bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoregulation and habitat selection in wood turtles Glyptemys insculpta: chasing the sun slowly
Authors: Dubois Y. , Blouin‐Demers G. , Shipley B. , Thomas D.
Published: April 2009

It is widely accepted that reptiles are able to regulate behaviourally their body temperature (Tb), but this generalization is primarily based on studies of lizards and snakes in the temperate zone. Because the precision of Tb regulation may vary considerably between taxa and over geographical ranges, studies of semi‐terrestrial turtles in climatic extremes are relevant to the understanding of reptilian thermoregulation.

We studied thermoregulation in 21 free‐ranging wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) at the northern limit of their range in Québec, using miniature data loggers to measure their internal Tb and external temperature (Text) continuously. We simultaneously recorded the available operative environmental temperature (Te) using 23 physical models randomly moved within each habitat type, and we located turtles using radiotelemetry.

The habitat used by wood turtles was thermally constraining and the target temperature (Tset) was only achievable by basking during a short 5‐h time window on sunny days. Wood turtles did show thermoregulatory abilities, as determined by the difference between turtle Tb distribution and the null distribution of Te that resulted in Tb closer to Tset. Although most individuals regulated their Tb between 09.00 h and 16.00 h on sunny days, regulation was imprecise, as indicated by an index of thermoregulation precision (| Tb – Tset |).

The comparison of habitat use to availability indicated selection of open habitats. The hourly mean shuttling index (| Text – Tb |) suggested that turtles used sun/shade shuttling from 09.00 to 16.00 h to elevate their Tb above mean Te.

Based on laboratory respirometry data, turtles increased their metabolic rate by 20–26% over thermoconformity, and thus likely increased their energy gain which is assumed to be constrained by processing rate at climatic extremes.
A transcriptomic analysis of land‐use impacts on the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the South Atlantic bight
Authors: CHAPMAN ROBERT W. , MANCIA ANNALAURA , BEAL MARION , VELOSO ARTUR , RATHBURN CHARLES , BLAIR ANNE , SANGER DENISE , HOLLAND A. F. , WARR GREGORY W. , DIDONATO GUY
Published: April 2009

Increasing utilization and human population density in the coastal zone is widely believed to place increasing stresses on the resident biota, but confirmation of this belief is somewhat lacking. While we have solid evidence that highly disturbed estuarine systems have dramatic changes in the resident biota (black and white if you will), we lack tools that distinguish the shades of grey. In part, this lack of ability to distinguish shades of grey stems from the analytical tools that have been applied to studies of estuarine systems, and perhaps more important, is the insensitivity of the biological end points that we have used to assess these impacts. In this study, we will present data on the phenotypic adjustments as measured by transcriptomic signatures of a resilient organism (oysters) to land‐use practices in the surrounding watershed using advanced machine‐learning algorithms. We will demonstrate that such an approach can reveal subtle and meaningful shifts in oyster gene expression in response to land use. Further, the data show that gill tissues are far more responsive and provide superior discrimination of land‐use classes than hepatopancreas and that transcripts encoding proteins involved in energy production, protein synthesis and basic metabolism are more robust indicators of land use than classic biomarkers such as metallothioneins, GST and cytochrome P‐450.
Sixty years of anthropogenic pressure: a spatio‐temporal genetic analysis of brown trout populations subject to stocking and population declines
Authors: HANSEN MICHAEL M. , FRASER DYLAN J. , MEIER KRISTIAN , MENSBERG KAREN‐LISE D.
Published: April 2009

Analyses of historical samples can provide invaluable information on changes to the genetic composition of natural populations resulting from human activities. Here, we analyse 21 microsatellite loci in historical (archived scales from 1927 to 1956) and contemporary samples of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from six neighbouring rivers in Denmark, to compare the genetic structure of wild populations before and after population declines and stocking with nonlocal strains of hatchery trout. We show that all populations have been strongly affected by stocking, with admixture proportions ranging from 14 to 64%. Historical population genetic structure was characterized by isolation by distance and by positive correlations between historical effective population sizes and habitat area within river systems. Contemporary population genetic structure still showed isolation by distance, but also reflected differences among populations in hatchery trout admixture proportions. Despite significant changes to the genetic composition within populations over time, dispersal rates among populations were roughly similar before and after stocking. We also assessed whether population declines or introgression by hatchery strain trout should be the most significant conservation concern in this system. Based on theoretical considerations, we argue that population declines have had limited negative effects for the persistence of adaptive variation, but admixture with hatchery trout may have resulted in reduced local adaptation. Collectively, our study demonstrates the usefulness of analysing historical samples for identifying the most important consequences of human activities on the genetic structure of wild populations.
Multilocus assignment analyses reveal multiple units and rare migration events in the recently expanded yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)
Authors: BOESSENKOOL SANNE , STAR BASTIAAN , WATERS JONATHAN M. , SEDDON PHILIP J.
Published: April 2009

The identification of demographically independent populations and the recognition of management units have been greatly facilitated by the continuing advances in genetic tools. Managements units now play a key role in short‐term conservation management programmes of declining species, but their importance in expanding populations receives comparatively little attention. The endangered yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) expanded its range from the subantarctic to New Zealand's South Island a few hundred years ago and this new population now represents almost half of the species’ total census size. This dramatic expansion attests to M. antipodes’ high dispersal abilities and suggests the species is likely to constitute a single demographic population. Here we test this hypothesis of panmixia by investigating genetic differentiation and levels of gene flow among penguin breeding areas using 12 autosomal microsatellite loci along with mitochondrial control region sequence analyses for 350 individuals. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the analyses reveal two genetically and geographically distinct assemblages: South Island vs. subantarctic populations. Using assignment tests, we recognize just two first‐generation migrants between these populations (corresponding to a migration rate of < 2%), indicating that ongoing levels of long‐distance migration are low. Furthermore, the South Island population has low genetic variability compared to the subantarctic population. These results suggest that the South Island population was founded by only a small number of individuals, and that subsequent levels of gene flow have remained low. The demographic independence of the two populations warrants their designation as distinct management units and conservation efforts should be adjusted accordingly to protect both populations.
Functional and geographical differentiation of candidate balanced polymorphisms in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: REININGA JENNIFER M. , NIELSEN DAHLIA , PURUGGANAN MICHAEL D.
Published: April 2009

Molecular population genetic analysis of three chromosomal regions in Arabidopsis thaliana suggested that balancing selection might operate to maintain variation at three novel candidate adaptive trait genes, including SOLUBLE STARCH SYNTHASE I (SSI), PLASTID TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE 7(PTAC7), and BELL‐LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 10 (BLH10). If balanced polymorphisms are indeed maintained at these loci, then we would expect to observe functional variation underlying the previously detected signatures of selection. We observe multiple replacement polymorphisms within and in the 32 amino acids just upstream of the protein–protein interacting BELL domain at the BLH10 locus. While no clear protein sequence differences are found between allele types in SSI and PTAC7, these two genes show evidence for allele‐specific variation in expression levels. Geographical patterns of allelic differentiation seem consistent with population stratification in this species and a significant longitudinal cline was observed at all three candidate loci. These data support a hypothesis of balancing selection at all three candidate loci and provide a basis for more detailed functional work by identifying possible functional differences that might be selectively maintained.
Probiotics effects on gastrointestinal function: beyond the gut?
Authors: Verdu E. F.
Published: April 2009

Abstract  The digestive tract works through a complex network of integrative functions. At the level of the gut, this integration occurs between the immune, neuromotor and enteroendocrine systems, coordinating the physical and chemical elements of the intestinal barrier in order to facilitate digestion whilst protecting the gut from unwanted components of the luminal contents. Gastrointestinal function is controlled and coordinated by the central nervous system to ensure effective motility, secretion, absorption and mucosal immunity. It follows that perturbations in this complex network could lead to gut dysfunction and symptom generation. Recently, attention has been focused on the emerging hypothesis that gut luminal content contributes to determine normal GI function and on the therapeutic possibilities arising from modulating its impact on gut physiology and immunity using probiotic bacteria. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, two papers explore the effect of specific probiotic bacteria on spinal neuronal activation and in vitro muscle contractility. These papers support the notion that the composition of the intestinal microbiota can influence gut neuro‐motor function and enhance our understanding on the mechanisms of action underlying the effects of specific probiotics on gut functional disorders.
Risk factors for wheezing in Ukrainian children: Ukraine European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Group
Authors: Hryhorczuk Daniel , Dardynskaia Irina , Lukyanova Elena , Matwyshyn‐Fuoco Marta , Friedman Lee , Shkiryak‐Nizhnyk Zoreslava , Zvinchuk Alexander , Chislovska Natalia , Antipkin Yuri
Published: April 2009

The prevalence of wheezing in children varies widely around the world. The reasons for this geographic variability remain unclear but may be related in part to exposures in the home environment during pregnancy and early childhood. We investigated the prenatal and early childhood risk factors for wheezing symptoms among 2127 children aged 6–8 years who were participants in the Ukrainian component of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC). Cases included the 169 children whose parents answered yes to the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children (ISAAC) question: ‘Has your child had wheezing or whistling in the chest in the past 12 months’ during the ELSPAC assessment of the children at age 7. These were compared with the 1861 children in the cohort whose parents answered ‘no’ to this question.

Factors significantly associated with increased risk of wheezing illness at age 7 in adjusted analyses included mother's asthma [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 9.85]; mother's allergy problems (OR 1.43, [1.00, 2.05]); rarely playing with other children at age 3 (OR 1.84, [1.09, 3.11]); water intrusion (OR 1.62, [1.09, 2.39]) and inadequate heating of the home (OR 1.52, [1.06, 2.16]) during pregnancy. Factors protective of wheezing at age 7 included being first‐born (adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50, 0.98); living in the city of Dniprodzerzynsk as compared with Kyiv (OR 0.36, [0.24, 0.54]) and weekly contact with furry animals (OR 0.44, [0.20, 0.97]) before age 3. The constellation of risk factors for wheezing in Ukrainian children is similar to that of children in other parts of the world. Known risk factors do not account for the significant between‐city variability of wheezing in Ukrainian children.
Effect of dexamethasone on respiratory syncytial virus‐induced lung inflammation in children: results of a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial
Authors: Somers Cynthia C. , Ahmad Naveed , Mejias Asuncion , Buckingham Steve C. , Carubelli Cecilia , Katz Kathy , Leos Nora , Gomez Ana M. , DeVincenzo John P. , Ramilo Octavio , Jafri Hasan S.
Published: April 2009

Inflammatory mediators play a major role in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of i.v. dexamethasone on cytokine concentrations in tracheal aspirates (TA) of children with severe RSV disease and to correlate them with disease severity. Twenty‐five cytokines were measured in TA obtained from children <2 yr old intubated for severe RSV disease, and enrolled in a double‐blind study of i.v. dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg; n = 22) vs. placebo (n = 19). Cytokine concentrations, measured at baseline and days 1 and 5 post‐randomization using a multiplex assay, were compared within both treatment groups and correlated with: (i) tracheal white blood cell counts, (ii) tracheal RSV loads by culture and (iii) parameters of disease severity, including number of days of requirement for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU), and hospitalization. At baseline interleukin (IL)‐13 and IL‐15 concentrations were significantly higher in the dexamethasone treatment group. On day 1 post‐treatment, only MCP‐1, eotaxin and IL‐6 concentrations were significantly different but higher in the placebo group. On day 5: IL‐13, IL‐7, IL‐8 and MIP‐1α concentrations were higher in dexamethasone‐treated patients. In both groups MIP‐1β inversely correlated with the days of ventilator support; MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β and eotaxin inversely correlated with ICU days; and IL‐6 inversely correlated with hospitalization regardless of the treatment assigned. Systemic administration of dexamethasone did not have a consistent effect on TA concentrations of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. This may help explain, at least in part, the lack of clinical benefit of steroid treatment in children with severe RSV bronchiolitis.
Enzyme patterns of dermatophytes
Authors: Brasch J. , Zaldua M.
Published: April 2009

Summary. Exoenzymes produced by common dermatophytes, in addition to their ability to cause cutaneous inflammation, are thought to contribute to fungal spread. To investigate the patterns of enzymes released by common dermatophytes as well as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, the fungi were grown in liquid media containing either hair, stratum corneum, neopeptone or lipids, or in RPMI medium. Enzymes recovered from the culture supernatants were compared using the Apizym test. As a result, the widest range of enzymes was seen in protein‐containing media, with a maximum of 13 enzymes stimulated by growth on hair. Dermatophytes in all protein media produced high levels of alkaline phosphatase, esterases and leucine arylamidase. In these media the highest total enzymatic activity was released by Microsporum canis, whereas the lowest was released by Epidermophyton floccosum. Although RPMI broth stimulated luxuriant growth of all species, recovery was limited to a maximum of six enzymes. In lipid medium E. floccosum and M. canis failed to grow. When comparing the various nutrients, Scopulariopsis released fewer enzymes than the dermatophytes and only minor quantities of alkaline phosphatase. We conclude that alkaline phosphatase, esterases and leucine arylamidase may be important for the parasitic growth of dermatophytes. The total enzymatic activity of dermatophytes appears to be correlated with the intensity of cutaneous inflammation. Furthermore, enzyme measurements may be helpful for species identification.

Zusammenfassung. Exoenzyme von Dermatophyten tragen sowohl zum Wachstum der Pilze in der Haut bei als auch zur kutanen Entzündungsreaktion. Um die Enzymmuster häufiger Dermatophyten und von Scopulariopsis brevicaulis zu bestimmen, wurden die Erreger in Nährlösungen mit entweder Haar, Stratum corneum, Neopepton oder Fetten, sowie in RPMI‐Medium gezüchtet. Die Enzyme in den Kulturüberständen wurden mit Hilfe des Api‐zymR Tests verglichen. Die breitesten Spektren mit bis zu 13 Enzymen wurden von Haaren induziert, gefolgt von den anderen Proteinsubstraten. In diesen Medien wurden für alle Dermatophyten hohe Aktivitäten von alkalischer Phosphatase, Esterasen und Leucinarylamidase gemessen. Die höchste Gesamtenzymaktivität in den Proteinmedien wurde von Microsporum canis, die geringste von Epidermophyton floccosum freigesetzt. Alle Arten wuchsen gut in RPMI‐Medium, wenngleich dabei maximal nur 6 Enzyme nachweisbar waren. Im Lipidmedium wuchsen E. floccosum und M. canis nicht. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Nährmedien setzte Scopulariopsis insgesamt eine geringere Zahl von Enzymen frei als die Dermatophyten und nur eine niedrige Aktivität von alkalischer Phosphatase. Nach unseren Ergebnissen könnten besonders alkalische Phosphatase, Esterasen und Leucinarylamidase für das parasitäre Wachstum von Dermatophyten bedeutsam sein. Die Enzymaktivität von Dermatophyten scheint mit der Intensität der kutanen Entzündung zu korrelieren. Enzymmusterbestimmungen könnten außerdem hilfreich bei der Artdifferenzierung sein.
Comparison of in vitro antifungal activity of itraconazole and hydroxy‐itraconazole by colorimetric MTT assay
Authors: Mikami Y. , Sakamoto T. , Yazawa K. , Gonoi T. , Ueno Y. , Hasegawa S.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The in vitro antifungal activities of itraconazole and its active hydroxyl metabolite, hydroxy‐itraconazole (R 63372), against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were compared by visual assessment of growth as well as by colorimetric MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H tetrazolium bromide] assay using microtitre plates containing four different media. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) end points determined by the colorimetric MTT assay correlated well with those obtained by visual assay. The two drugs showed different MIC values depending on the medium used. The activity of itraconazole was equal to or greater than the activity of hydroxy‐itraconazole against most of the fungi tested. Both drugs showed lower MIC values against A. fumigatus*** and Cr. neoformans in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) medium than in yeast nitrogen base (YNBG) medium, Sabouraud glucose broth (SAB) or “synthetic amino acid medium, fungal” (SAAMF). However, the MIC end point of these drugs against C. albicans in BHI and SAB media was difficult to determine visually as well as by MTT assay. In C. albicans, the MTT assay method using SAAMF and YNBG media is recommended for the determination of MICs.

Zusammenfassung. Die antimyzetische Aktivität von Itraconazol und seinem aktiven Metaboliten Hydroxy‐Itraconazol (R 63372) gegen Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans und Cryptococcus neoformans wurde vergleichend in vier verschiedenen Medien auf Mikrotiterplatten sowohl durch visuelle Wachstumsablesung als auch im kolorimetrischen MTT‐Test [3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazoliumbromid] bestimmt. Die MHK‐Endpunkte im MTT‐Test korrelierten gut mit der visuellen Ablesung. Die beiden Substanzen zeigten in Abhängigkeit von den benutzten Medien unterschiedliche MHK‐Werte. Itraconazol war gegenüber den meisten geprüften Pilzstämmen gleich oder höher aktiv als Hydroxy‐Itraconazol. Beide Substanzen ergaben niedrigere MHK‐Werte gegen A. fumigatus und Cr. neoformans in Brain‐Heart‐Infusion‐Medium (BHI) im Vergleich zu Yeast‐Nitrogen‐Base‐Medium (YNBG), Sabouraud‐Glucose‐Bouillon (SAB) und Synthetischem Aminosäuren‐Medium fungal (SAAMF). Die MHK‐Endpunkte waren bei C. albicans jedoch in BHI‐ und SAB‐Medium schwieriger visuell als im MTT‐Test abzulesen. Für C. albicans wird daher der MTT‐Test in SAAMF oder in YNBG zur MHK‐Bestimmung empfohlen.
Fluconazole‐resistant oral candidosis in a repeatedly treated female AIDS patient
Authors: Thoma‐Greber Eva , Korting H. C. , Bogner J. , Goebel F.‐D.
Published: April 2009

Summary. A 29‐year‐old female suffering from full‐blown AIDS received fluconazole 400 mg day‐1 for a long period for treatment of oral candidosis, pseudomembranous type. She had previously received this drug repeatedly for the same reason, yet manifest disease persisted. She was therefore put on parenteral amphotericin B, which led to clinical, but not mycological, cure in the short term. IC30 testing revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 128 μg ml‐1 for fluconazole. The isolate, however, was susceptible in vitro to ketoconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. The same antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was found with a second isolate obtained later. Resistance to fluconazole might become a major problem in HIV‐infected patients receiving this drug for long periods.

Zusammenfassung. Eine 29‐jährige manifest an AIDS erkrankte Patientin erhielt 400 mg Fluconazol per os über längere Zeit zur Behandlung einer oralen Candidose vom pseudomembranösen Typ. Eine daraufhin erfolgte Umstellung der Therapie auf Amphotericin B parenteral führte zur klinischen, nicht aber zur mykologischen Heilung in der kurzen Frist. Die IC30‐Testung des Candida albicans‐Isolates erbrachte eine minimale Hemmkonzentration (MHK) für Fluconazol von > 128 μg ml‐1. Das Isolat war demgegenüber in vitro empfindlich gegenüber Ketoconazol, Itraconazol und Amphotericin B. Korrespondierende Empfindlichkeit wies auch ein konsekutives Isolat aus. Fluconazol‐Resistenz könnte ein größeres Problem bei HIV‐infizierten Patienten werden, die dieses Medikament über längere Zeit erhalten.
Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses
Authors: Gugnani H. C. , Akpata L. E. , Gugnani M. K. , Srivastava R.
Published: April 2009

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum, two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (TravogenR, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.

Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii‐ und eine Geotrichum candidum‐Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits‐studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol‐Creme (TravogenR, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.
Dermatophytoses in Iran
Authors: Khosravi A. R. , Aghamirian M. R. , Mahmoudi M.
Published: April 2009

Summary. A total of 12,150 cases of suspected dermatophytoses in different areas of Iran were studied between 1986 and 1991. The age groups most commonly infected were 1–9 and 20–29 years. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed in only 9345 cases by laboratory examination. Of these positive samples, 1633 cases were found to be positive by direct microscopic observation only, 429 by culture only and 7283 by both techniques. Scalp ringworm of children was the most common type of tinea. But according to the rate of infection, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea manuum, tinea unguium and tinea barbae were the next most prevalent in that order. The frequencies of dermatophytes isolated from patients were as follows: Microsporum canis 19.4%, Trichophyton rubrum 16.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 14.9%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 14.6%, Trichophyton verrucosum 11.5%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes 6%, Trichophyton violaceum 8.7%, Trichophyton schoenleinii 5.5%, Trichophyton tonsurans 1.3%, Trichophyton erinacei 0.8% and Microsporum gallinae 0.2%.

Zusammenfassung. In verschiedenen Gebieten im Iran wurden über 6 Jahre hinweg (1986–1991) insgesamt 12150 Patienten mit Verdacht auf Dermatophytose untersucht. Die am stärksten infizierten Altersgruppen waren die 1–9‐und 20–29‐Jährigen. Es wurden 9345 Patienten bei den Laboruntersuchungen als positiv beurteilt. Von diesen waren 1633 Patienten nur direktmikroskopisch, 429 nur kulturell und 7283 in beiden Techniken positiv. Tinea capitis wer die bei Kindern vorherrschende Dermatophytose. Den höchsten prozentualen Anteil bei den Infektionen hatte Tinea corporis, gefolgt von Tinea pedis, Tinea cruris, Tinea manuum, Tinea unguium und Tinea barbae. Folgende Dermatophytenarten wurden gefunden: Microsporum canis 19.4% Trichophyton rubrum 16.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 14.9%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 14.6%, Trichophyton verrucosum 11.5%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes 6%, Trichophyton violaceum 8.7%, Trichophyton schoenleinii 5.5%, Trichophyton tonsurans 1.3%, Trichophyton erinacei 0.8% und Microsporum gallinae 0.2%.
Dermatophytoses in Mexico City
Authors: Manzano‐Gayosso Patricia , Méndez‐Tovar L. J. , Hernández‐Hernández Francisca , López‐Martínez R.
Published: April 2009

Summary. We analysed 2350 biological samples from patients with a clinical diagnosis of superficial mycoses who attended outpatient services over a 7‐year period. Samples of scales were processed by direct microscopic examination with 15% KOH and cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Laboratory examination confirmed dermatophytosis in 860 (36.6%) cases, of which 80.9% were caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The most frequently observed dermatophytoses were tinea unguium (60%) and tinea pedis (25.6%). In agreement with previous observations, we demonstrate that T. rubrum continues to increase in Mexico.

Zusammenfassung. Es wurden 2350 Untersuchungsproben von Patienten mit der klinischen Diagnose einer oberflächlichen Mykose auf Pilze untersucht. Die Patienten waren während eines 7‐Jahreszeitraumes in ambulanter Behandlung. Die Proben wurden mikroskopisch im KOH‐Präparat und kulturell auf Sabouraud‐Glucose‐Chloramphenicol‐Cycloheximid‐Agar untersucht. Die Laboruntersuchungen bestätigten bei 860 Patienten (36.6%) eine Dermatophytose, von denen 80.9% durch Trichophyton rubrum bedingt waren. Hinsichtlich der Lokalisation war Tinea unguium mit 60% am häufigsten, am zweithäufigsten wurde mit 25.6% Tinea pedis gefunden. Im Vergleich mit früheren Studien wird die Häufigkeitszunahme von T. rubrum in Mexico‐City belegt.
The fungal flora of zoo animals' ears
Authors: Kuttin E. S. , Müller J.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The mycotic flora of the ears of zoo animals was investigated in a large zoological garden in Germany. Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated from the following animals: big ant‐eater, brown bear, common wombat, Eurasian badger, Indian elephant, Mangaliza pig and wide‐mouthed rhinoceros. Aspergillus and Penillium species, yeasts and zygomycetes were also isolated from some animals.

Zusammenfassung. Es wurde die Mykoflora des äußeren Gehörgangs von Tieren eines Zoologischen Gartens in Deutschland untersucht. Malassezia pachydermatis konte bei folgenden Tieren isoliert werden: Großer Ameisenbär, Braunbär, Nacktnasen‐Wombat, Europäischer Dachs, Indischer Elefant, Ungarisches Mangaliza‐Schwein und Breitmaul‐Nashorn. Aspergillus‐ und Penicillium‐Arten, Hefen sowie Zygomyzeten wurden ebenfalls von einigen Tieren isoliert.
Comparative stability, sensitivity and specificity studies with different lots of Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast and mycelial lysate antigens
Authors: Orr M. L. , Bono J. L. , Abuodeh R. O. , Williams S. J. , Legendre A. M. , Scalarone G. M.
Published: April 2009

Comparative studies were performed to assess the stability and lot‐to‐lot variation of Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast and mycelial phase lysate antigens. Four lots were prepared from each growth phase of B. dermatitidis strain T‐58 (canine isolate) during a 14‐month period. Serum specimens from dogs with blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis were assayed for antibody content using an alkaline phosphatase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The four lots of the yeast phase reagents were similar with respect to sensitivity and specificity, and the absorbance readings were approximately four times greater with sera from dogs with blastomycosis than with histoplasmosis or coccidioidomycosis. Even less cross‐reactivity was evidenced when the sera from dogs with cryptococcosis and aspergillosis were assayed. In contrast, the four lots of the mycelial lysate reagents were considerably less reactive and more cross‐reactive than the yeast phase antigens and, as above, the four reagents retained their activity after prolonged storage. Therefore the results indicated that the lysate antigens exhibited a great deal of stability and lot‐to‐lot variations in activity were not observed.

Zusammenfassung. Es wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Prüning der Stabilität und Chargenvariabilität von Blastomyces dermatitidis‐Lysatantigenen der Hefe‐ und Myzelphase durch‐geführt. Vier Chargen wurden von jeder Wachs‐tumsphase des Blastomyces dermatitidis‐Stammes T‐58 (Isolat vom Hund) während einer 14 Monate langen Aufbewahrungsperiode durchgeführt. Die Serum‐Prüfproben stammten von Hunden mit Blastomykose, Histoplasmose, Coccidioidomykose, Cryptococcose und Aspergillose und wurden auf ihren Antikärpergchalt mittels eines ELISA untersucht mit alkalischer Phosphatase als Indikatorsystem. Die vier Chargen des Lysatantigens der Hefephase waren hinsichtlich Sensitivität und Spezifitat vergleichbar. Die Absorptions‐Ablesewerte waren etwa viermal größer bei Blastomykose‐ als bei Histoplasmose‐ und Coccidioidomykose‐Seren. Auch wurden weniger Kreuzreaktionen mit Cryptococcose‐ und Aspergillose‐Seren beobachtet. Im Gegensatz hierzu waren die vier Chargen der Lysatantigene der Myzelphase beträchtlich weniger reaktiv und zeigten mehr Kreuzreaktionen als Hefephase‐Antigene. Die Antigenpräparationen beider Wachstumsphasen behielten ihre Reaktivität bei längerer Lagerung. Die Lysatantigene zeigten somit gute Lagerungsstabilität, und Chargenunterschiede wurden nicht beobachtet.
Viability and morphological alterations of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains preserved under mineral oil for long periods of time
Authors: da Silva A. M. Mendes , Borba C. M. , de Oliveira P. C.
Published: April 2009

We evaluated the survival and the morphological alteration of 70 strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis maintained in the Fungal Culture Collection of Institute Oswaldo Cruz and initially preserved by successive subculturing and later under mineral oil at room temperature from 1923 to 1992. Of the 70 strains preserved under mineral oil, 18 (26%) continued to be viable. The mycelia of the 18 viable strains and the mycelia of four representatives of the non‐viable strains presented transitional micromorphology under mineral oil. Macroscopy and microscopy of the first subcultures of five of the seven strains, taken as random samples from the 18 viable strains and plated onto peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose agar, glucose‐glycine‐yeast extract agar and brain‐heart infusion agar media at room temperature, revealed that all samples appeared to be in a transition phase (Y⇄M). These five strains were unable to grow and complete thermal dimorphism at a temperature of 37°C. Only two strains were able to complete the entire dimorphic process. The period of preservation of these strains under oil was relatively short, i.e. 9 and 10 years. The results demonstrate that less widely spaced subculturing and more appropriate culture and environmental conditions are needed to preserve P. brasiliensis strains under oil.

Schlüsselwörter.

Überlebensrate und morphologische Veränderungen bei Langzeit‐Mineralölkonservierung wurde an 70 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis‐Stämmen der Pilzsammlung des Oswaldo Cruz‐Instituts. Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien, untersucht; die Stämme waren zwischen 1923 und 1982 in die Sammlung aufgcnommen und anfänglich durch Subkultivierung und später unter Mineralöl bei Raumtemperatur aufbewahrt worden. Von den 70 unter Mineralöl konservierten Stänimen überlebten 18 (26%). Die Myzelien dieser sowie von vier Vertretern der abgestorbenen Stämme zeigten mikromorphologische Phasenübergangsformen. Die makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Merkmale der ersten Subkulturen von fünf der sieben Stämme, die als Stichprobe der 18 überlebenden Stämme untersucht wurden, zeigten bei Raumtemperatur sämtlich Übergangsformen zwischen Myzel‐ und Hefephase. Diese fünf Stamme waren bei 37°C nicht mehr zum Wachs‐tum und zur Vollendung des Phasenwechsels in der Lage. Nur zwei Stämme vermochten noch den gesamten Phasenwechsel zu durchlaufen; die Aufbewahrungszeit dieser beiden Stämme unter Öl war allerdings mit 9 bzw. 10 Jahren relativ kurz. Die Ergebnisse belegen, daß Subkultivierung in kürzeren Zeitabständen sowie bessere Kenntnisse über Kultur‐ und Haltungsbedingungen zur Konservierung von Paracoccidioides brasiliensis‐Stämmen erforderlich sind.
Itraconazole in the treatment of aspergillosis: a study of 16 cases
Authors: Lebeau B. , Pelloux H. , Pinel C. , Michallet M. , Goût J. P. , Pison C. , Delormas P. , Bru J. P. , Brion J. P. , Ambroise‐Thomas P. , Grillot R.
Published: April 2009

Itraconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent, has marked in vitro activity against filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergillus. We studied three groups of patients suffering from aspergillosis (16 cases): six affected with aspergilloma, three with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and seven with invasive aspergillosis. The survey consisted in clinical, radiological, mycological and serological evaluations with respect to drug plasma levels. Itraconazole was given at a dosage of 200–400 mg day‐1 for periods ranging from 14 to 488 days. Out of the 16 patients, nine responded to therapy (recovery or improvement) and one failed to respond. Three patients improved but experienced relapses and three others could not be evaluated because of liver function disorders, so that treatment had to be stopped prematurely.

Zusammenfassung. Itraconazol, ein neues antimykotisches Triazol hat eine in vitro nachgewiesene Wirkung gegen Fadenpilze, im besonderen Aspergillus. Wir untersuchten 3 Patientengruppen, die an Aspergillose litten (16 Fälle); 6 davon waren von einem Aspergillom betroffen, 3 Fälle mit allergischer bronchopulmonärer Aspergillose und 7 Fälle mit invasiver Aspergillose. Die Überwachung bestand aus klinischen, radiologischen, mykologischen und serologischen Untersuchungen mit Berücksichtigung der Medikamentenspiegel im Plasma. Itraconazol wurde in einer Dosis von 200–400 mg/Tag für die Dauer von 14–488 Tagen gegeben. Von 16 Patienten reagierten 9 mit Heilung oder Besserung, 1 Patient reagierte nicht auf die Therapie. Der Zustand von 3 weiteren Patienten bessertc sich, sie erlitten jedoch Rückfalle. Drei andere Fälle konnten wegen Störungen der Leberfunktion nicht berücksichtigt werden, so daß die Behandlung in diesen Fällen sofort beendet werden mußte.
A fatal infection with Alternaria alternata, and Aspergillus terreus in a child with agranulocytosis of unknown origin
Authors: Neumeister Birgid , Hartmann W. , Oethinger Margret , Heymer B. , Marre R.
Published: April 2009

Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus terreus were isolated from cutaneous nodules in a 5‐year‐old girl with agranulocytosis of unknown origin. Histopathological examination supported the diagnosis of an infection with two opportunistic moulds. Aspergillus terreus was also isolated from the secretions of the maxillary sinuses of the patient. In spite of antimycotic therapy, the child eventually died from respiratory failure.

Zusammenfassung. Aus Hautknötchen eines fünfjährigen Mädchens mit einer Agranulozytose unklarer Genese wurden sowohl Altemaria alternata als auch Aspergillus terreus isoliert. Die histopathologische Untersuchung der Biopsien unterstützte die Diagnose einer Doppelinfektion durch Schimmelpilze. Die Kultur des Nasennebenhöhlensekrets ergab ebenfalls Aspergillus terreus. Das Kind verstarb schließlich trotz antimykotischer Therapie unter den Zeichen einer respiratorischen Insuffizienz.
Histopathology of experimental vaginal candidosis in immunosuppressed mice
Authors: Bykov V. L. , Pakhomova E. N.
Published: April 2009

The histopathology of vaginal candidosis was studied in cyclophosphamide (CY)‐immunosuppressed mice. In severely leucopenic animals acutely treated with high doses of CY the fungal inoculation resulted in a massive invasion of the pathogen, which penetrated the whole thickness of vaginal wall and was able to spread further into the surrounding tissues. In some animals, a haematogenous dissemination of the infection was detected. In mice chronically treated with lower doses of CY, moderate leucopenia combined with impaired antifungal granulocyte activity and suppressed cellular immunity resulted in the development of only superficial mycotic lesions. Pathogenetic mechanisms of vaginal candidosis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts are discussed.

Zusammenfassung. Die Histopathologie der Vaginalcandidose wurde untersucht an mit Cyclo‐phosphamid (CY) immunsupprimierten Mäusen. Bei Tieren mit schwerer Leukopenie, welche hohe Dosen von CY bekamen, hat die Inoculation der Pilze zur massiven Invasion geführt. Die Pilze haben die ganze Vaginalwand penetriert und waren fähig, sich in die umgebenden Gewebe auszubreiten. Bei einigen Tieren zeigte sich eine haematogene Ausbreitung der Infektion. Mäuse, die chronisch geringe Dosen von CY bekamen, zeigten eine moderate Leukopenie mit Stöning der antifungalen granulozytären Aktivität und Suppression der zellulären Immunität, was zu oberflächlichen mykotischen Läsionen führte. Diskutiert werden die pathogenetischen Mechanismen der Vaginalcandidose bei immunkompetenten und immunsupprimierten Wirten.
Quantitative determination of fluconazole‐amphotericin B antagonism to Candida albicans by agar diffusion
Authors: Scheven M. , Senf L.
Published: April 2009

Fluconazole is a bis‐triazole antifungal which partly antagonizes the activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans (and other Candida species). This antagonism can easily be demonstrated by radial agar diffusion. Amphotericin B at reservoir concentrations of up to 1.2mg l‐1 showed a diffusion behaviour which was described by means of a simple mathematical analysis. Therefore quantitative determination of the antagonism was possible. Using a reference strain of Candida albicans, the critical concentration of amphotericin B was increased by fluconazole up to 2.4‐fold.

Zusammenfassung. Fluconazol ist ein Bis‐Triazol‐Antimykotikum, weiches die Wirkung von Amphotericin B auf Candida albicans (und andere Candida‐Spezies) zum Teil antagonisiert. Dieser Antagonismus konnte leicht durch radiale Agar‐Gegendiffusion nachgewiesen werden. Wurden die Reservoire mit Amphotericin B in Konzentrationen bis höchstens 1.2mg l‐1 beladen, so zeigte die Substanz ein Diffusionsverhalten, welches mit Hilfe einfacher Gleichungen beschrieben werden konnte. Dieser Umstand ermöglichte eine quantitative Analyse des Antagonismus. An einem Referenzstamm von Candida albicans erhöhte sich die Kritische Konzentration an Amphotericin B bis auf das 2,4‐fache durch Einwirkung von Fluconazol.
Fine structural investigation ofMalassezia furfur:I. Size and shape of the yeast cells and a consideration of their ploidy
Authors: Mittag H.
Published: April 2009

Summary.Small and medium sized yeast cells of cylindrical or oval shape predominated in twoMalassezia furfur‐standard strains CBS 1878 and CBS 6001 during the exponential growth phase. Large cells of wide‐oval shape were rare. They were encountered at the beginning of the stationary phase in strain CBS 6001, which also tended to form filaments easily. In the scales of pityriasis versicolor, there were large wide‐oval or spherical cells besides small and medium sized yeast cells and hyphal filaments. Considering the variable size and shape of the yeast cells, differences of their ploidy seemed likely, as described in other fungal species. This aspect is supported by the surface/volume quotient.

Zusammenfassung.Bei zweiMalassezia furfur‐Standardstämmen (CBS 1878 und CBS 6001) kommen in der exponentiellen Wachstumsphase nur kleine und mittelgroße Zellen von zylindrischer, manchmal ovalärer Struktur vor. Große Zellen mit breit‐ovaler Form sind selten auszumachen, sie kommen in vitro bei dem zur Filamentbildung neigenden Stamm CBS 6001 mit Beginn der stationären Phase vor. In vivo, in den Schuppen von Pityriasis versicolor, sind große breit‐ovale oder kugelförmige Zellen neben kleinen und mittelgroßen Hefezellen und Hyphen vorhanden. Die Größenschwankungen lassen wie bei anderen Pilzarten an Unterschiede in der Ploidie der Zellen denken, wofür Berechnungen des Oberflächen‐Volumen‐Quotienten sprechen.
Epidemiological analysis of Candida yeasts by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis
Authors: Willinger Birgit , Berger A. , Li Lin , Hirschl A. M. , Aspöck Ch. , Makristathis A. , Prückl Petra M. , Rotter M. L.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The purpose of this study was to determine whether yeast isolates from mothers and their new‐borns are of the same genotype. In this investigation, 103 parturient mothers and their children were examined for colonization by yeasts by sampling the vaginal secretions at delivery and by taking swabs from the oral mucosa and the anus of the children on the third day after parturition. The samples were cultured on Sabouraud glucoseagar and incubated for 48 h at 3°C. Differentiation of the isolates was achieved biochemically by means of the Vitek AMS system and morphologically on rice extract agar. Subsequently DNA fingerprinting analysis was carried out by means of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In six cases we could prove the presence of Candida spp. in the mothers as well as in their children. In all cases the strains isolated from mother and child showed the same banding pattern. Likewise, the strains isolated from the vaginal secretion and the vaginal epithelium of individual women were identical. The differences observed between strains isolated from different women were small to middling. This shows PFGE to be an efficient procedure to demonstrate the relation between strains derived from mothers and their newborns.

Zusammenfassung. Ziel der Studie war es. mit einer den Genotyp analysierenden Methode zu untersuchen, ob zwischen den von Müttern und deren Neugeborenen isolierten Sproßpilzen Unterschiede bestehen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden daher 103 Gebärende und deren Kinder auf Hefebefall untersucht. Dazu wurden Vaginalsekret der Gebärenden zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt sowie je ein Abstrich von Mundschleimhaut und Anus des Kindes am dritten postpartalen Tag abgenommen, auf Sabouraud‐Glucose‐Agar überimpft und bei 37°C 48 h lang inkubiert. Die isolierten Stämme wurden biochemisch mit dem Vitek‐AMS‐System und morphologisch auf Reis‐extraktagar differenziert. Im Anschluß wurde eine DNA‐Fingerprinting‐Analyse mittels Wechselfeld‐gelektrophorese (WFGE) durchgeführt. In sechs Fällen waren sowohl bei der Mutter als auch beim Kind Candida spp. nachzuweisen. Die Stämme von Mutter und Kind wiesen stets dasselbe Bandenmuster auf. Ebenso waren die Stämme, die von Vaginalsekret und Vaginalepithel ein und derselben Frau isoliert worden waren, identisch. Bei Stämmen, die von verschiedenen Frauen isoliert wurden, konnten gering‐ bis mittelgradige Unter‐schiede beobachtet werden. Das bedeutet, daß die Verwandschaft der Stämme von Mutter und Neugeborenem mit der WFGE gut darzustellen ist.
Effects of insulin and glucose tolerance factor (GTF) on growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Berdicevsky Israela , Mirsky Nitsa
Published: April 2009

Summary. Addition of mammalian insulin to Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the growth of the cells in several glucose concentrations. The enhancement of growth was dependent on insulin concentrations. Morphological changes were also observed depending on the presence of insulin: the cells were almost round, whereas elongated forms appeared under depletion of the hormone. The effect of insulin was very similar to the increase in yeast growth observed by the addition of GTF (glucose tolerance factor) to the medium. Our findings support the view of a common mechanism regulating metabolic and growth processes in lower and higher organisms.

Zusammenfassung. Die Zugabe von Säugerinsulin zu Saccharomyces cerevisiae verbesserte bei verschiedenen Glucosekonzentrationen das Wachstum der Zellen. Auch zeigten sich morphologische Veränderungen in Abhängigkeit vom Insulin: Die Zellen waren abgerundet, während bei Abwesenheit des Hormons elongierte Formen beobachtet wurden. Die Wirkung von Insulin ähnelte sehr der Hefewachstums‐Steigerung bei Zugabe von Glucosetoleranzfaktor (GTF) zum Medium. Die Ergebnisse stüitzen die Ansicht, daß ein beiden Faktoren gemeinsamer Mechanismus die metabolischen und Wachstumsprozesse niederer und höherer Organismen reguliert.
Determination of fluconazole concentrations in the prostatic and seminal vesicle fluid (split ejaculate)
Authors: Schramm P. , Wildfeuer A. , Sarnow E.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The concentrations of fluconazole, a systemic antifungal agent, were determined in the split ejaculate of seven healthy volunteers. Following once‐daily oral administration of fluconazole 200 mg over a period of 5 days, the fluconazole levels were determined in ejaculate samples which had been divided into two consecutive fractions upon collection. Simultaneously, a blood sample was drawn for the determination of fluconazole serum levels. It was shown that the fluconazole concentrations determined in both ejaculate fractions corresponded to those found in the serum. As the first fraction of the ejaculate originates in the prostate, the prostatic fluconazole concentrations are likely to be similar to the fluconazole levels found in the ejaculate.

Zusammenfassung. Fluconazol, ein systemisch wirksames Antimykotikum, wird in Split‐Ejakulaten von sieben gesunden Probanden nachgewiesen. Nach oraler Gabe von 200 mg Fluconazol einmal täglich über 5 Tage wurden die Spiegel im Ejakulat, das bei der Gewinnung in eine erste und eine zweite Fraktion gesplittet wurde, und in einer zeitgleich entnommenen Serumprobe gemessen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß Fluconazol in beiden Ejakulat‐Fraktionen die gleichen Spiegel erreicht wie im Serum. Da eine enge Korrelation zwischen der ersten Fraktion des Split‐Ejakulats und der Prostata besteht, sind in der Prostata vergleichbare Fluconazol‐Spiegel wie in den gemessenen Ejakulaten zu erwarten.
Cryptococcal infection and lymphogranulomatous infiltration of the central nervous system in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Nowicka J. , Mazur G. , Kuliczkowski K. , Gola A. , Kochman Agata , Baran E. , Walów B.
Published: April 2009

Summary. A case of simultaneous CNS involvement in the course of systemic Hodgkin's disease and cryptococcosis is presented.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird der ZNS‐Befall im Verlauf einer systemischen Hodgkin‐Krankheit gleichzeitig mit Cryptococcose beschrieben.