bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conductive and evaporative precooling lowers mean skin temperature and improves time trial performance in the heat
Authors: Faulkner S. H. , Hupperets M. , Hodder S. G. , Havenith G
Published: May 2015

Self‐paced endurance performance is compromised by moderate‐to‐high ambient temperatures that are evident in many competitive settings. It has become common place to implement precooling prior to competition in an attempt to alleviate perceived thermal load and performance decline. The present study aimed to investigate precooling incorporating different cooling avenues via either evaporative cooling alone or in combination with conductive cooling on cycling time trial performance. Ten trained male cyclists completed a time trial on three occasions in hot (35 °C) ambient conditions with the cooling garment prepared by (a) immersion in water (COOL, evaporative); (b) immersion in water and frozen (COLD, evaporative and conductive); or (c) no precooling (CONT). COLD improved time trial performance by 5.8% and 2.6% vs CONT and COOL, respectively (both P < 0.05). Power output was 4.5% higher for COLD vs CONT (P < 0.05). Mean skin temperature was lower at the onset of the time trial following COLD compared with COOL and CONT (both P < 0.05) and lasted for the first 20% of the time trial. Thermal sensation was perceived cooler following COOL and COLD. The combination of evaporative and conductive cooling (COLD) had the greatest benefit to performance, which is suggested to be driven by reduced skin temperature following cooling.
Heat acclimatization does not improve VO2max or cycling performance in a cool climate in trained cyclists
Authors: Karlsen A. , Racinais S. , Jensen M. V. , Nørgaard S. J. , Bonne T. , Nybo L.
Published: May 2015

This study investigated if well‐trained cyclists improve and performance in cool conditions following heat acclimatization through natural outdoor training in hot conditions. Eighteen trained male cyclists were tested for physiological adaptations, , peak aerobic power output, exercise efficiency, and outdoor time trial (TT) performance (43.4 km in cool environment, ∼5–13 °C) before and after 2 weeks of training in a cool (CON, n = 9) or hot (∼35 °C, HA, n = 9) environment. After heat acclimatization, TT performance in the heat was improved by 16%; however, there was no change in the HA group in (4.79 ± 0.21 L/min vs 4.82 ± 0.35 L/min), peak aerobic power output (417 ± 16 W vs 422 ± 17 W), and outdoor TT performance in cool conditions (300 ± 14 W/69 ± 3 min vs 302 ± 9 W/69 ± 4 min). The present study shows that 2 weeks of heat acclimatization was associated with marked improvements in TT performance in the heat. However, for the well‐trained endurance athletes, this did not transfer to an improved aerobic exercise capacity or outdoor TT performance in cool conditions.
Associated decrements in rate of force development and neural drive after maximal eccentric exercise
Authors: Farup J. , Rahbek S. K. , Bjerre J. , de Paoli F. , Vissing K.
Published: May 2015

The present study investigated the changes in contractile rate of force development (RFD) and the neural drive following a single bout of eccentric exercise. Twenty‐four subjects performed 15 × 10 maximal isokinetic eccentric knee extensor contractions. Prior to and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 h during post‐exercise recovery, isometric RFD (30, 50 100, and 200 ms), normalized RFD [1/6,1/2, and 2/3 of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and rate of electromyography rise (RER; 30, 50, and 75 ms) were measured. RFD decreased by 28–42% peaking at 48 h (P < 0.01–P < 0.001) and remained depressed at 168 h (P < 0.05). Normalized RFD at 2/3 of MVC decreased by 22–39% (P < 0.01), peaked at 72 h and returned to baseline at 168 h. These changes in RFD were associated with a decrease in RER at 48 h–96 h (P < 0.05–P < 0.001). Accumulated changes (area under curve) revealed a greater relative decrease in accumulated RFD at 100 ms by −2727 ± 309 (%h; P < 0.05) and 200 ms by −3035 ± 271 (%h; P < 0.001) compared with MVC, which decreased, by −1956 ± 234 (%h). In conclusion, RFD and RER are both markedly reduced following a bout of maximal eccentric exercise. This association suggests that exercise‐induced decrements in RFD can, in part, be explained decrements in neural drive.
First Arrival and Collective Land Ownership: How Children Reason About Who Owns the Land
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Sierksma Jellie , Martinovic Borja
Published: May 2015

Four survey experiments provide evidence that children (9–12 years) infer collective land ownership from first arrival. In Experiments 1 and 2, children indicated that a group owns an island relatively more than another group when having been or living on the island first. In the third experiment, it was found that first comers were considered to own the land more independently of whether the second group joined or succeeded them in living on the island. In Experiment 4, the first arrival principle to infer collective ownership was independent of the duration of stay of the first comers before being joined by the second group. Taken together, the findings provide clear evidence of the importance of first arrival for inferring collective place ownership.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase‐activating kinases CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 are essential for preserving mitotic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Takatsuka Hirotomo , Umeda‐Hara Chikage , Umeda Masaaki
Published: May 2015

For the full activation of cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), not only cyclin binding but also CDK phosphorylation is required. This activating phosphorylation is mediated by CDK‐activating kinases (CAKs). Arabidopsis has four genes showing similarity to vertebrate‐type CAKs, three CDKDs (CDKD;1‐CDKD;3) and one CDKF (CDKF;1). We previously found that the cdkf;1 mutant is defective in post‐embryonic development, even though the kinase activities of core CDKs remain unchanged relative to the wild type. This raised a question about the involvement of CDKDs in CDK activation in planta. Here we report that the cdkd;1 cdkd;3 double mutant showed gametophytic lethality. Most cdkd;1‐1 cdkd;3‐1 pollen grains were defective in pollen mitosis I and II, producing one‐cell or two‐cell pollen grains that lacked fertilization ability. We also found that the double knock‐out of CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 caused arrest and/or delay in the progression of female gametogenesis at multiple steps. Our genetic analyses revealed that the functions of CDKF;1 and CDKD;1 or CDKD;3 do not overlap, either during gametophyte and embryo development or in post‐embryonic development. Consistent with these analyses, CDKF;1 expression in the cdkd;1‐1 cdkd;3‐1 mutant could not rescue the gametophytic lethality. These results suggest that, in Arabidopsis, CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 function as CAKs controlling mitosis, whereas CDKF;1 plays a distinct role, mainly in post‐embryonic development. We propose that CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 phosphorylate and activate all core CDKs, CDKA, CDKB1 and CDKB2, thereby governing cell cycle progression throughout plant development.
Unraveling the interactions between cold atmospheric plasma and skin-components with vibrational microspectroscopy
Authors: Kartaschew Konstantin , Mischo Meike , Baldus Sabrina , Bründermann Erik , Awakowicz Peter , Havenith Martina
Published: May 2015

Using infrared and Raman microspectroscopy, the authors examined the interaction of cold atmospheric plasma with the skin's built-in protective cushion, the outermost skin layer stratum corneum. Following a spectroscopic analysis, the authors could identify four prominent chemical alterations caused by plasma treatment: (1) oxidation of disulfide bonds in keratin leading to a generation of cysteic acid; (2) formation of organic nitrates as well as (3) of new carbonyl groups like ketones, aldehydes and acids; and (4) reduction of double bonds in the lipid matter lanolin, which resembles human sebum. The authors suggest that these generated acidic and NO-containing functional groups are the source of an antibacterial and regenerative environment at the treatment location of the stratum corneum. Based upon the author's results, the authors propose a mechanistic view of how cold atmospheric plasmas could modulate the skin chemistry to produce positive long-term effects on wound healing: briefly, cold atmospheric plasmas have the potential to transform the skin itself into a therapeutic resource.
Layer filtering for seafloor scatterers imaging
Authors: Pinson S. , Holland C. W.
Published: May 2015

The image source method in acoustics is well known to simulate reverberation. It has also been recently used for characterization of seafloor sound-speed structure. The idea is to detect image sources by imaging techniques to obtain information about the environment. In this paper, the idea is to use the detection of image sources to remove reflections from plane interfaces in recorded signals and perform imaging with this filtered signal. This imaging process highlights scatterers because their wave front shapes are different than those from plane interfaces. Applications can be in seafloor buried object detection or scattering analysis from interface roughnesses or volume heterogeneities.
Increased Athletic Performance in Lighter Basketball Shoes: Shoe or Psychology Effect?
Authors: Mohr Maurice , Trudeau Matthieu B. , Nigg Sandro R. , Nigg Benno M.
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

To determine the effect of shoe mass on performance in basketball-specific movements and how this affects changes if an athlete is aware or not of the shoe’s mass relative to other shoes.

Methods:

In an experimental design, 22 male participants were assigned to 2 groups. In the “aware” group, differences in the mass of the shoes were disclosed, while participants in the other group were blinded to the mass of shoes. For both groups lateral shuffle-cut and vertical-jump performances were quantified in 3 different basketball-shoe conditions (light, 352 ± 18.4 g; medium, 510 ± 17 g; heavy, 637 ± 17.7 g). A mixed ANOVA compared mean shuffle-cut and vertical-jump performances across shoes and groups. For blinded participants, perceived shoeweight ratings were collected and compared across shoe conditions using a Friedman 2-way ANOVA.

Results:

In the aware group, performance in the light shoes was significantly increased by 2% (vertical jump 2%, P < .001; shuffle cut 2.1%, P < .001) compared with the heavy shoes. In the blind group, participants were unable to perceive the shoe-weight variation between conditions, and there were no significant differences in vertical-jump and shuffle-cut performance across shoes.

Conclusions:

Differences in performance of the aware participants were most likely due to psychological effects such as positive and negative expectancies toward the light and heavy shoes, respectively. These results underline the importance for coaches and shoe manufacturers to communicate the performance-enhancing benefits of products or other interventions to athletes to optimize their performance outcome.
Analysis of Physical Collisions in Elite National Rugby League Match Play
Authors: Cummins Cloe , Orr Rhonda
Published: May 2015

Objective:

To investigate the impact forces of collision events during both attack and defense in elite rugby league match play and to compare the collision profiles between playing positions.

Participants:

26 elite rugby league players.

Methods:

Player collisions were recorded using an integrated accelerometer in global positioning system units (SPI-Pro X, GPSports). Impact forces of collisions in attack (hit-ups) and defense (tackles) were analyzed from 359 files from outside backs (n = 78), adjustables (n = 97), wide-running forwards (n = 136), and hit-up forwards (n = 48) over 1 National Rugby League season.

Results:

Hit-up forwards were involved in 0.8 collisions/min, significantly more than all other positional groups (wide-running forwards P = .050, adjustables P = .042, and outside backs P = .000). Outside backs experienced 25% fewer collisions per minute than hit-up forwards. Hit-up forwards experienced a collision within the 2 highest classifications of force (≥10 g) every 2.5 min of match play compared with 1 every 5 and 9 min for adjustables and outside backs, respectively. Hit-up forwards performed 0.5 tackles per minute of match play, 5 times that of outside backs (ES = 1.90; 95% CI [0.26,3.16]), and 0.2 hit-ups per minute of match play, twice as many as adjustables.

Conclusions:

During a rugby league match, players are exposed to a significant number of collision events. Positional differences exist, with hit-up and wide-running forwards experiencing greater collision events than adjustables and outside backs. Although these results may be unique to the individual team’s defensive- and attacking-play strategies, they are indicative of the significant collision profiles in professional rugby league.
Sleep, Travel, and Recovery Responses of National Footballers During and After Long-Haul International Air Travel
Authors: Fullagar Hugh H.K. , Duffield Rob , Skorski Sabrina , White David , Bloomfield Jonathan , Kölling Sarah , Meyer Tim
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

The current study examined the sleep, travel, and recovery responses of elite footballers during and after long-haul international air travel, with a further description of these responses over the ensuing competitive tour (including 2 matches).

Methods:

In an observational design, 15 elite male football players undertook 18 h of predominantly westward international air travel from the United Kingdom to South America (–4-h time-zone shift) for a 10-d tour. Objective sleep parameters, external and internal training loads, subjective player match performance, technical match data, and perceptual jet-lag and recovery measures were collected.

Results:

Significant differences were evident between outbound travel and recovery night 1 (night of arrival; P < .001) for sleep duration. Sleep efficiency was also significantly reduced during outbound travel compared with recovery nights 1 (P = .001) and 2 (P = .004). Furthermore, both match nights (5 and 10), showed significantly less sleep than nonmatch nights 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 (all P < .001). No significant differences were evident between baseline and any time point for all perceptual measures of jet-lag and recovery (P > .05), although large effects were evident for jet-lag on d 2 (2 d after arrival).

Conclusions:

Sleep duration is truncated during long-haul international travel with a 4-h time-zone delay and after night matches in elite footballers. However, this lost sleep appeared to have a limited effect on perceptual recovery, which may be explained by a westbound flight and a relatively small change in time zones, in addition to the significant increase in sleep duration on the night of arrival after the long-haul flight.
The Effect of Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit on Functional Rotator-Strength Ratio in Adolescent Overhead Athletes
Authors: Guney Hande , Harput Gulcan , Colakoglu Filiz , Baltaci Gul
Published: May 2015

Context:

Glenohumeral (GH) internal-rotation deficit (GIRD) and lower eccentric external-rotator (ER) to concentric internal-rotator (IR) strength (ER:IR) ratio have been documented as risk factors for shoulder injuries, but there is no information on whether GIRD has an adverse effect on ER:IR ratio in adolescent overhead athletes.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GIRD on functional ER:IR ratio of the adolescent overhead athletes.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

52 adolescent overhead athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

To determine GIRD, the range of GH IR and ER motion was measured with a digital inclinometer. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess eccentric and concentric IR and ER muscle strength of the dominant and nondominant shoulders. One-way ANCOVA where sport type was set as a covariate was used to analyze the difference between athletes with and without GIRD.

Results:

After standardized examinations of all shoulders, the athletes were divided into 2 groups, shoulders with (n = 27) and without GIRD (n = 25). There was a significant difference between groups in functional ER:IR ratio (P < .001). Athletes with GIRD had lower ER:IR ratio (0.56) than athletes without GIRD (0.83).

Conclusions:

As GIRD has an adverse effect on functional ratio of the shoulder-rotator muscles, interventions for adolescent overhead athletes should include improving GH-rotation range of motion.
Validity and Reliability of 2 Goniometric Mobile Apps: Device, Application, and Examiner Factors
Authors: Wellmon Robert H. , Gulick Dawn T. , Paterson Mark L. , Gulick Colleen N.
Published: May 2015

Context:

Smartphones are being used in a variety of practice settings to measure joint range of motion (ROM). A number of factors can affect the validity of the measurements generated. However, there are no studies examining smartphone-based goniometer applications focusing on measurement variability and error arising from the electromechanical properties of the device being used.

Objective:

To examine the concurrent validity and interrater reliability of 2 goniometric mobile applications (Goniometer Records, Goniometer Pro), an inclinometer, and a universal goniometer (UG).

Design:

Nonexperimental, descriptive validation study.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

3 physical therapists having an average of 25 y of experience.

Main Outcome Measures:

Three standardized angles (acute, right, obtuse) were constructed to replicate the movement of a hinge joint in the human body. Angular changes were measured and compared across 3 raters who used 3 different devices (UG, inclinometer, and 2 goniometric apps installed on 3 different smartphones: Apple iPhone 5, LG Android, and Samsung SIII Android). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots were used to examine interrater reliability and concurrent validity.

Results:

Interrater reliability for each of the smartphone apps, inclinometer and UG were excellent (ICC = .995–1.000). Concurrent validity was also good (ICC = .998–.999). Based on the Bland-Altman plots, the means of the differences between the devices were low (range = –0.4° to 1.2°).

Conclusions:

This study identifies the error inherent in measurement that is independent of patient factors and due to the smartphone, the installed apps, and examiner skill. Less than 2° of measurement variability was attributable to those factors alone. The data suggest that 3 smartphones with the 2 installed apps are a viable substitute for using a UG or an inclinometer when measuring angular changes that typically occur when examining ROM and demonstrate the capacity of multiple examiners to accurately use smartphone-based goniometers.
Collagen degradation and MMP9 activation by
Enterococcus faecalis
contribute to intestinal anastomotic leak
Authors: Shogan Benjamin D. , Belogortseva Natalia , Luong Preston M. , Zaborin Alexander , Lax Simon , Bethel Cindy , Ward Marc , Muldoon Joseph P. , Singer Mark , An Gary , Umanskiy Konstantin , Konda Vani , Shakhsheer Baddr , Luo James , Klabbers Robin , Hancock Lynn E. , Gilbert Jack , Zaborina Olga , Alverdy John C.
Published: May 2015

Enterococcus faecalis
depletes intestinal collagen, activates the host tissue protease MMP9, and contributes to anastomotic leak.
Prime-boost vaccination with chimpanzee adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara encoding TRAP provides partial protection against
Plasmodium falciparum
infection in Kenyan adults
Authors: Ogwang Caroline , Kimani Domtila , Edwards Nick J. , Roberts Rachel , Mwacharo Jedidah , Bowyer Georgina , Bliss Carly , Hodgson Susanne H. , Njuguna Patricia , Viebig Nicola K. , Nicosia Alfredo , Gitau Evelyn , Douglas Sandy , Illingworth Joe , Marsh Kevin , Lawrie Alison , Imoukhuede Egeruan B. , Ewer Katie , Urban Britta C. , S. Hill Adrian V. , Bejon Philip ,   the MVVC group, Leroy Odile , Cisse Badara , Sirima Sodiomon , Bojang Kalifa , Murphy Georgina , Karanja Henry , Nyamako Lydiah , De Cassan Simone , Awuondo Ken , Kwiatkowski Dominic , Rockett Kirk , Gilbert Sarah , Anagnostou Nicholas , Soipei Peninah , Peshu Judy , Petersen Ines , Mutinda Brian , Waithira Naomi , Bashraheil Mahfudh , Shangala Jimmy , Moyle Sarah , Berrie Eleanor , Targett Geoffrey , Thera Mahamadou , Milligan Paul , Ogutu Bernhards , Etyang Anthony
Published: May 2015

Vaccination with the recombinant viral vectors chimpanzee adenovirus 63 followed by modified vaccinia Ankara both encoding the malaria sequence ME-TRAP conferred 67% protection against infection with
Plasmodium falciparum
in Kenyan adults.
Prop Demonstrations in Biology Lectures Facilitate Student Learning and Performance
Authors: Tamari Farshad , Bonney Kevin M. , Polizzotto Kristin
Published: May 2015

Science students can benefit from visual aids. In biology lectures, visual aids are usually limited to tables, figures, and PowerPoint presentations. In this IRB-approved study, we examined the effectiveness of the use of five prop demonstrations, three of which are at the intersection of biology and chemistry, in three community college biology courses. We hypothesized that students’ performance on test questions is enhanced by the use of prop demonstrations. Consistent with our hypothesis, we showed that students learn more effectively and perform better on questions that relate to demonstrations than on questions related to lessons that do not have a demonstration component.
The Biology Experimental Design Challenge: An Interactive Approach to Enhance Students’ Understanding of Scientific Inquiry in the Context of an Introductory Biology Course
Authors: Olimpo Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2015

The scientific method serves as a procedural framework for advancing knowledge and discoveries in a number of fields, including the natural and life sciences. Despite its essential role in these disciplines, students often perceive the scientific method to be a fact-driven, linear pursuit, rather than a dynamic process. To address this concern, I developed the Biology Experimental Design Challenge (BEDC) game to reinforce students’ understanding of the scientific process. Specifically, the group activity focused on students’: a) ability to develop testable hypotheses; b) determine suitable dependent, independent, and control variables for their proposed experiment; c) interpret data to draw evidence-based claims; and d) pose questions for future research. This process was punctuated with opportunities for each group to receive feedback from other teams regarding their experimental design, creating discussion and occasional collaboration between groups. In this paper, I present methods for implementing the activity, as well as provide evidence that demonstrates student pre-/post-activity learning gains achieved as a result of implementation of the BEDC in a first-semester introductory biology discussion course.
Teaching Information Literacy Skills to Sophomore-Level Biology Majors
Authors: Thompson Leigh , Blankinship Lisa Ann
Published: May 2015

Many undergraduate students lack a sound understanding of information literacy. The skills that comprise information literacy are particularly important when combined with scientific writing for biology majors as they are the foundation skills necessary to complete upper-division biology course assignments, better train students for research projects, and prepare students for graduate and professional education. To help undergraduate biology students develop and practice information literacy and scientific writing skills, a series of three one-hour hands-on library sessions, discussions, and homework assignments were developed for Biological Literature, a one-credit, one-hour-per-week, required sophomore-level course. The embedded course librarian developed a learning exercise that reviewed how to conduct database and web searches, the difference between primary and secondary sources, source credibility, and how to access articles through the university’s databases. Students used the skills gained in the library training sessions for later writing assignments including a formal lab report and annotated bibliography. By focusing on improving information literacy skills as well as providing practice in scientific writing, Biological Literature students are better able to meet the rigors of upper-division biology courses and communicate research findings in a more professional manner.
A Review of Parham’s 4
th
Edition of
The Immune System
: A Clear and Clean Immunology TextReview of: The Immune System, 4th ed.; ParhamPeter; (2014). Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, New York, NY. 532 pages.
Authors: Knall Cindy
Published: May 2015

Review of
:
The Immune System
, 4
th
ed.; Peter Parham; (2014). Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, New York, NY. 532 pages.
Increase the Visibility of Microbial Growth in a Winogradsky Column by Substituting Diatomaceous Earth for Sediment
Authors: Benoit Thomas G.
Published: May 2015

The difficulty students have seeing the color associated with microbial growth in a traditional Winogradsky column can be overcome by substituting diatomaceous earth (DE) for sediment. Microbial growth in a DE column is visible from the early stages of ecological succession and the colors produced appear more vibrant. A flat-sided tissue culture flask can be used as a column container to provide a large surface area for observation. The enhanced visual experience provided by a DE column increases student engagement and learning.

Editor's Note:

The ASM advocates that students must successfully demonstrate the ability to explain and practice safe laboratory techniques. For more information, read the laboratory safety section of the ASM Curriculum Recommendations: Introductory Course in Microbiology and the Guidelines for Biosafety in Teaching Laboratories, available at www.asm.org. The Editors of JMBE recommend that adopters of the protocols included in this article follow a minimum of Biosafety Level 2 practices.
Characterization of Microbes in the Nitrogen Cycle Using Metagenomics and MoreReview of: Metagenomics of the Microbial Nitrogen Cycle: Theory, Methods, and Applications; MarcoDiana (ed.); (2014). Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. 267 pages.
Authors: Horak Rachel E. A.
Published: May 2015

Review of
:
Metagenomics of the Microbial Nitrogen Cycle: Theory, Methods, and Applications
; Diana Marco (ed.); (2014). Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. 267 pages.
Introductory Immunology: Begin the JourneyReview of: Primer to the Immune Response, 2nd ed.; MakTak, SaundersMary, and JettBradley; (2014). Elsevier Inc., London, UK. 702 pages.
Authors: Jandu Narveen
Published: May 2015

Review of
:
Primer to the Immune Response
, 2
nd
ed.; Tak Mak, Mary Saunders, and Bradley Jett; (2014). Elsevier Inc., London, UK. 702 pages.
Journal Watch
Authors: Herzog Jennifer A.
Published: May 2015

In this section, I provide articles on recent developments and new technology used in microbiology and related fields. I also post articles that may help you bring new information or techniques into your laboratory or classroom via case studies or lab exercises. I hope you find this information useful, and I encourage you to send suggestions, questions, or comments to me at herzogja@herkimer.edu. I look forward to hearing from you!
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Griswold Elise N. , Klionsky Daniel J.
Published: May 2015

Often, when I describe the use of an active-learning approach (1–3), my colleagues ask what size class is appropriate for this format. One of us has used this method in a class of over 200 students, but we would use the same format no matter what the class size. We think active learning is better than lecturing even for very large classes; the details of how the class is run might have to vary (e.g., how groups are formed), but otherwise it would be the same. When thinking about the effectiveness—or lack thereof—of lecturing, especially in a very large class, an anecdote by the late Neil A. Campbell, the author of a very popular introductory biology textbook, comes to mind. To paraphrase, Neil was giving a lecture to a large class and became concerned because no one seemed to be following what he was saying. Then it occurred to him that the problem might be that no one could hear him, as he was not using a microphone. So, he paused, faced the class and asked, “Is there anyone who cannot hear what I am saying?” A young man at the very back of the room stood up and shouted back, “Yeah, I haven’t been able to hear a single thing you’ve said.” At that point, a young woman in the front row stood up, turned around and replied to her classmate, “I’ll trade places with you!”
An Integrated View of the One-Health Movement: The Oneness of Human HealthReview of: One Health—People, Animals, and the Environment; AtlasRonald M. and MaloyStanley (ed.); (2014). American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC. 318 pages.
Authors: Liao Min-Ken
Published: May 2015

Review of
:
One Health—People, Animals, and the Environment
; Ronald M. Atlas and Stanley Maloy (ed.); (2014). American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC. 318 pages.
Genetic Diversity in the Collaborative Cross Model Recapitulates Human West Nile Virus Disease Outcomes
Authors: Graham Jessica B. , Thomas Sunil , Swarts Jessica , McMillan Aimee A. , Ferris Martin T. , Suthar Mehul S. , Treuting Piper M. , Ireton Renee , Gale Michael , Lund Jennifer M.
Published: May 2015

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neuroinvasive flavivirus that now causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The innate and adaptive immune responses to WNV infection have been well studied in C57BL/6J inbred mice, but this model lacks the variations in susceptibility, immunity, and outcome to WNV infection that are observed in humans, thus limiting its usefulness to understand the mechanisms of WNV infection and immunity dynamics. To build a model of WNV infection that captures human infection outcomes, we have used the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse model. We show that this model, which recapitulates the genetic diversity of the human population, demonstrates diversity in susceptibility and outcomes of WNV infection observed in humans. Using multiple F1 crosses of CC mice, we identified a wide range of susceptibilities to infection, as demonstrated through differences in survival, clinical disease score, viral titer, and innate and adaptive immune responses in both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Additionally, we examined the
Oas1b
alleles in the CC mice and confirmed the previous finding that
Oas1b
plays a role in susceptibility to WNV; however, even within a given
Oas1b
allele status, we identified a wide range of strain-specific WNV-associated phenotypes. These results confirmed that the CC model is effective for identifying a repertoire of host genes involved in WNV resistance and susceptibility. The CC effectively models a wide range of WNV clinical, virologic, and immune phenotypes, thus overcoming the limitations of the traditional C57BL/6J model, allowing genetic and mechanistic studies of WNV infection and immunity in differently susceptible populations.

IMPORTANCE
Mouse models of West Nile virus infection have revealed important details regarding the innate and adaptive immune responses to this emerging viral infection. However, traditional mouse models lack the genetic diversity present in human populations and therefore limit our ability to study various disease outcomes and immunologic mechanisms subsequent to West Nile virus infection. In this study, we used the Collaborative Cross mouse model to more effectively model the wide range of clinical, virologic, and immune phenotypes present upon West Nile virus infection in humans.
Coma query cause
Authors: Wood Georgina Elizabeth , McNicholas James
Published: May 2015

A 54-year-old woman with coeliac disease was admitted to hospital electively for supplemental nutrition. Shortly after feeding started she deteriorated into a hyperammonemic coma with refeeding syndrome, requiring an extensive intensive care admission. Urea cycle disorders were investigated and a biochemical diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency was made. This is a rare diagnosis in the adult population. This case report summarises protein metabolism, urea cycle disorders and the challenges of management.
A SCUBA diver with acute kidney injury
Authors: Gleeson Patrick James , Kelly Yvelynne , Ni Sheaghdha Eadaoin , Lappin David
Published: May 2015

An otherwise healthy young man was transferred to our hospital after a diving incident. He had made an uncontrolled ascent from 10 m. On arrival he appeared well. No hypotensive episodes occurred during the transfer. He denied having arthralgias, back pain, dyspnoea or neurological symptoms. Laboratory investigations revealed acutely elevated creatinine (170 µmol/L) and creatine kinase (909 U/L). Radiology was consistent with a focus of pulmonary barotrauma and intrinsic renal disease. Creatine kinase is a marker of arterial gas embolism (AGE). We determined that our patient suffered acute kidney injury as a result of gas embolisation to his renal vasculature from an area of pulmonary barotrauma. Creatinine fell the following day in response to aggressive intravenous fluids. This is the first reported case of acute kidney injury secondary to AGE. Biochemical studies should be part of the routine assessment of patients involved in diving incidents.
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: an unusual cause of thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Rees David Owen , Anthony Victoria Angharad , Jones Keston , Stephens Jeffrey W
Published: May 2015

Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule is rare. A further complexity is added when interpretation of the histopathology itself is not straightforward. We describe a case of a 16-year-old girl presenting with clinical and biochemical evidence of thyrotoxicosis, and a 4 cm thyroid mass. An ultrasound and thyroid uptake scan demonstrated a toxic adenoma. Owing to the nodule size, fine needle aspiration of the thyroid adenoma was performed, which showed findings consistent with toxic adenoma. However, in view of the size of the nodule, a hemithyroidectomy was performed. Histological examination of the thyroid revealed a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, and the patient underwent completion thyroidectomy. We report on the case and briefly review the available literature relating to the diagnostic challenge of this presentation.
Fluoxymesterone-induced gynaecomastia in a patient with childhood aplastic anaemia
Authors: Lo Tom Edward Ngo , Andal Zillien C , Lantion-Ang Frances Lina
Published: May 2015

Gynaecomastia is a benign condition characterised by enlargement of the male breast. Drug-induced gynaecomastia merits deep consideration as it may account for as many as 25% of all cases of gynaecomastia in adults. Although the mechanism is not fully clear, some mechanisms include oestrogen-like activities, stimulation of testicular production of oestrogens, inhibition of testosterone synthesis or blockade of androgen action. Anabolic steroids, in particular when used during the pubertal stage, may cause significant irreversible gynaecomastia. We report a case of 28-year-old Filipino man with persistent gynaecomastia from fluoxymesterone used for aplastic anaemia during his prepubertal stage. Hormonal work ups for gynaecomastia all turned out normal, thus isolating the drug as the cause. The patient was unable to undergo breast reconstruction surgery due to haematological contraindications, but eventually referred to psychiatry for counselling. This case will highlight the paradoxical effect of androgenic steroid used during childhood on male breast proliferation during puberty.
Recurrent right iliac fossa pain in patients with previous appendicectomy
Authors: Cobb Will , Keeler Barrie , Aris Chandran Johan , Soin Bob
Published: May 2015

Recurrent appendicitis can occur up to 40 years after appendicectomy. A history of appendicectomy has often led to late diagnosis, as sepsis is attributed to other organs, usually the urinary tract. A case of a patient presenting with retained faecolith and recurrent/stump appendicitis 2 years after laparoscopic appendicectomy is presented. The case for having a low threshold for early CT scanning in patients post-appendicectomy presenting with sepsis to prevent delay in diagnosis is made, and this case is a useful reminder for surgeons to dissect as far as possible to the appendix base. The literature including important medicolegal cases is reviewed.
Investigation of some controllable factors that impact the stress state in cemented paste backfill
Authors: Doherty James P. , Hasan Alsidqi , Suazo Gonzalo H. , Fourie Andy
Published: May 2015

This paper presents in-stope measurements of total stress and pore-water pressure at strategic locations within three underground stopes at the Raleigh mine site (Western Australia) that were filled with cemented paste backfill (CPB). The three stopes were very similar in shape. Key differences among the stopes were the filling and resting schedules, the barricade drainage systems used, and the cement content of the CPB. Data from the stopes are compared to determine which controllable factors most significantly influence barricade pressures during and after filling. The most significant factor was the scheduling of rest periods between filling, with even very short pauses in filling dramatically reducing the rate of increase of pore-water pressure and total stress with increasing height of fill.
Behaviour of a group of energy piles
Authors: Mimouni Thomas , Laloui Lyesse
Published: May 2015

A full-scale experimental site with four energy test piles was built on the campus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. This site was used to investigate interaction effects within a group of energy piles. First, the ground constraints were evaluated by testing the piles without any structure on top. Next, each pile was individually tested once the overlying structure was built, which provided information on the structural constraints and allowed the quantification of the pile–structure–pile interactions. Finally, the four test piles were simultaneously heated to quantify the group effects. A thermal response test was performed on one pile and the thermohydraulic response of the soil between the piles was monitored with piezometers and thermistors. Load redistributions may occur in mixed foundations, i.e., with conventional and energy piles, because of differential displacements. Conversely, heating an entire foundation increases the individual pile displacements, but reduces the differential displacements and consequently the pile thermal efforts. Radial strains may also have a significant impact on the axial thermomechanical response of the piles in stiff soil layers. Heat barely propagated farther than a couple of metres with no significant pore-water pressure variation observed.
Creating a customized intracellular niche: subversion of host cell signaling byLegionellatype IV secretion system effectors
Authors: So Ernest C. , Mattheis Corinna , Tate Edward W. , Frankel Gad , Schroeder Gunnar N.
Published: May 2015

The Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila infects a wide range of different protozoa in the environment and also human alveolar macrophages upon inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Inside its hosts, it creates a defined and unique compartment, termed the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), for survival and replication. To establish the LCV, L. pneumophila uses its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) to translocate more than 300 effector proteins into the host cell. Although it has become apparent in the past years that these effectors subvert a multitude of cellular processes and allow Legionella to take control of host cell vesicle trafficking, transcription, and translation, the exact function of the vast majority of effectors still remains unknown. This is partly due to high functional redundancy among the effectors, which renders conventional genetic approaches to elucidate their role ineffective. Here, we review the current knowledge about Legionella T4SS effectors, highlight open questions, and discuss new methods that promise to facilitate the characterization of T4SS effector functions in the future.
Symmetry breaking in conformal Einstein–Hilbert action
Authors: Tanhayi M.R. , Ejlali S.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we study the conformal symmetry breaking in conformally invariant Hilbert–Einstein action via expansion of action up to second order around the background space–time. It is shown that the theory can be described a non-tachyonic and ghost-free theory that propagates massless spin-2, massive gauge, and also massless scalar fields.
Cellular properties of extensor carpi radialis brevis and trapezius muscles in healthy males and females
Authors: Green Howard J. , Ranney Don , Burnett Margaret , Iqbal Sobia , Kyle Natasha , Lounsbury David , Ouyang Jing , Tupling A. Russell , Smith Ian C. , Stewart Riley , Tick Heather
Published: May 2015

In this study, we sought to determine whether differences in cellular properties associated with energy homeostasis could explain the higher incidence of work-related myalgia in trapezius (TRAP) compared with extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB). Tissue samples were obtained from the ECRB (n = 19) and TRAP (n = 17) of healthy males and females (age 27.9 ± 2.2 and 28.1 ± 1.5 years, respectively; mean ± SE) and analyzed for properties involved in both ATP supply and utilization. The concentration of ATP and the maximal activities of creatine phosphokinase, phosphorylase, and phosphofructokinase were higher (P < 0.05) in ECRB than TRAP. Succinic dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase were not different between muscles. The ECRB also displayed a higher concentration of Na+–K+-ATPase and greater sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+release and uptake. No differences existed between muscles for either monocarboxylate transporters or glucose transporters. It is concluded that the potentials for high-energy phosphate transfer, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and excitation–contraction coupling are higher in ECRB than TRAP. Histochemical measurements indicated that the muscle differences are, in part, related to differing amounts of type II tissue. Depending on the task demands, the TRAP may experience a greater metabolic and excitation–contraction coupling strain than the ECRB given the differences observed.
State Complexity of k-Union and k-Intersection for Prefix-Free Regular Languages
Authors: Eom Hae-Sung , Han Yo-Sub , Salomaa Kai
Published: May 2015

We investigate the state complexity of multiple unions and of multiple intersections for prefix-free regular languages. Prefix-free deterministic finite automata have their own unique structural properties that are crucial for obtaining state complexity upper bounds that are improved from those for general regular languages. We present a tight lower bound construction for k-union using an alphabet of size k + 1 and for k-intersection using a binary alphabet. We prove that the state complexity upper bound for k-union cannot be reached by languages over an alphabet with less than k symbols. We also give a lower bound construction for k-union using a binary alphabet that is within a constant factor of the upper bound.
Ionoacoustics: A new direct method for range verification
Authors: Parodi Katia , Assmann Walter
Published: May 2015

The superior ballistic properties of ion beams may offer improved tumor-dose conformality and unprecedented sparing of organs at risk in comparison to other radiation modalities in external radiotherapy. However, these advantages come at the expense of increased sensitivity to uncertainties in the actual treatment delivery, resulting from inaccuracies of patient positioning, physiological motion and uncertainties in the knowledge of the ion range in living tissue. In particular, the dosimetric selectivity of ion beams depends on the longitudinal location of the Bragg peak, making in vivo knowledge of the actual beam range the greatest challenge to full clinical exploitation of ion therapy.

Nowadays, in vivo range verification techniques, which are already, or close to, being investigated in the clinical practice, rely on the detection of the secondary annihilation photons or prompt gammas, resulting from nuclear interaction of the primary ion beam with the irradiated tissue. Despite the initial promising results, these methods utilize a not straightforward correlation between nuclear and electromagnetic processes, and typically require massive and costly instrumentation. On the contrary, the long-term known, yet only recently revisited process of "ionoacoustics", which is generated by local tissue heating especially at the Bragg peak, may offer a more direct approach to in vivo range verification, as reviewed here.
Determination of e+e- beam polarization for optimal gauge boson discovery limits
Authors: Bagneid Ali A.
Published: May 2015

Extra neutral gauge bosons suggested by models beyond the standard model can indirectly show up in e+e- collisions through off-resonance deviations of various physical observables from the corresponding standard model values. We considered leptonic observables and studied the dependence of the deviations on the polarizations of the positron and electron beams. We showed that, for a given model, the magnitude of the deviation of a given observable can attain its maximum value if the polarizations of the positron and electron beams are properly chosen. We determined, for a given model, a single set of beam polarization so that if this set is employed in measuring all considered observables, it produces the highest extra gauge boson discovery limits.
Excitation function of elastic pp scattering from a unitarily extended Bialas–Bzdak model
Authors: Nemes F. , Csörgő T. , Csanád M.
Published: May 2015

The Bialas–Bzdak model of elastic proton–proton scattering assumes a purely imaginary forward scattering amplitude, which consequently vanishes at the diffractive minima. We extended the model to arbitrarily large real parts in a way that constraints from unitarity are satisfied. The resulting model is able to describe elastic pp scattering not only at the lower ISR energies but also at [Formula: see text] in a statistically acceptable manner, both in the diffractive cone and in the region of the first diffractive minimum. The total cross-section as well as the differential cross-section of elastic proton–proton scattering is predicted for the future LHC energies of [Formula: see text], 14, 15 TeV and also to 28 TeV. A nontrivial, significantly nonexponential feature of the differential cross-section of elastic proton–proton scattering is analyzed and the excitation function of the nonexponential behavior is predicted. The excitation function of the shadow profiles is discussed and related to saturation at small impact parameters.