bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Complexity of Genetic Redundancy
Authors: Krakauer David C
Published: December 2014

Genetic redundancy is often associated with the duplication of an open reading frame within a genome or a multiplicity of regulatory elements sharing a target. Genetic redundancy is inferred when the modification or deletion of a portion of functional genetic material results in minimal changes to a trait or organismal phenotype – robustness – and when this genetic information is surplus to a reference, non‐robust, genome. Robustness has been attributed to buffering mechanisms promoted by duplicates and to compensatory pathways that can be independent of duplication. Most redundant duplicates are rapidly lost from genomes by mutation and drift. The preservation of redundancy requires some form of epistasis or pleiotropy, typically evolving through subfunctionalization of gene products. The term redundancy is too coarse to capture the full range of phenomena that it is used to describe and new concepts are required for dealing with multi‐locus and context‐dependent robustness.

Key Concepts:

Redundancy arises through mechanisms that compensate for the loss of functional genetic information.

Redundancy can be achieved through a duplication of a structural or regulatory gene.

Redundancy arises neutrally through partial or whole‐genome duplication and can persist without selection for short periods of time.

The long‐term preservation of redundancy requires specific genetic mechanisms, epistastis or pleiotropy, and on‐going selection pressures.

Redundancy is most common in species found in small populations with large genomes for whom neutral processes, dominated by drift, play a significant role.

Genetic or structural similarity among perturbed (knockout or knockdown) duplicates, to imply functional interchangeability, is empirically the strongest predictor of genetic redundancy.

Alternative, functionally equivalent pathways, that do not share genetic duplicates, can provide mechanisms of redundancy.

Redundancy is context‐dependent and often involves numerous factors to include epigenetic modification, environmental compensation, not just genetic loci.

Recent studies showing a very high incidence of loss‐function variants in human genomes provide strong support for the prevalence of mechanisms of redundancy.

New concepts are required to capture the robustness of genomes that go beyond mechanisms of redundancy. These new concepts will need to deal effectively with the contribution of numerous loci and factors – collective robustness.
Effects of Gestures on Older Adults' Learning from Video‐based Models
Authors: Ouwehand Kim , van Gog Tamara , Paas Fred
Published: December 2014

This study investigated whether the positive effects of gestures on learning by decreasing working memory load, found in children and young adults, also apply to older adults, who might especially benefit from gestures given memory deficits associated with aging. Participants learned a problem‐solving skill by observing a video‐based modeling example, with the human model using gesture cues, with a symbolic cue, or without cues. It was expected that gesture compared with symbolic or no cues (i) improves learning and transfer performance, (ii) more in complex than simple problems, and (iii) especially in older adults. Although older adults' learning outcomes were lower overall than that of children and young adults, the results only revealed a time‐on‐task advantage of gesture over no cues in the learning phase for the older adults. In conclusion, the present study did not provide strong support for the effectiveness of gestures on learning from video‐based modeling example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retracted: Effect of High‐Energy Electropulsing on the Phase Transition and Mechanical Properties of Two‐Phase Titanium Alloy Strips
Authors: Ye Xiaoxin , Tse Zion T. H. , Tang Guoyi , Song Guolin
Published: December 2014

The effect of high‐energy electropulsing treatment (EPT) on the phase transition and mechanical properties of the two‐phase Ti–6Al–4V alloy strips (in the solid solution state) was studied with the help of uniaxial tensile machine, X‐ray diffraction, optical stereo‐microscope, scanning electron microscope, and electrical resistance meters. Results show that the ductility of the titanium alloy strips under EPT could be enhanced remarkably at most by 225% while keeping the tensile strength nearly unchanged. EPT facilitates β‐Ti phase precipitation noticeably with increasing percentage of the β phase and the average size of the β phase. In addition, precipitated β phase gathers coarsening, forms into continuous strips and migrates from the interior grains to the inter‐granular regions transforming the wormlike microstructure into the equiaxed microstructure. The mechanism for rapid phase change during EPT is put forward with increasing the nucleation rate of the α → β phase transformation and accelerating the diffusion flux of vanadium atoms under the coupling of the thermal and athermal effects. Therefore, a highly efficient aging treatment method for titanium alloys is provided to prepare advanced engineering materials with outstanding mechanical properties, which can be widely applied in the aerospace and biomedical fields.
Robust Superamphiphobic Nanoscale Copper Sheet Surfaces Produced by a Simple and Environmentally Friendly Technique
Authors: Khedir Khedir R. , Saifaldeen Zubayda S. , Demirkan Taha M. , Al‐Hilo Alaa A. , Brozak Matthew P. , Karabacak Tansel
Published: December 2014

In this study, robust nanoscale superamphiphobic (SAP) copper (Cu) sheet surfaces are obtained with an exceptionally simple and environmentally friendly technique. Copper oxide nanostructures are imparted onto the Cu sheet surface by a facile treatment of the surfaces with hot de‐ionized water (≈80 °C) for different time periods. A morphological transformation starting from cube‐like nanostructures associated with Cu2O to leaf‐like nanostructures of CuO with the progress in treatment time is observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and laser scanning microscopy (LSM) analysis confirm the formation of copper oxide nanostructures. Consequently, the wetting properties of the treated Cu sheet surfaces toward water and organic liquids is varied after the surface energy reduction of the nanostructures with long chain fluorocarbon molecules of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H‐perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFDCS). The leaf‐like nanostructured CuO surfaces demonstrate SAP properties with a water contact angle (CA) as high as 160° and organic liquid CAs of around 150°. The robustness of the obtained SAP Cu sheet surface is confirmed after being exposed to a stream of both water and organic liquids, annealed under various temperatures in ambient environment, and ultra‐sonicated in acetone for various time periods.
Indolizine‐Based Donors as Organic Sensitizer Components for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Huckaba Aron J. , Giordano Fabrizio , McNamara Louis E. , Dreux Katelyn M. , Hammer Nathan I. , Tschumper Gregory S. , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Delcamp Jared H.
Published: December 2014

Strong electron‐donating functionality is desirable for many organic donor‐π‐bridge‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) dyes. Strategies for increasing the electron‐donating strength of common nitrogen‐based donors include planarization of nitrogen substituents and the use of low resonance‐stabilized energy aromatic ring‐substituted nitrogen atoms. Organic donor motifs based on the planar nitrogen containing heterocycle indolizine are synthesized and incorporated into dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSC) sensitizers. Resonance active substitutions at several positions on indolizine in conjugation with the D‐π‐A π‐system are examined computationally and experimentally. The indolizine‐based donors are observed to contribute electron density with strengths greater than triarylamines and diarylamines, as evidenced by UV/Vis, IR absorptions, and oxidation potential measurements. Fluorescence lifetime studies in solution and on TiO2 yield insights in understanding the performance of indolizine‐based dyes in DSC devices.
In Situ Formation of Protective Coatings on Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium Batteries with LiFSI‐Based Organic Electrolytes
Authors: Kim Hyea , Wu Feixiang , Lee Jung Tae , Nitta Naoki , Lin Huan‐Ting , Oschatz Martin , Cho Won Il , Kaskel Stefan , Borodin Oleg , Yushin Gleb
Published: December 2014

Development of sulfur cathodes with 100% coulombic efficiency (CE) and good cycle stability remains challenging due to the polysulfide dissolution in electrolytes. Here, it is demonstrated that electrochemical reduction of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) based electrolytes at a potential close to the sulfur cathode operation forms in situ protective coating on both cathode and anode surfaces. Quantum chemistry studies suggest the coating formation is initiated by the FSI(‐F) anion radicals generated during electrolyte reduction. Such a reduction additionally results in the formation of LiF. Accelerated cycle stability tests at 60 °C in a very simple electrolyte (LiFSI in dimethoxyethane with no additives) show an average CE approaching 100.0% over 1000 cycles with a capacity decay less than 0.013% per cycle after stabilization. Such a remarkable performance suggests a great promise of both an in situ formation of protective solid electrolyte coatings to avoid unwanted side reactions and the use of a LiFSI salt for this purpose.
Multi‐Frequency, Multi‐Technique Pulsed EPR Investigation of the Copper Binding Site of Murine Amyloid β Peptide
Authors: Kim Donghun , Bang Jeong Kyu , Kim Sun Hee
Published: December 2014

Copper‐amyloid peptides are proposed to be the cause of Alzheimer’s disease, presumably by oxidative stress. However, mice do not produce amyloid plaques and thus do not suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. Although much effort has been focused on the structural characterization of the copper‐ human amyloid peptides, little is known regarding the copper‐binding mode in murine amyloid peptides. Thus, we investigated the structure of copper‐murine amyloid peptides through multi‐frequency, multi‐technique pulsed EPR spectroscopy in conjunction with specific isotope labeling. Based on our pulsed EPR results, we found that Ala2, Glu3, His6, and His14 are directly coordinated with the copper ion in murine amyloid β peptides at pH 8.5. This is the first detailed structural characterization of the copper‐binding mode in murine amyloid β peptides. This work may advance the knowledge required for developing inhibitors of Alzheimer’s disease.
Type II Intramolecular [5+2] Cycloaddition: Facile Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Bridged Ring Systems
Authors: Mei Guangjian , Liu Xin , Qiao Chuang , Chen Wei , Li Chuang‐chuang
Published: December 2014

A type II intramolecular oxidopyrylium‐mediated [5+2] cycloaddition reaction allows the efficient and diastereoselective formation of various highly functionalized and synthetically challenging bridged seven‐membered ring systems (such as bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane, bicyclo[4.3.1]decane, bicyclo[5.4.1]dodecane, and bicyclo[6.4.1]]tridecane). This simple, thermal, direct transformation has a broad substrate scope and is high yielding, with high functional‐group tolerance and unique endo selectivity. The highly strained tricyclic cores of ingenol mebutate (picato) and cyclocitrinol are synthesized efficiently and diastereoselectively using this methodology.
Metal‐Free, Room‐Temperature, Radical Alkoxycarbonylation of Aryldiazonium Salts through Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Guo Wei , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Wang Yue , Wang Ya‐Ni , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: December 2014

The first radical alkoxycarboxylation of aryldiazonium salts using CO gas through visible‐light‐induced photoredox catalysis (16 W blue LEDs) has been developed. This reaction is entirely metal‐free, is carried out at room temperature with a low loading of an organic dye as a photocatalyst (0.5 mol %), and provides a wide range of arylcarboxylic acid esters in high yields. Importantly, this photocatalytic system can be successfully extended to other carboxylation reactions.
An analytical study of the acoustic force implication on the settling velocity of non‐spherical particles in the incompressible Newtonian fluid
Authors: Noorpoor A. R. , Nazari S.
Published: December 2014

In this paper, the effect of the acoustic radiation force on the acceleration motion of a vertically falling non‐spherical particle in the incompressible Newtonian fluid is investigated. The using of the acoustic radiation force for increasing the falling velocity of particles (especially non‐spherical particles) has the most important implication on increasing the efficiency of particulate control devices such as gravity settling chambers. In this study, the motion of the non‐spherical particles in the fluids such as water can be described by the force balance equation (Basset–Boussinesq–Ossen equation) plus the acoustic radiation force term. The main difficulty in the solution of this equation lies in the nonlinear term due to the nonlinearity nature of the drag coefficient. The settling velocity was calculated by using the differential transformation method, which is an analytical solution technique. The effect of some parameters such as the particle's sphericity (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7), the amplitude of the acoustic pressure wave (200, 400, and 600 KPa), the distance from the acoustic pressure node (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m), and the acoustic source frequency (20, 40, and 60 KHz) on the settling velocity as a function of time was fully studied in this paper. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of unsteady expansion/contraction of Wang's cylinder problem with suction near a stagnation point
Authors: Javed Tariq , Mustafa Irfan
Published: December 2014

The unsteady viscous incompressible stagnation point flow over an expanding/contracting cylinder with heat and mass transfer is studied in this article. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a couple nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation. These obtained nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using spectral method. There exist unique, dual, and triple solutions in the presence of unsteadiness parameter S for different values of velocity ratio parameter. The ranges for which the unique, dual, and triple solutions exist are shown through graphs and in tabular form. It is observed that the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness decrease by increasing the absolute values of S in expanding cylinder case. However, this behavior is opposite in contracting cylinder case. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oil‐spill cleanup: The influence of acetylated curaua fibers on the oil‐removal capability of magnetic composites
Authors: Elias Eldho , Costa Raphael , Marques Fernanda , Oliveira Geiza , Guo Qipeng , Thomas Sabu , Souza Jr Fernando G.
Published: December 2014

A magnetic resin based on cardanol, furfural, and curaua fibers was prepared and characterized. The material could be used in oil‐spill cleanup processes, because of its aromatic/aliphatic balance. The resin was prepared through bulk polycondensation of cardanol and furfural in the presence of curaua fibers and maghemite nanoparticles. Hydrophobicity of the curaua fibers was improved by acetylation, increasing the oil‐absorbing capability of the composites. The obtained magnetic composites were studied by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Degree of cure, magnetic force, and oil‐removal capability tests were also performed. The results show that the composites possess an elevated cure degree in addition to a considerable magnetic force. The materials exhibit a good oil removal capability in the presence of a magnetic field, which is improved by the use of acetylated curaua. In the best case, the composite filled with maghemite and curaua can remove 12 parts of oil from water. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41732.
Polypropylene random copolymer/MWCNT nanocomposites: Isothermal crystallization kinetics, structural, and morphological interpretations
Authors: Verma Pawan , Choudhary Veena
Published: December 2014

This article describes the crystallization process of polypropylene random copolymer (PPCP) under isothermal conditions in presence of varying amounts of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) ranging from 0.5 to 4.0% w/w. Increase in the crystallization temperature under dynamic conditions confirmed the nucleating behavior of MWCNTs, which was also corroborated by crystallization studies under isothermal conditions. The crystallization kinetics was analyzed using Avrami equation and the parameters such as Avrami exponent, the equilibrium melting temperature and fold surface energy for the crystallization of PPCP chains in nanocomposites were obtained from the calorimetric data in order to determine the effect of MWCNTs on these parameters. Spherulitic growth of PPCP crystals was also investigated as a function of time and MWCNT content using hot stage polarizing microscope. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41734.
Epoxidized linolenic acid salts as multifunctional additives for the thermal stability of plasticized PVC
Authors: Mohammed Fiaz S. , Conley Mark , Saunders Steven R. , Switzer Jackson , Jha Rani , Cogen Jeffrey M. , Chaudhary Bharat I. , Pollet Pamela , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L.
Published: December 2014

Calcium and zinc salts of epoxidized linolenic acid were synthesized and used as multifunctional additives, to minimize or prevent the reaction of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with liberated hydrochloric acid (HCl) during the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in particular. These metal epoxy salts were incorporated as thermal stabilizers for both diisodecyl phthalate and ESO–plasticized PVC blends that underwent thermal degradation studies at 170°C. The overall performance of these metal epoxy salts was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis and visual color retention of the PVC blends. The weight loss profiles of the metal salt stabilized PVC were comparable to those of blends containing metal stearates. There were, however, vast improvements in color retention of the plasticized PVC using these novel additives. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41736.
Encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde into nanostructured chitosan films
Authors: Rieger Katrina A. , Eagan Nathaniel M. , Schiffman Jessica D.
Published: December 2014

Recently, bioactive chitosan films featuring naturally derived essential oils have attracted much attention due to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties and applicability to a broad range of applications. Previously, the ability to form thick (t > 100 µm), chitosan‐essential oil films via solution casting has been demonstrated. However, the fabrication of well characterized ultrathin films (t < 200 nm) that contain essential oils remain unreported. Here, we systematically investigate increasing the incorporation of an essential oil, cinnamaldehyde (CIN) into ultrathin chitosan films. Films with and without the surfactant Span®80 were spin‐coated. Qualitatively, films exhibited well‐defined structural color, which quantitatively ranged from 145 to 345 nm thick. Release studies confirmed that a 6× higher release of CIN was enabled by Span®80 versus the chitosan control films, 30 µg versus 5 µg, respectively. These results suggest that nanostructured chitosan‐CIN coatings hold potential to delay bacterial colonization on a range of surfaces, from indwelling medical device to food processing surfaces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41739.
Electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of hybrid carbon/polymer composites
Authors: Motaghi Atieh , Hrymak Andrew , Motlagh Ghodratollah Hashemi
Published: December 2014

The electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of single and hybrid carbon filled composites are experimentally investigated. Polystyrene, carbon fiber (CF) and carbon black (CB) at three CF/CB ratios of 1.67, 3.33, 6.67 were compounded in a twin screw extruder micro‐compounder and compression molded into sheets. The through‐plane and in‐plane electrical conductivity of the composites are measured by 2 and 4 probe techniques. The percolation threshold of the single filler and hybrid composites are determined from the experimental results using a percolation model. The hybrid composites have a higher value of electrical conductivity and lower percolation threshold than the single CF filler composite except for the CF/CB ratio of 6.67. The percolation threshold for the cases of single filler and hybrid composites are modeled. The hard core / soft shell model is used and it is assumed that the percolation in a particle filled system depends on the ratio of tunneling distance to particle diameter. This ratio is determined by modeling single filler composites using the experimental data and kept constant in the modeling of the hybrid system. Finite size scaling is used to determine the percolation threshold for the infinite size hybrid system containing (nanosize) particles and micron size fibers for three CF/CB ratios. The simulation results show that the percolations of hybrid composites have the same trends observed in the experimental results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41744.
Catch‐Up Growth During Tocilizumab Therapy for Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Results From a Phase III Trial
Authors: De Benedetti Fabrizio , Brunner Hermine , Ruperto Nicolino , Schneider Rayfel , Xavier Ricardo , Allen Roger , Brown Diane E. , Chaitow Jeffrey , Pardeo Manuela , Espada Graciela , Gerloni Valeria , Myones Barry L. , Frane James W. , Wang Jianmei , Lipman Terri H. , Bharucha Kamal N. , Martini Alberto , Lovell Daniel ,   for the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation and the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate the impact of tocilizumab treatment on growth and growth‐related laboratory parameters in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) enrolled in a phase III clinical trial.

Methods

Patients with systemic JIA ages 2–17 years (n = 112) received tocilizumab in a 12‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled period and a long‐term open‐label extension. Height velocity and standard deviation (SD) score; levels of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), osteocalcin (OC), and C‐telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX‐I); and Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score in 71 joints (JADAS‐71) were measured in a post hoc analysis of 83 patients who never received growth hormone and did not reach Tanner stage 5 by the end of the first year of treatment.

Results

Patients had stunted growth at baseline (mean height SD score −2.2). During tocilizumab treatment, males (73%) and females (83%) experienced above‐normal mean height velocities of 6.6 cm/year (P < 0.0001 versus World Health Organization norms). Mean height SD score increases during year 1 (0.29) and year 2 (0.31) were significant (both P < 0.0001). The mean SD score for IGF‐1 levels increased significantly (−0.2 for year 1 and −0.1 for year 2 versus −1.0 at baseline; both P < 0.0001). Mean OC and CTX‐I levels (both P < 0.0001) and the OC:CTX‐I ratio (P = 0.014) significantly increased from baseline to year 2. In multiple regression analysis, first‐year height velocity had a significant inverse relationship to JADAS‐71 at year 1, age, mean glucocorticoid dosage during the year, and height SD score at baseline.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that during treatment with tocilizumab, patients with systemic JIA experience significant catch‐up growth, normalization of IGF‐1 levels, and bone balance improvement favoring bone formation.
Required Role of Apoptotic Myogenic Precursors and Toll‐like Receptor Stimulation for the Establishment of Autoimmune Myositis in Experimental Murine Models
Authors: Sciorati Clara , Monno Antonella , Ascherman Dana P. , Seletti Elena , Manfredi Angelo A. , Rovere‐Querini Patrizia
Published: December 2014

Objective

Muscle regeneration is a hallmark of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), a group of autoimmune disorders that are characterized by leukocyte infiltration and dysfunction of the skeletal muscle. Despite detailed studies describing the clinical and histopathologic features of IIMs, the immunopathogenesis of these disorders remains undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathologic processes of autoimmune myositis in experimental murine models.

Methods

Expression of the autoantigen histidyl–transfer RNA synthetase (HisRS) was analyzed in mice with acutely injured or dystrophic muscles, in inflammatory leukocytes, and in purified satellite cells. Anti‐HisRS antibodies and myositis induction were assessed in mice after muscle injury and immunization with apoptotic satellite cells or C2C12 myoblasts, in the presence or absence of the Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR‐7) agonist R848.

Results

Muscle necrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and myofiber regeneration induced by toxic agents (cardiotoxin or glycerol) or promoted by genetic disruption of the α‐sarcoglycan/dystrophin complex in mice were uniformly associated with up‐regulated expression of HisRS. Although regenerating myofibers and purified satellite cells are known to show increased expression of HisRS in these settings, anti‐HisRS antibodies were not detectable. However, intramuscular immunization with ultraviolet B–irradiated, HisRS‐expressing apoptotic myoblasts in the presence of R848 triggered the production of anti‐HisRS IgG antibodies as well as persistent lymphocyte infiltration and prolonged/delayed muscle regeneration. Conversely, intramuscular administration of R848 alone or in combination with living or postapoptotic/necrotic myoblasts failed to generate this myositis phenotype.

Conclusion

In the presence of TLR/adjuvant signals and underlying muscle injury, apoptotic myogenic precursors expressing high levels of autoantigen can provoke autoantibody formation and lymphocytic infiltration of muscle tissue, effectively replicating the features of IIM.
Insulin Resistance in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease‐Related Indicators and Associations With the Presence and Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Authors: Giles Jon T. , Danielides Stamatina , Szklo Moyses , Post Wendy S. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Petri Michelle , Schreiner Pamela J. , Budoff Matthew , Detrano Robert , Bathon Joan M.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Systemic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) are linked, yet the determinants of IR and its impact on atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of IR in RA and non‐RA populations and investigate whether the associations of IR with measures of atherosclerosis differ between these groups.

Methods

IR was quantified using the homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA‐IR), and was compared between RA patients and demographically matched non‐RA controls. Differences in the associations between the HOMA‐IR index and the Agatston coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, ultrasound‐determined intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), and focal plaque in the ICA/carotid bulb were compared according to RA status.

Results

Among the 195 RA patients and 198 controls studied, average HOMA‐IR levels were higher in the RA group by 31%, and were consistently higher in the RA group regardless of stratification by demographic or cardiometabolic risk factors. While the HOMA‐IR index was strongly and significantly associated with C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels in the control group, the association was weaker in the RA group. Among RA patients, higher HOMA‐IR levels were associated with rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity in men and women, and prednisone use in women only. Before adjustment, higher HOMA‐IR levels were associated with all assessed measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in the control group only; associations were diminished and lost statistical significance after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Among the RA patients, neither baseline nor average HOMA‐IR levels were significantly associated with change in any of the atherosclerosis measures over an average of 3.2 years of followup.

Conclusion

Although IR was higher in RA patients than in non‐RA controls, higher levels may not independently impart additional risk of atherosclerosis.
How Professionals Experience Complexity: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Hood Rick
Published: December 2014

This paper reports on doctoral research carried out in the UK into the experience of complexity in child protection work. The study explored what complexity meant for practitioners, and examined its significance for interprofessional working. A qualitative, case‐based approach was adopted, drawing on the experiences of 17 practitioners working on two separate child protection cases. Participants were from a range of agencies, including children's social care, education, youth offending and child/adolescent mental health. Two rounds of semi‐structured interviews were carried out over a period of four months. Interview transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis, a research methodology derived from qualitative psychology. The findings revealed complexity to be a multifaceted phenomenon, driven by the dynamics of cause and effect in open social systems. Practitioners' perception of unpredictability and volatility in these cases fed into various aspects of collaborative work: the experience of relationships, the process of assessment, efforts at intervention and concerns about risk. The paper concludes by exploring some implications for policy and practice in terms of how interprofessional networks are set up to manage the needs of vulnerable children and families. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘A qualitative, case‐based approach was adopted’

Key Practitioner Messages

Complexity makes it hard for practitioners to understand cause and effect, predict outcomes and control the course of events.

To manage complexity, the team around the child may need to operate as a strategic unit rather than a collection of tactical interventions.

When complex cases become ‘stuck’, professional networks may need additional support and consultation from specialist agencies.

‘Complexity makes it hard for practitioners to understand cause and effect, predict outcomes and control the course of events’
Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activities of Fourteen Mentha Essential Oils and Their Components
Authors: Sitzmann Judith , Habegger Ruth , Schnitzler Wilfried H. , Grassmann Johanna
Published: December 2014

The essential oils of 14 species and hybrids, respectively, of the genus Mentha were examined for their antioxidant capacity in the ABTS (2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)) assay and in a lipid‐peroxidation (LPO) assay. The ABTS.+‐scavenging capacity of pure essential‐oil components and mixtures of them was also tested. In both assays, Mentha×dumetorum (classification not fully confirmed), Mentha suaveolens, and Mentha×villosa (classification not fully confirmed) showed the highest antioxidant capacity, which was ascribed to the components germacrene D, piperitone oxide, and piperitenone oxide. The high antioxidant activity in the LPO assay of the two hybrids Mentha×gracilis and, to a lower degree, of Mentha×dalmatica (classification not fully confirmed) was ascribed to their high contents of cis‐ocimene and β‐caryophyllene. Of the pure components tested (germacrene D, piperitone oxide, and piperitenone oxide were not tested, as not commercially available), only cis‐ocimene showed a distinct antioxidant effect, whereas dihydrocarvone and linalool had pro‐oxidant effects in the ABTS assay.
Cochlioquinone Derivatives with Apoptosis‐Inducing Effects on HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris luttrellii L439
Authors: Qi Qiu‐Yue , Huang Li , He Lu‐Wei , Han Jun‐Jie , Chen Quan , Cai Lei , Liu Hong‐Wei
Published: December 2014

A new cochlioquinone derivative, cochlioquinone F (1), as well as three known compounds, anhydrocochlioquinone A (2), isocochlioquinone A (3), and isocochlioquinone C (4), were isolated from the PDB (potato dextrose broth) culture of the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris luttrellii. The structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of NMR techniques. The apoptosis‐inducing effects of compounds 1–4 were evaluated against HCT116 cancer cells. Compound 2 exhibited the strongest activity in inducing apoptosis on HCT116 cells within the range of 10–30 μM. In addition, the caspase activation, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and the downregulation of Bcl‐2 protein in HCT116 cells treated with compound 2 were detected.
Determination of Ursolic and Oleanolic Acid in Sambuci Fructus
Authors: Gleńsk Michał , Gliński Jan A. , Włodarczyk Maciej , Stefanowicz Piotr
Published: December 2014

Elderberries are used in the preparation of pie, jelly, punch, wine, or liqueur, as well as in many herbal remedies and food supplements. Elderberry products may provide diaphoretic, diuretic, antioxidant, and immunostimulant activities that offer protection against cold and flu. Herein, we report for the first time the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of two isomeric triterpenoids isolated from Sambuci fructus. The analysis revealed that ursolic acid and oleanolic acid are present in Sambuci fructus. The average concentration of ursolic acid was ca. three times higher than the concentration of oleanolic acid. The triterpenoids were detected and quantified using chromatographic methods such as TLC and HPLC. Spectroscopic techniques, including HR‐MS and 2D‐NMR, allowed unequivocal structure determination.
New Catalyst Series from the Sol–Gel‐Entrapment of Gold Nanoparticles in Organically Modified Silica Matrices: Proof of Performance in a Model Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Fidalgo Alexandra , Pandarus Valerica , Béland François , Ilharco Laura M. , Pagliaro Mario
Published: December 2014

Gold nanoparticles were sol–gel‐entrapped in the mesoporous structure of organically modified silica matrices, and the resulting SiliaCat Au materials were tested as oxidation catalysts in the model reaction of 1‐phenylethanol with hydrogen peroxide. The new materials were characterized by electronic microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and cryogenic N2 sorption. The results point to conclusions of general validity that allow us to advance towards the practical use of supported gold nanoparticles in a number of applications.
Minor splicing snRNAs are enriched in the developing mouse CNS and are crucial for survival of differentiating retinal neurons
Authors: Baumgartner Marybeth , Lemoine Christopher , Al Seesi Sahar , Karunakaran Devi Krishna Priya , Sturrock Nikita , Banday Abdul Rouf , Kilcollins Ashley M , Mandoiu Ion , Kanadia Rahul N
Published: December 2014

In eukaryotes, gene expression requires splicing, which starts with the identification of exon‐intron boundaries by the small, nuclear RNA (snRNAs) of the spliceosome, aided by associated proteins. In the mammalian genome, <1% of introns lack canonical exon‐intron boundary sequences and cannot be spliced by the canonical splicing machinery. These introns are spliced by the minor spliceosome, consisting of unique snRNAs (U11, U12, U4atac, and U6atac). The importance of the minor spliceosome is underscored by the disease microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 (MOPD1), which is caused by mutation in U4atac. Thus, it is important to understand the expression and function of the minor spliceosome and its targets in mammalian development, for which we used the mouse as our model. Here, we report enrichment of the minor snRNAs in the developing head/central nervous system (CNS) between E9.5 and E12.5, along with enrichment of these snRNAs in differentiating retinal neurons. Moreover, dynamic expression kinetics of minor intron‐containing genes (MIGs) was observed across retinal development. DAVID analysis of MIGs that were cotranscriptionally upregulated embryonically revealed enrichment for RNA metabolism and cell cycle regulation. In contrast, MIGs that were cotranscriptionally upregulated postnatally revealed enrichment for protein localization/transport, vesicle‐mediated transport, and calcium transport. Finally, we used U12 morpholino to inactivate the minor spliceosome in the postnatal retina, which resulted in apoptosis of differentiating retinal neurons. Taken together, our data suggest that the minor spliceosome may have distinct functions in embryonic versus postnatal development. Importantly, we show that the minor spliceosome is crucial for the survival of terminally differentiating retinal neurons. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 895–907, 2015
Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence of Rare Earth Cyanurates
Authors: Kalmutzki Markus , Ströbele Markus , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: December 2014

Rare earth cyanurates were prepared by exothermic solid‐state metathesis reactions of appropriate proportions of A(OCN) (A = K, Rb, Cs) and RECl3 (RE = La, Ce, Pr) at 500 °C. A DTA study of this mixture revealed the reaction to occur around 450 °C. The crystal structure of RbLa2Cl(O3C3N3)2 was refined from a powder X‐ray diffraction pattern. Homologous ARE2Cl(O3C3N3)2 compounds with A = K, Rb, Cs and RE = La, Ce, Pr were indexed isotypically. Photoluminescence and reflection properties of doped samples and an infrared study are reported.
A novel source of dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid: Possibilities and limitations of DGLA production in the high‐density cultures of the Δ5 desaturase‐mutant microalga Lobosphaera incisa
Authors: Abu‐Ghosh Said , Pal‐Nath Dipasmita , Markovitch Dana , Solovchenko Alexei , Didi‐Cohen Shoshana , Portugal Isabel , Khozin‐Goldberg Inna , Cohen Zvi , Boussiba Sammy
Published: December 2014

The Δ5 desaturase mutant (P127) of the microalga Lobosphaera incisa is a promising organism for large‐scale production of the valuable LC‐PUFA dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3 n‐6). We examined the potential of P127 for DGLA production under nitrogen (N) starvation conditions, triggering the deposition of DGLA in triacylglycerols, and developed a strategy for optimization of the DGLA productivity in high‐density cultures. Towards this end, the effects of initial biomass concentration (1, 2, and 4 g L−1) and PAR irradiance (170 and 400 µmol m−2 s−1) on DGLA and total fatty acid (TFA) production were studied. The highest DGLA and TFA percentages (10 and 38% of dry weight, respectively) were displayed by the cultures initiated at 1 g L−1 and grown under a moderate irradiance. Higher irradiances and lower starting biomass content facilitated oleic acid accumulation at the expense of DGLA. Maximum volumetric productivities of TFA and DGLA were recorded in the cultures started at 2 g L−1 biomass and grown under 400 μmol PAR m−2 s−1. We show that a sufficiently high starting culture density should be combined with a mild light stress to facilitate the production of biomass enriched in DGLA‐containing triacylglycerols.

Practical applications

The ∆5 desaturase mutant of L. incisa, P127, is a rare green source of DGLA, a LC‐PUFA with valuable pharmaceutical and neutraceutical properties. We report on the optimization of DGLA production by the nitrogen‐starving indoor cultures of P127. Stresses, such as N starvation and/or high irradiances, promote accumulation of lipids by microalgal cells. On the other hand, excessively severe stress is deteriorative for the target LC‐PUFA accumulation. An important outcome of the present work is establishing physiological constrains of DGLA productivity and finding an approach to balance starting cell density vs. irradiance in order to maximize DGLA yields. Findings of the present work lay a foundation of the efficient production of DGLA using upscaled cultures of P127.

High productivity of DGLA‐enriched biomass by P127 under nitrogen starvation is attainable by combining relatively high starting culture density with a mild light stress. By contrast, high irradiances impair DGLA accumulation in the cultures initiated at the biomass content of ≤ 1 gL−1.
Structured lipids enriched with unsaturated fatty acids produced by enzymatic acidolysis of silkworm pupae oil using oleic acid
Authors: Zhao Xing‐Yu , Wang Xu‐Dong , Liu Xi , Zhu Wei‐Jie , Mei Yi‐Yuan , Li Wen‐Wen , Wang Jun
Published: December 2014

Desilked silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae oil has been identified as a valuable source of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). However, direct consumption is a food safety issue due to the presence of sn‐1,3 triacylglycerols (TAGs), including palmitic acid (PA). A simple, selective and safe conversion to structured triacylglycerols (STAGs) with high UFA content is highly desirable. Novel STAGs with low PA and high α‐linolenic acid (ALA), oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA) content were synthesized from silkworm pupae oil using a solvent‐free system catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. Crystallization and melting profiles were determined using thermograms, and optimal conditions involved an enzyme load of 7%, a silkworm pupae oil TAG to OA molar ratio of 1:5, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. The content of PA and stearic acid decreased from 41.04 to 20.11%, while UFAs increased from 61.12 to 77.88%. The STAGs exhibited lower crystallization (−15.44°C) and melting (−23.47°C) profiles than TAGs (4.64 and −5.58°C, respectively).

Practical applications

The presented methods using a solvent‐free system enable STAGs to be synthesized using a natural substrate (desilked silkworm pupae oil). A simple, selective and safe conversion to STAGs with high UFA content and low PA content is highly desirable. This STAG is rare in nature and chemical synthesis is cumbersome. This STAG could be applied as a clinical treatment for nutritional enhancement with a beneficial effect on human health because of the high content of the ALA.

Novel structure triacylglycerols (STAGs) with low palmitic acid and rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid were synthesized from silkworm pupae oil and oleic acid, through solvent‐free enzymatic interesterification catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. Under the optimal conditions, the content of palmitic acid and stearic acid decreased from 41.04 to 20.11% in the sn‐1, 3 positions, and the content of unsaturated fatty acids﻿ (including palm stearin, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α‐linolenic acid) increased from 61.12 to 77.88%. The STAGs could be added into milk fat substitutes, which may be useful as nutrition enhancers for infants and may decrease obesity.
Desulfitative C‐Arylation of Glycals by Using Benzenesulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Kusunuru Anil Kumar , Yousuf Syed Khalid , Tatina Madhubabu , Mukherjee Debaraj
Published: December 2014

The palladium‐catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of 2,3‐deoxy‐C‐aryl glycosides was investigated. The strategy is based on the Pd‐catalyzed desulfitative Heck coupling of arylsulfonyl chlorides and glycals with good leaving groups. An attempt was made to establish the reaction mechanism, which may involve PdII/Pd0 interconversion under basic conditions.
Selective Formation of Trimethylene Carbonate (TMC): Atmospheric Pressure Carbon Dioxide Utilization
Authors: Buckley Benjamin R. , Patel Anish P. , Wijayantha K. G. Upul
Published: December 2014

Carbon dioxide utilisation (CDU) is currently gaining increased interest due to the abundance of CO2 and its possible application as a C1 building block. We herein report the first example of atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide incorporation into oxetane to selectively form trimethylene carbonate (TMC), which is a significant challenge as TMC is thermodynamically less favoured than its corresponding co‐polymer.
Piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) microstructure and poling state in active tissue engineering
Authors: Ribeiro Clarisse , Correia Daniela M. , Ribeiro Sylvie , Sencadas Vítor , Botelho Gabriela , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu
Published: December 2014

Tissue engineering strategies rely on suitable membranes and scaffolds, providing the necessary physicochemical stimuli to specific cells. This review summarizes the main results on piezoelectric polymers, in particular poly(vinylidene fluoride), for muscle and bone cell culture. Further, the relevance of polymer microstructure and surface charge on cell response is demonstrated. Together with the necessary biochemical cues, the proper design of piezoelectric polymers can open the way to novel and more reliable tissue engineering strategies for cells in which electromechanical stimuli are present in their environment.
Three New Phthalides from Gnaphalium adnatum
Authors: Zheng Xing‐Ping , Cui Qiong‐Fang , Zhao Jing‐Feng , Yang Li‐Juan , Zhang Hong‐Bin , Yang Xiao‐Dong , Li Liang
Published: December 2014

Three new phthalides, gnaphalides A–C (1–3, resp.), together with three known phthalides, were isolated from the aerial part of Gnaphalium adnatum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 6‐(1,1‐dimethylprop‐2‐en‐1‐yl)‐5,7‐dihydroxy‐2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one (1), 5‐hydroxy‐7‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbut‐3‐en‐1‐yl)oxy]‐2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one (2), and 1,3‐dihydro‐7‐[(3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)oxy]‐1‐oxo‐2‐benzofuran‐5‐yl β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3) on the basis of spectral analyses. The structure of 1 was also confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The three known phthalides, identified as 5,7‐dihydroxyisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one (4), anaphatol (5), and 7‐O‐(β‐glucopyranosyl)‐5‐hydroxyisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one (6), were isolated from the genus Gnaphalium for the first time.
Flavonol Glycosides with α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities and New Flavone C‐Diosides from the Leaves of Machilus konishii
Authors: Lin Yi‐Shan , Lee Shoei‐Sheng
Published: December 2014

Seventeen flavonoids, five of which are flavone C‐diosides, 1–5, were isolated from the BuOH‐ and AcOEt‐soluble fractions of the leaf extract of Machilus konishii. Among 1–5, apigenin 6‐C‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐2″‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2), apigenin 8‐C‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐2″‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (4), and apigenin 8‐C‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐2″‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (5) are new. Both 4 and 5 are present as rotamer pairs. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of NMR‐spectroscopic analyses and MS data. In addition, the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR data of apigenin 6‐C‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐2″‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3) were assigned for the first time. The isolated compounds were assayed against α‐glucosidase (type IV from Bacillus stearothermophilus). Kaempferol 3‐O‐(2‐β‐D‐apiofuranosyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (12) was found to possess the best inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 29.3 μM.
Diterpenoids from Aerial Parts of Clerodendranthus spicatus and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Guan Shu‐Cai , Fan Guang‐Yan
Published: December 2014

A chemical investigation of AcOEt‐soluble portion of the 95% EtOH extract of the aerial parts of Clerodendranthus spicatus led to the isolation and characterization of a new diterpenoid, named clerospicasin J (1). Structure elucidation of 1 was achieved by spectroscopic analyses, including 2D‐NMR. The diterpenoid 1 exhibited significant inhibitory activity on the proliferation of the SKOV3 cell lines. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of 1 against SKOV3 cells was related to apoptotis as confirmed by DAPI (=2‐(4‐amidinophenyl)‐1H‐indole‐6‐carboxamidine) nuclear staining and flow cytometry.