bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enfoques regulatorios para la Inteligencia Artificial (IA)
Authors: Llamas Covarrubias Jersain Zadamig , Mendoza Enríquez Olivia Andrea , Graff Guerrero Mario
Published: May 2023

La inteligencia artificial (IA) representa un fenómeno complejo cuyas dimensiones son difíciles de entender en el campo jurídico. La principal tesis desarrollada en este artículo es conocer las modalidades regulatorias para crear un bloque normativo sólido de regulación multinivel, donde se combinen diversos instrumentos regulatorios. El objetivo general es crear una propuesta taxonómica de los tipos de reglas y regulaciones en las normas vinculantes e indicativas, y el objetivo particular es analizar novísimos mecanismos alterna tivos a la regulación tradicional como la certificación, auditorías, transparencia, entornos de prueba regulatorios, seguros y evaluaciones de impacto algorítmicas, que ayudarán a tomar mejores decisiones en las formas de regular la IA.
Génesis de la garantía de libertad de cátedra en el contexto académico y jurídico norteamericano
Authors: Paz Madrid María
Published: May 2023

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto presentar los argumentos históricos que dieron forma a la garantía de libertad de cátedra en el contexto norteamericano. Se estudiarán los primeros casos de libertad de cátedra, cuya principal característica es que no fueron judicializados, sino que dieron lugar a debates en los círculos académicos. Dichos debates versaron sobre el propio contenido del concepto de libertad de cátedra, así como el papel que desempeñan las universidades y los miembros de las comunidades académicas en la sociedad. Por esta razón, se incluyen las opiniones vertidas por aquellos actores que estuvieron directa mente involucrados en los casos de mayor exposición mediática. El trabajo termina analizando aquellos casos que fueron llevados ante los tribunales de justicia, donde el razonamiento de las cortes siguió de cerca los argumentos desarrollados en los debates académicos.
Traditional mediation versus e-mediation: does online technology have a negative impact in the effectiveness of mediation?
Authors: Barrera Orellana Felipe
Published: May 2023

The paper seeks to assess the impact of online technology on traditionalmediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. In particular, it seeks to analyzeto what extent online environments do or not alter the effectiveness of mediation accordingto its natural spirit and purpose.
Student Quality Circles in Secondary School
Authors: Alalfy Hany R. , Shalaby Salem S.
Published: May 2023

The study aimed to clarify the concept of student quality circles (SQC) and the mechanisms and procedures of their work in schools. The study used the descriptive method. And it reached the possibility of applying SQC in secondary schools with conditions, including training students on how to apply these circles, and defining their roles accurately, and the study showed that one of the benefits of applying SQC are developing effective communication skills between students and each other, increasing students’ confidence in themselves and developing loyalty to the school to which they belong and develop their abilities to judge matters and face problems.
Effect of Poultry Manure, Vermicompost and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Rice
Authors: Reddy Boreddy Narendra Kumar , Mehera Biswarup , Kumar Prateek
Published: May 2023

The field experiment was carried out during rabi 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P), India. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (15.2 kg/ha) and available K (232.5 kg/ha). The experiment was designed in Randomized Block Design, with nine treatments, including a control, replicated three times over the course of a year.  The treatments consists of T1: Poultry manure 4t/ha+ zinc 15kg/ha, T2: Poultry manure 4t/ha + zinc 20kg/ha, T3: Poultry manure 4t/ha + zinc 30kg/ha, T4: Vermicompost 12t/ha + zinc15kg/ha, T5: Vermicompost 12t/ha + zinc 20kg/ha, T6: Vermicompost 12t/ha + zinc 30kg/ha, T7: Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc15kg/ha, T8: Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha, T9: Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 30kg/ha are used. The application of Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha recorded significantly higher Plant height (41.07 cm), Number of tillers per plant (14.33), Plant dry weight (19.05 g/plant), Significantly maximum number of panicles/plant (13.00), grains/panicle (84.00), Test weight (20.01 g), grain yield (5.98 t/ha), Haulm yield (9.44 t/ha), Harvest index (38.79 %) were recorded with the treatment of Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha.

Higher gross returns (Rs. 2,98,907.00/ha), net return (Rs. 2,15,897.00/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.59) was obtained in the treatment of Poultry manure 50% + vermicompost 50% + zinc 20kg/ha.
Changes in Soil Nitrogen Availability as Influenced by Direct Seeded Rice and Transplanted Rice Ecosystem, Nutritional Approaches and Slow-release Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Joseph Ashna Susan , Ravi M. V. , Rao K. Narayana , Bhat S. N. , Ramesh Y. M. , Sharanagouda H.
Published: May 2023

An experiment was conducted on nutrient management approaches using RDF, SSNM, STCR and nutrient expert under different rice ecosystem using slow release nitrogen sources viz., neem coated urea and urea supergranules. The initial and final soil N content was analyzed at active tillering, panicle initiation, milking stages and at harvest of direct seeded and transplanted rice. The three-way interaction (M x N x S) proved that a significantly higher value of available N content in soil was noticed in SSNM (6 t ha-1) treated plot with neem coated urea in transplanted rice (M2N3S2) at active tillering stage (245.96 kg ha-1) and at harvest (213.46 kg ha-1), respectively, while application of NCU through SSNM approach (7 t ha-1) in direct seeded rice (M1N4S2) obtained maximum available N content at panicle initiation stage (229.18 kg ha-1) and application of NCU through STCR approach for the yield target of 7 t ha-1 in direct seeded rice (M1N2S2) at milking stage (218.15 kg ha-1).
Macronutrients in Human Milk Exposed to Antidepressant and Anti-Inflammatory Medications
Authors: Whaites Heinonen Essi , Bertrand Kerri , Chambers Christina
Published: January 2025

Importance

The association between maternal medications and the macronutrient composition of human milk has not been studied.

Objective

To compare macronutrient levels in milk samples from mothers treated with long-term medications with samples from untreated healthy and disease-matched control mothers (DMCs).

Design, Setting, and Participants

A cross-sectional study using samples collected between October 2014 and January 2024 from breastfeeding mothers in the US and Canada invited to participate to the Mommy’s Milk Human Milk Research Biorepository at the University of California, San Diego. Of 3974 samples from unique individuals in the biorepository, 310 were from mothers treated with 1 of 4 categories of medications, 151 from DMCs with the same underlying disorders, and 73 from healthy untreated mothers, frequency matched on infant age and sex. Of these, 150 were excluded because they had more than 1 medication exposure or were outliers. Data were analyzed from March to June 2024.

Exposures

Continuous treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoclonal antibodies (MABs), systemic steroids, and other anti-inflammatory drugs (ADs) in the 14 days before milk sample collection.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Levels of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and total energy were measured with SpectraStar 2400 near infrared analyzer and compared across groups with analysis of covariance adjusted for infant and maternal age, parity, maternal body mass index, infant sex, exclusive breastfeeding, feeding frequency, collection time, maternal cannabis use, and occupation.

Results

A total of 384 samples were collected; 194 infants (50.5%) were female; the mean (SD) age of the maternal cohort was 33.5 (4.4) years, and infant age at collection was 6.6 (5.4) months. Mean (SD) protein levels were 15% to 21% lower in samples from exposed mothers (0.92 [0.56] g/100 mL for 63 SSRIs, 0.85 [0.51] g/100 mL for 63 MABs, 0.88 [0.37] g/100 mL for 33 steroids, and 0.85 [0.54] g/100 mL for 20 other ADs) compared with 64 samples from healthy mothers (1.08 [0.50] g/100 mL). Adjusted differences were significant for SSRIs and steroids (F1, 91 = 4.32; P = .04 and F1,59 = 5.00, P = 0.03, respectively). Mean (SD) fat and energy were 10% to 22% lower in samples from mothers with other ADs (3.40 [1.21] g/100 mL for fat and 69.56 [15.35] kcal/100 mL for energy) than from healthy (3.85 [1.66] g/100 mL for fat and 77.16 [22.08] kcal/100 mL for energy) and DMC (4.38 [1.90] g/100 mL for fat and 80.60 [24.70] kcal/100 mL for energy) mothers. Adjusted differences were only significant for fat compared with DMC (F1,88 = 6.22; P = .01).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, some maternal medications were associated with lower levels of protein and fat in milk, which could impose health risks for breastfed infants. Other factors that could influence macronutrient levels need to be clarified before the clinical implications of these findings can be confirmed.
Advancing Brain Organoid Electrophysiology: Minimally Invasive Technologies for Comprehensive Characterization
Authors: Yousuf Mujeeb , Rochet Jean‐Christophe (Chris) , Singh Pushpapraj , Hussain Muhammad Mustafa
Published: January 2025

Human brain organoids, which originate from pluripotent stem cells, serve as valuable tools for a wide range of research endeavors, replicating brain function. Their capacity to replicate cellular interactions, morphology, and division provides invaluable insights into brain development, disease modeling, and drug screening. However, conventional morphological analysis methods are often invasive and lack real‐time monitoring capabilities, posing limitations to achieving a comprehensive understanding. Therefore, advancing the comprehension of brain organoid electrophysiology necessitates the development of minimally invasive measurement technologies with long‐term, high‐resolution capabilities. This review highlights the significance of human brain organoids and emphasizes the need for electrophysiological characterization. It delves into conventional assessment methods, particularly focusing on 3D microelectrode arrays, electrode insertion mechanisms, and the importance of flexible electrode arrays to facilitate minimally invasive recordings. Additionally, various sensors tailored to monitor organoid properties are introduced, enriching the understanding of their chemical, thermal, and mechanical dynamics.
Polarization‐Sensitive Subwavelength Nanopixel for On‐Off and Color Switchable Color Printing
Authors: Song Hyerin , Ahn Heesang , Kim Kyujung
Published: January 2025

This study presents a polarization‐sensitive dual nanodisk nanopixel that implements controllable color conversion and on‐off switching. The color, the nanopixel expresses is manipulated by the morphology and the interdisk dielectric gap for adjusting plasmonic coupling tuned by the polarization direction. The method attempted in this way allows for precise adjustment of the peak position, peak shifting range, and intensity depending on the polarization angle, thereby controlling saturation, brightness, and hue. This allows for adjusting the peak shifting range to a tens to hundreds nanometer wavelength range in color conversion mode, and the contrast of light intensity in on‐off mode is realized ≈3.2‐fold higher at 650 nm‐wavelength. Using these nanopixels, are generated image patterns that varied depending on polarization. The proposed nanopixels have the potential for promising future technologies, including displays, optical devices, high‐sensitivity optical sensors, data security and encryption, and data storage.
Investigations of an Innovative Drop Test Facility for Shock Evaluation of Portable Electronics
Authors: Singh Amandeep , Kumar Vijay , Khosla Praveen Kumar , Shivling Vhatkar Dattatraya , Saini Ashish , Kumar Sajjan , Singh Virender
Published: January 2025

Drop‐induced shock is a major cause of failure in portable electronics, impacting their useful life. Traditional drop weight shock testing methods, conforming to the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) standard of 1500 g for 0.5 ms half‐sine waveform, are often expensive, complex, and require delicate balancing. In this paper, a far simpler, two‐meter‐high, drop test facility is proposed for testing small‐sized portable electronics. The proposed equipment is easier to realize, conforms to the JEDEC standard, is easier to operate, offers a small turnaround time, and is economical. The novel design and the results of the shock test equipment are reported. A weight instrumented with high‐g accelerometers is dropped from a height of two meters inside a drop tube that is vertically straight and hits the aluminum base plate. The acceleration levels, ranging from 30,000 g for 100 µs to 1600 g for 1 ms, are achieved using the drop weight of 3 kg and pulse shaper of different thicknesses. The results are presented as a regression model, correlating peak acceleration and duration with pulse shaper thickness. The model accurately predicts the desired conditions for JEDEC testing and is validated under the standard conditions of 1500 g for 0.5 ms. This minimalistic approach simplifies shock testing, supporting future research in extreme testing scenarios.
Anchoring Sn Nanoparticles in Necklace‐Like B,N,F‐Doped Carbon Fibers Enables Anode‐Less 5V‐Class Li‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Tian Yuan , Pei Zhihao , Luan Deyan , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: January 2025

Li metal batteries (LMBs), particularly with a limited Li metal anode and a 5V‐class cathode, offer significantly higher energy density compared to the state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries. However, the limited Li anode poses severe challenges to cycling stability due to low efficiency and large volume expansion issues associated with Li. Herein, we design a lightweight and functionalized host composed of Sn nanoparticles embedded into necklace‐like B,N,F‐doped carbon macroporous fibers (Sn@B/N/F‐CMFs) toward anode‐less 5V‐class LMBs. The macroporous framework can decrease the local current density to homogenize Li deposition and release structural stress to realize high areal capacity of over 40 mAh cm−2. The lithiophilic B,N,F‐doped carbon and Sn nanoparticles can function as high‐affinity Li+ binding sites to uniformize Li nucleus growth on the internal and external surface of hollow fibers. Accordingly, the Sn@B/N/F‐CMFs enable stable dendrite‐free Li plating/stripping behaviors for 1700 h even in the carbonate‐based electrolyte. When coupled with a 5V‐class LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode, the assembled anode‐less pouch cell also displays stable cycling performance even under harsh conditions.
Ultrasound guided pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block resulting in reduction of dislocated prosthetic hip
Authors: Cuevas M. , Fratebianchi F.
Published: January 2025

A 78‐year‐old woman with a prosthetic hip dislocation underwent a pericapsular nerve group block for regional anesthesia. The hip spontaneously reduced before manual intervention, likely due to the block's analgesic and muscle‐relaxing effects. Compared to other techniques, this block effectively targets hip innervation while sparing motor function. This case highlights its potential for managing hip dislocations safely, especially in patients at risk from sedation.
Incisor cross‐sectional area at the cementoenamel junction correlates with an increased reliance on frugivory in anthropoid primates
Authors: Deane Andrew , Agosto Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2025

Diet is one of a limited set of key ecological parameters defining primate species. A detailed understanding of dental functional correlates with primate diet is a key component for accurate dietary inference in fossil primates. Although considerable effort has been devoted to understanding post‐canine dental function, incisor function remains poorly understood. Prior analyses have demonstrated that anthropoid incisor mesiodistal (MD) and cervico‐incisal (CI) crown curvature correlates with an increased reliance on frugivory and that greater incisor crown curvature functions to increase total crown area and, by extension, crown resistance to normal bending stresses (e.g., compressive and tensile forces). The present study investigates the correlation between incisor basal cross‐sectional area at the cementoenamel junction (CAcej) and the degree to which taxa rely on frugivory to better understand how non‐normal forces (e.g., shear) may influence incisor morphology. Results demonstrate that, like resistance to bending stress, resistance to shear stress (as represented by the CAcej), is positively correlated with an increased reliance on frugivory such that more frugivorous anthropoids have larger CAcej relative to body mass and therefore greater resistance to shear stress. Likewise, hard‐object frugivores have increased shear resistance relative to soft‐object frugivores. A more detailed working understanding of the forces acting on primate incisors, and how these crowns resist those forces, will contribute to improving our understanding of how diet influences incisor morphology and the accuracy of dietary inference in fossil anthropoids.
Protein Based Hybrid Materials of Metal Phosphate Nanoflowers and Gels for Water Remediation: Perspectives and Prospects
Authors: Polepalli Sirilata , Pulla Rao Chebrolu
Published: January 2025

Water pollution is a critical environmental issue affecting ecosystems and human health worldwide. Contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes, antibiotics, and microplastics enter water bodies from the disposals of industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. The development of new and advanced technologies for addressing water remediation has turned out to be a dire need. Protein‐inorganic hybrid materials have emerged as innovative solutions for water remediation, leveraging the unique properties of both the proteins and the inorganic components. These hybrid materials connect the biocompatibility and specificity of proteins with that of the structural stability and catalytic capability of the inorganic frameworks. In recent times, protein inorganic hybrids are gaining importance in water remediation due to their ease of synthesis and chemical modification, stability, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This article brings out the recent advancements in the development of two major kinds of protein inorganic hybrid materials, viz., metal phosphate nanoflowers and gels in the context of water purification. The effect of major factors, like, morphology, porosity, pore size and nature, surface area, and the nature of the composite were systematically compared and analyzed to make it beneficial for future researchers in the development of such hybrid materials for water remediation in a sustainable manner. For this, the article addresses the current trends and draws conclusions on future perspectives to support the topic on providing clean and potable water for everyone on the globe.
From refuse to resource: exploring technological and economic dimensions of waste‐to‐energy
Authors: Al‐Hammadi Mohammed , Güngörmüşler Mine
Published: January 2025

Waste valorization offers a sustainable approach to waste management and the generation of biofuels and bioenergy, mitigating the environmental impact of fossil fuel production and use. Carbon emissions and food‐source competition associated with first‐generation biofuels production can be mitigated. Reports on thermochemical and biochemical pathways for generating bio‐oil and syngas provide extensive coverage of production processes but lack recent insights into technological advances for upgrading these outputs into biodiesel, biomethanol, bioethanol, biogas, and biomethane. They also often omit information on commercial status, leading and prospective companies, market size, future market predictions, and associated challenges. The drawbacks of waste valorization do not appear to have been discussed widely in the literature – they include deforestation, land‐use changes, soil texture changes, and biodiversity and social impacts. To address these gaps in the literature, this review examines the factors mentioned above, focusing on the drawbacks of waste‐to‐energy conversion and proposing solutions targeted at governments, policymakers, investors, entrepreneurs, and researchers seeking to understand and mitigate the challenges in this sector.
On the Evidence for Interactive Effects During and Following Synthesized Contingency Assessments
Authors: McCabe Liam H. , Greer Brian D. , Helvey Casey Irwin , Briggs Adam M.
Published: January 2025

Synthesized contingency assessments often arrange multiple stimulus changes (e.g., terminating instructions and providing interactive toy play) to follow problem behavior and to occur response independently across test and control conditions, respectively. A central premise of this approach to functional behavior assessment is that individual contingencies interact when delivered together, producing a reinforcing effect greater than the sum of its parts (i.e., the reinforcing effects of the individual contingencies programmed). Across three studies, we evaluated how often within‐participant evaluations from the published literature are consistent with this assumption during (Studies 1 and 2) and following (Study 3) the assessment process. Our results suggest that although such interaction can occur, it appears to do so only in a minority of cases. Implications of these findings for practice are discussed.
An Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Deoxycholic Acid and Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Human Plasma
Authors: Xi Wanlin , Fu Diyi , Wu Ni , Liu Fei , Zhang Cuixia , Wan Ruijie , Wu Zhen , Chen Rui , Zhao Qian
Published: January 2025

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) injection is applied in treating moderate to severe submental bulge or facial fullness caused by excessive submental fat accumulation. Using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) technology, which was swiftly, precisely, and reliably confirmed, DCA was determined in human plasma with low quantification limits of 56 ng/mL. We selected six healthy individual blank human plasma with low concentrations of endogenous DCA and mixed them to prepare standard curve samples. The samples were purified by the protein precipitation technique and then separated using a BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm). Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and electrospray ionization (ESI) sources operating in negative mode, the mass was identified and measured. The precursor‐to‐product ion transitions were observed at m/z 391.2− → 345.2− and m/z 395.2− → 349.2− for DCA and DCA‐d4 (isotope internal standard), respectively. This method was thoroughly validated, encompassing assessments of linearity, sensitivity, precision, selectivity, stability, matrix effect, accuracy, carryover, and recovery. In a word, the validation results demonstrated that this method exhibited sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility and could effectively be utilized for studying the pharmacokinetic properties of DCA in a randomized, parallel, controlled, Phase I clinical trial.
The Longitudinal‐Experimental Design and the Development and Prevention of Criminal Offending Over the Life‐Course: Advances in Science and Policy From the Cambridge‐Somerville Youth Study
Authors: Welsh Brandon C.
Published: January 2025

Background

David Farrington (1944–2024) wrote extensively about the methodological rigour and utility of the longitudinal‐experimental research design to advance knowledge about the development, explanation, prevention and treatment of antisocial behaviour and criminal offending over the life‐course. Founded in 1935, the Cambridge‐Somerville Youth Study (CSYS) is recognised as the first randomised controlled trial in criminology and the first longitudinal‐experimental study in criminology.

Aims

To report on key scientific and policy contributions made by the CSYS in investigating the development and prevention of delinquency and criminal offending over the life‐course.

Methods

Uses previously analysed observational and experimental data from follow‐ups of study participants conducted in middle age (N = 494; mean = 47 years) and old age (N = 488; 84–92 years).

Results

Identified several parental socialisation practices and interactions during childhood (but not father absence) as strongly associated with serious criminal offending in middle age. Support for peer deviancy as a causal mechanism for iatrogenic effects among treatment groups, compared to pair‐matched controls, during middle age drew policy attention to group‐based prevention interventions.

Conclusions

The longitudinal‐experimental design is a highly important yet under‐utilised methodological approach in criminology. Future research should include revisiting the original plan for the design, addressing a key potential concern of the design and carrying out longer follow‐ups at key stages of the life‐course.
Substrate Specificity of Adenine‐Cu‐PO4 Nanozyme: Ascorbic Acid Oxidation and Selective Cytotoxicity
Authors: Yu Mincong , Gao Yuanbo , Liu Yichen , Wang Zhuo , Zhang Yang , Li Yunchao , Fan Louzhen , Li Xiaohong
Published: January 2025

Though nanozymes are becoming promising alternatives to natural enzymes due to their superior properties, constructing nanozyme with high specificity is still a great challenge. Herein, with Cu2+ as an active site and adenine as a ligand, Adenine‐Cu‐PO4 is synthesized in phosphate‐buffered saline. As an oxidase mimic, Adenine‐Cu‐PO4 could selectively catalyze oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid, but not universal substrates (3,3’,5,5’‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), 2,2’‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DP)), small biomolecules (dopamine, glutathione, glucose, galactose), other vitamins (vitamin A acid, vitamin B1, vitamin K1) and even dithiothreitol (a common interference of AA). Such the specific AA catalytic oxidation is revealed that Adenine‐Cu‐PO4 selectively binds with AA through hydrogen bonds, accompanied with catalyzing AA oxidation, and concurrently O2 transferring to H2O2 via O2⋅−, further to H2O via ⋅OH. Based on the produced reactive oxygen species, with AA as a pro‐oxidant, Adenine‐Cu‐PO4 nanozyme efficiently triggers severe intratumor oxidative stress to induce tumor cell death. This work opens a new avenue to design intrinsic nanozymes with high specificity, and also presents a promising application in the field of AA oxidation induced cancer therapy.
Cognitive‐Linguistic Profiles Underlying Reading Difficulties Within the Unique Characteristics of Hebrew Language and Writing System
Authors: Yinon Rotem‐ , Shaul Shelley
Published: January 2025

While the multiple cognitive deficits model of reading difficulties (RD) is widely supported, different cognitive‐linguistic deficits may manifest differently depending on language and writing system characteristics. This study examined cognitive‐linguistic profiles underlying RD in Hebrew, characterised by rich Semitic morphology and two writing versions differing in orthographic consistency—a transparent‐pointed version and a deep‐unpointed version. A two‐step cluster analysis grouped 96 s graders and 81 fourth graders based on their phonological awareness (PA), rapid naming (RAN), orthographic knowledge (OK) and morphological‐pattern identification (MPI) abilities. Word‐reading accuracy and fluency in both writing versions were also examined. The analysis revealed substantial variation in cognitive‐linguistic functioning levels, identifying distinct homogeneous profiles at both ages. PA and RAN deficits were most significant across grades. A distinct OK deficit profile emerged among fourth graders, particularly manifested in Hebrew's deep‐unpointed script. Moreover, the findings converge on the conclusion that while the phonological deficit is primary and persists over time, its importance is secondary to the main morphological deficit, reflecting a central independent factor in explaining RD in Hebrew. These results support a hybrid‐dynamic perspective, emphasising how the relevance of different cognitive‐linguistic deficits underlying RD varies with development, influenced by Hebrew's unique orthographic and morphological characteristics.
EV Motor System With Magnetic Gear Satisfying High‐Power Density and High Torque Density
Authors: Aiso Kohei , Akatsu Kan , Aoyama Yasuaki
Published: January 2025

Technical innovations for the downsizing of motor systems are necessary to realize energy savings and roomy and comfortable car interior space in electric vehicles. In this paper, a novel motor drive system with multiple high‐speed motors and a magnetic multiple spur gear (MMSG) is proposed for electric vehicles. Furthermore, the factors leading to a high‐power density and high torque density in an MMSG system are clarified.
Relationship Between Apoptosis Induction in Cancer Cells and the Amount of Electrical Stimulation on Frequency Analysis of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field
Authors: Ninagawa Yuto , Sugiura Ren , Kato Eiko , Yagi Ippei , Nagata Kohki , Yamaoka Hidehiko , Tachibana Kosuke , Oda Akinori , Uchida Satoshi
Published: January 2025

Nanosecond pulse electric field (nsPEF) therapy has attracted attention in recent years as a noninvasive cancer treatment with minimal side effects. However, the relationship between the electrical stress induced in cells by the external electric field and the biological response has not been fully investigated quantitatively. We investigated the effects of nsPEF therapy on cancer cells using microgap electrodes under low‐voltage conditions. We developed an equivalent circuit model using intracellular components to determine the amount of stimulation of cellular components and performed frequency analysis of nsPEF. nsPEF applied to Jurkat cells activated caspase‐3 and induced apoptosis at shorter pulse widths. nsPEF induced biological responses and apoptosis in cancer cells. The relationship between the biological response induced by nsPEF and the amount of electrical stimulation was investigated by comparing the experimental results with frequency analysis. Using quantitative values for each cellular element, the relationship between the biological response and the amount of electrical stimulation can be integrated.
An Efficient Thick Electrode Design with Artificial Porous Structure and Gradient Particle Arrangement for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Du Zhichen , Zha Quanbin , Zhang Zihan , Chen Qin , Yang Hui , Lu Zhouguang , Zhai Tianyou , Li Huiqiao
Published: January 2025

Thick electrode, with its feasibility and cost‐effectiveness in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), has attracted significant attention as a promising approach maximizing the energy density of battery. Through raising the mass loading of active materials without altering the fundamental chemical attributes, thick electrodes can boost the energy density of the batteries effectively. Nevertheless, as the thickness of the electrode increases, the ionic conductivity of the electrode decreases, leading to abominable polarization in the thickness direction, which severely hampers the practical application of a thick electrode. This work proposes a novel porous gradient design of high‐performance thick electrodes for LIBs. By constructing a porous structure that serves as a fast transport pathway for lithium (Li) ions, the ion transport kinetics within thick electrodes are significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, a particle size gradient design is incorporated to further mitigate polarization effects within the electrode, leading to substantial improvements in reaction homogeneity and material utilization. Employing this strategy, we have fabricated a porous gradient nanocellulose‐carbon‐nanotube based thick electrode, which exhibits an impressive capacity retention of 86.7% at a high mass loading of LiCoO2 (LCO) active material (20 mg cm−2) and a high current density of 5 mA cm−2.
Energy of Functional Brain States Correlates With Cognition in Adolescent‐Onset Schizophrenia and Healthy Persons
Authors: Theis Nicholas , Bahuguna Jyotika , Rubin Jonathan E. , Banerjee Shubha Sankar , Muldoon Brendan , Prasad Konasale M.
Published: January 2025

Adolescent‐onset schizophrenia (AOS) is relatively rare, under‐studied, and associated with more severe cognitive impairments and poorer outcomes than adult‐onset schizophrenia. Neuroimaging has shown altered regional activations (first‐order effects) and functional connectivity (second‐order effects) in AOS compared to controls. The pairwise maximum entropy model (MEM) integrates first‐ and second‐order factors into a single quantity called energy, which is inversely related to probability of occurrence of brain activity patterns. We take a combinatorial approach to study multiple brain‐wide MEMs of task‐associated components; hundreds of independent MEMs for various sub‐systems were fit to 7 Tesla functional MRI scans. Acquisitions were collected from 23 AOS individuals and 53 healthy controls while performing the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET) for executive function, which is known to be impaired in AOS. Accuracy of PCET performance was significantly reduced among AOS compared with controls. A majority of the models showed significant negative correlation between PCET scores and the total energy attained over the fMRI. Severity of psychopathology was correlated positively with energy. Across all instantiations, the AOS group was associated with significantly more frequent occurrence of states of higher energy, assessed with a mixed effects model. An example MEM instance was investigated further using energy landscapes, which visualize high and low energy states on a low‐dimensional plane, and trajectory analysis, which quantify the evolution of brain states throughout this landscape. Both supported patient‐control differences in the energy profiles. The MEM's integrated representation of energy in task‐associated systems can help characterize pathophysiology of AOS, cognitive impairments, and psychopathology.
Sanitation Facilities in Somali Households: Evidence From a Multilevel Analysis of the 2020 Health and Demographic Survey
Authors: Dahir Muhyadin Yusuf , Hassan Mohamed Said , Hossain Md. Moyazzem
Published: January 2025

Household sanitation facilities are vital for national development, disease prevention, and health. Despite some progress, many countries, including Somalia, cannot meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This study aims to identify the potential factors of utilising sanitation facilities in Somalia using Somalia Health and Demographic Surveys (SHDS)‐2020 data. Chi‐square test and multilevel models were employed in this study to determine the risk factors of utilising sanitation facilities. Findings revealed that about 41.35% of the respondents lived in urban areas, 46.80% of households were classified as poor, and 87.02% had no education. Several factors significantly influenced access to appropriate sanitation services, including educational level, gender of the household head, family size, and wealth status. Affluent households were 1.11 times more likely to access sanitation than poor, while female‐headed households had 1.1 times higher odds than male‐headed ones. Findings depict disparities in sanitation access among Somali households, driven by factors such as wealth, gender, and education. Targeted interventions, including financial support for poor households and empowerment initiatives for female heads, are essential. A focus on community education and infrastructure investment is crucial for improving health outcomes in Somalia.
On the Folly of Rewarding Your Version of Performance: Signaling and the Double Empathy Problem in Pay‐For‐Performance Across Neurotypes
Authors: Conroy Samantha A. , Vogus Timothy J.
Published: January 2025

As many organizations have sought to increase their neurodiversity, they have tended to focus on human resource (HR) practices and programs for increasing representation, especially of autistic employees. There has been comparatively less attention regarding HR practices that relate to sustaining employment and fostering workplace performance for autistic employees. Sustaining employment is a particular challenge because the signals sent by HR practices and the neurotypical managers implementing them are often differently interpreted by autistic employees—the double empathy problem. As the pay practices and pay‐for‐performance (PFP) systems critical to retention and career advancement have increasingly broadened beyond objective assessments of task performance to include more subjective assessments and contextual performance, the double empathy problem can worsen leading to unintended negative consequences. We draw upon signaling theory to theorize how and when PFP worsens or mitigates the double empathy problem. Specifically, we develop a model and set of propositions that posit how the attributes of signals (observability, consistency, and frequency), the resulting shared relevance of signals, their effects on behavior, and managers' subsequent interpretations of employee behavior and performance form a cycle through which performance‐reward signals tighten or loosen and, in turn, affect autistic employee well‐being and turnover. We close by discussing how our model may apply to other forms of neurodivergence and implications for future research regarding the practices, signals, and interpretations that create or inhibit environments supportive of neurodiversity.
Soil heavy metal concentrations in public parks before and 11 years following conversion to recycled water irrigation
Authors: Qian Yaling , Lin Yuhung , Davis Jessica G.
Published: January 2025

The potential for heavy metal accumulation in soils receiving recycled water irrigation has been a concern in recent years. To determine if there is any heavy metal accumulation in soil after 11 years of recycled water irrigation, we tested the heavy metal concentrations of archived soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm) collected at the commencement of recycled water irrigation and 11 years after recycled water irrigation. The samples were obtained from turfgrass areas in five parks located in Denver, CO. Heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), were extracted from soil samples using the ammonium bicarbonate‐diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid extractant and measured with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer. Results indicated that soil As and Co concentrations decreased by 50%–83% and 66%–83% after 11 years of recycled water irrigation, respectively. Soil Ni decreased at three of the five parks. At all parks, soil Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn did not show significant change. The increased soil pH under recycled water irrigation likely enhanced precipitation and adsorption of As, Co and Ni, thus reducing their plant availability. Soil heavy metal accumulation was not an environmental concern on turfgrass areas in Denver parks irrigated with the recycled water used in this experiment.
Advancements in Cartilage Tissue Engineering: A Focused Review
Authors: Welsh Breanne L. , Sikder Prabaha
Published: January 2025

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints. Most of the current treatment options for this disorder tend to focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying progression of the disease. Cartilage tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach to address the limitations of current OA treatments, aiming to regenerate cartilage and restore the natural function of affected joints. Like any other tissue engineering field, cartilage tissue engineering uses different fabrication techniques and biomaterials to develop the constructs. Numerous studies over the last few years have demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of tissue‐engineered constructs in promoting cartilage regeneration and highlight the potential of tissue‐engineered constructs as a viable therapeutic approach for OA. This paper aims to provide a focused review of advancements in tissue‐engineered constructs over the past decade. Specifically, we highlight the constructs based on natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials and the varying conventional and advanced fabrication techniques. We also highlight the challenges in state‐of‐the‐art cartilage tissue engineering that must be overcome in the upcoming years to fully replicate the complex anatomy of the native cartilage. We believe that continued collaborative research efforts among researchers from various facets of engineering and clinicians are required to advance the field of cartilage tissue engineering and become a viable OA therapy.
Antiproliferative Activity and Molecular Docking of Some Pyrazole‐Based Quinazolinone, Benzimidazole, and Tetrazinethione Derivatives
Authors: Ramadan Sayed K. , Abd‐Rabboh Hisham S. M. , Abou‐Elmagd Wael S. I.
Published: January 2025

Researchers are actively looking for novel anticancer medications because cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. A fascinating area of study in medicinal chemistry is the screening of antioxidants for novel anticancer medicines, as antioxidants have lately been used as therapeutic candidates to combat a variety of ailments in aerobic species. Additionally, pyrazole‐based heterocycle synthesis is a productive approach to the drug development process. To ascertain the molecular geometry and frontier orbital analysis, a DFT simulation of the produced compounds was conducted. Compound 7 showed the lowest energy gap and hardness, while compound 7 had the maximum softness. Therefore, a few quinazoline, benzimidazole, and tetrazinethione derivatives based on pyrazoles that were synthesized in our earlier work and exhibited antioxidant qualities were tested for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against the MCF7 and HCT116 cancer cell lines. The two cancer cell lines were most effectively inhibited by derivatives of sulfonamide and tetrazinethione. The molecular docking simulation toward CDK2 protein specified the best docking score of tetrazinethione 7 followed by sulfonamide derivative 4, compared to doxorubicin and roscovitine (kinase inhibitor). Most of the amino acids interacting with these compounds were involved in that interaction with the co‐crystallized ligand. Their favorable oral bioavailability and drug‐likeness characteristics were demonstrated by a modeling pharmacokinetics investigation. This research could help create novel antiproliferative drugs that are both efficient and selective.
Iristectorin A Ameliorates Cisplatin‐Induced Hepatorenal Injury in Mice Through Modulation of the Nrf2/HO‐1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Yalinbas‐Kaya Berrin , Tureyen Ali , Cesur Selcan , Zemheri‐Navruz Fahriye , Demirel Hasan H. , Ince Sinan
Published: January 2025

Cisplatin (CIS) is a chemotherapeutic agent frequently used in cancer treatment. However, depending on the dosage and duration of use, CIS can lead to hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Iristectorin A (IRIS), a natural flavonoid, has been found to exhibit antioxidant and protective effects. In this paper, we scrutinized the effects and molecular mechanisms of the IRIS on CIS‐induced liver and kidney damage in mice. IRIS administration alleviated CIS‐induced elevations in AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, and creatinine levels by approximately 12%, 15%, 11%, 21%, and 15%, respectively. It also inhibited liver and kidney MDA levels by approximately 29% and 28%, while enhancing liver and kidney GSH, SOD, and CAT levels by 47%–60%, 85%–70%, and 90%–55%, respectively. IRIS enhanced liver and kidney mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 (by approximately 1.6‐ and 1.5‐fold, respectively), HO‐1 (by 1.5‐ and 1.5‐fold, respectively), and Bcl‐2 (by 1.5‐ and 1.4‐fold, respectively). In addition, IRIS suppressed the mRNA expression levels of NF‐κB (by 0.7‐ and 0.7‐fold), TNF‐α (by 0.7‐ and 0.7‐fold), Bax (by 0.8‐ and 0.7‐fold), and Cas‐3 (by 0.9‐ and 0.7‐fold). Protein expression analysis revealed that IRIS increased Nrf2 (by 1.5‐ to 1.2‐fold) and Bcl‐2 levels (by 1.3‐ to 1.7‐fold), and reduced Bax (by 0.7‐ to 0.8‐fold) and Cas‐3 (by 0.8‐ and 0.8‐fold) levels altered by CIS treatment. Moreover, IRIS administration prevented histopathological changes in the liver and kidney caused by CIS. Ultimately, IRIS was found to substantially mitigate CIS‐induced hepatorenal injury by targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through regulation of the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. Therefore, IRIS holds potential as a therapeutic adjuvant in the use of CIS.
A Novel Isotropic Optical Fiber: Antimicrobial Effect of Blue Light on Drug Resistant Organisms
Authors: Goh Megan H. , Rabiner Robert A. , Connolly Joseph J. , Lozano‐Calderon Santiago A. , Chen Antonia F.
Published: January 2025

Drug‐resistant organisms (DROs) necessitate the development of new therapies. Antimicrobial blue light (ABL) is a promising option, utilizing photoexcitation of endogenous bacterial components to generate reactive oxygen species, leading to bacterial death. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a novel isotropic optical fiber under in‐vitro conditions on multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR‐Pa) and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Time‐to‐kill assays were conducted in tubes containing 10 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution with an inoculum of 1 × 10⁵ CFU/mL for MDR‐Pa or MRSA. The experiments were repeated at least three times per strain. Experimental tubes had either one (low power, LP) or two (high power, HP) optical fibers delivering five ABL wavelengths (405, 415, 435, 450, and 475 nm) over 60 min. Control tubes lacked optical fibers. Samples were taken at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, streaked on agar, and incubated to determine CFU/mL. Bactericidal reduction was defined as a ≥ 99.9% (≥ 3 log10) reduction in CFU/mL. One‐way ANOVA were conducted. The novel isotropic optical fiber was able to exhibit bactericidal effects for MDR‐Pa only under HP‐ABL with a log10CFU/mL ± SD difference of −3.71 ± 0.01 at 60 min (p = 0.03). Conversely, the optical fiber exhibited bactericidal effects on MRSA under both LP‐ABL and HP‐ABL with a log10CFU/mL±SD difference of −3.73 ± 0.08 at 60 min (p = 0.03) and −3.07 ± 0.28 at 20 min (p = 0.02), respectively. The isotropic optical fiber demonstrated bactericidal effects on MRSA and MDR‐Pa in in‐vitro studies and shows potential as a therapeutic option for DROs.