bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empathy‐congruence‐caring are not singular
Authors: ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

The conditions which are basic to constructive human relationships in the psychotherapeutic setting are explored as they are currently being expressed in the context of our larger society. The article's thesis is that various elements of our modern society are expressing single dimensions of these necessary conditions, and that these dimensions, when they occur separately, are insufficient for facilitative human interaction.
Black perceptions of guidance
Authors: RUSSELL R. D.
Published: December 2011

The demand made by black students that administrators employ more black counselors reveals not only students' needs to proclaim black identity and pride but also their grievances against guidance that have deeper roots than just the current social revolution. This article examines the black student's view of guidance in order that counselors might develop a role for the profession that will serve this student more effectively.
The changing attitudes of black students
Authors: BANKS WILLIAM M.
Published: December 2011

The racial attitudes of black college students were examined to determine changes in the acceptance or rejection of negative racial stereotypes. The results indicate that black students as a group accept more anti‐white ideology and less anti‐Negro ideology than a comparable group of students sampled in 1957. Students sampled in 1968 were significantly less authoritarian than the earlier group. The trend is explored in the context of the changing social and psychological milieu of today's black college student. Implications to the counseling and student personnel profession are obvious and perhaps ominous.
Getting black kids into college
Authors: BRAZZIEL WILLIAM F.
Published: December 2011

The gap between black and white in college enrollment is widening. The guidance counselor plays a key role in the drive to eliminate the differences between the races in preparation for college and to secure the scholarships and grants necessary for enrollment. Comparability in enrollment means about 850,000 black students on college campuses; about 400,000 are there now. Comparability in 1976 will mean about a million black students enrolled. Master Counselors are required for this job, both to work with the children and to press for more federal aid in this area.
Perceptions and possibilities
Authors: WASHINGTON BENNETTA B.
Published: December 2011

Not only do black students need assistance in solving the problems that are peculiar to them, but so do the school personnel with whom they come in daily contact. Counselors must realize how influential they are in helping youth form images of themselves and attitudes about their world. These students need help in channeling their energies toward constructive ends and in developing positive outlooks about life.
The counselor and civil liberties
Authors: LEWIS MICHAEL D. , LEWIS JUDITH A.
Published: December 2011

Although educators tend to talk positively about freedom, civil liberties are often denied to students as a matter of course. Since the counseling profession is committed to the concepts of individual development and human dignity, counselors have no choice but to stand firmly in favor of civil liberties and against repression. Their role should include working toward democratization of the environment, acting as civil liberties advocates for individual students whose rights are in jeopardy, and providing support for counselees who choose to dissent against conventionally accepted policies of school or society.
The three worlds of the counselor
Authors: WRENN C. GILBERT
Published: December 2011

The counselor is seen as one who is personally involved as he deals with his client, but in much of his counseling he cannot escape dealing with himself as well. Three dilemmas of the counselor are analyzed: Can he enter the value world of his more youthful client in order to deal with such questions as respect for authority and learning from the past without compromising his own values? Can he “care” for the client and still show concern about what the client does? Can the counselor grow as a person and at the same time achieve professional success?
Performance contracting for human services
Authors: EHRLE RAYMOND A.
Published: December 2011

Traditional counseling approaches to providing human services either are inapplicable, were never given the chance to work, or did not work for large numbers of persons. This article suggests that performance contracting may be one answer to pressing domestic problems. In this approach, emphasis is placed on client, student, or applicant performance in terms of predetermined, commonly agreed‐upon goals. It places little emphasis on agency structure or professional discipline or on special applicant or client groups. Important by‐products include the promotion of experimentation and demonstration, the establishment of administrative and professional accountability, and the protection of the service consumer.
Children talk about work
Authors: GOODSON SYLVIA
Published: December 2011

To provide background for an elementary‐level program of occupational information, 180 children in grades 3 through 8 were individually interviewed to learn their concepts of the world of work. The children disclosed their knowledge, interests, and attitudes related to various occupations and reasons for working. Some children were well informed and had specific vocational goals, while others were quite unaware of work. The data from the study were used to develop telecasts and other modes of presentation for occupational information.
Systems design in the development of counseling and guidance programs
Authors: HOSFORD RAY E. , RYAN T. ANTOINETTE
Published: December 2011

This article discusses problems in developing counseling and guidance programs. The systems approach is presented as an approach founded on scientifically based principles which counselors might consider in planning effective and efficient programs. The systems concept, analysis and synthesis, systems design, behavioral objectives, feedback, and flowcharting are briefly explained, followed by the application of the systems technique for a generalized model for the establishment, operation, and maintenance of a counseling and guidance program.
Community as counselor
Authors: BIEHN JENNIFER
Published: December 2011

This article discusses a process in which people in a community setting offer counsel to one another. The author shares with us the results of an experiment in group living and learning based on a personal growth model. As the experiment progressed, the community itself—rather than the counselor in a formal role—became the catalyst for growth and change.
Counseling the ‘disadvantaged’
Authors: TOLSON HENRIETTA
Published: December 2011

In this article, Henrietta Tolson looks at the obstacles to a sharing relationship with clients which counselors set up by stereotyping people and seeking to enhance their own status. With the vision of someone who has worked for many years with people in Seattle's central area, she discusses the subtleties of racial and economic prejudice among well meaning, middle class counselors and case workers.
Shared student self‐evaluation
Authors: MAZZA PAUL , GARRIS DONALD
Published: December 2011

This article describes an innovative, child‐oriented, self‐development project that gives the child major responsibility for assessing his own developmental needs. With the child at the core of the process, the traditional counselor‐teacher consultation model is given a new twist. Although the age‐old concept of understanding and relating to the needs of children is viewed as necessary, it is not seen here as sufficient in promoting an atmosphere of self‐growth. In this alternative model of counseling, the counselor acted as a consultant to the teacher and the child, rather than as an active agent of change.
Counseling the aging
Authors: BUCKLEY MARY
Published: December 2011

In a culture preoccupied with youth, the aged are often relegated to a secondary and neglected status. Mary Buckley's article asks us to take another look at the aged and realize that, contrary to our prejudices, personal growth and creative living do not end with the beginning of retirement. She describes her counseling style with the aging, which is designed to provide an atmosphere of understanding and sharing in order to foster their growth.
A Taxonomy of Counseling Goals and Methods
Authors: Frey David H. , Raming Henry E.
Published: December 2011

Content analysis and multivariate taxonomic procedures were used to generate taxonomies of counseling methods and goals. Items within each taxonomy were taken from the works of 14 American theorists in counseling and psychotherapy. Seven goal clusters were generated: Transfer of Therapy Learning to Outside Situations, Awareness and Acceptance of Self in Conflict, Specific Symptom Removal, Strengthened Ego Functioning, Awareness of Positive Inner Resources, Learning to Respond to and Control the Environment, and Awareness of Negative Thoughts and Feelings. Six process clusters emerged: Client Acceptance, Active Critical Questioning, Recognition and Interpretation of Unconscious Material, Manipulation of Client Anxiety, Reeducation About Emotional Conflicts, and Support of Client Autonomy. The article discusses the implications of the taxonomies for practice.
On Turkey Identification
Authors: Libbee Kristin Sheridan , Libbee Michael
Published: December 2011

As human relations skills are more widely taught and used, they are inevitably misused as well, often by some particularly fowl aggressors. This article is intended as a brief self‐defense course identifying those who undergo this strange, but usually temporary, metamorphosis into “turkeys.” It provides a rough categorization of subspecies with their identifying characteristics and a proposal for return to personhood.
Evaluation of Counselor Effectiveness
Authors: Riggs Ronald C.
Published: December 2011

This literature review summarizes research in the general area of the evaluation of counselor effectiveness. Research into the role of the counselor continues, and is typically done in reference to a specific setting. The state of the art is such, however, that the evaluation of the counseling process continues to focus primarily on the presence or absence of the core facilitative conditions; program evaluation, conversely, is becoming more sophisticated. Counselor educators have focused on means of presenting counseling experiences and of providing feedback regarding trainee performance and evaluating that performance; much of this work has been directed toward the counseling practicum. The implications of the movement toward certification or licensure are discussed with reference to both practitioners and counselor educators.
Women's Centers: A Critical Appraisal and A Case Study
Authors: Mawson Carol Deinhardt
Published: December 2011

Women's centers can play an important role in counseling and educational development services that promote equity. Not all programs that carry the name “for women” automatically provide nonsexist or quality services for women. This article provides a critical overview of existing women's centers and the key problems regarding quality of services, organization, and funding. A model, financially self‐supporting center, which was designed to address these problems, is described. The article suggests that financial self‐sufficiency will be necessary to the long‐term success of the women's center on a national scale and that model centers such as the one described can be used by communities for developing their own self‐supporting women's centers.
Overcoming Initial Group‐Leader Anxiety: Skills Plus Experience
Authors: Landreth Garry L. , Berg Robert C.
Published: December 2011

Although most counselor education programs offer at least one course in group counseling, there is little evidence that a supervised group counseling practicum is a part of the training of most counselors. This article explores initial group leader anxiety and the importance of the personal involvement of the counselor in facilitating a group. Reactions of counselors to their first group leadership experience are presented to emphasize the personal, theoretical, and practical learning counselors can achieve from a supervised experience.
Structuring: An Answer to Student Consumerism in the Schools
Authors: Miller Mark J.
Published: December 2011

The article delineates the important role and function that structuring plays in demystifying the counseling process and keeping the student actively involved. It presents a definition of structuring, explores structuring's relation to consumerism, and provides illustrative examples on the use of structuring during different stages of counseling.
Conceptual Versus Competency Approach in Human Relations Training Programs
Authors: CASH ROBERT W. , VELLEMA CLARA K.
Published: December 2011

This study examines how the changes in the Carkhuff Human Resources Development (HRD) training model affect the acquisition of defined interpersonal discrimination and communication skills. A competency‐based HRD (post‐1974) counselor training group was compared with a conceptual‐based (pre‐1974) human relations counselor training group and a no‐contact counselor training group. Although the groups were equivalent on the pretest, the posttest results show statistically significant differences (p >.01) between all groups as a result of training. The findings support the competency‐based training as more effective than the conceptual‐based human relations training in acquiring interpersonal counseling skills.
Resensitizing Men: A Male Perspective
Authors: MARINO THOMAS M.
Published: December 2011

Most of us accept that men are conditioned to behave as though they are always dominant, achieving, tough, and unsentimental and that, as a consequence, they erect elaborate defenses against feelings or thoughts that threaten to negate this self‐concept. As therapists we often experience how difficult it is to move men off the cognitive level and info more effective places where they can experience their self‐division and alienation. This article encourages counselors to appreciate the threats involved for men in becoming more intimate with themselves. In addition, it suggests some ways to facilitate this process, and pinpoints specific concerns and thoughts that male clients may have as they become more deeply involved in therapy.
Cross‐Cultural Counseling: An Existential Approach
Authors: VONTRESS CLEMMONT E.
Published: December 2011

Counselors continue to express concern about problems inherent in cross‐cultural counseling. Despite the large literature on the subject, counseling members of ethnic groups different from that of the counselor remains problematic. Three concepts— Umwelt (the physical environment), Mitwelt (the interpersonal world), and Eigenwelt (one's inner world)—offer significant philosophical assistance to counselors wishing to overcome cultural encapsulation because, although surface cultural differences exist, humans are fundamentally more alike than they are different. The counselor needs to accept this reality to be effective in counseling culturally different clients, whether they are American minorities or foreign visitors.
Rape — Relationships and Recovery
Authors: Capuzzi Dave , Hensley Anne
Published: December 2011

Rape—Relationships and Recovery is a group counseling model designed to intercede when crisis‐oriented rape counseling ends. Major aspects of the model include (a) giving factual information and dispelling common myths surrounding rape; (b) recognizing and working through the grief process following rape; and (c) aiding the expression of the intrapersonal and interpersonal feelings that result from rape.
Youth Counselor Burnout
Authors: Van Auken Steven
Published: December 2011

Counselors of unruly, runaway, truant, or delinquent children and their families run the risk of emotional overexposure– “burnout” as a result of intense client needs and problems. Survival on the job requires taking steps to avoid internalizing caseload pressures. These steps include: helping‐not replacing‐parents, keeping meetings brief, responding to emergencies selectively, taking simple steps first, using humor, taking care of oneself, expecting complications, avoiding panic, and knowing when to withdraw.
The Disappearing Family: The Role of Counselors in Creating Surrogate Families
Authors: LIFTON WALTER M. , TAVANTZIS THOMAS N. , MOONEY W. TERRENCE
Published: December 2011

For most of the world the nuclear and extended family provide the psychological support needed to mature and deal with life's crises. In the United States the family is changing rapidly. The changes sharply limit the ability of the institution to provide the support and role models formerly available. This article documents the emerging issues counselors and clients need to face. It suggests the value of creating surrogate families to fill the void created by the disappearing family.
Responsibility and Control: The Basis of Sexual Decision Making
Authors: JUHASZ ANNE McCREARY , SONNENSHEIN‐SCHNEIDER MARY
Published: December 2011

Cognitive, socialization, and situational dimensions are embodied in both the concept of decision making and the concept of locus of control. This article examines these dimensions as they relate to six important sexual questions. The results of an empirical study investigating the relationship between factors that influence adolescent sexual decision making and internal‐external locus of control are reported. The practical implications for practicing counselors are outlined.
The Handicapped: Special Needs and Strategies for Counseling
Authors: McDOWELL WILLIAM A. , COVEN ARNOLD B. , EASH VIOLETTE C.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the psychosocial needs of disabled persons and the counseling approaches for dealing with their special needs. The authors discuss problems of self‐concept, body image, frustration and anger, and dependency and motivation. Strategies are drawn from a broad spectrum of counseling theories, with examples from neo‐Freudian, Gestalt, rational‐emotive, and behavioral frameworks, with a stress on counselor versatility and involvement with clients' individual responses to disability.
Career Counseling With Handicapped Persons
Authors: SINICK DANIEL
Published: December 2011

This article presents a comprehensive overview of the career counseling process for handicapped persons, with emphasis on developmental differences, assessment techniques, occupational information and exploration, and job placement techniques.
Counseling Parents of Handicapped Children: An Empathic Approach
Authors: PRESCOTT MARY R. , HULNICK H. RONALD
Published: December 2011

Counseling is often perceived as a process one reluctantly goes through when life's problems become too overwhelming to handle alone. One such situation frequently occurs when parents become aware that they have a handicapped child. Prescott and Hulnick hold that essentially all of life's experience, including parenting a handicapped child, can be perceived as an opportunity for personal growth. Given this orientation, the truly empathic counselor assists parents in learning the skills and attitudes needed to deal effectively with their child and to learn to transform their own pain into caring and love.
Counseling the Children of Handicapped Parents
Authors: KENNEDY KATHLEEN M. , BUSH DAVID F.
Published: December 2011

The children of the handicapped frequently need counseling to help them cope with the consequences of their parents' handicaps. Parental handicaps typically lead to modifications in parenting behavior and family structure that may be perceived as deficiencies. Kennedy and Bush discuss the child's reaction to parental handicap in the context of object loss and attachment. Evidence suggests that the children of the handicapped are overrepresented among those who are in some way maladjusted or in need of counseling. This article focuses on multiple sclerosis in parents, including its impact on children, suggested interventions, and a case study.
Preparing Counselors to Meet the Needs of the Handicapped
Authors: HOSIE THOMAS W.
Published: December 2011

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94–142) mandates a number of counseling and allied services for the handicapped and their parents. In many cases counselors will need to acquire additional information and training to meet the needs of this special population. This article outlines many competencies that need to be considered in developing pre‐service and in‐service programs for counselors serving the handicapped. Hosie discusses several professional development areas relating to these competencies, and provides resources and training materials.
Agency and Organizational Help for the Handicapped
Authors: McILROY JOAN HARTZKE , ZELLER RICHARD W.
Published: December 2011

This article describes efforts to improve the provision of community services to handicapped individuals and their families. McIlroy and Zeller look at both system‐targeted and client‐centered approaches. The authors also provide lists of community resources, national information sources, and national organizations that provide assistance to the handicapped.
Counseling Deaf Children: A New Art
Authors: Zieziula Frank R.
Published: December 2011

Counseling deaf and hearing‐impaired children is a service that is likely to be a responsibility of most school counselors as a result of PL 94–142. This article provides some of the basic knowledge and skills needed and describes the counselor training program at Gallaudet College that prepares counselors for helping hearing‐impaired and deaf persons.
Veterans Vocational Rehabilitation: A Program in Transition
Authors: Lemons Stephen L. , Sweeney Patrick
Published: December 2011

The VA has authorization to arrange for virtually any service needed by the disabled veteran to assist in accomplishing the purposes of vocational rehabilitation. This article provides a program overview of the provisions and process of the VA's rehabilitation effort and discusses the implications of training disabled veterans under the G.I. Bill. A number of agency actions are detailed to point out areas of potential improvement in the rehabilitation movement.
Technology of Counseling and the Science of Behavior: A Rapprochement
Authors: AUBREY ROGER F.
Published: December 2011

Analysis reveals that as the profession of counseling has increasingly been defined by the solitary practice of counseling, it has narrowed its vision and mission. Misdirected specialization has resulted in a highly skilled technology with a primary emphasis on the method(s) of counseling. In turn, this specialization has restricted the focus of counseling to areas amenable to that technology. Part of the diminution of counseling perspective is the result of a distancing of the counseling profession from the social and behavioral sciences, the humanities, and philosophy. The article presents examples from the social and behavioral sciences to demonstrate how their contributions could strengthen the profession and practice of counseling.
Primary Prevention: Beginning at the Beginning
Authors: WHITE BURTON L.
Published: December 2011

The growth and development of infants and children is examined from the perspective of parenting. White presents research evidence on early childhood development to substantiate his claim that educators and mental health specialists ignore these findings in their intervention approaches. The author sees the family as the first educational delivery system for the child, and presents concrete suggestions to aid educators and mental health specialists in their role. White concludes by favoring an educational approach to parenting over traditional social service work.
Some Thoughts on Ego Development and Counseling
Authors: LOEVINGER JANE
Published: December 2011

Loevinger responds to Swensen on (a) the exact number of stages in ego development (or any other stage theory) (b) the importance of considering the client's ego level and that of counseling students (c) the need for more research on the optimum level for the counselor in relation to the client, and (d) the aims of therapy and psychoanalysis.
Counseling With the Elderly Living in Public Housing
Authors: Leung Paul , Eargle Donnelle
Published: December 2011

Elderly persons living in public housing experience a variety of problems. Counselors can help these residents by assisting them to cope better with their environment and personal relationships. This article discusses some specific problems, concerns, and approaches for counselors working with the elderly.
Women in Technology: A Program to Increase Career Awareness
Authors: Rudnick Diane Tarmy , Wallach Ellen J.
Published: December 2011

Most women work to help support themselves and their families. Unfortunately young women are not often encouraged to explore occupational options that offer increased economic mobility. This article describes a program designed to develop awareness of nontraditional technical careers for women, careers that require less than four years of postsecondary education. Attended by guidance counselors and math and science teachers, the conference explored the psychological implications of nontraditional choices as well as provided information about these occupations. The article also discusses funding, program development and design, and evaluation.
Consulting With Teachers in Two Areas: Grief and Mourning: Relaxation Techniques
Authors: McBEATH MARCIA
Published: December 2011

Consultation with teachers remains untried by many counselors despite mandates, role definitions, and models for consultation. Barriers include the preference for the status quo and the lack of information and preparation. Involvement and training can help overcome these barriers. Two possible consultation areas are grief management and relaxation training. Grief is the normal reaction to any kind of loss. Being aware of the various stages is the first step in helping someone through the grief process. Relaxation techniques can be learned with proper guidance. Before tying any new ideas, however, counselors and teachers must have sufficient information and training.
Crisis Reactions of College Freshmen As a Function of Family Support Systems
Authors: HENTON JUNE , LAMKE LEANNE , MURPHY CASSIE , HAYNES LYNDA
Published: December 2011

This study explored the relationship between family support system availability and crisis reactions of entering freshman college students. Self‐report measures, including distance from home, anticipated weekend visits with family, and number of family relatives residing in the college community, were investigated in relation to the crisis variable. The availability of the student's family was inversely correlated with his or her crisis score. This article emphasizes the need for primary group support and discusses implications for intervention.
Computerized Career Information Systems on the College Campus: A Low‐Cost, Do‐It‐Yourself Approach
Authors: SCHENK GEORGE E. , MURPHY PATRICK P. , SHELTON RICHARD L.
Published: December 2011

For a variety of reasons, computerized career information systems have not made any significant impact on college or university campuses. This article attempts to describe an economically feasible approach to designing computerized systems. The actual design and development of such a system on the campus of Virginia Tech University is outlined. We include a discussion of development rationale, cost, program offerings, and potential applications.
Creative Process Groups
Authors: Weinberg Carol
Published: December 2011

Many nonverbal and artistic modes of expression have been used to communicate in counseling and education. This article investigates one mode of expression‐the slide/tape show‐as implemented in a group format in a college setting. The Creative Process Group, using the task of creating a slide/tape show, has group members (1) explore a relevant issue using an alternate means of expression, (2) experience a group creative process, and (3) learn about group dynamics and how individuals, including themselves, function in groups.
A Survey of Career Development in Corporations
Authors: Griffith Albert R.
Published: December 2011

The article describes a survey that examined career development programs in 118 Fortune 500 Corporations. It reports first the characteristics of the career development service providers. The services themselves can be divided into directly job‐related career planning services, and those not so directly related, such as life planning and counseling services. The services offered by the corporations are compared for frequency among corporations and length of time offered. Based on the survey, Griffith draws conclusions concerning the extent of career development practiced within major corporations.
The Cognitive‐Developmental Approach and the Practicing Counselor: An Opportunity for Counselors to Rethink Their Roles
Authors: KOHLBERG LAWRENCE , WASSERMAN ELSA R.
Published: December 2011

At the present time, psychologists who describe the stages of human growth concur on the importance of cognitive elements, although they also recognize the affective and social components of development. Kohlberg's thinking was influenced by the work of Dewey and Piaget, and has been confirmed by his longitudinal study of 50 Chicago boys and by numerous other researches throughout the world. In his conception, discussions of moral problems (dilemmas) are the basis for moral growth. Through them the less mature become aware of the perspectives of those who have reached a higher level of moral judgment. These ideas and practices have been applied with young people in The Cluster School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the ideas of justice for all and fairness have become the real themes of the school. The authors' challenge to counselors as consultants and facilitators is one of becoming deliberately involved in the value and moral growth of students.

Allen E. Ivey reacts to this article by urging a value‐centered advocacy model for counselors.
Values and Counselors 1968–1978: Stability or Change?
Authors: KATZ BERNARD , BEECH ROBERT P.
Published: December 2011

The signs of the times of the 1960s seem very different from those of the 1970s, as different popular movements emphasized different values. Yet there is doubt about the change in values of specific professional groups. In this study students in counselor education at one university were compared regarding values—one group in 1968 and another group in 1978—using the Rokeach Value Survey. Katz and Beech indicate the likenesses and differences in values between the two groups and analyze similarities and dissimilarities of the future counselors with the general population during the 1960s and 1970s.
Establishing Moral Education Programs: A Priority for Guidance
Authors: Sullivan Paul J. , Sullivan Mary Dockstader
Published: December 2011

People accept the general idea that there should be “instruction in the schools that deals with morals and moral behavior.” The program described in this article presents one possible model for moral instruction. Counselors were not involved directly in the program because of funding limitations, but counselors can use the program to stimulate moral education activities.
Values in Adolescent Males and Father‐Son Relations
Authors: Barclay James R.
Published: December 2011

The role of the father in the transmission of values to adolescent sons has often been either misrepresented or neglected in the various media. Four special factors for fathers in value development are discussed: the model of masculine behavior, the communicator (listening to different views and offering a problem‐solving methodology), the moral model (striving to live somewhere between the absolutist and the complete relativist), and the fallible reinforcing agent.
Training and Supervising Counselors: Lessons Learned From Deliberate Psychological Education
Authors: BERNIER JOSEPH E.
Published: December 2011

A psychological education curriculum package designed to stimulate growth in three target areas (psychologival development, mastery of skills, and understanding concepts) was piloted with 18 in‐service counselors and teachers. Although significant gains were achieved in counseling skills and moral reasoning, shifts in ego and conceptual level failed to reach statistical significance. Bernier considers these results in light of developmental and cognitive theory and discusses implications for training and supervision. He presents a case for viewing counselor education within a developmental perspective.
A Developmental Approach to Outreach Services for Counseling Centers
Authors: DURAND HENRY F. , GIRTON LYDA G. , ROBINSON BRIAN , COX‐FARMER JOYCE
Published: December 2011

Economics, pressure for accountability and changing student needs are forcing counseling centers to evaluate their services and methods of delivery. This article illustrates how a developmental, proactive, outreach approach can be an alternative to the traditional medical model.
Must the Rational Emotive Therapist Be Like Albert Ellis?
Authors: Johnson Norbert
Published: December 2011

The author believes that some counselors may avoid the use of Rational Emotive Therapy techniques because they feel that they could not deal with clients in the same active‐directive manner as of Albert Ellis, the originator of RET. Counselors who may be interested in applying RET principles with clients are urged to adapt the techniques of RET to their own personalities and styles of counseling.
Group Leadership: Practical Points for Beginners
Authors: Masson Robert L. , Jacobs Edward
Published: December 2011

Many practitioners do not use groups as a part of their counseling strategy because they lack applied skills or are discouraged by past failure. This article discusses eight practical points, often overlooked in establishing and running group programs. When properly applied, these points can have positive impact on the group leader's effectiveness.
Training Groups: A Basic Life Cycle Model
Authors: Chadbourne Joan
Published: December 2011

This article describes a group training model that differs from the traditional T‐group model in structure, leadership, and assumptions about learning. The life‐cycle model of training is based on situational leadership, differential structures depending on group maturity, and integration of conceptual and experiential learning experiences.
Shyness Clinic: A Social Development Program for Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Barrow John , Hayashi Judy
Published: December 2011

Shyness clinic groups were offered in a university counseling center for adolescents and young adults experiencing discomfort and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Thirty‐four students went through a preassessment and screening procedure. Twenty‐three participated fully in the program. The first part of the program focused on anxiety management; the second on assertiveness in social relationships; and the third on development of conversational skills. According to results on preprogram and postprogram self‐report inventories, written feedback from participants, and observations of the group leaders, participants improved in social skills and ability to manage anxiety.
Cognitive‐Behavioral Intervention in School Discipline: A Preliminary Study
Authors: ZELIE KAREN , STONE CHRISTOPHER I. , LEHR ELLEN
Published: December 2011

This study assessed the utility of a pilot program in rational behavior therapy (RBT) in the disciplinary processes at a large, urban junior high school. Treatment and control students were contrasted on recidivism rate and teacher behavior assessments after they participated in a condensed RBT treatment program. For two behavior ratings and recidivism rate, students who participated in the intervention differed significantly from those in the control group. Such empirical support demonstrates the potential of cognitive‐behavioral interventions in school disciplinary procedures and merits further implementation and research.
The Counseling Profession's Response to Sex‐Biased Counseling: An Update
Authors: MOORE HELEN , STRICKLER CATHERINE
Published: December 2011

Moore and Strickler summarize recent literature on sex bias in the counseling profession and challenge counselor educators to place increased emphasis in their training programs on sex equity.
Group Counseling Children of Divorce in the Elementary Schools: Understanding Process and Technique
Authors: SONNENSHEIN‐SCHNEIDER MARY , BAIRD KAY L.
Published: December 2011

One approach to counseling the children of divorced or separated parents includes the children in peer‐group counseling sessions. The authors offer guidelines and techniques for elementary school counselors in establishing such a group‐counseling program.
Counseling Student Response To Affect Level
Authors: BORGERS SHERRY B. , THOMAS ARTHUR H. , VANLOON KEITH C.
Published: December 2011

This research was designed to investigate whether 42 counseling students would respond differently to identical client statements in which the degree of affect was varied. Students viewed four people, each presenting four one‐minute videotaped stimulus vignettes. There were four female high‐affect statements, four female neutral‐affect statements, four male high‐affect statements, and four male neutral‐affect statements. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 4 analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last measure was used to analyze the data, and Newman‐Keuls post hoc comparisons were done. The analysis indicated that the affect level had a significant effect on the degree to which the counselor judged that the client needed help. There was also a difference in the ratings of female and male counselors and a difference in counselor response to female and male clients.
Techniques for Group Family Enrichment
Authors: WEISSMAN SHEL , MONTGOMERY GEORGE
Published: December 2011

This article introduces a creative approach to family enrichment. The program emphasizes educational skill‐building techniques using nontherapuetic approaches that enable families to resolve difficulties of family members. The meetings, which employ coaching and videotape feedback, enable parents and children to practice communication, cooperation, and problem‐solving skills. Evaluation results indicate that participants become successful in the home environment as a result of their involvement in the multiple‐family, group‐training sessions.
Counseling and Human Sexuality: A Training Model
Authors: FYFE BILL
Published: December 2011

In recent years sexuality has been broadly defined as a fundamental dimension of personality. Mental health practitioners need to respond to the increased awareness of human sexuality as a vital aspect of personal development. To date, few programs or workshops assist mental health counselors in developing the necessary skills to confront sexual concerns in the counseling relationship. This article presents a counseling and human sexuality course model that provides counselors with an information base in human sexuality and assists them in exploring the emotional aspects of sexuality. This course model assumes that mental health counselors will provide a valuable service to their client populations once they have become more willing and able to explore sexual conflicts.
Avoiding Counselor Burnout Through Role Renewal
Authors: BOY ANGELO V. , PINE GERALD J.
Published: December 2011

Counselor burnout has become a concern for the counseling profession. This article focuses on avoiding counselor burnout through role renewal and makes generic role renewal recommendations for the counselor facing the possibility of burnout.
Test Anxiety Workshops Using Undergraduates as Leaders
Authors: TRIMBLE RALPH W. , CARTER CHERYL A.
Published: December 2011

Many college students delay seeking counseling for test anxiety until too little time remains before the exams for adequate scheduling with counselors. A one‐hour test‐anxiety workshop using 13 specially trained undergraduate leaders served 195 students with test‐anxiety problems. Most (89%–94%) reported beneficial effects from the low‐cost workshops.
Changing Expectancies: A Counseling Model Based on Locus of Control
Authors: CONNOLLY SEAN G.
Published: December 2011

This article presents counseling and communication techniques for giving external expectancies the internal direction necessary to facilitate behavior change. Locus of control expectancies provide a useful concept for assessing and influencing the behavior of “unmotivated” students and clients.
Looking Forward Via Hindsight: A Rationale for Reviewing Our Ideological Roots
Authors: ENGELS DENNIS W.
Published: December 2011

This article points to a lack of historical studies and posits a rationale for historical study of personalities, events, and ideas in the growth of guidance and counseling. The rationale proceeds from a focus on definitions of history through a treatise on historical methodology and narrows to reasons and implications for historical studies in the social sciences, especially in counseling and guidance. The purpose of this rationale is to stimulate and refine current developments in the field through increased attention to pioneers, their ideas, and efforts in contributing to the development of guidance and counseling.
Nonparametric Statistics: Useful Tools for Counselors
Authors: KIRKPATRICK J. STEPHEN
Published: December 2011

This article discusses nonparametric statistics as a useful tool for the practicing counselor or researcher by focusing on their limitations and their appropriateness. Nonparametric tests are compared to their parametric counterparts, and the article includes a table listing the power‐efficiency rating of selected nonparametric statistics.
Models of Developmental Research: Individuals and Families
Authors: BIGNER JERRY J. , JACOBSEN R. BROOKE
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the unique problems and methods of studying developmental change in individuals and families. The authors describe and illustrate six developmental research designs: longitudinal; short‐term longitudinal; historical (retrospective) interview; artificial life cycle; short‐term longitudinal with controls; and combination. They also examine principal ethical issues of human behavioral research.
The Undecided Student: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: GORDON VIRGINIA N.
Published: December 2011

Student indecision regarding careers and college majors has been the focus of research studies for more than 50 years. Yet these students have indicated few significant differences between undecided and decided students. This article portrays undecided students as normal, growing, predictable individuals in various stages of vocational and cognitive development and discusses the use of developmental concepts in academic advising, career counseling, teaching, and administration.
Modified Access through Interpretation: A Third Alternative to Truth‐in‐Testing
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD W. , SNOWMAN JACK
Published: December 2011

In early 1980 consumer activist Ralph Nader released a study of the Educational Testing Service and called the service a “private regulator of the human mind.” Debate on this report, the enactment of a truth‐in‐testing law in New York, and consideration of similar bills by 14 states and the federal government seems likely to modify the standardized testing process. This article presents an alternative between open access to test results as recommended by consumer groups and test security as practiced by test producers. The alternative suggested places counselors directly in the center as interpreters who can satisfy client needs for increased feedback while maintaining test integrity.
Guidance and Guidance Systems in Secondary Schools: The Teacher's Views
Authors: PERSHING JAMES A. , DEMETROPOULOS EFSTATHIOS G.
Published: December 2011

The reorientation of school guidance to involve teachers in career guidance was the premise for this study. The objectives were to assess the attitudes of secondary vocational teachers toward the importance and adequacy of school guidance systems. Some 248 teachers were sent an instrument listing 19 guidance activities. Two scales of five options were used for importance and adequacy. A 75% response rate was achieved. Overall, the teachers believe that career guidance is an important function; however, they have an unfavorable disposition toward the adequacy of school guidance systems in providing students with career guidance.
Resolutions of Aloneliness
Authors: KUBISTANT TOM M.
Published: December 2011

“Aloneliness” is the author's term for the phenomenon that has given rise to such states‐of‐being as aloneness, loneliness, solitude, alienation, isolation, and aloneliness anxiety. Most studies into this phenomenon have focused on the theoretical dimensions, with little or no attention given to resolution strategies. This article develops such resolution strategies and offers guidelines for counselors.
Adult Education and Counseling: An Emerging Synthesis
Authors: GOODMAN HENRY H.
Published: December 2011

Adult education and counseling are needed facilitative and helping functions for a nation growing older. The current challenge seems to be to make counseling and educational services more widely available to people of all ages. Fulfilling adult needs and helping them adjust to new life circumstances will stretch the counseling system far beyond its traditional settings in schools and public service agencies. Present trends highlight the need for accessible, even convenient, resources for stimulating lifelong learning, adjustment to change, and personal development. In fact, the need structure of most adults seems to be weighted far more heavily in the direction of developmental counseling and learning more effective ways to fulfill their needs. Opportunities for adult education, career planning and assessment, and counseling services head the list of needed resources.
A Survey of Consultation Training as a Part of Counselor Education Programs
Authors: SPLETE HOWARD , BERNSTEIN BIANCA
Published: December 2011

A survey was devised to obtain feedback from counselor educators throughout the country regarding the teaching of consultation skills in their master's degree programs. This survey was mailed to 410 counselor education departments, with the request that the faculty member most closely associated with teaching consultation at the master's level respond. Usable survey forms were returned by 144 programs. A phone follow‐up survey of selected nonrespondents substantiated the indicated findings. Reported survey results indicate the extent to which counselor education programs include training in consultation skills, the number of students involved, and the emphasis placed on various consultation skills.
A Process Model for Prevention Program Research
Authors: WILSON F. ROBERT , YAGER GEOFFREY G.
Published: December 2011

Interventions attempted before the onset of a counseling problem are primary prevention efforts. A process model for prevention program research is the focus of this paper. The process model features four essential steps: assessment, goal setting, strategy implementation, and evaluation. The likely problems encountered by a prevention researcher at each step of the model are discussed.
Survey Research Methods
Authors: HACKETT GAIL
Published: December 2011

This article presents an overview of the important stages and inherent problems of survey research and defines survey‐related terminology. Particularly emphasized are the characteristic elements of survey research: survey designs, sampling theory, questionnaire development, and data collection procedures.
A Model of Stress and Counseling Interventions
Authors: BARROW JOHN C. , PROSEN SELINA SUE
Published: December 2011

Current popular interest in stress and its effects on physical and psychological functioning has implications for counselors and clients. Although many counselors have not been trained in the physiological and medical aspects of stress, they do have skills that can be appropriately applied to the alleviation and modification of environmental and internal sources of stress. This article describes a model to aid counselors in understanding stress and in designing and implementing counseling interventions to mediate its effects.