bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece.Iv.—the influence of physical properties of fleece on the inactivation of cationic wettinǵ aǵents
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

A survey has been made of the physical properties of Scotch Blackface fleeces from sheep of ages ranging from one to five years. These properties include grease and suint contents, pH, surface area and inactivation of cationic wetting agents. Surface area and grease and suint contents are found to be important properties determining the extent of inactivation, and by a combination of these the inactivation isotherms can be closely correlated.
Soil sterilization. III. The effect of cultivation on ammonia and nitrate production in a glasshouse soil steam‐sterilized in situ
Authors: Davies J. N. , Owen O.
Published: November 2006

Ammonia and nitrate production and the nitrifying capacity of the soil, as measured by incubation with ammonium sulphate, have been periodically determined in a glasshouse soil steam‐sterilized in situ and subsequently cultivated under commerical conditions. The soil was apparently not contaminated with nitrifying organisms to any extent before the pre‐planting manurial treatment. Flooding the soil had little effect on either the soil ammonia or on the nitrifying capacity of the soil, but some nitrate was washed out. The application of a fertilizer dressing, including stable manure, three months after steaming, resulted in increased ammonia‐production followed within a few weeks by renewed nitrification. The planting of tomatoes after the manurial treatment markedly accelerated the onset of nitrification. In contrast, recolonization of the steamed soil by nitrifying organisms was very slow where the soil, apart from periodical watering, was left undisturbed. Evidence is presented to indicate that the steamed soil in which the tomato plants were raised was contaminated with nitrifying organisms when the seeds were sown. The infection was then introduced into the potting soil and finally into the glasshouse border.
The use of procaine penicillin in the production of table poultry under practical conditions in the united kingdom
Authors: Cuthbertson W. F. J. , Glasser H.
Published: November 2006

Procaine penicillin (procaine benzylpenicillin) given from the first day after hatching to slaughter led to a total increase in output of 11 and 15.4% respectively in two trials on different strains of table cockerels. The improved yield was partly due to improved growth and partly to a reduction in cull rate. Penicillin improved food‐conversion up to seven weeks of age, but this advantage was no longer evident at 15 weeks.
Effect of adsorbed cations and free salts on phosphate fixation in some egyptian alkaline soils
Authors: Tobia S. K. , Milad N. E.
Published: November 2006

The effect of adsorbed calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium on the fixation of phosphate in soil was studied. The fixing power of the cations was in the order Ca > Mg > K > Na. The carbonates, sulphates and chlorides of the corresponding cations were found to affect the concentration of water‐soluble phosphate. Potassium and sodium carbonates increased the concentration but all other salts tended to decrease it. The effect of such salts was more pronounced with magnesium, potassium and sodium soils and increased with increase of base‐exchange capacity of the soil. In a calcium soil this effect was very small and fixation was brought about mainly by the adsorbed calcium.
The fluorine and chromium contents of treated aluminium surfaces
Authors: Holt R.
Published: November 2006

‘Alocrom’ treatment deposits a film containing incidental quantities of fluorine and chromium on an aluminium surface. Fluorine and chromium in the films have been estimated. The results indicate that lacquered food‐cans made from aluminium treated by this process, and with which experiments are now proceeding, would not be dangerous to health.
A rapid method for the determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant materials
Authors: Cavell A. J.
Published: November 2006

A rapid method for determining nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium has been developed : after the plant material is digested with sulphuric acid, nitrogen is estimated as ammonia, phosphorus as the yellow phosphovanadomolybdate and potassium with a flame photometer.
The organic acids of grass extracts
Authors: Davies C. W. , Hughes R. B.
Published: November 2006

Ion‐exchange chromatography indicates the presence of 12 organic acids in aqueous grass‐extracts. Of these, acetic, lactic, succinic, malic, malonic and citric acids have been identified, though the lactic acid may have originated from catalytic action in the resin column. Some preliminary observations on the diurnal variations, and variations during growth, of the grass acids are reported.
Fumigation of agricultural products. VII. Penetration and sorption of ethylene oxide in wheat fumigated at reduced pressures
Authors: El Nahal A. K. M.
Published: November 2006

The fumigation of wheat in sacks with ethylene oxide is most efficient when the method of sustained‐vacuum fumigation is used. Vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant is no more efficient than fumigation at atmospheric pressure over the same period. Ethylene oxide is much less strongly sorbed by wheat than is hydrogen cyanide, whichever method of application is used, but the moisture content of the wheat is even more important in determining the sorption of ethylene oxide than that of hydrogen cyanide. During fumigation of moist grain with ethylene oxide under sustained reduced‐pressure, concentrations inside the sack consistently exceed those in the free space, and reach a maximum in the centre. The ‘air‐washing’ procedures are as inefficient for ethylene oxide as for hydrogen cyanide in airing the grain after fumigation.
The chromogen method for determining the digestibility of dried grass by sheep
Authors: Davidson J.
Published: November 2006

The total collection method for determining digestibility has been compared with a ratio method that uses as a marker the absorption at wavelength 406 mμ of plant chromogens extracted from the food and faeces.

Results showed that when dried grass was fed to sheep the chromogen method gave low results when extracts were read at 406 mμ, and substantially correct results when read at 416 mμ. However, owing to the instability of the plant pigments involved, the plant chromogen method should be applied extensively only after comparative trials have shown that results for digestibilities agree with those found by reliable collection methods.

Estimates of the major fat‐soluble plant pigments entering and leaving the alimentary tract showed that there were losses in all pigments during passage down the tract, but whereas losses of up to only 18% occurred in the carotenoids, losses of up to 62% were noted in the total fat‐soluble tetrapyrroles and up to 87% in chlorophylls. The losses varied greatly from sheep to sheep.
Physicochemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. V.—The influence of carbon‐chain length and halide ion of cationic wetting agents on their reaction with natural fleece
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

The influence of variation in chain length on the reactions between fleece and cationic wetting agents has been studied, with particular reference to octadecyl‐, cetyl‐, tetradecyl‐and dodecyl‐pyridinium chlorides. Reactions with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride closely resemble those with cetylpyridinium chloride. The inactivation of the wetting agents, and change in weight of the fleece samples, have been determined over ranges of concentration, and the two properties correspond closely in all instances. With octadecyl and cetyl compounds considerable inactivation occurs, but with the tetradecyl and dodecyl compounds the interfacial activity of the wetting agent is enhanced; this is attributed to the increase in the solubility of the long‐chain cation‐suint anion complex with decrease in cation chain‐length. At C14 and below, the flocculation of suspended matter, which is typical of the longer chains, does not occur. All the curves may be interpreted on the basis of the α, β and γ mechanisms discussed in earlier Parts. The effect of addition of sodium chloride on reactions with cetylpyridinium chloride is considered. Dodecyl‐ and tetradecyl‐pyridinium compounds have been used to compare the properties of the various halides. The change in properties produced by one step in the series Cl‐→ Br‐→ I‐ is approximately equivalent to an increase of two carbon atoms in the cation chain‐length.
A 14C study of carbon dioxide fixation in the apple. I.—the distribution of incorporated 14C in the detached mcintosh apple
Authors: Allentoff N. , Phillips W. R. , Johnston F. B.
Published: November 2006

Mature, stored McIntosh apples exposed for 18 hours in darkness to 14CO2 were found to incorporate 14C in the malic acid, and in the aspartic and glutamic acids, α‐alanine and serine of the nitrogenous fractions, indicating the operation of a system of the ‘malic enzyme’ type.
A 14C study of carbon dioxide fixation in the apple. II.—rates of carbon dioxide fixation in the detached McIntosh apple
Authors: Allentoff N. , Phillips W. R. , Johnston F. B.
Published: November 2006

The McIntosh apple in storage was found to produce malic acid by fixation of carbon dioxide at a rate of about half of the net daily acid loss. The contribution of this reaction to the production of amino‐acids and protein was also quantitatively significant. The fixation activity rose to a high level at the time of harvest and continued to be high throughout the storage period. The rate of uptake of carbon dioxide increased with rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the external atmosphere.
The isolation of an anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid from canned victoria plums
Authors: Parkinson T. L.
Published: November 2006

A method is described by which chlorogenic acid and cyanidin‐3‐monoglucoside are isolated from the liquid portion of canned Victoria plums, so that they may be used in studies on the rate of corrosion of cans of fruit. In the first stage, these substances are separated from all other constituents by adsorption on activated alumina, followed by elution with malic acid solution. In the second stage they are isolated from each other by partition chromatography on a column of cellulose powder. Paper chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry were the main techniques used for the identification of these substances. It appears that the spectrophotometric characteristics of liquors from canned Victoria plums are due mainly to the anthocyanin in the visible region and to chlorogenic acid in the ultra‐violet region. The presence of quinic acid in canned plums has also been demonstrated.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. V.—Development of a method for the estimation of cell‐wall polysaccharides
Authors: Harwood V. D.
Published: November 2006

The cell‐wall polysaccharides, i.e. the carbohydrate fraction of herbage that is insoluble in alcohol and cold water, are determined by a two‐stage acid‐hydrolysis procedure. In the first stage, treatment with N‐sulphuric acid effects solution and hydrolysis of the greater part of the hemicellulose fraction, with a maximum variability in any one sugar of 7% of the total hydrolysed. The remaining ‘cellulose’ residue is saccharified with 72% sulphuric acid during the second stage, with agreement within 5%.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. VI.—Chanǵes in the cell‐wall polysaccharides durinǵ the ensilaǵe of perennial rye‐ǵrass with a hiǵh protein and low soluble‐carbohydrate content
Authors: Harwood V. D.
Published: November 2006

When high‐protein grass containing only small amounts of water‐soluble carbohydrates is ensiled a product with high pH is obtained. In this type of silage a decrease in pentosan carbohydrates is observed.
The seed oils of Clitoria ternatea AND OF Entada phaseoloides
Authors: Grindley D. N. , Burden E. H. W. J. , Akour A. A.
Published: November 2006

The seed oils of the species Clitoria ternatea and Entada phaseoloides have been examined in detail and their fatty acid composition determined. Like other species belonging to the Leguminosae group of families previously examined, they are characterized by the presence of higher saturated fatty acids.
Soil fumigation. II.—the stability of ethylene dibromide in soil
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: November 2006

Liquid ethylene dibromide introduced into soils has been shown to be stable at moisture contents in the field range for periods of up to one week. Some evidence was found for the decomposition of the fumigant by an oven‐dried clay. Attempts to induce soils to decompose ethylene dibromide by repeated fumigation of soil samples were unsuccessful.
The survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in the baking of bread
Authors: Farmiloe F. J. , Cornford S. J. , Coppock J. B. M. , Ingram M.
Published: November 2006

The survival of Bacillus subtilis spores at temperatures near 100° was determined in buffered suspensions. Known numbers (about 105/g.) of these spores were mixed into dough which was baked normally into bread. Temperatures taken near the centre of the loaf, near the crust, and midway between the two showed that the temperature within the loaf was 100‐101° and this was only just attained at the centre. These temperatures were comparable with similar measurements in various baked products. Viable counts were made on the dough just before entering the oven and on baked samples taken at the thermocouple positions. Corresponding loaves were incubated at 37°.

In buffer solutions vegetative cells were killed in about 2 min. at 75°. The thermal death/time curves for spores were not exponential, a small proportion of the spores surviving for relatively long periods. In dough, about half the spores germinated between mixing the dough and putting it into the oven. Comparison of the survival of spores in the bread with that expected from the temperature treatment and from the experiments in buffer solutions suggested that the heat resistance in bread is roughly the same as, certainly no less than, that in phosphate buffer of pH 6.5. Only a small proportion of the surviving spores generated ropy patches within a week, owing perhaps to peculiarities in water distribution within the loaf.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. IV.—The preparation of ‘reference’liganin by extraction with ethyl acetoacetate
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K.
Published: November 2006

Ethyl acetoacetate was found to be a satisfactory solvent for lignin, but not highly selective. The purest'ester lignins' were obtained from the residues after alkali extraction, and when mature plant materials were used these lignins showed little variation in methoxyl content. It is suggested that the percentage of methoxyl in pure lignin is not affected by plant maturity and that the true lignin present in a crude preparation may be determined from the methoxyl content by the use of an appropriate conversion factor.
The effect of procaine penicillin on the growth of weaned pigs
Authors: Childs G. A. , Cuthbertson W. F. J.
Published: November 2006

In a series of practical tests on farms in the United Kingdom, procaine penicillin (procaine benzylpenicillin) was found to increase the growth rate of weaned pigs and to improve the efficiency of food utilization.

Fortification of the diet with 10 g. or 15 g. of procaine penicillin per ton did not give significantly greater responses than did 5 g.; the economic level of addition may be less than 5 g. of procaine penicillin per ton under the conditions used.
Studies on egg shells. IV.—The site of deposition of radioactive calcium and phosphorus
Authors: Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

Egg shells from birds fed with either radioactive calcium or phosphorus have been examined by taking autoradiographs of tangential sections. The autoradiographs for calcium show a distinctive form of layering, which can be correlated with time of laying. This is interpreted as indicating that the supply of calcium to the shell gland may be made up entirely of food calcium or entirely of bone calcium or of varying proportions of the two, depending upon the time of day that a particular layer of the shell was being deposited. The autoradiographs for phosphorus indicate that most of it is in the outermost layer of shell, with some of it actually on the surface.
Mycological formation of fat. I.—Media conducive to formation of fat from sucrose by Aspergillus nidulans, penicillium javanicum and penicillium spinulosum
Authors: Gad A. M. , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

Fat production by the moulds Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and Penicillium spinulosum has been studied and media conducive to high productivity have been developed. The highest percentage yields of fat on sucrose utilized were 13.2 from A. nidulans, 7.9 from P. javanicum and 6.0 from P. spinulosum, the last‐mentioned mould requiring corn‐steep liquor (C.S.L.) (0.5% w/v) for this result. In general, the levels of concentration of sodium phosphate and of magnesium sulphate in the medium have been shown to be highly critical factors.
Connective tissue of meat. IV.—Comparison of methods for determining collagen in meat
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Brown K. P.
Published: November 2006

Collagen was determined in samples of fresh, frozen and freeze‐dried silverside by determining hydroxyproline in the acid hydrolysate of (i) the meat, (ii) the direct aqueous autoclave extract of the meat, and (iii) the aqueous autoclave extract of the residue left after preliminary extraction of the muscle tissue with dilute alkali or acid; collagen was also determined in (iii) as the loss of weight when the residue was autoclaved with water.
The utilization of carbohydrates of seaweed by rumen microflora in vitro
Authors: McNaught M. L. , Smith J. A. B. , Black W. A. P.
Published: November 2006

Tests have been made to determine whether some of the carbohydrates of the brown algae and of dried milled samples of Laminaria cloustoni and Ascophyllum nodosum can be utilized by the mixed microflora of the bovine rumen when incubated in rumen liquid for 4 h. at 39°. The conversion of non‐protein nitrogen into protein and changes in pH were used as indications of utilization.

Of the various products that were tested, only laminarin and the frond of L. cloustoni, which contains laminarin, promoted the type of vigorous activity obtained under the same conditions with maltose.
Fumigation of agricultural products. VIII.—Penetration and sorption of methyl bromide in wheat fumigated at reduced pressures
Authors: El Nahal A. K. M.
Published: November 2006

Penetration of a sack of wheat by methyl bromide occurs readily at atmospheric pressure. Sustained‐vacuum fumigation produced little improvement in penetration, but some increase in the residual fumigant was noted in this method. Vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant gave results in all material respects the same as were obtained by fumigation for the same period at atmospheric pressure. The‘air‐washing’procedure was found to be less effective than the low sorption of methyl bromide on wheat would suggest. Residual methyl bromide in vacuum‐fumigated wheat has been investigated. The enhanced interstitial concentrations found in sacks of wheat fumigated under sustained vacuum with ethylene oxide and methyl bromide may be associated with desorption from wheat drying out under reduced pressures.
Apparatus for the determination of high concentrations of methyl bromide in fumigation
Authors: Loveday D.
Published: November 2006

An apparatus is described for the determination of the concentration of methyl bromide in air over the range of 0‐35 mg./1. The apparatus is based on the method of determination previously described by Call,1 which uses the length of coloured stain, produced by interaction of bromine, as a combustion product of methyl bromide, with paper impregnated with fluorescein. In the apparatus described here, however, a swept‐sample technique is used to obtain a representative sample, and buffered phenol red is employed as indicator.
Vegetable oils. III.—Mallotus philippinensis muell. arǵa. seed oil
Authors: Calderwood R. C. , Gunstone F. D.
Published: November 2006

Kamlolenic acid is shown to be 18‐hydroxyelaeostearic acid and the configuration of the α‐ and β‐isomers is almost completely established. The component acids of Mallotus philippinensis seed oil are reported and the potential use of this material as a drying oil is discussed.
Chemical weed‐control and pasture productivity
Authors: Templeman W. G.
Published: November 2006

The principal weeds of grassland are unwanted grass species, and, although some possibilities are indicated, no chemical method for their removal in farming practice is yet available. The hormone weedkillers may be used for the control of a number of broadleaved weeds. Figures are presented from the available information to show the increased herbage production that has resulted from chemical weed‐control in grassland, and the need for good management is stressed.
The control of weeds in turf
Authors: Dawson R. B.
Published: November 2006

In Great Britain the turf grass crop accounts for about one million acres and is of considerable value. Much of it requires to be in good order throughout the year but surface quality, as distinct from grass quality, varies with the sport or game for which the turf is to be used.

Of all the problems associated with turf management, weed control is pre‐eminent, since certain weeds are universal where grass is cut short. Short mowing determines the weed species that are able to persist, and by reducing ground‐floor competition permits their increase. By good management a weed‐free sward can be kept in this state for a long period, but the production of a weed‐free turf is a problem facing most turf users. Methods of control involve mechanical operations, such as raking, and the use of chemicals, varying from the sulphates of ammonia and iron to the plant poisons and then to the growth‐regulating substances or‘hormone’weedkillers. Methods of using all these are described, with data on the effects of repeated applications of the selective weedkillers for resistant weeds. The best conditions for use are also described.

Reference is made to 2,4,5‐T (2 : 4 : 5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) for weed control in turf and also to growth‐stunting chemicals such as maleic hydrazide. There is a possibility of controlling growth of long grass (on verges or in cemeteries, for example), but for fine turf there seems to be little likelihood of future application of such materials.
The control of mosses in lawns and sports turf
Authors: Blandy R. V.
Published: November 2006

Mosses are one of the commonest weeds in lawns and sports turf. The study of individual species, their methods of multiplication, and the situations in which they are found, is necessary before satisfactory control methods can be devised. Some moss species can be controlled by cultural means but, where this is not practicable, chemical methods have to be employed. The chemicals in the past acted only as a temporary palliative, but with the introduction of lawn sands containing calomel (mercurous chloride) a more permanent control is possible. The results of a trial with one lawn sand containing calomel is recorded.
The rheology of fats: A review
Authors: Scott Blair G. W.
Published: November 2006

Remarkably little work has been published on the rheology of fats. Most of what is on record concerns the spreading properties of butter and margarine and the firmness of lard. Correlations with chemical constitution are especially difficult because most fats change their rheological properties with working or ageing, without the occurrence of corresponding chemical changes. The flow properties are also changed by the processes of testing. Moreover, surprisingly little quantitative information is yet available on relationships between the rheological properties and chemical constitution of fats, on the one hand, and the shortness or texture of baked products containing them, on the other.

In view of the experience of other industries, however, there is no reason to doubt that rheological analysis will some day play an important part in the classification of oils and fats.

It is suggested that tables of correlations between empirical tests may sometimes be usefully clarified and simplified by a process of multiple factor analysis.
Effect of storage on the chemical composition of husked, undermilled and milled rice
Authors: Rao M. Narayana , Viswanatha T. , Mathur P. B. , Swaminathan M. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: November 2006

Raw husked rice, raw undermilled rice containing I‐8 μg. of thiamine/g., parboiled rice and raw milled rice were stored in gunny bags for a period of one year. The samples were kept free from infestation. The changes in the grain during storage have been studied. The amylase activity in freshly harvested rice decreased rapidly; there was an improvement in the cooking quality, and in all the samples, except parboiled undermilled rice, a loss of thiamine of about 20‐30% was observed. A decrease in nitrogen soluble in 3% sodium chloride solution was observed, and this may be due to denaturation of protein during storage. There was an increase in the acidity and the peroxide value of the fat present in the different samples of rice, the increase being at a maximum for husked rice. The storage lives for the various samples, as estimated by plotting the peroxide values of the fat against the storage period for all the samples in conjunction with organoleptic tests at the end of one year, are approximately as follows: raw husked rice, 7 months; raw undermilled rice, 12 months; parboiled undermilled rice, II months; and raw milled rice 13 months.
Recent advances in fertilizer placement. II.—Fertilizer placement in england
Authors: Cooke G. W.
Published: November 2006

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers used for cereals should be drilled with the seed; half‐dressings applied in this way have produced as much grain as full‐dressings broadcast.

Where potatoes are hand‐planted in furrows, fertilizer may be concentrated near the seed satisfactorily by broadcasting it over the furrows before planting. When a mechanical potato planter was used on flat land, fertilizer dressings applied in bands beside the seed produced higher yields and more profit than broadcast dressings.

Fertilizer placed near the seed produced higher yields of beans and peas and several kinds of horticultural crops than the same quantities of broadcast fertilizer. For high‐value cash crops, placement may be very profitable. Absence of crop responses in field experiments may be due to fertilizers' having been applied in the wrong place.

Some crops, e.g. sugar beet, mangolds and kale, made better early growth when complete NPK fertilizer was placed beside the seed than when fertilizer was broadcast, but at harvest the two methods of application gave similar yields.

PK fertilizers broadcast over established temporary and permanent herbage crops gave higher yields than dressings placed in bands below the surface. Placing PK fertilizers in bands at the side of lucerne seed was not superior to broadcasting. When light dressings of superphosphate were placed directly below the seed as a‘starter’, lucerne grew more rapidly and produced higher yields than when superphosphate was broadcast.

Fertilizers broadcast and incorporated deeply with the soil have advantages over dressings worked‐in shallowly in dry seasons and for deep‐rooting crops.

Root growth of most crops was stimulated by dressings of mixed fertilizers placed near the seed. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers placed near the seed of peas each stimulated extra root growth. The factors that affect the value of fertilizer dressings are discussed, with particular reference to the kinds of root systems developed by crops.
An investigation into the caking of granular fertilizers
Authors: Mitchell W. A.
Published: November 2006

Compound granular fertilizers frequently cake during storage, making even distribution difficult. An investigation into this problem by X‐ray crystallographic and optical methods showed that interaction occurred between the ingredients during manufacture, with the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonium sulphate and potassium chloride. During drying the ammonium chloride is concentrated at the surface of the granules by sublimation. Small needle‐shaped crystals of ammonium chloride grow outwards from the granules in the presence of moisture, and this recrystallization is the cause of caking. To prevent caking, thorough drying is necessary, but high temperatures should be avoided as they would increase the surface concentration of ammonium chloride by sublimation.
Analytical applications of the hydrolysis kinetics of some organo‐phosphorus insecticides
Authors: Carter P. R.
Published: November 2006

A study of the hydrolysis kinetics of some organo‐phosphorus insecticides, particularly parathion and paraoxon, can provide an approximate method of analysis for such mixtures. The mathematical treatment and experimental details are discussed.
The smell problem in herring‐meal factories
Authors: Lovern J. A. , Olley June
Published: November 2006

Herring press‐cake was dried under both laboratory and commercial conditions and effluent air from the drier passed through acid or permanganate solutions. Production of volatile base per unit of water evaporated varied with the drying rate, but production of total volatile reducing substances, probably a truer index of smell production, was apparently independent of rate and method of drying.
The swelling effect of polyphosphates on lean meat
Authors: Bendall J. R.
Published: November 2006

(1) Orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, Calgon and Phosphate Glass all increase the uncooked volume of minced rabbit muscle by 10‐20%, when added at an over‐all concentration of 0.5% to a mixture of equal parts of meat and water. On cooking, the volume falls to between 65 and 75% of the volume of fresh meat. These effects are about the same as that of sodium chloride at an over‐all concentration of 1%.

(2) When sodium chloride is added to a final concentration of 1%, the uncooked volume of the mince is increased by about 30% in the presence of 0.5% of orthophosphate, Calgon, Phosphate Glass or metaphosphate, but by at least 55% in the presence of 0.5% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate (anhydrous). The’cooked volume‘in 1% sodium chloride solution only is about 75% of the original volume of fresh meat. This is increased to about 80% in the presence of the phosphate compounds, except pyrophosphate, when it is increased to at least 95%.

(3) Detailed study of the effect of 0.25% and 0.5% of pyrophosphate in 1% sodium chloride solution (over‐all concentrations) gives the following average results for the increase in uncooked volume: 1% sodium chloride solution 20 ± 6.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.25% pyrophosphate, 51 ± 14%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.5% pyrophosphate, 64 ± 14%. The cooked volumes, as a percentage of the volume of fresh meat, were : 1% sodium chloride solution, 71 ± 4.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.25% pyrophosphate, 89 ± 8.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.5% pyrophosphate, 99 ± 6.0%.

(4) Pyrophosphate exerts an effect in 1% sodium chloride solution at least twice as great as that of sodium chloride of corresponding ionic strength. The effect is therefore specific, and it is suggested that it consists in the splitting of the contractile protein, actomyosin, into its components and the partial conversion of these from the gel into the sol form.

(5) Addition of Ca or Mg ions at the concentrations found in tap‐water does not significantly affect the action of pyrophosphate.
Differences in esterases from insect species : Toxicity of organo‐phosphorus compounds and in vitro anti‐esterase activity
Authors: Lord K. A. , Potter C.
Published: November 2006

Two types of esterase, the one capable of hydrolysing phenyl acetate and not acetylcholine, the other able to hydrolyse acetylcholine, have been examined in adults of four species of insect—Tenebrio molitor L., Tribolium castaneum Hbst., Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. and Blatella germanica L.

The in vitro inhibition of both types of enzyme from each species has been examined with five organo‐phosphorus compounds : tetraethyl pyrophosphate, paraoxon, parathion, OO‐diethyl S‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothiolate and OS‐diethyl O‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothiolate. Both types of esterase were inhibited by high dilutions of inhibitors. Susceptibility of both types of enzyme appeared to vary from species to species and may provide a basis for specific differences in resistance to insecticides.

There is no consistent correlation between the toxicity of the compounds examined and the in vitro inhibition of either kind of esterase. Parathion did not inhibit any of the esterases. The other four substances were, in general, less potent inhibitors of the esterases that hydrolysed acetylcholine than those that did not. Therefore both types of esterase are worthy of further investigation since there are insufficient data to decide which type of esterase is involved in the insecticidal action of organo‐phosphorus compounds.
Chemical investigation of seed oil of sesbania aegyptica
Authors: Farooq M. O. , Ahmad M. S. , Malik M. A.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the mixed fatty acids from the seed oil of Sesbania aegyptica, as determined by the thiocyanometric and fractionation methods, has been found to be oleic 24.4, linoleic 36.3, linolenic 10.9, palmitic 8.98, stearic 17.53 and lignoceric 1.89%. The saturated acids were obtained by the Bertram oxidation method.
The assay of‘pyrethrin’ and allethrin concentrates with 2 : 4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Authors: Moore B. P.
Published: November 2006

A new technique for the assay of‘pyrethrins’ and allethrin, based upon the reaction with 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, is described. Comparative assays on a series of standards and concentrates indicate that the new method is consistent and accurate, but that the A.O.A.C. (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists) method gives seriously high results.
The chemical constituents of victoria plums : Preliminary qualitative analysis
Authors: Dickinson Denis , Gawler Joy H.
Published: November 2006

Victoria plums from a number of sources, and including samples from trees on different rootstocks, have been examined with a view to identifying their major and minor constituents. The red pigment common to all samples is cyanidin‐3‐monoglucoside, and obvious differences in colour appear to be due to variations in the amounts of green or brown pigments. The present paper concerns the essentially qualitative preliminary examination of the fruits, which is to be followed by quantitative analyses continued over several years.
The use of antibiotics in the food of fattening pigs
Authors: Robinson K. L. , Coey W. E. , Burnett G. S.
Published: November 2006

In a series of trials, weanling pigs were fed all‐vegetable diets and diets containing fish meal, with and without procaine penicillin, under both ad libitum feeding and restricted feeding systems. The responses to the various treatments, as indicated by live‐weight gains, suggest that factors that tend to promote keenness of appetite, such as antibiotics or fish meal, are favoured by ad libitum feeding, but do not exert their full effect with restricted feeding. These trials, and further trials with older pigs, confirm that responses to procaine penicillin are small after the 100‐lb. live‐weight stage, whether the supplement is first introduced then or has been fed continuously from an earlier period. The addition, of a cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) supplement was found to enhance the growth‐promoting effect of procaine penicillin on weanling pigs. Discontinuing the feeding of an antibiotic, after an initial response had been obtained, resulted in some degree of retardation.

The results for carcass conformation indicate no significant differences due to antibiotic treatments, and afford no evidence that such treatments result in commercially inferior carcasses.
The fats: A story of nature's art
Authors: Hilditch T. P.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acids that constitute the glycerides of natural fats are, over wide ranges of biological species, remarkably uniform in kind, although the particular acids vary in fats of different biological origin, e.g. those of land flora, those of land fauna and those of aquatic origin. Concurrently with this very marked regularity in qualitative composition, striking although rare exceptions occur, in all sections of natural fats, in which the fat of a single family, and even of a single species of a family, consists largely of an acid which is uniquely different from any of the more prevalent and characteristic acids.

The overwhelming preponderance of natural fats that contain only a few specific mixtures of component acids is contrasted with the much less frequent and apparently erratic instances in which quite exceptional acids are to be observed.

The composition of the mixed glycerides, as shown by many examples in which a natural fat has been studied by the modern method of preliminary segregation into relatively simple mixtures of mixed glycerides by intensive crystallization from solvents at low temperatures, is much more regular. Each acid behaves in exactly the same way and as an individual, with the result that it tends to be distributed as evenly or widely as possible among all the glyceride molecules. Exceptions to this generalization occur only in a very few seed fats, and in certain animal body and milk fats (chiefly those of ruminant animals).
Beef‐curing brines. I.—Bacterial and chemical changes occurring in rapidly developing, short‐life brines
Authors: Hornsey H. C. , Mallows J. H.
Published: November 2006

The changes taking place in this type of brine are shown to be: an increase of bacterial population (almost entirely a halophilic Gram‐negative rod of the Achromobacter species), with a consequential lowering of the oxidation/reduction potential, hence a reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and ultimately, when the potential is low enough, to gaseous nitrogen and free alkali, resulting in an increased pH. This reduction occurs at the expense of the lactic acid derived from the meat, which is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

When the lactic acid has been used up, the large bacterial population, at the low potential and high pH then reached, produces ‘off’ odours by the decarboxylation of amino‐acids.

No evidence of protein breakdown has been found.
The influence of the method of determination of lignin on the lignin‐ratio technique for digestibility in the cow
Authors: Balch D. A. , Balch C. C. , Rowland S. J.
Published: November 2006

Three methods for the determination of lignin (Norman & Jenkins, Ellis et al. and Armitage et al.) have been compared on samples of food and faeces from eight digestibility trials with lactating cows receiving a diet of hay and concentrates. Details are given of the different values obtained for crude lignin, the nitrogen content of the crude lignin, and lignin corrected for its nitrogen content. The method of Armitage et al. gave the lowest values. The mean digestibility coefficients for crude lignin and corrected lignin respectively, for the three methods in the above‐mentioned order, were 9.3 ± 0.7 and 8.3 ± 0.5, 4.7 ± 0.6 and 9.1 ± 0.7, 1.3 ± 0.8 and 4.4 ± 1.0. Thus lignin as determined by the method of Armitage et al., and expressed as crude lignin, showed a negligible digestibility, which should be acceptable as the basis of a ratio technique for the dairy cow. In a subsequent series of ten digestibility trials with cows on hay‐concentrate diets, and when using this method, the mean digestibility coefficient for crude lignin was ‐ 0.72 ± 0.7.
Chemical aspects of the brownish‐yellow discoloration of salt cod
Authors: Ólfsson Páll
Published: November 2006

The brownish‐yellow discoloration of salt cod has been studied chemically. The discoloured fish tissue is found to contain considerably more total calcium, and more calcium in excess of sulphate, than the ordinary tissue. The concentration of sulphate falls in the deteriorating fish and in the salt in the stacks. Calcium is found to have a pronounced catalytic effect on the process of discoloration. Sterilization of the salt suppresses the cause of discoloration. Micro‐organisms are considered to play an important role.
Theogallin, a polyphenol occurring in tea
Authors: Cartwright R. A. , Roberts E. A. H.
Published: November 2006

A polyphenol, now named theogallin, detected by paper chromatography in tea‐leaf, has been shown not to be identical with m‐digallic acid as originally thought. A method of preparation is described but the final product still contains appreciable impurities. Its reactions suggest it to be a depside of gallic acid with some highly hydroxylated organic acid.
The plant‐growth‐promoting properties of gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus gibberella fujikuroi
Authors: Brian P. W. , Elson G. W. , Hemming H. G. , Radley Margaret
Published: November 2006

Gibberellic acid is a metabolic product of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, similar in physiological properties to the gibberellins described by Japanese investigators. Supplied in a nutrient solution to wheat plants growing in water culture, it causes increased growth of the shoots, as a result of increased length of stem internodes and leaves. The leaves are narrower and paler than those of untreated plants. Under similar conditions pea seedlings develop much elongated stem internodes, but the leaves are little changed in size. These morphological responses are similar to those seen in etiolation.

The total dry weight of both peas and wheat so treated is increased; if shoots alone are considered the increase in dry weight is even greater; the dry weight of roots is reduced, though this does not occur if the gibberellic acid is applied to the shoots in a lanolin paste. The increased dry weight is mainly attributable to increased carbon assimilation. Treated plants contain more soluble carbohydrate than controls, but this accounts only for a small part of the increased carbon assimilation. The increase in glucose content is particularly striking.

Gibberellic acid is rapidly biologically degraded in soil.
Soil fumigation. III —The sorption of ethylene dibromide by soils at low moisture contents
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: November 2006

Isotherms of ethylene dibromide sorbed on two soils have been plotted at relative humidities between o and 98% of saturation. The sorptive capacities of the soils (an organic soil and a clay) decreased with increasing humidity, and the shape of the isotherms obtained changed from Type II (Brunauer, Deming, Deming & Teller1 classification of isotherms) on the dry soils, becoming similar to Type III isotherms at humidities above 50%. The measurements were made with the aid of a helical spring balance, the construction of which is described.
The free amino‐acids of fish. I. —Taurine in the skeletal muscle of codling (Gadus callarias)
Authors: Jones N. R.
Published: November 2006

Taurine is present in the free amino‐acid fraction of codling muscle. Considerable losses of the amino‐acid occur during storage in ice. These apparently result from the combined actions of ‘drip’ on gutting and leaching by ice‐melt water.
The component acids and glycerides of Indian crocodile (Gavialis gangeticus) fat
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Pande G. D.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of a crocodile depot‐fat, determined by the usual esterfractionation method, with an electrically heated and packed column, is recorded. The glyceride structure was studied by crystallization of the neutral fat from acetone at room temperature and lower (−18°). The composition of each of the three fractions, thus obtained, was studied separately by the fractionation method, and the final glyceride composition computed therefrom is also given. The component saturated acids are palmitic (25.8%), stearic (8.7%), myristic (4.2%) and lauric (0.2%), and unsaturated acids are C14 (2.0%), C16 (11.6%), C18 (35.5%). C20 (10.0%) and minor proportions of C2 (2.0%). The component glycerides are: (I) fully saturated 7.5%, (II) mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated 27.7%, (III) diunsaturated‐monosaturated 64.8%.
The movement of higher fatty acids under electrophoresis on filter‐paper strips
Authors: John A. , Barnett G. , Smith D. K.
Published: November 2006

In connexion with studies on the possible breakdown of higher fatty acids in silage and in in vitro rumen studies, various techniques for the estimations of such acids are being investigated. The present work covers the preliminary exploration of the separation of higher fatty acids by electrophoresis on paper, and a potential application of the method is described.
The browning reaction in dehydrated carrot and potato: Its initiation and the separation and partial characterization of an intermediate from dehydrated carrot
Authors: Wager Harold G.
Published: November 2006

The compounds that initiate the browning reaction in dehydrated carrot were shown to be soluble in water or 60% alcohol. Alcoholic extracts of dehydrated carrot and potato were separated into basic, acidic and neutral fractions by ion‐exchange resins and then heated separately and in all combinations at 30% r.h. and 52°. Browning was only considerable when the basic and neutral fractions were both present, indicating that a Maillard type of reaction is probably the first in the chain of reactions leading to browning in carrot and potato.

A limited amount of browning occurred in the basic fraction when heated by itself and this was shown to result from a colourless intermediate of the browning reaction which has been isolated and partially characterized. Its minimum molecular weight was found to be about 235 and its properties lead to the suggestion that it is an isoglycosylamine.
The role of arboricides in bush and forest eradication
Authors: Fryer J. D.
Published: November 2006

This paper is in two parts: in the first the literature on the development and present usage of arboricides is reviewed; in the second some experimental work carried out in Africa during recent years is briefly described.

The most widely used arboricide for the destruction of individual trees is sodium arsenite; promising non‐poisonous substitutes are ammonium sulphamate and synthetic plant‐growth regulators based on phenoxyacetic acid. These growth regulators are also being used successfully in certain instances for the treatment of unwanted trees or scrub, both in land clearing and in forestry operations. The control of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in Texas and of woody vegetation on road verges in the U.S.A. generally are outstanding examples.

The experimental work in Africa has been mainly concerned with the initial evaluation of arboricides and defoliants as part of the general problem of tsetse‐fly control. The results have shown that the synthetic growth‐regulators are promising for certain applications. Further work is in progress.