bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust and Nonrobust Linking of Two Groups for the Rasch Model with Balanced and Unbalanced Random DIF: A Comparative Simulation Study and the Simultaneous Assessment of Standard Errors and Linking Errors with Resampling Techniques
Authors: Robitzsch Alexander
Published: October 2021

In this article, the Rasch model is used for assessing a mean difference between two groups for a test of dichotomous items. It is assumed that random differential item functioning (DIF) exists that has the potential to bias group differences. The case of balanced DIF is distinguished from the case of unbalanced DIF. In balanced DIF, DIF effects cancel out on average. In contrast, in unbalanced DIF, the expected value of DIF effects can differ from zero and favors a particular group on average. Robust linking methods (e.g., invariance alignment) aim at determining group mean differences that are robust to the presence of DIF. In contrast, group differences obtained from nonrobust linking methods (e.g., Haebara linking) can be affected by the presence of a few DIF effects. Alternative robust and nonrobust linking methods are compared in a simulation study under various simulation conditions. It turned out that robust linking methods are preferred over nonrobust alternatives in the case of unbalanced DIF effects. Moreover, M-estimation theory is used for studying the asymptotic behavior of linking estimators if the number of items tends to infinity. These results give insights into asymptotic bias and the estimation of linking errors that represent the variability in estimates due to selecting items in a test. Moreover, M-estimation theory is also used in an analytical treatment to assess standard errors and linking errors simultaneously. Finally, double jackknife and double half sampling methods are introduced and evaluated in a simulation study to assess standard errors and linking errors simultaneously. Half sampling outperformed jackknife estimators for the assessment of variability of estimates from robust linking methods.
Who Loses Motivation and Who Keeps it up? Investigating Student and Teacher Factors for Students’ Motivational Development Across Multiple Subjects
Authors: Edelsbrunner Peter Adriaan
Published: October 2021

This longitudinal person-centered study investigated the combined role of student (gender, personality, choice of elective major subject) and teacher factors (perceived autonomy support, competence support, social relatedness) in explaining stability and change in profiles of extrinsic and intrinsic value beliefs in Mathematics, German, English, and French across Grades 9 to 11. In N = 850 (54% female, Grade 9: Mage = 15.6 years) Swiss-German upper-secondary school students, multilevel latent transition analyses revealed four rather subject-independent student profiles of extrinsic value beliefs across the four subjects, and five more subject-specific profiles of intrinsic value beliefs. Transitions into profiles with lower extrinsic value beliefs depended mostly on stable student factors such as their gender, elective major subject, and conscientiousness, whereas changes in intrinsic value beliefs depended mostly on students’ year-specific perceived need satisfaction in Mathematics and French. We discuss implications for the prevention of motivational decline.
Towards an Australian social housing best practice asset management framework
Authors: Sharam Andrea , McNelis Sean , Cho Hyunbum , Logan Callum , Burke Terry , Rossini Peter
Published: October 2021

This research examines social housing asset management (AM) in Australia and develops a best practice framework that outlines AM processes and criteria for making decisions; is suitable to the unique aspects of social housing; is flexible enough to be used by different types of social housing providers; provides metrics to drive organisational excellence; and provides the basis for national regulation and policymaking.
THE SOCIAL ORIGINS AND SCHOOLING OF A SCIENTIFIC ELITE: FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY BORN FROM 1900
Authors: Bukodi Erzsebet , Goldthorpe John H , Steinberg Inga
Published: October 2021

We present an analysis of the social composition of the UK scientific elite, as represented by Fellows of the Royal Society, in terms of Fellows’ social class origins and type of secondary education. From various sources, we have assembled data for 1691 Fellows, representing 80% of our target population of all Fellows born from 1900 onwards whose scientific careers were spent predominantly in the UK. We find that while these elite scientists come largely from more advantaged class backgrounds, it is professional rather than business or managerial families that are the main source of their recruitment – and, increasingly, such families where a parent is in a STEM occupation. Recruitment from working-class families has declined and for most recent birth cohorts almost ceased. The scientific elite is thus now more homogenous as regards the social origins of its members than it was in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, little change is evident in the secondary schooling of Fellows. In all birth cohorts, between two-fifths and a half of all – and over two-thirds of those from more advantaged class backgrounds – were privately educated, although the proportion attending Clarendon schools would seem low compared with that in other elites. A further finding is that both class origins and type of schooling are associated the relative probabilities of Fellows working in different research fields.
“Noema” and “Noesis” by Information after Husserl’s Phenomenology Interpreted Formally
Authors: Penchev Vasil Dinev
Published: October 2021

Along with “epoché” or his “reductions”, Husserl’s “noema” and “noesis”, being neologisms invented by him, are main concepts in phenomenology able to represent its originality. Following the trace of a recent paper, its formal and philosophical approach is extended to both correlative notions, in the present article. They are able to reveal the genesis of the world from consciousness in a transcendental method relevant to Husserl, but furthermore described formally as a process of how subjective temporality appears being isomorphic to objective temporality of the “world by itself” (an abstraction meaning it out of consciousness or transcendental consciousness): thus, it shares the same mathematical structure, which is embodied in the physical process of decoherence by the physical quantity of quantum information. The temporal world is able to appear naturally (rather as a ridiculous effect of the mythical “Big Bang”). The same process translated by formal and mathematical tools as interpreted in terms of “noema”, “noesis”, or transcendental consciousness is isomorphic to how “Self” (including in an individual and psychological sense) appears in virtue of transcendental consciousness.
Les transformations de la famille. Une revue de la littérature française : 1980–1989
Authors: Dechaux Jean-Hugues
Published: October 2021

En langue française, la sociologic de la famille existait à peine il y a quinze ans. A l’exception du livre d’A. Girard sur le choix du conjoint et des travaux de L. Roussel sur le mariage, tous deux démographes, la sociologie de la famille se résumait au manuel d’A. Michel, le premier à présenter au public français les résultats d’études réalisées pour la plupart à l’étranger. Aujourd’hui la sociologie de la famille est devenue l’un des domaines de la sociologie française les plus dynamiques et productifs. Un examen des sommaires de revues suffirait à s’en persuader. Manuels et revues spécialisées se multiplient et rendent possible une certaine cumulativité du savoir qui est l’indice d’une incontestable maturité.
A history of wages and prices in France from Léeon Blum to Jacques Chirac (1936–1986)
Authors: Dumez Herve , Jeunemaitre Alain
Published: October 2021

In the field of economic policies and achievements, Europe has offered two contrasting models: France and the German Federal Republic.
Response to M. Lavroff
Authors: Brint Michael E.
Published: October 2021

In his fine paper, M. Lavroff portrays with delicacy and insight, a paradox contained in Tocquevill’s work: despite all the similarities and ties between the French and American revolutions, Tocqueville believed that these two social experiences were incomparable.
French Institutions, Foreign Policy and “l’Enjeu 1992”: A Summary of 1988 Spring Colloquia at New York University
Authors: Uyttewaal Kimberly
Published: October 2021

The spring of 1988 was marked by the French elections with debate surrounding the rise of the National Front Party of Jean-Marie Le Pen and the wavering position of the Communist Party, while the perspective of L’Europe 1992 captivated political discourse.
Contemporary visions of France: the Revolution, Women and History: A Summary of the 1989 Fall Colloquia, New York University’s Institute of French Studies
Authors: Cicchillo Richard
Published: October 2021

The seven colloquia held at New York University’s Institute of French Studies during the Fall 1989 semester offered some new perspectives on the French Revolution, and took stock of various elements of French Society and history two hundred years after the taking of the Bastille.
Military aspects of the Two Revolutions
Authors: Caplow Theodore
Published: October 2021

In this paper, I consider the military phase of the French Revolution as running from 1789 to 1795. The adoption of the Constitution of the Year III in October 1795 is taken to mark the end of the revolutionary era. Likewise, the military phase of the American Revolution is taken to extend from 1775 10 1781; there were no important hostilities after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
Europe 1992 and France
Authors: Balassa Bela
Published: October 2021

Mme Edith Cresson, Minister for Europe, has presented a glowing account of the French presidency of the European Council of Ministers in the second half of 1989. In fact, much has been accomplished, although it has involved compromises, including a softening of French positions on various issues.
De Gaulle as Prophet and Savior: a report on the Columbia-New York University Conference on Charles de Gaulle, Spring 1990
Authors: Kasevich Heidi , Lahey Peter
Published: October 2021

The first of two major conferences on Charles de Gaulle to be held during the centennial year of his birth took place in New York this past April.
Aperçus sur la Politique jurisprudentielle du Conseil Constitutionnel
Authors: Duhamel Olivier
Published: October 2021

Nous célébrons le bicentenaire de la Révolution française, mais nous ne savons pas quand la Révolution s’est terminée. En 1789, avec la formation de l’Assemblée nationale? 1791, avec la première Constitution? 1792, avec la République? 1794, avec le renversement des Jacobins? 1795, avec la création du Directoire? 1799, avec l’avènement de Bonaparte – « Citoyens, la Révolution est fixée aux principes qui l’ont commencée : elle est finie », proclament les Consuls de la République dans la présentation de la Constitution du 13 décembre 1799 aux Français.
From One Revolution to the Next
Authors: Cohen-Tanugi Laurent
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this presentation is to attempt to explain (1) why it took France some two hundred years since the Revolution to establish judicial review, and (2) how constitutionalism has become an important element of French democracy in the last twenty years.
Imperfect Art or Imperfect Science?
Authors: Caplow Theodore
Published: October 2021

Daniel Bell's paper, "Social Science: An Imperfect Art," in the latest issue of La Revue Tocqueville is a sweeping overview of the history and prospects of social science by a scholar whose seminal ideas have become part of our Zeitgeist. It combines extraordinary erudition with extraordinary common sense.
Les consultations électorales françaises du printemps 1995
Authors: Grunberg Gérard
Published: October 2021

L'élection présidentielle de 1995 a été celle de toutes les surprises. En décembre 1994, les commentateurs et les sondeurs prévoyaient un duel au sommet entre Jacques Delors et Edouard Balladur. Cinq mois plus tard, Jacques Chirac l'emportait sur Lionel Jospin au second tour de l'élection présidentielle. Avant de commenter les résultats et les conséquences qu'ils ont eues sur le système politique français, il est nécessaire de s'attarder un peu sur la période qui a précédé l'élection.
Présentation
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: October 2021

Les essais regroupés ici, qui sont le fruit de rencontres successives entre historiens américains et japonais, nous invitent à réfléchir sur l'évolution du sentiment national au Japon au gré de l'alternance des politiques d'autarcie et d'ouverture qui ont marqué ce pays.
Japanese National Identity in the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Tanaka Takahiko
Published: October 2021

The euphoria that followed the end of the Cold War has been gradually replaced in Japan with a sense of uncertainty and, in some quarters, with nostalgia for what seems in retrospect the stable and simple truths of Cold War power politics. Although there is a great need to find new ways of adjusting to the profound transformations that now characterize our age, there is an inclination to base these new methods on old patterns of thought and even to turn to outmoded and obsolete formulations that have been firmly conditioned by old international and domestic circumstances.
Foreign Policy and Social Change: Japan and the United States
Authors: Aruga Tadashi
Published: October 2021

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan moved from isolation and pacifism towards a militarized foreign policy. It relumed to pacifism after its defeat in World War II. The United States discarded its pacifist stance as it entered World War II and reaffirmed its commitment to a militarized foreign policy at the onset of the Cold War. Because both Japan and the United States had been outside or at the periphery of international relations for such a long time, these shifts tended to be far more dramatic than those experienced by European nations, accustomed as they were to an international milieu where peace and war coexisted.
Exporting American Individualism
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: October 2021

The exporting of goods and capital has been Japan's much heralded success story of the postwar global order, much to the dismay of Americans who had been the prime builders of the Pax Americana on which the world's economy now rests. But despite today's headlines, U.S.-Japanese relations are not just about trade. This paper is about the exporting not of goods but of ideas and the connection between ideology and economic policy. I suggest that the Japanese's peculiar response to American ideas on individualism has helped them develop an ultimately successful economic alternative to American democracy: a non-individualistic capitalism.
Ethnicité, « race » et classe sociale : le débat au sujet se l’underclass aux Etats-Unis et en Europe
Authors: Martiniello Marco
Published: October 2021

La validité scientifique des concepts de classe sociale, de « race » et d'ethnicité3 a fait l’objet d'un intense débat dans les sciences sociales depuis plus d'une vingtaine d’années. Il a donné lieu à ce que d'aucuns ont appelé le « dilemme ethnicité contre classe » (ethnie versus class dilernnui). D'un côté, les défenseurs d'une perspective ethnique affirment la prééminence de l'ethnicité dans la société contemporaine. Pour eux, les clivages sociaux majeurs s'opèrent principalement selon une ligne tfc démarcation ethnique.
Clientelism and Universalism: Columbia Sociology Under Merton and Lazarsfeld
Authors: Clark Terry N.
Published: October 2021

How explain the emergence and diffusion of new ideas? One perspective is that ideas are assessed for their cognitive content; new ideas succeed essentially because they arc “better” than older ideas. A second perspective holds that the process of innovation helps define what is “better” and what is adopted. Debate over these two competing interpretations continues in many fields of science (and “non-science”!).
Tocqueville Et Le Despotisme Democratique : Le Cas De La Serbie
Authors: Mimica Aljosa
Published: October 2021

Dans l'espace linguistique serbo-croate — naguère commun aux deux peuples les plus nombreux en ex-Yougoslavie, mais le premier à être envahi par leur passion obsessionnelle de se différencier l'un de l'autre — l'œuvre d'Alexis de Tocqueville est restée pendant longtemps assez peu connue, même des experts en sciences sociales. Des traductions serbes de De la Démocratie en Amérique,1 et de L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution2 ayant été publiées ces dernières années, on pouvait s'attendre à ce que les philosophes, les historiens et les sociologues de ce pays se prononcent enfin sur l'œuvre d'un auteur dont, aujourd'hui, surtout à l'occasion du bicentenaire de la Révolution française et de la publication de ses œuvres complètes, on parle autant dans le monde entier.
Politique et religion chez Tocqueville
Authors: Antoine Agnès
Published: October 2021

« Et je suis porté à penser que s'il n'a pas de foi, il faut qu'il serve, et, s'il est libre, qu’il croie ». A. de Tocqueville. De la démocratie en Amérique.1
Rousseau-Tocqueville : un dialogue sur la religion
Authors: Thibaud Paul
Published: October 2021

Tocqueville disait fréquenter quotidiennement trois auteurs : Pascal. Montesquieu et Rousseau. Le troisième nom suiprend dans cette courte liste d'interlocuteurs privilégiés. A priori celui qui a souligné les prétentions politiques abusives des écrivains français au XVIIIe siècle, celui qui louait les associations et les autonomies locales n'aurait dû ressentir qu'éloignemeni pour le théoricien de la volonté générale qui a fait un principe de ce que Tocqueville redoutait dans les démocraties modernes : l'effacement des parties en présence du tout.
Nations et nationalismes
Authors: Melonio Françoise
Published: October 2021

Les Français raffolent de la politique des souvenirs. A la chute du mur de Berlin, ils ont célébré le triomphe des droits universels de l'homme et la réalisation des promesses de 1789. Puis, sitôt affrontés à l'explosion des revendications nationales dans les Balkans, ils ont glissé de l'analogie avec 1789 à eelle avee les révolutions de 1848. Ainsi le glissement aventureux des analogies historiques nous invite à faire retour au XIX'' siècle où se sont déployées en même temps ces deux idéologies modernes qui nous paraissent antinomiques : le libéralisme démocratique qui proclame l'universalité des droits individuels : l'idée nationale qui exalte le particularisme collectif.
Introduction
Authors: Furet François
Published: October 2021

Dans les années qui ont suivi la chute du mur de Berlin et des régimes communistes, j'ai été chargé par le ministère de la Culture d'une mission originale. Il s'agissait de faire traduire Tocqueville (l'un ou l'autre de ses deux grands ouvrages), aux frais du gouvernement français, dans chacun des pays du centre et de l'est de l'Europe qui venaient de s'émanciper de la dictature.
La notoriété de Tocqueville en Bulgarie
Authors: Penev Vassil
Published: October 2021

Pour mieux comprendre et apprécier ce qui a été fait au cours des dernières années en Bulgarie afin de propager l'œuvre de Tocqueville, il faut tenir compte du fait que durant des décennies on Ta presque ignoré comme auteur. Une infime partie des milieux intellectuels connaissait ses ouvrages. Ceux qui savaient le français se servaient à la fin du XIXe siècle de De la Démocratie en Amérique, premier volume. (Hauman, Cattoir et Cie, Bruxelles, 1837). La traduction de la quatorzième édition française de V. N. Linde en langue russe (1897) le rendit beaucoup plus populaire.
Class, Stratification and Beyond: The German Case
Authors: Noll Heinz-Herbert
Published: October 2021

In the early eighties — well before the breakdown of the former GDR and the start of the reunification process — a new sociological debate emerged in West Germany about major changes of the social structure (Beck, 1983; Hradil, 1987). Keywords of this debate were for example “individualization”, “pluralization of life styles”, “social milieus” and “new social inequalities”.
L'éducation d'un anglophile : Elie Halévy à la découverte de l'Angleterre (1892-1905)
Authors: Crouzet François
Published: October 2021

La publication en 1996 de la Correspondance d'Elie Halévy n'a pas suscité l'intérêt que ce gros volume méritait1. Ce n'était probablement pas surprenant pour les lettres d'un homme que François Furet, dans sa remarquable préface, avait défini comme incompris et marginal dans son pays, puis quasiment oublié, alors qu'il est célèbre à l'étranger, notamment en Angleterre, où la traduction de son opus magnum, l'Histoire du peuple anglais au XIXe siècle, a été plusieurs fois réimprimée, y compris en livre de poche à l'intention des étudiants.
Le code non écrit des jurés populaires
Authors: Cruel Louis
Published: October 2021

Ce serait singulièrement rétrécir sa pensée que de se borner à envisager le jury comme une institution judiciaire ; car s'il exerce une grande influence sur le sort du procès, il en exerce une bien plus grande encore sur les destinées mêmes de la société.
L'Appel et le jury en France : quelle réforme?
Authors: Lemonde Marcel
Published: October 2021

« Comment accepter qu'un homme condamné à passer une grande partie de sa vie en prison pour un meurtre dont il s'affirme innocent n'ait pas le droit de faire rejuger son affaire, tandis qu'un automobiliste condamné à une suspension du permis de conduire pour excès de vitesse peut, lui, faire appel ! ».
Panorama des études récentes sur la stratification sociale en Autriche et en Allemagne
Authors: Levy René
Published: October 2021

Connaissant mieux la recherche allemande que autrichienne, la première étant incomparablement plus riche en chercheurs et en publications, je me réfère principalement à celle-ci ; une remarque finale, comparative, tentera d'amorcer un dépassement de cette limitation.
La mobilité sociale en Italie
Authors: Schizzerotto Antonio , Pisati Maurizio
Published: October 2021

Dans le domaine des sciences sociales italiennes, l'étude de la mobilité sociale n'a jamais suscité un intérêt proportionnel à l'importance que cette thématique revêt au sein de la sociologie classique et contemporaine. Si l'on exclut l'étude novatrice de F. Chessa (1912) et la recherche — dont les résultats n'ont toutefois jamais été publiés — menée au cours des années soixante-dix par Paolo Ammassari (1977), les analyses poursuivies par le sociologue américain Joseph Lopreato au début des années soixante (Lopreato 1965 ; Lopreato et Hazelrigg 1972) ont constitué la seule source d'information sur le régime de mobilité sociale italien.
Moscou et les régions
Authors: Petrov Nikolai
Published: October 2021

La réalité politique russe d’aujourd’hui est si dynamique et variée qu’elle fournit des arguments aux théories les plus diverses et les plus opposées : désagrégation du pays ou, au contraire, rapide reconstitution et centralisation ; force des particularismes et des individualités qui font que, selon la personnalité des dirigeants locaux, telle ou telle immense région prospère ou dépérit ; déterminisme géographique qui, à l’inverse, n’attribue à chaque société locale rien d’autre que ce dont l’a dotée la nature, et déterminisme politique et social, impliquant que tout peuple a le gouvernement qu’il mérite.
Tocqueville à travers sa Correspondance familiale
Authors: Guellec Laurence
Published: October 2021

Correspondance familiale de Tocqueville, Œuvres complètes Gallimard, tome XIV, Paris, 1998, 700 pages. Édition établie par Jean-Louis Benoît et André Jardin, préface de Jean-Louis Benoît.
Souveraineté et subsidiarité ou l’Europe contre Bodin
Authors: Delsol Chantal
Published: October 2021

Lorsqu'on parle aujourd’hui de souveraineté, on entend celle de Jean Bodin. Mon but présent est de faire, état de l’autre définition, non bodinienne, de la souveraineté, et de montrer sa pertinence, notamment sa pertinence dans la situation actuelle. La notion de subsidiarité ne sert ici que de repère pour désigner un autre aspect, négligé depuis des siècles, de la souveraineté.
La problématique de l’identité européenne
Authors: Pfetsch Frank R.
Published: October 2021

Comment les leaders politiques de l’Union Européenne définissent-ils l’identité européenne et qu’en disent les textes, les traités et les déclarations ? Poser cette question revient à traiter l’identité européenne principalement sous l’angle de l’Union des quinze plutôt que dans le contexte de l’Europe tout entière.
Tocqueville : Portrait d’un sociologue
Authors: Benoît Jean-Louis
Published: October 2021

Dans son Tocqueville, aux Presses Universitaires de France, Jacques Coenen-IIuther qui enseigne à l’université de Genève, retrace le curieux cheminement de la réception de Tocqueville chez les sociologues . Il aura fallu plus d’un siècle pour qu’ils le reconnaissent comme un des leurs, le maillon intermédiaire entre Montesquieu et Max Weber . En 1959 les jugements étaient encore hésitants : C.Wright Mills se posait la question de savoir si Tocqueville vivant au milieu du XXE siècle ne serait pas sociologue. Quelques années plus tard, en 1966, Robert Nisbct intégrait Tocqueville à la tradition sociologique
Tocqueville au Brésil
Authors: Vélez Rodriguez Ricardo
Published: October 2021

La présence d'Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) au sein de la culture brésilienne est riche et diversifiée. Dès le XIX* siècle, son influence fut forte sur des hommes politiques éminents. Au XX* siècle, la pensée tocquevillienne est devenue un objet d'études académiques, soumis aux interprétations les plus variées.
Prologue to the Measurement of Social Capital
Authors: Snijders Tom A. B.
Published: October 2021

Social capital has become quite a popular concept in the sociological and economic literature, and even in the general press. Scientific investigations using this concept have measured it, however, usually in rather ad hoc fashions. In this paper I discuss possible approaches that could be followed to measure the social capital of individuals. What kind of questions should be posed to the individual, and how should these questions be aggregated to a measure of his or her social capital? The discussion in this paper is of a conceptual nature and does not go up to the concrete questions to be asked.
Social Capital and Status Attainment In Contemporary France
Authors: Forsé Michel
Published: October 2021

Recent email exchange through INSNA listserv (Borgatti 1998) points to Hanifan as the first author to use explicitly the term 'social capital' in 1920. He saw it as an essential feature of social groups. Jacobs in 1961 and Hannerz in 1969 follow. Then we find more contemporary researchers such as Loury (1977), Coleman (1988), Fukuyama (1995) and Putnam (1995). They underscore the collective facet of social capital. It is an clement of the group culture, with a broad definition that entitles it to cover even entire societies, because it is closely related to trust and reciprocity norms among members.
"To Be someone, but somewhere". Ordinary representations of Citizenship in France
Authors: Duchesne Sophie
Published: October 2021

Michael Walzer defines a citizen as "most simply, a member of a political community, entitled to whatever prerogatives and encumbered with whatever responsibilities are attached to membership".1 The word "citizen" can also be defined by its two antonyms: first of all, " foreigner ", one who does not belong to the community in question ; but it is also the opposite of " subject A citizen is an actor who, one way or another, has access to power. The study of citizenship hinges on an essential question: are all people able to give their consent to the obligations attendant upon it? In other words, to what extent, under what conditions and in what ways is it possible to endow all those over whom a democratic power is exercised, with the means to consent (or not) to the decisions made by this power?
Le changement des valeurs en Espagne
Authors: Del Campo Salustiano
Published: October 2021

L’étude des valeurs des Espagnols suppose un renouvellement délibéré de ce que les historiens appelèrent les « traits permanents de la condition espagnole », les psychologues ses « instincts et inclinations fondamentales » et les hommes politiques et écrivains son « caractère national », sachant que bien souvent ces différents points de vue furent mélangés par un seul auteur ou par une génération. Tout ceci nous rattache à Altamira, à Salillas, à Ganivet, à Costa, à Ortega ou à Madariaga, qui ont fourni aux sociologues et aux anthropologues actuels des matériaux fort apprécies, malgré le mépris, la critique voire le rejet trop rapide dont ils ont été l'objet.
In Honor of Daniel Bell
Authors: Rohatyn Felix
Published: October 2021

The United States ambassador to France I am pleased and honored to be here today to present the Tocqueville Prize to the distinguished American Scholar, Daniel Bell.
Alexis de Tocqueville: At the Crossroads of History
Authors: Bell Daniel
Published: October 2021

In the nineteenth and down into the twentieth century, France and the United States offered two contrasting images to each other, one of the past, the other of the future. Both considered themselves as exceptional societies. But the term exceptional differed in the two countries. Exceptional, in France, meant uncommon, a civilization uniquely marked by its culture. Exceptional, for the United States, meant a fate different from the historical course of degeneration of other nations.
Offre et demande scolaire dans la communauté française de Belgique
Authors: Delvaux Bernard
Published: October 2021

Dans la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles, la concurrence entre établissements scolaires existe depuis longtemps, bien avant que les pays anglo-saxons la stimulent dans le cadre de leurs politiques néo-libérales. Par contre, l’évaluation externe des écoles, autre politique souvent associée à la libéralisation du système scolaire, n’est guère présente. Certes, de récents développements ont été réalisés dans ce domaine, mais contrairement à ce qui est observé dans d’autres pays (Walford, 1997), il n’est pas envisagé de mettre l’évaluation externe au service d’un renforcement de la transparence du marché.
The role of educational assessment in England and France
Authors: Broadfoot Patricia
Published: October 2021

The title of this conference Evaluation et concurrence dans les systèmes scolaires européens is very much a reflection of current developments in education policy. Even 20 years ago it would have been hard to conceive of such a topic. Its choice as a focus for this collection of papers reflects the now key role of evaluation in the governance of education systems. In order to understand the significance of this development, it is pertinent to examine the factors which had led up to the current situation.
La fondation de La Revue Tocqueville
Authors: Pitts Jesse
Published: October 2021

La Revue Tocqueville fut créée parce que les dirigeants de La Société Tocqueville, qui se trouvaient rassemblés en Suède à l'occasion d'un congrès mondial, décidèrent de fonder une revue et m'offrirent le poste de rédacteur en chef de cette publication en 1976. La condition implicite était que je trouve le financement nécessaire à son impression et à sa diffusion. C'était là une marque de confiance dans mon énergie et dans mon jugement dont je ne pouvais me désintéresser.
Learning to Love McDonald's, Coca-cola, and Disneyland Paris
Authors: Kuisel Richard
Published: October 2021

Have the French been Americanized? Even the casual American tourist in Paris must notice McDonald's Golden Arches. Baskin-Robbins ice cream parlors, Gap stores, Calvin Klein boutiques, cinema marquees advertising the latest Hollywood movies, and teenagers wearing Yankee baseball caps. But what does the presence of so many American products mean?
Twenty Years with The Tocqueville Review
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: October 2021

I had been teaching for one year at the University of Virginia history department in the fall of 1979, when Theodore Caplow, a sociology professor, asked me to serve as an officer of his recently-created Tocqueville Society. Although the society had just published its first issue of the Tocqueville Review, it was distinct from it. In 1992, I joined the newly-formed editorial board which Henri Mendras created upon taking over the editorship.
Translating Tocqueville’s Democracy in America
Authors: Mansfield Harvey C. , Winthrop Delba
Published: October 2021

Don Quixote compares reading a translation to looking at a tapestry from the back: the outline is dear but the lines are blurred. Any translator knows that he works in the element of imperfection, and the making of our new translation of Tocqueville's Democracy in America has left us vividly aware of this fact of life (for life, too, is like the back of a tapestry).
“Democracy in the World : Tocqueville Reconsidered”
Authors: Parodi Maxime
Published: October 2021

A l'occasion de son dixième anniversaire. Journal of Democracy a demandé à une vingtaine d'auteurs, d'origine et de spécialité diverses, d'interroger l'œuvre de Tocqueville point par point sur le monde contemporain. Ils se sont ainsi répartis la plupart des thèmes abordés dans De la démocratie en Amérique et ont tenté d'en renouveler l'analyse. Bel exemple du retour de Tocqueville. Depuis 30 ans, depuis le début de la troisième vague démocratique, nous assistons à une remise à l'honneur de l'idée de démocratie, mettant fin à la longue éclipse de Tocqueville derrière Marx.
La culture de la démocratie en Amérique Latine : variations sur un thème de Tocqueville
Authors: Krauze Enrique
Published: October 2021

Dans aux moins deux passages de la Démocratie en Amérique, Alexis de Tocqueville établit un lumineux parallèle entre la vie politique des Etats-Unis et celle du Mexique. Les Mexicains, dotés d'un riche territoire et situés "aussi heureusement" que les Etats-Unis, avaient calqué dans sa quasi intégralité la constitution de leurs voisins. Mais "en transportant chez eux la lettre de la loi", ils ne purent en même temps y imprimer l'esprit qui l'animait : "On les vit donc s'embarrasser sans cesse parmi les rouages de leur nouveau gouvernement.
Souvenirs : Paris 1956-57
Authors: Bell Daniel
Published: October 2021

Souvenirs: like many resounding words, it has a different echo in French and in English. In French, as in the title of Tocqueville's unfinished work on 1848, it signifies recollections or memories, to remember past time (comme, à la recherche...). In English, it betokens an artefact or memento, such as the marvellous medallions from La Monnaie, the sculpted reliefs of bronze that I began to collect in Paris, and which still festoon my shelves. These souvenirs, the prose and the lens into my past, are one.
Notes d’un Voyageur immobile
Authors: Grémion Pierre
Published: October 2021

Voici bientôt trente ans que j'ai eu la chance de passer une année aux Etats-Unis. Après le choc de mai 1968, Michel Crozier envisagea de relancer le Club Jean Moulin en direction d'une nouvelle génération avec l'appui de la Fondation Ford. Le projet échoua. Toutefois, dans ses négociations avec la Ford, Crozier obtint un lot de consolation : une bourse pour l'un de ses chercheurs. Ce chercheur, ce fut moi. C'est ainsi que j'atterris, début janvier 1971, à Logan Airport.
The Early Days of the Tocqueville Society
Authors: Caplow Theodore
Published: October 2021

Before The Tocqueville Review, there was the Bulletin - a more modest publication whose first issue was dated Fall 1977, only a few months after the founding of the Tocqueville Association (later Society).
L’analyse stratégique à l’épreuve de l’Amérique
Authors: Bourrier Mathilde
Published: October 2021

« Ce n'est donc pas seulement pour satisfaire une curiosité, d'ailleurs légitime, que j'ai examiné l'Amérique: j'ai voulu y trouver des enseignements dont nous puissions profiter ».
Deux universalismes en conflit
Authors: Hoffmann Stanley
Published: October 2021

Les Etats-Unis et la France sont les seules nations qui présentent leurs valeurs comme universelles, et s'offrent en modèles au reste du monde. Les conflits qui ont, depuis 1945, opposé les deux pays dans leur politique étrangère ont souvent été des luttes d'intérêts (économiques, stratégiques ou diplomatiques) mais la rivalité des universalismes leur a parfois donné un accent passionnel.
Translated from the French
Authors: Goldhammer Arthur
Published: October 2021

For nearly a quarter of a century now I have been professionally involved in the transmission of French culture to the United States. The remarks that follow are impressions based on my experience not only as a translator but also as an observer of the French intellectual scene. In the nature of things such testimony cannot in itself signify very much, but perhaps, if weighed against the testimony of others who will inevitably have traversed the Atlantic via other routes, it can contribute to a picture of the changing nature of Franco-American cultural relations in the decades preceding and following the fall of the Berlin Wall - which might seem a peculiar edifice to evoke at the beginning of an essay on things French. I hope that by the end it will seem less odd.
Tocqueville : morceaux choisis et réinterprétations
Authors: Guellec Laurence
Published: October 2021

L'anthologie de Jean-Louis Benoît présente thématiquement les textes tocquevilliens essentiels : constitution politique américaine et sociologie de la démocratie, Tocqueville interprète et témoin-acteur de l’histoire, l’éthiques du politique, économie et société, l’art de prévoir.
Le Québec, société divisée sur son avenir
Authors: Langlois Simon
Published: October 2021

Il s’est écoulé cinq ans depuis la tenue du dernier référendum sur la souveraineté du Québec, le 30 octobre 1995.
Interdisciplinarité, « Area Studies », Post-Communisme
Authors: Grémion Pierre
Published: October 2021

Je dois avouer une méfiance personnelle à l’égard de l’interdisciplinarité ou de la pluridisciplinarité. Je ne fais pas de différence et j’emploierai indifféremment l’un ou l’autre des deux tenues
Translating Tocqueville : The Constraints of Classicism
Authors: Goldhammer Arthur
Published: October 2021

Nearly everyone will grant that Tocqueville’s Democracy in America deserves to be called a “classic.” Does the work’s classic status constrain its translator? Should it? And if so how? These are the questions I want to address.
Affirmative Action and Positive Discrimination
Authors: Disalvo Daniel , Ceaser James W.
Published: October 2021

A specter is haunting France and America. It is known alternatively as “discrimination positive” or “affirmative action.” The concept refers to policies that legitimate the use of measures that explicitly take into account an individual’s group status in the allocation of jobs, contracts, and university admissions to assist groups that are disadvantaged and that have suffered historically from discrimination. According to its proponents, the larger objectives of these policies include eliminating patterns of negative discrimination, producing greater equality, integrating members of these groups into society by giving them a larger stake in it, and achieving greater representativeness or diversity.
Tocqueville et l’Algérie : le libéral et le colonial
Authors: Saadi Nourredine
Published: October 2021

Autant l’Amérique fut, selon l’expression de François Furet, le « paradigme » de sa pensée, l’Algérie a été la grande affaire de la vie et de l’action d’Alexis de Tocqueville. Il avait même projeté en 1833, alors que la conquête était encore hésitante, d’y acquérir un domaine pour s’y installer. Il ne mènera pas à bout son « rêve colonial » mais c’est dans cette perspective qu’il commença à étudier le pays en constituant une des plus importantes documentations sur l’Algérie à l’époque.
« L’ esprit légiste » chez alexis de Tocqueville
Authors: Coutel Charles
Published: October 2021

Le paradoxe de la démocratie c’est qu ’elle exacerbe l’individualisme tout en vidant l’individu de sa substance et de son autonomie. La passion pour l’égalité s’arrange perversement pour détendre tous les ressorts de la liberté. Une démocratie est ainsi toujours en danger de n ’être plus libérale. Marc Fumaroli
The Context of Entrepreneurship : The Case of Ethnic Entrepreneurs
Authors: Martinelli Alberto
Published: October 2021

Aim of this paper is to discuss ethnic and immigrant entrepreneurship as a paradigmatic case that shows the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the context of entrepreneurship. I argue that entrepreneurship cannot be fully understood without making reference to context where it arises and develops. And I suggest the concept of double embeddedness as capable of highlighting the two basic dimensions of context of entrepreneurship: the politico-institutional environment of market capitalism (types of markets, laws and institutions of governance) and the social and cultural background of entrepreneurs (cultural attitudes favoring technological innovation and risk taking, social capital and networks of social relations).
Alexis de Tocqueville et le légitimisme
Authors: Coutant Arnaud
Published: October 2021

Le 23 novembre 1871 paraîr dans la Gazette de France, organe royaliste, une lettre de soutien au comte de Chambord rédigée par Alexis de Tocqueville.
Tocqueville and Marx on India
Authors: Bernard Jean Alphonse
Published: October 2021

Alexis de Tocqueville never came to India, except in his mind and for a brief period of his life (1840–1843).
Reforming the French Pension System: Social Choices and Policy Challenges
Authors: Sterdyniak Henri
Published: October 2021

Reforming the pension system has been highly prominent in public debate in France since 1990, on economic, social and political grounds.
ECOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF FUTURE CIVIL PROTECTION PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Stanislav Ponomarenko
Published: October 2021

The article investigates that the process of formation of ecological culture has passed from primitive society through primitive form, slave, feudal (adaptive-regressive form), to modern society with progressive-adaptive form of ecological culture. In the process of evolution, these changes led to coevolution associated with the development of man and society, and with the evolutionary development of nature itself. It is proved that in the conditions of global deterioration of ecological situation the new vision of the person consists that it is seen not as the owner, and is an organic part of the nature. The idea of priority cooperation with nature is being developed, and the search for ways to achieve these goals begins. The human community is approaching the initial stage of forming a holistic environmental culture. It is revealed that as a new historical type, a new stage of culture of society has the following structure: industrial culture (culture of industrial type), post-industrial or information culture (culture of information society) and ecological culture as a new type (period) of culture; environmental culture, which implies a new stage in the development of culture in general, associated with a change in the goals of production, its reorientation to the preservation of nature and humanity itself.
БІБЛІОТЕЧНО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ М. ДНІПРО: СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ
Authors: Galina Koloskova  , Oleksii Kobieliev
Published: October 2021

The definitions of the term “library and information potential”, personnel, technical, social means, methods, structures, conditions that allow libraries to put it into circulation, position, disclose, and effectively use it have been analyzed. The structure and elements of the library and information potential in the traditional and electronic environment are considered. It has been determined that it exists in two forms: internal and external. The role of the library and information potential in meeting the information needs of modern users has been investigated. It is proved that in the conditions of the rapid development of information technologies, the library and information potential should be considered as part of the general information potential of society in general and the city in particular. The article considers its current state and development prospects in terms of interaction with various document and information structures in the context of informatization of the city, as well as the need to create a single information resource for the city with a single format for data presentation.
Strong Shot, a Student Centred Designed Videogame for Learning English Vocabulary
Authors: Gamboa E. , Trujillo M. , Chaves D.
Published: October 2021

Most of current vocabulary games are simplistic and do not meet student’s game preferences. Students are considered digital natives since they have grown up among technology. Thus, they have other preferences that past generations did not have. Consequently, a student centred video game may be a suitable methodology for learning English while meeting those preferences and needs. This paper presents a student centred designed video game as a strategy for learning and rehearsing English vocabulary and shows the process of development based on the active participation of a group of secondary students. Furthermore, a game experience evaluation conducted involving a second group of secondary students is presented. The evaluation confirmed that besides a good story, video game aesthetics also play a crucial role to motivate and engage students. The evaluation also showed that new strategies to present game story should be considered, since intended audience has a very limited English knowledge.
Desarrollo tecnológico para mejorar la competitividad a productores de la Lechuguilla en la Comunidad la Buena Cardonal, Hidalgo.
Authors: Maldonado Sánchez Marisol , Martínez Martin Gloria
Published: October 2021

El presente trabajo contiene el proceso del desarrollo tecnológico que se realizó para productos hechos a base de lechuguilla de la comunidad la Buena, Municipio de Cardonal con el objetivo de crear un nuevo método al abrir un nuevo mercado y hacer frente a desempleo y a la falta de economía familiar que prevalece, según la secretaria de economía existe una parte significativa de personas desempleadas en el estado de Hidalgo, punto que nos ha llevado a atender como Universidad a uno de los problemas del País y del Estado de Hidalgo. El desarrollo tecnológico contribuye en la localidad para elevar las cifras de gente ocupada a través de los oficios. Se realizó una investigación aplicada con 25 productores de lechuguilla entre 5 a 20 años en el oficio, la investigación fue trasversal porque se diseñó un instrumentos con 15 reactivos, fue exploratoria porque se muestran datos del objeto de estudio, y descriptiva porque indica las características de los productores que dio origen al desarrollo de una plataforma web que alojará un catálogo de los diferentes productos de lechuguilla usando herramientas tecnológicas como es el caso de HTML para la plataforma web y un manejador de base de datos MySQL. Para la creación de la base de datos.

The present work contains the technological development process that was carried out for products made from lechuguilla from the Buena community, Municipality of Cardonal with the aim of creating a new method when opening a new market and facing unemployment and the lack of Family economy that prevails, according to the secretary of economy there is a significant part of unemployed people in the state of Hidalgo, a point that has led us to serve as a university to one of the problems of the country and the state of Hidalgo. The technological development contributes in the locality to raise the numbers of people occupied through the offices. An applied research was carried out with 25 producers of lechuguilla with 20 years in the trade, the research was transversal because an instrument with 15 reagents was designed, it was exploratory because it shows data of the object of study, and descriptive because it indicates the characteristics of the producers Which gave rise to the development of a web platform that will host a catalog of the different products of lechuguilla using technological tools such as HTML for the web platform and a MySQL database manager. For the creation of the database.