bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le sens de la nécessité selon Montesquieu
Authors: Charrak André
Published: May 2013

La définition de la loi-rapport par laquelle commence L’Esprit des lois a suscité de nombreux commentaires, ainsi que l’illustration qu’en donne Montesquieu en parlant des lois du monde physique. Cet article précise l’opération à laquelle se livre Montesquieu dans ces passages difficiles en précisant le sens qu’il faut donner à la nécessité et comment il permet d’éclairer les exigences de scientificité requise pour rendre possible une étude des phénomènes humains.
Montesquieu et la crise du droit naturel moderne
Authors: Spector Céline
Published: May 2013

Les séminaires dispensés par Leo Strauss au Département de Sciences Politiques de l’Université de Chicago en 1965-1966 sont demeurés inédits à ce jour. Consacrés à L’Esprit des lois et aux Lettres persanes , ces cours offrent une interprétation forte et subtile de l’œuvre, qui a connu un retentissement majeur en raison des travaux de certains disciples (David Lowenthal, Thomas Pangle, Pierre Manent, Paul Rahe). L’exégèse straussienne mérite donc d’être mieux connue : elle ouvre la voie d’une analyse de la politique « libérale » de Montesquieu et de ses illusions.
Enhanced T Cell Function in a Mouse Model of Human Glycosylation
Authors: Buchlis George , Odorizzi Pamela , Soto Paula C. , Pearce Oliver M. T. , Hui Daniel J. , Jordan Martha S. , Varki Ajit , Wherry E. John , High Katherine A.
Published: May 2013

Clinical evidence for a more active immune response in humans compared with our closest hominid relative, the chimpanzee, includes the progression of HIV infection to AIDS, hepatitis B– and C–related inflammation, autoimmunity, and unwanted harmful immune responses to viral gene transfer vectors. Humans have a unique mutation of the enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), causing loss of expression of the sialic acid Neu5Gc. This mutation, occurring 2 million years ago, likely altered the expression and function of ITIM-bearing inhibitory receptors (Siglecs) that bind sialic acids. Previous work showed that human T cells proliferate faster than chimpanzee T cells upon equivalent stimulation. In this article, we report that Cmah−/− mouse T cells proliferate faster and have greater expression of activation markers than wild-type mouse T cells. Metabolically reintroducing Neu5Gc diminishes the proliferation and activation of both human and murine Cmah−/− T cells. Importantly, Cmah−/− mice mount greater T cell responses to an adenovirus encoding an adeno-associated virus capsid transgene. Upon lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, Cmah−/− mice make more lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus–specific T cells than WT mice, and these T cells are more polyfunctional. Therefore, a uniquely human glycosylation mutation, modeled in mice, leads to a more proliferative and active T cell population. These findings in a human-like mouse model have implications for understanding the hyperimmune responses that characterize some human diseases.
AIDS awareness and VCT behaviour: An application of the integrated model of behaviour prediction
Authors: Diteweg Hilde , Van Oostwaard Adinda , Tempelman Hugo , Vermeer Adri , Appels Melanie , Van der Schaaf Marieke F. , Maree David J.F.
Published: May 2013

In order to limit the expansion of the HIV and AIDS epidemic in South Africa, it is important to develop targeted prevention strategies. The voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) programme appears to be effective for preventing the spread of the HI virus. This study adapted guidelines of the integrated model of behaviour prediction (IMBP) into a questionnaire and examined the extent to which it predicts behaviour. A sample of 92 sports team members from Limpopo ranging from 14 to 30 years of age completed the questionnaire. Results suggested that beliefs about the outcomes of behaviour and beliefs about the expectations of others had a direct influence on the intention to undergo HIV counselling and testing. Efficacy beliefs, namely beliefs that there are factors that can facilitate behaviour, can lead to actual testing behaviour if accompanied by self-efficacy. Knowledge, intention and stigma are not related to VCT behaviour. Findings show that some constructs influence intention and test behaviour, but in ways not predicted by the model. Thus, the adequacy of the IMBP to determine HIV and AIDS-preventative behavioural intentions is questioned.Dit is belangrik om doelgerigte voorkomende strategieë te ontwikkel om die verspreiding van MIV en VIGS in Suid Afrika te bekamp. Die vrywillige MIV-voorligtings- en toetsingsprogram (VVT) blyk effektief te wees om die verspreiding van die MI virus te stuit. In hierdie studie is ŉ vraelys ontwikkel wat op die geïntegreerde model van gedragsvoorspelling (GMG) gebaseer is. Die studie ondersoek die mate waarin die GMG gedrag kan voorspel. ŉ Steekproef van 92 sport spanlede van Limpopo tussen die ouderdomme van 14 tot 30 jaar, het die vraelys voltooi. Resultate toon dat oortuigings oor die uitkoms van gedrag en oortuigings oor die verwagtings van ander ‘n direkte invloed uitoefen op die intensie om VVT te ondergaan. Oortuigings dat daar faktore is wat gedrag kan fasiliteer het ‘n invloed op die intensie slegs as ŉ mens ook die gemak waarmee gedrag uitgevoer kan word insien. Kennis, intensie en stigma is nie verwant aan toetsgedrag nie. Die bevindinge toon dat sommige konstrukte wel intensie en toetsgedrag beïnvloed, maar nie op die manier wat die model voorstel nie. Resultate bevraagteken die vermoë van die GMG om MIV en VIGS- voorkomende gedragsintensies te bepaal.
Effects of the number of people on efficient capture and sample collection: A lion case study
Authors: Ferreira Sam M. , Maruping Nkabeng T. , Schoultz Darius , Smit Travis R.
Published: May 2013

Certain carnivore research projects and approaches depend on successful capture of individuals of interest. The number of people present at a capture site may determine success of a capture. In this study 36 lion capture cases in the Kruger National Park were used to evaluate whether the number of people present at a capture site influenced lion response rates and whether the number of people at a sampling site influenced the time it took to process the collected samples. The analyses suggest that when nine or fewer people were present, lions appeared faster at a call-up locality compared with when there were more than nine people. The number of people, however, did not influence the time it took to process the lions. It is proposed that efficient lion capturing should spatially separate capture and processing sites and minimise the number of people at a capture site.
Assessing the representativeness and repeatability of testing sites for drought-tolerant maize in West Africa
Authors: Badu-Apraku B. , Akinwale R. O. , Obeng-antwi K. , Haruna A. , Kanton R. , Usman I. , Ado S. G. , Coulibaly N. , Yallou G. C. , Oyekunle M.
Published: May 2013

Badu-Apraku, B., Akinwale, R. O., Obeng-antwi, K., Haruna, A., Kanton, R., Usman, I., Ado, S. G., Coulibaly, N., Yallou, G. C. and Oyekunle, M. 2013. Assessing the representativeness and repeatability of testing sites for drought-tolerant maize in West Africa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 699–714. The selection of suitable breeding and testing sites is crucial to the success of a maize (Zea mays L.) improvement programme. Twelve early-maturing maize cultivars were evaluated for 3 yr at 16 locations in West Africa to determine the representativeness, discriminating ability, and repeatability of the testing sites and to identify core testing sites. Genotype main effect plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that Zaria (Nigeria), Nyankpala (Ghana), and Ejura (Ghana) displayed the highest discriminating ability. Two mega-environments were identified. Bagou, Nyankpala, Bagauda, Ikenne, and Mokwa constituted the first mega-environment (ME1); Ejura, Ina and Sotuba represented the second (ME2). The ME1 would be more useful for evaluating early maize genotypes for tolerance to drought than ME2 because locations in ME1 were more strongly correlated to Ikenne (managed drought stress site). Among the test locations, Bagou and Mokwa were found to be closely related to Ikenne in their ranking of the cultivars for drought tolerance; Zaria was the exact opposite, indicating that this was the least suitable location for evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance. Nyankpala and Ikenne were identified as the core testing sites for ME1 and Ejura for ME2. TZE Comp 3 C2F2 was identified as the highest yielding cultivar for ME1 and Syn DTE STR-Y for ME2, indicating that they could be used as check cultivars. Ikenne, Nyankpala, and Ejura had moderately high repeatability. They were closer to the average environment axis of each mega-environment and will be useful for culling unstable genotypes during multi-locational testing. Other sites were less representative and not repeatable and will not be useful for evaluating early maize cultivars for drought tolerance.
The influence of cold water storage on fatty acids, antioxidant content and activity, and microbial load in ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) fiddleheads
Authors: DeLong John M. , Hodges D. Mark , Prange Robert K. , Forney Charles F. , Fan Lihua , Bishop M. Conny , Elliot Michele L. , Jordan Michael A. , Doucette Craig
Published: May 2013

DeLong, J. M., Hodges, D. M., Prange, R. K., Forney, C. F., Fan, L., Bishop, M. C., Elliot, M. L., Jordan, M. A. and Doucette, C. 2013. The influence of cold water storage on fatty acids, antioxidant content and activity, and microbial load in ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) fiddleheads. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 683–697. The influence of upwards to 42 d of cold water storage (CWS) on selected bioactive compounds and microbial populations in ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) fiddlehead tissue was investigated. Following harvest, the fiddleheads were stored in cold deionized water (1°C) with removals occurring at 1, 8, 18, 28 and 42 d. Post-removal analysis showed fiddlehead tissue had a unique fatty acid composition including γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Post-storage tissue concentrations of ascorbic acid, α- and γ-tocopherol, α- and β-carotene, the xanthophyll pigments (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein) and phenolic compounds ranged from high to very high for green plant tissue. High antioxidant activity values were also recorded and were likely due to the elevated phenolic compound content. Site differences were also apparent for several of these measurements. The microbial data showed that the fiddleheads had relatively high populations of bacteria as well as yeast and fungi resident on the tissue and in the surrounding storage water. Significant linear and quadratic CWS effects (both positive and negative) occurred for many of the bioactive compound and microbial measurements. A CWS period of a month or perhaps longer at 1°C appears possible for ostrich fern fiddleheads before the nutritional content markedly declines.
Relationships among soil respiration, soil temperature and dry matter accumulation for wheat-maize intercropping in an arid environment
Authors: Liu Shou-bao , Chai Qiang , Huang Gao-bao
Published: May 2013

Liu, S. B., Chai, Q. and Huang, G. B. 2013. Relationships among soil respiration, soil temperature and dry matter accumulation for wheat-maize intercropping in an arid environment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 715–724. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) offers an opportunity to boost grain production in short-season areas, but little is known about the sustainability of the intercropping system. This study, conducted at an arid irrigation site in 2009 and 2010, determined water consumption and soil respiration (Rs) characteristics and their relationships to soil temperature (Ts) and above-ground dry matter (DM) accumulation for wheat/maize (W/M) intercropping compared with sole wheat and sole maize. The W/M intercropping had a co-growth period of 70-80 d, allowing the two intercropped species to complete their life cycles. Maximum DM rate for the wheat in the W/M system was significantly greater than that for sole wheat (57 vs. 51 g d−1), which occurred at around 72 to 77 d after sowing (DAS), whereas the maximum DM rate for the maize in the W/M system was between 31.6 and 44.9 g m−2 d−1, or 30 to 43% lower than that of sole maize. The ercroppedhe umulation of a thetime to reach maximum DM was 96 DAS in 2009 and 80 DAS in 2010 for sole maize, and the corresponding time for the intercropped maize was delayed by 6 to 10 d. Soil respiration and DM was a curvilinear relationship; with the increase in DM accumulation, Rs increased, reached a peak at the early flowering stage for wheat and at the silking stage for maize, and then declined. Soil respiration increased linearly with increases in soil temperature during the growth period for both sole and intercropping, suggesting that farming practices aimed at reducing soil temperature will be effective in reducing carbon emissions. Evapotranspiration during the co-growth period averaged 44.1 mm for sole wheat and 48.5 mm for the intercropped wheat and 57.0 mm for sole maize and 48.0 mm for the intercropped maize, but soil water status had little or no effect on Rs. Wheat/maize intercropping had greater grain yield with lower soil respiration over the corresponding sole plantings, and it can serve as a sustainable cropping system for arid irrigation areas.
Global impact of smoke aerosols from landscape fires on climate and the Hadley circulation
Authors: Tosca M. G. , Randerson J. T. , Zender C. S.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Each year landscape fires across the globe emit black and organic carbon smoke particles that can last in the atmosphere for days to weeks. We characterized the climate response to these aerosols using an Earth system model. We used remote sensing observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and simulations from the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5) to optimize satellite-derived smoke emissions for high biomass burning regions. Subsequent global simulations using the adjusted fire emissions produced AODs that were in closer agreement with surface and space-based measurements. We then used CAM5, which included radiative aerosol effects, to evaluate the climate response to the fire-aerosol forcing. We conducted two 52 yr simulations, one with four sets of monthly cycling 1997–2009 fire emissions and one without. Fire emissions increased global mean annual AOD by 10% (+0.02) and decreased net all-sky surface radiation by 1% (1.3 W m−2). Elevated AODs reduced global surface temperatures by 0.13 ± 0.01 °C. Though global precipitation declined only slightly, patterns of precipitation changed, with large reductions near the Equator offset by smaller increases north and south of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). A combination of increased tropospheric heating and reduced surface temperatures increased equatorial subsidence and weakened the Hadley circulation. As a consequence, precipitation decreased over tropical forests in South America, Africa and equatorial Asia. These results are consistent with the observed correlation between global temperatures and the strength of the Hadley circulation and studies linking tropospheric heating from black carbon aerosols with tropical expansion.
Role of convection in hydration of tropical UTLS: implication of AURA MLS long-term observations
Authors: Jain S. , Jain A. R. , Mandal T. K.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. This paper addresses various characteristic features associated with the hydration of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) in association with the boreal monsoonal convective activity occurring over three different tropical regions viz. Asian region, American region and African region. Analysis of water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) data obtained from AURA MLS (v3.3), ISCCP D1 cloud top pressure data and outgoing long-wave radiation data (OLR) from NOAA reanalysis has brought out two significant results. Firstly, high altitude clouds and high WVMR regions are mostly associated with the low OLR region. Convection over Asian region is very deep and spread over a large geographical area as compared to African or American region. Magnitude of WVMR in the pressure range of 261.0–146.8 hPa is observed to be higher over the Asian region, whereas, close to the tropopause level (~ 100 hPa) it is comparable or more over the American region as compared to Asian and African regions. Secondly, the vertical ascent rate of water vapour obtained from AURA MLS data suggest that convection associated transport might have dominated up to 146.8–121.2 hPa in addition to slow large scale diabatic transport, which appears to be prominent above the pressure range of 100–82.5 hPa. Within the pressure levels of 121.2 to 82.5 hPa, the influence of convective transport appears to be gradually decreasing. However, there are other possible processes like ice sublimation or cirrus jumping which could contribute to the hydration of the tropical lower stratosphere. Present analysis has, thus, brought out the significance of convection in water vapour transport and distribution in the tropical UTLS. Another interesting feature which is observed is the anomalous increase in temperature during boreal winters (November–April) over all three convective regions. Such phenomenon is only observed within the pressure range of 100.0–261.0 hPa; however it is relatively weaker for levels > 177.8 hPa.
Nitrification and its oxygen consumption along the turbid Changjiang River plume
Authors: Hsiao S. S.-Y. , Hsu T.-C. , Liu J.-W. , Xie X. , Zhang Y. , Lin J. , Wang H. , Yang J.-Y. T. , Hsu S.-C. , Dai M. , Kao S.-J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Nitrification rates of bulk water (NRb) and particle free (NRpf, particle > 3 μm eliminated) were determined along the Changjiang River plume in August 2011 by nitrogen isotope tracer technique. Dissolved oxygen (DO), community respiration rate (CR), nutrients, dissolved organic nitrogen, total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon/nitrogen (POC/PON), acid-leachable iron and manganese on suspended particles and both archaeal and β-proteobacterial amoA abundance on size-fractioned particle (> 3 μm and 0.22–3 μm) were measured. The NRb ranged from undetectable up to 4.6 μmol L−1 d−1 peaking at salinity of ~ 29. NRb values were positively correlated with ammonia concentration suggesting the importance of substrate in nitrification. In river mouth and inner plume, NRb was much higher than NRpf indicating nitrifying bacteria is mainly particle-associated, which was supported by amoA gene abundance and regression analysis of TSM and NRb. The estimated oxygen demand of nitrification accounted for 0.4% to 317% of CR. The nitrification oxygen demand is much higher than Redfield model's estimation (23%) indicating that oxygen might not be the sole oxidant though DO was sufficient (> 58 μmol kg−1). The excess nitrification oxygen demand showed tendency to occur at lower DO samples accompanying with higher acid-leachable Fe/Mn, which implied reactive Fe3+/Mn4+ may play a role as oxidant in nitrification process. Stoichiometric calculation suggested reactive Fe on particles was even 10-fold the oxidant demand for complete ammonia oxidation along all areas of the plume. The involvement of reactive iron and manganese in nitrification process in oxygenated water further complicated the nitrogen cycling in turbid river plume.
Climate changes of hydrometeorological and hydrological extremes in the Paute basin, Ecuadorean Andes
Authors: Mora D. E. , Campozano L. , Cisneros F. , Wyseure G. , Willems P.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Investigation was made on the climate change signal for hydrometeorological and hydrological variables for the Paute River basin, in southern Ecuador Andes, making use of an adjusted quantile perturbation approach for climate downscaling, and the impact of climate change on runoff for two nested catchments within the basin. The analysis was done making use of long daily series of seven representative rainfall and temperature sites along the study area and considering climate change signals of global and regional climate models for IPCC SRES scenarios A1B, A2 and B1. The determination of runoff was carried out using a lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The study found that the range of changes in temperature is despicably lower that the range of changes in rainfall. However, changes differ from site to site, showing that more significant changes in temperature are observed at higher elevation sites. For rainfall, high differences in rainfall change are found and strongly related to the rainfall regime. Higher changes are detected for sites located in regions with bimodal rainfall regime. In addition, higher changes are observed on higher temporal resolutions. The runoff changes are strongly related to the changes in rainfall peaks, more than with the changes in temperature; also showing strong spatial differences over the Andean region considered.
Some comments on the potential seismogenic origin of magnetic disturbances observed by Di Lorenzo et al. (2011) close to the time of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Masci F. , De Luca G.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. In this paper we provide comments about the potential seismogenic origin of magnetic disturbances that Di Lorenzo et al. (2011) observed from few minutes before to about one hour after the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. The coincidence with the earthquake induced the authors to think that the observed magnetic signals were linked to the main phase of the seismic event. Here, we will discuss the unusual polarization in the X–Z plane of the magnetic disturbances observed by Di Lorenzo et al. (2011), the model of source that the authors have proposed for the generation of these signals, and the time length of the magnetic data set shown in their paper. We will also discuss some possible generation mechanisms for electromagnetic seismogenic signals that could support the authors' findings. Finally, we will consider seismic and geodetic data from L'Aquila area just before and after the 6 April 2009 earthquake. We conclude that there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that magnetic disturbances documented by Di Lorenzo et al. (2011) had a seismogenic origin.
Automated identification of potential snow avalanche release areas based on digital elevation models
Authors: Bühler Y. , Kumar S. , Veitinger J. , Christen M. , Stoffel A. ,   Snehmani
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The identification of snow avalanche release areas is a very difficult task. The release mechanism of snow avalanches depends on many different terrain, meteorological, snowpack and triggering parameters and their interactions, which are very difficult to assess. In many alpine regions such as the Indian Himalaya, nearly no information on avalanche release areas exists mainly due to the very rough and poorly accessible terrain, the vast size of the region and the lack of avalanche records. However avalanche release information is urgently required for numerical simulation of avalanche events to plan mitigation measures, for hazard mapping and to secure important roads. The Rohtang tunnel access road near Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India, is such an example. By far the most reliable way to identify avalanche release areas is using historic avalanche records and field investigations accomplished by avalanche experts in the formation zones. But both methods are not feasible for this area due to the rough terrain, its vast extent and lack of time. Therefore, we develop an operational, easy-to-use automated potential release area (PRA) detection tool in Python/ArcGIS which uses high spatial resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and forest cover information derived from airborne remote sensing instruments as input. Such instruments can acquire spatially continuous data even over inaccessible terrain and cover large areas. We validate our tool using a database of historic avalanches acquired over 56 yr in the neighborhood of Davos, Switzerland, and apply this method for the avalanche tracks along the Rohtang tunnel access road. This tool, used by avalanche experts, delivers valuable input to identify focus areas for more-detailed investigations on avalanche release areas in remote regions such as the Indian Himalaya and is a precondition for large-scale avalanche hazard mapping.
Towards a database on societal impact of Mediterranean floods within the framework of the HYMEX project
Authors: Llasat M. C. , Llasat-Botija M. , Petrucci O. , Pasqua A. A. , Rosselló J. , Vinet F. , Boissier L.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The NW Mediterranean region experiences every year heavy rainfall and flash floods that occasionally produce catastrophic damages. Less frequent are floods that affect large regions. Although a large number of databases devoted exclusively to floods or considering all kind of natural hazards do exist, usually they only record catastrophic flood events. This paper deals with the new flood database that is being developed within the framework of HYMEX project. Results are focused on four regions representative of the NW sector of Mediterranean Europe: Catalonia, Spain; the Balearic Islands, Spain; Calabria, Italy; and Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées and PACA, France. The common available 30-yr period starts in 1981 and ends in 2010. The paper shows the database structure and criteria, the comparison with other flood databases, some statistics on spatial and temporal distribution, and an identification of the most important events. The paper also provides a table that includes the date and affected region of all the catastrophic events identified in the regions of study, in order to make this information available for all audiences.
European education on natural disasters – a textbook study
Authors: Komac B. , Zorn M. , Ciglič R.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Present is the role of formal education on natural disasters in Europe. To ensure a uniform overview, the study used secondary-school geography textbooks from the collection of textbooks at the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research in Braunschweig, Germany. Altogether, more than 160 textbooks from 36 European countries were examined in order to investigate how much their content (pages, text, figures) is related to natural-disasters topics, and to find out which types of hazards are presented more often. In the research it was also analyzed which disaster events are frequently used as an example.
Sheltering Xenophobia
Authors: Sundstrom R.R.
Published: May 2013

What is xenophobia? Why is xenophobia immoral? How is xenophobia's conceptual and moral meaning diminished? Investigations of these questions would invigorate xenophobia as a topic in public morality and discourage the public's acquiescing to xenophobia's new prominence. This paper focuses on the third question, the diminishment of xenophobia. In the first section, I outline a general conception of xenophobia. In the second, I explain how theories of membership in liberal democratic societies relegate xenophobia to a minor moral concern. And, in the third, that the conflation of xenophobia with racism disadvantages the former. How liberal Democratic nations imagine membership (not surprisingly) and how those nations imagine racism (surprisingly) shelters xenophobia.
Why Asian Female Stereotypes Matter to All:
Authors: Lee Kyoo
Published: May 2013

Gender, race, ethnicity, class, religion, culture, etc., etc., etc…. How are we to rearticulate and retool those kaleidoscopic “problems” of social categories and identities each time differently, with different productivity, even as different “products”?—this capital, frontal problema, this “sufficient” bodily evidence in and of reality, “in front of you” and me . Such is the broad philosophical force, background and foreground, of the questions I dwell on here if only briefly. What interests me in particular, just as an example if not exemplar, concerns the “Asian female” question, with which I happen to have some auto-ethnographical familiarity: the material specificity as well as translatability of some of the stereotypical identity markers of it categorically isolatable as such—I also show why a categorically responsive reflection matters, as my ultimate aim here is to advance a case for the social ontological centrality of this issue of Asian gender stereotypes to feminist and critical race theories.
The (M)other of All Posts:
Authors: Goswami Namita
Published: May 2013

Paul Gilroy's subtle use of Theodor Adorno in Postcolonial Melancholia (2005) misses the opportunity to forge for the postcolonial world a sense of responsibility for the colonial cultures that this postcolonial world helped to create. Gilroy rightly emphasizes the naïveté often associated with attempts to “dwell convivially with difference” (5). His negatively dialectical reading of the deterministic logics of racial difference brings into view an already present demotic multiculturalism. He neglects, however, how Adorno's conception of negative dialectics can be understood as postcolonial in its understanding of difference. In other words, both Adorno and Gilroy focus on recuperating a conception of non-antagonistic difference, that is, an understanding of difference as heterogeneity. Yet, Gilroy maintains an a priori sense of cultural difference from Adorno in spite of Postcolonial Melancholia's trajectory of positing a negative dialectics of conviviality. This conviviality is the “fragile, emergent substance of vital planetary humanism” (79) that refuses to render postcoloniality synonymous with the maintenance of nation-state boundaries. Thus, Gilroy forfeits the prospect of conducting a radical postcolonial reading of Adorno, which would demonstrate precisely how colonial history provides “an opening onto the multicultural promise of the postcolonial world” (143).
The Political Theater of the Past: Visits by State Leaders to Archaeological and Historical Sites
Authors: Scham Sandra A.
Published: May 2013

As archaeologists, we have an interest in the signals being sent by politicians when they elect to appear with the Parthenon or the Pyramids as backdrops. It makes a difference as to how our work is received and interpreted by the public, but it may also determine how the site will fare afterward. In this article, the idea of the state visit as theatre is explored and archaeological and historical sites are discussed as backdrops against which texts are presented and subtexts are conveyed by performance.
Hardware Architecture Review of Swarm Robotics System: Self-Reconfigurability, Self-Reassembly, and Self-Replication
Authors: Patil Madhav , Abukhalil Tamer , Sobh Tarek
Published: May 2013

Swarm robotics is one of the most fascinating and new research areas of recent decades, and one of the grand challenges of robotics is the design of swarm robots that are self-sufficient. This can be crucial for robots exposed to environments that are unstructured or not easily accessible for a human operator, such as the inside of a blood vessel, a collapsed building, the deep sea, or the surface of another planet. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on hardware architecture and several other important aspects of modular swarm robots, such as self-reconfigurability, self-replication, and self-assembly. The key factors in designing and building a group of swarm robots are cost and miniaturization with robustness, flexibility, and scalability. In robotics intelligence, self-assembly and self-reconfigurability are among the most important characteristics as they can add additional capabilities and functionality to swarm robots. Simulation and model design for swarm robotics is highly complex and expensive, especially when attempting to model the behavior of large swarm robot groups.
Reactions of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ with Free Adenine
Authors: Hamada Yahia Z. , Burkey Theodore , Waddell Emanuel , Aitha Mahesh , Phambu Nsoki
Published: May 2013

We are reporting the fluorescence quenching, IR, Raman, 1H-NMR, and potentiometric studies for the Zn2+:adenine and the Cd2+:adenine systems under ambient conditions. IR and Raman spectra suggest that Zn2+ and Cd2+ interact with adenine but the modes of interaction differ. Fluorescence spectra indicate that the interaction involving Zn2+ is more favorable than that of Cd2+, and this effect is due to the difference in ionic radii. 1H-NMR, potentiometry, and speciation diagrams indicate the formation of strong metal ion adenine complexes. Potentiometric titrations of the heavier member of group 12 metals (Hg2+) show similar results to that of Zn2+ and Cd2+. Some differences in the 1H-NMR experiments appeared between both (Zn2+ and Cd2+) compared to that of Hg2+. Due to the fluorescence quenching of adenine, adenine can be used as a sensor of Zn2+ and Cd2+.
Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation and its Significance - in Particular for Nanoscale Events
Authors: Starikov E.B.
Published: May 2013

The basic thermodynamics behind the well-known, up to now hotly debated, notion of entropy-enthalpy compensation (EEC) is analyzed here in detail. Namely, any valid EEC phenomenon is considered using Carnot-cycle-type model, in which micro-phase transitions (MPTs) play a crucial role. Such MPTs could typically be some cooperative processes in (supra)molecular aggregates. Thus, the MPT notion ought to help rationalize the occurrence of the EEC in connection with some pertinent microscopic mechanisms.
Au-delà de la criminalisation : l’immigration et les enjeux pour la criminologie
Authors: Velloso João
Published: May 2013

Le but de cet article est de discuter de l’importance croissante des punitions administratives dans le champ pénal, à partir de la judiciarisation des conflits d’immigration au Canada. À l’aide d’une analyse documentaire et des résultats d’une enquête de terrain menée à la Commission de l’immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada entre 2007 et 2009, nous présenterons certaines caractéristiques de la mise en forme des litiges en droit de l’immigration et de leur façon de punir et nous soutiendrons que celles-ci diffèrent substantiellement de celles propres à la mise en forme pénale. Notre objectif ultime consistera à problématiser l’idée de criminalisation de l’immigration comme une catégorie capable de nuancer la complexité des formes de réaction sociale administratives. Nous suggérerons qu’il faut plutôt appréhender la punition en droit administratif comme telle (mesures de police et sanctions administratives) et repenser son rôle au sein du champ pénal, et ce, afin de mieux comprendre l’ensemble des réactions sociales dans les différentes institutions juridico-politiques, l’interaction et la complémentarité de celles-ci ainsi que leurs logiques de gouvernance, de mise en forme et leurs implications sociales.
Mieux saisir les outils actuariels : une analyse factorielle de la Statique-99R
Authors: Brouillette-Alarie Sébastien , Proulx Jean , Benbouriche Massil
Published: May 2013

Une critique couramment formulée à l’encontre des outils actuariels statiques concerne leur incapacité à éclairer l’intervention, au regard de leurs fondements athéoriques. Dans la cadre d’un effort visant à nuancer cette critique, la présente étude a tenté d’identifier les construits théoriques présents dans la Statique-99R, l’échelle actuarielle de prédiction de la récidive des délinquants sexuels la plus utilisée. Une analyse factorielle exploratoire des items de l’instrument en a extrait trois facteurs : la délinquance sexuelle, la délinquance générale et le jeune âge. Une interprétation de ces facteurs en ce qui a trait aux dimensions psychologiques a été proposée : la délinquance sexuelle en tant qu’indicatrice de déviance sexuelle ou de préoccupations sexuelles et la délinquance générale en tant qu’indicatrice de traits antisociaux et/ou de psychopathie. Les limites et les implications pour de futures recherches sont discutées.
Homme à femmes : le proxénète et sa place parmi les prostituées
Authors: Savoie-Gargiso Isa , Morselli Carlo
Published: May 2013

La présente étude se penche sur les rôles, les interactions et l’échange des ressources au sein d’un réseau de prostitution démantelé par un service de police d’une grande ville canadienne. Plutôt que d’inscrire le débat dans la perspective de l’exploitation des prostituées par les proxénètes, l’analyse de ce réseau est réalisée dans une perspective du partage des ressources, qui sont plus souvent utilisées pour d’autres types de réseaux criminels. Cette perspective tient compte de la façon dont une prostituée est dominée ou pas par son proxénète et de quelle manière cela détermine le rôle de celui-ci dans le processus d’échange. Le message implicite est que les prostituées peuvent avoir un certain contrôle sur la manière dont les autres les contrôlent. Une analyse des positions des individus du réseau est appliquée afin de cibler les participants les plus centraux et stratégiques. Une analyse des conversations est mise de l’avant comme méthode plus poussée d’analyse des réseaux criminels, ce qui permet d’apprécier le rôle de chaque prostituée et de chaque proxénète ainsi que leur façon d’interagir. L’étude conclut que les proxénètes, entre eux, sont plutôt axés sur l’entraide alors que les prostituées sont en constante compétition. Finalement, même si les proxénètes utilisent le capital des prostituées afin de forger le leur, ces dernières sont d’autant plus indispensables qu’un proxénète sans prostituées ne peut exister alors que l’inverse est possible. Cette réalité procure ainsi aux prostituées une forme de pouvoir non négligeable dans leurs relations avec leur proxénète.
Helix–Coil Transition
Authors: Scheraga Harold A. , Mattice Wayne L.
Published: May 2013

Polymers' functional properties and stability are often correlated with their chain conformation. Understanding the helix–coil conformational change, characteristic to many natural and synthetic polyamino acids, is important not only to establishing the polymer stability but also for revealing interactions and functions of native proteins. This article overviews practical aspects of investigating this transition (e.g, titration experiments, optical activity, and spectroscopic methods) and theoretical models providing phenomenological parameters such as the helix content as a function of temperature, pH, molecular weight, concentration. Examples of modeling the helix–coil transition for two representative classes of polymers, homopolymers, and random copolymers, are also included.
Clathrates
Authors: Tarallo Oreste
Published: May 2013

Polymer clathrates are a fascinating class of crystalline host–guest compounds in which at least one component consists of a polymer species. In these compounds, the main component acts as the host, forming a cage‐like structure around the molecules of the guest. Polymer host–guest compounds can be distinguished in “polymer clathrates,” “crystalline polymer‐inclusion complexes,” “crystalline‐polymer molecular complex,” or “polymer intercalates.”Polymer clathratesare crystalline solids in which low molecular mass guest species are hosted inside cages or cavities of molecular size, generated by polymer chains.Crystalline polymer‐inclusion complexesare crystals comprising a polymer guest within a low molecular mass host whereascrystalline‐polymer molecular complexesare the crystalline molecular complex between different polymers. Finally,polymer intercalatesare sandwich‐type inclusion compounds in which the guest molecules are entrapped in between layers of closely packed polymer chains. In the present article, the crystal structure and the main features of the most studied systems of each class, together with those of the nanoporous polymer crystals (ie, a polymer crystal presenting empty volume elements that can host low molar mass guest species) that can be obtained by removing the low molar mass guest species from some polymer host–guest compounds, are discussed. A review of the most promising applications in material science and technology of this class of host–guest compounds is also presented.
Exciton and Polaron Quenching in Doping‐Free Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes from a Pt(II)‐Based Fast Phosphor
Authors: Wang Qi , Oswald Iain W. H. , Perez Michael R. , Jia Huiping , Gnade Bruce E. , Omary Mohammad A.
Published: May 2013

By introducing a neat Pt(II)‐based phosphor with a remarkably short decay lifetime, a simplified doping‐free phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) with a forward viewing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and power efficiency of 20.3 ± 0.5% and 63.0 ± 0.4 lm W−1, respectively, is demonstrated. A quantitative analysis of how triplet‐triplet annihilation (TTA) and triplet‐polaron annihilation (TPA) affect the device EQE roll‐off at high current densities is performed. The contributions from loss of charge balance associated with charge leakage and field‐induced exciton dissociation are found negligible. The rate constants kTTA and kTPA are determined by time‐resolved photoluminescence experiments of a thin film and an electrically‐driven unipolar device, respectively. Using the parameters extracted experimentally, the EQE is modeled versus electric current characteristics of the OLEDs by taking both TTA and TPA into account. Based on this model, the impacts of the emitter lifetime, quenching rate constants, and exciton formation zone upon device efficiency are analyzed. It is found that the short lifetime of the neat emitter is key for the reduction of triplet quenching.
Recent Advances in Organic One‐Dimensional Composite Materials: Design, Construction, and Photonic Elements for Information Processing
Authors: Yan Yongli , Zhang Chuang , Yao Jiannian , Zhao Yong Sheng
Published: May 2013

Many recent activities in the use of one‐dimensional nanostructures as photonic elements for optical information processing are explained by huge advantages that photonic circuits possess over traditional silicon‐based electronic ones in bandwidth, heat dissipation, and resistance to electromagnetic wave interference. Organic materials are a promising candidate to support these optical‐related applications, as they combine the properties of plastics with broad spectral tunability, high optical cross‐section, easy fabrication, as well as low cost. Their outstanding compatibility allows organic composite structures which are made of two or more kinds of materials combined together, showing great superiority to single‐component materials due to the introduced interactions among multiple constituents, such as energy transfer, electron transfer, exciton coupling, etc. The easy processability of organic 1D crystalline heterostructures enables a fine topological control of both composition and geometry, which offsets the intrinsic deficiencies of individual material. At the same time, the strong exciton‐photon coupling and exciton‐exciton interaction impart the excellent confinement of photons in organic microstructures, thus light can be manipulated according to our intention to realize specific functions. These collective properties indicate a potential utility of organic heterogeneous material for miniaturized photonic circuitry. Herein, focus is given on recent advances of 1D organic crystalline heterostructures, with special emphasis on the novel design, controllable construction, diverse performance, as well as wide applications in isolated photonic elements for integration. It is proposed that the highly coupled, hybrid optical networks would be an important material basis towards the creation of on‐chip optical information processing.
Core–Shell Noble Metal Nanostructures Templated by Gold Nanorods
Authors: Hou Shuai , Hu Xiaona , Wen Tao , Liu Wenqi , Wu Xiaochun
Published: May 2013

The main research progress in core–shell noble metal nanostructures templated by gold nanorods (Au NRs) is summarized regarding synthesis, optical, and catalytic properties. Design and fabrication of core–shell hybrid nanostructures are demonstrated to be effective not only for optimizing and expanding intrinsic properties but also for creating novel localized surface plasmon enhanced optical and catalytic functionalities, thus providing great prospects in both fundamental research and potential applications.
Pervaporation of emulsion droplets for the templated assembly of spherical particles: A population balance model
Authors: Chang Emily P. , Braatz Richard D. , Hatton T. Alan
Published: May 2013

The emulsion droplet solvent evaporation method is used in the preparation of spherical particles, which form due to processes such as the clustering of nanocrystals or precipitation of polymers as the volume of solvent in the droplets decreases. A population balance model is presented to describe this transport of solvent from nanocrystal‐ or polymer‐laden droplets in an emulsion that flows through a pervaporation unit. The solvent transport and lateral migration of droplets was simulated using a high‐resolution finite‐volume algorithm, which provided a smooth solution with second‐order accuracy. Concentration gradients in the continuous phase become prominent when the resistance to solvent transport in the continuous phase dominates that in the membrane. In contrast, with the membrane resistance controlling the overall transport rate, a lumped capacitance assumption can be made and a simpler plug flow model would be sufficient. The simulations also indicate that the particle‐size distributions are generally bimodal, and are broader for low dispersed‐phase volume fractions and very low‐solvent solubilities. Furthermore, the distributions show that radial diffusion of the particles occurs to a significant degree. Such simulations offer insight into how the solvent is removed from emulsion droplets as they flow down a pervaporation fiber and should be useful in the design of pervaporation systems for that purpose. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3975–3985, 2013
The influence of organosuperbases on the structure and activity of dialkylgallium alkoxides in the polymerization of rac‐lactide: the road to stereo diblock PLA copolymers
Authors: Horeglad Paweł , Litwińska Anna , Żukowska Grażyna Z. , Kubicki Dominik , Szczepaniak Grzegorz , Dranka Maciej , Zachara Janusz
Published: May 2013

Stereoselective polymerization of rac‐lactide is one of the most important issues as the properties of polylactide (PLA) depend strongly on its tacticity. There is, however, a paucity of catalysts that allow for easy switching between heteroselectivity and isoselectivity, which limits the synthesis of stereo copolymers of PLA and modification of polylactide properties. Dialkylgallium alkoxides activated by organosuperbases have been used as catalysts in the ring‐opening polymerization of racemic lactide (rac‐LA). The reaction of (S,S)‐[Me2Ga(μ‐OCH(Me)CO2Me)]2 (1) with 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) or 7‐methyl‐1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (MTBD) resulted in the formation of isoselective gallium species, highly active in the polymerization of rac‐LA. DOSY (diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy) NMR was indicative for the presence of dimeric gallium species. However, the structure of model monomeric gallium alkoxide Me2Ga(ON) (where ON is monoanionic bidentate ligand possessing organosuperbase functionality) shows that the presence of an organosuperbase may substantially weaken Ga−Oalkoxide−Ga bridges. The facile switch of stereoselectivity upon addition of organosuperbase to nonselective/heteroselective 1 allowed for the first time the synthesis of diblock polylactide comprised of isotactically and heterotactically enriched blocks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.