bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Criteria Strategic Decision Making Model to Assess Renewable Energy Forms
Authors: Keebler Daniel W. , Albertelli Jr. Paul D. , Mascarenhas Briance
Published: August 2021

Renewable energy can potentially be a source of competitive advantage, reduce greenhouse gases, and counter climate change. This study utilizes Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to systematically assess the relative attractiveness of multiple renewable energy forms based on three factors: 1. business (economic), 2. technical (environmental), and 3. social (regulatory). It uncovers the relative attractiveness of various renewable energy forms and suggests strategies for their development for providers and customers. After considering multiple factors, the study found hydro, geothermal, and wind power to be relatively attractive renewable energy sources.
Tools and Methods of Information Support for the Development of Renewable Energy
Authors: Mukhamediyev Ravil I. , Kiseleva Sophia , Yakunin Kirill , Mustakayev Renat , Muhamedijeva Jelena
Published: August 2021

The chapter considers information systems that provide analysis of the RES resource base and support decision making. RES resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan are briefly analyzed. The methods and systems for evaluation of theoretical, technical, and economic potential of renewable energy sources are considered. Based on this overview, the authors propose six steps of estimation that should be realized in intellectual GIS. One of the major steps is the identification the factors that affect using of renewable energy sources. These factors can contribute to impeding the development of green energy. The simple taxonomy of these factors is proposed. The second important step is to aggregate estimations of the factors. As a result, the authors propose the aggregation method based on Bayes rule. Compared to other methods, this approach allows us to obtain two estimates: probabilities of positive and negative hypotheses. The methods discussed are at the heart of the information system supporting the development of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Large-Scale Renewable Energy Monitoring and Forecast Based on Intelligent Data Analysis
Authors: Ozkan Mehmet Baris , Küçük Dilek , Buhan Serkan , Demirci Turan , Karagoz Pinar
Published: August 2021

Intelligent data analysis techniques such as data mining or statistical/machine learning algorithms are applied to diverse domains, including energy informatics. These techniques have been successfully employed in order to solve different problems within the energy domain, particularly forecasting problems such as renewable energy and energy consumption forecasts. This chapter elaborates the use of intelligent data analysis techniques for the facilitation of renewable energy monitoring and forecast. First, a review of the literature is presented on systems and forecasting approaches applied to the renewable energy domain. Next, a generic and large-scale renewable energy monitoring and forecast system based on intelligent data analysis is described. Finally, a genuine implementation of this system for wind energy is presented as a case study, together with its performance analysis results. This chapter stands as a significant reference for renewable energy informatics, considering the provided conceptual and applied system descriptions, heavily based on smart computing techniques.
Synchronized Operation of Grid Power, Solar Power, and Battery for Smart Energy Management
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Thanki Dip V.
Published: August 2021

This chapter gives details of solar photovoltaic, starting from its general pros and cons. It covers the basics of site evaluation when installing a solar powered plant and various ways to overcome the uncertainties in the predicted output of the solar arrays. The efficiency of the plant can be improved with the help of maximum power point tracker (MPPT), which works on algorithms based on perturb and observe, incremental conductance, constant voltage, etc. The output of the solar PV arrays can be utilized more effectively by integrating it with grid to supply ac loads. This integration requires a power conditioning system (PCS), enabling smooth operation. Continuity of supply can be maintained by having a battery backup, for the time when both grid and solar array fail to meet the load demand. Such a system can have wide range of applications and has the potential to meet the energy demand.
Creation of Financial and Environmental Values With Solar Photovoltaic Projects While Managing Risks
Authors: Liyanage Shantha Indrajith Hikkaduwa , Netswera Fulufhelo Godfrey , Pal Shivajyoti , Nthomola Isaac
Published: August 2021

This study investigates 200 kWp roof-mounted solar photovoltaic system in a country where there is no legal, policy, and institutional framework to de-risk the solar energy market but present naturally conducive environment in the sun-drenched semi-arid country. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative data subject to interpretivist and positivist approaches paves the way to find out that the university, though created financial and environments values, has not addressed the risk associated with illiquid capital intensive investment and conventional financial metrics such as net present value, internal rate of return. Hence, it is recommended to manage the risk with four strategies including maintaining economic value added at 5% or more, leveraging the investment, and withdrawing a part of equity for reinvesting in diversified investment. The findings are significant for low carbon investors to identify opportunities and manage the risk in solar energy market. Energy engineers enable designing a system that meets the fundamentals of the business and environmental value.
Prospects for Energy Supply of the Arctic Zone Objects of Russia Using Frost-Resistant Solar Modules
Authors: Panchenko Vladimir
Published: August 2021

The scientific work is devoted to the prospect of using frost-resistant solar modules with extended service life of various designs for energy supply of infrastructure facilities of the Arctic zone of Russia. The general characteristic of the region under consideration is given, and its energy specifics, directions of energy development based on renewable energy sources are considered. In the work, frost-resistant planar photovoltaic modules and solar roofing panels with an extended service life for power supply of objects are proposed. For simultaneous heat and electrical generation, frost-resistant planar photovoltaic thermal roofing panels and concentrator solar installation with high-voltage matrix solar modules with a voltage of 1000 V and an electrical efficiency of up to 28% are proposed. The considered solar modules have an extended rated power period due to the use of the technology of sealing solar cells with a two-component polysiloxane compound and are able to work effectively at large negative ambient temperatures and large ranges of its fluctuations.
Application of Renewable Energy System With Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Singh Sweta , Zindani Divya , Roy Apurba Kumar , Kumar Kaushik
Published: August 2021

There has been rapid surge in energy consumption owing to the industrialization and the growing population. There has been a shift from agrarian economy to the industrial economy. This transformation has led to increased energy consumption in tandem with the emissions associated with it. Thus, the energy consumption has led to environmental concerns. Therefore, the planning and modeling of energy resources has become critical to economic growth and should be efficiently done for securing the health of the environment as well. Looking at the importance of modeling and planning, the present chapter is an attempt to explore the fuzzy based models used for the renewable systems and in particular the wind energy systems. It has been found that the fuzzy based models have been used extensively for installation of wind farms, for optimization of the parameters related to wind systems and for the site selection of the different wind energy farms.
Scaling up Renewable Energy Investment for Sustainable Development
Authors: Assab Abderrahim
Published: August 2021

Renewable energy generation is a fundamental component of the transition to a low-carbon economy. The world needs to invest up to USD 600 million annually to meet the electricity demand in a sustainable way whereas the current investment level stands at USD 280 billion. Scaling-up the current level of investment requires a larger implication of the private sectors and a different role for the public sector. The challenge lays in the fact that different investors are motivated by a different risk and return profiles. The current chapter presents the trends in renewable energy financial flows and investment vehicles. It looks at the risks associated with the investment in renewable energy and the relevant risk mitigation instruments. Finally, it applies these concepts to the case of the Lake Turkana wind farm in Kenya, a project that faced many challenges and involved more than 15 investors.
Role of Renewable Energy Techniques to Design and Develop Sustainable Green Building
Authors: Tomar Pradeep
Published: August 2021

This chapter presents the role of renewable energy techniques to design and develop a sustainable framework for green building. The first viewpoint is identified with the earlier structure and the low encapsulated energy building materials for the design and development of a framework for green building. The primary perspective is to manage energy protection using renewable energy techniques in the green building. Green building interchangeably can be used with the term's sustainable construction or green construction. So, durable construction means using environmentally responsible and resource-efficient procedures in development to be ensured of sustainability throughout the lifetime of the building. This chapter also presents the combination of renewable, energy-based technology for green building construction and sustainability with the economics of renewable energy.
Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings
Authors: Jędrzejuk Hanna Irena
Published: August 2021

This chapter describes a general issue of selecting renewable energy sources (RES) and technical systems. To achieve the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard, application of an RES (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass energy) is necessary. Each type of RES has specific characteristics and can be used to produce electricity and/or heat in certain systems. A short review of various systems using renewable energy sources is presented. To find the required and satisfactory solution that guaranties meeting the nZEB standard, an analysis must be carried out considering a number of aspects: local availability, structure and time-dependence of energy demand, building construction, economic conditions, legal regulations, and specific requirements. Finally, two examples of modernisation towards the nZEB standard are included.
Potential Evaluation and Best Practices of Solar Power Plant Application in Rural Areas
Authors: Daus Yuliia , Kharchenko Valeriy , Yudaev Igor Viktorovich , Dyachenko Vera , Klychev Shavkat , Rakitov Sergey
Published: August 2021

Recreational rest and recovery zones require a daily hot water supply, and constant availability of electricity. Therefore, the need for renewable energy sources usage in the Lower Volga region is obvious and power plants with an environmentally friendly component significant in the region. An analysis of the theoretically calculated potential renewable energy makes it possible to optimistically assert that the region is promising for autonomous renewable energy source implementation. It may be noted that potential wind and solar energy, in spite of the fact that it is distributed unevenly, is sufficient to provide energy for remote rural communities and tourist facilities. An analysis was conducted on the availability of actinometric data required for heliotechnical calculations and identified areas of applicability and accuracy of the information received from various meteorological information sources.
Business Development and Environmental Impact in the Solar (PV) Field
Authors: Tantau Adrian , Staiger Robert
Published: August 2021

The techno-economic analysis of a PV system is designed to measure the viability of the designed system from an economical and technological point of view assuming some specific environmental conditions. In this research, for the techno-economic analysis of PV system the authors are focused on four general categories of factors which are highly influential on the investment decision in this field. These are the PV system costs, the electricity cost, the sunlight and other environmental characteristics and the financial incentives. Each of this factors is analyzed in order to understand and evaluate the general conditions that influence the decision in the photovoltaic business. The methodology that is used for explaining the real business environment in PV field and the main indicators that can estimate the investment profitability is the case study related to formal opportunities for developing PV investment projects in Romania. The investors in PV field have to understand the life cycle of a PV system that can give an overlook of the cost reduction opportunities and also make them sensible to the decommissioning phase of such an investment. For future investments in the PV field in Europe the authors identified and analyzed the main factors that characterize the PV business development in the next period.
Improving Efficiency of the Romanian Energy Sector by Supporting Investments in Renewable Energy Use
Authors: Boteanu Carmen Mihaela
Published: August 2021

This article describes how Romania has implemented a generous program for green energy development, which attracted so many investments that the target set for 2020 must have reached. This article presents a model for estimating the effect of governmental decisions on investments in renewable energy in Romania. This also reflects their influence on the state budget revenue generated from renewable energy producers and consumers, both households and industrial consumers. Results can be useful for the public sector involved in the production of green energy.
Importance of Azerbaijan snd Central Asia in EU Energy Security
Authors: Özdaşlı Esme , Doğan Diren
Published: August 2021

Providing the energy security of European Union has become one of the most significant issues for European politicians and academics, especially after the Ukrainian crisis with Russia. The most critical point is the fact that there is not a common policy of EU countries concerning energy security. Individual choices of member states have more influence on the energy supply. EU's failure of developing a common policy for the security of energy supply has led to disagreement about other foreign policy issues. Different reactions among EU member states about sanctions against Russia after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 has been the most recent example. Common policy of energy security is the diversification of resources and suppliers. Accordingly, with their hydrocarbon resources, Azerbaijan and Central Asian states have become alternatives for EU.
A Strategic Approach to Reduce Energy Imports of E7 Countries
Authors: Dinçer Hasan , Yüksel Serhat , Canbolat Zehra Nur
Published: August 2021

Higher technological developments, product diversity, international trade, and population growth have greatly increased the energy demand of countries. It is very significant that this growing demand should be satisfied with a safe and accessible energy source. Because of this issue, it is thought that countries should be directed towards renewable energy sources so that these countries can meet their rising energy demand without increasing their energy imports. This chapter aims to identify the causal relationship between the use of renewable energy and energy imports. Within this framework, the data between 1990 and 2015 of E7 countries (Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) is taken into the consideration by using the Pedroni panel cointegration method and the Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality analysis. Results show that there is a long-term relationship between energy imports and renewable energy usage, but there is no causal relationship between energy imports and renewable energy usage. This situation gives information that the use of renewable energy is important and effective in order to reduce imports, but using only this method is not sufficient to remove the import problem for these countries.
Efficient Algorithms for Dynamic Incomplete Decision Systems
Authors: Thang Nguyen Truong , Nguyen Giang Long , Long Hoang Viet , Tuan Nguyen Anh , Tran Tuan Manh , Tan Ngo Duy
Published: August 2021

Attribute reduction is a crucial problem in the process of data mining and knowledge discovery in big data. In incomplete decision systems, the model using tolerance rough set is fundamental to solve the problem by computing the redact to reduce the execution time. However, these proposals used the traditional filter approach so that the reduct was not optimal in the number of attributes and the accuracy of classification. The problem is critical in the dynamic incomplete decision systems which are more appropriate for real-world applications. Therefore, this paper proposes two novel incremental algorithms using the combination of filter and wrapper approach, namely IFWA_ADO and IFWA_DEO, respectively, for the dynamic incomplete decision systems. The IFWA_ADO computes reduct incrementally in cases of adding multiple objects while IFWA_DEO updates reduct when removing multiple objects. These algorithms are also verified on six data sets. Experimental results show that the filter-wrapper algorithms get higher performance than the other filter incremental algorithms.
A Requirements-Oriented Modelling Language for an Optimized Distribution of Business Processes on a Multi-Cloud Environment
Authors: Zarour Karim , Benmerzoug Djamel
Published: August 2021

Many companies resort to business process outsourcing (BPO) to survive in today's tough competition. This trend has been intensified with the advent of Cloud computing that brings a new way of paying and consuming resources. Nonetheless, preserving companies' knowhow, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring the compliance of business processes (BPs) remain among the most important challenges in BPO to the Cloud. An organization must therefore consider several factors to determine which BP parts should be outsourced and to assign them the most appropriate Cloud offers. This paper proposes an extension of the business process model notation (BPMN) that allows specifying the requirements of BP activities in terms of security, compliance, cost, performance, data transfer, and obfuscation. This extension is intended for the BP modelling phase and aims to assign to each activity the Cloud offer that best meets its requirements.
Health management and user protection: an analysis of gamification elements in applications for pregnant women
Authors: Monte Washington Sales do , Viana Mércia Cristiley Barreto , Kirst Flávio Valdir , De-Bortoli Robelius
Published: August 2021

The objective of the present study is to analyze applications classified in the health category and to identify how they manipulate the evaluation, prescription and management of the physical activity of the users. The exponential growth of interactive technologies brings a differentiated look when the use of services present in mobile devices installed in smartphones as software for the most diverse activities. The health area has been presenting as a promising sector. This is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach using case study method. The considerations point to the difficulty in evaluating the applications directed to the management of physical activities mainly regarding the evaluation of users. There is also a gap regarding the legal authorization of the profession in the case of the physical educator. Another point raised here is about shared responsibility theme linked to the understanding of user protection that use these types of services.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Reinforcement Strains in RC Ties
Authors: Jakubovskis Ronaldas , Valiukas Domas , Kaklauskas Gintaris
Published: August 2021

The importance of interaction between concrete and reinforcement for reinforced concrete (RC) mechanics is a known issue, yet its complexity enforces one to perform in-depth investigations at the microscopic level. In this paper, short RC ties with lengths less than transfer length of bond stresses were chosen to investigate contact zones between concrete and reinforcement. A three-dimensional finite element approach (Model-3D) with simplified geometry of ribs (rib-scale model) is modelled. Its effectiveness is checked against the results yielded by a number of double pull-out tests on RC prisms, where the strain distribution of the bars was measured with strain gauges. As it turns out, the considered model shows a good correlation with experimental data at different loading levels, and the most important factor describing the effectiveness is the geometry of ribs.
Analysis of Zone Fire Models and their Application in Structural Fire Design
Authors: Svobodová Nicole , Benýšek Martin , Štefan Radek
Published: August 2021

This paper is focused on a comparison of zone fire modelling software tools and their application in structural fire design. The analysis of the zone models is performed for five selected computer programs, namely Argos, Branzfire, B-RISK, CFAST, and OZone. The limits and input parameters ofthe zone fire modelling software tools are described. In each software, two variants of the analysed compartment are created for simulating two types of fire scenario, including the fuel-controlled fire and the ventilation-controlled fire. The burning regimes are defined based on two heat release rate(HRR) curves, determined according to EN 1991-1-2. The HRR curves parameters are used as the main input data into the fire modelling software. The fire simulation method in each fire modelling software is selected based on the software capabilities. Although each program requires a different amount of input parameters, the aim was to create the same model in all programs and to compare the results. The fire modelling software outputs are exported into a spreadsheet. Subsequently, a comparison of the resulting graphs is performed, particularly the heat release rate graphs and the upper layertemperature evolution graphs. The fire resistance assessment of a simply-supported concrete slab panel is performed for all zone fire models and then the results are compared. The fire modelling software tools are finally quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated and compared to assess their differences.
Influence of the Method of Production of Test Specimens on the Result of the Frost Resistance Test of Concrete
Authors: Kocáb Dalibor , Daněk Petr , Žítt Petr , Vymazal Tomáš
Published: August 2021

The paper deals with a comparison and interpretation of results of frost resistance tests of concrete specimens taken from a structure and test specimens produced in a laboratory using plastic moulds. A concrete block had to be produced for the experiment to simulate a real structure. The concrete used for the production of this block was also used in a laboratory to produce the test specimens. Core samples were drilled out from the concrete block and were subsequently used to make sets of core specimens. The test specimens, which differed in size, shape and the production method in particular, were subjected to frost resistance tests. The output of the paper is both a comparison of the results obtained on individual types of test specimens and a recommendation on how to approach the determination of frost resistance of concrete in a structure.
Implementation and Testing of Short Span Footbridge System Made of UHPC
Authors: Marek Jan , Prchal Jan , Kolisko Jiří , Čítek David , Tej Petr , Holy Milan , Kalny Milan , Komanec Jan
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the results of testing and the first application of a newly developed innovative system of the bridge superstructures made of UHPC material. Being designed for footbridges it is called short span footbridge system - SSFS. This system was developed for a wide range of uses mainly as footbridges for pedestrians and cyclists and without waterproofing or surfacing. Prestressed prefabricated elements work as single-span beams with a span of up to 20 meters. Thanks to the optimization of the geometry design and the advantageous use of the mechanical properties of the UHPC material in combination with the prestressing, it was possible to achieve a very small construction height. These subtle and light load-bearing components tend to move away from traditional concrete structures, their span-to-depth ratios are closer to steel beams, but the needs for corrosion protection are eliminated using UHPC, which is inherently very durable and therefore almost maintenance-free. SSFS elements can be manufactured with a variable width of up to approx. 3.2 m, but they can be connected transversely and therefore the width of the structure is not limited. The first part of the paper is devoted to the development of the system and real applications of the first few footbridges made of UHPC material and other possibilities of this technology for future applications. The second part of the paper mentions the design and experimental verification of anchoring devices that are used to manipulate small-span footbridges made of UHPC.
Strength of AAAS Composites with Ceramic Precursor over Time
Authors: Frantík Petr , Rovnaníková Pavla , Keršner Zbyněk
Published: August 2021

The paper deals with the approximation of the time evolution of the strengths of selected alkali-activated aluminosilicate (AAAS) composites based on ceramic precursors. Composites made of brick dust as a precursor and an alkaline activator with a silicate modulus of Ms = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 were investigated. The filler consisted of standard quartz sand in one case, and crushed brick in the other. The test specimens had nominal dimensions of 40 × 40 × 160 mm and were tested in three-point bending after 7, 28, 90, and 300 days of maturation. From each composite, 3 specimens were tested and the compressive strength was determined from the 6 specimen parts that remained after the bending tests. The obtained flexural and compressive strength values for the abovementioned 4 composite ages were approximated by the exponential function , where the coefficient a represents a horizontal asymptote to the approximation curve, i.e. the theoretical strength of the composite at time t = ∞; the exponential term of the approximation with the coefficients b and c expresses the degree of the time-dependent change of the respective compressive strength in the interval t = (0, ∞). The approximation was performed with the least squares method using genetic algorithms implemented in the Java GA package with open source code.
Behavior of the Experimental Flat Slab Specimen Supported by an Elongated Column
Authors: Kormosova Ľudmila , Halvonik Jaroslav
Published: August 2021

The paper deals with the results of a loading an isolated fragment of flat slab specimen with two openings located close to the column. Slab specimen was supported by an elongated column and was without shear reinforcement. The accuracy of the relevant design models for prediction punching resistance was tested with obtained test results. All design models provided punching capacity on the safe side. The best accuracy has been achieved by non-linear analysis that was carried out with Atena software.
Corrosion Evaluation in Dual Completions Using a Multifrequency Electromagnetic Tool
Authors: Dai Junwen , Fouda Ahmed Elsayed
Published: August 2021

Early detection of corrosion in well casings is of great importance to oil and gas well management. A typical well completion includes a production tubing inside a number of nested casings, which provide necessary well integrity and environmental protections. A multifrequency electromagnetic pipe inspection tool with multiple transmitter and receiver arrays was designed to accurately estimate the individual wall thicknesses of up to five nested pipes. The tool uses an axis-symmetric forward model to invert for wall thicknesses, among other pipe parameters. However, in cases where production occurs from two or more segregated zones, the well is generally equipped with more than one production tubing, which breaks the axial symmetry. In this paper, we show how the tool can further be employed to inspect the integrity of non-nested tubulars, such as dual completions. The performance of the tool is demonstrated using a full-scale yard mockup with known defects.

A data-processing workflow, including multizone calibration and model-based inversion, is proposed to estimate the tubulars electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, wall thickness, and eccentricity. An in-situ, multizone calibration method is applied to remove adjacent tubings influence, thus enabling accurate estimation of the thickness of outer casings without having to pull out the production tubing.

In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool in wells with dual completions, a log was run in a 150 ft-long yard mockup with two strings of 2⅞ inch. tubing, two outer casing strings, and four different man-made defects on the casings. The tool is logged inside each of the tubing strings, and the two logs are inverted for the thickness and eccentricity of the tubing as well as the thickness of outer casings.

Results from the yard test reveal that when the tool is logged in one tubing, it can accurately detect various kinds of defects on outer casings, even in the presence of a second tubing. The interference from the second tubing is shown to be minimal due to the employed calibration algorithm. A high degree of consistency is seen between the logs run in each tubing string. This suggests that if the goal is solely to monitor corrosion in the outer casings, it suffices to run the tool in only one of the tubing strings, further cutting nonproductive time.

The techniques presented here enable pipe integrity monitoring without pulling the production tubings; tubings, therefore, minimizing inspection time and cost. The information provided by this tool can significantly improve the efficiency of well intervention operations, especially in areas with high corrosion rates.
On the Subsea Production System Availability with Resident Drones. A Reliability, Availability, Maintenability RAM Analysis
Authors: Mattioli Matteo , Di Padova Annamaria
Published: August 2021

The challenge in the Oil&Gas industry to remain competitive in a low oil price whilst dealing with minimization of operational risk and uptime asset maximization is leading offshore Companies to evolve thought proactive and predictive maintenance approaches. In the event of unplanned intervention due to anomalies or warning messages at the dispatching center, the decision on the size of the support vessel and its utilization for straordinary maintenance could be time consuming with potential high cost impact, also due to loss of production. Even the new generation of remote condition and monitoring systems, which allow to improve the capability of operators for early warnings and surveillance, provide a reliable solution for emergencies. In this context, resident subsea drones enable on-demand inspection whilst eliminating the need for support vessel and allow operator to manage the risk in continued operations also for dangerous areas restricted to human access.

A case study relevant to a new subsea field development have been conducted. Distinctive Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) analyses have been performed with the aim to get insight on the subsea production system availability considering a resident drone and to demonstrate how the so called "stategic maintainability" can be applied successfully in the decision-making process while reducing the OPEX. The former related to conventional IMR (Inspection, Maintenance & Repair) based on Condition Based and RBI, Risk Based Inspection approach, the latter related to strategic maintenability with resident drones. The application of such analysis required a multi-disciplinary approach together with the possibility of processing historical data in operating conditions. Historical data sources (e.g. OREDA dataset) were collected to obtain failure rates and active repair times typical of subsea equipment. Direct experience gained in over forty years of inspection and maintenance activities together with recent developments on subsea resident robotics allow the understanding of real internvention timing.

Results show that resident subsea drones applied for early inspection and light intervention are confirmed timely and costless solution respect to conventional IMR services. They represent the first aid for environmental surveillance and subsea inspection in case of emergency and provide a relevant saving of subsea production un-availability.

The economic value emerged from the presented case study represents a step change for OPEX optimization and motivates Best-in-Class Operators to get an insight case-by-case for both green and aging fields.
Accelerated First Oil With Integrated Execution Model, Digital FEED Platform And Product Standardization
Authors: Priyadarshi Hemant , Waskow Chris , Cruz Carolina , Sammon Jonathan , Parenteau Thomas
Published: August 2021

This paper illustrates how a subsea integrated ("SURF – Subsea Umbilicals Risers Flowlines" and "SPS – Subsea Production systems") execution model can be significantly improved in further reducing the time to first oil. It illustrates the use of digital platforms for FEEDs (Front End Engineering and Design) and Configure to Order (CTO) product designs to provide further schedule improvements resulting in an enhanced execution model. The time to first oil is considerably improved by cruising through the Front-End design gates using digital FEED platforms. CTO designs enable a project to reach the manufacturing gate faster by reducing detailed engineering effort significantly and in some cases eliminating it. The paper provides an introduction to the conventional execution model (Split SURF and SPS scopes), the integrated execution model (combined SURF and SPS scopes) and the enhanced integrated execution model (using digital FEED platform and CTO products). A comparison has been made on project delivery schedules between the three models illustrating the schedule savings through use of digital FEED platforms and CTO designs. It concludes that digitalization of FEEDs and standardization of product configurations create value for the operators in context of faster return on investment. Digital FEEDs are a new concept and still in its infancy. CTO design is a known concept; however, in context of a subsea project, how it may improve schedule delivery is not well established. These factors are truly an enhancement to the integrated execution approach and the additional value gets delivered to the end customer by further accelerating the time to first oil.
Accelerated Development of Pressure Balanced HPHT Dissolvable Plugged Nozzle Assemblies Through the Nippon Foundation-DeepStar Joint Ocean Innovation R&D Program for Extended Reach Deepwater Wells, Within a Short Time of Project Launch
Authors: Roy Ting Chen , Markel Daniel , Wilkinson Christian , Koyanagi Yoshihiko , Furusho Chihiro , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Grullon Gustavo , Elshahawi Hani , Shenoy Ramachandra , Roy Indranil
Published: August 2021

To meet and sustain the increasing energy needs of a growing world economy, exploration for oil and gas will be directed to increasingly extended reaches, complex profiles and hostile environments. Progress in harnessing high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) sour fields (environments containing hydrogen sulphide gas or H2S) and reducing the cost of extracting and refining will be highly leveraged by political and macroeconomic considerations. Motivated to harness the complex tight carbonate reservoirs in offshore Arabian Gulf, a major National Oil Company (NOC) in UAE and its partners embarked on an extensive and ambitious project to produce oil and gas from offshore artificial islands. To capture the full economic benefits of this project, operators are expected to drill farther and farther into one of the world's longest deep-water reservoirs (wells with laterals lengths beyond 40,000 feet). It has also taken them a decade of innovative technology development to be able to successfully harness these challenging deep-water assets. Among the technologies developed, one of the essential tools, a dissolvable plugged nozzle assembly (DPNA) with its ability to withstand higher pressures encountered at larger depths, while maintaining its mechanical integrity for extended times in heavy brines, enabling longer sweeps, thus service deeper wells was needed by operators. Recognizing this grand challenge, we designed and developed a pressure balanced HPHT DPN (PB-HPHT DPN) with erosion resistant Ni alloy jointly developed with a major Japanese steel and Ni alloy producer and anion-insensitive nano-BMGC plug developed by us. The PB-HPHT DPN has the following groundbreaking properties: (i) It can sustain pressures of up to 5,500 psi differential pressure (ΔP) for 48 hours when pressurized from inner diameter (ID) to outer diameter (OD), and can subsequently breakthrough on 500 psi DP pressure reversal (OD to ID) within 14 days from the start of the operations; (ii) It can be deployed in environments encompassing up-to 43% Bromide or up-to 21% Chloride brines and reaching temperatures as high as 250° F. Additionally, verification and validation (V&V) is supported by flow testing combined with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The design of the PB HPHT-DPN allows a fluid flow of up-to 0.6 bpm across the nozzle without experiencing a differential pressure increase of >2400 psi in a 4 mm DPN. In summary, the PB-HPHT DPN is a revolutionary device that will allow operators to efficiently produce oil and gas in extremely hostile environments.
Pathway to Decarbonisation and Maximum Value Recovery for Remote Offshore Gas Fields
Authors: Thomas Lee , Liebana Laura , Wood Terry , Mansour Alaa , Coaker Ashley , Hunt Roy , Rogerson Graeme
Published: August 2021

Gas developments are required to facilitate energy transition from carbon intensive energy to a sustainable balance of green and blue energy. The next decade will focus on exploiting gas fields globally to support this. A significant number of these fields are located in deepwater and /or are long distances from existing gas processing / LNG plants.

Transporting large volumes of gas from remote gas fields over longer distances and in deeper waters remains technologically and economically challenging. Conventional and near-term development options include subsea compression, floating vessels with topside compression and pipeline tie-back to shore, or floating liquefied natural gas vessels.

This paper and study are supported by The Oil & Gas Technology Centre (OGTC) and UK Oil and Gas Authority. It examines development options for a 200 km long 1700 m water depth tie back using integrated production modeling linked to power demands, along with installed steel tonnages. The Scope 1 and 2 emissions per unit of gas produced are analysed via a life cycle assessment using ISO 14044 as guidance for a long-distance gas tieback to the point of sale (inclusive of processing to sales specification). The major power intensive equipment used to develop these fields will be presented showing their proportion of the power consumption compared with the total; these include compression either onshore, offshore or subsea as well as the efficiency of the power generation devices in these environments. The paper will highlight the economics of each option and how varying the carbon price changes the commercial position of each option. The paper will show that by understanding what drives emissions, and how emissions relate to the amount of gas produced, that concept selection can drive upwards of 50% reduction in life cycle carbon emissions whilst improving project economic performance.

This paper examines multiple innovative technologies, providing technology readiness of new concepts based on the benchmarked study focusing both economic and carbon emission aspects. Finally, the paper will show that better economic outcomes with the decarbonisation of gas gathering systems is technically possible and can be deployed subsea to help meet the energy transition and allow the development of remote and deeper gas fields.
Drilling Problems Forecast Based on Neural Network
Authors: Borozdin Sergey Olegovich , Dmitrievsky Anatoly Nikolaevich , Eremin Nikolai Alexandrovich , Arkhipov Alexey Igorevich , Sboev Alexander Georgievich , Chashchina-Semenova Olga Kimovna , Fitzner Leonid Konstantinovich
Published: August 2021

This paper poses and solves the problem of using artificial intelligence methods for processing big volumes of geodata from geological and technological measurement stations in order to identify and predict complications during well drilling. Big volumes of geodata from the stations of geological and technological measurements during drilling varied from units to tens of terabytes. Digital modernization of the life cycle of well construction using machine learning methods contributes to improving the efficiency of drilling oil and gas wells. The clustering of big volumes of geodata from various sources and types of sensors used to measure parameters during drilling has been carried out. In the process of creating, training and applying software components with artificial neural networks, the specified accuracy of calculations was achieved, hidden and non-obvious patterns were revealed in big volumes of geological, geophysical, technical and technological parameters. To predict the operational results of drilling wells, classification models were developed using artificial intelligence methods. The use of a high-performance computing cluster significantly reduced the time spent on assessing the probability of complications and predicting these probabilities for 7-10 minutes ahead. A hierarchical distributed data warehouse has been formed, containing real-time drilling data in WITSML format using the SQL server (Microsoft). The module for preprocessing and uploading geodata to the WITSML repository uses the Energistics Standards DevKit API and Energistic data objects to work with geodata in the WITSML format. Drilling problems forecast accuracy which has been reached with developed system may significantly reduce non-productive time spent on eliminating of stuck pipe, mud loss and oil and gas influx events.
Brazil Subsea Processing & Boosting Technologies Yard: More Than 20 Years of Lessons Learned
Authors: Roberto Marcello Augustus Ramos , Koelln Herbert Prince , De Rezende Rodrigo Iunes
Published: August 2021

Over the last 20 years Brazil has been the stage where subsea processing and boosting (P&B) technology has supported and pushed the offshore oil and gas production to overcome its challenges and maximize field production and recovery factor.

Subsea Oil-Water and Gas-Liquid Separation Systems, Multiphase Pumps, Electrical Submersible Pumps, Raw Water Injection Systems, and other innovative, enabler, optimizer or even disruptive technologies have been developing and applying in Brazil's fields to increase the NPV of projects and make feasible long tiebacks scenarios.

This paper will present a retrospective of the most significant P&B systems developed and deployed in Brazil's fields, their operational experience, lessons learned, the next generation under development to surpass Pre-Salt and brown fields challenges and some initiatives to maximize these technologies applications.
Recent Progress in Applying Advanced Computation Methods to Radar-Based Wave Measurements
Authors: Vinther Morten Loell , Eide Torbjørn , Paraschiv Aurelia , Bonvik-Stone Dickon
Published: August 2021

High quality environmental data are critical for any offshore activity relying on data insights to form appropriate planning and risk mitigation routines under challenging weather conditions. Such data are the most significant driver of future footprint reduction in offshore industries, in terms of costs savings, as well as operational safety and efficiency, enabled through ease of data access for all relevant stakeholders.

This paper describes recent advancements in methods used by a dual-footprint Pulse-Doppler radar to provide accurate and reliable ocean wave height measurements. Achieved improvements during low wind weather conditions are presented and compared to data collected from other sources such as buoys and acoustic doppler wave and current profiler (ADCP) or legacy.

The study is based on comparisons of recently developed algorithms applied to different data sets recorded at various sites, mostly covering calm weather conditions.
Dropped Polyester Mooring Line Qualification for Reuse
Authors: Gage Craig R , Liagre Pierre F , Heyl Caspar N , Del Vecchio Cesar
Published: August 2021

The Perdido platform is a spar located in a water depth of 7,825 feet in the Alaminos Canyon Block 857in the Gulf of Mexico. The mooring system consists of nine mooring lines in three groups of three, spacedapproximately 120 degrees apart between each group. Each mooring line is composed of a platform chain,a multi-segment polyester rope including a 120 feet long test insert at the top, a ground chain, a pile chainand other associated connectors. The mooring lines are connected to suction piles. The Minimum BreakStrength for the Perdido polyester mooring line is 4,000 kips. Installation of the spar hull was completed inSeptember 2008 and the topsides was set in March 2009. The spar and its mooring system were originallydesigned for a twenty (20) year life.

On May 4, 2019, mooring line # 6 (ML6) was contacted by a marine vessel down line and was severed.Contact occurred along the polyester test insert. A recovery effort was planned, and the mooring line wasreplaced in early June. The original ML6 was recovered from the seafloor on June 4, 2019 as a part of thatcampaign and submitted to an initial inspection.

This paper is not intended to go into either the cause of the incident or the replacement of ML6 but willlook to the inspection of the recovered mooring line and explore its suitability for reuse. Initial inspection ofthe lines suggested minimal damage to the polyester rope segments and raised questions to the impacts of 10years of use. Testing was envisioned as a learning opportunity for the impact of service on polyester mooringand was reinforced by the potential cost savings that could be attained though reuse. A methodology wasdeveloped, supported by initial inspections and a suite of testing was performed. The results of these testsare presented in the following, along with a proposed process for assessing and considering reuse of a linefollowing a drop. Additionally, conclusions will be shared for the process, the results, and the potentialramifications for the industry.