bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Needs and Contextualization in the Consultation Process of Dictionaries that are Linked to e-Texts
Authors: Bothma Theo J.D. , Gouws Rufus H.
Published: July 2022

This article focuses on various aspects regarding contextualization when e-texts are linked to integrated dictionaries. The article responds to a twofold problem statement: (1) Diction­aries linked to e-texts do not sufficiently take into account the contextuali­zation and cotextualiza­tion of words when providing information to users. (2) The integrated dic­tionary may contain the items needed for contextualization and cotextualization, but the e-device cannot interpret the con­text of a word and link the word to the relevant item in the dictionary arti­cle. The aim of the article is to show the need of linking a word from a text on an e-device to the correct sense in the inte­grated dictionary. This presupposes dynamic dictionary articles and lexico­graphic structures in which a relation between words in an e-text and user-specified lexicographic sources is established. Some existing projects that perform such linking are discussed and evalu­ated. Based on these results this article makes some suggestions. It is foreseen that there will be a "black box" of software between the selected word and the dictionary that will determine the cor­rect lemma and sense to be selected from the e-dictionary. Having discussed various alternatives, the article suggests par­allel contextualization between the dictionary and the software of the e‑device. Many aspects dis­cussed in this article require further research. Relevant proposals are made with regard to this research. Keywords: context, contextualization, cotext, dictionary consul­tation, e-device, e-reader, e-text, integrated dictionary, lexicographic needs, linking, parallel contextualization, text reception
Voice Handicap Index in Iranian Rehabilitation Professors with and Without Vocal Complaints
Authors: Azari Sanaz , Amiri Shavaki Younes , Ghelichi Leila , Moossavi Abdollah , Saneii Seyed Hassan
Published: July 2022

Background: University professors are a group of professional voice users who report more voice problems than the general population, which may affect their quality of life. The World Health Organization defines health as a multidimensional concept: "A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) can assess university professors' vocal health even before having a voice problem. Objectives: We aimed to study the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) in Iranian rehabilitation professors with and without vocal complaints. Methods: This cross-sectional online study enrolled 235 professors (100 men and 135 women) from Iranian rehabilitation colleges selected through stratified random sampling. The inclusion criterion was being a university professor. The assessment tools included VHI and a four-part questionnaire about vocal complaints. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test checked the normality of quantitative data. The Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests compared the two groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS21 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The rate of voice problems was significantly more in professors with vocal complaints (29.12%) than in those without complaints (9%), according to VHI30 (P < 0.001). The mean VHI differences between the two groups, with and without vocal complaints, were significant in the scores of the total scale (P < 0.000) and its subtests physical (P < 0.000), emotional (P < 0.000), and functional (P < 0.002). Some information was also obtained about vocal complaints in professors, including the frequency of nine vocal complaints. The frequency of the complaints was 64.1% for vocal fatigue, 61.2% for hoarseness, 24.3% for pain, 16.5% for breathy voice, 15.5% for strain, 13.6% for monotone voice, 11.7% for pitch breaks, 5.8% for aphonia, 4.9% tremor in professors with vocal complaints, 78.64% for the effect of vocal complaints on communication, and 72.8% (acute) and 27.2% (chronic) for the duration of vocal complaints. Conclusions: Iranian university professors of rehabilitation science with vocal complaints had higher VHI scores than those without vocal complaints, which shows they may be apt to voice problems. Vocal fatigue was the most common voice complaint, and voice tremor was the least. Also, most reported complaints were acute that affected professors' communication. In future research, it seems necessary to design comprehensive prevention and treatment programs focusing on the vocal health of professors in rehabilitation colleges.
Hippo Signaling Pathway and Cancer: Molecular Regulation and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Dehghanian Fariba , Hosseini Imani Seyedeh Zahra , Naghsh-Nilchi Amirhosein , Khalilian Sheyda
Published: July 2022

: The Hippo signaling pathway is one of the critical regulators of organ growth and proliferation. This pathway was first described in Drosophila, and now it is identified as one of the most conserved molecular pathways in all multicellular organisms. Recent studies have shown that the dysregulation of the Hippo pathway is associated with various cancers, contributing to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous attempts have been made to target the major components of this pathway for therapeutic interventions. YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif) molecules are the critical components involved in the Hippo pathway. These factors have been identified as essential in the incidence and progression of cancer and drug resistance. The intracellular localization of YAP/TAZ is a crucial regulator of its activity, i.e., activating the transcription of their target genes and, eventually, the possible development of cancer. The abundance of YAP/TAZ in the nucleus has been observed in many human cancers. Therefore, recent research has investigated direct and indirect therapeutic approaches to inhibit this localization. This study describes the Hippo signaling pathway, its components, molecular regulation, and involvement in cancer development. Finally, we examine new therapeutic targets aimed at regulating this pathway.
A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of COVID-19 Ward Nurses in Shiraz, Iran
Authors: Sadati Ahmad Kalateh , Falakodin Zahra , Shahabi Saeed , Zarei Leila , Heydari Seyyed Taghi , Bagheri Lankarani Kamran
Published: July 2022

Background: The psychosocial risks and job stress have been considered as the most important factors affecting the occupational health and safety and, therefore, exerting significant impact on the health conditions of individuals, organizations, and national economy. Objectives: The present study investigated the experiences of the nurses working in COVID-19 wards of specialty hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out via telephone. A total of 15 participants (11 nurses and 4 active supervisors of COVID-19 wards) were included in the study. A conventional content analysis was applied. Results: COVID-19 ward nurses had a perception of differentiation because they had experienced difficult conditions and had higher social responsibilities. However, they managed to retain their social responsibilities despite suffering from anxiety and fear, physical and mental pressures, as well as various deficiencies. Four themes including fear and anxiety, burnout, deficiencies, and expectations were explored in this study. Conclusions: Overall, COVID-19 pandemic was found to have posed several challenges for nurses as the front-line staff in Iran. Therefore, it was recommended that necessary measures and strategies should be adopted in order to address these challenges.
Hornschuchia (Annonaceae), an endemic and threatened genus from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Vilela Lucas , De Carvalho Lopes Jenifer
Published: July 2022

The South American Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, and a relevant area for conservation due to its high level of endemism and great loss of habitat. One of its endemic taxa is the genus Hornschuchia (Annonaceae), including 12 species that occur from the State of Rio de Janeiro to Pernambuco in Brazil. The last taxonomic treatment of Hornschuchia was carried out 27 years ago. Since that time, two new species have been described and new specimens of known species have been collected, expanding our knowledge about the morphology and distribution of the genus. Hornschuchia, as an endemic genus in a threatened environment, deserves special attention. For this reason, we updated the taxonomic treatment of Hornschuchia, including the recently described species in the key, preparing illustrations, updating the descriptions of the species, clarifying and correcting information regarding the historical and type collections, providing preliminary conservation statuses, and analyzing patterns of endemism and richness for the genus. One species is preliminarily assessed as Critically Endangered, nine are Endangered, one is Vulnerable and one is of Least Concern. The coast of Bahia is a priority place for conservation for Hornschuchia as its center of species diversity.
The Use of Compaction Simulation as a Tool to Aid Successful Tablet Formulation
Authors: Stewart Sarah , Dean Inidigo Lily , Lawlor Mark , Lawrence Simon
Published: July 2022

Early assessment of compaction properties of both APIs and formulations is an important consideration in early tablet development and can help to de-risk scale up from R&D to production scale. In this work, three model APIs and a tablet formulation were assessed using a compaction simulator. Compaction simulation was shown to be able to differentiate between the compaction properties of APIs and formulations and when combined with additional information on API properties (flowability, solubility) and tablet requirements (size, strength) can guide formulation strategy. 
Mejora de las habilidades de sutura después de entrenamiento. Presentación de un modelo de simulación y de evaluación.
Authors: López Guajardo Lorenzo , García Caride Sara , Sánchez Quirós Julia , Donate López Juan , Gómez de Liaño Rosario , García Feijoo Julián
Published: July 2022

Introduction. Acquiring surgical skills through simulation is a growing need nowadays. Every day more, patient safety is valued, and therefore it isunacceptable that surgeons without previous training attend patients. Our objective is to develop a low-cost simulation system, and a score, which allowsevaluating the acquisition of knowledge. Methods. 6 first-year ophthalmology residents were chosen to perform two recorded sessions, where they performed different suture techniques. Between them, the residents were allowed to complete a 4-session training. After completing the training, the initial and final sessions were evaluated by 3 blind expert surgeons. Mann–Whitney tests wereused to compare scores. And the agreement between the three evaluators was checked using the Fleiss´ kappa concordance test. Results. The concordance inthe evaluation between the three examiners was substantial, κ= 0,71 (IC 95%, 0,33 a 0,82), p < .0005. Residents improved their median performance scores after completion of training (6,52 vs 7,81) however, no significant differences were found due to the small number of participants. Conclusion. We developed a low-cost, portable training system with acquisition of skills in a group of residents.We have also developed an evaluation scale that allows to objectively assessprogression.

Introducción. Adquirir habilidades quirúrgicas a través de la simulación es una necesidad creciente en la actualidad. Cada día se valora más la seguridad delpaciente, y por ello es inaceptable que cirujanos sin la formación adecuada previa atiendan a los pacientes. Nuestro objetivo es desarrollar un sistema de simulación de bajo coste, y una escala de medida, que permita evaluar la adquisición de conocimientos. Métodos. Se eligieron 12 residentes de primer año de oftalmología para realizar dos sesiones grabadas, donde realizaron diferentes técnicas de sutura.Entre ellas, a los residentes se les permitió completar un entrenamiento de 4 sesiones. Después de completar el entrenamiento, las sesiones inicial y final fueron evaluadas por 3 cirujanos expertos. Se utilizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para comparar puntuaciones. Y se comprobó la concordancia entre los tres evaluadores mediante la prueba de concordancia kappa de Fleiss. Resultados. La concordancia en la evaluación entre los tres examinadores fue sustancial, κ= 0,71 (IC 95%, 0,33 a0,82), p < .0005. Los residentes mejoraron su desempeño promedio después de completar el entrenamiento (6,52 vs 7,81); sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas debido al pequeño número de participantes. Conclusión.Desarrollamos un sistema de entrenamiento portátil de bajo coste para la adquisición de habilidades quirúrgicas en un grupo de residentes. Asimismo,hemos desarrollado una escala de evaluación que permite evaluar objetivamente la progresión.
Data analysis: more expensive does not imply better
Authors: Leppink Jimmie
Published: July 2022

not applicable
Para comprender China: una bibliografía reciente comentada
Authors: Pagán Sánchez Antonio José
Published: July 2022

Se ofrece a continuación una lista de 20 referencias relacionadas con el contenido de esta sección monográfica.
Statistical Analysis of Track Geometry Parameters on Tramway Line No. 1 in Budapest
Authors: Jover Vivien , Fischer Szabolcs
Published: July 2022

The article examines the superstructures of the tramway tracks of tramway line No. 1 in Budapest (the capital of Hungary). Since the first appearance of tramways, several technological advancements have been made to serve passenger needs as efficiently as possible. Several types of tramway track superstructure systems can be differentiated, which are implemented differently in each project. Furthermore, these superstructure types have different degradation times (both geometrical and structural), which depend on several factors. Nowadays, visual inspections are no longer considered sufficient in monitoring the tracks’ condition and deterioration, thus it is necessary to consider examinations carried out using the sensors mounted on the vehicles. Adopting appropriate methods, the measured data can be modeled and the life cycle of superstructures and structural elements can be determined as a result of sufficiently long-term studies (i.e., life cycle costs, the whole lifetime, etc.). First, the authors present a review of the relevant international literature, after that they conduct analysis of track geometry parameters of the superstructures related to five sections on the investigated tramway line based on the results of the measurements performed for three consecutive years between 2019 and 2021. The analyses consist primarily in statistical examination of the measured and calculated parameters.
The influence of the Soviet period (1917-1991) on the development of modern administrative and tort law
Authors: Izyumova Evgeniya Sergeevna
Published: July 2022

Based on the historical and legal method, analyzing the sources of Russian police and criminal law in connection with the developing social and political situation, the author comes to the conclusion that administrative and tort law had a long and contradictory period of formation, acquiring historically determined features and features dating back to the Soviet period, a number of which do not correlate with modern the state and directions of development of the Russian state. Despite the fact that the Russian Federation is the historical successor of the USSR and the RSFSR, as a state it is strikingly different from them, due to the changes that have taken place in the last three decades related to the radical transformation of the state structure, the change in the socio-economic basis of society, and accordingly the legal regime, the foundation of which after the collapse of the USSR was the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Currently, the role of administrative responsibility has changed significantly, as has its understanding in the public legal consciousness, ceasing to be a surrogate for criminal coercion. At the same time, to date, it has not been freed from the foundations laid in the Soviet period, which once again confirms the need for a comprehensive state policy in the field of public liability, which should be aimed at updating the current legislation, taking into account its historical and theoretical understanding, a clear distinction between crime and administrative offense, and in particular perspective and criminal misconduct, their prevention and prevention.
ROLE OF ACCREDITATION TO THE PERFORMANCE OF NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCD’S) CONTROL PROGRAM AND CONTROL IN ACCREDITED AND NON ACCREDITED PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN CIMAHI DISTRICT
Authors: Darmawan Ede Surya , Azni Nurkarti
Published: July 2022

The Non-Communicable Disease (NCD’s) Prevention and Control Program is one of the essential Community Health Efforts implemented by the Puskesmas. Puskesmas accreditation is a form of program to maintain the quality and form of standardization to Puskesmas services in order to provide quality services. This research uses qualitative method, conducted in April-May 2018, aim to see improvement of performance at puskesmas especially at NCD’s Prevention and Control Program. Result of research, in general Output of program of implementation of  NCD’s at Puskesmas accredited better than Puskesmas not yet accredited. Community-based partnership and funding activities have not been implemented, Iva test and CBE screening and DM screening are still around 5%, indicating the community and the lack of effective community empowerment. Input components of human resources, facilities, funds, screening instruction implementation are not adequated. Components of Planning Process (P1), Organizing and Moving (P2) at Accredited Puskesmas better than Puskesmas not yet accredited, P3 has been run even though not optimal in some Puskesmas. Need to improve community empowerment to support NCD’s Prevention and Control Program .. It is necessary to encourage the Puskesmas to improve the implementation of Puskesmas Management and conduct Continuous Improvement of Quality to achieve quality improvement as the main basis of Puskesmas Accreditation.
THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL DISTANCING HEALTH POLICY IN REDUCING COVID-19 INCIDENCE IN THE WORLD IN 2020: LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY
Authors: Nurbaiti Nunik , Ayuningtyas Dumilah
Published: July 2022

To reduce and slow the spread of COVID-19, many countries in the world have adopted physical distancing helath policy, which have never happened before. This study aims to get an overview of the impact of  physical distancing helath policy to reduce of COVID-19 incidence in the world at 2020. The research design used was a descriptive qualitative  with a narrative literature review method, while the research source came from international journal channels Google Scholar, ProQuest,  PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus with search data for the past five years. The approach used is the input, process, and output (IPO). From the journal search results, there are 10 scientific articles obtained in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the search. While the overall results of the study show that the impact of physical  distancing health policy can reduce of COVID-19 incidence in the world in 2020. In addition, the decline in the incidence of COVID-19 according to  the study is also due to other health interventions carried out simultaneously. The suggestion of this research needs further research with the same topic related to physical distancing health policy. Especially regarding the factors that determine the success of this policy.
Metabolic requirement for GOT2 in pancreatic cancer depends on environmental context
Authors: Kerk Samuel A , Lin Lin , Myers Amy L , Sutton Damien J , Andren Anthony , Sajjakulnukit Peter , Zhang Li , Zhang Yaqing , Jiménez Jennifer A , Nelson Barbara S , Chen Brandon , Robinson Anthony , Thurston Galloway , Kemp Samantha B , Steele Nina G , Hoffman Megan T , Wen Hui-Ju , Long Daniel , Ackenhusen Sarah E , Ramos Johanna , Gao Xiaohua , Nwosu Zeribe C , Galban Stefanie , Halbrook Christopher J , Lombard David B , Piwnica-Worms David R , Ying Haoqiang , Pasca di Magliano Marina , Crawford Howard C , Shah Yatrik M , Lyssiotis Costas A
Published: July 2022

Mitochondrial glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (GOT2) is part of the malate-aspartate shuttle, a mechanism by which cells transfer reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria. GOT2 is a key component of mutant KRAS (KRAS*)-mediated rewiring of glutamine metabolism in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Here, we demonstrate that the loss of GOT2 disturbs redox homeostasis and halts proliferation of PDA cells in vitro. GOT2 knockdown (KD) in PDA cell lines in vitro induced NADH accumulation, decreased Asp and α-ketoglutarate (αKG) production, stalled glycolysis, disrupted the TCA cycle, and impaired proliferation. Oxidizing NADH through chemical or genetic means resolved the redox imbalance induced by GOT2 KD, permitting sustained proliferation. Despite a strong in vitro inhibitory phenotype, loss of GOT2 had no effect on tumor growth in xenograft PDA or autochthonous mouse models. We show that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME), release the redox active metabolite pyruvate, and culturing GOT2 KD cells in CAF conditioned media (CM) rescued proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, blocking pyruvate import or pyruvate-to-lactate reduction prevented rescue of GOT2 KD in vitro by exogenous pyruvate or CAF CM. However, these interventions failed to sensitize xenografts to GOT2 KD in vivo, demonstrating the remarkable plasticity and differential metabolism deployed by PDA cells in vitro and in vivo. This emphasizes how the environmental context of distinct pre-clinical models impacts both cell-intrinsic metabolic rewiring and metabolic crosstalk with the TME.
Engineered natural killer cells impede the immunometabolic CD73-adenosine axis in solid tumors
Authors: Chambers Andrea M , Lupo Kyle B , Wang Jiao , Cao Jingming , Utturkar Sagar , Lanman Nadia , Bernal-Crespo Victor , Jalal Shadia , Pine Sharon R , Torregrosa-Allen Sandra , Elzey Bennett D , Matosevic Sandro
Published: July 2022

Immunometabolic reprogramming due to adenosine produced by CD73 (encoded by the 5’-ectonucleotidase gene NT5E) is a recognized immunosuppressive mechanism contributing to immune evasion in solid tumors. Adenosine is not only known to contribute to tumor progression, but it has specific roles in driving dysfunction of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we engineered human NK cells to directly target the CD73-adenosine axis by blocking the enzymatic activity of CD73. In doing so, the engineered NK cells not only impaired adenosinergic metabolism driven by the hypoxic uptake of ATP by cancer cells in a model of non-small-cell lung cancer, but also mediated killing of tumor cells due to the specific recognition of overexpressed CD73. This resulted in a ‘single agent’ immunotherapy that combines antibody specificity, blockade of purinergic signaling, and killing of targets mediated by NK cells. We also showed that CD73-targeted NK cells are potent in vivo and result in tumor arrest, while promoting NK cell infiltration into CD73+ tumors and enhancing intratumoral activation.
Cancer type classification using plasma cell-free RNAs derived from human and microbes
Authors: Chen Shanwen , Jin Yunfan , Wang Siqi , Xing Shaozhen , Wu Yingchao , Tao Yuhuan , Ma Yongchen , Zuo Shuai , Liu Xiaofan , Hu Yichen , Chen Hongyan , Luo Yuandeng , Xia Feng , Xie Chuanming , Yin Jianhua , Wang Xin , Liu Zhihua , Zhang Ning , Zech Xu Zhenjiang , Lu Zhi John , Wang Pengyuan
Published: July 2022

The utility of cell-free nucleic acids in monitoring cancer has been recognized by both scientists and clinicians. In addition to human transcripts, a fraction of cell-free nucleic acids in human plasma were proven to be derived from microbes and reported to have relevance to cancer. To obtain a better understanding of plasma cell-free RNAs (cfRNAs) in cancer patients, we profiled cfRNAs in ~300 plasma samples of 5 cancer types (colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal cancer) and healthy donors (HDs) with RNA-seq. Microbe-derived cfRNAs were consistently detected by different computational methods when potential contaminations were carefully filtered. Clinically relevant signals were identified from human and microbial reads, and enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of downregulated human genes and higher prevalence torque teno viruses both suggest that a fraction of cancer patients were immunosuppressed. Our data support the diagnostic value of human and microbe-derived plasma cfRNAs for cancer detection, as an area under the ROC curve of approximately 0.9 for distinguishing cancer patients from HDs was achieved. Moreover, human and microbial cfRNAs both have cancer type specificity, and combining two types of features could distinguish tumors of five different primary locations with an average recall of 60.4%. Compared to using human features alone, adding microbial features improved the average recall by approximately 8%. In summary, this work provides evidence for the clinical relevance of human and microbe-derived plasma cfRNAs and their potential utilities in cancer detection as well as the determination of tumor sites.
The Effect of Five-Week Aerobic Interval Training on The Body Composition of Pencak Silat Elite Athletes
Authors: Lubis Johansyah , Thongdaeng Nakrob , Haqiyah Aridhotul , Sukur Abdul , Abidin Dindin , Ayu Irawan Astri , Sumartiningsih Sri , Nanda Hanief Yulingga
Published: July 2022

Background: Background: The direction of coaching is emphasized as a factor affecting the physical conditions of pencak silat martial arts athletes in all categories. One of the physical exercises that affects body composition is aerobic activity. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic interval (AI) training performed for five weeks on the body mass index (BMI), basal heart rate, and the VO2max of elite athletes. Methods: The study used an experimental design involving total sampling. Thirty national-level pencak silat elite athletes (17 men and 13 women) were involved in this study. Of the participants, 23 had a normal BMI of 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2, and 7 had a BMI above 25 kg/m2 (overweight). Their average age was 23.67 + 4.10 years with an average height of 166.03 + 7.15) cm and average initial weight of 64.84 + 12.65 kg. They were in the preparation phase of their training. This experimental research used a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The Mi Xiaomi Body Scale 2 was used for bioimpedance analysis (BIA), and body composition (body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, bone mass, protein percentage, total water body percentage, visceral fat, body age, muscle mass, and basal metabolic rate [BMR]) and VO2max measurements were acquired using a multistage fitness test (MFT). The athletes lived in a dormitory where the food, type of training and exercise, and sleeping time were controlled to the exact condition. The AI training lasted 67–77 minutes per session, twice a week for five weeks, with vigorous intensity at 80–85% of the maximal heart rate, 5 minutes per interval, and 1 minute of rest between each interval. Results: The weight, BMI, body fat percentage, basal heart rate, and VO2max showed significant differences (p 0.05) after five weeks of AI training. However, AI training did not significantly alter muscle mass, percentage of water, percentage of protein, bone mineral density, or biological age. Conclusion: AI training performed for five weeks improved VO2max and decreased basal heart rate, body weight, and fat percentage.
The Effects of a Six-Week Ketogenic Diet on CrossFit Performance Parameters: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vitti Steven , Miele Emily , Bruneau Jr. Michael L. , Christoph Laura
Published: July 2022

Background: CrossFit is a popular high-intensity functional training method. Despite the importance of muscle glycogen in fueling such high-intensity efforts, research exploring the use of a ketogenic diet in CrossFit practitioners is limited. Objectives: To conduct an experimental trial examining the effects of a 6-week ketogenic diet on CrossFit performance parameters. Methods: Eight men and seven women (N = 15; 30.2 ± 4.11 years) were recruited for this experimental study design and were randomly assigned to either the ketogenic diet (KD; n = 8) or the control group (CON; n = 7) for 6 weeks. Several measures of anaerobic performance were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks utilizing the following series of standardized exercise tests: timed 500 m row, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and 3-repetition maximum (3-RM) deadlift. Aerobic capacity was also assessed by measuring VO2peak. In addition, body composition was assessed via BodPod. Results: Multiple 2 X 2 mixed factorial analyses of variance were performed for measures of body composition and aerobic and anaerobic performance variables. No significant differences in body composition (p 0.05), anaerobic performance (p 0.05), or aerobic performance (p 0.05) were observed between groups. Conclusion: A 6-week ad libitum KD had no effect on exercise performance or body composition in CrossFit practitioners. Our findings demonstrate that a KD does not impair CrossFit performance, which may be of interest to those considering a KD when participating in CrossFit.
Combat and Catastrophe
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the implications of Ahab's confrontation with the White Whale for the novel's interrelated themes of theodicy and eschatology. Since Ishmael is the only one who survives the wreck, the novel's conclusion shows that the messianic zealotry and metaphysical dualism of Judeo-Christian apocalyptic are ultimately self-defeating. The chapter examines Moby-Dick as a Christian tragedy with salient apocalyptic symbolism. It explains the similarities of the White Whale's role in undermining Ahab's overweening pride and God's final words to Job about Leviathan. The last chapter and epilogue of Moby-Dick thus resemble the traumatic ending of King Lear, wherein the future is in the hands of exhausted survivors.
The Image of Christ and Russian Literature
Authors: Givens John
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter reveals Russia's anxiety over its Christian heritage—specifically, its anxiety over the meaning and significance of Jesus Christ. Russian literature of the past two hundred plus years is as secular as any of the literatures of its European neighbors. And yet, at the same time, like European literature, Russian literature was nurtured and developed in a culture whose art, spirituality, and thought were dominated for centuries by the image of Jesus and the beliefs and practices of the Christian faith. Indeed, as far as Russian literature is concerned, one may even argue that in its earliest forms—numerous sermons and saints' lives—there was no literature without Jesus, for these works dealt with little else than living in accordance with the words and deeds of Christ. As such, this chapter explores the context behind the anxieties of nineteenth-century Russian writers toward Christ.
Post-Stalin and Postmodern Christs
Authors: Givens John
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter provides observations about the image of Christ in works published after Joseph Stalin's death and after the demise of the Soviet Union. The Passion narrative in particular—so prominent in Bulgakov's and Pasternak's novels—continued to resonate, reappearing in works such as Venedikt Erofeev's Moscow to the End of the Line (1969, arguably a Christ novel in and of itself), Yury Dombrovsky's The Faculty of Useless Knowledge (1978), and Chingiz Aitmatov's The Place of the Skull (1987). The chapter briefly analyzes these works in the context of the four case studies. It also surveys the current literary interest in Christ and Christian themes. Finally, the chapter offers a few concluding remarks on the meaning of Christ in Russian literature.
Institutionalizing Algerian Archaeology
Authors: Effros Bonnie
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses the foundation of the first successful colonial archaeological societies and museums in Algeria. It traces their struggles to maintain funding and the integrity of their collections. With the calamitous events of the 1848 Revolution, some of the predicted aftereffects of the Algerian conquest and colonization came home to roost in metropolitan France. Armed in the streets of Paris, veterans of the Algerian conquest unleashed the brutal tactics they had used against Arabs and Kabyles in Algeria and turned them against French citizens. After decades of conflict in the colony, many military and civilian administrators questioned the efficacy of current approaches to pacifying the indigenous population. The chapter considers the intensification of the French policy of cantonment in the 1850s. It investigates how European settlers demanded greater access to agricultural land, liberty to govern the colony as they wished, and freedom to dominate the Arab and Kabyle inhabitants with little governmental oversight.
Classical Archaeology in Algeria after 1870
Authors: Effros Bonnie
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how the governance of Algeria shifted from a military to a civilian footing after the fall of Napoleon III and the creation of the Third Republic. It chronicles the continued worsening of economic and political conditions of Muslims living under French rule in the North African colony. The chapter also looks at the metropolitan support for archaeological exploration and the French treatment of Roman inscriptions and monuments. With the passage of the 1876 law regulating patrimonial concerns, the minister of public instruction took steps toward a more comprehensive assessment of existing needs regarding antiquities across metropolitan France and Algeria. Authorities in Algiers established a commission intended to identify and catalogue monuments and art objects in the three Algerian departments. Ultimately, the chapter considers the internal impediments to financing and organizing archaeological activities in Algeria.
Magic, Women, and the Carolingian Court
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines two instances from two Carolingian courts where love and birth magic featured in high-stakes politics. Here, three queens found themselves at the epicenter of highly consequential and intense imperial politics. All were accused of untoward sexual license, and those accusations were accompanied by allegations of magic. However, in each case, the charge of sorcery was not really about magic per se; it was motivated by the women's political position. The notion that Judith, Waldrada, and Theutberga could have employed the magic arts was credible to all the men who addressed the subject, but it was equally true that in each case the women's magic was marginally effective and easily undone. This was the worst of both worlds. It stripped women of power accessible through the use of magic, but it did not exonerate them from the crime of trying it.
St. Matthew Passion
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This book is the author's sustained and devastating meditation on Jesus's anguished cry on the cross, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” Why did this abandonment happen, what does it mean within the logic of the Gospels, how have believers and nonbelievers understood it, and how does it live on in art? The book unfolds context upon context in which this cry has reverberated, from early Christian apologetics and heretics to twentieth-century literature and philosophy. The author's guide through this unending story of divine abandonment is Johann Sebastian Bach's monumental Matthäuspassion, the parabolic mirror that bundled eighteen hundred years of reflection on the fate of the crucified and the only available medium that allows us post-Christian listeners to feel the anguish of those who witnessed the events of the Passion. With interspersed references to writers such as Goethe, Rilke, Kafka, Freud, and Benjamin, the book gathers evidence to raise the singular question that, in its view, Christian theology has not been able to answer: How can an omnipotent God be so offended by his creatures that he must sacrifice and abandon his own Son?
Escalations of a God
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the escalations of a God. It starts with an analysis of the creation story in the Bible. The chapter also includes Nietzsche's theory of how the seventh day of the creation is an allusion to God's boredom. It notes Kant's philosophy of existence is not a real predicate. Moreover, theodicy would be human's final attempt to figure out God's thoughts. The chapter explains that God forbade the consumption of the tree of knowledge of good and evil so humans could not see through him. Kafka has revealed that knowledge is the only means of making use of the remainder of life if one becomes mortal.
The Tears
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the dangers of Christological Docetism. Docetism does not have to go so far as to claim that the real Christ had been hidden during the Passion on Golgotha in a cave under the Mount of Olives and that only the semblance of his body was tortured and died. Every diminishment of realism is Docetism. Moreover, “St. Matthew's Passion” refers to realism as the suffering of the righteous one hollowing out the world. The separation of resurrection from ascension has not been good for the realism of the Passion. The chapter explains how repetition becomes a constructive principle of myth and obedience.
Defining Development
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the development of the economy throughout the twentieth century. The Soviet Union relied on expert knowledge to manage its experiment in developing a socialist economy. The field of economics recovered its independence and prestige following the death of Stalin. The growth of economics as a profession within Tajikistan began with the creation of the Tajik State University and the local branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences becoming its own, semi-independent institution. Economists in Central Asian republics became active proponents of industrialization as it sparked the development of economics in the 1950s and 1960s. In line with it had been the rise of specialization in the heart of socialism and economic development.
Plans, Gifts, and Obligations
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into dam construction and its implications by referencing Central Asia, Nurek, and Tajikistan. James Scott regards dams as the epitome of high modernism. Dams are expected to demonstrate the power and prestige of a foreign colonial power or a national postcolonial power. Its constructions often involve the resettlement of thousands of people. In a 1967 article, economist Albert Hirschman proposed the principle of Hiding Hand, wherein creativity in unforeseen obstacles leads to novel solutions as development schemes rarely go as planned. Moreover, the chapter tackles the issues of internationalism, labor, and mutual obligation in terms of building a dam in Nurek.
Control and Resistance in the Public Space
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how white New Yorkers turned the area's public spaces into “white space” through, among others, architecture, legislation, and surveillance. It examines the ways in which white New Yorkers tried to control the enslaved population in the public space, and how enslaved people managed to escape such control, even if only temporarily. The chapter shows that as slavery expanded in the eighteenth century, authorities increasingly restricted enslaved people's activities and movements in New York's public spaces. Enslavers created geographies of control: pass systems, surveillance, patrols, curfews, public punishments, and limitations on the number of enslaved people who could gather in public spaces were all used to control New York's Black population. It also investigates how enslavers utilized the celebration of Pinkster, the Dutch version of Pentecost or Whitsuntide, to support the system of enslavement. Yet such control was never complete, and enslaved people developed endless ways to escape or circumvent it, thus creating geographies of resistance.
Introduction
Authors: LaFleur Greta , Raskolnikov Masha , Kłosowska Anna
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of transgender. Studying distant history could result in the discovery of the deep alterity of the past. However, trans studies have a history issue due to the argument that transgender did not exist before the coinage of the term despite the existence of gender-nonconforming and transgender people in fictional works. The chapter highlights how the title will also tackle beyond alterity and continuity debates of queer studies and queer historiography. It notes that the book is a collection of essays understanding the gendered experience in various linguistic, racial, and ethnic traditions. The essays also discuss the putative “newness” of trans lives and identities.
Elenx de Céspedes
Authors: De Souza Igor H.
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the indeterminate genders in the Spanish Inquisition in terms of Elenx de Céspedes who had a husband and a wife in the course of their life. It combines Elenx's narratives on hermaphroditism and sodomy. Elenx claimed their identity as a hermaphrodite to the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition is infamous for its repression of non-Catholic practices. The criminalization of sodomy in the Inquisitorial context presupposed control over gender expression. On the other hand, literature dating to Spain's Golden Age often thematizes the conceptual blurriness of boundaries. The chapter notes the doubts of scholars with regards to Elenx' hermaphroditism.
Introduction
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter charts the roughly twenty-seven months that lay between the destruction of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad in January 1943 and Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945. Mobilized for “total war,” German civilians and military personnel experienced an unparalleled convergence of military, economic, political, and social crises. The chapter investigates the conception of such notions under the crisis conditions of the final war years. It asks how members of the militarized national community interpreted their experiences at the intersection of extreme violence perpetrated by them and against them. How did they respond to the war's rising tolls and receding fortunes? What were their visions and expectations for the future? What impact did the war's descending trajectory have on people's relationship with the Nazi regime, and what did National Socialism in decline mean to those mobilized in its defense? Ultimately, the chapter probes popular responses to the violent dissolution of the Third Reich from an inclusive perspective that considers German military and civilian populations as integral members of Germany's wartime society (Kriegsgesellschaft).
Transpacific Developments
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This book intervenes in the debates of China's growing presence in Latin America with original ethnographic research that challenges conventional thinking about who and what constitutes Chinese development in Central America, how it is perceived locally, and what it portends for the future. The book makes visible the history of transregional encounters and relations that have produced local development, including Central America's partnership with Taiwan, the formative role of the Chinese diaspora, and US interventions. That history illuminates how Orientalist formulations of racial and cultural difference continue to shape local perceptions of Chinese initiatives despite the presence of multiple forms of Chineseness. Interviews with politicians, bureaucrats, entrepreneurs, labor leaders, development consultants, ethnic associations and everyday citizens in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, highlight the centrality of trade, infrastructure, and corruption as key arenas for debating Chinese influence. The book shows why current development collaborations with Beijing cannot be perceived as wholly new or unique, nor its outcomes predetermined. Instead, a longer history of transpacific relations and ideas of difference define local expectations for what Chinese development might mean for Central American futures and the forms of identity and sovereignty on which they will rely.
Corruption
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the discourse and policies around corruption as an essential feature of transpacific relations. Corruption is an age-old practice, and yet it has taken on heightened salience in the contemporary moment. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has represented something of an anomaly within this global anti-corruption movement, thus it lacks scholarship on the global anti-corruption campaign often linked with the West. The PRC government's anti-corruption policies have affected what kinds of businesses could persist in Central America. However, Central Americans often perceived Chinese development practices to be ethically fraught. The chapter then narrates anonymous accounts of anti-corruption efforts with political and economic responses that shape the future of transpacific relations.
From Crisis to Liberation
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the relief operations in the Somali region of Ethiopia. Most relief operations lacked privacy and peace, thus aid workers opened spaces for private conversations and examinations and sought advice from community leaders to address local expectations and apprehensions. However, samafal could not solve greater inequities, either within the Ethiopian political system or the global humanitarian industry. The chapter recognizes how uplifting and trusting subaltern concepts like samafal could start undoing legacies of imperialism and inequity. Additionally, it elevates humanitarian epistemologies that value love and liberation above all. Through local and global humanitarian work, Somalis are decolonizing and rebuilding their government in the margins of the Ethiopian state.
From Family to Police Force
Authors: Ibrahim Farhana
Published: July 2022

This book illuminates the production and contestation of social, familial, and national order on a South Asian borderland. In the borderland that divides Kutch, a district in the western Indian state of Gujarat, from Sindh, a southern province in Pakistan, there are many forces at work: civil and border police, the air wing of the armed forces, paramilitary forces, and various intelligence agencies that depute officers to the region. These groups are the major actors in the field of security and policing. The book offers a bird's-eye view of these groups, drawing on long-standing anthropological engagement with the region. It observes policing on multiple levels, showing in detail that the nation-state is only one of the scales at which policing is enacted at a borderland. The book draws on multiple sources and forms of policing structure to illuminate everyday interaction on the personal scale, bringing families and individuals into the broader picture. It looks beyond the obvious sites, sources, and modes of policing to show the distinctions between the act of policing and the institution of the police.