bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge coevolution: generating new understanding through bridging and strengthening distinct knowledge systems and empowering local knowledge holders
Authors: Chapman J. M. , Schott S.
Published: January 2020

The effective and appropriate bridging of Western science with traditional or Indigenous knowledge is an ongoing discussion in the literature and in practice. The discourse transitioned from separate knowledge system to knowledge integration and most recently to knowledge co-production. We argue it is the moral and ethical responsibility of Western scientists working in and with Indigenous communities to make a concerted effort to collectively create mutually advantageous new knowledge while strengthening traditional knowledge and considering the normative impacts of Western science methods. Our knowledge coevolution framework provides guidance for achieving this in a flexible manner that can be applied to an array of research programs. Project governance structure, steps for implementation, checks and balances, and challenges are presented within the context of research project execution. We then illustrate application of the model throughout a harvest study conducted in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, Canada.
ESA’s next-generation gravity mission concepts
Authors: Haagmans Roger , Siemes Christian , Massotti Luca , Carraz Olivier , Silvestrin Pierluigi
Published: January 2020

The paper addresses the preparatory studies of future ESA mission concepts devoted to improve our understanding of the Earth’s mass change phenomena causing temporal variations in the gravity field, at different temporal and spatial scales, due to ice mass changes of ice sheets and glaciers, continental water cycles, ocean masses dynamics and solid Earth deformations. The ESA initiatives started in 2003 with a study on observation techniques for solid Earth missions and continued through several studies focusing on the satellite system, technology development for propulsion and distance metrology, preferred mission concepts, the attitude and orbit control system, as well as the optimization of the satellite constellation. These activities received precious inputs from the GOCE, GRACE and GRACE-FO missions. More recently, several studies related to new sensor concepts based on cold atom interferometry (CAI) were conducted, mainly focusing on technology development for different instrument configurations (GOCE-like and GRACE-like) and including validation activities, e.g. a first successful airborne survey with a CAI gravimeter. The latest results concerning the preferred satellite architectures and constellations, payload design and estimated science performance will be presented as well as remaining open issues for future concepts.
Hip resurfacing as an outpatient procedure: a comparison of overall cost and review of safety
Authors: Gaillard-Campbell M. D. , Fowble C. , Webb L. , Gross T. P.
Published: January 2020

Recent advancements in arthroplasty surgical techniques and perioperative protocols have reduced the duration of hospitalization and length of recovery, allowing surgeons to perform joint replacement as an outpatient procedure. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and safety of outpatient hip resurfacing. Two experienced surgeons performed 485 resurfacing surgeries. We retrospectively compared clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction with published outpatient total hip results. Furthermore, we compared average insurance reimbursement with that of local inpatient hip replacement. No major complications occurred within 6 weeks. Of the 39 patients with previous inpatient experience, 37 (95%) believed their outpatient experience was superior. The average reimbursement for hip arthroplasty at local hospitals was $50,000, while the average payment for outpatient resurfacing at our surgery center was $26,000. We conclude that outpatient hip resurfacing can be accomplished safely, with high patient satisfaction, and at a tremendous financial savings to the insurer/patient.

Level of evidence

III
The Impact of Integration on Application Success and Customer Satisfaction in Mobile Device Platforms
Authors: Bender Benedict
Published: January 2020

Digital software platforms allow third parties to develop applications and thus extend their functionality. Platform owners provide platform boundary resources that allow for application development. For developers, platform integration, understood as the employment of platform resources, helps to realize application functionality effectively. Simultaneously, it requires integration effort and increases dependencies. Developers are interested to know whether integration contributes to success in hypercompetitive platform settings. While aspects of platform participation have been studied, research on a comprehensive notion of integration and related implications are missing. By proposing a platform integration model, this study supports a better understanding of integration. Concerning dynamics related to integration, effects were tested using information from over 82,000 Apple AppStore applications. Regression model analysis reveals that application success and customer satisfaction is positively influenced by platform integration. To achieve superior results, developers should address multiple aspects of integration, such as devices, data, the operating system, the marketplace as well as other applications, and provide updates. Finally, the study highlights the importance for all platform participants and their possibilities to employ integration as a strategic instrument.
The role of mindfulness and self-compassion in depressive symptoms and affect: A Comparison between Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls
Authors: van der Donk Loek J. , Fleer Joke , Tovote Annika , Ranchor Adelita V. , Smink Ans , Mul Veronique E. M. , Sanderman Robbert , Schroevers Maya J.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Mindfulness and self-compassion are related to psychological well-being and can be regarded as personal resources. It is, however, unclear whether these resources are always beneficial (direct effect) or only in stressful circumstances (buffer effect). We therefore examined whether mindfulness and self-compassion are equally or more strongly related to depressive symptoms and affect in cancer patients, compared to healthy controls.

Methods

Using a case-control design, 245 cancer patients were matched to 245 healthy controls (without chronic somatic comorbidities). Both groups filled out questionnaires concerning mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), and affect (Positive and Negative Affect Scale). Using correlation and regression analyses, we examined within both groups the associations for mindfulness (i.e., total score and five facets) and self-compassion (i.e., total score, two factors and six facets) with depressive symptoms and affect.

Results

Mindfulness and self-compassion were equally strongly related to depressive symptoms and affect in cancer patients versus healthy controls. Mindfulness facets Act with awareness and Non-judgment were strongly related to depressive symptoms, negative affect, and the negative self-compassion factor. In contrast, mindfulness facets Describe and Observe were strongly related to positive affect and the positive self-compassion factor. When distinguishing the six self-compassion facets, Isolation and Mindfulness were strongly related to depressive symptoms, Over-identification to negative affect, and Mindfulness to positive affect.

Conclusions

Results suggest that mindfulness and self-compassion are basic human personal resources associated with psychological functioning, regardless of the presence or absence of stressful life experiences.
The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review
Authors: Hull Laura , Petrides K. V. , Mandy William
Published: January 2020

Autism is more commonly diagnosed in males than females. One explanation is the ‘female protective effect’: there is something inherent in being female which reduces the likelihood of developing autism. However, evidence suggests that the condition is underdiagnosed in females, perhaps because females express their autism in ways which do not meet current diagnostic criteria. This review explores evidence for a female-typical autism presentation, the Female Autism Phenotype (FAP) and the component of camouflaging (compensating for and masking autistic characteristics) in particular. The evidence so far supports the existence of a female-typical autism presentation, although further examination of the characteristics and their impact across all genders and ages is needed.
Role of d-serine in the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke patients
Authors: Niimi Masachika , Fujita Yuko , Ishima Tamaki , Hashimoto Kenji , Sasaki Nobuyuki , Hara Takatoshi , Yamada Naoki , Abo Masahiro
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Abnormalities in neurotransmission via N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) play a role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. The impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on NMDAR-related amino acids remains unknown. We aim to investigate the effects of rTMS on NMDAR-related amino acids in serum of post-stroke patients.

Methods:

Ninety-five consecutive post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis were recruited. In 27 patients, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score was 10 or higher. Twelve depressed patients underwent rehabilitation in combination with rTMS and 15 non-depressed patients underwent rehabilitation only without rTMS for 14 days. 1 Hz rTMS was applied to the primary motor area in the non-lesional hemisphere. BDI was conducted before and after treatment. Serum glutamine, glutamate, glycine, l-serine, and d-serine levels were measured before and after treatment.

Results:

There were no differences between depressed patients and non-depressed patients in clinical characteristics, levels of the five amino acids in serum, and the ratio of amino acids. However, in 27 depressed patients, there was a significant correlation between levels of glutamate in serum and BDI (ρ = 0.428, p = 0.026). BDI decreased significantly in depressed patients after treatment with or without rTMS. d-serine decreased in the rehabilitation with rTMS group, but increased in the rehabilitation without rTMS group. l-serine increased in the rehabilitation with rTMS group, but decreased in the rehabilitation without rTMS group.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that rTMS can modulate NMDAR-related amino acids in blood, producing beneficial effects.
Sources of dietary sodium and implications for a statewide salt reduction initiative in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bolton Kristy A. , Webster Jacqui , Dunford Elizabeth K. , Jan Stephen , Woodward Mark , Bolam Bruce , Neal Bruce , Trieu Kathy , Reimers Jenny , Armstrong Sian , Nowson Caryl , Grimes Carley
Published: January 2020

In Victoria, Australia, a statewide salt reduction partnership was launched in 2015. The aim was to measure Na intake, food sources of Na (level of processing, purchase origin) and discretionary salt use in a cross-section of Victorian adults prior to a salt reduction initiative. In 2016/2017, participants completed a 24-h urine collection (n338) and a subsample completed a 24-h dietary recall (n142). Participants were aged 41·2 (sd13·9) years, and 56 % were females. Mean 24-h urinary excretion was 138 (95 % CI 127, 149) mmol/d for Na. Salt equivalent was 8·1 (95 % CI 7·4, 8·7) g/d, equating to about 8·9 (95 % CI 8·1, 9·6) g/d after 10 % adjustment for non-urinary losses. Mean 24-h intake estimated by diet recall was 118 (95 % CI 103, 133) mmol/d for Na (salt 6·9 (95 % CI 6·0, 7·8 g/d)). Leading dietary sources of Na were cereal-based mixed dishes (12 %), English muffins, flat/savoury/sweet breads (9 %), regular breads/rolls (9 %), gravies and savoury sauces (7 %) and processed meats (7 %). Over one-third (38 %) of Na consumed was derived from discretionary foods. Half of all Na consumed came from ultra-processed foods. Dietary Na derived from foods was obtained from retail stores (51 %), restaurants and fast-food/takeaway outlets (28 %) and fresh food markets (9 %). One-third (32 %) of participants reported adding salt at the table and 61 % added salt whilst cooking. This study revealed that salt intake was above recommended levels with diverse sources of intake. Results from this study suggest a multi-faceted salt reduction strategy focusing on the retail sector, and food reformulation would most likely benefit Victorians and has been used to inform the ongoing statewide salt reduction initiative.
Comparative mitogenomics of the zoonotic parasite Echinostoma revolutum resolves taxonomic relationships within the ‘E. revolutum’ species group and the Echinostomata (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)
Authors: Le Thanh Hoa , Pham Linh Thi Khanh , Doan Huong Thi Thanh , Le Xuyen Thi Kim , Saijuntha Weerachai , Rajapakse R.P.V. Jayanthe , Lawton Scott P.
Published: January 2020

The complete mitochondrial sequence of 17,030 bp was obtained from Echinostoma revolutum and characterized with those of previously reported members of the superfamily Echinostomatoidea, i.e. six echinostomatids, one echinochasmid, five fasciolids, one himasthlid, and two cyclocoelids. Relationship within suborders and between superfamilies, such as Echinostomata, Pronocephalata, Troglotremata, Opisthorchiata, and Xiphiditata, are also considered. It contained 12 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA genes and a tandem repetitive consisting non-coding region (NCR). The gene order, one way-positive transcription, the absence of atp8 and the overlapped region by 40 bp between nad4L and nad4 genes were similar as in common trematodes. The NCR located between tRNAGlu (trnE) and cox3 contained 11 long (LRUs) and short repeat units (SRUs) (seven LRUs of 317 bp, four SRUs of 207 bp each), and an internal spacer sequence between LRU7 and SRU4 specifying high-level polymorphism. Special DHU-arm missing tRNAs for Serine were found for both tRNAS1(AGN) and tRNAS2(UCN). Echinostoma revolutum indicated the lowest divergence rate to E. miyagawai and the highest to Tracheophilus cymbius and Echinochasmus japonicus. The usage of ATG/GTG start and TAG/TAA stop codons, the AT composition bias, the negative AT-skewness, and the most for Phe/Leu/Val and the least for Arg/Asn/Asp codons were noted. Topology indicated the monophyletic position of E. revolutum to E. miyagawai. Monophyly of Echinostomatidae and Fasciolidae was clearly solved with respect to Echinochasmidae, Himasthlidae, and Cyclocoelidae which were rendered paraphyletic in the suborder Echinostomata.
Things Ain't Always What They Seem to be: a Cautionary Tale Concerning a
‘Hand-axe’
Authors: Harding Phil , James S.E. , Wakefield Elaine A.
Published: January 2020

In June 2007 David Summers was digging in his garden at Wroughton (NGR
SU 14778117), just south of Swindon, Wiltshire, when he noticed a small
bifacial flint tool. Realising that it was something interesting he e-mailed
photographs to Devizes Museum where the now-retired curator, Paul Robinson,
identified it as a Lower Palaeolithic hand-axe. The implement is a small
pointed bifacial tool, conforming exactly to Wymer's (1968) type F
hand-axes; it measures 60 mm long, 47 mm wide and is 29 mm thick. The object
is unrolled, suggesting that it had not moved far from the point where it
was dropped, but is heavily stained. Nothing like it was known from the
immediate area although hand-axes have been recorded from the summit of
Hackpen Hill, 7 km to the south (Roe 1968) with others, including small
implements, from one of the most prolific sites in Britain at Knowle Farm
(Roe 1968) on the edge of Savernake Forest.

It was suggested that the present author might be interested in the axe
and could perhaps tell him more about it. Some digital photographs were duly
received and confirmed, with a caveat that the comment was being made from
photos, that the object did, indeed, appear to be a small hand-axe. It was
added to the County Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and was also taken to
the British Museum, where it was confirmed as a hand-axe. Nick Ashton,
Curator of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Collections, also commenting from
photographs, considered that it certainly looked like a hand-axe but
contributed that the back garden provenance was unusual and suggested that
it may have been originally found elsewhere.
Reciprocity between older adults and their care-givers in emigrant households of Kerala, India
Authors: Ugargol Allen Prabhaker , Bailey Ajay
Published: January 2020

The felt obligation to return a benefit, termedreciprocity, has been identified as motivating care exchanges between older adults and their younger family members. Within the context of large-scale emigration of young adults from the Indian state of Kerala, this study examines how left-behind older adults and their family care-givers recognise, interpret and give meaning to reciprocal exchanges, expectations and obligations in their care relationship. Employing a social exchange perspective, we qualitatively explore the norm of reciprocity through in-depth interviews of 48 participants (older adults and their care-givers) from emigrant households. Older adults and their care-givers identified reciprocal notions in their care exchange relationship that provided an interpretive framework for describing expectations, motivations, obligations and experiences across care-giving relationships. Spousal care-givers derived reciprocal motives and mutual care obligations through the institution of marriage. Adult children recognised filial duties and responsibilities and were in principle prepared to provide care to their parents. Reciprocating the support received and the likelihood of intergenerational transfers motivated care exchanges from adult children to their older parents. Daughters-in-law executed transferred filial roles from their emigrant husbands and bore a larger burden of care. Primary adult care-givers relied on the ‘demonstration effect’, hoping that children observe the care-giving process and emulate it later. Imbalances and non-reciprocity in the care exchange led to frustrations and threatened the care relationships.
Using agent-based simulation for public space design based on the Shanghai Bund waterfront crowd disaster
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Kaneda Toshiyuki
Published: January 2020

With growing city density and mass gatherings held all over the world in urban spaces, crowd disasters have been happening each year. In considering the avoidance of crowd disasters and the reduction of fatalities, it is important to analyze the efficient spatial layout of the public space in situations of high crowd density. Compared with traditional empirical design methods, computational approaches have better abilities for quantitative analysis and are gradually being adopted in the planning and management of the urban public space. In this paper, we investigated the official documents, publicly available videos, and materials of the Shanghai waterfront crowd disaster which happened on December 31, 2014. Based on the investigation, a detailed site survey was conducted and pedestrian flow data were acquired. To test the influence of different spatial layouts, an agent-based simulator is built, following the ASPFver4.0 (Agent Simulator of Pedestrian Flow) pedestrian walking rules. With the surveyed pedestrian flow data, the original spatial layout of the Shanghai Bund waterfront together with five other comparison scenarios are tested, including both space design and crowd management improvements. In the simulation results, the efficiencies of different space design and crowd management solutions are compared. The results show that even simple crowd control measures such as capacity reserve and more proper route planning will allow for a positive improvement in crowd safety. The results also compare the efficiency of different spatial operations and give general suggestions to the problems urban public space designers should consider in high-density environments.
Exposure to a second language in infancy alters speech production
Authors: Sundara Megha , Ward Nancy , Conboy Barbara , Kuhl Patricia K.
Published: January 2020

We evaluated the impact of exposure to a second language on infants’ emerging speech production skills. We compared speech produced by three groups of 12-month-old infants while they interacted with interlocutors who spoke to them in Spanish and English: monolingual English-learning infants who had previously received 5 hours of exposure to a second language (Spanish), English- and Spanish-learning simultaneous bilinguals, and monolingual English-learning infants without any exposure to Spanish. Our results showed that the monolingual English-learning infants with short-term exposure to Spanish and the bilingual infants, but not the monolingual English-learning infants without exposure to Spanish, flexibly matched the prosody of their babbling to that of a Spanish- or English-speaking interlocutor. Our findings demonstrate the nature and extent of benefits for language learning from early exposure to two languages. We discuss the implications of these findings for language organization in infants learning two languages.
Continuous effects of bilingualism and attention on Flanker task performance
Authors: Chung-Fat-Yim Ashley , Sorge Geoffrey B. , Bialystok Ellen
Published: January 2020

Both bilingualism and attention contribute to the development of executive functioning (EF), with higher levels of both leading to better outcomes. The present study treats bilingualism and attention as continuous variables to investigate their impact on EF. Eighty-two 9-year-olds who were attending a French school in an anglophone community completed a flanker task. Children's progress in French represented their level of bilingualism, and attention was assessed through a standard standardized instrument. Degree of bilingualism and degree of attention were both positively related to performance, but exposure to a third language in the home did not further affect outcomes.
The Paradoxical Czech Memory of the Habsburg Monarchy: Satisfied Helots or Crippled Citizens?
Authors: Slačálek Ondřej
Published: January 2020

The article reconstructs the ambivalence of the relationship of Czech society to the Habsburg monarchy and its legacy. While this period can be retrospectively contrasted with the twentieth century as a time of relative stability, it is also recognized in Czech collective memory as a time of national subalternity and inequality. Sometimes the imperial legacy is also blamed for the absence of civic virtues in Czech political culture. The study traces the roots of these Czech approaches in the thought of Czech historian and national leader František Palacký (who proposed federalist reform of the empire) and the ideas of the first Czechoslovak president Tomáš G. Masaryk (who declared “de-Austrianization” to be a doctrine of the new state as well as a basis for new civic virtues). The essay also touches on popular culture images in Hašek΄s Schweik and the phenomenon of Jára da Cimrman, which contribute to an ambivalent and infantilizing image of the times of empire.
Die Rolle von Beharrlichkeit und beständigem Interesse (Grit) für das Lernen in berufsbildenden Schulen
Authors: Helm Christoph , Rosenegger Andrea
Published: January 2020

Zusammenfassung. In den letzten 10 Jahren wurden Beharrlichkeit und beständiges Interesse (Grit) verstärkt als zentrale, motivationale und volitionale Prädiktoren der akademischen Leistung propagiert und kritisch diskutiert. Wurde anfangs primär der direkte Zusammenhang untersucht, versuchen aktuellere Studien das komplexe Wirkungsgefüge von Grit im Verein mit anderen motivationalen Lernmerkmalen zu entwirren. Dennoch sind Studien zu indirekten Effekten von Grit auf Schülerleistungen rar. An einer Stichprobe von 393 Schülerinnen und Schülern kaufmännischer Schulen aus Österreich wurde geprüft, inwiefern individuelle Voraussetzungen erfolgreichen Lernens den positiven Zusammenhang zwischen den Grit-Dimensionen Beharrlichkeit und beständigem Interesse und der Schülerleistung mediieren. Befunde zeigen, dass insbesondere die Beharrlichkeit indirekt über das Vorwissen, das akademische Selbstkonzept, das Lernengagement und den Einsatz kognitiver Lernstrategien mit den Schülerleistungen zusammenhängt. Zudem wird der positive Zusammenhang zwischen beständigem Interesse und höheren Schülerleistungen über die Freiheit von Prüfungsangst vermittelt. Da die direkten Zusammenhänge zwischen Beharrlichkeit und den Schülerleistungen meist nur partiell mediiert werden, und Beharrlichkeit mit nahezu allen untersuchten individuellen Voraussetzungen erfolgreichen Lernens positiv assoziiert ist, kann für das Lernen im kaufmännischen Unterricht behauptet werden, dass Beharrlichkeit ein zentrales Konstrukt mit hohen Effekten – ähnlich dem akademischen Selbstkonzept und dem Lernengagement – darstellt. Dieser Befund wird vor dem Hintergrund der Grenzen der Studie kritisch diskutiert.
Juxtaposition of Western Pacific Subtropical High on Asian Summer Monsoon Shapes Subtropical East Asian Precipitation
Authors: Xu Hai , Goldsmith Yonaton , Lan Jianghu , Tan Liangcheng , Wang Xulong , Zhou Xinying , Cheng Jun , Lang Yunchao , Liu Congqiang
Published: January 2020

Increasing lines of evidence question the homogenous response of Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) precipitation patterns, requiring rethinking of the forcing mechanisms. Here we show a ~15,000‐year quantitative precipitation history based on well‐dated lake levels at Lake Chenghai, subtropical China. Lake levels and the inferred precipitation were high during the Bølling‐Allerød, early and late Holocene, but low during the middle Holocene. The orbital scale precipitation trend is out of phase with boreal summer insolation, the later has been widely suggested as the driver of ASM precipitation. Lake Chenghai long‐term lake levels are synchronous with trends in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, the related zonal sea surface temperature gradients, and interhemispheric temperature gradients. We propose that changes in either the interhemispheric or zonal Pacific temperature gradients modulate the intensity and location of the western Pacific subtropical high, which is juxtaposed on the ASM, leading to heterogeneous hydroclimatic conditions over subtropical East Asia.
Generating Spatially Robust Carbon Budgets From Flux Tower Observations
Authors: Griebel Anne , Metzen Daniel , Pendall Elise , Burba George , Metzger Stefan
Published: January 2020

Estimating global terrestrial productivity is typically achieved by rescaling individual flux tower measurements, traditionally assumed to represent homogeneous areas, using gridded remote sensing and climate data. Using 154 locations from the FLUXNET2015 database, we demonstrate that variations in spatial homogeneity and nonuniform sampling patterns introduce variability in carbon budget estimates that propagate to the biome scale. We propose a practical solution to quantify the variability of vegetation characteristics and uniformity of sampling patterns and, moreover, account for contributions of sampling variations over heterogeneous surfaces to carbon budgets from flux towers. Our proposed space‐time‐equitable budgets reduce uncertainty related to heterogeneities, allow for more accurate attribution of physiological variations in productivity trends, and provide more representative grid cell averages for linking fluxes with gridded data products.
Reproduction of Ground Magnetic Variations During the SC and the Substorm From the Global Simulation and Biot‐Savart's Law
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Den M. , Fujita S. , Kikuchi T. , Hashimoto K. K. , Kataoka R.
Published: January 2020

In this paper, currents causing the sudden commencement (SC), the AU/AL indices, and the positive bay during the substorm are identified from the global simulation and Biot‐Savart's law. Candidate currents assumed as causes of these ground magnetic variations are the ionospheric Hall current, the ionospheric Pedersen current, the field‐aligned current (FAC), and other magnetospheric currents than the FAC. In general, FAC effect and Pedersen current effect cancel out each other under the restriction of Fukushima's theorem. During the SC, for instance, the midlatitude preliminary positive impulse appears in the prenoon and midlatitude preliminary reverse impulse (PRI) appears in the postnoon, due to the remaining effect of the Hall current. However, violations of the Fukushima's theorem are also common such as in the cases of the equatorial PRI, the auroral electrojet, and the positive bay. The equatorial PRI caused by the Pedersen current appears both in the prenoon and postnoon regions. In the auroral region, the Hall current effect prevails over other currents so much and determines the AU/AL indices only from it regardless other currents. The midlatitude positive bay on the nightside is generated by the effect of the FAC. From these diverse reproduction of ground magnetic variations, a further verification is given for the global simulation in reproductions of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling process.
The Origins of Space Radio and Plasma Wave Research at the University of Iowa
Authors: Gurnett Donald A.
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses my recollections concerning the origins of space radio and plasma wave research at the University of Iowa. My career in space research started when I was hired as a freshman engineering student by Prof. James A. Van Allen in April 1958, shortly after his discovery of Earth's radiation belts with Explorer 1, the first U.S. satellite. My early work mainly involved digital data system designs for the University of Iowa “Injun” series of satellites, the first satellites completely designed and constructed at a university. It was on Injun 3 that, at the suggestion of Prof. Brian J. O'Brien, I developed one of the very first radio and plasma wave instruments ever flown on a spacecraft. This instrument made the first pioneering studies of a wide variety of space radio and plasma wave phenomena, such as whistlers, chorus, and auroral hiss. These early studies were soon followed by somewhat similar NASA‐funded Iowa radio and plasma wave instruments that were used to explore Earth's magnetosphere with the Injun‐5, S3‐A, Hawkeye, IMP, and ISEE satellites, the solar wind with the Helios 1 and 2 spacecraft, and the outer planets and interstellar space with the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. My discussions of this very early era in space research, and the key people involved, are limited to the time period before roughly 1980.
Mechanisms Driving the Interannual Variability of the Bering Strait Throughflow
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Wang Qiang , Wang Xuezhu , Danilov Sergey
Published: January 2020

The Bering Strait throughflow has important implications for the Arctic freshwater, heat, and nutrients. By keeping the interannual variabilities of the atmospheric forcing only inside or outside the Arctic Ocean in numerical simulations, we can quantify their relative contributions to the interannual variability of the throughflow. We found that winds play a much more important role for the throughflow interannual variability than buoyancy forcing. Winds over the western Arctic Ocean and North Pacific determine the direction of Ekman transport, thus changing the sea surface height gradient between the two basins, and consequently influencing the volume transport strength. Although winds over the two basins are similarly important for the variance of ocean volume transport, the North Pacific winds cause stronger variability in freshwater and heat transports through modifying the inflow temperature and salinity. After 1994, winds over the western Arctic Ocean explain a larger part of the variability of Bering Strait volume transport than the winds outside the Arctic Ocean.
Assessing Noah‐MP Parameterization Sensitivity and Uncertainty Interval Across Snow Climates
Authors: You Yuanhong , Huang Chunlin , Yang Zongliang , Zhang Ying , Bai Yulong , Gu Juan
Published: January 2020

This study assessed the sensitivity and uncertainty interval of the Noah land surface model with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) using observed meteorological data from eight sites with different snow climates. A total number of 20,736 Noah‐MP physics‐ensemble simulations was conducted for each site by combining different parameterization schemes of physical processes. A natural selection approach and Tukey's test were used to analyze the sensitivity of simulated snow depth to parameterization schemes. The sensitivity of parameterizations at each site was discussed, and the uncertainty interval of sensitive parameterizations was further explored. The results of sensitivity analyses showed the following. The parameterizations for the first‐layer snow or soil temperature time scheme, the lower boundary condition of soil temperature, and the partitioning of precipitation into rainfall and snowfall showed sensitivity at all sites. Snow surface albedo parameterizations showed sensitivity at all sites except for two sites in China. Parameterizations for vegetation canopy and canopy stomatal resistance showed sensitivity at some sites. Further comparative results indicated that uncertainties in multiparameterization ensemble simulations were mainly due to sensitive parameterizations under the condition of disregarding the uncertainties from forcing and parameters. After removing the sensitive parameterization schemes that were notably poor‐performing, the uncertainty interval in the ensemble simulations decreased significantly. Finally, we concluded that an optimal combination group of well‐performed sensitive parameterization schemes can be configured based on the results of sensitivity analysis.
Particulate Organic Matter Dynamics in a Permafrost Headwater Stream and the Kolyma River Mainstem
Authors: Bröder Lisa , Davydova Anya , Davydov Sergey , Zimov Nikita , Haghipour Negar , Eglinton Timothy I. , Vonk Jorien E.
Published: January 2020

Ongoing rapid arctic warming leads to extensive permafrost thaw, which in turn increases the hydrologic connectivity of the landscape by opening up subsurface flow paths. Suspended particulate organic matter (POM) has proven useful to trace permafrost thaw signals in arctic rivers, which may experience higher organic matter loads in the future due to expansion and increasing intensity of thaw processes such as thermokarst and river bank erosion. Here we focus on the Kolyma River watershed in Northeast Siberia, the world's largest watershed entirely underlain by continuous permafrost. To evaluate and characterize the present‐day fluvial release of POM from permafrost thaw, we collected water samples every 4–7 days during the 4‐month open water season in 2013 and 2015 from the lower Kolyma River mainstem and from a small nearby headwater stream (Y3) draining an area completely underlain by Yedoma permafrost (Pleistocene ice‐ and organic‐rich deposits). Concentrations of particulate organic carbon generally followed the hydrograph with the highest concentrations during the spring flood in late May/early June. For the Kolyma River, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon showed a similar behavior, in contrast to the headwater stream, where dissolved organic carbon values were generally higher and particulate organic carbon concentrations lower than for Kolyma. Carbon isotope analysis (δ13C, Δ14C) suggested Kolyma‐POM to stem from both contemporary and older permafrost sources, while Y3‐POM was more strongly influenced by in‐stream production and recent vegetation. Lipid biomarker concentrations (high‐molecular‐weight n‐alkanoic acids and n‐alkanes) did not display clear seasonal patterns, yet implied Y3‐POM to be more degraded than Kolyma‐POM.
Preclinical studies reveal MLN4924 is a promising new retinoblastoma therapy
Authors: Aubry Arthur , Yu Tao , Bremner Rod
Published: January 2020

RB1 loss (RB1null) or MYCN amplification (MYCNamp) in fetal human retina causes retinoblastoma. SKP2 loss kills RB1null cells, but small molecule SKP2 inhibitors remain unexplored therapeutically. Whether SKP2 is synthetic lethal in MYCNamp retinoblastoma is unclear. SKP2 is the substrate recognition component of two Cullin-RING Ligase complexes (CRL1SKP2/SCFSKP2, and CRL4SKP2), a family of multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligases. NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE) is required for Cullin neddylation and thus CRL activation. Here, we show that the NAE inhibitor, Pevonedistat (MLN4924), potently inhibits RB1null and MYCNamp tumors. Intravitreal MLN4924 suppressed multiple human xenografts with EC80s from 20 ng to 3.5 μg. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 10–30 μg, highlighting a favorable therapeutic window. Inhibition of Cullin neddylation was similar in all cases, but cellular effects ranged from G1 arrest with apoptosis to G2/M arrest with endoreplication. However, even in less sensitive lines (EC50 ≈ 1 μM), prolonged exposure was lethal or induced persistent cytostasis. Mechanistically, depleting any single Cullin did not fully recapitulate drug phenotypes, but sensitivity to SKP2 loss correlated with that of drug. Thus, intravitreal MLN4924 is a promising new retinoblastoma therapy, mimicking the cancer-specific lethality of eliminating SKP2 complexes.
Physician and patient perspectives on hypertension management and factors associated with lifestyle modifications in Japan: results from an online survey
Authors: Nishigaki Nobuhiro , Shimasaki Yukio , Yoshida Takuo , Hasebe Naoyuki
Published: January 2020

We conducted a survey to examine the gaps between Japanese physician and patient perspectives on hypertension management and to investigate important factors that may help solve the “hypertension paradox” in Japan. Web-based surveys of patients and physicians were conducted in Japan between October 19 and 31, 2017. The data collected included physician and patient perspectives on hypertension education, adherence to lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive medication, and reasons for treatment adherence/nonadherence. Factors relating to specific patient behaviors (e.g., monitoring their home blood pressure [BP] daily) were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Of the 541 physicians and 881 patients included in the analyses, both groups recognized that the extent of lifestyle changes was insufficient. Approximately 80% of physicians reported that they fully or sufficiently provided education to patients about reasons for hypertension treatment and its associated risks, target BP levels, and lifestyle modifications. Only 40–50% of patients considered those topics having been fully or sufficiently discussed. Logistic regression analyses revealed that positive lifestyle modifications (daily home BP monitoring, salt intake <6 g/day, and daily aerobic exercise for ≥30 min) were positively associated with receiving feedback from physicians about specific lifestyle modifications and patient motivation for maintaining their target BP. In conclusion, perception of the amount of education provided by physicians on hypertension management was lower in patients than in physicians. In addition to effective regular follow-up regarding lifestyle modifications, patient motivation by physicians is an important factor for improving lifestyle modifications and achieving effective hypertension management in Japan.
Modeling medulloblastoma in vivo and with human cerebellar organoids
Authors: Ballabio Claudio , Anderle Marica , Gianesello Matteo , Lago Chiara , Miele Evelina , Cardano Marina , Aiello Giuseppe , Piazza Silvano , Caron Davide , Gianno Francesca , Ciolfi Andrea , Pedace Lucia , Mastronuzzi Angela , Tartaglia Marco , Locatelli Franco , Ferretti Elisabetta , Giangaspero Felice , Tiberi Luca
Published: January 2020

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and among the subtypes, Group 3 MB has the worst outcome. Here, we perform an in vivo, patient-specific screen leading to the identification of Otx2 and c-MYC as strong Group 3 MB inducers. We validated our findings in human cerebellar organoids where Otx2/c-MYC give rise to MB-like organoids harboring a DNA methylation signature that clusters with human Group 3 tumors. Furthermore, we show that SMARCA4 is able to reduce Otx2/c-MYC tumorigenic activity in vivo and in human cerebellar organoids while SMARCA4 T910M, a mutant form found in human MB patients, inhibits the wild-type protein function. Finally, treatment with Tazemetostat, a EZH2-specific inhibitor, reduces Otx2/c-MYC tumorigenesis in ex vivo culture and human cerebellar organoids. In conclusion, human cerebellar organoids can be efficiently used to understand the role of genes found altered in cancer patients and represent a reliable tool for developing personalized therapies.
Single-cell transcriptomics identifies CD44 as a marker and regulator of endothelial to haematopoietic transition
Authors: Oatley Morgan , Bölükbası Özge Vargel , Svensson Valentine , Shvartsman Maya , Ganter Kerstin , Zirngibl Katharina , Pavlovich Polina V. , Milchevskaya Vladislava , Foteva Vladimira , Natarajan Kedar N. , Baying Bianka , Benes Vladimir , Patil Kiran R. , Teichmann Sarah A. , Lancrin Christophe
Published: January 2020

The endothelial to haematopoietic transition (EHT) is the process whereby haemogenic endothelium differentiates into haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The intermediary steps of this process are unclear, in particular the identity of endothelial cells that give rise to HSPCs is unknown. Using single-cell transcriptome analysis and antibody screening, we identify CD44 as a marker of EHT enabling us to isolate robustly the different stages of EHT in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. This allows us to provide a detailed phenotypical and transcriptional profile of CD44-positive arterial endothelial cells from which HSPCs emerge. They are characterized with high expression of genes related to Notch signalling, TGFbeta/BMP antagonists, a downregulation of genes related to glycolysis and the TCA cycle, and a lower rate of cell cycle. Moreover, we demonstrate that by inhibiting the interaction between CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan, we can block EHT, identifying an additional regulator of HSPC development.
Spatiotemporal contact between peroxisomes and lipid droplets regulates fasting-induced lipolysis via PEX5
Authors: Kong Jinuk , Ji Yul , Jeon Yong Geun , Han Ji Seul , Han Kyung Hee , Lee Jung Hyun , Lee Gung , Jang Hagoon , Choe Sung Sik , Baes Myriam , Kim Jae Bum
Published: January 2020

Lipid droplets (LDs) are key subcellular organelles for regulating lipid metabolism. Although several subcellular organelles participate in lipid metabolism, it remains elusive whether physical contacts between subcellular organelles and LDs might be involved in lipolysis upon nutritional deprivation. Here, we demonstrate that peroxisomes and peroxisomal protein PEX5 mediate fasting-induced lipolysis by stimulating adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) translocation onto LDs. During fasting, physical contacts between peroxisomes and LDs are increased by KIFC3-dependent movement of peroxisomes toward LDs, which facilitates spatial translocations of ATGL onto LDs. In addition, PEX5 could escort ATGL to contact points between peroxisomes and LDs in the presence of fasting cues. Moreover, in adipocyte-specific PEX5-knockout mice, the recruitment of ATGL onto LDs was defective and fasting-induced lipolysis is attenuated. Collectively, these data suggest that physical contacts between peroxisomes and LDs are required for spatiotemporal translocation of ATGL, which is escorted by PEX5 upon fasting, to maintain energy homeostasis.
Tissue pO2 distributions in xenograft tumors dynamically imaged by Cherenkov-excited phosphorescence during fractionated radiation therapy
Authors: Cao Xu , Rao Allu Srinivasa , Jiang Shudong , Jia Mengyu , Gunn Jason R. , Yao Cuiping , LaRochelle Ethan P. , Shell Jennifer R. , Bruza Petr , Gladstone David J. , Jarvis Lesley A. , Tian Jie , Vinogradov Sergei A. , Pogue Brian W.
Published: January 2020

Hypoxia in solid tumors is thought to be an important factor in resistance to therapy, but the extreme microscopic heterogeneity of the partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) between the capillaries makes it difficult to characterize the scope of this phenomenon without invasive sampling of oxygen distributions throughout the tissue. Here we develop a non-invasive method to track spatial oxygen distributions in tumors during fractionated radiotherapy, using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence, oxygen probe Oxyphor PtG4 and the radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov light to excite and image the phosphorescence lifetimes within the tissue. Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and FaDu head neck cancer xenografts show different pO2 responses during each of the 5 fractions (5 Gy per fraction), delivered from a clinical linear accelerator. This study demonstrates subsurface in vivo mapping of tumor pO2 distributions with submillimeter spatial resolution, thus providing a methodology to track response of tumors to fractionated radiotherapy.
Revealing the predictability of intrinsic structure in complex networks
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Feng Ling , Xie Jiarong , Ma Xiao , Wang Dashun , Hu Yanqing
Published: January 2020

Structure prediction is an important and widely studied problem in network science and machine learning, finding its applications in various fields. Despite the significant progress in prediction algorithms, the fundamental predictability of structures remains unclear, as networks’ complex underlying formation dynamics are usually unobserved or difficult to describe. As such, there has been a lack of theoretical guidance on the practical development of algorithms for their absolute performances. Here, for the first time, we find that the normalized shortest compression length of a network structure can directly assess the structure predictability. Specifically, shorter binary string length from compression leads to higher structure predictability. We also analytically derive the origin of this linear relationship in artificial random networks. In addition, our finding leads to analytical results quantifying maximum prediction accuracy, and allows the estimation of the network dataset potential values through the size of the compressed network data file.
Author Correction: Extreme intratumour heterogeneity and driver evolution in mismatch repair deficient gastro-oesophageal cancer
Authors: von Loga Katharina , Woolston Andrew , Punta Marco , Barber Louise J. , Griffiths Beatrice , Semiannikova Maria , Spain Georgia , Challoner Benjamin , Fenwick Kerry , Simon Ronald , Marx Andreas , Sauter Guido , Lise Stefano , Matthews Nik , Gerlinger Marco
Published: January 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.