bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Pregnancy Increases the Risk of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection
Authors: Santos Priscilla Vilela dos , Toledo Débora Nonato Miranda , Almeida Bianca Alves , Andrade-Neto Valter F , Guimarães Nathalia S , Talvani André
Published: September 2021

Background. Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) is an infectious disease caused by placental transfer of Toxoplasma gondii protozoa to the fetus, and can generate neurological and neurocognitive deficits, or death. As a mother’s infection poses the risk of fetal transmission in about 30% of the cases, appropriate preventive strategies are required for infection-related risk factors. The present study assessed the prevalence of T. gondii infection and the factors associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in pregnant women with assistance from the Public Health Service at Ouro Preto, Brazil.Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and December 2020. Pregnant women (n = 131) aged between 13 and 46 years, were recruited and evaluated for specific IgM and IgG antibody levels against T. gondii. These women also responded to a structured questionnaire, which was later used to determine the socioeconomic, environmental, gestational, clinical, and dietary patterns.Results. The prevalence of infection by T. gondii was 45.8% (n = 60); of these, multigravida women were more exposed to infection and were 2.6 times more likely to become infected with T. gondii compared to primigravida women (OR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.25-5.39). A high prevalence of T. gondii seropositivity was identified in pregnant women in the region of Ouro Preto, Brazil, where part of the sample reported the absence of basic sanitation at home.Conclusion. Our data identified multigravida as a potential risk factor for gestational toxoplasmosis, based on the high positivity of anti-T. gondii serology in these women Thus, educational and preventive measures must be intensified in both primigravida and multigravida women, to increase awareness regarding the potential risks of contact with T. gondii.
Fuzi-lizhong Decoction Alleviate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Blocking TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhang Ying , Yang Jiayao , Ma Wei , Yi Hongfeng , Liao Yan , Shu Lei , Zhang Shu , Li Chenyu , An Liu , Du Nianlong , Shi Zhaohong
Published: September 2021

Background Fuzi-lizhong decoction (FLD) derives from an ancient Chinese Pharmacopoeia and has been used for the clinical treatment for years. The present study aimed to investigate the activities and underlying mechanisms of FLD against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods In vivo NAFLD in rats was induced by high-fat diet, and in vitro studies were performed on HL-7702 cells treated with oleic and linoleic. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and blood glucose (Glu) were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Expression of IL-2, IL-6 and TNFα were detected by ELISA. Using the Western blot (WB) and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to measure the levels of TLR4, MyD88 and TRAF6.Results FLD significantly attenuated inflammation and improved collagen accumulation through down-regulating the levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNFα, NF-κB p65 by inhibited the activation of TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. TLR 4 overexpression in NAFLD was decreased by FLD, leading to the markedly down-regulated levels of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). In addition, the significant increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and blood glucose (Glu) in serum and free fatty acid (FFA) in liver were significant reduced by FLD treatment. Conclusions FLD exhibited potent protective effect against NAFLD via TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway, which might provide a novel insight into the mechanisms of this compound as an anti-inflammatory candidate for the treatment of ALF in the future.
Simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from landfill leachate using an aerobic granular reactor
Authors: Saxena Vikalp , PADHI SUSANT , Bhatt Ritik , PATTANAIK LOPA
Published: September 2021

In this study, aerobic granular reactor (AGR) was used to treat landfill leachate by changing the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (668 ± 110–1149 ± 93 mg/L), ammonia (NH3-N) (30 ± 3.3–48 ± 1.3 mg/L), and phosphorus (PO4-P) (147 ± 18–221 ± 17 mg/L). The average COD removal was gradually reduced from 81 to 75%, increasing COD concentrations from 668 ± 110 to 1149 ± 93 mg/L. In phase I, the maximum removal of COD (94%) and NH3-N (85%) were observed at influent concentrations of 668 ± 110 mg/L and 30 ± 3.3 mg/L, respectively. Significant removal of PO4-P was observed, resulting in a maximum of up to 87%, further reducing up to 34% due to an increase in influent PO4-P concentration. The SVI30 reduced from 77 mL/g to 24.15 mL/g towards the end of phase III indicates the formation of granular biomass. The stability of AGR was also investigated in extreme conditions like shut-down and shock-loading phases. The treatment of real leachate diluted with wastewater (~ 20:80% v/v) using AGR showed a significant COD, NH3-N, and PO4-P removal of 62–65%, 61–93%, and 56–64%, respectively. Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes were identified as the predominant (80%) bacterial community in aerobic granules responsible for removing COD, NH3-N, and PO4-P from leachate using AGR. The maximum biodegradation rate (rmax) and half-saturation constant (Ks) in AGR were determined as 123.5 mg/L h and 309 mg/L, respectively.
Dynamic Transesophageal Echocardiographic Parameters for Predicting Fluid Responsiveness in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Authors: Li Yaru , Jiang Luyang , Feng Yi , Ting Hai , Wang Guang , Wang Lu , Dou Dou
Published: September 2021

Background: The aim was to investigate the feasibility of the dynamic transesophageal echocardiographic parameters to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: In the prospective study, a total of 60 patients scheduled for elective general surgery under mechanical ventilation were enrolled. All patients received 10ml/kg Ringer’s lactate. The data including central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume variation (SVV), SVC-CI, E velocity, and the ratio of E/e’ was recorded before and after fluid challenge. Patients were classified as Responders (FR group) if their CI increased by at least 15% after fluid challenge. Results: 25/52(48%) were Responders and 27 were non-Responders (52%). The SVC-CI was higher in the Responders (41.90±11.48% vs 28.92±9.05%, P＜0.01). SVC-CI was significantly correlated with △CI (r=0.568, P＜0.01). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of SVC-CI was 0.838 (95% CI: 0.728～0.947, P＜0.01) with the optimal cut-off value of 39.4% (sensitivity 64%, specificity 92.6%). The best cut-off value for SVV was 12.5% (sensitivity 40%, specificity 89%) with the AUROC of 0.68 (95% CI 0.53～0.826, P＜0.05). Conclusion: The SVC-CI and SVV can predict fluid responsiveness effectively in mechanically ventilated patients. And SVC-CI is superior in predicting fluid responsiveness compared with SVV. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000034940, Registered 25 July 2020, https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx
The Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Ipragliflozin on Insulin Resistance, Hepatic Insulin Clearance, Beta-Cell Function in the Japanese Patients with type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Okura Tsuyoshi , Fujioka Yohei , Nakamura Risa , Kitao Sonoko , Ito Yuichi , Anno Mari , Matsumoto Kazuhisa , Shoji Kyoko , Matsuzawa Kazuhiko , Izawa Shoichiro , Okura Hiroko , Ueta Etsuko , Kato Masahiko , Imamura Takeshi , Taniguchi Shin-ichi , Yamamoto Kazuhiro
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Some reports showed SGLT2i improved insulin resistance, however, the effect on insulin resistance is not well established. Hepatic insulin clearance (HIC) is new pathophysiology of T2DM. The effect of SGLT2i on hepatic insulin clearance and insulin resistance is not well known. We investigated the effect of SGLT2i on insulin resistance, insulin secretion, incretins, body composition, and hepatic insulin clearance. Materials and Methods: We conducted a meal tolerance test (MTT), and the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in 9 T2DM patients. 50 mg/day ipragliflozin was admitted, MTT and clamp were performed after 4 months. We calculated the postprandial C-peptide AUC to insulin AUC ratio as the HIC. We also measured GLP1, GIP, and glucagon levels during MTT. Results: Body weight, HbA1c, and body composition were not significantly changed after 4 months of treatment. Postprandial glucose, fasting, and postprandial insulin were significantly decreased. The insulin resistance of the glucose clamp was not changed, but HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were significantly improved. Incretins and glucagon were not changed. Hepatic insulin clearance was significantly increased, but whole-body insulin clearance was not changed. Fib 4 index and fatty liver index were significantly reduced. HOMA-beta and insulinogenic index was not changed but the C-peptide index was significantly increased. Conclusions: Although patients’ number was small, these results suggest that SGLT2i treatment decreased hepatic insulin resistance, increased hepatic insulin clearance, and decreased hyperinsulinemia, it might protect beta-cell function.
Study of the doubly charmed tetraquark $T_{cc}^+$
Authors: Belyaev Ivan
Published: September 2021

An exotic narrow state in the D0D0π + mass spectrum just below the D∗+D0 mass threshold is studied using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1 acquired with the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV. The state is consistent with the ground isoscalar T+ cc tetraquark with a quark content of ccud and spin-parity quantum numbers JP = 1+. Study of the DD mass spectra disfavours interpretation of the resonance as the isovector state. The decay structure via intermediate off-shell D∗+ mesons is confirmed by the D0π + mass distribution. The mass of the resonance and its coupling to the D∗D system are analysed. Resonance parameters including the pole position, scattering length, effective range and compositeness are measured to reveal important information about the nature of the T+ cc state. In addition, an unexpected dependence of the production rate on track multiplicity is observed.
Synthesis of the Polyhydroquinoline Derivative 4-(2-Chloro-Phenyl)-2,7,7-Trimethyl5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydroquinoline-3-Carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester: Antimicrobial and Enzyme Modulator
Authors: Machado Gustavo Henrique Andrade , Trento Marcus Vinícius Cardoso , Pinelli Juliana Junqueira , Piccoli Roberta Hilsdorf , Thomasi Sérgio Scherrer , Marcussi Silvana
Published: September 2021

Multicomponent reactions are extremely relevant in green chemistry. They offer better conditions than traditional synthesis and are, therefore, used for many organic modifications. Recently, the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines has received much attention for its high pharmacological potential. In the present study, a polyhydroquinoline derivative was synthesized without the use of catalysts or solvents. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the molecule was successfully synthesized. The molecule presents significant results of antimicrobial activity for the bacteria tested in the serial dilution method. It also increased the clotting time by 25.66 seconds for the highest dose and 12.66 seconds for the other doses tested. Prior incubation with the dose of 125 mg reduced the thrombolytic activity to 73%. The 125, 100, and 50 mg doses previously incubated with Bothrops moojeni venom inhibited approximately 30% of the phospholipase activity. The molecule was also able to reduce the cytotoxicity induced by proteases significantly. In conclusion, the molecule presents several biological properties, which highlights its pharmaceutical potential.
A Proteomics Informed by Transcriptomics Insight Into the Proteome of Ornithodoros Erraticus Adult Tick Saliva
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Ricardo , Carnero-Morán Angel , Valero M. Luz , Oleaga Ana
Published: September 2021

Background: The argasid tick Ornithodoros erraticus is the main vector of tick-borne human relapsing fever (TBRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in the Mediterranean Basin. The prevention and control of these diseases would greatly benefit from the elimination of O. erraticus populations, and anti-tick vaccines are envisaged as an effective and sustainable alternative to chemical acaricide usage for tick control. O. erraticus saliva contains bioactive proteins that play essential functions for tick feeding and host defence modulation, which may contribute to host infection by tick-borne pathogens. Hence, these proteins could be candidate antigen targets for the development of vaccines aimed at the control and prevention of O. erraticus infestations and the diseases it transmits. The objective of the present work was to obtain and characterise the proteome of the saliva of O. erraticus adult ticks as a means to identify and select novel salivary antigen targets.Methods: We have applied a proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) approach to analyse samples of female and male saliva separately using the previously obtained O. erraticus sialotranscriptome as a reference database, and two different mass spectrometry techniques, namely, LC-MS/MS in data-dependent acquisition mode and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Results: Up to 264 and 263 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS in the saliva of O. erraticus female and male ticks, respectively, totalling 387 non-redundant proteins. Of them, 224 were further quantified by SWATH-MS in both male and female saliva. Quantified proteins were classified into 23 functional categories and their abundance compared between sexes. Heme/iron binding proteins, protease inhibitors, proteases, lipocalins and immune-related proteins were the categories most abundantly expressed in females, while glycolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors and lipocalins were the most abundantly expressed in males. Ninety-seven proteins were differentially expressed between the sexes: 37 were overexpressed in females and 60 in males. Conclusions: The PIT approach demonstrated its usefulness for proteomics studies of O. erraticus, a non-model organism without genomic sequences available, allowing the publication of the first comprehensive proteome of the saliva of O. erraticus reported to date. These findings confirm important quantitative differences between sexes in the O. erraticus saliva proteome, unveil novel salivary proteins and functions at the tick–host feeding interface and help to understand the physiology of feeding in O. erraticus ticks. The integration of O. erraticus sialoproteomic and sialotranscriptomic data will drive a more rational selection of salivary candidates as antigen targets for the development of vaccines aimed at the control of O. erraticus infestations and the diseases it transmits.
Degeneration of pyramidal cells of CA1, CA2, and CA3 area of the hippocampus in male rats under the influence of Simvastatin
Authors: Ranaiy Mohammad Saleh , Farokhi Farah , Babaei-Balderlou Farrin
Published: September 2021

Background: Simvastatin is a lipophilic statin and can cross the blood-brain barrier. This study aimed to evaluate the Effect of Simvastatin on pyramidal cells in CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in healthy male rats. Method: For the experiment, 36 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 300-250 g were divided into six groups (each group comprised six heads). Groups: 1): Control group, 2): Vitamin D dose 5 µg/kg, 3): Simvastatin group dose 1 mg/kg, 4): Simvastatin group dose 10 mg/kg, 5): Simvastatin group dose 1 mg/kg + vitamin D dose 5 µg/kg, 6): Simvastatin group dose 10 mg/kg + vitamin D dose 5 µg/kg. The duration of drug use was 28 days. At the end of the drug administration period, the animals were slaughtered, then blood samples were taken from the animals (to check TC[1] and LDL-C[2]), and finally, the brain tissue of the animals was extracted to prepare microscopic sections. Results: Statistical results of total cholesterol and LDL-C in rat serum showed that the groups receiving simvastatin 10 mg/kg and simvastatin 10 mg/kg with vitamin D supplement 5 µg/kg were significantly different compared to the control group (P <0.05).Statistical results showed a significant increase (P <0.05) in degenerated cells in the groups receiving simvastatin 10 mg/kg and simvastatin 10 mg/kg with vitamin D supplementation compared with the control group in CA1 and CA2 regions. The statistical results of the study of the percentage of The statistical results of the study of the rate of degenerative cells in CA3 area CA3 of the hippocampus showed that all groups except the vitamin D group had a significant difference (P <0.50) in the percentage of degenerative cells in this region compared to the control group.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Simvastatin, due to its lipophilic nature, easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and reduces cholesterol in the brain, thus causing the degeneration of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.[1] Total cholesterol[2] Low-Density Lipoproteins
Self-aligned double injection-function contact mitigating short channel effects in sub-micron channels of solution processed indium gallium zinc oxide
Authors: Sheleg Gil , Tessler Nir
Published: September 2021

We propose and demonstrate self-aligned Double Injection Function Thin Film Transistor (DIF-TFT) architecture that mitigates short channel effects in 200nm channel on a non-scaled insulator (100nm SiO2). In this conceptual design, a combination of an ohmic-like injection contact and a high injection-barrier metal allows maintaining the high ON currents while suppressing the drain-induced barrier lowering. Using an industrial 2D device simulator (Sentaurus), we propose two methods to realize the DIF concept and we use one of them to experimentally demonstrate a DIF-TFT based on solution processed IGZO. Using molybdenum as the ohmic contact and platinum as the high injection barrier, we compare three transistor’s source-contacts: ohmic, Schottky, and double injection function. The fabricated DIF-TFT exhibits saturation at sub 1V drain bias with only about a factor of 2 loss in ON current compared to the ohmic contact.
Do low-confidence individuals decrease group judgments’ accuracy? Investigations in terms of the wisdom of crowds framework
Authors: Shirasuna Masaru , Honda Hidehito
Published: September 2021

In group judgments in a binary choice task, the judgments of individuals with low confidence (i.e., they feel that the judgment was not correct) may be regarded as unreliable. Previous studies have shown that aggregating individuals’ diverse judgments can lead to high accuracy in group judgments, a phenomenon known as the wisdom of crowds. Therefore, if low-confidence individuals make diverse judgments between individuals and the mean of accuracy of their judgments is above the chance level (.50), it is likely that they will not always decrease the accuracy of group judgments. To investigate this issue, the present study conducted behavioral experiments using binary choice inferential tasks, and computer simulations of group judgments by manipulating group sizes and individuals’ confidence levels. Results revealed that (I) judgment patterns were highly similar between individuals regardless of their confidence levels; (II) the low-confidence group could make judgments as accurate as the high-confidence group, as the group size increased; and (III) even if there were low-confidence individuals in a group, they generally did not inhibit group judgment accuracy. The results suggest the usefulness of low-confidence individuals’ judgments in a group and provide practical implications for real-world group judgments.
Existence of yttrium allotrope with incommensurate host-guest structure at moderate pressure: First evidence from computational approach
Authors: Tsuppayakorn-aek Prutthipong , Bovornratanaraks Thipok , Luo Wei , Ahuja Rajeev , Bovornratanaraks Thiti
Published: September 2021

We predict an allotrope of yttrium with an incommensurate host-guest structure by using ab initio random structure searching technique, based on first-principles calculation. Along with, we propose a set analogous commensurate supercells, which is incommensurate ratio (c H /c G), by approximating the different the number of guest atoms in channels in along c axis of the host structure. Herein, our results show that c H /c G = 5/4 is energetically stable. Subsequently, an incommensurate host-guest structure is found to be thermodynamically and dynamically stable within harmonic level. The hybridization of spd explains the stability of the host-guest structure under high pressure conditions. The distributions of electrons between the host and guest atoms are indicated strong and weak electron localization of spd bonds. This findings suggest that the host-guest structure is more likely to be achieved experimentally in this metallic element at moderate pressure.
Synthetic neuromorphic computing in living cells
Authors: Rizik Luna , Danial Loai , Habib Mouna , Weiss Ron , Daniel Ramez
Published: September 2021

Biological regulatory networks in cells and neuronal networks employ complex circuit topologies with highly interconnected nodes to perform sophisticated information processing. Despite the complexity of neuronal networks, their information processing and computational capabilities can be recapitulated using simplified models comprising repeated connected nodes, e.g., perceptrons, with decision-making capabilities and flexible weighted links. Here, we argue that analogous to their revolutionary impact on computing, neuro-inspired models can similarly transform synthetic gene circuit design in a manner that is reliable, efficient in resource utilization, and can be readily reconfigurable for new tasks. We introduce neuromorphic design for synthetic gene circuits by first defining the perceptgene, a perceptron that computes in the logarithmic domain, which enables efficient implementation of artificial neural networks in the cellular milieu. Working in Escherichia coli cells, we experimentally demonstrated logarithmic scale analog multiplication using a single perceptgene. We modified perceptgene parameters (weights and biases) to create devices that compute a log-transformed negative rectifier encoding the minimum operation, log-transformed positive rectifier encoding the maximum operation, and log-transformed average of analog inputs. We then created multi-layer perceptgene circuits that compute a majority function, perform analog-to-digital conversion, and implement a ternary switch. Experimental and theoretical analysis showed that our approach enables circuit optimization via artificial intelligence algorithms such as gradient descent and backpropagation. Realizing neural-like computing in the noisy resource-limited environments of individual cells marks an important step towards synthetic biological systems that can be engineered effectively via supervised ANN optimization algorithms.
A development method of cutting force coefficients in face milling process using parallelogram insert
Authors: Nguyen Nhu-Tung
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a modeling method of cutting force and a combination approach of theory and experimental methods in the determination of cutting force coefficients in the face milling process using a parallelogram insert. By the theoretical method, the cutting forces were modeled by a mathematical function of cutting cutter geometry (Cutter diameter, the number of inserts, the insert nose radius, insert cutting edge helix angle, etc.), cutting conditions (depth of cut, feed per flute, spindle speed, etc.), and cutting force coefficients (shear force coefficients, edge force coefficients). By the theoretical method, the average cutting forces in three directions (feed – x, normal – y, and axial – z) were modeled as the linear functions of feed per flute. By the experimental method, the average cutting forces in these three directions were also regressed as the linear functions of feed per flute with quite large determination coefficients (R2 were larger than 92 %). Then, the relationship of average cutting forces and feed per flute was used to determine all six cutting force coefficient components. The validation experiments were performed to verify the linear function of average cutting forces, to determine the cutting force coefficients, and to verify the cutting force models in the face milling process using a cutter with one parallelogram insert. The cutting force models were successfully verified by comparison of the shape and the values of predicted cutting forces and measured cutting forces. These proposed methods and models can be applied to determine the cutting force coefficients and predict the cutting force in the face milling process using a parallelogram insert and can be extended with other cutting types or other insert types
A fuzzy vault development based on iris images
Authors: Taha Mohammed A. , Ahmed Hanaa M.
Published: September 2021

Biometric systems gather information from the person's biometric attributes, used extensively to authorize the individuals. Due to the obvious convenience of using specific individual traits such as face, fingerprints, palm veins, and irises, biometric authentication is becoming more common. In particular, Iris systems are in high demand for high-assurance applications, because they contain a broad feature set and remain stable. Authentication methods based on iris biometrics are now commonly used in a variety of fields. This is due to the fact that iris biometric authentication is both safer and more comfortable than conventional passwords. Template Security is a major concern in biometric systems. The template security mechanism ensures reusable, permanent, and un-linkable models. The Fuzzy Vault strategy is one of the most popular security schemes for Template protection.

Fuzzy vault has demonstrated to be an effective protection method but lacks revocability and security attacks. This article introduced an improved fuzzy vault system. The improved fuzzy vault system was introduced, which uses more than one key to protect biometric data. Different keys make the search space more detailed. The additional key was used to encrypt vault data, which stopped the intruder from accessing the information on the person's biometry. The system was tested using CASIA.v1 and IITD.v1 datasets, and findings showed that the system ensures the protection and authentication of the iris templates without compromising performance. The proposed modification gave a 0.0 % False Accepted Rate (FAR) for both the dataset and False Rejected Rate (FRR), 0.14 % for CASIA v1 and 0.12 % for ITTD v1 False Rejected rate
Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) outcomes at the time of orthodontic appliance removal and three months into retention
Authors: Monk Jared , Fowler Peter , Thomson William Murray
Published: September 2021

Background

Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) has become an important measure of orthodontic treatment outcome. However, it is unclear how long OHRQoL benefits manifest themselves following the removal of the orthodontic appliances.

Objectives

To investigate differences in OHRQoL recorded at the time of orthodontic appliance removal and three months into retention.

Setting and sample

Described is a prospective outcome study of 59 consecutive participants treated in a hospital-based clinic between 2015 and 2018. The patients comprised three groups: those who received orthognathic surgery (N = 15), those who had an orofacial cleft (N = 30) and those who had no-surgery/no-cleft (N = 14). Each individual completed an age-specific OHRQoL questionnaire that categorised them as either an adolescent (N = 37) or an adult (N = 22) participant.

Method

The OHRQoL questionnaires were completed at the time of appliance removal (T0) and again three months into retention (T1). The Child Perceptions Questionnaires (CPQ11-14-ISF8 and P-CPQ8) were used for adolescent participants and their parent/caregiver, respectively, while the short-form Oral Health Impact Questionnaire (OHIP-14) was used for the adults.

Results

The OHIP-14, CPQ11-14-ISF8 and P-CPQ8 detected improvements in overall and domain scores between T0 and T1 for all patient groups. Moderate effect sizes (0.2–0.7) were observed in all the domain, overall and group mean scores.

Conclusions

Post-treatment orthodontic OHRQoL outcomes improve over the three-month period following appliance removal. The use of these measures should be delayed beyond the immediate time of appliance removal to allow the benefits of orthodontic treatment to be appreciated.
The long-term efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy in Class III malocclusion
Authors: Le Bi Ngoc Huynh , Goonewardene Mithran , Duigou Christophe , Bharat Chrianna
Published: September 2021

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and facemask (FM) therapy in the treatment of Class III malocclusions by comparing Class III subjects treated by RME/FM mechanics with untreated Class III controls at the Western Australian public dental hospital.

Materials and methods

The lateral cephalograms of 42 (26 males, 16 females) Class III patients treated by RME/FM therapy were analysed and compared with a control sample comprised of 23 (14 males, 9 females) untreated Class III patients. Evaluations were carried out prior to facemask therapy and at a long-term follow-up period of approximately eight to nine years post-treatment. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-tests for unpaired data.

Results

At long-term follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences between the treated and control groups except in overjet, which was greater in the treated group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the short-term effects on the maxilla in RME/FM therapy are not maintained in the long term. Success in treatment is largely dependent on the patient’s skeletal growth pattern.
Developmental stage specific ANB reference values based on a longitudinal sample of untreated Caucasian subjects
Authors: Hostage Margaret , Silver Mathew T. , Finn Stephanie C. , Canary Benjamin , Kantarci Alpdogan , Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Katebi Negin , Masoud Mohamed I.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

The study aimed to assess the longitudinal changes in the ANB angle before and after adolescence, and determine Class I normative values for childhood and adolescent Caucasian patients based on cervical vertebral maturation stages (CVMS) and gender.

Setting and sample population

The sample included 71 (41 females and 30 males) untreated Caucasian subjects who took part in a growth study between 1959 and 1976.

Materials and methods

Lateral cephalometric radiographs were analysed at CVMS1 (childhood) and again at CVMS4-5 (adulthood). A paired sample t-test was used to analyse ANB angle differences between the two time points. Subjects who were skeletally and dentally Class I at adulthood (51 subjects) had their radiographs at CVMS1 (childhood) and CVMS2-3 (adolescence) used to establish Caucasian normative values for those stages. Data were also analysed for gender and skeletal classification differences.

Results

There was a statistically significant decrease in ANB value (2.3°) from CVMS1 to CVMS4-5 in the combined sample as well as the skeletal Class I and Class III groups (2.5° and 3.3° for Class I and Class III subjects, respectively). The reduction was smaller and not statistically significant in Class II individuals (1.5°). In Class I individuals, ANB values were 4.68° (SD:1.76°) at CVMS1, 2.86° (SD:1.18°) at CVMS2-3, and 2.13° (SD:0.99°) at CVMS4-5. No significant gender differences were found.

Conclusions

Statistically significant decreases in the ANB angle can be expected between childhood and adulthood in Class I and Class III patients but not Class II untreated subjects. Adult normative values should not be used for children.
The effect of electro-thermal treatment of stainless steel arch wire on mechanical properties and cell proliferation
Authors: Gu Yingzhi , Xie Xianju , Wang Hongmei , Zhuang Rui , Bai Yuxing
Published: September 2021

Background

Electric resistance heat treatment may be performed on orthodontic arch wires, but it remains unclear whether this procedure reliably provides better mechanical properties or whether an austenite phase transition affords less cytotoxicity and less arch wire width change.

Methods

Stainless steel (SS) arch wires of 0.017 × 0.025 and 0.019 × 0.025 inches in size were heat-treated using a spot welder for eight seconds at power settings of 2, 4, 6 and 8. The surface morphology, coefficient of friction (COF), flexural modulus, cytotoxicity, austenitic content, colour change and arch width of the samples were subsequently analysed.

Results

The COF, flexural modulus and austenitic content of the orthodontic SS arch wires increased after heat treatment. SS wires appearing brownish-yellow and blue exhibited higher flexural moduli. The heat treatment of the SS wires did not significantly increase arch wire width or cause cytotoxicity.

Conclusions

Electric resistance heat treatment of SS arch wires is a feasible method to improve the flexural modulus without widening the arch wire and increasing cytotoxicity. The colour of the wire helps determine the heating status, and the maximum flexural modulus of the wires is obtained when the colour changes to brownish-yellow.
The resistance to axial dislodgement of nickel titanium compression arch wire hooks – an in vitro study
Authors: Karsten Agneta Linder-Aronson , Forsberg Carl-Magnus , Öberg Martin
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate the level of force required to axially dislodge nickel titanium compression hooks (Trillium Compression HookTM, Hespeler Orthodontics) placed on orthodontic arch wires in vitro.

Materials and methods

Nickel titanium compression hooks were placed on arch wires with a specially designed pair of pliers. The resistance to axial dislodgement was tested on a total of 260 hooks placed in a standardised way on round (0.016″, 0.018″, 0.020″), square (0.020 × 0.020″) and rectangular (0.016 × 0.022″, 0.019 × 0.025″, 0.021 × 0.025″) stainless steel (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics), nickel titanium, or β-titanium (Hespeler Orthodontics) arch wires. The forces required to displace the hooks were recorded using an Instron tensile testing machine. The data were compared with the results reported in similar studies on stainless steel crimpable arch wire hooks.

Results

The forces required to dislodge the compression hooks varied between 45.0 N and 161.9 N. The hook’s resistance to dislodgement was found to be high in all tested hook/wire combinations. The lowest recorded average dislodging force was found in the 0.020″ nickel titanium group and the highest average force was in the 0.016 × 0.022″ β-titanium group.

Conclusion

The forces needed to dislodge the tested nickel titanium compression arch wire hooks exceed the force levels previously reported for stainless steel crimpable arch wire hooks.
Galvanic coupling and mechanical properties of low Ni orthodontic brackets with representative types of orthodontic wires
Authors: Kummer Géraldine , Polychronis Georgios , Zinelis Spiros , Eliades Theodore
Published: September 2021

Aim

To characterise the mechanical properties and galvanic coupling of Ni-free orthodontic brackets with stainless steel (SS) and Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires.

Methods

Three Ni-free bracket types (Topic [TOP], Equilibrium [EQU] and Orthos [ORT] made of Ni-free alloys), one conventional (Mini 2000 [MIN]) made of SS alloy and an SS and a NiTi wire were examined in the present study. All brackets and wires were embedded in epoxy resin and, after metallographic grinding and polishing, the Martens hardness (HM), the indentation modulus (EIT), and the elastic index (ηIT) were recorded, employing Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT) by monitoring force over indentation depth curves during a loading-unloading cycle. The galvanic coupling of all bracket-wire combinations was tested in 0.1M NaCl-0.1M lactic acid and 0.3% (wt.) NaF solutions by noting the potential differences over 48 hours. The mechanical properties were statistically analysed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests at alpha = 0.05.

Results

Significant differences were identified in the mechanical properties of the materials tested. The TOP (2372 ± 182 N/ mm2), ORT (wing) (2418 ± 164) and SS wire (2302 ± 85) showed significantly higher HM compared with all other materials tested. The MIN (base) (1115 ± 81) and ORT (base) (1237 ± 101) showed the lowest HM while MIN (wing) (1520 ± 138), EQU (1620 ± 139) and NiTi wire (1526 ± 42) demonstrated intermediate HM values. The ORT (wing) (101 ± 6 GPa) displayed the highest EIT while NiTi wire (24 ± 5) showed the lowest. The latter had the highest elastic index (59 ± 5%) with MIN (base)(15 ± 3) possessing the lowest. The potential difference for all bracket wire combinations was found below the threshold for the initiation of galvanic corrosion (200 mV) apart from MIN coupled with NiTi wire in the NaF solution.

Conclusions

The mechanical properties of Ni-free brackets are significantly different compared with the SS bracket assessed. Galvanic testing revealed that conventional and Ni-free brackets are compatible with both SS and NiTi wires in media containing chloride and fluoride ions.
Mandibular repositioning in adult patients — an alternative to surgery? A two-year follow-up
Authors: Fiorelli Giorgio , Merlo Paola , Dalstra Michel , Melsen Birte
Published: September 2021

Background

Adult patients presenting with skeletal discrepancies may refuse surgical intervention.

Materials and methods

Thirty-two patients who declined orthognathic correction of their maxillo-mandibular dysplasia and who were without signs of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) were offered mandibular repositioning as a non-invasive alternative. Simulating a skeletal correction, it was explained that the approach was based on results described in case reports.

Before commencing treatment, initial records, lateral and frontal head films, study casts and photos were obtained (T0) and the mandible was repositioned to camouflage a retrognathic skeletal discrepancy or a mandibular transverse asymmetry by means of an occlusal build-up using Triad™ gel.

Results

Three months later (T1), 23 patients had adapted to the new occlusion reflected by an absence of functional disturbance and without fracture of the composite occlusal build-up. Mandibular position in these patients was maintained by additional orthodontic treatment and an adjustment of the occlusion to the built-up postured position (T1). The skeletal changes occurring during repositioning were assessed on sagittal and frontal head films while intra-articular changes occurring during a two-year follow-up period (T2) were evaluated on images constructed from CBCT scans. No significant change, either in the direction of relapse or in the direction of further normalisation of condylar position, were observed during the two-year observation period.

Conclusion

Mandibular repositioning is a non-invasive intervention that may be considered a valid alternative to surgery in selected patients. Morphological variables from the radiographs taken at T0 and the results of the initial clinical evaluation of dysfunction yielded only vague and insignificant indicators regarding the predictability of the adaptation. A CBCT scan at T0 might have contributed to the identification of the patients who would likely accept the repositioning.
Do combined glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate supplements affect condylar remodelling during functional appliance therapy?
Authors: Barley Gosia , Shen Gang , Almuzian Mohammed , Jones Alan , Oliver Rema , Petocz Peter , Walsh William R. , Darendeliler M. Ali
Published: September 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the effect of glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate supplements on condylar remodelling in conjunction with bite-jumping functional appliance therapy in rats.

Materials and methods

The study involved 140 three-week-old, female rats which were divided into a control group (CG), a supplementation group (SG), a functional appliance (bite-jumping) group (FG) and a bite-jumping appliance and supplement recipient group (FSG). The animals were sacrificed at Day 0, Day 7 and at Day 21 after appliance placement, as well as seven days following appliance removal. The condylar head from each animal was blindly scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT). Qualitative evaluation and volumetric measurements of the condyles, including total condylar volume (TCoV), posterior condylar volume (PCoV), total cartilage volume (TCaV) and posterior cartilage volume (PCaV), were undertaken using VGStudioMax software.

Results

One hundred and thirty-five rats were analysed, some of which responded to the intervention with a protruded bite (Class III response) while others responded with a retruded bite (Class II response). The TCoV and PCoV of the CG decreased during the experimental period. The functional appliance alone and the combination of the functional appliance with the supplement had a significant effect on TCoV and PCoV over the intervention period (p < 0.01), peaking at Day 7. There was no statistically significant difference in TCaV between animals that experienced Class II and Class III bite responses at Days 21 and 28 (p > 0.05). However, at Day 21, the PCaV increased significantly in those animals which displayed a Class II bite response (p < 0.05). The shape of the condyles in FG and FSG varied significantly from that of the condyles in CG and SG.

Conclusion

Supplement therapy was found to enhance the normal biological response to functional appliance therapy in a rat model, particularly after the functional appliance was removed. Further research using an immuno-histochemical analysis of a modified bite-jumping appliance and improved food delivery is recommended.
Two-phase treatment of iatrogenic periodontitis: an eight-year follow-up
Authors: Gu Yan , Zhao Chunyang , Yan Bin , Zhang Yan , Liu Ke , Wang Lin
Published: September 2021

The mixed dentition is often accompanied by transient malocclusions, such as a midline diastema. The general principle is to monitor development to ascertain the appropriate timing of possible intervention. The present clinical article reports the case of a seven-year-old boy who suffered from severe iatrogenic periodontitis of the maxillary incisors due to direct closure of a diastema by a rubber band. The incisors survived and exhibited periodontal and pulpal health at an eight-year review. Carefully-sequenced interdisciplinary management and co-operation, appropriate biomechanics aided by temporary anchorage devices, and a longterm follow-up are noted as key factors determining success when clinicians encounter such challenges.
The qualitative assessment of median and transverse palatal sutures in various age groups – a CBCT analysis
Authors: Strzecki Adrian , Osiewacz Sandra , Jabłońska-Zrobek Joanna , Szczepańska Joanna , Pawłowska Elżbieta
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To detect age-related morphological changes occurring in the median and transverse palatal sutures that could affect the outcome of rapid maxillary expansion. Determined by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans.

Material and methods

CBCT scans were retrospectively analysed of 325 patients aged from 5.9 to 82 years (mean = 27.3 +/-17.9), comprising 144 males and 181 females who underwent CBCT scanning of the maxillary region. The median and transverse palatal sutures were assessed at four topographic points using a grading scale created for the purpose of this study to attempt to assess the shape and the amount of calcified tissue within the examined sutures.

Results

At each of the assessed topographic points, the median palatal suture evolved from a straight/polyline shape to a more tortuous outline with a concomitant increase in the amount of calcified tissue most significantly identified in the middle and posterior regions of the suture. Patients older than 20 years showed significant suture obliteration at all points evaluated. No agedependent increase in the transverse suture calcification could be established.

Conclusion

Patients younger than 15 years should be treated with more predictable effect by means of an RME if no factors other than median palatal suture morphology are considered. Patients between 15 and 20 years old can be described as borderline cases in which an individual assessment by CBCT scans may prove clinically relevant. Patients older than 20 years showed significant suture obliteration at all points evaluated and therefore could be considered as patients at high risk of RME failure.
The relationship between maxillary dental and occlusal anomalies: evidence of a ‘Maxillary Deficiency Syndrome’
Authors: Williams Stephen , Loster Jolanta E. , Loster Bartłomiej W.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Recent reports have suggested that anomalies involving the maxillary dentition can sometimes occur in combination. The aim of the study was to investigate combinations of maxillary dental anomalies relating to occlusal and skeletal factors which could suggest a ‘syndrome-like’ aetiology.

Method

This report is based on observations of study models and cephalograms of individuals exhibiting dental anomalies or malocclusion traits related to maxillary or maxillary arch development. A series of nine dental and skeletal anomalies was defined. A possible inter-relationship between the dental factors as well as a correlation with the skeletal malocclusion traits and skeletal factors was investigated.

Results

Of the 253 cases examined, 157 demonstrated single dental symptoms; the remainder demonstrated a combination of at least two or more. Dental and occlusal anomalies in maxillary development were usually associated with bi-maxillary jaw retrognathism and a low mandibular ramus height, indicating a vertical mandibular developmental pattern.

Conclusions

Maxillary anomalies based on the finding of aplasia, eruption problems or crossbite could occur in combination and be associated with constricted skeletal development of the palate or atypical mandibular morphology. It is proposed that these findings suggest the existence of a Maxillary Deficiency Syndrome which should be considered carefully when orthodontic treatment planning.