bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Nonsense Rides Piggyback on Sensible Things”: The Past, Present, and Future of Graphology
Authors: Thorpe Deborah Ellen
Published: May 2018

“Nonsense rides piggyback on sensible things”, declares professional sceptic and questioned-document analyst Joe Nickell concerning graphology. This chapter examines graphology’s enduring allure and reach, despite its controversies, and considers its relationship with other types of handwriting analysis. It first asks: is it possible to metaphorically “dissect” the page of handwritten texts, to scrutinize writing as a “medical paratext” rich in information about the writer’s state of health? It then interrogates the nature of the connection between physical and mental states and handwriting. It demonstrates how academics are going “back to basics” with their enquiries into individual difference and handwriting features, and how digital methodologies are contributing to this. Thus, this chapter is an updated study of graphology, providing a wider understanding of the concept of the paratext by considering the information captured in handwriting in the context of a digital age.
Green Building as Urban Sustainability Transitions
Authors: Affolderbach Julia , Schulz Christian
Published: May 2018

Over the past decade, the term transitions has been adopted widely in policy and academic circles, and notions of green transitions, sustainability transitions and low-carbon transitions now frequently replace the common Leitbild of sustainable development in local, regional and national visions and analyses. Transition studies present one particular approach to analysing and understanding fundamental changes in societies. While transition studies originally comprised historic and technocentric innovation studies that considered sociocultural dimensions as enabling context for change, the multi-level framework developed in transition studies has been recently adopted and adapted by economic and urban geographers resulting in a focus on urban transitions. The multi-level perspective in particular provides a compelling heuristic for the assessment of sustainability transitions. This chapter introduces work in transition studies and discusses the strengths and limitations of the multi-level perspective in analysing shifts in green building as urban climate change mitigation strategy. It develops a transition perspective for the green building sector that focuses on the urban in these transition processes.
Clinical Status and Treatment of Liver Metastasis of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Using Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Saito Yoshiyuki , Sugino Kiminori , Takami Hiroshi , Matsuzu Kenichi , Uruno Takashi , Ohkuwa Keiko , Kitagawa Wataru , Nagahama Mitsuji , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Ito Koichi , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: May 2018

Background

Treatment of patients with liver metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has not been sufficiently defined, because liver metastasis of DTC has been described mostly as case reports. Additionally, such patients are considered end‐of‐treatment responders. A relatively new approach using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may provide opportunities to manage systemic metastasis. This study aims to define the clinical features of DTC patients with liver metastasis and evaluate the benefits of TKIs.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed clinical features of 29 patients (mean age 67.8 years) diagnosed with liver metastasis of DTC at our institution between January 1981 and May 2017.

Results

All patients had distant metastasis at other organ sites upon diagnosis of liver metastasis; 41% of them developed new metastasis afterward. Management after diagnosis of liver metastasis comprised palliative care (48%), radioactive iodine therapy (28%), and TKI therapy (24%). The median survival after diagnosis of liver metastasis was only 4.8 months. Survival rates were significantly better in patients with performance statuses between 0 and 2 on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale at diagnosis of liver metastasis (n = 22, 76%) treated with TKI compared to those who were not (P = 0.017; log‐rank test; hazard ratio 0.19). One‐year survival rates were 71.4 and 26.7% for patients treated with or without TKI, respectively.

Conclusions

Patients with liver metastasis had poor clinical prognosis. When other distant metastases existed at diagnosis of liver metastasis, TKI therapy was considered an effective therapeutic option for patients with liver metastasis of DTC.
THE MANUFACTURE AND BURIAL OF HOHOKAM DISK BEADS IN THE TUCSON BASIN
Authors: Adams Jenny L. , Ownby Mary F.
Published: May 2018

Recent examinations of more than 13,000 disk beads from mortuary contexts determined that macroscopic examination was not always enough to distinguish shell, stone, and fired-clay beads. Using replication experiments and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), we update the 80-year-old conclusions of Emil Haury, who defined features distinctive to bead manufacture. With this renewed confidence in materials identification, we analyzed the distributions of disk beads made from shell, stone, and fired clay among Hohokam inhumations and cremations at the Yuma Wash, Honey Bee Village, and Wetlands sites in the Tucson Basin. Not everyone was buried with disk beads, but all age groups were represented among those who were buried with beads. Some people were buried with only stone, or only shell, or only fired-clay beads, although more were buried with beads of some combination of these three materials. In this article, we consider why fired-clay beads were added to the mix and conclude that they were made as acceptable substitutes for stone beads, not for deceptive reasons concerning wealth or status, but rather in imitation of stone to honor a tradition that could not otherwise be efficiently met.
The glycaemic index and insulinaemic index of commercially available breakfast and snack foods in an Asian population
Authors: Tan Wei Shuan Kimberly , Tan Wei Jie Kevin , Ponnalagu Shalini D/O , Koecher Katie , Menon Ravi , Tan Sze-Yen , Henry Christiani J.
Published: May 2018

A low-glycaemic-index (GI) breakfast has been shown to lower blood glucose levels throughout the day. A wide variety of breakfast foods are consumed, but their GI values are largely unknown, hence limiting consumers’ ability to select healthier options. This study investigated the GI values of ten common breakfast (five Asian and five Western) foods in this region using a randomised, cross-over study design. Participants arrived after an overnight fast, and fasting blood sample was taken before participants consumed test foods. Next, blood samples were taken at fixed intervals for 180 min. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to test foods were calculated as incremental AUC over 120 min, which were subsequently reported as glycaemic and insulinaemic indices. In all, nineteen healthy men (nine Chinese and ten Indians) aged 24·7 (sem 0·4) years with a BMI of 21·7 (sem 0·4) kg/m2 completed the study. Asian breakfast foods were of medium (white bun filled with red bean paste=58 (sem 4); Chinese steamed white bun=58 (sem 3)) to high GI (rice idli=85 (sem 4); rice dosa=76 (sem 5); upma=71 (sem 6)), whereas Western breakfast foods were all of low GI (whole-grain biscuit=54 (sem 5); whole-grain biscuit filled with peanut butter=44 (sem 3); whole-grain oat muesli=55 (sem 4); whole-grain oat protein granola=51 (sem 4); whole-grain protein cereal=49 (sem 3)). The GI of test foods negatively correlated with protein (rs−0·366), fat (rs−0·268) and dietary fibre (rs−0·422) (all P<0·001). GI values from this study contribute to the worldwide GI database, and may assist healthcare professionals in recommending low-GI breakfast to assist in lower daily glycaemia among Asians who are susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Metamorphic evolution and age constraints of the garnet-bearing mica schist from the Xindaduo area of the Sumdo (U)HP metamorphic belt, Tibet
Authors: ZHANG CONG , BADER THOMAS , ZHANG LINGMIN , SHEN TINGTING , LI PENG , LI XUPING
Published: May 2018

As one of the major components of the Himalayan–Tibetan Orogeny, the Lhasa terrane plays a key role in understanding the origin and evolution of this giant orogenic belt and the opening and closure of the Tethys oceans. The eclogite-bearing Sumdo Complex in the central Lhasa terrane was recognized as the main suture of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean between the north and south Lhasa sub-terranes. Despite the eclogite having been studied for a long time, no attempts have been applied to studying the country rocks, causing confusion in understanding the relationship between the eclogite and the adjacent schist. Petrological investigations and phase equilibrium calculations on the garnet-bearing mica schist of the Sumdo Complex have been performed to constrain its metamorphic evolution. The P–T conditions for three metamorphic stages are constrained as P1 (480–500°C, 2.6–2.7 GPa), P2 (580–600°C, 1.3–1.4 GPa) and R (530°C, 0.9 GPa), which represent the prograde, temperature peak and retrograde stages. Two possible P–T paths were constructed, which experienced isothermal decompression (PT1) or heating with a decompression process (PT2), corresponding to the growth and extinction of garnet porphyroblasts in the matrix. The LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb dating method yielded a metamorphic age of 229.7±3.5 Ma, which was interpreted as the age of amphibolite-facies metamorphism at c. 600°C, 1.2–1.4 GPa during the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, resulting in the aggregation of the north and south Lhasa sub-terranes. The close relationship between the eclogite and garnet-bearing mica schist, and their similar P–T–t paths indicate an in situ tectonic evolution rather than tectonic juxtaposition during exhumation.
MATERNAL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND SEX RATIO AT BIRTH BY RACE IN THE UNITED STATES, 2007–2015
Authors: Grech Victor
Published: May 2018

Many factors influence the male:female birth ratio (number of male births divided by total births, M/T). Studies have suggested that this ratio may be positively correlated with the education levels of mothers. This study assessed the effect of maternal education on M/T in the US population overall and by racial group. Number of live births by sex of the child, maternal educational level reached and race were obtained from the Centres for Disease Control (CDC Wonder) for the period 2007–2015. The total study sample comprised 28,268,183 live births. Overall, for the four available recorded racial groups (Asian/Pacific Islander, White, American Indian/Alaska Native and Black/African American), M/T rose significantly with increasing education levels (p<0.0001). When analysed by race, this relationship was only found for White births (p<0.0001). The M/T of Black births rose with increasing maternal education level up to associate degree level (p=ns), then fell significantly with higher levels of education (χ2=4.5,p=0.03). No significant trends were present for Asian/Pacific Islander or American Indian/Alaska Native births. Socioeconomic indicators are generally indicators of better condition and in this study educational attainment was overall found to be positively correlated with M/T, supporting the Trivers–Willard hypothesis.
Thrombocytopenia in bacteraemia and association with bacterial species
Authors: Johansson D. , Rasmussen M. , Inghammar M.
Published: May 2018

Thrombocytopenia is common in patients with invasive bacterial infections. Bacteria can activate platelets, but it is unclear if this affects platelet count. The aim of this study was to examine whether bacteraemia withStaphylococcus aureus, which readily activate human platelets, was more likely to be complicated by thrombocytopenia than bacteraemia withEscherichia coliorStreptococcus pneumoniaewith different abilities to activate platelets.

We compared information from 600 adult patients with community-acquired bacteraemia withS. aureus(n= 140),E. coli(n= 420) andS. pneumoniae(n= 40) in Southern Sweden, 2012, linking information on positive blood cultures from microbiological databases and medical charts. The proportion of patients with thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150 × 109/ml) was calculated. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for thrombocytopenia according to bacterial species adjusted for confounders.

The proportion of thrombocytopenia was 29% inS. aureus, 28% inE. coliand 20% inS. pneumoniabacteraemia (P= 0.50), corresponding to an OR of 1.2 (95% confidence interval 0.7–1.9) for thrombocytopenia forS. aureusas compared withE. coliorS. pneumoniae, adjusted for confounders.

This study indicates that platelet activation by bacteria is not a major causative mechanism in sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia.
Denotational semantics of recursive types in synthetic guarded domain theory
Authors: MØGELBERG RASMUS E. , PAVIOTTI MARCO
Published: May 2018

Just like any other branch of mathematics, denotational semantics of programming languages should be formalised in type theory, but adapting traditional domain theoretic semantics, as originally formulated in classical set theory to type theory has proven challenging. This paper is part of a project on formulating denotational semantics in type theories with guarded recursion. This should have the benefit of not only giving simpler semantics and proofs of properties such as adequacy, but also hopefully in the future to scale to languages with advanced features, such as general references, outside the reach of traditional domain theoretic techniques.

Working inGuarded Dependent Type Theory(GDTT), we develop denotational semantics for Fixed Point Calculus (FPC), the simply typed lambda calculus extended with recursive types, modelling the recursive types of FPC using the guarded recursive types ofGDTT. We prove soundness and computational adequacy of the model inGDTTusing a logical relation between syntax and semantics constructed also using guarded recursive types. The denotational semantics is intensional in the sense that it counts the number of unfold-fold reductions needed to compute the value of a term, but we construct a relation relating the denotations of extensionally equal terms, i.e., pairs of terms that compute the same value in a different number of steps. Finally, we show how the denotational semantics of terms can be executed inside type theory and prove that executing the denotation of a boolean term computes the same value as the operational semantics of FPC.
Giant left ventricular rhabdomyoma treated successfully with everolimus: case report and review of literature
Authors: Martínez-García Alfonso , Michel-Macías Carolina , Cordero-González Guadalupe , Escamilla-Sánchez Karla I. , Aguinaga-Ríos Mónica , Coronado-Zarco Alejandra , Cardona-Pérez Jorge A.
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Intracardiac rhabdomyomas can cause severe ventricular dysfunction and outflow tract obstruction.

Case report

A term newborn infant with antenatal diagnosis of giant left ventricle rhabdomyoma presented with cardiac failure and duct-dependent systemic circulation after birth. She was treated successfully with everolimus, showing decrease in tumour size and improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction.

Discussion

Tumour regression rate was 0.32 cm2/day and improved to 0.80 cm2/day with the use of everolimus. Herein we report a newborn with inoperable giant left ventricular cardiac rhabdomyoma and significant regression of the tumour. To our knowledge, this is the largest left ventricular rhabdomyoma reported. A review of the literature was undertaken for comparison.

Conclusion

Everolimus has proven to be efficacious in size reduction of cardiac rhabdomyomas in cases when surgical resection is not possible.
The effect of proportional v. value pricing on fountain drink purchases: results from a field experiment
Authors: Gollust Sarah E , Tang Xuyang , Runge Carlisle Ford , French Simone A , Rothman Alexander J
Published: May 2018

Objective

Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is a public health priority, yet finding an effective and acceptable policy intervention is challenging. One strategy is to use proportional pricing (a consistent price per fluid ounce) instead of the typical value-priced approach where large beverages offer better value. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether proportional pricing affects the purchasing of fountain beverages at a university cinema concession stand.

Design

Four price strategies for beverages were evaluated over ten weekends of film screenings. We manipulated two factors: the price structure (value pricing v. proportional pricing) and the provision of information about the price per fluid ounce (labels v. no labels). The key outcomes were the number and size of beverages purchased. We analysed data using regression analyses, with standard errors clustered by film and controlling for the day and time of purchase.

Setting

A university cinema concession stand in Minnesota, USA, in spring 2015.

Subjects

University students.

Results

Over the study period (360 beverages purchased) there were no significant effects of the proportional pricing treatment. Pairing a label with the standard value pricing increased the likelihood of purchasing large drinks but the label did not affect purchasing when paired with proportional pricing.

Conclusions

Proportional prices did not significantly affect the size of beverages purchased by students at a university cinema, but adding a price-per-ounce label increased large drink purchases when drinks were value-priced. More work is needed to address whether pricing and labelling strategies might promote healthier beverage purchases.
Basic guidelines for palynomorph extraction and preparation from sedimentary rocks
Authors: Litwin Ronald J. , Traverse Alfred
Published: May 2018

The term palynomorph generally includes the spores of lower vascular plants (isospores/homospores, and megaspores), prepollen, the pollen of gymnosperms and angiosperms, dinoflagellates, acritarchs, fungal spores, and algal remains. Chitinozoans, scolecodonts, and foraminiferal inner tests also are concentrated by palynological processing techniques, and some palynologists therefore include them as palynomorphs. These processes isolate any silt-sized or sand-sized acid-resistant organic-walled particles, however, and also will concentrate foraminiferal inner tests leaf cuticle, vascular debris from plants, chitinous insect parts, etc., which usually are not considered palynomorphs. All of the above are recovered, definition notwithstanding.
Techniques for impregnation of friable specimens
Authors: Wells Neil A.
Published: May 2018

A large variety of techniques and chemicals are available to aid the study of fractured and otherwise friable material. Many of the techniques are quite complex, well beyond what someone might wish to do for a once-in-a-while project. This paper will review a series of methods that range from simple to the very forceful and complex techniques needed for specimens with very low permeability. However, it will empasize both the simpler methods and those that have been published since the classic works of Bouma (1969, especially p.1–139, 260–290, & 377–378), Stanley (1971), and Allman and Lawrence (1972, p.73–92).
Preparation of acetate peels
Authors: Wilson Mark A. , Palmer Timothy J.
Published: May 2018

Acetate peels are replicas of etched surfaces embedded in sheets of cellulose acetate. These replicas are usually so detailed that the fine structure of shells and various sedimentary rocks can be easily studied under a light microscope. Because these peels can be quickly and easily produced, the procedure is now commonly used in most geologic laboratories.
X-Radiographic techniques and applications
Authors: Zangerl Rainer , Schultze Hans-Peter
Published: May 2018

There are at present two techniques that use X-rays to show internal structures, both are in common use in medicine. The first technique is essentially a photographic method (for extensive description see Quinn and Sigl, 1980). The second (Cat scan or Computer Tomography) computes a section from many pictures taken by a thin, fan shaped X-ray beam. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length 10,000 times smaller, and energy 10,000 times greater, than visible light. They are generated in a high-vacuum tube where electrons are produced by a heated cathode and are shot at high electromotive force (30 to over 100 kilovolts) at the anode where most of the energy is converted to heat; only a small fraction is given off as X-radiation.
Mechanical extraction of fossils extraction by hammers, chisels, and picks
Authors: Sohl Norman F.
Published: May 2018

The extraction of fossils by the use of chisels, hammers, and picks is probably the oldest of the methods dealt with in this volume. One must also admit that it may be the most tedious and time consuming method considering the more recent applications of power tools. Yet, exacting as it is, one has only to visualize the exquisite craftsmanship displayed in the sculptures of antiquity to realize the potential of these hand tools.
Extraction of fossils from carbonates by acid
Authors: Grant Richard E.
Published: May 2018

The technique of freeing fossils from carbonate rocks by the use of various acids has been known for many years, but still is not used as widely as might be expected. Cooper and Whittington (1965) cited early uses of acid to prepare graptolites and eurypterids (Holm, 1890; 1898). Common practice among early paleontological users of acid was to pick up a silicified specimen, or carefully chip one out of the matrix by hammer and chisel, and use the acid to clean it or to expose internal features. For example, Waagen (1882, p.354) mentioned exposing the internal features of silicified brachiopods by use of “dilute acid” (kind unspecified) from Permian rocks in the Salt Range of India (now Pakistan).
Techniques for collecting large vertebrate fossils
Authors: Greenwald Michael T.
Published: May 2018

When visiting the dinosaur displays in museums such as the American Museum of Natural History, the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, or the United States National Museum of Natural History, one is overwhelmed by the abundance, diversity, and completeness of dinosaur skeletons. What is not obvious to the average visitor is that the majority of those skeletons are not from an individual animal. They are almost invariably composite skeletons containing bones from at least two individials, and many missing bones have been filled in with sculptured models constructed of plaster or fiberglass. How is it possible for paleontologists to reconstruct and mount these titanic skeletons? Perhaps even more fundamentally, how do such enormous fossil bones find their way to museums to begin with?
Whitening fossils for photographic purposes
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: May 2018

The purpose of photographing fossils for study and for publication is to provide information regarding the morphology of the fossil. Typically, this morphology is expressed as topographic relief. Tonal patterns and color rarely serve to enhance the expression of morphology and may, instead, provide false information. As a result, it is desirable typically to eliminate, or reduce, the effects of variations in tonal pattern over the surface to be photographed to emphasize aspects of relief of the specimen and, therefore, actual expressions of morphology. Furthermore, uncoated specimens may be lustrous so that lighting the specimen for photography may produce undesirable highlights. A simple, and non-destructive, technique for whitening fossil specimens involves the application of ammonium chloride sublimate to the surface of the specimen (Figure 1). This coating is non-destructive, produces a uniform, nonlustrous white surface that enhances detail, and can be readily removed without damage to the specimen.
Preparation of stereoscopic photographs
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: May 2018

Because many fossils are preserved in relatively high relief, that is they are not preserved on flat surfaces, it is often desirable to prepare a stereoscopic photographs which permit viewing the specimen as a three dimensional object. This could be easily accomplished by considering that stereoscopy is achieved simply by superimposing two images of an object upon one another, the images having been viewed from slightly different perspectives.
Perceived Discrimination and Emotional Reactions in People with Different Types of Disabilities: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Pérez-Garín Daniel , Recio Patricia , Magallares Alejandro , Molero Fernando , García-Ael Cristina
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study is to assess the discourse of people with disabilities regarding their perception of discrimination and stigma. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten adults with physical disabilities, ten with hearing impairments and seven with visual impairments. The agreement between the coders showed an excellent reliability for all three groups, with kappa coefficients between .82 and .96. Differences were assessed between the three groups regarding the types of discrimination they experienced and their most frequent emotional responses. People with physical disabilities mainly reported being stared at, undervalued, and subtly discriminated at work, whereas people with hearing impairments mainly reported encountering barriers in leisure activities, and people with visual impairments spoke of a lack of equal opportunities, mockery and/or bullying, and overprotection. Regarding their emotional reactions, people with physical disabilities mainly reported feeling anxious and depressed, whereas people with hearing impairments reported feeling helpless, and people with visual impairments reported feeling anger and self-pity. Findings are relevant to guide future research and interventions on the stigma of disability.
Pay Rates and Subject Performance in Social Science Experiments Using Crowdsourced Online Samples
Authors: Andersen David J. , Lau Richard R.
Published: May 2018

Mechanical Turk has become an important source of subjects for social science experiments, providing a low-cost alternative to the convenience of using undergraduates while avoiding the expense of drawing fully representative samples. However, we know little about how the rates we pay to “Turkers” for participating in social science experiments affects their participation. This study examines subject performance using two experiments – a short survey experiment and a longer dynamic process tracing study of political campaigns – that recruited Turkers at different rates of pay. Looking at demographics and using measures of attention, engagement and evaluation of the candidates, we find no effects of pay rates upon subject recruitment or participation. We conclude by discussing implications and ethical standards of pay.
The Stigma of Pedophilia
Authors: Jahnke Sara
Published: May 2018

Abstract. There is an emerging consensus among researchers that having pedophilic interests is not synonymous with child sexual abuse or other amoral behavior. Nevertheless, misconceptions about pedophilia are highly prevalent among the general public and mental health practitioners. This article provides an overview of recent findings on the stigma of pedophilia and derives guidelines for mental health practitioners based on these results. We argue that stigmatization of people with pedophilic sexual interests has undesired indirect effects on risk factors for child sexual abuse, particularly on an emotional and social level. Also, fear of being rejected or treated unethically may prevent pedophilic individuals at risk for sexual offending from confiding in medical practitioners or psychotherapists. Psychologists working with pedophilic individuals in forensic or clinical settings should be aware that stigmatizing people with pedophilia may increase their risk of sexual offending, and provide help to deal with potential stigma-related repercussions.
A Statistical Survey of the 630.0‐nm Optical Signature of Periodic Auroral Arcs Resulting From Magnetospheric Field Line Resonances
Authors: Gillies D. Megan , Knudsen David , Rankin Robert , Milan Stephen , Donovan Eric
Published: May 2018

Advances in networks of ground‐based optical instrumentation have enabled us to identify over 400 examples of auroral arcs with an infrequently observed, temporally periodic auroral morphology. This study focuses on these arcs observed via the 630‐nm (“redline”) auroral emission wavelength and connects them to global magnetospheric wave modes known as field line resonances (FLRs). We show that optical redline FLR auroral arcs occur most frequently near 20 and 4 magnetic local time, in contrast to nonperiodic redline arcs, which occur most frequently near midnight. We find that this periodic type of auroral arc is rare, occurring in approximately 5% of redline aurora observed by the Redline Emission Geospace Observatory all‐sky imagers. We also show Swarm satellite observations of two separate instances of 630‐nm FLR arcs with strong upward field‐aligned currents of the order of 3–6 μA/m2.
Band Formation and Ocean‐Surface Interaction on Europa and Ganymede
Authors: Howell Samuel M. , Pappalardo Robert T.
Published: May 2018

Geologic activity in the outer H2O ice shells of Europa and Ganymede, Galilean moons of Jupiter, may facilitate material exchange between global water oceans and the icy surface, fundamentally affecting potential habitability and the future search for life. Spacecraft imagery reveals surfaces rich with tectonic bands, predominantly attributed to the extension of brittle ice overlaying a convecting ice layer. However, the details of band‐forming processes and links to potential ocean‐surface exchange have remained elusive. We simulate ice shell faulting and convection with two‐dimensional numerical models and track the movement of “fossil” ocean material frozen into the base of the ice shell and deformed through geologic time. We find that distinct band types form within a spectrum of extensional terrains correlated to lithosphere strength, governed by lithosphere thickness and cohesion. Furthermore, we find that smooth bands formed in weak lithosphere promote exposure of fossil ocean material at the surface.
Reconfigurable, graphene-coated, chalcogenide nanowires with a sub-10-nm enantioselective sorting capability
Authors: Cao Tun , Tian Long , Liang Huawei , Qin Kai-Rong
Published: May 2018

Chiral surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) produced by plasmonic nanowires can be used to enhance molecular spectroscopy for biosensing applications. Nevertheless, the switchable stereoselectivity and detection of various analytes are limited by a lack of switchable, chiral SPPs. Using both finite-element method simulations and analytic calculations, we present a graphene-coated chalcogenide (GCC) nanowire that produces mid-infrared, chiral SPPs. The chiral SPPs can be reversibly switched between “on” (transparent) and “off” (opaque) by non-volatile structural state transitions in the dielectric constants of the chalcogenide glass Ge2Sb2Te5. Furthermore, by controlling the Fermi energy of the graphene-coating layer, the nanowire can output either non-chiral or chiral SPPs. A thermal-electric model was built to illustrate the possibility of ultrafast on/off switching of the SPPs at the terminus of the nanowire. Finally, we show that a selective, lateral sorting of sub-10-nm enantiomers can be achieved via the GCC nanowire. Chiral nanoparticles with opposite handedness experience transverse forces that differ in both their sign and magnitude. Our design may pave the way for plasmonic nanowire networks and tunable nanophotonic devices, which require the ultrafast switching of SPPs, and provide a possible approach for a compact, enantiopure synthesis.
Reply to ‘Thomson scattering in inhomogeneous plasmas: The Role of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem’
Authors: Kozlowski P. M. , Gericke D. O. , Regan S. P. , Gregori G.
Published: May 2018

In a comment on our article “Theory of Thomson scattering in inhomogeneous media”, V. V. Belyi asserts that there is an inconsistency in our method of applying gradient effects via the dielectric superposition principle, in violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem; and that his Klimontovich-Langevin formulation would be more appropriate to our application. While we agree that a generalization, along the lines of Belyi’s work, would be required for strongly coupled systems, for the weakly coupled systems which we considered, these corrections are not necessary and our approach is still appropriate.

Replying to: V. Belyi, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25319-6.
Publisher Correction: Chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with β-cyclodextrin: a promising carrier for botanical pesticides
Authors: Campos Estefânia V. R. , Proença Patrícia L. F. , Oliveira Jhones L. , Melville Cirano C. , Della Vechia Jaqueline F. , de Andrade Daniel J. , Fraceto Leonardo F.
Published: May 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Prognosis and nomogram for predicting postoperative survival of duodenal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective study in China and the SEER database
Authors: Jiang Sujing , Zhao Rongjie , Li Yiran , Han Xufeng , Liu Zhen , Ge Weiting , Dong Ying , Han Weidong
Published: May 2018

As primary duodenal adenocarcinoma is rare, the prognostic factors of this disease remain insufficiently explored, especially in China. We identified postoperative duodenal adenocarcinoma patients at a Chinese double-center (from 2006 to 2016) or who were registered with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (from 2004 to 2014). Clinicopathological features and significant prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS) were reviewed and analyzed by using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Then, a nomogram predicting CSS was constructed based on the SEER database and validated externally by using the separate Chinese cohort. Totally, 137 patients from the Chinese double-center and 698 patients from the SEER database were included for analysis. The multivariate analyses showed that age, tumor grade and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors. The nomogram constructed using these factors showed a clear prognostic superiority to the AJCC-TNM classification, 7th ed. (C-index: SEER cohort, 0.693 vs 0.625, P < 0.001; Chinese cohort, 0.677 vs 0.659, P < 0.001, respectively). In summary, the valuable prognostic factors in patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma were age, tumor grade and TNM stage. This study developed a nomogram that can precisely predict the CSS for postoperative duodenal adenocarcinoma patients.
Regulation of chromatin states and gene expression during HSN neuronal maturation is mediated by EOR-1/PLZF, MAU-2/cohesin loader, and SWI/SNF complex
Authors: Shinkai Yoichi , Kuramochi Masahiro , Doi Motomichi
Published: May 2018

Newborn neurons mature by distinct and sequential steps through the timely induction of specific gene expression programs in concert with epigenetic changes. However, it has been difficult to investigate the relationship between gene expression and epigenetic changes at a single-cell resolution during neuronal maturation. In this study, we investigated the maturation of hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs) in C. elegans, which provided the link between chromatin dynamics, gene expression, and the degree of neuronal maturation at a single-cell resolution. Our results demonstrated that chromatin composition in the promoter region of several genes acting for neuronal terminal maturation was modulated at an early developmental stage, and is dependent on the function of the transcription factor EOR-1/PLZF and the cohesin loader MAU-2/MAU2. Components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex were also required for the proper expression of terminal maturation genes. Epistasis analyses suggested that eor-1 functions with mau-2 and swsn-1 in the same genetic pathway to regulate the maturation of HSNs. Collectively, our study provides a novel approach to analyze neuronal maturation and proposes that predefined epigenetic modifications, mediated by EOR-1, MAU-2, and the SWI/SNF complex, are important for the preparation of future gene expression programs in neuronal terminal maturation.
Exercise ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated vascular dysfunction in mesenteric arteries in atherosclerosis
Authors: Hong Junyoung , Kim Kwangchan , Park Eunkyung , Lee Jonghae , Markofski Melissa M. , Marrelli Sean P. , Park Yoonjung
Published: May 2018

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely associated with atherosclerosis, but the effects of exercise on ER stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis is not yet fully understood. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated mesenteric arteries from wild type (WT), WT with exercise (WT-EX), ApoE knockout (ApoE KO), and ApoE KO mice with exercise (ApoE KO-EX). Vasodilation to acetylcholine (ACh) was elicited in the presence of inhibitors of ER stress, eNOS, caspase-1, and UCP-2 (Tudca, L-NAME, AC-YVARD-cmk, and Genipin, respectively) and the ER stress inducer (Tunicamycin). Immunofluorescence was used to visualize the expression of CHOP, as an indicator of ER stress, in superior mesenteric arteries (SMA). Dilation to ACh was attenuated in ApoE KO but was improved in ApoE KO-EX. Incubation of Tudca and AC-YVARD-cmk improved ACh-induced vasodilation in ApoE KO. L-NAME, tunicamycin, and Genipin attenuated vasodilation in WT, WT-EX and ApoE KO-EX, but not in ApoE KO. Exercise training reversed the increase in CHOP expression in the endothelium of SMA of ApoE KO mice. We conclude that ER stress plays a significant role in endothelial dysfunction of resistance arteries in atherosclerosis and that exercise attenuates ER stress and regulates its critical downstream signaling pathways including eNOS, UCP-2 and caspase-1.
Video-rate volumetric neuronal imaging using 3D targeted illumination
Authors: Xiao Sheng , Tseng Hua-an , Gritton Howard , Han Xue , Mertz Jerome
Published: May 2018

Fast volumetric microscopy is required to monitor large-scale neural ensembles with high spatio-temporal resolution. Widefield fluorescence microscopy can image large 2D fields of view at high resolution and speed while remaining simple and costeffective. A focal sweep add-on can further extend the capacity of widefield microscopy by enabling extended-depth-of-field (EDOF) imaging, but suffers from an inability to reject out-of-focus fluorescence background. Here, by using a digital micromirror device to target only in-focus sample features, we perform EDOF imaging with greatly enhanced contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, while reducing the light dosage delivered to the sample. Image quality is further improved by the application of a robust deconvolution algorithm. We demonstrate the advantages of our technique for in vivo calcium imaging in the mouse brain.
Nanopore sequencing technology: a new route for the fast detection of unauthorized GMO
Authors: Fraiture Marie-Alice , Saltykova Assia , Hoffman Stefan , Winand Raf , Deforce Dieter , Vanneste Kevin , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C. J. , Roosens Nancy H. C.
Published: May 2018

In order to strengthen the current genetically modified organism (GMO) detection system for unauthorized GMO, we have recently developed a new workflow based on DNA walking to amplify unknown sequences surrounding a known DNA region. This DNA walking is performed on transgenic elements, commonly found in GMO, that were earlier detected by real-time PCR (qPCR) screening. Previously, we have demonstrated the ability of this approach to detect unauthorized GMO via the identification of unique transgene flanking regions and the unnatural associations of elements from the transgenic cassette. In the present study, we investigate the feasibility to integrate the described workflow with the MinION Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS). The MinION sequencing platform can provide long read-lengths and deal with heterogenic DNA libraries, allowing for rapid and efficient delivery of sequences of interest. In addition, the ability of this NGS platform to characterize unauthorized and unknown GMO without anya prioriknowledge has been assessed.
Author Correction: Rancher-reported efficacy of lethal and non-lethal livestock predation mitigation strategies for a suite of carnivores
Authors: Scasta J. D. , Stam B. , Windh J. L.
Published: May 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Reduced peak stimulated growth hormone is associated with hyperuricemia in obese children and adolescents
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhang Dejian , Qi Jianhong , Song Xiaobo , Xue Jiang
Published: May 2018

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether reduced peak GH response to arginine-levodopa test is associated with hyperuricemia in obese children and adolescents. The study population consisted of a total sample of 78 obese and 30 normal-weight children and adolescents without known hypopituitarism. All participants underwent clinical examination and GH stimulation testing. IGF-1, lipid profile and other metabolic markers were assessed. The obese subjects were then divided into two groups according to the serum levels of uric acid. Results show that obese subjects had significantly lower peak GH, lower IGF-1 and similar height SDS than those in the control group. Children with hyperuricemia had significantly lower peak stimulated GH compared with non-hyperuricemia obese subjects. Results from logistic regression model showed that peak GH were negatively associated with hyperuricemia after controlling for age, gender, tanner stage, BMI SDS, IGF-1, blood pressure, HOMA-IR, lipids status. These data indicate that lower peak GH is positively associated with hyperuricemia in obese children and adolescents without known hypothalamic/pituitary disease after controlling BMI and insulin resistance, as well as other cardiometabolic risk factors.
The anti-cancer activity of an andrographolide analogue functions through a GSK-3β-independent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Reabroi Somrudee , Saeeng Rungnapha , Boonmuen Nittaya , Kasemsuk Teerapich , Saengsawang Witchuda , Suksen Kanoknetr , Zhu Weiming , Piyachaturawat Pawinee , Chairoungdua Arthit
Published: May 2018

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a key role in the progression of human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and is one of the leading targets of chemotherapy agents developed for CRC. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effects and molecular mechanisms of 19-O-triphenylmethyl andrographolide (RS-PP-050), an andrographolide analogue and determine its activity in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. RS-PP-050 was found to potently inhibit the proliferation and survival of HT-29 CRC cells. It induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptotic cell death which was associated with the activation of PARP-1 and p53. Furthermore, RS-PP-050 exerts inhibitory effects on β-catenin transcription by suppressing T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) activity in cells overexpressing β-catenin and by down-regulating the endogenous expression of Wnt target genes. RS-PP-050 also decreased the protein expression of the active form of β-catenin but functions independently of GSK-3β, a negative regulator of Wnt. Interestingly, RS-PP-050 extensively blocks phosphorylation at Ser675 of β-catenin which links to interference of the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and might contribute to Wnt inactivation. Collectively, our findings reveal the underlying anti-cancer mechanism of an andrographolide analogue and provide useful insight for exploiting a newly chemotherapeutic agent in Wnt/β-catenin-overexpressing CRC cells.
Physical activity, sleep, and fatigue in community dwelling Stroke Survivors
Authors: Shepherd Anthony I. , Pulsford Richard , Poltawski Leon , Forster Anne , Taylor Rod S. , Spencer Anne , Hollands Laura , James Martin , Allison Rhoda , Norris Meriel , Calitri Raff , Dean Sarah G.
Published: May 2018

Stroke can lead to physiological and psychological impairments and impact individuals’ physical activity (PA), fatigue and sleep patterns. We analysed wrist-worn accelerometry data and the Fatigue Assessment Scale from 41 stroke survivors following a physical rehabilitation programme, to examine relationships between PA levels, fatigue and sleep. Validated acceleration thresholds were used to quantify time spent in each PA intensity/sleep category. Stroke survivors performed less moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in 10 minute bouts than the National Stroke guidelines recommend. Regression analysis revealed associations at baseline between light PA and fatigue (p = 0.02) and MVPA and sleep efficiency (p = 0.04). Light PA was positively associated with fatigue at 6 months (p = 0.03), whilst sleep efficiency and fatigue were associated at 9 months (p = 0.02). No other effects were shown at baseline, 6 or 9 months. The magnitude of these associations were small and are unlikely to be clinically meaningful. Larger trials need to examine the efficacy and utility of accelerometry to assess PA and sleep in stroke survivors.
Crystal structure of dihydrodipicolinate reductase (PaDHDPR) from Paenisporosarcina sp. TG-14: structural basis for NADPH preference as a cofactor
Authors: Lee Chang Woo , Park Sun-Ha , Lee Sung Gu , Park Hyun Ho , Kim Hak Jun , Park HaJeung , Park Hyun , Lee Jun Hyuck
Published: May 2018

Dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHDPR) is a key enzyme in the diaminopimelate- and lysine-synthesis pathways that reduces DHDP to tetrahydrodipicolinate. Although DHDPR uses both NADPH and NADH as a cofactor, the structural basis for cofactor specificity and preference remains unclear. Here, we report that Paenisporosarcina sp. TG-14 PaDHDPR has a strong preference for NADPH over NADH, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry and enzymatic activity assays. We determined the crystal structures of PaDHDPR alone, with its competitive inhibitor (dipicolinate), and the ternary complex of the enzyme with dipicolinate and NADPH, with results showing that only the ternary complex had a fully closed conformation and suggesting that binding of both substrate and nucleotide cofactor is required for enzymatic activity. Moreover, NADPH binding induced local conformational changes in the N-terminal long loop (residues 34–59) of PaDHDPR, as the His35 and Lys36 residues in this loop interacted with the 2′-phosphate group of NADPH, possibly accounting for the strong preference of PaDHDPR for NADPH. Mutation of these residues revealed reduced NADPH binding and enzymatic activity, confirming their importance in NADPH binding. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of action and cofactor selectivity of this important bacterial enzyme.