bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mating Attributes Relating to Parasitization and Productivity in Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Rearing on Host Indian Meal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Hasan Mahbub , Hasan Mehedi , Khatun Raosonara , Hossain Akhtar , Athanassiou Christos G , Bari Abdul
Published: January 2020

The mating attributes in relating to parasitism and progeny production capacity of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say, using Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) as a host, were investigated in laboratory studies. The results indicated that 100% of the host larvae were parasitized by different individuals of H. hebetor females that were mated by the same male. Mating duration did not differ significantly among different successive matings with different females and had no effect on the rate of parasitism. In general, pairs that had their copulation early after emergence exhibited the maximum rate of parasitism as compared to delayed intervals. Moreover, the age of the H. hebetor females had no effect on the percentage of parasitism. The maximum parasitism percentage was recorded for the H. hebetor individuals that had been developed from the age group of the 6-d-old adults. The male: female ratios did not differ significantly among the female age groups. The percentage of parasitism clearly indicated a decrease with the increase of the male: female ratio. Overall, the results of the present work can be further utilized in mass rearing and release of H. hebetor in biological control programs in stored product protection.
Continued growth of locally aggressive fibrous dysplasia of 22 years duration after reaching adulthood: a case report
Authors: Yamagishi Yusuke , Okamoto Masanori , Yoshimura Yasuo , Kito Munehisa , Aoki Kaoru , Takahashi Jun
Published: January 2020

Fibrous dysplasia generally stops growing when patients reach adulthood. Locally aggressive fibrous dysplasia is an extremely rare subtype of fibrous dysplasia that is characterized by progressive enlargement after bone maturation, cortical bone destruction and soft tissue invasion but without malignant transformation. At 50 years of age, a tumor was found in the rib of a patient. The tumor gradually enlarged over time and imaging findings suggested a malignant tumor. The case was further complicated by restrictive lung disorder. Biopsies from multiple sites showed no malignant findings, and marginal resection with partial curettage was performed. The final diagnosis was locally aggressive fibrous dysplasia, and the restrictive lung disorder improved postoperatively. The natural history of the disease is also unknown. This is the first report in the literature to describe a case in which a lesion exhibited long-term growth over a period of 22 years after reaching adulthood.
Slave Trade and Slavery in Asia—New Perspectives
Authors: Chakraborty Titas , van Rossum Matthias
Published: January 2020

Recent years have witnessed an expanding body of scholarship indicating the importance of slave trade and slavery in different parts of the Indian Ocean and Indonesian archipelago worlds. This work has not only challenged the dominant focus of slavery scholarship on the Atlantic context but has also encouraged scholars to reassess wider perspectives on Asian and global social histories. This special issue brings together contributions that explore these new horizons. Together, they take up the issue of slavery and mobility in different parts of the Indian Ocean and Indonesian archipelago worlds from a comparative perspective, dealing not only with the existence and patterns of slave trade itself but also with its social and sociopolitical implications. These articles require us to rethink some of the dominant perspectives in a historiography that for a long time has emphasized the unique and local character of “Asian” slaveries, positing dichotomies between slavery in the Atlantic and elsewhere, as well as between Western and non-Western slaveries. The contributions to this special issue challenge several of these existing dichotomies and provide new contributions to the understanding of the role and importance of slavery from a global perspective, as well as to the history of the Indian Ocean and Indonesian archipelago worlds. This introduction reflects on this collective contribution and aims to provide an outline for a relevant research agenda.
Trust in the invisible hand? The roles of the State and the markets in EU energy law
Authors: Huhta Kaisa
Published: January 2020

The article analyses the European Union (EU) legal approaches that govern security of electricity supply. This legal analysis demonstrates how EU law allocates power and responsibility between the State and the markets in the electricity sector to ensure the uninterrupted availability of affordable electricity. The article argues that the allocation of roles and responsibilities has been similarly structured in respect of different timescales of security of supply in the Clean Energy for All Europeans package. This legal structure relies heavily on the invisible hand of the market, in which context the role of the State is limited to providing a fallback in the event that the market is unable to achieve the objective of security of electricity supply.
Can Robots, Apps, and Other Technologies Meet the Future Global Demands of Dementia?
Authors: Astell Arlene , Semple James
Published: January 2020

Lower- and low- to middle-income countries are predicted to experience the fastest growth in numbers of people living with dementia by 2050, although they have the least developed infrastructure for diagnosis and support. As there are currently no disease-modifying therapies for dementia and only modest symptomatic relief, all that is available for people who receive a diagnosis is care and support to live as well as possible. The potential of digital technologies, including robots, smart environments, and mobile devices, to address the rising challenges posed by dementia is increasingly being explored. This chapter summarizes the major developments in technology for supporting people to live with dementia and examines their relevance and potential for addressing the challenges faced by some of the world’s poorest countries. All technologies are hampered by a lack of research investment, but even so, mobile platforms offer the most potential for deployment at scale.
Ethical Concerns About the Use of Assistive Technologies
Authors: Elger Bernice S.
Published: January 2020

Uptake of possible beneficial assistive technology is presently hampered by ethical concerns. It is important to examine the ethical issues raised by distinct types of existing technologies in more detail than has been done previously to obtain a nuanced judgment as to whether public health authorities and healthcare personnel should inform patients and interested stakeholders about them, offer patients and their informal caregivers more choice concerning the use of available assistive technologies, or even actively recommend some of them. The present chapter will focus on four examples of assistive technologies that, despite having been available for some time and being relatively simple to use, are not widely implemented: memory aid technology, “smart dresser” devices designed to help dementia patients with getting dressed, GPS tracking devices, and sensors to monitor patients in their private homes such as an intelligent wireless sensor system for the rapid detection of health issues. The first two technologies are chosen as examples for “aid” technology where the risk of harm is very low compared to significant benefits for patients, caregivers, and society. The second two are chosen because of their ethically relevant characteristics of control: their aim is patient surveillance and monitoring. The ethical issues related to these technologies will be discussed and conclusions drawn on how to appropriately balance beneficence and respect for patient autonomy.
Issues of Informed Consent from Persons with Dementia When Employing Assistive Technologies
Authors: Novitzky Peter , Chen Cynthia , Smeaton Alan F. , Verbruggen Renaat , Gordijn Bert
Published: January 2020

The use of assistive technologies (ATs) in the provision of healthcare promises to provide novel opportunities to protect, empower, and extend the autonomy of persons with dementia (PwDs). However, it also poses autonomy-related challenges, especially regarding informed consent. Traditional informed consent procedures, aimed at the protection of the autonomy of research participants and patients undergoing treatment, are not readily applicable to PwDs when it comes to deciding about ATs. This chapter analyzes the ethical challenges of obtaining informed consent from PwDs for research and development, and the use of ATs. The analysis reviews both traditional informed consent procedures and more innovative ones. The chapter will conclude with a list of recommendations, based on the findings of the ethical analysis.
Developing Assistive Technologies for Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Carers
Authors: Mahoney Diane Feeney
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the ethical principles applicable to gerontechnology research and development for in-home monitoring of persons with neurocognitive impairments. Principles addressed include respect for persons, autonomy, beneficence, justice, nonabandonment, nonmalfeasance, and privacy. Key issues for designers, developers, end-users, and reviewers are highlighted by uniquely drawing from real-world research examples. Studies indicate that among stakeholders there remains an emotional tension between “high tech” and “high touch” interventions for older adults with dementia. At the extremes, technophobic humanists dismiss technology as universally inferior to human assistance, while techno-proponents view it as the solution to care problems resulting from human limitations. “Benevolent” geriatric protectionism from technology is paternalistic and stifles innovation, while pushing technology without input from geriatric end-users results in products mismatched to their needs. Society will be better served if both viewpoints thoughtfully consider the ethical foundation of their beliefs informed by research findings to foster approaches that do good, not harm.
System-based anatomy and physiology
Authors: Engelhardt Thomas
Published: January 2020

Children who undergo general anaesthesia have an increased perioperative risk of morbidity and mortality compared with adults. This is due to differences in anatomy and reduced physiological reserves. A clear understanding of neonatal and paediatric anatomy and physiology is therefore essential to provide safe paediatric perioperative care. This chapter outlines major anatomical and physiological differences of the paediatric and neonatal airway, including causes and treatment of airway obstruction. Essential aspects of the respiratory, cardiovascular, CNS, and hepatorenal systems are discussed. Important considerations of fluid and thermal control are described that form the basis of safe paediatric anaesthesia practice.
Induction
Authors: Masip Nuria , Lambert Barry
Published: January 2020

Anaesthetic induction in children can be challenging even for the most experienced clinician. The anaesthetist’s approach must vary depending on the age group. Communication is paramount, since parents are frequently present at induction and are often stressed; the clinician must ensure the parent knows what is expected of them and what will happen at induction. Induction becomes even more challenging with the uncooperative child, and a well-thought-out plan is essential. Anaesthetic induction is performed either by an inhalational or an intravenous route; this chapter provides the reader with some simple top tips to provide a smooth induction process for child and parent. After induction, managing the airway is the priority; this chapter discusses both basic and advanced airway skills. In addition, the issue of administering a standard rapid sequence induction is discussed.
Maxillofacial, craniofacial, and cleft surgery
Authors: Carver Ed , Johnson Doug
Published: January 2020

Maxillofacial surgery in paediatrics ranges from straightforward oral surgery to complex reconstructive surgery of the maxilla and mandible in cases of congenital or acquired abnormality. Craniofacial surgery is undertaken in supra-regional units and involves a multidisciplinary team of maxillofacial, neuro, and plastic surgeons. Much of craniofacial surgery in paediatrics is for craniosynostosis (premature fusion of one or more sutures of the skull) and can involve significant blood loss. Cleft lip and palate surgery in the UK is undertaken in a small number of regional centres, mainly by plastic surgeons. Anaesthesia for these specialities requires clear understanding of the procedure to be undertaken and readiness for potential perioperative complications. All these areas of practice need a good knowledge of, and ability in, the management of the difficult airway.
Medical specialties
Authors: Murali Naveen
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the perioperative management of children presenting to the medical specialties, who often have comorbidities and frequent theatre episodes. Endoscopic procedures are the mainstay of diagnosis and treatment in gastroenterology. Endoscopy lists require an anaesthetist to plan for a high turnover, potentially in a remote site. Standard general anaesthetic (GA) techniques, along with alternative approaches, are discussed. Ingestion of caustic substances and foreign bodies in children and their management are discussed Children with oncological conditions commonly have GA for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Anaesthetists also need to provide assistance in siting tunnelled lines and in pain management. The salient clinical features, staging procedures, and treatment options of common childhood malignancies are considered, including bone marrow transplantation and managing an immunocompromised child. The multiple challenges of anaesthetizing children having radiotherapy are considered. Indications, contraindications, and equipment preparation for both diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopies are discussed. Children having these procedures usually have comorbidities and a high probability of significant decompensation during the procedure. Clinical aspects of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), including its definition, classification, diagnostic features, and salient treatment aspects, are discussed. Anaesthetic considerations for joint injections are described. Special attention is paid to careful assessment of anaesthetic-specific features such as difficult airway, unstable cervical spine, and systemic changes of JIA, and the respective anaesthetic precautions are discussed.
Comorbidities and syndromes
Authors: Moores Anthony
Published: January 2020

It is not uncommon for a child or infant to present with a congenital syndrome or condition that may have specific implications for the conduct of their anaesthesia. There are many thousands of such syndromes in existence. This chapter focuses on a few of the more commonly known syndromes and conditions, with emphasis on their clinical features, anaesthetic management, and potential problems that may arise during the perioperative period.
Medical emergencies
Authors: Murphy Pete , Stibbards Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter is meant as a brief guide to the immediate management of medical emergencies that an anaesthetist may be called to assist with. It is not intended as an in-depth text on the conditions covered. The severity and immediate management of acute asthma are detailed, including tips on induction and ventilation strategies. An overview of bronchiolitis includes presentation, risk factors, medical management, and tips on intubation and ventilation. Convulsive status epilepticus is a common referral, and its causes, treatment and indications for intubation and early extubation are discussed. Diabetic ketoacidosis management is described, specifically including the treatment of cerebral oedema. A common cause of mortality and morbidity in children is sepsis, and in this final section of the chapter the ‘Sepsis 6’ approach is taken.
The ALMaQUEST Survey – II. What drives central starbursts at z ∼ 0?
Authors: Ellison Sara L , Thorp Mallory D , Pan Hsi-An , Lin Lihwai , Scudder Jillian M , Bluck Asa F L , Sánchez Sebastian F , Sargent Mark
Published: January 2020

Starburst galaxies have elevated star formation rates (SFRs) for their stellar mass. In Ellison et al., we used integral field unit maps of SFR surface density (ΣSFR) and stellar mass surface density (Σ⋆) to show that starburst galaxies in the local universe are driven by SFRs that are preferentially boosted in their central regions. Here, we present molecular gas maps obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observatory for 12 central starburst galaxies at z ∼ 0 drawn from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey. The ALMA and MaNGA data are well matched in spatial resolution, such that the ALMA maps of molecular gas surface density ($\Sigma _{\rm H_2}$) can be directly compared with MaNGA maps at kpc-scale resolution. The combination of $\Sigma _{\rm H_2}$, Σ⋆ and ΣSFR at the same resolution allow us to investigate whether central starbursts are driven primarily by enhancements in star formation efficiency (SFE) or by increased gas fractions. By computing offsets from the resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt relation ($\Sigma _{\rm H_2}$ versus ΣSFR) and the molecular gas main sequence (Σ⋆ versus $\Sigma _{\rm H_2}$), we conclude that the primary driver of the central starburst is an elevated SFE. We also show that the enhancement in ΣSFR is accompanied by a dilution in O/H, consistent with a triggering that is induced by metal poor gas inflow. These observational signatures are found in both undisturbed (9/12 galaxies in our sample) and recently merged galaxies, indicating that both interactions and secular mechanisms contribute to central starbursts.
Detecting double neutron stars with LISA
Authors: Lau Mike Y M , Mandel Ilya , Vigna-Gómez Alejandro , Neijssel Coenraad J , Stevenson Simon , Sesana Alberto
Published: January 2020

We estimate the properties of the double neutron star (DNS) population that will be observable by the planned space-based interferometer Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). By following the gravitational radiation-driven evolution of DNSs generated from rapid population synthesis of massive binary stars, we estimate that around 35 DNSs will accumulate a signal-to-noise ratio above 8 over a 4-yr LISA mission. The observed population mainly comprises Galactic DNSs (94 per cent), but detections in the LMC (5 per cent) and SMC (1 per cent) may also be expected. The median orbital frequency of detected DNSs is expected to be 0.8 mHz, and many of them will be eccentric (median eccentricity of 0.11). LISA is expected to localize these DNSs to a typical angular resolution of 2°. We expect the best-constrained DNSs to have eccentricities known to a few parts in a thousand, chirp masses measured to better than 1 per cent fractional uncertainty, and sky localization at the level of a few arcminutes. The orbital properties will provide insights into DNS progenitors and formation channels. The localizations may allow neutron star natal kick magnitudes to be constrained through the Galactic distribution of DNSs, and make it possible to follow up the sources with radio pulsar searches. LISA is also expected to resolve ∼104 Galactic double white dwarfs, many of which may have binary parameters that resemble DNSs; we discuss how the combined measurement of binary eccentricity, chirp mass, and sky location may aid the identification of a DNS.
The nuclear region of NGC 613 – I. Multiwavelength analysis
Authors: da Silva Patrícia , Menezes R B , Steiner J E
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we report a detailed study with a variety of data from optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and radio telescopes of the nuclear region of the galaxy NGC 613 with the aim of understanding its complexity. We detected an extended stellar emission in the nucleus that, at first, appears to be, in the optical band, two stellar nuclei separated by a stream of dust. The active galactic nucleus (AGN) is identified as a variable point-like source between these two stellar components. There is a central hard X-ray emission and an extended soft X-ray emission that closely coincides with the ionization cone, as seen in the [O iii]λ5007 emission. The centroid of the [O i]λ6300 emission does not coincide with the AGN, being shifted by 0.24 arcsec towards the ionization cone; this shift is probably caused by a combination of differential dust extinction together with emission and reflection in the ionization cone. The optical spectra extracted from the central region are typical of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions. We also identify 10 H ii regions, eight of them in a star-forming ring that is visible in Br γ, [Fe ii]λ16436, and molecular CO(3-2) images observed in previous studies. Such a ring also presents weak hard X-ray emission, probably associated with supernova remnants, not detected in other studies. The position of the AGN coincides with the centre of a nuclear spiral (detected in previous works) that brings gas and dust from the bar to the nucleus, causing the high extinction in this area.
The Cluster AgeS Experiment (CASE) – VIII. Age and distance of the Globular Cluster 47 Tuc from the analysis of two detached eclipsing binaries
Authors: Thompson I B , Udalski A , Dotter A , Rozyczka M , Schwarzenberg-Czerny A , Pych W , Beletsky Y , Burley G S , Marshall J L , McWilliam A , Morrell N , Osip D , Monson A , Persson S E , Szymański M K , Soszyński I , Poleski R , Ulaczyk K , Wyrzykowski Ł , Kozłowski S , Mróz P , Pietrukowicz P , Skowron J
Published: January 2020

We use photometric and spectroscopic observations of the eclipsing binary E32 in the globular cluster 47 Tuc to derive the masses, radii, and luminosities of the component stars. The system has an orbital period of 40.9 d, a markedly eccentric orbit with e = 0.24, and is shown to be a member of or a recent escaper from the cluster. We obtain $M_{\rm p} = 0.862\pm 0.005 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, $R_{\rm p} = 1.183\pm 0.003 \, \mathrm{R}_\odot$, $L_{\rm p} = 1.65\pm 0.05 \, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ for the primary and $M_{\rm s} = 0.827\pm 0.005 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, $R_{\rm s} = 1.004\pm 0.004 \, \mathrm{R}_\odot$, $L_{\rm s} = 1.14\pm 0.04\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ for the secondary. Based on these data and on an earlier analysis of the binary V69 in 47 Tuc, we measure the distance to the cluster from the distance moduli of the component stars, and, independently, from a colour – surface brightness calibration. We obtain 4.55 ± 0.03 and 4.50 ± 0.07 kpc, respectively – values compatible within 1$\, \sigma$ with recent estimates based on Gaia DR2 parallaxes. By comparing the M–R diagram of the two binaries and the colour–magnitude diagram of 47 Tuc to Dartmouth model isochrones we estimate the age of the cluster to be 12.0 ± 0.5 Gyr, and the helium abundance of the cluster to be Y ≈ 0.25.
X-ray detected AGN in SDSS dwarf galaxies
Authors: Birchall Keir L , Watson M G , Aird J
Published: January 2020

In this work we present a robust quantification of X-ray selected AGN in local (z ≤ 0.25) dwarf galaxies ($M_\mathrm{*} \le 3 \times 10^9 \, \mathrm{M_\odot }$). We define a parent sample of 4331 dwarf galaxies found within the footprint of both the MPA-JHU galaxy catalogue (based on SDSS DR8) and 3XMM DR7, performed a careful review of the data to remove misidentifications and produced a sample of 61 dwarf galaxies that exhibit nuclear X-ray activity indicative of an AGN. We examine the optical emission line ratios of our X-ray selected sample and find that optical AGN diagnostics fail to identify 85 per cent of the sources. We then calculated the growth rates of the black holes powering our AGN in terms of their specific accretion rates (∝ LX/M*, an approximate tracer of the Eddington ratio). Within our observed sample, we found a wide range of specific accretion rates. After correcting the observed sample for the varying sensitivity of 3XMM, we found further evidence for a wide range of X-ray luminosities and specific accretion rates, described by a power law. Using this corrected AGN sample we also define an AGN fraction describing their relative incidence within the parent sample. We found the AGN fraction increases with host galaxy mass (up to ≈6 per cent) for galaxies with X-ray luminosities between $10^{39} \, $ and $10^{42} \, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}}$, and by extrapolating the power law to higher luminosities, we found evidence to suggest the fraction of luminous AGN ($L_\mathrm{X} \ge 10^{42.4} \, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}}$) is constant out to z ≈ 0.7.
The [C ii]–SFR correlation in dwarf galaxies across cosmic time
Authors: Lupi Alessandro , Bovino Stefano
Published: January 2020

Current galaxy observations suggest that a roughly linear correlation exists between the [C ii] emission and the star formation rate, either as spatially resolved or integrated quantities. Observationally, this correlation seems to be independent of metallicity, but the very large scatter does not allow to properly assess whether this is true. On the other hand, theoretical models tend to suggest a metallicity dependence of the correlation. In this study, we investigate the metallicity evolution of the correlation via a high-resolution zoom-in cosmological simulation of a dwarf galaxy employing state-of-the-art sub-grid modelling for gas cooling, star formation, and stellar feedback, and that self-consistently evolves the abundances of metal elements out of equilibrium. Our results suggest that the correlation should evolve with metallicity, in agreement with theoretical predictions, but also that this evolution can be hardly detected in observations, because of the large scatter. We also find that most of the [C ii] emission is associated with neutral gas at low-intermediate densities, whereas the highest emissivity is produced by the densest regions around star-forming regions.
A search for Centaurus A-like features in the spectra of Fermi-LAT detected radio galaxies
Authors: Rulten Cameron B , Brown Anthony M , Chadwick Paula M
Published: January 2020

Motivated by the detection of a hardening in the γ-ray spectrum of the radio galaxy Centaurus A, we have analysed $\mathord {\sim }10$ yr of Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations of 26 radio galaxies to search for similar spectral features. We find that the majority of the radio galaxies’ γ-ray spectral energy distributions are best fitted with a simple power-law model, and no spectral hardening similar to that found in Centaurus A was detected. We show that, had there been any such spectral features present in our sample of radio galaxies, they would have been seen, but note that seven of the radio galaxies (3C 111, 3C 120, 3C 264, IC 4516, NGC 1218, NGC 2892, and PKS 0625−35) show evidence for flux variability on 6-month time-scales, which makes the detection of any steady spectral features difficult. We find a strong positive correlation (r = 0.9) between the core radio power at 5 GHz and the γ-ray luminosity and, using a simple extrapolation to TeV energies, we expect around half of the radio galaxies studied will be detectable with the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array.
Geometric properties of galactic discs with clumpy episodes
Authors: Beraldo e Silva Leandro , Debattista Victor P , Khachaturyants Tigran , Nidever David
Published: January 2020

A scenario for the formation of the bi-modality in the chemical space [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] of the Milky Way was recently proposed in which α-enhanced stars are produced early and quickly in clumps. Besides accelerating the enrichment of the medium with α-elements, these clumps scatter the old stars, converting in-plane to vertical motion, forming a geometric thick disc. In this paper, by means of a detailed analysis of the data from smooth particle hydrodynamical simulations, we investigate the geometric properties (in particular of the chemical thick disc) produced in this scenario. For mono-age populations we show that the surface radial density profiles of high-[α/Fe] stars are well described by single exponentials, while that of low-[α/Fe] stars require broken exponentials. This break is sharp for young populations and broadens for older ones. The position of the break does not depend significantly on age. The vertical density profiles of mono-age populations are characterized by single exponentials, which flare significantly for low-[α/Fe] stars but only weakly (or not at all) for high-[α/Fe] stars. For low-[α/Fe] stars, the flaring level decreases with age, while for high-[α/Fe] stars it weakly increases with age (although with large uncertainties). All these properties are in agreement with observational results recently reported for the Milky Way, making this a plausible scenario for the formation of the Galactic thick disc.
NuSTAR observation of Ark 564 reveals the variation of coronal temperature with flux
Authors: Barua Samuzal , Jithesh V , Misra Ranjeev , Dewangan Gulab C , Sarma Rathin , Pathak Amit
Published: January 2020

The hard X-ray spectral index of some active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been observed to steepen with the source flux. This has been interpreted in a Comptonization scenario, where an increase in the soft flux decreases the temperature of the corona, leading to steepening of the photon index. However, the variation of the coronal temperature with flux has been difficult to measure due to the presence of complex reflection component in the hard X-rays and the lack of high-quality data at that energy band. Recently, a 200 ks Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array(NuSTAR) observation of Ark 564 in 3–50 keV band revealed the presence of one of the coolest coronae with temperature kTe ∼ 15 keV in the time-averaged spectrum. Here, we reanalyse the data and examined the spectra in four flux levels. Our analysis shows that the coronal temperature decreased from ∼17 to ∼14 keV as the flux increased. The high energy photon index Γ ∼ 2.3 varied by less than 0.1, implying that the optical depth of the corona increased by about 10 per cent as the flux increased. This first reporting of coronal temperature variation with flux shows that further long observation by NuSTAR of this and other sources would shed light on the geometry and dynamics of the inner regions of the accretion flow.
X-ray plateaus in gamma-ray bursts’ light curves from jets viewed slightly off-axis
Authors: Beniamini Paz , Duque Raphaël , Daigne Frédéric , Mochkovitch Robert
Published: January 2020

Using multiple observational arguments, recent work has shown that cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are typically viewed at angles within, or close to the cores of their relativistic jets. One of those arguments relied on the lack of tens-of-days-long periods of very shallow evolution that would be seen in the afterglow light curves of GRBs viewed at large angles. Motivated by these results, we consider that GRBs efficiently produce γ-rays only within a narrow region around the core. We show that, on these near-core lines of sight, structured jets naturally produce shallow phases in the X-ray afterglow of GRBs. These plateaus would be seen by a large fraction of observers and would last between 102–105 s. They naturally reproduce the observed distributions of time-scales and luminosities as well as the intercorrelations between plateau duration, plateau luminosity, and prompt γ-ray energy. An advantage of this interpretation is that it involves no late-time energy injection which would be both challenging from the point of view of the central engine and, as we show here, less natural given the observed correlations between plateau and prompt properties.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo population synthesis of single radio pulsars in the Galaxy
Authors: Cieślar Marek , Bulik Tomasz , Osłowski Stefan
Published: January 2020

We present a model of evolution of solitary neutron stars, including spin parameters, magnetic field decay, motion in the Galactic potential, and birth inside spiral arms. We use two parametrizations of the radio-luminosity law and model the radio selection effects. Dispersion measure is estimated from the recent model of free electron distribution in the Galaxy (YMW16). Model parameters are optimized using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique. The preferred model has a short decay scale of the magnetic field of $4.27^{+0.4}_{-0.38}$ Myr. However, it has non-negligible correlation with parameters describing the pulsar radio luminosity. Based on the best-fitting model, we predict that the Square Kilometre Array surveys will increase the population of known single radio pulsars by between 23 and 137 per cent. The indri code used for simulations is publicly available to facilitate future population synthesis efforts.
Disentangling Population History and Character Evolution among Hybridizing Lineages
Authors: Mullen Sean P , VanKuren Nicholas W , Zhang Wei , Nallu Sumitha , Kristiansen Evan B , Wuyun Qiqige , Liu Kevin , Hill Ryan I , Briscoe Adriana D , Kronforst Marcus R
Published: January 2020

Understanding the origin and maintenance of adaptive phenotypic novelty is a central goal of evolutionary biology. However, both hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting can lead to genealogical discordance between the regions of the genome underlying adaptive traits and the remainder of the genome, decoupling inferences about character evolution from population history. Here, to disentangle these effects, we investigated the evolutionary origins and maintenance of Batesian mimicry between North American admiral butterflies (Limenitis arthemis) and their chemically defended model (Battus philenor) using a combination of de novo genome sequencing, whole-genome resequencing, and statistical introgression mapping. Our results suggest that balancing selection, arising from geographic variation in the presence or absence of the unpalatable model, has maintained two deeply divergent color patterning haplotypes that have been repeatedly sieved among distinct mimetic and nonmimetic lineages of Limenitis via introgressive hybridization.
The Many Flavours of Regret
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: January 2020

Regret is a slippery phenomenon. Fundamental questions about its fittingness conditions and functions have yet to be settled. Here, I offer a diagnosis of regret’s slippery character. Extending a suggestion made by Daniel Kahneman (1995, 1998), I argue that regret comes in a range of emotional flavours, distinguished in the first instance by their phenomenology. While regret has received some attention from philosophers, its varied phenomenology has not been investigated. Yet the varied phenomenology of regret is significant: it reflects further variations in its cognitive and motivational effects. As a result, I argue, different flavours of regret have different fittingness conditions and contribute to our lives in different ways. In Section I, I offer a preliminary sketch of regret and introduce the questions that drive my discussion. In Section II, I introduce regret’s different flavours. In Section III, I investigate their contrasting cognitive and motivational effects, with a view to determining their functions. In Section IV, I investigate what this implies concerning regret’s fittingness conditions—and, in particular, what constitutes a regrettable action.
I’ll Show You: Spite as a Reactive Attitude
Authors: Thomason Krista K
Published: January 2020

Spite is typically considered a vicious emotion that causes us to engage in petty, vindictive, and sometimes self-destructive behavior. Even though it has this bad reputation, I will argue that spite is a reactive attitude. Spite is emotional defiance of another’s command: to spite you, I will do something exactly because you told me not to. Our liability to feelings of spite presupposes that we recognize others as having practical authority, which is why it qualifies as a reactive attitude. I conclude by offering conditions under which spite can be justified and unjustified.
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Back Pain
Authors: Kim Teddy E , Townsend Robert K , Branch Charles L , Romero-Sandoval Edgar A , Hsu Wesley
Published: January 2020

Marijuana is increasingly utilized for the treatment of multiple medical problems, including back pain, in the United States. Although there is strong preclinical evidence supporting the promise of cannabinoids in the treatment of back pain, there is a paucity of clinical data supporting their use in clinical practice. Opioids are an important medication for the treatment of acute and chronic back pain, but utilization of opioid-based regimens have likely contributed to the growing opioid epidemic. The significant risk of morbidity, mortality, and dependence secondary to opioid medications have increased the interest in nonopioid medications, including cannabinoid-based pain regimens, in treating back pain. This review will provide an overview on the pharmacology, drug delivery methods, clinical evidence, and safety considerations critical to understanding the potential role of cannabinoids in the treatment of back pain.
Public Health Ethics: an Introduction and Overview
Authors: Mastroianni Anna C. , Kahn Jeffrey P. , Kass Nancy E.
Published: January 2020

Public health is fundamentally concerned with promoting the health of populations through the prevention of disease and injury. It is, at its core, a moral endeavor, because the end it seeks is the advancement of human well-being. Vexing ethics issues are inherent in all aspects of public health practice and policy. This chapter provides a concise overview of the topics and issues examined in the Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics.
Maximizing organs for donation: the potential for ex situ normothermic machine perfusion
Authors: Griffiths C , Scott W E , Ali S , Fisher A J
Published: January 2020

Currently, there is a shortfall in the number of suitable organs available for transplant resulting in a high number of patients on the active transplant waiting lists worldwide. To address this shortfall and increase the utilization of donor organs, the acceptance criteria for donor organs is gradually expanding including increased use of organs from donation after circulatory death. Use of such extended criteria donors and exposure of organs to more prolonged periods of warm or cold ischaemia also increases the risk of primary graft dysfunction occurring. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) offers a unique opportunity to objectively assess donor organ function outside the donor body and potentially recondition those deemed unsuitable on initial evaluation prior to implantation in the recipient. Furthermore, NMP provides a platform to support the use of established and novel therapeutics delivered directly to the organ, without the need to worry about potential deleterious ‘off-target’ side effects typically considered when treating the whole patient. This review will explore some of the novel therapeutics currently being added to perfusion platforms during NMP experimentally in an attempt to improve organ function and post-transplant outcomes.
Informational Efficiency in Securitization after Dodd-Frank
Authors: Flynn Sean J , Ghent Andra C , Tchistyi Alexei
Published: January 2020

We analyze how Dodd-Frank-mandated risk retention affects the information investors extract from issuers’ retention choices in the CMBS market. We show that the required retention level is both binding and stringent. Although this implies issuers cannot signal using the level of retention, we provide a model showing that signaling can occur by varying the retention structure. The model is consistent with spreads being empirically lower in deals with a purely first-loss retention structure. A stated concern of rulemakers is asymmetric information. However, we show that, post-crisis, the level of asymmetric information in this market is quite low.
Behavioral and neural evidence for an evaluative bias against other people’s mundane interracial encounters
Authors: Wang Yin , Schubert Thomas W , Quadflieg Susanne
Published: January 2020

Evaluating other people’s social encounters from a third-person perspective is an ubiquitous activity of daily life. Yet little is known about how these evaluations are affected by racial bias. To overcome this empirical lacuna, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment used evaluative priming to show that both Black (n = 44) and White Americans (n = 44) assess the same mundane encounters (e.g. two people chatting) less favorably when they involve a Black and a White individual rather than two Black or two White individuals. The second experiment used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that both Black (n = 46) and White Americans (n = 42) respond with reduced social reward processing (i.e. lower activity in the ventral striatum) and enhanced mentalizing (e.g. higher activity in the bilateral temporal–parietal junction) toward so-called cross-race relative to same-race encounters. By combining unobtrusive measures from social psychology and social neuroscience, this work demonstrates that racial bias can affect impression formation even at the level of the dyad.
The effects of supplementing yeast fermentation products on gut permeability, hormone concentration, and growth in newborn dairy calves1
Authors: Pisoni Lucía , Relling Alejandro E
Published: January 2020

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the use of yeast fermentation products (YFP) on growth, hormone concentration, and gut permeability in dairy calves. One hundred and twenty heifers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control group with no YFP supplementation (C), Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) supplementation (1 g/head/d of SmartCare [Diamond V] in the milk and 0.7% on dry matter basis of NutriTek [Diamond V] on the starter feed), or Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extracts (AOFE) supplementation (3 g/head/d of LXtract1224 [Biozyme Inc.] in the milk). All calves received 6 L/d of pasteurized milk and had ad libitum access to water and dry feed along the study. Body weight (BW) was recorded at birth and on days 14, 30, and 45 and at weaning. Dry feed (starter) offered was measured daily and refusals twice a week to obtain starter intake (SI). Diarrhea events were recorded daily and fecal scores were classified by using a four-point scale. Blood was sampled on days 7 and 14 for plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, and IL-1β concentrations. Lactulose and D-mannitol were included in the morning feeding of day 14 and blood samples were taken an hour after feeding for assessment of intestinal permeability. On day 14, blood samples were taken for plasma glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) concentration. On day 30, fecal samples were collected for measurements of Salmonella and Escherichia coli concentration on feces. No treatment differences (P ≥ 0.13) were found for BW or SI. There was a time by treatment difference (P = 0.01) in average daily gain (ADG) on day 45 where C animals had a greater ADG when compared with SCFP and AOFE. Diarrhea incidence did not change between treatments (P = 0.97) and Salmonella and E. coli were not found in feces. There were no differences (P > 0.60) between treatments for plasma GLP-2, glucose, insulin, lactulose, nor D-mannitol concentrations. There was a time by treatment tendency (P = 0.06) for NEFA concentration which tended to be greater on day 7 for C and AOFE when compared with day 14. Plasma IL-1β concentration showed a treatment tendency which tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for SCFP when compared with C. Under the current conditions, supplementation with YFP did not improve performance parameters. Plasma GLP-2 concentration, intestinal permeability, and plasma metabolites did not differ after yeast fermentation products supplementation.
Lung Ultrasound in Emergency and Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Arbelot Charlotte , Dexheimer Neto Felippe Leopoldo , Gao Yuzhi , Brisson Hélène , Chunyao Wang , Lv Jie , Valente Barbas Carmen Silvia , Perbet Sébastien , Prior Caltabellotta Fabiola , Gay Frédérick , Deransy Romain , Lima Emidio J. S. , Cebey Andres , Monsel Antoine , Neves Julio , Zhang Mao , Bin Du , An Youzhong , Malbouisson Luis , Salluh Jorge , Constantin Jean-Michel , Rouby Jean-Jacques ,   for the APECHO Study Group*
Published: January 2020

Background

Lung ultrasound is increasingly used in critically ill patients as an alternative to bedside chest radiography, but the best training method remains uncertain. This study describes a training curriculum allowing trainees to acquire basic competence.

Methods

This multicenter, prospective, and educational study was conducted in 10 Intensive Care Units in Brazil, China, France and Uruguay. One hundred residents, respiratory therapists, and critical care physicians without expertise in transthoracic ultrasound (trainees) were trained by 18 experts. The main study objective was to determine the number of supervised exams required to get the basic competence, defined as the trainees’ ability to adequately classify lung regions with normal aeration, interstitial–alveolar syndrome, and lung consolidation. An initial 2-h video lecture provided the rationale for image formation and described the ultrasound patterns commonly observed in critically ill and emergency patients. Each trainee performed 25 bedside ultrasound examinations supervised by an expert. The progression in competence was assessed every five supervised examinations. In a new patient, 12 pulmonary regions were independently classified by the trainee and the expert.

Results

Progression in competence was derived from the analysis of 7,330 lung regions in 2,562 critically ill and emergency patients. After 25 supervised examinations, 80% of lung regions were adequately classified by trainees. The ultrasound examination mean duration was 8 to 10 min in experts and decreased from 19 to 12 min in trainees (after 5 vs. 25 supervised examinations). The median training duration was 52 (42, 82) days.

Conclusions

A training curriculum including 25 transthoracic ultrasound examinations supervised by an expert provides the basic skills for diagnosing normal lung aeration, interstitial–alveolar syndrome, and consolidation in emergency and critically ill patients.

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