bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The community ecology of invasive species: where are we and what's next?
Authors: Gallien Laure , Carboni Marta
Published: October 2016

Alien species are continually introduced in most regions of the world, but not all survive and coexist with the resident native species. Approaches analyzing the functional (or phylogenetic) similarity between invasive species and native communities are increasingly employed to infer the processes underlying successful invasions and to predict future invaders. The relatively simple conceptual foundations have made these approaches very appealing and therefore widely used, often leading to confusion and hampering generalizations. We undertook a comprehensive review and synthesis of the functional similarity approach in invasion community ecology to clarify its advantages and limitations, to summarize what has been learned thus far, and to suggest avenues for future improvement. We first present the methodological state of the art and provide general guidelines. Second, by organizing the published literature around seven key questions in invasion ecology we found cumulative evidence that: at large spatial scales phylogenetic relatedness of invasive and native species is a good predictor of invasion success, but a poor predictor of invasion impacts; at fine spatial scales, community resistance to invasion tends to increase with native species diversity and with similarity to the invaders, consistent with patterns emerging from biotic interactions. In general, the processes filtering invaders appear to vary across species’ invasion stage and along environmental gradients. Nonetheless, we found conflicting evidence for differences in community assembly processes between invasive and native species, and between the invader's native and adventive ranges. Finally, we propose four important avenues for overcoming some of the identified methodological and conceptual limitations of the approach, in particular by integrating observational and experimental analyses and by explicitly considering species’ demographic rates and complex biotic interactions. Although the functional similarity approach bears intrinsic limitations, it still offers many opportunities in invasion community ecology at large spatial scales.
Choosy mothers pick challenging plants: maternal preference and larval performance of a specialist herbivore are not linked
Authors: HUFNAGEL MONICA , SCHILMILLER ANTHONY L. , ALI JARED , SZENDREI ZSOFIA
Published: October 2016

1. Maternal preference is a dynamic process and interactions between preference and performance are fundamental for understanding evolutionary ecology and host association in insect–plant interactions. In the present study, the hypothesis of preference–performance was tested by offering solanaceous specialistLeptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae and adult females four plant congeners that ranged in suitability.

2. Larval feeding, development, oviposition, plant glycoalkaloids, and headspace volatiles in the four plant species were analysed to examine the extent of variation, which might explain performance–preference differences.

3. It was found that larval performance was mismatched with adult oviposition preferences. Adults laid more eggs onSolanum immiteDunal plants, which were poor hosts for larval development, feeding, and survival, compared to the other threeSolanumspecies.

4. Chemical plant defenses, in general, did not correlate with performance or preference, but some plant volatiles may have played a role in resolving female choice. Glycoalkaloids such as solanine and chaconine were detected in similar amounts in preferred and non‐preferred hosts, but there was significantly more limonene in the headspace ofS. immitethan inS. tuberosumL.

5. The present findings suggest that we must consider the risk‐spreading hypothesis in cases where preference and performance are not positively correlated, particularly in specialist herbivores that can feed on a diversity of congener plants and may attempt to expand their exploits to other solanaceae species.
Iceberg killing fields limit huge potential for benthic blue carbon in Antarctic shallows
Authors: Barnes David K. A.
Published: October 2016

Climate‐forced ice losses are increasing potential for iceberg‐seabed collisions, termed ice scour. At Ryder Bay, West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) sea ice, oceanography, phytoplankton and encrusting zoobenthos have been monitored since 1998. In 2003, grids of seabed markers, covering 225 m2, were established, surveyed and replaced annually to measure ice scour frequency. Disturbance history has been recorded for each m2 of seabed monitored at 5–25 m for ~13 years. Encrusting fauna, collected from impacted and nonimpacted metres each year, show coincident benthos responses in growth, mortality and mass of benthic immobilized carbon. Encrusting benthic growth was mainly determined by microalgal bloom duration; each day, nanophytoplankton exceeded 200 μg L−1 produced ~0.05 mm radial growth of bryozoans, and sea temperature >0 °C added 0.002 mm day−1. Mortality and persistence of growth, as benthic carbon immobilization, were mainly influenced by ice scour. Nearly 30% of monitored seabed was hit each year, and just 7% of shallows were not hit. Hits in deeper water were more deadly, but less frequent, so mortality decreased with depth. Five‐year recovery time doubled benthic carbon stocks. Scour‐driven mortality varied annually, with two‐thirds of all monitored fauna killed in a single year (2009). Reduced fast ice after 2006 ramped iceberg scouring, killing half the encrusting benthos each year in following years. Ice scour coupled with low phytoplankton biomass drove a phase shift to high mortality and depressed zoobenthic immobilized carbon stocks, which has persevered for 10 years since. Stocks of immobilized benthic carbon averaged nearly 15 g m−2. WAP ice scouring may be recycling 80 000 tonnes of carbon yr−1. Without scouring, such carbon would remain immobilized and the 2.3% of shelf which are shallows could be as productive as all the remaining continental shelf. The region's future, when glaciers reach grounding lines and iceberg production diminishes, is as a major global sink of carbon storage.
Provision of supplementary food for wild birds may increase the risk of local nest predation
Authors: Hanmer Hugh J. , Thomas Rebecca L. , Fellowes Mark D. E.
Published: October 2016

In countries such as the UK, USA and Australia, approximately half of all households provide supplementary food for wild birds, making this the public's most common form of active engagement with nature. Year‐round supplementary feeding is currently encouraged by major conservation charities in the UK as it is thought to be of benefit to bird conservation. However, little is understood about how the provision of supplementary food affects the behaviour and ecology of target and non‐target species. Given the scale of supplementary feeding, any negative effects may have important implications for conservation. Potential nest predators are abundant in urban areas and some species frequently visit supplementary feeding stations. We assess whether providing supplementary food affects the likelihood of nest predation in the vicinity of the feeder, by acting as a point attractant for potential nest predators. We provided feeding stations (empty, peanut feeder, peanut feeder with guard to exclude potential nest predators) in an area of suburban parkland in the UK and monitored the predation rate of eggs placed in artificial nests located at distances that replicated the size of typical suburban gardens. Nest predators (Magpies Pica pica, Grey Squirrels Sciurus carolinensis) were frequent visitors to filled feeders, and predation caused by Magpies, European Jays Garrulus glandarius and Grey Squirrels was significantly higher when nests were adjacent to filled feeders. The presence of a feeder guard did not significantly reduce nest predation. As supplementary feeding is becoming increasingly common during the breeding season in suburban habitats, we suggest that providing point attractants to nest predators at this time may have previously unconsidered consequences for the breeding success of urban birds.
Analysis of the volatile components of tea seed oil (Camellia sinensis O. Ktze) from China using HS‐SPME‐GC/MS
Authors: Liu Guoyan , Xu Suoyu , Wang Xingguo , Jin Qingzhe , Xu Xin , Shen Yingbin , Xu Guangxin , Zhang Hui
Published: October 2016

Tea seed oil is unique to Asia and boasts significant nutritional and health benefits. In this study, the volatile components of tea seed oil from eight major producing areas in China were analysed using HS‐SPME‐GC/MS. The comparison was made among them to obtain their characteristic volatile compounds. After fibre selection and extraction and desorption condition optimisation, 194 types of volatile components, mainly consisting of aldehydes, pyrazines and esters, were detected. Three principle components were obtained by principal component analysis (PCA), allowing the different cultivars of tea seed oil to be characterised with strong correlation coefficients between factors. Both cluster discriminant analysis and PCA showed that geographical regions could influence the composition and content of tea seed oil's volatile components.
Terminal complexes of the complement system: new structural insights and their relevance to function
Authors: Morgan Bryan Paul , Walters David , Serna Marina , Bubeck Doryen
Published: October 2016

Complement is a key component of innate immunity in health and a powerful driver of inflammation and tissue injury in disease. The biological and pathological effects of complement activation are mediated by activation products. These come in two flavors: (i) proteolytic fragments of complement proteins (C3, C4, C5) generated during activation that bind specific receptors on target cells to mediate effects; (ii) the multimolecular membrane attack complex generated from the five terminal complement proteins that directly binds to and penetrates target cell membranes. Several recent publications have described structural insights that have changed perceptions of the nature of this membrane attack complex. This review will describe these recent advances in understanding of the structure of the membrane attack complex and its by‐product the fluid‐phase terminal complement complex and relate these new structural insights to functional consequences and cell responses to complement membrane attack.
Structural insight into proteolytic activation and regulation of the complement system
Authors: Schatz‐Jakobsen Janus A. , Pedersen Dennis V. , Andersen Gregers R.
Published: October 2016

The complement system is a highly complex and carefully regulated proteolytic cascade activated through three different pathways depending on the activator recognized. The structural knowledge regarding the intricate proteolytic enzymes that activate and control complement has increased dramatically over the last decade. This development has been pivotal for understanding how mutations within complement proteins might contribute to pathogenesis and has spurred new strategies for development of complement therapeutics. Here we describe and discuss the complement system from a structural perspective and integrate the most recent findings obtained by crystallography, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and electron microscopy. In particular, we focus on the proteolytic enzymes governing activation and their products carrying the biological effector functions. Additionally, we present the structural basis for some of the best known complement inhibitors. The large number of accumulated molecular structures enables us to visualize the relative size, position, and overall orientation of many of the most interesting complement proteins and assembled complexes on activator surfaces and in membranes.
Dangerous liaisons: complement, coagulation, and kallikrein/kinin cross‐talk act as a linchpin in the events leading to thromboinflammation
Authors: Ekdahl Kristina N. , Teramura Yuji , Hamad Osama A. , Asif Sana , Duehrkop Claudia , Fromell Karin , Gustafson Elisabet , Hong Jaan , Kozarcanin Huda , Magnusson Peetra U. , Huber‐Lang Markus , Garred Peter , Nilsson Bo
Published: October 2016

Innate immunity is fundamental to our defense against microorganisms. Physiologically, the intravascular innate immune system acts as a purging system that identifies and removes foreign substances leading to thromboinflammatory responses, tissue remodeling, and repair. It is also a key contributor to the adverse effects observed in many diseases and therapies involving biomaterials and therapeutic cells/organs. The intravascular innate immune system consists of the cascade systems of the blood (the complement, contact, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems), the blood cells (polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, platelets), and the endothelial cell lining of the vessels. Activation of the intravascular innate immune system in vivo leads to thromboinflammation that can be activated by several of the system's pathways and that initiates repair after tissue damage and leads to adverse reactions in several disorders and treatment modalities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in the field and discuss the obstacles that exist in order to study the cross‐talk between the components of the intravascular innate immune system. These include the use of purified in vitro systems, animal models and various types of anticoagulants. In order to avoid some of these obstacles we have developed specialized human whole blood models that allow investigation of the cross‐talk between the various cascade systems and the blood cells. We in particular stress that platelets are involved in these interactions and that the lectin pathway of the complement system is an emerging part of innate immunity that interacts with the contact/coagulation system. Understanding the resulting thromboinflammation will allow development of new therapeutic modalities.
The “ins and outs” of complement‐driven immune responses
Authors: Freeley Simon , Kemper Claudia , Le Friec Gaëlle
Published: October 2016

The complement system represents an evolutionary old and critical component of innate immunity where it forms the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Originally described as a heat‐labile fraction of the serum responsible for the opsonization and subsequent lytic killing of bacteria, work over the last century firmly established complement as a key mediator of the general inflammatory response but also as an acknowledged vital bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. However, recent studies particularly spanning the last decade have provided new insights into the novel modes and locations of complement activation and highlighted unexpected additional biological functions for this ancient system, for example, in regulating basic processes of the cell. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement's established and novel roles in innate and adaptive immunity with a focus on the functional differences between serum circulating and intracellularly active complement and will describe and discuss the newly discovered cross‐talks of complement with other cell effector systems particularly during T‐cell induction and contraction.
Evolution of the complement system: from defense of the single cell to guardian of the intravascular space
Authors: Elvington Michelle , Liszewski M. Kathryn , Atkinson John P.
Published: October 2016

The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient component of immunity that revolves around the central component C3. With the recent description of intracellular C3 stores in many types of human cells, our view of the complement system has expanded. In this article, we hypothesize that a primitive version of C3 comprised the first element of the original complement system and initially functioned intracellularly and on the membrane of single‐celled organisms. With increasing specialization and multicellularity, C3 evolved a secretory capacity that allowed it to play a protective role in the interstitial space. Upon development of a pumped circulatory system, C3 was synthesized in large amounts and secreted by the liver to protect the intravascular space. Recent discoveries of intracellular C3 activation, a C3‐based recycling pathway and C3 being a driver and programmer of cell metabolism suggest that the complement system utilizes C3 to guard not only extracellular but also the intracellular environment. We predict that the major functions of C3 in all four locations (i.e. intracellular, membrane, interstitium and circulation) are similar: opsonization, membrane perturbation, triggering inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming.
The complement factor H‐related proteins
Authors: Medjeral‐Thomas Nicholas , Pickering Matthew C.
Published: October 2016

The role of the complement factor H‐related (FHR) proteins in homeostasis, pathogen defense, and autoimmune disease has recently attracted considerable interest. We highlight the exciting research that has contributed to our understanding of the FHR protein family. Unlike factor H, a potent negative regulator of complement C3 activation, the FHR proteins appear to promote C3 activation. These data have important implications for understanding complement‐mediated diseases because, depending on the context, the balance between the actions of factor H and the FHR proteins determines the degree of complement activation.
Complement component C3 – The “Swiss Army Knife” of innate immunity and host defense
Authors: Ricklin Daniel , Reis Edimara S. , Mastellos Dimitrios C. , Gros Piet , Lambris John D.
Published: October 2016

As a preformed defense system, complement faces a delicate challenge in providing an immediate, forceful response to pathogens even at first encounter, while sparing host cells in the process. For this purpose, it engages a tightly regulated network of plasma proteins, cell surface receptors, and regulators. Complement component C3 plays a particularly versatile role in this process by keeping the cascade alert, acting as a point of convergence of activation pathways, fueling the amplification of the complement response, exerting direct effector functions, and helping to coordinate downstream immune responses. In recent years, it has become evident that nature engages the power of C3 not only to clear pathogens but also for a variety of homeostatic processes ranging from tissue regeneration and synapse pruning to clearing debris and controlling tumor cell progression. At the same time, its central position in immune surveillance makes C3 a target for microbial immune evasion and, if improperly engaged, a trigger point for various clinical conditions. In our review, we look at the versatile roles and evolutionary journey of C3, discuss new insights into the molecular basis for C3 function, provide examples of disease involvement, and summarize the emerging potential of C3 as a therapeutic target.
Metapopulation management of an Endangered species with limited genetic diversity in the presence of disease: the Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii
Authors: Hogg C. J. , Lee A. V. , Srb C. , Hibbard C.
Published: October 2016

There has been much discussion relating to the current biodiversity crisis, with the loss of species now at an unprecedented rate. Using augmentation and/or reintroduction to minimize the loss of species in the wild is becoming more prominent. Zoological institutions have been traditionally involved in the management of insurance populations providing a range of species for release to the wild. Insurance populations can be costly, both in resources and behavioural changes, and so should aim to be maintained for as short a time as possible, with a maximum of 40 years. A Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii insurance population was established in 2006 with the arrival of devil facial tumour disease, and was founded with 120 individuals sourced predominantly from the west coast of Tasmania. Here the challenges of establishing and managing an insurance population in an already genetically depauperate species in the presence of a contagious cancer are discussed. The Tasmanian devil insurance metapopulation now includes a continuum of management scenarios (from intensive zoo‐based facilities, through free‐range enclosures, to an island and fenced peninsula) and consists of over 700 devils representing at least 180 founders. The lessons learned in regard to this programme are presented, including the issues surrounding reduced genetic diversity and how we are striving to improve the long‐term management of the insurance metapopulation through a combination of molecular genetics, modelling and on‐the‐ground management. The tools and technologies that have been developed in this programme are directly applicable to the recovery and management of a suite of other threatened fauna.
Beyond the Storm: Comparison of Clinical Factors, Arrhythmogenic Substrate, and Catheter Ablation Outcomes in Structural Heart Disease Patients With versus Those Without a History of Ventricular Tachycardia Storm
Authors: KUMAR SAURABH , FUJII AKIRA , KAPUR SUNIL , ROMERO JORGE , MEHTA NISHAKI K. , TANIGAWA SHINICHI , EPSTEIN LAURENCE M. , KOPLAN BRUCE A. , MICHAUD GREGORY F. , JOHN ROY M. , STEVENSON WILLIAM G. , TEDROW USHA B.
Published: October 2016

Differences in VT Storm versus Nonstorm Patients

Aims

Catheter ablation can be lifesaving in ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm, but the underlying substrate in patients with storm is not well characterized. We sought to compare the clinical factors, substrate, and outcomes differences in patients with sustained monomorphic VT who present for catheter ablation with VT storm versus those with a nonstorm presentation.

Methods

Consecutive ischemic (ICM; n = 554) or nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients (NICM; n = 369) with a storm versus nonstorm presentation were studied (ICM storm 186; NICM storm 101).

Results

In ICM, storm compared with nonstorm patients had significantly lower left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), greater number of antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) failures, slower VTs, greater number of scarred LV segments, higher incidence of anterior, septal, and apical endocardial LV scar (all P < 0.05). However, outcomes in follow‐up were similar (12‐month ventricular arrhythmia [VA]‐free survival: 51% vs. 52%, P = 0.6; survival free of death/transplant 75% vs. 87%, P = 0.7). In addition to the above differences, NICM storm patients were also older; however, the extent and distribution of scar was similar except for a higher incidence of lateral endocardial scar in storm patients (P = 0.05). VA‐free survival (36% vs. 47%, P = 0.004) and survival free of death/transplant, however, were worse in NICM storm than nonstorm patients (72% vs. 88%, P = 0.001). NICM storm patients had worse VA‐free survival than ICM storm patients.

Conclusion

There are differences in clinical factors and scar patterns in patients undergoing VT ablation who present with VT storm versus those with a nonstorm presentation. Clinical outcomes are worse in NICM storm patients.
Follicle cell processes: a shark thing?
Authors: Dunbar M. , Onuora C. , Morgan S. , Stone F. E. , Huckaba T. M. , Davenport I. R.
Published: October 2016

Follicle cell processes (FCP) are identified in two species of carcharhinid shark (Selachii) but are absent in the little skate Leucoraja erinacea (Batoidea). This suggests that FCPs are either a unique structure that evolved in selachians or were lost by the batoids after their divergence, some 280 mya. The presence of FCPs in the selachians would be consistent with the evolution of large oocytes in this group of animals.
Effect of disinfection and sterilization on the tensile strength, surface roughness, and wettability of elastomers
Authors: Kotha Sunil Babu , Ramakrishnaiah Ravikumar , Devang Divakar Darshan , Celur Sree Lalita , Qasim Saad , Matinlinna Jukka P.
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chemical disinfection, autoclave, and microwave sterilization on some of the key properties of elastomers.

Methods

Five polyvinylsiloxane elastomeric impression materials were evaluated. Forty samples were fabricated from each material. The samples were randomly selected and assigned to four experimental groups with 50 samples each: group I, control; group II,chemical disinfection; group III, autoclave sterilization; and group IV, microwave sterilization. The differences in the mean values were contrasted and compared with the control group and analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance (P < 0.05).

Results

The results showed that chemical disinfection and autoclave sterilization had no significant effect on the tensile strength and surface roughness, whereas microwave sterilization showed a statistically‐significant reduction in tensile strength, and an increase in surface roughness. None of the disinfection and sterilization techniques had a significant effect on wettability. However, autoclave and microwave sterilization resulted in an increase in hydrophilicity of all the materials tested.

Conclusion

Chemical disinfection and autoclave sterilization had no statistically‐significant effect on the tested properties of elastomers, thus autoclave sterilization can be considered as an alternative and an effective mode of disinfection and sterilization to eliminate all forms of disease causing microorganisms from dental impressions.
Issues related to diagnosing oral lichen planus among oral pathologists in South India: A pilot survey
Authors: Sanketh D. Sharathkumar , Srinivasan Samuel Raj , Patil Shankargouda , Ranganathan Kannan
Published: October 2016

Aim

In the present study, we simulated clinical scenarios by explicitly describing the history and clinical and histological features of hypothetical patients presenting with oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesion, and epithelial dysplasia in a self‐designed questionnaire. By doing so, we aimed to elicit a diagnosis from oral pathologists and trainees, analyze their responses, appraise issues, and propose solutions regarding the diagnosis of OLP.

Methods

The questionnaire was distributed to 100 oral pathologists and trainees in South India. Six questions were designed to assess awareness of the diagnostic aspects of OLP. Ten questions were hypothetical clinical scenarios (HCS) devised to evaluate respondents' knowledge of diagnostic guidelines and the criteria used by the respondents to render a diagnosis.

Results

There were 60 of 100 responses to the questionnaire. More than half the respondents were aware of the World Health Organization and modified guidelines of OLP. We observed considerable variations in diagnoses for the HCS.

Conclusions

Our study illustrates the ambiguity in rendering an accurate diagnosis, despite adequate guidelines. Based on the responses for the HCS, we hypothesized that changes in the distribution (unilateral or bilateral) and clinical characteristic of OLP, and habits of patients, have a significant bearing on the clinical and final diagnoses of the lesion.
Educational Strategies to Help Students Provide Respectful Sexual and Reproductive Health Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons
Authors: Walker Kelly , Arbour Megan , Waryold Justin
Published: October 2016

Graduate medical, nursing, and midwifery curricula often have limited amounts of time to focus on issues related to cultural competency in clinical practice, and respectful sexual and reproductive health care for all individuals in particular. Respectful health care that addresses sexual and reproductive concerns is a right for everyone, including those who self‐identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). LGBT persons have unique reproductive health care needs as well as increased risks for poor health outcomes. Both the World Health Organization and Healthy People 2020 identified the poor health of LGBT persons as an area for improvement. A lack of educational resources as well as few student clinical experiences with an LGBT population may be barriers to providing respectful sexual and reproductive health care to LGBT persons. This article offers didactic educational strategies for midwifery and graduate nursing education programs that may result in reducing barriers to the provision of respectful sexual and reproductive health care for LGBT clients. Specific ideas for implementation are discussed in detail. In addition to what is presented here, other educational strategies and clinical experiences may help to support students for caring for LGBT persons prior to entrance into clinical practice.
Safety and Efficacy of Using a Single Transradial MAC Guiding Catheter for Coronary Angiography and Intervention in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Guo Jincheng , Chen Wenming , Wang Guozhong , Liu Zijing , Hao Minghui , Xu Min , Zhu Fuli
Published: October 2016

Background

There are limited data on the impact of using a single dedicated radial guiding catheter in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via radial access.

Objectives

To investigate the effect of using a single guiding catheter (MAC 3.5) for left and right coronary angiography and intervention on catheterization laboratory door to balloon (C2B) time in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods

Three hundred and sixty patients were randomized (1:1) to using a single MAC3.5 guiding catheter (MAC group) or diagnostic Tiger catheter first for coronary angiography followed by guiding catheter selection (control group) for intervention. The primary outcomes were C2B. The secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days and 6 months.

Results

Median C2B time (16.6 min, interquartile range [IQR] 14.3–20.2 min vs 19.0 min, IQR 14.3–23.1 min; P < 0.001), total procedure time (31.0 min, IQR 26.4–37.7 min vs 34.8 min, IQR 29.7–42.5 min, P < 0.001), and overall fluoroscopy time (8.0 min, IQR 6.4–10.4 min vs 8.8 min, IQR 6.5–12.2, P = 0.04) were significantly reduced in MAC Group. Contrast consumption were similar among both groups (103 ± 37 ml vs 110 ± 41 ml, P = 0.16). The MACE rate in MAC group and control group was 3.3 versus 4.4% (P = 0.586) at 30 days and 3.3 versus 5.0% (P = 0.429) at 6 months, respectively.

Conclusions

A single MAC3.5 guiding catheter for coronary angiography and intervention can shorten C2B time, procedure time, and fluoroscopy time. (RAPID study; NCT01759043).
What the signs say: Gentrification and the disappearance ofcapitalism without distinctionin Brooklyn
Authors: Trinch Shonna , Snajdr Edward
Published: October 2016

We examine shop signs in Brooklyn, New York, as sociolinguistic technologies of place‐making that operate through specific language ideologies which represent class struggles for material wealth. We find two salient types of signs which we callOld School VernacularandDistinction‐makingsignage. The first indexes multiple inclusions in the neighborhood economy before gentrification and thus suggests a capitalism without distinction. These signs also challenge linguistic and literacy prescriptivism. In contrast, Distinction‐making signs signal an exclusivity that for some readers also represents exclusion. We discuss how these data can reveal and disguise rent gap opportunities as both old and new signs co‐inhabit the same space in a rapidly gentrifying Brooklyn.
Forecasting oral absorption across biopharmaceutics classification system classes with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models
Authors: Hansmann Simone , Darwich Adam , Margolskee Alison , Aarons Leon , Dressman Jennifer
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was (1) to determine how closely physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can predict oral bioavailability using a priori knowledge of drug-specific properties and (2) to examine the influence of the biopharmaceutics classification system class on the simulation success.

Methods

Simcyp Simulator, GastroPlus™ and GI-Sim were used. Compounds with published Biowaiver monographs (bisoprolol (BCS I), nifedipine (BCS II), cimetidine (BCS III), furosemide (BCS IV)) were selected to ensure availability of accurate and reproducible data for all required parameters. Simulation success was evaluated with the average fold error (AFE) and absolute average fold error (AAFE). Parameter sensitivity analysis (PSA) to selected parameters was performed.

Key findings

Plasma concentration–time profiles after intravenous administration were forecast within an AAFE < 3. The addition of absorption processes resulted in more variability in the prediction of the plasma profiles, irrespective of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class. The reliability of literature permeability data was identified as a key issue in the accuracy of predicting oral drug absorption.

Conclusion

For the four drugs studied, it appears that the forecasting accuracy of the PBPK models is related to the BCS class (BCS I > BCS II, BCS III > BCS IV). These results will need to be verified with additional drugs.
Romantic Evolutions: Introduction
Authors: Lambier Joshua D.
Published: October 2016

Though the Romantic era is often imagined as the “age of revolution,” recent criticism in the field has seen renewed interest in Romanticism's relationship to evolution, including the resurgence of such topics as organicism, vitalism, natural history, and natural philosophy, as well as other salient themes from the physical and life sciences. This essay offers a contextual introduction for a cluster of articles around the topic of evolution as a concept for literary theory and criticism in Romantic studies, articles that focus critical attention on complex evolutionary ideas like contingency, chance, species transformation, monstrosity, extinction, and the inhuman. The aim ofRomantic Evolutionsis to reimagine prevailing notions of evolution by tracing their modern origins to literary, cultural, and scientific discourses of the transitional period 1775–1859, a time that witnessed the genesis of the modern idea of “literature” alongside of the emergence of specialized disciplines, such as geology, biology, physiology, chemistry, psychology, and anthropology. Instead of searching through 18th‐ and early 19th‐century science for “forerunners” to the Darwinian revolution, the essays in the volume focus attention on the important contributions of Romantic poets, philosophers, and scientists who have too often been overlooked by the empirical sciences. And yet, by shifting the central focus away from Darwin and his theory of natural selection, contributors also revisit his relationship to Romanticism with fresh eyes. Taken together, the volume seeks to provoke a reevaluation of our current understanding of the Romantic conception of evolution, one that will open new critical perspectives and orientations for scholars within and beyond the field.
Collection, Exhibition and Evolution: The Romantic Museum
Authors: Thomas Sophie
Published: October 2016

In the evolutionary pre‐history of the modern museum, the eclectic collections of the Romantic period tend to fall somewhere in between the early modern curiosity cabinet, the encyclopaedic enlightenment museum and the orderly public institutions of the later 19th century. This essay explores the place of the Romantic museum in that narrative and the usefulness of evolution as a metaphor for museum history, specifically in relation to questions of orderliness and the visual in the popular reception of museums in the period and in Darwin's engagement of those topics in On the Origin of Species (1859). A variety of late 18th‐century and early 19th‐century examples, and an eclectic cast of characters, are foregrounded: from the Duchess of Portland and her copious collections, to Rackstrow's museum of morbid curiosities, Sir Ashton Lever's Holophusikon (devoted largely to natural history) and the surgeon John Hunter's anatomical specimens. In these cases and others, the associative and imaginative capacities of the viewer are called upon to ‘make sense’ of the latent (dis)orderliness of things.
Response
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This response to the series of articles on the theme of “Romanticism and Evolution” considers the collective significance of the essays gathered here.

It considers the representation of slowness, the idea of the imagination, and the relation between the living and the non‐living to think about how romantic writing helped to create the conditions of possibility out of which evolutionary theory emerged, and also how it might question the very idea of development commonly associated with evolution. The response thus highlights overlapping concerns and significant differences in the collected essays while pointing the way for future research.
An unusual occurrence of coesite at the Lonar crater, India
Authors: Jaret Steven J. , Phillips Brian L. , King David T. , Glotch Tim D. , Rahman Zia , Wright Shawn P.
Published: October 2016

Coesite has been identified within ejected blocks of shocked basalt at Lonar crater, India. This is the first report of coesite from the Lonar crater. Coesite occurs within SiO2 glass as distinct ~30 μm spherical aggregates of “granular coesite” identifiable both with optical petrography and with micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The coesite+glass occurs only within former silica amygdules, which is also the first report of high‐pressure polymorphs forming from a shocked secondary mineral. Detailed petrography and NMR spectroscopy suggest that the coesite crystallized directly from a localized SiO2 melt, as the result of complex interactions between the shock wave and these vesicle fillings.
Phellinus species: An emerging cause of refractory fungal infections in patients with X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Haidar Ghady , Zerbe Christa S. , Cheng Michelle , Zelazny Adrian M. , Holland Steven M. , Sheridan Kathleen R.
Published: October 2016

Aspergillus spp. are a leading cause of mortality in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), but other fungi have emerged in the era of mould prophylaxis. Of these, Phellinus spp. are an under‐recognised cause of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in CGD, and data on their presentation and management are scarce. We present a patient with CGD who developed disseminated IFI involving the lungs and brain. Surgical specimens grew a basidiomycete which was disregarded as a contaminant. After three months of progressive disease despite antifungals, he was diagnosed with Phellinus tropicalis by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. He improved with amphotericin B and isavuconazole but required haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We review the literature on Phellinus infections in CGD and conclude that: (i) these infections emerge on mould‐active prophylaxis and are indolent; (ii) they typically cause locally destructive disease but can disseminate; (iii) diagnosis is delayed and requires molecular methods; (iv) amphotericin B is most active in vitro; and (v) treatment is protracted and requires surgery and possibly HSCT. In conclusion, Phellinus spp. are emerging pathogens in CGD. Every effort should be made to establish the diagnosis of non‐Aspergillus IFIs in patients with CGD by sending tissue specimens for molecular diagnostics.
The question of culture continuity and change after disaster: Further thoughts
Authors: HOFFMAN SUSANNA M.
Published: October 2016

Anthropologists often struggle with interpreting the extent to which human behavior during and after disasters constitute departures from pre‐existing culture, as the issue is both theoretically poignant but also pragmatically critical. When I first wrote about the concern, I offered that the extent to which disasters cause consequential cultural change is largely determined by size or magnitude of the disaster, whether the manifestations of change are scrutinized in short or long term, and whether the change occurs within the deep structures of a culture or merely surface regalia. I also touched on resistance to change. In the plenary on the issue addressed here, several anthropologists well familiar with the problematics of disaster spoke to the concern anew, and in light of seriously changing global conditions, I, too, had expanded observations to add. They pertain both to general theories of culture continuity and change and to today's altered global situation.
Considering culture in disaster practice
Authors: MALDONADO JULIE
Published: October 2016

In disaster‐related policies and practices, culture is often treated as tangible, homogenous, static. The diversity of communities and places, on‐the‐ground actions and networks for how things are actually accomplished, intricacies of local politics and maneuvering and layers of socio‐historical inequalities, are often missing from expert calculations and official frameworks for action. The basic but most important first question goes unasked: “What would you do and how?” Disaster anthropology relentlessly arrives at the all‐too‐common problem of “policies and practices need to consider local culture.” Here too culture is framed as static, passive, homogenous. Understanding the complexity and dynamics by which we experience and understand the world is much more challenging than at first glance. Culture is fluid, evolving, and intertwined with a host of economic, political, and social relations and tensions that are constantly altering seemingly stable processes. This leads to at least two related questions. First, how do we theorize beyond this point to better interpret and explain the persistent issue of cultural insensitivity in disaster‐related policy and practice? And second, how can we develop more useful and successful prescriptions for incorporating cultural sensitivity into policy and practice? Overall, this article puts forward the argument that disaster reconstruction is a complex, culturally sensitive dynamic, within which decisions are embedded in tensions of social, political, and economic priorities. While disasters can function as a mechanism to sustain and perpetuate power relations, disaster survivors have distinct agency through the disaster recovery process and are empowered citizens that should be treated as equal partners to guide the process in a way that makes sense on‐the‐ground in the given local contexts. In the unfolding plays of disaster, the interpretive, behavioral, and material repertoires we refer to as culture exhibit some of the characteristics of emergence, insomuch as they are not fully determined by arrangements that precede them; yet, neither are they without antecedents, relationships with the past and other ongoing processes.
Disaster capitalism
Authors: SCHULLER MARK , MALDONADO JULIE K.
Published: October 2016

The term “disaster capitalism,” launched in 2005 by activist journalist Naomi Klein, still has resonance within social movement circles. Yet its proliferation in media and social movements risks a confusion and weakening of the core concept and critiques. As anthropologists who value local communities' understanding of their own social world, how do we confront such a concept? What are our roles, both in clarifying and understanding the concept? More importantly, what is and should be our praxis, our responses to stemming the worst abuses of disaster capitalism? This chapter presents a sketch of a definition and model for disaster capitalism, followed by examples from ethnographic work on the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and the 2010 British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon Oil Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico to illustrate the phenomenon of disaster capitalism in practice. We follow this with discussions of the limitations of the disaster capitalism concept and the roles of anthropologists in confronting the issue.
A Spirituality of Reconciliation: Lessons from Rwanda
Authors: Maskulak Marian
Published: October 2016

Robert Schreiter has examined the topic of a Christian understanding of reconciliation in the context of large scale global violence. One of his key notions is that, along with God's grace, forgiveness extended by the victim to the oppressor is the primary element that opens the path towards reconciliation. In this way, the victim acts as the subject or agent of reconciliation. Significantly, the object of reconciliation is the oppressor's humanity – not the act committed. Such a position correlates well with Julian of Norwich's depiction of a God of no blame and no wrath which may be best understood when one distinguishes between persons and their sinful acts. While work towards social and individual reconciliation continues in post‐genocide Rwanda, a number of bona fide acts of forgiveness by survivors are supportive of these views. Without dismissing the need for human accountability and for injustices to be addressed, people such as Immaculée Ilibagiza and Célestin Musekura have been able to take that first step of forgiving by distinguishing between the humanity of the perpetrator and the act committed. Their concrete examples provide a closer look at the dynamics of a Christian spirituality of reconciliation in its theological and practical realms.
Thomas Aquinas on the Grace of Knowing God: A study of judgment through inclination and through the gift of grace
Authors: Lee Bryony
Published: October 2016

In the Summa Theologiae Thomas Aquinas mentions a kind of judgment of virtue through inclination. He uses it to explain how, through the gift of grace, a finite human being can know an infinite God. His arguments show that his negative judgment of the significatory capacity of speculative likeness, as source of knowing God, does not have to be taken as his last word on the possibility of positive (albeit imperfect) knowledge of Him in this life. Rather, it becomes clear that Thomas thinks that, as the forming of the tendency of the will through pursuit of a natural good can be the ‘remote’ (to use his term), non-discursive, source of judgment of that good, so the divine good of the gift of grace in the essence of the soul can be a remote source of positive (albeit imperfect) judgment of divine things. The differences and similarities of the two kinds of judgment are discussed, and verification issues are examined in conclusion. Thomas’ remarks on the two kinds of judgment deserve more study, since they challenge the almost universal acceptance of relativism as well as the extent of authority given to post-enlightenment methods of verification.
The priming molecule β‐aminobutyric acid is naturally present in plants and is induced by stress
Authors: Thevenet Damien , Pastor Victoria , Baccelli Ivan , Balmer Andrea , Vallat Armelle , Neier Reinhard , Glauser Gaétan , Mauch‐Mani Brigitte
Published: October 2016

The defense system of a plant can be primed for increased defense, resulting in an augmented stress resistance and/or tolerance. Priming can be triggered by biotic and abiotic stimuli, as well as by chemicals such as β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA), a nonprotein amino acid considered so far a xenobiotic. Since the perception mechanism of BABA has been recently identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, in the present study we explored the possibility that plants do synthesize BABA.

After developing a reliable method to detect and quantify BABA in plant tissues, and unequivocally separate it from its two isomers α‐ and γ‐aminobutyric acid, we measured BABA levels in stressed and nonstressed A. thaliana plants, and in different plant species.

We show that BABA is a natural product of plants and that the endogenous levels of BABA increase rapidly after infection with necrotrophic, biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, as well as after salt stress and submergence.

Our results place the rise in endogenous BABA levels to a point of convergence in plant stress response and provide biological significance to the presence of a receptor in plants. These findings can explain the extremely widespread efficacy of BABA and open the way to unravel the early steps of priming.