bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross Sectional Study on a Spectrum of Bacterial Pathogens under Actions of Infection Control in Different Clinical Specimens of ICU Patients of Sajer General Hospital in Saudi Arabia, and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern
Authors: Alenezi Atallah , El-Tahtawi Noha , Makhlouf Entesar Mahmoud
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND The intensive care unit (ICU) is a special department of the hospital and health care setting that provides intensive nursing care and care to patients with the most severe and life-threatening illnesses and injuries that require accurate, continuous monitoring and support from specialist, medication, and equipment in order to maintain normal bodily functions. Nosocomial infections are one of the leading causes of mortality in hospitalised patients especially the critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. The purpose of the present study was isolation, identification, and detection of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from different clinical specimens of ICU patients under the effect of infection control in Sajer General Hospital in Saudi Arabia. METHODS In this cross-sectional study conducted from January 2020 to April 2020, 200 clinical samples, 40 blood, 45 urine, 50 tracheal aspirate, 30 post-surgical Caesarean section wound swabs, 20 central venous catheters and 15 pus swabs were collected from patients hospitalised in ICUs of Sajer General Hospital. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed with the diffusion-disk method for several antibiotics. RESULTS The rate of nosocomial infection among ICU patients due to Gram-negative bacteria is significantly higher than that recorded by Gram-positive bacteria (78.75 %, 21.25 %, respectively). The majority of frequent bacteria isolated from all clinical specimens were Klebsielleae pneumoniae 20 (25 %) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (22.5 %), Acinetobacter baumannii 15 (18.75 %), Escherichia coli 10 (12.50 %), Staphylococcus aureus 9 (11.25 %), Streptococcus pyogenes 6 (7.50 %) and enterococcus spp. 2 (2.50 %). K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E. coli achieved high sensitivity to imipenem and meropenem (100 %). A. baumannii showed high sensitivity to meropenem (100 %) and imipenem (93.33 %). Staph. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and enterococcus species showed high sensitivity to vancomycin (100 %). CONCLUSIONS The nosocomial infection is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in hospitals. The role of nursing care in the prevention of nosocomial infection has proven vital due to the emergence and spreading of different pathogenic bacteria. Close interactions between health care providers can save many more lives. KEY WORDS Intensive Care Units, Antibiotics Sensitivity Pattern, Nursing Infection Control
Natural Orifice Non-Descent Hysterectomy - Revisiting Fading Surgical Art
Authors: Prateek Shashi
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND We wanted to assess the feasibility of natural orifice non-descent hysterectomy (NONH) for various benign gynaecological indications. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care centre including patients requiring hysterectomy for various gynaecological indications over 12 months. Outcomes including time of surgery, blood loss, intraoperative surgical technique, complications, and conversion to the abdominal route were noted. RESULTS A total of 68 cases of natural orifice non-descent hysterectomy were performed. The uterine fibroid was the most common (50 %) indication for surgery followed by adenomyosis. Uteri with previous multiple surgeries were also successfully operated vaginally. The average surgical time was 60 min, with minimal blood loss. Post-operative recovery was good and patients were discharged after 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS This article concludes that natural orifice is a safe route of non-descent hysterectomy even for larger and scarred uteri using various debulking and surgical techniques but requiring good anatomical knowledge, surgical expertise and teamwork. KEY WORDS Natural Orifice Non-Descent Hysterectomy (NONH); Surgical Variations; Debulking Technique; Post-Operative Recovery
Uncertainty of Thermographic Temperature Measurement of Electric Units Contained in Switchgear
Authors: Dziarski Krzysztof , Hulewicz Arkadiusz
Published: December 2021

The result of the works presented is the uncertainty budget of a thermographic temperature measurement taken through an IR window. The type B uncertainty determination method has been employed. Publication of European Accreditation EA-4/02 has been patterned. Conditions prevailing in course of the thermographic temperature measurement of low-voltage electric units contained in the switchgear were recreated as part of the works. The measurement system has been presented. Components of the infrared radiation reaching the camera lens in case when an IR window was used and when an IR window was not used have been discussed. Uncertainties estimated for the measurement done with an IR window and without an IR window have been compared.
Die Form des ›Helfens‹ und ihre (Soll-)Bruchstellen
Authors: Ricken Norbert
Published: December 2021

As familiar and self-evident as what is meant by ›helping‹ may seem at first, it is difficult to define ›helping‹ in a precise conceptual way. Against this backdrop, the question of what ›helping‹ is will be taken up and dealt with from a theoretical point of view. The path taken to work out and systematically define the form of helping leads to the discussion of some of the (predetermined) breaking points built into it and to the conclusion that ›helping‹ must be categorically defined differently. Recent anthropological research also suggests this by referring to the social-theoretical embedding of individuals and leaving behind individual-theoretical understandings of isolated individuals who would then enter into a relationship with each other.
Nächstenliebe und Selbstliebe
Authors: Karle Isolde
Published: December 2021

The contribution starts anthropologically, following biblical narratives but also modern anthropological research, by assuming that people are fundamentally related to others and that human cultural development is based on fundamentally cooperative processes. Against this background, love of self and love of neighbour are not understood as competing patterns of behaviour; rather, they are mutually dependent. This is confirmed by empirical results with regard to volunteer work, which show that for most volunteers altruism, sociability and self-development do not denote contradictory motives, but rather interpret each other reciprocally.
Helfen und Wohlbefinden aus psychologischer Perspektive
Authors: Luhmann Maike
Published: December 2021

Psychological research has long been interested in whether helping can make people happy. This article summarizes empirical evidence and theoretical models on the relationship between helping and well-being. Empirical studies indicate a significant, but weak positive relationship between helping behaviors and well-being. The functional approach and self-determination theory are two theoretical frameworks that are particularly relevant for interdisciplinary investigations of this topic. The article concludes with a discussion of open questions and avenues for future research.
Vom Glück und Unglück des Helfens
Authors: Söding Thomas
Published: December 2021

In the mirror of the New Testament, helping is an authentic expression of being human. The focus is on the people who need help but should not remain dependent on it. Therefore, empathy and effectiveness are important virtues of helping. Helping makes people happy when it is done out of charity; helping brings misfortune when it becomes a means to an end. The ethos of helping is based on faith in God, who alone is able to save people's lives. This theocentrism relativises human helping and thus justifies the focus on what is humanly possible, but also the hope of transcending these limits, so that no one needs help any more, because all are filled with God's love.
Von der Berufung zum Job?
Authors: Jähnichen Traugott
Published: December 2021

In our culture, helping people in need is essentially determined by Christian motivations. This applies not least to the time of the formation phase of the organised social form of diaconal action since the middle of the 19th century. Regardless of the many transformations that have resulted in helping becoming a profession for many people, religious motivations remain formative, but are no longer dominant. However, a latent openness of helping professions to normative, especially Christian semantics can be observed, to which diaconal leadership can be connected.
War die Vermarktlichung der Pflege ein Irrweg?
Authors: Cremer Georg
Published: December 2021

Markets in social services are often rejected with the argument that they do not do justice to the special nature of social services. In contrast, this article argues for thinking about how the care market should be organised so that good care can be provided. A productive approach is to use the four steering mechanisms according to J. Le Grand: Trust/motivation, command-and-control, voice and choice/competition. The regulatory debate must clarify how and in which mixes the four steering models are to be used.
Take Care!
Authors: Meier-Gräwe Uta
Published: December 2021

The contribution directs attention to the Corona pandemic and its effects on care work with female connotations - paid and unpaid. The focus is on acute needs and requirements as well as the structural problems behind them. Finally, what political changes are needed after our pandemic experiences have shown so clearly that care work, which is predominantly performed by women, is the foundation of the economy and society?
Analysis of the therapeutic benefits of symptomatic slow acting drugs in osteoarthritis: emphasis on structural-modifying action
Authors: Belyaeva I. B. , Mazurov V. I. , Trofimov E. A.
Published: December 2021

The review presents an analysis of the therapeutic effect in osteoarthritis (OA) of the original complex injectable drug Alflutop (bioactive concentrate of small marine fish), which is one of the most widely used symptomatic slow acting drugs (SYSADOA) in Russia. It stimulates the proliferation of chondrocytes, activates the synthesis of the extracellular matrix by modulating transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), inhibits hyaluronidase, oxidative stress and the activity of extracellular expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes – interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6 and IL8 in vitro.

The results of prospective clinical studies are presented, which demonstrate the ability of Alflutop to slow down the X-ray progression of OA of the knee joints (inhibit the narrowing of the joint space, the growth of osteophytes and increase the intra-articular concentration of hyaluronic acid), as well as restore the mobility of the hip joints when it is locally introduced into the zone of pathological changes in the articular lip of the acetabulum. Combined therapy with Alflutop leads to activation of reparative processes and significant clinical improvement in patients with post-traumatic OA, and also slows down the progression of chondrodegeneration according to magnetic resonance imaging. The new Alflutop administration regimen for knee OA (2 ml every other day, №10) can increase patient adherence to therapy.

The results of clinical studies presented in the review prove the structural-modifying effect of Alflutop in OA of various localization and substantiate its widespread use in this disease in rheumatological, traumatological and orthopedic practice.
Assessment of spine mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by ultrasound scanning (preliminary data)
Authors: Kurbanmagomedov M. K. , Sakharova K. V. , Demina A. B. , Erdes Sh. F.
Published: December 2021

Spine involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) resulting in limited mobility requires a search for accurate, quantitatively methods of assessment of the decline of its function and monitoring of its dynamics. One of the promising methods for assessing movements in the spine in AS is ultrasound examination (US).

Objective: to determine the relationship between the mobility of the spine measured sonographically, and the activity and functional status of patients with AS.

Patients and methods. Spinal ultrasound was performed in 15 patients (10 men and 5 women, mean age 40.8±11.4 years, mean duration of the disease 5.5±3.5 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of AS, admitted to the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology from April to August 2019. All patients underwent a double examination (at baseline and after 2 weeks) according to a specially developed protocol.

Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of the results of sonographic measurements of the distance between the spinous processes of the vertebrae of the studied spine segment at baseline and after 2 weeks revealed a tendency towards an increase in these parameters both in the initial position and during flexion. There was no relationship between age, body mass index, duration of the disease and the distance between the spinous processes in all parts of the spine measured by sonography in initial position and during flexion. Correlation analysis data indicate the presence of a correlation between an increase in the distance between the spinous processes in the cervical and lumbar spine and a decrease in ESR, and i increase in the distance between the spinous processes in the lumbar spine and level of CRP. A weak negative relationship was found between the BASDAI index and the mobility of the spine at the LIV–V level and between sonographic measurements in all segment of the spine and the BASMI index.

Conclusion. The sonographic method of determining the mobility of the spine can be recommended in patients with AS, both for initial examination and during follow-up, but it can't substitute the BASMI metrological index. Further research is needed to confirm the findings.
The use of guselkumab in psoriatic arthritis: evidence from real clinical practice
Authors: Nekrasova N. V. , Borovikov Yu. E. , Zadorkina T. G. , Nekrasova P. V.
Published: December 2021

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, spine and enthesis from the group of spondyloarthritis that develops in patients with psoriasis. Guselkumab is a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, an inhibitor of interleukin 23, which has been shown to be effective in the treatment of plaque psoriasis and PsA.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of guselkumab treatment in PsA patients.

Patients and methods. The study included 16 patients with PsA. All patients received 100 mg of guselkumab subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4, 12, 20. Disease activity and treatment efficacy were assessed at weeks 0, 12 and 24 using the DAS28, ASDAS, BASDAI, DAPSA activity indices, the index of the extent and severity of psoriasis PASI.

Results and discussion. During treatment, patients with PsA showed a pronounced positive dynamics of the indices of disease activity and an improvement in the skin condition. Before the treatment with guselkumab, the mean value of the DAS28 index was 4.26±0.64, DAPSA – 37.94±9.45, ASDAS – 2.7±0.65, and BASDAI – 5.49±1.39, after 12 weeks of treatment these indicators decreased to 3.03±0.49; 17.06±4.58; 1.64±0.33 and 3.48±0.66, respectively, and after 24 weeks (after the 4th injection) – to 2.32±0.18; 11.31±2.18; 1.22±0.27 and 2.62±0.78, respectively (p<0.05 for all cases). Before treatment, the average PASI index reached 30.99±15.43, after 12 weeks – 4.55±4.82, and after 24 weeks – 1.05±1.46 (p<0.05). During treatment, a significant improvement in the main manifestations of the disease was noted: regression of peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, and skin rashes.

The treatment was well tolerated during the 24 weeks of the study, and no serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion. The data from real clinical practice indicate that guselkumab is highly effective and safe in the treatment of PsA.
Migraine in children and adolescents: modern principles of diagnostics and treatment
Authors: Golovacheva V. A. , Golovacheva A. A. , Antonenko L. M.
Published: December 2021

Migraine is a nervous system disorder that affects 7.7% of children and can debut before the age of 3 years. As they get older, the incidence of migraine increases, and among adolescents, its prevalence reaches 15%. The disease can significantly reduce the child's daily activity, school performance. Migraine is the most common cause of headache in children and adolescents, but it is not always diagnosed; it is not uncommon for patients with migraine to be misdiagnosed and given ineffective treatment. An effective approach to the diagnosis of migraine in children is presented, diagnostic criteria for migraine according to the 3rd edition of International Classification of Headache Disorders are described. Special disorders in childhood are described – episodic syndromes in children associated with migraine. Migraine treatment in children includes four main approaches: 1) lifestyle recommendations; 2) migraine attack treatment; 3) nonpharmacological treatment; 4) migraine preventive pharmacotherapy. All of the listed approaches for the treatment of migraine in childhood are discussed in detail.
Novel approaches to the treatment of cervical dystonia. The concept of dual navigation control
Authors: Kovalenko A. P. , Zalyalova Z. A. , Ivolgin A. F.
Published: December 2021

Сervical dystonia (CD) is the most common type of focal dystonia (up to 50% of all dystonia cases). Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections is the treatment choice for CD. However, the effectiveness and tolerability of botulinum therapy in CD depends on the correct choice of target muscles and the accuracy of the BoNT injection. The publication presents literature data and our own clinical experience regarding the use of navigation in BoNT injections in CD.According to the majority of authors, the use of navigation equipment, such as ultrasound (US) and electromyography (EMG), definitely increases the effectiveness of CD treatment and reduces the likelihood of adverse events. For the first time, an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of CD is proposed, based on the use of the method of «double- (EMG and US) guided navigation», a variant for determining the comparative activity of muscles by the intensity of the EMG signal and the design of an individual «passport» of the CD. The possibilities of analyzing the US of muscles, drawing up an accurate treatment regimen, targeted administration of BoNT, and using a non-injectable EMG electrode are shown. We present 4 clinical cases demonstrating the advantages of the double- (EMG+US) guided navigation method over the EMG-guided navigation for injection. The proposed algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of CD makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of treatment, optimize the costs of BoNT and diagnostic equipment (injection EMG needle).
The effect of sleep duration on the risk of diabetes mellitus in an open population of men aged 45–64 years (international epidemiological studies)
Authors: Gafarov V. V. , Gromova E. A. , Panov D. O. , Shcherbakova L. V. , Tripelgorn A. N. , Malyutina S. K. , Rymar O. D. , Mustafina S. V. , Gagulin I. V. , Gafarova A. V.
Published: December 2021

Objective: to study the effect of sleep duration on the 16-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in an open population of men aged 45–64 years living in Novosibirsk.Patients and methods. In 2003–2005 during the IV screening (HAPIEE project), a representative sample of men aged 45–69 years (n=781; mean age – 56.48±0.2 years, response rate – 61%) was examined. A standard clinical and epidemiological examination was carried out: sleep duration was assessed using the Jenkins scale, the level of state-trait anxiety (STA) – using the Spielberger self-assessment scale, depression, life exhaustion, family and workplace stress – with MONICA-MOPSY scales. Social support was assessed with Berkman–Syme Social Network Index. The cohort was followed up for 16 years.Results and discussion. In the studied population of men aged 45–64 years, the most common sleep duration was 7 hours (44.7%), in second place – 8 hours of sleep (27.6%), in third place – 6 hours of sleep (16.4%). Among people with newly diagnosed DM, 7-hour sleep prevailed – 39.2%, 6- and 8-hour sleep – 25.3% each (÷2=7.774; df=5; p>0.05). In men with 5–6 hours of sleep, compared with men sleeping for 7–8 hours, we found a 1.72-fold increased 16-year risk of developing diabetes (95% CI 1.066–2.776; p<0.05), and in men aged 45–54 years – a 1.868-fold increase (95% CI 1.089–3.927; p<0.05). In the Cox-proportional multivariate model, an independent effect on the diabetes risk was observed for: 5–6 hours of sleep at night: hazard ratio (HR) 1.561 (95% CI 1.063–2.83; p<0.001), depression (HR 1.767; 95% CI 1.058–2.952; p<0.05), life exhaustion (HR 1.511; 95% CI 1.266–2.984; p<0.05), and low and medium-1 SNI (HR 1.956; 95% CI 1.074–3.560; p<0.05).Conclusion. Short and very short sleep duration could be defined as a major risk factor of DM.
Multifactorial model of willingness to get vaccinated in medical students during 3rd wave of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Malygin V. L. , Malygin Ya. V. , Iskandirova A. S. , Pahtusova E. E. , Merkuryeva Yu. A. , Ogarev V. V. , Hudiakov A. V. , Asasian M. A.
Published: December 2021

Vaccination of the population is the most essential and decisive measure in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic that has involved the whole world. The vaccination of healthcare workers and medical students who can spread the infection among patients is crucial.

Objective: to study the attitude towards vaccination among medical students.

Patients and methods. From 18 to 22 June 2021, an anonymous Internet survey of 364 students of medical and technical universities was conducted. The sample included 135 medical students with no immunity to COVID-19 – who had not been ill or vaccinated. Three variants of behavioral strategies related to vaccination were compared: refusal to vaccinate, observation of the situation, consent to vaccination.

Results and discussion. The key factors influencing the choice of a behavioral strategy for avoiding vaccination are the belief that COVID-19 infection is not dangerous for young people and that the vaccine is not studied enough. The willingness to get vaccinated is associated with denial of insufficient knowledge about the vaccine, belief in its safety and effectiveness, fear of infecting loved ones. The observer student group is characterized by an intermediate position on vaccination beliefs.

Conclusion. To increase the willingness for vaccination, it is necessary, first of all, to spread the information about the vaccine, its safety (inability to cause severe complications, death) and effectiveness in preventing infection, reducing the level of anxiety concerning vaccination. It is also important to spread awareness about the danger of infecting loved ones and increase personal responsibility for the health of their loved ones.
Cardioembolic stroke: classification of causes and prevention strategies
Authors: Fonyakin A. V. , Geraskina L. A.
Published: December 2021

This literature review covers the diversity of cardioembolic stroke (CES), the heterogeneity of the embolism sources and the morphological characteristics of the embolic substrate. It is emphasized that the determination of the individual tactics of secondary prevention is based on the verification of specific cardiac causes of stroke, for convenience, stratified as pathology of chambers, heart valves and variants of paradoxical embolism (PE). It has been shown that the leading pathology of the heart chambers associated with CES is nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and left ventricular thrombosis, and the main basis for the prevention of stroke in this pathology is oral anticoagulant therapy with direct oral anticoagulants or vitamin K antagonists (warfarin). The main types of heart valve pathology are prosthetic valves and rheumatic mitral stenosis. In this case, oral anticoagulant therapy also serves as the basis for secondary prevention. In the absence of the need to prescribe anticoagulants (mainly in the pathology of natural heart valves) acetylsalicylic acid is the drug of choice. In infective endocarditis (IE), the basic prevention strategies are antibiotic therapy and surgery. Surgical tactics also remain the main one for the prevention of CES in tumors of the left heart. Transcatheter closure of the patent foramen ovale and occlusion of the left atrial appendage are being introduced into the daily practice of interventional medicine in order to prevent ischemic stroke. A balanced individual approach to the patient, a targeted cardiological examination, a comprehensive analysis of clinical and instrumental data and the reasonable use of funds that have proven their effectiveness and safety in the main strategies for stroke prevention, are essential in effective prevention of CES.
Changes in retinal structures as markers of multiple sclerosis progression
Authors: Poplyak M. O. , Trufanov A. G. , Temniy A. V. , Maltsev D. S. , Chakchir O. B. , Mikheev A. V. , Skulyabin D. I. , Bisaga G. N. , Litvinenko I. V. , Odinak M. M.
Published: December 2021

The involvement of the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology determines the importance of studying the structures of the retina for earlier diagnosis and monitoring the severity of the neurodegeneration. The introduction of the reference method of optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows high resolution in vivo visualization of the retinal structures.

Objective: to identify changes in various retinal structures in remitting (RMS) and secondary-progressive (SPMS) MS phenotypes.

Patients and methods. The study included 80 patients with RMS (n=48) and SPMS (n=32); the control group included 20 age- and sex-adjusted healthy individuals. Clinical assessment was carried out using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). All patients were examined by an ophthalmologist. To assess changes in the retina, OCT was performed using the RTVue XR Avanti apparatus (Optovue, USA).

Results and discussion. We found a significant (p<0.001) decrease in the thickness of the retina of the foveal and parafoveal regions, the thickness of the ganglionic cell complex when comparing the parameters of the retina of the control group and patients with RMS. There was also a significant (p<0.01) decrease in the retinal thickness in the perifoveal region, the thickness of the layer of retinal nerve fibers, the magnitude of focal and global losses. During comparation of the retinal OCT data between patients with RMS and SPMS, we revealed significant differences (p<0.001) in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, the retinal thickness in the parafoveal and foveal regions, and a significant (p<0.01) decrease in the thickness of the peripheral region, the thickness of the ganglionic cell complex, the volume of focal and global losses. Assessment of the correlations of OCT parameters with the EDSS and MSSS scales in both phenotypes showed a single significant (p<0.05) strong negative correlation (r=-0.70) of the EDSS score and retinal thickness in the foveal region in patients with SPMS.

Conclusion. As a domain of criteria for the MS course without signs of disease activity (No Evidence of Disease Activity, NEDA), it is advisable to use retinal OCT with analysis of the retinal thickness in the foveal region, the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, the ganglion cell complex for dynamic monitoring of the inflammatory process activity in patients with RMS and assessment of its progression in patients with SPMS.
Drug-induced parkinsonism
Authors: Ostroumova T. M. , Ostroumova O. D. , Soloveva A. S.
Published: December 2021

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is the most common drug-induced movement disorder and is most commonly associated with antipsychotic drugs, monoamine reuptake inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. DIP manifests as a typical movement disorder, which makes it practically indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and requires differential diagnosis. DIP symptoms develop fairly quickly (hours to weeks) after the antipsychotic is started or after the dose is increased. Therefore, DIP is predominantly a clinical diagnosis that must be kept in mind when a patient develops typical symptoms during treatment onset or increasing the dose of drugs that most often lead to such an adverse reaction (ADR). DIP evaluation includes using the Naranjo algorithm, which helps assess a causal relationship between drug intake and the development of parkinsonism symptoms. The primary DIP treatment is the reduction of the dose of the inducer drug, or its cancellation, or replacement with another drug. In patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced DIP, dose reduction, replacement with another medication, or prescription of a drug with anticholinergic activity may be possible. The awareness of the doctor and the patient about the possibility of developing this ADR is crucial in the prevention of DIP. Therefore, choosing a drug with the lowest risk of developing DIP is necessary for pharmacotherapy.
Generic drugs: benefit/risk ratio
Authors: Ushkalova E. A. , Zyryanov S. K. , Gopienko I. A.
Published: December 2021

The review discusses the interchangeability of medications, approaches to the registration of original and generic drugs, and types of their equivalence, as well as problems with generics in clinical practice. Results of pharmacoepidemiological studies, which have been widely carried out recently, speak of insufficient understanding of the impact of generics on remote outcomes of chronic diseases, including mortality. The longterm economic prospects of generic drug administration continue to remain unclear. Among the primary differences between generics and brandname drugs are the differences in active ingredient synthesis methods and the composition of adjuvants and additives. Comparative studies on the therapeutic equivalence of generics with their originals or between themselves are rarely conducted. They are often affected by methodological flaws, which cannot ensure their comparable efficacy and safety. In this regard, automatic replacement of drugs containing the same active ingredient should be avoided without the participation of the attending physician.
Delayed Puberty in Girls with Primary Amenorrhea: A Report of Cases
Authors: Shahab Fatinah , Mulyantoro Inu , Tjahjanto Hary , Winarni Tri Indah , Faradz Sultana MH
Published: December 2021

Background:Female puberty starts when the pituitary hormone producing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which will stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen. Delayed puberty with primary amenorrhea in female is the lack of breast development followed by the absence of menses 3 years after the initiation of breast development. Sex chromosomes have an important role in determining the sex, germ cell differentiation of foetus, and reproductive functions of an offspring, thus, sex chromosomal aberrations frequently cause primary amenorrheaCase presentation: We report two delayed puberty cases with the chief complain of primary amenorrhea. Both cases showed hypoplasia of uterus and ovaries on pelvic imaging and hormonal assay showed low of FSH. The first case was gonadal dysgenesis with 46,XX karyotype and low level of estrogen and the second case was a turner syndrome with 45,X karyotype and normal level of estrogen. Conclusion:This study reported delayed puberty with primary amenorrhea cases due to different chromosomal aberration pattern which have similar clinical features. Therefore, cytogenetic examination is needed for any primary amenorrhea cases in order to accomplish the confirmatory diagnosis and for the clinicians to make a correct intervention and treatment.
Depresión, desregulación emocional y estrategias de afrontamiento en adolescentes con conductas de autolesión
Authors: Bautista Hernández Gildardo Bautista Hernández , Vera Noriega Jose Angel , Machado Moreno Francisco Antonio , Rodríguez Carvajal Claudia Karina
Published: December 2021

En México, el estudio de la autolesión cuenta con pocas investigaciones, y menos si se trata de estudios que conformen posibles modelos explicativos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en el presente trabajo se planteó como objetivo conocer la relación de la autolesión con la depresión, la desregulación emocional y los estilos de afrontamiento, con el fin de generar un modelo explicativo de la problemática. El estudio se realizó a partir de un diseño cuantitativo, transversal y con alcance explicativo, y se contó con una muestra de 5835 adolescentes (Medad = 11-15 años) inscritos en 62 secundarias públicas del estado de Sonora. Se realizaron regresiones logísticas para el análisis de los datos, y como resultado se encontró que, para los estudiantes con autolesión severa (3.54 %), el modelo explica el 61 % de la varianza en los datos (R2 de Nagelkerke = .61) y clasifica correctamente al 84.1 % de los participantes; mientras que, en la autolesión leve (5.29 %), el modelo explica el 72 % de la varianza en los datos (R2 de Nagelkerke = .72) y clasifica correctamente al 88.2 % de los estudiantes. Asimismo, las dimensiones de depresión mostraron el mayor nivel explicativo (cognitiva-afectiva, somática) y correlaciones positivas con la desregulación emocional y el estilo de afrontamiento de evitación, así como correlaciones negativas con el estilo de afrontamiento de aproximación. Al final se discute respecto a la importancia de las variables independientes para futuras investigaciones, y sobre los resultados anómalos y otros datos de interés.
Roselle anthocyanin stability profile and its potential role in post-harvest deterioration: A review
Authors: Lema Abubakar Abdullahi , Mahmod Nor Hasima , Khandaker Mohammad Moneruzzaman , Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Published: December 2021

The conversion of roselle calyx into a dried extract without decreasing its consistency is a challenge, given the perishability of the calyx and instability of anthocyanin, which can quickly degrade and develop colored or unwanted brown colors because of its high reactivity. The most critical factors influencing anthocyanins' stability are pH, temperature, light and post-harvest-related enzymes. Besides, the calyx suffered wound injury when removing seed from the calyx, causing stress and eventually, microbial degradation. Nonetheless, mature anthocyanins stimulate plants by responding to stress, especially drought, high salinity, excess light and injury; it is also correlated with improved stress resistance as the genes of individual plants are triggered under these conditions modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work investigates the stability and potential role of roselle anthocyanin in post harvest deterioration. Anthocyanin stability can, therefore, be achieved by maintaining low pH and temperature, acylation, glycosylation, copigmentation and encapsulation. In the quest for roselle deterioration biomarkers, the detection of critical enzymes, such as Chalcone synthase CHS and FH3 Flavanone 3 hydroxylase, would offer insight into the genetic modification of anthocyanin.
O wielkopolskich kazaniach ojca Szymona od św. Antoniego, karmelity. Przyczynek do historii kaznodziejstwa w Wielkopolsce czasów saskich
Authors: Puziak Marcin
Published: December 2021

Kaznodzieja z 1 poł. XVIII wieku – o. Szymon od św. Antoniego (karmelita trzewiczkowy) – działał w Poznaniu i w różnych miejscach Wielkopolski. Pośmiertnie został opublikowany zbiór jego kazań zatytułowany Dyaryusz odświętnego roku kaznodziejskiego. Do jego publikacji przyczynili się inni zakonnicy wielkopolskiej prowincji Najświętszego Sakramentu. W klasztorze poznańskim tej prowincji stale działali kaznodzieje wyznaczani przez kapitułę prowincjalną. Wśród nich był o. Szymon, który w okresie sprawowania urzędu kaznodziei głosił kazania w kościele karmelitańskim Bożego Ciała oraz innych kościołach zakonnych Poznania. Przy okazji odpustów parafialnych był zapraszany także do przepowiadania w różnych parafiach w Wielkopolsce. W jego kazaniach są zawarte różne ciekawe szczegóły historyczne odnoszące się do życia w epoce saskiej oraz wiążące się z miejscami, gdzie o. Szymon pełnił swoją posługę.
Budownictwo sakralne w archidiecezji poznańskiej w latach 1945-1977
Authors: Wilczyński Leszek
Published: December 2021

Powojenny rozwój urbanistyczny Wielkopolski spowodował luki w systemie sieci parafialnej Kościoła poznańskiego. Nie bez znaczenia dla poprawnego funkcjonowania archidiecezji były też zniszczenia świątyń, powstałe w czasie II wojny światowej. Niestety, polityka władz komunistycznych obliczona była na laicyzację społeczeństwa i spowodowanie możliwie największych utrudnień w rozwoju życia religijnego w Polsce. Archidiecezja poznańska – podobnie jak inne diecezje – w całym okresie Polski Ludowej musiała zmagać się z przeciwdziałaniem władz w zakresie budownictwa sakralnego.
Endoscopic confocal laser-microscopy for the intraoperative nerve recognition: is it feasible?
Authors: Ellebrecht David Benjamin , von Weihe Sönke
Published: December 2021

Surgeons lose most of their tactile tissue information during minimal invasive surgery and need an additional tool of intraoperative tissue recognition. Confocal laser microscopy (CLM) is a well-established method of tissue investigation. The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of CLM nervous tissue recognition. Images taken with an endoscopic CLM system of sympathetic ganglions, nerve fibers and pleural tissue were characterized in terms of specific signal-patterns ex-vivo. No fluorescent dye was used. Diagnostic accuracy of tissue classification was evaluated by newly trained observers (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and interobserver variability). Although CLM images showed low CLM image contrast, assessment of nerve tissue was feasible without any fluorescent dye. Sensitivity and specificity ranged between 0.73 and 0.9 and 0.55–1.0, respectively. PPVs were 0.71–1.0 and the NPV range was between 0.58 and 0.86. The overall interobserver variability was 0.36. The eCLM enables to evaluate nervous tissue and to distinguish between nerve fibers, ganglions and pleural tissue based on backscattered light. However, the low image contrast and the heterogeneity in correct tissue diagnosis and a fair interobserver variability indicate the limit of CLM imaging without any fluorescent dye.
Infection agents of Didelphidae (Didelphimorphia) of Brazil: an underestimated matter in zoonoses research
Authors: Bitencourt Matheus M. , Bezerra Alexandra M. R.
Published: December 2021

Zoonoses are diseases or infections naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans, and can be bacterial, viral or parasitic. The growth of urbanization, industrialization and the advance of agriculture and livestock facilitate the spread of infectious and parasitic agents from wild animals to the human population and to their domestic animals. Among the various reservoirs of zoonotic agents, we find that didelphid species, due to their high capacity for adaptation in urban environments, as an important study case. We reviewed the literature data on the pathogens, including with zoonotic potential of marsupial species occurring in Brazil, accounted for infections by agents that we categorized into Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, and Helminths. Aiming identifies possible knowledge gaps, we also surveyed the origin of studied samples and the institutions leading the researches on host didelphids. Among the hosts, the genus Didelphis in the cycles of these agents stands out. Moreover, we found that the majority of reported cases are in the Southeastern Brazil, mean the data from other Brazilian localities and didelphid species could be underestimated. Most studies took place in graduate programs of public research institutions, emphasizing the importance of the funding public research for the Brazilian scientific development.
Advancing Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease diagnostics, through the UK 100,000 Genomes Project
Authors: Pipis Menelaos , Houlden Henry , Reilly Mary M.
Published: December 2021

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is regarded by many as the pinnacle of contemporary molecular genetic testing, and has only been possible because of the rapid development and roll-out of next-generation sequencing technologies. It provides a phenotype-agnostic analysis of the genome and has important advantages compared to other techniques including a consistent coverage across the coding and non-coding genome, the application of high resolution homozygosity mapping and the ability to detect and highlight structural variation.

Realising this potential and with a bid to sequence 100,000 genomes, the UK rolled out the 100,000 Genomes Project as a proof of concept of integrating genomics in the national health service. Participants with cancer and rare diseases enrolled in the project whose infrastructure comprises of a central national biorepository and 13 regional genomic medicine centres where clinicians, geneticists and other scientists work as part of a multidisciplinary team. Amongst participants are also patients with genetically unclassified Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease who have benefited substantially from improved diagnostic rates and many more stand to benefit as the analysis of genomic data is ongoing.

WGS is an important tool as we head towards more personalised medicine and in our quest to improve public health and treat and where possible prevent disease.
Clinical spectrum and management of imprinting disorders
Authors: Elbracht Miriam , Binder Gerhard , Hiort Olaf , Kiewert Cordula , Kratz Christian , Eggermann Thomas
Published: December 2021

Imprinting disorders are exceptional within the group of monogenic syndromes. They are associated with molecular changes affecting imprinted regions and usually do not follow the rules of Mendelian inheritance. They account for a relevant proportion of congenital disorders, especially within the syndromal growth entities with endocrine, neurological, and skeletal characteristics. In patients with imprinting disorders and accelerated growth, significant tumor risks have to be considered. The number of known imprinting disorders increases with the identification of new regions in which parentally imprinted genes are located. Imprinting disorders are caused by genomic pathogenic variants affecting imprinted genes, as well as by aberrant imprinting marks (epimutations) in the patients themselves. Additionally, maternal effect mutations have recently been identified that trigger secondary epimutations in the offspring. These maternal effect mutations explain not only imprinting disorders in their children, but also recurrent reproductive failure in the families. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent findings in 13 well-known imprinting disorders relating to clinical diagnosis, management and counseling.
Die Humangenetische Beratung in der DDR
Authors: Doetz Susanne
Published: December 2021

In den letzten Jahren ist die Geschichte der humangenetischen Beratung zunehmend Gegenstand medizin- und wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Forschungen geworden. In diesem Artikel untersuche ich anhand von Archivmaterial und medizinischer Fachliteratur der damaligen Zeit die Etablierung und Ausgestaltung der humangenetischen Beratung in der DDR von den 1960er Jahren bis zum Fall der Berliner Mauer 1989. Die Initiative zur Einrichtung eines humangenetischen Beratungsdienstes in der DDR startete in den 1960er Jahren und ging auf Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen zurück, die sich mit humangenetischen Problemen befassten, und in ihrer politischen Einstellung heterogen waren. In den 1970er und 80er Jahren wurde ein flächendeckendes Netz von humangenetischen Beratungsstellen geschaffen, die entweder an Universitätseinrichtungen oder an Bezirkskrankenhäusern angesiedelt waren. Trotz der zentralen Steuerung gab es einen beträchtlichen Unterschied zwischen den einzelnen Bezirken. In der DDR führten sowohl Biologen und Biologinnen als auch Ärzte und Ärztinnen humangenetische Beratungen durch. Mit ihrem Fokus auf einzelne Individuen bzw. Familien und ihrer Ablehnung jeglicher Art von Zwang setzten sich die Humangenetiker und Humangenetikerinnen von den eugenischen Praktiken der NS-Zeit ab. Dennoch ließen sie – wie auch in der BRD – populationsgenetische Zielsetzungen nicht völlig außer Acht. Auch in ihrer Zielsetzung – die Geburt behinderter Kinder zu verhindern und die Geburt gesunder Kinder zu fördern – unterschied sich die humangenetische Beratung in der DDR nicht von anderen, auch nicht-sozialistischen Staaten. Diese Absicht war nicht staatlich vorgeschrieben, sondern Ausdruck einer gesellschaftlichen Haltung, die Behinderung mit Leiden gleichsetzte.
How to find genomic regions relevant for gene regulation
Authors: Guo Xuanzong , Ohler Uwe , Yildirim Ferah
Published: December 2021

Genetic variants associated with human diseases are often located outside the protein coding regions of the genome. Identification and functional characterization of the regulatory elements in the non-coding genome is therefore of crucial importance for understanding the consequences of genetic variation and the mechanisms of disease. The past decade has seen rapid progress in high-throughput analysis and mapping of chromatin accessibility, looping, structure, and occupancy by transcription factors, as well as epigenetic modifications, all of which contribute to the proper execution of regulatory functions in the non-coding genome. Here, we review the current technologies for the definition and functional validation of non-coding regulatory regions in the genome.
Tumor spheroids and organoids as preclinical model systems
Authors: Baniahmad Aria
Published: December 2021

The generation of three-dimensional (3D) cancer models is a novel and fascinating development in the study of personalized medicine and tumor-specific drug delivery. In addition to the classical two-dimensional (2D) adherent cell culture models, 3D spheroid and organoid cancer models that mimic the microenvironment of cancer tissue are emerging as an important preclinical model system. 3D cancer models form, similar to cancer, multiple cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions and activate different cellular cascades/pathways, like proliferation, quiescence, senescence, and necrotic or apoptotic cell death. Further, it is possible to analyze genetic variations and mutations, the microenvironment of cell–cell interactions, and the uptake of therapeutics and nanoparticles in nanomedicine. Important is also the analysis of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which could play key roles in resistance to therapy and cancer recurrence. Tumor spheroids can be generated from one tumor-derived cell line or from co-culture of two or more cell lines. Tumor organoids can be derived from tumors or may be generated from CSCs that differentiate into multiple facets of cancerous tissue. Similarly, tumorspheres can be generated from a single CSC. By transplanting spheroids and organoids into immune-deficient mice, patient-derived xenografts can serve as a preclinical model to test therapeutics in vivo.

Although the handling and analysis of 3D tumor spheroids and organoids is more complex, it will provide insights into various cancer processes that cannot be provided by 2D culture. Here a short overview of 3D tumor systems as preclinical models is provided.