bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology and Professional Development
Authors: Hubbard Philip
Published: March 2017

Professional development for ESOL teachers involves two areas: reviewing and refining existing skill and knowledge bases and expanding into new areas. The increasing integration of technology into language teaching and learning requires this process to take on new importance as technology permeates the daily lives of students and other areas of education as well as the settings in which learners will use English as it is acquired. This entry emphasizes the importance of technology skills for language teachers and makes a case for why continuing professional development in this area is so vital, requiring teachers to assimilate to a culture of constant change. It then offers a description of processes and resources currently available with the caveat that these too will change rapidly.
Origin of Anisotropic Photoluminescence in Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Nanodots
Authors: Jing Pengtao , Han Dong , Li Di , Zhou Ding , Zhang Ligong , Zhang Hong , Shen Dezhen , Qu Songnan
Published: March 2017

Because of the origin of anisotropic photoluminescence (PL) in carbon nanodots (CDots) is unclear, which greatly hampers precisely controlling their luminescence properties and relevant applications. Here, the anisotropic PL in heteroatom‐doped CDots using polarization‐dependent femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and computational simulation is studied. Anisotropic absorption and stimulated emission of CDots are observed in different solvents. Solvent effect on solvation relaxation is observed for CDots in different solvents, reflecting the dipole–dipole interaction between CDots and polar solvent molecules. Depolarization process is observed not only dependent on solvent viscosity but also related to the proton donation capability of solvent. The experimental and computational results reveal the anisotropic PL of CDots originate from neither intrinsic nor extrinsic states, but originates from n–π* transition of a hybrid state, in which the highest occupied molecular orbital is localized at dopant atoms, such as pyridinic N and carbonyl O, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is delocalized over graphene‐like domain.
Ultrafast Exciton‐to‐Polaron Conversion in Densely Packed Small Organic Semiconducting Molecules
Authors: Kozlov Oleg V. , Luponosov Yuriy N. , Solodukhin Alexander N. , Flament Bruno , Olivier Yoann , Lazzaroni Roberto , Cornil Jérôme , Ponomarenko Sergei A. , Pshenichnikov Maxim S.
Published: March 2017

In the rapidly developing field of organic photovoltaics, the material design and device engineering are key factors that eventually determine the device efficiency. Design of the active layer material and intermolecular interactions largely determine the efficiency of organic solar cells. In this study, the authors discuss ultrafast photophysics of four star‐shaped molecules (SSMs) as benchmark materials with time‐resolved photoinduced absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy as experimental tools. The authors show that efficient exciton‐to‐charge conversion occurs in SSM films even without an external acceptor. This results in the lowering of the Coulomb binding between intermolecular electron–hole polaron pairs which, in turn, can lead to an increased open‐circuit voltage. The findings suggest that promoting intermolecular interactions in films of small organic molecules is one of the pathways to highly efficient organic solar cells.
Synthesis of Quinoline N‐Oxides by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Annulation of Arylnitrones and Alkynes
Authors: Liu Yue , Wang Chen , Lv Ningning , Liu Zhanxiang , Zhang Yuhong
Published: March 2017

A new and straightforward protocol for the synthesis of quinoline N‐oxides from the annulation of arylnitrones and alkynes is described. For the first time, a [4+2] cyclization of nitrone and alkynes has been achieved by cobalt catalysis via a nitrone‐assisted dual C–H cleavage under relatively mild conditions.

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Modeling study of oxygen permeation through an electronically short‐circuited YSZ‐based asymmetric hollow fiber membrane
Authors: Jin Yun , Meng Xiuxia , Yang Naitao , Meng Bo , Sunarso Jaka , Liu Shaomin
Published: March 2017

Here, oxygen fluxes through an electronically short‐circuited asymmetric Ag‐YSZ|YSZ|LSM‐YSZ hollow fiber prepared via a combined spinning and sintering route were tested and correlated to an explicit oxygen permeation model. The average oxygen permeation through such asymmetric hollow fiber with a 27 μm‐thick YSZ dense layer reached 0.52 mL (STP) cm−2 min−1 at 1173 K. From the model results, we can obtain the characteristic thickness, the effects of the temperature, and the effect of He sweep gas flow rate to the individual step contribution. The oxygen partial pressure variation in the permeate side, the local oxygen flux, and the three‐different resistance distribution along the axial direction of the asymmetric hollow fiber are theoretically studied; providing guidelines to further improve the membrane performance for oxygen separation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3491–3500, 2017
How much impact do gains in height have on shoulder breadths within Taiwanese families?
Authors: Floyd Bruce
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This study investigates allometric changes in shoulder breadths relative to changes in stature arising from rapidly changing developmental circumstances within 107 Taiwanese families. It speaks to broader issues related to the extent of phenotypic plasticity of body breadths humans are capable of in response to reductions in developmental stressors.

Methods

An examination of relationships between shoulder breadth and height within individuals in each generation was followed by evaluation of patterns of difference between same‐sex parent–offspring pairs in height and shoulder breadth.

Results

Height was similarly positively correlated with shoulder breadth within fathers, mothers, sons, and daughters (P ≤ 0.002). Variance accounted for ranged from an adjusted R2 of 0.201 among fathers to 0.151 for sons, with mothers' and daughters' values being 0.187 and 0.181, respectively. Comparisons of differences within families indicate that parents who were shorter than their same‐sex offspring also tended to have modestly narrower biacromial breadths (father–son pairs: adjusted R2 = 0.112; t = 2.82, P = .007; mother–daughter pairs: adjusted R2 = 0.135; t = 2.97, P = 0.005).

Conclusions

Taken as a whole, results here support the view that secular changes in stature are not accompanied by similar changes in body breadths, perhaps so that responses to developmental environmental improvements do not alter thermoregulatory equilibria that reflect long‐term evolutionary processes. These results indirectly constrain plausible hypotheses about how ancestors of Austronesian speakers altered their body size and shape as they voyaged to Fiji, Western Polynesia, and beyond.
An empirical evaluation of camera trapping and spatially explicit capture‐recapture models for estimating chimpanzee density
Authors: Després‐Einspenner Marie‐Lyne , Howe Eric J. , Drapeau Pierre , Kühl Hjalmar S.
Published: March 2017

Empirical validations of survey methods for estimating animal densities are rare, despite the fact that only an application to a population of known density can demonstrate their reliability under field conditions and constraints. Here, we present a field validation of camera trapping in combination with spatially explicit capture‐recapture (SECR) methods for enumerating chimpanzee populations. We used 83 camera traps to sample a habituated community of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)of known community and territory size in Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, and estimated community size and density using spatially explicit capture‐recapture models. We aimed to: (1) validate camera trapping as a means to collect capture‐recapture data for chimpanzees; (2) validate SECR methods to estimate chimpanzee density from camera trap data; (3) compare the efficacy of targeting locations frequently visited by chimpanzees versus deploying cameras according to a systematic design; (4) evaluate the performance of SECR estimators with reduced sampling effort; and (5) identify sources of heterogeneity in detection probabilities. Ten months of camera trapping provided abundant capture‐recapture data. All weaned individuals were detected, most of them multiple times, at both an array of targeted locations, and a systematic grid of cameras positioned randomly within the study area, though detection probabilities were higher at targeted locations. SECR abundance estimates were accurate and precise, and analyses of subsets of the data indicated that the majority of individuals in a community could be detected with as few as five traps deployed within their territory. Our results highlight the potential of camera trapping for cost‐effective monitoring of chimpanzee populations.
Synthesis of Azanucleosides by Anodic Oxidation in a Lithium Perchlorate–Nitroalkane Medium and Diversification at the 4′‐Nitrogen Position
Authors: Shoji Takao , Kim Shokaku , Chiba Kazuhiro
Published: March 2017

Azanucleosides, in which the 4′‐oxygen atom has been replaced with a nitrogen atom, have drawn much attention owing to their anticancer and antivirus activity, and tolerance towards nucleases. However, the traditional synthetic strategy requires multiple steps and harsh conditions, thereby limiting the structural and functional diversity of the products. Herein we describe the synthesis of azanucleosides by an electrochemical reaction in a lithium perchlorate–nitroethane medium, followed by postmodification at the 4′‐N position. N‐Acryloyl prolinol derivatives were converted into azanucleosides by anodic activation of the N‐α‐C−H bond. Moreover, the use of nitroethane instead of nitromethane lowered the oxidation potential of the N‐acryloyl prolinols and increased the Faradic yield. The prepared azanucleosides were efficiently functionalized at the 4′‐N‐acryloyl group with a lipophilic alkanethiol and a fluorescent dye by conjugate addition and olefin cross‐metathesis, respectively.
Synthesis and properties of novel fluorescent‐tagged polyacrylate‐based scale inhibitors
Authors: Popov Konstantin , Oshchepkov Maxim , Kamagurov Semen , Tkachenko Sergey , Dikareva Julia , Rudakova Galina
Published: March 2017

The two fluorescent monomers N‐allyl‐4‐methoxy‐1,8‐naphtalimide (F1) and N‐allyl‐2‐(6‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐3H‐xanthen‐9‐yl)benzamide (N‐allylamidefluorescein, F2) have been synthesized and then conjugated to either polyacrylate (PAA) or to a co‐polymer of fumaric and acrylic acids (MA‐AA) to give four novel fluorescent‐tagged antiscalants: nonbiodegradable PAA‐F1, PAA‐F2 and biodegradable MA‐AA‐F1, MA‐AA‐F2. All four reagents demonstrate the fluorescence intensity suitable for inhibitors monitoring with a detection limit within 0.40 mg dm−3. A good linear relationship between antiscalant fluorescent intensity and its dosage is detected. PAA‐F1, PAA‐F2, MA‐AA‐F1, and MA‐AA‐F2 can be used for corresponding scale inhibitor content on‐line measurement. For some antiscalants, the fluorescence is found to be dependent on the background heavy metal ions normally present in the cooling water. This effect is explained by the corresponding complexes formation. PAA‐F1, PAA‐F2, MA‐AA‐F1, and MA‐AA‐F2 revealed a good antiscaling activity toward CaCO3 and CaSO4 deposition, comparable with that one of commercial polyacrylates. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45017.
A novel high‐flux thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane modified by polysaccharide supramolecular assembly
Authors: Raval Hiren D. , Gondaliya MayurKumar D.
Published: March 2017

Thin film composite reverse osmosis (TFC RO) membrane is widely used in desalination and water reuse applications. With increasing capacity of Reverse Osmosis desalination all over the world, the increasing green‐house gas emission for the required power is a cause of concern. TFC RO membrane is composed of the top polyamide layer over which, the linear polysaccharide such as chitosan can bind after activating the surface with oxidizing agent. The present paper analyzes the novel protocol of controlled oxidation of TFC RO membrane by exposing the same to potassium per sulfate with varying concentration of chitosan followed by sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite followed by potassium per sulfate with varying concentration of chitosan. The optimum performance was obtained when TFC RO membrane was exposed to 1% potassium persulfate with 1000 mg/L chitosan solution followed by 1000 mg/L sodium hypochlorite. Reversing order of the treatment resulted in the decline in permeance of the membrane. The reason of improvement in permeance is super‐hydrophilic surface formed by oxidation of chitosan over polyamide surface. Thus, this article demonstrates the novel protocol of significantly improving the flux of TFC RO membrane and thereby reducing the energy consumption. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45026.
Development of multiwalled‐carbon‐nanotube‐welded carbon fibers and evaluation of the interfacial strength in epoxy composites
Authors: Hu Yu Fei , Wang Biao , Zhang Xue Na , Zhang Jian , Zhu Jin
Published: March 2017

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)‐welded carbon fibers (CFs) were prepared by a three‐step process, which included polyacrylonitrile (PAN) coating, MWCNT absorption, and heat treatment. The structure of these materials was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The MWCNTs were uniformly assembled on the surface of the PAN‐coated CFs and welded by a PAN‐based carbon layer after heat treatment. The contact angle of the MWCNT‐welded CFs in the epoxy resins was 41.70°; this was 22.35% smaller than that of the unsized CFs. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the MWCNT‐welded CF–epoxy composite was 83.15 MPa; this was 28.89% higher than that of the unsized CF–epoxy composite. The increase in the IFSS was attributed to the enhancement of adhesions between the CFs and polymer matrix through the welding of the MWCNTs on the CFs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45027.
Short‐term results of alcohol septal ablation as a bail‐out strategy to treat severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after transcatheter mitral valve replacement in patients with severe mitral annular calcification
Authors: Guerrero Mayra , Wang Dee Dee , Himbert Dominique , Urena Marina , Pursnani Amit , Kaddissi Georges , Iyer Vijay , Salinger Michael , Chakravarty Tarun , Greenbaum Adam , Makkar Raj , Vahanian Alec , Feldman Ted , O'Neill William
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the outcomes of the early experience of percutaneous alcohol septal ablation in patients with severe left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction post transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR).

Background

Severe LVOT obstruction with hemodynamic compromise is a complication of TMVR associated with high mortality. Percutaneous alcohol septal ablation has recently been described as a therapeutic option in this setting.

Methods

Multicenter retrospective review of clinical outcomes of patients undergoing alcohol septal ablation to treat LVOT obstruction after TMVR for severe mitral stenosis with severe mitral annular calcification.

Results

Six patients underwent percutaneous alcohol septal ablation to treat LVOT obstruction post‐TMVR at six different centers. Five patients had immediate significant reduction in LVOT obstruction with improvement in hemodynamic status while one had persistent LVOT gradient but hemodynamic instability improved. The first patient died on postoperative day 4 due to complete heart block. One patient had initial improvement in LVOT gradient with recurrence on postoperative day 1 thought to be secondary to septal edema, was treated with surgical removal of the transcatheter valve and resection of the anterior mitral leaflet followed by transatrial TMVR and died 3 weeks later due to multi‐organ failure. The remaining four patients improved clinically after alcohol septal ablation, were discharged from the hospital and were clinically stable at 30‐day follow‐up.

Conclusions

Percutaneous alcohol ablation provides acute relief of TMVR‐induced LVOT obstruction when septal hypertrophy is a contributing factor. This may be a safer alternative to bail‐out surgery in this extremely high‐risk patient population. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2‐(Pyridinium‐1‐yl)‐1,1‐bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)ethan‐1‐ide: A Practical Reagent for Synthesis of Strongly Acidic 1,1‐Bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)alkanes
Authors: Yanai Hikaru , Takahashi Ryuta , Takahashi Yoichi , Kotani Akira , Hakamata Hideki , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: March 2017

On mixing (RfSO2)2CH2 (Rf=perfluoroalkyl), paraformaldehyde, and substituted pyridines, a three‐component reaction proceeded smoothly to give unusual zwitterions bearing both pyridinium and stabilized carbanion moieties in good to excellent yields. Of these, 2‐fluoropyridinium derivatives rapidly dissociated in acetonitrile to give equilibrium mixtures of the zwitterions and (RfSO2)2C=CH2/2‐fluoropyridine, as confirmed by detailed variable‐temperature NMR studies. The dynamic behavior of such 2‐fluoropyridinium compounds allows them to be used as shelf‐stable, easy‐to‐handle sources of (RfSO2)2C=CH2. With these reagents, strongly acidic carbon acids (RfSO2)2CHR were synthesized, which served as a new type of acid catalysts. Moreover, C−C bond‐forming reactions with a ketene silyl acetal proceeded efficiently with Tf2C=CH2 generated in situ.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Chiral Triazole‐Based Halogen‐Bond Donors: Halogen Bonds in the Solid State and in Solution
Authors: Kaasik Mikk , Kaabel Sandra , Kriis Kadri , Järving Ivar , Aav Riina , Rissanen Kari , Kanger Tõnis
Published: March 2017

A general platform for the synthesis of various chiral halogen‐bond (XB) donors based on the triazole core and the characterisation of factors that influence the strength of the halogen bond in the solid state and in solution are reported. The characterisation of XB donors in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography and in solution by 1H NMR titration can be used to aid the design of new XB donors. We describe the first example of a XB between iodotriazoles and thioureas in solution. In addition, the enantiodiscrimination of acceptors in solution through halogen‐bond participation is described.
On the Importance of π‐Hole Beryllium Bonds: Theoretical Study and Biological Implications
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio
Published: March 2017

In this study, the ability of beryllium compounds to establish π‐hole bonding interactions has been evaluated at the RI‐MP2/def2‐TZVPD level of theory. A search of the Protein Data Bank revealed some X‐ray crystal structures in which BeF3− moieties act as electron‐acceptor entities. We have used [Mg(BeF3)(HCOO)] (1) as a π‐hole bond donor and CO, CH3CN, NH3, O(CH3)2, S(CH3)2, H3PO, and glycine as electron‐rich entities. In all cases, favorable binding energies were obtained, reflecting the attractive nature of the interaction involving the trivalent beryllium atom (‐BeF3 moiety). In addition, we have used Bader's theory of “atoms in molecules” and noncovalent interaction (NCI) plot analysis to further investigate and characterize the π‐hole complexes described herein. To the best of our knowledge, π‐hole interactions involving beryllium have not hitherto been described in the literature.
Breaking the Dogma of Aldolase Specificity: Simple Aliphatic Ketones and Aldehydes are Nucleophiles for Fructose‐6‐phosphate Aldolase
Authors: Roldán Raquel , Sanchez‐Moreno Israel , Scheidt Thomas , Hélaine Virgil , Lemaire Marielle , Parella Teodor , Clapés Pere , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter , Guérard‐Hélaine Christine
Published: March 2017

d‐Fructose‐6‐phosphate aldolase (FSA) was probed for extended nucleophile promiscuity by using a series of fluorogenic substrates to reveal retro‐aldol activity. Four nucleophiles ethanal, propanone, butanone, and cyclopentanone were subsequently confirmed to be non‐natural substrates in the synthesis direction using the wild‐type enzyme and its D6H variant. This exceptional widening of the nucleophile substrate scope offers a rapid entry, in good yields and high stereoselectivity, to less oxygenated alkyl ketones and aldehydes, which was hitherto impossible.
Biosynthesized Gold/Activated Carbon Catalyst for Aerobic Glucose Oxidation: Influence of Acid Treatment on Activated Carbon
Authors: Lu Fenfen , Xu Yan , Jiang Xia , Sun Daohua , Li Qingbiao
Published: March 2017

The biosynthesized gold/activated carbon catalysts for glucose oxidation were prepared with Cacumen platycladi leaves extract, and activated carbon (AC) was modified with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid to modify its surface chemistry and used as supports. The catalysts with acid‐treated AC exhibited improving activity for the selective oxidation of glucose, when compared to that with untreated one. In order to investigate the influence of the acid treatment for the catalysts performance, the surface chemical properties of AC were characterized by Brunauer‐ Emmett‐Teller surface area characterization, Boehm titration, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The dispersion of AuNPs on AC was observed by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The results indicated that the catalysts with acid treated supports showed improved dispersion than that of untreated one, which may be the result that the supports significantly increase the surface functional groups and remove the ash after acid treatment.
New Dopa‐AIE Compound Used as Fluorescence Sensor Material: Specificity and Quantification for Cu(II)
Authors: Liu Siwei , Cheng Jing , Xu Jiarui
Published: March 2017

As a paramagnetic metal ion, Cu(II) is challenging to be detected by conventional fluorescence sensor because of its unselective paramagnetic quenching effects on common fluorophores. By combining catechol with tetraphenylethene, a typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) moiety, we have successfully synthesized a new kind of catechol, the dopa‐AIE compound. Due to the properties of AIE core, the catechol has the “turn on” mechanism as a fluorescence chemosensor. Specifically, the new catechol has the unique detection selectivity on Cu(II) in solution. The fluorescence intensity has the maximum value when the molar ratio of the catechol to Cu(II) is 1∶1. Before and after this point, the fluorescence intensity shows a linear relationship with the copper ion concentration, increasing or decreasing. Thus, the quantitative calculation for Cu(II) or the dopa‐AIE compound could be done according to this response process.
Anticancer Activity of Stilbene‐Based Derivatives
Authors: De Filippis Barbara , Ammazzalorso Alessandra , Fantacuzzi Marialuigia , Giampietro Letizia , Maccallini Cristina , Amoroso Rosa
Published: March 2017

Stilbene is an abundant structural scaffold in nature, and stilbene‐based compounds have been widely reported for their biological activity. Notably, (E)‐resveratrol and its natural stilbene‐containing derivatives have been extensively investigated as cardioprotective, potent antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer agents. Starting from its potent chemotherapeutic activity against a wide variety of cancers, the stilbene scaffold has been subject to synthetic manipulations with the aim of obtaining new analogues with improved anticancer activity and better bioavailability. Within the last decade, the majority of new synthetic stilbene derivatives have demonstrated significant anticancer activity against a large number of cancer cell lines, depending on the type and position of substituents on the stilbene skeleton. This review focuses on the structure–activity relationship of the key compounds containing a stilbene scaffold and describes how the structural modifications affect their anticancer activity.
A survey on load balancing algorithms for virtual machines placement in cloud computing
Authors: Xu Minxian , Tian Wenhong , Buyya Rajkumar
Published: March 2017

The emergence of cloud computing based on virtualization technologies brings huge opportunities to host virtual resource at low cost without the need of owning any infrastructure. Virtualization technologies enable users to acquire, configure, and be charged on pay‐per‐use basis. However, cloud data centers mostly comprise heterogeneous commodity servers hosting multiple virtual machines (VMs) with potential various specifications and fluctuating resource usages, which may cause imbalanced resource utilization within servers that may lead to performance degradation and service level agreements violations. So as to achieve efficient scheduling, these challenges should be addressed and solved by using load balancing strategies, which have been proved to be nondeterministic polynomial time (NP)‐hard problem. From multiple perspectives, this work identifies the challenges and analyzes existing algorithms for allocating VMs to hosts in infrastructure clouds, especially focuses on load balancing. A detailed classification targeting load balancing algorithms for VM placement in cloud data centers is investigated, and the surveyed algorithms are classified according to the classification. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and comparative understanding of existing literature and aid researchers by providing an insight for potential future enhancements.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Gender Diversity: Insights from Asia Pacific
Authors: Yasser Qaiser Rafique , Al Mamun Abdullah , Ahmed Irfan
Published: March 2017

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests a positive link between boardroom gender diversity and corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in developed economy firms. However, there is a paucity of evidence regarding whether this relationship holds true for developing economy firms. Relying on stakeholder and institutional theory, this study examines for a positive link between board gender diversity and enhanced corporate social performance of firms across three Asia Pacific emerging economies (Malaysia, Pakistan, and Thailand). We find a significant relationship between board gender diversity and enhanced adoption of CSR in these emerging markets. Given that emerging societies and their environments are often the most vulnerable to unethical corporate practices, our finding that female directors can play a strategic role in enabling firms to ethically manage their social responsibilities and sustainable practices has important policy implications for regulators and stakeholders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Climate change may restrict dryland forest regeneration in the 21st century
Authors: Petrie M. D. , Bradford J. B. , Hubbard R. M. , Lauenroth W. K. , Andrews C. M. , Schlaepfer D. R.
Published: March 2017

The persistence and geographic expansion of dryland forests in the 21st century will be influenced by how climate change supports the demographic processes associated with tree regeneration. Yet, the way that climate change may alter regeneration is unclear. We developed a quantitative framework that estimates forest regeneration potential (RP) as a function of key environmental conditions for ponderosa pine, a key dryland forest species. We integrated meteorological data and climate projections for 47 ponderosa pine forest sites across the western United States, and evaluated RP using an ecosystem water balance model. Our primary goal was to contrast conditions supporting regeneration among historical, mid‐21st century and late‐21st century time frames. Future climatic conditions supported 50% higher RP in 2020–2059 relative to 1910–2014. As temperatures increased more substantially in 2060–2099, seedling survival decreased, RP declined by 50%, and the frequency of years with very low RP increased from 25% to 58%. Thus, climate change may initially support higher RP and increase the likelihood of successful regeneration events, yet will ultimately reduce average RP and the frequency of years with moderate climate support of regeneration. Our results suggest that climate change alone may begin to restrict the persistence and expansion of dryland forests by limiting seedling survival in the late 21st century.
Research on Maximizing Power Transfer Efficiency of Wireless In‐Wheel Motor by Primary and Load‐Side Voltage Control
Authors: YAMAMOTO GAKU , GUNJI DAISUKE , IMURA TAKEHIRO , FUJIMOTO HIROSHI
Published: March 2017

The authors have developed a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for an in‐wheel motor (IWM). It is called a wireless in‐wheel motor (W‐IWM). This paper presents a method that enhances the WPT efficiency in this system. Some methods that maximize the power transfer efficiency by power converter control have been proposed in the past WPT research. In this research, a dc‐dc converter is inserted on the receiver side to vary the load state. However, the space on the receiver side is very small for the W‐IWM; therefore, it is preferable to make the secondary circuit small. Therefore, a full bridge converter is used instead of a dc‐dc converter in the W‐IWM. In this paper, the authors propose a theoretical formula for the transfer efficiency of the IW‐IWM. From an analysis of this formula, there is a combination of a primary voltage and load voltage that maximize the efficiency. The feasibility is validated by an experiment using a motor bench set.
Modeling joint abundance of multiple species using Dirichlet process mixtures
Authors: Johnson Devin S. , Sinclair Elizabeth H.
Published: March 2017

We present a method for modeling the distributions of multiple species simultaneously using Dirichlet process random effects to cluster species into guilds. Guilds are ecological groups of species that behave or react similarly to some environmental conditions. By modeling latent guild structure, we capture the cross‐correlations in abundance or occurrence of species over surveys. In addition, ecological information about the community structure is obtained as a by‐product of the model. By clustering species into similar functional groups, prediction uncertainty of community structure at additional sites is reduced over treating each species separately. The proposed model also presents an improvement over previously proposed joint species distribution models by reducing the number of parameters necessary to capture interspecies correlations and eliminating the need to have a priori information on the number of groups or a distance metric over species traits. The method is illustrated with a small simulation demonstration, as well as an analysis of a mesopelagic fish survey from the eastern Bering Sea near Alaska. The simulation data analysis shows that guild membership can be extracted as the differences between groups become larger and if guild differences are small, the model naturally collapses all the species into a small number of guilds, which increases predictive efficiency by reducing the number of parameters to that which is supported by the data.
The evaluation of the diffuse interface method for phase change simulations using OpenFOAM
Authors: Samkhaniani Nima , Ansari Mohamad Reza
Published: March 2017

In the present study, a new solver named phaseChangeHeatFoam is implemented on the OpenFOAM cfd package to simulate boiling and condensation. The solver is capturing the interface between two immiscible phases with a color function volume of fluid (CF‐VOF) method. The two fluids (vapor and liquid) are assumed Newtonian and incompressible. The surface tension is modeled with continuous surface force (CSF) which is improved with a Lafaurie filter to suppress the spurious current. The mass flux across the interface in the phase change process is determined by either Lee or Tanasawa mass transfer models. Additionally, the slight variation of saturation temperature with local pressure is considered with the simplified Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The coupled velocity pressure equation is solved using the PIMPLE algorithm. The new solver is validated and examined with (i) Stefan problem, (ii) two‐dimensional film boiling, (iii) the film condensation on a horizontal plate, (iv) the laminar film condensation over a vertical plate, and (v) bubble condensation in subcooled boiling. The present study shows the capability of a diffuse interface method in accurate simulation of the phase change process and it is expected to be instructive for further numerical studies in this area.
Extension of CAVS coarse‐grained model to phospholipid membranes: The importance of electrostatics
Authors: Shen Hujun , Deng Mingsen , Zhang Yachao
Published: March 2017

It is evident from experiment that electrostatic potential (or dipole potential) is positive inside PC or PE lipid bilayers in the absence of ions. MARTINI coarse‐grained (CG) model, which has been widely used in simulating physical properties of lipid bilayers, fails to reproduce the positive value for the dipole potential in the membrane interior. Although the total dipole potential can be correctly described by the BMW/MARTINI model, the contribution from the ester dipoles, playing a nontrivial role in the electrostatic potential across lipid membranes, is neglected by this hybrid approach. In the ELBA CG model, the role of the ester dipoles is considered, but it is overweighed because various atomistic models have consistently shown that water is actually the leading contributor of dipole potential. Here, we present a CG approach by combining the BMW‐like water model (namely CAVS model) with the ELBA‐like lipid model proposed in this work. Our CG model was designed not only to correctly reproduce the positive values for the dipole potential inside PC and PE lipid bilayers but also to properly balance the individual contributions from the ester dipoles and water, surmounting the limitations of current CG models in the calculations of dipole potential. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The prognostic value of MGMT promoter methylation in glioblastoma: A meta‐analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Binabaj Maryam Moradi , Bahrami Afsane , ShahidSales Soodabeh , Joodi Marjan , Joudi Mashhad Mona , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi , Anvari Kazem , Avan Amir
Published: March 2017

The DNA repair protein O6‐Methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is suggested to be associated with resistance to alkylating agents such as Temozolomide which is being used in treatment of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Therefore, we evaluated the associations between MGMT promoter methylation and prognosis of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Data were extracted from publications in Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. Data on overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and MGMT methylation status were obtained and 4,097 subjects were enrolled. Data from 34 studies showed that MGMT methylated patients had better OS, compared to GBM unmethylated patients (pooled HRs, 0.494; 95%CI 0.412–0.591; p = 0.001). Meta‐analysis of 10 eligible studies reporting on PFS, demonstrated that MGMT promoter methylation was not significantly associated with better PFS (pooled HRs, 0.653; 95%CI 0.414–1.030; p = 0.067). GBM patients with MGMT methylation were associated with longer overall survival, although this effect was not detected for PFS. Moreover, we performed further analysis in patients underwent a comprehensive imaging evaluation. This data showed a significant association with better OS and PFS, although further studies are warranted to assess the value of emerging marker in prospective setting in patients with glioblastoma as a risk stratification biomarker in clinical management of the patients.
Large Subgraphs in Rainbow‐Triangle Free Colorings
Authors: Wagner Adam Zsolt
Published: March 2017

Fox–Grinshpun–Pach showed that every 3‐coloring of the complete graph on n vertices without a rainbow triangle contains a clique of size that uses at most two colors, and this bound is tight up to the constant factor. We show that if instead of looking for large cliques one only tries to find subgraphs of large chromatic number, one can do much better. We show that every such coloring contains a 2‐colored subgraph with chromatic number at least , and this is best possible. We further show that for fixed positive integers with , every r‐coloring of the edges of the complete graph on n vertices without a rainbow triangle contains a subgraph that uses at most s colors and has chromatic number at least , and this is best possible. Fox–Grinshpun–Pach previously showed a clique version of this result. As a direct corollary of our result we obtain a generalization of the celebrated theorem of Erdős‐Szekeres, which states that any sequence of n numbers contains a monotone subsequence of length at least . We prove that if an r‐coloring of the edges of an n‐vertex tournament does not contain a rainbow triangle then there is an s‐colored directed path on vertices, which is best possible. This gives a partial answer to a question of Loh.
Contribution of dopamine neurotransmission in proconvulsant effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in male mice
Authors: Babaie Jalal , Sayyah Mohammad , Fard‐Esfahani Pezhman , Golkar Majid , Gharagozli Kourosh
Published: March 2017

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders worldwide with no distinguishable cause in 60% of patients. One‐third of world's population is infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). This intracellular parasite has high tendency to excitable cells including neurons. We assessed seizure susceptibility and involvement of dopaminergic system in male mice with acute and chronic T. gondii infection. Mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection of T. gondii cysts. Acute and chronic stages of infection were determined by quantification of SAG1/BAG1 transcripts and level of repetitive REP‐529 sequence in the brain of mice by real‐time PCR. Threshold of clonic seizures was measured by tail vein infusion of pentylenetetrazole. The infected mice were pretreated with D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, and seizure threshold was measured. Moreover, seizure threshold was determined after treatment of toxoplasmosis by sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. SAG1 level reached the maximum at week 2 after infection and then declined. The maximum level of BAG1 was observed at the week 3 and preserved till the week 8. REP‐529 was detected at first week after infection, reached maximum at the week 3 and kept at this level till the eighth week. Threshold of seizures significantly decreased in both acute and chronic phases of infection. D1 and D2 receptors antagonists inhibited proconvulsant effect of toxoplasmosis. Chemotherapy inhibited parasite growth and multiplication, and returned seizure susceptibility to the level of non‐infected mice. Dopaminergic neurotransmission participates in proconvulsant effect of T. gondii. The effect of parasite is eliminated by antibiotic therapy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isms and schisms: A meta‐analysis of the prejudice‐discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism
Authors: Jones Kristen P. , Sabat Isaac E. , King Eden B. , Ahmad Afra , McCausland Tracy C. , Chen Tiffani
Published: March 2017

Racism, sexism, and ageism persist in modern day organizations and may translate into workplace discrimination, which can undermine organizational effectiveness. We provide the first meta‐analysis comparing the relationships between these three types of prejudice (racism, sexism, and ageism) and three types of workplace discrimination (selection, performance evaluation, and opposition to diversity‐supportive policies). Across outcomes, racism was associated with workplace discrimination, whereas sexism was not. Ageism was associated with discriminatory selection and opposition to organizational policies supporting older workers; however, ageism was not related to discriminatory performance evaluation. Consistent with prior research and theory, Implicit Association Test measures were related to subtle discrimination (opposition to diversity‐supportive policies) but not deliberate discrimination (selection and performance evaluation). Finally, prejudice was more strongly associated with discrimination against real as compared with hypothetical targets. Implications for organizational researchers and practitioners are discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of a coiled solid‐phase microextraction fiber based on a coating of animal bone waste for chromatographic analysis
Authors: Razmi Habib , Farrokhzadeh Samaneh
Published: March 2017

We attempt to introduce animal bone waste as a coating material with an organic−inorganic structure for the fabrication of a coiled solid‐phase microextraction fiber for the first time. The coiled fiber was simply prepared with the use of copper wire and coated with bone waste suspension through the dip‐coating method. The bone waste coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. It was applied as new type of solid‐phase microextraction fiber for preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons before determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A wide linear range 0.01–99.0 μg/L and limits of detection in the range 3.0–11.1 ng/L were obtained at optimized conditions. The bone waste coated coiled solid‐phase microextraction fiber has promise in sample preparation techniques because it is cost effective, available, stable in aqueous and organic solutions, environmentally friendly, and easy to fabricate and operate.
Pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction based on deep eutectic solvent modified graphene for the determination of sulfamerazine in river water
Authors: Liu Lingling , Tang Weiyang , Tang Baokun , Han Dandan , Row Kyung Ho , Zhu Tao
Published: March 2017

A green and novel deep eutectic solvent modified graphene was prepared and used as a neutral adsorbent for the rapid determination of sulfamerazine in a river water sample by pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction. Compared with conventional graphene, deep eutectic solvent modified graphene can change the surface of graphene with wrinkled structure and higher selective extraction ability. The properties of deep eutectic solvent modified graphene and graphene were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Static adsorption showed deep eutectic solvent modified graphene had a higher adsorption ability (18.62 mg/g) than graphene. Under the optimum conditions, factors such as kinds of washing solvents and elution solvents and volume of elution solvent were evaluated. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. The method recoveries of sulfamerazine were in the range of 91.01–96.82% with associated intraday relative standard deviations ranging from 1.63 to 3.46% and interday relative standard deviations ranging from 0.68 to 3.84%. Deep eutectic solvent modified graphene showed satisfactory results (recovery was 95.38%) and potential for rapid purification of sulfamerazine in river water sample in combination with the pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction method.
Light pollution and seabird fledglings: Targeting efforts in rescue programs
Authors: Rodríguez Airam , Moffett Jennifer , Revoltós Anna , Wasiak Paula , McIntosh Rebecca R. , Sutherland Duncan R. , Renwick Leanne , Dann Peter , Chiaradia André
Published: March 2017

One of the most critical phases in the life of petrels (Procellariiformes) is at fledging when young birds pass from parental dependence on land to an independent life at sea. To mitigate mortality at this time, rescue programs are implemented near breeding sites around the world, especially for birds grounded by artificial lights. We evaluated the plumage and body condition of short‐tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris) fledglings captured at colonies just before departure in comparison to fledglings washed up on beaches and to fledglings attracted by artificial light along roads. We measured abundance of down, body mass, and body condition index as the standardized residuals of a regression of body mass on size, and employed linear models to test differences on body mass and body condition between locations. Beach‐washed birds were underweight and in poor condition, suggesting their future survival probabilities at sea were low. Birds rescued on roads as a consequence of light attraction had lower body weights and condition indices than fledglings captured at the colony. However, more than 50% of light‐attracted birds had attained similar weights to those of adults, suggesting they have higher probabilities of survival than beach‐washed birds. Water‐logged birds being washed onto beaches is a natural process, but birds grounded by lighting along roads is an increasing anthropogenic threat that requires management. Thus, management and conservation efforts should be directed to protect birds in the colonies and reduce light‐induced mortality, ideally through the strategic reduction of light sources and lateral light spillage. When resources for conservation are limited, rescue programs should focus on rescuing birds from roads rather than beach‐washed birds, which have a lower probability of survival. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
A small plant with big benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion
Authors: Nagulapalli Venkata Kalyan C. , Swaroop Anand , Bagchi Debasis , Bishayee Anupam
Published: March 2017

Plant‐derived natural products have long‐standing utility toward treating degenerative diseases. It is estimated that about two‐thirds of world population depend on traditional medicine for primary medical needs. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum Linn.), a short‐living annual medicinal plant belonging to Fabaceae family, is used extensively in various parts of the world as herb, food, spice, and traditional medicine. Fenugreek is considered as one of the oldest medicinal plants and its health‐promoting effects have been cited in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. The investigations into the chemical composition and pharmacological actions have seen a renaissance in recent years. Extensive preclinical and clinical research have outlined the pharmaceutical uses of fenugreek as antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiobesity, anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, galactogogue and for miscellaneous pharmacological effects, including improving women's health. The pharmacological actions of fenugreek are attributed to diverse array of phytoconstituents. The phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of steroids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and hydrocarbons. This review aims to summarize and critically analyze the current available literature to understand the potential of fenugreek for disease prevention and health improvement with special emphasis on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Current challenges and new directions of research on fenugreek are also discussed.