bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clay and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide mineralogy in the basalt weathering profile in Hainan (southern China): implications for pedogenesis process
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Wang Jiawei , Wang Chaowen , Liu Chen , Algeo Thomas J. , Zhao Lulu , Zhou Lian , Zhang Daqian , Fang Qian
Published: July 2024

In order to gain a better understanding of clay and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide minerals formed during pedogenesis of basalts in tropical monsoonal Hainan (southern China), a basalt-derived lateritic soil at Nanyang, Hainan, was investigated comprehensively. The results show that the lateritic regolith consists uniformly of kaolinite and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide minerals, with trace gibbsite only in the AE horizon. Abundant dioctahedral smectite in the basalt bedrock formed due to primary hydrothermal alteration, and transformed to kaolinite rapidly in the highly weathering saprolite horizon. The ‘crystallinity’ of kaolinite is notably low and its Hinckley index fluctuates along the soil profile, resulting from intense ferrolysis due to fluctuations between wet/dry climate conditions. From the base to the top of the profile, maghemite shows a decreasing trend, whereas magnetite, hematite, and goethite exhibit a slightly increasing trend, indicating that maghemite formed as an initial product of basalt weathering. Formation of Fe (oxyhydr)oxide species in basalt-derived soil is mainly controlled by local environmental conditions such as soil moisture, redox, and acidic conditions; thus, iron mineral-based paleoclimatic proxies could not be used for subtropical to tropical soils. The highly weathered saprolite has a similar δ56Fe value (+0.06‰) to that (+0.07‰) of the parent rock, while the AE to middle E horizons have greater δ56Fe values of +0.12‰ to +0.19‰. Fe isotopic signatures correlate positively with the Fe mass transfer coefficient (R2=0.77, n=6, ρ<0.05), indicating repetitive weathering and relative accumulation of isotopically heavier Fe in the upper soil horizons, which occurred by reductive dissolution of organic matter under oxic conditions, as reflected by the greater U/Th.
Measuring the efficacy of standard and novel disinfection methods on frequently used physical therapy equipment: a 2-phase prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Warren Bobby G. , Barrett Aaron , Graves Amanda , Fils-Aime Guerbine , Edelschick Jennifer , Cullinan Jolinda , McCottter Diandrea , Turner Nicholas A. , Anderson Deverick J.
Published: July 2024

Background:

Frequently used physical therapy (PT) equipment is difficult to disinfect due to equipment material and shape. The efficacy of standard disinfection of PT equipment is poorly understood.

Methods:

We completed a 2-phase prospective microbiological analysis of fomites used in PT at our hospital from September 2022 to October 2023. For both phases, study fomites were obtained after usage and split into symmetrical halves for sampling. In phase 1, sides were sampled following standard disinfection. In phase 2, sides were randomized 1:1 to intervention or control. Samples were obtained before and after the intervention, a disinfection cabinet using Ultraviolet C (UV-C) and 6% nebulized hydrogen peroxide. We defined antimicrobial-resistant clinically important pathogens (AMR CIP) as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Multidrug resistant (MDR)-Gram-negatives and non-AMR CIP as methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus (VSE), and Gram-negatives. Three assessments were made: 1) contamination following standard disinfection (phase 1), 2) contamination postintervention compared to no disinfection (phase 2) and, 3) contamination following standard disinfection compared to postintervention (phase 1 vs phase 2 intervention).

Results:

The median total colony-forming units (CFU) from 122 study fomite samples was 1,348 (IQR 398–2,365). At the sample level, 52(43%) and 15(12%) of samples harbored any clinically important pathogens (CIPs) or AMR CIPs, respectively. The median CFU was 0 (IQR 0–55) in the intervention group and 977 (409–2,547) in the control group (P < .00001).

Conclusion:

Following standard disinfection, PT equipment remained heavily contaminated including AMR and non-AMR CIPs. Following the intervention, PT equipment was less contaminated and harbored no AMR CIPs compared to control sides supporting the efficacy of the intervention on difficult-to-disinfect PT fomites.
A Self‐Supervised Framework for Refined Reconstruction of Geophysical Fields via Domain Adaptation
Authors: Wang Liwen , Li Qian , Wang Tianying , Lv Qi , Peng Xuan
Published: July 2024

Reconstructing fine‐grained, detailed spatial structures from time‐evolving coarse‐scale geophysical fields has been a long‐standing challenge. Current deep learning approaches addressing this issue generally require massive fine‐scale fields as supervision, which is often unavailable due to limitations in existing observational systems and the scarcity of widespread high‐precision sensors. Here, we present AdaptDeep, a self‐supervised framework for refined reconstruction of geophysical fields via domain adaptation from the coarse‐scale source domain to the fine‐scale target domain. This method incorporates two pretext tasks, cropped field reconstruction and temporal augmentation‐assisted contrastive learning, to leverage spatial and temporal correlations in the target domain. A global propagation structure is proposed in the feature extraction network to leverage bidirectional information for enhanced long‐range dependencies and robustness against estimation errors. In experiments, AdaptDeep correctly identifies local, fine structures and significantly recovers 81.2% detailed information in sea surface temperature fields.
On the Interplay Between Distributed Bulk Plasticity and Local Fault Slip in Evolving Fault Zone Complexity
Authors: Abdelmeguid Mohamed , Mia Md Shumon , Elbanna Ahmed
Published: July 2024

We numerically investigate the role of plastic strain accumulation on the mechanical response of a planar strike‐slip fault. Our models show that fault‐zone strength significantly impacts the ensuing sequence of earthquakes. Weaker fault zones accumulating more plastic strain promote more complexity in the seismicity pattern through aperiodic earthquake occurrences and intermittent episodes of rupture and arrest. However, if the fault zone strength is high enough, the overall earthquake sequence is characterized by periodic fault‐spanning events. We find that both the fault normal stress and the fault geometric profile evolve throughout the earthquake sequence, suggesting a self‐roughening mechanism. Despite the significant impact of plasticity on the fault response, the width of the plastically deforming region in the fault zone is small compared to the fault length. Our results suggest a rich behavior in dynamically evolving fault zones and support the need for further high‐resolution studies of the highly non‐linear near‐fault region.
Estimates on the Possible Annual Seismicity of Venus
Authors: van Zelst Iris , Maia Julia S. , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Ghail Richard , Spühler Moritz
Published: July 2024

There is a growing consensus that Venus is seismically active, although its level of seismicity could be very different from that of Earth due to the lack of plate tectonics. Here, we estimate upper and lower bounds on the expected annual seismicity of Venus by scaling the seismicity of the Earth. We consider different scaling factors for different tectonic settings and account for the lower seismogenic thickness of Venus. We find that 95–296 venusquakes equal to or bigger than moment magnitude (Mw) 4 per year are expected for an inactive Venus, where the global seismicity rate is assumed to be similar to that of continental intraplate seismicity on Earth. For the active Venus scenarios, we assume that the coronae, fold belts, and rifts of Venus are currently seismically active. This results in 1,161–3,609 venusquakes ≥Mw4 annually as a realistic lower bound and 5,715–17,773 venusquakes ≥Mw4 per year as a maximum upper bound for an active Venus.
Regression Forest Approaches to Gravity Wave Parameterization for Climate Projection
Authors: Connelly David S. , Gerber Edwin P.
Published: July 2024

We train random and boosted forests, two machine learning architectures based on regression trees, to emulate a physics‐based parameterization of atmospheric gravity wave momentum transport. We compare the forests to a neural network benchmark, evaluating both offline errors and online performance when coupled to an atmospheric model under the present day climate and in 800 and 1,200 ppm CO2 global warming scenarios. Offline, the boosted forest exhibits similar skill to the neural network, while the random forest scores significantly lower. Both forest models couple stably to the atmospheric model, and control climate integrations with the boosted forest exhibit lower biases than those with the neural network. Integrations with all three data‐driven emulators successfully capture the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and sudden stratospheric warmings, key modes of stratospheric variability, with the boosted forest more accurate than the random forest in replicating their statistics across our range of carbon dioxide perturbations. The boosted forest and neural network capture the sign of the QBO period response to increased CO2, though both struggle with the magnitude of this response under the more extreme 1,200 ppm scenario. To investigate the connection between performance in the control climate and the ability to generalize, we use techniques from interpretable machine learning to understand how the data‐driven methods use physical information. We leverage this understanding to develop a retraining procedure that improves the coupled performance of the boosted forest in the control climate and under the 800 ppm CO2 scenario.
Micromagnetic Determination of the FORC Response of Paleomagnetically Significant Magnetite Assemblages
Authors: Nagy Lesleis , Moreno Roberto , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Williams Wyn , Paterson Greig A. , Tauxe Lisa , Valdez‐Grijalva Miguel A.
Published: July 2024

Micromagnetic modeling allows the systematic study of the effects of particle size and shape on the first‐order reversal curve (FORC) magnetic hysteresis response for magnetite particles in the single‐domain (SD) and pseudo‐single domain (PSD) particle size range. The interpretation of FORCs, though widely used, has been highly subjective. Here, we use micromagnetics to model randomly oriented distributions of particles to allow more physically meaningful interpretations. We show that one commonly found type of PSD particle—namely the single vortex (SV) particle—has far more complex signals than SD particles, with multiple peaks and troughs in the FORC distribution, where the peaks have higher switching fields for larger SV particles. Particles in the SD to SV transition zone have the lowest switching fields. Symmetrical and prolate particles display similar behavior, with distinctive peaks forming near the vertical axis of the FORC diagram. In contrast, highly oblate particles produce “butterfly” structures, suggesting that these are potentially diagnostic of particle morphology. We also consider FORC diagrams for distributions of particle sizes and shapes and produce an online application that users can use to build their own FORC distributions. There is good agreement between the model predictions for distributions of particle sizes and shapes, and the published experimental literature.
Responses of Ionospheric F Layer Radial Current to Substorms During Sawtooth Events
Authors: Zhong Yunfang , Wang Hui , Zhang Kedeng , Xia Hao , Sun Yu , Wang Chengzhi , Cheng Qihang
Published: July 2024

Using Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations, responses of ionospheric radial current (IRC) in F‐layer to sawtooth substorms in different magnetic local times are investigated. The zonal wind effect alone cannot entirely explain the variability of the substorm time disturbance IRC. When substorms commence amid stable southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), it induces an eastward (westward) equatorial electric field in the daytime (nighttime). This electric field induces an equatorward (poleward) Hall current at low latitudes, consequently generating an upward (downward) perturbation in IRC. Conversely, substorms with varying IMF Bz, where IMF is southward but with a reduced magnitude or turned north after the onset, induce a westward (eastward) equatorial electric field in the daytime (nighttime). This electric field induces a poleward (equatorward) Hall current at low latitudes, consequently generating a downward (upward) disturbed IRC. Notably, this effect is primarily attributed to the varying IMF Bz rather than solely to substorm onset.
Ancient Stratified Thermochemical Piles Due To High Intrinsic Viscosity
Authors: Desiderio Matteo , Ballmer Maxim D.
Published: July 2024

The two Large Low Velocity Provinces (LLVPs) in the lowermost Earth mantle are thought to affect large‐scale heat and material transport, governing mantle evolution. LLVPs have been interpreted as thermochemical piles of recycled oceanic crust (ROC) and/or other dense rock types. However, the role of ROC intrinsic viscosity in pile formation and related effects on mantle evolution remain poorly understood. Using mantle convection models, we show that, while ROC intrinsic density controls pile formation, intrinsic viscosity determines whether piles are internally convecting or stratified. Only high‐viscosity, stratified piles can preserve material over several billions of years. Pile stratification is therefore required to reconcile geochemical evidence for the survival of ancient reservoirs. Compositionally layered piles are also consistent with geophysical observations that point to vertical gradients in LLVP properties. As mineral physics constraints point to low‐viscosity ROC, our results suggest that LLVPs may be partly formed by early basal‐magma‐ocean cumulates.
Vertically stacked skin-like active-matrix display with ultrahigh aperture ratio
Authors: Li Juntong , Ni Yanping , Zhao Xiaoli , Wang Bin , Xue Chuang , Bi Zetong , Zhang Cong , Dong Yongjun , Tong Yanhong , Tang Qingxin , Liu Yichun
Published: July 2024

Vertically stacked all-organic active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes are promising candidates for high-quality skin-like displays due to their high aperture ratio, extreme mechanical flexibility, and low-temperature processing ability. However, these displays suffer from process interferences when interconnecting functional layers made of all-organic materials. To overcome this challenge, we present an innovative integration strategy called “discrete preparation-multilayer lamination” based on microelectronic processes. In this strategy, each functional layer was prepared separately on different substrates to avoid chemical and physical damage caused by process interferences. A single interconnect layer was introduced between each vertically stacked functional layer to ensure mechanical compatibility and interconnection. Compared to the previously reported layer-by-layer preparation method, the proposed method eliminates the need for tedious protection via barrier and pixel-defining layer processing steps. Additionally, based on active-matrix display, this strategy allows multiple pixels to collectively display a pattern of “1” with an aperture ratio of 83%. Moreover, the average mobility of full-photolithographic organic thin-film transistors was 1.04 cm2 V−1 s−1, ensuring stable and uniform displays. This strategy forms the basis for the construction of vertically stacked active-matrix displays, which should facilitate the commercial development of skin-like displays in wearable electronics.
Distinct saliva DNA methylation profiles in relation to treatment outcome in youth with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Ensink Judith B. M. , Henneman Peter , Venema Andrea , Zantvoord Jasper B. , den Kelder Rosanne op , Mannens Marcel M. A. M. , Lindauer Ramón J. L.
Published: July 2024

In youth with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) non-response rates after treatment are often high. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation (DNAm) have previously been linked to PTSD pathogenesis, additionally DNAm may affect response to (psychological) therapies. Besides investigating the direct link between DNAm and treatment response, it might be helpful to investigate the link between DNAm and previously associated biological mechanisms with treatment outcome. Thereby gaining a deeper molecular understanding of how psychotherapy (reflecting a change in the environment) relates to epigenetic changes and the adaptability of individuals. To date, limited research is done in clinical samples and no studies have been conducted in youth. Therefore we conducted a study in a Dutch cohort of youth with and without PTSD (n = 87, age 8–18 years). We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal changes of saliva-based genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) levels, and salivary cortisol secretion. The last might reflect possible abbreviations on the hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA-axis is previously linked to DNAm and the development and recovery of PTSD. Youth were treated with 8 sessions of either Eye Movement Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR) or Trauma Focused Cognitive behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT). Our epigenome wide approach showed distinct methylation between treatment responders and non-responders on C18orf63 gene post-treatment. This genomic region is related to the PAX5 gene, involved in neurodevelopment and inflammation response. Additionally, our targeted approach indicated that there were longitudinal DNAm changes in successfully treated youth at the CRHR2 gene. Methylation at this gene was further correlated with cortisol secretion pre- and post-treatment. Awaiting replication, findings of this first study in youth point to molecular pathways involved in stress response and neuroplasticity to be associated with treatment response.
ABL1-mediated phosphorylation promotes FOXM1-related tumorigenicity by Increasing FOXM1 stability
Authors: Dong Qincai , Wang Di , Song Caiwei , Gong Chunxue , Liu Yue , Zhou Xinwei , Yue Junjie , Hu Yong , Liu Hainan , Zhu Lin , Niu Xiayang , Zheng Tong , Zhang Xun , Jin Jing , Wang Tingting , Ju Ruixia , Wang Chen , Jiang Qian , Gao Ting , Jin Yanwen , Li Ping , Wang Yan , Zhang Chunmei , Wang Guang-Fei , Cao Cheng , Liu Xuan
Published: July 2024

The transcription factor FOXM1, which plays critical roles in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis, is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating cells and various tumor tissues, and high FOXM1 expression is related to a poor prognosis. However, the mechanism responsible for FOXM1 dysregulation is not fully understood. Here, we show that ABL1, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, contributes to the high expression of FOXM1 and FOXM1-dependent tumor development. Mechanistically, ABL1 directly binds FOXM1 and mediates FOXM1 phosphorylation at multiple tyrosine (Y) residues. Among these phospho-Y sites, pY575 is indispensable for FOXM1 stability as phosphorylation at this site protects FOXM1 from ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. The interaction of FOXM1 with CDH1, a coactivator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is responsible for FOXM1 degradation, is significantly inhibited by Y575 phosphorylation. The phospho-deficient FOXM1(Y575F) mutant exhibited increased ubiquitination, a shortened half-life, and consequently a substantially decreased abundance. Compared to wild-type cells, a homozygous Cr-Y575F cell line expressing endogenous FOXM1(Y575F) that was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 showed obviously delayed mitosis progression, impeded colony formation and inhibited xenotransplanted tumor growth. Overall, our study demonstrates that ABL1 kinase is involved in high FOXM1 expression, providing clear evidence that ABL1 may act as a therapeutic target for the treatment of tumors with high FOXM1 expression.
Adaptive hierarchical origami-based metastructures
Authors: Li Yanbin , Di Lallo Antonio , Zhu Junxi , Chi Yinding , Su Hao , Yin Jie
Published: July 2024

Shape-morphing capabilities are crucial for enabling multifunctionality in both biological and artificial systems. Various strategies for shape morphing have been proposed for applications in metamaterials and robotics. However, few of these approaches have achieved the ability to seamlessly transform into a multitude of volumetric shapes post-fabrication using a relatively simple actuation and control mechanism. Taking inspiration from thick origami and hierarchies in nature, we present a hierarchical construction method based on polyhedrons to create an extensive library of compact origami metastructures. We show that a single hierarchical origami structure can autonomously adapt to over 103versatile architectural configurations, achieved with the utilization of fewer than 3 actuation degrees of freedom and employing simple transition kinematics. We uncover the fundamental principles governing theses shape transformation through theoretical models. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the wide-ranging potential applications of these transformable hierarchical structures. These include their uses as untethered and autonomous robotic transformers capable of various gait-shifting and multidirectional locomotion, as well as rapidly self-deployable and self-reconfigurable architecture, exemplifying its scalability up to the meter scale. Lastly, we introduce the concept of multitask reconfigurable and deployable space robots and habitats, showcasing the adaptability and versatility of these metastructures.
Enabling high throughput deep reinforcement learning with first principles to investigate catalytic reaction mechanisms
Authors: Lan Tian , Wang Huan , An Qi
Published: July 2024

Exploring catalytic reaction mechanisms is crucial for understanding chemical processes, optimizing reaction conditions, and developing more effective catalysts. We present a reaction-agnostic framework based on high-throughput deep reinforcement learning with first principles (HDRL-FP) that offers excellent generalizability for investigating catalytic reactions. HDRL-FP introduces a generalizable reinforcement learning representation of catalytic reactions constructed solely from atomic positions, which are subsequently mapped to first-principles-derived potential energy landscapes. By leveraging thousands of simultaneous simulations on a single GPU, HDRL-FP enables rapid convergence to the optimal reaction path at a low cost. Its effectiveness is demonstrated through the studies of hydrogen and nitrogen migration in Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis on the Fe(111) surface. Our findings reveal that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism shares the same transition state as the Eley-Rideal mechanism for H migration to NH2, forming ammonia. Furthermore, the reaction path identified herein exhibits a lower energy barrier compared to that through nudged elastic band calculation.
Serial X-ray liquidography: multi-dimensional assay framework for exploring biomolecular structural dynamics with microgram quantities
Authors: Kim Seong Ok , Yun So Ri , Lee Hyosub , Jo Junbeom , Ahn Doo-Sik , Kim Doyeong , Kosheleva Irina , Henning Robert , Kim Jungmin , Kim Changin , You Seyoung , Kim Hanui , Lee Sang Jin , Ihee Hyotcherl
Published: July 2024

Understanding protein structure and kinetics under physiological conditions is crucial for elucidating complex biological processes. While time-resolved (TR) techniques have advanced to track molecular actions, their practical application in biological reactions is often confined to reversible photoreactions within limited experimental parameters due to inefficient sample utilization and inflexibility of experimental setups. Here, we introduce serial X-ray liquidography (SXL), a technique that combines time-resolved X-ray liquidography with a fixed target of serially arranged microchambers. SXL breaks through the previously mentioned barriers, enabling microgram-scale TR studies of both irreversible and reversible reactions of even a non-photoactive protein. We demonstrate its versatility in studying a wide range of biological reactions, highlighting its potential as a flexible and multi-dimensional assay framework for kinetic and structural characterization. Leveraging X-ray free-electron lasers and micro-focused X-ray pulses promises further enhancements in both temporal resolution and minimizing sample quantity. SXL offers unprecedented insights into the structural and kinetic landscapes of molecular actions, paving the way for a deeper understanding of complex biological processes.
Magnetic fields reveal signatures of triplet-pair multi-exciton photoluminescence in singlet fission
Authors: Feng Jiale , Hosseinabadi Parisa , de Clercq Damon M. , Carwithen Ben P. , Nielsen Michael P. , Brett Matthew W. , Prasad Shyamal K. K. , Farahani Adam A. D. , Li Hsiu L. , Sanders Samuel N. , Beves Jonathon E. , Ekins-Daukes N. J. , Cole Jared H. , Thordarson Pall , Huang David M. , Tayebjee Murad J. Y. , Schmidt Timothy W.
Published: July 2024

The photophysical processes of singlet fission and triplet fusion have numerous emerging applications. They involve the separation of a photo-generated singlet exciton into two dark triplet excitons and the fusion of two dark triplet excitons into an emissive singlet exciton, respectively. The role of the excimer state and the nature of the triplet-pair state in these processes have been a matter of contention. Here we analyse the room temperature time-resolved emission of a neat liquid singlet fission chromophore and show that it exhibits three spectral components: two that correspond to the bright singlet and excimer states and a third component that becomes more prominent during triplet fusion. This spectrum is enhanced by magnetic fields, confirming its origins in the recombination of weakly coupled triplet pairs. It is thus attributed to a strongly coupled triplet pair state. These observations unite the view that there is an emissive intermediate in singlet fission and triplet fusion, distinct from the broad, unstructured excimer emission.
Highly variable deep-sea currents over tidal and seasonal timescales
Authors: Bailey Lewis P. , Clare Michael A. , Hunt James E. , Kane Ian A. , Miramontes Elda , Fonnesu Marco , Argiolas Ricardo , Malgesini Giuseppe , Wallerand Regis
Published: July 2024

Deep-sea transport of sediment and associated matter, such as organic carbon, nutrients and pollutants, is controlled by near-bed currents. On the continental slope, these currents include episodic down-slope gravity-driven turbidity currents and more sustained thermohaline-driven along-slope contour currents. Recent advancements in deep-sea monitoring have catalysed a step change in our understanding of turbidity currents and contour currents individually. However, these processes rarely operate in isolation and the near-bed current regime is still to be quantified in a mixed system. Such measurements are crucial for understanding deep-sea particulate transport, calibrating numerical models and reconstructing palaeoflow. Here we use 4 years of observations from 34 instrument moorings in a mixed system offshore of Mozambique to show that near-bed currents are highly dynamic. We observe spatial variability in velocity over tidal and seasonal timescales, including reversals in current direction, and a strong steering and funnelling influence by local seabed morphology. The observed near-bed currents are capable of mobilizing and distributing sediments across the seabed, therefore complicating deep-sea particulate transport and reconstruction of palaeoceanographic conditions.
Exponentially tighter bounds on limitations of quantum error mitigation
Authors: Quek Yihui , Stilck França Daniel , Khatri Sumeet , Meyer Johannes Jakob , Eisert Jens
Published: July 2024

Quantum error mitigation has been proposed as a means to combat unwanted and unavoidable errors in near-term quantum computing without the heavy resource overheads required by fault-tolerant schemes. Recently, error mitigation has been successfully applied to reduce noise in near-term applications. In this work, however, we identify strong limitations to the degree to which quantum noise can be effectively ‘undone’ for larger system sizes. Our framework rigorously captures large classes of error-mitigation schemes in use today. By relating error mitigation to a statistical inference problem, we show that even at shallow circuit depths comparable to those of current experiments, a superpolynomial number of samples is needed in the worst case to estimate the expectation values of noiseless observables, the principal task of error mitigation. Notably, our construction implies that scrambling due to noise can kick in at exponentially smaller depths than previously thought. Noise also impacts other near-term applications by constraining kernel estimation in quantum machine learning, causing an earlier emergence of noise-induced barren plateaus in variational quantum algorithms and ruling out exponential quantum speed-ups in estimating expectation values in the presence of noise or preparing the ground state of a Hamiltonian.
An intestinal TH17 cell-derived subset can initiate cancer
Authors: Fesneau Olivier , Thevin Valentin , Pinet Valérie , Goldsmith Chloe , Vieille Baptiste , M’Homa Soudja Saïdi , Lattanzio Rossano , Hahne Michael , Dardalhon Valérie , Hernandez-Vargas Hector , Benech Nicolas , Marie Julien C.
Published: July 2024

Approximately 25% of cancers are preceded by chronic inflammation that occurs at the site of tumor development. However, whether this multifactorial oncogenic process, which commonly occurs in the intestines, can be initiated by a specific immune cell population is unclear. Here, we show that an intestinal T cell subset, derived from interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing helper T (TH17) cells, induces the spontaneous transformation of the intestinal epithelium. This subset produces inflammatory cytokines, and its tumorigenic potential is not dependent on IL-17 production but on the transcription factors KLF6 and T-BET and interferon-γ. The development of this cell type is inhibited by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) produced by intestinal epithelial cells. TGFβ signaling acts on the pretumorigenic TH17 cell subset, preventing its progression to the tumorigenic stage by inhibiting KLF6-dependent T-BET expression. This study therefore identifies an intestinal T cell subset initiating cancer.
Vitrectomy versus scleral buckle for retinal detachment without posterior vitreous detachment
Authors: Dimakopoulou Ioanna , Mylonas Georgios , Iby Johannes , Sedova Alexandra , Hollaus Marlene , Sacu Stefan , Georgopoulos Michael , Schmidt-Erfurth Ursula
Published: July 2024

To compare the effectiveness and safety of scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy in treating retinal detachment without posterior vitreous detachment. A total of 88 eyes of 83 patients with retinal detachment without prior posterior vitreous detachment were investigated retrospectively. Group A comprised patients who underwent scleral buckling (n = 47) and Group B (n = 36) patients who were treated with pars plana vitrectomy. Anatomical success, postoperative visual acuity, and ocular adverse events were evaluated. The primary and final anatomical success rate showed a nonsignificant difference (p = 0.465 and p = 0.37 respectively). No significant difference was observed in the reoperation rate or development of epiretinal membrane between the groups (p = 0.254 and p = 0.254 respectively). However, scleral buckling resulted in significantly better visual acuity at the last follow-up (0.12 ± 0.23) compared to pars plana vitrectomy (0.37 ± 0.46, p = 0.001). The incidence of cataract progression was also significantly higher in the pars plana vitrectomy group (46%) compared to the scleral buckling group (10%, p < 0.001). Scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy show similar success rates in treating retinal detachment without vitreous detachment. However, due to less cataract progression and better visual acuity outcomes, scleral buckling is recommended for these cases. Determining vitreous status before surgery is crucial for optimal outcomes.
A novel ECG compression algorithm using Pulse-Width Modulation integrated quantization for low-power real-time monitoring
Authors: Devindi Isuri , Liyanage Sashini , Jayarathna Titus , Alawatugoda Janaka , Ragel Roshan
Published: July 2024

Cardiac monitoring systems in Internet of Things (IoT) healthcare, reliant on limited battery and computational capacity, need efficient local processing and wireless transmission for comprehensive analysis. Due to the power-intensive wireless transmission in IoT devices, ECG signal compression is essential to minimize data transfer. This paper presents a real-time, low-complexity algorithm for compressing electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The algorithm uses just nine arithmetic operations per ECG sample point, generating a hybrid Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal storable in a compact 4-bit resolution format. Despite its simplicity, it performs comparably to existing methods in terms of Percentage Root-Mean-Square Difference (PRD) and space-saving while significantly reducing complexity and maintaining robustness against signal noise. It achieves an average Bit Compression Ratio (BCR) of 4 and space savings of 90.4% for ECG signals in the MIT-BIH database, with a PRD of 0.33% and a Quality Score (QS) of 12. The reconstructed signal shows no adverse effects on QRS complex detection and heart rate variability, preserving both the signal amplitude and periodicity. This efficient method for transferring ECG data from wearable devices enables real-time cardiac activity monitoring with reduced data storage requirements. Its versatility suggests potential broader applications, extending to compression of various signal types beyond ECG.
In vivo monitoring of active subretinal fibrosis in mice using collagen hybridizing peptides
Authors: Linder Markus , Bennink Lucas , Foxton Richard H. , Kirkness Mike , Westenskow Peter D.
Published: July 2024

Subretinal fibrosis is associated with worse visual outcomes in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. As there is a lack of optimal biomarkers and no method that directly detects collagen in the back of the eye, novel tools that monitor fibrosis-related changes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration are needed. Here, using two mouse models (the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization model, and the JR5558 mouse presenting with spontaneous subretinal neovascularization with fibrosis), we imaged active fibrotic lesions using fluorescently labeled collagen hybridizing peptides (CHPs), short peptides that bind to single α-chain collagen structures during collagen remodeling. JR5558 retinal pigment epithelium/choroid flat mounts showed CHP co-staining with fibrosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition-related markers; additionally, CHP histopathology staining correlated with in vivo CHP imaging. After laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, in vivo CHP binding correlated with laser intensity, histopathology CHP and fibronectin staining. Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization showed decreased CHP intensity over time in healing/regressing versus active scars in vivo, whereas increased CHP binding correlated with elevated fibrosis in JR5558 mouse eyes with age. In bispecific angiopoietin 2/vascular endothelial growth factor antibody-treated JR5558 mice, CHPs detected significantly decreased collagen remodeling versus immunoglobulin G control. These results demonstrate the first use of CHPs to directly image remodeling collagen in the eye and as a potential clinical optical biomarker of active subretinal fibrosis associated with ocular neovascularization.
Combined inhibition of EZH2 and CDK4/6 perturbs endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial homeostasis and increases antitumor activity against glioblastoma
Authors: Freitag Thomas , Kaps Philipp , Ramtke Justus , Bertels Sarah , Zunke Emily , Schneider Björn , Becker Anne-Sophie , Koczan Dirk , Dubinski Daniel , Freiman Thomas M. , Wittig Felix , Hinz Burkhard , Westhoff Mike-Andrew , Strobel Hannah , Meiners Franziska , Wolter Daniel , Engel Nadja , Troschke-Meurer Sascha , Bergmann-Ewert Wendy , Staehlke Susanne , Wolff Annabell , Gessler Florian , Junghanss Christian , Maletzki Claudia
Published: July 2024

Here, we show that combined use of the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib synergistically enhances antitumoral effects in preclinical GBM models. Dual blockade led to HIF1α upregulation and CalR translocation, accompanied by massive impairment of mitochondrial function. Basal oxygen consumption rate, ATP synthesis, and maximal mitochondrial respiration decreased, confirming disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial homeostasis. This was paralleled by mitochondrial depolarization and upregulation of the UPR sensors PERK, ATF6α, and IRE1α. Notably, dual EZH2/CDK4/6 blockade also reduced 3D-spheroid invasion, partially inhibited tumor growth in ovo, and led to impaired viability of patient-derived organoids. Mechanistically, this was due to transcriptional changes in genes involved in mitotic aberrations/spindle assembly (Rb, PLK1, RRM2, PRC1, CENPF, TPX2), histone modification (HIST1H1B, HIST1H3G), DNA damage/replication stress events (TOP2A, ATF4), immuno-oncology (DEPDC1), EMT-counterregulation (PCDH1) and a shift in the stemness profile towards a more differentiated state. We propose a dual EZH2/CDK4/6 blockade for further investigation.
Antiferromagnetic domain wall memory with neuromorphic functionality
Authors: Godinho J. , Rout P. K. , Salikhov R. , Hellwig O. , Šobáň Z. , Otxoa R. M. , Olejník K. , Jungwirth T. , Wunderlich J.
Published: July 2024

Antiferromagnetic materials have unique properties due to their alternating spin arrangements. Their compensated magnetic order, robust against external magnetic fields, prevents long-distance crosstalk from stray fields. Furthermore, antiferromagnets with combined parity and time-reversal symmetry enable electrical control and detection of ultrafast exchange-field enhanced spin manipulation up to THz frequencies. Here we report the experimental realization of a nonvolatile antiferromagnetic memory mimicking an artificial synapse, in which the reconfigurable synaptic weight is encoded in the ratio between reversed antiferromagnetic domains. The non-volatile memory is “written” by spin-orbit torque-driven antiferromagnetic domain wall motion and “read” by nonlinear magnetotransport. We show that the absence of long-range interacting stray magnetic fields leads to very reproducible electrical pulse-driven variations of the synaptic weights.
Germline loss in C. elegans enhances longevity by disrupting adhesion between niche and stem cells
Authors: Liu Meng , Chen Jiehui , Cui Guizhong , Dai Yumin , Song Mengjiao , Zhou Chunyu , Hu Qingyuan , Chen Qingxia , Wang Hongwei , Chen Wanli , Han Jingdong Jackie , Peng Guangdun , Jing Naihe , Shen Yidong
Published: July 2024

Ageing and fertility are intertwined. Germline loss extends the lifespan in various organisms, termed gonadal longevity. However, the original longevity signal from the somatic gonad remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the interaction between germline stem cells (GSCs) and their niche, the distal tip cells (DTCs), to explore the barely known longevity signal from the somatic gonad in C. elegans. We found that removing germline disrupts the cell adhesions between GSC and DTC, causing a significant transcriptomic change in DTC through hmp-2/β-catenin and two GATA transcription factors, elt-3 and pqm-1 in this niche cell. Inhibiting elt-3 and pqm-1 in DTC suppresses gonadal longevity. Moreover, we further identified the TGF-β ligand, tig-2, as the cytokine from DTC upon the loss of germline, which evokes the downstream gonadal longevity signalling throughout the body. Our findings thus reveal the source of the longevity signalling in response to germline removal, highlighting the stem cell niche as a critical signalling hub in ageing.
A photoelectrochemical capacitor using polyoxometalates coupled with semiconductor nanocrystals as the photosensitizer
Authors: Akaishi Yuji , Yoshimura Gimpei , Mokuge Yui , Sumi Kona , Vas-Umnuay Paravee , Inomata Yusuke , Kida Tetsuya
Published: July 2024

A visible-light-driven photoenergy storage system combined with CsPbBr3/TiO2 nanocomposites and polyoxometalates was developed in this paper.
Kinetics of the mechanically induced ibuprofen–nicotinamide co-crystal formation by in situ X-ray diffraction
Authors: Casali Lucia , Carta Maria , Michalchuk Adam A. L. , Delogu Francesco , Emmerling Franziska
Published: July 2024

Combined time-resolved in situ analysis and numerical modelling reveals details of mechanochemical reaction mechanisms.
Manganese catalysed dehydrocoupling of silanes and siloxanes with ammonia to prepare oligosilazanes and polysiloxazanes
Authors: Mehta Gautam K. , Nguyen Thao T. , Flores Marco , Trovitch Ryan J.
Published: July 2024

The manganese-catalysed dehydrocoupling of ammonia to phenylsilane affords an oligosilazane that can be applied as a coating.
Avoiding electrochemical indentations: a CNT-cocooned LiCoO2 electrode with ultra-stable high-voltage cycling
Authors: Zhu Zhi , Xu Shuanglong , Wang Zhenjie , Yan Xiaohui , Xu Guiyin , Huang Yimeng , Wu Yuping , Zhang Yin , Li Ju
Published: July 2024

An electrochemical indentation (ECI) theory was proposed to explain the LCO cycling decay. A CNT-cocooned LCO cathode was developed to maximize the electrical contact area for LCO, which greatly eliminated ECI and stabilized the high-voltage cycling.
A metabolomics perspective reveals the mechanism of the uric acid-lowering effect of Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. “furong” polyphenols in hypoxanthine and potassium oxybate-induced hyperuricemic mice
Authors: Wu Li , Yi Kexin , Xiao Zheng , Xia Qing , Cao Yuping , Chen Shouhui , Li Yibin
Published: July 2024

Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. “furong” polyphenols (PSLP) have the potential to mitigate hyperuricemia in part by downregulating the precursor, synthase, and uric acid involved in the purine metabolism and pentose phosphate metabolism.
Integration of 3D printed Mg2+ potentiometric sensors into microfluidic devices for bioanalysis
Authors: Farahani Sarah , Glasco Dalton L. , Elhassan Manar M. , Sireesha Pedaballi , Bell Jeffrey G.
Published: July 2024

Integration of 3D Printed Mg2+-ISE into a 3D printed microfluidic device for next-generation point-of-care diagnostic devices.
Continuous flow delivery system for the perfusion of scaffold-based 3D cultures
Authors: Sitte Zachary R. , Karlsson Elizabeth E. , Li Haolin , Zhou Haibo , Lockett Matthew R.
Published: July 2024

3D structures of cells suspended in hydrogels are maintained under constant perfusion in a self-contained unit. The continuous flow delivery system (CFDS) expands upon previous work with paper and supported gel slab scaffolds.
Dual access to the fluid networks of colloid-stabilized bicontinuous emulsions through uninterrupted connections
Authors: de Ruiter Mariska , Alting Meyer T. , Siegel Henrik , Haase Martin F.
Published: July 2024

Bijels intertwine two fluids into stable, bicontinuous networks. This work introduces dual pore connections for bijels to two bulk phases, a unique architecture with potentials to overcome diffusion limitations for batteries and separation membranes.
Unraveling molecular mechanisms of β-glucuronidase inhibition by flavonoids from Centaurea scoparia: integrated in silico and in vitro insights
Authors: Alwaili Maha A. , Aba Alkhayl Faris F. , Rudayni Hassan A. , Allam Ahmed A. , Altoom Naif G. , Lamsabhi Al Mokhtar , Kamel Emadeldin M.
Published: July 2024

Investigating the detailed molecular mechanisms of β-glucuronidase inhibition is critical for pioneering new therapeutic solutions and driving progress in pharmaceutical research.
Photoinduced decarboxylative radical cascade alkylation/cyclization of benzimidazole derivatives with an aliphatic carboxylic acid via ligand-to-iron charge transfer
Authors: Xu Yan , Wang ChenJing , Lv Chun , Wang Jianjie , Zhang Qian , Wang Jiayang , Shen Run-Pu , Sun Bin , Jin Can
Published: July 2024

The photoinduced decarboxylative radical cascade alkylation/cyclization method with various benzimidazole moieties bearing unactivated alkenes efficiently synthesizes polycyclic benzimidazoles via LMCT processes.
Iron-catalyzed synthesis of substituted 3-arylquinolin-2(1H)-ones via an intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling of amido-alcohols
Authors: Bettoni Léo , Joly Nicolas , Mendas Inès , Moscogiuri Matteo Maria , Lohier Jean-François , Gaillard Sylvain , Poater Albert , Renaud Jean-Luc
Published: July 2024

An iron-catalyzed intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling of amido-alcohols, opening a straightforward access to 3- or 3,4-substituted quinolinones, is described in this report.
Synthesis of fused-pyran derivatives via a base-mediated annulation of bis-allenoates followed by auto-oxidation in air
Authors: Zhao Jun-Bo , Yang Jing-Kui
Published: July 2024

We introduce, for the first time, an inorganic base-mediated cyclization and auto-oxidation of bisallenones/bisalkynones.
Electronic structures of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks based on a series of period 4 transition metal phthalocyanines and ethynyl moieties
Authors: Chen Xin , Xing Xianran
Published: July 2024

Two-dimensional metal–phthalocyanine-based covalent organic frameworks (MPc COFs) have unique electronic properties to be applied in electrocatalytic and photochemical reactions.
Visible-light-active benzothiadiazole-based MOFs as efficient ROS generators for the synthesis of benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles
Authors: Liu Hua , Yi Wen-Wen , Li Quan-Quan , Zhao Shu-Ya
Published: July 2024

We provided a convenient approach to integrate the 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-based organic linker into a UiO-68-type MOF as the first example generating O2˙− and 1O2 for the green synthesis of benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles.
Effects of Fe-doping induced by valence modulation engineering on the nickel hydroxyfluoride cathode of hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Zhao Yutong , Meng Zeshuo , Xu Jian , Du Zhengyan , Hao Zeyu , Wang Shulong , Tian Hongwei , Niu Zhiqiang , Su Dawei
Published: July 2024

Fe doping promotes the formation of high valence Ni(3+δ)+, promoting the two-step reaction that improves energy storage.
Sequential double chemical activation of biochar enables the fast and high-capacity capture of tetracycline
Authors: Zhang Yuyuan , Zhang Zhantu , Zheng Jiayin , Peng Ruhui , Chang Menglei , Hu Fei , Wang Yazhuo , Hu Huawen , Ou Jian Zhen
Published: July 2024

Sequential melamine and KOH activation leads to activated biochar with enormous specific surface area and enriched N/O sites for fast, high-capacity, repeatable, and spontaneous tetracycline capture, primarily driven by hydrogen bonding interactions.
Pore-coordination sphere facilitated ratiometric fluorescent detection of organic amines in a substitutional metal–organic matrix
Authors: Xing Kai , Liu Xiao-Yuan , Ji Cheng-Shan , Li Jing
Published: July 2024

A substitutional metal–organic matrix exhibits a highly-sensitive ratiometric fluorescence response towards ammonia and aliphatic amines based on the pore-coordination sphere interaction.
Dirhodium(ii)-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective cycloisomerization towards 6,5,3-tricyclic skeletons containing vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenters
Authors: Xu Zurong , Lu Jiajun , Jiang Huanfeng , Wu Rui , Zhu Shifa
Published: July 2024

Rh2(ii)-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective cycloisomerization of benzo-fused 1,6-enynes is describled, which enables rapid construction of 6,5,3-tricyclic skeletons with high efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity.
Nickel-catalysed C–N cross-coupling of organoboronic acids and isoxazoles
Authors: Zhao Yupeng , Wu Changshu , Zhang Jiaming , Gao Yang , Yuan Zhuoxuan , Li Xianwei , Chen Qian , Huo Yanping
Published: July 2024

A nickel-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling of organoboronic acids and isoxazoles has been established for the efficient synthesis of (Z) N-aryl β-enamino esters.