bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Nolen: Planner for the New South
Authors: Silver Christopher
Published: March 2007

John Nolen's three decades of planning consultation to many southern cities, beginning with his role as advisor to the Charlotte, North Carolina, Park and Tree Commission in 1905, illustrate how planning was a continuing influence throughout the heyday of the New South movement. Yet Nolen's planning in southern cities also offers a window into the broader American urban planning process at a time when public institutions had not yet established a dominant role in regulating urban development. Nolen's work speaks directly to the current-day dilemma of planning as a visionary art or as a rational policy process. His planning model for cities reflected the unique melding of these conflicting crosscurrents in planning theory and was a model that appealed to the urban aspirations of the New South. By examining Nolen's southern planning practice in two cities where he had a long association—Charlotte and Roanoke, Virginia—it is possible to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the guided decentralization model that he offered to the region during its formative urban development era.
Convergence Trends in Formal and Informal Housing Markets: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Pamuk Ayse
Published: March 2007

This paper highlights the economic and policy significance of informal institutional arrangements (ignored in past research) governing housing transactions citywide that permeate both formal and informal sectors, blurring the conventional formal/informal distinction. It documents the convergence in formal and informal housing markets in Turkey by focusing on the "build and sell system," an institutional arrangement between land owners and small scale contractors/ entrepreneurs governing multistory housing construction. Other informalization trends in formal subdivisions such as noncompliance with building codes (induced by amnesty laws), and formalization trends in gecekondu settlements such as commercialization and densification (accelerated by municipal regularization programs and land pressures) depict the convergence.
Russian City Planning, Democratic Reform, and Privatization: Emerging Trends
Authors: Shove Christopher , Anderson Richard
Published: March 2007

The emerging democratic and privatization reforms are shaping city planning practice in Russia. This paper provides a brief history of city planning, a typical schema of city governance, and describes some of the effects of democratic reform and privatization related to city planning. Also covered are general points about city planning education in Russia and a conclusion on probable city planning practice outcomes from the current societal context.
The High Cost of Free Parking
Authors: Shoup Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Urban planners typically set minimum parking requirements to meet the peak demand for parking at each land use, without considering either the price motorists pay for parking or the cost of providing the required parking spaces. By reducing the market price of parking, minimum parking requirements provide subsidies that inflate parking demand, and this inflated demand is then used to set minimum parking requirements. When considered as an impact fee, minimum parking requirements can increase development costs by more than 10 times the impact fees for all other public purposes combined. Eliminating minimum parking requirements would reduce the cost of urban development, improve urban design, reduce automobile dependency, and restrain urban sprawl.
Hyper Space
Authors: George R. Varkki
Published: March 2007

Environmental designers must be spatially literate: They must be proficient in reading and interpreting spaces and articulating ideas about the quality of the experience of spaces. To promote spatial literacy among environmental designers, we need an effective medium for describing the experience of realworld spaces and for communicating ideas about such spatial experiences. Hyper Space, a computer-based tool, could function as such a medium. In this article, I first discuss the difficulties of communicating ideas about spaces and specify characteristics of an effective medium for communicating spatial ideas. Then, I describe Hyper Space: how it is used and how a simulation is created. After describing and evaluating its use in the classroom, I conclude with a discussion of other uses of Hyper Space in design and planning education and how it cannot be a completely effective medium for describing spaces.
Goal Achievement, Relationship Building, and Incrementalism: The Challenges of University-Community Partnerships
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Lieber Michael
Published: March 2007

The University of Illinois at Chicago's Neighborhoods Initiative is used as a case study of how planning occurs in a situation of shared power; what the relationship is between the goals of participants and what actually gets done; and what the role of planners is in linking knowledge to action. The collaborative planning model is characterized by incrementalism, and relationship building is a key element. Relationship building and goal achievement are not opposites; the achievement of goals requires some level of trust in a partnership. The relative emphasis on one or the other depends on the specific context in which planning is done. The implications for planners and planning education are a greater emphasis on political and communicative skills in order to be effective in collaborative planning.
Environmental Equity in Central Cities: Socioeconomic Dimensions and Planning Strategies
Authors: Pijawka K. David , Blair John , Guhathakurta Subhrajit , Lebiednik Sarah , Ashur Suleiman
Published: March 2007

This study presents the case of a neighborhood in South Phoenix, Arizona, where latent feelings of inequity in the community were heightened by a serious contamination incident. The incident amplified perceptions of environmental risk and reinforced perceptions of distributional, procedural, and process inequities. Housing prices within the affected area continue to reflect a risk-induced discount when compared to those in adjacent and similar neighborhoods. The property value diminution in the affected area has occurred despite assurances of governmental agencies that residual contaminants are within safe limits. The article concludes with a number of strategies for planners, which should help strengthen planning processes that involve environmental equity considerations in the central areas of our major cities.
In Lieu of Required Parking
Authors: Shoup Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Some cities allow developers to pay a fee in lieu of providing the parking spaces required by zoning ordinances, and use this revenue to finance public parking spaces to replace the private parking spaces the developers would have provided. This paper presents a survey of in-lieu programs in 46 cities in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Germany, and Iceland. These in-lieu programs reduce the cost of development, encourage shared parking, improve urban design, and support historic preservation. The in-lieu fees also reveal that the cost of complying with minimum parking requirements is more than four times the cost of the impact fees that cities levy for all other public purposes combined. The high cost of required parking suggests another promising in-lieu policy: allow developers to reduce parking demand rather than increase the parking supply. Examination of an Eco Pass program in California shows that reducing parking demand can cost far less than increasing the parking supply.
Ethnicity, Socio-Cultural Change, and Housing Needs
Authors: Ratcliffe Peter
Published: March 2007

Polyethnic societies present some key implictions for planners. Discrimination against, and harassment of, minorities is worryingly universal, and planning professions in all soceties need to recognize and address these isues. Planning practice needs to reflect an awareness of the implications of difference while incorporating an understanding of prcesses of social change in relation to minority and migrant groups, specifically, changes in household size and/or structure and orienttion toward the housing market. The core empirical data of the paper comes from the 1991 Census of Population and a major study of housing needs in a large district in northern England. Although focused substantively on British debates and data, most of the concerns addressed in this paper have an element of universality.
Adulthood Sequela of Adolescent Heavy Drinking among Mexican Americans
Authors: Vega William A. , Alderete Ethel , Kolody Bohdan , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio
Published: March 2007

This study examines mental health and behavioral sequela of heavy drinking in adolescence among Mexican American adults between 18 and 59 years of age. Previous research with U.S. population samples has shown that role performance and role transitions in adulthood are impaired by adolescent substance abuse problems. To test this hypothesis, data from the Mexican American Prevalence and Services Survey were used. Using bivariate and multivariate analyses, early adolescent heavy drinkers were compared with adult heavy drinkers, light to moderate drinkers, and abstainers on various outcomes. Outcomes included DSM-III-R mood, anxiety, and drug abuse or dependence assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview in a probability sample of 3,000 adults in Fresno, California. Whereas adolescent heavy drinkers had higher lifetime mood and drug abuse or dependence disorders, and higher rates of suicide attempts and behavior problems than abstainers or moderate drinkers, adult heavy drinkers also had high rates of mood disorders and arrests in bivariate comparisons. In multivariate contrasts, adolescent heavy drinkers were three times more likely to have lifetime drug abuse or dependence diagnoses than the other subgroups and were twice as likely to have attempted suicide. Implications for preventive interventions in the Mexican American population are discussed.
Spanish Adaptation of the Reasonsfor Living Inventory
Authors: Oquendo Maria A. , Cia Enrique Baca-Gar , Graver Ruth , Mora Miguel , Montalvan Viviana , Mann J. John
Published: March 2007

The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) is an instrument to mea sure a range of beliefs potentially important as reasons for not com mitting suicide. There is no Spanish version of this instrument. The adaptation process includes translation, back-translation, review of both versions, and application of the resulting instrument to a bilingual sample from the tar get population. This process allows for assessment of the equivalence between the English and Spanish version of the RFL in three stages: linguistic equivalence, conceptual equivalence, and scale equivalence. The most important aspects of the adaptation, con ceptual and scale equivalence, are adequate in this Spanish version of the RFL. The adaptation of the RFL is ready to be used in Spanish-speaking populations.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Measure of “Machismo” among Anglo, African American, and Mexican American Male Drinkers
Authors: Neff James Alan
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a confirmatory factor analysis expanding and enhancing a previously developed measure of “machismo” both to explore the dimensionality of the measure and to test the invariance of factor structure in a sample of Anglo, African American, and Mexican American adult male drinkers. Specifically, this article (a) describes the development of a multidimensional 13-item machismo measure, (b) tests the goodness of fit of a series of confirmatory factor models examining single versus multiple factor solutions (e.g., Does a unitary machismo factor fit, or must positive and negative dimensions be modeled?), and (c) tests the invariance of the resulting model across racial-ethnic groups. Results support the use of the measures for cross-ethnic studies and emphasize the importance of a multidimensional measure including both positive and negative dimensions.
What Do We Know about Latino Drug Use? Methodological Evaluation of State Databases
Authors: Vega William A. , Gil Andres G. , Kolody Bohdan
Published: March 2007

This study has two goals, to estimate drug use trends among Latino adolescents in states where the majority reside, and evaluate methodologies used to gather this information to improve their quality. State surveys provide the only source ofestimates ofdrug use by ethnic groups at this geographic level. Presumably, these data are used to evaluate national drug control policies, target research and prevention, and law enforcement efforts. This study compares survey data from Monitoring the Future (national U.S. rates) with New Jersey, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, and California. Drug use trends for Latinos were divergent, with Texas trending toward higher rates and New Jersey toward lower rates. State and national comparisons showed a similar divergence, with national rates for Latinos generally lower than the states we compared. These differences may be real, as suggested by the data, or influenced by methodological differences over time and among states.
Effects of Structured Learning Therapy Upon Self-Control of Aggressive Puerto Rican Fathers
Authors: Figueroa-Torres Juan , Pearson Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Sixty fathers living in Puerto Rico with low socioeconomic backgrounds and documented histories of family-directed aggression were randomly assigned to an experimental (structured learning therapy or SLT) and a control condi tion. SLT produced a significant reduction in aggression on three dependent variables: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), direct skill measure, and minimal generalization- of-skill measure. No such reductions were noted for the control group. Initial group differences on two of the in struments (Buss-Durkee and a behavioral checklist) negated the assumption of equivalence on the instruments and precluded further interpretations of results based on them. No differences were found between groups on the extended generalization-of-skill measure. While the general effec tiveness of SLT as a means of reducing aggression among this population was generally sustained, the suggestion is made that it should be used in conjunction with other broader approaches aimed at ameliorating cultural sup port for male aggression in the family context.
Intragroup Differences and Attitudes toward Varieties of Spanish among Bilingual Pupils from California and Texas
Authors: Ramirez Arnulfo G. , Milk Robert H. , Sapiens Alexander
Published: March 2007

Mexican-American high school students from Texas (n=50) and California (n=80) rated their relative proficiency and use of Spanish. The pupils registered their reactions to four varieties of Spanish (16 passages-read by four speakers and recorded on tape using the matched guise technique). Differential reactions to the four varieties-code switching, ungrammatical, dialectal, and "standard" Mexican Spanish-were interpreted as revealing differential language attitudes. Each variety was rated in terms of (a) degree of grammaticality, (b) appropriateness for classroom use, (c) the speaker's likelihood of academic achievement, and (d) a global reaction. Location affected language proficiency and use. "Standard" Mexican Spanish was rated higher than the other three varieties, and the two "non-standard" varieties were evaluated more favorably than code switching. Judgements about the four varieties were influenced by a number of factors including sex.
Verbal Participation in Group Therapy: A Comparative Study on New Mexico Ethnic Groups
Authors: Shen Winston W. , Sanchez Antonette M. , Huang Tsung-Down
Published: March 2007

This study examined the verbal participation of Anglos, Mexican Americans and Native Americans in group therapy sessions for alcoholic patients. Fifteen therapy groups with a total number of 265 alcoholic inpatients, were recorded for the patients' verbal participation. The data are analyzed in ethnic categories and show that the Anglo patients have significantly higher verbal participation than either of the two other ethnic groups in the study. The need to reconsider the advantage and disadvantage of homogeneous or heterogeneous ethnic groupings in therapy is discussed.
Stress, Coping, and Mexican American Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cervantes Richard C. , Castro Felipe G.
Published: March 2007

While there has been a rapid growth in mental health research which focuses on the Mexican American population, differences in theoretical formulations and consequent research methodologies have led to a host of conflicting findings. These conflicting findings are then often difficult to translate into useful clinical applications which would make clinical services more relevant and acceptable to this growing population. One suggested solution to the problem has been to develop more systematic theoretical frameworks for guiding Mexican American mental health research. In this vein a new theoretical model was presented. The model is based upon recent concepts regarding the relationship between psychological stress and consequent physical and/or psychological illnesses. This model includes some important intervening or mediating variables which may serve to aggravate or buffer the aversive impact of exposure to potential stressors. Examination of these intervening variables is of clinical importance in promoting a better understanding of the experience of stress and its relationship to various forms of psychopathology. The model allows for critical examination of those intervening variables which are particularly relevant to Mexican Americans. In addition to presenting this stress-mediation-out-come model, an attempt was made to synthesize extant Mexican American mental health research within the framework of the proposed model. This synthesis served as a basis for identifying conceptual and methodological problems in past research, as well as for identifying current gaps in this large body of research. Finally, an attempt was made to delineate new lines of mental health research which are more consistent with the postulated stress-mediation-outcome model.
Family Planning Needs and Behavior of Mexican American Women: A Study of Health Care Professionals and Their Clientele
Authors: Jorgensen Stephen R. , Adams Russell P.
Published: March 2007

A random sample of Mexican American women and a sample of family planning health care professionals, both from two major southwestern cities in the United States, were compared in terms of their reports of birth control methods used, problems in obtaining family planning services, and values involved in making fertility-related decisions, within the Mexican American population. This comparison was made in order to assess the accuracy of family planning professionals' perceptions of the practices and needs of Mexican American women, a high fertility group. While there were points of agreement between the two samples, discrepancies were found in reports of problems in obtaining family planining services, fertility-related values, and in the acceptability of female sterilization as a birth control method. It was concluded that family planning professionals in these service areas tend to stereotype Mexican American women, and may not yet realize that the family planning attitudes and behavior of these women are probably changing in significant ways.
Chicano-Mexican Cultural Assimilation and Anglo-Saxon Cultural Dominance
Authors: Menchaca Martha
Published: March 2007

This article examines the cultural assimilationl proc.ess of a Mexicani-origini community in tIhe agrarian ciiyl of Sanita Paula, California. Thle aim of tlis stildy is to describe how the niotion of Anglo-Saxon sutperiority set forth t)he plhilosophical foutndatiolns that structiured the cultural assimilation of the Mexican-origin groups. It is argued that the philosophly of Aniglo-Saxoni suiperiority gen1erated a culturally ranked social order in Sanita Paula that serv>ed to ascribe to the Mexican-orIiginl gr'oulps ani inJrrior social positioni. Thlis nativist philosophly has historically beeli utsed bv ti/e domIIilnlant culture to inistill proper behav ior in the Mexicani-origini populationi anid to preserve tile existing social order of the Anglo elite. A major finiding of this invtlestigation1 c ontc liuded ihat althoughi the ideology of Aiglo-Saxon super-ior-ity genier-ated iititragrouip c'onIflict withinl the Mexic'an-origin contnttuti;, it simtultanleoulslyv promot'oied intrgi-outp unlity. Durzilig periods of imitolerable r-acialprejutdice. Whent the Anglo-American community attempted to coaifer social disadvantages ulponI the Mexicait-origini contutntlity, the subordinate ethnic group responded by temporarily disregar-ding its ciltutrral dijfereItces as a meanis to mobilize a united front.
Concurrent Validity of the DIS: Experience With Psychiatric Patients in Mexico City
Authors: Anduaga Jorge Caraveo , Forteza Catalina Gonzalez , Lira Luciana Ramos
Published: March 2007

The Diagnostic-Interview Schedule (DIS) is an instrument useful for cross-cultural studies and for research service delivery, therefore a study of the reliability and concurrent validity in Mexico was carried out. Interrater reliability showed intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of .89 among lay interviewers. The DSM-III syndrome checklist was elicited as the clinical diagnostic measure for concurrent validity. hnzterrater reliability among clinicians showed ICC values ranging from .64 to .92. For the concurrent validity study a minimum quota of 10 patients for each diagnosis was sought. The final sample included 55 inpatients and 94 outpatients interviewed independently. Sensitivity as a whole was low, ranging from .08 to .53; specificity ranged from .80 to .99; kappa agreement ranged from -.02 to .60; Yules' Y ranged from -.05 to .81. Validity indices were higher on diagnostic categories on which the flow-chart is simpler, suggesting that the memorylcognition process is a factor that attenuates reliability and face validity assessments. Comparisons with three studies using the Spanish DIS are discussed as well as reasons for discrepancies.
Language as a Communication Barrier in Medical Care for Hispanic Patients
Authors: Seijo Rosa , Gomez Henry , Freidenberg Judith
Published: March 2007

Language differences between physician and patient can affect the doctor-patient encounter and patient recall. This study addresses differences in the variables of recall and question-asking behavior in the interaction between Hispanic patients seen by bilingual physicians and Hispanic patients seen by monolingual (English-speaking) physicians. The study involved 5I Hispanic patients who were seen at the Internal Medicine Associates (IMA) clinic at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City in June 1989. Patients were observed during their interactions with physicians, and the information gathered was then compared to the information obtained in a personal interview immediately following the encounter. The results demonstrated that Hispanic patients seen by bilingual physicians had better recall and asked more questions than did Hispanic patients seen by monolingual physicians. These findings suggest that when physician and patient communicate in the same language and have similar cultures, the patient understands the information given by the physician better and participates more actively in the interaction. Thus language and cultural awareness have important implications in the utilization of health care services by Hispanics.
Bilingual Issues in Mental Health Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Bamford Kathryn W.
Published: March 2007

Bilingualism profoundly impacts psychiatric diagnosis and psychotherapy because language is the primary tool of both processes. This article reviews the contemporary research literature in the area of mental health assessment and treatment of bilingual individuals in the United States. It was found that bilingualism introduces special concerns to clinicians independent of language of assessment and regardless of whether a translator is used in the interview process. Bilingualism may interfere with clinician and patient knowledge and rapport, leading to qualitative as well as quantitative differences in assessment and treatment. Nevertheless, an understanding of the dynamics of bilingualism provides opportunities for practitioners to enhance the mental health care of bilingual patients.
Dysphoria among Hispanic Working Women: A Research Note
Authors: Napholz Linda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which role conflict, life satisfaction, self-esteem, instrumentality, expressiveness, age, and education predicts dysphoria among a community sample of Hispanic working women. The sample consisted of a total of 126 Hispanic women, ranging in age from 18 to 65. Participants completed five instruments assessing gender-related traits of instrumentality and expressiveness, selfesteem, depression, life satisfaction, role conflict, and sociodemographic information. A forced entry stepwise multiple regression was conducted that included all the designated predictor variables with log transformed depression scores as the dependent variable. The significant negative beta in Step 3 indicated that women scoring high on the Masculinity (instrumentality) subscale were less likely to have a high depression score. The prediction of dysphoria by self-esteem was maintained after the masculinity score was added to the equation in Step 3. There was a significant inverse relationship for masculinity (instrumentality) and self-esteem in predicting the criterion variable, dysphoria. In counseling Hispanic women experiencing dysphoria, supporting instrumentality can serve to enhance self-esteem.
Variation in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Units with High Concentrations of Latino Versus White Clients: Client Factors, Treatment Experiences, and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: McCaughrin William C. , Howard Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

Research on Latinos receiving substance abuse care lacks detail in terms of client characteristics, treatment services, and the effectiveness of treatment. This study uses data from a large, recent, nationally representative sample of outpatient substance abuse treatment units to examine differences in client characteristics, treatment services, and outcomes. The study examines differences between units with 20% or more Latino clients and treatment units with 90% or more White clients. Results show that units with high concentrations of Latinos treat clients who are significantly poorer, more prone to abuse drugs than alcohol, more prone to turn to crime to support their habit, more likely to be ordered to treatment by the courts, and at a higher risk for HIV/AIDS; these clients have poorer treatment outcomes. Treatment and policy implications for units treating high concentrations of Latino clients and culturally sensitive substance abuse treatment are discussed.
Standing Up for a Son at School: Experiences of a Mexican Immigrant Mother
Authors: McClelland Jerry , Chen Chen
Published: March 2007

This phenomenological study focuses on the interactions of a Spanish-speaking immigrant mother with prinmarily English-speaking teachers and a principal in U.S. schools attended by her son. The interactions aroundfour disciplinary actions faced by her son disclose language and culture as barriers to the mother acting on her son's behalf The essence of what the experience means to the mother is (a) "I don't understand what's going on at school, " (b) "The school is difficult to deal with, " and (c) "Others wonder what I am doing at school. "
Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Use among Migrant and Nonmigrant Mexican American Youth
Authors: Casas J. Manuel , Bimbela Alfredo , Corral Carla V. , Yafiez Isidro , Swaim Randall C. , Wayman Jeffrey C. , Bates Scott
Published: March 2007

Increase in smoking/tobacco-related diseases among the Hispanic population calls for an examination of its use among this population. This study examined the relationship between gender, level of cultural identification, migrant status, and grade level and tobacco use and perception of its harn among Mexican American youth. Results showed males more likely to use cigarettes (occasional and daily) and smokeless tobacco than females when grade, cultural identification, and migrant status of parents are held constant. No gender effect was found for lifetime cigarette use. The odds of using cigarettes and smokeless tobacco increase substantially across grades. Effects were foundfor Mexican American/Spanish and AnglolWhite American cultural identification and daily cigarette use. Youths who belonged to nonmigrant families or who identified with a traditional Mexican American/Spanish culture were more likely to consider regular tobacco use as harmful. These and other findings are discussed from the perspective offuture research and prevention and intervention efforts.
Identity and Career Choice among Mexican American and Euro-American Preservice Bilingual Teachers
Authors: Jones Evangelina Bustamante , Young Russell , RodríGuez James L.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses an investigation that explored the relationship between the ethnic identity and career choice of Mexican American and Euro-American Spanish bilingual teaching candidates. In-depth interviews with 6 Mexican American and Euro-American preservice bilingual teaching candidates respectively were analyzed to determine their reference group orientation, affiliative identity, and rationale for becoming a bilingual teacher. Mexican American bilingual teaching candidates indicated a strong reference group orientation and affiliative identity toward Mexican culture, whereas their Euro-American counterparts indicated a diffused reference group orientation toward Mexican culture. Mexican American bilingual teaching candidates also indicated biculturalism and serving as role models for Latino children as being important reasons for becoming bilingual teachers. Euro-American teaching candidates did not see themselves as role models for Latino children. Instead, they indicated various other reasons for becoming a bilingual teacher.
Ordering Work
Authors: WINSOR DOROTHY A.
Published: March 2007

Within complex organizations, people are members of various and sometimes conflicting subgroupings. Texts function between and across these various subgroupings to simultaneously bridge the gap between them (and thus allow joint work to be done) and yet maintain existing structures of power and territory. This study reports observations of blue-collar laboratory technicians using work orders written by engineers. It identifies work orders as a genre that both triggered and concealed the work of the technicians, allowing it to disappear into the work of the engineers. This study has implications for our understanding of the role texts play in coordinating joint work and for our understanding of what it means for texts to be perceived as generic. In particular, it emphasizes the political aspects of genre as form of social action, an aspect previous research and theory have tended to neglect.
An ESL Writer and her Discipline-Based Professor
Authors: FISHMAN STEPHEN M. , McCARTHY LUCILLE
Published: March 2007

This study by a philosophy professor and a compositionist focuses on the progress of an ESL student in the philosopher's writing-intensive Intro course. In it, the authors answer calls for examination of instructional supports that help ESL students in their college classes across the curriculum. Their report is divided into three parts. In the first, the philosophy professor explicates his classroom aims and expectations, rooting them in the educational approaches of Dewey, Freire, and Gramsci. In the second, the compositionist offers an account of the ESL pupil's experiences in this philosophy classroom, describing the pedagogies that promote her progress toward achieving the professor's goals. In the final section, the authors, acknowledging the contested nature of “progress” in this context, describe the ideological conflicts behind their different interpretations of the successes and failures of this ESL student.
Characteristics of Rejection Letters and their Effects on Job Applicants
Authors: JABLIN FREDRIC M. , KRONE KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to describe the structural and content characteristics of actual employment rejection letters (following job screening interviews). Their impact on applicants' feelings about themselves (self-concept and self-satisfaction) and about letters (perceptions of letter clarity, “personalness” and appreciative tone) are assessed. Results provide a profile of the “typical” rejection letter and indicate that while few of the letter characteristics affected applicants' feelings about themselves, a number of these attributes were related to applicants' perceptions of the letters.
Reading, Writing, and Understanding
Authors: LANGER JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on ways in which school-age children “make meaning” when they are involved in reading and writing activities. An Analysis of Meaning Construction procedure was developed to describe the knowledge sources, specific strategies, and monitoring behaviors of 67 third-, sixth-, and ninth-grade children when they read and wrote stories and reports. Each student participated in either a think-aloud or retrospective self-report activity during (or after) reading and writing four story and report passages. The resulting transcripts were segmented into communication units and analyzed using the meaning analysis system. Comparisons were made between genres (story and report), domains (reading and writing), and ages (grades 3, 6, and 9). Findings indicate that meaning-making behaviors (1) are complex and varied, (2) change with age and difficulty, and (3) vary consistently between reading and writing. Although reading and writing are related language activities in that they tap similar underlying processes, it is inaccurate to conceptualize them as predominantly similar; reading and writing are also quite different in that the processes they invoke follow markedly different patterns.
Effects of Cooperative and Individual Rewriting on an Instruction Writing Task
Authors: O'DONNELL ANGELA M. , DANSEREAU DONALD F. , ROCKLIN THOMAS R. , LARSON CELIA O. , HYTHECKER VELMA I. , YOUNG MICHAEL D. , LAMBIOTTE JUDITH G.
Published: March 2007

The performance of students who rewrote an experimenter-provided set of instructions in dyads or individually was compared with that of individuals who wrote without access to those instructions. A total of 49 students participated in the experiment. The rewriting groups were provided with sample instructions and were asked to improve them; the writing group simply wrote instructions. All students then wrote a second set of instructions individually. The results showed that on the first task both the dyadic rewriting group and the individual writing group significantly outperformed the individual rewriting group on a communication score. Significant differences were also found on the completeness score. The ordering of means on this measure from highest to lowest was individual rewriters, dyadic rewriters, and the writing individuals.
Relative Automaticity without Mastery
Authors: KELLY LEONARD P.
Published: March 2007

When writers make frequent grammatical errors, they often spend a substantial part of composing time making decisions about grammar. Studies of unskilled writers with normal hearing indicate this hyperconcern for correctness. There have been reasons to believe, however, that the attention of deaf writers who make errors is less consumed by grammatical decision making. The present study was undertaken to determine whether representative deaf writers devote as much attention to grammatical decisions as unskilled hearing subjects. Ten deaf subjects and five hearing subjects wrote and edited accounts of two short stories that were signed and spoken on videotape. Under all composing conditions, the deaf subjects' rates of pausing were substantially lower than those of the hearing writers. Combined with subjects' patterns of error correction, these findings suggest that the deaf subjects devoted substantially less attention to grammatical decision making during composition.
Data-Driven and Conceptually Driven Academic Discourse
Authors: MacDONALD SUSAN PECK
Published: March 2007

Writing in the humanities may, typically, be distinguished from writing in the social sciences in its treatments of abstractions. Writing about literature is here characterized as data-driven, in that it begins with a text and proceeds up the ladder of abstraction by interpretive classifications which are likely to diverge from one interpreter to another. Social science writing is described as conceptually driven, in that writers begin with communally defined abstractions which then drive the selection and discussion of data; the divergence between writers' abstractions characteristic of data-driven writing is less likely to occur in conceptually driven writing. This article describes how the difference shows up in professional academic writing, some of the confusion students experience in trying to shift from one kind of writing to another, the strengths and weaknesses of each kind of writing, and the benefits to be gained from alternating between the two kinds.
From Syntax to Genre
Authors: JACOBS SUZANNE E.
Published: March 2007

Linguists and philosophers have traditionally argued that definite constructions presuppose familiarity on the part of the addressee. This article examines empirically the question of what kind of familiarity, in the context of newspaper editorials, this might be. A significant issue, articulated by literacy theorist Walter Ong, is the nature of the reader and whether a writer can know what a reader is familiar with. Taking a case study approach, the author examines definite constructions in 15 editorial articles from the Christian Science Monitor. These constructions are classified, following Brown and Yule (1983), as either re-evoking, new, or inferrable. It is argued that for purposes of studying the writer-reader relationship, the inferrables are most interesting since they indicate what the writer believes the reader is capable of inferring. Ultimately both the new and the inferrable show that writers use definite constructions in accord with genre conventions. The author concludes that such conventions make communication efficient.
Contextualizing Writing and Response in a Graduate Seminar
Authors: PRIOR PAUL
Published: March 2007

Theoretical and pedagogical interest in writing in academic disciplines and other discourse communities has grown in the last decade, but few studies have looked at advanced levels of disciplinary enculturation. In this study, I examine the contexts for writing and response in a graduate education seminar with fifteen students, including eight nonnative speakers of English. I consider how the professor explicitly and implicitly communicated expectations for the form and content of writing assignments; how the students understood, negotiated and undertook these tasks; and how the professor evaluated and responded to students' final written texts. Finally, I argue that the students' writing tasks occur in a complex, multidimensional historical field of personal and social contexts and that advanced levels of disciplinary enculturation are marked by a specific set of issues revolving around students' emerging authority and conflicts inherent in disciplinary microsocieties.
Arguing for Experimental “Facts” in Science
Authors: THOMPSON DOROTHEA K.
Published: March 2007

Rhetorical studies on experimental research articles in science have focused predominantly on introductions and discussions. The contextual nature of Results sections—the empirical heart of a scientific article—remains largely unexplored, however. What is known about the content of these sections comes from prescriptive style guides, which define Results as purely expository, leaving the argumentation to other sections of the article. This study examines one eminent biochemist's publications over time and a sampling of current articles authored by other biochemists. Six rhetorical moves were identified: (a) justifications for methodological selections, (b) interpretations of experimental results, (c) evaluative comments on experimental data, (d) statements citing agreement with preestablished studies, (e) statements disclosing experimental discrepancies, and (f) statements admitting interpretive perplexities. This investigation demonstrates that biochemists explicitly argue for the validity of their experimental data by employing certain rhetorical moves. Moreover, the findings challenge the traditional lore that Results sections engage in only simple, factual reporting.
Where did Composition Studies Come from?
Authors: NYSTRAND MARTIN , GREENE STUART , WIEMELT JEFFREY
Published: March 2007

Composition Studies emerged as a scholarly research discipline during the 1970s as (a) empirical methods became available to investigate the problem of meaning in discourse and, concomitantly, (b) the work of an international writing research community became institutionalized in the form of new journals and graduate programs. Distinguishing their efforts from prior histories of the field, the authors argue that the development of composition studies needs to be understood as part of a broader intellectual history affecting linguistics and literary studies, as well as composition. Reviewing basic tenets of formalism, structuralism (including both constructivism and social constructionism), and dialogism as root epistemologies organizing the recent histories of these disciplines, the authors conclude with a discussion of the dominant and often parallel themes that have characterized evolving conceptions of language, text, and meaning in composition, literature, and linguistics since the 1950s.
Rule-Governed Approaches to Language and Composition
Authors: WILLIAMS JAMES D.
Published: March 2007

Composition theory generally has ignored grammar over the past 15 years, focusing instead on what has been described as “classifications of texts and relations among writers, readers, and subject matter.” Nevertheless, composition has been and continues to be strongly influenced by the model of language that is implicit in modern grammar. This model proposes that language is rule governed and, as a result, is deterministic. Transformational-generative grammar is the most well-known articulation of the model among composition specialists. This article describes the general features of the model and discusses some of the ways it has influenced composition. After assessing the various weaknesses of the rule-governed model, the article outlines a new model of language that is being developed in cognitive science by David Rumelhart, James McClelland, and others working in parallel distributed processing. This alternative model is associational and probabilistic and is grounded in connectionist theory and research. An association model of language provides composition specialists new perspectives on writers, research, and theory. The article concludes by suggesting possible ways to reconsider the act of composing and related theories.
Task, Talk, and Text
Authors: PATTHEY-CHAVEZ G. GENEVIEVE , CLARE LINDSAY
Published: March 2007

In this study, we trace the development of ideas explored during reading lessons in children's writings from one transitional bilingual fourth-grade classroom. Using transcripts from audio- and videotaped lessons, we describe the ways in which the reading lessons, designed to facilitate discussions to enhance student reading comprehension, turned into an anchoring activity for the negotiation of joint meaning. They served as a springboard for joint exploration and the generation of intersubjective and co-constructed ideas that bridged the worlds of home and school. We trace the development of these ideas in representative pieces from five student portfolios. Discussions served to display a number of important literacy processes, and ideas and interpretations from these discussions reappeared in the students' writings. This study is of particular interest to educators concerned both with understanding better the influence of classroom discourse on student writing and with finding ways to incorporate students' cultural backgrounds into classroom practices.
The Acquisition of Academic Literacy in a Second Language
Authors: SPACK RUTH
Published: March 2007

This study examines the reading and writing strategies of one student, Yuko, over a 3-year period and traces the process she went through to acquire college-level academic literacy in English, her second language. Multiple data sources included interviews with the student and two of her political science professors, classroom observations, and texts from 10 courses in three disciplines—including course materials and the student's writing, with instructors' comments. The investigation was enriched by a cross-cultural perspective, for Yuko described learning strategies in two languages and learning environments in two countries, Japan and the United States. Data analysis suggests that her educational background shaped her approach to U.S. academic discourse practices and the way she theorized about those practices. Her theory and her analysis of her own experience changed over time, raising questions about cross-cultural interpretations of student learning.
“The Clay that Makes the Pot”—
Authors: WOLF SHELBY A. , DAVINROY KATHRYN A. H.
Published: March 2007

This is a piece about language and how we evaluate the work of young writers as they learn to express themselves in writing. The authors' focus is on current reforms in writing assessment, including the brief life of the California Learning Assessment System (CLAS) writing portfolios, and how they rarely address the vibrant role of language—the work and play of words—in students' writing. Through audio taped interviews with two elementary and two middle school students and their teachers, as well as the written artifacts in the students' portfolios, we analyzed the patterns of the students' writing and the comments of teachers and peers on their work. In this article, language in writing is metaphorically compared to “the clay that makes the pot,” emphasizing that young writers want to startle, want to engage readers with refreshing and surprising language—but few are provided the guidance for how to do it. The authors' central point is that writing revolves around criticism, but if the assessment stays on the surface and encourages word substitution over content revision, then the criticism may not be helpful in pushing the generative aspect of writing: the work of language.
Adult Learning in Relation To Prior Adult Education Participation
Authors: Sjogren Douglas D. , Knox Alan B. , Grotelueschen Arden
Published: March 2007

Two hundred eight adult subjects participated in two learning experiments in which prior participation in an educational activity was an independent variable. Analyses of variance and covariance were conducted on the criterion which tested achievement on topics presented in programed learning texts. The analysis of variance controlled for the effects of age, socio-economic status, and sex. The analysis of covariance also controlled for prior topic knowledge and intelligence. The findings from both experiments suggested that recency of participation is related to higher learn ing performance. The advantage of the recent participant over the nonrecent participant was interpreted to be a function of both the recent participant's broader background knowledge and his "knowing how to learn."