bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Writing to Low Socio-Economic Students with Learning Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Rago David
Published: October 2016

Writing well is conditioned on having a cognitive system that performs executive functions well. Executive functions include organizing, planning, goal-setting, self-monitoring, and self-assessing. Unfortunately, people with learning disabilities (LD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) do not perform these executive functions well; therefore, they do not write at a proficient level. In addition, students from low socio-economic status (SES) also do not perform these executive functions well; therefore, they do not write at a proficient level. The ecobiodevelopmental (EBD) framework is the structure for this chapter. Within this framework, the writing traits of students with LD and ASD are described, as is the impact poverty has on students' cognitive learning systems. Different ways to teach writing are presented at the end of the chapter. These different writing strategies are shown to support the cognitive learning systems and executive functioning of low SES students who have LD and/or ASD.
Mathematical Approaches and Strategies
Authors: Coddington Lorelei R.
Published: October 2016

Recent shifts in standards of instruction in the United States call for a balance between conceptual and procedural types of teaching and learning. With this shift, an emphasis has also been placed on ensuring teachers have the knowledge and tools to support students to improve student performance. Since many struggle in learning mathematics, teachers need practical ways to support students while also building their conceptual knowledge. Research has highlighted many promising approaches and strategies that can differentiate instruction and provide needed support. This chapter highlights various examples found in the research and explains how the approaches and strategies can be used to maximize student learning in the inclusive classroom.
Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Uduigwome George
Published: October 2016

This chapter discusses best practices in providing supports for students diagnosed with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), and spelling (dysorthographia) deficits. It examines some impacts of these and associated conditions on learning. The recommended strategies for leveraging learning for the identified population are all evidence-based. Per the author, early intervention is key to providing students with learning disabilities a meaningful learning experience. An early intervention involves the use of multiple measures to diagnose a student's present level of performance primarily with a view to finding strengths (Strengths can be used to mitigate deficits) and learning gaps, utilizing evidence-based systematic instruction delivered with treatment fidelity, and an ongoing progress monitoring.
Addressing the Needs in Reading of the Dyslexic Learner in the Inclusive Classroom
Authors: Acosta-Tello Enid
Published: October 2016

Many children in the nation are not proficient readers. Many of them are affected by learning disabilities and disorders. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was designed to help meet the needs of these children. However, children diagnosed with dyslexia were excluded from special education services because they did not qualify. Though advances in technology have identified dyslexia as stemming from a neurological difficulty to process language skills necessary for learning to read, dyslexic children continue to fall outside the qualification guidelines for special educational service. For this reason, many classroom teachers find themselves with children in their classes who are unable to read and who will not receive extra help. The aim of this chapter is to share teaching ideas, methodologies, and strategies which will help the classroom teacher address some of the needs of the dyslexic learner within the regular classroom setting.
Hybrid Integration Technology for Wearable Sensor Systems
Authors: Xie Li , Zheng Lirong , Yang Geng
Published: October 2016

Personalized and pervasive healthcare devices help seamlessly integrate healthcare and wellness into the daily life, independent of time and space. Silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) has been used in many advanced healthcare applications due to the compact size and ultra-low power consumption. Meanwhile, printed electronics (PE) is considered as a promising approach enabling cost-effective manufacturing of thin, flexible, and light-weight devices. A hybrid integration of IC and PE provides a new solution for the future wearable healthcare devices. In this chapter, firstly a customized bio-sensing IC is demonstrated, which can detect and process various bio-signals; secondly, the feasibility and performance of using inkjet printing technology as enabling technology has been examined for the fabrication of flexible bio-sensing devices. Finally, a wearable and flexible Bio-Patch is presented by leveraging hybrid integration of PE and bio-sensing IC. In-vivo test results show that the flexible Bio-Patch provides high quality ECG signal comparable with the one gained by bedside ECG machine.
The Role of Time in Health IoT
Authors: Spaanenburg Lambert
Published: October 2016

As the biological processes in the body change constantly, comparable measurements should be taken simultaneously in time and place. In practice, this is hard to achieve. Synchronicity is required to certify medical accuracy for a new device by reference to a certified one. In a typical health IoT, synchronicity cannot be enforced procedurally and timing needs to be part of the network architecture. Popular examples are in blood pressure measurement. Putting the blood flow in a known pinch-off situation performs synchronization. But this principle cannot be extended to other non-invasive measurements. Hence the chapter proposes to synchronize on basis of the heart rate extracted from the blood flow at arbitrary positions on the body. This models the blood flow in the body and relates all to the rhythm of the heart. It brings existing phenomena into a single, multi-level model that allows wireless networked wearables into a single health-monitoring scheme.
Reliability of IoT-Aware BPMN Healthcare Processes
Authors: Domingos Dulce , Respício Ana , Martinho Ricardo
Published: October 2016

BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) has become the de-facto business process modelling language standard. Healthcare processes have been increasingly incorporating participants other than humans, including Internet of Things (IoT) physical devices such as biomedical sensors or patient electronic tags. Due to its critical requirements, IoT-aware healthcare processes justify the relevance of Quality of Services aspects, such as reliability, availability, and cost, among others. This chapter focuses on reliability and proposes to use the Stochastic Workflow Reduction (SWR) method to calculate the reliability of IoT-aware BPMN healthcare processes. In addition, the chapter proposes a BPMN language extension to provide processes with reliability information. This way, at design time, modellers can analyse alternatives and, at run time, reliability information can be used to select participants, execute services, or monitor process executions. The proposal is applied to an Ambient Assisted Living system use case, a rich example of an IoT-aware healthcare process.
Thing Theory
Authors: Applin Sally A. , Fischer Michael D.
Published: October 2016

As healthcare professionals and others embrace the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart environment paradigms, developers will bear the brunt of constructing the IT relationships within these, making sense of the big data produced as a result, and managing the relationships between people and technologies. This chapter explores how PolySocial Reality (PoSR), a framework for representing how people, devices and communication technologies interact, can be applied to developing use cases combining IoT and smart environment paradigms, giving special consideration to the nature of location-aware messaging from sensors and the resultant data collection in a healthcare environment. Based on this discussion, the authors suggest ways to enable more robust intra-sensor messaging through leveraging social awareness by software agents applied in carefully considered healthcare contexts.
Biogas Production from Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste Mixed with Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Pongthornpruek Supaporn , Watmuang Sumanan
Published: October 2016

This research was to investigate the potential of biogas production from the co- digestion of canteen wastewater and food waste. Batch experiments were carried out under various substrate ratios1 : 1 : 0, 1 : 1 : 1, 1 : 1 : 2, 1 : 2 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, 2 : 2 : 1, 3 : 2 : 1, 4 : 2 : 1, 6 : 5 : 1, 8 : 5 : 1, 10 : 3 : 1, 10 : 4 : 1 and 10 : 5 : 1 (canteen wastewater : swine manure : food residue waste) at room temperature. The biogas production was carried for a retention period of 7 days to investigate suitable mixing ratio. The suitable ratio was tested in a plastic container 200 liter with bath and fed-batch experiment for a retention period of 45 days. The results revealed that fermentation slurry mixing ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 was found to be optimum, which gave the methane production with composition 47.34-61 %CH4. The biogas yield and thermal energy were 88.86 L/day and 69 kcal respectively.These primary results indicated the significance of co-digestion of canteen wastewater with food waste for biodegradation and biogas production.
Social Impact Assessment of the Biogas Production through Biomass for Bansuanmiang School under the Smart School Project
Authors: Thanarak Prapita
Published: October 2016

Small scale biogas plants were established at existing lands of seven small size schools at three provinces in lower northern part of Thailand. The successful experience of a small school at Khaonoi was used to implement this project, where food waste and animal dung have been used to produce biogas which replaced LPG used to cook lunch for students. After the successful implementation of project, these sites were used to train/ demonstrate the concerned from about 1,717 small size schools in target areas. The proposed project is conceived to open new venues in promoting and implementing Renewable Energy Technology. The establishment of university (R&D) to school/ community(end user) relationship is very important aspect of the idea, which not only be perfect to implement the project smoothly but will create new ways to collect feedback and solve the issues immediately. Project sites being distributive in nature and community participated will act as a RE promotion hubs. The technology used is simple and all the materials involved are local. The project though has comparatively lower direct financial benefits, but has tremendous social,environmental and health related benefits. The reduction of CO2 and other GHG will not only be beneficial locally but will contribute in achieving the globally fixed targets. Community participation will be an added benefit to promote and expand the RE technologies among the masses over wide areas. The successful operation will be a strong message for visitors and the local community connected through their children with the school and hence project. The university level R&D will get a way out for direct implementation and technology will be used for the betterment of communities and will participate in global efforts to reduce CO2 emissions as well.
A Comparison of ORC-Compress Performance with Big Data Workload on Virtualization
Authors: Rattanaopas Kritwara , Kaewkeerat Sureerat , Chuchuen Yanapat
Published: October 2016

Big Data is widely used in many organizations nowadays. Hive is an open source data warehouse system for managing large data set. It provides a SQL-like interface to Hadoop over Map-Reduce framework. Currently, Big Data solution starts to adopt HiveQL tool to improve execution time of relational information. In this paper, we investigate on an execution time of query processing issues comparing two algorithm of ORC file: ZLIB and SNAPPY. The results show that ZLIB can compress data up to 87% compared to NONE compressing data. It was better than SNAPPY which has space saving 79%. However, the key for reducing execution time is Map-Reduce that were shown by a less query execution time when mapper and data node were equal. For example, all query suites in 6-node(ZLIB/SNAPPY) with 250-million table rows has quite similar execution time comparison to 9-node(ZLIB/SNAPPY) with 350-million table rows.
The Analytical Description of Projectile Motion of Cricket Ball in a Linear Resisting Medium the Storm Force
Authors: Kuaykaew Siranee , Kerdmee Supoj , Banyenugam Paitoon , Moonsri Piyarut , Hutem Artit
Published: October 2016

A detailed work based on the second-order ordinary differential equation is presented to solve oscillation in the trajectory projectile motion of cricket ball for damped alternating external force ( ) problems. This paper purpose to compute the distance time depends horizontal and the distance time depends vertical. The parabolic path of trajectories for a projectile motion of cricket ball increase oscillation with the value of parameter and is the storm force.
Nutritional Value and Anthocyanins of Mulberry and Roselle Mixed Fruits Jam
Authors: Wongchalat Ruthai , Chatthongpisut Rassarin
Published: October 2016

Mulberry and roselle are widely consumed in Thailand both as fresh and in processed forms. The objectives of this study were to develop mulberry and roselle mixed fruits jam and to study the nutritional value and anthocyanins content of the finished product having highest sensory score. Formulations of mixed fruits jam based on roselle and mulberry in five different ratios, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 30/70 was developed. Sensory analysis was carried out with 10 non-trained panelists using a structured 9-point hedonic scale to evaluate sensory acceptance. The highest score of overall acceptance of mixed fruits jam was analyzed nutritional value, total anthocyanins content, total microorganisms, and yeast and mold. The results showed that no significant difference of sensory scores from all formulations of mixed fruit jam was found (P > 0.05) in all sensory attributes, and the liking scores were in the range of 6-7 which mean slightly to moderately liking. However, mixed fruits jam based on roselle and mulberry in the ratios of 70/30 was the highest score for overall acceptability (6.4). Thus, the nutritional value of this mixed fruits jam product found that moisture content, carbohydrate, protein, fat and total minerals were 24.96%, 74.03%, 0.34%, 0.01% and 0.66% respectively. The pH, total soluble solids and total anthocyanins content of this product were 2.98, 68 oBrix and 538.84 mg/100 g. Microbiological analyses revealed that the mixed fruit jam product showing the highest overall acceptability presented a total number of microorganisms, and yeasts and molds < 10 cfu/g, which is above the expected level of jam community standards of Thailand. Thus, this mixed fruits jam product may have great potential for sales due to high nutritional value and anthocyanins content because anthocyanins were considered to play an important role as dietary antioxidants for the prevention of oxidative damage in living system.
Preparation of Acorus calamus L. Microcapsules
Authors: Ketwaraporn Jiraporn , Kongdee Aldred Arunee
Published: October 2016

Acorus calamus Linn. extract containing the active compounds were known for insect repellent and antimicrobial activity. The encapsulation of A. calamus extract has potential for application as insect repellent agent or antimicrobial finishing textile. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the extract of A. calamus by in situ polymerization of urea-formaldehyde. Microcapsules containing A.calamus extract were prepared by varying the weight ratio of extract to urea into four ratios (Wextract/Wurea); 0:5, 1:5, 3:5, and 5:5. The prepared microcapsules were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, particle analyzer and TGA to confirm the existing of A. calamus extract in microcapsules.
Electricity Production from Organic Wastes Fermentation by Microbial Fuel Cell Process
Authors: Moonsri Piyarut , Pongpian Wilaiporn , Juantrong Prayak
Published: October 2016

This research studied the electricity production from organic wastes fermentation by microbial fuel cell by using a single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC). Two sizes (1 L and 10 L) of simple SCMFC were fabricated by using a cylindrical plastic tank which anode compartment and cathode compartment separated by plastic plate with hole and covered with cotton fabric. The anode electrode contacted with organic matter and microorganisms where anaerobic reaction occurred to generate electron and proton. The electrons transferred through an external circuit while the protons diffused through the solution to the cathode electrode for reducing oxygen to water. From the study of the effect of different electrode types (carbon graphite rod, zinc metal, and copper metal) to the electricity generation using the SCMFC size 1 L in fermentation with synthetic sweetness solution (22%Brix) and the effective microorganism (EM) for 36 hrs, it found that the fuel cell which used copper metal as electrode produced electricity increasing over the times and has more efficient than the other electrode types. The study of electricity generation from organic waste fermentation by using the SCMFC size 10 L and using copper metal as electrode, the results showed that the fermentation of pineapple waste produced the current density, potential density, and power density higher than the fermentation of bananas and the fermentation of food garbage with EM. An optimal period of time for the production of electricity from this microbial fuel cell is the first five days of fermentation that the cells has voltage »500 mV, the current density 25.52 mA m-2, potential density 104.69 V m-2 and power density 12.59 mW m-2, and then decline over time five days (120 hrs). Moreover the bio-liquid fertilizer and the residues from the fermentation can be further used in agricultural because of the nutrient content (N, P, K), organic carbon and organic material contents available.
Habenaria kilimanjari newly recorded for Namibia
Authors: Bytebier Benny , Mannheimer Coleen
Published: October 2016

Background: The orchid flora of Namibia is depauperate and as a result is poorly studied. Objectives: To further document the orchid flora of Namibia. Method: New herbarium collections were studied and the relevant published literature consulted. Results: Habenaria kilimanjari is newly recorded for Namibia. Conclusion: The newly recorded species increases our understanding of the orchid diversity in Namibia and underlines the need for continued botanical inventory work.
Beyond counting the numbers: Shifting higher education transformation into curriculum spaces
Authors: Ramrathan Labby
Published: October 2016

Since the dawn of democracy in South Africa, the path of higher education transformation has been guided by the ‘White Paper 3: A Programme for Higher Education Transformation’. This path has largely been conceptualised within a framework of equity through redress and social justice that sought to change the face of higher education through demographic changes. Hence higher education transformation largely took on a number-counting process. The curriculum changes that have taken place thus far have largely been of an instrumental and responsive modality. In this paper I argue that deep curriculum transformation in higher education will be possible if we shift our gaze from predominantly a number-counting exercise to curriculum intellectualism. The next wave of higher education curriculum transformation would be a fundamental rethink based on emerging curriculum theories.
An Empirical Prior Improves Accuracy for Bayesian Estimation of Transcription Factor Binding Site Frequencies within Gene Promoters
Authors: Ramsey Stephen A.
Published: October 2016

A Bayesian method for sampling from the distribution of matches to a precompiled transcription factor binding site (TFBS) sequence pattern (conditioned on an observed nucleotide sequence and the sequence pattern) is described. The method takes a position frequency matrix as input for a set of representative binding sites for a transcription factor and two sets of noncoding, 5’ regulatory sequences for gene sets that are to be compared. An empirical prior on the frequency A (per base pair of gene-vicinal, noncoding DNA) of TFBSs is developed using data from the ENCODE project and incorporated into the method. In addition, a probabilistic model for binding site occurrences conditioned on λ is developed analytically, taking into account the finite-width effects of binding sites. The count of TFBS β (conditioned on the observed sequence) is sampled using Metropolis-Hastings with an information entropybased move generator. The derivation of the method is presented in a step-by-step fashion, starting from specific conditional independence assumptions. Empirical results show that the newly proposed prior on β improves accuracy for estimating the number of TFBS within a set of promoter sequences.
Comparative Genomics of Amphibian-like Ranaviruses, Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses of Poikilotherms
Authors: Price Stephen J.
Published: October 2016

Recent research on genome evolution of large DNA viruses has highlighted a number of incredibly dynamic processes that can facilitate rapid adaptation. The genomes of amphibian-like ranaviruses - double-stranded DNA viruses infecting amphibians, reptiles, and fish (family Iridoviridae) - were examined to assess variation in genome content and evolutionary processes. The viruses studied were closely related, but their genome content varied considerably, with 29 genes identified that were not present in all of the major clades. Twenty-one genes had evidence of recombination, while a virus isolated from a captive reptile appeared to be a mosaic of two divergent parents. Positive selection was also found to be acting on more than a quarter of Ranavirus genes and was found most frequently in the Spanish common midwife toad virus, which has had a severe impact on amphibian host communities. Efforts to resolve the root of this group by inclusion of an outgroup were inconclusive, but a set of core genes were identified, which recovered a well-supported species tree.
Seroconversion to Causes of Febrile Illness in Mongolian Peacekeepers Deployed to South Sudan
Authors: Enkhtsetseg Altangerel , Davadoorj Rendoo , Fernandez Stefan , Mongkolsirichaikul Duangrat , Altantuul Damdin , Elbegdorj Erdene , Ganchimeg Lkhagvasuren , Yingst Samuel L.
Published: October 2016

Immediately before deployment (Fall 2012) and after deployment (Spring 2013) in support of United Nations peacekeeping operations, Mongolian Armed Forces medical personnel obtained serum samples from the first contingent of Mongolian peacekeepers deploying to South Sudan to monitor serologic evidence of exposure to diseases that cause acute febrile illness. A total of 632 paired samples were tested for IgG antibody for the following (number of seroconversions in parentheses): Rickettsia (spotted fever and typhus groups) (25), West Nile fever virus (WNV) (23), Coxiella burnetii (causative agent of Q fever) (12), dengue virus (8), leptospirosis (6), chikungunya virus (0), Congo–Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus (0), Japanese encephalitis virus (0), and Rift Valley fever virus (0). There was also evidence of exposure to WNV, C. burnetii, leptospirosis, and Rickettsia before deployment.
Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Assays for the Diagnosis of Active and Relapsed Cases of Human Brucellosis
Authors: Hasanjani Roushan Mohammad Reza , Marashi Seyed Mahmoud Amin , Moulana Zahra
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with serum agglutination test (SAT) in the diagnosis of patients before and 6 months after treatment. Peripheral blood specimens from 50 patients with brucellosis (case group) and 30 subjects without brucellosis (control group) were selected and entered into the study. The diagnosis of brucellosis was established using SAT ≥ 1:160 and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) ≥ 1:80 with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with brucellosis. For each case, both before treatment and 6 months after completion of therapy, SAT, 2-ME, and PCR were performed. Subjects in the control group were assessed by the same tests at the initial visit. In the case group, 50 patients (36 males, 14 females) with the mean age of 43.6 ± 14.5 years were evaluated. The mean age of the control group was 40.6 ± 14 years. Among the 50 patients whose nested PCR assays were initially positive, 43 (86%) were negative 6 months after completing treatment. Relapse occurred in five (10%) patients within 6 months after treatment and all were PCR positive. None of the patients in the control group was PCR positive. Results show that PCR seems to be highly sensitive and specific, and therefore is a useful method for both the initial diagnosis and detection of relapse or chronic brucellosis.
First Molecular Identifications of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infecting Rural Communities in Lower Myanmar
Authors: Pa Pa Aung Win , Htoon Thi Thi , Tin Htay Htay , Sanpool Oranuch , Jongthawin Jurairat , Sadaow Lakkhana , Phosuk Issarapong , Ropai Rutchanee , Intapan Pewpan M. , Maleewong Wanchai
Published: October 2016

Hookworms are enteric parasitic roundworms infecting an estimated 400 million persons worldwide. Herein, we provide the first molecular identifications of human hookworms from certain parts of rural Lower Myanmar. DNA was extracted from hookworm-positive stool samples, as determined by microscopy. DNA sequences of the partial internal transcribed spacer 1, full length 5.8S gene, and partial internal transcribed spacer 2 were determined and compared with available hookworm sequences from public databases. Of the 11 polymerase chain reaction–positive samples, eight (Bago Region, N = 4; Mon State, N = 4) yielded sequences with high similarity to those of Necator americanus. A further three sequences (Mon State, N = 2; Bago Region, N = 1) showed high similarity with those of Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The latter is primarily a parasite of dogs and represents a zoonosis. Given that different species of hookworms exhibit different epidemiological and biological characteristics, accurate identification is essential for the planning and execution of effective control programs for hookworm infections.
Impact of typhoons on the composition of the upper troposphere within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone: the SWOP campaign in Lhasa 2013
Authors: Li Dan , Vogel Bärbel , Bian Jianchun , Müller Rolf , Pan Laura L. , Günther Gebhard , Bai Zhixuan , Li Qian , Zhang Jinqiang , Fan Qiujun , Vömel Holger
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In the frame of the SWOP (sounding water vapour, ozone, and particle) campaign during the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), ozone and water vapour profiles were measured by balloon-borne sensors launched from Lhasa (29.66° N, 91.14° E, elevation 3650 m), China, in August 2013. In total, 24 soundings were launched, nearly half of which show some strong variations in the relationship between ozone and water vapour in the tracer-tracer correlation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). 20-day backward trajectories of each sounding were calculated using the trajectory module of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) to analyse these variations. The trajectory calculations demonstrate that three tropical cyclones (tropical storm Jebi, typhoons Utor and Trami), which occurred over the Western Pacific Ocean during August 2013, had a considerable impact on the vertical distribution of ozone and water vapour by uplifting marine air masses to altitudes of the ASM anticyclone. Air parcels subsequently arrived at the observation site via two primary pathways: firstly via direct horizontal transport from the location of the typhoon to the station within approximately three days, and secondly via rotational subsidence, during which air parcels descend slowly along a circle following the anticyclone flow within a timescale of one week. Furthermore, the interplay between the spatial position of the ASM anticyclone and tropical cyclones plays a key role in controlling the transport pathways of air parcels from the boundary layer of the Western Pacific to Lhasa in horizontal as well as vertical transport. Moreover, the statistical analysis shows that the strongest impact by typhoons is found at altitudes between 14.5 km and 17 km (365–375 K). Low ozone values (50–80 ppbv) were observed between 370 K and 380 K due to the strong vertical transport within tropical cyclones.
Temporal and Spatial variation of Contribution from Ship Emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Haglund Karin , Claremar Björn , Rutgersson Anna
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The shipping sector contributes significantly to increasing emissions of air pollutants. In order to achieve sustainable shipping, primarily through new regulations and techniques, greater knowledge of dispersion and deposition of air pollutants is required. Regional model calculations of the dispersion and deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and particulate matter from the international maritime sector in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea have been made for the years 2009 to 2013. In some areas in the Baltic Sea region the contribution of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide from international shipping represented up to 80 % of the total near surface concentration of the pollutants. Contributions from shipping of PM2,5 and PM10 were calculated to a maximum of 21 % and 13 % respectively. The contribution of wet deposition of sulphur from shipping was maximum 29 % of the total wet deposition, and for dry deposition the contribution from shipping was maximum 84 %. The highest percentage contribution of wet deposition of nitrogen from shipping reached 28 % and for dry deposition 47 %. The highest concentrations and deposition of the pollutants in the study were found near large ports and shipping lanes. High concentrations were also found over larger areas at sea and over land where many people are exposed. With enhanced regulations for sulphur content in maritime fuel, the cleaning of exhausts through scrubbers has become a possible economic solution. Wet scrubbers meet the air quality criteria but their consequences for the marine environment are largely unknown. The resulting potential of future acidification in the Baltic Sea, both from atmospheric deposition and from open-loop scrubber water along the shipping lanes, based on different assumptions about sulphur content in fuel and scrubber usage has been assessed. Shipping is expected to increase globally and in the Baltic Sea region, deposition of sulphur due to shipping will depend on traffic density, emission regulations and technology choices for the emission controls. To evaluate future changes scenarios are developed considering the amount of scrubber technology used. The increase in deposition for the different scenarios differs slightly for the basins in the Baltic Sea. The proportion of ocean acidifying sulphur from ships increases when taking scrubber water into account and the major reason to increasing acidifying nitrogen from ships are due to increasing ship traffic. This study also generates a database of scenarios for atmospheric deposition and scrubber exhaust from the period 2011 to 2050.
Technical note: Evaluation of three machine learning models for surface ocean CO2 mapping
Authors: Zeng Jiye , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Saigusa Nobuko , Shirai Tomoko , Nakaoka Shin-ichiro , Tan Zheng-Hong
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Reconstructing surface ocean CO2 from scarce measurements plays an important role in estimating oceanic CO2 uptake. There are varying degrees of differences among the 14 models included in the Surface Ocean CO2 Mapping (SOCOM) inter-comparison initiative, in which five models used neural networks. This investigation evaluates two neural networks used in SOCOM, self-organization map and feedforward neural network, and introduces a machine learning model called support vector machine for ocean CO2 mapping. The technique note provides a practical guide to selecting the models.
Leaf waxes in litter and topsoils along a European transect
Authors: Schäfer Imke K. , Lanny Verena , Franke Jörg , Eglinton Timothy I. , Zech Michael , Vysloužilová Barbora , Zech Roland
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Lipid biomarkers are increasingly used to reconstruct past environmental and climate conditions. Leaf-wax-derived long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids may have great potential for reconstructing past changes in vegetation, but the factors that affect the leaf wax distribution in fresh plant material, as well as in soils and sediments, are not yet fully understood and need further research. We systematically investigated the influence of vegetation and soil depth on leaf waxes in litter and topsoils along a European transect. The deciduous forest sites are often dominated by the n-C27 alkane and n-C28 alkanoic acid. Conifers produce few n-alkanes but show high abundances of the C24 n-alkanoic acid. Grasslands are characterized by relatively high amounts of C31 and C33 n-alkanes and C32 and C34 n-alkanoic acids. Chain length ratios thus may allow for distinguishing between different vegetation types, but caution must be exercised given the large species-specific variability in chain length patterns. An updated endmember model with the new n-alkane ratio (n-C31 + n-C33) / (n-C27 + n-C31 + n-C33) is provided to illustrate, and tentatively account for, degradation effects on n-alkanes.
Ice core evidence for a 20th century increase in surface mass balance in coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Philippe Morgane , Tison Jean-Louis , Fjøsne Karen , Hubbard Bryn , Kjær Helle A. , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Drews Reinhard , Sheldon Simon G. , De Bondt Kevin , Claeys Philippe , Pattyn Frank
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Ice cores provide temporal records of surface mass balance (SMB). Coastal areas of Antarctica have relatively high and variable SMB, but are under-represented in records spanning more than 100 years. Here we present SMB reconstruction from a 120 m-long ice core drilled in 2012 on the Derwael Ice Rise, coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Water stable isotope (δ18O and δD) stratigraphy is supplemented by discontinuous major ion profiles and continuous electrical conductivity measurements. The base of the ice core is dated to AD 1759 ± 16, providing a climate proxy for the past  ∼ 250 years. The core's annual layer thickness history is combined with its gravimetric density profile to reconstruct the site's SMB history, corrected for the influence of ice deformation. The mean SMB for the core's entire history is 0.47 ± 0.02 m water equivalent (w.e.) a−1. The time series of reconstructed annual SMB shows high variability, but a general increase beginning in the 20th century. This increase is particularly marked during the last 50 years (1962–2011), which yields mean SMB of 0.61 ± 0.01 m w.e. a−1. This trend is compared with other reported SMB data in Antarctica, generally showing a high spatial variability. Output of the fully coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM) suggests that, although atmospheric circulation is the main factor influencing SMB, variability in sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover in the precipitation source region also explain part of the variability in SMB. Local snow redistribution can also influence interannual variability but is unlikely to influence long-term trends significantly. This is the first record from a coastal ice core in East Antarctica to show an increase in SMB beginning in the early 20th century and particularly marked during the last 50 years.
“Two stories at the same time”: Silent Narratives of Enslavement in Pudd'nhead Wilson
Authors: Johnson Kara A.
Published: October 2016

This article offers a rereading of Pudd'nhead Wilson's enslaved character Roxy. It analyzes Twain's language of textual creation, revision, and violence in Those Extraordinary Twins, and describes how it pertains to Roxy's storyline. These physical descriptions connect directly to Roxy's violent circumstances and continuous efforts to enact change—or “revision”—in her life. Pudd'nhead Wilson, in turn, refers to the language of textual creation to illustrate the deeply embedded narratives of enslavement against which Roxy struggles. This article also contends that Roxy's fingerprint is an important text that embodies the haunting presence of slavery, in both her life and in the antebellum South as a whole. Finally, it discusses how this critical reading of Twain's language of textual and physical violence can also be applied to Jim's enforced acts of “inscription” in the concluding chapters of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
The Mysterious Stranger: A Religious Allegory for a Post-Christian Age
Authors: Scalia Bill
Published: October 2016

Allegory in its basic form posits a dynamic relationship between explicit and implicit elements. If allegory is a negotiation between an explicit text and an implicit text with the locus of meaning generated in the relation between the two (or a relationship that has been reclaimed as culturally and politically determined in the work of Benjamin, Jameson, and de Man), then a post-Christian allegoresis negotiates between the explicit text and the void left by the “disappeared text,” a text negated by endless internal negotiations. This article will not claim that Mark Twain composed The Mysterious Stranger as an allegory; rather, it will determine an allegoresis model acknowledging an inherent destabilization of the text. While this negotiation is necessary because text veils what it cannot state directly, a postmodern allegoresis suggests that the implicit text of The Mysterious Stranger has become inexpressible not because the themes are necessarily unspeakable but have become meaningless.
Tom Sawyer Said He Was “a Stranger from Hicksville, Ohio, and His Name Was William Thompson”
Authors: Kassam Hamada
Published: October 2016

This article highlights the impact that southwestern humorist William Thompson had on Mark Twain's composition of his masterpiece, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and his 1894 book Tom Sawyer Abroad. In both novels, Huck refers to Tom Sawyer as “William Thompson” and “Bill Thompson.” This prompts a further investigation of Twain's authorial intention. There are many textual elements in these two novels which suggest the possibility that Twain was conscious of Thompson and critical of his dubious literary and political involvement in promoting slavery and a secessionist agenda both before and after the Civil War. Consequently, Twain's masterpiece can be read in quite an unprecedented way. It also becomes important that Tom is punished in both books for his mischievous and evil doings, which he deems “romantical” and “noble.” This ultimately demonstrates Twain's mastery of southwestern humor and how he turns the tables on Thompson and other proslavery southwestern humorists and southern writers.
Looking Outward: Villemain’s International Perspective at the 1965 Penn State Seminar
Authors: Rodriguez Felix , Stankiewicz Mary Ann
Published: October 2016

In this essay, we analyze Francis T. Villemain’s statement, given near the end of the 1965 Penn State Seminar, where he pointed out the need to think about research and curriculum development in art education from an international perspective. We look at Villemain’s brief statement through the lenses of postcolonial theories, delving into his philosophy of education, life, and professional history for clues on his motivations for proposing an international perspective at the seminar. We analyze Villemain’s advocacy for exporting democracy and aesthetic excellence to underdeveloped areas of the world in relation to a larger fabric of ideas that permeated the intellectual milieu during the Cold War. This essay points to the need for more critical analysis of international perspectives in art education.
Investment Evaluation of Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Coastal Recreation Areas in Hualien Taiwan
Authors: Lin Maw-Cherng , Yang Ming-Wei
Published: October 2016

An increase in the number of tourists can boost the economic prosperity of tourist attractions; over-development or over-utilization of a tourist attraction will lead to the consumption of tourism resources and reduce recreational quality. This study used relevant studies on ecotourism and recreational carrying capacity and applied the Delphi-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to identify the critical factors affecting the recreational carrying capacity of the Hualien Qixingtan coastal recreational areas, including 4 primary factors, namely, recreational environment, natural landscape, coastal animals and plants, and cultural assets, and 13 secondary factors, such as public infrastructure. The research results can be provided as reference for relevant government authorities and operators to develop measures taking into account both the resource conservation and recreational management of coastal recreational areas.
Style Investing with Machine Learning
Authors: Kallerhoff Philipp
Published: October 2016

This paper applies machine learning techniques to style investing. Support Vector Regression is applied to multi-factor investing based on momentum, dividend, quality, volatility and growth. The results show that Support Vector Regression selects stocks consistently with a higher efficiency ratio than a broad market investment and outperforms linear regression methods. The methods are applied to global stocks in the MSCI World index between 1996 and 2016. The behavior of both models is analyzed for economic sectors and over time. Interestingly, factors like low-volatility and momentum contribute both positively and negatively in some economic sectors and certain time periods.
Sustainable Low‐Pressure Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Management: Eight Years and Counting
Authors: Hobbs Colin , Arevalo Jorge , Prah David , Noble John , Ponitz David , Butler Sam
Published: October 2016

A sustainable method for concentrate management is helping the City of Ormond Beach, Fla., successfully transform an undesirable by‐product into a valuable resource.
Planning and Implementing CIS and AMR/AMI Projects: A 2016 WRF Report Is a Practical Guide for Success
Authors: Rettie Melanie , Powers Lynne , Wiest Gary , Reekie Linda , Whaley Caroline
Published: October 2016

A 2016 Water Research Foundation report serves as a valuable go‐to guide on how to mitigate risks and successfully implement a CIS or AMR/AMI system.
Golden Anniversary of Water Research
Authors: Lafrance David B.
Published: October 2016

In the beginning there was water. Then there were people. Then people started to manage water. Then people (22, to be exact) created the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in 1881 as a way to share best practices on how to manage water. Then, 50 years ago, with the desire to rely less on judgment and more on scientific facts, the people of AWWA created a research foundation. On Dec. 5, 1966, with an investment of $34,000, AWWA launched the AWWA Research Foundation, commonly known as AWWARF. (It is now known as the Water Research Foundation or simply WRF.)
You Don't Have to Be Large to Take a Giant Step Forward in Reuse
Authors: Strayer James , Mckinney Christopher , Morrow Angela , Davis Kevin , Rasmus Jim , Bekmanis John
Published: October 2016

Escondido is a medium‐sized city by California standards, with big plans for expanding its water resource options with a tailored reuse program implemented through a well‐thought‐out process.
A Common‐Sense Case for Water Supply Diversification
Authors: Alspach Brent
Published: October 2016

The column consists of using the opportunity to educate consumers about the quality, safety, and reliability of our water supply, the rare but well‐publicized exceptions notwithstanding.
Highlights From the 2016 AWWA International Symposium on Potable Reuse
Authors: Alspach Brent , Flancher Dawn , Gerling Alex
Published: October 2016

Discussion at an AWWA international meeting suggests potable reuse is here to stay, and participants discussed everything from regulations to implementation.
Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Membrane Modified with β-Cyclodextrin for Chiral Separation
Authors: Ji Yibing , Ke Jian , Duan Feifei , Chen Jianqiu
Published: October 2016

In this study, it is first time to obtain a complete separation of using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified cellulose microfiltration membrane. Commercially cellulose membrane with the pore diameter of 0.22μm was functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) by aldolization at the solid–liquid interface. Filtration experiments were carried out using a dead-end filtration cell holding a flat sheet membrane with effective area of 36 mm2. Aqueous solution of racemic tryptophan (0.05g/L, 150 mL) was forced to permeate through the cellulose membrane immobilized by β-CD at a flow rate of 0.1 ml/min through the membrane microdevice. Chiral ligand exchange chromatography was used to determine the concentration and ratio of D- and L-tryptophan in the filtrate. A complete separation of racemic tryptophan can be obtained by using this novel composite membrane-based separation system. In addition, a multi-stage filtration separation was applied in order to obtain higher permselectivity. The objective of this study is to obtain an easy prepared chiral membrane with good reproducibility and can be applied to a variety of chiral separations.
Molecularly Imprinted Chitin Nanofiber Membranes: Multi-Stage Cascade Membrane Separation within the Membrane
Authors: Shiomi Kenta , Yoshikawa Masakazu
Published: October 2016

Molecularly imprinted nanofiber membranes were fabricated from chitin and print molecule of phenylalanine derivative by simultaneously applying an alternative molecular imprinting and an electrospinning. The D-enantiomer imprinted nanofiber membrane preferentially incorporated the D-enantiomer and selectively transported D-enantiomer and vice versa. The permselectivity was exponentially increased with the increase in the membrane thickness, implying that multi-stage cascade membrane separation was carried out within the nanofiber membrane. The present study led to the conclusion that a molecularly imprinted nanofiber membrane is one of suitable membrane forms for the separation membrane with relatively high flux and permselectivity.
Long non-coding RNA produced by RNA polymerase V determines boundaries of heterochromatin
Authors: Böhmdorfer Gudrun , Sethuraman Shriya , Rowley M Jordan , Krzyszton Michal , Rothi M Hafiz , Bouzit Lilia , Wierzbicki Andrzej T
Published: October 2016

RNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing is a conserved process where small RNAs target transposons and other sequences for repression by establishing chromatin modifications. A central element of this process are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), which in Arabidopsis thaliana are produced by a specialized RNA polymerase known as Pol V. Here we show that non-coding transcription by Pol V is controlled by preexisting chromatin modifications located within the transcribed regions. Most Pol V transcripts are associated with AGO4 but are not sliced by AGO4. Pol V-dependent DNA methylation is established on both strands of DNA and is tightly restricted to Pol V-transcribed regions. This indicates that chromatin modifications are established in close proximity to Pol V. Finally, Pol V transcription is preferentially enriched on edges of silenced transposable elements, where Pol V transcribes into TEs. We propose that Pol V may play an important role in the determination of heterochromatin boundaries.