bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Communication: Characterization of β‐Amyloid Peptide from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Vigo‐Pelfrey Carmen , Lee Doris , Keim Pam , Lieberburg Ivan , Schenk Dale B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: β‐Amyloid peptide (Aβ) is one of the main components of senile plaques in the brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Aβ is proteolytically cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), an integral membrane protein possessing a large extracellular N‐terminal domain followed by a single membrane‐spanning region and a short cytoplasmic C‐terminal tail. Aβ has been isolated from senile plaques and cerebral vascular tissue of AD brain and characterized as a heterogeneous peptide containing 28–43 amino acids whose sequence begins in the extracellular domain of APP and extends into the putative transmembrane sequence. It has long been speculated that Aβ may also be present in body fluids, such as CSF, that contact neurotic plaques. Recently using a specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay we were able to quantify one form of Aβ in CSF. In this report, using one of these antibodies covalently bound as an affinity matrix, multiple complex forms of Aβ have been isolated and characterized from CSF derived from patients with either meningitis or other neurological disorders. Amino acid sequencing reveals Aβ species with N‐termini of Asp1, Glu3, His6, Glu11, and Val12, although on a molar basis, Asp1 represents the predominant amino‐terminus. Laser desorption mass spectrometry confirmed the presence in CSF of Aβ species containing 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 40, 42, and 43 amino acids, all beginning at Asp1; two stable trimmers, (Asp1‐Met35).) and (His6‐Ala42)3; and one stable dimer containing (Asp1‐Val40)2. Some of these fragments have yet to be identified in brain either because they are generated solely in the CSF used in this study or because current procedures used to isolate brain amyloid result in their loss.
GCSE Art and Design: An Arena for Orthodoxy or Creative Endeavour?
Authors: Walker Keith , Parker Jane
Published: October 2006

This article explores the potential correlation between key aspects of the creative process and the requirements of GCSE Art and Design Specifications as determined and defined by stated assessment objectives. It considers approaches that might be employed to more effectively establish a link between pupils’ creative endeavours and their necessary evidencing of attainment in respect of these objectives. In order to illustrate and amplify this enquiry reference is made to specific examples of candidates' work that was selected by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) to exemplify and disseminate GCSE Art and Design standards for teachers in 2006. It concludes with a set of implications for consideration.
Initiation of Mesenchymal Condensation in Alginate Hollow Spheres—A Useful Model for Understanding Cartilage Repair?
Authors: Rosowski Mark , Falb Melanie , Tschirschmann Miriam , Lauster Roland
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  A promising strategy for the regeneration of degenerated cartilage tissue structure in osteoarthritic joints is the use of mesenchymal precursor cells. These cells can be triggered to undergo differentiation into functional active chondrocytes resulting in newly synthesized cartilage. Because chondrogenic differentiation is initiated by the step of mesenchymal condensation in vitro, it is of great interest to fully characterize the first lineage specific step in vitro. Therefore, a modified culture system was developed which mimics the process in vitro and may finally help to identify the key factors that are essential for the induction of chondrogenic differentiation in vivo. Compared to other established 3D culture systems like alginate beads and micromass cultures, the use of alginate hollow spheres bears the advantage to analyze different phases of cell aggregation starting from a single cell suspension of previously isolated and expanded human primary cells of mesenchymal origin.
Psychological Assessment of the Headache Patient
Authors: Weeks Randall , Weier Zach
Published: October 2006

Most clinicians agree that psychological factors are important considerations in the evaluation and treatment of headache patients. There has been a lack of systematic research, however, that has examined the relationship between these variables. Attention to such factors may become a greater concern as the frequency of a patient's headaches increases, there is increased disability secondary to headaches, and/or there is an inadequate response to usually effective treatment. In addition, there is no consensus as to the proper method to assess psychopathology in headache patients.
Pharmacological Management of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Headache Patients
Authors: Griffith James L. , Razavi Maryam
Published: October 2006

There is emerging evidence that treatment of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders can improve headache treatment outcome when implemented within a comprehensive program. Effective treatment for comorbid mood and anxiety disorders requires screening headache patients and accurately diagnosing specific psychiatric disorders when present. Specific dual‐action antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and atypical antipsychotic medications can serve as dual agents that simultaneously treat both headaches and a mood or anxiety disorder. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and most other antidepressant, anxiolytic, and mood‐stabilizing medications are generally ineffective for headache prophylaxis. However, they can be safely added to a headache regimen for treatment of a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in headache patients requires patient education about the psychiatric disorder, its treatment, possible side‐effects, and expected benefits. Clinicians need to be sensitive to possible stigma that some patients fear from a psychiatric diagnosis or its treatment.
Behavioral Facilitation of Medical Treatment of Headache: Implications of Noncompliance and Strategies for Improving Adherence
Authors: Rains Jeanetta C. , Penzien Donald B. , Lipchik Gay L.
Published: October 2006

Clinical recommendations were gleaned from a review of treatment adherence published in the regular issue of Headache (released in tandem with this supplement). The recommendations include: (1) Nonadherence is prevalent among headache patients, undermines treatment efficacy, and should be considered as a treatment variable; (2) Calling patients to remind them of appointments and recalling those who miss a scheduled appointment are fundamentally the most cost‐effective adherence‐enhancing strategies, insofar as failed appointment‐keeping acts as a ceiling on all future treatment and adherence efforts; (3) Simplified and tailored medication regimens improve adherence (eg, minimized number of medications and dosings, fixed‐dose combinations, cue‐dose training, stimulus control); (4) Screening and management of psychiatric comorbidities, especially depression and anxiety, is encouraged; (5) The concept of self‐efficacy as a modifiable psychological process often can be employed to predict and improve adherence.
Suggestions for a Biopsychosocial Approach to Treating Children and Adolescents Who Present With Headache
Authors: Powers Scott W. , Kruglak Gilman Deborah , Hershey Andrew D.
Published: October 2006

An evidence‐based, biopsychosocial approach to the care of pediatric patients who present with the complaint of headache is recommended. This approach informs diagnosis and management decisions, is critical for maximizing adherence to the prescribed headache treatment regimen, and incorporates assessment of the impact of headache on a child/adolescent's quality of life, disability, and emotional functioning. Very often, successful treatment of headache leads to improvements in disability and emotional functioning. When this is not the case, or when the work‐up shows that comorbid headache and psychiatric disorders are present for a patient, a more comprehensive treatment approach that includes the active collaboration of pediatric specialists in headache care and mental health care is warranted.
Use of a Synthetic Bone Substitute to Retard Molariform Tooth Drift After Maxillary Tooth Loss in Ponies
Authors: VLAMINCK LIEVEN E.M. , HUYS LUC , MAES DOMINIEK , STEENHAUT MICHEL L.M. , GASTHUYS FRANK
Published: October 2006

Objective— To evaluate the effect of alveolar bone substitute on post‐extraction drift of maxillary cheek teeth in ponies.

Study Design— In vivo longitudinal experimental study.

Animals— Five ponies (5–7 years) with a healthy dentition.

Methods— Both maxillary 4th premolar teeth (Triadan 08) were surgically removed. One alveolus was filled with a biocompatible non‐resorbable bone substitute (Bioplant® 24), whereas the other healed by second intention. A polyvinylsiloxane plug and spring wire isolated the bone substitute from the oral environment. Pathologic changes to dentition and adjacent soft tissue were recorded. Tooth drift was calculated after 1 and 2 years.

Results— At 1 month, bone substitute material was incorporated into healthy tissue. Tooth drift was observed but differed significantly between control and treated sides at 2 years (P<.01). For both techniques, tooth drift differed significantly between years 1 and 2 (P<.001). Total drift in control arcades for year 1 was 10.69±2.12 mm and for year 2 was 9.08±0.87 mm, whereas for bone substitute arcades it was 9.90±1.60 mm for year 1 and 5.60±1.78 mm for year 2.

Conclusions— Partial tooth replacement therapy after maxillary P4 extraction provided good healing in the immediate post‐surgical phase. Alveolar filling with bone substitute material significantly slowed post‐extraction tooth drift but did not stop it completely.

Clinical Relevance— Important changes occur in equine dentition after maxillary cheek teeth removal. Further longer term observations are needed to fully validate study findings.
Cell Growth Characteristics and Differentiation Frequency of Adherent Equine Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Adipogenic and Osteogenic Capacity
Authors: VIDAL MARTIN A. , KILROY GAIL E. , JOHNSON JILL R. , LOPEZ MANDI J. , MOORE RUSTIN M. , GIMBLE JEFFREY M.
Published: October 2006

Objectives—To characterize equine bone marrow (BM)‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) growth characteristics and frequency as well as their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential.

Study Design—In vitro experimental study.

Animals—Foals (n=3, age range, 17–51 days) and young horses (n=5, age range, 9 months to 5 years).

Methods—Equine MSCs were harvested and isolated from sternal BM aspirates and grown up to passage 10 to determine cell‐doubling (CD) characteristics. Limit dilution assays were performed on primary and passaged MSCs to determine the frequency of colony‐forming units with a fibroblastic phenotype (CFU‐F), and the frequency of MSC differentiation into adipocytes (CFU‐Ad) and osteoblasts (CFU‐Ob).

Results—Initial MSC isolates had a lag phase with a significantly longer CD time (DT=4.9±1.6 days) compared with the average DT (1.4±0.22 days) of subsequent MSC passages. Approximately 1 in 4224±3265 of the total nucleated BM cells displayed fibroblast colony‐forming activity. Primary MSCs differentiated in response to adipogenic and osteogenic inductive conditions and maintained their differentiation potential during subsequent passages.

Conclusions—The frequency, in vitro growth rate, and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of foals and young adult horses are similar to those documented for BM MSCs of other mammalian species.

Clinical Relevance—The results have direct relevance to the use of BM as a potential source of adult stem cells for tissue engineering applications in equine veterinary medicine.
Comparison of Radiography and Computed Tomography to Evaluate Metacarpo/Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pathology of Paired Limbs of Thoroughbred Racehorses with Severe Condylar Fracture
Authors: MORGAN JOSEPH W. , SANTSCHI ELIZABETH M. , ZEKAS LISA J. , SCOLLAY‐WARD MARY C. , MARKEL MARK D. , RADTKE CATHERINE L. , SAMPLE SUSANNAH J. , KEULER NICHOLAS S. , MUIR PETER
Published: October 2006

Objective—To compare the orthogonal radiographic (OR) and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of paired Thoroughbred racehorse limbs with severe condylar fracture.

Study Design—In vitro study.

Sample Population—Cadaveric paired limbs with severe condylar fracture (n=11 horses).

Methods—Four standard radiographic and multiple transverse CT images were obtained of the fractured and contralateral limbs centering on the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints. Radiographs and CT images were graded by 4 raters, and interobserver agreement was calculated. Imaging evaluations were supplemented by fetlock joint dissection. A consensus description of actual injury and the detection accuracy of OR and CT for that injury was determined.

Results—Rater agreement for OR and CT for most pathologic features was good or excellent. OR was similar to CT for the detection of condylar and diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal (MC/MT3) fractures, diaphyseal fractures of the first phalanx (P1), and fracture location on the condyle. CT was superior to OR for detection of MC/MT3 proximal fissures and articular comminution, condylar small cracks and lucencies, and proximal sesamoid fractures. OR was superior to CT for detection of proximal P1 dorsal fractures. Both OR and CT were poor at detecting palmar/planter proximal P1 fractures and coalescing cracks in the subchondral bone of MC/MT3.

Conclusions—CT is better than OR for detection of pathology in limbs with condylar fractures, but does not detect every pathologic feature.

Clinical Relevance—CT provides superior information of pathology in Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fractures.
Computer‐Assisted Surgery for Screw Insertion into the Distal Sesamoid Bone in Horses: An In Vitro Study
Authors: GYGAX DIEGO , LISCHER CHRISTOPH , NITZEL DAGMAR , ROSSOL MELANIE , AUER JOERG A.
Published: October 2006

Objective— To compare the precision of computer‐assisted surgery with a conventional technique (CV) using a special guiding device for screw insertion into the distal sesamoid bone in horses.

Study Design— In vitro experimental study.

Sample Population— Cadaveric forelimb specimens.

Methods— Insertion of a 3.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion along the longitudinal axis of intact (non‐fractured) distal sesamoid bones was evaluated in 2 groups (8 limbs each): CV and computer‐assisted surgery (CAS). For CV, the screw was inserted using a special guiding device and fluoroscopy, whereas for CAS, the screw was inserted using computer‐assisted navigation. The accuracy of screw placement was verified by radiography, computed tomography, and specimen dissection.

Results— Surgical precision was better in CAS compared with CV.

Conclusion— CAS improves the accuracy of lateromedial screw insertion, in lag fashion, into the distal sesamoid bone.

Clinical Relevance— The CAS technique should be considered for improved accuracy of screw insertion in fractures of the distal sesamoid bone.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison Between Prototype Tapered Shaft Cortical Bone Screws and AO Cortical Bone Screws for an Equine Metacarpal Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: SOD GARY A. , HUBERT JEREMY D. , MARTIN GEORGE S. , GILL MARJORIE S.
Published: October 2006

Objectives—To compare biomechanical properties of a prototype 5.5 mm tapered shaft cortical screw (TSS) and 5.5 mm AO cortical screw for an equine third metacarpal dynamic compression plate (EM‐DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones.

Study Design—Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation.

Animal Population—Adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones (n=12 pairs).

Methods—Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4‐point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. An EM‐DCP (10‐hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of each, mid‐diaphyseal osteotomized, MC3 pair. For each MC3 bone pair, 1 was randomly chosen to have the EM‐DCP secured with four 5.5 mm TSS (2 screws proximal and distal to the osteotomy; TSS construct), two 5.5 mm AO cortical screws (most proximal and distal holes in the plate) and four 4.5 mm AO cortical screws in the remaining holes. The control construct (AO construct) had four 5.5 mm AO cortical screws to secure the EM‐DCP in the 2 holes proximal and distal to the osteotomy in the contralateral bone from each pair. The remaining holes of the EM‐DCP were filled with two 5.5 mm AO cortical screws (most proximal and distal holes in the plate) and four 4.5 mm AO cortical screws. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group. Significance was set atP<.05.

Results—Mean 4‐point bending yield load, yield bending moment, bending composite rigidity, failure load and failure bending moment of the TSS construct were significantly greater (P<.00004 for yield andP<.00001 for failure loads) than those of the AO construct. Mean cycles to failure in 4‐point bending of the TSS construct was significantly greater (P<.0002) than that of the AO construct. The mean yield load and composite rigidity in torsion of the TSS construct were significantly greater (P<.0039 andP<.00003, respectively) than that of the AO construct.

Conclusion—The TSS construct provides increased stability in both static overload testing and cyclic fatigue testing.

Clinical Relevance—The results of this in vitro study support the conclusion that the EM‐DCP fixation using the prototype 5.5 mm TSS is biomechanically superior to the EM‐DCP fixation using 5.5 mm AO cortical screws for the stabilization of osteotomized equine MC3.
A Comparison of Laryngoplasty and Modified Partial Arytenoidectomy as Treatments for Laryngeal Hemiplegia in Exercising Horses
Authors: RADCLIFFE CATHERINE H. , WOODIE J. BRETT , HACKETT RICHARD P. , AINSWORTH DOROTHY M. , ERB HOLLIS N. , MITCHELL LISA M. , SODERHOLM L. VINCE , DUCHARME NORM G.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To compare upper airway mechanics, arterial blood gases, and tracheal contamination in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia (recurrent laryngeal neuropathy [RLN]) treated by laryngoplasty/vocal cordectomy (LPVC) or modified partial arytenoidectomy (MPA).

Study Design—Repeated measures under the following conditions: Control, RLN, LPVC, and MPA.

Animals—Six horses.

Methods—Two trials were conducted under all conditions at 80% and 100% of maximal heart rate (HRmax). In Trial 1, arterial blood gases, tracheal and pharyngeal pressures, and laryngeal videoendoscopy were recorded. In Trial 2, upper airway pressure and airflow were determined. Tracheobronchial aspirates were performed after exercise to quantify airway contamination.

Results—Compared with control, RLN significantly increased inspiratory impedance and worsened exercise‐induced hypoxemia. At 80% HRmax, LPVC restored most variables to control values. At 100% HRmax, LPVC improved all variables, but did not restore minute volume, arterial pH, and PaCO2. At 80% HRmax, MPA restored all variables except bicarbonate to control values. At 100% HRmax, MPA improved all variables, but did not statistically restore minute ventilation or bicarbonate level. Only minor differences were noted between LPVC and MPA. Both resulted in equivalent tracheal contamination.

Conclusions—Airway mechanics and arterial blood gas values were not restored to normal after either LPVC or MPA in horses exercising at HRmax. This does not affect ventilation at sub‐maximal exercise, but has clinical implications at HRmax. Both procedures diminish normal laryngeal protective mechanisms.

Clinical Relevance—At sub‐maximal exercise intensities both LPVC and MPA restore airway ventilation to normal. At maximal exercise the superiority of LPVC over MPA is slight.
Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for the Treatment of Septic Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis in a Horse
Authors: NAGY AMY DAE , SIMHOFER HUBERT
Published: October 2006

Objective—To report use of mandibular condylectomy for treatment of advanced degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) caused by sepsis.

Design—Clinical case report.

Animals—Two‐year‐old Noriker filly.

Methods—Computed tomography (CT) was used to confirm advanced degenerative joint disease of the left TMJ and for follow‐up after mandibular condylectomy and removal of necrotic meniscus.

Results—Painful swelling (3 weeks duration) with drainage located just caudal to the left lateral canthus of the eye was associated with atrophy of the left masseter muscle, masticatory problems, and inappetence. There was incisor malocclusion with a 1.4 cm resting lateral mandibular deviation to the right and inability to open the mouth more than a few centimeters. Left mandibular condylectomy combined with meniscectomy and thorough debridement of the septic left TMJ resulted in resolution of clinical signs and complete return of function.Streptococcus zooepidemicus, intermediately resistant to penicillin and subsequently to enrofloxacin, was isolated from the wound. Regeneration of a mandibular “pseudocondyle” was evident on CT at 4 months. At 4 months and 1 year the filly had maximal mouth opening >10 cm and no malocclusion.

Conclusion—Mandibular condylectomy can be used to facilitate management of septic TMJ arthritis. There was no radiologic or clinical evidence of TMJ ankylosis >1 year after meniscal removal.

Clinical Relevance—Mandibular condylectomy, including meniscectomy, is an acceptable treatment option for advanced TMJ septic arthritis and allowed return of normal masticatory function.
Comparison of One‐Layer (Continuous Lembert) Versus Two‐Layer (Simple Continuous/Cushing) Hand‐Sewn End‐to‐End Anastomosis in Equine Jejunum
Authors: NIETO JORGE E. , DECHANT JULIE E. , SNYDER JACK R.
Published: October 2006

Objective— To evaluate single and double layer end‐to‐end anastomosis in equine jejunum.

Study Design— Experimental in vitro study.

Animals— Mid‐jejunal sections from 12 adult horses without gastrointestinal disease.

Methods— Jejunal end‐to‐end anastomoses were performed by a continuous Lembert pattern or a simple continuous pattern oversewn with a Cushing pattern. Jejunal segments were distended with fluid at 1 L/min, and intraluminal pressure at failure, and mode of failure were recorded. Bursting pressure and bursting wall tension were calculated. Anastomosis construction time and degree of luminal reduction were recorded.

Results— Single layer anastomoses were constructed in less time than 2‐layer anastomoses. Both anastomotic techniques resulted in luminal reduction compared with control tissue; however, the reduction was smaller with a 1‐layer continuous Lembert anastomosis. No differences were noted in bursting pressure or bursting wall tension between groups.

Conclusions— Anastomosis using a 1‐layer continuous Lembert pattern resulted in a larger stoma, was faster to perform, and as strong as a 2‐layer anastomosis.

Clinical Relevance— Use of a 1‐layer continuous Lembert pattern for jejunojejunosotomy may be beneficial by decreasing anastomosis time and produce a larger stoma than a 2‐layer anastomosis.
In Vitro Evaluation of a Closed‐Bowel Technique for One‐Layer Hand‐Sewn Inverting End‐to‐End Jejunojejunosotomy in the Horse
Authors: GANDINI MARCO
Published: October 2006

Objective— To report a technique for closed‐bowel 1‐layer inverting end‐to‐end jejunojejunal anastomosis in horses.

Study Design— Experimental study.

Sample population— Fresh cadaveric jejunal segments from 12 horses.

Methods— For each bowel segment a 1‐layer closed and a 2‐layer inverting end‐to‐end jejunojejunosotomy was created. Anastomosis construction time and anastomotic bursting pressure were measured and compared.

Results— Closed‐bowel anastomosis was significantly faster to create than a 2‐layer technique. Luminal narrowing (<30%) was similar with both techniques and comparable with other inverting techniques. Bursting pressure was significantly higher for the 2‐layer technique, although all anastomoses resisted pressures higher than those reported for other jejunojejunal anastomosis techniques.

Conclusions— A 1‐layer hand‐sewn, closed, inverting jejunojejunosotomy using a modified Doyen clamp was easy and faster to perform, and resulted in functional characteristics similar to, a 2‐layer hand‐sewn inverting technique.

Clinical Relevance— A closed, 1‐layer inverting technique could be considered for equine jejunal anastomosis but requires in vivo evaluation before recommendation for clinical use.
Laparoscopic Intestinal Exploration and Full‐Thickness Intestinal Biopsy in Standing Horses: A Pilot Study
Authors: SCHAMBOURG MORGANE M. , MARCOUX MARCEL
Published: October 2006

Objective—To assess a laparoscopic technique for equine intestinal biopsy.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Seven adult horses.

Methods—Food but not water was withheld for 36 hours before laparoscopy. In 3 horses (group A) standing, right laparoscopic access to different small intestinal segments was compared with ventral median celiotomy access. Inaccessible segments were identified at necropsy. In 4 horses (group B), the feasibility of obtaining full‐thickness duodenal and cecal biopsies and any associated morbidity were evaluated. Biopsy specimens were collected during standing right laparoscopy using a 2‐step procedure and intracorporeal suturing technique, and abdominal lavage was performed. Horses were monitored clinically and by abdominal fluid cytology and microbial culture, and repeat laparoscopy was performed on day 6.

Results—Standing right flank laparoscopy provided good observation of small intestinal segments and enabled manipulation of all but 15–20 cm of the duodenum and ∼40 cm more ileum compared with ventral median celiotomy. Group B horses had no complications, no adhesions, and no bacterial growth from peritoneal fluid samples. None of the horses had signs of abdominal pain.

Conclusion—A 2‐stage intestinal biopsy technique performed during standing, right flank laparoscopy may be a safe alternative to exploratory celiotomy and biopsy in normal horses.

Clinical Relevance—Right flank laparoscopy allows biopsy of intestinal segments including duodenum and 50% more of the ileum than is accessible by ventral median celiotomy. This technique should be evaluated in clinical patients.
“The Information Gap?”
Authors: Teske Paul , Fitzpatrick Jody , Kaplan Gabriel
Published: October 2006

While the “achievement gap” generally and appropriately focuses upon gaps in test scores and other outcome measures, there may also be an “information gap” between higher and lower income parents that creates a disadvantage for lower income families in choosing good schools. In this article, we examine the extent to which there is such a gap, with a focus on data from a new survey of low‐ and moderate‐income parents who have made school choices. We find that, at least in relatively mature school choice environments like Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Washington, DC, most low‐ and moderate‐income parents report being quite well informed and they engage in a variety of different activities to become informed. Thus, the information gap between lower and higher income parents may not be as large as scholars and policymakers had assumed. We do find that parents at the very lowest end of the income spectrum, especially those earning less than $10,000 per year, do feel less well‐informed and gather less information, but even here the differences are not enormous, relative to higher income parents.
Sinking Swann: Public School Choice and the Resegregation of Charlotte's Public Schools
Authors: Godwin R. Kenneth , Leland Suzanne M. , Baxter Andrew D. , Southworth Stephanie
Published: October 2006

Public school choice is a widely used tool for education reform and may be a way to improve school accountability and efficiency. This article examines what happened to student outcomes when Charlotte‐Mecklenburg Schools, a large and diverse urban school district located in North Carolina, changed its assignment policy to one of open enrollment with mandatory choice. The previous policy used a broad array of magnet schools and a limited amount of mandatory busing to achieve desegregation. The new policy required that all students choose a school, and it specifically avoided using race or ethnicity considerations in assigning students. The article examines the impacts of the new policy on the end‐of‐grade standardized tests in reading and math. The article uses regression analysis to discover whether the scores of various groups of students increased or decreased after the policy change. The analysis suggests that the “race‐neutral” assignment policy was neither neutral in the opportunity it provided students to attend their school of choice nor in its academic outcomes. Anglo students were more likely to receive their first choice of schools and to improve their scores. African American students were less likely to receive their first choice school and their scores declined.
Hispanic College Attendance and the State of Texas GEAR UP Program
Authors: Weiher Gregory R. , Hughes Christina , Kaplan Noah , Howard Joseph Y.
Published: October 2006

This article reports the results of an evaluation of the state of Texas GEAR UP project implemented in six school districts from 1998 to 2005. The intent of the program was to enhance preparation for post‐secondary education among low‐income, Hispanic students. The program was comprised of practical interventions including vertical curriculum alignment, training teachers in advanced placement techniques, encouraging students to take rigorous courses, and increasing outreach about college attendance to students and parents. The central dependent variable is reports by parents of graduating seniors about whether their children would be attending college. A multivariate analysis, controlling for household SES, student grades and attendance, household composition, and language spoken in the home indicates that increased student exposure to the GEAR UP program markedly increases the probability that parents will report that their children are going to attend college.
Parent Involvement and Educational Outcomes for Latino Students
Authors: Marschall Melissa
Published: October 2006

This study focuses on the determinants and effects of parent involvement in schools, in the context of urban school districts, and particularly with regard to the schools that serve Latino students. Three research questions are investigated in this article: (1) What are schools doing to support parents, foster involvement and engagement in their children's schools, and generally create strong parent‐school relations? (2) How effective are schools at fostering parent involvement? (3) Do schools with more effective parent involvement practices and greater parent participation perform at higher levels than those with less effective practices and lower levels of parent involvement? Data on Latino representation on Local School Councils (LSCs), school‐level demographic and performance indicators, and information on effective school organization, parent involvement, and school practices regarding outreach and engagement with parents and communities are used to investigate these questions. The empirical analysis demonstrates that in addition to previously established aspects of effective school organization, governing arrangements and Latino political incorporation play a critical role in building stronger, more supportive school–parent relations and in encouraging higher levels of parent involvement in formal school activities. Moreover, these practices and relations were found to have important implications for Latino student performance.
The Role of Management and Representation in Improving Performance of Disadvantaged Students: An Application of Bum Phillips's “Don Shula Rule”1
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Doerfler Carl , Hawes Daniel , Hicklin Alisa K. , Rocha Rene R.
Published: October 2006

Scholars and practitioners within the U.S. education system have focused considerable attention on developing new programs aimed at raising educational achievement for disadvantaged students. New programs are only one way to improve student performance, however; recent work in public administration suggests that public management and implementation practices might also have a large impact on student performance. Existing research shows that managerial networking, managerial quality, and effective personnel management can significantly improve the quality of the education received by disadvantaged students. Additional work highlights the contribution of representative bureaucracy. Because these research agendas have targeted the public administration literature rather than the education policy literature, this article seeks to bring this research back to education policy. Using data from several hundred Texas public school districts, spanning 1995 to 2002, and focusing on disadvantaged student performance (Latinos, blacks, and low‐income students), this article illustrates how both management and processes to enhance the representativeness of teaching faculty produce benefits for disadvantaged students.
All Together Now? An Empirical Study of the Voting Behaviors of Homeowner Association Members in St. Louis County
Authors: Groves Jeremy R.
Published: October 2006

Homeowner associations (HOAs), by design, collect homogenous members of a community into a residential development with defined boundaries and contain at least some very active individuals. This implies that HOAs may lower the transaction costs involved with voting resulting in HOA membership increasing voter participation. Further, as more HOAs provide goods and services to their members as substitutes for goods and services provided by the public sector, one would expect HOA members to vote more conservatively and in support of more privatization. Using a detailed population database constructed for Saint Louis County, Missouri, and results from the November 2004 general election, this article analyzes the effect that living in an HOA has on voter participation and on the results of several election issues. Following a similar study by the Public Policy Institute of California, the results show that, once population characteristics are controlled for, there is no HOA effect on the likelihood of HOA members to vote Republican. Unlike previous work, this study shows that if the vote reporting districts are broken into five mutually exclusive categories rather than using the 60% rule used in other studies, areas with more HOAs do show an increase in participation rates and an increased likelihood to vote against property tax increases. The results hold up even after the presence of spatial autocorrelation is confirmed and controlled for.
Patterns, predictors and impact of substance use in early psychosis: a longitudinal study
Authors: Addington J. , Addington D.
Published: October 2006

Objective:  The purpose was to determine the prevalence of substance use and its impact on outcome 3 years after presentation for a first‐episode of psychosis.

Method:  Subjects were 203 consecutive admissions to an early psychosis program. Assessments included substance use, positive, negative and depressive symptoms and social functioning. Assessments occurred at baseline, and 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year follow‐ups.

Results:  The prevalence of substance misuse was high with 51% having a substance use disorder (SUD), 33% with cannabis SUD and 35% with an alcohol SUD. Numbers with an alcohol SUD declined considerably by 1 year and for cannabis SUD by 2 years. Substance misuse was significantly associated with male gender, young age and age of onset and cannabis misuse with increased positive symptoms.

Conclusion:  This study confirms the high rates of substance misuse, in particular cannabis, in first‐episode psychosis. It further demonstrates that these rates can be reduced.
A growth in bipolar disorder?
Authors: Xu J. , Rasmussen I.‐A. , Berntsen E. M. , Moss K. , Shnier R. , Lagopoulos J. , Malhi G. S.
Published: October 2006

Objective:  This case report suggests that screening of patients with psychiatric symptoms using modern neuroimaging can help identify organic causes of mental illness.

Method:  A single case study was reported.

Results:  We report the case of a 25‐year‐old woman with a recent diagnosis of bipolar II disorder having an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan as part of a research project that reveals an intraventricular brain tumour. The latter is most likely the cause of her irritability and ‘hypomanic’ symptoms and is defined anatomically using diffusion tensor imaging and structural and functional imaging using MRI and positron emission tomography.

Conclusion:  The lesion in this individual case most probably produces mood symptoms by impinging upon the fornix, a component of the limbic system. However, more generally, the increase in diagnosis of bipolar disorder has to be tempered against alternate causes of similar symptoms and necessitates vigilance of potential organic mechanisms.
The aetiology of eyelid dermatitis: a 10‐year retrospective analysis
Authors: Amin Kathani A. , Belsito Donald V.
Published: October 2006

Few studies have examined the aetiology of eyelid dermatitis across broad demographics. The objectives of this study were (i) to compare the diagnoses of patients with isolated eyelid dermatitis to the diagnoses of patients with additional sites of involvement and (ii) to determine the relevant allergens among patients with allergic eyelid dermatitis. A retrospective analysis of 1215 patients patch tested over 10 years was conducted in this study. Compared to patients without eyelid dermatitis, patients with this entity were more often female. Of the 105 patients with eyelid dermatitis, 43.8% had allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), 36.2% seborrhoeic dermatitis, 11.4% other dermatitis/dermatoses, 7.6% irritant contact dermatitis, 3.8% psoriasis, and 2.9% atopic eczema. With isolated eyelid dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis was the most frequent diagnosis (46.3%) followed by ACD (35.2%). Allergens commonly causing allergic eyelid dermatitis consisted of fragrances, metals, neomycin, oleamidopropyl dimethylamine, tosylamide formaldehyde resin, benzalkonium chloride, and other preservatives. When evaluated according to sites of involvement, seborrhoeic dermatitis was diagnosed most often in patients with isolated eyelid dermatitis, but when dermatitis was distributed to facial or other sites, ACD was the most frequent diagnosis. A majority of the causative allergens for eyelid dermatitis are not present on the Food and Drug Administration‐approved panels available in the USA.
Identification and classification of skin sensitizers: identifying false positives and false negatives
Authors: Basketter David A. , McFadden John , Evans Peter , Andersen Klaus E. , Jowsey Ian
Published: October 2006

The first step in regulatory evaluation of substances involves the identification of their intrinsic hazards, including the potential for skin sensitization. This is, quite properly, entirely different from assessment of the risks to human health, which might arise from incorporation of substances in products. EU guidance on regulations concerning the classification of skin sensitizers suggests a range of sources of information be deployed in the hazard identification process. These include chemical structure, predictive animal tests, and various types of human data. Where the information is clear‐cut, then uncertainties rarely arise. However, for some materials, discordant information arises, perhaps because the substance is on the borderline of test sensitivity and classification (sensitizing materials of insufficient potency do not classified according to the EU scheme), due to conflicting results in predictive tests or for other reasons. In this study, we review data on a number of substances where a classification decision is complicated by such discordances and seek to use these examples to demonstrate how best to make a weight of evidence decision on whether a substance should, or should not, be classified as a skin sensitizer.
Nickel allergy and hand eczema – a 20‐year follow up
Authors: Josefson Anna , Färm Gunilla , Stymne Birgitta , Meding Birgitta
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hand eczema after 20 years in women patch tested to nickel during childhood. In 1982–1983, 960 schoolgirls were patch tested for nickel allergy; its prevalence was found to be 9%. 20 years later, the same individuals received a questionnaire regarding hand eczema and factors of importance for the development of hand eczema. 735 of 908 women (80.9%) answered the questionnaire. In total, 17.6% of respondents reported hand eczema after the age of 15 years, and the 1‐year prevalence was 12.8%. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of hand eczema between the groups who had previously tested positive and negative for nickel allergy. 38.3% of the respondents considered themselves to be nickel sensitive at the time they answered the questionnaire; in this group, the reported prevalence of hand eczema after age 15 was 22.5%. 31.4% of those with a history of atopic dermatitis reported hand eczema after age 15, compared with 10.6% of those without (P < 0.001). In conclusion, contact allergy to nickel in childhood did not seem to increase the prevalence of hand eczema later in life.
Cutaneous clear cell squamous cell carcinoma in situ : clinical, histological and immunohistochemical characterization
Authors: Al‐Arashi Munir Yahya Hussein , Byers H. Randolph
Published: October 2006

Background:  Clear cell squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) has not been defined in the literature with respect to its clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical features.

Methods:  Nearly 1500 consecutive cases of SCCIS were assessed for percent clear cell change. The clinical features of all SCCIS with ≥10% clear cell change, including age, sex and site distribution, were compared with classical SCCIS using chi‐square analysis. PAS special staining and immunohistochemical analysis with 11 cell markers were performed to characterize the clear cell of origin.

Results:  Eighty SCCIS cases with a spectrum of clear cell change of ≥10% were identified. Six cases with ≥80% clear cells were defined as clear cell SCCIS. The clinical features of the cases did not vary significantly from classical SCCIS. Antibodies labeling outer root sheath (ORS) cells also labeled clear cells in the cases and included K8.12 (labeling CK13 and CK16), cellular retinoic acid binding protein II, CAM 5.2 and CK15. Antibodies that did not label ORS cells, but did label eccrine glands (CK7 and CK18) or sebocytes (EMA), also did not label the cases.

Conclusion:  Clear cell change in SCCIS is part of a spectrum which displays ORS differentiation.
Micronutrients affecting adipogenesis in beef cattle
Authors: KAWACHI Hiroyuki
Published: October 2006

Beef marbling is an important trait of meat quality and beef marbling influences the tenderness and flavor of beef, which contributes directly to the value of beef especially in the Japanese market. The lipid content of beef depends on the strain, sex, diet and fattening period of the animal. Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) are well‐known for their ability to produce marbling beef and this is a popular strain in Japan. The development of beef marbling was closely associated with an increase in the number of adipocytes, that is, adipocyte differentiation in the skeletal muscle. This review article describes our experiment and related reports on micronutrients, especially vitamins and minerals, affecting adipogenesis in beef cattle. We pursue the possibility that manipulating the level of dietary micronutrients may become a new technique to promote beef marbling.
Tunica dartos index as a parameter for measurement of adaptability of rams to subtropical conditions of Egypt
Authors: MARAI Ibrahim F. M. , EL‐DARAWANY Abdel‐Halim A. , ISMAIL El‐Sayed A.‐F. , ABDEL‐HAFEZ Mohamed A. M.
Published: October 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hot summer climatic conditions (compared to winter) on the libido, semen quality traits, level of serum testosterone hormone and some physiological and body measurements of Egyptian Suffolk rams. A parameter for the tolerance of the rams to adverse hot climatic conditions, designated as the tunica dartos index (TDI), was estimated as the multiplication of the percentage change in scrotal length and that of the percentage difference between rectal temperature and scrotal skin temperature. The relationships between the TDI and semen characteristics were also estimated. The results showed that in summer, the reaction time, pH, percentage dead and abnormal spermatozoa, acrosomal damage and temperatures of rectum, body skin and scrotal skin and scrotal length were significantly higher, while sperm motility, sperm concentration, scrotal circumference and testis length were significantly lower than in winter. The correlation coefficient (r) values estimated between the TDI and each of the semen pH, ejaculate volume, sperm motility and sperm cell concentration were positive, and those estimated between the TDI and each of the reaction time, dead and abnormal spermatozoa and acrosomal damage were negative. The best values of libido (low reaction time), semen pH, semen motility percentage, sperm cell concentration and testosterone level were recorded with a high TDI level (7.5 and more), while those of percentage of dead spermatozoa, sperm abnormalities and acrosomal damage were recorded with a low TDI level (less than 4.5). It can be concluded that the TDI correlates well with the reproductive ability of the ram and can be a reliable parameter to indicate the tolerance of rams to hot subtropical conditions in Egypt.
Relationships between daily, morning, evening and peak yield and persistency in Turkish Saanen goats
Authors: PALA Akin , SAVAŞ Türker
Published: October 2006

A matrix of persistency values is given instead of one value of persistency or persistency values based on succeeding test days. Overall, the persistency matrix of morning milk had higher values than the persistency matrix of evening milk. As the distance between the test days increased, the correlations dramatically decreased. The effects of morning milk yield b = 0.23 (P < 0.01) on standard deviation of morning and evening milk yield and on peak the milk yield was higher compared to the evening daily milk yield b = 0.03 (P = 0.05) and the total daily milk yield 0.10 (P < 0.01). Increased persistency means that the lactation curve may be flatter. Since the peak value of morning milk (1597 mL) was lower than evening milk (1799 mL), and morning milk was more persistent than evening milk, morning milk can be said to contribute more to the flatness of the lactation curve. Overall, the morning milk volume (938 mL) was larger than the evening milk volume (835 mL). A 3D plot of peak milk versus morning and evening milk yield indicated that increasing the evening milk yield increases the peak yield while the morning milk yield holds the peak value lower and the curve stable.