bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Post spinal anesthesia hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section using Perfusion index
Authors: Pyakurel Kumud , Rajbanshi Lalit Kumar , Bhattarai Ramesh , Dahal Sonia
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension frequently complicates Cesarean delivery. This is usually due to sudden sympatholysis causing decreased venous return which can be aggravated by physiological changes of pregnancy leading to change in baseline peripheral vascular tone. Strategies to prevent hypotensive episodes should be the primary aim of anesthetic management. A simple noninvasive measurement of perfusion index derived from pulse oximeter predicting hypotension during the routine intraoperative course could provide a new dynamism to the management and improving the safe execution of anesthesia.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare incidence of hypotension following SAB for LSCS in patients with baseline PI ≤ 3.5 to those with PI > 3.5. The secondary objectives were to compare PI, HR, SBP, MAP at various time intervals and also to study the side effects between the two groups.

Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital from to July 2019 to October 2019. 73 Term parturients presenting for elective cesarean delivery were included for the study.

Upon arrival in the operation room, standard monitors were attached and baseline HR, SBP, DBP, MAP, PI and SPO2 were recorded in supine position. The patients with baseline PI ≤ 3.5 were enrolled into Group I and those with a PI > 3.5 were enrolled into Group II. Spinal Anesthesia with 10mg of 0.5% heavy Bupivacaine and 20mcg Fentanyl ( total 2.4ml) was given at L3-L4 interspace in sitting position using midline approach. Patient was then returned to supine position with left lateral tilt of 15 degrees to facilitate left uterine displacement. Upper sensory level was checked at 5 minutes using alcohol swab. Once T-6 level was reached, surgery was started. Maternal SBP, DBP, MAP, HR and PI were recorded at 1 minute intervals between spinal injection and delivery and then 3 minutes until end of surgery. Clinically relevant hypotension was defined as the decrease in MAP by 20% or more from baseline value.

Results: The incidence of hypotension in Group I was 18.8% (6/30) compared to 81.3% (26/38). This was clinically and statistically highly significant (P = 0.000, odds ratio 0.11). On Spearman’s rank correlation we found highly significant correlation between baseline PI >3.5 and number of episodes of hypotension (rs 0.482, P = 0.000). The sensitivity and specificity of baseline PI with cut-off 3.5 for predicting hypotension were 81.3% and 66.7% respectively. The ROC curve analysis showed 3.53 as appropriate cut‑off for our findings. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.734 [Figure 6](Lower bound 0.608 and upper bound 0.861, P=0.001). 

Conclusion : This study demonstrates that baseline PI of > 3.5 correlates with incidence of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in healthy parturients compared to a baseline PI of < 3.5.
Hearing Loss in Patients with Chronic Kidney: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Basnet Meenakshi , Shrestha Shailendra , Neupane Bijay , Aryal Gyan Raj
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney diseasesuffer from sensorineural hearing loss as a complication.The prevalence, type and degree of hearing loss along with the associated factors like age, electrolyte imbalance, hypertension, diabetes, duration and stage of CKD were studied.

Methodology:This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology and Nephrology at Nobel Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Kanchanbari, Biratnagar, Nepal from1st August 2018 to 30th September 2019.After thorough history taking, clinical & biochemical examinations, all patients underwent Tuning fork test and Pure tone audiometry. CKD was staged according to the eGFR. Data were stored in excel spreadsheet and analysis was done using the SPSS software (version 21)

Result: Out of 150 patients,the ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. The mean age of the patients was 44.04 ± 10.524 years. 68 (45%) patients had CKD stage V with a median duration of 24 (18 – 36) months. The prevalence of hearing loss was found to be 83 (55.3%), most of them in bilateral ear (58%). The staging of CKD had a significant association with the prevalence of hearing loss and its severity. The duration of the illness had a strong association with hearing loss.

Conclusion: This study shows that sensorineural hearing loss prevails in the patients suffering from CKD, which increases with age, duration of CKD, presence of comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes and level of serum urea and creatinine. However, it could not establish diabetes and electrolyte as a potential risk factor for developing hearing loss from CKD.
Effect of erector spinae plane block for rib fractures on postoperative analgesia for elbow surgery: A case report
Authors: Bhattarai Prajjwal Raj , Sharma Achyut , Sharma Rinku , Sharma Apurb
Published: December 2020

The erector spinae plane block is an emerging technique for analgesia. It has shown to provide reliable analgesia in abdominal and thoracic surgery.  Erector spinae plane block may be efficacious for analgesia of pain in the upper limb. The advantage of this modality would be in a patient with polytrauma with rib fractures and upper limb fracture/injury as it assists in the physiotherapy of the chest and upper limb.
Intestinal Malrotation in Children: Experience of a Tertiary Care Hospital in a Developing Country
Authors: Emeka Chukwubuike Kevin
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Intestinal malrotation is a congenital disorder resulting from abnormal rotation of the intestine during fetal development. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience in the management of pediatric patients with intestinal malrotation.

Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study of children aged 3 years and below who were treated for intestinal malrotation between January 2014 and December 2018 at the pediatric surgery unit of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH) Enugu, Nigeria.

Results: Sixty-one patients had laparotomy for intestinal malrotation during the study period. There was predominance of male neonates and the age range was 10 days to 3 years. Abdominal pain and upper gastrointestinal tract contrast study were the most common symptom and investigation respectively. Intestinal obstruction caused by congenital (Ladd’s) bands was the most common intraoperative finding and Ladd’s procedure was the most performed surgical procedure. Most patients did not develop any post-operative complications. However, surgical site infection was the most common complication following surgery. Mortality occurred in 8 (13.1%) patients.

Conclusion: Intestinal malrotation symptoms occur mainly in male neonates and abdominal pain is a common and consistent symptom. Upper gastrointestinal contrast study is diagnostic. There are morbidity and mortality associated with treatment of intestinal malrotation.
Immunity and Mental Health: Towards COVID-19
Authors: Malhotra Varun , Bharshankar Rajay , Mukherjee Sukesh , Gupta Akriti , Gautam Namita
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The Corona virus that originated in China in December 2019, has now spread rapidly globally. It is highly contagious & to date no cure in form of vaccine or medicines is available.

 COVID-19 and Immunity: Enhancing body’s natural defense system plays an important role in maintaining optimum health. The serum levels of IL2R and IL-6 in patients with COVID-19 are positively correlated with the severity of the disease . studies have found that, compared with COVID-19 patients from general wards, patients in the intensive care unit [ICU] display increased serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IP-10, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1A, and TNF-α.

COVID-19 and Mental Health: Patients who had positive COVID-19 diagnosis reported significantly elevated levels of corona virus anxiety compared to their non-infected, but anxious peers, this highlights the clinical utility of the Corona Anxiety Scores [CAS]&the importance of assessing, treating the psychological needs of those infected with the virus. The need to formulate psychological interventions to improve mental health and psychological resilience during COVID-19 pandemic is the need of the hour. We need to tackle and fight the stigma, fear &anxiety related to the virus that is greater than the disease itself. Governments have provided mental health services to their citizens by varied channel including hotline, online consultation & course and outpatient consultation, but have indicated that more attention should be paid to depression and anxiety. As India’s cases increase, the importance of following the government laid precautions becomes all the more important.
Therapeutic effects of ‘Chitosan’ Nanoparticles: An Update
Authors: Sruthy - , Goothy Sal Sailesh Kumar , Khalid Jabir Padathpeedika , Goothy Srilatha , Choudhary Anita , Govind Potey Gajanan , Chakraborty Hirok , Khanderao Mahadik Vijay
Published: December 2020

No abstract available.
Synods and Synodality in Austrian Church after the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Rees Wilhelm
Published: December 2020

Synods have a long tradition in the ecclesiastical history, though their significance varied in different epochs of the Roman Catholic Church. Within the European area, synods gained in importance after the Second Vatican Council, although they appeared in a new or rather modified form. This also applies to the diocesan synods and the Austrian Synodal Process (1973/1974), which took place after and has been celebrated by the supporters of the Second Vatican Council.
Swiss Synodality after the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Loretan-Saladin Adrian
Published: December 2020

Quod omnes tangit, ab omnibus tractari et approbari debent. (Cardinal Congar) The canonists have been developing the rule of law of Western Europe. After there had been much debate (Acts 15:7), they decided together with the Holy Spirit. The Apostolic Nuncio gave the permission for lay persons (including women) to participate at the Synod. Synod ’72 is a process involving seven synods of local Churches in Switzerland. As an instrument of “processing” Vatican II, Synod ’72 discussed implementation options like Ecclesiastical Offices of the local Church. (LG 33; Paul VI’s Ministeria quaedam; John Paul II’s Christifedles laici; c. 228 CIC 1983). The tradition of shared decision-making of the baptised was been activated.
Plenary Council in the Czech Republic (1997—2005)
Authors: Menke Monika
Published: December 2020

This article analyses the preparation, process and conclusions of the Plenary Council of the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic held in 1997—2005. The Plenary Council was one of the few manifestations of the collegiality of the Czech Church, because the diocesan synods are not used here as a tool. The Decree on convocation of the Assembly was announced by the Czech and Moravian bishops on 5 July 1997 in Velehrad. The council was also an opportunity for priests and laity in the country to realise their responsibility for the Church and the co-responsibility of the Church for the condition of society. The Council had a preparatory phase (1997—2003), a stage of the 1st Session (July 2003), and a second phase of the Session (July 2005) where the project was completed and followed by the process of post-conciliar steps. Three final messages were the immediate output from the Second Plenary Session: the Message of the Council to the Public; the Message of the Council to the Believers of the Catholic Church and the Message of the Council to Christians in the Czech Republic. The resulting document was published in 2007 under the title The Life and Mission of Christians in the Church and the World. It was a document of a pastoral nature, in no way of a normative nature (no rules were actually adopted despite the work of the commission and the proposals). The Czech situation is described as “post-Christian missionary territory” there and — estimated the course of the conciliar process and of the Council itself — as an introduction of more intensive implementation of synodality in the Czech Church.
Charismatic Renewal in the Documents of the Episcopal Commissions for Theology around the World]. Eds. Salamon, J. A. Liberadzka, M. Sowińska. Cieszyn: Wydawnictwo Zacheusz, 2019, 334 pp.
Authors: Sawa Przemysław
Published: December 2020

Wiosna Kościoła. Odnowa Charyzmatyczna w dokumentach episkopatów i komisji teologicznych różnych krajów świata [Spring of the Church.Charismatic Renewal in the Documents of the Episcopal Commissions for Theology around the World]. Eds. Salamon, J. A. Liberadzka, M. Sowińska. Cieszyn: Wydawnictwo Zacheusz, 2019, 334 pp. - the review.
„A chłopaki w brecht” — komentarz do Bibliografii przekładów literatury polskiej w Czechach w 2018 roku
Authors: Derdowska Joanna
Published: December 2020

The bibliography of Polish literature translated into Czech in 2018 is characterized by a tendency to publish popular and commercially attractive titles: genre fiction and literature for children. The author is concerned with sample passages from Ziemowit Szczerek’s translations of prose published in the A2 literary magazine and discusses possible consequences for the target language of the euphemisation of slang and vulgarisms in the translation of gonzo journalism texts.
Bericht über die Umstellung des Angebotes der Teaching Library an der Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Wien auf digitale Formate im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie 2020
Authors: Zach Lukas , Dollfuß Helmut
Published: December 2020

In dem Beitrag wird über die Umstellung des Lehrangebots der Teaching Library an der Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Wien berichtet. Die aktuelle COVID-19-Situation und die damit einhergehenden Zugangsbeschränkungen seitens des AKH Wien machten es notwendig, das gesamte Angebot der Teaching Library auf digitale Formate umzustellen. Davon betroffen waren klassische Bibliotheksführungen genauso wie mehrere Lehrveranstaltungen, die im Rahmen der Curricula der Medizinischen Universität Wien und der Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften abgehalten wurden. Die Situation machte eine umfangreiche Neukonzeption der Inhalte sowie interne technische Schulungen notwendig. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass das digitale Angebot von den Studierenden gut angenommen wurde. Jedoch machte das neue Format einen frontaleren Unterricht notwendig, da Übungen im herkömmlichen Sinne kaum umsetzbar waren.
Związek między konstytucyjną zasadą społeczeństwa obywatelskiego a partycypacją społeczną — zarys problematyki
Authors: Góralczyk Michał Tomasz
Published: December 2020

The development of civil society is indicated as one of the imperatives of contemporary politics in democratic states. Its pillars are social and civic participation as well as self-government. Activity within civil society can be group-based or take the form of individual civic activity, manifested in the attitude and civic awareness of its members. Civil society is associated with the creative attitudes of community members who are empowered to make decisions. The idea of civil society should therefore be understood as a real possibility of active participation of citizens in broadly understood public matters. Public administration creates or limits the essential conditions for citizens’ participation in building a democratic order (or disorder) by enabling processes and activities that fall within the scope of social participation.
Glosa do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego w Kielcach z 30 września 2019 r., sygn. akt II SA/Ke 500/19
Authors: Kała Dariusz
Published: December 2020

The commentary mainly concerns procedural issues related to the monetary equivalent for members of voluntary firefighters. The commentary is entirely approving. The resolution on the amount of the equivalent is of a general and abstract nature, and therefore is an act of local law. A councillor, who is at the same time a member of the voluntary fire brigade and takes part in rescue operations or fire training organized by the State Fire Service or the municipality, has a legal interest (derived from Article 28(1) and (2) of the Fire Protection Act) in adopting a resolution on the amount of the equivalent. The resolution on the amount of the equivalent, which was adopted by the city council with the participation of councillors (at the same time members of the voluntary fire brigade), who were excluded from voting by virtue of the law itself, is invalid.
Tibi diem natalem felicem optamus, Marielle! Tribute to Marielle Martiniani-Reber on her 65th anniversary.
Authors: Chrzanovski Laurent
Published: December 2020

Essay on the life achievement of Marielle Martiniani-Reber, tribute on her 65th anniversary.
Terracotta oil-lamps from Egypt's Theban region in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Arts, New York
Authors: Pawlikowska-Gwiazda Aleksandra
Published: December 2020

The group of 17 oil lamps now in the Islamic Art Department collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) was excavated in West Thebes in Upper Egypt by the Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition at the beginning of the 20th century. The assemblage was never fully published (apart from being included in the online MeT Collection database). The present paper documents the material in full, examining the collection and proposing in a few cases a new dating based on parallels from other sites.
Middle Kingdom tombs from the North Asasif cemetery: field seasons 2018/2019 and 2020
Authors: Chudzik Patryk
Published: December 2020

The early Middle Kingdom mortuary complexes of Khety and Meru continued to be the main research target of the Polish Archaeological Mission to North Asasif in the two winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2020. The rubble dump on the eastern side of Khety’s forecourt, left over from the 1922/1923 season, was now explored, leading to the discovery of hundreds of objects—fragments of wooden statues and models, cartonnages and coffins, shabti figurines and pottery—shedding light on the Middle Kingdom burial assemblages as well as the later usurpation of the tomb, mainly in the Third Intermediate Period. Conservation objectives included treatment of the decorated burial crypt and sarcophagus in the tomb of Meru and stabilization and cleaning of the plaster decoration in the mortuary cult chapel of Khety. The season in 2018/2019 was also devoted to a reconnaissance of the underground structures and protection of tomb MMA 507. Specialists studies of finds from the excavations, both recent and earlier, were continued.
The human remains from Tomb MMA 514 in North Asasif
Authors: Campbell Roselyn A.
Published: December 2020

The tombs of the North Asasif Necropolis have been the subject of archaeological excavations for more than a century. Mainly dating to the Middle Kingdom, the majority of these tombs were excavated for the Metropolitan Museum by H.E. Winlock in the early 20th century. The Asasif Project, directed by Dr. Patryk Chudzik, has been revisiting these tombs since 2013. In many cases, Winlock left behind a significant amount of archaeological debris, including detritus from the tombs’ original use in the Middle Kingdom and material from the Third Intermediate Period, when many of these tombs were reused. One of these tombs, MMA 514, was reused at least twice, and has yielded a wealth of remaining material, including a significant number of human remains. The human remains have been fragmented, damaged, and scattered by centuries of looting, as well as by Winlock’s excavations, but some information may still be gathered from these remains. Over the course of two field seasons, an inventory of the human remains was conducted, the results of which are presented here. All age ranges are present in the human remains, and both males and females are represented.
Epigraphic notes on the aleph-sign (Gardiner G1) in the second half of the Eighteenth Dynasty
Authors: Kopp Edyta
Published: December 2020

The paper proposes to consider the hieroglyphic writing of the aleph-sign (Gardiner G1) in royal monumental architecture as a dating criterion. A certain epigraphic feature of the sign appears to be particularly characteristic of the second half of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the beginning of the Nineteenth Dynasty. The characteristics of the sign are discussed mainly in reference to the renewal texts, concluding with some remarks on the chronology of the restorations of reliefs in the Hatshepsut temple at Deir el-Bahari.
The defences of the Roman legionary fortress at Novae (Lower Moesia) and coin finds from the latest excavations “Per lineam munitionum”: numismatic and archaeological interpretation
Authors: Jaworski Piotr , Zakrzewski Piotr
Published: December 2020

This paper aims to present the results of archaeological works carried out within the framework of a post-excavation project, “Per lineam munitionum”, between 2005–2016 around the fortification system of the Roman legionary fortress and the late Roman and early Byzantine town of Novae. The research concentrated generally on completing and recording old trenches as well as recording remains of the original building substance, stratigraphy and other archaeological remains using modern technologies and precise geodetic equipment. The archaeological data and stratigraphical observations were compared with the numismatic findings in an effort to improve the final interpretation and the reconstruction of the main construction phases.
An integrated geoarchaeological approach to late Iron Age settlement at Haštelina hillfort (Lopar, Island of Rab, Croatia) using Amplitude Data Comparison (ADC) method and trial excavation
Authors: Gračanin Paula Androić , Welc Fabian , Konestra Ana , Nowacki Bartosz
Published: December 2020

Geophysical prospection and small-scale archaeological excavation were undertaken on the site of Kaštelina, Late Iron Age hillfort settlement located on a small coastal promontory of Stolac in the east part of the Rab island (Kvarner gulf, Croatia). Carried out by a Polish – Croatian team within the “Archaeological topography of the island of Rab” programme, the aim of this research was to obtain preliminary information relevant to determining the periods of occupation, degree of preservation, nature of the selected site features and potential of this site for further investigation. Multidisciplinary methods of research included ground penetrating radar and magnetometer together with the implementation using Amplitude Data Comparison (ADC) method which resulted in detecting remains of Late Iron Age building structures distributed over the northwest side of the Stolac promontory. Archaeological excavations that followed the geophysical survey resulted in unearthing remains of a dwelling together with its associated outdoor facilities. Benefits of multidisciplinary approach on the site of Kaštelina will be preliminary presented, stressing out the importance of gathered data for the general understanding of Late Iron Age settlements and their internal organisation in a wider context.
Group of tetradrachmas from the reign of Diocletian discovered at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria
Authors: Jegliński Adam
Published: December 2020

A set of more than 30 tetradrachmas from the second half of the 3rd century AD was discovered in Alexandria in Egypt, at the Kom el-Dikka site excavated by a Polish mission, in a zone of public buildings constructed in the 4th century AD. A row of lime kilns from the construction site of this complex stood on top of the ruins of an early Roman domestic quarter and, after they ceased to be used, were covered with earth and rubble, the latter partly from the destruction layer of these houses. Excavation of the kilns in 2008 and 2009 produced large quantities of 4th and 5th century pottery as well as pieces of marble revetment that had been fed to the kilns, and isolated late Roman coins. The tetradrachmas from two of the kilns (Fc and Fd), which were hoarded apparently in AD 293–295, seems to have preceded the destruction of the early Roman houses and may have been hidden in one of them.
Excavations in the northern and eastern parts of the Byzantine town at Marea
Authors: Derda Tomasz , Gwiazda Mariusz , Barański Tomasz , Pawlikowska-Gwiazda Aleksandra , Wieczorek Dawid F.
Published: December 2020

The ‘Marea’ project of the University of Warsaw expanded the program to survey and excavation in the northern and eastern parts of the city in order to establish the character and chronology of the structures there. The eastern waterfront was uncovered, along with the adjacent latrines, streets and buildings which are presumed to be residential. The structures which were examined were very regularly formed and involved large-scale earthworks. They were built no earlier than the mid-6th century AD, and, although their purpose sometimes changed, they remained in use until about the mid-8th century AD. Accumulations of Roman, Byzantine and early Islamic date were discovered, including the oldest remains this season, that is, a row of locally-manufactured amphorae serving an unexplained purpose.
Unwrapping the micro-history of a house cistern from ancient Akrai/Acrae (southeastern Sicily)
Authors: Chowaniec Roksana , Chrzanovski Laurent , Domżalski Krzysztof , Gręzak Anna , Matera Marcin , Młynarczyk Jolanta , Wagner Marcin , Wicenciak Urszula , Więcek Tomasz
Published: December 2020

The paper looks into the turbulent history of the ancient town of Akrai/Acrae in a mountainous part of southeastern Sicily, encapsulated in the assemblage of finds from a domestic cistern, which was remodeled and adapted in the course of its use. The cistern is considered as an architectural feature against the background of the ancient town, and the assemblage recovered from it is exmined thoroughly category by category, giving insight into the life of the ancient inhabitants of this island in the Mediterranean.
Sudden Transition of Pharmacy Education from Traditional to Distance Learning in the Era of COVID-19: Action Steps of a Leading Pharmacy School in Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Kawther K. , Salman Salema S. , A. Abbas Wafaa , Alkaisy Shahad W. , Kathem Sarmed H.
Published: December 2020

Education around the world has been negatively affected by the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Many institutions had to transition to distance learning in compliance with the enforced safety measures. Distance learning might work well for settings with stable internet connections, professional technical teams, and basic implementation of technology in education. In contrast, distance learning faces serious challenges in less fortunate settings with inferior infrastructure. This report aims to shed light on the immediate action steps taken at a leading pharmacy school in Iraq to accommodate for the enforced changes in pharmacy education. The University of Baghdad College of Pharmacy went from less than minimal technology implementation to full distance learning in a remarkable time frame. Pharmacy students were able to finish academic year requirements and move on with the program. Final year students will graduate on time as competent pharmacists.
Symbols of the Dyukovsky Park constructions in Odessa. Heritage of the 1950s agricultural exhibition.
Authors: Kadurina A.O. , Nazarchuk Yu.S.
Published: December 2020

Purpose. The research is devoted to the analysis of the agricultural exhibition pavilions symbolism in Dyukovsky Park in Odessa in 1950s years. Methodology. Field study and bibliographic research, synthesis and analysis, historical method, and method of analogies are used in that work. Results. The stages of Dyukovsky Park formation have been studied, from the Duke de Richelieu, which gave the name to the park, dacha creation to the active construction and landscaping of the park in the XX century. In particular, from the symbolism point of view, the architectural and artistic decor of the agricultural exhibition pavilions of the 1950s years is analyzed. These are: a pavilion of Vegetable growing which is crowned by layers of wheat and a 5-pointed star (the first place in the wheat export); the pavilion of the Textile Industry and other goods decorated with jugs and towels with symbols of fertility and abundance; the pavilion of the Vinery State Farms with plant motifs and the Fish Pavilion with high reliefs of fish, anchors, ship noses and bas-reliefs of nets (active development of sea fishing). In general, the symbolism of all presented pavilions reflects the idea of wealth, prosperity and active development of the main directions of agriculture and industry of the country. For the first time, the architectural heritage of the agricultural exhibition, which is the compositional core of the Odessa Dyukovsky Park, is analyzed from the symbolism point of view. At the same time, the decoding of the semantic loads inherent in the architectural and artistic decor of the pavilions is correlated with the theme of the exhibition, as well as with the historical features of the construction period. Today, all buildings of the former exhibition pavilions are empty or are used as warehouses. Perhaps the analysis of the information code of these buildings will again attract the attention of the city authorities to the issues of reconstruction of the city's historical heritage, reviving it.
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF GROWING TECHNOLOGY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF SAINFOIN IN THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE
Authors: Demydas H. I. , Lykhosherst E. S. , Poltoretska N. M.
Published: December 2020

The results of the research on economic and bioenergetic evaluation of different types of sainfoin growing depending on fertilizer, grass mowing height, seed inoculation and years of use were presented. Sainfoin is one of the most productive legumes with a high protein content, the green mass of which exceeds both cereals and some perennial legumes by the protein content. However, despite the significant advantages of sainfoin, the areas under this crop remain insignificant, especially in the Forest-Steppe zone. One of the reasons for this state is the undeveloped zonal technology of growing of different varieties of sainfoin with their economic and energy evaluation. Research methodology. Experimental studies were conducted during 2016–2018 at the research site of the SS of NULES of Ukraine “Agronomic Research Station” located in Pshenychne village of Vasylkiv district of Kyiv region. Scheme of the experiment: Factor A. Varieties of sainfoin (Common (Ametyst Donetsky variety); Transcaucasian (Adam variety); Hungarian (Smaragd variety). Factor B. Fertilizers, inoculation (without fertilizers and inoculation; N45Р60К90 + seeds inoculation with rhizotorphine; Р60К90 + seeds inoculation with rhizotorphine). Factor C. The height of grass mowing (5, 10, 15 cm). Method of sowing – by row, spring coverless. Rhizotorphine was used for inoculation. Conclusions. It was found that the highest conditionally net profit and the lowest prime cost of fodder unit and crude protein were obtained under common sainfoin growing, economic indicators of growing of Transcaucasian sainfoin and Hungarian sainfoin were much lower than the aforementioned. The highest energy efficiency coefficient and the lowest energy costs for growing of 1 ton of fodder units were obtained on the sowings of common sainfoin of Ametyst Donetsky variety.
X-Ray Nanotomography (XRMT) Tool for Non-Destructive High-Resolution Imaging of ICs
Authors: Yun Wenbing , Wang Steve , Scott David , Nill Kenneth W. , Haddad Waleed S.
Published: December 2020

A high-resolution table-sized x-ray nanotomography (XRMT) tool has been constructed that shows the promise of nondestructively imaging the internal structure of a full IC stack with a spatial resolution better than 100 nm. Such a tool can be used to detect, localize, and characterize buried defects in the IC. By collecting a set of X-ray projections through the full IC (which may include tens of micrometers of silicon substrate and several layers of Cu interconnects) and applying tomographic reconstruction algorithms to these projections, a 3D volumetric reconstruction can be obtained, and analyzed for defects using 3D visualization software. XRMT is a powerful technique that will find use in failure analysis and IC process development, and may facilitate or supplant investigations using SEM, TEM, and FIB tools, which generally require destructive sample preparation and a vacuum environment.
Evaluation of Alternative Preparation Methods for Failure Analysis at Modern Chip and Package Technologies
Authors: Dübotzky A. , Krüger B.
Published: December 2020

We evaluated laser ablation and sandblasting as preparation methods for package related failures and for backside analysis of ICs. With laser ablation we uncovered gold wedges on an internal board of a PLFBGA package without damage of the gold wires and the board metallization. This was possible by optimization of the laser pulse energy and the pulse repetition rate and by limitation of the ablation area. Sandblasting showed to be a gentle way for backside thinning down to 60 μm silicon thickness. For a surface smoothness sufficient for IR imaging a subsequent planarization treatment is necessary.
SEM / SThM-Hybrid-System: A New Tool for Advanced Thermal Analysis of Electronic Devices
Authors: Altes A. , Heiderhoff R. , Balk L.J. , Joachimsthaler I. , Zimmermann G.
Published: December 2020

A resistive probe based Scanning Thermal Microscope (SThM) was implemented in an analysis chamber of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). By means of this hybrid-system thermal device, specific characteristics are detectable. Variable punctual heat sources can be simulated and the influence of ambient parameters can be investigated.
Failure Analysis Strategy for 2 Stacked Die CSP
Authors: Mohamed Shamsul , Francis Caroline , Saad Rodzaki , Jaffar Rosli
Published: December 2020

Multi chip packages provide higher functionality in a module using multiplicity of dice. One specific packaging technology known as Stacked Chip-Scale Packaging raises new challenges for the failure analysis community. A methodology to perform full electrical isolation and failure analysis without damaging the electrical connectivity on either package or any of the dies in a stacked 2-die package is described. A second challenge is to obtain analysis result in a limited time frame in order to improve manufacturing yield and perform corrective action effectively. Example of successful failure analysis following this methodology on units with failure in packaging unit and units in failure in the die are presented.
Application of Focused Ion Beam in Debug and Characterization of 0.13 µm Copper Interconnect Technology
Authors: Yuan Caiwen , Mahanpour Mehrdad , Lin Hung-Jen , Hill Gene
Published: December 2020

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) has been widely accepted in circuit modification and debugging of new chips and process technologies [1]. It has the advantages of rapid confirmation of design fixes and reducing the cost and time to build new masks. In this paper, we will describe the latest application of FIB to debugging Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) test chips processed on a dense copper metallization technology. Examples of finding leaky capacitors will be given. Individual transistors in the cell array have also been “fibbed” and characterization curves were measured. We compare the measurement with the SPICE simulation and discuss possible damage to the underlying transistors during FIB pad creation. Resistors in the periphery circuit were fibbed and measured with two and four point probes. Contact resistance was characterized and compared to that of Al interconnects. Example of finding problem vias with the help of cross-section and voltage contrast is given.
New Techniques to Improve the Efficiency of TEM Sample Preparation
Authors: Lue Jen-Lang , Lee Jack , Luo Jian-Shing
Published: December 2020

Three techniques have been developed for TEM sample preparation to improve efficiency in terms of time reduction and success rate. The first technique is to closely control the thickness of a sample for a specific area to less than 10µm by mechanical polishing before undergoing FIB thinning. The second one is to repair cracks produced during mechanical polishing before further milling in the ion miller. The last one is to provide an in-FIB remedy for face-to-face cross-sectional samples, which peel from each other during mechanical polishing. These new techniques will substantially enhance the success rate and turnaround time for TEM sample preparation.
Sample Preparation for Vertical Transistors in DRAM
Authors: Ruprecht Michael W. , Wen Shengmin , Vollertsen Rolf-P.
Published: December 2020

This paper describes a newly developed preparation technique for vertical transistors in DRAM. The recently developed concept of DRAM cells combining a deep trench storage capacitor and a vertical access transistor promises a significant reduction in cell size. In the vertical transistor concept two gates are used to access one storage cell, which creates a challenge for the analysis of gate oxide fails. A gate oxide breakdown is determined and localized in the memory array by electrical probing and photoemission microscopy. The preparation technique combines focused ion beam (FIB) milling and selective wet chemical etching to expose both gates of the transistor simultaneously. Gate oxide pinholes are decorated by the wet etch to allow efficient inspection in a secondary electron microscope (SEM).
CMOS Backside Deprocessing With TMAH / IPA as a Sample Preparation Procedure for Failure Analysis
Authors: Prejean Seth , Bruce Victoria , Burke Joyce
Published: December 2020

This paper is about a sample preparation technique that is based on a previous research publication1. The technique was initially used for the investigation of salicide formation for CMOS process development. The initial results were very good and proved to be helpful with root cause failure analysis. Once the technique proved to be a viable failure analysis (FA) tool, a research team was formed to continue the development. This paper is written in conjunction with this team. The team is presently focused on developing a repeatable and reliable methodology of deprocessing CMOS devices from the backside. The team is also developing a methodology for post deprocessing analysis once the backside silicon is removed. The research that is presented here focuses on packaged as well as unpackaged devices. Etch rates and selectivity of tetramethylammoniumhydroxide (TMAH) is investigated along with temperature dependencies. Package material and chemical interference issues were discovered and remedied with special preparation techniques. Post deprocessing analysis is considered and many ideas are proposed as part of future research.
Comparison of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis for Measuring Low Gold Concentrations in Sn/Pb Solder Bumps
Authors: Mohr James , Sullivan Eileen , Deal Paul , Seddon Michael
Published: December 2020

The presence of gold within a Sn/Pb solder joint accelerates diffusion between the Sn and Ni of the Ni- V/Cu underlying bump metallurgy (UBM), generating early failures. A concentration of 1.2 wt% gold in the solder joint can accelerate time to failure by a factor of 400 [3]. The EDS x-ray microanalysis detection limit for gold in tin / lead solder of about 1.2 wt% gold was found to be above the concentration range of interest (0.1 – 0.5 wt% gold). Due to the reliability impact that even a low concentration of gold can have on solder joints employing Ni-V/Cu UBM, a method using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was developed to accurately measure gold concentrations of less than 1 wt% in solder bumps.
Targeted Defect Analysis for Yield Improvement
Authors: Andrade Luis , Bynum Timothy , Doyle Richard , Flaherty Brian , Grammer David , Jacobs Chris , Luzar Mark , McDaniel Eric , Ricks Dave , Stanley Randall , Taylor Tom
Published: December 2020

Defect analysis and reduction is a focus in all wafer fabs, but there are many approaches to minimizing defect related yield losses. This paper describes the analysis for defect learning and our methodology for defect reduction within our manufacturing line including wafer selection, optimum allocation of engineering resources, details of the learning process, and objectives (both short and long term) of the defect analysis. The focus of the paper is on our 140nm DRAM technology products.
Methodology to Correlate Defect Reduction Systems to Electrical Test Data via Artificially Manufactured Defects
Authors: Santana Mike , Herrera Alfredo V.
Published: December 2020

This paper describes a methodology for correlating physical defect inspection/navigation systems with electrical bitmap data through the fabrication of artificial defects via reticle alterations or circuit modifications using an inline FIB. The methodology chosen consisted of altering decommissioned reticles to create defects resulting in both open and shorted circuits within areas of an AMD microprocessor cache. The reticles were subsequently scanned using a KLA SL300HR StarLight inspection system to confirm their location, while wafers processed on these reticles were scanned at several layers using standard inline metrology. Finally, the wafers were electrically tested, bitmapped, and physically deprocessed. All defect data was then analyzed and cross-correlated between each system, uncovering some important system deficiencies and learning opportunities. Data and images are included to support the significance and effectiveness of such a methodology.
Real Time Fault Site Isolation of Front-End Defects in ULSI-ESRAM Utilizing In-Line Passive Voltage Contrast Inspection
Authors: Patterson Oliver D. , Drown Jennifer L. , Crevasse Brian D. , Salah Ahmed , Harris Keiko K.
Published: December 2020

Electrical failures due to front-end defectivity may be detected in-line using large area PVC inspection. Application of this method to a self-aligned contact module of a memory chip is presented. Most of the defectivity affecting this module is non-visual. The PVC inspection results allow representative defects to be cross-sectioned and fully characterized soon after they are created. This approach to FA offers much faster results and much larger sampling of the defectivity affecting each lot than end of line FA. Current experiments to debug the principal defect types are described.
Prospects of Time-Resolved Photon Emission as a Debug Tool
Authors: Vickers Jim , Pakdaman Nader , Kasapi Steven
Published: December 2020

Dynamic hot-electron emission using time-resolved photon counting can address the long-term failure analysis and debug requirements of the semiconductor industry's advanced devices. This article identifies the detector performance parameters and components that are required to scale and keep pace with the industry's requirements. It addresses the scalability of dynamic emission with the semiconductor advanced device roadmap. It is important to understand the limitations to determining that a switching event has occurred. The article explains the criteria for event detection, which is suitable for tracking signal propagation and looking for logic or other faults in which timing is not critical. It discusses conditions for event timing, whose goal is to determine accurately when a switching event has occurred, usually for speed path analysis. One of the uses of a dynamic emission system is to identify faults by studying the emission as a general function of time.
Defect Localization Using Time-Resolved Photon Emission on SOI Devices that Fail Scan Tests
Authors: Bodoh Dan , Black Ed , Dickson Kris , Wang Ron , Cheng Tim , Pakdaman Nader , Vickers Jim , Cotton Dan , Lee Birk
Published: December 2020

Time-resolved photon emission has been shown to be useful in analyzing clock skews and timing-related defects in flip-chip devices. In practice, time-resolved photon emission using the S-25 Quantar detector cannot be used at long loop lengths (typically >10 μs). This paper discusses a near-infrared (NIR) optimized time-resolved emission system to demonstrate that even with long loop lengths time-resolved photon emission can be extremely useful for defect localization. Specifically, it describes time-resolved photon emission system, and shows how time-resolved photon emission was used to solve two different issues that caused scan fails on silicon-on-insulator devices, and briefly discusses the interpretation of optical waveforms. The two issues are presented as case studies.
The Use of Precision Selective Area Milling for Failure Analysis of Flip-Chip Packages
Authors: Gaut George F.
Published: December 2020

Access to the solder bump and under-fill material of flip-chip devices has presented a new problem for failure analysts. The under-fill and solder bumps have also added a new source for failure causes. A new tool has become available that can reduce the time required to analyze this area of a flip-chip package. By using precision selective area milling it is possible to remove material (die or PCB) that will allow other tools to expose the source of the failure.
Parametric Variation or Defects?: Statistical Post-Processing Analysis of Wafer-Sort Data
Authors: Daasch W. Robert
Published: December 2020

The subject of this paper is statistical post-processing of wafer-sort test data. Statistical post-processing (SPP) has successfully separated many of the effects of defects from normal wafer-to-wafer variation. The data-driven method is used with parametric data such as IDDQ, minVDD, and others. The neighboring die are used to form an estimate of a die’s expected value. The resulting SPP residual has smaller variance than the original measurement variance and filters most of the spatial patterns that obscure data outliers from normal variation. The method is applicable to a wide variety of process parameter variation issues of concern to both test and FA communities.
Investigation of Bond-Pad Related Inter-Metal Dielectric Crack
Authors: Song Z. G. , Tun T. , Oh C. K. , Redkar S. , Er B.H. , Soo C. P. , Goo C. H.
Published: December 2020

Bond-pad is an important structure of a microelectronic device because it plays the role of enabling the device to communicate with other external devices. Its integrity directly affects the performance of the microelectronic device. This paper presents our investigation on bond-pad Inter-Metal Dielectric (IMD) crack issue. Our investigation has considered the following factors: top via pattern (sea of vias/without vias) for bond-pad, top metal thickness (8 kÅ /9 kÅ /10 kÅ) and probe overdrive force (30 um/50 um/70 um). The bond-pad IMD cracks were exposed and decorated by chemicals (Aqua Regia and Hydrochloric acid), and inspected by an optical microscope. A scoring system was designed to assess the dependence of the bond-pad IMD crack severity on the above-mentioned factors. The investigation results showed that the IMD crack severity is strongly dependent on the probe overdrive force, top via pattern, and only slightly on top metal thickness.
Enhanced SEM Doping Contrast
Authors: Lin C.Y. , Lee J. H.
Published: December 2020

Scanning electron beams provide a superior method of failure analysis by observing the voltage contrast (VC) both in frontend and back-end processes. Back-end VC tells us both metal/via open/short issues. Front-end VC tells us not only open/short issue but also additional doping information. A case on the application of passive voltage contrast (PVC) on doping information was studied. This paper explains the mechanism producing passive voltage contrast and describes three methods of sample preparation and provides examples of the results achieved.