bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences on the diet quality of pre-school children: importance of maternal psychological characteristics
Authors: Jarman Megan , Inskip Hazel M , Ntani Georgia , Cooper Cyrus , Baird Janis , Robinson Sian M , Barker Mary E
Published: November 2014

Objective

To test the hypothesis that maternal psychological profiles relate to children’s quality of diet.

Design

Cross-sectional study. Mothers provided information on their health-related psychological factors and aspects of their child’s mealtime environment. Children’s diet quality was assessed using an FFQ from which weekly intakes of foods and a diet Z-score were calculated. A high score described children with a better quality diet. Cluster analysis was performed to assess grouping of mothers based on psychological factors. Mealtime characteristics, describing how often children ate while sitting at a table or in front of the television, their frequency of takeaway food consumption, maternal covert control and food security, and children’s quality of diet were examined, according to mothers’ cluster membership.

Subjects

Mother–child pairs (n 324) in the Southampton Initiative for Health. Children were aged 2–5 years.

Setting

Hampshire, UK.

Results

Two main clusters were identified. Mothers in cluster 1 had significantly higher scores for all psychological factors than mothers in cluster 2 (all P<0·001). Clusters were termed ‘more resilient’ and ‘less resilient’, respectively. Children of mothers in the less resilient cluster ate meals sitting at a table less often (P=0·03) and watched more television (P=0·01). These children had significantly poorer-quality diets (β=−0·61, 95 % CI −0·82, −0·40, P≤0·001). This association was attenuated, but remained significant after controlling for confounding factors that included maternal education and home/mealtime characteristics (P=0·006).

Conclusions

The study suggests that mothers should be offered psychological support as part of interventions to improve children’s quality of diet.
Will antimicrobial resistance of BRD pathogens impact BRD management in the future?
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W.
Published: November 2014

Resistance is a qualitative interpretation of antimicrobial activity in vitro. Critical to management of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the clinical response in vivo. Attempts to connect activity in vitro to response in vivo have been complicated by the complexity of BRD, interpretation of antimicrobial activity in vitro, and inconsistent measures of clinical success or failure. During recent history, the discovery, development, and commercialization of antimicrobials have decreased. In response to resistance, voluntary and imposed restrictions on use of antimicrobials have been implemented. Resistance can be reversed using technology and knowledge of mechanisms of resistance. Perhaps approaches that reverse resistance will be used in clinical management of BRD in the future. The short answer to the question posed in the title is, ‘yes.’ Since antimicrobial drugs were discovered, resistance has been a consideration for selection of treatment of any infectious disease and BRD is not unique. In the opinion of the author, the more important question is, ‘How will antimicrobial resistance of BRD pathogens impact BRD management in the future?’
The K526R substitution in viral protein PB2 enhances the effects of E627K on influenza virus replication
Authors: Song Wenjun , Wang Pui , Mok Bobo Wing-Yee , Lau Siu-Ying , Huang Xiaofeng , Wu Wai-Lan , Zheng Min , Wen Xi , Yang Shigui , Chen Yu , Li Lanjuan , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Chen Honglin
Published: November 2014

Host-adaptive strategies, such as the E627K substitution in the PB2 protein, are critical for replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammalian hosts. Here we show that mutation PB2-K526R is present in some human H7N9 influenza isolates, in nearly 80% of H5N1 human isolates from Indonesia and, in conjunction with E627K, in almost all seasonal H3N2 viruses since 1970. Polymerase complexes containing PB2-526R derived from H7N9, H5N1 or H3N2 viruses exhibit increased polymerase activity. PB2-526R also enhances viral transcription and replication in cells. In comparison with viruses carrying 627K, H7N9 viruses carrying both 526R and 627K replicate more efficiently in mammalian (but not avian) cells and in mouse lung tissues, and cause greater body weight loss and mortality in infected mice. PB2-K526R interacts with nuclear export protein and our results suggest that it contributes to enhance replication for certain influenza virus subtypes, particularly in combination with 627K.
Serotonin receptor 3A controls interneuron migration into the neocortex
Authors: Murthy Sahana , Niquille Mathieu , Hurni Nicolas , Limoni Greta , Frazer Sarah , Chameau Pascal , van Hooft Johannes A. , Vitalis Tania , Dayer Alexandre
Published: November 2014

Neuronal excitability has been shown to control the migration and cortical integration of reelin-expressing cortical interneurons (INs) arising from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), supporting the possibility that neurotransmitters could regulate this process. Here we show that the ionotropic serotonin receptor 3A (5-HT3AR) is specifically expressed in CGE-derived migrating interneurons and upregulated while they invade the developing cortex. Functional investigations using calcium imaging, electrophysiological recordings and migration assays indicate that CGE-derived INs increase their response to 5-HT3AR activation during the late phase of cortical plate invasion. Using genetic loss-of-function approaches and in vivo grafts, we further demonstrate that the 5-HT3AR is cell autonomously required for the migration and proper positioning of reelin-expressing CGE-derived INs in the neocortex. Our findings reveal a requirement for a serotonin receptor in controlling the migration and laminar positioning of a specific subtype of cortical IN.
Factors influencing the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported phosphine-capped gold nanoparticles
Authors: Adnan Rohul H. , Andersson Gunther G. , Polson Matthew I. J. , Metha Gregory F. , Golovko Vladimir B.
Published: November 2014

The nature of Au cluster precursor and activation treatments affect catalyst activity in aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidation.
Improved photocatalytic activity in a surfactant-assisted synthesized Ti-containing MOF photocatalyst under blue LED irradiation
Authors: Abedi Sedigheh , Morsali Ali
Published: November 2014

Amine-functionalized MIL-125 was synthesized in the presence of a structure directing agent. Enhancement of its photocatalytic activity under LED irradiation is described.
Multifunctional pH-sensitive micelles for tumor-specific uptake and cellular delivery
Authors: Yang Tiehong , Li Fei , Zhang Haitao , Fan Li , Qiao Youbei , Tan Guangguo , Zhang Haifei , Wu Hong
Published: November 2014

Dox in the LHRH-PEG-PHIS-Dox/Dox-TAT system could be transported into tumor cellsviatwo pathways: LHRH receptor-mediated endocytosis and TAT-mediated nonendocytotic process.
Very high power and superior rate capability LiFePO4nanorods hydrothermally synthesized using tetraglycol as surfactant
Authors: Tian Ruiyuan , Liu Guangyao , Liu Haiqiang , Zhang Lina , Gu Xiaohua , Guo Yanjun , Wang Hanfu , Sun Lianfeng , Chu Weiguo
Published: November 2014

Small polarizations,i.e.sufficiently good electronic and ionic conductivity is indispensible for high power lithium iron phosphate, especially for its applications to large current power supplies.
Influence of a co-adsorbent on the performance of bis(diimine) copper(i)-based dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Brauchli Sven Y. , Malzner Frederik J. , Constable Edwin C. , Housecroft Catherine E.
Published: November 2014

The effects of adding chenodeoxycholic acid to copper(i) bis(diimine) dyes in DSCs has been studied, as well as a new stepwise procedure for TiO2-bound dye assembly.
Redox-driven atomic-scale changes in mixed catalysts: VOX/WOX/α-TiO2 (110)
Authors: Feng Z. , McBriarty M. E. , Mane A. U. , Lu J. , Stair P. C. , Elam J. W. , Bedzyk M. J.
Published: November 2014

X-ray study of vanadium–tungsten mixed-monolayer-oxide catalysts grown on the rutile α-TiO2 (110) single crystal surface shows redox behavior not observed for lone supported vanadium or tungsten oxides.
ZnFe2O4@C/graphene nanocomposites as excellent anode materials for lithium batteries
Authors: Lin Li , Pan Qinmin
Published: November 2014

The ZnFe2O4@C/G nanocomposite, exhibiting excellent lithium storage performance, was synthesized through a mussel-inspired process and subsequent calcinations.
Reversible mechanochromic luminescence of phenothiazine-based 10,10′-bianthracene derivatives with different lengths of alkyl chains
Authors: Xue Pengchong , Yao Boqi , Liu Xuhui , Sun Jiabao , Gong Peng , Zhang Zhenqi , Qian Chong , Zhang Yuan , Lu Ran
Published: November 2014

The phenothiazine-based bianthracene derivatives exhibited mechanofluorochromic behaviours, and their fluorescence spectrum shifts and thermal recovery times were dependent on the length of the alkyl chain.
Highly efficient photochemical upconversion in a quasi-solid organogel
Authors: Sripathy Kabilan , MacQueen Rowan W. , Peterson Joshua R. , Cheng Yuen Yap , Dvořák Miroslav , McCamey Dane R. , Treat Neil D. , Stingelin Natalie , Schmidt Timothy W.
Published: November 2014

Photochemical upconversion in a quasi-solid gel proceeds with an identical efficiency to an otherwise identical liquid composition.
Two-slot coiled coaxial cable resonator: Reaching critical coupling at a reduced number of coils
Authors: Hefferman Gerald , Chen Zhen , Wei Tao
Published: November 2014

This paper reports the experimental demonstration of a coiled coaxial cable resonator capable of meeting the critical coupling condition using a reduced number of coils relative to previously reported coiled resonators. By introducing a second slot along the length of the device, a two-slot coiled coaxial cable resonator was fabricated and critical coupling observed at 22 turns. An additional device with one-slot, but otherwise identically constructed, was also fabricated. After 44 turns, the one-slot device had yet to reach critical coupling. An ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio (greater than 70 dB) was observed at critical coupling of the two-slot device. This reduction in number of slots necessary to reach critical coupling, and the corresponding reduction of physical length of the device, makes this demonstration of the control of critical coupling a potentially important step towards the successful application of coiled coaxial cable resonators to microwave communication and robust sensing applications.
Linear interfacial polymerization: Theory and simulations with dissipative particle dynamics
Authors: Berezkin Anatoly V. , Kudryavtsev Yaroslav V.
Published: November 2014

Step-growth alternating interfacial polymerization between two miscible or immiscible monomer melts is investigated theoretically and by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. In both cases the kinetics for an initially bilayer system passes from the reaction to diffusion control. The polymer composed of immiscible monomers precipitates at the interface forming a film of nearly uniform density. It is demonstrated that the reaction proceeds in a narrow zone, which expands much slower than the whole film, so that newly formed polymer is extruded from the reaction zone. This concept of “reactive extrusion” is used to analytically predict the degree of polymerization and distribution of all components (monomers, polymer, and end groups) within the film in close agreement with the simulations. Increasing the comonomer incompatibility leads to thinner and more uniform films with the higher average degree of polymerization. The final product is considerably more polydisperse than expected for the homogeneous step-growth polymerization. The results extend the previous theoretical reports on interfacial polymerization and provide new insights into the internal film structure and polymer characteristics, which are important for membrane preparation, microencapsulation, and 3D printing technologies. A systematic way of mapping the simulation data onto laboratory scales is discussed.
Origin of hysteretic magnetoelastic behavior in magnetoelectric 2-2 composites
Authors: Urs Necdet Onur , Teliban Iulian , Piorra Andre , Knöchel Reinhard , Quandt Eckhard , McCord Jeffrey
Published: November 2014

The local magnetization behavior of the magnetostrictive phase of ferromagnetic/piezoelectric magnetoelectric composites is compared to the hysteretic response using advanced magneto-optical imaging. Local magnetoelastic relaxation leads to the formation of magnetization modulated branched domain structures in the magnetic phase. This results in a complex field response governed by interlocking domain processes. An interrelation of magnetic domain formation and the piezomagnetic response is derived, revealing the origin of the hysteretic magnetoelectric response. As a result, domain wall induced effects lead to a reduction of magnetoelectric signal. Controlling the magnetic domain formation processes is the foundation for reversible magnetoelectric behavior.
Sulfur (anion) manipulated highly polar stable ferroelectric perovskite under epitaxial strain
Authors: Amarsanaa Gantsooj , Odkhuu Dorj , Won Ahn Chang , Kim Ill Won
Published: November 2014

Using first-principles calculations, we show that substitution of sulfur (anion) in the oxygen site of tetragonal potassium niobate perovskite (KNbO3) leads to a highly polar and very stable ferroelectric (FE) state. It was found that KNbO2S possesses a spontaneous polarization of 0.80 C/m2, twice that of the mother FE KNbO3. This variation is due to the large out-of-plane displacements of the substituted anion with respect to the cations. The stability of the FE state is also maintained upon large in-plane tensile strain, and the fast decay rate of FE stability gives rise to an exponential increase in piezoelectric constant (d33).
General analytical approach for sound transmission loss analysis through a thick metamaterial plate
Authors: Oudich Mourad , Zhou Xiaoming , Badreddine Assouar M.
Published: November 2014

We report theoretically and numerically on the sound transmission loss performance through a thick plate-type acoustic metamaterial made of spring-mass resonators attached to the surface of a homogeneous elastic plate. Two general analytical approaches based on plane wave expansion were developed to calculate both the sound transmission loss through the metamaterial plate (thick and thin) and its band structure. The first one can be applied to thick plate systems to study the sound transmission for any normal or oblique incident sound pressure. The second approach gives the metamaterial dispersion behavior to describe the vibrational motions of the plate, which helps to understand the physics behind sound radiation through air by the structure. Computed results show that high sound transmission loss up to 72 dB at 2 kHz is reached with a thick metamaterial plate while only 23 dB can be obtained for a simple homogeneous plate with the same thickness. Such plate-type acoustic metamaterial can be a very effective solution for high performance sound insulation and structural vibration shielding in the very low-frequency range.
Crystallization and vitrification of ethanol at high pressures
Authors: Kondrin M. V. , Pronin A. A. , Brazhkin V. V.
Published: November 2014

We present the high pressure (up to 3 GPa) dielectric spectroscopy study of ethanol in supercooled liquid and solid states. It was found that ethanol can be obtained in the glassy form by relatively slow cooling in the pressure range below 1.5 GPa. Glassy dynamics of ethanol is dominated by hydrogen bonds which cause rise of fragility index with pressure rising and relatively slow increase of glassification temperature. The termination of ethanol galssification at 1.5 GPa is related to the phase transition of ethanol in this pressure range to the disordered crystal structure which allows easy crystallization of ethanol at high pressures. Dielectric spectroscopy of solid phases of ethanol reveals the presence of molecular motion in both of them in the temperature range close to the melting curve but demonstrates different molecular dynamics in the two solid phases of ethanol.
Verification of conventional equations of state for tantalum under quasi-isentropic compression
Authors: Binqiang Luo , Guiji Wang , Jianjun Mo , Hongpin Zhang , Fuli Tan , Jianheng Zhao , Cangli Liu , Chengwei Sun
Published: November 2014

Shock Hugoniot data have been widely used to calibrate analytic equations of state (EOSs) of condensed matter at high pressures. However, the suitability of particular analytic EOSs under off-Hugoniot states has not been sufficiently verified using experimental data. We have conducted quasi-isentropic compression experiments (ICEs) of tantalum using the compact pulsed power generator CQ-4, and explored the relation of longitudinal stress versus volume of tantalum under quasi-isentropic compression using backward integration and characteristic inverse methods. By subtracting the deviatoric stress and additional pressure caused by irreversible plastic dissipation, the isentropic pressure can be extracted from the longitudinal stress. Several theoretical isentropes are deduced from analytic EOSs and compared with ICE results to validate the suitability of these analytic EOSs in isentropic compression states. The comparisons show that the Gruneisen EOS with Gruneisen Gamma proportional to volume is accurate, regardless whether the Hugoniot or isentrope is used as the reference line. The Vinet EOS yields better accuracy in isentropic compression states. Theoretical isentropes derived from Tillotson, PUFF, and Birch-Murnaghan EOSs well agree with the experimental isentrope in the range of 0–100 GPa, but deviate gradually with pressure increasing further.
Effect of InGaAs interlayer on the properties of GaAs grown on Si (111) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wen Lei , Gao Fangliang , Zhang Xiaona , Zhang Shuguang , Li Jingling , Guan Yunfang , Wang Wenliang , Zhou Shizhong , Lin Zhiting , Li Guoqiang
Published: November 2014

High-quality GaAs films have been epitaxially grown on Si (111) substrates by inserting an InxGa1−xAs interlayer with proper In composition by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The effect of InxGa1−xAs (0 < x < 0.2) interlayers on the properties of GaAs films grown on Si (111) substrates by MBE has been studied in detailed. Due to the high compressive strain between InGaAs and Si, InGaAs undergoes partial strain relaxation. Unstrained InGaAs has a larger lattice constant than GaAs. Therefore, a thin InGaAs layer with proper In composition may adopt a close lattice constant with that of GaAs, which is beneficial to the growth of high-quality GaAs epilayer on top. It is found that the proper In composition in InxGa1−xAs interlayer of 10% is beneficial to obtaining high-quality GaAs films, which, on the one hand, greatly compensates the misfit stress between GaAs film and Si substrate, and on the other hand, suppresses the formation of multiple twin during the heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs film. However, when the In composition does not reach the proper value (∼10%), the InxGa1−xAs adopts a lower strain relaxation and undergoes a lattice constant smaller than unstrained GaAs, and therefore introduces compressive stress to GaAs grown on top. When In composition exceeds the proper value, the InxGa1−xAs will adopt a higher strain relaxation and undergoes a lattice constant larger than unstrained GaAs, and therefore introduces tensile stress to GaAs grown on top. As a result, InxGa1−xAs interlayers with improper In composition introduces enlarged misfit stress to GaAs epilayers grown on top, and deteriorates the quality of GaAs epilayers. This work demonstrates a simple but effective method to grow high-quality GaAs epilayers and brings up a broad prospect for the application of GaAs-based optoelectronic devices on Si substrates.
Broadband diodelike asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized light in ultrathin hybrid metamaterial
Authors: Li Zhancheng , Chen Shuqi , Tang Chengchun , Liu Wenwei , Cheng Hua , Liu Zhe , Li Jianxiong , Yu Ping , Xie Boyang , Liu Zhaocheng , Li Junjie , Tian Jianguo
Published: November 2014

We present the underlying theory, the design specifications, and the experimental demonstration of the broadband diodelike asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized light in the near-infrared regime. This result is achieved through the use of a two-layer hybrid metamaterial, composed of an L-shaped metallic particle and a double nano antenna. The experimental results are shown to agree well with the theoretical predictions and the simulated transmission spectra. The realization of the diodelike asymmetric transmission can be attributed to the combination of two independently functioning metallic structures, which are shown to perform their respective function even when shifted away from perfect alignment. This work offers a further step in developing broadband diodelike asymmetric transmission for use in electromagnetic devices.
Modeling and characterization of carbon nanotube agglomeration effect on electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube polymer composites
Authors: Gong S. , Zhu Z. H. , Li J. , Meguid S. A.
Published: November 2014

This paper investigated the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) agglomeration on the electrical conductivity of CNT-polymer composites by experimental characterization and theoretical modeling. The present experimental results show that the acid treatment of CNTs has significantly alleviated the CNT agglomeration in CNT-polymer composites and improved the electrical conductivity of the composites compared with CNT-polymer composites made from the same pristine CNTs. The improvement by the acid treatment is further studied by a multiscale CNT percolation network model that considers the CNT agglomeration based on experimental observation. Numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The smaller the size of CNT agglomerates is in the experiments, the closer the measured electrical conductivity of CNT-polymer composites is to its theoretical limit. The current study verifies that (i) the CNT agglomeration is the main cause that leads to a lower electrical conductivity of CNT-polymer composites than their theoretical limit, and (ii) the current multiscale percolation network model can quantitatively predict the electrical conductivity of CNT-polymer composites with CNT agglomeration. The comprehensiveness of the developed modeling approach enables an evaluation of results in conjunction with experimental data in future works.
Optical rotation by plasmonic circular dichroism of isolated gold nanorod aggregates
Authors: Chaudhari Kamalesh , Pradeep Thalappil
Published: November 2014

We show that plasmonic chirality in single gold nanorod (GNR) aggregates leads to the rotation of polarization of the scattered light. 3D glasses in conjunction with linearly polarized dark field scattering microspectroscopy were used to study the chirality of single GNR aggregates. Using this hetero-polarizer setup, we not only detect but also quantify their chirality. A polar mapping strategy was used for providing direct evidence for the emergence of light of different polarization angles when chiral GNR aggregates were excited with circularly polarized light of different handedness. Further, we have developed a methodology to eliminate fluctuations in the scattering intensity by averaging and normalizing the data. This allows calculation of plasmonic circular dichroism scattering spectra with high accuracy.
Symmetrical Josephson vortex interferometer as an advanced ballistic single-shot detector
Authors: Soloviev I. I. , Klenov N. V. , Bakurskiy S. V. , Pankratov A. L. , Kuzmin L. S.
Published: November 2014

We consider a ballistic detector formed in an interferometer manner which operational principle relies on Josephson vortex scattering at a measurement potential. We propose an approach to symmetrize the detector scheme and explore arising advantages in the signal-to-noise ratio and in the back-action on a measured object by means of recently presented numerical and analytical methods for modeling of a soliton scattering dynamics in the presence of thermal fluctuations. The obtained characteristics for experimentally relevant parameters reveal practical applicability of the considered schemes including possibility of coupling with standard digital rapid single flux quantum circuits.
Direct observation of ferromagnetism in grain boundary phase of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet using soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
Authors: Nakamura T. , Yasui A. , Kotani Y. , Fukagawa T. , Nishiuchi T. , Iwai H. , Akiya T. , Ohkubo T. , Gohda Y. , Hono K. , Hirosawa S.
Published: November 2014

We have investigated the magnetism of the grain boundary (GB) phase in a Nd14.0Fe79.7Cu0.1B6.2 sintered magnet using soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at the Fe L2,3-edges. Soft XMCD spectra were measured from the fractured surface that was confirmed to be covered with a thin GB phase by Auger electron spectroscopy. The magnetic moment of Fe in the GB phase was estimated to be mGB=1.4 μB at 30 °C using the sum rule analysis for XMCD spectra, which is 60% of that of Fe in the Nd2Fe14B compound. The temperature dependence of mGB evaluated with reference to Fe in the Nd2Fe14B phase indicated that the Curie temperature of the GB phase is more than 50 °C lower compared to that of Nd2Fe14B.
Cytoplasmic HIV-1 RNA is mainly transported by diffusion in the presence or absence of Gag protein
Authors: Chen Jianbo , Grunwald David , Sardo Luca , Galli Andrea , Plisov Sergey , Nikolaitchik Olga A. , Chen De , Lockett Stephen , Larson Daniel R. , Pathak Vinay K. , Hu Wei-Shau
Published: November 2014

Significance

HIV-1 full-length RNA must go to specific subcellular compartments to carry out its functions as a template for translation of structural and enzymatic proteins and as the genetic material for new virions. RNA mislocalization can affect the functions of the RNA and its encoded proteins, causing defects in viral replication. Currently, little is known about how HIV-1 RNA is transported in the cytoplasm. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 full-length RNAs use diffusion as the major mechanism for cytoplasmic transport in the absence of viral group-specific antigen (Gag) proteins and even in the presence of sufficient Gag proteins for virus assembly, indicating that Gag does not alter the RNA transport mechanism. These studies provide insights into mechanisms essential to viral replication.
Modulation of DNA loop lifetimes by the free energy of loop formation
Authors: Chen Yi-Ju , Johnson Stephanie , Mulligan Peter , Spakowitz Andrew J. , Phillips Rob
Published: November 2014

Significance

Storage and retrieval of the genetic information in cells is a dynamic process that requires the DNA to undergo dramatic structural rearrangements. One prominent but still incompletely understood example of such rearrangements is protein-mediated DNA looping. Here, we use a single-molecule biophysical technique to show that the elasticity of the DNA and protein affects the kinetics of both loop formation and, unexpectedly, loop breakdown, and we develop a theory based on polymer physics to explain the origin of these observations. Our results demonstrate a previously unidentified way to probe the looping reaction pathway and quantify the effects of both the DNA and protein elasticity in looping kinetics, and therefore better understand their roles in many gene-regulatory processes.
Graphene cover-promoted metal-catalyzed reactions
Authors: Yao Yunxi , Fu Qiang , Zhang Y. Y. , Weng Xuefei , Li Huan , Chen Mingshu , Jin Li , Dong Aiyi , Mu Rentao , Jiang Peng , Liu Li , Bluhm Hendrik , Liu Zhi , Zhang S. B. , Bao Xinhe
Published: November 2014

Significance

Carbon deposits have been widely observed on metal surfaces in a variety of catalytic reactions, and the graphitic carbon species are often considered as inhibitors for surface reactions. We demonstrate here that CO adsorption and oxidation can occur on Pt surface covered by monolayer graphene, showing that the space between graphene overlayer and metal surface can act as a two-dimensional (2D) nanoreactor. Inside, CO oxidation happens with lower activation barrier due to the confinement effect of the graphene cover. This finding reminds us to reconsider the role of graphitic carbon in metal-catalyzed surface reactions and further provides a way to design novel catalysts.
Orbital apocenter is not a sufficient condition for HST/STIS detection of Europa’s water vapor aurora
Authors: Roth Lorenz , Retherford Kurt D. , Saur Joachim , Strobel Darrell F. , Feldman Paul D. , McGrath Melissa A. , Nimmo Francis
Published: November 2014

Significance

Images of Europa’s UV aurora taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in December 2012 have revealed local hydrogen and oxygen emissions in intensity ratios that identify the source as electron impact excitation of water molecules. The existence of water vapor plumes as a source for the detected localized water vapor and the possible accessibility of subsurface liquid water reservoirs at these locations have important implications for the exploration of Europa’s potentially habitable environments. The observations reported here tested whether orbital position near the apocenter is an essential requirement for plume activity. Only an upper limit on the amount of water vapor was obtained. Orbital position is therefore not a sufficient condition for detecting plumes and they may be episodic events.
Silicon isotopes in angrites and volatile loss in planetesimals
Authors: Pringle Emily A. , Moynier Frédéric , Savage Paul S. , Badro James , Barrat Jean-Alix
Published: November 2014

Significance

Understanding volatile elements in the early solar system is a key step toward understanding the processes of planetary formation and the composition of Earth, but the origin of volatiles on Earth is not well understood. In this article, we present measurements of silicon isotope ratios in angrites, a class of meteorites dating from the first few million years after condensation of solids from the solar nebula. We show that the silicon isotope composition of angrites is consistent with a depletion of volatile elements on the angrite parent body through impact events during accretion. Such volatile-poor planetesimals may represent the material that formed the Earth.
APE1 is dispensable for S-region cleavage but required for its repair in class switch recombination
Authors: Xu Jianliang , Husain Afzal , Hu Wenjun , Honjo Tasuku , Kobayashi Maki
Published: November 2014

Significance

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has been shown to be a critical endonuclease required for class switch recombination (CSR). Here we show that APE1’s endonuclease activity, but not its redox regulation or transcriptional regulation activity, is important for CSR. Conversely, APE1 is dispensable for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-induced somatic hypermutation (SHM) as well as IgH/c-myc translocation. Moreover, during CSR, APE1 is not required for AID-induced S-region break formation, but is critical for the processing of cleaved ends because both repair protein Ku80 recruitment and end synapse formation are blocked by APE1 deficiency. APE1 deficiency only partially impairs CSR, and we found that two other end-processing enzymes, meiotic recombination 11 homolog (MRE11) and carboxy-terminal binding protein (CtBP)-interacting protein (CtIP), are responsible for the remaining CSR activity in the absence of APE1.
Melanopsin mediates light-dependent relaxation in blood vessels
Authors: Sikka Gautam , Hussmann G. Patrick , Pandey Deepesh , Cao Suyi , Hori Daijiro , Park Jong Taek , Steppan Jochen , Kim Jae Hyung , Barodka Viachaslau , Myers Allen C. , Santhanam Lakshmi , Nyhan Daniel , Halushka Marc K. , Koehler Raymond C. , Snyder Solomon H. , Shimoda Larissa A. , Berkowitz Dan E.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Non–image-forming opsins such as Opn4 regulate important physiological functions such as circadian photo-entrainment and affect. The recent discovery that melanopsin (Opn4) functions outside the central nervous system prompted us to explore a potential role for this receptor in blood vessel regulation. We hypothesized that Opn4-mediated signaling might explain the phenomenon of photorelaxation, for which a mechanism has remained elusive. We report the presence in blood vessels of Opn4 and demonstrate that it mediates wavelength-specific, light-dependent vascular relaxation. This photorelaxation signal transduction involves cGMP and phosphodiesterase 6, but not protein kinase G. Furthermore it is regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and involves vascular hyperpolarization. This receptor pathway can be harnessed for wavelength-specific light-based therapy in the treatment of diseases that involve altered vasoreactivity.
Environmental Performance of Marine Net-Pen Aquaculture in the United States
Authors: Rust Michael B , Amos Kevin H , Bagwill April L , Dickhoff Walton W , Juarez Lorenzo M , Price Carol S , Morris James A , Rubino Michael C
Published: November 2014

The United States has a small net-pen salmon industry dating back over 40 years and a nascent net-pen industry for other marine fish. The United States net-pen aquaculture sector has improved its resource efficiency in terms of the amount of fish meal and fish oil used in feeds and reduced its environmental impacts in terms of the mass loading and impact of nutrient discharge on the receiving ecosystem, the incidence and treatment of fish diseases, the use of antibiotics, and the number and impact of fish escapes, while increasing production. These changes can be attributed to a combination of advances in science and technology, rising cost of fish meal/oil, improved management, and informed regulatory practices. Net-pen aquaculture has become an efficient food production system. Existing laws and regulations in the United States effectively address most of the potential adverse environmental effects of net-pen aquaculture.

RESUMEN

Los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EE. UU.) poseen una pequeña industria de acuacultura de salmones mediante jaulas de red que data desde hace cuatro décadas y una incipiente industria de cultivo con jaulas de otras especies de peces marinos. El sector de la acuacultura con jaulas de red en los EE.UU. ha mejorado la eficiencia de sus recursos en términos de cantidad de carne y aceite de pescado utilizados para la engorda y en cuanto a la reducción de sus impactos negativos: el aumento de la producción versus la carga de masa y el impacto de la descarga de nutrientes en los ecosistemas receptores, la incidencia y tratamiento de enfermedades de peces, uso de antibióticos y el impacto del escape de peces. Estos cambios son atribuibles a la combinación de avances científicos y tecnológicos, el incremento en el costo de la carne y aceite de pescado, un mejor manejo y prácticas regulatorias informadas. La acuacultura con jaulas de red se ha convertido en un sistema eficiente de producción de alimentos. Las leyes y regulaciones existentes en los EE.UU. abordan de forma efectiva los efectos adversos potenciales de la acuacultura con jaulas de red.
Syntactic edges and two types of floating quantification
Authors: Ko Heejeong
Published: November 2014

Chapter 3 investigates how (re)orderings at syntactic edges are affected by underlying constituency, with reference to two types of floating quantification. The chapter argues that adverbial floating quantifiers do not form a constituent with their associate noun, but contain a null pronoun co-indexed with their associate via semantic binding. In contrast, adnominal floating quantifiers are merged to their host noun in base structure. On the basis of this proposal, it analyses how and why adverbial quantifiers behave differently from adnominal quantifiers at syntactic edges. The chapter then examines how the two types of floating quantification can be correlated with a theory of exhaustive focus. It argues that adverbial floating quantifiers carry a specific, exhaustive, presuppositional reading because they are merged in a focus projection and bind a variable inside vP. By contrast, adnominal floating quantifiers carry a non-exhaustive, non-specific, cardinal meaning because they are merged as a predicate within a nominal projection.
Introduction
Authors: Breitbarth Anne
Published: November 2014

This chapter presents Low German as an instance of a language having undergone Jespersen’s cycle, and summarizes the status quaestionis, identifying the gaps in the previous research. Essentially, there is no diachronic study yet of the development of negation in historical Low German, looking at both Jespersen’s cycle and diachronic changes in the interaction between negation and indefinites, that spans the entire period of textual attestation from Old Saxon to the end of the Middle Low German period, when written Low German was replaced by High German. Also novel is the systematic study of the diachronic and geographic variation within Middle Low German, based on a corpus of charters and similar dated and localized documents. The chapter furthermore gives background information on historical Low German and the methods used, and it provides an outline of the book.
Pantoea ananatis Utilizes a Type VI Secretion System for Pathogenesis and Bacterial Competition
Authors: Shyntum Divine Y. , Theron Jacques , Venter Stephanus N. , Moleleki Lucy N. , Toth Ian K. , Coutinho Teresa A.
Published: November 2014

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are a class of macromolecular machines that are recognized as an important virulence mechanism in several gram-negative bacteria. The genome of Pantoea ananatis LMG 2665T, a pathogen of pineapple fruit and onion plants, carries two gene clusters whose predicted products have homology with T6SS-associated gene products from other bacteria. Nothing is known regarding the role of these T6SS-1 and T6SS-3 gene clusters in the biology of P. ananatis. Here, we present evidence that T6SS-1 plays an important role in the pathogenicity of P. ananatis LMG 2665T in onion plants, while a strain lacking T6SS-3 remains as pathogenic as the wild-type strain. We also investigated the role of the T6SS-1 system in bacterial competition, the results of which indicated that several bacteria compete less efficiently against wild-type LMG 2665T than a strain lacking T6SS-1. Additionally, we demonstrated that these phenotypes of strain LMG 2665T were reliant on the core T6SS products TssA and TssD (Hcp), thus indicating that the T6SS-1 gene cluster encodes a functioning T6SS. Collectively, our data provide the first evidence demonstrating that the T6SS-1 system is a virulence determinant of P. ananatis LMG 2665T and plays a role in bacterial competition.
Fungicide Sensitivity of U.S. Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans to Six Oomycete-Targeted Compounds
Authors: Saville Amanda , Graham Kim , Grünwald Niklaus J. , Myers Kevin , Fry William E. , Ristaino Jean Beagle
Published: November 2014

Phytophthora infestans causes potato late blight, an important and costly disease of potato and tomato crops. Seven clonal lineages of P. infestans identified recently in the United States were tested for baseline sensitivity to six oomycete-targeted fungicides. A subset of the dominant lineages (n = 45) collected between 2004 and 2012 was tested in vitro on media amended with a range of concentrations of either azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, or mefenoxam. Dose-response curves and values for the effective concentration at which 50% of growth was suppressed were calculated for each isolate. The US-8 and US-11 clonal lineages were insensitive to mefenoxam while the US-20, US-21, US-22, US-23, and US-24 clonal lineages were sensitive to mefenoxam. Insensitivity to azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, or mandipropamid was not detected within any lineage. Thus, current U.S. populations of P. infestans remained sensitive to mefenoxam during the displacement of the US-22 lineage by US-23 over the past 5 years.
Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica rapa and Brassica juncea genotypes From China
Authors: Zhang Hui , Feng Jie , Zhang Shujiang , Zhang Shifan , Li Fei , Strelkov Stephen E. , Sun Rifei , Hwang Sheau-Fang
Published: November 2014

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, has become a major problem in cruciferous crops worldwide. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), pak choi (B. rapa), and mustard (B. juncea) are important vegetable crops in China. Development of clubroot-resistant cultivars of these crops is urgently needed. In this study, 71 B. rapa and B. juncea genotypes from China, including cultivars and inbred lines, were evaluated for resistance to three P. brassicae pathotypes. A significant interaction was observed between the P. brassicae pathotypes and the Brassica genotypes. Pathotype 3, as defined on the differentials of Williams, exhibited the weakest virulence on all plant material. By contrast, pathotypes 5 and 6 were both highly pathogenic on most of the tested genotypes. In all, 10 of the 14 Chinese cabbage cultivars were resistant to all three pathotypes, while 4 were resistant only to a specific pathotype. Seven of eight progenies obtained from the selfing of Chinese cabbage cultivars were resistant to pathotype 3 but most were susceptible to pathotypes 5 and 6. Most inbred lines of Chinese cabbage and all inbred lines of pak choi and mustard were susceptible to all three pathotypes but their susceptibility was lower to pathotype 3 than to pathotypes 5 and 6.
Primary Evan Syndrome With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Suggests Progressive Immune Dysregulation and Early Immunosuppressive Intervention is Key to Improving Outcomes
Authors: Siddiqui Nauman , Toumeh Anis , Yoon Yongsook , Verghese Cherian
Published: November 2014

Evan syndrome (ES) is a rare hematological disorder that involves 2 or more immune cytopenias. It usually includes autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Although occasionally associated with immune neutropenia, its association with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is rare. And, early diagnosis with appropriate intervention is important because mortality from ES is known to be greater than that of isolated immune hemolytic anemia and probably worse in the presence of DIC. Considering that the presence of DIC can make the diagnosis of ES challenging, a strong clinical suspicion is important as early initiation of therapy is critical to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this syndrome. We report a case of ES complicated by DIC.
An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of
p
-values
Authors: Colquhoun David
Published: November 2014

If you use
p
=0.05 to suggest that you have made a discovery, you will be wrong at least 30% of the time. If, as is often the case, experiments are underpowered, you will be wrong most of the time. This conclusion is demonstrated from several points of view. First, tree diagrams which show the close analogy with the screening test problem. Similar conclusions are drawn by repeated simulations of
t
-tests. These mimic what is done in real life, which makes the results more persuasive. The simulation method is used also to evaluate the extent to which effect sizes are over-estimated, especially in underpowered experiments. A script is supplied to allow the reader to do simulations themselves, with numbers appropriate for their own work. It is concluded that if you wish to keep your false discovery rate below 5%, you need to use a three-sigma rule, or to insist on
p
≤0.001. And
never
use the word ‘significant’.
Determinants and effects of employee’s creative self-efficacy on innovative activities
Authors: Slåtten Terje
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to identify factors that could be related to creative self-efficacy. Specifically, this article examines three different levels of factors as determinants to creative self-efficacy: leader-related, self-related and job-related. After careful consideration, this study selected one determinant to represent each of the three factors. Transformational leadership represented the leader-related factors, learning orientation represented the self-related factors and autonomy represented the job-related factors of creative self-efficacy. This article also aims to examine the effect of creative self-efficacy on what is called innovative activities.

Design/methodology/approach

– Drawing from theory the study presents a conceptual model of the aforementioned relationships. The data collection is based on a survey with a sample of employees in hospitality organizations.

Findings

– The findings reveal that the job-related factors (autonomy) were the most influential determinants to creative self-efficacy, followed by the self-related factors (learning orientation) and finally leader-related factors (transformational leadership). Furthermore, creative self-efficacy has a positive effect on innovative activities. Creative self-efficacy was found to have a mediating role between the three determinant variables and the effect variable.

Research limitations/implications

– This study is limited to a selection of three different factors as determinants to creative self-efficacy and only one effect variable. Future research should focus on other variables that may be related to creative self-efficacy. This article suggests three main areas related to creative self-efficacy that future research should specifically focus on.

Practical implications

– This study stresses the importance for managers to understand that creative self-efficacy is an important motivational factor for behavioural outcomes such as innovative activities. Moreover, it stresses the need for managers to give employees the necessary freedom to act on the basis of self-determination in their job role. Simultaneously, it points to the importance of building a climate and culture that triggers an individual learning orientation, increasing the creative capital in hospitality organizations. In general, this study demonstrates that creative self-efficacy may be a key personal attribute in the workplace where innovation is essential and an important aspect of firm's competitive advantage.

Originality/value

– Creative self-efficacy is a relatively new concept. This study contributes to the understanding of this phenomenon.