bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pareto's law of income distribution, or the 80/20 rule
Authors: Rodd John
Published: February 2011

Pareto's Law of Income Distribution forms the basis of the well‐known, but often overlooked, ‘eighty‐twenty’ rule. The implication is that a small proportion of customers (or donors) are accountable for a very large share of sales turnover or income.

This paper examines the impact on fundraising of the pioneering work of Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) concerning the distribution of wealth between groups in society, which was first published exactly one hundred years ago, in 1895. It discusses the relevance of Pareto's Law to contemporary fundraising, using case data from UK charities who have put Pareto's assertions to the test.

The recognition of the Pareto principle is wholly dependent on data analysis and software tools to perform the calculations and then display Pareto‐style reports.

Such tools are beginning to be seen in UK and some overseas software packages and general tools, available in the UK nonprofit marketplace. Illustrations of software systems supporting Pareto‐style diagnostic analysis are given.

At its most basic, Pareto's principle compels fundraisers to look into their databases of supporters to identify the small but potent élite donating segments who always seem to exist among the general mass.

The implications for fundraising that flow from such analyses are important and can be far‐reaching. They allow fundamental supporter segmentation patterns based on historic donating history to be understood, and, if understood, managed productively.

Finally, Pareto compels the decision to alter either fundraising management and allocation of resources, or to manage supporters, rather than appeals, which in the UK continues to be the most common management style.
Legal update
Authors: Norton Philip
Published: February 2011

This update contains developments on United Kingdom charity law, as it pertains to fundraising and other marketing strategies. Later issues of the journal will consider United States and European law.

If readers have any particular questions on charity law, please write to the Editor at the Publisher's offices, so that he can answer questions which are of general interest to readers.
Integrated donor management: Using telemarketing to increase donor affinity and fundraising income
Authors: Logan Timothy D.
Published: February 2011

This paper introduces the concept of integrated donor management (IDM). This is defined as combining two or more development methods to maximise a donor's affinity to an organisation. With IDM, all activities are designed to educate, cultivate and appreciate donors. The telephone is considered within this framework and specifically its relationship is explored with direct mail, major donors, planned giving and donor acknowledgement. Guidelines are provided for using the phone responsibly to increase donor affinity and fundraising income.
The art of saying thank you: A case study on the bushfires in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Le Couteur Michael
Published: February 2011

This paper looks at the response from charitable organisations to donations sent after the bushfires in New South Wales. Thank you letters from the various charities are given in full and their contents analysed.
Unintentional marketing can hurt a not‐for‐profit
Authors: Bila Thomas A.
Published: February 2011

‘Marketing is a special blend of art and science. There is a great deal to be learned in marketing classes, but no amount of schooling can teach you the experience, the intuition, and the creativity to be a truly gifted marketer. That's why those with the gift are so highly paid.’1
Corporate identity: What does it mean for museums?
Authors: Mclean Fiona
Published: February 2011

In the commercial sector it is recognised that corporate identity is highly significant not only in differentiating an organisation, but also for its long‐term survival. However, no substantial research has previously been undertaken investigating corporate identity in the nonprofit sector. This paper outlines an investigation into the current practice of corporate identity management in museums. A number of distinct elements are identified, which are not adequately addressed by the commercially orientated corporate identity literature. The implications of these issues are considered, and some suggestions made for future corporate identity management activities in the nonprofit sector.
Enigmatic exchange mechanisms in modern societies: Community and business barter and international countertrade
Authors: Liesch Peter W. , St. Hill Rod , Birch Dawn
Published: February 2011

Modem domestic barter systems are operating in Australia and other high‐income countries at the local community level, and at the national level for business exchanges. Both governments and firms practise countertrade at the international level. These exchange regimes appear to have become institutionalised in a macromarketing system which is organised on the primacy of market exchange based on price as the coordinating device. In this paper, explanations for this enigma are presented with a particular emphasis on the Australian context.
Using data analysis in strategic legacy marketing
Authors: Rodd John
Published: February 2011

This paper is about the application of database analysis to records of deceased persons who have made bequests to charity, in order to establish their key characteristics. All findings are based on researched findings, with sources disguised. The paper outlines the benefits of such analysis in strategic planning, with particular reference to understanding the profiles of future legators, reducing inappropriate or wasteful marketing, establishing segmentation criteria, positioning legators in demographic terms, locating them geographically, sizing the market, establishing the most attractive prospects and determining the earning power of the existing ‘live’ supporter database versus the wider general public, and anticipating the effects of competition. Finally the paper suggests ways in which an understanding of legator profiles can control the effort applied to incoming enquiries and pledgers, using database analysis to predict their potential.
UK trust fundraising ‐ Learning to say thank you
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Pole Kris
Published: February 2011

In the United Kingdom, Charities Aid Foundation (CAF) data suggest that grant‐making trusts are currently responsible for supplying over 13 per cent of an ‘average’ charity's income (approximately four times the amount committed by corporate donors). Remarkably however, very little is known about the behaviour of such organisations and the contact strategies that are used by charities to solicit their support. This paper reviews the findings of a postal survey of 350 grant‐making trusts and identifies the criteria most commonly used to perform an initial sift of proposals and to develop a final short list to appraise for support or rejection. The findings clearly show that charity applications to trusts have increased dramatically over the past three years. Regrettably however, trusts perceive that there has been an accompanying decline in the standards of application being made. Trusts report that they are now frequently subjected to ill‐considered ‘blanket’ mailings from charities that often take no account of the specific aims and objectives of the trust. In general, the research also identified that applicants appeared to have undertaken very little research prior to submission of their application and if successful, would be unlikely to thank the trustees, nor to indicate what had been achieved as a result of their generosity.
UK legal update
Authors: Norton Philip
Published: February 2011

This update covers developments in relation to UK charity law, particularly in relation to fundraising and other marketing strategies.

If readers have any particular questions on charity law, please write to Philip Norton at the publishers' offices, so that he can answer questions which are of general interest to readers.
Understanding the increasing affluence of women
Authors: Nichols Judith E.
Published: February 2011

Increasingly, women are emerging as major donors in their own right. For example in May 1998, five women with Harvard ties, in partnership with the University, established a $15m matching fund to encourage other women to make significant gifts to the University.

There are three major economic reasons for targeting women seriously for an organisation's fundraising efforts: women have increasing economic power; women outlive men; women have a new awareness of the power of the dollars they control.

Research done in both the United States (Martha Taylor and Sandra Shaw) and the United Kingdom (Stephen Pidgeon and Pauline Lockier) demonstrates that women and men have different ‘philanthropic triggers’. Many women have tended to contribute significant volunteer time and service to the institutions about which they care rather than significant gifts of money. Often, women are interested in not only how their gift benefits a specific institution, but also how it benefits society in general. Women often rely not on formal relationships with institutions, but on their perceived value of the institution's goals and impact.

This paper provides a context for looking at women as donors.
The influence of poll results on public opinion: Examining the personal consequences of the poll topic
Authors: Areni Charles S. , Ferrell M. Elizabeth , Wilcox James B.
Published: February 2011

A laboratory experiment examined the effect of reporting poll results on opinions regarding a legislative proposal affecting higher education. The results indicated that exposure to poll results was more likely to change opinions when the proposal had few personal consequences, and when the majority position in the polls was counter to the opinions held by most subjects. Under these conditions, a ‘bandwagon effect’ resulted wherein subjects tended to switch to the majority position reported in the polls. However, when the personal consequences of the proposal were substantial, and/or the majority position was consistent with the views of most subjects, poll results had little or no impact on opinions. These results suggest that, in certain circumstances, reported poll results are viewed as an acceptable basis for opinions on government policies, and that governments can use poll results strategically to sway the opinions of voters ‐ especially voters who are relatively unaffected by the policy.
Prediction of donor lifetime value and the development of true segmented donor strategy
Authors: Hunter Tim , Hill Richard
Published: February 2011

This paper is based on projects developed by WWAV Rapp Collins on behalf of two UK charities, Shelter and the NSPCC. The classic model used by nonprofit organisations for donor development programmes using the concept of lifetime value (LTV) is challenged and the paper describes the development of an alternative model. The paper assesses existing segmentation methodology and systems such as RFV, and analyses, step by step, how the new model was set up. There is particular emphasis on the scoring methods used and validation of the scores. Income from donors is likely to be maximised by efficiently separating the profitable from the unprofitable with the use of a more discriminating system.
Auditory complications in childhood cancer survivors: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study
Authors: Whelan Kimberly , Stratton Kayla , Kawashima Toana , Leisenring Wendy , Hayashi Susan , Waterbor John , Blatt Julie , Sklar Charles A. , Packer Roger , Mitby Pauline , Robison Leslie L. , Mertens Ann C.
Published: February 2011

Background

Studies have found associations between cancer therapies and auditory complications, but data are limited on long‐term outcomes and risks associated with multiple exposures.

Procedure

The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a retrospective cohort investigating health outcomes of long‐term survivors (5+ years) diagnosed and treated between 1970 and 1986 compared to a randomly selected sibling cohort. Questionnaires were completed by 14,358 survivors of childhood cancer and 4,023 sibling controls. Analysis determined the first occurrence of four auditory conditions in two time periods: diagnosis to 5 years post‐diagnosis, and ≥5 years post‐diagnosis. Multivariable analyses determined the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of auditory conditions by treatment exposure.

Results

Five or more years from cancer diagnosis, survivors were at increased risk of problems hearing sounds (RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.8–2.8), tinnitus (RR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.4–2.1), hearing loss requiring an aid (RR = 4.4; 95% CI: 2.8–6.9), and hearing loss in 1 or both ears not corrected by a hearing aid (RR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.8–9.5), when compared to siblings. Temporal lobe and posterior fossa radiation was associated with these outcomes in a dose‐dependent fashion. Exposure to platinum compounds was associated with an increased risk of problems hearing sounds (RR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3–3.2), tinnitus (RR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9–4.2), and hearing loss requiring an aid (RR = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.5–6.7).

Conclusions

Childhood cancer survivors are at risk of developing auditory complications. Radiation and platinum compounds are determinants of this risk. Follow‐up is needed to evaluate the impact of auditory conditions on quality of life. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:126–134. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey on breast cancer patients in China toward breast‐conserving surgery
Authors: Zhang Li , Jiang Ming , Zhou Yi , Du Xiao‐bo , Yao Wen‐xiu , Yan Xi , Jiang Yu , Zou Li‐qun
Published: February 2011

Objective: We sought to investigate attitudes toward breast‐conserving therapy (BCS) in early‐stage breast cancer (EBC) patients from P. R. China and assess the factors influencing their decision.

Background: There exists geographical difference in decision to perform mastectomy or BCS for EBC patients. To date, there has been no report on attitudes toward BCS or factors influencing the surgical choice in mainland China.

Methods: A structured questionnaire was delivered to 1800 EBC patients. The questionnaire elicited information about general patients' characteristics, attitudes toward BCS, the roles of doctors and spouses, the levels of understanding of BCS, and the reasons for their preferences.

Results: Of 1590 participants, only 7.3% anticipated BCS and this was significantly associated with patient age, income, occupation, martial status, education, levels of self‐understanding of the disease, and doctors' and spouses' suggestions (P<0.05). Approximately 70% of doctors (71.0%) and 40% spouses (39.6%) advised patients not to conserve their breasts. Although the percentage of patients endorsing BCS was higher than that of those opposing it (43.7 vs 15.1%) and more patient believed BCS was beneficial for women (39.2%), even if given another opportunity, only 32.5% of patients preferred to choose it. Moreover, the level of understanding BCS among patients is low (well‐known: less‐known: never‐heard, 2.3 vs 47.4 vs 13.3%).

Conclusions: These results suggested that Chinese EBC patients lack accurate and comprehensive understanding of BCS. More efforts are needed to educate breast cancer patients in mainland China toward BCS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiinflammatory Constituents from Eclipta prostrata using RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells
Authors: Tewtrakul Supinya , Subhadhirasakul Sanan , Tansakul Pimpimon , Cheenpracha Sarot , Karalai Chatchanok
Published: February 2011

The whole plant extract of Eclipta prostrata and its isolated compounds were tested for their antiinflammatory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) release in RAW264.7 cells, as well as for the antiinflammatory mechanism of the active compound on mRNA expression. Among the isolated compounds, orobol (5) exhibited the highest activity against NO release with an IC50 value of 4.6 μm, followed by compounds 1, 2 and 4 with IC50 values of 12.7, 14.9 and 19.1 μm, respectively. The IC50 value of compound 5 against PGE2 release was found to be 49.6 μm, whereas it was inactive towards TNF‐α (IC50 > 100 μm). The mechanism of orobol (5) was found to down‐regulate iNOS and COX‐2 mRNA expression in a concentration‐dependent manner. The present study may support the traditional use of Eclipta prostrata for the treatment of inflammatory‐related diseases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Important issues related to using pooled samples for environmental chemical biomonitoring
Authors: Caudill Samuel P.
Published: February 2011

Pooling samples for analysis was first proposed in the 1940s to reduce analytical measurement costs associated with screening World War II recruits for syphilis. Later, it progressed to more complex screening strategies, to population prevalence estimation for discrete quantities, and to population mean estimation for continuous quantities. Recently, pooled samples have also been used to provide efficient alternatives for gene microarray analyses, epidemiologic studies of biomarkers of exposure, and characterization of populations regarding environmental chemical exposures. In this study, we address estimation and bias issues related to using pooled‐sample variance information from an auxiliary source to augment pooled‐sample variance estimates from the study of interest. The findings are illustrated by using pooled samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002 to assess exposures to perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the U.S. population. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Encapsulation of Luminescent Quantum Dots Synthesized in Aqueous Solution by Amphiphilic Polymers
Authors: Yuwen Lihui , Bao Biqing , Liu Ge , Tian Jing , Lu Haoting , Luo Zhimin , Zhu Xingrong , Boey Freddy , Zhang Hua , Wang Lianhui
Published: February 2011

A simple one‐pot polymer encapsulation method is developed for group II–VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in aqueous solution. The micelles of amphiphilic polymers, such as octadecylamine‐modified poly(acrylic acid), capture and encapsulate the QDs when the original hydrophilic ligands, namely 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), capped on the CdTe/CdS core/shell QDs are partially or fully exchanged by the hydrophobic ligands, 1‐dodecanethiol. The molar ratio of the amphiphilic polymer to QDs plays a crucial role in determining the final morphology of the encapsulated structures, including the number of QDs encapsulated in one polymeric micelle. Importantly, the polymer coating significantly improves the optical properties of the QDs, which enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield by about 50%. Furthermore, the photostability of the amphiphilic polymer‐coated QDs is much better than that of the synthesized QDs capped with MPA.
Examining the global reach of the 2008 US economic downturn
Authors: Kandogan Yener
Published: February 2011

This article analyzes how the 2008 US economic downturn propagated through the global trading system, creating an economic contagion around the world. Consistent with previous global crises, the reach and impact of this crisis is not the same across different regions. This article contributes to the literature by examining the effect of dependency on the country of origin of a crisis, openness to international trade, and the role a country plays in the global trading network to explain the variation in the reach and the impact across countries. The article concludes with policy recommendations to avoid future economic contagions or reduce their impact. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of normal fetal pulmonary veins from the early second trimester by enhanced‐flow (e‐flow) echocardiography
Authors: Dong F.‐Q. , Zhang Y.‐H. , Li Z.‐A. , Hou Z.‐Z. , He X.‐J. , Guo Y.‐Z.
Published: February 2011

Objectives

To explore the feasibility of using enhanced‐flow (e‐flow) imaging technology to identify fetal pulmonary veins and establish gestational age‐specific reference values at 12–40 weeks' gestation.

Methods

The pulmonary venous internal diameter, peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities and visualization rate were analyzed in 332 normal fetuses at 12–40 weeks of gestation. Two‐dimensional gray‐scale (2D) ultrasound, color Doppler and e‐flow imaging were used to detect the pulmonary veins in the four‐chamber view by taking the lung as the penetration window.

Results

The pulmonary veins could be visualized as early as 12 weeks' gestational age by e‐flow imaging. The right and left pulmonary venous internal diameters and peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities increased with increasing gestational age. Between 12 and 40 gestational weeks, the internal diameter and both the systolic and diastolic flow velocities of the fetal right pulmonary vein were significantly larger than were those of the left vein (P < 0.05). Of 118 fetuses at 12–22 gestational weeks, the visualization rate of the four pulmonary veins (left superior and inferior, right superior and inferior) was 5.9% (7/118) by 2D ultrasound, 41.5% (49/118) by color Doppler and 61.9% (73/118) by e‐flow imaging. The visualization rate by e‐flow imaging was significantly higher than that using the other two techniques (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

e‐flow imaging is apparently a feasible and promising technology with which to identify the fetal pulmonary veins in the early stages of the second trimester. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stuve–Wiedemann syndrome: a skeletal dysplasia characterized by bowed long bones
Authors: Begam M. A. , Alsafi W. , Bekdache G. N. , Chedid F. , Al‐Gazali L. , Mirghani H. M.
Published: February 2011

Objective

To describe the prenatal sonographic features of Stuve–Wiedemann syndrome (SWS).

Methods

A retrospective review of all cases of confirmed SWS during an 8‐year period was conducted. Clinical and historical data and outcome of the pregnancies were noted. Fetal biometry, skeletal survey, amniotic fluid volume and associated anomalies were recorded. A sonographic algorithm was proposed to distinguish SWS from other bent bone disorders.

Results

In total, there were 10 cases, six of which were diagnosed prenatally. The main prenatal features of SWS were mild‐to‐moderate micromelia and bowing of the lower limb bones, affecting the tibia more than the femur. There was relative sparing of fibula and upper limb bones, with normal scapulae and clavicles. Camptodactyly was the main associated anomaly. All fetuses developed growth restriction in the late second trimester with oligohydramnios in half of the cases. These features could appear late in pregnancy. Although the thoracic dimensions were normal in the majority of fetuses, respiratory insufficiency, as a result of myotonia, was a leading cause for mortality.

Conclusions

It is possible to diagnose SWS prenatally. SWS is associated with high mortality during the first year of life, and those who survive have high morbidity. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluss der Oberflächenmorphologie auf die Performance von Low‐E Schichtsysteme
Authors: Kleinhempel Ronny , Wahl André , Böhme Thomas , Thielsch Roland
Published: February 2011

Am Beispiel der Abscheidung von Low‐E Schichten auf verschiedene Kunststoffoberflächen konnte der Einfluss der Oberflächenrauheit auf die funktionellen Eigenschaften diskutiert werden. Bei der Verwendung rauer Oberflächen wird eine verstärkte Absorption im sichtbaren Spektralbereich beobachtet, welche auf Oberflächenplasmonenverluste zurückzuführen ist. Für die Verbesserung der Transmission (Tvis) muss folglich ein Substrat mit geringer Rauheit verwendet werden. Dabei ist es möglich, mit einer geeigneten Substratvorbehandlung die Substratoberfläche zu glätten. Zusätzlich wird die Stärke und die spektrale Lage der Plasmonenabsorption durch das dielektrische Material an der Grenzfläche zum Silber beeinflusst. Ein Material mit hoher Brechzahl ist für eine optimale Entspiegelung der Silberschicht notwendig. Auf rauen Substraten wird hierbei jedoch eine stärkere Absorption festgestellt. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Absorption zu reduzieren, ist die Verwendung von dünnen Zwischenschichten mit kleinerem Brechungsindex.
Number words, quantifiers, and principles of word learning
Authors: Sullivan Jessica , Barner David
Published: February 2011

How do children learn the meanings of words like many and five? Although much is known about the mechanisms that underlie children's acquisition of nouns and verbs, considerably less is understood of how children begin to learn the meanings of words that refer to sets (e.g., number words and quantifiers). Here we argue that children's acquisition of quantity expressions relies on learning mechanisms typically associated with learning content words. In particular, we argue that the Whole Object Assumption and the Principle of Contrast are special cases of more general principles that guide not just the acquisition of nouns and verbs, but also the acquisition and interpretation of number words and quantifiers. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 639–645 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.140

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language
Response load extrapolation for wind turbines during operation based on average conditional exceedance rates
Authors: Toft Henrik Stensgaard , Naess Arvid , Saha Nilanjan , Sørensen John Dalsgaard
Published: February 2011

The paper explores a recently developed method for statistical response load (load effect) extrapolation for application to extreme response of wind turbines during operation. The extrapolation method is based on average conditional exceedance rates and is in the present implementation restricted to cases where the Gumbel distribution is the appropriate asymptotic extreme value distribution. However, two extra parameters are introduced by which a more general and flexible class of extreme value distributions is obtained with the Gumbel distribution as a subclass. The general method is implemented within a hierarchical model where the variables that influence the loading are divided into ergodic variables and time‐invariant non‐ergodic variables.

The presented method for statistical response load extrapolation was compared with the existing methods based on peak extrapolation for the blade out‐of‐plane bending moment and the tower mudline bending moment of a pitch‐controlled wind turbine. In general, the results show that the method based on average conditional exceedance rates predicts the extrapolated characteristic response loads at the individual mean wind speeds well and results in more consistent estimates than the methods based on peak extrapolation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Thermal and Magnetic Properties of New Selenocyanato Coordination Polymers with Pyrazine as Co‐Ligand
Authors: Wriedt Mario , Näther Christian
Published: February 2011

Reaction of iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) selenocyanate with pyrazine in water at room temperature leads to the formation of the isotypic new ligand‐rich 1:2 (1:2 = ratio between metal and co‐ligand) compounds [M(NCSe)2(pyrazine)2]n (M = Fe (1), Co (2), Ni (3)). The crystal structure of 2 was determined by X‐ray single crystal analysis and those of 1 and 3 were refined from X‐ray powder data with the Rietveld method. In their crystal structure the metal(II) cations are coordinated by four pyrazine co‐ligands, which connect them into layers, and two terminally N‐bonded selenocyanato anions in a distorted octahedral arrangement. The terminal coordination mode of the selenocyanato anions was further emphasized by IR spectroscopic investigations. On heating, all compounds decompose in a single heating step without the formation of ligand‐deficient intermediates like previously reported for related thiocyanato compounds. Magnetic measurements of compound 1 show a long‐range antiferromagnetic ordering with an ordering temperature of TN = 6.7 K, which must be mediated by the aromatic π‐system of the pyrazine ligand, whereas 2 and 3 show only Curie–Weiss behavior with antiferromagnetic exchange interactions.
Uber die Peroxysalpetersäure
Authors: Schwarz Robert
Published: February 2011

Bei der Umsetzung zwischen N2O5 und H2O2 (100proz.) erfolgt schon bei−80° eine sehr lebhafte Reaktion, die auf die Entstehung einer Peroxysalpetersäure zurückgeführt wird. Die gebildete Verbindung ist sehr instabil und zerfällt bereits bei −30° explosionsartig. Ihre Isolierung in reinem Zustande gelang nicht. In verdünnenden Medien wie Eiscssig oder Wasser ist es möglich, bei bestimmten Konzentrationen beständige Lösungen der Peroxysäure herzustellen. Ein äquimolekulares Gemisch der 70proz. Lösungen von HNO3 und H2O2 bildet die obere Grenze für eine bei 20° gefahrlos zu handhabende und längere Zeit beständige Peroxysalpetersäurelösung, deren Formel sehr wahrscheinlich HNO4 ist. Konzentriertere Lösungen verpuffen infolge autokatalytischer Zersetzung unter spontaner Temperaturerhöhung. Die untere Grenze liegt bei einer etwa 20proz. Lösung, in der die Hydrolyse quantitativ wird.
Gewinnung des künstlich radioaktiven Kupfers 2964Cu in unwägbarer Menge aus Zinkchlorid
Authors: Erbacher Otto , Herr Wilfeid , Egidi Uesula
Published: February 2011

Die Isolierung des Radiokupfers in unwägbarer Menge auf wasserstoff‐beladenem Platin gelingt gut bei Verwendung eines Platinbleches, das vorher mit aktivem Wasserstoff beladen wurde (Ausbeute etwa 75% der Ausgangsmenge). Noch günstiger liegt das Ergebnis bei der kathodischen Abscheidung (über 95%). In beiden Fällen ist eine vorausgehende Anreicherung an Zinkpulver notwendig. Die Verwendung eines Platinbleches als Träger des Radiokupfers erlaubt physikalische Untersuchungen seiner Strahlung, die an Mohr und Pulver schlecht durchführbar wären.
Zur Existenz des Tellur(II)‐oxyds
Authors: Glemser Oskar , Poscher Werner
Published: February 2011

Durch Reaktion von Tellur mit Tellurdioxyd bei verschiedenen Temperaturen, durch thermische Zersetzung von TeSO3, sowie durch Oxydation von feinverteiltem Tellur mit Stickstoffdioxyd, gelingt es nicht, TeO darzustellen. Seine Existenz wird angezweifelt.
Surgical treatment of lymph node metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Shin , Takahashi Shinichiro , Kato Yuichiro , Gotohda Naoto , Nakagohri Toshio , Konishi Masaru , Kinoshita Taira
Published: February 2011

Background

No consensus has been reached on the feasibility and efficacy of surgery for lymph node metastases (LNM) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Of 2189 patients with HCC treated at our hospital between July 1992 and March 2008, we retrospectively reviewed the medical dossiers of the 18 patients (0.8%) who underwent lymph node resection and were pathologically diagnosed to have LNM from HCC. The surgical procedure for LNM was selective lymphadenectomy of those lymph nodes suspected to harbor metastasis. The feasibility and efficacy of selective lymphadenectomy was examined, and clinicopathological factors were analyzed with the aim of determining which patients would most benefit from surgery.

Results

Eighteen patients underwent surgery without mortality or liver failure. Morbidities were found in four patients (22.2%). The median survival time (MST) after surgery was 29 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 21–38 months). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival rates were 85, 42, 21%. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) after surgery was 6 months (95% CI 1–11 months), and the median extrahepatic PFS was 16 months (95% CI 13–18 months). Single LNM was the only favorable prognostic factor after surgery (Hazard ratio 0.082, 95% CI 0.008−0.83).

Conclusion

Selective lymphadenectomy of LNM from HCC was a feasible and efficacious procedure. Survival rates can be expected to improve after selective lymphadenectomy of single LNM.
Review: Contextual factors influencing pain response to heelstick procedures in preterm infants: What do we know? A systematic review
Authors: Sellaml Gila , Cignaccol Eva L. , Craigl Kenneth D. , Engbergl Sandra
Published: February 2011

Major efforts to develop objective measurement tools for neonatal pain assessment have been made. However, the challenge of measuring pain in neonates remains suggesting that contextual factors (cFs) might alter their responses to pain. Although the role of cFs is increasingly discussed as crucial for pain assessment, they are not well described in the literature and are rarely considered in the clinical setting despite their importance.

Aim: To systematically examine studies investigating the impact of cFs on pain response in preterm infants.

Method: A literature search was undertaken for the period from 1990 to 2009. Studies reporting the relation between one or more cFs and pain response in preterm infants during a heelstick procedure were considered for inclusion.

Results: Twenty‐three studies satisfied inclusion criteria. The studies varied relative to their design, sample, analysis procedures, and variables examined. Six categories of cFs emerged: age, pain exposure, health status, therapeutic interventions, behavioral status, and demographic factors. The examined cFs varied in the strength of their association with pain response, although none were invariably related, as evidenced by contradictory findings. In some cases the inconsistencies appeared attributable to methodological limitations in studies. Behavioral and physiological pain responses were not always in agreement as would be expected.

Conclusion: This review supports the influence of some cFs on pain response. However, the results remain inconclusive which may be, in part, related to the heterogeneity of the studies. Contextual factors need further investigation for a better understanding of the magnitude of their effect on pain response.
Eosinophilic granuloma of the occipital bone in an adult: A case report
Authors: Loh Joon‐Khim , Su Yu‐Feng , Hwang Shiuh‐Lin , Chai Chee‐Yin , Howng Shen‐Long , Lieu Ann‐Shung
Published: February 2011

Eosinophilic granuloma (EG) refers to the most common and benign form of the disorder known as Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. The disease is typically found in children and adolescents and rarely affects adults. We present a case of EG in the occipital bone in a 36‐year‐old man, who visited our hospital with the chief complaint of left occipital palpable tumor mass with local tenderness and pain for one month. An X‐ray of the skull revealed a rounded osteolytic lesion. A computed tomography scan revealed a shadow of soft tissues in the left occipital site involving the entire thickness of the calvaria, which was indicative of marked destruction of the bone. The soft mass was successfully removed. The margins of the skull lesion were excised, and cranioplasty was performed simultaneously with bone cement. A definitive diagnosis of EG was made by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of S‐100 antigen in the tissue samples. With respect to management, we believe surgery is the best option for most accessible cranial lesions of EG. A cranioplasty with bone cement or autologous bone can be performed in the same session to repair the cranial defect.
Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder first presented by bladder bloody tamponade: Two case reports and review of the literatures
Authors: Tsai Chia‐Chun , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Chueh Kuang‐Shun , Li Wei‐Ming , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Lee Mei‐Hui , Chen Szu‐Miao
Published: February 2011

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (extra‐adrenal pheochromocytomas) are catecholamine‐secreting tumors. The paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is an uncommon neoplasm with a higher malignancy rate. Only about 60% of bladder paragangliomas presented with hematuria, and most of them were microscopic hematuria. Herein, we report two cases of bladder paraganglioma with bladder bloody tamponade. In Case 1, radical cystectomy and regional lymphadenectomy were performed for a huge bladder tumor and left pelvic lymph nodes metastasized. In Case 2, we chose endoscopic transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Literatures since 1989 were also reviewed to illustrate the clinical characteristics and current treatments.
Oxygen isotope evidence of Little Ice Age aridity on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic
Authors: Lane Chad S. , Horn Sally P. , Orvis Kenneth H. , Thomason John M.
Published: February 2011

Climate change during the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA) of the 15th to 19th centuries was once thought to be limited to the high northern latitudes, but increasing evidence reflects significant climate change in the tropics. One of the hypothesized features of LIA climate in the low latitudes is a more southerly mean annual position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which produced more arid conditions through much of the northern tropics. High-resolution stable oxygen isotope data and other sedimentary evidence from Laguna de Felipe, located on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, support the hypothesis that the mean annual position of the ITCZ was displaced significantly southward during much of the LIA. Placed within the context of regional paleoclimate and paleoceanographic records, and reconstructions of global LIA climate, this shift in mean annual ITCZ position appears to have been induced by lower solar insolation and internal dynamical responses of the global climate system. Our results from Hispaniola further emphasize the global nature of LIA climate change and the sensitivity of circum-Caribbean climate conditions to what are hypothesized to be relatively small variations in global energy budgets.
Non-Discrimination in International Trade in Services
Authors: Diebold Nicolas F.
Published: February 2011

The principle of non-discrimination is fundamental to the regulation of international trade in goods and services. In the context of trade in goods, the concept of 'like products' has become a key element of the legal analysis of whether a trade obstacle violates GATT non-discrimination obligations. The equivalent concept of 'like services and service suppliers' in GATS rules on non-discrimination has received little attention in WTO jurisprudence. In light of the remaining uncertainties, Nicolas Diebold analyses the legal problems of the GATS 'like services and services suppliers' concept using a contextual and comparative methodology. The 'likeness' element is not analysed in isolation, but in context with 'less favourable treatment' and regulatory purpose as additional elements of non-discrimination. The book also explores how far theories from non-discrimination rules in GATT, NAFTA, BITs and EC as well as market definition theories from competition law may be applied to 'likeness' in GATS.
Antitrust Law amidst Financial Crises
Authors: Kokkoris Ioannis , Olivares-Caminal Rodrigo
Published: February 2011

The ultimate goal of competition law is to promote competition and, in most jurisdictions, to enhance consumer welfare. Competition policy may be set aside due to special and exceptional circumstances, such as a financial crisis that threatens the stability of an economy. It is therefore important to have a clear understanding of competition law and the exceptions to it. The key issue that this book addresses is whether a financial crisis can justify the adoption of a more lenient approach to established legal standards as a result of the risks of the systemic crisis to the entire market. It provides an analysis of exceptions to competition law and policy, particularly in the context of a financial crisis, explores the rationale of competition law in the light of conflicting interests, and serves as a valuable practical guide for policy makers as well as practitioners in the field.
Nonlinear Resonance Analysis
Authors: Kartashova Elena
Published: February 2011

Nonlinear resonance analysis is a unique mathematical tool that can be used to study resonances in relation to, but independently of, any single area of application. This is the first book to present the theory of nonlinear resonances as a new scientific field, with its own theory, computational methods, applications and open questions. The book includes several worked examples, mostly taken from fluid dynamics, to explain the concepts discussed. Each chapter demonstrates how nonlinear resonance analysis can be applied to real systems, including large-scale phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere and novel wave turbulent regimes, and explains a range of laboratory experiments. The book also contains a detailed description of the latest computer software in the field. It is suitable for graduate students and researchers in nonlinear science and wave turbulence, along with fluid mechanics and number theory. Colour versions of a selection of the figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521763608.
Studies in Latin Language and Literature
Authors: Cole Thomas , Ross David
Published: February 2011

This book covers a wide range of subjects from Latin literature and language to textual history and criticism. E. D. Francis gives a history of the words prae and pro, as adverb, preposition and prefix. H. D. Jocelyn surveys the distribution and differing uses of quotations from Greek poetry in Cicero's prose writings and D. F. S. Thomson takes a fresh look at the manuscript tradition of Catullus. The remaining six articles deal with later authors and are divided equally between the poets and the historians: a reading of Horace's Roman Odes and their relation to the other odes in which he addressed the Roman people; a demonstration of the internal coherence of a Tibullan elegy and two Juvenal satires; a review of disputed readings in the OCT of Livy IX; an analysis of the structure of the prologues to the Annals, Histories and Agricola to cast light on Tacitus' intentions; and a critical review of Tacitus' portrait of Germanicus, generally viewed in a sympathetic light but debated by D. O. Ross.
Benefits of participatory plant breeding (PPB) as exemplified by the first-ever officially released PPB-bred sweet potato cultivar
Authors: GIBSON R. W. , MPEMBE I. , MWANGA R. O. M.
Published: February 2011

NASPOT 11 is a recently released sweet potato cultivar, bred by participatory plant breeding (PPB) in Uganda. It is already grown extensively by farmers who call it Tomulabula. In on-farm and on-station yield trials, Tomulabula yielded as well as the researcher-bred variety NASPOT 1 and sometimes more than the local landraces Dimbuka and New Kawogo, which have also been released. Farmers were asked to what extent Tomulabula, NASPOT 1 (the most popular station-bred cultivar in Uganda) and the local indigenously bred cultivar they were currently growing satisfied 52 attributes previously identified by farmers as beneficial in sweet potato. Those cultivars whose breeding involved farmers (Tomulabula and the local cultivar) were perceived mostly to satisfy a broad range of attributes (i.e. had few ‘Very Bad’ scores) while those which involved researchers (Tomulabula and NASPOT 1) were the most frequently rated as ‘Very Good’ for specific attributes. Instances were observed and accounts given of how Tomulabula is sold at a premium and how it had improved farmers’ lives. These outcomes are attributed to PPB combining the strengths of farmers and researchers. The involvement of the Ugandan National Sweetpotato Program (UNSP) ensures that planting material will be conserved and also available in adequate amounts for official distribution.
The optimum shielding around a test charge in plasmas containing two negative ions
Authors: MOSLEM W. M. , SABRY R. , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: February 2011

This paper focuses on the progress in understanding the shielding around a test charge in the presence of ion-acoustic waves in multispecies plasmas, whose constituents are positive ions, two negative ions, and Boltzmann distributed electrons. By solving the linearized Vlasov equation with Poisson equation, the Debye–Hückel screening potential and wakefield (oscillatory) potential distribution around a test charge particle are derived. It is analytically found that both the Debye–Hückel potential and the wakefield potential are significantly modified due to the presence of two negative ions. The present results might be helpful to understand and to form new materials from plasmas containing two negative ions such as Xe+ − F− − SF−6 and Ar+ − F− − SF−6 plasmas, as well as to tackle extension of the test charge problem in multinegative ions' coagulation/agglomeration.
Conspicuous Silence: Veterans and the Depoliticization of War Memory in China
Authors: DIAMANT NEIL J.
Published: February 2011

This paper explores the unusually weak voice of Chinese war veterans in post-1949 politics society and culture. Although Chinese movies and television often feature military-related themes, it is rare to find frank and politicized depictions of China's military conflicts. In this respect, China departs sharply from the former Soviet Union—China's Leninist model for most of its formative years—as well as Vietnam, European inter-war fascist regimes and democracies. This paper argues that the relative weakness of authentic military voices in China can be traced to several peculiar features of modern Chinese history. The nature of warfare in China, as well as the absence of a national army, veteran organizations and a consensus over the legitimacy about China's wars, has led many to question the validity of veterans’ claims for a higher political and cultural status. Rather than allow veterans the space to portray war as they experienced it, intellectual elites in various cultural and propaganda offices dominate national war memory, presenting a simplistic and artificial rendering of China's wars.
Hell and Anxiety in Hobbes'sLeviathan
Authors: McClure Christopher Scott
Published: February 2011

Despite his statements that the fear of damnation is greater than the fear of violent death, scholars have generally overlooked Hobbes's vision of hell. Hobbes's reinterpretation of hell is meant to redirect peoples' anxiety about whether they will get into heaven or hell into anxiety about whether there is a hell and if so, what it will be like. He did not expect that citizens of his state would accept his theology or that they would become secularists or atheists. He hoped that they would be left with an indeterminate belief they would be averse to examining. This becomes clear when Hobbes's theology is seen in light of his epistemology and his complex rhetorical strategy. Hobbes's theology has been rejected, but there is an affinity between his hopes for indeterminate belief and the religious attitudes of many in the West.
Response to “On Communitarian and Global Sources of Legitimacy”
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: February 2011

Amitai Etzioni advances arguments about two forms of legitimacy, what I will call empirical legitimacy and substantive legitimacy. Empirical legitimacy is a matter of what people consider to be legitimate. It is assessed through the methods of social science—conducting surveys, for instance. Substantive legitimacy is a matter not of what people happen to think but of what is legitimate in the sense of being just or morally right. Etzioni's argument about empirical legitimacy, namely, that it is shaped through collective processes that involve emotions as well as reason, I find broadly plausible. Then he makes an argument about substantive legitimacy, one that explains how we are to know if an “act” (a term he uses broadly) is truly just or moral. This latter argument I wish to explore further and to raise questions about.