bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Our Conferences Do Everything (and So Do We)
Authors: Murdock Nancy L.
Published: April 2004

Fouad et al. provide a meticulous description of the origins, design, functioning, and outcomes of the 2001 Houston National Conference on Counseling Psychology. This comment responds to the content of the article as well as issues of identity raised by Fouad et al.
Houston 2001
Authors: McCrea Laura Grove , Bromley Jamie L. , Mcnally Christopher J. , O’Byrne Kristin Koetting , Wade Kristina A.
Published: April 2004

Using the structure modeled by Fouad et al., the authors discuss issues of identity, training, andsocial advocacyfrom a student perspective. In addition to topics raised by Fouad et al., broader issues within counseling psychology are discussed in terms of their impact on students. Finally, the authors offer suggestions and recommendations for considering the place of students within future counseling psychology conferences, as well as the place of students as future counseling psychology professionals.
Counseling Psychology and School Counseling
Authors: Romano John L. , Kachgal Mera M.
Published: April 2004

Counseling psychology and school counseling have become quite removed from each other despite sharing a common history, having similar values, and the fact that many training programs for the two disciplines coexist in the same university department or college. This article argues for a stronger integration of the two specialties to advance their contributions to pre–K-12 education and the nation’s youth. Counseling psychology, with its strong commitment to career psychology, counselor training and supervision, multiculturalism, prevention, and scientific inquiry, is well positioned among psychological specialties to exert major influence in the educational enterprise. Models of school counselor training and service delivery have been recently developed and offer numerous opportunities for collaboration between counseling psychologists and school counselors. A collaborative model that encompasses training curricula, research, service, and professional organization dimensions of the specialties is presented. Challenges that may impede a stronger partnership between counseling psychology and school counseling, as well as suggestions for addressing them, are also discussed.
Multicultural and Contextual Research and Practice in School Counseling
Authors: Yeh Christine J.
Published: April 2004

This reaction to the contribution by Romano and Kachgal includes the following: (a) a discussion of its strengths, (b) an expansion of their model of collaboration between school counseling and counseling psychology by underscoring the importance of multiculturalism and context in schools, and (c) some future directions and implications for research and practice.
Counseling Psychology and Professional School Counseling
Authors: Pope Mark
Published: April 2004

This article provides a historical, political, and organizational analysis regarding counseling psychology’s involvement in professional school counseling. Issues discussed include collaboration, curriculum and training, and professional identity, as well as the commonalities that bind counselor education/professional school counseling and counseling psychology. The aspects of a potential true collaboration are identified.
Response to Heppner, Witty, and Dixon
Authors: O'Neil James M.
Published: April 2004

This reaction evaluates Heppner and his colleagues' extensive research program on problem-solving appraisal. The research program is assessed as inspiring, high-level scholarship and a unique contribution to counseling psychology. The theoretical foundations of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and the strength of the data are very impressive and significant. This article makes recommendations on reporting the PSI diversity data, the need for research on gender role variables, and the clinical and programmatic uses of the PSI. The author believes problem-solving appraisal is uniquely qualified to promote primary prevention and makes suggestions to promote future research and make problem-solving appraisal available to the general public.
The Power of Positive Problem-Solving Appraisal
Authors: Lopez Shane J. , Janowski Kelly M.
Published: April 2004

In response to Heppner, Witty, and Dixon's rigorous review of 20 years of research on problem-solving appraisal, our commentary emphasizes the hygiological focus of the work and the value of this research to the field of counseling psychology. Furthermore, we hope to increase the effect of positive problem-solving appraisal by outlining a portion of an ambitious scholarly and practice agenda for the next decade. Recommendations include establishing incremental validity, clarifying the relationships between problem-solving appraisal and psychological adjustment, and increasing the clinical utility of problem-solving training.
Families in Europe: A Private and Political Stake - Intimacy and Solidarity
Authors: Bawin-Legros Bernadette
Published: April 2004

Under the influence of the process of individualization in western societies, privatization and plurality of families forms have become dominant. Family is, however, presented as a value rather than a structure as defined in Parsons’s terms. Family is listed by most Europeans as the place where they first seek shelter from the ills of social life, and most Europeans place fidelity as the most important factor to keep couples together. Although family has become a private matter, it remains a political stake for its two most important remaining functions: intimacy and solidarity. Although areas like adoption and the role of step-parents are still regulated by the state, due to the crisis of the welfare states and the ageing population in the western world, family solidarity is called on to partly replace state solidarity and intimacy. The article refers to data from a large-scale national Belgian survey to illustrate this.
Twenty Years in the AIDS Pandemic: A Place for Sociology
Authors: Maticka-Tyndale Eleanor
Published: April 2004

This article addresses AIDS as a pandemic of changing social conditions. It reviews the form and consequences of several persistent responses to AIDS (denial, marginalization and urgency) both from within the context of the epidemic in North America and globally. Sociologists are called on to see AIDS as a rich environment for the application and testing of theories, with sociology seen as a discipline whose presence is required for understanding and potentially resolving social challenges produced by AIDS.
A Plague of Viruses: Biological, Computer and Marketing
Authors: Boase Jeffrey , Wellman Barry
Published: April 2004

The article analyses the transfer of biological, computer and marketing viruses. Despite differences between these three types of viruses, network structure affects their spread in similar ways. The authors distinguish between two forms of networks - densely knit and ramified - and show that biological, computer and marketing viruses all behave in similar ways depending on the form of network. Densely knit networks promote the quick dissemination of a virus, and increase the odds that many of the members will become infected. Ramified networks allow a virus to disperse widely, jumping between different milieux. In the end, the spread of viruses in the real world involves a combination of both densely knit and ramified networks, which the authors call ‘glocalization’.
Managing a Plague: Channelling the ‘Spread’ of AIDS Research
Authors: van Meter Karl M.
Published: April 2004

An analysis in Sociological Abstracts of the scientific literature published on AIDS between 1983 and 1990 showed that in the US and the UK the epidemic was politically managed by the Reagan administration and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. Sociological research on AIDS in France and Germany, however, did not shy away from the central themes of sexuality and sexual behaviour. The analysis shows as well that two types of author-researchers exist in competition for funding with one another - the ‘heavyweights’ and the ‘artists’. Scientific journals have also been ‘stagemanaged’ with respect to the AIDS epidemic, and few new journals launched during the period, dedicated to AIDS research, are still being published.
The Place of Fatherhood and the Parental Role: Tensions, Ambivalence and Contradictions
Authors: Castelain-Meunier Christine
Published: April 2004

The deinstitutionalization of parenthood is the sign of a dynamic change moving towards more openness and liberalization, and of a loss of references, following the shifts that have occurred in the forms of transmission throughout history. The father's role may be in a closer relationship with the child in a less hierarchical framework having more to do with partnership, but it is still outside the mother-child dyad, made all the stronger by the biologization of society and a tendancy to matrifocality. With the possible cleavage between conjugality and parenthood, the father may be excluded from the relationship with the child, and nowadays paternity cannot be exercised without this relationship. Therefore, the father's role depends more globally on the development of the paternal consciousness, with or without the father's subjectivization by the child's mother, and on the support of his identity by the child, and this may cause problems. The article makes references to history and to analyses of interviews.
Kinship Cultures and Identity Transmissions
Authors: Kellerhals Jean , Ferreira Cristina , Perrenoud David
Published: April 2004

This article presents the main results of a qualitative research project focusing on the role of kinship in social identity construction. It highlights three basic social mechanisms of identity transmission: forms of normative reference marks, identity transmission channels, and collective actors. The systemic links between these three mechanisms shape several identity transmission logics. This pluralism of transmission processes is also analysed in a temporal perspective. Each generation exhibits a specific form of identity construction and familial transmission. The analysis is based on a sample of 75 individuals from 25 families in Geneva, Switzerland.
The Elderly and their Families, 1979-94: Changing Networks and Relationships
Authors: Vollenwyder Nathalie , Bickel Jean-Franćois , d'Epinay Christian Lalive , Maystre Carole
Published: April 2004

This article analyses the changes occurring in the structure of the family network of older people and their family interactions over a 15-year period. Data are from two Swiss cross-sectional surveys carried out on a random sample of people aged 65-94 years, in 1979 ( N = 1519) and 1994 ( N = 1447). Both were conducted in two specific regions, namely, the Alpine canton of Valais, steeped in a rural tradition, and the city-canton of Geneva. Our results show a widening of the family circle due to increased life expectancy and a sharp drop in the number of childless families in the urban region because of the baby boom; at the same time, family ties multiplied, contrary to the widely held view that family relationships are weakening. Furthermore, while in 1979 each region had its own specific family culture, an alignment of family structures and relationships in the two regions took place over the 15-year period. Finally, an analysis of the instrumental support relationships based on the 1994 survey reveals the strong involvement of the elderly in their families.
The Construction of Grandparenthood
Authors: Attias-Donfut Claudine , Segalen Martine
Published: April 2004

This article presents a short summary of a recent research project on grandparenting conducted in France on the basis of a representative quantitative national sample of three-generation families and of in-depth interviews with young adults, their parents and their grandparents. Grounded in affective closeness allowing autonomy to the different generations, relationships with new grandparents are characterized by greater intensity than in the past. The bond between grandparents and grandchildren is becoming more important as couples are becoming more fragile. Grandparents who have themselves divorced sometimes contribute to filiation crises, but more often they act as agents of reconciliation and guarantors of family continuity.
Women's `Family Speech': A Trigenerational Study of Family Memory
Authors: Favart-Jardon Evelyne
Published: April 2004

The theme of this research work is a study of women's family speech'. The author reports on a trigenerational survey carried out in three families of the Belgian bourgeoisie. The author concentrates upon an individual, female perspective, while retaining the context of the family, and the social and geographical whole in which it is located. The objective is not to claim to arrive at a historical `truth' but to study the family memory as it is offered, related and demonstrated by the women interviewed. Two registers of `family speech' were taken into consideration: on the one hand, the family individuals; and on the other hand, the material media, i.e. family locations, objects and photographs. In this article, the author mainly discusses the material media, especially family homes and family objects.
Glocommodification: How the Global Consumes the Local - McDonald’s in Israel
Authors: Ram Uri
Published: April 2004

The global-local encounter has spawned a complex polemic between ‘homogenizers’ and ‘heterogenizers’. Does globalization lead to universal cultural uniformity, or leave room for particularism and cultural diversity? This article proposes shifting the ground of the debate from the homogeneous-heterogeneous dichotomy to a structural-symbolic construct. It is argued here that while both homogenization and heterogenization occur, they do so at different societal levels: homogenization occurs at the structural-institutional level; heterogenization at the expressive-symbolic. This approach is illustrated by a case study of the ‘McDonaldization’ of Israeli society. Encounters between McDonald’s and the Israeli national habitus and national ideology are examined.
Making Agreements and Managing Conflicts: Swedish Dual-Earner Couples in Theory and Practice
Authors: Björnberg Ulla
Published: April 2004

In order to practise equality, individuals have to strike a balance between the articulation of their individual selves and their norms and moral concerns about mutuality. Strategies for balancing mutuality and autonomy in relationships are vital parts of the process of accomplishing equality. Styles of negotiation and conflict management are involved in the process. This article discusses how styles of conflict management maintain inequality or promote gender equality. It draws on a qualitative study of 22 couples in Sweden. Men and women were interviewed separately about how they share household labour, dispose of and allocate their material resources, and relate to children.
Cruising to Familyland: Gay Hypergamy and Rainbow Kinship
Authors: Stacey Judith
Published: April 2004

Drawing upon ethnographic research conducted among gay men in Los Angeles, this article demonstrates that while gay male recreational sex disrupts conventional family norms and practices, it also serves as a cultural resource for constructing creative ‘families of choice’. In the unfettered pursuit of masculine sexuality, gay men reconfigure eros, domesticity, parenthood and kinship in ways that simultaneously reinforce and challenge conventional gender and family practices and values. Those who breach sexual norms often cross social divides as well, forging hypergamous intimate attachments that cross racial, generational and social class boundaries more frequently than heterosexuals do.
Personal Communities: Not Simply Families of ‘Fate’ or ‘Choice’
Authors: Pahl Ray , Spencer Liz
Published: April 2004

Starting from a simple model of personal relationships based on degrees of commitment and degrees of choice, the authors explore the relative importance of repertoires (the range of friendship types in which people engage), friendship modes (the way in which people make, retain or lose friends throughout the life course) and patterns of suffusion (the extent to which friends and family play overlapping or specialized roles), and these concepts form the basis of a typology of personal communities. Analysis of ‘suffusion’ between ‘friends’ and ‘family’ showed considerable blurring of boundaries. The authors challenge assumptions about familial and non-familial ties. Empirical findings demonstrate the diversity and significance of contemporary personal communities and rebut the postmodernist thesis that people are isolated, individualized and lacking in strong and enduring personal relationships.
Living Apart Together: A New Family Form
Authors: Levin Irene
Published: April 2004

Traditionally, marriage has been the social institution for couples that have been together for a long period. Some decades ago non-marital cohabitation began to appear in the western world as a new social institution. ‘Living apart together’ – the LAT relationship – is a more recent phenomenon, which seems to have the potential of becoming the third stage in the process of the social transformation of intimacy. In contrast to couples in ‘commuting marriages’, who have one main household in common, couples living in LAT relationships have one household each. This article presents data on the frequency of LAT relationships in Sweden and Norway, and explores the variation which exists within LAT relationships. The article argues that the establishment of LAT relationships as a social institution requires the prior establishment of cohabitation as a social institution.
Care, Intimacy and Same-Sex Partnership in the 21st Century
Authors: Adam Barry D.
Published: April 2004

The article addresses the emergence of same-sex relationships as a public policy issue in contemporary society. Historical and cross-cultural evidence shows how same-sex relationships have been an integral part of the kinship system, household economies and iconography of many societies, and that desire and relationship are produced in diverse ways at the confluence of kinship, gender and life stage expectations circulating in different societies. Recent history of the advanced, industrial societies is characterized by sharp shifts in the conceptualization of same-sex relationships, from sin, sickness and crime to a patchwork of ‘relationship recognition’ forms in just a few decades. Relationship recognition and ‘gay marriage’ are just the beginning of a process of documenting and affirming relationship innovation among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people. On the horizon are looming new debates over reproductive rights, child-raising, the (over)valorization of the couple, and social service provision throughout the life course.
Better Informing Efforts to Increase Latino Student Success in Higher Education
Authors: Miller L. Scott , García Eugene E.
Published: April 2004

Student-oriented institutional research capacities of colleges and universities provide the means to gather, combine, and analyze a great deal of information about students’ academic preparation for undergraduate and for graduate education, their academic and other experiences while pursuing their degrees, and their academic progress and development. Thus, these capacities represent an extremely valuable resource for leaders of colleges and universities as they seek to develop more effective policies, programs, and practices for improving academic outcomes for Latinos in higher education. This article offers a number of recommendations for using institutional research capacities for this purpose.
The Implementation of Brown in Achieving Unitary Status
Authors: Hunter Richard C. , Donahoo Saran
Published: April 2004

Commemorating and reflecting on the 50th anniversary of the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education, this article reexamines their impact on school desegregation efforts. Specifically, this article traces the history of the Supreme Court’s rulings in cases focused on outlining and clarifying the proper implementation of the Brown decisions. The cases discussed in this text, which came before the Court between 1958 and 1995, questioned the legality and validity of using busing, school assignments, district restructuring, and other methods to remedy the lingering presence of segregation in public school districts. This article contends that one the main reasons Brown failed to initiate effective remedies and end segregated schooling in the United States is because the Supreme Court simply lost interest in supporting, reviewing, and achieving school desegregation.
(Un)Intended Consequences?
Authors: Tillman Linda C.
Published: April 2004

The displacement of Black educators after the Brown v. Board of Education decision was an extraordinary social injustice. The wholesale firing of Black educators threatened the economic, social, and cultural structure of the Black community, and ultimately the social, emotional, and academic success of Black children. The author presents a historical perspective of the work of Black educators in the pre- Brown era; discusses the impact of Brown on the professional careers of Black teachers, principals, and superintendents; describes some of methods used to fire Black educators; and concludes with a discussion of the impact of these losses on the Black community and an agenda for Black education.
The Road to Brown, Its Leaders, and the Future
Authors: Brown Frank
Published: April 2004

The 50thanniversary of the historic 1954U.S. SupremeCourt decision in Brown v. Board of Education provides an opportunity to trace the origin of Brown and the long journey by African Americans to achieve quality elementary and secondary education in this country. This journey began with passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1868, which applied the Bill of Rights to the states. This action gave the newly freed slaves the same legal rights as White Americans, citizenship and equality under the law and due process protection against state action under the Bill of Rights. Even though public education did not exist for Blacks when the amendment was enacted, it gave Blacks protection against future negative state action. This journey was slowed in 1896 when the Court in Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that the doctrine of separate but equal could satisfy the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1940s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) forcefully renewed the journey again. In 1954, the Court reversed the Plessy ruling and held that de jure, state enforced racially segregated education did not meet constitutional requirements. This article reviews this history and makes projections for the future of public education for African Americans, 135 years after this journey began with passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Between the Millstones: A Narrative Account of the Vulnerability of Middle Managers’ Storying
Authors: Sims David
Published: April 2004

This article seeks to illuminate our understanding of the lives of middle managers by considering the special pressures on them to tell stories about their organization that make sense to three different audiences; their superiors, their subordinates and themselves. Each of those audiences will demand to hear a convincing account, but the senior audience may trample unaware on middle managers’ stories, the junior audience may view them with scepticism or hostility, and the self audience may be fearful of losing the plot. Illustrated by four middle management storytelling situations, the article offers a narrative understanding of the peculiar loneliness, precariousness and vulnerability that characterize middle management, and suggests why these characteristics may be debilitating for middle management practice.
Organizational Learning Mechanisms and Managers’ Perceived Uncertainty
Authors: Ellis Shmuel , Shpielberg Noga
Published: April 2004

The present study examined the relations between perceived environmental/technological uncertainty among managers and intensity of use of organizational learning mechanisms. Confirming the research hypotheses, negative relations were found between the intensity of use of each of the five factors of organizational learning mechanisms (formal learning processes, information dissemination, training, information gathering, information storage and retrieval) and perceived environmental/technological uncertainty. These correlations were higher in the organizations that function under uncertain as opposed to certain environments. Finally, when perceived uncertainty was regressed on the five factors of organizational learning mechanisms, information gathering came out with a positive regression weight, that is, when organizational learning mechanisms like information dissemination, training or information storage and retrieval are held constant, information gathering is positively related to uncertainty.
The Absent Presence: Negative Space within Discourse and the Construction of Minority Sexual Identity in the Workplace
Authors: Ward James , Winstanley Diana
Published: April 2004

Sexuality and the experience of sexual minorities in the workplace are under-researched areas. The research reported here - a case study in one government department in the UK - utilizes a discursive research method to uncover a theme that is at the centre of this experience - silence. In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with individuals eliciting their stories on their experience as lesbians and gay men in the workplace, and these stories were then used to promote more general discussion within focus groups. Understanding silence in the research process with relation to both the researcher and the respondent was found to be vital for research in this area, and the article raises issues to do with uncovering previously silenced voices. Silence also emerged as a recurrent theme in the research and found that there were many ways in which this silence can play an integral role in organizational discourse and the creation of social identity. We have therefore suggested that silence could be referred to metaphorically as ‘negative space’, as this term helps to emphasize the multifaceted nature of silence. The research highlighted reactive silence and the absence of response, silence as a form of suppression, of censorship and of self-protection and resistance. It also concludes that silence, in all its changing forms, influences and contributes to the creation of social reality and gay identity for lesbians and gay men in the workplace.
Subtle Yet Significant: The Existence and Impact of Everyday Racial Discrimination in the Workplace
Authors: Deitch Elizabeth A. , Barsky Adam , Butz Rebecca M. , Chan Suzanne , Brief Arthur P. , Bradley Jill C.
Published: April 2004

In this article, we argue that research concerning workplace discrimination could be advanced by considering ‘everyday discrimination,’ that is, the subtle, pervasive discriminatory acts experienced by members of stigmatized groups on a daily basis. Three studies are reported which use secondary data analysis techniques to provide evidence for the existence of everyday workplace discrimination against Blacks. In addition to demonstrating the occurrence of such discrimination, evidence is presented which indicates that the experience of everyday discrimination is negatively associated with various indicators of well-being. The implications of these findings for organizations and for discrimination researchers are discussed.
Conflict Escalation: Dispute Exacerbating Elements of E-mail Communication
Authors: Friedman Raymond A. , Currall Steven C.
Published: April 2004

In this article, we proffer new theoretical ideas regarding how the structural features of e-mail make it more likely that disputes escalate when people communicate electronically compared to when they communicate face-to-face or via the telephone. Building upon Rubin et al.’s (1994) conflict escalation model, we propose a new conceptual framework that articulates: (i) the structural properties of e-mail communication; (ii) the impact of these properties on conflict process effects; and (iii) how process effects, in turn, trigger conflict escalation. Propositions specify the nature of relationships among process effects and the components of conflict escalation. We also discuss how the extent of familiarity between individuals acts as a moderator of these relationships. Our conceptual framework, the dispute-exacerbating model of e-mail (DEME), is designed to be a foundation for future empirical research.
The Uncertainty of Knowing: An Analysis of the Nature of Knowledge in a Small Business Context
Authors: Atherton Andrew
Published: April 2004

Experiencing and coping with uncertainty is common to most small businesses. The knowledge that is generated and applied as a result is a product of and a response to this condition, and so can be considered as knowing in and through practice. A consideration of knowledge as contingent upon unpredictable internal and external factors leads to the identification of multiple types of knowledge-asknowing. As such, knowledge within small businesses can be characterized as contextualized ‘bundles’ of knowing that are shaped by, and in turn shape, the business and the uncertainty of its internal dynamics and external environment.
Demographic Differences and Reactions to Performance Feedback
Authors: Geddes Deanna , Konrad Alison M.
Published: April 2004

This study examined the effects of demographic similarity and dissimilarity on perceptions of performance appraisals and reactions to negative feedback. We surveyed a sample of 180 non-supervisory employees from an organization whose members represent over 120 nationalities. Consistent with predictions based on status characteristics theory, employees reacted more favorably to feedback from White managers. An asymmetrical dissimilarity effect was observed in which men reacted more unfavorably to feedback from women. Contrary to predictions based on the similarity–attraction hypothesis, employees reacted more unfavorably to negative feedback from same-race managers. Implications with regard to self-identity threat are discussed as a possible explanation for this phenomenon.
Displaying Group Cohesiveness: Humour and Laughter in the Public Lectures of Management Gurus
Authors: Greatbatch David , Clark Timothy
Published: April 2004

As perhaps the highest profile group of management speakers in the world, so-called management gurus use their appearances on the international management lecture circuit todisseminate their ideas and to build their personal reputations with audiences of managers. This article examines the use of humour by management gurus during these public performances. Focusing on video recordings of lectures conducted by four leading management gurus (Tom Peters, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Peter Senge and Gary Hamel), the article explicates the verbal and nonverbal practices that the gurus use when they evoke audience laughter. These practices allow the gurus to project clear message completion points, to signal their humourous intent, to ‘invite’ audience laughter, and to manipulate the relationship between their use of humour and their core ideas and visions. The article concludes by suggesting that the ability of management gurus to use these practices effectively is significant because audience laughter can play an important role with respect to the expression of group cohesion and solidarity during their lectures.
The Structuration of Organizational Learning
Authors: Berends Hans , Boersma Kees , Weggeman Mathieu
Published: April 2004

Although it is currently common to speak of organizational learning, this notion is still surrounded by conceptual confusion. It is unclear how notions like learning, knowledge and cognitive activities can be applied to organizations. Some authors have tried to unravel the conceptual and ontological problems by giving an account of the role of individuals in organizational learning. However, this has not yet led to an agreed upon analysis. In this article we use structuration theory to overcome the dualism of individual and organization in organizational learning. We support, illustrate and elaborate our structurationist perspective by an ethnographic and historical study of an industrial research laboratory. We show how organizational learning evolves from distributed social practices, creatively realized by knowledgeable individuals, and illustrate how these practices are enabled and constrained by existing structur
Dealing with the Unexpected: Critical Incidents in the LEGO Mindstorms team
Authors: Oliver David , Roos Johan
Published: April 2004

This article addresses the relative lack of empirical studies of how self-managed teams in high velocity environments handle unexpected critical incidents. It presents an interpretive case study of the LEGO Mindstorms project team, and focuses in particular on how this team responded to three critical incidents. Our study results in three core findings concerning how this team responded to the unexpected in its high velocity environment. These include: the importance of increasing presence; creating a context for a shared and emotionally grounded identity; and developing a shared set of guiding principles for action, behaviour, and decision-making. The authors further describe interconnections among these three core findings, proposing a higher-level ‘virtuous circle’ that illustrates how this team responded effectively to critical incidents.
A Coach or a Couch? A Lacanian Perspective on Executive Coaching and Consulting
Authors: Arnaud Gilles
Published: April 2004

At a time when competition in the workplace is becoming more and more individual, ruthless and widespread, managers are in turn being solicited more personally. That is why the market for psychologically oriented executive coaching is exploding nowadays. This article aims at extracting the main teachings of this change in perspective, in order to pave the way for a methodology of psychoanalytic coaching, that is directly inspired by the work of Jacques Lacan. The objective of this exploratory form of mentorship is to satisfy the explicit needs of the clients, along with their relational expectations and unconscious desir
Studying Composite Boundaries: A Framework of Analysis
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2004

A basic tenet of this article is that the nature of an organization’s or group’s boundaries influences the ability of its members to exert influence on other organizations and groups. The organizations in the study are of different size and form, including an informal group, institutional sub-units, educational institutions and a virtual organization. A framework of interpretation is developed to assist in the distinction between organizations on the basis of their boundary properties. The framework is applied to the setting up and development of a virtual organization. It is used to interpret how three key developments between the organizations were possible due to differences in their respective boundary characteristics. The findings are critiqued and implications are suggested.
A World of Possibilities
Authors: Smith Kenwyn K.
Published: April 2004

If applied behavioral science were to do a systemic reflection on itself there are three themes I think should be included on the list to be considered. (a) As the USA tries to promote democracy in the Middle East, is the cause of “freedom and equality” advanced or hindered by the unilateral use of military force, when the majority of the nations of the world are objecting? (b) When a new “ism” begins to emerge, can it be detected and addressed before it has worked its way into the bricks and mortar of our social infrastructures? (c) Why do contemporary organizations have to work so hard to survive, when they are surrounded by so much abundance? And why, given that there is so much wealth in the world, are so many people and communities living in extreme poverty? Is it possible for humanity to exit the paradigm of scarcity and operate according to the principles of abundance?
A World with Limitations
Authors: Berg David N.
Published: April 2004

In the years since World War II, the primary focus of applied behavioral science has been on improving organizational functioning. The following article expresses an interest in directing research and practice toward the limitations inherent in human experience, toward realities of organizational and societal life that cannot be controlled, improved, or corrected. After examining examples of individual, organizational, and societal limitations, the article begins a discussion of three questions: Can we accept the existence of these limits? If we accept them, how do we live (practice, study, teach, manage) alongside them? Can we use behavioral science knowledge to help individuals, groups, and instittions manage continuous limitation as well as continuous improvement?
Influence of Cell Opener in High Resilience Molded Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Song Kee-Cheon , Lee Sang-Mok , Lee Dong-Ho
Published: April 2004

In a chemical method for cell opening of high resilience (HR) molded polyurethane (PU) foam, two types of cell openers, the poly(ester-ether) type, PESE, having ester linkage and hydrophilic polyether segment in the molecule and the conventional polyether type, poly(propylene oxide-ethylene oxide), PPEO, were employed. The influence of structure and concentration of cell opener on the kinetics, stability, open cell content and mechanical properties of molded foam were investigated.

The PESE-based formulation exhibited delayed reaction times and good stability compared to the PPEO-based formulation. The open cell content increased with cell opener amount and was independent of the cell opener structure. The mechanical properties clearly depend on the structure of cell opener. The PESE-based formulation had improved mechanical properties such as indentation hardness, tensile strength and tear strength. The increase of PPEO concentration significantly deteriorated the molded foam’s mechanical properties, while the foam with PESE gave less deterioration of mechanical properties up to a specific concentration of the PESE. With the above observations, PESE was found to be a useful cell opener for preparation of HR molded PU foam which has acceptable mechanical properties.
Effect of Filler Size on Cell Nucleation during Foaming Process
Authors: Chen Lee , Blizard Kent , Straff Rich , Wang Xiang
Published: April 2004

This work concerns the effects of the filler size on cell nucleation during the foaming process. The cell density of foams with fillers of two different sizes has been investigated using the foaming process simulator developed previously. It was found that the cell density is strongly affected by the filler size. Foams with a fine filler show a higher cell density at a high saturation pressure but give a lower cell density at a low saturation pressure. At a certain value of the saturation pressure, cell density becomes similar with both fillers. This transition pressure changes with the foaming condition. It goes down with a higher pressure drop rate.

The experimental results have been explained with an analysis off iller particle size distribution. The analysis also recommended a way to select filler size if a high cell density is desired in the foaming process.
The Use of Ethylene/Styrene Interpolymers in Crosslinked Foams for the Footwear Industry
Authors: Dubois Robert , Karande Seema , Wright David P. , Martinez Felipe
Published: April 2004

Ethylene/Styrene Interpolymers (ESI) currently under development by The Dow Chemical Company can be effectively crosslinked using current commercial equipment to produce extruded sheets, bun foams, and injection molded foams (IMF) for footwear parts providing properties that enhance and/or outperform current foams of crosslinked ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA).

Crosslinked EVA foams with density ranging from 0.12 to 0.35 g/cc are becoming increasingly popular in many athletic, ladies high heel, and casual shoes for the fabrication of insoles, midsoles, and unisoles, where light weight, comfort, aesthetics, low cost, and performance are the key. ESIs can be blended with EVA or used pure to give light weight, softer foams with better compression set while maintaining or improving on resiliency, heat shrinkage, and split tear.
Measurement of High Resiliency Moulded Foam Properties as a Function of Climatic Conditions
Authors: Blair G. R. , Russ A. , Bradt D. E. , Bailey R. J.
Published: April 2004

High resiliency moulded foam is normally tested under standard laboratory conditions, e.g., 23 2 C, 50 5% RH, but other conditions may be specified. It is well known that critical foam properties such as hardness and resiliency are influencedby environmental changes. This may affect foam performance especially in automotive seating applications. Changes in seating support, durability and comfort may occur and critical safety components such as occupant sensors may be affected.

We have measuredproperty changes that result from different climatic conditions from 30 to 95 C and 0–95% RH. A number of foam chemistries both experimental and in worldwide production have been thoroughly examined for property responses after conditioning. Cushion hardness, hysteresis loss and thickness have been shown to change after environmental conditioning. Resiliency as measuredby ball reboundalso responds to climatic changes. We have analysed our extensive data for temperature or relative humidity responses andfor the combinedresponse to both of these variables. Also we are able to demonstrate combined responses of properties that contribute to seating comfort as a function of climatic conditions. Therefore, we are able to demonstrate to automotive seating designers/engineers the temp/RH ranges where an important cushioning parameter such as seating hardness (and hence H-point) is relatively consistent. Thus, important safety components such as occupant seating sensors shouldremain functional over a relatively wide range of climatic conditions. Seating of various constructions, e.g., metal pan, flexible suspension, sinespring wire, have been testedto ascertain foam responses specific to these constructions. Full details of foam seat performance after environmental conditioning will be discussed.
Effect of Nano-and Micro-Silica Fillers on Polyurethane Foam Properties
Authors: Javni I. , Zhang W. , Karajkov V. , Petrovic Z. S. , Divjakovic V.
Published: April 2004

Two series of rigid and flexible polyurethane foams were prepared with two types of silica fillers. The density of the flexible foams was 60 kg/m 3 and that of rigid 30 kg/m3. The fillers were micro-silica of the average particle size of 1.5 mm and nano-silica of the average particle size of 12 nm. The concentration of fillers varied from 0–20%. The micro-silica filler did not show any significant effect on density of either rigid or flexible foams. Nano-silica increased the density of both types of foams only at concentration above 20%. Nano-silica lowered the compression strength of both types of foams at all concentrations while micro-silica exhibited the same effect at concentrations above 10%.

The hardness and compression strength in flexible polyurethane foams with nano-silica was increased and the rebound resilience decreased. Reduced density of foams was not changed by nano-silica concentrations up to 20%. It is assumed that the nano-filler, as an additional physical crosslinker, increased modulus of the flexible segment in the polyurethane matrix, resulting in increased hardness and compression strength. The micro-filler in flexible foams lowered hardness and compression strength, but increased rebound resilience.

Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) showed amorphous morphology of both flexible and rigid foams filled with nano-silica. WAXS of the micro-silica filled foams showed the presence of randomly oriented crystalline quartz particles and the amorphous structure of the polymeric matrix.
Effect of Different Nucleating Agents on the Degassing Conditions as Measured by Ultrasonic Sensors
Authors: Tatiboue Jacques , Gendron Richard , Hamel Andre , Sahnoune Abdelhadi
Published: April 2004

Ultrasonic sensors have proven to provide valuable information on the thermoplastic foaming process in polymers. Measurement of the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal can be easily related to the nucleation process, i.e., the onset of bubble formation in the foam matrix (degassing). The ultrasonic sensors can be installed in-line, on the extrusion line, and thus allow direct access to the prevailing processing conditions.

In this work, the degassing conditions (pressure and temperature) of a mixture of polystyrene and a physical blowing agent (PBA), HCFC 142b, are determined for two different nucleating agents as well as in absence of any nucleating agent. The resulting cellular structure of the extruded foams is correlated to the degassing conditions determined by the ultrasounds. The results are discussed in light of other observations on the nucleation process.
Flexible Foam Formulating Technology Development via a New Modeling Approach
Authors: Lockwood Robert J.
Published: April 2004

Flexible foam systems based on MDI are complex and multidimensional in their response and typically require many iterative experiments to achieve specific targeted formulations. While practical/workable formulations are eventually achieved by use of an iterative approach, the broader technological basis for the formulation is never fully understood nor mastered. A program was undertaken to explore the technology potential for MDI/TDI blends in flexible foams. Due to the complexity of this undertaking, it was decided that an experimental design approach might elucidate the working behavior of MDI/TDI blends in flexible foams much better than the old iterative approach. The predictive models achieved with experimental design clarified the formulation ranges achievable. These predictive models were then further analyzed via a ‘fundamental polymer physics calculation model’ called FormCalc to further define the ‘ Root Polymer’ basis for the key formulation responses. Using this approach, it was possible to model formulation requirements in terms of the structure property relationships for various applications and processes.
Aging of Polyurethane Foam Insulation in Simulated Refrigerator Panels–Three-Year Results with Third-Generation Blowing Agents
Authors: Wilkes Kenneth E. , Yarbrough David W. , Gabbard W. A. , Nelson Gary E. , Booth J. Richard
Published: April 2004

Laboratory data are presented on the effect of constant temperature aging on the apparent thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam insulation for refrigerators and freezers. The foam specimens were blown with HCFC-141b and with three of its potential replacements—HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, and cyclopentane. Specimens were aged at constant temperatures of 90 F, 40 F, and-10 F. Thermal conductivity measurements were made on two types of specimens: full-thickness simulated refrigerator panels containing foam enclosed between solid plastic sheets, and thin slices of core foam cut from similar panels. Results are presented for the first three years of a multi-year aging study. Preliminary comparisons of measured data with predictions of a mathematical aging model are presented.