bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dental hygienists and dentists: clinical and teledentistry identification of dental caries in children
Authors: Daniel SJ , Kumar S
Published: June 2016

Rationale for Study

Teledentistry is an effective and efficient means of increasing access to care for screening, referral and treatment. Practice restrictions and the undocumented concern that dental hygienists do not have the skill or knowledge to identify or diagnose a carious lesion impede access to care.

Purpose

This study compared the identification of dental caries by both dental hygienists and dentists and by both clinical and teledentistry methods.

Methods

A sample of 82 children 4–7 years of age attending an elementary school in Memphis, Tennessee, was selected for the study. Two clinical examiners, a dental hygienist and dentist, independently examined and charted dental caries and existing restorations separately on the children. Two teledentistry examiners, a dental hygienist and dentist, independently reviewed and charted dental caries and restorations from photographs obtained with the iPhone 4S. Dental charts for each child were converted to a decayed filled surface (DFS) score resulting in four scores for analyses.

Results

Seventy‐eight children met the inclusion criteria. The clinical dentist's and clinical dental hygienist's DFS scores resulted in Spearman's correlation of r = 0.99. Friedman's analysis of the four examiners' DFS scores found no significant difference (P > 0.10) between the teledentistry dental hygienist's and the clinical dentist's scores.

Conclusions

A dental hygienist can identify dental caries in children 4–7 years of age from photographs as accurately as a dentist in the clinical setting.
Microcomputed tomographic evaluation of canal transportation and centring ability of ProTaper Next and Twisted File Adaptive systems
Authors: Silva E. J. N. L. , Pacheco P. T. , Pires F. , Belladonna F. G. , De‐Deus G.
Published: June 2016

Aim

To evaluate canal transportation and centring ability of ProTaper Next (PTN) and Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) systems using microcomputed tomographic (micro‐CT) imaging.

Methodology

Twenty isthmus‐containing mesial roots of mandibular molars were anatomically matched based on similar morphological dimensions using micro‐CT evaluation (resolution of 14.25 μm) and assigned to two experimental groups (n = 10) according to the system used for root canal preparation: PTN and TFA groups. Then, the specimens were scanned again and the matched images of the mesial canals, before and after preparation, were examined at three cross‐section levels (3, 5 and 7 mm from the apical end of the root) to analyse canal transportation and centring ratio. Independent‐samples t‐test was used to compare canal transportation and centring ratio between the groups. All statistical procedures were performed with a significance level set at 5%.

Results

Root canals prepared with either PTN or TFA systems had similar canal transportation and centring ratios at all levels (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

PTN and TFA had similar results regarding canal transportation and centring ability.
Establishing a rat model for the study of vitamin K deficiency
Authors: Mi Yanni , Xiao Xue , Liu Dongzheng , Ping Nana , Zhu Yanbing , Li Bo , Long Lihui , Cao Yongxiao
Published: June 2016

The main vitamin K‐deficient model, minidose warfarin, is different from the pathological mechanism of vitamin K deficiency, which is a shortage of vitamin K. The objective of this study was to establish a new method of vitamin K‐deficient model combining a vitamin K‐deficient diet with the intragastrical administration of gentamicin in rats. The clotting was assayed by an automated coagulation analyser. The plasma PIVKA‐II was assayed by ELISA. The vitamin K status was detected by an HPLC‐fluorescence system. In the diet‐ and gentamicin‐induced vitamin K‐deficient 14‐day group, the rats had undetected vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in the liver and a prolonged APTT. In the 21‐day group, there was also a prolonged PT and a decrease of the FIX activities. In the 28‐day group, the undetected vitamin K1 and vitamin K2, the prolonged PT and APTT, and the decrease of the FII, FVII, FIX, and FX activities prompted the suggestion that there were serious deficiencies of vitamin K and vitamin K‐dependent coagulation in rats. It is suggested that the diet‐ and gentamicin‐induced vitamin K‐deficient 14‐day or 21‐day model can be used for studies related to the status of vitamin K. The vitamin K‐deficient 28‐day model can be applied to research involving both the status of vitamin K and of vitamin K‐dependent coagulation. In conclusion, the combination of a vitamin K‐deficient diet with the administration of gentamicin results in a useful model of vitamin K‐deficieny.
Androgen receptor splice variant 7 in castration‐resistant prostate cancer: Clinical considerations
Authors: Bryce Alan H , Antonarakis Emmanuel S
Published: June 2016

Constitutively‐active ligand‐independent splice variants of the androgen receptor are an adaptive response by prostate cancer cells to escape androgen deprivation therapy and novel androgen receptor‐directed treatments. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 is the most common splice variant detected in clinical biospecimens, and emerging data now suggest that the presence of tumoral androgen receptor splice variant 7 might be indicative of primary and acquired resistance to next‐generation androgen pathway inhibitors, such as abiraterone and enzalutamide. At the same time, taxane chemotherapy might retain its efficacy regardless of androgen receptor splice variant 7 status, thus suggesting the potential for a predictive biomarker guiding treatment selection in men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Herein, we review the preclinical data elucidating the structure and function of androgen receptor splice variant 7, we describe the existing clinical data using this biomarker in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer, and we highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target androgen receptor splice variant 7‐expressing prostate cancer.
Nephrotic syndrome as a complication of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Wong E. , Lasica M. , He S. Z. , Bajel A. , Roberts A. W. , Mason K. D. , Ritchie D. S. , Szer J.
Published: June 2016

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a rare complication following allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT), with limited current understanding of its pathogenesis. Here, we describe four cases of NS following allo‐HSCT diagnosed at our institutions to identify key clinical and pathological features. In addition, a PubMed search was performed to identify existing reports that were pooled together with our cases for analysis. NS occurred as a late complication following allo‐HSCT, with median onset 19.5 months after transplant (range: 3.9–84 months). The most common histopathology observed was membranous nephropathy; however, cases of minimal change disease have also been reported. There is a high incidence of prior extra‐renal graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD), with all four of our cases and 82% of published cases having prior GvHD. Glucocorticosteroids are the most common treatment, with variable degrees of response. Responses to immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors and rituximab have been described in steroid‐refractory cases.
Structural Design of Polymer‐Derived SiOC Ceramic Aerogels for High‐Rate Li Ion Storage Applications
Authors: Vallachira Warriam Sasikumar Pradeep , Zera Emanuele , Graczyk‐Zajac Magdalena , Riedel Ralf , Soraru Gian Domenico
Published: June 2016

SiOC ceramic aerogels with different porosity, pore size, and specific surface area have been synthesized through the polymer‐derived ceramic route by modifying the synthesis parameters and the pyrolysis steps. Preceramic aerogels are prepared by cross‐linking a linear polysiloxane with divinylbenzene (DVB) via hydrosilylation reaction in the presence of a Pt catalyst under highly diluted conditions. Acetone and cyclohexane are used as solvent in our study. Wet gels are subsequently supercritically dried with CO2 to get the final preceramic aerogels. The SiOC ceramic aerogels are obtained after a pyrolysis treatment at 900°C in two different atmospheres: pure Ar and H2 (3%)/Ar mixtures. The nature of the solvent has a profound influence of the aerogel microstructure in terms of porosity, pore size, and specific surface area. Synthesized SiOC ceramic aerogels have similar chemical compositions irrespective of processing conditions with ~40 wt% of free carbon distributed within remaining mixed SiOC matrix. The BET surface areas range from 215 m2/g for acetone samples to 80 m2/g for samples derived from cyclohexane solvent. The electrochemical characterization reveals a high specific reversible capacity of more than 900 mAh/g at a charging rate of C (360 mA/g) along with a good cycling stability. Samples pyrolyzed in H2/Ar atmosphere show a high reversible capacity of 200 mAh/g even at a high charging/discharging rate of 20 C. Initial capacities were recovered after whole cycling procedure indicating their structural stabilities resisting any kind of exfoliations.
Densification Behavior, Phase Transition, and Preferred Orientation of Hot‐Pressed ZnS Ceramics from Precipitated Nanopowders
Authors: Li Chaoyu , Pan Yubai , Kou Huamin , Chen Haohong , Wang Wei , Xie Tengfei , Li Jiang
Published: June 2016

In this study, transparent ZnS ceramics were hot pressed from precipitated wurtzite nanopowders. Influences of sintering temperature on wurtzite‐to‐sphalerite phase transition and densification behavior have been investigated. Maximum sphalerite phase content and highest densification were simultaneously obtained in the sample hot pressed at 900°C with uniaxial pressure of 250 MPa for 2 h, which accounts for the highest transmittance above 55% and 70% in the range 2–5 μm and 5–13 μm, respectively. Preferred orientation of wurtzite grains in [002] direction paralleled to the press direction was also observed, which is supposed to be benefit to transmittance by reducing birefraction and second‐phase scattering. Furthermore, second‐phase scattering caused by wurtzite grains has been investigated. It is found that fine grains are conducive to hot‐pressed ZnS ceramics with high transmittance, especially in the short‐wavelength range.
Effect of Dispersants on the Electrophoretic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite‐Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Farrokhi‐Rad Morteza
Published: June 2016

Isopropanolic Suspensions of HA nanoparticles (20 g/L) plus various concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared using Tris and triethanolamine as dispersant. The positively charged HA nanoparticles were heterocoagulated on the negatively charged CNTs and generated the HA‐CNT composite particles with net positive surface charge. The heterocoagulation was more intensive in dispersant‐containing suspensions (DCS) due to the higher zeta potential of HA nanoparticles in them. HA‐CNTs particles can be rotated and aligned parallel to electric field as a result of torque exerted on them due to the generation of a dipole moment in CNTs during electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The mobility of HA‐CNTs particles aligned parallel to electric field is ≈50% higher than that of HA nanoparticles leading to the faster EPD from DCS when CNTs are added into them. CNTs more efficiently reinforced the coatings deposited from DCS due to the stronger electrostatic bonding between CNTs and HA nanoparticles in them.
Re‐defining the natural range of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.): a newly discovered microrefugium in western Ireland
Authors: McGeever Alwynne H. , Mitchell Fraser J. G.
Published: June 2016

Aim

NativePinus sylvestrisbecame extirpated in Ireland, during a massive population decline experienced throughout Europe. It was extensively replanted in Ireland during the 18th century from Scottish stock. We test the hypothesis thatP. sylvestrisin Rockforest Co. Clare did not become extirpated during theP. sylvestrisdecline, and persisted to present day independent of 18th century plantations.

Location

Rockforest, Co. Clare in Ireland.

Methods

Fossil pollen was counted from a terrestrial core. Radiocarbon dates and age‐depth modelling was used to ascertain the core chronology. Loss‐on‐ignition was carried out to investigate sediment accumulation history. Pollen was also counted from moss polster pollen traps to explore the deposition ofP. sylvestrispollen in the surrounding landscape. Historical maps were consulted to investigate the longevity of other nearbyP. sylvestrispopulations.

Results

A continuous record ofP. sylvestrisis reported. The core extends through the last two millennia, and reports a clear decline ofP. sylvestrisatc. 1550 calbp. TheP. sylvestrispollen curve recovers quickly after the decline event and persists at high levels up until the present day. The loss‐on‐ignition data reveal a stable accumulation of sediment with no major erosion events. The moss polster pollen traps show the core site is a suitable location for collecting pollen from the RockforestP. sylvestrispopulation. Historical maps demonstrate that none of the other nearbyP. sylvestrispopulations extends further back than plantations in the early 18th century.

Main conclusions

The population ofP. sylvestrisin Rockforest Co. Clare survived the regionalP. sylvestrisdecline, recovered and persisted right up to the present day, independent of introduction by human agency. Hence, we identify this microrefugium population of native Irish stock outside of the current understanding of the native range for this tree species.
What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Shopper? Exploring the Shopper Service Ecosystem
Authors: Stolze Hannah J. , Mollenkopf Diane A. , Flint Daniel J.
Published: June 2016

The emergence of shopper marketing represents a major strategic force in consumer goods branding and retailing, and poses significant challenges to pre existing supply chain thought that most scholars have yet to address. In order to address the marketing and supply chain challenges presented by shopper marketing initiatives, scholars from both disciplines can find common ground by focusing on the shopper instead of consumers or products. The issue is no longer one of matching a supply chain to a product. Instead, marketers and supply chain managers need to ask, “What's the right supply chain for our shopper?” The shopper service ecosystem framework developed in this paper brings together the service dominant logic of marketing with the service ecosystem perspective in supply chain management. Future research frontiers suggest research directions that bridge the marketing and supply chain disciplines to create a multidisciplinary foundation for future research in the shopper marketing realm.
Utilisation and Tolerability of Aliskiren in the Primary Care Setting in England
Authors: Coughtrie Abigail L. , Doe Claire , Layton Deborah , Shakir Saad A. W.
Published: June 2016

Aliskiren (Rasilez), a direct renin inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of essential hypertension. A postmarketing prescription‐event monitoring (PEM) study was conducted in England to monitor the safety and utilization of aliskiren. Summary statistics and event incidence densities were calculated. The cohort consisted of 6385 individuals with a median age of 68 years (interquartile range, 59–76). Aliskiren was largely prescribed for its licensed indication of hypertension (93.3%) and was reported as “effective” by the prescriber in 77.4% of individuals. Frequently reported clinical events during treatment were diarrhea (3.1% of on‐treatment events), malaise/lassitude (3.0%), and nausea/vomiting (1.2%), which were also common reasons for treatment cessation. Renal events were rare, with 24 cases probably or possibly related to aliskiren use, and four of which were classified as acute renal failure using RIFLE (Risk Injury Failure Loss End‐Stage Kidney Disease) criteria. These results should be used in conjunction with other clinical and pharmacoepidemiologic studies to optimize the safe prescribing of aliskiren.
Active tuberculosis in psoriasis patients treated with TNF antagonists: a French nationwide retrospective study
Authors: Guinard E. , Bulai Livideanu C. , Barthélémy H. , Viguier M. , Reguiai Z. , Richard M.A. , Jullien D. , Beneton N. , Bara C. , Vabres P. , Grandvuillemin A. , Marguery M.C. , Amelot F. , Konstantinou M.P. , Bagheri H. , Paul C. ,   the French Psoriasis Research Group
Published: June 2016

Background

There is limited information about active tuberculosis (TB) occurring in psoriasis patients treated with Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.

Objective

To describe the clinical characteristics of TB in psoriasis patients treated with TNF antagonists.

Methods

Nationwide retrospective study of psoriasis patients having experienced TB. Cases of TB were collected via three methods: search in the national pharmacosurveillance database, questionnaire to members of the French psoriasis research group, the college of French dermatology professors. We collected demographic data, TNF antagonist used, screening for latent tuberculosis infection, median time between TNF antagonists introduction and first symptoms, tests used for diagnosing TB infection, clinical features of tuberculosis and outcome.

Results

Eight centres reported 12 cases of TB between 2006 and 2014. They were nine men and three women with mean age of 49 years. All patients had adequate screening for latent tuberculosis. Three patients had stayed in endemic areas, three reported contact with a patient with TB. Tuberculosis presentation was extrapulmonary in 10 patients. Seven patients were treated with infliximab, four with adalimumab and one with certolizumab. The median time between TNF antagonist introduction and first symptoms of tuberculosis was 23.4 weeks (2–176). Six of the 12 patients had a positive direct examination and/or positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Histological samples of affected organs taken from seven patients showed granulomatous inflammation in six, with caseating necrosis in five. Two of the 12 patients died of disseminated TB.

Conclusion

This study shows tuberculosis in patients treated with TNF antagonists still occurs despite adherence to tuberculosis prevention guidelines. Prophylactic measures do not fully prevent the occurrence of tuberculosis. Rapid initiation of effective anti‐tuberculosis treatment is important even in patients with negative mycobacteriological examination presenting with suggestive symptoms and organ involvement.
Epidemiology of basal and squamous cell carcinoma in Belgium: the need for a uniform and compulsory registration
Authors: Callens J. , Van Eycken L. , Henau K. , Garmyn M.
Published: June 2016

Background

Non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common type of cancer among Caucasians, however, few data exist on its incidence. Because of a sheer volume of these tumours, NMSC is often not systematically registered.

Objective

To describe and analyse the incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in Belgium.

Methods

Incidence data of BCC and SCC, including multiple primary skin tumours in the same patient, were extracted from the Belgian Cancer Registry from 2004 to 2012 (predominantly coming from pathology notifications). Belgian legislation makes cancer registration compulsory for oncological care programmes and for all pathological anatomy laboratories.

Results

Between 2004 and 2012, 113 254 BCC and 33 153 SCC cases were reported in Belgium. A total of 130 339 patients had 146 407 tumours. Approximately, 10% of the patients (12 759 patients) had multiple tumours. The world age‐standardised incidence rate (WSR) for BCC increased from 36.9 in 2004 to 98.4 per 100 000 person years in 2012 for males and from 34.2 in 2004 to 102.0 in 2012 for females. For SCC, the WSR increased from 14.9 in 2004 to 24.7 in 2012 for males and from 6.8 in 2004 to 13.5 in 2012 for females.

Conclusions

From 2004 to 2012, the incidence of BCC and SCC markedly rose in Belgium, as also seen worldwide. Known causes are increased sun exposure caused by changed sunlight‐related behaviour (increased outdoor activities and holidays, use of tanning beds and changes in clothing style), ageing and improved registration. Because of their high and increasing incidence, these cancers will have major implications on healthcare planning and preventive measures. Therefore, we recommend compulsory registration, whenever is possible, of BCC and SCC, although it is an ambitious objective, especially in countries with a high burden of these tumours and in countries where registration is currently unavailable.
Novel analogs of allopregnanolone show improved efficiency and specificity in neuroprotection and stimulation of proliferation
Authors: Karout Mona , Miesch Michel , Geoffroy Philippe , Kraft Stephanie , Hofmann Hans‐Dieter , Mensah‐Nyagan Ayikoe Guy , Kirsch Matthias
Published: June 2016

The natural neurosteroid allopregnanolone exerts beneficial effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, nervous system injury and peripheral neuropathies. It not only has anti‐apoptotic activity, but also promotes proliferation of progenitor cells. With respect to using it as a therapeutic tool, such pleiotropic actions might create unwanted side effects. Therefore, we have synthesized allopregnanolone analogs and analyzed their neuroprotective and proliferative effects to identify compounds with higher efficiency and less ambiguous biological actions. Proliferation‐promoting effects of 3α and 3β isomers of 3‐O‐allyl‐allopregnanolone and 12 oxo‐allopregnanolone were studied in adult subventricular zone stem cell cultures and in primary hippocampal cultures by measuring 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation. Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta 42‐induced cell death was determined by quantifying caspase 3/7 activity. The 3α isomers significantly stimulated proliferation in all culture systems, whereas the 3β isomers were ineffective. The stimulatory effect of 3α‐O‐allyl‐allopregnanolone was significantly higher than that of allopregnanolone. In neural stem cell cultures, 3α‐O‐allyl‐allopregnanolone specifically enhanced proliferation of Nestin‐positive progenitors. In addition, it promoted the differentiation of doublecortin‐positive neurons. In neural stem cell cultures treated with amyloid beta 42, both the α and β isomers of O‐allyl‐ allopregnanolone showed increased neuroprotective activity as compared to allopregnanolone, completely preventing amyloid‐induced caspase 3/7 activation. The 12 oxo‐allopregnanolone analogs were ineffective. These results identify structural allopregnanolone analogs with higher anti‐apoptotic and proliferation‐promoting activity than the natural neurosteroid. Interestingly, stereoisomers of the analogs were found to have distinct profiles of activity raising the possibility of exploiting the neuroprotective properties of neurosteroids with or without simultaneously stimulating neurogenesis.

image

Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13344.
Absolute number of parvicellular and magnocellular neurons in the red nucleus of the rat midbrain: a stereological study
Authors: Aghoghovwia Benjamin E. , Oorschot Dorothy E.
Published: June 2016

The absolute number of parvicellular and magnocellular neurons in the red nucleus was estimated using design‐based stereological counting methods and systematic random sampling techniques. Six young adult male rats, and a complete set of serial 40‐μm glycolmethacrylate sections for each rat, were used to quantify neuronal numbers. After a random start, a systematic subset (i.e. every third) of the serial sections was used to estimate the total volume of the red nucleus using Cavalieri's method. The same set of sampled sections was used to estimate the number of neurons in a known subvolume (i.e. the numerical density Nv) by the optical disector method. Multiplication of the total volume by Nv yielded the absolute number of neurons. It was found that the right red nucleus consisted, on average, of 8400 parvicellular neurons (with a coefficient of variation of 0.16) and 7000 magnocellular neurons (0.12). These total neuronal numbers provide important data for the transfer of information through these nuclei and for species comparisons.
Systematic review of qualitative studies exploring parental experiences in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Al Maghaireh Dua'a Fayiz , Abdullah Khatijah Lim , Chan Chong Mei , Piaw Chua Yan , Al Kawafha Mariam Mofleh
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To determine the feasibility and utility of a thematic analysis approach to synthesising qualitative evidence about parental experiences in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background

Admission of infants to the neonatal intensive care unit is usually an unexpected event for parents who can cause them to experience psychosocial difficulties. A qualitative systematic review is the best method for exploring these parents’ experiences regarding this type of admission.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

Qualitative studies in peer‐reviewed journals aimed at understanding parental experiences regarding infant neonatal intensive care unit admission were identified in six electronic databases. Three reviewers selected relevant articles and assessed the quality of the methodological studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify the most common themes in the studies describing parental experiences in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Results

A total of eighty articles were identified; nine studies were included in this review. Four studies used semistructured interviews, three used interviews, one used self‐reporting and one used both focus group and interview methodologies. Common themes across parents’ experiences were the stress of hospitalisation, alteration in parenting roles and the impact of infant hospitalisation on psychological health.

Conclusion

Having an infant hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit is a stressful experience for parents. This experience is the result of exposure to different stressors related to the infant's condition, an alteration in parenting roles or the neonatal intensive care unit environment and staffing. These parents suffered negative psychological effects, experienced an interrupted development of a healthy parent–infant attachment and/or felt parental role alteration.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study's findings are crucial for neonatal intensive care unit nurses to develop intervention strategies and programmes that help parents to decrease the stress of their experience and to support them in facing this stressful situation.
Expanding on Psychological Theories of Engagement to Understand Activism in Context(s)
Authors: Curtin Nicola , McGarty Craig
Published: June 2016

Recent years have seen an increase in theoretical and empirical interest in the dynamics of social change. Missing from much of this literature, which has focused broadly on collective action, is attention to the people who seek to bring about social change, activists. Mass collective action is unlikely to occur without the involvement of people to recruit, mobilize, and organize social change campaigns. Including recent research from Australia, Europe, and North and South America, and studies of global online activists, this issue highlights multimethod approaches to studying activists and activism across a variety of different regional, issue‐based, and sociopolitical contexts. In addition to contributing to ongoing theoretical and empirical discussions, the issue addresses the policy and strategic implications of this research for social change agents and organizations.
Does Civic Participation Stimulate Political Activity?
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien , Klandermans Bert , Akkerman Agnes
Published: June 2016

Activists are the engines of social movements. What spurs their activism? This article scrutinizes the role of civic participation in stimulating political action. We examine how the type of voluntary organization, scope of involvement and intensity of activity relate to political activity. Contrary to existing studies that collapse noninstitutional political activities into a single measure, we differentiate collective activities from individualized activities, enabling us to investigate how the type, intensity and scope of civic participation differentially stimulate political activities. Our sample included 14,787 participants in 71 street demonstrations. We show that membership and interest in activist organizations stimulates political activity, especially for those actively involved and especially for collective noninstitutionalized activities, while membership in leisure organizations only stimulates individualized political activities, but not collective activities. We therefore conclude that civic participation is a multifaceted phenomenon associated with various political activities in different ways.
Intergroup Relations in Latin America: Intergroup Contact, Common Ingroup Identity, and Activism among Indigenous Groups in Mexico and Chile
Authors: Çakal Huseyin , Eller Anja , Sirlopú David , Pérez Andrés
Published: June 2016

In two correlational studies in Mexico (Study 1: N = 152, Mexican Indigenous people) and Chile (Study 2: N = 185, Chilean Indigenous people, Mapuche), we investigated how different dimensions of common ingroup identity (CII) and intergroup contact between Indigenous people influence activist tendencies and how past participation moderates this influence. In Study 1, CII as Mexican and intragroup contact between Indigenous people predicted activist tendencies via increased group efficacy. In Study 2, CII as Chilean positively predicted normative activism both directly and via group efficacy. In both studies intragroup contact between Indigenous people directly and positively predicted future intentions to engage in political action and past activism moderated these associations. These findings suggest that the negative effects of CII on activism do not readily map onto contexts where subgroup and CII overlap, and contact might have beneficial effects on activism. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
The effects of salinity on the cellular permeability and cytotoxicity of Heterosigma akashiwo
Authors: Ikeda Christopher E. , Cochlan William P. , Bronicheski Cayla M. , Trainer Vera L. , Trick Charles G.
Published: June 2016

A laboratory study using the fish‐killing raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo was conducted to examine its capability to grow at salinities below oceanic, and to test the perceived relationship between reduced salinities and increased cytotoxicity. A nonaxenic strain of H. akashiwo isolated from the U.S. Pacific Northwest was exposed to a combination of three salinity (32, 20, and 10) and five temperature (14.7°C, 18.4°C, 21.4°C, 24.4°C and 27.8°C) conditions. Our results demonstrate that cell permeability and cytotoxicity are strongly correlated in unialgal cultures of H. akashiwo, which both increased as salinity decreased from 32 to 10. Furthermore, over a broad median range of salinities (10 and 20), neither temperature nor specific growth rate was correlated with cytotoxicity. However, in cultures grown at the salinity of 32, both temperature and specific growth rate were inversely proportional to toxicity; this relationship was likely due to the effect of contamination by an unidentified species of Skeletonema in those cultures. The presence of Skeletonema sp. resulted in a cytotoxic response from H. akashiwo that was greater than the response caused by salinity alone. These laboratory results reveal the capability of H. akashiwo to become more toxic not only at reduced salinities but also in competition with another algal species. Changes in cell permeability in response to salinity may be an acclimation mechanism by which H. akashiwo is able to respond rapidly to different salinities. Furthermore, due to its strong positive correlation with cytotoxicity, cellular permeability is potentially associated with the ichthyotoxic pathway of this raphytophyte.
Practice patterns in the management of acute intervertebral disc herniation in dogs
Authors: Moore S. A. , Early P. J. , Hettlich B. F.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

Acute intervertebral disc herniation is commonly managed by veterinary neurologists and surgeons. Anecdote suggests that patterns of management vary considerably and there is controversy surrounding many aspects of treatment. The goal of this study was to document patterns in management of acute spinal cord injury caused by acute intervertebral disc herniation among these two groups to aid in future discussions on best practices.

Methods

A survey querying diagnostic, medical and surgical practices for dogs with acute intervertebral disc herniation was distributed to diplomates on the databases of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons and the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Neurology).

Results

Responses were received from 314 board‐certified veterinary surgeons and neurologists. Both groups handled timing of decompression, surgical approach, and most postoperative recommendations in a similar fashion. Case volume differed between groups, with 77% of neurologists and 18% of surgeons managing ≥50 cases of acute intervertebral disc herniation per year.MRIwas used most frequently as a diagnostic tool by neurologists (75%), whileCTwas used most commonly by surgeons (58%). Corticosteroids were routinely administered as a neuroprotective strategy by 34% of surgeons and 11% of neurologists. Disc fenestration was performed “always” or “most of the time” by 69% of neurologists and 36% of surgeons.

Clinical Importance

Understanding the common practices in the management of canine acute intervertebral disc herniation can provide a springboard for future discussions regarding the best practices in diagnosing and treating this disease.
Surgical extraction of canine oesophageal foreign bodies through a gastrotomy approach: 12 cases
Authors: Aertsens A. , Hernandez J. , Ragetly G. R. , Poncet C. M.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To describe a gastrotomy approach to remove foreign bodies located in the caudal oesophagus.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective examination of case records of dogs with surgical management of foreign body located in the caudal oesophagus.

Results

Twelve dogs with caudal oesophageal foreign body were managed surgically after unsuccessful endoscopic approaches. The foreign body was successfully extracted via gastrotomy in all 12 cases. Ten dogs recovered well without any postoperative complications but one dog died during the immediate postoperative period and one during hospitalisation.

Clinical Relevance

Caudal oesophageal foreign body extraction by gastrotomy is a possible alternative to transthoracic oesophagotomy. Based on the small population presented here this approach performed through a laparotomy appears easy, with a low rate of perioperative and postoperative complications.
Evaluating Quality and Adequacy of Gastrointestinal Samples Collected using Reusable or Disposable Forceps
Authors: Cartwright J.A. , Hill T.L. , Smith S. , Shaw D.
Published: June 2016

Background

Sample quality of gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies is of paramount importance for accurate histological diagnosis. Many veterinary practices use reusable forceps as a result of perceived decreased cost. With reusable forceps, it remains unknown whether sample quality declines with repeated use and becomes inferior to single‐use forceps and is therefore more or less cost effective than single‐use forceps.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The study hypothesis was that reusable forceps sample quality would deteriorate after repeated use as compared to single‐use forceps.

Animals

Sixty‐five dogs undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy for diagnostic investigations at the Hospital for Small Animals, Edinburgh University.

Method

A prospective, pathologist‐blinded study comparing single‐use and reusable alligator standard cup biopsy forceps (Olympus 2.0 mm 1550 mm) with 5 randomized reusable forceps. Sample quality (stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon) was assessed by a single pathologist using the WSAVA guidelines.

Results

There was no difference in the adequacy, depth, villi number, or crush artifact in the 4 intestinal areas between forceps type with at least 10, and up to 15, repeated uses of the reusable forceps.

Conclusions and clinical importance

This study demonstrates that reusable cup biopsy forceps provide equivalent biopsy quality after repeated uses to single‐use forceps and are cost effective at 10‐case use.
Immune Response of Mud Crab, Scylla Paramamosain, to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Wu Qingyang , Wang Shuqi , You Cuihong , Li Yuanyou
Published: June 2016

Vibrio spp. is one of the main pathogens to cause high levels of mortality in the culture industry of mud crabs, Scylla paramamosain. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding the immune response of S. paramamosain against pathogens, both immune‐response proteins and systematic responses to foreign agent invasions have yet to be investigated in detail. Hence, in this study, we challenged S. paramamosain with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by injection. We examined a number of immune‐related indices in the crabs at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postinjection, that is, the total hemocyte counts in hemolymph; the serum activities of phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase; and the mRNA levels of immune‐related genes encoding prophenoloxidase, serine protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptide scygonadin, crustin, anti‐lipopolysaccharide factor, and catalase in hemocytes. In addition, the immune‐response proteins were identified in hemocytes at 24 h postinjection using two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the immune‐related enzymes and genes examined were induced in a time‐dependent manner post‐LPS challenge. Moreover, 18 altered proteins were present in the hemocytes and the main proteins to be altered were highly homologous to hemocyanin and protein kinase. Ultimately, this study provides useful information for understanding the immune response of S. paramamosain to bacterial infection.
Effects of Light Intensity on the Growth Performance and Stress Response in Striped Knifejaw, (Oplegnathus fasciatus)
Authors: Biswas Amal , Takii Kenji
Published: June 2016

Six light intensities (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500 lx) were used under a photoperiod of 16 h light : 8 h dark (16L : 8D) to investigate the growth performance and stress response of striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Forty juveniles of mean weight approximately 27 g were randomly distributed into each of eighteen 300 L tanks, fed to apparent satiation two times a day for 8 wk. At the end of the rearing trial, there were no significant differences in final mean weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and survival among the treatments (P > 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in feed intake, fish exposed to 50–200 lx showed significantly higher feed efficiency (FE) compared to that of other treatments (P < 0.05). There was a decreasing trend in retention efficiency of protein and lipid with increasing light intensities (400–1500 lx), but there were no significant differences among the treatments. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and total protein among the treatments (P > 0.05). To consider the FE and given the fact that an intensity of 50 lx is insufficient to monitor fish activity during feeding, light intensity of 100–200 lx would be better for rearing of striped knifejaw.
A Critical and Comparative Review of auDRP and UDRP Domain Name Decisions
Authors: Roy Alpana , Marsoof Althaf
Published: June 2016

Domain names are simplified internet addresses which provide a shorthand way to connect to webpages on the internet. The exponential increase in the use of the internet has led to a growing number of disputes relating to the registration and use of domain names. This has also led to the development of legal and quasi‐legal rules relating to the management of domain names and domain name disputes. The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (“UDRP”), which was implemented in 1999, provides the international legal framework for the resolution of domain name disputes concerning generic top‐level domains (“gTLDs”), such as “.com”. National authorities provide corresponding policies for the resolution of domain name disputes concerning country code top‐level domains (“ccTLDs”), such as “.au”. The relevant national policy governing .au domain name disputes is the .au Dispute Resolution Policy (“auDRP”), which came into force in 2002. Both the auDRP and UDRP have proven to be an effective mechanism for the quicker and cheaper resolution of domain name disputes. While there has been considerable academic discourse on the UDRP, there has been very little commentary written on the auDRP. The aim of this paper is to fill the gap in knowledge on the auDRP by providing a critical and comparative review of key decisions under both the international and Australian domain name policies.
Trap placement and attractant choice affect capture and create sex and parity biases in collections of the biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis
Authors: MCDERMOTT E. G. , MAYO C. E. , GERRY A. C. , MULLENS B. A.
Published: June 2016

Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is the primary North American vector of bluetongue virus (BTV), which can cause high morbidity and mortality in ruminant livestock or wildlife. Worldwide, most Culicoides surveillance relies on light (usually UV) traps typically placed near animals or larval development sites. However, the trapping method can cause sex, species and parity biases in collections. We collected C. sonorensis from three dairies in California using suction traps baited with CO2, UV light or CO2 + UV placed near animals, wastewater ponds, or in fields. Higher numbers of parous females were collected using CO2 + UV traps, although this difference was only significant on one dairy. UV traps were poor at collecting nulliparous females, but the addition of UV to a trap increased the abundance of males in a collection. Traps set in open fields collected significantly higher numbers of males and females than in either of the other two locations. In some cases, there was a significant interaction between the trap type and site. We discuss the limitations of traditional trapping methodologies for C. sonorensis and make suggestions for vector surveillance.
Lycium amarum sp. nov. (Solanaceae) from Xizang, supported from morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Xie Dong‐Mei , Zhang Xiao‐Bo , Qian Dan , Zha Xi , Huang Lu‐Qi
Published: June 2016

Lycium amarum sp. nov. L. Q. Huang is described based on its general morphology and pollen micromorphology, which were compared with closely related Lycium species. The phylogenetic relationships among the new species and closely related Lycium species belonging to the tribe Lycieae were investigated based on the DNA sequence data of the granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene. Morphologically, L. amarum is similar to L. chinense Mill. sharing lanceolate or linear‐oblanceolate leaves, three‐lobed calyx, villous ring slightly above the filament base, and adjacent corolla tube, however, L. amarum may be diagnosed by its prominent tubercles at the base of spines, thinly leathery leaves, and a two‐tine crack on the tip of calyx lobes. According to our results, the new species is close to L. barbarum L., L. chinense, L. dasystemum Pojark, and L. yunnanense Kuang & Lu.
Reinstatement of the Chinese species Cimicifuga lancifoliolata (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Luo Jiang‐Ping , Hong Yu , Ren Chen , Yang Qin‐Er , Yuan Qiong
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate that Cimicifuga lancifoliolata (Ranunculaceae) is not conspecific with Actaea brachycarpa but is a very distinctive species that is readily distinguishable by an array of morphological characters. Our previous molecular analyses have indicated that the affinities of C. lancifoliolata do not lie with A. brachycarpa but with the otherwise rather isolated A. vaginata. The morphological characters and geographical range of A. brachycarpa are also clarified, and chromosomal data are reported for both A. brachycarpa (2n = 16 = 10m + 4sm + 2st) and C. lancifoliolata (2n = 16 = 10m + 4sm + 2st (2sat)) for the first time. Here we adopt the broad generic concept and delimitation of Actaea, in which the two genera Cimicifuga and Souliea are included, and thus propose a new combination, A. lancifoliolata. We give a full description for both A. brachycarpa and A. lancifoliolata, and establish a new section, A. sect. Chloranthae, to accommodate A. lancifoliolata.
Taxonomic notes on Tragopogon, and two newly described taxa from Anatolia
Authors: Gültepe Mutlu , Coşkunçelebi Kamil , Makbul Serdar , Terzioğlu Salih
Published: June 2016

Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae) includes several cryptic species that are geographically widespread and morphologically similar. Here, we describe two new native species from eastern Anatolia. Through both morphological and molecular data, we present diagnostic characteristics, descriptions, pollen grains and micro‐ and macro‐morphological properties of achenes, as well as the conservation status of the newly described species. Current morphological and molecular results support treating T. reticulatus Boiss. & Huet and the two newly described taxa under the section Profundisulcati Kuthath. Molecular phylogentic reconstructions based on ITS data show that T. longirostris Sch. Bip. is a distinct species rather than a subspecies of T. porrifolius L. (T. porrifolius subsp. longirostris (Sch. Bip.) Greuter) and that ligule colour is not a taxonomically important trait at the subrageneric level.
Three new taxa of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) from southern Western Ghats, India
Authors: Chhabra Tarun , Singh Ramneek , Prabhukumar K. M. , Hareesh V. S.
Published: June 2016

Three new taxa of Impatiens L., viz. I. kawttyana sp. nov., I. taihmushkulni sp. nov. and I. nilgirica Fisch. var. nawttyana var. nov. are described from southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Detailed descriptions, colour photographs, illustrations, distribution and biotic association are provided for the identification of these taxa.
Goniothalamus banii sp. nov. (Annonaceace) from Thanh Hoa, Vietnam
Authors: Quang Bui Hong , Choudhary Ritesh Kumar , Chinh Vu Tien , Cuong Nguyen The , Xuyen Do Thi , Hai Do Van , Duy Nong Van , Tien Tran Van
Published: June 2016

A new species of Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae), G. banii B. H. Quang, R. K. Choudhary & V.T. Chinh, is described and illustrated from Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. This species shows morphological similarities with G. uvarioides King and G. donnaiensis Finet & Gagnep. but is differentiated by having 22–30 (or more) secondary veins in the leaf, a 1–3‐flowered cyme, a ca 2–3 cm long pedicel, lanceolate and tomentose outer petals, stipitate obovoid‐oblong monocarps, and a single‐seeded monocarp.