bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Millennial-scale dynamics of the winter cold tongue in the southern South China Sea over the past 26 ka and the East Asian winter monsoon
Authors: Huang Enqing , Tian Jun , Steinke Stephan
Published: October 2010

Millennial-scale variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) remain elusive due to sparse and controversial reconstructions. By compiling a variety of alkenone-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates, we find that the west–east SST gradient in the southern South China Sea (SCS) well documents the temporal dynamics of the winter “cold tongue” off the southern Vietnam and by inference, variations in the EAWM intensity over the past 26 ka. Our results reveal that the winter “cold tongue” SSTs were significantly colder during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas event, resulting in an increased west–east SST gradient in the southern SCS due to a strengthened EAWM. Within dating uncertainties, an intensified EAWM during cold stadials was coeval with the shutdown or a reduction in strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), exhibiting a strong linkage between the AMOC and the EAWM system. The west–east SST gradient also indicates an enhanced EAWM during the early Holocene, which may be induced by postglacial ice-sheet dynamics and a strong seasonal contrast in solar insolation. Our findings suggest that the EAWM was probably modulated by a complex interplay between the AMOC, solar insolation and ice-sheet dynamics on sub-orbital time scales.
Croup‐induced Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Chen I‐Chen , Chen Ko‐Hsin , Tseng Chien‐Ming , Hsu Jong‐Hau , Wu Jiunn‐Ren , Dai Zen‐Kong
Published: October 2010

Postobstructive pulmonary edema is life‐threatening, and results from a sudden episode of upper airway obstruction. Croup is generally thought to be a benign condition, but occasionally it can develop into postobstructive pulmonary edema. We present a case of a 5‐year‐old boy with recurrent croup, who was diagnosed with postobstructive pulmonary edema. Our experience alerts pediatricians to this easily misdiagnosed disease.
Hunting of jaguars and pumas in the Tapajós–Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Carvalho Elildo A.R. , Pezzuti Juarez C.B.
Published: October 2010

We surveyed the Tapajós–Arapiuns Extractive Reserve in Brazilian Amazonia to investigate hunting of jaguars Panthera onca and pumas Puma concolor. We interviewed 115 people in 45 villages in 2007–2008, and recorded numbers of jaguars and pumas killed and the circumstances associated with each killing. At least 32 jaguars and 22 pumas were killed in the Reserve, most within the last 10 years. However, these are underestimates because people probably did not mention all kills during interviews. The first-order jackknife suggests that the actual mortality for the two species is almost double that reported. Using data from 2006–2007 as a reference we estimated a minimum mortality of 12 jaguars and seven pumas per year in the Reserve. Most animals were killed during chance encounters, a large number of these elicited by domestic dogs. Hunting motivated by livestock predation or perceived risks to human life were rare. Hunters kill large carnivores on sight and thus one alternative to reduce hunting is to take measures that will decrease encounter rates, such as forbidding hunting with dogs. Education and extension programmes are needed to ensure the long-term coexistence of humans and large carnivores in this Reserve.
The status of the Endangered Persian leopardPanthera pardus saxicolorin Bamu National Park, Iran
Authors: Ghoddousi Arash , Kh. Hamidi Amirhossein , Ghadirian Taher , Ashayeri Delaram , Khorozyan Igor
Published: October 2010

We describe the use of camera-trapping with capture-recapture, occupancy and visitation rate modelling to study the size, demographic structure and distribution of the Persian leopardPanthera pardus saxicolorin Bamu National Park, southern Iran. A total sampling effort of 1,012 trap-nights yielded photo-captures of four adults, two subadult individuals and a cub over 21 sampling occasions. The leopard population size estimated by the M(h) model and jackknife estimator was 6.00 ± SE 0.24 individuals. This gives a density of 1.87 ± SE 0.07 leopards per 100 km2. Detection probability was constant and low and, as a result, estimated occupancy rate was significantly higher than that predicted from photographic capture sites alone. Occupancy was 56% of the protected area and visitation rates were 0.01–0.05 visits per day. The most imminent threats to leopards in Bamu are poaching and habitat fragmentation.
A conservation assessment of Douepea arabica (Brassicaceae): a Critically Endangered plant species from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hall Matthew , Miller A.G. , Llewellyn Othman , Abbasi Tarik M. , Al-Harbi Rabah J. , Al-Wetaid Abdullah H. , Al-Shammari Khalaf F.
Published: October 2010

Douepea arabica (Hedge & Kit Tan) O. Appel & Al-Shehbaz is a rare and threatened endemic plant species of Saudi Arabia. We present the first field studies of D. arabica in over 2 decades and update the sparse historical data on this important plant species. Surveys of the type locality Wadi Qaraqir and surrounding areas indicate that numbers of D. arabica are low. Although regeneration is occurring in the type locality and a newly recorded locality in the neighbouring Wadi Ghamrah, the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of D. arabica are restricted. This species appears to be strongly associated with available water sources and the dominant Nerium shrubland in the wadi channels. These are both threatened by increasing agricultural activities and road building in the area. We propose that D. arabica should be categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. We recommend conservation measures for this species, as well as the further research required to implement a conservation action plan.
A simple method for assessing preliminary conservation status of plants at a national level: a case study using the ferns of El Salvador
Authors: Knapp Sandra , Salomón Jorge Monterrosa
Published: October 2010

Assessments of conservation status are usually carried out on a global scale but national priorities often necessitate a more focused approach. Using a typology of rarity first articulated in the early 1980s by Deborah Rabinowitz, coupled with presence/absence from protected areas, preliminary conservation status at the national level was assessed for 397 species of ferns and fern allies from El Salvador in Central America. Of these, 43 lacked sufficient data, 175 were considered not of conservation concern, 106 were considered to be at risk and 73 to be threatened. The majority of the threatened species were from cloud or montane forest habitats but aquatics and species restricted to pine–oak forests are also rare and occur outside protected areas. The utility of this simple methodology is discussed and the importance of field studies by local experts with local knowledge emphasized.
Combining radio-telemetry and random observations to model the habitat of Near Threatened Caucasian grouseTetrao mlokosiewiczi
Authors: Gavashelishvili Alexander , Javakhishvili Zura
Published: October 2010

The distribution of the Near Threatened Caucasian grouseTetrao mlokosiewiczi,endemic to the Caucasus, was examined to model the species’ nesting habitat, and thus facilitate its conservation and the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas in the Caucasus. The species’ occurrence was defined by field surveys and radio-telemetry. Data were managed and analysed using a geographical information system and various modelling techniques. Grouse locations were divided into training and testing datasets. Habitat variables measured at training locations were used to develop models, and testing locations were used to validate the models. The final best-fit model suggested that Caucasian grouse prefer open habitat, and the most important independent variables accounting for the species' distribution were annual mean temperature, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation seasonality and proximity to deciduous broad-leaf forest. The incorporation of human disturbance and ruggedness into the final model significantly increased its predictive power. This model provides a tool to improve search effectiveness for Caucasian grouse in the Caucasus and for the conservation and management of the species. The model can predict the probable distribution of Caucasian grouse and the corridors between known populations. Threatened and endemic species are often used as species for setting site-based conservation priorities, and this habitat model could help to identify new Key Biodiversity Areas for protection in the Caucasus. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Georgia is going to use the results of this study to reshape existing protected areas and identify new ones.
A degenerate singularity generating geometric Lorenz attractors
Authors: Dumortier Freddy , Kokubu Hiroshi , Oka Hiroe
Published: October 2010

A degenerate vector field singularity in R3can generate a geometric Lorenz attractor in an arbitrarily small unfolding of it. This enables us to detect Lorenz-like chaos in some families of vector fields, merely by performing normal form calculations of order 3.
Zero-dimensional covers of finite dimensional dynamical systems
Authors: Kulesza John
Published: October 2010

If (X, f) is a compact metric, finite-dimensional dynamical system with a zero-dimensional set of periodic points, then there is a zero-dimensional compact metric dynamical system (C, g) and a finite-to-one (in fact, at most (n + l)n-to-one) surjection h: C → X such that h o g = f o h. An example shows that the requirement on the set of periodic points is necessary.
C*-dynamical systems for which the tensor product formula for entropy fails
Authors: Narnhofer Heide , Thirring Walter , Størmer Erling
Published: October 2010

It is shown that for a class of simple AF-algebras generated by a sequence of self-adjoint unitaries (sn) the entropy of the shift α(sn) = sn+1 with respect to the unique invariant trace υ satisfies hϕøϕ (α⊗α) = log2, while hφ(α) = 0.
Limit theorems in averaging for dynamical systems
Authors: Kifer Yuri
Published: October 2010

This paper yields diffusion and moderate deviation type asymptotics for solutions of differential equations of the form dZε(t)/dt = εB(Zε(t), fty) where ft is a suspension flow (in particular, a hyperbolic flow) over a sufficiently fast mixing transformation. Such problems emerge in the study of perturbed Hamiltonian systems. These exhibit a new class of limit theorems for dynamical systems and extend a number of previously known results.
Diffeomorphisms of thek-torus with wandering domains
Authors: McSwiggen Patrick D.
Published: October 2010

It is shown that diffeomorphisms analogous to a classical example on the circle due to Denjoy can be constructed on the generalk-torus. Such a diffeomorphism has the property that it is semiconjugate to an ergodic translation but has a wandering domain with dense orbit. The construction on thek-torus can be madeCr, and by aCrsmall perturbation of a translation, for anyr<k+ 1.
Epimorphic subgroups and invariant measures
Authors: Mozes Shahar
Published: October 2010

It is shown that a probability measure on a homogeneous space Γ\G which is invariant under a subgroup H < G which is epimorphic in a subgroup L < G is invariant under L. When L = G we obtain a subgroup H such that for any lattice Γ < G its action on Γ\G is uniquely ergodic.
Invariant circles in the Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation for diffeomorphisms
Authors: Broer Henk , Roussarie Robert , Simó Carles
Published: October 2010

We study a generic, real analytic unfolding of a planar diffeomorphism having a fixed point with unipotent linear part. In the analogue for vector fields an open parameter domain is known to exist, with a unique limit cycle. This domain is bounded by curves corresponding to a Hopf bifurcation and to a homoclinic connection. In the present case of analytic diffeomorphisms, a similar domain is shown to exist, with a normally hyperbolic invariant circle. It follows that all the ‘interesting’ dynamics, concerning the destruction of the invariant circle and the transition to trivial dynamics by the creation and death of homoclinic points, takes place in an exponentially small part of the parameter-plane. Partial results were stated in [5]. Related numerical results appeared in [16].
The topology of attractors
Authors: Kennedy Judy A.
Published: October 2010

We prove for a large class of compact metric spaces, including those manifolds of dimension at least two, Hilbert cube manifolds, and homogeneous Menger manifolds, that ‘most’ self-homeomorphisms (in the sense of residual set of homeomorphisms) have certain properties. Specifically, if F: X → X is one of these homeomorphisms, then F admits

• a dense, open wandering set;

• a nowhere dense chain recurrent set;

• an infinite collection of attractors (and repellers), each of which has nonempty interior and cannot be reduced to a ‘smallest’ attractor (or ‘largest’ repeller); and an uncountable collection of pairwise disjoint quasi-attractors.

We also discuss the topology of the boundaries of attractors.
A non-additive thermodynamic formalism and applications to dimension theory of hyperbolic dynamical systems
Authors: Barreira Luis M.
Published: October 2010

A non-additive version of the thermodynamic formalism is developed. This allows us to obtain lower and upper bounds for the dimension of a broad class of Cantor-like sets. These are constructed with a decreasing sequence of closed sets that may satisfy no asymptotic behavior. Moreover, they can be coded by arbitrary symbolic dynamics, and the geometry of the construction may depend on all the symbolic past. Applications include estimates of dimension for hyperbolic sets of maps that need not be differentiable.
Pseudocircles, diffeomorphisms and perturbable dynamical systems
Authors: Kennedy Judy A. , Yorke James A.
Published: October 2010

We construct an example of a C∞ diffeomorphism on a 7-manifold which has an invariant set with an uncountable number of pseudocircle components. Furthermore, any diffeomorphism which is sufficiently close (in the C1 metric) to the constructed map has a similar invariant set. We also discuss the topological nature of the invariant set.
Strange attractor in the unfolding of an inclination-flip homoclinic orbit
Authors: Naudot Vincent
Published: October 2010

We study the unfolding of a smooth vector-fieldXon ℝ3having a homoclinic orbit to a hyperbolic equilibrium point with three real eigenvalues satisfying − λss< λs< 0 < λuWe say that Γ is an inclination-flip homoclinic orbit if the extended unstable manifold at the equilibrium point is, along Γ, non-transverse to the stable manifold and that Γ is of weak type if the unstable manifold has a non-trivial intersection with a specialC2weak stable manifold of dimension one. In this paper, we show the existence of a strange attractor in the unfolding of an inclination-flip homoclinic orbit (of weak type) in the case where the divergence at the equilibrium point is negative. The crucial idea is to compare the Poincaré return map with the Hénon family:being close to 0.
Mixing for stationary processes with finite-order multiple Wiener-Itô integral representation
Authors: Slud Eric , Chambers Daniel
Published: October 2010

abstract

Necessary and sufficient analytical conditions are given for homogeneous multiple Wiener-Itô integral processes (MWIs) to be mixing, and sufficient conditions are given for mixing of general square-integrable Gaussian-subordinated processes. It is shown that every finite or infinite sum Y of MWIs (i.e. every real square-integrable stationary polynomial form in the variables of an underlying weakly mixing Gaussian process) is mixing if the process defined separately by each homogeneous-order term is mixing, and that this condition is necessary for a large class of Gaussian-subordinated processes. Moreover, for homogeneous MWIs Y1, for sums of MWIs of order ≤ 3, and for a large class of square-integrable infinite sums Y1, of MWIs, mixing holds if and only if Y2 has correlation-function decaying to zero for large lags. Several examples of the criteria for mixing are given, including a second-order homogeneous MWI, i.e. a degree two polynomial form, orthogonal to all linear forms, which has auto-correlations tending to zero for large lags but is not mixing.
Relativistic and ponderomotive effects on evolution of dark hollow Gaussian electromagnetic beams in a plasma
Authors: Gill T.S. , Mahajan R. , Kaur R.
Published: October 2010

Nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation governing the evolution of complex envelope in slowly varying envelope approximation is solved using variational approach. The basic nonlinear phenomena of relativistic and ponderomotive self-focusing in a plasma are taken into account. Self-focusing, self-phase modulation as well as self-trapping of dark hollow Gaussian beam is studied for higher orders of hollow Gaussian beam (n).
Hot electron transport and heating in dense plasma core by hollow guiding
Authors: Zhou C.T. , Wu S.Z. , Cai H.B. , Chen M. , Cao L.H. , Wang X.G. , Chew L.Y. , He X.T.
Published: October 2010

A new scheme for cone-hollow-assisted fast ignition in inertial fusion is investigated. A hollow is attached to the tip of a conventional gold cone. The transport and heating of the high-current electrons propagating from the cone tip to the compressed fuel core along the hollow is investigated by two-dimensional hybrid simulation. Different hollow geometry sizes are examinized. It is shown that with proper hollow guiding, hot electrons can be collimated between the inner-walls of the hollow by the large interface magnetic fields appearing on the inner surface. When the beam electrons further propagate into the dense region, they are scattered into the gold hollow through collisions with the fuel electrons and ions. The resulting magnetic potential around the hollow then bends beam electrons along the gold hollow to reach the dense core.
Connecting Swedish Verb Forms
Authors: Johansson Christer
Published: October 2010

A connectionist back-propagation net is trained to learn a mapping between verb forms (infinitive, imperative, present tense) and past tense forms. A back-propagation network requires that a one-to-one mapping exists between input and output. Since Swedish past tense is characterized by choice between weak and strong forms this proves a hard task for the net. Examples are:nypte/nöp ‘pinched’,tvang/tvingade‘forced’, where there is no obvious reason for preferring one form over the other. The task is still worth doing since regularities emerge in the net over time. The performance of the connectionist model is analysed and compared to previous results.
Incremental “Walls”
Authors: Dimitrova-Vulchanova Mila
Published: October 2010

The present paper addresses the well-known alternation type “spray paint on the wall/ spray the wall with paint” which has received extensive attention in the literature. The discussion is based on Germanic data (English, German and Norwegian) and data from one Slavic language (Bulgarian). In trying to amend previous proposals (e.g. Tenny 1987, 1994, Jackendoff 1996) and resolve issues left open in those works, the current analysis suggests that the semantic properties of both entities involved in a situation denoted by “spray” are relevant for the aspectual properties of the respective constructions headed by “spray”, i.e. both the substance sprayed, and the surface subjected to spraying. It is proposed that the aspectual properties of such constructions reside primarily in the semantic characterization, including the ontological properties, of the latter, coupled to their linguistic realization as distinct types of noun phrases.
Suggestion for a Neural Network Model for Simulating Child Language Acquisition
Authors: Tikkala Anneli
Published: October 2010

This paper explores the possibilities of modelling and simulating the early phases in child language acquisition using neural networks. A back-propagation model is proposed for language acquisition in a highly inflecting language, Finnish. Some preliminary tests for simulating the U-shaped behaviour of a child's language acquisition process have been performed.
Argument Structure, Valence, and Binding
Authors: Manning Christopher D. , Sag Ivan A.
Published: October 2010

This paper develops within HPSG a model of grammar with two syntactic levels, valence lists and argument structure, at which sentences may have different representations: syntactically ergative and Western Austronesian languages are distinctive by allowing different prominence orderings between the valence lists and argument structure, while forms like passives and causatives have nested argument structure lists. While binding theory and related phenomena have traditionally been described in terms of surface grammatical relations or configurations, we demonstrate that binding theory is actually correctly described in terms of argument structure configurations. Such an approach generalizes nicely over accusative and ergative constructions, correctly predicts binding patterns with causative and passive verbs, and supports the lexicality-preserving account of passives and causatives advocated within HPSG.
Prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA carriage in companion animals: a survey of dogs, cats and horses
Authors: LOEFFLER A. , PFEIFFER D. U. , LINDSAY J. A. , MAGALHÃES R. J. SOARES , LLOYD D. H.
Published: October 2010

We investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in a convenience sample of purposely selected populations of dogs, cats and horses in the Greater London area. Swabs from carriage sites were pooled, enriched and processed by standard bacteriological methods. The presence of nuc and mecA was confirmed for MRSA. Risk factors were investigated among veterinary treatment group animals using exact logistic regression analysis. Twenty-six (1·53%) MRSA carriers were identified in the 1692 animals (15/704 dogs, 8/540 cats, 3/152 horses). Animals presenting for veterinary treatment more frequently carried MRSA than healthy animals (OR 7·27, 95% CI 2·18–24·31, P<0·001). Concurrent carriage of non-MRSA coagulase-positive staphylococci was associated with MRSA carriage (OR 0·088, 95% CI 0·016–0·31, P<0·001); none of the other 13 putative risk factors was significant. MRSA carriage was rare in the selected companion animal populations. The absence of typical risk factors indicates that companion animals act as contaminated vectors rather than as true reservoirs.
Statistical comparison of interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT)
Authors: Ji Eun‐Young , Moon Y.‐J. , Kim K.‐H. , Lee D.‐H.
Published: October 2010

It is well known that intense southward magnetic field and convection electric field (V × B) in the interplanetary medium are key parameters that control the magnitude of geomagnetic storms. By investigating the interplanetary conditions of 82 intense geomagnetic storms from 1998 to 2006, we have compared many different criteria of interplanetary conditions for the occurrence of the intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT). In order to examine if the magnetosphere always favors such interplanetary conditions for the occurrence of large geomagnetic storms, we applied these conditions to all the interplanetary data during the same period. For this study, we consider three types of interplanetary conditions as follows: Bz conditions, Ey conditions, and their combination. As a result, we present contingency tables between the number of events satisfying the condition and the number of observed geomagnetic storms. Then we obtain their statistical parameters for evaluation such as probability of detection yes, false alarm ratio, bias, and critical success index. From a comparison of these statistical parameters, we suggest that three conditions are promising candidates to trigger an intense storm: Bz ≤ −10 nT for >3 h, Ey ≥ 5 mV/m for >2 h, and Bz ≤ −15 nT or Ey ≥ 5 mV/m for >2 h. Also, we found that more than half of the “miss” events, when an intense storm occurs that was not expected, are associated with sheath field structures or corotating interacting regions. Our conditions can be used for not only the real‐time forecast of geomagnetic storms but also the survey of interplanetary data to identify candidate events for producing intense geomagnetic storms.
Characteristics of solar proton events associated with ground level enhancements
Authors: Oh S. Y. , Yi Y. , Bieber J. W. , Evenson P. , Kim Y. K.
Published: October 2010

In certain explosive events, the Sun emits large numbers of protons with energy up to tens of GeV. Particle acceleration processes on the Sun can be understood through the observation of such energetic particles. According to the definition of NOAA Space Environment Services Center, a solar proton event (SPE) is defined as an event with a peak intensity of >10 pfu (particle flux unit; 1 particle cm−2 sr−1 s−1) for >10 MeV protons. Major SPEs are not always associated with ground level enhancements (GLEs), whereas relatively minor SPEs are sometimes associated with GLEs. We examined the peak intensities of 85 SPEs after 1986 using the intensity of proton differential energy channels (P3–P10) from GOES. We identified 31 SPEs associated with GLEs having well‐defined profiles with a large increase and clear peak for each proton channel. They have larger peak intensity and fluence and shorter delay time between onset and peak than SPEs without GLEs. Fluences and peak intensities of SPEs have a good correlation with percent increases of GLEs, with the best correlation coefficients obtained for the peak intensities and fluences of channels P8, P9, and P10. For these energy channels (spanning 350–700 MeV), we find that there are threshold values for GOES fluence and peak intensity such that most SPEs above the threshold are associated with GLEs, whereas almost none below the thresholds are.
Internally mixed atmospheric aerosol particles: Hygroscopic growth and light scattering
Authors: Freney Evelyn J. , Adachi Kouji , Buseck Peter R.
Published: October 2010

Internally mixed aerosol particles consisting of one or more hygroscopic compounds can contain both solid and liquid parts, the details depending on the relative humidity (RH). The solid‐to‐liquid transition of such particles as the RH increases influences their light‐scattering properties through changes in particle shape, size, and refractive index. Most techniques used to analyze ambient aerosol particles do not have the ability to view both solid and liquid phases within individual particles. Using a transmission electron microscope fitted with an environmental cell (ETEM), we analyzed laboratory‐prepared and ambient aerosol samples. Our results suggest that solid inclusions inside aqueous droplets at high RH values (e.g., >65%) are likely to be common in atmospheric particles. In order to assess the effects of such inclusions, we calculated their combined light‐scattering efficiencies using a discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The results show differences compared to those from a core‐shell model, with an average increase in light scattering of ∼20%. The results demonstrate that the combination of ETEM measurements of ambient particles with DDA calculations yields new insights into the effects of inclusions on the light‐scattering properties of internally mixed particles.
Role of gravity waves in the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric temperature measured by COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 and Rayleigh lidar observations
Authors: McDonald Adrian J. , Tan Bo , Chu Xinzhao
Published: October 2010

This study utilizes COSMIC satellite and lidar observations to examine the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric temperature at a number of scales. The geographic variation of the RMS temperature difference between pairs of COSMIC profiles shows a strong correspondence to previous climatologies of gravity wave activity. In addition, the second‐order structure functions we form can be directly related to the horizontal wave number power spectrum. These structure functions for different seasons and altitudes display a close correspondence to previous studies which examined the form of the horizontal wave number power spectra. Our analysis suggests that the wavefield may be particularly affected by changes in the zonal wind between 15 and 25 km and that the wind reversal between tropospheric westerlies and stratospheric easterlies in summer strongly contributes to critical‐level filtering. Inspection also shows that longer horizontal wavelength waves are preferentially removed in this region. At low altitudes, the variability related to gravity waves shows a remarkably similar pattern as a function of horizontal separation in both hemispheres but is quite different at higher altitudes. Such contrast implies that seasonal variability at higher altitudes may be dominated by changes in propagation conditions in the lower stratosphere. Examination of temperature variability as a function of spatial and temporal separation indicates that gravity wave activity dominates stratospheric temperature variability, and this has impacts on validation study site selection. For example, validation exercises in the summer hemisphere stratosphere are likely to be less affected by geophysical variability than those in the winter hemisphere.
Subsurface structure of a submarine hydrothermal system in ocean crust formed at the East Pacific Rise, ODP/IODP Site 1256
Authors: Alt Jeffrey C. , Laverne Christine , Coggon Rosalind M. , Teagle Damon A. H. , Banerjee Neil R. , Morgan Sally , Smith‐Duque Christopher E. , Harris Michelle , Galli Laura
Published: October 2010

ODP/IODP Hole 1256D penetrates an in situ section of ocean crust formed at the East Pacific Rise, through lavas and sheeted dikes and ∼100 m into plutonic rocks. We use mineralogy, oxygen isotopes, and fluid inclusions to understand hydrothermal processes. The lavas are slightly altered at low temperatures (<150°C) to phyllosilicates and iron oxyhydroxides, with a stepwise increase in grade downward to greenschist minerals in the upper dikes. This resulted from generally upwelling hydrothermal fluids in the dikes mixing with cooler seawater solutions in the lavas, also producing minor metal sulfide mineralization in the upper dikes. Alteration grade increases downward in the dikes, with increasing recrystallization to amphibole and loss of metals at higher temperatures (>350°C up to ∼600°C). Intrusion of gabbro bodies into the lower dikes resulted in contact metamorphism to granoblastic hornfels at 850°C–900°C, representing a thermal boundary layer between the axial melt lens and the overlying hydrothermal system. Downward penetration of hydrothermal fluids led to rehydration of granoblastic dikes and plutonic rocks at ∼800°C down to <300°C. Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data show that vein quartz formed at ∼300°C to >450°C from hydrothermal fluids that were affected by supercritical phase separation. Fluids had variable salinities and were enriched in 18O (+0.4‰ to +3.5‰) relative to seawater, similar to seafloor vent fluids. Dike margins are brecciated and mineralized, suggesting hydrothermal activity coeval with magmatism. Anhydrite formed mainly in the upper dikes when partly reacted seawater fluids were heated as they penetrated deeper into the system. Low‐temperature alteration of the volcanic section continued as cold seawater penetrated along fluid pathways, forming minor iron oxyhydroxides in the rocks. Hydrothermal processes at Site 1256 fit with current models whereby greenschist alteration of dikes at low water/rock ratios is overprinted by fracture‐controlled alteration and mineralization by upwelling hydrothermal fluids, a conductive boundary layer above gabbroic intrusions, leaching of metals from dikes and gabbros in the deep “root zone,” and stepped thermal and alteration gradients in the basement. The Site 1256 section, however, is intact and retains recharge effects (anhydrite), allowing an integrated view of processes in the subsurface.
Regional earthquakes in northern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for lithospheric strength in Tibet
Authors: Wei Songqiao , Chen Y. John , Sandvol Eric , Zhou Shiyong , Yue Han , Jin Ge , Hearn Thomas M. , Jiang Mingming , Wang Haiyang , Fan Wenyuan , Liu Zheng , Ge Zengxi , Wang Yanbin , Feng Yongge , Ni James
Published: October 2010

A total of 400 regional earthquakes were located in northern Tibetan Plateau from data recorded by INDEPTH‐IV and PKU Eastern Kunlun arrays from May 2007 to June 2009. The distribution of these earthquakes is compatible with a continuously deforming Tibetan lithosphere. Most earthquakes occur at a depth range of 0‐15 km, but no event is deeper than 30 km. This observation strongly supports the existence of a hot and weak lower crust beneath the northern Tibet. The crustal seismogenic zone appears slightly thicker beneath the northern Tibet than in the southern plateau, possibly reflecting a difference in the rheological (dry vs. wet) structure of the crust. The absence of lower crustal and uppermost mantle earthquakes in northern Tibet is consistent with a localized asthenospheric upwelling under the Qiangtang and Songpan‐Ganze terranes. Finally, the lack of mantle earthquakes should be fully addressed in any models of subduction in northern Tibet.
Locations of night‐side precipitation boundaries relative to R2 and R1 currents
Authors: Ohtani S. , Wing S. , Newell P. T. , Higuchi T.
Published: October 2010

The present study statistically examines the location of various precipitation boundaries introduced by Newell et al. (1996) relative to R2 and R1 currents on the night side. Results are summarized as follows: (1) The electron and ion zero‐energy boundaries, b1e and b1i, are located mostly inside the R2 current at dusk‐to‐midnight and near the equatorward boundary of the R2 current or farther equatorward at midnight‐to‐dawn. (2) The maximum energy flux of ion precipitation (b2i) occurs inside the R2 current irrespective of magnetic local time. (3) The occurrence distributions of the most equatorward (b3a) and poleward (b3b) electron acceleration events indicate that mono‐energetic electron precipitation is mostly confined in the upward R1 current at dusk‐to‐midnight, whereas at midnight‐to‐dawn, it is more widely distributed including the downward R1 current. (4) The transition between structured and unstructured electron precipitation (b4s) tends to occur around the R2/R1 demarcation, but its occurrence distribution has extending tails. (5) The distributions of the poleward boundaries of the electron and ion auroral ovals, b5e and b5i, are centered around the poleward boundary of the R1 current but have extending tails especially at midnight‐to‐dawn. Result 1 suggests that the overlap between the ring current and the plasmasphere is more significant at dusk than at dawn. Result 2 indicates that the b2i boundary can be used as an identifier of the R2 current. Results 3–5 suggest that the R1 current is more structured than the R2 current and that the field‐aligned current structure is more complex at midnight‐to‐dawn than at dusk‐to‐midnight.
Bacterial Capnine Blocks Transcription of Human Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Marshall Trevor
Published: October 2010

The US CDC believes that 65% of all infections in developed countries may be caused by pathogens in biofilms. Electron Microscopy has shown that these bacterial communities can evade phagocytosis, and persist in the cytoplasm of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Three decades ago, Wirostko et al. found such intraphagocytic communities in Crohn’s disease, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sarcoidosis. However, the mechanism(s) by which such persistent bacteria could evade the immune system have remained elusive. Recently, 16S RNA from species of gliding bacteria never thought to be able to survive in vivo, have been found in surgically removed biofilms. This study set out to identify whether the genomes of these gliding bacteria might yield insight into mechanisms by which such persistent pathogens could evade phagocytosis.
Proposing a life cycle land use impact calculation methodology
Authors: Achten Wouter , Mathijs Erik , Muys Bart
Published: October 2010

The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) community is yet to come to a consensus on a methodology to incorporate land use in LCA, still struggling with what exactly should be assessed and which indicators should be used. To solve this problem we start from concepts and models describing how ecosystems function and sustain, in order to understand how land use affects them. Earlier our research group presented a methodology based on the ecosystem exergy concept. This concept as based on the hypothesis that ecosystems develop towards more effective degradation of exergy fluxes passing through the system and is derived from two axioms: the principles of (i) maximum exergy storage and the (ii) maximum exergy dissipation. This concept aiming at the area of protection natural environment is different from conventional exergy analysis in LCA focusing on natural resources. To prevent confusion, the ecosystem exergy concept is further referred to as the MAximum Storage and Dissipation concept (MASD concept). In this paper we present how this concept identifies end-point impacts, mid-point impacts and mid-point indicators. The identified end-point impacts to assess are Ecosystem Structural Quality (ESQ) and Ecosystem Functional Quality (EFQ). In order to quantify these end-point impacts a dynamic multi-indicator set is proposed for quantifying the mid-point impacts on soil fertility, biodiversity and biomass production (quantifying the ESQ) and soil structure, vegetation structure and on-site water balance (quantifying the EFQ). Further we present an impact calculation method suitable for different environmental assessment tools and demonstrate the incorporation of the methodology in LCA.Suggested citation:Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Muys B 2009. Proposing a life cycle land use impact calculation methodology. in: Nemecek T & Gaillard G (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector - Towards a sustainable management of the Food chain. November 12-14, 2008, Zurich, Switzerland. Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ISBN 978-3-905733-10-5, 22-33.
A simple clustering of the BioModels database using semanticSBML
Authors: Krause Falko , Liebermeister Wolfram
Published: October 2010

The BioModels database contains biochemical network models in SBML format, in which the biochemical meaning of elements is specified by MIRIAM-compliant RDF annotations. We used these annotations to define a similarity measure for models, scoring the overlap of the biochemical systems described. Based on this score, we used two-way clustering to detect groups of similar models and groups of co-occuring model elements. To recognize and compare biochemical elements, we used routines from the software semanticSBML. A Python script extracts all MIRIAM annotations (regardless of their qualifiers) using the semanticSBML annotation classes. The result is a matrix in which the rows represent the models (e.g. BioModel 001), while the columns represent specific annotations (e.g. urn:miriam:reactome:REACT_15422). A matrix element is set to 1 if an identifier occurs in a model and to 0 otherwise. This matrix was used as an input for a hierarchical clustering algorithm (implemented in Matlab) and the clustered matrix was visualized. Model clustering allows to detect models describing similar biochemical processes (e.g. glycolysis) and their specific common elements. This may help to find candidate models for completing a given initial model, which could then be merged using semanticSBML.
Open Biomedical Ontologies Applied to Prostate Cancer
Authors: Overton James , Romagnoli Cesare , Chhem Rethy
Published: October 2010

This paper surveys preliminary results from the Interdisciplinary Prostate Ontology Project (IPOP), in which ontologies from the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) library have been used to annotate clinical reports about prostate cancer. First we discuss why we rejected several controlled vocabularies, including SNOMED, DICOM, and RadLex, preferring instead to use the OBO library. We then briefly describe the database-backed website we have created around the relevant OBO ontologies, and provide excerpts of reports from radiology, surgery, and pathology which we have hyperlinked to the ontology terms. This method allows us to discover which relevant terms exist in the OBO library, and which do not. The final section of this paper discusses these gaps in the OBO library and considers methods of filling them.
Mechanisms Behind the Portion Size Effect: Visibility and Bite Size
Authors: Burger Kyle S. , Fisher Jennifer O. , Johnson Susan L.
Published: October 2010

Increases in portion size lead to increases in energy intake, yet the mechanisms behind this “portion size effect” are unclear. This study tested possible mechanisms of the portion size effect, i.e., bite size and visual cues. A 2 × 2 repeated measures, within‐subject design was used to test the effects of portion size (410 g vs. 820 g of a pasta dish) and visual cues (blindfolded vs. visible) on energy intake in 30 individuals (15 men, 15 women). At each meal participants were exposed to one of four experimental conditions (small portion/visible; small portion/blindfold; large portion/visible; large portion/blindfold). Participant characteristics, food intake, number of bites, meal duration, palatability measures and hunger and fullness were assessed. In response to a doubling of the portion presented, entrée energy intake increased 26% (220 kcal; P < 0.001) and mean bite size increased 2.4 g/bite (P < 0.05). Overweight (OW) individuals consumed 40% (334 kcal) more of the entrée in response to the large portion condition (P < 0.05), while lean individuals' intakes did not differ (P < 0.56). A 12% (122 kcal) decrease in entrée intake was observed in the blindfolded condition (P < 0.01), but no portion by visual cue interaction was found; indicating that blindfolding did not significantly attenuate the portion size effect. These data suggest that the portion size effect is not impacted by removing the visual cue of food and that this effect occurs via changes in bite size in adults.
Stress and Adiposity: A Meta‐Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Wardle Jane , Chida Yoichi , Gibson E. Leigh , Whitaker Katriina L. , Steptoe Andrew
Published: October 2010

Psychosocial stress has been strongly implicated in the biology of adiposity but epidemiological studies have produced inconsistent results. The aim of this analysis was to bring together results from published, longitudinal, prospective studies examining associations between psychosocial stress and objectively measured adiposity in a meta‐analysis. Searches were conducted on Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed (to January 2009) and reference lists from relevant articles were examined. Prospective studies relating psychosocial stress (general life stress (including caregiver stress), work stress) to BMI, body fat, body weight, waist circumference, or waist‐to‐hip ratio were included. Analyses from 14 cohorts were collated and evaluated. There was no significant heterogeneity, no evidence of publication bias, and no association between study quality and outcomes. The majority of analyses found no significant relationship between stress and adiposity (69%), but among those with significant effects, more found positive than negative associations (25 vs. 6%). Combining results in a meta‐analysis showed that stress was associated with increasing adiposity (r = 0.014; confidence interval (CI) = 0.002–0.025, P < 0.05). Effects were stronger for men than women, in analyses with longer rather than shorter follow‐ups, and in better quality studies. We conclude that psychosocial stress is a risk factor for weight gain but effects are very small. Variability across studies indicates there are moderating variables to be elucidated.
The Relationship Between Sleep and Weight in a Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Lytle Leslie A. , Pasch Keryn E. , Farbakhsh Kian
Published: October 2010

Research to date in young children and adults shows a strong, inverse relationship between sleep duration and risk for overweight and obesity. Fewer studies examining this relationship have been conducted in adolescents. The purpose of the article is to describe the relationship between sleep and weight in a population of adolescents, controlling for demographics, energy intake, energy expenditure, and depression. This is a cross‐sectional study of 723 adolescents participating in population‐based studies of the etiologic factors related to obesity. We examined the relationship between three weight‐related dependent variables obtained through a clinical assessment and three sleep variables obtained through self‐report. Average caloric intake from dietary recalls, average activity counts based on accelerometers, and depression were included as covariates and the analysis was stratified by gender and grade level. Our results show that the relationship between sleep duration and BMI is evident in middle‐school boys (β = −0.32, s.e. = 0.06: P < 0.001) and girls (β = −0.18, s.e. = 0.08: P = 0.02) but largely absent in high‐school students. Differences in sleep patterns have little association with weight in males, but in high‐school girls, waking up late on weekends as compared to weekdays is associated with lower body fat (β = −0.80, s.e. = 0.40: P = 0.05) and a healthy weight status (β = −0.28, s.e. = 0.14: P = 0.05). This study adds to the evidence that, particularly for middle‐school boys and girls, inadequate sleep is a risk factor for early adolescent obesity. Future research needs to examine the relationship longitudinally and to study potential mediators of the relationship.
Morphological and Receptorial Changes in the Epididymal Adipose Tissue of Rats Subjected to a Stressful Stimulus
Authors: Campioli Enrico , Carnevale Gianluca , Avallone Rossella , Guerra Deanna , Baraldi Mario
Published: October 2010

Obesity is nowadays related to other pathological conditions such as inflammation, insulin resistance, and diabetes, but little is known about the relationship between psychological stress and adipocytes. We decided to study the expression of the translocator protein (TSPO) 18‐kDa, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ), mitochondrial uncoupling protein‐1 (UCP‐1), and adipocyte morphology in the adipose tissue of rats subjected to stress conditions. In our model of stress, rats fasted for 24 h were placed in a restraint cage and then immersed vertically to the level of the xiphoid process in a water bath at 23 °C for 7 h. After that period, we removed the epididymal adipose tissues for the subsequent analysis. The optical and electron microscopy revealed that adipocytes of control rats formed a continuous epithelial‐like cell layer; on the contrary in the adipocytes of stressed rats some cells have merged together and the number of vessels formed seems to increase. Stressed adipocytes presented unilocular cells with numerous mitochondria with a morphology ranging between that of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Interestingly, when we investigated the subcellular distribution of UCP‐1 by immunogold electron microscopy, the adipose tissue of stressed rats was positive for UCP‐1. From the immunoblot analysis with anti‐PPAR‐γ antibody, we observed an increased expression of PPAR‐γ in the adipocytes of stressed group compared with control group (P< 0.05). Stress induced the expression of TSPO 18‐kDa receptor (Bmax= 106.45 ± 5.87 fmol/mg proteins), which is undetectable by saturation‐binding assay with [3H]PK 11195 in the control group.