bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of earth‐abundant amorphous transition metal‐based catalysts for electrooxidation of small molecules: Advances and perspectives
Authors: Chen Zhijie , Han Ning , Zheng Renji , Ren Zijie , Wei Wei , Ni Bing‐Jie
Published: May 2023

Electrochemical oxidation of small molecules (e.g., water, urea, methanol, hydrazine, and glycerol) has gained growing scientific interest in the fields of electrochemical energy conversion/storage and environmental remediation. Designing cost‐effective catalysts for the electrooxidation of small molecules (ESM) is thus crucial for improving reaction efficiency. Recently, earth‐abundant amorphous transition metal (TM)‐based nanomaterials have aroused souring interest owing to their earth‐abundance, flexible structures, and excellent electrochemical activities. Hundreds of amorphous TM‐based nanomaterials have been designed and used as promising ESM catalysts. Herein, recent advances in the design of amorphous TM‐based ESM catalysts are comprehensively reviewed. The features (e.g., large specific surface area, flexible electronic structure, and facile structure reconstruction) of amorphous TM‐based ESM catalysts are first analyzed. Afterward, the design of various TM‐based catalysts with advanced strategies (e.g., nanostructure design, component regulation, heteroatom doping, and heterostructure construction) is fully scrutinized, and the catalysts’ structure‐performance correlation is emphasized. Future perspectives in the development of cost‐effective amorphous TM‐based catalysts are then outlined. This review is expected to provide practical strategies for the design of next‐generation amorphous electrocatalysts.
Open drug discovery in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Axtman Alison D. , Brennan Paul E. , Frappier‐Brinton Tristan , Betarbet Ranjita , Carter Gregory W. , Fu Haian , Gileadi Opher , Greenwood Anna K. , Leal Karina , Longo Frank M. , Mangravite Lara M. , Edwards Aled M. , Levey Allan I. ,   The Emory‐Sage‐SGC TREAT‐AD Center
Published: May 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug discovery has focused on a set of highly studied therapeutic hypotheses, with limited success. The heterogeneous nature of AD processes suggests that a more diverse, systems‐integrated strategy may identify new therapeutic hypotheses. Although many target hypotheses have arisen from systems‐level modeling of human disease, in practice and for many reasons, it has proven challenging to translate them into drug discovery pipelines. First, many hypotheses implicate protein targets and/or biological mechanisms that are under‐studied, meaning there is a paucity of evidence to inform experimental strategies as well as high‐quality reagents to perform them. Second, systems‐level targets are predicted to act in concert, requiring adaptations in how we characterize new drug targets. Here we posit that the development and open distribution of high‐quality experimental reagents and informatic outputs—termed target enabling packages (TEPs)—will catalyze rapid evaluation of emerging systems‐integrated targets in AD by enabling parallel, independent, and unencumbered research.
The ABA votes to eliminate LSAT requirement
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: May 2023

There has been an interesting development in law school admissions that could have an impact on admissions and standardized testing at all levels.
Sanctorius Sanctorius: Between Koper and Venice
Authors: Hollerbach Teresa
Published: May 2023

By way of introduction, this chapter gives a biographical account of Sanctorius that situates him in his social, institutional, and professional context. The chapter critically evaluates the existing biographies of the Venetian physician and complements them with my own research on the primary sources. Episodes in Sanctorius’s life that have hitherto received little or no attention are discussed in more detail. This opens up a new perspective on the life and work of Sanctorius, setting the stage for the more comprehensive reconsideration of his work to be found in the following chapters.
Orthogonal Polynomials with Periodically Modulated Recurrence Coefficients in the Jordan Block Case II
Authors: Świderski Grzegorz , Trojan Bartosz
Published: May 2023

We study Jacobi matrices with N-periodically modulated recurrence coefficients when the sequence of N-step transfer matrices is convergent to a non-trivial Jordan block. In particular, we describe asymptotic behavior of their generalized eigenvectors, we prove convergence of N-shifted Turán determinants as well as of the Christoffel–Darboux kernel on the diagonal. Finally, by means of subordinacy theory, we identify their absolutely continuous spectrum as well as their essential spectrum. By quantifying the speed of convergence of transfer matrices we were able to cover a large class of Jacobi matrices. In particular, those related to generators of birth–death processes.
Neural networks vs. splines: advances in numerical extruder design
Authors: Lee Jaewook , Hube Sebastian , Elgeti Stefanie
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we present a novel approach to geometry parameterization that we apply to the design of mixing elements for single-screw extruders. The approach uses neural networks of a specific architecture to automatically learn an appropriate parameterization. This stands in contrast to the so far common user-defined parameterizations. Geometry parameterization is crucial in enabling efficient shape optimization as it allows for optimizing complex shapes using only a few design variables. Recent approaches often utilize computer-aided design (CAD) data in conjunction with spline-based methods where the spline’s control points serve as design variables. Consequently, these approaches rely on the design variables specified by the human designer. This approach results in a significant amount of manual tuning to define a suitable parameterization. In addition, despite this effort, many times the optimization space is often limited to shapes in close proximity to the initial shape. In particular, topological changes are usually not feasible. In this work, we propose a method that circumvents this dilemma by providing low-dimensional, yet flexible shape parametrization using a neural network, which is independent of any computational mesh or analysis methods. Using the neural network for the geometry parameterization extends state-of-the-art methods in that the resulting design space is not restricted to user-prescribed modifications of certain basis shapes. Instead, within the same optimization space, we can interpolate between and explore seemingly unrelated designs. To show the performance of this new approach, we integrate the developed shape parameterization into our numerical design framework for dynamic mixing elements in plastics’ extrusion. Finally, we challenge the novel method in a competitive setting against current free-form deformation-based approaches and demonstrate the method’s performance even at this early stage.
Tumour-stroma ratio (TSR) in breast cancer: comparison of scoring core biopsies versus resection specimens
Authors: Karancsi Zsófia , Hagenaars Sophie C. , Németh Kristóf , Mesker Wilma E. , Tőkés Anna Mária , Kulka Janina
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Tumour-stroma ratio (TSR) is an important prognostic and predictive factor in several tumour types. The aim of this study is to determine whether TSR evaluated in breast cancer core biopsies is representative of the whole tumour.

Method

Different TSR scoring methods, their reproducibility, and the association of TSR with clinicopathological characteristics were investigated in 178 breast carcinoma core biopsies and corresponding resection specimens. TSR was assessed by two trained scientists on the most representative H&E-stained digitised slides. Patients were treated primarily with surgery between 2010 and 2021 at Semmelweis University, Budapest.

Results

Ninety-one percent of the tumours were hormone receptor (HR)-positive (luminal-like). Interobserver agreement was highest using 100 × magnification (κcore = 0.906, κresection specimen = 0.882). The agreement between TSR of core biopsies and resection specimens of the same patients was moderate (κ = 0.514). Differences between the two types of samples were most frequent in cases with TSR scores close to the 50% cut-off point. TSR was strongly correlated with age at diagnosis, pT category, histological type, histological grade, and surrogate molecular subtype. A tendency was identified for more recurrences among stroma-high (SH) tumours (p = 0.07). Significant correlation was detected between the TSR and tumour recurrence in grade 1 HR-positive breast cancer cases (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

TSR is easy to determine and reproducible on both core biopsies and in resection specimens and is associated with several clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. TSR scored on core biopsies is moderately representative for the whole tumour.
Favorable survival outcomes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer sequentially treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and osimertinib in a real-world setting
Authors: Kraskowski Oliver , Stratmann Jan A. , Wiesweg Marcel , Eberhardt Wilfried , Metzenmacher Martin , Schmid Kurt W. , Herold Thomas , Schildhaus Hans-Ulrich , Darwiche Kaid , Aigner Clemens , Stuschke Martin , Laue Katharina , Zaun Gregor , Kasper Stefan , Hense Jörg , Sebastian Martin , Schuler Martin , Pogorzelski Michael
Published: May 2023

Purpose

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in EGFR-mutated lung cancer is limited by acquired resistance. In half of the patients treated with first/second-generation (1st/2nd gen) TKI, resistance is associated with EGFR p.T790M mutation. Sequential treatment with osimertinib is highly active in such patients. Currently, there is no approved targeted second-line option for patients receiving first-line osimertinib, which thus may not be the best choice for all patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a sequential TKI treatment with 1st/2nd gen TKI, followed by osimertinib in a real-world setting.

Methods

Patients with EGFR-mutated lung cancer treated at two major comprehensive cancer centers were retrospectively analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method and log rank test.

Results

A cohort of 150 patients, of which 133 received first-line treatment with a first/second gen EGFR TKI, and 17 received first-line osimertinib, was included. Median age was 63.9 years, 55% had ECOG performance score of ≥ 1. First-line osimertinib was associated with prolonged progression-free survival (P = 0.038). Since the approval of osimertinib (February 2016), 91 patients were under treatment with a 1st/2nd gen TKI. Median overall survival (OS) of this cohort was 39.3 months. At data cutoff, 87% had progressed. Of those, 92% underwent new biomarker analyses, revealing EGFR p.T790M in 51%. Overall, 91% of progressing patients received second-line therapy, which was osimertinib in 46%. Median OS with sequenced osimertinib was 50 months. Median OS of patients with p.T790M-negative progression was 23.4 months.

Conclusion

Real-world survival outcomes of patients with EGFR-mutated lung cancer may be superior with a sequenced TKI strategy. Predictors of p.T790M-associated resistance are needed to personalize first-line treatment decisions.
Transitions across states with and without difficulties in performing activities of daily living and death: a longitudinal comparison of ten European countries
Authors: Marroig Alejandra
Published: May 2023

Ageing has been related to the onset of disability and dependency in older adults. There is a need to better understand the disability and dependency trajectories of older adults and their relationship with socio-demographic characteristics and institutional or cultural context. This study analyses the role of age, sex, education and self-perceived health in disability, dependency and death transitions, addressing the heterogeneity across European countries and inconsistencies when using different measures of disability. Multi-state models were adjusted to evaluate the role of risk and protective factors in the transitions to disability, dependency and death. Difficulties in performing activities of daily living (ADLs) assess disability and dependency states. Data were from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe conducted in 2004–2013, considering individuals aged 65 and older at baseline from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. The results showed that transitions to disability and dependency varied with age, sex, education and self-perceived health. The probability of transition to disability and dependency states increases until the age of 70 for all countries. However, there was heterogeneity in the disability and dependency trajectories with ageing between men and women. In most countries, women live with difficulties and may need help for longer than men. Care policies should consider sex differences to decrease the burden of care of informal caregivers, particularly in countries where care systems are absent or partially developed and a high level of family obligations to care needs exist.
Complications in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery in an ERABS-optimized, High-Volume, Single Center During 2020 and 2021
Authors: Stryhn Katrine , Alstrup Lærke , Riber Claus , Ørting Michael , Hadad Rakin , Hvistendahl Jan , Tollund Carsten , Boye Niels , Haugaard Steen B. , Funch-Jensen Peter
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Complication rates after fast-track optimization in bariatric surgery are varying. The aim of this study was to identify short-term complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in an ERABS (enhanced recovery after bariatric surgery) optimized setup.

Materials and Methods

This study is an observational analysis of a consecutive cohort of 1600 patients undergoing SG at an ERABS-optimized, private hospital during 2020 and 2021. Primary outcomes were length of stay, mortality, readmissions, reoperations, and complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) within postoperative day (POD) 30 and 90. Secondary outcomes were weight loss and quality of life (QoL) according to Moorehead-Ardelt questionnaires during the first postoperative year.

Results

Primary outcomes: 99.1% of patients were discharged within POD 1. The 90-day mortality rate was zero. There were 1% readmissions and 1.2% reoperations within POD 30. Total 30-day complication rate was 4.6%, where 3.4% accounted for CDC grades ≤ II, and 1.3% accounted for CDC grade III. There were zero grade IV–V complications. Secondary outcomes: One year after surgery, weight loss was substantial (p < 0.001), with an excess weight loss of 71.9%, and QoL had significantly increased (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that the use of an ERABS protocol in bariatric surgery does not compromise neither safety nor efficacy. Complication rates were low, and weight loss was significant. This study thus provides strong arguments that ERABS programs are beneficial in bariatric surgery.

Graphical Abstract
Putting small fish on the table: the underutilized potential of small indigenous fish to improve food and nutrition security in East Africa
Authors: Wessels Laura , Kjellevold Marian , Kolding Jeppe , Odoli Cyprian , Aakre Inger , Reich Felix , Pucher Johannes
Published: May 2023

Sub-Saharan Africa has a high prevalence of food insecurity. Small pelagic fish such as Silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) which is indigenous to Lake Victoria, can be a nutritious animal sourced food that contributes to a more nutrient dense diet. Potential sustainable catch of Silver cyprinid is estimated at 2 million tonnes yearly, which is four times the amount of the current catch. Whole sun-dried Silver cyprinid was purchased from several markets in Kenya and analysed for nutrient composition, microbial counts and metal content. The results show that utilizing the whole potential catch of Silver cyprinid would provide a significant daily source of vitamin B12, calcium, zinc and iron to the roughly 33 million people living in the Lake Victoria basin. Heavy metal concentration appears to be low, but other food safety aspects like microbial counts call for value chain improvements. We conclude that the underutilized potential of sun-dried Silver cyprinid could substantially contribute to fight malnutrition and food insecurity by providing an affordable nutrient dense animal sourced food to a large number of people. It also highlights the need to improve the value chains to increase the safety of these products.
Are Socially Relevant Scenes Abnormally Processed in Complex Trauma-Exposed Children?
Authors: Bertó Clara , Almansa-Tomás Belén , Ferrín Maite , Livianos Lorenzo , Rojo Luis , Barberá María , García-Blanco Ana
Published: May 2023

Abnormal attentional processes to socially relevant information may underlie behavioral dysfunctional symptoms in children exposed to a complex trauma. Attentional biases to social scenes close to real-world situations and their association with behavioral symptomatology were examined in complex trauma-exposed children. A visual dot-probe task involving neutral versus emotional (i.e., threatening, sad, or happy) scenes was applied to twenty-one maltreated children (mean age 10.43; 42.8% female; 61.1% White). These children were exposed to a complex trauma (i.e., severe, repeated, multiple, prolonged, and interpersonal) and were safeguarded in a juvenile welfare home after all parental responsibility was removed. Twenty-four comparable non-maltreated children (mean age 10.13; 29.2% female; 76% White), served as control group. All participants were at risk of social exclusion and every legal representative completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Complex trauma-exposed children showed an attentional bias toward threatening scenes, while the control group showed an attentional bias toward sad scenes. There were no differences for happy scenes between groups. Attentional bias toward threatening scenes was associated with withdrawn symptoms in complex trauma-exposed children. Children exposed to a complex trauma show an abnormal attention to threatening social situations, which can trigger maladaptive behaviors such as withdrawn. The understanding of how complex trauma-exposed children process affective environmental information may provide new targets in the social skills interventions such as diminishing maladaptive behaviors and improving coping strategies to face threatening situations.
Novel strategy of senescence elimination via toxicity-exempted kinome perturbations by nanoliposome-based thermosensitive hydrogel for osteoarthritis therapy
Authors: Wan Junlai , He Zhiyi , Zhao Yingchao , Hao Xiaoxia , Cui Jiarui , Chen Anmin , Zhou Jun , Zhang Jiaming
Published: May 2023

Cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have been implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to determine whether multi-kinase inhibitor YKL-05-099 (Y099) has potential in senescence elimination and OA therapy and whether delivering Y099 by nanoliposmal hydrogel improves the performance of the kinase inhibitor. Y099 inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation and catabolism and promoted anabolism of chondrocytes. To attenuate the inhibition of cell viability, nanoliposomal Y099-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel (Y099-Lip-Gel) was developed for sustained release and toxicity exemption. Notably, Y099-Lip-Gel exhibited a pronounced effect on promoting anabolism and suppressing catabolism and inflammation without causing the inhibition of chondrocyte viability. Moreover, Y099-Lip-Gel remarkably increased the master regulator of chondrocyte phenotype Sox9 expression. After four intra-articular injections of Y099-Lip-Gel in the OA murine model, the histological lesions of cartilage were attenuated by Y099-Lip-Gel with subchondral bone loss and osteoclast formation inhibited. Transcriptomic analysis and experimental validations revealed that Y099-Lip-Gel suppressed cellular senescence by inhibiting the expression of senescence inducers and SASP factors. Furthermore, the phosphoproteomic analysis showed that Y099-Lip-Gel exerted a significant influence on kinome phosphorylation, inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling activations. The protective effects of Y099-Lip-Gel were also validated in cultured human OA cartilage explants. In conclusion, nanoliposomal Y099-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel has considerable potential in OA therapy. Nanoliposome-based hydrogel system has strength in reducing kinase inhibition-induced cytotoxicity, enhancing cellular tolerance to kinome perturbation, and improving the performance of protein kinase inhibitors. Senescence elimination via toxicity-exempted kinome perturbations achieved by advanced nanotechnology is a promising strategy for OA.

Graphical Abstract
Chemical looping: a technology platform for upcycling low-grade industrial resources
Authors: Singh Varun , Buelens Lukas C. , Poelman Hilde , Marin Guy B. , Galvita Vladimir V.
Published: May 2023

Ambitions towards a circular economy are increasingly vocalised across academia, policymaking and industry. The endeavour of realising these ambitions provides major opportunities and challenges in chemical engineering, and requires a tremendous roll-out of new technologies. This perspective highlights the suitability of chemical looping as a technology platform to contribute to the valorisation of material streams that are currently not used to their full potential, termed low-grade resources. Such material streams offer significant opportunities to minimise CO2 emissions and accelerate towards a circular materials economy. Apart from defining and identifying low-grade streams, both calorific and non-calorific, a non-exhaustive overview of such streams is provided. Based on a selection of case studies focusing on steel mill gases, bauxite residue, pyrite cinder, calcium carbide slag and automotive shredder residue, it is posited that the characteristics and flexibility of the chemical looping approach offer ample possibilities to efficiently reuse low-grade streams and minimise their environmental impact. Finally, an outlook on chemical looping as a technology platform and its possible role in the drive towards circularity is given, with attention for the roles of industrial, academic and governmental stakeholders. In order to assess the suitability of a chemical looping process for valorising low-grade resources, the importance of holistic technology investigations is stressed, taking into account technical, economic, ecological and societal considerations.
Teacher Expertise in the Global South
Authors: Anderson Jason
Published: May 2023

There are many expert teachers working in the global South and we can learn a great deal from them. Neither of these claims should be surprising, yet to date there has been almost no research conducted on expert teachers working in Southern contexts. Instead, the huge sums of money invested in attempting to improve teacher quality in the South have frequently been directed towards introducing exogenous practices or interventions that may be culturally inappropriate, practically infeasible and ultimately unsustainable – often failing as a result. In this pioneering book, Jason Anderson provides an authoritative overview of the practices, cognition and professionalism of expert teachers working in low-income contexts. By drawing upon both systematic reviews of teacher expertise and effectiveness research, and his own fieldwork in India, he argues that without an understanding of expert teachers working in all contexts worldwide, we cannot truly understand expertise itself.
Renewable and Waste-Heat Utilisation Technologies
Authors: Handagama Nareshkumar B. , White Martin T. , Sapin Paul , Markides Christos N.
Published: May 2023

Understand the science and engineering behind conventional and renewable heat loss recovery techniques with this thorough reference. Provides you with the knowledge and tools necessary to assess the potential waste-heat recovery opportunities that exist within various industries and select the most suitable technology. In particular, technologies that convert waste heat into electricity, cooling or high-temperature heating are discussed in detail, alongside more conventional technologies that directly or indirectly recirculate heat back into the production process. Essential reading for professionals in chemical, manufacturing, mechanical and processing engineering who have an interest in energy conservation and waste heat recovery.
Cambridge Guide to Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT)
Authors: Bateman Anthony , Fonagy Peter , Campbell Chloe , Luyten Patrick , Debbané Martin
Published: May 2023

A complete and practical guide offering a concise overview of mentalization-based treatment (MBT) and its application in different situations and with different groups of patients to help improve the treatment of mental health disorders. Featuring an introduction to mentalizing and the evidence base to support it, followed by the principles of MBT and the basic clinical model in individual and group psychotherapy. Other chapters offer extensive clinical illustrations of the treatment of patients with depression, psychosis, trauma, eating disorders, and borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and avoidant personality disorders. The final section outlines the application of mentalizing and MBT in different populations – children, adolescents, families, couples – and their use in different contexts – teams, schools, and care settings. Part of the Cambridge Guides to the Psychological Therapies series, offering all the latest scientifically rigorous and practical information on a range of key, evidence-based psychological interventions for clinicians.
Business and Human Rights in a Changing World Order: Beyond the Ethics of Disembedded Liberalism
Authors: Karp David Jason
Published: May 2023

The UN Guiding Principles (UNGPs) and their concept of human rights due diligence (HRDD) cannot succeed in their current form, because they reify neoliberalism’s public/private divide. This article establishes this argument across historical, theoretical, and normative dimensions, and charts a new way forward. The UNGPs’ separation of the ‘state duty to protect’ from the ‘corporate responsibility to respect’ reflects a contestable conception of companies as private actors: free to act/transact in any way that is not harmful. This is a problem because harm is often invisible, even when taking an active due-diligence approach. To resolve this, HRDD practices must also be based on the positive value of equality. However, businesses are more than mere agents; they also coordinate production and enable social connections. These structural features reveal a ‘missing fourth pillar’ of the UNGPs: a collective political responsibility to challenge and change our current world order.
An unusual outbreak of dermatitis due to rodent mite infestation in an acute-care hospital
Authors: Alsoubani Majd S. , Varela-Stokes Andrea S. , Andujar Vazquez Gabriela M. , Huang Shirley Y. , Heger Nicholas E. , Doron Shira I.
Published: May 2023

We report an outbreak of dermatitis associated with Ornithonysus bacoti and Liponyssoides sanguineus infestation in an acute ambulatory care setting. Healthcare workers developed dermatitis prior to the identification of the outbreak. A collaborative team effort resulted in complete eradication.
Effect of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) supplementation on faecal microbiota, body composition and iron status markers in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Abshirini Maryam , Coad Jane , Wolber Frances M. , von Hurst Pamela , Miller Matthew R. , Tian Hong Sabrina , Kruger Marlena C.
Published: May 2023

The present study aimed to determine the effect of whole meat GSM powder on gut microbiota abundance, body composition and iron status markers in healthy overweight or obese postmenopausal women. This was a 3-months trial involving forty-nine healthy postmenopausal women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2 who were randomly assigned to receive 3 g/d of either GSM powder (n 25) or placebo (n 24). The gut microbe abundance, serum iron status markers and body composition were measured at the baseline and the end of the study. The between-group comparison at the baseline showed a lower abundance of Bacteroides and Clostridium XIVa in the GSM group compared with the placebo (P = 0⋅04). At the baseline, the body fat (BF)% and gynoid fat% were higher in the GSM group compared with the placebo (P < 0⋅05). No significant changes were found in any of the outcome measures, except for ferritin levels that showed a significant reduction over time (time effect P = 0⋅01). Some trend was observed in bacteria including Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium which tended to increase in the GSM group while their abundance decreased or remained at their baseline level in the control group. Supplementation with GSM powder did not result in any significant changes in gut microbe abundance, body composition and iron markers compared with placebo. However, some commensal bacteria such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria tended to increase following supplementation with GSM powder. Overall, these findings can expand the knowledge surrounding the effects of whole GSM powder on these outcome measures in healthy postmenopausal women.
The comparative meaning of political space: a comprehensive modeling approach
Authors: Binding Garret , Koedam Jelle , Steenbergen Marco R.
Published: May 2023

In latent scaling applications, such as the positioning of political parties, differential item functioning (DIF) may occur because of measurement issues or because of substantive differences in the association between latent and manifest variables. While the first source of DIF has received considerable attention, the second has not, although it is of potential interest to comparative scholars. In this research note, we introduce a novel hierarchical Bayesian item response model that allows us to disentangle different sources of DIF. Drawing on the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), we highlight how the same issues are unequally politicized across Western Europe, and how some issues are less ideologically determined than others. Our model can be adapted to alternate settings, allowing researchers to shine a light on variation in, e.g., ideology, issue politicization, or party competition.
The Right to Hunger Strike
Authors: DELMAS CANDICE
Published: May 2023

Hunger strikes are commonly repressed in prison and seen as disruptive, coercive, and violent. Hunger strikers and their advocates insist that incarcerated persons have a right to hunger strike, which protects them against repression and force-feeding. Physicians and medical ethicists generally ground this right in the right to refuse medical treatment; lawyers and legal scholars derive it from incarcerated persons’ free speech rights. Neither account adequately grounds the right to hunger strike because both misrepresent the hunger strike as noncoercive and nonviolent. I articulate an alternative, dual account of the right to hunger strike. On the remedial argument, the right to hunger strike should be legally protected as a right to petition for redress, in light of incarcerated people’s structural vulnerability to abuse and given inadequate grievance mechanisms. The constructive argument derives the right to hunger strike from the right to resist oppression and stresses the normative permissibility of the use of coercive tactics to defend one’s liberty interests in the face of carceral oppression.
Representing noise: stacked plots and the contrasting diplomatic ambitions of radio astronomy and post-punk
Authors: Turchetti Simone
Published: May 2023

Sketched in 1979 by graphic designer Peter Saville, the record sleeve of Joy Division's Unknown Pleasures seemingly popularized one of the most celebrated radio-astronomical images: the ‘stacked plot’ of radio signals from a pulsar. However, the sleeve's designer did not have this promotion in mind. Instead, he deliberately muddled the message it originally conveyed in a typical post-punk act of artistic sabotage. In reconstructing the historical events associated with this subversive effort, this essay explores how, after its adoption as an imaging device utilized in radio astronomy, the stacked plot gave representation to the diplomacy agendas of two distinct groups. The post-punk reworking of the stacked plot exemplified the ambition of this artistic movement to attack the images associated with social conventions and norms by amplifying their ‘semantic noise’, and, in so doing, seeking to negotiate a social space for those sharing these subversive goals. Conversely, radio astronomers used the stacked plot to display the presence of interfering radio transmitters in the frequencies exclusively allocated to astronomical research, thus advocating the removal of this electronic noise in the context of international telecommunication negotiations. The article thus shows how the representation of different types of noise through similar images shaped contrasting ambitions in the separate domains of science diplomacy and everyday diplomacy.
Lane formation in 3D driven pair-ion plasmas: II Non-Parallel External Forcing
Authors: Prajapati Vishal Kumar , Baruah Swati , Ganesh Rajaraman
Published: May 2023

In Part 1 of the companion paper, we have investigated lane formation dynamics of driven three-dimensional (3-D) pair-ion plasmas (PIP) in the presence of parallel external forcing using extensive Langevin dynamics (LD) simulation. In continuation of the work, in this Part 2, we investigate lane formation dynamics in the presence of non-parallel external forcing, and the effect of both constant and time varying forces are studied. In our model, positively charged PIP particles are pushed into the field direction by an external force

$\boldsymbol{F}_{A} = E_A\cos \omega _At$

while the negatively charged PIP particles are pulled by an external force

$\boldsymbol{F}_{B} = E_B\cos \omega _Bt$

in a direction perpendicular to the external force

$\boldsymbol{F}_{A}$

. We show that in the case of non-parallel forces, the lanes are observed with an orientation (characterised by angle of inclination

$\theta$

) tilted in the direction of the force difference vector (

$\boldsymbol{F}_{A} - \boldsymbol{F}_{B}$

). The instantaneous lane order parameter, order parameter with gradient of angle of inclination (

$\phi (\theta )$

) and distribution function of

$\Delta \theta$

have been implemented to characterise the phase transition. A spontaneous formation and breaking of lanes are observed when under the influence of time-varying forces. The effect is further investigated for three different situations: first, when

$\omega _A \neq 0$

and

$\omega _B = 0$

; second, when

$\omega _A = \omega _B \neq 0$

; and third, for

$\omega _A \neq \omega _B \neq 0$

. Our study reveals that for the first case, a periodic oscillation of angle of inclination is observed. If oscillating forces of the same frequency are applied, the oscillation in angle of inclination disappears, and spontaneous formation and breaking of lanes is observed. However, in the presence of forces with different frequencies, flipping of lane inclination between the positive and negative domain of

$\theta$

is observed. Further, some aspects of the lane formation dynamics of a PIP system is also studied in the presence of an external magnetic field where the lane formation dynamics is found to be accelerated.
Single-molecule FRET for virology: 20 years of insight into protein structure and dynamics
Authors: Groves Danielle , Hepp Christof , Kapanidis Achillefs N. , Robb Nicole C.
Published: May 2023

Although viral protein structure and replication mechanisms have been explored extensively with X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and population imaging studies, these methods are often not able to distinguish dynamic conformational changes in real time. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) offers unique insights into interactions and states that may be missed in ensemble studies, such as nucleic acid or protein structure, and conformational transitions during folding, receptor–ligand interactions, and fusion. We discuss the application of smFRET to the study of viral protein conformational dynamics, with a particular focus on viral glycoprotein dynamics, viral helicases, proteins involved in HIV reverse transcription, and the influenza RNA polymerase. smFRET experiments have played a crucial role in deciphering conformational changes in these processes, emphasising the importance of smFRET as a tool to help elucidate the life cycle of viral pathogens and identify key anti-viral targets.
Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey Disaster Committee Summary of Field Observations of February 6th Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes
Authors: Yılmaz Sarper , Karakayali Onur , Yilmaz Serkan , Çetin Murat , Eroglu Serkan Emre , Dikme Ozgur , Özhasenekler Ayhan , Orak Murat , Yavaşi Özcan , Karbek Akarca Funda , Günalp Eneyli Müge , Erbil Bülent , Akoğlu Haldun
Published: May 2023

An earthquake measuring 7.7 magnitude on the Richter scale occurred at 04:17am on February 6, 2023 in the Pazarcık district of Kahramanmaraş province Turkey. In the hours following the 7.7 magnitude event in Kahramanmaraş, a second 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the region and a third 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck Gaziantep, causing extensive damage and death. A total of ten provinces directly experienced the earthquake, including Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Osmaniye, Malatya, Adana, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, and Kilis. The official figures indicate 31,643 people were killed, 80,278 were injured, and 6,444 buildings were destroyed within seven days of the earthquakes (as of 12:00pm/noon on Monday, February 13th). The area affected by the earthquake has been officially declared to be 500km in diameter. This report primarily relies on observations made by pioneer Emergency Physicians (EPs) who went to the disaster areas shortly after the first earthquake (in the early stages of the disaster). According to their observations: (1) Due to winter conditions, there were transportation problems and a shortage of personnel reaching disaster areas on the first day after the disaster; (2) On the second day of the disaster, health equipment was in short supply; (3) As of the third day, health workers were unprepared in terms of knowledge and experience for the disaster; and (4) The subsequent deployment of health personnel to the disaster area was uncoordinated and unplanned on the following days, which resulted in the health personnel working there not being able to meet even their basic needs (such as food, heating, and shelter). During the first week, coordination was most frequently reported as the most significant problem.
‘Zoetology’: A New Name for an Old Way of Thinking
Authors: Ames Roger T.
Published: May 2023

The classical Greeks give us a substance ontology grounded in ‘being qua being’ or ‘being per se’ (to on he on) that guarantees a permanent and unchanging subject as the substratum for the human experience. With the combination of eidos and telos as the formal and final cause of independent things such as persons, this ‘substance’ necessarily persists through change. This substratum or essence includes its purpose for being, and is defining of the ‘what-it-means-to-be-a-thing-of-this-kind’ of any particular thing in setting a closed, exclusive boundary and the strict identity necessary for it to be this, and not that.

In the Yijing 易經 or Book of Changes we find a vocabulary that makes explicit cosmological assumptions that are a stark alternative to this substance ontology, and provides the interpretive context for the Confucian canons by locating them within a holistic, organic, and ecological worldview. To provide a meaningful contrast with this fundamental assumption of on or ‘being’ we might borrow the Greek notion of zoe or ‘life’ and create the neologism ‘zoe-tology’ as ‘the art of living’. This cosmology begins from ‘living’ (sheng 生) itself as the motive force behind change, and gives us a world of boundless ‘becomings’: not ‘things’ that are, but ‘events’ that are happening, a contrast between an ontological conception of the human ‘being’ and a process conception of what I will call human ‘becomings’.
Can Aesthetics Be Global?
Authors: John Eileen
Published: May 2023

Philosophical aesthetics is to some extent beholden to what I will call personal aesthetics. By personal aesthetics, I mean the phenomena of individual aesthetic sensitivity: how each of us discerns and responds to elements of experience. I take that sensitivity to be finely woven into feeling to some degree at home in the world. There is something extremely local, and in a certain sense unreflective, about personal aesthetics – it is hard to notice one's own, historically specific aesthetic formation. Philosophical aesthetics, meanwhile, aspires to understand aesthetic life in a more reflective and general way. Aesthetic theories in the Western tradition, like most philosophical theories, try to articulate universally relevant and illuminating theoretical concepts and values. But can a theory of this kind acknowledge what is important at the level of personal aesthetics? Can aesthetic theories find fruitful application while also respecting the locality and variability of aesthetic sensitivity? What kinds of theoretical ambition and humility are called for in philosophical aesthetics?
What Counts as a Collective Gift? Culture and Value in Du Bois’ The Gift of Black Folk
Authors: Jeffers Chike
Published: May 2023

In The Conservation of Races, Du Bois advocates that African Americans hold on to their distinctiveness as members of the black race because this enables them to participate in a cosmopolitan process of cultural exchange in which different races collectively advance human civilization by means of different contributions. Kwame Anthony Appiah and Tommie Shelby have criticized the position that Du Bois expresses in that essay as a problematic form of racial essentialism. This article investigates how Du Bois’ 1924 book The Gift of Black Folk escapes or fails to escape that criticism. It is easy to worry that the diversity of what Du Bois in this book is willing to treat as a black contribution to the development of America pushes us from the problem of essentialism to the other extreme: a lack of any conceptual constraints whatsoever on what can count as a black gift. I will argue that recognizing the cultivation of historical memory as a form of cultural activity is key to understanding the concept's unity.
How Research and Information Skills Can Help Save the Planet
Authors: Wild Rachael
Published: May 2023

In this article Rachael Wild discusses the transformational difference librarians and information professionals can make by contributing to community causes in the workplace, using her own experience leading Fieldfisher's Sustainability Programme to show how they can become effective project leaders.
Race and the Power of Sermons on American Politics. By R. Khari Brown, Ronald E. Brown, and James S. Jackson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2021. xii+167 pp. $70.00 cloth.; Decoding the Digital Church: Evangelical Storytelling and the Election of Donald J. Trump. By Stephanie A. Martin. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 2021. xi.+266 pp. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Guth James L.
Published: May 2023

Despite the growing flight of Americans from religious institutions, these are still the largest voluntary organizations in the United States and they remain significant forces in American politics. As leaders of these organizations, clergy are often visible and influential political figures. In just the past few years, conservative Protestant pastors were frequent visitors to the Trump White House and played a crucial role in mobilizing a large Republican religious constituency. Black Protestant ministers have long been a vital force in Democratic circles and are joined at times by white liberal colleagues, as evidenced by the recent mobilization to preserve abortion rights in the wake of the Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.
High‐Velocity Slip and Thermal Decomposition of Carbonates: Example From the Heart Mountain Slide Ultracataclasites, Wyoming
Authors: Zamani Nina , Heij Gerhard W. , Ferré Eric C. , Murphy Michael A. , Bagley Brian
Published: May 2023

The Heart Mountain Slide in Wyoming is one of the largest known terrestrial gravity slides (3,500 km2) formed ∼49 Ma ago by the nearly horizontal detachment of Paleozoic‐Eocene cover sliding on top of autochthonous formations. At the White Mountain locality, exposures offer an exceptional opportunity to investigate high strain rate/high velocity processes in carbonates. Here we use the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 274 samples to shed light on ultracataclastic deformation along this detachment. Contrary to predictions, the carbonate ultracataclasite displays a consistent AMS fabric, particularly in the upper ultracataclasite. The AMS in this unit is controlled primarily by magnetite formed through the breakdown of iron sulfides caused by frictional heating. Additional thermomagnetic experiments reveal that the new magnetic fabric began forming ∼250ºC and continued up to ∼400ºC when calcination of carbonate minerals caused a major drop in friction. The main cataclastic slip direction inferred from AMS is ∼N033°, at odds with the previously accepted NNW‐SSE direction. We validate these AMS fabrics through 3D shape preferred orientation analysis and micro X‐ray scanning of the same specimens. These results, however, may only represent cataclastic flow directions at the local scale as a result of synkinematic rotation of the White Mountain block. Alternatively, these results may call for a re‐evaluation of the large scale movement of the slide. Finally, this study demonstrates the usefulness of a magnetic approach in deciphering deformation processes in carbonates, particularly in high strain rate cases such as seismic faults.
Confronting the Convective Gray Zone in the Global Configuration of the Met Office Unified Model
Authors: Tomassini Lorenzo , Willett Martin , Sellar Alistair , Lock Adrian , Walters David , Whitall Michael , Sanchez Claudio , Heming Julian , Earnshaw Paul , Rodriguez José M. , Ackerley Duncan , Xavier Prince , Franklin Charmaine , Senior Catherine A.
Published: May 2023

In atmospheric models with kilometer‐scale grids the resolution approaches the scale of convection. As a consequence the most energetic eddies in the atmosphere are partially resolved and partially unresolved. The modeling challenge to represent convection partially explicitly and partially as a subgrid process is called the convective gray zone problem. The gray zone issue has previously been discussed in the context of regional models, but the evolution in regional models is constrained by the lateral boundary conditions. Here we explore the convective gray zone starting from a defined global configuration of the Met Office Unified Model using initialized forecasts and comparing different model formulations to observations. The focus is on convection and turbulence, but some aspects of the model dynamics are also considered. The global model is run at nominal 5 km resolution and thus contributions from both resolved and subgrid turbulent and convective fluxes are non‐negligible. The main conclusion is that in the present assessment, the configurations which include scale‐aware turbulence and a carefully reduced and simplified mass‐flux convection scheme outperform both the configuration with fully parameterized convection as well as a configuration in which the subgrid convection parameterization is switched off completely. The results are more conclusive with regard to convective organization and tropical variability than extratropical predictability. The present study thus endorses the strategy to further develop scale‐aware physics schemes and to pursue an operational implementation of the global 5 km‐resolution model to be used alongside other ensemble forecasts to allow researchers and forecasters to further assess these simulations.