bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rape and the Law in the Late 1970s
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

By the end of the 1970s, racial justice and feminist activists had gained significant ground in the legal arena. This chapter charts some of the major legal successes of those movements. Most notably from the feminist perspective was Michigan’s 1974 Criminal Sexual Conduct bill, the first complete overhaul of a state rape law in the nation. Hailed as a major feminist victory, the new law served as a model for other states nationwide. Feminist law reform strategies faced major opposition from opponents across the political spectrum, with debates often centering on contrasting beliefs of what constituted a fair trial. One reform which satisfied both racial and gender justice goals was the abolition of the death penalty as punishment for rape. The NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund brought the question of appropriate punishment in cases of rape before the Supreme Court in Coker v. Georgia (1977). The Court ruled in favor of Coker, and deemed capital punishment a disproportionate punishment in cases of adult rape. In the end, rape law reforms ultimately proved to be quite limited. The legal system was deeply steeped in pervasive racist and sexist cultural norms, creating significant barriers to effective change in the legal arena.
“Unconquerable Prejudice” and “Alien Enemies”
Authors: Polgar Paul J.
Published: January 2021

The rise of the American Colonization Society represented a sweeping shift from the reform program of the first abolition movement. For first movement abolitionists, slavery created a corrupted societal environment that degraded blacks and blinded whites to the inherent equality of African Americans. The first movement abolitionist agenda was premised on overturning this corrupted environment, caused by racial slavery. According to colonzationists, however, the problem facing antislavery advocates was not slavery itself but race. As colonizationists saw it, an unalterable racial divide between white and black Americans created a fixed societal environment of black inferiority in which prejudice was unconquerable. The reality of an unchangeable white prejudice made freedom a mockery in the North and an impossibility in the South, as long as African Americans remained within the nation's borders. Colonizationists turned their backs on the reformers who came before them by arguing that slavery could not be abolished through black incorporation. Unless those of African descent were removed from American society, colonizationists insisted, emancipation constituted a delusional hope.
Black in Place
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

While Washington, D.C., is still often referred to as “Chocolate City,” it has undergone significant demographic, political, and economic change in the last decade. In D.C., no place represents this shift better than the H Street corridor. In this book, Brandi Thompson Summers documents D.C.’s shift to a “post-chocolate” cosmopolitan metropolis by charting H Street’s economic and racial developments. In doing so, she offers a theoretical framework for understanding how blackness is aestheticized and deployed to organize landscapes and raise capital. Summers focuses on the continuing significance of blackness in a place like the nation’s capital, how blackness contributes to our understanding of contemporary urbanization, and how it laid an important foundation for how Black people have been thought to exist in cities. Summers also analyzes how blackness—as a representation of diversity—is marketed to sell a progressive, “cool,” and authentic experience of being in and moving through an urban center.Using a mix of participant observation, visual and media analysis, interviews, and archival research, Summers shows how blackness has become a prized and lucrative aesthetic that often excludes D.C.’s Black residents.
Washington’s Atlas District
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the relationship between race, diversity, belonging, and urban development in the historical devaluation of H Street as a Black space, and its revaluation as an emerging multicultural neighborhood. In light of H Street’s violent past, the narrative describing its history reinvents itself in order to write the violent times away and repurpose the neighborhood for a new market and a new time. The chapter also focuses on local programs with intended race-neutral policies that have racial consequences. The chapter further explores how “diversity” is institutionalized as a valuable social commodity to market and constitutes the political economy of the corridor. In other words, the aestheticization of blackness and space contribute to the structuring of H Street as both universal and exclusive. Corporate brands, as well as local public/private partnership organizations, strategically incorporated “diversity” as part of their official language to justify their introduction to the space – signaling affective cohesion with the neighborhood.
The Changing Face of a Black Space
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers an analysis of a neighborhood historical survey, a cultural tourism brochure, and a preservation-based community revitalization program on H Street to show how the processes of making spaces authentic take place through the production of official (state-and corporate-sanctioned) narratives about the area, which involves a devaluing of H Street’s undesirable Black history and a rebranding and revaluation of H Street as historically diverse—only momentarily Black. The revaluation of the built environment not only requires investment, it also entails a discursive shift in how the space is seen. Part of that work involves revising the narrative. These documents and programs, generated to offer present-day narratives of the past, expose the power of the state and elite actors to shape both the perception and development of the space. Together they highlight the many conditions and strategies that undergird the transformation of urban space, and the ways that racialization and capital structure these changes.
Conclusion
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

The concluding chapter revisits a discussion about how racism and other forms of inequality that take place on H Street, and in D.C. generally, are not overt, but subtle, where euphemisms like “creativity,” “diversity,” and “cultural vibrancy” are used to disinvite. The chapter discusses the spatial and economic impact of gentrification-induced displacement on the relocation of Black Washingtonians to its neighboring suburban regions. The chapter concludes with a comparative look at Oakland, CA as another post-chocolate city, and the potential for Black geographic theory to provide a rubric for envisioning an alternative future.
“Said, Without Being Asked”
Authors: White Sophie
Published: January 2021

Drawing on 18th century testimony by enslaved Africans in French colonial Louisiana, and the 1764 interrogatory of Marguerite in particular, the introduction lays out why such court records can be seen as a form of autobiographical narrative. Their words, meticulously recorded according to French court procedure, show that deponents constantly redirected the court’s focus away from the crimes being investigated, veering off subject and offering details that seem extraneous at first glance, but are in fact deeply revealing and very often riveting. Less concerned with whether testimony can tell us whether the events described actually took place, this analysis focuses instead on the medium of testimony as an opportunity for the enslaved to construct a narrative, one that reflected the spontaneity of oral speech, that was anchored in their own experiences, and that brimmed with character, personality, wit, emotions and ways of knowing, one that was autobiographical because it expressed how they looked at their world, how they evaluated it, and made sense of it at that moment in time.
Epilogue
Authors: White Sophie
Published: January 2021

The Epilogue foregrounds the enslaved African François-Xavier, whose dogged attempts in 1753 Mobile to get a soldier shamed for a profoundly disturbing act reads at times like a searing indictment of slavery.
In this highly unusual court case, François-Xavier’s actions and words signal how he made sense of his world and his place within it and, especially, how well he understood the limits imposed on his person because of his status as a slave. François-Xavier had witnessed a shocking and disturbing act but he knew that he was powerless to stop it simply because he was a slave and the soldier was not. His testimony served as a damning intellectual critique of slavery, one that he could not explicitly verbalize in court but that hung in the silence.
By stepping away from the specific allegation against the soldier and parsing François-Xavier’s words, it is possible to recognize once again how testimony served as a form of autobiographical expression. Spoken in the moment, often in mere slivers, such narratives remind us to consider how—and why—some enslaved individuals spoke, often so fearlessly, about themselves, and how tenaciously they strove to keep the focus on their own humanity.
Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Dan Customer Relationship Management Terhadap Loyalitas Nasabah Pada Bank BRI
Authors: Erline Erline , Saputra Boby
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine whether service quality affects customer loyalty at BRI Bank Muara Teweh Branch. Does Customer Relationship Management affect customer loyalty at BRI Bank Muara Teweh Branch Office This research method uses the data analysis technique used, namely the analysis of Structural Equation Modeling from the IBM SPSS Statistics Amos version 20 program AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) analysis program Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) a covariance-based The results of this test show significant results with a CR value of 3.848> 1.96 and the p number is 0.000, this number is far below 0.05 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means that there is an influence between service quality on customer loyalty This test shows significant results with a CR value of 2.322> 1.96 and the p number is 0.006, this figure is far below 0.05 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means that there is an influence between customer relationship management on customer loyalty The results of the study concluded that service quality variables have a significant and positive influence on customer loyalty variables customer relationship management have a significant and positive influence on customer loyalty. For further researchers, it is suggested that the Muara Teweh branch of BRI bank improve the quality of their services to increase customer loyalty.
Pengaruh Persepsi Kemudahan Dan Persepsi Kemanfaatan Terhadap Minat Konsumen Menggunakan Kartu Mandiri E-Money Bank Mandiri
Authors: Shita Rae
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of perceived convenience on consumer interest in using E-Money cards. To determine the effect of perceived usefulness on consumer interest using E-Money cards. To determine the effect of perceived convenience and perceived usefulness on consumer interest using Bank Mandiri E-Money cards Muara Teweh Branch. In this study, multiple regression analysis acts as a statistical technique used to test whether or not the perceived effect of perceived convenience and perceived usefulness on consumer interest shows that there is a positive influence on perceived convenience and perceived usefulness simultaneously on consumer interest in using cards. Mandiri e-money. From the research results, it is known that the determination analysis used to determine the percentage of the contribution of the influence of the independent variables together on the dependent variable is obtained by an  Adjusted R Square of 0.839 or (83.9%). This shows that the percentage of the contribution of the influence of the independent variable, namely the perception of convenience and the perception of usefulness, together has a positive effect on consumer interest in using Mandiri e-money cards by 83.9%. Henceforth, it is suggested that the Company should make it easier to refill balances and Mandiri e-card transactions. -money so that consumers work faster in using the Mandiri e-money card. The company added more machines that support e-money Mandiri cards to increase productivity.
Upaya Meningkatkan Kepuasan Pengguna Jasa Terhadap Pelayanan Keagenan PT. Pelayaran Ekanuri Indra Pratama Di Tanjung Priok Jakarta
Authors: Elvan Sri Ayu , Hindianthoro Septo , Yahya
Published: January 2021

PT. Pelayaran Ekanuri Indra Pratama merupakan salah satu perusahaan pelayaran yang bergerak dalam bidang pelayanan jasa pengoperasian kapal antara lain kapal milik sendiri dan  keagenan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk  mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pengguna jasa terhadap pelayanan  keagenan PT. Pelayaran Ekanuri Indra Pratama dan peranan PT. Pelayaran Ekanuri Indra Pratama dalam pelayanan jasa keagenan kapal. Metode yang dilakukan untuk pengumpulan data adalah studi kepustakaan, penelitian lapangan, dan metode kualitatif. Dimensi kualitas  pelayanan  yang  terdiri  dari  Tangible,  Reliability,  Responsiveness,  Assurance  dan  Empathy  secara bersama-sama memiliki pengaruh yang positif.  persepsi pengguna jasa mengenai kualitas pelayanan keagenan kapal dan kinerja karyawan dinilai sudah baik dan puas dalam menanggapi atau merespon keluhan dari pengguna jasa serta untuk meningkatkan kinerja SDM, perlu diberikan beberapa pelatihan yang handal.
Mengamati Turunnya Kinerja Injector Motor Induk Di Kapal KM. Zaisan Star II PT. Zaisan Citra Mandiri
Authors: Herlina Yeyen , Dika Pratama Gunawan , Waspodo Fino
Published: January 2021

Salah satu komponen yang terdapat pada motor induk, yang mempengaruhi sistem pembakaran adalah injector. Pengabutan bahan bakar ke dalam ruang bakar ditentukan oleh bagus tidaknya kondisi nozzle pada injector. Bila mana nozzle tengah dalam keadaan berkendala, maka nozzle tidak bisa mengabutkan bahan bakar secara optimal. Jika hal itu terjadi, maka proses pembakaran pun akan ikut terganggu dan nantinya akan mempengaruhi daya pada mesin tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk menjadi bahan perbandingan bagi para pembaca untuk bisa memahami akan pentingnya cara kerja injector pada motor bakar, terutama yang berkecimpungan dalam dunia pelayaran, mengetahui penyebab turunnya kinerja injector pada proses pembakaran pada motor induk dan cara memperbaiki turunnya kinerja injector pada motor induk. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian adalah Metode pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi atau pengamatan, interview atau wawancara, dan studi pustaka. penyebab terjadinya gangguan dan kerusakan pada injector sehingga mempengaruhi proses penyemprotan-pengabutan bahan bakar pada injector dan sistem pembakaran pada ruang bakar sebuah motor diesel adalah Tersumbatnya lubang nozzle dan Menetesnya bahan bakar pada ujung nozzle. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan terjadinya pembakaran yang tidak sempurna, karena adanya bahan bakar yang menetes menyebabkan adanya asap hitam pada cerobong
DISCOVERY LEARNING LEARNING ANALYSIS IN THE 2013 CURRICULUM IN PRIVATE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL OF SUAK PANDAN STATE SCHOOL, KECAMATAN SAMATIGA, WEST ACEH DISTRICT
Authors: Mardhatillah Mardhatillah , Usm Riski Syahwal
Published: January 2021

The formulation of the research problem is how is discovery learning in the 2013 curriculum at Suak Pandan Elementary School, Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine discovery learning in the 2013 curriculum at Suak Pandan Elementary School, Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency. This type of research is descriptive (descriptive research). The subjects in the research were 2 grade teachers of SD Negeri Suak Pandan. The research time was in August 2019. The data collection techniques were: observation, interview, and documentation. Instruments such as observation sheets, interview sheets, and documentation sheets. Based on the results of the study, the study concluded that discovery learning in the 2013 curriculum at the Suak Pandan Elementary School, Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency, seen from the teacher having carried out his profession as a highly competent teacher in the field that was managed by applying competency assessment in the learning process while learning Discovery learning has been implemented very well, where each teacher carries out the steps of discovery learning where in learning activities students learn actively to find concepts, the meaning of previous knowledge then combine new knowledge and existing knowledge and apply it during the learning process.
TEACHING STRATEGIES: EFL STUDENTS’ RESPONSES TOWARD TEACHER STRATEGIES IN READING COMPREHENSION
Authors: Wahyuni Sri , Rosdiana Rosdiana , Mardhatillah Hanifar
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to find out the teacher strategies in teaching reading comprehension at the first-grade students at SMA Inshafuddin Banda Aceh. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The participants of this research is the first grade students of SMA Inshafuddin Banda Aceh that consist of 30 students. The instruments of collecting the data used in this study is a questionnaire. The objectives of this research were to know the students’ responses of the teacher strategies in teaching reading comprehension. In this research, the result revealed that that the students’ responses toward the teacher strategies in teaching reading comprehension it showed positive responses.
Uso tradicional de osos perezosos (Brdypus variegatus y Choloepus hoffmanni) en seis municipios del departamento del Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Palacios-Mosquera Leison , Mena-Rojas Olga Patricia , Sánchez- Lozano Lothar Edwar
Published: January 2021

Con el fin de aportar los primeros elementos locales y regionales sobre los patrones de aprovechamiento de los Osos perezosos, (Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni) se realizaron 118 encuestas a pobladores (cazadores) en seis municipios de la región del Chocó-Central. Las encuestas fueron realizadas de forma individual: hombres (94%) y mujeres (6%) que manifes- taron haber tenido algún tipo de contacto con las especies. Se elaboraron matrices con las respuestas obtenidas por parte de los cazadores, a las cuales se les realizó un análisis descriptivo. Fueron documentados cuatro categorías de uso, el uso alimenticio y medicinal representan el 75%, el empleo del machete (37%) y la escopeta (27%) continúan siendo un importante métodos de cacería tradicional. Por su parte en las especies Pourouma chocoana Pithecellobium longifolium, Brosimun utile es donde se realiza el mayor numero de avistamientos y captura de ambas especie que en un 34% de los casos ocurre cuando el animal duerme; se evidencio la creencia en algunas propie- dades curativas de los perezosos su valoración cultural, lo que permite identificar la demanda de especies silvestres y constituyéndose en una herra- mienta importante para ejercer un control sobre el tráfico ilegal de las especies de perezosos y continuar los muestreos aquí iniciados.
Influence of different types of ionospheric disturbances on GPS
signals at polar latitudes
Authors: Belakhovsky Vladimir B. , Jin Yaqi , Miloch Wojciech J.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The comparative research of the influence of different types of auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches (PCP) on the GPS signals disturbances in the polar ionosphere was done. For this purpose, we use the GPS scintillation receivers at Ny-Ålesund and Skibotn, operated by the University of Oslo. The presence of the auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches was determined by using data from the EISCAT 42 m radar on Svalbard. The optical aurora observations in 557.7 nm, 630.0 nm spectrum lines on Svalbard were used as well for the detection of ionospheric disturbances. The cusp identification was done with using SuperDARN (Hankasalmi) data. We consider about 150 events when the simultaneous EISCAT 42 m and GPS data were available for the 2010–2017 years, in paper we present in detail only typical examples describing the overall picture. It was considered the dayside/cusp precipitation, substorm precipitations, daytime and nighttime PCP, precipitation associated with the interplanetary shock wave arrival. Cusp phase scintillations are lower than dayside PCP scintillations. We demonstrate that substorm-associated precipitations (even without PCP) can lead to a strong GPS phase (σϕ) scintillations up to ~2 radians which is much stronger than those usually produced by other types of the considered ionosphere disturbances. At the same PCPs can lead to stronger ROT (rate of total electron content) variations. So our observations suggest that the substorms and PCPs, being different types of the high-latitude disturbances, lead to the development of different types and scales of ionospheric irregularities.
Electron precipitation characteristics during isolated, compound, and multi-night substorm events
Authors: Partamies Noora , Tesema Fasil , Bland Emma , Heino Erkka , Nesse Tyssøy Hilde , Kallelid Erlend
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A set of 24 isolated, 46 compound, and 36 multi-night substorm events from the years 2008–2013 have been analysed in this study. Isolated substorm events
are defined as single expansion–recovery phase pairs, compound substorms
consist of multiple phase pairs, and multi-night substorm events refer to
recurring substorm activity on consecutive nights. Approximately 200 nights of
substorm activity observed over Fennoscandian Lapland have been analysed for their magnetic disturbance magnitude and the level of cosmic radio noise
absorption. Substorm events were automatically detected from the local
electrojet index data and visually categorized. We show that isolated substorms have limited lifetimes and spatial extents as compared to the other substorm types. The average intensity (both in
absorption and ground-magnetic deflection) of compound and multi-night
substorm events is similar. For multi-night substorm events, the first night
is rarely associated with the strongest absorption. Instead, the high-energy
electron population needed to cause the strongest absorption builds up over
1–2 additional nights of substorm activity. The non-linear relationship
between the absorption and the magnetic deflection at high- and low-activity conditions is also discussed. We further collect in situ particle spectra for expansion and recovery phases to construct median precipitation fluxes at
energies from 30 eV up to about 800 keV. In the expansion
phases the bulk of the spectra show a local maximum flux in the range of a few keV to 10 keV, while in the recovery phases higher fluxes are seen
in the range of tens of keV to hundreds of keV. These findings are discussed
in the light of earlier observations of substorm precipitation and their
atmospheric effects.
Implementation of a synthetic inflow turbulence generator in idealised WRF v3.6.1 large eddy simulations under neutral atmospheric conditions
Authors: Zhong Jian , Cai Xiaoming , Xie Zheng-Tong
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A synthetic inflow turbulence generator was implemented
in the idealised Weather Research and Forecasting large eddy simulation
(WRF-LES v3.6.1) model under neutral atmospheric conditions. This method is
based on an exponential correlation function and generates a series of
two-dimensional slices of data which are correlated both in space and in
time. These data satisfy a spectrum with a near “-5/3” inertial subrange,
suggesting its excellent capability for high Reynolds number atmospheric
flows. It is more computationally efficient than other synthetic turbulence
generation approaches, such as three-dimensional digital filter methods. A
WRF-LES simulation with periodic boundary conditions was conducted to
provide prior mean profiles of first and second moments of turbulence for the
synthetic turbulence generation method, and the results of the periodic case
were also used to evaluate the inflow case. The inflow case generated
similar turbulence structures to those of the periodic case after a short
adjustment distance. The inflow case yielded a mean velocity profile and
second-moment profiles that agreed well with those generated using periodic
boundary conditions, after a short adjustment distance. For the range of the
integral length scales of the inflow turbulence (±40 %), its effect on
the mean velocity profiles is negligible, whereas its influence on the
second-moment profiles is more visible, in particular for the smallest
integral length scales, e.g. those with the friction velocity of less than 4 %
error of the reference data at x/H=7. This implementation enables a WRF-LES
simulation of a horizontally inhomogeneous case with non-repeated surface
land-use patterns and can be extended so as to conduct a multi-scale seamless
nesting simulation from a meso-scale domain with a kilometre-scale resolution down to LES
domains with metre-scale resolutions.
Development of four-dimensional variational assimilation system based on the GRAPES–CUACE adjoint model (GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var V1.0) and its application in emission inversion
Authors: Wang Chao , An Xingqin , Hou Qing , Sun Zhaobin , Li Yanjun , Li Jiangtao
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In this study, a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data
assimilation system was developed based on the GRAPES–CUACE (Global/Regional
Assimilation and PrEdiction System – CMA Unified Atmospheric
Chemistry Environmental Forecasting System) atmospheric
chemistry model, GRAPES–CUACE adjoint model and L-BFGS-B (extended limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno) algorithm
(GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var) and was applied to optimize black carbon (BC) daily
emissions in northern China on 4 July 2016, when a pollution event
occurred in Beijing. The results show that the newly constructed
GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var assimilation system is feasible and can be applied to
perform BC emission inversion in northern China. The BC concentrations
simulated with optimized emissions show improved agreement with the
observations over northern China with lower root-mean-square errors and
higher correlation coefficients. The model biases are reduced by 20 %–46 %.
The validation with observations that were not utilized in the assimilation
shows that assimilation makes notable improvements, with values of the model
biases reduced by 1 %–36 %. Compared with the prior BC emissions, which are
based on statistical data of anthropogenic emissions for 2007, the optimized
emissions are considerably reduced. Especially for Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei,
Shandong, Shanxi and Henan, the ratios of the optimized emissions to prior
emissions are 0.4–0.8, indicating that the BC emissions in these highly
industrialized regions have greatly reduced from 2007 to 2016. In the
future, further studies on improving the performance of the GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var
assimilation system are still needed and are important for air pollution
research in China.
A note on precision-preserving compression of scientific data
Authors: Kouznetsov Rostislav
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Lossy compression of scientific data arrays is a powerful tool to save network bandwidth and storage space. Properly applied lossy compression can reduce the size of a dataset by orders of magnitude while keeping all essential information, whereas a wrong choice of lossy compression parameters leads to the loss of valuable data. An important class of lossy compression methods is so-called precision-preserving compression, which guarantees that a certain precision of each number will be kept. The paper considers statistical properties of several precision-preserving compression methods implemented in NetCDF Operators (NCO), a popular tool for handling and transformation of numerical data in NetCDF format. We compare artifacts resulting from the use of precision-preserving compression of floating-point data arrays. In particular, we show that a popular Bit Grooming algorithm (default in NCO until recently) has suboptimal accuracy and produces substantial artifacts in multipoint statistics. We suggest a simple implementation of two algorithms that are free from these artifacts and have double the precision. One of them can be used to rectify the data already processed with Bit Grooming. We compare precision trimming for relative and absolute precision to a popular linear packing (LP) method and find out that LP has no advantage over precision trimming at a given maximum absolute error. We give examples when LP leads to an unconstrained error in the integral characteristic of a field or leads to unphysical values. We analyze compression efficiency as a function of target precision for two synthetic datasets and discuss precision needed in several atmospheric fields. Mantissa rounding has been contributed to NCO mainstream as a replacement for Bit Grooming. The Appendix contains code samples implementing precision trimming in Python3 and Fortran 95.
Probabilistic characterisation of coastal storm-induced risks using Bayesian networks
Authors: Sanuy Marc , Jiménez Jose A.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A probabilistic estimation of hazards based on the
response approach requires assessing large amounts of source
characteristics, representing an entire storm climate. In addition, the
coast is a dynamic environment, and factors such as existing background
erosion trends require performing risk analyses under different scenarios.
This work applies Bayesian networks (BNs) following the
source–pathway–receptor–consequence scheme aiming to perform a
probabilistic risk characterisation at the Tordera delta (NE Spain). One of
the main differences of the developed BN framework is that it includes the
entire storm climate (all recorded storm events, 179 in the study case) to
retrieve the integrated and conditioned risk-oriented results at
individually identified receptors (about 4000 in the study case). Obtained
results highlight the storm characteristics with higher probabilities to
induce given risk levels for inundation and erosion, as well as how these are
expected to change under given scenarios of shoreline retreat due to
background erosion. As an example, storms with smaller waves and from
secondary incoming direction will increase erosion and inundation risks at
the study area. The BNs also output probabilistic distributions of the
different risk levels conditioned to given distances to the beach inner
limit, allowing for the definition of probabilistic setbacks. Under current
conditions, high and moderate inundation risks, as well as direct exposure to
erosion can be reduced with a small coastal setback (∼10 m),
which needs to be increased up to 20–55 m to be efficient under future
scenarios (+20 years).
Ensemble-based statistical interpolation with Gaussian anamorphosis for the spatial analysis of precipitation
Authors: Lussana Cristian , Nipen Thomas N. , Seierstad Ivar A. , Elo Christoffer A.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Hourly precipitation over a region is often simultaneously simulated by numerical models and observed by multiple data sources. An accurate precipitation representation based on all available information is a valuable result for numerous applications and a critical aspect of climate monitoring. The inverse problem theory offers an ideal framework for the combination of observations with a numerical model background. In particular, we have considered a modified ensemble optimal interpolation scheme. The deviations between background and observations are used to adjust for deficiencies in the ensemble. A data transformation based on Gaussian anamorphosis has been used to optimally exploit the potential of the spatial analysis, given that precipitation is approximated with a gamma distribution and the spatial analysis requires normally distributed variables. For each point, the spatial analysis returns the shape and rate parameters of its gamma distribution. The ensemble-based statistical interpolation scheme with Gaussian anamorphosis for precipitation (EnSI-GAP) is implemented in a way that the covariance matrices are locally stationary, and the background error covariance matrix undergoes a localization process. Concepts and methods that are usually found in data assimilation are here applied to spatial analysis, where they have been adapted in an original way to represent precipitation at finer spatial scales than those resolved by the background, at least where the observational network is dense enough. The EnSI-GAP setup requires the specification of a restricted number of parameters, and specifically, the explicit values of the error variances are not needed, since they are inferred from the available data. The examples of applications presented over Norway provide a better understanding of EnSI-GAP. The data sources considered are those typically used at national meteorological services, such as local area models, weather radars, and in situ observations. For this last data source, measurements from both traditional and opportunistic sensors have been considered.
Geographic variation and temporal trends in ice phenology in Norwegian lakes over a century
Authors: L’Abée-Lund Jan Henning , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn , Brittain John Edward , Kvambekk Ånund Sigurd , Solvang Tord
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Long-term observations of ice phenology in lakes are ideal for studying climatic variation in time and space. We used a large set of observations from 1890 to 2020 of the timing of freeze-up and break-up, and the length of ice-free season, for 101 Norwegian lakes to elucidate variation in ice phenology across time and space. The dataset of Norwegian lakes is unusual, covering considerable variation in altitude (4–1401 m a.s.l.) and climate (from oceanic to continental) within a substantial latitudinal and longitudinal gradient (58.2–69.9° N; 4.9–30.2° E). The average date of ice break-up occurred later in spring with increasing altitude, latitude and longitude. The average date of freeze-up and the length of the ice-free period decreased significantly with altitude and longitude. No correlation with distance from the ocean was detected, although the geographical gradients were related to regional climate due to adiabatic processes (altitude), solar radian (latitude) and the degree of continentality (longitude). There was a significant lake area effect as small lakes froze-up earlier due to less volume. There was also a significant trend that lakes were completely frozen over later in the autumn in recent years. After accounting for the effect of long-term trends in the large-scale NAO index, a significant but weak trend over time for earlier ice break-up was detected. An analysis of different time periods revealed significant and accelerating trends for earlier break-up, later freeze-up and completely frozen lakes after 1991. Moreover, the trend for a longer ice-free period also accelerated during this period, although not significant. An understanding of the relationship between ice phenology and geographical parameters is a prerequisite for predicting the potential future consequences of climate change on ice phenology. Changes in ice phenology will have consequences for the behaviour and life cycle dynamics of the aquatic biota.
Computational analysis of high-lift-generating airfoils for diffuser-augmented wind turbines
Authors: Paranjape Aniruddha Deepak , Bajaj Anhad Singh , Palanganda Shaheen Thimmaiah , Parikh Radha , Nayak Raahil , Radhakrishnan Jayakrishnan
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The impetus towards sustainable energy production and energy access has led to considerable research and development on decentralized generators, in particular diffuser-augmented wind turbines. This paper aims to characterize the performance of diffuser-augmented wind turbines (DAWTs) using high-lift airfoils employing a three-step computational analysis. The study is based on computational fluid dynamics, and the analysis is carried out by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations in two dimensions. The rotor blades are modeled as an actuator disk, across which a pressure drop is imposed analogous to a three-dimensional rotor. We study the change in performance of the enclosed turbine with varying diffuser cross-sectional geometry. In particular, this paper characterizes the effect of a flange on the flow augmentation provided by the diffuser. We conclude that at the end of the three-step analysis, Eppler 423 showed the maximum velocity augmentation.
FORMAÇÃO E O DESENVOLVIMENTO PROFISSIONAL NA PERCEPÇÃO DO PROFESSOR DO BRASIL E DE PORTUGAL
Authors: Nascimento Franc-Lane Sousa Carvalho do , Magalhães Nadja Regina Sousa , Morais Joelson de Sousa
Published: January 2021

No presente trabalho discutimos a contribuição da formação e do desenvolvimento profissional docente, como forma de consolidar a prática pedagógica no contexto da sociedade do século XXI. Delimitamos o seguinte problema de pesquisa: Quais as dimensões que orientam a formação e o desenvolvimento profissional do professor do Brasil e de Portugal? Especificamos como objetivo geral: analisar as dimensões que orientam a formação e o desenvolvimento profissional do professor do Brasil e de Portugal. Seguimos uma pesquisa do tipo análise comparativa de caráter qualitativa/quantitativa, utilizamos como instrumentos e técnicas de estudo a observação e a entrevista semiestruturada. Fundamentamo-nos em autores, tais como: Freire (1996); Marcelo García (1999); Ramalho, Nuñez e Gauthier (2004); Saviani (2009); Nóvoa (1997); entre outros. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram diferenças e semelhanças entre os cursos de formação de professor, do Brasil e de Portugal. No Brasil, há maior relevância nas dimensões pedagógica e didática, desfavorecendo a tecnológica e científica. Na formação em Portugal há o predomínio das dimensões pedagógica e científica, em detrimento da didática e tecnológica. Os professores acreditam na necessidade da reformulação curricular para que sejam vivenciadas essas quatro dimensões. Portanto, nas duas realidades estudadas, essas dimensões não estão sendo trabalhadas de forma equilibrada, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento profissional docente. No entanto, nos últimos anos houve maior incentivo na formação de professores, melhoria da área de atuação, aumento na oferta de disciplinas, acréscimo da carga horária das práticas e reformulação da matriz curricular. Sugerimos que a UEMA e a ESELx repensem a atual formação inicial, superem o distanciamento entre teoria-prática e reestruturem o currículo, atualizando as dimensões pedagógica, didática, tecnológica e científica, fundamentais para a formação do professor e a educação do século XXI.
Expediente
Authors: Nadal Beatriz Gomes
Published: January 2021

Expediente
PERFIL PSICOMOTOR DE CRIANÇAS EM SITUAÇÃO DE RISCO SOCIAL E COM DIFICULDADES NA ALFABETIZAÇÃO
Authors: Pedron Patrícia
Published: January 2021

Os fatores biológicos somados à pobre estimulação ambiental e à falta de conhecimento e exploração das possibilidades corporais podem afetar a aprendizagem infantil. As dificuldades escolares podem estar relacionadas com deficiências de adaptação psicomotora, que engloba problemas de desenvolvimento motor, de dominância lateral, de organização espacial, de estabilidade emotivo-afetiva, que podem provocar alteração do comportamento infantil.O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o grau de desenvolvimento psicomotor de crianças em situação de risco social de uma escola pública onde o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica encontra-se abaixo da média nacional. Participaram dessa pesquisa quarenta crianças, de 06 a 07 anos, de ambos os sexos. As crianças foram avaliadas por meio da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor para a avaliação do desenvolvimento psicomotor. Verificou-se maior atraso no desenvolvimento motor no que se refere ao esquema corporal e à estruturação espacial, além do predomínio da lateralidade cruzada entre as crianças. Conclui-se que déficits em parâmetros psicomotores podem estar relacionados às dificuldades de aprendizagem e a baixa taxa de alfabetização apresentadas pelas crianças em situação de risco social, sendo que, o acompanhamento do perfil psicomotor de crianças em idade escolar é uma atitude preventiva, pois contribui para a formulação de estratégias que envolvam a vivência e expressão corporal de forma a facilitar o processo de alfabetização. Além disso, destaca-se o importante papel de fatores ambientais (social e escolar) e da exploração corporal no desempenho das crianças, sendo estes, primordiais para o desenvolvimento de habilidades psicomotoras e aprendizagem adequada.
FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE NO CONTEXTO DA INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DAS POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS: A TENSÃO ENTRE OS VALORES DA PROFISSÃO E OS VALORES DO MERCADO
Authors: Fávero Altair Alberto , Consaltér Evandro
Published: January 2021

A internacionalização das políticas educacionais tem acarretado um fenômeno antagônico entre duas formas de conceber o processo educativo, ocasionando uma tensão entre o valor da profissão e o valor do mercado. De um lado, sobrepõem-se as necessidades das escolas, dos alunos e da comunidade. A educação, nesses termos, é entendida de caráter comum, com acesso aberto e inclusão social, com ênfase sobre a atribuição de recursos àqueles com maiores necessidades de aprendizagem. Do outro lado, atendendo aos interesses de órgãos como FMI, OCDE e Banco Mundial, prioriza-se a performance individual das escolas e dos alunos, com mecanismos de seleção e exclusão, visando atrair clientes, atingir metas, com privilégio de recursos àqueles considerados mais aptos. Diante desse contexto, emergem de forma acentuada projetos de formação “facilitada”, em curto prazo, de venda de pacotes formativos, de trabalhadores que atuam como freelance, como consultores em educação, agindo no intuito de potencializar resultados e qualificar indicadores externos, que funcionariam, em tese, como indicativos de qualidade.  Além de acarretar a perda de sentido e de identidade da profissão, esse processo também pode representar prejuízos de ordem qualitativa e quantitativa à educação e às políticas de formação de professores.
Expediente
Authors: Nadal Beatriz Gomes
Published: January 2021

Expediente do volume 21(1)
Reduction of Sample Size in the Soil Physical-Chemical Attributes Using the Multivariate Effective Sample Size
Authors: Dal Canton Letícia Ellen , Guedes Luciana Pagliosa Carvalho , Uribe-Opazo Miguel Angel
Published: January 2021

Financial investment with collection and laboratory analysis of soil samples is an important factor to be considered when mapping agricultural areas with soybean planting. One of the alternatives is to use the spatial autocorrelation between the sample points to reduce the number of elements sampled, thus restricting the collection of redundant information. This work aimed to reduce the sample size of this agricultural area, composed of 102 sample points, and use it to analyze the spatial dependence of soil macro- and micro- nutrients, as well as the soil penetration resistance. The agricultural area used in this study has 167.35 ha, cultivated with soybean, which the soil is Red Dystroferric Latosol, and the sampling design has used in this agricultural area is the lattice plus close pairs. The reduction of the sample size was made by the multivariate effective sample size (ESSmulti) methodology. The studies with the simulation data and the soil attributes showed an inverse relationship between the practical range and the estimated value of the univariate effective sample size. With the calculation of ESSmulti, the sample configuration was reduced to 53 points. The Overall Accuracy and Tau concordance index showed differences between the thematic maps elaborated with the original and reduced sampling designs. However, the analysis of the variance inflation factor and the standard error of the spatial dependence parameters showed efficient results with the resized sample size.
Effect of Cooking Methods on Bioactive Compounds of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and its Use in Preparing and Evaluating Frozen Baba Ghanoush Product During Storage
Authors: Eshra Dalia H. , Mohamed Hayam H. , Saber Jehan I. , R.S. Attia , A. A. Abdel-Nabey
Published: January 2021

This research was undertaken to find out the effects of different cooking methods on bioactive compounds of eggplant. The effect of freezing and storage on microbial growth and sensory properties of the common Egyptian dish called Baba ghanoush were also studied. The results showed that eggplant contained a high percentage of crude fiber, crude protein, crude fat, and total ash. It can be noted that the mineral contents of fresh eggplant were Ca, Mg, Na and K as the major minerals. On the other hand, the results of total phenolics in the fresh, dry fresh, oven and steamed samples were 9.32, 75.78, 42.31 and 41.53 mg/100 g, respectively as gallic acid equivalent. The total flavonoids of the different eggplant treated samples varied between 0.46 to 0.7 mg equivalents of quercetin per 100 g. The results indicated that the antioxidant activity as well as IC50 of fresh, dry fresh, oven and steamed samples were 8.82, 87.20, 82.78, 90.23 and 10.86, 1.18, 1.21 and 1.12, respectively. Also, eighteen phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC. The color attributes L*, a*, and b* in case of Baba ghanoush prepared from oven eggplant slightly decreased with increasing the storage period. Significant reduction was noted in microbial growth with increasing the storage period up to 4 months in case of Baba ghanoush prepared either from oven and steamed eggplant. Sensory attributes of Baba ghanoush were well accepted by the panelists even after 4 months of storage.
Impact of Financial Intermediaries on Nigerian Economic Growth
Authors: Manasseh Charles O. , Okoh Johnson I. , Abada Felicia C. , Ogbuabor Jonathan E. , Alio Felix C. , Lawal Adedoyin I. , Nwakoby Ifeoma C. , Asogwa Onyinye J.
Published: January 2021

This paper empirically investigated the impact of financial intermediation of economic growth in Nigeria. Quarterly time series data generated from the World Bank Development indicator and the Nigerian Bureau of Statistic for the periods 1994Q1 to 2018q4 were used for the analysis, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique was adopted for the estimation of the hypotheses. Per-capita GDP was used as a measure of economic growth, while bank deposit, bank credit and bank reserves are measures of financial intermediation. Further investigation also show that bank deposit is positively and significantly related to GDPpc, suggesting that increase in bank deposit brings about 0.244193 increases in economic growth. We further observed that bank credit impacted positively on economic growth. Though, the impact was found to be insignificant. Hence, we also found bank reserve to assert significant and positive impacted on economic growth. From the findings, we suggest for good policy reforms that may promote the efficiency and the development of bank which serve as a critical factor for economic growth in Nigeria.