bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different yawns, different functions? Testing social hypotheses on spontaneous yawning in Theropithecus gelada
Authors: Leone Alessia , Ferrari Pier Francesco , Palagi Elisabetta
Published: February 2014

Here, we tested hypotheses about the potential functions of yawning based on its intensity and social contexts. Due to their spectrum intensity of yawns (covered teeth/YW1; uncovered teeth/YW2; uncovered gums/YW3), geladas are a good model species for this purpose. We suggest that yawns of different intensity can bear different information according to the performer, the context and the behavioural pattern temporally associated to the yawn event. YW3, mainly performed by high ranking males during periods of high social tension, was frequently associated with an auditory component and often accompanied by scratching (a measure of anxiety). YW1 and YW2, preferentially performed by females, were frequently associated to lip smacking, an affiliative display. In conclusion, even though a clear-cut functional distinction of geladas' yawn intensity is difficult, YW1 and YW2 seem to be more linked to affiliative social interactions; whereas, YW3 seems to be more linked to agonistic and tension situations.
Fractionation of rare-earth metallofullerenes via reversible uptake and release from reactive silica
Authors: Stevenson Steven , Rottinger Khristina A. , Field Jessica S.
Published: February 2014

Isolation and separation strategy that manipulates uptake and release of rare-earth metallofullerenes immobilized on reactive silica to provide enriched samples.
Application ofl-cysteine capped core–shell CdTe/ZnS nanoparticles as a fluorescence probe for cephalexin
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Qiaolin , Ding Yaping , Cai Xiaoyong , Gu Shuqing , Cao Zhiyuan
Published: February 2014

l-Cysteine capped CdTe/ZnS NPs were prepared in an aqueous system and the fluorescence intensity was significantly reduced when the concentration of cephalexin increased, which proves a good probe for determination of cephalexin in pharmaceutical fields.
A mixed valent heterometallic CuII/NaI coordination polymer with sodium–phenyl bonds
Authors: Datta Amitabha , Das Kuheli , Massera Chiara , Clegg Jack K. , Sinha Chittaranjan , Huang Jui-Hsien , Garribba Eugenio
Published: February 2014

A mixed valent heterometallic CuII/NaI coordination polymer (1) is generated by the reaction of a Schiff base ligand, (6,6′-(1E,1′E)-(2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(2-methoxyphenol)) with copper(ii) acetate and sodium perchlorate.
Nanolayered manganese–calcium oxide as an efficient catalyst toward organic sulfide oxidation
Authors: Amini Mojtaba , Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , Naslhajian Hadi , Amini Emad , Farnia S. Morteza F.
Published: February 2014

We for the first time report that nanolayered Mn–Ca oxide in the presence of H2O2 is an efficient catalyst toward sulfide oxidation to sulfoxide.
Program Intensity and Service Delivery Models in the Schools: SLP Survey Results
Authors: Brandel Jayne , Frome Loeb Diane
Published: February 2014

Purpose

School-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) routinely work with team members to make recommendations regarding an intervention program’s intensity and method of service delivery for children with speech and language impairments. In this study, student, SLP, and workplace characteristics that may influence SLPs' recommendations were examined.

Method

Almost 2,000 school-based SLPs completed an online survey about the factors they consider when making recommendations regarding program intensity and service delivery model that students on their caseloads receive.

Results

SLPs reported that student characteristics, rather than SLP or workplace characteristics, were the factors they considered the most when making these recommendations. However, these same SLPs reported that current students on their caseload with severe to moderate disabilities participated in intervention 2–3 times a week for 20–30 min in groups outside of the classroom. Students with the least severe disability received intervention 1 time a week for 20–30 min in groups outside of the classroom.

Conclusion

The limited variety of intervention program intensities and service delivery models used suggests that student characteristics may not be the most important factor considered when making intervention recommendations, as reported by the SLPs. Instead, caseload size and years of practice appear to influence SLPs' recommendations regarding which program intensity and service delivery models to use.
Examining Speech Perception in Noise and Cognitive Functions in the Elderly
Authors: Meister Hartmut , Schreitmüller Stefan , Grugel Linda , Beutner Dirk , Walger Martin , Meister Ingo
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of cognitive functions (i.e., working memory [WM]) and speech recognition against different background maskers in older individuals.

Method

Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were determined using a matrix-sentence test. Unmodulated noise, modulated noise (International Collegium for Rehabilitative Audiology [ICRA] noise 5-250), and speech fragments (International Speech Test Signal [ISTS]) were used as background maskers. Verbal WM was assessed using the Verbal Learning and Memory Test (VLMT; Helmstaedter & Durwen, 1990). Measurements were conducted with 14 normal-hearing older individuals and a control group of 12 normal-hearing young listeners.

Results

Despite their normal hearing ability, the young listeners outperformed the older individuals in all background maskers. These differences were largest for the modulated maskers. SRTs were significantly correlated with the scores of the VLMT. A linear regression model also included WM as the only significant predictor variable.

Conclusions

The results support the assumption that WM plays an important role for speech understanding and that it might have impact on results obtained using speech audiometry. Thus, an individual's WM capacity should be considered with aural diagnosis and rehabilitation. The VLMT proved to be a clinically applicable test for WM. Further cognitive functions important with speech understanding are currently being investigated within the SAKoLA (
Sprachaudiometrie und kognitive Leistungen im Alter
[Speech Audiometry and Cognitive Functions in the Elderly]) project.
Perceived Occlusion and Comfort in Receiver-in-the-Ear Hearing Aids
Authors: Conrad Sara , Rout Ayasakanta
Published: February 2014

Purpose

This study examined self-perceived occlusion and physical comfort ratings by hearing aid users with receiver-in-the-ear (RITE) hearing aids using different sizes of domes.

Method

Twenty-one older adults with hearing impairment were fitted with bilateral RITE hearing aids and tested with 3 dome conditions (open, plus, and power domes) and 1 control condition (participants' own aids). Participants ranked self-perceived occlusion across dome size conditions and across recorded and own voice conditions. Participants also ranked their level of physical comfort across dome sizes.

Results

Self-perceived occlusion increased as dome size increased, with open domes and participants' own aids resulting in the least amount of occlusion. Although this effect was demonstrated in both recorded and own voice conditions, the effect of dome size was greatest in the own voice test conditions. Perceived physical comfort decreased as dome size increased.

Conclusions

Self-perceived occlusion was greatest for power domes, although average level of occlusion did not exceed moderate occlusion on the rating scale. Perceived physical comfort was highest with the open dome and participants' own aids. Plus and power domes were respectively ranked as more uncomfortable than open domes.
Transitioning From Bimodal to Bilateral Cochlear Implant Listening: Speech Recognition and Localization in Four Individuals
Authors: Potts Lisa G. , Litovsky Ruth Y.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The use of bilateral stimulation is becoming common for cochlear implant (CI) recipients with either (a) a CI in one ear and a hearing aid (HA) in the nonimplanted ear (CI&HA—bimodal) or (b) CIs in both ears (CI&CI—bilateral). The objective of this study was to evaluate 4 individuals who transitioned from bimodal to bilateral stimulation.

Method

Participants had completed a larger study of bimodal hearing and subsequently received a second CI. Test procedures from the bimodal study, including roaming speech recognition, localization, and a questionnaire (the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale; Gatehouse & Noble, 2004) were repeated after 6–7 months of bilateral CI experience.

Results

Speech recognition and localization were not significantly different between bimodal and unilateral CI. In contrast, performance was significantly better with CI&CI compared with unilateral CI. Speech recognition with CI&CI was significantly better than with CI&HA for 2 of 4 participants. Localization was significantly better for all participants with CI&CI compared with CI&HA. CI&CI performance was rated as significantly better on the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale compared with CI&HA.

Conclusions

There was a strong preference for CI&CI for all participants. The variability in speech recognition and localization, however, suggests that performance under these stimulus conditions is individualized. Differences in hearing and/or HA history may explain performance differences.
Impact of Fear of Falling for Patients and Caregivers: Perceptions Before and After Participation in Vestibular and Balance Rehabilitation Therapy
Authors: Honaker Julie A. , Kretschmer Laura W.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of fear of falling (FoF) on older patients with dizziness history and their caregivers to better determine holistic needs when developing a patient-family centered approach to falling risk reduction.

Method

A mixed-method design was used, incorporating a phenomenological qualitative approach to explore the impact of FoF in 14 patients and a family member or spouse of each patient. Quantitative analysis was used to further interpret results of interviews conducted before and after participation in a vestibular and balance rehabilitation program designed to reduce falling risk and improve balance confidence.

Results

Qualitative analysis of participant interviews pre and post vestibular rehabilitation revealed lifestyle changes for both participants and family caregivers due to FoF and the need for reducing falling concerns. Patient age showed statistically significant differences in levels of balance confidence, with younger participants (≤ 65 years) showing more concerns about the consequences of falling, even after rehabilitation, than older participants (> 65 years).

Conclusion

The study highlights the impact of FoF on participation and activity levels of patients and family caregivers, as well as the need to thoroughly evaluate falling fears to achieve a holistic rehabilitation outcome.
The Effect of Dialect on Speech Audiometry Testing
Authors: Nissen Shawn L. , Harris Richard W. , Channell Ron W. , Richardson Nathan E. , Garlick Jamie A. , Eggett Dennis L.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

In this study, the authors examined the validity of using materials from 2 nonregional yet mutually intelligible dialects to evaluate an individual's speech recognition threshold (SRT) and word recognition (WR) abilities and whether a speaker of 1 dialect could accurately administer and score materials in the other dialect.

Method

Previously created SRT and WR materials were presented to 32 Mandarin listeners with normal hearing: 16 speakers of Mainland Mandarin and 16 speakers of Taiwan Mandarin. Hearing abilities were examined using SRT and WR materials created for speakers from 2 different regional dialects. Presentation of the materials occurred during 2 test sessions, counterbalanced across material and listener dialect. Listener responses were evaluated by 2 judges; 1 spoke Mainland Mandarin, and the other spoke Taiwan Mandarin.

Results

For the SRT and WR results, differences in listener performance were statistically significant across material and listener dialect, with threshold differences of less than 2 dB HL when collapsed across session. The interscorer percentage of agreement was 99.5% for SRT and 99.1% for WR testing.

Conclusion

Testing with materials in a different regional dialect does have a measurable impact on SRT and WR performance. However, this difference, though reliable, is small enough to have a negligible impact on clinical findings.
Improved Gap Detection Thresholds Following Auditory Training: Evidence of Auditory Plasticity in Older Adults
Authors: Kishon-Rabin Liat , Avivi-Reich Meital , Ari-Even Roth Daphne
Published: February 2014

Purpose

In this article, the authors aimed to measure the course of improvement in a gap-detection (GD) task following multisession training in older compared with young adults.

Method

Participants with normal hearing (
N
= 30) were divided into 4 groups: 2 groups of older and young adults who received multisession training over 10 days (9 adults/group,
M
age
= 64.7 years and 24.1 years, respectively) and 2 control groups of older and young adults (6 adults/group,
M
age
= 65.4 years and 26.3 years, respectively). Stimuli consisted of silent gaps marked by 2 noise bands centered at 1000 Hz. GD thresholds (GDTs) were measured through use of an adaptive procedure in each testing day, 24 hr post-training and at 1 month post-training.

Results

Initial GDTs of the older group were significantly poorer than those of the young adults. However, by the fourth training day, the mean GDTs of the 2 groups were similar, and both groups showed the same rate of improvement in the following sessions. Data of the controls confirmed that the better GDTs of the trained groups resulted from their training. Retention of learning was demonstrated for both age groups.

Conclusions

The data from this study support the notion that some aspects of auditory learning and temporal resolution may be preserved in the elderly.
Evidence-Based Practice in Audiology: Rehabilitation Options for Adults With Hearing Impairment
Authors: Hickson Louise , Laplante-Lévesque Ariane , Wong Lena
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The authors address 3 questions: (a) What is evidence-based practice (EBP), and why is it important for adults with hearing impairment? (b) What is the evidence about intervention options for adults who fail a hearing screening and are identified with hearing impairment? (c) What intervention options do adults choose when identified with hearing impairment for the first time?

Method

The 5 steps of the EBP process are discussed in relation to a clinical question about whether hearing aids and communication programs reduce activity limitations and participation restrictions compared with no treatment for adults who fail a hearing screening and are identified with hearing impairment.

Results

Systematic reviews of the evidence indicate that both hearing aids and communication programs reduce activity limitations and participation restrictions for this population and are therefore appropriate options. A study is then described in which these options were presented to 153 clients identified with hearing impairment for the first time: 43% chose hearing aids, 18% chose communication programs, and the remaining 39% chose not to take any action.

Conclusion

EBP supports the offer of intervention options to adults who fail a hearing screening and are identified with hearing impairment.
Subjective Fatigue in Children With Hearing Loss: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Hornsby Benjamin W. Y. , Werfel Krystal , Camarata Stephen , Bess Fred H.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

In this study, the authors examined the effect of hearing loss on subjective reports of fatigue in school-age children using a standardized measure.

Methods

As part of a larger ongoing study, the authors obtained subjective ratings of fatigue using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (Varni, Burwinkle, Katz, Meeske, & Dickinson, 2002). This standardized scale provides a measure of general fatigue, sleep/rest fatigue, cognitive fatigue, and an overall composite measure of fatigue. To date, data from 10 children with hearing loss (CHL) and 10 age-matched children with normal hearing (CNH) have been analyzed.

Results

These preliminary results show that subjective fatigue is increased in school-age children with hearing loss (Cohen's
d
= 0.78–1.90). In addition, the impact of hearing loss on fatigue in school-age children appears pervasive across multiple domains (general, sleep/rest, and cognitive fatigue).

Conclusion

School-age CHL reported significantly more fatigue than did CNH. These preliminary data are important given the negative academic and psychosocial consequences associated with fatigue. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for this increased fatigue in school-age children with hearing loss, and to identify factors that may modulate (e.g., degree of loss) and mediate (e.g., hearing aid or cochlear implant use) its impact.
Uncertainty of reconstructions of spatially distributed magnetic nanoparticles under realistic noise conditions
Authors: Coene A. , Crevecoeur G. , Liebl M. , Wiekhorst F. , Dupré L. , Steinhoff U.
Published: February 2014

Magnetorelaxometry (MRX) is a measurement technique able to sense the magnetic field originating from magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The concentration distribution of MNPs can be recovered by interpreting the MRX measurement data with a numerical model, i.e., by solving an inverse problem. We investigate the actual impact of noise on the MNP reconstruction quality when using distributed excitation coil configurations and how the excitation setup needs to be adapted when prior information on the MRX noise is known. Results show that an approximately 4 times larger sensitivity can be attained when adapting the excitation setup to the known realistic noise. The proposed methodology is able to assess the sensitivity limits of the MRX measurement setup more accurately compared to convenient noise models.
Coming to terms with fear
Authors: LeDoux Joseph E.
Published: February 2014

Significance

Research on Pavlovian fear conditioning has been very successful in revealing what has come to be called the brain’s fear system. The field has now matured to the point where a sharper conceptualization of what is being studied could be very useful as we go forward. Terms like “fear conditioning” and “fear system” blur the distinction between processes that give rise to conscious feelings of fear and nonconscious processes that control defense responses elicited by threats. These processes interact but are not the same. Using terms that respect the distinction will help focus future animal research on brain circuits that detect and respond to threats, and should also help clarify the implications of this work for understanding how normal and pathological feelings of fear come about in the human brain.
Childhood in Qajar Iran
Authors: Mahdavi Shireen
Published: February 2014

The history of children in general and that of Persian children in particular is that of the inarticulate. The social history of Iran is a neglected field although in recent decades a preponderance of material has appeared on the history of women. Aside from this no work has been undertaken on the private life of the period including childhood and family life. This article examines various aspects of the position and upbringing of children in Qajar Iran ranging from the rearing of children to their status in the family, discipline, amusements and education. This investigation attempts to cover the childhood of different sexes and social classes both in rural and urban areas. The discussion is limited to Shi'i children, the majority population of Iran.
Early educational provision – emphasised in education policy reforms in Norway? An analysis of education policy documents
Authors: Bj⊘rnsrud Halvor , Nilsen Sven
Published: February 2014

The article analyses how the intentions of early provision in Norwegian schools have been expressed in the education policy reforms in Norway from the 1970s to the present day. The first area deals with the intentions that most explicitly cover early provision; prevention, early detection and intervention. The second area of analysis relates to the early provision intentions with an emphasis on the correlation between individual and environmental factors seen in light of differentiation and disability. The third area examines how significance is attached to pupils’ social background with regard to early provision in learning in schools. Finally, consideration is given to the relationship between early provision intentions and efforts to prevent pupils dropping out of upper secondary education. The analysis also shows that the policy guidelines on early provision for schools and teachers have been weak and unclear. This is due to the fact that the early provision intentions have primarily been expressed in reports to the Storting, and rarely given any kind of focus in national curricula.
Relative entropies for convex bodies
Authors: Jenkinson Justin , Werner Elisabeth
Published: February 2014

We introduce a new class of (not necessarily convex) bodies and show, among other things, that these bodies provide yet another link between convex geometric analysis and information theory. Namely, they give geometric interpretations of the relative entropy of the cone measures of a convex body and its polar and related quantities.

Such interpretations were first given by Paouris and Werner for symmetric convex bodies in the context of the

L
p

L_p

-centroid bodies. There, the relative entropies appear after performing second order expansions of certain expressions. Now, no symmetry assumptions are needed. Moreover, using the new bodies, already first order expansions make the relative entropies appear. Thus, these bodies detect “faster” details of the boundary of a convex body than the

L
p

L_p

-centroid bodies.
Quotients of the crown domain by a proper action of a cyclic group
Authors: Vitali Sara
Published: February 2014

LetG/KG/Kbe an irreducible Riemannian symmetric space of the non-compact type and denote byΞ\Xithe associated crown domain. We show that for any proper action of a cyclic groupΓ\Gammathe quotientΞ/Γ\Xi /\Gammais Stein. An analogous statement holds true for discrete nilpotent subgroups of a maximal split-solvable subgroup ofGG. We also show thatΞ\Xiis taut.
Adinkras for mathematicians
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: February 2014

Adinkras are graphical tools created to study representations of supersymmetry algebras. Besides having inherent interest for physicists, the study of adinkras has already shown non-trivial connections with coding theory and Clifford algebras. Furthermore, adinkras offer many easy-to-state and accessible mathematical problems of algebraic, combinatorial, and computational nature. We survey these topics for a mathematical audience, make new connections to other areas (homological algebra and poset theory), and solve some of these said problems, including the enumeration of all hypercube adinkras up through dimension

5
5

and the enumeration of odd dashings of adinkras for any dimension.
Nek2 phosphorylates and stabilizes β-catenin at mitotic centrosomes downstream of Plk1
Authors: Mbom Bertrade C. , Siemers Kathleen A. , Ostrowski Maggie A. , Nelson W. James , Barth Angela I. M.
Published: February 2014

β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein with critical roles in cell–cell adhesion, Wnt signaling, and the centrosome cycle. Whereas the regulation of β-catenin in cell–cell adhesion and Wnt signaling are well understood, how β-catenin is regulated at the centrosome is not. NIMA-related protein kinase 2 (Nek2), which regulates centrosome disjunction/splitting, binds to and phosphorylates β-catenin. Using in vitro and cell-based assays, we show that Nek2 phosphorylates the same regulatory sites in the N-terminus of β-catenin as glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which are recognized by a specific phospho-S33/S37/T41 antibody, as well as additional sites. Nek2 binding to β-catenin appears to inhibit binding of the E3 ligase β-TrCP and prevents β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation. Thus β-catenin phosphorylated by Nek2 is stabilized and accumulates at centrosomes in mitosis. We further show that polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) regulates Nek2 phosphorylation and stabilization of β-catenin. Taken together, these results identify a novel mechanism for regulating β-catenin stability that is independent of GSK3β and provide new insight into a pathway involving Plk1, Nek2, and β-catenin that regulates the centrosome cycle.
Secretion of VEGF-165 has unique characteristics, including shedding from the plasma membrane
Authors: Guzmán-Hernández Maria Luisa , Potter Gael , Egervári Kristóf , Kiss Jozsef Z. , Balla Tamas
Published: February 2014

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical regulator of endothelial cell differentiation and vasculogenesis during both development and tumor vascularization. VEGF-165 is a major form that is secreted from the cells via a poorly characterized pathway. Here we use green fluorescent protein– and epitope-tagged VEGF-165 and find that its early trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi requires the small GTP-binding proteins Sar1 and Arf1 and that its glycosylation in the Golgi compartment is necessary for efficient post-Golgi transport and secretion from the cells. The relative temperature insensitivity of VEGF secretion and its Sar1 and Arf1 inhibitory profiles distinguish it from other cargoes using the “constitutive” secretory pathway. Prominent features of VEGF secretion are the retention of the protein on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and the stimulation of its secretion by Ca2+and protein kinase C. Of importance, shedding of VEGF-165 from the cell surface together with other membrane components appears to be a unique feature by which some VEGF is delivered to the surroundings to exert its known biological actions. Understanding VEGF trafficking can reveal additional means by which tumor vascularization can be inhibited by pharmacological interventions.
Katanin maintains meiotic metaphase chromosome alignment and spindle structure in vivo and has multiple effects on microtubules in vitro
Authors: McNally Karen , Berg Evan , Cortes Daniel B. , Hernandez Veronica , Mains Paul E. , McNally Francis J.
Published: February 2014

Assembly of Caenorhabditis elegans female meiotic spindles requires both MEI-1 and MEI-2 subunits of the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin. Strong loss-of-function mutants assemble apolar intersecting microtubule arrays, whereas weaker mutants assemble bipolar meiotic spindles that are longer than wild type. To determine whether katanin is also required for spindle maintenance, we monitored metaphase I spindles after a fast-acting mei-1(ts) mutant was shifted to a nonpermissive temperature. Within 4 min of temperature shift, bivalents moved off the metaphase plate, and microtubule bundles within the spindle lengthened and developed a high degree of curvature. Spindles eventually lost bipolar structure. Immunofluorescence of embryos fixed at increasing temperature indicated that MEI-1 was lost from spindle microtubules before loss of ASPM-1, indicating that MEI-1 and ASPM-1 act independently at spindle poles. We quantified the microtubule-severing activity of purified MEI-1/MEI-2 complexes corresponding to six different point mutations and found a linear relationship between microtubule disassembly rate and meiotic spindle length. Previous work showed that katanin is required for severing at points where two microtubules intersect in vivo. We show that purified MEI-1/MEI-2 complexes preferentially sever at intersections between two microtubules and directly bundle microtubules in vitro. These activities could promote parallel/antiparallel microtubule organization in meiotic spindles.
EDDY: a novel statistical gene set test method to detect differential genetic dependencies
Authors: Jung Sungwon , Kim Seungchan
Published: February 2014

Identifying differential features between conditions is a popular approach to understanding molecular features and their mechanisms underlying a biological process of particular interest. Although many tests for identifying differential expression of gene or gene sets have been proposed, there was limited success in developing methods for differential interactions of genes between conditions because of its computational complexity. We present a method for Evaluation of Dependency DifferentialitY (EDDY), which is a statistical test for differential dependencies of a set of genes between two conditions. Unlike previous methods focused on differential expression of individual genes or correlation changes of individual gene–gene interactions, EDDY compares two conditions by evaluating the probability distributions of dependency networks from genes. The method has been evaluated and compared with other methods through simulation studies, and application to glioblastoma multiforme data resulted in informative cancer and glioblastoma multiforme subtype-related findings. The comparison with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, a differential expression-based method, revealed that EDDY identifies the gene sets that are complementary to those identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. EDDY also showed much lower false positives than Gene Set Co-expression Analysis, a method based on correlation changes of individual gene–gene interactions, thus providing more informative results. The Java implementation of the algorithm is freely available to noncommercial users. Download from: http://biocomputing.tgen.org/software/EDDY.
Aristotle's Politics
Authors: Pellegrin Pierre
Published: February 2014

Is there something like an Aristotelian political thought or philosophy? Apparently so: we have a special treatise by Aristotle that takes as its object the consideration of the city (polis)—its components, its functioning, and, most of all, the different possible forms of constitution it may have. This treatise was probably given its title, Politics, by Aristotle himself, whose political philosophy, if any, is based upon an analysis, objective as well as prescriptive, of the political reality of his day. According to Plato, at least in the Republic, there is no real political science, because there is only one science, which he calls “dialectic”, which encompasses everything. This article explores the position of politics in Aristotle's thought, the relationship between politics and theory, the family and the city, the politics of slavery, citizens and constitutions, and political science and realpolitik.
Aristotle on the Moral Psychology of Persuasion
Authors: Rapp Christof
Published: February 2014

This article discusses some core theorems of Aristotle's account of persuasion as it is set out in the Rhetoric. It is the declared ambition of Rhetoric I and II to develop a technê, or art, of rhetoric, and the central tool of this technê is, as it were, the introduction of three technical means of persuasion: êthos, pathos, and logos. Probably the best point to start with is two claims that Aristotle eventually makes in the course of his work on rhetoric, the first of which consists in saying that proofs and arguments are central to persuasion. The second claim states that proofs and arguments, however central and important they may be, are not sufficient to persuade. The article examines the relation between these two claims in order to elucidate certain assumptions that Aristotle seems to make concerning the moral psychology of persuasion.
Aristotle on Poetry
Authors: Schiaparelli Annamaria , Crivelli Paolo
Published: February 2014

Aristotle's Poetics is one of the deepest and most influential philosophical works on art, or rather, on a specific art. The treatise pursues several aims, one of which, and the most general, is to classify the works that can be labeled “poetical composition” and their parts. Another, more specific, aim is to vindicate poetry in the face of the criticism leveled at it by Plato. Another specific aim is to explain some concepts that are fundamental for the understanding of poetry (for example, that of imitation). Furthermore, the discussion of some forms of poetry was probably a useful way to express ideas about education and political life in the city, and to convey thoughts about the relation between people's actions and their characters. The range of issues covered by the Poetics makes it reasonable to bring the topics under two headings: Aristotle's views on poetry in general; and his account of tragedy (the genre that has the lion's share of the treatise).
Carolingian Domesticities
Authors: Stone Rachel
Published: February 2014

Carolingian ideas of "home" and "family" encompassed a wide range of meanings from physical buildings to kin and free and unfree dependents. Kinship ties played a vital role, both socially and politically, and marriage practices reflected that; Carolingian reforms respected parents' strategies concerning their children's marriages. The Frankish economy was structured around nuclear households, from peasant tenancies to the huge estates presided over by noble men and women. Male and female activities in both production and consumption were partially, but not completely gender-specific. Dowries provided some economic independence for women, but female wealth often depended on contingent factors such as family size and the attitudes of male relatives. The ordered conjugal household was an important image in Carolingian moral thought, with married women holding a subordinate, but honored position. Frankish ideology focused more on elite women's role in the management of dependents and social networks than on purely "housewifely" activities.
Cults of Saints
Authors: Rubin Miri
Published: February 2014

The cult of saints in the Middle Ages is considered here through the operation of gender. Gender is shown to be have determined who was considered a saint, how holiness was pursued by individuals, described in hagiography, remembered, and approached. Early Christian communities admired heroic martyrdom in men and women, but medieval religious institutions offered men many more opportunities to develop saintly reputations: as bishops, hermits, and missionaries. With the growth of towns after the year 1100, niches developed for collective as well as individual holy lives for men and women, in households and neighborhoods; friars often appreciated and encouraged such lives, sometimes committing them to hagiography. Such writing about saints was a prolific genre, alongside the pilgrimage travelogue and miracles worked by saints at shrines. Gender, wealth and status determined the chances to encounter saints through pilgrimage, to possess hagiography, and to use material objects in devotion.
Heresy and Gender in the Middle Ages
Authors: Arnold John H.
Published: February 2014

Earlier histories have linked women with heresy in a variety of ways. More recent work dispells the idea that women were particularly prominent or active in heresy. But heresy can be analyzed via gender: this article analyzes gendered orthodox representations of "heresy," discusses the particular roles available to women within different heretical sects, and argues that a key issue is the nature of our interest in female agency and dissent.
Women and Gender in Islamic Traditions
Authors: Berkey Jonathan
Published: February 2014

Gender was a critical factor in the Islamic tradition, especially in its law. That law was shaped by the Qur'an, the practice of Muhammad and his companions as known through hadith, the status of women in Arabia at the rise of Islam, but even more by the customs and attitudes of people living in those regions outside Arabia conquered by the early Muslim Arabs. From them, Muslims adopted practices segregating and secluding women. These practices and the misogynist attitudes behind them confirmed in Islamic law a gendered hierarchy of rights, although particular social circumstances might mitigate the full implementation of that hierarchy. Within the family women might play important, even decisive roles, although in public spheres such as politics their formal role was considerably more restricted. Interestingly, however, specifically religious spheres such as mystical devotion and education provided meaningful channels for women's participation.
Performing Courtliness
Authors: Burns E. Jane
Published: February 2014

Medieval courts can be understood as performance spaces in which courtly players, both historical composer/performers and their fictive characters, enacted complex and contradictory configurations of gender and power. From this perspective, courtly literature's constant reiteration of the established rules of love or codes of chivalric behavior might suggest not that those conventions are firmly in place but, on the contrary, that courtly literary texts assert a message of idealized and codified conduct that was actively resisted, challenged, and altered. Those alternative courtly performances were often enacted by women, whether by historical singer-composers, authors, and patrons or by a wide range of inscribed female characters in courtly texts.
Same-sex Possibilities
Authors: Puff Helmut
Published: February 2014

This chapter considers the world of same-sex intimacy, erotic and otherwise, in the European Middle Ages. It proposes that there was a vibrant culture of same-sex interactions during this period. When, in the 1970s, researchers started to explore the history of homoeroticism in depth, they focused predominantly on prohibitions against and condemnations of sex between men and sex between women. In the meantime, new ways of reading as well as different archives have instigated a change of perspective; we are beginning to take stock of the many same-sex possibilities that existed in medieval times. This chapter retraces this shift in perspective. It also shows how, toward the end of the Middle Ages, the dissemination of the concept of sodomy among Christian believers affected the rich fabric of homosocial life and emotions.
The Political Traditions of Female Rulership in Medieval Europe
Authors: Fößel Amalie
Published: February 2014

This article sketches the political traditions of female rulership in medieval Europe. A brief introduction containing preliminary remarks on the history of research is followed by overviews of perceptions of gender and power and of the construction of queens as wives, mothers, and rulers. Coronation orders conceived of queenship with reference to biblical women and formulated a concept of participation in royal rulership that persisted through the high Middle Ages. The article then turns to differing traditions of political practice. Women could exercise political power through different functions and in diverse ways: as wives, as regents, or as reigning queens legitimated through inheritance and ruling in their own right. The mechanisms and strategies for obtaining and exercising power are illustrated by a few selected examples.
Women and Laws in Early Medieval Europe
Authors: Nelson Janet L. , Rio Alice
Published: February 2014

This article examines the main ways in which early medieval lawmakers concerned themselves with women. Law codes put forward ideologically loaded representations of women, and they reflected concerns to ensure both their protection and their control by men. At the same time, they also dealt with highly practical issues and were subject to continual amendment as new and ever more complicated cases were brought before lawmakers. They reveal a conflicted and ambiguous attitude towards women: as highly prized assets and a crucial form of symbolic capital, but also a heavy financial burden, a liability, and a weak point in the safeguarding of family honor. We consider the valuation of women in terms of compensation for homicide, injuries, and insults; the regulation of marriage and of sexual crimes; and property, to which women and men had differential access.
Aesthetics and Hyperembodiment in Pop Videos
Authors: Hawkins Stan
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter uses textual analysis of the music video “Umbrella,” featuring Rihanna, to demonstrate the intricacies of sound and image synchronization. It argues that music highlights subject positions according to the viewer’s expectations, assessment, and understanding of the displayed subject. Rihanna’s erotic imagery forms a critical point for contemplating the pop artist’s physical responses to music. One central ingredient of most video performances is disclosed by the suggestive positioning of the gendered body, which extends far beyond everyday experience. Such notions are theorized through aspects of hyperembodiment and hypersexuality, wherein the technological constructedness of the body constitutes a prime part of video production. The aesthetics of performance are predicated on the reassemblance of the body audiovisually. Editing, production, and technology shape the images, which are stimulated by musical sound, and ultimately the audiovisual flow in pop videos mediates a range of conventions that say much about our ever-evolving cultural domains.
The Audio-Logo-Visual and the Sound of Languages in Recent Film
Authors: Chion Michel
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Language is "divided" into its (unrelated) spoken and written forms. Cinema uses language in the distinctly different channels of sound and image, and thus is audio-logo-visual. Some films attempt to transcend the language division via embodied language (e.g., deaf sign language). This chapter considers the transition from silent film to sound and the presence of written speech in narrative films depicting screen media. Subtitling “kills” language: it cannot approximate dialects or accents, different languages being spoken, hubbub, and indistinct recording; thus it demobilizes listening. Could filmmakers develop graphic conventions in subtitles to indicate some of the richness of language spoken on the soundtrack?
The Neosurrealist Musical and Tsai Ming-Liang’s the Wayward Cloud
Authors: Richardson John
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter theorizes an important new development in auteur cinema, the neosurrealist metamusical, through Jan Assman’s idea of “figures of memory,” which are aspects of cultural memory that are differentiated from everyday experiences by their ritualized and temporally displaced nature. Musical numbers in this view become figures of memory that highlight reflectivity. Tsai Ming-Liang’s The Wayward Cloud (Tian bian yi duo yun, 2005) is a classic example of a neosurrealist metamusical, a surrealist sensibility manifesting itself in the film’s collage-like assemblage of genres-art house cinema, film musicals, and hard-core pornography-combined with an element of absurdism. The use of vintage popular songs as found objects is central in negotiating cultural meanings, including tensions between local Taiwanese culture and mainland China, the mediatized West and the local everyday. Although the film contains potent critical messages, its dominant modality is playful camp aestheticism, which is theorized by means of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s idea of “reparative reading.”
The Sound of Intensified Continuity
Authors: Smith Jeff
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter examines the role of the soundtrack in the “intensified continuity” style of contemporary Hollywood cinema. Drawing on David Bordwell’s work, it argues that contemporary sound design contributes much to the style’s “impact aesthetic.” Since 1970 soundtracks have increasingly foregrounded six dimensions that function as an aural counterpart to the cinematographic and editing strategies highlighted by Bordwell. The chapter concludes with a comparative study of the 1974 caper classic, The Taking of Pelham 123, and its 2009 remake. The emergence of an “intensified continuity” approach to the soundtrack is illustrated by three aspects of the 2009 remake: (1) the use of nondiegetic sound effects; (2) the use of surround channels to sharpen the differences in the aural environments in the film; and (3) the role of low-frequency effects channels, directional sounds, and expanded dynamic range to enhance the sensory impact of the film’s train sounds.
Video Speech in Latin America
Authors: Chanan Michael
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. In rehearsing the history of video in Latin America, this chapter focuses on the social rather than the individual, on video as a collective medium where audio and visual are placed in a new relationship of equal simultaneity, and thus where video functions more as a form of collective speech than individual expression. In the Latin American experience, which built on the radical film movement of the preceding decades, community activists became aficionados of video, often under the most inimical circumstances, but by exploiting video’s potential for alternative, small scale, low profile, subcultural uses. Using examples from Chile in the 1980s, indigenous video in countries like Brazil and Bolivia, and the movement of video activism in Argentina in the early 2000s known as cine piquetero, the chapter sketches a concept of video speech as a form of audiovisual utterance answering to the socialized conditions of its production, in a dialogical relationship with its audience.
International Prices and Endogenous Quality
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Authors: Feenstra Robert C. , Romalis John
Published: February 2014

The unit values of internationally traded goods are heavily influenced by quality. We model this in an extended monopolistic competition framework where, in addition to choosing price, firms simultaneously choose quality subject to nonhomothetic demand. We estimate quality and quality-adjusted price indexes for 185 countries over 1984–2011. Our estimates are less sensitive to assumptions about the extensive margin of firms than are purely “demand-side” estimates. We find that quality-adjusted prices vary much less across countries than do unit values and, surprisingly, the quality-adjusted terms of trade are negatively related to countries’ level of income.
Effect of Center-Pivot Irrigation in the Rust and Brown Eye Spot of Coffee
Authors: de Paiva Custódio Adriano Augusto , Pozza Edson Ampélio , de Paiva Custódio Anselmo Augusto , de Souza Paulo Estevão , Lima Luiz Antônio , da Silva Antônio Marciano
Published: February 2014

Incidence of rust (caused by Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (caused by Cercospora coffeicola) of coffee was evaluated for 2 years in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a center-pivot-irrigated coffee crop with different water application levels. Treatments consisted of six water levels of 0 (nonirrigated), 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140% applied according to class A evaporation pan (CAE). Progress of disease was influenced significantly by different water levels; the highest incidence of rust occurred with lower water levels—0 (nonirrigated), 60, and 80% CAE—whereas the lowest incidence was detected with larger water levels: 120 and 140% CAE. There was one peak of rust incidence in August. The highest incidence of brown eye spot occurred with water levels of 100 and 140% CAE and the lowest incidence was found in the nonirrigated treatment. Two incidence peaks occurred in March and June. This study identified that irrigation methods and water levels can decisively affect the epidemiological behavior of diseases and, therefore, their management.