bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploratory factor analysis of the spontaneous reporting of severe cutaneous adverse reactions
Authors: Hauben Manfred , Hung Eric , Hsieh Wen-Yaw
Published: November 2016

Background:

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are prominent in pharmacovigilance (PhV). They have some commonalities such as nonimmediate nature and T-cell mediation and rare overlap syndromes have been documented, most commonly involving acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and DRESS and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, they display diverse clinical phenotypes and variations in specific T-cell immune response profiles, plus some specific genotype–phenotype associations. A question is whether causation of a given SCAR by a given drug supports causality of the same drug for other SCARs. If so, we might expect significant intercorrelations between SCARs with respect to overall drug-reporting patterns. SCARs with significant intercorrelations may reflect a unified underlying concept.

Methods:

We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to assess reporting intercorrelations between six SCARs [AGEP, DRESS, erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), TEN, exfoliative dermatitis (ExfolDerm)]. We screened the data using visual inspection of scatterplot matrices for problematic data patterns. We assessed factorability via Bartlett’s test of sphericity, Kaiser-Myer-Olkin (KMO) statistic, initial estimates of communality and the anti-image correlation matrix. We extracted factors via principle axis factoring (PAF). The number of factors was determined by scree plot/Kaiser’s rule. We also examined solutions with an additional factor. We applied various oblique rotations. We assessed the strength of the solution by percentage of variance explained, minimum number of factors loading per major factor, the magnitude of the communalities, loadings and crossloadings, and reproduced- and residual correlations.

Results:

The data were generally adequate for factor analysis but the amount of variance explained, shared variance, and communalities were low, suggesting caution in general against extrapolating causality between SCARs. SJS and TEN displayed most shared variance. AGEP and DRESS, the other SCAR pair most often observed in overlap syndromes, demonstrated modest shared variance, along with maculopapular rash (MPR). DRESS and TEN, another of the more commonly diagnosed pairs in overlap syndromes, did not. EM was uncorrelated with SJS and TEN.

Conclusions:

The notion that causality of a drug for one SCAR bolsters support for causality of the same drug with other SCARs was generally not supported.
“Honestly, We’re Not Spying on Kids”: School Surveillance of Young People’s Social Media
Authors: Shade Leslie Regan , Singh Rianka
Published: November 2016

Social media is one of the top activities and sites for young people’s socialization in North America, raising concerns over their social privacy, because of reported instances of cyberbullying and sexting, and their informational privacy, because of commercial data collection. A trend in schools and school districts in the United States is to monitor and track, through third party applications and software, student social media during and after school, in an attempt to prevent or reduce the perceived dissemination of violence, bullying, threats, or hate instigated by students and directed toward other students or entire schools. This article will provide an overview of four of these US companies (Geo Listening, Varsity Monitor, Snaptrends, Digital Fly) and consider the policy and ethical issues of data monitoring with respect to young people’s rights to privacy and their freedom of speech.
Relationship of ACL Injury and Posterior Tibial Slope With Patient Age, Sex, and Race
Authors: Waiwaiole Alana , Gurbani Ajay , Motamedi Kambiz , Seeger Leanne , Sim Myung Shin , Nwajuaku Patricia , Hame Sharon L.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Posterior tibial slope (PTS) has been proposed as a potential risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury; however, studies that have examined this relationship have provided inconclusive and sometimes contradictory results. Further characterization of this relationship may enable the medical community to identify individuals at greater risk for ACL injury and possibly characterize an anatomic target during surgical reconstruction.

Purpose:

The primary goal was to investigate the relationship between PTS and ACL injury. The secondary goal was to determine whether there are any patient factors, such as age, race, or sex, that correlate with ACL injury and PTS.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Medical records of 221 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee between January 2003 and December 2009 were reviewed. Patients were separated into 2 groups: a study group of those subjects who had undergone surgery for ACL injury (n = 107) and a control group of patients diagnosed with patellofemoral syndrome (n = 114). Demographic data were collected, and MRI images from both groups were analyzed using imaging software to obtain medial and lateral tibial slope measurements. Data were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparison and a multivariable regression model to determine which, if any, patient factors were related to probability of having an ACL injury.

Results:

ANOVA comparison demonstrated that the study group had significantly greater values for lateral PTS (6° ± 4°; P < .001) and medial PTS (7° ± 4°; P = .002) compared with controls (5° ± 3° and 5° ± 4°, respectively). After stepwise elimination of nonsignificant variables, the final multivariable logistic regression model determined that age (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; P < .001) and lateral PTS (OR, 1.12; P = .002) had statistically significant relationships with ACL injury. Medial PTS, race, and sex were not demonstrated to be significant predictors of ACL injury in this final model.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates a relationship between increased lateral PTS and ACL injury, which corroborates the findings of previously published studies. The findings presented in this article may help identify patients who are at greater risk of ACL injury and could potentially benefit from treatments aimed at modification of PTS.
Supporting Students Reading Complex Texts
Authors: Reynolds Dan , Goodwin Amanda
Published: November 2016

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) require students to read grade-level text with “scaffolding as needed.” The current study examines the effectiveness of interactional scaffolding, which is responsive in-person support an expert provides to a novice reader in order to support the reader’s comprehension during reading instruction, for 213 young adolescents learning within a four-lesson small-group guided-reading intervention (N = 196 instructional sessions). The intervention taught students, many of whom were reading below grade level, to use comprehension strategies as they read CCSS-style complex texts. To support student reading, tutors were encouraged to choose from a set of interactional scaffolds to contingently respond to student needs as they arose. Multilevel regression indicated that motivational scaffolding—but not vocabulary, fluency, comprehension or peer scaffolding—predicted growth on standardized reading comprehension. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Book Review: Mohammad Habib, Studies in Medieval Indian Polity and Culture: The Delhi Sultanate and its Times
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: November 2016

Mohammad Habib, Studies in Medieval Indian Polity and Culture: The Delhi Sultanate and its Times, ed. Irfan Habib (New Delhi: Oxford University Press), 2016, i–viii + 509 pp., ₹1,150.
Book Review: Urvi Mukhopadhyay, The ‘Medieval’ in Film: Representing a Contested Time on Indian Screen (1920s–1960s)
Authors: Bandopadhyay Arun
Published: November 2016

Urvi Mukhopadhyay, The ‘Medieval’ in Film: Representing a Contested Time on Indian Screen (1920s–1960s) (New Delhi: Orient Black Swan), 2013, xiv + 318 pp., hardback ₹790.
The impact of post-stroke complications on in-hospital mortality depends on stroke severity
Authors: Bustamante Alejandro , Giralt Dolors , García-Berrocoso Teresa , Rubiera Marta , Álvarez-Sabín José , Molina Carlos , Serena Joaquín , Montaner Joan
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Controversies remain on whether post-stroke complications represent an independent predictor of poor outcome or just a reflection of stroke severity. We aimed to identify which post-stroke complications have the highest impact on in-hospital mortality by using machine learning techniques. Secondary aim was identification of patient’s subgroups in which complications have the highest impact.

Patients and methods

Registro Nacional de Ictus de la Sociedad Española de Neurología is a stroke registry from 42 centers from the Spanish Neurological Society. Data from ischemic stroke patients were used to build a random forest by combining 500 classification and regression trees, to weight up the impact of baseline characteristics and post-stroke complications on in-hospital mortality. With the selected variables, a logistic regression analysis was performed to test for interactions.

Results

12,227 ischemic stroke patients were included. In-hospital mortality was 5.9% and median hospital stay was 7(4–10) days. Stroke severity [National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale > 10, OR = 5.54(4.55–6.99)], brain edema [OR = 18.93(14.65–24.46)], respiratory infections [OR = 3.67(3.02–4.45)] and age [OR = 2.50(2.07–3.03) for >77 years] had the highest impact on in-hospital mortality in random forest, being independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Complications have higher odds ratios in patients with baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale <10.

Discussion

Our study identified brain edema and respiratory infections as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, rather than just markers of more severe strokes. Moreover, its impact was higher in less severe strokes, despite lower frequency.

Conclusion

Brain edema and respiratory infections were the complications with a greater impact on in-hospital mortality, with the highest impact in patients with mild strokes. Further efforts on the prediction of these complications could improve stroke outcome.
Roles for Pharmacy Technicians in Medication Reconciliation During Transitions of Care
Authors: Fabiilli Nicole A. , Powers Mary F.
Published: November 2016

Objective: To provide an overview of medication reconciliation and to identify opportunities for pharmacy technicians to help improve patient safety and quality of care. Data Sources: Articles were identified through searches conducted in May 2016 by means of MEDLINE/PubMed (2000-2016) using search terms designed to identify English-language articles describing the role of the pharmacy technician, medication reconciliation, and transitions of care. Additionally, resources on medication reconciliation were used from The Joint Commission, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, American Pharmacists Association, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles describing the role of the pharmacy technician, medication reconciliation, and transitions of care. Data Synthesis: Pharmacy technicians can help pharmacists perform medication reconciliation by taking on 3 specific roles in the process: obtaining preadmission medication history, obtaining relevant patient information from outpatient pharmacies and health care providers, and documenting the compiled medication list. Pharmacy technicians can help resolve discrepancies in medication lists, therefore improving patient care, the ability of pharmacists to communicate with physicians, and thus to clinically intervene in patient care. Furthermore, with proper training, pharmacy technicians may take on expanded roles designed to aid pharmacists with advanced patient care services to eliminate medication discrepancies and improve transition of care. Conclusions: Pharmacy technicians can play a vital role in helping pharmacists to obtain accurate patient medication histories in order to decrease medication discrepancies at transitions of care.
A long-term experimental study of the reactivity of basement rock with highly alkaline cement waters: Reactions over the first 15 months
Authors: Rochelle C. A. , Milodowski A. E. , Bateman K. , Moyce E. B. A. , Kilpatrick A.
Published: November 2016

A series of long-term laboratory experiments was started in 1995 to investigate longer-term dissolution/ precipitation reactions that may occur in the alkaline disturbed zone surrounding a cementitious repository for radioactive waste. They consist of samples of UK basement rock reacting with either Na-K-Ca-OH water ('young' cement porewater) or Ca-OH water ('evolved' cement porewater) at 70°C. This paper summarizes results of reactions occurring over the first 15 months. Experiments of both fluid types showed many similar features, though primary mineral dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation were more extensive in the experiments involving Na-K-Ca (younger) cement porefluids compared to more evolved (Ca-rich) cement porefluids. Dissolution of dolomite, and to a lesser extent silicates (probably K-feldspar, but also possibly mica) occurred relatively rapidly at 70°C. Dolomite dissolution may have been a key factor in reducing pH values, and may be a key mineral in controlling the extent of alkaline disturbed zones. Dissolution was followed by precipitation of brucite close to dolomite grains, at least two generations of C-S-H phases (which may have contained variable amounts of K, Al and Mg); overgrowths of calcite; small crystals of hydroxyapophyllite; and elongate crystals of celestite. Though hydroxyapophyllite was observed (a phase commonly associated with zeolites), there was no evidence for the formation of zeolites in the experiments. Fluid chemical changes track the mineralogical changes, with C-S-H phases being a major control on fluid chemistry. In the 'young' porewater experiments there were decreases in pH, and K, Ca and Mg concentrations, together with transitory increases in SiO2 concentrations. In the 'evolved' porewater experiments there were decreases in pH, Mg, Ca and Sr concentrations, together with small increases in K and SiO2 concentrations. A number of experiments are still running, and will be sampled in coming years.
On the origin of 'iron-cross' twins of pyrite from Mt. Katarina, Slovenia
Authors: Rečnik Aleksander , Zavašnik Janez , Jin Lei , Čobić Andrea , Daneu Nina
Published: November 2016

Iron-cross twins of pyrite are well known among mineralogists, however it is quite surprising that the conditions of their formation remain unexplored. To address this question we studied pyrite twins from the Upper Permian silts of Mt. Katarina near Ljubljana (Slovenia), which represent one of the most typical geological environments for twinned pyrite. Mineralization of pyrite starts with a reduction of the primary red-coloured hematite-rich sediment by sulfide-rich fluids that penetrated the strata. A short period of magnetite crystallization is observed prior to pyrite crystallization, which indicates a gradual reduction process. Sulfur isotope analysis of pyrite shows an enrichment in δ34S, suggesting its origin from the neighbouring red-bed deposit. Other sulfides, such as chalcopyrite and galena, formed at the end of pyrite crystallization. Remnants of mineralizing fluids trapped at the interfaces between the inclusions and host pyrite show trace amounts of Pb and Cu, indicating their presence in the solutions throughout the period of pyrite crystallization. An electron microscopy and spectroscopy study of twin boundaries showed that interpenetration twinning is accomplished through a complex 3D intergrowth of primary {110} Cu-rich twin boundaries, and secondary {100} boundaries that are pure. We show that approximately one monolayer of Cu atoms is necessary to stabilize the {110} twin structure. When the source of Cu is interrupted, the two crystal domains continue to form {100} interfaces, that are more favourable for pure pyrite.
Targeted deep sequencing in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Lasho Terra L. , Guglielmelli Paola , Finke Christy M. , Rotunno Giada , Elala Yoseph , Pacilli Annalisa , Hanson Curtis A. , Pancrazzi Alessandro , Ketterling Rhett P. , Mannarelli Carmela , Barraco Daniela , Fanelli Tiziana , Pardanani Animesh , Gangat Naseema , Vannucchi Alessandro M.
Published: November 2016

Key Points

More than half of patients with PV or ET harbor DNA mutations/variants other than JAK2/CALR/MPL. The presence of some of these mutations adversely affects overall, leukemia-free, or myelofibrosis-free survival.
Selective suppression of the α isoform of p38 MAPK rescues late-stage tau pathology
Authors: Maphis Nicole , Jiang Shanya , Xu Guixiang , Kokiko-Cochran Olga N. , Roy Saktimayee M. , Van Eldik Linda J. , Watterson D. Martin , Lamb Bruce T. , Bhaskar Kiran
Published: November 2016

Background

Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies. We previously demonstrated that the microglial activation induces tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairment via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the hTau mouse model of tauopathy that was deficient for microglial fractalkine receptor CX3CR1.

Method

We report an isoform-selective, brain-permeable, and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of p38α MAPK (MW181) and its effects on tau phosphorylation in vitro and in hTau mice.

Results

First, pretreatment of mouse primary cortical neurons with MW181 completely blocked inflammation-induced p38α MAPK activation and AT8 (pS199/pS202) site tau phosphorylation, with the maximum effect peaking at 60–90 min after stimulation. Second, treatment of old (~20 months of age) hTau mice with MW181 (1 mg/kg body weight; 14 days via oral gavage) significantly reduced p38α MAPK activation compared with vehicle-administered hTau mice. This also resulted in a significant reduction in AT180 (pT231) site tau phosphorylation and Sarkosyl-insoluble tau aggregates. Third, MW181 treatment significantly increased synaptophysin protein expression and resulted in improved working memory. Fourth, MW181 administration reduced phosphorylated MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (pMK2) and phosphorylated activating transcription factor 2 (pATF2), which are known substrates of p38α MAPK. Finally, MW181 reduced the expression of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β.

Conclusions

Taken together, these studies support p38α MAPK as a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of tauopathies.
Parecoxib inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by up-regulating miRNA-29c
Authors: Li Lin-Yong , Xiao Jie , Liu Qiang , Xia Kun
Published: November 2016

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal brain cancers worldwide, and there is an urgent need for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Parecoxib is a well-known cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, had already been developed for postoperative analgesia with high efficience and low adverse reaction. Recent study suggested that parecoxib potently enhances immunotherapeutic efficacy of GBM, but its effects on GBM growth, migration and invasion had never been studied before. In the present study, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and, BrdU (5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine) incorporation assays were used to evaluate the cell proliferation of GBM cells. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were preformed to analyze GBM cell migration and invasion, respectively. The results suggested that parecoxib inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells in a dose-dependent manner. RT-qPCR (Quantitative Real-time PCR) analysis demonstrated that miRNA-29c can be significantly induced by parecoxib. Furthermore, our data suggested that miRNA-29c inhibitor can significantly attenuate parecoxib's effect on proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM. In conclusion, the present study suggested that parecoxib inhibits GBM cell proliferation, migration and invasion by up-regulating miRNA-29c.
Daily feeding and protein metabolism rhythms in Senegalese sole post-larvae
Authors: Navarro-Guillén Carmen , Yúfera Manuel , Engrola Sofia
Published: November 2016

Fish hatcheries must adapt larval feeding protocols to the feeding behavior and metabolism pattern to obtain a more efficient feeds utilization. Fish larvae exhibit daily ingesting rhythms rather than ingesting food continuously throughout the day. The aim of this study was to determine the daily patterns of feed intake, protein digestibility, protein retention and catabolism in Senegalese sole post-larvae (Solea senegalensis; 33 days post-hatching) using 14C-labelled Artemia protein and incubation in metabolic chambers. Sole post-larvae fed at 09:00, 21:00, 03:00 and 09:00+1 day showed significantly higher feed intake than post-larvae fed at 15:00h (p=0.000). Digestibility and evacuation rate of ingested protein did not change during the whole cycle (p=0.114). However, post-larvae fed at 21:00 and 03:00h showed the significantly highest protein retention efficiency and lowest catabolism (p=0.002). Therefore, results confirm the existence of daily rhythmicity in feeding activity and in the utilization of the ingested nutrients in Senegalese sole post-larvae.
Innovative approaches to establish and characterize primary cultures: an ex vivo 3D system and the zebrafish model
Authors: Liverani Chiara , La Manna Federico , Groenewoud Arwin , Mercatali Laura , Van Der Pluijm Gabri , Pieri Federica , Cavaliere Davide , De Vita Alessandro , Spadazzi Chiara , Miserocchi Giacomo , Bongiovanni Alberto , Recine Federica , Riva Nada , Amadori Dino , Tasciotti Ennio , Snaar-Jagalska Ewa , Ibrahim Toni
Published: November 2016

Patient-derived specimens are an invaluable resource to investigate tumor biology. However, in vivo studies on primary cultures are often limited by the small amount of material available, while conventional in vitro systems might alter the features and behavior that characterize cancer cells. We present our data obtained on primary dedifferentiated liposarcoma cells cultured in a 3D scaffold-based system and injected into a zebrafish model. Primary cells were characterized in vitro for their morphological features, sensitivity to drugs and biomarker expression, and in vivo for their engraftment and invasiveness abilities. The 3D culture showed a higher enrichment in cancer cells than the standard monolayer culture and a better preservation of liposarcoma-associated markers. We also successfully grafted primary cells into zebrafish, showing their local migratory and invasive abilities. Our work provides proof of concept of the ability of 3D cultures to maintain the original phenotype of ex vivo cells, and highlights the potential of the zebrafish model to provide a versatile in vivo system for studies with limited biological material. Such models could be used in translational research studies for biomolecular analyses, drug screenings and tumor aggressiveness assays.
Cycling through developmental decisions: how cell cycle dynamics control pluripotency, differentiation and reprogramming
Authors: Soufi Abdenour , Dalton Stephen
Published: November 2016

A strong connection exists between the cell cycle and mechanisms required for executing cell fate decisions in a wide-range of developmental contexts. Terminal differentiation is often associated with cell cycle exit, whereas cell fate switches are frequently linked to cell cycle transitions in dividing cells. These phenomena have been investigated in the context of reprogramming, differentiation and trans-differentiation but the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Most progress to address the connection between cell fate and the cell cycle has been made in pluripotent stem cells, in which the transition through mitosis and G1 phase is crucial for establishing a window of opportunity for pluripotency exit and the initiation of differentiation. This Review will summarize recent developments in this area and place them in a broader context that has implications for a wide range of developmental scenarios.
Are There Environmental Benefits from Driving Electric Vehicles? The Importance of Local Factors
Authors: Holland Stephen P. , Mansur Erin T. , Muller Nicholas Z. , Yates Andrew J.
Published: November 2016

We combine a theoretical discrete-choice model of vehicle purchases, an econometric analysis of electricity emissions, and the AP2 air pollution model to estimate the geographic variation in the environmental benefits from driving electric vehicles. The second-best electric vehicle purchase subsidy ranges from $2,785 in California to −$4,964 in North Dakota, with a mean of −$1,095. Ninety percent of local environmental externalities from driving electric vehicles in one state are exported to others, implying they may be subsidized locally, even when the environmental benefits are negative overall. Geographically differentiated subsidies can reduce deadweight loss, but only modestly. (JEL D12, D62, H23, L62, Q53, Q54, R11)
Νευροεπιστήμες και εκπαίδευση: Απόψεις φοιτητών Παιδαγωγικών Τμημάτων
Authors: Χάλιου Ελένη , Παπαδάτου - Παστού Μαριέττα , Βλάχος Φίλιππος
Published: November 2016

Εισαγωγή: Ο χώρος της εκπαίδευσης έχει ως αντικείμενο τη διδασκαλία και τη μάθηση. Οι Νευροεπιστήμες, από την άλλη μεριά, μελετούν το πώς ο εγκέφαλος μαθαίνει, γιατί κάποιοι μαθητές εμφανίζουν μαθησιακές δυσκολίες και το τι μπορεί να γίνει για να αντιμετωπιστούν οι δυσκολίες αυτές. Δεν αποτελεί, λοιπόν, έκπληξη, ότι το ενδιαφέρον των δασκάλων για την εφαρμογή των ευρημάτων από το χώρο των Νευροεπιστημών στην εκπαίδευση είναι μεγάλο διεθνώς.

Σκοπός: Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η διερεύνηση των απόψεων φοιτητών Παιδαγωγικών Τμημάτων της χώρας μας για την αναγκαιότητα και τη χρησιμότητα παροχής σε αυτούς γνώσεων σχετικά με τις Νευροεπιστήμες.

Ευρήματα: Σε δείγμα 257 προπτυχιακών και 94 μεταπτυχιακών78+﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽φρουδ διδάσκονται σχετικ φοιτητών από το Παιδαγωγικό Τμήμα Δημοτικής Εκπαίδευσης του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, 117 προπτυχιακών φοιτητών από Παιδαγωγικό Τμήμα Ειδικής Αγωγής του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας και 105 προπτυχιακών φοιτητών από το Παιδαγωγικό Τμήμα Προσχολικής Εκπαίδευσης του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας, δόθηκαν ερωτηματολόγια για τη διερεύνηση των παραπάνω ερωτημάτων. Ενδεικτικά, το ενδιαφέρον των φοιτητών για τις Νευροεπιστήμες φάνηκε να είναι μεγάλο, με το 78,4% να δηλώνει ότι ενδιαφέρεται για την επιστημονική γνώση σχετικά με τις λειτουργίες του εγκεφάλου και το πώς αυτές επηρεάζουν τη διαδικασία της μάθησης. Το 83,6% των φοιτητών απάντησε ότι πρέπει να υπάρχει μάθημα πάνω στις λειτουργίες του εγκεφάλου στο πρόγραμμα σπουδών των Παιδαγωγικών Τμημάτων.

Συμπεράσματα: Τα ευρήματα από τη χώρα μας είναι σύμφωνα με ευρήματα από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Η επιθυμία των μελλοντικών δασκάλων να αποκτήσουν γνώσεις πάνω σε θέματα Νευροεπιστημών φαίνεται να είναι μεγάλη. 
Matching target dose to target organ
Authors: Bannon Desmond I. , Williams Marc A.
Published: November 2016

In vitro assays have become a mainstay of modern approaches to toxicology with the promise of replacing or reducing the number of in vivo tests required to establish benchmark doses, as well as increasing mechanistic understanding. However, matching target dose to target organ is an often overlooked aspect of in vitro assays, and the calibration of in vitro exposure against in vivo benchmark doses is often ignored, inadvertently or otherwise.  An example of this was recently published in Environmental Health Perspectives by Wagner et al., where neural stems cells were used to model the molecular toxicity of lead.  On closer examination of the in vitro work, the doses used in media reflected in vivo lead doses that would be at the highest end of lead toxicity, perhaps even lethal.  Here we discuss the doses used and suggest more realistic doses for future work with stem cells or other neuronal cell lines.
The impact of wearing single vision soft contact lenses on the peripheral refractive error
Authors: Allinjawi Kareem , Sharanjeet-Kaur Sharanjeet-Kaur , Akhir Saadah Mohamed , Abdul Mutalib Haliza
Published: November 2016

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the relative peripheral refractive error produced by soft single vision contact lenses in myopic schoolchildren.

Methods: 27 myopic schoolchildren aged between 13 to 15 years were included in this study. The measurements of central and peripheral refraction were made only on the right eye using a Grand-Seiko WR-5100K open-field autorefractometer without contact lens (WL), and with wearing single vision contact lens (SVCL). Refractive power was measured at center and horizontal eccentricity between 35° temporal to 35° nasal visual field (in 5° steps).

Results: SVCL showed an increase in peripheral hyperopic defocus at the nasal and temporal visual field compare with baseline, but this change was not statistically significant (p=0.129).

Conclusion: Wearing single vision soft contact lenses increases the relative peripheral hyperopic defocus in myopic schoolchildren.
Animating and exploring phylogenies with fibre plots
Authors: Pearse William D.
Published: November 2016

Despite the progress that has been made in the visualisation of information since Haeckel's time, phylogenetic visualisation has moved forward remarkably little. In this brief essay, I give a short review of what I consider to be some recent major advances, and outline a new kind of phylogenetic visualisation. This new graphic, the fibre plot, uses the metaphor of sections through a tree to describe change in a phylogeny. As an animation, I suggest it is a powerful method to help interpret large phylogenetic hypotheses, although snapshots of it can also be displayed. As we enter the Anthropocene, I argue there has never been a greater need to know humanity's true place in the world, as depicted in the tree of life.
From simple to supercomplex: mitochondrial genomes of euglenozoan protists
Authors: Faktorová Drahomíra , Dobáková Eva , Peña-Diaz Priscila , Lukeš Julius
Published: November 2016

Mitochondria are double membrane organelles of endosymbiotic origin, best known for constituting the centre of energetics of a eukaryotic cell. They contain their own mitochondrial genome, which as a consequence of gradual reduction during evolution typically contains less than two dozens of genes. In this review, we highlight the extremely diverse architecture of mitochondrial genomes and mechanisms of gene expression between the three sister groups constituting the phylum Euglenozoa - Euglenida, Diplonemea and Kinetoplastea. The earliest diverging euglenids possess a simplified mitochondrial genome and a conventional gene expression, whereas both are highly complex in the two other groups. The expression of their mitochondrial-encoded proteins requires extensive post-transcriptional modifications guided by complex protein machineries and multiple small RNA molecules. Moreover, the least studied diplonemids, which have been recently discovered as a highly abundant component of the world ocean plankton, possess one of the most complicated mitochondrial genome organisations known to date.
Aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) of Tuva Republic, southern Siberia, Russia
Authors: Kotiranta Heikki , Shiryaev Anton G. , Spirin Viacheslav
Published: November 2016

The present study reports 227 Aphyllophoroid fungi from Tuva Republic, southern Siberia, Russia. A total of 211 species are new to the republic. The material was collected during August 2014 and includes some surprising species like Haploporus odorus and Polyporus pseudobetulinus, both known as northern taiga species of old-growth forests. Nominates for the new edition of Red Data Book of Tuva are briefly discussed and some microscopical descriptions and illustrations of unidentified or little known species are given.
Hip replacement in the elderly
Authors: Hardy Rosalind
Published: November 2016

Hip replacement is commonplace and generally successful except for the very elderly in whom repeated surgery may be necessary. The benefit for many of these patients is questioned in the context of predictability of outcome and consideration of quality of life and death.
Book review supplement
Authors: Groves Stephen , Morgan Clwyd , Sheppard Amanda , Hope Pam , Common Anne , Brown Roswyn , Walton Jane , Hunt Sheila C
Published: November 2016

Orthopaedic Nursing (2nd edn)

Nursing Diagnosis in Clinical Practice: Guides for Care Planning

Critical Care Nursing (2nd edn)

Nursing Care: The Challenge of Change

Cancer Patient Care: Psychosocial Treatment Methods

Practical Medical Ethics

Accident and Emergency Nursing: A Nursing Model

High Risk Pregnancy
Learning disabilities: a response to the Department of Health's statement
Authors: Jukes Mark
Published: November 2016

It is a sad reflection when one has to ask ‘Why wasn't the Jay Report (1979) implemented?’ If it had been, mental handicap nursing would be history and a new emergent profession would perhaps be evolving in the care provision of people with learning disabilities. I already hear the anger and dismay of many RNMHs at such an arrogant suggestion.
Nurse-aid management of fractures: 3
Authors: Evans Bob
Published: November 2016

The healing process following a fracture is complex and dependent on various factors for success. This article, the last in a 3-part series, examines the different stages of healing and discusses the complications that may arise.
Role of dietary supplements in nutritional support
Authors: Reilly Helen
Published: November 2016

Nursing staff play a key role in the multidisciplinary team in ensuring that nutritional support is provided where needed and that dietary supplements are used appropriately. This article reviews the wide range of feeds and supplements that are available and the indications for their use.
Gastrointestinal emergencies
Authors: Kenny Michele , Malem Fiona
Published: November 2016

The most common gastrointestinal complaint is surely pain or discomfort, and almost as common are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation. From childhood, through adolescence, middle age and old age, it is unlikely that any human being will not suffer at least one of these complaints.
Use of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Bradbury Martyn , Pope Cruickshank Jeremy
Published: November 2016

The use of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction is now common practice. This article examines the physiological basis of thrombolytic therapy, the contraindications to its use and the nursing care of patients undergoing such therapy.
Book Review Supplement
Authors: Hinchliff Sue , Hughes Roger B , Gee Kate , Biley Francis C , Farrington Andy , Rea Karen , MacAlister Lanette
Published: November 2016

Interviewing Skills: Applying for a Job (video)

Employment Law for Nurses

Advanced Cardiac Life Support — The Practical Approach

Nursing Process in Clinical Practice

A Self-Help Guide to Managing Depression

Patients' Rights, Responsibilities and the Nurse

Professional Portfolio for Nurses
The right to die: who should choose?
Authors: Daviesx Patrick
Published: November 2016

A car victim has been diagnosed as being in a state of perpetual vegetation; he cannot communicate in any way and is unable to speak, eat, wash or breathe unassisted. But for the sheer force of medical technology he would have died with some semblance of dignity.
Quality management in a college of nursing and midwifery
Authors: Hallawell Bob
Published: November 2016

Colleges of nursing and midwifery are experiencing great change in their working environment and are now expected to offer cost-effective, high quality training and education. Mid Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery has met the challenge by introducing quality management strategies. This article explores their development.
Nurses are wrong to outlaw all ritualistic practices
Authors: Ashurst Steve
Published: November 2016

The history of nursing is inundated with ritualistic practices, many of which are incompatible with modern developments such as primary nursing and Orem's (1980) nursing model. Such rituals include the bath book, the bowel book, the catheter round and, as has been argued recently, the drug round.
Attitudes of professionals to drug abusers
Authors: Carroll Jim
Published: November 2016

This article presents the preliminary findings of an interview study which examined the attitudes of 248 professionals working with intravenous drug abusers in Wcst/Central Scotland.
Management of chronic obstructive airways disease
Authors: Flynn Mary
Published: November 2016

Fred is 80 years old. He has three children: a daughter and two sons. He has been virtually housebound for nearly 12 months and can walk only 20 yards without becoming breathless. He enjoys reading and likes to keep his brain active even if he cannot do the same for his body.
Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 3
Authors: Dimond Bridgit
Published: November 2016

The first and second articles in this series considered whether there was a duty in law to volunteer help when there was no pre-existing duty to do so and discussed the standard of care that should be followed. This article examines the volunteer's rights if he/she is injured while assisting at an accident.
UKCC: is the criticism justified?
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

The newly elected Council of the UKCC has barely been in office 6 months and yet it is being subjected to an increasing amount of criticism. Indeed, one of its own members has been quoted as saying that the complaints investigation machinery is completely useless (The Independent on Sunday, 1993).
Psychosocial impact of end-stage renal disease
Authors: Killingworth Anita
Published: November 2016

This article reviews the literature regarding the psychosocial impact of end-stage renal disease and dialysis therapy and highlights implications for psychological care.
The group that cares for carers
Authors: Cameron Savitri
Published: November 2016

In response to two surveys of carers a carers group was set up at the Day Hospital of Wharfedale General Hospital. It aims not only to provide emotional support to empower elderly patients and their carers but also to supply a means of communication with professionals.
Care of a patient undergoing spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Betina Lympany Andrea
Published: November 2016

Care study

Christine was admitted for a left total knee replacement under spinal anaesthesia. She was a 72-year-old woman who lived on her own and had been widowed for some years. She was supported by her children who lived close by. She was a very independent lady, determined to do as much for herself as possible. Her medical history included an appendicectomy 27 years ago, a left breast abscess drained in 1952, a patellectomy of the left knee under general anaesthetic and a hiatus hernia for the past 9 years which only caused problems when bending down. She was on little medication apart from oral anti-inflammatory analgesic for the osteoarthritis in her left knee. She was overweight and had difficulty in reducing her weight. Her mobility was limited and she walked with the aid of a stick.
The standard reply to the UKCC
Authors: Casey Norah C
Published: November 2016

I have to take issue with a number of statements made in your column, ‘UKCC: is the criticism justified’ (Vol 2(16): 818). First, it is a rather extreme if not damaging view to assume that our use of the heading ‘Don't say yuck, say UKCC instead’ indicates a bias in thinking in the nursing press. As you have not cited any other nursing journals, readers of British Journal of Nursing, many of whom I have to assume also read Nursing Standard, are led to the obvious conclusion that you are referring specifically to Nursing Standard.
Family therapy: approaches to treatment
Authors: Jones Alun
Published: November 2016

Family therapy deals with the way that people in family groups relate to one another. In their interactions with families, nurses may be confronted with an array of therapeutic techniques. This article aims to provide a brief account of three major conceptual models of family therapy treatment.
When can the law be disobeyed?
Authors: Dimond Bridgit
Published: November 2016

Great were the rejoicings when Dr Biezanek at Liverpool Crown Court on 20 October 1993 was acquitted of the offence of possessing drugs and supplying cannabis to her sick daughter (The Times, 1993). It would be interesting to know why she was prosecuted in the first place. How many of us, when confronted by the suffering of a loved one and knowing that a drug was available to soothe, would not have looked for some means of obtaining and supplying the drug, even knowing that it was illegal?
Nursing management of patients receiving a nasogastric feed
Authors: Arrowsmith Helen
Published: November 2016

When a patient is unable to take a nutritionally adequate diet orally and is malnourished or likely to become malnourished, nasogastric (NG) feeding is normally the first choice of artificial nutritional support. This article describes the initiation of NG feeding and, using a problem-solving approach, explains the nursing care of a patient receiving a NG feed.
Laura Davies: should children always get the treatment they need?
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

‘Laura brought her own money in. Once people saw her on television that was it,’ said Gail Reay, the principal fund raiser, the day Laura Davies died (Ward and Hetherington, 1993).
First-aid management of psychological emergencies: 2
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

Although disasters are not common in our society it is important that all nurses are prepared to help if one occurs in their locality. This article explores what nurse aiders can do in the emergency situation when faced with people suffering psychological reactions to disasters.
A study of microorganism levels on nurses' footwear
Authors: Haigh Carol
Published: November 2016

This study looks at the microbial colonies that are present on nurses' shoes, and the growth patterns of these colonies over the span of a working shift.
The worm in the APEL
Authors: Fox Jane
Published: November 2016

Increasingly, it is being recognized that nursing knowledge derives from many forms. Chinn and Kramer (1991) suggest that there are four types of knowledge, i.e. ethical, empirical, aesthetic and personal, while Sarvimaki (1988) identifies nursing as a moral, practical, communicative and creative activity.
Nurse-aid management of hypovolaemic shock
Authors: Platt William D , Walton Jane
Published: November 2016

Shock is a potentially life-threatening situation and the nurse aider must therefore be able to recognize its development and take immediate action. This article describes the actions that a nurse aider must take at the scene of an accident.
Developments in palliative nursing in and out of the hospital setting
Authors: Irvine Bridget
Published: November 2016

This article compares and contrasts the developments that have occurred in palliative nursing in the community (including the hospice movement) with those in acute hospitals. Symptom control, communication and family care are highlighted. The problems associated with caring for dying patients are considered and suggestions made for improving the present system.
Ethical implications of first aid
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

Nurses have a moral duty to act when faced with emergency situations. Fear of legal récourse is no excuse for failing to provide first-aid care. This article considers the ethical implications for the nurse, midwife and health visitor at the scene of an accident.
The G grade ward sister: clinical expert and ward manager
Authors: Roberts Josephine
Published: November 2016

The role of ward sister is changing and increasingly veering towards a middle management role. This article discusses the qualities and skills needed by a ward sister if she is to maintain her traditional role as clinical expert while also fulfilling her new role as ward manager.
Book review supplement
Authors: Brown Roswyn , Phillips Jenny , Walton Margaret F , MacAlister Lanette , Marriott Janet D , Claxton Jenny , Sheehan Anthony , Sheppard Amanda , Papadopoulos Irena
Published: November 2016

Study Skills for Nurses

Nutritional Support — A Team Approach (Professional Nurse Clinical Skills Series)

Behavioural Sciences for Carers

Budgeting Skills: A Guide for Nurse Managers

Preventing Cancers

AIDS — Rights, Risks and Reason

Introduction to Critical Care Nursing

Teaching Transcultural Care. A Guide For Teachers of Nursing and Health Care
Implications of the Community Education and Practice Project
Authors: Freeman Elaine
Published: November 2016

A key feature of the Community Education and Practice (CEP) Project (UKCC, 1991) was the recognition that nurses should be appropriately trained if they choose to work in the community. The University of Central England (UCE) in Birmingham has developed a Diploma in Professional Studies in Nursing (Community Health Studies) course in order to fulfil this goal.
Management of enuresis in children
Authors: Paterson Heather
Published: November 2016

A postal survey was conducted to gather information on the enuresis service of Oxfordshire Health Authority Community Unit. This article discusses the size of the problem, treatment and knowledge and expertise. The findings are summarized in the form of a list of recommendations.
Should euthanasia be legalized?
Authors: Hampton Sylvia
Published: November 2016

Patients are now kept alive far longer than their ancestors could ever have been. In cases of terminal illness where there is an accompanying decline in the patient's quality of life, nurses must be aware of the implications of euthanasia.
Effect of psychological processes on chronic pain
Authors: Jones Siân E
Published: November 2016

The influence of psychological factors on the evolution of acute to chronic pain is reviewed with respect to attributional style. Training patients in coping strategies can help them to alter their beliefs and develop greater confidence in their own ability to manage their pain.
How to manage pressure sores in the community
Authors: Milward Pam
Published: November 2016

Many elderly and chronically ill people are cared for in the community. If pressure sores are to be healed and prevented in this setting, equipment must be evaluated and purchased, prevention plans must be standardized and implemented, and staff must be trained to work as a team.
Spinal cord injuries: aspects of psychological care
Authors: Partridge Clare
Published: November 2016

Spinal cord injury is one of the most lifechanging injuries a person can sustain. This article explores some aspects of the psychological impact of the acute stage of such injury and examines the nurse's role in providing initial psychological support.
Patient advocacy in palliative care
Authors: Penn Katherine
Published: November 2016

Advocacy is a contentious and topical issue and there is continued debate as to whether a nurse can ever truly represent patients' views and interests. This article will address this argument with particular reference to palliative care.
Doctors in management
Authors: McElkerney Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

The involvement of clinicians in management is a key issue in the future of health care provision in the UK. This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of doctors combining their clinical role with managerial responsibilities.
Topical ophthalmic drug administration: a practical guide
Authors: Kelly John S
Published: November 2016

This short article briefly outlines the most common method of drug administration to the eye, namely the topical application of eye drops and eye ointments. A step-by-step procedure is given which should enable the nurse to administer this form of therapy safely and effectively.