bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging digital and research-based teaching methodologies for international geohazards education – experience from the GEOMME partnership with Japan, South Korea, and Norway
Authors: Gilbert Graham Lewis , Gisnås Kjersti Gleditsch , Solheim Anders , Kwon Tae-Hyuk , Yamaguchi Satoru , Ito Yoichi , Park Joon-Young , Nishii Ryoko , Niiya Hirofumi , Vick Louise
Published: February 2023

The international partnership GEOMME seeks to develop collaborative activities in research and education on climate-induced geohazards in South Korea, Japan, and Norway. The partnership focuses on excellence in education and research to increase societal resilience against climate-induced geohazards. The objective of the GEOMME partnership is to increase the adaptive capacity of the partner nations to climate change through research-based education, knowledge exchange, and international collaboration. Activities centre on four scientific themes: (1) geohazards in a changing climate, (2) geohazards over large spatial scales, (3) advanced modelling and monitoring techniques, and (4) green solutions for hazard- and risk mitigation – including Nature-Based Solutions.A novel aspect of the GEOMME partnership is the collective development of four education packages – each focusing on one of the scientific themes. The target audience is graduate students, researchers and practitioners. Education packages consist of two components – an online module and an in-person research- and experience-based course. The online modules are standalone introductions to the scientific themes and are openly accessible. The modules promote rapid accessibility to international perspectives in geohazards education and research, guiding interested parties towards an understanding of these complex topics. The modules will live on beyond the project period, hosted by GEOMME partners. Intensive research- and experience-based courses are implemented as a follow-up to the online modules and allow affiliated partners to further develop in-depth expertise in the topic areas. The content of the education packages reflects the state-of-the-art in research and current state-of-practice in applications within the domains of the three partner countries.This contribution will present the approach of combining digital and in-person research-based teaching methodologies for geosciences, and experiences and challenges from early-stage implementation.The GEOMME partnership is financed through INTPART program the Research Council of Norway (project number 322469). The INPART program seeks to promote long-term international partnerships to enhance the quality of higher education and research in Norway. The GEOMME partnership is running between 2021 and 2026.
Tower based C-band measurements of an alpine snowpack
Authors: Brangers Isis , Marshall Hans-Peter , De Lannoy Grabielle J.M. , Lievens Hans
Published: February 2023

Measuring snow from space is still a significant challenge in hydrology. Work by Lievens et al. (2019) for the first time showed the potential of the Sentinel-1 C-band radar mission to measure snow depth from space. However, the physical interactions between snow grains and the comparatively long C-band waves are not sufficiently understood. To improve this understanding, a tower based C-band radar experiment was set up in Idaho’s Rocky mountains starting from January 2020. The ultra-wideband radar system recorded the reflections in the time-domain, allowing to study the return throughout the different layers of the snowpack at a fine resolution. Reference data of the stratigraphy and snow properties were collected during ~weekly site visits. Our results indicate that some volume scattering is present at C-band for dry snow, and that the backscatter return increases substantially after melt-freeze cycles and with the appearance of ice features within the snowpack.
Generating risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling
Authors: Wani Omar , Noh Brayden , Dunne Kieran , Lamb Michael
Published: February 2023

Human settlements and infrastructure in alluvial floodplains face erosional risk due to the lateral migration of meandering rivers. There is a large body of scientific literature on the dominant mechanisms driving river migration. However, it is challenging to make accurate forecasts of river meander evolution over multiple years. This is in part because deterministic mathematical models are not equipped to account for stochasticity in the system. Besides, uncertainty due to model deficits and unknown parameter values remains. For a more reliable assessment of risks, we therefore need probabilistic forecasts. In this work, we suggest a workflow to generate river-migration risk maps using probabilistic modeling. Forecasts for river channel position over time are generated by Monte Carlo runs, using a distribution of model parameter values inferred from satellite data, enabling us to make risk maps for river migration. We demonstrate that such risk maps are more informative in avoiding false negatives, which can be both detrimental and costly, in the context of assessing erosional hazards due to river migration. 
Assessing the Effects of Electric Vehicle Adoption on Urban Energy Structure Transition: A Geospatial Machine Learning Study in Beijing
Authors: Kang Jing , Kong Hui , Lin Zhongjie
Published: February 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been proposed as a key solution for decarbonizing urban transportation and addressing climate change. As the use of EVs increases in cities worldwide, it may lead to significant transformation in urban development, including changes in the electrical system and people's travel behavior, such as charging preferences and choices of where to live and work. Some questions arise, will the rise of EVs lead to more suburbanization or drive people towards a more compact urban form? Additionally, how can the relationship between EV users' residential locations and new energy infrastructure be best coordinated? A study in the rapidly growing metropolis of Beijing aims to address these questions by combining geo-spatial big data analysis, machine learning, and theories of urban development to understand the relationship between EV users' residential locations and new energy infrastructure. A novel data mining strategy was proposed to identify actual EV users based on location data from smartphones. By analyzing observation data of EV users, the study applies the Gradient Boost Decision Tree model to examine the nonlinear associations between the spatial distribution of EV residents and neighborhood attributes such as employment density, GDP, land use mix, public charging accessibility, building areas, access to public transit, and suburbanization. The results indicate that a higher percentage of EV users prefer to live in areas that are neither too far away from the city center nor too close to it, particularly the threshold effects show that they are concentrated in areas where it has a 10 km distance from the city center. Additionally, the study found that most public charging activities tend to occur within 1.5 km from home, suggesting an optimal threshold for public charging station deployment. The findings of this study can help inform energy management and infrastructure planning at the local, regional, and national levels to promote sustainable urbanization and smarter energy planning in policy-making.
Effects of surface water boundary condition scaling on modelled groundwater salinity and salt fluxes
Authors: Farias Ignacio , Oude Essink Gualbert H.P. , de Louw Perry , F.P. Bierkens Marc
Published: February 2023

Calculating groundwater salinity requires the computation of variable density groundwater flow coupled with salt transport in a 3-D gridded space. This type of groundwater modelling requires large amounts of hydrogeological information, computational power, and thorough hydrogeological knowledge of the area being studied. To overcome limitations in knowledge, data availability and computer run times, these models are simplified which may lead to a lack of accuracy in the results. In this setting, enlarging the cell size and/or simplifying surface-groundwater interactions (boundary conditions, BC) are common solutions to achieve feasible runtimes at the expense of precision.
Over the last decades, however, computational power has grown exponentially, which, in combination with recent developments involving parallel computing for groundwater models and ever-increasing resolution and availability of datasets, allow for unexplored model resolutions. This immediately raises the question of what level of detail is required to estimate a sufficiently accurate groundwater salinity distribution for the relevant salinization processes in coastal zones for a given management or policy objective.
This research will explore how groundwater salinity distribution and salt fluxes are affected by varying grid sizes and the parameterization of the surface water boundary conditions. To achieve this, we start from the datasets of the Dutch national hydrological model (LHM fresh-salt). Models of a selected area are created with varying grid resolutions from 10 to 250-meter grid cell size. The surface water features are discretized at these same resolutions resulting in specific datasets with scaled conductance values for each resolution. The models are run in cluster environment using a parallelized version of SEAWAT developed by Deltares called iMOD-WQ. With the model results we aim to quantify the effect of grid size on the groundwater salinity distribution and salt loads to the surface and identify the right balance between required resolution and computational effort. Ultimately, we intend to contribute to the development of objective guidelines for model-enabled fresh groundwater management in coastal aquifers.
Overview of the High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) water vapor DIAL and High Spectral Resolution Lidar observations during the summer 2022 CPEX-CV Campaign
Authors: Nehrir Amin , Ferrare Rich , Collins James , Grimley Rory-Barton , Crosbie Ewan , Marinou Eleni
Published: February 2023

The 2022 Convective Processes Experiment – Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) collected observations using the NASA DC-8 to study dynamics and microphysics related to the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), African easterly waves and jets, and deep convection within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the tropical East Atlantic. CPEX-CV measurements also collected data to help calibrate and validate ESA’s Aeolus Doppler wind lidar.  CPEX-CV is part of combined effort with the European Space Agency (ESA) and their partner laboratories and universities called the Joint Aeolus Tropical Atlantic Campaign (JATAC) to validate ESA’s Aeolus satellite. As part of the CPEX-CV – JATAC collaboration from Cabo Verde in September 2022, the NASA DC-8, outfitted with a comprehensive suite of remote and in-situ sensors, coordinated with the ASKOS ground site at Mindelo and the Slovenian WT-10 aircraft to validate AEOLUS wind and aerosol products as well as to link quantitatve aerosol observations from multiple vantage points to better understand the role of the SAL in toprical dynamics.During CPEX-CV the NASA DC-8 was outfitted with the Advanced Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS) dropsondes, Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar (DAWN), High-Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO), third generation Airborne Precipitation Radar (APR-3), High-Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR), and the Cloud Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer.  This presentation will highlight the HALO water vapor DIAL and aerosol/cloud HSRL observations collected during CPEX-CV and discuss the synergies with the JATAC campaign.  HALO HSRL observations are compared and contrasted with those taken from the ground site at Mindelo to better understand the influence of orographic island effects on the transport of aerosols and better constrain aerosol processes such as aerosol electrification being studied by ASKOS.  Additionally, HALO aerosol backscatter, depolarization, and extinction products at 532 nm and 1064 nm are used to evaluate Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol retrievals at those same wavelengths and, after adjustment to 355 nm, are compared against Aeolus backscatter and extinction products.  Areas for future collaborative efforts will also be discussed including Aeolus and Earthcare validation.  
Towards reproducible workflows in simulation based Earth System Science
Authors: Anders Ivonne , Thiemann Hannes , Bergemann Martin , Kadow Christopher , Lucio-Eceiza Etor
Published: February 2023

Some disciplines, e.g. Astrophysics or Earth system sciences, work with large to very large amounts of data. Storing this data, but also processing it, is a challenge for researchers because novel concepts for processing data and workflows have not developed as quickly. This problem will only become more pronounced with the ever increasing performance of High Performance Computing (HPC) – systems.At the German Climate Computing Center, we analysed the users, their goals and working methods. DKRZ provides the climate science community with resources such as high-performance computing (HPC), data storage and specialised services and hosts the World Data Center for Climate (WDCC). In analysing users, we distinguish between two main groups: those who need the HPC system to run resource-intensive simulations and then analyse them, and those who reuse, build on and analyse existing data. Each group subdivides into subgroups. We have analysed the workflows for each identified user and found identical parts in an abstracted form and derived Canonical Workflow Modules. In the process, we critically examined the possible use of so-called FAIR Digital Objects (FDOs) and checked to what extent the derived workflows and workflow modules are actually future-proof.We will show the analysis of the different users, the Canonical workflow and the vision of the FDOs. Furthermore, we will present the framework Freva and further developments and implementations at DKRZ with respect to the reproducibility of simulation-based research in the ESS.
Geologic framework and first results from ICDP BASE drilling in the Moodies Group (~3.22 Ga), Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa
Authors: Heubeck Christoph , Beukes Nic
Published: February 2023

Units of the up to 3.7 km thick Moodies Group (~3.22 Ga) in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa and Eswatini, comprise some of the oldest well-preserved sedimentary strata on Earth, deposited within only a few million years in pro-deltaic to alluvial settings, with a dominance of tidal deltas and coastal plains. They consist of widespread quartzose, lithic, tuffaceous and arkosic sandstones, polymict conglomerates, common siltstones and shales, and rare BIFs and jaspilites, all interbedded with rare dacitic air-fall tuffs and several lavas. Moodies strata preserve abundant sedimentary structures and represent a very-high-resolution record of Paleoarchean surface processes. Microbial mats, early diagenetic vadose-alteration zones and tidal rhythmites are locally common. Moodies strata provide a unique opportunity to investigate the conditions under which bacterial life spread and thrived in coastal-zone and terrestrial settings on early Earth.The ICDP Barberton Archean Surface Environments (BASE) Project drilled November 2021 to July 2022 eight inclined boreholes of 280 to 497 m length each through steeply inclined or overturned Moodies Group strata. The unweathered and continuous core record was complemented by sampling in three several-km-long tunnels and by detailed surface mapping. Two to three rigs operated concurrently, delivering twenty to sixty m of high-quality core daily. This core was processed in a large, publicly accessible hall in downtown Barberton. An exhibition provided background explanations for visitors and related this fundamental-geoscience research project to the geology of the Barberton-Makhonjwa Mountains World Heritage Site. The archive half of the core, nearly 3 km total, remained in South Africa, the working half is curated at the ICDP core repository in Berlin, Germany. We show preliminary cross sections, overall core photographs and representative lithologic descriptions.
STEP-F and SphinX particle and X-ray detector as sensitive actuators for radiation environment of near-Earth space
Authors: Dudnik Oleksiy , Yakovlev Oleksandr , Kowaliński Mirosław , Podgórski Piotr , Sylwester Janusz
Published: February 2023

The state of geomagnetic environment as observed at the ground level is characterized by numerous indices, derived from measurements from numerous magnetic observatories scattered over many longitudes and latitudes. In support, patrol measurements of geomagnetic field components are carried out in near-Earth space using onboard magnetometers that constantly cross geomagnetic field thanks to the orbital motion of the spacecraft. In the same way, high-energy charged particle fluxes trapped by the Earth's magnetic field are monitored along the satellite orbit. In the geomagnetic radiation belts’ environment, the distribution of proton fluxes is mostly less variable, while electron fluxes experience strong variations associated even with weak fluctuations of well-known indices: mid-latitude Kp, and equatorial Dst (related to weak geomagnetic storms). During very strong geomagnetic storms an additional electron radiation belt appears in a slot between outer and inner Van Allen belts. However, even during the period of minimum solar activity when small variations of the geomagnetic field prevail, noticeable changes in electron fluxes are being recorded, including recently discovered presence of additional electron radiation belt at by L=1.6 McIllwain surface.In present research, we used data collected by the two instruments placed next to each other aboard the low Earth (h ≈ 550 km) near polar (φ ≈ 82.50) orbit CORONAS-Photon satellite. We studied responses of the Satellite Telescope of Electrons and Protons (STEP-F) and the Solar photometer in X-rays (SphinX) in May 2009, a period which was characterized by a very weak solar and geomagnetic activity. As geomagnetic indicators we used Kp, Dst-, and SYM-H indices. For SphinX measurements, we extracted 5-second data in the highest energy bin sensitive to detection of charged particles. For STEP-F we analysed 2-second data records in the upper silicon position-sensitive detector while the satellite crossed all three electron radiation belts present in the magnetosphere. We demonstrate variable, belt-dependent high amplitude responses due to energetic electron presence in all three belts as well as specific time-dependent features due to presence of directed particle streams. Examples will be provided and discussed.
Chemical composition and 87Sr/86Sr signatures of rainwaters from São Miguel, Azores
Authors: Ferreira Letícia , Cruz José Virgílio , Viveiros Fátima , Durães Nuno , Coutinho Rui , Andrade César , Santos José Francisco
Published: February 2023

Rainwater samples were collected at Furnas and Fogo volcanoes (São Miguel, Azores) in order to characterize their chemical signatures and to investigate a possible interaction with fumarolic gases. Marine aerosols contribute significantly to the chemistry of the rainwaters. The marine inputs ranges from 17.72 to 100 % for Cl-, 9.81 to 100 % for SO42-, 3.79 to 30.31 % for Ca2+, 34.09 to 48.12 % for Mg2+ and 17.29 to 81.09 % for K-. This suggests other sources beyond marine aerosols influencing the hydrochemistry of rainwater, which can be ascribed to two additional components: mineral and volcanic aerosols. The majority of the samples shows an influence of dust particles from North Africa, which can be found in the north Atlantic atmosphere. It is also possible to notice inputs of fumarolic fluids over the hydrochemistry of at least two samples, namely the ones collected near the Caldeiras fumarolic field in Furnas volcano.Most of the rainwater samples showed 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70849 ± 21 - 0.71027 ± 45) similar to the seawater (87Sr/86Sr= 0.70918 ± 1), suggesting that sea salts are the main source of the strontium isotopic ratios. The results are within the range of values presented by rainwater in mainland Portugal (87Sr/86Sr = 0.708965 ± 31 – 0.710345 ± 38). One sample that is exposed to the fumarolic fluids deviates from these values, depicting a lower strontium isotopic ratio (0.70701), confirming the influence of fumarolic fluids already deduced from the major ion hydrogeochemistry.
Nonlinear Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Oblique EMIC Waves
Authors: Hanzelka Miroslav , Li Wen , Ma Qianli , Capannolo Luisa
Published: February 2023

Electrons in the Earth’s outer radiation belt can experience rapid energization and pitch angle scattering through interactions with naturally generated electromagnetic waves. Cyclotron resonant interactions with large amplitude electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) emissions cause scattering and major atmospheric losses of relativistic electrons in the sub-MeV and MeV energy range. While theory and simulations in the past focused mostly on parallel propagating waves, in-situ spacecraft observations of EMIC waves commonly show quasi-parallel or moderately oblique propagation.Here we present the results of test-particle analysis of electron interaction with helium band and hydrogen band EMIC waves parametrized by wave normal angle (WNA) and wave amplitude. It is shown that nonlinear phase trapping and the associated transport of electrons to low-pitch angles become efficient only at very large amplitudes (> 1% of the background magnetic field), especially in the helium band frequency range, making the nonlinear effects less important than in the whistler-electron interaction case. Harmonic resonant interactions with oblique waves further increase the probability of detrapping, pushing the pitch angle evolution closer to pure diffusion. We also analyze the pitch angle behavior near the loss cone and study the evolution of phase space density (PSD) through the Liouville mapping method. Despite the significant advection effects caused by force-bunching of resonant electrons at low pitch angles, the PSD in the loss cone exhibits behavior similar to strong diffusion. We argue that this is expected to be the case for any bursty precipitation caused by cyclotron resonant interactions.The wave normal angle has only minor impact on the precipitation rate in the energy range affected by the off-equatorial fundamental resonance, except for the case of very oblique waves (WNA > 70 deg). However, since oblique EMIC waves are elliptically polarized and interact with both co-streaming and counter-streaming electrons, they can enhance the changes in the pitch angle of mirrored (trapped) relativistic electrons. The scattering efficiency for counter-streaming electrons strongly depends on the wave ellipticity, and in turn, on wave frequency, wave normal angle, and ion composition. Our simulation results support the need for accurate wave normal angle and amplitude distribution to quantify the relativistic electron precipitation to the Earth’s atmosphere.
Offsetting climate and land use effects on wetland methane emissions over 1901-202
Authors: Fluet-Chouinard Etienne , Zhang Zhen , Jackson Robert , Poulter Benjamin , Gudmundsson Lukas , Seneviratne Sonia
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric methane (CH4) concentration has more than doubled since per-industrial time. The contribution of natural wetland ecosystems, currently the largest natural emitters of CH4, to this increase is not well known. While temperature may have contributed to an growth in emissions, the extent wetlands has declined over this period due to drainage and land use conversion. In this study, we combine a new reconstruction of global wetland extent with simulated CH4 flux from nine land surface model to estimate wetland CH4 emissions over 1901-2020. Our analysis evaluates: 1) the uncertainty of modelled emissions over the century timescale, 2) the separate and combined effects of climate and land use change on emissions, and 3) the global and regional trends of wetland CH4 emissions. We show that prognostic outputs from model of wetland extent are highly uncertain over the century timescale although most prognostic models suggest an emission increase. We find that inclusion of wetland drainage reducing wetland area primarily in temperate latitudes is sufficient to offset the increase in modeled emission in the absence of land use, with an ensemble mean displaying no significant trend between 1901-1920 and 2001-2020. We evaluate the contribution of individual land uses to the decline in global emissions, in particular the conversion to irrigated rice and wet cultivation which are also methane emitting areas. These results diverge from previous source attributions at the century timescale and may require upward revisions to other biogenic sources to balance the budget and remain within δ13C isotope constraints.  In the future, we will investigate the effect of wetland drainage on CO2, CH4 and aquatic carbon export for a more complete accounting of this land use change on global carbon fluxes.
Reactivity of selected model microplastics with ozone
Authors: Tinel Liselotte , Remoissenet Eva , Constant Mel , Allary Claire , Romanias Manolis
Published: February 2023

Microplastics (MPs) are nowadays observed in all environmental compartments. However, in the atmosphere, the presence of this new pollutant is not well documented and not well understood. So far, atmospheric microplastic particles have been observed in megacities,1 in remote mountain areas2 and even over the open ocean,3 albeit in low concentrations. Microplastics exposed to the atmosphere, undergo ageing under the influence of atmospheric oxidants and sunlight. As the MPs are altered over time, their physicochemical properties are modified. In particular, the polymer structure of MPs can become more porous increasing their exposed surface compared to their new counterparts. This in turn can lead to an increased reactivity between atmospheric oxidants / pollutants and polymers. Furthermore, their physicochemical changes can ultimately lead to fragmentation, giving rise to the formation of more and smaller particles. It therefore seems important to quantify the reactivity of these new pollutants with atmospheric oxidants, as this can affect the role of MPs in the atmosphere, and their environmental fate. The present study provides the first results of a laboratory study on the reactivity of model microplastics, PEEK, PTFE, LDPE, PET, with ozone in a in a DRIFT (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform) optical cell for the in-situ monitoring of MPs surface aging, coupled with an ozone analyser and a soft ionization Mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS), for the real-time monitoring of the gas-phase. The in-situ monitoring of MPs properties with DRIFTs revealed important chemical changes on their surface due to their exposition to ozone. We suggest that carboxylic acids and/or esters are amongst the most prominent reaction products. We also determine the ozone uptake coefficient (γss) of the MPs, and the evolution of their specific surface area before and after exposure to ozone. The values of γss measured are in the range of 10-8 to 10-9, indicating that MPs are not an important sink of gaseous O3 in the atmosphere. Further analysis of the gas-phase with SIFT-MS, evidenced the formation of VOCs and particularly carboxylic acids amongst the most prominent reaction products of MPs reaction with ozone. The impact of the modification of chemical functionalities at the surface of these microplastic on their environmental behaviour (e.g. hygroscopicity) and the reactivity of microplastics on the composition of the atmosphere is further discussed.Ref. : [1] Dris et al., 2015, Environ. Chem / [2] Allen et al., 2015, Nat. Geosci. / [3] Trainic et al., 2020, Commun. Earth Environ.
Skillful subseasonal prediction of rainfall and extreme events in East China based on deep learning
Authors: Hsu Pang-Chi , Xie Jiehong
Published: February 2023

The subseasonal prediction with a lead time of 10–30 days is the gap between weather (<10 days) and climate (>30 days) predictions. Improving the forecast skill of extreme weather events at the subseasonal range is crucial for risk management of disastrous events. In this study, three deep-learning (DL) models based on the methods of convolutional neural network and gate recurrent unit are constructed to predict the rainfall anomalies and associated extreme events in East China at the lead times of 1–6 pentads. All DL models show skillful prediction of the temporal variation of rainfall anomalies (in terms of temporal correlation coefficient skill) over most regions in East China beyond 4 pentads, outperforming the dynamical models from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The spatial distribution of the rainfall anomalies is also better predicted by the DL models than the dynamical models; and the DL models show higher pattern correlation coefficients than the dynamical models at lead times of 3 to 6 pentads. The higher skill of DL models in predicting the rainfall anomalies will help to improve the accuracy of extreme-event predictions. The Heidke skill scores of the extreme rainfall event forecast performed by the DL models are also superior to those of the dynamical models at a lead time beyond about 4 pentads. Heat map analysis for the DL models shows that the predictability sources are mainly the large-scale factors modulating the East Asian monsoon rainfall.
Coherent Radiation in Overdense Plasmas Interacting with Energetic Electrons of Different Velocity Distributions
Authors: Chen Yao
Published: February 2023

According to the standard scenario of plasma emission, the escaping radiations are generated from the nonlinear development of the kinetic bump-on-tail instability, by a single beam of energetic electrons interacting with an overdense plasma. The primarily-excited beam-Langmuir mode and its further scattering over ion-related disturbances are suggested to be critical to the radiation process. Yet, non-beam distributions of energetic electrons, such as the ring (or ring-beam), DGH, loss-cone, horseshoe-like, etc., also exist broadly in space and astrophysical plasmas. They may drive wave modes distinct from those in the beam-plasma system. The corresponding radiation process could be distinct from that described by the standard scenario. To clarify this, we conducted particle-in-cell simulations to investigate the nonlinear response of an overdense plasma disturbed by energetic electrons of velocity distributions (VDs) changing from beam-like to ring-like. Efficient excitations of both the fundamental (F) and harmonic (H) plasma emissions are found for all the VDs investigated here, yet the kinetic instability, the wave modes excited, and the F/H radiation process are different. Details of these differences will be overviewed in this report.
Modelling lithosphere deformation with non-linear anisotropic constitutive models
Authors: Kulakov Roman , Halter William , Schmalholz Stefan , Duretz Thibault
Published: February 2023

The processes that govern rock (trans)formation (deposition, deformation, segregation, metamorphism) can result in the development of layering and rock fabrics. Rocks can thus exhibit extrinsic or intrinsic anisotropy at various spatial scales. Anisotropy has important mechanical consequences, in particular, for strain localisation in the lithosphere. This effect is typically not included in geodynamic models. Mechanical anisotropy can be modelled by explicitly modelled by numerically resolving layers of different strengths. Due to the expensive computational cost, this approach is not suitable for large scale geodynamic models. The latter may rather benefit from an upscaling approach that involves anisotropic constitutive laws.  To model the evolution of such material Mühhlaus, (2002) proposed the use of the director vector which corresponds to a single orientation that is changing throughout the process of deformation. We have implemented visco-elasto-plastic anisotropic constitutive laws and the director vector approach in the geodynamic simulation tool MDoodz7.0. Here we present  the rheological implementation, we show some simple simulations involving anisotropic flow and discuss the potential role of anisotropy for large-scale geodynamic processes.
Wildfires, Weathering and Warming: A High Latitude Southern Hemisphere paleoclimate record of the Triassic from Tasmania
Authors: Al Suwaidi Aisha , Fox Calum P. , Lestari Wahyuningrum A. , Ghosal Indodeep , Rigo Manuel
Published: February 2023

Tasmania was located at 62-74° S in the Triassic, a position today occupied by the frozen rocky Antarctic continent. Sedimentary archives of the Triassic from Tasmania present a unique opportunity to examine a high latitude archive of a world that was in a significant state of climatic and environmental flux from the end-Permian mass extinction (~252 Ma) to the Late Triassic, Norian Manicouagen bollide impact, ~214 Ma . Here we present new sedimentological and geochemical data spanning these major events from two core records (~300m each) located in Bicheno, Eastern Tasmania. These cores represent deposition of organic rich sediments in a coastal environment, that spans the Permo–Triassic boundary through the Norian. This data includes new carbon isotopes, charcoalfied wood abundances, sedimentological evaluation and pXRF data. The Permo-Triassic Event (PTE) is marked by a -6‰ excursion in δ13CTOC  with a change from Upper Parmeener Marine sequence limestones to more organic rich Upper Parmeener Freshwater sequences which includes mudstones, volcanic sandstones and tuffs. The Earliest Triassic is relatively condensed suggesting a relatively cold interval, with low sedimentation following on from the PTE. Other notable events include the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE), with a marked increase in the abundance of charcoalified fossil wood, a -4‰ δ13CTOC excursion and increased weathering suggesting significant changes to the hydrological cycle and the climate during this interval. There is also evidence of the Middle Norian Event with a -4‰ δ13CTOC  excursion. This sedimentological and chemostratigraphic record from Tasmania represents a unique high latitude Southern Hemisphere record of climate change through the Triassic with evidence of significant paleoclimatic and environmental change near the South Pole.
Inertial torque on a squirmer
Authors: Mehlig Bernhard , Candelier Fabien , Qiu Jingran , Zhao Lihao , Voth Greg
Published: February 2023

A small spheroid settling in a quiescent fluid experiences an inertial torque that aligns it so that it settles with its broad side first. Here we show that an active particle experiences such a torque too, as it settles in a fluid at rest. For a spherical squirmer, the torque is T = -9/8  mf (vs(0)  x vg(0)), where vs(0)  is the swimming velocity, vg(0) the settling velocity in the Stokes approximation, and mf the equivalent fluid mass. This torque aligns the swimming direction against gravity: swimming up is stable, swimming down is unstable. This talk is based on Candelier, F., Qiu, J., Zhao, L., Voth, G., & Mehlig, B. (2022). Inertial torque on a squirmer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 953, R1.
Glacial plumes drive widespread subsurface warming in northwest Greenland’s fjords
Authors: Cowton Tom , Slater Donald , Inall Mark
Published: February 2023

Greenland’s glacial fjords modulate the exchange of heat and freshwater between the ice sheet and ocean, with the ocean properties adjacent to tidewater glaciers influencing the rate of submarine glacier melting and the properties of glacially modified waters exported to the shelf. Here we use a numerical plume model in conjunction with observations from close to 14 glaciers in northwest Greenland to assess the impact of subglacial-runoff-driven plumes on near-glacier ocean properties. We find that at depths where plumes most commonly find neutral buoyancy (~75-300m), intruded plume waters frequently make up the largest component of the near-glacier water composition. These plume waters register predominantly as a warm anomaly relative to waters of equivalent density on the shelf, and will thus serve to increase submarine melting at intermediate depths. Our findings demonstrate the key role played by plumes in driving water modification in Greenland’s fjords, the importance of accounting for this process when studying ice-sheet/ocean interactions, and the potential for simple models to capture these impacts across a range of settings.
Long-term resilience of mineral associated organic matter in soils of a Mediterranean forest burned in 1994 at different severities
Authors: Garcia Braga Eduardo Augusto , Peñalver-Alcalá Antonio , Garcia-Franco Noelia , Wiesmeier Martin , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid , Farguell Joaquim , Úbeda Xavier
Published: February 2023

Wildfires are a common disturbance in Mediterranean ecosystems; nevertheless, in temperate and higher latitude ecosystems the frequency and severity of wildfires increased because of prolonged heat waves, drought periods and changes in fire regime. High wildfire frequency and increased burned surface area may affect soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. In our study, we assessed the effects on different SOC pools (labile, intermediate and passive) in two areas of the Cadiretes Massif in Spain 28 years after a wildfire event. The area was burned at different severities (LS: low severity; HS: high severity) and were compared with a control (unburned) adjacent area. A physical fractionation method was used to isolate the OC and associated to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic matter (POM) the mineral associated organic matter (MAOM). In addition, we used 13C NMR spectroscopy to get information about the quality of the different OC fractions. Results displayed that an increase in wildfire severity caused a decrease of SOC and N in the bulk soil. This was mainly observed in the labile fractions (DOC; POM). No differences were observed in the OC associated to the MAOM with the increase of the burning severity indicating that the OC protected in the mineral fraction was resilient towards wildfires.
Simulation of long-term rainfall runoff using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks: Case of Osipcheon watershed in Korea
Authors: An Sung Wook , Choi Jung Ryel , Kim Byung Sik
Published: February 2023

Water resource management requires long-term historical discharge data, and physical hydrology models were widely used. Recently, in the field of water resources, various studies using artificial neural networks have been conducted. In this paper, long-term discharge was estimated using meteorological data and LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory). Study area is selected as Osipcheon watershed in Korea. Observed meteorological data and discharge data were collected for 10 years to training period (2011-2018) and testing period (2019–2020). The potential evaporation data was calculated by Hargreaves formula equation. And NSE (Nash– Sutcliffe Efficiency), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), and MSE (Mean Square Error) were used to compare LSTM results and observed discharge during the training, test and total period. As a result, NSE, RMSE, and MSE were satisfactory during the total period which showed a high possibility of using the LSTM deep learning technique in the water resource area.Acknowledgment: This research was supported by a grant(2022-MOIS61-001) of Development Risk Prediction Technology of Storm and Flood For Climate Change based on Artificial Intelligence funded by Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS, Korea).
Dynamic root growth in response to depth-varying soil moisture availability: a rhizobox study
Authors: Maan Cynthia , ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , van de Wiel Bas
Published: February 2023

Their flexible root growth provides plants with a strong ability to adapt and develop resilience to droughts and climate change. But this adaptability is badly included in crop- and climate models. Most of them rely on a simplified representation of root growth, independent of soil moisture availability. To model plant development in changing environments, we need to include the survival strategies of plants, but data of subsurface processes and interactions, needed for model set-up and validation, are scarce.Here we investigated soil moisture driven root growth. To this end we installed subsurface drip lines and small soil moisture sensors (0.2 L measurement volume) inside rhizoboxes (length x width x height, 45 x 7.5 x 45cm). The development of the vertical soil moisture and root growth profiles are tracked with a high spatial and temporal resolution.The results confirm that root growth is predominantly driven by vertical soil moisture distribution, while influencing soil moisture at the same time. Besides support for the functional relationship between the soil moisture and the root density growth rate, the experiments also suggest that vertical root growth stops when the soil moisture at the root tip drops below a threshold value. We show that even a parsimonious one-dimensional water balance model, driven by the measured water input and output fluxes, can be convincingly improved by implementing root growth driven by soil moisture availability. The model performance suggests that soil moisture is a key parameter determining root growth.
A 7,500-year-long record of extreme wave events from tidal Lake Hamana, south-central Japan 
Authors: De Batist Marc , Boes Evelien , Fujiwara Osamu , Yokoyama Yusuke , Miyairi Yosuke , Shishikura Masanobu , Kempf Philipp , Schmidt Sabine , Nakamura Atsunori , Riedesel Svenja , Brückner Helmut , Heyvaert Vanessa M.A. ,   the QuakeRecNankai team
Published: February 2023

Lake Hamana is a brackish lake with an area of 64 km2, facing the eastern Nankai Trough and connected to the Pacific Ocean. The lake has experienced tsunami intrusion during historical Nankai Trough megathrust earthquakes, and it therefore has the potential to contain a valuable sedimentary archive of wash-over events caused by tsunamis, but also by storms. Analysis of geophysical surveying data and several sediment cores has allowed a 7.5-kyr-long record of ≥ 22 event deposits to be extracted from the lake’s sedimentary infill. Event deposits are embedded in fine-grained (silty) lacustrine sediments and have a thickness between 1 and ~50 cm. They are often sandy and typically display an erosive base, a fining-upward sequence, semi-parallel to chaotic or deformational layering, stronger X-ray attenuation, an increased magnetic susceptibility and high values for ratios of Ca/Fe and Sr/Fe. They correspond to strong reflectors on seismic images and are interpreted as products of possible wash-over events (sandy, fining-upward) and earthquake shaking (silty, deformed). Wash-over event beds become thinner or even disappear and/or become finer-grained towards ocean-distal lake sites. Radionuclide dating and independent tephrostratigraphy show that ages of event deposits go back to 7.5 ka BP, with main recurrence modes of 150-200 years. Especially going back beyond 5 ka BP, the Lake Hamana record has the potential to help fine-tune the existing megathrust records along the eastern Nankai Trough subduction zone.
Microbial bioindicators of soil health and management practices using long-term experiments across Europe
Authors: Mareckova Marketa , Maslova Alena , Nasyrova Darya , Kopecky Jan , Peres Guenola , Bastida Felipe , Trasar-Cepeda Carmen , Aponte Cristina , Mocali Stefano
Published: February 2023

Soil health has been defined as the soil's capacity to support crop growth without becoming degraded. Yet, soil health is under threat by overuse, climate change, salinization, erosion, compaction, nutrient depletion, contamination with toxic heavy metals or pesticides, overgrazing, and human assisted migration of soil-borne pests. Many agricultural practices that are proposed to be sustainable provide relatively small improvements and merely slow down the rate of degradation, which means that soils remain endangered. Thus, not only improvements in soil quality and fertility, but also a restoration of the soil food web, locking-up carbon in soil organic matter, improving water holding capacity, and diminishing soilborne pest outbreaks need to be addressed. To establish a representative database of soil factors changes induced by various agriculture management as well as factors reflecting local soil conditions and climate, seven long term experiments were sampled for physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics. Those include also the community composition and quantity of microorganisms, namely bacteria, archaea and fungi, which seem to be the most promising soil bioindicators. Thus, the main goal of the study was to combine the soil factors representing soil management and relate them to soil microbial communities for estimation of changes in microbial phylogenetic and functional diversity, which will be proposed as indicators of soil health. Since some management practices are replicated within our data set, the selected indicators will be determined using one set of sites and confirmed using another set of sites. The experiment is part of the EJP Soil – MINOTAUR project and covers different regions of Europe, so we anticipate proposing those indicators for agriculture practices as a measure of changes in soil quality and prediction of future soil development.
MethaneCAMP project – first results
Authors: Tamminen Johanna ,   MethaneCAMP project team
Published: February 2023

The ESA funded two-year MethaneCAMP project addresses specifically satellite observations of methane (CH4) in the Arctic in support of the collaborative ESA-NASA Arctic Methane and Permafrost Challenge (AMPAC) initiative.  Up to now, satellite retrievals of methane have not been optimised for the high latitude conditions. Known challenges are caused by high solar zenith angles, low reflectivity over snow and ice, frequent cloudiness, varying polar vortex conditions and limited number of validation data sets. The goal of MethaneCAMP is to improve the observation capacity over polar regions by assessing and optimising methane retrievals at high northern latitudes. Furthermore, MethaneCAMP aims to demonstrate the potential of using satellite observations of methane together with modelling and surface observations in analysing spatial and temporal changes of the Arctic methane. Specifically, we will focus on Sentinel 5P/TROPMI, GOSAT, GOSAT-2 and IASI XCH4 observations and on few case studies of high spatial resolution instruments. In this presentation we review the preliminary results of MethaneCAMP project which are achieved in the first year and discuss how the outcomes can be utilised in the AMPAC working group activities.