bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nodulation and root growth increase in lower soil layers of water‐limited faba bean intercropped with wheat
Authors: Bargaz Adnane , Isaac Marney E. , Jensen Erik S. , Carlsson Georg
Published: June 2016

Below‐ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water‐limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown as mono‐ and intercrops in soil‐filled plexiglass rhizoboxes under water sufficiency (80% of water‐holding capacity) and water limitation (30% of water‐holding capacity). We examined whether intercropping facilitates below‐ground niche complementarity under water limitation via interspecific root stratification coupled with modified nodulation patterns. While no significant treatment effects were measured in intercropped wheat growth parameters, water limitation induced a decrease in shoot and root biomass of monocropped wheat. Likewise, shoot biomass and height, and root length of monocropped faba bean significantly decreased under water limitation. Conversely, water limitation stimulated root biomass of intercropped faba bean in the lower soil layer (15–30 cm soil depth). Similarly, total nodule number of faba bean roots as well as nodule number in the lower soil layer increased under intercropping regardless of water availability. Under water limitation, intercropping also led to a significant increased nodule biomass (48%) in the lower soil layer as compared to monocropping. The enhanced nodulation in the lower soil layer and the associated increase in root and shoot growth provides evidence for a shift in niche occupancy when intercropped with wheat, which improves water‐limited faba bean performance.
High‐performance liquid chromatography separation of phthalate acid esters with a MIL‐53(Al)‐packed column
Authors: Shu Lun , Chen Sha , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Bai Yan , Ma Xing‐Chen , Li Xiao‐Xin , Li Jian‐Rong , Somsundaran P.
Published: June 2016

In this study, a MIL‐53(Al)‐packed column was successfully prepared and firstly applied to separate phthalate acid esters (butyl benzyl phthalate, di‐n‐butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dimethyl phthalate). Their baseline separation could be achieved within 12 min with a mobile phase of methanol/H2O ratio at 92:8, and the temperature and flow rate was 40°C and 0.6 mL/min, respectively. The stacking effect and electrostatic force were the key factors in the separation. Moreover, there was a substantial linear relation between the peak height, peak area, and the analyte mass, and the relative standard deviations of retention time, peak height, peak area, and half peak width for five replicate separations of the analytes were within the ranges 0.31–0.88%, 0.72–1.52%, 1.33–1.53%, and 0.46–0.95%, respectively. The results of the calculation of the thermodynamics parameters showed that the separation of phthalate acid esters was controlled by both enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS).
The Impact of Allolobophora molleri on Soil Biology Under Different Organic Amendments
Authors: Tejada Manuel , Gómez Isidoro , Franco‐Andreu Luis‐ , Hernandez Teresa , García Carlos
Published: June 2016

We investigated the effects of the endogenous Allolobophora molleri earthworm on the enzyme activities, the humus–enzyme complexes and the microbial community of a Plagic Antrosol soil which had been amended with different sources of organic matter. During a period of 300 days, the soil was amended with the organic fraction of a municipal solid waste at a rate of 10% or poultry manure at a rate of 7·6%, respectively, in order to apply the same amount of organic matter to the soil. At the end of the experiment, soil enzymatic activities were highest in organic amended soils with earthworms, followed by the organic‐amended soils without earthworms. The reason being, the earthworms stimulate microbial action by increasing the surface area for microbial colonization of the substrate and enzymatic through comminuting the organic wastes. The evolution of soil humus–enzyme complexes indicated the highest values of enzymes adsorbed to humus with the highest humic acid contents. The presence of A. molleri in organic‐amended soils significantly (p < 0·05) increased the soil microbial diversity. Possibly, the progressive breakdown of organic matter applied to the soil by earthworms does appear to produce new organic substrates which therefore promote the appearance of new microorganisms in the soil capable of degrading these substrates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Document ‐ Ocean Acidification Data
Authors: Jiang Li‐Qing , Arzayus Krisa M. , Gattuso Jean‐Pierre , Garcia Hernam E. , Chandler Cynthia , Kozyr Alex , Yang Yan , Thomas Rob , Beck Brian , Spears Tobias
Published: June 2016

The number of ocean acidification (OA) studies has increased significantly over the last decade. Most of this was due to studies on biological responses of organisms to OA. The lack of a protocol to document biological response OA data prevents the research community from properly archiving, discovering, accessing, and utilizing this important body of OA data sets. In this e‐Lecture, we present how to document an OA data set by explaining major components of a metadata template, which can be applied to a broad spectrum of OA studies, including those studying the biological responses to OA. The major metadata components include Investigators, Title, Abstract, Temporal coverage, Spatial coverage, Geographic names, Location of organism collection, Platforms, Variable metadata clusters, Publications describing the data set, and Supplementary information. Of these components, Variable metadata clusters (variables and their metadata sub‐elements) are treated as the focal point of the template. In addition to variable name , other metadata elements include the observation type, whether it is an in‐situ observation, manipulation condition, or response variable, biological subject, life stage of the biological subject, etc. Information about how to access the metadata template files is also stated.
High energy Yb:YAG active mirror laser system for transform limited pulses bridging the picosecond gap
Authors: Siebold Mathias , Loeser Markus , Röser Fabian , Albach Daniel , Bussmann Michael , Eckhardt Sebastian , Lasagni Andrés Fabián , Sauerbrey Roland , Schramm Ulrich
Published: June 2016

A diode‐pumped Yb:YAG MOPA‐System for the unprecedented generation of transform limited pulses with variable pulse duration in the range between 10 ps and 100 ps is presented. First applications relying on unique pulse parameters as modulation free spectrum, tunability and coherence length, namely the direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) and laser cooling of stored relativistic ion beams are highlighted. Pulses are generated by a mode‐locked fs‐oscillator while the spectral bandwidth is narrowed in the subsequent regenerative amplifier by an intra‐cavity grating monochromator. Two alternative booster amplifiers were added to increase the pulse energy to 100 μJ and 10 mJ, respectively.

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Ageing of Silicone‐Based Dielectric Elastomers Prepared with Varying Stoichiometric Imbalance: Changes in Network Structure, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties
Authors: Zhang Mengjia , Denes Istvan , Xue Yao , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: June 2016

Silicone‐based dielectric elastomers are promising dielectric electroactive polymers (DEAPs) applicable to various actuator applications. However, the lack of information concerning their long‐term performance still limits their industrial use. Here, the time‐dependent behavior of silicon‐based DEAPs under electromechanical cycling is investigated. A series of thin silicone films prepared with different stoichiometric imbalances are coated with compliant silver nanowire electrodes and then electromechanically cycled under alternating voltage (Vpp = 2 kV, VDC = 1 kV) over 105 cycles. Afterward, changes in cross‐linking density, elastic modulus, permittivity, and breakdown behavior are examined. With increasing load cycles, electrically induced cross‐linking of the hydrosilane groups occurs, which leads to increased cross‐linking density of the material. Concomitantly, increase in elastic modulus and decrease in permittivity are observed, resulting in a significant deterioration of actuation performance. The measured breakdown strength, which is related to an extrinsic breakdown strength based on electromechanical instability, increases too.

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On the small time asymptotics of stochastic non‐Newtonian fluids
Authors: Liu Hui , Sun Chengfeng
Published: June 2016

In this paper, a small‐time large deviation principle for the stochastic non‐Newtonian fluids driven by multiplicative noise is proved. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Within‐host and synaptic transmissions: contributions to the spread of HIV infection
Authors: Carvalho Ana R. M. , Pinto Carla M. A.
Published: June 2016

We study the contributions of within‐host (virus‐to‐cell) and synaptic (cell‐to‐cell) transmissions in a mathematical model for human immunodeficiency virus epidemics. The model also includes drug resistance. We prove the local and global stability of the disease‐free equilibrium and the local stability of the endemic equilibrium. We analyse the effect of the cell‐to‐cell transmission rate on the value of the reproduction number, R0. Moreover, we show evidence of a qualitative change in the models' dynamics, subjected to the value of the drug efficacy. In the end, important inferences are drawn. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information geometry applications for optimizing numerical simulations
Authors: Galanis George
Published: June 2016

Recent developments in mathematical modeling provide today a new theoretical framework and state‐of‐the‐art tools for supporting both the corresponding academic research and important socio‐economical applications/activities. Within this framework, the present work focuses on advances in differential, and in particular information, geometry towards the development of non‐conventional models able to support applications in environmental simulation and forecasting. The latter are the scientific areas where a great number of institutes and operational centers worldwide are focusing, providing solutions and new ideas for applications related with meteorology, natural hazards, renewable energy, ship and aviation safety, and a variety of other corresponding activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Point cloud‐based scatterer approximation and affine invariant sampling in the inverse scattering problem
Authors: Palafox Abel , Capistrán Marcos , Christen J. Andrés
Published: June 2016

We study the problem of recovering a scatterer object boundary by measuring the acoustic far field using Bayesian inference. This is the inverse acoustic scattering problem, and Bayesian inference is used to quantify the uncertainty on the unknowns (e.g., boundary shape and position). Aiming at sampling efficiently from the arising posterior probability distribution, we introduce a probability transition kernel (sampler) that is invariant under affine transformations of space. The sampling is carried out over a cloud of control points used to interpolate candidate boundary solutions. We demonstrate the performance of our method through a classical problem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Invariant approach to optimal investment–consumption problem: the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model
Authors: Bakkaloglu Ahmet , Aziz Taha , Fatima Aeeman , Mahomed F.M. , Khalique Chaudry Masood
Published: June 2016

The optimal investment–consumption problem under the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model is solved using the invariant approach. Firstly, the invariance criteria for scalar linear second‐order parabolic partial differential equations in two independent variables are reviewed. The criteria is then employed to reduce the CEV model to one of the four Lie canonical forms. It is found that the invariance criteria help in transforming the original equation to the second Lie canonical form and with a proper parameter selection; the required transformation converts the original equation to the first Lie canonical form that is the heat equation. As a consequence, we find some new classes of closed‐form solutions of the CEV model for the case of reduction into heat equation and also into second Lie canonical form. The closed‐form analytical solution of the Cauchy initial value problems for the CEV model under investigation is also obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two classes of asymptotically different positive solutions to advanced differential equations via two different fixed‐point principles
Authors: Diblík Josef , Kúdelčíková Mária
Published: June 2016

The paper considers a system of advanced‐type functional differential equationsurn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4064:mma4064-math-0001whereFis a given functional,,r> 0 andxt(θ) =x(t+θ),θ∈[0,r]. Two different results on the existence of solutions, with coordinates bounded above and below by the coordinates of the given vector functions ift→∞, are proved using two different fixed‐point principles. It is illustrated by examples that, applying both results simultaneously to the same equation yields two positive solutions asymptotically different fort→∞. The equationurn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4064:mma4064-math-0003wherea,τ∈(0,∞),a< 1/(τe),are constants can serve as a linear example. The existence of a pair of positive solutions asymptotically different fort→∞is proved and their asymptotic behavior is investigated. The results are also illustrated by a nonlinear equation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified poisson series to implement the method of multiple scales
Authors: Navarro Juan F.
Published: June 2016

The method of multiple scales is a global perturbation technique that has resulted to be very useful in perturbed ordinary differential equations characterized by disparate time scales. The general principle behind the method is that the solution to the differential equation is uniformly expanded in terms of two or more independent variables, referred to as time scales. In this article, we present a mathematical object based on a Poisson series to apply the method of multiple scales via specific symbolic computation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing network traffic behaviour using granule‐based association rule mining
Authors: Bian Yongna , Liu Bin , Li Yuefeng , Gao Jianmin
Published: June 2016

Association rule mining is one important technique to characterize the behaviour of network traffic. However, mining association rules from network traffic data still have three obstacles such as efficiency, huge number of results and insufficiency to represent the behaviour of network traffic. Aiming to tackle these issues, this paper presents a granule‐based association rule mining approach, called association hierarchy mining. The proposed approach adopts top‐down rule mining strategy to directly generate interesting rules according to subjectively specified rule template hierarchies, which improves the efficiency of rule generation and subjectively filters user uninterested rules. The approach also proposes to prune a new type of redundant rules defined by this research to reduce the number of rules. Finally, the approach introduces the concept of diversity, aiming to select the interesting rules for better interpreting the behaviour of network traffic. The experiments performed on the MAWI network traffic traces show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A shift‐adaptive meshfree method for solving a class of initial‐boundary value problems with moving boundaries in one‐dimensional domain
Authors: Esmaeilbeigi Mohsen , Garmanjani Gholamreza
Published: June 2016

A new shift‐adaptive meshfree method for solving a class of time‐dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) in a bounded domain (one‐dimensional domain) with moving boundaries and nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is introduced. The radial basis function (RBF) collocation method is combined with the finite difference scheme, because, unlike with Kansa's method, nonlinear PDEs can be converted to a system of linear equations. The grid‐free property of the RBF method is exploited, and a new adaptive algorithm is used to choose the location of the collocation points in the first time step only. In fact, instead of applying the adaptive algorithm on the entire domain of the problem (like with other existing adaptive algorithms), the new adaptive algorithm can be applied only on time steps. Furthermore, because of the radial property of the RBFs, the new adaptive strategy is applied only on the first time step; in the other time steps, the adaptive nodes (obtained in the first time step) are shifted. Thus, only one small system of linear equations must be solved (by LU decomposition method) rather than a large linear or nonlinear system of equations as in Kansa's method (adaptive strategy applied to entire domain), or a large number of small linear systems of equations in the adaptive strategy on each time step. This saves a lot in time and memory usage. Also, Stability analysis is obtained for our scheme, using Von Neumann stability analysis method. Results show that the new method is capable of reducing the number of nodes in the grid without compromising the accuracy of the solution, and the adaptive grading scheme is effective in localizing oscillations due to sharp gradients or discontinuities in the solution. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed procedure is examined by adaptively solving two difficult benchmark problems, including a regularized long‐wave equation and a Korteweg‐de Vries problem. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 1622–1646, 2016
Depletion‐mediated piezoelectric AlGaN/GaN resonators
Authors: Ansari Azadeh , Rais‐Zadeh Mina
Published: June 2016

The electromechanical properties of an acoustic wave propagating in a piezoelectric media can be tuned by modulation of the resistivity of the piezoelectric material. This is readily available in piezoelectric semiconductor materials, wherein acoustic phonons and charge carriers can interact. In this work, we employ epitaxially grown AlGaN/GaN heterostructures in bulk acoustic wave resonators with Schottky interdigitated transducers biased in the depletion region to study the interaction between piezoelectric strain and depletion charges. By modulating the impedance of the depletion layer upon application of DC voltages, we tune the acoustic properties of bulk‐mode resonators and show significant Q enhancement as the result of a depletion force added to the piezoelectric actuation force. Furthermore, we compare the performance of such resonators with pure GaN piezoelectric resonators that have the same geometry but with the AlGaN layer removed. When integrated with AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (located on the acoustic cavity or next to the resonator), such resonators can be used as frequency references in oscillator circuits in radio frequency (RF) blocks or utilized in harsh environment sensing applications.
The ExoMol project: Software for computing large molecular line lists
Authors: Tennyson Jonathan , Yurchenko Sergei N.
Published: June 2016

The use of variational nuclear motion programs to compute line lists of transition frequencies and intensities is now a standard procedure. The ExoMol project has used this technique to generate line lists for studies of hot bodies such as the atmospheres of exoplanets and cool stars. The resulting line list can be huge: many contain 10 billion or more transitions. This software update considers changes made to our programs during the course of the project to allow for such calculations. This update considers three programs: Duo which computed vibronic spectra for diatomics, DVR3D which computes rotation‐vibration spectra for triatomics, and TROVE which computes rotation‐vibration spectra for general polyatomic systems. Important updates in functionality include the calculation of quasibound (resonance) states and Landé g‐factors by Duo and the calculation of resonance states by DVR3D. Significant algorithmic improvements are reported for both DVR3D and TROVE. All three programs are publically available from ccpforge.cse.rl.ac.uk. Future developments are also considered.
On the eigen‐functions of dynamic graphs: Fast tracking and attribution algorithms
Authors: Chen Chen , Tong Hanghang
Published: June 2016

Eigen‐functions are of key importance in graph mining since they can be used to approximate many graph parameters, such as node centrality, epidemic threshold, graph robustness, with high accuracy. As real‐world graphs are changing over time, those parameters may get sharp changes correspondingly. Taking virus propagation network for example, new connections between infected and susceptible people appear all the time, and some of the crucial infections may lead to large decreasing on the epidemic threshold of the network. As a consequence, the virus would spread around the network quickly. However, if we can keep track of the epidemic threshold as the graph structure changes, those crucial infections would be identified timely so that counter measures can be taken proactively to contain the spread process. In our paper, we propose two online eigen‐functions tracking algorithms which can effectively monitor those key parameters with linear complexity. Furthermore, we propose a general attribution analysis framework which can be used to identify important structural changes in the evolving process. In addition, we introduce an error estimation method for the proposed eigen‐functions tracking algorithms to estimate the tracking error at each time stamp. Finally, extensive evaluations are conducted to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, 2016
Turbo‐SMT: Parallel coupled sparse matrix‐Tensor factorizations and applications
Authors: Papalexakis Evangelos E. , Mitchell Tom M. , Sidiropoulos Nicholas D. , Faloutsos Christos , Talukdar Partha Pratim , Murphy Brian
Published: June 2016

How can we correlate the neural activity in the human brain as it responds to typed words, with properties of these terms (like ‘edible’, ‘fits in hand’)? In short, we want to find latent variables, that jointly explain both the brain activity, as well as the behavioral responses. This is one of many settings of the Coupled Matrix‐Tensor Factorization (CMTF) problem.

Can we enhance any CMTF solver, so that it can operate on potentially very large datasets that may not fit in main memory? We introduce Turbo‐SMT, a meta‐method capable of doing exactly that: it boosts the performance of any CMTF algorithm, produces sparse and interpretable solutions, and parallelizes any CMTF algorithm, producing sparse and interpretable solutions (up to 65 fold). Additionally, we improve upon ALS, the work‐horse algorithm for CMTF, with respect to efficiency and robustness to missing values.

We apply Turbo‐SMT to BrainQ, a dataset consisting of a (nouns, brain voxels, human subjects) tensor and a (nouns, properties) matrix, with coupling along the nouns dimension. Turbo‐SMT is able to find meaningful latent variables, as well as to predict brain activity with competitive accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the generality of Turbo‐SMT, by applying it on a FACEBOOK dataset (users, ‘friends', wall‐postings); there, Turbo‐SMT spots spammer‐like anomalies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, 2016
Massively Screening the Temporal Spectra of Single Nanoparticles to Uncover the Mechanism of Nanosynthesis
Authors: He Ting , Du Ying , Xu Pengyu , Xi Shaobo , Shen Yangbin , Ni Weihai , Yue Baohua , Zhou Xiaochun
Published: June 2016

Nanosynthesis is the basis of nanotechnology and its applications. It is necessary to understand the growth mechanism of nanoparticles and the functions of growth factors. An effective way to study the synthesis is at the single nanoparticle level. This study reports a single nanoparticle spectrometer, which is based on a commercial dark‐field microscopy and a group of narrowband filters. This spectrometer has many advantages, such as high light transparency (35%–75%), low cost (<$1500), massive screening (≈200 nanoplates at a time), and a high time resolution (<5 s). By using this spectrometer, the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) is studied on single Ag nanoplates in situ and in real time. The research reveals that GRR on single Ag nanoplates has three different types according to the change of peak wavelength during reaction. Such diverse reaction types can be attributed to the different relative reaction rates of GRR on the faces and edges of Ag nanoplate with different facets. Further research shows that the relative reaction rates of different facets vary a lot under different concentrations of tri‐sodium citrate. This research successfully demonstrates that the new single nanoparticle spectrometer can study the growth of single nanoparticles and the effect of growth factors.
Enhanced In Vivo Tumor Detection by Active Tumor Cell Targeting Using Multiple Tumor Receptor‐Binding Peptides Presented on Genetically Engineered Human Ferritin Nanoparticles
Authors: Kwon Koo Chul , Ko Ho Kyung , Lee Jiyun , Lee Eun Jung , Kim Kwangmeyung , Lee Jeewon
Published: June 2016

Human ferritin heavy‐chain nanoparticle (hFTH) is genetically engineered to present tumor receptor‐binding peptides (affibody and/or RGD‐derived cyclic peptides, named 4CRGD here) on its surface. The affibody and 4CRGD specifically and strongly binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) and human integrin αvβ3, respectively, which are overexpressed on various tumor cells. Through in vitro culture of EGFR‐overexpressing adenocarcinoma (MDA‐MB‐468) and integrin‐overexpressing glioblastoma cells (U87MG), it is clarified that specific interactions between receptors on tumor cells and receptor‐binding peptides on engineered hFTH is critical in active tumor cell targeting. After labeling with the near‐infrared fluorescence dye (Cy5.5) and intravenouse injection into MDA‐MB‐468 or U87MG tumor‐bearing mice, the recombinant hFTHs presenting either peptide or both of affibody and 4CRGD are successfully delivered to and retained in the tumor for a prolonged period of time. In particular, the recombinant hFTH presenting both affibody and 4CRGD notably enhances in vivo detection of U87MG tumors that express heterogeneous receptors, integrin and EGFR, compared to the other recombinant hFTHs presenting either affibody or 4CRGD only. Like affibody and 4CRGD used in this study, other multiple tumor receptor‐binding peptides can be also genetically introduced to the hFTH surface for actively targeting of in vivo tumors with heterogenous receptors.
A New Strategy for Humidity Independent Oxide Chemiresistors: Dynamic Self‐Refreshing of In2O3 Sensing Surface Assisted by Layer‐by‐Layer Coated CeO2 Nanoclusters
Authors: Yoon Ji‐Wook , Kim Jun‐Sik , Kim Tae‐Hyung , Hong Young Jun , Kang Yun Chan , Lee Jong‐Heun
Published: June 2016

The humidity dependence of the gas sensing characteristics of metal oxide semiconductors has been one of the greatest obstacles for gas sensor applications during the last five decades because ambient humidity dynamically changes with the environmental conditions. Herein, a new and novel strategy is reported to eliminate the humidity dependence of the gas sensing characteristics of oxide chemiresistors via dynamic self‐refreshing of the sensing surface affected by water vapor chemisorption. The sensor resistance and gas response of pure In2O3 hollow spheres significantly change and deteriorate in humid atmospheres. In contrast, the humidity dependence becomes negligible when an optimal concentration of CeO2 nanoclusters is uniformly loaded onto In2O3 hollow spheres via layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly. Moreover, In2O3 sensors LBL‐coated with CeO2 nanoclusters show fast response/recovery, low detection limit (500 ppb), and high selectivity to acetone even in highly humid conditions (relative humidity 80%). The mechanism underlying the dynamic refreshing of the In2O3 sensing surfaces regardless of humidity variation is investigated in relation to the role of CeO2 and the chemical interaction among CeO2, In2O3, and water vapor. This strategy can be widely used to design high performance gas sensors including disease diagnosis via breath analysis and pollutant monitoring.
Recent Developments in the Chiral Brønsted Acid‐catalyzed Allylboration Reaction with Polyfunctionalized Substrates
Authors: Barrio Pablo , Rodríguez Elsa , Fustero Santos
Published: June 2016

Asymmetric allylboration has played a central role in organic synthesis ever since the pioneering work by Hoffman and Brown, having found applications in the total synthesis of many natural products. A new dawn for this 40 year‐old reaction occurred with the beginning of the new century when the first catalytic asymmetric methods came into play. In less than one decade, several methodologies, able to achieve the desired homoallylic alcohols with ee ranges in the high 90s, were developed. Among them, in the present account, we will disclose our contribution to the development of the chiral binolphosphoric‐derived Brønsted acid‐catalyzed allylboration of aldehydes originally reported by Antilla in 2010. Our contribution to this field lies in its application to polyfunctionalized systems, both on the aldehyde and the allylboronate in question, which enables the rapid construction of molecular diversity and complexity. Parts of the work described herein have been carried out in collaboration with the groups of Profs. Akiyama and Houk.

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Environmental flows—basics for novices
Authors: Acreman Mike
Published: June 2016

The term environmental flows has become widely used to define the hydrological regime required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well‐being that depend on them. A large range of frameworks and methods has been developed to assess environmental flow needs and many authors have identified subtleties in the approaches needed for different situations and required outcomes. This article summaries some basic concepts that can assist those new to environmental flows to navigate the rapidly expanding plethora of information. It briefly covers key areas of setting objectives for river ecosystems, examining pressures that constrain reaching these objectives, the level of detail needed, implementation, and how future changes affect environmental flow assessments. WIREs Water 2016, 3:622–628. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1160

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Contributions to wind farm power estimation considering wind direction‐dependent wake effects
Authors: Feijóo Andrés , Villanueva Daniel
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a contribution to wind farm ouput power estimation. The calculation for a single wind turbine involves the use of the power coefficient or, more directly, the power curve data sheet. Thus, if the wind speed value is given, a simple calculation or search in the data sheet will provide the generated power as a result. However, a wind farm generally comprises more than one wind turbine, which means the estimation of power generated by the wind farm as a function of the wind speed is a more complex process that depends on several factors, including the important issue of wind direction. While the concept of a wind turbine power curve for a single wind turbine is clear, it is more subject to discussion when applied to a whole wind farm. This paper provides a simplified method for the estimation of wind farm power, based on the use of an equivalent wake effect coefficient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The top‐K tau‐path screen for monotone association in subpopulations
Authors: Sampath Srinath , Caloiaro Adriano , Johnson Wayne , Verducci Joseph S.
Published: June 2016

A pair of variables that tend to rise and fall either together or in opposition are said to be monotonically associated. For certain phenomena, this tendency is causally restricted to a subpopulation, as, e.g., the severity of an allergic reaction trending with the concentration of an air pollutant. Previously, Yu et al. (Stat Methodol 2011, 8:97–111) devised a method of rearranging observations to test paired data to see if such an association might be present in a subpopulation. However, the computational intensity of the method limited its application to relatively small samples of data, and the test itself only judges if association is present in some subpopulation; it does not clearly identify the subsample that came from this subpopulation, especially when the whole sample tests positive. The present study adds a ‘top‐K’ feature (Sampath S, Verducci JS. Stat Anal Data Min 2013, 6:458–471) based on a multistage ranking model, that identifies a concise subsample that is likely to contain a high proportion of observations from the subpopulation in which the association is supported. Computational improvements incorporated into this top‐K tau‐path algorithm now allow the method to be extended to thousands of pairs of variables measured on sample sizes in the thousands. A description of the new algorithm along with measures of computational complexity and practical efficiency help to gauge its potential use in different settings. Simulation studies catalog its accuracy in various settings, and an example from finance illustrates its step‐by‐step use. WIREs Comput Stat 2016, 8:206–218. doi: 10.1002/wics.1382

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Parenting Style, Parental Adjustment, and Co-Parental Conflict: Differential Predictors of Child Psychosocial Adjustment Following Divorce
Authors: Stallman Helen M. , Ohan Jeneva L.
Published: June 2016

Parents’ adjustment, co-parenting conflict, and parenting style are often intervention targets for parents following divorce. However, little is known about how these three aspects together relate to child outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine how parent adjustment (distress and anger), parenting conflict, and parenting style (laxness and over-reactivity) predict child internalising, externalising, and prosocial behaviours. Participants were a community sample of 109 divorced parents with a child aged 4–17 years. Results showed that increased parental distress and co-parent conflict predicted increased child emotional and behavioural problems; and increased lax parenting also predicted increased externalising behaviour problems. However, greater prosocial behaviour was predicted only by lower lax parenting. The results highlight the differential impact of parenting factors on child outcomes following divorce and have implications for the content and tailoring of interventions for divorced parents.
Weight Gain in Women after Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy
Authors: Llambi Laura , Aleman Alicia , Colomar Mercedes , Morello Paola , Sosa Leonardo , Arcos José , Belizán José M. , Althabe Fernando
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes. Tobacco cessation in the general population is associated with weight gain. Aims: We sought to compare gestational weight gain (GWG) in women who quit smoking during pregnancy with those who continued smoking and non-smokers in two countries with high smoking prevalence in pregnancy. Methods: This study uses baseline data from a brief cessation intervention clustered randomised controlled trial; data were collected from clinical records and through questionnaires at post-partum hospitalisations during October 2011–May 2012. Women had attended one of 20 selected clusters of publicly funded prenatal care clinics in Argentina and Uruguay. Self-reported cessation was verified biochemically. Results: Of 2636 pregnant women, 29.9% were smokers at the beginning of pregnancy; among them 41.9% quit and 58.1% continued smoking. Most women (60.7%) had a normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Adjusted mean weight gain was higher in quitters than in continuing smokers and non-smokers. Cessation increased GWG by 2.4 kg (95% confidence interval 1.3–3.4) after adjusting by pre-pregnancy BMI and other confounders in comparison with women who continued smoking(p < 0.001). Conclusions: GWG was slightly higher in women who quit smoking at any time during pregnancy.
Case Study: Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) By a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Sisler Laurel , Meernik Clare , Ripley-Moffitt Carol , Greyber Jennifer , Goldstein Adam O.
Published: June 2016

Introduction: The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as electronic cigarettes, vapour cigarettes, and vapour/hookah pens is rapidly increasing. The effectiveness of ENDS for smoking cessation and their safety, particularly amongst pregnant women, is largely unknown. Some women who use tobacco products in pregnancy, such as the one described in this case study, switch to ENDS assuming they are a safer alternative to smoking traditional cigarettes. Many obstetric providers do not screen for ENDS use and may miss an opportunity to counsel their patients about ENDS usage, side effects, or alternatives.

Case Description: Motivated by concern for her baby's health, a 28-year-old patient reduced consumption of traditional cigarettes and began using ENDS shortly after learning she was pregnant. Her obstetric team did not screen for ENDS use and was unaware that she had started using ENDS. During the postpartum period, her providers ordered a tobacco cessation consult and the tobacco treatment specialist (TTS) discovered the patient's ENDS use as well as her desire to quit.

Conclusions: In the absence of consistent screening by providers and a lack of safety data regarding ENDS use during pregnancy, women are often given little guidance in deciphering the potential risks and benefits of ENDS use. In this case, the patient turned to ENDS because she thought it was safer than smoking tobacco cigarettes and was unaware that there is limited research on ENDS safety. This case highlights the importance of updating clinical screening tools to include ENDS and the need for further research investigating the safety of ENDS use during pregnancy.
Political Characterology: On the Method of Theorizing in Hannah Arendt'sOrigins of Totalitarianism
Authors: SIGWART HANS-JÖRG
Published: June 2016

Notwithstanding its status as a modern classic, Hannah Arendt's study onThe Origins of Totalitarianismis generally considered to be lacking a clearly reflected methodological basis. This article challenges this view and argues that in her study Arendt implicitly applies a characterological method of political theorizing that provides a genuine conceptual framework for systematically connecting structural analysis with ideographic historical investigations and with a political theory of action. On this conceptual basis, the study renders an analysis of anti-Semitism, imperialism, and totalitarianism not merely in terms of abstract structural concepts, but in terms of dynamiccharacter-context constellations. Arendt's account not only shows interesting parallels to a number of similar conceptual reflections, especially in the 20th century's theory debate; it can also serve to inspire the current debate on methodology in political theory.
Economic Crises and Trade Policy Competition
Authors: Ballard-Rosa Cameron , Carnegie Allison , Gaikwad Nikhar
Published: June 2016

How do crises affect trade policy? This article reconciles starkly diverging accounts in the literature by showing that economic adversity generates endogenous incentives not only for protection, but also for liberalization. It first formally develops the mechanisms by which two features of shocks –intensityandduration– influence the resources and political strategies of distressed firms. The central insight is that policy adjustments to resuscitate afflicted industries typically generate ‘knock-on’ effects on the profitability and political maneuverings of other firms in the economy. The study incorporates these countervailing pressures in its analysis of trade policy competition. In the wake of crises, protection initially increases when affected firms lobby for assistance, but then decreases as industries run low on resources to expend on lobbying and as firms in other industries mobilize to counter-lobby. The theoretical predictions are tested using sub-national and cross-national data, and real-world illustrations are presented to highlight the mechanisms driving the results.
PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH TO CLOSE THE SOYBEAN YIELD GAP ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN MALAWI
Authors: VAN VUGT D. , FRANKE A. C. , GILLER K. E.
Published: June 2016

Soybean yields on smallholder farmers’ fields in Malawi are constrained by poor soil fertility, limited application of external inputs and poor crop husbandry. We tested crop management practices through on-farm experimentation and participatory technology evaluation. Two agronomic soybean trials were established in 2009 and 2010 in three contrasting agro-ecologies resulting in 72 replications per trial. Treatments in the first trial included several combinations of inoculation withBradyrhizobium japonicum, inorganic fertiliser application and compost manure. In the second trial, farmers tested an improved variety, optimal weeding regime, increased plant population and chemical pest and disease control. A combination of inoculation, inorganic fertiliser (10 N, 8 P, 20 K in kg ha−1), and 6 t ha−1compost manure increased yields from 0.86 t ha−1under farmers’ practice to 1.56 t ha−1and resulted in average profits of US$222 ha−1. Increased plant populations and biocide spraying also resulted in substantial yield increases. Inoculation and increased plant population resulted in an average value to cost ratio (VCR) > 2. Low investment costs make inoculants, compost manure and increased plant populations interesting options, whereas adoption of inorganic fertiliser application in soybean may be limited due to high costs and low VCR. The farmers ranked eight technologies in descending order of preference as: (i) early planting, (ii) plant population, (iii) variety choice, (iv) compost manure, (v) weeding, (vi) inoculant, (vii) fertiliser and (viii) spraying. Our participatory research approach demonstrated that there is a wide range of technologies with different levels of human and financial investment costs that smallholder farmers can adopt to enhance their soybean yields and profits.
Social monogamy and egg production in the snapping shrimpAlpheus brasileiro(Caridea: Alpheidae) from the south-eastern coast of Brazil
Authors: Pescinelli Régis Augusto , Davanso Thiago Maia , Costa Rogério Caetano
Published: June 2016

This study tested for social monogamy inAlpheus brasileiroAnker, 2012. We also analysed egg production in this species. Sampling was conducted bimonthly from March 2013 to January 2014, and specimens were collected manually in the intertidal estuarine zone of Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 186 specimens (92 males and 94 females) were captured, and ~46% of them were found living in heterosexual pairs. The carapace length (CL mm) of paired males and females was positively correlated. We analysed 35 females carrying eggs underneath the abdomen: 28 of these females had eggs in stage I of development, four had eggs in stage II, and three had eggs in stage III. The average (±SD) mean fecundity for females carrying early (stage I) eggs was 149 (±93) eggs. Egg volume differed significantly among developmental stages, with a 35.4% increase in egg volume between stages I and III. The egg volume and size (CL) of females correlated positively. A positive correlation between the number of eggs and carapace length was found, with a proportional increase in the number of eggs according to the size of females. Our results suggest that the studied population ofA. brasileirois socially monogamous and provide the first insights into egg production in this species.
Teaching the Shakespeare of Mathematics
Authors: du Sautoy Marcus
Published: June 2016

During my year as President of The Mathematical Association the government began a review of the curriculum across all subjects taught in school. Given the constant tinkering with the education system by every government, this is probably a sentence that any MA president could write during their tenure. But 2013 saw government really trying to layout their vision for what education should deliver in the coming decade.

In English, an aim of the curriculum review is to develop a student's love of literature through widespread reading for enjoyment. Students will get to read Shakespeare, romantic poetry, the great novels of the nineteenth century together with seminal works of world literature. It is hoped that this will expose students to the great works of literature and allow them to acquire an appreciation of ‘our rich and varied literary heritage’ [1, p. 13].

In science, by building on fundamental ideas and concepts, the curriculum review aims to foster in students ‘a sense of excitement and curiosity about natural phenomena’ [1, p. 99]. Students will study the fundamental mechanics of the cell, learn about stem cells, photosynthesis and genomics; they will be exposed to radiation (in a theoretical sense) and the evidence for the Big Bang. Such fundamental ideas will give students the scientific knowledge to be able to understand the uses and implications for the impact of science on society.
Misunderstandings in A-level statistics
Authors: Toller Owen
Published: June 2016

Many students can get a lot of answers in A-level statistics right. But some of the ideas behind the calculations are somewhat subtle. Some of the subtleties are occasionally brought out in examination questions, usually those requiring verbal or discursive answers; unfortunately answers to these questions tend to be poor. Such questions are often dismissed as ‘waffle’ by strong students, while weaker ones generally try to avoid issues of understanding by memorising what they hope will be relevant slogans. Even respected textbooks are open to criticism. This is all very sad as I think it is here that much of the interest of the subject lies; ignoring the subtleties risks reducing the subject to a series of meaningless formulae. There should be time to focus on what is actually happening, as well as on mere technique. This article looks at some common problem areas.
Which is bigger? An intriguing ‘double alternation’
Authors: Hokuto Takeshi , Kumano Mitsuhiro
Published: June 2016

The following three inequalities hold:

The first inequality is trivial. The second one was proved without calculating aids in note [1], and the third along similar lines in note [2]. The author of note [2] also suggested an extension to the relation between

How best to continue the sequence of inequalities is not obvious and we return to that point shortly. Before doing so, we note that an interesting geralisation is to replace π by a variable x, and to determine the precise interval of x in which the regularity of the ‘alternation of inequality signs’ is maintained. We need no longer consider particular properties of π.