bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Don’t you forget about me: Independence of evaluations from the perspective of US evaluation clients—An exploratory study
Authors: Schmidli Fabienne Helen , Pleger Lyn Ellen , Hadorn Susanne
Published: November 2022

Policy evaluation literature has stressed the importance of independence of evaluations to guarantee objective evidence collection. The evaluator–client relationship is critical in this respect, since it contains inherent tensions due to the necessity for independent assessments alongside requirements for increased responsiveness to clients’ interests. Despite this distinct relationship, the client perspective has only recently received attention in research. This article presents findings from a survey among US evaluation clients and compares these to existing evidence from Switzerland. Unlike previous studies, we distinguish between constructive and destructive client influences. We show that professional experience and client familiarity with evaluation standards increase the likelihood of constructive influences aimed at improving evaluation results. Nevertheless, the findings indicate that dissatisfaction with an evaluation increases client’s attempts at influence that may be destructive. By discussing both motives behind influence and potential preventive measures, this article seeks to contribute to the increased social impact of policy evaluations.
Effects of injection styles on heating performance of a heat pump with sub-cooler refrigerant injection: Experimental and thermodynamic analysis
Authors: Zhang Lina , Tu Qiu , Yuan Xiaoyuan , Wu Xiaogang
Published: November 2022

The performance improvement of heat pump depends on the appropriate injection style such as liquid injection, vapour injection and two-phase injection. In this work, experimental and theoretical investigation on the heat pump with R410A refrigerant reveals three kinds of injection styles can be selectively achieved in the same injection device by suitable control of the sub-cooling electronic expansion valve. Liquid injection and vapour injection improve the heating capacity (Qh), mainly due to the increase of heat exchange in the sub-cooler and compressor compression work, respectively. Two-phase injection lifts the Qh owing to these two effects. Subsequently, the effect of two-phase injection on improving the heat pump performance is superior to the other two injection styles. For instance, the maximum Qh were 14.4 kW at 60 rps with the liquid injection, 12.5 kW and 13.4 kW at 85 rps with vapour injection and two-phase injection, and 8.1%, 7.0% and 18.3% higher than those without injection, respectively. The corresponding coefficient of performance was improved by 10.4%, 4.5% and 10.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the model based on the pressure-enthalpy diagram has been developed to analyze the experimental results and expound the main factors affecting the heat pump performance under different ambient temperatures.
The effect of moisture transfer on heat transfer of roof-wall corner hygrothermal bridge structure
Authors: Wang Yingying , Liu Kang , Tian Yu , Fan Ying , Liu Yanfeng
Published: November 2022

Due to effects of moisture transfer, the hygrothermal bridge could be developed at building corners, and increase the thermal conductivity of building materials. Three different types of roof-wall corners (ring beam, double beam column and shear wall structure) were studied. When considering moisture transfer, effects of different air states, structural types and wall materials on the thermal performance of the hygrothermal bridge were evaluated and heat losses of the structure were compared. Given the periodic boundary conditions, the dynamic thermal response of the hygrothermal bridge after moisture transfer was analysed. Among three types of corners, the increase of heat flow through the most detrimental point of the ring beam structure corner was the largest (34.7%) after considering moisture transfer. The heat flow loss rate of the shear wall structure was the lowest (15.2%). When clay brick was used at the corner rather than aerated concrete for walls, a lower proportion of latent heat flow and higher (8.6%) heat flow loss rate were shown after considering moisture effects. Furthermore, the dynamic thermal response was influenced by multi-dimensional and moisture effects. The time lag was reduced with increasing humidity, while the thermal bridge effects increased the deterioration of the time lag.
Visibility agents: Organizing transparency in the digital era
Authors: Harness Delaney , Ganesh Shiv , Stohl Cynthia
Published: November 2022

Transparency is a complex and multifaceted communication phenomenon. In the current environment, demands for organizational transparency now come from a wide range of entities we term visibility agents, ranging from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and global networks, on one hand, to activist coalitions and automated surveillance agents, on the other. We develop a framework to conceive of such visibility agents and the range of transparency demands that they make in the context of environmental issues, positing that visibility agents significantly shape and diversify transparency practices. We identify four major relationships between visibility agents and organizations— inquisitorial, adversarial, associative, and advocative—which are associated with specific kinds of transparency demands, requests, and imperatives: accountability, monitoring, disclosure, and secrecy. We illustrate each set of relationships with examples of environmental reporting practices, one of the most prominent areas of transparency management. Implications for both theory and research on transparency are discussed.
Robust model-based switching MIMO air handling control of turbocharged lean-burn SI natural gas variable speed engines
Authors: Rayasam Sree Harsha , Qiu Weijin , Rimstidt Ted , Shaver Gregory M , Van Alstine Daniel G
Published: November 2022

This paper demonstrates a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller design framework and a controller switching algorithm for MIMO controllers in their state-space form, which together achieve robust, efficient control of turbocharged lean-burn engines over a wide operating space. The controller design framework requires a linearized plant model, and uses the [Formula: see text]-synthesis and DK-iteration algorithms while considering state and output uncertainties and actuator bandwidths to synthesize a robust [Formula: see text] controller. A controller switching methodology using slow-fast controller decomposition and also incorporating hysteresis at switching points is utilized to smoothly transfer control authority between several MIMO controllers. The approach is applied to a high-fidelity truth-reference GT-Power engine model for a lean-burn natural gas-fueled engine to evaluate the closed-loop controller performance. The multi-tracking control problem targets engine speed, differential pressure across throttle as well as air-to-fuel ratio to achieve satisfactory engine performance and emissions without compressor surge. The engine response obtained using the robust MIMO controller is compared with that obtained using a state-of-the-art benchmark controller to evaluate the additional benefits of the MIMO controller.
Space out of joint: absurdist geographies of the Anthropocene
Authors: Wilson Japhy
Published: November 2022

This paper seeks to demonstrate the critical utility of the concept of the absurd in the exploration of the combined and uneven apocalypse known as the Anthropocene. Drawing inspiration from absurdist literature, and based on extensive field research, it takes the form of a psychogeographical journey down a non-existent highway in the Peruvian Amazon. The route of this long-promised megaproject is inhabited by people adrift in the midst of meaningless ruins, haunted by spectral infrastructures that were promised but never came, and plagued by monstrous apparitions of extractive violence. Consistent with absurdist method, the paper resists the temptation to leap out of this disconcerting domain into the normalizing rituals of academic sensemaking, and aims instead to grasp and convey the disorienting lived experience of ‘space out of joint’. In doing so, it suggests that an absurdist sensibility can contribute to current debates in cultural geography on spectrality, psychogeography, and creative writing, through its emphasis on irrationality and indeterminacy, its exploration of chaotic and disintegrating spaces, and its evocation of fragmentation and disjuncture in the form of jagged shards of stark and vivid prose.
El Sancocho, la Bandera y la Familia: La vida social de los alimentos y sus implicaciones para la salud y el bienestar de los inmigrantes dominicanos
Authors: Sprague Martínez Linda , Araujo Brinkerhoff Cristina , Conner Bailey , Troncoso Lama Magalis , Siqueira C. Eduardo , Negrón Rosalyn
Published: November 2022

Para comprender mejor los factores que influyen en la salud y el bienestar de los inmigrantes dominicanos, exploramos las formas en que la inmigración influye en las prácticas culturales, el comportamiento de salud y la salud. Los inmigrantes dominicanos (n = 42) participaron en cinco discusiones grupales reflexivas y no estructuradas y (n = 5) participaron en un grupo de fotovoz intergeneracional. La pérdida del contexto familiar y social en el que tradicionalmente se llevan a cabo las prácticas dietéticas dominicanas fue un tema destacado. Para los participantes, comer se convirtió en una actividad apresurada y superficial que involucraba a menos personas y menos socialización. Las prácticas dietéticas en la República Dominicana se establecen en el contexto de las normas familiares y los procesos sociales, que brindan apoyo, así como oportunidades para la socialización y la transmisión de prácticas culturales a través de las generaciones. En los Estados Unidos, las fuerzas sociopolíticas más amplias se enfocan en el individualismo y no apoyan el desarrollo o mantenimiento de patrones culturales para los dominicanos. Las políticas que promueven el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal pueden tener implicaciones importantes para las prácticas dietéticas en las nuevas comunidades de inmigrantes.
Formative Evaluation and Adaptation of a Navajo Cancer Survivor Physical Activity Intervention to Serve a Broader Native American Cancer Survivor Community
Authors: Bea Jennifer W. , Charley Brenda , Lane Taylor , Kinslow Brian , de Heer Hendrik ‘Dirk’ , Yazzie Etta , Yellowhair Janet , Hudson Jennifer , Wertheim Betsy C. , Schwartz Anna L.
Published: November 2022

Background

Although exercise has been shown to improve cancer survivorship in other communities, cancer exercise studies among Native American communities are rare. We sought to adapt a Navajo-tailored cancer exercise pilot program to serve a broader Native American cancer community.

Methods

Tribal experts representing 10 different Tribal Nations were engaged in small focus groups (n = 2–4) to assess program materials for cultural appropriateness and adaptation to expand tribal inclusiveness. Facilitated by a trained Native American interviewer, focus groups were provided a primer survey and then reviewed intervention materials (protocols, incentives, logo, flyers, etc.). Consensus was reached by the research team on all program adaptations.

Results

The program name, Restoring Balance, layout, graphics, and symbols were considered culturally appropriate overall. Program exercises and biomarker measurements were viewed as valuable to health improvements in the community. Important color, linguistic, and logistic program modifications were recommended to improve cultural alignment. The order of incentive items was revised to highlight restoration and the logo rotated to align with the four corners of the earth, an important cultural element. Linguistic modifications primarily related to prior traumatic research experiences in Native American communities where data had been taken without adequate community benefit or permission. Program emphasis should be on nurturing, added value and giving.

Conclusion and Relevance

The methodology used for cultural expert review was successful in eliciting adaptations to expand the tribal inclusiveness of Restoring Balance. Culture, as well as historically traumatic research experiences, among Native American populations must be considered when adapting health promotion programming.
Efficacy and Safety of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) as a Potential Anticancer Agent
Authors: Chanthira Kumar Hemahwathy , Lim Xin Yi , Mohkiar Farah Huda , Suhaimi Shazlan Noor , Mohammad Shafie Nurmaziah , Chin Tan Terence Yew
Published: November 2022

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and therefore there has been interest in discovering the phytoconstituents of medicinal plants exhibiting anticancer activities. Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as Noni, has shown anticancer properties in in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies. A systematic review was conducted to collate scientific evidence on the anticancer properties of M. citrifolia using pre-determined keywords on 5 electronic databases: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS, Web of Science, and EBSCOHost. A total of 51 clinical and preclinical studies comprising 41 efficacy and 10 safety studies were included in this review. Our findings showed that M. citrifolia demonstrated various anticancer properties in different cancer models, via multiple mechanisms including antitumor, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, antiangiogenesis, antimigratory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. M. citrifolia is deemed to be a potentially valuable medicinal plant in the treatment of cancer through its many intrinsic pathways. More well-designed and reported preclinical efficacy and safety studies are needed to allow for better translation into future clinical studies which could further substantiate the role of M. citriflolia in cancer treatment.
VMD analysis of pulsating flow pressure signal of oil with different particle concentration
Authors: Ge Liu , Bin Chen
Published: November 2022

The Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) method was used to decompose the oil pressure signals containing different particle concentrations; the number of components of VMD decomposition is determined by using the criterion of joint comparison between the slope of the center frequency of each component and the main frequency of the component of VMD decomposition, and a method for determining the main components of the signal is proposed by the average energy value; the Hilbert envelope demodulation analysis was carried out for the maximum energy component of each pressure signal. The results showed that the larger the particle concentration in the oil, the greater the number of main components obtained by VMD decomposition, and the proportion of the main components per unit concentration showed a monotonically decreasing trend. The main frequency of the main component is the fundamental frequency of its signal or the multiplication frequency combined with the rotating shaft frequency; there is an amplitude modulation relationship between any components; with the increase of particle concentration, the fundamental frequency of the pressure signal decreases successively; the maximum energy component of each pressure signal has the characteristics of amplitude modulation and frequency modulation in different degrees.
Stroke in Latin America: Systematic review of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in 1997–2021
Authors: Delfino Carlos , Nuñez Marilaura , Asenjo-Lobos Claudia , Gonzalez Francisca , Riviotta Amy , Urrutia Francisca , Lavados Pablo , S. Anderson Craig , Muñoz Venturelli Paula
Published: November 2022

Background:

Stroke is a major global cause of death and disability. Most strokes occur in populations of low-middle-income country (LMIC); therefore, the subsequent disease burden is greater than in populations of high-income countries. Few epidemiological data exist for stroke in Latin America, composed primarily of LMIC.

Aims:

To determine epidemiological measures of incidence, prevalence, and 1-month case-fatality for stroke in Latin America/Caribbean (LAC) during 1997–2021.

Summary of review:

A structured search was conducted to identify relevant references from MEDLINE, WOS, and LILACS databases for prospective observational and cross-sectional studies in LAC populations from January 1997 to December 2021. A total of 9242 records were screened and 12 selected for analysis, seven incidence studies and five prevalence studies. Case-fatality was reported in six articles. Sub-group analysis by age, sex, and income countries was performed. A narrative synthesis of the findings was performed. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effect model to obtain pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Studies quality was assessed according to the risk of bias criteria described in the Joanna Briggs Institute’s guide. The overall crude annual incidence rate of first-ever stroke in LAC was 119.0 (95% CI = 95.9–142.1)/100,000 people (with high heterogeneity between studies ( I2 = 98.1%)). The overall crude prevalence was 3060 (95% CI: 95.9–142.1)/100,000 people (with high heterogeneity between studies ( I2 = 98.8%)). The overall case-fatality at 1 month after the first stroke was 21.1% (95% CI = 18.6–23.7) ( I2 = 49.40%).

Conclusion:

This review contributes to our understanding regarding the burden caused by stroke in LAC. More studies with comparable designs are needed to generate reliable data and should include both standardized criteria, such as the World Health Organization clinical criteria and updated standard methods of case assurance, data collection, and reporting.
Organizational artefacts in European student radio: Exploring the organizational culture of student radio in Europe
Authors: Hautaniemi Ari
Published: November 2022

Organizational culture manifests in core beliefs, values and cultural artefacts. This study examines the organizational artefacts, for example, management practices, stance with the outside world, and content choices of European student radio stations, based on survey data gathered from radio managers in 19 countries. Student radio stations are non-commercial media outlets connected to higher education institutes, at least partly managed and operated by students. Previous research on organizational culture and media systems are heuristics for this study in examining whether European student radio stations cluster regionally based on the observed cultural artefacts or whether they show convergence. In contrast to these studies, findings suggest that the region of the station does not determine its cultural artefacts. The studied stations give freedom of choice to individual station members and lean towards alternative content but are also systematic in their management. If any, mainstream media and podcasts are seen as competition.
Comparative study on the effectiveness of bone grafting for arthrodesis of the thumb carpometacarpal arthritis
Authors: Matsuo Tomoki , Suzuki Taku , Hayakawa Katsuhiko , Kimura Hiroo , Matsumura Noboru , Iwamoto Takuji
Published: November 2022

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the effectiveness of autogenous bone grafting for arthrodesis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint by comparing the bone union rates with and without bone grafting. We included 36 patients who underwent arthrodesis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint for arthritis (20 patients with bone grafts and 16 without bone grafts). Implants used for internal fixation were K-wire, tension band wiring, headless compression screw and locking plate. The presence of bone union and the time from surgery to bone union were evaluated. The bone union rate was 20/20 (100%) in the bone grafting group and 12/16 (75%) in the non-bone grafting group ( p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the time from surgery to bone union and patient characteristics. In conclusion, autogenous bone grafting may contribute to the bone union in the arthrodesis of thumb carpometacarpal arthritis.

Level of evidence: III
Becoming an accredited medical teacher in the UK
Authors: Flynn Matthew F , J Eves Peter , Rashid Ahmed
Published: November 2022

Teaching and training are integral to the different, core roles of a trainee. Therefore, there is a shift in the medical profession towards credentialing teaching and training skills. Postgraduate qualifications in medical education are likely to be more important for professional development. In recent years, the number of medical education awards and training programmes has increased rapidly. This pluralism, however, may become a source of confusion for those considering enrolment on such programmes. This article summarises the nomenclature, awarding bodies, levels of qualification, programmes and positions available for those wishing to advance their educational practice. The article will focus on opportunities available to UK-based doctors and particularly for doctors in training.
First-pass effect in patients with acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusion undergoing thrombectomy: insights from the PERSIST registry
Authors: Huang Xianjun , Chen Chu , Li Min , Duan Zuowei , Ji Yachen , Wu Kangfei , Xu Junfeng , Xiao Lulu , Xu Pengfei , Sun Wen
Published: November 2022

Background:

Achieving rapid and complete vascular recanalization in patients with acute large vessel occlusion can significantly improve patients’ prognosis.

Objective:

We aimed to investigate the potential contribution of the first-pass effect (FPE) to the clinical outcome of patients with acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (VBAO).

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) caused by VBAO in a multicentered retrospective registry dataset. FPE was defined as successful recanalization [modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) 2b/3 as modified FPE (mFPE); mTICI 3 as true FPE (tFPE)] after one pass of the device without rescue therapy. The baseline characteristics and procedural and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to explore the predictors of FPE and the relationship between FPE and 90-day prognosis.

Results:

A total of 508 patients (age, 63.7 ± 13.1 years, male, 71.6%) were finally included, 29.9% (152/508) of whom achieved mFPE, and 21.1% (107/508) of whom achieved tFPE. FPE was significantly associated with improved clinical outcomes, regardless of mFPE [odds ratio (OR): 0.601, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.370–0.977, p = 0.040] and tFPE (OR: 0.547, 95% CI: 0.318–0.940, p = 0.029). The use of contact aspiration, favorable collateral status, cardioembolic etiology, and basilar artery occlusion were statistically significant predictors of mFPE and tFPE, whereas hypertension was a negative predictor. Intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) prior to EVT was a positive predictor of mFPE but not of tFPE.

Conclusion:

FPE was associated with significantly favorable outcomes in EVT patients with VBAO. The predictors of FPE include infarct etiology, the site of occlusion, collateral status, EVT strategies, and IV rt-PA bridging strategies.

Trial registration number:

URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/ ; Unique identifier: ChiCTR2000033211.
User Performance Evaluation and System Accuracy Assessment of Four Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems With Color Coding of Measurement Results
Authors: Pleus Stefan , Baumstark Annette , Schauer Sebastian , Kölle Julia , Jendrike Nina , Mende Jochen , Haug Cornelia , Freckmann Guido
Published: November 2022

Background:

Blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMSs) are a cornerstone in diabetes management. They have to provide sufficiently accurate results in the hands of lay users, particularly in insulin-treated patients. The aim of this study was user performance evaluation and system accuracy assessment of four BGMSs with color coding of results.

Methods:

Study procedures were based on ISO 15197:2013. User performance evaluation included data from 100 participants, each of whom used every system with one reagent lot. Study personnel observed user techniques. For the system accuracy assessment, 100 capillary samples were obtained for measurement in duplicate with each of three reagent system lots per system, resulting in 600 results per system.

Results:

All assessed BGMSs exhibited a sufficient level of accuracy, with small differences between them. In the user performance evaluation, study personnel observed the smallest total number of user errors with Contour Next (Ascensia), followed by Accu-Chek Instant (Roche), Medisafe Fit Smile (Terumo), and OneTouch Ultra Plus Reflect (LifeScan). Approximately 90% of participants stated that a consistent color scheme, eg, for low blood glucose (BG) values, should be used across all BGMSs. There was no clear preference among the four tested BGMSs regarding the specific way of displaying color coding.

Conclusions:

The four BGMSs assessed in this study showed only small differences in an overall sufficient level of accuracy. User handling errors, as observed by study personnel, differed between the systems.
Contribution of automated feedback to the English writing competence of distance foreign language learners
Authors: Taskiran Ayse , Yazici Mujgan , Erdem Aydin Irem
Published: November 2022

In recent years, automated feedback (AF) has greatly increased its applicability as a mean to support development of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ writing competence in the context of face-to-face education. This study examines contribution of AF to the development of writing competence of EFL learners in open and distance learning context. Anadolu University, Open Education Faculty learners received regular feedback on their writing tasks by an AF tool, Write & Improve. The contribution of AF to academic writing success was observed by statistically comparing the grades of the learners for their writing tasks at the beginning and at the end of the process and also by correlation analysis between AF frequency and achievement scores. In the second stage of the study, detailed data about learners’ experiences were obtained by interviewing volunteer participants. The quantitative and qualitative findings of the study showed that AF significantly contributed to the development of writing competence of EFL learners at a distance. Interviews with learners revealed themes such as effective learning process, contribution to foreign language development, motivation increase, effective and fast feedback, user-friendly learning environment, support for individual learning, and contribution to distance learning as the strengths of AF. The interviews also included participants’ suggestions on how to use these tools more effectively. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications are discussed regarding the incorporation of AF in distance EFL learning.
Approach to fever in patients with neutropenia: a review of diagnosis and management
Authors: Keck J. Myles , Wingler Mary Joyce B. , Cretella David A. , Vijayvargiya Prakhar , Wagner Jamie L. , Barber Katie E. , Jhaveri Tulip A. , Stover Kayla R.
Published: November 2022

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is associated with mortality rates as high as 40%, highlighting the importance of appropriate clinical management in this patient population. The morbidity and mortality of FN can be attributed largely to infectious processes, with specific concern for infections caused by pathogens with antimicrobial resistance. Expeditious identification of responsible pathogens and subsequent initiation of empiric antimicrobial therapy is imperative. There are four commonly used guidelines, which have variable recommendations for empiric therapy in these populations. All agree that changes could be made once patients are stable and/or with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) over 500 cells/mcL. Diagnostic advances have the potential to improve knowledge of pathogens responsible for FN and decrease time to results. In addition, more recent data show that rapid de-escalation or discontinuation of empiric therapy, regardless of ANC, may reduce days of therapy, adverse effects, and cost, without affecting clinical outcomes. Antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship should be performed to identify, utilize, and respond to appropriate rapid diagnostic tests that will aid in the definitive management of this population.
Men, relationships and partner-initiated break-ups: A narrative analysis
Authors: Oliffe John L , Kelly Mary T , Montaner Gabriela Gonzalez , Kealy David , Seidler Zac E , Ogrodniczuk John S , Sharp Paul , Rice Simon M
Published: November 2022

For men, significant risks associated with partner-initiated break-ups include domestic violence, mental health challenges and difficultly with life transition. This narrative analysis study shares three storylines drawn from interviews with 25 men who experienced a partner-initiated break-up. Ill equipped to stay or to initiate leaving narratives positioned participants as conflict averse, lacking agency and withdrawing emotionally from the partnership and its demise. Victims of circumstance narratives included men who engaged in cyclic arguments and ongoing power struggles with partners, a pattern that often amplified conflict after the break-up. Transitioning these two impasse narratives were some participants whose Accountability and growth storylines highlighted their introspective self-work, aided by resources including professional help to deconstruct, understand, and adjust their behaviours. Making connections to masculinities theory, these findings suggest that tailored interventions, including narrative therapy, might usefully interrupt impasse narratives to aid men’s development and healthful transitions through partner-initiated break-ups.
Sustainability of Indian Microfinance Institutions: Analysis of Financial and Social Super Efficiency
Authors: Bhayana Karandeep , Sharma Nishi
Published: November 2022

Andhra Pradesh’s microfinance institution (MFI) crisis calls for establishing a balance between financial and social performance to ensure sustainability. The present study analyses the financial efficiency and social efficiency of Indian MFIs during 2015–2020, which is a crucial period, as during this period, Indian MFIs came across some significant changes such as permission to act as business correspondents, Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA) scheme, demonetization and outbreak of COVID-19. Since the relative efficiency scores based upon specific set of inputs and outputs proclaim many MFIs to be fully efficient, super efficiency scores have been computed to discriminate their performance. The results reveal the setbacks to all MFIs during 2016–2017 and 2019–2020 as an immediate impact of demonetization and COVID-19, respectively. Super-efficiency estimates divulge that the fall in financial efficiency was greater than in social efficiency in both the years. Mann-Whitney test reveals significant differences between financial and social efficiency in terms of overall efficiency, however, no significant difference could be observed for managerial efficiency. The results are expected to be fruitful for MFIs striving to maintain a trade-off between the twin objectives as results endorse a positive rank correlation between financial and social efficiency.
Impact of Transformational and Authentic Leadership on Employee Creativity in Malaysian Higher Education Sector: Mediating Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour
Authors: Hanaysha Jalal Rajeh
Published: November 2022

Although transformational and authentic leadership have received high attention in the earlier literature, it is hard to find a study that examined their effects on employee creativity and used organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) as a mediator between them, particularly in higher learning institutions’ context. Therefore, this research aims to contribute to the empirical literature by testing the impact of authentic leadership and transformational leadership on employee creativity and verifying the mediating effect of OCB on the association between them. This research adopted the quantitative approach in which a survey method was utilized for gathering the data from a sample of 243 staff in higher education institutions in Malaysia. During data analysis, the partial least square method was used for checking the reliability in addition to the validity of the research instrument and verify the proposed hypotheses. The outcomes confirmed that OCB has a positive effect on employee creativity. Additionally, the findings indicated that authentic and transformational leadership have positive effects on OCB and employee creativity. Finally, the results revealed that OCB fully mediates the association between the selected leadership types and employee creativity.
The Role of Place: An Analysis of Climate Change Perception in the European Union
Authors: Morales-Giner Pilar , Gedik Tahir Enes
Published: November 2022

A clear consideration for designing strong climate policy is to account for the perception of the seriousness of climate change among citizens. In order to understand climate change perceptions in the European Union (EU), this study relies on Eurobarometer survey data to examine the impacts of place-based factors, including regional spaces and place attachment to supra-national spaces. The results indicate that regional differences and place attachment to the EU are strong predictors of climate change concern, net of the effects of other factors. These findings suggest that place-based indicators can serve as a useful analytical tool for the study of climate change public opinion. The study concludes by providing implications and suggestions for future research on climate change public opinion and climate policy.
Russia’s Views on and Initial Responses to the 2021 Strategic Retake of Afghanistan by the Taliban
Authors: Muraviev Alexey D.
Published: November 2022

The Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan in mid-2021 did not take the Russian authorities by surprise. For over 20 years, Moscow was observing the strategic rise of the fundamentalist militant movement with concern, which was largely triggered by domestic security considerations as well as potential challenges to security and stability across the former Soviet Central Asia. But since the reestablishment of the Taliban’s rule in Kabul, Moscow’s approach underwent a gradual change, from being negative and alarmist to more cautiously pragmatic. This article will review the evolution of Russia’s perceptions of the Taliban, highlight Moscow’s principal concerns, identify the initial set of response measures following the country’s take over in 2021 and entertain several scenarios of the Kremlin’s future approaches vis-à-vis the new rulers in Kabul.
Neurological Complications in COVID-19 Patients: Can Analysis of Specific Antibodies and Viral RNA in Paired Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum be Used for Accurate Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Neuroinflammatory Disease? A Case Series
Authors: Lauridsen Karin Holst , Olsen Kristine Boisen , Lund Eva Løbner , Jensen Tomas O , Pedersen Thomas Ingemann , Harboe Zitta Barrella , Antsupova Valeria , Rasmussen Lasse Dam , Röser Dennis , Banner Jytte , Franck Kristina Træholt , Vorobieva Solholm Jensen Veronika
Published: November 2022

Background:

Neurological complications during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been frequently described. The detection of either SARS-CoV-2 RNA or specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid in the context of concomitant neurological manifestations indicates neuroinfection.

Methods and Results:

This is a retrospective descriptive analysis of cerebrospinal fluids and serum samples from 2 hospitalized patients and autopsy findings from 2 patients who died at home. Samples were analysed by 3 independent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in cerebrospinal fluids and paired serum in all 4 cases. Levels of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids were highest in samples from a deceased man with critical progression of COVID-19 and detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid, serum, 4 brain biopsies and 15 additional tissue samples, though immunohistochemical staining for SARS-CoV-2 in brain tissue did not detect the virus.

Conclusion:

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid may support the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinflammatory disease in patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations.
Researching two Compassionate Cities: study protocol for a mixed-methods process and outcome evaluation
Authors: Quintiens Bert , Smets Tinne , Chambaere Kenneth , Van Den Block Lieve , Deliens Luc , Cohen Joachim
Published: November 2022

Background/Objectives:

Compassionate Cities are social ecology approaches that apply a set of actions, targeting a broad range of stakeholders, with the intention of renormalising caring, dying, loss and grieving in everyday life. While several initiatives have been described in the literature, a rigorous evaluation of their processes and outcomes is lacking. This article describes the protocol for a mixed-methods study to evaluate the development process and the outcomes of two Compassionate Cities in Flanders, Belgium.

Methods and Analysis:

We will use a convergent multiphase mixed-methods design, in which a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods will be triangulated in the data analysis stage to capture both development processes and outcomes. Our design includes a quasi-experimental component of a quantitative outcome evaluation in both Compassionate Cities and two comparable control cities with no formal Compassionate City programme. Both Compassionate Cities will be co-created in collaboration with local stakeholders. A critical realism lens will be applied to understand how and why certain processes manifest themselves.

Discussion:

The creation of Compassionate Cities implies high levels of complexity, adaptivity, unpredictability and uncertainty. This requires various data collection methods that can be applied flexibly. A researcher taking on the role of active participant in the project’s development has several advantages, such as access to scholarly information. Reflexivity in this role is paramount to questioning where the ownership of the project lies. By applying a critical realism lens, we remain cautious about our interpretations, and we test the homogeneity of our findings through other forms of data collection.

Conclusion:

This is the first published study protocol to describe both a process and outcome evaluation of a Compassionate City project. By transparently describing our aims and data collection methods, we try to maximise information exchange among researchers and to inform others who desire to implement and evaluate their own initiatives.
Long-term Outcomes (5 Years or More) After Myotomy
Authors: Capovilla Giovanni , Costantini Andrea , Provenzano Luca , Costantini Mario , Salvador Renato
Published: November 2022

Background:

Surgical or endoscopic myotomy are good options for treating achalasia, as >80% of patients continue to report no symptoms at medium-term follow-up. Little is known about the long-term natural history of patients who have undergone myotomy, however, in terms of symptom control, need for retreatment, and complications. In this review we examined the long-term results at least 5 years after surgical or endoscopic myotomy.

Methods:

A narrative review of all studies reporting the results of surgical or endoscopic myotomy with a follow-up of 5 years or more was conducted. The main focus was on symptom relief, the incidence of GERD, and the need for retreatment.

Results:

Transthoracic or laparotomic approaches to Heller myotomy were mainly used in the last century, with long-term studies reporting symptom relief in the range of 73% to 95%, and a 4.4% to 45.5% incidence of GERD. The laparoscopic approach has been the gold standard for the last 20 years, eliminating dysphagia symptoms in 65% to 95% of patients. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a valid method that achieves long-term symptom relief in up to 92% of patients. GERD remains an issue as it’s incidence after POEM exceeds that reported after laparoscopic myotomy.

Conclusion:

Surgical and endoscopic myotomy both achieve symptom control that persists for more than 5 years and can be accepted as an effective primary treatment for achalasia. However, the real role of the higher incidence of postoperative reflux carried by POEM should not be underestimated.
The effect of time of measurement on the discriminant ability for mortality in trauma of a pre-hospital shock index multiplied by age and divided by the Glasgow Coma Score: a registry study
Authors: Laaksonen Mikael , Björkman Johannes , Iirola Timo , Raatiniemi Lasse , Nurmi Jouni
Published: November 2022

Background

The shock index (SI) and its derivatives have been shown to predict mortality in severely injured patients, both in pre-hospital and in-hospital settings. However, the impact of the time of measurement on the discriminative ability of the pre-hospital SI is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the time of measurement influences the discriminative ability of the SI multiplied by age (SIA) and divided by the Glasgow Coma Score (SIA/G).

Methods

Registry data were obtained from the national helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) on trauma patients aged ≥ 18 years. The SI values were calculated based on the first measured vitals of the trauma patients by the HEMS unit. The discriminative ability of the SIA/G, with 30-day mortality as the endpoint, was evaluated according to different delay times (0 − 19, 20 − 39 and ≥ 40 min) from the initial incident. Sub-group analyses were performed for trauma patients without a traumatic brain injury (TBI), patients with an isolated TBI and patients with polytrauma, including a TBI.

Results

In total, 3,497 patients were included in the study. The SIA/G was higher in non-survivors (median 7.8 [interquartile range 4.7–12.3] vs. 2.4 [1.7–3.6], P < 0.001). The overall area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) for the SIA/G was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.85–0.89). The AUROC for the SIA/G was similar in the short (0.88, 95% CI: 0.85–0.91), intermediate (0.86, 95% CI: 0.84–0.89) and long (0.86, 95% CI: 0.82–0.89) measurement delay groups. The findings were similar in the three trauma sub-groups.

Conclusions

The discriminative ability of the SIA/G in predicting 30-day mortality was not significantly affected by the measurement time of the index in the pre-hospital setting. The SIA/G is a simple and reliable tool for assessing the risk of mortality among severely injured patients in the pre-hospital setting.
Individual and organisational factors in the psychosocial work environment are associated with home care staffs’ job strain: a Swedish cross-sectional study
Authors: Assander Susanne , Bergström Aileen , Olt Helen , Guidetti Susanne , Boström Anne-Marie
Published: November 2022

Background

Home care staff (HCS) provide essential service to enable older adults to age in place. However, unreasonable demands in the work environment to deliver a safe, effective service with high quality has a negative impact on the individual employee’s well-being and the care provided to the older adults. The psychosocial work environment is associated with employees´ well-being, although, knowledge regarding which individual and organisational factors that contribute to job strain for HCS is limited. These factors need to be identified to develop targeted interventions and create sustainable work situations for HCS. This study aimed to explore how HCS´s perceived job strain is associated with, and to what extent can be explained by, individual and organisational factors of the psychosocial work environment and psychosomatic health.

Method

An explorative cross-sectional questionnaire survey design was used in a large Swedish county. Five home care agencies with a total of 481 HCS were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their perceived level of job strain (Strain in Dementia Care Scale), psychosocial work environment (QPSNordic34+), and psychosomatic health (Satisfaction with Work Questionnaire). Multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were conducted to explore the association between job strain and individual and organisational factors.

Results

In total, 226 (46%) HCS responded to the questionnaire. Both individual and organisational factors were significant predictors of job strain and explained a variance ranging between 39 to 51% (p = 0.001). The organisational factor job demand and the individual factor feeling worried and restless was most frequently represented in these MRL models. A higher job strain was also associated with adverse outcomes regarding leadership, organisational culture and climate, and control at work.

Conclusion

This study indicates that there is an intertwined complexity of individual and organisational factors that are associated with the HCS´s perception of job strain. Implementation of new multidimensional work strategies, such as a reablement approach, could support the development of efficient strategies for HCS and reduce the level of job strain. Policy changes for the provision of home care are also needed to support the development of a sustainable and healthy psychosocial work environment.
Identifying pre-conception and pre-natal periods in which ambient air pollution exposure affects fetal growth in the predominately Hispanic MADRES cohort
Authors: Peterson Alicia K. , Habre Rima , Niu Zhongzheng , Amin Monica , Yang Tingyu , Eckel Sandrah P. , Farzan Shohreh F. , Lurmann Fred , Pavlovic Nathan , Grubbs Brendan H. , Walker Daphne , Al-Marayati Laila A. , Grant Edward , Lerner Deborah , Bastain Theresa M. , Breton Carrie V.
Published: November 2022

Background

It is well documented that persons of color experience disproportionate exposure to environmental contaminants, including air pollution, and have poorer pregnancy outcomes. This study assessed the critical windows of exposure to ambient air pollution on in utero fetal growth among structurally marginalized populations in urban Los Angeles.

Methods

Participants (N = 281) from the larger ongoing MADRES pregnancy cohort study were included in this analysis. Fetal growth outcomes were measured on average at 32 $$\pm$$
±
2 weeks of gestation by a certified sonographer and included estimated fetal weight, abdominal circumference, head circumference, biparietal diameter and femur length. Daily ambient air pollutant concentrations were estimated for four pollutants (particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and less than 10 µm (PM10) in aerodynamic diameter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 8-h maximum ozone (O3)) at participant residences using inverse-distance squared spatial interpolation from ambient monitoring data. Weekly gestational averages were calculated from 12 weeks prior to conception to 32 weeks of gestation (44 total weeks), and their associations with growth outcomes were modeled using adjusted distributed lag models (DLMs).

Results

Participants were on average 29 years $$\pm$$
±
6 old and predominately Hispanic (82%). We identified a significant sensitive window of PM2.5 exposure (per IQR increase of 6 $$\mathrm{\mu g}/\mathrm{m}$$

μ
g

/
m

3) between gestational weeks 4–16 for lower estimated fetal weight $$\beta$$
β
averaged4-16 = -8.7 g; 95% CI -16.7, -0.8). Exposure to PM2.5 during gestational weeks 1–23 was also significantly associated with smaller fetal abdominal circumference ($$\beta$$
β
averaged1-23 = -0.6 mm; 95% CI -1.1, -0.2). Additionally, prenatal exposure to PM10 (per IQR increase of 13 $$\mathrm{\mu g}/\mathrm{m}$$

μ
g

/
m

3) between weeks 6–15 of pregnancy was significantly associated with smaller fetal abdominal circumference ($$\beta$$
β
averaged6-15 = -0.4 mm; 95% CI -0.8, -0.1).

Discussion

These results suggest that exposure to particulate matter in early to mid-pregnancy, but not preconception or late pregnancy, may have critical implications on fetal growth.