bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Left Ventricular Wall Motion in Diabetic Rats Using Velocity Vector Imaging Combined with Stress Echocardiography
Authors: Wei Zhangrui , Su Haili , Zhang Haibin , Zhou Xiaodong , Zhu Ting , Liu Liwen , Zhu Yongsheng , He Guangbin , Tian Qiong , Zhang Jun
Published: May 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether velocity vector imaging (VVI) combined with stress echocardiography could detect potential diffused myocardial impairment of the left ventricle (LV) in diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty‐five male SD rats were randomly divided into either the control group or the diabetes mellitus (DM) group (induced with STZ). VVI was performed both at rest and after dipyridamole stress in all rats 12 weeks later. Segmental peak systolic velocity (Vs), diastolic velocity (Vd), radial strain (ɛr), circumferential strain (ɛc), systolic and diastolic radial strain rate (SRr), and circumferential strain rate (SRc) were measured from six segments at the mid‐level of the LV. Results: At rest, systolic and diastolic SRc in the DM group were significantly lower than those in the control group. After dipyridamole stress, all VVI parameters in the DM group were significantly lower than those in the control group, although all values increased significantly after dipyridamole stress compared to those at rest in both groups. Conclusions: The VVI‐derived Vs, Vd, ɛr, ɛc, systolic and diastolic SRr and SRc, combined with dipyridamole stress are all effective parameters in evaluating potential myocardial impairment due to ultrastructural alterations of cardiocytes and microcirculation disturbances in DM rats. Systolic and diastolic SRc may be more sensitive indices that could be useful in detecting myocardial impairment at rest.
Transient Severe Mitral Regurgitation after Mitral Valve Repair Is Associated with a Poor Clinical Outcome: A Small Case Series
Authors: Sorrell Vincent L. , Habibzadeh Mohammad R. , Kalra Nishant , Chitwood W. Randolph
Published: May 2008

Background: During mitral valve repair, patients with transesophageal echo‐detected immediate postoperative systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) and mitral regurgitation (MR) are successfully medically managed. They have been shown to do well in a short‐term follow‐up. However, the long‐term outcome has not been investigated. The objective of this project was to investigate the long‐term outcome of these patients. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective study of 385 patients who underwent MVR. All cases of SAM and MR in this report were successfully medically managed with conservative therapy preventing the need for immediate surgical reintervention. Patients were divided into two groups based on the severity of MR. Group I had grade ≤ 2 + MR (<moderate) and Group II had ≥ 3+(moderate or severe). Repeat MV surgical procedure or admission to the hospital for congestive heart failure with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or Class IV was identified as a poor outcome. Results: Twelve patients (3.1 %) were identified as having SAM with MR, which was medically managed intraoperatively. Patients were followed an average of 35 months. There were four patients (33.3%) in Group II. None of the eight patients (0%) in Group I had a poor outcome whereas three of the four patients (75%) in Group II had a poor outcome (OR = 3; P value = 0.018). Conclusion: These data suggest that despite the immediate improvement in MR and SAM, it is the degree of transient MR that further stratifies patients into good or poor long‐term outcomes.
Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Hiatal Hernia
Authors: Gupta Mohit , Nanda Navin C. , Inamdar Vatsal
Published: May 2008

Using two‐ (2DTTE) and three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) and an oral contrast agent (a carbonated beverage), a mass‐like lesion behind the left ventricular posterior wall in an elderly female was definitively diagnosed as a hiatal hernia. A 3DTTE provided a more comprehensive evaluation of the hiatal hernia as compared to the 2DTTE in terms of its size and extent and thickness of the wall. The size of the hernia was underestimated by 2DTTE (3.3 × 3.2 cm) as compared to 3DTTE (at least 7 × 4.8 cm). The maximum thickness of the gastric wall was also found to be larger by 3DTTE (11 mm) as compared to 2DTTE (5 mm). Both the size of the hernia and thickness of the wall have important clinical implications. The size has been reported to be the strongest predictor of severity of esophagitis and gastric wall thickness of 10 mm or more has been associated with malignant or potentially malignant gastric lesions.
Relating Grain Boundary Complexion to Grain Boundary Kinetics II: Silica‐Doped Alumina
Authors: Dillon Shen J. , Harmer Martin P.
Published: May 2008

This second paper in a series describes the relationship between grain growth kinetics and grain boundary complexions in silica‐doped alumina. Dense high‐purity silica‐doped alumina samples were annealed for various times in the temperature range of 1300° and 1900°C and their grain growth behavior was quantified. Four different grain boundary complexions were observed in silica‐doped alumina, all of which enhanced the kinetics relative to the intrinsic undoped alumina. These complexions included a thick crystallized film that was likely amorphous at high temperatures, a thin intergranular film, multilayer adsorption, and a type of boundary that showed no observable film by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. A generational change in the population of grains occurred at 1500°C where all of the abnormal grains impinged and reestablished a new normal distribution. At higher temperatures a new set of abnormal grains containing different complexions formed in the microstructure. The activation energy of the normal and abnormal grains was approximately the same. The effects of varying dopant concentration were analyzed. The results for silica‐doped alumina are compared with previous results for calcia‐doped alumina in order to draw some generalized conclusions about the effect of complexions on grain growth.
Lymantria disparherbivory induces rapid changes in carbon transport and partitioning inPopulus nigra
Authors: Babst Benjamin A. , Ferrieri Richard A. , Thorpe Michael R. , Orians Colin M.
Published: May 2008

We tested for rapid changes in photosynthate transport and partitioning in response toLymantria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (gypsy moth) herbivory inPopulus nigraL. (Salicaceae). Transport and partitioning of [11C]‐photosynthate from young mature leaves were measured in vivo before and 18 h after leaf chewing by gypsy moth larvae, which were caged on three older leaves. Following herbivory, there was an increase in export speed of recently fixed carbon from younger mature leaves. The increased export speed was due to a quicker transit time of11C through the leaf, rather than a change in transport speed through the phloem. Additionally, basipetal partitioning of [11C]‐photosynthate was increased following herbivory. Neither of these changes was observed in control plants. This enhancement of export occurs even though herbivores are well known to induce increases in carbon allocation to secondary metabolites within leaves. Our results demonstrate that the use of non‐destructive imaging of11C tracer is a powerful tool for examining plant responses to herbivory. Although the mechanisms underlying the rapid increase in carbon flux to stems and roots remain to be elucidated, our results raise the possibility of a coordinated whole plant response to herbivory. Thus, even when the herbivore specializes on only one plant tissue type, a whole plant approach may be key to understanding how plants respond to herbivory.
European yellow lupine, Lupinus luteus, and narrow‐leaf lupine, Lupinus angustifolius, as hosts for the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Kordan Bożena , Gabryś Beata , Dancewicz Katarzyna , Lahuta Leśław B. , Piotrowicz‐Cieślak Agnieszka , Rowińska Ewa
Published: May 2008

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae), fed, developed, and reproduced on yellow lupine, Lupinus luteus L. (Fabaceae: Genisteae). No clear preferences for any variety within L. luteus were found. Acyrthosiphon pisum showed negative values of relative growth rate and no aphid completed development on any variety of narrow‐leaf lupine Lupinus angustifolius L. Aphids did not ingest phloem sap while probing on L. angustifolius and the probes were very short. All varieties of L. angustifolius were rejected by aphids during an early stage of probing in peripheral tissues, that is, epidermis or mesophyll. There were qualitative and quantitative differences in alkaloid and soluble sugar content between the two lupine species. Within species, the relative content of individual compounds differed among the varieties. Lupinus angustifolius contained four quinolizidine alkaloids (13‐hydroxylupanine, dehydrolupanine, lupanine, and angustifoline), while L. luteus contained two (lupanine and sparteine). Lupanine occurred in all varieties of both lupine species. The total content of soluble carbohydrates was similar in L. luteus and L. angustifolius. The following cyclitols were found in both lupine species: myo‐inositol, D‐ononitol, and D‐pinitol. Lupinus angustifolius also contained D‐chiro‐inositol. The study of aphid probing behaviour, development, and reproduction demonstrated that L. luteus is a suitable host plant for A. pisum while L. angustifolius is not. It is likely that the rejection of L. angustifolius by A. pisum was caused by chemical factors detected by aphids at the epidermis and mesophyll level.
Herbivore‐induced indirect interaction webs on terrestrial plants: the importance of non‐trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions
Authors: Ohgushi Takayuki
Published: May 2008

One of the most important issues in ecology is understanding the causal mechanisms that shape the structure of ecological communities through trophic interactions. The focus on direct, trophic interactions in much of the research to date means that the potential significance of non‐trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions has been largely ignored in traditional food webs. There is a growing appreciation of the community consequences of such non‐trophic effects, and the need to start including them in food web research. This review highlights how non‐trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions play an important role in organizing the structure of plant‐centered arthropod communities. I argue that herbivore‐induced plant responses, insect ecosystem engineers, and mutualisms involving ant–honeydew‐producing insects all generate interaction linkages among insect herbivores, thereby producing complex indirect interaction webs on terrestrial plants. These interactions are all very common and widespread on terrestrial plants, in fact they are almost ubiquitous, but these interactions have rarely been included in traditional food webs. Finally, I will emphasize that because the important community consequences of these non‐trophic and indirect interactions have been largely unexplored, it is critical that indirect interaction webs should be the focus of future research.
Caries clinical trial of a remineralising toothpaste in radiation patients
Authors: Papas Athena , Russell David , Singh Mabi , Kent Ralph , Triol Cal , Winston Anthony
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a specially formulated remineralising toothpaste in controlling caries in a high‐risk population: head and neck radiation patients.

Design:  The study compared the performance of the remineralising toothpaste with a conventional fluoride dentifrice using double‐blind randomisation.

Materials and methods:  Test products: The products compared contained equivalent quantities of fluoride (1100 p.p.m.). The dual‐phase remineralising toothpaste, Enamelon®, also delivered soluble calcium and phosphate ions, essential components of teeth, from separate phases. Both groups had all caries restored at baseline and used a fluoride rinse daily. Subjects: Fifty‐seven subjects who received radiation to the head and neck causing saliva hypofunction, entered the study, while 44 completed the 10–12 month visit. Measurements: Examinations included coronal and root caries using the Pitts Diagnostic Criteria, salivary flow rate, plaque and gingival indices and microbiological counts over a 1‐year period.

Results:  The average net increment per year for root caries per subject was 0.04 (±.052) in subjects completing the study using the remineralising toothpaste and 1.65 (±0.51) for root caries in subjects completing the study using the conventional fluoride dentifrice. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03), suggesting lower net root surface increment/year for the remineralising toothpaste relative to the conventional toothpaste. No significant differences were noted on coronal surfaces.

Conclusion:  The results indicate that the remineralising toothpaste provides a significant benefit in preventing and remineralising root caries in high‐risk patients.
Development and evaluation of two root caries controlling programmes for home‐based frail people older than 75 years
Authors: Ekstrand Kim , Martignon Stefania , Holm‐Pedersen Poul
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  (i) Initially, to devise and examine the validity of a system for determining lesion activity on root surfaces, and (ii) compare the effectiveness of two preventive programmes in controlling root caries in elderly people using the devised system.

Materials and methods:  (i) Four clinical variables: texture, contour, location and colour of root caries lesions were selected to evaluate lesion activity. The intraexaminer reproducibility of the scoring system was assessed on 28 elderly patients. The accuracy was assessed on 10 of these persons using an impression material (Clinpro, 3M ESPE). (ii) Of total, 215 homebound 75+ year olds were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group 1, once a month a dental hygienist brushed the teeth of the participants and applied Duraphat vanish to active root caries lesions. The participants in groups 2 and 3 received 5000 and 1450 ppm F‐toothpaste, respectively, to use twice a day. This study included an interview, a baseline examination and a final follow‐up examination after 8 months.

Results:  (i) Intraexaminer reproducibility of the root caries scoring system was 0.86 (Kappa). The sensitivity and specificity was 0.86 and 0.81. (ii) Data from those 189 (88%) who completed the study disclosed that there were no inter‐group differences at the baseline examination concerning relevant conditions. At the end of the study, the root caries status of participants in groups 1 and 2 had improved significantly when compared with group 3 (p < 0.02). No significant difference was observed between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.14).

Conclusion:  The data suggest that the root caries scoring system is reliable. Both the intervention programmes controlled root caries development; the hygienist in eight of 10 persons, the 5000 ppm F‐toothpaste in seven of 10. In contrast, five of 10 participants who only brushed with 1450 ppm F‐toothpaste had root caries progression.
DtpB (YhiP) and DtpA (TppB, YdgR) are prototypical proton‐dependent peptide transporters of Escherichia coli
Authors: Harder Daniel , Stolz Jürgen , Casagrande Fabio , Obrdlik Petr , Weitz Dietmar , Fotiadis Dimitrios , Daniel Hannelore
Published: May 2008

The genome of Escherichia coli contains four genes assigned to the peptide transporter (PTR) family. Of these, only tppB (ydgR) has been characterized, and named tripeptide permease, whereas protein functions encoded by the yhiP, ybgH and yjdL genes have remained unknown. Here we describe the overexpression of yhiP as a His‐tagged fusion protein in E. coli and show saturable transport of glycyl‐sarcosine (Gly‐Sar) with an apparent affinity constant of 6.5 mm. Overexpression of the gene also increased the susceptibility of cells to the toxic dipeptide alafosfalin. Transport was strongly decreased in the presence of a protonophore but unaffected by sodium depletion, suggesting H+‐dependence. This was confirmed by purification of YhiP and TppB by nickel affinity chromatography and reconstitution into liposomes. Both transporters showed Gly‐Sar influx in the presence of an artificial proton gradient and generated transport currents on a chip‐based sensor. Competition experiments established that YhiP transported dipeptides and tripeptides. Western blot analysis revealed an apparent mass of YhiP of 40 kDa. Taken together, these findings show that yhiP encodes a protein that mediates proton‐dependent electrogenic transport of dipeptides and tripeptides with similarities to mammalian PEPT1. On the basis of our results, we propose to rename YhiP as DtpB (dipeptide and tripeptide permease B), by analogy with the nomenclature in other bacteria. We also propose to rename TppB as DtpA, to better describe its function as the first protein of the PTR family characterized in E. coli.
The radio expansion and brightening of the very young supernova remnant G1.9+0.3
Authors: Green D. A. , Reynolds S. P. , Borkowski K. J. , Hwang U. , Harrus I. , Petre R.
Published: May 2008

Recent radio observations of the small Galactic supernova remnant G1.9+0.3 made at 4.86 GHz with the Very Large Array are presented, and compared with earlier observations at 1.49 GHz which have a comparable resolution (10 × 4 arcsec2). These show that the radio emission from this remnant has expanded significantly, by about 15 per cent over 23 yr, with a current outer diameter of ≈92 arcsec. This expansion confirms that G1.9+0.3 is the youngest Galactic remnant yet identified, only about 150 yr old at most. Recent, lower resolution, 1.43-GHz observations are also discussed, and the integrated flux densities from these and the 4.86-GHz observations are compared with earlier results. This shows that the integrated flux density of G1.9+0.3 has been increasing recently.
IN OUR CONTEMPORARIES: Village Life In Fiji
Authors: Skinner. H. D.
Published: May 2008

DEUBA: A STUDY OF A FIJIAN VILLAGE: W. R. Geddes, Memoirs of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 22, 1945.
2. In Overseas Journals
Authors: Parkes A. W. A.
Published: May 2008

DUST STORMS IN EGYPT AND THEIR RELATION TO THE WAR PERIOD, AS NOTED IN MARYUT, 1939–45: F. W. Oliver, Geographical Journal, Vol. 106, Nos. 1–2, July‐August 1945.
Sheep Country
Authors: McLeod David
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE EARLY CANTERBURY RUNS. By L. G. D. Acland

AMURI. By L. R. C. Macfarlane
Accelerated Erosion
Authors: McCaskill L. W.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

SOIL EROSION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. By J. Macdonuld Holms
Amateur Weather Man
Authors: Watts I. E. M.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

I PREDICT A STORM. By P. H. Jones
Agricultural Report
Authors: McCaskill L. W.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN NEW ZEALAND
A History of Maori Culture
Authors: Archey Gilbert
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE COMING OF THE MAORI. By Te Rangi Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck)
Reviews
Authors: Piddington Ralph
Published: May 2008

Aliens—or New Zealanders?:FROM EUROPE TO NEW ZEALAND: An Account of Our Continental European Settlers. By R. A. Lochore

IMMIGRATION INTO NEW ZEALAND. Dunedin: New Zealand Institute of International Affairs
Handbook for Agronomists
Authors: Cameron S.S.
Published: May 2008

a Geomorphic Study of the Cape Region of Baja Calfornia

Snow Cover and Climate in the Sierra Nevada, Calfornia

San Anders and Providencia
I. In New Zealand Journals …: Otago Farmlands and the Future
Authors: Cochrane G. R.
Published: May 2008

HISTORY OF FRUIT GROWING IN CENTRAL OTAGO: W. S. Kemp, N.Z. Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 90, No. 2, February 1955, pp. 169–185.

FARM MANAGEMENT SURVEY IN THE SOUTHERN MANIATOTO PLAIN: R. C. Stuart, H. Tocker and A. H. Mouat, ibid., Vol. 91, No.1 July 1955, pp. 54–64, and No. 2, August 1955, pp. 143–150.
IN OUR CONTEMPORARIES: 1. In New‘ Zealand Journals…: Plant Geography in Coastal Otago
Authors: Johnston J. A.
Published: May 2008

VEGETATION AND CLIMATE IN THE DUNEDIN DISTRICT: P. Wardle and A. F. Mark
Orcharding in Canterbury and Auckland
Authors: McCaskill Murray
Published: May 2008

HISTORY OF FRUITGROWING IN CANTERBURY: S. Frew

DEVELOPMENT OF FRUITGROWING IN THE AUCKLAND DISTRICT: F. L. Bailey
THE CASTLE HILL BASIN.
Authors: Armstrong R. W.
Published: May 2008

CORRIGENDA. Professor V.J. Chapman has written to the Editor asking that two items be emended in his article, ‘The Geographical Status of New Zealand Lowland Forest Vegetation’ which was published in the New Zealand Geographer, Volume 14, Number 2, October 1958. On page 106, Metrosideros umbellata in line I should read Metrosideros robusta whilst P. nivalis in line 17 should read P. hallii.
IN OUR CONTEMPORARIES
Authors: Linton David L.
Published: May 2008

DISSECTION AND REDISSECTION OF THE WELLINGTON LANDSCAPE: C. A. Cotton, Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand

ALTERNATING PLEISTOCENE MORPHOGENETIC SYSTEMS: idem, Geological Magazine
IN OUR CONTEMPORARIES: 1. In New Zealand Journals…: About the Pacific
Authors: Watters R. F.
Published: May 2008

THE COOK ISLANDS: R. G. Crocombe, Post‐Primary School Bulletin

VILLAGE LIFE IN FIJI: R. R. Nayacakalou, ibid.
Weather Systems In The South Pacific
Authors: Hutchings J. W.
Published: May 2008

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION OF THE TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN: Leslie Curry and R. W. Armstrong, Geografiska Annaler
New Zealand For German Schools
Authors: Cumberland Kenneth B.
Published: May 2008

NEUSEELAND: Walter Schurig, Geographische Rundschau
Student Periodical
Authors: Thomson K. W.
Published: May 2008

AUCKLAND STUDENT GEOGRAPHER. Journal of the University of Auckland Geographical Association, 1964, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 66.
Land for the Landless
Authors: HEERDEGEN RICHARD G.
Published: May 2008

The cry for land in New Zealand in 1890 was no mere urban sentimentalism. It was no mere factitious outcome of the preaching of theorists … But in the main it was a genuine hunger for land.
New Zealand Economic Geography
Authors: STOKES EVELYN
Published: May 2008

The most striking feature of the progress of New Zealand economic geography is the participation by members of government departments, notably DSIR (especially the Soil Bureau and Grasslands Division), Agriculture and various agricultural research stations, Lands and Survey, Forest Service, Industries and Commerce, Ministry of Works, as well as individuals representing various regional planning authorities and catchment boards and the like. Economic geography has been the richer for their contribution. On the other hand, perhaps the more pragmatic turn of mind of these members has unduly flavoured the field in geography for there has been very little in the way of theoretical ideas produced. Many of the papers reviewed here consist of descriptive, factual reporting. After a brief history of the industry, landuse or whatever, the writer has proceeded to describe the situation at the time of writing. Some have attempted classifications. Few models, or theoretical ‘ideal’ patterns have been established from which deviations could be measured at that time, or at some future time. Many of these static descriptions have become historical documents which have added little to our comprehension of the processes involved in producing the regional variations in economic activity with which the economic geographer is concerned. Although lack of education in the correct use of quantitative techniques has been a drawback for many New Zealand geographers, experimentation has already begun in analysing a variety of topics. A basis is being laid for a far more thoughtful analysis of processes in New Zealand that are both economic and geographic.
Reviews
Authors: Perry P. J.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

WALES. By F. V. Emery

IRELAND. By A. R. Orme
Reviews
Authors: Gorrie A. M.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CHINESE EARTH. PERSPECTIVES ON MODERN CHINA. By Keith Buchanan

CHINA. By Yi‐Fu Tuan. The World's Landscapes, ed. J. M. Houston, London: Longman, 1970, pp. 225, 33 illustrations, no price given.
A Decade of Experience Using a New Zealand Geographic Information System
Authors: EYLES G. O. , NEWSOME P. F.
Published: May 2008

The experience of converting the NZLRI, a national physical land resource data base at the 1:63,360 scale comprising 320 maps, to a GIS has illustrated many of the problems and advantages associated with the use of this software system. Experience has shown that commercial (rather than custom built software), is the most effective and that a close physical relationship between the mappers and the interpreters of large data sets provides the most effective interpretive system.
New Zealand in the Post Cold‐War World
Authors: HARRIS WILLIAM W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The paper examines political and economic aspects of New Zealand's position in the world in the aftermath of the Cold War. It stresses the need for a balanced approach to the country's connections with the major power centres of the capitalist West, in an emerging multipolar geopolitical environment. It warns against disproportionate enthusiasms for particular places or concepts. New Zealand's national identity and interests have a distinctive South Pacific bicultural context, and this has a strong relevance for New Zealand's international profile, especially in relation to Australia.
The Invasion of Human Epidemic Diseases into Australia, New Zealand, and the Southwest Pacific: The Geographical Context
Authors: HAGGETT PETER
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Changes in the spread of disease‐causing viruses into Australia, New Zealand and the Southwest Pacific are examined. Particular reference is made to the impact of reduced travel times between those areas and both Western Europe and Southeast Asia on the transfer of infectious human diseases, notably smallpox, measles, influenza and rubella. The likely consequences of increasing population size and decreasing remoteness on the entry of other infectious diseases are noted.
Miners and Irrigators
Authors: HEARN T. J.
Published: May 2008

The spread of European settlement into the arid regions of the New World during the nineteenth century was accompanied by protracted and contentious debate over the allocation and use of water, interest group competition and conflict, and conflicting pressures for legal change. This paper describes the origins and course of changes in the legal and institutional arrangements governing the distribution and use of water in Central Otago in the context of the transfer of the resource from gold mining to irrigation farming during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The Australian Wool Crisis: Farm Adjustment Pressures and Strategies
Authors: WAITT GORDON , DEANE WILLIAM
Published: May 2008

Farm adjustment has resulted from the present crisis of production within the Australian agricultural sector. Farm adjustment pressures of the wool growers of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales are outlined. The primary management strategies adopted by the wool producers are identified. Three farm adjustment strategies were noted; extensification, diversification and expansion. Choice of farm strategy was dependent on the characteristics of both the individual farm and farmer.
Sea Level Rise
Authors: KIRK R. M.
Published: May 2008

No immediate prospect is in sight for a technically credible and unified approach to assessing the importance of sea level rises to New Zealand's coast environments. This review examines the state of disarray in the sea‐level rise literature and traces reasons for such a state of affairs.
Post Fordism Just‐In‐Time
Authors: PERRY MARTIN
Published: May 2008

Industrial geographers working from a labour process and organisation of production perspective argue that the production process is being transformed by post Fordism and flexible specialisation. An alternative interpretation is that a shift from just‐in‐case to Just‐in‐time systems is taking place. A review of these ideas and case studies of two New Zealand‐based manufacturing companies concludes that the shift to just‐in‐time is the more useful conceptualisation of changing workplace relations. Some directions for geographical research interested in the diffusion and impact of just‐in‐time methods are outlined.
Would the Hand that Rocks the Cradle Dare to Rock the Boat?
Authors: SCHEYVENS REGINA
Published: May 2008

In the Solomon Islands it has been assumed that the educated, urban‐based minority of women will push for change for women. In fact, these women's voices have been quietened and it is to rural areas that we must turn if we wish to witness a movement for change amongst women. There is a new form of feminism stirring in the villages.
Changes in the Age of Farmers in New Zealand, 1971–1991
Authors: FAIRWEATHER JOHN R.
Published: May 2008

Analysis of census data from 1971 to 1991 shows changes in the average age of farmer and changes in the age distribution for the main categories of farmers in New Zealand.
The Commodification of Resource Consent in New Zealand1
Authors: GLEESON BRENDAN J.
Published: May 2008

One outcome of the Resource Management Act 1991, especially the provisions of s.94, is liberalised public notification of resource consent applications. A market for consent has emerged, in which applicants financially compensate local communities as a way of securing public support for development proposals. Consent purchasing, however, raises diliemnas for regulatory planners and social equity concerns for local communities.
Contemporary Biometeorology and Geographioal Studies
Authors: AULICIEMS ANDRIS
Published: May 2008

The interdisciplinary nature of Biometeorology is illustratedandsystematisedwith reference to several levels of impact on humans. Recent advances in medical‐meteorological forecasting are discussed and some potentials for geographical research suggested. The relevance of Biometeorology to the global concern about Greenhouse warming is explored.
Reviews
Authors: Rosier Johanna , Heron Richard Le
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Green Politics By S. Rainbow.

Keeping New Zealand Green: Recent Environmental Reforms By P.A. Memon.

Environmental Planning in New Zealand Edited by P.A. Memon and H. C. Perkins.
Updating the Vegetation Layer of the NZLRI National Database Using Satellite Imagery
Authors: WILDE R H
Published: May 2008

This paper describes four methods of rapidly mapping vegetation using satellite imagery, for use in updating the vegetation layer of the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI). The visual interpretation method was tested in a 500 km2 study area on the North Island west coast where 3 6 NZLRI vegetation classes occurred. Sixteen distinct groups of NZLRI vegetation classes were identified on Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, and named “image classes”. Classes were identified by correlating ground data with image colour and texture and by using recognisable landform and cultural features. A limited number of vegetation changes have occurred since NZLRI mapping was first carried out. Updating the vegetation layer of the NZLRI requires recognising and mapping changes and modifying the database. Identifying distinctive groups of NZLRI vegetation classes on satellite imagery will facilitate this.
Reading Agricultural Power
Authors: LIEPINS RUTH
Published: May 2008

Many forms of rural geography include investigations of power. Lately some researchers have achieved this through studies of discourse. This paper presents a reading of agricultural power as it occurs in several examples of Australian and New Zealand print‐media. Initially, I review the importance of discourse in the study of power ‐ arguing that a ‘geography of discourse’ enables key questions and objects of analysis (spaces and processes) to be investigated. I then analyse coverage of agriculture in selected rural print‐media forms. I argue that hegemonic discourses of masculinity and agriculture are used in the construction of reports, reinforcing the power of certain knowledges and truths. Finally, I propose more study is needed of the sites and processes through which meaning is constructed. Using the case of a farm women's conference I argue that the media involves a number of sites and processes which must be negotiated if discursive change is to occur in our understanding of agricuture.
Regulation, Land Development and the Contested Countryside
Authors: GREIVE SHANE , TONTS MATTHEW
Published: May 2008

This paper attempts to reorientate locality specific studies of counterurbanisation within the wider processes of global and national socio‐economic change. It draws on concepts of Regulation Theory and begins with an explanation of the global and national influences associated with rural restructuring. These influences, together with the emergence of a reconstituted rurality, are traced through to the local level using Bridgetown in the south‐west of Western Australia as a vehicle for conceptual analysis.
Recent Changes in the Tasmanian Dairy Industry1
Authors: GROSVENOR S. , WOOD L.J.
Published: May 2008

Recent theorisation in rural studies provides insights that assist interpretation of change in the Tasmanian dairy industry. Coincident with deregulation are fewer dairy farms but increases in production. Factors contributing to change include growth of foreign ownership of dairy properties and manufacturing plant. In particular, New Zealand corporations and private individuals are bringing in different management practices and the Asian market is becoming increasingly important. Government provision of regular, comparative productivity data specific to each dairy operation is an important spur for productivity improvements. The changes have underlying social causes and consequences and reflect complicated connections which produce alterations in many aspects of rural life.
Peri‐Urbanisation and Rural Roads
Authors: ELSON ANTHONY , CHALMERS LEX , MORAD MUNRO
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the impact of periurban development on the physical capacity of the roading network in an area to the north west of Tauranga, exploring the potential impact of subdivision, population growth and building of new residences in rural areas with respect to pressures on rural roads. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to integrate large volumes of complex road and other data, model traffic flow generated from these data, display the outcomes effectively and test the effect of different development scenarios in a particular peri‐urban environment.
Out of the Rat Race
Authors: WALDEGRAVE CHARLES , STUART SHANE
Published: May 2008

After the social policy reforms of 1991 important changes in internal migration in New Zealand occurred. These resulted in changing housing costs and falling incomes which led to the movement of low income households, particularly beneficiaries and state house tenants, from urban to rural areas and small towns. A survey of 404 people who moved to the Southern Wairarapa towns of Carterton, Martinborough and Featherston from New Zealand urban areas since 1985 shows that a proportional increase in beneficiary movement occurred after 1991. Housing costs, relative to income, are important factors in the decision to move for a range of migrants. This pattern of migration has important regional development ramifications.
The Impact of Vegetation Changes on Evaporation and Runoff
Authors: MURRAY D.L , JACKSON R.M.
Published: May 2008

Research context and methodology are considered for the determination of the impact of vegetation changes on evaporation and runoff. The limitations of a purely empirical approach are contrasted with the benefits to be gained from development of theory and model building. Recent research questions and results are reviewed. Most of the important advances in understanding of the problem since 1948, have resulted from combining the theoretical and experimental approaches for hypothesis testing and generalisation.
Subsidy Removal and Farm‐Level Stewardship in Northland
Authors: BRADSHAW BEN , COCKLIN CHRIS , SMIT BARRY
Published: May 2008

Illustrating one facet of farm‐level environmental management in post‐1984 New Zealand, this paper assesses changes in stewardship among Northland pastoralists. On‐farm activities which protect or enhance the environment continue to be undertaken without state support.

However, the withdrawal of environmental grants, in tandem with the wider agricultural policy changes, has reduced the propensity and ability of farmers to undertake stewardship, especially during cyclical downturns.
From Code to Conduct. Professional Ethics in New Zealand Geography
Authors: HAY IAIN
Published: May 2008

There has been a major resurgence of interest in ethical matters among geographers during the past 3–4 years, both in New Zealand and internationally. This paper outlines some of the important arguments for behaving ethically in geographical research. It then argues that, rather than adopting a Code of Ethics in isolation, serious consideration needs to be given to the business of teaching ethics. The paper proposes a two‐part teaching‐and‐learning strategy ‐ the first part provides students with written and lecture material on ethics, and the second section presents real life case studies of ethical dilemmas confronted by geographers, which are used for detailed discussion in tutorial meetings.
Growing Apples and the ‘Growing Pains' of Restructuring for New Zealand's Pipfruit Industry
Authors: McKENNA MEGAN
Published: May 2008

Numerous urgent issues face New Zealand's pipfruit industry at the close of the decade. Oversupplied and competitive global markets, shifting policy environments, and industry ‘clawback’ place increasing pressures on pipfruit's single desk marketing system. This paper identifies the importance of interregional production dynamics and some policy challenges surrounding discourses of globalisation, sustainability and restructuring.
New Zealanders on the Population Geography of the Western Island
Authors: HUGO GRAEME
Published: May 2008

New Zealand origin academics have played a key role in the academic study of Australia's population in the post‐war period. The paper argues that New Zealanders have contributed not only to the furthering of knowledge of the processes of change in the Australian population but have been important in the teaching of population geography in Australian universities, made inputs into policy relating to population and been influential in the development of the Australian Population Association. Major contributions have been made by New Zealanders not only in the traditionally strong areas of population geography such as internal and international migration but also in the areas of fertility, mortality and ageing.
In Pursuit of Moving Targets: New Zealand Population Geography in the South Pacific
Authors: CONNELL JOHN
Published: May 2008

New Zealand population geographers in the South Pacific islands early focused on resource issues, especially in Fiji and the smaller island states politically linked to New Zealand. This later extended into analysis of the structure of village level economic and social development, notably in Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Fiji. These analyses contributed to a clearer understanding of the substance of development at a key turning point in the region's history ‐ the transition to independence. Migration, or mobility, and urbanisation attracted enormous interest throughout the region, with lengthy debates ranging over migration models, urban permanence, the ideology of return and metaphors of mobility, establishing the most distinctive thrust of New Zealand research in the region. Practical research, involving censuses and consultancies, has directly contributed to development. Despite the valuable historical legacy the extent and significance of New Zealand work on the population geography of the Island Pacific has now dwindled.
The (Post)colonial Landscape of Cathedral Square: Urban Redevelopment and Representation in the “Cathedral City”1
Authors: McBRIDE BEN
Published: May 2008

Recent urban redevelopments in central Christchurch draw on the city's colonial origins to develop a market for tourist consumption. This article introduces literature from both the ‘landscape school’ of cultural geography and (post)colonialism, combined with the grounded theory research method, to examine representation in the changing landscape of Cathedral Square. It finds that redevelopment plans, which articulate the traditional colonial representation of the city, are dominated by market and consumption activities such that participation in the central city has become contingent on the ability to consume.
Managing the Smart City‐State: Singapore Approaches the 21st Century1
Authors: NEVILLE WARWICK
Published: May 2008

Singapore has a remarkable reputation for its successful deployment of limited resources and for its strength and stability even during Asia's current economic crisis. Widespread recognition and attempts by other countries and cities at emulation of some of the strategies it has adopted have confirmed that Singapore has achieved longstanding aspirations for excellence in many areas. As Singapore positions itself to enter the new millennium the government's distinctive and sometimes controversial corporate management style is evidenced in its approach to such matters as growing the economy, enhancing the physical infrastructure, constraining residential segregation, and encouraging increased family size to enhance domestic labour supply. Sometimes it is the means of achieving the desired ends which attracts criticism, at others it is the goals themselves which are questioned. This paper examines some of the features of Singapore's drive to enhance its regional and global role in vastly different circumstances from those which confronted the same government at internal independence in 1959 and full independence in 1965.
Maori Sustainability Concepts Applied to Tourism: a North Hokianga Study
Authors: URLICHCLOHER DOROTHY , JOHNSTON CHARLES
Published: May 2008

The alternative tourism described in this paper has as its over‐riding theme sustainability as applied to the environment, social organization, economic considerations and cultural presentations as perceived by Maori in Tai Tokerau (Northland). The main instrument for collecting the data was a survey administered to the Maori of North Hokianga, one of the six regions that will be setting up Maori tourism packages in the next few years which will eventually be integrated as a Tai Tokerau Maori tourism.
Logging Out: Forestry, Transport and the Health of Hokianga Communities
Authors: COLLINS DAMIAN , KEARNS ROBIN A.
Published: May 2008

This paper reports on log transportation as a health‐related issue in the Hokianga district of Northland at a time when forestry activity in the area is expanding and radical reforms to New Zealand's roading network have been proposed. Drawing on technical information and key informant interviews, the potential impacts of logging trucks on Hokianga roads are considered, the costs associated with forestry traffic are estimated, and the routes most likely to be affected are identified. Possible responses to the log transport problem are discussed, and it is concluded that rural communities such as Hokianga are vulnerable to both logging truck activity and changes in government policy.
Local Government and Tourism Development: Issues and Constraints of Public Sector Entrepreneurship
Authors: ATELJEVIC IRENA , DOORNE STEPHEN
Published: May 2008

The process of government restructuring in New Zealand has seen the emergence of the free market and competition as prevailing ideologies in the policy environment. At the local government level, tourism development has become a key strategy through which a new entrepreneurial stance has been articulated. As a research topic, entrepreneurship has been the orised for the most part in the context of the private sector. This paper explores some important characteristics in the nature of entrepreneurship in local government drawing on recent examples from around New Zealand. The paper illustrates issues related to the agency of individuals and underlying value systems that underpin entrepreneurial activity in the public sector.
From Input Controls to Quota Management in the Tasmanian Rock Lobster Fishery
Authors: BRADSHAW MATT , WILLIAMSON SANDRA , WOOD LES
Published: May 2008

In an effort to control escalating fishing effort, a quota management system (QMS) of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) has recently been introduced in the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery. We outline and compare the input controls system in place before the introduction of a QMS, and we discuss the operation of the QMS to the end of its first full season in February 1999. We find cautiously for a successful introduction of a QMS as catch, effort and catch rate data tend towards what fishery managers believe to be bio economically sustainable levels.
Successfully Managing Auckland's Growth in the New Millennium ‐Issues of Governance and Implementation
Authors: TREMAINE KEN
Published: May 2008

This was the Second Annual Lecture of the Auckland Branch of the New Zealand Geographical Society. It was delivered at the University of Auckland on 12 October 1999. The Annual Lecture is intended as a contribution to debate about significant issues or developments of immediate or potential interest to Aucklanders.
Working Together for Resource‐based Recreation and Tourism, Sustainable Management and Biodiversity
Authors: HUNTER GRANT
Published: May 2008

There are opportunities for more effectively integrating resource‐based recreation and tourism with goals for primary production and nature conservation across a range of landscapes and land tenure types. ‘Naturalness’ sought for recreation and tourism, like biodiversity, is not confined to the conservation estate, and the ‘recreation estate’ extends into private land. Although it may be argued that ongoing privatisation of land ownership reduces public opportunities for recreation, diversity in ownership, at least at the regional level, enhances the overall spectrum of recreational opportunities. Diversification into recreation and tourism on private land may also help protect biodiversity through such processes as ‘sympathetic management’, as well as by making production land‐use systems more economically robust.
Gendered Work: Female Labour in Pipfruit Production in New Zealand and Chile
Authors: MANZ BEATRIZ , SPOONLEY PAUL
Published: May 2008

This article seeks to contribute to the literature on female labour in the pipfruit industry in New Zealand and Chile. As added workers seeking to supplement household incomes by casualised, seasonal employment, these female workers are significant contributors to what are often declining household incomes, given changes in production and the labour market of the 1990s. But this enhanced role continues to exist alongside normative expectations about domestic roles and responsibilities. This research reports on a survey that was completed by female workers in both Chile and New Zealand. While there are differences in the respective labour markets of the two countries concerned, the role of women in balancing employment and domestic responsibilities is characteristic of both situations. It is the intersection between normative expectations and participation in casual/seasonal labour in the two research sites that is the focus of this article.
Young Workers in a Deindustrialising Economy: The Case of Christchurch, 1976–1996
Authors: HIGGINS JANE
Published: May 2008

Understanding the specificity of local labour markets is a more productive way of identifying employment dynamics in an era of de industrialisation than attending to universalist rhetorics on ‘the knowledge economy’. This article explores the employment destinations of young adults in the Christchurch labour market from the 1970s to recent times with a view to identifying how labour market opportunities facing them have changed, not only through the growth of part‐time work but also through the changing nature of access to full‐time work as sheltered ports of entry are replaced by requirements for tertiary education and training.