bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel method for estimating shortwave direct radiative effect of above-cloud aerosols using CALIOP and MODIS data
Authors: Zhang Z. , Meyer K. , Platnick S. , Oreopoulos L. , Lee D. , Yu H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This paper describes an efficient and unique method for computing the shortwave direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosol residing above low-level liquid-phase clouds using CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. It addresses the overlap of aerosol and cloud rigorously by utilizing the joint histogram of cloud optical depth and cloud top pressure while also accounting for subgrid-scale variations of aerosols. The method is computationally efficient because of its use of grid-level cloud and aerosol statistics, instead of pixel-level products, and a precomputed look-up table based on radiative transfer calculations. We verify that for smoke and polluted dust over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean the method yields a seasonal mean instantaneous (approximately 13:30 local time) shortwave DRE of above-cloud aerosol (ACA) that generally agrees with a more rigorous pixel-level computation within 4%. We also estimate the impact of potential CALIOP aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval bias of ACA on DRE. We find that the regional and seasonal mean instantaneous DRE of ACA over southeastern Atlantic Ocean would increase, from the original value of 6.4 W m−2 based on operational CALIOP AOD to 9.6 W m−2 if CALIOP AOD retrievals are biased low by a factor of 1.5 (Meyer et al., 2013) and further to 30.9 W m−2 if CALIOP AOD retrievals are biased low by a factor of 5 as suggested in Jethva et al. (2014). In contrast, the instantaneous ACA radiative forcing efficiency (RFE) remains relatively invariant in all cases at about 53 W m−2 AOD−1, suggesting a near-linear relation between the instantaneous RFE and AOD. We also compute the annual mean instantaneous shortwave DRE of light-absorbing aerosols (i.e., smoke and polluted dust) over global oceans based on 4 years of CALIOP and MODIS data. We find that given an above-cloud aerosol type the optical depth of the underlying clouds plays a larger role than above-cloud AOD in the variability of the annual mean shortwave DRE of above-cloud light-absorbing aerosol. While we demonstrate our method using CALIOP and MODIS data, it can also be extended to other satellite data sets.
Assessment of a surface-layer parameterization scheme in an atmospheric model for varying meteorological conditions
Authors: Anurose T. J. , Bala Subrahamanyam D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The performance of a surface-layer parameterization scheme in a high-resolution regional model (HRM) is carried out by comparing the model-simulated sensible heat flux (H) with the concurrent in situ measurements recorded at Thiruvananthapuram (8.5° N, 76.9° E), a coastal station in India. With a view to examining the role of atmospheric stability in conjunction with the roughness lengths in the determination of heat exchange coefficient (CH) and H for varying meteorological conditions, the model simulations are repeated by assigning different values to the ratio of momentum and thermal roughness lengths (i.e. z0m/z0h) in three distinct configurations of the surface-layer scheme designed for the present study. These three configurations resulted in differential behaviour for the varying meteorological conditions, which is attributed to the sensitivity of CH to the bulk Richardson number (RiB) under extremely unstable, near-neutral and stable stratification of the atmosphere.
Impact of geomagnetic excursions on atmospheric chemistry and dynamics
Authors: Suter I. , Zech R. , Anet J. G. , Peter T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Geomagnetic excursions, i.e. short periods in time with much weaker geomagnetic fields and substantial changes in the position of the geomagnetic pole, occurred repeatedly in the Earth's history, e.g. the Laschamp event about 41 kyr ago. Although the next such excursion is certain to come, little is known about the timing and possible consequences for the state of the atmosphere and the ecosystems. Here we use the global chemistry climate model SOCOL-MPIOM to simulate the effects of geomagnetic excursions on atmospheric ionization, chemistry and dynamics. Our simulations show significantly increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the entire stratosphere, especially over Antarctica (+15%), due to enhanced ionization by galactic cosmic rays. Hydrogen oxides (HOx) are also produced in greater amounts (up to +40%) in the tropical and subtropical lower stratosphere, while their destruction by reactions with enhanced NOx prevails over the poles and in high altitudes (by −5%). Stratospheric ozone concentrations decrease globally above 20 km by 1–2% and at the northern hemispheric tropopause by up to 5% owing to the accelerated NOx-induced destruction. A 5% increase is found in the southern lower stratosphere and troposphere. In response to these changes in ozone and the concomitant changes in atmospheric heating rates, the Arctic vortex intensifies in boreal winter, while the Antarctic vortex weakens in austral winter and spring. Surface wind anomalies show significant intensification of the southern westerlies at their poleward edge during austral winter and a pronounced northward shift in spring. Major impacts on the global climate seem unlikely.
Hydrographic data from the GEF Patagonia cruises
Authors: Charo M. , Piola A. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The hydrographic data reported here were collected within the framework of the Coastal Contamination, Prevention and Marine Management Project (Global Environment Facility (GEF) Patagonia), which was part of the scientific agenda of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The project goal was to strengthen efforts to improve sustainable management of marine biodiversity and reduce pollution of the Patagonia marine environment. The observational component of the project included three multidisciplinary oceanographic cruises designed to improve the knowledge base regarding the marine environment and to determine the seasonal variability of physical, biological and chemical properties of highly productive regions in the southwest South Atlantic continental shelf. The cruises were carried out on board R/V ARA Puerto Deseado, in October 2005 and March and September 2006. On each cruise, hydrographic stations were occupied along cross-shelf sections spanning the shelf from nearshore to the western boundary currents between 38° and 55° S. This paper reports the quasi-continuous vertical profiles (conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profiles) and underway surface temperature and salinity data collected during the GEF Patagonia cruises. These data sets are available at the National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, US, doi:10.7289/V5RN35S0.
Retrospective analysis of a nonforecasted rain-on-snow flood in the Alps – a matter of model limitations or unpredictable nature?
Authors: Rössler O. , Froidevaux P. , Börst U. , Rickli R. , Martius O. , Weingartner R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A rain-on-snow flood occurred in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, on 10 October 2011, and caused significant damage. As the flood peak was unpredicted by the flood forecast system, questions were raised concerning the causes and the predictability of the event. Here, we aimed to reconstruct the anatomy of this rain-on-snow flood in the Lötschen Valley (160 km2) by analyzing meteorological data from the synoptic to the local scale and by reproducing the flood peak with the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH (Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model). This in order to gain process understanding and to evaluate the predictability. The atmospheric drivers of this rain-on-snow flood were (i) sustained snowfall followed by (ii) the passage of an atmospheric river bringing warm and moist air towards the Alps. As a result, intensive rainfall (average of 100 mm day-1) was accompanied by a temperature increase that shifted the 0° line from 1500 to 3200 m a.s.l. (meters above sea level) in 24 h with a maximum increase of 9 K in 9 h. The south-facing slope of the valley received significantly more precipitation than the north-facing slope, leading to flooding only in tributaries along the south-facing slope. We hypothesized that the reason for this very local rainfall distribution was a cavity circulation combined with a seeder-feeder-cloud system enhancing local rainfall and snowmelt along the south-facing slope. By applying and considerably recalibrating the standard hydrological model setup, we proved that both latent and sensible heat fluxes were needed to reconstruct the snow cover dynamic, and that locally high-precipitation sums (160 mm in 12 h) were required to produce the estimated flood peak. However, to reproduce the rapid runoff responses during the event, we conceptually represent likely lateral flow dynamics within the snow cover causing the model to react "oversensitively" to meltwater. Driving the optimized model with COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling)-2 forecast data, we still failed to simulate the flood because COSMO-2 forecast data underestimated both the local precipitation peak and the temperature increase. Thus we conclude that this rain-on-snow flood was, in general, predictable, but requires a special hydrological model setup and extensive and locally precise meteorological input data. Although, this data quality may not be achieved with forecast data, an additional model with a specific rain-on-snow configuration can provide useful information when rain-on-snow events are likely to occur.
Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using a modified STREAM model for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in Africa
Authors: Kiptala J. K. , Mul M. L. , Mohamed Y. A. , van der Zaag P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Integrated water resources management is a combination of managing blue and green water resources. Often the main focus is on the blue water resources, as information on spatially distributed evaporative water use is not as readily available as the link to river flows. Physically based, spatially distributed models are often used to generate this kind of information. These models require enormous amounts of data, which can result in equifinality, making them less suitable for scenario analyses. Furthermore, hydrological models often focus on natural processes and fail to account for anthropogenic influences. This study presents a spatially distributed hydrological model that has been developed for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in eastern Africa. Using an innovative approach, remote-sensing-derived evapotranspiration and soil moisture variables for 3 years were incorporated as input data into the Spatial Tools for River basin Environmental Analysis and Management (STREAM) model. To cater for the extensive irrigation water application, an additional blue water component (Qb) was incorporated in the STREAM model to quantify irrigation water use. To enhance model parameter identification and calibration, three hydrological landscapes (wetlands, hillslope and snowmelt) were identified using field data. The model was calibrated against discharge data from five gauging stations and showed good performance, especially in the simulation of low flows, where the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of the natural logarithm (Ens_ln) of discharge were greater than 0.6 in both calibration and validation periods. At the outlet, the Ens_ln coefficient was even higher (0.90). During low flows, Qb consumed nearly 50% of the river flow in the basin. The Qb model result for irrigation was comparable to the field-based net irrigation estimates, with less than 20% difference. These results show the great potential of developing spatially distributed models that can account for supplementary water use. Such information is important for water resources planning and management in heavily utilized catchment areas. Model flexibility offers the opportunity for continuous model improvement when more data become available.
Evolution of karst conduit networks in transition from pressurised flow to free surface flow
Authors: Perne M. , Covington M. D. , Gabrovšek F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We present a novel modelling approach to study the evolution of conduit networks in soluble rocks. Unlike the models presented so far, the model allows a transition from pressurised (pipe) flow to a free surface (open channel) flow in evolving discrete conduit networks. It calculates flow, solute transport and dissolutional enlargement within each time step and steps through time until a stable flow pattern establishes. The flow in each time step is calculated by calling the EPA Storm Water Management Model (EPA SWMM), which efficiently solves the 1-D Saint Venant equations in a network of conduits. We present several cases with low dip and sub-vertical networks to demonstrate mechanisms of flow pathway selection. In low dip models the inputs were randomly distributed to several junctions. The evolution of pathways progresses upstream: initially pathways linking outlets to the closest inputs evolve fastest because the gradient along these pathways is largest. When a pathway efficiently drains the available recharge, the head drop along the pathway attracts flow from the neighbouring upstream junctions and new connecting pathways evolve. The mechanism progresses from the output boundary inwards until all inputs are connected to the stable flow system. In the pressurised phase, each junction is drained by at least one conduit, but only one conduit remains active in the vadose phase. The selection depends on the initial geometry of a junction, initial distribution of diameters, the evolution in a pressurised regime, and on the dip of the conduits, which plays an important role in vadose entrenchment. In high dip networks, the vadose zone propagates downwards and inwards from the rim of the massif. When a network with randomly distributed initial diameters is supplied with concentrated recharge from the adjacent area, the sink point regresses up upstream along junctions connected to the prominent pathways. Large conductive structures provide deep penetration of high hydraulic head and give rise to high gradients and possible fast evolution of conduit systems deep within the massif.
Assessment of heavy rainfall-induced disaster potential based on an ensemble simulation of Typhoon Talas (2011) with controlled track and intensity
Authors: Oku Y. , Yoshino J. , Takemi T. , Ishikawa H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Typhoon Talas (2011) caused extensive damage through landslides on the Kii Peninsula, Japan, in September 2011. The purpose of the present study is to quantitatively describe the potential for the occurrence of heavy rainfall-induced disasters if the typhoon track perturbs slightly or the typhoon intensifies. Regarding to the consideration of the track displacement of the typhoon, a procedure is proposed to generate different typhoon tracks perturbed from the original track of the typhoon. In this procedure, the position of a typhoon is artificially shifted at a certain time before landing in a physically consistent manner by applying potential vorticity inversion (PVI) methodology. After relocating the typhoon, the subsequent progress is simulated by a mesoscale meteorological model. Using the output, which consists of a set of realizations having different typhoon tracks, the worst-class scenario is discussed in terms of the soil water index (SWI) of the Kii Peninsula. The SWI is an indicator of the amount of water in soil that represents the hazard of landslide disasters. The maximum spatially averaged SWI is 1.10 times as large as that from the original typhoon track. Regarding the consideration of severer typhoon, the same method is used, but the intensity of the potential vorticity of a typhoon is artificially modified at the position instead of relocating potential vorticity to a different place. The maximum spatially averaged SWI is 1.28 times as large as that of the original typhoon intensity.
The land-ice contribution to 21st-century dynamic sea level rise
Authors: Howard T. , Ridley J. , Pardaens A. K. , Hurkmans R. T. W. L. , Payne A. J. , Giesen R. H. , Lowe J. A. , Bamber J. L. , Edwards T. L. , Oerlemans J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Climate change has the potential to influence global mean sea level through a number of processes including (but not limited to) thermal expansion of the oceans and enhanced land ice melt. In addition to their contribution to global mean sea level change, these two processes (among others) lead to local departures from the global mean sea level change, through a number of mechanisms including the effect on spatial variations in the change of water density and transport, usually termed dynamic sea level changes. In this study, we focus on the component of dynamic sea level change that might be given by additional freshwater inflow to the ocean under scenarios of 21st-century land-based ice melt. We present regional patterns of dynamic sea level change given by a global-coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model forced by spatially and temporally varying projected ice-melt fluxes from three sources: the Antarctic ice sheet, the Greenland Ice Sheet and small glaciers and ice caps. The largest ice melt flux we consider is equivalent to almost 0.7 m of global mean sea level rise over the 21st century. The temporal evolution of the dynamic sea level changes, in the presence of considerable variations in the ice melt flux, is also analysed. We find that the dynamic sea level change associated with the ice melt is small, with the largest changes occurring in the North Atlantic amounting to 3 cm above the global mean rise. Furthermore, the dynamic sea level change associated with the ice melt is similar regardless of whether the simulated ice fluxes are applied to a simulation with fixed CO2 or under a business-as-usual greenhouse gas warming scenario of increasing CO2.
Equilibrator-based measurements of dissolved nitrous oxide in the surface ocean using an integrated cavity output laser absorption spectrometer
Authors: Grefe I. , Kaiser J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations are usually determined by gas chromatography (GC). Here we present laboratory tests and initial field measurements using a novel setup comprising a commercially available laser-based analyser for N2O, carbon monoxide and water vapour coupled to a glass-bed equilibrator. This approach is less labour-intensive and provides higher temporal and spatial resolution than the conventional GC technique. The standard deviation of continuous equilibrator or atmospheric air measurements was 0.2 nmol mol−1 (averaged over 5 min). The short-term repeatability for reference gas measurements within 1 h of each other was 0.2 nmol mol−1 or better. Another indicator of the long-term stability of the analyser is the standard deviation of the calibrated N2O mole fraction in marine air, which was between 0.5 and 0.7 nmol mol−1. The equilibrator measurements were compared with purge-and-trap gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of N2O concentrations in discrete samples from the Southern Ocean and showed agreement to within the 2% measurement uncertainty of the GC-MS method. The equilibrator response time to concentration changes in water was from 142 to 203 s, depending on the headspace flow rate. The system was tested at sea during a north-to-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean. While the subtropical gyres were slightly undersaturated, the equatorial region was a source of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, confirming previous findings (Forster et al., 2009). The ability to measure at high temporal and spatial resolution revealed submesoscale variability in dissolved N2O concentrations. Mean sea-to-air fluxes in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic ranged between −1.6 and 0.11 μmol m−2 d−1 and confirm that the subtropical Atlantic is not an important source region for N2O to the atmosphere, compared to global average fluxes of 0.6–2.4 μmol m−2 d−1. The system can be easily modified for autonomous operation on voluntary observing ships (VOS). Future work should include an interlaboratory comparison exercise with other methods of dissolved N2O analyses.
Roles of initial ocean surface and subsurface states on successfully predicting 2006–2007 El Niño
Authors: Zheng F. , Zhu J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The 2006–2007 El Niño event, an unusually weak event, was predicted by most models only after the warming in the eastern Pacific had commenced. In this study, on the basis of an El Niño prediction system, roles of the initial ocean surface and subsurface states on predicting the 2006–2007 El Niño event are investigated to determine conditions favorable for predicting El Niño growth and are isolated in three sets of hindcast experiments. The hindcast is initialized through assimilation of only the sea surface temperature (SST) observations to optimize the initial surface condition (Assim_SST), only the sea level (SL) data to update the initial subsurface state (Assim_SL), or both the SST and SL data (Assim_SST + SL). Results highlight that the hindcasts with three different initial states all can successfully predict the 2006–2007 El Niño event one year in advance and that the Assim_SST + SL hindcast performs best. A comparison between the various sets of hindcast results further demonstrates that successful prediction is more significantly affected by the initial subsurface state than by the initial surface condition. The accurate initial surface state can easier trigger the prediction of the 2006–2007 El Niño, whereas a more reasonable initial subsurface state can contribute to improving the prediction in the growth of the warm event.
Design Thinking as a Strategy for Marketing Confectionery Products: A Case Study of Cocoa Processing Company—Ghana
Authors: Poku Kofi , Ansah Martin Owusu
Published: June 2014

This research looked at a shift from plain technology improvements to real endeavours in order to address the needs of consumers and to generate powerful and sustainable solutions that could tackle the current and future challenges at Cocoa Processing Company through Design Thinking. The main objective was to investigate how Design Thinking can be used by Cocoa Processing Company as a critical strategic tool for the marketing of their confectionery products.The research aimed at investigating how C.P.C used design thinking in its market strategies, to help increase its sales through discovery and creativity, bearing in mind the encouragement of customer satisfaction through design thinking and also differentiate its product from competitors. Primary and secondary data were used in collecting the data. The primary data was gathered through interviews with personnel from Marketing, R&D and Production departments of CPC and customers. The secondary data was information from Cocoa Processing Company’s web pages, annual reports and previous related research works on design thinking done by others on the Internet. The research population was ten and hence all were chosen as the sample size. Purposive sampling technique was used in gathering the data. The data was analysed using pattern matching which is also known as analytic technique. The study revealed that the organisation made use of design thinking in their marketing strategies in differentiating products from its competitors. The integration of the various departments within the organization also contributed in marketing the company’s products. It was recommended for CPC to use the Design Thinking Processes to assess its current design capabilities and identify the gaps in their design process. It was recommended for C.P.C to liaise with students with background in design, business and technology in the form of multidisciplinary teams to help improve marketing activities in the organisation.
Volatility Interactions among India and US Stock Markets
Authors: Prashant Joshi
Published: June 2014

The study examines the return and volatility spillover among BSE and DJIA of India and US Stock Markets respectively. It employed GARCH-BEKK model to examine the relationship. The period of study is from January 2, 2012 to April 4, 2014. We find evidences of bidirectional shock and volatility interactions among the stock markets. The results indicate that DJIA exercises more influence on BSE in terms of shocks and volatility transmission. The overall persistence of volatility is highest in US stock market.
A QUASI-LIKELIHOOD APPROACH TO PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR SIMULATABLE STATISTICAL MODELS
Authors: Baaske Markus , Ballani Felix , Van den Boogaart Karl Gerald
Published: June 2014

This paper introduces a parameter estimation method for a general class of statistical models. The method exclusively relies on the possibility to conduct simulations for the construction of interpolation-based metamodels of informative empirical characteristics and some subjectively chosen correlation structure of the underlying spatial random process. In the absence of likelihood functions for such statistical models, which is often the case in stochastic geometric modelling, the idea is to follow a quasi-likelihood (QL) approach to construct an optimal estimating function surrogate based on a set of interpolated summary statistics. Solving these estimating equations one can account for both the random errors due to simulations and the uncertainty about the meta-models. Thus, putting the QL approach to parameter estimation into a stochastic simulation setting the proposed method essentially consists of finding roots to a sequence of approximating quasiscore functions. As a simple demonstrating example, the proposed method is applied to a special parameter estimation problem of a planar Boolean model with discs. Here, the quasi-score function has a half-analytical, numerically tractable representation and allows for the comparison of the model parameter estimates found by the simulation-based method and obtained from solving the exact quasi-score equations.
In Vivo Hypobaric Hypoxia Performed During the Remodeling Process Accelerates Bone Healing in Mice
Authors: Durand Marjorie , Collombet Jean-Marc , Frasca Sophie , Begot Laurent , Lataillade Jean-Jacques , Le Bousse-Kerdilès Marie-Caroline , Holy Xavier
Published: June 2014

We investigated the effects of respiratory hypobaric hypoxia on femoral bone-defect repair in mice because hypoxia is believed to influence both mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, a process involved in the bone-healing mechanism. To mimic conditions of non-weight-bearing limb immobilization in patients suffering from bone trauma, our hypoxic mouse model was further subjected to hind-limb unloading. A hole was drilled in the right femur of adult male C57/BL6J mice. Four days after surgery, mice were subjected to hind-limb unloading for 1 week. Seven days after surgery, mice were either housed for 4 days in a hypobaric room (FiO2 at 10%) or kept under normoxic conditions. Unsuspended control mice were housed in either hypobaric or normoxic conditions. Animals were sacrificed on postsurgery day 11 to allow for collection of both contralateral and lesioned femurs, blood, and spleen. As assessed by microtomography, delayed hypoxia enhanced bone-healing efficiency by increasing the closing of the cortical defect and the newly synthesized bone volume in the cavity by +55% and +35%, respectively. Proteome analysis and histomorphometric data suggested that bone-repair improvement likely results from the acceleration of the natural bone-healing process rather than from extended mobilization of MSC-derived osteoprogenitors. Hind-limb unloading had hardly any effect beyond delayed hypoxia-enhanced bone-healing efficiency.
La normativité du principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées
Authors: Arbour Jean-Maurice
Published: June 2014

La question posée ici est celle de savoir si le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées (PRCMD) fait maintenant partie du droit international coutumier. La vaste majorité des internationalistes estime que l’on ne saurait le considérer, à l’heure actuelle, comme faisant partie du droit coutumier. Dans le texte qui suit, l’auteur veut évaluer la nature des obstacles qui se dressent sur la route du PRCMD, dans sa conquête d’une plus grande normativité juridique. Dans son essence, le PRCMD est fondé sur la disparité des niveaux de développement économique entre les pays développés et les pays en développement et fait appel à l’équité pour fonder, au profit des pays en développement, des transferts financiers et technologiques, ainsi que du soutien technique, afin de les aider à mettre en oeuvre les obligations qui découlent de leur participation au régime de ces conventions. Dans sa forme radicale et exceptionnelle, comme le régime du climat nous le démontre, le PRCMD exempte les pays en développement des obligations chiffrées de réduction des gaz à effet de serre souscrites par les seuls pays développés en vertu du Protocole de Kyoto de 1997. Depuis le Sommet de Copenhague (2009), l’application du PRCMD dans le contexte du régime climatique pose problème et elle se trouve présentement au coeur des discussions sur un nouvel accord global qui pourrait être mis en place en 2020.
L’opérationnalisation du principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées repensée : plaidoyer pour une démarche ancrée dans l’équité
Authors: Bartenstein Kristin
Published: June 2014

Le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées, fondamental pour le droit international de l’environnement, structure dans tous les grands traités sur l’environnement la répartition des charges entre pays en développement et pays développés. Dans le régime du climat, poussant la différenciation à son paroxysme, seuls les derniers assument les obligations de réduction, alors que les premiers bénéficient de mesures de renforcement des capacités. Avec l’essor des pays émergents, grands pollueurs et nouvelles forces économiques, cette opérationnalisation conçue en 1992 est remise en question. La difficulté des États à s’entendre sur une répartition équitable des charges associées à la lutte contre le réchauffement paralyse les négociations sur l’avenir du régime. Le présent article retrace le problème avant de plaider pour une différenciation plus nuancée des obligations. Cela semble effectivement être la seule issue durable à l’enlisement. L’enjeu est de taille, car il y va ultimement de l’avenir de l’équité dans le droit international de l’environnement.
Le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées dans les instruments conventionnels relatifs aux eaux douces internationales – Cherchez l’intrus !
Authors: Sohnle Jochen
Published: June 2014

Dans le contexte d’une réflexion générale menée sur le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées (PRCMD), l’auteur s’interroge sur la présence de ce principe dans le domaine du droit international des eaux douces. Sa réponse est affirmative mais nuancée. Le recours au PRCMD, qui reste exceptionnel dans cette spécialité, se fait utilement dans deux cas de figure : dans des situations où les États riverains du même cours d’eau international/aquifère transfrontière ne présentent pas un degré de développement identique et lorsque la gestion des ressources en eau dépasse le cadre géographique du bassin hydrographique/aquifère.
Le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées dans la Convention « POP »
Authors: Deleuil Thomas
Published: June 2014

Entrée en vigueur en 2004, la Convention de Stockholm sur les polluants organiques persistants (POP) rassemble aujourd’hui 179 parties et constitue l’instrument principal relatif aux POP. Comme beaucoup de traités de l’ère post-Rio, la Convention POP n’a pas échappé au débat sur le développement d’une différenciation au niveau conventionnel. Or, pour cela, les négociateurs se sont tournés vers le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées (PRCMD). Cette convention est ainsi le seul accord à consacrer explicitement le PRCMD en dehors du régime du climat. Malgré l’importance accordée à la différenciation en doctrine, la Convention POP n’a pourtant été que très peu étudiée. Il convient donc de s’interroger sur la place occupée par le PRCMD dans le régime POP. Bien qu’elle soit d’un classicisme patent, cette question est d’un réel intérêt dans la mesure où les éléments de réponse dégagés pourraient apporter un nouvel éclairage sur la pratique du PRCMD. L’auteur analysera donc dans son article la façon dont le PRCMD a été consacré, mais également les moyens de mise en oeuvre du traitement différencié dans le régime POP.
Auxin efflux by PIN-FORMED proteins is activated by two different protein kinases, D6 PROTEIN KINASE and PINOID
Authors: Zourelidou Melina , Absmanner Birgit , Weller Benjamin , Barbosa Inês CR , Willige Björn C , Fastner Astrid , Streit Verena , Port Sarah A , Colcombet Jean , de la Fuente van Bentem Sergio , Hirt Heribert , Kuster Bernhard , Schulze Waltraud X , Hammes Ulrich Z , Schwechheimer Claus
Published: June 2014

The development and morphology of vascular plants is critically determined by synthesis and proper distribution of the phytohormone auxin. The directed cell-to-cell distribution of auxin is achieved through a system of auxin influx and efflux transporters. PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are proposed auxin efflux transporters, and auxin fluxes can seemingly be predicted based on the—in many cells—asymmetric plasma membrane distribution of PINs. Here, we show in a heterologous Xenopus oocyte system as well as in Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems that PIN-mediated auxin transport is directly activated by D6 PROTEIN KINASE (D6PK) and PINOID (PID)/WAG kinases of the Arabidopsis AGCVIII kinase family. At the same time, we reveal that D6PKs and PID have differential phosphosite preferences. Our study suggests that PIN activation by protein kinases is a crucial component of auxin transport control that must be taken into account to understand auxin distribution within the plant.
Global patterns of phytoplankton nutrient and light colimitation inferred from an optimality‐based model
Authors: Arteaga Lionel , Pahlow Markus , Oschlies Andreas
Published: June 2014

The widely used concept of constant ”Redfield” phytoplankton stoichiometry is often applied for estimating which nutrient limits phytoplankton growth in the surface ocean. Culture experiments, in contrast, show strong relations between growth conditions and cellular stoichiometry with often substantial deviations from Redfield stoichiometry. Here we investigate to what extent both views agree by analyzing remote sensing and in situ data with an optimality‐based model of nondiazotrophic phytoplankton growth in order to infer seasonally varying patterns of colimitation by light, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in the global ocean. Our combined model‐data analysis suggests strong N and N‐P colimitation in the tropical ocean, seasonal light, and N‐P colimitation in the Northern Hemisphere, and strong light limitation only during winter in the Southern Ocean. The eastern equatorial Pacific appears as the only ocean area that is essentially not limited by N, P, or light. Even though our optimality‐based approach specifically accounts for flexible stoichiometry, inferred patterns of N and P limitation are to some extent consistent with those obtained from an analysis of surface inorganic nutrients with respect to the Redfield N:P ratio. Iron is not part of our analysis, implying that we cannot accurately predict N cell quotas in high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll regions. Elsewhere, we do not expect a major effect of iron on the relative distribution of N, P, and light colimitation areas. The relative importance of N, P, and light in limiting phytoplankton growth diagnosed here by combining observations and an optimal growth model provides a useful constraint for models used to predict future marine biological production under changing environmental conditions. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Tracing the flow rate and mixing ratio of the Changjiang diluted water in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas using radium isotopes
Authors: Lee Hojun , Kim Guebuem , Kim Jeonghyun , Park Gwanserk , Song Ki‐Hoon
Published: June 2014

We measured Ra isotopes (223Ra and 228Ra) in surface seawater of the northwestern Pacific marginal seas to trace the flow rate and mixing of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW) in the summer of 2012. Based on the horizontal distribution of 223Ra activities, the arrival time of CDW from the river mouth to 450 km offshore northeast was estimated to be 20–35 days, which is similar to that determined in previous studies. Moreover, we successfully calculated the relative contribution of CDW at each sampling station using a salinity and 228Ra diagram. Using this unique method, we found that the relative contribution of CDW was more than 30% in most surface seawaters of the northern East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the southern sea off Korea. Our results suggest that CDW is of high significance in the biogeochemistry of surface seawater of these northwestern Pacific marginal seas during the summer monsoon period.
Paleoearthquakes at Frazier Mountain, California delimit extent and frequency of past San Andreas Fault ruptures along 1857 trace
Authors: Scharer Katherine , Weldon Ray , Streig Ashley , Fumal Thomas
Published: June 2014

Large earthquakes are infrequent along a single fault, and therefore historic, well‐characterized earthquakes exert a strong influence on fault behavior models. This is true of the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (estimated M7.7–7.9) on the southern San Andreas Fault (SSAF), but an outstanding question is whether the 330 km long rupture was typical. New paleoseismic data for six to seven ground‐rupturing earthquakes on the Big Bend of the SSAF restrict the pattern of possible ruptures on the 1857 stretch of the fault. In conjunction with existing sites, we show that over the last ~650 years, at least 75% of the surface ruptures are shorter than the 1857 earthquake, with estimated rupture lengths of 100 to <300 km. These results suggest that the 1857 rupture was unusual, perhaps leading to the long open interval, and that a return to pre‐1857 behavior would increase the rate of M7.3–M7.7 earthquakes.
Observations of gravity wave forcing of the mesopause region during the January 2013 major Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: de Wit R. J. , Hibbins R. E. , Espy P. J. , Orsolini Y. J. , Limpasuvan V. , Kinnison D. E.
Published: June 2014

Studies of vertical and interhemispheric coupling during Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) suggest that gravity wave (GW) momentum flux divergence plays a key role in forcing the middle atmosphere, although observational validation of GW forcing is limited. We present a whole atmosphere view of zonal winds from the surface to 100 km during the January 2013 major SSW, together with observed GW momentum fluxes in the mesopause region derived from uninterrupted high‐resolution meteor radar observations from an All‐Sky Interferometric Meteor Radar system located at Trondheim, Norway (63.4°N, 10.5°E). Observations show GW momentum flux divergence 6 days prior to the SSW onset, producing an eastward forcing with peak values of ∼+145 ± 60ms−1d−1. As the SSW evolves, GW forcing turns westward, reaching a minimum of ∼−240 ± 70ms−1d−1∼+18 days after the SSW onset. These results are discussed in light of previous studies and simulations using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Specified Dynamics.
The importance of bed sediment sand content for the structure of a static armor layer in a gravel bed river
Authors: Curran Joanna Crowe , Waters Kevin A.
Published: June 2014

The surface structure of static armor layers generated from water‐worked gravel bed channels was investigated with primary focus on the influence of sand content and flow rate. Flume experiments were conducted in which four sediment mixtures with sand contents between 1% and 38% were armored under one of three different flow rates. First‐ and second‐order statistical analyses were applied to digital elevation models of unarmored, armored, and clustered bed surface areas to identify changes in surface structure. Results were combined with data from previous research to create an extended data set of armored bed surfaces. Water‐worked, unarmored bed surfaces established under a dynamic equilibrium flow rate impacted the topographic variability and structure of the armored beds. Surface complexity decreased with armor formation as surface grains preferentially aligned with the flow direction. The bed surface became smoother, and where sediment mixture sand content was constant, there was greater smoothing of the surface during higher armoring flows as grains rearranged more easily. As bulk sand content increased, statistical analyses of the expanded data set showed that beds with very little sand content developed static armor layers that remained rough and had greater topographic variability than armor layers from sediments with higher sand contents. The bulk sediment sand content exerted a stronger influence over the change in surface roughness and structure upon armoring than that of the flow rate during armor formation. When combined with the knowledge of the local flow regime, the sand content may aid in predictions related to armored bed surface structure.
Molecular Genetics of Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Navarro Alba , Beà Sílvia
Published: June 2014

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive neoplasm considered incurable with current therapies. Both the Cyclin D1 translocation and the profile of genomic alterations are well known but the landscape of somatic mutations has only been recently characterised. Overall, numerical and structural alterations, amplifications, homozygous deletions, and somatic mutations affect components of the cell cycle regulation,
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
damage response, cell survival pathways, NOTCH and NFκB pathways, and the chromatin modification machinery. These alterations are potentially involved in the pathogenesis, progression and poor response to treatment of these lymphomas. In this review, the pathogenetic mechanisms of MCL, and how their better knowledge may help in offering new perspectives for the treatment of patients providing potential targets for individualised therapeutic intervention is discussed.

Key Concepts:

MCL is an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma.

A subset of patients follows an indolent clinical course.

Translocations of CCND1 (or CCND2) are the primary genetic alterations.

MCL have a very specific profile of secondary chromosomal gains and losses.

Several crucial genes are targeted by homozygous deletions and amplifications.

MCL SOX11‐positive with unmutated‐IGHV show high genomic complexity and worse prognostic compared to SOX11‐negative with mutated‐IGHV.

The different molecular and clinical subtypes of MCL have a different mutation distribution pattern.

The main pathways affected by molecular alterations in MCL are cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, cell survival pathways, NOTCH and NFκB pathways, and chromatin modification machinery.

Identifying molecular mechanisms that contribute to MCL pathogenesis and progression may offer potential targets for the management of the patients.
Aircraft Ground Structural Testing
Authors: Mares C. , Ursache N.
Published: June 2014

This chapter presents the static structural tests carried ou t during the design and certification of a new aircraft. To demonstrate the aircraft structural integrity over the operating environment, the testing program must answer to the essential airworthiness requirements within the design envelope specified by different sources such as Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR)/Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Defence Standards (Def Stan), and so on, as well as specific, and sometimes more challenging, customer requirements. The process develops using a building block approach: from coupons and elements to details, subcomponent and component levels, the number of performed tests decreasing with the increase in complexity of the tested structure, and load type and path. At the end of this complex cycle, the full structure testing demonstrates the aircraft behavior and allows validation of the analytical models and the certification.
The Black Church: Promoting Health, Fighting Disparities
Authors: Rowland Michael L. , Isaac‐Savage E. Paulette
Published: June 2014

This chapter illustrates the role of the Black church in promoting health awareness and healthy behaviors, and in fighting health disparities.
HIV‐Negative Gay Men and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Collins Joshua C. , Rocco Tonette S.
Published: June 2014

This chapter explores the factors that contribute to the disclosure and communication experiences of HIV‐negative gay men with one or more autoimmune diseases.
Dimerization of Pyramidalized 3,4,8,9‐Tetramethyltetracyclo [4.4.0.03,9.04,8]dec‐1(6)‐ene to a Hydrocarbon Featuring Four Cyclohexane Rings in Boat Conformations
Authors: Rey‐Carrizo Matias , Barniol‐Xicota Marta , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Vázquez Santiago
Published: June 2014

The synthesis, chemical trapping, and dimerization of a highly pyramidalized alkene is reported. Its dimer is a unique nonacycle featuring three planar cyclobutane rings, four cyclopentane rings, and four cyclohexane rings in boat conformations. The X‐ray diffraction analysis showed a H–H distance between the flagpole hydrogen atoms of 1.999 Å and a separation of 2.619 Å between the two flagpole carbon atoms. The three cyclobutane rings of the dimer were thermally stable.
Improving heat ageing and thermal properties of silicone rubber using montmorillonite clay
Authors: Nik Ismail Nik Intan , Ansarifar M. Ali , Song Mo
Published: June 2014

Heat ageing and thermal stability of a silicone rubber (SR) filled with montmorillonite clay (MMT) was investigated. Three types of rubber nanocomposites were prepared with highly exfoliated Cloisite 30B (SR/C30B), intercalated/exfoliated Cloisite Na+ (SR/Na+MMT), and highly intercalated Cloisite 20A (SR/C20A). This study showed that the SR/C30B nanocomposite exhibited excellent heat resistance in comparison to the other two nanocomposites and neat SR as revealed by higher retention strength. The thermal stability of the rubber in air was strongly dependent on the clay morphology and increased in the following order: highly intercalated/exfoliated SR/Na+MMT < highly intercalated SR/C20A < highly exfoliated SR/C30B. The thermogravimetric analyses of the SR/C30B nanocomposite showed a substantial increase in the final residue in comparison with the neat SR. This indicated a major improvement in the thermal stability of the rubber containing the exfoliated clay, which was also supported by the higher activation energy of decomposition measured for the nanocomposite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41061.
Three Pillars of Fisheries Policy
Authors: Grafton R. Quentin , Kompas Tom
Published: June 2014

The causes of overfishing are reviewed along with deficiencies in top‐down input‐regulated fisheries management. An alternative is the three pillars of fisheries policy intended to ensure sustainable, economically viable fisheries and marine ecosystems. The first pillar are incentives that promote a long‐term interest in both fisheries and marine ecosystems; the second are targets that account for the bioeconomics of fisheries; and the third, adaptive management practices, especially marine protected areas, that promote resilience against ecosystem disturbances. Collectively, the three pillars offer a practical and proven combination to ‘turn the tide’ and help overcome the overexploitation prevalent in many of the world's marine capture fisheries.