bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation and relaxation dynamics of iso-CH2Cl–I in cryogenic matrices
Authors: Preston Thomas J. , Dutta Maitreya , Esselman Brian J. , Kalume Aimable , George Lisa , McMahon Robert J. , Reid Scott A. , Fleming Crim F.
Published: September 2011

Photolysis of chloroiodomethane (CH2ClI) in cryogenic matrices followed by recombination of the nascent radical pair produces an isomer (CH2Cl–I) that features a halogen-halogen (Cl–I) bond. Using ultrafast laser pulses, it is possible to follow the formation of this isomer by transient electronic absorption in low-temperature matrices of N2, CH4, and Ar. Frequency-domain measurements provide vibrational and electronic spectra, and electronic structure calculations give the structures of the isomers and the minimum energy path that connects them. The ultrafast experiments cleave the C–I bond with a 267-nm photolysis pulse and probe the formation of the isomer at wavelengths between 435 nm and 510 nm. The longest wavelengths preferentially interrogate vibrationally excited molecules, and their transient absorption shows that the highly vibrationally excited isomer appears within 1 to 2 ps, depending on the matrix, likely reflecting the loss of 2000 cm−1 or more of energy in a strong, inelastic collision of the fragments with the matrix. The subsequent relaxation of the vibrationally excited isomer occurs in 20 to 40 ps, a time that is comparable to those observed for halomethane molecules and their isomers in liquids and in supercritical CO2. These observations suggest that the formation and initial relaxation of the isomer in dense media do not depend strongly on the identity of the surroundings.
Simulation of effective dielectric permittivities: Comparison of different crystal structures, amorphous systems, and nanocomposites
Authors: Leschhorn A. , Kliem H.
Published: September 2011

We compute the effective dielectric permittivities of systems of induced dipoles on a microscopic scale by calculating the local electric fields. In contrast to macroscopic or medium field calculations the method of local fields considers all dipolar fields within the sample taking account of the electrodes by the method of images. In this way, all depolarizing fields in inhomogeneous samples are regarded. Results for amorphous dielectrics and materials with different crystal structures are compared. Furthermore, nanocomposites are investigated, with regions of different structures and polarizabilities. We found that the conventional Clausius-Mossotti formula approximates very well the numerical results for amorphous samples and samples with cubic lattices in a wide parameter range. Using averaged particle density and averaged polarizability, the Clausius-Mossotti formula yields the effective permittivities even of CsCl structure, including two different species of particles, and of many nanocomposites. Deviations from Clausius-Mossotti we found mainly for tetragonal lattices.
Solitary and freak waves in a dusty plasma with negative ions
Authors: Abdelsalam U. M. , Moslem W. M. , Khater A. H. , Shukla P. K.
Published: September 2011

It is shown that solitary and freak waves can propagate in a dusty plasma composed of positive and negative ions, as well as nonextensive electrons. The evolution of the solitary waves is described by the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. However, when the frequency of the carrier wave is much smaller than the ion plasma frequency then the KdV equation is also used to study the nonlinear evolution of modulationally unstable modified ion-acoustic wavepackets through the derivation of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. In order to show that the characteristics of the solitary and freak waves are influenced by the plasma parameters, the relevant numerical analysis of the appropriate nonlinear solutions is presented. The relevance of the present investigation to nonlinear waves in astrophysical plasma environments is discussed.
Dispersion of the refractive indices of thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer single crystals
Authors: Yamao Takeshi , Okuda Yuki , Makino Yoshitaka , Hotta Shu
Published: September 2011

We have determined the wavelength dependence of group refractive indices for crystals of thiophene/phenylene co-oligomers (TPCOs). We calculated the group indices from the broadband interference modulation of the emission spectra. The interference is caused by a pair of parallel crystal edges that function as an optical resonator. These indices steeply increased with decrease in wavelengths and were in good agreement with those estimated from the mode intervals of the longitudinal multimode at the laser oscillation. Furthermore, we derived the dispersion of phase refractive indices on the basis of the Sellmeier dispersion equation. These refractive indices gradually increased with decrease in wavelengths and ranged 2.5–3.2 for the materials. The implications of the experimental results are discussed.
Consistent treatment of coherent and incoherent energy transfer dynamics using a variational master equation
Authors: McCutcheon Dara P. S. , Nazir Ahsan
Published: September 2011

We investigate the energy transfer dynamics in a donor-acceptor model by developing a time-local master equation technique based on a variational transformation of the underlying Hamiltonian. The variational transformation allows a minimisation of the Hamiltonian perturbation term dependent on the system parameters, and consequently results in a versatile master equation valid over a range of system-bath coupling strengths, temperatures, and environmental spectral densities. While our formalism reduces to the well-known Redfield, Förster and polaron forms in the appropriate limits, in general it is not equivalent to perturbing in either the system-environment or donor-acceptor coupling strengths, and hence can provide reliable results between these limits as well. Moreover, we show how to include the effects of both environmental correlations and non-equilibrium preparations within the formalism.
High hole carrier concentration realized by alternative co-doping technique in metal organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Aoyagi Yoshinobu , Takeuchi Misaichi , Iwai Sohachi , Hirayama Hideki
Published: September 2011

A method of alternative co-doping in metal organic chemical deposition was used to realize high hole carrier concentrations of about 6 × 1018/cm3 in AlxGa1−xN (x = 0.4) and 2 × 1019/cm3 for GaN at room temperature. This technique opens up a new avenue for fabricating electronic p-channel devices, such as p-channel high electron mobility transistor, and vertical current flow type devices, such as deep ultra violet light emitting diodes.
Functional Polyether-based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Synthesized by Atom-transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Hussain Hazrat , Amado Elkin , Kressler Jörg
Published: September 2011

This review deals with the synthesis, physical properties, and applications of amphiphilic block copolymers based on hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or hydrophobic poly(propylene oxide) (PPO). Oligomeric PEO and PPO are frequently functionalized by converting their OH end groups into macroinitiators for atom-transfer radical polymerization. They are then used to generate additional blocks as part of complex copolymer architectures. Adding hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks, respectively, leads to polymers with amphiphilic character in water. They are surface active and form micelles above a critical micellization concentration. Together with recent developments in post-polymerization techniques through quantitative coupling reactions (‘click’ chemistry) a broad variety of tailored functionalities can be introduced to the amphiphilic block copolymers. Examples are outlined including stimuli responsiveness, membrane penetrating ability, formation of multi-compartmentalized micelles, etc.
Stability and Cell Adhesion Properties of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Brushes with Variable Grafting Densities
Authors: Sui Xiaofeng , Di Luca Andrea , Gunnewiek Michel Klein , Kooij E. Stefan , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Moroni Lorenzo , Hempenius Mark A. , Vancso G. Julius
Published: September 2011

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes with three different grafting densities were synthesized via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization on glass or on silicon substrates. The substrates were modified with monochlorosilane-based or trimethoxysilane-based atom-transfer radical polymerization initiators. Atomic force microscopy images showed detachment of brushes from the monochlorosilane-based system under cell culture conditions. In situ ellipsometry demonstrated the reversible swelling and collapse of the brushes as the temperature was varied across the lower critical solution temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in pure water. The polymer brushes were evaluated as supporting substrates for MC-3T3 cell cultures. At 37°C (T>lower critical solution temperature), the seeded cells adhered, spread, and proliferated, whereas at 25°C (T<lower critical solution temperature), the cells detached from the surface. The low-density polymer brush showed the highest cell adhesion, featuring adhering cells with an elongated morphology.
Regional forest-fire susceptibility analysis in central Portugal using a probabilistic ratings procedure and artificial neural network weights assignment
Authors: Dimuccio Luca Antonio , Ferreira Rui , Cunha Lúcio , Campar de Almeida António
Published: September 2011

Geographic information system analysis and artificial neural network modelling were combined to evaluate forest-fire susceptibility in the Central Portugal administrative area. Data on forest fire events, indicated by burnt areas during the years from 1990 to 2007, were identified from official records. Topographic, supporting infrastructures, vegetation cover, climatic, demographic and satellite-image data were collected, processed and integrated into a spatial database using geographic information system techniques. Eight fire-related factors were extracted from the collected data, including topographic slope and aspect, road density, viewsheds from fire watchtowers, land cover, Landsat Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, precipitation and population density. Ratings were calculated for the classes or categories of each factor using a frequency-probabilistic procedure. The thematic layers (burnt areas and fire-related factors) were analysed using an advanced artificial neural network model to calculate the relative weight of each factor in explaining the distribution of burnt areas. A forest-fire susceptibility index was calculated using the trained back-propagation artificial neural network weights and the frequency-probabilistic ratings, and then a general forest-fire susceptibility index map was constructed in geographic information system. Burnt areas were used to evaluate the forest-fire susceptibility index map, and the results showed an agreement of 78%. This forest-fire susceptibility map can be used in strategic and operational forest-fire management planning at the regional scale.
Influences of forest roads on the spatial pattern of wildfire boundaries
Authors: Narayanaraj Ganapathy , Wimberly Michael C.
Published: September 2011

Although many studies have examined fire ignition and fire spread, the cessation of fire is largely unexplored at a landscape scale. Therefore, we sought to examine the effects of forest roads on fire boundary locations. We analysed six fires within the Wenatchee National Forest in Washington State. Geographic Information System datasets of fire boundaries and environmental variables were obtained from government agencies. Case points were sampled on the fire boundaries, and five matching control points were sampled inside the fire boundary for each case. Matched case–control logistic regression was performed to identify the environmental differences between each case and its set of control points. We found that for four of the fires, fire boundaries were significantly closer to roads than to random control points. Various terrain and vegetation attributes were also correlated with fire boundary locations. In the fires where road effects were significant, they had stronger effects than any of the other environmental constraints on fire boundary locations. These results suggest that road effects on fire cessation should be incorporated more explicitly into landscape-level assessment of wildfire risk and analyses of fuel treatment effectiveness.
Factors affecting fuel break effectiveness in the control of large fires on the Los Padres National Forest, California
Authors: Syphard Alexandra D. , Keeley Jon E. , Brennan Teresa J.
Published: September 2011

As wildfires have increased in frequency and extent, so have the number of homes developed in the wildland–urban interface. In California, the predominant approach to mitigating fire risk is construction of fuel breaks, but there has been little empirical study of their role in controlling large fires. We constructed a spatial database of fuel breaks on the Los Padres National Forest in southern California to better understand characteristics of fuel breaks that affect the behaviour of large fires and to map where fires and fuel breaks most commonly intersect. We evaluated whether fires stopped or crossed over fuel breaks over a 28-year period and compared the outcomes with physical characteristics of the sites, weather and firefighting activities during the fire event. Many fuel breaks never intersected fires, but others intersected several, primarily in historically fire-prone areas. Fires stopped at fuel breaks 46% of the time, almost invariably owing to fire suppression activities. Firefighter access to treatments, smaller fires and longer fuel breaks were significant direct influences, and younger vegetation and fuel break maintenance indirectly improved the outcome by facilitating firefighter access. This study illustrates the importance of strategic location of fuel breaks because they have been most effective where they provided access for firefighting activities.
Repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) controls radial migration and temporal neuronal specification during neocortical development
Authors: Mandel Gail , Fiondella Christopher G. , Covey Matthew V. , Lu Diane D. , LoTurco Joseph J. , Ballas Nurit
Published: September 2011

Neurogenesis requires mechanisms that coordinate early cell-fate decisions, migration, and terminal differentiation. Here, we show that the transcriptional repressor, repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST), regulates radial migration and the timing of neural progenitor differentiation during neocortical development, and that the regulation is contingent upon differential REST levels. Specifically, a sustained presence of REST blocks migration and greatly delays—but does not prevent—neuronal differentiation, resulting in a subcortical band heterotopia-like phenotype, reminiscent of loss of doublecortin. We further show that doublecortin is a direct gene target of REST, and that its overexpression rescues, at least in part, the aberrant phenotype caused by persistent presence of REST. Our studies support the view that the targeted down-regulation of REST to low levels in neural progenitors, and its subsequent disappearance during neurogenesis, is critical for timing the spatiotemporal transition of neural progenitor cells to neurons.
Sistan and Its Local Histories
Authors: Bosworth C. Edmund
Published: September 2011

Today Sistan is an impoverished region of the Afghan-Persian borderland, the condition of whose economy and populace appeared excessively forlorn to the few European travellers and officials who visited it or who worked there in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Thus the Indian Army officer, boundary delimitation commissioner, and consul C. E. Yate, writing of his experiences in the 1890s, stated, “What with their debts to thekatkhudaswho advanced the grain, the cultivators and people of Sistan generally were in a wretched state of poverty. I do not think I ever saw a more miserable-looking lot.“ Yet Sistan, until later medieval times at least, had enjoyed a much more glorious past.

“Sistan,” Middle Persian Sakastan “land of the Sakas,” whence Arabic Sijistan, is of course the more recent name in history for the Drangiana of the classical Greek geographers and historians.
The Caspian Provinces: A World Apart Three local histories of Mazandaran
Authors: Melville Charles
Published: September 2011

Every ruler defeated by an enemy and unable to maintain himself in another country would come to this land for safety, and be untroubled by the schemes of his foe. The people of Tabaristan have no need of anything brought from another province, and everything that exists in the cultivated world for living a pleasant life can be obtained there. Winter is like autumn in other places and summer like spring; its land is covered with meadows and gardens, so that the eye rests on nothing but greenery. The air from the north is temperate and soft, but due to the proximity of the sea and the multitude of pools, fogs and clouds are sometimes more frequent than in other provinces.

—Ibn Isfandiyar,Tārīkh-i Ṭabaristān,1:76, extracts

If anyone blessed with perceptiveness, intelligence, wisdom and an understanding of the times, after reading and contemplating this book, ponders with the eye of reflection and experience the tyranny, heretical innovations and contempt for others that the men of Gilan have constantly displayed, he will know for sure what consequences will follow from ingratitude for benefits received and from violation of the dues owed to an ancient benefactor.

—ᶜAbd al-Fattah Fumani,Tārīkh-i Gīlān,5
Haft Qalam Ārāyish: Cosmetics in the Iranian World
Authors: Farmanfarmaian Fatema Soudavar
Published: September 2011

The history of cosmetics in the Iranian world has suffered from neglect, perhaps because the subject has been deemed to be too frivolous for serious research. Yet, not only does the study of cosmetics shed light on the evolution of taste in fashions and canons of beauty, but more importantly it gives additional information on trade relations and cross-cultural influences. Conversely, the history of trade relations helps Us to clarify some elusive issues in the history of cosmetic fashions.

In this article, a brief introductory section on the Iranian concept of haft qalam ārāyish (or “the seven items of cosmetics“) will be followed by a historical overview of the evolution of cosmetics in antiquity and the relevance of fashions in the Mediterranean world to those in pre-Islamic Iran. In the Islamic period the focus will be on the haft qalam ārāyish in Iran and in regions under the influence of Irano-Islamic culture.
Modeling the flash-heat experiment on porous domains
Authors: Banks H. , Cioranescu D. , Criner A. , Winfree W.
Published: September 2011

We discuss a mathematical model for the flash-heat experiment in homogeneous isotropic media. We then use this model to investigate the use of homogenization techniques in approximating models for interrogation via flash-heating in porous materials. We represent porous materials as both randomly perforated domains and periodically perforated domains.
Identification of three novel antisense RNAs in the fur locus from unicellular cyanobacteria
Authors: Sevilla Emma , Martín-Luna Beatriz , González Andrés , Gonzalo-Asensio Jesús A. , Peleato María Luisa , Fillat María F.
Published: September 2011

The interplay between Fur (ferric uptake regulator) proteins and small, non-coding RNAs has been described as a key regulatory loop in several bacteria. In the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, a large dicistronic transcript encoding the putative membrane protein Alr1690 and an α-furA RNA is involved in the modulation of the global regulator FurA. In this work we report the existence of three novel antisense RNAs in cyanobacteria and show that a cis α-furA RNA is conserved in very different genomic contexts, namely in the unicellular cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Syα-fur RNA covers only part of the coding sequence of the fur orthologue sll0567, whose flanking genes encode two hypothetical proteins. Transcriptional analysis of fur and its adjacent genes in Microcystis unravels a highly compact organization of this locus involving overlapping transcripts. Maα-fur RNA spans the whole Mafur CDS and part of the flanking dnaJ and sufE sequences. In addition, Mafur seems to be part of a dicistronic operon encoding this regulator and an α-sufE RNA. These results allow new insights into the transcriptomes of two unicellular cyanobacteria and suggest that in M. aeruginosa PCC 7806, the α-fur and α-sufE RNAs might participate in a regulatory connection between the genes of the dnaJ–fur–sufE locus.
Effect of weight loss on C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients
Authors: Hernández‐Mijares Antonio , Bañuls Celia , Bellod Lorena , Jover Ana , Solá Eva , Morillas Carlos , Víctor Víctor M. , Rocha Milagros
Published: September 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (5): 503–509

Background  Circulating C3 levels are elevated in obese patients, but how this factor is affected after weight loss through diet is a question that is yet unanswered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of weight loss on lipid and hydrocarbonated metabolism parameters and on the levels of C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients.

Design  This is a longitudinal intervention study based on a 6‐week very low‐calorie diet (VLCD), a liquid formula of 603 kcal/day. A total of 131 middle‐aged patients were distributed among grades II, III and IV of obesity. Anthropometric parameters, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLc, apolipoproteins A‐I and B‐100, glucose, insulin, HOMA‐IR and C3 and C4 levels were evaluated at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention.

Results  After VLCD, the moderate weight loss was accompanied by a significant reduction in C3 levels in grade III and grade IV patients (10·2% and 15·4%, respectively; P < 0·001). C4 levels were not altered. Adherence to the diet improved anthropometric parameters and was accompanied by a significant decrease in all lipid profile parameters (P < 0·001). In addition, weight loss was associated with an improvement in hydrocarbonated metabolism as shown by the decrease in glucose levels and HOMA‐IR (P < 0·01).

Conclusions  Our findings show that in severely obese patients following a VLCD for 6 weeks produces reductions in factor C3, a biomarker of cardiovascular disease, and a significant improvement in some features of metabolic syndrome. In this way, the abovementioned diet may represent an effective strategy for treating obesity and related cardiovascular risk factors.
Duration of breast feeding and risk of developmental delay in Taiwanese children: a nationwide birth cohort study
Authors: Chiu Wan‐Chun , Liao Hua‐Fang , Chang Pei‐Jen , Chen Pau‐Chung , Chen Yi Chun
Published: September 2011

Chiu W‐C, Liao H‐F, Chang P‐J, Chen P‐C, Chen YC. Duration of breast feeding and risk of developmental delay in Taiwanese children: a nationwide birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2011; 25: 519–527.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between duration of breast feeding and four developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal/social skills. This study included 14 621 infants from birth to 18 months of age. In the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, four developmental screening items adapted from the Denver Development Screening Test were most appropriate for children aged 15 to 18 months. The proportion of young children who had mastered specific milestones increased consistently with longer duration of breast feeding. The adjusted odds ratios of the risk of developmental delay for the longest duration of breast feeding vs. never breast‐fed were 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57, 0.83] for gross motor, 0.64 [95% CI 0.53, 0.77] for fine motor, 0.74 [95% CI 0.60, 0.91] for language, and 0.76 [95% CI 0.64, 0.90] for personal/social skills. Regardless of when the mothers returned to work, duration of breast feeding was found to have an inverse association with developmental delay in young children. The protection against developmental delays remained significant for those children who were breast‐fed for more than 6 months. Children who were breast‐fed for longer than 6 months had a lower risk of developmental delay than those who were never breast‐fed. These data support the hypothesis that duration of breast feeding is positively related to young children's neurodevelopment.
Using a biochemical C4 photosynthesis model and combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to estimate bundle‐sheath conductance of maize leaves differing in age and nitrogen content
Authors: YIN XINYOU , SUN ZHOUPING , STRUIK PAUL C. , VAN DER PUTTEN PETER E. L. , VAN IEPEREN WIM , HARBINSON JEREMY
Published: September 2011

Bundle‐sheath conductance (gbs) affects CO2 leakiness, and, therefore, the efficiency of the CO2‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) in C4 photosynthesis. Whether and how gbs varies with leaf age and nitrogen status is virtually unknown. We used a C4‐photosynthesis model to estimate gbs, based on combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence on fully expanded leaves of three different ages of maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under two contrasting nitrogen levels. Nitrogen was replenished weekly to maintain leaf nitrogen content (LNC) at a similar level across the three leaf ages. The estimated gbs values on leaf‐area basis ranged from 1.4 to 10.3 mmol m−2 s−1 and were affected more by LNC than by leaf age, although gbs tended to decrease as leaves became older. When converted to resistance (rbs = 1/gbs), rbs decreased monotonically with LNC. The correlation was presumably associated with nitrogen effects on leaf anatomy such as on wall thickness of bundle‐sheath cells. Despite higher gbs, meaning less efficient CCM, the calculated loss due to photorespiration was still low for high‐nitrogen leaves. Under the condition of ambient CO2 and saturating irradiance, photorespiratory loss accounted for 3–5% of fixed carbon for the high‐nitrogen, versus 1–2% for the low‐nitrogen, leaves.
Hydraulic conductance of Acacia phyllodes (foliage) is driven by primary nerve (vein) conductance and density
Authors: SOMMERVILLE KATY E. , SACK LAWREN , BALL MARILYN C.
Published: September 2011

We determined effects of venation traits on hydraulic conductance of phyllodes (foliage), using an array of Acacia s.str. species with diverse phyllode morphologies as the source of variation. Measurements were made on phyllodes from 44 species, grown in common gardens but originating from different positions along a precipitation gradient. Kphyllode varied 18‐fold and was positively correlated with primary nerve hydraulic conductance, and with primary nerve (vein) density but not with minor nerve density, in contrast with previous studies of true leaves in other dicotyledons. Phyllodes with higher primary nerve density also had greater mass per area (PMA) and larger bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) from their minor nerves. We suggest that higher primary nerve conductivity and density may decrease the distance travelled in the high‐resistance extra‐xylem pathways of the phyllode. Further, larger BSEs may increase the area available for dispersion of water from the xylem to the extra‐xylem tissue. High PMA phyllodes were more common in acacias from areas receiving lower annual precipitation. Maximizing efficient water movement through phyllodes may be more important where rainfall is meagre and infrequent, explaining relationships between nerve patterns and the climates of origin in Australian phyllodinous Acacia.
Duration of Ross River viraemia in a mouse model – implications for transfusion transmission
Authors: Shang G. , Seed C. R. , Gahan M. E. , Rolph M. S. , Mahalingam S.
Published: September 2011

Background and Objectives  There is little data on the duration of viraemia following infection with Ross River virus (RRV), the most common cause of arbovirus disease in Australia. In particular, no accurate estimate exists for the duration of pre‐symptomatic RRV infection, which is important in assessing the potential for transfusion transmission.

Materials and Methods  We used an established mouse model of RRV infection involving adult Swiss outbred mice to measure viraemia following infection. Applying our experimental data to a published probabilistic model for estimating the risk of dengue transmission by transfused blood, we derived comparable risk estimates for RRV.

Results  Ross River virus RNA was measured using highly sensitive real‐time PCR in serum samples to determine the duration of asymptomatic viraemia, which typically lasted 5 days, but extended to 9 days in some mice. Assuming the potential for transfusion transmission is proven, the risk of RRV transmission by blood during a 2004 outbreak in Cairns, Australia was retrospectively estimated as 1 in 13 542 (range from 1 in 4765 to 47 563).

Conclusion  This study provides updated epidemiological data useful to underpin modelling to assess the potential risk of transfusion‐transmitted RRV. Using an established model for dengue, the risk estimate for RRV transmission is comparable in the same geographical region. Should transfusion be proven as a route of transmission, this supports consideration of appropriate mitigation strategies to safeguard blood recipients.
Detection ofEncephalitozoon cuniculiin the feline cataractous lens
Authors: Benz Petra , Maaß Günter , Csokai Jacqueline , Fuchs‐Baumgartinger Andrea , Schwendenwein Ilse , Tichy Alexander , Nell Barbara
Published: September 2011

Purpose Identification ofEncephalitozoon cuniculi(E. cuniculi) as a possible causative agent for cataracts and uveitis in cats.

Methods Within a 12‐month study period, cats that were presented with focal anterior cortical or mature cataract and secondary uveitis underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, serologic tests forE. cuniculiand tests forfeline immunodeficiency virus(FIV),feline infectious peritonitis(FIP),feline leukemia virus(FeLV) andToxoplasma gondii(T. gondii). PCR for DNA detection ofE. cuniculiandT. gondiias well as cytologic examination of aqueous humor after paracentesis and phacoemulsified lens material were also performed. In addition histopathologic examination of the resected anterior lens capsule and attached lens epithelial cells was performed. Serologic testing for antibodies againstE. cuniculiwas also performed in 100 ophthalmologically healthy cats.

Results Eleven (19 eyes) European shorthair cats with a median age of 3.5 years were included. Nine of 11 cats had bilateral cataracts, with 12/19 eyes having focal anterior cortical cataracts and 7/19 eyes having mature cataracts. In 14/19 eyes anterior uveitis was present. All cats had a positive antibody titer (1:80–1:10 000) forE. cuniculi.Encephalitozoon cuniculiDNA was detected by PCR and sequencing in 18/19 lenses and in 10/19 aqueous samples. Five tentative positive results were detected by cytologic examination. Spores were detected in 15/19 samples of lens material with histopathologic staining. Only 2/100 ophthalmologically healthy cats showed a positive antibody titer forE. cuniculi.

Conclusion Encephalitozoon cuniculiis a cause of focal anterior cortical cataract and anterior uveitis in cats.
Intraocular ALλ amyloidoma with plasma cell neoplasia in a cat
Authors: Kershaw Olivia , Linek Jens , Linke Reinhold P. , Gruber Achim D.
Published: September 2011

An 11‐year‐old, neutered male domestic short‐hair cat was presented with buphthalmos of the right eye and diagnosed with advanced glaucoma. Sonographic examination revealed an iridial thickening. Neoplasia was suspected and an enucleation was performed. Histopathology of the enucleated eye revealed abundant amyloid deposition predominantly in the anterior uveal tract accompanied by few to moderate numbers of well‐differentiated plasma cells. The amyloid deposits were identified by staining with Congo red and showing green birefringence under polarized light. Immunohistochemically, amyloid and plasma cells stained intensely only with anti‐ALλ antibody, supporting the amyloid tumor being an immunoglobulin‐λ‐light chain origin. Additional abnormalities included narrowing of the filtration angle and collapse of the ciliary cleft, and trabecular meshwork. One year post‐enucleation, the cat was still healthy without signs of systemic amyloidosis or apparent metastatic disease. This is the first report of a cat with noncutaneous extramedullary plasmacytoma originating in the anterior uveal tract with resulting local amyloid.
Macrophakia in three cats
Authors: Benz Petra , Walde Ingo , Gumpenberger Michaela , Nell Barbara
Published: September 2011

This report describes three cases of bilateral macrophakia in 3‐, 5‐, and 9‐year‐old cats, respectively. All cats were presented because of visual deficits. Ophthalmic examination revealed macrophakia (the vitreous was replaced by the lens) and retinal changes (tapetal hyper‐reflectivity, attenuation of retinal vessels, and retinal folds) in all cats. In addition, bilateral subconjunctival orbital fat prolapse in one cat and microphthalmos in another cat were present. To confirm the ophthalmologic diagnosis of macrophakia, gross pathology examination in one cat and ultrasound examination in another cat were performed.
Characterization of membranous (M) cells in normal feline conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)
Authors: Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Finn Kevin
Published: September 2011

Objective To characterize conjunctival lymphoid nodules obtained from the nictitans of healthy cats to determine if the follicle‐associated epithelium (FAE) of conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in this species contains membranous (M)‐cells analogous to those described in other regions of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Methods Lymphoid follicles from nictitan bulbar surfaces of 10 healthy cats (20 eyes total) were examined. Nictitans from five cats were harvested immediately post‐mortem and a minimum of 12 lymphoid nodules from each third eyelid were isolated using a Zeiss operating microscope. At least three lymphoid follicles from each eye were examined using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using standard fixation and embedding protocols. Nictitan‐lymphoid follicles from another five healthy cats were processed for immunohistochemistry to characterize the distribution of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes present beneath the FAE.

Results The FAE overlying CALT from 10 healthy cats demonstrated morphology characteristic of M‐cells including attenuated apical cell surface with blunted microvilli and microfolds, invaginated basolateral membrane forming a cytoplasmic pocket, and diminished distance between the apical and pocket membrane. Immunohistochemistry of lymphoid tissue subtending the FAE demonstrated B‐cell dependent regions in the germinal centers surrounded by T‐cell dependent interfollicular zones.

Conclusions Healthy feline CALT contains morphologic features analogous to those described in other regions of MALT. Documentation of feline conjunctival M‐cells is of clinical relevance in the study of primary infectious, allergic, and autoimmune ocular diseases, as well as a potential means of vaccination or drug delivery.
Acremoniumkeratomycosis in a cat
Authors: Binder Daniel R. , Sugrue Jesse E. , Herring Ian P.
Published: September 2011

A 14‐year‐old, female spayed Domestic Short‐haired cat was presented for evaluation of progressive superficial corneal ulceration with mucoid ocular discharge, blepharospasm, and conjunctival hyperemia OD. Upon examination, ulcerative keratitis with stromal loss, chemosis, corneal edema, miosis, aqueous flare, and hyphema were noted. Corneal cytology revealed branching, septate fungal hyphae with bulbous terminations and associated ovoid structures, with suppurative inflammation. Fungal culture of corneal swabs confirmed the presence ofAcremonium, although PCR of the cytology sample was negative. Ten days of treatment with topical 1% miconazole resulted in clinical deterioration before switching to topical 1% voriconazole solution, which was successful in resolving the infection. The apparent clinical efficacy of the topical antifungals used contrasted with thein vitrosusceptibility profile.
Corneal hemangiosarcoma in a cat
Authors: Cazalot G. , Regnier A. , Deviers A. , Serra F. , Lucas M. N. , Etienne C. L. , Raymond Letron I.
Published: September 2011

A 10 year‐old castrated male Domestic Short‐hair cat with a history of chronic bilateral keratitis was referred for assessment of a red, elevated mass involving the left cornea. The rapid growth of the mass, over a month period in combination with pronounced vascularization and invasion of the corneal surface suggested an aggressive inflammatory or neoplastic process. Following keratectomy, the lesion was diagnosed histopathologically as a hemangiosarcoma. The tumor recurred locally within 3 weeks and enucleation was performed. Histopathologic examination of the globe confirmed the diagnosis and did not reveal infiltration of the limbus and conjunctiva. No signs of local recurrence or metastatic disease have been observed 18 months following enucleation. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma described in the feline species.
Individual versus team‐based case‐management for clients of opioid treatment services: An initial evaluation of what clients prefer
Authors: DAY CAROLYN A. , DEMIRKOL APO , TYNAN MAGGIE , CURRY KENNETH , HINES SUSAN , LINTZERIS NICK , HABER PAUL S.
Published: September 2011

Introduction and Aims. Case‐management is a client‐centred intervention to improve the coordination and continuity of delivery of services for people with complex needs. This service has been incorporated into opioid treatment programs in various ways. This study was undertaken to compare two case‐management models, termed individual case‐management (ICM) and team‐based case‐management (TBCM). This study aims to describe the new TBCM and client attitudes to, and acceptance of, this model compared with ICM.

Design and Methods. Clients from two opioid treatment programs, one implementing ICM and one implementing the TBCM, were recruited to undertake a self‐complete survey examining satisfaction with case‐management during dosing hours over 7 months. Surveys took approximately 10 min to complete.

Results. One hundred and sixty‐three clients were surveyed (62 ICM, 101 TBCM). Clients were demographically similar, but differed in terms of treatment and drug use characteristics. Significantly higher ratings of case‐management were reported from TBCM compared with ICM clients for help with opiate use (P < 0.001), other drug use (P < 0.001), mental health (P < 0.001), accommodation (P = 0.023), relationships/parenting (P = 0.003) and physical health (P = 0.002) and clinic services in terms of fairness and consistency, safety, respect, staff quality and confidentiality (P < 0.001). Compared with ICM clients, TBCM clients were more likely to report ease of access to case‐management (P < 0.001), wait significantly less time to see a case‐manager (38% vs. 7% seen same day) and 93% and 47% of clients, respectively, reported satisfaction with treatment (P < 0.001).

Discussion and Conclusions. These initial data indicate client acceptance and satisfaction with the TBCM model. Further evaluation of the model, including cost‐effectiveness, is warranted.[Day CA, Demirkol A, Tynan M, Curry K, Hines S, Lintzeris N, Haber PS. Individual versus team‐based case‐management for clients of opioid treatment services: An initial evaluation of what clients prefer. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:499–506]
Situationism and the Concept of a Situation
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: September 2011

Abstract:The concept of a situation underlying the debate between moral situationists and dispositionists conceals various underexplored complexities. Some of those issues have been engaged recently in the so‐called psychology of situations, but they have been slow to receive attention in mainstream philosophy. I invoke various distinctions among situations, and show how situationists have selectively chosen certain types of situations that, for conceptual reasons, skew the argument in their favour. I introduce the concept of a ‘virtue‐calibrated situation’, and argue that if the person–situation debate is to move forward in philosophy as it has in psychology, it must focus on such situations. I bring to bear evidence from analytic and continental philosophy, as well as from social and personality psychology.
Risk of Herpes zoster in patients with psoriasis treated with biologic drugs
Authors: Dreiher J. , Kresch F.S. , Comaneshter D. , Cohen A.D.
Published: September 2011

Background  Little is known about the risk of herpes zoster (HZ), among patients with psoriasis treated with biologic drugs.

Objective  To determine the incidence of HZ in patients with psoriasis and the association between HZ and use of biologic drugs in these patients.

Methods  The study was performed utilizing the medical database of Clalit Health Services in Israel. The incidence of HZ events was calculated among patients with psoriasis treated with phototherapy, traditional systemic medications and biologic drugs. Incidence rates of HZ events were calculated for each medication, as well as hazard ratios adjusted for age, sex and healthcare utilization burden.

Results  Among 22 330 psoriasis patients (215 656 person‐years), 1321 HZ cases were diagnosed. The crude incidence rates per 1000 person‐years were 6.0 for UVB phototherapy (95% confidence interval (CI), 0–12.8), 10.1 for PUVΑ (1.3–19.0), 5.4 for acitretin (2.2–8.7), 17.0 for methotrexate (10.6–23.4), 13.9 for etanercept (0.3–27.4), 19.3 for infliximab (0–45.8) and 4.6 for controls (CI, 4.3–5.0). No cases of HZ were seen among patients treated with alefacept, efalizumab or adalimumab. In a multivariate analysis, age, female sex, healthcare utilization pattern and corticosteroid treatment were associated with the time to HZ infection. The association of HZ with infliximab approached statistical significance (Hazard ratio: 1.77, 95% CI: 0.92–3.43), but none of the other biologic drugs were significantly associated with the risk of HZ.

Conclusion  Among patients with psoriasis, treatment with some biologic drugs was associated with a higher incidence of HZ compared with controls, though the difference was not statistically significant.
Use of a Suprapatellar Pouch Portal and Laparoscopic Cannula for Removal of Debris or Loose Fragments Following Arthroscopy of the Femoropatellar Joint of 168 Horses (245 Joints)
Authors: Mc Nally Turlough P. , Slone Donnie E. , Lynch Timothy M. , Hughes Faith E.
Published: September 2011

Objective

To validate the safety of a suprapatellar pouch (SPP), approach to the femoropatellar joint (FPJ), and describe use of a laparoscopic cannula to remove debris or loose bodies.

Study Design

Retrospective case series

Animals

Horses (n = 168) with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the FPJ.

Methods

Arthroscopy was performed on 245 FPJ with OCD. Two subpatellar portals were created, 1 axial and 1 abaxial to the lateral patellar ligament. Additionally, a SPP egress portal for lavage, was created 2 cm proximal to the most palpable dorsolateral eminence of the patellar base. A 10‐mm laparoscopic cannula and trocar unit was used in all SPP portals. The SPP portal was closed in 2 layers in the first 121 horses and the skin only in the remaining 47 horses. Medical records were reviewed for complications and surgical time and owner satisfaction with cosmesis obtained.

Results

No complications were recorded for the SPP portal regardless of closure technique. All owners were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome of the procedure once the hair had grown back and felt the additional incision did not negatively impact horses presented for sale at public auction. Mean surgery time was 27.7 min/joint.

Conclusion

No complications were recorded using a SPP portal and laparoscopic cannula, and owner satisfaction was high.
Economic Impact of Potential CYP450 Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions Among Chronic Low Back Pain Patients Taking Opioids
Authors: Pergolizzi Joseph V. , Labhsetwar Sumedha A. , Amy Puenpatom R. , Ben‐Joseph Rami , Ohsfeldt Robert , Summers Kent H.
Published: September 2011

Chronic low back pain (cLBP) patients who take at least 1 CYP450‐metabolized opioid analgesic agent concurrent with at least 1 other CYP450‐metabolized medication experience a drug–drug exposure (DDE), which puts them at risk for a pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction (PK DDI). This study compared utilization of healthcare resources and associated payments in cLBP patients with and without incident DDEs with the potential to cause PK DDIs. A retrospective database analysis examined the associated clinical events, healthcare utilization (measured in terms of claims for office visits, outpatient visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalization), and cost to the health plan, as defined as the sum of health plan payments for resources used. Patients were grouped into 2 cohorts by age (those under 65 and those 65 years and over). In the 6 months after exposure, total healthcare payments were significantly higher for DDE patients than those without DDEs (no‐DDE), in both in the younger ($7,086, SD = $8,370) and $6,353, SD = $8,352, respectively, P < 0.001) and the older cohorts ($7,806 vs. $7,043, respectively, P = 0.013). Younger and older patients with DDE had significantly higher prescription payments than those without DDE ($2,041, SD = $2,706 vs. $1,565, SD = $2,349, respectively, P < 0.001 for younger and $2,482, SD = $2,481 vs. $2,286, SD = $2,521, respectively, P = 0.044 for older patients). Both older and younger patients with DDE had significantly more claims for office visits and higher associated payments than similar patients without DDE. Patients in the study who experienced DDEs that placed them at risk for PK DDIs had significantly greater utilization rates of healthcare resources and higher associated payments in the 6‐month observation period following exposure. ▪
Rapid and Simple GC–MS Method for Determination of Psychotropic Phenylalkylamine Derivatives in Nails Using Micro‐Pulverized Extraction*
Authors: Kim Jin Young , Cheong Jae Chul , Lee Jae Il , Son Ju Hee , In Moon Kyo
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  A rapid and simple gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of five psychotropic phenylalkylamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and norketamine) in toenails. After external decontamination, nail clippings were mechanically pulverized with a bead mill and then incubated in methanol under ultrasonication at 50°C for 1 h. The resulting solutions were evaporated to dryness, derivatized, and analyzed by GC–MS. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were within 10.7% and 13.9%, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day accuracies were −4.2% to 5.0% and −2.4% to 8.4%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification for each analyte were lower than 0.024 and 0.08 ng/mg, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 80.6–87.5%. The results indicated that the proposed method is a simple, rapid, accurate, and precise for quantification of five phenylalkylamines in nails. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous detection and quantification of phenylalkylamines in nail samples of possible drug abusers.