bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Modeling Studies of Thiophenyl C-Aryl Glucoside SGLT2 Inhibitors as Potential Antidiabetic Agents
Authors: Sharma Mukesh C. , Sharma Smita
Published: December 2014

A QSAR study on thiophenyl derivatives as SGLT2 inhibitors as potential antidiabetic agents was performed with thirty-three compounds. Comparison of the obtained results indicated the superiority of the genetic algorithm over the simulated annealing and stepwise forward-backward variable method for feature selection. The best 2D QSAR model showed satisfactory statistical parameters for the data set (r2=0.8499,q2=0.8267, and pred_r2=0.7729) with four descriptors describing the nature of substituent groups and the environment of the substitution site. Evaluation of the model implied that electron-rich substitution position improves the inhibitory activity. The good predictive 3D-QSAR models byk-nearest neighbor (kNN)method for molecular field analysis (MFA) have cross-validated coefficientq2value of 0.7663 and predictedr2value of 0.7386. The results have showed that thiophenyl groups are necessary for activity and halogen, bulky, and less bulky groups in thiophenyl nucleus enhanced the biological activity. These studies are promising for the development of novel SGLT2 inhibitor, which may have potent antidiabetic activity.
Acute Tubular Necrosis after Ingestion of a Fertilizer Containing Sodium Silicate
Authors: Lee Hyeon Woo , Choi Yong Jun , Oh Se Won , Park Hye Kyeong , Han Kum Hyun , Kim Han Seong , Han Sang Youb
Published: December 2014

Silica nephropathy occurs after chronic heavy exposure to silica, resulting in the development of chronic kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease. However, acute kidney injury due to silica exposure is rare and its renal pathology remains unclear. Here, we report a case of acute sodium silica poisoning presenting as acute kidney injury. A 42-year-old man ingested a fertilizer containing sodium silicate. His serum creatinine increased by 5.06 mg/dL from 1.1 mg/dL 2 days after silicate ingestion. Owing to the decline in kidney function despite fluid therapy, a kidney biopsy was performed. The kidney showed acute tubular necrosis without infiltration of inflammatory cells. On day 5 of admission, hemodialysis was initiated to treat the hyperkalemia and oliguria, and treatment with methylprednisolone was initiated for the acute lung injury. The patient was administered 1 mg/kg of methylprednisolone intravenously daily for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week taper. Hemodialysis was discontinued on day 10 and the patient’s renal function recovered completely. However, he died on day 40 of hospitalization owing to complicated lung fibrosis and persistent pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum.
Reconstruction of Dynamical Forecasting Model between Western Pacific Subtropical High Area Index and Its Summer Monsoon Impact Factors Based on the Improved Self-Memorization Principle
Authors: Hong Mei , Zhang Ren , Chen Xi , Ge Shanshan , Bai Chengzu , Singh Vijay P.
Published: December 2014

With the objective of tackling the problem of inaccurate long-term western pacific subtropical high (WPSH) forecasts, based on the concept of dynamical model reconstruction and improved self-memorization principle, a new dynamical forecasting model of WPSH area (SI) index is developed. To overcome the problem of single initial prediction value, the largest Lyapunov exponent is introduced to improve the traditional self-memorization function, making it more appropriate to describe the chaotic systems, such as WPSH; the equation reconstruction by actual data is used as its dynamical core to overcome the problem of relatively simple dynamical core. The developed dynamical forecasting model of SI index is used to predict WPSH strength in the long term. Through 10 experiments of the WPSH abnormal years, forecast results within 25 days are found to be good, with a correlation coefficient of about 0.80 and root mean square error under 8%, showing that the improved model has satisfactory long-term forecasting results. In particular the aberrance of the subtropical high can be drawn and forecast. It is acknowledged that mechanism for the occurrence and development of WPSH is complex, so the discussion in this paper is therefore exploratory.
Midkine Lacking Its Last 40 Amino Acids Acts on Endothelial and Neuroblastoma Tumor Cells and Inhibits Tumor Development
Authors: Dianat Noushin , Le Viet Barbara , Gobbo Emilie , Auger Nathalie , Bièche Ivan , Bennaceur-Griscelli Annelise , Griscelli Frank
Published: December 2014

Midkine (MDK) is a member of a new family of neurotrophic factors considered as rate-limiting growth and angiogenic factors implicated in the onset, invasion, and metastatic process of neuronal tumors, including neuroblastoma. We showed that all neuroblastoma cell lines highly expressed MDK, indicating that it is a critical player in tumor development, which may henceforth represent an attractive therapeutic target. We showed that the knockdown of MDK expression by siRNA led to a marked and significant decrease in neuroblastoma (IGR-N91 and SH-SY5Y) cell proliferation in vitro. Using a new strategy, we then evaluated the antitumor effect of a truncated MDK protein, lacking the C-terminal 81–121 portion of the molecule (MDKΔ81-121), which may act as a dominant-negative effector for its mitogenic, angiogenic, and tumorigenic activities by heterodimerizing with the wild-type protein. In vitro studies showed that MDKΔ81-121 selectively inhibited MDK-dependent tumor cells and was able to strongly reduce endothelial cell proliferation and migration and to induce ER stress–mediated apoptosis. We then investigated the effects of MDKΔ81-121 in vivo using electrotransfer of a plasmid encoding a secretable form of MDKΔ81-121 into tibialis cranialis muscles of nude mice. We showed that MDKΔ81-121 dramatically inhibited (up to 91%) tumor development and growth. This inhibition was correlated with the detection of the MDKΔ81-121 molecule in plasma and the suppression of intratumor neovascularization. Our findings demonstrate that MDK inhibition is a tractable therapeutic target for this lethal pediatric malignancy. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(1); 213–24. ©2014 AACR.
Associations between Dementia Outcomes and Depressive Symptoms, Leisure Activities, and Social Support
Authors: Heser Kathrin , Wagner Michael , Wiese Birgitt , Prokein Jana , Ernst Annette , König Hans-Helmut , Brettschneider Christian , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Luppa Melanie , Weyerer Siegfried , Eifflaender-Gorfer Sandra , Bickel Horst , Mösch Edelgard , Pentzek Michael , Fuchs Angela , Maier Wolfgang , Scherer Martin , Eisele Marion ,   for the AgeCoDe Study Group
Published: December 2014

Background: Social relations and depressive symptoms are intertwined. They both predict subsequent dementia, but only few studies on the association between social life aspects and subsequent dementia exist. Methods: The risk of subsequent dementia was estimated over 2 follow-up assessments, each 18 months apart, depending on leisure activity, social support (general scale and the 3 factors emotional support, practical support, and social integration), and depressive symptoms, using proportional hazard models in a cohort of elderly patients (n = 2,300, with a mean age of 82.45 years) recruited for the study by their general practitioners. Results: Higher depressive symptoms and lower cognitive and physical activity were associated with an increased risk of subsequent all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). While neither social engagement nor the general social support scale was associated with subsequent dementia, a higher level of social integration was associated with a lower dementia risk. In combined models, the results for activity variables remained similar, but the strength of the association between depressive symptoms and the subsequent risk of dementia decreased, and the association with social integration disappeared. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms increased and activity variables decreased the risk of subsequent dementia; however, activity variables, namely cognitive and physical activity, partly mediated the effect of depressive symptoms on the subsequent risk of all-cause dementia and AD. In many cases, social support was not associated with a risk of subsequent dementia.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression Is Associated with Hypertension in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kocyigit Ismail , Taheri Serpil , Sener Elif Funda , Unal Aydin , Eroglu Eray , Öztürk Fahir , Korkmaz Kezban , Zararsiz Gokmen , Imamoglu Hakan , Sipahioglu Murat Hayri , Tokgoz Bulent , Oymak Oktay
Published: December 2014

Background/Aims: Early occurrence of hypertension is the prominent feature of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism in the clinical course of ADPKD is not well understood. However, data about the expression of these genes are lacking. Thus, we aimed to investigate the polymorphisms and expressions of both the ACE and eNOS genes that affect hypertension in ADPKD. Methods: Whole blood samples were obtained from all participants. ACE and eNOS gene polymorphisms and their expressions were analyzed in 78 ADPKD patients and 30 controls. Gene expressions were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure monitoring was performed for the diagnosis of hypertension in all study participants. Results:eNOS expression and the estimated glomerular filtration rate were found to be significantly higher in ADPKD patients without hypertension than in those with hypertension. Each unit of increase in eNOS expression led to a 0.88-fold decrease (95% CI: 0.80-0.96) in the risk of hypertension in multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusions:eNOS gene expression is independently predictive of hypertension in the ADPKD population. This study showed, for the first time, a novel link between eNOS gene expression and hypertension in ADPKD.
Unilateral Angle-Closure Glaucoma with Ciliochoroidal Effusion after the Consumption of Cannabis: A Case Report
Authors: Hanna Rana , Tiosano Beatrice , Dbayat Noora , Gaton Dan
Published: December 2014

A 35-year-old male patient, diagnosed with acute angle-closure glaucoma, did not improve despite intensive treatment with antiglaucoma medications. Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed a ciliochoroidal effusion. Due to his past history of drug abuse, a urine test was analyzed and found to be positive for cannabis. After topical cycloplegia and oral steroid therapy, his symptoms improved substantially. The present case highlights the role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in evaluating patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma and the role of cannabis abuse in the development of ciliochoroidal effusion.
Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Congenital Blepharospasm
Authors: Wabbels Bettina
Published: December 2014

Botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice for the management of essential blepharospasm in adults. No cases of congenital blepharospasm have been described in the literature so far, and no cases of botulinum toxin injection in an infant have been reported. A 4-week-old girl was referred to our department with absent eye opening and spasmodically closed eyes. Pregnancy and delivery had been normal. A neuropediatric examination did not reveal useful findings. A periorbital injection of botulinum toxin was performed at the age of 2 months to prevent deprivation amblyopia. Four days later, clearly visible bilateral eye opening and commencement of eye contact were observed. At the age of 3 years, her eyelids remain open and no side effects of botulinum toxin therapy have occurred.
Left-Sided Strokes Are More Often Recognized Than Right-Sided Strokes
Authors: Portegies Marileen L.P. , Selwaness Mariana , Hofman Albert , Koudstaal Peter J. , Vernooij Meike W. , Ikram M. Arfan
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose—

Left-sided strokes are reported to be more common than right-sided strokes, but it is unknown whether they occur more often or are simply recognized more easily by clinicians. In a large unselected community-dwelling population, we examined the frequency of clinical left- and right-sided strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and compared it with the frequency of left- and right-sided infarcts on MRI.

Methods—

This study was conducted within the population-based Rotterdam Study. Between 1990 and 2012, 13 894 participants were followed up for first-ever stroke and TIA. MRI scans were performed within a random subgroup of 5081 persons and were rated for the presence of supratentorial cortical and lacunar infarcts. We compared frequencies of left- and right-sided strokes, TIAs, or MRI infarcts using binomial and Fisher exact tests.

Results—

After a mean follow-up of 9.6 (±6.0) years, 1252 patients had a stroke, of which 704 were ischemic, and 799 participants had a TIA. Within the subgroup with MRI, we identified 673 infarcts. Ischemic strokes were more frequently left-sided (57.7%; 95% confidence interval, 53.7–61.6) than right-sided, similar to TIAs (57.8% left-sided; 53.4–62.3). In contrast, we found no left-right difference in distribution of infarcts on MRI (51.9% left-sided; 48.1–55.6).

Conclusions—

Clinical ischemic strokes and TIAs are more frequently left-sided than right-sided, whereas this difference is not present for infarcts on MRI. This suggests that left-sided strokes and TIAs are more easily recognized. Consequently, there should be more attention for symptoms of right-sided strokes and TIAs.
An updated synopsis of Hypolepis Bernh. (Dennstaedtiaceae) from Argentina
Authors: Arana Marcelo Daniel , Yañez Agustina , Schwartsburd Pedro B.
Published: December 2014

An updated synopsis of the genus Hypolepis (Dennstaedtiaceae) from Argentina is presented, including the first report of H. stolonifera var. stolonifera for the country and the description of a new variety: Hypolepis stolonifera var. delasotae, named in honour of pteridologist Elías Ramón de la Sota. Four taxa are recognised in Argentina: Hypolepis poeppigii, H. rugosula subsp. poeppigiana, and Hypolepis stolonifera with var. delasotae and var. stolonifera; Hypolepis repens is excluded from the Argentinian flora.
Gambling and drugs: The role of gambling among Vietnamese women incarcerated for drug crimes in Australia
Authors: Le Roslyn , Gilding Michael
Published: December 2014

This study of 35 Vietnamese women imprisoned for drug crimes in Melbourne, Australia, demonstrates a strong association between problem gambling and illicit drug markets, notably heroin trafficking and cannabis cultivation. Specifically, problem gambling in Melbourne’s casino provided both the main motivation and the necessary network brokerage for drug-related crime. More generally, the study demonstrates the importance of socio-cultural dynamics in drug-related crimes: in particular, the social embeddedness of ethnic and immigrant participation in illicit drug markets through social relationships formed at the casino; the influence of the institution of informal lending chơi hụi; and women’s agency in drug markets, independently of their kinship and marital relations. The study also highlights the importance of minority perspectives in criminology, presenting an opportunity for policy officials to develop more finely-tuned interventions directed towards the articulation between gambling and drugs.
Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity in two of the triplets: a case report
Authors: Wang Dan , Zhang Bo , Dong Yu , Song E
Published: December 2014

Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity is identified as a rare, rapidly progressing and severe form of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Here, we report the diagnosis and treatment of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP) in two of the triplets born at low birth weight and small gestational age. A case concerning two triplets who were born at 31 weeks’ gestational age with low birth weight and reached bilateral threshold APROP was reported. The ROP of triplets A and B had the characteristic features of aggressive diseases, which were posterior location, prominence of plus disease and rapid progression. Low birth weight and small gestational age, multiple pregnancies, pregnancy-induced hypertension and older age of the mother might account for the presentations of APROP. These cases demonstrate the importance of early screening and diagnosis in APROP infants. Prompt and adequate laser photocoagulation with a large number of high-intensity closely performed spots and early retreatment could be effective and safe for preventing the progression of APROP with plus disease in zone 1 or 2 in premature triplets.
The rise and fall of science for all: Science for children voiced by a Portuguese daily newspaper (1924–1933)
Authors: Zilhão Isabel
Published: December 2014

This study brings together the analysis of a magazine for children published in a mass-circulation newspaper in a poor industrialized country. Based on a comprehensive survey of articles popularizing science, technology and health topics printed in Notícias Miudinho between 1924 and 1933, this paper intends to show how this publication tuned in with the on-going Portuguese political and educational agenda, while highlighting the idiosyncrasies of the networks involved in the publication of the magazine. In addition, and based on the analysis of the magazine’s mail section, this paper questions historiographic claims about the reduced impact of the Republican education programme. At the same time, this essay intends to contribute to the discussion on the historicity of ‘popular science’ while putting in evidence the importance of understanding the particularities of the actors and networks involved locally to grasp the full extent to which science culturally permeates, mirrors and models society worldwide.
BRVO: Predicting pedestrian trajectories using velocity-space reasoning
Authors: Kim Sujeong , Guy Stephen J. , Liu Wenxi , Wilkie David , Lau Rynson W.H. , Lin Ming C. , Manocha Dinesh
Published: December 2014

We introduce a novel, online method to predict pedestrian trajectories using agent-based velocity-space reasoning for improved human–robot interaction and collision-free navigation. Our formulation uses velocity obstacles to model the trajectory of each moving pedestrian in a robot’s environment and improves the motion model by adaptively learning relevant parameters based on sensor data. The resulting motion model for each agent is computed using statistical inferencing techniques, including a combination of ensemble Kalman filters and a maximum-likelihood estimation algorithm. This allows a robot to learn individual motion parameters for every agent in the scene at interactive rates. We highlight the performance of our motion prediction method in real-world crowded scenarios, compare its performance with prior techniques, and demonstrate the improved accuracy of the predicted trajectories. We also adapt our approach for collision-free robot navigation among pedestrians based on noisy data and highlight the results in our simulator.
Isolation and Characterization of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Synovial Fluid in Patients With Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus
Authors: Kim Yong Sang , Lee Ho Jin , Yeo Jee Eun , Kim Yong Il , Choi Yun Jin , Koh Yong Gon
Published: December 2014

Background:

Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a source for cell-based treatment of cartilage lesions based on the ability of these cells to differentiate into chondrocytes.

Purpose:

To characterize MSCs derived from the synovial fluid in ankle joints with osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT).

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Synovial fluid was collected from the ankle joints of 28 patients with OLT who underwent arthroscopic marrow stimulation between September 2011 and April 2012. Epitope profiles and multilineage differentiation were assessed to characterize the synovial fluid MSCs. To clarify the origin of synovial fluid MSCs, we assessed gene profiles of MSCs derived from various mesenchymal tissues by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.

Results:

Synovial fluid MSCs expressed CD90 and CD105, showed low expression of CD14 and CD34, and underwent multilineage differentiation in vitro. The RT-PCR revealed strong expression of CD90, CD44, and CD73, whereas CD45 and CD133 were not detected. The colony number of synovial fluid MSCs from OLT significantly increased in stages C and D, as defined by arthroscopic classification. Gene expression profiles indicated that synovial fluid MSCs derived from the patients with OLT were more similar to MSCs from synovium than to MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue.

Conclusion:

This study confirmed that human synovial fluid is a good source of MSCs, with the capacity to differentiate toward several cell lineages. Further study with matched controls of synovial fluid MSCs derived from ankle joints without OLT is required for a more accurate evaluation of synovial fluid MSCs.

Clinical Relevance:

The findings of this study provide a platform for exploring the potential role of synovial fluid MSCs in OLT and their therapeutic potential in novel joint regeneration strategies.
Return to Sports After Plate Fixation of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures in Athletes
Authors: Ranalletta Maximiliano , Rossi Luciano A. , Piuzzi Nicolás S. , Bertona Agustin , Bongiovanni Santiago L. , Maignon Gaston
Published: December 2014

Background:

Recent prospective randomized trials support primary plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. However, the safety and efficacy of this practice have not been well documented in athletes, nor has the time to return-to-sport.

Purpose:

To analyze the time to return-to-sport, functional outcomes, and complications in a group of athletes with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures treated using precontoured locking plates.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 54 athletes with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures were treated with plate fixation between November 1, 2008, and December 31, 2012. The mean follow-up time was 22.4 months. Patients completed a questionnaire focused on the time to return-to-sport and treatment course. Functional outcomes were assessed with the Constant score and short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Pain was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS). Radiographs were reviewed to identify radiographic union time, malunion, and nonunion.

Results:

Of the 54 patients, 53 returned to sports after open reduction and internal fixation of their fracture; 94% returned to the same level. The mean time to return-to-sport was 68 days (range, 5-180 days). Nine (16.6%) of the cases returned to sports before 6 weeks after surgery, 40 (74%) returned between 6 and 12 weeks, and 5 patients (9.2%) returned 12 weeks after surgery. The mean Constant score was 94.1 ± 5.2 (range, 78-100), and the mean QuickDASH score was 0.4 ± 4.7 (range, 0-7.1). The mean VAS pain score during follow-up was 0.29 ± 1.0 (range, 0-5). Three major complications occurred: 1 extrinsic compression of the subclavian vein, 1 nonunion, and 1 hardware loosening. Hardware removal was necessary in 5 patients (9.3%).

Conclusion:

Plate fixation of displaced clavicle fractures in athletes is a safe procedure resulting in excellent functional outcomes, with an early return to the same level of sports in the majority of patients.
Acoustic emission behaviors and damage mechanisms of adhesively bonded single-lap composite joints with adhesive defects
Authors: Zhou Wei , Liu Ran , Lv Zhi-hui , Chen Wei-ye , Li Xiao-tong
Published: December 2014

Acoustic emission (AE) technology is widely applied for monitoring the damage of materials and structures. In this work, tensile tests were carried out to investigate the shear properties of adhesively bonded single-lap composite joints with adhesive defects. AE technology was used to evaluate the damage progress in real time. Besides, linear AE source location was also performed to study the damage initiation and propagation. Results show that the shear strength of adhesively bonded single-lap composite joints reduces as a result of the defects in the adhesive layers. Adhesion failure is found to be the dominant failure mode and most of the damage initiates and propagates at the edge of the adhesive layers and aggregates around the defects in the adhesive layer. Furthermore, the AE relative energy, amplitude distribution, cumulative hits and duration time are related to the damage process. The linear AE source location results are in consistent with the initiation and propagation of shear damage. For the adhesive joints with defects, AE signals with the amplitude from 60 to 80 dB increase at the evolution stage. It is suggested that the dynamic characteristics of AE signals can be effectively used to describe the damage mechanisms of adhesive bonded structure for composites.
Removal performance of elemental mercury by low-cost adsorbents prepared through facile methods of carbonisation and activation of coconut husk
Authors: Johari Khairiraihanna , Alias Afidatul Shazwani , Saman Norasikin , Song Shiow Tien , Mat Hanapi
Published: December 2014

The preparation of chars and activated carbon as low-cost elemental mercury adsorbents was carried out through the carbonisation of coconut husk (pith and fibre) and the activation of chars with potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively. The synthesised adsorbents were characterised by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The elemental mercury removal performance was measured using a conventional flow type packed-bed adsorber. The physical and chemical properties of the adsorbents changed as a result of the carbonisation and activation process, hence affecting on the extent of elemental mercury adsorption. The highest elemental mercury (Hg°) adsorption capacity was obtained for the CP-CHAR (3142.57 µg g−1), which significantly outperformed the pristine and activated carbon adsorbents, as well as higher than some adsorbents reported in the literature.
Chitosan silk-based three-dimensional scaffolds containing gentamicin-encapsulated calcium alginate beads for drug administration and blood compatibility
Authors: Mehta Abijeet Singh , Singh Brijesh K , Singh Nandita , Archana D , Snigdha Kirti , Harniman Robert , Rahatekar Sameer S , Tewari RP , Dutta PK
Published: December 2014

In the present study gentamicin was encapsulated within calcium alginate beads and incorporated into porous chitosan, gelatin, double-hybrid silk fibroin, chitosan/gelatin and double-hybrid silk fibroin/chitosan scaffolds. Physiochemical, morphological and biological properties of fabricated amenable model systems were evaluated, revealing hemocompatible nature of double-hybrid silk fibroin/chitosan and double-hybrid silk fibroin scaffolds of hemolysis %<5 and porosity >85%. Fourier transform infrared results confirmed the blend formation and scanning electron microscope images showed good interconnectivity. Double-hybrid silk fibroin/chitosan-blended scaffold shows higher compressive strength and compressive modulus than other fabricated scaffolds. A comparative drug release profile of fabricated scaffolds revealed that double-hybrid silk fibroin/chitosan scaffold is a pertinent model system because of its prolonged drug release, optimal hemocompatability and high compressive modulus.
Transfer learning with probabilistic mapping selection
Authors: Fachantidis Anestis , Partalas Ioannis , Taylor Matthew E , Vlahavas Ioannis
Published: December 2014

When transferring knowledge between reinforcement learning agents with different state representations or actions, past knowledge must be efficiently mapped to novel tasks so that it aids learning. The majority of the existing approaches use pre-defined mappings provided by a domain expert. To overcome this limitation and enable autonomous transfer learning, this paper introduces a method for weighting and using multiple inter-task mappings based on a probabilistic framework. Experimental results show that the use of multiple inter-task mappings, accompanied with a probabilistic selection mechanism, can significantly boost the performance of transfer learning relative to 1) learning without transfer and 2) using a single hand-picked mapping. We especially introduce novel tasks for transfer learning in a realistic simulation of the iCub robot, demonstrating the ability of the method to select mappings in complex tasks where human intuition could not be applied to select them. The results verified the efficacy of the proposed approach in a real world and complex environment.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Homologous Factors
Authors: Pablo Juan L. , Pitt Geoffrey S.
Published: December 2014

Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) are a noncanonical subset of intracellular fibroblast growth factors that have been implicated in a variety of neurobiological processes and in disease. They are most prominently regulators of voltage-gated Na+ channels (NaVs). In this review, we discuss new insights into how FHFs modulate NaVs. This is followed by a summary of a growing body of evidence that FHFs operate in much broader fashion. Finally, we highlight unknown aspects of FHF function as areas of future interest.
Revising psychiatric diagnostic categorisation of immigrant patients after using the Cultural Formulation in DSM-IV
Authors: Bäärnhielm Sofie , Åberg Wistedt Anna , Rosso Marco Scarpinati
Published: December 2014

This study evaluated the use of the Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF) from the DSM-IV in the diagnosis of immigrants and refugee patients at an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Sweden. Using the OCF in conjunction with standard diagnostic procedures led to major revisions of diagnoses for 56.5% of patients. Anxiety disorders, especially PTSD, constitute the disorder group in which the most changes were made. In order to understand how information from the OCF interview led clinicians to revise diagnoses, data from clinical discussions were analysed through qualitative content analysis. This revealed four major themes related to the reevaluation, and at times confirmation, of given clinical psychiatric diagnoses: new information; expression of distress in emotional language; expression of distress in relation to life experiences; and improved understanding of the patient’s suffering. The findings suggest that the OCF may be useful for: (a) formulating culture in relation to illness experiences, (b) contextualising diagnostic categorisation, and (c) improving overall understanding of the patient that may facilitate individualised planning of treatment and therapy.
Evaluation of body adiposity index as a predictor of aortic stiffness in multi-ethnic Asian population with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Moh Mei Chung , Sum Chee Fang , Lam Benjamin Chih Chiang , Ng Xiao Wei , Su Chang , Tavintharan Subramaniam , Yeoh Lee Ying , Wong Melvin Ding Sheng , Lee Simon Biing Ming , Tang Wern Ee , Lim Su Chi
Published: December 2014

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We evaluated the predictive ability of the recently developed body adiposity index for aortic stiffness, an intermediate endpoint of cardiovascular disease, in a cross-sectional multi-ethnic Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus cohort (N = 1408). AS was estimated using carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity measured by applanation tonometry. Body adiposity index was computed as hip circumference/(height)1.5 – 18. Compared to body mass index, waist circumference and visceral fat area, body adiposity index displayed the weakest association with pulse wave velocity (r = 0.077, 0.096, 0.134 and 0.058, respectively; all p < 0.05). Interestingly, the relationship between measurements of obesity and pulse wave velocity was ethnic dependent − body mass index, body adiposity index, waist circumference and visceral fat area consistently predicted pulse wave velocity only in Indians but not others. In multi-variable analysis, body mass index was a significant determinant of pulse wave velocity in all ethnicities. In conclusion, body adiposity index is a weak predictor of aortic stiffness (when compared with body mass index) in Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Refractory asthma – beyond step 5, the role of new and emerging adjuvant therapies
Authors: Kane Binita , Fowler Stephen J , Niven Rob
Published: December 2014

A small percentage of asthmatics have ‘severe refractory asthma’, where there is suboptimal response to currently available therapies. A number of novel therapies targeting key biological targets are becoming available. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, and systematic evaluation of patients is important to target therapies to the underlying inflammatory subtype and clinical features. This review article outlines new and emerging treatments for severe asthma, including monoclonal antibodies targeting eosinophilic disease, anti-neutrophil strategies, novel bronchodilators and bronchial thermoplasty. We highlight the importance of individualized investigation, treatment and management of severe asthmatics.
How do health-care professionals perceive oxygen therapy? A critical interpretive synthesis of the literature
Authors: Kelly Carol Ann , Maden Michelle
Published: December 2014

Oxygen is one of the commonest health-care interventions worldwide. This might suggest that health-care professionals (HCPs) would be knowledgeable and familiar with its uses and limitations. Yet it is apparent, through clinical audit, that oxygen is probably misunderstood by many HCPs. The aim of this critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) is to explore qualitative and quantitative literature in relation to HCPs beliefs and perceptions of oxygen therapy. A systematic search in Medline, Cinahl, Embase, British Nursing Index and PsychInfo using search terms, such as, oxygen therapy, chronic respiratory disease, HCPs and perceptions yielded 1514 studies of which 12 contained data relevant to the review question. Two reviewers independently screened the articles for eligibility against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were selected and synthesized with an integrative and interpretive approach using CIS. This allowed diverse empirical evidence to be synthesized to develop existing and new interpretations of data.Three synthetic constructs were interpreted from the available literature, namely, oxygen for symptom relief, levels of knowledge and understanding and oxygen as a therapy for HCPs. The literature alludes to deep-seated beliefs that exist. In order to enhance practice, these beliefs and cultures need to be challenged. Further research is needed to explore HCPs’ perceptions of oxygen therapy in order to inform the seemingly resistant adoption of evidence based practice in relation to oxygen.
The utility of nanowater for ram semen cryopreservation
Authors: Murawski Maciej , Schwarz Tomasz , Grygier Joanna , Patkowski Krzysztof , Oszczęda Zdzisław , Jelkin Igor , Kosiek Anna , Gruszecki Tomasz M , Szymanowska Anna , Skrzypek Tomasz , Zieba Dorota A , Bartlewski Pawel M
Published: December 2014

Nanowater (NW; water declusterized in the low-temperature plasma reactor) has specific physicochemical properties that could increase semen viability after freezing and hence fertility after artificial insemination (AI) procedures. The main goal of this study was to evaluate ram semen quality after freezing in the media containing NW. Ejaculates from 10 rams were divided into two equal parts, diluted in a commercially available semen extender (Triladyl®; MiniTüb GmbH, Tiefenbach, Germany) prepared with deionized water (DW) or NW, and then frozen in liquid nitrogen. Semen samples were examined for sperm motility and morphology using the sperm class analyzer system and light microscopy. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was employed to determine the size of extracellular water crystals in frozen semen samples. Survival time at room temperature, aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations post-thawing as well as conception/lambing rates after laparoscopic intrauterine AI of 120 ewes were also determined. There were no significant differences between DW and NW groups in sperm progressive motility (26.4 ± 12.2 and 30.8 ± 12.4%) or survival time (266.6 ± 61.3 and 270.9 ± 76.7 min) after thawing and no differences in the percentages of spermatozoa with various morphological defects before or after freezing. There were, however, differences ( P < 0.05) in AspAT (DW: 187.1 ± 160.4 vs. NW: 152.7 ± 118.3 U/l) and ALP concentrations (DW: 2198.3 ± 1810.5 vs. NW: 1612.1 ± 1144.8 U/l) in semen samples post-thawing. Extracellular water crystals were larger ( P < 0.05) in ejaculates frozen in NW-containing media. Ultrasonographic examinations on day 40 post-AI revealed higher ( P < 0.05) conception rates in ewes inseminated with NW (78.3%) compared with DW semen (58.3%), and the percentages of ewes that carried lambs to term were 73.3% and 45.0% in NW and DW groups, respectively ( P < 0.01). In summary, the use of a semen extender prepared with NW was associated with a substantial improvement in the fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed ram semen and lamb productivity of inseminated ewes.
Development of a scoring system to estimate mortality in abdominal aortic aneurysms management
Authors: Dua Anahita , Algodi Mohammed M , Furlough Courtney , Ray Hunter , Desai Sapan S
Published: December 2014

Introduction

This study aimed to define risk factors associated with inpatient mortality in patients undergoing elective repair for unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and utilize these factors to create a scoring system to estimate risk of mortality.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was completed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2011. Patients who underwent elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were identified using ICD-9 codes. Demographics, comorbidities, length of stay, insurance status, and mortality were recorded. Statistically significant variables were identified using a multivariate analysis, and a discriminant analysis was used to identify factors predictive of inpatient mortality.

Results

Over a 14-year period, 28,448 patients underwent elective repair of an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Independent variables associated with inpatient mortality included: age >60, female gender, congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease, renal failure, malnutrition, and hypercoagulability. Endovascular aneurysm repair was protective against inpatient mortality. The area under the curve for the discriminant function was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.81–0.85) and successfully classified 87.9% of patients within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (25,006/28,448 patients).

Conclusion

Seven factors that predict an increased risk of mortality and one factor that decreased the risk of mortality were identified. Preoperative risk factor mitigation may improve mortality following elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
Thermal performance of in-between shading systems in multilayer glazing units: Hot-box measurements and numerical simulations
Authors: Grynning Steinar , Misiopecki Cezary , Uvsløkk Sivert , Time Berit , Gustavsen Arild
Published: December 2014

Shading systems are widely used, also in Nordic climates, in conjunction with glazed facade in office buildings. The primary functions of the solar shading devices are to control solar gains leading to cooling needs during operational hours and reduction of discomfort caused by glare. A secondary property of shading devices incorporated in glazing units is that they can be utilized as an additional layer in the glazing unit when the shading device is deployed. This can improve the thermal transmittance value (U-value) of the windows. It can be deployed during night-time or in periods when a blocked view does not have any consequences for the users of the building. This article presents hot-box measurements of thermal transmittance values (U-values) performed for three insulated glazing units with integrated in-between pane shading systems. The shading devices are venetian-type blinds with horizontal aluminum slats. The windows with double- and triple-pane glazing units have motorized blinds. The window with a 4-pane glazing has a manually operated blind placed in an external coupled cavity.

The measurements are compared to numerical simulations using the WINDOW and THERM simulation tools. The results showed that only minor reductions of U-values of the glazing units were obtained as function of shading system operation. It was, however, found that the introduction of shading devices in the window cavities will increase the total U-value of the window due to thermal bridging effects caused by shading device motor and the aluminium slats of the blinds. coupled cavity.
Cumulative radiation dose due to diagnostic investigations in seriously injured trauma patients admitted to critical care
Authors: Leeson Andrew , Adiotomre Ese , Mannings Alexa , Kotnis Nikhil , Morrison Giles , Wiles Matthew
Published: December 2014

A retrospective review of case notes and radiology records was performed in order to estimate the amount and sources of ionising radiation multiply injured trauma patients are exposed to, during their initial investigations and subsequent critical care admission. Data were available for 431 radiological investigations from 36 patients. Results showed initial emergency department imaging (combined computed tomography (CT) and plain radiographs) contributed 70% of the total radiation dose. Overall, CT scans were responsible for 80% and plain radiographs 15% of the total radiation dose. Plain radiographs performed after the initial resuscitation period contributed the greatest number of investigations but accounted for only 8% of total radiation exposure. Median cumulative effective dose was estimated to be between 16 and 29 millisieverts, resulting in an estimated increased life time risk of carcinogenesis of between 1 in 614 and 1 in 1075 above baseline.
The role of ex vivo lung perfusion in lung transplantation
Authors: Tatham Kate Colette , O’Dea Kieran Patrick , Wakabayashi Kenji , Marczin Nandor , Takata Masao
Published: December 2014

Whilst lung transplantation is a viable solution for end-stage lung disease, donor shortages, donor lung inflammation and perioperative lung injury remain major limitations. Ex vivo lung perfusion has emerged as the next frontier in lung transplantation to address and overcome these limitations, with multicentre clinical trials ongoing in the UK, rest of Europe and North America. Our research seeks to identify the poorly understood cellular and molecular mechanisms of primary graft dysfunction through the development of an isolated perfused lung model of transplantation and investigation of the role of pulmonary inflammation in this paradigm.
Support for patients with celiac disease: A literature review
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F , Card Tim , Ciclitira Paul J , Swift Gillian L , Nasr Ikram , Sanders David S , Ciacci Carolina
Published: December 2014

Background

Celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong disorder. Patients are at increased risk of complications and comorbidity.

Objectives

We conducted a review of the literature on patient support and information in CD and aim to issue recommendations about patient information with regards to CD.

Methods

Data source: We searched PubMed for English‐language articles published between 1900 and June 2014, containing terms related to costs, economics of CD, or education and CD.

Study selection: Papers deemed relevant by any of the participating authors were included in the study.

Data synthesis: No quantitative synthesis of data was performed. Instead we formulated a consensus view of the information that should be offered to all patients with CD.

Results

There are few randomized clinical trials examining the effect of patient support in CD. Patients and their families receive information from many sources. It is important that health care personnel guide the patient through the plethora of facts and comments on the Internet. An understanding of CD is likely to improve dietary adherence. Patients should be educated about current knowledge about risk factors for CD, as well as the increased risk of complications. Patients should also be advised to avoid other health hazards, such as smoking. Many patients are eager to learn about future non‐dietary treatments of CD. This review also comments on novel therapies but it is important to stress that no such treatment is available at present.

Conclusion

Based on mostly observational data, we suggest that patient support and information should be an integral part of the management of CD, and is likely to affect the outcome of CD.
Torsion of epiploic appendix presenting as acute pancreatitis
Authors: Greenbury Charles , Thurley Peter , Awan Altaf
Published: December 2014

Lesson

Epiploic appendagitis is a little-diagnosed condition capable of mimicking various pathologies. Here, we present a case presenting as acute pancreatitis.
Consent and cooperation in the Greek context: Rhetoric and praxis
Authors: Anagnostaki Maria
Published: December 2014

The core alternative measures in Greece have traditionally been implemented without supervision in the community. Since the early 1990s, however, new community measures have been introduced, following European developments and under the pressure of prison overcrowding. This article examines how issues of consent and cooperation in the supervision of offenders have been addressed in practice in relation to four community measures that are currently available in Greece: treatment interventions for substance abuse offenders, the community service order, the suspended sentence with probation and home detention with electronic monitoring. Different types and scales of approaches in relation to consent and cooperation are observed in different stages of the criminal procedure and between different community measures. An explanation of these variations is proposed with reference to the framework of the different ‘visions’ of community sanctions and measures – managerial, punitive, rehabilitative and reparative. Official language – rhetoric – is utilized in this exploration, while possible further action – praxis – is proposed.
Managing high risk offenders in the community: Compliance, cooperation and consent in a climate of concern
Authors: Weaver Beth , Barry Monica
Published: December 2014

It is increasingly accepted that the change process underpinning the intended outcomes of community supervision, namely community safety, social rehabilitation and reintegration, cannot be achieved without the service user’s active involvement and participation in the process. Their consent, compliance and cooperation is therefore necessary to achieving these outcomes and yet, when it comes to very high risk sexual and violent offenders, in the pursuit of community safety, control oriented, preventative practices predominate over change focused, participatory approaches. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 professionals and 26 service users to explore how, under the auspices of MAPPA, the supervisory process is enacted and experienced, and the extent and means through which it affects people’s willingness to accept or invest in not only the process but also the purpose of supervision. It is argued that how the process of community supervision is experienced and what it comprises not only shapes the outcomes of supervision but also the nature of consent, compliance and cooperation. We conclude by advocating for more participatory processes and practices to promote service users’ active engagement in, and ownership of, the process of change, and in that, the realisation of both the normative dimensions and intended outcomes of community supervision.