bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galen ‘s Woman
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

The movement from the process of the constitution of woman as an object of medical knowledge to the contents of this constitution must pass through a more general transition from process to content. This means finally crossing the boundary of requisiteness and outlining the scope and structure of what it was the medical practitioner needed to know about human beings in all their variety in order to be able to restore and maintain their health. The formulation and application of this last constitutive principle was bound up, of course, with the other, more methodological, considerations already described; however, it makes its own distinct con tribution to shaping the medical knowledge of woman that Galen presents as an integral part of his whole domain of medical knowledge.
Between Geography and History
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

The late Hellenistic period witnessed the rise of an imperial power whose dominion extended across almost the whole known world. The Roman empire radically affected geographical conceptions, evoking new ways of describing the earth and of constructing its history. In this book the writings of three literary figures of the age are explored: the History of Polybius, two fragmentary works of Posidonius, and the universal Geography of Strabo. Analysis in terms of the philosophical concepts of time and space reveals the generic fluidity of such 'geographical' and 'historical' works. Furthermore, these broadly conceived accounts are shown to be appropriate literary media for the response to Roman power. They use, but transform, pre-existing Greek traditions in order to describe the new world of Rome, making them fitting products of a transitional age. This book provides a new approach to Roman imperialism by considering its impact on historiography and geographical thought.
Polybius and the ‘Geographical’ History
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

Polybius’ History, composed explicitly in order to explain the rise of Rome over almost the entire known world, is an obvious example of a work written in response to conquest. It also provides a good starting-point for the discussions of Posidonius and Strabo which will follow. Not only does Strabo list Polybius as one of the major influences at the start of his Geography and devote a section of his treatment of the geographical tradition to Polybius’ contribution (1. 1. 1);1 not only did both Strabo and Posidonius write historical works which were described as continuations of Polybius’ History, and called Events after Polybius (τà μ∈τà ∏oλ, β ι ν); but, most importantly, we can see in Polybius a crucial predecessor in the attempt to encompass the new world of Rome in a unified and coherent account. In this chapter I argue in particular against the view that Polybius relegated all geographical information to a digressive thirty-fourth book in his attempt to write a political narrative. I shall show that geography of different types was integral to the work, in terms both of its conception, and of its execution, in Polybius’ construction of the new world-view.
Epilogue
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

Herculean was a word I kept wanting to use but never did; the only Herculean part of my trip was every night having to describe how I had spent the day, without leaving anything out; turning all my actions into words. It was like a labor in a myth or an old story. I could not sleep until the work was done.
Plato’s Muses: The Goddesses that Endure
Authors: Murray Penelope
Published: November 2023

Socrates, not known for his devotion to the Muses, begins to write poetry when he is in prison awaiting execution. In the Phaedo (6odff.) he tells his friends of a recurrent dream he has had during his life which urges him to compose and practise music (6oe6–7). He had always thought that the dream was encouraging him to do precisely what he had spent his life doing, that is ‘making music’, on the grounds that ‘philosophy is the greatest music’.
Authority and Ontology of the Muses in Epic Reception
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: November 2023

Current accounts of Muses in ancient literature still tend to take their cue from loci classici in Homer and Hesiod.1 The first verse of the Iliad, the poet’s invocation prior to the catalogue of ships, and the self: characterization of the daughters of Zeus in the Theogony, in particular, are used as talismans by classicists in their attempts to understand the role and function of the Muses in ancient literature, Latin as well as Greek.2 The Quellenforschung, in a strong sense, of imagery associated with inspiration and poetics has always led to scrutiny of these early texts. The assumption seems to have been that these Greek poems, if only they could be disengaged from accretions of reception and inter locking literary genealogies, might somehow, by virtue of their archaic authenticity, reveal the original order of things which became obscured later on.
Masculinity under Threat? The Poetics and Politics of Inspiration in Latin Poetry
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

The allusion is complicated by the fact that Callimachus lived 500 years later than Homer: this part of the Batrachomyomachia is probably post Callimachean in date, and we are invited to a double reading of the inter textuality, in which we both recontextualize the Aetia prologue by ‘discovering’ the presence in Callimachus of this supposedly archaic precursor and at the same time cheekily recognize the presence in ‘Homer’ of Callimachus.
The Untouched Self: Sapphic and Catullan Muses in Horace, Odes I. 22
Authors: Ancona Ronnie
Published: November 2023

Howdoes Horace negotiate the issues of inspiration, autonomy, self, and desire? How does he simultaneously participate in, reject, and revise generic conventions/expectations? As is apparent in other essays con tained in this volume the notion of inspiration is tied to questions of inside/outside, self/other, autonomy/dependence, masculine/feminine.
An A-musing Tale: Gender, Genre, and Ovid’s Battles with Inspiration in the Metamorphoses
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

Poetry about inspiration is self-referential, even self-performative: how can you deny, or claim, or even invoke inspiration, without irony? The claim in such denial might be for ‘originality’—that the poetry comes ‘from inside not from something ‘out there, but it is a claim which the text itself figures as self-refuting. The language of inspiration is part of a traditional discursive nexus through which poets play out the tensions involved in the poetic process as both creative and derivative. This essay is particularly concerned with inspiration as relationship. That may sound very friendly, liberal, and positive, but relationships can of course be sites of battle as well as co-operation, and a notion of inspiration as struggle also underpins this paper.
Corny Copa, the Motel Muse
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

‘Dance is a space where desire manifests itself.’2 A neatly self contained—‘one-page’3—elegiac poem hitches a ride to eternity on the back of the Appendix Vergiliana, known as the Copa for both first word and starlet of the opening two couplets:4
Iambus VII
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

Of Iambus VI I, very little survives. However, from the scanty remains, its central idea emerges quite clearly. One can even form some notion of its narrative style. With the help of the Diegesis, we can plot its basic shape. The result may not be a complete poem, but it gives us an important part of the Book.
Introduction: Status Distinctions in Athenian Law
Authors: Hunter Virginia
Published: November 2023

The subject of this collection is the articulation of law and social status in classical Athens How, it asks, did the law of Athens construct and sustain social status? In posing this question, the papers assembled here have made no effort to solve or even to enter seriously into the definitional debate around class and status initiated by Finley (1973) and de Ste Croix (1981).
Introduction
Authors: Meadows Andrew , Shipton Kirsty
Published: November 2023

appearance of Finley’s seminal work is a good time co reassess che role of coined money in the ancient Greek economy. Given the pre-eminence of Finley and the authority of the \Vork from which the above quotation comes, one must inevitably suppose that this unfortunate pronouncement has been one of the major causes of the lack of dialogue between economic historians and the students of ancient coinage. The conferences that inspired this volume sought to bring numismatists back into the fold of mainstream ancient history, as well as encouraging historians to listen to what numismatists have to say, and the resulting papers have provided stimulating examples ofhow numismatic research can proceed in new directions, and also how numismatic material can and should be integrated into the writing of social, political, and economic history.
Civilizing Rome: Greek Pedagogy and the Roman Emperor
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter considered the representation of intercultural stand-off, a scenario in which the emperor is negatively assessed on the grounds of his rejection of pedagogical advice, while the philosopher is positively appraised for his manly, serene triumph over adversity. This chapter considers the more constructive counterpart of the exilic paradigm, namely the harmonious coexistence of philosophy and the principate.
Conclusion
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

Cultural identity is not innate, but constructed and vied for in social space. In Stuart Hall’s terms, it is ‘not an essence but a positioning’} Assumptions that Greek identity in any period stemmed organically from a single, integral radical risk complicity with nineteenth-century racial theory: the explicitly biological metaphors (‘blood’, ‘vitality’, ‘reinvigoration’) may have gone, but the familiar talk of a renaissance or ‘flourishing’2 of Hellenism in Roman Greece implies similar assumptions about the natural unity of a people and their articulation of their Geist in a coherent cultural aesthetic. What this book has sought to show is that Greek cultural identity in the early Roman period (the period often called ‘the Second Sophistic’) was an intense concern, but it was never taken for granted: identities were made, contested, masked, ironized, dissimulated, or disavowed, but not received as self- evident. Literature was not the medium of expression for the coherent and self-identical ‘voice’ of Greece, but both a site of conflict between different interest-groups and an opportunity for resourceful play on the part of some brilliantly imaginative writers.
Toward a Pillar Organization?
Authors: Dobbelaere Karel
Published: November 2023

PILLARIZATION” is the translation of the Dutch term verzuiling, coined to designate a particular societal structure that was first described and analyzed by historians and sociologists in the 1950s in the Netherlands. It refers to the process by which pillarized structures are erected. Such structures or organizational complexes striving toward autarky or self sufficiency are called pillars since they are active, on a religious or ideological basis, in areas that are primarily defined as secular. The more services a pillar renders, the more self-sufficient it is.
The British Movement and its Members
Authors: Wilson Bryan
Published: November 2023

THE success of any new religious movement within a particular national culture depends not only on the features that constitute its specific appeal, vital as they are to understanding the way it is received, but also on the pre-existing character of the host environment. In the early 1960s, when the first Soka Gakkai Buddhists appeared here, Britain was a country still recovering from the effects of war on its economy. A class structure undergoing radical change, a new mood of optimism, belief in prospects of social and economic progress, and the recognition that the nation had now to reshape its role in the wider world were significant elements in the prevailing social ethos. This was the time when a prime minister could refer to the “winds of change,” but could also tell the public as a whole that they “had never had it so good.”
The Expansion of the Soka Gakkai into Southeast Asia
Authors: Metraux Daniel
Published: November 2023

IN recent years Japanese new religions have manifested strong growth in Asia. Among them, Saka Gakkai International (SGI) alone has a strong organizational base in virtually every Asian country. Of these countries, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong parallel each other as “newly industrializing countries” with significant ethnic Chinese populations. Because of their similarities in ethnic composition and history the SGI organizations in these three states may be compared and contrasted to great effect.
Thucydides’ Archaeology: Between Epic and Oral Traditions
Authors: Nicolai Roberto
Published: November 2023

THE Archaeology in book 1 is the only place in Thucydides’ work where the history of Greece from the origins to the Persian wars is dealt with in a less than sporadic way. The present contribution will not attempt a comprehensive scrutiny of all the many problems raised by the Archaeology. It will rather suggest an interpretation of this text which helps to understand its function within the frame work of Thucydides’ work. In the Archaeology Thucydides deals once and for all with ancient history, with those who have preserved its memory, and with the methods by which it can be investigated and narrated. Accordingly, our starting-point will be the structure of the Archaeology, and I shall propose a rhetorical analysis in terms of demonstrative rhetoric (Section 1 ). However, in the Archaeology Thucydides does not merely aim at arguing for the superiority of the Peloponnesian war to all main conflicts of the past. His insistence (Section 2) on the relative value of the sources of information epic poets, logographers, monuments, oral traditions-and on the methods of enquiry-ethnographic comparison, arguments based on verisimilitude-show that in the Archaeology Thucydides also wants to affirm strongly the superior exemplary value of his enquiry into the history of the most recent period (Section 3). At the core of Thucydides’ argument are the oral traditions: on the one hand they share problems with information elicited from eyewitnesses, and on the other, as far as their credibility is concerned, they come closer to the tales of poets and logographers (Section 4).
lntratext and Irony in Aristophanes
Authors: Hesk Jon
Published: November 2023

The terms ‘intratext’, ‘intratextual’, and ‘intratextuality’ are conspicuous by their absence in the indices and glossaries of the current crop of introductions to literary theory which fill the shelves of good bookshops and university libraries. In various dictionaries of literary terms and critical theory, there are entries for ‘intention’, ‘intentional fallacy’, ‘interpretant’, and ‘intertextuality’.
Redesigning the Canadian Citizenship Regime: Remaking the Institutions of Representation
Authors: Jenson Jane , Phillips Susan D
Published: November 2023

Canadians cannot rely on a common religion or ethnicity or centuries of myths and legends to provide an easy answer to the question of national identity Public health insurance has the … enormous advantage that it is a concrete, practical example of a common citizenship right.

[Ontario] Health Minister Jim Wilson said at hearings in Toronto that he had no intention of greasing the squeaky wheels [of] ‘special interests’ affected by the health care provisions in the bill. ‘This government is not going to give special treatment to people who shout the loudest’ Roxanne Felice does not shout but she believes the government should be listening to her anyway.
Introduction
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

My strangest belief is that vague words have hidden boundaries. I think that the subtraction of a single grain of sand might turn a heap into a non-heap. I think I was, briefly, the youngest man on earth (having just previously been the oldest boy on earth). Oddly, these unusual opinions do not issue from scientistic zeal or deep-sea metaphysics. They are imposed by boring beliefs, in particular, allegiance to lightweight common sense and textbook logic. (Logicians marvel at how small a dose of each is sufficient.) Given this modest degree of intellectual conservatism, the ancient sorites paradox corners me into the belief that all vague terms are sensitive to arbitrarily small differences:
Inconsistent Machines
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

There are three kinds of people in the world; those who can count and those who can’t. Forced analytical errors are prominent in my epistemology of language. I say language systematically passes off contradictions as tautologies. I say there are infinitely many of these pseudo-tautologies. And I say competent speakers to be fooled by them. Permanently. I shall appeal to precedent to justify and clarify my attribution of functional, massive inconsistency. I will compare and contrast my attribution of analytic error with other forms of inconsistency.
Reason Demands Belief in Infinitely Many Contradictions
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

I believe that I believe an inconsistent proposition (i.e. one that entails its own negation–as demonstrable by This meta-belief about the set of propositions I actually now hold is infallible. Proof by assume each proposition I now believe is consistent–including the proposition that I believe an inconsistency. If pis consistent, then ⌜ is inconsistent⌝ is itself inconsistent. For if is consistent, it is logically impossible for to entail its own negation. Yet if ⌜ is inconsistent⌝ is consistent, then it is possible for to entail its own negation. Just as it is inconsistent to call a consistent proposition inconsistent, it is inconsistent to say of two consistent propositions that either the first one is inconsistent or the second one is inconsistent. In general, it is inconsistent to say of a set of consistent propositions that at least one member of that set is inconsistent. Therefore, if each proposition that I now believe is consistent, then my meta-belief that at least one of my beliefs is inconsistent is itself inconsistent. That is, if all of my beliefs are consistent, then at least one of my beliefs is inconsistent. Contradiction. Therefore, necessarily, if I believe that I believe at least one inconsistent proposition, then I indeed believe at least one inconsistent proposition.
The Etiology of the Obvious Wittgenstein and the Elimination of Indeterminacy
Authors: Williams Meredith
Published: November 2023

Much of the discussion of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy focuses on one or another of three arguments drawn from the Philosophical Investigations: the critique of denotational theories of meaning, the “paradox of interpretation’’ with respect to rule-following, and the private language argument. My aim in this paper is to identify a deep underlying issue that is common to all three ( though I will consider only the first two). That is what I will call “the problem of normative similarity.” This concerns the normative role played by our basic judgments of sameness or identity with respect to categorization and rule-following. The arguments Wittgenstein develops against ostensive definition and rules, as the primitive or basic devices for fixing the normative standards of language use, show that both are indeterminate in their application and so cannot account for the normativity of language. Successful ostension and rule-following presuppose a background of what is obviously the same to the participants. And, according to Wittgenstein, that background consists in the mastery of techniques of application that are acquired in the process of learning.
How Long Is the Standard Meter in Paris?
Authors: Diamond Cora
Published: November 2023

In his lectures on “Naming and Necessity,”1 Saul Kripke raises questions about §50 of Philosophical Investigations, a long and complex section. He picks out and criticizes this pair of sentences: There is one thing of which one can say neither that it is one metre long, nor that it is not one metre long, and that is the standard metre in Paris.-But this is, of course, not to ascribe any extraordinary property to it, but only to mark its peculiar role in the language-game of measuring with a metre-rule.
Festivals and Rituals
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

1be king’s ablutions are complete, his body now cleansed of all defilement. An attendant stands by to assist him don ceremonial garb--for one festival a blue robe, for another a simple white garment, a rough shepherd’s mantle, and black shoes.1 A close--fitting skull cap and earrings of gold add the final touch. Whatever his trappings, the king is but the servant, the slave, of a higher authority in whose honour the forthcoming ceremonies and festivities will be held.
The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

The Casa del Menando hoard was found by Professor Amedeo Maiuri in 1930, in the course of the excavation of the Insula of the Menander. There has been no study of it as a whole since Maiuri's publication of 1933. The silver, one of the three largest groups of Roman plate of the first century AD, is the only one which has been found and recorded under modern conditions, and demonstrates what plate was in use in Pompeii in the period of the disasters of AD 62 and 72. The treasure includes two hoards, hidden in the same chest, one consisting of 118 pieces of silver plate, the other of coins and jewellery. Maiuri thought that the hoards, and therefore the house, belonged to the top level of Roman society; but this study suggests that they belonged to a rich citizen of Pompeii, who may have been a local magistrate.
Latin Forms of Address
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

How did Romans address their children, their parents, their slaves, and their patrons? When one Roman called another 'dearest', 'master', 'brother', 'human being', 'executioner', or 'soft little cheese', what did these terms really mean and why? This book brings to bear on such questions a corpus of 15,441 addresses spanning four centuries, drawn from literary prose, poetry, letters, inscriptions, ostraca, and papyri and analysed during recent work in sociolinguistics. The results offer new insights into Roman culture and shed a fresh light on the interpretation of numerous passages in literature. A glossary of the 500 most common addresses and quick-reference tables explaining the rules of usage make this book a valuable resource for Latin teachers and all active users of the language, while the evidence for the investigations behind these conclusions will fascinate scholars and laymen alike. Original, jargon-free, and highly readable, this work will be enjoyed even by those with no prior knowledge of Latin.
Dio Chrysostom
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Dio Chrysostom (c. AD 45-115) is one of the most important writers, thinkers, and politicians from the flourishing world of the Greeks under Rome. His many surviving essays and speeches offer historians, philosophers, and students of literature an impressive range of high-quality writing, original reflection on ethics and social affairs, and intelligent, complex appraisal of the Roman Empire at the height of its power This volume contains eleven new assessments of the key areas of Dio's life and works by an international team of experts. For the first time studies of Dio's thoughts on civic and imperial life are placed alongside studies both of the sophisticated techniques which he used to expound his political and social message and of the sources that gave him the moral authority to do so. A common theme throughout is the interrelation of writing and power against the background of Dio's firm commitment to Hellenism in the changed circumstances of Roman rule.
The Rural Landscape of the Late Empire
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

When the merchant Ibn Hauqal described the countryside of Egypt around the middle of the tenth century, the distribution of cash crops was dominated by a certain specialization, with Assouan (Syene) noted for its abundance of date palms, Ashmunein for flax, ‘Fayyum’ (the former Arsinoe) for fruit orchards and rice cultivation, Bahnasā (Oxyrhynchus) for its diversified textile industry, and so on.
A Late Antique Aristocracy
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

While Flavius Strategius I is the first landowner from a discernibly Byzantine tradition (in Rémondon’s sense of the aristocracy which he characterizes as ‘les hauts fonctionnaires latifondiaires’), other surviving exemplars of this group embody its essential features in an even purer form. But their connection with the Oxyrhynchite is worth emphasizing. With the appearance, in our evidence, of Strategius, Hardy’s suggestion that Count John, comes consistorii and governor of Arcadia in 488, was the ‘first Apion’ must certainly be rejected. Whatever his relation to the Apion family, he was not in the main line of descent which, as far as we can tell, must have passed directly from Strategius to Flavius Apion I, who was Praefectus praetorio orientis in 518. At any rate, the small archive of Count John preserves his full title and shows him to be an active participant in the running of his estate. The most illuminating agricultural document is P. Oxy.
Sir John Harington and the Book as Gift
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

Sir John Harington (1560–1612) has long been recognized as one of the most colourful and engaging figures at the English Renaissance court. Godson of Queen Elizabeth, translator of Ariosto, and inventor of the water-closet, he was also a lively writer in a wide variety of modes, and an acute commentator on his times. This study opens a new perspective on Harington’s literary production by attending to the fact that almost all of his writings were designed as gifts. Combining detailed readings and first-hand historical research, Jason Scott-Warren reconstructs the complex, often devious agenda which Harington wrote into his books as he customized them for specific individuals and occasions. Offering a wealth of insights into self-fashioning and the pursuit of patronage, this study makes a persuasive case for the significance of material culture to textual interpretation. It will be of interest to all who work on the early modern period, and in particular to historians of the book.
Part of the Furniture
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

Autobiographical writers tend to produce sympathetic commentators. Just as the audience to a Renaissance tragedy develops a rogue identification with its villains, as they plan their plots in soliloquy, so in time we warm to our self-disclosing historical actors. No matter how noxious they may once have seemed from the outside, they can enjoy a posthumous redemption through their written manifestations. In this chapter, I explore the darker side of my subject, and expose some of the dangers attendant on making this particular Elizabethan courtier ‘one of the family’.
The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Garnett Jane
Published: November 2023

Statistical data suggest that in 1800 the world was 23 per cent Christian (rather less than one quarter), of which 86.5 per cent Christian (rather more than one third), of which 81 per cent were white. Given that the population of the world had vastly increased (by roughly three quarters) over this period, these figures indicate that the nineteenth century saw the fastest relative growth of the Christian churches since the earlier centuries.
Spouses’ Employment Careers in (West) Germany
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Drobnič Sonja , Rohwer Götz
Published: November 2023

IN this chapter, we present a dynamic study on how spouses in (West) Germany1 affect each other over the life course. Our approach is based on a symmetric perspective, trying to examine the interdependencies of husbands’ and wives’ transitions between full-time or part-time paid work and unpaid household work, beginning at the time of entry into marriage. What follows can therefore not be generalized for all women, all men, or women and men in non-marital unions. The extent and nature of these interdependencies within marriages, varying across the family life cycle as well as between social classes, is examined. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), an event-history analysis is used in order to consider the development of husbands’ and wives’ careers over the life course and across a broad range of marriage cohorts.
Married Women's Employment Patterns in Britain
Authors: Mcculloch Andrew , Dex Shirley
Published: November 2023

AS married women's employment participation has grown, a parallel lx interest in couples' employment patterns has been voiced. However, the consideration of interactions between two individuals' employment decisions has proved conceptually and operationally difficult. It is important to have more understanding of the interaction between husbands' and wives' employment as more dual-earner and dual-career couples emerge.
The Roman conquest and colonization of Umbria
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the Roman conquest and reorganization of Umbria in the late fourth and third centuries BC and the involvement of Umbria in the Hannibalic War. We saw in Chapter 2 that settlement had begun on many of the later city sites by the time of the conquest, and in most cases went back for several centuries. Archaeological evidence shows that there were important social changes in the Iron Age, which I suggested could be understood as the beginnings of state organization.
Umbria in Italy: some comparisons and conclusions
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

The aim of this last, concluding chapter is to summarize the position reached on a range of important issues in the history of Umbria in the first millennium BC and, where it is instructive, to compare this picture with the evidence for Picenum. Although different in many ways, the pattern of settlement in Picenum does show some important similarities with that in Umbria. In both regions there is archaeological evidence (in the form of cemeteries) for increasing numbers of settlements from the start of the Iron Age, and by the era of Augustus both had similarly dense patterns of small urban centres.
Shakespeare’s verse
Authors: McDonald Russ
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare composed multiple forms of poetry, or verse, for different kinds of dramas and a wide range of characters and plots. In taking up the topic of prosody, the study of the kinds of poetic composition, this chapter will show how his predominant verse form contributes to the theatrical effectiveness and meaning of his plays.
Romantic comedies
Authors: Carroll William C
Published: November 2023

When Shakespeare’s colleagues assembled the collection of his works known as the First Folio in 1623, seven years after his death, they divided the plays into three genres, or categories of drama: ‘Comedies’, ‘Histories’, ‘Tragedies’; these are largely still the genres modern critics invoke (though Cymbeline is no longer considered a tragedy, as it was in the Folio).
English history plays
Authors: Rackin Phyllis
Published: November 2023

The first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, known as the First Folio, divided the plays into three categories-Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies. Although many of the plays listed as tragedies were based on historical subjects, plays that depicted late medieval English history, whether the stories they told were comic or tragic, received a classification of their own.
Tragedies
Authors: Woodbridge Linda
Published: November 2023

That strange genre, Shakespearian tragedy, challenges our belief that we read literature or watch plays out of enjoyment. Why would we enjoy watching suffering and death? Even those who see literature as educational usually offer some version of the sugarcoated pill metaphor-a coating of pleasure will induce us to swallow good lessons that are sometimes bitter medicine.
Post-colonial criticism
Authors: Singh Jyotsna
Published: November 2023

Why did Shakespeare choose a black man, Othello, as the hero of one of his greatest tragedies? What led the dramatist who had portrayed the conventional negative stereotype of the Moor in Aaron (in Titus Andronicus) to break away from that image in his later play, Othello? Had Shakespeare and his contemporaries any direct contact with black people, with new world ‘Indians’, and with Jews? What was his response to the prevailing stereotypes of race and religion? Such questions have become more important since the 1980s, in large part because our society has become more sensitive to issues of racial identity and equality, and also of gender equity.
Internet and CD ROM resources
Authors: Best Michael
Published: November 2023

Nets and webs are uncomfortable images in the works of Shakespeare. Webs threaten, as they are inescapably associated with the spider at the centre: Iago gloats, ‘With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio’ (Othello 2.1.169).
Hellenistic Transformations
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

In the period after Alexander’s death Hellenistic writers tried to make sense of the radically recognized political and cultural present by exploring how it grew out of what went before. Such writers were often drawn to the notion of aitia, the ‘causes’ which laid the foundations for the contemporary world. Hellenistic treatments of the theme of metamorphosis exemplify this same fascination. Stories of transformation were held to explain how certain aspects of the present originated. Tellers of metamorphosis myths—which burgeon in this period—regard their great Classical predecessors with respect, but also deliberately diverge from them in a creative play of imitation.
The First Steps: From Antiquity to Cyllenius’ Fifteenth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

In order to understand and analyse my chosen commentaries on Sulpicia, it is necessary to take a step back and look at the tradition from whence these commentaries spring. With its ideal of giving the reader not only an overview of one’s own interpretation but also presenting previous commentators’ views, the commentary genre constantly interacts with its own tradition. Quite explicitly this ideal often leads to a commentator inheriting what is worth commenting on, the lemmata, from his or her predecessors. Therefore it is particularly important to study the first steps towards a commentary. This chapter will accordingly first set out the story of what we know of the transmission of the Sulpician poems and the first printed editions, and then offer a short analysis of the very first commentary on the Corpus Tibullianum by Bernardinus Cyllenius 1475 as a starting point for the following analyses.
Confronting a Sibylline Leaf: Scaliger’s Sixteenth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I argued that Cyllenius used a reading strategy that avoided the possibility of problematic femininity in the Sulpicia poems. By ‘straightforwardly’ reading the poems as nothing out of the ordinary and not focusing on the gender of the narrator the issue simply never arose. In this chapter I will focus on a commentary that explicitly confronts the femininity of the ego, Joseph Scaliger’s commentary on Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius (1577). In the following I shall argue that Scaliger confronts the femininity of the poems through his narrative approach, through his attention to the gendered references in the poem, and through the manner of his aesthetic appreciation.
Subtle Poetry or Feminine Fiddling? Two Nineteenth-Century Commentaries
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century authorship becomes the central issue in Sulpician scholarship and proves pivotal to the interpretation of Sulpicia’s poems. When Otto Gruppe in 1838 positively promoted the idea that some of the poems in the Appendix Tibulliana were written by an Augustan Sulpicia this was the first time in the history of classical scholarship that these poems were let out of their male grip. Although Heyne (1755) suggested that it might not be unlikely that some of the poems in the third book were written by Sulpicia, it was still very much a Kuhnian change of paradigm when Otto Gruppe vigorously promoted this idea in his Römische Elegie.
Sulpicia Americana: Smith’s Twentieth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

I have chosen to deal with Sulpicia’s reception in the twentieth century in two separate chapters. I chose this approach partly due to the fact that the two commentaries I am dealing with are written at either end of the century, with a gap of nearly ninety years separating them, and partly because such a division seems apt due to the clear divide in Sulpician scholarship between the scholarship before and after Santirocco’s reconsideration of Sulpicia in 1979.2 Thus the two commentaries embody most different developments in Sulpician scholarship. In this chapter, I will therefore deal with Kirby Flower Smith’s commentary on Tibullus (1913) and relate this to developments in the first half of the twentieth century. In the following chapter I will offer an analysis of Hermann Tränkle’s commentary on the Appendix Tibulliana (1990) in the light of the more recent developments in Sulpician scholarship.
The Commentator as Collector: Tränkle’s 1990 Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

From 1838, when Gruppe first attributed Sulpicia’s poems to an Augustan puella, they enjoyed an uncontested amateurish status. This ascription of dilettantism, promoted vigorously in Smith’s commentary (1913), proved most persistent and was not seriously contested until the seminal reconsideration of the poems in 1979 by Matthew Santirocco. Since Santirocco’s article, however, most scholarship has viewed Sulpicia’s poetry in a more professional light. Nonetheless Sulpicia’s poems were still presented as amateurish as late as 1990 in the commentary of the German scholar Hermann Tränkle.
Introduction: The many Italies of the Middle Ages
Authors: Abulafia David
Published: November 2023

Writing the early history of a politically fragmented and economically diverse territory which has only been unified in recent times is a diﬃcult task; both medieval Italy and medieval Germany, tied together by their links to the Holy Roman Empire, have posed similar problems in this respect. The diﬃculties are magnified in the Italian case because of the existence in the south of political structures quite different from those in the north, and because of the ethnic and religious diversity of the south by comparison with the north.
Rural Italy
Authors: Osheim Duane
Published: November 2023

The Italian countryside in was covered thickly with forest and marsh. These uninhabited tracts in northern and central Italy were broken up by numerous small villages organized in a system of estates or manors, what the Italians call the sistemacurtense. When these estates were first established in the eighth and ninth centuries, they consisted of some lands directly farmed by the landlord (demesne lands), other lands let by traditional long-term leases, as well as pasture and woodland used by all. These were not compact estates, but collections of pieces of land often spread among a number of villages.
Sardinia and Italy
Authors: Tangheroni Marco
Published: November 2023

In Dante’s famous Devulgarieloquentia, a treatise on literary language written around, the author describes Sardinia as ‘associated’ with Italy, rather than part of it, and he describes the Sardinian language as a laboured and mechanical imitation of Latin, ‘as if of monkeys’. This reflects an idea, common in authors both before and after Dante, such as Raimbaut de Vaiqueiras or Fazio degliuberti, that Sard was a barbarous and incomprehensible language. Linguists now consider Sard a language in its own right, due to its particular characteristics, evident in documents written in the vernacular as early as the last decades of the eleventh century.
The Crossing
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro
Published: November 2023

‘The Crossing’ in my title is the crossing or cross-breeding of literary genres: the implications of this abbreviation will be explained later. My talk today is influenced, as is obvious, by my own research on Latin poetry and on the impact of literary theory on the study of Latin poetry, but also, less obviously, by my participation in an interesting seminar on genre organized in 1996 by Mary Depew and Dirk Obbink, and hosted by the Centre for Hellenic Studies in Washington DC. I gratefully acknowledge the many ideas I have learned from most of the participants. The proceedings of the conference will present what could be seen as a ‘play-book’ of generic approaches in the 1990s. To avoid duplication, I will try to focus both on a distant past, late positivistic scholarship in the 1920s and on a near future, the crisis of postmodern culture that many of us are beginning to experience.
Purity in Danger: The Contextual Life of Savants
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: November 2023

In her anthropological analysis of boundaries and pollution, Purity and Danger (Douglas 1966), Mary Douglas redefined ‘dirt’ as ‘matter out of place’. Impurity, she argued, is not a state intrinsic to an object or person, but stems from their being where, according to a particular system of values, they should not be. In a sense I am myself out of place among the contributors to this book, since I write not as a classical scholar, but as a student of the uses of classics by different social groups-including classical scholars. My interest in classical scholarship is thus not in how to carry it out, but in how others practice it: in particular, in how they define their task, and why such conceptions emerge, are reproduced, or con tested in different institutional settings. To call myself, in effect, an ethnographer rather than a native is not to claim superiority of in sight. The distinction is in any case to be made between roles, not persons: there is no reason why a classical scholar should not also explore the history of his or her field. Yet scholars in other fields also have a legitimate interest in the history of classical scholar ship, and bring to its study techniques and perspectives which may enrich our understanding. Here, then, is a collaborative project to be pursued through dialogue between the bearers of different kinds of knowledge, bringing to it a variety of questions and insights. The present chapter, offered as a contribution to this dialogue, springs from the study of disputes between classical scholars who differed in their conceptions of their subject. My hope is that it may help to establish the conditions for the possibility of collaboration: an organic division of labour, in which different perspectives lead to constructive debate rather than to mutual stereotyping.
Education and Agency
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

In recent years the conjunction of state, education, and Islan1 has sparked controversy. The headscarf issue has only been the most visible aspect of a broader and more trenchant disagreement about the place of religion in contemporary society. For many, both in the Islamic world and in the West, the divisive “return” of Islam to school classroom and university campus, areas assumed to be the preserve of secular progress and national homogenization, has been deeply troubling. Whether or not we agree with this reaction, the prevailing historical treatment supports such a pejorative, dismissive approach to Islam in the context of “modern” education.
Fighting Back
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

Faced with the formidable array of competition discussed in the previous chapter, the empire fought back. While the sultans who ruled the Ottoman Empire during its periods of growth had waged their most important battles on the increasingly expanding imperial borders, their late nineteenth-century successors had no such luxury.
Morals
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

Like the empire’s borders, public morality was deemed to be in particular need of strengthening in the late Ottoman period. But while the geographical contractions displayed state weakness vis-a-vis external forces, the moral realm seemed to reveal the empire as coming unhinged from within. External hands could be perceived, it is true, behind the threat of religious conversion menacingly embodied in the form of foreign missionaries, yet the conversions that did take place were almost entirely at the expense of the empire’s non-Muslim population.
Imagined Universities: Public Insult and the Terrae Filius in Early Modern Oxford*
Authors: Haugen Kristine
Published: November 2023

On a Saturday afternoon in July of 1669, a master of arts named Henry Gerard rose to address a crowd of academics and spectators in the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. A public Act for granting degrees was in progress, and nominally, Gerard was one of several opponents who were to challenge the incepting master of arts William Watts in a ceremonial disputation on three philosophical topics: Is knowledge memory (An scientia sit reminiscentia)? Is all sensation touch (An omnis sensus sittactus)? Are the planets habitable (An planetae sinthabitabiles)? Watts was obliged to answer no, yes, and no respectively, so that Gerard, speaking to the second question, was expected to argue that all sensation was not touch.1 No one would have been surprised, however, when Gerard ostentatiously ignored the stated question and announced his intention instead to ‘touch’ the doctors, their wives, and the Oxford townsmen—not, however, the townsmen’s wives, who according to Gerard suffered from the disease called ‘touch me not’.2 Gerard proceeded to insult various members of his audience in academic Latin for nearly an hour. According to him, the Vice-Chancellor John Fell shared one soul, one bed, and one wig with the Regius Professor of Divinity, Richard Allestree; Dr Smith of Christ Church invariably broke his oaths, except when he swore to beggars that he would not give them a penny; the Mayor of Oxford, John Lambe, was a tailor (sartor) and a cuckold who had delivered a simple-minded speech to the visiting Cosimo de Medici earlier that year; Dr John Lamphire, the Camden Professor of Ancient History, was a new Milo of Croton capable of carrying an ox, not on his shoulders, but in his belly. John Evelyn, who was present in the audience, described the speech to his diary as ‘a tedious, abusive, sarcastical rhapsodie’, and claimed he had advised the authorities that it ought to be ‘suppress’d’.3 In fact, the authorities went further, expelling Gerard within two weeks.
Philosophical Teaching and Mathematical Arguments: Jesuit Philosophers Versus Jesuit Mathematicians on the Controversy of Comets in Portugal (1577-1650)*
Authors: Carolina Luís Miguel
Published: November 2023

A long letter sent c.1630 by the Jesuit mathematician and astronomer Cristophoro Borri (1583-1632) to General Muzio Vitelleschi is illustrative of the difficulties Borri encountered in Lisbon during the late 1620s when he attempted to publish his Collecta Astronomica Exdoctrina. Owing to Borri’s stand on the epistemological status of mathematics-which contradicted a position defended in the Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis1-Sebastião do Couto, the overseer of the celebrated Coimbra commentaries on Aristotle’s logic, appears to have conspired against the firebrand.2 Despite such initial problems, however, Borri’s cosmological work was destined to exert far-reaching influence over university teaching in both philosophy and astronomy. Indeed, as Randles has recently pointed out, traces of Borri’s work are evident in the two most influential Portuguese philosophy textbooks, composed by the Jesuits Baltazar Teles and Francisco Soares.3