bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Polymer Matrix Behavior and Mechanical Properties of the Glass Reinforced Plastics and Glass Reinforced Epoxy Pipes under Different Oil Field Chemicals
Authors: Al-Samhan Meshal , Yussuf A. , Jacob S.
Published: August 2017

Fiber reinforced composite material is used widely in oil fields for its high specific strength and resistance to corrosion. Glass reinforced plastics (GRP) and Glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipe samples were investigated under oil field conditions. The samples were subjected to ultraviolet radiation, moisture and elevated temperature using accelerating weathering machine and then aged in different environments encountered in oil well streams and characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface morphology was analyzed and the images produced from wet crude and effluent water has shown different degree of deformation of the glass fiber and debonding with the polymer matrix. The tensile and modulus properties were also evaluated and effect of ageing found to be more pronounced in the case of wet crude especially for the GRE. The study revealed some tendency of GRP samples to reform the polymer matrix interface with the glass fiber after weathering. The assessment of physical properties provided information about the structural stability of composite pipes under harsh environments, which in turn can impact their overall performance and service life.
Manufacturing Engineering Education: Study of the Continuous Evaluation Activities on UNED
Authors: Marín Marta María , de Agustina Beatriz , Bernal Claudio , Camacho Ana Maria , Rubio Eva María
Published: August 2017

In this study, the continuous assessment activities are analyzed on the learning results. The subjects chosen belong to the field of Manufacturing Engineering. The subjects analyzed are taught in Bachelor´s Degree in College of Industrial Engineering. The continuous assessment activities were designed to propose in both obligatory and elective subjects. The number of the students in obligatory subjects is usually higher than in the other type. In this paper, the data were extracted from the last three academic courses. From the analysis of the results it can be affirmed that, in general, students who carried out assessment activities, improved their academic results.
Resolvin D1 Improves the Resolution of Inflammation via Activating NF-κB p50/p50–Mediated Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Gao Ye , Zhang Huawei , Luo Lingchun , Lin Jing , Li Dan , Zheng Sisi , Huang Hua , Yan Songfan , Yang Jingxiang , Hao Yu , Li Hui , Gao Smith Fang , Jin Shengwei
Published: August 2017

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe illness characterized by uncontrolled inflammation. The resolution of inflammation is a tightly regulated event controlled by endogenous mediators, such as resolvin D1 (RvD1). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been reported to promote inflammation, along with PGE2, in the initiation of inflammation, as well as in prompting resolution, with PGD2 acting in the later phase of inflammation. Our previous work demonstrated that RvD1 enhanced COX-2 and PGD2 expression to resolve inflammation. In this study, we investigated mechanisms underlying the effect of RvD1 in modulating proresolving COX-2 expression. In a self-limited ARDS model, an LPS challenge induced the biphasic activation of COX-2, and RvD1 promoted COX-2 expression during the resolution phase. However, it was significantly blocked by treatment of a NF-κB inhibitor. In pulmonary fibroblasts, NF-κB p50/p50 was shown to be responsible for the proresolving activity of COX-2. Additionally, RvD1 potently promoted p50 homodimer nuclear translocation and robustly triggered DNA-binding activity, upregulating COX-2 expression via lipoxin A4 receptor/formyl peptide receptor 2. Finally, the absence of p50 in knockout mice prevented RvD1 from promoting COX-2 and PGD2 expression and resulted in excessive pulmonary inflammation. In conclusion, RvD1 expedites the resolution of inflammation through activation of lipoxin A4 receptor/formyl peptide receptor 2 receptor and NF-κB p50/p50–COX-2 signaling pathways, indicating that RvD1 might have therapeutic potential in the management of ARDS.
Analysis of Factor D Isoforms in Malpuech–Michels–Mingarelli–Carnevale Patients Highlights the Role of MASP-3 as a Maturase in the Alternative Pathway of Complement
Authors: Pihl Rasmus , Jensen Lisbeth , Hansen Annette G. , Thøgersen Ida B. , Andres Stephanie , Dagnæs-Hansen Frederik , Oexle Konrad , Enghild Jan J. , Thiel Steffen
Published: August 2017

Factor D (FD), which is also known as adipsin, is regarded as the first-acting protease of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement. It has been suggested that FD is secreted as a mature enzyme that does not require subsequent activation. This view was challenged when it was shown that mice lacking mannose-binding lectin (MBL)–associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) and MASP-3 contain zymogenic FD (pro-FD), and it is becoming evident that MASP-3 is implicated in pro-FD maturation. However, the necessity of MASP-3 for pro-FD cleavage has been questioned, because AP activity is still observed in sera from MASP-1/3–deficient Malpuech–Michels–Mingarelli–Carnevale (3MC) patients. The identification of a novel 3MC patient carrying a previously unidentified MASP-3 G665S mutation prompted us to develop an analytical isoelectric focusing technique that resolves endogenous FD variants in complex samples. This enabled us to show that although 3MC patients predominantly contain pro-FD, they also contain detectable levels of mature FD. Moreover, using isoelectric focusing analysis, we show that both pro-FD and FD are present in the circulation of healthy donors. We characterized the naturally occurring 3MC-associated MASP-3 mutants and found that they all yielded enzymatically inactive proteins. Using MASP-3–depleted human serum, serum from 3MC patients, and Masp1/3−/− mice, we found that lack of enzymatically active MASP-3, or complete MASP-3 deficiency, compromises the conversion of pro-FD to FD. In summary, our observations emphasize that MASP-3 acts as an important maturase in the AP of complement, while also highlighting that there exists MASP-3–independent pro-FD maturation in 3MC patients.
Seismic activity in Canada, west of the 113th Meridian, 1841-1951
Authors: Milne W G
Published: August 2017

From a search of available data, a list of the earthquakes felt or centred in the western mountain region of Canada has been prepared. From December of 1841 to August of 1951, a total of 242 earthquakes were located in this general area. These vary in intensity
from very weak shocks to the Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake of magnitude 8.0. A description is given for the major tremors. An additional list contains those tremors recorded at Victoria after the sensitive seismograph was installed in 1948 but for which epicentres could not be determined. A map
is included to show the area studied; it does not contain a complete record of the earthquakes.
Investigation of the flocculation and settling characteristics of Renzy Mines ltd. pressure leach pulp
Authors: Picard J L , Zrobok R
Published: August 2017

The material investigated was an acid leach pulp (pH,,1.9) prepared by pressure oxidation of a chalcopyrite-pentlandite-pyrrhotite concentrate ground to -325 mesh. As discharged from the leaching process, the pulp contained 30% solids by weight and had a
settling rate of4C1 mm per day. Settling rates for the pulp diluted to 5.3% solids (pH2.3) were determined for 67 flocculants plus 3 pairs used in combination. Best reagents gave settling rates between 29 and 197 ft/hr and were all polyacrylamides (PAM) with the exception of a guar - PAM
combination. For a given flocculant, solids content of the pulp was found to be a limiting factor in determining the solids concentration obtainable in the thickened product. It was concluded from saturation tests that adequate settling rates could be maintained through 7 stages of washing with
flocculant addition at each stage.
Instrumentation for 2 BBL/day coprocessing pilot plant (pp3): instrument loop drawings and panel layout, connection diagrams: contract 03sq-23440s-9182
Authors: Chase J D , McNabb C A
Published: August 2017

Engineering to provide connection drawings for 520 instrument loops from piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID's) was provided in Sept. 1986 by Monenco Consultants Ltd. in Phase I under contract to Supply and Services Canada for Energy, Mines and
Resources (DSS 03SQ-23440-S-9182). Phase I has also involved the design of associated instrument panels including panel layout and panel wiring diagrams in sufficient detail to allow mechanical and electrical construction of each panel. Cable groupings and junction box design are included in the
engineering. Six copies of the report were provided in two volumes by Monenco: Volume 1, "Instrument Loop Diagrams", and Volume 2, "Instrument Panel Drawings". Phase II of this contract involves construction of instrument panels (cabinets) and installation, connection and field wiring of all
instrumentation. The contract is written such that EMR has the option of sole sourcing Part II to the contractor of Part I since there are advantages in efficiency to EMR in this approach.
Vapour-liquid equilibrium under hydrocracking conditions - 2. results from runs 86 -CG -14 to 17
Authors: Sambi I S , Patmore D J
Published: August 2017

In a previous report a thermodynamic method for predicting the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for a hydrocarbon system containing hydrogen and methane was discussed and a computer program based on that method was described. The VLE results from run 86-CG-202
were discussed and compared with the predictions of an available thermodynamic method. The results obtained for runs 86-CG-14 to 17 from pilot plant 1 are presented. Feedstock 30-IPPL-84 containing 98.8 wt % pitch was used as in run 86-CG-202 discussed in a previous report. Runs 14 to 17 were
carried out with high gas to liquid ratio and an antifoam agent was also used for runs 14 to 16. The vapour liquid data were collected with the hot separator at 375°C and system pressure of 13.89 MPa (2000 psig). The equilibrium ratios (K-values) were calculated from observed plant data and are
compared with the predicted values. Other methods available in the PROCESS simulation software for evaluating the thermodynamic properties of liquid fractions as well as for predicting the K-values were evaluated. A simulation of the pilot plant light end cold receiver, light end and heavy end
product drums was carried out. This identified some of the areas for further improvement in the accuracy of VLE data.
Upgrading Venezuelan blend 24 vacuum bottoms by CANNET hydrocracking process: a test of transport mode using ultra-fine additive - runs 84-cg-229 to 234
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Dawson W H
Published: August 2017

Hydrocracking experiments were carried out on Venezuelan blend 24 vacuum tower bottoms using 5 wt % ultra-fine CANMET additive which was produced from grinding tray-dried additive in pitch. Conditions were similar to those used for runs 83-CG-327 to 332 in
which CANMET additive MB 523 (+200 mesh) was employed. This allows an examination of the effect of initial additive particle sizes on various dependent parameters. Results are presented and comparisons are made with runs 83-CG-327 to 332. Pitch conversions were about the same. Hydrogen consumptions
were higher in this series. For the same pitch conversion, the use of ultra-fine additive results in lower hydrocarbon gas production, lower naphtha and LGO and higher HGO yields. These indicate that reducing the particle size would enhance the catalytic activity towards
hydrogenation.
Molybdenum catalysts supported on hydrous "titanates" for low severity coprocessing of heavy oil and coal
Authors: Monnier J , Fairbridge C W , Kriz J F
Published: August 2017

Molybdenum catalysts promoted with nickel, cobalt and aluminum were prepared by ion exchange of a sodium hydrous "titanate" support. These catalysts were tested in an autoclave system with a constant flow of hydrogen for the low severity coprocessing of one part
subbituminous coal and two parts residual oil from vacuum distillation of an Alberta heavy oil. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided information on the difference between cobalt-molybdenum active sites on hydrous titanates and alumina. Experimental results indicated that the coal conversion and
the product distribution were affected by the relative acid site density of the catalysts which was evaluated by dynamic adsorption of ammonia.
A laboratory method for determining coal fly-ash resistivities for comparison with pilot-scale data
Authors: Whaley H , Wong J K , Banks G N , Thambimuthu K V , Savignac D G
Published: August 2017

The Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory (CCRL) of the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) has been involved for many years in pilot-scale research on coal combustion. One of the essential objectives has been to assess the
environmental impact of coal combustion and to develop methods for reducing or containing the ensuing pollutant emissions. The in situ measurement of fly ash resistivity is useful in determining the efficiency with which it can be collected in an electrostatic precipitator. Such measurements are few
in number because they are expensive and are often difficult to obtain during pilot-scale combustion experiments. CCRL has developed an isothermal laboratory method for producing representative ash samples and determining their resistivity variation with combustible content. The technique employs
the same point-plane probe as that used in the pilot-scale tests. The technique is described and data from several Canadian coals are given which compare favourably with in situ measurements.
The behaviour of bituminous coals under coprocessing conditions
Authors: Fouda S A , Kelly J F
Published: August 2017

Three high-volatile bituminous coals -Illinois No. 6, a hvbC from the U.S., Prince Mine, a hvbB and Lingan mine, a hvbA from Eastern Canada - were tested for CANMET coprocessing with Cold Lake vacuum bottoms, using a bench-scale continuous-flow stirred tank
reactor unit. The tests were carried out at 425-455°C, pressures in the range of 10.4-17.3 MPa, 0.6-2 kg/h/L space velocities and coal concentrations of 18-30 wt % maf in slurry feed. It was shown that the response of performance parameters to operating conditions depends strongly on coal
rank. The formation of anisotropic solids, as determined by petrographic analysis, was more noticeable for bituminous coals than for the subbituminous coal and increased with coal rank. For bituminous coals, the extent of coke formation was related to their swelling and thermoplastic
characteristics. Increasing the operating pressure resulted in a significant increase in the measured coal conversion for high-rank coals whereas the effect was marginal for the subbituminous coal. Conversely, increasing the operating temperature resulted in higher coal conversion for the
subbituminous coal, whereas the regressive reactions offset the effect for bituminous coals. Under identical operating conditions, although the low-rank coal resulted in higher overall distillate yield, the bituminous coals produced higher yields of the naphtha fraction. Comparison of the yields of
residue components shows that bituminous coals produce lower yields of residual oils and much higher yields of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes than low-rank coals.
Fluidized bed combustion of Devco Prince test rejects
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D
Published: August 2017

At present 6 to 7 million tons of washery rejects are generated in Canada annually. For some time the Energy Research Laboratories (ERL) of CANMET has been interested in finding methods of utilizing this material, one such method being Atmospheric Fluidized Bed
Combustion (AFBC). To this end ERL's Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory (CCRL) has already carried out a number of experimental and design studies on the use of western coal rejects. Continuing this work, CCRL obtained several tons of a specially produced reject from Devco Prince Coal
for combustion trials. The rejects were prepared from a batch of raw coal, at the Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) coal cleaning test facility near Homer City, Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, the cleaning process produced a reject stream whose properties were similar to those of the parent
raw coal. Nevertheless 11 tests were carried out on this material in CCRL's pilot scale AFBC test rig. All but two of the trials were carried out with limestone addition. The tests were run at a nominal bed temperature of 850 ° C, two fluidizing velocities (1.2, 2.4 m/s), and an excess oxygen
level of 3.6%. Test were performed both with and without fly ash recycle. Results were in good agreement with previous work, with sulphur captures of over 90% being achieved with Ca/S molar ratios around 3 in conjunction with fly ash recycle. Emissions of NOx were below the 258 ng/J limit,
ranging from 130 to 190 ng/J. CO emissions without fly ash recycle were lower than those seen with the clean coal, with concentrations as low as 45 ppm being achieved. Further work is necessary using rejects with higher ash content before general conclusions about the difference between clean coal
and the rejects can be made.
Tube wastage in FBC boilers at Summerside - causes and resolution
Authors: Razbin V V , Friedrich F D
Published: August 2017

Canada's first application of fluidized bed technology to the combustion of coal was a heating plant, completed late in 1982, at Canadian Forces Base Summerside, Prince Edward Island. The plant consists of two bubbling bed boilers, rated at 18,000 kg/h of medium
pressure steam, and fired with high sulphur coal, usually supplied from Cape Breton. Although startup problems were numerous, by the end of the first two heating seasons the boilers had met all guarantees concerning capacity, efficiency and emissions. However, wastage of the heat exchange surfaces
exposed to the bed had become evident by the second month of operation. Several corrective measures were implemented with varying degrees of success. Modifications to the distributor plate to change the solids flow pattern simply changed the location of wastage. Installation of refractory impaired
boiler performance, and wastage continued elsewhere. Ultimately, two configurations of protective hardware were found to be effective; closely-spaced pin studs on the waterwalls, and longitudinal rods, five per tube, on the inbed tubes. This paper provides data on the metal wastage in the Summerside
boilers, organized chronologically with the major measures taken to prevent erosion. Effects of air jets, large particles, location of inbed tube bundles and several forms of protective hardware are discussed. Also described is a current experiment with the inbed tube bundle, which involves an
alloy, two types of protective hardware, and a change in tube bundle configuration. Since the fall of 1985 the boilers have been operating successfully with no significant tube wastage.
Gagetown low NOx/SOx burner project test program
Authors: Lee G K , Philp R J
Published: August 2017

Canada, Denmark, Sweden and the United States are collaborating in a three-stage project, under the auspices of the International Energy Agency to develop and evaluate the performance of a low NOx /S0x burner for pulverized coal. Stage I, which involved
small-scale burner tests with 45 coals from around the world, established that over 70% of the NO x from pulverized coal flames was derived from the fuel nitrogen and that the conversion of fuel nitrogen to NO x could be suppressed by proper air staging. In Stage II, the concept of air staging
was translated into a prototype design for a NO x coal burner and large-scale boiler simulator trials were conducted on four coals, two of which included sorbent injection to reduce SO2 emissions. Stage III, now in progress, involves full-scale demonstration trials on low NO x/S0x burners installed
in a front-wall-fired boiler in each country using the same general test procedures. Under Stage III, five bituminous-coal fired boilers of different capacities are being evaluated for NOx /S0x reductions under closely controlled operational conditions to validate the trends observed in Stage II.
One of the two Canadian boilers selected is the No. 2 Unit at the Central Heating Plant of Canadian Forces Base Gagetown. This Unit, rated at 20 MWt, supplies hot water for a district heating system. This report gives a detailed outline of the test objectives, the general work plan and the
measurement and sampling procedures that will be used during the field trials on Gagetown Unit No. 2
Preliminary investigation of the microfiltration of oil sands tailings pond sludge
Authors: Farnand B A , Sawatzky H
Published: August 2017

Oil sands tailings pond sludge was processed by membrane microfiltration to assess a process for dewatering sludge. Raw and deoiled sludges from the Syncrude tailings ponds were prepared by the Alberta Research Council by using a laboratory bench-scale model of a
proposed commercial process. Encouraging results were obtained with the raw sludge in static microfiltration although the bitumen adhered to the polymeric parts of the progressing cavity pump in the cross flow system. The deoiled sludge did not have the same problem, and cross flow microfiltration
results were obtained. The permeate was free of oil and visible solids and had very low turbidity. The permeation rates were between 0.5 to 2.0 m/e.,/day at less than 100 kPa operating pressure. There was a substantial reduction of the permeation rate that was caused by selectively removing water
and leaving concentrated slurry at the membrane surface (gel limited permeation) and the optimal pressure may have been as low as 50 kPa. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of microfiltration and provide a basis for its economic assessment.
Practical aspects of cars in combustion research
Authors: Hughes P M J
Published: August 2017

The coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique is being developed at CANMET's Energy - Research Laboratories. The CARS technique measures temperature and species concentration in flames. The advantages of CAPS over classical techniques are improved
accuracy, much better spatial and temporal resolution and the capability of determining the probability distribution functions of the measured variables. This paper briefly describes the CARS technique and gives some of the practical aspects of its implementation in combustion environments.
Research
Oil removal from oilfield produced water by cross flow ultrafiltration
Authors: Farnand B A , Krug T A
Published: August 2017

The technical and economic viability has been determined for cross flow ultrafiltration of oilfield produced water with the goal of producing oil-free water for steam generation. Experiments with produced water supplied from various oil producing sites of Western
Canada have been performed with successful permeation rates and permeate quality. The resistance to membrane fouling and other factors that decrease permeation rate have been determined in long term experiments. These results have been used to prepare a cost survey of the cross flow ultrafiltration
process, and this has been compared to conventional treatment. The results indicate the level of performance that must be maintained in the ultrafiltration process to be economically advantageous.
Influence of fuel properties on fluidized bed combustion
Authors: Lau I T , Friedrich F D
Published: August 2017

A recently developed experimental technique, which measures overall burning rate in terms of a novel reactivity parameter, was used to investigate the influence of fuel characteristics on fluidized bed combustion. The experimental work was carried out in three
parts. The first was devoted to comparing coal samples having the same origin but different cleaning histories. The second involved burning the same coal after it had been exposed to controlled oxidation. The third determined the overall burning rate of a petroleum coke. Results are analyzed and
discussed with respect to the effects of fuel properties on processes such as fragmentation and attrition which ultimately affect the overall performance of fluidized bed combustors.
Economic viability of producing MTBE and tame in a typical Canadian fuels refinery
Authors: Farnand B A , Lennox R K , Hnetka M , Tharby R D , Engblom J
Published: August 2017

The use of MTBE and TAME as octane boosting blending agents was investigated by using a computerized linear programming (LP) study of refinery economics. The use of conventional refining processes with lead and manganese antiknocks was considered, as well as the
post lead phase down conditions with an isomerization unit added to the refinery. The LP results for the production of MTBE exclusively from catalytically cracked hydrocarbons inside the refinery were not encouraging. No consideration was given to the use of an exterior source of olefins for the
MTBE process nor to the purchase of ethers from offsite. The LP results for the use of TAME gasoline (with unreacted methanol included) suggested that the process was economically viable prior to lead phase down. After lead phase down, the contributions to octane quality of the ethers alone was
inadequate, and the use of a standard isomerization unit more than compensated for the octane squeeze.
Combustion evaluation of Gulf Canada DRB residue in CCRL's pilot-scale research boiler
Authors: Wong J K , Banks G N , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of Gulf Canada Donor Refined Bitumen (DRB) residue in the Energy Research Laboratories, Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory's (CCRL) utility boiler is compared with that of a commercially available No.6 fuel oil. This
investigation corroborated the evidence obtained in an earlier study undertaken in CCRL's tunnel furnace, which indicated that the DRB residue could be utilized as a reasonable alternative to commercial grade No.6 fuel oil, if the oil burners and ancillary equipment are designed to handle the
required higher operating temperatures.
Evaluation of low and high severity upgrading of Canadian middle distillates from oil sands and conventional sources
Authors: Skubnik M , McCann T J , Wilson M F
Published: August 2017

Future concerns for production of Canadian jet and diesel fuels for short term (1995) and long term (2005) relate to an increased supply of oil sand synthetic crudes and anticipated changes in middle distillate fuel specifications projecting sulphur and aromatic
contents as low as 0.05 wt % and less than 20 vol %, respectively. The specification changes may present a formidable problem for Canadian refiners processing either synthetic or conventional crude oil. Improved hydrogenation processes, solvent extraction of aromatics or a combination of
both may be required for fuel quality improvement. A low severity route uses a supported Ni metal catalyst and a high pressure route a sulphided Ni-Mo catalyst. The Ni catalyst requires a capital intensive hydrodesulphurization/ hydrodenitrogenation step bringing the feedstock sulphur and nitrogen
level to 1 ppm. Considering commercial catalysts the preliminary capital costs of both routes are found to be equal or the Ni route marginally higher, but the Ni "stand-alone" route can be an economically viable process. Syncrude middle distillates hydrogenated by the Ni route can be blended at very
high ratios to new specification diesel and jet fuels. The development of a sulphur-tolerant nickel catalyst would greatly improve the economics of the low severity process.
Preliminary round robin study on supercritical fluid chromatographic method for determining total aromatics in petroleum middle distillates
Authors: Lee S W
Published: August 2017

Analytical data from a preliminary round robin study on a new method for determining aromatics in distillate fuels are reported. The method was developed by the Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory (CCRL) of CANMET, Energy, Mines, and Resources Canada
through a private contractor. It applies supercritical fluid chromatography for the separation of total saturates and total aromatics and flame ionization detection for quantitative determination of these hydrocarbons. CCRL proposed to the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) that it adopt the
supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) method as a new standard for determining aromatics in petroleum middle distillates. CGSB commissioned the Committee on Petroleum Test Methods to carry a preliminary round robin study on the proposed method. Results reported in this paper suggest that SFC
provides reproducible data among different laboratories and these SFC data correlate well with those obtained from other methods for determining such as fluorescent indicator absorption (FIA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) is currently reviewing a similar SFC method for a new standard. Data indicate that results from the two methods agree well. CCRL requested CGSB to initiate discussions with ASTM for normalization of the two methods.
Characterization of an aged electrode by direct surface and bulk spectroscopic methods
Authors: Brown J R , Charland J P , Galbraith L E , Farrell M
Published: August 2017

Both faces of an aged electrochemical anode were examined by X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Auget electron spectroscopy (AES) to qualitatively determine surface and near surface elemental siting, element valance states and chemical composition. An argon ion beam
was employed for sputtering (depth profiling) into the uppermost 10-30 nm region of the samples to determine preferential siting and/or element associations. The Auget spectrameter provided .high spatial resolution photomicrographs of the sample. The crystal structures present were determined from
powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Thus the bulk structure and chemistry of this sample was determined as well as the extent and uniformity of any preferential speciation at and near the surface. The surface region of the top face, appearing relatively black, consists of Na, Cl, hydrocarbon
contamination, and oxides of Ti, Sn and Fe. Ru metal was also detected by XPS but only after ion beam etching (24 nm). XRD results confirmed the presence of crystalline iron-titanium oxide (Sn substitution ?) and NaCl. The surface region of the other face had silver and blue colored patches. These
silver color areas are very Na, Cl, and hydrocarbon rich with trace levels of Ti, Fe, Ca and Sn while the bluish areas are lower in Na, Cl but contain more Ti, Fe, Ca and Sn. XRD results of this side confirmed the presence of crystalline titanium metal and NaC1 indicating the bluish material is less
than a micron in thickness and hence XRD insensitive. The interior composition of the sample is titanium metal with <= 1% other species such as Fe and Sn. Neither PIES nor XRD detected other elements in the sample after mechanical grinding/polishing to remove the black coating. Thus
it is postulated the original electrode consists of titanium metal with an overlayer of Ru, Sn, and Fe added for performance. Alternatively the Fe was derived from the support and migrated (diffused) into the coating during preparation or use. Crystals of NaCl are derived from the electrolytic
solution. This work was performed under Project #501805 as cost recovery job #10086 for Ecocel Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario.
Hydrocracking Boscan heavy oil with a Co-Mo-A2O3 catalyst containing an H-mordenite zeolite component
Authors: Minja R J A , Ternan M
Published: August 2017

Co-Mo/A12 03 catalysts for hydrocracking heavy oil and residua were modified by adding up to 20 wt % hydrogen mordenite zeolite. The acidic sites on the external surface of the mordenite crystals were expected to increase cracking reactions. In fact, there
was a slight decrease in the +525 C resid conversion, although vanadium and nickel hydrodemetallization increased as the mordenite content of the catalyst increased. On the other hand, the pseudo turnover frequency for metals removal i.e., the number of reactions per second per reaction site (or in
this case per (mm) ), was greater for catalysts containing greater amounts of mordenite. The catalyst performance was attributed to a combination of two factors. First, both the catalyst bulk density (grams of cealyst per milliliter of reactor volume) and the catalyst specific surface area (m /g) in
pores larger than 3 nm, decreased as the mordenite content increased. Hence, a smaller quantity of catalyst could be placed into the reactor and the catalyst that was in the reactor had less surface area per unit mass. Clearly the mordenite changed the structure of the alumina support, which
resulted in a net decrease in the effective catalyst surface area. Second, the catalyst acidity, as measured by temperature programmed desorption of benzofuran, increased as the mordenite component of the catalyst increased. It was concluded that the improved overall hydrodemetallization was caused
by both the increased number of acidic sites on the exterior surfaces of the mordenite and the changes in catalyst pore geometry, which improved the rate of diffusion to the catalyst surface.
Canadian coals, the environment and new coal technologies
Authors: Lee G K
Published: August 2017

Canadian energy forecasts indicate that electricity growth will increase at 2.3% per annum between 1988 and 2020 and that coal will continue to supply about 17% of the total annual electricity demand over this period. Emissions of acid rain precursors
from utility coal combustion will be effectively curtailed over the next decade in response to provincial regulations and federal management plans. Advanced clean coal technologies offer the promise of more efficient electricity generation with corresponding reductions in CO2 and power
costs.
Combustion of pipelineable coal-water slurries
Authors: Whaley H , Thambimuthu K V , Banks G N , Wong J K L
Published: August 2017

The use of liquids or fluids to transport coal through pipelines is not new, nor is the application of coal liquid slurries as fuels in industrial combustion systems. However, it does appear that there are a number of conflicting areas which preclude coals from
performing well in a pipeline transportation mode and as a coal-liquid fuel (CLF). Many factors influence the flow of coal as a slurry inside a pipe whether it be over long distances or from the storage tank to the burner. To disperse coal particles in water to form a slurry that will not only
atomize well to give high combustion efficiencies, but also can be readily pumped over long and short distances may be a very difficult task. Higher rank coals perform well in pipeline transportation slurries. They require less additives to stabilize and disperse the coal particles in the water to
form the slurry. However, from a combustion viewpoint, higher rank coals are more difficult to ignite and burn, mainly due to their lack of volatility. Conversely, as the rank decreases, the increased volatility enhances ignition and combustion, making a good coal slurry fuel. They are, however, not
as good a pipeline slurry because of the lower thermal loading (thermal content per unit mass of material being conveyed) and the fact that they require more additives to produce the desired rheological properties for pipelining. As part of a continuing program to evaluate the pipelineability and
combustibility of CLF, pipelineable slurries made from two Western Canadian foothills coals were assessed in CANMET's pilot-scale research boiler. A commercial CLF was used as a reference fuel. These combustion tests indicated that there were some difficulties in ignition, flame stability and
combustion with both pipeline slurries. The better combustion performance of the two pipeline slurries was achieved with that having the lowest thermal loading and consequently the poorest properties for pipelining. One of the major problems with both batches of slurry was their settling in transit
which led to agglomeration of particles and inevitably to the poor atomization and combustion efficiency. Subsequent tests, conducted at CANMET on a properly managed fuel shipment, showed excellent atomization and combustion characteristics.
Computer assisted rotated reflectance analysis of vitrinite macerals in coal
Authors: Manery N , Price J
Published: August 2017

Rotated reflectance analysis of vitrinite macerals under the microscope is a valuable tool used by coal petrographers to determine the rank of coals. The analysis is subject to several sources of errors that the petrographer must be careful to avoid. This paper
describes a computer aided analysis procedure that detects many errors that affect 4 4i reflectance results during rotation of the specimen under the microscope
Hydrocrack1ng gas oils from synthetic crude with mixed pillared clay-alumina supported catalysts
Authors: Monnier J , Charland J-P , Brown J R , Wilson M F
Published: August 2017

Nickel-molybdenum catalysts supported on mixed pillared clay-alumina extrudates were prepared and tested for hydrocracking denitrogenated Canadian synthetic crude gas oil using an automated rnicroreactor system. Compared with Ni-Mo on Y-zeolite-alumina, the
catalysts were found to be superior as they utilized H2 more efficiently and produced more liquids in the combined middle distillate and naphtha ranges. Very little hydrocarbon gases were formed over pillared clay-alumina supported catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided information on
the nickel and molybdenum active sites in the catalysts. Basal spacings of pillared clays were determined using X-ray diffraction.
Vapour-liquid equilibrium under hydrocracking conditions - 3. modification of Grayson-Streed method using results from runs 86-sr-18 to 33
Authors: Sambi I S , Patmore D J
Published: August 2017

A series of runs (86-SR-18 to 33) was carried out to collect vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the CANMET hydrocracking process. The continuous stirred tank reactor (pilot plant was used to hydrocrack 36-IPPL-86 feedstock using 5 wt % tray dried
additive at 13.89 MPa (2000 psig) pressure. The hot catch pot (HCP) was considered to be an ideal, single stage, isothermal flash unit for collecting the VLE data. The data were collected at four reactor temperatures each with a set of four HCP temperatures, i.e., 375, 410, 430 and 450 ° C. The
VLE ratios (K-values) were calculated from the plant data and were compared with those predicted by the Grayson-Streed method. A systematic departure observed between the predicted and observed K-values for the liquid petroleum fractions was corrected by modifying the Grayson-Streed method. This
modification involved re-evaluation of the coefficients of an empirical correlation used in the Grayson-Streed method for calculating a part of the pure component liquid fugacity coefficient. The predictions of this modified method were much better than those from commercial packages and it
predicted the weight per cent vapour within 2% of the experimental value. A program for evaluating the thermodynamic properties of the liquid fractions was written and a completely self-sufficient in-house computer software package was created for predicting the VLE for CANMET
hydrocracking.
Email communication in project management: A bane or a blessing?
Authors: Smit Marius C. , Bond-Barnard Taryn J. , Steyn Herman , Fabris-Rotelli Inger
Published: August 2017

Background: Project success used to be measured solely in terms of efficiency metrics such as scope, cost and time; however, there are proposals that more attention should be paid to process-related performance factors such as communication. The advent of email has significantly impacted the way the world communicates.Objectives: This study investigates the preference of email communication relative to other communication mediums in project environments and the effect of email communication on feelings of stress and overload in the workplace.Method: A survey with 430 responses was conducted to determine the communication preferences of project practitioners in a typical project. The average rank and frequency response methods were used to analyse the data.Results: The findings indicate that the communication preferences of project practitioners still support the media richness theory and that face-to-face communication is the preferred communication medium in most situations. Despite email being disruptive and a cause of stress, the respondents did not indicate being overloaded because of email.Conclusion: Even though there has been a dramatic shift towards email and electronic communication in projects, face-to-face communication is still the most preferred communication type for most situations. Furthermore, email is perceived as an effective tool to delegate, can be used to build and develop relationships and trust, and is an efficient and effective tool that contributes to project communication success.
Invited review: Measurable biomarkers linked to meat quality from different pig production systems
Authors: te Pas Marinus F. W. , Lebret Bénédicte , Oksbjerg Niels
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Biological processes underlie all livestock traits, including post-mortem meat quality traits. Biomarkers are molecular components of the biological processes showing differential expression associated with the phenotype of the trait. The phenotypes of the meat quality traits are determined by the animal's genotype interacting with the environment affecting the expression of the genome. The omics technologies enable measuring the expression of the genome at all levels: transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Associations between the phenotype of the traits and expressions measured with the omics techniques are a first step in developing biomarkers. Biomarkers enable the monitoring, diagnosis, and prediction of changes in meat quality related to external (environmental, e.g. feed and animal management conditions) stimuli and interactions with the genotype. In this paper we review the development of biomarkers for meat quality of pigs in diverse pig breeds, environments, and pork production chains.
A new method for estimating UV fluxes at ground level in cloud-free conditions
Authors: Wandji Nyamsi William , Pitkänen Mikko R. A. , Aoun Youva , Blanc Philippe , Heikkilä Anu , Lakkala Kaisa , Bernhard Germar , Koskela Tapani , Lindfors Anders V. , Arola Antti , Wald Lucien
Published: August 2017

Abstract. A new method has been developed to estimate the global and direct solar irradiance in the UV-A and UV-B, at ground level in cloud-free conditions. It is based on a resampling technique applied to the results of the k-distribution method and the correlated-k approximation of Kato et al. (1999) over the UV band. Its inputs are the aerosol properties, and total column ozone that are produced by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The estimates from this new method have been compared to instantaneous measurements of global UV irradiances made in cloud-free conditions at five stations at high latitudes in various climates. For the total or UV-A global irradiance, the bias ranges between −0.8 W m−2 (−3 % of the mean of all data) and −0.2 W m−2 (−1%). The root mean square error (RMSE) ranges from 1.1 W m−2 (6 %) to 1.9 W m−2 (9 %). The coefficient of determination R2 is greater than 0.98. The bias for UV-B is between −0.04 W m−2 (−4 %) and 0.08 W m−2 (+13 %) and the RMSE is 0.1 W m−2 (between 12 % and 18 %). R2 ranges between 0.97 and 0.99. This work demonstrates the quality of the proposed method combined with the CAMS products. Improvements, especially in the modelling of the reflectivity of the Earth's surface in the UV region, are necessary prior its inclusion into an operational tool.
Variability in methane emissions from West Siberia's shallow boreal lakes on a regional scale and its environmental controls
Authors: Sabrekov Aleksandr F. , Runkle Benjamin R. K. , Glagolev Mikhail V. , Terentieva Irina E. , Stepanenko Victor M. , Kotsyurbenko Oleg R. , Maksyutov Shamil S. , Pokrovsky Oleg S.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Small lakes represent an important source of atmospheric CH4 from northern wetlands. However, spatiotemporal variations in flux magnitudes and the lack of knowledge about their main environmental controls contribute large uncertainty into the global CH4 budget. In this study, we measured methane fluxes from small lakes using chambers and bubble traps. Field investigations were carried out in July–August 2014 within the West Siberian middle and southern taiga zones. The average and median of measured methane chamber fluxes were 0.32 and 0.30 mgCH4 m−2 h−1 for middle taiga lakes and 8.6 and 4.1 mgCH4 m−2 h−1 for southern taiga lakes, respectively. Pronounced flux variability was found during measurements on individual lakes, between individual lakes and between zones. To analyze these differences and the influences of environmental controls, we developed a new dynamic process-based model. It shows good performance with emission rates from the southern taiga lakes and poor performance for individual lakes in the middle taiga region. The model shows that, in addition to well-known controls such as temperature, pH and lake depth, there are significant variations in the maximal methane production potential between these climatic zones. In addition, the model shows that variations in gas-filled pore space in lake sediments are capable of controlling the total methane emissions from individual lakes. The CH4 emissions exhibited distinct zonal differences not only in absolute values but also in their probability density functions: the middle taiga lake fluxes were best described by a lognormal distribution while the southern taiga lakes followed a power-law distribution. The latter suggests applicability of self-organized criticality theory for methane emissions from the southern taiga zone, which could help to explain the strong variability within individual lakes.
Inorganic carbon fluxes on the Mackenzie Shelf of the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Mol Jacoba , Thomas Helmuth , Myers Paul G. , Hu Xianmin , Mucci Alfonso
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The Mackenzie Shelf in the southeastern Beaufort Sea is a region that has experienced large changes in the past several decades as warming, sea-ice loss, and increased river discharge have altered carbon cycling. Upwelling and downwelling events are common on the shelf, caused by strong, fluctuating along-shore winds, resulting in cross-shelf Ekman transport, and an alternating estuarine and anti-estuarine circulation. Downwelling carries inorganic carbon and other remineralization products off the shelf and into the deep basin for possible long-term storage in the world oceans. Upwelling carries dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nutrient-rich waters from the Pacific-origin upper halocline layer (UHL) onto the shelf. Profiles of DIC and total alkalinity (TA) taken in August and September of 2014 are used to investigate the cycling of inorganic carbon on the Mackenzie Shelf. The along-shore transport of water and the cross-shelf transport of inorganic carbon are quantified using velocity field output from a simulation of the Arctic and Northern Hemisphere Atlantic (ANHA4) configuration of the Nucleus of European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) framework. A strong upwelling event prior to sampling on the Mackenzie Shelf is analyzed and the resulting influence on the carbonate system, including the saturation state of waters with respect to aragonite and pH, is investigated. TA and the oxygen isotope ratio of water (δ18O) are used to examine water-mass distributions in the study area and to investigate the influence of Pacific Water, Mackenzie River freshwater, and sea-ice melt on carbon dynamics and air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surface mixed layer. Understanding carbon transfer in this seasonally dynamic environment is key to quantify the importance of Arctic shelf regions to the global carbon cycle and provide a basis for understanding how it will respond to the aforementioned climate-induced changes.