bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Supply Chain Management Conference
Authors: Vasthu Durango
Published: August 2012

The 2011 annual ‘big event’ in the global supply chain industry was held in Philadelphia PA USA during the week of October 2-5. This event is organized each year, and is the official global meeting, for the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP, http://cscmp.org/events/annual-global/sessionsearch-after.asp). The conference featured risk-related topics ranging from inventory forecasting to reverse logistics planning in globally-impacted markets.
What is the Secret of Successful University Brands?
Authors: Chapleo Chris
Published: August 2012

This paper examines branding and how the concept adds value to organizations beyond the usual focus of consumer product marketing. In particular, the focus of exploring branding conceptualizations associated with successful higher education brands in a UK context makes a contribution to a little researched but increasingly topical area. The UK focus was chosen for this initial stage with a view to later comparison with other markets such as the United States where branding of universities has a longer track record. The literature was examined and the concept of ‘successful’ brands explored. The research approach involved generating constructs to determine what underpins a successful university brand, and subsequently testing these among a larger sample of UK university ‘customers.’ Findings explore the variables that underpin successful university brands and significant relationships among these variables. Ultimately, the paper offers initial conclusions on what underpins a successful university brand and proposes variables associated with such brands.
You Name It
Authors: Roszkowski Michael J. , Spreat Scott
Published: August 2012

Current and prospective students (n =133) were surveyed about their preferences for a name for a new online series of courses to be launched by a university. Preferences for each of five names were solicited by means of analytical ratings, holistic ratings, and rankings. All three techniques were employed to assure that the most appropriate name for the program was selected, but this also afforded us the opportunity to study several theoretical issues: (a) Do the different methods lead to discrepant decisions at the aggregate level? (b) Is the holistic rating or the analytical rating approach more closely related to the rankings? (c) To what extent is lack of agreement between ratings and rankings due to lack of differentiation in ratings? The authors find that at the aggregate level all three methods suggest the same name for the program; the holistic rating is slightly more highly correlated with the ranking; and the lack of differentiation in ratings is one reason producing inconsistencies between ratings and rankings.
The Emerging Market of Sub-Saharan Africa and Technology Adoption
Authors: Etim Alice S.
Published: August 2012

In the United States, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and several emerging economies in Asia, mobile technologies have become ubiquitous and core to everyday lives. The same cannot be said for many countries in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). The availability, affordability and use of information and communication technology (ICT) continue to pose a major challenge to the progress of this important emerging economy and their participation in a networked and “flat world.” Writers (Bishop et al., 1999; ADB, 2003; Fisher et al., 2004; Elijah & Ogunlade, 2006; Etim, 2009; Ssewanyana, 2007) argue for the use of ICT to enable the SSA population in the area of economic and personal development. This paper examines the emerging economy of SSA adoption of mobile technologies in comparison to the U.S.A and reports a study on the features that SSA students desire in mobile phones. The key finding was that study participants desired Internet access via mobile phones.
The Untethered Remotely Operated Vehicle PICASSO-1 and Its Deployment From Chartered Dive Vessels for Deep Sea Surveys Off Okinawa, Japan, and Osprey Reef, Coral Sea, Australia
Authors: Lindsay Dhugal J. , Yoshida Hiroshi , Uemura Takayuki , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Ishibashi Shojiro , Nishikawa Jun , Reimer James D. , Beaman Robin J. , Fitzpatrick Richard , Fujikura Katsunori , Maruyama Tadashi
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe untethered remotely operated vehicle (uROV) PICASSO-1, which is controlled in real time from a surface support vessel via a Φ0.9 mm fiber optic cable, is capable of dives to 1,000-m depth at a duration of up to 6 h and yet is deployable from ships of sizes
as low as 17 tonnes. The vehicle was developed at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, has carried out 63 dives to date, and is now operable by a team of four biologists and one technician. PICASSO-1 can collect video (HDTV × 1, NTSC × 3) and environmental
information (depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, fluorescence [chlorophyll a proxy], turbidity) concurrently, and this is output with vehicle heading, camera zoom, and other vital statistics via Ethernet. Acoustically obtained vehicle position information,
deck and control room video, and sound data streams are also output via Ethernet, and the whole dive is recorded in a synchronous fashion on a logging/playback system that enables dives to be re-enacted in their entirety to facilitate analyses back in the laboratory. Operations have been successfully
carried out overseas using a chartered dive boat, and the system represents a leap forward for exploration of the oceans to significant depths but at relatively low cost and with no loss in data quality.
Investigating the Influence of the Added Mass Effect to Marine Hydrokinetic Horizontal-Axis Turbines Using a General Dynamic Wake Wind Turbine Code
Authors: Maniaci David C. , Li Ye
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper describes a recent study to investigate the applicability of a horizontal-axis wind turbine structural dynamics and unsteady aerodynamics analysis program (FAST and AeroDyn, respectively) for modeling the forces on marine hydrokinetic turbines. This paper
summarizes the added mass model that has been added to AeroDyn. The added mass model only includes flow acceleration perpendicular to the rotor disc and ignores added mass forces caused by blade deflection. A model of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment
Phase VI wind turbine was analyzed using FAST and AeroDyn with seawater conditions and the new added mass model. The results of this analysis exhibited a 3.6% change in thrust for a rapid pitch case and a slight change in amplitude and phase of thrust for a case with 30° of yaw.
Implementation of a Seafloor Sediment Corer With a Novel Hydrostatic Motor
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Qin Huawei , Chen Ying
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis work deals with the design and application of a seafloor sediment corer with a novel hydrostatic motor. The motor uses seawater pressure energy as the power for the penetration by the sediment corer. It is automatically triggered by mechanical linkage when the
corer lands on the seafloor, enabling the corer to accomplish an initial gravity penetration before the motor is activated. As a key feature of the motor, a hydraulically actuated valve is employed to control the transfer of ambient high-pressure seawater to a vacant chamber. Driven by the
pressure transfer, the corer head continuously repeats movements of lifting and lowering, analogous to a pile driver. Since the motor directly uses the seawater as the energy transmission medium, the corer can be very compact in size. The prototype of the sediment corer with the motor was
tested in the East China Sea at a depth of 90 m on September 25, 2011. The results of the experiment show that the corer is able to complete nearly 42 hammering action cycles. This demonstrates the feasibility of the seafloor sediment corer with the hydrostatic motor. By extrapolation, the
application of the system to deep sea environs, such as at 1,000 m depths, is shown to be feasible as well.
Observations of Nepheloid Layers in the Yangtze Estuary, China, Through Phase-Corrupted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Speeds
Authors: Cao Zhenyi , Wang Xiao Hua , Guan Weibing , Hamilton Les J. , Chen Qi , Zhu Dedi
Published: August 2012

AbstractA bottom quadrapod was deployed from March 29 to April 5, 2009 to measure bottom boundary layer (BBL) flows and nepheloid layer properties in the Deepwater Navigation Channel in the North Passage of Shanghai Port in the Yangtze estuary. Using a downward-looking acoustic
Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and acoustic Doppler velocimeter, detailed measurements of mean velocity and turbulence distribution within 1 m above the seabed were obtained. It appears that corrupted speeds measured for the deeper bins are caused by formation of the nepheloid layer at the
seabed, implying that the ADCP is not a suitable instrument to measure current velocities in the bins nearest the seafloor. A statistical clustering method was used to characterize the current profiles in the BBL. The majority of current profiles within the BBL had a simple shape with current
speed monotonically decreasing with depth, reflecting a logarithmic boundary layer. Phase-corrupted ADCP speeds measured for bins close to the bottom are shown to be useful as proxies to indicate the presence of primary and secondary lutoclines/nepheloid layers. A lutocline is a sediment-induced
density gradient or pycnocline. The primary lutocline is closest to the bottom, and below it is the nepheloid layer, which is commonly composed of fluid mud. The proxies indicated that a nepheloid layer formed in the neap tide when the current velocity 1 m above the seabed dropped below a
threshold of 0.65 m/s. The lutocline height was indicated to be about 0.2 m above the seabed. A secondary lutocline in the water column was also observed in the second half of the record, when the lowest maximum currents occurred.
Aspects of growth, recruitment and conservation of the Brown Mussel Perna perna along the Tsitsikamma Coast
Authors: Crawford R. J. M , Bower D.F
Published: August 2012

Beds of brown mussels Perna perna are a dominant feature of the lower tidal range of rocky shores in the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Mussels in this region attain a length of 30-40 mm by the end of their first year, and the majority probably exceed 50 mm at two years of age. Secondary settlement of plantigrades occurs from midspring through early winter, especially in summer and early autumn, and growth of adult forms is slowest prior to this settlement. Settlement occurs serially and powerful cohorts may be formed. At Nature's Valley density and biomass of mussels inside the park's boundary are significantly higher than in non-protected areas. Older age groups are also more abundant within the park.
New reptile records from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Jacobsen N. H. G , Pienaar U De V
Published: August 2012

During a survey from 9-16 April 1982, of the southern Kruger National Park, six new distribution records (five lizards and a snake) were determined namely Afroedura pondolia subsp. nov. 1, Afroedura pondolia subsp. nov. 2, Cordylus warreni warreni, C. w. barbertonensis, C. vittifer and Lamprophis guttatus. These are briefly discussed according to habitat and habits.
Some observations on Seabirds breeding in the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park.
Authors: Crawford R. J. M
Published: August 2012

In 1980 and 1981 more than 50 pairs of kelp gulls Lams dominicanus, 70 of Cape cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis and 20 of whitebreasted cormorants P. carbo nested in the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Kelp gulls were breeding in the Park in the mid 1960's but no records could be found of breeding by Cape cormorants prior to 1980. The earliest record for nesting by whitebreasted cormorants was 1971 and the population apparently increased in the late 1970's. Small numbers of African black oystercatchers Haematopus moquini nested in the park in 1980 and 1981. Brown mussels Perna perna and limpets Patella spp. dominated their hardshelled diet. Whereas oystercatchers at St Croix Island fed mainly on organisms from the mid intertidal region, those at Tsitsikamma appear to have favoured molluscs from the lower tidal range.
Notes on food and foraging of the Honey Badger Mellivora capensis in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Kruuk H , Mills M. G. L
Published: August 2012

Contents of faeces indicated that honey badgers in the Kalahari eat mostly rodents, followed by lizards and scorpions, all of which are caught by digging. Larger mammals (aardwolf, bat-eared fox, springhare) and large snakes are also eaten. Foraging behaviour is described and individual differences in foraging strategies are discussed.
A note on the Grasshoppers (Acridoidea) of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Barker J. F
Published: August 2012

A study is being made of the Acridoidea (grasshoppers) in the south-central Kalahari of the Republic of Botswana (Tshane @ Samane region). To gain some understanding of the variation of the grasshopper fauna between different parts of the Kalahari, a brief visit was made in April 1982, to the adjoining Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, Republic of South Africa.
Two new bird records for the Tsitsikamma National Parks
Authors: Bower D. F , Crawford R. J. M
Published: August 2012

Skead C.J. & R. Liversidge (1967, Koedoe 10:43-62) list 204 birds that could occur in the Tsitsikamma National Parks. However, close reading of their manuscript suggests that there have been no definite records for at least ten of these species and that their inclusion was based on the possibility, often historical, of occurrence.
On the stunted Mocambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) (PIsces: Cichlidae) of the Matiovila hot spring, Kruger National Park
Authors: Hecht T , Zway P
Published: August 2012

A stunted population of Oreochromis mossambicus occurs in the Matiovila Hot Sulphur Spring in the Kruger National Park. The growth of the fishes can best be described by the Von Bertalanffy equation L, = ^^(l-e0154^028^) mm SL. Breeding occurs throughout the year and the smallest sexually mature female was 35 mm SL. The fish from this locality were morphometrically compared to another stunted population and to a population of 0. mossambicus from a large impoundment. Speculative reasons for and advantages of stunting are presented.
Propagation of captive Red-necked Falcons Faico chicquera
Authors: Olwagen C.D , Olwagen K
Published: August 2012

The Red-necked Falcon Faico chicquera is a threat- ened species in southern Africa. Seven individuals were established at a breeding unit near Pretoria during 1980 to study breeding behaviour and experiment with captive propagation techniques. The falcons were acquired from the wild as adults. Two pairs were established and one pair bred during 1981. During 1982 both pairs produced young. Both pairs bred again during 1983, but a yearling pair (hatched in captivity during 1982) made no attempt at breeding. Unlike other Faico species in captivity, the female adopts the dominant role and feeds the male during pair-bond feeding. Detailed observations on copulation, eggs, incubation and nestlings are presented including a new behavioural pattern termed oe-crossing. The male participated in incubation previously unrecorded. The moult of adults and juve- niles is discussed. The vocalisations of Red-necked Falcons in captivity include at least three different calls.
New distributional records of Bats for the Republic of South Africa, with special reference to the Kruger National Park
Authors: Rautenbach I.L , Schlitter D.A , Braack L.E.O
Published: August 2012

Data on the distributions of seven species of bats in South Africa are discussed. Four species, Hipposideros commersoni, Pipistrellus rueppellii, Tadarida ansorgei and T. fulminans are reported for the first time from South Africa and all but T. @ ansorgei from the Kruger National Park. Rhinolophus simulator and Kerivoula lanosa are recorded for the first time from the Kruger National Park. The subspecies relationship of Eptesicus hottentotus in the eastern part of South Africa is reviewed.
A note on the presence of the Elephant Louse Haematomyzus elephantis piaget (Mallophaga: Rhynchophthirina) in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Braack L.E.O
Published: August 2012

First described in 1869, this rather unusual insect has been found to be a common ectoparasite on the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus), and has been collected in low numbers from the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in nearly all of sub-saharan Africa (Ledger 1979, The arthropod parasites of vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Region) Vol. IV.
The Black Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga flava: A new record for the Mountain Zebra National Park and the Cradock district, Cape Province
Authors: Macdonald I.A.W
Published: August 2012

The avifauna of the Mountain Zebra National Park (MZNP) has been recorded over a period of some two decades (Skead 1965, Koedoe 8: 1-40; Penzhorn & Bronkhorst 1976, Koedoe 19: 171-174; Penzhorn 1977, Koedoe 20: 205-207; Grobler & Bronkhorst 1981, Koedoe 24: 199-203). Collett (1982 Southern Birds 9: 1-65) has summarised all the available information on the avifauna of the Cradock district assembled since the turn of the century. Although 203 species are recorded from the MZNP by these authors (and a further four in the roneoed checklist for the park (Anon, updated, National Parks Board of Trustees, roneod, 15 pp)) no mention is made of the Black Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga flava. Collett (1982) does not list it for the Cradock district.
A note on the mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Grobler J.H , Braack H.H
Published: August 2012

The small mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) have been discussed and the large mammals listed by Swanepoel (1975, Koedoe 18: 103-130). Since this publication various changes have taken place and new species have been recorded. In addition, some species introduced to the AENP (Penzhorn 1971, Koedoe 14: 145-159) have succumbed. This note serves to bring the record up to date.
Plasma testosterone levels in relation to musth in the male African Elephant
Authors: Hall-Martin A.J , Van der Walt L.A
Published: August 2012

A long-term study of the behaviour and ecology of the African elephant Loxodonta africana was begun in the Addo Elephant National Park in 1976. During the period June 1976 to March 1979 regular observations were made on all animals. Every individual elephant could be recognised (the population was less than 100 animals) and every individual was seen several times a month. From the start of the study records were kept of whether the temporal gland was secreting or not for every animal at every observation.
Introduction
Authors: Brynard A.M
Published: August 2012

Co-operation between University of Pretoria and the National Parks Board of Trustees in many fields of common interest has been forthcoming for many years.
The geology of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Malherbe S. J
Published: August 2012

The floor rocks of the Kalahari Group are only known from boreholes. It consists of rocks of the Karoo Sequence with its associated intrusions of dolerite. The pre-Kalahari topography was dissected by rivers which drained in the direction of the present Botswana. The distribution of the oldest formation of the Kalahari Group, the Wessels Formation (clayey gravel), and the overlying Budin Formation (clay) was also determined from borehole records. The Karoo Sequence was probably the source of these rocks. The overlying Eden Formation (sandstone, grit and conglomerate) had a source which could yield much sand. All these formations were deposited under fluviatile conditions. The Mokalanen Formation (calcrete) and the Gordonia Formation (sand) indicate a change from a humid to an arid environment. The Lonely Formation (clayey diatomaceous limestone) was deposited in a lacustrine environment. It also indicates a higher rainfall in an otherwise arid period. The Goeboe Goeboe Formation consists of clay and sand in the pans and rivers.
The soils of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Van Rooyen Theo H
Published: August 2012

Field observations made during a reconnaissance soil survey of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park showed that a variety of soils occur within the broad group of so-called Kalahari sands. For discussion purposes, the soils were classified into five main groups of which the red and yellow sands took precedence over the other soils because of their geographical distribution and pedological significance. The soils are discussed with special reference to their classification, site and parent material, their morphological, chemical and mineralogical properties and drainage characteristics. Attention was also given to the relationship between the soils and landforms, and a brief note on the inherent fertility status of the soils has been included.
Pans, rivers and artificial waterholes in the protected areas of the South-Western Kalahari
Authors: Parris Richard
Published: August 2012

Current knowledge of pans, rivers and artificial waterholes in the three adjoining protected areas of the south-western Kalahari is synthesized and their ecological components are examined in relation to the overall Kalahari ecosystem. Although the pans and rivers are normally dry they have many features not found in the sandveld, and so form important subsystems in the overall ecosystem. The main differ-

ence between the pan and river ecosystems is their drainage, which is endorheic and open respectively. This difference necessitates different conservation strategies for the two systems. Self-maintenance and selfregulation in the pan ecosystem is discussed and it is shown how the combined interactions of the biotic and abiotic components are essential for these processes. Artificial waterholes are not an essential source of moisture for Kalahari fauna but may play a role in stabilizing or concentrating certain populations. When waterholes are highly mineralized they also provide an additional source of minerals for the fauna. The ecological significance of pans, rivers and artificial waterholes in the Kalahari ecosystem needs further investigation.
A preliminary report on the dynamics of the vegetation of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Van Rooyen N , Van Rensburg D. J , Theron G. K , Bothma J Du P
Published: August 2012

Different methods were used intermittently to monitor the changes in the floristic composition, basal cover and density of the herbaceous and woody vegetation over a seven year period in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Periods of drought and the variability of rainfall appear to have a significant influence in the short term on herbaceous species, while there was not much variation in the woody species composition or density.
The influence of veld fire on an Acacia erioloba community in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Van der Walt P. T , Le Riche E. A. N
Published: August 2012

The effect of a single fire during November 1976 on the survival of an Acacia erioloba community in the dry Nossob River valley in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park was monitored at three sites from 1977 to 1982. Approximately one third of the trees in each site died on account of the fire, while almost 50 suffered varying degrees of fire damage. The most extensive fire damage occurred amongst fully grown trees.
The effect of windmill closure on the movement patterns of ungulates along the auob riverbed
Authors: Mills M. G. L , Retief P. F
Published: August 2012

Three groups of six consecutive windmills along the Auob riverbed were closed down for periods of one year and the responses of the three major ungulate species in the area to this practice were studied. The movements of springbok Antidorcas marsupialis and gemsbok Oryx gazella were not found to be affected by the windmill closure, but blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus showed significant tenden- cies to move out of areas in which windmills were closed.
Features of habitat selection by larger herbivorous mammals and the Ostrich in the Southern Kalahari conservation areas
Authors: Van der Walt P. T , Retief P. F , LE Riche E. A. N , Mills M. G. L , De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

A Chi-squares contingency table was used to extensively analise animal/habitat interactions in the southern Kalahari conservation areas between 1978 and 1982. The effect of changing environmental con-

ditions on the distribution of five large mammalian species (eland Taurotragus oryx, gemsbok Oryx gazella, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis) and the ostrich Struthio camelus is indicated by definite seasonal preferences. A general habitat-use pattern, whereby each habitat type was utilised at some stage during the year by one or more species, as well as a response by the different species to other environmental attributes was found revealing an ecological balance which will be maintained only if the present physical size of the conservation areas in question is maintained indefinitely.
Notes on the coleopterous fauna of the Kalahari
Authors: Holm E , Scholtz C.H , Louw S.V.d.M , Penrith Mary-Loise
Published: August 2012

Three essays on aspects of the beetle fauna of the Kalahari are presented. The first deals with the problem of defining the Kalahari zoogeographically. Two hundred distribution maps of species from three beetle families were analysed to outline the region (I). The second compares the ground-living beetles of the Kalahari to those of the Namib, with reference to faunistic composition and ecological niches (II). The third investigates the origin of the sand-adapted tenebrionid beetles of the Kalahari, with special reference to the tribes Adesmiini and Zophosini (III).
The Herpetology of the Southern Kalahari domain
Authors: Haacke W. D
Published: August 2012

The herpetofauna of the southern Kalahari has mixed affinities, as this area lies on a rainfall gradient in a critical area where a transition between the arid south-west and the moister north-east takes place. As the variation in substrate type is relatively limited, the effect of the rainfall gradient appears to influence and determine the range limits of many taxa in both directions, resulting in an area in which of 55 recorded reptiles, 11 western taxa overlap or form a parapatric zone with 25 eastern taxa, while the remaining taxa are endemic or wideranging.
The rodents and other small mammals of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Nel J. A. J , Rautenbach I. L , Els D. A , De Graaff G
Published: August 2012

The state of knowledge pertaining to the biology of small mammals occurring in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park is reviewed with reference to completed and ongoing projects. Aspects of daily activity rhythms, habitat selection, diet, population fluctuations and changes in community structure, as well as reproduction are discussed. The zoogeography of the park is alluded to, and aspects which need ad-

ditional attention are mentioned.
Notes on some smaller carnivores from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Mills M. G. L , Nel J. A. J , Bothma J Du P
Published: August 2012

Notes on relative densities, habitat choice, food and foraging, social organisation and anti-predatory behaviour of certain small and medium-sized carnivores are presented. Possible mechanisms of niche separation and the evolution of different anti- predatory behaviours are briefly discussed.
Behavioural ecology of canids in the South- Western Kalahari
Authors: Nel J.A.J
Published: August 2012

Aspects of the behavioural ecology of three medium- sized canids Canis mesomelas, Otocyon megabits and Vulpes chama, occurring in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, are discussed. The good visibility in the study area facilitates visual observation of these mammals and studies on their socioecology are continuing.
Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the Leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari desert
Authors: Bothma J Du P , Le Riche E. A. N
Published: August 2012

Tracking in sand revealed data on hunting and kill rates, range, movements, activity, cover and water use, reproduction and interactions with other carnivores, by the leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. For leopards in the interior, 812,5 km of tracks were followed for 54 days, and 205,1 km for 15 days for females with cubs. In the Nossob riverbed 30,2 km of tracks were folowed in eight days. Medium-sized mammals featured prominently in the diet of all leopards, with prey used influenced by habitat type. Leopards in the interior moved greater distances than those in the Nossob riverbed. Leopards rested frequently at the onset and end of activity and used dense vegetation and aardvark Orycteropus afer and porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis burrows as daytime cover. Leopards are independent of water, and females apparently have no definite breeding season. Lions Panthera leo dominate leopards, but the outcome of leopard/spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta encounters depend on the size of the leopard and the number of hyaenas in the pack. Leopards in the Kalahari Desert are opportunists which occupy this harsh envi- ronment successfully.
Prey selection and feeding habits of the large carnivores in the Southern Kalahari
Authors: Mills M. G. L
Published: August 2012

Prey selection and feeding habits of lions Panthera leo, spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta, cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus and leopards Panthera pardus are investigated. Lions kill mainly adult gemsbok Oryx gazella and blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, tending to select older animals of both species and males in the case of gemsbok. Spotted hyaenas also prey mainly on gemsbok and wildebeest, but select for juveniles, particularly from gemsbok. Cheetahs prey heavily on springbok Antidorcas marsupialis lambs and then on adult males and older individuals. Leopards also prey relatively heavily on springbok, but appear to have a wider diet than cheetahs do. It is concluded that predators generally have a small impact on their prey populations in the southern Kalahari, although in the case of springbok they do appear to influence the structure of the population.
The effect of stress and season on some Haematological and Biochemical parameters of three antelope species in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Fourie F Le R , Van Ouwerkerk M. T
Published: August 2012

A seasonal study of some haematological and biochemical parameters of three antelope species (springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, oryx Oryx gazella and blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus) was conducted during January, April and June in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. A communal increase in two blood parameters during April was observed in all three species studied. These increases correlated with optimal range conditions. Active pursuit of individuals as well as drug induced immobilisation proved to place animals under stress influencing haematograms extensively.
The Pongola Game Reserve: an Eco-Political Study
Authors: Carruthers E.J.
Published: August 2012

The Pongola Game Reserve, which existed from 1894 to 1921, is placed in its historical context. The attitudes of its administrators are explored and use is made of previously neglected archival material.
Seasonal change in body fat of the Hyrax Procavia capensis (Pallas, 1766) using a body fat ranking index
Authors: Fourie L.J. , Perrin M.R.
Published: August 2012

Changes in the body fat content of the hyrax Procavia capensis were used as an indicator of physiological condition. Body fat rankings for the different sexes showed seasonal variations related to physiologically stressful periods (rutting, gestation and lactation). The subjective body fat rankings were correlated significantly with total body fat.
An old reference to 'Hartebeest in the Transvaal Lowveld
Authors: Penzhorn B.L.
Published: August 2012

Dr. Percy Rendall FZS, who visited the Transvaal Lowveld during 1893 and 1894, made the following statement in a field-note on the antelopes which he encountered in the region: THE HARTEBEESTE. Bubalis caama. Zulu: Indhluzela There are a few of these antelopes on the banks of the Krokodil River, opposite Hector's Spruit, and also in the East Lydenburg District of the Transvaal and in South Gazaland.' (Rendall 1895).
First records of five species of Insectivorous Bats from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Rautenbach I.L. , Fenton M.B. , Braack L.E.O.
Published: August 2012

Five species of insectivorous bats are reported for the first time from the Kruger National Park. One of these, Pipistrellus anchietai, represents a new record for the southern African Subregion, and two species, Laephotis botswanae and Nycteris woodi are recorded for the first time for the Republic of South Africa. The remaining two species, Eptesicus melckorum and Tadarida ansorgei are first records of ' occurrence for the Transvaal. The species richness of the bat fauna of the Kruger National Park, and particularly of the Pafuri area, is reviewed.
Indications of progressive desiccation of the Transvaal Lowveld over the past 100 years, and implications for the water stabilization programme in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

All available rainfall statistics recorded for the Kruger National Park area since 1907, coupled with an analysis of all the historical climatological data on hand, appear to confirm the quasi-twenty-year rainfall oscillation in precipitation pattern for the summer rainfall area. This was first pointed out by Tyson & Dyer (1975). The dendrochronological data obtained by Hall (1976) from a study of growth rings of a very old yellowwood tree (Podocarpus falcatus) in Natal, also appear to indicate a superimposed, long-term (80-100 years) pattern of alternate below- average and above-average rainfall periods. The historical data relating to climate in the park, during the past century or two, seem to bear out such a pattern. If this can be confirmed, it will be an enormous aid not only in wildlife-management planning, but also to agriculturists, demographic planners and others. It would appear that the long, relatively dry rainfall period of 1860-1970, with its concomitant progressive desiccation of the @ area in question, has passed over into the next aboveverage rainfall era. This does not mean that there will be no further cataclysmic droughts during future rainfall trough periods. It is therefore wise to plan ahead to meet such contingencies. The present water distribution pattern in the park (natural plus artificial water) is conspicuously still well below that which pertained, during dry seasons, at the turn of the century, when the Sabi and Shingwedzi game reserves were proclaimed. It is the declared policy of the National Parks Board of Trustees to simulate natural regulating mechanisms as closely as possible. In consequence the artificial water-for-game program is a long way from completion. The large numbers of game animals in the park (including dominant species such as elephant Loxodonta africana and buffalo Syncerus coffer) can no longer migrate out of the area to escape natural catastrophes (such as the crippling droughts of 1911-1917, the 1930s, 1940s and 1960s), and a reliable supply of artificial water in all the areas where natural supplies have dried up since 1902 should be provided, to prevent an irreversible population crash of many animal species during future periods of protracted drought. Such a catastrophe could well spell the end of the park as a viable, self-sustaining wildlife sanctuary and destroy its well-established tourist industry. Special measures will have to be taken to safeguard the perennial rivers of the park and their unique aquatic life from the calamitous effects of progressive desiccation or serious pollution.
Additions to the bird list of the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Every B. , Marais W.C. , Bligh G.P.
Published: August 2012

Liversidge (1965,Koedoe 8:41-67) lists 120 species of birds as occuring in the Addo Elephant National Park.
Errata
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Changes for volume 27.
The Kruger National Park - An Introduction
Authors: Joubert S.C.J.
Published: August 2012

The salient features of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, are presented. The natural attributes of the area are discussed, its developmental history as a conservation area presented while an overview is given of managerial strategies, tourism and administration.
The General Geology of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Schutte I.C.
Published: August 2012

Geological units and new data gathered during regional mapping of the Kruger National Park are summarised. A simplified geological map is presented in conjunction with this paper. A large number of new geological formations have been recognised in the course of this regional mapping and new names have been proposed for these units. Some of these names have not yet been officially recognised by the South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS). On-going work by the Geological Survey and other organisations is likely to lead to further additions to and refinement of the data presented in this paper. The Goudplaats and Makhutswi Gneisses are the oldest rocks known in the park. They form the sialic basement of the various greenstone belts represented by the Murchison and Barberton sequences. The age relations of the Orpen Gneiss* have not yet been established. Tonalitic and trondjemitic gneisses constitute the first phase of intrusion of the Nelspruit Granite Suite. The Shamiriri, Macetse* and Baderoukwe Granites, and the Cunning Moor Tonalite* intrudes rocks of Swazian age during the succeeding Randian Erathem. At the commencement of the Mokolian Erathem syenite of the Phalaborwa Complex intruded the Makhutswi Gneiss. Subsequently extrusion of lavas and deposition of sediments of the Soutpansberg Group of Mokolian age took place in a fault-bounded trough in the northern part of the park. Diabase intruded the Group in the form of sills. Pre-Karoo dykes of various ages occur throughout the area. The Timbavati Gabbro represents the youngest Pre-Karoo intrusion. The Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic Karoo Sequence extends from north to south along the eastern edge of the park and consists of sedimentary rocks overlain by basalt and rhyolite. The last phase of Karoo volcanism is represented by granophyre, gabbro and microgranite. The sedimentary Malvernia Formation of Cretaceous age unconformably overlies the basalt in the northern part of the park. Quarternary surficial deposits blanket the older rocks in places. * Not yet approved by SACS.
A Summary of the Precambrian Granitoid Rocks of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Barton J.M. , Bristow J.W. , Venter F.J.
Published: August 2012

Precambrian granitoid rocks underlie approximately 60 percent of the Kruger National Park. They occur primarily in the western portion of the park and comprise a wide variety of rock including granites, granodiorites, tonalites, trondhjemites and syenites spanning more than 1 500 Ma from the Archaean to the Proterozoic. Remnants of old greenstone belts are also found.
The Phalaborwa Syenite Intrusions along the West-Central Boundary of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Frick C.
Published: August 2012

The geology of the Phalaborwa Complex is described and emphasis placed on the distribution of the large number of syenite intrusions. The petrography of the different textural types of syenites is discussed and it is shown that porphyritic, granular, gneissic and hypidiomorphic syenites are present. The petrography shows that the deformation textures, which are present in some of the syenites, may have formed during the emplacement of syenitic magmas which contained a high concentration of crystals. The geochemistry of the syenites is discussed and it is shown that they were not derived from an alkali basaltic magma through fractional crystallisation, but that they may rather represent alkali basaltic magmas which were contaminated by granitic material. The mode of emplacement of the Phalaborwa Complex is discussed and the relationship between the pyroxenites is explained.
Notes on the Permian to Recent Geology of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Bristow J.W. , Venter F.J.
Published: August 2012

Permian to Recent rocks form narrow, roughly north- south and east-south-east trending belts in the north-eastern Transvaal. The rocks consist of a thin succession of Karoo sediments, a thick overlying succession of mafic and felsic volcanics referred to as the Lebombo Group, isolated outcrops of Cretaceous sediments and fairly extensive Tertiary-Recent Gravels and sediments. These rocks are in general well exposed along the eastern margin of the Kruger National Park and also crop out in the extreme north. Emplacement of the Lebombo volcanics and subsequent deposition of the Cretaceous rocks was intimately associated with the fragmentation of Gondwanaland.
Geology of the Sabie River Basalt Formation in the Southern Kruger National Park
Authors: Sweeney R.J.
Published: August 2012

The Sabie River Basalt Formation (SRBF) in the central Lebombo is a virtually continuous sequence of basaltic lavas some 2 500 m thick that was erupted 200 - 179 Ma ago. Flows are dominantly pahoehoe in character and vary from 2 m to 20 m in thickness. Dolerite dykes cross-cutting the basalt sequence probably represent feeders to this considerable volcanic event. Volcanological features observed within the SRBF are described. Two chemically distinct basaltic magma types are recognised, the simultaneous eruption of which presents an intriguing geochemical problem as to their origins.
Soil Patterns Associated with the Major Geological Units of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Venter F.J.
Published: August 2012

The dominant soil types of the Kruger National Park and their interrelationships with parent material, topography and climate are discussed. The geogenetic and topogenetic nature of the soils are manifested in the strong correlations between recurrent soil patterns, major geological units and terrain morphology. The soils are categorised into seven major classes on the basis of the parent material from which they developed. General soil patterns within the major classes are discussed.
A Cursory Review of the Climate and Vegetation of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Venter F.J. , Gertenbach W.P.D.
Published: August 2012

The main features of climate and vegetation of the Kruger National Park are discussed. The dry tropical climate induced lush deciduous savannas with a great variety of species and diverse vegetation structures. Variations in species composition and structural features are mainly regulated by soil type and fire regime.
Notes on Archaeology and Prehistoric Mining in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Verhoef J.
Published: August 2012

Archaeological research in the Kruger National Park (KNP) was formally instituted in 1963. During 1973 the National Parks Board of Trustees allocated an archaeo-ethnological research project to the Department of Archaeology, University of Pretoria and this step revealed that the KNP has an important archaelogical research potential. A review of these reconnaissance activities (between 1973-1983) is given and the chronology of archaeological sites and finds (Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages) in the KNP are briefly discussed. Data are also presented on the Iron Age and localities of prehistoric mining activities are identified.
Management and Research in Relation to Ecosystems of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Joubert S.C.J.
Published: August 2012

In contrast to the study of the individual components of ecosystems, the management and research strategies of the Kruger National Park are designed to take cognisance of all the complex dynamic entities of ecosystems simultaneously. The point is also made that the preservation of intact ecosystems is essential for the maintenance of the qualities of life for human societies.
Geology of the Golden Gate Highlands National Park
Authors: Groenewald G.H.
Published: August 2012

The Golden Gate Highlands National Park is underlain by stratigraphic units belonging to the upper part of the Karoo Sequence. These units include part of the Beaufort Group and the Molteno, Elliot, Clarens and Drakensberg Formations. Dolerite dykes and sills are intruded into the succession while recent alluvium and scree cover the valley floors and mountain slopes. The Beaufort Group is represented by red mudstone and light brown fine-grained feldspathic sandstone of the Tarkastad Subgroup. The Molteno Formation consists of medium- to coarse-grained trough cross-bedded sandstone, while the Elliot Formation comprises a thick succession of red mudstone, siltstone and interlayered fine- to medium-grained, light yellow-brown sandstone. The most characteristic feature of the park is the yellowish sandstone cliffs of the Clarens Formation. Cave formation is caused by exudation, differential weathering due to different degrees of carbonate cementation and undercutting of the sandstone. The highest peaks are capped by numerous layers of amygdaloidal and massive varieties of basaltic lava of the Drakensberg Formation. A possible volcanic pipe occurs in the eastern part of the park. The Elliot and Clarens Formations are rich in vertebrate fossil remains, especially Massospondylus sp. Remains of Notochampsa sp., Pachygenelus monus, Clarencea gracilis, Lanasaurus scalpridens and a cluster of unidentified dinosaur eggs have also been found. The formations underlying the Golden Gate Highlands National Park were formed during the Late Triassic Epoch and the Jurassic Period (roughly 150 to 230 million years ago). The strata in the park show very little structural deformation and the only obvious structures are faults which are intruded by dolerite.
Geological Guide to Selected Areas of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Bristow J.W. , Sweeney R. , Venter F.J.
Published: August 2012

The Kruger National Park (KNP) contains a considerable variety of rock types, ranging from Archaean granitoids to Recent sedimentary deposits. Some 3 500 million years of geological history is represented in an approximately 85 km east-west section at the southern area of the Kruger National Park. Older rocks are typically found in the western half of the KNP and to the east rock units become progressively younger. Some of the more important rock types found in the KNP include greenstones of the Barberton Mountain Land (approximately 3 500 million years old), granitoid rocks of the Nelspruit Batholith (approximately 3 200 million years old), syenitic intrusions associated with the Phalaborwa Complex (approximately 2 050 million years old), Soutpansberg volcanics and sediments (approximately 1 750 million years old), Timbavati Gabbros (approximately 1 450 million years old?), Karoo sediments and Lebombo volcanics (approximately 200 - 170 million years old) and Cretaceous to Recent sedimentary deposits which are best developed in the eastern region of the park.
Interrelationships Between Fire, Grazing and Grass Cover at the Bontebok National Park
Authors: Novellie P.
Published: August 2012

Point surveys of permanently marked plots were conducted with the aim of (i) determining the change in grass height, cover and degree of defoliation with increasing time after veld burning and (ii) determining which plant species are most intensively defoliated by herbivores (mainly bontebok and grey rhebok). Grass was the most heavily defoliated component of the vegetation, whereas Restionaceae and Cyperaceae were generally avoided. No grass species was consistently avoided by herbivores, and no species was consistently favoured. Instead selection among species varied with growth stage. The tall, coarse species were favoured on new burns when the vegetation was still short. The short species came into favour once the sward had grown taller. Defoliation was heaviest within the first year after burning and thereafter decreased substantially. The introduction of coarse grass grazers such as mountain zebra to the park might lead to greater use of the mature veld. Those grass species that underwent the heaviest defoliation on new burns (over 50 of leaves severed) showed three- to seven-fold increases in canopy spread cover over subsequent years. Thus heavy use of recently burnt veld is not necessarily deleterious.