bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Inpatient Stroke After Hip Fractures in the Elderly
Authors: Samuel Andre M. , Diaz-Collado Pablo J. , Szolomayer Lauren K. , Nelson Stephen J. , Webb Matthew L. , Lukasiewicz Adam M. , Grauer Jonathan N.
Published: November 2017

Although uncommon, stroke can be a catastrophic inpatient complication for patients with hip fractures. The current study determines the incidence of inpatient stroke after hip fractures in elderly patients, identifies risk factors associated with such strokes, and determines the association of stroke with short-term inpatient outcomes. A retrospective review of all patients aged 65 years or older with isolated hip fractures in the 2011 and 2012 National Trauma Data Bank was conducted. A total of 37,584 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 162 (0.4%) experienced a stroke during their hospitalization for the hip fracture. In multivariate analysis, a history of prior stroke (odds ratio [OR], 13.24), coronary artery disease (OR, 2.05), systolic blood pressure 180 mm Hg or higher (OR, 1.66), and bleeding disorders (OR, 1.65) were associated with inpatient stroke. Inpatient stroke was associated with increased mortality (OR, 7.17) and inpatient serious adverse events (OR, 6.52). These findings highlight the need for vigilant care of high-risk patients, such as those with a history of prior stoke, and for an understanding that patients who experience an inpatient stroke after a hip fracture are at significantly increased risk of mortality and inpatient serious adverse events. [
Orthopedics.
2018; 41(1):e27–e32.]
Les mégalithes du Sénégal et de la Gambie dans leur contexte régional
Authors: Laporte Luc , Bocoum Hamady , Delvoye Adrien , Sanogo Kléna , Polet Jean , Ceesay Baba , Cros Jean-Paul , Athié Adama , Djouad Selim , Ndiaye Matar , Armbruster Barbara , Ballouche Aziz , Eichhorn Barbara , Garnier Aline , Lespez Laurent , Mathé Vivien , Robion-Brunner Caroline
Published: November 2017

Les architectures en pierre du mégalithisme sénégambien ont longtemps été considérées comme une entité autonome sur une partie du continent africain qui, traditionnellement, privilégie plutôt les constructions en terre crue. Nos connaissances sur ces monuments furent profondément modifiées par dix ans de recherches archéologiques sur la nécropole mégalithique de Wanar (Sénégal), classée au titre du patrimoine mondial de l’humanité. Cet article a pour objet de replacer ces découvertes dans leur contexte régional, intégrant alors les données disponibles sur les monuments funéraires d’époques protohistoriques au Sénégal comme au Mali, en Guinée, en Guinée-Bissau, au Libéria et en Sierra Leone, voire parfois plus largement encore. Les auteurs ont montré – d’une manière plus systématique que dans les travaux antérieurs – que plusieurs des caractéristiques des rites funéraires sénégambiens peuvent trouver écho dans l’ethnologie de l’Afrique de l’Ouest.
Back from the Crocodile’s Belly: Christian formation meets indigenous resurrection
Authors: Mendoza S. Lily
Published: November 2017

Undoing all forms of domination – including, in particular, religious domination – remains a crucial imperative of our time, given that domination constitutes a spirit-killing dynamic that distorts, oppresses and throws living beings (both human and non-human alike) out of synch with themselves. One form of domination in colonial contexts is the totalising claim to a monopoly of ‘the’ truth that effectively delegitimises and demonises all other ways of seeing the world. This essay grapples with the question: What happens when the ‘One True Story’ encounters other faith stories? Riffing off my (coedited) anthology, Back from the Crocodile’s Belly: Philippine Babaylan Studies and the Struggle for Indigenous Memory (dedicated to the memory of the Filipino indigenous women and men healers impaled on stakes by early Spanish missionaries and left on river banks for crocodiles to feast on), I narrate my personal journey growing up as a Filipina Methodist pastor’s kid, becoming a born-again believer and an aspiring Christian missionary trained by Philippine Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship and the Navigators, and belatedly coming to grips with my relationship to my country’s colonial history and its consequences for me and my people’s struggle for wholeness and authenticity. What happens when my wholly formed Christian subjectivity becomes challenged by the resurrecting call of spirit to indigenous and earth well-being? Informed by a multilayered cultural memory, I trace my faith learnings from an encounter with deep ancestry in the ‘belly of the beast’ and its larger significance for today’s social movement struggles for sustainability and global coexistence.
Cosmic metaphysics: Being versus Becoming in cosmology and astrophysics
Authors: Gleiser Marcelo
Published: November 2017

This article offers a critical discussion on the question of the existence of the Universe, starting with creation myths of a variety of different cultures and ending with cutting-edge ideas from modern cosmology. Emphasising the polarised tension between Being and Becoming and its religious and philosophical origins, this article argues that this tension is unavoidable and still very much present. Further, the logical insolvability of the problem of the First Cause is examined, showing the conceptual inappropriateness of current scientific models that claim to offer a solution.
Limnandi Evangeli and Hlangani Bafundi: An exploration of the interrelationships between Christian choruses and South African songs of the struggle
Authors: Tönsing J. Gertrud
Published: November 2017

This article explores the interrelationships between Christian choruses and South African songs of the struggle, which sometimes used the same tunes. The development of each genre is explained and the interrelationship between them analysed. One example is studied in more detail. Songs deeply influence people, be it in their faith or in their political action. A critical awareness of how these songs functioned and continue to function can deepen our understanding of the South African struggle for freedom as well as enriching our praxis today.
The reproductive success of black rhinoceroses in the Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Nhleko Zoliswa N. , Parker Dan M. , Druce Dave J.
Published: November 2017

Black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) are endangered and the southern-central sub-species (Diceros bicornis minor) is considered critically endangered. We assessed the reproductive lifehistories of black rhinoceroses in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (HiP), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to determine whether this historically important donor sub-population was meeting regional reproductive targets. Detailed life-history information for known individuals (n = 79–120) was used to investigate reproductive parameters between 1998 and 2013. Mean age at sexual maturity was 12 years, which exceeded a target period of 7 years and 5 months. The mean inter-calving interval was 3 years and 8 months – 8 months longer than the recommended 3 years. The poor population performance of the HiP black rhinoceroses could be a result of poor habitat quality, poor animal condition, females losing their first calves, predation of calves or a negative social effect of annual live-harvesting of the population. However, we believe that the estimated ecological carrying capacity of black rhinoceroses at HiP (a figure used to ascertain whether the population can be harvested at all) may be incorrect, leading to the poor reproductive performance. We recommend that the accuracy of the ecological carrying capacity estimate be assessed as a matter of urgency and that a moratorium be placed on the live-harvesting of individuals until the estimate has been refined.Conservation implications: Our results provide key data which can be used to refine black rhinoceros breeding targets in South Africa and the region more broadly
A Geographical Study of Health Services Utilization among the Elderly in Hong Kong: From Spatial Variations to Health Care Implications
Authors: Wong M. , Chau P.H. , Goggins W. , Woo J.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Levels of utilization of health services vary socially and geographically. Differences in the rates of usage are also associated with geographical aspects of health care systems. The purpose of this study was to capture spatial variations in hospital health services utilization in the elderly population in Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China.

Materials and Methods

We carried out a secondary analysis of a database from the Hospital Authority (HA) which covers 98% (N = 243,245) of the total registered deaths in Hong Kong during 1999 to 2005. Deaths at age 65y and above (N = 184,671) were included in the analysis. Age-sex weighted mean utilization ratio of hospital services was calculated by dividing the age-sex weighted mean usage of a particular service for each district by that for the whole territory. The variation in utilization by the seniors was analyzed in terms of four types of services: length of stay (LOS) in HA hospitals, number of inpatient admissions, number of visits to specialist outpatient department (SOPD), and attendances at accident and emergency department (AED).

Results

Deaths at age 65y and above contributed to 76% of the total registered deaths. Each district contributed 1.0% to 9.1% of the total number of deaths in Hong Kong. Spatial analysis of the age-sex weighted mean utilization ratio showed significant geographic variation in the use of hospital services: the range of difference in the LOS between the lowest and highest district was 44%, while some differences as high as 33%, 35% and 39% in utilization ratios were observed in relation to number of inpatient admissions, visits to SOPD, and attendances at AED respectively. However, the patterns of these variations were not consistent for the four types of service being analyzed.

Conclusions

Geographic variation in the utilization of hospital health services across the 18 districts in Hong Kong among the elderly population during the last three years before death was demonstrated. However, the patterns of variation were different for the types of services being examined. Further studies using primary data at an individual level are needed to explain the variations. Detailed analysis examining the relationship between service provision, accessibility and health outcomes are also indicated in order to inform the planning of health service delivery.
Review of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Brown Jamie N. , Panosh Nicole
Published: November 2017

Objective

To review the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Data Souces

Literature was accessed via MEDLINE (1950–February 2009) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1960–2009) using the medical subject heading terms omega-3 fatty acids and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Additional references were found by searching bibliographic references of resulting citations.

Study Selection and Data Extraction

All English-language, placebo controlled publications identified were analyzed for significance. Studies relevant to the objective were used, including eight studies evaluating the use of omega-3 fatty acid in the treatment of children with symptoms of ADHD.

Data Synthesis

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been found to have variable efficacy in the treatment of patients with ADHD. Of the eight studies evaluated, three demonstrated no significant improvements in any evaluation criteria, with five studies reporting positive effects in at least one outcome measure. All positive efficacy studies included concomitant supplementation with omega-6 fatty acids. No clinically significant adverse effects were identified in the reviewed studies.

Conclusions

Based on the available data, current fatty acid supplementation techniques do not appear to be a consistant method of controlling ADHD symptoms. Without better evidence to determine the true value of fatty acids in the treatment of ADHD, omega-3 fatty acid use should be isolated to adjuvant supplementation or used in patients unable or unwilling to take stimulant medications. If recommended, there does not appear to be clinically significant adverse events associated with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and this would be a safe treatment modality.
Inequalities in Infant Immunization Coverage in Bangladesh
Authors: Halder Amal K. , Kabir M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Although, health status of Bangladeshis has improved, levels of child mortality in Bangladesh remain unacceptably high. This paper reviews household wealth inequalities in immunization coverage in Bangladesh. The objective of the study is to examine how household wealth status and socio-demographic characteristics relate to immunization status of children.

Methods

Using data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), this paper investigated the inequalities and implications of infant immunization coverage in Bangladesh. To prepare the proxy variable of household wealth status we applied principal component analysis (PCA) technique based on variables such as assets, utilities and services available at household level. And then scores of the proxy variable was transferred into quintiles.

Results

The difference in immunization status between the richest and the poorest quintiles was significant (crude OR 5.2, p < 0.001). The addition of education to the multivariate model lowered the impact of wealth index by almost half. Increasing education levels were positively associated with achieving full vaccination status. Sex of children and age of mothers were not associated with the child's immunization status.

Conclusions

Despite free immunizations, use is not uniform throughout the population. Access to wealth and education may contribute to disparities in achieving full immunization. Minimizing indirect costs of immunizations may reduce disparities. Health education needs to be intensified for parents with minimal education.
Atherosclerosis: A Link between Lipid Intake and Protein Tyrosine Nitration
Authors: Upmacis Rita K.
Published: November 2017

Atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by plaque formation in the arterial wall that can lead to heart attack and stroke, is a principal cause of death in the world. Since the 1990's, protein nitrotyrosine formation has been known to occur in the atherosclerotic plaque. This potentially damaging reaction occurs as a result of tyrosine modification by reactive nitrogen species, such as nitrogen dioxide radical, which forms upon peroxynitrite decomposition or nitrite oxidation by hydrogen peroxide-activated peroxidase enzymes. The presence of protein-bound nitrotyrosine can be considered an indicator of a loss in the natural balance of oxidants and antioxidants, and as such, there is an emerging view that protein-bound nitrotyrosine may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review brings together evidence that the accumulation of protein nitrotyrosine during atherogenesis is more widespread than initially thought (as its presence can be detected not only in the lesion but also in the blood stream and other organs) and is closely linked to lipid intake.
C. elegans: A Model for Understanding Lipid Accumulation
Authors: Elle Ida C. , Olsen Louise C.B. , Mosbech Mai-Britt , Rødkær Steven V. , Pultz Dennis , Boelt Sanne G. , Fredens Julius , Sørensen Pernille , Færgeman Nils Joakim
Published: November 2017

Regulation and coordination of lipid metabolism involve complex interactions between the feeding regulatory centres in the nervous system and the regulated uptake, intracellular transport, storage, and utilization of stored lipids. As energy is essential to all cellular processes, it is thought that complex networks have evolved to ensure survival by maintaining adequate energy reservoirs. However, in times of nutrient abundance and imbalance, improper regulation and coordination of these networks can lead to obesity and other metabolic diseases and syndromes. Obesity genes must be considered as molecular components of such networks which function at an organismal level to orchestrate energy intake and expenditure. Thus, the functions of obesity genes must be understood within the context of these networks in intact animals. Since the majority of genes required for lipid homeostasis are evolutionarily conserved, much information can be obtained relevant to complex organisms by studying simple eukaryotes like C. elegans. Its genetic tractability makes C. elegans a highly attractive platform for identifying lipid regulatory pathways, drugs, and their molecular targets which ultimately will help us to understand the origin of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Here we briefly present some central aspects of lipid accumulation in C. elegans and discuss its merits as a platform for identification and development of novel bioactive compounds regulating lipid storage.
Lipids and Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Vascular Disease
Authors: Pérez-Castrillón José-Luis , Gonzalez-Sagrado Manuel , Gonzalez-Rozas Marta , Andres-Calvo Maria , Izquierdo-Delgado Elena , Mendo Marcelino , de Luis Daniel , Dueñas-Laita Antonio
Published: November 2017

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between cholesterol and triglycerides and bone mineral density in patients with vascular disease (hypertension and acute coronary syndrome).

Methods

The study included 217 patients (83 men and 134 women), aged between 36 and 76 (mean age 59 ± 10), with hypertension and acute coronary syndrome. Information obtained included anthropometric measurements, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides; bone mineral density (BMD) was recorded at the lumbar spine.

Results

BMD was significantly lower in patients in the higher tertiles of cholesterol (p = 0.041). The effect was maintained after adjustment for age and Body Mass Index (BMI). However, there was no association between the range of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and bone mass.

Conclusions

A relationship was found between total cholesterol and bone mineral density in patients with vascular disease.
In Vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents against Streptococcus Pyogenes Isolates from Patients with Acute Tonsillopharyngitis in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Ndiaye A. Gueye , Sarr ND.C. , Thiam K. , Boye C.S.
Published: November 2017

Streptococcus pyogenes ( S. pyogenes) is the most important causative agent of tonsillopharyngitis. Beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillin, are the drug of first choice and macrolides are recommended for patients who are allergic to penicillin. However, other antibiotics are also used for the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. In recent years, the increase in the incidence of respiratory tract pathogens that are resistant to current antibacterial agents highlights the need to monitor the evolution of the resistance of these pathogens to antibiotics. In this study, we assess the susceptibility of 98 isolates of S. pyogenes to 16 antibiotics. The pathogens were recovered from patients with acute tonsillopharyngitis in Dakar, the Senegalese capital city, who were recruited from May 2005 to August 2006. All strains were susceptible to penicillin with low Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC = 0,016 mg/L). Amoxicillin had high activity (100%) showing its importance in treatment of streptococcal infections. Cephalosporins had MIC90 values ranging from 0.016 to 0.094 mg/L. Macrolides have shown high activity. All strains were resistant to tetracyclin. Other molecules such as teicoplanin, levofloxacin and chloramphenicol were also active and would represent alternatives to treatment of tonsillopharyngitis due to this pathogen. These results indicate that no significant resistance to antibiotics was found among patients with tonsillopharyngitis studied in Dakar. Limitations of this study were that the number of isolates tested was small and all isolates were collected from one hospital in Dakar. Hence, results may not be representative of the isolates found, in the wider community or other regions of Senegal. Further studies are needed in other parts of Dakar and other geographic regions of Senegal, in order to better clarify the antibiotic susceptibility profile of S. pyogenes isolates recovered from patients with tonsillopharyngitis.
Taxonomy of Bacteria Nodulating Legumes
Authors: Rivas Raúl , García-Fraile Paula , Velázquez Encarna
Published: November 2017

Over the years, the term “rhizobia” has come to be used for all the bacteria that are capable of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in association with legumes but the taxonomy of rhizobia has changed considerably over the last 30 year. Recently, several non-rhizobial species belonging to alpha and beta subgroup of Proteobacteria have been identified as nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts. Here we provide an overview of the history of the rhizobia and the widespread phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts.
Sanitation and Microbiological Quality in Production Field and Fruit-Packing Shed of Persimmon and Satsuma Mandarin in Japan
Authors: Izumi Hidemi , Hisa Kazuo , Murakami Yukari
Published: November 2017

The effects of sanitation treatments including chlorination (ca 10 ppm available chlorine) of agricultural water and ethyl alcohol (70%) spraying on packing shed equipment on microbial contamination on fruits and the environment were determined and compared with those in conventionally managed field and packing shed in persimmon and satsuma mandarin orchards. Chlorinated water reduced the microbial counts to levels below the lower limit of detection (1.4 log CFU/ml for bacteria and 2.0 log CFU/ml for fungi) in most agricultural water samples. Microbial counts of pesticide solution, which contained the agricultural water or chlorinated water for the mixture, were lower in sanitary field than in control field in both fruit orchards. The number of bacterial and mold species detected in agricultural water, chlorinated water, and pesticide solution were almost proportional to microbial counts in each sample throughout the year. The chlorination treatment of agricultural water tended to reduce the counts of mesophiles and fungi on the peel of persimmon fruit during production season. The ethyl alcohol spray treatment on packing shed equipment resulted in a substantial microbial reduction on plastic harvest basket and container in persimmon orchard and plastic harvest basket and container, gloves, scissors, and size sorter in satsuma mandarin orchard. The spray application on packing shed equipment reduced the counts of mesophiles and fungi on the peel of persimmon fruit by >1 log CFU/g. The number of satsuma mandarin packing shed equipment containing the species found on fruit peel was higher in control than in sanitary packing shed. No human pathogens such as verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella were detected in any of the fruit and environmental samples. These results indicate that uses of sanitizers such as chlorine for agricultural water and ethyl alcohol for packing shed equipment would be useful in a good agricultural practices program of persimmons and satsuma mandarin.
Dancing with the Electrons: Time-Domain and CW In Vivo EPR Imaging
Authors: Subramanian Sankaran , Krishna Murali C.
Published: November 2017

The progress in the development of imaging the distribution of unpaired electrons in living systems and the functional and the potential diagnostic dimensions of such an imaging process, using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI), is traced from its origins with emphasis on our own work. The importance of EPR imaging stems from the fact that many paramagnetic probes show oxygen dependent spectral broadening. Assessment of in vivo oxygen concentration is an important factor in radiation oncology in treatment-planning and monitoring treatment-outcome. The emergence of narrow-line trairylmethyl based, bio-compatible spin probes has enabled the development of radiofrequency time-domain EPRI. Spectral information in time-domain EPRI can be achieved by generating a time sequence of T2* or T2 weighted images. Progress in CW imaging has led to the use of rotating gradients, more recently rapid scan with direct detection, and a combination of all the three. Very low field MRI employing Dynamic Nuclear polarization (Overhauser effect) is also employed for monitoring tumor hypoxia, and re-oxygenation in vivo. We have also been working on the co-registration of MRI and time domain EPRI on mouse tumor models at 300 MHz using a specially designed resonator assembly. The mapping of the unpaired electron distribution and unraveling the spectral characteristics by using magnetic resonance in presence of stationary and rotating gradients in indeed ‘dancing with the ( unpaired) electrons’, metaphorically speaking.
Diffusion-Exchange Weighted Imaging
Authors: Ramadan Saadallah
Published: November 2017

A method has been developed whereby diffusion and exchange in micro cellular structures in the human brain are correlated to produce a new type of image contrast leading to determination of water exchange rates in vivo. The diffusion method relies on differential apparent diffusion coefficients as detectable nuclei exchange between adjacent compartments marked with different apparent diffusion coefficient values (e.g. intra- and extra-cellular compartments). A new pulse sequence was developed, and used to calculate water intra/extra mean residence times in brain, and the signal dependence on various experimental parameters was analysed. The method was tested in vivo at 3T field strength and produced 160 ms and 550 ms for extra-cellular and intra-cellular mean residence times, respectively.
Iterative Decomposition of Water and Fat with Echo Asymmetric and Least–-Squares Estimation (IDEAL) (Reeder et al. 2005) Automated Spine Survey Iterative Scan Technique (ASSIST) (Weiss et al. 2006)
Authors: Weiss Kenneth L. , Sun Dongmei , Cornelius Rebecca S. , Weiss Jane L.
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose

Multi-parametric MRI of the entire spine is technologist-dependent, time consuming, and often limited by inhomogeneous fat suppression. We tested a technique to provide rapid automated total spine MRI screening with improved tissue contrast through optimized fat-water separation.

Methods

The entire spine was auto-imaged in two contiguous 35 cm field of view (FOV) sagittal stations, utilizing out-of-phase fast gradient echo (FGRE) and T1 and/or T2 weighted fast spin echo (FSE) IDEAL (Iterative Decomposition of Water and Fat with Echo Asymmetric and Least-squares Estimation) sequences. 18 subjects were studied, one twice at 3.0T (pre and post contrast) and one at both 1.5 T and 3.0T for a total of 20 spine examinations (8 at 1.5 T and 12 at 3.0T). Images were independently evaluated by two neuroradiologists and run through Automated Spine Survey Iterative Scan Technique (ASSIST) analysis software for automated vertebral numbering.

Results

In all 20 total spine studies, neuroradiologist and computer ASSIST labeling were concordant. In all cases, IDEAL provided uniform fat and water separation throughout the entire 70 cm FOV imaged. Two subjects demonstrated breast metastases and one had a large presumptive schwannoma. 14 subjects demonstrated degenerative disc disease with associated Modic Type I or II changes at one or more levels. FGRE ASSIST afforded subminute submillimeter in-plane resolution of the entire spine with high contrast between discs and vertebrae at both 1.5 and 3.0T. Marrow signal abnormalities could be particularly well characterized with IDEAL derived images and parametric maps.

Conclusion

IDEAL ASSIST is a promising MRI technique affording a rapid automated high resolution, high contrast survey of the entire spine with optimized tissue characterization.
Decreased serum Ou/Zn sOD in children with Autism
Authors: Russo A.J.
Published: November 2017

Aim

To assess serum Cu/Zn SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) concentration in autistic children and evaluate its possible relationship to GI Symptoms.

Subjects and Methods

Serum from 50 autistic children (31 with chronic digestive disease (most with ileo-colonic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH) and inflammation of the colorectal, small bowel and/or stomach) and 19 autistic children without GI disease), and 29 non autistic controls (20 age matched non autistic children with no GI disease and 9 age matched non autistic children with GI disease) were tested for Cu/Zn SOD using ELISAs.

Results

Serum Cu/Zn SOD levels of autistic children were significantly lower than all non autistic controls (p < 0.0001). Serum Cu/Zn SOD of autistic children with severe GI disease was significantly lower than autistic children with no GI disease (p < 0.0001), non autistic children without GI disease (<0.0001) and non autistic children with GI disease (p = 0.0003).

Discussion

These results suggest an association between Cu/Zn SOD serum levels and autism, particularly autistic children with GI disease, and that the concentration of serum Cu/Zn SOD may be a useful biomarker for autistic children with severe GI disease.
Short tandem repeat (STR) based genetic diversity and relationship of indigenous Niger cattle
Authors: Grema Moustapha , Traoré Amadou , Issa Moumouni , Hamani Marichatou , Abdou Maaouia , Soudré Albert , Sanou Moumouni , Pichler Rudolf , Tamboura Hamidou H. , Alhassane Yenikoye , Periasamy Kathiravan
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The diversity of cattle in Niger is predominantly represented by three indigenous breeds: Zebu Arabe, Zebu Bororo and Kuri. This study aimed at characterizing the genetic diversity and relationship of Niger cattle breeds using short tandem repeat (STR) marker variations. A total of 105 cattle from all three breeds were genotyped at 27 STR loci. High levels of allelic and gene diversity were observed with an overall mean of 8.7 and 0.724 respectively. The mean inbreeding estimate within breeds was found to be moderate with 0.024, 0.043 and 0.044 in Zebu Arabe, Zebu Bororo and Kuri cattle respectively. The global F statistics showed low genetic differentiation among Niger cattle with about 2.6 % of total variation being attributed to between-breed differences. Neighbor-joining tree derived from pairwise allele sharing distance revealed Zebu Arabe and Kuri clustering together while Zebu Bororo appeared to be relatively distinct from the other two breeds. High levels of admixture were evident from the distribution of pairwise inter-individual allele sharing distances that showed individuals across populations being more related than individuals within populations. Individuals were assigned to their respective source populations based on STR genotypes, and the percent correct assignment of Zebu Bororo (87.5 to 93.8 %) was consistently higher than Zebu Arabe (59.3 to 70.4 %) and Kuri (80.0 to 83.3 %) cattle. The qualitative and quantitative tests for mutation drift equilibrium revealed absence of genetic bottleneck events in Niger cattle in the recent past. High genetic diversity and poor genetic structure among indigenous cattle breeds of Niger might be due to historic zebu–taurine admixture and ongoing breeding practices in the region. The results of the present study are expected to help in formulating effective strategies for conservation and genetic improvement of indigenous Niger cattle breeds.
Secondary organic aerosol from chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene
Authors: Wang Dongyu S. , Ruiz Lea Hildebrandt
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Recent studies have found concentrations of reactive chlorine species to be higher than expected, suggesting that atmospheric chlorine chemistry is more extensive than previously thought. Chlorine radicals can interact with hydroperoxy (HOx) radicals and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to alter the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. They are known to rapidly oxidize a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the atmosphere, yet little is known about secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from chlorine-initiated photooxidation and its atmospheric implications. Environmental chamber experiments were carried out under low-NOx conditions with isoprene and chlorine as primary VOC and oxidant sources. Upon complete isoprene consumption, observed SOA yields ranged from 7 to 36 %, decreasing with extended photooxidation and SOA aging. Formation of particulate organochloride was observed. A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer was used to determine the molecular composition of gas-phase species using iodide–water and hydronium–water cluster ionization. Multi-generational chemistry was observed, including ions consistent with hydroperoxides, chloroalkyl hydroperoxides, isoprene-derived epoxydiol (IEPOX), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), evident of secondary OH production and resulting chemistry from Cl-initiated reactions. This is the first reported study of SOA formation from chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene. Results suggest that tropospheric chlorine chemistry could contribute significantly to organic aerosol loading.
Stochastic coalescence in Lagrangian cloud microphysics
Authors: Dziekan Piotr , Pawlowska Hanna
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Stochasticity of the collisional growth of cloud droplets is studied using the super-droplet method (SDM) of Shima et al.(2009). Statistics are calculated from ensembles of simulations of collision–coalescence in a single well-mixed cell. The SDM is compared with direct numerical simulations and the master equation. It is argued that SDM simulations in which one computational droplet represents one real droplet are at the same level of precision as the master equation. Such simulations are used to study fluctuations in the autoconversion time, the sol–gel transition and the growth rate of lucky droplets, which is compared with a theoretical prediction. The size of the coalescence cell is found to strongly affect system behavior. In small cells, correlations in droplet sizes and droplet depletion slow down rain formation. In large cells, collisions between raindrops are more frequent and this can also slow down rain formation. The increase in the rate of collision between raindrops may be an artifact caused by assuming an overly large well-mixed volume. The highest ratio of rain water to cloud water is found in cells of intermediate sizes. Next, we use these precise simulations to determine the validity of more approximate methods: the Smoluchowski equation and the SDM with multiplicities greater than 1. In the latter, we determine how many computational droplets are necessary to correctly model the expected number and the standard deviation of the autoconversion time. The maximal size of a volume that is turbulently well mixed with respect to coalescence is estimated at Vmix  =  1.5  ×  10−2 cm3. The Smoluchowski equation is not valid in such small volumes. It is argued that larger volumes can be considered approximately well mixed, but such approximation needs to be supported by a comparison with fine-grid simulations that resolve droplet motion.
Characterisation of the artificial neural network CiPS for cirrus cloud remote sensing with MSG/SEVIRI
Authors: Strandgren Johan , Fricker Jennifer , Bugliaro Luca
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Cirrus clouds remain one of the key uncertainties in atmospheric research. To better understand the properties and physical processes of cirrus clouds, accurate large-scale observations from satellites are required. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proved to be a useful tool for cirrus cloud remote sensing. Since physics is not modelled explicitly in ANNs, a thorough characterisation of the networks is necessary. In this paper the CiPS (Cirrus Properties from SEVIRI) algorithm is characterised using the space-borne lidar CALIOP. CiPS is composed of a set of ANNs for the cirrus cloud detection, opacity identification and the corresponding cloud top height, ice optical thickness and ice water path retrieval from the imager SEVIRI aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation satellites. First, the retrieval accuracy is characterised with respect to different land surface types. The retrieval works best over water and vegetated surfaces, whereas a surface covered by permanent snow and ice or barren reduces the cirrus detection ability and increases the retrieval errors for the ice optical thickness and ice water path if the cirrus cloud is thin (optical thickness less than approx. 0.3). Second, the retrieval accuracy is characterised with respect to the vertical arrangement of liquid, ice clouds and aerosol layers as derived from CALIOP lidar data. The CiPS retrievals show little interference from liquid water clouds and aerosol layers below an observed cirrus cloud. A liquid water cloud vertically close or adjacent to the cirrus clearly increases the average retrieval errors for the optical thickness and ice water path, respectively, only for thin cirrus clouds with an optical thickness below 0.3 or ice water path below 5.0 g m−2. For the cloud top height retrieval, only aerosol layers affect the retrieval error, with an increased positive bias when the cirrus is at low altitudes. Third, the CiPS retrieval error is characterised with respect to the properties of the investigated cirrus cloud (ice optical thickness and cloud top height). On average CiPS can retrieve the cirrus cloud top height with a relative error around 8 % and no bias and the ice optical thickness with a relative error around 50 % and bias around ±10 % for the most common combinations of cloud top height and ice optical thickness. Similarities with physically based retrieval methods are evident, which implies that even though the retrieval methods differ in the implementation of physics in the model, the retrievals behave similarly due to physical constraints. Finally, we also show that the ANN retrievals have a low sensitivity to radiometric noise in the SEVIRI observations. For optical thickness and ice water path the relative uncertainty due to noise is less than 10 % down to sub-visual cirrus. For the cloud top height retrieval the uncertainty due to noise is around 100 m for all cloud top heights.
On the parametrization of optical particle counter response including instrument-induced broadening of size spectra and a self-consistent evaluation of calibration measurements
Authors: Walser Adrian , Sauer Daniel , Spanu Antonio , Gasteiger Josef , Weinzierl Bernadett
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Optical particle counters (OPCs) are common tools for the in situ measurement of aerosol particle number size distributions. As the actual quantity measured by OPCs is the intensity of light scattered by individual particles, it is necessary to translate the distribution of detected scattering signals into the desired information, i.e., the distribution of particle sizes. A crucial part in this challenge is the modeling of OPC response and the calibration of the instrument – in other words, establishing the relation between instrument-specific particle scattering cross-section and measured signal amplitude. To date, existing methods lack a comprehensive parametrization of OPC response, particularly regarding the instrument-induced broadening of signal amplitude distributions. This deficiency can lead to significant size distribution biases. We introduce an advanced OPC response model including a simple parametrization of the broadening effect and a self-consistent way to evaluate calibration measurements using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We further outline how to consistently derive particle number size distributions with realistic uncertainty estimates within this new framework. Based on measurements of particle standards for two OPCs, the Grimm model 1.129 (SkyOPC) and the DMT Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP), we demonstrate that residuals between measured and modeled response can be substantially reduced when using the new approach instead of existing methods. More importantly, for the investigated set of measurements only the new approach yields results that conform with the true size distributions within the range of model uncertainty. The presented innovations will help improving the accuracy of OPC-derived size distributions and the assessment of their precision.
A mechanistic model of an upper bound on oceanic carbon export as a function of mixed layer depth and temperature
Authors: Li Zuchuan , Cassar Nicolas
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Export production reflects the amount of organic matter transferred from the ocean surface to depth through biological processes. This export is in large part controlled by nutrient and light availability, which are conditioned by mixed layer depth (MLD). In this study, building on Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis, we derive a mechanistic model of an upper bound on carbon export based on the metabolic balance between photosynthesis and respiration as a function of MLD and temperature. We find that the upper bound is a positively skewed bell-shaped function of MLD. Specifically, the upper bound increases with deepening mixed layers down to a critical depth, beyond which a long tail of decreasing carbon export is associated with increasing heterotrophic activity and decreasing light availability. We also show that in cold regions the upper bound on carbon export decreases with increasing temperature when mixed layers are deep, but increases with temperature when mixed layers are shallow. A meta-analysis shows that our model envelopes field estimates of carbon export from the mixed layer. When compared to satellite export production estimates, our model indicates that export production in some regions of the Southern Ocean, particularly the subantarctic zone, is likely limited by light for a significant portion of the growing season.
New molecular evidence for surface and sub-surface soil erosion controls on the composition of stream DOM during storm events
Authors: Denis Marie , Jeanneau Laurent , Petitjean Patrice , Murzeau Anaëlle , Liotaud Marine , Yonnet Louison , Gruau Gérard
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Storm events are responsible for more than 60 % of the export of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from headwater catchments due to an increase in both the discharge and concentration. The latter was attributed to changing water pathways inducing the mobilization of DOM from the surface soil horizons. Recent molecular investigations have challenged this view and hypothesized (i) a contribution of an in-stream partition of organic matter (OM) between eroded particles and the dissolved fraction and (ii) the modification of the composition of soil DOM during storm events. To investigate these assumptions, soil solutions in the macropores, surface runoff and stream outlet were sampled at high frequency during three storm events in the Kervidy–Naizin catchment, part of the French critical zone observatory AgrHyS. The molecular composition of the DOM was analysed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) coupled to a gas chromatograph and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. These analyses highlighted a modification of the DOM composition in soil solution controlled by the water-table dynamic and pre-event hydrological conditions. These findings fit with the mechanism of colloidal and particulate destabilization in the soil macroporosity. The different behaviour observed for lignins, carbohydrates and fatty acids highlights a potential chemical segregation based on their hydrophobicity. The composition of surface runoff DOM is similar to the DOM composition in soil solution and could be generated by the same mechanism. The DOM composition in both soil solution and surface runoff corresponds to the stream DOM composition observed during storm events. On the basis of these results, modifications of the stream DOM composition during storm events seem to be due to surface and sub-surface soil erosion rather than in-stream production.
Manuel Freire Castrillón y la “Carta de Galicia” de "El Censor" (1786)
Authors: Mariño Paz Ramón , Suárez Vázquez Damián
Published: November 2017

Basándonos sobre todo en argumentos de índole lingüística, pero también en indicios biográficos e ideológicos, atribuimos esta “Carta de Galicia” a Manuel Freire Castrillón. Argumentos del mismo tipo nos mueven a postular que Freire fue también el autor de otros textos en gallego y en un interlecto castellano-gallego (castrapo); entre estos textos se encontraría el romance Un labrador que foy sarxento á os soldados do nobo alistamento (ca. 1808). Finalmente, ofrecemos una transcripción anotada y mínimamente intervenida de la carta.
Influence of roasting of shea kernels on their fat content and some quality characteristics of shea butter
Authors: HONFO Fernande G. , LINNEMANN Anita R. , GUO Meng , AKISSOE Noel , SOUMANOU Mohamed M. , Van BOEKEL Martinus A. J. S.
Published: November 2017

In shea production zones in Sub-Saharan Africa, shea butter is mostly produced by women using traditional methods. Improvement of their practices would allow them to obtain better monetary returns for their activities. Roasting of crushed shea kernels is a processing step that has a major influence on the quantity and quality of extracted shea butter. Using a central composite face-centered design (CCFD), the effect of roasting, specifically roasting time and temperature was investigated. Both factors influenced fat content (44-53% dw) of the crushed kernels; colour characteristics and free fatty acid (FFA) content (0.5-3%) of the butter. In shea butter from differently roasted kernels, 58 volatile compounds were identified, of which 11 were quantitatively dominant, against 27 compounds in butter from unroasted kernels. The ideal practice according to the CCFD model is roasting at 171 ºC for 15 min, which resulted in a fat content of 49% dw of the kernels, a butter yield of 32%, a FFA of 1.2% of the butter, and a peroxide value of 3.2 meq O2/kg. This optimum roasting time is appreciably shorter than the current practice, suggesting that the use of firewood during traditional processing can be reduced.
The Influence of Strategic Alliance on Competitive Advantage through Market Area and Product Innovation
Authors: Setyadi Taufik , Oetomo Hening Widi , Khuzaini Khuzaini , Suwitho Suwitho
Published: November 2017

This study is aimed to prove the implementation of strategic alliance can increasing competitive advantage of wood industry of Perhutani through develop of market area and market innovation. Based on the results of hypothesis testing and the analysis of strategic alliances, market area and product innovation against competitive advantage, it is known that building a competitive advantage in the timber industry forestry can be achieved through the establishment of strategic alliances right, based on the exchange of raw material resources, technology or resources marketing. Strategic alliances are used to strengthen the position of the timber industry in the face of competition forestry business. The more precise the model selection strategic alliance Perhutani timber industry will be able to build competitive advantage of her. The development model of strategic alliances Perhutani timber industry that needs to be developed is to increase the competitive advantage has the form of an alliance focused on cooperation in provision of raw materials, interest in improving the skills of cooperation and the application of the production process technology.