bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation and modeling of gravity wave propagation through reflection and critical layers above Andes Lidar Observatory at Cerro Pachón, Chile
Authors: Cao Bing , Heale Christopher J. , Guo Yafang , Liu Alan Z. , Snively Jonathan B.
Published: October 2016

A complex gravity wave event was observed from 04:30 to 08:10 UTC on 16 January 2015 by a narrow‐band sodium lidar and an all‐sky airglow imager located at Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) in Cerro Pachón (30.25°S, 70.73°W), Chile. The gravity wave packet had a period of 18–35 min and a horizontal wavelength of about 40–50 km. Strong enhancements of the vertical wind perturbation, exceeding 10 m s−1, were found at ∼90 km and ∼103 km, consistent with nearly evanescent wave behavior near a reflection layer. A reduction in vertical wavelength was found as the phase speed approached the background wind speed near ∼93 km. A distinct three‐layered structure was observed in the lidar data due to refraction of the wave packet. A fully nonlinear model was used to simulate this event, which successfully reproduced the amplitudes and layered structure seen in observations. The model results provide dynamical insight, suggesting that a double reflection occurring at two separate heights caused the large vertical wind amplitudes, while the three‐layered structure in the temperature perturbation was a result of relatively stable regions at those altitudes. The event provides a clear perspective on the filtering processes to which short‐period, small‐scale gravity waves are subject in mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
An automated satellite cloud classification scheme using self‐organizing maps: Alternative ISCCP weather states
Authors: McDonald Adrian J. , Cassano John J. , Jolly Ben , Parsons Simon , Schuddeboom Alex
Published: October 2016

This study explores the application of the self‐organizing map (SOM) methodology to cloud classification. In particular, the SOM is applied to the joint frequency distribution of the cloud top pressure and optical depth from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D1 data set. We demonstrate that this scheme produces clusters which have geographical and seasonal patterns similar to those produced in previous studies using the k‐means clustering technique but potentially provides complementary information. For example, this study identifies a wider range of clusters representative of low cloud cover states with distinct geographic patterns. We also demonstrate that two rather similar clusters, which might be considered the same cloud regime in other classifications, are distinct based on the seasonal variation of their geographic distributions and their cloud radiative effect in the shortwave. Examination of the transitions between regimes at particular geographic positions between one day and the next also shows that the SOM produces an objective organization of the various cloud regimes that can aid in their interpretation. This is also supported by examination of the SOM's Sammon map and correlations between neighboring nodes geographic distributions. Ancillary ERA‐Interim reanalysis output also allows us to demonstrate that the clusters, identified based on the joint histograms, are related to an ordered continuum of vertical velocity profiles and two‐dimensional vertical velocity versus lower tropospheric stability histograms which have a clear structure within the SOM. The different nodes can also be separated by their longwave and shortwave cloud radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere.
Teacher attunement to peer‐nominated aggressors
Authors: Dawes Molly , Chen Chin‐Chih , Zumbrunn Sharon K. , Mehtaji Meera , Farmer Thomas W. , Hamm Jill V.
Published: October 2016

This study examined the associations between teacher attunement to aggressive students and students’ characteristics in a sample (n = 278) of youth in 5th‐grade classrooms with the assumption that certain student characteristics may either prime or hinder teachers’ attunement to aggressive students. Teacher attunement was measured as the agreement between teacher‐ and peer‐nominations for students who start fights. Teachers rated their students on the following characteristics: academic competence, affiliation, popularity, internalizing behavior, and Olympian qualities. Higher affiliation, popularity, and internalizing behavior were associated with decreased odds for teacher attunement to aggressive youth. Higher Olympian qualities were associated with increased odds for teacher attunement to aggressive youth. Implications for interventions are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 43:263–272, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D Printed Chiral Cellular Solids with Amplified Auxetic Effects Due to Elevated Internal Rotation
Authors: Jiang Yunyao , Li Yaning
Published: October 2016

For the first time, the concept of amplifying chirality‐induced auxetic effect via elevating internal rotation efficiency is proposed. Based on this concept, new chiral cellular solids with center cores and softer hinges are designed and fabricated via multi‐material 3D printing. The new designs are proved via mechanical experiments and finite element (FE) simulations to have robust and amplified auxetic effects under large deformation. A linear relationship between the internal rotation efficiency and the Poisson's ratio is discovered. To bridge the conceptual model and the real cellular solids, systematic FE simulations are performed and provided guidelines to design this new family of chiral cellular solids with robust auxetic effects via jointly tailoring geometry and material composition.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Isoindolium Salts from 2‐Arylpyridines and Alkenes in Aqueous Medium under Oxygen
Authors: Upadhyay Nitinkumar Satyadev , Jayakumar Jayachandran , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: October 2016

A highly regioselective synthesis of pyrido[2,1‐a]isoindolium salts from 2‐arylpyridines and two equivalents of electron‐deficient alkenes catalyzed by rhodium is demonstrated. The reaction was carried out in aqueous medium at 110 °C using inexpensive oxygen as oxidant. Reverse aza‐Michael addition of the isoindolium salt occurs when the salt was treated with base to give a β‐disubstituted alkene product. A reaction mechanism involving an ortho C–H olefination of 2‐arylpyridine by alkene, intramolecular aza‐Michael addition, deprotonation at the β‐carbon of the alkene fragment followed by another Michael addition to give the final product is proposed.

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Promoting Photogenerated Holes Utilization in Pore‐Rich WO3 Ultrathin Nanosheets for Efficient Oxygen‐Evolving Photoanode
Authors: Liu Youwen , Liang Lin , Xiao Chong , Hua Xuemin , Li Zhou , Pan Bicai , Xie Yi
Published: October 2016

Rational design of active artificial photoanode for photosynthesis water splitting is spotlight for future applications in sustainable energy conversion. In response, focusing on the full‐scale restricting factors on the photoanode reaction, the pore‐rich WO3 ultrathin nanosheets with nearly fully exposed highly active crystal facets are conceptually presented and experimentally achieved. The scrumptious chemical bond condition and derived electronic structure in pore‐rich nanosheets realize the simultaneously optimizing on the multilimitation factors including the carrier of generation, migration, and reaction during overall oxygen‐evolving photoanode reaction process. Benefiting from the synergic virtues of more photogenerated holes, rapid the migration rate, shorter migration path, and stronger ability of oxidation, the pore‐rich WO3 ultrathin nanosheets‐based photoanode delivers delectable photoelectrocatalysis performance, substantially transcending the unmodified contrast. Significantly, the conception of the multilimiting factors coordinated regulation proposed in this work through scrumptious atomic structure design undoubtedly enables new perspective in exploring high‐performance oxygen‐evolving photoanode.
Radiotracer and particle tracking methods, modeling and scale‐up
Authors: Roy Shantanu
Published: October 2016

Radiotracer techniques are widely used for troubleshooting and detection of pathological flows in industrial reactors. In recent decades, there has been a trend towards using radiotracer techniques for assessing flow field in industrial vessels, likening them to residence time distribution (RTD) measurements. On the other hand, radiation‐based particle tracking techniques such as Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) methods have become popular for laboratory investigations flow fields in multiphase reactors. Both the methods have been used to validate respective‐scale phenomenological and CFD models to some success, but in a rather independent and ad hoc fashion and not attempting to link the two techniques as flow interrogators in their respective domains. This communication tries to bridge these two techniques and proposes a way to link the two, and makes a case for using them as complementary techniques for measurements at the two scales, and for validating models at the two scales. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 314–326, 2017
Thrombotic issues in transgender medicine: A review
Authors: Shatzel Joseph J. , Connelly Kara J. , DeLoughery Thomas G.
Published: October 2016

Clinicians, including hematologists, are more frequently encountering transgender individuals in practice; however, most lack training on the management and complications of transgender medicine. Hormonal therapy forms the backbone of medical interventions for patients undergoing gender transition. While supplementing an individual's intrinsic sex hormone is associated with a variety of hematologic complications including increased rates of venous thrombosis, cardiovascular events, erthyrocytosis, and malignancy, the risks of supplementing with opposing sex hormones are not well understood. Data on the hematologic complications of these therapies are accumulating but remain limited, and clinicians have little experience with their management. This review highlights the current interventions available in transgender medicine and related potential hematologic complications, and it suggests simple, evidence‐based management going forward. Am. J. Hematol. 92:204–208, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of psychosocial work factors and psychological distress on self‐assessed work ability: A 7‐year follow‐up in a general working population
Authors: Leijon Ola , Balliu Natalja , Lundin Andreas , Vaez Marjan , Kjellberg Katarina , Hemmingsson Tomas
Published: October 2016

Background

Toinvestigate the effects of psychosocial work factors (PWF) and psychological distress (PD) on self‐assessed work ability.

Methods

This follow‐up study included 7,810 individuals (55%women) with good work ability at baseline. PWFandPD (measured by GHQ‐12) were assessed at baseline and work ability at 7‐year follow‐up. Effects of PWF and PD on work ability were analyzed by logistic regression, odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI, and by mediation analysisusing 4‐way decomposition.

Results

Low support was associated with poor work ability for both women and men (OR 1.78 and 1.89). For men, also low skill discretion was associated with poor work ability (OR 2.07). For both women and men, PD was associated with poor work ability (OR 3.41 and 1.84). PD did not act as an intermediate variablein the association between PWF and work ability.

Conclusion

Strategies for sustainable work ability should focus on both working conditions and health factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:121–130, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Fibulin 3 in Aging‐Related Joint Changes and Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis in Human and Mouse Knee Cartilage
Authors: Hasegawa Akihiko , Yonezawa Tomo , Taniguchi Noboru , Otabe Koji , Akasaki Yukio , Matsukawa Tetsuya , Saito Masahiko , Neo Masashi , Marmorstein Lihua Y. , Lotz Martin K.
Published: October 2016

Objective

The EFEMP1 gene encoding fibulin 3 is specifically expressed in the superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage. The aims of this study were to examine the expression patterns of fibulin 3 in the knee joints during aging and during osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine the role of fibulin 3 in the pathogenesis of OA.

Methods

Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on normal and OA knee cartilage samples from humans and mice. Experimental OA was induced in wild‐type and fibulin 3−/− mice, and the severity of OA was evaluated by histologic scoring. To examine fibulin 3 function, human chondrocyte monolayer cultures were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA), followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) were transduced with an EFEMP1 lentivirus and analyzed for markers of chondrogenesis.

Results

Fibulin 3 was specifically expressed in the SZ of normal knee joint cartilage from humans and mice, and the expression levels declined with aging. Both aging‐related OA and experimental OA were significantly more severe in fibulin 3−/− mice compared with wild‐type mice. Fibulin 3 expression was high in undifferentiated human BM‐MSCs and decreased during chondrogenesis. Suppression of fibulin 3 by siRNA significantly increased the expression of SOX9, type II collagen, and aggrecan in human articular chondrocytes, while overexpression of fibulin 3 inhibited chondrogenesis in BM‐MSCs.

Conclusion

Fibulin 3 is specifically expressed in the SZ of articular cartilage and its expression is reduced in aging and OA. Fibulin 3 regulates differentiation of adult progenitor cells, and its aging‐related decline is an early event in the pathogenesis of OA. Preventing aging‐associated loss of fibulin 3 or restoring it to normal levels in SZ chondrocytes has the potential to delay or prevent the onset of OA.
Synthesis of Functional Bis(pentafluoroethyl)silanes (C2F5)2SiX2, with X=H, F, Cl, Br, OPh, and O2CCF3
Authors: Schwarze Nico , Kurscheid Boris , Steinhauer Simon , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Hoge Berthold
Published: October 2016

As recently shown, the introduction of pentafluoroethyl functionalities into silicon compounds is of general interest due to an enhanced Lewis acidity of the resulting species. By this means, the synthesis of previously inaccessible hypervalent silicon derivatives is enabled. While an easy access to tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanes has already been published, synthetic strategies for the selective preparation of bis derivatives are yet unknown. In this contribution, a convenient protocol for the synthesis of functional bis(pentafluoroethyl)silicon compounds is presented. These compounds represent precursors for the synthesis of pentafluoroethylated polysiloxanes. Furthermore, they prove to be resistant to oxonium cations, which is a key feature for the preparation of stable pentafluoroethylsilic acids. Treatment of dichlorodiphenoxysilane with in situ generated pentafluoroethyl lithium leads to the corresponding bis(pentafluoroethyl)silane in high yields. (C2F5)2Si(OPh)2 serves as a starting material for further functionalized bis(pentafluoroethyl)silanes. These silanes have been isolated and their reactivity towards N bases studied. The pronounced Lewis acidity of the obtained compounds has been documented by the formation of octahedral adducts with nitrogen donors such as 1,10‐phenanthroline and acetonitrile.
Two Independent Orthogonal Stereomutations at a Single Asymmetric Center: A Narcissistic Couple
Authors: Gillick‐Healy Malachi W. , Jennings Elizabeth V. , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Ortin Yannick , Nikitin Kirill , Gilheany Declan G.
Published: October 2016

The energy barriers in our recently discovered Walden‐type inversion of chlorophosphonium salts are similar to those for Cope rearrangements of caged cyclic hydrocarbons. Therefore, we have designed a molecular system that integrates the two processes, thereby producing the first embodiment of a chemical species that can undergo two entirely different and independent stereomutation mechanisms at the same nominal asymmetric center. Thus, the energy barrier to the rearrangement of 9‐phenyl‐9‐phosphabarbaralane oxide, which is easily prepared by a new high‐yielding synthesis, was found to be roughly 11 kcal mol−1. This value is in contrast to the parent barbaralane (7.3 kcal mol−1) but in good agreement with our computational results for the rearrangement barriers. Crucially, in the corresponding chlorophosphonium derivative, two stereomutations occur simultaneously: a fast Cope rearrangement (barrier ≈12 kcal mol−1) and a slow Walden‐type inversion of the phosphorus center (barrier ≈21 kcal mol−1). The computational model also revealed a relationship between the Cope rearrangement barrier and the bridgehead distance. The phenomenon of two independent and geometrically orthogonal stereomutations at a single asymmetric center provided important general insights into reaction pathway bifurcation, microscopic reversibility, and dynamic stereochemistry. This first example of coexisting alternative mechanisms that involve covalent bonds may encourage the design of new types of dynamic molecular structures.
Coinage Metal Complexes of Bis‐Alkynyl‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Reactivity, Photophysical Properties, and Quantum Chemical Investigations
Authors: Kiefer Claude , Bestgen Sebastian , Gamer Michael T. , Kühn Michael , Lebedkin Sergei , Weigend Florian , Kappes Manfred M. , Roesky Peter W.
Published: October 2016

Bis‐phenylpropynyl‐functionalized imidazolium salts and their corresponding gold and copper N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were prepared in order to investigate their potential application for the synthesis of heterometallic coinage metal compounds. By transmetalation reactions with different precious metal sources, including copper and silver phenylacetylides [MCCPh]n (M=Cu, Ag), polynuclear compounds were obtained, which were further investigated for their photoluminescence properties. Additionally, one gold NHC complex was post‐functionalized by autocatalytic hydration of the alkynyl side chains. Time‐dependent DFT investigations of singlet electronic excitations in representative complexes revealed excited states of diverse character, as determined by the specific complex structure and metallophilic interactions.
N‐Methyl‐Benzothiazolium Salts as Carbon Lewis Acids for Si−H σ‐Bond Activation and Catalytic (De)hydrosilylation
Authors: Fasano Valerio , Radcliffe James E. , Curless Liam D. , Ingleson Michael J.
Published: October 2016

N−Me‐Benzothiazolium salts are introduced as a new family of Lewis acids able to activate Si−H σ bonds. These carbon‐centred Lewis acids were demonstrated to have comparable Lewis acidity towards hydride as found for the triarylboranes widely used in Si−H σ‐bond activation. However, they display low Lewis acidity towards hard Lewis bases such as Et3PO and H2O in contrast to triarylboranes. The N−Me‐benzothiazolium salts are effective catalysts for a range of hydrosilylation and dehydrosilylation reactions. Judicious selection of the C2 aryl substituent in these cations enables tuning of the steric and electronic environment around the electrophilic centre to generate more active catalysts. Finally, related benzoxazolium and benzimidazolium salts were found also to be active for Si−H bond activation and as catalysts for the hydrosilylation of imines.
A Controlled Route to a Luminescent 3 d10–5 d10 Sulfido Cluster Containing Unique AuCu2(μ3‐S) Motifs
Authors: Polgar Alexander M. , Khadka Chhatra B. , Azizpoor Fard Mahmood , Nikkel Brian , O'Donnell Terrence , Neumann Tobias , Lahring Kiana , Thompson Kyle , Cadogan Carolyn , Weigend Florian , Corrigan John F.
Published: October 2016

The first examples of gold(I) trimethylsilylchalcogenolate complexes were synthesized and their reactivity showcased in the preparation of a novel gold–copper–sulfur cluster [Au4Cu4S4(dppm)2] (dppm=bis(diphenylphosphino)methane). The unprecedented structural chemistry of this compound gives rise to interesting optoelectronic properties, including long‐lived orange luminescence in the solid state. Through time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, this emission is shown to originate from ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer facilitated by Au⋅⋅⋅Cu metallophilic bonding.
Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by titanate nanomaterials synthesized via hydrothermal method
Authors: Fan Gongduan , Lin Rujing , Su Zhaoyue , Lin Xiuyong , Xu Renxing , Chen Wei
Published: October 2016

Titanate nanomaterials (TNs) were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. The physical‐chemical properties of the as‐prepared TNs, such as morphology, structure, surface area, and chemical composition, were characterized by XRD, SEM, and BET. The absorption capability and adsorptive mechanism of Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions were tested in the static system. The results showed that the TNs prepared with reaction time of 24 h were in pure monoclinic phase which aggregated mutually to form a unique layered structure. TNs were considered excellent adsorbents to Cr (VI). When pH = 1, the adsorption capacity was up to 83.91 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics of Cr (VI) followed the pseudo‐first order model. The equilibrium adsorption time of TNs was 80 min. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data best. The adsorption of Cr (VI) onto TNs was an exothermic process, and the adsorption process was mainly composed of electrostatic attraction. The structure of TNs basically remained unchanged after adsorption.
Initiation of and adherence to tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor therapy among elderly women with ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Zhao Hui , Hei Nainan , Wu Yiling , Chan Winston , Lei Xiudong , Cameron Carrie , Chang Shine , Chavez‐MacGregor Mariana , Giordano Sharon H.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B35 and International Breast Cancer Intervention Studies II Ductal Carcinoma In Situ trials showed similar treatment effects of anastrozole and tamoxifen in reducing cancer recurrence risk among ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients. Studies have shown low levels of hormone therapy drug initiation for DCIS patients, but the current body of literature lacks information on the 5‐year adherence rates for these drugs from population‐based studies.

METHODS

This study evaluated the initiation and 5‐year adherence levels for women aged 66 to 85 years who had been diagnosed with estrogen receptor (ER)–positive DCIS between 2007 and 2011 according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Texas Cancer Registry databases linked to Medicare claims. Chi‐square tests, trend tests, and logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with treatment initiation.

RESULTS

There were 2871 women with ER‐positive DCIS, and approximately 45% began treatment with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) within 1 year of their DCIS diagnosis. The median age was 73 years for the users and 75 years for the nonusers. Women aged 66 to 70 years who underwent lumpectomy and radiation therapy were significantly more likely to initiate hormone therapy. The initiation of therapy was also significantly associated with patients' geographic location, education, marital status, diagnosis year, and race/ethnicity. Among users, adherence decreased from 67% in the first year to 30% in the fifth year.

CONCLUSIONS

Initiation and adherence levels for tamoxifen or AIs among older women with ER‐positive DCIS are low. Future studies should develop methods to ensure that informed discussions take place between health care providers and patients regarding hormonal therapy for cancer prevention. Cancer 2017;123:940–47. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Stochastic Homogenization of Nonconvex Hamilton‐Jacobi Equations: A Counterexample
Authors: Ziliotto Bruno
Published: October 2016

This paper provides a counterexample to Hamilton‐Jacobi homogenization in the nonconvex case for general stationary ergodic environments.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A practical construction for large universe hierarchical attribute‐based encryption
Authors: Li Cong , Fang Yuejian , Zhang Xing , Jin Cancan , Shen Qingni , Wu Zhonghai
Published: October 2016

We present a practical large universe hierarchical attribute‐based encryption (LU‐HABE) scheme, which supports monotone access structures. In our system, key generation centers (KGCs), any one in which is labeled by a unique identity, are organized as a hierarchical structure. Thus, all secret keys issued by the KGC contain 2 parts: the identity‐related one and the attribute‐related one. Once the data owner wants to encrypt his/her data, he/she needs to specify certain numbers of pairs according to his/her demand. The pair consists of an identity of a KGC and a policy of attributes managed by the corresponding KGC, eg, IDi and (Mi, ρi). If and only if an identity associated with user's secret key is equal to or is an ancestor of one of the identities appearing in ciphertext, and simultaneously a set of attributes belonging to the user satisfies the policy, the user can decrypt it successfully. Our scheme is proved to be selectively secure in the standard model under the modified “q‐type” assumption similar to the ones used in former works and is extended to support online/offline encryption. To show the efficiency of our construction, we implement our original scheme and the extended one in Charm. Analyses show that both of them are very practical.
Application of Nanocrystalline Graphite‐like Pyrolytic Carbon Film Electrode in the Electroanalytical Determination of Famotidine
Authors: Hadi Mojtaba , Ehsani Ali , Honarmand Ebrahim
Published: October 2016

Direct electro‐oxidation of famotidine at different graphitic carbon‐based electrode materials was evaluated. These materials included conventional electrodes of edge‐plane pyrolytic graphite, basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite, carbon paste, and glassy carbon as well as nano‐structured carbon‐based materials such as pyrolytic carbon film, carbon nanotube, and nano‐graphene. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to analyze their structural and morphological features. It was found that the pyrolytic carbon film electrode, after a simple and fast anodic activation, shows superior electroanalytical performance. The method was successfully applied for the electroanalytical determination of famotidine in tablet dosage forms and urine samples.
Benthic injury dose–response models for polychlorinated biphenyl–contaminated sediment using equilibrium partitioning
Authors: Finkelstein Kenneth , Beckvar Nancy , Dillon Tom
Published: October 2016

The study goal was to develop a sediment polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dose–response model based on benthic invertebrate effects to PCBs. The authors used an equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach to generate predicted PCB sediment effect concentrations (largely Aroclor 1254) associated with a gradient of toxic effects in benthic organisms from effects observed in aquatic toxicity studies. The present study differs from all other EqP collective sediment investigations in that the authors examined a common dose–response gradient of effects for PCBs rather than a single, protective value. The authors reviewed the chronic aquatic toxicity literature to identify measured aqueous PCB concentrations and associated benthic invertebrate effects. The authors control-normalized the aquatic toxic effect data and expressed results from various studies as a common metric, percent injury. Then, they calculated organic carbon–normalized sediment PCB concentrations (mg/kg organic carbon) from the aqueous PCB toxicity data set using EqP theory based on the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPIWEB 4.1) derivation of the water–organic carbon partition coefficient (KOC). Lastly, the authors constructed a nonlinear dose–response numerical model for these synoptic sediment PCB concentrations and biological effects: Y = 100/1 + 10([logEC50–logX] × [Hill slope]) (EC50 = median effective concentration). These models were used to generate “look-up” tables reporting percent injury in benthic biota for a range of Aroclor-specific sediment concentrations. For example, the model using the EPIWEB KOC estimate predicts mean benthic injury of 23.3%, 46.0%, 70.6%, 87.1%, and 95% for hypothetical sediment concentrations of 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, and 16 mg/kg dry weight of Aroclor 1254, respectively (at 1% organic carbon). The authors recommend the model presented for screening but suggest, when possible, determining a site-specific KOC that, along with the tables and equations, allows users to create their own protective dose–response sediment concentration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1311–1329. © 2016 SETAC
Application of starter cultures in the production of Enturire – a traditional sorghum‐based alcoholic beverage
Authors: Mukisa Ivan M. , Ntaate Denis , Byakika Stellah
Published: October 2016

Enturire is an alcoholic sorghum‐ and honey‐based beverage traditionally produced by spontaneous fermentation. Its fermentation process is lengthy (5–7 days), does not guarantee product quality and safety and thus necessitates use of pure starter cultures. This study compared a modified production process of Enturire, with honey added at the start to the traditional one (honey added 3 days into the fermentation). The study also evaluated two starter culture combinations (L. plantarum MNC 21 +  S. cerevisiae MNC 21 Y) and (L. plantarum MNC 21 +  W. confusa MNC 20 +  S. cerevisiae MNC 21Y). Microbial counts, pH, alcohol content, titratable acidity, (TA) and consumer acceptability of the Enturire were determined. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast counts increased from 4–6 log cfu/ml to 8–9 log cfu/ml and 3–4 log cfu/ml to 5–8 log cfu/ml, respectively. Acidification of Enturire to pH <4.5 was significantly (p < .05) faster (12 hr) with starter fermentations than in the modified (18 hr) and the traditional processes (31 hr). More alcohol (9.2%–9.4%) was produced by the starters than the spontaneous fermentations (3.24%–4.38%). The modified process without starters produced a more acceptable (p < .05) product than the traditional process. The starters produced acceptable Enturire within 12 hr with pH, acidity, and alcohol content of about 3.8, 0.7%, and 2.5%–3.5%. Both starter combinations can thus be used to produce safe and acceptable Enturire in a short time.
Role of parathyroid hormone in regeneration of irradiated bone in a murine model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Kang Stephen Y. , Deshpande Sagar S. , Zheutlin Alexander R. , Donneys Alexis , Rodriguez Jose J. , Nelson Noah S. , Felice Peter A. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Buchman Steven R.
Published: October 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to measure the histologic and histomorphometric effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment on irradiated bone undergoing distraction osteogenesis (DO).

Methods

Thirty‐four rats were divided into 3 groups. The control group underwent DO and the radiation control group underwent radiotherapy (RT) before DO. The PTH group underwent RT and received PTH during DO. Quantitative histology and histomorphometry were performed.

Results

RT resulted in a depletion of osteocytes and increase in empty lacunae. Treatment with PTH resulted in an increase in osteocyte counts and decrease in empty lacunae (p < .05), restoring osteocytes to levels seen in nonradiated bone (p = .121). RT decreased bone volume to tissue volume (BV‐TV) ratio and increased osteoid volume to tissue volume (OV‐TV) ratio, signifying increased immature bone formation. PTH treatment restored OV‐TV ratio to that observed in nonradiated bone.

Conclusion

PTH treatment of irradiated bone enhanced bone regeneration and restored osteocyte counts and OV‐TV ratio to levels comparable to nonradiated bone. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 464–470, 2017
Can positive inquiry strengthen obstetric referral systems in Cambodia?
Authors: Le Gillian , Heng Molyaneth , Nou Keosothea , So Phina , Ensor Tim
Published: October 2016

Maternal death remains high in low resource settings. Current literature on obstetric referral that sets out to tackle maternal death tends to focus on problematization. We took an alternative approach and rather asked what works in contemporary obstetric referral in a low income setting to find out if positive inquiry could generate original insights on referral that could be transformative. We documented and analysed instances of successful referral in a rural province of Cambodia that took place within the last year. Thirty women, their families, healthcare staff and community volunteers were purposively sampled for in‐depth interviews, conducted using an appreciative inquiry lens. We found that referral at its best is an active partnership between families, community and clinicians that co‐constructs care for labouring women during referral and delivery. Given the short time frame of the project we cannot conclude if this new understanding was transformative. However, we can show that acknowledging positive resources within contemporary referral systems enables health system stakeholders to widen their understanding of the kinds of resources that are available to them to direct and implement constructive change for maternal health. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in childhood leukemia incidence over two decades from 1992 to 2013
Authors: Barrington‐Trimis Jessica L. , Cockburn Myles , Metayer Catherine , Gauderman W. James , Wiemels Joseph , McKean‐Cowdin Roberta
Published: October 2016

Incidence rates of childhood leukemia in the United States have steadily increased over the last several decades, but only recently have disparities in the increase in incidence been recognized. In the current analysis, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data were used to evaluate recent trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia diagnosed at age 0–19 years from 1992 to 2013, overall and by age, race/ethnicity, gender and histologic subtype. Hispanic White children were more likely than non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black or non‐Hispanic Asian children to be diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) from 2009 to 2013. From 1992 to 2013, a significant increase in ALL incidence was observed for Hispanic White children [annual percent change (APC)Hispanic = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.58]; no significant increase was observed for non‐Hispanic White, Black or Asian children. ALL incidence increased by about 3% per year from 1992 to 2013 for Hispanic White children diagnosed from 15 to 19 years (APC = 2.67; 95% CI: 0.88, 4.49) and by 2% for those 10–14 years (APC = 2.09; 95% CI: 0.57, 3.63), while no significant increases in incidence were observed in non‐Hispanic White, Black, or Asian children of the same age. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incidence increased among non‐Hispanic White children under 1 year at diagnosis, and among Hispanic White children diagnosed at age 1–4. The increase in incidence rates of childhood ALL appears to be driven by rising rates in older Hispanic children (10–14, and 15–19 years). Future studies are needed to evaluate reasons for the increase in ALL among older Hispanic children.
Source Code and a Screwdriver: STEM Literacy Practices in Fabricating Activities Among Experienced Adult Makers
Authors: Tucker‐Raymond Eli , Gravel Brian E. , Kohberger Kaitlin , Browne Kyle
Published: October 2016

This article presents results from developing and applying an initial analytic frame for observing and explaining literacy practices in making activities. It describes literacy‐related themes that emerged when the framework was applied. These themes are discussed within the making process of fabrication, one of a number of goal‐directed stages of making. Findings indicate that literacy practices in fabrication are openly shared, networked, and often oriented toward interfacing between physical and digital worlds. Results come from interviews with 14 adult makers. Implications for project‐based learning contexts and for literacy teachers are shared.
Do distracting activities increase tolerance for an infant cry?
Authors: Glodowski Kathryn , Thompson Rachel
Published: October 2016

Professionals recommend parents engage in distracting activities to mitigate negative effects of inconsolable infant crying (e.g., Deyo, Skybo, & Carroll, 2008; Goulet et al., 2009). We evaluated the availability of alternative activities on six undergraduates’ tolerance for a recorded infant cry; three students tolerated the cry longer when distracting activities were available. Our results show that distracting activities could decrease the aversiveness of inconsolable infant crying for some individuals; additional research in natural caregiving situations will help determine the generality and social validity of this finding.
Construction and histological analysis of a 3D human arterial wall model containing vasa vasorum using a layer‐by‐layer technique
Authors: Shima Fumiaki , Narita Hirokazu , Hiura Ayami , Shimoda Hiroshi , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: October 2016

There is considerable global demand for three‐dimensional (3D) functional tissues which mimic our native organs and tissues for use as in vitro drug screening systems and in regenerative medicine. In particular, there has been an increasing number of patients who suffer from arterial diseases such as arteriosclerosis. As such, in vitro 3D arterial wall models that can evaluate the effects of novel medicines and a novel artificial graft for the treatment are required. In our previous study, we reported the rapid construction of 3D tissues by employing a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique and revealed their potential applications in the pharmaceutical fields and tissue engineering. In this study, we successfully constructed a 3D arterial wall model containing vasa vasorum by employing a LbL technique for the first time. The cells were coated with extracellular matrix nanofilms and seeded into a culture insert using a cell accumulation method. This model had a three‐layered hierarchical structure: a fibroblast layer, a smooth muscle layer, and an endothelial layer, which resembled the native arterial wall. Our method could introduce vasa vasorum into a fibroblast layer in vitro and the 3D arterial wall model showed barrier function which was evaluated by immunostaining and transendothelial electrical resistance measurement. Furthermore, electron microscopy observations revealed that the vasa vasorum was composed of single‐layered endothelial cells, and the endothelial tubes were surrounded by the basal lamina, which are known to promote maturation and stabilization in native blood capillaries. These models should be useful for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 814–823, 2017.
The Construction and Transition of Supramolecular Hydrogels Induced by Cyclodextrin Inclusion
Authors: Li Qiuhong , Li Aixiang , Sun Wei , Zhang Tao
Published: October 2016

Soft hydrogel nano‐ and micro‐structures have great potential applications in the field of tissue engineering and chemical sensors. In this paper, a supramolecular hydrogel was constructed by combining a triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)100‐(propyleneoxide)70‐(ethyleneoxide)100 (PEO100‐PPO70‐PEO100
) (Pluronic F127), mono‐6‐thio‐β‐cyclodextrins (SH‐β‐CDs), and silver nanoparticles. Here, SH‐β‐CDs couple to the silver nanoparticles via thio groups and include PPO blocks of F127 using the hydrophobic cavity to form pseudo‐polyrotaxanes. Moreover, the hydrogel can be transformed to a homogenous solution by the addition of hydrochloride powder. These results are important for research related to the construction of soft hydrogel materials and control their mechanical properties.
Effect of Dielectric Constant of Solvents on the Particle Size and Bandgap of La/SnO2‐TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Properties
Authors: Farrukh Muhammad Akhyar , Muneer Iqra , Butt Komal Mehmood , Batool Sadaf , Fakhar Nazia
Published: October 2016

Lanthanum (La) supported on tin oxide‐titanium oxide (SnO2‐TiO2
) nanoparticles were prepared by a sol–gel method followed by a hydrothermal method. Effect of different solvents (ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol) on the particle size and catalytic activity was investigated. The nanomaterial was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray. The catalytic and optical properties were studied using solid‐phase spectrophotometry and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, respectively. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to detect the intermediates during the catalytic degradation of methylene blue. It was observed that with decrease in the dielectric constant (ε) of the solvent, the bandgap and particle size decrease and catalytic efficiency increases. Hence, the highest catalytic activity was observed with the solvent having the least dielectric constant.
The Studies of Structure of 2N‐(3‐phenyl‐allyl‐)(5‐phenyl‐[1,3,4] Thiadiazol‐2‐yl) Amine in Solution
Authors: Strzemecka Leokadia , Fijałkowski Łukasz , Nowaczyk Alicja
Published: October 2016

2N‐(3‐phenyl‐allyl‐)(5‐phenyl‐[1,3,4] thiadiazol‐2‐yl) amine was studied by means of the 1H, 13C, 15N NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. On the basis of the one‐dimensional 1H, 13C, 15N‐NMR and two‐dimensional 1H‐13C HMQC, 1H‐13C HMBC, 1H‐15N HMQC, 1H1H NOESY, 1H1H COSY correlation spectra the amine‐type and the imine‐type tautomers have been determined in the solution. Variety of structural forms including: biradical, ionic–biradical, and ionic structures of the amine‐type a and of the imine‐type b, c tautomers exist in the solution. According to the DFT computations the differences in the total energy between a and b, a and c, and b and c tautomers are equal to 1.5 kJ/mol, 1.2 kJ/mol, and 0.3 kJ/mol, respectively.
The illusion of the perfect alibi: Establishing the base rate of non‐offenders' alibis
Authors: Nieuwkamp Ricardo , Horselenberg Robert , Van Koppen Peter J.
Published: October 2016

The present study was designed to establish the base rate of alibis and supportive evidence for alibis of non‐offenders. That is important because the presence and lack of an alibi are often seen as a clear indicator of innocence and guilt, respectively, of a suspect. A large sample of laypersons (N = 841) was randomly assigned to one of 32 conditions in which they were asked to generate a true alibi after they were falsely accused of being the perpetrator of a mock robbery. Each condition consisted of either a Tuesday or a Saturday and one of 16 timeframes. In general, the majority of the participants had an alibi (99.5%) and supportive evidence for their alibis (92.4%). The supportive evidence often consisted of a combination of supportive evidence rather than one distinct form of supportive evidence (33.3%). Although it is widely assumed that the alibi believability is determined based on the strength of the supportive evidence, our results show that the type of evidence that can be presented by laypeople depends upon the day and the timeframe wherein the crime has been committed. The results of the study therefore imply that determining alibi believability solely on the strength of the supportive evidence is not a fair measure. We suggest that the believability should also be based on the base rate of alibis and its supportive evidence.
Simultaneous determination of seven multiclass veterinary antibiotics in surface water samples in the Republic of Korea using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chung Hyung Suk , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Lee Young‐Jun , Lee Han Sol , Kim Sangdon , Jung Hee‐Jung , Kang Tae‐Woo , Shin Ho‐Chul , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: October 2016

A simultaneous determination method using solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed to detect and quantify the presence of seven multiclass veterinary antibiotics (13 compounds in total) in surface water samples, which included the effluents of livestock wastewater and sewage treatment plants, as well as the reservoir drainage areas from dense animal farms. The pH of all water samples was adjusted to 2 or 6 before solid‐phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, method detection limit, method quantitation limit, accuracy, and precision. The linearity of all tested drugs was good, with R2 determination coefficients ≥ 0.9931. The method detection limits and method quantitation limits were 0.1–74.3 and 0.5–236.6 ng/L, respectively. Accuracy and precision values were 71–120 and 1–17%, respectively. The determination method was successfully applied for monitoring water samples obtained from the Yeongsan River in 2015. The most frequently detected antibiotics were lincomycin (96%), sulfamethazine (90%), sulfamethoxazole (88%), and sulfathiazole (50%); the maximum concentrations of which were 398.9, 1151.3, 533.1, and 307.4 ng/L, respectively. Overall, the greatest numbers and concentrations of detected antibiotics were found in samples from the effluents of livestock wastewater, sewage treatment plants, and reservoir drainage areas. Diverse veterinary antibiotics were present, and their presence was dependent upon the commercial sales and environmental properties of the analytes, the geographical positions of the sampling points, and the origin of the water.
Synthesis and characterization of photo‐responsive magnetic molecularly imprinted microspheres for the detection of sulfonamides in aqueous solution
Authors: Chen Fangfang , Dong Yunhong , Zhao Yanxia
Published: October 2016

A dual responsive molecularly imprinted polymer sensitive to both photonic and magnetic stimuli was successfully prepared for the detection of four sulfonamides in aqueous media. The photoresponsive magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer was prepared by surface imprinting polymerization using superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized with a silica layer as a support, water‐soluble 4‐[(4‐methacryloyloxy)phenylazo]benzenesulfonic acid as the functional monomer, and sulfadiazine as the template. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers showed specific affinity to sulfadiazine and its structural analogs in aqueous media. Upon alternate irradiation at 365 and 440 nm, the quantitative bind and release of the four sulfonamides by magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers occurred. Furthermore, the prepared magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers were used as solid‐phase extraction material selectively extracted the four sulfonamides from water samples with good recoveries. Thus, a simple, convenient, and reliable detection method for sulfonamides in the environment based on responsive magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers was successfully established.