bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Thermal Design and Mold Flow Process for 3D SiP Structure
Authors: Chang Yu-Hsiang , Huang Bing-Yuan , Huang Hung-Hsien , Chen Dao-Long , Tarng David , Hung CP
Published: February 2022

With the advent of the 5G era, major package and testing plants have been taking frequent action recently. Obviously, with higher and higher performance requirements, SiP is a functional package integrated multiple functional chips, including processor, memory into one package. However, thermal design is an important issue to be addressed at this time. This paper mainly presents a 3D SiP structure based on the combination of two substrates, integrating 4 components in a single package, total power consumption is 30 Watt. To address thermal management difficulties of this 3D SiP, a method is designed to increase the thermal path between the two boards. The Effects of the structure, number of via, and changing location of components aspects of the thermal performance are studied. The thermal vias was designed in between the two boards provide are direct heat dissipation, connecting the metal studs above passive components to improve thermal performance. Thermal performance with 240 vias is improved by 0.4%, while the number of vias increases from 240 to 912, the temperature decreases only 1.0%, 0.6% respectively. The difference of thermal resistance (θJB) comparison is 1.9%, 1.5% and 1.0%. There are limits to the improvement of vias, the effect of increasing the number of via is not as good as expected. However, increasing the thermal conduction path may have an effect on the void of mold flow. s

3D mold flow modeling of the transfer molding process with molded underfill (MUF) using Moldex3D is applied to optimize design and process parameters that can reduce device defects. There is one important challenge that faced air voids entrapment in molding area. Generally, the experiments involve a lot of design of experiment (DOE) matrixes which spend a lot of time to solve air void issue. As above reasons, the mold flow simulation can be used to apply molding parameters to find out optimum solutions for air void risk free of SiP, which can reduce development cycle time before mass production. From the mold flow simulation results, when the number of plunger segments increases and the tail flow rate decreases, the void issues can be effectively improved.
High Density Package Design Platform and Assembly Design Kit
Authors: Huang Chih-Yi , Cao Lihong , Chang Keng-Tuan , Wang Chen-Chao
Published: February 2022

With the miniaturization of integrated circuit technology and process, chips are getting smaller and smaller, and thus it results in fan-out packaging with RDL process was derived to extend the ball grid array design space. The applicable range of RDL now includes products in the fields of Networking, HPC, AI and even SiPh. And the new package types comprised of the RDL process include e-WLB, chip first FOCoS, chip last FOCoS, FO-PoP and 2.5D IC etc.

The total pin count in FOCoS packaging can be more than ten times than that the pin counts in a large FCBGA packaging; the FOCoS package layout density can reach tens or even hundreds of times than FCBGA. High density and complex connectivity in FOCoS cause more difficult using traditional EDA tool for packaging design. In addition, the RDL process manufacturing equipment is different from that for traditional packaging substrate and it is more like the foundry process, so it is required to consider design rule check and LVS check flow compatible to IC design flow except for the package layout. It is necessary to have different methods and tools from that in the past to complete a reliable design.

In this paper, there is an introduction about the new design flow and platform for high density package design and it describes the new design platform could overcome the difficulties of layout on high-density packages such as FOCoS. And then talking about FOCoS Assembly Design Kit (ADK) to provide to the IC or system designers, especially the new design rule checking tools and procedure, as well as example about how DRC tools plays an important role in RDL process improvement and design. In addition to checking the design rule for the layout, verifying the interconnections between the components in the package after design is very important to FOCoS packaging which is generally used in multiple dice integration such as homogeneous and heterogeneous integration design.
Contamination Troubleshooting for Microelectronics Packaging
Authors: Chia Victor K.F. , Wilkus Tiffany , Huerta Laarni , Rivello Wendy , Jew Jennifer , Li Fuhe , Gotts Hugh , Hsu I-Hsiang , Anderson Scott
Published: February 2022

A goal of advanced packaging design performance is to reduce power and to achieve better control of heat and electromagnetic interference. Materials to achieve efficient packaging include the use of gold (Au) wire, copper (Cu) alloy, gold/silver (Au/Ag) plating, solder, low-k epoxy and dry-film polymers, silicones and polyimides. Material purity verification and contamination control during the production process is a prerequisite to ensure high yields in packaging because getting this wrong means throwing away multiple chips. This paper describes an Analytical Decision Tree to guide methodology selection, reviews contamination troubleshooting methodologies, and case studies to resolve process issues.
A Novel Design of High-Temperature Lead-Free Solders for Die-Attachment in Power Discrete Applications
Authors: Zhang Hongwen , Lytwynec Samuel , Wang Huaguang , Geng Jie , Mutuku Francis , Lee Ning-Cheng
Published: February 2022

Development of high-temperature lead-free (HTLF) solders to replace high-lead solders for die-attachment in power device applications is driven by (1) the harmful effects of lead to human health and the environment, and (2) the demand of the improved bonding materials serving under high-power density and high-junction temperatures, especially for wide-band-gap power devices. A novel design, based on a mixed solder powder paste technology—Durafuse™—has been developed to deliver a Sn-rich HTLF paste, presenting the merits of both constituent powders. The combination of the rigid, high-melting SnSbCuAgX and the ductile, low-temperature Sn-rich solder in one paste enables reflow at a relatively low temperature (barely above the liquidus temperature of the final joint composition) and maintains the joint strength above 15MPa in the temperature range between 270°C and 295°C. The sufficient high-temperature strength has demonstrated the capability of maintaining the joint integrity during subsequent multiple SMT reflows below the 270°C peak temperature, regardless of the existence of a partial melting phase. Both X-ray inspection and cross-section microstructure have not shown any damage in the Si die or any noticeable cracks in the bonding joint, even after 3000 cycles of TCT (−40 to 150°C). In summary, Durafuse™ HT, the novel design of the high-temperature lead-free pastes, has shown the feasibility as a drop-in solution to replace high-lead solders for die-attachment in power discrete applications.
Challenges and novel approaches for the development of hardware-related trustworthy electronics
Authors: Middendorf A. , Böttcher M. , Jung E. , Pötter H. , Ndip I. , Töpper M. , Schneider-Ramelow M. , Steller W.
Published: February 2022

Emerging and future electronic components and systems must not only meet cost, performance, reliability, miniaturization and environmental requirements, they must also be trustworthy. In the near future, we have to trust even more electronic components and systems in everyday life, such as those used in self-driving cars or service robots.

In this contribution, we present the challenges and novel approaches for the development of hardware-related trustworthy electronics. Our proposed solutions cover all aspects of the value chain starting with the confidentiality of secure production chains, the security against manipulation as well as technological sovereignty. These novel approaches are extensively investigated with partners from academia and industry in R&D projects within the framework of the German Flagship initiative “Trustworthy Electronics”. The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as a contribution to research and innovation for technological sovereignty fund this initiative.

In this paper, we will report on the latest research results of the implementation of our approaches at four key levels, namely wafer, board, system and platform levels.

In the area of wafer level packaging, the focus is on developing solutions for the implementation of trustworthy heterogeneous systems using high-frequency chips in combination with complex signal processing.

At board-level, the goal is to develop a universal electro-optical interposer, particularly taking into account security features (e.g. key generation and encryption / decryption, design of photonic expandable RISC-V peripheral components).

At system-level, we focus on the development of processes and multi-sensor systems that protect important microelectronic circuits from criminal attacks. The entire system has to be protected by hierarchically graded monitoring, by embedded sensors and its corresponding microcontrollers. The development of the packaging and interconnection technology is supplemented by non-destructive testing methods that monitor the integrity of the protective mechanisms. The approach pursued here does not require any modification of the structure of the circuits to be protected and can be combined with all safety-critical application circuits. With this cost-effective solution, small series production is also economically feasible.

Finally, at the platform-level, overreaching issues are investigated within the three pillars, namely design, production and analysis of the microelectronic value chain. The platform concentrates predominantly on contributions to the necessary standardization. This enables companies effectively to support the supply of trustworthy electronics, especially with regard to small series.
Highly accelerated lifetime testing in power electronics
Authors: Czerny Bernhard , Khatibi Golta
Published: February 2022

This paper presents case studies on application of accelerated mechanical fatigue testing for evaluation of wire bond interconnects and interfaces in electronic devices. A dedicated experimental set-up is designed to induce fatigue failure in the weak sites of the devices by reproducing the failure modes occurring during operation. Acceleration is achieved by increasing the mechanical testing frequency enabling determination of lifetime curves in a very short time. Exemplary studies on the degradation and fatigue failure of heavy wire bonds typically used in power electronics are presented and advantages and some restrictions of the proposed method are briefly discussed.
A INFLUÊNCIA DO BOARD INTERLOCKING NA QUALIDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO CONTÁBIL EM EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Barros Claudio Marcelo Edwards , Colauto Romualdo Douglas
Published: February 2022

Esse estudo tem como objetivo examinar a influência do Board Interlocking sobre a Qualidade da Informação Contábil determinada a partir de um conjunto de métricas de Gerenciamento de Resultados, Tempestividade e Relevância da Informação Contábil denominada de Portfolio Approach proposta por Barth, Landsman e Lang (2008), adicionado do Conservadorismo Condicional. Neste estudo, postula-se que o poder de monitoramento de Conselheiros pode ser enfraquecido pelas múltiplas conexões entre Conselhos e Diretorias. Nessa direção, foram formuladas quatro hipóteses de que o Board Interlocking exerceria efeito negativo sobre a Qualidade da Informação Contábil aumentando o Gerenciamento de Resultados (H1), diminuindo o Conservadorismo (H2), a Tempestividade (H3) e a Relevância da Informação Contábil (H4). A população-alvo da pesquisa é o conjunto de empresas de capital aberto que divulgaram Formulários de Referência nos anos de 2010 a 2015 por meio do website da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários. Os resultados mostraram que 79,34% das empresas abertas brasileiras realizaram Board Interlocking. Entretanto, somente 17,83% do contingente de mais de 6000 integrantes de Conselhos de Administração, Diretorias Executivas e Conselhos Fiscais formaram a totalidade das conexões no Brasil. Os principais resultados alcançados são de que Gerenciamento de Resultados, Conservadorismo e Tempestividade da informação contábil são indiferentes à incidência do Board Interlocking. No entanto, em favor da hipótese H4, foi possível observar maior Relevância da Informação Contábil ante a menor incidência de conexões.
ANÁLISE DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DETERMINANTES DAS EMPRESAS QUE USUFRUEM DE SUBVENÇÕES E ASSISTÊNCIAS GOVERNAMENTAIS
Authors: Preciado Saac Diana Maria , Rezende Amaury José
Published: February 2022

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar as características das empresas que usufruem de subvenções e assistências governamentais. A amostra pesquisada compreendeu 791 notas explicativas de 113 empresas listadas no índice IBRX-100 da Bm&fBovespa, nos períodos de 2008 a 2014. As análises descritivas indicam que 48 empresas (43% da amostra) participaram de algum programa de Subvenção Governamental, totalizaram aproximadamente R$ 30 bilhões, dentre os setores e regiões que mais apresentam empresas detentoras de subvenções estão: i) Setores: energia elétrica, consumo cíclico, comércio, construção e engenharia, e metalúrgica; e ii) Regiões: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Os resultados obtidos com nas análises de regressão logísticas indicam que há uma probabilidade maior das empresas que possuem subvenções nas seguintes características: empresas mais lucrativas; tamanho da empresa, captação de recursos junto ao BNDES e ser auditada por um empresa Big4. Cabe esclarecer que a adoção das normas internacionais aumentou o nível de divulgação das informações referentes aos programas de subvenções e assistências governamentais, bem como os respectivos valores transacionados.
ALOCAÇÕES EM DEBÊNTURES E A PERFORMANCE DOS FUNDOS NO BRASIL
Authors: Guimarães Thayse Machado , Malaquias Rodrigo Fernandes
Published: February 2022

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar qual a influência da alocação em debêntures no retorno ajustado ao risco dos fundos multimercados brasileiros. Desse modo, a amostra deste estudo foi composta 13.770 observações em um painel balanceado durante o período de dezembro de 2009 a junho de 2018. Foram estimadas quatro regressões para testar a hipótese proposta. As principais evidências demonstram que apesar das debêntures serem títulos expressivos no mercado de capitais brasileiro, somente cerca de 1,77% das carteiras é alocada nestes títulos de dívida. Ademais, os resultados dos modelos econométricos respondem à hipótese da pesquisa e indicam que as alocações em debêntures tendem a influenciar de maneira positiva na performance dos fundos, expressa pelo Prêmio pelo Risco e pelo Índice de Sharpe. Soma-se a isso a evidência de que os fundos que investem em outros fundos relevam uma performance inferior. Dessa forma, este estudo contribui para a literatura por indicar que gestores de fundos que alocam parte de sua carteira em debêntures apresentam, em média, melhores indicadores de retorno ajustado ao risco.
BOOK-TAX DIFFERENCES ANORMAIS, SUAVIZAÇÃO DOS RESULTADOS E REAL EARNINGS MANAGEMENT EM EMPRESAS DE CAPITAL ABERTO LISTADAS NO BRASIL
Authors: Stoduto Bruna Duarte , Rezende Laís De Araújo , Brunozi Júnior Antônio Carlos
Published: February 2022

As diferenças nas apurações do Lucro Contábil e do Lucro Tributário, denominadas de Book-Tax Differences (BTD), possuem papel informativo para as empresas, e isso permitiu que os estudos as relacionassem com a qualidade dos lucros. No entanto, os resultados foram limitados, pois não houve a consideração de que as BTD são formadas por diferentes componentes, de heterogêneas razões legítimas normativas e questionáveis: as BTD Normais e as BTD Anormais. As BTD Anormais, foco desta pesquisa, que são consequências do gerenciamento de resultados, apresentam argumentos teóricos, da assimetria de informações, mais concretos para justificar a sua associação com a qualidade dos lucros nas empresas, pois não necessariamente os gestores estão alinhados aos interesses dos acionistas. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre as BTD Anormais e a suavização dos resultados e o real earnings management em empresas de capital aberto listadas no Brasil. Essas relações são originais academicamente, no Brasil, e têm relevância para a área contábil, devido às mudanças advindas com as IFRS nas normativas da Contabilidade Financeira e Fiscal. Metodologicamente, foram utilizadas 327 empresas listadas na B3, no período de 2010 a 2018, com a aplicação da técnica de dados em painel quantílica. Nos resultados, indicou-se que ocorrem mais práticas de suavização dos resultados e de real earnings management a partir das BTD Anormais. Em meios gerais, o estudo reforçou que as BTD, a partir de seus elementos discricionários, são meios para que os gestores realizem a manipulação das informações contábeis, causando assimetria informacional.
Philip Polcar’s Hieronymus’ Witwenbüchlein für Salvina
Authors: Westenholz Willum
Published: February 2022

In the monograph under review, a revised version of a dissertation submitted at the University of Konstanz in 2019, Polcar sets out to provide a full-scale commentary on a single letter of Jerome’s correspondence such as will be familiar to those who have read the work of Scourfield, Adkin, and Cain. The letter under investigation, epistula 79, is addressed to the newly widowed Salvina, containing both consolation for the loss of her husband, Nebridius, and exhortation to chaste widowhood. After a brief introduction to Jerome and the letter’s place in the ancient epistolographic tradition (pp. 11–19) and a survey of the edition and the manuscripts consulted (21–24), there follows a Latin text with a facing translation (pp. 24–45).
Contrastive Linguistic and Cultural Backgrounds of the Two Latin Translators of the Life of Antony
Authors: Anđelović Aleksandar , Geréby György
Published: February 2022

The paper focuses on the direct Bible quotations that the anonymous translator and Evagrius of Antioch rendered from Greek into Latin as part of their versions of the Life of Antony, each in his own way. Did the anonymous translator use any of the existing fourth-century Latin translations of the Bible to translate the biblical quotations he found in the Greek original, or did he translate them himself, without recourse to translations already available? Which version of the Bible did he use when translating the biblical quotations, in Latin or in Greek? What does the anonymous translator’s “literal” and “low-register” style tell us about the translator? Was his non-idiomatic Latin a choice, “Christian” Latin, or rather a limitation in translating into Latin as his target language? On the other hand, what does Evagrius’ “high” and stylistically sophisticated and improved Latin tell us about Evagrius? Whom does he write for, and what do his readers expect from him? This paper aims at answering these questions.
Preliminary Remarks on the Latin of Jerome
Authors: Sajovic Miran
Published: February 2022

The paper presents a preliminary study on the linguistic elements and the diversity of Jerome’s Latin, with examples taken from some of his most notable works, his letters, biblical translations, Vita Malchi, and De viris illustribus, to demonstrate his particular contribution to the oft-discussed and problematized domain, namely the Latinitas Christianorum. The article offers a general overview of Jerome’s literary formation, discussing the influence by classical Latin writers. To illustrate the kaleidoscope of Jerome’s writing style, the analysis presents various genres of his writings, ranging from his biblical to non-biblical translation, from reference books and dictionaries to letters and biographies. The conclusion presents some of the linguistic characteristics of his writings to show the nuance in his mastery of Latin.
The Relation of Social Identity and Transformational Leadership in Project Teams: An Examination in the IT Industry in Germany.
Authors:   , Becker Jörn
Published: February 2022

Project-based business has become more and more important for companies in Germany’s IT industry, but it is also noticeable that many projects suffer or fail. Leadership behaviour plays an important role in project management and effective leadership is desired if projects are to be successful. There are a number of challenges for project leaders, such as projects may be temporary, the project team members possibly do not know each other prior to the project start and the power of project leaders is reduced in many cases compared to managers in line organisations. There is strong empirical evidence in the literature that transformational leadership is a very effective leadership style and it is also recommended in project management by academic as well as project practitioner literature. This study examines the relation of social identity and transformational leadership in project teams within the IT industry in Germany to obtain a deeper understanding of effective leadership processes with the aim of increasing work engagement. Three research questions have been developed and a case study with a qualitative approach has been performed by applying a social constructionist epistemology. Data has been gathered through 20 semi-structured interviews with experienced professionals in the IT industry in Germany. A thematic analysis has been conducted by interpreting data and developing themes. The results provide answers on firstly, how transformational leadership behaviour causes social identity in project teams that leads to increased work engagement; secondly, how governance in projects affects leadership; and thirdly, how leadership effectiveness can be measured and might be improved. Seven behaviours of leadership including useful mediators, and ten facilitating governance measures are identified and discussed. In addition, insights regarding governmentality and governance approaches are presented. Furthermore, governance measures to measure and to improve leadership effectiveness are suggested. The findings have been conceptualised in a leadership framework and contribute with new important insights to theoretical knowledge as well as to project management practice. Furthermore, limitations are indicated and areas for future research have been suggested.
Caracterización del estado de aplicación de las técnicas de mantenimiento predictivo de la flota atunera industrial que opera en el Pacífico Oriental
Authors: Zambrano-Ascencio José Adrián , Pérez-Guerrero Julio Nolberto
Published: February 2022

La actividad pesquera es considerada de gran importancia desde un enfoque alimenticio y económico debido a que se desarrolla de manera proporcional al crecimiento poblacional; se considera que el primer eslabón de esta cadena de suministro son las embarcaciones atuneras, siendo esencial para su funcionamiento la gestión de mantenimiento, sobre todo de tipo predictivo, sin embargo, hoy en día no se conoce el estado de los elementos fundamentales de mantenimiento de esta vital flota. Considerando que gran parte de la flota superan los 40 años de edad y que al momento no existen estudios definidos sobre el desarrollo de este proceso de mantenimiento, el objetivo principal es caracterizar el estado de aplicación de las técnicas de mantenimiento predictivo de la flota atunera activa del Pacífico Oriental. La metodología aplicada para esta investigación se fundamentó en la caracterización general de la flota activa del Pacífico Oriental a través de información documental que permitió clasificar a las embarcaciones por banderas y años de antigüedad y del estudio de las variables de gestión de mantenimiento utilizada por las embarcaciones, para lo cual se utilizó una muestra de estudio conformada por 41 embarcaciones que realizan operaciones logísticas en puertos ecuatorianos ubicados en los cantones de Manta y Jaramijó. En general la investigación detalla que la flota resulta antigua incluyendo sus motores diésel y resto de equipos a bordo, la misma que no cuenta con tecnologías actuales de control de indicadores, los mismos que son registrados manualmente en bitácoras físicas.

Palabras clave: mantenimiento predictivo, motores diésel, parámetros, control, sistema de lubricación, sistema de enfriamiento, sistema de combustible.
Improved Accuracy of Animal Skin Pattern retrieval with CNN Model and Distance Metrics
Authors:   Informatics Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480, Aslamiah Ayu Hidayah , Rangkuti Abdul Haris , Ayuliana Ayuliana , Athala Varyl Hasbi , Lutffi Naufal Fauzi , Aditama Syaugi Vikri
Published: February 2022

This study describes the retrieval of animal skins with very diverse shapes and textures. With so many variations in each animal skin pattern, an appropriate and supported CNN model is needed as well as an appropriate distance matrix method to support retrieval performance. This research was conducted on 6 types of animal skin images. In experimenting to obtain this animal skin image, 4 CNN models were used, namely EfficientnetB7, Inception V3, MobilenetV2, and Resnet50 V2, as well as 2 distance metrics methods, namely Euclidean and Manhattan. Based on the experiment, the average with 2 measuring distances is more than 90%. The CNN model has the highest retrieval accuracy in Inception V3 with an average of 97.2% MobilenetV2 with an average of 92.9%, Resnet50 V2 with an average of 95.5%, and EfficientNetB7 with an average of 96%. In the skin animal image retrieval accuracy which is more than 70%, the highest number on CNN model Inception V2 is 41 images and EfficientNetb7 is 40 images with Manhattan Distance. Some animal skin image patterns have a retrieval accuracy of up to 100% using 4 CNN models, but some patterns have an accuracy below 50%, so this is part of the continuation of research on animal skin patterns. Keywords-- Manhattan, Euclidean, CNN, EfficientnetB7, InceptionV3, Mobilenet V2, Resnet50 V2
Plantas devonianas do Brasil e seu significado bioestratigráfico
Authors: Matsumura Willian Mikio Kurita , Iannuzzi Roberto
Published: February 2022

O registro paleobotânico do Devoniano brasileiro tem sido recentemente resgatado da literatura e reinvestigado por meio de novos depósitos fitofossilíferos, principalmente nas bacias do Paraná e do Parnaíba. Estas ocorrências têm possibilitado estudos de caráter taxonômico, tafonômico e fitoestratigráfico. O presente estudo objetiva caracterizar a flora devoniana brasileira a partir de algumas descrições de plantas fósseis provenientes das três bacias sedimentares brasileiras (Amazonas, Paraná e Parnaíba) e ilustrar o posicionamento estratigráfico e o significado bioestratigráfico das ocorrências fitofossilíferas. As unidades litoestratigráficas contendo plantas fósseis foram compiladas e correlacionadas. No total, foram levantados 19 gêneros de plantas fósseis, distribuídas ao longo do intervalo Lochkoviano-Famenniano. A partir da amplitude dos gêneros levantados, foram identificados três intervalos estratigráficos e dois estágios florísticos distintos, denominados Cooksonia-Hostinella e Haplostigma-Spongiophyton, para o intervalo analisado.
Brioflora do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil: uma importante área para conservação da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sudeste brasileiro
Authors: Visnadi Sandra Regina
Published: February 2022

O Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI) forma, com outras unidades de conservação, o Continuum Ecológico de Paranapiacaba, que é uma das sete maiores áreas contínuas de Mata Atlântica do país. O trabalho tem por objetivo evidenciar a riqueza da brioflora, pois lista 199 espécies (90%), além das 21 já citadas na literatura para o PEI, totalizando 220 espécies para a Mata Atlântica de encosta (floresta ombrófila densa) desse parque. O material totaliza 767 exsicatas, que se encontram depositadas no Herbário Maria Eneyda Pacheco Kauffmann Fidalgo, do Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo (SP). A brioflora do PEI é rica e característica da Mata Atlântica de encosta do estado de São Paulo, mas com algumas espécies restritas ao parque, não ocorrendo nesse ecossistema de outras localidades paulistas; inclui duas citações novas para o Brasil (Chryso-hypnum squarrosulum, Leskeodon andicola) e cinco para São Paulo (Fissidens dendrophilus, Macromitrium longifolium, Orthostichopsis praetermissa, Pelekium scabrosulum e Thamniopsis cruegeriana), além de possuir 13 espécies endêmicas do Brasil e uma espécie que, no Brasil, restringe-se ao estado paulista. Esses dados demonstram a importância do PEI para a conservação e proteção da diversidade da brioflora local, do estado de São Paulo e do Brasil.
Primeira ocorrência de Drosera cayennensis Sagot ex Diels (Droseraceae) nas campinas do baixo rio Tocantins, estado do Pará, como subsídio à criação de novas unidades de conservação
Authors: Ferreira Leandro Valle , Santos João Ubiratan Moreira dos , Bastos Maria de Nazaré Do Carmo , Cunha Denise De Andrade
Published: February 2022

As campinas amazônicas são um dos tipos de vegetação mais ameaçados e menos protegidos no estado do Pará, devido à perda de habitats pela extração de areia. Essa vegetação ocupa menos de 2% do Pará, sendo caracterizada pelo pequeno porte da vegetação sob solos arenosos, extremamente pobres em nutrientes, com elevado número de espécies endêmicas e indicadoras da qualidade ambiental. Entre essas, destaca-se Drosera cayennensis sagot ex diels, uma planta carnívora. Em um levantamento no Herbário do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG), foram encontrados somente sete registros dessa espécie no estado do Pará, a maioria no município de Vigia, onde atualmente as campinas estão em péssimo estado de conservação. Nesse estudo, é relatada a primeira ocorrência de D. cayennensis em uma campina em bom estado de conservação no município de Cametá. Atualmente, essas campinas estão sendo destruídas para a extração de areia, processo semelhante ao ocorrido nas campinas do município de Vigia. A descoberta de D. cayennensis nas campinas do município de Cametá demonstra a qualidade ambiental da área, sua importância para a conservação da flora e serve como subsídio para a criação de uma nova unidade de conservação, antes que essas campinas sejam destruídas.
Geologia, petrografia e geoquímica das associações TTG e leucogranodioritos do extremo norte do Domínio Rio Maria, Província Carajás
Authors: Silva Chrystophe Ronaib Peixoto da , Oliveira Davis Carvalho de
Published: February 2022

O mapeamento geológico do extremo norte do Domínio Rio Maria possibilitou a individualização de associações tonalito-trondhjemito-granodiorito (TTG) e granodioritos. Os granitoides TTG foram distinguidos em duas unidades principais, uma dominantemente tonalítica-trondhjemítica, para a qual foi mantida a designação de Tonalito Caracol, e outra, trondhjemítica, correlacionada ao Trondhjemito Mogno. O comportamento geoquímico dessas rochas denota que elas fazem parte do grupo de alto Al2O3, geralmente com alto conteúdo de Na2O e baixo de K2O, exibindo variações no conteúdo de elementos terras raras (ETR) pesados. Diferem pelos conteúdos mais elevados de Al2O3, Sr, e maiores razões (La/Yb)N e Sr/Y do biotita-trondhjemito, quando comparados com o epidoto-biotita-tonalito. Os granodioritos foram divididos em dois grupos: biotita-granodiorito e leucogranodiorito. Ambos são intrusivos nas unidades TTG e dintinguem-se pelo grau de saussuritização do plagioclásio, que é mais intenso nas variedades leucogranodioríticas, e pelo maior grau de anisotropia do biotita-granodiorito. Este último exibe enriquecimento relativo em Al2O3, CaO e Na2O, marcante anomalia positiva de Eu e padrão fortemente fracionado de elementos terras raras pesados (ETRP), assim como ligeiro empobrecimento em K2O em relação ao leucogranodiorito. As relações de campo e os dados geoquímicos mostram que as rochas granodioríticas não podem ser produto de diferenciação dos TTG, sendo consideradas como unidades distintas.
Primeiro relato de desovas múltiplas de tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis) em ninho de jacaré-açu (Melanosuchus niger) na Amazônia
Authors: Maffei Fábio , Da Silveira Ronis
Published: February 2022

A presente comunicação relata o primeiro registro de desova conjunta de fêmeas de tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis) em um ninho de jacaré-açu (Melanosuchus niger) em área de savana alagada no município de Oiapoque, norte do estado do Amapá, Amazônia brasileira. No interior do ninho do M. niger encontramos 182 ovos de P. unifilis, divididos em oito posturas.
800 years of mining activity and 450 years of geological research in the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mountains, Central Europe
Authors: Breiter Karel
Published: February 2022

For over 800 years the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mountains were one of the most important European mining districts and source of Ag, Sn-W, As-Co-Ni, Pb-Zn, and U. The growth of mining activities set the conditions for the appearance of the first geological maps, printing of technical books and foundation of the first mining high school. Economic geology itself developed and established as a distinct discipline right there in the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mountains. Several chemical elements, namely U, Bi, W, Rb, In, Ge, Ra, Po, were discovered in ores or minerals from that region. More recently, based on extensive research database, evolutionary models of some types of granite-related deposits were also developed in this region.
Distribuição da castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) através do tempo: desde a contração no refúgio glacial, sua expansão mediada pelos humanos, até a mudança climática antropogênica
Authors: Thomas Evert , Caicedo Carolina Alcázar , Loo Judy , Kindt Roeland
Published: February 2022

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is one of the most important non-timber forest producing tree species in the Amazon. One aspect related to the sustainability of Brazil nut that has so far received very limited attention in literature is how the species’ distribution has changed through time and will continue to do so in light of anthropogenic climate change. We modeled the potential distribution of Brazil nut during different past climates as well as during several future time periods. Of the past time periods, the Last Glacial Maximum (~21,000 BP) had the biggest impact on the present distribution of Brazil nut. The distribution of suitable habitat may have been restricted primarily to several potential refugia across southern Amazonia. On the other hand, the oldest Brazil nut remains found at the Pedra Pintada cave (~11,000 BP) were probably harvested by early humans from trees that reached the area after natural range expansion from one or more smaller refugia which may have been located close to the Amazon River delta. Future climate projections predict a positive future for Brazil nut. We conclude with a number of recommendations to improve the species’ conservation, use and management, both within and outside its current distribution area.
Estrutura de uma população manejada de castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa) na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Pará
Authors: Sousa Diego Guimarães de , Almeida Samuel Soares de , Amaral Dário Dantas do
Published: February 2022

Procedeu-se a um estudo sobre a abundância e estrutura populacional de Bertholletia excelsa em florestas primária e secundária da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã. Foram inventariados 121 indivíduos, caracterizados como da regeneração natural (diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP < 10 cm), jovens (10 cm ≤ DAP < 50 cm) e adultos (DAP ≥ 50 cm). Entre os principais resultados, verificou-se que: (1) a densidade de indivíduos jovens e adultos foi de 25 ± 14,3 ind. ha-1; (2) a distribuição espacial encontrada foi do tipo regular; (3) a população encontra-se em equilíbrio dinâmico, conforme padrão J-reverso; (4) 54,5% do total de castanheiras inventariadas são indivíduos da regeneração natural e jovens, os quais foram muito abundantes em áreas de capoeiras (florestas secundárias), indicando que a espécie beneficia-se de áreas com perturbações antrópicas; (5) acredita-se que o uso do fogo para a limpeza do sub-bosque, visando facilitar a coleta de frutos, assim como a implantação de roças de corte e queima próximas aos castanhais, favoreçam a capacidade de autorregeneração da população e contribuam para a frequente bifurcação observada nos fustes das castanheiras, na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã.
Aspectos da cadeia produtiva da castanha-do-brasil no estado do Acre, Brasil
Authors: Bayma Márcio Muniz Albano , Malavazi Fernando Wagner , Sá Claudenor Pinho de , Fonseca Fernanda Lopes , Andrade Edivaldo Pinheiro , Wadt Lúcia Helena De Oliveira
Published: February 2022

No estado do Acre, poucas cadeias produtivas apresentaram tantas mudanças quanto a da castanha-do-brasil nos últimos anos. Estas mudanças foram motivadas por uma sequência de políticas públicas direcionadas ao setor e pela estruturação de uma cooperativa central de produtores extrativistas. Esta nota de pesquisa analisa, com base em dados secundários e relatos de pessoas envolvidas nos diferentes elos da cadeia produtiva, aspectos econômicos referentes ao beneficiamento e à comercialização da castanha-do-brasil, com o objetivo de registrar e entender as principais mudanças estruturantes ocorridas nesta cadeia produtiva nos últimos dez anos.
Comunidade de anuros em uma área de ecótono no nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Benício Ronildo Alves , Silva Guilherme Ramos da , Fonseca Mariluce Gonçalves
Published: February 2022

Apresentamos dados sobre uma comunidade de anuros e seus padrões de distribuição em uma área ecotonal no nordeste do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas semestralmente de julho de 2007 a julho de 2012 no município de Barras, por meio de busca ativa visual e auditiva em poças d’água permanentes e temporárias. Foram registradas 27 espécies de anuros, pertencentes a 13 gêneros e cinco famílias. Hylidae foi a família com o maior número de espécies (44%, n = 12 spp.), seguida pela família Leptodactylidae (37%, n = 10 spp.). Apesar de 40% das espécies serem de ampla distribuição geográfica, registramos três espécies que ocorrem exclusivamente em áreas de Cerrado (Rhinella mirandaribeiroi, Dendropsophus rubicundulus e Leptodactylus pustulatus), uma que ocorre exclusivamente em áreas de Caatinga (Rhinella jimi) e uma espécie que ocorre nos biomas Amazônia e Cerrado (Sphaenorhynchus lacteus). Quanto ao habitat, a maioria das espécies (52%, n = 14) ocorreu em mais de um ambiente, no entanto sete espécies (26%) foram restritas às áreas de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Entender quantas, quais e como estão distribuídas as espécies em áreas ecotonais é extremamente importante do ponto de vista conservacionista, pois essas áreas são conhecidas por abrigar uma alta diversidade biológica.
Can balance function tests predict disability in older adults with peripheral vestibular hypofunction?
Authors: Jasper Amie F. , Blackington Mary , Gallichio Joann , Galgon Anne K.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) is a 25-item self-assessment questionnaire used to evaluate perceived disability from dizziness. The predictive validity of Timed Up and Go (TUG), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), and modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration of Balance (mCTSIB) on disability as shown by DHI has not been established specific to older adults with peripheral vestibular hypofunction. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the TUG, DGI, and mCTSIB are significant and strong predictors of the disability from dizziness as represented by the DHI scores in older adults with peripheral vestibular hypofunction.

Methods: A Correlational, Retrospective Design was used to investigate the predictors of the DHI score. Data was collected retrospectively on the 17 patients in the main study ‘The Impact of Prescribed Walking on Dizziness in Seniors with Vestibular Hypofunction: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial’ and from physical therapy medical charts (n=24) from June 2015 to June 2018. Only medical charts of those 65 years and older who underwent vestibular physical therapy and contain all four outcome measures (DHI, DGI, mCTSIB, and TUG) were included in the study. Dizziness related to central nervous disorder were excluded.

Results: There was a significant fair inverse correlation between DHI and mCTSIB (r = -0.381, p = 0.01) and DGI (r = -0.322, p = 0.01), and a fair correlation with TUG (r = 0.396, p = 0.03). The mCTSIB, TUG, and DGI accounted for 10% of the variance in the DHI, however, this predictive relationship was not found to be significant.

Discussion: In this limited sample size, the TUG, DGI, and mCTSIB tests are not significant and strong predictors of dizziness-related disability as represented by the DHI scores in older adults with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. This study should be replicated as a large-scale prospective study with stratification of severity of dizziness to improve the generalizability of findings.
Perception of Filipino physicians on the roles and scope of practice of physical therapy in the Philippines: A multi-method quantitative study
Authors: Callejo-Tiuseco Archelle Jane C. , Rimando Christian Rey D. , Nava Jordan Barbra P. , Rueda Ella Mae S. , Carbonell Kyla Mari P. , Sadiasa Anne Nicole B. , Chion Aleesa C. , Wee Angela Denise L. , Lotho Mark Kenneth I. , Lapid Chalsea Anne R. , Soriano Martin John A. , Casis James Albert A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Physical therapists (PTs) are licensed practitioners who can assess, diagnose, and provide treatment interventions that restore patients to optimal function. While PTs can deliver complete management plans, the practice of physical therapy (PT) in the Philippines follows a referral system where physicians are the first contact of the patient, emphasizing the importance of physician's perception towards the role of PTs and scope of PT service. This study aimed to determine the internal consistency of the Perception on Physical Therapists Questionnaire (PoPTQ), and to use this tool to report the existing perceptions of Filipino physicians on the practice of PT.

Method: This study was divided into two phases and utilized a multi-method quantitative research design. For Phase 1 (psychometric), 18 questionnaires administered to Filipino physicians were used to compute Cronbach's α of PoPTQ. A total of 134 questionnaires of the same population were analyzed for Phase 2 (cross-sectional), in which descriptive statistics and cross tab analysis were used to report the respondents' perceptions. Both phases utilized online means of data gathering done via convenience sampling.

Results: Phase 1 revealed a Cronbach's α value of 0.528 for all items of PoPTQ. Phase 2 showed that physicians who have attended lectures discussing the roles of PTs or have experience with working with them have a higher referral rate than those with no prior exposure to PTs.

Discussion: Filipino physicians believe that PTs can establish strong patient-therapist relationships, treat different patients, and acknowledge the roles of PTs in clinical and research settings. Data suggest that adequate foundational knowledge, positive perceptions, and high awareness of PTs' roles and scope of practice are observed among Filipino physicians. However, there remains a need to increase collaboration opportunities between PTs and physicians in their academic years and programs that focus on the promotion of PT roles and scope of practice.
Editor's note
Authors: Lazaro Rolando
Published: February 2022

The Editor-in-Chief of the Philippine Journal of Physical Therapy introduces its inaugural issue.
De-Globalization is a Myth
Authors: Grosse Robert , Gamso Jonas , Nelson Roy C.
Published: February 2022

A wave of academic articles and popular writing in the past decade have argued that globalization has reversed due to rising populism, economic nationalism, and the trade war between the United States and China (e.g., Witt, 2019). There is no question that populist and nationalist leaders have been elected in several countries around the world, but it does not necessarily follow that economic globalization is in decline. In fact, the evidence does not suggest that economic de-globalization is occurring. Below, we present this evidence and discuss the implications for international business.
Civil Society Leaders’ Experiences of Peacebuilding in Londonderry/Derry City, Northern Ireland: Transforming Cultural and Psychological Barriers
Authors: Luna Leonardo , Byrne Sean
Published: February 2022

This article reviews the empirical data the second author collected from 120 semi-structured interviews with the leaders of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and funding agency development officers conducted during the summer of 2010 in Northern Ireland and the Border Counties. The research explores 44 Derry City respondents' experiences and perceptions regarding external economic aid in the Northern Ireland peace process. To this end, this article explores the role of economic aid from the International Fund for Ireland (IFI) and the European Union (EU) Peace and Reconciliation or Peace 3 Fund in engaging with civil society in transforming psychological and cultural barriers towards building sustainable peace in Londonderry or Derry City. Themes emerged inductively from data. It includes the CSO leaders' and funding agency development officers' perspectives on building peace and both funds' impact on the Northern Ireland peacebuilding process. CSO leaders and funding agency development officers acknowledge the importance of external economic assistance support in development and forging cross-community contact projects. The interviewees also highlighted issues related to political participation, community competitiveness, and psychological barriers that emerge from CSOs working with both programs. Some of the conclusions are related to broadened peace process interventions to a multi-articulated approach that includes different areas of peacebuilding intervention.
Building Heath Research Capacity: The Impact of a United Kingdom Collaborative Programme
Authors: Khan Koser , Porroche-Escudero Ana , Georgiou George , Popay Jennie
Published: February 2022

Purpose: Strengthening research capacity (RC) amongst health professionals has both organisational and individual benefits. It can increase the quality of research and support the transfer of evidence into practice and policy. However there is little evidence on what works to develop and strengthen RC. This paper contributes to the evidence base by reporting findings from an evaluation of a programme that aimed to build capacity to use and do research amongst NHS and local authority organisations and their staff in a large english research partnership organisation. Methods: The evaluation used multiple qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews, focus groups and workshops (n=131 respondents including public advisers, university, NHS, and local government partners). Results: The RC building programme provided a range of development opportunities for NHS and local authority staff resulting in increased confidence and skills to undertake, participate in, and use research. Additionally, positive influences on organisational practice and collaborative working were reported. Conversely, challenges to developing research capacity were also identified as were the importance of resources, senior level buy-in, and the relevance of research topic to practice in facilitating participation in the programme. Conclusion: Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care North West Coast’s (CLAHRC-NWC) RC building programme differed from convential approaches giving less emphasis to formal teaching and more to experiental learning and focusing on both individual capacities and supporting organisations to integrate RC building into staff development programmes. The findings demonstrate that providing opportunities for staff in NHS and local authority organisations to develop research knowledge and skills alongside an infrastructure that supports and encourages their participation in research can have positive impacts on research capacity and organisational research culture. The potential for generalising this approach to other organisational contexts is discussed