bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
S
ir
G
awain and the
C
arle of
C
arlisle
Authors: Moskal Kelsey
Published: June 2017

Also known as
The Carle of Carlisle
, this popular Middle English romance narrates the adventures of Gawain in the court of the churlish and demanding Carl of Carlisle. The romance has certain formal and thematic similarities to
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
and can be seen as a text that celebrates chivalric adventure and marvel, as well as interrogating the virtues of courtesy and hospitality.
Winchester
Authors: Rouse Robert
Published: June 2017

During the Anglo‐Saxon period, Winchester was an important administrative, economic, religious, and cultural center in Wessex. After the conquest of 1066 it continued to hold an important place in the structure of England, but endured a gradual decline in importance during the later Middle Ages due to the increasing centralization of the court in London. St. Swithun's priory in Winchester was an important site of manuscript production from the tenth to fifteenth centuries, and the city became associated with the legendary site of Camelot by the fifteenth century.
CursorMundi
Authors: Thompson John J.
Published: June 2017

Cursor Mundi(CM) represents an early fourteenth‐century encyclopaedic Middle English retelling of Christian history, intended for English vernacular audiences who are characterized in its scholastically minded prologue as being monoglot and attracted to vernacular romance narratives because of a dearth of English language biblical storytelling. In terms of structure and source material,CMborrows heavily from preexisting Latin and French biblical versions. It was translated and compiled gradually and incrementally from such sources, perhaps over a single writer's lifetime. Over the course of the 200‐year period during which it was successively recopied, theCMtext was adjusted to suit the changing circumstances in which it was being disseminated and read, losing many of the original features that mark the earliest extant texts as a work intended for oral‐didactic performance while, simultaneously, retaining its status as an English book of biblical stories narrated in a lively and entertaining manner.
L
edred,
R
ichard
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

Richard Ledred(e) (c. 1275–c. 1360), was a Franciscan who was appointed bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, in 1317. He is best known for his combative nature in pursuit of heresy, particularly in the case of the infamous witchcraft trial of Alice Kyteler of Kilkenny. However, he was also the author of a collection of hymns preserved in the Red Book of Ossory. Several of these include indications of the tunes to which they were to be sung. The forms show the influence of the carol and of vernacular music traditions.
Fasciculus Morum
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

The
Fasciculus morum
is a Latin handbook for preachers, organized around the seven deadly sins and their opposing seven virtues, along with other subjects necessary for sermon‐making. It has seven parts, each with two sections, one for the vice, and the other for its corresponding virtue, each of these with further subdivisions. Its materials include Latin
exempla
(illustrative stories used for didactic ends) and Middle English verses. It survives in 28 manuscripts and is excerpted in many miscellanies, suggesting its importance and popularity in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Deor
Authors: Lorden Jennifer A.
Published: June 2017

Deoris a short Old English poem found in the manuscript known as the Exeter Book.Deoris narrated by a poet who presents numerous episodes dealing with dramatic reversals of fortune derived from Germanic heroic legend before finally revealing his own fall from favor as the final turn of fortune in the series. It is one of only two Old English poems to feature a refrain.Deoris noted for its heroic and elegiac themes, for its motif of sudden reversals of fortune, and for its emphasis on consolation in the face of suffering.
B
artholomaeus
A
nglicus
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

Bartholomaeus Anglicus was a thirteenth‐century Franciscan writer who produced an encyclopedia called
De proprietatibus rerum
(On the properties of things). In 19 books, it covered a wide range of scientific, geographic, and theological knowledge. It was extremely popular, surviving in many manuscripts, and translated, in whole or in part, several times. Its English translation, by John Trevisa, was very influential on late medieval English writing.
Glossaries
Authors: Weaver Erica
Published: June 2017

Anglo‐Saxon glossaries, or partial dictionaries, collected lists of Latin, Old English, and Greek words to serve as reading and writing aids for beginning Latinists and literary stylists alike, from the seventh through the twelfth centuries. Unlike modern glossaries, they are freestanding works and often proceed along different organizational principles.
Cynfeirdd
Authors: Boyd Matthieu
Published: June 2017

Cynfeirdd
is the modern term for the earliest poets known to have been composing in Welsh, with their work dating from before 1100. These poets were active in both Wales and the “Old North” of Britain, which shared a common British language, the ancestor of Welsh. Five poets are named in the ninth‐century “Historia Brittonum,” including two whose poetry survives, Taliesin and Aneirin. Some anonymous poetry also survives from this period. The dominant modes of early Welsh poetry are heroic elegy and eulogy commemorating military virtues and heroism in battle.
KyngAlisaunder
Authors: Rouse Robert
Published: June 2017

Composed near London in the late thirteenth century,Kyng Alisaunderis a translation of Thomas of Kent'sLe roman de toute chevalerie. It survives today in three manuscripts – Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, AdvocatesMS19.2.1 (the Auchinleck manuscript), Oxford, Bodleian Library,MSLaud Misc. 622, and London, Lincoln's Inn Library,MS150 – a number that suggests a degree of popularity reflecting the strong interest in the figure of Alexander during the medieval period.
Glosses and Glossing
Authors: Partridge Stephen
Published: June 2017

Old English glosses translating Latin texts are the most familiar kind of gloss from the earlier Middle Ages, but scholars have identified several additional kinds in manuscripts of this period. Glossing and annotation of Old English manuscripts continued into the later medieval and early modern periods, and the kinds of glosses increased in number, a change reflected also in Middle English manuscripts. By contrast to the earlier material, there exists less scholarly consensus about terminology for the material in later manuscripts. Moreover, scholars disagree about which elements of this material are most rewarding for the study of medieval commentary and the history of reading.
B
reuddwyd
R
honabwy
Authors: Fulton Helen
Published: June 2017

The Welsh prose tale
Breuddwyd Rhonabwy
(The dream of Rhonabwy) appears to be an original story in the form of a dream vision. Composed in the first half of the thirteenth century, the story recounts Rhonabwy's dream of a futile confrontation between the massed troops of Arthur and his enemy, the Saxons. The negative portrayal of Arthur suggests that the tale was intended to be read as a comic satire on kingship and the cult of Arthur.
ArmesPrydein/The Prophecy ofBritain
Authors: Fulton Helen
Published: June 2017

The Welsh prophecyArmes Prydein, “The Prophecy of Britain,” is conventionally dated to the mid‐tenth century. It refers to Britain during or shortly after the reign of the Anglo‐Saxon king Æthelstan and prophesies that the British, along with other allies including men from Brittany, Vikings, and Irish, will defeat the English in a great battle and drive them out of the land. The restoration of British sovereignty over the whole Island of Britain is an enduring theme of medieval Welsh prophecy.
Oxford Psalter and the Tradition of InsularFrench Psalters
Authors: Rector Geoff
Published: June 2017

The Oxford Psalter is a complete Insular French prose translation of the Gallican Psalter and the first six canticles, extant in the very early Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 320, as well as in dozens of other copies from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The provenance is uncertain, but scholars have looked to two great Benedictine houses of southern England: Canterbury and St. Albans. Themise‐en‐pageof the Douce 320 manuscript suggests that the translation was designed for para‐liturgical uses, most likely in periods of daily meditative reading.
W
elsh Language (Overview)
Authors: Fulton Helen
Published: June 2017

The Welsh language belongs to the Brittonic branch of the Celtic family of languages and shares a number of linguistic features with other Celtic languages. The chronological stages of the language are conventionally called Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. The translation of the Bible into Welsh in 1588 was a key point of transition between Middle and Modern Welsh. The language survives today as the living language of more than 25 percent of the population of Wales.
A
narchy, The
Authors: Rouse Robert
Published: June 2017

The Anarchy refers to the period following the death of Henry I (1135), and the sporadic yet ongoing struggle between the factions supporting his nephew Stephen of Blois and those supporting his daughter Matilda. The fighting took in both England and Normandy, and the instability continued until the accession of Matilda's son Henry II in 1154.
Complex and High‐Dimensional Inference in Astrostatistics
Authors: Cisewski Jessi
Published: June 2017

Astrostatistics is a field that seeks to develop and employ statistical methodology for problems in astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology. Owing to the complexities of our Universe and the increasing quantity and quality of data, astrostatistics inference problems are becoming increasingly complex and high‐dimensional, requiring advanced statistical methods. This article touches upon two areas of statistics that have had fruitful applications in astronomy: hierarchical Bayesian modeling and topological data analysis.
Health Technology Assessment
Authors: Ciani Oriana , Taylor Rod S.
Published: June 2017

Health technology assessment (HTA) is a paradigm that has spread internationally in order to promote the search for evidence and justification about the multidimensional value of new and existing technologies in order to support funding, coverage, and reimbursement decisions around health technologies. The definition of HTA highlights its multidisciplinary nature, its application analytical frameworks drawing on a variety of research methods, and the close link with the policy‐ and decision‐making phase. While the funding, remit, and practice of HTA vary across countries and agencies, it typically involves a comparative effectiveness evaluation and, very often, a cost‐effectiveness analysis of the treatment options and core process of prioritization, assessment, appraisal, dissemination, and monitoring up until new evidence calls for a reassessment. The contribution of all relevant stakeholders and the public and patient involvement are strongly encouraged throughout all these steps. There is a growing demand for HTA to develop increased standards of transparency, harmonization of methods and process, improved data integration, and more efficient cooperation of agencies worldwide.
Experimental Studies in Exercise Science: A Protocol to Enhance Reliability
Authors: Verma J. P.
Published: June 2017

This article discusses various issues that are required to be taken care of by the researchers in exercise science in order to increase the validity of findings. In any experimental study where the effect of one or two factors is studied simultaneously on some dependent variable, three different types of variance need to be controlled. The first is the systematic variance that is required to be enhanced by scientifically choosing different levels of the independent variable by the researcher. The second issue is the extraneous variance that needs to be controlled using the nonexperimental and/or experimental design procedures. The nonexperimental procedures include randomization, elimination, and matching, whereas experimental procedures include blocking, analysis of covariance, and repeated measures designs. Finally, the third source of variance that is known aserror varianceis controlled using sophisticated equipments and following proper procedures in data collection. The steps taken to control the extraneous variance also reduce error variance simultaneously. Control of extraneous and minimising error variances provide systematic variance a chance to show the significance. Besides design issues, another issue that enhances the authenticity of findings is determining the sample size for desired power and appropriate effect size in the study for specific Type I and Type II errors. Thus, by maximizing systematic variance, controlling extraneous, and minimizing error variances, the researcher can enhance external and internal variabilities in their research experiments and deduce with a certain power that the effect if visible is actually due to the treatment.
Biosynthesis of Cyanogenic Glycosides, Glucosinolates and Nonprotein Amino Acids
Authors: Selmar Dirk
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cyanogenic Glycosides

Glucosinolates

Nonprotein Amino Acids

Acknowledgements
New Medical Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites (FromAPRVolume 3)
Authors: Heilmann Jörg , Bauer Rudolf
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Compounds with Anticancer Activity

Antiviral Compounds

Antimalarial Drugs

Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs

Antidepressant Drugs

Anti‐Ischaemic Drugs

Immunostimulatory Drugs

Conclusion
Bacterial Pathogenicity
Authors: Huguet Elisabeth
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

To Become a Successful Phytopathogen

Features of the Hrp TypeIIIPathway that are Conserved with TypeIIISecretion Systems in Animal Pathogens

Specific Aspects of TypeIIIProtein Secretion in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes via Radical 1,4‐Aryl Migration/Trifluoromethylthiolation Cascade Reaction of Aryl Propynyl Ethers
Authors: Guo Chun‐Huan , Chen Dao‐Qian , Chen Si , Liu Xue‐Yuan
Published: June 2017

A one‐pot synthesis of tetrasubstituted acrylaldehydes via difunctionalization of aryl propynyl ethers has been achieved, which involves a trifluoromethylthiolation process and a radical 1,4‐aryl migration from oxygen to carbon. The reaction shows excellent conversion of aryl propynyl ethers into trifluoromethyl‐containing α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes through a radical pathway.

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Developing a landscape‐scale, multi‐species, and cost‐efficient conservation strategy for imperilled aquatic species in the Upper Tennessee River Basin, USA
Authors: Smith David R. , Butler Robert S. , Jones Jess W. , Gatenby Catherine M. , Hylton Roberta E. , Parkin Mary J. , Schulz Cindy A.
Published: June 2017

Strategic conservation of imperilled species faces several major challenges including uncertainty in species response to management actions, budgetary constraints that limit options, and the need to scale expected conservation benefits from local to landscape levels and from single to multiple species.

A structured decision‐making process was applied to address these challenges and identify a cost‐effective conservation strategy for the Federally listed endangered and threatened aquatic species in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB). The UTRB, which encompasses a landscape of ~58 000 km2, primarily in western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and south‐western Virginia, harbours one of the most globally diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes and mussels at temperate latitudes. To develop a strategy for conservation of 12 fish species and 24 mussel species over a 20‐year period, a management strategy that would best recover these species was identified given costs and uncertainty in management effectiveness.

The main insights came from a trade‐off analysis that compared alternative allocations of effort among management actions. A strategy emphasizing population management, which included propagation and translocation, performed best across a wide range of objective weightings and was robust to uncertainty in management effectiveness. Species prioritization was based on the expected conservation benefit from the best performing strategy, degree of imperilment, and species‐specific management costs. Sub‐basin prioritization was based on expected conservation benefit from the best performing strategy and feasibility of habitat management and threat abatement.

Although the strategy was developed for imperilled aquatic species in the UTRB, the structured process is applicable for developing cost‐efficient strategies to conserve multiple species across a landscape under uncertain management effectiveness. The process can assist a manager with limited resources to understand which species to work on, where to conduct that work, and what work would be most beneficial for those species in those catchments.
Crystal Population Growth in a Continuous Helically Coiled Flow Tube Crystallizer
Authors: Wiedmeyer Viktoria , Voigt Andreas , Sundmacher Kai
Published: June 2017

A helically coiled flow tube crystallizer was investigated as a novel device for the shape‐selective generation of crystals with potassium alum as the model solid. The shape evolution of the crystal population was analyzed for growth‐dominated seeded cooling crystallization. The macro‐mixing behavior was characterized by residence time distribution measurements for the fluid phase and the crystals. At the crystallizer outlet, a flow‐through microscope was used to analyze the crystal size and shape distribution, where the 3D shape of individual crystals was estimated from 2D projections. The experiments showed a separation of the particle population according to the crystal size. This process allows the controlled shaping of crystals under continuous operating conditions.
Deep Eutectic Solvents as Reaction Media for the Palladium‐Catalysed C−S Bond Formation: Scope and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Marset Xavier , Guillena Gabriela , Ramón Diego J.
Published: June 2017

A unique jigsaw catalytic system based on deep eutectic solvents and palladium nanoparticles where C−S bonds are formed from aryl boronic acids and sodium metabisulfite, is introduced. The functionalization step is compatible with a broad spectrum of reagents such as nucleophiles, electrophiles or radical scavengers. This versatile approach allows the formation of different types of products in an environmentally friendly medium by selecting the components of the reaction, which engage one with another as pieces in a jigsaw. This simple procedure avoids the use of toxic volatile organic solvents allowing the formation of complex molecules in a one‐pot reaction under mild conditions. Despite the fact that only 1 mol % of metal loading is used, the recyclability of the catalytic system is possible. Kinetic experiments were performed and the reaction order for all reagents, catalyst and ligand was determined. The obtained results were compared to palladium nanocrystals of different known shapes in order to shed some light on the properties of the catalyst.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Phase‐, Morphology‐Evolution Mechanism of Lead Titanate Nanostructures Assisted with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide
Authors: Bao Liang , He Junhao , Xu Gang , Zhao Yangang , Yang Xin , Shen Ge , Han Gaorong
Published: June 2017

Lead titanate nanostructures with different phases and morphologies, layered hexagonal PbTiO2(CO3)0.3‐ (NO3)0.35(OH) nanosheets, pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre‐perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite PbTiO3 nanoplates, have been synthesized via a conventional hydrothermal route assisted with different concentrations of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM) were employed to characterize the phase, morphology and growth behavior of the synthesized samples. The results reveal that at low TMAH concentration the obtained samples are mainly of PbTiO2(CO3)0.3(NO3)0.35(OH) nanosheets. With the TMAH concentration increasing, the obtained samples change to pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre‐perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite PbTiO3 nanoplates in turn. With the basis of the experimental results, the phase‐ and morphology‐evolution mechanism of the lead titanate nanostructures is discussed by combining the analysis of the lattice structure feature and the properties of TMAH.
At least, do no harm
Authors: Douglass Harold O.
Published: June 2017

Are the physical and fiscal costs of a treatment really of value to the patient when the treatment provides only a chance for a small survival gain and a greater chance for patient discomfort? Physicians should remember the thrust of the Hippocratic Oath: “At least, do no harm.” See also pages 3725‐31.
Engineered Heart Repair
Authors: Fujita B , Zimmermann W‐H
Published: June 2017

There is a pressing need for the development of advanced heart failure therapeutics. Current state‐of‐the‐art is protection from neurohumoral overstimulation, which fails to address the underlying cause of heart failure, namely loss of cardiomyocytes. Implantation of stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes via tissue‐engineered myocardium is being advanced to realize the remuscularization of the failing heart. Here, we discuss pharmacological challenges pertaining to the clinical translation of tissue‐engineered heart repair with a focus on engineered heart muscle (EHM).
Defaunation and habitat disturbance interact synergistically to alter seedling recruitment
Authors: Granados Alys , Brodie Jedediah F. , Bernard Henry , O'Brien Michael J.
Published: June 2017

Vertebrate granivores destroy plant seeds, but whether animal‐induced seed mortality alters plant recruitment varies with habitat context, seed traits, and among granivore species. An incomplete understanding of seed predation makes it difficult to predict how widespread extirpations of vertebrate granivores in tropical forests might affect tree communities, especially in the face of habitat disturbance. Many tropical forests are simultaneously affected by animal loss as well as habitat disturbance, but the consequences of each for forest regeneration are often studied separately or additively, and usually on a single plant demographic stage. The combined impacts of these threats could affect plant recruitment in ways that are not apparent when studied in isolation. We used wire cages to exclude large (elephants), medium, (sambar deer, bearded pigs, muntjac deer), and small (porcupines, chevrotains) ground‐dwelling mammalian granivores and herbivores in logged and unlogged forests in Malaysian Borneo. We assessed the interaction between habitat disturbance (selective logging) and experimental defaunation on seed survival, germination, and seedling establishment in five dominant dipterocarp tree species spanning a 21‐fold gradient in seed size. Granivore‐induced seed mortality was consistently higher in logged forest. Germination of unpredated seeds was reduced in logged forest and in the absence of small to large‐bodied mammals. Experimental defaunation increased germination and reduced seed removal but had little effect on seed survival. Seedling recruitment however, was more likely where logging and animal loss occurred together. The interacting effects of logging and hunting could therefore, actually increase seedling establishment, suggesting that the loss of mammals in disturbed forest could have important consequences for forest regeneration and composition.
Hyperthermia effect and antibacterial efficacy of Fe3+/Co2+ co‐substitutions in β‐Ca3(PO4)2 for bone cancer and defect therapy
Authors: Singh Ram Kishore , Srivastava M. , Prasad N. K. , Shetty P. H. , Kannan S.
Published: June 2017

The combined effect of cobalt and iron substitutions in β‐Ca3(PO4)2 as a potent material for application in hyperthermia and as a bone substitute is presented. Structural analysis reveals the preferential accommodation of Co2+ and Fe3+ at the Ca2+(5) sites of β‐Ca3(PO4)2 until the limit of ∼10 mol % and, thereafter, prefer Ca2+(4) lattice sites. Occupancy of both the Co2+ and Fe3+ ions induces a significant contraction of the β‐Ca3(PO4)2 unit cell. The Co2+/Fe3+ co‐substitutions in β‐Ca3(PO4)2 display magnetic characteristics that enhances hyperthermia effect. In addition, the presence of Co2+ in β‐Ca3(PO4)2 enunciates pronounced antibacterial efficacy against tested microorganisms. Nevertheless, the enhanced level of Co2+ in β‐Ca3(PO4)2 results to induce significant toxicity. The biocompatibility of the synthesized thermoseeds is verified from the hemolytic tests and cytotoxicity test performed on human sarcoma cell line MG‐63. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1317–1328, 2018.
MRI reveals increased tumorigenesis following high fat feeding in a mouse model of triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Mustafi Devkumar , Fernandez Sully , Markiewicz Erica , Fan Xiaobing , Zamora Marta , Mueller Jeffrey , Brady Matthew J. , Conzen Suzanne D. , Karczmar Gregory S.
Published: June 2017

High animal fat consumption is associated with an increase in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) risk. Based on previous MRI studies demonstrating the feasibility of detecting very early non‐palpable mammary cancers in simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40TAg) mice, we examined the effect of dietary fat fed from weaning to young adulthood in this model of TNBC. Virgin female C3(1)SV40TAg mice (n = 16) were weaned at 3–4 weeks of age and then fed either a low fat diet (LFD) (n = 8, 3.7 kcal/g; 17.2% kcal from vegetable oil) or a high animal fat diet (HAFD) (n = 8, 5.3 kcal/g; 60% kcal from lard). After 8 weeks on the diet (12 weeks of age), fast spin echo MR images of inguinal mammary glands were acquired at 9.4 T. Following in vivo MRI, mice were sacrificed and inguinal mammary glands were excised and formalin fixed for ex vivo MRI. 3D volume‐rendered MR images were then correlated with mammary gland histology to assess the glandular parenchyma and tumor burden. Using in vivo MRI, an average of 3.88 ± 1.03 tumors were detected per HAFD‐fed mouse compared with an average of 1.25 ± 1.16 per LFD‐fed mouse (p < 0.007). Additionally, the average tumor volume was significantly higher following HAFD feeding (0.53 ± 0.45 mm3) compared with LFD feeding (0.20 ± 0.08 mm3, p < 0.02). Analysis of ex vivo MR and histology images demonstrated that HAFD mouse mammary glands had denser parenchyma, irregular and enlarged ducts, dilated blood vessels, increased white adipose tissue, and increased tumor invasion. MRI and histological studies of the SV40TAg mice demonstrated that HAFD feeding also resulted in higher cancer incidence and larger mammary tumors. Unlike other imaging methods for assessing environmental effects on mammary cancer growth, MRI allows routine serial measurements and reliable detection of small cancers as well as accurate tumor volume measurements and assessment of the three‐dimensional distribution of tumors over time.
A self‐weakening mechanism for tropical cyclones
Authors: Corsaro Carlo M. , Toumi Ralf
Published: June 2017

A mechanism leading to the self‐weakening of tropical cyclones is proposed using the Weather and Research and Forecasting model. A comparison between an experiment with variable Coriolis parameter f and one on an f‐plane shows that, after the initial intensification, the former is characterized by a smaller intensity. As opposed to the tropical cyclone on the f‐plane, the one with variable f weakens significantly after reaching maturity. Analyses of the 3D circulation show that the main reason for the weakening is dry intrusion in the mid‐upper troposphere from the west. Once the dry intrusion reaches the inner vortex, strong downdraughts reduce the high equivalent potential temperature in the boundary‐layer inflow. The subsequent updraughts in the eyewall, characterized by lower equivalent potential temperature, are considerably reduced and, consequently, the secondary circulation weakens.

Back‐trajectories are used to determine the origin of the dry intrusion. It is found that the air parcels expelled from the storm deep convection into the outflow layer recirculate anticyclonically back into the vortex, causing a self‐weakening of the tropical cyclone. A time span for the recirculation of at least 48 h allows the air parcels to sink substantially before reaching the vortex circulation. Some implications of the intrinsic nature of this process are briefly discussed.
Effect of starch physiology, gelatinization, and retrogradation on the attributes of rice starch‐ι‐carrageenan film
Authors: Thakur Rahul , Pristijono Penta , Golding John B. , Stathopoulos Costas E. , Scarlett Christopher , Bowyer Michael , Singh Sukhvinder P. , Vuong Quan V.
Published: June 2017

Edible films and coatings have been applied as the potential substitutes for conventional plastics in food packaging. However, their physical and mechanical properties still have limitations and thus require further improvement. In this study, we compared the physico–chemical properties of starches extracted from eight rice varieties and attempted to predict their promising effects on the physical (thickness and solubility), mechanical (tensile strength and elongation break), barrier (water vapor permeability), and optical properties (color and transparency) of rice starch‐ι‐carrageenan films. The results showed that starch amylose content and amylose–amylopectin associations during retrogradation play a significant role in determining various properties of the films. The film containing starch from “Reiziq” variety showed minimum thickness (0.08 mm), water vapor permeability (WVP) (2.7 gs−1 m−1 Pa−1), solubility (43.12%) opacity (0.44%), and better mechanical properties, demonstrating the importance of selection of the source of the starch. The results also indicated that rice starch had compatibility with ι‐carrageenan, and the blend of these two polysaccharides can be potentially used for coating fruit and vegetables.
Estimating survival in the Apennine brown bear accounting for uncertainty in age classification
Authors: Gervasi Vincenzo , Boitani Luigi , Paetkau David , Posillico Mario , Randi Ettore , Ciucci Paolo
Published: June 2017

For most rare and elusive species, estimating age‐specific survival is a challenging task, although it is an important requirement to understand the drivers of population dynamics, and to inform conservation actions. Apennine brown bears Ursus arctos marsicanus are a small, isolated population under a severe risk of extinction, for which the main demographic mechanisms underlying population dynamics are still unknown, and population trends have not been formally assessed. We present a 12‐year analysis of their survival rates using non‐invasive genetic sampling data collected through four different sampling techniques. By using multi‐event capture–recapture models, we estimated survival probabilities for two broadly defined age classes (cubs and older individuals), even though the age of the majority of sampled bears was unknown. We also applied the Pradel model to provide a preliminary assessment of population trend during the study period. Survival was different between cubs [ϕ = 0.51, 95% CI (0.22, 0.79)], adult males [ϕ = 0.85, 95% CI (0.76, 0.91)] and adult females [ϕ = 0.92, 95% CI (0.87, 0.95)], no temporal variation in survival emerged, suggesting that bear survival remained substantially stable throughout the study period. The Pradel analysis of population trend yielded an estimate of λ = 1.009 [SE = 0.018; 95% CI (0.974, 1.046)]. Our results indicate that, despite the status of full legal protection, the basically stable demography of this relict population is compatible with the observed lack of range expansion, and that a relatively high cub mortality could be among the main factors depressing recruitment and hence population growth.
Behavioural changes, sharing behaviour and psychological responses after receiving direct-to-consumer genetic test results: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Stewart Kelly F. J. , Wesselius Anke , Schreurs Maartje A. C. , Schols Annemie M. W. J. , Zeegers Maurice P.
Published: June 2017

It has been hypothesised that direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs) could stimulate health behaviour change. However, genetic testing may also lead to anxiety and distress or unnecessarily burden the health care system. The aim is to review and meta-analyse the effects of DTC-GT on (1) behaviour change, (2) psychological response and (3) medical consumption. A systematic literature search was performed in three databases, using “direct-to-consumer genetic testing” as a key search term. Random effects meta-analyses were performed when at least two comparable outcomes were available. After selection, 19 articles were included involving 11 unique studies. Seven studies involved actual consumers who paid the retail price, whereas four included participants who received free genetic testing as part of a research trial (non-actual consumers). In meta-analysis, 23% had a positive lifestyle change. More specifically, improved dietary and exercise practices were both reported by 12%, whereas 19% quit smoking. Seven percent of participants had subsequent preventive checks. Thirty-three percent shared their results with any health care professional and 50% with family and/or friends. Sub-analyses show that behaviour change was more prevalent among non-actual consumers, whereas sharing was more prevalent among actual consumers. Results on psychological responses showed that anxiety, distress and worry were low or absent and that the effect faded with time. DTC-GT has potential to be effective as a health intervention, but the right audience needs to be addressed with tailored follow-up. Research is needed to identify consumers who do and do not change behaviour or experience adverse psychological responses.
Effect of dietary consumption as a modifier on the association between FTO gene variants and excess body weight in children from an admixed population in Brazil: the Social Changes, Asthma and Allergy in Latin America (SCAALA) cohort study
Authors: Vilella Marília , Nunes de Oliveira Costa Gustavo , Lima Barreto Maurício , Alexandrina Figueredo Camila , Maria Alcantara-Neves Neuza , Cunha Rodrigues Laura , Maria Alvim de Matos Sheila , Leovigildo Fiaccone Rosemeire , Oliveira Pablo , Rocha Aline , de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva Rita
Published: June 2017

Previous studies have shown associations of variants of the FTO gene with body weight, but none of these have involved Latin American populations with a high level of miscegenation, as is seen in the north-eastern Brazilian population. This study evaluated the association between SNP in the FTO gene and excess weight in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. In addition, the effect of diet as a modifier on this association was also investigated. This cross-sectional study included 1191 participants aged 4–11 years, who were genotyped for 400 variants of the FTO gene. Direct anthropometric measures were made and dietary data were obtained by 24-h food recall. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations of interest. Overall, 11·2 % of the individuals included in the study were overweight/obese. Interactions were identified between the percentage energy intake from proteins and obesity risk linked to the rs62048379 SNP (Pinteraction=0·01) and also between fat intake (PUFA:SFA ratio) and obesity risk linked to the rs62048379 SNP (Pinteraction=0·01). The T allele for the variant rs62048379 was positively associated with overweight/obesity in individuals whose percentage energy intake from protein was above the median (OR 2·00; 95 % CI 1·05, 3·82). The rs62048379 SNP was also associated with overweight/obesity in individuals whose PUFA:SFA ratio was below the median (OR 1·63; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·55). The association between FTO gene variants and excess body weight can be modulated by dietary characteristics, particularly by fatty acid distribution and dietary protein intake in children.
Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression
Authors: ZAKERI AMIN
Published: June 2017

During microbial infections, both innate and adaptive immunity are activated. Viruses and bacteria usually induce an acute inflammation in the first setting of infection, which helps the eliciting an effective immune response. In contrast, macroparasites such as helminths are a highly successful group of invaders known to be capable of maintaining a chronic infestation with the minimum instigation. Undoubtedly, generating such an immunoregulatory environment requires the exploitation of various immunosuppressive mechanisms to debilitate host immunity supporting their survival and replication. Several mechanisms have been recognized whereby helminths prolong their infections including an increase of immunoregulatory cells, inhibition of Th1 or Th2 responses, targeting pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and lowering the immune cells quantity via induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis is a programmed intracellular process involving a series of consecutive downstream signalling event evolved to cell death. It plays a pivotal role in several immunological reactions in particular deletion of autoreactive immune cells. Helminth-triggered apoptosis in immune cells exhausts host immunity, which paves the way for generating a permissive environment and chronic infection. This review provides a compilation of recent investigations discussing the apoptotic mechanisms exploited by different worms and the immunological consequences of immune cell death. Finally, the anti-cancer effects of some worm-derived molecules due to their apoptotic effects are discussed, highlighting as potentially druggable candidates to combat cancer.
The role of genetic liability in the association of urbanicity at birth and during upbringing with schizophrenia in Denmark
Authors: Paksarian D. , Trabjerg B. B. , Merikangas K. R. , Mors O. , Børglum A. D. , Hougaard D. M. , McGrath J. J. , Pedersen C. B. , Mortensen P. B. , Agerbo E.
Published: June 2017

Background

Studies have indicated that the association of urbanicity at birth and during upbringing with schizophrenia may be driven by familial factors such as genetic liability. We used a population-based nested case–control study to assess whether polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia was associated with urbanicity at birth and at age 15, and to assess whether PRS and parental history of mental disorder together explained the association between urbanicity and schizophrenia.

Methods

Data were drawn from Danish population registries. Cases born since 1981 and diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1994 and 2009 were matched to controls with the same sex and birthdate (1549 pairs). Genome-wide data were obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and PRSs were calculated based on results of a separate, large meta-analysis.

Results

Those with higher PRS were more likely reside in the capital compared with rural areas at age 15 [odds ratio (OR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.40], but not at birth (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.95–1.26). Adjustment for PRS produced almost no change in relative risks of schizophrenia associated with urbanicity at birth, but slightly attenuated those for urban residence at age 15. Additional adjustment for parental history led to slight attenuation of relative risks for urbanicity at birth [incidence rate ratio (IRR) for birth in capital = 1.54, 95% CI 1.18–2.02; overallp= 0.016] and further attenuation of relative risks for urbanicity at age 15 (IRR for residence in capital = 1.32, 95% CI 0.97–1.78; overallp= 0.148).

Conclusions

While results regarding urbanicity during upbringing were somewhat equivocal, genetic liability as measured here does not appear to explain the association between urbanicity at birth and schizophrenia.
Maximal finite abelian subgroups of E8
Authors: Draper Cristina , Elduque Alberto
Published: June 2017

The maximal finite abelian subgroups, up to conjugation, of the simple algebraic group of type E8 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 are computed. This is equivalent to the determination of the fine gradings on the simple Lie algebra of type E8 with trivial neutral homogeneous component. The Brauer invariant of the irreducible modules for graded semisimple Lie algebras plays a key role.
Racial Differences in Neurocognitive Outcomes Post-Stroke: The Impact of Healthcare Variables
Authors: Johnson Neco X. , Marquine Maria J. , Flores Ilse , Umlauf Anya , Baum Carolyn M. , Wong Alex W.K. , Young Alexis C. , Manly Jennifer J. , Heinemann Allen W. , Magasi Susan , Heaton Robert K.
Published: June 2017

Objectives:The present study examined differences in neurocognitive outcomes among non-Hispanic Black and White stroke survivors using the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB), and investigated the roles of healthcare variables in explaining racial differences in neurocognitive outcomes post-stroke.Methods:One-hundred seventy adults (91 Black; 79 White), who participated in a multisite study were included (age:M=56.4;SD=12.6; education:M=13.7;SD=2.5; 50% male; years post-stroke: 1–18; stroke type: 72% ischemic, 28% hemorrhagic). Neurocognitive function was assessed with the NIHTB-CB, using demographically corrected norms. Participants completed measures of socio-demographic characteristics, health literacy, and healthcare use and access. Stroke severity was assessed with the Modified Rankin Scale.Results:An independent samplesttest indicated Blacks showed more neurocognitive impairment (NIHTB-CB Fluid Composite T-score:M=37.63;SD=11.67) than Whites (Fluid T-score:M=42.59,SD=11.54;p=.006). This difference remained significant after adjusting for reading level (NIHTB-CB Oral Reading), and when stratified by stroke severity. Blacks also scored lower on health literacy, reported differences in insurance type, and reported decreased confidence in the doctors treating them. Multivariable models adjusting for reading level and injury severity showed that health literacy and insurance type were statistically significant predictors of the Fluid cognitive composite (p<.001 andp=.02, respectively) and significantly mediated racial differences on neurocognitive impairment.Conclusions:We replicated prior work showing that Blacks are at increased risk for poorer neurocognitive outcomes post-stroke than Whites. Health literacy and insurance type might be important modifiable factors influencing these differences. (JINS, 2017,23, 640–652)
The Archives of the International Law Association
Authors: Frendo Ruth
Published: June 2017

This paper by Ruth Frendo, which is based on her presentation given at the training day on ‘Socio-Legal Sources and Methods in International Law’ which was held at IALS on 25 November 2016, provides an overview of the history and development of the International Law Association and gives an account of the archives of the organisation that are held at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in London.
ILL-POSEDNESS FOR THE COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS WITH THE VELOCITY IN FRAMEWORK
Authors: Chen Jiecheng , Wan Renhui
Published: June 2017

Ill-posedness for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations has been proved by Chenet al. [On the ill-posedness of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in the critical Besov spaces,Revista Mat. Iberoam.31(2015), 1375–1402] in critical Besov space$L^{p}$$(p>6)$framework. In this paper, we prove ill-posedness with the initial data satisfying$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \Vert \unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}-\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}\Vert _{{\dot{B}}_{p,1}^{\frac{3}{p}}}\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF},\quad \Vert u_{0}\Vert _{{\dot{B}}_{6,1}^{-\frac{1}{2}}}\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}. & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$To accomplish this goal, we require a norm inflation coming from the coupling term$L(a)\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}u$instead of$u\cdot \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FB}u$and construct a new decomposition of the density.
State and Local Officials Push for Continued Climate Action
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2017

Governors, mayors, citizen groups, and others are moving ahead with regional and smaller-scale efforts to counteract climate change in the wake of the U.S. decision to pull out of the Paris climate agreement.
Inefficient differentiation response to cell cycle stress leads to genomic instability and malignant progression of squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Alonso-Lecue Pilar , de Pedro Isabel , Coulon Vincent , Molinuevo Rut , Lorz Corina , Segrelles Carmen , Ceballos Laura , López-Aventín Daniel , García-Valtuille Ana , Bernal José M , Mazorra Francisco , Pujol Ramón M , Paramio Jesús , Ramón Sanz J , Freije Ana , Toll Agustí , Gandarillas Alberto
Published: June 2017

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or epidermoid cancer is a frequent and aggressive malignancy. However in apparent paradox it retains the squamous differentiation phenotype except for very dysplastic lesions. We have shown that cell cycle stress in normal epidermal keratinocytes triggers a squamous differentiation response involving irreversible mitosis block and polyploidisation. Here we show that cutaneous SCC cells conserve a partial squamous DNA damage-induced differentiation response that allows them to overcome the cell division block. The capacity to divide in spite of drug-induced mitotic stress and DNA damage made well-differentiated SCC cells more genomically instable and more malignant in vivo. Consistently, in a series of human biopsies, non-metastatic SCCs displayed a higher degree of chromosomal alterations and higher expression of the S phase regulator Cyclin E and the DNA damage signal γH2AX than the less aggressive, non-squamous, basal cell carcinomas. However, metastatic SCCs lost the γH2AX signal and Cyclin E, or accumulated cytoplasmic Cyclin E. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous Cyclin E in well-differentiated SCC cells interfered with the squamous phenotype. The results suggest a dual role of cell cycle stress-induced differentiation in squamous cancer: the resulting mitotic blocks would impose, when irreversible, a proliferative barrier, when reversible, a source of genomic instability, thus contributing to malignancy.