bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning ESIPT-coupled luminescence by expanding π-conjugation of a proton acceptor moiety in ESIPT-capable zinc(ii) complexes with 1-hydroxy-1H-imidazole-based ligands
Authors: Shekhovtsov Nikita A. , Nikolaenkova Elena B. , Berezin Alexey S. , Plyusnin Victor F. , Vinogradova Katerina A. , Naumov Dmitry Yu. , Pervukhina Natalia V. , Tikhonov Alexsei Ya. , Bushuev Mark B.
Published: September 2022

Tuning ESIPT by expanding π-conjugation of a proton-accepting moiety: the quinolin-2-yl group facilitates the delocalization of electrical charge and promotes the ESIPT reaction.
Conductive nanofiltration membrane with a hydrogel coated stainless steel mesh support for electrically enhanced fouling mitigation potential
Authors: Chen Jiansuxuan , Wang Xueye , Li Yang , Dai Ruobin , Wang Zhiwei
Published: September 2022

Our strategy of fabricating a conductive nanofiltration membrane with a hydrogel coated stainless steel mesh support can offer an alternative for sustainable water management, thanks to the electrically enhanced fouling mitigation of the membrane.
Design and applications of biocompatible choline amino acid ionic liquids
Authors: Miao Shurui , Atkin Rob , Warr Gregory
Published: September 2022

ChAAILs are often used in mixtures to lower cost and improve handling, but the effects of water and other molecular additives are poorly understood. This review describes structure at different dilution stages and design strategies for task-specific ChAAIL-based mixtures.
Practical and sustainable preparation of pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles by Cu/Fe catalyzed intramolecular C(sp2)–H amination
Authors: Corrieri Matteo , Crescentini Lucia De , Mantellini Fabio , Mari Giacomo , Santeusanio Stefania , Favi Gianfranco
Published: September 2022

The direct synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles is developed using a Cu/Fe cocatalyzed intramolecular cycloamination of α-indolylhydrazones. This transformation proceeds cleanly and selectively at 50 °C in air, with water as the only reaction medium.
Ceiling culture chip reveals dynamic lipid droplet transport during adipocyte dedifferentiation via actin remodeling
Authors: Kim Jiwon , Park Kun-Young , Choi Sungwoo , Ko Ung Hyun , Lim Dae-Sik , Suh Jae Myoung , Shin Jennifer H.
Published: September 2022

The two-layered ceiling culture chip allows buoyant adipocytes to be maintained and observed, revealing mechanisms involved in adipocyte dedifferentiation.
Soluble carbon nitride nanosheets as an alternate precursor for hard-templated morphological control
Authors: Pankratz Jasper , Mitchell Emma , Godin Robert
Published: September 2022

Soluble carbon nitride nanosheets were used to modify the photocatalyst morphology and revealed the effect of charge trapping.
Synthesis of obtusifoliol and analogues as CYP51 substrates
Authors: Churchman Luke R. , Salisbury Lauren J. , De Voss James J.
Published: September 2022

Obtusifoliol and its Δ7-isomer were synthesised in ten steps from commercially available lanosterol and their binding to a plant CYP51 was evaluated.
De novo synthesis of dimerization-ready flavan unit via intramolecular Pummerer/Friedel–Crafts cascade
Authors: Betkekar Vipul V. , Suzuki Keisuke , Ohmori Ken
Published: September 2022

Reported herein is a de novo synthesis of a dimerization-ready flavan unit via the Pummerer/Friedel–Crafts cascade, enabling facile access to oligomeric proanthocyanidins.
Synthesis of disordered mesoporous silica loaded with ultrasmall-sized CuO nanoparticles based on an alkali-free strategy and its excellent catalytic performance in the reduction of organic dye
Authors: Jiaze Li , Linxu Xu , Feiyong Chen , Zhigang Yang , Xue Shen , Jin Wang , Sisi Xu , Yang Song
Published: September 2022

Mesoporous silica loaded with ultrasmall sized and highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles was synthesized based on an alkali-free strategy. The obtained silica material has excellent catalytic performance on reduction MB dye in the presence of NaBH4 as reductant.
Exhaustive Baeyer–Villiger oxidation: a tailor-made post-polymerization modification to access challenging poly(vinyl acetate) copolymers
Authors: Ma Pengfei , Plummer Christopher M. , Luo Wenjun , Pang Jiyan , Chen Yongming , Li Le
Published: September 2022

Exhaustive Baeyer–Villiger (BV) oxidation, which was developed by a direct optimization on polymers (DOP) approach, provides a general solution for preparing synthetically challenging poly(vinyl acetate) statistical and block copolymers.
Conjugation between 3D and 2D aromaticity: does it really exist? The case of carborane-fused heterocycles
Authors: Buzsáki Dániel , Kovács Máté Barnabás , Hümpfner Evelyn , Harcsa-Pintér Zsófia , Kelemen Zsolt
Published: September 2022

We have demonstrated that carborane fused heterocycles can definitely be considered as non-2D aromatic compounds; therefore, their aromatic character was significantly overestimated in earlier studies.
Template-assisted alloying of atom-precise silver nanoclusters: a new approach to generate cluster functionality
Authors: Biswas Sourav , Das Anish Kumar , Manna Surya Sekhar , Pathak Biswarup , Mandal Sukhendu
Published: September 2022

This study provides a paradigm of cluster core design irrespective of the nature of the template when the templates facilitate functional bimetallic nanocluster formation through the attachment of site-specific peripheral motifs to the core.
“Pulverization–Reaggregation”-induced in situ pore expansion in carbon for fast potassium storage
Authors: Geng Chao , Chen Yaxin , Sun Zongfu , Guo Weijia , Jiang Jiangmin , Cui Yongli , Shi Yueli , Zhuang Quanchao , Ju Zhicheng
Published: September 2022

A general pore expanding strategy in carbon is conducted via the in situ pulverization–reaggregation of basic carbonates. This strategy achieves the expansion of pore size, while simultaneously increasing the carbon defect density and conductivity.
Molecular engineering for constructing a D–A system and enhancing delocalization in g-C3N4 with superior photocatalytic activity
Authors: Xu Chengqun , Liu Xiaolu , Liu Haiyang , Li Dezhi , Yang Yuchen , Lin Shiyin , Fan Donghua , Pan Hui
Published: September 2022

The constructed D–A structure and enhanced delocalization in the conjugated polymer matrix g-C3N4 lead to excellent photocatalytic performance.
Cu-functionalised porous boron nitride derived from a metal–organic framework
Authors: Tian Tian , Xu Jiamin , Xiong Ying , Ramanan Nitya , Ryan Mary , Xie Fang , Petit Camille
Published: September 2022

We develop a route to synthesise Cu-functionalized porous BN (Cu/BN) directly from a metal–organic framework (MOF). The Cu/BN presents an improved CO2 photoreduction performance compared to pristine BN and standard reference sample, g-C3N4.
A self-arranged metal–organic polyhedron/fullerene asymmetric structure improves the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yu Ming-Hsuan , Han Po-Chun , Lee Chia-Chen , Ni I-Chih , Zhu Zonglong , Kurmaev Ernst Z. , Furukawa Shuhei , Wu Kevin C.-W. , Chueh Chu-Chen
Published: September 2022

A hybrid dirhodium tetracarboxylate-based metal–organic polyhedron (MOP):PCBM electron transport layer is demonstrated to give rise to a 9% enhancement in power conversion efficiency for the derived inverted perovskite solar cell.
Sequential oxidation of sulfur annulated perylenediimide: an efficient strategy to generate ultra-stable radical anions and dianions
Authors: Khan Aasif , Agrahari Ashutosh , Saha Supriya , Koner Apurba Lal
Published: September 2022

Simple and sequential oxidation of sulfur atoms present in sulfur annulated perylene diimides affords precursors used for generating ultrastable radical anions and dianions in solution and the solid state in the presence of suitable electron donors.
A strategy of synergistic optimization: gold and lithium co-doped vanadium oxide as a hole-injection layer for high-performance OLEDs
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhu Wenqing , Huang Lu , Yi Chen , Chen Ruilin , Chen Yipeng , Li Jun
Published: September 2022

A gold and lithium co-doping strategy has been employed to fabricate a VOx hole-injection layer for a matched energy level alignment between the ITO anode and TAPC (hole-transport layer) and improved performance of OLEDs.
Dion–Jacobson A′MiiiNaNb3O10 (A′ = Rb, Cs; M(iii) = Sm, Bi) and RbSmNa2Nb4O13 layered perovskites and their luminescent function
Authors: Pal Sachin , Das Subrata , Nagarajan Rajamani , Uma Sitharaman
Published: September 2022

New Dion–Jacobson layered perovskites are possible by the cationic combinations (Sm3+, Bi3+, Na+) in the perovskite blocks and are potential phosphor materials as revealed from the CIE plots of Eu3+ and Tb3+ doped samples of RbSmNaNb3O10.
Biaxial strain induced multiple magnetic phase transitions in nonmagnetic transition metal halide monolayer
Authors: Zhou Jun , Xu Xiaoguang , Yang Tong , He Jingyu , Chai Jianwei , Wong Lai Mun , Feng Yuan Ping , Yang Ming , Shen Lei , Wang Shijie
Published: September 2022

Tunable multiple magnetic phases from antiferromagnetic, ferromagnetic to half metallic states are introduced by applying biaxial strains on nonmagnetic ScI2 monolayer.
Enhancing the output power density of piezocomposite nanogenerators through rational tuning of the 3D interconnected skeleton structure
Authors: Xu Hui , Hou Yudong , Yu Xiaole , Gao Xin , Zheng Mupeng , Zhu Mankang
Published: September 2022

A large increase in the output power density of PENGs has been realized by adopting a strategy that rationally tunes the orientation of the three-dimensional (3D) interconnected piezoceramic skeletons in the polymer matrix.
Integrated chemical and biochemical technology to produce biogas with a reduced ammonia content from municipal biowaste. Validating lab-scale research in a real operational environment
Authors: Montoneri Enzo , Koutinas Michalis , Padoan Elio , Negro Viviana , Licignano Carlo , Leone Stefano , Photiou Panagiota , Kallis Michalis , Vyrides Ioannis , Liendo Freddy , Negre Michéle , Solaro Simone , Antonini Massimiliano , Mainero Davide , Vlysidis Anestis , Konstantinidis Viktoras , Ladakis Dimitrios , Maina Sofia , Koutinas Apostolis
Published: September 2022

A virtuous biowaste cycle replicated in three industrial sites (Italy, Greece and Cyprus) yielding value added products (SBO) for agriculture and chemicals' bioeconomy. A cofunded LIFE project.
Common and unique features of glycosylation and glycosyltransferases in African trypanosomes
Authors: Duncan Samuel M. , Ferguson Michael A.J.
Published: September 2022

Eukaryotic protein glycosylation is mediated by glycosyl- and oligosaccharyl-transferases. Here, we describe how African trypanosomes exhibit both evolutionary conservation and significant divergence compared with other eukaryotes in how they synthesise their glycoproteins. The kinetoplastid parasites have conserved components of the dolichol-cycle and oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs) of protein N-glycosylation, and of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis and transfer to protein. However, some components are missing, and they process and decorate their N-glycans and GPI anchors in unique ways. To do so, they appear to have evolved a distinct and functionally flexible glycosyltransferases (GT) family, the GT67 family, from an ancestral eukaryotic β3GT gene. The expansion and/or loss of GT67 genes appears to be dependent on parasite biology. Some appear to correlate with the obligate passage of parasites through an insect vector, suggesting they were acquired through GT67 gene expansion to assist insect vector (tsetse fly) colonisation. Others appear to have been lost in species that subsequently adopted contaminative transmission. We also highlight the recent discovery of a novel and essential GT11 family of kinetoplastid parasite fucosyltransferases that are uniquely localised to the mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. The origins of these kinetoplastid FUT1 genes, and additional putative mitochondrial GT genes, are discussed.
Language Impairment in Autistic Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Girolamo Teresa , Rice Mabel L.
Published: September 2022

Purpose:

Little is known about the specific nature of language abilities of autistic adolescents and young adults with language impairment (LI), limiting our knowledge of developmental trajectories and ability to develop efficacious speech/language supports. An important first step is establishing proof of concept of identification of LI in this population, with considerations for feasibility of assessment. This research note describes such a study in a sample of autistic adolescents and young adults with LI.

Method:

Thirteen autistic adolescents and young adults completed an assessment protocol of age-referenced language and nonverbal cognitive assessments. Assessment took place once per year for 3 years; the first two assessments were conducted in person, and the final was conducted online due to the pandemic. All assessments included measures of overall language and morphosyntax; the third added measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary, verbal working memory, and nonverbal intelligence (NVIQ). Analysis included descriptives and comparison of individual performance with epidemiological criteria for LI.

Results:

All participants qualified for LI, with overall receptive and expressive language scores persistently in the LI range. Other outcomes were variable. Some participants had nonword repetition and vocabulary abilities within age expectations, and some consistently showed adultlike morphosyntactic performance. NVIQ was variable, with no consistent associations with language outcomes.

Discussion:

Our findings support the use of the current protocol, as implemented in person or online, to identify LI in autistic adolescents and young adults. This exploratory work is limited by a small sample and missing data. The findings contribute to our understanding of linguistic strengths and variability in the language skills of autistic young adults with LI.
The solar photospheric silicon abundance according to CO5BOLD
Authors: Deshmukh S. A. , Ludwig H.-G. , Kučinskas A. , Steffen M. , Barklem P. S. , Caffau E. , Dobrovolskas V. , Bonifacio P.
Published: September 2022

Context. In this work, we present a photospheric solar silicon abundance derived using CO5BOLD model atmospheres and the LINFOR3D spectral synthesis code. Previous works have differed in their choice of a spectral line sample and model atmosphere as well as their treatment of observational material, and the solar silicon abundance has undergone a downward revision in recent years. We additionally show the effects of the chosen line sample, broadening due to velocity fields, collisional broadening, model spatial resolution, and magnetic fields.

Aims. Our main aim is to derive the photospheric solar silicon abundance using updated oscillator strengths and to mitigate model shortcomings such as over-broadening of synthetic spectra. We also aim to investigate the effects of different line samples, fitting configurations, and magnetic fields on the fitted abundance and broadening values.

Methods. CO5BOLD model atmospheres for the Sun were used in conjunction with the LINFOR3D spectral synthesis code to generate model spectra, which were then fit to observations in the Hamburg solar atlas. We took pixel-to-pixel signal correlations into account by means of a correlated noise model. The choice of line sample is crucial to determining abundances, and we present a sample of 11 carefully selected lines (from an initial choice of 39 lines) in both the optical and infrared, which has been made possible with newly determined oscillator strengths for the majority of these lines. Our final sample includes seven optical Si i lines, three infrared Si i lines, and one optical Si ii line.

Results. We derived a photospheric solar silicon abundance of log εSi = 7.57 ± 0.04, including a −0.01 dex correction from Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) effects. Combining this with meteoritic abundances and previously determined photospheric abundances results in a metal mass fraction Z/X = 0.0220 ± 0.0020. We found a tendency of obtaining overly broad synthetic lines. We mitigated the impact of this by devising a de-broadening procedure. The over-broadening of synthetic lines does not substantially affect the abundance determined in the end. It is primarily the line selection that affects the final fitted abundance.
Dynamical characterization of galaxies up toz∼ 7
Authors: Rizzo F. , Kohandel M. , Pallottini A. , Zanella A. , Ferrara A. , Vallini L. , Toft S.
Published: September 2022

Context.The characterization of the dynamical state of galaxies up toz ∼ 7 is crucial for constraining the mechanisms that drive the mass assembly in the early Universe. However, it is unclear whether the data quality of typical observations obtained with current and future facilities is sufficient to perform a solid dynamical analysis at these redshifts.

Aims.This paper defines the angular resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) required for a robust characterization of the dynamical state of galaxies up to the Epoch of Reionization. The final aim is to help design future spatially resolved surveys targeting emission lines of primeval galaxies.

Methods.We investigate the [C II]-158 μm emission from sixz ∼ 6 − 7 Lyman break galaxies at three different inclinations from the SERRAzoom-in cosmological simulation suite. The SERRAgalaxies cover a range of dynamical states: from isolated disks to major mergers. We create 102 mock observations with various data quality and apply the kinematic classification methods commonly used in the literature. These tests allow us to quantify the performances of the classification methods as a function of angular resolution and S/N.

Results.We find that barely resolved observations, typical of line detection surveys, do not allow the correct characterization of the dynamical stage of a galaxy, resulting in the misclassification of disks and mergers in our sample by 100 and 50%, respectively. However, even when using spatially resolved observations with data quality typical of high-zgalaxies (S/N ∼ 10, and ∼3 independent resolution elements along the major axis), the success rates in the merger identification of the standard kinematic classification methods, based on the analysis of the moment maps, range between 50 and 70%. The high angular resolution and S/N needed to correctly classify disks with these standard methods can only be achieved with current instrumentation for a select number of bright galaxies. We propose a new classification method, called PVsplit, that quantifies the asymmetries and morphological features in position-velocity diagrams using three empirical parameters. We test PVsplit on mock data created from SERRAgalaxies, and show that PVsplit can predict whether a galaxy is a disk or a merger provided thatS/N ≳ 10, and the major axis is covered by ≳3 independent resolution elements.
Is There a Place for Family-centered Cesarean Delivery during Placenta Accreta Spectrum Treatment?
Authors: Nieto-Calvache Albaro José , Hidalgo Alejandra , Maya Juliana , Sánchez Beatriz , Blanco Luisa Fernanda , Sinisterra-Díaz Stiven Ernesto , Benavides-Calvache Juan Pablo , Padilla Iván , Aldana Ivonne , Jaramillo Martha , Gómez Ana Maria , Castillo Angela María Olarte , Bryon Adriana Messa
Published: September 2022

Objective Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a cause of massive obstetric hemorrhage and maternal mortality. The application of family-centered delivery techniques (FCDTs) during surgery to treat this disease is infrequent. We evaluate the implementation of FCDTs during PAS surgeries.

Methods This was a prospective, descriptive study that included PAS patients undergoing surgical management over a 12-month period. The patients were divided according to whether FCDTs were applied (group 1) or not (group 2), and the clinical outcomes were measured. In addition, hospital anesthesiologists were surveyed to evaluate their opinions regarding the implementation of FCDTs during the surgical management of PAS.

Results Thirteen patients with PAS were included. The implementation of FCDTs during birth was possible in 53.8% of the patients. The presence of a companion during surgery and skin-to-skin contact did not hinder interdisciplinary management in any case.

Conclusion Implementation of FCDTs during PAS care is possible in selected patients at centers with experience in managing this disease.
Gate-tunable modulation of the optical properties of multilayer graphene by the reversible intercalation of ionic liquid anions
Authors: Cai Zhi , Aravind Indu , Weinstein Haley , Li Ruoxi , Wu Jiangbin , Wang Han , Habif Jonathan , Cronin Stephen B.
Published: September 2022

We demonstrate a substantial modulation of the optical properties of multilayer graphene (∼100 layers) using a simple device consisting of a multilayer graphene/polymer electrolyte membrane/gold film stack. Applying a voltage of 3–4 V drives the intercalation of anion [TFSI]− [ion liquid diethylmethyl(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [DEME][TFSI]] resulting in the reversible modulation of the properties of this optically dense material. Upon intercalation, we observe an abrupt shift of 35 cm−1 in the G band Raman mode, an abrupt increase in FTIR reflectance over the wavelength range from 1.67 to 5 μm (2000–6000 cm−1), and an abrupt increase in luminescent background observed in the Raman spectra of graphene. All of these abrupt changes in the optical properties of this material arise from the intercalation of the TFSI− ion and the associated change in the free carrier density (Δn = 1020 cm−3). Suppression of the 2D band Raman mode observed around 3 V corresponds to Pauli blocking of the double resonance Raman process and indicates a modulation of the Fermi energy of ΔEF = 1.1 eV.
Experimental realization of scanning quantum microscopy
Authors: Gili V. F. , Piccinini C. , Safari Arabi M. , Kumar P. , Besaga V. , Brambila E. , Gräfe M. , Pertsch T. , Setzpfandt F.
Published: September 2022

Quantum imaging is an ever expanding research field in which the aim is to exploit the quantum nature of light to enhance image reconstruction capabilities. Despite a number of successful demonstrations for quantum imaging, quantum microscopy still seems out of the range for practical applications due to different physical and technical reasons. Here, we propose an imaging method exploiting the quantum correlations of photon pairs and a scanning microscope to achieve fast, single mode quantum imaging. We first test our technique on a metal grating to estimate the resolution capabilities of our system. Moreover, we assess its potential in terms of the number of available independent pixels at full resolution compared to different quantum imaging approaches. Finally, we demonstrate scanning quantum microscopy of onion epithelial cells, paving the way toward scalable quantum microscopy for bio-physical applications. Our results, combined with the rapidly evolving photon-pair generation and detection technology toward the mid-infrared, could lead to an extension of quantum microscopy applications toward the mid-infrared to access the molecular fingerprint region.
Global weak solutions in a three-dimensional two-species cancer invasion haptotaxis model without cell proliferation
Authors: Dai Feng , Liu Bin
Published: September 2022

This paper considers the two species cancer invasion haptotaxis model without cell proliferation in three space dimensions. The system consists of two parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the migration of differentiated cancer cells and cancer stem cells and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition between the two families of cells, a parabolic/elliptic PDE governing the evolution of matrix degrading enzymes, and an ordinary differential equation reflecting the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. We underline that the absence of a logistic source aggravates mathematical difficulties that are overcome by constructing a delicate energy-functional. For any suitably regular initial data, we establish the global existence of weak solutions to the associated initial-boundary value problem. This result affirmatively answers the open question proposed by Dai and Liu [SIAM J. Math. Anal. 54, 1–35 (2022)].
Computing chemical potentials of solutions from structure factors
Authors: Cheng Bingqing
Published: September 2022

The chemical potential of a component in a solution is defined as the free energy change as the amount of that component changes. Computing this fundamental thermodynamic property from atomistic simulations is notoriously difficult because of the convergence issues involved in free energy methods and finite size effects. This Communication presents the so-called S0 method, which can be used to obtain chemical potentials from static structure factors computed from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations under the isothermal–isobaric ensemble. This new method is demonstrated on the systems of binary Lennard-Jones particles, urea–water mixtures, a NaCl aqueous solution, and a high-pressure carbon–hydrogen mixture.
Numerical study of the thermocapillary instability in a thin liquid–air film
Authors: Yang Qingzhen , Liu Yankui , Jia Xinmiao , Zhang Tingting , Song Fenhong
Published: September 2022

It is well known that thermal field would cause instability on a two-fluid interface due to the Marangoni effect. This phenomenon is also referred to as thermocapillary flow. A thin liquid/air film experiences thermocapillary instability when it is confined between hot and cold plates. The periodic micro/nano-patterns can generally be observed in the film. Therefore, the thermocapillary instability can be used to fabricate micro/nano-polymeric structures. The present paper proposes a fully nonlinear numerical model based on the phase field method to study the dynamic process of thermocapillary instability. Interfacial evolution and nonlinear effects of the thin liquid film are especially investigated. The impact of the key parameters, e.g., the Marangoni and Reynolds numbers, on the stability are also explored. In addition to the single-mode analysis, the thermocapillary instability is also studied in the multi-mode condition. The conventional single-mode approach facilitates the stability analysis of different wavelengths, while the multi-mode method describes the experiments in a more practical way.
Coordination of gene expression with cell size enables
Escherichia coli
to efficiently maintain motility across conditions
Authors: Honda Tomoya , Cremer Jonas , Mancini Leonardo , Zhang Zhongge , Pilizota Teuta , Hwa Terence
Published: September 2022

To swim and navigate, motile bacteria synthesize a complex motility machinery involving flagella, motors, and a sensory system. A myriad of studies has elucidated the molecular processes involved, but less is known about the coordination of motility expression with cellular physiology: In
Escherichia coli
, motility genes are strongly up-regulated in nutrient-poor conditions compared to nutrient-replete conditions; yet a quantitative link to cellular motility has not been developed. Here, we systematically investigated gene expression, swimming behavior, cell growth, and available proteomics data across a broad spectrum of exponential growth conditions. Our results suggest that cells up-regulate the expression of motility genes at slow growth to compensate for reduction in cell size, such that the number of flagella per cell is maintained across conditions. The observed four or five flagella per cell is the minimum number needed to keep the majority of cells motile. This simple regulatory objective allows
E. coli
cells to remain motile across a broad range of growth conditions, while keeping the biosynthetic and energetic demands to establish and drive the motility machinery at the minimum needed. Given the strong reduction in flagella synthesis resulting from cell size increases at fast growth, our findings also provide a different physiological perspective on bacterial cell size control: A larger cell size at fast growth is an efficient strategy to increase the allocation of cellular resources to the synthesis of those proteins required for biomass synthesis and growth, while maintaining processes such as motility that are only needed on a per-cell basis.
Geometry of neural computation unifies working memory and planning
Authors: Ehrlich Daniel B. , Murray John D.
Published: September 2022

Real-world tasks require coordination of working memory, decision-making, and planning, yet these cognitive functions have disproportionately been studied as independent modular processes in the brain. Here, we propose that contingency representations, defined as mappings for how future behaviors depend on upcoming events, can unify working memory and planning computations. We designed a task capable of disambiguating distinct types of representations. In task-optimized recurrent neural networks, we investigated possible circuit mechanisms for contingency representations and found that these representations can explain neurophysiological observations from the prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. Our experiments revealed that human behavior is consistent with contingency representations and not with traditional sensory models of working memory. Finally, we generated falsifiable predictions for neural data to identify contingency representations in neural data and to dissociate different models of working memory. Our findings characterize a neural representational strategy that can unify working memory, planning, and context-dependent decision-making.
Increasing and widespread vulnerability of intact tropical rainforests to repeated droughts
Authors: Tao Shengli , Chave Jérôme , Frison Pierre-Louis , Le Toan Thuy , Ciais Philippe , Fang Jingyun , Wigneron Jean-Pierre , Santoro Maurizio , Yang Hui , Li Xiaojun , Labrière Nicolas , Saatchi Sassan
Published: September 2022

Intact tropical rainforests have been exposed to severe droughts in recent decades, which may threaten their integrity, their ability to sequester carbon, and their capacity to provide shelter for biodiversity. However, their response to droughts remains uncertain due to limited high-quality, long-term observations covering extensive areas. Here, we examined how the upper canopy of intact tropical rainforests has responded to drought events globally and during the past 3 decades. By developing a long pantropical time series (1992 to 2018) of monthly radar satellite observations, we show that repeated droughts caused a sustained decline in radar signal in 93%, 84%, and 88% of intact tropical rainforests in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, respectively. Sudden decreases in radar signal were detected around the 1997–1998, 2005, 2010, and 2015 droughts in tropical Americas; 1999–2000, 2004–2005, 2010–2011, and 2015 droughts in tropical Africa; and 1997–1998, 2006, and 2015 droughts in tropical Asia. Rainforests showed similar low resistance (the ability to maintain predrought condition when drought occurs) to severe droughts across continents, but American rainforests consistently showed the lowest resilience (the ability to return to predrought condition after the drought event). Moreover, while the resistance of intact tropical rainforests to drought is decreasing, albeit weakly in tropical Africa and Asia, forest resilience has not increased significantly. Our results therefore suggest the capacity of intact rainforests to withstand future droughts is limited. This has negative implications for climate change mitigation through forest-based climate solutions and the associated pledges made by countries under the Paris Agreement.
IRF3 inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB to prevent viral inflammation
Authors: Popli Sonam , Chakravarty Sukanya , Fan Shumin , Glanz Anna , Aras Siddhesh , Nagy Laura E. , Sen Ganes C. , Chakravarti Ritu , Chattopadhyay Saurabh
Published: September 2022

Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor activated by phosphorylation in the cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell; by translocating to the nucleus, it induces transcription of IFN-β and other antiviral genes. We have previously reported IRF3 can also be activated, as a proapoptotic factor, by its linear polyubiquitination mediated by the RIG-I pathway. Both transcriptional and apoptotic functions of IRF3 contribute to its antiviral effect. Here, we report a nontranscriptional function of IRF3, namely, the repression of IRF3-mediated NF-κB activity (RIKA), which attenuated viral activation of NF-κB and the resultant inflammatory gene induction. In

Irf3
−/−

mice, consequently, Sendai virus infection caused enhanced inflammation in the lungs. Mechanistically, RIKA was mediated by the direct binding of IRF3 to the p65 subunit of NF-κB in the cytoplasm, which prevented its nuclear import. A mutant IRF3 defective in both the transcriptional and the apoptotic activities was active in RIKA and inhibited virus replication. Our results demonstrated IRF3 deployed a three-pronged attack on virus replication and the accompanying inflammation.
Endocannabinoid-dependent formation of columnar axonal projection in the mouse cerebral cortex
Authors: Itami Chiaki , Uesaka Naofumi , Huang Jui-Yen , Lu Hui-Chen , Sakimura Kenji , Kano Masanobu , Kimura Fumitaka
Published: September 2022

Columnar structure is one of the most fundamental morphological features of the cerebral cortex and is thought to be the basis of information processing in higher animals. Yet, how such a topographically precise structure is formed is largely unknown. Formation of columnar projection of layer 4 (L4) axons is preceded by thalamocortical formation, in which type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R) play an important role in shaping barrel-specific targeted projection by operating spike timing-dependent plasticity during development (Itami
et al.
,
J. Neurosci.
36, 7039–7054 [2016]; Kimura & Itami,
J. Neurosci.
39, 3784–3791 [2019]). Right after the formation of thalamocortical projections, CB1Rs start to function at L4 axon terminals (Itami & Kimura,
J. Neurosci.
32, 15000–15011 [2012]), which coincides with the timing of columnar shaping of L4 axons. Here, we show that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) plays a crucial role in columnar shaping. We found that L4 axon projections were less organized until P12 and then became columnar after CB1Rs became functional. By contrast, the columnar organization of L4 axons was collapsed in mice genetically lacking diacylglycerol lipase α, the major enzyme for 2-AG synthesis. Intraperitoneally administered CB1R agonists shortened axon length, whereas knockout of CB1R in L4 neurons impaired columnar projection of their axons. Our results suggest that endocannabinoid signaling is crucial for shaping columnar axonal projection in the cerebral cortex.
Multispecies coexistence in fragmented landscapes
Authors: Luo Mingyu , Wang Shaopeng , Saavedra Serguei , Ebert Dieter , Altermatt Florian
Published: September 2022

Spatial dynamics have long been recognized as an important driver of biodiversity. However, our understanding of species’ coexistence under realistic landscape configurations has been limited by lack of adequate analytical tools. To fill this gap, we develop a spatially explicit metacommunity model of multiple competing species and derive analytical criteria for their coexistence in fragmented heterogeneous landscapes. Specifically, we propose measures of niche and fitness differences for metacommunities, which clarify how spatial dynamics and habitat configuration interact with local competition to determine coexistence of species. We parameterize our model with a Bayesian approach using a 36-y time-series dataset of three
Daphnia
species in a rockpool metacommunity covering >500 patches. Our results illustrate the emergence of interspecific variation in extinction and recolonization processes, including their dependencies on habitat size and environmental temperature. We find that such interspecific variation contributes to the coexistence of
Daphnia
species by reducing fitness differences and increasing niche differences. Additionally, our parameterized model allows separating the effects of habitat destruction and temperature change on species extinction. By integrating coexistence theory and metacommunity theory, our study provides platforms to increase our understanding of species’ coexistence in fragmented heterogeneous landscapes and the response of biodiversity to environmental changes.
Suppressors of fixation can increase average fitness beyond amplifiers of selection
Authors: Sharma Nikhil , Traulsen Arne
Published: September 2022

Evolutionary dynamics on graphs has remarkable features: For example, it has been shown that amplifiers of selection exist that—compared to an unstructured population—increase the fixation probability of advantageous mutations, while they decrease the fixation probability of disadvantageous mutations. So far, the theoretical literature has focused on the case of a single mutant entering a graph-structured population, asking how the graph affects the probability that a mutant takes over a population and the time until this typically happens. For continuously evolving systems, the more relevant case is that mutants constantly arise in an evolving population. Typically, such mutations occur with a small probability during reproduction events. We thus focus on the low mutation rate limit. The probability distribution for the fitness in this process converges to a steady state at long times. Intuitively, amplifiers of selection are expected to increase the population’s mean fitness in the steady state. Similarly, suppressors of selection are expected to decrease the population’s mean fitness in the steady state. However, we show that another set of graphs, called suppressors of fixation, can attain the highest population mean fitness. The key reason behind this is their ability to efficiently reject deleterious mutants. This illustrates the importance of the deleterious mutant regime for the long-term evolutionary dynamics, something that seems to have been overlooked in the literature so far.
Tagged actin mRNA dysregulation in IGF2BP1−/− mice
Authors: Núñez Leti , Buxbaum Adina R. , Katz Zachary B. , Lopez-Jones Melissa , Nwokafor Chiso , Czaplinski Kevin , Pan Feng , Rosenberg Jason , Monday Hannah R. , Singer Robert H.
Published: September 2022

Gene expression is tightly regulated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to facilitate cell survival, differentiation, and migration. Previous reports have shown the importance of the Insulin-like Growth Factor II mRNA-Binding Protein (IGF2BP1/IMP1/ZBP1) in regulating RNA fate, including localization, transport, and translation. Here, we generated and characterized a knockout mouse to study RBP regulation. We report that IGF2BP1 is essential for proper brain development and neonatal survival. Specifically, these mice display disorganization in the developing neocortex, and further investigation revealed a loss of cortical marginal cell density at E17.5. We also investigated migratory cell populations in the IGF2BP1

−
/
−

mice, using BrdU labeling, and detected fewer mitotically active cells in the cortical plate. Since RNA localization is important for cellular migration and directionality, we investigated the regulation of
β
-actin messenger RNA (mRNA), a well-characterized target with established roles in cell motility and development. To aid in our understanding of RBP and target mRNA regulation, we generated mice with endogenously labeled
β
-actin mRNA (IGF2BP1

−
/
−

;
β
-actin-MS2

+
/
+

). Using endogenously labeled
β
-actin transcripts, we report IGF2BP1

−
/
−

neurons have increased transcription rates and total
β
-actin protein content. In addition, we found decreased transport and anchoring in knockout neurons. Overall, we present an important model for understanding RBP regulation of target mRNA.
Combinatorial clustering of distinct DNA motifs directs synergistic binding ofCaenorhabditis elegansdosage compensation complex to X chromosomes
Authors: Fuda Nicholas J. , Brejc Katjuša , Kruesi William S. , Ralston Edward J. , Bigley Rachel , Shin Aram , Okada Miki , Meyer Barbara J.
Published: September 2022

Organisms that count X-chromosome number to determine sex utilize dosage compensation mechanisms to balance X-gene expression between sexes. Typically, a regulatory complex is recruited to X chromosomes of one sex to modulate gene expression. A major challenge is to determine the mechanisms that target regulatory complexes specifically to X. Here, we identify critical X-sequence motifs inCaenorhabditis elegansthat act synergistically in hermaphrodites to direct X-specific recruitment of the dosage compensation complex (DCC), a condensin complex. We find two DNA motifs that collaborate with a previously defined 12-bp motif called MEX (motif enriched on X) to mediate binding: MEX II, a 26-bp X-enriched motif and Motif C, a 9-bp motif that lacks X enrichment. Inserting both MEX and MEX II into a new location on X creates a DCC binding site equivalent to an endogenous recruitment site, but inserting only MEX or MEX II alone does not. Moreover, mutating MEX, MEX II, or Motif C in endogenous recruitment sites with multiple different motifs dramatically reduces DCC binding in vivo to nearly the same extent as mutating all motifs. Changing the orientation or spacing of motifs also reduces DCC binding. Hence, synergy in DCC binding via combinatorial clustering of motifs triggers DCC assembly specifically on X chromosomes. Using an in vitro DNA binding assay, we refine the features of motifs and flanking sequences that are critical for DCC binding. Our work reveals general principles by which regulatory complexes can be recruited across an entire chromosome to control its gene expression.
Bringing natural killer cells to the clinic
Authors: Chiossone Laura , Vivier Eric
Published: September 2022

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with around 10 million deaths every year. Despite huge advances due to immunotherapy, the majority of cancer patients present primary or secondary resistance to these treatments. In this Found in Translation, we focus on the approaches developed to harness the anti-tumor function of NK cells, suggesting promising strategies to complete the therapeutic arsenal of cancer immunotherapies.
ETpathfinder: a cryogenic testbed for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors
Authors: Utina A , Amato A , Arends J , Arina C , de Baar M , Baars M , Baer P , van Bakel N , Beaumont W , Bertolini A , van Beuzekom M , Biersteker S , Binetti A , ter Brake H J M , Bruno G , Bryant J , Bulten H J , Busch L , Cebeci P , Collette C , Cooper S , Cornelissen R , Cuijpers P , van Dael M , Danilishin S , Diksha D , van Doesburg S , Doets M , Elsinga R , Erends V , van Erps J , Freise A , Frenaij H , Garcia R , Giesberts M , Grohmann S , Van Haevermaet H , Heijnen S , van Heijningen J V , Hennes E , Hennig J-S , Hennig M , Hertog T , Hild S , Hoffmann H-D , Hoft G , Hopman M , Hoyland D , Iandolo G A , Ietswaard C , Jamshidi R , Jansweijer P , Jones A , Jones P , Knust N , Koekoek G , Koroveshi X , Kortekaas T , Koushik A N , Kraan M , van de Kraats M , Kranzhoff S L , Kuijer P , Kukkadapu K A , Lam K , Letendre N , Li P , Limburg R , Linde F , Locquet J-P , Loosen P , Lueck H , Martínez M , Masserot A , Meylahn F , Molenaar M , Mow-Lowry C , Mundet J , Munneke B , van Nieuwland L , Pacaud E , Pascucci D , Petit S , Van Ranst Z , Raskin G , Recaman P M , van Remortel N , Rolland L , de Roo L , Roose E , Rosier J C , Ryckbosch D , Schouteden K , Sevrin A , Sider A , Singha A , Spagnuolo V , Stahl A , Steinlechner J , Steinlechner S , Swinkels B , Szilasi N , Tacca M , Thienpont H , Vecchio A , Verkooijen H , Vermeer C H , Vervaeke M , Visser G , Walet R , Werneke P , Westhofen C , Willke B , Xhahi A , Zhang T
Published: September 2022

The third-generation (3G) of gravitational wave observatories, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) and Cosmic Explorer, aim for an improvement in sensitivity of at least a factor of ten over a wide frequency range compared to the current advanced detectors. In order to inform the design of the 3G detectors and to develop and qualify their subsystems, dedicated test facilities are required. ETpathfinder prototype uses full interferometer configurations and aims to provide a high sensitivity facility in a similar environment as ET. Along with the interferometry at 1550 nm and silicon test masses, ETpathfinder will focus on cryogenic technologies, lasers and optics at 2090 nm and advanced quantum-noise reduction schemes. This paper analyses the underpinning noise contributions and combines them into full noise budgets of the two initially targeted configurations: (1) operating with 1550 nm laser light and at a temperature of 18 K and (2) operating at 2090 nm wavelength and a temperature of 123 K.
Kinetics of inherent processes counteracting crystallization in supercooled monatomic liquid
Authors: Galimzyanov B N , Yarullin D T , Mokshin A V
Published: September 2022

Crystallization of supercooled liquids is mainly determined by two competing processes associated with the transition of particles (atoms) from liquid phase to crystalline one and, vice versa, with the return of particles from crystalline phase to liquid one. The quantitative characteristics of these processes are the so-called attachment rate

g

+

and the detachment rate

g

−

, which determine how particles change their belonging from one phase to another. In the present study, a correspondence rule between the rates

g

+

and

g

−

as functions of the size N of growing crystalline nuclei is defined for the first time. In contrast to the well-known detailed balance condition, which relates

g

+

(
N
)

and

g

−

(
N
)

at

N
=

n
c

(where n

c
is the critical nucleus size) and is satisfied only at the beginning of the nucleation regime, the found correspondence rule is fulfilled at all the main stages of crystallization kinetics (crystal nucleation, growth and coalescence). On the example of crystallizing supercooled Lennard–Jones liquid, the rate

g

−

was calculated for the first time at different supercooling levels and for the wide range of nucleus sizes

N
∈
[

n
c

;
40

n
c

]

. It was found that for the whole range of nucleus sizes, the detachment rate

g

−

is only

≈

2

% less than the attachment rate

g

+

. This is direct evidence that the role of the processes that counteract crystallization remains significant at all the stages of crystallization. Based on the obtained results, a kinetic equation was formulated for the time-dependent distribution function of the nucleus sizes, that is an alternative to the well-known kinetic Becker–Döring–Zeldovich–Frenkel equation.
Efficiency improvement of GaN-based micro-light-emitting diodes embedded with Ag NPs into a periodic arrangement of nano-hole channel structure by ultra close range localized surface plasmon coupling
Authors: Du Zaifa , Chen Enguo , Feng Hongjuan , Qian Fengsong , Xiong Fangzhu , Tang Penghao , Guo Weiling , Song Jibin , Yan Qun , Guo Tailiang , Sun Jie
Published: September 2022

NH-μLED, namely a micro light-emitting diode structure with nano-holes dug all the way through the active region, is designed to make silver nanoparticles in extremely close contact with the quantum wells for improving the coupling between the localized surface plasmon and the quantum wells (LSP-QWs coupling) and thus enhancing the optical properties of the μLED. The experimental results show that, thanks to this deep nanohole structure, the LSP-QWs coupling can be realized effectively, which ultimately increases the optical performance of the μLED. The internal quantum efficiency of the NH-μLED filled with silver nanoparticles is increased by 12%, and the final optical output power is also enhanced. We have further carried out a comparison study which measures the transient lifetime of two different types of μLEDs, and the results provide convincing evidence for the existence of the ultra close range LSP-QWs coupling effect.