bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A stripe mechanism of electron and hole reflection from the boundary between a normal metal and an underdoped high-Tc superconductor
Authors: Sergeeva G. G.
Published: October 2007

The processes of reflection of electrons and holes from the boundary between a normal metal and an underdoped high-Tc superconductor (UD HTSC), which were observed by G. Deutcher and co-workers at an N/S point contact, are investigated at T<Tc. It is proposed that, in addition to the known mechanism of reflection on the superconducting potential, developed by Andreev, de Gennes, and Saint-James for a contact between a metal and a low-temperature superconductor, there is a stripe mechanism, which leads to a complete cycle with two reflections of an electron and a hole from the boundary of the normal metal. It is shown that reflections of this kind are due to copper ions in stripes of the CuO2 plane in the point contact: copper ions in the D stripes absorb and emit only electrons into the metal, while those in the U stripes absorb and emit only holes. For T<Tc at a distance from the metal-UD HTSC boundary equal to the coherence length, local fluctuations of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of the copper ions should be observed in the D and U stripes of the N/S contact: upon the absorption of an electron the local AFM order in the stripes of the N/S contact is restored, and upon the absorption of a hole, it is destroyed. The escape of electrons and holes from the stripes of the CuO2 plane of an UD HTSWC into the normal metal attests to the incompatibility of these charge carriers with local AFM ordering of the divalent copper ions in the CuO2 plane.
Quantum phonon transport in 3D metal-insulator point polycontacts with strong lattice distortions
Authors: Feher A. , Egupov S. A. , Shkorbatov A. G.
Published: October 2007

Experimental results and a theoretical analysis of the heat flux in an Si–Cu pressure-made 3D point contact are given. The contributions of the quantum phonon transport, weak electron-phonon interaction, and strong phonon-lattice distortion scattering to the phonon heat flux are investigated theoretically.
Growth and characterization of transparent Pb(Zi,Ti)O3 capacitor on glass substrate
Authors: Uprety K. K. , Ocola L. E. , Auciello O.
Published: October 2007

( Pb ) ( Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 ) O 3 (PZT) films were fabricated on LaNiO3 (LNO)/In2O3 90%SnO210% (ITO) layered transparent electrodes on glass substrates using chemical solution deposition. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of semitransparent Pd/PZT/LNO/ITO and transparent ITO/LNO/PZT/LNO/ITO capacitors fabricated on glass substrates were studied. X-ray diffraction revealed an improved crystalline structure of PZT on ITO-buffered glass substrates by interposing a LNO layer between PZT and ITO. Atomic force microscopy showed a smoother surface topography for the LNO/ITO layered electrode on glass, as compared to that of the single ITO layer on glass. The remnant polarization (Pr) of the Pd/PZT/LNO/ITO/glass capacitors and transparent ITO/LNO/PZT/LNO/ITO/glass capacitors was estimated from P-E hysteresis loops. The Pd/PZT/LNO/ITO capacitors on glass revealed significant improvement in the Pr as compared to PZT film based capacitors with ITO electrodes only. Excellent optical transmittance was observed for the whole capacitor structure. The importance of a high performance transparent capacitor is that this structure may enable high efficiency transparent electronic devices such as solar energy storage, photovoltaic, and intelligent windows, among others.
Constraints on inertial range scaling laws in forced two-dimensional Navier–Stokes turbulence
Authors: Tran Chuong V.
Published: October 2007

This study examines the dual transfer and spectral scaling laws in forced two-dimensional Navier–Stokes turbulence. The k−5∕3 energy inertial range emerges from this analysis as a minimally steep range that is barely able to support an inverse energy cascade. In other words, an energy inertial range shallower than k−5∕3 is incapable of sustaining a persistent transfer of energy to the large scales, and steeper inertial ranges are possible. The vorticity is found to diverge in the limit of large Reynolds numbers or small viscosity, allowing the classical k−3 enstrophy inertial range to be the only one that may remain bounded in this limit. Steeper (unbounded) enstrophy inertial ranges cannot be ruled out.
On the influence of vacancies on the electronic properties of beryllium
Authors: Bakai A. S. , Timoshevkii A. N. , Kalkuta S. A. , Moeslang A. , Vladimirov V. P.
Published: October 2007

The electronic density of states and the charge density of an ideal beryllium crystal and a crystal in which every 64th lattice site is vacant are calculated by means of ab initio numerical modeling using the full-potential linearized augmented plane waves (FLAWP) method. It is found that the electronic density of states of beryllium with a sublattice of vacancies at the Fermi level is approximately twice as large as in the ideal crystal. Here the charge density of the conduction electrons at the Fermi level has a deep minimum in the region of the vacancy and undergoes substantial changes in the interstices around the vacancy. An estimate shows that the temperature of the superconducting transition of beryllium with vacancies is approximately 150 times higher than in the ideal crystal.
Silicate chain formation in the nanostructure of cement-based materials
Authors: Ayuela A. , Dolado J. S. , Campillo I. , de Miguel Y. R. , Erkizia E. , Sánchez-Portal D. , Rubio A. , Porro A. , Echenique P. M.
Published: October 2007

Cement-based materials are ubiquitous in almost all built environment. In spite of this, little is known about the formation and the role played by the silicate chains always present in the cement nanostructure. By means of first principles simulations we provide compelling evidence on the pivotal role played by certain ionic species in the formation of the silicate chains inside the cementitious matrix. Moreover, we corroborate the experimental evidence which shows that the length of the most stable chains with m Si atoms follows a magic-number sequence: m=3n−1 with n=1,2,… Our results have been applied in the development of new higher performance cement-based materials by adding nanosilica.
Optical fuse effect in a tunable liquid crystal waveguide with a Cr grating coupler
Authors: Kamaga C. , Segawa Y. , Tikhodeev S. , Ishihara T.
Published: October 2007

In this letter, we report on a spontaneous optical switch in a liquid crystal (LC) waveguide with a Cr grating coupler. We propose that this mechanism can be applied as a reusable optical fuse device. The dynamical response of the waveguide mode in the nematic liquid crystal was investigated in the near infrared. An incident continuous wave (cw) laser was used. When the incident intensity is below the threshold, the waveguide mode output intensity is proportional to the input. Above the threshold, the output quenches quickly. The sensitivity and the response speed can be controlled by adjusting the temperature with respect to the phase transition of LC.
Optical absorption in lithiated tungsten oxide thin films: Experiment and theory
Authors: Berggren Lars , Jonsson Jacob C. , Niklasson Gunnar A.
Published: October 2007

Amorphous tungsten oxide exhibits electrochromism when intercalated with protons, lithium, sodium, and other ions. Thin films of the material were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering and then electrochemically intercalated with lithium. The optical absorption in the wavelength range of 300–2500nm was measured for a number of lithium concentrations. The optical absorption shows a maximum for lithium/tungsten ratios of 0.3–0.5. The optical spectra can be fitted by a superposition of three Gaussian peaks, representing the three possible electronic transitions between W6+, W5+, and W4+ sites. The variation of the peak strength with lithium concentration is consistent with an extended site-saturation theory.
A photon detector with very high gain at low bias and at room temperature
Authors: Memis Omer Gokalp , Katsnelson Alex , Kong Soon-Cheol , Mohseni Hooman , Yan Minjun , Zhang Shuang , Hossain Tim , Jin Niu , Adesida Ilesanmi
Published: October 2007

We report on a photon detector aimed at low light detection, which is based on the combination of small sensing volumes and large absorbing regions. Fabricated devices show stable gain values in the range of 1000–10 000 at bias voltages of ∼1V at 1.55μm at room temperature. Submicron devices show dark current less than 90nA and unity gain dark current density values less than 900nA∕cm2. The noise equivalent power (NEP) is measured to be 4fW∕Hz0.5 at room temperature without any gating, which is similar to NEP of current InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodetectors in gated operation.
Polarization-independent directional anisotropic optical effect in magnetophotonic crystal
Authors: Da H. X. , Wu J. C. , Li Z. Y.
Published: October 2007

Polarization-independent directional anisotropic optical effect, a feature that has not been appreciated in the literature so far, in one dimensional magnetophotonic crystals consisting of ferromagnetic materials and anisotropic dielectric layers with misaligned in-plain anisotropy is investigated. We have known that such a configuration exhibits asymmetric spectrum at the certain frequency region [A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy, Phys. Rev. B 67, 165210 (2003)]. In this paper, the existence of the directional anisotropic optical effect is examined according to 4×4 Muller matrix method based on the asymmetric properties of the system. Our results show that this effect can be realized in such magnetophotonic crystals without the existence of magnetization and polarization simultaneously. Furthermore, the order of magnitude of this unique electromagnetic effect can be up to 10−3.
Magnetic characterization of a single superparamagnetic bead by phase-sensitive micro-Hall magnetometry
Authors: Mihajlović Goran , Aledealat Khaled , Xiong Peng , von Molnár Stephan , Field Mark , Sullivan Gerard J.
Published: October 2007

Employing phase sensitive micro-Hall magnetometry at room temperature, we map the susceptibility of a single superparamagnetic bead, 1.2μm in diameter, as a function of magnetic field. We find that the dependence can be explained by modeling the bead as an ensemble of noninteracting superparamagnetic nanoparticles with log-normal distribution of magnetic moments. We also discuss the effect of possible dipolar interactions between the nanoparticles on the obtained results.
Seasonal variations of live moisture content and ignitability in shrubs of the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Pellizzaro G. , Duce P. , Ventura A. , Zara P.
Published: October 2007

The objectives of the present study were (i) to describe the seasonal pattern of ignition delay (ID time) and moisture content of live fine fuel (LFMC) for eight common shrub species of the Western Mediterranean Basin, and (ii) to evaluate the relationships between LFMC and ignitability. The experiment was carried out in a shrubland area located in Sardinia, Italy. LFMC and time to ignition or ID time values were determined monthly or twice a month throughout the year. Ignitability was determined by laboratory tests. Meteorological data were also collected from a weather station located in the study area. Significant linear regression equations of ID time v. LFMC were found for most of the species, with R2 values ranging from 67 to 94%. In general, very low values of ID time were observed when LFMC ranged from 70 to 100%. In addition, two groups of species were identified, depending on seasonal changes of both LFMC and ID time (or ignitability): (i) species with LFMC not greater than 100% and high ignitability values all throughout the year, and (ii) species with large seasonal variability of LFMC and ignitability values that were low in winter and high in summer. Significant differences in ignitability among species were also observed.
Interannual variations of area burnt in Tasmanian bushfires: relationships with climate and predictability
Authors: Nicholls Neville , Lucas Christopher
Published: October 2007

The area burnt each summer in Tasmania is related to coincident (summer) climate variables, especially the total summer rainfall. The relationship with temperature is weaker and largely reflects the relationship between rainfall and temperature. As the El Niño–Southern Oscillation is known to be related to Australian rainfall and simple indices of this phenomenon form the basis of the operational seasonal climate forecast scheme used in Australia, it is not surprising that indices of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation can also, it appears, provide a potentially useful forecast system for Tasmanian bushfire extent. In particular, sea surface temperatures in the Coral Sea during winter are correlated with the area burnt in the following summer. The effect of summer rainfall on the area burnt each year suggests that global warming may not simply lead to increased burning, contrasting with the situation in other parts of the globe. A weak, long-term decline in area burnt appears to be due to a weak increase in summer rainfall.
Novelty and collective attention
Authors: Wu Fang , Huberman Bernardo A.
Published: October 2007

The subject of collective attention is central to an information age where millions of people are inundated with daily messages. It is thus of interest to understand how attention to novel items propagates and eventually fades among large populations. We have analyzed the dynamics of collective attention among 1 million users of an interactive web site, digg.com, devoted to thousands of novel news stories. The observations can be described by a dynamical model characterized by a single novelty factor. Our measurements indicate that novelty within groups decays with a stretched-exponential law, suggesting the existence of a natural time scale over which attention fades.
A common mechanism of PLP/DM20 misfolding causes cysteine-mediated endoplasmic reticulum retention in oligodendrocytes and Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
Authors: Dhaunchak Ajit-Singh , Nave Klaus-Armin
Published: October 2007

A large number of mutations in the human
PLP1
gene lead to abnormal myelination and oligodendrocyte death in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD). Here we show that a major subgroup of PMD mutations that map into the extracellular loop region of PLP/DM20 leads to the failure of oligodendrocytes to form the correct intramolecular disulfide bridges. This leads to abnormal protein cross-links and endoplasmic reticulum retention and activates the unfolded protein response. Importantly, surface expression of mutant PLP/DM20 can be restored and the unfolded protein response can be reverted by the removal of two cysteines. Thus, covalent protein cross-links emerge as a cause, rather than as a consequence, of endoplasmic reticulum retention.
Magnetic resonance-assisted imaging of slow flow in the pancreatic and common bile duct in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hellund J. C. , Storaas T. , Gjesdal K. I. , Klow N. E. , Geitung J. T.
Published: October 2007

Background: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) is commonly used to evaluate the pancreatic (PD) and common bile duct (CBD), and the addition of secretin is used to obtain functional information (S-MRCP). Neither method gives any information on flow velocities within the ducts.

Purpose: To evaluate a new, MRI diffusion-based, slow-flow-sensitive sequence for the detection of slow flow changes in the PD and CBD.

Material and Methods: Seven healthy volunteers were examined. A modified single-shot turbo spin-echo sequence was used to detect slow flow changes. Three b factors (0, 6, and 12 s/mm2) were used. The flow sensitivity was applied in two directions, vertically and horizontally. Scanning was performed before and after glucagon was given, and again after an intravenous injection of secretin. The sequence gives signal loss from a duct when flow increases, and such changes were recorded.

Results: All images showed the PD with b = 0 (no flow sensitization). After administration of glucagon, artifacts from bowel movements were reduced and visibility of the PD was improved at both b = 6 and b = 12. Significant reduction of the visibility of the PD, indicating increased flow, was recorded both at b = 6 and b = 12 after the administration of secretin. There were no changes in the visibility of the CBD.

Conclusion: This study shows that MRI-based detection of slow flow changes inside the PD is possible. Due to the sequence’s high sensitivity to any motion, further studies are required before adopting the method for clinical use.
Pelvic venous variations in patients with congenital inferior vena cava anomalies: classification with computed tomography
Authors: Morita S. , Higuchi M. , Saito N. , Mitsuhashi N.
Published: October 2007

Background: Pelvic venous variations of congenital inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies that have the potential to cause problems during related surgery and interventional radiology are not fully appreciated.

Purpose: To classify pelvic venous variations of congenital IVC anomalies using computed tomography (CT).

Material and Methods: CT images for 36 patients with congenital IVC anomalies were retrospectively reviewed. Pelvic venous variations were classified with regard to the relationship with the iliac veins and the presence of interiliac communication.

Results: Pelvic venous variations were classified into eight types. One azygous continuation displayed normal connection with the bilateral common iliac veins (CIV) (type 1). Of 28 double IVCs, 11 (39.3%) displayed no interiliac communication (type 2a), five (17.9%) displayed interiliac communication from the left CIV (type 2b), one (3.6%) had communication from the right CIV (type 2c), six (21.4%) had communication from the left internal iliac vein (IIV) (type 2d), and five (17.9%) had communication from the right IIV (type 2e). Six left IVCs displayed symmetrical-to-normal connection with the bilateral CIV (type 3). One absence of infrarenal IVC displayed no connection with the CIV (type 4).

Conclusion: Eight types of pelvic venous variations of congenital IVC anomalies were classified using CT.
Value of apparent diffusion coefficient calculation in the differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors
Authors: Yerli H. , Agildere A. M. , Aydin E. , Geyik E. , Haberal N. , Kaskati T. , Oguz D. , Ozluoglu L. N.
Published: October 2007

Background: The differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors is often difficult with conventional magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: To determine whether the calculation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is valuable for making the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors.

Material and Methods: Thirty parotid masses in 28 patients and 24 healthy parotid glands in 12 controls were examined in this prospective study. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with echo-planar spin-echo sequences was used to evaluate each subject. The ADC of each tumor and each healthy parotid gland was calculated. Tumor diagnoses were confirmed by the results of histopathologic analysis.

Results: The following types of masses were identified: 11 Warthin tumors, nine pleomorphic adenomas, seven malignant tumors, one basal cell adenoma, and two benign cysts. The mean ADC value for the Warthin tumors was 0.97±0.16×10−3 mm2/s, for the pleomorphic adenomas was 1.74±0.37×10−3 mm2/s, for the malignant tumors was 1.04±0.35×10−3 mm2/s, and for the normal parotid glands was 0.34±0.20×10−3 mm2/s. The respective ADC value for the single basal cell adenoma was 1.40×10−3 mm2/s. Statistically significant differences were identified between the subjects with pleomorphic adenoma and those with another type of parotid tumor, and between subjects with healthy parotid glands and those with a tumor.

Conclusion: Calculating the ADC appears to be useful in differentiating pleomorphic adenomas from other types of parotid gland tumors.
Book Review
Authors: Bakka Njål
Published: October 2007

Ultrasound. Thieme Clinical Companions. G. Schmidt. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2007. ISBN- 13: 978-3-13-142711-3 (GTV). 471 pages, 1091 figures. Price paperback: EUR 39.95
Computed tomography features of recurrent ovarian carcinoma according to time to relapse
Authors: Sahdev A. , Hughes J. H. , Barwick T. , Rockall A. G. , Gallagher C. J. , Reznek R. H.
Published: October 2007

Background: Although the sites of recurrent ovarian cancer are individually described in the literature, patterns of recurrent disease are poorly understood.

Purpose: To describe CT patterns of disease in recurrent ovarian cancer. To emphasize common patterns, recognise subtle and unusual sites of recurrent disease.

Materials and Methods: We identified patients between 1981–2004 presenting with clinical recurrence or elevated CA 125 after complete primary clinical and radiological response. CT imaging at primary diagnosis, during and after treatment and at recurrence was retrospectively reviewed. Site, distribution, stage of disease and time to relapse was recorded.

Results: 400 patients were treated for ovarian cancer. 214(54%) achieved complete primary response. 161(75%) relapsed with complete imaging available in 67 patients. Of the 67 patients, 14 (21%) recurred within 1 year, 44 (66%) relapsed between 1–5 years. Therefore 87% of relapses occurred within 5 years following primary treatment. Five (8%) relapsed between 5–10 years and 4 (6%) relapsed after 10 years. Commonest pattern of relapse was pelvic mass in 35 (48%) patients, solitary in 15 (22%). 27 (45%) relapsed with peritoneal thickening, 27 (45%) had small or large bowel serosal disease, 22 (33%) had enlarged lymphadenopathy, 6 as sole manifestation of recurrence, 20 (30%) presented with unusual sites of recurrence: 6 splenic, 10 hepatic, 2 biliary, 3 brain and 2 muscle.

Conclusion: Our study is the first to describe common patterns of recurrence in ovarian cancer. Most frequent site is pelvis, followed by peritoneum, serosal surfaces and nodal disease. 30% presented with disease at ‘unusual’ sites.
Israel in a spin
Authors: Sammonds Neil
Published: October 2007

Three events in February challenged Israel's preferred role as lone victim in a sea of Arab troubles: first, an admission in the Knesset that Israel possesses nuclear weapons; second, the declassification of a report that found widespread torture of Palestinians during the Intifada; third, the revelation that Israel's claim to be fighting terrorism in South Lebanon not only conflicts with the evidence, but has lost support at home
Met any Jews lately?
Authors: Pankowski Rafal , Maryniak Irena
Published: October 2007

Aided by an apathetic media and the indulgence of fellow politicians, the far right has entered the heart of Polish mainstream politics
The silence of the damned
Authors: Babel
Published: October 2007

Up to one in four adults in Zimbabwe is HIV-positive. An estimated 1,500 people are dying each week from AIDS-related illnesses. Almost everyone has a relative who's died from AIDS. In spite of all this, silence reigns
Old commies v dot.comies
Authors: Schechter Danny
Published: October 2007

Mega-mergers don't necessarily spell the end of diversity of opinion, merely the exhaustion of the 'old media' combines
An image of flowers
Authors: Sammonds Neil
Published: October 2007

On 6 September 1999 a dozen volunteers and the MP George Galloway set off from London on a red double-decker bound for Baghdad. Galloway is senior vice-chairman of Labour's Foreign Affairs Committee and co-founder of the Emergency Committee on Iraq, which campaigns against sanctions and war on the people of Iraq. In 1998 it organised leukaemia treatment in Glasgow for the five-year-old Iraqi girl Mariam Hamza, after whom the bus trip, the Mariam Appeal, was named. The group hoped to raise awareness of the consequences of sanctions, to demonstrate to Washington and London that the Arab world opposes the policy, and to show solidarity with Iraqi people
Immune deficiency
Authors: Stephens Mark
Published: October 2007

British courts have allowed a libel action against Demon, a leading ISP. The result spells disaster for free expression on British-hosted websites, and has already prompted an online exodus to the free-speech territories of the US
Digital divides
Authors: Rosenthal David , Morley Syra
Published: October 2007

A preparatory event for a UN conference against racism to be held next year heard controversial ideas proposed by a Swiss lawyer, designed to block racist websites. Detractors claim the proposals will establish a two-tier Internet
Anonymous now
Authors: Akdeniz Yaman
Published: October 2007

Surfing through cyberspace leaves a trail of clues to your identity. Online privacy can be had but it doesn't come easy
Kissing the whip
Authors: Palast Greg
Published: October 2007

Britain's government is the most secretive in the developed world, maintaining its private sphere with a myriad forms of gagging legislation, overt, subtle and crude. Nor are journalists always eager to leap to the defence of their peers
A poet goes to school
Authors: Naim Mouna , Vidal-Hall Judith
Published: October 2007

Mahmoud Darwish's verse has always been controversial, outraging the PLO, the Palestinian Authority and successive Israeli governments in equal measure. The reason for this outrage is Darwish's articulation of the experiences of a helpless people thrown out of their country and deprived of their right to determine their own destiny. 'We travel like other people' and other poems written after the Palestinian exodus from Beirut in 1982, for instance, offended many in the Palestinian diaspora when read for the first time in London in 1983; in Israel's case, offence was the rule rather than the exception.
Talking Chinese
Authors: Farmer Penelope
Published: October 2007

The highly visible base of the Chinese in Britain, in the form of their restaurants and fast-food outlets, belies the near invisibility of the community itself. Those who run the restaurants work night and day, seven days a week; only the waiters learn English and then only as much as they need to do the job. The community is not concentrated in any one town or region, and has little time to set up community associations, or lobby on their own behalf. Nor, unlike other immigrant communities, are they linked by ready-made religious institutions; religion is a family affair largely concerned with appeasing the ancestors.

The women, in particular, are cut off from the host community. Many never work in the restaurants but stay at home looking after children or grandchildren; many grannies, as in the cases below, have been brought over in later life for precisely that purpose. They have no chance to learn English, let alone adapt to English society and its strange cuisine. Their problems are compounded by age when, with the breakdown of the extended family, many are abandoned to their fate. The case of Mrs Wong is quite atypical. There is little provision for them in the host community: sheltered housing schemes such as that below are rare and, in this case at least, happened almost incidentally.

This is a community hiding behind its stoicism and unwillingness to complain — even when communication is possible. Mrs Lee No 1, for instance, was chosen to talk to me because her community worker saw her as cheerful and communicative; he had no idea that she had been abandoned by most of her children and grandchildren, or of the pain this caused her. Tales of neglect and of literal abandonment abound.

All the women here are from Hong Kong not from the Cantonese-speaking cities, however, but from the rural New Territory where they were small farmers living in extended family compounds. The isolation they encounter in Britain feels especially acute. Their families operate the lower end of the Chinese catering business — takeaways and fish-and-chip shops.
Crime and punishment
Authors: Kingston Margo
Published: October 2007

John Howard threatens to boycott international human rights committees in the interests of discriminating against Aborigines
Shit house
Authors: Makhoul Ziyad
Published: October 2007

The 'right of return' is not high on the present Israeli-Palestinian peace agenda. But in camps like Beirut's Sabra and Shatila, refugees from wars as long ago as 1948 continue to hold out hope...
Laughs and sneezes
Authors: Petley Julian
Published: October 2007

'Comedy is less likely than tragedy to omit to take human suffering seriously enough' Bertolt Brecht
God only knows
Authors: Dridi Daikha , Routledge Mike
Published: October 2007

Algerians are suffering a paralysis of conscience brought on by the 1999 amnesty that has brought the killers back into the community
Peace confounded
Authors: Shlaim Avi
Published: October 2007

The signing of the Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Self-Government, on 13 September 1993 at the White House, marked the end of one chapter in the history of the Palestinians and the beginning of another. But while the PLO kept its side of the bargain, Israel did not
One disaster after another
Authors: Braekman Colette
Published: October 2007

One day, when the guns fall silent, the world will conclude that the population of the Congo has been the victim of a gross haemorrhage of human lives. By then, in the face of media indifference, it will be too late
What are we fighting for?
Authors: Ferrett Grant
Published: October 2007

Zimbabwe's involvement in the war in Congo is draining the country's economy and President Mugabe has precious little to show for it
Myths of Congo
Authors: Brittain Victoria
Published: October 2007

From a simple scenario of the triumphant ousting of one of Africa's most notorious tyrants, Mobutu Sésé Seko, by a coalition of the continent's more respected leaders, the war in Congo has become a war of spoils and horrendous brutality
Horizon from Taiwan
Authors: Cheng T.J.
Published: October 2007

Media boss Jimmy Lai Chee-ying wants the world to know that he didn't leave Hong Kong because he was forced out - by the powers in Beijing or by anyone else
Revolution at the crossroads
Authors: Halliday Fred
Published: October 2007

The next few months may be decisive for the future direction of Iran and for the fate of the revolutionary regime. They could also seal the fate of the many journalists and writers languishing in Tehran's jails
Eurokid and Colonel Blimp
Authors: Stone Norman
Published: October 2007

National identity goes far deeper than a European one and, if we want to avoid a nationalist backlash as in Austria, it would be better for us to live with that reality
Soft cop, hard cop
Authors: Woollacott Martin
Published: October 2007

The launch of the new Euro-army raises critical questions about its value on a continent which, since Kosovo, lacks any comparable doorstep cases
Afraid of silence
Authors: Urrutia Ignacio
Published: October 2007

A sustained campaign of violence against journalists and academics has led critics of the Basque separatist army, ETA, to talk of fascism
Fast forward
Authors: Margaronis Maria
Published: October 2007

A time-lapse film of modern Greece would show a country shedding its particularity as it comes to terms with the modern world
Aisha in trouble
Authors: Schaap Wijbrand
Published: October 2007

The long arm of intimidation reached deep into Rotterdam last year to silence the tale of one of Islam's most astonishing women
Trip to Collioure
Authors: Eaude Michael
Published: October 2007

Republican exiles from the Spanish Civil War are still waiting for the return of their citizenship 60 years after their defeat by General Franco's fascist troops
Back to normal
Authors: Vinsot François , Routledge Michael
Published: October 2007

What future for the victims and perpetrators alike after the madness of genocide?
Roll up! Roll up!
Authors: Bukovsky Vladimir
Published: October 2007

Vladimir Bukovsky was first arrested in 1963 for the possession of anti-Soviet literature and interned in a special psychiatric hospital for 14 months. In 1965, he was rearrested for co-organising a Moscow human rights demonstration in defence of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yulii Daniel, and sent to a series of mental hospitals. Released in 1966, he was detained again in 1967 for organising a demonstration and sentenced to three years in a labour camp. His fourth arrest in 1971 led to a further seven years in prison and five years' exile. In December 1976, Bukovsky was released in exchange for the Chilean prisoner Louis Karvallan. He was interviewed by Irena Maryniak
Ukraine's ethnic kitchen
Authors: Kurkov Andrei
Published: October 2007

Language is a divisive issue in Ukraine's ethnic melting pot
Language without a people
Authors: Zakarevicius Rimas , Savukynas Virginijus
Published: October 2007

With a population of under 300, the Karaims of Lithuania are scarcely able to sustain their language
Defining the Act
Authors: Sammonds Neil
Published: October 2007

THERE ARE FEW WORDS TODAY AS EMOTIVE AND AS WIDELY USED AS 'TERRORISM ', AND EVEN FEW ER ACCEPTED DEFINITIONS
Thirty Years on
Authors: Hosking Geoffrey
Published: October 2007

RUSSIAN WRITERS AND JOURNALISTS NO LONGER HAVE TO FEAR THE NOTORIOUS GULAG BUT THE MEDIA IS ONCE MORE UNDER PRESSURE AS PUTIN ATTEMPTS TO RESTORE THE 'STRONG STATE' OF EARLIER TIMES
Marching in Step
Authors: Havel Václav , Ugresic Dubravka
Published: October 2007

DEMOCRACY CANNOT PROSPER WITHOUT A FREE MEDIA AND THE RIGHT TO SPEAK ONE'S MIND, SAYS CZECH DISSIDENT AND PLAYWRIGHT TURNED PRESIDENT
The Golden Section: Terror, Rights and Reason
Authors: Ignatieff Michael
Published: October 2007

INDEX WAS CREATED IN THE DAYS OF THE COLD WAR TO EXPOSE THE TERRORS OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM. TODAY THE CHALLENGE IS DIFFERENT BUT THE SAME MORAL AND RATIONAL CLEAR-SIGHTEDNESS IS ESSENTIAL IN THE CONFRONTATION WITH TERROR
The End of Liberty
Authors: Vidal Gore
Published: October 2007

THIS PIECE ORIGINATED IN A COMMISSION BY THE DAILY MAIL, WHICH THEN DROPPED IT. VANITY FAIR COMMISSIONED VIDAL TO UPDATE AND ELABORATE. AFTER A THREE-MONTH DELAY THAT MAGAZINE ALSO DROPPED IT. IT WAS THEN OFFERED TO SEVERAL UK NEWSPAPERS, WHO TURNED IT DOWN. IT APPEARED LAST YEAR IN ITALY IN A COLLECTION OF VIDAL'S ESSAYS ENTITLED LA FINE DELLA LIBERTÀ: VERSO UN NUOVO TOTALITARISMO? THIS IS ITS FIRST PUBLICATION IN ENGLISH
China's Listing Social Structure He Qinglian
Authors: Qinglian He
Published: October 2007

As a result of the corrupt accumulation of wealth by the top few, China's society has regressed to a worse state than anything Mao fought against; the allure of the World Trade Organisation is a golden fantasy that will exacerbate the divisive trends of the drive to free markets; crimes committed by peasants and workers on the scrap heap of socialism have gone from random acts of opportunism to organised attacks on wealth; many of those in power have the cash and the will to leave this sinking ship and should do so before they're locked in the hold.

So says the author of the most controversial book to be published in China in recent years. The essay from which this excerpt is taken appeared in the March 2000 issue of the journal Shuwu (House of Books). It sold out within ten days, only to be denounced by the propaganda department of the Central Committee of the CCP as a 'liberal' document guilty of 'inciting antagonism between the different strata of Chinese society'. He Qinglian was demoted from her editorial position at the Shenzhen Legal Daily and placed under domestic surveillance . She is believed to have left the country since. Her article continues to provoke intense unofficial discussion and has been compared to Mao's 1920s Analysis of Classes in Chinese Society as a gripping class analysis of contemporary China.
Fiction, Resistance and the Reading Public
Authors: Kennedy A.L.
Published: October 2007

IN A CULTURE WITH ACCESS TO REPUTABLE MEDIA AND VIGOROUS FICTION, THE FULL, HUMANISING FORCE OF IMAGINATION COULD HELP DEFEND US, OUR RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES AND THOSE OF OTHERS- IF ONLY WE WOULD LET IT
The Guarded Tongue
Authors: Menon Ritu
Published: October 2007

CENSORSHIP OF WOMEN BY THE USE OF VIOLENCE AND INTIMIDATION IN INDIA'S PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY IS MORE PERVASIVE AND HARDER TO CONFRONT THAN THE OFFICIAL VARIETY
The Voice of Hate
Authors: Evans Harold
Published: October 2007

VIRULENT ANTI-SEMITISM PERMEATES ALL LEVELS OF MUSLIM SOCIETY. INSIDIOUSLY PROPAGATED BY SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS AS WELL AS BY THE ARAB MEDIA, IT THREATENS ANY HOPE OF AN ENDURING PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
'If All Else Fail ...'
Authors: Grayling AC
Published: October 2007

THOSE SUFFERING FROM INTOLERABLE ILLNESS STILL HAVE MINDS OF THEIR OWN AND THE RIGHT TO SAY WHEN, WHERE AND HOW THEY WILL LEAVE THIS LIFE. NATURAL JUSTICE, AS WELL AS THE INSTITUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CONFERS THIS RIGHT
Sex, Lies and Censorship
Authors: Cannon Carl M
Published: October 2007

HOW DID AN OLD STORY LIKE THE PAEDOPHILE PRIESTS SCANDAL COME TO DOMINATE THE FRONT PAGES OF THE US AND INTERNATIONAL PRESS THIS YEAR, AND WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG TO DO SO? ASKS A JOURNALIST AT THE FOREFRONT OF THE INVESTIGATION OVER A DECADE AGO
The Epic That Will Not Die
Authors: Maryniak Irena
Published: October 2007

IN ROMANIA, AS IN MUCH OF EAST AND CENTRAL EUROPE, THE GHOSTS OF COMMUNISM STALK THE CHANCELLERIES AND HOLD ALL THE LEVERS OF POWER. TRUTH COMPETES WITH SILENCE FOR THE PUBLIC EAR AND RECONCILIATION IS A LONG WAY DOWN THE ROAD
Fucking Soldiers
Authors: De Waal Alex
Published: October 2007

THE BLAME FOR AFRICA'S AIDS EPIDEMIC FALLS ON WARS, SOLDIERS AND CULTURES OF MILITARISATION. FIGHTING IT DEMANDS BETTER RESOURCES AND LEADERSHIP THAN AVAILABLE AT PRESENT
Price of a Life - or Death
Authors: Pringle Peter
Published: October 2007

THE COST OF THE PRESENT INQUIRY INTO THE BLOODY SUNDAY KILLINGS IN NORTHERN IRELAND FAR EXCEEDS THAT OF COMPENSATION PAID TO THE VICTIMS 30 YEARS AGO. AND FOR WHAT? ASKS A JOURNALIST WHO WAS PRESENT IN 1972
Just a Little Family Trouble
Authors: Courrier Internationale
Published: October 2007

THE CLOSURE OF A TV NETWORK IN SYRIA PROVOKES A CONVULSION OF INTER-FAITH TENSION - AND TURNS OUT TO HAVE MORE THAN A LITTLE TO DO WITH THE US 'WAR ON TERRORISM'
Expanding the Airwaves
Authors: Noronha Frederick
Published: October 2007

INDIA CLAIMS TO BE THE WORLD'S LARGEST DEMOCRACY BUT, UNLIKE ITS SMALLER NEIGHBOURS, FEARS TO OPEN UP ITS AIRWAVES TO ITS CITIZENS
Fatal Friendships
Authors: Hoodbhoy Pervez
Published: October 2007

FOUR DECADES AND FOUR DICTATORS LATER, PAKISTAN'S STABILITY, AS WELL AS THE SURVIVAL OF ITS LATEST MILITARY RULER, HAVE BECOME CONTINGENT ON US SUPPORT
Torn By Fear and Hope
Authors: Jabar Faleh A
Published: October 2007

IRAQIS WELCOME LIBERATION FROM THE EXCESSES OF THEIR REGIME, BUT ARE MORE CONCERNED WITH THE EXIGENCIES OF SURVIVAL
Food for Weapons: a Rough Trade
Authors: Tudge Robin
Published: October 2007

ECONOMIC INCOMPETENCE, INTERNATIONAL ISOLATION AND CLIMATIC EXTREMES HAVE REDUCED NORTH KOREA TO ENDEMIC FAMINE - BUT DONE NOTHING TO CHECK ITS NUCLEAR AMBITION
Cuba's Other Island
Authors: Chipaux Françoise
Published: October 2007

A RELEASED 'TERRORIST' RECOUNTS THE GUANTÁNAMO BAY EXPERIENCE
Triumph of the Czar
Authors: Goytisolo Juan
Published: October 2007

THE RESOLUTION OF MOSCOW'S THEATRE SIEGE SHOWED AS LITTLE CONCERN FOR THE HOSTAGES AS FOR THE CHECHEN 'TERRORISTS'
Aid as a Policy Tool- the Case of Serbia
Authors: Licht Sonja
Published: October 2007

POST-CONFLICT AID IS BEST DEPLOYED IN SUPPORTING EXISTING CIVIC AND DEMOCRATIC INITIATIVES
Beyond Charity
Authors: Rieff David
Published: October 2007

BY OPTING FOR A RIGHTS-BASED SOLUTION TO THE DELIVERY OF HUMANITARIAN AID, RELIEF WORKERS HAVE COMPOUNDED THEIR DILEMMA
Migrate or Die
Authors: Shamsie Kamila
Published: October 2007

'EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO SEEK AND TO ENJOY IN OTHER COUNTRIES ASYLUM FROM PERSECUTION' - UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, ARTICLE 14
Home, Heimat, Haimish
Authors: Jacobson Howard
Published: October 2007

I WAS BROUGHT UP NOT TO TRY THE NERVES OF THOSE WHO WERE NOT AS I AM, TO WHOM WE OWED OUR SAFETY, AND WHO, AT THE VERY LEAST, WERE HERE BEFORE WE WERE
The End of Britain
Authors: Hitchens Peter
Published: October 2007

WHAT IS THIS MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN WHICH WE LIVE? PARALLEL LIVES STARING AT EACH OTHER ACROSS THE UNMARKED BOUNDARIES OF A CULTURAL DIVIDE
A Wealth of Experience
Authors: Sutcliffe Bob
Published: October 2007

THE DEMOCRATISATION OF MIGRATION WILL TAKE US ALL A LONG WAY TOWARDS A FAIRER AND MORE INTEGRATED WORLD
Come One Come All
Authors: Wilcken Patrick
Published: October 2007

UNLIKE MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ISRAEL SEES IMMIGRATION AS THE CURE TO ITS MOST PRESSING PROBLEM, EVEN THOUGH IT CANNOT ALWAYS CONTROL THE SIDE EFFECTS
Powers of Transformation
Authors: Tripathi Salil
Published: October 2007

LEICESTER CITY COUNCIL ONCE TOOK OUT ADVERTISEMENTS IN THE UGANDAN PRESS IN AN ATTEMPT TO DETER THE COUNTRY'S DISPOSSESSED ASIANS FROM SETTLING IN THEIR TOWN. STILL THEY CAME. THE CITY SIMPLY HAS NOT BEEN THE SAME SINCE
Leicester: City of Migration
Authors: Vidal-Hall Judith
Published: October 2007

MIGRATION HAS TRANSFORMED LEICESTER FROM A DULL PROVINCIAL MARKET TOWN INTO THE VIBRANT CAPITAL OF ASIA IN BRITAIN
Dance To the Music of War
Authors: Bax Pauline
Published: October 2007

WAR IS NO RESPECTER OF BORDERS, ESPECIALLY IN COTE D'IVOIRE, WHERE THE CONFLICT FLINGS TOGETHER REFUGEES, MERCENARIES, REBELS AND TRANSIENTS OF ALL KINDS AND NATIONALITIES
Exclusion Zone
Authors: Vermeren Pierre , Sandford Luke
Published: October 2007

EVERY YEAR, ENTICED BY THE FANTASY EUROPE BEAMED INTO THE MAGHREB VIA SATELLITE, MORE THAN 100,000 ILLEGAL MIGRANTS RISK DEATH TO REACH THEIR DREAM CONTINENT
Making Connections
Authors: Shanor Donald R
Published: October 2007

IT'S THE US MAINSTREAM, MORE THAN THE MIGRANTS THEMSELVES, WHO NEED WHAT THEIR BURGEONING MEDIA HAS TO TELL
No Peace for the Wicked
Authors: Walsh Michael
Published: October 2007

'FOR NEVINSON THERE IS NO ARMISTICE. HE IS ALWAYS AT WAR'
Wise Words On Deaf Ears
Authors: Beinin Joel
Published: October 2007

11 SEPTEMBER SHOULD HAVE CONVINCED AMERICAN POLICYMAKERS OF THE FOOLISHNESS — DANGERS, EVEN — OF ALLOWING THE US ACADEMIC STUDY OF THE MIDDLE EAST TO BE CONSTRAINED BY THE SENSITIVITIES OF A FEW. IT DIDN'T
Stern Lessons
Authors: Delivani Ioli
Published: October 2007

AFTER 11 SEPTEMBER 2001, SOME PEOPLE IN UNIVERSITIES IN AMERICA BECAME A LITTLE LESS FREE
Freedom of Expression: for What?
Authors: Kolesnikov Andrei
Published: October 2007

IT'S INSCRIBED IN THE CONSTITUTION, BUT IN THIS PERIOD OF 'PUTINESQUE STAGNATION' NEITHER POLITICIANS, JOURNALISTS NOR READERS HAVE ANY REAL USE FOR IT
A Duty To Whom?
Authors: Foley Michael
Published: October 2007

DOES A JOURNALIST'S COMMITMENT TO PROTECT THE IDENTITY OF ANONYMOUS SOURCES OVERRIDE THE DUTY TO READERS AND VIEWERS?
Steady Progress Backwards
Authors: Scrivener Anthony
Published: October 2007

'IN ENGLAND AMIDST THE CLASH OF ARMS THE LAWS ARE NOT SILENT. THEY MAY BE CHANGED, BUT THEY SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE IN WAR AS IN PEACE. IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN ONE OF THE PILLARS OF FREEDOM, ONE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LIBERTY ... THAT THE JUDGES ARE NO RESPECTERS OF PERSONS, AND STAND BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND ANY ATTEMPTED ENCROACHMENTS ON HIS LIBERTY BY THE EXECUTIVE' (LORD ATKIN DURING WORLD WAR II)
Media Power
Authors: Lloyd John
Published: October 2007

BIG MONEY, POLITICS AND TELEVISION: THE CONNECTIONS BECOME CLOSER, AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST WEAKER, THROUGHOUT MUCH OF THE WESTERN MEDIA. IN THE UK, WHERE A GREAT PUBLIC BROADCASTER IS POWERFUL ENOUGH TO WITHSTAND THE TREND, THE AIR HAS BEEN NOISY WITH THE SOUND OF WOUNDS BEING SELF-INFLICTED
Legal Evil
Authors: Ree Jonathan
Published: October 2007

ORDINARY JUSTICE FOCUSES ON GUILT AND THE CRIMINAL'S MIND; VICTIM'S JUSTICE IS INTERESTED IN EVIL AND THE STATE OF THE WORLD
After the War Is Over
Authors: Puddephatt Andrew
Published: October 2007

THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION IS INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNISED BY GOVERNMENTS. BUT THEY HAVE A LOT TO LEARN, SAYS THE DIRECTOR OF ARTICLE 19
And God Came Down From the Mountain
Authors: Sands Philippe
Published: October 2007

AMERICA'S 'À LA CARTE MULTILATERALISM' - A POLITE TERM USED IN THE STATE DEPARTMENT FOR ITS SELF-SERVING SUPPORT FOR ONLY THOSE INTERNATIONAL LAWS THAT SUIT IT - IS UNDERMINING THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER AND US LONG-TERM INTERESTS
Adding Insult To Injury
Authors: Jarrar Majid , Al-Jubouri Salaam
Published: October 2007

WHEN US TROOPS GUARDING ONE BAGHDAD PETROL STATION CUT UP ROUGH WITH STREET PETROL SELLERS, IT LEFT IRAQI VICTIMS AND WITNESSES EMBITTERED BY THE EXPERIENCE
Reading Between the Enemy Lines
Authors: Jayasekera Rohan
Published: October 2007

HOW CAN IRAQI REPORTERS BALANCE THEIR ARTICLES WHEN THE WAY TO 'THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STORY' IS BLOCKED BY A TANK?
Do as You Would Be Done By
Authors: Kysia Ramzi
Published: October 2007

IF WE WOULD TRULY HELP THE IRAQI PEOPLE, THEN THAT INTENTION DEMANDS THAT WE SEE AND TREAT THEM AS OUR EQUALS, AND THEREFORE TAKE RISKS WITHIN OUR OWN LIVES COMMENSURATE WITH THE RISKS THAT HAVE BEEN REGULARLY IMPOSED ON IRAQIS, OVER LONG YEARS, BY THE REST OF THE WORLD
A Tiny Red Flower
Authors: Bykau Vasil
Published: October 2007

VASIL BYKAU, the most eminent Belarusan writer of the past half-century, died of cancer on 22 June 2003, three days after his 79th birthday.

Bykau came to prominence on the Soviet literary scene with the publication of his novel The Third Flare (1962) set during World War II. This, and the novels that followed, The Dead Feel No Pain (1965), Alpine Ballad (1966), The Accursed Hill (1968), The Kruhlanski Bridge (1969), Sotnikau (1970), Obelisk (1971) and Pack of Wolves (1981), revolutionised the war-reportage /novel genre throughout the Soviet Union, replacing the hitherto standard stereotypes of 'good' Soviet partisans, wicked Nazis and treacherous collaborators with more complex individual characterisation and the grim realism of war. His books became bestsellers throughout the USSR, translated into Russian and other Soviet languages, and he won a number of leading Soviet literary prizes.

Fame, however, did not protect Bykau from the attentions of the censors, who disliked critics of the Stalinist regime.

With the arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Bykau was at the forefront of the campaign for Belarusan independence and the revival of the Belarusan language and culture which, under Soviet rule, had been downplayed. He became a leading member of the pro-democracy pro-independence Belarusan Popular Front and of Martiraloh - the organisation set up to honour the victims of Stalin's purges in Belarus - and was elected first president of the new Belarusan PEN Centre.

The arrival of Alaksandr Lukashenka as president of Belarus in 1994 changed all that: control over all aspects of life increased; Belarusan language and culture were discouraged; freedom of speech and of the press was under constant threat.

Under Bykau's leadership, Belarusan PEN resisted these trends. The regime retaliated with various forms of bureaucratic harrassment. At the end of 1998, Bykau left Belarus under the auspices of the 'Cities of Refuge' initiative. He finally settled in Prague at the personal invitation of Czech President Vaclav Havel. Back in Belarus, literary magazines were forbidden to publish any of Bykau's works.

Bykau repeatedly stressed that his stay abroad was purely temporary, but his health was deteriorating; in March this year he underwent surgery for cancer and, as soon as he was able to travel, returned to Belarus where his death on 22 June coincided with the anniversary of Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union, an event that had been so central to his work.
Aphrodite's Other Island
Authors: Morgan Tabitha
Published: October 2007

GREEK-CYPRIOT POLITICIANS AND CLERICS BOOT OUT REUNIFICATION AND CYPRUS'S SAD LITTLE WALL HAS TO ENDURE FOR SOME YEARS YET