bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Maya Eclipse Table of the Dresden Codex: A Reply
Authors: Merrill Robert H.
Published: April 2006

In his “Note on the Maya Eclipse Table of the Dresden Codex” (American Antiquity, Vol. XIV, p. 61, July, 1948) Dr. Satterthwaite “submits that we ought to have a demonstration” of the range of moon phase lengths, also of the three-day named tzolkin periods within which Robert H. Merrill locates on the one hand possible eclipses, and on the other the average three-day length of moon disappearance “if such a double function of the three-day groups is a possibility to be reckoned with.”

On page 39 of American Antiquity for July, 1946, my Moon Chart (Fig. 7) was drawn with sufficient accuracy to show each lunation to scale in tenths of a day, for the arbitrary sample period 1900–33. This covers a like time span to that of the codex lunar table. To show in detail the simple calculations and the graphical accuracy, a sample work sheet is here appended (Fig. 62).
Observations on the Present Status and Problems of Middle American Archaeology, Part II
Authors: Mason J. Alden
Published: April 2006

Middle American archaeological research has always been especially centered in the Maya region of Guatemala and Yucatan, for here, apparently, ancient American civilizations reached their culmination in art, architecture, writing, and probably in mathematics and astronomy. There are more specialists who limit their researches to one field in the Maya area than in any other branch of American archaeology, and among these are many whose sole interest is in the topics of epigraphy and the calendar. This field is highly specialized and requires experts, but the great value of their results is notper se, but lies in the accurate dating which can be given to developmental phases of architecture, ceramics, and similar products; once the temporal relationships of these are established, they may be used as a time-scale for adjacent regions to which these objects and traits were carried by influence and trade.
Notes on a Find from Trinidad
Authors: Sleight Frederick W.
Published: April 2006

During two years of duty at the Naval Operating Base, Trinidad, British West Indies, the author had the good fortune to gain the friendship of a local geologist and savant in the field of archaeology. He is Mr. J. A. Bullbrook, Honorable Secretary, Archaeological Section, Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago. Mr. Bullbrook resides in the southern portion of the island of Trinidad near Erin, in an area which at one time was well populated by aboriginal migrants from the mainland of South America.

Rather recently the author received a letter from Mr. Bullbrook describing the accidental discovery of an effigy vessel by a native workman in his neighborhood. The paragraphs which follow are excerpts from Mr. Bullbrook's letter.
The Archaeological Zone of Buena Vista, Huaxcama, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Authors: Solier Wilfrido Du , Krieger Alex D. , Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

During the field season of 1941–42, joint excavations were undertaken in the Huasteca territory by the American Museum of Natural History and the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. The American Museum had appointed Dr. Gordon Ekholm to investigate this area as a part of the program sponsored by the Institute of Andean Research. The Instituto Nacional appointed Wilfrido Du Solier to collaborate with Ekholm because of his (Du Solier's) long interest in and knowledge of the area.

It was decided to undertake work in the following sites: Las Flores in Tampico; Tancol, a little to the north of Tampico; Panuco, on the river of the same name; and Buena Vista, Huaxcama, San Luis Potosi, to the northwest of the Huasteca territory. The explorations in Buena Vista and Las Flores were made by both Ekholm and Du Solier, while those of Panuco and Tancol, due to the illness of Du Solier, were made only by Ekholm.
Acculturation, a New Approach to the Iroquoian Problem
Authors: Kraus Bertram S.
Published: April 2006

This paper is a plea for the complete reworking of the Iroquoian material, archaeological and historical, from the point of view of acculturation. The writer is not the first to make this plea. Both Fenton and Hunt have pointed out the necessity of reworking the source material for Iroquoian history; Fenton regards the 400 years of contact between Iroquois and white and between Iroquois and Algonkian as an excellent source “for an acculturation study showing the effects of the interaction of Indian and White culture, the interaction of Indian and Indian… and the adjustment of culture to environment.”
Artifacts from Ancient Workshop Sites near Tadoussac, Saguenay County, Quebec
Authors: Wintemberg W. J.
Published: April 2006

In 1915, while making ethnological investigation? among survivors of the Tadoussac band of the Montagnais Indians at Tadoussac, Quebec, Dr. Frank G. Speck, of the Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, learned from the Indians that stone implements had been found on a sandy hill north of the village. From the surface of the site he collected about three hundred chips and stone artifacts which are now in the National Museum of Canada. Another lot of about two hundred and fifty specimens collected by him are in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. In 1927, this and other sites were investigated by the author, who made a careful search of the exposed surface of the area between Tadoussac and Moulin Baude River, about three miles to the east and gathered about one thousand instructive specimens besides several hundred chippings.
Animal Tooth Implements from Shell Heaps of Maine
Authors: Tyzzer E. E.
Published: April 2006

The wide utilization by primitive peoples of animal teeth for implements as well as for ornamental purposes is too well known to archaeologists and ethnologists to require further comment. The object of the present paper is to describe and classify those types of rodenttooth implements found locally, to discuss the method of manufacture and to present evidence as to the grinding of the canine teeth of various carnivores in all probability for utilitarian purposes. The material upon which this study is based has been collected by the author from several sites on or near Naskeag Point, Brooklin, Maine, chiefly from a single shell heap on Harbor Island.
Excavations at Kinnikinnick, Arizona
Authors: Connor Sydney
Published: April 2006

The tree-ring record in the Flagstaff area goes back to about 500 A.D., with one gap in the sequence prior to 1317 A.D. To close this gap of forty years, a sampling was taken from Kinnikinnick ruin on Anderson Mesa twenty-two miles southeast of Flagstaff. Material found there in June, 1940, by Dr. A. E. Douglass, yielded dates from the earlier part of this missing period. The location of the site on the postulated southern boundary of the Sinagua branch of the Mogollon made it of further significance. It seems to have escaped notice by early investigators, is pot-hunted very little, and has not been reported on up to this time.
Pottery Study in the Maya Area
Authors: Butler Mary
Published: April 2006

The Maya Area is of outstanding archaeological importance because its early inhabitants achieved the highest civilization in pre-Columbian America. The early Maya and Mexicans surpassed other highly developed pre-Columbian American cultures because they possessed a form of writing and an intricate calendrical system. While the question of priority and derivation of culture in the Mexican-Maya area is still a moot one, there is no doubt that the Maya developed writing, representational art, and the sciences of mathematics and astronomy to a degree of excellence far beyond that attained by the Mexicans.

The Maya lived, before the Conquest as today, in Yucatan and the country south of it. We have little evidence concerning the archaic or earliest peoples of this region. We know that in the southern part there was such a cultural substratum, identified by modelled figurines and distinctive pottery.
Prospects in California Prehistory
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: April 2006

Archaeology in the California area has been notoriously slow to recover cultural sequences. In part this is due to most of the earlier explorations having been conducted without sense of genuine scientific problem, as in the first stages of work in so many other regions. But in even larger measure the delay in discovering positive time changes is the result of difficulties inherent in the archaeological data of the area. Mostly there is no pottery at all. The historic cultures being simple, their artifact inventory is fairly limited and lacking in specialized types. Except in the Santa Barbara region, the numerical yield of specimen data is low for volume of soil moved. The San Francisco Bay mounds, for instance, tend to furnish only about one artifact, whole or broken, per cubic yard dug. This is probably not far from the average productivity the state over, the Santa Barbara coast and islands alone omitted.
Sand Dunes and Alluvium near Grants, New Mexico
Authors: Bryan Kirk , McCann Franklin T.
Published: April 2006

Progress in knowledge of the more ancient stone cultures in North America has made increasingly apparent the existence of a gap in time between the fairly well-known, modern North American Indian and his Paleo-Indian predecessors. The extent of the break presents a problem to both archaeology and geology. Obviously, it is possible to approach the problem by leading from the earlier horizons toward the later, or in the reverse direction. The expansion and development of the “alluvial chronology” affords a basis for approach from the later horizons, as the last events in this chronology are effectively dated in the pottery cultures of the Southwest. The discovery by Mr. Joseph H. Toulouse, Jr., of the stone artifacts of a hunting people, who did not use pottery, in the heart of the Pueblo area appeared to offer such an opportunity. It seemed that it might afford a series of stages transitional backward from the known dates of the Puebloan stages toward the remote Paleo-Indians. The geologic results raise more problems than are solved, yet have some importance in extending knowledge along the fringes of the problem.
Two Post-Nipissing Sites near Killarney, Ontario
Authors: Greenman Emerson F. , Stanley George M.
Published: April 2006

In 1939, the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan continued the survey of the Manitoulin District of Ontario, begun in 1938. Two sites were found on abandoned beaches of Lake Huron, both bearing cultural material in such positions as to enable dating of the material. The first site to be found (KB1) is two miles east of Killarney, on the mainland to the northeast of Manitoulin Island; the second site (CHI) is six miles east of Killarney. The present paper is a preliminary statement of the points of chief interest concerning these two sites. Site KB1 is at about the same level as another, on Great Cloche Island twenty-four miles west, which was excavated in 1938.
The Gallina Phase
Authors: Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

Following a recent recrudescence of interest in the archaeology of Athabascan-speaking peoples in the Southwest, and in Navaho archaeology in particular, numerous students have entered upon various projects in this field. North central New Mexico has seemed to offer the most fertile center for such studies, inasmuch as early historic records place the Navahos in this area and the archaeological remains seem to corroborate this testimony.
A Suggested Projectile-Point Classification
Authors: Finkelstein J. Joe
Published: April 2006

In the following simplified method for classifying projectile-points the use of the term arrowhead is purposely avoided. The term projectile point is used for all specimens commonly referred to as birdpoints, arrowheads, spearheads, and lance points. Relative sizes are necessarily disregarded, although unusually long or short specimens are given proper mention.
Tree-Rings and Droughts
Authors: Bailey Wilfrid C.
Published: April 2006

Harold S. Gladwin in a recent publication voiced a question of vital importance to Southwestern archaeology. Can dendrochronology tell us anything concerning the effects of climate on aboriginal agriculture?

Both Douglass and Schulman have claimed that correlations can be established between tree-growth and winter precipitation, but each of them has been explicit in saying that summer rainfall has little, if any effect upon the growth of trees. Since it would seem that summer rainfall, during the crop-growing months, is the only season of moisture which could effect the agricultural well being of Pueblo peoples, I do not see how narrow tree-rings can be regarded as providing any indications of economic disaster in ancient times.
Pollen Analysis, a Research Tool for the Study of Cave Deposits
Authors: Anderson Roger Y.
Published: April 2006

Pollen grains have recently been found in quantities sufficient for statistical analysis in the sediments of Ramanote Cave, Santa Cruz County, Arizona (Arizona: DD:12:1 Amerind Survey System). At the suggestion of Terah L. Smiley of the University of Arizona the samples were collected by Charles C. DiPeso of the Amerind Foundation, Inc., in the summer of 1953. The author is indebted to Edwin B. Kurtz, Jr., and to the Botany Department, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, for the use of laboratory facilities. Because many cultural materials have been found in cave deposits and many cave explorations are now in progress, this preliminary report is intended to point out the necessity of collecting samples for pollen analysis during the progress of archaeological investigations.

Peat bogs have long been known as ideal deposits for pollen studies due to high pollen frequencies and excellent conditions for preservation.
The Pit House in the Old World and in Native North America
Authors: Daifuku Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

The problem of the origin and distribution of semi-subterranean structures is an intriguing one. It is generally accepted that the semi-subterranean structure, earth lodge, or pit house, was one of a number of relatively unmodified traits of Old World origin found in North America. This paper reviews some of the literature on the pit house, and summarizes its development and distribution in the Eurasian and North American continents.

Laymen, believing that early man habitually lived in caves, commonly use the stereotyped term “cave man” in referring to our early progenitors in the Old World. This assumption was an inevitable development since occupational sites in western Europe are predominantly caves or cave shelters. However, some European archaeologists have suggested such sites were seasonally occupied–that they were the winter habitations of man during the upper Paleolithic. There is reason to believe different types of shelters were used during warm seasons since engravings of tents or more substantial structures (tectiforms) have been found on the walls of caves and cave shelters. A number of European archaeologists including Breuil (1910), Clark (1939), Childe (1950), and others have accepted tectiforms as evidence of the existence of artificial structures in western Europe during the last glacial advance. Breuil has gone further and compared some of the tectiforms in the Font-de-Gaume, the Dordogne Valley of France, to the summer huts of Navahos described by Mendeleff in 1896.
The Mangum Plate
Authors: Cotter John L.
Published: April 2006

The Mangum Plate consists of three fragments of elaborately embossed copper sheeting formed of separate parts overlapped and hammered together and riveted where necessary. The pieces were found in 1936 by Spurgeon C. Mangum on a knoll situated on his farm 5 miles northeast of Port Gibson, Mississippi, 1 mile south of Bayou Pierre (R 3E, Tn 12N, S 28). The site has since been acquired by the State of Mississippi for the National Park Service for development as a feature of archaeological interest along the Natchez Trace Parkway.
Plastic Reproductions
Authors: Jehle Albert
Published: April 2006

Those of us who have at one time or the other had the occasion to cast arrowheads or flints are aware of the disappointing lack of realism that plaster presents. Translucence is never present and too frequently the crisp retouch flake marks are lost under a coat of paint. More often, a successful reproduction is quickly ruined by careless handling.

After many trials that resulted in nothing more convincing than arrowpoints looking like painted plaster, the properties of various plastics were tested. Failure with liquid plastics led to experiments with powdered dental acrylic. This material, I found, had all of the properties required for faithful reproductions of stone flake work. The acrylic can be colored with pigments. It is strong, transparent, and can be molded to any desired shape with excellent detail without too much difficulty.
Tripod Vessels from the Virú Valley
Authors: Lilien Rose
Published: April 2006

In a recent paper Arden R. King notes that the occurrence of tripod vessels in pre-Expansionist Central Andean periods has not yet been definitely established. The Columbia University Virú Valley collection, however, contains two examples of conical legs belonging to the type Castillo, White, Red, Orange. This pottery type has a Middle Gallinazo distribution.

The two specimens are fragmentary; i.e., only the legs themselves rather than the whole vessel have been preserved. They are probably from tripod vessels. The scarcity of the tetrapod form in the Central Andes greatly reduces the possibility that the legs could be from tetrapod vessels.

The legs are hollow and pointed-conical in shape. The one whole specimen is 6.6 cm. high and is 5.5 cm. at the widest part across the top. I t then tapers to a point at the bottom. Both legs are straight walled, not bulging or rounded.
Split-Twig Figurines in the Grand Canyon
Authors: Schwartz Douglas W. , Lange Arthur L. , de Saussure Raymond
Published: April 2006

The Grand Canyon in northwestern Arizona has long been a favorite area of study for geologists from all parts of the world, but until recently little intensive archaeological work has been done within the canyon itself. In 1953 the senior author began to investigate Cataract Creek Canyon, the only major drainage leading from the Coconino Plateau on the south to the Colorado River. Also in this year Walter W. Taylor (1954) made a quick survey of the lower reaches of the Grand Canyon by boat, but due to high and fast water he was unable to locate many sites. The present project was the first major excavation to be carried on in the main canyon area and it revealed material that should stimulate further work in the region.
The Evolution and Persistence of Ceramic Motifs in Northern Georgia
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: April 2006

Stamped or impressed designs on pottery from a group of relatively early sites in northern Georgia provide new data on the origin of several well known motifs of later times, and add to the evidence for a considerable cultural continuity between the archaeological phases of this area.

In a previous article for american antiquity (Vol. XIV, pp. 201-9), I summarized the general ceramic sequence in the Etowah Drainage. Fabric impressed pottery seems to be the first majority ware in this area. It gradually decreased in popularity as Mossy Oak Simple Stamped increased and Deptford Bold and Linear Check Stamped appeared. The last named, together with Deptford Simple Stamped, became majority types during Late Archaic or Early Woodland times. In the meantime Woodstock Stamped and Woodstock Incised pottery appeared, but did not reach their frequency peak until Early Swift Creek had presumably degenerated into its later form near the end of the Middle Woodland period. Napier Stamped appeared at this time. Napier and Woodstock pottery strongly influenced the Early Mississippi "Etowah" wares, both stamped and incised. In the latter part of this period, Savannah Stamped intruded briefly, but the Etowah types persisted and finally deteriorated in carefulness of execution, thus evolving into the Lamar pottery of Late Mississippi time.
The Huron and Lalonde Occupations of Ontario
Authors: Ridley Frank
Published: April 2006

This will report the results of several years' search for historical sites in Simcoe County, Province of Ontario, in the area where the historic villages of the Huron were located. In the course of this work, certain aboriginal artifacts were found to be numerous on many sites but did not occur on others. In view of the current assumption of homogeneity for Iroquoian material in this area, the presence of a multiple artifact complex presented an interesting field for archaeological activity. Evidence of two cultural horizons accumulated as more sites were visited and more material marked and segregated, until finally in the summer of 1949 artifacts of two types were found in a stratified position on the Fallis site. Herewith I wish to give a brief description and grouping of the sites, and of their aboriginal material.
Martiñez de Compañon, Founder of Peruvian Archaeology
Authors: Schaedel Richard P.
Published: April 2006

Baltasar Jaime Martiñez de Compañon, has been mentioned in anthropological literature for the past fifty years, albeit rather sporadically; but up to the present time the importance of his legacy has not been appreciated by those anthropologists in the Peruvian field, especially those who have dealt with the ethnology and archaeology of the North Coast. Although one of the purposes of this brief note is to call attention to the necessity of incorporating the valuable illustrative material of Martiñez de Compañon in future works, the primary purpose is to make known to the anthropological public that, except for an extremely rare edition of plates which is but a tiny fraction of the whole, the enormous fount of ethnological and archaeological information that Martiñez left remains unpublished.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: Comalcalco, Part I
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

The use of lime mortar in the New World appears to be confined to the area of Mesoamerica. It is, in fact, one of the most important of the several traits charatceristic of this area which have given rise to the concept of Mesoamerica as a distinct cultural unit. The extensive use of lime mortar within Mesoamerica probably played a significant role in the development of more advanced forms of architecture within this area than in other parts of the New World, especially since it was employed ornamentally as well as functionally.
A Peruvian Ikat from Pachacamac
Authors: VanStan Ina
Published: April 2006

The Ikat technique, that of producing designs in a fabric by means of a resistdyeing process in which the yarns of the warp, of the weft, or of both the warp and the weft, are pattern-dyed prior to weaving, was believed, until recently, to have been unknown in pre-Columbian Peru (Crawford 1916: 154; Dixon 1928: 201–9; Means 1931: 490). To date only a few examples of archaeological Peruvian textiles patterned by this method have been reported. Dressen (1930: 67) and Bird (1947: 73–4; 1952: 359; Bennett and Bird 1949: 285) mention some of these and Kroeber has spoken of ikats from Supe being present in the University of California Museum of Anthropology (personal communication, September, 1949).
The Cultural Sequence at Yarinacocha, Eastern Peru
Authors: Lathrap Donald W.
Published: April 2006

During May, June, July, and August of 1956 I was engaged in archaeological field work near the city of Pucallpa on the Ucayali River in eastern Peru. The project was sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History as a part of its long term program of anthropological work in the Peruvian Montana. The Museum grants permission to present this preliminary statement, and it will publish the final report on this work.
Life-Expectancy of Utilitarian Pottery in Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Foster George M.
Published: April 2006

Pottery life-expectancy has important archaeological implications for such problems as population sizes and duration of occupancy of sites. Specific data are here given from four contemporary Mexican village households on durability of several kinds of ware. The most important factors determining life-expectancy appear to be basic strength of the ware, functions of different types of vessels, handling practices, relative costs, and kinds of breakage. It may be inferred that similar factors determine life-expectancy in many contemporary and archaeological communities.
A Typological Analysis of Axes and Choppers from Southeast Australia
Authors: Tugby Donald J.
Published: April 2006

Three major factors have influenced the classification of stone artifacts in Australia. The first is the presence in the country of a contemporary stone-using people, the Australian aborigines. Early, relatively complete, and ethnologically valid studies of their life (Spencer and Gillen 1899), have given Australian artifact studies a functional flavor; so much so, that descriptive classifications have been proposed, whose major categories were in completely functional terms (Kenyon and Stirling 1900). Quite properly, Australian workers have sought functional comparisons between implements in current use and those whose function could not be discovered by ethnological enquiry, either because their makers had become culturally disintegrated, as in southeast Australia, or because their function was unknown to the living aborigines in the area concerned (see, for instance, the discussion of the mounted elouera in Setzler and McCarthy 1950).
The Archaeology of the Lena Basin and its New World Relationships, Part II
Authors: Tolstoy Paul
Published: April 2006

A consideration of the Siberian data by anyone acquainted, albeit summarily, with the major themes of North American prehistory, cannot fail to lead to the formulation of a number of specific problems relating to prehistoric contacts between the Old World and the New and their effect on culture development on both continents. The limitations of available data, time, space, and competence alike set limits to the degree to which they may be fruitfully explored here. Yet it seems worthwhile at least to list the more obvious ones and to comment on them briefly, thereby suggesting directions for future investigation.
A Revised Classification of the Prehistoric Cultures of Minnesota
Authors: Wilford Lloyd A.
Published: April 2006

In the first classification of the prehistoric cultures of Minnesota (Wilford 1941), no attempt was made to present a chronological sequence, though some temporal relationships were indicated. Since that time the efforts of archaeologists in all parts of the eastern United States in excavating sites and in reporting the results, in pooling their knowledge at regional conferences, and in constructing and publishing cultural sequences for regions and for the entire area, have crystallized in a framework in which the 3 major cultural groupings, the patterns, have been fitted into a chronological sequence of 4 periods. It is now possible to place the Minnesota cultures in this framework with a fair degree of confidence. Table 6 presents this placement in terms of the categories of the Midwestern Taxonomic System.
Preliminary Report on the Excavation of an Etowah Valley Site
Authors: Sears William H.
Published: April 2006

The Wilbanks site, 9CK-5, is located in the Etowah Valley, north Georgia, about fifteen miles upstream from the famous Etowah site excavated by Moorehead (1932). Excavations here have produced one structure and three superimposed refuse deposits yielding a ceramic sequence contemporaneous with middle through late Mississippi.

Robert Wauchope (1948, p. 205) tested the site for the University of Georgia some years ago with a single trench into a mound, its main feature. A brief note on the results of this excavation was published as part of a more comprehensive paper.
Shell Object from Manitoba
Authors: Vickers Chris
Published: April 2006

The shell object, illustrated in Fig. 56, was excavated on the Lowton site, Manitoba, (S.W. Sec. 26, T. 5, R. 16, W. 1st). The date of recovery was September 18, 1945; it was found in Excavation 3, lay at a depth of 15 inches below the surface, and was associated with common Lowton site material.
A Unique Wooden Figure from Ancient Mexico
Authors: Nowotny Karl Anton
Published: April 2006

Among the Mexican antiquities in the Ethnographical Museum in Vienna dating from the time of the Conquest is a small wooden figure bearing the accession number 12,585. Though this object has received cursory attention in previous publications, it has never been fully described. Because of its unique design and the unusual complexity of its structure, the piece merits a full technical description.

In 1881 this figure was transferred from the then ”Imperial Cabinet of Coins and Antiquities“ to the then Anthropological- Ethnographical Division of the Imperial Museum of Natural History, which later became the present Ethnographical Museum (Museum für Volkerkunde). According to information supplied by Professor F. Eichler, Director of the Division of Antiquities in the Museum of Art, the object cannot be traced back farther than its entry under the number XIII/47 in the fifth volume of the ”New Inventory“ of the Cabinet of Coins and Antiquities. It is not known from what earlier collection it entered the “Cabinet.“ Possibly it came from the Imperial Treasure (Schatzkammer).
Ceramic Sequence in Central Basin and Hopewell Sites in Central Illinois
Authors: Bluhm Elaine
Published: April 2006

The Morton Focus of the Central Basin Phase, or simply Central Basin, is a Woodland assemblage found in central Illinois. There has been a good deal of controversy concerning the relationship of Central Basin and Hopewell since the two were described (Cole and Deuel, 1937, pp. 222-3). Some believed the two were so much alike that perhaps they were the same thing, Central Basin being a poor Hopewellian village group; others believed there was no overlap, but a clean break between them. Most of this controversy was based on ceramic material and the absence of Hopewellian burial mound traits in association with Central Basin pottery. Cole and Deuel (1937, p. 203) said

Aside from the diagnostic traits, the balance of the artifacts found in Hopewellian sites seem to belong to the Central Basin Phase of the Woodland Pattern. Most of the knives and projectile points are of Type 1 and only differ from Central Basin in being, on the whole, better made.
South American-Archaic Relations: Additional Comment
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

In a recent note Baerreis (1950) has given critical amplification to the question of possible cultural relations between the southeastern United States Archaic and the archaeologically known culture, or cultures, of the lower Parana River, Argentina. A paper of my own (Willey, 1949), on which Baerreis centers his discussion, focused attention on the Caribbean area and the north of the South American continent, giving only brief mention to interesting southeastern resemblances which may be found along the Parana and in the Sambaquis of southern Brazil. I agree that Baerreis has strengthened the case for cultural connections over and beyond the casual comments which I or others have offered.
Unusual Lamar Variant of the Filfot Cross
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: April 2006

Figure 137 shows an unusual form of the so-called filfot cross, a favorite design motif on early and late Mississippi stamped pottery of the southern United States. Although several forms of the “filfot” design have been illustrated by Holmes, Heye, Hodge, and Pepper, Caldwell and McCann, and others, I have never seen this particular variant before, nor one to equal it in ingenuity. It is a minor masterpiece of native American complicated design.

I have reconstructed the motif from two badly overstamped potsherds from a cache of two Lamar vessels exposed when a cedar stump was dug from the southwest slope of a watermelon patch (in 1939) on the Castelberry farm overlooking bottomlands of the left or northeast bank of Chestatee River, Hall County, northern Georgia. Although I could find no surface evidence of a village site in the vicinity, the cache itself has been given the designation 2-HL.
The Pointed Mountain Site near Fort Liard, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: MacNeish Richard S.
Published: April 2006

During the last four years (1949-1952) the National Museum of Canada has carried out archaeological investigations in the Northwest Territories of Canada, the primary purpose of which was to determine what kind of archaeological materials and what sort of prehistoric artifact complexes existed in that area. Since part of this region, mainly the Mackenzie River drainage, was supposedly free of ice early in the recession of the last glaciation, it has often been suggested as a possible migration route through which early groups of Indians could have passed when moving from Asia to the more southerly regions of the New World, and, therefore, it was hoped that archaeological information resulting from research in that district might throw some light on these early migrants.

The first three seasons of research (1949-1951) in northwest Canada were mainly devoted to archaeological reconnaissance (MacNeish, 1951; 1953). The scarcity of cleared land and of adequate transportation seriously hampered the survey.
Additional notes on the Poverty Point Site in Northern Louisiana
Authors: Ford James A.
Published: April 2006

The two large mounds at the Poverty Point and Motley sites in West Carrol Parish, Louisiana, were first adequately described by C. B. Moore (1913, Fig. 29), and for a long while these structures and the cultural remains scattered about them remained one of the principal puzzles in the archaeology of the lower Mississippi Valley. Clarence Webb has made extensive surface collections from this locality for a number of years and his three articles in American Antiquity, the last written with Haag, form the bulk of the information which we have on the culture (Webb, 1944, 1948; Haag and Webb, 1953). The purpose of the present brief note is to report some newly discovered facets of the Poverty Point cultural complex.

The writer was able to work a few weeks at the site in the spring of 1952 and again in 1953. However, the most remarkable discovery was not made in the field but in the Cartographic Laboratory of the Mississippi River Commission in Vicksburg.
A Contribution to the Archaeology of the Upper Kuskokwim
Authors: Lefebre Charlene Craft
Published: April 2006

The Department of Anthropology of the University of Alaska has for many years solicited information concerning archaeological sites in Athabaskan as well as Eskimo territory from trappers, prospectors, casual travelers, and residents. One of the more likely reports, received from B. A. Stone of Medfra, Alaska, concerned the Lake Telida region. Lake Telida is located about 1/2 mile from the McKinley Fork, called the Tatlathno River in early accounts (Herron 1901), of the Upper Kuskokwim drainage. It is about 100 miles southwest of Lake Minchumina and is northwest of Mt. McKinley National Park (see Fig. 82).

During the summer of 1949 2 students of the University of Alaska, Leona Neubarth Lowery and George Schumann, and the author conducted a field trip into this area. This trip was made possible by the author's appointment to the Margaret Snell Graduate Fellowship of the American Association of University Women, to which I should like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude.
Chronology and Culture Succession in the Northern Kuriles
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: April 2006

In recent years the Okhotsk Sea region has become of increasing interest to students of New World cultural origins and relationships, particularly with regard to the problem of the Aleutians as a diffusion channel. But any real attack on this problem has been hampered by the gross inadequacy of the data. The few available sources in western languages are far from satisfactory; and attempts to augment these by utilizing illustrations from Japanese publications, divorced from the explanatory text, are fraught with danger.

The writer has therefore undertaken a systematic survey of the rather considerable field work done in this region by Japanese archaeologists in prewar years. Reports on this have been published exclusively in the Japanese language, which has placed them effectively beyond the reach of American archaeologists, although certain ones have been cited in American works for their illustrations.
The “Stone Scraper” and Arrow “Wrench”
Authors: Cosner Aaron J.
Published: April 2006

Nearly all the artifacts used by prehistoric peoples of the Southwest have been carefully considered, their use determined, in many cases reproduced, and the duplicates found serviceable for the purpose indicated. Replicas of stone axes, textiles, and pottery have been made by ancient methods. There is one exception, however. The tools of the bow and arrow maker have been taken more or less for granted, and after being named by somebody, simply left that way. The projectile point is the only such artifact that has been copied and used.

Having had long experience in the making and shooting of bows and arrows. I am naturally interested in all archaeological finds of that nature. More than that, these finds have been more or less of a challenge. Just how would a workman used to modern tools and machines proceed with only stone and bone as adjuncts to arrow making? The careful observations of Doctor Saxton Pope (1923) from his association with the Yahi Indian, Ishi, were of some help, as were my own rather scanty mental notes on Pima, Apache, and Papago workmen of modern times.
Radiocarbon Dating Lists and Their Use
Authors: Johnson Frederick
Published: April 2006

“The Denbigh Flint Complex is Not Yet Dated,” (American Antiquity, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 375-6) by J. L. Giddings raises a number of general questions concerning the collection of samples and the listings and use of radiocarbon dates which are not confined to the Denbigh material. Giddings says he is a “little worried about our use of ‘lists’ of radiocarbon dates in view of the recent treatment of some dates from Cape Denbigh.” The publication of lists of dates has proved to be of considerable value to anyone who is interested in chronological problems. Primarily the lists facilitate reference. If the more than 2000 determinations were scattered in archaeological, geological, botanical, palaeobotanical and physical literature, it would be practically impossible to find them. For example, an archaeologist might never learn that a date on a level correlative with the Mesolithic but identified by pollen analysis had ever been determined.
Uses of Aerial Photographs in Archaeological Field Work
Authors: Miller William C.
Published: April 2006

Aerial photographs have been widely adopted in geology, physical geography, agriculture, soil conservation, and forestry, but it is surprising to find how rarely they have been thoroughly exploited in archaeology. This may be due to the fact that most of the literature dealing with the subject of aerial photographs and their uses has been directed to other fields, with very little appearing in archaeological literature. Possibly the earliest use of aerial photographs in archaeology is discussed in Crawford's Wessex from the Air (1928), while Reeves's “Aerial Photography and Archaeology” (1936), was probably the first work directed specifically to the American archaeologist. Both works deal more with locating sites from the air and taking aerial pictures of them than with aspects of mapping from aerial photographs or their use in reconnaissance work.
Excavations at Nohoch Ek, British Honduras
Authors: Coe William R. , Coe Michael D.
Published: April 2006

The course of Maya archaeology has been characterized for the most part by an intensive interest in large ceremonial centers, and justifiably so in view of their clearly rich and rewarding content. Yet the nature of these excavations has necessarily restricted knowledge of preconquest developments in this region to a highly hierarchic level, as witnessed by work in such sites as Kaminaljuyu, Copan, Uaxactun, and Piedras Negras. Remarkably little is known of conditions on a less spectacular level, but a recent trend in this direction is evident in the house-mound and population studies by Carnegie at Mayapan and by Gordon Willey in British Honduras. And we hope that Nohoch Ek, about as insignificant as Maya sites of this type come, may help to illustrate the evolution and workings of an obviously minor ceremonial center.
Wakemap: A Columbia River Site Mispronounced
Authors: Strong Wm. Duncan
Published: April 2006

In this day when, according to perhaps too sanguine recent reports, physical anthropology, ethnology, linguistics, folklore, and archaeology are happily converging, it was a shock to hear that a relatively well-known archaeological site on the north side of the Grand Dalles of the Columbia River in the state of Washington is commonly referred to as Wakemáp (rhymes with “lakemap”). According to John M. Corbett of the U.S. National Park Service who has recently visited this old site, originally described in 1805 by Lewis and Clark, such a completely anglicized pronunciation is now common currency among the various archaeological field parties who have been working at or near the site during the last few years, and he never heard of or thought of it as being pronounced otherwise.

Actually, the near-correct pronunciation is Wakemap (rhymes with “knock ‘em up”). (For a phonetic rendering see Spier and Sapir 1930: 164.) The name is Wishram in derivation, as given by Sapir (1909:201), and the traditional site was so identified and designated by Schenck and myself in 1924 (Strong, Schenck, and Steward 1930: 6, 8), and by the Indians in that vicinity.
The Eastern Archaic: Some Problems and Hypotheses
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

Unraveling an archaeological problem has often been compared to the solution of a crime, differing from the latter in the coldness of the trail. The “whodunit” detective approaches omniscience; the archaeologist can only hope for a small degree of information about the material clues to his case. It might be more apt to compare the archaeologic process in the Northeast to an attempt to find out what went into the hash, for scraps of leftovers are all too frequently the only remains of many obliterated northeastern sites.
A Sequence of Figurines from West Mexico
Authors: Grosscup Gordon L.
Published: April 2006

The chronological sequence for figurine types along the west coast of Mexico has been worked out from stratigraphic excavations at Amapa, Nayarit. Twenty-seven types of figurines are defined and placed in chronological position. There is an early group correlating with the Classic period of Central Mexico, and a late group correlating with the Postclassic.
Archaeological Evidence for the use of Atlatl Weights in the Northwest
Authors: Robert Butler B. , Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

Wilson Duff's tentative identification of several lower Fraser River artifacts as atlatl weights led the authors to examine 104 whole and fragmentary probable weights from the Northwest. They classify them on the basis of lashing grooves, notches, holes, or scars into three main types, each of which has variants. The weights are found in the lower Columbia and lower Fraser river valleys with a concentration in the Dalles-Deschutes region and range in time from the late Middle to the early Late periods of the Dalles Reservoir sequence, about 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400. Metallurgical analysis of a hollow copper bead found with two weights indicates that it is prehistoric and suggests connections to the east. The weights are often found paired in burials. Although ethnographic comparisons are disappointing, archaeological comparisons reveal possible relationships between the Northwest and California, the Great Basin and the Southwest, especially during Basketmaker II, and the eastern Woodlands. The possibility that the Northwest atlatl weights may be derived from eastern forms reinforces the previously presented idea that the Northwest participated in certain continent-wide developments.
The Incensario Complex of Palenque, Chiapas
Authors: L. Robert , Rands Barbara C.
Published: April 2006

The three major forms of Palenque incensarios, the great majority of which appear to be locally made, are pedestal'based vessels, ladles, and elaborately decorated, hollow, flanged cylinders. The first two forms were clearly used for burning incense, but the elaborate cylinders show no definite evidence of burning. They may have served as stands or supports for incense burners, and in any case, are certainly related to the incensario tradition in Mesoamerica. At Palenque, this tradition seems to be oriented toward the hierarchical aspects of Maya civilization. The decoration on the flanged cylinders shows close resemblances to the symbolism and the manner of portrayal in Maya monumental art. While the Palenque incensarios are fundamentally similar to those in other parts of Mesoamerica, they are quite distinctive in both shape and decoration. The main correspondences are with Late Classic incense burners in southern Tabasco and the Alta Verapaz.
Comments on Alibates Flint
Authors: Green F. Earl , Kelley Jane Holden
Published: April 2006

Flints which were formed during different geological periods and which can be confused with Alibates flint occur in widely separated localities in west Texas and eastern New Mexico.
A Comment on the Windsor Site, Jamaica
Authors: Cotter C. S.
Published: April 2006

In Marian DeWolf's recent interesting article on Jamaica archaeology she refers to an earthwork and trench as Windsor Fort, built by the British in 1803 (DeWolf 1953: 236), citing Cundall (1915) as her authority. Actually Cundall mentions the fort but makes no attempt to suggest that its site was on Windsor Hill, which trench has always been known as Spanish Fort. From my local research, Fort Windsor was built on the sea shore, 1000 yards north of the hill, where up to a few years ago stone foundations still existed.

The Windsor Hill site presents one of the most curious mysteries of the north coast, and in 1951 I excavated the hole with a view to a solution and moved and sifted about three tons of earth which had been thrown in during the early part of the 19th century.
Archaeological History of Nambe Pueblo, 14th Century to the Present
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley
Published: April 2006

Nambe is a Pueblo Indian town whose history is very poorly known. In 1962 arrangements were made to excavate in the village ash piles so that the data might be used in the tribe's land claim. Sherds from the excavations indicate that the people of Nambe have utilized this site from 1350 to the present. By checking surface survey materials against tribal tradition, a history of movements from highlands to lowlands has been out-lined. (1) From 1350 to 1425 there were five villages in a north-south line and two in an east-west line in the high foothills, but the adjoining farm lands were insufficient and in peaceful periods some of the inhabitants of these defensive sites came down to the present Nambe during the summer to farm where water and land were more available. (2) From 1425 to 1550 only one of the high defensive sites continued to be occupied; the others were abandoned, and the people moved down to live in Nambe on a year-round basis. (3) Between 1550 and 1700 the last defensive site was abandoned and Nambe pueblo housed the tribe, but the old lands near the ruins were still used for hunting, gathering, religious shrines, and some farming. (4) The Spaniards found the Nambe area attractive and settled near the pueblo. This began an acculturative process which has involved mixing of blood, loss of Indian lands, and amalgamation of the two cultures. Nambe is now one of the least "native" of the northern Pueblo Indian towns.