bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Wir wagen es […] all unser Arbeiten Prävention zu nennen“. Das Konzept der Strukturellen Prävention der Deutschen Aidshilfe
Authors: Kostimpas Dimitra , von Unger Hella
Published: July 2023

Die Deutsche Aidshilfe (DAH) entwarf in den 1980er- und 1990er-Jahren Präventionsstrategien, die sowohl wirksam also auch emanzipatorisch sein sollten. Letzteres ergab sich aus der doppelten Natur des Problems, dass HIV/Aids (1) großes Leid bedeutete, aber mit konventionellen Methoden nicht bearbeitbar schien, und (2) mit der Stigmatisierung marginalisierter Gruppen einherging. In diesem Kontext erlangte das Konzept der Strukturellen Prävention Bedeutung, mit dem die Deutsche Aidshilfe ihr Vorgehen legitimierte und theoretisierte. Sie knüpfte damit an institutionalisierte Gesundheitsdiskurse an, um diese von innen zu verändern, und verband gesundheitswissenschaftliche Ansätze mit Motiven der Neuen Sozialen Bewegungen. Mithin eignete sich die Deutsche Aidshilfe den (medizinisch geprägten) Präventionsbegriff an und deutete ihn um. Die Stärkung der betroffenen Menschen und ihrer Gemeinschaften gehörte ebenso zum präventiven Arbeiten wie politische Fragen und die Vermittlung von (lebensweltnahen, akzeptierenden) Präventionsbotschaften. Der vorliegende Beitrag situiert das Konzept der Strukturellen Prävention und rekonstruiert seine Bedeutung aus Sicht beteiligter Akteur:innen. Basierend auf dem Datenkorpus des ZOMiDi-Projekts („Zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen und die Herausforderungen von Migration und Diversität“) werden Dokumente (Jahresberichte, Reihe AIDS-FORUM DAH, Verbandszeitschrift etc.) des Verbandes der Deutschen Aidshilfe e. V. im Zeitraum von 1983 bis 2015 mit einem Schwerpunkt auf die ersten 15 Jahre der Vereinsgeschichte analysiert. Im Ergebnis tritt die innovative, gesellschaftskritische Programmatik des Aids-Aktivismus deutlich zutage. Gleichzeitig war die Umsetzung von Spannungen und Widersprüchen geprägt.
Fast-and-frugal means to assess reflection-related reasoning processes in teacher training—Development and evaluation of a scalable machine learning-based metric
Authors: Mientus Lukas , Wulff Peter , Nowak Anna , Borowski Andreas
Published: July 2023

Reflection is hypothesized to be a key component for teachers’ professional development and is often assessed and facilitated through written reflections in university-based teacher education. Empirical research shows that reflection-related competencies are domain-dependent and multi-faceted. However, assessing reflections is complex. Given this complexity, novel methodological tools such as non-linear, algorithmic models can help explore unseen relationships and better determine quality correlates for written reflections. Consequently, this study utilized machine learning methods to explore quality correlates for written reflections in physics on a standardized teaching situation. N = 110 pre- and in-service physics teachers were instructed to reflect upon a standardized teaching situation in physics displayed in a video vignette. The teachers’ written reflections were analyzed with a machine learning model which classified sentences in the written reflections according to elements in a reflection-supporting model. A quality indicator called level of structure (LOS) was devised and further used to validate machine learning classifications against experts’ judgements. Analyses show that LOS is positively correlated with experts’ judgements on reflection quality. We conclude that LOS of a written reflection is one important indicator for high-quality written reflections which is able to exclude typical quality correlates such as text length. With the help of the machine learning model, LOS can be useful to assess pre-service physics teachers written reflections.
Beyond the Parallel Tangent Method to Predict the Composition of the First Nucleating Phase from Oversaturated Solutions
Authors: Kaptay George
Published: July 2023

The parallel tangent method widely applied to predict the composition and driving force to form a nucleus from an oversaturated solution is extended in this paper. The parallel tangent method is shown to (i) Over-estimates the composition difference between the first nucleus and the parent phase, (ii) Neglects the composition dependence of interfacial energies and (iii) Neglects the composition dependence of probability to form embryos prior to nucleation. New model equations are developed here for the composition dependence of the interfacial energies and probability to form the embryos as function of nucleus composition at given matrix composition. The most probable composition of the first nucleus is found at the maximum of the driving force of nucleation extended by the new model equations. The success of the extended method is demonstrated for an Al-Fe liquid alloy with 0.3 w% of Fe to predict the first nucleating intermetallic phases upon cooling after nucleation of the fcc phase. It is shown that although the prediction based on the parallel tangent method contradicts experimental observations, the prediction based on our extended method agrees with them.

Graphical Abstract
The Linguistic Disposition of Emergency Callers: Using Proximity Coefficients to Identify the Sentiments of Guilty and Innocent Emergency Callers
Authors: Elms Serena , Keatley David
Published: July 2023

Staging an emergency call is a form of detection avoidance that can obscure evidence and mislead police investigations. For example, having killed a person, a caller may stage an emergency call to cover it up as an accident, or a person having killed a victim may dispose of the body and call emergency services to claim they are missing. Similarly, inaccurately categorising an emergency call as staged can have large consequences on investigations. The aim of the current research is to assist with the use of emergency call analysis in police investigations by focusing on callers’ underlying psychological sentiment or ‘linguistic disposition’ (LD) in staged and authentic calls. The transcripts of real-world emergency calls from guilty and innocent individuals were linguistically analysed for markers of LD to develop an understanding of callers’ LD towards the subject of the call. Linguistic indicators were then quantified with a method known as proximity coefficients, which showed a difference in the type of disposition exhibited between guilty and innocent callers towards the subject of the call. These findings provide an initial step towards understanding how LD can be used to inform police investigations and outline the next steps for future research.
Bone Trans-omics: Integrating Omics to Unveil Mechanistic Molecular Networks Regulating Bone Biology and Disease
Authors: Mullin Benjamin H. , Ribet Amy B. P. , Pavlos Nathan J.
Published: July 2023

Purpose of Review

Recent advancements in “omics” technologies and bioinformatics have afforded researchers new tools to study bone biology in an unbiased and holistic way. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies integrating multi-omics data gathered from multiple molecular layers (i.e.; trans-omics) to reveal new molecular mechanisms that regulate bone biology and underpin skeletal diseases.

Recent Findings

Bone biologists have traditionally relied on single-omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to profile measureable differences (both qualitative and quantitative) of individual molecular layers for biological discovery and to investigate mechanisms of disease. Recently, literature has grown on the implementation of integrative multi-omics to study bone biology, which combines computational and informatics support to connect multiple layers of data derived from individual “omic” platforms. This emerging discipline termed “trans-omics” has enabled bone biologists to identify and construct detailed molecular networks, unveiling new pathways and unexpected interactions that have advanced our mechanistic understanding of bone biology and disease.

While the era of trans-omics is poised to revolutionize our capacity to answer more complex and diverse questions pertinent to bone pathobiology, it also brings new challenges that are inherent when trying to connect “Big Data” sets. A concerted effort between bone biologists and interdisciplinary scientists will undoubtedly be needed to extract physiologically and clinically meaningful data from bone trans-omics in order to advance its implementation in the field.
Compassion fatigue and global compassion fatigue in practitioner psychologists: a qualitative study
Authors: Stevens Keeley , Al-Abbadey Miznah
Published: July 2023

Practitioner psychologists are at risk of compassion fatigue (CF) due to the emotional demands of helping individuals who have experienced pain and suffering. Practitioner psychologists may also be impacted by wider socio-political events (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), which can lead to global compassion fatigue (GCF). While these concepts have been examined in various healthcare professionals, research exploring the impact of CF and GCF on practitioner psychologists has been very limited. This study therefore aimed to explore the impact of compassion fatigue (CF) and global compassion fatigue (GCF) on practitioner psychologists’ practice. Ten participants were recruited for online semi-structured interviews during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collected was thematically analysed. Five themes related to compassionate care were identified, which included: ‘How to be compassionate’, ‘Psychologists require TLC too!’, ‘Hindrances of compassionate care’, ‘Constraints within the NHS’ and ‘Indicators of compassion fatigue and burnout’. Three themes related to GCF were identified, which included: ‘Effects of news/social media’, ‘Management of news/social media’ and ‘Challenges faced by COVID-19’. The implications of CF and GCF and ways to mitigate their effects on practitioner psychologists’ wellbeing, development, and their practice are discussed.
Lutein and β-Carotene Characterization in Free and Nanodispersion Forms in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Elkholy Nourhan S. , Hariri Mohamad Louai M. , Mohammed Haitham S. , Shafaa Medhat W.
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Carotenoids are potent natural antioxidants with many important applications. Their nanodispersion formulations can solve problems that may limit their usage. In this study, we produced carotenoid nanodispersions from extracted lutein (nano-Lut), extracted β-carotene (nano-EBc), and synthetic β-carotene (nano-SBC).

Methods

The present study has quantitatively emphasized the physicochemical, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of free and nanodispersed formulations of lutein and β-carotene. The nanodispersions were characterized by spectral absorption, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. Antioxidant and cytotoxicity assays were conducted for free and their nanodispersed forms. The cytotoxicity of free carotenoids and their nanodispersions was conducted on HSF, VERO, and BNL cell lines.

Results

Nano-Lut has the smallest mean particle size (185.2 ± 40.5 nm, PDI of 0.183 ± 0.01, and zeta potential of −28.6 ± 6.4 mV). Nano-SBc showed monomodal size distribution (220.5 ± 30.09 nm, PDI of 0.318 ± 0.03, and zeta potential of −12.1 ± 5.9 mV), while nano-EBc showed a bimodal size distribution (with a mean particle size of 498.3 ± 88.9 nm, PDI of 0.65 ± 0.08, and zeta potential of −39.7 ± 1.3 mV). All prepared nanodispersions showed less than 20% loss during the formulation process. Antioxidant assays showed that extracted lutein was the most active and synthetic β-carotene was the least. Cells showed higher tolerance for lutein and its nanodispersion than extracted or synthetic β-carotene either in free or nanodispersion forms.

Conclusions

The study proved that lutein in nanodispersed form possesses the smallest size, the highest antioxidant activity, and the lowest cytotoxicity among the tested formulations.
Representation of uncertainty in market models for operational planning and forecasting in renewable power systems: a review
Authors: Haugen Mari , Farahmand Hossein , Jaehnert Stefan , Fleten Stein-Erik
Published: July 2023

As the power system is becoming more weather-dependent and integrated to meet decarbonization targets, the level and severity of uncertainty increase and inevitably introduce higher risk of demand rationing or economic loss. This paper reviews the representation of uncertainty in power market models for operational planning and forecasting. A synthesis of previous reviews is used to find the prevalence of stochastic tools in power and energy system applications, and it concludes that most approaches are deterministic. A selection of power market tools handling uncertainty is reviewed in terms of the uncertain parameters they capture, and the methods used to describe them. These all use probabilistic methods and typically cover weather-related uncertainty, including demand. Random outages are also covered by several short-term power market models, while uncertainty in fuel and CO$$_2$$2emission prices were generally not found to be included, nor other types of uncertainty. A gap in power market models representing multiple dimensions of uncertainty, solvable on a realistic, large-scale system in a reasonable time, is identified. The paper concludes with a discussion on topics to address when representing uncertainty, where the main challenges are that uncertainty can be difficult to describe and quantify, and including uncertainty adds additional complexity and computational burden to the problem.
Microbial investigation of cleanability of different plastic and metal surfaces used by the food industry
Authors: Waldhans Claudia , Hebel Martin , Herbert Ulrike , Spoelstra Paul , Barbut Shai , Kreyenschmidt Judith
Published: July 2023

Different conveyor belt materials used by the meat and other food industries were compared, regarding their cleanability as bacterial reduction rates in relation to their surface topography. Eleven thermoplastic polymers, four stainless steels, and five aluminized nanostructured surfaces were investigated under laboratory conditions. Cleanings were conducted with water only, and with an alkaline foam detergent. Overall, scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable differences in the surface topography of the tested surfaces. Water cleaning results showed that nanostructured aluminized surfaces achieved significantly higher cleanability rates compared to the eight thermoplastic surfaces, as well as the glass-bead blasted rough stainless steel. Thermoplastic surfaces showed overall low cleanability rates when cleaned with alkaline detergent, while stainless steel and nanoporous aluminum showed high variations. Overall, nanoporous aluminum showed promising results as it can be used to coat conveyor belts. However, compatibility with cleaning detergent and sensitivity to scratches must be further investigated. Overall, it can be concluded that cleanability is not only influenced by surface roughness, but also by the overall surface finish, scratches, and defects.
Path planning and collision avoidance based on the RRT*FN framework for a robotic manipulator in various scenarios
Authors: Qi Jianyou , Yuan Qingni , Wang Chen , Du Xiaoying , Du Feilong , Ren Ao
Published: July 2023

In this article, we present a new path planning algorithm based on the rapidly exploring random tree-fixed node (RRT*FN) algorithm for manipulators. It addresses the problem that RRT*FN complex environment processing is not fast enough to meet real-time requirements, and RRT*FN is basically impossible to search for an effective manipulator path in a narrow-channel environment. In the new path planning algorithm, a heuristic sampling method is adopted and the leaf nodes outside the ellipsoids are preferentially deleted to address the node removal problem, resulting in better search paths and faster search speeds. When the nodes are expanded, new nodes are generated due to goal gravity and random point gravity, with the weight values dynamically adjusted via dichotomy, and the new nodes are expanded to the goal point twice to more rapidly obtain a tree extension direction that is closer to the goal point. For boundary points, the issues of narrow channels and stepped obstacles can be effectively solved by extending the local environment sampling boundaries. To optimize the paths, the redundant intermediate nodes are simplified based on the triangle inequality. Simulation analyses show that the proposed planner can adapt to a variety of scenarios in real time while satisfying optimal path conditions.
Highly Reversible Zn Metal Anodes Enabled by Increased Nucleation Overpotential
Authors: Hu Zhengqiang , Zhang Fengling , Zhou Anbin , Hu Xin , Yan Qiaoyi , Liu Yuhao , Arshad Faiza , Li Zhujie , Chen Renjie , Wu Feng , Li Li
Published: July 2023

Dendrite formation severely compromises further development of zinc ion batteries. Increasing the nucleation overpotential plays a crucial role in achieving uniform deposition of metal ions. However, this strategy has not yet attracted enough attention from researchers to our knowledge. Here, we propose that thermodynamic nucleation overpotential of Zn deposition can be boosted through complexing agent and select sodium L-tartrate (Na-L) as example. Theoretical and experimental characterization reveals L-tartrate anion can partially replace H2O in the solvation sheath of Zn2+, increasing de-solvation energy. Concurrently, the Na+ could absorb on the surface of Zn anode preferentially to inhibit the deposition of Zn2+ aggregation. In consequence, the overpotential of Zn deposition could increase from 32.2 to 45.1 mV with the help of Na-L. The Zn-Zn cell could achieve a Zn utilization rate of 80% at areal capacity of 20 mAh cm−2. Zn-LiMn2O4 full cell with Na-L additive delivers improved stability than that with blank electrolyte. This study also provides insight into the regulation of nucleation overpotential to achieve homogeneous Zn deposition.
Study on multi-period palaeotectonic stress fields simulation and fractures distribution prediction in Lannigou gold mine, Guizhou
Authors: Liu Hao , Zuo Yujun , Rodriguez-Dono Alfonso , Wu Zhonghu , Sun Wenjibin , Zheng Lulin , Pan Chao , Lin Jianyun , Du Shuyan
Published: July 2023

A significant controlling factor for gold mineralisation is the tectonic stress field, and the fractures formed under its action are the migration channels and ore-holding spaces of ore-forming fluids, which often directly control the migration and accumulation of ore-forming fluids. Therefore, performing quantitative prediction research on the distribution of fractures in the Guizhou, Lannigou gold deposit in order to identify potential fluid flow pathways is of utmost importance for ore prospecting in practical. In this study, a 3D geological entity model was generated based on the GOCAD platform by analysing and processing the geological data of the studied area, as well achieved is the accurate characterisation of the study area’s geometric model. By integrating regional tectonic evolution history analysis, geological interpretation, rock mechanics experiments and acoustic emission testing, the finite element method was utilised to create a 3D geomechanical model of the research area, the paleotectonic stress field after the Indosinian and Yanshanian movements were superimposed was simulated, in associated with the rock failure criterion, the comprehensive fracture rate parameter (Iz) is introduced to predict the fracture distribution. The results show that the research area’s maximum principal stress is primarily distributed between 153.85 and 189.53 MPa, and the maximum shear stress is between 83.53 and 98.42 MPa. The spatial distribution of faults influences the stress distribution characteristics significantly, and the stress level is relatively high at the intersection of the fault, the end of the fault and the vicinity of the fault zone, and the stress value between the faults is relatively low. The tectonic stress field primarily controls the distribution and development of fractures, which is usually consistent with the areas with high values of maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress. Using the combined modeling technique of GOCAD and midas GTS to realize the conversion from 3D geological model to geomechanical model, a set of comprehensive fracture distribution prediction technique for the superposition of multi-stage tectonic stress fields of mineral deposits in complex tectonic areas has been formed, and provide a reference for the prediction of fracture distribution in similar complex structural areas.
The SOOTHE eQuilt of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Supporting Voice
Authors: Sheerin Fintan K. , Buil Silvia Angel , Salguero Jose Duran , Lopez Desiree Ferrer , Foden Eadaoin , McCann Edward , Paans Wolter , Mpundu Gloria , Peña-Salazar Carlos , McCallion Philip , Fleming Sandra M.
Published: July 2023

Objectives

People with intellectual disabilities are more vulnerable to and experience mental health concerns at a higher incidence than their peers without intellectual disabilities. This may be directly related to the aetiology of their intellectual disability but also occur because of negative psychological and social factors that affect their lives, such as loss of self-esteem or lack of meaningful opportunities. The SOOTHE project, sought to understand the meaning that adults with intellectual disabilities attribute to mental health and wellbeing, the factors influencing good and poor mental health, and the strategies they utilised to maintain good mental health and wellbeing. Using an online anonymous survey, participants were invited to electronically submit an image that represented their perspectives on what mental health and wellbeing meant to them.

Methods

This study, which took place in 2020 during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, employed an anonymous survey approach which resulted in individual images being received from 329 people with intellectual disabilities living in Spain, the Netherlands, and Ireland. These were analysed thematically and brought together in an electronic quilt/mosaic.

Results

Images were classified into seven potential themes: (1) Covid-19 and mental health; (2) maintaining good mental health; (3) activities that promote good mental health; (4) nature and mental health; (5) perspectives on self; (6) the importance of relationships; and (7) home and feeling safe.

Conclusions

This paper explores the possible meaning of the images and seeks alignment of those meanings with the rights and freedoms enshrined in the UNCRPD. The project supports the belief that persons with intellectual disabilities have an understanding of mental health and wellbeing and are able to identify ways of maintaining positive mental health.
Investigating the representation of Foundation to Grade 2 students in a Victorian Government Policy on student voice in Australia: a curriculum perspective
Authors: Gardiner Bonita , Ohi Sarah
Published: July 2023

Student voice initiatives aim to create democracy in education institutions by hearing from the very people who are impacted by them most; the students. Amplify is a practice guide written by the Department of Education (DE), Victoria, that aims to promote student voice practices for students in government primary and secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Although limited, prior student voice research in education has identified key issues associated with enacting student voice practices linked closely to notions of political and social power in schools. Understandably, education institutions are grappling to identify and adopt conducive student voice practices. This research investigated how the DE Victoria represented Foundation to Grade 2 students in Amplify with consideration to the curriculum implications of student voice. This paper reports the findings from a study involving critical discourse analysis of this pertinent student voice document developed by the government for use by school leaders and teachers. The research revealed issues with Amplify’s discourse on student voice for improved learning outcomes, and identified the embedding of dominant social, political and power ideologies, as well as a clear under-representation or focus upon young children. The findings from this study make a valuable contribution to local and international student voice research as they reinforce a gap in the literature and contribute to the existing knowledge on the curriculum implications of student voice. They are valuable for informing the development of future curriculum approaches and provide a basis for further research in this area. The findings are also relevant to schools that are genuinely working to strengthen student voice in curriculum design.
Wie hat sich das pandemiebedingte Distance-Schooling auf die Digitale Bildung im Grundschulalter ausgewirkt? Ein systematisches Review
Authors: Dertinger Andreas , Kramer Michaela , Koschei Franziska , Schmidt Lena , Eggert Susanne , Kammerl Rudolf
Published: July 2023

Durch die Schließung öffentlicher Institutionen während der Covid-19-Pandemie ist die Relevanz digitaler Medien für die schulische Bildung gestiegen. Den abrupten Veränderungen des Lernens mit und über Medien in dieser Zeit widmeten sich zahlreiche Studien. Für diesen Beitrag wurde zur Systematisierung der vorliegenden Erkenntnisse ein Literaturreview durchgeführt, das die Frage ins Zentrum stellt: Wie hat sich das pandemiebedingte Distance-Schooling auf die Digitale Bildung im Grundschulalter ausgewirkt? Der Beitrag zeigt auf, welche methodischen und thematischen Schwerpunkte bisherige Studien gelegt haben. Hiervon ausgehend ergeben sich drei konkrete Forschungsdesiderata, deren Bearbeitung retrospektiv dazu beitragen würde, ein tieferes Verständnis dafür zu entwickeln, wie das Distance-Schooling umgesetzt wurde und wie Digitale Bildung im Grundschulalter langfristig gestaltet werden kann.
Dynamic mechanical properties and constitutive model of photosensitive resin specimens at different temperatures
Authors: Liu Tao , Yin Zhiqiang , Lei Jingfa , Sun Hong , Shen Qiang
Published: July 2023

In order to reveal the dynamic mechanical properties of resin-molded parts prepared from photosensitive resin composition at different temperatures, four typical service temperatures (26 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C) were selected, and the mechanical properties of photosensitive resin specimens under quasi-static and high strain rate (1200 s−1, 1500 s−1 and 1800 s−1) loading were tested by universal material testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental device. The stress–strain data of the material were obtained. Results show that the stress of photosensitive resin specimens decreases with the increase of temperature under quasi-static and high strain rate loading conditions, reflecting a certain temperature softening effect. Two typical stages of strain softening and strain hardening exist in the quasi-static compression process of the specimens at room temperature, while the specimens only exhibit strain hardening at 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C. Under dynamic loading, the elastic modulus, peak stress and peak strain of the photosensitive resin increase with the increase of the strain rate, reflecting an obvious effect of strain rate strengthening. The nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic constitutive model can better describe the mechanical behavior of the material under high strain rates and service temperatures, and the experimental values are in good agreement with the fitted values of the model. The results can provide theoretical model and method support for the design and development of resin-based materials and the optimization of their mechanical properties.
The Politics and Poetics of Cicero's Brutus
Authors: van den Berg Christopher S.
Published: July 2023

Cicero's Brutus (46 BCE), a tour-de-force of intellectual and political history, was written amidst political crisis: Caesar's defeat of the republican resistance at the battle of Thapsus. This magisterial example of the dialogue genre capaciously documents the intellectual vibrancy of the Roman Republic and its Greco-Roman traditions. This book studies the work from several distinct yet interrelated perspectives: Cicero's account of oratorical history, the confrontation with Caesar, and the exploration of what it means to write a history of an artistic practice. Close readings of this dialogue-including its apparent contradictions and tendentious fabrications-reveal a crucial and crucially productive moment in Greco-Roman thought. Cicero, this book argues, created the first nuanced, sophisticated, and ultimately 'modern' literary history, crafting both a compelling justification of Rome's oratorical traditions and also laying a foundation for literary historiography that abides to this day. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Stroke
Authors: van Gijn Jan
Published: July 2023

Stroke, as known today, is caused by occlusion or rupture of one or more blood vessels in the brain. Its manifestations were reported as long as medical records exist; sudden collapse, loss of movement and sensation, with preserved respiration and heart action. The book chronicles how ideas about events in the brain or its blood vessels evolved over 400 years. Starting with the revival of ancient medicine in the middle of the 16th century, the narrative ends in the 20th century, when techniques for brain scanning heralded the possibility of treatment for cerebrovascular disease. The narrative is exclusively based on primary sources and shows how this part of medical knowledge evolved, including byways and blind alleys. Frequent accounts from original sources assist the reader in following how clashes of opinions led to improved understanding, making this an indispensable reference for the history of stroke research.
Human Rights-Compatible International Investment Agreements: A Voice From Central & Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Balcerzak Filip , Drozd Stanisław
Published: July 2023

This DiF paper analyses the 2021 Consultations for Central & Eastern Europe and Central Asia, conducted as part of the process underlying the United Nations Working Group ‘Report on human rights-compatible international investment agreements’. These consultations led to three unique conclusions concerning International Investment Agreements (‘IIAs’), which were absent in other consultations: (i) the ‘regulatory chill’ caused by IIAs with respect to human rights regulations is moot in authoritarian and ‘hybrid’ regimes in this region, (ii) IIAs tend to be perceived in this region as tools to protect human rights, which can spill over to other areas of socio-economic life, and as a source of inspiration and a model for building similar protections in such other areas, and with the potential to (iii) have a positive impact on the development of domestic laws (and their relationship with the rule of law and good governance reforms in developing host states).
Finitely presented left orderable monsters
Authors: FOURNIER-FACIO FRANCESCO , LODHA YASH , ZAREMSKY MATTHEW C. B.
Published: July 2023

A left orderable monster is a finitely generated left orderable group all of whose fixed point-free actions on the line are proximal: the action is semiconjugate to a minimal action so that for every bounded interval I and open interval J, there is a group element that sends I into J. In his 2018 ICM address, Navas asked about the existence of left orderable monsters. By now there are several examples, all of which are finitely generated but not finitely presentable. We provide the first examples of left orderable monsters that are finitely presentable, and even of type
$F_\infty $
. These groups satisfy several additional properties separating them from the previous examples: they are not simple, they act minimally on the circle, and they have an infinite-dimensional space of homogeneous quasimorphisms. Our construction is flexible enough that it produces infinitely many isomorphism classes of finitely presented (and type
$F_{\infty }$
) left orderable monsters.
Non-homogeneous approximation for the kurtosis evolution of shoaling rogue waves
Authors: Mendes S. , Kasparian J.
Published: July 2023

Bathymetric changes have been experimentally shown to affect the occurrence of rogue waves. We recently derived a non-homogeneous correction to the spectral analysis, allowing us to describe the evolution of the rogue wave probability over a shoal. Here, we extend this work to the evolution of the excess kurtosis of the surface elevation, that plays a central role in estimating rare event probabilities. Furthermore, we provide an upper bound to the excess kurtosis. In intermediate and deep water regimes, a shoal does not affect wave steepness nor bandwidth significantly, so that the vertical asymmetry between crests and troughs, the excess kurtosis and the exceedance probability of wave height stay rather constant. In contrast, in shallower water, a sharp increase in wave steepness increases the vertical asymmetry, resulting in a growth of both the tail of the exceedance probability and the excess kurtosis.
Effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on the development of preeclampsia and metabolic outcomes in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus: a randomised, controlled, single-blind trial
Authors: Belfort Gabriella P. , Padilha Patrícia de Carvalho , Farias Dayana R. , da Silva Letícia B. G. , dos Santos Karina , Gomes Erlaine de S. , Lima Thaissa S. V. , Bornia Rita Bernardete R. G. , Rezende Karina B. C. , Saunders Claudia
Published: July 2023

Preeclampsia (PE) affects up to five times more women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus (PDM) than women without it. The present study aimed to identify the effect of the DASH diet on PE incidence (primary outcome) and blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin (GH), serum lipids, glutathione peroxidase (GP), C-reactive protein (CRP – secondary outcomes) in pregnant with PDM. This randomised, controlled, single-blind trial studied sixty-eight pregnant women with PDM throughout prenatal care until delivery (18 weeks) at a public maternity hospital, Brazil. The standard diet group (SDG) received a diet containing 45–65 % carbohydrates, 15–20 % protein and 25–30 % lipids. The DASH diet group (DDG) received the adapted DASH diet with a similar macronutrient distribution, but with a higher concentration of fibres, unsaturated fats, calcium, magnesium and potassium as well as lower saturated fat. Student's t, Mann–Whitney U and the Chi-square tests were used to compare outcomes. PE incidence was 22⋅9 % in the SDG and 12⋅1 % in the DDG (P = 0⋅25). GP levels significantly increased in the DDG (intra-group analysis; mean difference = 1588 [CI 181, 2994], P = 0⋅03) and tended to be different from the variation in the SDG (mean difference = −29⋅5 [CI −1305; 1⋅365]; v. DDG: 1588 [CI 181; 2994], P = 0⋅09). GH levels decreased significantly and similarly between groups (SDG: −0⋅61 [CI −0⋅26, −0⋅96], P = 0⋅00) v. DDG: −1⋅1 [CI −0⋅57, −1⋅62], P = 0⋅00). There was no evidence of a difference in PE incidence at the end of the intervention between the two diets. The DASH diet seems to favour PE-related biochemical markers.
Chaotic and integrable magnetic fields in one-dimensional hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell equilibria
Authors: Kaltsas Dimitrios A. , Morrison Philip J. , Throumoulopoulos George N.
Published: July 2023

The construction of kinetic equilibrium states is important for studying stability and wave propagation in collisionless plasmas. Thus, many studies over the past decades have been focused on calculating Vlasov–Maxwell equilibria using analytical and numerical methods. However, the problem of kinetic equilibrium of hybrid models is less studied, and self-consistent treatments often adopt restrictive assumptions ruling out cases with irregular and chaotic behaviour, although such behaviour is observed in spacecraft observations of space plasmas. In this paper, we develop a one-dimensional (1-D), quasineutral, hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell equilibrium model with kinetic ions and massless fluid electrons and derive associated solutions. The model allows for an electrostatic potential that is expressed in terms of the vector potential components through the quasineutrality condition. The equilibrium states are calculated upon solving an inhomogeneous Beltrami equation that determines the magnetic field, where the inhomogeneous term is the current density of the kinetic ions and the homogeneous term represents the electron current density. We show that the corresponding 1-D system is Hamiltonian, with position playing the role of time, and its trajectories have a regular, periodic behaviour for ion distribution functions that are symmetric in the two conserved particle canonical momenta. For asymmetric distribution functions, the system is nonintegrable, resulting in irregular and chaotic behaviour of the fields. The electron current density can modify the magnetic field phase space structure, inducing orbit trapping and the organization of orbits into large islands of stability. Thus, the electron contribution can be responsible for the emergence of localized electric field structures that induce ion trapping. We also provide a paradigm for the analytical construction of hybrid equilibria using a rotating two-dimensional harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian, enabling the calculation of analytic magnetic fields and the construction of the corresponding distribution functions in terms of Hermite polynomials.
Prevalence of and factors associated with demoralization among family caregivers of palliative care patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Wallace Chi Ho , Yu Clare Tsz Kiu , Kwok Denis Ka-Shaw , Wan Jamie Kit Ming
Published: July 2023

Objectives

This study aims to examine (1) the prevalence of demoralization among family caregivers of palliative care patients (PCP) in Hong Kong, (2) the percentage of caregivers who are demoralized but not depressed, (3) the factors associated with demoralization, and (4) the differences in caregivers’ support needs between high and low levels of demoralization groups.

Methods

Ninety-four family caregivers were recruited and completed a questionnaire that included measures of demoralization, depression and caregiving strain, caregivers’ support needs, and demographic information.

Results

The prevalence of demoralization among family caregivers of PCP was found to be 12.8% (cutoff score = 50) and 51.1% (cutoff score = 30). Although 27.7% of caregivers met the criteria of depression and demoralization, 12.8% of demoralized caregivers were not depressed. Depression and caregiving strain were identified as the predictors of demoralization. Caregivers with a poorer subjective physical status and a lower education level are more prone to demoralization. The three major caregivers’ needs for support reported were (1) knowing what to expect in the future (77.7%); (2) knowing who to contact (74.5%); and (3) understanding your relative’s illness (73.4%). Those who experienced a high level of demoralization often reported more need for support in end-of-life caregiving.

Significance of results

This is the first study that focused on the demoralization of family caregivers of PCP in the East Asian context. Demoralization is prevalent among these caregivers. We recommend that early assessment of demoralization among family caregivers of PCP be considered, especially for those who are more depressed and have a higher level of caregiving stress.
Comparative study of standard heterosis for yield and its attributes in bread wheat under two different water regimes
Authors: Chaudhary Divya , Prashant Swati , Jaiswal Jai Prakash , Rohit Rohit , Joshi Sivendra
Published: July 2023

Water stress conditions have occurred in the past in various places of the world, affecting the yield and production of numerous crops, including wheat. The aim of this research was to estimate standard heterosis under two different water regimes for grain yield and its attributes in 33 crosses, which were obtained by crossing 11 lines and 3 testers in a Line × Tester mating design. The best cross combinations for yield and contributing traits under irrigated condition were C4, C8, C33, C24, and C23, compared to both checks HD2967 and PBW660. Whereas, in rainfed condition, C18, C14, C26, C21, and C20 crosses were superior to the checks. For both irrigated and rainfed conditions, the best cross combinations identified were C29, C15, C32, C2, and C31. As a result, these cross combinations could be used in wheat breeding programmes to improve bread wheat genotypes for increased grain yield, agro-morphological features, and water stress tolerance. The presence of high heterosis for yield-contributing traits not only aids in the development of hybrids by exploiting heterosis but also in the production of transgressive segregants to develop elite lines.
Angle-independent metamaterial absorber for S-, C-, and X-band application
Authors: Rajyalakshmi Goriparthi , Ravikumar Yeda , RamaKrishna Dasari , Rao Kumbha Sambasiva
Published: July 2023

In this paper, the development and designing of angle-independent metamaterial microwave absorbers are presented. The unit cell consists of two concentric circle that are linked by consolidated resistors. The absorber is built on a dielectric substrate (FR4) with a thickness of 3.2 mm (λ/0.07) and a dielectric constant of 4.3. The wideband absorption is acquired in the range of 2.8 to 10.42 GHz with a wide band of 7.62 GHz with absorptivity above 90%. In the area of interest, a flat band is obtained, and to examine the current distribution and electric field in the respective region, two peaks are considered at a frequency of 3.66 and 9.54 GHz, with maximum absorptivity of 99.99% and 99.44%, respectively. The presented absorber is examined under different angles for phi and theta variation. From the phi variation, it is observed that for all the angles, absorptivity does not vary, which confirms that the absorber is acting as an angle independent. The fabricated sheet consists of an array of a unit cell, which is examined inside the anechoic chamber with the help of two horn antennas and vector network analyzer. The tested and simulated results are compared, and it was observed that they are close in their agreement. At the end of the manuscript, the presented and already reported arts are compared, and it is observed that the presented one operates for the low frequency with higher bandwidth. The presented absorber can be practically used for defense applications for Radar Cross Sections reduction.
Upper Mantle Structure Beneath the Contiguous US Resolved With Array Observations of SKS Multipathing and Slowness Vector Perturbations
Authors: Ward J. , Thorne M. , Nowacki A. , Rost S.
Published: July 2023

Continent‐scale observations of seismic phenomena have provided multi‐scale constraints of the Earth's interior. Of those analyzed, array‐based observations of slowness vector properties (backazimuth and horizontal slowness) and multipathing have yet to be made on a continental scale. Slowness vector measurements give inferences on mantle heterogeneity properties such as velocity perturbation and velocity gradient strength and quantify their effect on the wavefield. Multipathing is a consequence of waves interacting with strong velocity gradients resulting in two arrivals with different slowness vector properties and times. The mantle structure beneath the contiguous Unites States has been thoroughly analyzed by previous seismic studies and is data‐rich, making it an excellent testing ground to both analyze mantle structure with our approach and compare with other imaging techniques. We apply an automated array‐analysis technique to an SKS data set to create the first continent‐scale data set of multipathing and slowness vector measurements. We analyze the divergence of the slowness vector deviation field to highlight seismically slow and fast regions. Our results resolve several slow mantle anomalies beneath Yellowstone, the Appalachian mountains and fast anomalies throughout the mantle. Many of the anomalies cause multipathing in frequency bands 0.15–0.30 and 0.20–0.40 Hz which suggests velocity transitions over at most 500 km exist. Comparing our observations to synthetics created from tomography models, we find model NA13 (Bedle et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC009674) fits our data best but differences still remain. We therefore suggest slowness vector measurements should be used as an additional constraint in tomographic inversions and will lead to better resolved models of the mantle.
Statistical Characteristics of Mid‐Latitude Ionospheric F‐Region Backscatter Observed by the SuperDARN Jiamusi Radar
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Jiaojiao , Wang Chi , Chen Junjie , Dang Tong , Lei Jiuhou , Ruohoniemi John Michael
Published: July 2023

The Jiamusi (JME) radar is the first high‐frequency coherent scatter radar independently developed in China. In this study, we investigate the statistical characteristics of the Jiamusi radar scattering occurrence rate from the F‐region ionosphere between 40°N and 65°N geomagnetic latitude (MLAT) from March 2018 to November 2019. Then, the diurnal and seasonal variations in scattering echoes and their dependence on geomagnetic conditions are statistically investigated. It is shown that the local time of the peak scattering occurrence rate varies depending on the seasons, that is, approximately 20–22.5 magnetic local time (MLT) in summer, 17.5–20.5 MLT in equinox, and 16–17.5 MLT in winter, which is closely associated with the time of sunset. The occurrence rate also increases with the enhancement of the Kp index. To further understand the mechanism of these features, we simulate the distribution of the gradient drift instability (GDI) indicator by using the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). The analysis results indicate that the GDI may be one of the factors that contribute to these characteristic features.
A Method for Identifying the Dominant Meteorological Factors of Atmospheric Evaporative Demand in Mid‐Long Term
Authors: Liu Saiyan , Xie Yangyang , Fang Hongyuan , Xu Pengcheng , Du Huihua
Published: July 2023

To better understand the changes in the atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) in the context of global warming, the anomaly contribution analysis is presented to estimate mid‐long term contributions of meteorological factors to the AED. The Pearson correlation coefficient (RP) between the total contribution (ψ) of meteorological factors and the relative variation (ϕ) of the AED, and the Sen's trend slope (βS) of (ϕ, ψ) scatters are used to evaluate the applicability of the method. The smaller the values of |1 − RP| and |1 − βS|, the more applicable the method is. To validate the method, the reference crop evapotranspiration is employed as a proxy for the AED. The multi‐year contribution analysis is used as a comparison approach, which can only investigate the dominant meteorological factors of the AED in long term. Moreover, the Huaihe River basin of China is taken as a case study. Results show that (a) the values of |1 − RP| and |1 − βS| in mid‐long term are less than 0.1 in most cases when applying the anomaly contribution analysis, and the mid‐long term contribution processes of meteorological factors to the AED are clearly demonstrated; and (b) the wind speed and sunshine hours are the two most dominant factors (the total absolute contribution exceeds 60%) in long term, but they are not always the dominant factors in mid‐long term (e.g., wind speed in summer, and sunshine hours in winter). Therefore, the anomaly contribution analysis is a reasonable and effective method, which can help to gain insights into the changes in the AED.