bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surveillance and the Industrial Purge
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the vetting and purging of workers in the private sector. It was the ‘longstanding practice’ even before the Cold War that the purge and other security procedures extended well beyond the civil service into private industry. This ‘longstanding practice’ could operate only because of the surveillance work undertaken by MI5, in both compiling and maintaining the blacklist of Communist Party members. In the case of the private-sector exclusion of Communists, it was left to MI5 to secure the removal of workers to whom the Service objected: MI5 may have had no authority, but it had power. One question for this chapter is thus the legal issues surrounding such intervention and the potential legal liabilities to which it could give rise, while another is the scope of the authority and the manner and circumstances in which intervention might take place. However, the underlying theme is the question of accountability.
Purging the Trade Unions
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at government attempts to ban trade unions, considering the steps that were taken in lieu of an outright ban on trade union membership. Consistently with other measures taken at the time under the cover of security, government intervention to deal with the alleged menace of Communist infiltration of the civil service trade unions did not take the form of legislation. The legal position reflected both the lack of legal regulation of industrial relations generally and the lack of legal regulation of public-sector employment in particular. In practice, governments rarely needed to reveal or justify the legal foundations for their actions. The benefit for government is that although security policies might well be announced and made public, there would be little accountability thereafter if operated unobtrusively.
Lord Denning Takes Over
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses the Denning Report. If the Prime Minister was the biggest political casualty of the Denning Report, the Security Service was by some way the greatest beneficiary. This is subject to the caveat that MI5’s cover had been blown, with much unwanted publicity about its activities being detailed in the Report. Having shown that the judges could be trusted politically to protect the security and intelligence services, Lord Denning nevertheless also exposed serious problems about MI5’s mandate and its accountability, problems by which he seemed to be unconcerned. What Denning revealed was that MI5 had total control of the mandate in determining the scope of its powers and when and how to exercise them. What Denning also revealed was that, since 1951, no one had been checking to ensure that MI5 operated within the boundaries of its mandate and that it was not exceeding its terms in a way that was not ‘honest and reasonable’.
Frankish Expansion
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1, Frankish Expansion, explores the chaotic years following the departure of the First Crusaders. In this period, the Frankish settlers who chose to remain and defend the newly-founded Crusader States were locked in an almost permanent state of war with many of their foes. This chapter recreates their military history, examining how such small numbers of Frankish knights could continue to expand their territories across the Levantine region. Working through each of the four Crusader States in turn, it examines the aspirations of these fledgling states and discusses their evolving strategic goals. In their early days, in the wake of the First Crusade and its military victories, these states could be extremely ambitious when selecting their targets, although their aspirations became more tempered in later years. Close attention is also paid to the level of co-operation demonstrated by these Frankish leaders, along with their willingness to seek allies among both their neighbours and the communities under their control.
The Rise of Nur al-Din 1149–74
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 The Rise of Nur al-Din focuses on the tumultuous years following the Second Crusade. This was an era when Nur al-Din was carving out an empire for himself, seizing Damascus, and coming into conflict with the Anatolian Seljuks and Fatimid Egypt. Many of his campaigns were directed against fellow Turks or other Muslim dynasties and for many periods the Crusader States were only infrequently threatened with invasion. In this chapter, the geopolitical implications of Nur al-Din’s actions are explored to show how the steady agglomeration of power under his rule fundamentally changed the Near East’s political balance. This chapter also contains substantial thematic discussion on the mercenary market in the Crusader States and the size of the armies deployed by the kingdom of Jerusalem.
Mandated Pasts
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 examines the new definitions of antiquity that emerged after the First World War and relates them to the new post-war imperial order and international system. It tracks the shift from a perception of ancient objects and monuments as the loot of victors, through their handling within the framework, which had first emerged in the nineteenth century, of laws of war, to their treatment as a part of policies of an imperial peace in the Middle East—in peace treaties and the new mandates system. The chapter follows the internationalization of the discourse on antiquity and the formation of a new “regime of antiquities”, a term referring to international and local mandatory legislation on archaeology and to practices of its monitoring. It offers a view “from above” of the new regime and its formulation by internationalist experts, within the League of Nations and its organizations for intellectual cooperation, such as the International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) and International Museums Office (OIM), and of internationalist apparatuses, as well as considering the implementation of the regime “on the ground” by the antiquities’ administrations in mandate A territories, formerly under Ottoman rule (Palestine and Transjordan, and Iraq), and the nominally independent Egypt. The chapter demonstrates how the internationalist pull and discourse seeped to colonial rhetoric but conflicted with notions of imperial sovereignty and the power of the mandatories to implement policies on the ground. At the same time, visions of regional cooperation amongst archaeologists and national rights to patrimony were adopted by local archaeologists and nationalists.
Ur
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on Ur, Tell al-Muqayyar, in southern Iraq, and the discovery and popularization, after the First World War, of Sumerian civilization, largely unknown until then. Excavated between 1922 and 1934 by an Anglo-American expedition directed by Leonard Woolley, the most prominent public archaeologist of the Near East between the wars, Ur became a spectacle of a distant antiquity that was related to modernity. The discovery of Ur’s cemeteries, studied here, competed with the contemporary exposure of the tomb of Tutankhamun. The chapter considers Ur’s appeal as an “antique modern”, combining the drawing power of the biblical paradigm manifested in the identification between Ur, Abraham, and the birth of Abrahamic religions, and the appeal of the material riches discovered in the cemeteries, extracted from their place of origin and displayed in metropolitan museums and venues, a process which the chapter recovers. Represented as an Ur-culture, the place of origin of Near Eastern and world civilizations, older than Egypt, Ur was modernized and envisioned as the hub of a global ancient world, a vision that matched mandate notions about the development of Iraq. At the same time, evidence of live burials at the cemeteries was connected to mass killing during the First World War and the commemoration of the war dead. In addition to written, archival, and published sources, the chapter makes use of a wealth of visual representations, including aerial photography, illustrations, and archaeological objects.
Egyptian Antiquity, Imperial Politics, and Modernity
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8 draws the web of relations between Egypt’s antiquity, empire, modernity, and internationalism from the outbreak of the First World War to decolonization. It focuses on the era between Britain’s unilateral granting of formal independence to Egypt in 1922 and the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement of 1936, and sets the imperial preoccupation with ancient Egypt in national and international contexts. The chapter fills a lacuna in the historiography of Egyptology and Egyptomania which has focused on the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 and has largely overlooked the internationalist angles of the interwar obsession with ancient Egypt. The chapter maps the expansion of interest in Egypt beyond the pharaonic past and considers its extension to prehistoric Egypt. It relates Egyptology to the modernization of travel and speed technologies, and to popular representations of Egypt as a centre of globalized travel in a connective empire. The chapter further considers the roles of the global media in mediating between discoveries and transnational audiences. Following on the theme of the internationalization of Egypt’s past, it considers the presence of Egypt in material culture, particularly in eclectic styles and design which were associated with modernity, such as Art Deco architecture and fashion. One main argument of the chapter is that the interwar discovery of Egypt’s multiple pasts was characterized by an internationalization apparent in the politics of archaeology, the spread of the new regime of antiquities and cooperation between Egyptian nationalists and internationalist bodies, and in the mass production and consumption of Egyptiana.
Two Nominalisms
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers two versions of property ‘nominalism’, each of which claims that the sort of conceptualization of property offered in Chapter 1 is flawed; nominalists deny the normative ‘reality’ or ‘efficacy’ of legal concepts such as ‘title’ or ‘fee simple’, claiming instead that all the normative, that is, legal, action takes place with respect to more basic (e.g. Hohfeldian) jural relations. In reply it is argued that any attempt to reduce abstract concepts like ‘title’ to jural relations amongst individuals would ensure that we suffer a loss of understanding, and that this will hold true of any actual ‘Hohfeldian’ reduction of legal concepts to individual Hohfeldian jural relations. This chapter also sets out the principle of normativity, ‘The Guidance Function Principle of Norms’.
Multital Jural Relations
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter advances a number of criticisms of Hohfeld’s ‘multital’ analysis of rights in rem. The chapter shows: (1) that Hohfeld confuses the connections between rights and duties, in particular rights in rem and general and special rights, and general duties; (2) that the claim that the general norm not to interfere with the property of others is not a public law duty, as some, relying upon Hohfeld, have claimed; (3) that the duty of care in negligence law cannot be squared with Hohfeldian analysis; and (4), that it individuates duties incorrectly.
Exclusion, Use, and Usability
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter recounts important features of the general exclusionary norm that structures the right to property of tangible things, chattels and land, i.e. the duty not to interfere with property that is not one’s own. It then considers the law of nuisance to determine whether the duty not to commit a nuisance protects a right to the use or usability of land, and argues otherwise, that the law of nuisance protects against the plaintiff’s constructive ouster from or deprivation of the subject matter of his rights.
The Justification of Property Rights
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter concerns the justification of property rights, and makes the argument that we do have ‘natural’ or ‘pre-legal’ rights to the use of things, a kind of usufructory right. The Kantian theory of property rights, most thoroughly and convincingly developed by Arthur Ripstein is discussed in detail. Various aspects of the theory are criticized, in particular Kant’s view of right to appropriate unowned things and his famous ‘assurance’ argument. In explaining his differences with the Kantian theory, the author expounds what has been called an ‘instrumentalist’ view of law in general and property law in particular, a view most closely associated with the private law writings of John Gardner.
Rights in Land
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers property in land. Property rights in land, compared to property rights in chattels, are not very ‘paradigmatic’ of property rights. Rights in land are much more varied than rights in chattels or most kinds of intangible property. Because of that it is difficult, both historically and theoretically, to identify what ‘ownership’ of land consists of. This is not to say that we cannot apply the tripartite structure of title, to land. But because of its special features, title to land is everywhere adjusted, compromised, straitened, and complicated by a host of surrounding rules, some but not all of which have a public law character. The chapter concludes by arguing that there is no general right to enclose land, but that this is not based on some notion of common ownership of the earth, but on some developed notion of ‘home’.
A Conclusion of Sorts
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

Where have we got to? As the title of the book indicates, this has been a re-examination of a number of issues that I think are vital to our comprehension of property rights. I am conscious of the fact that this book, taken as a whole, is somewhat ‘bitty’ or fragmented. I have addressed a number of distinct issues, and my purpose has not been to advance or defend a comprehensive theory of property rights. But let me just recapitulate some of its themes....
Introduction
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: June 2020

Beginning with the phenomenon of the postcolonial Amadis as manifested in the works of Gabriel García Márquez, Paul Muldoon, and Walt Whitman, this chapter analyses the cultural and historical flexibilities of Amadis that have recommended it to readers and writers in diverse periods, languages, and cultures. An overview of the genre of the Spanish books of chivalry (libros de caballerías) to which Amadis belongs, an account of its defining relationship with Don Quixote, and a survey of the French translations by Nicolas de Herberay that first mediated the romance to England, set the scene for the succeeding chapters.
Receiving Romance
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: June 2020

This chapter explains the book’s methodologies in the history of reading and elaborates its theory of ‘removed’ reading. ‘Removed’ reading describes the acquisition of familiarity with an anterior text through the reading of a posterior text in which it is embedded, as Amadis is in Don Quixote. The political and cultural conditions that determined and inflected Anglo-Spanish relations across the relevant centuries are outlined, and their implications for the reading of romance explored, as is the long-standing function of French as an intermediary for translated Spanish works in English. The second half of the chapter addresses the act and function of allusion-making, and outlines the modes and strategies of reading romance that are deployed or advocated in different historical periods and social contexts, with a particular focus on gender and reading.
The Legacy of Don Quixote
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: June 2020

Reading Amadis in Jacobean England was conditioned by two publishing events: the appearance of the first part of Cervantes’s Don Quixote in 1605, and Munday’s 1618–19 edition of the first four books of Amadis. The revived Jacobean currency of the romance, alongside its association with Ovid and Sidney’s Arcadia as ‘arts of the heart’, explains its appearance in plays by Jacobean and Caroline dramatists including Jonson, Dekker, Massinger, Beaumont, Shirley, Brome, and Davenant. The second half of the chapter examines Amadis as the palimpsest upon which Don Quixote was written and highlights the theme of ‘ravery’ that links Amadis and Don Quixote, drawing examples from the satirical modes in which this topic is played out. This chapter therefore opens up a rich seam of literary allusion and parody that has not previously been studied, as well as shedding new light on the mechanics of reading Don Quixote in England.
The Genius of Old Romance
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: June 2020

In 1803 two new translations of Amadis were published: from French, by W. S. Rose, and from Spanish, by Robert Southey. It was through Southey’s editions of Amadis and Palmerin (1807), another Spanish romance, that Keats, Coleridge, Mary Shelley, and Hazlitt gained their knowledge of the genre. This chapter undertakes the first detailed consideration of Southey’s Amadis and demonstrates that it was heavily dependent upon Anthony Munday’s translation, to an extent not perceived at the time by the critics who praised Southey’s seemingly authentic Elizabethan diction. The translations of Southey and Rose were treated to a detailed assessment by Sir Walter Scott in the Edinburgh Review (1803) and exerted a considerable influence on Scott’s knowledge of medieval literary history and on his novels. The central themes of this chapter are the Romantic preoccupation with the medieval and Elizabethan periods, historical authenticity, and the recreation of the literary past.
Demetrius and Phila
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

The death of Alexander the Great brings a great deal of political upheaval to the empire, and Alexander’s generals are quick to react. After being threatened by Perdiccas, Antigonus Monophthalmus fled from Phrygia, and eventually forged an alliance with Antipater at the settlement of Triparadeisus in 321 or 320 BC. He cemented it by marrying the 15-year-old Demetrius to Antipater’s daughter Phila, who was aged around 35. She was the mother to Demetrius’ heir, Antigonus Gonatas. This unusual relationship was of great importance to Demetrius and the Antigonid family, and lasted until her suicide in 288. Their age difference caused much comment in the ancient world.
A Diadoch’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a discussion of the young Demetrius’ early involvement in the politics and battles of Alexander the Great’s Successors, who continued to wage war against one another for territory. Demetrius Poliorcetes accompanied his father Antigonus Monophthalmus to Iran in the campaigns of the Second Diadoch War, where he played minor command roles in the great battles of Paraetacene and Gabiene in the winter of 317/316 BC. It was here that he experienced Macedonian-style warfare between two great generals first-hand and observed the fickleness of the Silver Shields. In the aftermath he advocated unsuccessfully for Eumenes, and witnessed Seleucus’ escape to Ptolemy in Egypt.
Demetrius in Syria, 315–312 BC
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Demetrius Poliorcetes was with his father Anitgonus Monophthalmus at the siege of Tyre in the early stages of the Third Diadoch War, during which time he probably formed a homoerotic relationship with Mithridates Ctistes, the future dynast of Pontus, whose life he is alleged to have saved. This is discussed, as well as the ancient attitudes to this type of relationship. Demetrius Poliorcetes was left in sole command of Antigonid forces, with experienced advisors in Peithon, son of Agenor, Nearchus of Crete, Andronicus, and a mysterious Philip. Successors Ptolemy and Seleucus initially troubled him with hit-and-run tactics, and then challenged him to a pitched battle at Gaza late in 312 BC.
The Battle of Gaza
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

The wars between Alexander the Great’s former generals continued, as they fought to gain territorial control of different sections of the late king’s empire. This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of the famous battle of Gaza, including an overview, a discussion of strategy and logistics, as well as an assessment of the outcome of this important military engagement. The battle of Gaza was a humiliating defeat for Demetrius Poliorcetes. He had calculated that his battalion of war elephants would be the deciding factor, but his tactics were inferior to those of the experienced Successor generals Ptolemy and Seleucus, and he was forced to flee the field to avoid capture by the enemy.
Demetrius in Babylonia
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides a discussion of Demetrius Poliorcetes’ activities in Babylonia, and demonstrates a number of the difficulties in unravelling the tricky chronological problems during the age of the Successors. A number of interesting sources of ancient evidence are discussed, including primary Babylonian chronicles. This chapter also reveals how Antigonus Monophthalmus ordered Demetrius to make a lightning raid on Babylonia, though the chronology of this event is extremely obscure. He did not meet his fellow Successor Seleucus, and he was only partially successful in taking Babylon, returning to the Mediterranean probably before the Peace of 311/310 BC was ratified between the other dynasts.
The Silent Years
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a reconstruction of what might be referred to as ‘the Silent Years’, that is to say, 310–308 BC, where our ancient sources provide very little information about Demetrius Poliorcetes’ whereabouts and activities. Antigonus Monophthalmus himself campaigned unsuccessfully in Babylonia from 310 BC, and left Demetrius in charge of Antigonid possessions in Syria and Anatolia. During this time Ptolemy invaded Anatolia and, aided by the defection of Demetrius’ cousin Polemaeus, advanced as far as Greece. Demetrius’s reactions are only recorded in three brief source cameos, and cannot be pieced together with certainty, although this chapter is able to provide some discussion of what we can indeed know about these years.
The Antigonid ‘Liberation’ of Athens in 307 BC
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses a number of events which were of critical importance to the Antigonids as they continued to build their empire. In 307 BC Antigonus Monophthalmus sent Demetrius Poliorcetes with a large force to make war on Cassander in Greece, using the catchcry of ‘Freedom of the Greeks’ to rally support for the Antigonid cause. Through some good luck, Demetrius was able to land in the Piraeus and evict Cassander’s agent, Demetrius of Phalerum. He then besieged Megara, but was nearly captured when he arranged a mysterious liaison with the famous widow Cratesipolis, though the timing of this event is controversial. This chapter provides an overview of these events and offers some assessment of the outcome of these activities.
Demetrius in Athens
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides critical insight into the relationship between Demetrius Poliorcetes and the famous city of Athens. The Athenian reaction to their ‘liberation’ by the Antigonids was absolutely extraordinary, and, sponsored by Demetrius’ supporter Stratocles, many honours were voted to the Antigonids and their retainers in gratitude for the expulsion of Demetrius of Phalerum. These honours included such things as gold statues, crowns, citizenship, altars, and the titles soter (Saviour) and euergetes (Benefactor). The ancient author Plutarch suggests that these honours initiated a degradation of Demetrius’ character, suggesting that this proved to be something of a turning point for the young Demetrius.
The Antigonid Campaign in Cyprus, 306 BC
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter continues to discuss the mid-career of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and the military and political strategies of the Antigonid family, which had grown to be an absolute force to be reckoned with. Demetrius was next ordered by his father to invade Cyprus, where he conducted a campaign against Ptolemaic forces. It was during this military engagement that Demetrius won a monumental sea battle against Ptolemy off Salamis. This battle proved a absolute watershed in Diadoch history, again leaving the Antigonids pre-eminent among the dynasts, and having long-lasting effects. This chapter offers an overview of this pivotal campaign, reconstructed in detail from the ancient sources.
The Fruits of Victory
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, the outcome of the previous campaign is discussed in great detail. This was a decisive victory for the Antigonids, and in the aftermath of the victory at Salamis, Antigonus assumed the title of ‘King’ for himself and Demetrius, an action which the other dynasts copied within a few years. Demetrius also commenced his famous relationship with the courtesan Lamia, whom he had captured after the battle. In autumn of 306 BC the Antigonids attempted a massive invasion of Egypt by land and sea, but were thwarted by the weather conditions and Ptolemy’s clever defences at the Pelusiac branch of the Nile.
Demetrius’ Flight
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter sheds much light on the outcome of the battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, which proved to have long-lasting repercussions for Demetrius Poliorcetes. The distribution of the spoils following the battle had a massive impact on Hellenistic politics and the boundaries of the Successor kingdoms, but Demetrius’ position was not as hopeless as has previously been argued. Some of these distributions proved to be in name only, as Demetrius was quick to act and preserve as much of his kingdom as possible, and rule it as a thalassocracy (maritime realm). The numismatic material provides some very important insight into these years, and is discussed in detail.
King of the Macedonians
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Following the regicide of Alexander, Demetrius Poliorcetes was accepted as the new king of Macedonia. This chapter discusses the political background which led to Demetrius’ claim being ratified. Although the Macedonians readily acclaimed him, it was not entirely a smooth transition of power, and Demetrius was forced to focus his attention on the consolidation of his new territory. The unrest and political situation gave rise to revolts in Boeotia. During these years, Demetrius made time for another marriage alliance with Lanassa, Agathocles of Syracuse’s daughter and the former wife of Pyrrhus of Epirus, which brought further valuable territories into his possession.
Wolves at the Door
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses a major turning point during Demetrius’ campaign, as at a critical moment the Besieger lost the kingdom of Macedonia. Demetrius was forced to flee in disguise and disgrace as disorder erupted within his army, most of which deserted to Pyrrhus, who was subsequently proclaimed king of Macedonia in his wake. This chapter discusses the events which led to Demetrius’ failure as king, and offers insight into his next strategy following his ousting from the kingdom, as well as a personal loss—the suicide of Phila, who took poison when she realized her husband had been defeated yet again.
Demetrius’ Fortunes Unravel
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

The devastating failure in Macedonia sent reverberations throughout Demetrius Poliorcetes’ other possessions. The king suffered from multiple revolts and losses among his remaining territories, including unrest within the city of Athens, where the citizens again tried to take advantage of the situation and free their city from Macedonian rule. Demetrius, however, was able to overcome these setbacks, and made another alliance. This chapter gives an overview of these events as well as Demetrius’ quickly adapting strategy, and intentions to continue his campaign regardless of any setbacks. He embarked on his fleet to Asia Minor, intending to launch his great campaign, and began attacks on the territories of the other Successors.
Urban Environments as a Framework to Study Parallel Evolution
Authors: Santangelo James S. , Miles Lindsay S. , Breitbart Sophie T. , Murray-Stoker David , Rivkin L. Ruth , Johnson Marc T. J. , Ness Rob W.
Published: June 2020

Urban environments represent globally replicated, large-scale disturbances to the landscape, providing an ideal opportunity to study parallel evolution in natural populations on a large scale. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of studies investigating evolutionary responses of a diverse range of taxa across multiple cities. Although parallel evolutionary responses across independent urban environments will depend on the extent to which urban environments converge on similar biotic and abiotic environments, the extent to which cities are environmentally similar has not yet fully been integrated into studies of urban evolution. This chapter begins by asking: Do species display parallel evolutionary responses across independent urban environments? It then briefly reviews a subset of the environmental factors that have driven parallel responses to cities (heat islands, pollution, and habitat fragmentation) and discusses some of the potential causes of non-parallelism. Finally, it ends with practical considerations for the design of future studies aiming to examine parallel evolutionary responses to urbanization. Understanding the shared and unique features of urban environments and identifying parallel species responses to rapid and ongoing urban development will provide important insight into the ubiquity of parallel evolution in nature.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Metacommunities in Urbanized Landscapes
Authors: Brans Kristien I. , Govaert Lynn , Meester Luc De
Published: June 2020

As urbanization leads to repeated, marked environmental gradients in space, it provides an ideal ‘natural’ experiment to study how evolving metacommunities, in which evolutionary and community ecological processes interact in a landscape context, respond to anthropogenic disturbances. An integrated approach that combines community data with data on genetic responses of focal taxa to urbanization is still lacking, notwithstanding the likely importance of eco-evolutionary feedbacks on urban ecosystem functions and services. Such a joint analysis is most easily achieved by focusing on shifts in trait values and their interspecific (cf. community ecology) and intraspecific components. The latter involves both non-genetic and genetic responses, and should be quantified for all dominant, abundant, or ecologically important species in the (meta)community. This chapter introduces the evolving metacommunity framework and discusses the use of cities to study how this framework can contribute to our insight into population and community responses to anthropogenic change. It discusses how this framework can enhance our capacity to predict responses to contemporary and future urbanization as well as its possible consequences for ecosystem functioning. It predicts that evolutionary trait change contributes substantially to observed trait shifts at the community level. Conversely, genetic adaptation might often be constrained by rapid changes in species composition. It explores eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics that quantify the evolutionary and ecological contributions to responses to urbanization. Finally, it provides guidelines for experimental studies on urban evolving metacommunities, and suggests directions on research that will build towards a fully integrated evolving metacommunity framework addressing biological responses to urbanization.
Writing, Memory, and Violence in the Tomb
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

The first chapter opens with modern conceptions of literacy in order to suggest that a similar multitude of voices may be traced in ancient times. The chapter then surveys images of literacy and their corresponding connotations in five tombs of the Eighteenth Dynasty: the tombs of Puyemre, Rekhmire, and Tjanuni in the Theban necropolis; Meryre’s tomb in Amarna, and Haremhab’s in Saqqara. Each tomb shows a slightly different image of literacy, but shared among all are the association of writing with memory and violence, which are discussed in detail in this chapter.
Introduction and Synopsis
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the two texts of the Muziris papyrus. The publication of the Muziris papyrus texts—and the slow, tedious process of their interpretation and explanation—marks a turning point for studies on Indo-Roman trade specifically, and on the Roman economy more broadly. On the Roman side, apart from showing the impressive organizational and financial potential of ancient mercantile communities, the Muziris papyrus clarifies some of the routine practices associated with Greco-Roman maritime loan agreements, and demonstrates how such practices were adapted to the peculiarities of the South Indian trade. It also details how customs duties on imported Indian items were assessed and collected, and hints at the intriguing interplay among the state, the financial elites, and the merchants. On the Indian side, the cargo of the Hermapollon—the Roman Indiaman whose imports are itemized and evaluated on the verso of the Muziris papyrus—highlights the commercial importance of a region and of an emporion strategically poised between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Content (and Hypothetical Content) of the Extant and Missing Columns
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

Loan contract in support of a commercial enterprise to Muziris

col. i(i) [or coll. (i) and i(i
)]:
Names of the co-signatories; Specifics of the loan (value, extent, aim, yield, collateral, names of the ship and its captain); Terms for the outward journey (Nile sailing, desert crossing, sea voyage); Terms for the business in India; Terms for the return sea voyage; Unloading of the cargo;...
Riding the Monsoons
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the trade model reflected in the Muziris papyrus, contrasting its peculiarities with those of other trade patterns between Egypt and the west coast of India. The history of trade relations between India and Egypt from Antiquity to the Early Modern era may be divided into periods based on the role played by the emporia in the Gulf of Aden, which over time operated either as stopovers for ships sailing all the way from Egypt to India (a direct sea-route system), or as intermediate meeting points for vessels sailing from each end of the sea route (a multi-stage sea-route system). At the time of the Muziris papyrus, while the South India trade still retained the old model, the commercial relationships with the Indus delta and Barygaza may have already evolved towards the multi-stage arrangement, which offered additional options. The westbound trips were able to benefit from the late north-east monsoon, and the eastbound voyages could use the early south-west monsoon as well. In terms of the pepper trade, this meant that while the Roman pepper carriers had to leave India by 13 January, the ships of the medieval pepper trade could stay in India for all of February and part of March.
Pepper Lands
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at the pepper-producing lands in ancient India. Broadly speaking, from Antiquity up to the Early Modern Age, South India was the only source of black pepper exported to the west. However, within South India, the precise geographical loci of pepper appear to have been subject to local intraregional shifts over time. Specifically, a first shift occurred during the transition to Late Antiquity, when the pepper trade centres moved from Muziris up to the Mangalore region. In the transition to the Late Middle Ages and then to Early Modernity, the focus of the pepper trade shifted again, but this time in the opposite direction, from Mangalore down to Calicut, and then from Calicut down to Cochin. Although geographically close, these South Indian sub-regions achieved differing levels of pepper productivity in the Early Modern period. It is not clear whether the shifts were also sensitive to the vagaries of local politics, but whatever the local dynamics, they certainly mirror the shifting balance between the two macro regions that were the primary consumers of South Indian pepper: west Asia and the Mediterranean regions on one side, and the Bay of Bengal and China on the other.
South Indian Perspectives
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter details pepper production and collection in ancient India. From Antiquity to Early Modernity, South India’s pepper trade was influenced by the geographical and cultural diversity of the communities who made the pepper available for overseas consumption: the gatherers in the upland forests of the Western Ghats, and the lowland peoples who brought it to the emporia. Because of the ecological, cultural, and socio-economic variability within South India, the demands for pepper led to different patterns of production, which in turn developed in different micro-contexts. Indeed, different travellers have left different reports regarding the means by which western merchants acquired black pepper. It is important to recognize that more than one step of the long process that brought pepper and ivory from the foothills of the Western Ghats to Alexandria occurred within India itself, and that the nature of these exchanges ranged from informal to formal. Ultimately, a broader and more inclusive perspective is necessary to capture both the commercial activities reflected in the Muziris loan contract and the transactions between the Western Ghats forest communities and the Muziris-based dealers.
Selling and Repaying
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses the question of how a borrower actually repaid his debt—not only on the subject of the Muziris papyrus contract, but also, more generally, on the mechanisms of maritime credit in classical antiquity. At first glance, the details provided by the loan contract on the Muziris papyrus recto do not help to answer this question. Yet establishing how the borrower was to repay his debt while his cargo was ‘under the power and seal’ of the lender is critical for understanding the contract as a whole. To reconcile the rights of the lender with the needs of the borrower, U. E. Paoli imagined that the borrower would find a buyer for his items, receive payment, and use that money to free his goods from the financier’s control. It is unlikely, however, that this was usual. What makes it improbable is the fact that it would have required a single sale—which means either a single buyer or several buyers associated in a single purchase—that entirely repaid the loan.
Objects in the German prefield
Authors: Bader Markus
Published: June 2020

From the perspective of language production, this chapter discusses the question of whether to move the subject or the object to the clause-initial position in a German Verb Second clause. A review of experimental investigations of language production shows that speakers of German tend to order arguments in such a way that the most accessible argument comes first, with accessibility defined in terms like animacy (‘animate before inanimate’) and discourse status (e.g. ‘given before new’). Speakers of German thus obey the same ordering principles that have been found to be at work in English and other languages. Despite the relative free word order of German, speakers rarely produce sentences with object-before-subject word order in experimental investigations. Instead, they behave like speakers of English and mostly use passivization in order to bring the underlying object argument in front of the underlying subject argument when the object is more accessible than the subject. Corpus data, however, show that object-initial clauses are not so infrequent after all. The second part of the chapter, therefore, discusses new findings concerning the discourse conditions that favour the production of object-initial clauses. These findings indicate, among other things, that the clausal position of an object is affected not only by its referent’s discourse status but also by its referential form. Objects occur in clause-initial position most frequently when referring to a given referent in the form of a demonstrative pronoun or NP.
The grammatical basis of Verb Second
Authors: Lohnstein Horst
Published: June 2020

The root and embedded Verb Second constructions in German are investigated and an analysis is proposed which employs properties of the inflectional system to derive finiteness fronting. In particular, the fronting of finiteness through verb movement is traced back to the deictic variables of the inflectional categories tense (time of speech) and verbal mood (situation of speech) in the case of finite clauses. Finiteness fronts in order for these semantic variables to get access to the respective components of the discourse situation. In the case of imperatives—not featuring tense and mood—the agr variable causes verb fronting. Because formal subjects cannot be licensed in imperatives, the agr variable for [person: 2, number: a plural] does not get a semantic value. Fronting of the verb allows binding the discourse component addressee to this variable. Being bound to discourse components, the respective propositional objects are anchored on the discourse table. Embedded Verb Second constructions are derived by the same principles and their interaction with the specific properties of the higher-ordered structural configurations.
Rethinking Medieval Romance Verb Second
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a reappraisal of the place of Medieval Romance languages within the V2 typology based on novel corpus data. A review of the available primary and secondary evidence provides compelling evidence that the Medieval Romance languages considered (French, Occitan, Sicilian, Venetian, and Spanish) were V2 languages, with V-to-C movement and XP-merger in the left periphery. The second half of the chapter focuses in detail on Old Sicilian and Old French, arguing that although both show certain commonalities, the height of the V2 bottleneck is distinct with thirteenth-century French showing a stricter V2 syntax than Old Sicilian. This is linked to the former’s status as a high V2 language with a locus for V2 on Force, as opposed to Fin where the constraint is operative in Sicilian.
Reassessing the historical evidence for embedded Verb Second
Authors: Walkden George , Booth Hannah
Published: June 2020

This chapter revisits the significant question of embedded Verb Second in historical Germanic, in light of recent developments in research on present-day V2 languages. Drawing on novel corpus data for Old English, Old Saxon, historical Icelandic, and historical Yiddish, it shows that there is little support for an analysis which permits embedded V2 outside a narrow subset of contexts, or one which hosts both the verb and the preverbal constituent within the IP domain (‘IP-V2’). The chapter puts forward the tentative suggestion that there is only one type of V2 language, at least as regards word order in embedded clauses.
Verb Second is syntactic
Authors: Urk Coppe van
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes the V2 system of Dinka (Nilotic; South Sudan) in detail, focusing on those environments in which departures from V2 are tolerated. Dinka has a V2 effect both at the clause edge and at the edge of the verb phrase. The chapter shows that the way in which V2 is established in both places is dictated directly by the featural needs of each periphery. In particular, exceptions to V2 arise only when non-nominal elements must move to each edge. As a result, the Dinka patterns provide evidence for an approach to V2 in which V2 is encoded in the narrow syntax and represents featural requirements associated with specific functional heads.
Second and first position in Tohono O’odham auxiliaries
Authors: Fitzgerald Colleen M.
Published: June 2020

The Uto-Aztecan language, Tohono O’odham (formerly Papago), has very free word order, along with a systematic requirement that the auxiliary should surface in second position. The contexts in which this requirement is suspended are argued to open a crucial window on its nature. The chapter contends that prosody and morphophonological considerations that determine the auxiliary placement reflect preferences for consonant-initial and trochaic patterns at the beginnings of clauses. Evidence comes from a class of vowel-initial particles that robustly resist moving to clause-initial position, and the so- called g-determiner, which otherwise occurs with all nouns, including proper nouns, in all other positions is barred where a noun surfaces in clause-initial position. The analysis of prefixed auxiliaries as second position can also be called into question, as they arguably fill the first position and first syllable of the clause. This, then, may be a genuine case of a phonologically conditioned second-position phenomenon.
European Cross-Border Banking
Authors: Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the interconnected nature of cross-border banking between European Union (EU) Member States in terms of counterparty credit risk exposure at both country and institutional level. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) consolidated data shows how inflows and outflows of loans and deposits are impacted by events over time. The potential impact of the bank legal form is also important: significant assets held by a branch, as opposed to a subsidiary, lead to different levels of exposure to the home and host Member State. The chapter then shows that cross border banking integration across the EU Member States is not homogenous. The size of the foreign bank presence in each Member State is distinct and can potentially give rise to the risk of contagion. Notably, the size of branch presence rather than subsidiary presence in a respective member state offers an indication of the extent it’s financial system is exposed to systemic spillovers from either the home or host state.
The ECB’s Supervision and SRB Resolution—Participating and Non-Participating Member States
Authors: Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines how the Single Supervisory Mechanism opens the door to non-Eurozone Member States to participate and have credit institutions supervised by the European Central Bank (ECB) that fulfil the criteria of significance within the Member State and have cross-border activities. The ECB is required to work closely with both participating and non-participating Member States , since a significant proportion of credit institutions will invariably have business activities in both participating and non-participating Member States. The participating and non-participating Member States will be expected to allow the ECB to take the lead and/or cooperate with the ECB as the competent home supervisor to ensure appropriate cooperation and coordination of supervision and information sharing to inform supervisory decisions. The aim of the ECB in this respect is to safeguard financial stability and facilitate sustainable market integration. The chapter looks at the procedures set out to explain how a non-Eurozone Member State enters a close cooperation agreement with the ECB to come under the umbrella of the Single Supervisory Mechanism.