bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Team Approach: Safety and Value in the Practice of Complex Adult Spinal Surgery
Authors: Sethi Rajiv K. , Wright Anna K. , Nemani Venu M. , Bean Helen A. , Friedman Andrew S. , Leveque Jean-Christophe A. , Buchlak Quinlan D. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Polly David W.
Published: April 2020

» Surgical management of complex adult spinal deformities is of high risk, with a substantial risk of operative mortality.

» Current evidence shows that potential risk and morbidity resulting from surgery for complex spinal deformity may be minimized through risk-factor optimization.

» The multidisciplinary team care model includes neurosurgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, physiatrists, anesthesiologists, hospitalists, psychologists, physical therapists, specialized physician assistants, and nurses.

» The multidisciplinary care model mimics previously described integrated care pathways designed to offer a structured means of providing a comprehensive preoperative medical evaluation and evidence-based multimodal perioperative care.

» The role of each team member is illustrated in the case of a 66-year-old male patient with previous incomplete spinal cord injury, now presenting with Charcot spinal arthropathy and progressive vertebral-body destruction resulting in lumbar kyphosis.
Exploring Pharmacy Students’ Techniques in Translating Pharmaceutical Texts from English into Bahasa Indonesia
Authors: Kailani Ahmad , Rafidiyah Dina
Published: April 2020

Translating an L1 (source text) into a target language would be a daunting task and time-consuming work for students who are non-native speakers. It might be more challenging when the L1 text is a discipline specific text. Many words and specific terms are difficult to translate, and often unintended meanings emerge during this translation process. Although there has been considerable research on the translation studies, there has been still little study on how translators cope with the challenges. To fill this void, this case study is aimed to describe techniques employed by students majoring pharmacy in translating direction for use texts from English into Bahasa Indonesia. Adopting Vinay’s and Darbelnet’s (1996) translation methodology, this research is aimed to describe the translation process that students already undertook in order to produce texts that appropriately work in a particular social context. There are four drug brochures taken as samples of analysis. These texts are students’ assignment for the topic of translation.  This is a group work and part of the whole assessment. The study provides detailed and specific examples of how students tackle the challenges of translating discipline specific texts into equivalent languages that are socio-culturally and linguistically acceptable.

HIGHLIGHTS:

Translating a text is not simply to transfer the meaning of source text into the target text, but it requires the translator to have sufficient discipline specific knowledge.

The challenges and problems faced by translators would be different from one another since each discipline specific text requires different strategies.
Webinar: A Strategy to Enhance Speaking Skill of Non-native English Speakers
Authors: Budiana Kartika Marta , Yutanto Hariadi
Published: April 2020

Low competence in speaking for the students of Non-native English speakers has been crucial challenge so far for the teachers in language teaching in Indonesia. This study attempts to explore the effect of webinar applied in teaching speaking on Students of Non-native English Speakers at one of Business schools in Surabaya. There are three classes observed in this study. Before the webinar was applied, the groups were given test to check their proficiency. After conducting the webinar class, the post-test was given to the groups. The instruments to get the data was the oral test. The results reveal that there is an improvement on post test score in the two out of three classes observed. In contrary, the last class has no improvement on their post test score. Moreover, barriers found during the implementation of webinar in speaking class will be explored.

HIGHLIGHTS:

There is an improvement on the speaking score with webinar using on the two from three classes observed.

Practically, the findings of this study are likely able to give positive contribution and technology using experience to all English teachers as well as the students.
Forest fire detection using wireless sensor networks
Authors: Dasari Premsai , Reddy Gundam Krishna Jayanth , Gudipalli Abhishek
Published: April 2020

A forest has different types of vegetation like herbs, trees, shrubs and different species of animals. In one way or other, these renewable resources are very essential to mankind. Forest fires are the most common hazards in forests which lead to serious destruction of forest wealth, bio-diversity and natural habitat. Early detection and preventive measures are necessary to protect forests from fires. In order to achieve early detection, there are two most used traditional methods of human surveillance. One is directly through human observation and the other is through distant video surveillance. Doing the observation through distant mode, one can achieve surveillance through automation approach of detection. Automated fire alert detection system proposed in this paper comprises of two sensors, namely smoke and fire. These sensors detect change in a measurable physical quantity and help in the early detection of a forest fire. A key feature of this fire detection system is to alert the user remotely by using a GSM module, whenever a fire is detected.
La literatura como moldeadora de identidades juveniles
Authors: Tapias Barranco Kevin De Jesús , López Arboleda Gloria María , Rodríguez Bustamante Alexander
Published: April 2020

El presente artículo esboza, a manera de reflexión, sobre cómo la literatura puede construir y moldear la identidad de algunos jóvenes, esto es, la forma en la que ven el mundo, sus concepciones, nociones más íntimas y su reconocimiento de sí mismos. Se abordará en el primer acápite, la literatura como un elemento influenciador adicional inserto en la cultura de la vida cotidiana y su potencialidad de transformación de la identidad juvenil. En el segundo acápite, se reflexiona en torno al concepto de metamorfosis para mostrar así, cómo el joven transita hacia la adultez acompañado de literatura y de libros, que en muchos casos hacen las veces de acompañantes sutiles pero contundentes en la construcción de identidad. Concluye el texto con varias invitaciones a la reflexión en torno a los retos relacionados con el tránsito hacia la adultez y el rol de la literatura en el mismo para llegar a una transformación posible.
Presentación
Authors: Bernal Zuluaga Hernando Alberto
Published: April 2020

La revista Poiésis da a conocer a los lectores la edición No. (38), en esta se presenta una editorial realizada por el magíster Jorge Iván Jaramillo Zapata, quien realiza una interesante reflexión sobre el lugar del psicoanálisis en la universidad. Ya Freud (1919) había abordado este problema y había señalado el alcance que tendría en la formación de profesionales de la ciencia, “la importancia que poseen los factores psíquicos en las manifestaciones vitales” (p. 169), así como el aporte que haría al arte, la filosofía, la religión, la historia, la mitología y la cultura. “En síntesis, cabe afirmar que la universidad únicamente puede beneficiarse con la asimilación del psicoanálisis en sus planes de estudio” (Freud, p. 171).
Representaciones simbólicas del género en Manabí-Ecuador
Authors: Tubay Z Fanny
Published: April 2020

Los estudios de género en la provincia de Manabí- Ecuador son casi inexistentes y escasamente planteados en los ámbitos sociales y políticos de la región, en consecuencia, la discusión, de por sí limitada, recae en discursos y prácticas encriptadas en estructuras sexistas que reproducen mensajes sobre sus representaciones sociales en esa provincia. Por ello, se analizan los símbolos y discursos para conocer esa realidad, desde la perspectiva de un grupo de habitantes conectados directa e indirectamente con el contexto. Se aplica una metodología cualitativa con herramientas etnográficas basadas en entrevistas y análisis de imágenes. Las representaciones simbólicas nos muestran estereotipos y roles interiorizados en las prácticas desiguales y violentas, en una población fuertemente abrazada a la identidad cultural de su pueblo, en la que se encuentra naturalizado el poder masculino sobre lo femenino.
Ligand Conjugated Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Authors: Mittal Saurabh , Ashhar Muhammad U. , Qizilbash Farheen F. , Qamar Zufika , Narang Jasjeet K. , Kumar Shobhit , Ali Javed , Baboota Sanjula
Published: April 2020

Background:

Human brain is amongst the most complex organs in human body, and delivery of therapeutic agents across the brain is a tedious task. Existence of blood brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from invasion of undesirable substances; therefore it hinders the transport of various drugs used for the treatment of different neurological diseases including glioma, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc. To surmount this barrier, various approaches have been used such as the use of carrier mediated drug delivery; use of intranasal route, to avoid first pass metabolism; and use of ligands (lactoferrin, apolipoprotein) to transport the drug across the BBB. Ligands bind with proteins present on the cell and facilitate the transport of drug across the cell membrane via. receptor mediated, transporter mediated or adsorptive mediated transcytosis.

Objective:

The main focus of this review article is to illustrate various studies performed using ligands for delivering drug across BBB; it also describes the procedure used by various researchers for conjugating the ligands to the formulation to achieve targeted action.

Methods:

Research articles that focused on the used of ligand conjugation for brain delivery and compared the outcome with unconjugated formulation were collected from various search engines like PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, using keywords like ligands, neurological disorders, conjugation, etc.

Results and Conclusion:

Ligands have shown great potential in delivering drug across BBB for treatment of various diseases, yet extensive research is required so that the ligands can be used clinically for treating neurological diseases.
Antithrombotic Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature about Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Strategies Used for Diabetic Patients in Primary and Secondary Prevention
Authors: Siasos Gerasimos , Skotsimara Georgia , Oikonomou Evangelos , Sagris Marios , Vasiliki-Chara Mystakidi , Bletsa Evanthia , Stampouloglou Panagiota , Theofilis Panagiotis , Charalampous Georgios , Tousoulis Dimitris
Published: April 2020

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is on the rise globally. Its prevalence has nearly doubled
during the last two decades and it is estimated to affect 8.8% of the global population.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in diabetic population and despite
modern anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective therapeutic strategies diabetic patients have at
least a twice fold risk of cardiovascular events. Prothrombotic state in DM is associated with
multiple determinants such as platelet alterations, oxidative stress, endothelial changes,
circulating mediators. Thus, proper antithrombotic strategies to reduce the risk of CVD in this
population is critical.

Methods:

This article reviews the current antiplatelet and anticoagulant
agents in the aspect of primary and secondary prevention of CVD in the diabetic population.

Results:

The use of aspirin may be considered only at high-risk patients in the absence of
contraindications. Cangrelor was not inferior to clopidogrel in preventing the composite outcome
of CV death, myocardial infraction and revascularization without increasing major bleeding.
Triple therapy in the subpopulation with DM significantly reduced the composite primary
outcome of CV death, myocardial infraction or repeat target lesion revascularization. That was
not the case for stent thrombosis, which was similar in both groups. Importantly, triple therapy
did not result in increased bleeding complications, which were similar in both groups. However,
cilostazol is linked to various adverse effects (e.g., headache, palpitations, and gastrointestinal
disturbances) that drive many patients to withdrawal.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, DM is a
rapidly growing disease that increases the risk of CVD, AF, and CV mortality. Proper
antithrombotic strategies to reduce CVD risk in DM is a necessity. Also, new antithrombotic
treatments and combination therapies may play a critical role to overcome antiplatelet resistance
in DM patients and reduce morbidity and mortality attributed to CVD.
The Obligatory Role of the Acetylcholine-Induced Endothelium-Dependent Contraction in Hypertension: Can Arachidonic Acid Resolve this Inflammation?
Authors: Edwards Jonnelle M. , McCarthy Cameron G. , Wenceslau Camilla F.
Published: April 2020

The endothelium produces many substances that can regulate vascular tone. Acetylcholine is a widely
used pharmacological tool to assess endothelial function. In general, acetylcholine binds to G-protein coupled
muscarinic receptors that mediate a transient elevation in intracellular, free calcium. This intracellular rise in
calcium is responsible for triggering several cellular responses, including the synthesis of nitric oxide, endothelium-
derived hyperpolarizing factor, and eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid. Endothelial arachidonic acid
metabolism is also an important signaling pathway for mediating inflammation. Therefore, in conditions with
sustained and excessive inflammation such as hypertension, arachidonic acid serves as a substrate for the synthesis
of several vasoconstrictive metabolites, predominantly via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products can then activate G-protein coupled receptors expressed on vascular
smooth muscle cells to causes contractile responses. As a result, acetylcholine-induced contraction due to arachidonic
acid is a commonly observed feature of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in hypertension.
In this review, we will critically analyze the literature supporting this concept, as well as address the potential
underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that arachidonic acid signaling is diverted away from the synthesis
of pro-resolving metabolites in conditions such as hypertension.
The Effect of DPP-4i on Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-controlled Trials
Authors: Paschou Stavroula A. , Siasos Gerasimos , Bletsa Evanthia , Stampouloglou Panagiota K. , Oikonomou Evangelos , Antonopoulos Alexios S. , Batzias Konstantinos , Tsigkou Vasiliki , Mourouzis Konstantinos , Vryonidou Andromachi , Tentolouris Nikolaos , Vavouranakis Manolis , Tousoulis Dimitrios
Published: April 2020

We systematically reviewed the literature regarding the impact of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
(DPP-4i) on vascular function, including endothelial function and arterial stiffness, as predictors of atherosclerosis
progression and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We searched
PubMed in order to identify clinical trials that investigated the effect of DPP-4i on vascular function in patients
with T2DM when compared with placebo. Although 168 articles were initially found, only 6 studies (total 324
patients) investigated the effect of DPP-4i in comparison with placebo, specifically linagliptin and sitagliptin,
and satisfied the inclusion criteria. There are scarce data to indicate that linagliptin may enhance endothelial
function and exert a slight beneficial effect on arterial wall properties. Sitagliptin seems to have a neutral effect
on these variables. Further trials are needed to elucidate the topic. The standards of reporting were in accordance
with the PRISMA guidelines.
New Potential Biologically Active Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization of Urea and Thiourea Derivativpes Bearing 1,2,4-oxadiazole Ring
Authors: Ölmez Nevin Arıkan , Waseer Faryal
Published: April 2020

Background:

Urea, thiourea, and 1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds are of great interest due to their
different activities such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, analgesic, fungicidal, herbicidal, diuretic,
antihelminthic and antitumor along with antimicrobial activities.

Objective:

In this work, we provide a new series of potential biologically active compounds containing both
1,2,4-oxadiazole and urea/thiouprea moiety.

Materials and Methods:

Firstly, 5-chloromethyl-3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (3a-j) were synthesized from the
reaction of different substituted amidoximes (2a-j) and chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of pyridine by
conventional and microwave-assisted methods. In the conventional method, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles were obtained in
two steps. O-acylamidoximes obtained in the first step at room temperature were heated in toluene for an average
of one hour to obtain 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. The yields varied from 70 to 96 %. 1,2,4-oxadiazoles were obtained under
microwave irradiation in a single step in a 90-98 % yield at 160 °C in five minutes. 5-aminomethyl-3-aryl-1,2,4-
oxadiazoles (5a-j) were obtained by Gabriel amine synthesis in two steps from corresponding 5-chloromethyl-3-
aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Finally, twenty new urea (6a-j) and thiourea (7a-j) compounds bearing oxadiazole ring
were synthesized by reacting 5-aminomethyl-3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles with phenyl isocyanate and isothiocyanate
in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature with average yields (40-70%).

Results and Discussions:

An efficient and rapid method for the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from the
reaction of amidoximes and acyl halides without using any coupling reagent under microwave irradiation has
been developed, and twenty new urea/thiourea compounds bearing 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring have been synthesized
and characterized.

Conclusion:

We have synthesized a new series of urea/thiourea derivatives bearing 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring. Also
facile synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from amidoximes and acyl chlorides under microwave
irradiation was reported. The compounds were characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental
analysis techniques.
Discovery of Novel Compounds Targeting DJ-1 as Neuroprotectants for Parkinson’s Disease by Virtual Screening and In Silico Method
Authors: Sharan Swati , Kumar Pravir , Ambasta Rashmi K.
Published: April 2020

Aim:

To screen the zinc database for structurally similar molecules to compound 23 that
targets DJ1 for use as a neuroprotective agent for Parkinson’s disease.

Background:

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common chronic neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. To date,
several proteins account for the recessive familial PD-forms, namely, Parkin, PINK-1, DJ-1,
SNCA, PARK2, and LRRK2 Genes. DJ1 is one of the important central points that may be targeted
for PD therapy. Recently, Compound 23 has been observed to exert the neuroprotective effect
against neurodegeneration in a PD model, but due to its toxic substructure, the hunt for better nontoxic
compounds continues.

Objective:

The overall objective of our work is to apply in silico approaches to screen structure
similar compounds that interact potentially with DJ1 and may serve as a good therapeutic molecule
for PD.

Methods:

Initial data mining was done from the zinc database and then screened compounds were
additionally screened with toxicity checker, carcinopred, ADMET analysis and docking analysis.

Results:

The basic screening of database for structurally similar chemicals to compound 23 resulted
in 50 compounds, which were further screened to twenty-three and finally seven compounds have
been screened based on the toxicity and carcinopred test. Later, the seven compounds were docked
and analysed for docking efficiency with DJ1. Our result of molecular docking and molecular simulation
analysis highlights Molecule 42(SS2) to exhibit best binding affinity against DJ-1 protein target
and can be proposed to be used as a therapeutic agent to modulate neurodegenerative proteins.

Conclusion:

Therefore, we conclude the discovery of novel, non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, ADMET
investigated, capable of crossing BB barrier but structurally similar compounds to Compound-23,
specifically molecule 42(SS2) and potentially molecule 34(SS1) to be used as neuroprotective
agents for Parkinson’s disease.
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Progression and Protection of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Takahata Yoshifumi , Murakami Tomohiko , Hata Kenji , Nishimura Riko
Published: April 2020

Objective:

Osteoarthritis is a common disease of the joint cartilage. Since the molecular
pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is not clearly understood, early diagnostic markers and effective
therapeutic agents have not been developed.

Methods and Results:

In recent years, there are several
researches to elucidate the molecular aspects based on mouse genetics by using stress induced
mechanical load model. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, which is usually seen in growth plate chondrocyte, is
also induced in articular cartilage and involved in the onset of osteoarthritis. Additionally, signal
molecules involved in inflammatory cytokine and matrix proteinase are expected to be target molecules
for the fundamental treatment of early osteoarthritis. Some additional signal molecules, transcription
factors and compounds have been reported to be involved in cartilage homeostasis.

Conclusion:

This
review sheds light on the current status of various signal molecules for the management of osteoarthritis.
Study on Structural Error Compensation of 3-UPU Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Wei Yonggeng , Shi Xin , Wang Zhongxian
Published: April 2020

Background:

Compared with the traditional series mechanism, the parallel mechanism
has a better kinematic performance. Structural size error is the main factor affecting the accuracy of
parallel mechanisms.

Objective:

The paper mainly studies the compensation of the rod length error, the moving platform
radius error and the fixed platform radius error of 3-UPU parallel mechanism.

Methods:

To establish a generalized forward and inverse solution equation with error compensation,
the position change of the moving platform is measured by a laser interferometer, and the change
amount of the three connecting rod lengths at the corresponding position is recorded. Optimized by
least squares method, the optimized error compensation values are compensated to the kinematics
algorithm of the numerical control system, and the positioning accuracy is improved.

Results:

The results show that the positioning accuracy is higher when the mechanism moves in the
lower plane, and the positioning error in the z axis direction is smaller than x, y, y=x, y=-x axis.

Conclusion:

After the error compensation, the overall positioning accuracy of the mechanism is
increased by 60%.
Adverb of manner and its translations found in the novel “The Good Earth”
Authors: Juliarta I Made
Published: April 2020

The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb.
“Disinfection tunnels (DT): potentially counterproductive in the context of a prolonged pandemic” (Preprint)
Authors: Biswal Manisha , Kanaujia RImjhim , Angrup Archana , Singh Shubh Mohan , Ray Pallab
Published: April 2020

UNSTRUCTURED

There have been a lot of confidence-building measures rapidly instituted in the current COVID-19 pandemic without any scientific evidence to back them up. Foremost among these measures is the so-called “Disinfection tunnel”. DT are likely to be a wasteful expenditure of scarce resources. As they are ad-hoc structures, that environmental impact in the form of run-off disposal is a matter of extreme importance. WHO has condemned the use of these sprays and tunnels and has released an advisory. As we have seen views and comments and data from the world. We want to present our perspective on the basis of current evidence present regarding DT that are mushrooming in cities providing a false sense of security that it will contain this virus and prevent further spread.
Global Sentiments Surrounding the COVID-19 Pandemic on Twitter: Analysis of Twitter Trends (Preprint)
Authors: Lwin May Oo , Lu Jiahui , Sheldenkar Anita , Schulz Peter Johannes , Shin Wonsun , Gupta Raj , Yang Yinping
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

With the World Health Organization’s pandemic declaration and government-initiated actions against coronavirus disease (COVID-19), sentiments surrounding COVID-19 have evolved rapidly.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine worldwide trends of four emotions—fear, anger, sadness, and joy—and the narratives underlying those emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

Over 20 million social media twitter posts made during the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak from January 28 to April 9, 2020, were collected using “wuhan,” “corona,” “nCov,” and “covid” as search keywords.

RESULTS

Public emotions shifted strongly from fear to anger over the course of the pandemic, while sadness and joy also surfaced. Findings from word clouds suggest that fears around shortages of COVID-19 tests and medical supplies became increasingly widespread discussion points. Anger shifted from xenophobia at the beginning of the pandemic to discourse around the stay-at-home notices. Sadness was highlighted by the topics of losing friends and family members, while topics related to joy included words of gratitude and good health.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, global COVID-19 sentiments have shown rapid evolutions within just the span of a few weeks. Findings suggest that emotion-driven collective issues around shared public distress experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic are developing and include large-scale social isolation and the loss of human lives. The steady rise of societal concerns indicated by negative emotions needs to be monitored and controlled by complementing regular crisis communication with strategic public health communication that aims to balance public psychological wellbeing.
MEDICAL STUDENTS MOTIVATION AFTER TAKING A POST-TEST IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING
Authors: Br Ginting Nola Agina , Utami Ratih Yulistika
Published: April 2020

Background: Student prior knowledge on the tutorial process (problem-based learning) is different from each batch, which affects the ability to determine the learning issue. Assessment is one of the factors that influence student motivation to learn in the tutorial; increasing students’ motivation is an essential target in PBL. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of applying a post-test at the tutorial on students’ learning motivation of FM UMSU in order to achieve the learning objectives of PBL.Methods: This research was a quantitative study; experimental methods with post-test only control group design. This study measured the students' learning motivation using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Samples were students of FM UMSU class 2013, divided into two groups randomly. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test.Results: Assessment should motivate students’ learning. However, in PBL, several factors that affect students’ motivation as well as assessment. Those factors are group dynamics, scenario, and tutor’s performance that should be controlled. The validity and reliability of the assessment are also crucial issues that affect the results.Conclusion: A proper assessment should be able to motivate students to learn. However, in PBL, several factors affect students’ motivation as well as assessment, namely group dynamics, scenario, and tutors’ performance that should be controlled. The assessment itself refers to their validity and reliability so that researchers should consider several issues before constructing the MCQs in PBL, for example, the content, type and timing of the assessment in order to motivate students to study harder by applying a strategic approach.
FACEBOOK® GROUP USAGE TO SUPPORT FLIPPED-CLASSROOM LEARNING ON OCULAR TRAUMA
Authors: Utama Muhamad Reza , Yuliawan Deny , Suhoyo Yoyo , Doni Widyandana
Published: April 2020

Background: Facebook has been acknowledged as an alternative media in supporting traditional learning activities. However, its potential in enhancing students’ cognitive engagement on flipped-classroom’ activities is still not much known. This study aims to measure undergraduate medical students’ cognitive engagement changes after joining an ocular trauma flipped-classroom’ Facebook group.Methods: This pre-experimental study was involving 45 third-year undergraduate medical students of Muhammadiyah Surabaya' University who were joining the ocular trauma flipped-classroom' Facebook group. Three cognitive engagement variables were measured before students were joining the group and after the flipped-classroom’ face to face session ended. Finally, metrics data of the group members’ activities, which had been collected using Facebook Insight, used to shown changes between the active and passive user.Results: All users’ (n = 45) cognitive engagement were rising significantly after join the Facebook group (motivation, p = 0,000; self-directed learning readiness, p = 0,000; knowledge towards ocular trauma topic, p = 0,000). Increase in average active user knowledge was 11.09 points higher than passive users. Self-efficacy aspect of the students’ learning motivation and self-management aspects of the students’ self-directed learning readiness were the most increased sub-components.Conclusion: Facebook group has the potential to improve students’ cognitive engagement on ocular trauma’ flipped classroom.
An Analysis of the Status of Ecotourism and Related Developments in the Zimbabwe’s Component of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area
Authors: Zanamwe Chenjerai , Gandiwa Edson , Muboko Never , Kupika Olga L. , Mukamuri Billy B.
Published: April 2020

This study analysed the status of ecotourism and related developments in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA) with some specific examples drawn from Zimbabwe. The objectives of the study were to: (i) explore the evolution of wildlife conservation and ecotourism related enterprise development by local communities, and (ii) determine factors influencing local community-owned wildlife conservation and ecotourism related enterprises in the GLTFCA. The study was based on two data collection methods, i.e., documentary review of academic literature and reports, and key informant interviews with 30 selected stakeholders from Chipinge and Chiredzi districts conducted between January and June 2018. The findings showed that there is some progress related to initiatives to help improve community-based wildlife conservation and cross border ecotourism. However, some challenges attributed to lack of market linkages and networks, macro-economic challenges faced by Zimbabwe which escalated since the year 2000 and limited institutional capacity of community-based institutions are negatively affecting the achievement of the desired targets. It is recommended that participatory planning and enhanced involvement of the local communities in wildlife conservation and ecotourism related enterprises be prioritized.
Lex Petrolea, transnacionalización de la regulación de los hidrocarburos y geopolítica de la energía
Authors: Sandoval Cervantes Daniel
Published: April 2020

El presente trabajo analiza las relaciones entre el plano jurídico transnacional y los derechos nacional e internacional, con especial énfasis en la regulación del sector de los hidrocarburos con el objetivo de comprender las transformaciones de la emergencia del derecho transnacional y los retos que implica para la socialización y la democracia de la producción del derecho y la desigualdad entre los distintos sujetos que participan. Consta de tres partes: la primera analiza la “desnacionalización” del derecho transnacional y sus efectos; la segunda, la “materialización” y su efecto en la distinción público/privado; la última, los retos del derecho transnacional en términos de socialización, democracia y equidad. La hipótesis central consiste en que los procesos de “desnacionalización” de la regulación en el sector energético tiende a producir una nueva lógica en la producción del derecho tanto en el plano nacional como en el mundial, borrando la distinción entre lo público y lo privado.
The Legal Definition of the Caspian Sea
Authors: Labardini Rodrigo
Published: April 2020

Eurasia (Cáucaso, Mar Caspio y Asia Central) es un vínculo natural conectando Europa y China en temas comerciales, logísticos, energéticos y de transporte, evitando Rusia, Irán y sanciones. Por más de 25 años, el estatuto legal del Mar Caspio permaneció irresoluto. En 2018, los cinco países ribereños del Mar Caspio adoptaron la Convención sobre el Estatuto Jurídico del Mar Caspio. La Convención se apoya fuertemente en derecho marítimo, evita definir si el Mar Caspio es un lago o un mar, y estipula que, es una cuenca endorreica establecida en mapas específicos. La Convención es pragmática, para conjuntamente explotar recursos submarinos [de hidrocarburos] y colocar ductos sin demarcación fronteriza, permitiendo restricciones ambientales.
Marco internacional del derecho penal para menores de edad
Authors: Gómez Barrera Alejandra Marlene
Published: April 2020

Los elementos del Derecho Penal aplicado a los menores de edad acusados, investigados, procesados y sentenciados por la comisión de un delito, ámbito de aplicación subjetivo, adjetivo, proceso y medidas sancionadoras, varía de un país a otro, es por ello que la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, a través de las Reglas mínimas para la Administración de justicia de menores, la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, las Directrices para la prevención de la delincuencia juvenil y las Reglas para la protección de menores privados de libertad ha establecido los principios mínimos, el Estado Mexicano desde la ratificación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño inició el camino hacia la protección de los Derechos Humanos de los menores de edad (adolescentes).
La regulación internacional de la inversión extranjera directa durante la administración de Donald Trump. Una visión histórica
Authors: Quintero Sánchez Adelina
Published: April 2020

La llegada de Donald Trump a la presidencia de EEUU implicó muchos cambios en diversas áreas, no obstante, con respecto a la regulación de la inversión extranjera esta siguió el mismo objetivo y lineamientos que la han caracterizado desde que definió su modelo de Tratado Bilateral de Inversiones, décadas atrás. La prioridad central de la regulación de la inversión extranjera es la protección de sus empresas en los países donde se instalan, principalmente, cuando estos son subdesarrollados.
The Level of Efficiency of Islamic Rural Banks (BPRS) in Java 2014-2017 Using Slacks-Based Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Halim Akhriza
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of BPRS in Java by looking at the factors that could influence it year 2014-2017. This research is quantitative using a non-parametric and non-radial based Data Envelopment Analysis method with an intermediation approach to evaluate efficiency. The object of this study is 72 BPRS in Java. The results indicates that the level of efficiency of BPRS in Java Province was still low.
Fermentasi Kelapa Parut Bebas Protein dengan Aspergillus niger untuk Menghasilkan Lipase
Authors: Aulia Rifka , Bahri Syaiful , Ananda Meryany
Published: April 2020

The research about the fermentation of protein-free grated coconut with Aspergillus niger to produce of crude lipase enzyme has been carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of water content on fermentation medium and the incubation time which results lipase enzyme extract with the highest activity. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, i.e. variations of water content in medium of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% and incubation times of 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours. The parameters observed were lipase enzyme activity produced in each treatment. The results showed that the highest medium water content was 70% with the lipase enzyme activity 4.33 µmol/mL.minute and the best incubation time was 96 hours with the lipase enzyme activity of 0.83 µmol/mL.minute.

Keywords: Lipase enzyme, protein-free grated coconut, Aspergillus niger
Retensi Antosianin dari Ekstrak Daun Bayam Merah (Alternanthera amoena Voss) pada Pengolahan Mie Basah
Authors: Eppang Betzy , Nurhaeni  , Khairuddin  , Ridhay Ahmad , Jusman
Published: April 2020

Research about the retention of red spinach leaves extract (Alternanthera amoena Voss) as a natural coloring and preservative in wet noodles has been done. The study aim is to determine the anthocyanin retention of red spinach leaves extract in the processing of wet noodles and determine the organoleptic quality of wet noodles by adding pigment red spinach leaves extract. The extraction method used the maceration method by ethanol solvent. Anthocyanin levels on an extract that obtained by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer were 33.34%. Anthocyanin retention of red spinach leaves extract on wet noodle processing at storage times of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours was 100%, 75.87%, 75.37%, 74.95%, 74.62%, 74.12%, 73.28%, 71.70%, and 70.61%. Organoleptic quality of wet noodles that was added with extract has “like” to “really like” grade with score detail of the best color of 4.37 at 18 hours storage, whereas the odor, texture, and taste for 0 hours storage have the highest score of 4.63, 4.63, and 4.57, respectively. The wet noodles with red spinach leaves extract more preferred than the noodles without extracts.

Keywords: Retention, anthocyanin, Alternanthera amoena Voss., wet noodles
Skrining Fitokimia, Uji Toksisitas dan Uji Peredaman Radikal DPPH Ekstrak Daun Gelinggang (Cassia alata L)
Authors: Mawaddah Izkia , E Erwin , Saleh Chairul
Published: April 2020

Cassia alata L. (Gelinggang) one of the plants known as medicinal plants, especially for the treatment of skin diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of secondary metabolites using phytochemical tests, toxicity with the BSLT method and antioxidant properties against DPPH radicals from the extract of the Gelinggang leaves. The results of the study showed extracts of Gelinggang leaves containing alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, and quinones. Based on the results of toxicity and antioxidant tests showed that Gelinggang leaves extract was very toxic to Artemia salina shrimp and it was a strong antioxidant against DPPH radicals with LC50 and IC50 were 28.84 ppm and 73.57 ppm, respectively.

Keywords: Gelinggang, Cassia alata L., toxicity, antioxidants, DPPH
Isolasi dan Identifikasi Metabolit Sekunder dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Batang Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lmk.) dan Aktivitasnya Sebagai Antibakteri
Authors: Indriani  , Iswan
Published: April 2020

Isolation and identification of secondary metabolite of ethyl acetate extract of jackfruit stem (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lmk.) as well as its activity as antibacterial have been carried out. The purpose of this study was to know the characterization and antibacterial activity of secondary metabolites from ethyl acetate extract of the Jackfruit stem. Ethyl acetate extract was fractionated and purified using several chromatographic techniques. The identification of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectroscopic UV-Vis, IR, and NMR. Based on data analysis of UV, IR, and NMR spectra showed that the isolated compound was a flavonoid derivative. Antibacterial activity test of the isolated compound to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was done by a well diffusion method. The inhibitory zone values of flavonoid compound in concentration series of 1000 µg/ml, 3000 µg/ml, and 5000 µg/ml against E. coli were 9.65 mm, 10.25 mm, and 11.00 mm, respectively. While, the inhibitory zone values in the same concentration series against  S. aureus were 9.00 mm, 10.75 mm, and 11.38 mm.

 Keywords: Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lmk., flavonoid, antibacterial activity.
Belonging and Unbelonging, The cultural purpose of festivals
Authors: Gordziejko Tessa
Published: April 2020

This chapter illustrates the inherent dualism of the European festival traditions and how these have translated into contemporary arts festivals. It is not a history, and focuses primarily on contemporary practice, whilst drawing attention to the continuities of cultural purpose which could be interpreted as fulfilling fundamental human and cultural needs – the need to embrace community and identity whilst at the same time giving license to subversion, challenge and the unfamiliar. In its central section, this chapter examines the London 2012 Cultural Olympiad, which enabled a diversity of national and regional identities to be expressed through its programmes of work. It also enabled important new art works to be presented by a number of partner festivals across the UK. But most significantly, the four year Olympiad’period (2008-2012) enabled projects to be grown from ground level upwards and grand ambitions to be realised, demonstrating on a large scale, a previously hidden trend towards ‘slow art’: the long-term embedding of partnerships between artists and communities.
Romaeuropa Festival, A Case Study
Authors: Argano Lucio
Published: April 2020

Different combinations of conditions, circumstances and historical moments trigger festivals. One of the common denominators that characterises their origins and success over the course of time is the role of their founders. The birth of Romaeuropa Festival, provides us with a significant case study of visionary leadership. The story of this festival began in 1986, just ten years after the creation of the Estate Romana (Roman summer), a programme of cultural events invented by architect Renato Nicolini, the Rome City Council politician in charge of cultural affairs from 1976-1985, which brought life to the city’s streets and squares each summer with music, dance, theatre and film. During that period Rome, for the first time since the end of World War Two, was governed by a leftwing administration, led by mayors belonging to the Italian Communist Party (PCI). These were also the dark years of the Red Brigades and Fascist terrorism that bloodied Italy. The Estate Romana was conceived as an umbrella event, which was to bring together many independent initiatives from theatre, music, cinema, art and literature and smaller individual festivals, and which soon became a symbol of the rebirth of Rome and of the revitalisation of the deeply scarred city. Nicolini’s idea was to enable people to regain possession of public spaces, especially in the historic city centre, by encouraging them to engage with the highly ghettoised suburbs, by fostering democratic access and participation in cultural activities. The initiative also sought to integrate different cultural forms and languages into its programme and to appeal to a variety of audiences.
Festivals, Conformity and Socialisation
Authors: Szabó János Zoltán
Published: April 2020

In the 1970s and 1980s festivals in Eastern Europe were rare but important meeting places for young people and the youth culture movement. However, following the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, cultural festivals in ‘countries in transition’ began to play a more visible role in social and economic affairs. Although the largest summer festivals (e.g. Exit in Serbia, Sziget in Hungary) are for-profit festivals driven by economic/commercial factors and attract several hundred thousand people, the majority of festivals are not-for-profit events which fulfil important societal functions. The main aim of this chapter is to present a social science perspective on festivals. The research methodology employed in this research was developed during international meetings of the European Festival Research Project and the monitoring practice (registration and audit – a joint project of five festival unions) of festivals in Hungary 1 . The principal sources were i) a literature review and ii) field research based on a survey of festival organisers 2 and interviews. The interviews were completed with 16 directors of cultural festivals in Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia during 2010-2012. This chapter reports on two aspects of the research project. One part examined the socialisation processes that audiences can experience at cultural festivals, where the features selected for examination were: cultural conformism, community and social networks and learning. The other part focused on the social functions of cultural festivals and their economic efficiency.
Festivalisation: Patterns and Limits
Authors: Négrier Emmanuel
Published: April 2020

The rapid development of arts festivals in the past quarter century should not make us forget that such festivals are a relatively new phenomenon in Europe and that their current explosion goes hand in hand with a growing differentiation in the events/festivals market (Klaić 2008). Notwithstanding the long history of major events, the social, economic and cultural phenomenon that we associate with the ‘festivalisation of culture’ is much more recent. It is also linked to a plurality of causes, such as the evolution of democratic regimes (notably in Southern Europe), or the decentralisation of power in France (Négrier and Jourda 2007).
Volunteering for Festivals, Why and How
Authors: Autissier Anne-Marie
Published: April 2020

This chapter reflects on some features of a topic that is both a source of controversy as well as importance in the cultural sector, that of ‘volunteering’. In 2001 Cultural Information and Research Centres Liaison in Europe (CIRCLE) published the results of a Pan-European enquiry which remains today as one of the few authoritative sources of reliable European statistical data on the subject (Dodd, 2001). This chapter will discuss the role of volunteering in different festivals and countries and provide some analysis of more recent research. What is volunteering? A simple definition is that provided by Canadian authors Gagnon and Fortin (2002: 67): volunteers “are people who freely assume to provide a service without being paid through a group or an organisation”.
Cities and Events Introducing Event Portfolios
Authors: Antchak Vladimir , Ziakas Vassilios , Getz Donald
Published: April 2020

In this chapter the paradigm of the event portfolio will be introduced and its theoretical underpinnings explained. The emphasis will be placed on the strategic utilisation of planned events in host cities. The concepts of place-making, competitive identity, eventfulness and destination capitals will be presented and discussed. The chapter will outline the different definitions of an event portfolio and analyse the relationship between a portfolio of planned events and an overall population of events in a host destination. This chapter paves the way to an in-depth presentation and analysis of the tenets of event portfolio theory in this book.