bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Could Gamification Present a Significant Topic for the Philosophy of Sport?
Authors: Hurych Emanuel
Published: July 2021

This article focuses on the phenomenon of gamification in the context of the philosophy of sport.  Gamification is usually understood as a process of adding games or game-like elements to some activity in order to encourage participation. Gamification takes the techniques that game designers use to engage players and applies them to motivate people in different spheres of our lives.With the rapid development of cyber games and the penetrating everyday lives of many young people, gamification becomes an important issue for different fields of study. In economic discourse, it is often used as a business strategy. For pedagogy, it can present an educational method or teaching instrument, and psychologists examine gamification as a motivational method.In the context of sports, gamification provides a possibility for various empirical sociological studies. However, the sociological investigations could be supported by studies of philosophical backgrounds of gamification applied in the field of sports. Some authors speak about the concept of meaningful gamification. They are mostly explained more from psychological positions (exploring the theories of motivation etc.) than from the philosophical ones.Virtuality and the virtual worlds connected with cyberspace (from which gamification comes) are often understood as the opposite of reality (or escape from reality). Thus, it could be taken as something inauthentic. Badges and points present "pure" instruments that could strengthen the instrumental approach to the world. However, is it as simple?In the philosophical discourse, we could examine gamification from a range of different positions. This article assesses two possible ways in terms of how to describe and discuss gamification in the philosophical discourse. One is the topic of game and play based on the work of Johan Huizinga. The other is the concept of authenticity and instrumentality based on Martin Heidegger, Jan Patočka, and Hans-Georg Gadamer.It appears probable that gamification in sport is rapidly spreading, and it will be examined within different empirical studies more and more. This article argues that this phenomenon is also as an interesting topic for the philosophy of sport.
Agustín lector de Séneca: el caso de la bona uoluntas
Authors: Lagouanère Jerôme ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: July 2021

The influence of the works of Seneca on Augustine, although often undervalued by scholars, appears decisive in the development of the concept of will in the first book of De libero arbitrio. In this paper, we analyze how the concept of bona uoluntas in the writings of Seneca may have influenced the Augustinian conception of the same concept.
Vendido al pecado por medio del origo. Agustín de Hipona y el comercio de esclavos en la Roma tardía
Authors: Elm Susanna ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: July 2021

Toward the end of his life, Augustine of Hippo wrote two letters (10* and 24*) to legal experts in which he reacted to recent attempts by slave-traders to sell 120 Roman North Africans «overseas» as slaves. Prompted by the fact that members of his clergy had offered them refuge in the episcopal compound at Hippo, Augustine sought to clarify the actual personal legal status of these men, women, and children. Were they slaves, coloni, or illegally captured free Roman citizens? What were their actual temporal, legal, personal conditions? Such concerns surrounding the condicio hominum temporalis, brought to light as a result of selling human beings, and their relevance and ramifications for Augustine’s thoughts and actions, especially with regard to the sin to which we are sold per originem of the First Man, are the focus of my remarks.
Agustín, Conciencia y el Maestro Interior
Authors: Fitzgerald Allan ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: July 2021

This article examines the relation of Augustine’s appreciation of the human heart to his understanding of conscience both from a theological and a spiritual point of view by a study of the 43 sermons preached in Hippo from December 406 to mid-summer 407, that is, the fifteen enarrationes on the Psalms of Ascent (en. Ps. 119-133), enarrationes on psalms 95 and 21 (sermon 2), the first sixteen tractates on the Gospel of John (Io. eu. tr.), and the ten homilies on the First Letter of John (ep. Io. tr.)
Philosophical Puzzles about Transgenderism
Authors: Furton Edward J. ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: July 2021

The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has created a paradox in the treatment of gender dysphoria, in part by redefining the disorder. The new definition implies that the individual’s body, not his or her mind, is disordered, regardless of whether the body shows any sign of abnormal development. Thus, the manual has created a situation where a perfectly healthy body is considered disordered, while a mind that perceives that healthy body to be wrongly sexed is considered healthy. This leads to erroneous and dangerous treatment of the individual.
The Worlding of the World through Prosthesis
Authors: Scuro Jen ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

Utilizing Heidegger’s “The Question Concerning Technology” as a starting point, I want to examine the ontological character of prosthesis despite Heidegger’s own specific account of the prosthetic. How might the making of prosthetics, the disposal of inorganic prosthetics as they become artifact, or the relation of prosthesis to dwelling and to aletheia fairly be read from Heidegger’s conception authentic being-in-world and to mit-sein? Comparatively, I discuss the ready-to-handedness of the tool, the temporalization of tools, and, most importantly, the habilitation of the world through the prosthetic effect of tools.
Is Heidegger a Phenomenologist?
Authors: Sigrist Michael , Steinman Michael ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

This panel explores Heidegger’s complicated relationship with phenomenology. One question is whether Heidegger was a phenomenologist at all. For Husserl, phenomenology was the study of essential structures of consciousness, and since Heidegger rejects both the ontological and methodological priority of consciousness, it might seem like he rejects phenomenology as well. On the other hand, the defining motto of phenomenology is ‘to the things themselves,’ and this seems to capture the persistent aim of Heidegger’s thinking, be it the work of art, technology, language, animality, or Dasein itself. Yet even if there is some way that Heidegger is ‘doing phenomenology,’ it’s not at all clear how he is doing it. He abandons Husserl’s reliance on the epoche, self-reflection, eidetic variation, and so on, and yet, while clearly not employing such a method, Heidegger does frequently write about a way of thinking proper to philosophy—can this way be described as phenomenological? In some ways our question is intractable—there are just too many ways to define phenomenology and too many ways to read Heidegger such that no single, broad consensus on both is likely to emerge—and yet, the question seems crucial for the understanding of Heidegger’s philosophy as a whole. Phenomenology, one can argue, holds the double promise that we can still think with Heidegger, instead of thinking about him as historical figure, and that there is something in his thought that is revealed, and not just postulated or construed.
“…a motherless child.” Heidegger's Abject Bodies
Authors: Lilly Reg ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

I examine Heidegger’s concept of body in SZ against the background of trauma studies which has, for some time, assigned the body a central role in trauma, not just as biological entity, but as a lived body with a specific temporality. For humans, as embodied and mortal, trauma is not merely an empirical possibility, but is an essential one; namely, the possibility of an essential dissociation in which wholeness and ‘mineness’ are fundamentally called into question. In my paper I first indicate the significance of wholeness for his project, and the role of the ontosomatic in it. Heidegger seeks in being-toward-death Dasein’s being-whole, but his death analysis reveals a displacement of somato-onticity that obscures its peculiar temporality. Two themes converge in this analysis: embodiment and temporality. I propose that the body and its temporality as a (surviving) worldly being is not extrinsic to ‘who’ Dasein is, or to its ‘mineness,’ and to that extent, Dasein’s body is essentially disruptive of Heidegger’s project. Heidegger’s fundamental ontology purchases (ontological) wholeness at the expense of the interminable openness of being-with of having-been (natality) and legacy (future) that cannot be understood apart from bodiliness. In this regard, trauma is not an adventitious occurrence, but a fundamental condition of Dasein.
Comment: Heidegger’s Poietic Writings
Authors: Vallega-Neu Daniela ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

This paper is about my latest book on Heidegger’s non-public writings on the event. It begins with a discussion of Contributions to Philosophy (Of the Event) and ends with The Event, spanning roughly the years 1936 to 1941. I pay primary attention to shift of attunements, concepts, and movement of thought in these volumes. Thereby a narrative emerges that traces a shift from a more Nietzschean pathos emphasizing the power of beyng to a more mystical approach in which Heidegger thinks “the beingless,” “what is without power,” and speaks of originary thinking as a thanking rather than a questioning. The shift begins to happen in 1939, the year World War II broke out but becomes clearly visible in 1940 in the volume On Inception (GA 70). Heidegger’s path of thinking is one of downgoing into the most concealed dimension of the truth of beyng and an attempt at thinking more radically without primacy of the human being. Among the many questions my book engages, I am focusing especially on the articulation of both the difference and simultaneity of beyng and beings in relation to attunement, body, history, and Heidegger’s errancies.
Constructing Indian Philosophical Antidotes for the Cardinal Fallacies
Authors: Chaukar Himani ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: July 2021

Philosophy in general is defined as the theory or attitude that acts as a guiding principle for an enriched life. Since time immemorial, many notable scholars have guided humanity towards leading a nourished and fulfilling life through their philosophical preaching and writings and were used by as benchmarks many in their day-to-day life. With the passage of time, Philosophy has taken strides and has evolved majorly to touch the human race irrespective of their caste, race, color, creed, region, etc. and is presently a major contributor for a better world. An extension of this subject is the Logic Based Therapy (LBT) which is slowly but surely is gaining grounds in today's world and is being used as a proficient tool to enhance the value of an individual's life by tackling his erroneous thoughts, also called fallacies in philosophical terms and to bring him on track towards a better existence. Hence, Logic-Based-Therapy (LBT) is fundamentally a philosophical therapy as it makes use of the philosophical wisdom from antiquity, transforming them into antidotes and ultimately using these potent antidotes to treat the cardinal fallacies. Till date, LBT has been the domain of Western philosophical antidotes but Indian philosophy also has an immense plethora of insights to offer in this area. The Sanskrit word for Philosophy is 'Darshan' which means 'Vision'. Indian Philosophy is considered as the vision of the wise and learned people and it becomes even more relevant as it embeds the potential to make our lives qualitatively better. Hence, the ultimate aim of Indian Philosophy is to be a guide for humanity and lead them towards the path of leading a 'good and meaningful life' whilst overcoming our fallacies and issues in our daily lives mainly through the preaching and writings of some great Indian philosophers. The current paper is an attempt at constructing such useful Indian Philosophical antidotes from the ideas of some of the most prominent contemporary Indian Philosophers like Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokamanya Tilak, Gopal Agarkar and J. Krishnamurti. The main focus being the key aspects of these philosopher's ideas that are relevant in addressing the cardinal fallacies and strengthening/promoting the corresponding transcendental virtues.
Think Into the Place of the Other
Authors: De Miranda Luis ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: July 2021

The present article introduces eight empirically-tested concepts that guide the crealectic practice of philosophical counseling: philosophical health, deep listening, the Creal, the possible, imparadisation, deep orientation, eudynamia , and mental heroism. The crealectic framework is grounded on a process-philosophy axiom of absolute possibility and continuous cosmological and cosmopolitical creation, termed "Creal". The approach also posits that there are three complementary modes of intelligence, namely analytic, dialectic, and crealectic, the balance of which is necessary to live a healthy human life. Beyond what is physically possible and psychologically possible, an underestimated force of social and personal deployment is the philosophical possible . In a context of personal counseling and philosophical care, the crealectic approach endeavors to slowly connect the patient to a field of harmonious and generative potentiality termed eudynamia.
PROCESSO DE DESINFECÇÃO DE PRODUTOS PARA SAÚDE: CONCEPÇÕES E PRÁTICAS DA EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Reginaldo Daiane Signorini , Meneghete Maria Cristina , Rodrigues Francisco Carlos Pinto , Doro Luciano Lemos , Fontana Rosane Teresinha , Bittencourt Vivian Lemes Lobo
Published: July 2021

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as concepções e práticas das equipes de Enfermagem sobre desinfecção química de produtos para a saúde (PPS) em um Centro de Material e Esterilização (CME). Metodologia: trata-se de pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, descritiva. As informações foram coletadas em setembro de 2019, com a equipe de Enfermagem que atua em um CME hospitalar localizado no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a coleta de dados utilizaram-se entrevista semiestruturada e observação estruturada. A análise dos resultados deu-se pelo método de análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: os participantes não informaram a necessidade de separação entre a área para desinfecção e a área contaminada. Observou-se que, apesar dos profissionais relatarem que utilizam os equipamentos de proteção individual em suas práticas, mesmo com a disponibilidade, há baixa adesão em todos os momentos recomendados. Quanto ao procedimento usado para desinfecção dos PPS, contatou-se tanto a execução correta quanto a incorreta. Considerações finais: concluiu-se que as concepções e as práticas da equipe de Enfermagem do CME acerca do processo de desinfecção química precisam ser revistas, devido à adesão incompleta na execução correta do processamento. Esse processo está diretamente relacionado à equipe de Enfermagem e esta carece de estímulo para a revisão dos procedimentos operacionais padrão, bem como o apoio institucional na busca de conhecimento teórico-científico permanente para redirecionar os processos de trabalho e melhorar os resultados necessários para a execução prática.
Prescrições e aprazamentos de medicamentos endovenosos em pediatria
Authors: Mota Rafaela de Oliveira , Costa Cristina Oliveira da , Brito Eva Anny Welly de Souza , Souza Thais Lima Vieira de , Sandoval Lilia Jannet Saldarriaga , Custódio Ires Lopes , Lima Francisca Elisângela Teixeira
Published: July 2021

Objectives: to analyze the prescriptions and scheduling of intravenous medications for hospitalizedchildren and adolescents, following the recommendations of the Safety Protocol in the Prescription,Use, and Administration of Medicines. Methods: descriptive, documentary study, with analysisof 352 prescriptions for intravenous medications in pediatric inpatient units. The age range of thechildren was 29 days up to 16 years old. Data collection took place from August to November 2017.A checklist-type instrument was used. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, incompliance with ethical precepts. Results: we found that the performance was satisfactory concerningthe prescriptions and followed the recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. The essentialitems in medication prescriptions had the following incidences: date (98%), generic name (95.2%),concentration (98.6%), dose (99.7%), route of administration (95.7% ), dosage (98.9%), guidelines(87.5%), physician's signature (99.1%), medical stamp (97.7%), nurse's signature (93.2%) and nurse'sstamp (84.7%). In the 352 prescriptions, 1,069 medications were analyzed, of which 1,059 (99.06%)presented satisfactory data regarding the verification of intravenous medications. Conclusions: mostof the prescription items were satisfactory; however, some items were considered unsatisfactory, withactions not performed correctly.
Challenges of the ageing culture from the gender-generational perspective: Youth's stance towards ageing and older people
Authors: Matović Jelica
Published: July 2021

The culture of aging is considered being an inseparable domain and aspect of modern concept of living. It has become foundation of sustainable development policy and a measure for evaluating the quality of social relations and human potential of an inclusive society. As an international perspective for alleviating age inequality, there is a need to redefine the social and political economy of aging in a global context. Analyzing youth (secondary school and faculty students) impressions of gender and intergenerational similarities as well as their differences in concept of aging was the main problem of our research. We investigated youth's general attitudes towards old people in order to discover if there are age and gender presumptions in youngsters that influence evaluating elders' characters in contrast with their peers as well as personal qualities between old men and women.
Analiza osnovnih problema u procesu upravljanja korporativnog menadžmenta
Authors: Dogandzic Sonja , Dogandžić Anja
Published: July 2021

Menadžment korporacije svoje aktivnosti usmerava, pre svega, ka realizaciji osnovnog cilja, povećanja vrednosti preduzeća zadovoljavajući pritom i interes onih koji su ih delegirali. U ovom procesu evidentno je da interesi samih menadžera nisu potisnuti u drugi plan, naprotiv, menadžment korporacije ih realizuje uporedo sa interesima vlasnika-akcionara. Ovakvo shvatanje postaje suviše uzan okvir za prikazivanje osnovnih problema koji se javljaju u procecu korporativnog upravljanja. Potrebno je uvažiti i interese ostalih interesnih grupa koje rade u samoj korporaciji ili obavljaju neke od poslovnih aktivnosti sa njom. Stoga, korporativno upravljanje treba da se posmatra kao sistem koji je u svojoj strukturi složen i dinamičan i koji se prilagođava internim potrebama korporacije ali i ostalim zainteresovanim  subjektima iz okruženja obezbedjujući pritom neophodan kontinuitet u radu,  rast i razvoj.
Economic effect calculation from new flaxseed solution for road dust suppression during open pit mining in Alexeevsky cement deposit in Mordovia: Case study
Authors: Zhulina Marina
Published: July 2021

A method is proposed to reduce dust formation from technological roads during open pit mining. It is suggested to use a solution based on flaxseed cake, instead of only water, for irrigation the technological roads. It can wet the roads more efficiently. The frequency of watering can be significantly decreased, thereby the employees working time can be optimized to reduce harmful effects on health. The costs for oil and fuel also will be decreased. The calculation of costs included the cost of labor, electricity, fuel for the sprinkler, repairs, depreciation and others. Also, a SWOT analysis of the project was performed to justify possible risks, including economic ones, associated with the implementation and application of the proposed method. It was calculated, an economic effect can be achieved in amount of about 1.5 million rubles per year at the Alexeevsky enterprise.
Urban regularisation of Belgrade, 1867: Trace vs. erasure
Authors: Blagojević Ljiljana
Published: July 2021

A gradual urban transformation of Belgrade from Oriental into Occidental city in the nineteenth century in a way prefigured its political change of status from an Ottoman Empire border town into a capital of a European nation state (i.e. the Principality of Serbia internationally recognised in 1878). This paper will explore this process, and will focus on the analysis of the plan of regularisation of Belgrade (1867), by Emilijan Josimović, the first Serbian urbanist. Josimović's plan laid down proposals for a total reconstruction of the Ottoman urban structure, and consequent transformation of Belgrade into European planned city. Radical though it was, the Plan gave urbanistic rationale and formalisation to what already lasted as an informal process of re-urbanisation parallel to the liberation from the crumbling Turkish rule and the related political processes.
Re-conceptualization of the idea of neighborhood in post-socialist Belgrade
Authors: Milojević Milica
Published: July 2021

Understanding the concept of collective form is of particular interest for re-conceptualization of the idea of neighborhood in post-socialist Belgrade. After the experiences of the socialist community, Belgrade is facing the issue of social atomization and numerous manifestations of the culture of distrust. These conditions in which the duties towards the others are not recognized for the sake of one's own sustain Thomas Hobbes defines as an issue of the wrong reason. In the region of Serbia the problem of wrong reason has its own history. Its fragments are found in the modern urbanization of the cities in Serbia, at the neighborhood level - shaped by the tension between the power directives and the desire of the ordinary people. According to the principle of reciprocity, based on the criteria of functional orientation, attractiveness and connectivity of group form elements, considering the presence of the culture of distrust, the intention of this article is to initiate discussion on proposed terminology and to reveal the key points for transformation of the dwelling community concept into neighborhood concept.
An Islamic numerical interpretation of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople
Authors: Mako Vladimir
Published: July 2021

Ideas regarding aesthetical thinking on architecture developed through history a number of interpretations addressing its cultural and social importance. These interpretations appear as formations of possible worlds of meanings, structured through human power of imagination and reaching impressive levels of creative comprehension what architectural structure can reflect by its meaningful essence. The paper explores one of such possible world of meanings, given in a form of numerical interpretation of the architectural structure of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Beside its complex and hermeneutic nature, the analyzed document reveals a highly sophisticated level of interactions of various cultural elements. They are composed into a whole which idealistic and poetic nature seems to be based on cosmopolitan approach to philosophy, religion, and human capability to comprehend the divine essence of creativity. It reminds us on the very nature of the intercultural nature of philosophic interpretation of architecture as a living condition of aesthetic thinking. Moreover, the document discussed in this paper, shows that such a fascination with architecture is not exclusive to the contemporary aesthetic thought, but represents one of the historical fundaments of that what social and cultural communication in architecture is.
Impact of the parent rock on erosion process development in Grdelica Gorge and Vranje Valley
Authors: Braunović Sonja , Ratknić Mihailo , Rakonjac Ljubinko
Published: July 2021

In the 1950s Grdelica Gorge and Vranje Valley were subject to erosion processes of all destruction categories, from weak surface erosion on mild slopes to excessive surface erosion and deep erosion in developed configuration terrains. Excessive erosion covered 28% of the total area under review and it made itself manifest in the form of numerous ravines, gullies, landslides and patches of barren parent rock. This paper presents analysis of parent rock as one of the natural predispositions for development of intensive erosion processes in this area.
Consolidation of democratic institutions: The case of Serbia
Authors: Golubović Nataša , Džunić Marija
Published: July 2021

In recent years, the violation of the principles that guarantee the respect of democratic norms and institutions has placed Serbia into the category of deficient democracies, and more recently in hybrid regimes. Since the beginning of the transition, the implementation of political and economic reforms in Serbia has been characterized by frequent shifts of periods with modest progress in the field of political and economic transformation with periods of stagnation and even backsliding in regards to the important reform segments. The indicators of political and economic reforms point to the strengthening of extractive institutions. Extractive institutions protect the economic and political interests of privileged groups to the detriment of the rest of society. This leaves fewer resources available to stimulate economic growth and job creation, with negative countereffects on the regime legitimacy and trust, which are crucial for the implementation of economic reforms. Serbia's failure to provide stronger economic growth is largely caused by extractive institutions that determine the business environment. The development of extractive institutions is indicated by the absence of a more even distribution of political power, weaknesses in the mechanisms of checks and balances, deficiencies in the sphere of the rule of law, widespread corruption, problems in the sphere of protection of property rights. The transitional developments in Serbia can be regarded as a historical heritage that adapts to the current social environment and has a great impact on institutional performance and democratic consolidation. Prolonged exposure to extractive institutions creates a cumulative effect of institutional learning, where individuals become vulnerable to political abuse, dependent on the state and unwilling to use political mechanisms of government accountability, contributing to a vicious circle of extractive political and economic institutions. Identifying the mechanisms of such accumulation, which include prolonged exposure to extractive institutions, as well as the transmission of cultural patterns from older generations who have long experience with extractive institutions, is a complex research task.
Current Status of Image-Enhanced Endoscopy for Early Identification of Esophageal Neoplasms
Authors: Kim Shin Hee , Hong Su Jin
Published: July 2021

Advanced esophageal cancer is known to have a poor prognosis. The early detection of esophageal neoplasms, including esophageal dysplasia and early esophageal cancer, is highly important for the accurate treatment of the disease. However, esophageal dysplasia and early esophageal cancer are usually subtle and can be easily missed. In addition to the early detection, proper pretreatment evaluation of the depth of invasion of esophageal cancer is very important for curative treatment. The progression of non-invasive diagnosis via image-enhanced endoscopy techniques has been shown to aid the early detection and estimate the depth of invasion of early esophageal cancer and, as a result, may provide additional opportunities for curative treatment. Here, we review the advancement of image-enhanced endoscopy-related technologies and their role in the early identification of esophageal neoplasms.
Developing a rigorous measure of the pre-school home mathematics environment
Authors: Cahoon Abbie , Cassidy Tony , Purpura David J. , Simms Victoria
Published: July 2021

Children begin pre-school with varying levels of school readiness. Those children who enter pre-school with better foundational mathematics skills are more likely to succeed in school than those who do not. This initial variation in early mathematics suggests that experiences outside of the school setting, namely the home environment, may support learning and development. This study aims to systematically develop a comprehensive home mathematics environment questionnaire that reliably assesses the experiences of pre-school children (i.e., 3–5-year-olds) following recent recognised scale development and validation methods. Four studies were used to develop and validate the Pre-school Home Mathematics Questionnaire (PHMQ). Study 1 focused on 1) item generation through individual, in-depth interviews with parents of young children and 2) identifying previous questions from other home mathematics environment (HME) questionnaires to be incorporated into the PHMQ. Study 2 involved questionnaire refinement and was used to assess the psychometric properties of the new measure while addressing construct validity (i.e., factor structure and scale score reliability). Study 3 assessed content and criterion validity of the scale. Finally, Study 4 focused on construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Overall, the four studies demonstrate construct, content, and criterion validity. Hence, the newly developed PHMQ satisfies the American Psychological Association (APA) standards for psychometric adequacy.
Determination of static space requirements for finishing bulls based on image analysis
Authors: Volkmann N , Stracke J , Rauterberg SL , Spindler B , Kemper N
Published: July 2021

In Europe, conventional housing systems for finishing bulls (Bos taurus) tend to consist of group pens with a high stocking density. Up until now there have been no regulations in place defining bulls’ space requirements, even although insufficient space allowance is considered to impair animal welfare. Our study aimed to measure the surface area that finishing bulls occupy in standing and lying positions. We observed 46 bulls on a German fattening farm. The animals from one pen were assigned to one of three weight classes (W1: < 450 kg; W2:450-649 kg; W3: ≥ 650 kg), and two pens of each weight class were examined. For image recordings, a camera trap was installed above the pens. To analyse the covered surface, the recorded images (n = 242) were edited. Furthermore, the observed lying postures were differentiated in terms of lying position and stretched-out legs. On average, the areas covered by the bulls increased with class of bodyweight. A finishing bull covered up to 1.21 m2in a standing position and up to 1.57 m2in a lying position, the most space being needed in an outstretched position. The calculated values provide information only about the surface a finishing bull covered in different positions in the pen. In practice, additional dynamic and social space must be taken into account for recommendations on space requirements, in order to ensure adequate inter-individual distances, social interaction and characteristic behaviours to improve animal welfare.
Estructura bancaria y desigualdad de renta. La banca cooperativa marca la diferencia
Authors: Albert Moreno Juan Francisco , Chaves Ávila Rafael
Published: July 2021

En este trabajo se estudia la relación existente entre tres diferentes estructuras bancarias (bancos cooperativos, bancos comerciales y cajas de ahorro) y la desigualdad de renta. El estudio basado en datos panel utiliza modelos estáticos y dinámicos y analiza el conjunto de la Eurozona con un total de 19 países y 2.253 bancos para un periodo temporal comprendido entre 2010 y 2019. Los resultados muestran que solo los bancos cooperativos reducen la desigualdad en contraposición a los bancos comerciales y las cajas de ahorro. Además, estos son robustos entre diferentes metodologías empeladas y utilizando distintos indicadores de desigualdad. Asimismo, los resultados apuntan a que la relación negativa entre la presencia de los bancos cooperativos y la desigualdad es más intensa y significativa para los países del norte de Europa con mayor desarrollo económico que para los países del sur. A su vez, se han examinado los posibles canales de transmisión a través de los cuáles la banca cooperativa podría reducir la desigualdad. Los resultadossugieren que es la promoción de la inclusión financiera por parte de los bancos cooperativos lo que podría jugar un papel determinante en la reducción de la desigualdad de renta. Los resultados hallados en esta investigación revelan la importancia de distinguir entre estructuras bancarias a la hora de analizar el papel del sistema financiero en el desarrollo económico y en el bienestar de la población.
Globalización del proceso productivo establecido y su impacto socioeconómico. El caso de Orkli S. Coop. en China
Authors: Arzadun Paula
Published: July 2021

Mondragón es el primer grupo empresarial en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, décimo a nivel del Estado Español y primero del sector de la Economía Social. Ante la evolución, complejidad y globalización de los mercados, ha buscado adaptarse y dar respuesta a un escenario en expansión, siendo uno de los efectos directos su globalización económica en general, y la diseminación de experiencias de globalización del proceso productivo establecido - GPPE, en particular.El presente trabajo es fruto de una investigación más amplia en la que se desarrolló una herramienta analítica de evaluación del impacto socioeconómico, y que se utilizó con el objetivo de conocer el impacto de la GPPE de Mondragón en países en riesgo identificados como mercados objetivo. Para ello se combinaron dos tipos de medidas. Se evaluó, por un lado, el impacto económico a través de las Tablas Input-Output (Leontief, 1970) y, por otro lado, el grado en el que se alinean diversas políticas y prácticas económicas, ambientales y socialmente responsables con la estrategia empresarial (Porter y Kramer, 2006). En concreto, aquí se presentará el caso de Orkli S.Coop en la ciudad de Kunshan, China, para lo cual se llevó a cabo un trabajo de campo in situ durante el mes de junio de 2009.
Las Sociedades Cooperativas y Laborales como artífices del emprendimiento empresarial. Análisis comparativo del Perfil del emprendedor de ambas figuras en el contexto de Andalucía
Authors: Cuadrado Serrán Mario , Ciruela Lorenzo Antonio Manuel
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las características y problemáticas de las dos figuras de la Economía Social que más desarrollo están teniendo en los últimos años como motores de emprendimiento empresarial en Andalucía. Nos referimos a las sociedades cooperativas y laborales, las cuales, aunque han sido estudiadas desde diversas perspectivas, no encontramos en la literatura económica estudios en profundidad sobre el análisis del emprendedor, al menos en lo que a la comunidad autónoma andaluza se refiere.De esta forma, y mediante un análisis comparativo, se establecen las posibles ventajas e inconvenientes de ambas figuras empresariales y se presentan, mediante un estudio empírico, las particularidades personales, sociales y económicas de los emprendedores que deciden acogerse a cada una de ellas, tratando de establecer lo que podríamos denominar como el perfil del emprendedor tipo de Economía social en Andalucía.
Estructuras contractuales en el sector de las finanzas populares en el municipio de Querétaro en México
Authors: Cárdenas Félix Cenobio Javier , Hirsch Julia , Lara Gómez Graciela
Published: July 2021

A la luz de la teoría de contratos, como parte de la microeconomía y de la ciencia de la economía en general, la presente investigación se orienta al estudio de las relaciones contractuales en el sector de las finanzas populares, particularmente en el Municipio de Querétaro, México. En ésta se identifican las metodologías e instrumentos que son utilizados por las organizaciones de las finanzas populares para atenuar los efectos de la información asimétrica que está presente entre las partes contractuales. También es importante la contribución que se hace a manera de propuestas, al contrastar lo observado en campo con lo que la teoría señala, sobre las diferentes alternativas que las organizaciones tienen para perfeccionar sus formas de trabajar con el fin de incidir en amplios sectores de población que todavía demandan servicios financieros
The usage of pedagogical principles for the adaptation of foreign experience to the educational process of the educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Authors: Temnyakov Dmitrii Aleksandrovich , Temnyakova Ekaterina Dmitrievna
Published: July 2021

The research subject is the peculiarities of using foreign experience in the pedagogical process of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The research object is the range of conceptual approaches to the application of the general principles of understanding foreign experience and using it for the creation of pedagogical techniques. The authors study such aspects of the topic as the scientific interpretation of pedagogical techniques of embedding foreign experience into the educational process of educational institutions.  Special attention is given to the consideration of the common principles of interpretation of foreign experience and their usage for the creation of pedagogical techniques. The authors offer the directions of the development of pedagogical techniques with account for the principles of foreign experience interpretation: the usage of foreign experience as an element of education; the usage of foreign experience for the improvement of teaching methods. The main conclusions of the research are the proposed principles of using international experience as an element of education and for the creation of specific teaching methods. The authors’ contribution is the proposed principles of embedding foreign experience into the pedagogical process of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.  The scientific novelty of the research consists in the usage of foreign experience based on the following principles: principle of equality of goals; principle of the experience system specification; principle of a real limit of experience; principle of variability; principle of “psychological allergy” prevention; principle of the formation of an “image of experience”; principle of information sufficiency; principle of analogies; principle of inevitability of proof; principle of inclusiveness; principle of reasonable non-use of foreign experience.   
Autoregulatory control of microtubule binding in doublecortin-like kinase 1
Authors: Agulto Regina L , Rogers Melissa M , Tan Tracy C , Ramkumar Amrita , Downing Ashlyn M , Bodin Hannah , Castro Julia , Nowakowski Dan W , Ori-McKenney Kassandra M
Published: July 2021

The microtubule-associated protein, doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), is highly expressed in a range of cancers and is a prominent therapeutic target for kinase inhibitors. The physiological roles of DCLK1 kinase activity and how it is regulated remain elusive. Here, we analyze the role of mammalian DCLK1 kinase activity in regulating microtubule binding. We found that DCLK1 autophosphorylates a residue within its C-terminal tail to restrict its kinase activity and prevent aberrant hyperphosphorylation within its microtubule-binding domain. Removal of the C-terminal tail or mutation of this residue causes an increase in phosphorylation within the doublecortin domains, which abolishes microtubule binding. Therefore, autophosphorylation at specific sites within DCLK1 has diametric effects on the molecule’s association with microtubules. Our results suggest a mechanism by which DCLK1 modulates its kinase activity to tune its microtubule-binding affinity. These results provide molecular insights for future therapeutic efforts related to DCLK1’s role in cancer development and progression.
HOXA9 promotes MYC-mediated leukemogenesis by maintaining gene expression for multiple anti-apoptotic pathways
Authors: Miyamoto Ryo , Kanai Akinori , Okuda Hiroshi , Komata Yosuke , Takahashi Satoshi , Matsui Hirotaka , Inaba Toshiya , Yokoyama Akihiko
Published: July 2021

HOXA9 is often highly expressed in leukemias. However, its precise roles in leukemogenesis remain elusive. Here, we show that HOXA9 maintains gene expression for multiple anti-apoptotic pathways to promote leukemogenesis. In MLL fusion-mediated leukemia, MLL fusion directly activates the expression of MYC and HOXA9. Combined expression of MYC and HOXA9 induced leukemia, whereas single gene transduction of either did not, indicating a synergy between MYC and HOXA9. HOXA9 sustained expression of the genes implicated in the hematopoietic precursor identity when expressed in hematopoietic precursors, but did not reactivate it once silenced. Among the HOXA9 target genes, BCL2 and SOX4 synergistically induced leukemia with MYC. Not only BCL2, but also SOX4 suppressed apoptosis, indicating that multiple anti-apoptotic pathways underlie cooperative leukemogenesis by HOXA9 and MYC. These results demonstrate that HOXA9 is a crucial transcriptional maintenance factor that promotes MYC-mediated leukemogenesis, potentially explaining why HOXA9 is highly expressed in many leukemias.
Chondrocytes in the resting zone of the growth plate are maintained in a Wnt-inhibitory environment
Authors: Hallett Shawn A , Matsushita Yuki , Ono Wanida , Sakagami Naoko , Mizuhashi Koji , Tokavanich Nicha , Nagata Mizuki , Zhou Annabelle , Hirai Takao , Kronenberg Henry M , Ono Noriaki
Published: July 2021

Chondrocytes in the resting zone of the postnatal growth plate are characterized by slow cell cycle progression, and encompass a population of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-expressing skeletal stem cells that contribute to the formation of columnar chondrocytes. However, how these chondrocytes are maintained in the resting zone remains undefined. We undertook a genetic pulse-chase approach to isolate slow cycling, label-retaining chondrocytes (LRCs) using a chondrocyte-specific doxycycline-controllable Tet-Off system regulating expression of histone 2B-linked GFP. Comparative RNA-seq analysis identified significant enrichment of inhibitors and activators for Wnt signaling in LRCs and non-LRCs, respectively. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PTHrP+ resting chondrocytes using Pthlh-creER and Apc-floxed allele impaired their ability to form columnar chondrocytes. Therefore, slow-cycling chondrocytes are maintained in a Wnt-inhibitory environment within the resting zone, unraveling a novel mechanism regulating maintenance and differentiation of PTHrP+ skeletal stem cells of the postnatal growth plate.
Spike frequency adaptation supports network computations on temporally dispersed information
Authors: Salaj Darjan , Subramoney Anand , Kraisnikovic Ceca , Bellec Guillaume , Legenstein Robert , Maass Wolfgang
Published: July 2021

For solving tasks such as recognizing a song, answering a question, or inverting a sequence of symbols, cortical microcircuits need to integrate and manipulate information that was dispersed over time during the preceding seconds. Creating biologically realistic models for the underlying computations, especially with spiking neurons and for behaviorally relevant integration time spans, is notoriously difficult. We examine the role of spike frequency adaptation in such computations and find that it has a surprisingly large impact. The inclusion of this well-known property of a substantial fraction of neurons in the neocortex – especially in higher areas of the human neocortex – moves the performance of spiking neural network models for computations on network inputs that are temporally dispersed from a fairly low level up to the performance level of the human brain.
Sequence structure organizes items in varied latent states of working memory neural network
Authors: Huang Qiaoli , Zhang Huihui , Luo Huan
Published: July 2021

In memory experiences, events do not exist independently but are linked with each other via structure-based organization. Structure context largely influences memory behavior, but how it is implemented in the brain remains unknown. Here, we combined magnetoencephalogram (MEG) recordings, computational modeling, and impulse-response approaches to probe the latent states when subjects held a list of items in working memory (WM). We demonstrate that sequence context reorganizes WM items into distinct latent states, that is, being reactivated at different latencies during WM retention, and the reactivation profiles further correlate with recency behavior. In contrast, memorizing the same list of items without sequence task requirements weakens the recency effect and elicits comparable neural reactivations. Computational modeling further reveals a dominant function of sequence context, instead of passive memory decaying, in characterizing recency effect. Taken together, sequence structure context shapes the way WM items are stored in the human brain and essentially influences memory behavior.
The loopy world of cohesin
Authors: Maeshima Kazuhiro , Iida Shiori
Published: July 2021

DNA loops can be formed by a mechanism in which the cohesin complex pulls DNA strands through its ring structure using biased Brownian motion.
Impacts of heat stress and storm events on the benthic communities of Kenting National Park (Taiwan)
Authors: Ribas-Deulofeu Lauriane , Denis Vianney , Château Pierre-Alexandre , Chen Chaolun Allen
Published: July 2021

Over the past few decades, extreme events—such as ocean warming, typhoons, and coral bleaching—have been increasing in intensity and frequency, threatening coral reefs from the physiological to ecosystem level. In the present study, the impacts of rising seawater temperatures, typhoons, and coral bleaching events on benthic communities were seasonally assessed over a 21 month-period, using photo-transects at 11 sites in Kenting National Park (KNP), Taiwan. Between August 2015 and April 2017, seven typhoon events were recorded and in situ seawater temperatures in KNP reached a maximum of 31.2 °C, as opposed to an average maximum SST of 28.8 °C (2007–2016). The state and response of benthic communities to these events were interpreted based on the environmental conditions of KNP. The repeated storms lowered the levels of thermal stress during the 2015–2016 El Niño event and may have mitigated its impact on the Taiwanese coral reefs. However, storm-induced local shifts from coral to macro-algae dominance were observed. Storms may mitigate the negative effects of heatwaves, but the mechanical damage induced by the storms may also decrease the structural complexity of reefs and their associated diversity. Eventually, despite reef persistence, the composition and function of remnant communities may profoundly diverge from those in regions with less active storms.