bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Investigation of the Ethical Behavior of Engineering Undergraduates
Authors: Harding Trevor S. , Carpenter Donald D. , Finelli Cynthia J.
Published: January 2013

Background

Recent national reports have indicated the need for an increased emphasis on the ethical development of engineering undergraduates. Despite this call for increased focus on ethical development, little is known about how engineering students make ethical decisions or how these decisions are related to personal differences and environmental influences.

Purpose (Hypothesis)

This is an exploratory investigation to determine which demographic, academic, moral reasoning, and decision‐making variables are predictive of the extent of test cheating among engineering undergraduates. Rather than beginning with a particular hypothesis, the study investigates predictive relationships between the variables described above and self‐reported rates of test cheating among engineering undergraduates.

Design/Method

Three hundred and eighty eight engineering undergraduates from three Midwestern U.S. institutions completed a survey based on a modified version of the theory of planned behavior as a conceptual framework. The three institutions are of different Carnegie classifications, sizes, missions, and institutional cultures.

Results

Results indicate that our proposed model of ethical decision‐making was successful in predicting the behavioral outcome with regard to college test cheating and there were observed significant differences in the level of cheating between institutions. However, institution as a variable was not a predictive of behavior.

Conclusions

The effect of institution on cheating was mitigated through other measured variables including past high school cheating, involvement in Pan‐Hellenic groups, moral obligation, and perceived behavioral control. It is these underlying predictive variables that need to be addressed when engineering educators and student affairs staff consider the issue of unethical undergraduate behavior.
“Asians are Good at Math. What an Awful Stereotype” The Model Minority Stereotype's Impact on Asian American Engineering Students
Authors: Trytten Deborah A. , Lowe Anna Wong , Walden Susan E.
Published: January 2013

Background

The Model Minority Stereotype (MMS) describes Asians and Asian Americans (As/AsAm) as the epitome of assimilation into U.S. society using hard work, intelligence, high educational attainment, and economic success to overcome the challenges of discrimination and recent immigration. Certain facets of the MMS intersect with qualities often perceived as desirable in engineering education.

Purpose (Hypothesis)

Our research questions are: To what degree do academic data support the assertion that AsAm engineering students conform to the MMS? How do AsAm engineering students express the impact of the facets of the MMS on their lived experiences? What facets of the MMS are more often reported than others among AsAm engineering students? How do AsAm engineering students perceive their fellow racial/ethnic peers fit within the MMS?

Design/Method

The research uses a mixed methods approach including analysis of academic transcript data, surveys and semi‐structured interviews.

Results

The academic record of AsAm participants was not significantly different from participants in other racial/ethnic groups. Although the AsAm participants were not found to conform to the MMS academically, they discussed their perceptions of many facets of the MMS including: being hardworking, uncomplaining and extremely intelligent, and seeking both economic attainment and educational prestige. Interestingly, many students who denied that the stereotype applied to them projected this stereotype on other AsAms.

Conclusions

Documentation of the existence of the MMS on our campus shows that, although AsAm students are not underrepresented, they face stereotyping and discrimination. We present specific recommendations for institutions to address equity and parity challenges.
Engineering Students' Beliefs About Research: Sex Differences, Personality, and Career Plans
Authors: Woodcock Anna , Graziano William G. , Branch Sara E. , Ngambeki Ida , Evangelou Demetra
Published: January 2013

Background

Undergraduate research is a gateway to academic careers. Understanding student perceptions of research, and links to sex differences and personality, may shed light on the small proportion of women in undergraduate engineering programs and academia.

Purpose (Hypothesis)

How do personality variables and beliefs about research influence men and women's intentions to pursue a research‐related career in engineering? Specifically, we test the hypotheses that: (1) Thing Orientation will be a significant predictor of intention to pursue a research career in engineering, and will be a stronger predictor of research career intentions for women than men; (2) Engineering students' beliefs and expectations about the research enterprise and researchers themselves will be associated with their desire to pursue a research career; (3) Thing Orientation will influence students' beliefs and expectancies about research.

Design/Method

Undergraduates majoring in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) fields from a large research‐intensive university in the USA (N = 544) reported perceptions and beliefs in a survey.

Results

Seven core beliefs about research and researchers emerge, two of which predicted interest in researchrelated careers. Thing Orientation influenced students' beliefs and expectancies about research and researchers, which in turn were related to intentions to pursue a research‐related career. Thing Orientation was a better predictor of intentions to pursue a research‐related engineering career for women than men.

Conclusions

Students' expectancies, beliefs, and Thing Orientation were predictors of planning research careers in engineering, especially for women. Future directions include understanding the malleability of research beliefs and Thing Orientation and applying it to intervention programs.
On the strength of Ramsey's theorem without Σ1‐induction
Authors: Yokoyama Keita
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we show that\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathsf {\mathrm {WKL_0}^{*}}}+{\mathrm{RT}}^{n}_{k}$\end{document}is a\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\Pi ^{0}_{2}$\end{document}‐conservative extension of BΣ1+ exp, thus it does not imply IΣ1.
Kraftvolle Eleganz
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid
Published: January 2013

Beim Geräteturnen können enorm hohe Kräfte auftreten, trotzdem sollen die Bewegungen elegant und flüssig sein, und die Athleten müssen unangestrengt wirken. Die Kräfte auf Hände und Arme sind bei Schwüngen an Reck und Ringen besonders hoch. Die unteren Extremitäten werden bei der Landung nach einem Abgang so hoch belastet wie in keiner anderen Sportart. Das liegt an der im Turnen geforderten stabilen Landung. Übungen auf dem Schwebebalken benötigen eine ausgefeilte Balanciertechnik.
Das Putt‐putt‐Boot als Wärmekraftmaschine
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian
Published: January 2013

Das Dampfjetboot nutzt den periodischen Wechsel von Verdampfung und Kondensation von Wasser, der durch die Konstruktion des Boots selbst organisiert wird. Indem das eine Ende des wassergefüllten Rohres erhitzt und das andere gekühlt wird, werden eine Temperaturdifferenz und damit ein Energiestrom aufrecht erhalten. Die Begleitumstände dieses Energiestroms, das Ausstoßen und Einsaugen des Wassers, sorgen für einen Vortrieb des Boots.
Das Entropierad
Authors: Naue Ingo F.C. , Wilhelm Manfred
Published: January 2013

Eine spezielle Konstruktion eines Entropiemotors besteht aus zwei exzentrisch angeordneten Rädern deren einer Teil in einem warmen Wasserbad liegt. Auf diese Weise können Elastomerfilamente benutzt werden, um aus thermischer Energie bei niedriger Temperatur mechanische Energie zu gewinnen. Dabei durchlaufen die Elastomerfilamente eine reversible Änderung ihrer molekularen Konformation.
Physik mit Smartphones und Tablet‐PCs
Authors: Kuhn Jochen , Wilhelm Thomas , Lück Stephan
Published: January 2013

Smartphones ermöglichen einen Zugang zum Internet und besitzen eine gewisse Computerfunktionalität. Zusätzlich installierbare Anwendungsprogramme, sogenannte Apps (von engl. Applications), erweitern diese Möglichkeiten um ein Vielfaches. In unserer neuen Reihe stellen wir Apps für Smartphones und Tablet‐PCs vor, mit denen man Physik betreiben kann. Einige eignen sich auch für den Einsatz im Unterricht.
Chemische Bindungen visualisiert
Authors: Schuler Bruno , Mohn Fabian , Moll Nikolaj , Gross Leo , Meyer Gerhard
Published: January 2013

Fundamentale Eigenschaften aromatischer Moleküle wie deren Geometrie, Stabilität, Reaktivität, Leitfähigkeit und elektronische Struktur sind eng miteinander verknüpft. Sie werden maßgeblich durch den Charakter der chemischen Bindungen zwischen den Atomen im Molekül definiert. Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen in einzelnen Molekülen konnten wir kürzlich mit einem Rasterkraftmikroskop erstmals direkt abbilden.
Local distortions about Nd in NdOs4Sb12
Authors: Keiber T. , Bridges F. , Baumbach R. E. , Maple M. B.
Published: January 2013

We present an extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of the NdOs4Sb12 system at the Nd and Os LIII edges. Nd is expected to be a “rattler” atom in this skutterudite crystal and we obtain a low Einstein temperature (61 K) as expected. However, although ultrasonic measurements have suggested a large off‐center displacement of Nd, the EXAFS data are inconsistent with such a model. An analysis of the first two Os‐Sb peaks in the Os LIII data also shows no evidence for unusual disorder.

In contrast the Nd‐Os peak in the Nd LIII data and the Os‐Os peak in the Os LIII data both show significant disorder at 4 K, with the largest disorder found for the Nd‐Os pair. This suggests that a distortion of the structure that involves mainly the Os atoms is present; it is likely that this distortion ‐ which may also be dynamic ‐ also causes the anomalies in the ultrasonic data (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An application of Q‐value‐based dynamic programming with Boltzmann distribution to real‐world road networks
Authors: Yu Shanqing , Mabu Shingo , Mainali Manoj Kanta , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro
Published: January 2013

In order to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of traffic systems from a global perspective, a dynamic traffic management model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is applied to the large‐scale microscopic simulator SOUND/4U based on the real‐world road network of Kurosaki, Kitakyushu, Japan. All the vehicles in the simulator follow the direction from the route guidance of the dynamic traffic management model, in which the extended Q‐value‐based dynamic Programming with Boltzmann distribution (QDP‐BD) and the time‐varying traffic information are used to generate the routes from the origins to the destinations. The simulation results show that the proposed QDP‐BD can reduce traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of the whole traffic system effectively compared with the greedy method in the real‐world road network. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining Patterns of Political, Social Service, and Collaborative Involvement of Religious Congregations: A Latent Class and Transition Analysis
Authors: Todd Nathan R. , Houston Jaclyn D.
Published: January 2013

This investigation examines typologies of congregations based on patterns of congregational political and social service activities and collaborative partners. Based on a latent class analysis of a national random sample of 2,153 congregations, results indicated four distinct types of congregations with unique patterns of political, social service, and collaborative partnerships labeled: (a) Active, (b) Not Active, (c) Social Service Not Political, and (d) Political Not Social Service. Moreover, congregational characteristics such as religious tradition and clergy characteristics predicted membership in certain types. A latent transition analysis using an additional 262 congregations revealed distinct patterns of how congregations changed types across a nine year period. Results showed both congregational continuity (e.g., Not Active congregations remained Not Active) and change (e.g., Active congregations were likely to change type membership). This study advances congregational research by examining congregational types, what predicts certain types, and how congregations change types across time. Implications for future research and partnership with religious congregations also are discussed.
Using Deterministic, Gated Item Response Theory Model to Detect Test Cheating due to Item Compromise
Authors: Shu Zhan , Henson Robert , Luecht Richard
Published: January 2013

The Deterministic, Gated Item Response Theory Model (DGM, Shu, Unpublished Dissertation. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2010) is proposed to identify cheaters who obtain significant score gain on tests due to item exposure/compromise by conditioning on the item status (exposed or unexposed items). A “gated” function is introduced to decompose the observed examinees’ performance into two distributions (the true ability distribution determined by examinees’ true ability and the cheating distribution determined by examinees’ cheating ability). Test cheaters who have score gain due to item exposure are identified through the comparison of the two distributions. Hierarchical Markov Chain Monte Carlo is used as the model’s estimation framework. Finally, the model is applied in a real data set to illustrate how the model can be used to identify examinees having pre-knowledge on the exposed items.
Sequelae of Foreign Bodies in the Wrist and Hand
Authors: Potini Vishnu C. , Francisco Ramces , Shamian Benhoor , Tan Virak
Published: January 2013

Background

Penetrating injuries to the hand are a common occurrence in the emergency room, and embedment of foreign bodies is suspected in many of these cases. The existing literature offers little information on retained foreign bodies. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics, determine prevalence, and observe outcomes for retained foreign bodies in the wrist and hand.

Methods

Four hundred thirty-seven consecutive hand and wrist radiographs in 437 patients from the emergency department of a level 1 trauma center were reviewed for the presence of retained foreign bodies. Location, size, number, and type of foreign body were recorded. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, and treatment were obtained from medical records. All subsequent hospital and outpatient encounters were reviewed. Follow-up period was 18 months (range, 1–40).

Results

Of 437 cases, 65 patients (15 %) had at least one retained foreign body. Nineteen patients underwent removal of foreign body at initial presentation. The average size of foreign bodies removed was 6 mm, compared to 3 mm for those retained. Of 46 patients where the foreign body was left in situ, two (4 %) developed symptoms directly related to the retained foreign body. One of these patients underwent removal.

Conclusions

This study supports the safe removal of foreign bodies which are easily accessible or when part of a broader procedure to repair injured structures. Otherwise, we advocate expectant management for all other patients, as the likelihood of persistent symptoms is low and only 2 % of retained foreign bodies required removal later.
Does the Choice of Democracy Measure Matter? Comparisons between the Two Leading Democracy Indices, Freedom House and Polity IV
Authors: Högström John
Published: January 2013

This article investigates whether two different measures of democracy generate the same empirical results. The Freedom House and Polity IV measures are used as the dependent variables. The result shows that statistical significance and explanatory power for different independent variables differ greatly, depending on which democracy index is used as the dependent variable. The results also indicate that Freedom House and Polity IV rate many countries’ levels of democracy differently. It is worrying and problematic for comparative studies of democracy that empirical results differ so much according to which measure of democracy is used.
An investigation of the mechanisms of sound generation in initially laminar subsonic jets using the Goldstein acoustic analogy
Authors: Karabasov Sergey , Bogey Christophe , Hynes Tom
Published: January 2013

The details of the sound sources within two initially laminar subsonic jets corresponding to different inflow conditions, one fully laminar and the other with nozzle boundary layer forcing, are studied using the Goldstein acoustic analogy. The statistics of the acoustic analogy equivalent sources are generated from large eddy simulations (LES) and issues associated with the range of validity of these are explored. The predicted comparative importance of various source terms confirms the results of previous studies, with the exception of one extra term that involves the longitudinal and the lateral source components. Agreement within 1 dB over the frequency range from Strouhal number $\mathit{St}= 0. 8$ to $\mathit{St}= 6$, which was shown to best correspond to the validity range of the acoustic source model for the LES data available, is found between noise predictions using the acoustic analogy model and those of a previously conducted LES–ILEE (isotropic linearized Euler equation) control surface method for the nominally laminar inflow jet case. The acoustic analogy is used to determine the source length scales which contribute to noise at different radiated angles to the jet, how they are distributed and how they change with change of inflow conditions. For the vortex pairing frequency, using a new acoustic source decomposition technique based on the correlation length scale, two types of noise sources are found. One source, which corresponds to the peak source amplitude, is located at the upstream end of the jet and is associated with the vortex pairing. The other one, which is the dominant source, is associated with jet mixing at the end of the jet potential core. It is also shown that boundary layer forcing leads to a reduction in the contribution to the noise of the large source length scales in comparison with the fully laminar case.
Trajectory and distribution of suspended non-Brownian particles moving past a fixed spherical or cylindrical obstacle
Authors: Risbud Sumedh R. , Drazer German
Published: January 2013

We investigate the motion of a suspended non-Brownian sphere past a fixed cylindrical or spherical obstacle in the limit of zero Reynolds number for arbitrary particle–obstacle aspect ratios. We consider both a suspended sphere moving in a quiescent fluid under the action of a uniform force as well as a uniform ambient velocity field driving a freely suspended particle. We determine the distribution of particles around a single obstacle and solve for the individual particle trajectories to comment on the transport of dilute suspensions past an array of fixed obstacles. First, we obtain an expression for the probability density function governing the distribution of a dilute suspension of particles around an isolated obstacle, and we show that it is isotropic. We then present an analytical expression – derived using both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches – for the minimum particle–obstacle separation attained during the motion, as a function of the incoming impact parameter, i.e. the initial offset between the line of motion far from the obstacle and a parallel line that goes through its centre. Further, we derive the asymptotic behaviour for small initial offsets and show that the minimum separation decays exponentially. Finally we use this analytical expression to define an effective hydrodynamic surface roughness based on the net lateral displacement experienced by a suspended sphere moving past an obstacle.
The motion of an axisymmetric body falling in a tube at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Brosse Nicolas , Ern Patricia
Published: January 2013

This study concerns the rectilinear and periodic paths of an axisymmetric solid body (short-length cylinder and disk of diameter $d$ and thickness $h$) falling in a vertical tube of diameter $D$. We investigated experimentally the influence of the confinement ratio ($S= d/ D\lt 0. 8$) on the motion of the body, for different aspect ratios ($\chi = d/ h= 3$, $6$ and $10$), Reynolds numbers ($80\lt Re\lt 320$) and a density ratio between the fluid and the body close to unity. For a given body, the Reynolds number based on its mean vertical velocity is observed to decrease when $S$ increases. The critical Reynolds number for the onset of the periodic motion decreases with $S$ in the case of thin bodies ($\chi = 10$), whereas it appears unaffected by $S$ for thicker bodies ($\chi = 3$ and $6$). The characteristics of the periodic motion are also strongly modified by the confinement ratio. A thick body ($\chi = 3$) tends to go back to a rectilinear path when $S$ increases, while a thin body ($\chi = 10$) displays oscillations of growing amplitude with $S$ until it touches the tube (at about $S= 0. 5$). For a given aspect ratio, however, the amplitudes of the oscillations follow a unique curve for all $S$, which depends only on the relative distance of the Reynolds number to the threshold of path instability. In parallel, numerical simulations of the wake of a body held fixed in a uniform confined flow were carried out. The simulations allowed us to determine in this configuration the effect of the confinement ratio on the thresholds for wake instability (loss of axial symmetry at $R{e}_{c 1} $ and loss of stationarity at $R{e}_{c 2} $) and on the maximal velocity ${V}_{w} $ in the recirculating region of the stationary axisymmetric wake. The evolution with $\chi $ and $S$ of ${V}_{w} $ at $R{e}_{c 1} $ was used to define a Reynolds number $R{e}^{\ast} $. Remarkably, for a freely moving body, $R{e}^{\ast} $ remains almost constant when $S$ varies, regardless of the nature of the path.
On the appearance of internal wave attractors due to an initial or parametrically excited disturbance
Authors: Bajars Janis , Frank Jason , Maas Leo R. M.
Published: January 2013

In this paper we solve two initial value problems for two-dimensional internal gravity waves. The waves are contained in a uniformly stratified, square-shaped domain whose sidewalls are tilted with respect to the direction of gravity. We consider several disturbances of the initial stream function field and solve both for its free evolution and for its evolution under parametric excitation. We do this by developing a structure-preserving numerical method for internal gravity waves in a two-dimensional stratified fluid domain. We recall the linearized, inviscid Euler–Boussinesq model, identify its Hamiltonian structure, and derive a staggered finite difference scheme that preserves this structure. For the discretized model, the initial condition can be projected onto normal modes whose dynamics is described by independent harmonic oscillators. This fact is used to explain the persistence of various classes of wave attractors in a freely evolving (i.e. unforced) flow. Under parametric forcing, the discrete dynamics can likewise be decoupled into Mathieu equations. The most unstable resonant modes dominate the solution, forming wave attractors.
On steady and pulsed low-blowing-ratio transverse jets
Authors: Bidan G. , Nikitopoulos D. E.
Published: January 2013

The present experimental and numerical study focuses on the vortical structures encountered in steady and pulsed low-blowing-ratio transverse jets ($0. 150\leq \mathit{BR}\leq 4. 2$), a configuration hardly discussed in the literature. Under unforced conditions at low blowing ratio, a stable leading-edge shear-layer rollup is identified inside the jet pipe. As the blowing ratio is increased, the destabilization and evolution of this structure sheds light on the formation mechanisms of the well-known transverse jet vortical system. A discussion on the nature of the counter-rotating vortex pair in low-blowing-ratio transverse jets is also provided. Under forced conditions, the experimental observations support and extend numerical results of previous fully modulated jet studies. Large-eddy simulation results provide scaling parameters for the classification of starting vortices for partly modulated jets, as well as information on their three-dimensional dynamics. The counter-rotating vortex pair initiation is observed and detailed in both Mie scattering visualizations and simulations. The observations support a mechanism based on stretching of the starting vortical structures because of inviscid induction and partial leapfrogging. Two modes of cross-flow ingestion inside the jet pipe are described as the pulsed jet cycles from high to low values of blowing ratio.
Coupled oscillations of deformable spherical-cap droplets. Part 1. Inviscid motions
Authors: Bostwick J. B. , Steen P. H.
Published: January 2013

A spherical drop is constrained by a solid support arranged as a latitudinal belt. This belt support splits the drop into two deformable spherical caps. The edges of the support are given by lower and upper latitudes yielding a ‘spherical belt’ of prescribed extent and position: a two-parameter family of constraints. This is a belt-constrained Rayleigh drop. In this paper we study the linear oscillations of the two coupled spherical-cap surfaces in the inviscid case, and the viscous case is studied in Part 2 (Bostwick & Steen, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 714, 2013, pp. 336–360), restricting to deformations symmetric about the axis of constraint symmetry. The integro-differential boundary-value problem governing the interface deformation is formulated as a functional eigenvalue problem on linear operators and reduced to a truncated set of algebraic equations using a Rayleigh–Ritz procedure on a constrained function space. This formalism allows mode shapes with different contact angles at the edges of the solid support, as observed in experiment, and readily generalizes to accommodate viscous motions (Part 2). Eigenvalues are mapped in the plane of constraints to reveal where near-multiplicities occur. The full problem is then approximated as two coupled harmonic oscillators by introducing a volume-exchange constraint. The approximation yields eigenvalue crossings and allows post-identification of mass and spring constants for the oscillators.
Shallow two-component gravity-driven flows with vertical variation
Authors: Kowalski Julia , McElwaine Jim N.
Published: January 2013

Gravity-driven geophysical mass flows often consist of a heterogeneous fluid–solid mixture. The complex interplay between the components leads to phenomena such as lateral levee formation in avalanches, or a granular front and an excess fluid pore pressure in debris flows. These effects are very important for predicting runout and the forces on structures, yet they are only partially represented in simplified shallow flow theories, since rearrangement of the mixture composition perpendicular to the main flow direction is neglected. In realistic flows, however, rheological properties and effective basal drag may depend strongly on the relative concentration of the components. We address this problem and present a depth-averaged model for shallow mixtures that explicitly allows for rearrangement in this direction. In particular we consider a fluid–solid mixture that experiences bulk horizontal motion, as well as internal sedimentation and resuspension of the particles, and therefore resembles the case of a debris flow. Starting from general mixture theory we derive bulk balance laws and an evolution equation for the particle concentration. Depth-integration yields a shallow mixture flow model in terms of bulk mass, depth-averaged particle concentration, the particle vertical centre of mass and the depth-averaged velocity. This new equation in this model for the particle vertical centre of mass is derived by taking the first moment, with respect to the vertical coordinate, of the particle mass conservation equation. Our approach does not make the Boussinesq approximation and results in additional terms coupling the momentum flux to the vertical centre of mass. The system is hyperbolic and reduces to the shallow-water equations in the homogeneous limit of a pure fluid or perfect mixing. We highlight the effects of sedimentation on resuspension and finally present a simple friction feedback which qualitatively resembles a large-scale experimental debris flow data set acquired at the Illgraben, Switzerland.
Stability of high-Reynolds-number flow in a collapsible channel
Authors: Pihler-Puzović D. , Pedley T. J.
Published: January 2013

We study high-Reynolds-number flow in a two-dimensional collapsible channel in the asymptotic limit of wall deformations confined to the viscous boundary layer. The system is modelled using interactive boundary-layer equations for a Newtonian incompressible fluid coupled to the freely moving elastic wall under constant tension and external pressure. The deformation of the membrane is assumed to have small amplitude and long wavelength, whereas the flow comprises the inviscid core and the viscous boundary layers on both walls coupled to each other and to the membrane deformation. Firstly, by linking the interactive boundary-layer model to the small-amplitude, long-wavelength inviscid analysis, we conclude that the model is valid only when the pressure perturbations are fixed downstream from the wall indentation, contrary to the common assumption of classical boundary-layer theory. Next we explore possible steady states of the system, showing that a unique steady solution exists when the pressure is fixed precisely at the downstream end of the membrane, but there are multiple states possible if the pressure is specified further downstream. We examine the stability of these states by solving the generalized eigenvalue problem for perturbations to the nonlinear steady solutions and also by performing time integration of the full boundary-layer equations. Surprisingly, we find that no self-excited oscillations develop in the collapsible channel systems with finite-amplitude deformations. Instead, for each point in the parameter space, with the exception of points subject to numerical instabilities associated with the boundary-layer equations, exactly one of the steady states is predicted to be stable. We discuss these findings in relation to the results reported previously in the literature.
The motion of ice stream margins
Authors: Fowler A. C.
Published: January 2013

The recent article by Schoof (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 712, 2012, pp. 552–578) provides a technically demanding solution to the problem of determining ice-stream margin evolution. It is important in opening the way to the future theoretical description of how the ice sheets will melt and sea level will rise as the climate warms. But the sophistication of the mathematics should not operate as a mask to an examination of the credibility of the model.
Magnetic field driven micro-convection in the Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Ērglis K. , Tatulcenkov A. , Kitenbergs G. , Petrichenko O. , Ergin F. G. , Watz B. B. , Cēbers A.
Published: January 2013

Micro-convection caused by ponderomotive forces of the self-magnetic field of a magnetic fluid in the Hele-Shaw cell under the action of a vertical homogeneous magnetic field is studied both experimentally and numerically. It is shown that a non-potential magnetic force at magnetic Rayleigh numbers greater than the critical value causes fingering at the interface between the miscible magnetic and non-magnetic fluids. The threshold value of the magnetic Rayleigh number depends on the smearing of the interface between fluids. Fingering with its subsequent decay due to diffusion of particles significantly increases the mixing at the interface. Velocity and vorticity fields at fingering are determined by particle image velocimetry measurements and qualitatively correspond well to the results of numerical simulations of the micro-convection in the Hele-Shaw cell carried out in the Darcy approximation, which account for ponderomotive forces of the self-magnetic field of the magnetic fluid. Gravity plays an important role at the initial stage of the fingering observed in the experiments.
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM USE OF TILLAGE, RESIDUES AND N LEVELS IN SORGHUM (SORGHUM VULGARE (L)) – CASTOR (RICINUS COMMUNIS) CROPPING SYSTEM UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS – CROP RESPONSES AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE – PART I
Authors: KUSUMA GRACE J. , SHARMA K. L. , SUMACHANDRIKA D. , SRINIVAS K. , MANDAL U. K. , RAJU B. M. K. , KORWAR G. R. , VENKATESWARLU B. , KUMAR SHALANDER , MARUTHI SANKAR G. R. , MUNNALAL  , KUMAR T. SATISH , SAMMI REDDY K. , SHINDE RESHMA
Published: January 2013

This experiment was conducted to study the long-term effect of soil management treatments on crop yields, sustainability yield indices (SYI) and soil fertility in rainfed semi-arid tropical Alfisol at Hayathnagar Research Farm, Hyderabad, India, during the period 1995 to 2009. The experiment was conducted in a split–split plot design with conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) as main factors, surface application of sorghum stover @ 2 t ha−1 (SS), fresh Gliricidia loppings @ 2 t ha−1 (GL) and ‘no’ residue (NR) as sub-factors and levels of N viz. 0 (N0), 30 (N30), 60 (N60) and 90 (N90) kg N ha−1 as sub–sub factors in a castor–sorghum two-year rotation. On an average, CT maintained 30.4 and 57.0% higher grain yields of sorghum and castor, respectively, over MT. Between two residues, GL performed well in both the crops. The highest yields of sorghum (1425 kg ha−1) and castor (876 kg ha−1) were recorded at 90 kg N ha−1. CT maintained higher SYI of 0.44 compared to MT (0.38) and higher agronomic efficiency (AE) of 13.5 and 6.76 kg grain kg−1 N for sorghum and castor crop, respectively. Use of crop residue as mulch had an advantage in increasing the yield of both the crops with increase in rainfall under CT even without N application (control), probably by making the soil more receptive to water infiltration, better moisture storage and by reducing the evaporative losses. Using response functions, the optimum fertilizer N requirement was also computed for a given set of tillage and residue combinations. The revised optimum fertilizer N doses for sorghum and castor varied from 45 to 56 kg ha−1 and 46 to 74 kg ha−1, respectively, under different tillage and residue combinations and could be recommended depending upon the soil management practices.
Genetic susceptibility to malaria and other infectious diseases: from the MHC to the whole genome
Authors: Hill A. V. S.
Published: January 2013

There is substantial evidence that host genetic factors play a major role in determining the outcome of infection with many pathogens. Detailed analysis of malaria has identified twelve genes that affect susceptibility in various human populations. However, less attention has been paid to other major infectious diseases where twin studies have identified an important host genetic component to susceptibility. Recent progress in the analysis of the human genome offers exciting prospects for the mapping and identification of new susceptibility and resistance genes for common infectious diseases. Screening of the whole genome in affected sibling pair studies is now feasible by employing highly informative microsatellite markers. In addition, many polymorphic candidate genes have become available for analysis in case-control studies. It is proposed that these new genetic tools offer a powerful approach to the epidemiological analysis of many infectious diseases in humans and supersede traditional genetic approaches to identifying susceptibility genes in mouse models. Progress in characterizing the role of major histocompatibility genes in susceptibility to malaria and other infectious diseases is reviewed before outlining the methodologies for and progress in identifying non-MHC susceptibility genes.
Parasite identification, succession and infection pathways in perch fry (Perca fluviatilis): new insights through a combined morphological and genetic approach
Authors: BEHRMANN-GODEL JASMINCA
Published: January 2013

Identification of parasite species is particularly challenging in larval and juvenile hosts, and this hampers the understanding of parasite acquisition in early life. The work described here employs a new combination of methods to identify parasite species and study parasite succession in fry of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lake Constance, Germany. Classical morphological diagnostics are combined with sequence comparisons between parasite life-stages collected from various hosts within the same ecosystem. In perch fry at different stages of development, 13 different parasite species were found. Incomplete morphological identifications of cestodes of the order Proteocephalidea, and trematodes of the family Diplostomatidae were complemented with sequences of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase 1) and/or nuclear (28 s rDNA) genes. Sequences were compared to published data and used to link the parasites in perch to stages from molluscs, arthropods and more easily identifiable developmental stages from other fishes collected in Lake Constance, which both aided parasite identification and clarified transmission pathways. There were distinct changes in parasite community composition and abundance associated with perch fry age and habitat shifts. Some parasites became more abundant in older fish, whereas the composition of parasite communities was more strongly affected by the ontogenetic shifts from the pelagic to the littoral zone.
Religion and political form: Carl Schmitt's genealogy of politics as critique of Jürgen Habermas's post-secular discourse
Authors: CERELLA ANTONIO
Published: January 2013

Jürgen Habermas's post-secular account is rapidly attracting attention in many fields as a theoretical framework through which to reconsider the role of religion in contemporary societies. This work seeks to go beyond Habermas's conceptualisation by placing the post-secular discourse within a broader genealogy of the relationships between space, religion, and politics. Drawing on the work of Carl Schmitt, the aim of this article is to contrast the artificial separation between private and public, religious and secular, state and church, and the logic of inclusion/exclusion on which modernity was established. Revisiting this genealogy is also crucial to illustrating, in light of Schmitt's political theory, the problems underlying Habermas's proposal, emphasising its hidden homogenising and universalist logic in an attempt to offer an alternative reflection on the contribution of religious and cultural pluralism within Western democracies.
Postsecular revolution: religion after the end of history
Authors: BARBATO MARIANO
Published: January 2013

This article claims that the revolutions in the Arab world foster insight into more than the spread of liberalism. Fukuyama's end of history has not just reached the Muslim world faster than expected. These revolutions show that strong religion and liberal democracy are compatible: they are postsecular revolutions. As already the revolutions of 1989 proved in some respect, in contrast to the secular ideals of the French Revolution, revolution and religion can go hand in hand in a postsecular way. Praying and making revolution does not need to end in a religious autocracy as 1979 in Iran. Religious citizens stood up praying for democracy and the rule of law against secular regimes which legitimised themselves as a bulwark against sinister forces of religion. Analysing the revolutions of 1989, Jürgen Habermas speaks of ‘catching-up revolutions’ which brought nothing new to the course of history. Yet after 9/11 he started to develop his idea of a postsecular society in which secular and religious citizens are equally entitled to make their arguments in a public sphere. Criticising the early Habermas with the later, the article argues that the postsecular revolutions of 1989 and 2011 are preparing the ground for a postsecular democracy.
Civilisation, dialogue, security: the challenge of post-secularism and the limits of civilisational dialogue
Authors: BILGIN PINAR
Published: January 2013

The purposes of this article are twofold: (1) to consider the extent to which Dialogue of Civilisations (DoC) initiatives, as alternative visions of post-secular world order, are likely to address insecurities that they identify; and (2) to point to other insecurities that are likely to remain unidentified and unaddressed in the process. In their present conception, DoC initiatives risk falling short of addressing the very insecurities they prioritise (the stability of inter-state order) let alone attending to those experienced by non-state referents, which they overlook. The article advances three points in three steps. First, I point to how projects of civilisational dialogue have bracketed civilisation, thereby leaving intact the Huntingtonian notion of civilisations as religiously unified autochthonous entities. Second, I argue that while contributing to opening up space for communication, DoC initiatives have nevertheless failed to employ a dialogical approach to dialogue between civilisations. Third, I tease out the notion of security underpinning DoC initiatives and argue that the proponents DoC, in their haste to avert a clash, have defined security narrowly as the absence of war between states belonging to different civilisations. Theirs is also a shallow notion of security insofar as it fails to capture the derivative character of security and insecurity.
Outbreak investigation and case-control study: penta-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 associated with biltong in London in 2008
Authors: MINDLIN M. J. , LANG N. , MAGUIRE H. , WALSH B. , VERLANDER N. Q. , LANE C. , TAYLOR C. , BISHOP L. A. , CROOK P. D.
Published: January 2013

In August 2008 an outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 occurred in South West London. Sixteen cases were identified with a particular multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) pattern. In a matched case-control study 14 primary cases were included. These were defined as individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 isolated from a stool specimen, with a characteristic antibiotic resistance profile and MLVA pattern, and diagnosed in a local laboratory. Four controls per case were matched on age, gender and area of residence. Cases were 26 times more likely than controls to have eaten beef biltong, a South African speciality meat product (odds ratio 25·83, 95% confidence interval 4·92–135·59, P < 0·01). Although environmental investigation failed to identify Salmonella in the food product we conclude that beef biltong consumption led to this outbreak. This conclusion has importance in informing the ongoing risk assessment relating to uncontrolled foodstuffs.
Sampling methane in basalt on Earth and Mars
Authors: McMahon Sean , Parnell John , Blamey Nigel J.F.
Published: January 2013

If confirmed, the extremely low concentrations of methane (CH4) detected in the Martian atmosphere may represent reservoirs and emission processes that would normally be considered negligible on Earth. One such process is the release of ancient volatiles from fluid inclusions and interstitial sites in rocks and minerals during erosion or geothermal activity. Using a highly sensitive rock-crushing and mass-spectrometry technique previously shown to detect CH4 in serpentinites and hydrothermal mineral deposits, we have demonstrated that CH4 and other ancient volatiles can be recovered from basalt, the dominant rock type on the Martian surface. Basalt samples from a wide range of ages and geological systems were tested, all of which released CH4 when crushed. Oxidative weathering was associated with lower quantities of CH4. Otherwise, CH4 recoverability showed no relationship with age or geological context. Mineral veins, cross-cutting one locality were found to share the volatile composition of the basalt. In general, the results suggest that CH4-release from ancient basalts could be a significant process on Mars, which could be further investigated by Martian rovers using a similar rock-crushing and mass spectrometry technique in situ.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 is Essential for Spontaneous Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury and is a Key Mediator of Heat Acclimation Induced Neuroprotection
Authors: Umschweif Gali , Alexandrovich Alexander G , Trembovler Victoria , Horowitz Michal , Shohami Esther
Published: January 2013

Heat acclimation (HA), a well-established preconditioning model, confers neuroprotection in rodent models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It increases neuroprotective factors, among them is hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is important in the response to postinjury ischemia. However, little is known about the role of HIF-1α in TBI and its contribution to the establishment of the HA protecting phenotype. Therefore, we aimed to explore HIF-1α role in TBI defense mechanisms as well as in HA-induced neuroprotection. Acriflavine was used to inhibit HIF-1 in injured normothermic (NT) or HA mice. After TBI, we evaluated motor function recovery, lesion volume, edema formation, and body temperature as well as HIF-1 downstream transcription targets, such as glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), vascular endothelial growth factor, and aquaporin 4. We found that HIF-1 inhibition resulted in deterioration of motor function, increased lesion volume, hypothermia, and reduced edema formation. All these parameters were significantly different in the HA mice. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed reduced levels of all HIF-1 downstream targets in HA mice, however, only GLUT1 was downregulated in NT mice. We conclude that HIF-1 is a key mediator in both spontaneous recovery and HA-induced neuroprotection after TBI.
Alkenes, alkynes, dienes, polyenes
Authors: Tsuno Takashi
Published: January 2013

This chapter deals with the photochemistry of alkenes, alkynes, dienes, polyenes, and related compounds through a choice of the literature published during the period January 2010 — December 2011. Furthermore, recently many researchers are developing the photochemistry of these compounds for energy conversion, e.g. through nanotechnology applications, such as molecular devices, chemomechanics, molecular switches, etc. This chapter also covers the nanotechnology aspects that are based upon the utilization of isomerization/electrocyclization/cycloaddition reactions of the title compounds.
Organic aspects. Oxygen-containing functions
Authors: Consuelo Jiménez M. , Miranda Miguel A.
Published: January 2013

In this chapter, most of the reported work deals with the photochemistry of carbonyl compounds; however, the photoreactions of other functions, such as the photo-Claisen rearrangement or the photocleavage of cyclic ethers, are also included. In the present volume, time coverage is 2010–2011, and only original research articles are quoted. In general, reviews or purely theoretical calculations are not systematically included. As usually, the material is organized according to established types of reactions (e.g., Norrish I/II, hydrogen abstraction, Paternò-Büchi, photoelimination, photo-Fries/photo-Claisen, etc.). After presenting the basic photochemical aspects, more specific findings are reported. They include synthetic applications, stereoselectivity, and biological or technological implications. Next, the attention is focused on photochemical reactions in anisotropic media, including (micro)heterogeneous or supramolecular systems, solid matrixes or fully organized crystals. Finally, mechanistic studies based on direct experimental evidence are highlighted, especially when transient absorption spectroscopy or related ultrafast detection are employed.