bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground‐penetrating radar and magnetic survey to the west of Al‐Zayyan Temple, Kharga Oasis, Al‐Wadi Al‐Jadeed (New Valley), Egypt
Authors: Kamei Hiroyuki , Atya Magdy Ahmed , Abdallatif Tareq Fahmy , Mori Masato , Hemthavy Pasomphone
Published: October 2002

Al‐Zayyan Temple or Qasr Al‐Zayyan might be regarded as one in a chain of several fortresses that the Romans built to secure the salver's trade caravan route between Asyut and Sudan, known as Darb Al‐Arbain. Al‐Zayyan temple lies about 25 km south of Al‐Kharga city, the capital of the New Valley, and deviates to the east of Al‐Kharga‐Paris main road some 2 km along the Al‐Zayyan‐Aarif minor road. The background information about the temple is very scarce, and even what is known is neither clear nor accurate. Some indications have ascribed it to Amenebis and that it was restored during the reign of Emperor Antoninus (AD 138–161). An integrated ground‐penetrating radar (GPR)survey using the SIR 2000 Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. (GSSI) together with magnetic survey using FM36 (GeoScan) and the three component fluxgate gradiometer TRM‐70D (Tokin) have been applied to the western side of the temple. The results show relatively large‐scale buried structures in a direction intersecting that of the present temple at about 45°. Some particular features within the structure have been speculatively ascribed on the basis of comprehending their signatures in the GPR sections. The magnetic results have improved the identification of some objects revealed by the GPR and provided ideas about some of the other features. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protoporphyrin IX photodynamic therapy for synovitis
Authors: Kirdaite Gailute , Lange Norbert , Busso Nathalie , Van Den Bergh Hubert , Kucera Pavel , So Alexander
Published: October 2002

Objective

To determine the conditions for synovial accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and photodynamic therapy (PDT)–induced synovial cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Synovial tissues were obtained from mice with antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) and incubated with different concentrations of 5‐aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester (h‐ALA), a PpIX precursor. Following photoexcitation, cell death in synovial tissues was evaluated by Sytox green fluorescence. PDT was performed after intraarticular injection of h‐ALA into the knee joints of mice with AIA, and its effect on joint inflammation was assessed by technetium scintigraphy and histology. Synovial biopsy samples were obtained from patients with osteoarthritis (OA; n = 9) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 7) and studied for PDT‐induced cytotoxicity in vitro.

Results

Conversion of h‐ALA to PpIX was observed in inflamed synovium in mice and humans. Cytotoxicity was confirmed by Sytox green staining in samples subjected to PDT. In the AIA model, injection of affected knees with h‐ALA prior to PDT led to a statistically significant reduction of joint damage in the irradiated joints. The preferential transformation of h‐ALA to PpIX in inflammatory tissues was confirmed in human synovial biopsy tissues, where RA samples showed higher tissue concentrations of PpIX following incubation with h‐ALA than did OA samples. Fluorescence microscopy showed that PpIX was localized to the synovial lining layer, endothelial cells, and macrophages and induced cell death after PDT.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that PDT based on the accumulation of PpIX in the synovial membrane may be a rational basis for photodynamic synovectomy in arthritic diseases.
Long‐term risk of mortality and lymphoproliferative disease and predictive classification of primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Ioannidis John P. A. , Vassiliou Vassilios A. , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) may lead to lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) and death in certain patients. We sought to determine the incidence and predictors of adverse long‐term outcomes to achieve a rational predictive classification of the syndrome.

Methods

Predictive modeling was performed in a cohort of 723 consecutive patients with primary SS (587 newly diagnosed [incident] cases and 136 prevalent cases).

Results

During 4,384 person‐years of followup, we recorded 39 deaths (7 due to lymphoma) and 38 diagnoses of LPD. The standardized mortality ratio was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.86–1.73) compared with the general population of Greece. In incident cases, the probability of LPD was 2.6% at 5 years and 3.9% at 10 years. Mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with low C4 levels at the first study visit (hazard ratio [HR] 4.39, 95% CI 2.18–8.83). LPD was independently predicted by the presence of parotid enlargement (HR 5.21, 95% CI 1.76–15.4), palpable purpura (HR 4.16, 95% CI 1.65–10.5), and low C4 levels (HR 2.40, 95% CI 0.99–5.83) at the first study visit. All patients who eventually developed lymphoma resulting in death during the followup period had either low C4 levels or palpable purpura at the first study visit. Training‐validation split‐cohort modeling confirmed the predictive importance of low C4 levels and palpable purpura, both of which were present in 20.9% of patients at their first visit.

Conclusions

In patients with primary SS, 1 in 5 deaths is attributable to lymphoma. The presence of palpable purpura and low C4 levels at the first visit adequately distinguishes high‐risk patients (type I primary SS) from patients with an uncomplicated disease course (type II [low‐risk] primary SS).
Analysis of the function, expression, and subcellular distribution of human tristetraprolin
Authors: Brooks Seth A. , Connolly John E. , Diegel Roger J. , Fava Roy A. , Rigby William F. C.
Published: October 2002

Objective

The zinc‐finger protein tristetraprolin (TTP) has been demonstrated to regulate tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) messenger RNA (mRNA) instability in murine macrophages. We sought to develop a model system to characterize the effects of human TTP (hTTP) on TNFα 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR)‐mediated expression. We also generated a specific polyclonal antibody against hTTP that enabled the examination of the subcellular distribution of hTTP and its RNA binding in vivo.

Methods

Transfection of reporter gene constructs were used to functionally characterize the role of hTTP in regulating TNFα expression in a 3′‐UTR‐dependent manner. An immunoprecipitation reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction technique, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and sucrose density fractionation were used to identify and localize hTTP.

Results

We found that hTTP interacted with human TNFα mRNA in the cytoplasm. The presence of the TNFα 3′‐UTR was sufficient to confer binding by TTP in vivo. This interaction resulted in reduced luciferase reporter gene activity in a TNFα 3′‐UTR adenine‐uridine‐rich element (ARE)‐dependent manner. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry indicated that endogenous and transfected hTTP localized to the cytoplasm. Results of sucrose density fractionation studies were consistent with a polysomal location of hTTP. In rheumatoid synovium, hTTP expression was restricted to cells in the synovial lining layers.

Conclusion

Through the development of an antiserum specific for hTTP, we have been able to demonstrate that hTTP binds specifically to the TNFα 3′‐UTR and reduces reporter gene expression in an ARE‐specific manner. These studies establish that hTTP is likely to function in a similar, if not identical manner, in the posttranscriptional regulation of TNFα. Understanding the posttranscriptional regulation of TNFα biosynthesis is important for the development of novel treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis.
The efficacy and safety of intraarticular corticosteroid therapy for coxitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Neidel Jasper , Boehnke Martina , Küster R. Michael
Published: October 2002

Objective

To study the efficacy and safety of intraarticular triamcinolone hexacetonide (IATH) for the treatment of coxitis in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).

Methods

Fifty consecutive patients with JRA and coxitis were studied prospectively. Forty‐eight children received IATH in 67 arthritic hips. The remaining 2 children exhibited 3 cases of femoral head necrosis (FHN) at the initial assessment and were only followed up; both were receiving long‐term systemic steroids. After a minimum of 2 years, the study was concluded with a final evaluation that included magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

In 39 of 67 hip joints (58%), remission of the coxitis for a period of 2 years was obtained through a single administration of IATH, while another 12 hip joints showed remission of coxitis after repeated TH injections (total remission rate 76%). We observed 2 patients with FHN following IATH. Both of these children were receiving long‐term systemic steroids. During the period between onset of JRA and screening assessment for this study, the children exhibited 2.4 cases of FHN per 100 patient‐years, while 1.5 cases of FHN per 100 patient‐years were observed between IATH treatment and final followup. All 5 observed cases of FHN occurred among the 20 children who received long‐term systemic steroids, while no necrosis occurred in the 30 children who did not receive systemic corticosteroids (P = 0.009 by Fisher's exact test).

Conclusion

IATH for juvenile rheumatoid coxitis was an effective treatment that did not increase the rate of FHN. Systemic steroids, however (or their covariable, severity of JRA), may increase the risk of FHN in JRA.
30,000 hits may be better than 300: Precision anomalies in Internet searches
Authors: Eastman Caroline M.
Published: October 2002

Results of searches using a variety of query formulations with several Internet search engines show that strategies intended to give narrower and more precise results may not give improvements in precision even though they result in fewer hits. Searches were performed by students in graduate information retrieval courses using different formulations for the same topic.
A model of sequential effects in common pool resource dilemmas
Authors: Budescu David V. , Au Wing Tung
Published: October 2002

Experimental games are often used as models of social dilemmas in which small groups of players have unrestricted access to, and share, a common and finite resource of desirable goods in the absence of any binding coordination mechanism. Examples are fishing, hunting, and use of computational facilities. Experimental studies of social dilemmas employ different protocols of play that differ from each other in terms of the information available to the players when they register their requests from the common resource. In this study we focus on the sequential protocol, where each participant has complete information about his or her position and the total requests of the previous movers, and the positional protocol, where each player only knows his or her position, but has no information about the other's requests. Previous research has found a robust position effect: individual requests are inversely related to the players' positions in the sequence with the first mover requesting most, and the last mover requesting the least. In an attempt to characterize the nature and intensity of the position effect, we developed and tested a descriptive model with one free (individual specific) parameter. The parameter is estimated from the players' requests under the positional protocol (i.e. in the absence of any information about the other's requests) and, as such, quantifies the social norm of ‘advantage of the early mover’. In a range of cases examined, including different group sizes, resource pool sizes, and positions, the model predicted very accurately individuals' requests in the sequential protocol (with full information about position and others' requests). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acceptance of a price discount: the role of the semantic relatedness between purchases and the comparative price format
Authors: Bonini Nicolao , Rumiati Rino
Published: October 2002

Two studies are reported where people are asked to accept or not a price reduction on a target product. In the high (low) relative saving version, the regular price of the target product is low (high). In both versions, the absolute value of the price reduction is the same as well as the total of regular prices of planned purchases. As first reported by Tversky and Kahneman (1981), findings show that the majority of people accept the price discount in the high‐relative saving version whereas the minority do it in the low one. In Study 1, findings show that the previous preference reversal disappears when planned purchases are strongly related. Also, a previously unreported preference reversal is found. The majority of people accept the price discount when the products are weakly related whereas the minority accept when the products are strongly related. In Study 2, findings show that the classic preference reversal disappears as a function of the comparative price format. Also, another previously unreported preference reversal is found. When the offered price reduction relates to a low‐priced product, people are more inclined to accept it with a control than a minimal comparative price format. Findings reported in Studies 1 and 2 are interpreted in terms of mental accounting shifts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri: from stem cells and natural tissue transplantation to issues in evolutionary ecology
Authors: Rinkevich Baruch
Published: October 2002

The urochordates, whose stem groups may have included the direct predecessors of the chordate line, serve as an excellent model group of organisms for a variety of scientific disciplines. One taxon, the botryllid ascidian, has emerged as the model system for studying allorecognition; this work has concentrated on the cosmopolitan species Botryllus schlosseri. Studies analyzing self–nonself recognition in this colonial marine organism point to three levels of allorecognition, each associated with different outcomes. The first level controls natural allogeneic rejections and fusions, in which blood‐shared chimeras are formed. The second level leads to morphological resorption of partners within chimeras while the third allows the development of somatic and germ cell parasitic events. Recent studies on multi‐chimeric entities formed in allogeneic fusions reveal evolutionary links between allorecognition, stem cell biology and ecology. Thus, the Botryllus system generates perspectives from different biological disciplines to yield a unique life history portrait. BioEssays 24:730–740, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐dimensional near‐IR correlation spectroscopy study of molten globule‐like state of ovalbumin in acidic pH region: Simultaneous changes in hydration and secondary structure
Authors: Murayama Koichi , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: October 2002

The molten globule‐like states of ovalbumin (OVA) in acid aqueous solutions are investigated by generalized two‐dimensional (2D) Fourier transform near‐IR (FT‐NIR) correlation spectroscopy. This new method allows us to explore the changes in hydration and the secondary structure simultaneously. FT‐NIR spectra are measured for OVA aqueous solutions with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt % over a pH range of 2.4–5.4. Concentration‐perturbed 2D correlation spectra are calculated for the spectra in the 4850–4200 and 7500–5350 cm−1regions at different pH values. The 2D NIR synchronous spectrum in the 4850–4200 cm−1region shows a significant change upon going from pH 5.4 to 3.6. An autopeak at 4265 cm−1that is due to a combination of a symmetric CH2stretching mode and a CH2bending mode of side chains seen at pH 5.0 disappears completely in the synchronous spectrum at pH 3.6. This suggests that some amino acid residues of OVA are subjected to microenvironmental changes with decreasing pH. More remarkable changes are observed in the synchronous spectra at pHs below 2.8. A band near 4600 cm−1arising from a combination of amide B and amide II modes (amide B/II) shifts downward with considerable broadening between pH 3.0 and 2.4, suggesting that the strength of the hydrogen bonds of amide groups of OVA changes significantly. The synchronous and asynchronous spectra in the 4850–4200 cm−1region show that the intensities of the bands attributable to amide groups and side chains of OVA and that of the band near 4800 cm−1arising from water change in phase with the increase in the concentration above pH 2.8, but they vary out of phase below pH 2.8. The 2D synchronous map in the 7500–5350 cm−1region also shows marked changes upon going from pH 2.8 to 2.6. A broad autopeak at around 6950 cm−1assigned to free water and bound water with weak hydrogen bonds becomes very weak in the synchronous spectrum at pH 2.6, while broad autopeaks around 6450 cm−1suddenly appear that are due to bound water with several hydrogen bonds and the first overtone of an NH stretching mode of the amide groups of OVA. Therefore, it is very likely that protein hydration and the hydrogen bonds of amide groups change simultaneously in a narrow pH region of 2.8–2.6. It is probably that below pH 2.6 the protein assumes a molten globule‐like state in which the whole molecule is very flexible, and side chains (but not the backbone chain) fluctuate significantly. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 394–405, 2002
Effect of biogenic amines on oxidation of farmorubicin by Fenton‐like reagents
Authors: Kruk Irena , Lichszteld Krzysztof , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dopa and catecholamines on the generation of oxygen active species during oxidation of farmorubicin by “Fenton‐like” reagents using chemiluminescent and spectrophotometric techniques. The tested catechols were found to reduce the light emission accompanying oxidation of farmorubicin by Co(II) + H2O2 and Cu(II) + H2O2 mixtures. The quenching effect was followed by their rapid oxidation to aminochromes possessing toxic activities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 421–427, 2002
Two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy and principal component analysis studies of temperature‐dependent IR spectra of cotton–cellulose
Authors: Kokot Serge , Czarnik‐Matusewicz Boguslawa , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: October 2002

The FTIR spectra were measured for raw Uplands Sicala‐V2 cotton fibers over a temperature range of 40–325°C to explore the temperature‐dependent changes in the hydrogen bonds of cellulose. These cotton–cellulose spectra exhibited complicated patterns in the 3800–2800 cm−1 region and thus were analyzed by both the exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) and two‐dimensional (2‐D) correlation spectroscopy methods. The exploratory PCA showed that the spectra separate into two groups on the basis of thermal degradation of the cotton–cellulose and the consequent breakage of intersheet H‐bonds present in its structure. Frequency variables, which strongly contributed to each principal component highlighted in its loadings plot, were linked to the frequencies assigned to vibrations of the OH groups involved in different kinds of H‐bonds, as well as to vibrations of the CH groups. Deeper insights into reorganization of the temperature‐dependent hydrogen bonding were obtained by 2‐D correlation spectroscopy. Synchronous and asynchronous spectra were analyzed in the temperature ranges of 40 to 150 and 250 to 320°C, the ranges indicated by PCA. Detailed band assignments of the OH stretching region and changes in the patterns of the hydrogen bonding network of the cotton–cellulose were proposed with the aid of the 2‐D correlation spectroscopy analysis. Below 150°C, distinctly different bands assigned to the less stable Iα and the more stable Iβ interchain H‐bonds O6H6…O3′ were observed at about 3230 and 3270 cm−1, respectively. Evaporation of water entrapped in the cellulose network was examined by means of the band at about 3610 cm−1. The cooperativity of hydrogen bonds, which play a key role in the cellulose conformation, was monitored by frequencies assigned to intrachain H‐bonds. It was possible to separate the frequencies assigned to the O2H2…O6 and O3H3…O5 intrachain H‐bonds into two separate ranges, the spread of which was controlled by the cooperativity effect. The temperature dependence of the asynchronous spectra indicated that the less stable O3H3…O5 bonds gave rise to an absorption extending from 3300 to 3384 cm−1, while the more stable O2H2…O6 bonds were characterized by the absorption between 3400 and 3470 cm−1. The final breaking of the inter‐ and intrachain H‐bonds, which occurs at the higher temperatures, was monitored by the asynchronous peaks at 3533 and 3590 cm−1, respectively. On the basis of both the exploratory PCA and 2‐D correlation spectroscopy investigations, it was possible to extract well‐defined wavenumber ranges assigned to different kinds of intra‐ and interchain hydrogen bonds, as well as to the free OH groups of the cotton–cellulose. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 456–469, 2002
The effect of ajmalicine spiking and resin addition timing on the production of indole alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus cell cultures
Authors: Lee‐Parsons Carolyn W. T. , Shuler Michael L.
Published: October 2002

The potential for the feedback inhibition of indole alkaloid synthesis was investigated by spiking suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus with 0, 9, or 18 mg/L ajmalicine on day 0. The production of ajmalicine, catharanthine, and serpentine were inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner. The inhibition was transient as the exogenous ajmalicine was ultimately either metabolized in the medium or within the cell. The addition of neutral resin has previously been shown to enhance ajmalicine production. To minimize product inhibition and product metabolism, Amberlite XAD‐7 resin was added to immobilized cultures of C. roseus starting on either day 0, 5, or 15, and fresh resin was exchanged for spent resin every 5 days. The addition of resin did not decrease the viability of the culture. Growth was reduced only in cultures with resin added on day 0. Alkaloid production was enhanced to different extents by the timing of resin addition, suggesting that feedback inhibition or product metabolism was present throughout the culture period. Ajmalicine recovery was nearly 100% when the resin was added initially either on day 0 or day 5. Ajmalicine recovery was reduced to 55% when the resin was added later in the culture period starting on day 15, presumably because of resin saturation or the inaccessibility of alkaloids trapped in the vacuole. Delaying the addition of XAD‐7 resin until 5 days after the start of the culture resulted in the highest improvement in ajmalicine production, i.e ∼70% and also resulted in the complete recovery of ajmalicine from the cell. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 408–415, 2002.
Selective recovery of lactate dehydrogenase using affinity foam
Authors: Fernandes Sheryl , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni , Mattiasson Bo
Published: October 2002

Selective isolation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from porcine muscle extract was studied using foam generated from the vigorous stirring of a non‐ionic surfactant, Triton X‐114 derivatized with Cibacron blue. The cloud point of the surfactant‐dye conjugate was higher than that of the native Triton X‐114, and also the foam prepared from the affinity surfactant was more rigid taking a longer time to collapse. The equilibrium dissociation constant between pure LDH and surfactant‐dye conjugate was 5.0 μM as compared to the value of 2.2 μM for the enzyme and free dye as measured by differential spectroscopy. The isolation procedure involved mixing of the porcine muscle extract with the affinity foam, separating and collapsing the foam, and warming the solution formed to 37°C to yield the surfactant‐dye phase and an aqueous phase containing the enzyme. The effect of surfactant concentration and protein load on enzyme recovery and purification was investigated. Under optimal conditions, LDH was quantitatively recovered with high purification factor in a very short time. Both recovery and purification were higher when foam prepared from an equivalent mixture of surfactant‐dye conjugate and unmodified surfactant was used. The selectivity of interaction between LDH and detergent‐dye conjugate was confirmed by lowered recovery when NADH was included during the binding step. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 472–480, 2002.
Use of frozen bagged seed inoculum for secondary metabolite and bioconversion processes at the pilot scale
Authors: Junker B. , Seeley A. , Lester M. , Kovatch M. , Schmitt J. , Boryscwicz S. , Lynch J. , Zhang J. , Greasham R.
Published: October 2002

Frozen bagged seed inoculum was prepared, thawed and tested for seven cultures. Thawing techniques were developed and other key influences on thawing rate were quantified; seed bag thawing without a water bath rarely required more than 4 to 5 h and was as short as 0.5 to 1 h for lower fill volume bags. Testing included growth of bagged seed as a function of bag fill volume (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.5 L), comparison of culture age at time of bagging, growth of bagged versus laboratory‐prepared seed, productivity of production cultures derived from bagged versus laboratory‐prepared seed, growth of bagged seed as a function of volume percent glycerol added at time of bagging, and growth of bagged seed as a function of frozen storage time and temperature. For each culture tested, conditions were developed such that seed tanks inoculated with bagged seed showed only minimal delay in attaining the target oxygen uptake rate (OUR) relative to seed tanks inoculated with laboratory‐prepared inoculum. Although the bag fill volume did influence culture growth in some cases, bag fill volumes required were reasonable (typically 2.0 to 3.5 L) compared with laboratory seed inoculum volumes of 2.0 L. In the most remarkable example, frozen bagged seed was prepared from a second‐stage seed‐tank cultivation of Glarca lozoyensis, then thawed and inoculated into first‐stage seed medium. It grew to the desired OUR in a similar timeframe as laboratory‐prepared inoculum inoculated into first‐stage seed medium. Thus, the frozen bagged seed replaced an existing laboratory inoculum preparation period of 7 days without an appreciable delay in either of the two subsequent seed‐tank growth stages. Furthermore, productivities were found to be comparable for bagged‐seed‐derived and laboratory‐seed‐derived production cultivations for four different fermentation processes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 628–640, 2002.
Supercritical fluid extraction of a lignocellulosic hydrolysate of spruce for detoxification and to facilitate analysis of inhibitors
Authors: Persson Per , Larsson Simona , Jönsson Leif J. , Nilvebrant Nils‐Olof , Sivik Björn , Munteanu Florentina , Thörneby Lars , Gorton Lo
Published: October 2002

This work describes a novel approach to detoxify lignocellulosic hydrolysates and facilitate the analysis of inhibitory compounds, namely supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The efficiency of the fermentation of lignocellulosic dilute‐acid hydrolysates depends upon the composition of the hydrolysate and the organism used. Furthermore, it has been shown that inhibitors in the hydrolysate reduce the fermentation yield. This knowledge has given rise to the need to identify and remove the inhibiting compounds. Sample clean‐up or work‐up steps, to provide a clean and concentrated sample for the analytical system, facilitate the characterization of inhibitors, or indeed any compound in the hydrolysates. Removal of inhibitors was performed with countercurrent flow supercritical fluid extraction of liquid hydrolysates. Three different groups of inhibitors (furan derivatives, phenolic compounds, and aliphatic acids) and sugars were subsequently analyzed in the hydrolysate, extracted hydrolysate, and extract. The effect of the SFE treatment was examined with respect to fermentability with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Not only did the extraction provide a clean and concentrated sample (extract) for analysis, but also a hydrolysate with increased fermentability as well as lower concentrations of inhibitors such as phenolics and furan derivatives. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 694–700, 2002.
A memorial review of Jay Bailey's contribution in prokaryotic metabolic engineering
Authors: Hatzimanikatis Vassily , Liao James C.
Published: October 2002

When mentioning prokaryotic metabolic engineering, most people will immediately think of Jay Bailey. Jay's contribution to this fast‐growing field is evident and familiar to many. Therefore, instead of a detailed technical review, we attempt in this article to summarize his contribution and dissect reasons for his success in this area from a standpoint of one of his former students (VH) and of a colleague in the field (JCL). This short review is by no means complete and provides only a partial view of Jay's contribution to the metabolic engineering of prokaryotes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 504–508, 2002.
Analysis of fermentation processes using flow microfluorometry: Single‐parameter observations of batch bacterial growth
Authors: Fazel‐Madjlessi Jila , Bailey J. E.
Published: October 2002

The laser flow microfluorometer (FMF) can determine the amounts of certain components in single cells at sample rates of several thousand cells per second. This technique has been employed to characterize Bacillus subtilis populations in batch fermentations with different inocula. Protein and nucleic acid distributions obtained by FMF analyses at different times during the batch have been decomposed using an optimized fit of summed subpopulation distributions. The results of these decomposition calculations, some of which have been approximately confirmed by independent microscopic observations, indicate that the relative numbers of single rods, cell chains, spores, and swollen rounded cells change dramatically during the entire fermentation including the stationary phase. The dynamics of these subpopulations may be related to secondary metabolite production. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 532–538, 2002.
Disability versus futility in rationing health care services: defining medical futility based on permanent unconsciousness—PVS, coma, and anencephaly
Authors: Batavia Andrew I.
Published: October 2002

All societies must ration health care services in the face of unlimited demand. The concept of medical futility may appear to be an uncontroversial means by which to ration services. Depending upon how it is applied, however, limiting services based on alleged medical futility may violate prohibitions against disability‐based discrimination. In particular, use of medical futility to require removal of life‐sustaining interventions has been held to violate the Americans with Disabilities Act. The ADA protects both people with disabilities who are conscious and people in unconscious states, such as permanent vegetative state (PVS), coma, and anencephaly. Ultimately, as the number of people in permanently unconscious states increases, our society will have to recognize that consciousness is an essential characteristic defining human beings and determining whether a legal right to unlimited life‐sustaining intervention should apply. This article proposes to define medical futility to preclude life‐sustaining interventions after a stated period of permanent unconsciousness and to redefine the end of life consistently as neocortical death. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tibiofemoral angle in Malawians
Authors: Igbigbi P.S. , Msamati B.C.
Published: October 2002

We determined the tibiofemoral angle from 323 unilateral radiographs of the knee joint in adult black Malawians, comprising 219 males and 104 females, aged 18–55 years. The mean tibiofemoral angle in males was 174.14 with a standard deviation (SD) of 3.47° and, in females, 174.46 SD 4.30°. The range of the angle for both genders was 164–185°. There was no significant difference in the angle between male and female Malawian subjects (P > 0.1). The results showed ethnic differences from Caucasian values (often quoted in standard textbooks of anatomy and orthopedics) and did not show the sexual dimorphism seen in Caucasian subjects. Comparison of the results with those in Nigerians and East Africans demonstrated regional and country‐to‐country variations. The clinical importance of the angle in the diagnosis and management of valgus and varus deformities is stressed for practicing orthopedic surgeons. Clin. Anat. 15:293–296, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sympathetic fiber origin of the superior laryngeal nerve and its branches: An anatomic study
Authors: Furlan Julio C.
Published: October 2002

An anatomic study of 50 fresh adult human cadavers was carried out to classify the nervous anastomoses between the ipsilateral cervical sympathetic chain (CSC)/superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCSG) and the superior laryngeal nerve with its branches (SLNwb). Following the pattern of a prospective randomized study, the necks were dissected bilaterally to identify the SLNwb, CSC and SCSG. The nervous connections between the CSC/SCSG and the SLNwb were grouped according to Sun and Chang's (1991, Surg. Radiol. Anat. 13:175–180) types as well as according to a new classification, tie, based on the location and number of connections between the CSC/SCSG and the SLNwb. Connections between the CSC/SCSG and the SLNwb were found in 95 of 100 dissections. According to our tie classification, the results demonstrated that the en was the most frequent tie group in the sample (59%), followed by tn (15%), inen (11%), tnen (8%), no nervous anastomosis (5%), and in (2%), where t, i, e represent nervous connections between the CSC/SCSG and the trunk, external branch, and internal branch of the SLN, respectively, and n represents the number of connections. Therefore, the nervous communications between the CSC/SCSG and the SLNwb were frequent and could easily be classified by the origin and number of nervous connections. Although their physiologic role remains unclear, the SLNwb may be an important pathway for nerve fibers from the CSC/SCSG to reach the larynx. Clin. Anat. 15:271–275, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet inhibition with tirofiban early during percutaneous coronary intervention: Dosing revisited
Authors: Lakkis Nasser , Lakiss Nada , Bobek Jeremy , Farmer John
Published: October 2002

Platelet inhibition is central to the efficacy of the intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors. Differences in the degree of platelet inhibition achieved with these agents may account for the disparity in clinical efficacy noted in recently completed clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ex vivo platelet inhibition with tirofiban in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome and who were referred for percutaneous coronary interventions. Twenty‐five patients were studied. Ten patients received tirofiban 10 μg/kg bolus and 0.15 μg/kg infusion for 16 hr. Platelet inhibition was determined at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after tirofiban, by light transmission aggregometry (LTA), rapid platelet function assay (RPFA), and platelet works (PW). The average platelet inhibition using RPFA with PPACK, was 87% at 5 min, then decreased to a nadir of 72% at 30 min and recovered back to > 80% at 60 min and onward. Similar trends were noted with RPFA‐citrate, PW, and LTA. Ca‐chelating anticoagulants (EDTA and citrate) overestimated platelet inhibition at all time points. Dose adjustment was done by increasing the bolus (15 μg/kg) in five patients, increasing the maintenance dose (0.2 μg/kg/min) in five patients, and increasing both the bolus and the maintenance dose in another five patients. Platelet inhibition tested by all the above methods was consistently over 90% when both the bolus and maintenance doses were increased. No increased incidence of major bleeding was noted at this adjusted dose. The current dosing of tirofiban may be inadequate to achieve appropriate platelet inhibition during PCI in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome and receiving tirofiban immediately before the procedure in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Dose adjustment may be needed to maximize platelet inhibition early during PCI. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:474–477. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new intracoronary measurement catheter, MetriCath, compared to intravascular ultrasound and quantitative coronary angiography in a stented porcine coronary model
Authors: van der Giessen Willem J. , Carlier Stephane G. , Regar Evelyn , van Beusekom Heleen M.M. , Foley David P. , de Feyter Pim J. , Verdouw Pieter D. , Boersma Eric , Wolthuis Roger , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare measurements by MetriCath to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). The MetriCath system consists of a low‐pressure (200 mm Hg) balloon catheter connected to a pressure transducer and infusion pump linked to a computer that records pressure‐volume curves. Cross‐sectional area of blood vessels is obtained directly from the unrestrained and in‐stent pressure‐volume measurements. We compared stent cross‐sectional area measurements by MetriCath, IVUS, and QCA in a porcine stented coronary artery model. Comparison of area measurements in 14 stents showed no significant differences between the three methods (P = 0.66). On average, values differed 0.37 ± 0.60 mm2 between MetriCath and QCA, 0.13 ± 0.55 mm2 between MetriCath and IVUS, and 0.22 ± 0.80 mm2 between IVUS and QCA. This corresponds to 6.2% ± 10%, 3.0% ± 9.0%, and 3.1% ± 12.9% relative difference from the average of two corresponding measurements. Linear regression analysis showed excellent correlation between measurements (r = 0.99 for all comparisons). The differences in in‐stent area measurements between MetriCath and both QCA and IVUS were small. Considering the ease and rapidity of obtaining MetriCath results, this technique may form an alternative to the others in evaluating stent expansion. Based on these findings, clinical evaluation seems warranted. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:2–9. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary artery stents: Evaluating new designs for contemporary percutaneous intervention
Authors: Kandzari David E. , Tcheng James E. , Zidar James P.
Published: October 2002

Intracoronary stents have markedly improved the short‐ and long‐term safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention by improving acute gains in luminal dimensions, decreasing abrupt vessel occlusion, and reducing restenosis. At present, nearly 90% of all coronary interventions involve stenting. A variety of advances in stent technology and design have expanded the clinical application of stenting to include complex coronary lesions, multivessel disease, and small‐diameter vessels. In addition, the development of stents as drug delivery systems for antithrombotic or antiproliferative agents has the potential to expand the role of coronary stenting, and early clinical experience appears promising. The purpose of this review is to describe recent developments in stent design, examine the results of clinical trials of contemporary stents, and present future directions for investigation of new stent technologies. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:562–576. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stent design‐related coronary artery remodeling and patterns of neointima formation following self‐expanding and balloon‐expandable stent implantation
Authors: König Andreas , Schiele Thomas M. , Rieber Johannes , Theisen Karl , Mudra Harald , Klauss Volker
Published: October 2002

The self‐expanding Wallstent (WS) and balloon‐expandable Palmaz‐Schatz stents (PS) display different mechanical and dynamical stent properties. We analyzed the impact of the respective stent design on coronary wall geometry using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) measurements. Serial measurements were performed within the stent and within reference segments of 50 patients (25 WS, 25 PS). Relative changes for each parameter in both stent designs were calculated (Mann‐Whitney U‐test; 95% CI). The luminal net gain in WS was not significantly higher in WS compared with PS (1.63 ± 1.11 vs. 1.44 ± 0.63 mm; P = 0.2554). The respective loss indexes were also similar (0.38 ± 0.42 vs. 0.36 ± 0.23; P = 0.8578). The WS segments showed significant postinterventional stent expansion with positive vessel remodeling. The neointima formation was significantly higher in WS segments (4.23 ± 2.07 vs. 2.22 ± 2.22 mm2). The coronary wall morphology and stent geometry after 6.5 ± 1.2 months are related to the stent design. In WS segments, the neointima formation was balanced by postinterventional stent expansion, resulting in a comparable relative lumen loss in both stent types. The respective stent design had no impact on the vessel reference segments. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:478–486. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm mimicking a deep venous thrombosis following cardiac catheterization
Authors: Gauthier Gregory M. , Dieter Robert S.
Published: October 2002

Access site pseudoaneurysms are uncommon but well‐known complications of cardiac catheterization. We report the first known case of a pseudoaneurysm mimicking the presentation of a deep venous thrombosis by causing extrinsic compression of the venous system. The patient had complete resolution of the pseudoaneurysm and his symptoms following treatment with ultrasound‐guided percutaneous thrombin injection. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:75–78. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring complex interactions in designed data using GEMANOVA. Color changes in fresh beef during storage
Authors: Bro Rasmus , Jakobsen Marianne
Published: October 2002

Data from a severely reduced experimental design are investigated in order to obtain detailed information on important factors affecting the changes in quality of meat during storage under different conditions. It is possible to model the response, meat color, using traditional ANOVA (analysis of variance) techniques, but the exploratory and explanatory value of this model is somewhat restricted owing to the number of factors and the fact that several interactions exist. For those reasons, it is not possible to visualize the model in a simple way and therefore not possible to have a clear overview of the total variation in the data. Using a recently suggested alternative to traditional analysis of variance, GEMANOVA (generalized multiplicative ANOVA), it is possible to analyze the data effectively and obtain a more interpretable solution that enables a simple overview of the whole sampling domain. Whereas traditional analysis of variance typically seeks a model with main effects and as few and simple interactions and cross‐products as possible, the GEMANOVA model seeks to describe the data primarily by means of higher‐order interactions, albeit in a straightforward way. The two approaches are thus complementary. It is shown that the GEMANOVA model is simple to interpret, primarily because the GEMANOVA structure is in agreement with the nature of the data. It is shown that the GEMANOVA model used is mathematically unique, which leads to attractive simplified ways of interpreting the model. The results presented are the first published results where the GEMANOVA model is not simply equivalent to an ordinary PARAFAC model, thus taking full advantage of the additional structural power of GEMANOVA. A new algorithm for fitting the GEMANOVA model is developed and is available from the authors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of chirality and optical purity in nucleic acid recognition by PNA and PNA analogs
Authors: Sforza Stefano , Galaverna Gianni , Dossena Arnaldo , Corradini Roberto , Marchelli Rosangela
Published: October 2002

Peptide nucleic acids are DNA mimics able to form duplexes with complementary DNA or RNA strands of remarkable affinity and selectivity. Oligopyrimidine PNA can displace one strand of dsDNA by forming PNA2:DNA triplexes of very high stability. Many PNA analogs have been described in recent years, in particular, chiral PNA analogs. In the present article the results obtained recently using PNA derived fromN‐aminoethylamino acids7are illustrated. In particular, the dependence of optical purity on synthetic methodologies and a rationale for the observed effects of chirality on DNA binding ability is proposed. Chirality as a tool for improving sequence selectivity is also described. PNA analogs derived from D‐ or L‐ornithine8were also found to be subjected to epimerization during solid phase synthesis. Modification of the coupling conditions or the use of a submonomeric strategy greatly reduced epimerization. The optically pure oligothymine PNAs8were found to bind to RNA by forming triplexes of unusual CD spectra. The melting curves of these adducts presented two transitions, suggesting a conformational change followed by melting at high temperature. Chirality 14:591–598, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective plasma protein binding of bimoclomol
Authors: Visy Júlia , Fitos Ilona , Mády György , Ürge László , Krajcsi Péter , Simonyi Miklós
Published: October 2002

The binding of bimoclomol enantiomers to human plasma, its components, as well as to plasma from monkey, dog, rat, and mouse was investigated by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis. The considerably stronger binding of the (−)‐(S)‐enantiomer found in human plasma is due to the alpha1‐acid glycoprotein (AAG) component. The binding parameters for AAG (nRKR = 1.3 × 104 M−1 and nSKS = 1.0 × 105 M−1) revealed high enantioselectivity, while the binding to human serum albumin was found to be weak (nK = 5 × 103 M−1) and not stereoselective. (−)‐(S)‐Bimoclomol was extensively displaced in the presence of specific marker ligands for the “FIS” subfraction of human AAG. Comparative binding studies indicated considerable differences between plasma of the five species investigated. Chirality 14:638–642, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinearity in optical resolution via distillation applying mixtures of resolving agents
Authors: Markovits Imre , Egri Gabriella , Fogassy Elemér
Published: October 2002

During an optical resolution it is the resolving agent that has the strongest influence on the outcome of the process. Applying a mixture of resolving agents can result either in antagonism or in synergy. We found that using mixtures of tartaric acid and its derivatives chiral selectivity is at least the same, but in several cases markedly better (synergistic effect), than the sum of the effect of the individual resolving agents. Thus, the “Dutch method,” reported for the crystallization method, also works for distillation. A calculation method is applied for measuring the synergistic effect. Interestingly, an individually inactive resolving agent can be a useful contributor to the mixture of the resolving agents. Chirality 14:674–676, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paramagnetic constraints: An aid for quick solution structure determination of paramagnetic metalloproteins
Authors: Bertini Ivano , Luchinat Claudio , Parigi Giacomo
Published: October 2002

Paramagnetism‐based constraints for the solution structure determination of metal‐containing proteins are introduced and analyzed theoretically to emphasize the amount of information that they contain. They are the relaxation rates, contact shifts, pseudocontact shifts, self‐orientation residual dipolar couplings and, cross correlations between Curie relaxation and dipolar relaxation. Computational strategies are discussed and examples are provided to show the effective impact of such constraints in real life. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 259–286, 2002.