bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Consultation for Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Symptoms: Reasons and Associated Factors
Authors: Rey Enrique , Moreno-Elola-Olaso Cristina , Rodriguez-Artalejo Fernando , Diaz-Rubio Manuel
Published: October 2004

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of medical consultation for gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms (GORS) and to ascertain reasons for consultation and associated factors. Methods: Telephone survey of 2,500 persons using a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, in which the dependent variable was consultation for GORS and the independent variables were sociodemographic factors and the clinical characteristics of GORS. Results: Of those reporting GORS, 28% had consulted their physician about them in the last year. Main reasons for seeking medical advice were GORS-induced concern in 48%, and intensity of GORS in 42.6%. Factors independently associated with medical consultation were: housewife (odds ratio (OR) 1.9; 95% CI 1.1–3.4) or retired status (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3–4.1), frequent GORS (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.6–3.5), severe GORS (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.4–4.2), nocturnal GORS (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.3), and association of epigastric pain (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.7) or nausea (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1–2.8). Conclusion: The high frequency of medical consultation for GORS in Spain makes it an important healthcare problem. The fact that half the patients seek medical advice due to concern about the nature of GORS illustrates the benefits of explaining the nature, treatment and prognosis of GORS. The clinical relevance of GORS does not reside in its frequency alone, since severe or nocturnal symptoms, albeit occasional, are also associated with medical consultation.
MRI Changes in the Rat Hippocampus following Proton Radiosurgery
Authors: Rabinov James D. , Brisman Jonathan L. , Cole Andrew J. , Lee Patricia Lani , Bussiere Marc R. , Chapman Paul H. , Loeffler Jay S. , Cosgrove G. Rees , Chaves Tina , Gonzalez R. Gilberto
Published: October 2004

Purpose: To define radiographic dose-response relationships for proton radiosurgery using a rat brain model. Methods and Materials: A group of 23 rats was treated with Bragg peak proton beam irradiation involving the right hippocampus. Single doses of 5, 12, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 130 cobalt gray equivalents (CGE) were delivered to groups of 3 animals using single fraction technique. One extra animal was included at the 130- and 30-CGE doses. Animals were imaged using a standard 1.5-tesla GE Signa MRI. A 3-inch surface coil was employed to obtain T1-weighted sagittal images (TR 600 and TE 30) and dual echo T2-weighted coronal images (TR 3,000 and TE 30/90). Animals were imaged at 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 9 months. Volumetric analysis with custom software was done to evaluate areas of increased signal on T2-weighted images, and signal change versus time curves were generated. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging was also done at the 9-month time point to further evaluate tissue injury. The development of hydrocephalus was also examined. Results: Peak tissue injury was greater and occurred earlier with higher versus lower doses of radiation. Statistically significant differences were seen between the 130- and 90-CGE animals and between the 90- and 60-CGE animals (p < 0.0016) using ANOVA. Signal changes can be seen in at least 1 of the animals at 20 CGE. The largest volume of tissue enhancement at 9 months was seen in animals at 60 CGE, which may represent an intermediate zone of tissue injury and gliosis compared with greater tissue loss at higher doses and less injury at lower doses. Hydrocephalus developed first in the untreated hemisphere in 130- and 90-CGE animals as a result of mass effect while it occurred at a later time in the treated hemisphere in lower-dose animals. Conclusions: Following single-dose proton radiosurgery of rat hippocampus, serial MRIs show T2 signal changes in animals ranging from 130 down to 20 CGE as well as the development of hydrocephalus. Dose-effect relationships using proton radiosurgery in rats will be a helpful step in guiding further studies on radiation injury to brain tissue.
Vasoconstrictor Reserve and Sympathetic Neural Control of Orthostasis
Authors: Fu Qi , Witkowski Sarah , Levine Benjamin D.
Published: October 2004

Background—

We tested the hypothesis that individual variability in orthostatic tolerance is dependent on the degree of neural and vasomotor reserve available for vasoconstriction.

Methods and Results—

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and hemodynamics were measured in 12 healthy young volunteers during 60° head-up tilt (HUT), followed by a cold pressor test (CPT) in HUT. Orthostatic tolerance was determined by progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) to presyncope. The same protocols were performed randomly in normovolemic and hypovolemic conditions. We found that mean arterial pressure increased and stroke volume decreased, whereas heart rate (HR), MSNA, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) increased during HUT (all
P
<0.01). Application of the CPT in HUT did not increase HR or decrease stroke volume further but elevated mean arterial pressure (
P
<0.01) and increased MSNA and TPR in some subjects. There was a positive correlation between the time to presyncope from −50 mm Hg LBNP (equivalent to 60° HUT alone) and the changes in MSNA produced by the CPT under both conditions (
r
=0.442,
P
=0.039). Those who had greater increases in MSNA had greater increases in TPR during the CPT and longer time to presyncope (both
P
<0.05). One subject had dramatic increases in MSNA but small increases in TPR during the CPT, which indicates a disassociation between sympathetic activity and the increase in peripheral vascular resistance.

Conclusions—

These results support our hypothesis and suggest that vasoconstrictor capability is a contributor to orthostatic tolerance in humans. Vasoconstrictor reserve therefore may be one mechanism underlying individual variability in orthostatic intolerance.
Evidence of Developmental Differences in Implicit Sequence Learning: An fMRI Study of Children and Adults
Authors: Thomas Kathleen M. , Hunt Ruskin H. , Vizueta Nathalie , Sommer Tobias , Durston Sarah , Yang Yihong , Worden Michael S.
Published: October 2004

Prevailing theories of implicit or unaware learning propose a developmental invariance model, with implicit function maturing early in infancy or childhood despite prolonged improvements in explicit or intentional learning and memory systems across childhood. Neuroimaging studies of adult visuomotor sequence learning have associated fronto-striatal brain regions with implicit learning of spatial sequences. Given evidence of continued development in these brain regions during childhood, we compare implicit sequence learning in adults and 7- to 11-year-old children to examine potential developmental differences in the recruitment of fronto-striatal circuitry during implicit learning. Participants performed a standard serial reaction time task. Stimuli alternately followed a fixed 10-step sequence of locations or were presented in a pseudorandom order of locations. Adults outperformed children, achieving a significantly larger sequence learning effect and showing learning more quickly than children. Age-related differences in activity were observed in the premotor cortex, putamen, hippocampus, inferotemporal cortex, and parietal cortex. We observed differential recruitment of cortical and subcortical motor systems between groups, presumably reflecting age differences in motor response execution. Adults showed greater hippocampal activity for sequence trials, whereas children demonstrated greater signal during random trials. Activity in the right caudate correlated significantly with behavioral measures of implicit learning for both age groups, although adults showed greater signal change than children overall, as would be expected given developmental differences in sequence learning magnitude. These results challenge the idea of developmental invariance in implicit learning and instead support a view of parallel developments in implicit and explicit learning systems.
N400-like Semantic Incongruity Effect in 19-Month-Olds: Processing Known Words in Picture Contexts
Authors: Friedrich Manuela , Friederici Angela D.
Published: October 2004

To understand mechanisms of early language acquisition, it is important to know whether the child's brain acts in an adult-like manner when processing words in meaningful contexts. The N400, a negative component in the event-related potential (ERP) of adults, is a sensitive index of semantic processing reflecting neural mechanisms of semantic integration into context. In the present study, we investigated whether the mechanisms indexed by the N400 are already working during early language acquisition. While 19-month-olds were looking at sequentially presented pictures, they were acoustically presented with words that were either congruous or incongruous to the picture content. The ERP averaged across the group of 55 children revealed an N400-like semantic incongruity effect in addition to an early phonological–lexical priming effect. The results suggest that both lexical expectations facilitating early phonological processing and mechanisms of semantic priming facilitating integration into semantic context are already present in 19-month-olds. The child's specific comprehension abilities are reflected in strength, latency, and hemispheric differences of the semantic incongruity effect. Spatio-temporal differences in that effect, thus, indicate changes in the organization of brain activity correlated with the child's behavioral development.
Common Neural Basis for Phoneme Processing in Infants and Adults
Authors: Dehaene-Lambertz G. , Gliga T.
Published: October 2004

Investigating the degree of similarity between infants' and adults' representation of speech is critical to our understanding of infants' ability to acquire language. Phoneme perception plays a crucial role in language processing, and numerous behavioral studies have demonstrated similar capacities in infants and adults, but are these subserved by the same neural substrates or networks? In this article, we review event-related potential (ERP) results obtained in infants during phoneme discrimination tasks and compare them to results from the adult literature. The striking similarities observed both in behavior and ERPs between initial and mature stages suggest a continuity in processing and neural structure. We argue that infants have access at the beginning of life to phonemic representations, which are modified without training or implicit instruction, but by the statistical distributions of speech input in order to converge to the native phonemic categories.
The Development of Social Behavior Following Neonatal Amygdala Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Bauman M. D. , Lavenex P. , Mason W. A. , Capitanio J. P. , Amaral D. G.
Published: October 2004

We examined the role of the amygdala in the development of nonhuman primate social behavior. Twenty-four rhesus monkeys received bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of either the amygdala or the hippocampus or received a sham surgical procedure at 2 weeks of age. Subjects were reared with their mothers and were provided daily access to social rearing cohorts. The subjects were weaned at 6 months of age and then observed while paired with familiar conspecifics at 6 and 9 months of age and with unfamiliar conspecifics at 1 year of age. The subjects were also observed during daily cohort socialization periods. Neither amygdala nor hippocampus lesions altered fundamental aspects of social behavior development. All subjects, regardless of lesion condition, developed a species-typical repertoire of social behavior and displayed interest in conspecifics during social encounters. The amygdala lesions, however, clearly affected behaviors related to fear processing. The amygdala-lesioned subjects produced more fear behaviors during social encounters than did control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. Although the heightened fear response of the amygdala-lesioned subjects was consistent across different testing paradigms and was observed with both familiar and novel partners, it did not preclude social interactions. In fact, the amygdala-lesioned subjects displayed particular social behaviors, such as following, cooing, grunting, presenting to be groomed, and presenting to be mounted more frequently than either control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. These findings are consistent with the view that the amygdala is not needed to develop fundamental aspects of social behavior and may be more related to the detection and avoidance of environmental dangers.
Sensitive Periods in the Development of the Brain and Behavior
Authors: Knudsen Eric I.
Published: October 2004

Experience exerts a profound influence on the brain and, therefore, on behavior. When the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong during a limited period in development, this period is referred to as a sensitive period. Such periods allow experience to instruct neural circuits to process or represent information in a way that is adaptive for the individual. When experience provides information that is essential for normal development and alters performance permanently, such sensitive periods are referred to as critical periods.

Although sensitive periods are reflected in behavior, they are actually a property of neural circuits. Mechanisms of plasticity at the circuit level are discussed that have been shown to operate during sensitive periods. A hypothesis is proposed that experience during a sensitive period modifies the architecture of a circuit in fundamental ways, causing certain patterns of connectivity to become highly stable and, therefore, energetically preferred. Plasticity that occurs beyond the end of a sensitive period, which is substantial in many circuits, alters connectivity patterns within the architectural constraints established during the sensitive period. Preferences in a circuit that result from experience during sensitive periods are illustrated graphically as changes in a “stability landscape,” a metaphor that represents the relative contributions of genetic and experiential influences in shaping the information processing capabilities of a neural circuit. By understanding sensitive periods at the circuit level, as well as understanding the relationship between circuit properties and behavior, we gain a deeper insight into the critical role that experience plays in shaping the development of the brain and behavior.
Towards Successful Peace-keeping
Authors: Pushkina Darya
Published: October 2004

Using a case study of the UN’s experiences in Croatia, this essay addresses the question of why some UN peace-keeping missions succeed, while others fail. The essay develops wider criteria of success than usually employed in peace-keeping literature and analyzes the performance in Croatia based on these measures. It then takes hypotheses extracted from the international relations literature on peace-keeping and comparative politics literature on civil conflict management and tests them against this case. First,‘international’ factors, those related to the UN itself, such as its level of commitment to a mission, and the presence or absence of leadership by a major power, are considered. Second, ‘domestic’ factors are addressed, including the level of consent and cooperation of the warring parties and the existence of a military stalemate. In light of these findings it is asserted that peace-keeping can indeed be successful when certain necessary and sufficient conditions are met. In Croatia, success seems mostly dependent on the domestic factors. This supports the notion of a ‘ripeness’ point for resolution.
The External Dimension of Europeanization
Authors: Lavenex Sandra , UçArer Emek M.
Published: October 2004

With its focus on the external dimension of the rapidly evolving European Union immigration policies, this article seeks to contribute to the debates on the EU’s impact on states and international relations in two ways. Firstly, it seeks to move beyond the inward-looking focus of contemporary studies on the EU’s effects on the member states, and proposes a framework for analyzing its external effects on non-EU member states. Secondly, and in contrast to traditional accounts of the EU’s strengthening international role, which focus on external trade policy or foreign and security policy, it highlights a hitherto overlooked aspect of the EU’s foreign relations related to immigration control. Drawing on the recent literature on Europeanization and policy transfer, it is shown that the external effects of European policies take place along a continuum that runs from fully voluntary to more constrained forms of adaptation, and include a variety of modes such as unilateral emulation, adaptation by externality, and policy transfer through conditionality. The scope and shape of policy transfer is conditioned by existing institutional links between the EU and the third countries concerned, the latter’s domestic situation at hand, and the costs of nonadaptation associated with an EU policy.
Europeanization of Social Partnership in Smaller European Democracies?
Authors: Falkner Gerda , Leiber Simone
Published: October 2004

This article examines the impact of Europeanization on cooperation between major interest groups and the state in national policymaking. Its theoretical innovation centres on two issues: (1) a classification of cooperation by management, labour, and the state in public policy-making and (2) a differentiation of levels of Europeanization in the Member States. The empirical material highlights the implementation of six EU Directives in four smaller states: Austria, Denmark, Luxembourg, and Sweden. A moderate trend towards convergence is discovered, caused mainly by forced adaptation of the most extreme model of corporatism.
The European Trade Union Confederation at the Crossroads of Change? Traversing the Variable Geometry of European Trade Unionism
Authors: Taylor Graham , Mathers Andrew
Published: October 2004

There are growing indications that the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) is undergoing a shift in strategic orientation from an exclusive focus on institutional ‘social partnership’ within the European Union towards a more campaigning ‘social movement’ model. This article explores two recent campaigns, on the European Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Convention on the Future of Europe, and considers how far these developments mark the emergence of a distinctive trade union identity at European level. The article concludes with examples of other areas where the ETUC could encourage ‘internal dialogue’ within European trade unionism and develop further a ‘hybrid’ transnational identity.
Cleared for Take-off? Management-Labour Partnership in the European Civil Aviation Industry
Authors: Turnbull Peter , Blyton Paul , Harvey Geraint
Published: October 2004

As product and labour markets within the European Union are liberalized and deregulated, industrial relations regulation appears to shift from national to sector and company levels. Nonetheless, company-based initiatives such as management-labour partnerships are still more likely to flourish in coordinated rather than liberal market economies. This is demonstrated in this article by a contextualized comparison of three national airlines. While Lufthansa has been able to develop an innovative, long-term competitive strategy, both British Airways and Aer Lingus have been permitted, if not compelled, to pursue short-term, cost-minimizing strategies inimical to their management-labour partnerships.
Transitivity and mental transformation: Sheila Watson’s The Double Hook
Authors: Ji Yinglin , Shen Dan
Published: October 2004

Since M.A.K. Halliday published his influential essay (1971) on the thematic function of transitivity patterns in William Golding’s The Inheritors more than 30 years ago, there have appeared numerous stylistic investigations into transitivity in literary narratives. The investigations, however, are mostly concerned with power relations between conflicting parties and for those that probe into a character’s inner life, what is revealed is usually a certain mental state or ‘mind style’ of the character. A transitivity analysis of Sheila Watson’s The Double Hook(1989) demonstrates that the model of transitivity can function as a useful tool in revealing the process of a character’s mental transformation, and, further, that a transitivity analysis may shed fresh light on the interpretation of the text. The present study focuses on the process of mental transformation of the novella’s protagonist James on his return journey, a process subtly brought out by the change in transitivity patterns, and a process that has been neglected by previous critics who have concentrated on the physical aspect of James’s return. It is argued that James’s mental transformation as realized by the change in transitivity patterns is of great importance to the novella’s theme of forming a spiritual community.
Death Warmed up
Authors: Williams Howard
Published: October 2004

It is argued that recent archaeological theories of death and burial have tended to overlook the social and mnemonic agency of the dead body. Drawing upon anthropological, ethnographic and forensic analogies for the effects of fire on the human body, together with Gell’s theory of the agency of inanimate objects, the article explores the cremation rites of early Anglo-Saxon England. As a case study in the archaeological study of the mnemonic agency of bodies and bones it is suggested that cremation and postcremation rites in the 5th and 6th centuries AD in eastern England operated as technologies of remembrance. Cremation encouraged distinctive forms of engagement with the physicality and materiality of the dead. It is argued that cremated bodies and ashes need to be theorized as more than osteological data, artefacts or symbolic resources, but as holding material agency influencing the selective remembering and forgetting of the deceased’s personhood.
Understanding early childhood leadership
Authors: Shin Min Sun , Recchia Susan L. , Lee Seung Yeon , Lee Yoon Joo , Mullarkey Lara S.
Published: October 2004

In this qualitative study, multidimensional characteristics of the emerging leadership behavior of six young children were examined within their early childhood classrooms (infant, toddler, and preschool). Grounded in a constructivist framework, the data were gathered through teacher interviews and classroom observations in a University-affiliated center over a six-week period. Findings yielded two major themes which best described the characteristics of these young leaders: dynamic and charismatic personalities; and a sense of ownership of and a high awareness in the classroom. By examining the ways leadership manifested itself in the classroom, findings also suggested that leadership could be seen as a relational rather than an individual construct. Young leaders seem to exert their social power to develop relationships with peers and teachers and at the same time to include and exclude certain peers or teachers during the interaction. Findings are discussed with reference to implications for practice and suggestions for further study.
Re-visited: A tracer study 10 years later
Authors: Levin-Rozalis Miry
Published: October 2004

Does an early childhood program have an influence on its participants that is detectable 10 years later? The answer is yes. This research managed to detect differences between children of Ethiopian origin who had immigrated to Israel. It also managed to generalize and conceptualize these differences and provide an explanation of them: The program began a process of individuation that reinforced itself over the years. The research process succeeded in doing so through the use of a combination of research logic (abduction) and a research method (projective techniques); a combination especially effective where the researcher had no advance hypotheses and no well-defined research variables.
Presence of papillomavirus sequences in condylomatous lesions of the mamillae and in invasive carcinoma of the breast
Authors: de Villiers Ethel-Michele , Sandstrom Robert E , zur Hausen Harald , Buck Charles E
Published: October 2004

Background

Viruses including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a human equivalent of murine mammary tumour virus (MMTV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been implicated in the aetiology of human breast cancer. We report the presence of HPV DNA sequences in areolar tissue and tumour tissue samples from female patients with breast carcinoma. The presence of virus in the areolar–nipple complex suggests to us a potential pathogenic mechanism.

Methods

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was undertaken to amplify HPV types in areolar and tumour tissue from breast cancer cases. In situ hybridisation supported the PCR findings and localised the virus in nipple, areolar and tumour tissue.

Results

Papillomavirus DNA was present in 25 of 29 samples of breast carcinoma and in 20 of 29 samples from the corresponding mamilla. The most prevalent type in both carcinomas and nipples was HPV 11, followed by HPV 6. Other types detected were HPV 16, 23, 27 and 57 (nipples and carcinomas), HPV 20, 21, 32, 37, 38, 66 and GA3-1 (nipples only) and HPV 3, 15, 24, 87 and DL473 (carcinomas only). Multiple types were demonstrated in seven carcinomas and ten nipple samples.

Conclusions

The data demonstrate the occurrence of HPV in nipple and areolar tissues in patients with breast carcinoma. The authors postulate a retrograde ductular pattern of viral spread that may have pathogenic significance.
Placing ideas: genius loci, heterotopia and geography's quantitative revolution
Authors: Barnes Trevor J.
Published: October 2004

The paper is concerned with understanding the geography of intellectual creativity and change using as a case study the quantitative revolution in geography. First, I review briefly the sea change occurring over the last 40 years in understanding intellectual production, and made most forcefully in the literature in the sociology of scientific knowledge. I highlight three elements: the nature and persistence of intellectual breaks and ruptures; the embodiedness and material embeddedness of the intellectual process; and the centrality of networks and alliances. Secondly, I take each of these three components of intellectual production, and work them through different theories of place to illuminate the role of the geographical within each. In particular, I argue that the geography of intellectual rupture is clarified by using Michel Foucault's notion of heterotopia, that the place of intellectual embodiment and embeddedness is elucidated by Kevin Hetherington and John Law's work on materiality, and that spaces of network and alliance are enhanced by the recent writings on place by Nigel Thrift. Finally, using these three features I present an interpretive analysis of the place of geography's quantitative revolution drawing upon 36 oral histories I conducted with firstand second-generation pioneers of that movement.
Experimental investigation into the selective laser sintering of silicon carbide polyamide composites
Authors: Gill T J , Hon K K B
Published: October 2004

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the production of particulate silicon carbide (SiC) polyamide matrix composites via the selective laser sintering (SLS) process. FEPA standard F240 SiC grit was blended with Duraform polyamide to produce a powder blend composition of 50 wt% SiC for direct SLS processing. A full factorial experimental approach was applied to examine the effects and interactions of key fabrication parameters, with regard to the tensile strength and porosity of the composite SLS processed parts. Output from the factorial analyses is presented and discussed and a comparison between the responses obtained for tensile properties and morphology of the SLS processed parts was also investigated. The optimum energy density for producing parts with maximum strength and minimum porosity was determined experimentally. A further study into the effects of powder blend composition and energy density with regard to tensile strength of composite specimens is also presented. This investigation revealed that the optimum energy density for producing parts of maximum strength was independent of the initial powder blend composition.
Finite element analysis of stress distribution and the effects of geometry in a laser-generated single-stage ceramic tile grout seal using ANSYS
Authors: Lim K C , Lawrence J , Li L , Edwards R E , Gale A W
Published: October 2004

Optimization of the geometry (curvature of the vitrified enamel layer) of a laser-generated single-stage ceramic tile grout seal has been carried out using a finite element (FE) model. The overall load-bearing capacities and load-displacement plots of three selected geometries were determined experimentally by the indentation technique. Simultaneously, an FE model was developed utilizing the commercial ANSYS package to simulate the indentation. Although the load-displacement plots generated by the FE model consistently displayed stiffer identities than the experimentally obtained results, there was reasonably close agreement between the two sets of results. Stress distribution profiles of the three FE models at failure loads were analysed and correlated so as to draw an implication on the prediction of a catastrophic failure through an analysis of FE-generated stress distribution profiles. It was observed that although increased curvatures of the vitrified enamel layer do enhance the overall load-bearing capacity of the single-stage ceramic tile grout seal and bring about a lower nominal stress, there is a higher build-up in stress concentration at the apex that would inevitably reduce the load-bearing capacity of the enamel glaze. Consequently, the optimum geometry of the vitrified enamel layer was determined to be flat.
Characterization of an in-cylinder flow structure in a high-tumble spark ignition engine
Authors: Li Y , Zhao H , Leach B , Ma T , Ladommatos N
Published: October 2004

A strong in-cylinder tumbling flow, which was produced by partially shrouding the lower periphery of the inlet valves, was measured in a three-valve twin-spark spark ignition (SI) engine using digital particle image velocimetry (PIV). Characteristics of the bulk flow, cyclic variation, frequency spectrum of velocity fluctuation, large- and small-scale fluctuation kinetic energy and integral length scale are analysed in detail. The possible effects of these flow characteristics on the charge stratification and subsequent ignition and combustion processes are also discussed. The results have shown that the strong tumble field was characterized by a very small velocity component in the direction of the tumble rotational axis until the late stage of the compression stroke. The cyclic variation of the bulk flow, though still present, was significantly reduced. Towards the end of the compression process, both low- and high-frequency velocity fluctuations were found to be high after the tumble had collapsed. The velocity fluctuation component along the cylinder axis was characterized by higher frequencies. An integral length scale was found in the range of 4–9 mm during the compression stroke.
Temporal measurements of mass concentration of soot aggregates in diesel exhaust by a two-wavelength extinction method
Authors: Kamimoto T , Nakajima T , Kawashima Y
Published: October 2004

An optical instrument was developed that is based on a two-wavelength extinction principle and is used to measure the temporal mass concentration of soot aggregates in diesel exhaust. Two laser beams in coaxial alignment transmit a gas sample flow and the transmittances at two wavelengths are measured simultaneously. The specific extinction is determined by a comparison of mass concentrations measured at steady operation conditions by both the extinction and paper filter methods. The soot mass concentration is calculated from the measured transmittance value using the specific extinction obtained. It is demonstrated by experiments with two EURO III direct injection diesel engines that the developed instrument is able to measure the soot mass concentration under transient modes. A theoretical approach to quantify the ratio of scattering to absorption of diesel soot aggregates is proposed whereby the transmittance values measured at two wavelengths and electron micrographs are incorporated into the soot aggregate scattering theory. The refractive index of the diesel soot aggregates is finally determined so that the measured specific absorption could fit a calculated one.
The role of perceived need within the theory of planned behaviour: A comparison of exercise and healthy eating
Authors: Payne Nicola , Jones Fiona , Harris Peter R.
Published: October 2004

Objectives: This study examined the effect of perceived need on exercise and healthy eating using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). In addition, it investigated the determinants of perceived need.

Method: Participants completed a questionnaire measuring components of TPB and perceived need. A follow‐up questionnaire 1 week later measured behaviour. The questionnaires were completed by e‐mail. The initial questionnaire was completed by 331 adults, and 286 follow‐up questionnaires were returned.

Results: Perceived behavioural control was the main predictor of exercise intention and affective attitude was the main predictor of healthy eating intention. Perceived need significantly contributed to the prediction of healthy eating intention but not to exercise intention. Intention and perceived behavioural control predicted actual behaviour but perceived need did not. Reasons reported for the perception of needing to engage in both behaviours mainly focused on physical health and weight control.

Conclusions: Reasons reported for low perceived need suggest that the concept of perceived need may be rather ambiguous, particularly in the case of exercise. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the role of perceived need in relation to a variety of health behaviours.
Belief importance and the theory of planned behaviour: Comparing modal and ranked modal beliefs in predicting attendance at breast screening
Authors: Steadman Liz , Rutter D.R.
Published: October 2004

Objective: The objective of this study was, to compare the predictive utility of two measures of the attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) in predicting intention and subsequent attendance at breast screening. One construct was based on a modal set of underlying beliefs; the other was based on the three beliefs from each construct considered by the participant to be the most important.

Method: We used a prospective, longitudinal design using a postal questionnaire at Time 1 and objective attendance data from screening records at Time 2. Questionnaires were sent to 1657 women from southeast England due to be invited for X‐ray mammography under the UK's National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. After evaluating a set of modal behavioural, normative and control beliefs, women were asked to select the three beliefs they saw as the most important for them, and to rank them. The products of these three beliefs formed the ‘important’ (vs. the modal) measures.

Results: The ‘important’ attitude and subjective norm measures showed similar associations with direct measures and were equivalent to the modal measures in predicting intention and attendance at screening. The modal control construct was marginally more robust than the ‘important’ one in its association with the direct measure of control, and with intention. Key individual important beliefs that predicted intention and behaviour were identified.

Conclusions: Measuring belief importance can help more fully identify the structures underlying attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, and can provide useful information when the TPB is used as the basis for intervention to help change behaviour.
Psychological distress in couples dealing with colorectal cancer: Gender and role differences and intracouple correspondence
Authors: Tuinstra Jolanda , Hagedoorn Mariët , Van Sonderen Eric , Ranchor Adelita V. , Van den Bos Geertrudis A.M. , Nijboer Chris , Sanderman Robbert
Published: October 2004

Objectives: This longitudinal study examined patterns of psychological distress in couples facing colorectal cancer within 6 months after surgery. In addition, correspondence in psychological distress was investigated between patients and their spouses, taking into account the gender of the patient.

Method: The study had a longitudinal design, involving three assessment points; (T1) within 2 weeks after surgery, (T2) 3 months after baseline and (T3) 6 months after baseline. At T1, respondents were asked to indicate how they felt during the week prior to surgery. At T2 and T3, respondents reported their feelings during the preceding week. Psychological distress was measured using the 20‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) in 137 couples.

Results: Concerning the week prior to surgery, females reported more distress being a patient, whereas males reported more distress being a spouse. In comparison with a reference group, females as well as males, regardless of their role, showed increased levels of psychological distress prior to surgery. At 3 and 6 months following surgery, increased levels of distress continued to exist in females, whereas males’ distress returned to normal levels. Neither within female‐patient couples, nor within male‐patient couples, were associations between patients’ and spouses’ distress found.

Conclusion. We demonstrated a considerable impact of the cancer diagnosis on both female and male patients and their spouses before and 3 months after surgery. Six months after surgery, females, in particular, appear to be vulnerable to distress.
Promoting exercise behaviour: An integration of persuasion theories and the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Jones Lee W. , Sinclair Robert C. , Rhodes Ryan E. , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: October 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a theoretical integrated persuasive message on exercise motivation in college students.

Method: Four hundred and fifty introductory psychology students (M age = 20.02 years;SD = 3.94) were randomly assigned to reading positively or negatively framed strong messages advocating exercise. The messages were attributed to a credible source, a non‐credible source or to a no‐source control condition. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (i.e. attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control) and cognitive responses (i.e. thought listing) were measured immediately and 2 weeks following the delivery of the intervention.

Results: Unfortunately, the results did not corroborate previous research, as we did not find any significant effects between experimental groups on any psychological or behavioural variable.

Conclusions: There may be several potential explanations for the lack of effects, including the interaction between the type of persuasive information (TPB implications) and sources of persuasion and how these persuasive messages are processed (elaboration likelihood model/cognitive response implications). The theoretical implications of this research are discussed with a view towards future directions for exercise promotion initiatives using theoretically driven interventions.
Role of a Labile Terpene Compound in the Assessment of the Age of a Fossil Wood from Siena (Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Staccioli G. , Meli A. , Menchi G. , Matteoli U. , Ricottini G.
Published: October 2004

Fossil samples of Pinus sylvestris found near Siena (Tuscany, Italy) in geological formations 2–3 million
years old were chemically examined in order to solve the problem of the contrast between the age
of geological formations and their good degree of preservation.

Comparison with a living Pinus sylvestris was carried out on standard wood component analyses,
cation exchange capacity and residual terpene content. The analyses of wood components were close to
those of the reference pine, whilst the cation exchange capacity values showed remarkable changes. The
increase of salt carboxyls suggested the hydrolysis of ester carboxyls originally present, whilst the reduction
of total carboxyls revealed a partial loss of hemicelluloses. Both changes were attributed to the percolation
of salt-bearing water through the wood, thus causing ester hydrolysis, carboxyl salification and
hemicellulose solubilisation. Residual terpene analysis showed, for the first time in a terrestrial fossil,
tetrahydroabietic acid which forms by disproportion of the abietic acid. The 14C dating assigned the fossil
to an age of about 18,000 years and suggested a landslide of Wurmian interglacial age occurred inside
the geological formations of 2–3 million years old.

Transient terpene compounds, formed in incipient diagenesis, are proposed as tracers for the assessment
of particular ranges of fossil age, as previously suggested by the analyses of both a Larix decidua
14,500 years old and a Picea abies 100,000 years
Use of β-13 C labelled Coniferyl Alcohol to Detect "End-Wise" Polymerization in the Formation of DHPs
Authors: Ämmälahti E. , Brunow G.
Published: October 2004

The possibility that preformed dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) could function as a template to induce
a structural pattern in DHP more closely resembling that of natural softwood lignin was investigated by
oxidizing β-13C-labelled coniferyl alcohol in a medium containing preformed unlabelled polymeric DHP.
The experiments were performed at pH 4 and pH 6.5. 1D and 2D NMR were used to estimate the distribution
of structural units. No such template effect was found in a comparison of unlabelled with uniformly
labelled DHP. Indeed, the effect of pH on the coupling pattern of coniferyl alcohol was greater
than the effect of the preformed DHP.
Solid State NMR Studies on Cellulose Crystallinity in Fines and Bulk Fibres Separated from Refined Kraft Pulp
Authors: Liitiä T. , Maunu S. L. , Hortling B.
Published: October 2004

Solid state NMR spectroscopy has been used in this work to investigate crystallinity of cellulose in
spruce wood before and after kraft pulping and TCF bleaching. Effects of refining of the spruce kraft
pulp in water and in weak alkali have been studied by determination of the crystallinity of isolated fines
and corresponding bulk fibres in order to find out whether the crystallinity in the fibre surface material
and inside the fibre wall differ from each other. Also the possible effect of enzymatic endo-1,4-β-galactanase
treatment on the crystallinity of some refined pulps has been investigated. It was found that the
Iα crystalline form of cellulose predominates over the Iβ form in native spruce and vice versa in all the
pulps studied. In pulping part of the cellulose Iα is converted to the more stable Iβ form mainly by heat.
Any measurable changes in the degree of crystallinity or in the relative proportions of different crystalline
forms of cellulose could not be seen in pulps after refining, TCF-bleaching or galactanase treatment.
However, the degree of crystallinity was found to be considerably lower in the fines compared to
the corresponding bulk fibres. Therefore it is suggested that the cellulose crystallinity is lower or the size
of crystallites smaller on the fibre surface than inside the fibre wall. Slightly higher contents of lignin
and hemicelluloses, mainly xylan and mannan, were also found in the fines compared to the bulk fibres.
Structure and Reactivity of Lignins and Associated Phenolic Acids in Wheat Straw TMP and CTMP Pulps
Authors: Billa E. , Choudens C. de , Monties B.
Published: October 2004

The effect of hydrogen peroxide bleaching on the structure of thermomechanical (TMP) and chemothermomechanical
(CTMP) wheat straw paper pulps was investigated. The results obtained by thioacidolysis
indicated that the TMP treatment did not significantly affect the ß-0-4 structures of lignins whereas,
the alkali conditions of sulfonation (CTMP) and bleaching induced the cleavage of the ß-0-4 bonds
and an increase in the S/G ratio. Moreover, it was concluded that bleaching and sulfonation are responsible
for the partial solubilisation of the p-coumaric and ferulic acid esters. The ethers of p-coumaric acid
are not significantly affected by these treatments whereas, the ethers of ferulic acid are degraded, as
shown by acidolysis data. These results underline the structural differences of wheat straw pulps compared
to wood pulps.
Thermal Reactions of N-Methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO): A General Method for Separation and Quantification of N-Methyl-morpholine-N-oxide and its Main Degradation Products N-Methylmorpholine and Morpholine by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
Authors: Potthast A. , Rosenau T. , Kosma P. , Schelosky N. , Baldinger T.
Published: October 2004

A general analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection has been
developed to separate and quantify N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and its main degradation
products N-methylmorpholine (NMM) and morpholine (M). The electrolyte is based on the two major
components 4-methylbenzylamine and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (hydroxy-isobutyric acid,
HIBA), the latter being used to adjust the pH to a value below 3.5 which is crucial for the electrophoretic
mobility and, thus, for a good detectability of the amine oxide. The present method is widely applicable
to monitor kinetics of reaction mixtures containing NMMO. NMM and M can be determined simultaneously
even in a 1000-fold excess of NMMO.

To monitor the fast and exothermic thermal degradation of NMMO by the electrophoretic method,
special reaction conditions had to be developed for separating the initial decomposition step from super-imposed
subsequent reactions. Reactive degradation products were removed by flushing with nitrogen,
and the reaction rate was decreased by dilution with o-dichlorobenzene as an inert solvent. The initial
phase of the decomposition reaction has been shown to follow second-order kinetics.
Effects of Chemical Modification Reagents on Acoustic Properties of Wood
Authors: Chang S.-T. , Chang H.-T. , Huang Y.-S. , Hsu F.-L.
Published: October 2004

The acoustic properties of several chemically modified Sitka spruce samples (Picea sitchensis Carr.)
were evaluated in the longitudinal direction of wood specimens. Sitka spruce treated with glyoxal and
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) displayed superior acoustic properties to those obtained by the other
treatments. The acoustic converting efficiency (ACE) of the glyoxal-CMC treated Sitka spruce was 1.84
times of that of the untreated specimen and the specific dynamic Young's modulus (E′/r) was retained
without decrement after such treatment. Changes in the tanδ of Sitka spruce treated with glyoxal and different
concentrations of 1,4-butanediol were opposite. With a low concentration of 1,4-butanediol
(10%), the tanδ of the treated specimen decreased as a result of the formation of crosslinked cyclic structures.
The potential presence of more alkyl hydroxyl groups in the Sitka spruce, after being treated with
glyoxal and a high concentration of 1,4-butanediol (20%), resulted in the increment of tanδ and the
decrement of ACE. The impairment of the acoustic properties of Sitka spruce was caused by the introduction
of free chains with endwise carboxylic acid groups into cell walls after the succinic anhydride
treatment. Slight improvement on the ACE of Sitka spruce was achieved by the reaction with acetic anhydride
and the decrease in the tanδ was about 15%, which was attributed to the partial formation of
crosslinked matrix. These results revealed the improvement of the acoustic properties of chemically
modified wood that was probably achieved only by the formation of network structures between wood
components and reagents.