bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Study of Variations in the Branches of Superior Mesenteric Artery – A Study from a Teaching Hospital in Chennai, India
Authors: Venkatachalam Ganga , Paramasivam Kanagavalli , Valliyappan Lakshmi
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) is one of the anterior branches of the abdominal aorta. It originates from abdominal aorta at the level of lower border of first lumbar vertebra, one centimeter below the coeliac trunk. It gives the first branch inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA), The colic branches arise from concave right side of the superior mesenteric artery, these are middle colic artery (MCA), right colic artery (RCA), ileo colic artery (ICA). Jejunal and ileal branches arise from left side of the SMA. Superior mesenteric artery supplies derivatives of midgut. Knowledge of branching pattern of the SMA is clinically important to gastroenterologists operating on gut and neighboring structures like pancreas, duodenum, and liver. We wanted to study the variations in the branches of superior mesenteric artery. METHODS This is a descriptive study conducted on 50 adult embalmed human cadavers by conventional dissection method, the findings were noted and tabulated. RESULTS Present study shows that inferior pancreatic duodenal artery orginated from SMA in 47 (94 %) specimens. IPDA was absent in 3 (6 %) specimens. Middle colic artery was found to arise from SMA in 48 (94 %) and MCA was absent in 2 (4 %) specimens. Right colic artery was found to arise from SMA in 47 (94 %) specimens and it was absent in 3 (6 %) specimens. Ileo-colic artery was found to arise from SMA in all 50 (100 %) specimens. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of these complex variations may prevent devastating complications during colonic surgeries. Variations in the branching pattern of superior mesenteric artery is essential for surgeons operating on derivatives of midgut, liver, pancreas. KEY WORDS Branches, Colic, Superior Mesenteric Artery, Variations
Comparison of Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Used in Maintenance of General Anaesthesia on Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting - A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Kandavar Siri , Padmanabha Sampathila
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND Post-operative nausea and vomiting is a complication of general anaesthesia but can also be seen less commonly in regional anaesthesia. The uneasiness and discomfort associated with it can make the post-operative period eventful. We conducted this study to evaluate if sevoflurane and propofol used in maintenance of anaesthesia have any influence on post-operative nausea and vomiting. METHODS We included 64 patients in this prospective observational study who were undergoing elective otorhinolaryngology surgery belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) PS I and II. After induction of general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation, Group P received propofol at 100 - 200 mcg / kg / hr and group S received sevoflurane as maintenance anaesthetics agent at 1.5 - 2 %. All the patients were given ondansetron intravenously in the intra-operative period. Anaesthetic agents used for maintenance was stopped at the end of the surgery and patients were extubated and shifted to post-operative care unit. Patients were assessed for any occurrence of post-operative nausea and vomiting after extubation for 24 hours. RESULTS There were 2 (6.25 %) patients in the propofol group and 12 (37.5 %) patients in the sevoflurane group who had post-operative nausea and vomiting in the first hour. The difference in the nausea and vomiting between the groups was statistically significant with (P value of 0.0046) higher incidence in sevoflurane group. All the patients who had nausea and vomiting were treated with dexamethasone. When the patients were reassessed after four hours, five patients had nausea in sevoflurane group after four hours, which was treated with metoclopramide or Ondansetron. After six hours, none of the patients had nausea or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting was lesser in the propofol group compared to sevoflurane group. KEY WORDS Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting, Propofol, Sevoflurane, General Anaesthesia
Evaluation and Comparison of Skeletal and Dental Components of Deep Overbite Malocclusion with Normal Occlusion
Authors: Joshi Harshil Naresh
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND A deep overbite may be due to an underlying skeletal or dentoalveolar component that may influence the treatment plan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the different components of deep bite malocclusion and normal occlusion. METHODS This was a case control study. Lateral cephalograms and study casts of normal (N = 50) and deep overbite (N = 50) subjects were used to evaluate skeletal and dentoalveolar components. Data was analysed statistically by independent t - test. RESULTS The significant skeletal contributing factors were gonial angles, mandibular plane, maxillary plane angle & ramus / Frankfort horizontal. An increased curve of Spee and decreased mandibular first molar height were predominant dental variables in the deep overbite group. The inclination of the upper incisors & lower incisors height did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and the increased curve of Spee were the dominant features of deep bite malocclusion. This analysis of deep overbite components could help clinicians design individualised mechanotherapy based on the underlying cause rather than being prejudiced toward conventional mechanics when correcting with a deep overbite malocclusion. KEY WORDS Skeletal and Dental Components, Deep Overbite, Ramus / Frankfort Horizontal
Rehabilitation of a Patient with Bell’s Palsy
Authors: Athawale Vrushali K. , Bawiskar Dushyant P. , Phansopkar Pratik Arun
Published: May 2021

Facial nerve palsy is the disease of cranial nerve. From the total number of cases, 60 to 75 % of Bell's palsy cases are idiopathic form of facial palsy. Facial nerve palsy results in weakness of facial muscles, atrophy, asymmetry of face and also disturbs the quality of life. Bell’s palsy occurs in every class of population affecting people of all the age groups but the most common age group affected is 15 - 50 years with equal sex prediliction accounting 11 - 40 cases per 100,000. If facial palsy is not treated properly then it may result in variety of complications like motor synkinesis, dysarthria, contractures of facial muscles, and crocodile tear. Currently facial paralysis treatment consists of combination of pharmacological therapy, facial neuromuscular re-entrainment physiotherapy or surgical intervention by static and dynamic facial reanimation techniques. Physiotherapy treatment is effective for treating facial paralysis with minimal complications and can be individualized. Bell's palsy is the idiopathic form of facial nerve palsy which accounts for 60 to 75 % of cases and male to female ratio is 1:3.1 The aetiology of facial paralysis is not yet thoroughly understood. Cases of varicella-zoster, mononucleosis, herpes simplex virus, mumps and measles have demonstrated good serology in several reports for their association but still stands unclear. 2 Peripheral facial nerve palsy may be idiopathic (primary cause) or Bell’s palsy (secondary). Causes of the secondary unilateral facial nerve palsy are diabetes, stroke, Hansen's disease, herpes simplex infection, birth injury, trauma, tumour, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and immune system disorders. Causes of the bilateral facial nerve palsy are leukemia, brainstem encephalitis, leprosy, and meningitis. The most prominent current theories of facial nerve paralysis pathophysiology include the reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection (HSV type 1). Current facial paralysis treatment consists of a combination of pharmacological therapy, facial neuromuscular re-entrainment physiotherapy or surgical intervention by dynamic and static facial reanimation techniques.7 This is a diagnosed case of right facial nerve palsy which was treated under physiotherapy department with proper rehabilitation protocol.
Intratesticular Simple Cyst - Ultrasound and Elastography Appearance
Authors: Bhansali Pratik Jayaprakash
Published: May 2021

Simple intratesticular cysts are unusual lesions. They are mostly non-palpable and diagnosed incidentally. A fifty year old patient was presented for scrotal sonography due to vague scrotal pain. On examination, a 6.8 x 5.4 mm intratesticular hypoechoic lesion was seen with imperceptible walls and posterior acoustic enhancement which is an indication of cystic lesion. This cyst contained echogenic mobile material indicating benign nature of the lesion (Figure 1). Strain elastography revealed typical blue green red (BGR) sign confirming cystic nature of lesion. (Figure 2) Benign intra testicular lesions are uncommon, but proper diagnosis is important so that unnecessary surgical intervention is prevented. Benign lesions involve tubular ectasia, abscess, intra testicular varicocele, intratesticular simple cysts, epidermoid cyst, tunica albuginea cyst and hemorrhage.1 Gray-scale ultrasonography (USG) along with Color-Doppler ultrasound wherever possible mostly gives accurate diagnosis leading to appropriate treatment.2 Features of simple cyst on USG include an imperceptible wall, an anechoic center and through transmission. Simple cysts are incidental finding most commonly in males of age 40 years and above. Variable in size having diameter of two mili meters to two centimeters. These are commonly single, in some cases multiple cysts have also been found. Simple cysts are commonly found near the mediastinum of testis but can also be found in other parts of testis. Also, these are linked with extra testicular spermatoceles. On local examination, even large simple testicular cysts are generally not palpable as they are not firm. Tunica albuginea cysts are very firm. So, we can easily differentiate between tunica albuginea cyst and simple testicular cyst.3 Sometimes testicular cysts contain echoic material which is mobile with change in position (Figure 2). The mobility of material suggests whether the cyst is benign or if fixed, it can be a cyst of neoplastic etiology. 4 The 3 - layer pattern (blue / green / red layers) visible in smaller cystic areas is known as the BGR sign and is visible in a few elastography systems. This pattern is taken into consideration as beneficial because it highlights the cystic nature of the lesion and has been proven to be true even in cases of cystic lesions with inner echogenic material.
Estimating Physical Properties of Confirmed Exoplanets: I. Calculation of essential planetary properties-Possible M-R cataloging of exoplanets
Authors: Nikouravan Bijan
Published: May 2021

The discovery of extrasolar planets outside our solar system and around other stars is now well underway. In the presented paper, calculations of some physical properties for confirmed exoplanets have been done. We have estimated physical properties such as the semi-major axis for potentially habitable exoplanets, the mass of planets by applying Kepler's third law around the mass of solar, Jupiter, and Earth-mass, stellar luminosity, habitability zone for the inner center and outer regions, radial velocity amplitude, planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) or effective radiation emission temperature and planet density. The mass-radius (MR) relationship of planets was investigated for potentially habitable exoplanets of three different groups of extrasolar planets: Subterran (Mars-size), Terran (Earth-size), and Superterran (Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes); introduced in PHL, and found well coefficient values for each group. The minimum and maximum values for the mass and radius of exoplanets have been selected from  0.1< M < 10 M⊕  and 0.4 < R < 2.5 R⊕ . The same MR relationship has also estimated the same properties for a larger number of confirmed exoplanets with a mass and radius of 0.1< M <100 M⊕  and 0.4< R < 15 R⊕ ,  respectively, resulting their classification within 7 groups of mass and radius, with good coefficient values for each group. This is a new, possible cataloging that may need more effort for concluding a better understanding of the properties and varieties of the exoplanets.
GEOLOGICAL-GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF MIGRATION AND FORMATION OF GAS FIELDS IN OIL- AND GAS-BEARING REGIONS OF UKRAINE
Authors: SAVCHAK Olesya
Published: May 2021

Geochemical composition of main components of natural gas has been analysed for three oil- and gas-bearing regions of the Ukraine, namely: Western (40 fields of the Precarpathian deep, 4 gas fields of the Transcarpathian deep and 2 gas fields located within the limits of the Lviv Paleozoic deep), Eastern (composition of natural gases at 12 fields) and Southern (analysis of data on chemical composition of natural gases from 8 fields in the water area of the deep and 13 fields on land). Comparative analysis of the composition of natural hydrocarbons has been carried out within the limits of the Western region based on the main structural-tectonic elements of the region: outer and inner zones of the Precarpathian deep, the Transcarpathian deep and the Lviv Paleozoic deep; within the Eastern region – the Northern edge of the deep and the deep itself; within the Southern region – water area and land. On this basis the definite zonality of the distribution of hydrocarbon components of natural gases within the bounds of the oil-gas regions has been determined. Such different composition of gases testifies to independent sources of hydrocarbon supply and different duration of migration of the latter. The analyses of the features of the distribution of the components of natural gas of main oil- and gas-bearing regions of the Ukraine and of the gas presence in the aggregate have enabled us to determine main aspects of the processes both of lateral and vertical migration of hydrocarbons.
GEOCHEMICAL PECULIARITIES OF NATURAL WATERS OF SE “SANATORIUM-RESORT MEDICAL CENTER “SHKLO” (LVIV REGION)
Authors: KOST’ Mariya , MEDVID Halyna , HARASYMCHUK Vasyl , TELEGUZ Olha , SAKHNYUK Iryna , MAJKUT Orysia
Published: May 2021

The geochemical features of natural waters of the SE “Sanatorium-resort medical center “Shklo” are established by researches of their ecological-geochemical composition and anthropogenic influence. The mineral water “Naftusya-Shklo” from the pump room in the territory of the sanatorium is selected and analyzed, which is recognized as an analogous to water “Naftusya” by the biological action. The composition of water is hydrocarbonate sodium, having mine-ralization of 0.76 g/dm3, the total hardness of 0.55 mg-eq/dm3, sulfate content of 0.64 g/dm3, and Eh – −79 mV. The sample of water from baths, which is fed from a depth of 129.0 m, is investigated. Therapeutic hydrogen sulfide water is classified as sodium salt-calcium sulfate with mineralization of 2.97 g/dm3 and high sulfate content (1.76 g/dm3). The balneological active component of the therapeutic water is hydrogen sulfide, the content of which is set at 101.75 mg/dm3. The common feature of these waters is the negative values of the oxidation-reduction potential, which is due to the presence of relatively high content of H2S and HS−. In addition to the mineral, a sample of water from the water pipe (drinking water from the Opillia suite of the Lower Neogene) was studied. According to the salt composition, it refers to sulfate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization of 0.53 g/dm3. The content of the determined macro- and microcomponents do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations for drinking water, which indicates the absence of influence of the lower horizons. The water sample was also selected from the largest lake of the park, the sanatorium “Shklo”, which is not related to reservoirs with a special regime of protection, therefore access to it is free. The salinity of water refers to chloride-sulfate-hydro carbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization of 0.35 g/dm3. Two samples of water from the Shklo River after its leak from Yavoriv lake showed that these waters are weakly mineralized, weakly alkaline, calcium hydro carbonate sulfate or sulfate calcium. Quantitatively, sulfate ions are 2–3 times more than hydrocarbons. The content of sulfates, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium is also high, indicating their contamination. Further down the salt content decreases as a result of mixing with the water of droplets. Several sources of supply of sulfate-ion can be named: karst waters formed on gypsum anhydrite; reservoir waters of the Upper Badenian limestones, hydrogen sulfur of the formation waters of the Badenian horizon; hydrogensulfur, formed as a result of reduction of sulfate at the bottom of Yavoriv lake. Ecological and geochemical parameters of water of surface water reservoirs and watercourses generally also correspond to state standards for their use as recreational.
Gaze aversion in conversational settings: An investigation based on mock job interview
Authors: Acarturk Cengiz , Indurkya Bipin , Nawrocki Piotr , Sniezynski Bartlomiej , Jarosz Mateusz , Usal Kerem Alp
Published: May 2021

We report the results of an empirical study on gaze aversion during dyadic human-to-human conversation in an interview setting. To address various methodological challenges in as- sessing gaze-to-face contact, we followed an approach where the experiment was conducted twice, each time with a different set of interviewees. In one of them the interviewer’s gaze was tracked with an eye tracker, and in the other the interviewee’s gaze was tracked. The gaze sequences obtained in both experiments were analyzed and modeled as Discrete-Time Markov Chains. The results show that the interviewer made more frequent and longer gaze contacts compared to the interviewee. Also, the interviewer made mostly diagonal gaze aversions, whereas the interviewee made sideways aversions (left or right). We discuss the relevance of this research for Human-Robot Interaction, and discuss some future research problems.
Fostering Mathematical Creativity in the Classroom through Feedbacks
Authors: Bezerra Wescley Well Vicente , Gontijo Cleyton Hércules , Fonseca Mateus Gianni
Published: May 2021

Background: Given the importance of stimulating the creative potential of students in the classroom, it is relevant to investigate how the assessment of learning, especially the use of feedbacks, can contribute to this issue. Objectives: This article aims to discuss what characterises creative feedback in the mathematics field and illustrates this characterisation by reporting a pedagogical practice carried out with students attending the last year of high school in a Brazilian public school. Design: Qualitative analysis of reports of students who participated in a pedagogical activity. Settings and participants: Four students enrolled in the 3rd grade of high school integrated with professional education in a public educational institution in the Brazilian capital. The students participated voluntarily after an invitation to the institution. Data collection and analysis: The data was collected from recordings of video calls through Google Meet platform and students’ written production through WhatsApp instant messaging application. Results: The messages exchanged between the teacher and the students revealed that the feedback focused on developing creativity enabled them to create different and innovative ideas. Conclusions: Creative feedback proved to be an important concept to stimulate students’ mathematical creativity. We suggest research on critical thinking development through creative feedback and creative peer feedback for further investigations.
Assessment of Basic Skills of Children of a Preschool Age with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the VB-MAPP
Authors: Nigmatullina I.A. , Borisova N.S. , Frolova A.S.
Published: May 2021

The research was aimed at the study of basic verbal, educational and social skills that contribute to independent functioning in society. Study involved 2 preschoolers. Mark Sandberg’s VB-MAPP Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program was used as the main research method. It was found that the majority of respondents’ skills are formed at the level of a 0-18 month old normotypic child, which corresponds to the first level of development. The skills of expressing requests and social skills were the least developed. The results of the research are proposed for inclusion in the programs of intensive psycho-educational work aimed at the development of com- munication, interaction and cooperation with adults and peers.
Investigating the Effect of Masonry Infill Walls on the 2D RC Structural Systems with Asymmetry along the Elevation
Authors: ALHALİL İzzettin , GÜLLÜ Fethi
Published: May 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) frames with unreinforced masonry infill panels are common structural building systems all over the world. Although many analytical investigations and experimental observations emphasize the contribution of masonry infills to the overall stiffness and strength of the structures, their effects are not considered by the engineers in the design and the analysis calculations. Due to the variations in the actual behavior of the infill walls and using different parameters to define the infill walls in modeling and capacity calculations, they have unpredictable effects on the global response of the structural systems. The purpose of this study is the simulation of a collapse mechanism scenario that may be developed during the earthquake through applying incremental equivalent static load. Infill panels were represented using equivalent compression diagonal struts and their effects on the behavior of RC structural systems having asymmetrical placement of unreinforced masonry infill walls along the elevation has been scrutinized. The equivalent static load was applied to the structural system in +/-X directions to focus on the effects of using only one diagonal strut. It has been observed that the influence of the infill panels on the structural system has beneficial effects in decreasing the story drift, which may be attributed to the contributory effect of the infill panels on the lateral stiffness of the structural system. Furthermore, the axial forces and bending moment diagrams have been plotted for each increment in the equivalent static load, which can give insight to understand the significance of masonry infill walls.
О вечном и новом в актуальном контексте мировой политики (к 800-летию со дня рождения Александра Невского)
Authors: Торкунов Анатолий
Published: May 2021

В мае 2021 г. Россия отмечает 800-летие со дня рождения Александра Невского. В статье, приуроченной к этой дате, подчеркнуто, что в середине XIII в., когда Киевская Русь распадалась, а движение к чему-то иному только намечалось, на политическую авансцену выходит личность, способная побеждать даже тогда, когда победы казались невозможными. Принадлежа турбулентному времени, князь Александр Ярославич всеми силами стремился вытянуть Русь из исторического тупика. Он возвышается над многими удельными князьями той эпохи, да и над эпохой в целом. Стержнем, вокруг которого Александр Невский выстраивал практическую политику, был поиск оптимального позиционирования исконно русских земель в координатах Запад – Восток. От его результатов зависело, будет ли Русь низведена до уровня лимитрофа под прессингом и католического Запада, и кочевого Востока или сохранит себя, обретя цивилизационную самостоятельность. Тогдашний выбор – отпор на Западе (и, тем самым, сохранение православия как основы идентичности русских) и вынужденный компромисс с монголами, не имевшими притязаний на духовный контроль, – обеспечил приемлемое решение стратегической задачи. С тех пор и доныне скоординированная “игра на двух досках”, западной и восточной, остается лейтмотивом российской внешней политики. В этом аспекте, как и в целом ряде других отношений, на которых автор заостряет внимание, Александр Невский предстает основоположником политики становления нашего Отечества как государства планетарного масштаба.
Конституционный процесс как символическая политика: дискуссии о поправках к Конституции РФ, 1993-2020
Authors: Малинова Ольга
Published: May 2021

Конституция – не только политико-правовой документ, но и политический символ, выражающий сложное содержание и порождающий разные интерпретации. В статье дан обзор различных подходов к политико-символическому анализу конституций. Сосредоточившись на изучении соперничающих интерпретаций, автор анализирует старые и новые дискуссии о поправках к Конституции РФ. Исследование основано на материалах официальных сайтов и публикациях печатных и электронных СМИ. Показано, что политический кризис 1993 г., результатом которого стала “ельцинская” Конституция, сыграл определяющую роль в формировании идентичностей политических партий и объединений, возникших в 1990-х годах. Представители разных политико-идеологических сегментов рассматривали поправки к Конституции как инструмент изменения не только политических правил, но и доминирующих ценностей. Сравнение предложений об изменении Конституции, вносившихся различными политическими силами на протяжении четверти века, с поправками, принятыми в 2020 г., позволяет увидеть в них результат продолжительной символической борьбы. В 2020 г., решившись на масштабное изменение Конституции, сделавшее возможным обнуление прошлых президентских сроков В.В. Путина, властвующая часть элиты сочла возможным принять и некоторые поправки, касающиеся ценностей. Исследование выявило популистскую логику процесса принятия поправок: в роли арбитра, оценивавшего идеи, поступавшие “снизу” и обобщавшиеся рабочей группой, выступал президент, формальная легитимация была делегирована народу, а возможности влияния элитных групп, годами выступавших за поправки, оказались минимальными. Вместе с тем те положения двух первых глав Конституции, которые жаждали исправить критики, не были отменены вновь внесенными в нее дополнениями. При этом наиболее спорные поправки приобрели обтекаемую форму, допускающую неоднозначную трактовку. В силу этого во всех политических группах, выступавших за корректировку закрепленных в Конституции ценностных принципов, остались в той или иной степени неудовлетворенные как процессом, так и результатом.
О состоятельности институтов и субъектов муниципальной публичной политики (на примере Костромской и Ярославской областей)
Authors: Никовская Лариса , Якимец Владимир
Published: May 2021

Анализируются итоги исследования муниципальной публичной политики (далее МПП) в Костромской и Ярославской областях. В предметном плане МПП связана с особенностями локального порядка социально ориентированного свойства, опирающегося на баланс интересов основных социальных групп местного сообщества и власти, межсекторное партнерство и принципы согласования интересов во имя общего блага развития территории. Выявлены типологические особенности МПП: в Костромском городском округе, сформировался центрированный тип МПП, но с тенденцией к разрыву; в городском поселении Красном-на-Волге – разрывной тип. Ярославский городской округ также характеризуется сбалансированным типом публичной политики, в городском поселении Ростове Великом типологические свойства МПП в большой степени отличаются разрывными моментами. Выявилась тенденция – чем слабее выражен уровень социально-экономического развития муниципального образования (далее МО) и степень его урбанизации, тем ниже качество публичного взаимодействия между тремя секторами местного сообщества (муниципальная власть, малый и средний бизнес, некоммерческие организации). На базе индексного подхода представлены особенности состояния институтов и механизмов МПП в четырех муниципальных образованиях по критерию состоятельности. Впервые вводится показатель полноты функционала акторов и субъектов МПП и исследуются особенности субъектного среза на муниципальном уровне в четырех МО. В целом характер сложившейся МПП в исследуемых МО отличается свойствами государственного патернализма, что ограничивает возможности местного самоуправления как института гражданского общества.
Большое Средиземноморье как многомерный объект политических исследований
Authors: Чихарев Иван
Published: May 2021

Статья представляет собой презентацию исследовательской программы изучения политических процессов в регионе Большого Средиземноморья. В ней показаны научные и практические причины актуализации проблем политического развития данного макрорегиона. Особое внимание уделено политической эволюции региона, а также трансформациям и транзитам, которые поставили его в последнее время в центр мировой политической повестки. Предлагается концептуализация Большого Средиземноморья как 1) современных государств бассейна Средиземного, Черного и Азовского морей; 2) регионов, в которые включены данные государства; 3) регионов, описываемых контурами империй и цивилизаций, имевших выход к Средиземноморью и влиявших на его развитие; 4) срединных регионов, функционально подобных Средиземноморью; 5) сферы многосторонних глобальных коммуникаций, включающей Средиземноморье и соотносимой с ним. Эта конструкция объекта предопределяет направления сравнительных исследований: 1) проявление общесредиземноморских трендов в отдельных странах и субрегионах “бассейна”; 2) сравнение политической динамики Средиземноморья с другими регионами; 3) сравнение средиземноморий; 4) соотнесение трендов политического развития Средиземноморья и средиземноморий с глобальными тенденциями. Таким образом, Большое Средиземноморье представлено в статье как объект политических исследований в большом историческом времени и в макрорегиональной пространственной “развертке”. Он трактуется как макрорегион-экосистема, где в силу ресурсной и цивилизационной притягательности наиболее интенсивно конкурируют и эволюционируют геополитические стратегии. Подобная концептуализация позволяет очертить кластер взаимосвязанных проблем политического развития региона (транзитов, миграций, гибридных конфликтов, сецессий, хрупкости государств и международно-правовых дисфункций) и сформировать релевантную рамку их изучения.
Логика протестных кампаний: от эмпирических данных к динамическим моделям (и обратно)
Authors: Ахременко Андрей , Беленков Вадим , Петров Александр
Published: May 2021

Значимые политические протесты представляют собой протяженные во времени кампании, включающие множество взаимосвязанных действий протестующих и властей. Между тем используемые в настоящее время для их изучения статистические методы и базы данных более приспособлены для анализа разовых событий, не связанных друг с другом во времени. В статье на обширном материале конкретных исследований рассматриваются две характерных черты такого подхода – феномен “избыточного агрегирования” и проблема “независимых событий”. В первом случае все характеристики протестных эпизодов усредняются по кампании в целом либо по годам или месяцам. Во втором случае исследователи формируют выборку из таких эпизодов в том предположении, что они никак не связаны между собой. И то, и другое приводит к игнорированию внутренней динамики протестных кампаний и не позволяет учесть целый ряд их важных особенностей. Среди них – характер информационной асимметрии между протестующими и представителями властей, опора в принятии решений на информацию о предшествующих этапах (прежде всего, об уровне их массовости), системные эффекты “каскадов” и “пороговых точек” в развитии протестного движения, а также эффекты обучения. Для преодоления указанных методологических проблем мы предлагаем математическую агентно-ориентированную модель, в которой множество потенциальных участников протеста представляется как социальная сеть, а индивиды принимают решения об участии в протестной акции с учетом предшествующих событий. Этот подход рассматривает протестную кампанию как динамически связанную и позволяет формулировать эмпирически проверяемые гипотезы, подкрепляемые результатами модельного эксперимента.
Доля молодежи в общей численности взрослого населения как фактор интенсивности ненасильственных протестов: опыт количественного анализа
Authors: Романов Даниил , Мещерина Кира , Коротаев Андрей
Published: May 2021

Исследования по политической демографии дают основания предполагать наличие положительной связи между повышенной долей молодежи в общей численности взрослого населения (“молодежными буграми”) и интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций. Однако проведенные нами эмпирические тесты показали, что прямой (без дополнительных контролей) анализ корреляции между “молодежными буграми” и интенсивностью ненасильственных акций протеста приводит к неожиданным результатам, так как в этом случае мы обнаруживаем статистически значимую отрицательную корреляцию. Показано, что это связано с эффектами социально-политической, социокультурной и экономической модернизации. В долгосрочной перспективе модернизация через снижение рождаемости и рост ожидаемой продолжительности жизни ведет к старению населения и сокращению доли молодежи в общей численности взрослого населения, что само по себе служит фактором снижения интенсивности антиправительственных демонстраций. Но, с другой стороны, модернизация высвобождает иные мощные силы, такие как демократизация, урбанизация и экспансия формального образования, которые оказываются способны с лихвой компенсировать сдерживающее влияние уменьшения “молодежных бугров”. Эти теоретические ожидания были подтверждены проведенными тестами. После введения соответствующих контролей “молодежные бугры” оказываются фактором, увеличивающим интенсивность протестов, в то время как без этих контролей они становятся предиктором относительно низкой интенсивности ненасильственных протестов. Таким образом, наши тесты показывают, что сама по себе высокая доля молодежи при прочих равных все-таки является фактором повышенной интенсивности антиправительственных демонстраций и без снижения “молодежных бугров” модернизация привела бы к значительно более выраженному росту интенсивности ненасильственных акций протеста.
Россия и Корейский полуостров: политический реализм и эмпатия
Authors: Лукин Артем
Published: May 2021

От развития ситуации на Корейском полуострове, который находится практически в сердцевине Северо-Восточной Азии, во многом будет зависеть стратегическая обстановка в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе и глобальной политике. Монография А.В. Торкунова, Г.Д. Толораи и И.В. Дьячкова “Современная Корея: метаморфозы турбулентных лет” посвящена рассмотрению ситуации на полуострове и вокруг него с 2008 г. до настоящего времени. В книге исследуются сразу несколько крупных взаимосвязанных сюжетов: внутренние процессы в Южной и Северной Корее, отношения между Севером и Югом, ядерная проблема Корейского полуострова и попытки ее решения, перспективы формирования многосторонней архитектуры безопасности в Северо-Восточной Азии, а также политика России на Корейском полуострове и отношения России с каждым из двух корейских государств. Хотя с некоторыми выводами авторов можно поспорить, книгу, отличает, с одной стороны, трезвый и реалистичный анализ процессов на Корейском полуострове, а с другой стороны – чувство геополитической эмпатии, позволяющее лучше понять мотивы, которые толкнули Северную Корею на ракетно-ядерный путь. Авторы монографии предлагают визионерский “северотихоокеанский проект” – институт сотрудничества ключевых игроков в Северо-Восточной Азии и северной части Тихого океана, в рамках которого можно было бы взаимодействовать не только по ядерно-стратегической проблематике, но и по самому широкому кругу вопросов.
The Effect of Brimonidine 0.15% on the Development of Bulbar Redness Following Femtosecond Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery
Authors: Tai Felicia , Jaki Nistha , Somani Sohel , Chiu Hannah , Tam Eric
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To assess the effect of brimonidine tartrate 0.15% on reducing subconjunctival hemorrhage, measured with a bulbar redness score, following femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS).

Patients and Methods: A prospective, masked randomized controlled study was done using single-blinded simple randomization. All FLACS cases completed between June and August 2019 were included except those on anticoagulation or with prior conjunctival surgery. All operated eyes received usual preoperative eye drops, while Study group received added brimonidine. Exclusion criteria included >1 vacuum attempt during FLACS and any intraoperative complications. All subjects received Bulbar Redness (BR) Score and Analyzed Area (AA) imaging by Oculus 5M Keratograph preoperatively and postoperatively. AA including non-conjunctival structures, <25mm2, or postoperative AA values >10% different from preoperative values were excluded from final analysis. Absolute values and differences between mean postoperative and preoperative BR and AA were compared using Student’s t-test.

Results: 62 eyes (Study group=25, Control group=37) of 56 patients were randomized and included for analysis. Baseline demographic comparison between the two groups were similar. Preoperative BR score in the Study group trended higher (1.62) than Control (1.40, p=0.07), while postoperative BR score remained similar between groups (p=0.70). Difference in postoperative and preoperative BR score was significantly larger in the study group (-0.21±0.56) than controls (+0.06±0.43, p=0.036).

Conclusions: The use of preoperative brimonidine in FLACS reduces the amount of postoperative subconjunctival hemorrhage following FLACS, as observed by reduced bulbar redness. Oculus 5M BR scoring has potential to be used as an objective method of quantifying subconjunctival hemorrhage after ophthalmic surgeries and procedures.
Systematic Review on Aspects of Headaches
Authors: Cięszka Karolina , Modlińska Aleksandra , Kędziora-Kornatowska Kornelia
Published: May 2021

Headaches are a very common ailment in the modern world. Unfortunately, a large number of people are not diagnosed properly, and headaches are underestimated. However, it is worth analyzing this problem to be able to treat the causes of which the headache is only a symptom. The aim of the work was to present various types of headaches and their characteristic features. To this end, a systematic review of the PubMed science base has been carried out. It is possible to distinguish mainly primary and secondary headaches. Particularly noteworthy are secondary headaches, among which, for example, headaches associated with sexual activity can be observed. It can be seen that there is a lack of scientific literature discussing this type of headache. Since there is a stigma surrounding it, this topic is avoided in research and difficult to explore due to low public awareness. In turn, the treatment of headaches does not have to be limited to pharmacological methods. The review presents effective methods of non-pharmacological treatment of headaches. Headaches are a social and economic problem. It is important to educate the patient and their families in the field of headache treatment to increase patients' awareness of the types of headaches.
Differentiated Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculous Spondylitis in Adults
Authors: Nazirov Primkul , Fakhridinova Alfiya , Makhmudova Zulfiya , Djuraev Bakhtiyar
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to generalize the results of a complex clinical-laboratory, radiological and immunological study of patients with spinal tuberculosis. A comprehensive examination analysis was carried out in 192 patients with tuberculous spondy litis who were in the department of surgery for osteoarticular tuberculosis of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Tuberculosis and Pulmonology in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Severe degrees of spinal disorders were found in 48.7% of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) allow establishing the stage and activity of a specific process in the spine, as well as complications. Spinal column instability was detected in 143 (74.5%) patients, paravertebral abscesses in 116 (60.4%) patients, and epidural abscesses in 75 (39.0%) patients. Changes in immunological parameters in patients with spinal tuberculosis were associated both with impaired regulation of immunogenetic and with the direct influence of the immune system at various stages of the process. The detection of certain patterns of immune system disorders in patients with tuberculous lesions of the spine allowed us to make a differentiated approach to their treatment in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. It can be concluded that at present, tuberculosis of bones and joints, especially the spine, is detected in an advanced stage in 50-80% of cases and has a widespread and complicated character with profound anatomical and functional changes and the presence of severe spinal disorders in 48.7% patients in Uzbekistan. Regarding spondylitis, it is immensely important to make an accurate diagnosis based on the clinical presentations, laboratory, radiological and immunological findings and by periodic assessment of the response to treatment, which is essential in atypical cases.
Rational Use of Fecal Calprotectin in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Catanzaro Roberto , Maugeri Alfio , Sciuto Morena , He Fang , Balakrishnan Baskar , Marotta Francesco
Published: May 2021

The gastrointestinal pathologies have increased over the last years. The clinical pictures of inflammatory and irritable bowel disease might overlap, leading to expensive and invasive tests. Our study aims to investigate fecal calprotectin as an effective tool for differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. Two hundred fifty-six patients with the diagnosis of the gastrointestinal disorder and subjected to colonoscopy were collected for the statistical analysis of fecal calprotectin. The differential diagnosis of intestinal inflammation or non-inflammation was performed according to the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve that outlines the Area Under Curve (AUC), Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp). Fecal calprotectin was significantly elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Especially, the mean values of fecal calprotectin were 522 g/g (IQR=215-975) and 21 g/g (IQR=14-34.5) in patients with and without inflammation, respectively (P<0.0001). AUC value of fecal calprotectin was 0.958 (Se=88.9%, Sp=91.1%, with a cut-off value of 50 g/g) for differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Fecal calprotectin seems to be a non-invasive and inexpensive biomarker useful for the purpose of a differential diagnosis between inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Frequency of Agger Nasi Cell and other Anatomical Field Variations: A Controlled Study in Northern Iran
Authors: Behboudi Hassan , Heirat Abtin , Behboudi Hengameh , Akbari Maryam , Ramezani Naghi , Shalchizadeh Makan , Hajian Abbas , Nemati Shadman
Published: May 2021

In this study, we aimed to find the frequency of agger nasi cells (ANC) and their correlation with other anatomical anomalies in dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) candidates, compared with a control group. The study was conducted on 42 patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction who underwent DCR surgery. Also, 80 C.T. of healthy sex- and age-matched subjects were selected as the control group. Paranasal sinuses computed tomography scanning was performed preoperatively, and abnormalities including ANC, concha bullosa, osteomeatal complex disease (OMC), nasal septum deviation, and polyposis were investigated and registered. Radiologic findings showed ANC presence in 83.3% of cases, and frequency of concha bullosa was 23.8%, and OMC disease, septal deviation, and nasal polyposis recorded as 11.9%, 85.7%, and 14.3%, respectively. In the control group, ANC was found in 52 subjects (65%), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.036). There was no significant correlation between the presence of ANC and the coexistence of other mentioned anatomical changes as attributing factors for NLD obstruction. The frequency of ANC was much higher in patients with NLD obstruction compared with the control group, but its association with other anomalies was non-significant.
Serial Multiple Mediation Model of Depression, Anxiety and Sleep Quality Between Perceived Stress and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Hoseinpour Amir , Akbariasbagh Parvin , Mohammadzadeh Fatemeh , Azad Esfandiar , Saberi Isfeedvajani Mohsen
Published: May 2021

Life satisfaction can both affect and be affected by occupational factors in military personnel. Perceived stress is considered an important predictor of life satisfaction. The objective of this study is to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of perceived stress on life satisfaction and the mediating role of depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among Iranian military personnel. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 301 military personnel were investigated by using standard self-report questionnaires, consisting of the Revised Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90-R), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in our study. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, ordinary least square regression, and the bootstrap method. The direct effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction was significant. Perceived stress also affects life satisfaction indirectly through single mediation of sleep quality; serial multiple mediations of anxiety as the first and sleep quality as the second mediator; and the serial multiple mediations of depression, anxiety, and sleep quality, as the first to the third mediator, respectively. Lower levels of perceived stress, depression, and anxiety, along with better sleep quality, are correlated to higher levels of life satisfaction in military personnel. There are several points of prevention and intervention in order to increase the life satisfaction of military personnel, which can improve their quality of life and occupational efficiency.
Factors Predisposing to Amblyopia After Exotropia Surgery
Authors: Motarjemizadeh Qader , Samadi Aidenloo Naser
Published: May 2021

Amblyopia (lazy eye) is one of the significant complications of strabismus surgery. It is the most important cause of unilateral visual impairment in both children and adults. The current investigation was achieved to determine the postoperative amblyopia rate and to identify factors predisposing to amblyopia following exotropia surgery among patients who had been referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, Iran. The present investigation is a retrospective study that was conducted over three years (2008-2010). The study consisted of sixty patients who underwent their first strabismus surgery for treatment of horizontal deviation. Patients were followed up for at least 24 months, and the rate of postoperative amblyopia was measured. The preoperative deviation, strabismus type (exotropia vs. esotropia), visual acuity, age at surgery , and the number of operated muscles were analyzed as determining factors of postoperative development of amblyopia. Amblyopia was observed in 50% of cases during the follow-up period. No statistically significant differences were observed between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes in terms of sex, age at surgery, strabismus type, and visual acuity. But amblyopic eyes showed higher deviation angles compared to nonamblyopic eyes (<0.001). The Cox hazard model analysis revealed a significant contribution of deviation angle to postoperative development of amblyopia. A larger deviation angle has been identified as a positive predictor of postoperative development of amblyopia in our investigated population. Due to such a high rate of postoperative amblyopia, it seems better to initiate and complete amblyopia therapy before strabismus surgery.