bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable Alkyne‐Bridged Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles With a High NIR‐II Photothermal Conversion Efficiency of 71% for Effective Photothermal Tumor Therapy
Authors: Zhai Jing , Gao Yijian , Ma Yujie , Li Xiliang , Wang Yu , Li Ning , Zhang Jie , Su Zihan , Yang Yuliang , Qian Xiandie , Zhao Qi , Li Shengliang
Published: October 2024

Organic photothermal materials (PTMs) in the near‐infrared (NIR) range (1000–1700 nm) are more favorable for photothermal therapy (PTT) therapeutic applications because of their greater depth of tissue penetration and better biosafety. However, the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of the few NIR‐II‐responsive organic PTMs that have been investigated is still slightly low. Here, a stable alkyne‐bridged conjugated polymer, BBT‐BTE, are explored with a high PCE for tumor ablation within the NIR‐II window. The BBT‐BTE synthesized by the Stille coupling reaction has strong NIR‐II absorption, and their nanoparticles (NPs) achieved a 71% PCE under 1064 nm laser excitation, with good photothermal stability. BBT‐BTE NPs are shown to be effective in completely ablating tumors without any recurrence in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Additionally, the biosafety of these NPs is further proven by biochemical analysis and tissue biopsy. This study developed a high‐performance NIR‐II PTM and offered practical and feasible insights into the design of efficient photothermal materials specifically for the NIR‐II window.
Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphene and Formation of its Copolyamide 6/66 Nanocomposites by Wet Phase Inversion and Injection Molding
Authors: Ehjeij Daniel , Kopping Jordan , Gabriel Claus , Wünsch Josef R. , Himmel Hans‐Jörg , Schröder Rasmus R. , Wilhelm Manfred , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Müllen Klaus
Published: October 2024

Electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) is compounded with copolyamide 6/66 (PA6/66) to investigate the influence of the carbonaceous filler material on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the composite. Toward that end, the environmentally friendly electrochemical exfoliation in aqueous solution is further developed to furnish graphene in large quantities. Separating the exfoliation process from the incorporation into the polymer matrix by wet phase inversion (WPI) allowed in‐depth characterization of the EEG by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity of copolyamide 6/66‐EEG is significantly changed, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Likewise, the new composite materials exhibit different flow properties, as well as increased mechanical reinforcement with additive concentration. This is proven by dynamic shear rheology and three‐point stress tests compared to the neat polymer.
Mass Spectrometry‐Based Proteomics for Assessing Epitranscriptomic Regulations
Authors: Yang Yen‐Yu , Cao Zhongwen , Wang Yinsheng
Published: October 2024

Epitranscriptomics is a rapidly evolving field that explores chemical modifications in RNA and how they contribute to dynamic and reversible regulations of gene expression. These modifications, for example, N6‐methyladenosine (m6A), are crucial in various RNA metabolic processes, including splicing, stability, subcellular localization, and translation efficiency of mRNAs. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics has become an indispensable tool in unraveling the complexities of epitranscriptomics, offering high‐throughput, precise protein identification, and accurate quantification of differential protein expression. Over the past two decades, advances in mass spectrometry, including the improvement of high‐resolution mass spectrometers and innovative sample preparation methods, have allowed researchers to perform in‐depth analyses of epitranscriptomic regulations. This review focuses on the applications of bottom‐up proteomics in the field of epitranscriptomics, particularly in identifying and quantifying epitranscriptomic reader, writer, and eraser (RWE) proteins and in characterizing their functions, posttranslational modifications, and interactions with other proteins. Together, by leveraging modern proteomics, researchers can gain deep insights into the intricate regulatory networks of RNA modifications, advancing fundamental biology, and fostering potential therapeutic applications.
Development and Characterization of Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate‐Graphene Nanocomposites
Authors: Bilugali Mahadevaswamy Madhu , Balasubramanya Rashmi
Published: October 2024

The prospective applications of carbon graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) nanocomposites in flexible electronics, energy storage devices, and thermal management systems have attracted a lot of attention. These nanocomposites offer an effective solution for enhancing the electrical conductivity of interfacing materials in electronic systems and addressing issues related to thermal management. GNPs that possess excellent thermal conductivity of 2000–4000 W m−1 K−1 and an electrical conductivity of 107 S m−1 are utilized in this investigation. The homogeneous dispersion of nanofiller and the effective load transfer between components through strong filler/polymer interfacial interactions are essential for the creation of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Particularly, their electrical conductivity and dielectric properties are highlighted in this study, with an emphasis on the synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite materials. This work investigates the utilization of graphene nanocomposites in EVA using a melt‐mixing technique assisted by sonication to fabricate multifunctional composites. Incorporating different weight percentages of GNPs (ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 wt.%) within the polymer matrix is carried out. In the present study, the nanocomposites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy investigation and impedance spectrum analysis. The distinctive characteristics of the AC electrical transport in nanocomposites are investigated between 10 Hz and 1 MHz. Excellent interfacial compatibility has been demonstrated by the homogenous distribution of GNPs within the matrix, confirmed by SEM examination. These EVA nanocomposites demonstrate improved electrical conductivity, thereby rendering them very useful for energy storage applications, such as electronic capacitors, wherein supports with a significant dielectric constant and minimal dielectric loss are required.
Sustainable Solutions for Industrial Wastewater Remediation by KBiFe2O5 Under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Ghose Ishita , Sarkar Ratna , Chandra Ankita , Chattopadhyay Kalyan Kumar , Sarkar Sourav
Published: October 2024

Industrial wastewater poses a serious threat to human health and the environment. The rising demand for an easy, efficient, environment‐friendly, and cost‐effective method for wastewater treatment has paved the way for the photocatalytic degradation of wastewater. Organic dyes, which comprise a major portion of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater, are highly toxic and carcinogenic. The hydrothermal method, being economical, easily available, and environmentally friendly, is used to prepare the time‐varying KBiFe2O5 samples. KBiFe2O5 is a lead‐free (nonhazardous), low‐bandgap brownmillerite‐structured crystalline material that can use a wide range of solar spectrum. Their phase purity is also confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (UV–Vis DRS) is done to confirm the bandgap value and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is performed to identify the chemical bonds in the material. Degrading textile organic effluent methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light and comparing its photodegradation performance are conducted to investigate the synthesized samples’ photocatalytic properties. The photocatalytic activity is relatively enhanced by adding H2O2 in a precise amount. So, the synthesized samples effectively demonstrate photocatalytic behavior, which has been used for wastewater remediation purposes.
Determination of Structural Elements of Hydrothermally Synthesized CeO₂ Nanoparticles by Monshi, Williamson–Hall, Halder–Wagner, and Size–Strain Plot Methods, and Effect of Annealing Temperature
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Srivastava Shivangi , Pandey Narendra Kumar , Awasthi Ram Raseele
Published: October 2024

CeO₂ nanoparticles are synthesized hydrothermally using CTAB as a surfactant, cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H₂O) as a precursor and urea. The synthesized CeO₂ nanoparticles are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction peak profile analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–vis. The X‐ray diffraction results revealed that the sample is crystalline with a face centered cubic (fcc) phase having cubic fluorite structure. The structural elements of prepared samples have been investigated by various methods. The Monshi, W–H analysis, size–strain plot, and H–W methods are used to study crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the peak broadening of CeO₂ nanoparticles. Further, the lattice constant of the cubic fluorite has also been estimated from the Nelson–Riley plot. The parameters, including strain, stress, and energy density value, are calculated for all the reflection peaks of X‐ray diffraction corresponding to cubic fluorite phase of CeO₂ lying in the range 20°–80° and at different temperatures.
Enhanced SWIR Absorption in PMMA‐Coated TiN‐Based Metamaterial
Authors: Tomar Nainsi , Chawla Harshita , Shrivastava Vishnu Prasad
Published: October 2024

Achieving highly efficient absorption in the short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral region is crucial for advancing numerous technologies. SWIR absorption enhances energy harvesting in solar cells, improves the sensitivity of infrared sensors, and enables precise control of thermal radiative properties in thermal emission devices. These advancements are essential for applications such as thermal imaging, night vision, and thermophotovoltaic systems. The study presents a simple, cost‐effective design of a polymer‐coated multilayer perfect absorber (MPA) metamaterial optimized for the SWIR spectral region. The proposed MPA structure is composed of four distinct layers: a top layer made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer, a second layer featuring arrays of circular titanium nitride (TiN) disks, a dielectric middle layer consisting of a pure zinc oxide (ZnO) film, and a bottom metallic layer formed by a thin film of TiN. The results demonstrate that the MPA achieves near‐perfect absorption, with a remarkable 99% efficiency centered at a wavelength of 1.3 µm. The absorption properties are further investigated with respect to various structural parameters to ensure better performance of the absorber. These absorbers hold great promise for applications in energy absorption, infrared sensing, thermal emission, and related fields.
Predicting dryland winter wheat yield in cold regions of Iran
Authors: Razzaghi Fatemeh , Ghahramani Razieh , Sepaskhah Ali Reza , Zand‐Parsa Shahrokh
Published: October 2024

Wheat is a crucial staple worldwide, serving both human and animal needs. In Iran, where climate conditions vary widely, wheat farming faces significant challenges, especially in areas facing freezing winters and unfavorable temperatures during reproductive stages. Unfortunately, existing models often fail to account these extreme and specific climate conditions, leading to inaccurate predictions, notably in cold areas. To address this issue, wheat dryland farming (WDF) model was evaluated in predicting dryland winter wheat yields in five distinct areas including Shahrekord, Borujen, Koohrang, Farsan, Lordegan, and Ardal in Chahar‐Mahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. The results showed that changes in precipitation and temperature significantly impacted dryland wheat production. While higher precipitation generally associates with higher yields, this relationship is not always straightforward due to factors like unfavorable precipitation patterns and types (i.e., rainfall or snow). Likewise, unfavorable temperatures, particularly during crucial growth stages and winter freezes, pose significant challenges to wheat growth and yield modeling. The WDF model's performance was evaluated across various temperature conditions in the study area, and it was more accurate in regions with certain minimum and maximum temperature values above thresholds. However, the model performance was poor in colder areas, where freezing temperatures were occurred in winter duration (Shahrekord, Borujen, Koohrang, and Farsan). In order to improve the model's accuracy, a correction factor based on the minimum and maximum air temperatures was incorporated in the model. The findings emphasized the importance of considering both precipitation and temperature dynamics when modeling winter wheat yields, especially in regions with diverse climates. By refining models like WDF, agricultural planners can better forecast the yield fluctuations and address the impacts of climate variability on food security in Iran and similar regions worldwide.
Maternal Broccoli Powder Intake Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Inflammation via AMPK/mTOR Pathway in the Livers of High‐Fructose‐Fed Male Rat Offspring Exposed to Maternal Protein Restriction
Authors: Karmacharya Anishma , Kasai Shiho , Mukai Yuuka , Sato Shin
Published: October 2024

Scope

Sub‐optimal prenatal conditions such as maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation posit high risks of adult metabolic diseases. High fructose intake causes insulin resistance and liver inflammation contributing to metabolic diseases. However, food‐based preventive measure for these metabolic diseases in the offspring is under‐researched. This study aims to investigate the effect of maternal broccoli powder (BP) intake during lactation on insulin resistance and liver inflammation in high‐fructose‐diet‐fed adult male offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction.

Methods and results

Pregnant Wistar rats are provided normal protein (NP) or low protein (LP) diets and 0% or 0.74% BP‐containing NP diets and 0% or 0.74% BP‐containing LP diet during lactation. At weaning, offspring receiving water (W) or 10% fructose solution (Fr) are assigned into six groups: NP/NP/W, NP/NP/Fr, NP/NPBP/Fr, LP/LP/W, LP/LP/Fr, and LP/LPBP/Fr. At week 13, plasma insulin, macrophage infiltration, activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, and autophagy flux markers are examined. LP/LPBP/Fr shows lower insulin levels and Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) values than LP/LP/Fr. Liver macrophage infiltration are decreased in LP/LPBP/Fr. LP/LPBP/Fr exhibits upregulated AMPK phosphorylation, downregulated mTOR phosphorylation, and increased Microtubule‐associated protein1A/1B‐light chain 3B‐II (LC3B‐II) levels.

Conclusion

Maternal BP intake during lactation ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammation in the livers of adult offspring on a high‐fructose diet from LP mothers.
Pathologic Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes of Pediatric Versus Adult Well‐Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Gilja Shivee , Kumar Arvind , Londino Aldo V. , Kirke Diana N. , Roof Scott A. , van Gerwen Maaike
Published: October 2024

Objective

Despite the rising incidence of pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), postoperative outcomes for such tumors have not been well‐characterized. The objective of this study was to compare pathologic tumor characteristics and treatment outcomes for pediatric and adult patients with DTC.

Study Design

Retrospective case‐control study.

Setting

National database.

Methods

Pediatric (<18 years old) and adult (≥18 years old) patients who underwent surgery for DTC in the National Cancer Database (2004‐2020) were included. Multivariable logistic, negative binomial, and linear regressions were used to compare pathologic tumor characteristics, treatment characteristics, and short‐term surgical outcomes.

Results

337,864 patients with DTC met the study eligibility criteria; 3584 (1.1%) were pediatric patients and 334,280 (98.9%) were adults. After adjustment, pediatric patients were found to have higher rates of pathologic T upstaging (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]: 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23‐1.59), N upstaging (ORadj: 2.53, 95% CI: 2.23‐2.88), and extrathyroidal extension (ORadj: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.29‐1.94), compared to adult patients. Pediatric patients were also more likely to receive neck dissection (ORadj: 2.80, 95% CI: 2.55‐3.07) and radioactive iodine (ORadj: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30‐1.55). Pediatric patients had higher rates of positive surgical margins (ORadj: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11‐1.41) and 30‐day readmissions (ORadj: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.00‐1.58) than adult patients.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that pediatric DTC is associated with more aggressive disease presentations, more radical treatment, and worse short‐term surgical outcomes compared to DTC in adults. Pediatric DTC should be considered a unique clinical entity that requires personalized evaluation and multidisciplinary treatment by specialized providers.
Consider the Difficulty of Describing Tastes and Odors
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Dietrich Andrea M. , Adams Hunter , Doty Richard L.
Published: October 2024

Describing a particular taste or smell is subjective. Tools such as word clouds, checklists, and regular training can help water utilities gather more reliable data to deal with taste‐and‐odor events.
Prevent Acute Chest Syndrome checklist (PACScheck): A quality improvement initiative to reduce acute chest syndrome
Authors: Morrone Kerry , Strumph Kaitlin , Pisacano Catherine , Briggs Jessica , Zipper Rachelle , Patel Bhaumik B. , Chang Susanna , Kyon Wen‐Ling , Ronca Kristen , Abyazi Miranda , Cheng Geoffrey , Schwartz Leya , Santos Jennifer De Los , Keenan Janine , Reznik Marina , Manwani Deepa , Rinke Michael L.
Published: October 2024

Background

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a life‐threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). The Prevent Acute Chest Syndrome checklist (PACScheck) was created to drive appropriate ordering of opioids, incentive spirometry (IS), intravenous fluids (IVF), evaluation of oxygen desaturation, and bronchodilator use.

Objectives

Decrease the development of ACS by 5% in a hospitalized pediatric SCD population.

Methods

A multidisciplinary team conducted a quality improvement (QI) project between April 2020 and August 2021 on an inpatient pediatric hematology unit. At‐risk hospitalizations were patients with SCD who did not have ACS upon hospital admission. PACScheck was implemented and weekly run charts assessed documentation. Process control (p) charts, geometric control (g) charts, and chi‐square tests assessed checklist process measures pre‐ and post‐PACScheck. G chart assessed the number of encounters between ACS events.

Results

A total of 483 at‐risk hospitalizations were identified in the 12 months prior and 363 during the study period. A g chart demonstrated that fewer encounters developed ACS during PACScheck. A p chart demonstrated that IS documentation increased during PACScheck. A run chart of PACScheck documentation demonstrated a median of 100% documentation at least once per hospitalization during the last six months of the intervention.

Conclusion

Development of ACS can be reduced by implementing a best‐practices checklist (PACScheck) on an inpatient pediatric hematology unit with a multidisciplinary team.
Dexamethasone Dose for COVID‐19 in a Large U.S. Hospital Network From April 2020 to May 2023
Authors: Bradley Marie C. , Rai Ashish , Cosgrove Austin , Perez‐Vilar Silvia , Fuller Candace , Rosen Edward , Eworuke Efe , McLean Laura E. , Guy Jeffrey S. , Poland Russell E. , Sands Kenneth E. , Dal Pan Gerald J.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

While potential harm from high doses of systemic dexamethasone for clinical management of COVID‐19 is an important concern, little is known about real world dexamethasone dosing in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 in the United States.

Methods

Descriptive study to assess dexamethasone daily dose in adults with COVID‐19 in a large US hospital network, overall and by respiratory support requirements, extracted using semi‐ structured nursing notes.

Results

Of 332 430 hospitalizations with a COVID‐19 diagnosis, 201 637 (60.7%) hospitalizations included dexamethasone administration. The mean age of recipients was 63 years, 53.0% were male, and 64.5% White. Median time from admission to dexamethasone administration was 0 day (interquartile range [IQR], 0–1 days) and median duration of use was 5 (IQR, 3–9) days. Almost 80% of hospitalizations received standard daily doses (≤ 6 mg daily), 12.7% moderately high daily doses (> 6– ≤ 10 mg daily), and 8.1% high (> 10– ≤ 20 mg daily) or very high daily dose (> 20 mg daily). Over 20% of COVID‐19 hospitalizations requiring no oxygen or simple oxygen received high doses of systemic dexamethasone.

Conclusions

Given the findings from the UK RECOVERY trial, and the general uncertainty around safety of higher dexamethasone doses in those requiring more intense respiratory support, standard daily dexamethasone doses of 6 mg or less for hospitalized COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen are recommended.
Plasma Functionalization for Enhanced Natural Dye Affinity on Bioplastics: A Novel Approach
Authors: Syibyan Faizatin Liyan , Siswanta Dwi , Pidhatika Bidhari , Suprapto  , Kamiya Yuichi , Otomo Ryoichi
Published: October 2024

Bioplastics offer biodegradability and reduced environmental impact but often use nondegradable synthetic dyes. This study introduces a novel application of glow discharge plasma (GDP) technology to modify cassava starch‐based bioplastic sheets, specifically optimizing conditions to enhance their hydrophilicity and adhesion for natural dyes. This research systematically tailors plasma treatment parameters to maximize the interaction between bioplastics and eco‐friendly natural dyes. Optimal conditions, identified as 30 W for 3 min using oxygen, air, and nitrogen plasma treatments, demonstrate significant advancement in sustainable material development. Analyses (ATR‐FTIR, EDX, XPS) showed increased concentration of polar functional groups and oxygen content, with FE‐SEM and water contact angle measurements revealing improved surface roughness and wettability, respectively. Oxygen plasma treatment yielded the highest hydrophilicity and crystallinity of the polymer. Tensile tests indicated increased strength and decreased elongation. UV‐Vis spectroscopy confirmed enhanced dye retention and reduced leaching. This study demonstrates GDP's potential to incorporate eco‐friendly natural dyes into bioplastics, thereby contributing to the development of more sustainable materials.
Generation and Clearance of Superoxide Radicals at Buried Interfaces of Perovskites with Different Crystal Structures
Authors: Liao Ling , Jin Bo , Guo Zhicheng , Zhao Yang , Zheng Tian , Fan Lisheng , Wang Chengrong , Peng Rufang
Published: October 2024

One of the most notorious issues with classic perovskite (MAPbI3) is its rapid degradation caused by generating superoxide radicals (O2•−) on its surface under light and oxygen environments (light/O2). The differences in O2•− generation rate and tolerance to O2•− among perovskite with different structures are pending. For the first time it is validated through solid‐electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) that MAPbI3 and Cs0.175FA0.75MA0.075PbI3 (PVSK) crystals can generate O2•− in an air atmosphere. The rapid degradation of perovskite buried interfaces caused by O2•− dominates the nonexposed air aging process of SnO2‐based perovskite film, and the degradation rate of MAPbI3 film is faster than that of PVSK film. The fullerene pyridine derivatives (C60OPD), which function as a buffer layer between SnO2 and PVSK to scavenge O2•− and prevent degradation at the buried interface of the PVSK film, reduce the density of defect states, and accelerate the transmission of photogenerated electrons. The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) optimizes with C60OPD increased from 21.15% to 23.11% while significantly improving the stability in light/O2. This work reveals the hidden degradation of perovskite‐buried interfaces caused by O2•− and explores efficient ways for perovskite to resist O2•−.
Harnessing Lactobacillus reuteri‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Multifaceted Cancer Treatment
Authors: Yi Soyeon , Jung Eunkyeong , Kim Hyeran , Choi Jinsol , Kim Suhyeon , Lim Eun‐Kyung , Kim Kwang‐Sun , Kang Taejoon , Jung Juyeon
Published: October 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as valuable biological materials for treating intractable diseases. Extensive studies are conducted on EVs derived from various cellular sources. In this study, EVs derived from Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), a probiotic, exhibit remarkable cancer therapeutic efficacy when administered orally is reported. These L. reuteri‐derived EVs (REVs) demonstrate stability in the gastrointestinal tract and exert significant anti‐tumor effects. Using A549 cells and murine models, we confirmed that REVs mediate their therapeutic effects by modulating apoptotic signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combination of REV with drugs enhances tumor ablation and induces immunogenic cell death. In a mouse model, oral administration of REVs encapsulating indocyanine green followed by photothermal therapy led to complete tumor elimination within 32 days. REVs represent a promising biological therapeutic platform for cancer treatment, either independently or in combination with other therapies, depending on the treatment objectives.
Boosting the Performance and Durability of Fe–N–C Fuel Cell Catalysts via Integrating Mo2C Clusters
Authors: Guo Liming , Wan Xin , Liu Xiaofang , Shang Jiaxiang , Yu Ronghai , Shui Jianglan
Published: October 2024

Carbon‐supported nitrogen‐coordinated iron single‐atom (Fe–N–C) catalysts have been regarded among the most promising platinum‐group‐metal‐free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Nevertheless, their limited intrinsic activity and unsatisfactory stability have hindered their practical applications. Here, it is reported that the integration of Mo2C clusters effectively enhances the ORR activity and stability of Fe–N–C catalysts. The composite catalyst of Fe single atoms and Mo2C clusters co‐embedded on nitrogen‐doped carbon (FeSA/Mo2C–NC) exhibits an excellent ORR activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.82 V in acidic media and a high peak power density of 0.5 W cm−2 in an H2–air PEMFC. Moreover, improved stability is achieved with nearly no decay under H2–air conditions for 80 h at 0.4 V. Experiments with theoretical calculations elucidate that the etching effect of the phosphomolybdic acid precursor optimizes the pore size distribution of the composite catalyst, thereby exposing more active sites. The Mo2C clusters modulate the electronic configuration of the Fe–N4 sites, optimizing adsorption energy for ORR intermediates and strengthening the Fe–N bond to mitigate demetalation. This work provides valuable insights into the construction of single‐atom/nanoaggregate hybrid catalysts for efficient energy‐related applications.
Control of Methylamine Gas Treatment for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Module
Authors: Le Duc‐Anh , Kala Kannankutty , Su Tzu‐Sen , Perumbalathodi Nideesh , Wei Tzu‐Chien
Published: October 2024

Methylamine (MA0) gas treatment (MATM) is a process that involves the adsorption of MA0 on methylammonium (MA)‐based lead perovskite thin films, forming an adsorption intermediate, which appears as a visually transparent liquid. When MA0 is desorbed from this intermediate, recrystallization of the MA‐based perovskite occurs. Due to the highly reversible nature of MATM and its ability to inherently levelize the film surface through liquefaction, MATM is a promising method for fabricating uniform and intact perovskite thin films over large areas, which is crucial for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Herein, efforts to control the MATM process are presented, including slowing down the kinetics of MA adsorption by introducing a diluent into the MA stock solution, establishing a monitoring system to investigate the desorption process in detail, and demonstrating the success of MATM in fabricating perovskite solar modules. It is found that MATM not only heals morphological flaws but also promotes (110) orientation crystallinity and reduces trap density in recrystallized MAPbI3 films. Finally, MATM is applied to prepare perovskite minimodules using an in‐house designed MA‐induced liquefaction and recrystallization reactor. The minimodule (5 × 5 cm) fabricated using MATM achieves 18.32% efficiency, significantly surpassing the performance of those fabricated using antisolvent‐treating (7.50%) and vacuum drying (16.09%) methods.
Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction, Functional Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Naematelia aurantialba Polysaccharides
Authors: Huang Guichun , Guo Zhongxia , Tan Jia'na , Xu Qingrui , Wei Chaoyang
Published: October 2024

Naematelia aurantialba (N. aurantialba) is a fungus rich in polysaccharides with medicinal and edible properties. Polysaccharides are the main active components of N. aurantialba; however, their biological activities and functional properties have not been widely explored. In this study, the ultrasonic extraction process for N. aurantialba polysaccharides (NAP) is optimized, and the physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant activities of the homogeneous fraction (NAP) are investigated. The optimal extraction conditions are a liquid–solid ratio of 50 mL g−1, ultrasonic power of 430 W, ultrasonic time of 32 min, resulting in an extraction rate of N. aurantialba polysaccharides of 48.68% ± 0.83%. NAP has a molecular weight of 915 kDa. The monosaccharide composition of NAP is as follows: mannose (59.04% ± 0.12%), xylose (23.89% ± 0.03%), glucuronic acid (14.07% ± 0.24%), galacturonic acid (2.12% ± 0.02%), and glucose (0.76% ± 0.02%). NAP exhibites water and oil retention capacities of 14.62 ± 0.25 g g−1 and 23.73 ± 0.85 g g−1, respectively. Furthermore, NAP demonstrates favorable moisture absorption and retention properties. The results show that NAP has a significantly stronger antioxidant effect, as demonstrated by its concentration‐dependent scavenging of ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals.
What it means to be a professional veterinary nurse in the 21st century
Authors: Scorer Trish
Published: October 2024

Reviewed by Trish Scorer, nursing education and development manager at Mars Veterinary Health International.
A strong partnership helped to build both a practice and a career in orthopaedics
Authors: Brown Gordon
Published: October 2024

Gordon Brown, a recent addition to the hip and elbow panel of the BVA/Kennel Club Canine Health Schemes, reflects on his orthopaedic journey and shares his concerns and hopes for the future.
A Study on Veterinary Faculty Students’ Opinions on Ethics Education and Career Choices: A Case of Ondokuz Mayıs University
Authors: Yıldırım Sefa , Melikoğlu Gölcü Berfin
Published: October 2024

Background

Veterinary ethics is a multifaceted element of the veterinary profession as it deals with various ethical issues related to medical practice, animal welfare, professional behaviour and societal expectations. By focusing on teaching ethics in veterinary medicine education, it will be possible to guide future veterinarians through the ethical dilemmas and conflicts they may encounter in their careers.

Objectives

To evaluate the opinions of the Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine intern students about ethics education in veterinary medicine. Evaluation and comparison of the perspective on ethics education and career choice.

Methods

A cross‐sectional descriptive survey design was used to collect data via a questionnaire. Data obtained from 87 out of 119 students in the intern programme were evaluated. Responses were analysed by statistical methods.

Results

In the study, it was determined that pet veterinary services (private sector) and government veterinary services (public sector) were the leading career choices of intern veterinary students; female and male students wanted to turn to different fields of work; and the difference in career preferences did not change the views on ethics education. It was observed that students needed applied teaching and measurement‐evaluation methods in ethics education and sought role models in developing ethical attitudes and behaviours. In addition to gaining ethical knowledge in veterinary education, it was observed that they attach importance to professional and legal obligations.

Conclusions

This study is one of the few studies on veterinary ethics education and career choice in Turkey. The study results provide information to guide the development of veterinary ethics education to prepare future veterinarians for the complex ethical issues they will face in their careers.
Analytical Solution for the Cost Optimal Electric Energy Storage Size Based on the Effective Energy Shift (EfES) Algorithm
Authors: Fellerer Jonathan , German Reinhard
Published: October 2024

The importance of Electric Energy Storage (EES) for the transformation to an energy grid with a large share of Renewable Energy Source (RES) has been studied and shown for many decades. While larger storage systems might provide more energetic benefits for the overall grid, they also require higher investment and capital costs. Hence the question of the cost-optimal size of EES and RES is commonly stated in public debates and the related literature. This minimization problem is mainly solved by combining simulation and optimization methods. Even though this enables the analysis of highly complex scenarios, the configuration and computation time are high, and many of the found methods are not reproducible. Within our paper, we introduce an analytical solution for calculating the cost-optimal capacity of an EES that is derived from results computed by the Effective Energy Shift (EfES) algorithm.
Firewalls at exponentially late times
Authors: Blommaert Andreas , Chen Chang-Han , Nomura Yasunori
Published: October 2024

Abstract

We consider a version of the typical state firewall setup recently reintroduced by Stanford and Yang, who found that wormholes may create firewalls. We examine a late-time scaling limit in JT gravity in which one can resum the expansion in the number of wormholes, and we use this to study the exact distribution of interior slices at times exponential in the entropy. We consider a thermofield double with and without early perturbations on a boundary. These perturbations can appear on interior slices as dangerous high energy shockwaves. For exponentially late times, wormholes tend to teleport the particles created by perturbations and render the interior more dangerous. In states with many perturbations separated by large times, the probability of a safe interior is exponentially small, even though these would be safe without wormholes. With perturbation, even in the safest state we conceive, the odds of encountering a shock are fifty-fifty. One interpretation of the phenomenon is that wormholes can change time-ordered contours into effective out-of-time-ordered folds, making shockwaves appear in unexpected places.
Therapy concepts in type 1 diabetes mellitus treatment: disease modifying versus curative approaches
Authors: Lenzen Sigurd , Jörns Anne
Published: October 2024

For many autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), efforts have been made to modify the disease process through pharmacotherapy. The ultimate goal must be to develop therapies with curative potential by achieving an organ without signs of parenchymal cell destruction and without signs of immune cell infiltration. In the case of the pancreas, this means regenerated and well-preserved beta cells in the islets without activated infiltrating immune cells. Recent research has opened up the prospect of successful antibody combination therapy for autoimmune diabetes with curative potential. This goal cannot be achieved with monotherapies. The requirements for the implementation of such a therapy with curative potential for the benefit of patients with T1DM and LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) are considered.
Fasting as an intervention to alter the impact of simulated night-shift work on glucose metabolism in healthy adults: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Centofanti Stephanie , Heilbronn Leonie K. , Wittert Gary , Dorrian Jillian , Coates Alison M. , Kennaway David , Gupta Charlotte , Stepien Jacqueline M. , Catcheside Peter , Yates Crystal , Grosser Linda , Matthews Raymond W. , Banks Siobhan
Published: October 2024

Aims/hypothesis

Night-shift work causes circadian misalignment and impairs glucose metabolism. We hypothesise that food intake during night shifts may contribute to this phenomenon.

Methods

This open-label, multi-arm, single-site, parallel-group controlled trial involved a 6 day stay at the University of South Australia’s sleep laboratory (Adelaide, SA, Australia). Healthy, non-shift-working adults without obesity (N=55; age 24.5 ± 4.8 years; BMI 24.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were assigned to the next available run date and cluster randomised (1:1:1) to fasting-at-night (N=20), snack-at-night (N=17), or meal-at-night (N=18) conditions. One participant withdrew from each group, prior to starting the study. Due to study design, neither participants nor people collecting their measurements could be blinded. Statistical and laboratory staff were concealed to study allocation. Participants were fed at calculated energy balance, with the macronutrient composition of meals being similar across conditions. The primary outcomes were a linear mixed-effects model of glucose, insulin and NEFA AUC in response to a 75 g OGTT that was conducted prior to and after 4 consecutive nights of shift work plus 1 night of recovery sleep. Insulin sensitivity, insulinogenic and disposition indexes were also calculated.

Results

Night-shift work impaired insulin sensitivity, as measured by insulin AUC (p=0.035) and the insulin sensitivity index (p=0.016) across all conditions. Insulin secretion, as measured by the insulinogenic index, was increased in the fasting-at-night condition only (p=0.030), resulting in a day×condition interaction in glucose AUC (p<0.001) such that glucose tolerance was impaired in the meal-at night (+2.00 [95% CI 1.45, 2.56], p<0.001) and snack at-night (+0.96 [0.36, 1.56], p=0.022) conditions vs the fasting-at-night (+0.34 [–0.21, 0.89]) condition. A day×condition interaction was also observed in NEFA AUC (p<0.001), being higher in the meal-at-night (+0.07 [0.03, 0.10]. p=0.001) and snack-at-night (0.01 [–0.03, 0.05], p=0.045) conditions vs the fasting-at-night condition (–0.02 [–0.06, 0.01]). No adverse events occurred.

Conclusions/interpretation

The timing of food intake has a critical effect on glucose metabolism during simulated night-shift work, which was readily amendable to a meal re-timing intervention.

Trial Registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12616001556437

Funding

This work was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), APP1099077.

Graphical Abstract
A critical review of wastewater-based epidemiology as a tool to evaluate the unintentional human exposure to potentially harmful chemicals
Authors: Carneiro Rodrigo B. , Nika Maria-Christina , Gil-Solsona Rubén , Diamanti Konstantina S. , Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Corominas Lluís , Gago-Ferrero Pablo
Published: October 2024

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a powerful tool to gather epidemiological insights at the community level, providing objective data on population exposure to harmful substances. A considerable portion of the human exposure to these potentially harmful chemicals occurs unintentionally, unlike substances such as pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, or alcohol. In this context, this comprehensive review analyzes WBE studies focused on classes of organic chemicals to which humans are unintentionally exposed, namely organophosphorus flame retardants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles, phthalates and terephthalates, benzophenones, pesticides, bisphenols, and parabens. The review highlights some advantages of WBE for public health surveillance, e.g., non-invasive analysis, predictive capability, nearly real-time data, population-wide insights, no ethical approval, and unbiased sampling. It also discusses challenges and future research directions in WBE regarding exposure to harmful chemicals from various sources. The review emphasizes the critical role of wastewater sampling, sample preparation, quality control, and instrumental analysis in achieving accurate and reliable results. Furthermore, it examines the selection of human biomarkers for WBE studies and explores strategies to link WBE with human biomonitoring (HBM), which together enhance both the precision and effectiveness of exposure assessments.
Are white matter hyperintensities associated with neuroborreliosis? The answer is twofold
Authors: Lindland Elisabeth S. , Røvang Martin S. , Solheim Anne Marit , Andreassen Silje , Skarstein Ingerid , Dareez Nazeer , MacIntosh Bradley J. , Eikeland Randi , Ljøstad Unn , Mygland Åse , Bos Steffan D. , Ulvestad Elling , Reiso Harald , Lorentzen Åslaug R. , Harbo Hanne F. , Bjørnerud Atle , Beyer Mona K.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Many consider white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) to be important imaging findings in neuroborreliosis. However, evidence regarding association with WMHs is of low quality. The objective was to investigate WMHs in neuroborreliosis visually and quantitatively.

Materials and methods

Patients underwent brain MRI within one month of diagnosis and six months after treatment. Healthy controls were recruited. WMHs were counted by visual rating and the volume was calculated from automatic segmentation. Biochemical markers and scores for clinical symptoms and findings were used to explore association with longitudinal volume change of WMHs.

Results

The study included 74 patients (37 males) with early neuroborreliosis and 65 controls (30 males). Mean age (standard deviation) was 57.4 (13.5) and 57.7 (12.9) years, respectively. Baseline WMH lesion count was zero in 14 patients/16 controls, < 10 in 36/31, 10–20 in 9/7 and > 20 in 13/11, with no difference between groups (p = 0.90). However, from baseline to follow-up the patients had a small reduction in WMH volume and the controls a small increase, median difference 0.136 (95% confidence interval 0.051–0.251) ml. In patients, volume change was not associated with biochemical or clinical markers, but with degree of WMHs (p values 0.002–0.01).

Conclusion

WMH lesions were not more numerous in patients with neuroborreliosis compared to healthy controls. However, there was a small reduction of WMH volume from baseline to follow-up among patients, which was associated with higher baseline WMH severity, but not with disease burden or outcome. Overall, non-specific WMHs should not be considered suggestive of neuroborreliosis.
Time-dependent simulation of blood flow through an abdominal aorta with iliac arteries
Authors: Górski Grzegorz , Kucab Krzysztof
Published: October 2024

Atherosclerosis is one of the important diseases of the circulatory system because atherosclerotic plaques cause significant disruption of blood flow. Therefore, it is very important to properly understand these processes and skillfully simulate blood flow. In our work, we consider blood flow through an abdominal aorta with iliac arteries, assuming that the right iliac artery is narrowed by an atherosclerotic lesion. Blood flow is simulated using the laminar, standard $$k-\omega$$

k
-
ω

and standard $$k-\epsilon$$

k
-
ϵ

models. The obtained results show that despite the use of identical initial conditions, the distribution of velocity flow and wall shear stress depends on the choice of flow simulation model. For the $$k-\epsilon$$

k
-
ϵ

model, we obtain higher values of speed and wall shear stress on atherosclerotic plaque than in the other two models. The laminar and $$k-\omega$$

k
-
ω

models predict larger areas where reverse blood flow occurs in the area behind the atherosclerotic lesion. This effect is associated with negative wall shear stress. These two models give very similar results. The results obtained by us, and those reported in the literature, indicate that $$k-\omega$$

k
-
ω

model is the most suitable for blood flow analysis.
Modelling the Effects of Forest use Change on Brownification of Finnish Rivers under Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Rankinen Katri , Cano Bernal Jose E. , Holmberg Maria , Nordling Magnus , Schulz Torsti , Mäkelä Annikki , Mikkonen Ninni , Kujala Heini , Jackson-Blake Leah , de Wit Heleen A. , Forsius Martin
Published: October 2024

Browning of surface waters due to increased terrestrial loading of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is observed across the Northern Hemisphere. The effects influence several ecosystem services from freshwater productivity to water purification. Brownification is often explained by changes in large-scale anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem functioning (acidification, climate change, and land cover changes). This study examined the effect of forest use changes on water browning in Finland, considering the effects of global pressures. Our goal was to find the ecosystems and geographic areas that are most sensitive to environmental pressures that increase the loading of DOM. We were also looking for land use strategies that decrease browning. We combined mathematical watershed modelling to scenarios of climate change, atmospheric deposition, and forest use change. Changes included scenarios of forest harvest and protection on forest, that were derived from European Union’s regulation. The study area covered 20 watersheds from south to north of Finland. In northern Finland brownification continue. In southern Finland global influence (atmospheric deposition, climate change) seem to weaken, giving more space for local forest use change having an influence on brownification. Forest use change was more influential in river basins dominated by organic soils than in mineral soils. Extending forest protection decreased brownification especially in areas where the influence of atmospheric pressure is decreasing. When forest protection is planned to provide a carbon storage and sequestration potential and to favor biodiversity, it has favorable effect on surface water quality as well.