bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ evidence of electron energization in the electron diffusion region of magnetotail reconnection
Authors: Oka M. , Phan T.‐D. , Øieroset M. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: February 2016

Magnetic reconnection is an explosive energy‐release process in laboratory, space, and astrophysical plasmas. While magnetic fields can “break” and “reconnect” in a very small region called the electron diffusion region (EDR), there have been conflicting theories as to whether this region can be a place of rapid energization of plasmas. Here we report a fortuitous encounter of the EDR by The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) in the Earth's magnetotail where significant heating and demagnetization of electrons were observed. Additional energization was observed on both sides (immediate upstream and downstream) of the EDR, leading to a total of more than an order of magnitude energization across this region. The results demonstrate that despite its minuscule size, the EDR does indeed contribute to the overall process of electron energization via magnetic reconnection.
Contribution of chemical processes to infrared emissions from nitric oxide in the thermosphere
Authors: Venkataramani Karthik , Yonker Justin D. , Bailey Scott. M.
Published: February 2016

Infrared emissions from nitric oxide (NO) are the dominant source of radiative cooling between 120 and 200 km and play an important role in determining the energy budget of the Earth's upper atmosphere. The emission arises as a consequence of producing vibrationally excited NO, either by collisions with energetic atomic oxygen or via the reaction of atomic nitrogen with molecular oxygen. The latter process is a potentially important source of cooling, as it can excite the higher vibrational levels (v ≥ 2) of nitric oxide, resulting in the emission of multiple photons. This chemiluminescent emission has been modeled by calculating the level populations of NO(v ≤ 10) considering production from the reaction of N(2D) and N(4S) with O2, along with interlevel cascade due to radiative deexcitation and collisional quenching. We integrate this model into the NCAR TIE‐GCM (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) to calculate the contribution of chemiluminescence to infrared emissions from NO in the thermosphere. For day 80 of 2003, it is shown that chemiluminescence accounts for 15–30% of the total column emissions from NO in the sunlit thermosphere between ±50° latitude. More than 60% of the chemiluminescence is produced from v ≥ 3, indicating that these vibrational levels are an important source of thermospheric cooling. Model calculations of the first overtone emission (Δv = 2) are shown to be in agreement with measurements by the Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS‐1A) experiment. A computationally inexpensive parameterization which calculates the chemiluminescence from v ≤ 10 within 5% of the full calculation is also presented.
Precise measurements of enthalpy of postspinel transition in Mg2SiO4 and application to the phase boundary calculation
Authors: Kojitani Hiroshi , Inoue Toru , Akaogi Masaki
Published: February 2016

Drop solution enthalpies (ΔH°d‐s) of Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite, Mg2SiO4 forsterite, perovskite‐type MgSiO3 (bridgmanite), and MgSiO3 enstatite were measured using a single batch of 2PbO · B2O3 solvent at 978 K. From the obtained ΔH°d‐s values of Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite, MgSiO3 bridgmanite, and MgO, an enthalpy of the postspinel phase transition, Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite = MgSiO3 bridgmanite + MgO, was determined to be 78.54 ± 2.28 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic calculations using the obtained phase transition enthalpy and available thermochemical and thermoelastic data provided the phase transition pressure of 23.1 ± 1.4 GPa at 298 K. This value is comparable to those at about 2000 K determined by previous experimental and theoretical studies, implying a considerably gentle Clapeyron slope. Thermodynamic calculations of the postspinel boundary at high temperatures in the anhydrous condition by changing thermochemical and thermoelastic parameters within the uncertainties suggested that the postspinel transition pressure of Mg2SiO4 at high temperature is lower than the pressure corresponding to the global average depth of the “660 km” seismic discontinuity in the Earth's mantle (~23.5 GPa) estimated from one‐dimensional reference Earth models and that a most likely Clapeyron slope is about −1 MPa/K. The postspinel transition in the hydrous condition with about 2 wt % H2O, which shows higher transition pressure and steeper Clapeyron slope than those in the anhydrous condition, gives a plausible explanation for seismic observations on the 660 km discontinuity, and therefore, hydrous mantle transition zone would be required.
The unusual 28 December 2014 dike‐fed paroxysm at Mount Etna: Timing and mechanism from a multidisciplinary perspective
Authors: Gambino Salvatore , Cannata Andrea , Cannavò Flavio , La Spina Alessandro , Palano Mimmo , Sciotto Mariangela , Spampinato Letizia , Barberi Graziella
Published: February 2016

Between 2011 and 2013, there were 43 lava fountain episodes from Mount Etna's New South‐East summit crater (NSEC). In 2014, this intense activity was supplanted by sporadic Strombolian explosions and the opening of an eruptive fissure between July and August. The only lava fountaining episode of the year occurred on 28 December; this was characterized by the emplacement of a shallow dike that, at the surface, fed two distinct lava flows from an ENE‐WSW trending eruptive fissure. Here we provide a detailed picture of the onset of the dike emplacement, as well as the mechanism driving its migration, using a multidisciplinary data set based on seismic, geodetic, geochemical, and volcanological observations. The dike emplacement was preceded by a pressurization of the magmatic plumbing system recorded from August 2014 on. This pressurization has been modeled as a vertically elongated magmatic source located beneath the summit craters at ~4.5 km below sea level. From September to October, magma rising was also detected by seismic and geochemical data that highlighted pressurization of the shallower portion of the plumbing system. We suggest that the 28 December 2014 dike emplacement resulted from a modification of the preexisting NSEC shallow plumbing system, largely due to drainage of the main shallow conduit during the July–August 2014 eruptive fissure activity. Such a structural modification might have created the conditions for magma emplacement as a dike‐like structure.
Improved meteorology from an updated WRF/CMAQ modeling system with MODIS vegetation and albedo
Authors: Ran Limei , Pleim Jonathan , Gilliam Robert , Binkowski Francis S. , Hogrefe Christian , Band Larry
Published: February 2016

Realistic vegetation characteristics and phenology from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products improve the simulation for the meteorology and air quality modeling system WRF/CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting model and Community Multiscale Air Quality model) that employs the Pleim‐Xiu land surface model (PX LSM). Recently, PX LSM WRF/CMAQ has been updated in vegetation, soil, and boundary layer processes resulting in improved 2 m temperature (T) and mixing ratio (Q), 10 m wind speed, and surface ozone simulations across the domain compared to the previous version for a period around August 2006. Yearlong meteorology simulations with the updated system demonstrate that MODIS input helps reduce bias of the 2 m Q estimation during the growing season from April to September. Improvements follow the green‐up in the southeast from April and move toward the west and north through August. From October to March, MODIS input does not have much influence on the system because vegetation is not as active. The greatest effects of MODIS input include more accurate phenology, better representation of leaf area index (LAI) for various forest ecosystems and agricultural areas, and realistically sparse vegetation coverage in the western drylands. Despite the improved meteorology, MODIS input causes higher bias for the surface O3 simulation in April, August, and October in areas where MODIS LAI is much less than the base LAI. Thus, improvements may be needed in the CMAQ dry deposition model for low LAI areas where deposition on the soil surface becomes important.
Plasma clouds and snowplows: Bulk plasma escape from Mars observed by MAVEN
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Brain D. A. , Ruhunusiri S. , McFadden J. P. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Connerney J. E. P. , Harada Y. , Hara T. , Espley J. R. , DiBraccio G.A. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: February 2016

We present initial Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations and preliminary interpretation of bulk plasma loss from Mars. MAVEN particle and field measurements show that planetary heavy ions derived from the Martian atmosphere can escape in the form of discrete coherent structures or “clouds.” The ions in these clouds are unmagnetized or weakly magnetized, have velocities well above the escape speed, and lie directly downstream from magnetic field amplifications, suggesting a “snowplow” effect. This postulated escape process, similar to that successfully used to explain the dynamics of active gas releases in the solar wind and terrestrial magnetosheath, relies on momentum transfer from the shocked solar wind protons to the planetary heavy ions, with the electrons and magnetic field acting as intermediaries. Fluxes of planetary ions on the order of 107 cm−2 s−1 can escape by this process, and if it operates regularly, it could contribute 10–20% of the current ion escape from Mars.
A method for independent validation of surface fluxes from atmospheric inversion: Application to CO2
Authors: Liu Junjie , Bowman Kevin
Published: February 2016

Validating fluxes from an atmospheric inversion is a challenging problem because there are often no direct flux measurements at comparable spatiotemporal scales whereas there are often relevant independent observables, e.g., trace gas concentrations. In this paper, we propose a method that validates posterior fluxes by projecting the errors between posterior and prior observable model states and independent data to the spatiotemporal differences between posterior and prior fluxes with an atmospheric transport adjoint model. We prove theoretically the conditions for which observed error reductions lead to error reductions in fluxes. We apply this approach to the atmospheric CO2 inversion problem using the NASA Carbon Monitoring System Flux project with an Observing System Simulation Experiment. We show that the posterior fluxes are more accurate than the prior over the region that significantly contributes to the reduction of CO2 errors, which is consistent with the theory.
Spatiotemporal patterns and trends of Indian monsoonal rainfall extremes
Authors: Malik Nishant , Bookhagen Bodo , Mucha Peter J.
Published: February 2016

In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of trends in the extremes during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) months (June to September) at different temporal and spatial scales. Our goal is to identify and quantify spatiotemporal patterns and trends that have emerged during the recent decades and may be associated with changing climatic conditions. Our analysis primarily relies on quantile regression that avoids making any subjective choices on spatial, temporal, or intensity pattern of extreme rainfall events. Our analysis divides the Indian monsoon region into climatic compartments that show different and partly opposing trends. These include strong trends toward intensified droughts in Northwest India, parts of Peninsular India, and Myanmar; in contrast, parts of Pakistan, Northwest Himalaya, and Central India show increased extreme daily rain intensity leading to higher flood vulnerability. Our analysis helps explain previously contradicting results of trends in average ISM rainfall.
Integrative Data Analysis for Research in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Mun Eun‐Young , Jiao Yang , Xie Minge
Published: February 2016

Researchers from many disciplines have increasingly called for changes in research practices to be more transparent and rigorous. One of the changes prominently discussed is the utilization of quantitative research synthesis from multiple single studies, which we broadly refer to as integrative data analysis (IDA). The present chapter discusses how IDA can be particularly helpful for research in developmental psychopathology. We provide a broad overview of evidence‐based quantitative approaches, covering different types of data, different analytical models, and complex research synthesis methods. We highlight the promise of utilizing individual participant‐level data from multiple single studies or networks of single studies for analyzing multiple related parameters (or multiple end points) within the framework of quantitative research synthesis. We provide several data examples to illustrate some of these methods. Through the use of innovative strategies for IDA, we can strengthen our research practices and expand our knowledge base cumulatively.
Friendship Work
Authors: Guinn Trey
Published: February 2016

Students desire connections with others but don't always know how to make them. Trey Guinn provides pragmatic suggestions on how to help students develop important friendship skills.
Association of Serum Uric Acid and Disease Duration With Frequent Gout Attacks: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Abhishek Abhishek , Valdes Ana M. , Zhang Weiya , Doherty Michael
Published: February 2016

Objective

To ascertain whether readily available disease and demographic factors associate with frequent acute attacks of gout, and to find out whether they can identify patients especially at risk of recurrent gout attacks.

Methods

Data from 3 previous studies at Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK, were used. Patients taking urate lowering treatment (ULT) were excluded, as it influences gout flare frequency. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between age, sex, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, cardiovascular comorbidities, tophi, serum uric acid (SUA), and >2 acute attacks of gout in the previous 12 months. Receiver operating curves were plotted to examine their ability in identifying patients with recurrent gout attacks.

Results

A total of 468 gout patients (88.5% men, mean ± SD age 62.2 ± 11.3 years, BMI 29.8 ± 5.0 kg/m2) were included. Disease duration and SUA associated independently with >2 acute attacks of gout in the previous 12 months (adjusted odds ratio 1.36 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.08–1.72] and 1.27 [95% CI 1.10–1.46], respectively). However, these factors performed poorly in identifying patients with frequent gout attacks, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.61, and there was an insignificant increase in AUC on adding other variables (AUC 0.64).

Conclusion

Higher SUA and longer disease duration associate independently with frequent gout attacks, presumably because of greater crystal load. This association supports early consideration of ULT for gout patients with higher SUA. However, as readily available disease and demographic factors perform poorly in identifying patients with frequent gout attacks, further research is required to ascertain the reasons underlying interpersonal variations in frequency of gout attacks.
Rheumatology Research Foundation Clinician Scholar Educator Award: Fifteen Years Promoting Rheumatology Educators and Education
Authors: Berman Jessica R. , O'Rourke Kenneth S. , Kolasinski Sharon L. , Aizer Juliet , Wheatley Mary J. , Battistone Michael J. , Siaton Bernadette C. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa , Pillinger Michael H. , Lazaro Deana M.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The Rheumatology Research Foundation's Clinician Scholar Educator (CSE) award is a 3‐year career development award supporting medical education research while providing opportunities for mentorship and collaboration. Our objective was to document the individual and institutional impact of the award since its inception, as well as its promise to strengthen the subspecialty of rheumatology.

Methods

All 60 CSE Award recipients were surveyed periodically. Fifty‐six of those 60 awardees (90%) responded to requests for survey information that included post‐award activities, promotions, and further funding. Data were also collected from yearly written progress reports for each grant.

Results

Of the total CSE recipients to date, 48 of 60 (80%) are adult rheumatologists, 11 of 60 (18%) are pediatric rheumatologists, and 1 is an adult and pediatric rheumatologist. Two‐thirds of survey respondents spend up to 30% of their total time in educational activities, and one‐third spend greater than 30%. Thirty‐one of the 60 CSE recipients (52%) have published a total of 86 medical education papers. Twenty‐six of 52 (50%) had received an academic promotion following the award. Eleven awardees earned advanced degrees.

Conclusion

We describe the creation and evolution of a grant program from a medical subspecialty society foundation and the impact on producing education research, individual identity formation, and ongoing support for educators. This community of rheumatology scholar educators now serves as an important resource at the national level for the American College of Rheumatology and its membership. We believe that this grant may serve as a model for other medical societies that want to promote education scholarship and leadership within their specialties.
Association of Anticentromere Antibodies With More Severe Exocrine Glandular Dysfunction in Sjögren's Syndrome: Analysis of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Cohort
Authors: Baer Alan N. , Medrano Leah , McAdams‐DeMarco Mara , Gniadek Thomas J.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Anticentromere antibodies (ACAs) define a subset of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) with a unique phenotype, including features of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and a lower frequency of anti‐SSA/SSB antibodies. We sought to determine whether ACAs are associated with more severe exocrine glandular dysfunction in a large cohort of primary SS subjects.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of 1,361 subjects with primary SS from the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Registry, stratified by the presence or absence of ACAs. ACAs were assayed by immunofluorescence staining on HEp‐2 cells.

Results

ACAs were present in 82 of the 1,361 SS subjects (6%) and were associated with older age, female sex, and lower frequencies of anti‐SSA/SSB, rheumatoid factor, and hyperglobulinemia. Among ACA‐positive versus ACA‐negative subjects, there was a higher frequency of a focus score ≥2 (71% versus 53%; P = 0.002), a higher median focus score (2.8 versus 2.5; P = 0.0440), and greater exocrine gland dysfunction: Schirmer's test value: median 4 versus 5 mm/5 minutes; P = 0.0003, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate: median 0.08 versus 0.37 ml/5 minutes; P < 0.0001. ACA‐positive subjects had an increased risk of UWS <0.1 ml/minute (odds ratio [OR] 12.24 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.91–41.02]) and Schirmer's test value <5 mm/5 minutes (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.50–4.36]) after correcting for age, sex, anti‐SSA/SSB, and focus score. Labial gland fibrosis was not different between the 2 groups.

Conclusion

In a large international registry of SS, ACA had an independent association with more severe exocrine glandular dysfunction. This dysfunction was associated with more pronounced labial salivary glandular inflammation but not fibrosis.
Anisotropic Growth of Nonlayered CdS on MoS2 Monolayer for Functional Vertical Heterostructures
Authors: Zheng Wei , Feng Wei , Zhang Xin , Chen Xiaoshuang , Liu Guangbo , Qiu Yunfeng , Hasan Tawfique , Tan Pingheng , Hu Ping An
Published: February 2016

2D semiconductors have emerged as a crucial material for use in next‐generation optotelectronics. Similar to microelectronic devices, 2D vertical heterostructures will most likely be the elemental components for future nanoscale electronics and optotelectronics. To date, the components of mostly reported 2D van der Waals heterostructures are restricted to layer crystals. In this work, it is demonstrated that nonlayered semiconductors of CdS can be epitaxially grown on to 2D layered MoS2 substrate to form a new quasi vertical heterostructure with clean interface by chemical vapor deposition. Photodetectors based on this CdS/MoS2 heterostructure show broader wavelength response and ≈50‐fold improvement in photoresponsivity, compared to the devices fabricated from MoS2 monolayer only. This research opens up a way to fabricate a variety of functional quasi heterostructures from nonlayered semiconductors.
Green and Rapid Access to Benzocoumarins via Direct Benzene Construction through Base‐Mediated Formal [4+2] Reaction and Air Oxidation
Authors: Mou Chengli , Zhu Tingshun , Zheng Pengcheng , Yang Song , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: February 2016

Benzocoumarin is an important structural motif widely found in natural products and synthetic molecules. Traditional methods for the synthesis of benzocoumarins and their derivatives require multiple steps, typically with an intramolecular ester forming reaction to make the lactone ring as the last step. Another major method involves transition metal‐catalyzed coupling or carbon‐hydrogen bond activation reactions starting with pre‐existing aryl frameworks in the substrates. Here we report a new strategy for the green and rapid access to benzocoumarins and their derivatives. Our method uses readily available unsaturated aldehydes and coumarins as the substrates and air as the green oxidant. The overall reaction proceeds through a formal [4+2] process to construct a new benzene ring and thus to afford benzocoumarins in essentially a single step. No metal catalysts were used; no toxic or expensive reagents were involved. The power of our new approach is further demonstrated in a concise formal total synthesis of cannabinol, a bioactive natural product.

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Solid‐Phase Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones via the Cyclative Cleavage of N‐Arylated Carboxamides
Authors: Carbain Benoit , Schütznerová Eva , Přibylka Adam , Krchňák Viktor
Published: February 2016

We describe a practical (time‐efficient, with commercially available building blocks, user friendly reaction conditions, high purity of products) synthesis of pharmacologically relevant quinoxalinones with three points of diversification that takes advantage of solid‐phase synthesis and cyclative cleavage. Resin‐bound (S)‐2‐(N‐alkyl‐2‐nitrophenyl)sulfonamide‐3‐alkyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)propanamides, which are accessible from Fmoc‐protected α‐amino acids, 2‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride and alcohols, underwent base‐mediated N‐arylation. The reduction of the nitro group produced acyclic intermediates that were subjected to acid‐mediated cyclative cleavage to yield 3,4‐dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones.

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Synthesis of Highly Substituted 4‐Iodopyrazole N‐oxides and Pyrazoles from Propargylamines
Authors: Unnava Ramanjaneyulu , Deka Manash J. , Saikia Anil K.
Published: February 2016

Propargylamines were efficiently converted into 4‐iodopyrazole N‐oxides in good yields by reaction with sodium nitrite in acetic acid mediated by iodine. The pyrazole N‐oxides were converted into pyrazoles by treatment with phosphorous trichloride in refluxing chloroform. The obtained 4‐Iodopyrazole N‐oxides were used for cross coupling reactions.
Tetrathia[7]helicene Phosphorus Derivatives: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Electronic Properties, and Preliminary Applications as Organocatalysts
Authors: Dova Davide , Viglianti Lucia , Mussini Patrizia R. , Prager Stefan , Dreuw Andreas , Voituriez Arnaud , Licandro Emanuela , Cauteruccio Silvia
Published: February 2016

Combined experimental and theoretical study on the electronic characteristics of tetrathiahelicene (7‐TH) alkyl and aryl phosphorus derivatives, including phosphanes, phosphine–borane complexes, phosphine oxides, and phosphine–selenides, is described. The collected data give useful information on the σ‐donor ability of the phosphorus atoms, which mainly depends on the aryl or alkyl nature of the substituents at the phosphorus atom. Electrochemical investigations provide the relationships between the electronic and structural properties, and quantum chemical calculations show a clear dominance of the 7‐TH scaffold on the electronic properties of all investigated molecules. Finally, different electronic and steric properties of 7‐TH phosphanes strongly influenced their catalytic behavior, for example, as Lewis base organocatalysts in typical [3+2] annulation reactions.
The Total Synthesis of (±)‐Naupliolide: A Tetracyclic Sesquiterpene Lactone
Authors: Abe Hideki , Morishita Tomoyuki , Yoshie Toshihiro , Long Kérya , Kobayashi Toyoharu , Ito Hisanaka
Published: February 2016

The first total synthesis of (±)‐naupliolide has been achieved. The synthetic method includes a Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation of an allyl alcohol, diastereoselective cleavage of a benzylidene acetal group, radical cyclization of an aldehyde with a cyclopropane ring, and construction of an eight‐membered ring by ring‐closing metathesis.
Antibacterial efficacy of functionalized silk fabrics by radical copolymerization with quaternary ammonium salts
Authors: Liu Ying , Xiao Cheng , Li Xiaolin , Li Lin , Ren Xuehong , Liang Jie , Huang Tung-Shi
Published: February 2016

Quaternary ammonium salts Quats‐C8, Quats‐C12, and Quats‐C18 with different alkyl chain lengths have been successfully synthesized, and used for modifying silk fabrics. The optimum reaction conditions of initiator concentration, curing temperature, curing time, and monomer concentration have been studied. The modified fabrics of silk‐g‐C8, silk‐g‐C12, and silk‐g‐C18 were characterized by FTIR spectra. Antibacterial test showed that the modified silk fabrics possessed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. The carbon number in the alkyl chain of monomers Quats‐C8, Quats‐C12, and Quats‐C18 can affect the antibacterial efficacy. With longer alkyl chain, the antibacterial efficacy increased. The quaternary ammonium salts‐modified silk fabrics have small change on the tensile strength and wrinkle recovery angle, and have shown potential practical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43450.
Comparison of the Morphology and Histomorphometry of Spermatogenic Cyst of Three Sharks Species With Diametric Testes
Authors: Gomes do Rêgo Mariana , Fitzpatrick John L. , Hissa V. Hazin Fabio , Araujo Maria Lucia. G. , Barros Maria Edna Gomes , Evêncio Neto Joaquim
Published: February 2016

Characterization of the reproductive anatomy of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays, and sawfish) offers unique insights into the evolution of reproductive traits in animals due to their phylogenetic position at the base of the vertebrate tree of life. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of male elasmobranch reproductive physiology and testes histology, very little is known about how testes histomorphometrics varies with male maturation. In this study, we characterize and contrast testes morphology and histomorphology of males at different maturation stages in three shark species with diametric testes development: Prionaceglauca, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, and Mustelus canis. All stages of spermatogenesis were observed in P. glauca and R. lalandii, while for M. canis, only males at early stages of maturation were examined and therefore all the spermatogenesis cells lineage were not present. The number of Sertoli cells increased with cell development by six times in R. lalandii and roughly four times in P. glauca, and were statistically different among stages of spermatogenesis cysts in both species. Statistical differences in cyst diameter and Sertoli cell numbers were observed between P. glauca and R. lalandii. The increase of spermatocyte II cell diameter described for R. Lalandii in this study was not usual to elasmobranch species as compared, for example, to P. glauca. This information proves the importance of studying the testicular development and the process of spermatogenesis is necessary for understanding the reproductive biology of the species, including life cycles and history, variation of reproductive morphology. Anat Rec, 299:759–768, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Multiple Model Tracking Algorithm Based on an Adaptive Particle Filter
Authors: Chen Zhimin , Qu Yuanxin , Xi Zhengdong , Bo Yuming , Liu Bing , Kang Deyong
Published: February 2016

The interacting multiple model based on a particle filter fails to meet the requirements of real‐time performance when manoeuvring target tracking by radar due to deficiencies in its high calculation complexity. An improved particle filter based on landscape adaptive particle swarm optimization is proposed. This filter adopts the method of updating inertia weight, using not only local information and global information, but also preventing algorithm trapping in a local optimum, so the filter can find the optimal solution with less iteration. Additionally, an improved tracking model is presented. With the help of systematic resampling, the model can figure out the model index of particles. The experimental results prove that the new tracking algorithm not only improves manoeuvring target tracking accuracy, but also decreases computing complexity.
Assessing carbon reduction effects toward the mode shift of green transportation system
Authors: Yang Chih‐Wen , Ho Yi‐Ling
Published: February 2016

Plans are underway to introduce green transportation systems at Taiwan's famous scenic spot, Sun Moon Lake, to reduce carbon emissions. Carbon reduction effects after changing the current lake tour modes are assessed using a nested logit model with a stated preference survey, which investigated tourists' choice preferences. The empirical results reveal that the modes of electric bus, electric vehicle sharing, and bike are clustered in the same competitive group. Travel cost, in‐vehicle travel time, and out‐vehicle travel time are found to be statistically significant with the expected negative effects. In particular, the attribute of carbon reduction is only significant for green tourists, who are willing to pay US$ 3.5/kg of carbon saved. The result indicates that more efficient carbon reduction is possible by restricting the usage of gasoline vehicles rather than improving the service levels of low‐carbon modes. Notably, the effect of parking charges on emission reduction is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by 4511 trees per day. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of Developmental Effects in Rats Caused by an N‐Phenylimide Herbicide: Transient Fetal Anemia and Sequelae during Mid‐to‐Late Gestation
Authors: Kawamura Satoshi , Yoshioka Takafumi , Mito Nobuaki , Kishimoto Noriyuki , Nakaoka Masanao , Fantel Alan G.
Published: February 2016

Background

Rat developmental toxicity including embryolethality and teratogenicity (mainly ventricular septal defects [VSDs] and wavy ribs) was produced by an N‐phenylimide herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) common to chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. Major characteristics of the developmental toxicity included species difference between rats and rabbits, compound‐specific difference among structurally similar herbicides, and sensitive period. Protoporphyrin accumulation in treated fetuses closely correlated with the major characteristics. Iron deposits in erythroblastic mitochondria and degeneration of erythroblasts were observed in treated rat fetuses. In this study we investigated fetal anemia and subsequent developmental effects in rats, and inhibition of PPO in rats, rabbits, and humans by the herbicides in vitro.

Methods

Fetuses were treated on gestational day (GD) 12 and removed on GDs 13 through 20. All litters were examined externally. One half of litters were examined for blood and skeletal development, and the other half for interventricular foramen closure. Effects on PPO were determined in mitochondria from embryos and adult livers.

Results

Fetal anemia in rats was evident on GDs 13 through 16. Subsequently, enlarged heart, delayed closure of the foramen, reduced serum protein, and retarded rib ossification were observed. In vitro PPO inhibition exhibited species‐ and compound‐specific differences corresponding to the developmental toxicity.

Conclusion

We propose that developmental toxicity results from PPO inhibition in primitive erythroblasts, causing transient fetal anemia followed by death. Compensatory enlargement of the fetal heart results in failure of interventricular foramen closure and VSD. Reduced serum protein leads to delayed ossification and wavy ribs
A Silica Colloidal Mask for Randomly Surface‐textured Indium‐doped Tin Oxide for Enhancing the Power‐conversion Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Park Jeong‐Woo , Shim Jae Won
Published: February 2016

We report on the photovoltaic properties of polymer solar cells (PSCs) that utilize surface‐textured indium‐doped tin oxide (ITO) as the hole‐collecting electrode. The surface‐textured ITO was obtained by etching the ITO surface using two‐dimensional silica colloidal particles. By treating the ITO surface with polyelectrolytes, monolayer silica colloidal particles could be uniformly distributed on the ITO surface. The random patterns on the ITO surface were realized by a plasma etching process using these colloidal particles as an etching mask. Scattered reflection induced by the random patterns on the ITO surface leads to increased photon absorption in the photoactive layer. The PSC with an ITO etching depth of 30 nm exhibits an increased short‐circuit current density of 10.0 mA/cm2 and a power‐conversion efficiency of 4.23%, compared to the reference device comprising an unpatterned ITO surface.
Observation of Blip Response in a Single Pt Nanoparticle Collision on a Cu Ultramicroelectrode
Authors: Jung Seung Yeon , Joo Jin Woo , Kwon Seong Jung
Published: February 2016

The collision of a single Pt nanoparticle (NP) was observed by an electrocatalytic amplification method. A Au ultramicroelectrode (UME) is usually used for the detection of Pt single NP collisions. The transient current response of the colliding Pt NP with the Au UME was observed as a staircase response. However, the response of the transient current by NP collision is affected by various factors including the material of the UME. In this study, a Cu UME was employed for the detection of a single Pt NP collision to investigate the effect of the UME material on the current response. A different current response, namely a blip response, was obtained by using Cu UME unlike the other UMEs. The peak height and collision frequency were analyzed and compared with the previous results using Au, Hg, or Ni UME for a better understanding of the UME material's effect on single Pt NP collision.
Boundary research: Tools and rules to impact emerging fields
Authors: Wansink Brian , van Ittersum Koert
Published: February 2016

Boundary research can be risky, but it can also move academic disciplines into wider areas of influence. To help reduce the risk and increase the reward, this article describes new tools that boundary researchers can use to get started, published, and promoted. These include writing for surprising impact, positioning their research against a larger theme, developing a research impact matrix for promotion, and estimating a 10‐year citation record. These tools can help move a boundary research area from fringe to focus. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Consumer Behaviour published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the search for an “easy” FFR: Submaximal hyperemia and NTG‐induced translesional pressure drop (Pd/Pa‐NTG)
Authors: Kern Morton J. , Seto Arnold H.
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Estimators of FFR that do not require adenosine hyperemia may increase the use of hemodynamic lesion assessment.

This study shows that Pd/Pa of >0.88 after nitroglycerin bolus had a 95% sensitivity for an FFR >0.80, and could avoid adenosine in half of cases.

Nitroglycerin hyperemia is novel but requires more study to be a surrogate for adenosine.
The alternative approach to transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Kornowski Ran
Published: February 2016

Key Points

An alternative route for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is needed whenever transfemoral vascular access is not feasible.

The choice of alternative access differs between centers and depends mainly on the operators' preferences and site‐specific expertise of the “heart team.”

In a multi‐center Italian Registry, the alternative access site (transapical vs. trans‐subclavian) was not an independent predictor of short‐ or long‐term mortality.
A Simple Graphical Check of Consistency for Zero Length Column Desorption Curves
Authors: Brandani Stefano
Published: February 2016

The mass balance for a zero length column (ZLC) system leads to a very simple check which can be used to ensure internal consistency of the experimental curves. This is based on reporting experiments run at different flow rates on a c/c0 vs. Ft plot, where F is the volumetric flow rate. The proposed method is applied to two different sets of results from the literature and can be used to identify that in one case the data are inconsistent. The results lead to an important recommendation: any future contribution reporting ZLC curves should include the c/c0 vs. Ft plot which can confirm the internal consistency of the results and indicate if the experiments are carried out under equilibrium or kinetic control.
Triggering Gel Formation and Luminescence through Donor–Acceptor Interactions in a C3‐Symmetric Tris(pyrene) System
Authors: Lai Thanh‐Loan , Pop Flavia , Melan Caroline , Canevet David , Sallé Marc , Avarvari Narcis
Published: February 2016

Straightforward modulation of the gelation, absorption and luminescent properties of a tris(pyrene) organogelator containing a C3‐symmetric benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide central unit functionalized by three 3,3′‐diamino‐2,2′‐bipyridine fragments is achieved through donor–acceptor interactions in the presence of tetracyanoquinodimethane.
Impact of Protein Removal by an Upstream Ultrafiltration on the Reverse Osmosis of Skim Milk and Sweet Whey
Authors: Meyer Patricia , Kulozik Ulrich
Published: February 2016

Concentration of milk and whey by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) in cascade mode is an amendment of evaporation for high volume reduction ratios (VRR) prior to drying. This study investigated the impact of a prior protein removal and the transmembrane pressure (TMP) on the RO stage, compared to skim milk and sweet whey. It could be found that removal of the protein fraction of both skim milk and sweet whey improved the efficiency of the RO. An upstream ultrafiltration resulted in higher VRR as well as an increased permeate flux.
Präparationsprinzipien mikroporöser Materialien: Vom building block zum hierarchisch aufgebauten porösen System
Authors: Schwieger Wilhelm , Klumpp Michael , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Hartmann Martin
Published: February 2016

Mikroporöse Materialien sind lange bekannt und werden aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen sorptiven und katalytischen Eigenschaften mit weiterhin steigendem Interesse untersucht, zielgerichtet synthetisiert und potenziellen Anwendungen zugeführt. Obwohl gerade die Mikroporosität entscheidend zu den herausragenden Eigenschaften in Katalyse und Sorptionsprozessen beiträgt, so bremst sie auch die Geschwindigkeit vieler solcher Prozesse. Deshalb rückt die Entwicklung von Materialien mit hierarchisch aufgebauter Porosität zunehmend in den Fokus der Forschung. Dieser Artikel spannt den Bogen von der grundsätzlichen Beschreibung mikroporöser Materialien und ihrer Baueinheiten, über grundsätzliche Präparationsprinzipien bei deren Herstellung bis hin zu den neueren Entwicklungen im Bereich der zeolithischen Materialien mit hierarchischer Porosität.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals: One‐step synthesis, nanocomposite preparation, and characterization
Authors: Kedzior Stephanie A. , Graham Lexa , Moorlag Carolyn , Dooley Brynn M. , Cranston Emily D.
Published: February 2016

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are ideal reinforcing agents for polymer nanocomposites because they are lightweight and nano‐sized with a large aspect ratio and high elastic modulus. To overcome the poor compatibility of hydrophilic CNCs in non‐polar composite matrices, we grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from the surface of CNCs using an aqueous, one‐pot, free radical polymerization method with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by CP/MAS NMR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. Spectroscopy demonstrates that 0.11 g/g (11 wt %) PMMA is grafted from the CNC surface, giving PMMA‐g‐CNCs, which are similar in size and crystallinity to unmodified CNCs but have an onset of thermal degradation 45 °C lower. Nanocomposites were prepared by compounding unmodified CNCs and PMMA‐g‐CNCs (0.0025–0.02 g/g (0.25–2 wt %) loading) with PMMA using melt mixing and wet ball milling. CNCs improved the performance of melt‐mixed nanocomposites at 0.02 g/g (2 wt %) loading compared to the PMMA control, while lower loadings of CNCs and all loadings of PMMA‐g‐CNCs did not. The difference in Young's modulus between unmodified CNC and polymer‐grafted CNC composites was generally insignificant. Overall, ball‐milled composites had inferior mechanical and rheological properties compared to melt‐mixed composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed aggregation in the samples with CNCs, but more pronounced aggregation with PMMA‐g‐CNCs. Despite improving interfacial compatibility between the nanoparticles and the matrix, the effect of PMMA‐g‐CNC aggregation and decreased thermal stability dominated the composite performance.
An Ex Situ Salinity Restoration Assessment Using Legume, Saltbush, and Grass in Australian Soil
Authors: Bhuiyan Mohammad S. I. , Raman Anantanarayanan , Hodgkins Dennis , Mitchell David , Nicol Helen
Published: February 2016

Shoot and root water content, shoot/root biomass ratio, and plant height were measured in Melilotus siculus (Fabaceae), Tecticornia pergranulata (Amaranthaceae: Chenopodiodeae), and Thinopyrum ponticum (Poaceae) to determine their growth performance in a glasshouse – pot trial using salinity levels of 0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 dS m−1. The following indices, total‐ion accumulation (TIA), bioaccumulation factor (BF), translocation factor (TF), and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Na+ and Cl− were also measured enabling the evaluation of the remediation capacity of these plants. With increasing salinity in soil, total Na+ and Cl− accumulation increased in the tested plants in the following order: T. pergranulata > M. siculus > T. ponticum. T. pergranulata had the maximal phytoextraction capacity of Na+ and Cl−. The BF and BCF values of Na+ and Cl− were >1 in the plants tested in different salinity treatments. The TF value of Cl− was >1 for these tested plants, whereas the TF value of Na+ was >1 in T. pergranulata and M. siculus and it <1 in T. ponticum. T. pergranulata and M. siculus performed the best, accumulating more of Na+ and Cl−, and therefore they appear to be the candidates‐of‐choice for phytoremediation of saline sites in central western New South Wales, Australia.
Mesoporous Tungsten Trioxide Polyaniline Nanocomposite as an Anode Material for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Bin , Li Xiaoping , Li Weishan , Wang Yaqiong , Uchaker Evan , Pei Yi , Cao Xi , Li Shuang , Huang Bin , Cao Guozhong
Published: February 2016

A nanocomposite of polyaniline (PANI)/mesoporous tungsten trioxide (m‐WO3) was synthesized by the chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline coated onto an ordered m‐WO3 and investigated as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. The nanocomposite was characterized by using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the nanocomposite were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge/discharge tests. The reversible capacity of the PANI/m‐WO3 in the first cycle was 1064 mAh g−1 at 60 mA g−1 and remained at 803 mAh g−1 at 180 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, while the initial charge capacity of m‐WO3 was 556 mAh g−1 and remained only at 303 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite can be ascribed to the electronical conductivity of PANI and the chemical interaction between PANI and m‐WO3. More importantly, the unique PANI coating layer on the m‐WO3 is believed to play an important role in the capacity contribution of the composite.
AC Conduction and Time–Temperature Superposition Scaling in a Reduced Graphene Oxide–Zinc Sulfide Nanocomposite
Authors: Chakraborty Koushik , Das Poulomi , Chakrabarty Sankalpita , Pal Tanusri , Ghosh Surajit
Published: February 2016

We report, herein, the results of an in depth study and concomitant analysis of the AC conduction [σ′(ω): f=20 Hz to 2 MHz] mechanism in a reduced graphene oxide–zinc sulfide (RGO–ZnS) composite. The magnitude of the real part of the complex impedance decreases with increase in both frequency and temperature, whereas the imaginary part shows an asymptotic maximum that shifts to higher frequencies with increasing temperature. On the other hand, the conductivity isotherm reveals a frequency‐independent conductivity at lower frequencies subsequent to a dispersive conductivity at higher frequencies, which follows a power law [σ′(ω)∝ωs] within a temperature range of 297 to 393 K. Temperature‐independent frequency exponent ′s′ indicates the occurrence of phonon‐assisted simple quantum tunnelling of electrons between the defects present in RGO. Finally, this sample follows the “time–temperature superposition principle”, as confirmed from the universal scaling of conductivity isotherms. These outcomes not only pave the way for increasing our elemental understanding of the transport mechanism in the RGO system, but will also motivate the investigation of the transport mechanism in other order–disorder systems.
Karen Refugees Describe Peace within the Context of Displacement
Authors: Fuertes Al
Published: February 2016

Displaced populations are often the most vulnerable and at‐risk people in our world today. Many end up becoming victims of human smuggling and trafficking, and they are often subjected to intolerable living conditions and uncertainty regarding their future. What can displaced populations teach us about peace? Using a storytelling method, Karen refugees along the Thai‐Burmese border describe peace as encompassing, embodying quality of life, both social and personal. It comprises an interdisciplinary spectrum of socioeconomic, political, psychosocial, and educational elements. Peace for Karen refugees requires a collaborative action among government and nongovernment organizations.
Overt and Covert Group Dynamics: An Innovative Approach for Conflict Resolution Preparation
Authors: Katz Neil H. , Sosa Katherine J. , Harriott Suzzette A.
Published: February 2016

Group work is a necessary but often bewildering part of working in the field of conflict resolution. Although programs provide skill practice courses to prepare conflict professionals, their opportunity to engage in settings that reflect the challenging work of operating in the midst of a heightened emotional environment is limited. One course that at least approximates those conditions is based on the Tavistock approach to group relations and emulates the covert and overt dynamics that occur in groups. This article advocates for experiential educational events such as this to improve training for conflict resolution professionals and is supported by interview data collected from participants.