bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Balancing tourism and conservation: analysing the sustainability of tourism in the city of Naples through citizen perspectives
Authors: Aria Massimo , D’Aniello Luca , Della Corte Valentina , Pagliara Francesca
Published: November 2023

This research aims to assess how residents perceive the impact of tourism on different dimensions, including the economy, environment, culture, society, and politics. Tourism plays a key role in stimulating a city’s economy. Nevertheless, it also presents challenges for residents, influencing their quality of life and mobility. Recently, the city of Naples (South of Italy) has emerged as a favorite destination for tourists in search of art, history, and landscapes. By gathering insights from the community through the administration of a questionnaire, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted effects of tourism development in Naples. A theoretical model was estimated using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to validate the formulated hypotheses regarding the relationship between six factors used to measure residents’ perception of tourism. Results provide a valuable resource for public administrations, helping them adopt effective strategies to address the impact of tourism on residents and mitigate its negative effects.
Gewalt in Einrichtungen der Sozialen Arbeit
Authors: Meyer Nikolaus
Published: November 2023

In Presseberichten ist seit geraumer Zeit von einer Zunahme der Gewalt von Beschäftigten gegenüber Adressat_innen der Sozialen Arbeit zu lesen (hr 2023a; Bub 2023). Parallel dazu stellt eine gewaltfreie, anerkennende und feinfühlige Arbeitsbeziehung das professionelle Grundverständnis der Sozialen Arbeit dar. Auf Basis einer quantitativen Befragung von über 8200 Beschäftigten der Sozialen Arbeit will der Beitrag das Ausmaß von Gewalt gegenüber Adressat_innen ebenso wie durch sie selbst aus Perspektive der Beschäftigten beschreiben und diskutiert dabei mögliche Zusammenhänge mit den Arbeitsbedingungen.
Hypoxia and interleukin-1-primed mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as novel therapy for stroke
Authors: Salaudeen Maryam Adenike , Allan Stuart , Pinteaux Emmanuel
Published: November 2023

Promising preclinical stroke research has not yielded meaningful and significant success in clinical trials. This lack of success has prompted the need for refinement of preclinical studies with the intent to optimize the chances of clinical success. Regenerative medicine, especially using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), has gained popularity in the last decade for treating many disorders, including central nervous system (CNS), such as stroke. In addition to less stringent ethical constraints, the ample availability of MSCs also makes them an attractive alternative to totipotent and other pluripotent stem cells. The ability of MSCs to differentiate into neurons and other brain parenchymal and immune cells makes them a promising therapy for stroke. However, these cells also have some drawbacks that, if not addressed, will render MSCs unfit for treating ischaemic stroke. In this review, we highlighted the molecular and cellular changes that occur following an ischaemic stroke (IS) incidence and discussed the physiological properties of MSCs suitable for tackling these changes. We also went further to discuss the major drawbacks of utilizing MSCs in IS and how adequate priming using both hypoxia and interleukin-1 can optimize the beneficial properties of MSCs while eliminating these drawbacks.
Comparative Double Auction Approach for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading on Multiple microgrids
Authors: Malik Sweta , Thakur Subhasis , Duffy Maeve , Breslin John G.
Published: November 2023

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is one of the most effective methods to increase the usage of Renewable Energy (RE) resources in the distribution network and reduce losses by eliminating long transmission and distribution lines. This research aims to enhance the efficiency of P2P energy trading by examining the suitability of four distinct double auction mechanisms: Average, McAfee, Trade Reduction and Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG). We conducted a systematic evaluation of these mechanisms across various microgrid (MG) types. The study algorithm integrates user preferences, bidding strategies and time-of-use tariffs, allowing participants to indicate their willingness to pay for different energy qualities and specific time periods. Notably, both the Average and VCG mechanisms emerged as the most effective across a majority of MG setups. Specifically, the average mechanism was found to be optimal for a consumer-centric MG, while the VCG mechanism was predominantly advantageous during non-peak hours trading. However, it was observed that P2P energy trading from MG to MG was inefficient due to the lesser number of peers. In conclusion, this work offers a comprehensive solution that adeptly identifies and recommends the most fitting auction mechanisms for diverse MG configurations and usage timings, paving the way for more efficient P2P energy trading.
Eigenvalue Approach on a Fiber-Reinforced Magneto-Visco-Thermoelastic Rotating Medium with Initial Stress
Authors: Othman Mohamed I. A. , Said Samia M. , Gamal Esraa M.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The aim of this work is to study the wave propagation in a rotating fiber-reinforced thermo-viscoelastic solid.

Methods

The analytical technique used to obtain the ordinary differential equations was normal mode analysis. In this article using the modified Green-Lindsay (MGL) theory and the Green-Lindsay (G-L) theory.

Results

The numerical calculations have been completed, and the physical fields have been determined using the proper boundary conditions. The effects of rotation, viscosity, and magnetic field are discussed.

Conclusion

Overall, the research on the rotation and magnetic field effect on fiber-reinforced thermo-viscoelastic have a significant influence on all the physical variables and several potential practical implications and engineering applications in various fields such as environmental, chemical, and energy engineering.
Socialisation approach to AI value acquisition: enabling flexible ethical navigation with built-in receptiveness to social influence
Authors: Janhonen Joel
Published: November 2023

This article describes an alternative starting point for embedding human values into artificial intelligence (AI) systems. As applications of AI become more versatile and entwined with society, an ever-wider spectrum of considerations must be incorporated into their decision-making. However, formulating less-tangible human values into mathematical algorithms appears incredibly challenging. This difficulty is understandable from a viewpoint that perceives human moral decisions to primarily stem from intuition and emotional dispositions, rather than logic or reason. Our innate normative judgements promote prosocial behaviours which enable collaboration within a shared environment. Individuals internalise the values and norms of their social context through socialisation. The complexity of the social environment makes it impractical to consistently apply logic to pick the best available action. This has compelled natural agents to develop mental shortcuts and rely on the collective moral wisdom of the social group. This work argues that the acquisition of human values cannot happen just through rational thinking, and hence, alternative approaches should be explored. Designing receptiveness to social signalling can provide context-flexible normative guidance in vastly different life tasks. This approach would approximate the human trajectory for value learning, which requires social ability. Artificial agents that imitate socialisation would prioritise conformity by minimising detected or expected disapproval while associating relative importance with acquired concepts. Sensitivity to direct social feedback would especially be useful for AI that possesses some embodied physical or virtual form. Work explores the necessary faculties for social norm enforcement and the ethical challenges of navigating based on the approval of others.
AI-produced certainties in health care: current and future challenges
Authors: Tretter Max , Ott Tabea , Dabrock Peter
Published: November 2023

Since uncertainty is a major challenge in medicine and bears the risk of causing incorrect diagnoses and harmful treatment, there are many efforts to tackle it. For some time, AI technologies have been increasingly implemented in medicine and used to reduce medical uncertainties. What initially seems desirable, however, poses challenges. We use a multimethod approach that combines philosophical inquiry, conceptual analysis, and ethical considerations to identify key challenges that arise when AI is used for medical certainty purposes. We identify several challenges. Where AI is used to reduce medical uncertainties, it is likely to result in (a) patients being stripped down to their measurable data points, and being made disambiguous. Additionally, the widespread use of AI technologies in health care bears the risk of (b) human physicians being pushed out of the medical decision-making process, and patient participation being more and more limited. Further, the successful use of AI requires extensive and invasive monitoring of patients, which raises (c) questions about surveillance as well as privacy and security issues. We outline these several challenges and show that they are immediate consequences of AI-driven security efforts. If not addressed, they could entail unfavorable consequences. We contend that diminishing medical uncertainties through AI involves a tradeoff. The advantages, including enhanced precision, personalization, and overall improvement in medicine, are accompanied by several novel challenges. This paper addresses them and gives suggestions about how to use AI for certainty purposes without causing harm to patients.
Physical activity and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: does age and gender make a difference?
Authors: Muomah Rosemary C. , Chukwuorji JohnBosco C. , Nwonyi Sampson K. , Tay Doris A. , Joachim Dale , Malete Leapetswe , Adamba Clement , Nyawornota Vida Korleki , Nyanynofio Oscar , Donkor Samuel Kofi , Ocansey Reginald
Published: November 2023

Background

There is overwhelming evidence indicating that depression may be reduced by physical activity (PA), but studies in lower- and middle-income countries and those that involved data at higher physical activity doses were underrepresented. The current study investigated the associations between PA levels (vigorous, moderate, walking and sitting) and depression and tested whether age and gender moderate the link between PA and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

The participants were 857 adults (51.0% women; aged 18–69, mean age = 29.71, SD = 10.84 years) who completed an online survey as part of the General Health, Speech and Physical Activity Relationship Assessment Study in Nigeria. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form, while depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

Results

The results of the Hayes PROCESS macro indicated that those who engaged in vigorous PA reported lower levels of depression (B = − 0.02, p <0 .01). Sitting (B = − 0.00, p = 0.050), walking (B = 0.00, p = 0.054) and moderate (B = 0.00, p =0 .064) PA were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Older participants reported fewer symptoms of depression (B = 0.11, p < .001). Women had higher depressive symptoms than men (B = 0.91, p <0 .05). The interactions of age and gender with PA levels were not significant, which showed that age and gender did not moderate the relationships of PA and depression.

Conclusion

Engagement in vigorous PA may be helpful to reduce levels of depression and improve mental health in the general population.
Languages of the World
Authors: Pereltsvaig Asya
Published: November 2023

Are you curious to know what all languages have in common and how they differ? Do you want to find out how language can be used to trace different peoples and their past? Now in its fourth edition, this fascinating book guides beginners through the rich diversity of the world's languages. It presupposes no background in linguistics, and introduces key concepts with the help of problem sets, end-of-chapter exercises and an extensive bibliography. It is illustrated with detailed maps and charts of language families throughout, and engaging sidebars and 'food for thought' boxes contextualise and bring the languages to life with demographic, social, historical, and geographical facts. This edition has been extensively updated with a new section on the languages of the Caribbean, new problem sets, and an updated glossary and index. Supplementary online materials includes links to all websites mentioned, and answers to the exercises for instructors.
The Need to Establish and Sustain Public Health Emergency Operation Centers for Managing Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Lesson From Response to Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever Outbreak in Jimma, Ethiopia
Authors: Chala Temesgen K. , Abera Eyob G. , Tukeni Kedir N. , Didu Gelaw H. , Abbagidi Fetiya A. , Yesuf Elias A. , Yilma Daniel , Gudina Esayas K.
Published: November 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has provided a great lesson for the globe about the necessity and significance of pandemics-related preparedness in all settings. Public health emergency operation centers play critical roles in preparing for and responding to public health events and emergencies by coordinating and pooling resources. In this article, we aimed to share lessons learnt from the public health response to the louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) outbreak coordinated by the emergency operation center established to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Jimma, Ethiopia.

After the major waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in Ethiopia were over, Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) reported clusters of louse-borne relapsing fever cases from Jimma Main Prison. Accordingly, Jimma Emergency Operation Center (JEOC) established for the COVID-19 pandemic was immediately alerted and effectively coordinated the overall response.

As a result, the outbreak was contained within the prison without spreading to the community and the outbreak ended within a shorter period compared to previous LBRF outbreaks in Ethiopia. This indicates the necessity of establishing and sustaining public health emergency operation centers to prepare for and combat potential future public health emergencies.
Data-driven spectral turbulence modelling for Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Ephrati Sagy R. , Cifani Paolo , Geurts Bernard J.
Published: November 2023

A data-driven turbulence model for coarse-grained numerical simulations of two-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection is proposed. The model starts from high-fidelity data and is based on adjusting the Fourier coefficients of the numerical solution, with the aim of accurately reproducing the kinetic energy spectra as seen in the high-fidelity reference findings. No assumptions about the underlying partial differential equation or numerical discretization are used in the formulation of the model. We also develop a constraint on the heat flux to guarantee accurate Nusselt number estimates on coarse computational grids and high Rayleigh numbers. Model performance is assessed in coarse numerical simulations at

$Ra=10^{10}$

. We focus on key features including kinetic energy spectra, wall-normal flow statistics and global flow statistics. The method of data-driven modelling of flow dynamics is found to reproduce the reference kinetic energy spectra well across all scales and yields good results for flow statistics and average heat transfer, leading to computationally cheap surrogate models. Large-scale forcing extracted from the high-fidelity simulation leads to accurate Nusselt number predictions across two decades of Rayleigh numbers, centred around the targeted reference at

$Ra=10^{10}$

.
The influence of surface roughness on postcritical flow over circular cylinders revisited
Authors: Pasam Anil , Tudball Smith Daniel , Holmes John D. , Burton David , Thompson Mark C.
Published: November 2023

This work investigates the effect of surface roughness on cylinder flows in the postcritical regime and reexamines whether the roughness Reynolds number (

$Re_{k_s}$

) primarily governs the aerodynamic behaviour. It has been motivated by limitations of many previous investigations, containing occasionally contradictory findings. In particular, many past studies were conducted with relatively high blockage ratios and low cylinder aspect ratios. Both of these factors appear to have non-negligible effects on flow behaviour, and particularly fluctuating quantities such as the standard deviation of the lift coefficient. This study employs a 5 % blockage ratio and a span-to-diameter ratio of 10. Cylinders of different relative surface roughness ratios (

$k_s/D$

), ranging from

$1.1\times 10^{-3}$

to

$3\times 10^{-3}$

, were investigated at Reynolds numbers up to

$6.8 \times 10^5$

and

$Re_{k_s}$

up to 2200. It is found that the base pressure coefficient, drag coefficient, Strouhal number, spanwise correlation length of lift and the standard deviation of the lift coefficient are well described by

$Re_{k_s}$

in postcritical flows. However, roughness does have an effect on the minimum surface pressure coefficient (near separation) that does not collapse with

$Re_{k_s}$

. The universal Strouhal number proposed by Bearman (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 16, 1984, pp. 195–222) appears to be nearly constant over the range of

$Re_{k_s}$

studied, spanning the subcritical through postcritical regimes. Frequencies in the separating shear layers are found to be an order of magnitude lower than the power law predictions for separating shear layers of smooth cylinders.
Global stability of supersonic flow over a hollow cylinder/flare
Authors: Li Cheng , Hao Jiaao
Published: November 2023

Supersonic flow over a hollow cylinder/flare with a free-stream Mach number of 2.25 is numerically investigated in this study. Axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics simulations and global stability analysis (GSA) are performed for a wide range of cylinder radii and flare deflection angles. The onset of incipient and secondary separation is delayed as the cylinder radius is decreased due to the axisymmetric effects. The GSA reveals that a decrease in cylinder radius also postpones the emergence of global instability. The GSA results agree well with the results of direct numerical simulations for a supercritical case in the linear stage. The saturated flow exhibits pairs of unsteady streamwise streaks downstream of reattachment. The criterion of the global stability boundary established for supersonic flow over a compression corner (Hao et al., J. Fluid Mech, vol. 919, 2021, A4) is extended to its axisymmetric counterpart.
Undernutrition among children and its determinants across the parliamentary constituencies of India: a geospatial analysis
Authors: Nambiar Apoorva , Agnihotri Satish B. , Arunachalam Dharmalingam , Singh Ashish
Published: November 2023

In India, undernutrition among children has been extremely critical for the last few decades. Most analyses of undernutrition among Indian children have used the administrative boundaries of a state or a district level as a unit of analysis. This paper departs from such a practice and focuses instead on the political boundaries of a parliamentary constituency (PC) as the unit of analysis. The PC is a critical geopolitical unit where political parties and party candidates make election promises and implement programmes to improve the socio-economic condition of their electorate. A focus on child undernutrition at this level has the potential for greater policy and political traction and could lead to a paradigm shift in the strategy to tackle the problem by creating a demand for political accountability. Different dimensions and new approaches are also required to evaluate the socio-economic status and generate concrete evidence to find solutions to the problem. Given the significance of advanced analytical methods and models embedded into geographic information system (GIS), the current study, for the first time, uses GIS tools and techniques at the PC level, conducting in-depth analysis of undernutrition and its predictors. Hence, this paper examines the spatial heterogeneity in undernutrition across PCs by using geospatial techniques such as univariate and bivariate local indicator of spatial association and spatial regression models. The analysis highlights the high–low burden areas in terms of local hotspots and identifies the potential spatial risk factors of undernutrition across the constituencies. Striking variations in the prevalence of undernutrition across the constituencies were observed. Most of these constituencies that performed poorly both in terms of child nutrition and socio-economic indicators were located in the northern, western, and eastern parts of India. A statistically significant association of biological, socio-economic, and environmental factors such as women’s body mass index, anaemia in children, poverty, household sanitation facilities, and institutional births was established. The results highlight the need to bring in a mechanism of political accountability that directly connects elected representatives to maternal and child health outcomes. The spatial variability and pattern of undernutrition indicators and their correlates indicate that priority setting in research may also be greatly influenced by the neighbourhood association.
Gender, age and location-related factors in academic otolaryngology – the Greek paradigm
Authors: Karamitsou Paraskevi , Poutoglidis Alexandros , Sismanis Aristides , Georgalas Christos
Published: November 2023

Objective

To map Greek academic otolaryngologists, and assess gender, age and location-related differences in their rank and academic productivity.

Methods

A pre-established database of local and diaspora scientists was used, after adjustment and updating for otolaryngology. The following data were recorded: age, gender, academic rank, country of work, total citations and h-index of December 2022.

Results

A total of 276 Greek academic otolaryngologists were identified in the Scopus database. Of Greek otolaryngologists, 15.9 per cent are women. Of all academic otolaryngologists, 27.1 per cent have a university post, but only 4 per cent of them are women. There is an almost linear correlation between university post ranking and citations. Otolaryngologists based in Greece accounted for 3 out of the 10 most cited Greek otolaryngologists.

Conclusion

There are significant age, gender and location-related differences in academic output. The representation of women and the full use of their potential in medicine require proactive measures, to lift the burdens limiting their participation.
Local Norms, Political Partisanship, and Pandemic Response: Evidence from the United States
Authors: Lipsitz Keena , Pop-Eleches Grigore , Robertson Graeme B.
Published: November 2023

A growing literature focuses on the role of political partisanship in shaping attitudes and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. We provide a different perspective, by developing a theory of how partisanship interacts with another important factor that shapes how people think and behave in the context of the pandemic—local norms. Using a combination of survey data and a survey experiment, we demonstrate the importance of norms in shaping both support for social distancing and reported social-distancing behavior, particularly amongst independents and Republicans. We then confirm that perceptions of norms are indeed tied to what is actually happening around people—that their partisanship does not blind them to reality. Our analysis is the first to examine how partisanship and norms interact with each other and helps to explain why partisan differences matter more in some places than in others.
Development and Evaluation of a North America Ensemble Wildfire Air Quality Forecast: Initial Application to the 2020 Western United States “Gigafire”
Authors: Makkaroon P. , Tong D. Q. , Li Y. , Hyer E. J. , Xian P. , Kondragunta S. , Campbell P. C. , Tang Y. , Baker B. D. , Cohen M. D. , Darmenov A. , Lyapustin A. , Saylor R. D. , Wang Y. , Stajner I.
Published: November 2023

Wildfires emit vast amounts of aerosols and trace gases into the atmosphere, exerting myriad effects on air quality, climate, and human health. Ensemble forecasting has been proposed to reduce the large uncertainties in the wildfire air pollution forecast. This study presents the development of a multi‐model ensemble (MME) wildfire air pollution forecast over North America. The ensemble members include regional models (GMU‐CMAQ, NACC‐CMAQ, and HYSPLIT), global models (GEFS‐Aerosols, GEOS5, and NAAPS), and global ensemble (ICAP‐MME). Performance of the ensemble forecast was evaluated with MAIAC and VIIRS‐SNPP retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and AirNow surface PM2.5 measurements during the 2020 Western United States “Gigafire” events (August–September 2020). Compared to individual models, the ensemble mean significantly reduced the biases and produced more consistent and reliable forecasts during extreme fire events. For AOD forecasts, the ensemble mean was able to improve model performance, such as increasing the correlation to 0.62 from 0.33 to 0.57 by individual models compared to VIIRS AOD. The ensemble mean also yields the best overall RANK (a composite indicator of four statistical metrics) when compared to VIIRS and MAIAC AOD. For the surface PM2.5 forecast, the ensemble mean outperformed individual models with the strongest correlation (0.60 vs. 0.43–0.54 by individual models), lowest fractional bias (0.54 vs. 0.55–1.32), highest hit rate (87% vs. 40%–82%), and highest RANK (2.83 vs. 2.40–2.81). Finally, the ensemble shows the potential to provide a probability forecast of air quality exceedances. The exceedance probability forecast can be further applied to early warnings of extreme air pollution episodes during large wildfire events.
Martian Atmospheric Aerosols Composition and Distribution Retrievals During the First Martian Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements: 1. Methodology and Application to the MY 34 Global Dust Storm
Authors: Stolzenbach Aurélien , López Valverde Miguel‐Angel , Brines Adrian , Modak Ashimananda , Funke Bernd , González‐Galindo Francisco , Thomas Ian , Liuzzi Giuliano , Villanueva Gerónimo , Luginin Mikhail , Aoki Shohei , Grabowski Udo , Lopez Moreno José Juan , Rodrìguez Gòmez Julio , Wolff Mike , Ristic Bojan , Daerden Frank , Bellucci Giancarlo , Patel Manish , Vandaele Ann‐Carine
Published: November 2023

Since the beginning of the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) science operations in April 2018, its instrument “Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery” (NOMAD) supplies detailed observations of the IR spectrums of the Martian atmosphere. We developed a procedure that allows us to evaluate the composition and distribution's parameters of the atmospheric Martian aerosols. We use a retrieval program (RCP) in conjunction with a radiative forward model (KOPRA) to evaluate the vertical profile of aerosol extinction from NOMAD measurements. We then apply a model/data fitting strategy of the aerosol extinction. In this first article, we describe the method used to evaluate the parameters representing the Martian aerosol composition and size distribution. MY 34 GDS showed a peak intensity from LS 190° to 210°. During this period, the aerosol content rises multiple scale height, reaching altitudes up to 100 km. The lowermost altitude of aerosol's detection during NOMAD observation rises up to 30 km. Dust aerosols reff were observed to be close to 1 μm and its νeff lower than 0.2. Water ice aerosols reff were observed to be submicron with a νeff lower than 0.2. The vertical aerosol structure can be divided in two parts. The lower layers are represented by higher reff than the upper layers. The change between the lower and upper layers is very steep, taking only few kilometers. The decaying phase of the GDS, LS 210°–260°, shows a decrease in altitude of the aerosol content but no meaningful difference in the observed aerosol's size distribution parameters.
Filling the Gap of Wind Observations Inside Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Tridon F. , Battaglia A. , Rizik A. , Scarsi F. E. , Illingworth A.
Published: November 2023

The WIVERN (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope) mission, currently under the Phase‐0 of the ESA Earth Explorer program, promises to provide new insight in the coupling between winds and microphysics by globally observing, for the first time, vertical profiles of horizontal winds in cloudy areas. The objective of this work is to explore the potential of the WIVERN conically scanning Doppler 94 GHz radar for filling the wind observation gap inside tropical cyclones (TCs). To this aim, realistic WIVERN notional observations of TCs are produced by combining the CloudSat 94 GHz radar reflectivity observations from 2007 to 2009 with ECMWF co‐located winds. Despite the short wavelength of the radar (3 mm), which causes strong attenuation in presence of large amount of liquid hydrometeors, the system can profile most of the TCs, particularly the cloudy areas above the freezing level and the precipitating stratiform regions. The statistical analysis of the results shows that, (a) because of its lower sensitivity, a nadir pointing WIVERN would detect 75% of the clouds observed by CloudSat (45% of winds with 3 m s−1 accuracy, in comparison to CloudSat sampling of clouds), (b) but thanks to its scanning capability, WIVERN would actually provide 53 times more observations of clouds than CloudSat in TCs (30 times more observations of horizontal winds), (c) this corresponds to about 350 (200) million observations of clouds (accurate winds) every year. Such observations could be used to shed light on the physical processes underpinning the evolution of TCs and in data assimilation in order to improve numerical weather prediction.
The Emerging Golden Age of Satellite Altimetry to Prepare Humanity for Rising Seas
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Willis J. K. , Vinogradova N.
Published: November 2023

With the success of the Sentinel‐6 Michael Freilich satellite, the satellite radar altimetry record of sea level has now surpassed 30 years in length. This reference satellite mission has continued uninterrupted alongside a significant expansion of the satellite sea‐level observing network in the past decade. This expansion was punctuated by the launch of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission in December 2022, which will bring higher resolution measurements of sea level closer to the shore than ever before. Here, we take stock of where we are now in terms of using satellites to measure sea level, and what is still needed to address the growing need of those living along the coast for information to support planning and adaptation efforts.
A Country Wide Evaluation of Sweden's Spatial Flood Modeling With Optimized Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms
Authors: Panahi Mahdi , Khosravi Khabat , Rezaie Fatemeh , Ferreira Carla S. S. , Destouni Georgia , Kalantari Zahra
Published: November 2023

Flooding is one of the most serious and frequent natural hazards affecting human life, property, and the environment. This study develops and tests a deep learning approach for large‐scale spatial flood modeling, using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and optimized versions combined with the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) or the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA). With Sweden as an application case for nation‐wide flood susceptibility mapping, this modeling approach considers ten geo‐environmental input factors (slope, elevation, aspect, plan curvature, length of slope, topographic wetness index, distance from river, distance from wetland, rainfall, and land use). The GWO and ICA optimization improves model prediction by 12% and 8%, respectively, compared with the standalone CNN model performance. The results show 40% of the land area, 45% of the railroad, and 43% of the road network of Sweden to have high or very high flood susceptibility. They also show the aspect to have the highest input factor impact on flood susceptibility prediction while, for example, rainfall ranks only seven of the total 10 considered geo‐environmental input factors. In general, accurate nation‐wide flood susceptibility prediction is essential for guiding flood management and mitigation efforts. This study's approach to such prediction has emerged as well‐performing and cost‐effective for the case of Sweden, calling for further application and testing in other world regions.
Aerosol Shortwave Radiative Heating and Cooling by the 2017 and 2023 Chilean Wildfire Smoke Plumes
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Tilstra L. Gijsbert , Stammes Piet
Published: November 2023

The aerosol shortwave, direct radiative effects of smoke plumes from Chilean wildfires in 2017 and 2023 were derived from satellite observations in both cloud‐free and cloud scenes. At the top of the atmosphere, the aerosol DRE changes sign when aerosol overly clouds or open ocean, confirmed by both measurements and a simulation study. The cloud‐free daily‐mean DRE, computed using an offline radiative transfer model (RTM), was 66 W m−2 in 2023 and 42 W m−2 in 2017, due to absorption by smoke. However, the total radiative effects were larger in 2017 due to a larger plume size compared to 2023. The method presented here provides a new conceptual model to quickly assess the radiative effects of wildfire smoke plumes using satellite measurements and pre‐computed RTM results. The presented estimates are strongly affected by the uncertainty of aerosol optical thickness retrievals from satellite, which can be large in the presence of clouds.
Using Tidally‐Driven Elastic Strains to Infer Regional Variations in Crustal Thickness at Enceladus
Authors: Berne Alexander , Simons Mark , Keane James T. , Park Ryan S.
Published: November 2023

Constraining the spatial variability of the thickness of the ice shell of Enceladus (i.e., the crust) is central to our understanding of the internal dynamics and evolution of this small Saturnian moon. In this study, we develop a new methodology to infer regional variations in crustal thickness using measurements of tidally‐driven elastic strain that could be made in the future. As proof of concept, we recover thickness variations from synthetic finite‐element crustal models subjected to diurnal eccentricity tides. We demonstrate recovery of crustal thickness to within ∼2 km of true values across the crust with ∼10% error in derived spherical harmonic coefficients at degrees l ≤ 12. Our computed uncertainty is significantly smaller than the inherent ∼10 km ambiguity associated with crustal thickness derived solely from gravity and topography measurements. Therefore, future measurements of elastic strain can provide a robust approach to probe crustal structure at Enceladus.
The Contribution of Plasma Sheet Bubbles to Stormtime Ring Current Buildup and Evolution of Its Energy Composition
Authors: Sciola A. , Merkin V. G. , Sorathia K. , Gkioulidou M. , Bao S. , Toffoletto F. , Pham K. , Lin D. , Michael A. , Wiltberger M. , Ukhorskiy A.
Published: November 2023

The formation of the stormtime ring current is a result of the inward transport and energization of plasma sheet ions. Previous studies have demonstrated that a significant fraction of the total inward plasma sheet transport takes place in the form of bursty bulk flows, known theoretically as flux tube entropy‐depleted “bubbles.” However, it remains an open question to what extent bubbles contribute to the buildup of the stormtime ring current. Using the Multiscale Atmosphere Geospace Environment Model, we present a case study of the 17 March 2013 storm, including a quantitative analysis of the contribution of plasma transported by bubbles to the ring current. We show that bubbles are responsible for at least 50% of the plasma energy enhancement within 6 RE during this strong geomagnetic storm. The bubbles that penetrate within 6 RE transport energy primarily in the form of enthalpy flux, followed by Poynting flux and relatively little as bulk kinetic flux. Return flows can transport outwards a significant fraction of the plasma energy being transported by inward flows, and therefore must be considered when quantifying the net contribution of bubbles to the energy buildup. Data‐model comparison with proton intensities observed by the Van Allen Probes show that the model accurately reproduces both the bulk and spectral properties of the stormtime ring current. The evolution of the ring current energy spectra throughout the modeled storm is driven by both inward transport of an evolving plasma sheet population and by charge exchange with Earth's geocorona.
Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances During Geomagnetic Storms of 17 March and 23 June 2015 in the Australian Region
Authors: Kishore Amol , Kumar Sushil
Published: November 2023

Large scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) can be detected using the critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2) of the ionosphere. The HF interferometry (HF‐int) technique is applied to the ionosonde data from low and mid latitude stations over Australia. For the first time, we present a comparison of TIDs detected during the geomagnetic storms of 17 March and 23 June 2015. The TID response for these two comparable superstorms is significantly different owing to the differing storm evolution patterns. The storm associated TIDs are more intense and longer compared to the solar terminator. Results demonstrate that the morphology of parameters continually varies over time due to highly dynamic ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms. For the March storms, TIDs velocities were 400–700 m/s at the onset phase, ∼500 m/s during the main phase and ∼600 m/s during the recovery phase. Their propagation directions were equatorward with east/west deviations. Lower period (∼60 min) TIDs were determined during storm onset whereas higher periods (∼140 min) were detected during the recovery phase. The June storm produced a different response. The TID velocity at the onset phase was ∼500 m/s but during the main and recovery phases the velocities were greater than 1,000 m/s. There were large deviations in velocity vectors at the different stations suggesting multiple sources of TID generation and possible resonating effects at middle and low latitude stations. Our findings indicate that while TID detection and storm phases co‐occur, the propagation characteristics of TIDs change dramatically throughout the storm.
Do Subducted Seamounts Act as Weak Asperities?
Authors: Lee Sungho , Choi Eunseo , Scholz Christopher H.
Published: November 2023

The additional work of ploughing makes seamounts more resistant to subduction and more strongly coupled than smoother areas. Nevertheless, the idea that subducted seamounts are weakly coupled and slip aseismically has become dominant in the last decade. This idea is primarily based on the claim that a seamount being subducted in the southern Japan Trench behaves this way. The key element in this assertion is that large M ∼ 7 earthquakes that abut the leading edge of the seamount require that the seamount be aseismically sliding to initiate them. More recent observations show instead that the surrounding region is aseismically sliding while the seamount acts as a stationary buttress. Here we re‐examine this case and model it with both weak and strong asperity assumptions. Our modeling results show that only a strong asperity model can produce this type of earthquake. Strong asperities also rupture the seamount in great earthquakes with long recurrence times. This provides the previously unknown source for a series of great tsunami earthquakes that have occurred along the southern Japan Trench, the most recent being the 1677 M8.3–8.6 Enpo Boso‐oki tsunami earthquake. The “weak asperity” hypothesis is thus found to be false in this foundational example.
The Effects of Aerosol on Small‐Scale Cloud‐Environment Mixing: Implications for Simulating and Observing Inhomogeneous Mixing
Authors: Kainz Johannes , Hoffmann Fabian
Published: November 2023

Entrainment‐mixing modulates the number and size of cloud droplets, and thus affects the optical properties of clouds and their role in the climate system. Using a statistical turbulence model coupled with Lagrangian cloud microphysics, we analyze the role of aerosol in the entrainment‐mixing process, which, for instance, prevent the full evaporation of cloud droplets, leaving behind haze particles. To test a commonly applied indicator for inhomogeneous mixing, a set of different mixing scenarios is simulated. We conclude that if a hard separation radius between cloud droplets and haze particles is chosen, the typical classification into homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixing can be wrong because larger haze particles might be misidentified as cloud droplets, making the mixing appear more homogeneous. Furthermore, we show that the growth of cloud droplets on the expense of other hydrometeors due to differences in aerosol loading and particle curvature (Ostwald ripening) can produce cloud microphysical signatures indistinguishable from inhomogeneous mixing. Finally, we investigate how the consideration of haze particles can mitigate the previously reported negative impacts of inhomogeneous mixing on the cloud albedo. These findings should be considered when interpreting observations and simulations of small‐scale entrainment‐mixing.
Martian Atmospheric Aerosols Composition and Distribution Retrievals During the First Martian Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements: 2. Extended Results, End of MY 34 and First Half of MY 35
Authors: Stolzenbach Aurélien , López Valverde Miguel‐Angel , Brines Adrian , Modak Ashimananda , Funke Bernd , González‐Galindo Francisco , Thomas Ian , Liuzzi Giuliano , Villanueva Gerónimo , Luginin Mikhail , Aoki Shohei , Grabowski Udo , Lopez Moreno José Juan , Rodriguez‐Gomez Julio , Wolff Mike , Ristic Bojan , Daerden Frank , Bellucci Giancarlo , Patel Manish , Vandaele Ann‐Carine
Published: November 2023

This is the second part of Stolzenbach et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007276), named hereafter Paper I, extends the period to the end of MY 34 and the first half of MY 35. This encompasses the end phase of the MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), the MY 34 C‐Storm, the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) season of MY 35, and an unusual early dust event of MY 35 from LS 30° to LS 55°. The end of MY 34 overall aerosol size distribution shows the same parameters for dust and water ice to what was seen during the MY 34 GDS. Interestingly, the layered water ice vertical structure of MY 34 GDS disappears. The MY 34 C‐Storm maintains condition like the MY 34 GDS. A high latitude layer of bigger water ice particles, close to 1 μm, is seen from 50 to 60 km. This layered structure is linked to an enhanced meridional transport characteristic of high intensity dust event which put the MY 34 C‐Storm as particularly intense compared to non‐GDS years C‐Storms as previously suggested by Holmes et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117109). Surprisingly, MY 35 began with an unusually large dust event (Kass et al., 2020, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMP039…01K) found in the Northern hemisphere during LS 35° to LS 50°. During this dust event, the altitude of aerosol first detection is roughly equal to 20 km. This is close to the values encountered during the MY 34 GDS, its decay phase and the C‐Storm of the same year. Nonetheless, no vertical layered structure was observed.
Using Normalize Difference Vegetation Index to Infer Wetlands Salinity and Organic Contribution to Vertical Accretion Rates
Authors: Cortese L. , Jensen D. J. , Simard M. , Fagherazzi S.
Published: November 2023

Vegetation is a key component controlling soil accretion in coastal wetlands through production of belowground organic matter and enhanced deposition of mineral sediments. Vegetation structure is a proxy for wetland health and degradation that can be monitored at large scales with remote sensing. Among different multispectral indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is generally used for this purpose. Using Google Earth Engine (GEE), NDVI time‐series are extracted around 45 monitoring stations of the Coastwide Reference Monitoring System (CRMS) located in Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana, USA. NDVI tends to increase from saline to freshwater wetlands. Using these NDVI observations and in situ measurements of salinity, soil accretion rates, and geomorphic metrics (i.e., elevation, distance from the bay or from the nearest channel bank), empirical models were developed to derive maps of organic mass accumulation rates and salinity. The analysis shows that NDVI can be used to reproduce the salinity gradient in Terrebonne Bay, as the index captures differences in vegetation cover, which depend on salinity. A negative relationship between NDVI and organic accumulation mass rates is also found, indicating that saline marshes tend to accumulate more organic material compared to fresh wetlands.
The Effect of Sediment Supply on Pool‐Riffle Morphology
Authors: Lei Yunlong , Hassan Marwan A. , Viparelli Enrica , Chartrand Shawn M. , An Chenge , Fu Xudong , Hu Chunhong
Published: November 2023

Downstream width variations can generate pool‐riffle morphology under experimental conditions, in numerical simulations and natural river channels. The present understanding of how pool‐riffle morphology varies with sediment supply and caliber, however, is insufficient due to the limited range of sediment supply rates explored in previous experiments and the little attention paid to sand supply and sediment size distribution in the laboratory and in the field. We present a model of river morphodynamics that can account for the spatial variability of channel width, and we validate the model with experimental data. Model validation shows how this one‐dimensional model can capture pool‐riffle formation, growth, and equilibration with errors that are comparable with those of other 1D models of river morphodynamics. We then apply the validated model to study the effects of sediment supply rate and caliber on pool‐riffle morphology. Model results show that pool‐riffle morphology is resilient to the range of tested sediment supply (i.e., five‐fold the sediment amount, 41‐fold the sand amount and coarsening the gravel supply). Bed and water surface slopes are sensitive to all types of change of sediment supply, whereas the sensitivity of bed surface sediment grain size varies with the type of change. These findings support prior research emphasizing the role of downstream width variations for the development/maintenance of pool‐riffle morphology and can help in the restoration and recovery of pool‐riffle gravel‐bed rivers.