bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of the tissue residue approach in ecological risk assessment
Authors: Sappington Keith G , Bridges Todd S , Bradbury Steven P , Erickson Russell J , Hendriks A Jan , Lanno Roman P , Meador James P , Mount David R , Salazar Mike H , Spry Doug J
Published: August 2010

The objective of this work is to present a critical review of the application of the tissue residue approach (TRA) in ecological risk and/or impact assessment (ERA) of chemical stressors and environmental criteria development. A secondary goal is to develop a framework for integrating the TRA into ecological assessments along with traditional, exposure concentration-based assessment approaches. Although widely recognized for its toxicological appeal, the utility of the TRA in specific applications will depend on numerous factors, such as chemical properties, exposure characteristics, assessment type, availability of tissue residue-response data, and ability to quantify chemical exposure. Therefore, the decision to use the TRA should include an evaluation of the relative strengths, limitations, and uncertainties among exposure and residue-based methods for characterizing toxicological effects. Furthermore, rather than supplanting exposure concentration-based toxicity assessments, the TRA can be highly effective for evaluating and reducing uncertainty when used in a complementary manner (e.g., when evaluating multiple lines of evidence in field studies). To address limitations with the available tissue residue-response data, approaches for extrapolating residue-based toxicity data across species, tissues, and exposure durations are discussed. Some of these approaches rely on predicted residue-response relationships or toxicological models that have an implicit residue-response basis (e.g., biotic ligand model). Because risk to an organism is a function of both its exposure potential and inherent sensitivity (i.e., on a residue basis), bioaccumulation models will be required not only for translating tissue residue criteria into corresponding water and sediment criteria, but also for defining the most vulnerable species in an assemblage (i.e., highly exposed and highly sensitive species). Application of the TRA in ecological assessments and criteria development are summarized for bioaccumulative organic chemicals, TBT, and in situ bioassays using bivalve molluscs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:116–140. © 2010 SETAC
Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature—Class of 2008: ‘The Mighty Binders’
Authors: Rich Rebecca L. , Myszka David G.
Published: August 2010

Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label‐free, real‐time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high‐school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐scale modeling of surface effect via the boundary Cauchy–Born method
Authors: Qomi M. J. Abdolhosseini , Aghaei A. , Khoei A. R.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, a novel multi‐scale approach is developed for modeling of the surface effect in crystalline nano‐structures. The technique is based on the Cauchy–Born hypothesis in which the strain energy density of the equivalent continua is calculated by means of inter‐atomic potentials. The notion of introducing the surface effect in the finite element method is based on the intrinsic function of quadratures, called as an indicator of material behavior. The information of quadratures is derived by interpolating the data from probable representative atoms in their proximity. The technique is implemented by the definition of reference boundary CB elements, which enable to capture not only the surface but also the edge and corner effects. As the surface effect is important in small‐scale simulation, the relative number of boundary CB elements increases which leads to predomination of boundary effects in the model. In order to implement the equivalent continua in boundary value problems, the updated‐Lagrangian formulation of nonlinear finite element is derived. The numerical simulation of the proposed model together with the direct comparison with fully atomistic model indicates that the technique provides promising results for facile modeling of boundary effects and investigating its effect on the mechanical response of metallic nano‐scale devices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying targets to improve treatment in type 2 diabetes; the Groningen Initiative to aNalyse Type 2 diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) observational study
Authors: Voorham Jaco , Haaijer‐Ruskamp Floor M. , van der Meer Klaas , de Zeeuw Dick , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H. R. , Hoogenberg Klaas , Denig Petra ,   on behalf of the GIANTT‐group
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Assessment of quality of cardiometabolic risk management in diabetes in primary care.

Methods

In a descriptive cohort study including 95 Dutch general practices, we assessed medication treatment in relation to the level of control for HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐c) in 2007. We also applied a prospective measure of treatment quality by assessing treatment modifications in not well‐controlled patients. In a subpopulation of 23 practices, we studied trends in these quality indicators from 2004 (2059 patients) to 2007 (2929 patients).

Results

In 2007, averages for HbA1c, SBP and LDL‐c were 6.9%, 142 mmHg and 2.3 mmol/l, respectively. Of the patients with an HbA1c > 8.5%, 16% were treated with one oral drug class and 50% used insulin. In 27% of these patients, therapy modification occurred subsequently. During the 4‐year period, a slight decrease in average HbA1c was observed, but no changes in treatment level. In 2007, 56% of the patients had an SBP ≥140 mmHg, 19% of whom were not using antihypertensives. In the 13% with an SBP >160 mmHg, 23% received a therapy modification. During the 4‐year period, the average SBP decreased with 6 mmHg but the treatment level showed no substantial increase. In 2007, 39% had an LDL‐c level ≥2.5 mmol/l, 49% of whom were not using statins. Of the patients with an LDL‐c >3.5 mmol/l, only 9% received a therapy modification.

Conclusions

The decreasing population averages of HbA1c, SBP and LDL‐c values suggest improvement in quality of care. However, the relatively few therapy modifications observed in insufficiently controlled patients show room for improvement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate in rat resulted in long‐lasting changes of expression of synapsins and synaptophysin
Authors: Zeng Huai‐Cai , Li Yuan‐Yuan , Li Yuan‐yuan , Zhang Ling , Wang Yan‐Jian , Chen Jun , Xia Wei , Lin Yi , Wei Jie , Lv Zi‐Quan , Li Miao , Xu Shun‐Qing
Published: August 2010

Both animal and human studies have demonstrated that exposure to chemical pollutants during critical developmental period causes adverse consequences later in life. In uterus, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) exposure has been known to cause developmental neurotoxicity, such as increased motor activity, reduced habitation and impaired cognitive function. The possible mechanism of the impaired cognitive function induced by prenatal PFOS exposure was evaluated in this study. Pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were given 0.1, 0.6, and 2.0 mg kg−1 birth weight (bw) d−1 by gavage from gestation day (GD) 0 to GD20. Control received 0.5% Tween‐20 vehicle (4 ml kg−1 bw d−1). PFOS concentration in hippocampus of offspring was observed on postnatal day (PND) 0 and PND21. The ultrastructure of hippocampus and the gene expression of synaptic vesicle associated proteins in offspring hippocampus, which were important for the neurotransmitter release, were investigated. The transmission electron photomicrographs of the offspring hippocampus from PFOS‐treated maternal groups showed the ultrastructure of synapses was negatively affected. The offspring from PFOS‐treated maternal groups also differed significantly from controls with respect to the expression of synaptic vesicle associated proteins. The mRNA levels of synapsin1 (Syn1), synapsin2 (Syn2), and synaptophysin (Syp) were decreased in treated groups either on PND0 or on PND21. However, the mRNA level of synapsin3 (Syn3) decreased in 0.6‐ and 2.0‐mg kg−1 group on PND0, and showed no significant difference among control group and all treated groups on PND21. These results indicate that the impairment of cognitive function induced by PFOS may be attributed to the lower mRNA levels of synaptic vesicle associated proteins and the change of synaptic ultrastructure in hippocampus. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic deployment and reconfiguration of ad-hoc routing protocols
Authors: Ramdhany Rajiv , Grace Paul , Coulson Geoff , Hutchison David
Published: August 2010

The innate dynamicity and complexity of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) has resulted in numerous ad-hoc routing protocols being proposed. Furthermore, numerous variants and hybrids continue to be reported in the literature. This diversity appears to be inherent to the field—it seems unlikely that there will ever be a ‘one-size-fits-all’ solution to the ad-hoc routing problem. However, typical deployment environments for ad-hoc routing protocols still force the choice of a single fixed protocol; and the resultant compromise can easily lead to sub-optimal performance, depending on current operating conditions. In this paper, we address this problem by exploring a framework approach to the construction and deployment of ad-hoc routing protocols. Our framework supports the simultaneous deployment of multiple protocols so that MANET nodes can switch protocols to optimise to current operating conditions. The framework also supports finer-grained dynamic reconfiguration in terms of protocol variation and hybridisation. We evaluate our framework by using it to construct and (simultaneously) deploy two popular ad-hoc routing protocols (DYMO and OLSR), and also to derive fine-grained variants of these. We measure the performance and resource overhead of these implementations compared to monolithic ones, and find the comparison to be favourable to our approach.
Are youths’ feelings of entitlement always “bad”?: Evidence for a distinction between exploitive and non‐exploitive dimensions of entitlement
Authors: Lessard Jared , Greenberger Ellen , Chen Chuansheng , Farruggia Susan
Published: August 2010

Previous personality research (e.g., Campbell et al., 2004) has described the sense of entitlement as an unifactorial construct. In this study, we examined characteristics of two potential facets of entitlement: exploitive entitlement, characterized by exploitive interactions and expectations of special treatment, and non‐exploitive entitlement, or entitled beliefs that rest on notions of self‐worth and fairness. 466 college students (mean age = 20.5) completed a questionnaire consisting of unifactorial and two‐factor measures of entitlement and other personality dispositions and attitudes. As expected, both exploitive and non‐exploitive entitlement were positively related to the Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES; r = .51 and r = .43, respectively), an unifactorial measure of entitlement. In other respects, exploitive and non‐exploitive entitlement had quite distinct correlates. Exploitive entitlement was uniquely related to higher levels of psychopathy and neuroticism, and lower levels of work orientation, social commitment, and self‐esteem; whereas non‐exploitive entitlement was uniquely associated with higher self‐esteem.
Postabortion care counseling practiced by health professionals in southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Adinma Joseph I. , Ikeako Lawrence , Adinma Echendu Dolly , Ezeama Chukwuemeka , Eke Nkemakolam
Published: August 2010

Objective

To determine the practice of postabortion care (PAC) counseling among healthcare professionals in southeastern Nigeria.

Methods

A cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based survey conducted among healthcare professionals in Anambra State, southeastern Nigeria, in 2006. Participants were chosen using a multi‐stage sampling technique. A pre‐tested questionnaire assessing the practice of PAC counseling was administered.

Results

A total of 431 health professionals were questioned: 270 (62.6%) medical doctors and 161 (37.4%) nurses. Of 302 (70.1%) respondents who reported practicing PAC counseling, only 173 (40.1%) had received formal training. PAC counseling was most commonly practiced by health professionals working in the University Teaching Hospital (90.5%). It was also more commonly practiced by nurses in rural areas compared with nurses working in urban areas (75 [67.6%] vs 24 [48.0%]; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

A high proportion of health professionals reported practicing PAC counseling. However, less than half had received formal training in PAC counseling. An increased PAC training activity program, with an emphasis on counseling, is recommended for health professionals to improve the overall quality of PAC service delivery.
When and how aesthetics influences financial decisions
Authors: Townsend Claudia , Shu Suzanne B.
Published: August 2010

We observe the influence of aesthetic design on consumer behavior involving financial products—an area where financial decision‐makers say they do not take aesthetics into account. In a series of three studies we find that the look of a document in hypothetical investment decisions impacts stock valuation and behavior in some but not all situations. Specifically, our results show that calling attention to the influence of design on behavior moderates the effect, including the paradoxical finding that the effect of design is attenuated when investments involve entities for which aesthetics is of intrinsic value.
Aspects of Sobolev-Type Inequalities
Authors: Saloff-Coste Laurent
Published: August 2010

This book, first published in 2001, focuses on Poincaré, Nash and other Sobolev-type inequalities and their applications to the Laplace and heat diffusion equations on Riemannian manifolds. Applications covered include the ultracontractivity of the heat diffusion semigroup, Gaussian heat kernel bounds, the Rozenblum-Lieb-Cwikel inequality and elliptic and parabolic Harnack inequalities. Emphasis is placed on the role of families of local Poincaré and Sobolev inequalities. The text provides the first self contained account of the equivalence between the uniform parabolic Harnack inequality, on the one hand, and the conjunction of the doubling volume property and Poincaré's inequality on the other. It is suitable to be used as an advanced graduate textbook and will also be a useful source of information for graduate students and researchers in analysis on manifolds, geometric differential equations, Brownian motion and diffusion on manifolds, as well as other related areas.
The Weather of the 1780s Over Europe
Authors: Kington John
Published: August 2010

John Kington's book, the first of its kind, gives a definitive account of the weather in the 1780s over Europe based on historical weather maps. These charts are unique in forming the earliest series of daily synoptic weather maps constructed with quantitative instrumental data, and as such represent an important contribution to the history of climate.
Econophysics and Companies
Authors: Aoyama Hideaki , Fujiwara Yoshi , Ikeda Yuichi , Iyetomi Hiroshi , Souma Wataru , Yoshikawa Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

Econophysics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that takes advantage of the concepts and methods of statistical physics to analyse economic phenomena. This book expands the explanatory scope of econophysics to the real economy by using methods from statistical physics to analyse the success and failure of companies. Using large data sets of companies and income-earners in Japan and Europe, a distinguished team of researchers show how these methods allow us to analyse companies, from huge corporations to small firms, as heterogeneous agents interacting at multiple layers of complex networks. They then show how successful this approach is in explaining a wide range of recent findings relating to the dynamics of companies. With mathematics kept to a minimum, the book is not only a lively introduction to the field of econophysics but also provides fresh insights into company behaviour.
Laser Dynamics
Authors: Erneux Thomas , Glorieux Pierre
Published: August 2010

Bridging the gap between laser physics and applied mathematics, this book offers a new perspective on laser dynamics. Combining fresh treatments of classic problems with up-to-date research, asymptotic techniques appropriate for nonlinear dynamical systems are shown to offer a powerful alternative to numerical simulations. The combined analytical and experimental description of dynamical instabilities provides a clear derivation of physical formulae and an evaluation of their significance. Starting with the observation of different time scales of an operating laser, the book develops approximation techniques to systematically explore their effects. Laser dynamical regimes are introduced at different levels of complexity, from standard turn-on experiments to stiff, chaotic, spontaneous or driven pulsations. Particular attention is given to quantitative comparisons between experiments and theory. The book broadens the range of analytical tools available to laser physicists and provides applied mathematicians with problems of practical interest, making it invaluable for graduate students and researchers.
The Prison and the Gallows
Authors: Gottschalk Marie
Published: August 2010

The United States has built a carceral state that is unprecedented among Western countries and in US history. Nearly one in 50 people, excluding children and the elderly, is incarcerated today, a rate unsurpassed anywhere else in the world. What are some of the main political forces that explain this unprecedented reliance on mass imprisonment? Throughout American history, crime and punishment have been central features of American political development. This 2006 book examines the development of four key movements that mediated the construction of the carceral state in important ways: the victims' movement, the women's movement, the prisoners' rights movement, and opponents of the death penalty. This book argues that punitive penal policies were forged by particular social movements and interest groups within the constraints of larger institutional structures and historical developments that distinguish the United States from other Western countries.
Polychaete palaeoecology in an early Late Ordovician marine astrobleme of Sweden
Authors: ERIKSSON MATS E. , FRISK ÅSA M.
Published: August 2010

The post-impact Dalby Limestone (Kukruse; Upper Ordovician) of the Tvären crater, southeastern Sweden, has been analysed with regards to polychaetes, as represented by scolecodonts. A palaeoecological succession is observed in the Tvären-2 drill core sequence, as the vacant ecospace was successively filled by a range of benthonic, nektonic and planktonic organisms. Scolecodonts belong to the first non-planktonic groups to appear and constitute one of the most abundant fossil elements. The polychaete assemblage recorded has an overall composition characteristic of that of the Upper Ordovician of Baltoscandia.Oenonites,Vistulella,Mochtyellaand the enigmatic ‘Xanioprion’ represent the most common genera, whereasPteropelta,Protarabellites?,AtraktoprionandXanioprionare considerably more rare. The assemblage differs from coeval ones particularly in its poorly represented ramphoprionid fauna and the relatively high frequency of ‘Xanioprion’. A taxonomic succession and changes in abundance and relative frequency of different taxa is observed from the deepest part of the crater and upwards towards more shallow water environments. The initial post-impact assemblage does not, however, necessarily represent a benthonic colonization of the crater floor. Instead it seems to be a taphocoenosis, as indicated by its taxonomic correspondence to the rim facies fauna recovered from Dalby Limestone erratics of the Ringsön island. The Tvären succession has yielded considerably richer scolecodont assemblages than hitherto recorded from the approximately coeval Lockne crater, possibly as a consequence of shallower water settings in the former area.
Weakly nonlinear dynamics of thermoconvective instability involving viscoplastic fluids
Authors: MÉTIVIER C. , NOUAR C. , BRANCHER J.-P.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, a weakly nonlinear stability of viscoplastic fluid flow is performed. The system consists of a plane Rayleigh–Bénard–Poiseuille (RBP) flow of a Bingham fluid. The basic flow is characterized by a central plug zone, of 2yb width, in which the stresses are smaller than the Bingham number B, the dimensionless yield stress. The Bingham model assumes that inside this zone the material moves as a rigid solid, and that outside this zone it behaves as a viscous fluid. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the yield stress on the instability conditions. The linear stability analysis is performed using a modal method and provides critical values of Rayleigh and wavenumbers, from which the system becomes unstable. The critical mode, i.e. the least stable mode, is also determined. This mode, also called the fundamental mode, creates perturbation harmonics which cannot be neglected above criticality. The weakly nonlinear analysis is performed for small-amplitude perturbations. In this study, the quadratic modes of the perturbation are determined. Results indicate that the nonlinear modes perturbation can attain high maximal values, which is the consequence of the high variations of viscosity in the flow. The characterization of the complex Landau equation sheds light on a transition in terms of the bifurcation nature above a critical Péclet number Pec = O(1). Below Pec, it is found that a supercritical equilibrium state could exist, such as in the Newtonian case, while above Pec, the bifurcation becomes subcritical. One observes a sharp transition from supercritical to subcritical bifurcation as the Péclet value is increased. A dependence of Pec on the yield stress is highlighted since the subcritical bifurcation is first observed for weak values of yb (yb < O(10−1)). For this range of values, the transition is mainly due to the presence of the unyielded region via non-homogeneous boundary conditions at the yield surfaces. Then for yb > O(10−1), the change of the bifurcation nature is due to the variations of the effective viscosity in the unyielded regions.
Infinitely many solutions for a Dirichlet problem involving the p-Laplacian
Authors: Bonanno Gabriele , Molica Bisci Giovanni
Published: August 2010

The existence of infinitely many solutions for an autonomous elliptic Dirichlet problem involving the p-Laplacian is investigated. The approach is based on variational methods.
Characterization of higher-order monotonicity via integral inequalities
Authors: Bessenyei Mihály , Páles Zsolt
Published: August 2010

The Hermite-Hadamard inequality not only is a consequence of convexity but also characterizes it: if a continuous function satisfies either its left-hand side or its right-hand side on each compact subinterval of the domain, then it is necessarily convex. The aim of this paper is to prove analogous statements for the higher-order extensions of the Hermite-Hadamard inequality. The main tools of the proofs are smoothing by convolution and the support properties of higher-order monotone functions.
Outstanding Student Paper Awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: August 2010

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, in San Francisco, Calif. See also “Outstanding Student Paper Awards” published previously (Eos, 91(26), 233) and in future issues of Eos.
Studying the Afternoon Transition of the Planetary Boundary Layer
Authors: Lothon Marie , Lenschow Donald H.
Published: August 2010

The planetary boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere that interacts directly with the Earth's surface on a time scale of a few hours or less. In daytime, solar heating of the surface can generate buoyant turbulent eddies that efficiently mix the air through a depth of more than a kilometer. This convective boundary layer (CBL) is a conduit for trace gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide that are emitted or absorbed by the surface (and surface vegetation) to be transported into or out of the layer nearest the surface.

The CBL has been extensively observed and relatively successfully modeled. But the early morning transition—when the CBL emerges from the nocturnal boundary layer—and the late afternoon transition—when the CBL decays to an intermittently turbulent “residual layer” overlying a shallower, stably stratified boundary layer—are difficult to observe and model due to turbulence intermittency and anisotropy, horizontal heterogeneity, and rapid time changes. Even the definition of the boundary layer during these transitional periods is fuzzy; there is no consensus on what criteria to use and no simple scaling laws, as there are for the CBL, that apply during these transitions.
Outstanding Student Paper Awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: August 2010

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, in San Francisco, Calif. See also “Outstanding Student Paper Awards” published previously (Eos, 91(26), 233, and 91(28), 248).
Reduction of β-Amyloid Deposits by γ-Secretase Inhibitor is Associated with the Attenuation of Secondary Damage in the Ipsilateral Thalamus and Sensory Functional Improvement after Focal Cortical Infarction in Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Zhang Yusheng , Xing Shihui , Zhang Jian , Li Jingjing , Li Chuo , Pei Zhong , Zeng Jinsheng
Published: August 2010

Abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the thalamus have been reported after cerebral cortical infarction. In this study, we investigated the association of Aβ deposits, with the secondary thalamic damage after focal cortical infarction in rats. Thirty-six stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and then randomly divided into MCAO, vehicle, and N-[ N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]- S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) groups and 12 sham-operated rats as control. The DAPT was administered orally at 72 hours after MCAO. Seven days after MCAO, sensory function, neuron loss, and glial activation and proliferation were evaluated using adhesive removal test, Nissl staining, and immunostaining, respectively. Thalamic Aβ accumulation was evaluated using immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with vehicle group, the ipsilateral thalamic Aβ, neuronal loss, glial activation and proliferation, and the mean time to remove the stimulus from right forepaw significantly decreased in DAPT group. The mean time to remove the stimulus from the right forepaw and thalamic Aβ burden were both negatively correlated with the number of thalamic neurons. These findings suggest that Aβ deposits are associated with the secondary thalamic damage. Reduction of thalamic Aβ by γ-secretase inhibitor may attenuate the secondary damage and improve sensory function after cerebral cortical infarction.
Recovered Neuronal Viability Revealed by Iodine-123-Iomazenil SPECT following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Koizumi Hiroyasu , Fujisawa Hirosuke , Kurokawa Tetsu , Suehiro Eiichi , Iwanaga Hideyuki , Nakagawara Jyoji , Suzuki Michiyasu
Published: August 2010

We evaluated cortical damages following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the acute phase with [123I] iomazenil (IMZ) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In all, 12 patients with cerebral contusion following TBI were recruited. All patients underwent IMZ SPECT within 1 week after TBI. To investigate the changes in distribution of IMZ in the cortex in the chronic phase, after conventional treatment, patients underwent IMZ SPECT again. A decrease in the accumulation of radioligand for the central benzodiazepine receptor in the cortex corresponding to the contusion revealed with computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were shown on IMZ SPECT in the acute phase in all patients. In 9 of 12 patients (75%), images of IMZ SPECT obtained in the chronic phase of TBI showed that areas with a decreased distribution of IMZ were remarkably reduced in comparison with those obtained in the acute phase. Both CT scans and MRI showed a normal appearance of the cortex morphologically, where the binding potential of IMZ recovered in the chronic phase. Reduced binding potential of radioligand for the central benzodiazepine receptor is considered to be an irreversible reaction; however, in this study, IMZ accumulation in the cortex following TBI was recovered in the chronic phase in several patients. [123I] iomazenil SPECT may have a potential to disclose a reversible vulnerability of neurons following TBI.
The human ductus venosus between 13 and 17 weeks of gestation: histological and morphometric studies
Authors: Mavrides E. , Moscoso G. , Carvalho J. S. , Campbell S. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: August 2010

Background

Doppler studies of the ductus venosus are increasingly being integrated in the assessment of fetal well‐being. Establishing the precise morphology and structure of the ductus venosus would provide a better understanding of Doppler findings during fetal adaptation. There is conflicting evidence from previous studies about the structure of the ductus venosus, especially with regard to the presence of a sphincter at the ductus venosus inlet. The aim of this study was to examine the morphology and histological structure of the ductus venosus wall and surrounding tissues at 13–17 weeks' gestation.

Design

This was a prospective study on 28 fetuses obtained from medical termination of pregnancies between 13 and 17 weeks' gestation. Scanning electron microscopy and histological and immunohistochemical studies were carried out on ductus venosus sections obtained from different spatial planes.

Results

The inlet of the ductus venosus contained a shelf which was rich in elastin, but devoid of any evidence of a smooth muscle sphincter. The isthmus of the ductus venosus above the inlet was narrowed, giving the lumen of the vessel an hourglass appearance. The endothelial surface of the ductus venosus, above the level of the inlet, showed longitudinal corrugations along its entire length. Longitudinally arranged elastin fibers were also seen along the length of the ductus venosus. A single layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells was present along the entire length of the ductus venosus, with occasional individual nerve cells visible in this layer.

Conclusions

The presence of an elastin‐rich shelf and a narrow ductus venosus inlet orifice may act to accelerate flow from the portal sinus into a high‐velocity system in the ductus venosus. The abundant elastin fibers in the adventitia of the ductus venosus may help antegrade wave propagation by elastic recoil. This study clearly demonstrates the lack of an anatomical smooth muscle sphincter at the ductus venosus inlet. However, the combination of endothelial corrugations and innervated smooth muscle support the hypothesis that the ductus venosus is an actively regulated vessel with the capacity to rapidly change diameter along its entire length in response to certain stimuli. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Theoretical studies of surface enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy: The chemical enhancement mechanism
Authors: Valley Nicholas , Jensen Lasse , Autschbach Jochen , Schatz George C.
Published: August 2010

Hyper-Raman spectra for pyridine and pyridine on the surface of a tetrahedral 20 silver atom cluster are calculated using static hyperpolarizability derivatives obtained from time dependent density functional theory. The stability of the results with respect to choice of exchange-correlation functional and basis set is verified by comparison with experiment and with Raman spectra calculated for the same systems using the same methods. Calculated Raman spectra were found to match well with experiment and previous theoretical calculations. The calculated normal and surface enhanced hyper-Raman spectra closely match experimental results. The chemical enhancement factors for hyper-Raman are generally larger than for Raman (102−104 versus 101−102). Integrated hyper-Raman chemical enhancement factors are presented for a set of substituted pyridines. A two-state model is developed to predict these chemical enhancement factors and this was found to work well for the majority of the molecules considered, providing a rationalization for the difference between hyper-Raman and Raman enhancement factors.
High performance organic transistors: Percolating arrays of nanotubes functionalized with an electron deficient olefin
Authors: Kanungo Mandakini , Malliaras George G. , Blanchet Graciela B.
Published: August 2010

Precise control over the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes is key to their application in plastic electronics. In the present work, we have functionalized carbon nanotubes with an electron withdrawing nonfluorinated olefins via a 2−2 cycloaddition reaction. Our results suggest that the formation of cyclobutanelike four-member ring at the functionalization site is a fairly general approach, independent of specifics of the addend, to converting the grown mixture of metal and semiconductor tubes into high mobility semiconducting tubes without tedious separation requirements. Thin film transistors fabricated from such functionalized tubes exhibit mobilities of ∼30 cm2/V s and on/off ratios in excess of 106. This simple functionalization represents a low cost path to high performance semiconducting inks for printable electronics.
Existence and decay of solutions to the two-dimensional fractional quasigeostrophic equation
Authors: Pu Xueke , Guo Boling
Published: August 2010

This paper studies the fractional quasigeostrophic equation with modified dissipativity. We prove the global existence of weak solutions by employing the Galerkin approximation method, and when α∊(12,1), the weak solution is unique. Finally, decay estimate for solutions in Sobolev norms is given.
Mesoscale spatial distribution of electron spins studied by time-resolved small-angle and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering with dynamic nuclear polarization: A case of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) doped in high-density polyethylene
Authors: Kumada Takayuki , Noda Yohei , Koizumi Satoshi , Hashimoto Takeji
Published: August 2010

We carried out time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering (USANS) studies of dynamically polarized high-density polyethylene (HDPE) doped with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) persistent free radicals. We observed a remarkable enhancement of the scattering intensity shortly after a switching of microwave frequency from positive (negative) to negative (positive) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). The enhancement was found to be due to spatially heterogeneous proton-spin polarization generated as a result of heterogeneously distributed TEMPO in the HDPE sample. The spatial fluctuation of the polarization ranged up to the length-scale of ≥100 nm. This result strongly suggests that the TEMPO free radicals are localized more in nonfibrils but less in fibrils of HDPE. In this way, we propose that the time-resolved DNP-SANS and DNP-USANS be general techniques to determine mesoscale spatial distribution of electron spins in dielectric materials.
Boundedness properties of fermionic operators
Authors: Otte Peter
Published: August 2010

The fermionic second quantization operator dΓ(B) is shown to be bounded by a power Ns/2 of the number operator N given that the operator B belongs to the rth von Neumann–Schatten class, s=2(r−1)/r. Conversely, number operator estimates for dΓ(B) imply von Neumann–Schatten conditions on B. Quadratic creation and annihilation operators are treated as well.
Direct evidence of LO phonon-plasmon coupled modes in n-GaN
Authors: Talwar Devki N.
Published: August 2010

We report theoretical results of the far-infrared transmission in oblique incidence for undoped and doped GaN epilayers. For c-GaN, our results in p-polarization find transmission minima at LO and TO frequencies while in s-polarization only one minima corresponding to TO mode is revealed. For c-GaN/GaAs/AlN (buffer) layer we noticed minima in s-polarization corresponding to TO modes of c-GaN and c-AlN while in p-polarization the features related to TO modes as well as minima linked to LO modes are found. The shift in L+ modes with increasing carrier concentration (N) provided direct evidence of estimating N in doped GaN.
Selective growth and piezoelectric properties of highly ordered arrays of vertical ZnO nanowires on ultrathin alumina membranes
Authors: Wen Liaoyong , Shao Zhengzheng , Fang Yaoguo , Wong Kin Mun , Lei Yong , Bian Lifeng , Wilde Gerhard
Published: August 2010

A well controlled and cost effective method of fabricating highly ordered arrays of vertical zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires or nanopores is demonstrated where an ultrathin alumina membrane (UTAM) itself is utilized as a substrate for the selective growth of the ordered arrays. A thin film of gold was thermally evaporated on the UTAM followed by the growth of highly regular ZnO nanowires using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Alternatively, highly ordered ZnO nanopores arrays were also grown by CVD on the bare UTAM. Additionally, piezoelectric currents were generated from the ZnO nanowires during the conductive atomic force microscopy probe tip scan across the array.
Drug Use in a Rural Secondary School in Kenya
Authors: Ndetei David M. , Khasakhala Lincoln I. , Mutiso Victoria , Ongecha-Owuor Francisca A. , Kokonya Donald A.
Published: August 2010

Alcohol abuse and alcohol-related use problems among adolescents are highly prevalent and are a major concern worldwide. This study estimated the prevalence of drug abuse, knowledge about drug abuse and its effect on psychosocial well-being and induced behavioral problems among students of a public rural secondary school that admitted both girls and boys which offered both boarding and day school facilities. The students filled out a self-reporting substance use tool which measures the prevalence, frequency, and general patterns of substance use. Alcohol, tobacco, khat (catha edulis) and bhang (cannabis) were the most commonly reported substance of use, with user prevalence rates of 5.2%, 3.8%, 3.2%, and 1.7%, respectively. Tobacco use was initiated at 10 years, while cannabis, hard drugs, khat, and alcohol were initiated at 11, 12, 13, and 15 years of age, respectively. Among the students 71% were aware that their schoolmates were on drugs and it was known by 49.8%, 41.7%, 37.6%, 44.3%, and 32.4% of these students that using alcohol, tobacco, khat, cannabis, and hard drugs, respectively was a behavioral problem in the school. Three quarters of the students were aware that use of drugs was harmful to their health, with majority (78.6%) indicating that drug users need help to stop the drug use behavior. However most (73.6%) of the students suggested drug users in school should be punished. The drug use behavioral problems included school dropout, poor scholastic attainment, drunken driving, delinquency, and adolescence pregnancy which threaten the stability of the education system, family as an institution (family difficulties) and society at large. Therefore, teachers have an added burden of playing an active role in guidance and counselling the survivors of drug abuse, a pandemic facing teaching institutions apart from instilling knowledge.
Spiritual Change in Drug Treatment: Utility of the Christian Inventory of Spirituality
Authors: Windsor Liliane Cambraia , Shorkey Clay
Published: August 2010

The current study used data from reliability testing of the Christian Inventory of Spirituality (CIS) to ( 1 ) assess the utility of CIS in detecting differences in level of spirituality in residents of residential Christian faith-based substance abuse programs (RCFBSAPs); ( 2 ) test the hypothesis that residents who have been in the program for longer periods of time will have significantly higher levels of spirituality after controlling for relevant demographic characteristics; and ( 3 ) test the hypothesis that residents of programs that only use unlicensed staff and place higher importance on spirituality will have significantly higher levels of spirituality. A purposive sample of the cross-sectional data from the reliability testing of the CIS was used ( n = 253). Analysis supported the hypothesis. Demographic characteristics were not associated with level of spirituality. The CIS proved to be useful in discriminating levels of spirituality. Further research is needed to examine spiritual change using randomized pre-post test designs.
Domains of Need in a High Secure Hospital Setting: A Model for Streamlining Care and Reducing Length of Stay
Authors: Glorney Emily , Perkins Derek , Adshead Gwen , McGauley Gill , Murray Kevin , Noak Jimmy , Sichau Gillian
Published: August 2010

There are financial and humanitarian consequences to unmet need amongst service users of high secure hospital care, not least in terms of length of stay. This article presents two reviews of high secure service user needs. They provide support for the sequencing of interventions to meet service user needs and the utility of a structured framework for their review. Through analyses of these reviews, eight domains of need were identified: Therapeutic Engagement, Risk Reduction, Education, Occupational, Mental Health Recovery, Physical Health Restoration, Cultural and Spiritual Needs, Care Pathway Management. A model is presented, within which logically sequenced, timely and relevant interventions could be framed in order to provide a comprehensive and streamlined pathway through a high secure hospital.
Profiling Serious Juvenile Offenders in Juvenile Institutions: Change in Risk Factors in Their Population
Authors: Mulder Eva , Brand Eddy , Bullens Rudd , van Marle Hjalmar
Published: August 2010

A large sample of 74% of all serious juvenile offenders in the Netherlands ( n = 1,147) was studied with the aim to define which risk factors play a role in the this high-risk group. The Juvenile Forensic Profile with good psychometric qualities was developed to measure seventy risk factors in seven domains: ‘history of criminal behavior,’ ‘family and environment,’ ‘offense-related risk factors and substance use,’ ‘psychological factors,’ ‘psychopathology,’ ‘social behavior/ interpersonal relationships,’ and ‘behavior during stay in the institution.’ A risk profile of serious juvenile offenders was created and the change in the population of ten years time was analyzed. There was improvement on some risk factors in the sample, and significant increase on one risk factor (IQ). In conclusion, the youth who were given mandatory treatment orders in 1995 had similar risk factors to those who were given such orders in 2005.
The Relationship Between Substance Abuse Treatment and Crime Relapse Among Individuals with Suspected Mental Disorder, Substance Abuse, and Antisocial Behavior: Findings from the MSAC Study
Authors: Gumpert ClaraHellner , Winerdal Ulrika , Grundtman Markus , Berman AnneH. , Kristiansson Marianne , Palmstierna Tom
Published: August 2010

Objective: To explore the relationship between regular substance abuse treatment and criminal recidivism in 403 male offenders with suspected mental disorder and substance abuse. Method: The study is observational, following a cohort of individuals during an observation period of up to 52 months. Individuals participating in planned substance abuse treatment were compared with nonparticipants with regard to crime relapse. Results: Individuals who had completed >6 weeks of substance abuse treatment had a significantly reduced risk (even considering possible and obtainable other criminogenic risk factors) of committing any new crime (HR = 0.346) as well as any new violent crime specifically (HR = 0.325) in comparison to a reference category of those who did not visit substance abuse clinics at all. Conclusion: Among forensic populations, adherence to interventions targeting substance abuse seems to be related to a reduced risk of criminal recidivism.
Psychological Assessment for Adult Sentencing of Juvenile Offenders: An Evaluation of the RSTI and the SAVRY
Authors: Spice Andrew , Viljoen JodiL. , Gretton HeatherM. , Roesch Ronald
Published: August 2010

Two measures relevant to the assessment of juvenile offenders for transfer to adult court, the Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory (RSTI) and the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), were evaluated in the present study. Seventy-four adolescents considered for transfer were scored on these tools using file information, and clinicians’ transfer reports were coded for judgments of risk, maturity, and treatment amenability. Scores on RSTI Risk, Criminal Sophistication, and Treatment Amenability scales and SAVRY Total and Protective scales were significantly associated with adult sentences. Further, RSTI Criminal Sophistication explained significant additional variance in the adult sentencing decision beyond other legal criteria such as offense severity. However, scores on the RSTI Sophistication-Maturity scale were not associated with adult sentences. Results provide support for the use of the RSTI and the SAVRY, underscore the potential importance of psychological characteristics to adult sentencing decisions, and reflect challenges inherent in psycho-legal assessments of maturity.
Aversive Conditioning under Conditions of Restricted Awareness: Effects on Spatial Cueing
Authors: Raes An K. , Koster Ernst H.W. , Van Damme Stefaan , Fias Wim , De Raedt Rudi
Published: August 2010

In the literature on aversive conditioning there is still debate on the role of awareness. According to some authors, affective learning can occur with or without contingency learning (dual-process model), whereas others argue that a single process produces both affective responses and contingency knowledge. Although many studies have investigated these models, the results to date are inconclusive. Based on a review of the literature, a new series of experiments was designed to examine aversive conditioning in the absence of contingency awareness. In the present study we examined the effects of subliminal aversive conditioning on a spatial cueing task. Awareness was stringently tested after conditioning. Three kinds of awareness were distinguished: contingency awareness (awareness of the CS−US contingencies, where CS is the conditioned stimulus, and US is the unconditioned stimulus), perceptual awareness (awareness of the perceptual differences between the CSs), and US expectancy (awareness of a threat feeling when confronted with the CS+, but not when confronted with the CS−). The results of three experiments demonstrated that responses on the spatial cueing task were modulated by subliminal aversive conditioning. Importantly, none of the participants was contingency aware or able to perceptually discriminate between the conditioned stimuli. However, in Experiment 3, only those participants showing some level of postconditioning expectancy awareness exhibited conditioning effects. These experiments suggest that subliminal aversive conditioning produces small but significant effects, which may be modulated by expectancy awareness.