dispersal in females, potentially related to large spatio‐temporal variation in main food abundance and intensity of intra‐specific competition. Breeding dispersal of males was costly during increasing food abundance, indicating the potential fitness benefits of environmental familiarity in this migratory species. Overall, our results indicate that both individual traits and environmental factors interact to shape breeding dispersal strategies in wide‐ranging predator populations under fluctuating food conditions.
Public Perceptions of Expert Credibility on Policy Issues: The Role of Expert Framing and Political Worldviews
Authors: Lachapelle Erick , Montpetit Éric , Gauvin Jean‐Philippe
Published: November 2014

How do individuals assess the credibility of experts in various policy domains? Under what conditions does the public interpret particular scientific knowledge claims as being trustworthy and credible? Using data collected from an online survey experiment, administered to 1,507 adult residents of Quebec, this paper seeks answers to these questions. Specifically, we examine variation in the way members of the public perceive the credibility of scientific experts in the areas of climate change, shale gas extraction, cell phones, and wind farms. Our results contribute to the existing literatures on public perceptions of policy experts, framing, and cultural theory. We find that individuals evaluate expert credibility based on the way in which experts frame issues, and on the congruity/dissonance between these expert communication frames and one's underlying worldview. However, we also identify limits to these framing effects. Our findings shed light on the interaction of framing and political worldviews in shaping public perceptions of expert credibility in various policymaking contexts.
Collaboration and Culture: Organizational Culture and the Dynamics of Collaborative Policy Networks
Authors: Weare Christopher , Lichterman Paul , Esparza Nicole
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a theory of the role of culture in collaborative policy networks. It builds on the literature that analyzes the factors related to the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of collaborative arrangements by demonstrating the importance of hitherto undertheorized cultural factors. Cultural theory indicates that actors with different cultural viewpoints have distinct and predictable biases in terms of their expectations of collaboration and their preferences concerning how collaborative policy networks are structured. These biases, in turn, shape how collaborative partners are chosen and how collaborative relationships are maintained over time. The theory is illustrated with a case study of the rise and dissolution of a coalition within a housing policy network inLosAngeles. The case illustrates that cultural differences can impede collaboration even when organizations share similar policy goals.
Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array at Different Blowing Ratios and Contraction Ratios
Authors: Ligrani Phil , Goodro Matt , Fox Michael D. , Moon Hee-Koo
Published: November 2014

The present experimental investigation considers a full coverage film cooling arrangement with different streamwise static pressure gradients. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other, with sharp edges and streamwise inclination angles of 20 deg with respect to the liner surface. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (BRs) (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, a coolant Reynolds number of 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 18 and 5, respectively. Data illustrating the effects of contraction ratio, BR, and streamwise location on local, line-averaged, and spatially averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data; and on local, line-averaged and spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient data are presented. Varying BR values are present along the length of the contraction passage, which contains the cooling hole arrangement, when contraction ratio is 4. Dependence on BR indicates important influences of coolant concentration and distribution. For example, line-averaged and spatially averaged adiabatic effectiveness data show vastly different changes with BR for the configurations with contraction ratios of 1 and 4. In addition, much larger effectiveness alterations are present as BR changes from 2.0 to 10.0, when significant acceleration is present and Cr = 4 (in comparison with the Cr = 1 data).
A New Approach to the Gray-Box Identification of Wiener Models With the Application of Gas Turbine Engine Modeling
Authors: Mohammadi Ehsan , Montazeri-Gh Morteza
Published: November 2014

In this paper, a new approach is presented for the gray-box identification of Wiener models (WM); and to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, it is used to estimate the dynamic behavior of a two-shaft industrial gas turbine (GT). The Wiener models, which have attracted a considerable attention due to their low computational demand and high accuracy, represent modeling techniques based on system identification. These models are composed of a linear dynamic part interconnected with a nonlinear static element, and the unknown parameters of these two parts are generally determined by black-box identification approaches. However, another identification method known as “gray-box identification” can also be employed, which uses the existing information about the static or dynamic behavior of a system to achieve the unknown parameters of the Wiener model. In this study, an innovative approach for improving the Wiener model’s capability of predicting the dynamic behavior of nonlinear systems is presented with the assumption that the static behavior of the examined system is known. In the proposed model called the enhanced Wiener model (EWM), the parameters of the linear dynamic part are allowed to vary with the operating conditions; and thus, this model provides a higher flexibility in estimating the dynamic behavior of the examined system compared to the conventional Wiener models. The EWM consists of a static nonlinear block and a linear dynamic block with varying parameters. Since gas turbine engines are essentially nonlinear in both the steady and transient conditions, the modeling of a gas turbine can be a suitable case for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed model. In this regard, in order to estimate the parameters of a two-shaft industrial gas turbine, five multi-input single-output (MISO) EWMs with a special structure are employed in which the parameters of the dynamic part of each EWM is determined by an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, the EWM results are compared with the result obtained by common system identification approaches like Wiener, Hammerstein, Wiener–Hammerstein, nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX), and ANFIS models. The simulation results reveal that the proposed EWM not only is more flexible and effective in predicting the dynamic behavior of the examined gas turbine than the block-structured models, but it also outperforms the NARX and ANFIS models in estimating the static behavior of the gas turbine.
Creating Reduced Kinetics Models That Satisfy the Entropy Inequality
Authors: Jones Nathan H. , Cizmas Paul G. A. , Slattery John C.
Published: November 2014

In simulating chemically reacting flows, the differential entropy inequality (the local form of the second law of thermodynamics) must be satisfied in addition to the differential mass, momentum, and energy balances. Previously, we have shown that entropy violations occur when using a global/reduced mechanism. Herein we show that entropy violations also occur when using a detailed/skeletal/reduced mechanism. Using a recent theorem of “Slattery et al. (2011, “Role of Differential Entropy Inequality in Chemically Reacting Flows,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 66(21), pp. 5236–5243),” we illustrate how to modify a reduced chemical kinetics model to automatically satisfy the differential entropy inequality. The numerical solution of a methane laminar flame was improved when using reduced chemical kinetics modified in this way. In addition, an ad hoc temperature limiter is no longer necessary.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Unsteady Flow Field in a Vaned Diffuser of a High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Vogel Klemens , Abhari Reza S. , Zemp Armin
Published: November 2014

Vaned diffusers in centrifugal compressor stages are used to achieve higher stage pressure ratios, higher stage efficiencies, and more compact designs. The interaction of the stationary diffuser with the impeller can lead to resonant vibration with potentially devastating effects. This paper presents unsteady diffuser vane surface pressure measurements using in-house developed, flush mounted, fast response piezoresistive pressure transducers. The unsteady pressures were recorded for nine operating conditions, covering a wide range of the compressor map. Experimental work was complemented by 3D unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using ansys cfx V12.1 to detail the unsteady diffuser aerodynamics. Pressure fluctuations of up to 34.4% of the inlet pressure were found. High pressure variations are present all along the vane and are not restricted to the leading edge region. Frequency analysis of the measured vane surface pressures show that reduced impeller loading, and the corresponding reduction of tip leakage fluid changes the characteristics of the fluctuations from a main blade count to a total blade count. The unsteady pressure fluctuations in the diffuser originate from three distinct locations. The impact of the jet-wake flow leaving the impeller results in high variation close to the leading edge. It was observed that CFD results overpredicted the amplitude of the pressure fluctuation on average by 62%.
Silicon nanopillar anodes for lithium-ion batteries using nanoimprint lithography with flexible molds
Authors: Mills Eric , Cannarella John , Zhang Qi , Bhadra Shoham , Arnold Craig B. , Chou Stephen Y.
Published: November 2014

The lithium ion battery, a preferred energy storage technology, is limited by its volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, as well as its capacity retention with prolonged cycling. In this work, the authors exploited the extremely high lithium storage capacity of Si as an anode material and tackled the issue of lithium-induced volume expansion by patterning the Si into a nanopillar array using nanoimprint lithography and reactive-ion etching. Arrays of 200 nm-pitch Si pillars of 50–70 nm diameter and 200–500 nm height were fabricated on stainless steel substrates, assembled into coin cells, and tested against lithium counter electrodes. Initial charge capacities in excess of 3000 mAh/g, and a low rate-dependence, were obtained with these Si pillar anodes. This represents an improvement over previously reported nanoimprint-patterned Si anodes. Though this initial capacity is roughly equivalent to previously reported values for bulk Si anodes, our nanopillar anodes exhibit far superior capacity retention with subsequent charge–discharge cycles.
Quantitative characterization of field emission parameters: Application to statistical analysis of individual carbon nanotubes/nanofibers
Authors: Andrianiazy Florian , Mazellier Jean-Paul , Sabaut Lucie , Gangloff Laurent , Legagneux Pierre , Gröning Oliver
Published: November 2014

In this study, the authors present a detailed procedure for the quantitative measurement of the field emission properties of a large number of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes/nanofibers (CNs) using a scanning anode field emission microscope (SAFEM). This method provides the statistical distribution of all the relevant emitter parameters such as field enhancement factor, emitter height, and maximal current before failure. In order to extract the correct absolute enhancement factor of each CN, an analytical electrostatics model has been developed taking into account for the “tip-to-tip” geometry of anode and cathode in the SAFEM set-up. This analytical model has been validated by finite elements electrostatic simulations. Experimental measurements of enhancement factor distributions determined at several anode–cathode distances show the importance of this procedure to obtain quantitative correct values. A good correlation between the enhancement factor and the CN length has been observed. Additionally, the correlation between the maximum current before failure and the enhancement factor has also been investigated. Unlike in previously reported experiments, no clear dependence between these two parameters has been obtained. This result can be explained in our case by a large dispersion of CN crystalline quality or CN–substrate electrical contact resistance in the array used in this study.
Surrogate Headform Accelerations Associated with Stick Checks in Girls’ Lacrosse
Authors: Crisco Joseph J. , Costa Laura , Rich Ryan , Schwartz Joel B. , Wilcox Bethany
Published: November 2014

Girls’ lacrosse is fundamentally a different sport than boys’ lacrosse, and girls are not required to wear protective headgear. Recent epidemiological studies have found that stick checks are the leading cause of concussion injury in girls’ lacrosse. The purpose of this study was to determine stick check speeds and estimate the head acceleration associated with direct checks to the head. In addition, we briefly examine if commercially available headgear can mitigate the accelerations. Seven (n = 7) experienced female lacrosse players checked, with varying severity, a NOSCAE and an ASTM headform. Stick speed at impact and the associated peak linear accelerations of the headform were recorded. The NOCSAE headform was fitted with four commercially available headgear and similar stick impact testing was performed. The median stick impact speed was 8.1 m/s and 777 deg/s. At these speeds, peak linear acceleration was approximately 60g. Three out of the four headgear significantly reduced the peak linear acceleration when compared with the bare headform. These data serve as baseline for understanding the potential mechanism and reduction of concussions from stick impacts in girls’ lacrosse.
Antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection or vaccination
Authors: Fonville J. M. , Wilks S. H. , James S. L. , Fox A. , Ventresca M. , Aban M. , Xue L. , Jones T. C. , Le N. M. H.  , Pham Q. T.  , Tran N. D.  , Wong Y. , Mosterin A. , Katzelnick L. C. , Labonte D. , Le T. T.  , van der Net G. , Skepner E. , Russell C. A. , Kaplan T. D. , Rimmelzwaan G. F. , Masurel N. , de Jong J. C. , Palache A. , Beyer W. E. P. , Le Q. M.  , Nguyen T. H.  , Wertheim H. F. L. , Hurt A. C. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. , Barr I. G. , Fouchier R. A. M. , Horby P. W. , Smith D. J.
Published: November 2014

We introduce the antibody landscape, a method for the quantitative analysis of antibody-mediated immunity to antigenically variable pathogens, achieved by accounting for antigenic variation among pathogen strains. We generated antibody landscapes to study immune profiles covering 43 years of influenza A/H3N2 virus evolution for 69 individuals monitored for infection over 6 years and for 225 individuals pre- and postvaccination. Upon infection and vaccination, titers increased broadly, including previously encountered viruses far beyond the extent of cross-reactivity observed after a primary infection. We explored implications for vaccination and found that the use of an antigenically advanced virus had the dual benefit of inducing antibodies against both advanced and previous antigenic clusters. These results indicate that preemptive vaccine updates may improve influenza vaccine efficacy in previously exposed individuals.