bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The result of using Steriod during cardiopulmonary bypass in children undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Hai Doan Phuc , Huong Ha Mai , Dung Vuong Hoang
Published: December 2021

The results of steroid in pediatric after cardiac surgery with steroid during extracorporeal circulation.

 Objectives: Evaluating the clinical and laboratory characteristics in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery using steroid. Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial on 106 pediatric patients who underwent surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass at Hanoi Heart Hospital. Results: The rate of postoperative infection of the group using corticosteroids was 85.5%, the group not using corticosteroids was 96%. The rate of fever after surgery of the group using corticosteroids was 32.7%, the group not using corticosteroids was 35.3%. Troponin T concentration of group using corticosteroids was 1729.3 ± 1874.8 ng/L, group not using corticosteroids was 1855.0 ± 2658.0 ng/L. The time of mechanical ventilation and the time of recovery of the group using corticosteroids was 19.7 ± 23.6 hours and 61.8 ±

53.0 hours, the group not using corticosteroids was 19.8 ± 25.0 hours and 52 ,5 ± 39.1 hours. Conclusion: High-dose corticosteroids in this research did not cause adverse effects as mentioned in some studies, but did not bring any significant benefit to pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.
Küresel Salgında Türkiye’de Kadın Hakları: “Pandemi Döneminde Kadın Raporu” Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: YOLCU Tugba , SEZGİN Ayşe Aslı
Published: December 2021

Toplumsal alanda yaşanan eşitsizlikleri giderme noktasında dezavantajlı gruplar, insan hakları çalışmalarının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Kadınlar da sosyal ve siyasal yaşamdaki konumları itibari ile dezavantajlı gruplar kapsamında değerlendirilmekte ve insan haklarının temel konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Kadının toplumsal konumuna yönelik bu değerlendirme, olağanüstü süreçlerde daha çok ön plana çıkmaktadır. Aralık 2019’da başlayan Covid-19 Salgını tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan bu olağanüstü süreçlere yönelik en güncel örnektir. Kadınların bu süreçteki konumu da oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Pandemi sürecinde “evden çalışma” kültürüyle kamusal alanın özele taşınması, ev içindeki rollerde kadının özel ve kamusal alanı aynı anda sürdürmesine yönelik bir beklentiyi ortaya çıkartmıştır. Ayrıca, yeni normalin dijital yaşam alışkanlıklarını geliştirmeye başlaması, kadının bu ortamdaki konumunu da tartışmayı gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle, insan hakları metinleri, kadın konusu bağlamında incelenmiş, ardından Mayıs 2020’de İnsan Hakları Derneği tarafından yayınlanan Pandemi Döneminde Kadın Raporu, niteliksel metin analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, mevcut metinler aracılığında aktarılan içeriğe yönelik yapılan genel değerlendirmede, salgın günlerinde Türkiye’de kadının hakları konusunda vurgulanması gereken noktalara ilişkin öneriler sunulmuştur.
Investigating the Impact of Public Service Advertising on Blood Donation Intentions Under the Influence of Covid-19 Related Moderators
Authors: ÇAM Mehmet Safa
Published: December 2021

The objective of this research was to explore the role of Public Service Ads (PSAs) on blood donation decisions and the COVID-19 related mechanisms influencing the path to donation behavior. Although blood donation is shown as a form of behavior that is strongly motivated by emotional responses and altruistic behaviors, there are uncertainties in terms of difficulties that the donors experience during the pandemic period. A sample group consisting mostly of young people (N=189), received a self-administered questionnaire containing questions intended to clarify blood donation drives following exposure to a PSA stimulus. These factors comprised of the components for identification towards PSA characters, empathy, altruistic feelings towards blood donation behavior and donation intentions, and also pandemic related determinants. Regression-based analyzes were used to test the hypotheses, and the effects of COVID-19-derived factors on the blood donation process were investigated through moderator analysis. The results revealed that the empathy and identification levels towards PSA characters vary due to presenting whether the donor-type or the patient-type. No statistically significant results were found between the interactions of the risk of getting infected and altruistic feelings on blood donation intentions. However, it is concluded that pandemic fatigue significantly predicted the relationships between empathetic responses and altruistic feelings.
TRT Yayınlarının Hukukî Denetimi: Geçmişten Günümüze Bir İnceleme
Authors: BAYKAL Kemal Cem
Published: December 2021

Radyo ve televizyon kuruluşları özgür olmalı ancak bu özgürlüklerini kötüye kullanmamaları için katı olmayan bir hukukî denetime tâbi olmalıdırlar. Bu durum, özellikle liberal öğretinin bir uzantısı olan Toplumsal Sorumluluk Teorisi’nin bir ilkesidir. Bu çalışmada, betimleyici araştırma tekniği uygulanarak, kuruluşundan günümüze Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT) üzerindeki hukukî denetim yapısı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde, TRT’de hukukî denetim türlerinden ‘idarî denetim’e başvurulduğu görülmüştür. Merkezî yayın denetimi, iç hiyerarşik denetim şeklinde 1966 yılında başlamıştır. 1983 yılında 2954 sayılı Kanun’un yürürlüğe girmesiyle iç hiyerarşik denetime yeni bir katman eklenmiş ve TRT’ye ilk kez bir dış idarî denetleyici kurum tayin edilmiştir. Ancak, bu kurumun yetkilerinin sınırlı olması nedeniyle bu dönemde de TRT yayınlarının denetiminde önceki döneme nazaran büyük bir kırılma yaşanmamıştır. Asıl ciddi kırılma, özel yayıncılığın başlaması ile 1994 yılında RTÜK’ün kurulması ile gerçekleşmiştir. TRT, kendi iç hiyerarşik denetimine ek olarak, bağımsız bir idarî otorite konumunda bulunan RTÜK denetimine tâbi tutulmuştur. 2002 yılında bu uygulamadan vazgeçilmiş olsa da 2011 yılında TRT yayınları yeniden RTÜK tarafından denetlenmeye başlamıştır. Bu durumun yol açtığı en önemli sorun, 1994 yılından itibaren özel yayıncılar ile TRT’ye farklı yaptırımlar öngörülmesi ve yayıncılık alanının farklı aktörleri arasında eşitsizliğin ortaya çıkmasıdır.
Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Düzeyinin Yaşam Memnuniyetine Etkisi Üzerine Saha Araştırması
Authors: KALAFAT ÇAT Arzu , KOÇAK Mevlüt  Can , TOPRAK Özden
Published: December 2021

İletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler ve internet teknolojisinin medya araçlarına entegrasyonu ile yepyeni bir iletişim çağı başlamıştır. İnternet, zaman ve mekân mefhumunu ortadan kaldırırken iletişim paradigmasında ciddi dönüşümler meydana getirmiştir. Özellikle ikinci nesil web olarak tanımlanan web 2.0 teknolojisi ile topluluk temelli web siteleri olarak adlandırılan sosyal medya platformları hayatımıza girmiştir. Sosyal medyanın, çift yönlü iletişim ve etkileşim temelli bir yapı olmasının yanı sıra kullanıcı odaklı olması onu ayrıcalıklı kılmaktadır. Nitekim sosyal medyada kullanıcılar içerik üretme, paylaşma, yorum ve beğeni yapma, karşılıklı konuşma, topluluk oluşturma, bağlantılar oluşturma imkanına sahiptir. Günümüzde günlük yaşama dair pek çok pratik dijital medya platformları aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu durum sosyal medya platformlarının ve kullanıcı sayılarının her geçen gün artmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. 2021 yılı itibarıyla Dünya nüfusunun yarısından fazlasının (%53) sosyal medya kullanıcısı olduğu bilinmektedir. Popüler boş zaman etkinliği olarak görülen sosyal medya platformlarında kullanıcıların kontrolsüz ve gereğinden fazla zaman geçirilmesi sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyinin bireylerin yaşam memnuniyetleri üzerindeki etkisine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Diener, Emmons, Larsen ve Griffin (1985) tarafından geliştirilen “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği”nin (YDÖ) ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan sorularla katılımcıların medya kullanım alışkanlıkları ve sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda katılımcıların en fazla kullandıkları medya ortamının internet olduğu, kadın katılımcıların internet bağımlılık düzeylerinin erkek katılımcılardan yüksek olduğu, katılımcıların günlük ortalama sosyal medya kullanım süreleri arttıkça, sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin de arttığı ancak sosyal medya kullanım süresi ile yaşam doyum düzeyi arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Ontological Foundations of Cultural-Civilizational Antithetics in the Historical Process
Authors:   Institute for Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies СS MES RK(Almaty, Kazakhstan), Khamidov A.
Published: December 2021

The article presents the author’s interpretation of the old problem of the correlation between Culture and Civilization. According to this interpretation, from the very beginning of human History, within the Society as a whole, two opposite intentions took shape – one for the unlimited development of man and inter-human relations, and the other for the stabilization and conservation of what was achieved and tested. These intentions become tendencies, as a result of which two stable dimensions are formed in the public as a whole – the Sociality directed towards infinity and the finite and relatively self-contained Society. We can talk about the coexistence of socio-cultural and civilization-socium dimensions. These measurements are not reducible to each other and are not deducible from each other. At a certain stage of History, an ontological inversion occurs: the relationship between them is reversed. Since then, in History, the social dimension has dominated the social dimension. The latter is realized and exists under the multilayer strata of the structures of the former.
Dialogue of East and West on the Example of Arab-Muslim Сulture
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Altayev J. , Imanbayeva Zh. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: December 2021

The dialogue expresses the simultaneous coexistence of the past and the present, the preservation of continuity between them. The Arab-Muslim civilization, in its heyday, embodied the ideal of dialogue between East and West. The purpose of this study is to study the mechanisms of intercultural dialogue of the Eastern Renaissance era, analyze them for their application in the conditions of the modern globalized world. Islam played a key role in the formation and development of the Arab-Muslim civilization. Religion, along with philosophy and science, played the role of a connecting link in the spiritual and intellectual life of medieval Muslim society. Dialogue is possible when, in the collision of different cultural traditions, some new unifying knowledge is synthesized. The development of their own spiritual and religious movements as Sufism among the peoples of Central Asia conquered by the Arabs indicates that the Arab-Muslim culture was not limited to Islam. The peoples of the Arab Caliphate preserved and developed their distinctive cultural and religious traditions.
Oriental Elements of Russian Folk Speech and Folklore
Authors:   College of Nyiregyháza, Pascai I.
Published: December 2021

This study analyses the Eastern character of the Russian folklanguage and folklore which connected whith the character of national mentality. The cultural contacts of Russian people with the Turkish and Finno-Ugrian people in the Volga basin were presented by N. S.Troubetzkoy (1927) who formed the new theory-from Russian culture. Our scientific investigation of the Russian folklanguage and folklore is motivated by the works, which demonstrated the insufficiency of this domain. The results of our comparative investigation prove the Eastern traits of Russian folklanguage and folklore, namely, we discovered the parallel structures in the Eastern languages and folklore.
The Importance of Tradition and Value Orientations in the Realization of Spiritual Rebirth
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies СS MES RK, Zhanabayeva D. , Kanagatov M. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Аlmaty, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes how important traditions and value orientations are as influencing factors in the work carried out on the basis of the "Rukhani Zhagyru" program. Guided by the theoretical foundations of renewal, the authors focused on the originality of renewal in the conditions of modern Kazakhstan and describe the impact of various historical changes of the last century on the consciousness of modern society. It is important that the traditions and values which are important in the course of spiritual modernization were formed in accordance with the national consciousness and proceeded from the sources of spirituality of the Kazakh people of the past epochs. Only guided by such a position, Kazakh society can give birth to systemic cultural values, combining genuine renewal with spiritual revival. It is important to characterize the possibility of renewal of national values from the cultural and anthropological point of view and consider the importance of the place of historical sources and national literary relics in their socio-philosophical substantiation. At the same time, the focus on the issues of implementation of the state programme, its beneficial impact and the importance of considering national values in the modernization of the cultural sphere increases the value of scientific concepts related to spiritual modernization.
A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF LANGUAGE ECOLOGY AND LANGUAGE POLICY IN POST-SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA
Authors:   Indiana University, Bloomington, USA, Fierman W.
Published: December 2021

In the late Soviet era, the domains of use of languages were largely a function of ethnic groups’ status in the Soviet administrative hierarchy. Russian was at the top; below it were the eponymous languages of the non-Russian 14 “Union Republics;” all other languages were used in relatively narrow sets of domains. The “Union Republic languages” included five in Central Asia-- Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek. These languages’ use in fewer domains than most other Union Republic languages profoundly affected their expansion into new domains after 1991. Two other factors affecting this primarily rooted in the Soviet era were the ethnic composition of the republics upon the USSR’s collapse and their populations’ language repertoires. In addition to these “Soviet heritage factors,” language policy and ecology have also been shaped by each country’s nation building project, its international orientation, the nature of its political system, and its economic resources. Russian today remains more widely used in high prestige domains in Central Asia than in all other former Soviet republics except Belarus. However, Russian is less used in a wide variety of domains in Central Asia than it is in “autonomous” units of the former RSFSR.
Cultural and Philosophical Analysis of Interethnic
Authors:   L.N.Gumilyev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Zhalelova G. , Rakimzhanova S. ,   Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Mukhanbetkaliev Y. ,   K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

In a globalized society, the issue of interethnic relations is one of the most important human relations. The article identifies the foundations of interethnic relations in Kazakhstan and focuses on its cultural and philosophical aspects. Scientific analysis is carried out, studying the peculiarities of interethnic relations in modern society. A special place in this article is given to the study of national issues, the relationship of ethnicity with other social actors. The culture of interethnic relations is defined, its historical character and values are studied.
PEDAGOGY OF RELIGION AND SOCIALIZATION
Authors:   Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey, Mailan Y. , Okumuslar M. ,   Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
Published: December 2021

Many religions aim to organize social life. While social rules that individuals must obey are accepted as a part of religion, transferring these rules to individuals is also accepted as the duty of religious education. Because the task of religious education is to teach not only the theological and metaphysical aspects of religion but also the rules of moral and social behavior. Having a healthy social life, creating a sense of national unity and solidarity, contributing to social peace, learning social ethics and values mostly depends on the religious education they receive. At this point, non-formal and formal religious education institutions, which are the most effective institutions for individuals to acquire the right attitudes and behaviors, become more important. For this reason, it is important to examine the contribution and effect of religious education on social life scientifically.
Mobile Security and Penetration Testing
Authors: Makadia Harsh , Kotadia Jainish
Published: December 2021

This document offers data involving mobile security exploitation penetration testing. Compared to desktop computers the expansion of mobile devices is tremendous in this years. Mobile de- vices are integrated into daily activities of people’s life. Mobile Applications became a part of our daily lives in order that virtually each internet or desktop application may be executed from a smartphone i.e. social networking, online banking, gaming applications and many others. This document also includes about different types of Mobile security threats, Types of penetration testing, Phases of penetrating testing, Principles of testing and Security risk assessment model. Due to the expansion of mobile devices now a days, it opens vast scope for attackers to steal sensitive information or to perform other kinds of attacks on these devices . The main purpose is to know the vulnerability and technics that ac- customed to find vulnerabilities in mobile applications. In the paper we have studied differing kinds of security risks concerned in mobile devices and mobile applications and regarding varied defensive mechanism to stop these security risk in mobile devices.
A Study on Effectiveness of Training Programme for Intermediaries in Ing Vysya Life Insurance, Madurai
Authors: Durga M.
Published: December 2021

The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfil. These are concerned with the determination of change in the staff behaviour and the change needed in the organizational structure. Hence evaluation of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved. Training as the process of developing skills, Habits, Knowledge and attitudes in employees for the purpose of increasing effectiveness of employees in their present positions as well as preparing employees for future positions in organization Purpose of current research is a Evaluation Effectiveness of training courses in Islamshahr University by Kirkpatrick Model. The study is an applied one and the data collection method has been descriptive. The statistical population consisted of personnels, Managers and teachers. The data was collected through the application of sampling, questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used in order to measure the main indicators of effectiveness Evaluation of training courses. Research findings show that effectiveness of training courses is below the standard level. also data gathered about effectiveness evaluation indicated that reaction, le arning, behaviour and organizational levels need to be improved. The study showed that the effectiveness evaluation in the subject centre needed to be improved through implementation of optimizing training design, redefining training roles, providing enough budget, management commitment, attention to individual, job and organizational needs, motivation mechanism, use of ongoing and summative evaluation.
REVIEW ARTIKEL : TANAMAN YANG MEMILIKI AKTIVITAS ANTI-ULSER DI ASIA
Authors: Azzahra Nabila Putri , Apriali1 Kirka Dwi , Febriana Lika Ginanti
Published: December 2021

Pendahuluan: Obat-obatan herbal dapat berpotensi tinggi dalam menangani berbagai penyakit termasuk tukak lambung karena dinilai lebih aman dan nyaman. Tukak atau ulser lambung merupakan gangguan pada lambung akibat ketidakseimbangan faktor agresif (sekresi asam lambung, pepsin, dan infeksi Helicobacter pylori) dengan faktor defensif (prostaglandin, mukus, bikarbonat, aliran darah mukosa, dan sel epitel intrisnik).

Metode: Metode yang digunakan yaitu studi tinjauan pustaka yang dilakukan dengan mencari kata kunci seperti peptic ulcer disease, tanaman herbal, anti-tukak lambung dan lain-lain pada basis data berupa PubMed dan Google Scholar.

Hasil: Dari hasil tinjauan pustaka, diperoleh 29 tanaman obat di Asia dengan potensi aktivitas anti-ulser yang dapat mencegah dan membantu mengobati tukak lambung. Tabel tanaman obat disusun berdasarkan analisis fitokimia, bagian yang digunakan, serta negara tempat tanaman berasal.

Kesimpulan: Tanaman yang berpotensi dalam mencegah dan membantu menyembuhkan tukak lambung yang tersebar di Asia diantaranya memiliki kandungan fitokimia flavonoid, tanin, polifenol, alkaloid, glikosida, terpenoid, saponin dengan berbagai mekanisme yaitu gastroprotektif, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, anti-sekretori, anti-Helicobacter pylori, dan astringen.
Dante
Authors: Carracchia Francesco
Published: December 2021

Oggi, nell’anno del Signore 2021, a 700 anni dalla morte del sommo Dante Alighieri, ci si chiede: “Perché un’opera letteraria come la Divina Commedia, cambiati tempi e costumanze, continua, dopo circa settecento anni, ancora ad affascinare?” Affascinare non solo poeti, letterati, artisti ma, incredibilmente, anche i fotografi, che “scrivono con la luce”, come dice l’etimologia, ciò che essi guardano. L’immagine fotografica può essere usata in senso metaforico per illustrare, interpretare, commentare, oggi, la Divina Commedia? La risposta non può essere che affermativa, poiché Dante Alighieri ha scritto degli eterni interrogativi dell’uomo: la tristezza, la violenza, l’avarizia… ma anche la bellezza, la santità, l’amore e così di seguito. E Francesco Carracchia, medico e fotografo, si è messo alla prova con le sue immagini, che ritraggono situazioni fortemente simboliche oltre che di notevole impatto espressivo. La Divina Commedia è un “racconto” in versi. La novità, grazie alla nuova Musa della fotografia, è stata di usare immagini fotografiche che rispecchiano il mondo attuale.
Grandezza e drammi nella letteratura italiana
Authors: Lauriello Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

l volume non vuole essere una storia della letteratura italiana né un suo commento critico ma pone semplicemente l’accento su alcuni richiami di medicina e di psicologia riscontrabili negli autori e nei personaggi che tale storia descrive. Nelle sue redazioni tali aspetti spesso sono appena accennati, poco approfonditi, laddove a volte illuminano, mettono meglio in risalto la personalità di uno scrittore o di un poeta, offrono dettagli inusitati ma che valgono a lumeggiare aspetti e contorni rimasti in penombra, ad arricchire di più tessere il mosaico di un carattere, di un temperamento, di quelle doti cioè che maggiormente delucidano ed affinano la figura di un letterato.Nel saggio sono tratteggiati i profili di 15 grandi autori del nostro panorama letterario, nonché le interpretazioni scientifiche di tre versi presenti nel poema dantesco: “Era già l’ora che volge il disio”, “Fatti non foste a viver come bruti” e “Come sa di sale lo pane altrui”. Di questi autori sono delineate le silhouettes comportamentali, i contesti ambientali, lo psichismo individuale, l’impulso istintivo, nella convinzione di aver aggiunto alcuni passaggi alle loro vicissitudini biografiche.
La Scuola di Salerno e la sua Chirurgia
Authors: Lauriello Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

“Il Post Mundi Fabricam di Ruggiero salernitano”, “La chirurgia di emergenza nella Salerno medievale”, “Chirurgia salernitana e sedazione del dolore”, “La traumatologia cranica di Ruggiero”, “I chirurghi salernitani e la lussazione dell’osso del collo”, “Gli unguenti vulnerari di di Ruggiero” , “La sofferenza e il dolore nelle leggende e nella terapeutica della Scuola medica salernitana” , “Sull’uso dei lombrichi nella chirurgia salemitana delle ferite”, “La miniatura didattica nella chirurgia di Rolando”, “Chirurgia toracica del XIII secolo: trattamento di un caso di prolasso del polmone”, “La Scuola Medica Salernitana e il cancro”sono i capitoli del volume. Le origini della Scuola Medica Salernitana sono antichissime ma quando se ne parla raramente si accenna alla chirurgia, la cui nascita precede quella delle altre pratiche mediche, in quanto il trattamento delle ferite, delle emorragie esterne o la trapanazione del cranio sono stati, senza dubbio, i primi interventi in cui l'uomo si è cimentato fin dall'inizio della sua storia.
I testi anatomici della Scuola Medica Salernitana
Authors: Lauriello Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

La dissezione anatomica è pietra miliare della conoscenza medica e specchio fedele della sua evoluzione scientifica. Nei secoli d’oro della Scuola Medica Salernitana la dissezione del corpo tra divieti, pregiudizi, filosofia e teologia mostra le radici della nascita di una scienza empirica, che necessita della dissezione del corpo umano, atto ritenuto un vero e proprio tabù. Indietro in quel tempo ci guida Giuseppe Lauriello, clinico e studioso della Scuola Medica Salernitana, di cui ha illustrato i fasti in tante valide pubblicazioni e a cui si aggiunge questo interessante testo che analizza due dissezioni: “Anatomia porci ex Cophonis libro” e la “Demonstratio anatomica et codice salernitano descripta”, che risalgono entrambe al XII secolo d.C., anche se cronologicamente distanti tra loro. Nel volume sono riportati il testo latino e la sua originale traduzione, attenta alla fedeltà della parola ma capace di renderla comprensibile a chi si occupa di discipline sanitarie, nel rispetto di una finalità didattica analoga a quella degli antichi autori. La trattazione dei due testi è preceduta da un’accurata premessa storica, dalla filosofia aristotelica ai dettami di Galeno.
Legacies of Slavery and their Enduring Harms
Authors: Gill Scherto R.
Published: January 2022

This article provides a much needed inquiry into the legacy of slavery from an interdisciplinary perspective, including the historical, socioeconomic, political, and the epistemic. It makes an important distinction between the legacy of slavery and its persisting damages. By investigating this legacy’s effects on peoples, communities, and societies, it highlights the imperative of situating the pains and sufferings of historical traumas within contemporary structural oppression and institutional discrimination that have perpetuated these harms. The article consists of four sections: it first outlines the legacy of slavery, comprised in instrumentalizing black bodies for economic gains, employing political aggression to colonize both lands and minds, applying racialized discourse to demean and dehumanize, and oppressing people of African descent through structural violence. It then discusses the legacy’s injuries as transgenerational and cultural traumas, and how these wounds are experienced by the relevant communities. The third section focuses on racism as a significant harm, analyzing different forms of racism (internalized, interpersonal, and institutional) as interconnected and mutually reinforcing. To conclude, this article considers challenges in addressing the legacy of slavery and puts forward tentative ideas for collective healing.
The Impact of the Merchant’s Confession in the Development of Business Law during the Siglo de Oro: the Casuistic Approach of Tomàs de Mercado and Martin de Azpilcueta to Commercial Law.
Authors: Audemar Alexis
Published: December 2021

In 16th century Spain, the confessor and the merchant had a privileged relationship, resulting from the new economic practices induced by the Great Discoveries. The merchant must, for the salvation of his soul, engage in commercial activity in accordance with Christian morality. Through confession, the confessor provides legal and theological advices necessary to achieve this purpose, but also judges the morality of his penitent by deciding whether or not to absolve him. Therefore, the confessor must know both the Christian moral precepts designed to govern business life, and the institutions of civil law used in business practice. An issue raised by the penitent is a case of conscience, which the confessor must resolve by formulating a moral resolution. This resolution could be a certain or only a probable one, and therefore subject to debate against other probable opinions. These resolutions were then incorporated among others into the casuistic literature that was to be diffused throughout Europe for the use of both confessors and penitents.
Halfway Between Byzantium and Serbia: Marriage Provisions of the Second Žiča Charter .
Authors: Ristić Milica
Published: December 2021

Marking the eight hundred years anniversary of the adoption of the Žiča Charter issued by Stefan Prvovjenčani is more than a good reason to closely examine the provisions of this Charter. If we think about the historical and political context of that time, it becomes clear that the Žiča Charter provides direct information on the formative processes of the Serbian state and church. Žiča was not only the seat of the new Serbian archdiocese, but also had a central role in building the cult of the Nemanjić dynasty and especially of Stefan Prvovjenčani as its first king. The Žiča Charter, one of the oldest Serbian legal monuments, represents the determination of the first Serbian king to create a powerful Serbian state and strengthen the Serbian Orthodox Church, which would be the base of the political and legal program not only for Stefan Prvovjenčani, but also for his successors. This is reminiscent of the „symphony doctrine” that was copied from Byzantium, and in that copying, no branch of law, including marriage law, was spared. The most important part of this Charter are definitely the norms dedicated to marital law, which show that general political tendencies had a huge impact on private law too. Many legal transplants such as the prohibition of arbitrary divorce, the prohibition of kidnaping as a way of separating spouses or dowry institutions have caused radical changes in Serbian marital law; however, they were not immune to transformations under the influence of customary law and attitudes of the society of medieval Serbia. It once again proves the thesis of professor Alan Watson who claimed that legal transplants have their own, independent life in the law system that accepted them. When it comes to Serbian medieval law, that life started very early. The influence of Roman-Byzantine and canon law was already felt in the Nomokanon of Sveti Sava, and then in the Žiča Charter; in later regulations of Serbian medieval law this influence becomes quite obvious. The main topic of this paper will be the process of legal transplantation in marital law from the Byzantine Empire to Serbia and the author will also try to discover and explain certain regularities and deviations in that process. Тhe analysis of the marital provisions of the Žiča Charter is naturally imposed here as a starting point.
Role of systemic inflammatory markers (biomarkers) as important prognostic factors for survival in head and neck cancer
Authors: Sumana Maiti Das , Singh Dharmendra , Bose Anjana , Das Siddhartha , Neena Prasad S , Dastidar Aloke Ghosh
Published: December 2021

Introduction and Aim: Cancer related inflammation is recognized as a critical multifaceted player in tumour initiation and progression. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are important markers of systemic inflammatory burden in malignancy. The present retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of pre-treatment baseline (NLR) and (PLR) for survival in HNC patients.

 

Materials and Methods: Analysis of data of 257 patients with head and neck cancer treated with definitive therapy over 3.5 yrs. Neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts before treatment of all patients were collected and NLR and PLR were calculated.

 

Results: Median value of NLR and PLR were 3.7 and 170.63 respectively. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis showed the predictive cut-off value of NLR and PLR as 3.9 and 158.3. Univariate analysis using Cox-regression model showed NLR (p < 0.001) and PLR (p = 0.001) significantly influenced the locoregional recurrence free survival (LRRFS) and overall survival (OS). The multivariate analysis showed NLR is the independent prognostic factors influencing LRRFS (p = 0.007) and OS (p = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival curve (Log rank test; Chi-square (?2) value) showed OS is significantly influenced by NLR group (LRRFS; ?2 = 23.9 and OS; ?2 = 33.7) and PLR group (LRRFS; ?2 = 11.2 and OS; ?2 = 19.3) in contrast to LRRFS.

 

Conclusion: NLR can be strongly used as biomarker for prognostication for outcome and survival in head neck cancer. However, a well-designed, larger studies with longer follow-up is warranted.
Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antiplatelet potential of Rhus mysorensis
Authors: Azam Ghouseul , Jayanna Sathisha G. , Nelliankla Anitha , Boraiah Vasanthraj , Hanumegowda Sujatha M. , Sannaningaiah Devaraja , Vijendra Poornima D. , Kumar Vadlapudi , Mahmood Riaz
Published: December 2021

Since ancient times human beings are using plant-based medicines for the treatment of various ailments, especially in the rural areas, due to their availability and affordability. Rhus mysorensis (RM) is widely used as a traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Owing to its potential medicinal value, the present study was designed to explore the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties of purified column fraction of RM.
The methanol extract of stem bark powder was sequentially fractioned by solvent partitioning. The liquid methanol fraction was further fractionated by column chromatography using gradient elution. Eluted fractions were analyzed using HPLC for percentage purity and yield. The fraction with higher percentage of purity and yield was assessed for in vitro antioxidant activity by measuring SOD and GPx activities, anti-inflammatory activity by the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells, anticoagulation by plasma recalcification time and antiplatelet activity by agonists induced platelet aggregation respectively.
The antioxidant potency of column fraction (B8) revealed that, highest enzyme activities were recorded at a concentration of 320µg/ml. The enzyme activity was found to be 2.45 U/ml for SOD and 135.75 U/L for GPx respectively. Purified column fraction (B8) of RM significantly reduces the production of NO in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cell lines at 320????g/ml concentration with 31.90% of inhibition. The anticoagulant activity of purified fraction was determined in terms of plasma recalcification time. Interestingly, the fraction showed the most potent anticoagulant activity both in PRP and PPP as it prolonged the clotting time.
The findings indicate that the stem bark of RM possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities, supporting the use of this species for treating oxidative stress-induced inflammatory diseases. Further, bioactivity guided fractionation studies to characterize and identify specific phytochemicals responsible for these biological activities are needed.
COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Yaşadıkları Mental Sorunlar
Authors: ÖZAYDIN Özlem , GÜDÜK Özden
Published: December 2021

The epidemic of COVID-19, which started in Wuhan province of China and rapidly turned into a pandemic worldwide, affected all individuals in the society in different directions and levels. Depression, anxiety, stress and sleep disorders are among the mental problems experienced by healthcare workers during the epidemic. These problems not only affect the mental state and well-being of the employees negatively, but also affect their job satisfaction and quality service delivery. The purpose of this study to examine the mental problems affecting health workers, what factors affecting these problems, and what mental health support approaches can be done for health workers in cases of epidemics. Accordingly, a detailed literature review was made and published studies on the subject were compiled. It is inevitable that health managers will work to strengthen the workers mentally. Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, medical workers, mental problems, anxiety, depression.
Factors affecting the performance of South African municipal officials: stakeholders’ perspectives
Authors: Masiya Tyanai , Davids Yul Derek , Mangai Mary S
Published: December 2021

Since the inception of the democratically elected post-apartheid government, South Africa has experienced growing numbers of protests about inadequate provision of basic municipal services. Recent studies have revealed that the poor performance of municipal officials contributes towards poor municipal service delivery. This article is based on a study which used qualitative key stakeholder interviews to analyse the performance of South African municipal officials, specifically in the delivery of services. It found that the following inter-related factors were responsible for the lack of performance: an unsupportive institutional environment, negative power struggles, over-regulation, political interference, a tense and bureaucratic environment, lack of coherent management systems, absence of a culture of excellence, poor skill utilisation, poor oversight mechanisms, weak capacity to engage in collaborations, and lack of trust between councillors from different political parties. The study concludes that for South African municipalities to meet their constitutional obligations to deliver optimal basic services to the people, the government must, inter alia, invest in building the capacity of municipal officials through the development of skills and other crucial local government interventions and transformations. The municipalities should also depoliticise local government and promote non-partisan appointment of municipal officials.
The nexus between the traditional system of governance and the local government system in Karamoja, Uganda
Authors: Obonyo Jimmy Francis , Muhumuza William
Published: December 2021

In the 1990s several countries in Africa adopted decentralisation policy reforms that coincided with a renewed interest in traditional institutions. This development has since sparked an intense debate on the compatibility of traditional systems of governance with decentralisation. The present article documents a case study conducted in Uganda’s Karamoja sub-region, a stronghold of traditionalism despite local government reforms. It concludes that although the traditional system of governance could help to link local communities with the modern local government system, the two structures have not been harmonised. Instead, they run on parallel and contradictory paths, which has had negative consequences for local governance and service delivery. The paper advocates blending the two to form a hybrid system in which they complement each other rather than being a source of conflict.
First Record of Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Dujardin, 1845) Moravec, 1987 in Cultured Grass Carp in Basrah Province, Iraq
Authors: Jassim Abdul Amer
Published: December 2021

A total of 110 specimens of cultured grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Pisces: Cyprinidae) were collected from three different fish pond stations in Basrah province, during the period from March till July 2007. Postmortem parasitological examinations indicated infection of the grass carp with the nematode Pseudocapillaria tomentosa and this infection occurred only in Faddak fish ponds during all months of investigation. The maximum incidence of infection was 26.6% in April, while the maximum intensity of infection was 8.5 in June. The present finding of this nematodes represents its first record in Iraqi fishes.
Arquitectura y anatomía foliar de Chrysophyllum cainito L. y comparación con otras especies de la familia sapotaceae
Authors: Mar-Jiménez Ricardo , Vargas-Simón Georgina
Published: December 2021

Chrysophyllum cainito es un árbol frutal originario de Panamá, que a pesar de su importancia alimenticia y medicinal, existen pocos trabajos sobre su anatomía foliar. Se realizó una colecta de hojas en Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, y en el laboratorio se aplicaron las técnicas histológicas tradicionales para estudiar la arquitectura y anatomía foliar. En las muestras se identificó el patrón de venación y se determinó el grosor de la epidermis abaxial y adaxial, mesófilo, tipo y tamaño de los estomas, frecuencia estomática y se identificaron los tricomas, así como los tejidos de la nervadura central. La arquitectura foliar de esta especie es similar en algunas características a la de C. rufum y Manilkara spp. en cuanto a que son broquidódromas como la primera y que presentan venas intersecundarias y terciarias dispuestas al azar como las segundas. Se encontraron coincidencias en la forma rectangular de las células epidérmicas de este estudio con C. cainito nigeriano y C. rufum. Los estomas paracíticos son peculiares sólo en las hojas de C. cainito analizadas y en la especie tailandesa. La nervadura principal de C. cainito se considera bicolateral en un arco cerrado análogo con C. cainito tailandés. Así mismo, en este trabajo se identificaron coincidencias con las especies de la familia Sapotaceae a la que pertenece, como son la presencia de una capa epidérmica uniestratificada, hojas hipoestomáticas, cristales de oxalato de calcio, y tricomas tectores y ramificados (en “T”) ubicados en la superficie abaxial. Se aportaron nuevos atributos tales como el espesor de la epidermis, tamaño de los estomas, frecuencia estomática y detalles de la nervadura central.
Una alta diversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares influye en la absorción de cadmio y crecimiento vegetal del cacao
Authors: Vallejos-Torres Geomar , Ruíz-Valles Rubén , Chappa-Santa María César E. , Gaona-Jiménez Nery , Marín César
Published: December 2021

El cadmio (Cd) en el suelo es un problema en las plantaciones de cacao en el Perú. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la diversidad de hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) provenientes de diferentes provincias de la Amazonía peruana en la absorción de cadmio y en el crecimiento vegetativo del cacao en condiciones de vivero. Se inocularon semillas germinadas con diferentes especies de HMA, a razón de 1500 esporas, en sustratos constituidos por un volumen de arena media y dos volúmenes de tierra agrícola, con adición de dos niveles de Cd (0 y 5 mg·kg-1). Se evaluaron la altura de planta y área foliar, colonización y micelio de HMA; asimismo, se cuantificó el metal en el suelo y en los tallos de los plantones de cacao. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo bifactorial con ocho tratamientos y ocho réplicas por tratamiento, analizado mediante ANOVA y prueba de medias de Tukey. Los resultados indicaron que las especies de HMA del consorcio de la provincia Mariscal Cáceres, promovieron una mayor altura de planta y área foliar, mientras que las especies del consorcio de Lamas, presentaron mayor reducción de Cd en suelo y tallos. Por lo tanto, la diversidad de especies de HMA asociadas a plantas de cacao podría considerarse una herramienta potencial para inmovilizar el Cd y mejorar el crecimiento en plantas de cacao.
Makna Teologi Istirahat Dan Perkembanganya Dalam Kitab-Kitab Kanonik
Authors: Budhi Samgar Setia
Published: December 2021

Theology of Rest emerged when scholars became interested in research on the sabbath. This is because the understanding of Jews, Christians and some Christian factions have different views on the meaning of the Sabbath. Although the debate over the legality of the Sabbath has reached a point where it depends on the meaning believed by each of these groups, it is necessary to conduct research on the basic meaning of the Sabbath and its development in canonical books. Thus, the theology of rest is built not only on a cultural basis, but on the revelation of God's Word. Topical analysis and intertextual texts will shed light on the basic meaning and development of the idea of the Sabbath in building a theology of rest. Finally, a theological formulation of the rest (sabbath) is based on careful analysis of biblical texts.
Aeolian transportation mechanics and mass movement of surficial beach sands – a case study on Bendi-BaruvaMineral Sand Deposit, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Mukherjee Souradeep , Rao Dr. A. Yugandhara
Published: December 2021

Surficial sediment transportation studies carried out in the beach zone of Bendi-Baruva mineral sand deposit show that sand grains are transported by wind (saltation and suspension) beyond the high water line. The sand population of the study area contains heavy mineral sands (~20%) like ilmenite, garnet and sillimanite which covers 95% of the heavy mineral distribution with subordinate amounts of monazite, rutile, and zircon whereas light mineral sands (~80%) contain mostly quartz. Due to the sorted nature of these beach and dune sands the whole spectra falls within a specific range of grain size which shows a bi-modal distribution, primary mode at 0.025cm and secondary at 0.015cm. Due to this variation in density and grain size, mass of these sand particles vary resulting in differential transportation in any energy regime. In the study area, on the beach near the frontal dunes, surficial concentration of garnet grains are observed in patches having an average thickness 0.2cm i.e. around ten times of the dominant grain diameter. This surficial enrichment of garnet grains resting on a semi-uniform sand surface is the result of differential transportation of the dominant mineral grains. As more than 80% of the grain size population show a dominant grain size of 0.025cm, the wind flow parameters for the whole population is standardized with mean grain diameter (D) of 0.025cm. Mass of dominant individual minerals arrived from the grain counting technique was tallied with the theoretical mass considering spherical shape of the grains indicates a difference of mass to be within 5%. For ease of calculation and generalization the grains were considered to be spherical and their theoretical masses were taken into consideration in calculations. Considering the whole spectra of mineralogical distribution, a theoretical mass group distribution for dominant different minerals of different dominant grain sizes were formulated and total six mass groups were identified. Because quartz (~80%), ilmenite, sillimanite and garnet (together ~20%) are the most abundant, their positions were identified specifically in the theoretical mass groups and only these are considered for further discussion. To analyse wind velocity and pressure at different heights from the surface, a sediment trap was fabricated using piezo-electric sensors. A tail was attached to orient the device parallel to the wind flow so that the piezo surfaces always face the wind flow at 900 angle. The device records pressure data and converts those into voltage. Using the velocity data, macroscopic physical quantities of aeolian transportation were calculated for the study area, which empirically show the effect of mass in differential transportation of the dominant minerals that gives rise to these surficial garnet patches.