bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protection the Culture of Peace in International Law
Authors: Adham Abdulhadi Haider , Jaber Hashim Salwan , Naser Abdulridha Jaafar
Published: November 2020

It is difficult to deny the importance of having a set of treaty legal rules that provide an appropriate legal framework for the protection of a culture of peace as long as we recognize that armed conflicts are international or non-international but are the product of intellectual convictions adopted by people in specific historical stages that contribute in one way or another to making the present and producing the future.
Therefore, it is important to research in the areas of international protection for a culture of peace by first identifying aspects of the legal framework regulating the subject of the research, and then explaining the mechanisms of international protection, provided that the beginning begins with the definition of what is meant by a culture of peace, since defining the aforementioned concept will entail an important result related to determining the scope of the research Within the framework of the rules of general international law, and in light of goal (16) of the declared goals of the United Nations to achieve sustainable development where the focus is on encouraging the existence of human societies that believe in comprehensive peace for all as an effective tool to reach the concept of sustainable development as well as the possibility of resorting to A judiciary so that the realization of this aspect becomes available to all, and to establish, at all levels, effective institutions that are accountable, which requires envisioning a kind of complementarity between national frameworks that are supposed to cultivate faith in peace, coexistence, and respect for all human values ​​despite the differences and diversity on the one hand and the frameworks.
 The international community that seeks to promote reaching the same goals on the other hand, according to clear legal perceptions, wherever the first steps are confident and based on sound and realistic foundations applicable in practice, the goal of reaching the final goals will be more feasible than imagined.
Practical Experience in Forming Accounting Policies in Accordance with IPSAS by the Russian Universities
Authors: Gabdelhakovna Derzayeva Guzel , Ilfarovich Yakhin Ilnar
Published: November 2020

This article studies a relatively recent phenomenon for Russian budget accounting - the formation of accounting policies by the Russian educational institutions in accordance with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. The purpose of the research is to identify the problematic issues that arise during the formation of accounting policies by the Russian universities and to find ways to solve them. Using such methods as analysis and synthesis, comparison, logical and systemic approaches, the author has identified the main problems that arise in the Russian universities when preparing the accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards, and suggested ways to solve them. As a result of the research, the article compares the practice of preparing the accounting policies of four Russian universities in order to present the financial statements in accordance with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, identifies the common problematic issues and suggests ways to solve them. The article draws a conclusion about the similarity of approaches to the formation of accounting policies according to International Public Sector Accounting Standards practice in the Russian universities. The article substantiates the analogy of many problematic issues that arise in this formation, and the identity of ways to solve them.
Depth and Perspective Perception of Flat Images in Static and Dynamic Visual Scenes
Authors: Fazlyyyakhmatov Marsel , Nurieva Yana , Khafizov Ildar , Zhegallo Alexander , Antipov Vladimir
Published: November 2020

The paper shows that a sense of depth can arise from two-dimensional (2D) scenes without the presence of a stereoscopic depth signal. Experimental information was obtained on three-dimensional (3D) visual perception of 2D static and dynamic scenes. The technique is based on fixing the conditions of eye movement during the perception of two-dimensional stimulus scenes. To obtain registration of the depth perception effects, they used volume and spatial perspective of 2D images (3D phenomenon), and a binocular eye tracker. The 3D phenomenon is identified using 3D raster images. It is assumed that the comparison of eye movements during a 3D raster image viewing allows you to identify uniquely the effects of the 3D phenomenon of stimulus planar scenes displayed on the monitor screen. The first part of the work shows the conditions for the emergence of a 3D phenomenon on two plots of dynamic and static scenes. The second part demonstrates the three-dimensional attributes of dynamic scenes with the highlighting of various video components. We emphasize that dynamic and static scenes are obtained directly from TV programs. The proposed graphical and mathematical method of analysis made it possible to show qualitatively the perception of the 3D phenomenon by KFU students and revealed the features of volume observation for planar images without the occurrence of binocular disparity.
Folklore and Mythological Motives in the Works of Ch. Aitmatov
Authors: Ilshatovna Nureeva Gulshat , Ihsanovna Mingazova Liailia , Ilyich Rogachev Vladimir , Sagitovna Sayfulina Flera
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate the place of folklore and mythological motifs in the heritage of Chingiz Aitmatov, to reveal the connection between folklore and national character. The work of Ch. Aitmatov and folk culture are closely interconnected. This multilevel context, in our opinion, is as follows: 1) appeal to the folk culture at the level of folklore and mythological motives; 2) appeal to fundamental universal values - conscience, honor, goodness, love, self-sacrifice, procreation, a succession of generations; 3) reconstruction of the ethnic codes of folk culture, mythologies, historical chronotope, nation; 4) the use of ethnographic and ethno-aesthetic micro-units to create the artistic space of works; 5) the use of folk texts, linguistic turns, stylistic means to create poetics of works; 6) recreation of the model of behavior, the lifestyle of a working person, people and its presentation at the level of semantic codes of poetry; 7) the inclusion of worldviews, people's view of life, what is happening, the moral assessment of events, actions by ordinary people as a litmus test of truth; 8) appeal to God, to the questions of God-seeking as the moral support of the people, society.
And so, the article is devoted to the interaction of the writer's work with folk culture, multi-genre oral folk art. The basic paradigms, causes, and mechanism of the inclusion of myths, legends, legends, parables in works of art are studied. The role of folk culture in the writer's works is considered.
Recording optical vortices in azo polymer films by applying holographic method
Authors: Chen Tian-Yu , Wang Chang-Shun , Pan Yu-Jia , Sun Li-Li ,   State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Published: November 2020

In this paper the optical vortices with topological charge q = –1, 1, 2, 4 are recorded in azo polymer films by using holographic technology. The forked holographic gratings formed by the Gaussian beam and optical vortex beam are recorded in the sample films, the original forked holographic grating and the recording rate are analyzed. The vortex beam is reconstructed by illuminating the sample film with a reference beam, and the recording quality is analyzed. Also the erasability and durability of the sample are tested. The experimental results show that the recording rates of vortex beams with different topological charges are relatively uniform, which means that the optical vortices with different topological charges can be recorded at the same speed. The forked holographic grating of the high-order optical vortex splits in the recording process due to the disturbances, such as anisotropic nonlinear light, atmospheric turbulence, and background light field. However, the split vortex beam still maintains a stable ring structure. The reconstructed optical vortex and the original optical vortex are highly consistent in morphology, and the interference fringes of the reconstructed optical vortices are highly consistent with the original vortex holographic gratings, indicating that the topological charge information in the optical vortices can be effectively recorded and read out. The recorded information can be erased by heating the sample to about 97 ℃, and new information can be re-recorded after cooling. There appears no fatigue in the sample after the information has been erased 100 times and good durability is still retained. Optical vortices theoretically have infinite states of topological charges, based on which great success is achieved in optical communication and information encoding. Therefore, storing and reading information of topological charges in optical vortices may have potential applications in optical information storage.
Insights for the Growth of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a Diabetic Patient with Long-Term Antibiotic Use: A Case Study
Authors: Huchital Michael J. , Kim Jason , Mantzoukas Argirios , Lucido Jeffrey V.
Published: November 2020

Background

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an uncommon gram-negative bacterium often found in individuals with long-standing broad-spectrum antibiotic use or catheter use; individuals undergoing hemodialysis; and individuals with prolonged respiratory disease, specifically, cystic fibrosis. To our knowledge, there are few reported cases of S maltophilia being the causative pathogen of infection in a diabetic foot wound.

Methods

Following multiple surgical procedures and deep tissue cultures, S maltophilia was determined to be a secondary opportunistic colonizer of the wound, necessitating a change in antibiotic therapy.

Results

The cultured pathogen was sensitive to ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The treatment team chose to use ceftazidime, as it also provided antibiotic coverage for the initial wound and blood cultures. Change in antibiotic therapy was initiated following multiple surgical procedures and angioplasty of the lower limb. The patient was discharged with a peripheral intravenous central catheter for outpatient antibiotic therapy.

Conclusions

Prolonged exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics in individuals with multiple comorbidities including diabetes mellitus provides an advantageous environment for growth of uncommon multidrug-resistant organisms. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia may complicate the treatment of diabetic foot infections as an opportunistic pathogen. Understanding the implication of long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment in the diabetic patient is important in managing postoperative complications and determining the correct course of treatment. The emergence of atypical pathogens in diabetic wounds must be managed appropriately.
Sex Correlation to the Prevalence of Pedal Neuromas in Various Interspaces: A Retrospective Study
Authors: DeHeer Patrick A. , Nanrhe Artinder P. , Michael Shannon R. , Standish Sarah N. , Bhinder Christine D. , Foster Todd L.
Published: November 2020

Background

Morton's neuromas are abnormalities of the common digital nerve branch located between the lesser metatarsal heads. Historically, interdigital (Morton's) neuromas have been characterized as being most common in the third interspace and in females. The principal investigator observed Morton's neuromas commonly in the second and third interspaces in both sexes. To our knowledge, no literature exists to evaluate Morton's neuroma location with a focus on each sex independently. The present study evaluates Morton's neuroma interspace location and whether there is a variation by sex.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 582 deidentified magnetic resonance imaging reports with a diagnosis code for Morton's neuroma were evaluated for patients scanned from January 2, 2015, through April 19, 2016. Incomplete records and those with radiologist findings inconsistent with Morton's neuroma were eliminated. For the remaining 379 patients, data were collected on sex, laterality, history of trauma, plantar plate tear, age, and interspace location. Special focus was given to second and third interspace Morton's neuromas. Data were evaluated using the Pearson χ2 and independent-samples Mann-Whitney U tests, with P < .05 indicating statistical significance.

Results

No statistically significant distribution between sex and second and third interspace Morton's neuromas was noted. Right vs left foot, age, and history of trauma did not vary statistically significantly between sexes. There was a statistically significant difference between the presence of plantar plate tears between sexes. Male patients with Morton's neuromas were found to have a higher rate of plantar plate tears (P = .01).

Conclusions

This study found that there were no statistically significant differences between sexes and Morton's neuromas location, laterality, or age.
Fish Pedicure: A Risky Aesthetic Treatment for Tourists
Authors: Nazzaro Gianluca , Germiniasi Francesca , Veraldi Stefano
Published: November 2020

Fish pedicure is considered to be an aesthetic treatment, first conceived in Turkey, in Kangal Hot Springs. These hot waters are rich in two species of fish of the Cyprinidae family that feed on the stratum corneum layer of patients with psoriasis. This treatment was later adapted to many spa resorts for “fish pedicure.” In this article, we performed a review of the skin infections already reported, explaining why this procedure, performed usually during summer holidays by tourists, is not risk free and should be discouraged by health workers.
Hallux Varus Interphalangeus Following Osteochondral Fracture of the Proximal Phalanx: A Case Report
Authors: Rushing Calvin J. , Amin Tarak , Herrada Alberto , Spinner Steven M.
Published: November 2020

Hallux valgus interphalangeus deformity has been previously reported in the literature following trauma and first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion. However, to the best of our knowledge, hallux varus interphalangeus deformity has not been previously reported. We present the case of a 26-year-old skeletally mature woman who sustained an acute, open hallux varus interphalangeus injury following an osteochondral fracture of the medial head of the proximal phalanx.
Problemas socioambientales y educación ambiental. El cambio climático desde la perspectiva de los futuros maestros de educación primaria
Authors: Moreno-Fernández Olga
Published: November 2020

El cambio climático ha cobrado gran relevancia en los últimos años a nivel mundial. Estaproblemática socioambiental ha reactivado la política ambiental tras el movimiento “Viernespara el futuro”, liderado por la activista Greta Thunberg y puso de manifiesto la relevanciaque tiene la temática. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer las concepciones delos futuros maestros de educación primaria acerca del cambio climático y la necesidadde su tratamiento en las escuelas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio en el queparticiparon 261 maestros y maestras en formación inicial del Grado de Educación Primariade la Universidad de Sevilla (España). Los datos se recogieron a través de un cuestionarioestructurado de 11 preguntas. Los resultados destacan que la noción de cambio climáticose asocia con extinción y destrucción, así como también se evidencia un reconocimientomayoritario de la causalidad humana en el origen del problema y una necesidad inminentede abordarlo educativamente desde las aulas escolares.
Ciencia CreActiva. ¿Cómo sensibilizar a docentes y estudiantes de ámbitos educativos no universitarios en la economía circular?
Authors: Fernández-Cézar Raquel , Gértrudix-Barrio Felipe , Gértrudix-Barrio Manuel , Solano Pinto Natalia
Published: November 2020

Este artículo forma parte de un proyecto de investigación financiado por la FECYT (España)que busca una mejora educativa en el ámbito de la sostenibilidad y la tecnología relacionada con la economía circular entre el alumnado preuniversitario de la Comunidad de Castilla-LaMancha (España). La educación es la más adecuada vía de entrada de la conciencia ciudadanarespecto de la economía circular, y las acciones en los docentes permean después a su alumnado.Por ello, en este artículo se midió el grado de sensibilización de los docentes de educación nouniversitaria en relación con la economía circular, se determinó el tipo de acción didáctica quepodía ser efectiva y se presenta una intervención educativa integral llevada a cabo con ellos através de un curso de formación semipresencial. El principal recurso didáctico utilizado fue elvideo, con entrevistas a mujeres científicas y a expertos educativos en ámbitos de sostenibilidad yeconomía circular. La metodología empleada fue cuantitativa en el análisis de la sensibilización delprofesorado (para lo que se ha empleado como instrumento un cuestionario), y cualitativa para elanálisis del tipo de acción didáctica (grupo focal de expertos). Los resultados acerca del nivel desensibilización del profesorado obtenidos arrojan que el interés de los docentes por la economíacircular es medio-bajo, y que entre los interesados el grado de compromiso y preocupación sesitúa entre alto y muy alto (83%). Las dimensiones analizadas en el grupo focal apuntan a laadecuación curricular, las medidas educativas, las metodologías, los recursos y materiales. Altérmino de la intervención presentada se espera obtener un repositorio de videos creados por los propios estudiantes que puedan ser integrados en nuevas propuestas educativas, favoreciendo,con ello, un mayor compromiso entre la comunidad educativa ante esta problemática.
El ocio en el medio natural como promotor de la conexión emocional con la naturaleza. Un estudio en clave ambiental con adolescentes pontevedreses (Galicia-España)
Authors: Martínez García Rubén , Caballo Villar María Belén , Varela Crespo Laura
Published: November 2020

Los jóvenes cada vez tienen menos ocio en la naturaleza. Esta realidad se vincula con el despertar de la conciencia ambiental, pues el ocio en estos entornos promueve una mayor conexión emocional con la naturaleza, lo que influye en las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la influencia que ejerce la experiencia de ocio en espacios naturales en el grado de conexión emocional con la naturaleza en una muestra de alumnos de educación secundaria de la provincia de Pontevedra (Galicia,España). Asimismo, se estudió el rol de variables como el lugar de residencia y el género. A partir de un muestreo por cuotas cruzadas se aplicó un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc con683 casos válidos. Los datos informan que los adolescentes que tienen más experiencias de ocio en entornos naturales presentan un mayor grado de conectividad; el alumnado del ámbito rural muestra valores más elevados; y que son las estudiantes las que presentan una conectividad más alta. En conclusión, se subraya la necesidad de potenciar en los más jóvenes el ocio en entornos naturales como estrategia para restituir la armonía entre el ser humano y la naturaleza.
Niveles de participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes en investigaciones de educación ambiental en Hispanoamérica (1999-2019)
Authors: Prosser Bravo Gabriel , Romo-Medina Iván , Rojas-Andrade Rodrigo
Published: November 2020

Históricamente se ha reconocido en la educación ambiental una tradición participativa y horizontal. Pese a ello, las investigaciones empíricas describen bajos niveles de inclusión de niños, niñas y adolescentes en este tipo de educación y en su rama investigativa: son escasas las investigaciones que miden esta intervención, limitándose a describir casos de estudio. Para precisar aquello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada de las investigaciones de educación ambiental escritas en español desde 1999 a 2019, en las cuales participaron niños, niñas y adolescentes en diferentes grados de involucramiento. Se codificó el nivel de participación por medio de la escalera de Roger Hart, la cual describe ocho peldaños distintos. Esto fue correlacionado mediante análisis estadísticos y pruebas no paramétricas con el año y país de publicación, el tipo de educación y la metodología empleada. Los resultados indican un aumento progresivo de los niveles de participación infantil y adolescente de1999 a la fecha, como también niveles más altos en la educación ambiental no formal, sise consideran metodologías cualitativas para investigar (autores de Argentina y Cuba). Se discute la importancia de repensar el lugar de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el desarrollo de la educación e investigación ambiental.
Effect of Extraction Methods on the Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid Profile and Storage Stability of Virgin Coconut Oil
Authors: Ajogun C. O. , Achinewhu S. C. , Kabari D. B. Kiin- , Akusu O. M.
Published: November 2020

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability of virgin coconut oil (VCO) extracted using cold press and hot press processes. Data were collected and analyzed using complete randomization design (CRD). The work was done at the Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was extracted from mature nuts of Cocos nucifera, using the cold and the hot process. Hot process gave significantly (P<0.05) higher oil recovery of 58%, while cold process gave 52% oil recovery. Free fatty acid (FFA) content was 0.054% and 0.051% for cold press and hot press, respectively. Peroxide Value (PV) of the two oil samples were 1.173 mEq/ kg and 1.288 mEq/kg for CPCO and HPCO, respectively. The physicochemical properties of VCO from both processes were not significantly (P>0.05) different. Iodine value was 5.72 g/100 g and 6.09 g/100 g for cold pressed and hot pressed VCO, respectively. Lauric acid was the predominant fatty acid in the coconut oil samples, recording 49.30% in hot pressed coconut oil and 48.76% in cold pressed coconut oil. The melting point was found to increase while the smoke point decreased significantly (P<0.05) for both cold pressed and hot pressed VCO after three months of storage at room temperature (28±20C). Percentage free fatty acid and peroxide values increased significantly from 0.054% to 0.742% and 1.173 mEq/kg to 2.274mEq/kg, respectively, after 3 months of storage at room temperature (28±20C). The overall result showed that coconut is a good source of vegetable oil, with good keeping quality. More also, there isn’t much difference in the physicochemical quality of both hot press and cold press method of extraction.
Precision Agriculture Technology: A Literature Review
Authors: Danbaki C. A. , Onyemachi N. C. , Gado D. S. M. , Mohammed G. S. , Agbenu D. , Ikegwuiro P. U.
Published: November 2020

This study is a survey on state-of-the-art methods based on artificial intelligence and image processing for precision agriculture on Crop Management, Pest and Disease Management, Soil and Irrigation Management, Livestock Farming and the challenges it presents. Precision agriculture (PA) described as applying current technologies into conventional farming methods. These methods have proved to be highly efficient, sustainable and profitable to the farmer hence boosting the economy. This study is a survey on the current state of the art methods applied to precision agriculture. The application of precision agriculture is expected to yield an increase in productivity which ultimately ends in profit to the farmer, to the society increase sustainability and also improve the economy.
Comparative Performance of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional Methods of Rice Cultivation in Gopalganj District of Bangladesh
Authors: Akondo Md. Robiul Islam , Hossain Md. Belal , Akter Sayed Eshtiak , Islam Md. Morshedul
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted at BINA sub-station, Gopalganj during Aus season in 2019-20 to compare the performance between System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and conventional rice cultivation methods. In this experiment the treatments were system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional method of rice cultivation and the test crop was Binadhan-14. In SRI method (A10S2M) seedling age (A) was 10 days, no. of seedlings/hill (S) was 2 and irrigated condition was moist (M).  In conventional method (A25S3F) seedling age (A) was 25 days, no. of seedlings/hill (S) was 3 and irrigated condition was flooded (F). In terms of plant height, tillers/hill and dry matter partitioning SRI performed better than the conventional method of rice cultivation. SRI showed better performance in terms of yield contributing characters than conventional cultivation method. SRI showed the highest yield (7 t/ha) than conventional (6.67 t/ha) cultivation method.
Evaluation of Fungicide against Taro Leaf Blight Disease Caused by Phytophthora colocasiae in Three Agro-Ecological Zones of Cameroon
Authors: Bi Manju Evelyn , Teke Ache Neh , Christopher Suh , Annih Mbong Grace , Charles Fokunang
Published: November 2020

Globally the taro leaf blight (Phytophthora colocasiae) disease causes between 50 to 70% yield loss. Four taro landraces were planted in three agroecological zones of Cameroon; the Western Highlands (Bambui), Mono-Modal Humid Forest (Ekona), and the Bimodal Humid Forest (Nkolbisson) and evaluated for taro blight severity in four successive growing seasons in March and July, 2018 and 2019. Different concentrations of copper oxide (600 g)–Metalaxyl (120 g) fungicide were applied to control taro blight before and during plant growth. Results showed that, in all the field sites, the disease severity of Phytophthora colocasiae greatly decreased below 1.5 with varying concentrations of copper oxide (600 g)–Metalaxyl (120 g) fungicide applied at two-week intervals. The control field at Ekona recorded the highest taro blight severity of 7.8. There was no significant difference in taro blight severity (P≤0.05) between landraces treated with the different concentrations of copper oxide (600 g)–Metalaxyl (120 g) fungicide. Therefore, lower concentrations (0.33% and 0.27%) of copper oxide (600 g)–Metalaxyl (120 g) can be effectively used in the pre and post control of taro blight in the field. All the landraces in the screen house experiments were susceptible to P. colocasiae.   In all the zones, Landrace L2 (red petiole small leaves) was highly resistant to P. colocasiae and should be recommended to farmers for optimum taro production in the three agro-ecological zones and zones with similar characteristics.
Evaluation of Integrated Farming System Model for Resource Recycling and Livelihood Security of Small and Marginal Farmers of Telangana State, India
Authors: Goverdhan M. , Kumari Ch. Pragathi , Reddy G. Kiran , Sridevi S. , Alibaba M. D. , Chiranjeevi K. , Kumar M. Santhosh
Published: November 2020

Integrated farming system (IFS) model comprising the components like crop, horticulture, diary, sheep and poultry rearing was undertaken at All India Coordinated Project on Integrated farming system, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from 2010-11 onwards. Holistic integration of animals with crops in 1 ha area resulted in a total productivity of 36.4 t REY ha-1 with the benefit cost ratio of 0.85 and net income of Rs.2,97,770/- with the total operational expenditure of Rs.3,48,796/- compared to that of an average farmers’ net income of Rs. 52,000 in Southern Telangana Zone of Telangana state in addition to generation of 602 man days of employment in the system. Out of this total net income, 54.02% returns from crop component including fodder, 10.43% returns from horticulture component and 31.9% from livestock unit, were recorded in the present model of Crop-Livestock-Horticulture along with production of diverse needs of farm family viz., cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fruits, vegetable, milk, meat and fodder for cattle. Through residue recycling and manure production 11.47 t of FYM, 70 kg of LPG equivalent gas and 1.81 t of biogas slurry were generated  which is equal to 91-42-75 kg of N, P and K and saved worth of Rs 12133/-. Continuous use of crop residues and manures through residue recycling over these years helped improving the soil fertility of the unit with perceptible improvement in organic carbon from an initial status of 0.35% in ID block to 0.53%.  Integrated farming system approach recorded 37.7 and 52.2 per cent higher productivity and profitability, respectively over conventional rice-groundnut system.
The Impact of Obesity and Its Associated Sleep Disorders Either Alone or in Combination towards Systemic Diseases in Turkey
Authors: Ucar Zeynep Zeren , Demir Ahmet U. , Itil Oya , Firat Hikmet , Öztura Ibrahim , Aksu Murat , Karadeniz Derya , Yilmaz Hikmet , Ozgen Fuat , Ardic Sadik
Published: November 2020

Aims: Both obesity and sleep disorders represent an important public health problem. In this study, the prevalence and consequences of obesity and associated sleep disorders were investigated in the Turkish adult population.

Methodology: Data were analyzed in 5019 subjects who had available body mass index (BMI) data from a population-based study interviewer-administered questionnaire (Turkish Adult Population Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders study: TAPES, original sample: 5521). Obesity was defined and classified by BMI into four groups as underweight (BMI<18 kg/m2), normal (18≤BMI<25 kg/m2), overweight (25≤BMI<30 kg/m2), and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2). Insomnia was defined according to the DSM-IV criteria, habitual snoring and risk for sleep-related breathing disorders (SDB) using the Berlin questionnaire, excessive daytime sleepiness with the Epworth sleepiness scale score, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) according to symptoms as per the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria.

Results: The underweight, normal, overweight, and obesity rates were 2.9%, 40.5%, 34.3%, and 22.3%, respectively. Obesity was more common in women, and in the middle age, divorced/widow, lower education status, ex-smoker, low-income, and no regular exercise groups After the adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, educational status and income levels obesity was associated  with the increased risk of SDB (OR: 13.03, 95%CI: 9.91-17.14), RLS (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.01-2.02). The risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hospitalization in the last year was higher in the obese population even after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, educational status, and income levels [OR=2.06 (1.50-2.82), OR=3.45 (2.64-4.51), OR=2.93 (2.05-4.16), and OR=1.55 (1.22-1.98) respectively]. The risk of heart disease increased in subjects who were overweight and obese who had a high risk of SDB, and subjects with obesity who had RLS. The diabetes mellitus risk increased in subjects with obese who had a high risk of SDB or RLS.

Conclusion: Obesity was associated with a high risk of systemic diseases and obesity together with sleep disorders was associated with a higher risk of systemic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. If confirmed with prospective longitudinal studies with objective measurements, screening for sleep-related symptoms could help to identify adults with obesity at high risk for heart disease and diabetes, and implementation of preventive measures and the proper management of these populations.
Modeling the Drying of Soybean Curd Residue Based Fish Feed
Authors: Ayanlade T. T. , Adegboyega J. A. , Olalusi A. P.
Published: November 2020

The drying characteristics of Soybean curd residue (SCR) based fish feed were investigated using an oven at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80°C, and at a constant air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The ingredients composition for the fish feed were mixed and extruded using a single screw extruder. Then, the extruded fish feeds were dried in an oven at the various temperatures. The coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RSME) and reduced chi-square (χ2) between the observed and predicted moisture ratio for all conditions of drying were used to study and evaluate the performance of the nine models fitted to the data gotten from the experimentation. Page model was the best for SCR based fish feed samples dried at 60°C which is the best temperature for drying by the coefficient of determination r2, which was concluded based on the mathematical modelling of the drying characteristics. Drying at all temperatures produced the proximate composition within the desirable limit. Although, protein and fat content decreased and were highest after drying at 400C, while carbohydrate and fibre increased and were highest after drying at 80°C temperature content of the fish feed. At 60°C, proximate composition was at the medium within desirable limits which can be fed directly to Clarias Gariepinus.
Derivatization and Spectrophotometric Quantification of Pamidronate in Bulk and Dosage Forms
Authors: Gawad Sherif A. Abdel-
Published: November 2020

Aims: To quantify pamidronate in a sensitive and accurate way either in bulk or dosage forms.

Methodology: The quantification of this group of drugs is a challenging task as they lack the presence of chromophore groups in their structure. The proposed method depends on the derivatization of the studied drug by its reaction with 4-Chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxazole and the product is measured spectrophotometrically at 470 nm. The conditions for the reaction are optimized regarding the volume of the reagent, the optimum pH for the reaction completion, the buffer volume, the optimum temperature for the reaction and the optimum heating time.

Results: The studied drug can be determined in the range of 9-30 µg/mL after optimizing the reaction conditions. Method validation is performed according to ICH guidelines and different validation parameters like, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness are calculated and found to be excellent.

Conclusion: The proposed method is accurate, sensitive and can be applied for the routine analysis of pamidronate in quality control laboratories.
An Evaluation of Acyclovir Prescribing Patterns in a Public Hospital in AlKharj
Authors: Ahmed Nehad , Almalki Ziyad S. , Alhajri Mohammed , Alharbi Abdulrahman
Published: November 2020

Aim: This study aimed to analyze acyclovir prescription patterns in a public hospital in AlKharj.

Methodology: Cross-sectional study, via hospital pharmacy services that included collecting data on acyclovir utilization from de-identified pharmacy records in maternity and children hospital in Alkharj from 1 Jan 2018 until 31 Aug 2020.

Results: A total of 1059 prescriptions contained acyclovir were dispensed between 1 Jan 2018 till 31 Aug 2020. In the present study, acyclovir was prescribed mainly as an intravenous (45.89%) or oral (34.09%) treatment. It is prescribed mainly as a vial (45.89%) followed by suspension (31.63%). Inpatient Ward prescribed 52.60% of the prescriptions and emergency department prescribed 25.87% of the prescriptions.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that acyclovir was prescribed commonly in the hospital and that it’s using should be monitored to ensure that it is prescribed and dispensed appropriately.
Attitude of Healthcare Students towards Japanese Encephalitis
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Khan Salah-Ud-Din , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: November 2020

Objective: To assess the attitude of healthcare students regarding Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in a medical university.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sampling method. A self-developed and pre-validated tool was used to collect data from students studying in three healthcare faculties of a university in Malaysia. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used to analyze the data. The level of significance was alpha of 5% (0.05).

Results: Of the total of 252 studied student, more female students 177 (70.2%) participated in the present study than the male students 75 (29.8%).. The majority of the final years’ students had a positive attitude than the pre-final year students, with female students of the university had a more positive attitude (77.4%) as compared to the male students (69.3%) when the question was asked about the personal role in the management of JE is essential

Conclusion: Overall positive attitude was observed among the studied healthcare students.  The present study concluded that pharmacy students had a more positive attitude than the two other faculties students i.e. dentistry and medicine regarding JE.
Emoji and Emoji Language
Authors: Dickinson Jennifer
Published: November 2020

This entry offers a summary of the origins of emoji and recent scholarship on their meaning and use as part of electronically mediated communication. Emoji are, at their most basic, pictograms used in communications via texts, chat apps, and social media platforms, and are part of a broader group that some scholars have termed “graphicons,” a set of graphemes used in online communications that includes emoticons, stickers, and animated gifs. Since their first appearance in the late 1990s, emoji have rapidly expanded to include an array of representations of feelings, people, objects; however scholarly debate continues as to their function in online interaction, and the degree to which they effectively serve a disambiguation function in communication.
Mimic Drug Dosage Modulation for Neuroplasticity Based on Charge‐Trap Layered Electronics
Authors: Gao Caifang , Lee Mu‐Pai , Li Mengjiao , Lee Ko‐Chun , Yang Feng‐Shou , Lin Che‐Yi , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Chiu Po‐Wen , Lien Chen‐Hsin , Wu Wen‐Wei , Lin Shu‐Ping , Li Wenwu , Lin Yen‐Fu , Chu Junhao
Published: November 2020

The human brain is often likened to an incredibly complex and intricate computer, rather than electrical devices, consisting of billions of neuronal cells connected by synapses. Different brain circuits are responsible for coordinating and performing specific functions. The reward pathway of the synaptic plasticity in the brain is strongly related to the features of both drug addiction and relief. In the current study, a synaptic device based on layered hafnium disulfide (HfS2) is developed for the first time, to emulate the behavioral mechanisms of drug dosage modulation for neuroplasticity. A strong gate‐dependent persistent photocurrent is observed, arising from the modulation of substrate‐trapping events. By controlling the polarity of gate voltage, the basic functions of biological synapses are realized under a range of light spiking conditions. Furthermore, under the control of detrapping/trapping events at the HfS2/SiO2 interface, positive/negative correlations of the An/A1 index, which significantly reflected the weight change of synaptic plasticity, are realized under the same stimulation conditions for the emulation of the drug‐related addition/relief behaviors in the brain. The findings provide a new advance for mimicking human brain plasticity.
Advance in Using Plasma Technology for Modification or Fabrication of Carbon‐Based Materials and Their Applications in Environmental, Material, and Energy Fields
Authors: Sun Xin , Bao Jiacheng , Li Kai , Argyle Morris D. , Tan Gang , Adidharma Hertanto , Zhang Kaihang , Fan Maohong , Ning Ping
Published: November 2020

Plasma technology is an eco‐friendly way to modify or fabricate carbon‐based materials (CBMs) due to plasmas’ distinctive abilities in tuning the surface physicochemical properties by implanting functional groups or incorporating heteroatoms into the surface without changing the bulk structure. However, the mechanisms of functional groups formation on the carbon surface are still not clearly explained because of the variety of different discharge conditions and the complexity of plasma chemistry. Consequently, this paper contains a comprehensive review of plasma‐treated carbon‐based materials and their applications in environmental, materials, and energy fields. Plasma‐treated CBMs used in these fields have been significantly enhanced in recent years because these related materials possess unique features after plasma treatment, such as higher adsorption capacity, enhanced wettability, improved electrocatalytic activity, etc. Meanwhile, this paper also summarizes possible reaction routes for the generation of functional groups on CBMs. The outlook for future research is summarized, with suggestions that plasma technology research and development shall attempt to achieve precise control of plasmas to synthesize or to modify CBMs at the atomic level.
Strain‐Engineered Metal‐to‐Insulator Transition and Orbital Polarization in Nickelate Superlattices Integrated on Silicon
Authors: Chen Binbin , Gauquelin Nicolas , Jannis Daen , Cunha Daniel M. , Halisdemir Ufuk , Piamonteze Cinthia , Lee Jin Hong , Belhadi Jamal , Eltes Felix , Abel Stefan , Jovanović Zoran , Spreitzer Matjaž , Fompeyrine Jean , Verbeeck Johan , Bibes Manuel , Huijben Mark , Rijnders Guus , Koster Gertjan
Published: November 2020

Epitaxial growth of SrTiO3 (STO) on silicon greatly accelerates the monolithic integration of multifunctional oxides into the mainstream semiconductor electronics. However, oxide superlattices (SLs), the birthplace of many exciting discoveries, remain largely unexplored on silicon. In this work, LaNiO3/LaFeO3 SLs are synthesized on STO‐buffered silicon (Si/STO) and STO single‐crystal substrates, and their electronic properties are compared using dc transport and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Both sets of SLs show a similar thickness‐driven metal‐to‐insulator transition, albeit with resistivity and transition temperature modified by the different amounts of strain. In particular, the large tensile strain promotes a pronounced Ni orbital polarization for the SL grown on Si/STO, comparable to that reported for LaNiO3 SL epitaxially strained to DyScO3 substrate. Those results illustrate the ability to integrate oxide SLs on silicon with structure and property approaching their counterparts grown on STO single crystal, and also open up new prospects of strain engineering in functional oxides based on the Si platform.
Hydrogel‐Based Additive Manufacturing of Lithium Cobalt Oxide
Authors: Yee Daryl W. , Citrin Michael A. , Taylor Zane W. , Saccone Max A. , Tovmasyan Victoria L. , Greer Julia R.
Published: November 2020

3D multicomponent metal oxides with complex architectures can enable previously impossible energy storage devices, particularly lithium‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes with fully controllable form factors. Existing additive manufacturing approaches for fabricating 3D multicomponent metal oxides rely on particle‐based or organic–inorganic binders, which are limited in their resolution and chemical composition, respectively. In this work, aqueous metal salt solutions are used as metal precursors to circumvent these limitations, and provide a platform for 3D printing multicomponent metal oxides. As a proof‐of‐concept, architected lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) structures are fabricated by first synthesizing a homogenous lithium and cobalt nitrate aqueous photoresin, and then using it with digital light processing printing to obtain lithium and cobalt ion containing hydrogels. The 3D hydrogels are calcined to obtain micro‐porous self‐similar LCO architectures with a resolution of ≈100 µm. These free‐standing, binder‐ and conductive additive‐free LCO structures are integrated as cathodes into LIBs, and exhibit electrochemical capacity retention of 76% over 100 cycles at C/10. This facile approach to fabricating 3D LCO structures can be extended to other materials by tailoring the identity and stoichiometry of the metal salt solutions used, providing a versatile method for the fabrication of multicomponent metal oxides with complex 3D architectures.
Pseudohalide Additives Enhanced Perovskite Photodetectors
Authors: Li Ruiming , Peng Jiali , Xu Yalun , Li Wei , Cui Lihao , Li Yanyan , Lin Qianqian
Published: November 2020

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have made considerable progress for optoelectronic applications in recent years. In particular, novel hybrid perovskites and materials combinations have been devised to overcome the materials and device stability challenges. Recently, pseudohalide salts have emerged as promising additives to enhance the long‐term stability of the photovoltaic devices. It is found that these pseudohalide ions can effectively passivate the crystal grains and hinder the degradation, which also places perovskites in a very interesting space for the consideration of reducing dark current and noise for photodetection. These possibilities provide strong incentives for a detailed study on the performance metrics of perovskite photodetectors with pseudohalide additives. In this work, photodiodes based on formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) with/without pseudohalide ions are fabricated, and the device performance both at room temperature and cooled with liquid nitrogen is evaluated. Interestingly, it is found that the photodetectors incorporated with pseudohalide ions exhibit not only better stability but also hugely improved figure of merit, including extremely low dark current of ≈10 pA, fast response of ≈50 ns, and high detectivity of >1012 Jones. More importantly, compared with control perovskite photodetectors, the devices with pseudohalide additives demonstrate less temperature‐dependence and superior repeatability.
Peripheral Nanostructured Porous Silicon Boosts Static and Dynamic Performance of Integrated Electronic Devices
Authors: Paghi Alessandro , Strambini Lucanos , Toia Fabrizio F. , Sambi Marco , Marchesi Marco , Depetro Riccardo , Morelli Marco , Barillaro Giuseppe
Published: November 2020

Nanomaterials hold the promise of revolutionizing electronics and, in turn, its applications, thanks to the unique properties of charge carriers traveling in structures with length scale down to a few nanometers. Here, the tremendous reduction of mobility and lifetime of charge carriers when traveling in randomly arranged nanostructured silicon crystallites, namely, nanostructured porous silicon (n‐PSi), is leveraged to simultaneously improve the turn‐off switching speed and reverse operation voltage of solid‐state devices integrated nearby. As a proof‐of‐concept application, it is shown that the integration of peripheral n‐PSi next to solid‐state diodes fabricated by an industrial process, namely, PSi‐nanostructured diodes, reliably improves both the breakdown voltage (>2× increase) and switching time (30% reduction), with respect to those of reference diodes without n‐PSi, with no significant drawbacks on other diode parameters. This effect is shown to be robust with respect to n‐PSi preparation conditions and diode architectures, thus paving a new way toward groundbreaking n‐PSi applications in microelectronics.