bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IFND: a benchmark dataset for fake news detection
Authors: Sharma Dilip Kumar , Garg Sonal
Published: October 2021

Spotting fake news is a critical problem nowadays. Social media are responsible for propagating fake news. Fake news propagated over digital platforms generates confusion as well as induce biased perspectives in people. Detection of misinformation over the digital platform is essential to mitigate its adverse impact. Many approaches have been implemented in recent years. Despite the productive work, fake news identification poses many challenges due to the lack of a comprehensive publicly available benchmark dataset. There is no large-scale dataset that consists of Indian news only. So, this paper presents IFND (Indian fake news dataset) dataset. The dataset consists of both text and images. The majority of the content in the dataset is about events from the year 2013 to the year 2021. Dataset content is scrapped using the Parsehub tool. To increase the size of the fake news in the dataset, an intelligent augmentation algorithm is used. An intelligent augmentation algorithm generates meaningful fake news statements. The latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) technique is employed for topic modelling to assign the categories to news statements. Various machine learning and deep-learning classifiers are implemented on text and image modality to observe the proposed IFND dataset's performance. A multi-modal approach is also proposed, which considers both textual and visual features for fake news detection. The proposed IFND dataset achieved satisfactory results. This study affirms that the accessibility of such a huge dataset can actuate research in this laborious exploration issue and lead to better prediction models.
Direct seeded rice in sequence with zero-tillage wheat in north-western India: addressing system-based sustainability issues
Authors: Yadav Dharam Bir , Yadav Ashok , Vats Anil Kumar , Gill Gurjeet , Malik Ram K.
Published: October 2021

Resource conserving and eco-friendly interventions through improved crop establishment are the need of time to produce more with less resources, and mitigating climatic vulnerabilities and protecting environmental quality in the rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) of India. In this context, seven years (2010–2017) field experimentation at Karnal, Haryana, India revealed that the weed infestation was more intensified and diversified in direct seeded rice (DSR) than puddled transplanted rice (PTR), and even eliminating puddling in rice-induced more infestation ofPhalaris minorin succeeding wheat crop. Residue retention in zero-till (ZT) DSR and rotating conventional till (CT) DSR with PTR reduced weed pressure compared to continuous DSR. Root knot and plant parasitic nematodes were less in DSR than PTR but reverse was true for saprozoic nematodes in DSR and ZT situations. CTDSR, ZTDSR (with or without residues), and ZT/CT machine-transplanted rice (MTR) produced grain yields at par (P = 0.05) with PTR. The grain yield of ZT wheat (5.03–6.90 t ha−1) in sequence with CT/ZT rice establishment (DSR/MTR) was 0.3–0.6 t ha−1higher than what it was attained after puddled rice systems. Net returns from DSR/MTR-based cropping systems were higher than PTR, with 22–31% saving of labor. Irrigation water productivity was also higher under DSR (27.5–29.9 kg ha-cm−1) than PTR (23.7 kg ha-cm−1), with 17.5–22.8% reduction in irrigation input. There was also improvement in soil health under ZTDSR/MTR (higher OC, N, P and K, and lower bulk density) compared to PTR. Overall, the resource conservation and soil health improvement through these planting methods signaled toward system stability over trade-offs in RWCS.
Modulation of Placental Breast Cancer Resistance Protein by HDAC1 in Mice: Implications for Optimization of Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy
Authors: Wang Chuan , Ma Dan , Hua Yimin , Duan Hongyu
Published: October 2021

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a critical drug efflux transporters by limiting drugs’ transplacental transfer rates. More investigations on the regulation of placental BCRP offer great promise for enabling pronounced progress in individualized and safe pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in epigenetic regulation of placental genes. It was reported recently by us that HDAC1 was involved in placental BCRP regulation in vitro. The aim of this study was to further explore the effect of HDAC1 on placental BCRP expression and functionality in animals. Randomly assigned C57BL pregnant dams received intraperitoneal injections of a negative control siRNA or Hdac1 siRNA from embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) to E15.5, respectively. At E16.5, glyburide (GLB), a probe for evaluating placental BCRP efflux functionality, was injected via the tail vein. Animals were sacrificed through cervical dislocation at various times (5–180 min) after drug administration. The maternal blood, placentas, and fetal-units were collected. GLB concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) assay. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis were employed to identify mRNA/protein levels and localization of gene expressions, respectively. It was noted that Hdac1 inhibition significantly decreased placental Bcrp expression, with markedly increases of GLB concentrations and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in fetal-units. Particularly, the ratios of fetal-unit/maternal plasma GLB concentrations were also significantly elevated following Hdac1 repression. Taken together, these findings suggested that HDAC1 was involved in positive regulation of placental BCRP expression and functionality in vivo.
Vertebral to Basilar Thrombus Migration Post Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Banerjee Ankur , Marzoughi Sina , Ohara Tomoyuki , Horn MacKenzie , Zerna Charlotte , Menon Bijoy K. , Demchuk Andrew M.
Published: October 2021

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator improves outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Alteplase may result in thrombus migration (TM) distally to a critical arterial supply that can worsen perfusion to eloquent brain tissue. Alteplase-related stroke recanalization and clot migration in vertebral artery (VA) occlusion whereby the clot migrates to the basilar artery (BA) may be harmful. We identified seven subjects with isolated symptomatic vertebral occlusion. Two cases suffered early neurologic deterioration due to TM from VA to BA following alteplase. Precautionary transfer to thrombectomy centers may be warranted in alteplase-treated symptomatic VA occlusions in case of migration to basilar occlusion.
The Value of Bayesian Methods for Accurate and Efficient Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Huygelier Hanne , Gillebert Céline R. , Moors Pieter
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Clinical neuropsychology has been slow in adopting novelties in psychometrics, statistics, and technology. Researchers have indicated that the stationary nature of clinical neuropsychology endangers its evidence-based character. In addition to a technological crisis, there may be a statistical crisis affecting clinical neuropsychology. That is, the frequentist null hypothesis significance testing framework remains the dominant approach in clinical practice, despite a recent surge in critique on this framework. While the Bayesian framework has been put forward as a viable alternative in psychology in general, the possibilities it offers to clinical neuropsychology have not received much attention.

Method:

In the current position paper, we discuss and reflect on the value of Bayesian methods for the advancement of evidence-based clinical neuropsychology.

Results:

We aim to familiarize clinical neuropsychologists and neuropsychological researchers to Bayesian methods of inference and provide a clear rationale for why these methods are valuable for clinical neuropsychology.

Conclusion:

We argue that Bayesian methods allow for a more intuitive answer to our diagnostic questions and form a more solid foundation for sequential and adaptive diagnostic testing, representing uncertainty about patients’ observed test scores and cognitive modeling of test results.
Amazon Hydrology From Space: Scientific Advances and Future Challenges
Authors: Fassoni‐Andrade Alice César , Fleischmann Ayan Santos , Papa Fabrice , Paiva Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de , Wongchuig Sly , Melack John M. , Moreira Adriana Aparecida , Paris Adrien , Ruhoff Anderson , Barbosa Claudio , Maciel Daniel Andrade , Novo Evlyn , Durand Fabien , Frappart Frédéric , Aires Filipe , Abrahão Gabriel Medeiros , Ferreira‐Ferreira Jefferson , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Laipelt Leonardo , Costa Marcos Heil , Espinoza‐Villar Raul , Calmant Stéphane , Pellet Victor
Published: October 2021

As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite‐based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin‐scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of "rainfall hotspots" in the Andes‐Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology‐oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space‐time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.
Quantifying Water Diffusivity and Metamorphic Reaction Rates Within Mountain Belts, and Their Implications for the Rheology of Cratons
Authors: Whyte A. J. , Weller O. M. , Copley A. C. , St‐Onge M. R.
Published: October 2021

The distribution of rheologically strong cratons, and their weakening by metamorphic hydration reactions, is of fundamental importance for understanding first‐order strength contrasts within the crust and the resulting controls on the tectonic evolution of the continents. In this study, the Douglas Harbor structural window within the Paleoproterozoic Trans‐Hudson orogen of Canada is used to study the hydration of the footwall Archean Superior craton basement by water released from the overlying Paleoproterozoic Cape Smith thrust‐fold belt. Phase equilibria modeling is applied to quantify the Archean and Paleoproterozoic metamorphic conditions, and to determine the effect of hydration on basement mineralogy. The amount of structurally bound water within the basement is calculated and shown to decrease as a function of distance below the basal décollement of the thrust‐fold belt. Applying a reactive fluid transport model to these results, the rate coefficient for fluid‐rock reaction is constrained to be , and the diffusivity of water through the grain boundary network to be at the ambient metamorphic conditions of 570C and 7.5 kbar. This newly documented rate of water diffusion is three orders of magnitude slower than thermal diffusion, implying that hydration by diffusion may be the rate‐limiting factor in the weakening of cratons, and therefore plays an important role in their geological persistence. This conclusion is consistent with field observations that Paleoproterozoic strain in the Douglas Harbor structural window is restricted to hydrated portions of the Archean Superior craton basement.
Evaluation of the 900‐Year European Auroral Records With Extreme Value Theory
Authors: Chen Si , Wei Yong , He Fei , Yue Xinan , Xu Kaihua , Wang Yuqi , Chai Lihui , Yan Limei
Published: October 2021

An explicit proxy of solar activity on the Earth is the auroral displays. The auroral oval can extend to lower latitudes during geomagnetic storms triggered by explosive solar activities. The lower the latitude of auroral oval is, the stronger the solar activity is. Systematic auroral records in Europe (mainly central Europe with geomagnetic latitude lower than 55°) can be dated back to 1000 AD and can be used to manifest solar activity in the past millennium. However, the temporal distribution of the 6,262 auroral records during 1000 and 1900 AD is seriously uneven, with 85.6% of the records appeared after 1700 AD. Here we use the extreme value theory (EVT) to evaluate the effectiveness of characterizing the solar activity with the auroral records before 1700 AD. Due to the inhomogeneity of the auroral records, the EVT has been conducted separately for the data before 1700 and after 1700, finding that the 100‐year auroral frequency is 25.66 [19.67, 33.67] based on the auroral data in 1000–1699, and 283.71 [183.14, 417.58] based on the auroral data in 1700–1900. The predictions of both the 50‐year and 100‐year auroral frequencies before 1700 AD agree well with the solar activity index.
A Simulation of the Nuclear High‐Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Produced by the X‐Ray in the Ionosphere
Authors: Yao Jiansheng , Zhao Yingkui , Ye Difa , Zhang Hantian , Sun Jicheng
Published: October 2021

Since the 1960s, scientists have been studying the nuclear high‐altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) produced by γ‐rays. However, the HEMP produced by X‐rays in the ionosphere has rarely been studied by previous studies. In this study, we investigate this issue via a 1‐D particle‐in‐cell/Monte Carlo (PIC/MC) simulation model. We find that the amplitude of the electrostatic component quickly increases to the peak, and then decreases gradually. The amplitude of the electromagnetic field component gradually increases and exceeds the amplitude of the electrostatic field. This phenomenon, which contradicts previous hypotheses, adds to our understanding of the X‐ray‐produced HEMP. The evolution of secondary electrons formed by photoelectrons through ionization is very intriguing: the “newly born” secondary electrons deviate from the drifting Maxwellian distribution; thus, they cannot be described with the “swarm theory” which is based on the assumption that electrons satisfy a drifting Maxwellian distribution. This result is consistent with the recent experiment. In addition, our research indicates that assuming that all photoelectrons go forward considerably increases the amplitude of electric fields, making secondary electrons take longer to reach equilibrium. This widely used assumption in previous studies of the γ‐ray‐produced HEMP is invalid to study the X‐ray‐produced HEMP.
Formation of the Thebe Extension in the Ring System of Jupiter
Authors: Borisov N. , Krüger H.
Published: October 2021

Jupiter's tenuous dust ring system is embedded in the planet's inner magnetosphere, and—among other structures—contains a very tenuous protrusion called the Thebe extension. In an attempt to explain the existence of this swath of particles beyond Thebe's orbit, Hamilton and Krüger (2008), https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06886 proposed that the dust particle motion is driven by a shadow resonance caused by variable dust charging on the day and night side of Jupiter. However, the model by Divine and Garrett (1983), https://doi.org/10.1029/ja088ia09p06889 together with recent observations by the Juno spacecraft indicates a warm and rather dense inner magnetosphere of Jupiter which implies that the mechanism of the shadow resonance does not work. Instead, we argue that dust grains ejected from Thebe due to micrometeoroid bombardment become the source of dust in the Thebe extension. We show that large (grain radii of a few micrometers up to multi‐micrometers) charged dust grains having significant initial velocities oscillate in the Thebe extension. Smaller charged grains (with sub‐micrometer radii) ejected from Thebe do not spend much time in the Thebe extension and migrate into the Thebe ring. At the same time, if such grains are ejected from larger dust grains in the Thebe extension due to fragmentation, they continue to oscillate within the Thebe extension for years. We argue that fragmentation of large dust grains in the Thebe extensions could be the main source of sub‐micrometer grains detected in the Thebe extension.
Examining the Auroral Ionosphere in Three Dimensions Using Reconstructed 2D Maps of Auroral Data to Drive the 3D GEMINI Model
Authors: Clayton Robert , Burleigh Meghan , Lynch Kristina A. , Zettergren Matt , Evans Tucker , Grubbs Guy , Hampton Donald L. , Hysell David , Kaeppler Stephen , Lessard Marc , Michell Robert , Reimer Ashton , Roberts T.  Maximillian , Samara Marilia , Varney Roger
Published: October 2021

We use the Geospace Environment Model of Ion‐Neutral Interactions (GEMINI) to create three‐dimensional, time‐dependent simulations of auroral ionospheric parameters in the localized, several 100 km region surrounding auroral arcs observed during a winter 2017 sounding rocket campaign, resolving three‐dimensional features of fine‐scale (km) flow structures in the vicinity of an auroral arc. The three‐dimensional calculations of GEMINI allow (with sufficient driving data) auroral current closure to be investigated without idealizing assumptions of sheet‐like structures or height integrated ionospheres. Datamaps for two nearly sheet‐like arcs are reconstructed from replications of the Isinglass sounding rocket campaign data, and combined with camera‐based particle inversions into a set of driving inputs to run the 3D time‐dependent model. Comparisons of model results to radar density profiles and to in situ magnetometry observations are presented. Slices of volumetric current, flow, and conductance structures from model outputs are used to interpret closure currents in an auroral arc region, and are compared to original in situ measurements for verification. The predominant source of return current region field aligned current closure for these slow time variation events is seen to be from the conductance gradients, including the Hall. The importance of the versus terms in the determination of the current structure provides a more complicated picture than a previous GEMINI study, which relied predominantly on the divergence of the electric field to determine current structure. Sensitivity of data‐driven model results to details of replication and reconstruction processes are discussed, with improvements outlined for future work.
A Compound Faulting Model for the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii, Earthquake, Landslide, and Tsunami
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshiki , Lay Thorne , Cheung Kwok Fai
Published: October 2021

The Kalapana, Hawaii, MW 7.7 earthquake on November 29, 1975 generated a local tsunami with at least 14.3 m runup on the southeast shore of Hawaii Island adjacent to Kilauea Volcano. This was the largest locally generated tsunami since the great 1868 Ka'u earthquake located along‐shore to the southwest. Well‐recorded tide gauge and runup observations provide a key benchmark for studies of statewide tsunami hazards from actively deforming southeast Hawaii Island. However, the source process of the earthquake remains controversial, with coastal landsliding and/or offshore normal or thrust faulting mechanisms having been proposed to reconcile features of seismic, geodetic, and tsunami observations. We utilize these diverse observations for the 1975 Kalapana earthquake to deduce a compound faulting model that accounts for the overall tsunamigenesis, involving both landslide block faulting along the shore and slip on the island basal décollement. Thrust slip of 4.5–8.0 m on the offshore décollement produces moderate near‐field runup but controls the far‐field tsunami. The slip distribution implies that residual strain energy was available for the May 4, 2018 MW 7.2 thrust earthquake during the Kilauea‐East Rift Zone eruption. Local faulting below land contributes to geodetic and seismic observations, but is non‐tsunamigenic and not considered. Slip of 4–10 m on landslide‐like faults, which extend from the Hilina Fault Zone scarp to offshore shallowly dipping faults reaching near the seafloor, triples the near‐field tsunami runup. This compound model clarifies the roles of the faulting components in assessing tsunami hazards for the Hawaiian Islands.
Influence of Dust on Precipitation During Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers in an Idealized Framework
Authors: Mascioli N. R. , Evan A. T. , Ralph F. M.
Published: October 2021

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) can provide as much as 50% of the total annual rainfall to the United States West Coast via orographic precipitation. Dust is thought to enhance orographic precipitation via the “seeder‐feeder” mechanism, in which ice particles from a high cloud fall through a lower orographic cloud, seeding precipitation in the low cloud. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we vary dust concentrations in simulations of two‐dimensional flow over a mountain. This idealized framework allows us to test the sensitivity of the precipitation‐dust response to a variety of different dust concentrations and initial conditions. The model is run using an ensemble of 60 radiosondes collected from Bodega Bay, CA in 2017–2018, clustered based on their vertical moisture profile into “deep moist,” “shallow moist,” and “subsaturated” clusters. The principle impact on precipitation is to increase the ratio of precipitation falling as snow. This produces a “spillover” effect, decreasing precipitation upwind of the peak and increasing precipitation downwind of the peak. The largest impacts on the snow/rain ratio occur at the end of the event, during cold front passage. The ensemble mean does not produce a significant seeder‐feeder response, however, in individual cases with favorable initial conditions there is a significant increase in precipitation throughout the domain due to dust effects on the seeder‐feeder mechanism. These findings afford an opportunity to build a more comprehensive understanding for the conditions under which dust aerosol can have a significant impact on precipitation during ARs, with implications for future developments in forecasting.
Instantaneous Habitable Windows in the Parameter Space of Enceladus' Ocean
Authors: Higgins Peter M. , Glein Christopher R. , Cockell Charles S.
Published: October 2021

In recent years, Enceladus' subsurface ocean has become a tantalizing case study for potentially habitable conditions in an extraterrestrial ocean world. However, we still know very little about its subsurface conditions. Its oceanic composition is difficult to characterize with current data and estimates are highly dependent on model‐based interpretations which are also not yet tightly constrained. In light of these uncertainties, we consider a wide selection of the inferred parameter spaces to quantify the energy available to putative hydrogenotrophic methanogens on Enceladus in the bulk ocean at cool and elevated temperatures. We estimate the instantaneous power supply their metabolism could provide in these conditions and compare it to the expected power demands of life on Earth. To be habitable for methanogens a 273 K ocean with relatively high salt content must have pH 10, and a relatively low salt ocean must have pH 8 at 273 K, or pH 9 when heated to 360 K. Some combinations meet the power demands of exponential growth, but large swathes of the parameter space appear energetically uninhabitable. The habitability of the Enceladus ocean for methanogens appears to be a delicate balance between its temperature, pH, salinity, and concentrations of carbonates, nutrients, and dissolved gases (particularly ). Many of these parameters are co‐dependent; variation in any one of them could tip the balance into uninhabitable conditions. Further constraining these variables should be a priority for future missions to ocean worlds to enable definitive assessments of their habitability.
Specific Heat Capacity Measurements of Selected Meteorites for Planetary Surface Temperature Modeling
Authors: Piqueux Sylvain , Vu Tuan H. , Bapst Jonathan , Garvie Laurence A. J. , Choukroun Mathieu , Edwards Christopher S.
Published: October 2021

Specific heat capacity Cp(T) is an intrinsic regolith property controlling planetary surface temperatures along with the albedo, density, and thermal conductivity. Cp(T) depends on material composition and temperature. Generally, modelers assume a fixed specific heat capacity value, or a standard temperature dependence derived from lunar basalts, mainly because of limited composition‐specific data at low temperatures relevant to planetary surfaces. In addition, Cp(T) only appears to vary by a small factor across various materials, in contrast with the bulk regolith thermal conductivity, which ranges over ∼3–4 orders of magnitude as a function of the regolith physical state (grain size, cementation, sintering, etc.). For these reasons, the impact of the basaltic assumption on modeled surface temperature is often considered unimportant although this assumption is not particularly well constrained. In this paper, we present specific heat capacity measurements and parameterizations from ∼90 to ∼290 K of 28 meteorites including those possibly originating from Mars and Vesta, and covering a wide range of planetary surface compositions. Planetary surface temperatures calculated using composition‐specific Cp(T) are within 2 K of model runs assuming a basaltic composition. This 2 K range approaches or exceeds typical instrumental noise or other sources of modeling uncertainties. These results suggest that a basaltic assumption for Cp(T) is generally adequate for the thermal characterization of a wide range of planetary surfaces, but possibly inadequate when looking at leveraging subtle trends to constrain subsurface layering, roughness, or seasonal/diurnal volatile transfer.
Higher Sensitivity of Planted Forests' Productivity Than Natural Forests to Droughts in China
Authors: Zhong Ziqian , He Bin , Chen Yaning , Yuan Wenping , Huang Ling , Guo Lanlan , Zhang Yafeng , Xie Xiaoming
Published: October 2021

Planted forests (PFs) account for about one‐third of the total area of forests in China and make important contributions to carbon sequestration and ecosystem services. Droughts pose a major threat to all forest ecosystems and yet, despite the importance of PFs, there is limited information about their sensitivity to drought and how it compares with that of natural forests (NFs). In this study, satellite‐based vegetation indices were used to investigate and compare the sensitivity of PFs and NFs to drought. We found that PFs' productivity was more sensitive to droughts than NFs, demonstrating a stronger correspondence to interannual variations in drought and a larger decline in productivity under drought conditions than NFs. However, PFs tended to recover more rapidly after drought disturbance than NFs. The observed differences in the sensitivity to droughts may reflect intrinsic differences between PF and NF ecosystems. We also found that the difference between the response of PFs and NFs to drought became less notable as the climate aridity increased, indicating influences from external environmental conditions. The findings from this study highlight the importance of increasing the resistance of PFs to climate change by various management strategies, giving special attention to water availability issues.
Algal‐Induced Biogeomorphic Feedbacks Lay the Groundwork for Coastal Wetland Development
Authors: van de Vijsel Roeland C. , van Belzen Jim , Bouma Tjeerd J. , van der Wal Daphne , van de Koppel Johan
Published: October 2021

Ecosystem establishment under adverse geophysical conditions is often studied within the “windows of opportunity” framework, identifying disturbance‐free periods (e.g., calm wave climate) where species can overcome establishment thresholds. However, the role of biogeophysical interactions in this framework is less well understood. The establishment of saltmarsh vegetation on tidal flats, for example, is limited by abiotic factors such as hydrodynamics, sediment stability and drainage. On tidal flats, raised sediment ridges colonized by algal mats (Vaucheria sp.) appear to accomodate high densities of plant seedlings. Such ridges were previously found to have higher sediment strength than substratum without algae. Here, we investigate whether these measurements can be explained by geophysical factors only, or that biological (Vaucheria‐induced) processes influence tidal marsh establishment by forming stabilized bedforms. We performed two experiments under controlled mesocosm conditions, to test the hypotheses that (a) Vaucheria grows better on elevated topographic relief, that (b) the binding force of their algal filaments increases sediment strength, and that (c) Vaucheria consequently creates elevated topographic relief that further facilitates algal growth. Our experimental results confirm the existence of this algal‐induced biogeomorphic feedback cycle. These findings imply that benthic algae like Vaucheria may contribute significantly to tidal marsh formation by creating elevated and stabilized substratum. This suggests biogeophysical feedbacks can “widen” the windows of opportunity for further ecosystem establishment. Our results could be useful for the design of managed realignment projects aimed at restoring the unique ecosystem services of coastal wetlands, such as habitat biodiversity, carbon sequestration potential and nature‐based flood defense.
Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Dissolved Organic Matter in the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca: Implications for Biogeochemical Province Delineation of Marginal Seas
Authors: Zhang Yixue , Wu Ying , Zhang Jing , Jin Jie , Li Jian , Zhang Zhenqiu
Published: October 2021

Biogeochemical provinces are an important aid to identify homogeneous biogeochemical characteristics and underlying ecosystem dynamics in the open ocean. This macroscale approach, however, does not appear to be applicable to marginal seas for disregarding various small scale changes. Here, we adopted two observation schemes throughout the typical marginal seas, the South China Sea (SCS) and Straits of Malacca (MS), with continuous surface‐water sampling during March and May 2018. Spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of hydrological and dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties was investigated. With a novel combination of chromophoric DOM index and classical biogeochemical parameters (temperature, salinity, chlorophyll‐a, and bathymetry), we delineated five biogeochemical provinces in each season to integrate DOM pools and investigate region‐specific and season‐dependent biogeochemical processes. The results showed that the SCS basin was seasonally modulated by biological activities and photodegradation, resulting in the biologically active DOM pools. The western SCS seasonally received terrestrial DOM, subjected to the western boundary current under monsoon regulation. The MS was found to serve as an efficient carbon source of terrestrial substances, which exported to the northern Indian Ocean during the Northeast Monsoon. The delineation favored the simplification of complex biogeochemistry and allowed us to predict future trends in this dynamic system. Chromophoric DOM index was proven applicable to the delineation of marginal seas, that shed the light on the potential applications in biogeochemical provinces in dynamic systems.
Model Evaluation and Intercomparison of Marine Warm Low Cloud Fractions With Neural Network Ensembles
Authors: Chen Yao‐Sheng , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Bogenschutz Peter A. , Feingold Graham
Published: October 2021

Low cloud fractions (LCFs) and meteorological factors (MFs) over an oceanic region containing multiple cloud regimes are examined for three data sets: one Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) simulation with the default 72‐layer vertical grid (E3SM72), another one with 8‐times vertical resolution via the Framework for Improvement by Vertical Enhancement (E3SM8), and one with MFs from ERA5 reanalysis and LCFs from the CERES SSF product (ERA5‐SSF). Neural networks (NNs) are trained to capture the relationship between MFs and LCF and to select the best‐performing MF subsets for predicting LCF. NN ensembles are used to (a) confirm the performance of selected MF subsets, (b) to serve as proxy models for each data set to predict LCFs for MFs from all data sets, and (c) to classify MFs into those in shared and uniquely occupied MF subspaces. Overall, E3SM72 and E3SM8 have large fractions of MFs in shared MF subspace, but less so near the Californian and Peruvian stratocumulus decks. E3SM8 and ERA5 have small fractions of MFs in shared MF subspace but greater than E3SM72 and ERA5, especially in the Southeast Pacific. The differences in LCFs between three pairs of data sets are decomposed into those associated with the differences in the LCF‐MF relationship and those involving different MFs. Given the same MFs, LCFs produced by E3SM8 are greater than those produced by E3SM72 but are still different from those in ERA5‐SSF. In general, the shift in MFs dominates the difference in the LCFs.
Ionospheric Storm Scale Index Based on High Time Resolution UPC‐IonSAT Global Ionospheric Maps (IsUG)
Authors: Liu Qi , Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Lyu Haixia , Nishioka Michi , Yang Heng , Monte‐Moreno Enric , Gulyaeva Tamara , Béniguel Yannick , Wilken Volker , Olivares‐Pulido Germán , Orús‐Pérez Raül
Published: October 2021

The ionospheric storms have adverse effects on the radio communications, satellite communications and also the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) application. A new Ionospheric storm Scale from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Global Ionosphere Map (GIM), IsUG, is introduced for characterizing the ionospheric state on a global scale. The IsUG is based on the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) derived from the continuously computed UPC Quarter‐of‐an‐hour time resolution Rapid GIM (UQRG), taking as reference the ones during the period 1997 to 2014. It is similar to the I‐scale index previously introduced, although it was over Japan and based on raw GNSS data. The dependence of the VTEC on season, local time and geographical location at each grid point of UQRG is removed by normalizing (i.e., by substracting the mean and dividing by the corresponding standard deviation) the percentage deviation of hourly median VTEC. After validating IsUG versus I‐scale, the IsUG distribution is presented and analyzed at global scale during a severe geomagnetic storm from 7 to 10 November 2004 as an example of the potentialities of the new index. The results suggest that the IsUG global map has a great potential for the scientific study of ionospheric storms from a global perspective and also for space weather warning considering the accuracy of the recently developed real‐time GIMs.
Evaluation of associations between estimates of particulate matter exposure and new onset type 2 diabetes in the REGARDS cohort
Authors: McAlexander Tara P. , De Silva S. Shanika A. , Meeker Melissa A. , Long D. Leann , McClure Leslie A.
Published: October 2021

Background

Studies of PM2.5 and type 2 diabetes employ differing methods for exposure assignment, which could explain inconsistencies in this growing literature. We hypothesized associations between PM2.5 and new onset type 2 diabetes would differ by PM2.5 exposure data source, duration, and community type.

Methods

We identified participants of the US-based REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort who were free of diabetes at baseline (2003–2007); were geocoded at their residence; and had follow-up diabetes information. We assigned PM2.5 exposure estimates to participants for periods of 1 year prior to baseline using three data sources, and 2 years prior to baseline for two of these data sources. We evaluated adjusted odds of new onset diabetes per 5 µg/m3 increases in PM2.5 using generalized estimating equations with a binomial distribution and logit link, stratified by community type.

Results

Among 11,208 participants, 1,409 (12.6%) had diabetes at follow-up. We observed no associations between PM2.5 and diabetes in higher and lower density urban communities, but within suburban/small town and rural communities, increases of 5 µg/m3 PM2.5 for 2 years (Downscaler model) were associated with diabetes (OR [95% CI] = 1.65 [1.09, 2.51], 1.56 [1.03, 2.36], respectively). Associations were consistent in direction and magnitude for all three PM2.5 sources evaluated.

Significance

1- and 2-year durations of PM2.5 exposure estimates were associated with higher odds of incident diabetes in suburban/small town and rural communities, regardless of exposure data source. Associations within urban communities might be obfuscated by place-based confounding.
Aberrant neural representation of food stimuli in women with acute anorexia nervosa predicts treatment outcome and is improved in weight restored individuals
Authors: Boehm Ilka , Mohr Holger , King Joseph A. , Steding Julius , Geisler Daniel , Wronski Marie-Louis , Weigel Katharina , Roessner Veit , Ruge Hannes , Ehrlich Stefan
Published: October 2021

Anorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with altered reward processing. We recently reported greater neural response in secondary visual areas when processing visual food stimuli in acutely underweight AN patients (acAN). In order to examine whether the observed alterations are indicative of acute undernutrition or a potential trait marker of AN, we set out to assess neural responses in acAN and in individuals weight-recovered from AN (recAN). FMRI data were collected from a total of 126 female volunteers, 35 acAN, 33 recAN, and 58 age-matched healthy controls (HC) while they viewed streams of food, social and neutral stimuli. A standard general linear model (GLM) was used to interrogate neural responses to the different stimuli in recAN vs. age-matched HC. Moreover, within-subject multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) in the two matched samples (acAN/HC and recAN/HC) were used to estimate neural representation of food vs. neutral, and social vs. neutral stimuli. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to test associations between the accuracy of the neural representation and treatment outcome. The GLM revealed no group differences between recAN and HC. The MVPAs showed greater classification accuracy of food stimuli in the posterior fusiform gyrus in acAN but not recAN. Classification accuracy was associated with better treatment outcome. Our findings suggest that the neural representation of food stimuli is altered in secondary visual areas in acAN and normalizes with weight recovery. Possibly this altered representation reflects attentional engagement motivating food intake, which may promote the recovery process.
Effects of uremic toxins on hippocampal synaptic transmission: implication for neurodegeneration in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Natale Giuseppina , Calabrese Valeria , Marino Gioia , Campanelli Federica , Urciuolo Federica , de Iure Antonio , Ghiglieri Veronica , Calabresi Paolo , Bossola Maurizio , Picconi Barbara
Published: October 2021

Patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of developing cognitive impairment. The cause of mental health disorders in CKD and in chronic hemodialysis patients is multifactorial, due to the interaction of classical cardiovascular disease risk factors, kidney- and dialysis-related risk factors with depression, and multiple drugs overuse. A large number of compounds, defined as uremic toxins that normally are excreted by healthy kidneys, accumulate in the circulations, in the tissues, and in the organs of CKD patients. Among the candidate uremic toxins are several guanidino compounds, such as Guanidine. Uremic toxins may also accumulate in the brain and may have detrimental effects on cerebral resident cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia) and microcirculation. The present study aims to analyze the effect of Guanidine on hippocampal excitatory postsynaptic field potentials (fEPSPs) and in CA1 pyramidal neurons recorded intracellularly. Moreover, we compared these effects with the alterations induced in vitro by CKD patients derived serum samples. Our results show an increased, dose-dependent, synaptic activity in the CA1 area in response to both synthetic Guanidine and patient’s serum, through a mechanism involving glutamatergic transmission. In particular, the concomitant increase of both NMDA and AMPA component of the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) suggests a presynaptic mechanism. Interestingly, in presence of the lower dose of guanidine, we measure a significant reduction of EPSCs, in fact the compound does not inhibit GABA receptors allowing their inhibitory effect of glutamate release. These findings suggest that cognitive symptoms induced by the increase of uremic compounds in the serum of CKD patients are caused, at least in part, by an increased glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus.
A series of polyoxometalate-based hybrid complexes constructed by a tripodal ligand containing mixed N/O donors
Authors: Ying Jun , Jin Liang , Yu Hai-Yan , Tian Ai-Xiang , Wang Xiu-Li
Published: October 2021

We designed two synthetic strategies using identical ligands to construct six POM-based complexes. These complexes can act as amperometric sensors for the detection of Cr(vi), Fe(iii) and H2O2 and fluorescence sensors for sensing Cr3+.
Polysulfide induced synthesis of Mo doped NiSx based on solid nanoplate arrays for efficient oxygen evolution catalysis
Authors: Wang Yijuan , Guo Ziyi , Wang Jianzhi , Yu Ningbo , Xue Yanan , Yu Faquan
Published: October 2021

In situ sulfuration in the cage of oxide nanoplate arrays by polysulfides to prepare sulfide anodes with high OER efficiency.
How different are marine microbial natural products compared to their terrestrial counterparts?
Authors: Voser Tanja M. , Campbell Max D. , Carroll Anthony R.
Published: October 2021

Cheminformatics analysis shows that most marine microbial natural products are like terrestrial microbial natural products. New methods to access novel marine microbial chemistry are needed.
LSPR based on-chip detection of dengue NS1 antigen in whole blood
Authors: Lathika S. , Raj A. , Sen A. K.
Published: October 2021

A lab-on-chip device that combines membrane-based blood plasma separation and a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based biosensor for on-chip detection of dengue NS1 antigen from a few drops of blood.
Effects of TiO2 doping on the performance of thermochemical energy storage based on Mn2O3/Mn3O4 redox materials
Authors: Wang Boyan , Wang Zhiyuan , Dou Binlin , Ma Yan , Liang Yijing
Published: October 2021

The formation of Mn2TiO4 in a Mn–Ti TCES system promotes the reoxidation process. The Mn–Ti–O phase will only exist at the boundary between Mn2O3 and TiO2 at first, and more Mn2TiO4 phase will be formed with the extension of operating time.
Solution combustion synthesis of Ni/La2O3 for dry reforming of methane: tuning the basicity via alkali and alkaline earth metal oxide promoters
Authors: Ahmad Yahia H. , Mohamed Assem T. , Kumar A. , Al-Qaradawi Siham Y.
Published: October 2021

Alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides-promoted Ni/La2O3 catalysts synthesized by solution combustion synthesis revealed enhanced catalytic performance towards dry reforming of methane.
Synthesized akhtenskites remove ammonium and manganese from aqueous solution: removal mechanism and the effect of structural cations
Authors: Zhang Ruifeng , Yang Shilian , Dong Chuan , Qiao Yu , Zhang Jianmin , Guo Yingming
Published: October 2021

Akhtenskites merely remove NH4+ by adsorption, but remove Mn2+ by adsorption and catalytic oxidation simultaneously. The removal efficiency and crystal structure are obviously affected by the structure cations.
Synthesis and functional studies of self-adjuvanting multicomponent anti-HER2 cancer vaccines
Authors: Feng Qi , Yu Xiaoyue , Wang Yixue , Li Shiyang , Yang Yang
Published: October 2021

Tricomponent anti-HER2 vaccine that synthesized by incorporating MFCH401 with Pam3CSK4 and helper T cell epitope could efficiently trigger anti-HER2 antibodies and induce specific recognition and killing to HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.
Phase relations, and mechanical and electronic properties of nickel borides, carbides, and nitrides from ab initio calculations
Authors: Sagatov Nursultan E. , Abuova Aisulu U. , Sagatova Dinara N. , Gavryushkin Pavel N. , Abuova Fatima U. , Litasov Konstantin D.
Published: October 2021

Based on density functional theory and the crystal structure prediction methods, USPEX and AIRSS, stable intermediate compounds in the Ni–X (X = B, C, and N) systems and their structures were determined in the pressure range of 0–400 GPa.
Thiosemicarbazide-complexed SnO2 electron transport layers for high-efficiency MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ge Xiaoyu , Han Bingquan , Xu Lingbo , Wu Xiaoping , Lin Ping , Wang Peng , Cui Can
Published: October 2021

Introducing thiosemicarbazide into SnO2 smoothened the morphology of ETLs, passivated defects in SnO2, and facilitated crystallization of perovskites.
The cascade catalysis of the porphyrinic zirconium metal–organic framework PCN-224-Cu for CO2conversion to alcohols
Authors: Qi Shi-Chao , Yang Zhi-Hui , Zhu Rong-Rong , Lu Xiao-Jie , Xue Ding-Ming , Liu Xiao-Qin , Sun Lin-Bing
Published: October 2021

The Zr6cluster and TCPP-Cu unit in the PCN-224-Cu act like organelles during chemocatalytic CO2conversion to alcohols.
High-precision, stretchable kirigami-capacitive sensor with ultra-low cross-sensitivity for body temperature monitoring
Authors: Yu Yuyan , Peng Shuhua , Sha Zhao , Cheng Teresa X. , Wu Shuying , Wang Chun H.
Published: October 2021

Precise skin temperature monitoring with a 0.14 °C resolution is realized through (a) reducing strain interference with an optimized kirigami pattern and (b) increasing temperature sensitivity with low melting temperature TPU as the dielectric core.
Research on origin‐destination travel demand prediction method of inter‐regional online taxi based on SpatialOD‐BiConvLSTM
Authors: Chen Dejun , Wang Jing , Xiong Congcong
Published: October 2021

In order to avoid empty or crowded trips of online taxis and shorten the distance between empty taxis and potential passengers, after adopting the Origin‐Destination (OD) big data of taxis and considering geographic location information, cross‐regional driving demand, as well as passenger origin demand and destination demand, a method combining SpatialOD and Bidirectional ConvLSTM (BiConvLSTM) neural network model is proposed to predict online taxi travel demand. The network model in the method takes into account the historical and future states of the data, and can extract the time and space characteristics of the data. A custom structural similarity loss function is used in the model training to measure the difference between the data. Through experiments on a large public taxi travel data set, the results show that the SMAPE error of this method is 23.83%, which is better than the existing OD demand forecasting methods and has strong practicability.