bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comaximal graph of amalgamated algebras along an ideal
Authors: Shoar Hanieh , Salimi Maryam , Tehranian Abolfazl , Rasouli Hamid , Tavasoli Elham
Published: October 2021

Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be commutative rings with identity, [Formula: see text] be an ideal of [Formula: see text], and let [Formula: see text] be a ring homomorphism. The amalgamation of [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] along [Formula: see text] with respect to [Formula: see text] denoted by [Formula: see text] was introduced by D’Anna et al. in 2010. In this paper, we investigate some properties of the comaximal graph of [Formula: see text] which are transferred to the comaximal graph of [Formula: see text], and also we study some algebraic properties of the ring [Formula: see text] by way of graph theory. The comaximal graph of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], was introduced by Sharma and Bhatwadekar in 1995. The vertices of [Formula: see text] are all elements of [Formula: see text] and two distinct vertices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are adjacent if and only if [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be the subgraph of [Formula: see text] generated by non-unit elements, and let [Formula: see text] be the Jacobson radical of [Formula: see text]. It is shown that the diameter of the graph [Formula: see text] is equal to the diameter of the graph [Formula: see text], and the girth of the graph [Formula: see text] is equal to the girth of the graph [Formula: see text], provided some special conditions.
NONLINEAR DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LUMBAR DISC SUBJECTED TO STOCHASTIC EXCITATION
Authors: LIU FANG , ZHU ZHI-WEN
Published: October 2021

The lumbar disc has complex structure and material properties, and if it develops disease, it cannot heal itself. Therefore, prevention of lumbar disc herniation is very important. In this paper, the model of lumbar disc is built, and the nonlinear dynamic response of the system is researched. A modified Van der Pol model is imported to describe the stress–strain curves of the lumbar disc. The system’s dynamic model is set up, and harmonic balance method is applied to revise the natural frequency of the system. The product of numerical simulation reveals that the lumbar disc has complex dynamic characteristics, including balance point, limit cycle bifurcation and stochastic Hopf bifurcation. By changing the parameters, we can avoid large-scale periodic movement of the lumbar disc which causes lumbar disc herniation. These results contribute to the prevention of lumbar disc herniation.
NONLINEAR DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND OPTIMAL DESIGN OF VENTILATOR PIPELINE POLYMER COMPOSITE DAMPER UNDER RANDOM EXCITATION
Authors: LIU MINGLIANG , XU JIA , ZHU ZHIWEN
Published: October 2021

For severe patients with new coronavirus pneumonia, the use and stability of the ventilator are important. In this paper, we proposed a new type of shock-absorbing structure that can be used to improve the stability of the ventilator’s gas pipeline, thereby reducing the risk of the gas pipeline falling due to external interference. The film shape memory alloy (SMA) compared with bulk SMA is more suitable for gas pipeline shock absorption due to its large volume ratio and extremely high energy density. In order to optimize the performance of actuator and enhance the utilization rate of SMA, the nonlinear characteristics of Ti-Ni thin film actuator are researched and the effect of SMA film position on the system are investigated. The van der Pol term is introduced to fit the hysteresis loop of shape memory materials. Thus, the nonlinear dynamic response of SMA thin film actuator under stochastic excitation is studied. The numerical and experiment results show that the position of SMA can change the system’s stability, the proposed structure can reduce the system’s vibration to the maximum extent. The results indicate that the new proposed polymer/SMA composite film micro-actuator exhibits high energy dissipation ability, and the utilization rate of smart material is enhanced. Therefore, the new damping structure proposed in this paper is of great significance to the damping of gas pipelines.
On the regularity of distributions via the convergence of the continuous shearlet transform in two dimensions
Authors: Navarro Jaime , Elizarraraz David
Published: October 2021

The local convergence of the continuous shearlet transform (CST) in two dimensions is used to prove the local regularity of functions [Formula: see text]. Moreover, by means of the regularity theorem of distributions [Formula: see text] and the results for functions in [Formula: see text], the local regularity of distributions [Formula: see text] with compact support is also proved via the local convergence of any derivative of the CST.
Power Distance, Political Uncertainty, and Stock Price Crash Risk: International Evidence
Authors: Su Qiaoling , Zhang Xunchang , Ye Jianming
Published: October 2021

This study tests the effect of unbalanced power distance (PD) (i.e., Hofstede’s cultural dimensions PD index) and individual stock price crash risk. We examine the stock price behavior of listed firms in 37 countries from 2004 to 2016 and use multivariate analyses to document that societal PD is important in explaining firms’ propensity to release accounting information. This propensity suggests a psychological tendency regarding timing management, particularly for bad news. As countries with large PD prefer to keep things under control, the result is fewer unexpected stock price crashes during the long windows between election events. However, because large-PD countries focus their markets on maintaining temporary peace before and during periods of political events (i.e., national elections), crash risk increases after the political event window. Consistent with these predictions, we find that in large-PD countries, companies generally have less incentive to hide negative information and thus generate stock price crashes. This situation is substantially changed during the postpolitical windows, when firms and ways of spreading information are more controlled by the government. Our findings suggest that formal mechanisms alone are insufficient to explain the behaviors of corporate disclosure that are entangled with informal instruments.
Integrated Blockchain and Cloud Computing Systems: A Systematic Survey, Solutions, and Challenges
Authors: Zou Jinglin , He Debiao , Zeadally Sherali , Kumar Neeraj , Wang Huaqun , Choo Kkwang Raymond
Published: October 2021

Cloud computing is a network model of on-demand access for sharing configurable computing resource pools. Compared with conventional service architectures, cloud computing introduces new security challenges in secure service management and control, privacy protection, data integrity protection in distributed databases, data backup, and synchronization. Blockchain can be leveraged to address these challenges, partly due to the underlying characteristics such as transparency, traceability, decentralization, security, immutability, and automation. We present a comprehensive survey of how blockchain is applied to provide security services in the cloud computing model and we analyze the research trends of blockchain-related techniques in current cloud computing models. During the reviewing, we also briefly investigate how cloud computing can affect blockchain, especially about the performance improvements that cloud computing can provide for the blockchain. Our contributions include the following: (i) summarizing the possible architectures and models of the integration of blockchain and cloud computing and the roles of cloud computing in blockchain; (ii) classifying and discussing recent, relevant works based on different blockchain-based security services in the cloud computing model; (iii) simply investigating what improvements cloud computing can provide for the blockchain; (iv) introducing the current development status of the industry/major cloud providers in the direction of combining cloud and blockchain; (v) analyzing the main barriers and challenges of integrated blockchain and cloud computing systems; and (vi) providing recommendations for future research and improvement on the integration of blockchain and cloud systems.
A Survey on Generative Adversarial Networks: Variants, Applications, and Training
Authors: Jabbar Abdul , Li Xi , Omar Bourahla
Published: October 2021

The Generative Models have gained considerable attention in unsupervised learning via a new and practical framework called Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) due to their outstanding data generation capability. Many GAN models have been proposed, and several practical applications have emerged in various domains of computer vision and machine learning. Despite GANs excellent success, there are still obstacles to stable training. The problems are Nash equilibrium, internal covariate shift, mode collapse, vanishing gradient, and lack of proper evaluation metrics. Therefore, stable training is a crucial issue in different applications for the success of GANs. Herein, we survey several training solutions proposed by different researchers to stabilize GAN training. We discuss (I) the original GAN model and its modified versions, (II) a detailed analysis of various GAN applications in different domains, and (III) a detailed study about the various GAN training obstacles as well as training solutions. Finally, we reveal several issues as well as research outlines to the topic.
Adversarial Perturbation Defense on Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Xingwei , Zheng Xiaolong , Mao Wenji
Published: October 2021

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been verified to be easily attacked by well-designed adversarial perturbations. Image objects with small perturbations that are imperceptible to human eyes can induce DNN-based image class classifiers towards making erroneous predictions with high probability. Adversarial perturbations can also fool real-world machine learning systems and transfer between different architectures and datasets. Recently, defense methods against adversarial perturbations have become a hot topic and attracted much attention. A large number of works have been put forward to defend against adversarial perturbations, enhancing DNN robustness against potential attacks, or interpreting the origin of adversarial perturbations. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on classical and state-of-the-art defense methods by illuminating their main concepts, in-depth algorithms, and fundamental hypotheses regarding the origin of adversarial perturbations. In addition, we further discuss potential directions of this domain for future researchers.
A Survey on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Against COVID-19
Authors: Chen Jianguo , Li Kenli , Zhang Zhaolei , Li Keqin , Yu Philip S.
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread rapidly worldwide, leading to a global outbreak. Most governments, enterprises, and scientific research institutions are participating in the COVID-19 struggle to curb the spread of the pandemic. As a powerful tool against COVID-19, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are widely used in combating this pandemic. In this survey, we investigate the main scope and contributions of AI in combating COVID-19 from the aspects of disease detection and diagnosis, virology and pathogenesis, drug and vaccine development, and epidemic and transmission prediction. In addition, we summarize the available data and resources that can be used for AI-based COVID-19 research. Finally, the main challenges and potential directions of AI in fighting against COVID-19 are discussed. Currently, AI mainly focuses on medical image inspection, genomics, drug development, and transmission prediction, and thus AI still has great potential in this field. This survey presents medical and AI researchers with a comprehensive view of the existing and potential applications of AI technology in combating COVID-19 with the goal of inspiring researchers to continue to maximize the advantages of AI and big data to fight COVID-19.
Data Analytics for Air Travel Data: A Survey and New Perspectives
Authors: Tian Haiman , Presa-Reyes Maria , Tao Yudong , Wang Tianyi , Pouyanfar Samira , Miguel Alonso , Luis Steven , Shyu Mei-Ling , Chen Shu-Ching , Iyengar Sundaraja Sitharama
Published: October 2021

From the start, the airline industry has remarkably connected countries all over the world through rapid long-distance transportation, helping people overcome geographic barriers. Consequently, this has ushered in substantial economic growth, both nationally and internationally. The airline industry produces vast amounts of data, capturing a diverse set of information about their operations, including data related to passengers, freight, flights, and much more. Analyzing air travel data can advance the understanding of airline market dynamics, allowing companies to provide customized, efficient, and safe transportation services. Due to big data challenges in such a complex environment, the benefits of drawing insights from the air travel data in the airline industry have not yet been fully explored. This article aims to survey various components and corresponding proposed data analysis methodologies that have been identified as essential to the inner workings of the airline industry. We introduce existing data sources commonly used in the papers surveyed and summarize their availability. Finally, we discuss several potential research directions to better harness airline data in the future. We anticipate this study to be used as a comprehensive reference for both members of the airline industry and academic scholars with an interest in airline research.
A Systematic Literature Review on Virtual Machine Consolidation
Authors: Dias Alexandre H. T. , Correia Luiz. H. A. , Malheiros Neumar
Published: October 2021

Virtual machine consolidation has been a widely explored topic in recent years due to Cloud Data Centers’ effect on global energy consumption. Thus, academia and companies made efforts to achieve green computing, reducing energy consumption to minimize environmental impact. By consolidating Virtual Machines into a fewer number of Physical Machines, resource provisioning mechanisms can shutdown idle Physical Machines to reduce energy consumption and improve resource utilization. However, there is a tradeoff between reducing energy consumption while assuring the Quality of Service established on the Service Level Agreement. This work introduces a Systematic Literature Review of one year of advances in virtual machine consolidation. It provides a discussion on methods used in each step of the virtual machine consolidation, a classification of papers according to their contribution, and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of datasets, scenarios, and metrics.
COVID-19 Vaccines: Adenoviral Vectors
Authors: Jacob-Dolan Catherine , Barouch Dan H.
Published: October 2021

The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the unprecedented pace of development of multiple vaccines. This review evaluates how adenovirus (Ad) vector platforms have been leveraged in response to this pandemic. Ad vectors have been used in the past for vaccines against other viruses, most notably HIV and Ebola, but they never have been produced, distributed, or administered to humans at such a large scale. Several different serotypes of Ads encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike have been tested and found to be efficacious against COVID-19. As vaccine rollouts continue and the number of people receiving these vaccines increases, we will continue to learn about this vaccine platform for COVID-19 prevention and control.
Effects of the Rock Bridge Ligament on Fracture and Energy Evolution of Preflawed Granite Exposed to Dynamic Loads
Authors: Sun Kaihua , Wu Xiong , Yi Xuefeng , Wang Yu
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to reveal the mechanical properties, energy evolution characteristics, and dynamic rupture process of preflawed granite under impact loading with different rock bridge angles and strain rates. A series of dynamic impact experiments were conducted along with the separate Hopkinson press bar (SHPB) testing system to analyze and study the overall rock fracture process. Under the impact load, the peak stress of granite increases with the increase of rock bridge angle and strain rate, but the increase gradually decreases. The peak strain also increases gradually with the increase of rock bridge angle, but there is an upper limit value; the total input strain energy increases with the increase of strain rate and rock bridge angle. It is shown that the higher the strain rate, the higher the unit dissipation energy, and the greater the degree of rock fragmentation. For rock under impact loads, the crack first initiates from the wing end of the prefabricated flaw, the preflaw closes gradually, and finally the crack propagates at the locking section leading to the coalescence of rock bridge. With the increase of strain rate, the fragmentation degree of the specimen increases asymptotically, and the average fragmentation size of the specimen decreases with the increase of strain rate. It is suggested that the stability of large rocked slopes is controlled by the locked section, and understanding the fracture evolution of the rock bridge is the key to slope instability prediction.
Evaluation of Feature Selection Methods for Mammographic Breast Cancer Diagnosis in a Unified Framework
Authors: Tian Chun-jiang , Lv Jian , Xu Xiang-feng
Published: October 2021

Over recent years, feature selection (FS) has gained more attention in intelligent diagnosis. This study is aimed at evaluating FS methods in a unified framework for mammographic breast cancer diagnosis. After FS methods generated rank lists according to feature importance, the framework added features incrementally as the input of random forest which performed as the classifier for breast lesion classification. In this study, 10 FS methods were evaluated and the digital database for screening mammography (1104 benign and 980 malignant lesions) was analyzed. The classification performance was quantified with the area under the curve (AUC), and accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were also considered. Experimental results suggested that both infinite latent FS method (AUC, 0.866 ± 0.028) and RELIEFF (AUC, 0.855 ± 0.020) achieved good prediction (AUC ≥ 0.85) when 6 features were used, followed by correlation‐based FS method (AUC, 0.867 ± 0.023) using 7 features and WILCOXON (AUC, 0.887 ± 0.019) using 8 features. The reliability of the diagnosis models was also verified, indicating that correlation‐based FS method was generally superior over other methods. Identification of discriminative features among high‐throughput ones remains an unavoidable challenge in intelligent diagnosis, and extra efforts should be made toward accurate and efficient feature selection.
DL0410 Alleviates Memory Impairment in D‐Galactose‐Induced Aging Rats by Suppressing Neuroinflammation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB Pathway
Authors: Zhang Baoyue , Lian Wenwen , Zhao Jun , Wang Zhe , Liu Ailin , Du Guanhua
Published: October 2021

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been demonstrated to be linked with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we examined the protective effects of DL0410 in aging rats and explored the underlying mechanism against oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, which was then validated in LPS‐stimulated BV2 microglia. We firstly investigated the improvement effects of DL0410 on learning and memory abilities and explored the potential mechanisms in D‐gal‐induced aging rats. An 8‐week treatment with DL0410 significantly improved the learning and cognitive function of D‐gal‐stimulated Alzheimer’s‐like rats in the Morris water maze test, step‐down test, and novel object recognition test, and the therapeutic effect of DL0410 at 10 mg/kg was even better than that of donepezil. What is more, the results showed that DL0410 alleviated neuron injury, increased the number of synapses, and improved the level of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the hippocampus and cortex. Next, we examined the protective effects of DL0410 against oxidative damage and neuroinflammation. Our observations indicated that DL0410 reduced the production of harmful oxidation products and promoted the antioxidative system, decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and increased anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐10. Moreover, DL0410 inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia and suppressed the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB signaling pathway. The anti‐inflammation effect of DL0410 was further confirmed in LPS‐stimulated BV2 cells, and the results showed that DL0410 reduced the level of inflammatory factors and inhibited the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/NF‐κB signaling pathway in BV2 microglia. Molecular docking results indicated that DL0410 occupied the LPS recognition site in the TLR4/MD2 complex. Furthermore, the enhanced expression of claudin‐1, claudin‐5, occludin, CX43, and ZO‐1 indicated that DL0410 protected the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Together, these results suggest that DL0410 exerts neuroprotective effects against hippocampus and cortex injury induced by D‐galactose, and the possible mechanisms include antioxidative stress, antineuroinflammation, improving synaptic plasticity, and maintaining BBB integrity, which is mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB signaling pathway inhibition. We suggest that DL0410 is a promising candidate for AD treatment.
Training for Marathons during a Marathon Pandemic: Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Fitness among High-Level Nonelite Runners
Authors: Matsumura Martin E. , Martin Bryan , Matsumura Thomas , Qureshi Ataul
Published: October 2021

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on all aspects of life, including physical fitness and well-being of the general population. In the present study, we assessed the effect of the pandemic on the subjective and objective fitness of high-level nonelite runners. Methods. The MASTERS Athletic Study is an ongoing survey of training and health habits of high-level nonelite runners, the majority of whom compete in marathons and other extreme endurance events. We invited participants to a web-based questionnaire regarding training and fitness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Comparisons were made between subjective and objective fitness as well as well as the relationship of prepandemic training volume and history of COVID-19 on change in fitness during the pandemic, using Mann–Whitney rank-sum tests and chi-square tests for nonparametric and categorical variables, respectively. Results. A total of 189 runners completed the survey, of whom 26 (13.8%) reported prior diagnosis with COVID-19. In terms of the subjective sense of fitness compared to before the pandemic, 49 (25.9%) reported they were less fit, 55 (29.1%) reported they were more fit, and 85 (45.0%) reported their fitness was unchanged. These assessments correlated well with objective measurement of training volume in MET-min/week. Runners with improved fitness at present had a lower calculated training volume before the pandemic versus those who reported unchanged or worsened fitness. There was no relationship between the report of prior COVID-19 and either subjective or objective measures of fitness. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a variable effect on the fitness of high-level nonelite runners. We found an inverse relationship between baseline training volume and the likelihood of runners reporting improved fitness and no relationship between a history of COVID-19 and change in fitness through the pandemic. Understanding the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletic fitness will help guide strategies to maintain physical health and wellness through future public health crises.
Elementary Laboratory Assays as Biomarkers of Ageing: Support for Treatment of COVID-19?
Authors: Lung Thomas , Di Cesare Pasquale , Risch Lorenz , Nydegger Urs , Risch Martin
Published: October 2021

Youth, working age and the elderly: On a timeline, chronological age (CA) and biological age (BA) may dissociate; nosological entities manifest themselves at different BAs. In determining which disease corresponds to a given age decade, statistical registries of causes of death are unreliable and this does not change with SARS CoV-2 infection. Beyond adolescence, ageing metrics involve estimations of changes in fitness, including prediction models to estimate the number of remaining years left to live. A substantial disparity in biomarker levels and health status of ageing can be observed: the difference in CA and BA in the large cohorts under consideration is glaring. Here, we focus more closely on ageing and senescence metrics in order to make information available for risk analysis non the least with COVID-19, including the most recent risk factors of ABO blood type and 3p21.31 chromosome cluster impacting on C5a and SC5b-9 plasma levels. From the multitude of routine medical laboratory assays, a potentially meaningful set of assays aimed to best reflect the stage of individual senescence; hence risk factors the observational prospective SENIORLABOR study of 1,467 healthy elderly performed since 2009 and similar approaches since 1958 can be instantiated as a network to combine a set of elementary laboratory assays quantifying senescence.
Changes in the Intra-Amniotic Pressure following Transabdominal Amnioinfusion during Pregnancy
Authors: Katsura Daisuke , Takahashi Yuichiro , Iwagaki Shigenori , Chiaki Rika , Asai Kazuhiko , Koike Masako , Murakami Takashi
Published: October 2021

Objective: The aim of the article was to investigate the changes in intra-amniotic pressure following transabdominal amnioinfusion during pregnancy. Design: This retrospective study included 19 pregnant women who underwent transabdominal amnioinfusion during pregnancy to relieve umbilical cord compression and improve the intrauterine environment or to increase the accuracy of ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: We measured and analyzed the changes in intra-amniotic pressure, single deepest pocket, and the amniotic fluid index before and after amnioinfusion. We also determined the incidence of maternal or fetal adverse events, such as preterm premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, fetal death within 48 h, placental abruption, infection, hemorrhage, and peripheral organ injury. Results: A total of 41 amnioinfusion procedures were performed for 19 patients. The median gestational age during the procedure was 24.3 weeks. The median volume of the injected amniotic fluid was 250 mL. The median single deepest pocket and amniotic fluid index after amnioinfusion were significantly higher than those before amnioinfusion (4.0 cm vs. 2.65 cm; p < 0.001 and 13.4 cm vs. 6.0 cm; p < 0.001). However, the median (range) intra-amniotic pressure after amnioinfusion was not significantly different compared to that before amnioinfusion (11 mm Hg vs. 11 mm Hg; p = 0.134). Maternal or fetal adverse events were not observed following amnioinfusion. Conclusion: Intra-amniotic pressure remained unchanged following amnioinfusion. The complications associated with increased intra-amniotic pressure are not likely to develop if the amniotic fluid index and/or single deepest pocket remains within the normal range after amnioinfusion. Studies of groups with and without complications are warranted to clarify the relationship between the intra-amniotic pressure and incidence of complications.
The liverwort genus Drepanolejeunea subgenus Rhaphidolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Thailand
Authors: INUTHAI JANEJAREE , CHANTANAORRAPINT SAHUT , ZHU RUI-LIANG
Published: October 2021

An account of the Drepanolejeunea subgenus Rhaphidolejeunea in Thailand has been updated based on herbarium specimens and recent collections from field surveys. Five species of Drepanolejeunea, i.e. Drepanolejeunea commutata, D. fleischeri, D. siamensis, D. spicata, and D. yunnanensis are recognized. Of these, Drepanolejeunea commutata, D. fleischeri, and D. yunnanensis are newly reported for Thailand. A key to species, descriptions, distribution ranges and illustrations of each species are provided. The ecology and geographical distribution of the species are noted. Additionally, Drepanolejeunea longicruris is excluded from the country.
Multiple Environmental Influences on the Lightning of Cold-Based Continental Convection. Part II: Sensitivity Tests for Its Charge Structure and Land–Ocean Contrast
Authors: Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Patade Sachin
Published: October 2021

In Part I, an electrification scheme was described and a simulation of an observed cold-based storm from the U.S. Great Plains was validated with electrical observations. Most charge in the storm was separated by rebounding collisions of secondary ice originating from prior graupel–snow collisions. In this Part II, sensitivity tests are performed with the control simulation (Part I) and influences from environmental factors (aerosols, temperature, moisture, and shear) on lightning are elucidated. Environmental factors [e.g., convective available potential energy (CAPE)] controlling updraft speed are salient. When ascent is reduced by 30% and 70%, flashes become 70% fewer and disappear, respectively; faster ascent promotes positive cloud-to-ground (+CGs) flashes. Since cloud base is too cold (1°C) for coalescence, cloud condensation nucleus aerosol concentrations do not influence the lightning appreciably. The electrical response to varying concentrations of active ice nuclei is limited by most ice particles being secondary and less sensitive—a natural “buffer.” Imposing a maritime sounding suggests that the land–sea contrast in lightning for such storms is due to the vertical structure of environmental temperature and humidity. Weak CAPE, and both entrainment and condensate weight from a low cloud base, suppress ascent and charging. Maritime thermodynamic conditions reduce simulated flash rates by two orders of magnitude. Reducing aerosol loadings from continental to maritime only slightly reinforces this suppression. Last, a conceptual model is provided for how any simulated storm is either normal because graupel/hail is mostly positively charged or else is inverted/anomalous because graupel/hail is mostly negatively charged, with environmental factors controlling the charging. Impacts from microphysical processes, including three processes of secondary ice production, on lightning are analyzed.
Transient Eddy Kinetic Energetics on Mars in Three Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Battalio J. Michael
Published: October 2021

The ability of Martian reanalysis datasets to represent the growth and decay of short-period (1.5 <P< 8 sol) transient eddies is compared across the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA), Open access to Mars Assimilated Remote Soundings (OpenMARS), and Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS). Short-period eddies are predominantly surface based, have the largest amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, and are found, in order of decreasing eddy kinetic energy amplitude, in Utopia, Acidalia, and Arcadia Planitae in the Northern Hemisphere, and south of the Tharsis Plateau and between Argyre and Hellas basins in the Southern Hemisphere. Short-period eddies grow on the upstream (western) sides of basins via baroclinic energy conversion and by extracting energy from the mean flow and long-period (P> 8 sol) eddies when interacting with high relief. Overall, the combined impact of barotropic energy conversion is a net loss of eddy kinetic energy, which rectifies previous conflicting results. When Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations are assimilated (Mars years 24–27), all three reanalyses agree on eddy amplitude and timing, but during the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) observational era (Mars years 28–33), eddies are less constrained. The EMARS ensemble member has considerably higher eddy generation than the ensemble mean, and bulk eddy amplitudes in the deterministic OpenMARS reanalysis agree with the EMARS ensemble rather than the EMARS member. Thus, analysis of individual eddies during the MCS era should only be performed when eddy amplitudes are large and when there is agreement across reanalyses.

Significance Statement

Dust storms on Mars are initiated by traveling atmospheric waves, so understanding the relationships between waves and dust is critical to surface spacecraft safety. The growth and decay of waves are compared in three datasets to evaluate whether waves behave consistently across datasets and are represented similarly across different eras of instrumentation. Waves grow by instabilities caused by horizontal and vertical temperature gradients and lose energy to slower-traveling waves at higher altitudes, but agreement across datasets declines using more recent observations because of problems measuring temperatures near the surface. Regardless, combining dust storm observations and descriptions of traveling waves provides a new avenue for explaining dust storm variability on Mars.
Multiscale Aspects of the 26–27 April 2011 Tornado Outbreak. Part I: Outbreak Chronology and Environmental Evolution
Authors: Chasteen Manda B. , Koch Steven E.
Published: October 2021

One of the most prolific tornado outbreaks ever documented occurred on 26–27 April 2011 and comprised three successive episodes of tornadic convection that primarily impacted the southeastern United States, including two quasi-linear convective systems (hereinafter QLCS1 and QLCS2) that preceded the notorious outbreak of long-track, violent tornadoes spawned by numerous supercells on the afternoon of 27 April. The ∼36-h period encompassing these three episodes was part of a longer multiday outbreak that occurred ahead of a slowly moving upper-level trough over the Rocky Mountains. Here in Part I, we detail how the environment evolved to support this extended outbreak, with particular attention given to the three successive systems that each exhibited a different morphology and severity. The amplifying upper-level trough and attendant jet streak resulted from a Rossby wave–breaking event that yielded a complex tropopause structure and supported three prominent shortwave troughs that sequentially moved into the south-central United States. QLCS1 formed ahead of the second shortwave and was accompanied by rapid flow modifications, including considerable low-level jet (LLJ) intensification. The third shortwave moved into the lee of the Rockies early on 27 April to yield destabilization behind QLCS1 and support the formation of QLCS2, which was followed by further LLJ intensification and helped to establish favorable deep-layer shear profiles over the warm sector. The afternoon supercell outbreak commenced following the movement of this shortwave into the Mississippi Valley, which was attended by a deep tropopause fold, cold front aloft, and dryline that promoted two prominent bands of tornadic supercells over the Southeast.

Significance Statement

The tornado outbreak that impacted the United States on 26–27 April 2011 was part of an extended outbreak that produced 343 tornadoes and numerous fatalities. This paper is Part I of a study that describes the meteorological factors supporting such a prolific event. We focus on a 36-h period encompassing three convective episodes that impacted the Southeast and culminated in the widespread formation of long-track, violent tornadoes. Flow enhancements accompanying the first two episodes and the movement of a cold front aloft into the Southeast were found to contribute to the evolution of the final and most devastating episode. Part II describes how the first two episodes directly modified the environment to enhance the severity of this outbreak.
The Subtlety of Subtitles: A Closer Look at Institutions, the Study of Religion, and Canada
Authors: King Rebekka
Published: October 2021

In this brief review, I organize my comments around the subtitle of Hughes’s book and take up the themes of Institution, Study of Religion, and Canada. In doing so, I highlight the ways that Hughes’s history provides insight into: 1) the roles of institutions qua institutions (albeit with social actors now) in the establishment of religious studies; 2) the distinctly Canadian elements of religious studies as it emerged in the midst of particular political, social, and cultural contexts; and 3) where the book takes us when thinking about the elastic boundaries that make up Canadian identity.
Creativity in Scientific Research: Multidisciplinarity Fosters Depth of Ideas Among Scientists in Electronic “Brainwriting” Groups
Authors: Michinov Nicolas , Jeanson Sophie
Published: October 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the potential benefits of multidisciplinarity among agri-food researchers working in small groups to generate ideas to stimulate innovation in the context of a laboratory project.

Background

Research on the role of multidisciplinarity in scientific research teams remains limited, particularly regarding the generation of ideas to innovate in a real laboratory project, and on a task with a real challenge for innovation.

Method

Researchers and agri-food research staff were assigned to small groups of either multidisciplinary or unidisciplinary composition to produce ideas on a cross-cutting theme for an innovative laboratory project using an electronic “brainwriting” application.

Results

A greater depth in idea generation (number of ideas per category) was observed in the multidisciplinary condition than in the unidisciplinary condition.

Conclusion

The main benefits of this study were to experimentally examine the effects of multidisciplinarity in small scientific research groups on the production of ideas in a field study conducted on the premises of an agri-food laboratory.

Application

This study provides advice on how to promote innovative projects by stimulating ideation processes, which includes constructing small multidisciplinary groups and using an electronic “brainwriting” technique.
The role of regulatory, affective, and motivational resources in the adverse spillover of sleep in the home domain to employee effectiveness in the work domain
Authors: Rivkin Wladislaw , Diestel Stefan , Stollberger Jakob , Sacramento Claudia
Published: October 2021

How does sleep affect employee effectiveness and what can employees do to remain effective on days with a lack of sleep? Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, our research expands on the cognitive (regulatory resources), affective (positive affect), and motivational (subjective vitality) mechanisms that link sleep and employee effectiveness. Furthermore, considering the crucial role of individuals’ beliefs in the spillover of sleep to work, we examine implicit theories about willpower – a mindset about the resource-draining nature of self-regulation – as a moderator of the positive relationship between sleep duration and employee effectiveness through regulatory resources availability. Two daily diary studies with a combined sample of Ntotal = 214 employees ( Ntotal = 1317 workdays) demonstrate the predominant role of cognitive- and affective resources in the day-specific relations between sleep at home to engagement, in-role, and extra-role performance at work. Moreover, the spillover of sleep to employee effectiveness via cognitive resources is stronger for individuals holding a limited as compared with a non-limited resource theory. This research not only expands our theoretical understanding of the psychological mechanisms that link sleep to employee effectiveness but also offers practical implications by highlighting the protective role of holding a non-limited resource theory on days with a lack of sleep.
Selecting an Abortion Clinic: The Role of Social Myths and Risk Perception in Seeking Abortion Care
Authors: Heymann Orlaith , Odum Tamika , Norris Alison H. , Bessett Danielle
Published: October 2021

Recent shifts in the abortion provision landscape have generated increased concern about how people find abortion care as regulations make abortion less accessible and clinics close. Few studies examine the reasons that people select particular facilities in such constrained contexts. Drawing from interviews with 41 Ohio residents, we find that people’s clinic selections are influenced by the risks they associate with abortion care. Participants’ strategies for selecting an abortion clinic included: drawing on previous experience with clinics, consulting others online, discerning reputation through name recognition and clinic type, and considering location, especially perceptions about place (privacy, legality, safety). We argue that social myths inform the risks people anticipate when seeking health care facilities, shaping care seeking in ways that are both abortion-specific and more general. These findings can also inform research in other health care contexts where patients increasingly find their options constrained by rising costs, consolidation, and facility closure.
Bizarreness and Typicality Effects of Color on Object Recognition Memory
Authors: Morita Aiko , Kambara Toshimune
Published: October 2021

The bizarreness effect on object recognition is a strong phenomenon, but its influence has been inconsistent for bizarre object color. In this study, we manipulated three factors in separate experiments to determine whether a color bizarreness effect on object recognition memory would occur and, if not, why. Participants first saw (i.e., learned) object pictures that were either bizarrely or typically colored; they then completed a recognition memory test. In three experiments, we then manipulated (a) degree of color bizarreness (Experiment 1), (b) the orientation task (Experiment 2), and (c) additional demands for object identification (Experiment 3). In Experiment 1, we provided 49 undergraduate participants with object pictures whose colors were typical, moderately atypical, or bizarre and found no color bizarreness effect on recognition memory even for extremely bizarre colors. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the orientation task in that 28 young adult participants expressed their preferences for the pictures on a three-point scale while another 28 participants judged how natural the pictures were. Each orientation task group better recognized typically-colored rather than bizarrely-colored objects (typicality effect). In Experiment 3, we asked 27 young adults to identify the objects during the learning phase to ensure that they paid attention to the objects’ bizarre colors; recognition memory was then unaffected by either color bizarreness or typicality. Thus, despite a general bizarreness effect in recognition memory, bizarre colors are less likely to influence object recognition memory.
Identifying Racial Differences in Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Authors: Yin Michelle , Pathak Aditi , Lin Dajun , Dizdari Nevin
Published: October 2021

The literature on racial differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) services has not been updated for over a decade. Using the 2017 individual-level U.S. national RSA-911 data, supplemented with the 2017 American Community Survey and publicly available information from the Kaiser Family Foundation, we investigated racial differences at each step of the VR process—application, eligibility, service provision, and employment outcomes at closure. At the first step, application, White individuals with disabilities were less likely to apply than their African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic counterparts, and more likely to apply than their Asian counterparts. For the remaining three steps, the results were inverted: the White subgroup had higher eligibility rates, service rates, and employment rates than the African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic subgroups, and lower rates than the Asian subgroup. These findings suggest that racial and ethnic differences continue to exist in the VR process despite several legislative acts and policy efforts. Within each racial and ethnic minority group, we also found large variation in application rates and employment rates across states, which indicates a need for developing performance measures and standardized guidelines for state VR agencies to better serve individuals with disabilities from racial and ethnic minorities.
Love’s Labour’s Lost? Separation as a Constraint on Displays of Transnational Daughterhood
Authors: Kara Hanna , Wrede Sirpa
Published: October 2021

This article develops sociological knowledge on daughterhood through an analysis of how separation shapes the emotional and moral dynamics of transnational daughterhood. Building on Finch, we look at daughtering as a set of concrete social practices that constitute kinship and carry the symbolic dimension of displaying the family-like character of relationships. Within this framework, we analyse how Latin American women living in Barcelona discuss their transnational family lives and filial responsibilities. We see family as finite, evolving in the past, present and future, and develop a threefold understanding of filial love as an institution imbued with formal expectations, a strong and complex emotion, and reciprocal embodied caring. We consider persisting physical separation in migration as a circumstance that demands not only practical solutions but also ongoing moral labour that sustains transnational bonds and notions of being a ‘good enough’ daughter.
Simulation on the fiber arrangement and distribution in the drafting zone
Authors: Sun Na
Published: October 2021

Roller drafting is an indispensable and fundamental procedure in attenuating the sliver to an adequate linear density during the spinning process. In this study, the drafting dynamic process was reflected in the arrangement containing hooked fibers and straight fibers, and the fiber straightness in the drafting zone in real-time. The drafting process was implemented from the initiation of the sliver head moving into the drafting zone to the achievement of the straightening process for all fibers in the sliver. The developed model demonstrated that the simulated weight distributions of various fibers, including the total fibers, back fibers, front fibers and floating fibers, were more in line with the actual results than the simulative ones based on the previous drafting model with the simulation of the straight fiber arrangement in the sliver. In conclusion, the drafting model with the application of the hooked fiber arrangement was effective and precise in quantizing the drafting process of a sliver with many hooked fibers, such as a cotton card sliver. Moreover, the drafting model can offer the theoretical foundation for setting the drafting parameters from the perspective of the distributions of slow-floating fibers and fast-floating fibers.