bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Modifications of Fluorescent Cytidine Analogues Control Photophysics and Fluorescent Responses to Base Stacking and Pairing
Authors: Teppang Kristine L. , Lee Raymond W. , Burns Dillon D. , Turner M. Benjamin , Lokensgard Melissa E. , Cooksy Andrew L. , Purse Byron W.
Published: October 2018

The rational design of fluorescent nucleoside analogues is greatly hampered by the lack of a general method to predict their photophysics, a problem that is especially acute when base pairing and stacking change fluorescence. To better understand these effects, a series of tricyclic cytidine (tC and tCO) analogues ranging from electron‐rich to electron‐deficient was designed and synthesized. They were then incorporated into oligonucleotides, and photophysical responses to base pairing and stacking were studied. When inserted into double‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides, electron‐rich analogues exhibit a fluorescence turn‐on effect, in contrast with the electron‐deficient compounds, which show diminished fluorescence. The magnitude of these fluorescence changes is correlated with the oxidation potential of nearest neighbor nucleobases. Moreover, matched base pairing enhances fluorescence turn‐on for the electron‐rich compounds, and it causes a fluorescence decrease for the electron‐deficient compounds. For the tCO compounds, the emergence of vibrational fine structure in the fluorescence spectra in response to base pairing and stacking was observed, offering a potential new tool for studying nucleic acid structure and dynamics. These results, supported by DFT calculations, help to rationalize fluorescence changes in the base stack and will be useful for selecting the best fluorescent nucleoside analogues for a desired application.
Short, Tin‐Free Synthesis of All Three Inthomycins
Authors: Kumar Manjeet , Bromhead Liam , Anderson Zoe , Overy Alistair , Burton Jonathan W.
Published: October 2018

The inthomycins are a family of structurally and biologically rich natural products isolated from Streptomyces species. Herein the implementation of a modular synthetic route is reported that has enabled the enantioselective synthesis of all three inthomycins. Key steps include Suzuki and Sonogashira cross‐couplings and an enantioselective Kiyooka aldol reaction.
Hydrogel and Organogel Formation by Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Cyclic Peptides Nanotubes
Authors: Shaikh Huda , Rho Julia Y. , Macdougall Laura J. , Gurnani Pratik , Lunn Andrew M. , Yang Jie , Huband Steve , Mansfield Edward D. H. , Peltier Raoul , Perrier Sebastien
Published: October 2018

Breaking away from the linear structure of previously reported peptide‐based gelators, this study reports the first example of gel formation based on the use of cyclic peptides made of alternating d‐ and l‐amino acids, known to self‐assemble in solution to form long nanotubes. Herein, a library of cyclic peptides was systemically studied for their gelation properties in various solvents, uncovering key parameters driving both organogel and hydrogel formation. The hierarchical nature of the self‐assembly process in water was characterised by a combination of electron microscopy imaging and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, revealing a porous network of entangled nanofibres composed by the aggregation of several cyclic peptide nanotubes. Rheology measurements then confirmed the formation of soft hydrogels.
Amine–Borane Dehydropolymerization: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Colebatch Annie L. , Weller Andrew S.
Published: October 2018

The dehydropolymerization of amine–boranes, exemplified as H2RB⋅NR′H2, to produce polyaminoboranes (HRBNR′H)n that are inorganic analogues of polyolefins with alternating main‐chain B−N units, is an area with significant potential, stemming from both fundamental (mechanism, catalyst development, main‐group hetero‐cross‐coupling) and technological (new polymeric materials) opportunities. This Concept article outlines recent advances in the field, covering catalyst development and performance, current mechanistic models, and alternative non‐catalytic routes for polymer production. The substrate scope, polymer properties and applications of these exciting materials are also outlined. Challenges and opportunities in the field are suggested, as a way of providing focus for future investigations.
Rational Molecular Design Overcoming the Long Delayed Fluorescence Lifetime and Serious Efficiency Roll‐Off in Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Devices
Authors: Oh Chan Seok , Lee Ha Lim , Han Si Hyun , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: October 2018

Blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) devices with short excited‐state lifetime, high reverse intersystem crossing rate, and low‐efficiency roll‐off were developed by managing the molecular structure of donor–acceptor‐type blue emitters. Three isomers of blue TADF emitters with a diphenyltriazine acceptor and three carbazole donors were synthesized. The position of the donor moieties in the phenyl linker connecting the donor and acceptor moieties was controlled to devise compounds with a short delayed fluorescence lifetime. A blue TADF emitter with three carbazole donors at 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐ positions of a phenyl linker shortened the excited state lifetime to 4.1 μs, showed a high external quantum efficiency of 20.4 %, and low efficiency roll‐off of less than 10 % at 1000 cd m−2. Therefore, a molecular design distorting the donors by aligning them in a consecutive way is useful to resolve the issues of long delayed fluorescence lifetime and efficiency roll‐off of blue TADF devices.
The Genotype for DPYD Risk Variants in Patients With Colorectal Cancer and the Related Toxicity Management Costs in Clinical Practice
Authors: Toffoli Giuseppe , Innocenti Federico , Polesel Jerry , De Mattia Elena , Sartor Franca , Dalle Fratte Chiara , Ecca Fabrizio , Dreussi Eva , Palazzari Elisa , Guardascione Michela , Buonadonna Angela , Foltran Luisa , Garziera Marica , Bignucolo Alessia , Nobili Stefania , Mini Enrico , Favaretto Adolfo , Berretta Massimiliano , D'Andrea Mario , De Paoli Antonino , Roncato Rossana , Cecchin Erika
Published: October 2018

Lack of information on the clinical utility of preemptive DPYD screening before fluoropyrimidine treatment is a major barrier preventing its use in clinical practice. This study aimed to define the association between DPYD variants and fluoropyrimidine‐related toxicity management costs. A cost analysis was conducted on the toxicities experienced by 550 patients with colorectal cancer treated with fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy. Genotyping for DPYD*2A, DPYD*13, DPYDc. 2846A>T, DPYD‐HapB3, and UGT1A1*28 was done retrospectively and did not affect patients’ treatments. Carriers of at least one DPYD variant experienced higher toxicity management costs (€2,972; 95% confidence interval (CI), €2,456–€3,505) than noncarriers (€825; 95% CI, €785–€864) (P < 0.0001) and had a higher risk for toxicity requiring hospitalization (odds ratio, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.87–9.14). In patients receiving fluoropyrimidine/irinotecan, the incremental cost between DPYD variant and UGT1A1*28/*28 carriers and noncarriers was €2,975. This study suggests that the toxicity management costs during fluoropyrimidine‐based therapy are associated with DPYD and UGT1A1*28 variants and supports the utility of genotyping.
Nonpyrolyzed Fe−N Coordination‐Based Iron Triazolate Framework: An Efficient and Stable Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Huang Zheng‐Hong , Xie Nan‐Hong , Zhang Min , Xu Bo‐Qing
Published: October 2018

Pyrolyzed base‐metal‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with FeNx coordination are emerging as nonprecious metal catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, surprisingly, nonpyrolyzed MOFs involving Fe−N coordination have not been explored for the ORR. This study concerns the catalytic performance of a semiconducting nonpyrolyzed iron triazolate framework (FeTa2) for ORR in alkaline electrolyte. The FeTa2 catalyst is studied as composites with different amounts of conductive Ketjenblack carbon (KB). The performance of these FeTa2‐x KB (x denotes the KB/FeTa2 weight ratio) composites by onset and half‐wave potentials of ORR appears to be superior to most previously documented nonpyrolyzed MOFs. Characterization by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry suggest that N−FeIII−OH− sites at the surface of FeTa2 function as the catalytic active sites. This FeTa2 also shows very stable activity during ORR, as supported by accelerated durability test of the FeTa2‐x KB sample (20 000 cycles, ca. 90 h). The framework structure of FeTa2 remains intact during the durability test, which would help to explain its excellent catalytic durability. This would be the first study demonstrating efficient and stable ORR catalysis by a nonpyrolyzed Fe−N coordination‐based MOF material.
Humins from Biorefineries as Thermoreactive Macromolecular Systems
Authors: Sangregorio Anna , Guigo Nathanael , van der Waal Jan C. , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas
Published: October 2018

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass often brings about the formation of several side products. Among these, a black and viscous coproduct known as humins is formed on acidic treatment of polysaccharides. To improve the efficiency of this process from an economical and environmental perspective, new solutions for humins valorization are urgently needed. This work focuses on the comprehensive understanding of humins with special emphasis on their structure/properties relationships. Humins were subjected to different thermal treatments and characterized by means of structural, thermoanalytical, and rheological investigations. The structure and composition of humins are very diverse and depend on the thermochemical conditions. On sufficient heating, humins change into a nonreversible and more branched furanic structure with a relatively high glass‐transition temperature (Tg>65 °C). Thus, humins can be easily processed for preparing thermoset‐like resins.
Solid Polymer Electrolyte‐Coated Macroporous Titania Nanotube Photoelectrode for Gas‐Phase Water Splitting
Authors: Amano Fumiaki , Mukohara Hyosuke , Shintani Ayami , Tsurui Kenyou
Published: October 2018

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water vapor splitting by using n‐type semiconductor electrodes with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) enabled pure hydrogen production from humidity in ambient air. We proved a design concept that the gas–electrolyte–semiconductor triple‐phase boundary on a nanostructured photoanode is important for the photoinduced gas‐phase reaction. A surface coating of solid‐polymer electrolyte on a macroporous titania‐nanotube array (TNTA) electrode markedly enhanced the incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) at the gas–solid interface. This indicates that proton‐coupled electron transfer is the rate‐determining step on the bare TNTA electrode for the gas‐phase PEC reaction. The perfluorosulfonate ionomer‐coated TNTA photoanode exhibited an IPCE of 26 % at an applied voltage of 1.2 V under 365 nm ultraviolet irradiation. The hydrogen production rate in a large PEM‐PEC cell (16 cm2) was 10 μmol min−1.
Secure color image encryption algorithm based on chaotic signals and its FPGA realization
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Hsiung , Huang Sih‐Jie
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we designed a three‐dimensional chaotic system (3D chaotic system). The continuous‐time chaotic system had already been transformed into discrete‐time (DT) chaotic system by Euler method. The phase portrait of DT chaotic system had been implemented on an oscilloscope via Altera field programmable gate array (FPGA) DE2‐115. A cryptographic system of RGB image security for 3D chaotic system was proposed. There are three features in the encryption system. First, we use the information of plaintext image to produce the initial conditions of chaotic system. Second, the image of the permutation process shuffles the position of pixels in the plaintext image among RGB channels separately. Third, in the diffusion process, the pixels information in the shuffled image had been concealed by the XOR operation. The 3D chaotic encryption system had been also implemented on Altera DE2‐115. Then, the cipher image can be obtained through the FPGA and simulated the image by Matlab code. In the security analysis, such as histogram analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, information entropy analysis, differential attack analysis (NPCR and UACI) have been performed in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better security in comparison with other algorithms.
Effect of early‐life inflammation and magnesium sulfate on hyperthermia‐induced seizures in infant rats: Susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol‐induced seizures later in life
Authors: Saboory Ehsan , Ghadimkhani Maryam , Roshan‐Milani Shiva , Derafshpour Leila , Mohammadi Sedra , Dindarian Sina , Mohammadi Hozan
Published: October 2018

This study investigated the effect of inflammation and MgSO4 pretreatment on behaviors caused by hyperthermia (HT) and the effect of these interventions on PTZ‐induced seizure a week later. In this experimental study, rat pups experienced inflammation on postnatal day 10 (P10). On P18–19, the pups received either saline or MgSO4 then subjected to hyperthermia. On P25–26, PTZ‐induced seizure was initiated in the rats. Neonatal inflammation increased the susceptibility to HT‐induced seizure. Inflammation and HT increased the susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizure. Pretreatment with MgSO4 before hyperthermia decreased the susceptibility to both HT‐ and PTZ‐induced seizure. Furthermore, calcium and magnesium blood levels significantly decreased compared to control rats. It can be concluded that neonatal inflammation potentiates while pretreatment with MgSO4 attenuates HT‐induced seizures. Also, neonatal inflammation and HT potentiate PTZ‐induced seizure initiated one week later.
Adipose tissue expression of CCL19 chemokine is positively associated with insulin resistance
Authors: Kochumon Shihab , Al‐Rashed Fatema , Abu‐Farha Mohamed , Devarajan Sriraman , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Ahmad Rasheed
Published: October 2018

Background

Chemokines produced by adipose tissue (AT) are involved in the development of chronic low‐grade inflammation in obese humans and rodents. AT CCL19 expression in obesity and its association with metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CCL19 gene expression on inflammatory markers in subcutaneous AT and insulin resistance.

Methods

Subcutaneous adipose samples were collected from 56 non‐diabetic (26—obese, 21—overweight, and 9—lean) individuals. Expression of CCL19 and inflammatory markers was determined using real‐time RT‐PCR. Plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA).

Results

CCL19 expression was significantly higher in obese compared with lean individuals (P < 0.034). The elevated expression of CCL19 associated positively with body mass index (r = 0.253; P = 0.049). CCL19 expression correlated positively with IL‐8 (r = 0.39; P = 0.006), IL‐12 (r = 0.43; P = 0.003), IP‐10 (r = 0.25; P = 0.07), CCL5 (r = 0.37; P = 0.011), CCR2 (r = 0.44; P = 0.001), and CCR5 (r = 0.35; P = 0.009). Additionally, CCL19 was positively correlated with triglycerides (TG: r = 0.41; P = 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG: r = 0.49; P < 0.0001), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c: r = 0.396; P = 0.001), and CRP (r = 0.387; P = 0.019) whereas it had negative association with HDL cholesterol (r = −0.282; P = 0.035) and adiponectin (−0.393; P = 0.019). Notably, HOMA‐IR correlated positively with CCL19 (r = 0.38; P = 0.01). In multiple regression analysis, CCL19 is an independent predictor of IL‐8 and IL‐12.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that increased AT expression of CCL19 in obesity may represent a molecular link between metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance.
The peripheral atherosclerotic profile in patients with type 1 diabetes warrants a thorough vascular assessment of asymptomatic patients
Authors: Nattero‐Chávez Lía , Redondo López Sandra , Alonso Díaz Sara , Garnica Ureña Marta , Fernández‐Durán Elena , Escobar‐Morreale Héctor F. , Luque‐Ramírez Manuel
Published: October 2018

Aims

Epidemiological data on subclinical atherosclerotic disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) are scarce. We aimed to estimate the subclinical atherosclerosis profile of asymptomatic patients with DM1 and an abnormal ankle‐brachial index (ABI).

Material and methods

In a cross‐sectional design (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02910271), we estimated ABI in 289 consecutive asymptomatic patients with DM1. An abnormal ABI led to measurements of toe‐brachial index (TBI) and peripheral doppler ultrasound (DUS) to diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD) and/or atherosclerotic carotid plaques (ACP).

Results

A reduced (≤0.9) or increased (>1.2) ABI was detected in 17 (6%) and 75 (26%) patients, respectively. PAD was confirmed by TBI and DUS in 9 (53%) patients with a reduced ABI and 28 (37%) patients with an increased ABI, resulting in a 12.8% (9.4‐17.2) prevalence of asymptomatic PAD. Fourteen patients with an abnormal ABI also exhibited ACP [4.8% (2.9‐7.9)], with 64% of these patients showing bilateral disease. Artery stenosis was mild or moderate in 21% and 29% of patients, respectively. Thus, 46 [16% (12‐21)] patients showed asymptomatic PAD, ACP, or both. According to our data, we would have to explore three asymptomatic patients with DM1 and normal pulses to unmask one case of PAD, and seven asymptomatic patients showing abnormal ABI values to detect one carotid disease.

Conclusions

Peripheral artery disease is often undiagnosed in asymptomatic patients with DM1. However, its presence may change medical management in a substantial percentage of cases, highlighting the potential benefit of a thorough vascular assessment on these patients.
Cognitive impairment and postural control deficit in adults with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gorniak Stacey L. , Lu Fangmei Yoshimi , Lee Beom Chan , Massman Paul J. , Wang Jing
Published: October 2018

Background

Diseases induced by metabolic disorders, eg, Type 2 diabetes, has recently been linked to both sensory and motor deficit in the absence of a formal clinical diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Studies have demonstrated mild cognitive impairment in diabetic patients, which also plays a role in one's loss of ability to successfully perform basic motor activities. This project focused on evaluating cognitive function while maintaining balance. We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive and motor deficit would occur among adults with Type 2 diabetes versus healthy age‐ and sex‐matched control during a balance task.

Methods

A sample of 10 Type 2 diabetes patients and 10 age‐matched and sex‐matched controls underwent a series of sensory, motor, cognitive, and cognitive‐motor evaluations. Blood pressure and A1c levels were assessed.

Results

Significantly lower cognitive function scores, particularly in the domain of working memory, were exhibited in the diabetic group than controls. Balance in the diabetic group was overall poorer in both single‐ and dual‐tasks than controls. When diabetic patients were asked to verbally recall different words while maintaining their balance, their accuracy rate was significantly lower than controls. Some health state measures were found to co‐vary with motor function. Increased body mass index in the diabetic group did not account for motor function deficit.

Significance

Our data suggest that: (1) systemic deficit beyond tactile dysfunction and increased body mass index contribute to reduced motor function in diabetes, and (2) both balance and working memory functions are simultaneously impaired in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Self‐reported health and quality of life outcomes of heart failure patients in the aftermath of a national economic crisis: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ketilsdottir Audur , Ingadottir Brynja , Jaarsma Tiny
Published: October 2018

Aims

There are indications that economic crises can affect public health. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics, health status, and socio‐economic status of outpatient heart failure (HF) patients several years after a national economic crisis and to assess whether socio‐economic factors were associated with patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs).

Methods and results

In this cross‐sectional survey, PROMs were measured with seven validated instruments, as follows: self‐care (the 12‐item European Heart Failure Self‐Care Behaviour scale), HF‐related knowledge (Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale), symptoms (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System), sense of security (Sense of Security in Care—‘Patients' evaluation’), health status (EQ‐5D visual analogue scale), health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Additional data were collected on access and use of health care, household income, demographics, and clinical status.

The patients' (n = 124, mean age 73 ± 14.9, 69% male) self‐care was low for exercising (53%) and weight monitoring (50%) but optimal for taking medication (100%). HF‐specific knowledge was high (correct answers 12 out of 15), but only 38% knew what to do when symptoms worsened suddenly. Patients' sense of security was high (>70% had a mean score of 5 or 6, scale 1–6). The most common symptom was tiredness (82%); 12% reported symptoms of anxiety, and 18% had symptoms of depression. Patients rated their overall health (EQ‐5D) on average at 65.5 (scale 0–100), and 33% had poor or very bad HRQoL. The monthly income per household was <€3900 for 84% of the patients. A total of 22% had difficulties making appointments with a general practitioner (GP), and 5% had no GP. On average, patients paid for six health care‐related items, and >90% paid for medications, primary care, and visits to hospital and private clinics out of their own pocket. The cost of health care had changed for 71% of the patients since the 2008 economic crisis, and increased out‐of‐pocket costs were most often explained by a greater need for health care services and medication expenses. There was no significant difference in PROMs related to changes in out‐of‐pocket expenses after the crisis, income, or whether patients lived alone or with others.

Conclusions

This Icelandic patient population reported similar health‐related outcomes as have been previously reported in international studies. This study indicates that even after a financial crisis, most of the patients have managed to prioritize and protect their health even though a large proportion of patients have a low income, use many health care resources, and have insufficient access to care. It is imperative that access and affordable health care services are secured for this vulnerable patient population.
Formation and Reactivity of Copper Acetylacetone Bis(Thiosemicarbazone) Complexes
Authors: Bilyj Jessica K. , Harmer Jeffery R. , Bernhardt Paul V.
Published: October 2018

The complexation reaction mechanism of acetylacetone bis‐thiosemicarbazone ligands (H2acacR) with CuII is explored using a variety of physical methods. The complexes form via a complicated multistep mechanism that is initiated by ring opening of the pyrazoline form of the ligand and leads, ultimately in air, to an oxidised ketone form of the ligand. Tetradentate N2S2 coordinated forms of the intermediate [Cu(acacR)] are stable only under anaerobic conditions. Upon exposure to air these complexes are cleanly oxidised to the ketone complex [Cu(acacRO)] as shown by X‐ray crystallography, electrochemistry, UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy. The behavior of these complexes contrasts with those of closely related bis‐dithiocarbazate Schiff bases which stabilise CuIII.
Electrosynthesis and X‐ray Crystallographic Structure of ZnIImeso‐Triaryltriphenylphosphonium Porphyrin and Structural Comparison with MgIImeso‐Triphenylphosphonium Porphine
Authors: Dimé Abdou K. D. , Cattey Hélène , Lucas Dominique , Devillers Charles H.
Published: October 2018

The electrochemical oxidation of ZnII 5,15‐bis(p‐tolyl)‐10‐phenylporphyrin (1‐Zn) in the presence of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) leads to the meso‐substituted triphenylphosphonium porphyrin, coordinated by one P(O)Ph3 molecule [1‐Zn‐PPh3+,PF6–·P(O)Ph3] in good yield (84 %). This cationic porphyrin was characterized by NMR, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, UV/Vis. absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analyses. The molecular structure of this compound was compared with already published meso‐ and β‐triphenylphosphonium porphyrins but also with an unpublished X‐ray crystallographic structure of MgII 5‐triphenylphosphoniumporphine (MgP‐PPh3+,PF6–) previously obtained by electrosynthesis.
Short Synthesis of Idraparinux by Applying a 2‐O‐Methyl‐4,6‐O‐arylmethylene Thioidoside as a 1,2‐trans‐α‐Selective Glycosyl Donor
Authors: Demeter Fruzsina , Veres Fanni , Herczeg Mihály , Borbás Anikó
Published: October 2018

The fully O‐sulfated, O‐methylated, heparin‐related anticoagulant pentasaccharide idraparinux was prepared by a new synthetic pathway in 38 steps using d‐glucose and methyl α‐d‐glucopyranoside as starting materials, with 23 steps for the longest linear route. The l‐idose‐containing GH fragment was obtained by a short and straightforward synthesis whereby a 4,6‐cyclic‐acetal‐protected l‐idosyl thioglycoside bearing a C2‐nonparticipating group was used as the α‐selective glycosyl donor. The novel l‐idose donor was prepared with high chemo‐ and stereoselectivity by hydroboration–oxidation‐based C5 epimerization starting from an orthogonally protected α‐thioglucoside. The assembly of the pentasaccharide backbone was achieved by an F+GH and DE+FGH coupling sequence with full stereoselectivity in each glycosylation step.
Identifying Structural Determinants of Mesomorphism from Focused Libraries of Tripedal Mesogens Prepared via the Passerini Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Song Shuang , Sahoo Dipankar , Kumar Manoj , Barkley Deborah A. , Heiney Paul A. , Rudick Jonathan G.
Published: October 2018

Heterolithic tripedal mesogens are branched, multifunctional molecules that exhibit liquid crystalline properties. The liquid crystalline phase behavior of heterolithic tripedal mesogens can be challenging to predict from the structures of the different branches. To elucidate the structural basis for smectic mesomorphism in the first examples of heterolithic ABC tripedal mesogens, we synthesized and characterized six homolithic, three heterolithic AB2, and seven heterolithic ABC tripedes. The synthesis strategy took advantage of the Passerini three‐component reaction to elaborate focused compound libraries in a combinatorial and high throughput manner. The phase behavior of the tripedes was characterized by a combination of polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X‐ray diffraction techniques. We show that one end‐group of the heterolithic mesogens is responsible for the emergence of smectic mesomorphism in the presence of other groups that prefer nematic mesomorphism. Understanding how these structurally complex, non‐conventional mesogens self‐organize in liquid crystalline mesophases is significant for designing functional materials with predictable hierarchical order.
The wealth paradox: Prosperity and opposition to immigration
Authors: Jetten Jolanda
Published: October 2018

The idea that economic downturns and economic deprivation provoke tensions and intergroup hostility is remarkably pervasive. These accounts often work from the premise that economic crises and poverty provide “fertile soil” for populist parties and leaders with an anti‐immigrant agenda. This may explain why we intuitively expect that “hard times” produce “harsh attitudes” towards minorities. However, there is also robust empirical evidence showing that intergroup hostility (and anti‐immigration sentiments more specifically) can (i) surge in times of economic prosperity, and (ii) be widespread among relatively affluent groups. In this article, I will review evidence showing that intergroup hostility (such as anti‐immigrant sentiments) can be equally prevalent in times of relative gratification as well as in times of relative deprivation (accounting for the “Wealth Paradox”). In the second part of this contribution, I will explore these processes through the lens of classic social identity theorising focusing on the way that status anxiety, status threat, and fear of falling among members of wealthier groups are shaped by the permeability of group boundaries and the security of wealth positions. I argue that social identity theorising, typically applied to explain the behaviour of low status groups, can provide a parsimonious and integrative account for why and when high status (i.e., as a result of affluence and prosperity) may be associated with hostility towards minorities rather than with greater tolerance.
Pilot studies evaluating the nongenotoxic rodent carcinogens phenobarbital and clofibrate in the rat Pig‐a assay
Authors: Ji Zhiying , Settivari Raja S. , LeBaron Matthew J.
Published: October 2018

The Pig‐a assay is an emerging and promising in vivo method to determine mutagenic potential of chemicals. Since its development in 2008, remarkable progress has been made in harmonizing and characterizing the test procedures, primarily using known mutagenic chemicals. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate specificity of the Pig‐a assay using two nongenotoxic and well‐characterized rodent liver carcinogens, phenobarbital and clofibrate, in male F344/DuCrl rats. Daily oral administration of phenobarbital or clofibrate at established hepatotoxic doses for 28 days resulted in substantial hepatic alterations, however, did not increase the frequency of Pig‐a mutation markers (RETCD59‐ and RBCCD59‐) compared to vehicle control or pre‐exposure (Day −5) mutant frequencies. These results are consistent with the existing literature on the nonmutagenic mode of action (MoA) of phenobarbital and clofibrate liver tumors. The present study contributes to the limited, but expanding evidence on the specificity of the Pig‐a assay and further for the investigations of carcinogenic MoAs, i.e., mutagenic or nonmutagenic potential of chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:42–46, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Judicious Recycling of Biobased Adsorbents for Biodiesel Purification: A Critical Review
Authors: Avinash Alagumalai , Murugesan Arthanarisamy
Published: October 2018

Reusing biomass waste is one objective of environmental sustainability and has turned into a choice to increase the value of producers. Biosorbent, the most fitting illustrative of biomass waste, is as of now acquiring adequate attraction, because of its convenience and potentiality in protection of nature. Affirming the statement, this article presents a cutting‐edge review of different biosorbents in dry cleaning of biodiesel impurities. Moreover, the progress on the preparation of these biodegradable adsorbents, their formidable challenges in concert with the future prospect, has been featured and discussed. Finally, the examination of biomass‐derived adsorbents in the area of adsorption science and technology represents a possible alternative, prompting the widespread change of pollution control. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13077, 2019
Wag the Dog: Governing German Rail from a Principal–Agent Perspective
Authors: Döhler Marian
Published: October 2018

Ever since German Rail, the largest state‐owned enterprise in Germany, was converted into a stock company in 1994, the federal government has been criticized for a lack of policy ambitions. From a principal–agent perspective, the federal government gives the impression of being a reluctant principal. The first objective is therefore to explain the strategic interaction between the federal government and German Rail since the 1990s. The second aim is to increase the explanatory power of the principal–agent concept by adopting a strand of literature in which the principal's unilateralism and diverging preferences—standard assumptions in the principal–agent literature—are complemented by strategic cooperation, confluence, and inverted principal–agent interactions. This conceptual redirection, which considers the impact of a broader range of actors involved, not only explains key events in German rail policy but also highlights the advances of an elaborated principal–agent concept.
The effect of traditional malting technology practiced by an ethnic community in northern Uganda on in‐vitro nutrient bioavailability and consumer sensory preference for locally formulated complementary food formulae
Authors: Alowo Docus , Muggaga Christopher , Ongeng Duncan
Published: October 2018

The occurrence of anti‐nutritional constituents in plants is an important factor that negatively affects bioavailability of nutrients and effectiveness of plant‐based foods in complementary feeding in rural areas in developing countries. However, proven methods that improve bioavailability of nutrients and tailored for application in processing complementary foods among rural communities are largely lacking. This study examined the efficacy of a traditional malting technology practiced by the Acholi ethnic community of northern Uganda to improve protein digestibility and bioavailability of iron and zinc from millet–sesame–soy composite containing 200, 300, and 550 kcal meant for complementary feeding of children aged 6–8, 9–12, and 13–23 years old, respectively. The technology involves washing and soaking of ingredients for 12 hr; malting ingredients individually for 48 hr with water changed after every 6 hr; and sun‐drying malted ingredients for 72 hr. Results showed that the level of anti‐nutritional factors significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) in all the composite formulae except the content of total phenolics in 200, tannins in 300 and 550 kcal, composite formula, respectively. In vitro protein digestibility significantly improved (p ≤ 0.05) in all the composite formulae except in the 200 kcal formula. Iron bioavailability significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) in all the composite formulae except in the 550 kcal energy category. Improvement in zinc bioavailability was only observed in the 300 kcal formula. However, there were significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) in the level of caregiver preferences for sensory properties and overall acceptability of the composites. These results demonstrate that the traditional malting technology has potential to improve nutrient bioavailability in plant‐based foods but requires improvement in order to increase its efficacy and mitigate negative effects on sensory appeal.
Stability and in vitro digestibility of beta‐carotene in nanoemulsions fabricated with different carrier oils
Authors: Zhou Xinhui , Wang Hao , Wang Cuina , Zhao Chao , Peng Qian , Zhang Tiehua , Zhao Changhui
Published: October 2018

Beta‐carotene, the main dietary source of provitamin A, is required for maintaining optimum human health. The bioaccessibility of beta‐carotene can be greatly improved when ingested with fat. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to select proper oils (palm oil, coconut oil, fish oil, and corn oil) as a carrier to form stable nanoemulsion that can effectively enhance the bioaccessibility of beta‐carotene. The nanoemulsion was formulated with 90% (v/v) aqueous solution (2% whey protein isolate, WPI, w/v) and 10% (v/v) dispersed oil. The in vitro digestion experiment of nanoemulsions showed that the bioaccessibility of beta‐carotene was as followed in order: palm oil = corn oil > fish oil > coconut oil (p < 0.05). The particle size of the nanoemulsion (initial particle size = 168–185 nm) was below 200 nm during 42 days’ storage at 25°C. The retention rates of beta‐carotene in nanoemulsions were 69.36%, 63.81%, 49.58%, and 54.91% with palm oil, coconut oil, fish oil, and corn oil, respectively. However, the particle size of the nanoemulsion increased significantly in the accelerated experiment at 55°C (p < 0.05), in which the retention rates of beta‐carotene were 48.56%, 43.41%, 29.35%, and 33.60% with palm oil, coconut oil, fish oil, and corn oil, respectively. From above, we conclude that WPI‐stabilized beta‐carotene nanoemulsion with palm oil as the carrier is the most suitable system to increase bioaccessibility and stability of lipid‐soluble bioactive compounds such as beta‐carotene.
Novel MXD4–NUTM1 fusion transcript identified in primary ovarian undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma
Authors: Tamura Ryo , Nakaoka Hirofumi , Yoshihara Kosuke , Mori Yutaro , Yachida Nozomi , Nishikawa Nobumichi , Motoyama Teiichi , Okuda Shujiro , Inoue Ituro , Enomoto Takayuki
Published: October 2018

Primary ovarian sarcomas are extremely rare tumors, and their genomic and transcriptomic alterations remain to be elucidated. We performed whole exome sequencing of primary tumor and matched normal blood samples derived from one patient with ovarian undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma. We identified 8 nonsynonymous somatic mutations, and all mutations were missense or nonsense changes. Next, we performed RNA sequencing of the tumor sample and identified two in‐frame fusion transcripts: MXD4–NUTM1 and ARL6–POT1. Most NUTM1 exons were retained in the MXD4–NUTM1 fusion transcript, and we confirmed an increase in NUTM1 mRNA and protein expression in tumor tissue. Further genomic and transcriptomic analyses might lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies based on the molecular characteristics of ovarian undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma.
Sensitivity to asbestos is increased in patients with mesothelioma and pathogenic germline variants in BAP1 or other DNA repair genes
Authors: Betti Marta , Aspesi Anna , Ferrante Daniela , Sculco Marika , Righi Luisella , Mirabelli Dario , Napoli Francesca , Rondón‐Lagos Milena , Casalone Elisabetta , Vignolo Lutati Francesca , Ogliara Paola , Bironzo Paolo , Gironi C. Laura , Savoia Paola , Maffè Antonella , Ungari Silvana , Grosso Federica , Libener Roberta , Boldorini Renzo , Valiante Michele , Pasini Barbara , Matullo Giuseppe , Scagliotti Giorgio , Magnani Corrado , Dianzani Irma
Published: October 2018

Pathogenic germline variants in the BAP1 tumor suppressor gene can cause a cancer syndrome called BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome (BAP1‐TPDS), which is characterized by predisposition to mesothelioma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and other tumors. Other genes that may predispose to mesothelioma are CDKN2A and DNA repair genes. Asbestos exposure has often been reported in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and germline variants in BAP1, but this exposure has never been quantified. We aimed to search for germline variants in BAP1 among 25 new Italian probands with suspected BAP1‐TPDS, summarize the prevalence of these variants in 39 Italian patients with familial MPM and other tumors recruited over a 5‐year period, and compare cumulative asbestos exposure in 14 patients with MPM and pathogenic germline variants in BAP1, CDKN2A, or DNA repair genes with that of 67 patients without germline variants in 94 cancer‐predisposing genes.

We report here a new pathogenic germline variant in BAP1: c.783 + 2 T > C. The prevalence of pathogenic germline variants in BAP1 was 7.7% among patients with familial MPM (3/39). Patients with pathogenic germline variants in BAP1, CDKN2A, or DNA repair genes showed lower cumulative asbestos exposure than patients without germline variants in 94 cancer‐predisposing genes (P = .00002). This suggests an interaction between genetic risk factors and asbestos in the development of mesothelioma.
Nuclear factor‐kappaB regulates multiple steps of gliogenesis in the developing murine cerebral cortex
Authors: Methot Laurent , Soubannier Vincent , Hermann Robert , Campos Erin , Li Sally , Stifani Stefano
Published: October 2018

Nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) is activated in neural progenitor cells in the developing murine cerebral cortex during the neurogenic phase, when it acts to prevent premature neuronal differentiation. Here we show that NF‐κB activation continues in mouse neocortical neural progenitor cells during the neurogenic‐to‐gliogenic switch. Blockade of endogenous NF‐κB activity during neocortical gliogenesis leads to the formation of supernumerary committed gliogenic progenitors and premature glial cell differentiation. Conversely, forced NF‐κB activation during the neocortical neurogenic‐to‐gliogenic transition causes delayed gliogenic commitment and decreased astroglial gene expression. NF‐κB activation continues in neocortical gliogenic progenitors following commitment and is important to inhibit the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and to maintain persistent expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in maturing astrocytes. These results reveal a number of previously uncharacterized roles for NF‐κB during different phases of neocortical gliogenesis and identify NF‐κB as an inhibitor of early oligodendrocyte development in the cerebral cortex.
Examining pecking order versus trade‐off theories of capital structure: New evidence from Japanese firms
Authors: Jarallah Shaif , Saleh Ali Salman , Salim Ruhul
Published: October 2018

This study empirically tests the traditional trade‐off model against the pecking order model of capital structure using data from the Japanese listed companies on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. A pooled sample of 1,362 publicly listed nonfinancial companies from 1991 to 2015 is used to establish the relationship between leverage and its determinants by using the generalized methods of moments econometric framework. The results show that the financing pattern of Japanese firms is consistent with the basic pecking order model, which predicts external debt financing driven by the internal financial deficit.
The finance–growth nexus: Does risk premium matter?
Authors: Adusei Michael
Published: October 2018

The bounds testing approach to cointegration analysis is employed in this paper to examine whether the risk premium demanded by the banking sector moderates the finance–growth nexus with data (1970–2015) from South Africa. To the extent that the interaction between risk premium and financial development positively affects growth in the long run, we affirm that the risk premium demanded by the banking sector represents a significant channel through which financial development drives growth. The main policy implication of this finding is that financial liberalization that removes interest rates restrictions, allowing the banking sector to adequately price risk, is in the best interest of the South African economy.
Stock return volatility and capital structure measures of nonfinancial firms in a dynamic panel model: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Zeeshan , Hla Daw Tin
Published: October 2018

We investigate the impact of stock return volatility on different capital structure measures of nonfinancial firms in a dynamic panel model. Two‐step system generalized method of moment dynamic panel estimator is applied to nonfinancial sector's data from Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period 2001–2014. The results imply that stock return volatility has a significant negative impact on book leverage and long‐term market leverage ratios. However, stock return volatility causes the increase in total market leverage ratios. Moreover, book leverage and long‐term market leverage of firms decrease as a result of an increase in stock return volatility in different classification of firms. Conversely, stock return volatility has a significant positive impact on total market leverage ratios in those classifications of firms. Capital structure decisions are more sensitive to stock return volatility as default risk increases. Firms significantly go for the reduction in their debt financing due to high stock returns volatility and to avoid from possible consequences of default. The results are robust to alternative measures such as cash flow volatility and earnings volatility.
Transmission of a global financial crisis shock to an emerging economy
Authors: Rehman Asim , Chaudhry Sajid M. , Hussain Syed Mujahid
Published: October 2018

Using a unique dataset consisting of all corporate loans in Pakistan, we study the impact of the global financial crisis (GFC) on the lending ability of its banking sector. We also take into account various bank and loan types along with extensive margins, firm size effects, and impact of information asymmetry. Our findings show that the Pakistani banking sector was indeed affected by the GFC as high exposure banks, who borrow relatively more internationally, reduce lending to local firms and this impact is larger for small firms. We also find differences in the lending ability of various bank types and loan types. By using direct information asymmetry measure, we find that banks reduced lending after the global financial crisis shock. However, the information gathered from the previous relationship of the borrower with relatively low exposure banks can overcome the negative financial shock and increase lending after the shock. These findings are very relevant in the context of the spillover effects of the GFC and have important policy implications for emerging markets.
Latin American stock market dynamics and comovement
Authors: Coleman Simeon , Leone Vitor , de Medeiros Otavio R.
Published: October 2018

With the economic relevance of the relationships among emerging and frontier equity markets becoming increasingly significant, this paper investigates comovement among returns from six Latin American stock markets (Mexico [BMV], Brazil [BOVESPA], Chile [IPSA], Peru [IGBVL], Argentina [MERVAL], and Venezuela [IBVC]) and also with the U.S. S&P 500 Composite index. In part, we employ principal component analyses, to account for the maximum portion of the variance present in the returns by examining rolling windows with 8‐, 6‐, 4‐, 3‐, 2‐, and 1‐year periods. We also investigate the incidence of structural breaks and comovement, aiming to uncover the dynamics in comovements among these markets. We find evidence of high comovement among the Latin American markets, and also with the U.S. markets. Venezuela and Mexico's equity markets are at the extremes. However, our results do not corroborate findings of clear evidence, reported in previous studies, of the United States having a leading role in the region.
Unconventional monetary policies and bank credit in the Eurozone: An events study approach
Authors: Martins Luis Filipe , Batista Joana , Ferreira‐Lopes Alexandra
Published: October 2018

We study the impact of the unconventional monetary policies implemented by the European Central Bank on bank credit to Eurozone general governments and to households. The database is a macro panel of the 19 Eurozone countries over the period between January 2008 and May 2016. Using an events study approach, we create two dummy variables that reflect the timing and changes of unconventional and conventional monetary policy measures, which we use as key determinants in panel regression models. Our results suggest that unconventional monetary policies have a positive lagged impact on bank credit, with much more to general governments (1.2% per month) than to household consumers (0.2%). All other variables in the models, such as the interest rates, the Industrial Production Index, and the inflation rate have the expected estimated signs. Finally, we estimate the unobserved country‐specific fixed effects measured in terms of credit growth rates. The monthly growth rates of loans to households in Ireland are about 0.74%  below the average country, which is closely related to its post‐2008 banking crisis. Moreover, the net purchases' impact under the Public Sector Purchase Programme of loans of Monetary Financial Institutions to general governments was much larger for countries that were hit by the financial and economic crisis.