bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in understanding the role of phytate in phosphorus and calcium nutrition of poultry
Authors:   University of Hohenheim, Germany, Rodehutscord Markus
Published: August 2017

In plant seeds, the primary storage form of phosphorus (P) is phytic acid (InsP6), which is usually present in salt form (phytate). Utilization of P from InsP6 and lower forms of InsPx by animals requires stepwise cleavage of P from the inositol ring by phytases. In broiler chickens, the potential to utilize InsP6-P is very high. However, degradation of InsP6 in the gastrointestinal tract is variable and affected by supplements of calcium, P, and other dietary factors. Fine adjustment of feed ingredients and supplements of P, calcium, and phytase are crucial for practical feed formulation to be sustainable through high utilization of InsP6-P and low inclusion of feed phosphates. The potential of turkeys to utilize InsP6-P is lower compared to broiler chickens.
Influenza Virus Infection, Interferon Response, Viral Counter-Response, and Apoptosis
Authors: Shim Jung Min , Kim Jinhee , Tenson Tanel , Min Ji-Young , Kainov Denis E.
Published: August 2017

Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics, which remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral outbreaks, new treatments are urgently needed. Developing new virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus-host interactions. Here we describe how IAV infection triggers cellular apoptosis, and how this process can be exploited towards development of new therapeutics, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza drugs.
Synthesis of Benzyl Acetate Catalyzed by Lipase Immobilized in Nontoxic Chitosan-Polyphosphate Beads
Authors: Felipe Maia da Silva Francisco , Melo Ana D.Q. , Lemos Telma L.G. , Dias Filho Francisco A. , Sousa Cleiton , Fernandez-Lafuente Roberto
Published: August 2017

Enzymes serve as biocatalysts for innumerable important reactions; however, their application has limitations, which could be overcome by using appropriate immobilization strategies. Here, a new support for immobilizing enzymes is proposed. This hybrid organic-inorganic support is composed of chitosan—a natural, nontoxic, biodegradable, and edible biopolymer—and sodium polyphosphate, which was the inorganic component. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) was immobilized in microspheres by encapsulation using these polymers. The characterization of the composites (by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and confocal Raman microscopy) confirmed the hybrid nature of the support, whose external part consisted of polyphosphate and core was composed of chitosan. The immobilized enzyme had the following advantages: possibility of enzyme reuse, easy biocatalyst recovery, increased resistance to variations in temperature (activity declined from 60°C and the enzyme was inactivated at 80°C), and increased catalytic activity in the transesterification reactions. The encapsulated enzymes were utilized as biocatalysts for transesterification reactions to produce the compound responsible for the aroma of jasmine.
An Adaptive Sweep-circle Spatial Clustering Algorithm Based on Gestalt
Authors: Zhan Qingming , Deng Shuguang , Zheng Zhihua
Published: August 2017

An adaptive spatial clustering (ASC) algorithm is proposed that employs sweep-circle techniques and a dynamic threshold setting based on Gestalt theory to detect spatial clusters. The proposed algorithm can automatically discover clusters in one pass, rather than through the modification of the initial model (for example, a minimal spanning tree, Delaunay triangulation, or Voronoi diagram). It can quickly identify arbitrarily shaped clusters while adapting efficiently to non-homogeneous density characteristics of spatial data, without the need of priori knowledge or parameters. The proposed algorithm is also ideal for use in data streaming technology with dynamic characteristics flowing in the form of spatial clustering large data sets.
The Granularity of Gravity
Authors: Roza Engel
Published: August 2017

It is shown that Verlinde’s hypothetical concepts of entropic gravity can be successfully applied to the author’s previous work on the modification of the Newtonian gravity by Einstein’s Cosmological Constant. It allows an assessment by theory for Milgrom’s empirical acceleration constant, thereby revealing some fundamental differences with Verlinde’s conclusions.
Some Identities for a Sequence of Unnamed Polynomials Connected with the Bell Polynomials
Authors: Qi Feng , Niu Da-Wei , Guo Bai-Ni
Published: August 2017

In the paper, using two inversion theorems for the Stirling numbers and binomial coecients, employing properties of the Bell polynomials of the second kind, and utilizing a higher order derivative formula for the ratio of two dierentiable functions, the authors present two explicit formulas, a determinantal expression, and a recursive relation for a sequence of unnamed polynomials, derive two identities connecting the sequence of unnamed polynomials with the Bell polynomials, and recover a known identity connecting the sequence of unnamed polynomials with the Bell polynomials.
Urban–Rural Differences in Suicide in the State of Maryland: The Role of Firearms
Authors: Nestadt Paul S. , Triplett Patrick , Fowler David R. , Mojtabai Ramin
Published: August 2017

Objectives. To assess whether the use of firearms explains rural–urban differences in suicide rates.

Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis on all 6196 well-characterized adult suicides in Maryland from 2003 through 2015. We computed rate ratios by using census data and then stratified by sex, with adjustment for age and race.

Results. Suicide rates were higher in rural compared with urban counties. However, the higher rural suicide rates were limited to firearm suicides (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20, 2.31). Nonfirearm suicide rates were not significantly higher in rural settings. Furthermore, 89% of firearm suicides occurred in men and the higher rural firearm suicide rate was limited to men (IRR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.69). Women were significantly less likely to complete suicide in rural areas (IRR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.94), regardless of method.

Conclusions. Male firearm use drives the increased rate of suicide in rural areas. The opposite associations between urbanicity and suicide in men and women may be driven by the male preference for firearms as a method for committing suicide.
ANALYSIS OF SEA WATER POLLUTION IN COASTAL MARINE DISTRICT TUBAN TO THE QUALITY STANDARDS OF SEA WATER WITH USING STORET METHOD
Authors: Spanton Perdana Ixbal , Saputra Abdul Aziz
Published: August 2017

The sea water is a component that interacts with the terrestrial environment, where sewage from the land will lead to the sea. Waste containing these pollutants will enter into coastal waters and marine ecosystems. Partially soluble in water, partially sinks to the bottom and was concentrated sediment, and partly into the body tissues of marine organisms. This study was conducted to determine the level of pollution of sea water on the coast in the district of Tuban. This research was conducted in the Coastal Water Tuban, East Java. The main material used in research on Analysis of Water Pollution in Coastal Sea on Tuban. The method used in this research is using storet method and compared to the quality standards of the Environment Decree No. 51 in 2004. Based on the analysis of testing at five sampling point’s seawater around Bodies Tuban, obtained by sea water quality measurement results either in physics, chemistry, and microbiology varied. The level of pollution of sea water around Coastal Tuban obtained by using Storet Method average value of analysis is -4.2 included in class B are lightly blackened, while using values obtained Pollution Index average pollution index of 3.60 is included in the category lightly blackened.
 
Keywords: Analysis of the pollution level of seawater on the coast in Tuban, Quality Standards of Sea Water, Storet Method.
A Fully Coupled Model for Hydraulic-Fracture Growth During Multiwell-Fracturing Treatments: Enhancing Fracture Complexity
Authors: Li Sanbai , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: August 2017

Multiwell-completion techniques, such as sequential fracturing, zipper fracturing, and simultaneous fracturing, have been proposed to improve fracture complexity and connectivity. Critical geomechanics behind the multiwell-fracturing techniques include pore-pressure propagation, cooling stress, tip-induced shear stress, and reversal of stress anisotropy. To optimize multiwell-fracturing treatments, we numerically investigated fracture growth from the perspective of thermo/hydromechanical (THM) coupling. The coupled geomechanics and fluid-heat-flow model is derived from a mixed finite-element (FE) and finite-volume (FV) method, which is capable of simulating multifracture growth in heterogeneous reservoirs. In this study, both hydraulic-fracture (HF) propagation and natural-fracture (NF) reactivation in opening or shearing patterns were taken into account. Particularly, an elastoplastic fracture constitutive model was adopted to predict permanent enhancement of fracture aperture. The effects of perforation-cluster spacing, well spacing, and the fracturing sequence of multiwell completion upon fracture complexity were studied, where the total hydraulically fractured area was treated as the primary indicator of HF effectiveness. By numerical parametric studies, we determined four findings. First, there is an optimal cluster spacing for maximizing the total fracture area for a stage with a given length. Cluster spacing mainly affects stress distribution during HF, which subsequently affects the path of newly created fracture propagation and crossing behaviors (i.e., crossing, arresting, or offsetting). Second, suitable well spacing should be chosen carefully to avoid the hydraulic interconnection between the tip-to-tip stages, as well as to make use of tip-induced shear stresses. Third, the fracturing sequence for multiwell completion is of critical importance. Among three multiwell-completion schemes (i.e., sequential, zipper, and simultaneous fracturing), the zipper-fracturing technique achieves the best fracturing effectiveness for this case study. Fourth, the effect of stress perturbation on NFs can be quite different, depending on the position relative to the created stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The coupled model significantly improves our understanding of multiwell-fracturing treatments and then provides us with a means to optimize the multiwell completion, enhancing fracture complexity to effectively improve productivity.
Impact of Roadway Stormwater Runoff on Microbial Contamination in the Receiving Stream
Authors: Wyckoff Kristen N. , Chen Si , Steinman Andrew J. , He Qiang
Published: August 2017

Stormwater runoff from roadways has increasingly become a regulatory concern for water pollution control. Recent work has suggested roadway stormwater runoff as a potential source of microbial pollutants. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of roadway runoff on the microbiological quality of receiving streams. Microbiological quality of roadway stormwater runoff and the receiving stream was monitored during storm events with both cultivation‐dependent fecal bacteria enumeration and cultivation‐independent high‐throughput sequencing techniques. Enumeration of total coliforms as a measure of fecal microbial pollution found consistently lower total coliform counts in roadway runoff than those in the stream water, suggesting that roadway runoff was not a major contributor of microbial pollutants to the receiving stream. Further characterization of the microbial community in the stormwater samples by 16S ribosomal RNA gene‐based high‐throughput amplicon sequencing revealed significant differences in the microbial composition of stormwater runoff from the roadways and the receiving stream. The differences in microbial composition between the roadway runoff and stream water demonstrate that roadway runoff did not appear to have a major influence on the stream in terms of microbiological quality. Thus, results from both fecal bacteria enumeration and high‐throughput amplicon sequencing techniques were consistent that roadway stormwater runoff was not the primary contributor of microbial loading to the stream. Further studies of additional watersheds with distinct characteristics are needed to validate these findings. Understanding gained in this study could support the development of more effective strategies for stormwater management in sensitive watersheds.

Core Ideas

This was the first study of roadway stormwater runoff using microbial community analysis.

Roadway runoff was consistently lower in fecal indicators than the receiving stream.

Roadway runoff and stream water differed significantly in microbial composition.

Stormwater runoff from roadways was not a primary contributor of microbial pollutants.
Crumb Rubber Depth Is More Important than Particle Size for Improving Bermudagrass Traffic Tolerance
Authors: Dickson Kyley H. , Sorochan John C. , Brosnan Jim T. , Stier John C. , Zobel John M. , Thoms Adam W.
Published: August 2017

Crumb rubber (CR) generated from recycled tires has been used as a topdressing medium on cool‐season turfgrass athletic fields to increase tolerance to simulated traffic events (STE). Research was conducted at the University of Tennessee Center for Athletic Field Safety (Knoxville, TN) to determine optimal CR particle size and topdressing depth combinations for use on ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy]. Five CR topdressing materials varying in particle size and uniformity were evaluated; however, all were within 2.0 to 0.5 mm in diameter. Topdressing was applied to plots during 2011 and 2012. Each CR topdressing material was evaluated at three depths: 0.6, 1.3, or 1.9 cm. A non‐topdressed control was included for comparison. Twenty‐five STE were applied using a Cady Traffic Simulator. Traffic tolerance was quantified using digital image analysis to measure percentage green cover. Surface hardness differences were assessed using a Clegg Soil Impact Tester. Non‐topdressed control plots had percentage green cover reduced to <50% after only 12 STE compared with 18 to 20 STE for plots receiving CR at 0.6 to 1.9 cm (P < 0.001). No practical differences in percentage green cover were detected among CR particle sizes. Surface hardness decreased as topdressing depth increased, with minimal effects of CR particle size. Our findings indicate that CR topdressing can improve hybrid bermudagrass tolerance to STEs and that application depth was a more important factor in selecting CR topdressing than particle size.
Use of the Cook® Staged extubation set for reintubation following complications of major head and neck surgery
Authors: Goddard Helen , Hutton Anna
Published: August 2017

Head and neck surgery frequently presents anaesthetists with challenging airways but reintubation for postoperative complications further increases this level of difficulty. The use of airway exchange catheters (AEC) for “at risk” extubations are recommended by the Difficult Airway Society (DAS) in their 2011 extubation guidelines [1]. This is against the advice of the manufacturer of the Cook® AEC which does not recommend its use beyond immediate exchange of tracheal tubes [2]. The Cook® Staged Extubation Set (SES) is designed specifically for this task but no case reports have been published describing its use for tracheal re‐intubation. We describe two techniques for the use of the SES for emergency re‐intubation following complications after head and neck reconstruction with a free flap.
Anti-inflammatory Natural Prenylated Phenolic Compounds - Potential Lead Substances
Authors: Brezani Viliam , Smejkal Karel , Hosek Jan , Tomasova Veronika
Published: August 2017

Background:

Natural phenolics are secondary plant metabolites, which can be
divided into several categories with the common structural feature of phenolic hydroxyl.
The biological activity of phenolics is often modified and enhanced by prenylation by
prenyl and geranyl; higher terpenoid chains are rare. The type of prenyl connection and
modification affects their biological activity.

Objective:

This review summarizes information about prenylated phenols and some of
their potential sources, and provides an overview of their anti-inflammatory potential in
vitro and in vivo.

Method:

The literature search was performed using SciFinder and keywords prenyl, phenol,
and inflammation. For individual compounds, an additional search was performed to
find information about further activities and mechanisms of effects.

Result:

We summarized the effects of prenylated phenolics in vitro in cellular or biochemical
systems on the production and release of inflammation-related cytokines; their
effects on inhibition of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases; the effects on production of
nitric oxide, antiradical and antioxidant activity; and the effect on the inhibition of the release
of enzymes and mediators from neutrophils, mast cells and macrophages. The information
about the antiphlogistic potential of prenylated phenolics is further supported
by a review of their action in animal models.

Conclusion:

Almost 400 prenylated phenols were reviewed to overview their antiinflammatory
effect. The bioactivity of several prenylated phenols was confirmed also using
in vivo assays. A pool of natural prenylated phenols represents a source of inspiration
for synthesis, and prenylated phenols as components of various medicinal plants used to
combat inflammation could be their active principles.
Space-borne observation of methane from atmospheric infrared sounder: data analysis and distribution over Iraq
Authors: Abed Faten Ganim , Al-Salihi Ali M. , Rajab Jasim M.
Published: August 2017

Methane (CH4) Volume Mixing Ratio (VMR) at pressure level 925hPa data extracted from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) with spatial resolution of 1°× 1° covering whole of Iraq and surrounding regions (28.5°–38.5°N, 37.5°–49.5°E) have been examined for the period from January 2003 to December 2013. The results show a considerable increasing of CH4 with maximum values at north and north eastern regions during autumn and the early winter, whereas the minimum values appeared at the pristine desert environment at the west and the south-west region during spring months. For more accuracy validation the trend analysis was applied on the retrieved AIRS data at three different stations are Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah. The mean and standard deviation in Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah was (1.8657 ± 0.0198, 1.8536 ± 0.0196, 1.8448 ± 0.0212) ppmv respectively for monthly long term trend analysis. Monthly trend analyses have positive trends (0.0040, 0.0039 and 0.0042) ppmv.y-1 for Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah Consecutively. These results indicate that Satellite observations efficiently present the temporal and spatial variations of the CH4 for the considered study Area.
Factors Affecting Pathological Internet Use Among Chinese University Students
Authors: Ni Xiaoli , Qian Yuyan , Wang Yuping
Published: August 2017

High rates and serious negative consequences of pathological Internet use (PIU) have been reported among young adults; thus, we aimed to identify the impacts of demographic, socioenvironmental, and psychological factors on PIU in this population. We conducted a cross-sectional study
with 501 Chinese university students, who completed Young's Internet Addiction Test, the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Coping Style Questionnaire. Results showed that age, gender, father's refusal or denying, and father's overprotectiveness
had positive impacts on PIU, whereas the rural/urban nature of the area in which participants grew up and mother's emotional warmth and understanding had negative impacts on PIU. Further, greater psychoticism and use of the avoidant coping style were related to higher PIU, whereas greater
use of the self-blaming coping style was associated with lower PIU. These factors should be considered when developing interventions aimed at decreasing PIU.
Multilevel Influence of Destructive Leadership On Millennial Generation Employees' Innovative Behavior
Authors: Hou Xuanfang
Published: August 2017

I applied affective events theory to explore the multilevel influence of destructive leadership on the innovative behavior of millennial generation employees. Participants were 223 employees from 32 work groups at 3 companies in mainland China. Results showed that both actual group
destructive leadership and destructive leadership as perceived by the millennial employees, had a negative influence on innovative behavior via the mediation of employees' individual affective responses. In addition, the multilevel negative influence of actual group destructive leadership
on the millennial employees' innovative behavior was mediated by group affective tone. In this study, I revealed the multilevel value of affective events in the relationship between destructive leadership and millennial employees' innovative behavior, and offered insight into how to control
the negative effects of destructive leaders and inspire innovative behavior in millennial employees.
Are Self-Endorsed Advertisements for Unhealthy Food More Effective Than Friend-endorsed Advertisements?
Authors: Choi Jayoung , Kim Yongbum , Sung Junghwan , Yu Huibeom
Published: August 2017

We examined how the effectiveness of interactive advertising varies according to product type and endorser type. Data were collected from 186 South Korean university students. The results supported our prediction that when people view self-endorsed advertisements for unhealthy food,
the enhanced association between the self and the product leads to cognitive dissonance, which then results in self-justification, promoting a positive attitude toward the unhealthy food. We found that the effectiveness of interactive advertising depended on both product and endorser types.
Participants exposed to self-endorsed advertisements for unhealthy food had a more positive attitude compared to participants exposed to friendendorsed advertisements. For healthy food, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of self-endorsed or friend-endorsed advertisements.
Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Effects of Collectivism on Chinese Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Guanxi As Moderator
Authors: Rhee Jaehoon , Zhao Xiaofei , Jun In , Kim Choonghyun
Published: August 2017

We conducted a survey to verify the relationship between vertical and horizontal collectivism and Chinese organizational citizenship behavior (Chinese OCB) with a focus on the moderating effects of guanxi. Data were collected through emails and an online survey from 432 full-time Chinese
employees. The findings of the study indicated that collective orientation was positively related to Chinese OCB, and that guanxi moderated only the relationship between vertical collectivism and Chinese OCB. Our findings help strengthen the understanding of the dimensions of Chinese OCB.
Theoretical contributions are discussed; in particular, possible reasons for the nonsignificant moderating effects of guanxi on horizontal collectivism and Chinese OCB are given. Study results provide not only practical implications for existing employers or human resource managers, but also
for start-up entrepreneurs in their human resource management practices and innovative policies. Limitations of the study are pointed out and topics for future research are suggested.
The Role of Ego Depletion in Goal Pursuit: A Construal-level Perspective
Authors: Lyu Rebecca Wenjing , Lai Changqing , Liu Jin
Published: August 2017

We conducted 2 experiments to explore whether or not ego depletion from exerting prior self-control lowers an individual's construal level and thus, in turn, affects the individual's goal preference. Experiment 1 (N = 132) involved a 2 (ego depletion: present vs. absent) ×
2 (priming-focus feature: temporality vs. probability) between-subject design. The results showed that people whose ego was depleted from exerting prior self-control would be more motivated to pursue a temporally proximal uncertain goal than were those whose ego was not depleted. In Experiment
2 (N = 138) we used a 2 (ego depletion: present vs. absent) × 2 (social distance of the goal being pursued: for self vs. for others) between-subject design to test the generalizability of the finding in Experiment 1. The results showed that people whose ego was depleted would
be motivated to pursue a goal that was certain with a lower end value, especially when setting a goal for others. Our finding that ego depletion lowered individuals' construal level and, thus, made them focus more on subordinate features of a goal supports both self-control theory and construal-level
theory.
Do Entrepreneurial Alertness and Self-efficacy Predict Chinese Sports Major Students' Entrepreneurial Intention?
Authors: HU Rui , Ye Yinghua
Published: August 2017

Entrepreneurship is encouraged among graduates of Chinese higher education institutions as a solution to the increasingly competitive job market. Guided by social cognitive theory, we explored whether entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and entrepreneurial alertness (EA) predicted the
entrepreneurial intention (EI) of a sample of 364 Chinese sports major students. In addition, we examined the influence of demographic differences, namely, gender, entrepreneurial education, and previous entrepreneurial experience, on students' ESE, EA, and EI. Results showed that both EA
and ESE were key cognitive predictors of participants' EI, and that demographic differences affected their ESE, and EA, and EI. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Are You Hiding from Your Boss? Leader's Destructive Personality and Employee Silence
Authors: Song Baihe , Qian Jing , Wang Bin , Yang Mengli , Zhai Anruo
Published: August 2017

Employee silence is increasingly prevalent within modern organizations and has been considered a significant issue linking to a number of important organizational outcomes, hence attracting academic interest. In this study, we developed and tested a model of leader's destructive personality,
trust in leader, and employee silence with a sample of 205 supervisor–subordinate dyads. We found that (a) leader's destructive personality was positively related to employee silence, and (b) trust in leader mediated the relationship between leader's destructive personality and employee
silence. Implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.
Entrepreneurial Passion and Behaviors: Opportunity Recognition As a Mediator
Authors: Bao Jiani , Zhou Xiaohu , Chen Ying
Published: August 2017

We examined the relationships among entrepreneurial passion, opportunity recognition, and entrepreneurial behaviors. Entrepreneurial passion includes the intense positive feelings originating from engagement in entrepreneurial activities and the centrality of these activities for entrepreneurs'
self-identity. The empirical study was conducted using data from 195 entrepreneurs in new Chinese companies. Results showed that entrepreneurial passion had a significant impact on opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial behaviors. Further, opportunity recognition partly mediated the relationship
between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial behaviors. Entrepreneurs with entrepreneurial passion are, therefore, more likely than others are to identify opportunities and start new ventures. Theoretical and practical implications for entrepreneurship are discussed.
The Relationship Between Employee Psychological Empowerment and Proactive Behavior: Self-efficacy As Mediator
Authors: Huang Jiatao
Published: August 2017

I examined the relationship between employees' psychological empowerment and their proactive behavior, and explored the mediating role of self-efficacy in this relationship. Using structural equation modeling, I conducted an empirical test based on survey data obtained from 337 Master
of Business Administration students across 4 universities in South China. The results showed that psychological empowerment and self-efficacy led to proactive behavior. In addition, self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between psychological empowerment and proactive behavior.
These findings highlight the importance of workplace managers fostering employees' psychological empowerment and self-efficacy to promote proactive employee behavior.
Augusta E. Foley, Delicado: "La Lozana andaluza". Grant & Cutler-Tamesis Books, London, 1977; 67 pp. (Critical guides to Spanish texts).
Authors: Bubnova Tatiana
Published: August 2017

Se reseñó el libro: Delicado: "La Lozana andaluza".
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF NON-IONIC STABILIZERS ON THE PHYSICAL STABILITY OF DRUG NANOSUSPENSION PREPARED BY BOTTOM UP APPROACH
Authors: Agarwal Vijay , Rathore Devendra S. , Bajpai Meenakshi
Published: August 2017

In this research work, the effects of nonionic stabilizers on the physical stability of drug nanosuspensions were investigated. For this purpose five nonionic polymers (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and pluronic F68) and esomeprazole were selected as stabilizers and drug candidate, respectively. All the nanosuspensions were prepared using bottom up approach. The potential of Ostwald ripening for the nanosuspensions was investigated by subjecting them to various stress conditions such as storage at various temperature conditions (15°C, 25°C, 35°C, 45°C), mechanically shaking for 72 hours and fluctuation in storage temperature. All the polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxypropyl cellulose based formulations that were stored under different stress conditions exhibited the increase in particle size. In other cases the highest increase in mean particle size was observed at 45oC, followed by 35°C. Samples stored at 15°C and 25°C did not exhibit the significant changes in particle size. The HPMC 1 formulation stored at 45°C, exhibited a steep increase in particle size, probably due to desolvation of the HPMC molecules at this temperature and subsequent loss of stabilization of the nanoparticles. However, in case of HPMC 2 and HPMC 3 formulations (stored at 45°C), the gradual increase in particles size was obtained. This trend of increase in particle size was attributed to presentation of excess amount of HPMC. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that all the prepared nanosuspensions were in crystalline state. Hence, physical treatments and other factors did not change the crystalline state of nanosuspensions. To Confirm the crystalline state of those samples which were undergo for 3 cycles of temperature fluctuation, the DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) analysis was performed, and compare with raw drug. Esomeprazole exhibited the melting endotherm at an onset temperature of 178.1°C and a peak temperature at 185.31°C. The thermogram revealed that crystalline state of raw drug was not changes but the melting peak drifted slightly due to presence of stabilizers.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF STAINLESS STEEL STENT (SIROLIMUS) AND COBALT CHROMIUM STENT (SIROLIMUS) IN PATIENT WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Shah J. S. , Patel J. B. , Dani S.
Published: August 2017

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries of the heart that normally provide blood and oxygen to the heart are narrowed or even completely blocked due to clot formation. The Stenting implantation composes 84.2% of all Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite the widespread use of these devices, bare metal stents (BMS) have been associated with a 20-30% restenosis rate which requires reintervention. In December 2006, US Food and Drug Administration cardiovascular experts concluded that for many patients, such as those with uncomplicated medical histories who undergo elective stenting of simple coronary blockages, drug-eluting stents remain a safe and appropriate therapy. Previously reports are suggestive of similar clinical outcomes for stainless steel and cobalt chromium bare metal stent. No reports are available for comparison of sirolimus eluting stainless steel stent and sirolimus eluting cobalt chromium stent. The present study was undertaken with the objective of comparative evaluation of Stainless Steel Stent (Sirolimus) and Cobalt Chromium Stent (Sirolimus) in Patient with Coronary Artery Disease. A single centric, retrospective, non-randomized study involving 118 patients who have undergone PCI from January 2011 to March 2012 implanted with either Sirolimus Stainless Steel Stent (SSSS) or Sirolimus Cobalt Chromium Stents (SCCS) were included in the study. Primary objective was to determine and compare the clinical outcome and rates of target vessel revascularization (TVR) in patients undergoing primary PCI for CAD patients who were treated with Sirolimus cobalt-chromium stents and Sirolimus stainless steel stents. The secondary outcomes of study were Major Adverse Cardiac Events, mortality at the end of 1 month, 6 month and 1 year of outcomes. At 1 month follow up there was no significant difference between two groups (p = 0.96). The individual clinical component showed no difference in occurrence of death (p = 0.29), MI (p = 0.29) and TLR (p = 0.96) at end of 6 month. The cumulative clinical outcome at 1 year rate of target vessel revascularization TVR (SSSS 1.75% versus SCCS 0%, p = 0.29), target lesion revascularization (SSSS 5.27% versus SCCS 1.63%, p = 0.27), and Major Adverse Cardiac Events (SSSS 22.80% versus SCCS 13.11%, p = 0.16). This study showed that among Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, sirolimus stainless steel stent showed similar efficacy and safety to sirolimus cobalt chromium stent.
OPTIMIZATION OF FORMULATION PARAMETERS OF SIMVASTATIN LOADED PLGA NANOPARTICLES BY USING 33 FACTORIAL DESIGN
Authors: Detroja CM , Patel LD , Vasanani PR
Published: August 2017

Factorial design enables researchers to study and understand how multiple factors affect a dependent variable, both independently and jointly. In present report, 33 factorial design was used to study the combined influence of three independent variables in preparation of Simvastatin loaded Poly (D, L Lactide -co- Glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. The process variables like rate of addition of organic phase to aqueous phase, temperature, speed of magnetic stirrer and time to evaporate organic phase were kept constant throughout the investigation. The formulation variables like concentration of stabilizer (Polyvinyl alcohol), drug (Simvastatin): polymer ratio (PLGA), and organic (acetone): aqueous phase ratio were selected as independent variables. Prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size (PS) and entrapment efficiency (EE). PS and EE were selected as dependent variables. The coded values of independent variables were subjected to multiple regressions to derive a second order polynomial equation (full model). After neglecting the non-significant terms from full model, F-Statistics was applied to set up reduce polynomial equation. Among the three independent variables, value of coefficient of drug: polymer ratio was found to be maximum. This revealed that major contributing variable for PS and EE in nanoparticles is drug: polymer ratio. Two dimensional contour plots and three dimensional response surface plots were established by varying levels of two factors and keeping the third factor at fixed level at a time. Thus the derived equation, surface response plot and contour plot helps in predicting the value of independent variables for optimum PS and EE in preparation of Simvastatin loaded PLGA nanoparticles.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY-INDICATING HPTLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE AS BULK DRUG AND IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Damle M. C. , Rokade P. C.
Published: August 2017

A new simple, stability- indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for estimation of Solifenacin succinate in bulk and in tablet dosage form. The optimized mobile phase was Methanol: Water: Glacial acetic acid (9:1:0.1v/v/v) with UV detection at 216 nm. The retention factor for Solifenacin succinate was found to be 0.49 ± 0.03. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis under different pH conditions, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation as per ICH guidelines. Results were found to be linear in the concentration range of 2000-10000ng band-1.
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF STABLE METAXALONE NANOSUSPENSION USING 32 FACTORIAL DESIGN
Authors: Vasanani Paras R. , Patel L. D. , Detroja Chetan M.
Published: August 2017

Nanosuspensions are the dispersions of nanosized particles in a suitable vehicle prepared using surfactants or solubilizers to aid in nanosize distribution. Nanosuspension is best suited for dosage form development of poorly soluble drugs. According to the biopharmaceutical classification system, drugs with poor solubility fall either in BCS class II or BCS class IV. BCS class II drugs show poor solubility and good permeability; hence their bioavailability problems can be overcome by improving their solubility. Metaxalone is one such BCS class II drug from an oxazolidin-2-one class of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs, indicated for relief of discomforts associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. Therefore, in present investigation, nanosuspension of Metaxalone has been formulated as an attempt to improve solubility and hence the overall bioavailability of Metaxalone. Media milling technique has been employed for nanosuspension preparation. Surfactant concentration (Poloxamer 407) and stirring time has been optimized using 32 factorial design to achieve desired particle size and saturation solubility responses as dependent variables. The particle size (PS) of 215.3 nm and maximum saturation solubility (SS) of 2805μg/ml was obtained as suggested solutions from factorial design which was further confirmed using check point analysis. Interaction of surfactant concentration and stirring time and their effect on particle size and saturation solubility was predicted using the contour plots and response surface plots. The optimized formulation showed around 99% metaxalone in vitro dissolution in comparison to around 46% dissolution from SKELAXIN® tablet at 30 minutes. These methodologies could therefore be employed successfully to improve solubility of any BCS class II drug and to predict effects and interactions of many experimental variables at the same time.
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF HALOPHILIC BACTERIAL SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM SALTED FISH
Authors: Williams G. Prakash , Anand Anju , A. Parvathy , Raj Rakky C. , Raju Robert , Kumar S. Krishna
Published: August 2017

Living organisms can be found over a wide range of extreme conditions. Most of the organisms living in extreme environments (i.e, extremophiles) belong to the prokaryotes. Halophiles are interesting class of extremophilic organisms that have adapted to harsh, hypersaline conditions. They are able to compete successfully for water and resist the denaturing effects of salts. The present study was an investigation on the in vitro antibacterial effect of secondary metabolites from halophilic bacteria isolated from salted fish samples. The cured salted fish samples were collected and enumerated using halophilic Nutrient Agar supplemented with 4% NaCl. The isolated and purified bacterial cultures are numbered as SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4 and SF5 are further identified using VITEK 2 system as Bacillus vallismortis, Ralstonia mannitolytica, Bacillus subtilis, Rhizoboum radiobacter and Kocuria kristina. Growth kinetics of halobacterial isolates were determined by spectrophotometric assay. The antibiotic resistance pattern of tested pathogenic microorganisms using the commercial antibiotics was screened and almost all the tested microorganisms are resistant to Penicillin. The antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of halophilic bacteria against drug resistant microbes was assessed using the Agar well diffusion assay. Among the different extracts of the halophilic bacteria, the chloroform extracts of R. mannitolytica showed maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 and Xanthomonas campestris MTCC 2286. The results of antimicrobial activity are considerable because it enables the identification of potential secondary metabolites present in marine halophilic bacteria, which act as source of innumerable therapeutic agents. Further research is highly warranted to find out the active principle responsible for the antibacterial property and to elucidate the structure of particular compound.
EFFECT OF LIPIDS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LETROZOLE LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Nerella Archana , Dontamsetti Basava Raju , Mantena Aruna Devi
Published: August 2017

The objective of the current investigation was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) from different lipids and to study the effect of lipids on physicochemical characteristics of letrozole loaded SLN. In order to prepare small, stable, uniform and high Letrozole loaded SLNs, many factors such as lipid and stabilizer concentration and preparation parameters can be considered. Out of these, we have selected solid lipid as lipid matrix to investigate an effect on SLNs. SLNs were prepared using different lipids by modified hot sonication method. The effect of different lipids and stabilizers on physicochemical characteristics of Letrozole loaded SLNs were investigated. Letrozole loaded SLNs showed different physicochemical properties and release profiles according to used solid lipid. In case of particle size, SLN1 showed biggest particle size (532.5 ± 26.4nm) and highest encapsulation efficiency (81.37 ± 6.72%) and, SLN4 showed highest cumulative drug percentage (89.4 ± 1.8%, 24 h) release. These results suggest that lipids type affect physicochemical properties and release profile of SLN. The choice of lipid and stabilizer played important role on the physicochemical characteristics and in vitro release of Letrozole loaded SLNs.
IN SILICO ADME, BIOACTIVITY AND TOXICITY PREDICTION OF SOME SELECTED ANTI-EPILEPTIC AGENTS
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Mishra Shashank Shekhar , Sharma C S , Singh H P
Published: August 2017

Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by partial or generalized spontaneous (unprovoked) recurrent epileptic seizures and often, comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Epilepsy is fourth most common neurological disorder. In developed countries, new cases occur of epilepsy in babies and elderly due to the differences in the frequency of disease causes. All available antiepileptic drugs have antiepileptogenic effects; they only prevent the development or progression of epilepsy. However, no drugs have been reported with epileptogenesis effect. This computational research investigation provides the pharmacokinetic, bioactivity and toxicity profiles of some selected antiepileptic agents that would be useful for development of new antiepileptic molecule having good pharmacological profile.
FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL MICRO-EMULGEL CONTAINING TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA AND CURCUMIN FOR TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS
Authors: Thakur Susheel , Thakur Nisha , Ghosh Niladry Shekar
Published: August 2017

Arthritis is the condition which is associated with inflammation of a joint, pain, swelling, and stiffness. Drug delivery to the target site remains a challenge due to ineffective drug delivery system. An attempt has been made to formulate and evaluate micro-emulgel for the effective drug delivery in the treatment of Arthritis. Micro-emulgel was loaded with Curcumin and Tinospora cordifolia to enhance bioavailability of extracts which have been widely used in the treatment of arthritis. Micro-emulgel was prepared by emulsion-solvent diffusion method using carbopol 940P as a gelling agent. Micro-emulsion was formulated using Liquid paraffin oil as oil phase; Tween 80 and Span 20 as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. FTIR studies proved the compatibility between drug, excipient and carbopol. The Prepared micro-emulgel was subjected to various parameters such as pH, rheological studies, spreadability, thermodynamic stability tests, drug content, electro conductivity, and in-vitro release studies. The pH of all formulations was found near to the skin pH value. Viscosity and spreadability of F1 optimized formulation was found to be 146.5×103 cPs and 2.24 g×cm. From the in vitro drug release study, it was revealed that sustained release of formulation last up to 18 hours. F1 formulation showed the highest drug release of Curcumin (92.37%) and Tinospora cordifolia (90.75%). SEM images showed the diameter of oil globules of Micro-emulgel were in range of 1.50 to 2.13µm. Drug release kinetics showed the zero order drug release from the optimized F1 formulation. From the stability studies, F1 formulations had an excellent physical stability.
BLOCKADE OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, CYCLOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2) AND MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (M-TOR) IN ANIMAL MODEL OF LUNG CANCER
Authors: Faria T V , Faria T M V , Barbosa J , Lucio S N. , Ometto F , Lima J P S N , Serrano S V , Cury P M
Published: August 2017

To explore the effectiveness and possible toxicity of the use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFR Inhibitor), Celecoxib (COX2 inhibitor) and Sirolimus (m-TOR inhibitor) as single agents and drug combinations for the treatment of lung cancer in an experimental model. Lung cancer was induced in Balb-C mice by intraperitoneal injection urethane. Mice were treated with water (control) , Erlotinib (E) (50 mg/kg), Celecoxib (X) (50 mg/kg), Sirolimus (R) (2 mg/kg) given alone and in the following doublet and triplet combinations in the same dosages for 7 days. The number of pulmonary nodules in the combined treatment was significantly inhibited compared with control (p=0.010); E (p=0.028), EX (p=0.010), ERX (p=0.040) showed a smaller number of statistically significant nodules. Regarding coat changes we observe statistically significant differences among groups (p<0.001) where ERX and ER had a higher occurrence of this change. There was a higher incidence of skin rashes in groups: E (p<0.001), ER (p<0.0001), and ERX (p<0.001). Regarding weight we identify weight loss in the ERX (p=0.025). The combination of EGFR inhibitor, COX-2 inhibitor and m-TOR inhibitor had anti-tumor activity in experimental lung cancer. The combination of Celecoxib treatment with Erlotinib is a suggestion for decrease of dermatological events in patients. The combination of EGFR inhibitor and Sirolimus does not decrease the number of lung nodules and potentiates adverse events.
ANTI-UROLITHIATIC POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF HYGROPHILA SALICIFOLIA ON ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN RATSq
Authors: Bhatt Mehul K. , Shah Nehal
Published: August 2017

The anti-urolithiatic action of Hygrophila salicifolia (Acanthaceae) was determined by ethylene glycol induced lithiasis. Ethylene glycolated water (0.75% v/v) was given to experimental animals for 28 days to produce stone in kidney. Methanolic extracts of Hygrophila salicifolia were given from the 1st day as inhibitory agent. Urinary parameters such as calcium, oxalate and inorganic phosphate level were raised by ethylene glycol where as test extract lowered down the raised level of these ions in urine. Methanolic extract of Hygrophila salicifolia also increased urinary magnesium concentration while raised concentration of serum creatinine was found to be cut down during the experiment. Methanolic extract of test drug was found impressively better from histological study. These results obtained from the study confirmed the anti-urolithiatic potential of Hygrophila salicifolia.