bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial Management Challenges and Strategies of Public Secondary School Leaders in Davao City, Philippines: A Phenomenological Multiple Case Study
Authors: Bantilan Jecyl C. , Hatagi Mary Cris A. , Sombilon Ellen Joy J. , Bauyot Marleonie M.
Published: January 2024

Utilizing financial resources wisely has been one of the education policy objectives to achieve quality education. However, school leaders in their respective school size faced financial management issues that inspired them to utilize financial management strategies. Hence, this study sought to examine their financial management challenges and strategies under the cases of small, medium, large, and mega schools. Six research questions guided the paper which employed phenomenological multiple case study. The sample size of 12 with three school leaders per case in Davao City, Philippines was drawn using the stratified convenience sampling technique. The researchers conducted one-shot in-depth interview and gathered the School Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adjustment (SMEA) document. Employing Colaizzi’s technique and cross-case analysis, the researchers analyzed and clustered responses into themes for single cases which led to the systematic analysis of the multiple cases. Results revealed that school leaders’ financial management challenges involved inadequate staff assistance in small school; delayed release of funds in medium school; high needs and priorities in large school; and difficult Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE) liquidation in mega school. In terms of similarities, all cases experienced limited funds and balance and adjustment pressure. Regarding the financial management strategies, school leaders utilized prioritization in small school; prompt liquidation and SMEA in medium school; strict and continuous implementation in large school; and shared governance in mega school. In common, they shared the same strategies which were develop financial plan, ensure transparency, and engage stakeholders. Concerning the financial management insights, they conveyed similar realizations such as competence and honesty. Thus, the theories that governed this study were affirmed. Given these findings, the researchers encouraged school leaders to gain knowledge and improve best practices like financial plan development, transparency, and coordination with stakeholders. DepEd leaders might also consider the enhancement of the MOOE guidelines and policies. Moreover, teaching and non-teaching personnel as well as the stakeholders could take part in financial management through collaboration. Finally, future researchers are encouraged to pursue a related study quantitatively to clearly define the types of strategies that school leaders utilized.
The sociocultural implications of learning and teaching in cyberspace
Authors: Conceição Simone
Published: December 2002

In this chapter, the author uses her own experiences as an adult learner in cyberspace to explore the social and cultural contexts of gender and national origin in adult learning.
Sociocultural contexts of learning among adults with disabilities
Authors: Ross‐Gordon Jovita M.
Published: December 2002

The sociocultural constructs of race, class, and gender combine with the effects of disability to create powerful influences on the educational and work history of adults with disabilities.
The sociocultural contexts of learning in the workplace
Authors: Bierema Laura L.
Published: December 2002

This chapter focuses on how the changing demographics of the U.S. workforce shape learning at work. It offers a synopsis of the changing workforce, profiles various demographic groups, and recommends a new workforce pedagogy that is sensitive to sociocultural context.
Context: Implications for learning in professional practice
Authors: Daley Barbara J.
Published: December 2002

Although continuing professional education programs are important in general, four specific elements of the context in which professionals deliver services to clients have an especially profound influence on learning in professional practice.
A new superfast bit reversal algorithm
Authors: Rubio M. , Gómez P. , Drouiche K.
Published: December 2002

In this paper we present a new bit reversal algorithm which outperforms the existing ones. The bit reversal technique is involved in the fast Fourier transform technique (FFT), which is widely used in computer‐based numerical techniques for solving numerous problems. The new approach for computing the bit reversal is based upon a pseudo‐semi‐group homomorphism property. The surprise is that this property is almost trivial to prove but at the same time it also leads to a very efficient algorithm which we believe to be the best with only 𝒪 (N) operations and optimal constant, i.e. unity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function for a finite number of stable second order linear time‐invariant systems
Authors: Shorten Robert N. , Narendra Kumpati S.
Published: December 2002

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of a common quadra‐tic Lyapunov function for a finite number of stable second order linear time‐invariant systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the existence of common quadratic Lyapunov functions for second‐order linear time‐invariant discrete‐time systems
Authors: Akar Mehmet , Narendra Kumpati S.
Published: December 2002

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function (CQLF) are given for two second‐order linear time‐invariant discrete‐time systems. These conditions are later extended to an arbitrary number of systems. The conditions are readily verifiable both analytically and graphically. The paper also provides a constructive procedure for computing a CQLF when it exists. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New self‐normalized blind source separation networks for instantaneous and convolutive mixtures
Authors: Deville Yannick , Albu Ovidiu , Charkani Nabil
Published: December 2002

The main blind source separation networks proposed in this paper apply to convolutive mixtures (including instantaneous ones). They have a recurrent or direct structure and they may use channel‐specific separating functions. They are based on a self‐normalized weight adaptation rule, which adaptively estimates the average powers of non‐linear functions of the network outputs. This allows us to control several aspects of the operation of these networks, especially their convergence speed/accuracy trade‐off. It also makes them more robust with respect to non‐stationary situations. We analyse their convergence properties. We validate all these results by means of experimental tests performed with these networks, classical ones, and additionally proposed linear instantaneous direct networks based on a normalization of their outputs. These tests especially show that the proposed networks improve the convergence trade‐off and that only these networks apply to highly mixed non‐stationary sources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which statistical formats facilitate what decisions? The perception and influence of different statistical information formats
Authors: Brase Gary L.
Published: December 2002

Research suggesting both a superiority of frequencies over single‐event probabilities and of smaller reference classes over very large reference classes have utilized tasks that vary in computational complexity. The present research sought to simply and directly evaluate if—apart from simplifying statistical inference tasks—frequencies and small reference classes are clearer than other formats. After eliminating possible computational confounds, simple frequencies (based on small reference classes, e.g. 1/3) and to some extent relative frequencies (percentages, e.g. 33%) were perceived as clearer than absolute frequencies (based on very large reference classes, e.g. 90 million Americans) and single‐event probabilities (e.g. 0.33). Concurrently, these different formats were evaluated in terms of their relative influence. Absolute frequencies were relatively more persuasive for smaller magnitudes (e.g. 2.7 million) but less persuasive for larger magnitudes (e.g. 267 million), as compared to analogous presentations. Single‐event probabilities were judged to minimize the significance of information. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What we want to do versus what we think we should do: an empirical investigation of intrapersonal conflict
Authors: O'Connor Kathleen M. , De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Schroth Holly , Barry Bruce , Lituchy Terri R. , Bazerman Max H.
Published: December 2002

People often feel torn between what they want to do and what they believe they should do. As a result, they experience intrapersonal conflict. For example, people know that they should avoid credit card debt, but they want to splurge on just one more purchase. Following Loewenstein's (1996) temporal perspective to understanding internal conflict and inconsistency, we offer three studies that empirically demonstrate (1) a distinction between the want self and the should self, (2) that behavior is more closely linked to the want self, (3) that the want self is the self that is temporally inconsistent, and (4) that adopting a want versus should perspective can have a significant impact on actual behavior. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental analysis of decision channeling by restrictive information display
Authors: Tabatabaei Manouchehr
Published: December 2002

This study focuses on the effect of restrictive information display on decision performance. Specifically the study examines whether two‐channeled and one non‐channeled computerized information display systems result in significant differences in decision accuracy. The two‐channeled information display systems are designed to encourage two general information processing patterns commonly observed in the experimental literature examining multi‐alternative, multi‐attribute choice decisions: information processing by alternative and information processing by attribute. An information display program was developed which used restrictive information display to operationalize the channeled versus non‐channeled manipulation. Channeling was implemented either by displaying information only by alternative or by displaying information only by attribute. The task was an operations scheduling problem that subjects completed under three levels of time pressure. The results indicate statistically significant effects on decision accuracy for both the type of information display and time pressure manipulations. The highest decision accuracy was observed when information was displayed by alternative and when subjects were under highest levels of time pressure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasons for sequence preferences
Authors: Read Daniel , Powell Melanie
Published: December 2002

Much research shows that when it comes to preferences over sequences of money, such as a monthly paycheck, people do not always maximize present value. Rather, they often choose the lower‐valued of a pair of sequences, especially when it has attractive properties such as an increasing trend. To unearth the reasons for sequence preferences we conducted a verbal‐protocol analysis of choices between money sequences, including lifetime and one‐year earnings and one‐year lottery winnings, as well as lifetime health sequences. Participants thought aloud while choosing between visual representations of sequences. Their verbalizations contained reference to a wide range of previously hypothesized, as well as new, reasons for choice. These reasons were also correlated in sensible ways with the choices made. There was some evidence of solid economic reasoning (which we called maximization), although this was largely restricted to choices for one‐year earnings. More commonly, respondents did not distinguish between earnings and consumption, and thought about money as if they would automatically spend it at the rate it was received. This meant the most frequently given reason was what we called appropriateness—how well the money received at a given point matched the desired consumption at that point. Other common explanations include the expectedness of a sequence (we argue this is mediated by appropriateness), the way that parts of the sequence constitute reference points for other parts, and the ease with which incoming money can be managed (convenience). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral karyotyping identifies recurrent complex rearrangements of chromosomes 8, 17, and 20 in osteosarcomas
Authors: Bayani Jane , Zielenska Maria , Pandita Ajay , Al‐Romaih Khaldoun , Karaskova Jana , Harrison Karen , Bridge Julia A. , Sorensen Poul , Thorner Paul , Squire Jeremy A.
Published: December 2002

Conventional cytogenetic studies have shown that osteosarcomas (OSs) are often highly aneuploid, with a large number of both structural and numerical chromosomal alterations. To investigate the complexity of OS karyotypes in detail, we applied spectral karyotyping (SKY) to a series of 14 primary OS tumors and four established OS cell lines. A total of 531 rearrangements were identified by SKY, of which 300 breakpoints could be assigned to a specific chromosome band. There was an average of 38.5 breakpoints identified by SKY per primary tumor. Chromosome 20 was involved in a disproportionately high number of structural rearrangements, with 38 different aberrations being detected. Chromosomal rearrangements between chromosomes 20 and 8 were evident in four tumors. FISH analysis using a 20q13 subtelomeric probe identified frequent involvement of 20q in complex structural rearrangements of OS cell lines. Characterization of the structural aberrations of chromosomes 8 and 17 by use of SKY demonstrated frequent duplication or partial gains of chromosome bands 8q23–24 and 17p11–13. Other chromosomes frequently involved in structural alteration were chromosomes 1 (47 rearrangements) and 6 (38 rearrangements). Centromeric rearrangements often involving chromosomes 1, 6, 13, 14, 17, and 20 were present. Four of the 14 primary OS tumors were characterized by nonclonal changes that included both structural and numerical alterations. In summary, OS tumors have a very high frequency of structural and numerical alterations, compounded by gross changes in ploidy. This intrinsic karyotype instability leads to a diversity of rearrangements and the acquisition of composite chromosomal rearrangements, with the highest frequency of alteration leading to gain of 8q23–24 and 17p11–13 and rearrangement of 20q. These findings suggest that specific sequences mapping to these chromosomal regions will likely have a role in the development and progression of OS. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of a 7p15–21 homozygous deletion in a Wilms tumor
Authors: Sossey‐Alaoui Khalid , Vieira Luís , David Dezso , Boavida Maria G. , Cowell John K.
Published: December 2002

Recent molecular studies have shown a relatively high rate of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at band 7p15–21 in Wilms tumor. We previously reported that the minimal common region of LOH was located between markers D7S517 and D7S503 in bands 7p15–21. We also reported the identification of one Wilms tumor (GOS44) bearing a homozygous, interstitial deletion at a locus within this region. Homogeneous primary cell cultures have been derived from this tumor and have been used for all the subsequent analyses. Using PCR and a panel of STS markers mapping between D7S517 and D7S503, the physical boundaries of the homozygous deletion were determined to be between D7S638 and D7S644. The deleted region spans approximately 3 Mbp of genomic sequence and includes seven known genes (KIAA0744, KIAA0713, AHR, AGR2, NET6, HSPC028, and DGKB.) as well as five predicted genes with similarities to genes of known function (LOC‐91802, ‐116364, ‐96009, ‐92511, and ‐92512). The proximal breakpoint was found to lie between exon 6 and exon 7 of KIAA0744, and the distal breakpoint lay between exon 17 and exon 18 of DGKB. It is unlikely that a functional fusion gene product was generated as a consequence of the fusion between these two genes, because they are oriented in opposite directions on the chromosome. This is the only reported homozygous deletion recorded so far in Wilms tumor, and it provides the means to identify the tumor‐suppressor gene located in this deletion. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylation profile of the MLH1 promoter region and their relationship to colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Miyakura Yasuyuki , Sugano Kokichi , Konishi Fumio , Fukayama Noriko , Igarashi Seiji , Kotake Kenjiro , Matsui Takashi , Koyama Yasuo , Maekawa Masato , Nagai Hideo
Published: December 2002

Methylation of the MLH1 promoter region has been suggested to be a principal mechanism of gene inactivation in sporadic microsatellite instability (MSI)–positive colorectal carcinoma. Recently, we have shown a novel methylation profile of the MLH1 promoter region (i.e., full, partial, and no methylation), among which full methylation was strongly associated with MSI. In this study, to confirm whether methylation requires the involvement of both alleles, we studied the MLH1 promoter region concerning the methylation profile and allelic loss. Furthermore, we studied correlations of methylation profiles with genetic alternations such as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the TP53 locus and KRAS mutation. Eighty‐eight tumors were classified as full (n = 14), partial (n = 26), and no methylation (n = 48). Full methylation was observed in 78% (14/18) of high‐frequency MSI, in which all CpG sites in the promoter region were methylated. Full methylation differed significantly from partial methylation regarding absence of TP53 LOH (0/12) and KRAS mutation (0/14). In cases with full methylation, we could show biallelic methylation by use of a single‐base nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter. However, this did not accompany LOH of the MLH1 locus. In contrast, there were no significant differences in molecular features between partial and no methylation, except for low frequencies of LOH of the MLH1 locus (P = 0.02). In conclusion, biallelic extensive methylation of the MLH1 promoter region plays a significant role in gene inactivation and is independent of KRAS mutation and TP53 LOH. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel chromosomal inversion at 11q23 in infant acute myeloid leukemia fuses MLL to CALM, a gene that encodes a clathrin assembly protein
Authors: Wechsler Daniel S. , Engstrom Lars D. , Alexander Brian M. , Motto David G. , Roulston Diane
Published: December 2002

Rearrangements involving the MLL gene at chromosome band 11q23 are common in infant acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). We recently encountered an infant patient with rapidly progressive AML whose leukemic cells harbored a previously undescribed MLL rearrangement involving an inversion of 11q [inv(11)(q14q23)]. We used panhandle PCR to determine that this rearrangement juxtaposed the MLL (Mixed‐Lineage Leukemia) gene to the CALM (Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid leukemia) gene at 11q14–q21. The CALM protein participates in recruitment of clathrin to internal membrane surfaces, thereby regulating vesicle formation in both endocytosis and intracellular protein transport. Intriguingly, CALM has been identified in other cases of AML as a translocation partner for the AF10 gene, which has independently been found to be an MLL partner in AML. We identified the MLL‐CALM fusion transcript (but not the reciprocal CALM‐MLL transcript) in leukemia cell RNA by RT‐PCR. The predicted 1803 amino acid MLL‐CALM fusion protein includes amino‐terminal MLL domains involved in transcriptional repression, and carboxy‐terminal CALM‐derived clathrin‐binding domains. The genomic breakpoint in MLL is in the 7th intron (within the breakpoint cluster region); the corresponding CALM breakpoint is in the 7th CALM intron. In contrast, breakpoints in CALM‐AF10 translocations lie in the 17th–19th CALM introns (30 kb downstream); also, in these translocations, CALM provides the 5′ end of the fusion transcript. Together with its previously recognized association with AF10 in AML, the identification of CALM as an MLL fusion partner suggests that interference with clathrin‐mediated trafficking pathways may be an underappreciated mechanism in leukemogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fusion of the NUP98 gene and the homeobox gene HOXC13 in acute myeloid leukemia with t(11;12)(p15;q13)
Authors: Panagopoulos Ioannis , Isaksson Margareth , Billström Rolf , Strömbeck Bodil , Mitelman Felix , Johansson Bertil
Published: December 2002

The NUP98 gene at 11p15 is known to be fused to DDX10, HOXA9, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXD11, HOXD13, LEDGF, NSD1, NSD3, PMX1, RAP1GDS1, and TOP1 in various hematologic malignancies. The common theme in all NUP98 chimeras is a transcript consisting of the 5′ part of NUP98 and the 3′ portion of the partner gene; however, apart from the frequent fusion to different homeobox genes, there is no apparent similarity among the other partners. We here report a de novo acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;12)(p15;q13), resulting in a novel NUP98/HOXC13 fusion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses, by the use of probes covering NUP98 and the HOXC gene cluster at 12q13, revealed a fusion signal at the der(11)t(11;12), indicating a NUP98/HOXC chimera, whereas no fusion was found on the der(12)t(11;12), suggesting that the translocation was accompanied by a deletion of the reciprocal fusion gene. Reverse transcription‐PCR and sequence analyses showed that exon 16 (nucleotide 2290) of NUP98 was fused in‐frame with exon 2 (nucleotide 852) of HOXC13. Neither the HOXC13/NUP98 transcript nor the normal HOXC13 was expressed. The present results, together with previous studies of NUP98/homeobox gene fusions, strongly indicate that NUP98/HOXC13 is of pathogenetic importance in t(11;12)‐positive acute myeloid leukemia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of novel genes with somatic frameshift mutations within coding mononucleotide repeats in colorectal tumors with high microsatellite instability
Authors: Potočnik Uroš , Glavač Damjan , Ravnik‐Glavač Metka
Published: December 2002

We have systematically retrieved genes with coding mononucleotide repeats from sequence databases and analyzed them for mutations in tumors with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI‐H). We found somatic frameshift mutations in 7/13 genes previously not analyzed in MSI‐H tumors. According to the frequency of mutations in MSI‐H tumors, these genes could be divided into genes with high coding mononucleotide repeat instability (CMRI‐H) and genes with low coding mononucleotide instability (CMRI‐L). CMR‐H genes were mutated in more than 9/38 and CMRI‐L in less than 4/38 of MSI‐H tumors. Four genes in our study were CMRI‐H and could thus possibly play a role in the development of MSI‐H tumors: TFE3 (9/38), TEF4 (12/38), RGS12 (11/38), and TCF1 (12/38). Our results suggest that systematic identification of genes with CMR in the sequence databases and determination of mutation frequency in MSI‐H tumors might be a powerful tool for identification of new molecular targets in the development of MSI‐H tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion mapping on the long arm of chromosome 7 in splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes
Authors: Gruszka‐Westwood Alicja M. , Hamoudi Rifat , Osborne Lucy , Matutes Estella , Catovsky Daniel
Published: December 2002

Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL) is a low‐grade lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by splenomegaly and circulating villous lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. It is considered to be the leukemic form of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL). The genetic basis of this lymphoma type remains unknown. Conventional cytogenetic studies have identified frequent structural abnormalities of chromosome 7, in the form of translocations, mainly unbalanced, and 7q deletions. In this current study, we undertook deletion mapping of the long arm of chromosome 7 in a series of cases with SLVL. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used in the first instance, followed by a study of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The common area of deletion identified by FISH spanned from the YAC clone HSC7E1289 (mapping to 7q32.1) to in between YACs HSC7E195 and HSC7E648 (7q32–3). By application of 50 microsatellite markers mapping to the FISH‐CDR and to areas of deletion reported in other studies, four distinct hotspot loci were identified, with abnormalities present in 29–55% cases. In three of them, both LOH and biallelic deletions were found. The LOH in the majority of patients was noncontiguous. The presence of a high incidence of abnormalities in the established hotspot areas and in particular the finding of biallelic deletions is indicative of the existence of genes important for the pathogenesis of SLVL in these areas. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative comparison of the expression of EVI1 and its presumptive antagonist, MDS1/EVI1, in patients with myeloid leukemia
Authors: Vinatzer Ursula , Mannhalter Christine , Mitterbauer Margit , Gruener Helga , Greinix Hildegard , Schmidt Helmut H. , Fonatsch Christa , Wieser Rotraud
Published: December 2002

The EVI1 gene in chromosome band 3q26 exhibits a number of properties consistent with a role as an oncogene, and its expression is activated in most myeloid leukemia patients with, as well as in a minority of patients without, 3q26 rearrangements. A splice variant of this gene, MDS1/EVI1, acts as its antagonist at least in some tissue culture assays. We established real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTQ‐RT‐PCR) assays for these mRNA variants to compare their expression levels in a quantitatively reliable manner. EVI1 was overexpressed to highly variable extents in all patients with, as well as in 14% of patients without, 3q26 rearrangements. In some of these samples, MDS1/EVI1 was also transcribed at elevated levels compared to those of healthy controls. However, although the induction of MDS1/EVI1 was comparable to, or higher than, that of EVI1 in three of five samples with a normal EVI1 locus, this was true for only two of 13 patients with a 3q26 aberration. We further provide preliminary evidence that the RTQ‐RT‐PCR assay may be useful for disease monitoring in patients overexpressing EVI1. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confusion assessment method in the diagnostics of delirium among aged hospital patients: Would it serve better in screening than as a diagnostic instrument?
Authors: Laurila J. V. , Pitkala K. H. , Strandberg T. E. , Tilvis R. S.
Published: December 2002

Background

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is an easy, four‐step algorithmic diagnostic test developed to detect delirium.

Objective

To determine how sensitive and specific the CAM is in diagnosing delirium when compared with fully operationalized criteria of delirium according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) editions III, III revised, and IV, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th edition.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study with blinded assessments was performed on consecutive elderly patients (>70 years) (n=81) in two acute geriatric hospitals in Helsinki, Finland. The sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values of CAM were assessed with the DSM‐III, DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV, and ICD‐10 criteria of delirium used as reference standards.

Results

Sensitivity rates of the CAM were proved to be only moderate (0.81–0.86) against all formal criteria of delirium. The specificity rates were lower (0.63–0.84), and far less than reported in previous studies using global assessment of the reference standard. Instead of the DSM‐III‐R, from which it is derived, the CAM seems more concordant with the DSM‐IV criteria of delirium. The likelihood ratio for a positive CAM test was 5.06 and for a negative test 0.23, when compared with the DSM‐IV.

Conclusion

The CAM seems to be an acceptable screening instrument for delirium, but the diagnosis should be ensured according to the formal criteria of delirium, preferably by the DSM‐IV. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Apathy Inventory: assessment of apathy and awareness in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Robert P. H. , Clairet S. , Benoit M. , Koutaich J. , Bertogliati C. , Tible O. , Caci H. , Borg M. , Brocker P. , Bedoucha P.
Published: December 2002

Objective

This study was designed to establish the validity and reliability of the apathy inventory (IA), a rating scale for global assessment of apathy and separate assessment of emotional blunting, lack of initiative, and lack of interest.

Method

Information for the IA can be obtained from the patient or from a caregiver. We evaluated 115 subjects using the IA, consisting of 19 healthy elderly subjects, 24 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), 12 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 60 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Results

Internal consistency, item reliability, and between–rater reliability were high. A test–retest reliability study demonstrated that caregiver responses to IA questions were stable over short intervals. A concurrent validity study showed that the IA assesses apathy as effectively as the Neuro Psychiatric Inventory apathy domain. In the caregiver‐based evaluation, AD subjects had significantly higher scores than controls, both for global apathy score and for the lack of interest dimension. When the AD patients were subdivided according to diagnostic criteria for apathy, apathetic patients had significantly higher scores than non apathetic patients. With the patient‐based evaluations, no differences were found among the AD, MCI and control groups. The scores in the patient‐based evaluations were only higher for the PD group versus the control subjects. The results also indicated that AD patients had poor awareness of their emotional blunting and lack of initiative.

Conclusions

The IA is a reliable method for assessing in demented and non‐demented elderly subjects several dimensions of the apathetic syndrome, and also the subject's awareness of these symptoms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a group‐based exercise program on the mood state of frail older women after discharge from hospital
Authors: Timonen L. , Rantanen T. , Timonen T. E. , Sulkava R.
Published: December 2002

Background

Older people with somatic illnesses are at increased risk of depression. It is not known whether exercise alleviates depressive symptoms in frail, very old people recuperating from an acute illness.

Objective

To determine the effects of a group‐based exercise training program on mood.

Methods

Sixty‐eight women (mean age 83.0, SD 3.9 years) who were hospitalized due to an acute illness, and were mobility impaired at admission, were randomized into group‐based 10‐week strength training intervention (N=34) and home exercise control (N=34) groups. Twenty‐four women in the training and 28 in the control group completed the follow‐up. Measures of mood state with the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) were performed before and after the training intervention, and follow‐up data was collected 3 and 9 months after the end of the intervention.

Results

After the intervention, there was a significant improvement in mood in the intervention group compared to the home exercise control group: −3.1 (SD 9.0) points vs +1.3 (SD 7.6) points (p=0.048) and the positive effect was still apparent three months after the intervention ceased: −2.6 (SD 7.7) points vs +3.5 (SD 9.7) points (p=0.015). Improvement of mood state at the first follow‐up measurement was associated with the improvement in lower limb isometric muscle strength.

Conclusions

Group‐based exercise program organized in the context of a Finnish health care organization improved mood in frail older women recuperating from an acute illness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of low dose melatonin for sleep disorders in dementia
Authors: Serfaty Marc , Kennell‐Webb Sandra , Warner James , Blizard Robert , Raven Peter
Published: December 2002

Background

Disturbance of sleep is common in individuals with dementia where there may be reversal of the sleep‐wake cycle. People with dementia of the Alzheimer's type have melatonin secretion rhythm disorders. There is some evidence that treatment with exogenous melatonin is an effective treatment for sleep disturbance associated with dementia. A randomised double blind placebo controlled cross over trial was undertaken to test the hypothesis that slow release exogenous melatonin 6 mg improves sleep for people with dementia.

Methods

Forty‐four participants with DSM‐IV diagnoses of dementia with sleep disturbance were selected for a seven week randomised double blind cross over trial of slow release melatonin 6 mg versus placebo. Sleep parameters were objectively measured using wrist actigraphy.

Results

Twenty‐five out of 44 completed the trial. Sleep was significantly disturbed in the sample population. Melatonin had no effect on median total time asleep (n=25,z=1.35,p=0.18), number of awakenings (n=25,z=0.32,p=0.75) or sleep efficiency (n=25,z=0.17,p=0.24). Nor were there any carry over effects from melatonin.

Conclusions

Contrary to previous findings, we found no evidence that two weeks of exogenous melatonin is effective in improving sleep in people with dementia, although possible benefits of melatonin following longer periods of administration cannot be discounted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory clinics and clinical governance—a UK perspective
Authors: Phipps Andrew J. , O'Brien John T.
Published: December 2002

Background

Memory clinics have developed using a range of service models but providing similar functions which include assessment, information, treatment monitoring, education, training and research. Memory clinic development is now taking place in the UK in the context of clinical governance and the drive for quality improvement. At a strategic level this process is driven by the National Service Framework for Older People and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Methods

The literature describing quality issues in memory clinics is reviewed against a multi‐dimensional framework for assessing quality standards.

Results and Conclusions

The rationing of health care, both explicit and implicit, is discussed in view of limited capacity and financial resources of the National Health Service and the significance of this in determining quality standards is highlighted. The authors offer a generic quality specification for memory clinic development, using mild cognitive impairment as an illustration of the quality standards that might be achieved and clinical governance systems that must be present to drive forward continuous quality improvement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When a little knowledge is a dangerous thing…: a study of carers' knowledge about dementia, preferred coping style and psychological distress
Authors: Proctor Rebekah , Martin Carol , Hewison Jenny
Published: December 2002

Objectives

The aim of this study was to improve understanding of the relationship between carers' existing knowledge about dementia, their coping style and psychological morbidity.

Method

Fifty carers and patients attending day services were recruited. Carers were given questionnaires to assess knowledge of dementia, preferred coping style, anxiety, depression and strain.

Results

The results indicated that carers who demonstrated more knowledge about the biomedical aspects of dementia were more anxious (p < 0.05). Furthermore, carers who had a preferred coping style of monitoring for threat relevant information were more anxious (p < 0.005).

Conclusions

Understanding more about those factors that are associated with knowledge about dementia will help to identify profiles of carers who are in need of education and in matching individually tailored interventions to carers with specific learning needs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of personality, affectivity, and work commitment on motivation to improve work through learning
Authors: Naquin Sharon S. , Holton Elwood F.
Published: December 2002

This study examined the degree to which the dimensions from the Five‐Factor Model of personality,
affectivity, and work commitment (including work ethic, job involvement, affective commitment, and
continuance commitment) influenced motivation to improve work through learning. Data were obtained from a
nonrandom sample of 239 private‐sector employees who were participants of in‐house training
programs. The hypothesized causal relationships were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings
indicated that these dispositional effects were significant antecedents of motivation to improve work through
learning. Specifically, 57 percent of the variance in motivation to improve work through learning was explained
by positive affectivity, work commitment, and extraversion.
Differences in international human resource development among indigenous firms and multinational affiliates in East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Bartlett Kenneth R. , Lawler John J. , Bae Johngseok , Chen Shyh‐jer , Wan David
Published: December 2002

Short‐term training and long‐term HRD practices are examined in this study of nearly four hundred
firms, including affiliates of multinational corporations and indigenous companies in East and Southeast Asia. The
study extends existing international HRD literature to examine the training and development of nonmanagerial
host‐country nationals employed in these firms. Empirical findings show links between HRD and multinational
home country, with U.S.‐owned firms engaging in relatively higher levels of HRD activity. Significant
relationships were also observed between the firm's strategic human resource orientation and the types and
levels of HRD activity. Several hypotheses rooted in the HRD literature were tested.
The relationship between workplace learning and job satisfaction in U.S. small to midsize businesses
Authors: Rowden Robert W.
Published: December 2002

Although much attention is given to HRD in firms of Fortune 500 size, little is known about the extent of
workplace learning in small to midsize businesses. Yet small businesses are playing an increasingly important role
in the world economy and are critical to the well‐being of the U.S. economy. Furthermore, workers in small
businesses generally indicate higher job satisfaction than those in large organizations. This study measures the
extent of workplace learning in small to midsize businesses, delineates the level of job satisfaction in these
businesses, and examines the relationship between workplace learning and job satisfaction.
The relative impact of workplace design on training transfer
Authors: Kupritz Virginia W.
Published: December 2002

The study investigated worker perceptions of the relative impact of workplace design on training transfer.
Although HRD research recognizes the influence of organizational context on worker ability and opportunity to
transfer, the physical environment has been overlooked. This study applied environment and behavior research to
human resource development needs in an examination of workplace design. Taking an ethnographic approach, the study
found cumulative frequencies for elicited responses about organizational factors were highest for workplace design
perceived to impede transfer and second highest for workplace design perceived to facilitate transfer. Further, of
the individual attributes per organizational factor, workplace design features that did not support privacy needs
were elicited most often as impeding transfer.
The emerging external labor market and the impact on enterprise's human resource development in China
Authors: Benson John , Zhu Ying
Published: December 2002

China has undergone substantial restructuring at both the macroeconomic and the enterprise level, and its
admission into the World Trade Organization in 2001 provided further impetus to the reform process. Global
competition and a reconsideration of national human resource policies have underpinned much of this reform and
have led to an emerging external labor market. Little research, however, has been undertaken on this labor
market and its impact on human resource development. This study examines human resource development choices to
recruit externally or train internally. This “buy or make” decision is explored in businesses in
Beijing and Shanghai, cities that represent the more developed regions of China and provide an indication of
future trends. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the research and
suggestions for future research.
The effects of network groups on minority employee turnover intentions
Authors: Friedman Raymond A. , Holtom Brooks
Published: December 2002

Companies in the United States are concerned with retaining minority employees to maintain or increase the
diversity of their workforce. Here we assess the value of one approach companies have used to retain minority
employees: “network” groups. Based on data obtained from a large company with extensive network
groups, this study compares the turnover intentions of minority employees who have joined one of the
company's network groups to those who have not joined one of the company's network groups. The data
show that employee network groups can be useful in helping companies retain managerial‐level minority
employees. Extensive recommendations are provided to help organizations maximize the effectiveness of network
groups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using profit sharing to enhance employee attitudes: A longitudinal examination of the effects on trust and commitment
Authors: Coyle‐Shapiro Jacqueline A‐M. , Morrow Paula C. , Richardson Ray , Dunn Stephen R.
Published: December 2002

The ability of profit sharing to increase organizational performance via positive changes in employee attitudes
has yielded mixed results. Drawing on principal agent, expectancy, and organizational justice theories, we assess
how perceptions of profit sharing (capacity for individual contribution and organizational reciprocity)
alter organizational commitment and trust in management using longitudinal data provided by 141 engineering
employees. Favorable perceptions of profit sharing served to increase organizational commitment while only
organizational reciprocity predicted trust in management. The relationship between organizational reciprocity and
commitment was partially mediated by trust in management. Implications for the design of profit sharing
initiatives are noted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The management of people across cultures: Valuing people differently
Authors: Jackson Terence
Published: December 2002

Ethnocentric and parochial human resource systems have been called into question as obstacles to
globalization. This is addressed here by examining the way value is attached to people in organizations across
cultures. Western managers and HR practitioners who work with affiliates in non‐Western emerging
countries should particularly be aware of differences in “locus of human value.” Policies and
practices developed in the West along instrumental lines see people primarily as a means to an end. This may be
directly opposed to a humanistic view of human value that sees people as having a value in themselves. To
provide support for these assumptions, an exploratory study across seven nations was carried out. Its findings
indicate potentially important implications for global HRM policies and practices. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
How HR measures support risk management: The Deutsche bank example
Authors: Fischer Heinz , Mittorp Klaus D.
Published: December 2002

Are there concrete examples of how the “soft” HR factors can be made tangible and, what's more,
meaningful to the business? In this article we give an answer to this frequently asked question. We show how
Deutsche Bank's HR function consistently developed the range of employee surveying instruments to become
pivotal to the Group's success. This is part of a wider effort in recent years to achieve a change of direction
for the HR function, making it a strategic partner to the business. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Creating a company‐wide, on‐line, performance management system: A case study at TRW Inc.
Authors: Neary D. Bradford
Published: December 2002

When new company leadership took the helm in 2001, TRW sought to create systems that supported what was, in
essence, a cultural revolution—a new culture driven by six company‐wide “Behaviors.”
Impeding this revolution, however, were the countless systems and methods for evaluating and managing the
development of TRW's nearly 100,000 employees. The senior Management Committee challenged TRW's human
resources function to create a common, on‐line, company‐wide system that supports performance
appraisal, professional development, and succession management. A cross‐disciplinary and
cross‐business team led by the Director of Leadership Development created a uniform Web‐based
system in four short months. This system is now in place company‐wide in 36 countries on five
continents. The approach we took and the success we have enjoyed can be replicated by other organizations
seeking a uniform and effective way to evaluate and develop employees. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of the novel role of pRB in eye cancer
Authors: Lai Hong , Ma Fangchao , Lai Shenghan
Published: December 2002

Cancer of the eye, though relatively rare, can involve multiple areas. Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer in children, with 3–7 cases per million people per year worldwide. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults, predominately in whites, with annual incidence of six per million people in the United States and Europe. Despite the rarity of retinoblastoma, Knudson's two‐hit hypothesis to explain its genesis was substantiated by elegant genetic studies and is viewed as a turning point in cancer research. pRB plays an important role in cell cycle and apoptosis, performing its function through interaction with transcription factors, p53, and MDM2. Unfortunately, advances in eye cancer treatment have not paralleled those in treatment of other sites of cancer. In spite of higher accuracy in early diagnosis, eye‐cancer‐specific mortalities have remained unchanged for decades, while overall cancer mortality rates have dramatically declined. An extensive literature search revealed that, except for retinoblastoma, few investigations had been done on the pRB pathway in eye cancers even though altered pRB expression has been associated with a number of cancers. Early detection of eye cancer is critical for the prognosis of both vision and survival. Mutation analysis should become an integral part of future management of patients with eye cancer. Characterization of the mutational pattern of RB1 is crucial in identifying predisposition for cancer of many sites including the eye. Furthermore, cost‐effective and efficient genetic mutation screen testing methods, which can be used to categorize mutant RB1 carriers, are needed. Illumination of genetic insights can guide clinicians to develop a rational strategy for cancer treatment and help predict prognosis in cancer patients. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.