bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delivering Subjects: Race, Space, and the Emerqence of Legalized Midwivery in Ontario
Authors: Nestel Sheryl
Published: August 2014

Cet article décrit la pratique du «tourisme de la profession de sage-femme» par laquelle, les sages-femmes en Ontario ont fait des stages dans des cliniques de maternité de pays du Tiers-monde en vue d'obtenir l'expérience clinique qu'elles ne pouvaient pas obtenir ici avant la légalisation de la profession dans la province. Plusieurs sages-femmes ont aussi pu mieux se faire reconnaître sur le plan professionnel pour leurs connaissances directes des méthodes obstétriques utilisées par les femmes du Tiers-monde, c'est-à-dire par des femmes qui, selon une mythologie soutenue dans le mouvement pour l'accouchement naturel, posséderaient, en ce qui concerne les accouchements, des connaissances féminines innées qui n'auraient pas encore été corrompues par les pratiques médicales des pays de l'Ouest. L'émergence nouvelle de la profession de sage-femme en Amérique du Nord est un exemple convaincant de la manière dont, par des affirmations épistémologiques sur l'identité partagée des femmes, les régions du Tiers-monde et les personnes qui les occupent en sont venues à constituer un produit de consommation et de progrès social pour les femmes des pays industrialisés.
Charter Rights of Canadian Drug Users: A Constitutional Assessment of the Clay Trial and Ruling
Authors: Hathaway Andrew D.
Published: August 2014

La prohibition du cannabis au Canada remonte à 75 ans, et les dernières 25 années ont été marquées par un débat houleux sur la pertinence des sanctions pénales qu'entraîne un comportement si courant et si généralement toléré. Le mouvement en faveur de la décriminalisation de la simple possession et de l'usage récréatif de la marijuana prend de l'ampleur depuis quelques années. Pour atténuer les répercussions sociales et personnelles que peut avoir l'application de ces sanctions, les institutions juridiques canadiennes ont adopté des mesures pragmatiques qu'elles appliquent régulièrement mais de façon sélective. Il n'en demeure pas moins qu'une réforme des politiques est loin d'être assurée malgré des preuves tangibles de plus en plus nombreuses de son bien-fondé et le vaste soutien accordé à la décriminalisation. Étant donné l'impasse politico-juridique où se trouve actuellement la controverse entourant le cannabis, cet article examine les raisons qui pourraient être invoquées pour justifier une opposition à la prohibition en se fondant sur le respect des droits de la personne. Ces motifs moraux et les derniers obstacles à la réforme juridique sont dégagés en tenant compte des principaux arguments contestés dans l'affaireR.c.Clay(1997), qui a créé un précédent en contestant la constitutionnalité de l'interdiction du cannabis au Canada.
Note de recherche: Traitement fiscal des allocations sociales et droits de la personne
Authors: Girard Claude
Published: August 2014

This research note on the use of the Canadian and Quebec Charters of Rights in social matters shows that judicial proceedings have limited success. Even reinforced by the Charters, the concept of social cohesion is powerless when faced with legislative changes that have undermined social law. The paper traces broadly some recent modifications to social programs in Quebec and on the Canadian federal level in order to determine their impact on social law. To do so, we focus on the fiscal treatment of such programs.
Consent and Sexual Violence in Canadian Public Discourse: Reflections onEwanchuk
Authors: Wright Joanne
Published: August 2014

Cet article est une analyse du discours public autour de la notion de consentement et de violence sexuelle, suite à la causeEwanchuk(«bonnet et crinoline»). L'analyse du débat qui s'ensuivit dans les pages editoriales duNational Postme porte à croire que la vive réaction à l'affaireEwanchukest liée à l'expérience personnelle et sexuée («gendered») des participants au débat, ce qui aurait influencé leur interprétation de la cause. La réaction fut également le résultat d'un conflit entre le modèle culturo-sexuel dominant des interactions hétérosexuelles (un modèle qui célèbre l'agressivité sexuelle masculine) et un modèle consensuel tel que prévu par le droit canadien selon le principe du «non veut dire non». Enfin, pour un public déjà sceptique à l'endroit du féminisme, la causeEwanchukfut un symbole de la prise de pouvoir de la Cour suprême par les féministes. Je soutiens que l'interprétation du consentement selon le modèle dominant représente une dérogation importante à l'idéal libéral du consentement libre et volontaire. En effet, elle s'appuie sur une notion de consentement «tacite» et le sens de «contrainte» et de «consentement» s'en voit obscurci. En fin de compte, la causeEwanchukreflète la persistance des attitudes découlant du sens commun face à la violence sexuelle et ce, malgré les réformes juridiques. L'affaire soulève aussi la question si le consentement peut être défini selon des termes significatifs et émancipateurs pour les femmes.
The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism, and the Liberal State
Authors: Berger Benjamin
Published: August 2014

Les tribunaux canadiens sont de plus en plus confrontés au défi de réconcilier une politique laïque libérale avec la protection de la liberté de religion de la Charte. Les approches traditionnelles envers le libéralisme et la laïcité ont rendu cette réconciliation particulièrement difficile, en promouvant une vision insatisfaisante, sur le plan conceptuel, d'un espace public areligieux, hyper-rationnel et dénué d'engagements moraux. En même temps, les théoriciens libéraux n'ont pas apprécié entièrement la nature et les demandes de la conscience religieuse. Cet article aborde les notions de libéralisme, de sécularisme et de conscience religieuse et suggère une compréhension de la relation entre les trois qui impliquerait un pluralisme arbitré sur la base des prémisses d'un langage de valeurs civiques. À l'aide d'une analyse de la jurisprudence canadienne, l'auteur montre que cette forme de réconciliation est déjà tacitement à l'œuvre. Cette approche est la manière la plus cohérente pour tracer les limites de la conscience religieuse au Canada et donne de la substance à la liberté religieuse tout en respectant le bien commun et les acquis du libéralisme séculier.
Theories of Categorization: A Case Study of Cheques
Authors: Hamilton Jonnette Watson
Published: August 2014

La catégorisation, bien que primordiale au raisonnement juridique, est un aspect sous-théorisé du droit, particulièrement dans les systèmes de droit commun. Cet article décrit deux théories de catégorisation utilisées par la législation canadienne régissant l'usage des chèques. Les règles de droit régissant l'usage des chèques ordinaires sont d'application connue et relativement prévisible. Toutefois, lorsque appliquées à des catégories spécifiques de chèques – chèques certifiés, post-dates et double-dates – les mêmes règles offrent des résultats forts imprévisibles. Selon l'auteur, ces disparités résultent de la théorie de catégorisation mise en place par la Loi sur les lettres de change, principale source de droit en la matière. Cette loi présume que la notion de chèque peut être définie in abstracto, en référence à une liste exhaustive de critères établis. Toutefois, cette théorie ne peut expliquer les pratiques du droit corporatif et du droit de la consommation. Une théorie de catégorisation faisant usage de prototypes est nécessaire pour expliquer ces disparités: ce sont des elaborations systématiques et cohérentes du modèle central qui ne sont ni arbitraires, car définies par le prototype, ni prévisibles. La théorie de catégorisation proposée par la loi voile la complexité et la fluidité d'une catégorie en apparence simple, soit les chèques. Une théorie prototype de catégorisation, au contraire, permet d'expliquer à la fois la structure de la catégorie, ainsi que ses disparités, et les causes du non-déterminisme de la loi.
FromTerra Nulliusto Affirmation: Reconciling Aboriginal Rights with the Canadian Constitution
Authors: Asch Michael
Published: August 2014

L'État canadien se présente comme tolérant, anti-colonial et auto-critique. Cependant, la justification légale de la Couronne pour acquérir souveraineté et juridiction sur les Peuples autochtones et leurs terres s'appuie sur la doctrine coloniale de laterra nulliusqui est fondée sur le postulat que les peuples indigènes étaient inférieurs au point de permettre à la Couronne de présumer que leurs terres étaient inoccupées. L'article analyse comment la doctrine de laterra nulliusa fini par s'appliquer en droit canadien et ses limites en tant que proposition acceptable dans la contemporanéité. Dans un second temps, il évalue des alternatives proposées dans des milieux variés pour déterminer si la conceptualisation et la mise en œuvre d'une relation politique et légale entre les Premières nations et le Canada qui serait post-coloniale dans sa perspective et pratique, est possible.
Raven's Garden: A Discussion about Aboriginal Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues
Authors: Napoleon Val
Published: August 2014

La thèse de cet article est que les principes des ordres juridiques autochtones, prévalant avant le contact avec les Européens, concernant les droits individuels et collectifs peuvent être articulés de manière à s'appliquer aux questions contemporaines d'orientation sexuelle et de transgenre dans les communautés autochtones. Selon le cadre d'analyse proposé (1) les sociétés autochtones avant contact acceptaient en général une diversité d'orientations sexuelles ainsi que les phénomènes de transgenre; (2) l'intolérance envers la diversité sexuelle est une conséquence du colonialisme; (3) des contestations récentes et l'action politique ont initié un débat sur ces enjeux dans les sociétés autochtones; et (4) les Autochtones peuvent s'appuyer sur des ordres juridiques avant contact et une approche pragmatique et critique pour construire des nations autonomes non oppressives. Le conflit entre droits collectifs et individuels est au fond une fausse dichotomie, selon l'auteur. Le défi posé est d'imaginer comment des systèmes juridiques autochtones et occidental peuvent coexister tout en maintenant l'intégrité de chaque culture et en protégeant les droits de gays, de lesbiennes et de transgenre autochtones.
Le Rapport Arthurs vingt ans plus tard: «commentaire sur les commentaires»
Authors: Lajoie Andrée
Published: August 2014

Invitée à «commenter les commentaires» de Constance Backhouse et de Roderick A. Macdonald sur le Rapport Arthurs, j'avais bien sûr prévu de leur part une évaluation critique de son influence sur l'enseignement et la recherche en droit, mais je ne m'attendais pas vraiment à des commentaires convergents aussi nettement négatifs … J'essayerai de voir si le tableau est aussi noir partout au Canada, pour tenter ensuite à mon tour une analyse des causes et des remèdes de ce mal-être que vivent les descendants d'Harry Arthurs.

Des diagnostiques négatifs convergents: Sur l'enseignement, surtout au niveau du baccalauréat, Constance Backhouse estime que rien n'a vraiment changé dans les curricula ou, si peu, dans certaines Facultés où l'offre de cours s'est diversifiée pour accueillir les perspectives sociales recommandées par le Rapport, mais où les étudiants boudent ces cours en faveur de ceux qui se rapprochent davantage de la formation professionnelle. Roderick A. Macdonald va dans le même sens en insistant sur le maintien du même découpage traditionnel des sous-disciplines juridiques inspirées de la pratique du droit, des mêmes formules pédagogiques, même au niveau des études supérieures, où il estime que peu de Facultés offrent en fait des cours spécifiques à l'enseignement supérieur, notamment au niveau doctoral. Il ajoute que le peu de théorie qui s'y enseigne est souvent superficiel, et que cette carence se reflète dans l'absence presque totale de stagiaires post-doctoraux dans les Facultés de droit. Sur le plan de l'accessibilité aux études, la communauté juridique a également régressé depuis le Rapport, compte tenu de l'augmentation phénoménale des frais de scolarité dans certaines Facultés, notamment à l'Université de Toronto.
What Will Rising Law School Tuition Fees Mean for Law and Learning?
Authors: Pickel Jo-Anne
Published: August 2014

Last year, the Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto approved a plan that will see tuition fees increase from $12 000 to $22 000 dollars over the next five years. Other Canadian law faculties are beginning to follow, or are considering following, the University of Toronto's lead. In light of this trend toward higher tuition fees, the time is ripe to step back and ask: what will this mean for legal education in Canada? In particular, on the twentieth anniversary of the release of Law and Learning (the “Arthurs Report”), it would seem important to reflect on the impact that higher tuition fees might have on law and learning in Canada. What will dramatic increases in tuition mean for the values and laudable objectives set out in the Arthurs Report? These are some of the issues that I seek to address, partly through a personal reflection on my own experience as a law student and as someone who is near the completion of graduate studies in law.
Dossier on the Arthurs Report on Law and Learning: A Reaction from University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM)
Authors: Côté René
Published: August 2014

Two years ago, while preparing a one week seminar for law professors at the Université nationale du Rwanda in Butare, I had the occasion to revisit the Arthurs Report on Law and Learning. I remember that my reaction was: how did things change so significantly since the Report was published?

That is why I was very interested to receive my new issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society that announced a complete dossier on the Report. After I read the first two articles by esteemed colleagues Roderick A. Macdonald and Constance Backhouse, I was shocked. How could there be such a gap between my perception and theirs? I was nevertheless relieved to see that Andrée Lajoie, in her “comments on the comments”, was as astonished as I was. I then decided to write my own comments in order to reflect a bit more the situation of the Civil Law faculties in Quebec and in particular the vision of the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). I will limit my comments to three topics: the study of law at the undergraduate and graduate levels and the state of legal scholarship.
Historian and Courts:R. v. Marshall and Mi'kmaqTreaties on Trial
Authors: Harris Douglas C.
Published: August 2014

In September, 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) released its decision inR v. Marshall. Donald Marshall Jr., no stranger to Canadian law, had been convicted of catching eels out of season, without a licence, and selling them, contrary to the federalFisheries Act. He admitted the offences, but appealed his conviction to the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal and then to the SCC on the grounds that the 1760–61 treaties between the Mi'kmaq and the British recognized his right, as a Mi'kmaq, to catch and sell fish, and that this right was protected under the guarantee of Aboriginal and treaty rights in the Canadian constitution. Justice Binnie, writing for the majority of the SCC, overturned the convictions. The Mi'kmaq, he held, did have treaty rights based on the 1760–61 treaties to catch and sell fish, including eels.

The Mi'kmaq were delighted. After many years and many appearances before Canadian judges (R. v. Syliboy, R. v. Issac, andR. v. Simon), it appeared that the courts were finally prepared to recognize what the Mi'kmaq had long believed: that the eighteenth century treaties were the foundation of their relationship with Canada, that the treaties were still in force, and that they guaranteed commercial hunting and fishing rights in their traditional territories.
Dual Legal systems and the Basic Structure Doctrine or Constitutions: The Case of India
Authors: Buss Andreas
Published: August 2014

La constitution indienne de 1950 était dans l'ensemble une création de l'esprit occidental, surimposée à une société héritière d'un système légal traditionnel complexe. Mais les constitutions sont plus que de simples textes légaux, elles sont aussi des portraits ou des miroirs d'un héritage culturel. Ce fait est illustré ici par l'analyse de l'histoire tortueuse de la doctrine des principes structurants dans le contexte constitutionnel indien. Bien que cette doctrine, élaborée par Carl Schmitt à l'époque de Weimar en Allemagne, ait été introduite en Inde par la Cour Suprême pour réduire la marée des amendements constitutionnels, elle a bientôt subi des réinterprétations majeures, et plus tard elle réfère à des principes englobants de la constitution. Par ce truchement la constitution a été rendue perméable à des concepts légaux traditionnels qui survivent toujours. Un appendice fournit une comparaison avec les principes non écrits de la constitution canadienne. À la différence de la situation en Inde, les principes non écrits canadiens n'ont aucune ‘superlégalité’ par rapport au texte écrit de la constitution. Des amendements constitutionnels, réalisés conformément à la procédure prescrite, sont légaux, et aucun principe supérieur ne peut assurer la continuité légale.
Association of coffee drinking with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Yimin , Wu Kejian , Zheng Jusheng , Zuo Ruiting , Li Duo
Published: August 2014

Objective

We aimed to use the meta-analysis method to assess the relationship between coffee drinking and all-cause mortality.

Design

Categorical and dose–response meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models.

Setting

We systematically searched and identified eligible literature in the PubMed and Scopus databases.

Subjects

Seventeen studies including 1 054 571 participants and 131 212 death events from all causes were included in the present study.

Results

Seventeen studies were included and evaluated in the meta-analysis. A U-shaped dose–response relationship was found between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality (Pfor non-linearity <0·001). Compared with non/occasional coffee drinkers, the relative risks for all-cause mortality were 0·89 (95 % CI 0·85, 0·93) for 1–<3 cups/d, 0·87 (95 % CI 0·83, 0·91) for 3–<5 cups/d and 0·90 (95 % CI 0·87, 0·94) for ≥5 cups/d, and the relationship was more marked in females than in males.

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies indicated that light to moderate coffee intake is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes, particularly in women.
Micro Structure Analysis of the Ovaries of Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L. Inhabiting a Polluted Reservoir, Umiam in Meghalaya, India
Authors: Massar Bashida , Dey Sudip , Dutta Karabi
Published: August 2014

The study uses microscopy to analyze damage caused to the ovaries of a fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio L., owing to its exposure to municipal wastes in a polluted reservoir, Umiam in Meghalaya, India. Histological analysis of the ovary showed atretic oocytes, detached ovarian wall, detached follicular linings, and necrosis of nuclei. Scanning electron microscopy revealed deformed oocytes with a rough and distorted surface. Transmission electron microscopy showed a poorly developed chorion, presence of relatively less electron-dense materials as compared with control, multinucleation in some cells surrounding the oocytes, and distorted and condensed mitochondria. The importance of microscopy in its different forms in analyzing histological, surface microstructural and fine structural damage to fish ovaries in response to environmental pollution owing to municipal wastes and city garbage is discussed with the help of available literature.
COMPARING AND ZILBER’S EXPONENTIAL FIELDS: ZERO SETS OF EXPONENTIAL POLYNOMIALS
Authors: D’Aquino P. , Macintyre A. , Terzo G.
Published: August 2014

We continue the research programme of comparing the complex exponential with Zilberś exponential. For the latter, we prove, using diophantine geometry, various properties about zero sets of exponential functions, proved for $\mathbb{C}$ using analytic function theory, for example, the Identity Theorem.
Streptococcus agalactiae clones infecting humans were selected and fixed through the extensive use of tetracycline
Authors: Da Cunha Violette , Davies Mark R. , Douarre Pierre-Emmanuel , Rosinski-Chupin Isabelle , Margarit Immaculada , Spinali Sebastien , Perkins Tim , Lechat Pierre , Dmytruk Nicolas , Sauvage Elisabeth , Ma Laurence , Romi Benedetta , Tichit Magali , Lopez-Sanchez Maria-José , Descorps-Declere Stéphane , Souche Erika , Buchrieser Carmen , Trieu-Cuot Patrick , Moszer Ivan , Clermont Dominique , Maione Domenico , Bouchier Christiane , McMillan David J. , Parkhill Julian , Telford John L. , Dougan Gordan , Walker Mark J. ,   DEVANI Consortium, Melin Pierette , Decheva Antoaneta , Petrunov Bogdan , Kriz Paula , Berner Reinhard , Büchele Anna , Hufnagel Markus , Kunze Mirjam , Creti Roberta , Baldassarri Lucilla , Orefici Graziella , Berardi Alberto , Rodriguez Granger Javier , De La Rosa Fraile Manuel , Afshar Baharak , Efstratiou Androulla , Holden Matthew T. G. , Poyart Claire , Glaser Philippe
Published: August 2014

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a commensal of the digestive and genitourinary tracts of humans that emerged as the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infections in Europe and North America during the 1960s. Due to the lack of epidemiological and genomic data, the reasons for this emergence are unknown. Here we show by comparative genome analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of 229 isolates that the rise of human GBS infections corresponds to the selection and worldwide dissemination of only a few clones. The parallel expansion of the clones is preceded by the insertion of integrative and conjugative elements conferring tetracycline resistance (TcR). Thus, we propose that the use of tetracycline from 1948 onwards led in humans to the complete replacement of a diverse GBS population by only few TcR clones particularly well adapted to their host, causing the observed emergence of GBS diseases in neonates.
Validation of HPLC assay for the identification and quantification of anthocyanins in black currants
Authors: Chen Xin , Parker Jessica , Krueger Christian G. , Shanmuganayagam Dhanansayan , Reed Jess D.
Published: August 2014

Many publications describe separation and quantification techniques for anthocyanins.
Controlled synthesis of Co3O4 single-crystalline nanofilms enclosed by (111) facets and their exceptional activity for the catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Authors: Wang Jun , Qiao Zhiqiang , Zhang Long , Shen Jinpeng , Li Rui , Yang Guangcheng , Nie Fude
Published: August 2014

Single-crystalline, thermally stable Co3O4 (111) nanofilms have been successfully synthesized without any surfactant.
Controllable Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites: chemical synthesis and magnetic properties
Authors: Yu Lianqing , Yang Ce , Hou Yanglong
Published: August 2014

Exchange-coupled nanocomposites of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe are successfully synthesized by thermal decomposition and reductive annealing process. The phase size, composition, as well as magnetic properties, can be readily tuned by changing the ratio between Nd-Fe-B-oxide and α-Fe. The optimum properties shows coercivity of 12 000 Gs and an enhanced remanence of Mr/M3T = 0.63.
Adjusting the electronic properties of silicon carbide nanoribbons by introducing edge functionalization
Authors: He Yanqiong , Zhang Peng , Hou Xiuli , Xu Jiajia , Wang Meiqi , Wu Yansen , Qu Jiacheng , Dong Mingdong
Published: August 2014

The electronic properties of silicon carbide nanoribbons can be adjusted by introducing edge functionalization.
Mechanochemical milling promoted solvent-free imino Diels–Alder reaction catalyzed by FeCl3: diastereoselective synthesis of cis-2,4-diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Tan Ya-Jun , Zhang Ze , Wang Fang-Jian , Wu Hao-Hao , Li Qing-Hai
Published: August 2014

Cis-2,4-diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines were diastereoselectively synthesized by FeCl3-promoted solvent-free Diels–Alder reaction of in situ generated imine with styrene under ball milling.
Probing the fate of interstitial water in bulk bioactive glass by ab initio simulations
Authors: Berardo Enrico , Corno Marta , Cormack Alastair N. , Ugliengo Piero , Tilocca Antonio
Published: August 2014

The mechanism and effects of the interaction of a water molecule with different sites found in the bulk of 45S5 bioactive glass have been investigated through ab initio simulations.
Ultrabright and biocompatible AIE dye based zwitterionic polymeric nanoparticles for biological imaging
Authors: Liu Meiying , Zhang Xiqi , Yang Bin , Deng Fengjie , Huang Zengfang , Yang Yang , Li Zhen , Zhang Xiaoyong , Wei Yen
Published: August 2014

Ultrabright and biocompatible luminescent polymeric nanoparticles were prepared via RAFT polymerization of an AIE dye and a zwitterionic monomer.
Preparation of conductive polyaniline grafted graphene hybrid composites via graft polymerization at room temperature
Authors: Ou Baoli , Huang Rao , Wang Wenyun , Zhou Hu , He Cong
Published: August 2014

Graphene was covalently functionalized with phenol groups via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction without degrading its electronic properties.
Versatile and sustainable alcoholysis of amides by a reusable CeO2 catalyst
Authors: Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Touchy Abeda Sultana , Tamura Masazumi , Shimizu Ken-ichi
Published: August 2014

CeO2 was found to be a versatile and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for direct alcoholysis of primary amides to esters under neutral conditions, providing a sustainable, general, and economic synthetic method of esters.
Characterization and catalytic properties of molybdenum oxide catalysts supported on ZrO2–γ-Al2O3 for ammoxidation of toluene
Authors: Teimouri Abbas , Najari Bahareh , Najafi Chermahini Alireza , Salavati Hossein , Fazel-Najafabadi Mahmoud
Published: August 2014

Molybdenum oxide catalysts with MoO3 loadings ranging from 6.6 to 25 wt% supported on ZrO2–γ-Al2O3 (1 : 1 wt%) mixed oxide were prepared by a wet impregnation method.
N2O reduction at a dissymmetric {Cu2S}-containing mixed-valent center
Authors: Esmieu Charlène , Orio Maylis , Torelli Stéphane , Le Pape Laurent , Pécaut Jacques , Lebrun Colette , Ménage Stéphane
Published: August 2014

Through a bio-inspired approach of the active site of the metalloenzyme nitrous oxide reductase, we isolated and characterized a dinuclear mixed-valent dicopper complex capable of N2O reduction at room temperature.
Amine α-heteroarylation via photoredox catalysis: a homolytic aromatic substitution pathway
Authors: Prier Christopher K. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: August 2014

The direct α-heteroarylation of tertiary amines has been accomplishedviaphotoredox catalysis to generate valuable benzylic amine pharmacophores.
Neat C60:C70 buckminsterfullerene mixtures enhance polymer solar cell performance
Authors: Diaz de Zerio Mendaza Amaia , Bergqvist Jonas , Bäcke Olof , Lindqvist Camilla , Kroon Renee , Gao Feng , Andersson Mats R. , Olsson Eva , Inganäs Olle , Müller Christian
Published: August 2014

Ternary blends of C60, C70 and a thiophene–quinoxaline copolymer (TQ1) can be readily processed from solution. A solar cell efficiency of 3.6% is achieved with a 2 : 1 : 1 TQ1:C60:C70 mixture, accompanied by a high internal quantum efficiency of 75%.
Fullerene-free organic solar cells with an efficiency of 3.7% based on a low-cost geometrically planar perylene diimide monomer
Authors: Singh R. , Aluicio-Sarduy E. , Kan Z. , Ye T. , MacKenzie R. C. I. , Keivanidis P. E.
Published: August 2014

A PCE of 3.7% is achieved using a low-cost monomeric PDI derivative blended with a low energy gap donor-polymer.
PI4KIIα phosphorylation by GSK3 directs vesicular trafficking to lysosomes
Authors: Robinson James W. , Leshchyns’ka Iryna , Farghaian Hovik , Hughes William E. , Sytnyk Vladimir , Neely Graham G. , Cole Adam R.
Published: August 2014

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is essential for normal development and function of the central nervous system. It is especially important for regulating neurotransmission, although the downstream substrates mediating this function are not yet clear. In the present paper, we report the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II α (PI4KIIα) is a novel substrate of GSK3 that regulates trafficking and cell-surface expression of neurotransmitter receptors in neurons. GSK3 phosphorylates two distinct sites in the N-terminus of PI4KIIα (Ser5 and Ser47), promoting binding to the adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) complex for trafficking to the lysosome to be degraded. Blocking phosphorylation reduces trafficking to the lysosome, stabilizing PI4KIIα and its cargo proteins for redistribution throughout the cell. Importantly, a reduction in PI4KIIα expression or phosphorylation increases α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor expression at the surface of hippocampal neurons. These studies implicate signalling between GSK3 and PI4KIIα as a novel regulator of vesicular trafficking and neurotransmission in the brain.
Accuracy of School Screenings in the Identification of Minimal Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Dodd-Murphy Jeanne , Murphy Walter , Bess Fred H.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The goal of this study was to investigate how the use of a 25 dB HL referral criterion in school screenings affects the identification of hearing loss categorized as minimal sensorineural hearing loss (MSHL).

Method

A retrospective study applied screening levels of 20 and 25 dB HL at 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in each ear to previously obtained pure-tone thresholds for 1,475 school-age children. In a separate prospective study, 1,704 children were screened at school under typical conditions, and a subsample had complete audiological evaluations. Referral rates, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each screening level.

Results

Referral rates varied by grade and criterion level, with comparable results between the two data sets. In both studies, when the screening level increased, the sensitivity to MSHL declined markedly, whereas specificity increased in the prospective study.

Conclusions

Screening at 25 dB yields poor sensitivity to MSHL. Converging evidence from these diverse populations supports using the 20 dB level to help identify MSHL. Multistage screening is recommended to limit referral rates. Even at 20 dB HL, cases of MSHL may be missed. Audiologists should encourage parents, educators, and speech–language pathologists to refer children suspected of hearing difficulty for complete audiological evaluations even if they pass school screenings.
Gap Detection and Temporal Modulation Transfer Function as Behavioral Estimates of Auditory Temporal Acuity Using Band-Limited Stimuli in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Shen Yi
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Gap detection and the temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF) are 2 common methods to obtain behavioral estimates of auditory temporal acuity. However, the agreement between the 2 measures is not clear. This study compares results from these 2 methods and their dependencies on listener age and hearing status.

Method

Gap detection thresholds and the parameters that describe the TMTF (sensitivity and cutoff frequency) were estimated for young and older listeners who were naive to the experimental tasks. Stimuli were 800-Hz-wide noises with upper frequency limits of 2400 Hz, presented at 85 dB SPL. A 2-track procedure (Shen & Richards, 2013) was used for the efficient estimation of the TMTF.

Results

No significant correlation was found between gap detection threshold and the sensitivity or the cutoff frequency of the TMTF. No significant effect of age and hearing loss on either the gap detection threshold or the TMTF cutoff frequency was found, while the TMTF sensitivity improved with increasing hearing threshold and worsened with increasing age.

Conclusion

Estimates of temporal acuity using gap detection and TMTF paradigms do not seem to provide a consistent description of the effects of listener age and hearing status on temporal envelope processing.
Psychobiological Stress Reactivity and Personality in Persons With High and Low Stressor-Induced Extralaryngeal Reactivity
Authors: Dietrich Maria , Verdolini Abbott Katherine
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to determine whether persons who responded with high stressor-induced extralaryngeal muscle activity in a stress reactivity protocol differed from those with low muscle activity on measures of emotional and autonomic cardiovascular reactivity and personality.

Method

Thirty-six vocally healthy women (18–35 years) were assigned to high and low extralaryngeal groups based on submental (SM) and infrahyoid (IH) surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings obtained during a stress reactivity protocol (high vs. low sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
,
n
= 18 per subgroup; Dietrich & Verdolini Abbott, 2012). Measures included assessments of basic fear and fear of public speaking, rumination, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and personality.

Results

The high sEMG
IH
group reported significantly greater basic fear across experimental phases than did the low sEMG
IH
group (
p
= .036). However, the high sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
versus low sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
groups did not differ on fear of public speaking, rumination, or SBP across phases. Both high sEMG
SM
and sEMG
IH
groups were characterized by significantly lower scores on
Extraversion
(
p
< .001).

Conclusion

In combination with the authors' previous findings (Dietrich & Verdolini Abbott, 2012), the present findings provided robust evidence that low
Extraversion
was linked to stressor-induced changes in extralaryngeal functioning and that perceived fear played a contributing role.
Time optimisation problem for switched stochastic systems with multi‐switching times
Authors: Liu Xiaomei , Zhang Kanjian , Li Shengtao , Fei Shumin , Wei Haikun
Published: August 2014

In this study, a time optimisation problem is solved for a class of linear time‐invariant switched stochastic systems with multi‐switching times using the calculus of variations. The objective of authors’ study is to minimise a cost functional defined on the system state, where the sequence of active subsystems is pre‐specified and the switching times are the only control variables. The gradient of the cost functional with respect to the switching times is derived, which has an especially simple form and can be directly used in gradient descent algorithms to locate the optimal switching instants. The proposed method is applied on a two‐tank system, which is a practical example of switched systems. Combining with another numerical example with three switching times case, the viability of the proposed method is further demonstrated.
A framework for real‐time emissions trading in large‐scale vehicle fleets
Authors: Häusler Florian , Faizrahnemoon Mahsa , Crisostomi Emanuele , Schlote Arieh , Radusch Ilja , Shorten Robert
Published: August 2014

In this study a framework for the real‐time trading of budgeted emission rights between a fleet of participating vehicles is presented. The trading problem is formulated as a utility maximisation or as a utility fairness problem, which can be solved in real time either in a centralised or in a distributed manner. In both cases, the authors illustrate the basic issues that arise when such a framework is realised in practice, and they show the efficacy of the approaches by providing several simulation examples and a realistic case study.
PO–PO method for electromagnetic backscattering from a 2D arbitrary dielectric‐coated conducting target located above a 1D randomly rough surface: horizontal polarisation
Authors: Chai Shui‐Rong , Guo Li‐Xin , Wang Rui
Published: August 2014

This study proposes and validates a new physical optics–physical optics (PO–PO) method based on the reciprocity theorem to calculate the electromagnetic backscattering from a two‐dimensional (2D) dielectric‐coated conducting target located above a 1D dielectric randomly rough surface. To avoid the artificial reflection from two endpoints of rough surface, the tapered plane wave proposed by Thorsos in 1988 is introduced as the incident wave. The results obtained from the author's method, for horizontal polarisation, show a good agreement with the numerical results derived from the conventional method of moments in a special case of a perfectly electric conducting target located above a dielectric rough surface. Finally, the influence of some parameters related to the coating material on the composite scattering is investigated and discussed in detail.
Line spectrum and ion temperature measurements from tungsten ions at low ionization stages in large helical device based on vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy in wavelength range of 500–2200 Å
Authors: Oishi T. , Morita S. , Huang X. L. , Zhang H. M. , Goto M.
Published: August 2014

Vacuum ultraviolet spectra of emissions released from tungsten ions at lower ionization stages were measured in the Large Helical Device (LHD) in the wavelength range of 500–2200 Å using a 3 m normal incidence spectrometer. Tungsten ions were distributed in the LHD plasma by injecting a pellet consisting of a small piece of tungsten metal and polyethylene tube. Many lines having different wavelengths from intrinsic impurity ions were observed just after the tungsten pellet injection. Doppler broadening of a tungsten candidate line was successfully measured and the ion temperature was obtained.
Combined effect of cortical cytoskeleton and transmembrane proteins on domain formation in biomembranes
Authors: Sikder Md. Kabir Uddin , Stone Kyle A. , Kumar P. B. Sunil , Laradji Mohamed
Published: August 2014

We investigate the combined effects of transmembrane proteins and the subjacent cytoskeleton on the dynamics of phase separation in multicomponent lipid bilayers using computer simulations of a particle-based implicit solvent model for lipid membranes with soft-core interactions. We find that microphase separation can be achieved by the protein confinement by the cytoskeleton. Our results have relevance to the finite size of lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells.
A model of melamine molecules ordering on metal surfaces
Authors: Šimėnas M. , Tornau E. E.
Published: August 2014

The model of melamine molecules ordering into planar honeycomb and closed packed phases is proposed. To account for the “side-to-side” melamine-melamine molecular interactions, we use the version of the antiferromagnetic Blume-Capel model with some exclusions. The model is solved by Monte Carlo calculations on a triangular lattice, a slightly rescaled version of Au(111) and Ag(111) lattices on which the main experimental data are obtained. The ordered phases are formed when mutual distance between the centers of molecules is within sixth and seventh nearest neighbor distances of rescaled substrate lattice. We obtain the ground state phase diagram with honeycomb and three closed-packed phases and density-temperature phase diagram with three pure phases (gas, honeycomb, and close-packed) and their two-phase coexistences.
Magnetic field measurements via visible spectroscopy on the Z machine
Authors: Gomez M. R. , Hansen S. B. , Peterson K. J. , Bliss D. E. , Carlson A. L. , Lamppa D. C. , Schroen D. G. , Rochau G. A.
Published: August 2014

Sandia's Z Machine uses its high current to magnetically implode targets relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Since target performance is highly dependent on the applied drive field, measuring magnetic field at the target is essential for accurate simulations. Recently, the magnetic field at the target was measured through splitting of the sodium 3s-3p doublet at 5890 and 5896 Å. Spectroscopic dopants were applied to the exterior of the target, and spectral lines were observed in absorption. Magnetic fields in excess of 200 T were measured, corresponding to drive currents of approximately 5 MA early in the pulse.
SO(4) algebraic approach to the three-body bound state problem in two dimensions
Authors: Dmitrašinović V. , Salom Igor
Published: August 2014

We use the permutation symmetric hyperspherical three-body variables to cast the non-relativistic three-body Schrödinger equation in two dimensions into a set of (possibly decoupled) differential equations that define an eigenvalue problem for the hyper-radial wave function depending on an SO(4) hyper-angular matrix element. We express this hyper-angular matrix element in terms of SO(3) group Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and use the latter's properties to derive selection rules for potentials with different dynamical/permutation symmetries. Three-body potentials acting on three identical particles may have different dynamical symmetries, in order of increasing symmetry, as follows: (1) S3 ⊗ OL(2), the permutation times rotational symmetry, that holds in sums of pairwise potentials, (2) O(2) ⊗ OL(2), the so-called “kinematic rotations” or “democracy symmetry” times rotational symmetry, that holds in area-dependent potentials, and (3) O(4) dynamical hyper-angular symmetry, that holds in hyper-radial three-body potentials. We show how the different residual dynamical symmetries of the non-relativistic three-body Hamiltonian lead to different degeneracies of certain states within O(4) multiplets.
The effect of elastic point contact and mechanical resonators
Authors: Photiadis Douglas M. , Goldstein David J. , Zalalutdinov Maxim K.
Published: August 2014

We present a novel analytical treatment of nearfield elasticity effects in mechanical resonator systems, which shows that local strain fields near a point contact can be accounted for by introducing a spring-like contact impedance at appropriate interfaces. We demonstrate via experiment that such effects can cause significant shifts in resonant frequency, and predict that the local displacements give rise to an additional dissipation mechanism which can be significant. The mathematical expressions we obtain are simple enough as to be easily included in traditional engineering models that are typically used to approximate the results one would obtain via true three-dimensional elasticity theory calculations. The effects we describe are scale invariant; we briefly discuss potentially relevant biological, nanomechanical, and large-scale systems.
Global existence of the three-dimensional viscous quantum magnetohydrodynamic model
Authors: Yang Jianwei , Ju Qiangchang
Published: August 2014

The global-in-time existence of weak solutions to the viscous quantum Magnetohydrodynamic equations in a three-dimensional torus with large data is proved. The global existence of weak solutions to the viscous quantum Magnetohydrodynamic equations is shown by using the Faedo-Galerkin method and weak compactness techniques.
Double functions of porous TiO2 electrodes on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells: Enhancement of perovskite crystal transformation and prohibition of short circuiting
Authors: Murugadoss Govindhasamy , Mizuta Gai , Tanaka Soichiro , Nishino Hitoshi , Umeyama Tomokazu , Imahori Hiroshi , Ito Seigo
Published: August 2014

In order to analyze the crystal transformation from hexagonal PbI2 to CH3NH3PbI3 by the sequential (two-step) deposition process, perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 layers were deposited on flat and/or porous TiO2 layers. Although the narrower pores using small nanoparticles prohibited the effective transformation, the porous-TiO2 matrix was able to help the crystal transformation of PbI2 to CH3NH3PbI3 by sequential two-step deposition. The resulting PbI2 crystals in porous TiO2 electrodes did not deteriorate the photovoltaic effects. Moreover, it is confirmed that the porous TiO2 electrode had served the function of prohibiting short circuits between working and counter electrodes in perovskite solar cells.
An investigation of the dynamic separation of spot welds under plane tensile pulses
Authors: Ma Bohan , Fan Chunlei , Chen Danian , Wang Huanran , Zhou Fenghua
Published: August 2014

We performed ultra-high-speed tests for purely opening spot welds using plane tensile pulses. A gun system generated a parallel impact of a projectile plate onto a welded plate. Induced by the interactions of the release waves, the welded plate opened purely under the plane tensile pulses. We used the laser velocity interferometer system for any reflector to measure the velocity histories of the free surfaces of the free part and the spot weld of the welded plate. We then used a scanning electron microscope to investigate the recovered welded plates. We found that the interfacial failure mode was mainly a brittle fracture and the cracks propagated through the spot nugget, while the partial interfacial failure mode was a mixed fracture comprised ductile fracture and brittle fracture. We used the measured velocity histories to evaluate the tension stresses in the free part and the spot weld of the welded plate by applying the characteristic theory. We also discussed the different constitutive behaviors of the metals under plane shock loading and under uniaxial split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. We then compared the numerically simulated velocity histories of the free surfaces of the free part and the spot weld of the welded plate with the measured results. The numerical simulations made use of the fracture stress criteria, and then the computed fracture modes of the tests were compared with the recovered results.
Low-voltage and hysteresis-free organic thin-film transistors employing solution-processed hybrid bilayer gate dielectrics
Authors: Ha Tae-Jun
Published: August 2014

This study presents a promising approach to realize low-voltage (<3 V) organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) exhibiting improved electrical and optical stability. Such device performance results from the use of solution-processed hybrid bilayer gate dielectrics consisting of zirconium dioxide (high-k dielectric) and amorphous fluoropolymer, CYTOP® (low-k dielectric). Employing a very thin amorphous fluoropolymer film reduces interfacial defect-states by repelling water molecules and other aqueous chemicals from an organic semiconductor active layer due to the hydrophobic surface-property. The chemically clean interface, stemming from decrease in density of trap states improves all the key device properties such as field-effect mobility, threshold voltage, and sub-threshold swing. Furthermore, degradation by electrical bias-stress and photo-induced hysteresis were suppressed in OTFTs employing hybrid bilayer gate dielectrics.
Dual effects of stochastic heating on electron injection in laser wakefield acceleration
Authors: Deng Z. G. , Yang L. , Zhou C. T. , Yu M. Y. , Ying H. P. , Wang X. G.
Published: August 2014

Electron injection into the wakefield of an intense short laser pulse by a weaker laser pulse propagating in the opposite direction is reconsidered using two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell simulations as well as analytical modeling. It is found that for linearly polarized lasers the injection efficiency and the quality of the wakefield accelerated electrons increase with the intensity of the injection laser only up to a certain level, and then decreases. Theory and simulation tracking test electrons originally in the beat region of the two laser pulses show that the reduction of the injection efficiency at high injection-laser intensities is caused by stochastic overheating of the affected electrons.