bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inverse regulation of basal lipolysis in perigonadal and mesenteric fat depots in mice
Authors: Wueest Stephan , Yang Xingyuan , Liu Jun , Schoenle Eugen J. , Konrad Daniel
Published: October 2011

Given the strong link between visceral adiposity and (hepatic) insulin resistance as well as liver steatosis, it is crucial to characterize obesity-associated alterations in adipocyte function, particularly in fat depots drained to the liver. Yet these adipose tissues are not easily accessible in humans, and the most frequently studied depot in rodents is the perigonadal, which is drained systemically. In the present study, we aimed to study alterations in lipolysis between mesenteric and perigonadal adipocytes in mice. Basal free fatty acid and glycerol release was significantly lower in perigonadal compared with mesenteric adipocytes isolated from chow-fed C57BL/6J mice. However, this difference completely vanished in high-fat diet-fed mice. Consistently, protein levels of the G0/G1switch gene 2 (G0S2), which were previously found to be inversely related to basal lipolysis, were significantly lower in mesenteric compared with perigonadal fat of chow-fed mice. Similarly, perilipin was differently expressed between the two depots. In addition, adipocyte-specific overexpression of G0S2 led to significantly decreased basal lipolysis in mesenteric adipose tissue of chow-fed mice. In conclusion, lipolysis is differently regulated between perigonadal and mesenteric adipocytes, and these depot-specific differences might be explained by altered regulation of G0S2 and/or perilipin.
Techniques of Fabrication of Provisional Restoration: An Overview
Authors: Regish K. M. , Sharma Deeksha , Prithviraj D. R.
Published: October 2011

A properly fabricated provisional restoration is important in achieving a successful indirect restoration. The importance of provisional restorations as an integral part of fixed prosthodontic treatment is evident from the abundance of the literature pertaining to their importance regarding margin fidelity, function, occlusion, and esthetics. There are a variety of techniques available to suit the individual needs of the clinician and of the clinical situation, from a single unit to a complete-arch provisional fixed prostheses.
Acute Thrombocytopenia, Leucopenia, and Multiorgan Dysfunction: The First Case of SFTS Bunyavirus outside China?
Authors: Denic Srdjan , Janbeih Joumana , Nair Suresh , Conca Walter , Tariq Waheed Uz Zaman , Al-Salam Suhail
Published: October 2011

We report a 57-year-old man with acute thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and multiorgan dysfunction. Patient was from North Korea and was temporarily working in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, when he fell ill in March 2009. At the same time and unknown to us, many patients with similar clinical manifestations were admitted to hospitals in China. The Chinese cases—identified between March and July 2009—were recently reported to have been infected with a tick-born strain of bunyavirus, a new disease. The virus infection was documented in patients from central China and the region that shares the border with North Korea. The clinical manifestations, the time of disease onset, and geographical link of the patient with the region in which the disease is endemic suggest that the patient had SFTS bunyavirus infection.
Escherichia coliIsolated from Urinary Tract Infections of Lebanese Patients between 2000 and 2009: Epidemiology and Profiles of Resistance
Authors: Daoud Ziad , Afif Claude
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial etiology of urinary tract infections in one of the busiest hospitals of Lebanon and to examine the epidemiologic and microbiologic properties ofEscherichia coliisolated from urinary tract infections of Lebanese patients over a 10-year period.Methods. This retrospective study analyzed the data generated between 2000 and 2009 (10,013 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria). Bacterial identification was based on standard culture and biochemical characteristics of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the disk diffusion method, and ESBL production was detected by synergy with third-generation cephalosporins and amoxiclav.Results.E. coliwas the most frequent isolate throughout the ten years (60.64% of the total isolates). It was followed byKlebsiella pneumoniaeandProteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp., andStreptococcus agalactiae.E. colioccurred more frequently in women (69.8%) than in men (61.4%). The lowest percentage of susceptibility ofE. coliwas manifested against piperacillin and ampicillin. An increase in the production of ESBL was observed (2.3% in 2000 to 16.8% in 2009).Conclusions. The etiology of urinary tract infections and their susceptibility profiles are important to be evaluated in countries like Lebanon where a severe misuse of antibiotics at all levels is observed.
Old and New Flavors of Flame (Furnace) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Dionísio Amália Geiza Gama , de Jesus Amanda Maria Dantas , Amais Renata Stábile , Donati George Luís , Miranda Kelber dos Anjos , Guerra Marcelo Braga Bueno , Nóbrega Joaquim Araújo , Pereira-Filho Edenir Rodrigues
Published: October 2011

This paper presents some recent applications of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) to different matrices and samples. The time window selected was from 2006 up to March, 2011, and several aspects related to food, biological fluids, environmental, and technological samples analyses were reported and discussed. In addition, the chemometrics application for FAAS methods development was also taken into account, as well as the use of metal tube atomizers in air/acetylene flame. Preconcentration methods coupled to FAAS were discussed, and several approaches related to speciation, flotation, ionic liquids, among others were discussed. This paper can be interesting for researchers and FAAS users in order to see the state of the art of this technique.
Analysis of a Heterogeneous Trader Model for Asset Price Dynamics
Authors: Foster Andrew , Kirby Natasha
Published: October 2011

We examine an asset pricing model of Westerhoff (2005). The model incorporates heterogeneous beliefs among traders, specifically fundamentalists and trend‐chasing chartists. The form of the model is shown here to be a nonlinear planar map. Since it contains a single parameter, the model may be considered the simplest effective model yet derived for financial asset pricing with heterogeneous trading. Analysis of the map yields results for stability and bifurcations of fixed points and periodic orbits. The model has intricate attractor basin behavior and global bifurcations to chaos: symmetric homoclinic bifurcation and boundary crisis.
Dysregulation of Iron Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Oshiro Satoru , Morioka Masaki S. , Kikuchi Masataka
Published: October 2011

Dysregulation of iron metabolism has been observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Utilization of several importers and exporters for iron transport in brain cells helps maintain iron homeostasis. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis leads to the production of neurotoxic substances and reactive oxygen species, resulting in iron-induced oxidative stress. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), circumstantial evidence has shown that dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis leads to abnormal iron accumulation. Several genetic studies have revealed mutations in genes associated with increased iron uptake, increased oxidative stress, and an altered inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we review the recent findings on brain iron metabolism in common NDs, such as AD, PD, and ALS. We also summarize the conventional and novel types of iron chelators, which can successfully decrease excess iron accumulation in brain lesions. For example, iron-chelating drugs have neuroprotective effects, preventing neural apoptosis, and activate cellular protective pathways against oxidative stress. Glial cells also protect neurons by secreting antioxidants and antiapoptotic substances. These new findings of experimental and clinical studies may provide a scientific foundation for advances in drug development for NDs.
Early Life Adversity as a Risk Factor for Fibromyalgia in Later Life
Authors: Low Lucie A. , Schweinhardt Petra
Published: October 2011

The impact of early life events is increasingly becoming apparent, as studies investigate how early childhood can shape long-term physiology and behaviour. Fibromyalgia (FM), which is characterised by increased pain sensitivity and a number of affective co-morbidities, has an unclear etiology. This paper discusses risk factors from early life that may increase the occurrence or severity of FM in later life: pain experience during neonatal life causes long-lasting changes in nociceptive circuitry and increases pain sensitivity in the older organism; premature birth and related stressor exposure cause lasting changes in stress responsivity; maternal deprivation affects anxiety-like behaviours that may be partially mediated by epigenetic modulation of the genome—all these adult phenotypes are strikingly similar to symptoms displayed by FM sufferers. In addition, childhood trauma and exposure to substances of abuse may cause lasting changes in developing neurotransmitter and endocrine circuits that are linked to anxiety and stress responses.
SPES3 Facility RELAP5 Sensitivity Analyses on the Containment System for Design Review
Authors: Achilli Andrea , Congiu Cinzia , Ferri Roberta , Bianchi Fosco , Meloni Paride , Grgić Davor , Dzodzo Milorad
Published: October 2011

An Italian MSE R&D programme on Nuclear Fission is funding, through ENEA, the design and testing of SPES3 facility at SIET, for IRIS reactor simulation. IRIS is a modular, medium size, advanced, integral PWR, developed by an international consortium of utilities, industries, research centres and universities. SPES3 simulates the primary, secondary and containment systems of IRIS, with 1:100 volume scale, full elevation and prototypical thermal-hydraulic conditions. The RELAP5 code was extensively used in support to the design of the facility to identify criticalities and weak points in the reactor simulation. FER, at Zagreb University, performed the IRIS reactor analyses with the RELAP5 and GOTHIC coupled codes. The comparison between IRIS and SPES3 simulation results led to a simulation-design feedback process with step-by-step modifications of the facility design, up to the final configuration. For this, a series of sensitivity cases was run to investigate specific aspects affecting the trend of the main parameters of the plant, as the containment pressure and EHRS removed power, to limit fuel clad temperature excursions during accidental transients. This paper summarizes the sensitivity analyses on the containment system that allowed to review the SPES3 facility design and confirm its capability to appropriately simulate the IRIS plant.
Older Adults with Hoarding Behaviour Aging in Place: Looking to a Collaborative Community-Based Planning Approach for Solutions
Authors: Whitfield Kyle Y. , Daniels Jason S. , Flesaker Keri , Simmons Doneka
Published: October 2011

This paper reports on and synthesizes new research that examines how a collaborative community response can promote successful aging in place for older adults with hoarding behaviour. Through interviews with older adults with hoarding behaviour, who used a particular community support and a focus group interview with members of the community collaborative that directed supports for this population, our findings suggest that there were valuable outcomes for both groups. These older adults with hoarding behaviour were able to remain in their own homes, their safety was enhanced, their sense of isolation was minimized, empowerment was fostered, and they gained valuable insight into their behaviour. The members of the community collaborative were able to access the expertise of other professionals, maximize their own expertise, and they generated an enhanced understanding of the experience of older adults living with hoarding behaviour in Edmonton. This study is a significant addition to the much too sparse literature about the community planning needs of older adults with hoarding behaviour. It offers knowledge that is integral to theories and principles of better aging in place but attempts to translate this into practice.
RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT Signaling in Malignant Melanoma Progression and Therapy
Authors: Yajima Ichiro , Kumasaka Mayuko Y. , Thang Nguyen Dinh , Goto Yuji , Takeda Kozue , Yamanoshita Osamu , Iida Machiko , Ohgami Nobutaka , Tamura Haruka , Kawamoto Yoshiyuki , Kato Masashi
Published: October 2011

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the most serious skin cancers and is highly invasive and markedly resistant to conventional therapy. Melanomagenesis is initially triggered by environmental agents including ultraviolet (UV), which induces genetic/epigenetic alterations in the chromosomes of melanocytes. In human melanomas, the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) and the PI3K/PTEN/AKT (AKT) signaling pathways are two major signaling pathways and are constitutively activated through genetic alterations. Mutations of RAF, RAS, and PTEN contribute to antiapoptosis, abnormal proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion for melanoma development and progression. To find better approaches to therapies for patients, understanding these MAPK and AKT signaling mechanisms of melanoma development and progression is important. Here, we review MAPK and AKT signaling networks associated with melanoma development and progression.
The Impact of HIV on Maternal Morbidity in the Pre-HAART Era in Uganda
Authors: Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha Harriet , Mayon-White Richard T. , Okong Pius , Brocklehurst Peter , Carpenter Lucy M.
Published: October 2011

Objective. To compare maternal morbidity in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women.Methods. Major maternal morbidity (severe febrile illness, illnesses requiring hospital admissions, surgical revisions, or illnesses resulting in death) was measured prospectively in a cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected women followed from 36 weeks of pregnancy to 6 weeks after delivery. Odds ratios of major morbidity and associated factors were examined using logistic regression.Results. Major morbidity was observed in 46/129 (36%) and 104/390 (27%) of the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women, respectively, who remained in followup. In the multivariable analysis, major morbidity was independently associated with HIV infection, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7), nulliparity (AOR 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0)), and lack of, or minimal, formal education (AOR 2.1 (1.1 to 3.8)).Conclusions. HIV was associated with a 70% increase in the odds of major maternal morbidity in these Ugandan mothers.
A Method for Designing Assembly Tolerance Networks of Mechanical Assemblies
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Zongbin , Gao Jianmin , Hong Jun , Villecco Francesco , Li Yunlong
Published: October 2011

When designing mechanical assemblies, assembly tolerance design is an important issue which must be seriously considered by designers. Assembly tolerances reflect functional requirements of assembling, which can be used to control assembling qualities and production costs. This paper proposes a new method for designing assembly tolerance networks of mechanical assemblies. The method establishes the assembly structure tree model of an assembly based on its product structure tree model. On this basis, assembly information model and assembly relation model are set up based on polychromatic sets (PS) theory. According to the two models, the systems of location relation equations and interference relation equations are established. Then, using methods of topologically related surfaces (TTRS) theory and variational geometric constraints (VGC) theory, three VGC reasoning matrices are constructed. According to corresponding relations between VGCs and assembly tolerance types, the reasoning matrices of tolerance types are also established by using contour matrices of PS. Finally, an exemplary product is used to construct its assembly tolerance networks and meanwhile to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Direct Preparation of Nano‐Quasicrystals via a Water‐Cooled Wedge‐Shaped Copper Mould
Authors: Wang Zhifeng , Zhao Weimin , Qin Chunling , Cui Yan , Fan Shenglei , Jia Junqing
Published: October 2011

We have successfully synthesized multicomponent Mg‐based nano‐quasicrystals (nano‐QCs) through a simple route by using a water‐cooled wedge‐shaped copper mould. Nanoscale QCs are prepared directly on tip of wedge‐shaped castings. The further study shows that nano‐QCs in the Mg71Zn26Y2Cu1 alloy show well microhardness of greater than HV450. Electrochemical properties of three kinds of quasicrystal alloys are investigated in simulated seawater. The Mg71Zn26Y2Cu1 nano‐QC alloy presents the best corrosion resistance in this study for the formation of well‐distributed nano‐QC phases (1~5 nm) and polygonal Mg2(Cu,Y) nanophases (40~50 nm).
Effects of Habitat and Human Activities on Species Richness and Assemblages of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Baltic Sea Coast
Authors: Irmler Ulrich
Published: October 2011

In 2009, the staphylind fauna was studied in six habitats of the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein (northern Germany). The following habitats lagoon, sandy beach, shingle beach, primary dune, wooded cliff, and woodless cliff were significantly separated by their species composition. Vegetation and soil moisture were the most important factors separating the assemblages. Lagoons exhibited the most species-rich habitat. Sandy beaches provided the highest number of endangered species. Both sandy beaches and woodless cliffs showed the highest number of exclusive species. A loss of species was determined in the gradient from sandy to shingle beaches. Few species preferred shingle beaches; abundance ofCafius xantholomaincreased with the increasing amount of shingle. More species preferred the sandy conditions, for example,Polystomota grisea, P. punctatella, andPhytosus spinifer.Anotylus insecatusandBledius defensusrequire distinct mixtures of sand and silt on woodless cliffs. Tourist impact on sandy beaches accounts for approximately 50% loss of species.
Effects of the Heterogeneity of the Landscape and the Abundance ofWasmannia auropunctataon Ground Ant Assemblages in a Colombian Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Achury Rafael , Chacón de Ulloa Patricia , Arcila Ángela
Published: October 2011

To evaluate the response of the ant assemblages to different management practices in the tropical dry forests of southwestern Colombia, 10 sites that conserve forest fragments surrounded by pastures and sugarcane crops were sampled. Tuna-fish baits placed on the ground in the three habitats captured 100 ant species (41 genera). The greatest number of species was found in the forests in contrast with a significant loss of richness and diversity in the productive habitats, the pastures being richer than the cane fields. Species richness was negatively correlated with the abundance of the little fire antWasmannia auropunctata. Ant species composition was related to soil temperature and percent ground cover, as well as being partially determined by location and the abundance ofW. auropunctata. The forests had a significantly different species composition from the other two habitats, but there were no consistent differences between the pastures and the cane fields.
Mucin Glycosylating Enzyme GALNT2 Regulates the Malignant Character of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Modifying the EGF Receptor
Authors: Wu Yao-Ming , Liu Chiung-Hui , Hu Rey-Heng , Huang Miao-Juei , Lee Jian-Jr , Chen Chi-Hau , Huang John , Lai Hong-Shiee , Lee Po-Huang , Hsu Wen-Ming , Huang Hsiu-Chin , Huang Min-Chuan
Published: October 2011

Extracellular glycosylation is a critical determinant of malignant character. Here, we report that N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2), the enzyme that mediates the initial step of mucin type-O glycosylation, is a critical mediator of malignant character in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that acts by modifying the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). GALNT2 mRNA and protein were downregulated frequently in HCC tumors where these events were associated with vascular invasion and recurrence. Restoring GALNT2 expression in HCC cells suppressed EGF-induced cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the status of the O-glycans attached to the EGFR was altered by GALNT2, changing EGFR responses after EGF binding. Inhibiting EGFR activity with erlotinib decreased the malignant characters caused by siRNA-mediated knockdown of GALNT2 in HCC cells, establishing the critical role of EGFR in mediating the effects of GALNT2 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that GALNT2 dysregulation contributes to the malignant behavior of HCC cells, and they provide novel insights into the significance of O-glycosylation in EGFR activity and HCC pathogenesis. Cancer Res; 71(23); 7270–9. ©2011 AACR.
Dishevelled 2 Signaling Promotes Self-Renewal and Tumorigenicity in Human Gliomas
Authors: Pulvirenti Teodoro , Van Der Heijden Maartje , Droms Leif A. , Huse Jason T. , Tabar Viviane , Hall Alan
Published: October 2011

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common glioma variant in adults and is highly malignant. Tumors are thought to harbor a subpopulation of stem-like cancer cells, with the bulk resembling neural progenitor-like cells that are unable to fully differentiate. Although multiple pathways are known to be involved in glioma tumorigenesis, the role of Wnt signaling has been poorly described. Here, we show that Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2), a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, is overexpressed in human gliomas. RNA interference–mediated depletion of Dvl2 blocked proliferation and promoted the differentiation of cultured human glioma cell lines and primary, patient-derived glioma cells. In addition, Dvl2 depletion inhibited tumor formation after intracranial injection of glioblastoma cells in immunodeficient mice. Inhibition of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling also blocked proliferation, but unlike Dvl2 depletion, did not induce differentiation. Finally, Wnt5a, a noncanonical Wnt ligand, was also required for glioma cell proliferation. The data therefore suggest that both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways downstream of Dvl2 cooperate to maintain the proliferative capacity of human glioblastomas. Cancer Res; 71(23); 7280–90. ©2011 AACR.
Disentangling the Myeloma Web
Authors: Tonon Giovanni , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: October 2011

Gene expression profiling in patients with multiple myeloma has identified gene signatures linked to prognosis. However, because of their heterogeneity, there is currently no consensus about which signatures represent the best predictive and prognostic markers. Novel computational tools are now helping investigators integrate heterogeneous data sets to identify universal and robust classifiers. Clin Cancer Res; 17(23); 7210–2. ©2011 AACR.
Quiescin Sulfhydryl Oxidase 1 Promotes Invasion of Pancreatic Tumor Cells Mediated by Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Katchman Benjamin A. , Antwi Kwasi , Hostetter Galen , Demeure Michael J. , Watanabe Aprill , Decker G. Anton , Miller Laurence J. , Von Hoff Daniel D. , Lake Douglas F.
Published: October 2011

Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to form disulfide bonds in proteins. We previously mapped a peptide in plasma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) patients back to an overexpressed QSOX1 parent protein. In addition to overexpression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, 29 of 37 patients diagnosed with PDA expressed QSOX1 protein in tumor cells, but QSOX1 was not detected in normal adjacent tissues or in a transformed, but nontumorigenic cell line. To begin to evaluate the advantage QSOX1 might provide to tumors, we suppressed QSOX1 protein expression using short hairpin (sh) RNA in two pancreatic cancer cell lines. Growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were evaluated. QSOX1 shRNA suppressed both short and long isoforms of the protein, showing a significant effect on cell growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis. However, QSOX1 shRNA dramatically inhibited the abilities of BxPC-3 and Panc-1 pancreatic tumor cells to invade through Matrigel in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Mechanistically, gelatin zymography indicated that QSOX1 plays an important role in activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, our results suggest that the mechanism of QSOX1-mediated tumor cell invasion is by activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Mol Cancer Res; 9(12); 1621–31. ©2011 AACR.
High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy Data-Based Measurements of the Arteries of Mouse Embryos: Evaluation of Significance and Reproducibility under Routine Conditions
Authors: Geyer Stefan H. , Maurer Barbara , Pötz Lorenz , Singh Jagdeep , Weninger Wolfgang J.
Published: October 2011

Defining the role of genes in the genesis of congenital cardiovascular defects involves comparisons of the diameters of arteries measured in wild-type and genetically engineered mouse embryos. This study aims at evaluating the significance and reproducibility of measurements of the diameters of the great intrathoracic arteries of mouse embryos, as produced under routine conditions, by employing a recently suggested measuring method. Using high-resolution episcopic microscopy, we generated digital volume data of 60 mouse embryos (voxel size 1.07 × 1.07 × 2 µm3) of developmental stage 23 according to Theiler. We randomly split the 60 data sets into two groups of 30 and assigned each group to a diploma student. In addition, an experienced scientist received 12 randomly selected specimens of each group. Independently, the researchers created three-dimensional models of the intrathoracic arteries and identified comparable measurement positions along the ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk and descending aorta. At each position, they defined virtual resections cutting through the volume data perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the artery. In the virtual resections, the researchers measured the perimeter of the lumen of the artery. The diameter was calculated from the perimeter. Then, we performed statistic comparisons of the diameters measured in micrometres and of the ratio of each measured diameter and the diameter of the ascending aorta. Comparisons of the ratios did not reveal statistically significant differences between the measurements created by the different scientists. We assume that the used measuring protocol is highly robust and produces reproducible and significant results under routine conditions.
A Simultaneous Iris Angiography Technique in Pigmented Rabbits
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Xu , Liu Ai-Hua , Lin Song , Wu Jian-Guo
Published: October 2011

Purpose: To report a simultaneous iris angiography (IA) technique combined with the use of indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein sodium (FS) in pigmented rabbits. Methods: 15 rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the dye doses: the dose of the lower-volume group was 2 mg FS and 2 mg ICG; the dose of the moderate-volume group was 5 mg FS and 5 mg ICG, and the dose of the higher-volume group was 8 mg FS and 8 mg ICG. Fifteen IAs were performed by a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and a rapid localization technique giving a flat-on image. Results: Simultaneous digital angiography provided two kinds of a fully dynamic video of iris vessels fluorescein in all pigmented rabbits, which is the same in pigmented and albino rabbits and no vascular pattern was hidden by the iris stromal pigment. Furthermore, dye doses influenced the IA effect in rabbits. The lower-volume dye can demonstrate iris vessels, without obvious leakage, which, however, extinguish rapidly after 10–15 s. In the higher-volume group, vascular imaging lasted longer, but subsequently significant FS and ICG leakage appeared as streams on the surface of the iris until the dye disappeared from the iris vessels; the diffuse and intense aqueous fluid lasted 1 day. The moderate-volume dye displayed vessels clearly by ICG for 300 s, without leakage; FS clear vessels were maintained for about 15–20 s and the structure of the iris became fuzzy due to quick leakage. Conclusions: Simultaneous IA with a rapid localization technique allows high-quality imaging of the pigmented rabbits and the moderate dosage of 5 mg FS and 5 mg ICG is preferred for best visualization.
Transient Pupillary Light Reflex in Relation to Fundus Autofluorescence and Dark-Adapted Perimetry in Typical Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Liu Yong , Liu Dan Ning , Meng Xiao Hong , Yin Zheng Qin
Published: October 2011

Purpose: To determine whether the pupillary light reflex (PLR) can serve as an indicator of photoreceptor function in patients with advanced typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: Dark-adapted transient PLRs elicited by blue or white light over a luminance range of 4 log units were recorded from 27 eyes of 19 patients with advanced RP. Retinas were characterized according to fundus autofluorescence (AF) and dark-adapted perimetry. We qualitatively analyzed whether PLR thresholds were correlated with AF patterns or scotopic sensitivity. Quantitative analysis included correlations between relative pupillary constrictions (RPCs) elicited by blue light (≤–1 log cd/m2) and the area of abnormal ring or central AF, and between RPCs elicited by white light and perimetric mean sensitivity. Results: The PLRs of all patients showed varying degrees of threshold elevation and relative afferent pupil defects. We classified three types of abnormal fundus AF: abnormal ring AF, abnormal central AF, and fragmentary AF. PLR thresholds were largely consistent with the patterns of AF and scotopic sensitivity. Rod-mediated RPCs were not correlated with the area of the abnormal ring AF (p > 0.05), but were correlated with the area of abnormal central AF (p < 0.05). RPCs elicited with a white stimulus (–0.3 or 0.7 log cd/m2) were significantly correlated with the mean sensitivity of the dark-adapted perimetry. Conclusions: PLR testing is a powerful technique for assessing photoreceptor dysfunction. The high correlation with AF and dark-adapted perimetry suggests that the key to quantifying photoreceptor function using the transient PLR is to optimize the luminance of the stimulus.
Influence of Different Light Intensities on the Daily Grooming Distribution of Common Marmosets Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Lampert Rosane M.S. , de Azevedo Carolina V.M. , Menezes Alexandre A.L.
Published: October 2011

The daily distribution of autogrooming was evaluated in adult marmosets submitted to different illumination intensities in the light phase of the light-dark cycle. Autogrooming and locomotor activity were monitored and the faecal cortisol level assessed as a stress indicator. The distribution of autogrooming showed two distinct tendencies: when the light intensity varied from 500 to 200 lux, a slight increase in frequency and duration was observed, while a significant decrease in both variables occurred at 10 lux. Varying light intensities did not inhibit rhythm synchronization. The daily profile of autogrooming was mainly unimodal with an acrophase in the first half of the light phase. Faecal cortisol levels tended to increase in animals submitted to 100 and 10 lux, but these results are not conclusive. We suggest keeping captive marmosets in light intensities of at least 200 lux in the light phase, allowing animals to maintain autogrooming levels in order to reduce the discomfort caused by captivity and isolation.
Optimizing Dynamic Interactions between a Cardiac Patch and Inflammatory Host Cells
Authors: Freytes Donald O. , Santambrogio Laura , Vunjak-Novakovic Gordana
Published: October 2011

Damaged heart muscle has only a minimal ability for regeneration following myocardial infarction in which cardiomyocytes are lost to ischemia. The most clinically promising approach to regeneration of cardiac muscle currently under investigation is that of injecting cardiogenic repair cells or implanting a preformed tissue-engineered patch. While major advances are being made in the derivation of functional human cardiomyocytes and the development of tissue-engineering modalities for cardiac repair, the host environment into which the repair cells are placed is largely overlooked. Within seconds of myocardial ischemia, hypoxia sets in in the myocardium and the inflammatory response starts, characterized by rapid deployment of circulating cells and the release of paracrine and autocrine signals. Therefore, the inflammatory conditions under which these interactions take place, the design of the scaffold material used, and the maturity of the implanted cells will determine the outcomes of any stem cell-based therapy. We discuss here the interactions between implanted and inflammatory cells of the host, which are critical for the design of effective heart repair therapies.
Can the ‘Head-Turning Sign’ Be a Clinical Marker of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Fukui T. , Yamazaki T. , Kinno R.
Published: October 2011

Aims: To investigate the incidence and severity of the ‘head-turning sign’ (HTS), i.e. turning the head back to the caregiver(s) for help, in patients with various dementias and discuss its clinical specificity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: We investigated the incidence and severity of HTS while administering a short cognitive test (the revised Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale: HDSR) in outpatients with AD [125 patients, including 4 with AD + vascular dementia (VaD)], 8 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 34 with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 8 with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and 6 with VaD. Results: Significant differences were found among the 5 disease groups in the incidence and severity of HTS, and HDSR scores. Given the significant differences between AD and DLB in post hoc analyses, patients were dichotomized into AD-related (AD and aMCI) and AD-nonrelated (PSP, DLB and VaD) groups. Both incidence (41 vs. 17%, p = 0.002) and severity of HTS (0.80 ± 1.13 vs. 0.21 ± 0.60, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the AD-related group, while average age and HDSR scores were comparable between both groups. AD-related disease, female gender and low HDSR score contributed significantly to the occurrence and severity of HTS. Conclusions: HTS can be a clinical marker of AD and aMCI, and may represent a type of excuse behavior as well as a sign of dependency on and trust in the caregivers.
Prenatal Programming and Epigenetics in the Genesis of the Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Nistala Ravi , Hayden Melvin R. , DeMarco Vincent G. , Henriksen Erik J. , Lackland Daniel T. , Sowers James R.
Published: October 2011

The presence of a group of interacting maladaptive factors, including hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic dyslipidemia, obesity, and microalbuminuria and/or reduced renal function, collectively constitutes the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS). Nutritional and other environmental cues during fetal development can permanently affect the composition, homeostatic systems, and functions of multiple organs and systems; this process has been referred to as ‘programming’. Since the original formulation of the notion that low birth weight is a proxy for ‘prenatal programming’ of adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease, evidence has also emerged for programming of kidney disease, insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic dyslipidemia, and other chronic diseases. The programming concept was initially predicated on the notion that in utero growth restriction due to famine was responsible for increased hypertension, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. On the other hand, we are now more commonly exposed to increasing rates of maternal obesity. The current review will discuss the overarching role of maternal overnutrition, as well as fetal undernutrition, in epigenetic programming in relation to the pathogenesis of the CRS in children and adults.
Use of Early Clopidogrel by Reperfusion Strategy Among Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Melloni Chiara , Roe Matthew T. , Chen Anita Y. , Wang Tracy Y. , Wiviott Stephen D. , Ho P. Michael , Peterson Eric D. , Alexander Karen P.
Published: October 2011

Background—

The 2007 update of the ACC/AHA guidelines for STEMI patients recommended addition of clopidogrel to aspirin regardless of reperfusion strategy, with a bolus dose in patients <75 years of age.

Methods and Results—

We evaluated use and dose of early clopidogrel among 52,140 STEMI patients enrolled in 368 hospitals participating in NCDR's ACTION Registry®–Get with the Guidelines (GWTG™) from January 2007–September 2009. Patients were stratified by reperfusion strategy: primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, n=37,108), fibrinolysis (n=5805), or no-reperfusion (n=9227), and by age (<75 or ≥75 years). Adjusted odds for in-hospital outcomes are reported by clopidogrel use across reperfusion strategies. Clopidogrel was administered early to 97% of primary PCI, 18% of fibrinolytic, and 6% of non-reperfused patients. Among patients receiving clopidogrel, a loading dose (≥300 mg) was often used in primary PCI (91%) but less frequently among fibrinolysis-treated (83%) and non-reperfused patients (74%). A positive time trend from Q1 2007–Q3 2009 in overall clopidogrel use was observed only in fibrinolytic patients (15–20%) Use of clopidogrel was associated with a significant increase in major bleeding only among older patients in the no-reperfusion group (21.9% vs. 13.2%; OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.47–3.27). A significantly lower risk of in-hospital death was associated with clopidogrel use across all reperfusion strategies (OR [95% CI], primary PCI: 0.15 [0.13–0.19]; fibrinolysis: 0.26 [0.12–0.57]; no reperfusion: 0.42 [0.27–0.65]).

Conclusion—

Early clopidogrel use has not yet extended to the routine care of STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis or those not receiving reperfusion as recommended in the guideline update.
Taking Off the Color-Blind Glasses
Authors: Marx Sherry , Larson Larry L.
Published: October 2011

This article reports findings of a collaborative research project examining and seeking to improve the schooling experiences of a small but growing population of Latina/o students in a small-town secondary school over a 4-year period. The school was studied through ethnographic methods and surveys in 2005 and 2008. Initial findings were shared with the principal who proceeded to make substantial changes in school curriculum and climate, targeting an improved academic climate for Latinas/os. The story of the choices he made, the changes he and his staff implemented, and the consequent results regarding school climate for Latina/o students is the central narrative of this article. The theoretical framework of critical race theory and critical studies in Whiteness contextualizes this examination of change and enables analysis of why some changes were made rather than others as well as subsequent results for Latina/o students.
Thermal insulation by heat resistant polymers for solid rocket motor insulation
Authors: Ahmed Ashraf Fathy , Hoa Suong V
Published: October 2011

A new method for the development (design, fabrication, and characterization) of asbestos-free rubbers for use as rocket motor insulators is presented. Such insulation is based on chopped carbon fiber (CCF) and aramid fiber in pulp form asreinforcement for ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) along with ammonium polyphosphate (AP) flame retardant agent. Six millimeters long CCFs and/or Kevlar pulp (KP) are dispersed in the EPDM polymeric matrix to obtain a homogenous master batch for curing. The new method involves the development of two types of prepregs andthe lamination of these types of prepregs. The first one consists of CCF/EPDM/AP (50 phr CCF) and the second type of prepreg KP/EPDM/AP (30 phr KP). Laminates composed of six alternative layers of these prepregs have been shown to exhibit better thermal, mechanical, physical, and ablative properties than their non-laminated counterparts.
A Cell-permeable Fusion Protein for the Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells
Authors: Suh J.S. , Kim K.S. , Lee J.Y. , Choi Y.J. , Chung C.P. , Park Y.J.
Published: October 2011

Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are the only mesenchymal stem cells in pulp tissue that can differentiate into osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and adipose cells. The transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) protein has been reported to modulate osteogenic differentiation in mouse MSCs. Therefore, we examined whether the TAZ protein plays the same role in human pulp stem cells. In this study, TAZ was applied to cells directly with low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP) as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). The LMWP-TAZ fusion proteins were expressed in an E. coli system with a pET-21b vector and efficiently transferred into hDPSCs without producing toxicity in the cells. The efficient uptake of TAZ was shown by Western blot with an anti-TAZ antibody, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal microscopy in live cells. The delivered TAZ protein increased osteogenic differentiation, as confirmed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In addition, TAZ also inhibited adipogenic differentiation, regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) mRNA levels. These in vitro studies suggest that cell-permeable TAZ may be used as a specific regulator of hard-tissue differentiation.
Unique FISH Patterns Associated with Cancer Progression of Oral Dysplasia
Authors: Poh C.F. , Zhu Y. , Chen E. , Berean K.W. , Wu L. , Zhang L. , Rosin M.P.
Published: October 2011

Subgroups of patients with oral pre-malignant lesions (OPLs) are at extremely high risk for developing invasive cancer in spite of surgical excision. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of specific genes and their associated centromeres as markers to stratify OPLs for their cancer risk. Samples used in this study included 35 oral dysplasia with known outcome and 20 normal oral mucosa. Of the dysplasias, 20 were from an ongoing longitudinal study showing progression. The remaining 15 cases (2 of which progressed) were chosen from the population-based, provincial BC Oral Biopsy Service (OBS). Copy number alterations at EGFR, CEP7, CCND1, and CEP11 were evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). There was no significant difference in demographics between progressors and non-progressors. Specific FISH profiles at these genes and their corresponding centromeres were associated with progression. High gene gain of CCND1 was associated with an 8-fold elevated risk of progression compared with those with no gain in time-to-progression analysis. Numerical alterations of EGFR and CCND1 and their centromeres might be an effective means for identifying OPLs at risk. Future studies will expand on this analysis and set the stage for application of this approach in routine clinical practice.
The construction of male gender identity through choir singing at a Spanish secondary school
Authors: Elorriaga Alfonso
Published: October 2011

Several authors have recently investigated the psychological aspects that play a determinant role in choral singing during adolescence. One of these aspects is vocal identity, which influences the construction of gender identity according to adolescents’ needs and societal gender roles. This article focuses on gender aspects of vocal identity during adolescence and describes a case study carried out with male adolescent singers at a secondary school choir in Spain. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed in order to get a deeper knowledge about the relationship between boys’ vocal identity and their gender identity. There was enough evidence to show that male adolescents felt more engaged with choral singing when they realized that their vocal identity was a powerful tool for constructing their male gender identity.
Similarities and Differences of Diagnostic Manual Tests for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency
Authors: Kuroda Ryosuke , Hoshino Yuichi , Kubo Seiji , Araki Daisuke , Oka Shinya , Nagamune Kouki , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: October 2011

Background: The Lachman and pivot-shift tests are 2 standard manual tests to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency. However, the global variation of these testing procedures is not known.

Purpose: To survey currently used testing techniques and to measure the knee movement during manual tests among various expert surgeons from across the globe.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Part 1: descriptive survey. A questionnaire asking about testing procedures of Lachman and pivot-shift tests was conducted among 33 ACL surgeons. Part 2: knee kinematics comparison. Lachman and pivot-shift tests were performed on a unilateral ACL-injured patient by 5 surgeons, while knee kinematics was recorded by an electromagnetic system. Tibial translation was measured during the Lachman test, while tibial translation, rotation, and pivot-shift acceleration were calculated during the pivot-shift test.

Results: Part 1: Tibial anterior drawer by a medially placed hand was widely advocated for the Lachman test. Flexion type of the pivot-shift test maneuver was supported by two thirds, while extension type was supported by one third. However, the “feeling” of subluxation or reduction during the pivot shift was the primary evaluation method used by the vast majority of surgeons. Part 2: Increased tibial translation during the Lachman test was observed in the ACL-injured knee with significant variation between examiners ( P < .01). Tibial translation and pivot-shift acceleration during the pivot-shift test increased in the ACL-injured side ( P < .01), but tibial rotation was too diverse to find any trend ( P = .31). Tibial translation and acceleration of the pivot shift in the ACL-injured knee showed no significant difference between examiners ( P > .05).

Conclusion: The Lachman test can display a wide variation of actual movement despite maneuver similarity, while the pivot-shift test could possibly be measurable by tibial translation and/or acceleration beyond their procedural variation.

Clinical Relevance: We should recognize the limitations of these manual tests and the possibilities of their objective measurement.