bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and incidence of hand eczema in hairdressers—A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the published literature from 2000–2021
Authors: Havmose Martin S. , Kezic Sanja , Uter Wolfgang , Symanzik Cara , Hallmann Sarah , Strahwald Julia , Weinert Patricia , Macan Marija , Turk Rajka , van der Molen Henk F. , Babić Željka , Macan Jelena , John Swen M. , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: January 2022

Background

Hairdressers are commonly affected by hand eczema (HE) due to skin hazardous exposure such as irritants and allergens in the work environment.

Objective

To give an overview of the current prevalence, incidence, and severity, as well as the pattern of debut and the contribution of atopic dermatitis on HE in hairdressers.

Methods

A systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was performed. Studies published from 2000 to April 2021 that fulfilled predefined eligibility criteria were retrieved.

Results

A pooled lifetime prevalence of 38.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 32.6‐43.8), a pooled 1‐year prevalence of 20.3% (95% CI 18.0‐22.6), and a pooled point prevalence of 7.7% (95% CI 5.8‐9.6) of HE was observed in hairdressers. The lifetime prevalence in fully trained hairdressers and hairdressing apprentices was almost identical. The pooled incidence rate of HE was 51.8 cases/1000 person‐years (95% CI 42.6‐61.0) and the pooled prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 18.1% (95% CI 13.6‐22.5).

Conclusion

HE is common in hairdressers and most hairdressers have debut during apprenticeship. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in hairdressers is comparable with estimates in the general population, indicating that occupational exposures are the main factor in the increased prevalence of HE in hairdressers. This warrants a strategic and collective effort to prevent HE in hairdressers.
Obedience in the Labour Market and Social Mobility: A Socioeconomic Approach
Authors: Acemoglu Daron
Published: January 2022

This paper presents an analysis of what types of values, especially in regard to obedience vs. independence, families impart to their children, and how these values interact with social mobility. In the model, obedience is a useful characteristic for employers, especially when wages are low, because independent workers require more incentives (when wages are high, these incentives are automatic). Hence in low‐wage environments, low‐income families will impart values of obedience to their children to prevent disadvantaging them in the labour market. To the extent that independence is useful for entrepreneurial activities, this then depresses their social mobility. High‐income and privileged parents, on the other hand, always impart values of independence, since they expect that their children can enter into higher‐income entrepreneurial (or managerial) activities thanks to their family resources and privileges. I also discuss how political activity can be hampered when labour market incentives encourage greater obedience, and how this can generate multiple steady states with different patterns of social hierarchy and mobility.
Diversity and determinants of the sigmoid septum and its impact on morphology of the outflow tract as revealed using cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Tsuda Daisuke , Mori Shumpei , Izawa Yu , Toh Hiroyuki , Suzuki Masataka , Takahashi Yu , Toba Takayoshi , Fujiwara Sei , Tanaka Hidekazu , Watanabe Yoshiaki , Kono Atsushi K. , Hirata Ken‐ichi
Published: January 2022

Background

The sigmoid septum has been generally evaluated subjectively and qualitatively, without detailed examination of its diversity, impact on the morphology of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and anatomical background.

Methods

We enrolled 100 patients without any background cardiac diseases (67.5 ± 12.8 years old; 43% women) who underwent cardiac computed tomography. Basal septal morphology was evaluated using antero‐superior and medial bulging angles (bidirectional angulation of the basal septum relative to the LVOT). The eccentricity index of the LVOT, area narrowing ratio (LVOT/virtual basal ring area), aortic‐to‐left ventricular axial angle (angulation of the aortic root relative to the left ventricle), and wedged height (non‐coronary aortic sinus to inferior epicardium distance) were also quantified.

Results

The antero‐superior bulging, medial bulging, aortic‐to‐left ventricular axial angles, LVOT eccentricity index, area narrowing ratio, and wedged height were 76° ± 17°, 166° ± 27°, 127° ± 9°, 1.8 ± 0.5, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 41.2 ± 9.1 mm, respectively. Both bulging angles were correlated with each other and contributed to the narrowing and deformation of the LVOT. Angulated aortic root was not correlated with either bidirectional septal bulge or LVOT narrowing. Clockwise rotation of the aortic root rotation was an independent predictor of prominent antero‐superior septal bulge. Deeper aortic wedging was a common independent predictor of bidirectional septal bulge.

Conclusions

The extent of septal bulge varies in normal hearts. Along with deep aortic wedging, the bidirectional bulge of the basal septum deforms and narrows the LVOT without affecting the virtual basal ring morphology.
The novel persistent sodium current inhibitor PRAX‐562 has potent anticonvulsant activity with improved protective index relative to standard of care sodium channel blockers
Authors: Kahlig Kristopher M. , Scott Liam , Hatch Robert J. , Griffin Andrew , Martinez Botella Gabriel , Hughes Zoë A. , Wittmann Marion
Published: January 2022

Objective

This study investigates the effects of PRAX‐562 on sodium current (INa), intrinsic neuronal excitability, and protection from evoked seizures to determine whether a preferential persistent INa inhibitor would exhibit improved preclinical efficacy and tolerability compared to two standard voltage‐gated sodium channel (NaV) blockers.

Methods

Inhibition of INa was characterized using patch clamp analysis. The effect on intrinsic excitability was measured using evoked action potentials recorded from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in mouse brain slices. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated using the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model, and tolerability was assessed by measuring spontaneous locomotor activity (sLMA).

Results

PRAX‐562 potently and preferentially inhibited persistent INa induced by ATX‐II or the SCN8A mutation N1768D (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 141 and 75 nmol·L–1, respectively) relative to peak INa tonic/resting block (60× preference). PRAX‐562 also exhibited potent use‐dependent block (31× preference to tonic block). This profile is considerably different from standard NaV blockers, including carbamazepine (CBZ; persistent INa IC50 = 77 500 nmol·L–1, preference ratios of 30× [tonic block], less use‐dependent block observed at various frequencies). In contrast to CBZ, PRAX‐562 reduced neuronal intrinsic excitability with only a minor reduction in action potential amplitude. PRAX‐562 (10 mg/kg po) completely prevented evoked seizures without affecting sLMA (MES unbound brain half‐maximal efficacious concentration = 4.3 nmol·L–1, sLMA half‐maximal tolerated concentration = 69.7 nmol·L–1, protective index [PI] = 16×). In contrast, CBZ and lamotrigine (LTG) had PIs of approximately 5.5×, with significant overlap between doses that were anticonvulsant and that reduced locomotor activity.

Significance

PRAX‐562 demonstrated robust preclinical anticonvulsant activity similar to CBZ but improved compared to LTG. PRAX‐562 exhibited significantly improved preclinical tolerability compared with standard NaV blockers (CBZ and LTG), potentially due to the preference for persistent INa. Preferential targeting of persistent INa may represent a differentiated therapeutic option for diseases of hyperexcitability, where standard NaV blockers have demonstrated efficacy but poor tolerability.
“You are mum and then they are mum”: Negotiating roles, relationships, and contact in out‐of‐home care
Authors: Collings Susan , Wright Amy C.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Birth family contact can be undermined by relationship difficulties between adults from children's two families, especially in relation to role ambiguity for mother figures. Research to understand relationships between birth mothers and female caregivers across all placement types is needed.

Background

In Australia, children in long‐term care, guardianship, and open adoption have direct contact with members of their birth families. The extent to which maternal figures work together is critical to children's ability to enjoy ongoing birth family connections, particularly First Nations children, who are overrepresented in out‐of‐home care.

Method

Qualitative methods were used to understand the personal attributes that influence relationships between five dyads of birth mothers and their child's female caregivers in New South Wales. Four were foster or kinship carers, two had adoptions underway, and one was a legal guardian. Three birth mothers identified as Aboriginal, and no caregivers did so. Analysis mapped birth mothers' acceptance and carers' communicative openness and interpreted influences of interpersonal skills, contact, and power dynamics on relationship quality.

Results

Positive and natural interactions between children’ mother figures can exist irrespective of legal arrangement when both are able to demonstrate emotional competence and learn relationship‐building skills and overcome power imbalances.

Conclusion

The complexity of managing relationships in the context of permanent child removal is influenced by how well children's two mother figures renegotiate their roles.

Implications

Families need support to discuss the goals and purpose of contact and identify relational resources and challenges. Professionals could use visit coaching to support children's two families in navigating contact.
Epidemiological trends of HIV/HCV coinfection in Spain, 2015–2019
Authors: Fanciulli Chiara , Berenguer Juan , Busca Carmen , Vivancos María J. , Téllez María J. , Domínguez Lourdes , Domingo Pere , Navarro Jordi , Santos Jesús , Iribarren José A. , Morano Luis , Artero Arturo , Moreno Javier , Rivero‐Román Antonio , Santos Ignacio , Giner Livia , Armiñanzas Carlos , Montero Marta , Manzardo Christian , Cifuentes Carmen , García Coral , Galindo María J. , Ferrero Oscar L. , Sanz José , de la Fuente Belén , Rodríguez Carmen , Gaspar Gabriel , Pérez Laura , Losa Juan E. , Force Luis , Veloso Sergio , Martínez‐Alfaro Elisa , Jarrín Inmaculada , De Miguel Marta , González Garcia Juan ,   GeSIDA 8514 Study Group
Published: January 2022

Objectives

We assessed the prevalence of anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV‐RNA‐positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015–2018.

Methods

The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation.

Results

The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)‐positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV‐RNA‐positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV‐RNA‐positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV‐RNA‐positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti‐HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti‐HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti‐HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct‐acting antiviral agents, HCV‐related cirrhosis remains significant in this population.
Will Fractional‐Reserve Stablecoin Banking Replace Bitcoin and Some Traditional Banking Payments?
Authors: Calomiris Charles W.
Published: January 2022

The former Chief Economist of the OCC discusses how FinTech innovators are developing new ways of improving banking services that promise to increase both the efficiency and soundness of the U.S. financial system. Most of these innovations are focused on either lending or payments, but not both, since FinTech providers, unlike traditional banks, tend to specialize in one of the two activities.

This “unbundling” of payments from lending is particularly notable in block‐chain‐based coins used for payments. Although the greatest attention has been paid to Bitcoin in the debate over the future of blockchain‐based payments, the author notes that Bitcoin is not the most promising blockchain‐based payments technology, just the first. For one thing, Bitcoin is not a suitable substitute for the traditional system of checking accounts that execute payments via the centralized Fed‐managed network. Most obviously, account holders with checking accounts want to maintain significant balances in a stable store of value, and Bitcoin's value is anything but stable, owing to its lack of a connection to anything of intrinsic or derivative value.

Stablecoins, by contrast, are a rapidly growing segment of blockchain‐based payments with the ability to offer faster, more complex, and more secure payment services, and a virtually riskless store of value. This combination of benefits should allow stablecoins to outcompete both Bitcoin and the existing bank to bank system in the long run. Furthermore, providing stablecoin issuers the option to be chartered as National Banks would, by ensuring their examination by reputable third parties, enable stablecoin issuers to make credible commitments to honest accounting practices—especially, regarding their reported cash resources—and credible disclosure of the algorithms that govern their operations.

Despite the potential social gains from creating a blockchain‐based stablecoin payments network and permitting the chartering of stablecoin issuers, both the existence of stablecoin issuers and their prospective chartering as banks remain in doubt because of politics. Incumbent banks, the Federal Reserve, and constituents that benefit from transfers they receive under the current regulatory regime governing incumbent banks all stand to lose power and wealth from the disappearance of the existing system. And so the struggle over the future of payments is not just a matter of economic competition, but also of relative political influence in determining whether socially beneficial technological progress will be permitted.
Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy and Planned Home Birth
Authors: Buchanan Christina , Kuo Sheree , Minton Lea , Lee Men‐Jean , Choi So Yung , Soon Reni
Published: January 2022

Introduction

As planned home births increase, emerging evidence on the perinatal outcomes of newborns who were planned hospital births versus planned home births has been inconsistent, and a growing number of states have attempted to legislate community births. We sought to determine whether an association exists between neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a complication of ischemic birth injury, and planned location of birth.

Methods

A case‐control study design was used to compare data from neonates with HIE obtained from electronic health records at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii, with data from neonates without HIE obtained from Hawaii state birth certificate data. A penalized backward stepwise logistic regression was performed to control for confounders.

Results

We included 164 neonates with HIE and 656 neonates in the control group. The odds of having been a planned home birth were 2.77 times higher in neonates with HIE compared with those without HIE (95% CI, 1.05‐6.87). After adjusting for insurance, mode of birth, meconium fluid, maternal hypertension, and chorioamnionitis, neonates with HIE were still more likely to have been a planned home birth compared with those without HIE (odds ratio, 11.56; 95% CI, 1.37‐118.77).

Discussion

Neonates with HIE were more likely to have been a planned home birth compared with neonates without HIE.
Single session of combined microfat and subcision in the treatment of Grade 4 atrophic acne scars
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Huang Beng , Yang Mingxia , Yin Bo , Cai Lei , Tang Xiaojun , Li Facheng , Han Xuefeng
Published: January 2022

Background

Severe atrophic acne scars (AAS) remain the “Achilles's heel” of AAS treatment. The combination of microfat and subcision treatment is a potential solution for severe AAS.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined microfat and subcision treatment for severe (Grade 4) AAS.

Methods

Data of patients with Grade 4 AAS who underwent combined microfat and subcision treatment between September 2016 and December 2020 were reviewed. Post‐treatment evaluation was performed at least 3 months postoperatively. The severity of AAS was graded based on Goodman's qualitative classification. The volume of concavities was measured using an Antera 3D camera. Complications were documented.

Results

A total of 42 patients received a single treatment session. Excellent response was observed in 5 (11.9%) patients, very good in 13 (31.0%), good in 22 (52.4%), and poor response in 2 (4.7%). The average reduction of the total volume of concavities was 28.0%. The most common minor side effects were mild swelling and bruising. No major complications were observed.

Conclusions

Combined microfat and subcision treatment is a safe and effective treatment for severe AAS. The approach will be a significant treatment for severe AAS.
Shift and Persist in Mexican American Youth: A Longitudinal Test of Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Stein Gabriela L. , Jensen Michaeline , Christophe Noah Keita , Cruz Rick A. , Martin Romero Michelle , Robins Richard
Published: January 2022

This paper tested whether shift‐&‐persist coping, or coping involving the combination of cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, and optimism (Chen & Miller, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2012, 7, 135), attenuates the risks presented by economic hardship and ethnic discrimination for change in depressive symptoms from 9th to 12th grade, in a sample of 674 Mexican American youth (Mage W1 = 10.86; 50% female; 72% US born) and whether this effect depends on ethnic pride. Structural equation modeling indicated that, when accounting for economic hardship, shift‐&‐persist was associated with fewer concurrent depression symptoms. Youth with lower ethnic pride who endorsed high levels of shift‐&‐persist were protected against the negative impacts of peer ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms. Future research on ethnic discrimination should examine patterns of coping and identity that can mitigate risk.
Regulation of gingival fibroblast phenotype by periodontal ligament cells in vitro
Authors: Garna Devy F. , Hughes Francis J. , Ghuman Mandeep S.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Stem cell transplantation has shown modest effects on periodontal tissue regeneration, and it is still unclear how regenerative effects utilizing this modality are mediated. A greater understanding of the basic interactions between implanted and host cells is needed to improve future strategies. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on expression of periodontal markers and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of gingival fibroblasts (GF).

Materials and Methods

Primary human PDL cells were co‐cultured with primary GF cultures either by direct co‐culture with subsequent FACS sorting or indirect co‐culture using transwell cultures and PDL cell conditioned medium. Expression of periodontal markers, asporin, nestin, and periostin, was assessed by qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression was assessed by qPCR, histochemical staining, and activity assessed by para‐nitrophenol enzymatic assay. Single cultures of PDL cells and GF were used as controls. The role of Wnt signaling on ALP activity was assessed via Dkk1‐mediated inhibition.

Results

PDL cells significantly upregulated expression of PDL markers in GF with both direct and indirect co‐culture methods when compared to controls (6.05 vs. 0.73 and 59.48 vs. 17.55 fold change of asporin expression). PDL/GF cell co‐cultures significantly increased ALP activity in GF when compared with single GF cultures. Similar results were obtained when using conditioned medium isolated from PDL cell cultures. Dkk1 caused dose‐dependent reduction in ALP activity of GF cultured in PDL cell conditioned medium.

Conclusions

PDL cells stimulate expression of periodontal markers and osteogenic capacity of gingival fibroblasts via paracrine signaling which can be partially inhibited with addition of the Wnt antagonist, Dkk1.Further studies are required to identify specific secreted factors responsible for this activity.
Narratives in supplier negotiations—The interplay of narrative design elements, structural power, and outcomes
Authors: Kaufmann Lutz , Schreiner Moritz , Reimann Felix
Published: January 2022

In buyer–supplier negotiations, both parties shape the relational and contractual dimensions of their collaboration. Being able to influence the other party during negotiations is therefore vital to improve performance outcomes. This research takes a configurational approach to investigate how buyers can use narratives in different power situations to influence suppliers and improve their relational and economic negotiation results. In our first study, we conduct narrative writing workshops to identify typical design elements of such narratives. In our second study, we employ fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis to determine how different configurations of these design elements influence narratives' effectiveness in different power situations. Our theoretical contributions are twofold. First, we expand narrative transportation theory, showing that narratives consist of interlinked design elements and that narrative effectiveness is a causally complex phenomenon. Second, for the field of supply chain management, we develop theory by introducing narratives as an additional means of influence in buyer–supplier negotiations and by examining the interplay between narrative design elements, structural power, and negotiation outcomes that are specific to the buyer–supplier relationship. Based on the configurations of narratives that we found were effective and ineffective in different power situations, we derive propositions to advance theory on buyer–supplier negotiations.
Development and validation of a simple clinical nomogram for predicting obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Sun Xishi , Zheng Zhenzhen , Liang Jinhua , Chen Riken , Huang Huili , Yao Xiaoyun , Lei Wei , Peng Min , Cheng Junfen , Zhang Nuofu
Published: January 2022

Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common type of sleep breathing disorder. Therefore, the purpose of our research is to construct and verify an objective and easy‐to‐use nomogram that can accurately predict a patient’s risk of obstructive sleep apnea. In this study, we retrospectively collected the data of patients undergoing polysomnography at the Sleep Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Participants were randomly assigned to a training cohort (50%) and a validation cohort (50%). Logistic regression and Lasso regression models were used to reduce data dimensions, select factors and construct the nomogram. C‐index, calibration curve, decision curve analysis and clinical impact curve analysis were used to evaluate the identification, calibration and clinical effectiveness of the nomogram. Nomograph validation was performed in the validation cohort. The study included 1035 people in the training cohort and 1078 people in the validation cohort. Logistic and Lasso regression analysis identified age, gender, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, neck circumference and Epworth Sleepiness Scale as the predictive factors included in the nomogram. The training cohort (C‐index = 0.741) and validation cohort (C‐index = 0.745) had better identification and calibration effects. The areas under the curve of the nomogram and STOP‐Bang were 0.741 (0.713–0.767) and 0.728 (0.700–0.755), respectively. Decision curve analysis and clinical impact curve analysis showed that the nomogram is clinically useful. We have established a concise and practical nomogram that will help doctors better determine the priority of patients referred to the sleep centre.
Conserved and distinct roles of H3K27me3 demethylases regulating flowering time in Brassica rapa
Authors: Poza‐Viejo Laura , Payá‐Milans Miriam , San Martín‐Uriz Patxi , Castro‐Labrador Laura , Lara‐Astiaso David , Wilkinson Mark D. , Piñeiro Manuel , Jarillo José A. , Crevillén Pedro
Published: January 2022

Epigenetic regulation is necessary for optimal organism development and preservation of gene expression profiles in the cell. In plants, the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is a silencing epigenetic mark relevant for developmental transitions like flowering. The floral transition is a key agronomic trait; however, the epigenetic mechanisms of flowering time regulation in crops remain poorly understood. Here we study the Jumonji H3K27me3 demethylases BraA.REF6 and BraA.ELF6 in Brassica rapa. Phenotypic characterization of novel mutant lines and genome‐wide H3K27me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation and transcriptomic analyses indicated that BraA.REF6 plays a greater role than BraA.ELF6 in fine‐tuning H3K27me3 levels. In addition, we found that braA.elf6 mutants were early flowering due to high H3K27me3 levels at B. rapa homologs of the floral repressor FLC. Unlike mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana, braA.ref6 mutants were late flowering without altering the expression of B. rapa FLC genes. Remarkably, we found that BraA.REF6 regulated a number of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthetic genes, including a homolog of GA1, and that GA‐treatment complemented the late flowering mutant phenotype. This study increases our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of flowering time in B. rapa, highlighting conserved and distinct regulatory mechanisms between model and crop species.
Factors related to parenting stress among fathers of preschool children in Japan
Authors: Kachi Yuko , Ochi Manami , Kato Tsuguhiko , Otsuka Miyako , Takehara Kenji
Published: January 2022

Background

Even though fathers participate in childcare at a higher rate than before, there remains a lack of research on the factors that contribute to parenting stress among fathers. This study explored the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with parenting stress among fathers of preschool children.

Methods

Our study included 17 645 fathers who participated in the 2016 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan. Parenting stress was assessed using a single question. Socioeconomic and demographic factors were predictors. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for parenting stress.

Results

Overall, 6.6% fathers experienced parenting stress. Fathers with a youngest child aged 0–2 years were more likely to experience parenting stress than those with a youngest child aged 3–6 (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25–1.68). Compared with fathers who lived in two‐parent households without grandparents, those who lived in single‐father households (both with and without grandparents) were more likely to experience parenting stress (OR: 12.13, 95% CI: 5.60–26.29 and OR: 4.19, 95% CI: 2.04–8.60, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant negative association between education and parenting stress.

Conclusions

Having a child aged 0–2 years, single fatherhood, and higher education were associated with parenting stress among fathers of preschool children. Healthcare professionals need to be aware of these factors when supporting fathers in raising their children.
Worldwide overview of reproduction, juvenile collection, spat production and cultivation of pen shells
Authors: Chávez‐Villalba Jorge , Reynaga‐Franco Felipe de Jesús , Hoyos‐Chairez Francisco
Published: January 2022

Pen shells hold some potential for cultivation, but information on aquaculture activities is fragmentary, and no sustained or commercial production of any such species is currently in place. We reviewed information available worldwide on reproductive cycles, wild juvenile collection, spat production in hatcheries and cultivation systems for 45 pen shell species. We found information on the topics of interest for 15 species, Atrina maura and Atrina pectinata being the most studied. Reproductive cycles have been described for ten species, but size at first maturity has been reported only for A. maura and Pinna rugosa. Onion mesh bags and mosquito nets are the materials used for wild juvenile collection of most species. Nevertheless, seed collection has decreased for some species because of overexploitation, diseases or trawling that has severely impacted populations, so spat production in hatcheries is a fundamental aspect. Yet, hatcheries face challenges due to the high mortality of umbo larvae and during metamorphosis, and larvae produced by broodstock with overmature gonads. Market size individuals can be produced using culture methods currently available, but hatchery protocols and culture devices must be tailored specifically for pen shells. Reduced availability of wild spat and limited spat production in hatcheries are major constraints for developing and sustaining cultures. Studies on reproduction and spat production are necessary, as well as the implementation of protection measures and development of restoration plans for pen shell populations. Apparently, there is insufficient information available to foster the development of aquaculture, with tensions between preserving species and aquaculture programmes.
Introduction
Authors: Juneau Thomas , Carvin Stephanie
Published: January 2022

The introduction sets out the scope of the book—how intelligence analysis has shaped national security policy making in Canada since 2001. It explains our interview-based methodology, and summarizes our key findings. It then briefly lays out the plan of the book.
Managing Analytical Units
Authors: Juneau Thomas , Carvin Stephanie
Published: January 2022

A crucial factor determining the success of intelligence analysis is how analytical units are managed. This chapter highlights the importance of everyday bureaucratic practices to the intelligence policy dynamic, including hiring, training, offering exchanges and secondments, and available career paths. Given the decentralized nature of the Canadian intelligence and national security community and the importance of personalities, we find that the management practices of analytical units lack standards in terms of hiring, training, and career paths. This makes beneficial practices, such as exchanges and secondments and/or community interactions and transfers, more difficult. The chapter ends with a case study of the Intelligence Assessment Branch of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.
Networked Power
Authors: Onderco Michal
Published: January 2022

The second chapter introduces the reader to the theoretical argument. This chapter discusses in depth the theory based on social network theory, tying it to the diplomatic position of the US in global networks. This theory posits that the US was able to push for indefinite extension of the NPT because of its unique connections to other well-connected members of the nonproliferation regime – Europe, South Africa, and Egypt. This theory differs from other explanations for states’ influence in international organizations. Chapter 2 also provides evidence for the argument that the US did indeed possess a unique position in the diplomatic, commercial, and military networks in the mid-1990s, unparalleled by any other country.
“Babes in the Woods”
Authors: Onderco Michal
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 discusses the cooperation between the US and South Africa. While US efforts to “co-opt” South Africa can be traced back to late 1994, the cooperation really started only after a meeting between then vice president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, and US vice president Al Gore in late February 1995. Mbeki was instrumental in reversing the position of South Africa, which until then favored a green-light rolling extension. Mbeki also overruled his own party, which favored a one-off, short-term extension. By breaking from both his diplomats and his party, Mbeki created a situation that helped to break the anti-extension block within the Non-Aligned Movement and pave the position toward extension. In this chapter, I scrutinize the domestic process within South Africa in late 1994 and early 1995 as well as the cooperation with the US and the interactions between Mbeki and Gore.
Corte Suprema de Justicia Sala de Casación Civil SC4904-2021 Magistrado Ponente Octavio Augusto Tejeiro Duque Radicación n° 66001-31-03-003-2017-00133-01 (Aprobado en sesión de diez de junio de dos mil veintiuno) Bogotá, D.C.
Authors: Izasa Posse María Cristina
Published: January 2022

La sentencia se refiere al tema de la prescripción en el contrato de seguro, concretamente a la prescripción aplicable al cónyuge y los herederos del deudor asegurado bajo una póliza de seguro de vida deudores cuyo tomador y beneficiario por el saldo insoluto de la deuda, es la entidad financiera.
Desafíos del legislador en la reforma del régimen del contrato de seguro en España
Authors: Peñas Moyano María Jesús
Published: January 2022

La elevada calidad técnica de la Ley 50/1980, de 8 de octubre, de contrato de seguro y la estabilidad que ha proporcionado al sector asegurador a lo largo de sus cuarenta años de vigencia, no han de impedir una profunda reflexión sobre la necesidad de modificar este régimen jurídico y el sentido que dicha reforma debe adoptar para mantener, e incluso incrementar, sus cualidades. Entre los desafíos que este reto plantea para el legislador se encuentran la innovación, la integración del contrato y, por supuesto, el mantenimiento de la protección del asegurado.
La ley de seguros uruguaya No. 19.678 de 26/10/2018
Authors: Signorino Barbat Andrea
Published: January 2022

En la República Oriental del Uruguay, la Ley 19.678 vigente desde el 19 de noviembre de 2018, actualizó nuestra legislación sobre seguros.  Se trata de la última Ley de seguros sancionada en Latinoamérica. La Ley refiere no solamente al contrato de seguros sino también a otros aspectos relacionados con la materia y el mercado asegurador. Se trata de una Ley especial sobre seguros, que moderniza las disposiciones que sobre éstos contiene nuestro Código de Comercio de 1865.

La mencionada Ley, publicada como “Aprobación de modificaciones en el marco legal del mercado de seguros”, constituye un verdadero hito en el país pues sin dudas, contiene novedades de gran impacto en el contrato de seguros y en el mercado asegurador uruguayo.

En este artículo recorreremos en forma general la ley, para dar una primera aproximación de sus novedades al lector.
New Property Averaging Scheme for Volume of Fluid Method for Two-Phase Flows With Large Viscosity Ratios
Authors: Rajendran Sucharitha , Manglik Raj M. , Jog Milind A.
Published: January 2022

To predict liquid–gas two-phase flow, accurate tracking of the evolving liquid–gas interface is required. Volume-of-fluid (VoF) method has been used for computationally modeling such flows where a single set of governing equations are solved for both phases along with an advection equation for the volume fraction. Properties in each cell are determined by a linear weighted average of the properties of the two fluids based on the phase fraction. While the method predicts water–air flows well, the predictions tend to deviate significantly from experiments for liquids with high viscosity. A new property averaging technique is proposed, which is shown to provide accurate results for high viscosity liquids. Computational predictions using open-source VoF solver inter-foam and the proposed method are compared with experimental data for multiple two-phase applications. Four different problems, viz., suspended drop, jet breakup, drop impact on thin films, and on liquid pools, are considered to extensively validate the new method. Data for aqueous solutions of propylene and ethylene glycol are used to cover a range of surface tension (72–36 mN/m) and viscosities (1–40 mPa·s). For all cases, the modified VoF solver is observed to perform significantly better than the original VoF method. It reduces spurious currents in simulations of a drop suspended in the air. For the cases of a drop impacting on a pool and during drop generation from liquid jets, the time progression of the surface tension governed dynamics is improved from the slower estimate of the inter-Foam solver.
Physics Informed Deep Neural Net Inverse Modeling for Estimating Model Parameters in Permeable Porous Media Flows
Authors: Pashaei Kalajahi Amin , Perez-Raya Isaac , D'Souza Roshan M
Published: January 2022

We present a method that combines a physics-informed deep neural network and Stokes' second problem to estimate the porosity and the permeability of a porous medium. Particularly, we investigate the accuracy of physics-informed deep neural networks in predicting the hidden quantities of interest, such as velocity and unknown parameters, including permeability and porosity, by employing different network architectures and different sizes of input data sets. The employed neural network is jointly trained to match the essential class of physical laws governing fluid motion in porous media (Darcy's law and mass conservation) and the fluid velocities in the domain or region of interest. Therefore, the described approach allows the estimation of hidden quantities of interest. This strategy conditions the neural network to honor physical principles. Thus, the model adapts to fit best the data provided while striving to respect the governing physical laws. Results show that the proposed approach achieves significant accuracy in estimating the velocity, permeability, and porosity of the media, even when the neural network is trained by a relatively small input data-set. Also, results demonstrate that using the optimal neural network architecture is indispensable to increase the porosity and permeability prediction accuracy.
The Effect of Weber Number on Spray and Vaporization Characteristics of Liquid Jets Injected in Air Crossflow
Authors: Kamin Manu , Khare Prashant
Published: January 2022

This paper details a numerical investigation conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of aerodynamic Weber number, in the range from 68 to 136, on spray characteristics and gaseous fluid dynamics when liquid jets are injected in high-temperature air crossflow. The momentum flux ratio and air temperature for all the cases studied in this research effort are 9 and 573 K, respectively. The computations are conducted using an Eulerian–Lagrangian framework, where the gas phase is modeled by the compressible form of the Navier–Stokes equations and the liquid phase is treated in the Lagrangian frame with appropriate models to account for jet injection and breakup phenomena. A modified version of two-way coupling, which takes into account the finite size of the dispersed phase, is used to account for the exchange of mass, momentum, energy and species between the two phases. Turbulence closure is achieved using the large eddy simulation technique. As a first step, the framework is validated against measurements for non-vaporizing and vaporizing conditions—our results agree well with experimental data. Next, three computations in the range of Weber numbers mentioned above are conducted—the effect of Weber number is quantified in terms of the spatiotemporal evolution of the mass fraction of the vaporized liquid, detailed distributions of droplet sizes, their velocities, and volumetric fluxes. It is found that with an increase in the Weber number, the droplet sizes and the penetration depth monotonically decreased. As a result, at higher Weber number conditions, the vaporized liquid in the domain increases due to the overall enhancement in the effective surface area of the liquid phase.
Preface to a special issue in memory of Gary Roy Bauchan (1954–2021)
Authors: Ochoa Ronald , Cooper Bret , Bolton Sam , Mowery Joe , Dipalma Antonella
Published: January 2022

N/A
Comparison of biological characteristics of the predatory mite Blattisocius mali (Acari: Blattisocidae) reared on frozen eggs of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) alone and in combination with cattail and olive pollens
Authors: Pirayeshfar Fatemeh , Moayeri Hamid Reza Sarraf , Silva Guilherme Liberato Da , Ueckermann Edward A.
Published: January 2022

Blattisocius mali (Oudemans), known as a predator of some species of storage pest mites, was reared on frozen eggs of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) alone (Tp) but also supplemented with cattail (Tp + cattail) and olive (Tp + olive) pollen. Life table parameters of B. mali were evaluated in the first (G1), eighth (G8) and sixteenth (G16) generation on the three different diets. Survival of the immatures of the predator was not affected by the tested diets, whereas it significantly differed among generations. The highest and lowest mortality was observed in the G8 and G1 generations, respectively, on all diets. Except for the total pre-oviposition period (TPOP) and the adult pre-oviposition period (APOP), all life table parameters of B. mali were affected by the different diets; In G1, supplementation of (Tp) with both pollens significantly increased the fecundity, oviposition period and female life span of B. mali. Population growth parameters of the predator like intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) significantly increased with the supplementation of (Tp) with cattail pollen. However, in G8 and G16, B. mali reared on the two combinations significantly showed the lowest values of oviposition period, female and male life span and mean generation time (T) (only F8). Except for female and male developmental times and TPOP, other biological parameters of B. mali significantly differ across generations. Adding both pollens to the frozen eggs of the prey mite, significantly decreased fecundity, oviposition period, female and male life span and population parameters such as (r), (T), (λ) of B. mali in G16 compared with G1. With comparison of the effects of diet through the generations on biological and population parameters of B. mali, it is concluded that frozen eggs of T. putrescentiae is strongly advisable for mass-rearing of the predator and mixed frozen diets (containing pollen) is suggested as supplemental diet for establishment of the predator after release.
Early concepts of intimacy: Young humans use saliva sharing to infer close relationships
Authors: Thomas Ashley J. , Woo Brandon , Nettle Daniel , Spelke Elizabeth , Saxe Rebecca
Published: January 2022

Across human societies, people form “thick” relationships characterized by strong attachments, obligations, and mutual responsiveness. People in thick relationships share food utensils, kiss, or engage in other distinctive interactions that involve sharing saliva. We found that children, toddlers, and infants infer that dyads who share saliva (as opposed to other positive social interactions) have a distinct relationship. Children expect saliva sharing to happen in nuclear families. Toddlers and infants expect that people who share saliva will respond to one another in distress. Parents confirm that saliva sharing is a valid cue of relationship thickness in their children’s social environments. The ability to use distinctive interactions to infer categories of relationships thus emerges early in life, without explicit teaching; this enables young humans to rapidly identify close relationships, both within and beyond families.
Complete Genome Sequences of Mycobacterium chimaera Strains 850 and 852, Isolated from Heater-Cooler Unit Water
Authors: Pinzauti David , De Giorgi Stefano , Fox Valeria , Lazzeri Elisa , Messina Gabriele , Santoro Francesco , Iannelli Francesco , Ricci Susanna , Pozzi Gianni
Published: January 2022

The whole-genome sequences of
Mycobacterium chimera
strains 850 and 852, which were isolated from two different water samples obtained from a heater-cooler unit at Siena Hospital (Italy), were determined by combining Nanopore and Illumina technologies. Both strain 850 and strain 852 genomes consist of a circular chromosome and five plasmids, with sizes of 6,275,686 bp and 6,453,144 bp, respectively.
Peripheral dentinogenic ghost cell tumour
Authors: Cabo Ivan , Saura André , Cardoso Ana Rita , Cardoso José Azenha
Published: January 2022

The dentinogenic ghost cell tumour (DGCT) is a rare benign neoplasm, which histologically presents itself as an aberrant keratinisation of the epithelium, ghost cells and dentinoid material. Depending on its location there are two different types of DGCT, central or peripheral, with different clinical characteristics. By 2019, there were only 57 cases of DGCT published: 39 of the central type and 18 of the peripheral type.

In this clinical case, the authors describe the case of a 78-year-old man with a painless and slow growing mandibular lump. The diagnosis of peripheral DGCT was made by incisional biopsy and the treatment consisted of radical excision with upper marginal mandibulectomy.

The aim of the article is to report a clinical case of a rare pathology and, consequently, to help diagnose and better understand its biological behaviour.
Importance of asking a social history: atypical pulmonary infections and occupational hazards
Authors: Patel Hiten , Skok Christopher , Maxwell Dana , Sheikh Selim
Published: January 2022

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in the environment, but NTM infection is limited to individuals with risk factors. We present a case of a 62-year-old man who presented with a 1 year history of cough and shortness of breath. History was notable for significant tobacco use and work as a sandblaster without the use of personal protective equipment. His chest X-ray showed bilateral upper lobe cavitary lesions, which were redemonstrated on chest CT. A sputum Gram stain was positive for acid-fast bacilli, but his tuberculosis QuantiFERON was negative. He was started on empiric tuberculosis treatment. Sputum cultures ultimately returned forMycobacterium avium intracellularecomplex, and treatment was narrowed to azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol. The case highlights risk factors for NTM infection, notably for this patient, occupational exposures that likely lead to the development of pneumoconiosis. Healthcare providers should ask about occupational history and counsel patients about protection from occupational hazards.