bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel spa and Multi-Locus Sequence Types (MLST) of Staphylococcus Aureus Samples Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Korean
Authors: Mun Yae Sung , Hwang You Jin
Published: October 2019

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is one of the most frequent and severe bacterial infections worldwide. The increased incidence of S. aureus infections with a diverse pattern of S. aureus protein A (spa) types across different geographic regions is a global challenge. This study investigated a novel spa type of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in a clinically isolated specimen. A total of 109 clinical S. aureus samples were subjected to 19 sets of antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Molecular typing was performed with S. aureus protein A (spa) and multi-locus sequence types (MLST) via polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus samples in our study accounted for 55.05% (60/109) of the total. A novel spa type was detected in five (5/60) strains. This gh22 isolate was identified in antimicrobial susceptibility tests of 15 kinds of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance genes included mecA, TEM, aac(6′)-aph(2”), ermA, and tetM. Eleven S. aureus samples were classified as t2460, t338, t324, t693, five unknown spa types (new spa types), and undefined MLST (novel MLST). We report a high prevalence rate of t2460 methicillin-resistant S. aureus samples in our country. Additionally, novel spa gh22, MLST ST4613, and clonal compact CC5-type strains (T1:M1:B1:B1:M1:E1:K1, r26:r17:r34:r34:r17:r13:r16, mlst;1:4:1:4:559:495:10) showing multidrug resistance were identified among S. aureus samples.
Silymarin, a Popular Dietary Supplement Shows Anti–Candida Activity
Authors: Janeczko Monika , Kochanowicz Elżbieta
Published: October 2019

Silymarin is a complex of plant-derived compounds obtained from the seed shells of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum). It is used in medicine primarily to protect the liver. The mixture contains mainly flavonolignans, with silybin as a paramount bioactive component of the extract. This article presents the potential health benefits for silymarin as an antifungal drug against five references strains: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values ranging from 30 to 300 µg/mL. Additionally, this study revealed that the compound suppressed the growth of cells of most of the tested clinical Candida albicans strains with MIC values between 30 and 1200 µg/mL. Based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), the combination of silymarin with antifungal drugs caspofungin, fluconazole, and amphotericin B did not significantly change the MIC values for the tested Candida strains. Furthermore, no antagonistic reactions were observed in any combination of drugs. In addition, this substance shows anti-virulence properties including the destabilization of mature biofilm and the inhibition of the secretion of hydrolases. qRT-PCR-based experiments demonstrated that the SAP4 gene involved in virulence was downregulated by silymarin. These results indicate completely new advantages of dietary supplementation with this natural plant extract.
Food Safety through Natural Antimicrobials
Authors: Quinto Emiliano J. , Caro Irma , Villalobos-Delgado Luz H. , Mateo Javier , De-Mateo-Silleras Beatriz , Redondo-Del-Río María P.
Published: October 2019

Microbial pathogens are the cause of many foodborne diseases after the ingestion of contaminated food. Several preservation methods have been developed to assure microbial food safety, as well as nutritional values and sensory characteristics of food. However, the demand for natural antimicrobial agents is increasing due to consumers’ concern on health issues. Moreover, the use of antibiotics is leading to multidrug resistant microorganisms reinforcing the focus of researchers and the food industry on natural antimicrobials. Natural antimicrobial compounds from plants, animals, bacteria, viruses, algae and mushrooms are covered. Finally, new perspectives from researchers in the field and the interest of the food industry in innovations are reviewed. These new approaches should be useful for controlling foodborne bacterial pathogens; furthermore, the shelf-life of food would be extended.
Carotenoids
Authors: Böhm Volker
Published: October 2019

Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments, consisting of more than 750 compounds known so far [...]
Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Bioactive Extracts from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) and its By-Products
Authors: Alañón María Elena , Palomo Iván , Rodríguez Lyanne , Fuentes Eduardo , Arráez-Román David , Segura-Carretero Antonio
Published: October 2019

The potential antiplatelet aggregation effects of mango pulp and its by-products (peel, husk seed, and seed) due to the presence of bioactive compounds were explored. Among them, mango seed exhibited a 72% percentage inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP) agonist with a demonstrated dose-dependent effect. This biological feature could be caused by the chemical differences in phenolic composition. Mango seed was especially rich in monogalloyl compounds, tetra- and penta-galloylglucose, ellagic acid, mangiferin, and benzophenones such as maclurin derivatives and iriflophenone glucoside. Mangiferin showed an inhibitory effect of 31%, suggesting its key role as one of the main contributors to the antiplatelet activity of mango seed. Therefore, mango seed could be postulated as a natural source of bioactive compounds with antiplatelet properties to design functional foods or complementary therapeutic treatments.
Exploring the Antioxidant Features of Polyphenols by Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Alcalde Berta , Granados Mercè , Saurina Javier
Published: October 2019

This paper evaluates the antioxidant ability of polyphenols as a function of their chemical structures. Several common food indexes including Folin-Ciocalteau (FC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays were applied to selected polyphenols that differ in the number and position of hydroxyl groups. Voltammetric assays with screen-printed carbon electrodes were also recorded in the range of −0.2 to 0.9 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode) to investigate the oxidation behavior of these substances. Poor correlations among assays were obtained, meaning that the behavior of each compound varies in response to the different methods. However, we undertook a comprehensive study based on principal component analysis that evidenced clear patterns relating the structures of several compounds and their antioxidant activities.
White Peony (Fermented Camellia sinensis) Polyphenols Help Prevent Alcoholic Liver Injury via Antioxidation
Authors: Zhou Yalin , Tan Fang , Li Chong , Li Wenfeng , Liao Wei , Li Qin , Qin Guohui , Liu Weiwei , Zhao Xin
Published: October 2019

White peony is a type of white tea (Camellia sinensis) rich in polyphenols. In this study, polyphenols were extracted from white peony. In vitro experiments showed that white peony polyphenols (WPPs) possess strong free radical scavenging capabilities toward 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Long-term alcohol gavage was used to induce alcoholic liver injury in mice, and relevant indices of liver injury were examined. WPPs effectively reduced the liver indices of mice with liver injury. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ATS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were downregulated, while those of albumin (ALB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were upregulated. WPPs also reduced the serum levels of interluekin-6 (IL-6), interluekin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in mice with liver injury. Pathology results showed that WPPs reduced alcohol-induced liver cell damage. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot results revealed that WPPs upregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), cupro–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and CAT and downregulated iNOS expression in the liver of mice with liver injury. WPPs protected against alcoholic liver injury, and this effect was equivalent to that of silymarin. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that WPPs mainly contained the polyphenols gallic acid, catechinic acid, and hyperoside, which are critical for exerting preventive effects against alcoholic liver injury. Thus, WPPs are high-quality natural products with liver protective effects.
Why the Development of Internal Combustion Engines Is Still Necessary to Fight against Global Climate Change from the Perspective of Transportation
Authors: Serrano José Ramón , Novella Ricardo , Piqueras Pedro
Published: October 2019

Internal combustion engines (ICE) are the main propulsion systems in road transport [...]
Analysis and Design of New Actuator Used for Full-Wide Screen LCD
Authors: Kim Jun-Hyung , Jiang Yuan-Wu , Hwang Sang-Moon
Published: October 2019

The design of the smartphone LCD is gradually shifting to a full-wide screen. This requires a new type of actuator rather than a conventional dynamic receiver. For this purpose, a new actuator is used as a dynamic receiver. This paper introduces and analyzes new types of actuators and compares their force factors. For an analysis tool, a prototype of actuator is analyzed and verified with its experimental results. By using this verified tool, new types of actuators are designed and analyzed. Furthermore, a comparison is done to find out which one is the best for vibration performance.
Analysis of Guided Wave Propagation in a Multi-Layered Structure in View of Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Lugovtsova Yevgeniya , Bulling Jannis , Boller Christian , Prager Jens
Published: October 2019

Guided waves (GW) are of great interest for non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of engineering structures such as for oil and gas pipelines, rails, aircraft components, adhesive bonds and possibly much more. Development of a technique based on GWs requires careful understanding obtained through modelling and analysis of wave propagation and mode-damage interaction due to the dispersion and multimodal character of GWs. The Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM) is a suitable numerical approach for this purpose allowing calculation of dispersion curves, mode shapes and GW propagation analysis. In this article, the SBFEM is used to analyse wave propagation in a plate consisting of an isotropic aluminium layer bonded as a hybrid to an anisotropic carbon fibre reinforced plastics layer. This hybrid composite corresponds to one of those considered in a Type III composite pressure vessel used for storing gases, e.g., hydrogen in automotive and aerospace applications. The results show that most of the wave energy can be concentrated in a certain layer depending on the mode used, and by that damage present in this layer can be detected. The results obtained help to understand the wave propagation in multi-layered structures and are important for further development of NDT and SHM for engineering structures consisting of multiple layers.
A Plant-Based Artificial Haemagglutinin (A/H5N1) Strongly Induced Neutralizing Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Thi Pham Van , Thi Ho Thuong , Trong Phan Hoang , Le Thanh Hoa , Bich Pham Ngoc , Conrad Udo , Huyen  Vu Trang , Hoang Chu Ha
Published: October 2019

Developing new vaccine candidates is considered the best strategy for protecting poultry against artificial haemagglutinin (A/H5N1) strains. The transient expression system in plants has been a very efficient method for rapidly producing haemagglutinin-based recombinant vaccines. In this study, two novel artificial trimeric haemagglutinin constructs representing A/H5N1 strains that were detected in poultry from 2005 to 2015 in Vietnam, H5.c1 (representing all of the subclades 1.1, 1.1.1, and 1.1.2) and H5.c2 (representing all of the subclades 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1b, and 2.3.2.1c), were designed for transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana via agroinfiltration. However, only the H5.c1 protein, which showed the best expression and biofunction via the haemagglutination test, was selected for purification by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). The trimeric structure of the IMAC-purified H5.c1 protein was well characterized by cross-linking reaction and size exclusion chromatography. An indirect ELISA and Western blot analysis of vaccinated mouse sera demonstrated that the H5.c1 protein strongly induced HA-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) immune responses. Notably, the H5.c1 protein induced strongly neutralizing antibodies against homologous H5.c1 protein and that of three heterologous native strains of clade, 1, 1.1, and 2.3.2.1c, in haemagglutination inhibition assays. Therefore, the plant-based artificial H5.c1 protein can be a promising vaccine candidate for conferring poultry resistance against A/H5N1 viruses in Vietnam.
Independent Random Recurrent Neural Networks for Infrared Spatial Point Targets Classification
Authors: Wu Dongya , Lu Huanzhang , Hu Moufa , Zhao Bendong
Published: October 2019

Exo-atmospheric infrared (IR) point target discrimination is an important research topic of space surveillance systems. It is difficult to describe the characteristic information of the shape and micro-motion states of the targets and to discriminate different targets effectively by the characteristic information. This paper has constructed the infrared signature model of spatial point targets and obtained the infrared radiation intensity sequences dataset of different types of targets. This paper aims to design an algorithm for the classification problem of infrared radiation intensity sequences of spatial point targets. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are widely used in time series classification tasks, but face several problems such as gradient vanishing and explosion, etc. In view of shortcomings of RNNs, this paper proposes an independent random recurrent neural network (IRRNN) model, which combines independent structure RNNs with randomly weighted RNNs. Without increasing the training complexity of network learning, our model solves the problem of gradient vanishing and explosion, improves the ability to process long sequences, and enhances the comprehensive classification performance of the algorithm effectively. Experiments show that the IRRNN algorithm performs well in classification tasks and is robust to noise.
Adaptive Threshold-Aided K-Best Sphere Decoding for Large MIMO Systems
Authors: Ummatov Uzokboy , Lee Kyungchun
Published: October 2019

This paper proposes an adaptive threshold-aided K-best sphere decoding (AKSD) algorithm for large multiple-input multiple-output systems. In the proposed scheme, to reduce the average number of visited nodes compared to the conventional K-best sphere decoding (KSD), the threshold for retaining the nodes is adaptively determined at each layer of the tree. Specifically, we calculate the adaptive threshold based on the signal-to-noise ratio and index of the layer. The ratio between the first and second smallest accumulated path metrics at each layer is also exploited to determine the threshold value. In each layer, in addition to the K paths associated with the smallest path metrics, we also retain the paths whose path metrics are within the threshold from the Kth smallest path metric. The simulation results show that the proposed AKSD provides nearly the same bit error rate performance as the conventional KSD scheme while achieving a significant reduction in the average number of visited nodes, especially at high signal-to-noise ratios.
Meaningful Learning Through Virtual Reality Learning Environments: A Case Study in Materials Engineering
Authors: Vergara Diego , Extremera Jamil , Rubio Manuel Pablo , Dávila Lílian P.
Published: October 2019

The increasing dissemination of virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs) compels the elucidation of how these didactic tools can improve their effectiveness at the formative level. The motivation generated in students by a VRLE is revealed as a key factor in achieving meaningful learning, but such a motivation by itself alone does not guarantee the long-term retention of knowledge. To identify the necessary characteristics of a VRLE to achieve an appropriate level of meaningful learning, this paper compares a set of VRLEs created in previous years with a group of recently developed VRLEs, after being used by engineering students. A description of the design process of the both VRLEs groups is included in this paper. Most significantly, analysis of the response of a total of 103 students in a specific survey reveals how a step-by-step protocol system helped improve students' knowledge and retention after one year of using a VRLE. Thus, this study not only demonstrates the importance of using modern development engines when creating or updating a VRLE to achieve student motivation, but also justifies in many cases the use of a step-by-step protocol as a method to improve the long-term retention of knowledge.
Statistics of the Optical Turbulence from the Micrometeorological Measurements at the Baykal Astrophysical Observatory Site
Authors: Shikhovtsev Artem , Kovadlo Pavel , Lukin Vladimir , Nosov Victor , Kiselev Alexander , Kolobov Dmitry , Kopylov Evgeny , Shikhovtsev Maxim , Avdeev Fedor
Published: October 2019

The paper focuses on the investigations of the optical turbulence structure. The distributions of the repeatability of the structure characteristic of the air refractive index are obtained. A scenario of decreasing the intensity of the optical turbulence in the summer is discussed. Numerical estimates of this scenario are given. Using classical methods of wavefront analysis, the results of the first studies of the vertical structure of atmospheric turbulence at the Baykal astrophysical observatory site are presented.
Stark Widths Regularities Within: ns-np, np-ns, np-nd, nd-np and nd-nf Spectral Series of Potassium Isoelectronic Sequence
Authors: Trklja Nora , Dojčinović Ivan P. , Tapalaga Irinel , Purić Jagoš
Published: October 2019

Results presented in this paper show a regular behaviour of Stark widths within the studied spectral series of potassium isoelectronic sequence. These regularities have been found and verified on the basis of the existing theoretical and experimental data being normalized for the same plasma conditions (chosen electron density and temperature). Using the available set of data the corresponding formulas expressing the Stark widths of the lines originated from the spectral series studied here as a function of the upper-level ionization potential and the rest core charge of the emitter seeing by the electron undergoing transition, are obtained here. Well established and verified dependence is used to calculate Stark width data needed but not available so far. For the purposes of the operation with a large number of data, algorithms for the analysis of Stark width dependence on temperature and electron density and for the investigation of the assumed correlation between Stark width and ionization potential of the upper level of analyzed transition, have been made. Developed algorithms enable fast data processing.
Analytical Dissection of an Automotive Li-Ion Pouch Cell
Authors: Kovachev Georgi , Schröttner Hartmuth , Gstrein Gregor , Aiello Luigi , Hanzu Ilie , Wilkening H. Martin R. , Foitzik Alexander , Wellm Michael , Sinz Wolfgang , Ellersdorfer Christian
Published: October 2019

Information derived from microscopic images of Li-ion cells is the base for research on the function, the safety, and the degradation of Li-ion batteries. This research was carried out to acquire information required to understand the mechanical properties of Li-ion cells. Parameters such as layer thicknesses, material compositions, and surface properties play important roles in the analysis and the further development of Li-ion batteries. In this work, relevant parameters were derived using microscopic imaging and analysis techniques. The quality and the usability of the measured data, however, are tightly connected to the sample generation, the preparation methods used, and the measurement device selected. Differences in specimen post-processing methods and measurement setups contribute to variability in the measured results. In this paper, the complete sample preparation procedure and analytical methodology are described, variations in the measured dataset are highlighted, and the study findings are discussed in detail. The presented results were obtained from an analysis conducted on a state-of-the-art Li-ion pouch cell applied in an electric vehicle that is currently commercially available.
Effect of Residual and Transformation Choice on Computational Aspects of Biomechanical Parameter Estimation of Soft Tissues
Authors: Aggarwal Ankush
Published: October 2019

Several nonlinear and anisotropic constitutive models have been proposed to describe the biomechanical properties of soft tissues, and reliably estimating the unknown parameters in these models using experimental data is an important step towards developing predictive capabilities. However, the effect of parameter estimation technique on the resulting biomechanical parameters remains under-analyzed. Standard off-the-shelf techniques can produce unreliable results where the parameters are not uniquely identified and can vary with the initial guess. In this study, a thorough analysis of parameter estimation techniques on the resulting properties for four multi-parameter invariant-based constitutive models is presented. It was found that linear transformations have no effect on parameter estimation for the presented cases, and nonlinear transforms are necessary for any improvement. A distinct focus is put on the issue of non-convergence, and we propose simple modifications that not only improve the speed of convergence but also avoid convergence to a wrong solution. The proposed modifications are straightforward to implement and can avoid severe problems in the biomechanical analysis. The results also show that including the fiber angle as an unknown in the parameter estimation makes it extremely challenging, where almost all of the formulations and models fail to converge to the true solution. Therefore, until this issue is resolved, a non-mechanical—such as optical—technique for determining the fiber angle is required in conjunction with the planar biaxial test for a robust biomechanical analysis.
Illuminating Clues of Cancer Buried in Prostate MR Image: Deep Learning and Expert Approaches
Authors: Akatsuka Jun , Yamamoto Yoichiro , Sekine Tetsuro , Numata Yasushi , Morikawa Hiromu , Tsutsumi Kotaro , Yanagi Masato , Endo Yuki , Takeda Hayato , Hayashi Tatsuro , Ueki Masao , Tamiya Gen , Maeda Ichiro , Fukumoto Manabu , Shimizu Akira , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Kimura Go , Kondo Yukihiro
Published: October 2019

Deep learning algorithms have achieved great success in cancer image classification. However, it is imperative to understand the differences between the deep learning and human approaches. Using an explainable model, we aimed to compare the deep learning-focused regions of magnetic resonance (MR) images with cancerous locations identified by radiologists and pathologists. First, 307 prostate MR images were classified using a well-established deep neural network without locational information of cancers. Subsequently, we assessed whether the deep learning-focused regions overlapped the radiologist-identified targets. Furthermore, pathologists provided histopathological diagnoses on 896 pathological images, and we compared the deep learning-focused regions with the genuine cancer locations through 3D reconstruction of pathological images. The area under the curve (AUC) for MR images classification was sufficiently high (AUC = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.87–0.94). Deep learning-focused regions overlapped radiologist-identified targets by 70.5% and pathologist-identified cancer locations by 72.1%. Lymphocyte aggregation and dilated prostatic ducts were observed in non-cancerous regions focused by deep learning. Deep learning algorithms can achieve highly accurate image classification without necessarily identifying radiological targets or cancer locations. Deep learning may find clues that can help a clinical diagnosis even if the cancer is not visible.
Cystatin from Filarial Parasites Suppress the Clinical Symptoms and Pathology of Experimentally Induced Colitis in Mice by Inducing T-Regulatory Cells, B1-Cells, and Alternatively Activated Macrophages
Authors: Bisht Nalini , Khatri Vishal , Chauhan Nikhil , Kalyanasundaram Ramaswamy
Published: October 2019

Potential alternative therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated disorders are being increasingly recognized and are studied extensively. We previously reported the therapeutic potential of Brugia malayi derived recombinant cystatin (rBmaCys) in attenuating clinical symptoms of experimental colitis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the rBmaCys-induced suppression of inflammation in the colon. Our results show that, the frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells was elevated in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Similarly, the peritoneal macrophages recovered from the rBmaCys-treated colitis mice were alternatively activated and displayed reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-6. Another finding was significant increases in IgM+B1a-cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice following rBmaCys-treatment. These findings suggested that the regulatory cell network promoted by the rBmaCys in the colon and associated lymphoid tissues is important for its anti-inflammatory activity in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice.
Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective
Authors: Bazzari Amjad , Parri H.
Published: October 2019

The molecular pathways underlying the induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated revealing various mechanisms by which neurons control their synaptic strength. The dynamic nature of neuronal connections combined with plasticity-mediated long-lasting structural and functional alterations provide valuable insights into neuronal encoding processes as molecular substrates of not only learning and memory but potentially other sensory, motor and behavioural functions that reflect previous experience. However, one key element receiving little attention in the study of synaptic plasticity is the role of neuromodulators, which are known to orchestrate neuronal activity on brain-wide, network and synaptic scales. We aim to review current evidence on the mechanisms by which certain modulators, namely dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin, control synaptic plasticity induction through corresponding metabotropic receptors in a pathway-specific manner. Lastly, we propose that neuromodulators control plasticity outcomes through steering glutamatergic transmission, thereby gating its induction and maintenance.
Exploring Shopper’s Browsing Behavior and Attention Level with an EEG Biosensor Cap
Authors: Shih Dong-Her , Lu Kuan-Chu , Shih Po-Yuan
Published: October 2019

The online shopping market is developing rapidly, meaning that it is important for retailers and manufacturers to understand how consumers behave online compared to when in brick-and-mortar stores. Retailers want consumers to spend time shopping, browsing, and searching for products in the hope a purchase is made. On the other hand, consumers may want to restrict their duration of stay on websites due to perceived risk of loss of time or convenience. This phenomenon underlies the need to reduce the duration of consumer stay (namely, time pressure) on websites. In this paper, the browsing behavior and attention span of shoppers engaging in online shopping under time pressure were investigated. The attention and meditation level are measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG) biosensor cap. The results indicated that when under time pressure shoppers engaging in online shopping are less attentive. Thus, marketers may need to find strategies to increase a shopper’s attention. Shoppers unfamiliar with product catalogs on shopping websites are less attentive, therefore marketers should adopt an interesting style for product catalogs to hold a shopper’s attention. We discuss our findings and outline their business implications.
D-Stellate Neurons of the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Decrease in Auditory Nerve-Evoked Activity during Age-Related Hearing Loss
Authors: Wang Yong , Wang Meijian , Xie Ruili
Published: October 2019

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is associated with weakened inhibition in the central auditory nervous system including the cochlear nucleus. One of the main inhibitory neurons of the cochlear nucleus is the D-stellate neuron, which provides extensive glycinergic inhibition within the local neural network. It remains unclear how physiological activities of D-stellate neurons change during ARHL and what are the underlying mechanisms. Using in vitro whole-cell patch clamp technique, we studied the intrinsic membrane properties of D-stellate neurons, the changes of their firing properties, and the underlying mechanisms in CBA/CaJ mice at the ages of 3–4 months (young), 17–19 months (middle age), and 27–33 months (aged). We found that the intrinsic membrane properties of D-stellate neurons were unchanged among these three age groups. However, these neurons showed decreased firing rate with age in response to sustained auditory nerve stimulation. Further investigation showed that auditory nerve-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were significantly reduced in strength with age. These findings suggest that D-stellate neurons receive weakened synaptic inputs from the auditory nerve and decreased sound driven activity with age, which are expected to reduce the overall inhibition and enhance the central gain in the cochlear nucleus during ARHL.
Electrical Stimulation of C6 Glia-Precursor Cells In Vitro Differentially Modulates Gene Expression Related to Chronic Pain Pathways
Authors: Vallejo Ricardo , Platt David C. , Rink Jonathan A. , Jones Marjorie A. , Kelley Courtney A. , Gupta Ashim , Cass Cynthia L. , Eichenberg Kirk , Vallejo Alejandro , Smith William J. , Benyamin Ramsin , Cedeño David L.
Published: October 2019

Glial cells comprise the majority of cells in the central nervous system and exhibit diverse functions including the development of persistent neuropathic pain. While earlier theories have proposed that the applied electric field specifically affects neurons, it has been demonstrated that electrical stimulation (ES) of neural tissue modulates gene expression of the glial cells. This study examines the effect of ES on the expression of eight genes related to oxidative stress and neuroprotection in cultured rodent glioma cells. Concentric bipolar electrodes under seven different ES types were used to stimulate cells for 30 min in the presence and absence of extracellular glutamate. ES consisted of rectangular pulses at 50 Hz in varying proportions of anodic and cathodic phases. Real-time reverse-transcribed quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine gene expression using the ∆∆Cq method. The results demonstrate that glutamate has a significant effect on gene expression in both stimulated and non-stimulated groups. Furthermore, stimulation parameters have differential effects on gene expression, both in the presence and absence of glutamate. ES has an effect on glial cell gene expression that is dependent on waveform composition. Optimization of ES therapy for chronic pain applications can be enhanced by this understanding.
SL-BioDP: Multi-Cancer Interactive Tool for Prediction of Synthetic Lethality and Response to Cancer Treatment
Authors: Deng Xiang , Das Shaoli , Valdez Kristin , Camphausen Kevin , Shankavaram Uma
Published: October 2019

Synthetic lethality exploits the phenomenon that a mutation in a cancer gene is often associated with new vulnerability which can be uniquely targeted therapeutically, leading to a significant increase in favorable outcome. DNA damage and survival pathways are among the most commonly mutated networks in human cancers. Recent data suggest that synthetic lethal interactions between a tumor defect and a DNA repair pathway can be used to preferentially kill tumor cells. We recently published a method, DiscoverSL, using multi-omic cancer data, that can predict synthetic lethal interactions of potential clinical relevance. Here, we apply the generality of our models in a comprehensive web tool called Synthetic Lethality Bio Discovery Portal (SL-BioDP) and extend the cancer types to 18 cancer genome atlas cohorts. SL-BioDP enables a data-driven computational approach to predict synthetic lethal interactions from hallmark cancer pathways by mining cancer’s genomic and chemical interactions. Our tool provides queries and visualizations for exploring potentially targetable synthetic lethal interactions, shows Kaplan–Meier plots of clinical relevance, and provides in silico validation using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and drug efficacy data. Our method would thus shed light on mechanisms of synthetic lethal interactions and lead to the discovery of novel anticancer drugs.
Fibroblasts in Nodular Sclerosing Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Are Defined by a Specific Phenotype and Protect Tumor Cells from Brentuximab-Vedotin Induced Injury
Authors: Bankov Katrin , Döring Claudia , Ustaszewski Adam , Giefing Maciej , Herling Marco , Cencioni Chiara , Spallotta Francesco , Gaetano Carlo , Küppers Ralf , Hansmann Martin-Leo , Hartmann Sylvia
Published: October 2019

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is one of the most common malignant lymphomas in Western Europe. The nodular sclerosing subtype of cHL (NS cHL) is characterized by a proliferation of fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, leading to fibrotic bands surrounding the lymphoma infiltrate. Several studies have described a crosstalk between the tumour cells of cHL, the Hodgkin- and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, to date a deep molecular characterization of these fibroblasts is lacking. Thus, the aim of the present study is a comprehensive characterization of these fibroblasts. Gene expression profiling and methylation profiles of fibroblasts isolated from primary lymph node suspensions revealed persistent differences between fibroblasts obtained from NS cHL and lymphadenitis. NS cHL derived fibroblasts exhibit a myofibroblastic phenotype characterized by myocardin (MYOCD) expression. Moreover, TIMP3, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, was strongly upregulated in NS cHL fibroblasts, likely contributing to the accumulation of collagen in sclerotic bands of NS cHL. As previously shown for other types of cancer-associated fibroblasts, treatment by luteolin could reverse this fibroblast phenotype and decrease TIMP3 secretion. NS cHL fibroblasts showed enhanced proliferation when they were exposed to soluble factors released from HRS cells. For HRS cells, soluble factors from fibroblasts were not sufficient to protect them from Brentuximab-Vedotin induced cell death. However, HRS cells adherent to fibroblasts were protected from Brentuximab-Vedotin induced injury. In summary, we confirm the importance of fibroblasts for HRS cell survival and identify TIMP3 which probably contributes as a major factor to the typical fibrosis observed in NS cHL.
Overview of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and The ITA.LI.CA Cohort Derived Estimate of Amenability Rate to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Clinical Practice
Authors: Giannini Edoardo , Aglitti Andrea , Borzio Mauro , Gambato Martina , Guarino Maria , Iavarone Massimo , Lai Quirino , Levi Sandri Giovanni , Melandro Fabio , Morisco Filomena , Ponziani Francesca , Rendina Maria , Russo Francesco , Sacco Rodolfo , Viganò Mauro , Vitale Alessandro , Trevisani Franco ,   on behalf of the Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato (AISF) HCC Special Interest Group
Published: October 2019

Despite progress in our understanding of the biology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this tumour remains difficult-to-cure for several reasons, starting from the particular disease environment where it arises—advanced chronic liver disease—to its heterogeneous clinical and biological behaviour. The advent, and good results, of immunotherapy for cancer called for the evaluation of its potential application also in HCC, where there is evidence of intra-hepatic immune response activation. Several studies advanced our knowledge of immune checkpoints expression in HCC, thus suggesting that immune checkpoint blockade may have a strong rationale even in the treatment of HCC. According to this background, initial studies with tremelimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor, and nivolumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody, showed promising results, and further studies exploring the effects of other immune checkpoint inhibitors, alone or with other drugs, are currently underway. However, we are still far from the identification of the correct setting, and sequence, where these drugs might be used in clinical practice, and their actual applicability in real-life is unknown. This review focuses on HCC immunobiology and on the potential of immune checkpoint blockade therapy for this tumour, with a critical evaluation of the available trials on immune checkpoint blocking antibodies treatment for HCC. Moreover, it assesses the potential applicability of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the real-life setting, by analysing a large, multicentre cohort of Italian patients with HCC.
Y-Modified MCM-22 Supported PdOx Nanocrystal Catalysts for Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene
Authors: Chen Zhu , Situ Danna , Zheng Jie , Cheng Zhen , Wang Zhuo , Zuo Shufeng
Published: October 2019

A series of rare earth elements (REEs)-modified and Mobil Composition of Matter (MCM)-22-supported Pd nanocrystal catalysts were synthesized via a high-temperature solution-phase reduction method and tested for toluene complete oxidation. These catalytic materials were systematically characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), temperature-programmed surface reaction of toluene (toluene-TPSR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques in order to investigate the structure–catalytic property relationship. Moreover, catalysts with an appropriate yttrium content greatly improved the catalytic activity of 0.2%Pd/MCM-22. PdOx (x = 0, 1) nanoparticles, ranging from 3.6 to 6.8 nm, which were well distributed on the surface of MCM-22. Efficient electron transfer from the Pd2+/Pd0 redox cycle facilitated the catalytic oxidation process, and the formation of Pd (or Y) –O–Si bonds improved the high dispersion of the PdOx and Y2O3 particles. Toluene–TPSR experiments suggested that the addition of Y2O3 improved the physical/chemical adsorption of 0.2%Pd/MCM-22, thus increasing the toluene adsorption capacity. Then, 0.2%Pd/7.5%Y/MCM-22 exhibited the highest catalytic performance. In addition, this catalyst maintained 95% conversion with high resistance to water and chlorine poisoning, even after toluene oxidation at 210 °C for 100 h, making it more valuable in practical applications.
Enhanced Selective Production of Arenes and Regenerating Rate in Aryl Ether Hydrogenolysis over Mesoporous Nickel in Plug-Flow Reactors
Authors: Zheng Chunming , Wang Dongxue , Hu Xudong , Ma Chao , Liu Xuan , Wang Ying , Yu Yinkui , Wang Jiaqi , Sun Xiaohong
Published: October 2019

Ordered mesoporous nickel (mesoNi) was successfully synthesized with a hard templating method by using KIT-6 ordered mesoporous silica as a template. With small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 sorption technique, the mesoporous structures of synthesized catalysts were characterized with desired high surface area (84.2 m2·g−1) and narrow pore size distribution. MesoNi exhibited outstanding catalytic cleavage activity for lignin model compounds (benzyl phenyl ether, BPE) with high selectivity of arenes in the flow reactor system. MesoNi also showed higher regeneration rates than non-porous ones, which were confirmed from deactivation and regeneration mechanism studies in the flow reaction system with varied high temperature and pressure. The adsorbed poisoning species on the mesoporous Ni surface were analyzed and phenol could be the main poisoning species. The excellent catalytic cleavage performance of mesoNi originates from their unique mesoporous structure, which offers high surface area and Ni active sites. The outstanding catalytic performance shows that this process provides a promising candidate for improved lignin valorization with general applicability.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds in Selected Aromatic Compounds: Recent Developments
Authors: Jezierska Aneta , Tolstoy Peter M. , Panek Jarosław J. , Filarowski Aleksander
Published: October 2019

A review of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho-hydroxyaryl Schiff bases, ortho-hydroxyaryl Mannich bases, dipyrrins, ortho-hydroxyaryl ketones, ortho-hydroxyaryl amides, and 4-Bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dyes with tautomeric sensors as substituents is presented in this paper. Ortho-hydroxy Schiff and Mannich base derivatives are known as model molecules for analysing the properties of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The compounds under discussion possess physicochemical features modulated by the presence of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The equilibrium between intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds in BODIPY is discussed. Therefore, the summary can serve as a knowledge compendium of the influence of the hydrogen bond on the molecular properties of aromatic compounds.
Mechanisms Underlying Cell Therapy in Liver Fibrosis: An Overview
Authors: Pinheiro Daphne , Dias Isabelle , Ribeiro Silva Karina , Stumbo Ana Carolina , Thole Alessandra , Cortez Erika , de Carvalho Lais , Weiskirchen Ralf , Carvalho Simone
Published: October 2019

Fibrosis is a common feature in most pathogenetic processes in the liver, and usually results from a chronic insult that depletes the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes and activates multiple inflammatory pathways, recruiting resident and circulating immune cells, endothelial cells, non-parenchymal hepatic stellate cells, and fibroblasts, which become activated and lead to excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. The ongoing development of liver fibrosis results in a clinically silent and progressive loss of hepatocyte function, demanding the constant need for liver transplantation in clinical practice, and motivating the search for other treatments as the chances of obtaining compatible viable livers become scarcer. Although initially cell therapy has emerged as a plausible alternative to organ transplantation, many factors still challenge the establishment of this technique as a main or even additional therapeutic tool. Herein, the authors discuss the most recent advances and point out the corners and some controversies over several protocols and models that have shown promising results as potential candidates for cell therapy for liver fibrosis, presenting the respective mechanisms proposed for liver regeneration in each case.
MicroRNAs in Inflammatory Heart Diseases and Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction: A Potential Scope for the Future?
Authors: Mirna Moritz , Paar Vera , Rezar Richard , Topf Albert , Eber Miriam , Hoppe Uta C. , Lichtenauer Michael , Jung Christian
Published: October 2019

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded RNA sequences that regulate gene expression on a post-transcriptional level. In the last few decades, various trials have investigated the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in several disease entities. Here, we provide a review of the available evidence on miRNAs in inflammatory heart diseases (myocarditis, endocarditis, and pericarditis) and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Methods: Systematic database research using the PubMed and Medline databases was conducted between July and September 2019 using predefined search terms. The whole review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: In total, 131 studies were screened, 96 abstracts were read, and 69 studies were included in the review. Discussion: In the future, circulating miRNAs could serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and disease monitoring in the context of inflammatory heart diseases and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Considering the promising results of different animal models, certain miRNAs could also emerge as novel therapeutic approaches in this setting.
Natural Sulfur-Containing Compounds: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy against Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Milito Alfonsina , Brancaccio Mariarita , D’Argenio Giuseppe , Castellano Immacolata
Published: October 2019

Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiologic process involving the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins as collagen deposition. Advanced liver fibrosis can evolve in cirrhosis, portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. At the cellular level, hepatic fibrosis involves the activation of hepatic stellate cells and their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. Numerous pro-fibrogenic mediators including the transforming growth factor-β1, the platelet-derived growth factor, endothelin-1, toll-like receptor 4, and reactive oxygen species are key players in this process. Knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis development need to be extended to find novel therapeutic strategies. Antifibrotic therapies aim to inhibit the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or prevent the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Natural products from terrestrial and marine sources, including sulfur-containing compounds, exhibit promising activities for the treatment of fibrotic pathology. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans are largely unknown. This review aims to provide a reference collection on experimentally tested natural anti-fibrotic compounds, with particular attention on sulfur-containing molecules. Their chemical structure, sources, mode of action, molecular targets, and pharmacological activity in the treatment of liver disease will be discussed.
Fabrication of Gas-Sensor Chips Based on Silicon–Carbon Films Obtained by Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Myasoedova Tatiana N. , Grigoryev Mikhail N. , Plugotarenko Nina K. , Mikhailova Tatiana S.
Published: October 2019

In this study, we designed two types of gas-sensor chips with silicon–carbon film, doped with CuO, as the sensitive layer. The first type of gas-sensor chip consists of an Al2O3 substrate with a conductive chromium sublayer of ~10 nm thickness and 200 Ω/□ surface resistance, deposited by magnetron sputtering. The second type was fabricated via the electrochemical deposition of a silicon–carbon film onto a dielectric substrate with copper electrodes formed by photoelectrochemical etching. The gas sensors are sensitive to the presence of CO and CH4 impurities in the air at operating temperatures above 150 °C, and demonstrated p- (type-1) and n-type (type-2) conductivity. The type-1 gas sensor showed fast response and recovery time but low sensitivity, while the type-2 sensor was characterized by high sensitivity but longer response and recovery time. The silicon–carbon films were characterized by the presence of the hexagonal 6H SiC polytype with the impurities of the rhombohedral 15 R SiC phase. XRD analysis revealed the presence of a CuO phase.