bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geophysical Characterisation of the Active Fault Geometry and Trends in Tectonic Deformation in the Shallow Stratigraphy along Active Faults, South Andaman, India
Authors: Gunda Goutham Krishna Teja , Balaji S. , Ray P. K. Champati , Bhat Gulam Rasool , Balakrishna  , Kannaujiya S.
Published: March 2020

A comprehensive Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiling with high resolution was done and complemented with total station surveys along an active faults in the South Andaman Island (near Bathubasti) to reveal the sub-surface fault geometry and trends in tectonic deformation in shallow stratigraphy. The surface manifestation of deformation along the investigated active faults is expressed in the form of explicit tectonic scarps of various levels related to persistent tectonic uplift of the area and frontal scarps expressed in younger sediments were meticulously examined with GPR profiling. The surface displacement (scarp height) was calculated by using high resolution GPR data and total station data that may be correlated to the vertical displacement component of palaeoseismic faulting. Two active fault sites were carefully chosen for the systematic profiling with high resolution GPR profiling to examine the efficacy of GPR in elucidating the complicated near surface tectonic deformation. The surface deformation of site-1 is manifested in a form of a 6 m high abrupt tectonic scarp expressed in quaternary sediments. Site-2 is piggy back basin with corresponding pop-up structures with two antithetic scarps of 10 m height each. The high resolution GPR data vividly reveals the complicated sub-surface fault geometry and tectonic deformation in the form of an inclined and distorted radar reflections upto several meters of depth in the shallow stratigraphy and upward fault termination related to the active deformation. The high resolution GPR profiling demonstrates severe near surface tectonic deformation in the form of buckling, truncation, offsetting of recent sediments and warped radar reflections suggesting the propagation of tectonic activity in a compressive stress regime whose dynamics is related to the continuous oblique subduction of Indian plate under the Burmese micro plate.
Cyclic Sedimentation in the Barakar Formation of the Karanpura Field, Marginal Gondwana Basin, India
Authors: Sen Souvik , Dey Joyjit
Published: March 2020

Sequence of strata with consistent and monotonous repetition of two or more kind alternating lithologies are quite common in geological record through the ages and are interpreted as a product of cyclic sedimentation. Cyclic depositional pattern is extensively found in fluvial deposits. Here a brief model of regional depositional stacking pattern is proposed based on the observations from regional geophysical log correlation as well as core based interpretation from Karanpura field. Subsurface facies study from this marginal Gondwana basin enhanced the understanding of stacking pattern and depositional cyclicity preserved in middle Permian Barakar Formation. Four major fining upward depositional cycles have been established regionally, each consisting of low and high accommodation system tracts at bottom and top of individual cycle respectively. Findings have been correlated with basin evolution process and major geological time events.
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Groundwater Recharge Potential Zone Mapping in Upper Betwa Watershed
Authors: Ahirwar Shobharam , Malik M. Subzar , Ahirwar Rakesh , Shukla J. P.
Published: March 2020

Groundwater is unevenly distributed and limited in hard rock terrains. The study has been carried out using remote sensing and GIS to delineate the potential recharge zones of ground-water in upper Betwa watershed, Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The different thematic layers viz; geology, lineament density, soil, slope, land use/land cover (LU/LC) and drainage density were prepared for assessment of groundwater recharge potential in the area. District Resource Map (DRM) of Geological Survey of India (GSI) 2002 has been used for geological study. SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to obtain the slope. LANDSAT-8 OLI data has been processed for lineament density and LU/LC analysis. Survey of India toposheets were used for drainage density analyses and National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning Nagpur (NBSS&LUP) map used for soil study. Weightage has been given to parameters in thematic maps as per the relative influence of each parameter in the groundwater recharge. Rating to each class of parameters was given as per there relative significance in groundwater recharge. Finally, groundwater recharge potential map has been prepared by overlaying all thematic maps in terms of the weighted index overlay (WIO) method. The output map has been further classified into three zones (i) low ground-water potential zone (121.80 km2) (ii) moderate groundwater potential zone (387.78 km2) and (iii) high groundwater potential zone (173.35 km2). The output results were validated by plotting the specific yield data and groundwater level of selected wells in delineated groundwater recharge potential zones using GPS locations. It has been seen that most of the groundwater productive wells functioning in the area is falling in high and moderate groundwater recharge potential zone.
Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing for Inherited Cancer Predisposition Syndromes: the Potentially Conflicting Interests of Patients and Their Relatives
Authors: Kenny Joanna , Burcher Stephanie , Kohut Kelly , Eastman Nigel
Published: March 2020

Purpose of Review

This review uses clinical cases to highlight some of the ethical dilemmas currently faced by oncologists, geneticists and others who request genetic testing for inherited cancer disorders.

Recent Findings

Recent ethical guidance supports clinicians in testing patients when other family members decline similar testing, even when such testing will reveal those family members’ genetic status. And increasingly there is acknowledgement that when a patient declines to share genetic results with family members, clinicians may have an ethical duty to breach patient confidentiality in order to inform at-risk relatives to whom they may owe a duty of care, so that they can choose to access genetic testing and potentially life-saving screening and treatment.

Genetic testing for inherited cancer disorders raises multiple ethical issues, which cannot always be easily resolved by discussion with patients, or with their family members. Clinical ethics committees can provide valuable assistance in resolving the dilemmas presented in these cases.
Multi-targeted Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery by a Framework Nucleic Acid for Inhibiting Biofilm Formation and Virulence
Authors: Zhang Yuxin , Xie Xueping , Ma Wenjuan , Zhan Yuxi , Mao Chenchen , Shao Xiaoru , Lin Yunfeng
Published: March 2020

Biofilm formation is responsible for numerous chronic infections and represents a serious health challenge. Bacteria and the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) cause biofilms to become adherent, toxic, resistant to antibiotics, and ultimately difficult to remove. Inhibition of EPS synthesis can prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms, reduce their robustness, and promote removal. Here, we have developed a framework nucleic acid delivery system with a tetrahedral configuration. It can easily access bacterial cells and functions by delivering antisense oligonucleotides that target specific genes. We designed antisense oligonucleotide sequences with multiple targets based on conserved regions of the VicK protein-binding site. Once delivered to bacterial cells, they significantly decreased EPS synthesis and biofilm thickness. Compared to existing approaches, this system is highly efficacious because it simultaneously reduces the expression of all targeted genes (gtfBCD, gbpB, ftf). We demonstrate a novel nucleic acid-based nanomaterial with multi-targeted inhibition that has great potential for the treatment of chronic infections caused by biofilms.
Typologies of Women with Orgasmic Difficulty and Their Relationship to Sexual Distress
Authors: Hevesi Krisztina , Miklós Eszter , Horváth Zsolt , Sal Dorottya , Rowland David L.
Published: March 2020

Background

About 50% of women who report orgasmic difficulty (OD) during partnered sex are distressed by their condition, yet why some women are distressed and others are not is unclear.

Aim

To determine whether sexual distress is related to women's perceived causes of their OD during partnered sex.

Methods

We established homogenous subgroups of women based on their attributions for OD during partnered sex, and these groups were validated by comparing them on variables relevant to sexual response. We then predicted OD-related distress from subgroup memberships as well as from a number of sociodemographic, control, and empirically supported sexual response variables.

Results

3 distinct OD subgroups emerged: type 1—high psychological–high somatic reasons; type 2—partner-related reasons; and type 3—moderate psychological–low somatic reasons. These groups also differed on independent parameters related to sexual frequency and arousal. Subgroup membership, along with age, sexual relationship satisfaction, and frequency of partnered sex predicted sexual distress related to OD.

Clinical Implication

Particular perceptions regarding the causes for OD help predict women's sexual distress, and such factors might be considered in identifying sexual issues and managing them within the context of a sexual relationship.

Strengths & Limitations

A large sample size drawn from a multinational population powered the study, while the cross-sectional nature of the sample could not rule out bidirectional associations between predictor covariates (including OD subgroup) and the outcome measure (sexual distress).

Conclusion

Type 1 membership (high levels of psychological and somatic attributions) predicted greater levels of OD-related distress than type 2 (partner-related attributions) or type 3 (moderate psychological and low somatic attributions) membership, with type 1 women having a greater likelihood of internalizing (accepting responsibility/blame for) OD attributions.
Camera assesses condition of marine engine cylinder liner walls
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: March 2020

Sweden's Chris-Marine AB has developed a system that is capable of documenting, quickly and easily, the condition of the cylinder liner walls of engines used on board ships, without the need to remove the cylinder cover or exhaust valve housing. This article briefly looks at the system and summarises its main features.
FST develops alternative way of sealing shock absorbers – simplifying seal installation and reducing friction
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: March 2020

Freudenberg Sealing Technologies (FST) has developed an alternative way of sealing shock absorbers. As this technology focus article shows, the design concept simplifies the installation of the seal between the housing and piston rod inside the absorber. The wedge-shaped seal, which is used, also reduces friction, leading to less wear.
Making sense of human threats and errors
Authors: Malik Javvad
Published: March 2020

Many reports and surveys point to the fact that humans within your organisation are responsible from anywhere between 30-90% of all your cyber security woes. That's a big range, and even at the lower end a large enough percentage to worry about. But, it's also a very broad statement, and perhaps the reason why no one seems to be able to agree on how big the issue of humans within the organisation actually is.

People within your organisation are responsible for anything up to 90% of all your cyber security woes.

While many new techniques are being developed to detect and respond to insider threats, dealing with humans requires a different strategy and approach than dealing with malware. Ultimately, it's a delicate balancing act. Technology is not sufficiently advanced at the moment to fully understand humans and make rational decisions. And this is why everyone has a role to play in ensuring the security of the organisation, explains Javvad Malik of KnowBe4.
File system anti-forensics – types, techniques and tools
Authors: Wani Mohamad Ahtisham , AlZahrani Ali , Bhat Wasim Ahmad
Published: March 2020

Forensics paved the way for the growth of anti-forensics, and the time has come for anti-forensics to return the favour. For that purpose, it is imperative that forensic investigators and practitioners are armed with the knowledge of contemporary anti-forensics types, techniques and tools. This article aims to provide technical information and a comprehensive understanding of file system anti-forensics types, techniques and tools so as to facilitate investigators' ability to collect technically credible and legally admissible digital evidence from crime scenes.

Forensics paved the way for the growth of anti-forensics, which tries to prevent, hinder or corrupt the forensic process of evidence acquisition and analysis.

The time has come for anti-forensics to return the favour. Mohamad Ahtisham Wani, Ali AlZahrani and Wasim Ahmad Bhat provide technical information and a comprehensive understanding of file system anti-forensics types, techniques and tools so as to facilitate investigators' ability to collect technically credible and legally admissible digital evidence from crime scenes.
Accelerating implementation of research in Learning Health Systems: Lessons learned from VA Health Services Research and NCATS Clinical Science Translation Award programs
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M. , Jones Patricia L. , Atkins David
Published: March 2020

Translation of research to practice is challenging. In addition to the scientific challenges, there are additional hurdles in navigating the rapidly changing US health care system. There is a need for innovative health interventions that can be adopted in “real-world” settings. Barriers to translation involve misaligned timing of research funding and health system decision-making, lack of research questions aligned with health system and community priorities, and limited incentives in academia for health system and community-based research. We describe new programs from the US Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Programs that are building capacity for Learning Health System research. These programs help to incentivize adopting and adapting Learning Health System principles to ensure that, primarily in implementation science within academic/veterans affairs health systems, there is alignment of the research with the health system and community needs. Both HSR&D and NCATS CTSA Program encourage researchers to develop problem-focused research innovations in partnership with health systems and communities to ultimately facilitate design treatments that are feasible in “real-world” practice.
Rescuing, Interpreting, and, Eventually, Digitizing Regional Postcolonial Archives: Endangered Archives and Research in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
Authors: Keese Alexander , Owabira Brice I.
Published: March 2020

This is a study of research and conservation activities into a newly rediscovered and opened regional archive in the Préfecture of Pointe-Noire in the Republic of Congo. The study illustrates the constraints attaching to complicated post-independence materials and the need for flexibility in approaching them. Begun as an initially well-defined project targeting a vanished colonial territorial archive, the work turned instead into the finding and reorganizing of an extremely valuable but dispersed post-independence archive. The article discusses the implications of such conditions for priorities in preservation measures and questions of digitization; it makes the case for a pragmatic approach.
Family Planning Advice in State-Socialist Poland, 1950s–80s: Local and Transnational Exchanges
Authors: Kuźma-Markowska Sylwia , Ignaciuk Agata
Published: March 2020

This paper scrutinises the relations between different models of family planning advice and their evolution in Poland between the mid-1950s and the late 1980s, focusing on their similarities and dissimilarities, conflicts and concordances. From 1956 onwards, the delivery of family planning advice became a priority for both the Polish Catholic Church and the party-state, especially its health authorities, which supported the foundation of the Society of Conscious Motherhood and aspired to mainstream birth control advice through the network of public well-woman clinics. As a consequence, two systems of family planning counselling emerged: the professional, secular family planning movement and Catholic pre-marital and marital counselling. We argue that reciprocal influence and emulation existed between state-sponsored and Catholic family planning in state-socialist Poland, and that both models used transnational organisations and debates relating to contraception for their construction and legitimisation. By evaluating the extent to which the strategies and practices for the delivery of birth control advice utilised by transnational birth control movements were employed in a ‘second world’ context such as Poland, we reveal unexpected supranational links that complicate and problematise historiographical and popular understandings of the Iron Curtain and Cold War Europe.
The ‘Converted Unbelievers’: Catholics in Family Planning in French-Speaking Belgium (1947–73)
Authors: Crosetti Anne-Sophie
Published: March 2020

This paper looks at the journey of eleven counsellors in marital counselling centres in French-speaking Belgium, from the creation of the centres in 1953, to the 1970s, when contraception became legal, and abortion became a public issue. At the time ofHumanae Vitae, groups of volunteers, working within Catholic organisations where counselling took place, began to structure their activity around Carl Rogers’s ethics of client-centred therapy, placing their religious ideology in a secondary position to focus on the problems experienced by the couples and women they were receiving in the centres. These were often challenges they were experiencing themselves in their own lives. The reiteration of the Catholic orthodox view on contraception throughHumanae Vitaemarked a gap between the counsellors and the Church. This contribution questions the identity-related tension of Catholics working in conjugal counselling centres and the type of commitments they made to both the conjugal centres and the Church in a moment where family planning was debated both in the Church and politically.
Monocyte count in schizophrenia and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mazza Mario Gennaro , Capellazzi Martina , Lucchi Sara , Tagliabue Ilaria , Rossetti Aurora , Clerici Massimo
Published: March 2020

Objective:

Increasing evidence suggests that immunological and inflammatory dysfunctions may play an important role in predisposition, onset, and progression of schizophrenia and related psychosis. The activation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, especially microglia and monocytes, has been reported in schizophrenia. We carried out this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate if there are significant differences in monocyte count comparing healthy controls with people suffering from schizophrenia and related disorders.

Methods:

We searched main electronic databases; nine records met all our criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses based on random effects models have been carried out generating pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) of monocyte count in peripheral blood between schizophrenia and related psychosis and healthy controls. Heterogeneity was estimated. Relevant sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted.

Results:

Patients showed higher monocyte count as compared with healthy control (SMD = 0.393;p= 0.001). Heterogeneity across studies was from moderate to high (I2= 65.952%); sensitivity analysis leaving out two studies responsible for most of the heterogeneity showed a slightly higher SMD. Subgroup analyses confirmed this result, showing no significant differences in the effect size across different study characteristics.

Conclusions:

Monocyte count can be considered an indirect marker of microglia activation in the central nervous system. Thus, the observed higher monocyte count in patients could be considered as a possible peripheral marker of microgliaʼs activation in schizophrenia disorder.
Altered gray matter volume and structural co-variance in adolescents with social anxiety disorder: evidence for a delayed and unsynchronized development of the fronto-limbic system
Authors: Liu Zhen , Hu Yang , Zhang Yiwen , Liu Wenjing , Zhang Lei , Wang Yunyi , Yang Hanshu , Wu Jingyi , Cheng Wenhong , Yang Zhi
Published: March 2020

Background

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent mental disorder diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. Theories regarding brain development and SAD suggest a close link between neurodevelopmental dysfunction at the adolescent juncture and SAD, but direct evidence is rare. This study aims to examine brain structural abnormalities in adolescents with SAD.

Methods

High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained from 31 adolescents with SAD (15–17 years) and 42 matching healthy controls (HC). We evaluated symptom severity with the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). We used voxel-based morphometry analysis to detect regional gray matter volume abnormalities and structural co-variance analysis to investigate inter-regional coordination patterns.

Results

We found significantly higher gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the insula in adolescents with SAD compared to HC. We also observed significant co-variance of the gray matter volume between the OFC and amygdala, and the OFC and insula in HC, but these co-variance relationships diminished in SAD.

Conclusions

These findings provide the first evidence that the brain structural deficits in adolescents with SAD are not only in the core regions of the fronto-limbic system, but also represented by the diminished coordination in the development of these regions. The delayed and unsynchronized development pattern of the fronto-limbic system supports SAD as an adolescent-sensitive developmental mental disorder.
No effects of modality in development of locative expressions of space in signing and speaking children
Authors: SÜMER Beyza , ÖZYÜREK Aslı
Published: March 2020

Linguistic expressions of locative spatial relations in sign languages are mostly visually motivated representations of space involving mapping of entities and spatial relations between them onto the hands and the signing space. These are also morphologically complex forms. It is debated whether modality-specific aspects of spatial expressions modulate spatial language development differently in signing compared to speaking children. In a picture description task, we compared the use of locative expressions for containment, support, and occlusion relations by deaf children acquiring Turkish Sign Language and hearing children acquiring Turkish (age 3;5–9;11). Unlike previous reports suggesting a boosting effect of iconicity, and/or a hindering effect of morphological complexity of the locative forms in sign languages, our results show similar developmental patterns for signing and speaking children's acquisition of these forms. Our results suggest the primacy of cognitive development guiding the acquisition of locative expressions by speaking and signing children.
Political Values and Life Satisfaction in China
Authors: Liu Xinsheng , Zhang Youlang , Vedlitz Arnold
Published: March 2020

This study focuses on the theoretical links between two important ingredients of individuals’ fundamental political values (i.e. authoritarian ideology and national attachment) and their life satisfaction assessments in an authoritarian context. We employ data from a 2016 national public survey in China to empirically examine how these political values relate to Chinese citizens’ life satisfaction. Our regression analyses demonstrate that Chinese citizens with stronger authoritarian ideology and national attachment are likely to report a higher level of life satisfaction. Our study contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the importance of the connections between political values and citizen life satisfaction. It also advances our understanding of the origins of social and political stability in authoritarian regimes, where citizen life satisfaction usually represents a major source of state legitimacy.
Research about the optimal strategies for prevention and control of varicella outbreak in a school in a central city of China: based on an SEIR dynamic model
Authors: Zha Wen-ting , Pang Feng-rui , Zhou Nan , Wu Bin , Liu Ying , Du Yan-bing , Hong Xiu-qin , Lv Yuan
Published: March 2020

Varicella is an acute respiratory infectious diseases, with high transmissibility and quick dissemination. In this study, an SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered) dynamic model was established to explore the optimal prevention and control measures according to the epidemiological characteristics about varicella outbreak in a school in a central city of China. Berkeley Madonna 8.3.18 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 software were employed for the model simulation and data management, respectively. The result showed that the simulated result of SEIR model agreed well with the reported data when β (infected rate) equal to 0.067. Models showed that the cumulative number of cases was only 13 when isolation adopted when the infected individuals were identified (assuming isolation rate was up to 100%); the cumulative number of cases was only two and the TAR (total attack rate) was 0.56% when the vaccination coefficient reached 50%. The cumulative number of cases did not change significantly with the change of efficiency of ventilation and disinfection, but the peak time was delayed; when δ (vaccination coefficient) = 0.1, m (ventilation efficiency) = 0.7 or δ = 0.2, m = 0.5 or δ = 0.3, m = 0.1 or δ = 0.4 and above, the cumulative number of cases would reduce to one case and TAR would reduce to 0.28% with combined interventions. Varicella outbreak in school could be controlled through strict isolation or vaccination singly; combined interventions have been adopted when the vaccination coefficient was low.
Do you believe in magical thinking? Examining magical thinking as a mediator between obsessive-compulsive belief domains and symptoms
Authors: Fite Robert E. , Adut Sarah L. , Magee Joshua C.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Despite substantial research attention on obsessive beliefs, more research is needed to understand how these beliefs serve as aetiological or maintaining factors for obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Magical thinking may allow individuals to gain a sense of control when experiencing intrusive thoughts and corresponding obsessive beliefs, potentially accounting for why OC belief domains are often related to OC symptoms.

Aims:

This study examines magical thinking as a mediating variable in the relationship between OC belief domains and symptoms.

Method:

Undergraduate students (n = 284) reported their obsessive beliefs, magical thinking, and OC symptoms.

Results:

As expected, there were significant indirect effects for the belief domain of inflated responsibility and over-estimation of threat on OC symptoms via magical thinking. There was also an indirect effect for the belief domain of importance and control of thoughts on OC symptoms via magical thinking. Unexpectedly, there was no indirect effect involving the belief domain of perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty.

Conclusions:

Magical thinking may be one mechanism through which certain OC beliefs lead to OC symptoms. It may be that magical thinking serves as a coping mechanism in response to elevated beliefs. Future studies should extend these findings across time and clinical samples.
Preliminary Psychometrics for the Executive Function Challenge Task: A Novel, “Hot” Flexibility, and Planning Task for Youth
Authors: Kenworthy Lauren , Freeman Andrew , Ratto Allison , Dudley Katerina , Powell Kelly K. , Pugliese Cara E. , Strang John F. , Verbalis Alyssa , Anthony Laura G.
Published: March 2020

Objective:

Executive functions (EF) drive health and educational outcomes and therefore are increasingly common treatment targets. Most treatment trials rely on questionnaires to capture meaningful change because ecologically valid, pediatric performance-based EF tasks are lacking. The Executive Function Challenge Task (EFCT) is a standardized, treatment-sensitive, objective measure which assesses flexibility and planning in the context of provocative social interactions, making it a “hot” EF task.

Method:

We investigate the structure, reliability, and validity of the EFCT in youth with autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder; n = 129), or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with flexibility problems (n = 93), and typically developing (TD; n = 52) youth.

Results:

The EFCT can be coded reliably, has a two-factor structure (flexibility and planning), and adequate internal consistency and consistency across forms. Unlike a traditional performance-based EF task (verbal fluency), it shows significant correlations with parent-reported EF, indicating ecological validity. EFCT performance distinguishes youth with known EF problems from TD youth and is not significantly related to visual pattern recognition, or social communication/understanding in autistic children.

Conclusions:

The EFCT demonstrates adequate reliability and validity and may provide developmentally appropriate, treatment-sensitive, and ecologically valid assessment of “hot” EF in youth. It can be administered in controlled settings by masked administrators.
Adaptation, acceptability and feasibility of a Short Food Survey to assess the dietary intake of children during attendance at childcare
Authors: Grady Alice , Fielding Alison , Golley Rebecca K , Finch Meghan , Hendrie Gilly A , Burrows Tracy , Seward Kirsty , Lecathelinais Christophe , Yoong Sze Lin
Published: March 2020

Objective:

To (i) describe the adaptation of the Short Food Survey (SFS) for assessing the dietary intake of children (2–5 years) during attendance at Early Childhood Education and Care (SFS-ECEC); (ii) determine the acceptability and feasibility of the SFS-ECEC; and (iii) compare the SFS-ECEC to direct observations for assessing dietary intake of children in care.

Design:

The adapted forty-seven-item SFS-ECEC was completed by childcare educators to capture individual child’s usual intake over the past month. Acceptability and feasibility were assessed via educator self-report and completion rates. Mean servings of food groups consumed in accordance with dietary guidelines reported in the SFS-ECEC were compared to those obtained by a single-day direct observation via visual estimation conducted by trained personnel. Mean differences, intra-class correlations, Bland–Altman plots, percentage agreement and Cohen’s κ were examined.

Setting:

Early Childhood Education and Care, NSW, Australia.

Participants:

Educators and children.

Results:

213 (98·61 %) SFS-ECECs were returned. Acceptability was high with 86·54 % of educators reporting the tool as easy to understand. Mean differences in servings of food groups between the SFS-ECEC and direct observation were statistically significantly different for five out of six foods and ranged 0·08–1·07, with intra-class correlations ranging 0·00–0·21. Agreement between the methods in the classification of children meeting or not meeting dietary guidelines ranged 42·78–93·01 %, with Cohen’s κ ranging −0·03 to 0·14.

Conclusions:

The SFS-ECEC is acceptable and feasible for completion by childcare educators. While tool refinement and further validation is warranted, small mean differences suggest the tool may be useful in estimating group-level intakes.
The Global Spread of Death Café: A Cultural Intervention Relevant to Policy?
Authors: Richards Naomi , Koksvik Gitte H. , Gerson Sheri Mila , Clark David
Published: March 2020

New demographic and epidemiological trends mean people are dying at older ages and over long periods of time, from multiple, chronic illnesses. There is a perception that these growing and changing needs will require novel community responses. One starting point is having ‘conversations’ about dying and death, and in this the phenomenon of ‘Death Café’ merits attention. In the first study of its kind, we report on interviews with forty-nine Death Café organisers in thirty-four countries, exploring how this ‘cultural intervention’, first developed in the UK, has transferred elsewhere. Using thematic analysis, we identify competing tensions between: local translation of Death Café and a desire for international alignment alongside instrumental use of the Death Café form and its incidental effects. The passion and commitment of Death Café organisers is compelling but may not lead to the behavioural change required to support a new public face of dying.
Theorisingpraxisand practice(s). Notes on Silviya Lechner’s and Mervyn Frost’sPractice Theory and International Relations
Authors: HELLMANN GUNTHER
Published: March 2020

Silviya Lechner’s and Mervyn Frost’s bookPractice Theory and International Relationsoffers a new approach to theorise international relations in terms of ‘practices’. It is a welcome contribution to an intensifying debate about ‘praxis’, ‘practice’ and ‘practices’ because Lechner and Frost actually engage key authors of praxis, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, who, in IR, have often only been referenced in passing. While the rediscovery of Wittgenstein as praxis theorist is welcome, the reading of his approach to praxis is irritating because ‘internalism’ and ‘descriptivism’ – two concepts which Lechner and Frost highlight as central in both Wittgenstein’s work and their new practice theory – are interpreted in ways which are difficult to reconcile with Wittgenstein’s late philosophy. This critique offers a different reading of Wittgenstein’s approach to praxis and argues that such an alternative reading opens up an understanding of praxis which, if adopted more widely, would also free IR theorising from self-imposed strictures.
Effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom on Student Achievement in Secondary Education: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wagner Marlene , Gegenfurtner Andreas , Urhahne Detlef
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This meta-analysis (25 articles, k = 44 independent data sources, N = 2,323) examines the effectiveness of flipped classroom on student achievement in secondary education. The flipped classroom model refers to an instructional approach in which students watch educational videos at home and homework assignments are done in class. Effect sizes were calculated for the research designs “post-test only”, “pre-test-post-test (time)” and “pre-test-post-test with control group (treatment)”. The meta-analytical findings for the condition “treatment” confirm the effectiveness of flipped classroom on student achievement in comparison to traditional instruction (Cohen's d = 0.42, 95 % CI [0.20 – 0.63], Z = 3.81, p < .001). Moderator analyses on the effect sizes “time” show stronger effects for subjects in the STEM area (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) than for foreign languages and humanities. The effect sizes were also higher for shorter intervention studies than for longer ones and if quiz at home had been left out. Moderator analyses on the effect sizes “post-test only” and “treatment” make clear that the effect sizes for intervention studies without a learning management system are higher than with a learning management system. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for educational practice.
Strategies for Assessing and Preventing Inpatient Violence in	Forensic Hospitals: A Call for Specificity
Authors: Dexter Erin , Vitacco Michael J.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Violence within inpatient forensic hospitals is a significant and enduring problem that leads to harm to staff and patients and causes significant expenditures. This paper provides comprehensive recommendations for developing and implementing violence reduction strategies within forensic settings that are predicated on appropriate evaluation for violence risk. This paper posits that proper strategies must take into account subtypes of violence and classifying risk with systematic and continuous evaluations. Treatment interventions should be geared to patients most at-risk for violence. By recognizing the dynamic nature of violence, hospital administrators can work closely with institution staff to provide support for improving the environment of forensic hospitals. By employing empirically based treatment interventions on both acute and long-term units, forensic hospitals can provide a safer environment.
Role of Saturation on Elastic Dispersion and Attenuation of Tight Rocks: An Experimental Study
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Daxing , Gao Jinghuai , Zhang Mengbo , Wang Yirong , Zhao Luanxiao , Yang Zhifang
Published: March 2020

Using the forced‐oscillation method, we measure the dispersion of Young's modulus, extensional attenuation, and Poisson's ratio of tight sandstone and carbonate samples at seismic frequencies (1–1000 Hz) under a constant confining pressure of 20 MPa and for a water saturation varying between 0% and 100%. The experimental data suggest that the dispersion of Young's modulus and attenuation of tight rocks is significant in a broad frequency band spanning over 1–1000 Hz. A comparison with the high‐porosity and high‐permeability sample data shows a contrasting dispersion and attenuation characteristics. For the tight sandstone, Young's modulus reaches a maximum dispersion of 16% at 60% water saturation and a 13% dispersion at 100% saturation. Attenuation is insignificant in dry condition and for water saturation ≤30%. In contrast with the peak attenuation occurring at very high water saturation (e.g., 80–100%) in partially saturated high‐porosity rocks, peak attenuation of tight sandstone takes place at a water saturation of 60%. For the tight carbonate, the magnitude of dispersion (~3%) and attenuation are markedly lower for all saturation levels. In the explored frequency range (1–1000 Hz), Young's modulus increases monotonously, and no obvious attenuation peak is observed when saturation levels are greater than 10%. Using well‐established theoretical models based on physical properties and microstructure of the tested rocks, we suggest that the observed attenuation characteristics are possibly attributed to the combined physical mechanism of microscopic (squirt) flow, mesoscopic flow in partially saturated rock, and shear dispersion due to viscous flow in grain contacts.
Evidence of Loop Current Frontal Eddy Intensification Through Local Linear and Nonlinear Interactions with the Loop Current
Authors: Hiron Luna , de la Cruz Benjamin Jaimes , Shay Lynn K.
Published: March 2020

During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, an underestimated part of the oil was entrained into an intensified Loop Current Frontal Eddy (LCFE). These eddies, which are also known to play an essential role in the Loop Current eddy (LCE) shedding, are difficult to predict, and the dynamics involving their intensification are still not fully understood. The Loop Current (LC) and its strongest LCFEs were continuously tracked during 2009–2011 using sea surface height (SSH) from AVISO+. A mooring array provided complementary information about the internal structure of the LC‐LCFE interaction. The intensification of the tracked LCFEs presented similar characteristics, independent of their location: a steep increase in kinetic energy, a corresponding negative increase in SSH, and an increase in its area. As the LCFE grows, the flow at the interface with the LC becomes stronger and deeper and the horizontal density gradient between the features increases. The intensification of the front and the LCFEs is driven by the advection (nonlinear) term and the gradient pressure (linear) term in the momentum budget. Evidence of an inverse energy cascade suggests that LCFEs are extracting energy and mass from the submesoscale field to the zone of contact between the LC and the LCFE, strengthening the front and allowing the LCFEs to grow during periods of intensification. Understanding the physics driving the LCFE intensification is a key step to improve LC forecast models and to better predict LCE shedding events, as well as oil and particle transport around the LC.
Fine‐Scale Variability of Observed and Simulated Surface Albedo Over the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Berg Larry K. , Long Charles N. , Kassianov Evgueni I. , Chand Duli , Tai Sheng‐Lun , Yang Zhao , Riihimaki Laura D. , Biraud Sébastien C. , Tagestad Jerry , Matthews Alyssa , Mendoza Albert , Mei Fan , Tomlinson Jason , Fast Jerome D.
Published: March 2020

Surface albedo can be highly variable in both space and time. The Department of Energy's Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols, and Land‐Ecosystems field study provides a unique opportunity to characterize the variability of surface albedo over the Southern Great Plains of the United States using integrated tower, aircraft, and satellite observations. The primary advantage of the aircraft and satellite observations is the ability to examine the spatial distribution of surface albedo over a large area, while the tower measurements have the ability to examine both diurnal and day‐to‐day variability at a single location. In general, consistency was found between the broadband (BB) albedo measured from the surface, air, and space. There was a small increase from 0.186 to 0.194 in the aircraft BB surface albedo between May and September (about 4% change), while the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer black‐sky BB surface albedo increased from 0.151 to 0.166 over the same period (about 10% change), while the standard deviations in the aircraft and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer BB albedo were similar. The largest seasonal differences in the aircraft BB albedo were found for areas with winter wheat or forest, while areas with pasture or grasses showed a smaller seasonal diversity. The Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to simulate the BB surface albedo. In comparison with the aircraft and satellite observations, the Weather Research and Forecasting‐simulated BB surface albedo had no seasonal change and a much narrower distribution.
Long‐Term Elimination of Grazing Reverses the Effects of Shrub Encroachment on Soil and Vegetation on the Ordos Plateau
Authors: Zheng Yuanrun , Zhou Guangsheng , Zhuang Qianlai , Shimizu Hideyuki
Published: March 2020

Conversion from grasslands to shrublands resulting from overgrazing occurs worldwide and is reinforced by the global climatic change. The functioning, biogeochemical cycles (e.g., carbon and water), and the stability of grassland ecosystems are significantly affected by the conversion. To best manage and use those grassland ecosystems, it is imperative to examine how the shrub‐encroached grasslands can be restored to native grassland ecosystems. In this study, aboveground biomass of all species, root biomass, soil water content, and soil texture in a set of fenced and unfenced plots were observed every three years from 1992 to 2011 in a semishrub encroached grassland on the Ordos Plateau of China. In the fenced plots, aboveground biomass increased for grass species and decreased for semishrub species. Root biomass and soil water content in the 0–10‐cm soil layer increased, but decreased in the 10–30‐cm soil layers. The fraction of soil particle sizes less than 0.01 mm increased in the 0–10‐cm soil layer. In contrast, these variables remained constant in the unfenced plots over the experimental period. The semishrub encroached grassland dominated by Artemisia ordosica was replaced with a native perennial grass, Stipa bungeana, when grazing was eliminated in the fenced plots. Changes in soil texture and moisture after fencing were correlated with the native grassland restoration from semishrub encroached grasslands. This study suggests that, to restore the native grassland, grazing should be eliminated in the study region.
The health effects of ultrafine particles
Authors: Schraufnagel Dean E.
Published: March 2020

Ultrafine particles (PM0.1), which are present in the air in large numbers, pose a health risk. They generally enter the body through the lungs but translocate to essentially all organs. Compared to fine particles (PM2.5), they cause more pulmonary inflammation and are retained longer in the lung. Their toxicity is increased with smaller size, larger surface area, adsorbed surface material, and the physical characteristics of the particles. Exposure to PM0.1 induces cough and worsens asthma. Metal fume fever is a systemic disease of lung inflammation most likely caused by PM0.1. The disease is manifested by systemic symptoms hours after exposure to metal fumes, usually through welding. PM0.1 cause systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation changes that predispose individuals to ischemic cardiovascular disease and hypertension. PM0.1 are also linked to diabetes and cancer. PM0.1 can travel up the olfactory nerves to the brain and cause cerebral and autonomic dysfunction. Moreover, in utero exposure increases the risk of low birthweight. Although exposure is commonly attributed to traffic exhaust, monitored students in Ghana showed the highest exposures in a home near a trash burning site, in a bedroom with burning coils employed to abate mosquitos, in a home of an adult smoker, and in home kitchens during domestic cooking. The high point-source production and rapid redistribution make incidental exposure common, confound general population studies and are compounded by the lack of global standards and national reporting. The potential for PM0.1 to cause harm to health is great, but their precise role in many illnesses is still unknown and calls for more research.
Gene expression changes associated with trajectories of psychopathology in a longitudinal cohort of children and adolescents
Authors: Ota Vanessa Kiyomi , Santoro Marcos Leite , Spindola Leticia Maria , Pan Pedro Mario , Simabucuro Andressa , Xavier Gabriela , Vieira-Fonseca Tamiris , Zanardo Evelin Aline , dos Santos Felipe Rodolfo Camargo , Schäfer Julia Luiza , Kulikowski Leslie Domenici , Galante Pedro A. F. , Asprino Paula Fontes , Brietzke Elisa , Grassi-Oliveira Rodrigo , Rohde Luis Augusto , Miguel Euripedes Constantino , Gadelha Ary , Mari Jair Jesus , Bressan Rodrigo Affonseca , Salum Giovanni Abrahao , Belangero Sintia Iole
Published: March 2020

We aimed to identify blood gene expression patterns associated to psychopathological trajectories retrieved from a large community, focusing on the emergence and remission of general psychiatric symptoms. Hundred and three individuals from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort Study (BHRCS) for mental disorders were classified in four groups according to Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) total score at the baseline (w0) and after 3 years (w1): low–high (L–H) (N = 27), high–low (H–L) (N = 12), high–high (H–H) (N = 34) and low–low (L–L) groups (N = 30). Blood gene expression profile was measured using Illumina HT-12 Beadchips, and paired analyses comparing w0 and w1 were performed for each group. Results: 98 transcripts were differentially expressed comparing w0 and w1 in the L-H, 33 in the H–L, 177 in the H–H and 273 in the L–L. Of these, 66 transcripts were differentially expressed exclusively in the L–H; and 6 only in the H–L. Cross-Lagged Panel Models analyses revealed that RPRD2 gene expression at w1 might be influenced by the CBCL score at w0. Moreover, COX5B, SEC62, and NDUFA2 were validated with another technique and were also differentially regulated in postmortem brain of subjects with mental disorders, indicating that they might be important not only to specific disorders, but also to general psychopathology and symptoms trajectories. Whereas genes related to metabolic pathways seem to be associated with the emergence of psychiatric symptoms, mitochondrial inner membrane genes might be important over the course of normal development. These results suggest that changes in gene expression can be detected in blood in different psychopathological trajectories.