bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cytogenetic Study of Breeding Boars in Canada
Authors: Quach T.A. , Villagómez D.A.F. , Coppola G. , Pinton A. , Hart E.J. , Reyes E.R. , Basrur P.K. , King W.A.
Published: January 2010

Chromosome abnormalities are well known for their negative impact on the reproductive performance of carriers. Such abnormalities could have severe effect on animal industries which rely heavily on efficient reproduction. We conducted a cytogenetic survey of breeder pigs from 4 different Canadian farms to investigate the frequency of chromosome abnormalities and to assess their reproductive impact on pig populations. Our study revealed that 50% of the ‘hypoprolific’ boars and 2.5% of the young boars raised for service in artificial insemination were carriers of chromosome anomalies while no chromosome defect was noted in any of the ‘proven’ breeder boars. G-banding technique to determine the type of abnormalities detected 3 previously unreported translocations involving chromosomes 1 and 6, chromosomes 10 and 13 and chromosomes 9 and 14. The reciprocal nature of these translocations was confirmed either using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique or immunostaining for synaptonemal complex delineation and were named rcp(1;6)(p22,q12), rcp(10;13), and rcp(9;14) (p24;q27), respectively. Prolificacy of 1/6 and 10/13 translocation carriers was noted to be reduced by more than 40% compared to their normal counterparts while it was reduced by 26% in carriers of the 9/14 translocation. Carriers of 1/6 and 9/14 translocations displayed a higher repeat breeding tendency, compared to their herd average (5 and 16%, respectively). While for the 9/14 translocation the prevalence of stillbirths was lower than that in their herd [8.7 vs. 10.4% (p < 0.001)]. The present results, albeit based on a relatively small number of pigs, indicate that the prevalence of chromosome abnormalities could be much higher in Canadian pigs compared to that reported in European pigs and underline the urgent need to initiate cytogenetic screening programs as one of the effective ways to reduce reproductive problems in Canadian pig populations.
Changing Trends in Hepatitis C Infection over the Past 50 Years in Japan
Authors: Chung Hobyung , Ueda Taisuke , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: January 2010

In Japan, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of death in males and the fifth in females. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of HCC in Japan, with 70% of cases being HCV related. HCV genotype 1b, the most prevalent subtype in Japan, started to spread in the 1930s among injecting drug users (IDUs) during and after World War II or through medical procedures such as blood transfusion and use of contaminated syringes. The prevalence of HCV infection is much lower in the current younger generation compared with that in the older generation, particularly those aged >55 years (0.1–0.2% vs. ≧ 2%). Therefore, the total number of patients with HCV infection is estimated to decrease, even though sporadic HCV transmission is mainly seen among young IDUs. Of note, HCV genotype 2 seems to be spreading among IDUs, but the response to antiviral therapy in these patients seems to be better than that in older patients, irrespective of the genotype. Although the number of patients who die because of HCC has steadily increased over the last 50 years, the incidence of HCC is now decreasing, mainly because of the decreased prevalence of HCV-related HCC.
Outcome and Early Viral Dynamics with Viral Mutation in PEG-IFN/RBV Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis in Patients with High Viral Loads of Serum HCV RNA Genotype 1b
Authors: Sasase Noriko , Kim Soo Ryang , Kudo Masatoshi , Kim Ke Ih , Taniguchi Miyuki , Imoto Susumu , Mita Keiji , Hayashi Yoshitake , Shoji Ikuo , El-Shamy Ahmed , Hotta Hak
Published: January 2010

We investigated whether sustained virological response (SVR) and non-SVR by chronic hepatitis C patients to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) combination therapy are distinguishable by viral factors such as the IFN/RBV resistance-determining region (IRRDR) and by on-treatment factors through new indices such as the rebound index (RI). The first RI (RI-1st; the viral load at week 1 divided by the viral load at 24 h) and the second RI (RI-2nd; the viral load at week 2 divided by the viral load at 24 h) were calculated. The subject patients were divided into 3 groups based on RI-1st and RI-2nd: an RI-A group (RI-1st ≤1.0), an RI-B group (RI-1st >1.0 and RI-2nd <0.7) and an RI-C group (RI-1st >1.0 and RI-2nd ≧0.7). The SVR rate was 71.4% (10/14) in the RI-A group, 46.2% (6/13) in the RI-B group and 20.0% (3/15) in the RI-C group (p = 0.005 between the RI-A group and the RI-C group). In IRRDR ≧6 and IRRDR ≤5 the SVR rate was 81.3% (13/16) and 23.1% (6/26) (p = 0.0002), respectively. By combining RI and IRRDR as a predicting factor, the SVR rate was 87.5% (7/8) in the RI-A group (≧6 mutations in the IRRDR) and 7.7% (1/13) in the RI-C group (≤5 IRRDR mutations) (p = 0.0003).
PEG-IFNα/RBV Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Increases Serum Ferritin Level while It Improves Sustained Viral Response Rate
Authors: Yada Norihisa , Kudo Masatoshi , Chung Hobyung , Hayaishi Sosuke , Takita Masahiro , Ueda Taisuke , Tatsumi Chie , Hatanaka Kinuyo , Kitai Satoshi , Ishikawa Emi , Inoue Tatsuo , Hagiwara Satoru , Ueshima Kazuomi
Published: January 2010

Objectives: We investigated the significance of serum ferritin levels in pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and examined its correlation with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels during therapy and response to the therapy. Methods: A total of 175 patients with CHC received the combination therapy. Correlations between serum ferritin levels and serum ALT levels at 12 and 24 weeks of therapy were examined. Differences in serum ferritin levels during therapy between patients with sustained viral response (SVR) and non-SVR were also examined. Results: Only 24 (13.7%) and 20 (11.4%) patients showed elevated serum ALT levels (≧70 IU/l) at 12 and 24 weeks of therapy, respectively. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and ALT levels. Ninety-five (54.3%) of 175 patients achieved SVR. Serum ferritin levels increased dramatically in both SVR and non-SVR groups after starting the therapy and were significantly higher in the SVR group throughout the therapy. Conclusions: Serum ferritin level increases during PEG-IFN and RBV combination therapy; however, it did not correlate with either serum ALT level or the total dose of RBV. Higher serum ferritin levels during combination therapy appear to be associated with favorable therapeutic response.
Classification Models for Early Identification of Persons at Risk for Dementia in Primary Care: An Evaluation in a Sample Aged 80 Years and Older
Authors: van den Kommer Tessa N. , Bontempo Daniel E. , Comijs Hannie C. , Hofer Scott M. , Dik Miranda G. , Piccinin Andrea M. , Jonker Cees , Deeg Dorly J.H. , Johansson Boo
Published: January 2010

Aim: To evaluate previously developed classification models to make implementation in primary care possible and aid early identification of persons at risk for dementia. Methods: Data were drawn from the OCTO-Twin study. At baseline, 521 persons ≧80 years of age were nondemented, and for 387 a blood sample was available. Predictors of dementia were collected and analyzed in initially nondemented persons using generalized estimating equations and Cox survival analyses. Results: In the basic model using predictors already known or easily obtained (basic set), the mean 2-year predictive value increased from 6.9 to 28.8% in persons with memory complaints and an MMSE score ≤25. In the extended model, using both the basic set and an extended set of predictors requiring further assessment, the 8-year predictive value increased from 15.0 to 45.8% in persons with low cholesterol and an MMSE score ≤24. Conclusion: Both models can contribute to an improved early identification of persons at risk for dementia in primary care.
CT-Based, Fiducial-Free Frameless Stereotaxy for Difficult Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion: Experience in 26 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Reig Adam S. , Stevenson Charles B. , Tulipan Noel B.
Published: January 2010

Background:Patients with small or dysmorphic ventricles requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion for hydrocephalus can be challenging. The ‘freehand’ technique does not always provide for accurate catheter insertion, particularly in patients with slit ventricles, complex hydrocephalus or displaced ventricles. Consequently, many surgeons use stereotaxy for assistance. We have employed a frameless stereotactic technique, obviating the need for fiducials or preoperative MRI, for difficult ventricular catheter placement over the past 1.5 years with excellent results. We describe our experience with frameless stereotactic VPS insertion. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 26 patients who underwent frameless stereotactic VPS insertion. All patients had preoperative CT scans using a navigation protocol and were registered into the Stealth Station via the face tracer program. Catheters were inserted using the Medtronic frameless trajectory guide kit. We recorded demographic data, operative time, complications and follow-up. Results:The mean patient age was 31 years. The average operative time was 46 min. There were 3 complications. The average follow-up was 5 months. Twenty-one patients had postoperative imaging, with 20 having excellent catheter positioning. Conclusions:Our results confirm that frameless stereotactic VPS without fiducial marker placement is a feasible technique for catheter insertion in patients who have small/dysmorphic ventricles. In experienced hands, there is negligible added operative time and a low complication rate.
Clinical Accuracy of a Customized Stereotactic Platform for Deep Brain Stimulation after Accounting for Brain Shift
Authors: D’Haese Pierre-François , Pallavaram Srivatsan , Konrad Peter E. , Neimat Joseph , Fitzpatrick J. Michael , Dawant Benoit M.
Published: January 2010

Previous studies have evaluated the accuracy of several approaches for the placement of electrodes for deep brain stimulation. In this paper, we present a strategy to minimize the effect of brain shift on the estimation of the electrode placement error (EPE) for a stereotactic platform in the absence of intraoperative imaging data, and we apply it to the StarFix microTargeting® Platform (FHC Inc., Bowdoin, Me., USA). This method involves comparing the intraoperative stereotactic coordinates of the implant with its position in the postoperative CT images in a population for which the effect of brain shift is minimal. The study we have conducted on 75 patients demonstrates that the EPE is overestimated at least by about 60% if brain shift is not taken into account, and shows a clinical accuracy of 1.24 ± 0.37 mm for the StarFix frame, which is similar to the reported G frame accuracy and better than the reported Nexframe accuracy (2.5 ± 1.4 mm) [Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2007;85:235–242].
Complications and Side Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation in the Posterior Subthalamic Area
Authors: Fytagoridis A. , Blomstedt P.
Published: January 2010

Background: The posterior subthalamic area (PSA), including the zona incerta and prelemniscal radiation (Raprl), has recently been presented in number of publications as a promising target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of various movement disorders. In order to evaluate the safety of the procedure, we analyzed our initial 40 patients for complications and side effects. Methods: 40 patients treated with PSA DBS for Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and other forms of tremor were included. Results: The most severe complication was 1 transient mild hemiparesis and 1 infection. Minor complications and side effects were relatively frequent, including mild transient dysphasia in 22.5% of the patients. Conclusions: Few serious complications were encountered, and we consider the PSA to be a safe target for DBS.
Mechanism of Enhanced Dermal Permeation of 4-Cyanophenol and Methyl Paraben from Saturated Aqueous Solutions Containing Both Solutes
Authors: Romonchuk W.J. , Bunge A.L.
Published: January 2010

Dermal permeation through human epidermis and uptake into isolated human stratum corneum (SC) that was and was not delipidized were measured for 2 model compounds, 4-cyanophenol (CP) and methyl paraben (MP), from saturated aqueous solutions containing 1 or both compounds. Because the solutions were in equilibrium with the pure CP and MP, the thermodynamic activity of the compounds was constant. Compared with compounds that are known permeation enhancers, MP and CP would not normally be expected to act as enhancers. Nevertheless, when both compounds were present, the steady-state fluxes through the epidermis increased by factors of 5.2 and 2.6 for MP and CP, respectively. Within the variability of the measurements, this increase in MP flux is consistent with the 6.4-fold increase in the SC uptake, which occurs primarily into the nonlipid regions of the SC. In contrast, the 1.6-fold increase in CP uptake when MP is present is too small to explain the increase in CP flux. These results suggest that CP enhances the skin permeation of MP by primarily increasing the solubility of MP in the SC, especially in the nonlipid regions, while MP increases the skin permeation of CP by enhancing both the solubility and diffusivity of CP in the SC.
Literacy Assessment of Family Health History Tools for Public Health Prevention
Authors: Wang C. , Gallo R.E. , Fleisher L. , Miller S.M.
Published: January 2010

Objectives: This study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate the readability and document complexity of currently available family history tools for the general public. Methods: Three steps were undertaken to identify family history tools for evaluation: (a) Internet searches, (b) expert consultation, and (c) literature searches. Tools identified were assessed for readability using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) readability formula. The complexity of documents (i.e., forms collecting family history information) was assessed using the PMOSE/IKIRSCH document readability formula. Results: A total of 78 tools were identified, 47 of which met the criteria for inclusion. SMOG reading grade levels for multimedia-based tools ranged from 10.1 to 18.3, with an average score of 13.6. For print-based tools, SMOG ranged from 8.7 to 14.1, with an average score of 12.0. Document complexity ranged from very low complexity (level 1 proficiency) to high complexity (level 4 proficiency). Conclusion: The majority of tools are written at a reading grade level that is beyond the 8th grade average reading level in the United States. The lack of family history tools that are easy to read or use may compromise their potential effectiveness in identifying individuals at increased risk for chronic diseases in the general population.
A Likelihood-Based Approach for Missing Genotype Data
Authors: D’Angelo Gina M. , Kamboh M. Ilyas , Feingold Eleanor
Published: January 2010

Missing genotype data in a candidate gene association study can make it difficult to model the effects of multiple genetic variants simultaneously. In particular, when regression models are used to model phenotype as a function of SNP genotypes in several different genes, the most common approach is a complete case analysis, in which only individuals with no missing genotypes are included. But this can lead to substantial reduction in sample size and thus potential bias and loss in efficiency. A number of other methods for handling missing data are applicable, but have rarely been used in this context. The purpose of this paper is to describe how several standard methods for handling missing data can be applied or adapted to this problem, and to compare their performance using a simulation study. We demonstrate these techniques using an Alzheimer’s disease association study. We show that the expectation-maximization algorithm and multiple imputation with a bootstrapped expectation-maximization sampling algorithm have the best properties of all the estimators studied.
Computerized Lung Acoustic Monitoring Can Help to Differentiate between Various Chest Radiographic Densities in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Lev Shaul , Glickman Yael A. , Kagan Ilya , Shapiro Maury , Moreh-Rahav Osnat , Dahan David , Cohen Jonathan , Grinev Milana , Singer Pierre
Published: January 2010

Background: Complementary bedside lung monitoring modalities are often sought in order to assist in the differentiation between several lung opacities in the intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives: To evaluate the use of computerized lung acoustic monitoring as a complementary approach in the differentiation between various chest radiographic densities in critically ill patients. Methods: Lung vibration intensity was assessed in 82 intensive care patients using vibration response imaging. Patients were classified according to their primary findings on chest radiography (CXR): consolidation (n = 35), congestion (n = 10), pleural effusion (n = 15), atelectasis/hypoinflation (n = 10) and normal findings (n = 12). Sixty patients were mechanically ventilated and 22 patients were spontaneously breathing. Results: Significantly elevated vibration intensity was detected in patients with consolidation, as opposed to pleural effusion, atelectasis and normal CXR (p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). Vibration intensity was also increased for congestion, but this increase was not significant. The positive predictive value of CXR lung opacity in combination with increased vibration intensity to detect consolidations and/or congestions was 95% (20/21). Furthermore, vibration intensity was significantly higher in mechanically ventilated patients compared to spontaneously breathing patients (p = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Differences related to gender, age and body position were not significant. Conclusions: Computerized lung acoustic monitoring at the bedside was found to be a useful, readily available, noninvasive, adjunctive tool in the differentiation between various CXR densities in critically ill patients.
Partial Recovery of the Organ of Corti After Kanamycin Ototoxicosis
Authors: Watanuki K. , Rauch S.
Published: January 2010

1. The integrity of the reticular membrane was maintained even after the outer hair cell loss. Some patterns of the replacement structure of the reticular membrane were demonstrated. 2. The inner sulcus, the Boettcher’s or Gladius’ cells replaced the organ of Corti after its complete destruction. 3. The invasion of endolymph into the space of cortilymph was discussed for reason of a possible additional cause for the degeneration of the sensory and supporting cells of the organ of Corti.
Statistical Study Made by Means of Punch Cards of the Results of 700 Interventions for Otosclerosis
Authors: Kluyskens P.M. , Boedts D.A.
Published: January 2010

The results of 700 interventions for otosclerosis were examined by means of superimposable punched cards. So different correlations were examined i.e. the relations between age and sex, the influence of menstruation and pregnancy on the evolution and the results according to the various surgical techniques. The relation between the results obtained and the age of the patient at the time of operation was determined even as the maximal postoperative improvement. The authors want to show, by these few examples, the possibilities and the necessity of an adequate card system.
Resultate der Blockadenbehandlung an 100 Fallen von Bellschen Paralysen
Authors: Krmpotić-Nemanić J. , Nemanić G.
Published: January 2010

We have treated in the period from 1962–1968 100 cases of Bell’s palsy with our own conservative method applied first in 1962. Considering the irritation of the sensitive anastomoses as the cause of the Bell’s palsy, we blocked these anastomoses with 2 ccm of 2% xylocaine and newly with carbocaine (scandicaine) to interrupt the transmission of these irritations by cross-firing to the motor fibres of the facial nerve. The most frequent anastomoses are those with the glossopharyngeal and with the auriculotemporal nerve. We determined the place of the blockade according to the region of pain the patient complained of before the development of the palsy. In the cases where the painfull region was not well defined by the patient we blocked the facial nerve himself at its issue from the foramen stylomastoideum. We needed in general 2–7 blockades to cure the palsy without any other conservative treatment. The greatest number of patients came to us the first 7 to 20 days after the development of the palsy but we had cases that had the palsy already for one or two years before they came to treatment. Even in these old cases we succeeded to cure the palsy by applying 4–15 blockades. We blocked the patients every day up to 7 blockades and than we continued to blockade every second day. In one third of our patients we had, especially when using carbocaine, an immediate success after the first injection, but we continued nevertheless with injections 5–7 days. Nearly in all cases we remarked at the first injection as well as at following injections a fibrillation of the facial muscles lasting few minutes.
Semiquantitative Analysis of Acid Mucopolysaccharides in the Guinea Pig’s Cochlea
Authors: Ishiyama E.
Published: January 2010

Histochemically, acid mucopolysaccharides could be detected in different sections of man’s scala media. Perilymph and endolymph, withdrawn in vivo from guinea pigs by means of a freezing technique contain, based upon our experimental results in thin-layer chromatography, only a minimum amount of mucopolysaccharides.
Das klinische Verhalten der Zylindrome
Authors: Schneider H.R.
Published: January 2010

Only the more recent publications are of the opinion that the cylindroma or adenoid cystic carcinoma – inspite of lacking criteria of cellular malignancy – is a malignant tumour. It recommends radical surgical therapy and regular postoperative control-examinations. The present study demonstrates that the cylindroma is a malignant type of tumour with a relatively high incidence of metastasis and mortality. After the same time we emphasize that a correlation between histological and clinical features does not exist. Pure cylindromas show a different clinical behaviour from that of so-called mixed tumours of the parotid gland, which include singular cylindromatous structures. These so-called mixed tumours may be regarded as benign. Conclusions: (1) Even harmless alterations in the oral mucosa must be considered as possible cylindromas. For that reason biopsies necessarily must be performed. (2) The operation at an early stage must be a radical one since radio-therapy is not very successful and treatment with cytostatics is till now useless: (a) the facial nerve has to be sacrificed when the cylindroma involves the parotid gland (the reason for this is the perineural invasion) and eventually a partial mandibulectomy is indicated; (b) cylindromas with localisation in the upper jaw call for total maxillary resection and if need exenteration of the orbita; (c) if metastasis has been pointed out, a radical neck dissection must be performed in addition to the radical operation of the primary tumour. (3) Regular, strict postoperative control-examinations must follow the early stage operation, as is the case with all carcinoma patients. (4) A survival rate of 5 years is not equal to final healing since recurrence of the disease may be observed even more than 20 years after an apparently successful treatment.
A Clinical and Electromyographic Study of Postoperative Facial Palsy
Authors: Totsuka G. , Hirose H. , Kobayashi T. , Niimi S.
Published: January 2010

Twenty-six cases of postoperative facial palsy were seen during the five years from 1964 to 1968. Twenty cases occurred after ear surgery in our clinic. The incidence is 2.6%. Surgery for facial palsy was performed in 14 cases and improvement was obtained in 11 out of the 14. Electromyographic examination was done in all cases. Surgery for postoperative facial palsy is indicated in those cases in which no voluntary activity is observed at the end of the third week after operative injury. Electromyography is useful for qualitative evaluation of the muscle function.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Pattern of Middle Ear Mucosa
Authors: Palva T. , Forsén R. , Raunio V. , Palva A.
Published: January 2010

Cholesteatoma epithelium, squamous epithelium not producing cholesteatoma, and granulation tissue specimens, obtained during radical ear surgery, were subjected to total LDH activity as well as isoenzyme analyses. The isoenzyme pattern of the patients’ serum had the normal marked emphasis on LDH1–3 fractions. The tissue specimens all showed a shift of emphasis towards the slowly mobile LDH4–5 fractions. In total LDH activity analysis actively growing granulation tissue was found to show the largest figures, even if the isoenzyme surface percentages were similar to those of epithelial tissues or non-active granulations.
Nystagmusbefunde bei unkomplizierter akuter Otitis media purulenta
Authors: Minnigerode B.
Published: January 2010

It is rare to find vestibular disorders in the course of purulent acute otitis media when simple serous labyrinthitis has been excluded as possible cause. Twelve such cases are presented, in which the symptom is interpreted as an isolated manifestation of acute, non-suppurating encephalitis. It is characterized by the sudden onset, the transitory nature and rapid change of the nystagmus, in which no regular pattern can be discerned, and by the normal sensitivity of the auditory passage to heat and the absence of signs of inner-ear hearing defects. Thrombosis, congestion as a result of damage to the vessel walls by bacterial toxins, with subsequent localized oedema, reflex mechanisms from the diseased focus, vasodilating vagus influence via the superficial petrosus major or an allergic process in the region of the central vestibular nerve pathway are all discussed as possible causes for this generally quite benign condition.
Propositions pour le traitement des fractures du maxillaire supérieur
Authors: Dirlewanger A.
Published: January 2010

The use of the plaster of Paris has been abandoned in favour of metallic head frame or inter-skelettic osteosyntheses in the treatment of maxillary fractures. The indications for surgical intervention in the maxillary sinus and decompression of the infraorbital nerve are discussed.
Un cas d’améloblastome jugal et extra-gingival
Authors: Viola P.
Published: January 2010

Recently we have observed a case of extragingival jugal ameloblastoma and it seemed interesting for us to report this. The ameloblastoma belongs to the group of adontogenic dysembrypathies and it is developed from the amenoblast. The only extra mandibular locations of this kind of tumour, as reported in literature, are hypophyse (leading from the Ratke pocket), and the ovary (leading from epithelial tractus having kept its ameloblastic potentiality). The extra-gingival localisation that we have observed is a heterotopic form of the dental follicular cordon.
Labyrinthine Concussion
Authors: Dürrer J. , Poláčková J.
Published: January 2010

The mechanism of the damage of the inner ear due to labyrinthine concussion was studied by analysis of the temporal bone vibrations due to experimental head injury and exposure of the skull to the sound conducted to the labyrinth by bones of the skull. In the authors’ opinion, the labyrinthine concussion and deafening of the inner ear by sound conducted to the inner ear by bones of the skull are the same physical processes with different causes.
Clinical Cytology in Tumours of Head and Neck
Authors: Bangsbo C. , Sørensen H.
Published: January 2010

Clinical cytology is a valuable supplement to the clinical examination of tumours, particularly those of the head and neck. The findings in 49 investigations showed that in a large number of cases, even in the absence of a specially trained cytologist doctors with no special training in cytology are able to quickly establish the degree of malignancy of a tumour, when suitable smears are obtainable, either by exfoliative cytology or by fine needle biopsy. The method incurs no hazards and does not delay or disturb other diagnostic procedures.
Radiation Effect on the Middle and Inner Ear
Authors: Kovar M. , Waltner J.G.
Published: January 2010

The effect of radiation on 6 human temporal bones was studied in serial sections. Changes in the membranous labyrinth, labyrinthine capsule and the petrous bone are reported.
Operation of Chronic Otitis Media with Formation of a Local Reservoir of Antibiotics
Authors: Majkus V. , Skovroňský O.
Published: January 2010

A method is proposed by which it is possible to decrease a number of early and late inflaramatory complications after operations of chronic otitis media. This method lies on the one hand in the operation proceeding which leaves the posterior canal wall intact (a modification of Jansen’s posterior tympanotomy) and on the other hand in applying Hydron as antibiotic carrier. The evaluation of clinical results in the group of the sick people having been operated upon the basis of the method followed-up and their comparison to the control group demonstrated the advantage of the proceeding proposed as far as regards the prevention of the early and late inflammatory complications. From the functional point of view, no significant difference between the post-operative profits of both groups followed-up was found.
Distribution Pattern of the Type I and Type II Sensory Cells on the Maculae sacculi and utriculi in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Watanuki K. , Stupp H.F. , Meyer zum Gottesberge A.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the exact localization of the type I and type II sensory cells all over the maculae sacculi and utriculi in the guinea pig. The silver reaction method, which was recently applied for the study of the vestibular sensory organs, was successfully used for the discrimination of the type I and type II cells in the surface specimens of the sensory epithelia of the vestibular organs. In the striola, about two-thirds of all sensory cells were type I cells. In general, however, the type II cells could more frequently be found than type I cells. The ratio was about 1.2:1.0 on the macula sacculi, in comparison to about 1.1:1.0 on the macula utriculi. The distribution pattern of the type I and type II cells was demonstrated on the exact copies made of the macula sacculi and utriculi.
La Bêtathérapie tubaire par l’applicateur naso-pharyngien de Crowe
Authors: Boniver R. , Garsou J.
Published: January 2010

Values of 320 rad/min in the tissues in contact of the Crowe’s nasopharyngeal Capplicator have been obtained by dosimetry with film method. According to the results given by some authors and the danger to which is submitted the lens of the eye after applications of too long duration, we propose to reduce it, or to replace radiumby strontium applicator.
Resultate der Wiederherstellungschirurgie des Nervus facialis
Authors: Spillmann T.
Published: January 2010

The results of 17 surgical reconstructions of the continuity of the facial nerve (5 end-to-end nerve anastomoses and 12 nerve autografts) have been reviewed. Good functional results were achieved in 2/3 of the intra-temporal and in one half of the extra-temporal facial nerve plasties. The ideal conditions for a good functional return following suture or grafting of the facial nerve are: (a) the not too far advanced age of the patient; (b) a short time interval between lesion and surgical repair; (c) the absence of infection at the operative site; (d) the possibility of an end-to-end anastomosis; (e) a careful microsurgical technique for the anastomosis; (f) the use of N. auricularis magnus if a nerve autograft is needed.
Circadian Proteins and Genotoxic Stress Response
Authors: Antoch Marina P. , Kondratov Roman V.
Published: January 2010

Abstract
:

The circadian clock is an evolutionarily conserved time-keeping system that coordinates the physiology of the organism with daily changes in the environment. A growing body of evidence gradually leads to the conception that virtually all aspects of the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral functions of the animal are linked to circadian regulation. Moreover, proper synchronization of various processes through the activity of circadian components is important for the well-being of many organisms, including humans. The focus of this review is the circadian control of an organism’s response to genotoxic stress, which is a major contributor to life-threatening human pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Understanding Support for Islamist Militancy in Pakistan
Authors: Shapiro Jacob N. , Fair C. Christine
Published: January 2010

Islamist militancy in Pakistan has long stood atop the international security agenda, yet there is almost no systematic evidence about why individual Pakistanis support Islamist militant organizations. An analysis of data from a nationally representative survey of urban Pakistanis refutes four influential conventional wisdoms about why Pakistanis support Islamic militancy. First, there is no clear relationship between poverty and support for militancy. If anything, support for militant organizations is increasing in terms of both subjective economic well-being and community economic performance. Second, personal religiosity and support for sharia law are poor predictors of support for Islamist militant organizations. Third, support for political goals espoused by legal Islamist parties is a weak indicator of support for militant organizations. Fourth, those who support core democratic principles or have faith in Pakistan's democratic process are not less supportive of militancy. Taken together, these results suggest that commonly prescribed solutions to Islamist militancy—economic development, democratization, and the like—may be irrelevant at best and might even be counterproductive.
Le féminisme selon Jean Paul II : l'impasse du déterminisme corporel
Authors: Snyder Patrick
Published: January 2010

After reading all the texts published by John Paul II that directly concern the nature and vocation of women, it becomes evident that he makes a harsh critique of Western forms of feminism. It seems important, therefore, to explore briefly the Pope's understanding of this social movement, especially his reasons for placing himself at odds with it.
La cérémonie de l'ordination mineure bouddhique (shin pyu) en Birmanie et ses ramifications sociales
Authors: Boisvert Mathieu
Published: January 2010

Cet article est le résultat d'une étude sur les moinillons de la tradition theravāda birmane que nous avons effectuée au printemps 1999. Dans les pages qui vont suivre, nous analyserons l'admission temporaire de jeunes garçons au sein de l'ordre monastique bouddhique, ainsi que la cérémonie rituelle qui vient encadrer cet acte important. Cette étude nous permet également d'entrevoir le rôle éducatif que les monastères birmans (kyaung) entretenaient, d'examiner comment certains de ceux-ci se sont transformés en prahita pour accueillir les enfants ne pouvant se permettre financièrement de fréquenter l'école publique, et de jeter un regard sur la situation contemporaine de la jeune fille par rapport à la cérémonie d'admission. Afin de bien cerner le contexte bouddhiste theravāda, nous établirons des liens avec les anciens textes pālis - qui régissent toujours la tradition bouddhique birmane - , et nous nous permettrons d'effectuer, ici et là, quelques parallèles avec des sociétés bouddhiques environnantes - cinghalaise, khmère et thai.
Rejecting enlightenment? The medieval Christian transformation of the Buddha-legend in Jacobus de Voragine's Barlaam and josaphat
Authors: Macqueen Graeme
Published: January 2010

By the time the story of the Buddha became popular in medieval Europe as the story of the Christian saints Barlaam and Josaphat it had been subjected to many significant changes, one of the most intriguing of which is the apparent removal of the protagonist's enlightenment. How does this removal relate to the re-crafting of the religious message of the text? Paying special attention to the most widely disseminated medieval version of the tale, that in the Golden Legend, I conclude that Barlaam and Josaphat is remarkable both for what it omits and what it retains. It certainly omits the formal attainment of Buddhahood, and in doing so it suggests that the answers to our questioning of the world cannot come through cognition alone. But it retains and even highlights the insight into the flawed nature of the world—an insight central to the Buddha—legend—and treats it as a prerequisite to spiritual fulfilment.
From virtue to apocalypse: The understanding of sainthood in a medieval Sufi order
Authors: Mcgregor Richard J.A.
Published: January 2010

Although the concept of sanctity is well-established in the Islamic tradition, it was not among the theologians that it was considered and debated. This task was taken up by the mystics. The period from the 10th to the 14th century saw both dramatic innovations and subtle arguments advanced. This article will explore this debate by focussing on its development within one Sufi order. A significant development soon becomes apparent, one which begins with a conception of sainthood as an ideal spiritual virtue, but escalates to assertions of a final ultimate saint who marks the end of time. The conceptual shift among these mystical thinkers moves from concern with the spiritual stations of the aspirant to arguments over the identity of an apocalyptic "seal" of sainthood.
Religion-and-literature studies in Canada: Then and now
Authors: James William Closson
Published: January 2010

Through an examination of course offerings at Canadian universities the study of religion and literature (RL) of a generation ago is compared with that today. Many of the RL courses taught in 1972 were organized around theological themes and existential motifs taken as characteristic of the contemporary world and students' own search for meaning. Today's RL courses, while fewer in number and perhaps less prominent within religious studies curricula, bring into view wider concerns, both in terms of the religions and literatures represented and the methods whereby these texts are treated.
Sergei Bulgakov: Eastern Orthodoxy engaging the modern world
Authors: Tataryn Myroslaw
Published: January 2010

This paper argues that the Russian Orthodox theologian, Sergei Bulgakov (1871-1944), offers a unique engagement with the modern world and thus challenges a reified view of traditional Christian doctrine. Bulgakov's approach demonstrates that the doctrine of the Incarnation (as any doctrinal formulation) must be recognized as an attempt at understanding an ultimate truth (Divine Sophia) within a limiting context (earthly Sophia). Thus, although admitting the centrality of the Chalcedonian formula, theology must offer an interpretation and translation of its insights into the questions and dilemmas of the contemporary world. This open-ended approach is then applied both to Incarnational and ecumenical theology.
Criticizing "secular criticism": Reading religion in Edward Said and Kathryn Tanner
Authors: Dahl Darren E.
Published: January 2010

At the forefront of cultural studies, Edward Said has directed an influential critique of religious discourse. In its place he has proposed "secular criticism." In the first part of this essay I will analyze Said's critique of religious discourse and his alternative to it. Then, turning from the work of Edward Said to that of Kathryn Tanner, I will develop her account of belief in a transcendent God and its potential to create a self-critical and open-ended set of cultural practices. Essential to Said's argument is the claim that religious discourse cannot engender self-critical cultural practices. By juxtaposing Tanner's account of belief in a transcendent God with Said's criticism of religious discourse I will address this claim in two ways. First, I will show that Said's understanding of religious discourse is incomplete and, therefore, mistaken. Second, and more importantly for people who wish to retrieve the critical potential of religious discourse, Tanner's proposals will serve as an example of how one can both speak from within a religious tradition and advocate self-critical cultural practices.
Jesus' farewell discourse, "otherness," and the construction of a Johannine identity
Authors: Reis David M.
Published: January 2010

This study explores the nexus between intertextuality and identity through an analysis of the Johannine letters. Jonathan Z. Smith's observations on "otherness" and identity provide the theoretical background for the claim that the construction of an "other" is an integral component in the process of self-definition: identity is forged through the establishment of binary formulae that highlight difference. The Johannine epistles create metonymical and topographical/cosmographical binarisms in order to distinguish certain "others" who no longer participate in community life. Moreover, the letters draw on the traditions contained in the Fourth Gospel's Farewell Discourse (13:31-17:26) in an attempt to establish a distinctive Johannine identity. Through this "rereading," the author both exhorts his audience to remain true to the group's formative teachings and attempts to heighten his own status by echoing the final words of Jesus.
Le Buddha comme neuvième avatāra du dieu hindou Visnu
Authors: Saindon Marcelle
Published: January 2010

Dans les nombreuses listes qu'en donnent les purâna, le nombre des avatāra et leurs noms ont beaucoup varié jusqu'à l'établissement d'une liste définitive. Et dans cette liste de dix avatāra figure au neuvième rang le Buddha, le dernier à apparaître dans la série. L'avatāra Buddha agit par la māyā (la ruse de Visnu) ; par le moyen de l'apparence trompeuse, il sème la confusion dans les esprits, répand des hérésies et incite à des comportements antibrahmaniques. Mais le Buddha n'est qu'une forme illusoire qu'a prise Visnu pour tromper les infidèles et les méchants afin de mieux provoquer leur ruine. La récupération par l'hindouisme du réformateur de la tradition védique et son intégration parmi les avatāra du grand dieu hindou témoigne de la séduction qu'a pu exercer son message, ce qui a amené les brahmanes à vouloir subvertir l'enseignement du grand adversaire.
A listening theologian: Ecumenical and Jewish-Christian dialogue in the early theology of Gregory Baum
Authors: Wells Harold
Published: January 2010

This article explores the early theology of Gregory Baum concerning Christian ecumenical and Jewish-Christian relations, noting its essential continuity with his later critical political theology. Dialogue is, for Baum, central to our humanity and truly "revelatory" as a medium of the divine Word. Baum's openness to Protestants and to secular, social-scientific thought and his personal struggle in Jewish-Christian dialogue, led him to a "post-Auschwitz" christology, whereby he rejects "fulfilled messianism" while holding nevertheless an "orthodox" doctrine of the incarnation. We find in the shifting, yet dynamic and consistent, thought of Baum the work of a listening, dialogical theologian.
Toward a salvageable Tillich: The implications of his late confession of provinicialism
Authors: Dourley John P.
Published: January 2010

In occasional addresses late in his life Paul Tillich confesses to a lingering provincialism in his theology during the same period in which he was completing the third volume of his systematic theology where many of these same provincialisms appear. The article identifies such provincialisms in his ecclesiology, missiology, christology, history of religion and eschatology. The article then argues that his final position, embodied in his understanding of the Religion of the Concrete Spirit, endorses a universal sacramentalism in interplay with mystical and prophetic elements that would appreciate all religions but deny any an absolute claim while able to compensate religious needs specific to each cultural moment. The revisioning of humanity's religious propensity as supporting a mutually relative relation among religions remains valuable in an historical period when the human future may be threatened by competing unqualified religious claims and their secular equivalents.
"Jew" and related terms in the ancient world
Authors: Wilson Stephen G.
Published: January 2010

This article discusses the applications of linguistic markers for "Jew," "Israel," and other terms in the ancient world. Ancient usage indicates that Ioudaios changed from being primarily an ethno-geographic ("Judean") to a primarily religio-cultural ("Jew") term. This change prepared for the sometimes positive, but predominantly negative, Christian use of the term as a boundary marker. Christian appropriation of "Israel" was different; here the positive uses outweigh the negative. By contrast the positive or neutral sense of "Hebrew(s)" was shared by Jewish and Christian sources alike.
The end of "paganism" ?
Authors: Remus Harold
Published: January 2010

Early Christians' sectarian custom of marking themselves off from other groups through distinctive terminology continued on into the later periods when they constituted a significant minority, and then ultimately a majority, in the Roman Empire. "Pagan," one of these . demarcating terms, came into Christian usage as a pejorative synonym of the earlier, similarly negative term "Gentile." This article examines the use of the term paganusla, pagani/ae in ancient sources, notes the divisions among scholars regarding its application by Christians to polytheists as well as the persistently negative denotations and connotations of "pagan" and "paganism" in everyday speech in the modern period, questions the appropriateness of continuing to use the term in present-day scholarly discourse, and suggests "polytheist" and "polytheism" as a possible alternative while also recognizing the ambiguities attending demarcating terms.
The Prairie labour churches: The Methodist input
Authors: Cole-Arnal Oscar L.
Published: January 2010

This article takes a new look at five major social gospel leaders and their controversial connections with the labour churches associated with the Winnipeg General Strike. Over against the view posited by Richard Allen's seminal book The Social Passion that these "radicals" marginalized themselves within their Methodist Church, this study proposes that important persons and institutions within the Methodist Church pushed these five figures to the margins of the church to the point that four of them left the church, whereas the fifth Salem Bland, lost his position as a seminary professor because of his social activism.
"Now many of those things are shown to me which I was denied before": Seidr, shamanism and journeying, past and present
Authors: Blain Jenny
Published: January 2010

One thousand years ago, the Lawspeaker of Iceland went "Under the Cloak" in quest of answers to problems of religious difference. This "out-sitting" has been interpreted as a kind of "seidr," potentially shamanistic practice of Northern Europe. This article discusses practitioner interpretations of evidence for seidr and its relation to "shamanism" in the old literature, revealing seidr as gendered shamanistic practice, involving ecstatic communication with spirits, journeying and shape-shifting, arousing mixed feelings in communities in which practitioners worked. The article explores ways in which people in North America and Britain are reconstructing seidr today as shamanistic practice with its own contradictions and contestations.