bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Department of Posts in Financial Inclusion of the Unorganized Sector: A Case Study of SSP Disbursements in Visakhapatnam
Authors: Vasudha T. , Padmaraja Usha M.  , Vennam Upender , Sampath Sharda
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the role played by the Department of Posts (DoP) in financial inclusion of the unorganized sector. It examines, by studying the issues in disbursement of Social Security Pensions (SSPs) in a region, the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities that the DoP has and the threats it could face. The empirical study is confined to only one initiative of DoP, that is, SSP disbursements in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. The primary data was collected during the transition period when DoP was into SSP disbursements in urban as well as rural areas of Visakhapatnam on an experimental basis (February–April, 2015). Altogether eight hypotheses were tested for significance, based on the data collected through observation, interviews, survey and literature review. The sample for data collection consisted of DoP employees (from frontline to top management), representatives of local governing bodies in villages and SSP beneficiaries. The SWOT analysis of DoP helped in identifying issues in disbursements and perceptions (of both beneficiaries and DoP employees). The results show that DoP has been successful in achieving the first level of financial inclusion and has to work towards achieving the second level through collaborative partnerships.

Several suggestions and recommendations have been made for both DoP and policy-makers, which would help DoP in overcoming the challenges that it faces in financial inclusion. It is suggested that by looking at the bigger picture beyond disbursements, that is, financial inclusion of the bottom-of-the-pyramid customers, DoP will be able to emerge as a major player in the economic growth of the country.
Retropatellar Accessory Portals for Improved Access to the Patella
Authors: Koh Jason L. , Logli Anthony L.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Standard knee arthroscopy portals are frequently used to address retropatellar chondral pathology. Alternative portals may offer a safe and simple substitute, particularly when reaching the base of deep lesions is required.

Purpose:

To describe and assess the safety of accessory retropatellar portals.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

An anatomic study was performed on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. Medial and lateral retropatellar portals were created, and the distance to adjacent neurovascular structures (common peroneal nerve [CPN] and infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve [IPBSN]) and bony landmarks (medial and lateral epicondyles and margins of the midpatella) was recorded. A clinical account of portal use is provided through a retrospective chart review.

Results:

The medial and lateral retropatellar portals were a mean 15.8 ± 15.5 mm and 53.8 ± 7.2 mm from the IPBSN and CPN, respectively. No nerves were contacted in any specimens. Clinically, the portals have been used in 109 cases over a 7-year period without complication.

Conclusion:

The high level of IPBSN variability poses some risk to medial portal use; however, there is little to no risk laterally. Clinical experience with portals suggests that they can be used safely. We recommend careful blunt dissection to minimize chance of iatrogenic nerve injury.

Clinical Relevance:

Retropatellar portals may offer improved access to chondral lesions of the patella, thereby safely allowing one to maintain an arthroscopic approach.
Pure red cell aplasia
Authors: Means Robert T.
Published: November 2016

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a syndrome defined by a normocytic normochromic anemia with severe reticulocytopenia and marked reduction or absence of erythroid precursors from the bone marrow. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a congenital form of PRCA. Acquired PRCA may be either a primary disorder or secondary to some other disorder or agent. Primary acquired PRCA is an autoimmune disorder that is frequently antibody-mediated. Myelodysplastic syndromes may also present with the morphologic appearance of PRCA. Secondary acquired PRCA may be associated with collagen vascular/autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus; lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or large granular lymphocyte leukemia; infections, particularly B19 parvovirus; thymoma and other solid tumors; or a variety of other disorders, drugs, or toxic agents. The therapeutic approach to PRCA typically involves immunosuppression, but specific pathogenic subtypes are associated with specific therapeutic approaches. Cyclosporine A, with or without concurrent corticosteroids, appears to be the single most effective immunosuppressive agent.
Changes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 during the anadromous spawning migration in Coilia nasus
Authors: Duan Jin-Rong , Fang Di-An , Zhang Min-Ying , Liu Kai , Zhou Yan-Feng , Xu Dong-Po , Xu Pao , Li Da-Peng
Published: November 2016

Background

An increase in the activity of the pituitary-gonad axis (PG-axis) and gonad development are essential for the onset of spawning migration in teleosts. In the fishCoilia nasus, gonad development and spawning migration up the Yangtze River occurs by the end of each summer. We hypothesized that gonadotropin releasing hormones receptor 2 (GnRH-R2), which together produce a signal that interacts with the PG-axis, may help to regulate spawning migration processes.

Results

In this regard, we (1) characterized the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in the anadromous fishC. nasus; (2) analyzed the GnRH-R2 mRNA expression levels in ovary and brain, and concentrations in the serum; and (3) identified the GnRH-R2 protein distribution in the brain and ovaries. We found strong relationships between all of these indices.

Conclusions

The results indicate that GnRH-R2 could act together to promote spawning during the anadromous migration. There is some evidence that the GnRH-R2 gene expression levels and protein distributions change in association with the migratory behavior.
Genome-wide analyses of chitin synthases identify horizontal gene transfers towards bacteria and allow a robust and unifying classification into fungi
Authors: Gonçalves Isabelle R. , Brouillet Sophie , Soulié Marie-Christine , Gribaldo Simonetta , Sirven Catherine , Charron Noémie , Boccara Martine , Choquer Mathias
Published: November 2016

Background

Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is found in probably all fungi, many animals (mainly invertebrates), several protists and a few algae, playing an essential role in the development of many of them. This polysaccharide is produced by type 2 glycosyltransferases, called chitin synthases (CHS). There are several contradictory classifications of CHS isoenzymes and, as regards their evolutionary history, their origin and diversity is still a matter of debate.

Results

A genome-wide analysis resulted in the detection of more than eight hundred putative chitin synthases in proteomes associated with about 130 genomes. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with special care to avoid any pitfalls associated with the peculiarities of these sequences (e.g. highly variable regions, truncated or recombined sequences, long-branch attraction). This allowed us to revise and unify the fungal CHS classification and to study the evolutionary history of the CHS multigenic family. This update has the advantage of being user-friendly due to the development of a dedicated website (https://www.goncalve.fr/CHSdb/), and it includes any correspondences with previously published classifications and mutants. Concerning the evolutionary history of CHS, this family has mainly evolved via duplications and losses. However, it is likely that several horizontal gene transfers (HGT) also occurred in eukaryotic microorganisms and, even more surprisingly, in bacteria.

Conclusions

This comprehensive multi-species analysis contributes to the classification of fungal CHS, in particular by optimizing its robustness, consensuality and accessibility. It also highlights the importance of HGT in the evolutionary history of CHS and describes bacterial chs genes for the first time. Many of the bacteria that have acquired a chitin synthase are plant pathogens (e.g. Dickeya spp; Pectobacterium spp; Brenneria spp; Agrobacterium vitis and Pseudomonas cichorii). Whether they are able to produce a chitin exopolysaccharide or secrete chitooligosaccharides requires further investigation.
What evidence exists on the local impacts of energy systems on marine ecosystem services: a systematic map
Authors: Papathanasopoulou Eleni , Queirós Ana M. , Beaumont Nicola , Hooper Tara , Nunes Joana
Published: November 2016

Background

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere and its impact on the climate are a pressing concern for governments around the world. Reducing GHG emissions by changing the energy production mix is one option to reach targets being set by international communities. As the implementation of renewable and non-renewable energy infrastructure deployed in marine ecosystems increases, it is not clear how these changes will impact on the marine environment and the ecosystem services it provides. To address this knowledge gap a systematic mapping approach was applied, with three key aims: firstly, to provide an overview of the types of impacts being studied for the offshore components of nuclear, offshore oil & gas and offshore wind arrays; secondly to demonstrate how these impacts can be translated into ecosystem services; and finally to provide a searchable database of the results.

Methods

Searches for relevant articles were carried out using academic and grey literature databases. A total of 2297 articles were sourced, which were screened using selection criteria that determined which subject populations, exposure types and outcomes were considered relevant. To translate these findings into ecosystem service impacts, the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment frameworks were used to ensure relevance, transparency and replicability.

Results

A total of 50 articles, which equated to 208 studies, spanning four decades since 1970, were selected and coded for the systematic map. Across all energy systems, benthic species were the most studied group. Following this, results then varied by group; marine birds and fish were most prevalent in studies of offshore wind; fish for offshore oil & gas studies; and pelagic organisms for nuclear. The outcome variables most investigated were changes in population and ecosystem function/process. Of all the ecosystem services associated with the studied impacts, regulating services were investigated most often, due to the large number of studies on benthic organisms. Cultural services, specific to offshore wind, were also prevalent.

Discussion

The systematic map provides a searchable database of articles and their relevant studies on the local ecological impacts of marine renewable energies. It has identified a number of potential future areas for primary research; for example, investigating the impacts of decommissioning offshore energy infrastructure on marine habitats and organisms.
A protective role of IL-37 in cancer: a new hope for cancer patients
Authors: Abulkhir Ayoub , Samarani Suzanne , Amre Devendra , Duval Michel , Haddad Elie , Sinnett Daniel , Leclerc Jean-Marie , Diorio Caroline , Ahmad Ali
Published: November 2016

IL-37 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. Although discovered in silico in 2000, significant advances in the understanding of its biology were made only in recent years. It is a member of the family with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It is produced as a precursor without a classic signal peptide. The precursor is cleaved into mature form in the cytoplasm by caspase-1. A small fraction of the cleaved IL-37 binds SMAD-3, translocates to the nucleus, and suppresses transcription of several proinflammatory genes. Both precursor and cleaved forms of IL-37 are secreted. They bind IL-18Rα chain (also used by IL-18 as a receptor subunit) and recruit Toll/IL-1R (TIR)-8 for transducing intracellular signaling. TIR-8 is a member of the IL-1 receptor family (IL-1RF) and was previously known as an orphan receptor. IL-37 suppresses activation of NF-κB and MAPK and activates Mer–PTEN-DOK pathway. It negatively regulates signaling mediated by TLR agonists, proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-1RF ligands. It also affects cell metabolism by inhibiting mTOR, GSK-3α/β, and activating AMPK. Despite having the ability to dampen host’s immune responses, the cytokine has been shown to exert antitumor effects, and it has been suggested that it may act as a prognostic marker in a variety of human cancers. Recent studies have suggested that IL-37 may represent a novel therapeutic tool in patients with cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the cytokine biology, discuss recent advances made in unraveling its anti-cancer effects, and suggest guidelines for future research.
Casein Kinase II is required for proper cell division and acts as a negative regulator of centrosome duplication inC. elegansembryos
Authors: Medley Jeffrey C. , Kabara Megan M. , Stubenvoll Michael D. , DeMeyer Lauren E. , Song Mi Hye
Published: November 2016

Centrosomes are the primary microtubule-organizing centers that orchestrate microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle. The correct number of centrosomes is pivotal for establishing bipolar mitotic spindles that ensure accurate segregation of chromosomes. Thus, centrioles must duplicate once per cell cycle, one daughter per mother centriole, the process of which requires highly coordinated actions among core factors and modulators. Protein phosphorylation is shown to regulate the stability, localization and activity of centrosome proteins. Here, we report the function of Casein Kinase II (CK2) in early C. elegans embryos. The catalytic subunit (KIN-3/CK2α) of CK2 localizes to nuclei, centrosomes and midbodies. Inactivating CK2 leads to cell division defects, including chromosome missegregation, cytokinesis failure and aberrant centrosome behavior. Furthermore, depletion or inhibiting kinase activity of CK2 results in elevated ZYG-1 levels at centrosomes, restoring centrosome duplication and embryonic viability to zyg-1 mutants. Our data suggest that CK2 functions in cell division and negatively regulates centrosome duplication in a kinase-dependent manner.
Preparation of Au/Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles by a Microwave-Induced Plasma in Liquid Process
Authors: Shirai Hiroaki , Nguyen Mai Thanh , Čempel David , Tsukamoto Hiroki , Tokunaga Tomoharu , Liao Ying-Chih , Yonezawa Tetsu
Published: November 2016

Au/Pd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized using HAuCl4, H2PdCl4, and α-thioglycerol as precursors and a stabilizer, respectively, by microwave-induced plasma in liquid process (MWPLP). After only several minutes of microwave irradiation, metallic NPs were obtained in aqueous environment without any reducing agent. The reduction mechanism of metal ions was confirmed by UV–vis spectral changes. The results from HAADF-STEM and EDS indicated that synthesized NPs were bimetallic Au/Pd. Moreover, XRD patterns of synthesized NPs implied that the composition of bimetallic NPs could be controlled by changing the initial ratio of metal precursors.
H επίδραση του βαθμού επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης στις διδακτικές πρακτικές των διδασκόντων αγγλικής γλώσσας: εμπειρική προσέγγιση.
Authors: Μπιρμπίλη Μαρία , Παπαοικονόμου Αντώνιος
Published: November 2016

Η εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζει μία έρευνα σχετικά με την επίδραση του βαθμού επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης στις διδακτικές πρακτικές των εκπαιδευτικών αγγλικής γλώσσας δημόσιων σχολείων στη βαθμίδα της κατώτερης δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης (γυμνάσιο). Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μέθοδοι της παρατήρησης σε δείγμα 68 διδακτικών ωρών σε δημόσιες σχολικές μονάδες και της ημι-δομημένης συνέντευξης σε δείγμα 28 εκπαιδευτικών συνολικά. Στα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας συγκαταλέγεται η επίδραση της κατοχής μεταπτυχιακών τίτλων και της επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης του εκπαιδευτικού στη διδακτική πρακτική με τη χρήση επικοινωνιακών μεθόδων στη διδασκαλία της γλώσσας και η ανεπάρκεια της ενδοϋπηρεσιακής επιμόρφωσης σε σχέση με τον παραπάνω στόχο. Παράλληλα, η αποτελεσματικότητα της διδακτικής πρακτικής σχετίζεται θετικά με το χρόνο προετοιμασίας του μαθήματος.  
Διαφορές και ομοιότητες στη νοημοσύνη ηλικιωμένων κατοίκων αστικών και αγροτικών περιοχών της Ελλάδας
Authors: Κουτσονίδα Μυρτώ , Νταφούλης Επαμεινώνδας , Παπαντωνίου Γεωργία , Μωραΐτου Δέσποινα
Published: November 2016

Η παρούσα έρευνα αποσκοπούσε να εξετάσει διαφορές και ομοιότητες στη ρέουσα και αποκρυσταλλωμένη νοημοσύνη ηλικιωμένων που κατοικούν σε αστικές και  αγροτικές περιοχές. Το δείγμα αποτελούνταν από 80 άτομα ηλικίας 65-91 ετών τα οποία χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ομάδες, 40 άτομα από αστικές περιοχές και 40 από αγροτικές. Ως έργα που μετρούν ρέουσα νοημοσύνη,  χορηγήθηκαν η φωνολογική συνθήκη της Δοκιμασίας Λεκτικής Ευχέρειας και η Δοκιμασία Ευχέρειας Σχεδιασμού της συστοιχίας Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Ως έργα αποκρυσταλλωμένης νοημοσύνης, χορηγήθηκε η σημασιολογική συνθήκη της Δοκιμασίας Λεκτικής Ευχέρειας της D-KEFS και το Ερωτηματολόγιο Σοφού Τρόπου Σκέψης και Δράσης. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι ηλικιωμένοι που κατοικούν σε αγροτικές περιοχές είχαν υψηλότερη επίδοση στη σοφία ως διαλεκτική σκέψη και εκτίμηση της αβεβαιότητας της ζωής, σε σύγκριση με τους ηλικιωμένους που διαβιούν σε πόλη. Το ίδιο βρέθηκε και ως προς την επίδοσή τους στη σημασιολογική συνθήκη της Δοκιμασίας Λεκτικής Ευχέρειας, η οποία μετρά τις εκτελεστικές λειτουργίες της έναρξης διαδικασίας και της αναστολής αλλά απαιτεί και σημασιολογική γνώση και μνήμη. 
Dynamics of tRNA fragments and their targets in aging mammalian brain
Authors: Karaiskos Spyros , Grigoriev Andrey
Published: November 2016

Background: The progress of next-generation sequencing technologies has unveiled various non-coding RNAs that have previously been considered products of random degradation and attracted only minimal interest. Among small RNA families, microRNA (miRNAs) have traditionally been considered key post-transcriptional regulators. However, recent studies have reported evidence for widespread presence of fragments of tRNA molecules (tRFs) across a range of organisms and tissues, and of tRF involvement in Argonaute complexes. Methods:To elucidate potential tRF functionality, we compared available RNA sequencing datasets derived from the brains of young, mid-aged and old rats. Using sliding 7-mer windows along a tRF, we searched for putative seed sequences with high numbers of conserved complementary sites within 3' UTRs of 23 vertebrate genomes. We analyzed Gene Ontology term enrichment of predicted tRF targets and compared their transcript levels with targets of miRNAs in the context of age. Results and Discussion: We detected tRFs originating from 3’- and 5’-ends of tRNAs in rat brains at significant levels. These fragments showed dynamic changes: 3’ tRFs monotonously increased with age, while 5’ tRFs displayed less consistent patterns. Furthermore, 3’ tRFs showed a narrow size range compared to 5’ tRFs, suggesting a difference in their biogenesis mechanisms. Similar to our earlier results in Drosophila and compatible with other experimental findings, we found “seed” sequence locations on both ends of different tRFs. Putative targets of these fragments were found to be enriched in neuronal and developmental functions. Comparison of tRFs and miRNAs increasing in abundance with age revealed small, but distinct changes in brain target transcript levels for these two types of small RNA, with the higher proportion of tRF targets decreasing with age. We also illustrated the utility of tRF analysis for annotating tRNA genes in sequenced genomes.
Recent advances in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Tsai Halley , Sung Yon K. , de Jesus Perez Vinicio
Published: November 2016

Over the past 20 years, there has been an explosion in the development of therapeutics to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a rare but life-threatening disorder associated with progressive elevation of pulmonary pressures and severe right heart failure. Recently, the field has seen the introduction of riociguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, a new endothelin receptor antagonist (macitentan), and oral prostanoids (treprostinil and selexipag). Besides new drugs, there have been significant advances in defining the role of upfront combination therapy in treatment-naïve patients as well as proposed methods to deliver systemic prostanoids by use of implantable pumps. In this review, we will touch upon the most important developments in PAH therapeutics over the last three years and how these have changed the guidelines for the treatment of PAH. These exciting developments herald a new era in the treatment of PAH which will be punctuated by the use of more clinically relevant endpoints in clinical research trials and a novel treatment paradigm that may involve upfront double- or triple-combination therapy. We anticipate that the future will make use of these strategies to test the efficacy of upcoming new drugs that aspire to reduce disease progression and improve survival in patients afflicted with this devastating disease.
Сomplexity of structure of institute of bank responsibility
Authors: Степанова Вера , Stepanova Vera
Published: November 2016

The article is devoted to research of institute of bank responsibility as complex structure which enters both in public, and private law. Bank responsibility as an independent legal design acts as an object of research. Both ad banking laws, and the codified legal acts which also contain regulations on responsibility of credit institutions (banks) are in detail analyzed. Legal comparison of content of standards of ad banking laws and norms on responsibility of credit institutions in the codified legal acts on features of subject and object accessory is carried out, the special attention is paid to bank responsibility in its private-law aspect where not only the legal, but also natural person can be the subject. Examples of standards of the civil legislation which are also related to bank responsibility are given. From the conducted research it is possible to conclude that uniqueness of institute of bank responsibility is that it is on crossing of private and public law. Bank responsibility only partially (public part) is included into institute of financial and legal responsibility while private-law responsibility is regulated also by standards of the civil, administrative and criminal legislation. Article is executed with assistance of RGNF, the project No. 16-33-00017 "Complex interindustry institute of legal responsibility: concept, structure, interrelations and the place in system of the right".
Information Content of Double Entry
Authors: Ковалев  , Kovalev Aleksey
Published: November 2016

The paper presents the interpretation of double-entry accounting as a system consisting of three elements (a double record structure, accounting, accounts, equality of numerical values of the two parts of the record), shows the location of double entry in the process of obtaining and transforming information about economic processes.
Smoke-free hospital site conversations: how nurses can initiate change
Authors: Mackereth Peter , Finchett Charlotte , Holt Melody
Published: November 2016

Smoking tobacco continues to be the world's most preventable cause of death and disability with over six trillion cigarettes sold each year. Patients, visitors and health professionals who smoke on hospital sites present a challenge to the effectiveness of public health messages. Health professionals who ignore ‘No smoking’ hospital/clinic signage, and avoid smoking-cessation activity, help to sustain the perception that smoking is tolerated. Case studies, with a focus on lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are used to illustrate how nurses can ‘seed’ the idea of hospitals becoming smoke-free, provide brief interventions and support patients, carers and colleagues to make that change.
Technology-enhanced learning in transnational higher education
Authors: Arunasalam Nirmala
Published: November 2016

Some university schools of nursing in Australia and the UK have developed collaborative links with Malaysia to deliver part-time Transnational Higher Education (TNHE) post-registration top-up nursing degree courses. It enables nurses trained to diploma level to upgrade to a degree qualification. The views of 18 Malaysian nurses who had studied with one Australian and two UK TNHE universities were explored using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Participants recruited via convenience and snowball sampling methods were interviewed in English and Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysian language). Thematic analysis were used to analyse data. Findings indicated nurses' frustration with technology-enhanced teaching and learning and a lack of support throughout the programme. Although nurses developed confidence in using computer technology, they remained disappointed with the level of academic support. The data and some useful strategies outlined provide important insights for TNHE providers, the Malaysian Nursing Board and private hospital employers to consider for enhancing nurses learning and experiences.
Nurses' views on workplace wellbeing programmes
Authors: Wright Nicola , Zakarin Melissa , Blake Holly
Published: November 2016

Workplace stress is prevalent among nurses. Healthcare employers have implemented complementary and alternative therapies (CATs) for relaxation and stress management within workplace wellbeing programmes. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 registered nurses to explore the perceptions and experiences of nurses towards accessing CATs in and outside the workplace. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using conventional, qualitative thematic techniques. Themes identified were ‘perceptions of complementary and alternative therapies for stress management’ and ‘engagement with workplace wellness schemes’. CATs have a role within workplace wellbeing programmes and nurses are not averse to accessing them, although there are barriers to access that need to be addressed.
Improving the resilience of the healthcare workforce
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: November 2016

Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, discusses government strategies to ensure a future healthcare workforce that is sustainable and does not rely on overseas recruitment
Evaluation of the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with the use of second-harmonic-generation imaging and tensile testing
Authors: Hase E. , Sato K. , Yonekura D. , Minamikawa T. , Takahashi M. , Yasui T.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) imaging and tensile testing.

Materials and Methods

A total of eight male Japanese white rabbits were used for this study. The flexor digitorum tendons in their right leg were sharply transected, and then were repaired by intratendinous stitching. At four weeks post-operatively, the rabbits were killed and the flexor digitorum tendons in both right and left legs were excised and used as specimens for tendon healing (n = 8) and control (n = 8), respectively. Each specimen was examined by SHG imaging, followed by tensile testing, and the results of the two testing modalities were assessed for correlation.

Results

While the SHG light intensity of the healing tendon samples was significantly lower than that of the uninjured tendon samples, 2D Fourier transform SHG images showed a clear difference in collagen fibre structure between the uninjured and the healing samples, and among the healing samples. The mean intensity of the SHG image showed a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.37) with Young’s modulus obtained from the tensile testing.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that SHG microscopy may be a potential indicator of tendon healing. Cite this article: E. Hase, K. Sato, D. Yonekura, T. Minamikawa, M. Takahashi, T. Yasui. Evaluation of the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with the use of second-harmonic-generation imaging and tensile testing. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:577–585. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.511.BJR-2016-0162.R1.
Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: Pearce Christopher J. , Tan Audrey
Published: November 2016

Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy is a degenerative condition characterised by pain on activity. Eccentric stretching is the most effective treatment. Surgical treatment is reserved for recalcitrant cases. Minimally-invasive and tendinoscopic treatments are showing promising results.

Cite this article: Pearce CJ, Tan A. Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:383-390. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.160024.
Neoliberalism by stealth? Exploring continuity and change within the UK social enterprise policy paradigm
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Teasdale Simon
Published: November 2016

Social enterprise has been portrayed as challenging neoliberalism, and alternatively, as neoliberalism by stealth. Here we conceptualise social enterprise as a microparadigm nested within wider political and economic frameworks. Our analysis of continuity and change over a period of political and economic crisis in England demonstrates considerable evidence of normative change in the ideas underpinning social enterprise policies. However, further analysis reveals that the (neoliberal) cognitive ideas underpinning the social enterprise paradigm remained intact. This suggests that policy paradigms can accommodate normative differences within a shared cognitive framework, and hence, are more fluid, and have greater longevity, than previously recognised.
Overcoming the failure of ‘silicon somewheres’: learning in policy transfer processes
Authors: Giest Sarah
Published: November 2016

Increased pressure to use policy transfer as a tool has led policy-makers to seek it as a solution for innovation efforts. A prominent example is Silicon Valley, whose replication attempts have been widely criticised. Based on ‘Silicon Somewhere’ cases in Asia, Europe and the US, the research suggests that there are different types of learning contributing to the success or failure of policy transfer. These variations in the learning processes underlying the transfer include imitation, trialand- error and adaptive learning.
Evidence-based best practice is more political than it looks: a case study of the ‘Scottish Approach’
Authors: Cairney Paul
Published: November 2016

National governments use evidence selectively to argue that a successful policy intervention in one local area should be emulated in others (‘evidence-based best practice’). However, the value of such evidence is always limited because there is: disagreement on the best way to gather evidence of policy success, uncertainty regarding the extent to which we can draw general conclusions from specific evidence, and local policymaker opposition to interventions not developed in local areas. How do governments respond to this dilemma? This article identifies the Scottish Government response: it supports three potentially contradictory ways to gather evidence and encourage emulation.
Information into knowledge: navigating the complexity in the campus community engagement context
Authors: Middleton Anne T , Whitmore Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

In this paper we draw on two case studies from a current research project investigating the impact of campus-community engagement (CCE) to examine how the fundamental functions for effective knowledge mobilisation were used. The K* spectrum provides a mapping framework for analysis. Both the types of CCE and the different relationships developed during engagement activities can be a key determinant of successful policy development. We conclude that engaging in this mapping process with participants can help build the relationships necessary to transform information into knowledge needed to address identified policy issues.
How do development assistance partners conceptualise and prioritise evidence in Priority Setting (PS) for health programmes relevant to low income countries? A qualitative study
Authors: Kapiriri Lydia , Sinding Christina , Arnold Emmy
Published: November 2016

There is limited literature on how donors conceptualise and prioritise evidence in healthcare priority setting (PS) affecting low income countries (LICs). We interviewed 35 donors and reviewed their websites to describe how they conceptualise, prioritise and perceive the role evidence plays in their organisation’s healthcare prioritisation affecting LICs. There was a correlation between the respondents’ organisation and how they conceptualised and credited the different types of evidence, as well as whether they talked about using evidence symbolically or instrumentally. Related challenges are discussed. This was an exploratory study; future research could focus on donors’ actual use of different types of evidence.
Methods for a rapid systematic review and metaanalysis in evaluating selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation
Authors: James Marrissa Martyn-St , Cooper Katy , Kaltenthaler Eva
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate a rapid systematic review method in which randomised controlled trial (RCT) data was extracted from existing reviews and subsequent RCTs. The method enabled: identification of RCTs not included by existing reviews; cross-checking RCT data for consistency where there was more than one review; double data extraction due to time saved by extracting data from existing reviews; correction of data synthesis errors in existing reviews; and pooling data across all RCTs to produce contemporary effect estimates. When subsequently compared to extracting data directly from all RCT original publications, the findings and conclusions concurred.
Building the research-policy nexus in South Africa: insights from a skills planning policy intervention
Authors: Ranchod Rushil
Published: November 2016

This paper examines the formation and operation of a research-policy nexus in a research-based national-level government department intervention to improve skills planning policy in South Africa. Through the lens of evidence-informed policymaking, it reflects on understandings of evidence use in policy; it explores the interactions between actors in the nexus and the dynamic exchanges that shape this relationship. Based on interviews with researchers and senior government managers, this paper highlights points of concordance and discordance in research(-er) and policy(-maker) interactions in a functioning research-policy nexus. It suggests key means by which the nexus may be improved.
Cancer Secretome May Influence BSP and DSP Expression in Human Salivary Gland Cells
Authors: Hamilton Samantha Lynn , Ferando Blake , Eapen Asha Sarah , Yu Jennifer Chian , Joy Anita Rose
Published: November 2016

One of the biggest challenges in managing head and neck cancers, especially salivary gland cancers, is the identification of secreted biomarkers of the disease that can be evaluated noninvasively. A relevant source of enriched tumor markers could potentially be found in the tumor secretome. Although numerous studies have evaluated secretomes from various cancers, the influence of the cancer secretome derived from salivary gland cancers on the behavior of normal cells has not yet been elucidated. Our data indicate that secretome derived from salivary gland cancer cells can influence the expression of two potential biomarkers of oral cancer—namely, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP)—in normal salivary gland cells. Using routine immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting techniques, we demonstrate an enrichment of BSP and DSP in human salivary gland (HSG) cancer tissue, unique localizations of BSP and DSP in HSG cancer cells, and enriched expression of BSP and DSP in normal salivary gland cells exposed to a cancer secretome. The secretome domain of the cancer microenvironment could alter signaling cascades responsible for normal cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, thus enhancing cancer cell survival and the potential for cancer progression. The cancer secretome may be critical in maintaining and stimulating “cancer-ness,” thus potentially promoting specific hallmarks of metastasis.
La evaluación por pares y la publicación: lecciones para abogados
Authors: Haack Susan
Published: November 2016

La Corte Suprema estadounidense en el caso Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. especificó como un posible criterio a tomar en consideración por los jueces para decidir la admisibilidad de las pruebas científicas la revisión por pares y la publicación de trabajos sobre la teoría o técnica subyacente al elemento de prueba en cuestión. En este trabajo se abordan algunos de los problemas que los actuales sistemas de revisión por pares y publicación enfrentan y que permiten cuestionar la utilidad del criterio si el objetivo de los tribunales es valorar la calidad de la información científica.
Entimemas probatorios
Authors: Bonorino Pablo
Published: November 2016

En este trabajo se abordan dos problemas relacionados con los entimemas (entendidos como argumentos incompletos) formulados en procedimientos penales para apoyar la verdad de un enunciado fáctico: (1) ¿Cómo se puede justificar la atribución de un enunciado a un texto que no lo contiene?, y (2) ¿Cómo se puede escoger la premisa tácita a incorporar durante la reconstrucción cuando el texto admite más de una interpretación? Se rechazan dos variantes de deductivismo (ingenua y sofisticada) por no ser capaces de responder a sus críticos sin abandonar su compromiso con la lógica deductiva. Se defiende un modelo interpretativo como alternativa, basado en la adopción del principio de caridad y otras pautas pragmáticas, capaz de preservar las virtudes de los enfoques lógicos sobre los entimemas sin compartir sus deficiencias. Por último, se pone a prueba la propuesta aplicándola a un ejemplo de argumentación probatoria entimemática, usando como guía y justificación para la incorporación de las premisas tácitas un esquema de argumento del tipo «inferencia a la mejor explicación».
Prueba directa vs. prueba indirecta (un conflicto inexistente)
Authors: Miranda Vázquez Carlos de
Published: November 2016

El presente estudio aborda la controvertida cuestión de las relaciones entre prueba directa e indirecta. Más concretamente, se adentra en el análisis de la tradicional superioridad de la prueba directa y en el examen de los fundamentos de la doctrina de la «hipovaluación» de la prueba indirecta. En una primera parte, el trabajo se centra en la revisión crítica de la aludida doctrina. Seguidamente, se introduce la doctrina de la «equiparación» entre prueba directa y prueba indirecta. El estudio concluye con una toma de postura en relación con los dos cuerpos de doctrina presentados.
Inteligencia Artificial, In Dubio Pro Reo y Presunción de Inocencia. Modelando principios del juicio penal mediante un sistema argumentativo
Authors: Malavé Naime Luis Alfonso
Published: November 2016

En el presente trabajo, analizaremos algunas características argumentativas importantes de la presunción de inocencia y el in dubio pro reo en el juicio penal, desde la perspectiva de un sistema argumentativo y modelo computacional llamado «Sistema Argumentativo con estructuras Paralelas y Subordinadas» (SAPS). Además, presentaremos algunos aspectos generales sobre la carga de la prueba en el derecho penal y cómo puede ser modelada mediante SAPS. Por último, compararemos nuestro análisis con el de otros sistemas argumentativos.
Ricos y pobres: sobre el fundamento y alcance del deber de ayuda al prójimo
Authors: Alemany García Macario
Published: November 2016

Este artículo trata sobre el fundamento y alcance de la obligación de ayuda al prójimo, a aquellas personas con las que no se tiene un vínculo especial. Se analizan las respuestas dadas a esta cuestión por Ronald Dworkin, Peter Singer y Ernesto Garzón Valdés. A partir de ahí, se argumenta a favor del punto de vista de Dworkin, de acuerdo con el cual para decidir qué hacer —o no hacer— por otras personas debemos preguntarnos qué comportamiento no sería respetuoso con el reconocimiento de la igual importancia de sus vidas.
G. H. von Wright y la lógica sin verdad
Authors: González Lagier Daniel , Navarro Pablo Eugenio
Published: November 2016

En este breve texto se describe el contexto en el que von Wright escribió el artículo «¿Lógica sin verdad?» y algunas de las circunstancias de la versión que a continuación se publica.
Releyendo la jurisprudencia normativa de Ronald Dworkin: una valoración de conjunto
Authors: Zaccaria Giuseppe
Published: November 2016

En este trabajo se evalúa el impacto sobre la filosofía del derecho contemporánea de la obra de Ronald Dworkin. A partir de Hart y en lo sucesivo, no se ha podido dejar de debatir las ideas de Dworkin y de dedicarles ensayos y conferencias. Debe reconocerse que Dworkin ha cambiado profundamente el panorama de la teoría del derecho contemporánea, contribuyendo de manera decisiva a abandonar definitivamente la concepción vetero-positivista del derecho y reorientando completa y profundamente el debate sobre el positivismo jurídico y sobre el iusnaturalismo.
Pluralismo de los valores, nuevo constitucionalismo y balance libertad-seguridad
Authors: Barberis Mauro
Published: November 2016

Después del 11 septiembre de 2001, se habla cada vez más de supuestos balances entre libertad y seguridad, balances que corren el riesgo de convertir el Estado constitucional en Estado de seguridad (Security State). La metáfora del balance es compartida entre el value pluralism, la metaética que atribuye a los valores características como objetividad, pluralidad, conflictividad, inconmensurabilidad e indeterminación (apartado 2), y el new constitutionalism de la posguerra, que atribuye las mismas características a los principios constitucionales (apartado 3). Sin embargo, el análisis de los supuestos balances entre libertad, por un lado, y seguridad individual, social y nacional, por el otro (apartado 4), produce como resultado que restringir libertades individuales disminuye también la seguridad individual, sin aumentar la seguridad colectiva en algún grado significativo.
Emergencia jurídica y objetividad. Reflexiones filosóficas en torno al control judicial del presupuesto habilitante
Authors: Parmigiani Matías
Published: November 2016

Realizo en el presente trabajo una revisión de la doctrina judicial prevaleciente en una parte importante de Iberoamérica con respecto al control del «presupuesto habilitante» en el que descansa la legislación de emergencia. Según la doctrina en cuestión, a menos que haya un evento, hecho, circunstancia o situación de emergencia objetivamente comprobable, ninguna ley de emergencia podrá ser convalidada en sede jurisdiccional. A la hora de fundamentar esta exigencia, sin embargo, la doctrina parece realizar una serie de presuposiciones filosóficas de dudosa justificación. Mi cometido será doble: por un lado, consistirá en reconstruir qué entiende la doctrina por «objetividad»; y, por el otro, consistirá en criticar esta noción, en particular por estar ligada a una comprensión valorativamente aséptica de la función política difícilmente defendible.
Kritische Kollektivität im Netz
Authors: Wiedemann Carolin
Published: November 2016

Gilles Deleuze hatte es schon 1991 prophezeit: Jedem Gesellschaftstyp seine Maschinen, den Kontrollgesellschaften die Computer. Deren kybernetische Logiken haben sich mit neuen, biopolitischen Formen des Kapitalismus verbunden. Herausgekommen ist dabei Facebook, jene Plattform, auf der die User_innen sich permanent selbst vermessen und vergleichen. Doch wodurch kann das Dispositiv von Kommodifizierung und Kontrolle unterlaufen werden? Was kann als subversiv gelten, wenn die Unterwerfung freiwillig ist und die Theorie kein intentionales Subjekt mehr kennt? Carolin Wiedemann zeigt, inwiefern ein Internet-Phänomen wie »Anonymous« Aufschluss geben kann und welche neuen Möglichkeiten für Kritik und Kollektivität sich hieraus ergeben.
Coming of Age on the Streets of Java
Authors: Stodulka Thomas
Published: November 2016

This book is based on almost five years of fieldwork with street-related communities in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, between 2001 and 2015. The author inquires into children's and adolescents' coming of age on the streets and their remarkable social and emotional competences, instead of resorting to a dreadful discourse of pity and despair. The ethnography's multi-vocal narrative couples vivid accounts of ethnographic case studies and life stories with current theory on affect, emotion, empathy, structural violence or social interaction in the context of marginality, stigma and chronic illness.
Innovationen in der Nanomedizin
Authors: Pohler Schär Wiebke
Published: November 2016

Ist nanomedizinische Forschung die »Erfindung« (Gabriel Tarde) einer neuen Form von Sozialität, die tradierte, gesellschaftliche und soziologische Grenzziehungen (z.B. Wissenschaft - Gesellschaft) in Frage stellt? Mithilfe der Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie und den Instrumenten der Ethnografie vollzieht Wiebke Pohler Schär Konstruktions- und Übersetzungsprozesse nanomedizinischer Forschungspraxis nach und macht nanomedizinische Innovationen als Versammlungen heterogener Elemente sichtbar. Die aufschlussreiche Fallstudie liefert einen wichtigen Beitrag zur öffentlichen und wissenschaftsinternen Kontroverse hinsichtlich nanomedizinischer Innovationen.
Rhetorik des Designs
Authors: Smolarski Pierre
Published: November 2016

Was heißt es, Rhetorik als Designtheorie zu verstehen? Pierre Smolarski entwirft eine umfassende Designtheorie in Form einer Designrhetorik und zeigt, wie diese sowohl zur Analyse des Designprozesses als auch zur Beschreibung von Designprodukten und ihres persuasiven Gehaltes Anwendung finden kann. Auch rhetorische Strategien der Findung, Ordnung und Formung innerhalb des Gestaltungsprozesses können so bewertet werden. Das Buch stellt Grundbegriffe der Orientierung an Designprodukten rhetorisch umfassend dar und sucht Anschlüsse zu Theorien der Subversion, Affirmation und Neutralität.
Synthesis, spectral characterization, molecular structure, HOMO-LUMO, MEP and NLO analysis of some (E)-N-(4-Fluoro-3-Phenoxybenzylidene)- substituted benzenamines
Authors: Raj G. Jesu Retna , Jayanthi P. , Sekar M.
Published: November 2016

In this work, (E)-N-(4-Fluoro-3-Phenoxybenzylidene)-substituted benzenamines (1-6) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral studies. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to optimize geometrical parameters, atomic charges, vibrational wavenumbers and intensity of vibrational bands. The molecular properties HOMO-LUMO, MEP and atomic charges of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen were calculated using B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) basis set. The polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability of the title Compounds were calculated and interpreted.