bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of diet in extant marsupials: emergent patterns from a broad phylogenetic perspective
Authors: Amador Lucila I. , Giannini Norberto P.
Published: October 2020

Extant marsupials are highly diverse, both morphologically and ecologically. As a key ecological factor, diet has been studied in marsupials at the species level. However, a general lack of phylogenetic integration has resulted in macroevolutionary patterns of diet remaining largely unexplored in the group.

We review dietary information for extant marsupials and present the results of an evolutionary analysis in an explicit phylogenetic framework.

We compiled dietary data from diverse sources, coding characters in four dietary schemes. We reconstructed ancestral states of predominant diet and dietary shifts during marsupial evolution, by using a published, dated phylogeny that includes 193 extant species representing 97% of genera.

The ancestral diet was predominant insectivory. Most frequent transitions occurred towards carnivory, since the late Eocene. By contrast, the shift towards browse herbivory occurred only once, in Australasia, in Diprotodontia, as early as the Palaeocene. The browse herbivorous ancestor gave rise to several other herbivore strategies, as well as to the predominant mycophagy that evolved in Potoroidae. In the Americas, only one extant marsupial clade evolved predominant herbivory (frugivory in Caluromyinae). We found omnivory to be a derived dietary strategy that occurred in both American and Australasian lineages. Temporal and geographic patterns of marsupial dietary diversification appear to be dependent on major palaeoclimatic events and on concurrent diversification of other (placental) clades.

The higher frequency of transitions from an insectivorous ancestor towards carnivory might be related to the minor anatomical, physiological and molecular changes required by a transition within an animalivory (protein‐based) dietary gradient, in contrast with major changes required by shifts towards herbivory (carbohydrate‐based diet). The contrasting evolutionary patterns of diet between marsupials in the Americas and Australasia may be explained, at least partially, by the radically different faunas with which marsupials from each region interacted during their parallel evolutionary history.
Establishment of a novel virus‐induced virulence effector assay for the identification of virulence effectors of plant pathogens using a PVX‐based expression vector
Authors: Shi Jinxia , Zhu Yuanhong , Li Ming , Ma Yuqing , Liu Huarong , Zhang Peng , Fang Di , Guo Yushuang , Xu Ping , Qiao Yongli
Published: October 2020

Plant pathogens deliver virulence effectors into plant cells to modulate plant immunity and facilitate infection. Although species‐specific virulence effector screening approaches have been developed for several pathogens, these assays do not apply to pathogens that cannot be cultured and/or transformed outside of their hosts. Here, we established a rapid and parallel screening assay, called the virus‐induced virulence effector (VIVE) assay, to identify putative effectors in various plant pathogens, including unculturable pathogens, using a virus‐based expression vector. The VIVE assay uses the potato virus X (PVX) vector to transiently express candidate effector genes of various bacterial and fungal pathogens into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using the VIVE assay, we successfully identified Avh148 as a potential virulence effector of Phytophthora sojae. Plants infected with PVX carrying Avh148 showed strong viral symptoms and high‐level Avh148 and viral RNA accumulation. Analysis of P. sojae Avh148 deletion mutants and soybean hairy roots overexpressing Avh148 revealed that Avh148 is required for full pathogen virulence. In addition, the VIVE assay was optimized in N. benthamiana plants at different developmental stages across a range of Agrobacterium cell densities. Overall, we identified six novel virulence effectors from seven pathogens, thus demonstrating the broad effectiveness of the VIVE assay in plant pathology research.
AtPME17 is a functional Arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase regulated by its PRO region that triggers PME activity in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Del Corpo Daniele , Fullone Maria R. , Miele Rossella , Lafond Mickaël , Pontiggia Daniela , Grisel Sacha , Kieffer‐Jaquinod Sylvie , Giardina Thierry , Bellincampi Daniela , Lionetti Vincenzo
Published: October 2020

Pectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form in the Golgi cisternae and partially de‐methylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Arabidopsis thaliana produces a local and strong induction of PME activity during the infection of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. AtPME17 is a putative A. thaliana PME highly induced in response to B. cinerea. Here, a fine tuning of AtPME17 expression by different defence hormones was identified. Our genetic evidence demonstrates that AtPME17 strongly contributes to the pathogen‐induced PME activity and resistance against B. cinerea by triggering jasmonic acid–ethylene‐dependent PDF1.2 expression. AtPME17 belongs to group 2 isoforms of PMEs characterized by a PME domain preceded by an N‐terminal PRO region. However, the biochemical evidence for AtPME17 as a functional PME is still lacking and the role played by its PRO region is not known. Using the Pichia pastoris expression system, we demonstrate that AtPME17 is a functional PME with activity favoured by an increase in pH. AtPME17 performs a blockwise pattern of pectin de‐methylesterification that favours the formation of egg‐box structures between homogalacturonans. Recombinant AtPME17 expression in Escherichia coli reveals that the PRO region acts as an intramolecular inhibitor of AtPME17 activity.
Liturgy, Inculturation and the reception ofSacrosanctum concilium37–40: An on-going project for those who preside?
Authors: O'Loughlin Thomas
Published: October 2020

We are only now, after more than half a century, uncovering the real significance of what the Second Vatican Council means for the Church. The time lapse in reception has many factors not least that distinctive shifts in emphasis take far longer be appreciated in a real way that practical changes which, for good or ill, can be accomplished byfiat. So that the reception, fast or slow, of the Council is not a uniform process. One area where very little change has been seen is in relation to ‘adapting the Liturgy to the Temperament and Traditions of Peoples’. There was a call at the Council for a deliberate dialogical relationship between the liturgy and culture, and it is this relationship, rather than any particular modelling of it, that is the focus of this paper.
Limiting similarity shapes the functional and phylogenetic structure of root neighborhoods in a subtropical forest
Authors: Luo Wenqi , Lan Runxuan , Chen Dongxia , Zhang Bingwei , Xi Nianxun , Li Yuanzhi , Fang Suqing , Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , Eissenstat David M. , Chu Chengjin , Wang Youshi
Published: October 2020

Environmental filtering and limiting similarity mechanisms can simultaneously structure community assemblages. However, how they shape the functional and phylogenetic structure of root neighborhoods remains unclear, hindering the understanding of belowground community assembly processes and diversity maintenance.

In a 50‐ha plot in a subtropical forest, China, we randomly sampled > 2700 root clusters from 625 soil samples. Focusing on 10 root functional traits measured on 76 woody species, we examined the functional and phylogenetic structure of root neighborhoods and linked their distributions with environmental cues.

Functional overdispersion was pervasive among individual root traits (50% of the traits) and accentuated when different traits were combined. Functional clustering (20% of the traits) seemed to be associated with a soil nutrient gradient with thick roots dominating fertile areas whereas thin roots dominated infertile soils. Nevertheless, such traits also were sorted along other environmental cues, showing multidimensional adaptive trait syndromes. Species relatedness also was an important factor defining root neighborhoods, resulting in significant phylogenetic overdispersion.

These results suggest that limiting similarity may drive niche differentiation of coexisting species to reduce competition, and that alternative root strategies could be crucial in promoting root neighborhood resource use and species coexistence.
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 inhibits glycolysis in RAW 264.7 macrophages through Hexokinase 2
Authors: Zhang Jiacheng , Hou Chunmei , Dou Shuaijie , Li Ge , Wang Zhiding , Liu Yiqiong , Zhang Yanling , Wang Renxi , Shen Beifen , Han Gencheng
Published: October 2020

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐3 (Tim‐3), an immune checkpoint molecule, plays critical roles in maintaining innate immune homeostasis; however, the mechanisms underlying these roles remain to be determined. Here, we determined that Tim‐3 controls glycolysis in macrophages and thus contributes to phenotype shifting. Tim‐3 signal blockade significantly increases lactate production by macrophages, but does not influence cell proliferation or apoptosis. Tim‐3 attenuates glucose uptake by inhibiting hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression in macrophages. Tim‐3‐mediated inhibition of macrophage glycolysis and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β are reversed by HK2 silencing. Finally, we demonstrated that Tim‐3 inhibits HK2 expression via the STAT1 pathway. We have thus discovered a new way by which Tim‐3 modulates macrophage function.
A global model of migration and poverty
Authors: Bradford Scott
Published: October 2020

Most rich nations maintain very tight restrictions on immigration despite widespread globalisation since World War II. This paper breaks new ground by assessing these barriers’ poverty implications, using a two‐region, one‐sector, dynastic growth model with a continuum of skills. Like other global studies of migration, I find that rich nation immigration impediments impose huge losses on the global economy. I also find that such barriers increase global poverty by 40% or more. This corroborates a conclusion drawn by others: opening rich nations to freer immigration could reduce poverty more than any other single policy shift.
Orbifold hyperbolicity
Authors: Campana Frédéric , Darondeau Lionel , Rousseau Erwan
Published: October 2020

We define and study jet bundles in the geometric orbifold category. We show that the usual arguments from the compact and the logarithmic settings do not all extend to this more general framework. This is illustrated by simple examples of orbifold pairs of general type that do not admit any global jet differential, even if some of these examples satisfy the Green–Griffiths–Lang conjecture. This contrasts with an important result of Demailly (Holomorphic Morse inequalities and the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture, Pure Appl. Math. Q.7(2011), 1165–1207) proving that compact varieties of general type always admit jet differentials. We illustrate the usefulness of the study of orbifold jets by establishing the hyperbolicity of some orbifold surfaces, that cannot be derived from the current techniques in Nevanlinna theory. We also conjecture that Demailly's theorem should hold for orbifold pairs with smooth boundary divisors under a certain natural multiplicity condition, and provide some evidence towards it.
The Solar Explosion
Authors: Basu Amiyo K.
Published: October 2020

There were two breakthroughs that led to a veritable revolution in photovoltaic prices. The commonly told story is that China started manufacturing lower-quality panels and dumped them on the world market at prices near (or even below) the cost of production. The truth is more complicated. Chinese manufacturing at scale played a part, but so did German industrial policy and a focus on improving the complete power system, not just the PV cells.
Get to Know Fluid Power Systems
Authors: Hitchcox Alan
Published: October 2020

Fluid power technology uses a pump to deliver pressurized fluid to a cylinder, motor, or rotary actuator. Output speed and direction is controlled by varying flow rate from the pump or through valves within the fluid power circuit. Likewise, output force and torque are regulated by controlling pressure within the circuit. Engineers should understand what the possibility of using fluid power can bring.
Magnetic Resonance Image Based Computational Modeling for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Response at Low Knee Flexion Angle
Authors: Bhuiyan Ariful I. , Shamim Nabila , Ekwaro-Osire Stephen
Published: October 2020

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) human knee joint model developed from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) has been validated with the sets of experimental results in a normalized scale. The performance of the 3D FE knee joint model has been tested, simulating a physical experiment. The experiment provided the direct measurement of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strains due to the forces of quadriceps muscle force (QMF) followed by ground reaction force (GRF) at low knee flexion. Accurate and precise anatomy has been obtained from segmented MRI images. The ACL strain subject to the loading was calculated and analyzed compared with the measured data from the experimental tests. The study shows that the pre-activated ACL strain, which is measured before the application of GRF, increased nonlinearly with increasing QMF before landing. However, the total ACL strain, which is measured after both QMF and GRF applied, reaches out to the limited constant value (6%) instead of crossing the ACL failure value. These results suggest that the forces generated from QMF and GRF at low flexion may not bring ACL to a failure level as presented in the experimental tests. The results of the FE model fall into the standard deviations of the 22 cadaveric knees testing results, which represents the successful mechanical modeling of ACL and the surrounding structures of the human knee joint. The model may further be used to investigate the risks of the ACL injury.
Multiscale Modeling of Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Degradation in Si/C Core–Shell Anode for the Lithium-Ion Battery of High Energy Density
Authors: Gao Xiang , Xu Jun
Published: October 2020

The capacity fade in lithium-ion battery (LIB) of high energy density using Si/C core–shell particle anode is one of the major barriers blocking its wide application. However, the underlying mechanism of electro-chemo-mechanical degradation remains unclear. In this study, we propose and validate a multiscale model (electrode level and particle level), considering electrochemical–mechanical coupling and cohesive zone method at the particle level. The effects of charging rate, core/shell ratio, and mechanical properties of the shell on the separation and capacity fade are discussed. We discover that larger charging rate, smaller core/shell ratio, and stiffer shell can mitigate the core–shell separation gap, leading to higher capacity retention. Results shed light on the degradation mechanism of Si/C core–shell anode and provide design guidance for Si/C anode materials in minimizing the capacity fade and safe battery charging/discharging strategy.
Predictions of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Dynamics From Subject-Specific Musculoskeletal Models and Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Authors: Charles James P. , Fu Freddie H. , Anderst William J.
Published: October 2020

In vivo knee ligament forces are important to consider for informing rehabilitation or clinical interventions. However, they are difficult to directly measure during functional activities. Musculoskeletal models and simulations have become the primary methods by which to estimate in vivo ligament loading. Previous estimates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces range widely, suggesting that individualized anatomy may have an impact on these predictions. Using ten subject-specific (SS) lower limb musculoskeletal models, which include individualized musculoskeletal geometry, muscle architecture, and six degree-of-freedom knee joint kinematics from dynamic biplane radiography (DBR), this study provides SS estimates of ACL force (anteromedial-aACL; and posterolateral-pACL bundles) during the full gait cycle of treadmill walking. These forces are compared to estimates from scaled-generic (SG) musculoskeletal models to assess the effect of musculoskeletal knee joint anatomy on predicted forces and the benefit of SS modeling in this context. On average, the SS models demonstrated a double force peak during stance (0.39–0.43 xBW per bundle), while only a single force peak during stance was observed in the SG aACL. No significant differences were observed between continuous SG and SS ACL forces; however, root mean-squared differences between SS and SG predictions ranged from 0.08 xBW to 0.27 xBW, suggesting SG models do not reliably reflect forces predicted by SS models. Force predictions were also found to be highly sensitive to ligament resting length, with ±10% variations resulting in force differences of up to 84%. Overall, this study demonstrates the sensitivity of ACL force predictions to SS anatomy, specifically musculoskeletal joint geometry and ligament resting lengths, as well as the feasibility for generating SS musculoskeletal models for a group of subjects to predict in vivo tissue loading during functional activities.
Magnetohydrodynamic Moving Liquid Plug Within a Microchannel: Analytical Solutions
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu Mustafa
Published: October 2020

The wide applications of plug flows in microscale in science and engineering help them attract a great deal recent interest. An analytical study is undertaken here to study the impacts of a transversely applied external uniform magnetic field affecting the motion of liquid in the plug in terms of hydrodynamic mixing properties. The well-known symmetric vortex structure occurring in a long plug with moderate aspect ratio is observed to be preserved, while the recirculation phenomenon is highly affected by the action of the magnetic field. The decelerating feature of Lorentz force on the liquid motion is illuminated by reducing the strength of the recirculating vortex moving towards the upper and lower walls. The effects of magnetic field on the flow resistance of the liquid plug as well as on the plug circulation rate and on the axial flux are also clarified. The liquid plug considered here is shown to be fully consistent with the continuous liquid flow in a channel whose exact solution is further extracted.
Accommodating Casting and Fixturing Errors by Adjusting the Machining Coordinate Frame
Authors: Ko Hua-Wei , Chen Yujie , Lee Nien , Bhapkar Rohit , Kapoor Shiv , Ferreira Placid
Published: October 2020

In order to save valuable machining time expended on machining bad casting, a point-cloud based analysis is proposed to perform a pre-process check on raw casting material conditions. This analysis virtually compares the point-cloud data of the raw casting with the nominal computer aided design (CAD) model of the final casting and analyzes if the dimensional tolerances on the finished casting can be satisfied by adjusting the coordinate frame in which the casting is machined. The proposed analysis includes the segmentation of the raw point-cloud data followed by extracting the functional features. The material conditions of all planar surfaces are expressed using linear algebraic inequalities. A linear programming-based methodology is developed that helps in aligning the raw casting to the nominal CAD frame so that the conformity is guaranteed. The proposed methodology with the help of slack variables can deal with the casting with unsatisfiable material conditions. An example problem dealing with machining of raw casting clamped on a four-axis machine tool is presented to check the validity of proposed method. The virtual gage analysis accurately suggests a solution to compensate part variation caused by fixturing and locating error.
A Performance Analysis of Phantom-Cell Adaptive Mesh Refinement on CPUs and GPUs
Authors: Dunning Daniel J. , Robey Robert W. , Kuehn Jeffery A. , Cook Jeanine
Published: October 2020

This paper presents an implementation of phantom-cell adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using CLAMR, a cell-based mini-app that runs on a variety of next-generation platforms. Phantom-cell AMR is a hybrid method of cell-based AMR and patch-based AMR that provides a separation of physics and mesh codes. By designing a structure that allows each level of the mesh to be independent, there are minimal development requirements that are needed to convert regular grid applications to AMR. The decoupling of physics and mesh codes through these phantom cells improves composability and creates an easy pathway toward implementing AMR codes on Exascale systems, specifically targeting GPUs. Physics and mesh codes can be accelerated individually, allowing for fewer dependencies and more opportunities for optimization. A complete implementation of phantom-cell AMR on a GPU with opencl is presented for the purpose of showing the simplicity of porting the algorithms to accelerator-based architectures and the performance and optimization improvements that are made as a result.
Thermogasodynamic Analysis of the Segmented Annular Seal
Authors: Dahite Samia , Arghir Mihai
Published: October 2020

The present work deals with the thermogasodynamic analysis of the segmented annular seal provided with Rayleigh pockets. The paper is a continuation of the work presented Arghir, M., and Mariot, A. (2017, “Theoretical Analysis of the Static Characteristics of the Carbon Segmented Seal,” ASME J. Tribol., 139(6), p. 062202.) where an isothermal model of the segmented annular seal was first presented. Each segment had three degrees-of-freedom, and its static position was obtained by solving the nonlinear equations of equilibrium. Thermal effects are now introduced by considering a simplified form of the energy equation in the thin gas film coupled with the three dimensional heat transfer in a segment of the seal and in the rotor. An efficient numerical algorithm is developed. A parametric study was performed for a segmented annular seal with pockets taken from the literature and operating with air. First, a test case proved the necessity of considering three degrees-of-freedom for the segment and not only its radial displacement. The parametric study was then performed for two different pocket depths, two pressure differences, and different rotation speeds. The results showed a non-uniform heating with larger temperatures at the leading edge of the segment where the minimal film thickness occurs. Heating is proportional to the pocket depth that lowers the lift force of the segment and to the pressure difference that closes the seal.
Bearing Stake 1977 revisited: An understanding of ambient sound sources in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Al-Badrawi Mahdi H. , Miksis-Olds Jennifer L. , Bradley David L.
Published: October 2020

A previous analysis of 1977 passive acoustic recordings in the Indian Ocean focused on sound pressure levels (SPLs) and showed that SPLs were slightly depth dependent and highly influenced by shipping activities [Wagstaff and Aitkenhead, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 30(2), 295–302 (2005)]. Consequently, SPL alone does not provide a consistent comprehensive metric to compare among sites or with contemporary recordings in the same region. Therefore, a source separation analysis was devised and applied to identify the major sound source contributions at three Indian Ocean locations. Shipping noise was a major sound contributor in all sites, while the site with the most diverse number of sources was in the central Arabian Sea.
Maximizing the accuracy of finite element simulation of elastic wave propagation in polycrystals
Authors: Huang M. , Sha G. , Huthwaite P. , Rokhlin S. I. , Lowe M. J. S.
Published: October 2020

Three-dimensional finite element (FE) modelling, with representation of materials at grain scale in realistic sample volumes, is capable of accurately describing elastic wave propagation and scattering within polycrystals. A broader and better future use of this FE method requires several important topics to be fully understood, and this work presents studies addressing this aim. The first topic concerns the determination of effective media parameters, namely, scattering induced attenuation and phase velocity, from measured coherent waves. This work evaluates two determination approaches, through-transmission and fitting, and it is found that these approaches are practically equivalent and can thus be used interchangeably. For the second topic of estimating modelling errors and uncertainties, this work performs thorough analytical and numerical studies to estimate those caused by both FE approximations and statistical considerations. It is demonstrated that the errors and uncertainties can be well suppressed by using a proper combination of modelling parameters. For the last topic of incorporating FE model information into theoretical models, this work presents elaborated investigations and shows that to improve agreement between the FE and theoretical models, the symmetry boundary conditions used in FE models need to be considered in the two-point correlation function, which is required by theoretical models.
Perception of vowels with missing formant peaks
Authors: Nenadić Filip , Coulter Pamela , Nearey Terrance M. , Kiefte Michael
Published: October 2020

Although the first two or three formant frequencies are considered essential cues for vowel identification, certain limitations of this approach have been noted. Alternative explanations have suggested listeners rely on other aspects of the gross spectral shape. A study conducted by Ito, Tsuchida, and Yano [(2001). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 1141–1149] offered strong support for the latter, as attenuation of individual formant peaks left vowel identification largely unaffected. In the present study, these experiments are replicated in two dialects of English. Although the results were similar to those of Ito, Tsuchida, and Yano [(2001). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 1141–1149], quantitative analyses showed that when a formant is suppressed, participant response entropy increases due to increased listener uncertainty. In a subsequent experiment, using synthesized vowels with changing formant frequencies, suppressing individual formant peaks led to reliable changes in identification of certain vowels but not in others. These findings indicate that listeners can identify vowels with missing formant peaks. However, such formant-peak suppression may lead to decreased certainty in identification of steady-state vowels or even changes in vowel identification in certain dynamically specified vowels.
Lexical bias in second language perception: Word position, age of arrival, and native language phonology
Authors: Soo Rachel , Sidiqi Abdulwahab , Shah Monica , Monahan Philip J.
Published: October 2020

The study examines whether non-native listeners leverage their L2 lexicon during a phonetic identification task and whether lexical bias is influenced by word position and length. Native English and native Mandarin speakers were tested on English words where the natural sibilant was replaced by one member of a nine-step [s]/[ʃ] continuum. English speakers experience a lexical bias effect for longer words. No clear bias was observed for Mandarin participants, although age of arrival correlated with amount of lexical bias but only in the initial position of longer words. These results suggest that language proficiency and higher-order linguistic representations drive perception.
Levels of Physical Activity Among Older Adults in the European Union
Authors: Clemente Remón Ángel Luis , Jiménez Díaz-Benito Víctor , Jiménez Beatty José Emilio , Santacruz Lozano José Antonio
Published: October 2020

The study aimed to ascertain the levels of older European people’s physical activity according to sociodemographic variables. The sample size was 7,893 citizens aged 65 and over from the European Union. The participants were classified as physically inactive, adequately active, or highly active, according to the World Health Organization. The total metabolic equivalents of task minutes per week were also calculated. In the results, 55.5% of older people were adequately active, and 43.8% were highly active, especially in the North and West. The average metabolic equivalents of task minutes per week was 1,313 metabolic equivalents of task minutes, with walking as the main activity, followed by moderate physical activity and vigorous activity. Male older people of a lower age from the North and West, with a higher level of education and less difficulty in paying bills, were more likely to be physically active. As a conclusion, only slightly more than half the population were adequately active. These sociodemographic inequalities show the necessity of implementing specific measures.
A Mapping Review of Physical Activity Recordings Derived From Smartphone Accelerometers
Authors: Stålesen Jarle , Westergren Thomas , Herman Hansen Bjørge , Berntsen Sveinung
Published: October 2020

Background: Smartphones with embedded sensors, such as accelerometers, are promising tools for assessing physical activity (PA), provided they can produce valid and reliable indices. The authors aimed to summarize studies on the PA measurement properties of smartphone accelerometers compared with research-grade PA monitors or other objective methods across the intensity spectrum, and to report the effects of different smartphone placements on the accuracy of measurements. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on July 1, 2019 in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, followed by screening. Results: Nine studies were included, showing moderate-to-good agreements between PA indices derived from smartphone accelerometers and research-grade PA monitors and/or indirect calorimetry. Three studies investigated measurement properties across smartphone placements, with small differences. Large heterogeneity across studies hampered further comparisons. Conclusions: Despite moderate-to-good agreements between PA indices derived from smartphone accelerometers and research-grade PA monitors and/or indirect calorimetry, the validity of smartphone monitoring is currently challenged by poor intermonitor reliability between smartphone brands/versions, heterogeneity in protocols used for validation, the sparsity of studies, and the need to address the effects of smartphone placement.
Low Self-Efficacy and High Kinesiophobia Are Associated With Worse Function in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Jochimsen Kate N. , Mattacola Carl G. , Noehren Brian , Picha Kelsey J. , Duncan Stephen T. , Jacobs Cale A.
Published: October 2020

Context: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a painfully debilitating hip condition disproportionately affecting active individuals. Mental health disorders are an important determinant of treatment outcomes for individuals with FAIS. Self-efficacy, kinesiophobia, and pain catastrophizing are psychosocial factors that have been linked to inferior outcomes for a variety of orthopedic conditions. However, these psychosocial factors and their relationships with mental health disorders, pain, and function have not been examined in individuals with FAIS. Objective: (1) To examine relationships between self-efficacy, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, pain, and function in patients with FAIS and (2) to determine if these variables differ between patients with and without a self-reported depression and/or anxiety. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: University health center. Participants: Fifty-one individuals with FAIS (42 females/9 males; age 35.7 [11.6] y; body mass index 27.1 [4.9] kg/m2). Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, visual analog scale for hip pain at rest and during activity, and the 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool. Self-reported depression and/or anxiety were recorded. The relationships between psychosocial factors, pain, and function were examined using Spearman rank-order correlations. Independent t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to evaluate the effect of self-reported depression and/or anxiety on psychosocial factors, pain and function. Results: The 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool was correlated with pain during activity (ρ = −.57, P ≤ .001), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (ρ = −.52, P ≤ .001), and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (ρ = .71, P ≤ .001). The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was also correlated with pain at rest (ρ = −.43, P = .002) and pain during activity (ρ = −.46, P = .001). Individuals with self-reported depression and/or anxiety (18/51; 35.3%) had worse self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing (P ≤ .01). Conclusion: Self-reported depression and/or anxiety, low self-efficacy, and high kinesiophobia were associated with more hip pain and worse function for patients with FAIS. These findings warrant further examination including psychosocial treatment strategies to improve the likelihood of a successful clinical outcome for this at-risk population.
Nonmonotonic contactless manipulation of binary droplets via sensing of localized vapor sources on pristine substrates
Authors: Malinowski Robert , Parkin Ivan P. , Volpe Giorgio
Published: October 2020

Remote localized vapor sources manipulate binary droplets in a nonmonotonic way on pristine surfaces for various applications.
Heterogeneous mass distribution of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Scheeres D. J. , French A. S. , Tricarico P. , Chesley S. R. , Takahashi Y. , Farnocchia D. , McMahon J. W. , Brack D. N. , Davis A. B. , Ballouz R.-L. , Jawin E. R. , Rozitis B. , Emery J. P. , Ryan A. J. , Park R. S. , Rush B. P. , Mastrodemos N. , Kennedy B. M. , Bellerose J. , Lubey D. P. , Velez D. , Vaughan A. T. , Leonard J. M. , Geeraert J. , Page B. , Antreasian P. , Mazarico E. , Getzandanner K. , Rowlands D. , Moreau M. C. , Small J. , Highsmith D. E. , Goossens S. , Palmer E. E. , Weirich J. R. , Gaskell R. W. , Barnouin O. S. , Daly M. G. , Seabrook J. A. , Al Asad M. M. , Philpott L. C. , Johnson C. L. , Hartzell C. M. , Hamilton V. E. , Michel P. , Walsh K. J. , Nolan M. C. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: October 2020

The asteroid (101955) Bennu has a heterogeneous internal mass distribution with an underdense center and equatorial bulge.
Hemispherical differences in the shape and topography of asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Daly M. G. , Barnouin O. S. , Seabrook J. A. , Roberts J. , Dickinson C. , Walsh K. J. , Jawin E. R. , Palmer E. E. , Gaskell R. , Weirich J. , Haltigin T. , Gaudreau D. , Brunet C. , Cunningham G. , Michel P. , Zhang Y. , Ballouz R.-L. , Neumann G. , Perry M. E. , Philpott L. , Al Asad M. M. , Johnson C. L. , Adam C. D. , Leonard J. M. , Geeraert J. L. , Getzandanner K. , Nolan M. C. , Daly R. T. , Bierhaus E. B. , Mazarico E. , Rozitis B. , Ryan A. J. , DellaGiustina D. N. , Rizk B. , Susorney H. C. M. , Enos H. L. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: October 2020

A lidar model of asteroid (101955) Bennu has a north-south asymmetry in shape and evidence of an early partial disruption.
Nudging people to court
Authors: Kohler-Hausmann Issa
Published: October 2020

Behavioral interventions may improve court attendance, but how to reform the system remains unclear
Disruption of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Stimulates High-Yield Production Using Resting Corynebacterium glutamicum in the Absence of External Electron Acceptors
Authors: Shen Jing , Chen Jun , Solem Christian , Jensen Peter Ruhdal , Liu Jian-Ming
Published: October 2020

The widely used industrial workhorseC. glutamicumpossesses a complex anaerobic metabolism under nongrowing conditions, and we demonstrate here that the PPP in restingC. glutamicumis a source of reducing power that can interfere with otherwise redox-balanced metabolic pathways and reduce yields of desired products. By harnessing this physiological insight, we employed the PPP-inactivated platform strains to produce ethanol,d-lactate, and alanine using the dairy waste whey permeate as the feedstock. The production yield was high, and our results show that inactivation of the PPP flux in resting cells is a promising strategy when the aim is to use nongrowingC. glutamicumcells for producing valuable compounds. Overall, we describe the benefits of disrupting the oxidative PPP in nongrowingC. glutamicumand provide a feasible approach toward waste valorization.
Immune-mediated necrotising myopathy in asymptomatic patients with high creatine kinase
Authors: Soares Izadora Fonseca Zaiden , Comprido Victoria Fernandez , Hsu Bianca Raquel Ruoh Harn Scovoli , Alves de Siqueira Carvalho Alzira
Published: October 2020

Subacute symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and persistent elevated creatine kinase levels are typical of immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM). These conditions are accompanied by copious myofibre necrosis, degeneration and regeneration with minimal to no inflammation on muscle biopsy. We report two cases (case 1 and case 2) of asymptomatic IMNM from different families with hyperCKaemia associated with positive anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) and anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) antibodies, respectively, and we also reviewed the literature. There are only a few previous descriptions of patients with asymptomatic IMNM.The disease onset could be insidious and lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. We recommend testing for the anti-HMGCR and anti-SRP antibodies in patients with idiopathic hyperCKaemia because they could show no symptoms of this disorder.
The value proposition of the Global Health Security Index
Authors: Ravi Sanjana J , Warmbrod Kelsey Lane , Mullen Lucia , Meyer Diane , Cameron Elizabeth , Bell Jessica , Bapat Priya , Paterra Michael , Machalaba Catherine , Nath Indira , Gostin Lawrence O , James Wilmot , George Dylan , Nikkari Simo , Gozzer Ernesto , Tomori Oyewale , Makumbi Issa , Nuzzo Jennifer B
Published: October 2020

Infectious disease outbreaks pose major threats to human health and security. Countries with robust capacities for preventing, detecting and responding to outbreaks can avert many of the social, political, economic and health system costs of such crises. The Global Health Security Index (GHS Index)—the first comprehensive assessment and benchmarking of health security and related capabilities across 195 countries—recently found that no country is sufficiently prepared for epidemics or pandemics. The GHS Index can help health security stakeholders identify areas of weakness, as well as opportunities to collaborate across sectors, collectively strengthen health systems and achieve shared public health goals. Some scholars have recently offered constructive critiques of the GHS Index’s approach to scoring and ranking countries; its weighting of select indicators; its emphasis on transparency; its focus on biosecurity and biosafety capacities; and divergence between select country scores and corresponding COVID-19-associated caseloads, morbidity, and mortality. Here, we (1) describe the practical value of the GHS Index; (2) present potential use cases to help policymakers and practitioners maximise the utility of the tool; (3) discuss the importance of scoring and ranking; (4) describe the robust methodology underpinning country scores and ranks; (5) highlight the GHS Index’s emphasis on transparency and (6) articulate caveats for users wishing to use GHS Index data in health security research, policymaking and practice.
Systems thinking for health emergencies: use of process mapping during outbreak response
Authors: Durski Kara N , Naidoo Dhamari , Singaravelu Shalini , Shah Anita A , Djingarey Mamadou Harouna , Formenty Pierre , Ihekweazu Chikwe , Banjura James , Kebela Benoit , Yinka-Ogunleye Adesola , Fall Ibrahima-Soce , Eteng Womi , Vandi Mohamed , Keimbe Charles , Abubakar Anwar , Mohammed Abulazeez , Williams Desmond E , Lamunu Margaret , Briand Sylvie , Changa Changa Jean Claude , Minkoulou Etienne , Jernigan Dan , Lubambo Demba , Khalakdina Asheena , Mamadu Ibrahim , Talisuna Ambrose , Mbule Kadiobo Albert , Jambai Amara , Aylward Bruce , Osterholm Michael
Published: October 2020

Process mapping is a systems thinking approach used to understand, analyse and optimise processes within complex systems. We aim to demonstrate how this methodology can be applied during disease outbreaks to strengthen response and health systems. Process mapping exercises were conducted during three unique emerging disease outbreak contexts with different: mode of transmission, size, and health system infrastructure. System functioning improved considerably in each country. In Sierra Leone, laboratory testing was accelerated from 6 days to within 24 hours. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, time to suspected case notification reduced from 7 to 3 days. In Nigeria, key data reached the national level in 48 hours instead of 5 days. Our research shows that despite the chaos and complexities associated with emerging pathogen outbreaks, the implementation of a process mapping exercise can address immediate response priorities while simultaneously strengthening components of a health system.
Effective SLOPE: EffectS of Lifestyle interventions in Older PEople with obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Torbahn Gabriel , Schoene Daniel , Schwingshackl Lukas , Rücker Gerta , Knüttel Helge , Kemmler Wolfgang , Sieber Cornel C , Batsis John A , Villareal Dennis T , Stroebele-Benschop Nanette , Volkert Dorothee , Kiesswetter Eva
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Obesity is highly prevalent in older adults aged 65 years or older. Different lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise, self-management) are available but benefits and harms have not been fully quantified comparing all available health promotion interventions. Special consideration must be given to functional outcomes and possible adverse effects (loss of muscle and bone mass, hypoglycaemia) of weight loss interventions in this age group. The objective of this study is to synthesise the evidence regarding the effects of different types and modalities of lifestyle interventions, or their combinations, on physical function and obesity-related outcomes such as body composition in older adults with obesity.

Methods and analyses

Six databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Psychinfo and Web of Science) and two trial registries (Clinicaltrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) will be searched for randomised controlled trials of lifestyle interventions in older adults with obesity. Screening (title/abstract and full-text) and data extraction of references as well as assessment of risk of bias and rating of the certainty of evidence (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation for network meta-analyses) will be performed by two reviewers independently. Frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses will be conducted to determine the pooled effects from each intervention.

Ethics and dissemination

We will submit our findings to peer-reviewed journals and present at national and international conferences as well as in scientific medical societies. Patient-targeted dissemination will involve local and national advocate groups.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019147286.
Exercise in older women with breast cancer during systemic therapy: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (BREACE)
Authors: Andersen Høgni Hammershaimb , Mikkelsen Marta Kramer , Lundager Ida , Lund Cecilia Margareta , Johansen Julia Sidenius , Vinther Anders , Bogh Juhl Carsten , Zerahn Bo , Ragle Anne-Mette , Nielsen Dorte Lisbet
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Exercise interventions have been widely investigated in patients with cancer and demonstrate beneficial effects. However, intervention studies that include older women with breast cancer exercising during medical treatment are scarce. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a 12-week exercise-based intervention in older women (≥65 years) with breast cancer receiving (neo)adjuvant or first-line or second-line systemic therapy.

Methods and analysis

This is a single-centre, two-armed randomised controlled trial. We anticipate including 100 patients, who will be randomised 1:1 to exercise-based intervention or control stratified by treatment setting ((neo)adjuvant or metastatic) and treatment (chemotherapy or endocrine therapy + cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors). The intervention group will receive standard oncological treatment and a 12-week supervised exercise-based intervention comprising a progressive resistance exercise programme two times per week, a protein supplement after exercise and a home-based walking programme based on daily step counts. The control group will receive standard oncological treatment. Assessments will be performed at baseline and 6, 12 and 24 weeks after start of the intervention. Primary outcome is physical function, measured by the 30-second Chair Stand Test. Secondary outcomes are feasibility (compliance and adherence to intervention), objective and patient-reported functional measures (6-meter and 10-meter gait speed; 6-min Walk Test; Handgrip Strength; Stair Climb Test; Physical Activity Questionnaire), symptom burden and well-being (MD Anderson Symptom Inventory; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), quality of life (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 and B23), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan), side effects, inflammatory biomarkers, hospitalisation and survival.

Ethics and dissemination

The protocol was reviewed and accepted by the Scientific Ethics Review Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark, 17 June 2018 (VEK ref.: H-18021013). Trial results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented on conferences, in oncology wards, exercise centres in municipalities and patient organisations, ensuring dissemination to relevant stakeholders.

Trial registration number

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ on 3 September 2018. Identifier: NCT03656731.