bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pineal ‘Synaptic Ribbons’ and Serum Melatonin Levels in the Rat following the Pulse Action of 52-Gs (50-Hz) Magnetic Fields: An Evolutive Analysis over 21 Days
Authors: Soriano Martínez , González Giménez , Armañazas E. , Tomer Ruiz
Published: July 2008

In continuation of earlier studies, we have investigated the influence of 52-Gs (50-Hz) magnetic fields on the evolution of pinealocyte ‘synaptic ribbons’ and serum melatonin levels in rats, following 30 min daily exposure. The animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, 15 and 21 days. A significant decrease in the number of synaptic ribbons was observed after 15 and 21 days, together with a significant drop in serum melatonin concentrations after 15 days. The mediating role of the retina in these modifications and magnetic field effects is discussed.
Biochemical and Cytochemical Studies of Preadipocyte Differentiation in Serum-Free Culture of Porcine Stromal-Vascular Cells: Interaction of Dexamethasone and Growth Hormone
Authors: Hausman G.J. , Hausman D.B. , Martin R.J.
Published: July 2008

Stromal-vascular cells from adipose tissue of pigs 5–7 days of age were grown in serum for 2–3 days and switched to serum-free (insulin, transferrin and selenium) conditions ± test hormones for 6-7 days. The interaction of dexamethasone (DEX) and human growth hormone (hGH) was evaluated since glucocorticoids augment and hGH antagonizes the effect of insulin. Low lewels (1–10 nM) of DEX with insulin doubled (p < 0.05) specific activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and doubled (p < 0.05) the number of detectable fat cells relative to insulin alone. DEX with insulin enhanced the morphological differentiation of preadipocytes and markedly increased fat cell cluster numbers in the presence of hGH. Furthermore, 1–10 nM of DEX partially blocked (p > 0.05) the inhibitory effect of 10 nM hGH on GPDH activity, but 1–100 nM DEX had no effect (p > 0.05) on the ability of hGH to compromise lipid deposition. DEX alone (no insulin or hGH) induced the appearance of esterase-reactive but lipid-free cells. Cells with these characteristics were increased in number by DEX in the presence of hGH but were nearly absent in the presence of insulin and DEX. Therefore, transient exposure to GH in vivo may have no permanent effect on adipose tissue development in the continued presence of glucocorticoids.
Biomechanik des Grosszehenbogens
Authors: Reimann R. , Marlovits S.
Published: July 2008

90% of the first (hallucal) tarsometatarsal joints are screw-shaped; the axis is directed upwards to the front touching the lateral edge of the joint. Thus the plantar flexion is inevitably accompanied by an adduction and a pronation, and vice versa a dorsiflexion is consequently accompanied by an abduction and a supination, when the articular surfaces exactly slide along each other. 10% of these joints, however, are ellipsoid-shaped; in this case the distal articular surface of the medial cuneiform bone has the form of an ovoid head, and a strong ligament situated next to the lateral edge of the joint effects the same kind of motion described above. The medial cuneonavicular joint is always ellipsoid-shaped, the head of which is made up by the medial facet of the distal articular surface of the navicular bone. Each of the two joints mentioned has a considerable range of mobility.
Distribution of Oxytocin and Vasopressin Neurons in the Diencephalon of the Japanese Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Authors: Kumamoto K. , Ebara S. , Matsuura T. , Kawata M.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons in the diencephalon of the hibernating Japanese horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, was immunohistochemically investigated by the avidin-biotin complex method. Magnocellular OXT and VP neurons were localized mainly in the para-ventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. In addition to these main nuclei, both kinds of magnocellular neurons were also found in the periventricular nucleus, perifornical area and lateral hypothalamic area. Extensively distributed parvocellular neurons containing only VP were observed in the rostral and middle portions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The size of OXT and VP magnocellular neurons was almost equal in the paraventricular and ventromedial supraoptic nuclei, whereas VP neurons were significantly larger than OXT neurons in the dorsolateral supraoptic nucleus. The OXT and VP cells in the ventral supraoptic nucleus showed a distinctive elliptical shape. Both OXT and VP fibers were distributed in the lateral habenular nucleus, stria medullaris thalami, lateral preoptic area, stria terminalis, and medial and supracapsular part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Moreover, OXT fibers were found in the substantia nigra, and VP fibers were noted in the nucleus reuniens and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.
Functional Construction of the Sacroiliac Ligamentous Apparatus
Authors: Gerlach U.J. , Lierse W.
Published: July 2008

The sacroiliac ligamentous apparatus was examined as a part of a biomechanical pelvis-lower extremities system. The ligamentous apparatus of two pelves was freed, and the findings concerning the ligaments and their direction were drawn by a modular constructed, three-dimensional calculator model of the pelvic region. The ligamentous apparatus of the sacroiliac joint belongs to a functional system. Its task is to minimize every movement in this amphiarthrosis. The ligamentous apparatus shows an adaption to strong or long-time-acting stresses. The junction between the os sacrum, pelvis and the ligamentous apparatus of the sacroiliac joint can be described as self-tightening. Local stresses are also reduced by the ligaments. A loosening in this system, which has to fix the os sacrum to the pelvic girdle, leads to a static insufficiency. The consequence is pain due to an irritation of the lumbosacral trunk. The exact description of the structure allows a representation according to the laws of similarity mechanics. With such a representation one can build up a computer-aided biomechanical model of the pelvis-lower extremities region. Examples for such a model are biomechanical finite-element models. By observing the laws of similarity mechanics (an exact description of geometric, physical and functional conditions) an efficient biomechanical model can be constructed that also takes into consideration the complex functional circumstances, in contrast to previous models. In order to construct such a model, one has to feed the findings of the examination into a data bank, which has to be demanded.
Effects of Alcohol and Caffeine on Cultured Whole Rat Embryos
Authors: Fadel R.A.R. , Persaud T.V.N.
Published: July 2008

The direct effects of ethanol and caffeine on embryogenesis were investigated using the whole rat embryo culture system. Compared to control embryos, the crown-rump length, number of somites, branchial bars, and morphological score were significantly reduced in embryos exposed to ethanol, caffeine, or both substances. Development of the craniofacial region, cardiac primordium and forelimb was delayed following ethanol treatment. Compared to the controls, the anterior neuropore lagged in development following caffeine treatment; closure of the posterior neuropore was significantly delayed in each of the treatment groups. The optic and olfactory primordia were not affected. The results indicate that alcohol and caffeine independently affect the embryo, but when combined their effects were not potentiated.
Electron-Microscopic Localization of Baboon Acrosomal Antigens Using Antisperm Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Gichuhi P.M. , Isahakia M.A.
Published: July 2008

A sperm antigen corresponding to baboon sperm monoclonal antibody 1A9 was localized in the testis and ejaculated sperm in this animal, using the immunofluorescence technique and immunogold labelling. Immunohistochemical studies of the baboon testis showed that the antigenic determinant was localized in the late spermatid cells and spermatozoa close to the seminiferous tubules. Immuno-fluorescence studies indicate that the protein was localized on the acrosome region of ejaculated baboon sperm. At the electron-microscopic level, gold particles indicative of the presence of this determinant recognized by 1A9 monoclonal antibody were detected on the inner acrosomal region of ejaculated baboon sperm.
Studies on the Microvascularization of the Digestive Tract by Scanning Electron Microscopy of Vascular Corrosion Casts
Authors: Aharinejad S. , Gangler P. , Hagen D. , Firbas W.
Published: July 2008

The colonic microvascularization of 10 adult Sprague-Dawley rats and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) was studied by scanning electron microscopy of micro vascular corrosion casts. The tunica muscularis is supplied by branches of the sub-mucosal arteriolar plexus, according to the arrangement of muscle layers, longitudinally and transversally arranged capillaries are distinguished. The mucosal capillaries show a honeycomb pattern and mimic the openings of the mucosal glands. Parallel to the luminal aspect of the large intestine, the mucosal capillary loops often arise from the submucosal arterioles at the most abluminal aspect of the mucosa; however, some arterioles end just subjacent to these capillaries. The submucosal veins are located just subjacent to the capillaries of the lamina propria. The rat and guinea pig colonic vascular architecture revealed no differences, neither did the capillary density in different parts of the large intestine.
Weaning and the Histology of the Mandibular Condyle in the Rat
Authors: Kantomaa T. , Yuominen M. , Pirttiniemi P. , Rönning O.
Published: July 2008

Eighty-eight Long Evans/Turku rats were used in the study. The effect of the articulatory function on the mandibular condyle was observed histologically during normal growth, when the rat is changing its diet from milk to whole pellets as a part of weaning. Six animals each were killed at the age of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,35, 40 and 50 days for histological tissue processing. For further information, 30 animals were fed a soft diet (6 animals each were killed at the age of 25 30, 35, 40 and 50 days), and 10 animals were fed hardened pellets (2 animals each were killed at the ages of 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 days). An even and regular transition from mesenchymal cells via immature chondroblasts into mature chondroblasts and hypertrophied chondrocytes was found at 10,15 and 20 days during normal growth and also at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 days when animals were fed a soft diet. This maturing process appeared to be disturbed at the age of 25, 30, 35 and 40 days in the superior aspect of the condyle in animals fed ordinary pellets. The density of the mesenchymal cell layer was decreased, and the amount of intercellular matrix seemed to be elevated in mesenchymal and intermediate cell layers. These features were later manifest deeper in the cartilage as acellular regions and as cell clusters. The changes were similar but more severe when the animals were fed hardened pellets. The thickness of the cartilage was decreased, and chondrocytes appeared small and surrounded by abundant amounts of extracellular matrix in these animals at the age of 50 days. The findings are suggestive of features in the condylar cartilage that have been attributed to the articular cartilage of long bones. They seem to indicate that, while the condylar cartilage is obviously under loading during functioning, the articulatory function may suppress the growth of the condylar cartilage by changing its properties towards those typical of the purely articular cartilage. The functional loading during normal growth is obviously close to the maximum that the mandibular condyle is capable of sustaining.
Immunohistochemical Study of Carbonic Anhydrase III in the Extraocular Muscles of Human Embryos
Authors: Oguni M. , Setogawa T. , Tanaka O. , Shinohara H. , Kato K.
Published: July 2008

The differentiation of extraocular muscles was studied immunohistochemically in externally normal human embryos (Carnegie stages 13-23), using antibodies to carbonic anhydrase (CA) III and β-enolase as the markers of type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers, respectively. At stage 18, some myoblasts were immunoreactive to β-enolase antibodies, however, CA-III immunoreactivity was not observed around the optic vesicle. At stage 20, CA-III immunoreactivity appeared in some muscle fibers of extraocular muscles. From stage 21 to stage 23, CA-III-immunoreactive fibers increased and almost equalled the number of β-enolase-immunoreactive fibers. These findings suggest that CA-III-immunoreactive type 1 fibers appear in the late stage of myogenesis compared with β-enolase-immunoreactive type 2 fibers.
Origine et distribution des canaux cartilagineux dans l’embryon de poulet
Authors: Doménech-Ratto G. , Moreno-Cascales M. , Ballester-Moreno A.
Published: July 2008

113 femurs and 111 tibias originating from chick embryos 8-21 days after incubation were injected with Indian ink and made transparent. The origin and distribution of cartilage canals are described. The existence of a pattern of segmental distribution, atypical canals and anastomosis between epiphysial canals and diaphysial marrow processes is reported.
Development of the Urinary System of the Marsupial Native Cat Dasyurus hallucatus
Authors: Nelson J.E. , Yuemin L. , Gemrnell R.T.
Published: July 2008

The development of the mesonephros and metanephros was examined in the marsupial Northern native cat, Dasyurus hallucatus, from birth through to the end of lactation. The mesonephros was present at birth, reached a maximum volume 11 days after birth and had regressed completely by day 30. The metanephros was present on day 2; glomeruli were first seen on day 8, and nephrogenesis continued until day 89 post partum. The newborn native cat is at a very primitive stage of development compared to other marsupials. However, at weaning, like other marsupial species, the native cat has developed a fully morphological and functional urinary system.
Ontogeny of Afferents to the Fetal Rat Cerebellum
Authors: Ashwell K.W.S. , Zhang L.-L.
Published: July 2008

Afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum have been studied in fixed tissue with the fluorescent tracer, 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The dye was applied to the cerebellar anlage at ages from embryonic day (E) 12 to birth (PO). Central processes of vestibular ganglion cells were found to be the first identifiable afferents to the cerebellum, being present at least by E13 and perhaps as early as E12. Ipsilateral spinocerebellar fibres may be labelled from E15, vestibular nuclei (both ipsi- and contralateral) also from E15, while contralateral inferior olivary nuclei could not be retrogradely labelled until E17. Trigeminocerebellar neurons in the interpolaris subnucleus of the nucleus of the trigeminal spinal tract and neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus were not labelled until E22 and P0, respectively. Finally, contralateral pontine nuclei were retrogradely labelled from the cerebellum after birth.
Effects of 1α(OH)-Vitamin D3 and 24,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 on Long Bones of Glucocorticoid-Treated Rats
Authors: Tumquist J. , Ornoy A. , Eini D. , Schwartz Z.
Published: July 2008

Glucocorticoids may induce osteopenia in experimental animals and in man. In order to study the possible effects of vitamin D metabolites in the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in rats, we administered 1α(OH)-vitamin D3, 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 or a combination of both metabolites, by intragastric intubation, to rats treated daily by intramuscular injections of 10 mg/kg cortisone acetate. Treatment with the vitamin D metabolites started after 1 month of glucocorticoid therapy, at the time osteopenia was already present. Cortisone acetate decreased the gain weight, increased alkaline phosphatase (AP) and decreased Ca serum levels. It also decreased tibial wet and ash weight and tibial Ca content. Computerized histomorphometry of sections from the upper tibia showed decreased epiphyseal bone volume and increased bone marrow volume; decreased height of hypertrophic cartilage in the growth plate and decreased amount of persisting cartilage in the metaphyseal bone trabeculae were also observed. Administration of 24,25(OH)2D3 alone did not reduce these glucocorticoid-induced bone changes and sometimes even worsened them. 1α(OH)D3 reversed many of the deleterious effects of cortisone acetate. It reduced serum AP levels, increased serum Ca levels, increased bone ash weight, epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone volume, with a concomitant reduction in epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone marrow volume. The best results were obtained by a combination of 1α(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. It is presumed that both metabolites are needed to reduce the impact of glucocorticoids on bone. 1α(OH)2D3 acts on the gut, increasing Ca absorption (which was decreased by glucocorticoids), and 24,25(OH)2D3 directly acts on bone to enhance bone formation and mineralization.
Isolated Pancreatic Islets of the Rat: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Tahir M. , Elayat A.A. , Jalalah S. , El-Naggar M.M.
Published: July 2008

Pancreatic islets from adult Wistar rats were isolated by an improved collage -nase digestion technique. Examination of the preparations showed that they contained B cells possessing secretory granules, each having an eccentric electron-dense core surrounded by an electron-lucent halo; the Golgi bodies with their characteristic features were located in a juxtanuclear position. Roughly surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were present and were mostly normal in appearance. The cell possessed all the ultrastructural attributes indicating that they were fully functional and structurally intact.
Growth of the Perichondrium and the Chondroepiphysis: Experimental Approach in the Rat Proximal Tibial Epiphysis
Authors: Delgado-Baeza E. , Giménez-Ribotta M. , Miralles-Flores C. , Nieto-Chaguaceda A. , Santos-Alvarez I.
Published: July 2008

In the present paper we study the participation of the perichondrium in chondroepiphysis development analyzing its in vitro growth pattern without the perichondrium. We also advance the descriptive morphological results. We have observed that the chondroepiphysis without perichondrium grew with an almost normal pattern. Most of the cells that participated in chondroepiphysis growth came from the lateral region of the growth plate.
Fractal Dimensions of Cranial Sutures and Waveforms
Authors: Long C.A. , Long J.E.
Published: July 2008

Two quite different shapes of cranial sutures ostensibly yield fractal dimensions. The rare, intricate sutures yield the more valid fractal dimensions because self-similar scaling provides a double-log plot of negative slope. These sutures are fractals over a range of several r values. Some of the highly folded, wavy sutures in humans also fill space except at very tiny values of r, but are nonfractal. A great deal depends on whether the dimension D is > 1 and by how much, whether the curve yields a false fractal dimension, whether the curve scales and shows self-similarity, and whether the scaling occurs regularly in the same pattern. We suggest careful attention to the inverse power law equations, which when misused can yield false fractal values. Cranial sutures vary from the simple wavy sutures to the complex folded ones, and, in rare instances, evolve and develop to the self-similar, scaling, elaborate ones called intricate sutures. The main thing is to express the biology precisely, whether waveform regularity or irregularity or scaling elaboration conserving space and the original shape. D values may not in themselves reliably allow such a distinction, by whatever method used.
Changes in Glycosaminoglycan Binding to Collagen during Desmoid Mineralization as Revealed by Different Electron-Microscopic Staining Techniques
Authors: Zimmermann B.
Published: July 2008

Mineralization at collagen fibrils is regulated by glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Alterations in proteoglycan composition during mineralization as well as inhibition of mineralization by GAGs are well documented. Collagen-GAG interactions during desmoid osteogenesis in fetal rat calvariae were investigated ultrastructurally by means of different fixation techniques. Mineralization was restricted to the collagen of the osteoid at the ectocranial side. Beyond the osteoid, one layer containing degenerated cells was found, followed by sheets of healthy osteoblasts with nonmineralized collagen fibrils. These fibrils were ordered in bundles, but were irregularly arranged in the mineralized osteoid. After fixation in glutaraldehy deruthenium red (GA-RR), small RR-positive granules were periodically attached to the fibrils of the nonmineralized collagen. These granules were absent at collagen in the mineralized osteoid. Periodically bound granules (periodicity of 62 nm) could clearly be demonstrated along collagen fibrils by pretreatment with the positively charged protamine sulfate and subsequent fixation in GA-RR in the nonmineralized collagen. In the mineralized osteoid, however, these granules were present, but periodic binding was missing. Heparin pretreatment followed by fixation in GA-RR revealed periodically bound fine strands between collagen fibrils running parallel in the nonmineralized collagen; these threads were absent in the mineralizing osteoid. Restriction of mineralization to osteoid at the mineralization border may be reflected by the observed changes in GAG binding to collagen fibrils within the osteoid of developing fetal calvariae in contrast to binding to collagen in nonmineralized areas.
Sarcomere Length-Joint Angle Relationships of Seven Frog Hindlimb Muscles
Authors: Lieber R.L. , Brown C.G.
Published: July 2008

The sarcomere length-joint angle relationship was measured in 7 different muscle-joint complexes (n = 43 muscles) of the frog hindlimb (Rana pipiens). Muscles studied included the cruralis, iliacus internus, gastrocnemius, gluteus magnus, gracilis major, semimembranosusand the semitendinosus. Muscle-joint complexes were mounted in a jig and submerged in chilled Ringer’s solution. Joints were rotated throughout their range of motion, while sarcomere length was measured by laser diffraction. Muscles were then formalin fixed and architectural properties determined by microdissection of individual muscle fibers. Sarcomere length change per degree of joint rotation (dLs/dΘ) ranged from a low of 3.7 nm/degree for the cruralis muscle acting at the knee to a high of 12.5 nm/ degree for the semitendinosus muscle acting at the hip. Values for dLs/dΘ were significantly different between all muscles (p < 0.001), and dLs/dΘ values for muscles acting at the hip were significantly greater than those for muscles acting at the knee (p < 0.005). dLs/dΘ was negatively correlated with fiber length, suggesting a balance between fiber length and moment arm in most muscle-joint systems. However, many exceptions to this generalization were noted. These data suggest that different muscle-joint systems are ‘designed’ for differential contribution of muscle force production to the joint torque profile. The low variability of these data also suggests that sarcomere number is tightly regulated in these muscle-joint systems but not simply as a result of the total in vivo muscle excursion.
Experiments on the Induction of Antibody Dependent Macrophage-Mediated Cellular Cytotoxicity in Mixed Brain Cell Cultures
Authors: Korn U.
Published: July 2008

These examinations were based on the discussion whether in demyelinating diseases anti-lipid antibody associated with brain macrophages could have a cytotoxic effect on oligodendrocytes. We used mixed brain cell cultures of newborn rats where, among others, both oligodendrocytes and vacuolated macrophage-like cells were found. On these macrophage-like cells, the presence of Fc-receptors was proven. Besides Fc-receptor-dependent phagocytosis, these cells showed an Fc-receptor-independent type of phagocytosis. The Fc-receptor-bearing cells moved within the culture and adhered to glass fibers. In the cytoplasm of these cells, unspecific esterase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase could be visualized. The vacuolated cells showed strong autofluorescence, expressed a surface marker found on all types of rat leukocytes and were marked by Griffonia simplicifolia lectin. These results definitely characterized the vacuolised cells as macrophages. We saw globular and pleomorphic macrophages. After incubation of anti-GC serum in a highly diluted solution, significantly more macrophages bound to oligodendrocytes than in the controls. In these cases, we found target cell lysis. It could be shown in vitro that anti-GC serum together with macrophages of neonatal brains can induce a cy to toxic effect on oligodendrocytes.
Structure and Function of Matrix Components in the Cruciate Ligaments
Authors: Neurath M.F. , Stofft E.
Published: July 2008

In the present study, the matrix components of 100 cruciate ligaments were analyzed by conventional electron microscopy, immunohistology, morphometry, and immunoelectron microscopy. The anterior (ACL) and the posterior (PCL) cruciate ligaments contained collagen types III, IV, and VI. Several structural glycoproteins, like fibronectin, laminin, entactin, tenascin, and undulin were detected using monoclonal antibodies. Whereas laminin and entactin were higher concentrated in the PCL, type VI collagen was more frequently found in the ACL. The ACL had a critical nourishment in its distal and middle thirds. In all ligament parts the PCL revealed a better vascular supply with strong correlation to type IV collagen expression. The normal matrix of the cruciate ligaments represented a complicated regulatory network of proteins, glycoproteins, elastic systems, and glycosaminoglycans with multiple functional interactions.
Capillary Supply and Fibre Area in Locomotor Muscles of Horse and Steer – A Comparison between Histochemistry and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Karhtröm K. , Essén-Gustavsson B. , Hoppeler H. , Straub R. , Weishaupt M.
Published: July 2008

In order to investigate possible differences in variables defining capillary supply of skeletal muscle derived from two methods, the electron-microscopical and the amylase-PAS histochemical methods were applied in a study of horse and steer muscles. Samples from several locomotor muscles were taken at slaughter from one horse and one steer, divided into two and prepared separately for the two techniques. It was found that there was no difference between the two methods in the values for the capillary-to-fibre ratio. Values for mean fibre area, on the other hand, were significantly higher in the histochemically treated samples (16%, p = 0.001) and hence capillary density values lower (12%, p = 0.002). It was concluded that the two methods are comparable in their capacity to visualize capillaries, but preparation of samples for electron microscopy produces an average shrinkage of 16% of muscle fibres. As a consequence capillary density is overestimated accordingly. Discrepancies were larger for steer than horse muscles.
Appearance of Adipose Cells in Connective Tissue at the Implantation Site of Bone Matrix Gelatin and Bupivacaine Injection
Authors: Yamashita K. , Takagi T.
Published: July 2008

Two types of adipose cells were found in the connective tissue on day 7 after bone matrix gelatin (BMG) implantation and an injection of bupivacaine mature adipose cells with a large lipid droplet (2-140 µm) and immature adipos cells with many small lipid droplets (0.1-2 µm). On day 10 after BMG implanta tion, typical adipose tissue was observed near the implant. The immature adi pose cells had small, spherical mitochondria, glycogen granules and cytoplasm!; microvesicles, and they might differentiate from undifferentiated mesenchym;ι cells in the connective tissue or the peripheral cells around the vessels as a whiu adipose tissue. These findings suggest that the differentiation of adipose cells in the connective tissue near heterotopic bone formation might be induced no only by mechanical and/or bupivacaine injury, but also by some factor or factor of the BMG.
Infrastructure and Innervation of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Seminal Vesicle
Authors: Abou-Elmagd A. , Kujat R. , Wrobel K.-H.
Published: July 2008

The lining epithelium of secretory end pieces and central glandular duct in the seminal vesicle of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) consists of columnar principal and small polymorphous basal cells. A system of intercellular and even intracellular canaliculi enlarges the secretory surface. The most prominent organelle of the columnar principal cells is the granular endoplasmic reticulum forming large aggregates of parallel lamellae. Using antibodies against the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 and the neural marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), the innervation pattern of the seminal vesicle becomes evident. The muscular layer surrounding the propria contains a dense network of unmyelin-ated fibers. Thicker bundles traverse the muscular layer to reach the propria. Around glandular secretory tubules and below the epithelial lining of the glandular duct a tightly woven subepithelial plexus is observed which sends short penetrating branches into the basal zone of the epithelium. These intraepithelial nerves are devoid of Schwann cells and basal lamina (naked axons) and are situated within the intercellular spaces between principal and basal cells. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry with short (1–2 h) incubation times, dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural study of transmitter-containing vesicles was performed. The results suggest that muscular contraction in the seminal vesicle is predominantly under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system, whereas secretory epithelial function is regulated by both sympa thetic and parasympathetic fibers.
Kinematic Gait Analysis in Equine Carpal Lameness
Authors: Back W. , Barneveld A. , Van Weeren P.R. , Van den Bogert A.J.
Published: July 2008

Gait analysis plays a major role in the clinical evaluation of equine lameness. It is generally accepted that the clinician expresses the grade of lameness as a subjective score. In this study lameness was objectively assessed using a standardized transient lameness model, in which lameness was induced by intra-articular injection of bacterial endotoxin into the radiocarpal joint of ponies. Lameness was scored by an experienced clinician, and locomotion was recorded simultaneously using a CODA-3 apparatus. The obtained kinematic gait parameters correlated well with the clinical lameness score and also provided possibilities to objectively study the locomotor disturbances of the lame limb in more detail at the walk and trot.
The Global Design of the Hindlimb in Quadrupeds
Authors: van Ingen Schenau G.J. , Bobbert M.F.
Published: July 2008

In the hindlimb of quadrupeds three major segments can be distinguished which can rotate with respect to each other in the hip, knee and ankle joints. Movements in a sagittal plane appear to be controlled by three sets of antagonistic mono-articular muscle groups (one set per joint) and two sets of antagonistic bi-articular muscles. This design allows co-activations of mono-articular agonists and their bi-articular antagonists. These co-contractions occur for example in ballistic tasks such as jumping where the transfer of angular acceleration in the joints into the translational acceleration of the hip decreases as a function of joint extension. Well-trained humans appear to solve this problem by a distinct proximodistal sequence in the timing of the joint extensions and a transport of energy via bi-articular muscles. This can also be observed in a number of animals. A second example has to do with the necessity for a certain distribution of net moments in the joints which is required to control the direction and magnitude of the external force on the ground. The control of these moments can to a large extent be judged as a requirement which is independent of the joint displacements required in the same task. Many walking, running or pulling tasks, for example, require knee extension combined with a net knee flexing moment. Co-activation of mono-articular agonists and their bi-articular antagonists appear to solve these problems in an effective and efficient way.
Comparison of the Damping Effect of Different Shoeing by the Measurement of Hoof Acceleration
Authors: Benoit P. , Barrey E. , Regnault J.C. , Brochet J.L.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the damping effect of 16 types of shoeing by measuring hoof acceleration parameters on two trotting horses. At impact, maximal deceleration had extreme values such as 188 m/s2(± 55) for the most damping combination (p < 0.01) and 746 m/s2 (± 14) for the steel shoe (mean = 551 m/s2 ± 125). After the shock, the hoof was exposed to a mean vibrating acceleration at 418 Hz (± 84) which was progressively damped in 37.3 ms (± 10.5). According to these results, the damping ability of different farriery products significantly reduces (p < 0.05) shocks and vibrations at hoof impact in the athletic horse caused by runs on asphalt or similar surfaces. In practice, the use of the most efficient shoeing should help to reduce the incidence of the overused joint diseases in the athletic horse caused by runs on hard surfaces.
Concept of a Force-Measuring Horseshoe
Authors: Roepstorff L. , Drevemo S.
Published: July 2008

To further develop objective methods in the field of gait analysis a force-measuring horseshoe (FM shoe) has been developed. The ground reaction forces were determined by measuring the degree of displacement between the two solid parts of the shoe. This was done by three removable measuring units (MUs) that were equipped with strain gauges and placed in the toe and in each of the quarter parts. Before performing force recordings the sensors were calibrated with the actual MUs mounted on the shoe. This can be done in the field with a specially developed equipment. The shape of the signal generated by the MUs corresponds very well to signals generated by other instrumented shoes and force plate traces reported by other authors. In a comparative study between the FM shoe and a force plate a good resemblance between force traces from the two systems was seen. There is still some work to be done to refine the method of calibrating the FM shoe. However, the good linear relationship between forces applied and the sensor signals implies that the concept of the FM shoe will fulfill the requirements of measuring absolute forces.
A Preliminary Study of Transitions between the Walk and Trot in Dressage Horses
Authors: Argue C.K. , Clayton H.M.
Published: July 2008

The object of this study was to determine the limb support sequence during the transitions from walk to trot and from trot to walk in dressage horses under saddle and to test the null hypothesis that the limb support sequence during the transitions is not related to the level of training. Sixteen dressage horses training at novice to FEI Grand Prix level were videotaped performing an average of 9 transitions each from walk to trot and from trot to walk. The 30-Hz videotapes were viewed in slow motion, and based on the limb support sequence the transitions were categorized into two types. In type 1 transitions there were no intermediate steps between the walk and trot sequences. Type 2 transitions were characterized by intermediate steps, including a single support phase. The Kendall rank-order correlation coefficient showed that a higher level of training was positively associated with an increased percentage of type 1 transitions for both walk-to-trot transitions (p≤0.05) and trot-to-walk transitions (p ≤ 0.01). No significant preference for initiating or completing the trot on the left or right diagonal was found using the binomial test for individual horses and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for the group.
Shortening of the Forelimb in the Horse during the Stance Phase
Authors: Hjertén G. , Drevemo S.
Published: July 2008

Compressions in the forelimb of a horse trotting at 3.7 m/s were studied using high-speed cinematography. From a diagram of shortenings it has been concluded that successive loadings in the longitudinal direction from below signify longer impact time and smaller impact forces compared to a theoretically stiff limb. It is proposed that the limb takes up the impact force passively until the onset of loading at the elbow joint, i.e. 30 ms following first contact.
Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Subepithelial Connective Tissue in the Omasal Laminae of Sheep and Cattle
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Kitamura N. , Yamada J. , Yamashita T.
Published: July 2008

The three-dimensional architecture of the subepithelial connective tissue in the omasal laminae of sheep and cattle was studied by scanning electron microscopy after treatment with 2 N NaOH solution. The omasal laminae were equipped with highly undulated subepithelial connective tissue showing various projections or ridges. In the sheep, the subepithelial connective tissue in the omasal papillae formed flat papillary projections in the oral and middle regions of the laminae. Ridges were arranged in cellular or rosette-like form in the aboral region. In the interpapillary space, the subepithelial connective tissue formed papillary projections in the oral region, parallel ridges with dentate projections in the middle region and smooth low ridges in the aboral region. In the cattle, the projections of the subepithelial connective tissue were more developed than in the sheep. The reticular or cellular ridges were uniformly arranged. The omasal papillae with horny tips located near the reticulo-omasal orifice showed various shapes of papillary projections. In the interpapillary space, round-edged and complex folded ridges with high undulations and deep grooves were observed. These findings may indicate regional and interspecies diversities in the function of the omasal mucosa.
Immunohistochemical Study of the Cytoskeleton of Osteoblasts in the Rat Calvaria
Authors: Watanabe H. , Miake K. , Sasaki J.
Published: July 2008

We evaluated the cytoskeleton of osteoblasts in the rat calvaria by transmission electron microscopy after perfusion with a mixture of Triton X-100 and glutaraldehyde and immunoelectron microscopy. In osteoblasts, microfilaments (5-6 nm in diameter) and intermediate filaments (10–12 nm) were arranged in networks or bundles, avoiding cell organelles such as mitochondria and the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Some of these intermediate filaments were attached to the nucleus and had a double-helix structure. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that these fibers are actin and vimentin filaments, respectively. Intermediate filaments were abundant around the nucleus while microfilaments were abundant around the cell membrane. Microfilaments formed thick bundles around the cell membrane in formative osteoblasts but did not form bundles in resting osteoblasts.
Some Informations on Dental Tissues Obtained from Observations on a Complex Odontoma
Authors: Marchetti C.
Published: July 2008

Morphological features of enamel and dentine have been studied in a complex odontoma. The enamel had a prismatic structure with an abundant organic matrix in the inner part and a laminar stratified pattern at the surface. A cell layer above the enamel had the characteristics of maturation ameloblasts. Dentine had morphological characteristics of a normally developed tissue. One of the aggregates forming the odontoma had a structure similar to a normal tooth but the pulp-dentine complex was lacking in the odontoblast cell layer. The loose pulpal tissue of this structure was also devoid of blood vessels and nervous structures.
Embryological Study of Nasal Cavity Development in Human Embryos with Reference to Congenital Nostril Atresia
Authors: Nishimura Y.
Published: July 2008

An infant with congenital absence of the nostrils, incomplete prolabium, incomplete premaxilla, nasal cavity without septum, and cleft palate is presented. To clarify the embryological development of the nostril, serial sections of many embryos and fetuses of various stages were examined. Recanalization of the nostril, resulting from resorption of the temporary nasal epithelial plug, was observed in a 13- to 15-week fetus. Although textbooks of human embryology describe its occurrence in the 6th month or 24th week of fetal life. This finding suggests that the embryological cause of congenital nostril atresia, in the present case, may have been persistence of the plug.
Occurrence of Melanosome-Containing Merkel Cells in Mammalian Oral Mucosa
Authors: Toyoshima K. , Seta Y. , Nakashima T. , Shimamura A.
Published: July 2008

The occurrence and fine structure of Merkel cells with melanosomes in the labial epithelium of the dog and cat were studied by electron microscopy. These melanosomes were polarized in the Merkel cell cytoplasm opposite to the major aggregation of dense-cored granules and the closely abutting nerve terminal. None of melanosomes was found in the Golgi complex region where a few immature dense-cored granules were observed. This may suggest that the melanosomes are not produced in the Merkel cell, but are taken from the melanocytes like in keratinocytes. The possible phagocytotic ability of Merkel cells is discussed.
Diversity and Developmental Regulation of Extraocular Muscle: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Porter J.D. , Mauser K.F.
Published: July 2008

The developmental regulation of skeletal muscle phenotypes has attracted much attention from cell and molecular biologists. Myogenesis serves as an excellent model of the interaction of genetic and epigenetic events in determining definitive adult characteristics. The muscles that are responsible for eye movements are among the most structurally and functionally diverse mammalian skeletal muscles. Despite these unique attributes, the extraocular muscle has been studied less extensively than the traditional limb and diaphragm models. This review explores current concepts regarding the development of these muscles. Proper interocular alignment and coordination of eye movements are essential for normal vision in the adult. Moreover, coordinated oculomotor function during the perinatal period is critical for the normal development of the visual system. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the sequence of events and mechanisms that regulate extraocular muscle development and maldevelopment is vital. Studies related to myoblast origin and differentiation and to the role of genetic versus environmental factors in shaping and maintaining adult extraocular muscle phenotype are reviewed. Prospects for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the heterogeneity and plasticity of these muscles also are discussed.
Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor:Application with Corneal Grafts on the Chorioallantoic Membrane
Authors: Wilting J , Weich H.A. , Christ B.
Published: July 2008

The corneae of 17- to 19-day-old chick embryos were dissected and grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 10- to 14-day-old embryos with reincubation periods of 3-9 days. After fixation, serial semithin or paraffin sections were made. Furthermore, two growth factors were applied together with the corneae. The 165-amino-acid vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was either pipetted onto the corneae, or pieces of shell membrane were soaked in a factor solution, dried and inserted into an incision in the corneae. After a reincubation of 4-6 days, serial paraffin sections were made. The controls show that the viability of the grafts decreases with increasing age of the host CAM. Furthermore, with prolonged reincubation, the viable corneae become more and more spherical. Due to this movement, necrotic tissue of the CAM is shifted into the center of the sphere. After 9 days, blood vessels can be seen growing in the direction of the necrosis. bFGF pipetted onto the grafts induces marked proliferation of the stroma of the CAM beneath the corneae. Additionally, bFGF carriers inserted into the corneae induce fibrocyte ingrowth in the grafts together with a few blood vessels. VEGF165 specifically induces vascular growth in the CAM beneath the cornea but did not induce blood vessel growth into the grafts. The pros and cons of the method are discussed.
Morphological Evidence for Migration of Particle-Laden Macrophages through the Interalveolar Pores of Kohn in the Murine Lung
Authors: Peão M.N.D , Águas A.P. , de Sá C.M. , Grande N.R.
Published: July 2008

We have investigated the topography of particle-laden macrophages in the pulmonary tissue of CD-I mice after intratracheal instillation of a suspension of 250 µg of calcium tungstate. The mice were sacrificed 1,3,7 and 14 days after the particle deposition. Lung fragments were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray microanalysis that allowed in situ elemental identification of tungsten in the lungs. Tungsten-positive macrophages were distinctly located in the lungs of mice sacrificed at 1-3 days when compared with samples from mice killed 7-14 days after the calcium tungstate instillation. At 1-3 days, the tungsten-carrying macrophages were accumulated near the terminal bronchioles whereas they were seen predominantly in the alveolar ducts and sacs in the 7- to 14-day groups of mice. This suggests that during pulmonary inflammation there is a redistribution of the particle-containing macrophages throughout the deep lung tissue. In high-magnification SEM views, we observed that the tungsten-positive macrophages presented numerous surface microvilli. Tungsten-laden phagocytes were detected in interalveolar fenestrae, at the so-called Kohn pores. This finding documents that the Kohn pores may be used by inflammatory cells as a pathway for the migration of phagocytes in between adjacent alveolar sacs.
A Morphological Study of the Size of the Vascular Compartment of the Carotid Body in a Non-Human Primate (Cercopithecus ethiopus), and a Comparison with the Cat and Rat
Authors: Clarke J.A. , de Burgh Daly M. , Ead H.W. , Kreclović G.
Published: July 2008

The carotid bodies from 5 adult non-human primates (mean body weight 2.9 kg) were perfusion-fixed at normal arterial blood pressure with 3% phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde. Serial 5-μm sections were cut, stained, and, using an interactive image analysis system, determinations were made of the volumes of the carotid body and of its vascular and extravascular compartments. The total volume of the carotid body was, on average 0.21 mm3, the total vascular volume contributing 9.7%. The small vessels (5-12 μm diameter) comprised 5.4% of the total volume of the carotid body, or about 56% of the vascular compartment; these estimates were similar to values obtained for the cat and rat. The mean small vessel endothelial area, per unit of extravascular volume (which is assumed to consist largely of type 1 and 2 cells) was 61.8 mm”1 in the primate and 69.7 mm ‘ in the cat. A value was not available for the rat. Estimates of the carotid body tissue specific blood flow were 31, 61 and 104 ml/min/100 g organ tissue in the primate, cat and rat, respectively. It was emphasised that these values were not to be confused with estimates of carotid body specific blood flow based on values for total organ blood flow and the dissected weight of the organ.