bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS BY PUROMYCIN AND 6-AZAURIDINE
Authors: Wilson D. E. , LoGerfo P.
Published: January 2020

Wilson
, D. E. (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.),
and P. LoGerfo
. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells by puromycin and 6-azauridine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1550–1555. 1964.—Puromycin and 6-azauridine were used to inhibit protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis during Newcastle disease virus replication. Viral RNA, measured by the incorporation of uridine-
2-C
14
, increased rapidly 6 to 7 hr after infection and reached a peak at 12 hr. Viral RNA synthesis was inhibited by puromycin added at the time of infection or at any time up to 4 hr after infection, but not thereafter. 6-Azauridine (3 mg/ml) inhibited over 90% of the viral RNA synthesis and inhibited protein synthesis to a small extent. Infected cells synthesized more viral RNA than did untreated controls when exposed to azauridine alone for 5 hr, followed by puromycin alone for 9 hr. It was concluded that immediately after virus infection, virus-specific proteins, which are necessary for viral RNA synthesis, were synthesized. Virus-specific protein synthesis may occur even when viral RNA synthesis is greatly inhibited. After virus-specific protein synthesis has taken place, viral RNA synthesis may take place when protein synthesis is almost totally inhibited.
GROWTH, PLAQUE PRODUCTION, AND CATIONIC STABILIZATION OF RHINOVIRUS TYPE 1 (ECHOVIRUS 28)
Authors: Behbehani Abbas M. , Lee L. H.
Published: January 2020

Behbehani, Abbas
M. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
and L. H. Lee
. Growth, plaque production, and cationic stabilization of rhinovirus type 1 (echovirus 28). J. Bacteriol.
88:
1608–1611. 1964.—A variety of conditions for the growth of echovirus 28 were investigated. The virus grew more readily and to the highest titer when secondary MK cells maintained in low bicarbonate and rolled at 33 C were employed. Viral plaques were produced in human diploid (WI-38) cell cultures. The virus was protected from thermal inactivation (50 C for 1 hr) by 1
m
MgCl
2
. For storage of the virus at refrigerator and room temperature, the use of 1
m
MgCl
2
is also of advantage.
TAXONOMY OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BIFERMENTANS
AND
CLOSTRIDIUM SORDELLII
II
Authors: Tamai Kenzo , Nishida Shoki
Published: January 2020

Tamai, Kenzo
(Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan),
and Shoki Nishida
. Taxonomy of
Clostridium bifermentans
and
Clostridium sordellii
. II. Toxigenic and sporulating potencies in substrains of a
Clostridium sordellii
strain. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1647–1651. 1964.—The existence of six biological criteria for distinction of
Clostridium bifermentans
and
C. sordellii
was confirmed. The difference in the six criteria gradually disappeared as the sporulating potency of the substrains of
C. sordellii
4708 was strengthened. The substrains which could resist heating at 90 C for 10, 20, or 30 min were found to have lost all six criteria for distinction and were biologically in agreement with
C. bifermentans
. We further demonstrated that all newly isolated strains of
C. bifermentans
examined possessed extremely strong sporulating potency.
OXALOACETATE DECARBOXYLATION AND OXALOACETATE-CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE IN
ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Benziman Moshe , Heller N.
Published: January 2020

Benziman, Moshe
(The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel),
and N. Heller
. Oxaloacetate decarboxylation and oxaloacetate-carbon dioxide exchange in
Acetobacter xylinum
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1678–1687. 1964.—Extracts of
Acetobacter xylinum
, prepared by sonic treatment, were shown to catalyze the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate (OAA) to pyruvate and CO
2
, and the exchange of C
14
-carbon dioxide into the β-carboxyl of OAA. Fractionation of the extracts with ammonium sulfate resulted in a 10-fold increase of the specific activity of the enzyme system catalyzing the CO
2
exchange and OAA decarboxylation reactions. The purified preparation catalyzed the exchange of pyruvate-
3-C
14
into OAA. Similar pH curves with a pH optimum of 5.6 were obtained for the CO
2
exchange and OAA decarboxylation reactions. Both reactions require the presence of Mn
2+
or Mg
2+
ions. OAA decarboxylation was more strongly inhibited than the exchange of CO
2
by dialysis or metal-chelating agents. Avidin did not inhibit either reaction. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), pyrophosphate, or inorganic phosphate did not promote OAA decarboxylation and the CO
2
-exchange reaction catalyzed by the purified preparation. The purified preparation failed to catalyze the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of GDP, ADP, or inorganic phosphate, and that of pyruvate in the presence of ATP or GTP, even when supplemented with an OAA-trapping system. A scheme for OAA decarboxylation which could account for the observed exchange reactions and for the failure to obtain net fixation of CO
2
is proposed. The relation between the exchange reaction and the synthesis of cellulose from pyruvate by
A. xylinum
is discussed.
Coliform Enteritis of Cottontail Rabbits
Authors: Yuill Thomas M. , Hanson Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Yuill, Thomas
M. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and Robert P. Hanson
. Coliform enteritis of cottontail rabbits. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1–8. 1965.—Mortality from enteritis occurred among 78 penned adult cottontail rabbits (
Sylvilagus floridanus
) during severe winter weather, and in 9 juvenile rabbits held in captivity during the summer. This mortality was associated with high numbers of
Escherichia coli
throughout the intestinal tract. Grossly normal cottontails from the laboratory, from the outdoor penned colony, and from the wild had few
E. coli
, and these were usually restricted to the lower gut. It was possible to induce mortality of adult rabbits by holding them at −20 C for 2 to 14 days. The animals that died during exposure to low temperatures had signs of enteritis and high numbers of
E. coli
throughout the intestinal tract. It was possible to prolong the life of cottontails held at −20 C by antibiotic suppression of their intestinal
E. coli
. A marked slowing in the rate of passage of materials through the intestine ensued after exposure at −20 C. This phenomenon may have been important in the alteration of the distribution of the intestinal microflora. Limited infection by
E. coli
occurs in rabbits in the wild. Of 47 serum samples from grossly normal cottontails collected in the wild, 42 contained
E. coli
agglutinins. The rabbit's defenses are apparently sufficient to control this organism under all but extremely unfavorable circumstances. The age of the rabbit appeared to influence its susceptibility to enteritis. Juvenile rabbits experienced enteritis, tissue invasion, and death under conditions which did not produce any enteric changes in adults.
Changes in Mouse Pneumonitis Agent Associated with Development of Resistance to Chlortetracycline
Authors: Moulder James W. , Novosel Dorothy L. , Tribby Ilse I. E.
Published: January 2020

Moulder, James
W. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Dorothy L. Novosel, and Ilse I. E. Tribby
. Changes in mouse pneumonitis agent associated with development of resistance to chlortetracycline. J. Bacteriol.
89:
17–22. 1965.—A chlortetracycline-resistant mutant of mouse pneumonitis agent, a member of the psittacosis group of microorganisms, differed in several ways from the susceptible stock from which it had been derived by serial chick-embryo passage in the presence of the antibiotic. It was almost completely resistant to chlortetracycline, had a longer growth cycle, produced many more very large particles, was not neutralized by parent antiserum and vice versa, was 10 times as resistant to
d
-cycloserine, and was highly lethal to mice when inoculated intracerebrally. These changes probably do not occur independently of one another but are the reflection of some genetically controlled change in the surface structure of the mouse pneumonitis particle which enables the resistant mutant to multiply in the presence of chlortetracycline.
Electron Microscopic Observation of the Sporangial Structure of a Strain of
Actinoplanes
Authors: Lechevalier Hubert , Holbert Pauline E.
Published: January 2020

Lechevalier, Hubert
(Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
and Pauline E. Holbert
. Electron microscopic observation of the sporangial structure of a strain of
Actinoplanes
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
217–222. 1965.—
Actinoplanes
sp. P 128 has polarly flagellated sporangiospores. The numerous flagella, formed by the helical winding of subfibrils, were seen clearly only in shadowed preparations. Flagella were never seen in sections of spores. Sporangial formation was followed by examining sections of sporangia at various stages of maturity. The sporangial envelope was the continuation of the outer sheath of the sporangiophore. The sporangiospores were formed by the division of hyphae enclosed within the sporangial wall. The spores were probably formed by simultaneous division of these hyphae. An intersporal substance, which seemed to originate from the outer sheaths of the intrasporangial hyphae, could be seen.
Chromosomal Aberrations Associated with Mutations to Bacteriophage Resistance in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Curtiss Roy
Published: January 2020

Curtiss, Roy
, III (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.). Chromosomal aberrations associated with mutations to bacteriophage resistance in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
28–40. 1965.—Ten types of mutants of
Escherichia coli
K-12 resistant to bacteriophage T
3
have been isolated, and several of these types have been studied genetically. Many of the /
3,4,7
, /
3,4,7
,λ, and /
3,4,7
,λ,
pro
−
1,2
mutants were unstable, changing to complete sensitivity to T
4
. The results with strains having /
3,4,7
,λ,
pro
−
1,2
mutations were compatible with the hypothesis that this mutation caused a single break in the circular chromosome which prevented the normal association in the inheritance of the outside markers
leu
+
and
lac
+
. When sensitivity to T
4
was regained, association in the inheritance of outside markers was restored, and the resulting /
3,7
,λ,
pro
−
1,2
mutation behaved genetically as a deletion. The /
3,7
,λ,
pro
−
1,2
and /
3,4,7
,λ,
pro
−
1,2
mutations caused positive interference, inhibition of genetic recombination in regions adjacent to them, and the formation of unstable partial diploid recombinants. One group of /
3,4,7
,λ mutations did not occur in the
leu
to
try
region of the bacterial genome. Other /
3,4,7
,λ mutations in F
−
bacteria prevented the joint inheritance of the outside markers
lac
+
and
gal
+
, presumably by breakage of the circular chromosome. Hfr and F
+
strains with /
3,4,7
,λ mutations at this locus were unable to conjugate; therefore, a complete genetic analysis of the effects of this /
3,4,7
,λ mutation could not be done.
Lag Period Characterizing the Entry of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid into
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Levine James S. , Strauss Norman
Published: January 2020

Levine, James
S. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),
and Norman Strauss
. Lag period characterizing the entry of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid into
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
281–287. 1965.—The kinetics of appearance of transformants as a function of time of exposure to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been studied in
Bacillus subtilis
. A short lag period of approximately 1 min at 37 C is evident when the transformation is terminated with deoxyribonuclease. The length of this lag is independent of the genetic trait transferred. Moreover, the lag is unaffected by transforming DNA concentration, by the presence of homologous unmarked DNA, and by shearing and cross-linking of the transforming DNA. The lag shows a strong inverse temperature dependence. The energy of activation is 13.9 kcal. The lag is abolished when the transformation is terminated by washing instead of by addition of deoxyribonuclease. These results are taken to indicate an immediate adsorption of DNA to cells, followed by a deoxyribonuclease-sensitive period of 1 min, during which time the genetic trait is entering the cell. These results make feasible an investigation of the configuration assumed by the DNA molecule during entry into the cell.
Configuration of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid During Entry into
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Strauss Norman
Published: January 2020

Strauss, Norman
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Configuration of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid during entry into
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
288–293. 1965.—A correlation was obtained between map distance and the length of the lag period preceding the appearance of pairs of genetic traits after the addition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to a competent culture of
Bacillus subtilis
. The results are taken to indicate that DNA enters competent cells in lengthwise fashion. The smallest length of transforming DNA which can participate in a recombination event, and the number of nucleotide pairs which enter the cell per unit time, have been estimated. The evidence indicates that only part of the lag period is devoted to the transport of DNA into the cell. The significance of these results with respect to the mechanism of entry of DNA into the cell is discussed.
Purification of Staphylococcal β-Hemolysin and Its Action on Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Cell Walls
Authors: Chesbro William R. , Heydrick Fred P. , Martineau Roland , Perkins Gail N.
Published: January 2020

Chesbro, WilliamR. (University of New Hampshire, Durham),Fred P. Heydrick, Roland Martineau, and Gail N. Perkins. Purification of staphylococcal β-hemolysin and its action on staphylococcal and streptococcal cell walls. J. Bacteriol.89:378–389. 1965.—After growth of bovine-derived strains ofStaphylococcus aureusin a completely dialyzable medium, the β-hemolysin in the culture supernatant fluids was purified by gradient-elution chromatography on cellulose phosphate. The purified hemolysin contained two components, demonstrable by immunodiffusion or electrophoresis, but was free from α-hemolysin, coagulase, Δ-hemolysin, enterotoxins A and B, glucuronidase, hyaluronidase, lipase, muramidase, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phosphatase, and protease. The hemolysin was heat-labile and sulfhydryl-dependent, and the preparation was leukocidal for guinea pig macrophages. When rabbit red blood cell (RBC) stroma and staphylococcal or enterococcal cell walls were treated with the purified hemolysin, it liberated mucopolysaccharides from the rabbit RBC stroma, polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides (or mucopeptides) from the staphyloccoal cell walls, and rhamnose, glucose, an unidentified monosaccharide,N-acetylglucosamine, and at least two polysaccharides from the enterococcal cell walls. The hemolytic and cell-wall degradative activities had similar thermal inactivation kinetics,pH optima, sedimentation coefficients, and chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities; both required Mg and were inhibited by thiol-inactivating agents. Consequently, it seems likely that both activities are expressions of the same enzyme.
Observations on the Group C Streptococcal Bacteriophage and Lytic Enzyme System
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Wittner Masako K.
Published: January 2020

Fox, Eugene
N. (La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute, Chicago, Ill.),
and Masako K. Wittner
. Observations on the group C streptococcal bacteriophage and lytic enzyme system. J. Bacteriol.
89:
496–502. 1965.—The phage-associated lytic enzyme of group C streptococci was assayed by measuring the solubilized portion of radioactive cell walls. By this sensitive assay system, the induced synthesis of the lytic enzyme was observed intracellularly during phage infection; at least half of the total enzyme was synthesized and remained intracellular during the eclipse period, and was then released with the liberation of mature phage. Lytic enzyme could be detected in only two of eight lysogenic strains during temperate-phage production after ultraviolet induction. Virulent phage purified by density-gradient centrifugation contained lytic enzyme presumably associated with the virus
per se
. No hyalyronidase was detected in association with the phage, nor was this enzyme induced during phage synthesis. Variant strains of group C streptococci, no longer serologically active, were isolated as phage-resistant mutants. These strains still adsorbed the phage, but without subsequent virus reproduction, indicating that the group polysaccharide was not the primary receptor for the virus.
Application of Fluorescent-Antibody Procedures to the Study of Pathogenic Dematiaceous Fungi II. Serological Relationships of the Genus
Fonsecaea
Authors: Gordon Morris A. , Al-Doory Yousef
Published: January 2020

Gordon, Morris
A. (New York State Department of Health, Albany),
and Yousef Al-Doory
. Application of fluorescent-antibody procedures to the study of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi. II. Serological relationships of the genus
Fonsecaea
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
551–556. 1965.—The staining spectra of fluorescein-labeled antiglobulins to
Fonsecaea compactum, F. dermatitidis
, and
F. pedrosoi
were determined with respect to 71 strains of morphologically related and 21 miscellaneous molds (including so-called “black yeasts”). All three conjugates showed considerable reaction with saprophytic
Cladosporium
spp.
F. dermatitidis
appeared to be most closely related serologically to the genus
Cladosporium; F. compactum
conjugate was fairly specific; and the few non-specific reactions of diluted
F. pedrosoi
reagent were almost unexceptionally with species of
Fonsecaea
and
Cladosporium
. Most strains of
F. pedrosoi
were unstained by
F. compactum
conjugate, and there was very little relationship shown between either of these species and
Phialophora verrucosa
. Conjugates of two strains of
P. verrucosa
failed to react with any of the three species of
Fonsecaea
. The possible significance of these results for classification of the “black yeasts” and other dematiaceous molds is discussed.
Antibiotic Action of Griseofulvin on Dermatophytes
Authors: El-Nakeeb Moustafa A. , McLellan W. L. , Lampen J. O.
Published: January 2020

El-Nakeeb, Moustafa
A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
W. L. McLellan, Jr., and J. O. Lampen
. Antibiotic action of griseofulvin on dermatophytes. J. Bacteriol.
89:
557–563. 1965.—The concentrations of griseofulvin required to inhibit growth and to produce the characteristic morphological distortions were determined for dermatophytes (highly sensitive), fungal plant pathogens (moderately sensitive), filamentous nonpathogenic fungi (poorly sensitive), and for yeasts and
Escherichia coli
(insensitive). Addition of griseofulvin to small inocula of the dermatophytes
Microsporum gypseum
and
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
produced complete and apparently permanent growth inhibition. If the antibiotic was added to actively growing cultures, the inhibition was only temporary, even with the most sensitive dermatophytes. During growth inhibition, griseofulvin temporarily halted the net synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, and of the amino acid and nucleotide pools. It decreased substantially the incorporation of C
14
-uridine or C
14
-thymidine into nucleic acids of
M. gypseum
, but not that of C
14
-leucine or C
14
-valine into protein. With a less sensitive culture,
T. mentagrophytes
x8, the uptake of uridine was inhibited only to a slight extent; the incorporation of leucine was unaffected. A partial protective effect of pruine nucleotides against growth inhibition by griseofulvin was observed with one strain of
T. mentagrophytes
, but not with another strain or with
M. gypseum
.
Regulatory Mechanisms in the Biosynthesis of Isoleucine and Valine II. Identification of Two Operator Genes
Authors: Ramakrishnan T. , Adelberg Edward A.
Published: January 2020

Ramakrishnan
, T. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),
and Edward A. Adelberg
. Regulatory mechanisms in the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine. II. Identification of two operator genes. J. Bacteriol.
89:
654–660. 1965.—A tightly clustered set of five structural genes governs the synthesis of the five enzymes of isoleucine and valine biosynthesis in
Escherichia coli
. Three of the genes governing transaminase B, dehydrase, and threonine deaminase, are controlled by a single operator locus, designated
oprA
. The structural gene governing the condensing enzyme is controlled by a second operator locus, designated
oprB
. Both
oprA
and
oprB
have been shown to regulate structural genes which are
cis
, but not
trans
, to their own operator. No mutations have yet been found which affect the level of reductoisomerase, but the existence of a third operator controlling the synthesis of this enzyme can be inferred. Enzyme derepression resulting from mutations in
oprA
confers resistance to high levels of valine. Derepression of the condensing enzyme resulting from mutations in
oprB
confers resistance to low levels of valine, and to α-aminobutyric acid. The significance of these findings with respect to the valine sensitivity of
E. coli
strain K-12 is discussed.
Mixed-Culture Interactions I. Commensalism of
Proteus vulgaris
with
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in Continuous Culture
Authors: Shindala Adnan , Bungay Henry R. , Krieg Noel R. , Culbert Kathleen
Published: January 2020

Shindala, Adnan
(Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg),
Henry R. Bungay
III,
Noel R. Krieg, and Kathleen Culbert
. Mixed-culture interactions. I. Commensalism of
Proteus vulgaris
with
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in continuous culture. J. Bacteriol.
89:
693–696. 1965.—A chemically defined medium was selected which supported the growth of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, but not
Proteus vulgaris
, in pure culture; however,
P. vulgaris
grew in mixed culture with the yeast. Steady-state populations of each organism in mixed culture at various dilution rates were enumerated with a Coulter electronic counter. The size differences in the organisms permitted easy resolution. An essential niacinlike factor elaborated by the yeast and required by the bacterium caused a dependence of the bacterium on the growth of the yeast. At high dilution rates causing wash-out, the bacterial population continued to reflect changes in the numbers of yeast. The numbers of
S. cerevisiae
were identical in pure culture or in mixed culture; thus, the interaction is a true commensalism. A single addition of niacin or related compound was made to a steady-state mixed culture, and the dependence of the bacterium on the yeast was upset. The numbers of the bacteria rose, causing a decrease in the yeast population, until continued pumping diluted the added niacin and restored the initial steady state.
Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Two Mutants of
Escherichia coli
with Temperature-Sensitive Aminoacyl Ribonucleic Acid Synthetases
Authors: Eidlic Lia , Neidhardt Frederick C.
Published: January 2020

Eidlic, Lia
(Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.),
and Frederick C. Neidhardt
. Protein and nucleic acid synthesis in two mutants of
Escherichia coli
with temperature-sensitive aminoacyl ribonucleic acid synthetases. J. Bacteriol.
89:
706–711. 1965.—Two temperature-sensitive mutants of
Escherichia coli
were isolated which grow almost normally at 30 C and fail to grow at 37 C. One (I-9) was derived from a strain with stringent amino acid control of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis; the other (IV-4) was derived from a strain with relaxed amino acid control of RNA synthesis. When cultures of these mutants growing at 30 C were shifted to 37 C, IV-4 synthesized RNA preferentially to protein but I-9 did not. Cell-free extracts of both mutants and their parent strains were examined for their ability to catalyze adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent attachment of amino acids to soluble RNA (sRNA). These measurements indicated that I-9 possesses a temperature-sensitive valyl sRNA synthetase, and that IV-4 possesses a temperature-sensitive phenylalanyl sRNA synthetase. The behavior of these mutants suggests that amino acids permit RNA synthesis in stringent strains only after activation or attachment to sRNA, that relaxed strains can overproduce RNA without a complete array of fully functioning aminoacyl sRNA synthetases, and that these enzymes are obligatory for the biosynthesis of proteins.
Lipids of
Sarcina lutea
III. Composition of the Complex Lipids
Authors: Huston Charles K. , Albro Phillip W. , Grindey Gerald B.
Published: January 2020

Huston, Charles
K. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Phillip W. Albro, and Gerald B. Grindey
. Lipids of
Sarcina lutea
. III. Composition of the complex lipids. J. Bacteriol.
89:
768–775. 1965.—The complex lipids from a strain of
Sarcina lutea
were isolated and separated into fractions on diethylaminoethyl cellulose acetate and silicic acid columns. These fractions were monitored in several thin-layer chromatography systems. The various lipid types were characterized by their behavior in thin-layer systems and by an analysis of their hydrolysis products. The fatty acid composition of the column fractions was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. A number of components (13) were separated by thin-layer chromatography and characterized. The major components were polyglycerol phosphatide (17.0%), lipoamino acids (15.1%), phosphatidyl glycerol (13.8%), and an incompletely characterized substance (15.0%). Minor constituents included phosphatidyl inositol (5.5%), phosphatidic acid (4.2%), phosphatidyl serine (2.0%), and phosphatidyl choline (1.0%). No phosphatidyl ethanolamine was observed.
Use of Ligated Segments of Rabbit Small Intestine in Experimental Shigellosis
Authors: Arm H. G. , Floyd T. M. , Faber J. E. , Hayes J. R.
Published: January 2020

Arm, H. G. (Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Md.), T. M.Floyd, J. E. Faber, and J. R. Hayes. Use of ligated segments of rabbit small intestine in experimental shigellosis. J. Bacteriol.89:803–809. 1965.—Inoculation of ligated segments of small intestine in living rabbits with broth cultures or resting-cell suspensions of recently isolated strains ofShigellacaused distension of the segments by accumulation of exudate within 12 hr. Histological changes characteristic of an inflammatory response were similar to those of human bacillary dysentery. Tissue response and accumulation of exudate preceded demonstrable increase in numbers of shigellae inoculated as 2 × 1010resting cells. Capability of shigellae to provoke intestinal response was not related to any particular serological group. The active principles concerned with eliciting intestinal response were associated only with preparations containing living organisms. Ability of recently isolated strains to elicit response diminished rapidly during culture on artificial media. The capability was preserved indefinitely by lyophilization soon after isolation from acute bacillary dysentery infections of man. Advantages of using shigellae recently isolated for investigating possible mechanisms of pathogenesis were indicated. During the summer months, the rabbit small intestine was refractory to the activity of shigellae, and positive responses were not observed. Use of ligated segments of rabbit small intestine qualified as an indicator of virulence for the rabbit; and, virulence for the rabbit showed a high degree of correlation with a short period of culture of shigellae on artificial media after isolation from human bacillary dysentery infections.
Energy Supply for the Chemoautotroph
Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Dugan Patrick R. , Lundgren Donald G.
Published: January 2020

Dugan, Patrick
R. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.),
and Donald G. Lundgren
. Energy supply for the chemoautotroph
Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
825–834. 1965.—A working model is proposed to explain dissimilatory ferrous iron oxidation by
Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans
, that is, oxidation linked to an energy source. The model is supported by experimental evidence reported here as well as in the literature. Polarographic assays of the culture medium demonstrated an iron “complex” involving oxygen. The initial “complex” would be oxygenated, but not oxidized because no electron transport has taken place. The “complex” is formed in solution or on the cell surface and is somehow reacted with iron oxidase (or oxygenase), resulting in the release of an electron. Either sulfate or a flavoprotein is suggested as involved in the initial electron-transfer link between iron and the cell. The electron is transported in the cell through a typical electron-transport system involving coenzyme Q
6
, cytochrome
c
, and cytochrome
a;
oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Electron micrographs of intact and sectioned cells are included to show structural detail in support of the model.
Electron Microscope Observations on Intact Cells, Protoplasts, and the Cytoplasmic Membrane of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Abram Dinah
Published: January 2020

Abram, Dinah
(Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.). Electron microscope observations on intact cells, protoplasts, and the cytoplasmic membrane of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
855–873. 1965.—Negatively stained preparations of protoplasts and fragments of cytoplasmic membranes from cells of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
ruptured by treatment with sonic oscillation, partial lysis with lysozyme, autolysis, or phage infection were examined electron microscopically. Specimens of intact cells also were examined by the same technique. The following structural details were revealed. Intact or nearly intact, partially swollen, elongated protoplasts and their ghosts have a characteristic differentiated surface texture and can easily be distinguished from the cell wall. Infoldings of the cytoplasmic membrane can be observed in these protoplasts, to which flagella are attached; the latter originate via hooks from “basal structures” that are in close association with the cytoplasmic membrane or part of it. Abundant intracytoplasmic membranous elements, which appear to be tubular or vesicular, can be seen in whole cells of three of the strains studied. The fine structure of the cytoplasmic membrane and probably that of its intracytoplasmic infoldings was observed on flattened and folded membrane fragments, one layer thick. Structural units, roughly spherical, 65 to 85 A in diameter, were present on one side of the cytoplasmic membrane, facing the cytoplasm. They were attached loosely to the membrane by fine stalks, 40 to 60 A long, and were easily detached, probably leaving the stalks behind them on the membrane. While the greater stability of membranes from thermophiles made this study of the fine structure possible, the structural units described were demonstrated also on cytoplasmic membranes from mesophiles.
Nitrogen-Containing and Carbohydrate-Containing Antigen from
Actinomyces bovis
Authors: Pirtle E. C. , Rebers P. A. , Weigel W. W.
Published: January 2020

Pirtle
, E. C. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa), P. A.
Rebers, and W. W. Weigel
. Nitrogen-containing and carbohydrate-containing antigen from
Actinomyces bovis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
880–888. 1965.—Water-soluble, heat-stable antigens have been isolated from the supernatant fluids of broth cultures of
Actinomyces bovis
ATCC 10048 after 8 days of growth in a broth medium composed of Casamino Acids, yeast extract, Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), sodium thioglycolate, dextrose, and sodium chloride. The antigens were precipitated from the culture supernatant fluid with alcohol and purified by fractional precipitation with alcohol in the presence of calcium or zinc and by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex. Two serologically active substances which differed in chemical composition and size were characterized. The larger one contained 71% hexose and 2.8% nitrogen, and the smaller one contained 45% hexose and 5.4% nitrogen. Heterogeneity of these fractions could not be demonstrated by electrophoresis in free solution at
p
H 7.8 or 2, by ultracentrifugal analysis, by double diffusion in agar, or by immunoelectrophoresis. Despite their differences in chemical composition and size, they appeared identical in activity as antigens in complement fixation and in double-diffusion tests in agar. Each was found to contain mannose as its chief component after hydrolysis and paper chromatography with three solvent systems. A small percentage of the total nitrogen may be attributed to the presence of amino sugars but the remainder is as yet unidentified.
Preliminary Enzymatic Events in Asparagine-Dependent Denitrification by
Pseudomonas perfectomarinus
Authors: Best Audrey N. , Payne W. J.
Published: January 2020

Best, Audrey
N. (University of Georgia, Athens),
and W. J. Payne
. Preliminary enzymatic events in asparagine-dependent denitrification by
Pseudomonas perfectomarinus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1051–1054. 1965.—The initial events leading to denitrification by
Pseudomonas perfectomarinus
grown anaerobically in the presence of NO
3
−
were investigated. Conversion of asparagine to malic acid was demonstrated. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked malic acid dehydrogenase in this bacterium was shown to have a dependence for a divalent cation. A transhydrogenase was demonstrated. Oxaloacetic acid, a likely intermediate in conversion of malic to pyruvic acid, was rapidly decarboxylated by enzymes in cell-free extracts. We were not able to show reversible formation of malic acid with oxaloacetic acid and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, nor of oxaloacetic acid with pyruvic acid and CO
2
.
Nucleotide Accumulation Induced in
Staphylococcus aureus
by Glycine
Authors: Strominger Jack L. , Birge Claire H.
Published: January 2020

Strominger, Jack
L. (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.),
and Claire H. Birge
. Nucleotide accumulation induced in
Staphylococcus aureus
by glycine. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1124–1127. 1965.—High concentrations of glycine induce accumulation of four uridine nucleotides in
Staphylococcus aureus
. Investigations of their structure suggest that these compounds are uridine diphosphate (UDP)-acetylmuramic acid, UDP-acetylmuramyl-gly-
d
-glu-
l
-lys, UDP-acetylmuramyl-
l
-ala-
d
-glu-
l
-lys and UDP-acetylmuramyl-gly-
d
-glu-
l
-lys-
d
-ala-
d
-ala. The mechanism by which glycine may induce uridine nucleotide accumulation and protoplast formation is discussed.
Fine Structure of Reovirus Type 2
Authors: Loh Philip C. , Hohl H. R. , Soergel M.
Published: January 2020

Loh, PhilipC. (University of Hawaii, Honolulu),H. R. Hohl, andM. Soergel. Fine structure of reovirus type 2. J. Bacteriol.89:1140–1144. 1965.—The fine structure reovirus type 2 was studied by electron microscopy with the negative-staining method. The virus has a mean diameter of 772 A and shows evidence of icosahedral shape and 5:3:2 symmetry. The particle is composed of a core, an inner layer, and a capsid composed of 92 elongated hollow capsomeres. These capsomeres have mean dimensions of 116 A × 110 A and a central hole 48 A in diameter. In size and architecture, reovirus type 2 is very similar to the other members (reoviruses types 1 and 3) of this group of animal viruses.
Proflavine Inhibition of Vaccinia Virus Synthesis
Authors: Bubel H. Curt , Wolff David A.
Published: January 2020

Bubel, H. Curt
(University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and David A. Wolff
. Proflavine inhibition of vaccinia virus synthesis. J. Bacteriol.
89:
977–983. 1965.—The synthesis of vaccinia virus, hemagglutinin, and blocking antigen, as well as the development of cytopathic effects, were inhibited by low concentrations of proflavine. This inhibitor did not exert a selective effect on any particular portion of the virus synthetic cycle. Proflavine added to infected KB cells during the eclipse period or later stages of virus maturation rapidly arrested further production of infectious virus and virus-related products. Suppression of virus synthesis was completely reversible, indicating that permanent damage to the virus synthetic mechanism did not result from a transient exposure to proflavine. Photosensitization of maturating vaccinia virus by subinhibiting concentrations of proflavine suggested an interaction of the inhibitor with viral nucleic acid.
Relationship Between Toxigenicity and Sporulating Potency of
Clostridium novyi
Authors: Nishida Shoki , Nakagawara Gizo
Published: January 2020

Nishida, Shoki
(Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan),
and Gizo Nakagawara
. Relationship between toxigenicity and sporulating potency of
Clostridium novyi
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
993–995. 1965.—The less toxigenic the strains, the stronger was the sporulating potency of
Clostridium novyi
strains isolated. This was confirmed by investigation of the toxigenicity of substrains of
C. novyi
140 possessing different degrees of sporulating potency. Atoxic strains or type C strains could be obtained from the parent type A strain (no. 140) by heat selection. This phenomenon was also observed in the other five strains. Prolonged storage of
C. novyi
strains also resulted in selection of cells with stronger sporulating ability and lower toxigenicity.
Kinetics of Spore Germination
Authors: McCormick Neil G.
Published: January 2020

McCormick, Neil
G. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville). Kinetics of spore germination. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1180–1185. 1965.—An empirically derived equation was developed which accurately describes the time-course of the decrease in optical density during spore germination. A method is described for calculating the final value, the inflection point, and the maximal velocity from knowledge of three experimental values and the initial value at time-zero. A number of germination curves were analyzed by application of the equation, and the effects of various environmental conditions on the parameters of the equation (
k, c
, and α) are noted. The constant
c
was found to be dependent upon the temperature and perhaps upon the degree of heat activation and the
l
-alanine concentration. The constants
k
and α appear to be more basic functions of the initial state of the spore suspension. Variation of the concentration of spores changes only the initial optical density, but does not change any of the three constants.
Fate of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Venema G. , Pritchard R. H. , Venema-Schröder T.
Published: January 2020

Venema
, G. (Hammersmith Hospital, London, England),
R. H. Prtichard, and T. Venema-Schröder
. Fate of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1250–1255. 1965.—Donor deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) introduced into competent recipient cells of
Bacillus subtilis
undergoes a transient loss of its transforming activity shortly after uptake; transforming activity reappears as a function of time of incubation. Soon after introduction of donor DNA into the cells, joint activity of donor and recipient markers is present; this activity also increases as a function of time of incubation. However, donor marker recovery and appearance of recombinant-type activity have different kinetics, suggesting that recovery of activity of donor DNA after the eclipse phase and integration are separate processes, and that recovery precedes integration. The appearance of recombinant-type activity is independent of DNA synthesis. It is suggested that only one strand of the donor DNA is integrated in transformation. It is, therefore, possible that the eclipse is due to a phase in the transformation process during which the donor DNA is single stranded.
Similarity of
Xanthomonas
and
Pseudomonas
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: De Ley J. , Friedman S.
Published: January 2020

De Ley
, J. (State University, Ghent, Belgium),
and S. Friedman
. Similarity of
Xanthomonas
and
Pseudomonas
deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1306–1309. 1965.—Pronounced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization was detected with the DNA-agar method within the group of
Xanthomonas
and between
Xanthomonas
and
Pseudomonas
. Sheared, denatured C
14
-DNA from
X. pelargonii
hybridized 80 to 100% with high molecular weight, denatured agar-bound DNA from eight different
Xanthomonas
nomenspecies. The near identity of the DNA in these nine strains favors their inclusion in one genetic species, for which the name
Xanthomonas campestris
is proposed. In addition, 60 to 80% of the
Xanthomonas
DNA hybridized with DNA from several
Pseudomonas
strains. These results are evidence of the close genetic relationship between the two genera.
Lysis of Bacterial Protoplasts and Spheroplasts by Staphylococcal α-Toxin and Streptolysin S
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Schwartz Lois L.
Published: January 2020

Bernheimer, AlanW. (New York University School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.),and Lois L. Schwartz. Lysis of bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts by staphylococcal α-toxin and streptolysin S. J. Bacteriol.89:1387–1392. 1965.—Protoplasts ofBacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, andStreptococcus pyogenes, and spheroplasts ofEscherichia coliwere lysed by staphylococcal α-toxin, whereas spheroplasts ofVibrio metschnikoviiandV. commawere not. In the spectrum of its lytic action, streptolysin S qualitatively resembled staphylococcal α-toxin except for failure to lyseS. pyogenesprotoplasts. In contrast to the two foregoing agents, streptolysin O did not lyse protoplasts and spheroplasts. The observations are interpreted in relation to similarities and differences in lipid composition of bacterial and mammalian cell membranes.
Nitrogen Fixation by Members of the Tribe
Klebsielleae
Authors: Mahl M. C. , Wilson P. W. , Fife M. A. , Ewing W. H.
Published: January 2020

Mahl
, M. C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
P. W. Wilson, M. A. Fife, and W. H. Ewing
. Nitrogen fixation by members of the tribe
Klebsielleae
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1482–1487. 1965.—Strains of species of the tribe
Klebsielleae
were tested for nitrogen fixation by inoculating actively growing cultures into side-arm flasks containing a medium with a growth-limiting quantity of combined nitrogen (25 μg of nitrogen per ml as ammonium sulfate). The flasks were evacuated, filled with pure N
2
, sealed, and placed on a shaker at 30 C. Growth was followed by optical-density measurements; maximal growth was obtained in 9 to 10 hr. Yeast extract was then added as a source of amino acids to shorten the induction time for the nitrogen-fixing enzymes. Fixation was determined either by estimating total nitrogen with a semimicro Kjeldahl technique or by exposing 20- to 22-hr-old samples to an atmosphere of N
2
15
and helium for 5 hr and then analyzing the digested sample for N
15
in a mass spectrometer. None of the 22 strains of the two
Enterobacter
(formerly
Aerobacter
) species fixed nitrogen; neither did any of eight strains of
Serratia
species that were tested. Of 31 strains of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, 13 incorporated atmospheric nitrogen. Net nitrogen fixed ranged from 17 to 65 μg/ml. It is concluded that these facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing rods should be placed in the genus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. The nitrogen-fixing organism tentatively classified as
Achromobacter
N-4 should also be changed to
K. pneumoniae
strain N-4, because it has been found to be an anaerogenic strain of
K. pneumoniae
.
Structure of
Nitrosocystis oceanus
and Comparison with
Nitrosomonas
and
Nitrobacter
Authors: Murray R. G. E. , Watson S. W.
Published: January 2020

Murray
, R. G. E. (University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada),
and S. W. Watson
. Structure of
Nitrosocystis oceanus
and comparison with
Nitrosomonas
and
Nitrobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1594–1609. 1965.—
Nitrosocystis oceanus
has distinctive features: the cell wall (overall thickness, 250 A) has an inner triplet structure and a dense enveloping layer; between these lie the “cell-wall organelles” (two or more per cell; plaques about 0.5 μ in diameter and 0.1 μ thick) of unknown function and genesis. The plasma membrane (ca. 80 A) shows rare intrusions that form irregular peripheral vesicles, which appear to form the component lamellae of the “membranous organelle” and probably detach from the periphery. The membranous organelles consist of about 20 vesicles so flattened that the lumen is only 100 A thick. The outer surfaces are in contact and form a triplet structure with an accentuated center line; these lamellae almost traverse the cell, displace the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasms, and form the prominent, seemingly permanent, feature of the cell. Division is constrictive without trace of a septum, and the act of division divides the membranous organelle. No mesosomes appear to be formed.
Nitrosomonas europaea
shows no sign of a cell-wall organelle or of the outer enveloping layer of wall. The cytoplasm contains intrusive paired lamellae, which might or might not remain connected to the periphery, and they do not fuse or form regular associations. These are thought to be the equivalent of the vesicles in
Nitrosocystis
but remaining almost parallel and close to the plasma membrane.
Nitrobacter agilis
has a unique plasma membrane with a (50 A) dense layer applied to the inside of the usual unit membrane. All of the components are represented in the intrusions, which are arranged over and shape the poles of the cells, with close and regular spacing. Each nitrifier was distinctive; in common they have membrane systems which, it is considered, must relate to the specialized mechanisms for acquiring energy adopted by these organisms.
Characterization of a Tumorlike Antigen in Type 12 and Type 18 Adenovirus-Infected Cells
Authors: Gilead Zvee , Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: January 2020

Gilead, Zvee(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia),and Harold S. Ginsberg. Characterization of a tumor-like antigen in type 12 and type 18 adenovirus-infected cells. J. Bacteriol.90:120–125. 1965.—An antigen that reacts with antibody from type 12 adenovirus tumor-bearing hamsters was identified in extracts of KB cells infected with type 12 or 18 adenovirus. In contrast, viral structural proteins separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose did not react with the sera from tumorous hamsters. The tumorlike (T) antigen in infected cells was found to be smaller than the viral structural antigens and, therefore, could be separated from them by centrifugation in a linear sucrose gradient. Investigation of the production of the T antigen in virus-infected cells further distinguished it from viral structural proteins by the following properties: (i) the T antigen was first detected 3 to 4 hr after infection, whereas viral antigens were synthesized 17 to 20 hr after infection; and (ii) the T antigen was produced when deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosynthesis was inhibited by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (10−6m), but viral proteins were not synthesized in the absence of viral DNA replication.
Polymer-Producing Species of
Arthrobacter
Authors: Gasdorf Helen J. , Benedict R. G. , Cadmus M. C. , Anderson R. F. , Jackson R. W.
Published: January 2020

Gasdorf, Helen
J. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.), R. G.
Benedict, M. C. Cadmus, R. F. Anderson, and R. W. Jackson
. Polymer-producing species of
Arthrobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
147–150.1965.—Two slime-producing microorganisms, designated as NRRL B-1973 and NRRL B-1797, were isolated from a Guatemalan soil sample. Their morphological and physiological characteristics permit their assignment to the genus
Arthrobacter
. Both cultures produce a large amount of extracellular polysaccharide, the maximal amount being 1.4 g per 3 g of glucose. The carbohydrate constituents of B-1973 polysaccharide are galactose, glucose, and mannuronic acid; those of B-1797 are galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid. The organisms are morphologically and physiologically alike. The differences between these two cultures and previously described species of
Arthrobacter
appear sufficient to designate a new species. The name
Arthrobacter viscosus
sp. n. is proposed.