bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-traditional security cooperation between China and south-east Asia: implications for Indo-Pacific geopolitics
Authors: Gong Xue
Published: January 2020

The ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP) strategy, actively promoted by the United States with support from its allies and partners, is a significant geopolitical response to China's growing power and expanding influence in Asia and beyond. Beijing has adopted various new strategies to cope with the challenges related to FOIP. One of these strategies is to secure a robust relationship with south-east Asia in order to make these regional states either neutral to or less supportive of the Indo-Pacific vision. In addition to economic statecraft and soft power, Beijing believes that it can also tap into the domain of non-traditional security (NTS) to strengthen relations with this region to position itself better in the intensifying regional geopolitical competition. The article addresses the following question: what is the impact of China's NTS cooperation with south-east Asia on Beijing's geopolitical rivalry with other major powers in the Indo-Pacific region? The article argues that China's NTS cooperation with south-east Asian countries may help China maintain its geopolitical standing in the region, but it is unlikely to lead to any dramatic increase of China's strategic influence in the region. This essentially means that Beijing may be able to prevent ASEAN or most ASEAN member states from lending substantive and strong support to the Indo-Pacific construct, but it will not be able to stop ASEAN states from supporting some elements of the FOIP.
Evidence of detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring birthweight and neurodevelopment from a systematic review of quasi-experimental studies
Authors: Mamluk Loubaba , Jones Timothy , Ijaz Sharea , Edwards Hannah B , Savović Jelena , Leach Verity , Moore Theresa H M , von Hinke Stephanie , Lewis Sarah J , Donovan Jenny L , Lawlor Deborah A , Davey Smith George , Fraser Abigail , Zuccolo Luisa
Published: January 2020

Background

Systematic reviews of prenatal alcohol exposure effects generally only include conventional observational studies. However, estimates from such studies are prone to confounding and other biases.

Objectives

To systematically review the evidence on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational designs using alternative analytical approaches to improve causal inference.

Search strategy

Medline, Embase, Web of Science, PsychINFO from inception to 21 June 2018. Manual searches of reference lists of retrieved papers.

Selection criteria

RCTs of interventions to stop/reduce drinking in pregnancy and observational studies using alternative analytical methods (quasi-experimental studies e.g. Mendelian randomization and natural experiments, negative control comparisons) to determine the causal effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy and longer-term offspring outcomes in human studies.

Data collection and analysis

One reviewer extracted data and another checked extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using customized risk of bias tools. A narrative synthesis of findings was carried out and a meta-analysis for one outcome.

Main results

Twenty-three studies were included, representing five types of study design, including 1 RCT, 9 Mendelian randomization and 7 natural experiment studies, and reporting on over 30 outcomes. One study design–outcome combination included enough independent results to meta-analyse. Based on evidence from several studies, we found a likely causal detrimental role of prenatal alcohol exposure on cognitive outcomes, and weaker evidence for a role in low birthweight.

Conclusion

None of the included studies was judged to be at low risk of bias in all domains, results should therefore be interpreted with caution.

Systematic review registration

This study is registered with PROSPERO, registration number CRD42015015941
Electronic bills of lading, blockchains and smart contracts
Authors: Todd Paul
Published: January 2020

After a lengthy incubation period, electronic bills of lading (eBLs) are at last taking their first tentative steps in the shipping world. Systems currently in operation, however, are closed; only traders, carriers and banks who are members can participate. These closed schemes are not, therefore, true replacements for traditional paper bills of lading (pBLs), which can be used by anyone. Open eBL implementations are very difficult, which is no doubt why practical schemes so far have been closed. While blockchains and smart contracts make no difference to what is possible, they do to what is practicable. In particular, they may render feasible eBL implementations more open than those that have existed until now. They can obviate the need for distrusted central registries, and resolve the digital islands problem which can plague closed schemes. This article considers how an open eBL implementation might work. The schemes suggested here are rendered practicable by the new technology, should the industry choose to go down the eBL route. It may not so choose, at any rate in the short term, but if it does take this route, the article examines the legal obstacles that would need to be overcome. It assumes no change in the existing law, but concludes with a discussion of what lawmakers should consider, were they minded to assist.
Assessment of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Diets on Adult Fecundity and Larval Development: Insights Into Employing the Sterile Insect Technique
Authors: Hou Qiu-Li , Chen Er-Hu , Dou Wei , Wang Jin-Jun
Published: January 2020

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a notorious insect pest that attacks diverse vegetables and fruits worldwide. The sterile insect technique has been developed as an environmentally friendly and effective control method that depends on the mass production of target flies. Because dietary yeast (protein) and sucrose (carbohydrate) are important in adult diets, yeast:sucrose (Y:S) mixtures are crucial for the mass-rearing of B. dorsalis. In this study, we found adult diets with different ratios of yeast to sucrose-influenced fecundity, and an extremely high or low Y:S ratios significantly decreased egg production of B. dorsalis. Additionally, the maximum oviposition efficiency was realized at dietary yeast to sucrose ratios of 1:1 and 1:3, suggesting their potential use to produce more eggs for the mass production of B. dorsalis. Here, new gel diets having different yeast concentrations (g/L water) were also assessed for rearing B. dorsalis larvae. Gel diets containing 20 g/L yeast led to a higher pupation, pupal weight and adult eclosion rate, and a shorter developmental time than other yeast concentrations. Moreover, the present gel diet also resulted in greater pupal production and adult emergence rates than previously used liquid and solid artificial diets, revealing that it is suitable for rearing B. dorsalis larvae. This research provides a useful reference on artificial diets mixtures for mass rearing B. dorsalis, which is critical for employing the sterile insect technique.
The Integrated Stress Response and Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α in Neurodegeneration
Authors: Bond Sarah , Lopez-Lloreda Claudia , Gannon Patrick J , Akay-Espinoza Cagla , Jordan-Sciutto Kelly L
Published: January 2020

The proposed molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative pathogenesis are varied, precluding the development of effective therapies for these increasingly prevalent disorders. One of the most consistent observations across neurodegenerative diseases is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). eIF2α is a translation initiation factor, involved in cap-dependent protein translation, which when phosphorylated causes global translation attenuation. eIF2α phosphorylation is mediated by 4 kinases, which, together with their downstream signaling cascades, constitute the integrated stress response (ISR). While the ISR is activated by stresses commonly observed in neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, it is a canonically adaptive signaling cascade. However, chronic activation of the ISR can contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes such as neuronal death, memory impairments, and protein aggregation via apoptotic induction and other maladaptive outcomes downstream of phospho-eIF2α-mediated translation inhibition, including neuroinflammation and altered amyloidogenic processing, plausibly in a feed-forward manner. This review examines evidence that dysregulated eIF2a phosphorylation acts as a driver of neurodegeneration, including a survey of observations of ISR signaling in human disease, inspection of the overlap between ISR signaling and neurodegenerative phenomenon, and assessment of recent encouraging findings ameliorating neurodegeneration using developing pharmacological agents which target the ISR. In doing so, gaps in the field, including crosstalk of the ISR kinases and consideration of ISR signaling in nonneuronal central nervous system cell types, are highlighted.
A pilot study comparing ergonomics in laparoscopy and robotics: beyond anecdotes, and subjective claims
Authors: Kuo Li-Jen , Ngu James Chi-Yong , Lin Yen-Kuang , Chen Chia-Che , Tang Yue-Her
Published: January 2020

We aimed to use hand dexterity and grip strength test as objective measures to compare the difference in surgeon fatigue associated with robotic and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. We used the Purdue Pegboard Test to assess hand dexterity and the Camry Electronic Handgrip Dynamometer to assess hand grip strength. Eighteen patients were operated on, including 10 robotic and 8 laparoscopic cases. Statistical analysis revealed no difference in dexterity or muscle fatigue after operating with the robot. In contrast, there was a significant difference in the hand grip strength of both hands after laparoscopic surgery. Our results show that the resultant fatigue after laparoscopy affects both hands of the surgeon. In contrast, there was no difference in dexterity or muscle fatigue after operating with the robot. Given the demands of complex colorectal surgeries, robotics may be a means of optimizing surgeon performance by reducing fatigue.
The ‘most Sacred of Duties’1: Maternal Ideals and Discourses of Authority in Victorian Breastfeeding Advice
Authors: Cox Jessica
Published: January 2020

The maternal role and its associated practices were subject to much scrutiny throughout the Victorian period. Whilst motherhood was seen as the natural destiny of the (respectable) woman, mothers were nonetheless deemed in need of strict guidance on how best to raise their offspring. This was offered in an extensive range of advice and conduct books, via newspapers, journals, and fiction, and from medical practitioners, and covered pregnancy, childbirth, and all aspects of care for babies and young children. This article considers Victorian advice on infant feeding, focusing in particular on the various strategies deployed to encourage mothers to breastfeed. Advice literature for mothers frequently invoked patriarchal – religious, medical, and (pseudo-) scientific – authority, in line with broader Victorian discourses on femininity. Much of this advice was produced by, or drew on, the authority of (male) medical practitioners, whilst comparatively little emphasis was placed on maternal experience as a source of expertise. Set within the wider historical context of shifting trends in infant feeding, this article analyses the various persuasive techniques employed by the authors of advice literature, which ultimately served as an attempt to control women’s maternal behaviours and to suppress their own maternal authority.
Clinical Research and Practice Collaborative: An Evidence-Based Nursing Clinical Inquiry Expansion
Authors: Migliore Laurie , Chouinard Henry , Woodlee Rachel
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Implementation and sustainment of evidence-based practices (EBPs) are common challenges faced by healthcare organizations. The Clinical Research and Practice Collaborative, an evidence-based initiative implemented at a large Military Treatment Facility, addresses EBP implementation and sustainment by expanding the culture of nursing clinical inquiry and broadening nursing research efforts to include EBP. The evidence-based intervention of scheduled, intentional, intraprofessional collaboration between PhD nurse scientists and advanced practice registered nurses as compared to previous methods of spontaneous, consultative collaboration, focuses on developing support for nursing research and EBP initiatives. Materials and Methods: A 2-year pre- and 2-year post-implementation timeframe compared outcomes (proposals, publications, posters) from individual and collaborative nursing research and EBP initiatives. Results: Although nursing research initiatives remained stable, research publications and posters were reduced by 63%, EBP initiatives grew 450%, EBP publications and collaborative nursing initiatives for both research and EBP increased. Additionally, EBP Council membership rose 300%, and an intraprofessional cadre was formed during the implementation. Conclusions: Intentionally scheduled collaboration between PhD nurse scientists and advanced practice registered nurses is a promising model to promote an expanded culture of nursing clinical inquiry and should be considered for medical facilities seeking to enhance EBP and nursing research efforts.
A nulling strategy for modelling lensing convergence in cones with large deviation theory
Authors: Barthelemy A , Codis S , Uhlemann C , Bernardeau F , Gavazzi R
Published: January 2020

The distribution of the cosmic convergence field is modelled using a large deviation principle where all non-Gaussian contributions are computed from first principles. The geometry of the past light-cone is accounted for by constructing the total weak-lensing signal from contributions of the matter density in thin disc slices. The prediction of this model is successfully tested against numerical simulation with ray-tracing, and found to be accurate within at least 5 per cent in the tails at redshift 1 and opening angle of 10 arcmin and even more so with increasing source redshift and opening angle. An accurate analytical approximation to the theory is also provided for practical implementation. The lensing kernel that mixes physical scales along the line of sight tends to reduce the domain of validity of this theoretical approach compared to the three-dimensional case of cosmic densities in spherical cells. This effect is shown to be avoidable if a nulling procedure is implemented in order to localize the lensing line-of-sight integrations in a tomographic analysis. Accuracy in the tails is thus achieved within a per cent for source redshifts between 0.5 and 1.5 and an opening angle of 10 arcmin. Applications to future weak-lensing surveys like Euclid and the specific issue of shape noise are discussed.
Channels for streaming instability in dusty discs
Authors: Jaupart Etienne , Laibe Guillaume
Published: January 2020

Streaming instability is a privileged channel to bridge the gap between collisional growth of dust grains and planetesimal formation triggered by gravity. This instability is thought to develop through its secular mode, which is long-time growing and may not develop easily in real discs. We address this point by revisiting its perturbation analysis. A third-order expansion with respect to the Stokes number reveals important features overlooked so far. The secular mode can be stable. Epicycles can be unstable, more resistant to viscosity, and are identified by Green’s function analysis as promising channels for planetesimals formation.
Population synthesis of black hole binary mergers from star clusters
Authors: Antonini Fabio , Gieles Mark
Published: January 2020

Black hole (BH) binary mergers formed through dynamical interactions in dense star clusters are believed to be one of the main sources of gravitational waves (GWs) for Advanced LIGO and Virgo. Here, we present a fast numerical method for simulating the evolution of star clusters with BHs, including a model for the dynamical formation and merger of BH binaries. Our method is based on Hénon’s principle of balanced evolution, according to which the flow of energy within a cluster must be balanced by the energy production inside its core. Because the heat production in the core is powered by the BHs, one can then link the evolution of the cluster to the evolution of its BH population. This allows us to construct evolutionary tracks of the cluster properties including its BH population and its effect on the cluster and, at the same time, determine the merger rate of BH binaries as well as their eccentricity distributions. The model is publicly available and includes the effects of a BH mass spectrum, mass-loss due to stellar evolution, the ejection of BHs due to natal and dynamical kicks, and relativistic corrections during binary–single encounters. We validate our method using direct N-body simulations, and find it to be in excellent agreement with results from recent Monte Carlo models of globular clusters. This establishes our new method as a robust tool for the study of BH dynamics in star clusters and the modelling of GW sources produced in these systems. Finally, we compute the rate and eccentricity distributions of merging BH binaries for a wide range of cluster initial conditions, spanning more than two orders of magnitude in mass and radius.
Simulations of the star-forming molecular gas in an interacting M51-like galaxy
Authors: Tress Robin G , Smith Rowan J , Sormani Mattia C , Glover Simon C O , Klessen Ralf S , Mac Low Mordecai-Mark , Clark Paul C
Published: January 2020

We present here the first of a series of papers aimed at better understanding the evolution and properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in a galactic context. We perform high-resolution, three-dimensional arepo simulations of an interacting galaxy inspired by the well-observed M51 galaxy. Our fiducial simulations include a non-equilibrium, time-dependent, chemical network that follows the evolution of atomic and molecular hydrogen as well as carbon and oxygen self-consistently. Our calculations also treat gas self-gravity and subsequent star formation (described by sink particles), and coupled supernova feedback. In the densest parts of the simulated interstellar medium (ISM), we reach sub-parsec resolution, granting us the ability to resolve individual GMCs and their formation and destruction self-consistently throughout the galaxy. In this initial work, we focus on the general properties of the ISM with a particular focus on the cold star-forming gas. We discuss the role of the interaction with the companion galaxy in generating cold molecular gas and controlling stellar birth. We find that while the interaction drives large-scale gas flows and induces spiral arms in the galaxy, it is of secondary importance in determining gas fractions in the different ISM phases and the overall star formation rate. The behaviour of the gas on small GMC scales instead is mostly controlled by the self-regulating property of the ISM driven by coupled feedback.
Digital Humanities
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: January 2020

Legal scholarship has its own distinctive place in the different disciplinary responses to digital humanities. It has long relied on databases of digitized sources and consequently on search as a research methodology. Computational tools provide means of addressing the limitations of search. This chapter surveys the use of computational tools to identify patterns of word use and borrowing and the diffusion of concepts in legal texts, to construct networks of relationships in texts and between individuals, to visualize spatial information, and to create 3D models of objects and structure as methods for both discovery and interpretation. These digital methods raise epistemological questions about how to address different questions and various kinds of sources, and what evidence is needed to support particular claims. Computational analysis expands the scale of the analysis, and the level of detail and context, making it possible to systematically explore claims about what is typical and representative and the periodization of historical discourses. Network graphs and maps visualize and measure relationships and spatial patterns in ways that capture a degree of complexity beyond what can be rendered in narrative. The implication of digital humanities for all humanities scholars is that we must look anew at our practices of research and analysis and critically reevaluate the nature and scope of the interpretative claims that we make.
Spacetime in/and Law
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: January 2020

Philosophers have explored the varying temporalities that different legal systems and techniques utilize or construct. Recently, a lively literature on law, space, and regulation has also flourished, mainly among geographers and urban studies scholars. While legal temporalities and legal spaces or spatializations are often discussed separately, in large part due to disciplinary barriers, this chapter shows that it is more appropriate to think about the “spacetime” of law and legal processes rather than engage only with either temporality or space.
Intellectual Property’s Queer Turn
Authors: Gilden Andrew
Published: January 2020

Intellectual property is getting queerer. Although intellectual property is most often associated with theories of economic rationality or romantic individualism, there are increasingly prominent strands of IP theory that reflect the insights of queer theory. Although IP and queer theory are rarely in direct conversation, this chapter shows several nascent intersections between these two fields, including: the cultural contingency of creativity, the unpredictable trajectories of social regulation, and the co-constitutive nature of intellectual life and material culture. IP theory increasingly understands that the cultural discourse shapes the distribution of wealth, happiness, and political power in the physical world, and vice versa. This chapter emphasizes both the broad sociocultural implications of IP’s regulatory interventions and the underappreciated jurisprudential value of queer theory.
Form Contract
Authors: Kastner Tal
Published: January 2020

In light of the tendency to view contract through a lens of free will and agreement, this chapter approaches contract from the vantage point of standard form agreements. Drawing on empirical studies, behavioral psychology, law and economics contract scholarship, critical legal studies, legal history, and literary theory, it counters the prevailing view of standard terms as the exceptional case of contract. Through the lens of deconstruction, the chapter highlights the contextual contingency of standard form and refracts the presumptions in society and law concerning the allocation of resources. It identifies how the contemporary proliferation and routine enforcement of ancillary terms such as arbitration provisions in the current day epitomize how contract serves as a tool to leverage power. Examining form-contract scholarship and case law, the chapter reveals the expressive possibility of standard form in American law. It shows how the phenomenon of boilerplate exemplifies the process by which contract language serves to manifest agreement, shaping an understanding of freedom. The chapter extends the insights of legal history concerning the limits of contract freedom in the nineteenth century. In doing so, it draws on American literature to illustrate a changing paradigm of freedom—from wage labor to real estate development to consumption—and the attendant allocation of resources that shape voluntary exchange. By virtue of boilerplate’s contextual contingency, this deconstructive perspective reveals the potential to redistribute resources through standard form contract, and thereby not only create value but shape social norms.
Accident
Authors: Williams Daniel
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores some legal and literary ramifications of “accident” in British law and society from the late eighteenth through the early twentieth century. This period saw changes in common law and legislation relating to accidents, including the emergence of negligence as a distinct tort and statutory provisions for employer liability and workplace compensation. The chapter turns on the institution of the deodand, a common-law rule that allowed inquest juries to assess liability for accidental deaths caused by non-humans. After such entities began to include industrial machines, the deodand was abolished by Parliament in 1846. Examining legal-historical cases and norms alongside literary-cultural representations, the chapter claims that the deodand’s disappearance, and concurrent transition to fault liability regimes, marked a loss in the understanding of accident. If the nineteenth-century emergence of modern accident law tended to simplify accidents into surrogates for human interaction, the deodand qua institution grasped how reckoning with accidents demands an alertness to human entanglement with non-human causality. Literary representations of vehicular accidents afford a glimpse of what was coming to be lost in this changing legal-cultural dispensation. From Thomas De Quincey to Thomas Hardy to E. M. Forster, the complex non-human, material, and affective dimensions of accident dissipate into the background, where they continue to supply narrative and formal motivation even as they leave human obligations and institutions in the light.
Effect of Sleep Loss on Pain
Authors: Alexandre Chloe , Latremoliere Alban , Finan Patrick H.
Published: January 2020

With the advent of modern lifestyles, there has been a significant extension of daily activities, mostly at the cost of sleep. Lack of sleep affects many biological systems, including various cognitive functions, the immune system, metabolism, and pain. Both sleep and pain are complex neurological processes that encompass many dynamic components. As a result, defining the precise interactions between these two systems represents a challenge, especially for chronic paradigms. This chapter describes how sleep is measured and how it can be experimentally altered in humans and animal models, and, in turn, how sleep disturbances, either acute or chronic, can affect different aspects of pain. Possible mechanisms involved are discussed, including an increase in inflammatory processes, a loss of nociceptive inhibitory pathways, and a defect in the cognitive processing of noxious inputs.
The Time Lag of Defa-Futurum
Authors: Mende Doreen
Published: January 2020

On April 23, 1975, at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, the East German filmmaker Joachim Hellwig (1932–2014) and scriptwriter Claus Ritter (1929–1995), both initiators and authors of the artistic working group defa-futurum, defended their collectively written practice-based PhD on the “artistic forms for imagining a socialist future by the means of film under specific consideration of the experiences of the working group defa-futurum.” Strongly influenced by Hellwig’s antifascist projects and nonfictional documentary practice, defa-futurum demonstrates a specific concern for a Marxist cybernetics with regard to creative thinking, labor, love, and political work. The latter is elaborated in greater detail by engaging with the forgotten writings of the philosopher Franz Loeser. Defa-futurum allowed the idea of film-as-theory to endorse the GDR as a sovereign state—promoting also an East German socialist internationalism—under the conditions of the global Cold War by the means of cinema. By using methods from visual culture and cultural studies to facilitate a decolonizing analysis of defa-futurum’s films, Stasi files, archival material, and original writings, the article aims to argue that decolonizing socialism is necessary in order to break through the Cold War’s binary limits for understanding technopolitics, art, and social realities in the post-1989 world.
Brothers at War
Authors: Sánchez-Biosca Vicente
Published: January 2020

In January 1979, Vietnamese troops triumphantly entered Phnom Penh, the capital of Democratic Kampuchea ruled by the Khmer Rouge. The images they produced to justify their military offensive dwelled on the horror of the atrocities committed by the overthrown Pol Pot regime in the former torture center code-named S-21. In the framework of a split within the communist Bloc between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China, this article discusses three strategies put forward by the Vietnamese propaganda machinery in which the visual imagery of the former prison played a crucial role: an intense documentary production, the atrocity-themed museum constructed on the site of S-21, and the trial for genocide held in absentia against Pol Pot and Ieng Sary. These visual strategies aimed to deprive the Khmer Rouge of their communist status by associating them with Nazis and their crimes.
The Lyrical Subversions of Socialist Realism in Đặng Nhật Minh’s New Wave Cinema
Authors: Healy Dana
Published: January 2020

This article looks at the career and work of a prominent Vietnamese film director, Đặng Nhật Minh. By taking a closer look at his film When the Tenth Month Comes, this article challenges the Cold War perception of communist art as a mere servant to politics and ideology, with little aesthetic ambition beyond its didactic and propagandist duty. It explores Minh’s use of lyricism as an effective tool of subversion and means to assert his autonomy as a communist artist. It is through the lyrical that the film director reaches back to the core of Vietnamese cultural identity and ancient traditions to provide a poetic affirmation of the resilience of his nation’s culture, while mobilizing a sense of belonging and loyalty to the communist project.
Komunistki
Authors: Skrodzka Aga
Published: January 2020

This article argues for the importance of preserving the visual memory of female communist agency in today’s Poland, at the time when the nation’s relationship to its communist past is being forcefully rearticulated with the help of the controversial Decommunization Act, which affects the public space of the commons. The wholesale criminalization of communism by the ruling conservative forces spurred a wave of historical and symbolic revisions that undermine the legacy of the communist women’s movement, contributing to the continued erosion of women’s rights in Poland. By looking at recent cinema and its treatment of female communists as well as the newly published accounts of the communist women’s movement provided by feminist historians and sociologists, the project sheds light on current cultural debates that address the status of women in postcommunist Poland and the role of leftist legacy in such debates.
Lenin in Los Angeles
Authors: Marciniak Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

Opening with a discussion of the Gao Brothers’ sculpture Miss Mao Trying to Poise Herself at the Top of Lenin’s Head, which appeared in a public space in Los Angeles in 2011, this article provides a meditation on the various post–Cold War disappearances and reappearances of statues of Lenin in Eastern Europe, a space still haunted by its communist past. The analysis is focused on the representation of several of these monumental sculptures evoking their installation, removal, and reconfiguration—in a cluster of films and public statue “performances” across the former Eastern Bloc. It also explores the different hermeneutic registers encircling the statues, registers that often mix experiences of trauma with ludic contestation. The vignettes that serve to organize the article demonstrate how these sculptures have the potential to prompt counter-memories, often becoming triggers that enable the excavation of private or communal remembrance. To clarify this process, each vignette offers an instance of revisionist storytelling, disclosing the unstable relationship between monumental sculpture and memory, and tapping into counter-histories, or histories that demand to be remembered and vindicated.
Esfir Shub’s K.Sh.E. (1932) and the Movement of Energy
Authors: Malitsky Joshua
Published: January 2020

This article contributes to the volume’s effort to understand the history of communist visual cultures by exploring the work of the pioneering Soviet woman documentary filmmaker Esfir Shub’s cultural contribution to the First Five-Year Plan for economic development. Shub’s K.Sh.E. (1932) focuses on the production and circulation of energy both inside and outside human bodies. Her first sound film, K.Sh.E., turns to synchronized and nondiegetic sound to make the invisible transfer of energy and the location of latent energy sensible. The article situates Shub’s work both in relation to earlier visual cultural projects’ use of energetics and contemporary photomontage practices. The period of the Plan was one when forms of nonfiction narration were highly contested; locating Shub’s film and the discourse surrounding it within this terrain allows us to see the range of allowable documentary abstraction at a time when efforts were being made to consolidate aesthetic practice more broadly.
How the Learning Organization Learns and its Culture Coevolves
Authors: Hawkins Peter
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores how organizations’ cultures learn and coevolve in dynamic relationship with the ecosystems they are within as well as in relation to the functions, teams, and individuals within them. It begins by exploring how the whole paradigm of learning, knowing, and epistemology has radically changed in the last fifty years to understanding learning as an embodied, embedded, and collective process that flows within and between people, is collaboratively created and held within teams and communities, and is co-created between any entity and its larger ecosystem. It then explores how this means we need to rethink organizational learning from organizations enabling the learning of the individual employees to the systemic learning of how systemic entities learn in dynamic relationship with the subsystems within them and the ecosystems they are part of.
From Learning Organizations to Learning Cultures and More: Evolutions in Theory, Changes in Practice, Continuity of Purpose
Authors: DiBella Anthony J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the evolution of concepts pertaining to the criticality of learning in the pursuit of organizational transformation and effectiveness. Over time, the popularity of the learning organization, learning portfolios, learning cultures, and organizational reliability has waned. Some scholars have considered these concepts within a descriptive perspective, others in a prescriptive manner. This chapter does not advocate for one perspective or paradigm over another but promotes awareness of their distinctions and how they offer different frames for comparing “organizational learning” versus the “learning organization” and “learning culture.” While scholars and practitioners are all concerned with organizational effectiveness, they point towards it in unique ways using conceptual labels that can be interpreted in diverse fashions. That often contributes to intellectual churn and further evolutions in conceptual development and popularity. Implications for the morality of learning processes and their benefit to society are considered.
How Best to Study the Learning Organization
Authors: Nguyen Nhien , Hansen Jens Ørding , Jensen Are
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses impediments to progress in the learning organization field, highlighting several “non-best” ways of studying the learning organization and juxtaposing these with corresponding “best” ways of doing so. Attention is focused on how to approach four general research questions of fundamental importance to the learning organization debate: (1) Do we need the concept of the learning organization? (2) How should we define and operationalize the concept of the learning organization? (3) Should organizations aspire to become learning organizations? (4) How can a learning organization be created? The chapter is intended to direct attention to important issues in the field and stimulate thought. One of the major themes running through the study is the importance of making carefully calibrated, context-dependent trade-offs when deciding how to study the learning organization—of accepting that there are advantages and disadvantages to every definition, operationalization, and empirical technique one might adopt.
What is Needed to Create Gender Inclusive Learning Organizations?
Authors: Gouthro Patricia A. , Taber Nancy , Brazil Amanda
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses a critical feminist lens to explore Senge’s model of the learning organization as an example of Weber’s ideal-type theoretical framework, focusing on the five disciplines outlined by Senge (personal mastery, team learning, shared vision, mental models, and systems thinking). It explores the concept of learning organizations in a variety of gendered workplace contexts, including universities, fire services, and militaries to consider how Senge’s model could be used to illuminate the multiple barriers that women face in these contexts. Drawing upon critical feminist scholarship, the authors note that a patriarchal conception of rationality, which is often the bedrock of many organizational structures, needs to be challenged in order for gender equity to be realized. They conclude by using the example of a not-for-profit organization that supports women mystery writers, Sisters-in-Crime, to explore how an emphasis on addressing equity for women may create gender inclusive learning organizations.
An Antenarrative Amendment to the Learning Organization: Theories to Avert the Sixth Extinction
Authors: Boje David M. , Rosile Grace Ann
Published: January 2020

Exploring “antenarrative” processes of storytelling reveals why corporations so often have overlooked the natural environment, to the extent that some scientists predict the “sixth extinction.” Senge and some pioneering others have promoted more encompassing frameworks as well as more inclusionary collaborative approaches to learning organizations, in ways which incorporate concern for the natural environment. In this chapter the authors extend that work by offering an antenarrative approach that is critical in questioning the “business as usual” status quo, is inclusive in recognizing the interconnectivity of persons and planet, and uses ensemble storytelling processes to incorporate diverse community voices. The collaborative approach of Ensemble Leadership Theory (ELT) uses ensemble storytelling to co-create a more encompassing and equitable approach to the learning organization’s relationship with the natural environment. These ensemble storytelling processes include: together-telling, materiality, economics, worker-to-worker participation, elicitation, authorship, and theatrical performances.
Clinical and Scintigraphic Predictors of Primary Lower Limb Lymphedema-Volume Reduction During Complete Decongestive Physical Therapy
Authors: Vignes Stéphane , Simon Laura , Benoughidane Bani , Simon Magali , Fourgeaud Caroline
Published: January 2020

Background

Primary lower limb lymphedema is a chronic debilitating disorder without curative treatment. The initial treatment phase is dedicated to reducing lymphedema volume, whereas the second aims to stabilize that volume.

Objective

The objective of this study was to analyze clinical and lymphoscintigraphic characteristics during complete decongestive physical therapy as predictors of primary unilateral lower limb lymphedema-volume reduction.

Design

This observational, retrospective study included 222 consecutive patients (January 2009–January 2017; median age: 45.8 years) with lymphedema affecting the entire lower limb, who received complete decongestive physical therapy for the first time in a specialized lymphedema management center.

Methods

Complete decongestive physical therapy consisted of low-stretch bandaging, manual lymph drainage, exercises, and skin care for all patients. Lymphoscintigraphy preceded treatment.

Results

Median lymphedema evolution was 73 months, and median excess volume was 34%. Median (interquartile range) lymphedema volumes were 2845 (1038–3487) mL before and 1276 (601–2195) mL after a median of 11 days of complete decongestive physical therapy, with 34% median reduction. Multivariate analyses retained age, body mass index >40 kg/m2, and previous cellulitis, as independently associated with lymphedema volume reduction. For each additional year of age, volume reduction increased 0.16%. Unexpectedly, log-transformed initial lymphedema volumes indicated a negative impact, that is, 4.95%, for each log-unit gain. Patients with previous cellulitis episode(s) obtained 6.9% and those with BMI >40 kg/m2 17.1% higher lymphedema volume reductions. Lower limb lymphoscintigraphy was available for 150 (67.6%) patients. Having dermal back flow was associated with greater lymphedema volume reduction than not (respectively, 39% vs 31%).

Limitations

This study was retrospective, and only 67.6% of patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy.

Conclusion

Our analysis identified clinical and scintigraphic predictors of primary lymphedema volume reduction for patients with unilateral disease. Lymphoscintigraphy helps confirm lymphedema and predict volume reduction. Further study is required to confirm these observations.
PSEUDO-3D IMRT VERIFICATION WITH EBT3 RADIOCHROMIC FILM
Authors: Hanušová Tereza , Horáková Ivana , Koniarová Irena
Published: January 2020

This work proposes a new method for pseudo-3D verification of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose distributions. Unlike commercial solutions, it uses measured doses only for gamma evaluation. Its resolution is far better than with electronic detectors within the measured plane and comparable in other directions. It is readily available at clinics because it uses existing resources—a slab phantom and EBT3 films. The method was tested on six IMRT clinical cases. An in-house code for 2D and pseudo-3D gamma analysis was written in MATLAB and compared to OmniPro I’mRT.
Instagram’s #JUUL: who’s posting what
Authors: Chu Kar-Hai , Matheny Sara J , Sidani Jaime E , Allem Jon-Patrick , Unger Jennifer B , Cruz Tess Boley
Published: January 2020

Exposure to e-cigarette (e-cig) marketing through traditional and online media can increase the risk of e-cig use among adolescents. Though popular e-cig brand JUUL has scaled back its social media promotions, outside vendors and individual users create posts about JUUL unregulated. Instagram’s image-focus offers an opportunity to document promotions that may appeal to adolescents. To assess the visual representation of JUUL on social media, we systematically classified discussion topics and themes of posts to Instagram. Of 25,428 unique Instagram images using the hashtag #JUUL retrieved between June 18 and July 18, 2018, a random subsample of 3,000 images (approximately 12% of the full data set) was drawn for human coding and analyses. Coded categories included relevance to JUUL, type of image, image appeal, and user type. Based on the number of relevant images, percentages of image type and appeal for each user type were calculated. There were 583 images that were coded as relevant. The majority of image types (64%) were classified as product (n =; 374). The most frequently coded type of appeal was flavors, found in 54% of images with appeal (n =; 149), followed by cartoons, found in 21% (n =; 57). Vendors were responsible for posting most of the images (n =; 291), followed by e-cig enthusiasts (n =; 99). Continued surveillance of e-cig products, such as JUUL, remains necessary to provide a foundation for potential regulatory protections against marketing and promotions that may appeal to youth.
New Technologies for Studying Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Plant and Arthropod Hosts
Authors: German Thomas L. , Lorenzen Marcé D. , Grubbs Nathaniel , Whitfield Anna E.
Published: January 2020

The plant viruses in the phylum Negarnaviricota, orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales, have common features of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes and replication in the biological vector. Due to the similarities in biology, comparative functional analysis in plant and vector hosts is helpful for understanding host–virus interactions for negative-strand RNA viruses. In this review, we will highlight recent technological advances that are breaking new ground in the study of these recalcitrant virus systems. The development of infectious clones for plant rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses is enabling unprecedented examination of gene function in plants and these advances are also being transferred to study virus biology in the vector. In addition, genome and transcriptome projects for critical nonmodel arthropods has enabled characterization of insect response to viruses and identification of interacting proteins. Functional analysis of genes using genome editing will provide future pathways for further study of the transmission cycle and new control strategies for these viruses and their vectors.
The Population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in California and Arizona
Authors: Paugh Kelley R. , Gordon Thomas R.
Published: January 2020

Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, is now found in all major lettuce producing regions in California and Arizona. The population structure of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in California and Arizona was characterized based on somatic compatibility and sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF-1α) and rDNA intergenic spacer region (IGS). In this study, 170 isolates were tested for somatic compatibility based on heterokaryon formation, using complementary nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Five subgroups (A to E) of somatic compatibility group 0300 were identified. Isolates associated with the same subgroup had a strong complementation reaction, whereas reactions between isolates of different subgroups were weak or delayed. An isolate from the first known infestation of Fusarium wilt of lettuce in California was associated with subgroup A, which predominated among isolates in our collection. Isolates representative of each subgroup were confirmed to be associated with race 1, based on the reaction of differential lettuce cultivars. It is possible that somatic compatibility subgroups B to E of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae were derived from subgroup A, as a consequence of somatic mutations affecting compatibility. If so, subgroups of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae may represent an intermediate step in divergence that will lead to clearly separable compatibility groups. Sequences of EF-1α and IGS were both identical for 58 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae that represented all somatic compatibility subgroups and locations from which isolates were obtained, indicating that subgroups were derived from the same clonal lineage (VCG 0300).