bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Electrical Properties and 1064nm Pulse Laser Damage of Vanadium Oxide Thin Film
Authors: Chen X.R. , Hu J.Z. , Han Wen Zheng , Xu Bin Shi
Published: March 2009

Vanadium oxide thin film which has a reversible semiconductor-metal phase transition has
been obtained by reactive ion-beam sputtering and subsequent annealing in Ar gas. Micro-analysis
shows that this thin film is homogeneous and compact, its spheric grain size is about 50nm and it is
composed of VO2 and V2O5. Electrical properties testing indicate that its phase transition temperature
is near 60°C, abrupt change of resistivity before and after phase transition is approximate to 3 orders
of magnitude, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is about -0.0393K-1 at 25°C and activation
energy is about 0.3006eV at the range of low temperature. Using a pulse laser beam with wavelength
of 1064nm and pulse width of 10ns, laser damage threshold was obtained to be 20.1mJ/cm2. Damage
spot morphology of the film was also researched carefully to discover its laser damage mechanism.
All results above prove that this thin film is a perfect thermo-sensitive material that can be used for
uncooled infrared detector and laser protection.
Influence of Hydrothermal Treatment in Deionized Water on Surface Morphology and Structure of Titanium with Biomedical Application by Microarc Oxidation
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Liu Zhu , Pang Peng Sha
Published: March 2009

Owing to the excellent biocompatibility and corrosion-resistance of titanium and
bioactivity of hydroxyapatite, the titanium/hydroxyapatite composite material combining their
advantages is a highlight with bright prospects in medical clinics. In the present paper, the microarc
oxidation (MAO) was performed on commercial pure titanium at first. Furthermore, the
hydrothermal treatment (HT)was given with media of deionized water at 200°C for 4h in an
autoclave. The surface morphology of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), and the detailed composition was analyzed with Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
(EDS). The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was employed to characterize the crystal structure of
composite. The results indicate that the titania film contains the Ca and P elements on titanium
substrate after MAO, which converts into the hydroxyapatite crystals via hydrothermal treatment.
The smaller size and amount of hydroxyapatite crystals are found when lower voltage is presented.
But there are converse phenomena with higher voltage, especially, the differences can be neglected
above 400V. It is shown that the micro-hole and hollow surface of titania film can induce the
hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth as two different forming ways. The hydroxyapatite has a
preference of forming in hollow surface with lower voltage, however, the presences of the micro-hole
and hollow surface of titania film are occurring for higher voltage. The hydroxyapatite forming in
micro-hole shows needle-like crystal and high bonding strength with surrounding titania film because
of the mechanical restrict force from micro-hole wall. Also it is noted that hydroxyapatite crystals
incline to precipitate on the film surface with high Ca and P concentrations after the hydrothermal
treatment.
Design of Surface Finish Using Compound Processes of Grinding and Electrochemical Finishing Following Turning
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

A new finish method uses an effective electrode connecting with a nonconductive
grinding tool to execute the design of compound processes of electrochemical finishing and
grinding following turning is investigated. The submitted processes can be used for various turning
operations. Through simple equipment attachment, electrochemical finishing and grinding can
follow to execute the finishing process on the same machine. Among the factors affecting
electrochemical finishing the performance of grinding combined with electrochemical finishing is
primarily discussed. In the experiment, the electrode is used with continuous and pulsed direct
current. The grinding tool moves following the electrode and grinds the workpiece surface. The
experimental parameters are electrical current rating, feed rate of electrode and grinding tool,
rotational speed of workpiecel, pulsed period, and geometry of finish-tool. The results show that
pulsed direct current with longer off-time can slightly improve the finish effect for its dregs
discharge mobility. Using an adequate rotational speed of workpiece with high rotational speed is
advantageous to the finish effect. A thinner plate-form electrode with a smaller end radius is
associated with larger discharge space and produces higher current density and provides faster feed
rate and a better finish effect. The grinding can effectively increase the finish effect. An effective
and a low-cost finish process through the design electrode and using the grinding assistance in the
electrochemical finishing after turning process make the surface of workpiece smooth and bright.
Study on the Plasma-Sprayed Molybdenum as Plasma Facing Materials in Fusion Reactor
Authors: Yao Wei Zhi , Song Shu Xiang , Zhou Zhang Jian , Cong Wei Wei , Ma Y. , Ge C.C.
Published: March 2009

Molybdenum has many prominent properties, such as high melting point, good thermal
properties, low erosion rate and so on, which make it promising candidate materials for plasma facing
materials in the next fusion reactor. In the present work, molybdenum coatings were deposited onto
the oxygen-free copper substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying. Different interlayers were
introduced between the coatings and substrates. SEM, EDS and XRD were used to investigate the
photographs and compositions of these coatings. The bonding strength of the coatings was tested to
investigate the effect of interlayers on adhesion of the coatings at room temperature and it was found
that the coating without interlayers showed the highest bonding strength. Water quenching method
was used to evaluate the adhesion of the coatings under thermal cycling conditions and the results
showed that the molybdenum coating with two interlayers possessed of the highest resistance of
thermal cycling wrack.
The Investigation of Surface Nanocrystallization of Structural Steel Induced by Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding
Authors: Ba De Ma , Ma Shi Ning , Meng Fan Jun , Li C.Q.
Published: March 2009

The nanostructured surface layers were fabricated on a hardened and tempered
chrome-silicon alloy steel and a normalized medium carbon steel by mean of Supersonic Fine
Particles Bombarding (SFPB). The microstructure features in the treated surface layer were
characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Experimental results show the nanostructured surface
layer is fabricated on both samples after SFPB treatment. The microstructure of the top surface is
characterized by uniformly distributed nano-scale grains with equiaxed shape and random
crystallographic orientations. The mean size of equiaxed nanocrystallites on the top surface layer is
approximately 15-20nm for the SFPB treated medium carbon steel and Chrome-silicon alloy steel.
During severe deformation the grain refinement in ferrite and cementite phases is observed, the
cementite phases are exposed to breaking and dissolution due to mechanical alloying resulting in the
formation of a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in α-Fe matrix. In the ferrite phase, the grains
are refined by the process of dislocation actives and forming cell structures separated by dense
dislocation walls (DDWs), as well as evolution of dislocation to subboundaries and grain
boundaries.
The Development of Apparent Density Measuring Apparatus of Magnetic Lubricating Oil
Authors: Li Xue Hui , Zhang Xiu Ling , Liu Zhong Fan , Li Yan Qin
Published: March 2009

The apparatus measuring apparent density was home-made by the studio; the apparatus,
the measuring method and the working principle is introduced in this paper. The distribution of
nano-magnetic particles in magnetic lubricating oil was measured by the homemade apparatus
preliminarily, and the experimental results can lay a foundation for the research of tribological
Performances in magnetic lubricating oil. Applied in the physical experimental teaching field, the
apparatus enlarges the students field of visions and enables their creativity developed efficiently.
Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress Field Induced by Ultrasonic Shot Peening
Authors: Ma Gang , Ling Xiang , Zeng Yuan Song
Published: March 2009

A 3D finite element model is established to simulate the ultrasonic shot peening process
by using a finite element software ABAQUS. The residual stress distribution of the AISI 304
stainless steel induced by ultrasonic shot peening (USP) is predicted by finite element analysis.
Ultrasonic shot peening (USP) process can cause a compressive residual stress layer on the surface
of the material. During the simulation, many factors, e.g., ultrasonic shot peening duration, initial
residual stress, hourglass, etc., are taken into consideration for the purpose of optimizing the process.
The simulation results show that ultrasonic shot peening can produce a compressive residual stress
layer on the surface of the material even if there is initial residual tensile stress (250MPa) and the
longer peening duration. The residual stress of simulation were compared with the experiment data
which were obtained under the same ultrasonic shot peening parameters and have a good agreement
with the measurement values by X-ray diffraction method. In conclusion, ultrasonic shot peening is
an effective method for protecting weldments against stress corrosion cracking by introducing the
compressive residual stress layer into the surface of stainless steel.
PVD-PECVD Hybrid Processes: Synthesis of Composite Thin Films and Process Understanding
Authors: Belmonte Thierry , Daniel A. , Duguet T.
Published: March 2009

After reviewing most of the recent developments performed on hybrid processes, basic
physical phenomena of PVD-PECVD processes are detailed with the help of a model showing the
different influences of main process parameters. Ti-Si-O and Zn-Si-O thin films are synthesized as
possible examples of composite thin films. Limitations of the model developed are also discussed
with respect to the composition and structure of deposited thin films.
Progress of Research in Slicing Technology of Large-Scale Silicon Wafers
Authors: Zhao Li Gang , Zuo Dun Wen , Sun Yu Li
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces and summarizes the slicing technology of large-scare silicon wafers. And the research status of ID slicing, wire saw slicing and WEDM is summed up. Finally, this document indicates the direction of research and the development.
Cutting Performances, Mechanical Property and Microstructure of Ultra-Fine Grade Ti (C,N)-Based Cermets
Authors: Yang Hai Dong , Xia Xi Quan , Chen Wen Lin , Liu Ning , Zhang Chong Gao
Published: March 2009

The two cutting tools obtained from ultra-fine grade Ti (C,N)-based cermets were tested in the dry cutting of a medium carbon steel (AISI1045). Microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Wear mechanisms (mainly diffusion and oxidation) were investigated in detail and compared each other in order to better understand key aspects due to thermal wear mechanisms. Comparing tool A with B, under the adopted cutting conditions, the tool A has a better resistance to oxidation deformation in machining medium carbon steel due to the higher hardness, although tool B has higher bending strength and fracture toughness.
Study on the Cutting Technology Based on Green Manufacturing
Authors: Jiang Zhi Gang , Zhang Hua , Luo Xiao
Published: March 2009

Green Manufacturing is a sustainable development model in modern manufacturing. From
the perspective of green manufacturing, the environmental impacts of cutting fluid in cutting process
was analyzed, the design strategy without cutting fluid in green cutting technology was studied, and
some measures on machine tool design and the thermal deformation reduction of workpiece and
machine were presented.
Experimental Research on Microelectroforming with Ultrasonic Agitation
Authors: Ming Ping Mei , Zhu Di , Hu Yang Yang , Zeng Yong Bin
Published: March 2009

High frequency acoustic agitation is known to improve mass transport in conventional electroplating and electroforming. To better understand the effect of ultrasonic agitation on microelectroforms with high height-to-width aspect recessed microstructure features, electroforming of Ni from a nickel sulfamate type electrolyte under the influence of high frequency ultrasound (33KHz) at different level of power intensity from 2W/cm2 to 16W/cm2 was investigated experimentally in this paper, and then optimum operating parameters were determined basing on surface topography. A number of microelectroforming experiments assisted with acoustic agitation were further carried out to demonstrate and revise the optimum process parameters and further some metal microdevices were produced. Experimental results showed that fewer drawbacks in the microelectroforms, such as nubbles, pits, blunt-edges, and collapses were observed in the microcomponents when sonication power 12W/cm2~14W/cm2 was drawn on. Microelectroforming with ultrasonic irradiation at appropriate power intensity was characterized by better surface morphology and better uniform filling behavior.
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Diamond Saw Blade with Multi-Hole Base and Different Segment Width
Authors: Hu Ying Ning , Wang Cheng Yong , Hu Shan Shan , Chen Bang Dao , Chen Chang Xiong
Published: March 2009

By FEM module analysis and temperature distribution analysis of diamond saw blade with
multi-holes base and different segment width, influence of different hole diameter, hole number and
segment width to nature frequency is clear. Adopted single-factor test, sawing force and acoustic emission
signal are measured by cutting several kinds of strength concrete in different cutting parameters. The
analysis to characters of sawing force and acoustic emission helps to find out optimum structure of
diamond saw blade with different segment width, more rational sawing parameter and its adaptability to
workpiece material.
Study on Surface Performance of Carbon-Aluminum-Carbon Electrode of Super-Capacitor in Dry WEDM
Authors: Guo Yong Feng , Bai Ji Cheng , Li Li Qing , Li Cheng Jun
Published: March 2009

Super-capacitors are new equipments for energy storage，and they have wide application
in practice. At present, blanking is used to machining the electrodes of super-capacitor; however,
the disadvantages of the method are burrs, electrode collapse. A new method processing electrode of
super-capacitor, wire electrical discharge machining in gas (dry WEDM), were presented in this
paper, and the electrode surface morphologies were studied utilizing scan electron microscope
(SEM). First, the surface morphologies comparison studies of super-capacitor electrodes processed
with different method, such as shearing, blanking and dry WEDM etc., were performed, and
research results show that the super-capacitor electrode surfaces machined by dry WEDM achieve
flat machining surface, and electrode edges do not collapse. Further surface morphology analysis
was carried out based on different pulse durations and air pressure, and analysis results indicate that
better machining surface can be achieved when suitable pulse duration and gas pressure are selected.
Finally, surface energy spectrum analysis of the super-capacitor electrode processed by dry WEDM
is performed, and the analysis result show that alumina are formed on the middle of electrode,
aluminum foil, which is favored to the performance of super-capacitor.
On the Dynamics of Piezoelectric-Driven Stick-Slip Actuator
Authors: Chen Xiong Biao , Kong D. , Zhang Q.S.
Published: March 2009

Piezoelectric-driven stick-slip actuators have been drawing extensive attention for
applications in the fields of scanning microscopy, micro robotics, and microsystems due to their
well-defined step size and theoretically-unlimited displacement. In such an actuator, the dynamics
of the end-effector displacement is of importance for its control and optimal design, yet challenging
to be modeled due to the complexity involved. By taking into account the dynamics of piezoelectric
element and the presliding friction acting on the end-effector, a model representative of the
end-effector displacement is presented in this paper. The effectiveness of the developed model is
illustrated by the experiments on the piezoelectric-driven stick-slip actuator prototyped in the
authors’ lab.
A Genetic Basis for Design of Biomaterials for In Situ Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Hench Larry L. , Polak Julia M.
Published: March 2009

Historically the function of biomaterials has been to replace diseased, damaged and aged tissues. First generation biomaterials, including bio ceramics, were selected to be as inert as possible in order to minimize the thickness of interfacial scar tissue. Bioactive glasses provided an alternative from the 1970’s onward; second generation bioactive bonding of implants with tissues and no interfacial scar tissue. This chapter reviews the discovery that controlled release of biologically active Ca and Si ions from bioactive glasses leads to the up-regulation and activation of seven families of genes in osteoprogenitor cells that give rise to rapid bone regeneration. This finding offers the possibility of creating a new generation of gene activating bioceramics designed specially for tissue engineering and in situ regeneration of tissues.
Rationale of Using Conventional Sol-Gel Derived SiO2 for Delivery of Biologically Active Agents
Authors: Jokinen Mika , Koskinen Mika , Areva Sami
Published: March 2009

Progress in the research of mesoporous materials, hierarchical pore structures, chemical modification of surfaces, nanoparticle processing and hybrid materials is important and it provides new and interesting functional properties for silica structures. However, this has also left the conventional, alkoxy-based sol-gel derived silica in the shadow, although it has a lot of non-utilized potential, especially in the delivery and/or encapsulation of sensitive biologically active agents like viral vectors, proteins, nucleic acids and cells. The potential lies in the versatile possibilities to adjust the structure by using alkoxides as precursors and in the proper use of water in different steps of the processing. The conventional, alkoxy-based sol-gel silica structure can be processed so that it results in largely variable biodegradation rates, biodegradation-controlled release of encapsulated agents and beneficial environment even for highly sensitive agents. These kinds of silica structures contain more or less water and hence, they are more or less labile from the traditional viewpoint of materials science. In extreme case they could be called “unfinished silica”. The aim of this paper is to discuss how the biodegradation rate of these kinds of silica materials can be adjusted on a large scale and how this is related to a rather narrow scale adjustment of in vitro dissolution rate of silica, how the unfinished silica structures can be controlled and their properties adjusted, how they can be utilized in the delivery of biologically active agents, and what the potential problems to be solved are.
Understanding the Fatigue Behaviour of NiTiCu Shape Memory Alloy Wire Thermal Actuators
Authors: Bhaumik S.K. , Saikrishna C.N. , Ramaiah K.V. , Venkataswamy M.A.
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the fatigue behaviour of NiTiCu shape memory alloy (SMA) wire
actuators on thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC). Cyclic loading in SMA actuators is invariably
associated with both functional and structural fatigue. The characteristic of the actuators such as
austenite (hot shape) remnant deformation and recovery strain undergo changes upon TMC. These
in turn result in continuous change in strain response (functional fatigue) during application. It has
been shown that the functional fatigue can be minimized by adopting TMC at higher stress than that
of the working stress prior to the application. On the other hand, failure of the actuators by fracture
(structural fatigue) due to cyclic stress/strain is inevitable. Study shows that the fatigue life of the
actuators is strongly dependent on the type of loading and the temperature range of operation. This
has been explained in terms of damage accumulation, crack initiation and fracture behaviour.
Innovations in Wood Science
Authors: Sekhar A.S.
Published: March 2009

Considering the status of wood utilization in rapidly depleting forests, the various innovations introduced to meet the challenges of short supply, and to overcome some of the main defects of various species of wood are explained, particularly with reference to tropical countries like India. The associated developments in wood adhesives and wood joints are also briefly discussed. Some recommendations are suggested for new approaches
Redemption of Microscale Mill Waste into Commercial Nanoscale Asset
Authors: Azad Abdul Majeed , Kesavan Sathees , Al-Batty Sirhan
Published: March 2009

Mill-scale is a porous, hard and brittle coating of several distinct layers of iron oxides (predominantly Fe3O4) formed during the fabrication of steel structures. It is magnetic in nature with iron content up to as high as 93%. About 1240 million metric tons of steel was produced in 2006 globally, 1.5 % of which by weight accounts for the mill-scale waste. Thus, 18.6 million metric ton of mill scale waste was produced in one year alone. Most of the steel mill-scale waste (almost 80%) end ups in a landfill; a small fraction of it is also used to make reinforced concrete in Russia and some Asian countries. A purer commercial form of this oxide in combination with nickel and zinc oxide is used in making ceramic magnets (soft ferrites) which are an integral part of all the audio-visual and telecommunication media on this planet as well those in the space. The mill-scale waste could be a valuable technological resource if properly processed and converted into nanoscale species, in particular nanoscale iron particles for hydrogen fuel cell, medical imaging and water remediation applications. In order to achieve the much-discussed and sought-after hydrogen economy via an ‘econo’ viable and ‘enviro’ friendly route, a roadmap for utilizing the mill-scale waste has been developed. The method consists of reacting heated iron with steam, also appropriately called metal-steam reforming (a route well-known to the metallurgists for centuries) generating high purity hydrogen, with a twist. The innovation lies in the conversion of the coarse oxide scale into nanoscale iron by a novel solution-based technique. This produces highly uniform zerovalent iron particles as small as 5 nm. The scope of utilizing the mill-scale waste is broadened several folds as nanoscale iron and nanomagnetite find potential applications in de-arsenification of drinking water, destruction of perchlorate and reduction of hexavalent chromium ions in water sources. In addition, nanoscale iron and magnetite are finding increasing application as the preferred contrasting agents in magnetic resonance imaging - MRI.
Incompressible and Analytical Study on a Basic Model of Out-Pump Type Complex Journal Gas Bearings
Authors: Yao S. , Barrans S.M. , Blunt L.
Published: March 2009

A basic analytical model of the out-pump type complex journal gas bearing is set up to investigate the coupling mechanism between aerodynamics and aerostatics in a complex gas bearing and to improve its performance, under incompressible conditions. The analytical model shows that the load-carrying capacity function is composed of five items. Apparently, there is both pressure and structure coupling between aerodynamics and aerostatics; identically, the surface feature function is positive; and when the groove distribution coefficient is 0.30, it is approximately maximum.
Machining Accuracy Improvement by Automatic Tool Setting and On Machine Verification
Authors: Lee E.S. , Lee C.H. , Kim Sung Chung
Published: March 2009

This paper proposes a methodology for improving the machining accuracy based on auto
tool setting & work-piece measuring on the machine using laser tool setting system & inspection
probe. In this study, laser tool setting systems were analyzed as considering principles, convenience
and efficiency and auto tool setting method and operating macro software were developed. As
compared with conventional manual tool setting and touch-type auto tool setting, the importance of
automatic non-contact tool setting using laser tool setter has been discussed.
Also correct tool-setting methods in accordance with different tool shapes and sizes were defined
and pocket features were machined by each of setting tools and measured by the inspection probe
system to verify machining accuracy. Lastly we tried to demonstrate the superiority of laser tool
setting systems by analyzing the cutting results when the CNC machining center was fitted with
laser tool setting system.
3D Displacement Measurement with Pico-Meter Resolution Using Single Heterodyne Grating Interferometry
Authors: Hsu Cheng Chih , Lee Ju Yi , Wu C.C. , Shih H.C.
Published: March 2009

The precision positioning device becomes significant requirement in scientific instruments
used for the applications of nanotechnology for a few decades. To achieve the high resolution
positioning, the sensing methods of displacement sensor become more important in positioning
device. In this paper, a novel method is presented for measuring both in-plane/out-plane
displacements with the single heterodyne grating interferometry (HGI). We demonstrated the 1D, 2D,
and 3D measurement results respectively and the smallest displacement can be detected was better
than 6 pm. Furthermore, the nanometer resolution can be ensured within 20 µm displacement. Hence,
the in-plane/out-plane measurements with single apparatus can be realized by our method and might
be a displacement sensor using in the motorized stage with suitable opto-mechanics structure
minimization.
Characterization and Manipulation of Boron Nanowire inside SEM
Authors: Chang Ming , Lin C.H. , Deka Juti Rani
Published: March 2009

Nanostructures materials have stimulated broad attention in the past decade because of
their potential fundamental characteristics and its promising applications in nano electronic devices.
In the present investigation, crystalline boron nanowires (BNWs) were synthesized by vapor liquid
solid (VLS) technique and its mechanical properties were studied using a nanomanipulator inside a
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) method was used
to clamp boron nanowire to the AFM tips. The Young’s modulus of the NWs were determined from
the buckling instability of NW and computed to be approximately 131.7 ± 14.6GPa. In addition, the
nanomanipulation system was used to manipulate nanowire and built a nanoring.
Photogrammetric Method with Distance Constraint for Profile of Inflatable Space Antenna
Authors: Deng Wen Yi , Dong Ming Li , Lu Nai Guang , Wang Y.Q.
Published: March 2009

The inflatable space antenna is gradually used in various spacecrafts because it is portable
and foldaway. It is usually made of thin-film materials and has a flexible surface, so that measuring
force is not tolerable in measurement process. Close-range photogrammetry is considered as an
optimal solution because of its advantages of non-contact operation and fast data acquisition. To
improve measuring precision, a method combining bundle adjustment algorithm and the distance
constraint is presented in the paper. Two experiments under different conditions are accomplished
and experiment results are compared. One experiment is completed with the distance constraint and
another without. The experiment results are compared by two parameters: tightness and residuals. The
measured object is an inflatable antenna with a 3.5-m diameter.
Autofocusing System for Optical Microscope Based on DVD Pick-Up Head
Authors: Chu C.L. , Chung C.Y. , Tseng C.M. , Lin Y.C. , Li C.F. , Yeh K.M.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an autofocusing system for an optical microscope (OM) based on a
low-cost, highly-sensitive laser focusing probe integrated with a precision stepper positioning stage.
During the OM measurement procedure, the laser focusing probe detects variations in the distance
between the glass substrate containing the specimen of interest and the OM objective lens and
generates a driving signal to adjust the position of the OM via the precision positioning stage such
that a precisely-focused image is obtained. The experimental results show that the integrated laser
focusing probe and positioning stage complete the autofocusing process within 0.5 seconds.
A Robotic Facial Expression Recognition System Using Real-Time Vision System
Authors: Song K.T. , Han M.J. , Chang F.Y. , Chang S.H.
Published: March 2009

The capability of recognizing human facial expression plays an important role in advanced human-robot interaction development. Through recognizing facial expressions, a robot can interact with a user in a more natural and friendly manner. In this paper, we proposed a facial expression recognition system based on an embedded image processing platform to classify different facial expressions on-line in real time. A low-cost embedded vision system has been designed and realized for robotic applications using a CMOS image sensor and digital signal processor (DSP). The current design acquires thirty 640x480 image frames per second (30 fps). The proposed emotion recognition algorithm has been successfully implemented on the real-time vision system. Experimental results on a pet robot show that the robot can interact with a person in a responding manner. The developed image processing platform is effective for accelerating the recognition speed to 25 recognitions per second with an average on-line recognition rate of 74.4% for five facial expressions.
Advanced Measurement Methods of Geometric Object Properties Using Airborne Ultrasound
Authors: Schweinzer Herbert F. , Kaniak Georg , Kellner J.
Published: March 2009

Using phase information of ultrasound transducers outside the main lobe of the radiation pattern enables new sensor principles and improves measurements of type, position and orientation of reflecting objects significantly. This paper presents new methods to measure geometrical object properties by ultrasound, advanced sensor behavior based on phase information, and new effective sensor principles to overcome weaknesses of standard sensors.
Load and Damage Monitoring of Intelligent Structures Based on Optical Fibers
Authors: Zhao Zhi Min , Guo L. , Li W. , Hong X. , Ma C.
Published: March 2009

In this paper we study on a novel method to distinguish the loading location on structures
based on optical fiber network. The principle of detection and monitoring system is illustrated in the
paper and the experiments of loading position judgment are conducted. The experimental data and
curves meet preferably to the analysis of theory. The results obtained are encouraging offering the
possibilities of employing this novel method of loading position judgment in intelligent composite
structures. The system of monitoring and analysis is approved to be real-time, effective and reliable
and the research in this paper offers a new way of application of the special optical intelligent
structure.
Traceable Dimension Metrology by AFM for Nanoscale Process Control
Authors: Bao Tim
Published: March 2009

Your 32nm is different from my 32nm! The paradoxical statement reflects one of the most essential debates in the field of nanoscale dimension metrology for process control in the modern nanoelectronic manufacturing industry. This baffling debate is all about accuracy and traceability of dimension measurement systems used on production floors. As the circuit geometry and density continues to scale to the 45nm node and below, the metrology bias and uncertainty play a more significant role, and the characterization becomes more difficult. This article assesses the capability of atomic force microscope (AFM) as an accurate inline calibration metrology tool and the correlation of AFM measurement to NIST traceable standards. It introduces the methodology of adopting AFM as a traceable reference tool for CD SEM and optical scatterometry used in inline process control. The focus is on height, linewidth, and pitch calibrations due to their critical but challenging roles for process control in today’s nanoelectronic manufacturing. Care must be taken to minimize the impact from factors that affect the traceability and accuracy in the AFM system, including tip width calibration, tip wear, tip shape effect, contamination, and linewidth roughness.
A Boundary Element Free Implementation Using NGF to Solve Fracture Mechanics Applications
Authors: Miers L.S. , Telles J.C.F.
Published: March 2009

This work aims at introducing the concept of the numerical Green’s function (NGF) idea
for elastostatic fracture mechanics using the boundary element-free method (BEFM). Unlike the
local boundary integral equation method (LBIE), the BEFM only requires boundary interpolation.
This method derives from the coupling of the boundary integral equation method and the orthogonal
moving least-squares approximation scheme (OMLS). OMLS differs from standard MLS by using
an orthogonal basis instead of only a linear independent one, which increases its accuracy and
efficiency. Some illustrative examples are included in the end.
A Perspective of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in Surface Engineering: Alumina Coatings and Substrates
Authors: Carradò Adele , Pelletier Hervé , Sima Felix , Ristoscu Carmen , Fabre Agnès , Barrallier Laurent , Mihailescu Ion N.
Published: March 2009

In this article, two original studies of the alumina as porous substrate and PLD (pulsed laser deposition) thin films in view of its biomedical and tribological applications are presented. The first biomedical study aimed to evaluate the role of Al2O3 on thin deposited nanostructures. For this purpose, cerium stabilized zirconia doped hydroxyapatite thin films were deposited by PLD onto high purity, high density alumina substrates with different low porosities. For deposition, an UV KrF* (λ=248 nm, τ ~ 25 ns) excimer laser was used for the multi-pulse irradiation of the targets. The nanostructured surface morphologies of the thin films with micro droplets were evidenced by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and the compositions with a Ca/P ratio of 1.7 by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The films were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells for in vitro tests. The cells showed good attachment and spread and covered uniformly the surface of the samples. Different functions of substrate porosities are observed in the efficiency of developing long filopodia and of obtaining the optimal intracellular organization. The second study aimed to understand the influence of micro-structural and mechanical characteristics on the tribological behaviour of stainless steel samples with PLD alumina coatings produced using an UV KrF* (λ=248 nm, τ ~ 20 ns) excimer laser and a sintered alumina target. Various microscopic observation techniques were used in order to connect the tribological response to the amorphous microstructure of the coatings. The results correspond to the determination of the mechanical characteristics by nanoindentation tests, scratch tests, and a tribological behaviour analysis of the treated steel against 100Cr6. The films were stoichiometric, partially crystallized with an amorphous matrix and their surfaces had few particulates deposited on. The obtained values of hardness and elastic modulus of the films were in good agreements with literature data.
Adhesion and Friction Properties of Fluorocarbon Polymer Thin Films Coated onto Metal Substrates
Authors: Iwamori Satoru
Published: March 2009

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)(PTFE) thin films were coated onto metal substrates by a spin
coat apparatus, vacuum evaporator and RF sputtering, and their adhesion and friction properties
evaluated. PTFE thin film coated onto nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) substrate by spin coating showed a low
friction coefficient, however pull strength between the thin film and Ni-Ti substrate was low. In order
to increase the pull strength, PTFE and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite thin films were
introduced between the PTFE thin film and Ni-Ti substrate by spin coating. PTFE thin film was also
coated onto SUS302 substrate by a vacuum evaporator. This PTFE thin film showed poor adhesion to
the SUS302 substrate. The adhesion was enhanced by heating of the substrate during the evaporation.
In addition, a PTFE and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) composite thin film showed higher adhesion
strength than that of the PTFE thin film. Poly(fluorocarbon) thin films were prepared by a
conventional RF sputtering with PTFE target. These thin films showed a higher friction coefficient
than that of the pristine PTFE. Molecular structures of the poly(fluorocarbon) thin films prepared by
RF sputtering were different from the pristine PTFE. This difference may have influenced the friction
coefficient. The pull strength of metal thin films such as gold, copper, nickel and aluminum deposited
on the sputtered PTFE thin films by vacuum evaporation was measured. The nickel thin film adhered
to the PTFE thin film most strongly of all the thin films.
The Emergence of Cold Spray as a Tool for Surface Modification
Authors: Spencer Kevin , Zhang Ming Xing
Published: March 2009

Cold spray is an emerging coating technology that allows hardness, corrosion and wear resistance,
as well as thermal and electrical properties of surfaces to be optimised. The advantages of cold
spray over thermal spray are discussed, with emphasis on a new cold spray variant called Kinetic
Metallization. The influence of gas dynamics on surface adhesion are examined. Examples from
the literature and from the present work of corrosion and wear resistance, bond strength and
cohesive strength of cold spray coatings are reviewed.
Theoretical Approach to Calculate Surface Chloride Content Cs of Submerged Concrete under Sea Water Laden Environment
Authors: Yoon In Seok
Published: March 2009

The ingress of chloride ions plays a crucial role for service life design of reinforced concrete structures. In view of durability design of concrete structures under marine environment, one of the most essential parameters is the surface chloride content of concrete. With the social and technical backgrounds, the research approach of this study starts with the calculation of the amount of chloride ingredients in normal sea water. The capillary pore structure is modeled by numerical simulation model HYMOSTRUC and it is assumed to be completely saturated by the salt ingredients of seawater. In order to validate this approach, the total chloride content of the mortar and concrete slim disc specimen was measured after the immersion into the artificial sea water solution. Additionally, the theoretical, the experimental and in-situ investigation results of other researchers are compiled and analyzed. Based on this approach, it will follow to calculate the maximum surface chloride content of concrete in the tidal zone, where the environment can be considered as subjected to dry-wetting cycles.
Failure of Polyurethane Foams under Different Loading Conditions
Authors: Marsavina Liviu , Sadowski Tomasz , Constantinescu Dan Mihai , Negru Radu
Published: March 2009

Polyurethane foam materials are widely used as cores in sandwich composites, for
packing and cushioning. This paper presents the experimental results obtained for the mechanical
properties of polyurethane foams in different loading conditions and the influence of impregnation
on the mechanical properties. A 200 kg/m3 density polyurethane foam was tested in tension,
compression and three point bending. The experimental results show that the impregnation layer has
no effect on the strength of the foam, but has considerable influence on the tensile and flexure
modulus.
Effect of Recessing Length in Adhesive Layer on the Cleavage Joints
Authors: You Min , Li Zhi , Zheng Xiao Ling , Yan Zhan Mou
Published: March 2009

The elastic finite element analysis (FEA) and the experimental method of testing the
cleavage strength of the joint were used to investigate the effect of the recessing as well as its length
on the stress distribution in both the mid-bondline and the adherend near the interface along the
bondline of adhesively bonded steel cleavage joint. The results from the FEA simulation showed
that the peak values of the stresses distributed in the mid-bondline were nearly the same when the
length of the arranged recessing was not greater than 10 mm except that the shear stress Sxy was
increased a little when the length of the recessing was increased. For the normal stress Sy near the
interface of the joint with a 16 mm length recessing, the peak stress in the adherend is about 49%
higher than the one in the adhesive at the left edge of the joint. And it is supported with the results
from the experiments that the ultimate load of the steel-to-steel cleavage joint decreased a little
when the gap length was less than 10 mm.
On the Evaluation of the Service Life of Shaft-Bushing Tribosystems at Low Speed
Authors: Calabrese Alessandra , Morelli Piero , Morri Alessandro , Sambogna Giuliano , Tarterini Fabrizio
Published: March 2009

This work presents the results of a set of endurance tests performed on steel to steel
shaft/bushing tribosystems, without re-lubrication after start-up. The experimental procedure was
designed in order to provide simulation for the operative conditions of earthmoving machinery. For
this purpose, a new testing machine was specifically manufactured so as to accommodate
shaft/bushing assemblies up to a nominal coupling diameter of 90 mm, with a maximum radial load
capability of 300 kN.
The machine was operated in alternating rotation, with a span angle of 180 degrees, at an angular
speed of 10 rpm. The effects of contact pressure intensity were investigated, as well as the effects of
grease lubrication type and of the geometry of grease breeding grooves that were located on the
bushings inner surface. The tribology behaviour of the tested assemblies was quantified by means
of the transmitted torque, grease temperature at the surface of contact and the metallographic analysis
of wear out surfaces.
Failure Analysis of Diesel Engine Intake Valve
Authors: Göksenli Ali , Eryürek Barlas
Published: March 2009

In this study failure analysis of a mini van diesel engine intake valve is analyzed in detail. Failure occurred at the groove of the valve. First mechanical and chemical properties of the valve are determined. After visual investigation of the fracture surface it is concluded that fracture occurred due to fatigue. Damaged valve, valve seat, cylinder block and piston surface is investigated and construed. Failure constituted 300 kilometers after the rectification of the engine. Therefore rectification and assembly steps of valve and engine parts are analyzed in detail. Considering assembly, design and working conditions of the engine, stresses occurring at the failure surface are calculated. Endurance limit and fatigue safety factor is determined. Because of high fatigue safety factor, reasons for failure are investigated and effects causing stress increase at groove of the valve are established. These effects are faulty assembly of the valve and valve seat causing a high impact effect. In conclusion effect of impact ratio on stress increase is explained.
Blade Failure in Second Stage Turbine
Authors: Mohammadi K. , Haghi Akbar K.
Published: March 2009

The present paper reports the investigation of a sudden blade fracture leading to a fatal engine
failure. The blade sample was subjected to a series of examinations, including visual examination
and photographic documentation, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using
both energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray mapping. Analysis of all elements show that
loss of aluminum from coating due to oxidation and coating phases changing; decreasing of alloy
ductility and toughness due to carbides precipitation in grain boundaries; degradation of the alloy
gamma prime γ' phase (aging and coarsening) and micro cavities. These were found on fracture
surfaces which served as an origin of creeping failure mechanism and are the most important factor
for failure of this blade.
Study on Enhancement of Mechanical Strength by Knotted Shape Memory Alloy Fiber in TiNi Fiber Composites
Authors: Zhao Yong Li , Li Jie , Jin Ming
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the experimental investigation into the enhancement of mechanical strength
in shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber composites is made by using knotted fiber at the two ends
instead of straight fiber. TiNi SMA fiber with both ends knotted is used for purpose of better
ensuring stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber than straight fiber. Tension test is carried out
above the austenitic finish temperature in air. Specimens are heated by means of electrical resistive
lamplight heating. The results indicate that the mechanical strength is larger in the knotted fiber
composite than in the straight fiber composite. Knotted fiber exerts the superiority of TiNi SMA
fiber composite.
Temperature Sensitivity of Asphalt-Aggregate Adhesion via Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Wu Shao Peng , Xiao Yue , Liu Quan Tao , Cao Ting Wei
Published: March 2009

It is known that the properties of asphalt-aggregate adhesion show great effect on the
performance of asphalt pavement, while the temperature plays an important role in determining the
fundamental properties of asphalt binder between single aggregate-aggregate contacts surfaces. The
temperature sensitivity is considered to be very important on understanding the failures of asphalt
pavement, especially on the asphalt-aggregate adhesion. Knowledge the temperature sensitivity of
asphalt-aggregate adhesion is very important in asphalt mixture design. The purpose of this paper was
to quantify the effect of temperature on the adhesion and cohesion of asphalt film between aggregate
and asphalt. The adhesive/cohesive failure of asphalt film between single aggregate-aggregate
contacts was investigated using dynamic mechanical analyzer under dynamic tension stress test with
force-control mode, then fracture surface were analysis by a Polarizing Microscope. Contrastive
experiments were conducted on SBS modified asphalt under different temperatures. Experimental
results indicate that the area percentage of adhesive failure was decreased with the increase of test
temperature. And the adhesive failure percentage is enhancing with the increase of loading max-stress
level.