bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Technological Developments on Ethical Position of Translator
Authors: Santos Luis Miguel Dos
Published: August 2016

The objective of this essay is to examine and discuss the effect of recent technological developments on ethical position of translator. The associations between technology and the process of translation is a section of the greater discussion regarding the impacts that technology has on language. Presently, the career of interpreting and translating and its different branches, for example localization, are alleged to be under amplified threat from technological developments and practices such as crowdsourcing (Baker & Maier, 2011). The importance currently assigned to the effects of recent technology on the ethical position of the translator emanates from the fact that there are currently several emergent translation technologies, for example, collaborative translation management systems, translation memories and data-based machine translation, which transform the social links, professional views and thought patterns of the translator (Pym, 2001). In addition to examining the relationship between technology and translation, this essay will also assess the ethical questions posed by technology for translators. At the end of the essay are a conclusive summary of the entire discussion and an alphabetical list of the references cited herein.
Women on the Road: Women in Patriarchal Society in Sense and Sensibility
Authors: Zhou Weigui
Published: August 2016

Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility is a drama about women’s love and marriage. She translates women’s fates in her time into her novel. In her novel, women are not socially independent and the problem of sense and sensibility is not rightly handled. Women, especially those young unmarried women, are just traveling on the road with marriage as their destination. Women’s education leads them to develop in sensibility and utilitarianism. Austen firmly believes that women, in order to maintain their selves, must cultivate their sense. To make a perfect marriage, women should consider not only money, but also love. This paper is a brief discussion about Austen’s treatment of women in Sense and Sensibility.
Women in and Beyond the Script: A Dialogue Analysis of An Ideal Husband
Authors: Zhang Yanting
Published: August 2016

The characterization of the female images in An Ideal Husband can reflect the social status of women in that era, and imply the author’s attitudes toward the different lifestyles of women. This essay is going to use dialogue analysis to find out how these female images are portrayed in the play, and discover the hidden implications about female lives beyond the script.
The Co-effect and the Relation of Image and Words on Visualizing Multimodal Metaphor: The Case of Cell’s Covers
Authors: Cui Jing
Published: August 2016

This paper is about the analysis of the function in constructing metaphors by both image and words in scientific multimodal texts, involving the topmost biological journal Cell’s covers. The study of this paper departs from the aspect of representational meanings of Kress & van Leeuwen’s visual grammar to analyze the co-effect and the relation of image and words on visualizing the metaphor “CIRCADIAN IS A CLOCK”. Meanwhile, the division of the relation between image and words—complementary and non-complementary—by Zhang & Mu will be utilized also. The findings of this paper not only ascertain the parallel role of image and words in visualizing the metaphor, but also show their complementary relations with each other.
Textuality of History and Historicity of Text: New Historical Analysis of Ian McEwan’s Black Dogs
Authors: Fu Meiling
Published: August 2016

This article intends to investigate Ian McEwan’s Black Dogs from the perspective of New Historicism, focusing on the textuality of history and the historicity of text. Research shows that the textuality of history is embodied in the application of omniscient focalization and free indirect discourse presentation, while the historicity of text, crystallized in the influence of the historical background and the writer’s own life experience on the novel and the reader’s response to the novel. This paper concludes that the novel reflects on history through the unique reconstruction of the historical events.
Ações de Marketing de Relacionamento utilizadas pelas Agências de Publicidade e Propaganda
Authors: Cordeiro De Seta Roger , Mainardes Emerson Wagner , Ronqueti Terra Silva Érika
Published: August 2016

O Marketing de Relacionamento (MR) surgiu de uma necessidade de reconhecer os desejos dos clientes, com o intuito de construir e manter relacionamentos ampliando o incentivo compra e recompra de produtos e servios. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as aes que os profissionais de agncias de publicidade e propaganda percebem serem aes de relacionamento com seus clientes no intuito de ret-los. Trata-se de um estudo de carter quantitativo e descritivo com as agncias de publicidade e propaganda, com dados levantados por meio de um questionrio respondido por 135 profissionais de agncias. Os resultados, obtidos por meio de uma regresso linear mltipla, demonstraram que os colaboradores das agncias de publicidade e propaganda consideram que as prticas de MR adotadas por essas agncias so atender as necessidades dos clientes e comunicao de duas vias. Concluiu-se, assim, que tais prticas, na percepo dos profissionais, so as atividades realizadas para a manuteno dos clientes das agncias participantes da pesquisa.
Desempenho da Marca Organizacional na Rede Social: Dinamismo e Sinergia da Comunicação Integrada de Marketing
Authors: Porto Rafael Barreiros , Mendonça Tatiana Ferraz de Sá , Milan Gabriel Sperandio
Published: August 2016

Publicidades, promoes de vendas e informativos esto entre as aes de comunicao de marketing mais frequentes para uma marca organizacional tornar-se reconhecida no mercado. A efetividade delas no desempenho da marca na rede social sugere anlises longitudinais devido s oscilaes das mtricas e uso de aes combinadas de comunicao devido aos mltiplos assuntos sobre a organizao que provocam interesses nos usurios. Este trabalho investiga a dinmica e a sinergia das aes de comunicao de marketing no desempenho da marca organizacional na rede social. Dados das veiculaes dirias das aes de comunicao e o monitoramento dos indicadores de desempenho de uma organizao na rede social foram coletados ao longo de 424 dias seguidos. O estudo props trs dimenses do desempenho na rede social como variveis dependentes e quatro dimenses das aes de comunicao implementada pela organizao como variveis explicativas. Os resultados das regresses dinmicas demonstraram que as aes de comunicao impessoal apresentaram maior efeito nas dimenses de desempenho de consumo e participao na pgina da organizao; de popularidade e incentivo ao boca a boca eletrnico dos posts da organizao; e de alcance e visualizao desses posts. Alm disso, quanto mais sinergias de aes de comunicao, maior era o desempenho em cada uma de suas dimenses. Os achados permitem concluir que gestores de mdia social devem utilizar frequentemente aes de comunicao simultneas, principalmente promoes de venda, publicidade institucional e divulgao de eventos para intensificar o desempenho da marca organizacional.
A Relação entre os Elementos da Cocriação, Satisfação e Confiança no Contexto de Serviços
Authors: Becker Larissa Carine Braz , Santos Cristiane Pizzutti dos , Nagel Mateus
Published: August 2016

Novas perspectivas tm surgido no marketing, baseadas, por exemplo, na cocriao (Vargo Lusch, 2004). Este artigo visa analisar a relao entre os elementos da cocriao dilogo, acesso, avaliao de risco e transparncia , a satisfao e a confiana, em servios com qualidades baseadas na crena (servios mdicos) versus servios com qualidades baseadas na experincia (cabeleireiro). Assim, realizou-se uma survey (n = 230 respondentes) e anlises de mediao moderada para investigar a relao de mediao da satisfao entre os elementos da cocriao e a confiana e o papel moderador do tipo de servio. Os resultados indicam que a satisfao media a relao do dilogo, do acesso e da transparncia com a confiana dos consumidores, e estas relaes so mais fortes para os servios mdicos (qualidade baseada na crena) do que para os servios de cabelereiro (qualidade baseada na experincia). Assim, este artigo contribui com a literatura em marketing ao propor novos antecedentes da confiana para servios com qualidades baseadas na crena, alm de testar empiricamente a cocriao por meio de seus elementos.
Developing a Model in Antecedents of Consumer Misbehavior on Chain Stores
Authors: Akbari Mahsa , Abdolvand Mohammad Ali , Ghaffari Farhad
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study is to fill the existing gap in consumer behavior literature by demonstrating the comprehensive antecedents of consumer misbehavior model. Consequently, this paper contributes to elucidate the salient factors that lead customers to misbehave. Data were collected from a survey of chain stores in Iran, Tehran (Hyperstar, Hyperme, shahrvand)(n=384). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were utilized to analyze the data. This study represents associations between past consumer misbehaviors, Personality variables (Machiavellianism, self-esteem, sensation seeking, aggressiveness, Consumer Alienation), Environmental variables (Layout and design, atmospherics, Perceptions of employee service, Exterior environment), Situational variables (Loyalty Intention, Severity of dysfunctional misbehavior, Perceived opportunity, Perceived risk service) and motivational variables (financial motivation, Ego gain motivation, Revenge motivation). our empirical results offer support for the forwarded research model and demonstrate that future misbehaviors intention is considerably affected by past misbehaviors. Summary of statement of contribution: The novelty point of this study is to illuminate the antecedent of misbehavior for the first time based on the background of Iranian culture. Furthermore, no study has been observed to explore the association between customers' motives, personality, contextual and environmental factors with past and future intentions. This paper puts forward some suggestion for future research.
Ferramentas de Digital Analytics e seu Poder de Previsão sobre o Desempenho: Uma Análise do Mercado Automobilístico Brasileiro
Authors: Kimura Roger Kenji , Pinochet Luis Hernan Contreras , Azevedo Marcia Carvalho de
Published: August 2016

O objetivo deste artigo foi entender como as ferramentas de Digital Analytics e seu poder de previso sobre o desempenho atuam na anlise do mercado automobilstico brasileiro. Foram selecionadas as 10 empresas automobilsticas presentes no Brasil com as maiores vendas e coletou-se dados destas pginas durante o perodo de dois meses, por meio de ferramentas de Digital Analytics. Optou-se pela tcnica multivariada de regresso linear mltipla, analisando-se a relao das variveis independentes (atributos coletados) com a dependente (vendas). Como resultado, verificou-se que algumas ferramentas possuem um conjunto melhor de parmetros que explicam as vendas das montadoras. Dos sete softwares de Digital Analytics observados, seis apresentaram significncia no poder de explicao. Esta pesquisa teve caracterstica exclusivamente quantitativa, na qual as variveis independentes que foram significativas para este estudo puderam ser agrupadas em: Mdias Sociais e No Mdias Sociais, prevalecendo uma maior concentrao de variveis No Mdias Sociais.
Marketing, Criatividade e Inovação em Unidades de Informação
Authors: Bragança Fábio Ferreira Coelho , Zaccaria Rosana Borges , Giuliani Antonio Carlos , Pitomba Tereza Cristina Dias de Toledo
Published: August 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os conceitos de marketing, criatividade e inovao aplicados ao mundo dos arquivos, estabelecendo um dilogo entre as reas de conhecimento, numa vertente de aprendizagem e intercambio de saberes, que viabilize a construo de novos conhecimentos e a adoo novas prticas de gesto em unidades de informao. Fazer esta transposio de conceitos da rea administrativa, adaptando para as unidades de informao, constitui um verdadeiro desafio para o profissional de arquivo. Para o desenvolvimento deste artigo, aplicou-se a metodologia de levantamento bibliogrfico sobre marketing, criatividade, inovao e gesto de unidades de informao. Como resultado, tem-se uma lista de prticas e estratgias de gesto aplicveis em unidades de informao: arquivos, bibliotecas, museus, centros de documentao.
The Philippine hair wax spiders and their relatives: revision of the Pholcus bicornutus species group (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Authors: Huber Bernhard A. , Nuñeza Olga M. , Leh Moi Ung Charles
Published: August 2016

We revise the Southeast Asian Pholcus bicornutus group in which males are characterized by a unique pair of horns on their ocular area, each of which carries at its tip a brush of hairs. In two species, the two hair brushes are ‘glued’ or ‘waxed’ together by an unidentified substance into a very consistently curved and pointed single median tip. In the other five species known, the hairs are unglued. We present a first revision of ocular modifications in Pholcidae and identify twenty supposedly independent origins. Most cases are in Pholcinae, and all but one case are limited to the male, suggesting sexual selection as the main driving force in the evolution of ocular modifications in Pholcidae. Previously, the Pholcus bicornutus group consisted of four species limited to the Philippines. We describe four new species, including three species from the Philippines (P. olangapo Huber, sp. nov.; P. kawit Huber, sp. nov.; P. baguio Huber, sp. nov.) and the first representative from outside the Philippines (P. mulu Huber, sp. nov. from Sarawak, NE Borneo) and provide new records and SEM data for three previously described species.
The "Face with Tears of Joy" Emoji. A Socio-Semiotic and Multimodal Insight into a Japan-America Mash-Up
Authors: Moschini Ilaria
Published: August 2016

The blog site of the Oxford Dictionaries features a post dated November 16 2015, which announces that, “for the first time ever”, their “Word of the Year” is not a word, but a pictograph: the “Face with Tears of Joy” emoji. The term emoji, which is a loanword from Japanese, identifies “a small digital image or icon used to express an idea or emotion in electronic communication” (OED 2015). The sign was chosen since it is the item that “best reflected the ethos, mood, and preoccupations of 2015”. Indeed, the Oxford Dictionaries’ President, Caspar Grathwohl declared that emojis are “an increasingly rich form of communication that transcends linguistic borders” and reflects the “playfulness and intimacy” of global digital culture. Adopting a socio-semiotic multimodal approach, the present paper aims at decoding the many semantic and semiotic layers of the 2015 “Word of the Year”, with a special focus on the context of cultures out of which it originates. More in detail, the author will focus on the concept of translation as “transduction”, that is the movement of meaning across sign systems (Kress 1997), in order to map the history of this ‘pictographic word’ from language to language, from culture to culture, from niche discursive communities to the global scenario. Indeed, the author maintains that this ‘pictographic word’ is to be seen as a marker of the mashing up of Japanese and American cultures in the discursive practices of geek communities, now gone mainstream thanks to the spreading of digital discourse.
Individual and Collaborative Semiotic Work in Document Design
Authors: Hiippala Tuomo
Published: August 2016

This article examines the concepts of agency, transformation and transduction in the context of document design. These concepts have been previously used to describe communicative actions and sign-making among individuals: whereas agency focuses on the individual’s capabilities as a sign-maker, transformation and transduction describe how individuals transform meanings within one mode of communication or from one mode to another. Organizational communication, however, is rarely an individual effort, particularly in corporate settings: producing multimodal documents that communicate on behalf of entire organizations, such as annual reports, constitutes a collaborative effort involving a variety of specialists, such as concept planners, copywriters and graphic designers.In the age of increasing specialization, this kind of collaborative semiotic work raises questions about agency, transduction and transformation. In this context, the concepts of agency and transmodality, which emphasize the individual, appear to have reduced explanatory power. This leads to the central question of this article, that is, how can the collaborative design process be captured and how does it affect the multimodal structure of annual reports? By analyzing an annual report published by Finnair and interviewing its designers, this article aims to illuminate the design process and its consequences to the document in question.
Ricardo Muñoz Martín (ed.) 2014. Minding Translation. Con la Traducción en Mente. MonTI. Special issue 1. Universitat d'Alacant, Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de Valencia. ISSN: 1889-4178
Authors: Schrijver Iris
Published: August 2016

No abstract
Tracking the origins, defi ning and quantifying
Authors: Nabialczyk-Chalupowski Malgorzata
Published: August 2016

This editorial presents a summary of the narrative used in teaching fundamentals of quality management in healthcare to medical students and health professionals with limited or negative prior experience in the fi eld of quality monitoring and improvement – i.e. those who fi nd the topic dry and disconnected from their everyday clinical experience, lacking in human dimension, and confusing due to the multitude of de fi nitions of quality of care and the considerable inconsistency of the terminology used in quality assessment. In order to remedy the problem, the topic is presented through an historical perspective of the concept of quality as seen throughout the ages - beginning in antiquity, through 19 th and early 20 th century quality control initiatives which evolved into the quality management policies and culture now fi rmly present in many of the contemporary domains of human endeavor. It is also envisioned that specifi c tools developed in this study for didactic purposes (a new defi nition of quality of care and a framework for classifying quality indicators) may play a role in encouraging a more effective dialog among all those passionate about the issue of healthcare quality monitoring, assessment, and improvement.
Retropubic Dilation With a Foley Catheter Balloon: A Novel Technique for Penile Prosthesis Reservoir Placement
Authors: Szell Nicole M. , McIntosh Gregory V. , DiMatteo Anthony D. , Campbell Todd , Shaw Michael K.
Published: August 2016

Background: The 3-piece inflatable penile prosthesis was introduced in 1973 as a treatment for men with erectile dysfunction. Consisting of 2 corporal cylinders, 1 pump, and a fluid-filled reservoir, the prosthesis is placed by blunt dissection into the retropubic space. The dissection for the reservoir is performed blindly into a space juxtaposed with nerves, vessels, and the bladder.

Objective: To propose a novel approach for inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir placement involving gentle dilation of the retropubic space using a Foley catheter balloon.

Methods: Patient medical records from 1 surgeon were reviewed. Patients did not have a history of pelvic surgery or prostatectomy. Each implant was approached using a penoscrotal incision, and the retropubic space was dilated with a 30-mL Foley catheter balloon filled to 100-mL capacity before reservoir placement. The postoperative visits were examined for complications, including reservoir infection and herniation. A literature search of penile prosthesis reservoir placement technique and complications (eg, herniation, infection) of reservoir placement was also performed.

Results: Fifteen patient records were examined. The reservoir herniation rate was 0% and the infection rate was 7%. The average reservoir herniation rate is reported to be 1% to 3%, and the average infection rate is reported to be 1% to 5%.

Conclusion: The use of a Foley catheter balloon is a safe, atraumatic, cost-effective, and easily performed method of dilating the retropubic space for subsequent inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir placement.
Microbial functional diversity alters the structure and sensitivity of oxygen deficient zones
Authors: Penn Justin , Weber Thomas , Deutsch Curtis
Published: August 2016

Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) below the ocean surface regulate marine productivity by removing bioavailable nitrogen (N). A complex microbial community mediates N loss, but the interplay of its diverse metabolisms is poorly understood. We present an ecosystem model of the North Pacific ODZ that reproduces observed chemical distributions yet predicts different ODZ structure, rates, and climatic sensitivity compared to traditional geochemical models. An emergent lower O2 limit for aerobic nitrification lies below the upper O2 threshold for anaerobic denitrification, creating a zone of microbial coexistence that causes a larger ODZ but slower total rates of N loss. The O2‐dependent competition for the intermediate nitrite produces gradients in its oxidation versus reduction, anammox versus heterotrophic denitrification, and the net ecological stoichiometry of N loss. The latter effect implies that an externally driven ODZ expansion should favor communities that more efficiently remove N, increasing the sensitivity of the N cycle to climate change.
Effect of hydrate nucleation mechanisms and capillarity on permeability reduction in granular media
Authors: Kang Dong Hun , Yun Tae Sup , Kim Kwang Yeom , Jang Jaewon
Published: August 2016

A model for water permeability reduction in hydrate‐bearing sediments is presented by considering capillary effect in hydrate nucleation. Both grain‐coating and pore‐filling cases are considered. The model is developed from a series of lattice Boltzmann flow simulations. Results show that the permeability decreases quasi‐linearly with increasing hydrate saturation during grain‐coating nucleation and that the permeability tends to be higher than predicted by previous analytical models, in which capillarity is not taken into account. The permeability follows unique reduction curve and is not so sensitive to initial sediment bulk density and grain size distribution. Simulations further show that there is a transition zone at Shyd = 0.3~0.4, where permeability reduction trend switches from grain‐coating model to pore‐filling model. Analyses of tortuosity and surface area confirm that the permeability reduction mechanisms result from pore‐channel blocking in grain‐coating case and pore size reduction in pore‐filling case.
MJO simulation in a cloud‐system‐resolving global ocean‐atmosphere coupled model
Authors: Sasaki Wataru , Onishi Ryo , Fuchigami Hiromitsu , Goto Koji , Nishikawa Shiro , Ishikawa Yoichi , Takahashi Keiko
Published: August 2016

An observed Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagating from the central Indian Ocean to the western Pacific from 15 December 2006 to 10 January 2007 was successfully simulated by a cloud‐system‐resolving global ocean‐atmosphere coupled model without parameterization of cumulus convection. We found that the ocean coupling has significant impacts on the MJO simulation, e.g., strength of the moisture convergence, and the timing and strength of the westerly wind burst over the Maritime Continent. The model also generally well simulated the decay of the MJO in the western Pacific, as well as the changes in sea surface temperature. These results demonstrate that the cloud‐system‐resolving global ocean‐atmosphere coupled model can be used for realistic MJO simulation.
GPS TEC variations in the polar cap ionosphere: Solar wind and IMF dependence
Authors: Watson Chris , Jayachandran P. T. , MacDougall John W.
Published: August 2016

This statistical study examines the solar wind dependence of total electron content (TEC) variations arising from mesoscale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) structuring of the polar cap ionosphere. Six years of TEC measurements were collected from five high‐data rate Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN), from which high‐resolution magnetic local time‐latitude maps of TEC variation occurrence rate and amplitude were created. Ionosonde radars were used to identify TEC variations arising from ionization of the E and F region ionospheres. Statistical TEC maps were examined as a function of solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) measurements. Statistical results showed that occurrence rate of TEC variations was highest in localized dayside regions, with exact local time and latitude of peak occurrence depending primarily on the dayside coupling rate of the solar wind and magnetosphere, as well as IMF orientation and magnitude in the Y‐Z plane. Occurrence of TEC variations throughout the polar cap increased with solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling rate and IMF magnitude. The solar wind dependence of occurrence rate largely reflected the location and rate of dayside magnetic reconnection and subsequent particle precipitation and polar cap convection. Amplitudes of TEC variations were largest around noon and increased throughout the polar cap with increased solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling rate. These statistical results improve upon the existing observational picture of the polar ionosphere and will potentially facilitate development of models and techniques for mitigating impacts of the polar ionosphere on navigation signals and communication links.
Comparative aeronomy: Molecular ionospheres at Earth and Mars
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Trovato Jeffrey , Narvaez Clara , Mayyasi Majd , Moore Luke , Vogt Marissa F. , Fallows Kathryn , Withers Paul , Martinis Carlos
Published: August 2016

The ionospheres in our solar system vary not only in their electron densities but also in the dominance of atomic versus molecular ions at their altitudes of peak plasma density. With the exception of Earth's F layer composed of atomic oxygen ions and electrons, all other planets have their peak ionospheric layers composed of molecular ions and electrons embedded in a dense neutral atmosphere. At Mars, both of its ionospheric layers have molecular ions, with the M1 layer at a lower altitude than the more robust M2 layer above it. The terrestrial ionosphere has a prominent region of molecular ions (the E layer) below the dominant F layer. In this paper, we explore the production and loss of molecular ion layers observed under the same solar irradiance conditions at Mars and Earth. We compare observations of M1 and M2 electron densities with terrestrial ionosonde data for the peak densities of the E and F layers during low, moderate, and high solar flux conditions. The subsolar peak densities of molecular ion layers have high correlations at each planet, as well as between planets, even though they are produced by separate portions of the solar spectrum. We use photochemical‐equilibrium theory for layers produced by soft X‐rays (M1 and E) versus the M2 layer produced by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to identify the key parameters that cause similarities and differences. The yield of our comparative study points to the roles of secondary ionization and temperature‐dependent plasma recombination rates as areas most in need of further study at each planet.
Poleward transport variability in the Northern Hemisphere during final stratospheric warmings simulated by CESM(WACCM)
Authors: Thiéblemont Rémi , Matthes Katja , Orsolini Yvan J. , Hauchecorne Alain , Huret Nathalie
Published: August 2016

Observational studies of Arctic stratospheric final warmings have shown that tropical/subtropical air masses can be advected to high latitudes and remain confined within a long‐lived “frozen‐in” anticyclone (FrIAC) for several months. It was suggested that the frequency of FrIACs may have increased since 2000 and that their interannual variability may be modulated by (i) the occurrence of major stratospheric warmings (mSSWs) in the preceding winter and (ii) the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). In this study, we tested these observational‐based hypotheses for the first time using a chemistry climate model. Three 145 year sensitivity experiments were performed with the National Center of Atmospheric Research's Community Earth System Model (CESM): one control experiment including only natural variability, one with an extreme greenhouse gas emission scenario, and one without the QBO in the tropical stratosphere. In comparison with reanalysis, the model simulates a realistic frequency and characteristics of FrIACs, which occur under an abrupt and early winter‐to‐summer stratospheric circulation transition, driven by enhanced planetary wave activity. Furthermore, the model results support the suggestion that the development of FrIACs is favored by an easterly QBO in the middle stratosphere and by the absence of mSSWs during the preceding winter. The lower stratospheric persistence of background dynamical state anomalies induced by deep mSSWs leads to less favorable conditions for planetary waves to enter the high‐latitude stratosphere in April, which in turn decreases the probability of FrIAC development. Our model results do not suggest that climate change conditions (RCP8.5 scenario) influence FrIAC occurrences.
A New Approach to Tuning Carbon Ultramicropore Size at Sub‐Angstrom Level for Maximizing Specific Capacitance and CO2 Uptake
Authors: Zhou Jin , Li Zhaohui , Xing Wei , Shen Honglong , Bi Xu , Zhu Tingting , Qiu Zhipeng , Zhuo Shuping
Published: August 2016

Ultramicroporous carbon materials with uniform pore size accurately adjusted to the dimension of electrolyte ions or CO2 molecule are highly desirable for maximizing specific capacitance and CO2 uptake. However, efficient ways to fine‐tuning ultramicropore size at angstrom level are scarce. A completely new approach to precisely tuning carbon ultramicropore size at sub‐angstrom level is proposed herein. Due to the varying activating strength and size of the alkali ions, the ultramicropore size can be finely tuned in the range of 0.60–0.76 nm as the activation ion varies from Li+ to Cs+. The carbons prepared by direct pyrolysis of alkali salts of carboxylic phenolic resins yield ultrahigh capacitances of up to 223 F g‐1 (205 F cm‐3) in ionic liquid electrolyte, and superior CO2 uptake of 5.20 mmol g‐1 at 1.0 bar and 25 °C. Such outstanding performance of the finely tuned carbons lies in its adjustable pore size perfectly adapted to the electrolyte ions and CO2 molecule. This work paves the way for a new route to finely tuning ultramicropore size at the sub‐angstrom level in carbon materials.
Superhydrophilic–Superhydrophobic Patterned Surfaces as High‐Density Cell Microarrays: Optimization of Reverse Transfection
Authors: Ueda Erica , Feng Wenqian , Levkin Pavel A.
Published: August 2016

High‐density microarrays can screen thousands of genetic and chemical probes at once in a miniaturized and parallelized manner, and thus are a cost‐effective alternative to microwell plates. Here, high‐density cell microarrays are fabricated by creating superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic micropatterns in thin, nanoporous polymer substrates such that the superhydrophobic barriers confine both aqueous solutions and adherent cells within each superhydrophilic microspot. The superhydrophobic barriers confine and prevent the mixing of larger droplet volumes, and also control the spreading of droplets independent of the volume, minimizing the variability that arises due to different liquid and surface properties. Using a novel liposomal transfection reagent, ScreenFect A, the method of reverse cell transfection is optimized on the patterned substrates and several factors that affect transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity are identified. Higher levels of transfection are achieved on HOOC‐ versus NH2‐functionalized superhydrophilic spots, as well as when gelatin and fibronectin are added to the transfection mixture, while minimizing the amount of transfection reagent improves cell viability. Almost no diffusion of the printed transfection mixtures to the neighboring microspots is detected. Thus, superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic patterned surfaces can be used as cell microarrays and for optimizing reverse cell transfection conditions before performing further cell screenings.
Site‐Specific In Vivo Bioorthogonal Ligation via Chemical Modulation
Authors: Koo Heebeom , Lee Jeong Heon , Bao Kai , Wu Yunshan , El Fakhri Georges , Henary Maged , Yun Seok Hyun , Choi Hak Soo
Published: August 2016

A critical limitation of bioorthogonal click chemistry for in vivo applications has been its low reaction efficiency due to the pharmacokinetic barriers, such as blood distribution, circulation, and elimination in living organisms. To identify key factors that dominate the efficiency of click chemistry, here a rational design of near‐infrared fluorophores containing tetrazine as a click moiety is proposed. Using trans‐cyclooctene‐modified cells in live mice, it is found that the in vivo click chemistry can be improved by subtle changes in lipophilicity and surface charges of intravenously administered moieties. By controlling pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and clearance of click moieties, it is proved that the chemical structure dominates the fate of in vivo click ligation.
Transition‐Metal (Co, Ni, and Fe)‐Based Electrocatalysts for the Water Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Han Lei , Dong Shaojun , Wang Erkang
Published: August 2016

Increasing energy demands and environment awareness have promoted extensive research on the development of alternative energy conversion and storage technologies with high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Among them, water splitting is very appealing, and is receiving more and more attention. The critical challenge of this renewable‐energy technology is to expedite the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of its slow kinetics and large overpotential. Therefore, developing efficient electrocatalysts with high catalytic activities is of great importance for high‐performance water splitting. In the past few years, much effort has been devoted to the development of alternative OER electrocatalysts based on transition‐metal elements that are low‐cost, highly efficient, and have excellent stability. Here, recent progress on the design, synthesis, and application of OER electrocatalysts based on transition‐metal elements, including Co, Ni, and Fe, is summarized, and some invigorating perspectives on the future developments are provided.
STM Exploration of the Diverse Polymorphs for Tri‐Substituted Anthraquinone Derivatives via Alkyl Chain Elongation
Authors: Hu Yi , Miao Kai , Zha Bao , Peng Shan , Xu Li , Miao Xinrui , Deng Wenli
Published: August 2016

Fabrication of structural diversity in self‐assembled monolayers has gained considerable attention, not only due to its significance in interface science but also because of its potential application in designing nanomaterials. Here, systematical characterization of the molecular self‐assembly of tri‐substituted anthraquinone derivatives at the 1‐octanoic acid/HOPG interface is provided. Different nanopatterns of Linear I, Butterfly‐like, and Linear II are recorded for 1,2,4‐A‐3OC16 by gradually changing the solution concentration. Diverse polymorphs are also obtained by alkyl chain elongation, meaning that 1,2,4‐A‐3OC15,17,18 adopt Dimer‐Linear, Linear III, and Linear IV structures, respectively. Dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals interactions are the dominant forces on forming the stable adlayers. Also, the coadsorption of the solvent molecules is a common phenomenon, ascribing to space matching and gain of enthalpy. Moreover, the 1,2,4‐A‐3OC17,18 self‐assembled into monolayers consists of both ordered and chaotic domains. This loss of regularity is attributed to the large number and long length of the side chains, for entropy reasons. This work provides important insight into the fabrication of complex molecular self‐assembly and the exploration of monolayers at the liquid/solid interface.
Hierarchically CuInS2 Nanosheet‐Constructed Nanowire Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Li Ming , Zhao Renjie , Su Yanjie , Hu Jing , Yang Zhi , Zhang Yafei
Published: August 2016

This paper reports a facile self‐templated method to prepare hierarchically CuInS2 nanosheet‐constructed nanowire arrays (NCNAs) using Cu2S nano­wires arrays (NWAs) as the template. The as‐synthesized CuInS2 nanosheets show ultrathin thickness of ≈1.2 nm, corresponding to the thickness of 4 atomically thick CuInS2 slab along the [221] direction. The CuInS2 nanosheet‐constructed nanowires exhibit diameters of several hundred nanometers and lengths of several micrometers. The novel exchange‐peeling growth mechanism suggests that the In3+ insertion proceeds preferentially along the (−204) facets of pristine Cu2S nanowires, and the distortions and strains sourced from lattice mismatch cause the longitudinal expansion along the c‐axis and the splitting of S−S bond during the formation of 3D CuInS2 NCNAs. It is also found that relative higher In3+ concentration is beneficial to this process. Compared to 0.15 mA cm−2 of the pristine Cu2S NWAs, the CuInS2 photocathodes show an enhanced photocurrent of 0.49 mA cm−2 at −0.1 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, and the photocurrent can be further increased to 1.14 mA cm−2 via decoration with CdS quantum dots. The density functional theory calculation results confirm that the ultrathin CuInS2 nanosheets favor for higher carrier mobility, thus ensure promoted photoelectrochemical efficiency.
Exploring Electron Transport and Memristive Switching in Nanoscale Au/WOx/W Multijunctions Based on Anodically Oxidized Al/W Metal Layers
Authors: Bendova Maria , Hubalek Jaromir , Mozalev Alexander
Published: August 2016

An array of semiconducting tungsten‐oxide (WOx) nanorods, 100 nm wide and 700 nm long, is synthesized via the porous‐anodic‐alumina‐assisted anodization of tungsten on a substrate and is modified by annealing in air and vacuum. The rods buried in the alumina nanopores are self‐anchored to the tungsten layer while their tops are interconnected via gold electrodeposited inside and over the pores. Thus formed metal/semiconductor/metal microdevices are used for studying electron transport within the nanorods and across the multiplied nanoscale Au/WOx and W/WOx interfaces. The dominating effect of a Schottky junction that forms at the Au/WOx interface is justified for the as‐anodized and air‐annealed nanorods tested at room temperature, which transforms into an ohmic contact at elevated temperature, whereas the bottom W/WOx interface turns out to be Schottky‐like and govern the electron transport, giving a higher barrier and a set of pronounced diode‐like characteristics in the as‐anodized nanoarrays. The amorphous nanorods reveal bipolar resistive switching with a gradual reset due to the field‐driven movement of oxygen vacancies and induced modifications of the Au/WOx Schottky interface. The unique electrical and interfacial properties of the nanoscale Au/WOx/W multijunctions form a basis for their application in emerging resistive random access memories or 3D gas‐sensing nanodevices.
Interfacial Assembly of Photosystem II with Conducting Polymer Films toward Enhanced Photo‐Bioelectrochemical Cells
Authors: Li Guangle , Feng Xiyun , Fei Jinbo , Cai Peng , Li Jiao , Huang Jianguo , Li Junbai
Published: August 2016

A biohybrid photoanode is constructed by integrating photosystem II with doped conducting polymer nanowires that are synthesized by template‐directed electrochemical deposition. Interestingly, at the same applied bias potential ranging from 0 to 0.5 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE), this hybrid photoanode shows a higher photocurrent than that of pure photosystem II coated on a bare indium tin oxide (ITO) surface. Particularly, the photocurrent for the integrated photoanode above is enhanced about 39.0‐fold with increased stability (0.25 V vs SCE). Such assembled system combining natural photoactive protein with artificial low‐cost conducting polymer shows great potential for advanced solar energy conversion.
Ultrafast Photophysics of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Soavi Giancarlo , Scotognella Francesco , Lanzani Guglielmo , Cerullo Giulio
Published: August 2016

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are nanocylinders obtained by wrapping one layer of graphene; due to their very high aspect ratio, they are the prototypical quantum confined one‐dimensional systems. The unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of SWNTs open up transversal application possibilities in many fields of science and technology, with particular emphasis on optoelectronics and photonics. A prerequisite for many of these applications is a thorough understanding of the nature and dynamics of their elementary excitations. This review aims at summarizing the current understanding of the ultrafast photophysics of SWNTs, based on two decades of experimental investigations. After discussing the morphological and electronic properties of SWNTs and introducing the different photogenerated species, we will briefly describe the ultrafast spectroscopic techniques most commonly used for their characterization. Finally, we present the experimental evidence that has led to establish the nature (singlet and triplet excitons, bi‐excitons, trions, and free charges) and the relaxation pathways of photoexcitations in SWNTs.
Experimental study of the effect of zeolite 4A treated with magnesium hydroxide on the characteristics and gas‐permeation properties of polysulfone‐based mixed‐matrix membranes
Authors: Pakizeh Majid , Hokmabadi Sasan
Published: August 2016

Nowadays, new methods for gas‐separation processes are being quickly developed. The separation of CH4/CO2 and CH4/H2 is usually the subject of most related research studies, especially in the membrane gas‐separation process, because of their important role in industry. In this study, we attempted to improve the separation properties of a polysulfone/zeolite 4A mixed‐matrix membrane by modifying the zeolite particle surface. The method included a simple ion‐exchange reaction of magnesium chloride with ammonium hydroxide that yielded the formation and precipitation of magnesium hydroxide whiskers on the surface of the zeolites. The whiskers could omit most of the nonselective voids by interlocking the polymer chains through them and, consequently, improve the permeability, selectivity, and elastic modulus of the membranes. X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis proved all the changes recorded after the particle and membrane treatments. SEM images showed the petal‐like morphology of the whiskers that formed on the surface of the particles after the reaction against the smooth surface of the untreated zeolite. At a 30 wt % loading of particles in the polymeric matrix, the selectivities for H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4 increased by 69 and 56%, respectively; in contrast, the H2 and CO2 permeabilities decreased by 2.5 and 10%, respectively. The modulus of elasticity for the treated membrane also increased by 14 and 30% compared to those of the pure and untreated membranes, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44329.
MAR‐Mediated transgene integration into permissive chromatin and increased expression by recombination pathway engineering
Authors: Kostyrko Kaja , Neuenschwander Samuel , Junier Thomas , Regamey Alexandre , Iseli Christian , Schmid‐Siegert Emanuel , Bosshard Sandra , Majocchi Stefano , Le Fourn Valérie , Girod Pierre‐Alain , Xenarios Ioannis , Mermod Nicolas
Published: August 2016

Untargeted plasmid integration into mammalian cell genomes remains a poorly understood and inefficient process. The formation of plasmid concatemers and their genomic integration has been ascribed either to non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathways. However, a direct involvement of these pathways has remained unclear. Here, we show that the silencing of many HR factors enhanced plasmid concatemer formation and stable expression of the gene of interest in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, while the inhibition of NHEJ had no effect. However, genomic integration was decreased by the silencing of specific HR components, such as Rad51, and DNA synthesis‐dependent microhomology‐mediated end‐joining (SD‐MMEJ) activities. Genome‐wide analysis of the integration loci and junction sequences validated the prevalent use of the SD‐MMEJ pathway for transgene integration close to cellular genes, an effect shared with matrix attachment region (MAR) DNA elements that stimulate plasmid integration and expression. Overall, we conclude that SD‐MMEJ is the main mechanism driving the illegitimate genomic integration of foreign DNA in CHO cells, and we provide a recombination engineering approach that increases transgene integration and recombinant protein expression in these cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 384–396. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The thoracic surface anatomy of adult black South Africans: A reappraisal from CT scans
Authors: Keough N. , Mirjalili S.A. , Suleman F.E. , Lockhat Z.I. , van Schoor A.
Published: August 2016

Surface landmarks or planes taught in anatomy curricula derive from standard anatomical textbooks. Although many surface landmarks are valid, clear age, sex, and population differences exist. We reappraise the thoracic surface anatomy of black South Africans. We analyzed 76 (female = 42; male = 34) thoracoabdominal CT‐scans. Patients were placed in a supine position with arms abducted. We analyzed the surface anatomy of the sternal angle, tracheal, and pulmonary trunk bifurcation, azygos vein termination, central veins, heart apex, diaphragm, xiphisternal joint, and subcostal plane using standardized definitions. Surface anatomy landmarks were mostly within the normal variation limits described in previous studies. Variation was observed where the esophagus (T9) and inferior vena cava (IVC) (T8/T9/T10) passed through the diaphragm. The bifurcations of the trachea and pulmonary trunk were inferior to the sternal angle. The subcostal plane level was positioned at L1/L2. The origin of inferior mesenteric artery was mostly inferior to the subcostal plane. Sex differences were noted for the plane of the xiphisternal joint (P = 0.0082), with males (36%) intersecting at T10 and females (36%) intersecting at T9. We provide further evidence for population variations in surface anatomy. The clinical relevance of surface anatomical landmarks depends on descriptions of normal variation. Accurate descriptions of population, sex, age, and body type differences are essential. Clin. Anat. 29:1018–1024, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.