bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
mTORC1-Dependent Metabolic Reprogramming Is a Prerequisite for NK Cell Effector Function
Authors: Donnelly Raymond P. , Loftus Róisín M. , Keating Sinéad E. , Liou Kevin T. , Biron Christine A. , Gardiner Clair M. , Finlay David K.
Published: September 2014

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and also has fundamental roles in controlling immune responses. Emerging evidence suggests that these two functions of mTORC1 are integrally linked. However, little is known regarding mTORC1 function in controlling the metabolism and function of NK cells, lymphocytes that play key roles in antiviral and antitumor immunity. This study investigated the hypothesis that mTORC1-controlled metabolism underpins normal NK cell proinflammatory function. We demonstrate that mTORC1 is robustly stimulated in NK cells activated in vivo and in vitro. This mTORC1 activity is required for the production of the key NK cell effector molecules IFN-γ, which is important in delivering antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions, and granzyme B, a critical component of NK cell cytotoxic granules. The data reveal that NK cells undergo dramatic metabolic reprogramming upon activation, upregulating rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, and that mTORC1 activity is essential for attaining this elevated glycolytic state. Directly limiting the rate of glycolysis is sufficient to inhibit IFN-γ production and granzyme B expression. This study provides the highly novel insight that mTORC1-mediated metabolic reprogramming of NK cells is a prerequisite for the acquisition of normal effector functions.
De novo sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of white petals and red labella in Phalaenopsis for discovery of genes related to flower color and floral differentation
Authors: Yang Yuxia , Wang Jingjing , Ma Zhihu , Sun Guosheng , Zhang Changwei
Published: September 2014

Phalaenopsis is one of the world’s most popular and important epiphytic monopodial orchids. The extraordinary floral diversity of Phalaenopsis is a reflection of its evolutionary success. As a consequence of this diversity, and of the complexity of flower color development in Phalaenopsis, this species is a valuable research material for developmental biology studies. Nevertheless, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color and floral organ formation in Phalaenopsis is still in the early phases. In this study, we generated large amounts of data from Phalaenopsis flowers by combining Illumina sequencing with differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis. We obtained 37 723 and 34 020 unigenes from petals and labella, respectively. A total of 2736 DEGs were identified, and the functions of many DEGs were annotated by BLAST-searching against several public databases. We mapped 837 up-regulated DEGs (432 from petals and 405 from labella) to 102 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Almost all pathways were represented in both petals (102 pathways) and labella (99 pathways). DEGs involved in energy metabolism were significantly differentially distributed between labella and petals, and various DEGs related to flower color and floral differentiation were found in the two organs. Interestingly, we also identified genes encoding several key enzymes involved in carotenoid synthesis. These genes were differentially expressed between petals and labella, suggesting that carotenoids may influence Phalaenopsis flower color. We thus conclude that a combination of anthocyanins and/or carotenoids determine flower color formation in Phalaenopsis. These results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms controlling flower color and floral organ differentiation in Phalaenopsis and other orchids.
Characteristic distribution and possible roles of waves around the lower hybrid frequency in the magnetotail reconnection region
Authors: Zhou Meng , Li Huimin , Deng Xiaohua , Huang Shiyong , Pang Ye , Yuan Zhigang , Xu Xiaojun , Tang Rongxin
Published: September 2014

It has long been suggested that waves around the lower hybrid frequency play a significant role in magnetic reconnection. In this paper we statistically study the distribution and possible roles of waves around lower hybrid frequency based on the wave data recorded by the Cluster spacecraft during 21 magnetotail reconnection events. We find that, as the plasma β increments, magnetic field fluctuations associated with waves increase while electric field fluctuations decrease. As β exceeds 10, both magnetic and electric field fluctuations decrease. Furthermore, a two‐dimensional wave distribution is constructed based on the two‐dimensional reconnection model. The most intense magnetic field fluctuations occur in the outflow region, while they are weaker in the inflow region and separatrix region. The most intense electric field fluctuations occur around the separatrix region, while they are weaker in the inflow and outflow regions. There are positive correlations between wave strength and energetic electron acceleration, as well as between wave strength and reconnection rate. Our results may be important for fully understanding the role of waves around lower hybrid frequency in the dissipation process of magnetic reconnection.
GPS scintillation and irregularities at the front of an ionization tongue in the nightside polar ionosphere
Authors: van der Meeren Christer , Oksavik Kjellmar , Lorentzen Dag , Moen Jøran Idar , Romano Vincenzo
Published: September 2014

In this paper we study a tongue of ionization (TOI) on 31 October 2011 which stretched across the polar cap from the Canadian dayside sector to Svalbard in the nightside ionosphere. The TOI front arrived over Svalbard around 1930 UT. We have investigated GPS scintillation and irregularities in relation to this TOI front. This is the first study presenting such detailed multi‐instrument data of scintillation and irregularities in relation to a TOI front. Combining data from an all‐sky imager, the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar, the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network Hankasalmi radar, and three GPS scintillation and total electron content (TEC) monitors in Longyearbyen and Ny‐Ålesund, we observe bursts of phase scintillation and no amplitude scintillation in relation to the leading gradient of the TOI. Spectrograms of 50Hz phase measurements show highly localized and variable structuring of the TOI leading gradient, with no structuring or scintillation within the TOI or ahead of the TOI.
Modeling gradual diffusion changes in radiation belt electron phase space density for the March 2013 Van Allen Probes case study
Authors: Li Zhao , Hudson Mary , Jaynes Allison , Boyd Alexander , Malaspina David , Thaller Scott , Wygant John , Henderson Michael
Published: September 2014

March 2013 provided the first equinoctial period when all of the instruments on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft were fully operational. This interval was characterized by disturbances of outer zone electrons with two time scales of variation, diffusive and rapid dropout and restoration. A radial diffusion model was applied to the monthlong interval to confirm that electron phase space density is well described by radial diffusion for the whole month at low first invariant ≤ 400 MeV/G but peaks in phase space density observed by the Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (ECT) instrument suite at higher first invariant are not reproduced by radial transport from a source at higher L. The model does well for much of the monthlong interval, capturing three of four enhancements in phase space density which emerge from the outer boundary, while the strong enhancement following dropout on 17–18 March requires local acceleration at higher first invariant (M=1000 MeV/G versus 200 MeV/G) not included in our model. We have incorporated phase space density from ECT measurement at the outer boundary and plasmapause determination from the Electric Field and Waves (EFW) instrument to separate hiss and chorus loss models.
Seismological and geodetic constraints on the 2011Mw5.3 Trinidad, Colorado earthquake and induced deformation in the Raton Basin
Authors: Barnhart W. D. , Benz H. M. , Hayes G. P. , Rubinstein J. L. , Bergman E.
Published: September 2014

The Raton Basin of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico is an actively produced hydrocarbon basin that has experienced increased seismicity since 2001, including the August 2011Mw5.3 Trinidad normal faulting event. Following the 2011 earthquake, regional seismic observations were used to relocate 21 events, including the 2011 main shock, two foreshocks, and 13 aftershocks. Additionally, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations of both the 2011 event and preevent basin deformation place constraint on the spatial kinematics of the 2011 event and localized basin subsidence due to ground water or gas withdrawal. We find that the 2011 earthquake ruptured an 8–10 km long segment of a normal fault at depths of 1.5–6.0 km within the crystalline Precambrian basement underlying the Raton Basin sedimentary rocks. The earthquake also nucleated within the crystalline basement in the vicinity of an active wastewater disposal site. The ensuing aftershock sequence demonstrated statistical properties expected for intraplate earthquakes, though the length of the 2011 earthquake is unexpectedly long for anMw5.3 event, suggesting that wastewater disposal may have triggered a low stress drop, otherwise natural earthquake. Additionally, preevent and postevent seismicity in the Raton Basin spatially correlates to regions of subsidence observed in InSAR time series analysis. While these observations cannot discern a causal link between hydrocarbon production and seismicity, they constrain spatial relationships between active basin deformation and geological and anthropogenic features. Furthermore, the InSAR observations highlight the utility of space‐based geodetic observations for monitoring and assessing anthropogenically induced and triggered deformation.
Localized fault slip to the trench in the 2010 Maule, Chile Mw = 8.8 earthquake from joint inversion of high‐rate GPS, teleseismic body waves, InSAR, campaign GPS, and tsunami observations
Authors: Yue Han , Lay Thorne , Rivera Luis , An Chao , Vigny Christophe , Tong Xiaopeng , Báez Soto Juan Carlos
Published: September 2014

The 27 February 2010, Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake ruptured ~500 km along the plate boundary offshore central Chile between 34°S and 38.5°S. Establishing whether coseismic fault offset extended to the trench is important for interpreting both shallow frictional behavior and potential for tsunami earthquakes in the region. Joint inversion of high‐rate GPS, teleseismic body waves, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), campaign GPS, and tsunami observations yields a kinematic rupture model with improved resolution of slip near the trench. Bilateral rupture expansion is resolved in our model with relatively uniform slip of 5–10 m downdip beneath the coast and two near‐trench high‐slip patches with >12 m displacements. The peak slip is ~17 m at a depth of ~15 km on the central megathrust, located ~200 km north from the hypocenter and overlapping the rupture zone of the 1928 M ~8 event. The updip slip is ~16 m near the trench. Another shallow near‐trench patch is located ~150 km southwest of the hypocenter, with a peak slip of 12 m. Checkerboard resolution tests demonstrate that correctly modeled tsunami data are critical to resolution of slip near the trench, with other data sets allowing, but not requiring slip far offshore. Large interplate aftershocks have a complementary distribution to the coseismic slip pattern, filling in gaps or outlining edges of large‐slip zones. Two clusters of normal faulting events locate seaward along the plate motion direction from the localized regions of large near‐trench slip, suggesting that proximity of slip to the trench enhanced extensional faulting in the underthrusting plate.
The role of river flow and tidal asymmetry on 1‐D estuarine morphodynamics
Authors: Guo L. , van der Wegen M. , Roelvink J. A. , He Q.
Published: September 2014

Numerous research efforts have been devoted to understanding estuarine morphodynamics under tidal forcing. However, the impact of river discharge on estuarine morphodynamics is insufficiently examined. Inspired by the Yangtze Estuary, this work explores the morphodynamic impact of river discharge in a 560 km long tidal basin based on a 1‐D model (Delft3D). The model considers total load sediment transport and employs a morphodynamic updating scheme to achieve long‐term morphodynamic evolution. We analyze the role of Stokes drift, tidal asymmetry, and river discharge in generating tidal residual sediment transport. Model results suggest that morphodynamic equilibrium is approached within millennia by vanishing spatial gradients of tidal residual sediment transport. We find that the interaction between ebb‐directed Stokes return flow/river flow with tides is an important mechanism that flushes river‐supplied sediment seaward. Increasing river discharge does not induce continuously eroded or accreted equilibrium bed profiles because of the balance between riverine sediment supply and sediment flushing to the sea. An intermediate threshold river discharge can be defined which leads to a deepest equilibrium bed profile. As a result, the shape (concavity or convexity) of the equilibrium bed profiles will adapt with the magnitude of river discharge. Overall, this study reveals the significant role of river discharge in controlling estuarine morphodynamics by supplying sediment and reinforcing ebb‐directed residual sediment transport.
Microwave‐enhanced Solvent Extraction of Organics in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Intawongse Marisa , Dean John R.
Published: September 2014

Microwave‐enhanced solvent extraction is often used as an approach for the extraction of organic pollutants from environmental matrices. The approach uses microwave technology to heat organic solvent in contact with the sample in either a sealed (pressurized) or an open (atmospheric) vessel. The major advantage of the use of microwave technology over traditional extraction approaches (e.g. Soxhlet extraction) is the speed of the process. Apart from the principles of microwave heating, the article also describes the instrumentation required to affect the extraction process. Finally, selected environmental applications are considered with respect to class of compound, i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, and emerging (polar) pollutants from solid matrices, as well as applications in the use of microwave technology for recovery of organic pollutants from aqueous matrices.
Cell‐Electronic Sensing of Cellular Responses to Micro‐ and Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications
Authors: Moe Birget , McGuigan Claire F. , Li Xing‐Fang , Dabek‐Zlotorzynska Ewa , Gabos Stephan
Published: September 2014

Cell‐based biosensors (CBBs) utilizing impedance measurement have become a powerful tool for cytotoxicity analysis of (i) engineered micro‐ and nanoparticles (NPs) and (ii) complex mixtures of environmental particulate matter (PM). With the recent increase in the development and application of NPs, bio‐analytical techniques capable of fast, reliable, and accurate cytotoxicity analysis are needed to prioritize these materials for further toxicological testing to ensure their safe use, both for human health and environmental safety. This article focuses on the development and application of impedance‐basedCBBsfor rapid, sensitive, efficient, and label‐free analysis of micro‐ and nanoparticle‐induced cytotoxicity through the monitoring of several cellular responses, including cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, transepithelial or trans endothelial electrical resistance (TER), and micromotion. In addition, these techniques are potentially useful for air quality monitoring, as demonstrated through the cytotoxicity analysis of complex mixtures of PM. Instruments based on electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) and real‐time cell analysis (RTCA) are the two most widely used impedance‐based devices commercially available. Thus, detailed descriptions of the principles directing the impedance‐based measurements and data analysis employed in these systems are presented.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS): General Introduction
Authors: Ding Song‐Yuan , Zhang Xue‐Min , Ren Bin , Tian Zhong‐Qun
Published: September 2014

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was discovered in the mid‐1970s, by which the intrinsically low detection sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy is no longer a fatal disadvantage for this analytical tool. As a general introduction ofSERS, the almost 40‐year history ofSERSis first overviewed, showing thatSERShas gone through a tortuous pathway to develop into a powerful diagnostic technique. We then describe the principle ofSERSand enhancement mechanisms, illustrating thatSERSis mainly surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐ and nanostructure‐enhancement phenomenon. TheSERSmeasurement procedures, in particular the preparation of variousSERSactive substrates, are discussed. On the basis of four important criteria in analytical science, i.e. detection sensitivity, (energetic, spatial, and temporal) resolution, generality, and reliability, we highlight two different approaches to utilize the strength and offset the weakness ofSERS. With the enormously high sensitivity and spectral resolution,SERShas been applied successfully to surface analysis and trace analysis by gaining meaningful information from an extremely small quantity of species even down to single molecules. To significantly improve the surface generality and spatial resolution, tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) was invented in 2000. To greatly improve the material generality and measurement reliability, shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) was introduced in 2010. Finally, prospective developments ofSERSin substrates, methods, and theory are briefly discussed.
Biomedical Applications ofRaman Spectroscopy
Authors: Sato Hidetoshi , Maeda Yasuhiro , Ishigaki Mika , Andriana Bibin B.
Published: September 2014

Raman spectroscopy has specific features suitable for biomedical applications. As it uses visible and near‐infrared (NIR) lights, it is possible to use optical fibers to fabricate a stable, robust Raman system and narrow Raman probes. No labeling and no sample preparation are required for spectral measurement and imaging. The broad strong band due to water is observed only in the high‐frequency region but not in the fingerprint region. Multivariate analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing the complex spectra of biological samples. Raman spectroscopy is, however, not without drawbacks. It is employed as one of the available modalities in recent biomedical application studies. It may be important to understand its advantages and disadvantages when planning a new study. It is also important to know the feasibility of the desired experiment using the available optics and devices. This article describes the instrumentation, principle, and recent applications, providing an introduction to the research field of biomedical Raman spectroscopy.
Risk Classification/Life
Authors: Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria
Published: September 2014

This article gives an overview of the main models used to represent heterogeneity in life insurance. We focus in particular on two classes of models: individual models, which are suitable to represent heterogeneity aspects that are observable at the issue of an insurance; and collective models, which are suitable to assess heterogeneity due to unobservable risk factors.

The adoption of (at least some) individual models is common practice in life insurance, in particular for pricing or, more generally, for risk management. On the other hand, collective models are used for certain mortality investigations, in particular for suggesting an appropriate description of the age‐specific mortality shape in some insured portfolios.
Bayesian Analysis andMarkovChainMonteCarlo Simulation
Authors: Medova Elena
Published: September 2014

This chapter describes the use of hierarchical Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation to obtain the parameters of a peaks‐over‐threshold (POT) extreme value theory model of extreme operational losses. Principal MCMC techniques are described and a simple example which illustrates the concepts, including economic capital allocation, is discussed.
Stochastic Deterioration
Authors: Noortwijk Jan M. , Kallen Maarten‐Jan
Published: September 2014

To ensure that a system or structure performs its required functions (including safety), maintenance should be performed on a regular basis. To optimize maintenance, information about the time to failure and/or the deteriorating condition is needed. Unfortunately, there is often a lot of uncertainty involved in the applied deterioration process. Mathematical models can be used to account for the stochastic nature of deterioration over time. This article reviews two approaches in modeling deterioration: the actuarial approach based on the notion of failure rate and the physical approach based on the notion of failure due to the stress exceeding the strength. Candidates for stochastic deterioration models are finite‐state Markov processes and Markov processes with independent increments (e.g., gamma process, compound Poisson process, and Brownian motion with drift).
Least‐Squares Estimation
Authors: Geer Sara A.
Published: September 2014

The method of least‐squares is about estimating parameters by minimizing the squared discrepancies between observed data, on the one hand, and their expected values on the other. It is commonly used in the context of a regression model, where one observes pairs of variables (
X
,
Y
), with
X
, a covariable and
Y
, a response variable. The expectation of the response variable
Y
given the covariable
X
is modeled as a function
f
β
(
X
) depending on parameters β.
Aliasing in Fractional Designs
Authors: McGrath Richard N. , Lin Dennis K.J.
Published: September 2014

In this short exposition, we provide an overview of the aliasing (or confounding) among effects that is caused by studying fewer treatment combinations than required in a full factorial design. We show, by example, how to determine the alias structure of the regular two‐level fractional factorial (2

k
−
p

) designs, nonregular two‐level designs, and the regular three‐level fractional factorial (3

k
−
p

) designs.
Cumulative Damage Models Based on Gamma Processes
Authors: Park Chanseok , Padgett William J.
Published: September 2014

A statistical model for cumulative damage based on gamma processes, incorporating an accelerating variable, is derived. A simpler approximation to the resulting failure distribution is also given which is a Birnbaum–Saunders‐type model. The proposed model is illustrated with a real‐data example which shows that it is a strong competitor to the widely used Weibull accelerated test model.
McNemar Test
Authors: Lachenbruch Peter A.
Published: September 2014

The McNemar test is used for hypothesis testing with paired dichotomous data. The test involves only the off‐diagonal elements and results in a 1 degree of freedom χ
2
test. The dependence on only the discordant means that sample size estimation must rely on assumptions about the proportion of discordant observations. It can be shown that this test is equivalent to a paired t‐test under the assumption of equal means.
Sampling in Developing Countries
Authors: Krótki Karol P.
Published: September 2014

The survey process is complex and, if well implemented, becomes a very powerful tool for collecting vital data that are essential for developing policy. This article discusses many issues related to survey design and, in particular, how they operate in developing countries.
Profile Likelihood
Authors: Aitkin M.
Published: September 2014

This is the likelihood for a set of parameters maximized over nuisance parameters. It formalizes the use of likelihood ratio tests to construct confidence regions for a parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters. It may result in overprecision by ignoring uncertainty in the nuisance parameters, and various adjustments have been proposed. The Bayesian viewpoint is discussed.
k

‐means Analysis
Authors: Wishart David
Published: September 2014

Optimization methods for cluster analysis are described, in particular,
k
‐means analysis. It is shown that the original naïve
k
‐means algorithm will not always converge, whereas an exact assignment test for
k
‐means analysis converges to an optimal solution for the Euclidean sum of squares in finite time. A general optimization method is defined for use with any criterion function, for example, an information content statistic or sum of squared distances. The general optimization method also converges provided that the selected criterion function has a theoretical lower bound. The use of random trials to search for the global optimal solution is developed, and the reproducibility of different
k
‐means solutions is discussed. Outlier deletion in
k
‐means analysis helps to tighten a descriptive classification, and a dendrogram for
k
‐means analysis is developed to illustrate the data structure.
Nonparametric correlation (r subscript s)
Authors: Howell David C.
Published: September 2014

Spearman's correlation coefficient (
r

S

) for ranked data, often known as Spearman's rho, actually represents the standard Pearson product‐moment correlation applied to ranked data. Data on
X
and
Y
are replaced by their ranks, and then the correlation between the ranks is computed.
Kruskal‐Wallis Test: Basic
Authors: Sawilowsky Shlomo , Fahoome Gail
Published: September 2014

The nonparametric Kruskal‐Wallis test is an extension of the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney test. The null hypothesis is that thekpopulations sampled have the same average (median). The alternative hypothesis is that at least one sample is from a distribution with a different average (median). This test is an alternative to the parametric one‐way analysis of variance F test.
R Squared, Adjusted R Squared
Authors: Miles Jeremy
Published: September 2014

R
‐squared and adjusted
R
‐squared are statistics derived from analyses based on the general linear model (e.g., regression, ANOVA). It represents the proportion of variance in the outcome variable which is explained by the predictor variables in the sample (
R
‐squared) and an estimate in the population (adjusted
R
‐squared).
True Positives, True Negatives, False Positives, False Negatives
Authors: Schwenke Carsten , Schering AG
Published: September 2014

In the clinical development of diagnostic procedures, studies are performed to measure the efficacy of the new method in the target population. Those new methods could be new laboratory tests, which measure some tumor marker to evaluate the disease status of a patient. Other examples are imaging methods like ultrasound, where several raters are asked to assess the images.
Intrarater Reliability
Authors: Gwet Kilem L.
Published: September 2014

Intrarater reliability refers to the ability of a rater or a measurement system to reproduce quantitative or qualitative outcomes under the same experimental conditions. In this article, we review two statistical measures often used in the literature for quantifying intrarater reliability. The first measure is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which is the preferred measure for continuous data. The second measure is the kappa coefficient and its many kappa‐like variants recommended for nominal data. Also included in this article are guidelines for optimizing the number of subjects and number of replicates per subject when designing an intrarater reliability study for quantitative measurements. We also explore important extensions of the kappa coefficient to ordinal and interval data, which may also be used to analyze multivariate ratings obtained by rating subjects on multiple characteristics. For the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa‐like statistics, we discuss a framework for statistical inference within which to evaluate the precision of estimations.
Markov ChainMonteCarlo (MCMC)
Authors: Barnes Katherine
Published: September 2014

Realistic statistical models often give rise to probability distributions that are computationally difficult to use for inference. Fortunately, we now have a collection of algorithms, known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), that has brought many of these models within our computational reach. MCMC is a simulation technique that allows one to make (approximate) draws from complex, high dimensional probability distributions. Over the last 20 years a staggering amount of research has been done on both the theoretical and applied aspects of MCMC. This article does not intend to be a complete overview of MCMC but only hopes to get the reader started in the right direction. To this end, this article begins with a general description of the types of problems that necessitate the use of MCMC. It then introduces the fundamental algorithms and addresses some general implementation issues. Discussion of the Markov chain theory underpinning MCMC algorithms has intentionally been avoided.
Retracted: Knockdown of tumor protein D52‐like 2 induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: He Yongchun , Chen Fengshan , Cai Ying , Chen Sihui
Published: September 2014

The above article, published online on 13 October 2014 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbin.10388/abstract), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor, Sergio Schenkman, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed because the authors discovered after publication that one of the cell lines described in the article had been unintentionally misidentified. The experiments described in the article as being conducted on Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma cell line KB were in fact conducted on a Human Oral Epidermal‐like Cancer cell line.

The authors and publisher apologise for any inconvenience.

References

He Y, Chen F, Cai Y and Chen S (2015) Knockdown of tumor protein D52‐like 2 induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Biology International 39: 264‐271. doi: 10.1002/cbin.10388
Bmi‐1 regulates the migration and invasion of glioma cells through p16
Authors: Liang Jun , Wang Peng , Xie Shao , Wang Weifeng , Zhou Xiuping , Hu Jinxia , Shi Qiong , Zhang Xianli , Yu Rutong
Published: September 2014

Bmi‐1 is involved in the development of several human cancers; however, its significance in glioma progression remains largely unknown. We report that downregulation of Bmi‐1 clearly reduces glioma cell migration and invasion. Downregulation of Bmi‐1 promotes the expression of the tumor suppressor p16, which is important in glioma cell motility. Reduction in glioma cell invasion due to downregulation of Bmi‐1 could be rescued by p16 downregulation. These results show that Bmi‐1 contributes to the motility of glioma cells by regulating the expression of p16.
Distribution of the vasotocin type 4 receptor throughout the brain of the chicken, Gallus gallus
Authors: Selvam Rajamani , Jurkevich Alexander , Kuenzel Wayne J.
Published: September 2014

The vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) has been shown to have a wide distribution throughout the mammalian brain and pituitary gland and mediates a number of physiological functions as well as social behavior following the binding of its agonist, vasopressin. The avian receptor homologous to the V1aR is the vasotocin 4 receptor (VT4R). Its mRNA distribution has been documented in brain regions of two species of songbird; however, its complete protein distribution in the brain has not been published to date for any avian species. The present work utilizes an antibody made to a sequence of the chicken VT4R to map its distribution from the olfactory bulbs to the caudal end of the brainstem in Gallus gallus. Unexpectedly, immunoreactivity (ir) for the VT4R was found not only in neurons but also in glia located in 10 circumventricular organs (CVOs), olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and septum. Use of a second antibody made against vimentin provided evidence that some dual‐labeled glial cells were tanycytes and radial glia. Additionally, the VT4R was identified in nuclei related to motor function, including the oculomotor complex and motor nucleus of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth, and twelfth cranial nerves. Possible functions for the VT4R are suggested that should have relevance not only to avian species but to other vertebrates because most classes, except for mammals, use vasotocin as the natural ligand for that receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:335–358, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An important role of endothelial hairy‐related transcription factors in mouse vascular development
Authors: Morioka Takashi , Sakabe Masahide , Ioka Tomoko , Iguchi Tomoko , Mizuta Ken , Hattammaru Miwa , Sakai Chihiro , Itoh Munehiro , Sato Genki E. , Hashimoto Aya , Fujita Masahide , Okumura Kazuki , Araki Mutsumi , Xin Mei , Pedersen Roger A. , Utset Manuel F. , Kimura Hiroshi , Nakagawa Osamu
Published: September 2014

The Hairy‐related transcription factor family of Notch‐ and ALK1‐downstream transcriptional repressors, called Hrt/Hey/Hesr/Chf/Herp/Gridlock, has complementary and indispensable functions for vascular development. While mouse embryos null for either Hrt1/Hey1 or Hrt2/Hey2 did not show early vascular phenotypes, Hrt1/Hey1; Hrt2/Hey2 double null mice (H1ko/H2ko) showed embryonic lethality with severe impairment of vascular morphogenesis. It remained unclear, however, whether Hrt/Hey functions are required in endothelial cells or vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with endothelial‐specific deletion of Hrt2/Hey2 combined with global Hrt1/Hey1 deletion (H1ko/H2eko) show abnormal vascular morphogenesis and embryonic lethality. Their defects were characterized by the failure of vascular network formation in the yolk sac, abnormalities of embryonic vascular structures and impaired smooth muscle cell recruitment, and were virtually identical to the H1ko/H2ko phenotypes. Among signaling molecules implicated in vascular development, Robo4 expression was significantly increased and activation of Src family kinases was suppressed in endothelial cells of H1ko/H2eko embryos. The present study indicates an important role of Hrt1/Hey1 and Hrt2/Hey2 in endothelial cells during early vascular development, and further suggests involvement of Robo4 and Src family kinases in the mechanisms of embryonic vascular defects caused by the Hrt/Hey deficiency. genesis 52:897–906, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo visualization of the development of the enteric nervous system using a Tg(−8.3bphox2b:Kaede) transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Harrison Colin , Wabbersen Tara , Shepherd Iain T.
Published: September 2014

The phox2b gene encodes a transcription factor that is expressed in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS). An enhancer element has been identified in the zebrafish phox2b locus that can drive tissue specific expression of reporter genes in enteric neuron precursor cells. We have generated a transgenic zebrafish line in which the Kaede fluorescent protein is under the control of this phox2b enhancer. This line has stable expression of the Kaede protein in enteric neuron precursor cells over three generations. To demonstrate the utility of this line we compared the migration and division rates of enteric neuron precursor cells in wild type and the zebrafish ENS mutant lessen. genesis 52:985–990, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometric scaling relationship between above‐ and below‐ground biomass within and across five woody seedlings
Authors: Cheng Dongliang , Ma Yuzhu , Zhong Quanling , Xu Weifeng
Published: September 2014

Allometric biomass allocation theory predicts that leaf biomass (ML) scaled isometrically with stem (MS) and root (MR) biomass, and thus above‐ground biomass (leaf and stem) (MA) and root (MR) scaled nearly isometrically with below‐ground biomass (root) for tree seedlings across a wide diversity of taxa. Furthermore, prior studies also imply that scaling constant should vary with species. However, litter is known about whether such invariant isometric scaling exponents hold for intraspecific biomass allocation, and how variation in scaling constants influences the interspecific scaling relationship between above‐ and below‐ground biomass. Biomass data of seedlings from five evergreen species were examined to test scaling relationships among biomass components across and within species. Model Type II regression was used to compare the numerical values of scaling exponents and constants among leaf, stem, root, and above‐ to below‐ground biomass. The results indicated that ML and MS scaled in an isometric or a nearly isometric manner with MR, as well as MA to MR for five woody species. Significant variation was observed in the Y‐intercepts of the biomass scaling curves, resulting in the divergence for intraspecific scaling and interspecific scaling relationships for ML versus MS and ML versus MR, but not for MS versus MR and MA versus MR. We conclude, therefore, that a nearly isometric scaling relationship of MA versus MR holds true within each of the studied woody species and across them irrespective the negative scaling relationship between leaf and stem.
Preference for consistency and value dissimilarities in dehumanization and prejudice toward asylum seekers in Australia
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth M. , Watt Susan E.
Published: September 2014

Recent research has highlighted the importance of differential attribution of uniquely human characteristics in dehumanization and prejudice. Relatively little is known, however, about the importance of perceiving dissimilarities between the ingroup and outgroup in different types of values (beyond prosocial values), or the role of preference for consistency (PFC). This study investigated values, perceived dissimilarities in values, and PFC, in dehumanization of and prejudice toward asylum seekers in Australia. Results from a survey of 140 Australians revealed a strong relationship between dehumanization and prejudice. Individuals with stronger conservation and self‐enhancement values, and greater perceived dissimilarity to asylum seekers on self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement values, dehumanized asylum seekers more and were more prejudiced toward them. The relationships between perceived self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement dissimilarities and prejudice were mediated by dehumanization, whereas PFC moderated the relationship between conservation value differences and dehumanization. These findings offer important insight into the conditions that promote dehumanization and prejudice, which may in turn help explain the negative perceptions of asylum seekers in Australia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood: A multimethod approach
Authors: Halmburger Anna , Baumert Anna , Schmitt Manfred
Published: September 2014

Although moral courage is a highly desirable behavior whose determinants need to be understood, research has largely neglected the emotions involved in moral courage. Does anger about the norm violation or (anticipated) guilt enhance such interventions even if general mood does not? As previous studies have often failed to overcome the limitations of self‐reported emotions and the use of behavior intention measures, we used a multimethod emotion measurement while observing real behavior. By realizing a real theft scenario in the laboratory (N = 68), we found that anger but neither guilt nor general mood predicted intervention behavior. Our findings complement and expand previous studies by showing that people who experience and express anger more strongly are able to overcome the psychological barrier of potential negative (social) consequences in a situation in which a fast and immediate intervention is needed, whereas others stand and watch. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micronucleus test on Triturus carnifex as a tool for environmental biomonitoring
Authors: Udroiu I. , Sgura A. , Vignoli L. , Bologna M.A. , D'Amen M. , Salvi D. , Ruzza A. , Antoccia A. , Tanzarella C.
Published: September 2014

The amphibian micronucleus test has been widely used during the last 30 years to test the genotoxic properties of several chemicals and as a tool for ecogenotoxic monitoring. The vast majority of these studies were performed on peripheral blood of urodelan larvae and anuran tadpoles and to a lesser extent adults were also used. In this study, we developed protocols for measuring micronuclei in adult shed skin cells and larval gill cells of the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex). Amphibians were collected from ponds in two protected areas in Italy that differed in their radon content. Twenty‐three adult newts and 31 larvae were captured from the radon‐rich pond, while 20 adults and 27 larvae were taken from the radon‐free site. The animals were brought to the laboratory and the micronucleus test was performed on peripheral blood and shed skins taken from the adults and on larval gills. Samples from the radon‐rich site showed micronucleus frequencies higher than those from the radon‐free site and the difference was statistically significant in gill cells (P < 0.00001). Moreover, the larval gills seem to be more sensitive than the adult tissues. This method represents an easy (and noninvasive in the case of the shed skin) application of the micronucleus assay that can be useful for environmental studies in situ. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:412–417, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alteration in Pimephales promelas mucus production after exposure to nanosilver or silver nitrate
Authors: Hawkins Adam D. , Thornton Cammi , Steevens Jeffery A. , Willett Kristine L.
Published: September 2014

The fish gill's ability to produce mucus effectively is a critical part of the stress response and protection against xenobiotic toxicity. Adult fathead minnows were exposed to silver nitrate (0.82 µg/L or 13.2 µg/L), polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (11.1 µg/L or 208 µg/L), and citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (10.1 µg/L or 175 µg/L) for 96 h. Mucus concentrations based on glucose as a surrogate were determined at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 24 h after re-dosing each day. Higher mucus production rates following silver treatment were observed at the beginning as compared to controls and compared to after 3 d of exposure. Control fish produced consistent mucus concentrations throughout the exposure (0.62 mg/L and 0.40 mg/L at 24 h and 96 h, respectively). Following 24 h of exposure, all silver treatment groups produced significantly more mucus than controls. Following 96 h of exposure, mucus concentrations in treatment groups were significantly reduced compared with each respective treatment at 24 h. Reduced mucus production following long-term silver exposure could prevent the gills from removing silver, and thus increase toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2869–2872. © 2014 SETAC
Prostate cancer incidence, clinical stage and survival in relation to obesity: A prospective cohort study in Denmark
Authors: Møller Henrik , Roswall Nina , Van Hemelrijck Mieke , Larsen Signe Benzon , Cuzick Jack , Holmberg Lars , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne
Published: September 2014

There is no clear link between obesity and prostate cancer incidence but an association has been reported between obesity and fatal prostate cancer. We report on two prospective cohort analyses on (i) the incidence of prostate cancer in relation to obesity in a cohort of men with no previous cancer, and on (ii) the stage distribution and prostate cancer specific mortality in relation to obesity among men with prostate cancer. The “Diet, Cancer and Health” prospective cohort study was established in Denmark in 1993–1997 and accrued 26,944 men aged 50–64 years. Data were extracted on height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body fat percentage. Information on cancer incidence and deaths were obtained by record linkage with the Danish Cancer Register and the Danish Death Register. The incidence rate of prostate cancer was similar or slightly lower in obese men compared with nonobese men, but obese men tended to be diagnosed with more advanced prostate cancer. The proportion of Stage 3–4 cancers was 37% in the lowest BMI quartile and 48% in the highest (p = 0.006). Obese men with prostate cancer had higher prostate cancer specific mortality. The hazard ratio comparing the highest and the lowest quartiles of BMI was 1.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.06–2.05; p‐value for trend: 0.002). The association was attenuated but not eliminated by statistical adjustment for stage, and the data are suggestive of a stage‐independent causal pathway where prostate cancer in obese men has higher fatality, even in early‐stage disease.
Cbfb Regulates Bone Development by Stabilizing Runx Family Proteins
Authors: Qin Xin , Jiang Qing , Matsuo Yuki , Kawane Tetsuya , Komori Hisato , Moriishi Takeshi , Taniuchi Ichiro , Ito Kosei , Kawai Yosuke , Rokutanda Satoshi , Izumi Shinichi , Komori Toshihisa
Published: September 2014

Runx family proteins, Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3, play important roles in skeletal development. Runx2 is required for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation, and haplodeficiency of RUNX2 causes cleidocranial dysplasia, which is characterized by open fontanelles and sutures and hypoplastic clavicles. Cbfb forms a heterodimer with Runx family proteins and enhances their DNA-binding capacity. Cbfb-deficient (Cbfb−/−) mice die at midgestation because of the lack of fetal liver hematopoiesis. We previously reported that the partial rescue of hematopoiesis in Cbfb−/− mice revealed the requirement of Cbfb in skeletal development. However, the precise functions of Cbfb in skeletal development still remain to be clarified. We deleted Cbfb in mesenchymal cells giving rise to both chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages by mating Cbfbfl/fl mice with Dermo1 Cre knock-in mice. Cbfbfl/fl/Cre mice showed dwarfism, both intramembranous and endochondral ossifications were retarded, and chondrocyte maturation and proliferation and osteoblast differentiation were inhibited. The differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts were severely inhibited in vitro, and the reporter activities of Ihh, Col10a1, and Bglap2 promoter constructs were reduced in Cbfbfl/fl/Cre chondrocytes or osteoblasts. The proteins of Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3 were reduced in the cartilaginous limb skeletons and calvariae of Cbfbfl/fl/Cre embryos compared with the respective protein in the respective tissue of Cbfbfl/fl embryos at E15.5, although the reduction of Runx2 protein in calvariae was much milder than that in cartilaginous limb skeletons. All of the Runx family proteins were severely reduced in Cbfbfl/fl/Cre primary osteoblasts, and Runx2 protein was less stable in Cbfbfl/fl/Cre osteoblasts than Cbfbfl/fl osteoblasts. These findings indicate that Cbfb is required for skeletal development by regulating chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation and osteoblast differentiation; that Cbfb plays an important role in the stabilization of Runx family proteins; and that Runx2 protein stability is less dependent on Cbfb in calvariae than in cartilaginous limb skeletons. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Controlling the oxidative addition of aryl halides to Au(I)
Authors: Fernández Israel , Wolters Lando P. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: September 2014

By means of density functional theory calculations, we computationally analyze the physical factors governing the oxidative addition of aryl halides to gold(I) complexes. Using the activation strain model of chemical reactivity, it is found that the strain energy associated with the bending of the gold(I) complex plays a key role in controlling the activation barrier of the process. A systematic study on how the reaction barrier depends on the nature of the aryl halide, ligand, and counteranion allows us to identify the best combination of gold(I) complex and aryl halide to achieve a feasible (i.e., low barrier) oxidative addition to gold(I), a process considered as kinetically sluggish so far. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.