Towards understanding diversity, endemicity and global change vulnerability of soil fungi
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Mikryukov Vladimir , Zizka Alexander , Bahram Mohammad , Hagh-Doust Niloufar , Anslan Sten , Prylutskyi Oleh , Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel , Maestre Fernando T. , Pärn Jaan , Öpik Maarja , Moora Mari , Zobel Martin , Espenberg Mikk , Mander Ülo , Khalid Abdul Nasir , Corrales Adriana , Agan Ahto , Vasco-Palacios Aída-M. , Saitta Alessandro , Rinaldi Andrea C. , Verbeken Annemieke , Sulistyo Bobby P. , Tamgnoue Boris , Furneaux Brendan , Ritter Camila Duarte , Nyamukondiwa Casper , Sharp Cathy , Marín César , Gohar Daniyal , Klavina Darta , Sharmah Dipon , Dai Dong Qin , Nouhra Eduardo , Biersma Elisabeth Machteld , Rähn Elisabeth , Cameron Erin K. , De Crop Eske , Otsing Eveli , Davydov Evgeny A. , Albornoz Felipe E. , Brearley Francis Q. , Buegger Franz , Zahn Geoffrey , Bonito Gregory , Hiiesalu Inga , Barrio Isabel C. , Heilmann-Clausen Jacob , Ankuda Jelena , Kupagme John Y. , Maciá-Vicente Jose G. , Fovo Joseph Djeugap , Geml József , Alatalo Juha M. , Alvarez-Manjarrez Julieta , Põldmaa Kadri , Runnel Kadri , Adamson Kalev , Bråthen Kari Anne , Pritsch Karin , Tchan Kassim I. , Armolaitis Kęstutis , Hyde Kevin D. , Newsham Kevin K. , Panksep Kristel , Lateef Adebola A. , Tiirmann Liis , Hansson Linda , Lamit Louis J. , Saba Malka , Tuomi Maria , Gryzenhout Marieka , Bauters Marijn , Piepenbring Meike , Wijayawardene Nalin , Yorou Nourou S. , Kurina Olavi , Mortimer Peter E. , Meidl Peter , Kohout Petr , Nilsson R. Henrik , Puusepp Rasmus , Drenkhan Rein , Garibay-Orijel Roberto , Godoy Roberto , Alkahtani Saad , Rahimlou Saleh , Dudov Sergey V. , Põlme Sergei , Ghosh Soumya , Mundra Sunil , Ahmed Talaat , Netherway Tarquin , Henkel Terry W. , Roslin Tomas , Nteziryayo Vincent , Fedosov Vladimir E. , Onipchenko Vladimir G. , Erandi Yasanthika W. A. , Lim Young Woon , Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. , Antonelli Alexandre , Kõljalg Urmas , Abarenkov Kessy 
Published: March 2022

Fungi play pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning, but little is known about their global patterns of diversity, endemicity, vulnerability to global change drivers and conservation priority areas. We applied the high-resolution PacBio sequencing technique to identify fungi based on a long DNA marker that revealed a high proportion of hitherto unknown fungal taxa. We used a Global Soil Mycobiome consortium dataset to test relative performance of various sequencing depth standardization methods (calculation of residuals, exclusion of singletons, traditional and SRS rarefaction, use of Shannon index of diversity) to find optimal protocols for statistical analyses. Altogether, we used six global surveys to infer these patterns for soil-inhabiting fungi and their functional groups. We found that residuals of log-transformed richness (including singletons) against log-transformed sequencing depth yields significantly better model estimates compared with most other standardization methods. With respect to global patterns, fungal functional groups differed in the patterns of diversity, endemicity and vulnerability to main global change predictors. Unlike α-diversity, endemicity and global-change vulnerability of fungi and most functional groups were greatest in the tropics. Fungi are vulnerable mostly to drought, heat, and land cover change. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include wetlands and moist tropical ecosystems.