bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Integrated Literature Review of Systematic Integrated Literature Reviews in Nursing
Authors: Im Eun-Ok , Chang Sun Ju
Published: September 2012

As faculty members, we frequently find that first-year doctoral students in nursing are confused about how to conduct a systematic integrated literature review. This could be due to its vague definition and a lack of recent literature that provides directions for conducting a systematic integrated literature review. This article aims to provide directions for conducting a systematic integrated literature review by identifying the essential components of published literature reviews in nursing. To achieve this goal, the literature was searched by using the keywordsnursing,systematic, andreviewin multiple databases. A total of 267 articles were selected and are included in this systematic integrated literature review. The articles were then sorted by study design and analyzed in six areas of interests. Finally, a practical guideline for conducting systematic integrated literature reviews is proposed based on the analysis of the literature.
Residual Astigmatism Following Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation Related to Pupil Size
Authors: Visser Nienke , Bauer Noël J.C. , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A.
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:

To present two patients with residual astigmatism following toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

METHODS:

Case reports.

RESULTS:

A 58-year-old woman underwent toric IOL implantation (spherical power 29.50 diopters [D], cylinder power 3.00 D; SN60T5, Alcon Laboratories Inc) to correct 2.33 D @ 80° of corneal astigmatism. Postoperatively, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/30 and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 20/22 (0 −1.75 × 95), indicating an overcorrection of astigmatism. Slit-lamp examination demonstrated no IOL misalignment. Wavefront aberrometry showed a large pupil diameter (>6 mm) and a lower corneal astigmatism in a 6-mm zone (−1.40 D @ 174°) compared to a 4-mm zone (−2.21 D @ 171°). The second patient, a 60-year-old man, underwent multifocal toric IOL implantation (spherical power 22.50 D, cylinder power 2.25 D; SND1T4, Alcon Laboratories Inc) to correct 1.51 D @ 173° of corneal astigmatism. Postoperatively, UDVA was 20/50 and CDVA was 20/20 (+0.25 −1.00 × 102), indicating an undercorrection of astigmatism. Slit-lamp examination showed no misalignment.

CONCLUSIONS:

Both cases indicate that unexplained residual astigmatism following toric IOL implantation may be the result of multiple factors: the effect of the spherical power and anterior chamber depth on toric IOL calculations, the effect of posterior corneal astigmatism, and the effect of a large pupil size. The first two issues may be compensated for by improving toric IOL calculations. The latter indicates that pupillometry is indicated in relatively young patients who undergo toric IOL implantation.
Uso de los blogs políticos: análisis de algunos factores determinantes
Authors: De Marco Stefano , Robles Morales José Manuel
Published: September 2012

Objetivo de este trabajo es avanzar en la comprensión de los determinantes que hacen que un internauta escriba comentarios en un blog político. Más en concreto, se ha decidido averiguar qué variables políticas influyen sobre este comportamiento y qué usos de Internet parecen favorecerlo. También se ha estudiado el efecto de algunas variables socio-demográficas de control. Para ello, se han utilizado los datos del estudio de 2007 “Internet y participación política” (ref. 2736) del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Se ha implementado un análisis factorial exploratorio y, en un segundo momento, una regresión logística. La muestra elegida para el análisis ha coincido con los internautas españoles, para así descartar influencias en el modelo debidas a la brecha digital de primer nivel.
Ciudadanía y participación en el espacio electrónico europeo
Authors: Echeverría Javier , Unceta Alfonso
Published: September 2012

La Agenda de Lisboa y los planes e-Europe 2002 y 2005 tuvieron la finalidad de impulsar la sociedad europea de la información y el conocimiento. En una primera fase, la participación ciudadana no fue una prioridad. A partir de 2005 la UE reorientó su estrategia, promovió la creación del Espacio Único Europeo de la Información y fomentó la participación electrónica de los ciudadanos, haciéndola depender a veces de la e-inclusión, otras veces de la gobernanza. El programa i2010 supuso un paso importante hacia la utilización del espacio electrónico europeo para la participación ciudadana. La reciente Agenda Digital para Europa, en cambio, no parece priorizar la e-participación, aunque mantiene planes de e-inclusión y e-gobierno.
Towards Effective Combination of Prior Knowledge and Cognitive Styles in Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Systems
Authors: Mampadi Freddy , Mokotedi Aubrey Pheto
Published: September 2012

Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Learning Systems (AEHS) have been developed and evaluated over the past decade. These AEHS tailored navigational support and presentation of content basing on either prior knowledge or cognitive styles of students separately. The empirical evaluations of the AEHS showed that, generally, there is positive improvement in the performance and perceptions of students. There is, however, a need to explore how prior knowledge and cognitive styles could be strategically combined in AEHS in order to maximize learning and comprehension of educational materials. To this end, this paper pursues this exploration by presenting results of a comparative analysis between two AEHS, one tailored to students
Telephone: The Old Technology that is Never Old
Authors: Aborisade Olubunmi Philip
Published: September 2012

Telephone technology is a technology that stands the test of time. Since it was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Belle, it remains the technology of all time. This article reports the major finding of a recent research, how technology transforms citizen journalism business in Nigeria. According to the research, Telephone technology has over the years emerged the major tool with which ordinary citizens in Nigeria without journalism and media background or affiliation participate in the process of news gathering, reporting and distribution. Guided by the recent use of telephone around the world by ordinary citizens to report themselves during protests through different social media outlets-Facebook, Tweeter, Youtube, the article illuminates the evergreen nature of the telephone. The article therefore concluded that the telephone technology invented in 1876 has survived the test of time. Instead of being obsolete, it blends with emerging communications technology to improve on its performance.
Foxp3 Expression Is Required for the Induction of Therapeutic Tissue Tolerance
Authors: Regateiro Frederico S. , Chen Ye , Kendal Adrian R. , Hilbrands Robert , Adams Elizabeth , Cobbold Stephen P. , Ma Jianbo , Andersen Kristian G. , Betz Alexander G. , Zhang Mindy , Madhiwalla Shruti , Roberts Bruce , Waldmann Herman , Nolan Kathleen F. , Howie Duncan
Published: September 2012

CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for immune homeostasis and maintenance of self-tolerance. They are produced in the thymus and also generated de novo in the periphery in a TGF-β–dependent manner. Foxp3+ Treg are also required to achieve tolerance to transplanted tissues when induced by coreceptor or costimulation blockade. Using TCR-transgenic mice to avoid issues of autoimmune pathology, we show that Foxp3 expression is both necessary and sufficient for tissue tolerance by coreceptor blockade. Moreover, the known need in tolerance induction for TGF-β signaling to T cells can wholly be explained by its role in induction of Foxp3, as such signaling proved dispensable for the suppressive process. We analyzed the relative contribution of TGF-β and Foxp3 to the transcriptome of TGF-β–induced Treg and showed that TGF-β elicited a large set of downregulated signature genes. The number of genes uniquely modulated due to the influence of Foxp3 alone was surprisingly limited. Retroviral-mediated conditional nuclear expression of Foxp3 proved sufficient to confer transplant-suppressive potency on CD4+ T cells and was lost once nuclear Foxp3 expression was extinguished. These data support a dual role for TGF-β and Foxp3 in induced tolerance, in which TGF-β stimulates Foxp3 expression, for which sustained expression is then associated with acquisition of tolerance.
Scavenger Receptor in Fish Is a Lipopolysaccharide Recognition Molecule Involved in Negative Regulation of NF-κB Activation by Competing with TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 Recruitment into the TNF-α Signaling Pathway
Authors: Meng Zhen , Zhang Xiao-yu , Guo Jian , Xiang Li-xin , Shao Jian-zhong
Published: September 2012

Scavenger receptors (SRs) play crucial roles in innate immunity by acting as pattern recognition receptors. Although SRs are widely documented in mammals, data on their occurrence and functions in ancient vertebrates are limited. In this study, we report, to our knowledge, the first cloning and functional characterization of an SR molecule from teleost fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). This SR (TnSR) was identified as a homolog to mammalian scavenger receptor class A member 5 with the conserved structure of a class A SR. TnSR contained multidomains in a type II transmembrane receptor, including an SR cysteine-rich domain, two coiled-coil collagenous domains, a transmmebrane domain, and a short N-terminal intracellular region with an unexpected TNFR-associated factor 2-binding consensus motif similar to that in human MSR molecules. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TnSR may be an ancient member of class A SRs resulting from the close relationship between scavenger receptor class A member 5 and macrophage SR in vertebrates associated with the subtle differences in TnSR structure. Subcellular localization analysis showed that TnSR was a cell membrane receptor with homotrimer forms involved in the recognition and internalization of LPS from surface membranes into lysosomes. Functionally, TnSR expression was dramatically induced by LPS stimulation. TnSR served as a negative regulator in LPS-induced NF-κB activation by the competitive recruitment of TNFR-associated factor 2 from the TNF-α signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that SR plays an inhibitory role in LPS-elicited inflammation by cross-talking with the TNF-α inflammatory pathway. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the biological and evolutionary history of the SR family.
Kruppel-like Factor 2 Modulates CCR5 Expression and Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Richardson Max W. , Jadlowsky Julie , Didigu Chuka A. , Doms Robert W. , Riley James L.
Published: September 2012

CCR5, a cell surface molecule critical for the transmission and spread of HIV-1, is dynamically regulated during T cell activation and differentiation. The molecular mechanism linking T cell activation to modulation of CCR5 expression remains undefined. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that promotes quiescence, survival, and in part by modulating chemokine receptor levels, induces homing to secondary lymphoid organs. Given the relationship between T cell activation and chemokine receptor expression, we tested whether the abundance of KLF2 after T cell activation regulates CCR5 expression and, thus, susceptibility of a T cell to CCR5-dependent HIV-1 strains (R5). We observed a strong correlation between T cell activation, expression of KLF2 and CCR5, and susceptibility to infection. To directly measure how KLF2 affects CCR5 regulation, we introduced small interfering RNA targeting KLF2 expression and demonstrated that reduced KLF2 expression also resulted in less CCR5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified KLF2 bound to the CCR5 promoter in resting but not CD3/28 activated T cells, suggesting that KLF2 directly regulates CCR5 expression. Introduction of KLF2 under control of a heterologous promoter could restore CCR5 expression and R5 susceptibility to CD3/28 costimulated T cells and some transformed cell lines. Thus, KLF2 is a host factor that modulates CCR5 expression in CD4 T cells and influences susceptibility to R5 infection.
The Thymic Niche Does Not Limit Development of the Naturally Diverse Population of Mouse Regulatory T Lymphocytes
Authors: Romagnoli Paola , Dooley James , Enault Genevieve , Vicente Rita , Malissen Bernard , Liston Adrian , van Meerwijk Joost P. M.
Published: September 2012

Thymus-derived CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) play a central role in the suppression of immune responses to self-antigens and thus avoid autoimmune disorders. It remains unclear if the specialized thymic niche controls the number of differentiating Tregs. We investigated development of murine Tregs from precursors expressing the naturally very large repertoire of TCRs. By analyzing their developmental kinetics, we observed that differentiating Tregs dwell in the thymus ∼1 d longer than their conventional T cell counterparts. By generating hematopoietic chimeras with very low proportions of trackable precursors, we could follow individual waves of developing T cells in the thymus. We observed strongly increased proportions of Tregs at the end of the waves, confirming that these cells are the last to leave the thymus. To assess whether the thymic niche limits Treg development, we generated hematopoietic chimeras in which very few T cell precursors could develop. The substantial increase in the proportion of Tregs we found in these mice suggested a limiting role of the thymic niche; however, this increase was accounted for entirely by the prolonged thymic dwell time of Tregs. We conclude that, when precursors express a naturally diverse TCR repertoire, the thymic niche does not limit differentiation of Tregs.
Evaluation of the environmental and social sustainability policy of a mass tourism resort: A narrative account
Authors: Swart Isabel , Horn André C.
Published: September 2012

The recordation of the life stories of individuals residing in the community of Ledig, who have been dependent on the Sun City Resort situated in the Pilanesberg area in the North West Province of South Africa for their quality of life for more than 20 years, provided the basis for the evaluation of the environmental and social sustainability of this micro-cosmos on a multidisciplinary level. This study focused on the hermeneutical arch of narrative theory within the framework of human geography and sustainability science. The natural environment was evaluated for the role it plays in the sustainability of the livelihoods of the Ledig community members as well as the institutional life of the Sun City Resort. The results of this study suggested that the environmental policy for the Sun City Resort, formalised in 2004, has been guiding the Sun City Resort to contribute positively to the sustainability of the area. The study also demonstrated that a focus on the next generation of potential employees and the environmental education of all the communities were crucial to ensure the resilience of the social and ecological capacity of the area.
Noninvasive treatment of focal adenomyosis with MR-guided focused ultrasound in two patients
Authors: Polina Laveena , Nyapathy Vinay , Mishra Anindita , Yellamanthili Himabindu , Vallabhaneni Mythri P
Published: September 2012

Adenomyosis is a common benign gynecological disorder presenting with dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and pressure symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) utilizes precisely focused USG waves to generate and maintain high temperatures within the targeted tissue to achieve protein denaturation and coagulative necrosis. The heat generated is monitored using MRI images acquired in real-time in three planes. We present two cases of focal adenomyosis treated with MRgFUS showing good symptomatic relief at 3 and 6 months follow-up.
Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: Srinivasan Sivasubramanian , Moorthy Srikant , Sreekumar KP , Kulkarni Chinmay
Published: September 2012

Blindness following surgery, especially cardiac surgery, has been reported sporadically, the most common cause being ischemic optic neuropathy. The role of MRI in the diagnosis of this condition is not well established. We present a case of postoperative posterior ischemic optic neuropathy that was diagnosed on diffusion-weighted MRI.
Understanding the natural history of focal nodular hyperplasia in the liver with MRI
Authors: Halankar Jaydeep A , Kim Tae Kyoung , Jang Hyun-Jung , Khalili Korosh , Masoom Haider A
Published: September 2012

Aim: To determine the incidence of natural growth or regression of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in the liver. Material and Methods: We retrospectively included 120 consecutive patients who were diagnosed to have FNH on MRI. The mean follow-up duration was 19 months (range: 6-64 months). There were 25 men and 95 women (age range: 18-80 years; mean: 45 years). There were 167 FNH lesions in the 120 patients. MRI images were retrospectively reviewed for interval growth or regression of FNH. The maximum size of the lesions was measured on axial arterial-phase images of the initial and the last MRI examinations. An interval increase or decrease in diameter of over 10% of the initial diameter was considered as positive growth or regression, respectively. The use of Oral contraceptives was also documented. Results: Interval growth was seen in 25/167 nodules (15%) over 7-48 months (mean: 21 months), with increase in size of 0.2-1.7 cm (mean: 0.6 cm) and percentage change of 10.5-340% (mean: 64%). Interval regression was seen in 13/167 (8%) of nodules over 7-63 months (mean: 22 months), with decrease in size of 0.2-0.9 cm (mean: 0.5 cm) and percentage change of 10.4-60% (mean: 24%).Five of 17 (29%) female patients with growing FNH and 25/78 (32%) female patients with non-growing FNH had a history of intake of oral contraceptives (P=0.83). Conclusions: Although FNH is benign and of no clinical significance, a substantial percentage of FNH shows interval growth or regression on long-term follow-up with MRI.
A perspective on the PCPNDT Act
Authors: Patnaik A Murali Mohan , Kejriwal Gouri Shankar
Published: September 2012

Background: An important modern diagnostic tool, used for monitoring pregnancy and genetic defects; the ultrasound machine, has also become a selective killer of the female child. The male child preference in India was responsible for female infanticides in the past. With easy availability and accessibility of USG, a shift has occurred from infanticide to feticide, although female infanticides still continue. In the process doctors are blamed as "merchants of death". Peeved and pressed by national and internal agencies for the declining female child ratio (0-6 years), the Government of India reacted by enacting a stringent PC-PNDT Act almost solely aimed at doctors to prevent them from advertising and disclosing the sex of the fetus to the pregnant woman or her relatives. Since the enactment, hundreds of cases have been launched against the doctors. Aim: 1. In order to stand up to the law important sections and rules of the PC-PNDT Act have been analyzed for the benefit of our colleagues. 2. The Indian legal system rests the "burden of proof" on the prosecution. In two sections of The Act, these have been done away with. Instead, the accused doctor has to prove himself innocent. Therefore a demand has been made to make suitable amendments to The Act in this regard. 3. The inclusion of column numbers 9-19 in the form ′F′ is not relevant for USG clinics/ imaging centers; inaccurate filling of which may attract a prison sentence of 3 years. This irrelevance has to be deleted. 4. Some suggestions.
A Proposal for Archiving Context for Secondary Analysis
Authors: Bishop Libby
Published: September 2012

This paper seeks to provide a framework for thinking about context for secondary analysis, and to suggest minimal guidelines for providing context for qualitative research to enable its reuse. It addresses the challenge of what re-contextualisation of qualitative data looks like in detail and in practice. In the first section, we lay out a framework for thinking about context that entails looking in two dimensions: multiple levels of granularity and across time. The first dimension includes the levels of interaction, situation (setting and project) and culture/institutional. The longitudinal dimension highlights the temporal nature of contexts: there is context at the time of the original research and the context at the time of reuse. The later sections of the paper propose specific suggestions for what information should be included when researchers seek to provide context when depositing data for later use in secondary analysis. Our goal is to propose guidelines that are minimally burdensome to researchers preserving their materials (with ESDS Qualidata or elsewhere) while simultaneously being maximally helpful to researchers seeking to reuse data. Our recommendations are—as they must be—a conditional specification of context specific to data archiving and not a generic prescription.
Charting Intellectual Fields: Sampling Methods
Authors: Torr Rachel
Published: September 2012

In this paper I focus on sampling methods for investigations that aim to chart intellectual fields. Taking a case study approach, I map out the methods that were used to draw a sample of texts during the second stage of a larger project that falls within the sociology of knowledge. In so doing, I provide insights into the methodological problems encountered during the process of creating a sampling frame for the study. I illustrate the ways in which a number of these problems were dealt with during my research and reflect on some of the issues surrounding the question of representativeness within studies that seek to track intellectual shifts. As a result, I aim to generate discussion about how we might develop rigorous ways to chart intellectual fields and to encourage critical reflection on the grounds upon which claims about particular intellectual developments and shifts within existing literature are based.
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: LNU Rijuneeta , Gupta Bhumika
Published: September 2012

Invasive sinus Aspergillus infection has been reported in the last decade with increased frequency, most commonly in the setting of hematologic malignancy, neutropenia, HIV infection and other states of immunosuppression. Fungal rhinosinusitis can be broadly classified into two varieties-invasive and noninvasive on the basis of tissue invasion. Invasive fungal sinusitis are acute invasive, chronic invasive (both granulomatous and nongranulomatous forms), whereas noninvasive are fungus balls and allergic fungal sinusitis. Invasive fungal sinusitis is one of the most challenging forms of sinonasal pathology to manage, most commonly presenting in immunocompromised individuals. Chronic invasive being sinus aspergillosis (CISA) is being reported in immunocompetent patients at an increasing rate while most of these cases are being reported from the India subcontinent and middle east. Invasive fungal sinusitis is on the rise worldwide and especially in north India as it is endemic in this part of the country. It is affecting immunocompetent young and middle aged population causing a great morbidity and mortality. This entity needs to be picked up early by spreading awareness among the family physicians, internists, otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, neurosurgeons, pulmonary physicians, critical care specialists so that an early management can initiated to achieve better control over the disease. This review is an attempt to initiate an interdisciplinary approach to achieve a better outcome.

How to cite this article

Gupta AK, Bansal S, Rijuneeta, Gupta B. Invasive Fungal Sinusitis. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2012;5(2): 63-71.
Quantifying the constraint of biospheric process parameters by CO2 concentration and flux measurement networks through a carbon cycle data assimilation system
Authors: Koffi E. , Rayner P. , Scholze M. , Chevallier F. , Kaminski T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The sensitivity of the process parameters of the biosphere model BETHY (Biosphere Energy Transfer HYdrology) to choices of atmospheric concentration network, high frequency terrestrial fluxes, and the choice of flux measurement network is investigated by using a carbon cycle data assimilation system. Results show that monthly mean or low-frequency observations of CO2 concentration provide strong constraints on parameters relevant for net flux (NEP) but only weak constraints for parameters controlling gross fluxes. The use of high-frequency CO2 concentration observations, which has allowed a great refinement of spatial scales in direct inversions, adds little to the observing system in this case. This unexpected result is explained by the fact that the stations of the CO2 concentration network we are using are not well placed to measure such high frequency signals. Indeed, CO2 concentration sensitivities relevant for such high frequency fluxes are found to be largely confined in the vicinity of the corresponding fluxes, and are therefore not well observed by background monitoring stations. In contrast, our results clearly show the potential of flux measurements to better constrain the model parameters relevant for gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP). Given uncertainties in the spatial description of ecosystem functions we recommend a combined observing strategy.
Retrieval and validation of O3 measurements from ground-based FTIR spectrometer at equatorial station: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Takele Kenea S. , Mengistu Tsidu G. , Blumenstock T. , Hase F. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. P.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Since May 2009 high-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectra are recorded at Addis Ababa (9.01° N latitude, 38.76° E longitude, 2443 m altitude a.s.l.), Ethiopia. The vertical profiles and total column amounts of ozone (O3) are deduced from the spectra by using the retrieval code PROFFIT (V9.5) and regularly determined instrumental line shape (ILS). A detailed error analysis of the O3 retrieval is performed. Averaging kernels analysis of the target gas shows that the major contribution to the retrieved information always comes from the measurement. We obtained 2.1 degrees of freedom on average for signals in the retrieval of O3 from the observed FTIR spectra. We have compared the FTIR retrieval of ozone Volume Mixing Ratio (VMR) profiles and column amounts with the coincident satellite observations of Microwave Limb Sounding (MLS), Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Atmospheric Infrared Sounding (AIRS) and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) instrument. The mean relative differences are generally found below +15% in the altitude range of 27 to 36 km for comparison of VMR profiles made between MLS and MIPAS, whereas comparison with TES has shown below 9.4% relative difference. Furthermore, the mean relative difference is positive above 31 km, suggesting positive bias in the FTIR measurement of O3 VMR with respect to MLS, MIPAS and TES. The overall comparisons of column amounts of satellite measurements with the ground-based FTIR instruments show better agreement exhibiting mean relative differences of ground-based FTIR with respect to MLS and GOME-2 within +0.4% to +4.0% and corresponding standard deviations of 2.2 to 4.3% whereas, in the case of OMI, TES, AIRS, the mean relative differences are from −0.38 to −6.8%. Thus, the retrieved O3 VMR and column amounts from a tropical site, Addis Ababa, is found to exhibit very good agreement with all coincident satellite observations over the 2-yr period.
Geomorphic control on the δ15N of mountain forest
Authors: Hilton R. G. , Galy A. , West A. J. , Hovius N. , Roberts G. G.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Mountain forests are subject to high rates of physical erosion which can export particulate nitrogen from ecosystems. However, the impact of geomorphic processes on nitrogen budgets remains poorly constrained. We have used the elemental and isotopic composition of soil and plant organic matter to investigate nitrogen cycling in the mountain forest of Taiwan, from 24 sites with distinct geomorphic (topographic slope) and climatic (precipitation, temperature) characteristics. The organic carbon to nitrogen ratio of soil organic matter decreased with soil 14C age, providing constraint on average rates of nitrogen loss using a mass balance model. Model predictions suggest that present day estimates of nitrogen deposition exceed contemporary and historic nitrogen losses. We found ~6‰ variability in the stable isotopic composition (δ15N) of soil and plants which was not related to soil 14C age or climatic conditions. Instead, δ15N was significantly, negatively correlated with topographic slope. Using the mass balance model, we demonstrate that the correlation can be explained by an increase in nitrogen loss by non-fractioning pathways on steeper slopes, where physical erosion effectively removes particulate nitrogen. Published data from forest on steep slopes are consistent with the correlation, demonstrating that variable physical erosion rates can significantly influence soil δ15N, and that particulate nitrogen export is a major loss term in the nitrogen budget of mountain forest.
The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M – Part 2: Climate response and scenario projections
Authors: Iversen T. , Bentsen M. , Bethke I. , Debernard J. B. , Kirkevåg A. , Seland Ø. , Drange H. , Kristjánsson J. E. , Medhaug I. , Sand M. , Seierstad I. A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The NorESM1-M simulation results for CMIP5 (http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/index.html) are described and discussed. Together with the accompanying paper by Bentsen et al. (2012), this paper documents that NorESM1-M is a valuable global climate model for research and for providing complementary results to the evaluation of possible man made climate change. NorESM is based on the model CCSM4 operated at NCAR on behalf of many contributors in USA. The ocean model is replaced by a developed version of MICOM and the atmospheric model is extended with on-line calculations of aerosols, their direct effect, and their indirect effect on warm clouds. Model validation is presented in a companion paper (Bentsen et al., 2012). NorESM1-M is estimated to have equilibrium climate sensitivity slightly smaller than 2.9 K, a transient climate response just below 1.4 K, and is less sensitive than most other models. Cloud feedbacks damp the response, and a strong AMOC reduces the heat fraction available for increasing near surface temperatures, for evaporation, and for melting ice. The future projections based on RCP scenarios yield global surface air temperature increase almost one standard deviation lower than a 15-model average. Summer sea-ice is projected to decrease considerably by 2100, and completely for RCP8.5. The AMOC is projected to reduce by 12%, 15–17%, and 32% for the RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 respectively. Precipitation is projected to increase in the tropics, decrease in the subtropics and in southern parts of the northern extra-tropics during summer, and otherwise increase in most of the extra-tropics. Changes in the atmospheric water cycle indicate that precipitation events over continents will become more intense and dry spells more frequent. Extra-tropical storminess in the Northern Hemisphere is projected to shift northwards. There are indications of more frequent spring and summer blocking in the Euro-Atlantic sectors and that ENSO events weaken but appear more frequent. These indications are uncertain because of biases in the model's representation of present-day conditions. There are indications that positive phase PNA and negative phase NAO become less frequent under the RCP8.5 scenario, but also this result is considered uncertain. Single-forcing experiments indicate that aerosols and greenhouse gases produce similar geographical patterns of response for near surface temperature and precipitation. These patterns tend to have opposite sign, with important exceptions for precipitation at low latitudes. The asymmetric aerosol effects between the two hemispheres leads to a southward displacement of ITCZ. Both forcing agents thus tend to reduce northern hemispheric subtropical precipitation.
Estimation of surface energy fluxes under complex terrain of Mt. Qomolangma over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen X. , Su Z. , Ma Y. , Yang K. , Wang B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Surface solar radiation is an important parameter in surface energy balance models and in estimation of evapotranspiration. This study developed a DEM based radiation model to estimate instantaneous clear sky solar radiation for surface energy balance system to obtain accurate energy absorbed by the mountain surface. Efforts to improve spatial accuracy of satellite based surface energy budget in mountainous regions were made in this work. Based on 8 scenes of Landsat TM/ETM+ (Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper+) data and observations around Qomolangma region of the Tibetan Plateau, the topographical enhanced surface energy balance system (TESEBS) was tested for deriving net radiation, ground heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux distributions over the heterogeneous land surface. The land surface energy fluxes over the study area showed a wide range in accordance with the surface features and their thermodynamic states. The model was validated by observations at QOMS/CAS site in the research area with a reasonable accuracy. The mean bias of net radiation, sensible heat flux, ground heat flux and latent heat flux is lower than 23.6 W m−2. The surface solar radiation estimated by the DEM based radiation model developed by this study has a mean bias as low as −9.6 W m−2.
CADASTRAL AUDIT AND ASSESSMENTS USING UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Cunningham K. , Walker G. , Stahlke E. , Wilson R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Ground surveys and remote sensing are integral to establishing fair and equitable property valuations necessary for real property taxation. The International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO) has embraced aerial and street-view imaging as part of its standards related to property tax assessments and audits. New technologies, including unmanned aerial systems (UAS) paired with imaging sensors, will become more common as local governments work to ensure their cadastre and tax rolls are both accurate and complete. Trends in mapping technology have seen an evolution in platforms from large, expensive manned aircraft to very small, inexpensive UAS. Traditional methods of photogrammetry have also given way to new equipment and sensors: digital cameras, infrared imagers, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanners, and now synthetic aperture radar (SAR). At the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), we work extensively with unmanned aerial systems equipped with each of these newer sensors. UAF has significant experience flying unmanned systems in the US National Airspace, having begun in 1969 with scientific rockets and expanded to unmanned aircraft in 2003. Ongoing field experience allows UAF to partner effectively with outside organizations to test and develop leading-edge research in UAS and remote sensing. This presentation will discuss our research related to various sensors and payloads for mapping. We will also share our experience with UAS and optical systems for creating some of the first cadastral surveys in rural Alaska.
A UAV BASED CLOSE-RANGE RAPID AERIAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSES
Authors: Choi K. , Lee I.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. As the occurrences and scales of disasters and accidents have been increased due to the global warming, the terrorists' attacks, and many other reasons, the demand for rapid responses for the emergent situations also has been thus ever-increasing. These emergency responses are required to be customized to each individual site for more effective management of the emergent situations. These requirements can be satisfied with the decisions based on the spatial changes on the target area, which should be detected immediately or in real-time. Aerial monitoring without human operators is an appropriate means because the emergency areas are usually inaccessible. Therefore, a UAV is a strong candidate as the platform for the aerial monitoring. In addition, the sensory data from the UAV system usually have higher resolution than other system because the system can operate at a lower altitude. If the transmission and processing of the data could be performed in real-time, the spatial changes of the target area can be detected with high spatial and temporal resolution by the UAV rapid mapping systems. As a result, we aim to develop a rapid aerial mapping system based on a UAV, whose key features are the effective acquisition of the sensory data, real-time transmission and processing of the data. In this paper, we will introduce the general concept of our system, including the main features, intermediate results, and explain our real-time sensory data georeferencing algorithm which is a core for prompt generation of the spatial information from the sensory data.
A NEW APPROACH TO FAST MOSAIC UAV IMAGES
Authors: Liu Q. , Liu W. , Zou L. , Wang J. , Liu Y.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used to acquire high quality terrain images of the areas of interest, particularly when such a task could potentially risk human life or even impossible as the areas cannot be accessed easily by surveyors. Once the images have been obtained, traditional photogrammetric processing process can be used to establish a relative orientation model and then, absolute orientation model with the procedures of space resection and intersection. In many such applications, the geo- referenced images which are stitched together to represent the geospatial relationships for the feature objects are sufficient. A fast or near real-time processing approach for UAV images using GPS/INS data has being investigated for years. One beneficial application of such approach is the capability of quick production of geo-referenced images for various engineering or business activities, such as urban and road planning, the site selection of factories and bridges, etc. In this paper, we have proposed a new fast processing approach for the UAV images collected with an integrated GPS/INS/Vision system. The approach features that the corresponding points between images have been determined, and then coordinate transformation is carried out to implement image stitching. The accuracy of corresponding points normally affects the quality of stitched images, but the results of our experiments revealed that the image stitching errors were obvious even the accuracy of corresponding points was high. The stitching errors could be caused by the changes of surface elevation.
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE IN CADASTRAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Manyoky M. , Theiler P. , Steudler D. , Eisenbeiss H.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This paper presents the investigation of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) for use in cadastral surveying. Within the scope of a pilot study UAVs were tested for capturing geodata and compared with conventional data acquisition methods for cadastral surveying. Two study sites were therefore surveyed with a tachymeter-GNSS combination as well as a UAV system. The workflows of both methods were investigated and the resulting data were compared with the requirements of Swiss cadastral surveying. Concerning data acquisition and evaluation, the two systems are found to be comparable in terms of time expenditure, accuracy, and completeness. In conclusion, the UAV image orientation proved to be the limiting factor for the obtained accuracy due to the low- cost camera including camera calibration, image quality, and definition of the ground control points (natural or artificial). However, the required level of accuracy for cadastral surveying was reached. The advantage of UAV systems lies in their high flexibility and efficiency in capturing the surface of an area from a low flight altitude. In addition, further information such as orthoimages, elevation models and 3D objects can easily be gained from UAV images. Altogether, this project endorses the benefit of using UAVs in cadastral applications and the new opportunities they provide for cadastral surveying.
AERIAL MAGNETIC SENSING WITH AN UAV HELICOPTER
Authors: Eck C. , Imbach B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This paper concentrates on aerial magnetic sensing with an autonomous Scout B1-100 UAV helicopter. A high-resolution 3-axis mag- netic sensor has been mounted on the helicopter in order to generate a detailed magnetic map and to identify various ferrous objects in the soil. The development is based on advanced mission planning for the UAV as well as test ﬂights under challenging weather conditions such as wind gusts and snow fall. Finally, this paper summarizes a real-world application after the collapse of a daylight coal mining where various persons have been killed and multiple infrastructure objects have been buried. The task of magnetic scanning was applied in order to ﬁnd buried vehicles where miners have been expected based on eyewitnesses during the collapse. However, while several ferrous objects have been located, the van could not be identiﬁed in the extensive area of the landslide.
DISCUSSION AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS ON CONTROL ALLOCATION FOR A MULTI-ROTOR HELICOPTER
Authors: Ducard G. J. J. , Hua M.-D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This paper presents practical methods to improve the ﬂight performance of an unmanned multi-rotor helicopter by using an efﬁcient control allocation strategy. The ﬂying vehicle considered is an hexacopter. It is indeed particularly suited for long missions and for carrying a signiﬁcant payload such as all the sensors needed in the context of cartography, photogrammetry, inspection, surveillance and transportation. Moreover, a stable ﬂight is often required for precise data recording during the mission. Therefore, a high performance ﬂight control system is required to operate the UAV. However, the ﬂight performance of a multi-rotor vehicle is tightly dependent on the control allocation strategy that is used to map the virtual control vector v = [T, L, M, N ]T composed of the thrust and the torques in roll, pitch and yaw, respectively, to the propellers' speed. This paper shows that a control allocation strategy based on the classical approach of pseudo-inverse matrix only exploits a limited range of the vehicle capabilities to generate thrust and moments. Thus, in this paper, a novel approach is presented, which is based on a weighted pseudo-inverse matrix method capable of exploiting a much larger domain in v. The proposed control allocation algorithm is designed with explicit laws for fast operation and low computational load, suitable for a small microcontroller with limited ﬂoating-point operation capability.
THE EUROSDR PROJECT "RADIOMETRIC ASPECTS OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGES" – RESULTS OF THE EMPIRICAL PHASE
Authors: Honkavaara E. , Arbiol R. , Markelin L. , Martínez L. , Bovet S. , Bredif M. , Chandelier L. , Heikkinen V. , Korpela I. , Lelegard L. , Pérez F. , Schläpfer D. , Tokola T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This article presents the empirical research carried out in the context of the multi-site EuroSDR project "Radiometric aspects of digital photogrammetric images" and provides highlights of the results. The investigations have considered the vicarious radiometric and spatial resolution validation and calibration of the sensor system, radiometric processing of the image blocks either by performing relative radiometric block equalization or into absolutely reflectance calibrated products, and finally aspects of practical applications on NDVI layer generation and tree species classification. The data sets were provided by Leica Geosystems ADS40 and Intergraph DMC and the participants represented stakeholders in National Mapping Authorities, software development and research. The investigations proved the stability and quality of evaluated imaging systems with respect to radiometry and optical system. The first new-generation methods for reflectance calibration and equalization of photogrammetric image block data provided promising accuracy and were also functional from the productivity and usability points of view. The reflectance calibration methods provided up to 5% accuracy without any ground reference. Application oriented results indicated that automatic interpretation methods will benefit from the optimal use of radiometrically accurate multi-view photogrammetric imagery.
DATA ACQUISITION THROUGH THE MODEL AIRCRAFT FOR MAPPING PURPOSES
Authors: Karakis S. , Sefercik U. G. , Bayik C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Photogrammetry and remote sensing have become indispensable in today's surveying with the emerging technologies. Some difficulties are being experienced in applications due to the incredible advances in imaging systems and increasing complexity of carrier platforms, used, in parallel with them. In this context, the most agreeable approach is the achievement of desired precision proportional with the requirements in shorter time span and the reduction of cost utilizing the most suitable mapping platform with basic systems. Towards these aims, a model aircraft, containing a non-metric camera, capturing images for mapping purposes, is considered to be employed in this study. Thus, this will lead to emerge a low cost imaging system. Within the study, besides using a high resolution digital non-metric camera and a carrier model aircraft, the previously produced maps of test field, derived from aerial photos, were used to conduct the analysis. The scope of this study is the integration of a model aircraft and a non-metric camera for mapping purposes to reduce very costly and time consuming photogrammetric map production for narrower areas. Also this will give rise to a method for the achievement of high cost aims with lower budgets. Using a model aircraft, instead of a real one, gives us an upper hand in repeating measurements anytime, desired, so that analyses can be made for the works that undergoes temporal changes. According to the aims of the study, a stereo model has been generated for the extraction of details from aerial photos, taken by the non-metric camera. Estimated results have been compared with 1/1000 scaled maps from photogrammetry and figured out their validity for using in narrower areas with high accuracy.
GEOREFERENCE OF TERRASAR-X IMAGES USING NETWORKS OF GROUND CONTROL LINEAR FEATURES
Authors: Vassilaki D. I. , Ioannidis C. , Stamos A. A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. One of the main novelties introduced by the contemporary spaceborne SAR sensors is the fine Ground Sample Distance (GSD). The GSD of 1 m, which is available now, is comparable to the resolution offered by optical sensors. It creates the conditions to bring closer SAR and optical data and directs research towards SAR processing methods of comparable accuracy with optical processing methods. This paper focuses on the capability offered by contemporary SAR sensors to identify fine man-made and physical features of earth's surface. 3D road edges are treated as Ground Control Information, in order to compute the projective transformation that relates the 3D features of the object space with their 2D projection in a SAR image. The computation of the projection is done with a novel ICP-based method that matches a network of 3D Free-form Linear Features of the object space with their 2D projections in the image space. The proposed method is tested for the georeference of a whole TerraSAR-X scene. Computed results are evaluated with independent Check Points. The quality of the results are superior to those computed with salient point based approaches.