bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breves reflexões sobre os fundamentos da pena
Authors: Perez Stephanie Carolyn
Published: May 2020

RESUMOEste artigo acadêmico tem como objetivo analisar e propor reflexões sobre os fundamentos da pena, por meio de uma análise histórica de como ocorreu o fenômeno punitivo durante os principais períodos da história da humanidade até chegar aos dias atuais. O que se pretende não é apenas possibilitar ao leitor o conhecimento das mais importantes correntes punitivas, mas também criar novos enfoques e debates construtivos acerca do tema.PALAVRAS-CHAVEFundamentos da pena. Sistema punitivo. Teoria dos fins da pena. RESUMENEste artículo académico tiene como objetivo analizar y proponer reflexiones sobre los fundamentos de la pena, por medio de un análisis histórico de como se dio el fenómeno punitivo durante los principales períodos de la historia de la humanidad hasta llegar a los días actuales. Lo que se desea no es solo posibilitar al lector el conocimiento de las más importantes corrientes punitivas, sino también crear nuevos enfoques y debates constructivos sobre el tema.PALABRAS CLAVEFundamentos de la pena. Sistema punitivo. Teoría de los fines de la pena. ABSTRACTThis article aims to analyze and propose reflections on the foundations of punishment through a historical analysis of how the punitive phenomenon occurred during the main periods of human history up to the present time. The aim is not only to enable the reader to learn about the most important punitive traditions, but also to create new approaches and constructive debates on the subject.KEYWORDSFoundations of the punishment. Punitive system. Purposes of the punishment.
LITERATURA E TERRITORIALIDADE NA FRONTEIRA BRASIL/BOLIVIA: UM ESPAÇO DO SER FRONTERIÇO
Authors: Santos Tarissa Marques Rodrigues dos , Arf Lucilene Machado Garcia
Published: May 2020

Este artigo propõe a reflexão da literatura como um meio de aproximação de culturas que circulam no território fronteiriço Brasil-Bolívia, de como é vista a fronteira e como sentir-se parte dela. O uso da literatura serve tanto para ensinar a ler e a escrever quanto para formar culturalmente um indivíduo. Para dar sustentação teórica a este estudo, escolheu-se alguns conceitos essenciais acerca de território, territorialidade e fronteira a partir de autores como Raffesttin (1993), Saquet (2007) Nogueira (2007), Guhl (1991) e Hissa (2002), com o fim de colocar em debate a importância da literatura como construção de identidades de um povo e sensibilizar a comunidade com relação ao papel social de cada um na espacialização fronteiriça.
AS IMPLICAÇÕES DO RECONHECIMENTO DA CONDIÇÃO DE REFUGIADO PARA OS VENEZUELANOS
Authors: Folle Francielle Vascotto , Oliveira Nathália Alves de , Silva César Augusto Silva da
Published: May 2020

A Venezuela durante boa parte do século XX era atrativa e chegou a ser um local de recebimento de migrantes. Não obstante, na segunda década do século XXI teve seu perfil migratório totalmente revertido por conta de uma crise econômica causada pela falência na politica venezuelana. Atualmente, existem mais venezuelanos em outros países a que no território da República Bolivariana Venezuelana. Acredita-se que 48% permaneceram no Brasil, 23% retornaram à Venezuela e 29% seguiram para outros países. A diáspora venezuelana apresenta a uma dinâmica única onde observa-se a fluidez e a imprevisibilidade das rotas, sejam estas marítimas e terrestres. Analisar o dinamismo das migrações venezuelanas não é apenas catalogar as problemáticas e desafios que este grande número de migrantes trará ao Estado brasileiro, mas serve para demonstrar que isto poderá ser a criação de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do Brasil, principalmente dos estados que estão recebendo os fluxos, entretanto observou-se a tentativa por parte do Estado de inviabilizar a integração local que seria a alternativa douradora proposta, optando-se pela interiozação deste grupo que primeiramente foram reconhecidos como acolhidos humanitários temporários, mas essa definição para o ACNUR não seria a mais adequada aos migrantes venezuelanos, pois eles são refugiados que se deslocam devido a grave e generalizada crise econômica. O presente trabalho busca demonstrar a possibilidade da promoção da integração local dos migrantes vulneráveis venezuelanos, consistindo em uma pesquisa interdisciplinar, sob a ótica das Relações Internacionais e do Direito, com a abordagem hipotético-dedutiva através da analise bibliográfica e documental.
AS TRAMAS DO CAPITALISMO ENTRELAÇANDO AS RELAÇÕES FRONTEIRIÇAS
Authors: Silva Kamila Madureira da , Vieira Alexandre Bergamin , Irabi Matheus Martins de Araújo
Published: May 2020

O presente texto discute as reflexões obtidas no Trabalho de Campo em um acampamento de luta pela terra localizado na Linha Internacional Brasil-Paraguai, no município de Mundo Novo. Nossas observações partiram de uma metodologia de Campo que buscou diálogo direto com os moradores, buscando compreender a lutas pessoais e coletivas, suas trajetórias/histórias de vida e o seu cotidiano, além das dificuldades enfrentadas nesse território. Durante a pesquisa constatamos uma divisão interna entre as cerca de 60 famílias, relacionadas, principalmente às nacionalidades: brasileira, paraguaia e “brasiguaios”. A instrumentalização da pesquisa através do Trabalho de Campo nos possibilitou a percepção de um espaço complexo, disputado por diferentes forças da sociedade e que tem enfrentado problemáticas internas e externas, para buscar sua resiliência e adquirir a posse de seu lote. Por fim, o campo nos propiciou entender os processos de desigualdade e exclusão enfrentados no acampamento, criando alteridade entre as famílias.
OS BOLIVIANOS COMERCIANTES DE HORTALIÇAS NA FEIRA LIVRE DE LADÁRIO
Authors: Araújo Leonardo Barbosa , Silva Elisangela De Souza Cunha e , Costa Edgar Aparecido da
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar o comércio de hortaliças realizado por feirantes bolivianos na feira livre de sábado na cidade de Ladário, na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia. Utiliza-se de pesquisa de campo com a técnica da observação, tendo por ferramenta o diário de campo. Observou-se que as assimetrias entre as cidades gêmeas Ladário, Corumbá, Puerto Quijarro e Puerto Suárez funcionam como indutoras de interações comerciais e culturais. Notam-se estratégias comerciais baseadas nas complementaridades.
DINÂMICAS E ESPACIALIDADES DAS FEIRAS LIVRES NAS FRONTEIRAS ENTRE BRASIL-BOLÍVIA E BRASIL-PARAGUAI
Authors: Kukiel Éder Damião Goes , Oliveira Érica Dos Santos , Silveira Claudia Vera da
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as dinâmicas e espacialidades feiras livres nas fronteiras entre Brasil-Bolívia e Brasil-Paraguay, nos municípios de Corumbá, Ladário e Ponta Porã, ambos no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, e a cidade de Pedro Juan Caballero no Departamento de Amambay, Paraguai. Como procedimento metodológico utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, cartografia e conversas dirigidas com agentes participantes dessa pesquisa. Os resultados indicam que essas feiras localizadas nas cidades fronteiriças representam locais de encontro e trocas, onde se comercializam diversos produtos com destaques para as hortaliças, hortifrutis, roupas e comidas típicas. Verificou-se que a fronteira se faz presente na forma como esses produtos são adquiridos e circulam nesse espaço ou mesmo quando ocorrem às fiscalizações de instituições públicas.
PERCEPÇÃO AMBIENTAL DA COMUNIDADE ACADÊMICA NO CAMPUS DE ALTO ARAGUAIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO
Authors: Silva Jeferson Boldrini da , Thiago Fernando
Published: May 2020

O objetivo desta investigação é obter um diagnóstico sobre a percepção ambiental da comunidade acadêmica (docentes, discentes e técnicos) do Campus Universitário de Alto Araguaia da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) e verificar o conhecimento da comunidade sobre as ações da instituição voltadas a questão ambiental que compõem os documentos de planejamento da Universidade. Foram analisados os hábitos de consumo sustentável, a percepção das questões ambientais e o conhecimento das ações institucionais relacionados ao meio ambiente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa em que os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado e analisados por estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostram que os participantes estão cientes das questões ambientais, mantém hábitos que promovem o consumo sustentável, contudo, desconhecem o planejamento e ações institucionais em promoção à proteção ambiental.
Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem with Ridesharing
Authors: Medeiros Ygor Alcântara de , Goldbarg Marco Cesar , Goldbarg Elizabeth Ferreira Gouvêa
Published: May 2020

The Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem with Ridesharing is a model that joins elements from the Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman and the collaborative transport. The salesman is the driver of a capacitated vehicle and uses a ridesharing system to minimize travel costs. There are a penalty and a bonus associated with each vertex of a graph, G, that represents the problem. There is also a cost associated with each edge of G. The salesman must choose a subset of vertices to be visited so that the total bonus collection is at least a given a parameter. The length of the tour plus the sum of penalties of all vertices not visited is as small as possible. There is a set of persons demanding rides. The ride request consists of a pickup and a drop off location, a maximum travel duration, and the maximum amount the person agrees to pay. The driver shares the cost associated with each arc in the tour with the passengers in the vehicle. Constraints from ride requests, as well as the capacity of the car, must be satisfied. We present a mathematical formulation for the problem investigated in this study and solve it in an optimization tool. We also present three heuristics that hybridize exact and heuristic methods. These algorithms use a decomposition strategy that other enriched vehicle routing problems can utilize.
Unsupervised Feature Selection Methodology for Clustering in High Dimensionality Datasets
Authors: Oliveira Marcos De Souza , Queiroz Sergio
Published: May 2020

Feature selection is an important research area that seeks to eliminate unwanted features from datasets. Many feature selection methods are suggested in the literature, but the evaluation of the best set of features is usually performed using supervised metrics, where labels are required. In this work we propose a methodology that tries to aid data specialists to answer simple but important questions, such as: (1) do current feature selection methods give similar results? (2) is there is a consistently better method ? (3) how to select the m-best features? (4) as the methods are not parameter-free, how to choose the best parameters in the unsupervised scenario? and (5) given different options of selection, could we get better results if we fusion the results of the methods? If yes, how can we combine the results? We analyze these issues and propose a methodology that, based on some unsupervised methods, will make feature selection using strategies that turn the execution of the process fully automatic and unsupervised, in high-dimensional datasets. After, we evaluate the obtained results, when we see that they are better than those obtained by using the selection methods at standard configurations. In the end, we also list some further improvements that can be made in future works.
CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT COMPARED: A study on the pattern of Brazilian and South Korean Outward Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Perin Fernanda Steiner , Cario Silvio
Published: May 2020

This paper aims to characterize how was the treatment for the outwardForeign Direct Investment (FDI) within the Brazilian and South Korean developmentstandards. In this regard, at first, we discuss the main characteristics of the Brazilian andSouth Korean economic development from a historical perspective, which points outto significant State intervention through conducting and planning the industrializationprocesses. Brazilian polices to support internationalization are not as intensive as in SouthKorea. The comparative study of the two countries demonstrated that the outcome ofthe performance of international integration is a result of driving the industrializationprocess in each country. The outward FDI from South Korea indicates more consistentperformance outcomes in quantitative terms, more geographic diversity, and a specificfocus on the most technologically sophisticated sectors. Meanwhile, the Brazilianoutward FDI has grown significantly in recent years; however it presents insufficientinstitutional support and is controlled by less sophisticated sectors.
THE NEW CONSENSUS UNDER STRESS: THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE FISCAL POLICY COMEBACK
Authors: Arantes Flávio , Silva Antonio Carlos Macedo e
Published: May 2020

From the 1980s, mainstream macroeconomic thinking experienced a strongconvergence in methodological assumptions and policy proposals for more than twodecades. This “New Macroeconomics Consensus” was characterized by the role playedby the monetary policy in macroeconomic adjustment. Fiscal policy was set aside; itshould only be concerned with keeping public debt in a stable path in order to ensurethe “economic fundamentals”. However, the need for active and unconventionalpolicy measures during the 2008 global economic crisis brought fiscal policy back tothe mainstream debate. This paper briefly describes this convergence, discussing therole it assigned for fiscal policy before the crisis, and then examines the issues the postcrisis debate concentrated on, showing how it differs from the previous mainstreamconception of fiscal policy. We suggest that mainstream limitations to deal with fiscalpolicy may have opened a window of opportunity for a broader review of its role as apolicy tool.
CICLOS DE NEGÓCIOS E POLÍTICAS ECONÔMICAS: UMA ANÁLISE DA INDÚSTRIA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Melo Lívia Carolina Machado , Gomes Fabio Augusto Reis
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar os ciclos econômicos da indústriado Rio Grande do Sul e analisar como políticas econômicas afetam tais ciclos. Paratanto, os ciclos da produção industrial mensal, de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de2016, são estimados por meio de modelos autorregressivos com mudança de regimede Markov. A especificação selecionada possui quatro defasagens e dois regimes – expansãoe recessão – e indica que o Rio Grande do Sul apresenta períodos mais longosde recessão do que de expansão. Estimadas as probabilidades de a indústria estar emrecessão em cada mês da amostra, confrontam-se tais informações com variáveis querepresentam as políticas monetária e fiscal, além da evolução do câmbio. Há evidênciade que o aumento do gasto do governo federal está correlacionado com a melhora dodesempenho da indústria gaúcha.
New financial regulatory philosophy: A paradigm shift in securities market supervision
Authors: Duong Phuong , Liu Jinghui , Eddie Ian
Published: May 2020

The objective of this paper is to identify the changes in the financial regulatory philosophy in the securities market supervision after the 2008 global financial crisis. The mix-methodology researches are concluded by interviewing 101 securities regulators to investigate the impacts of the crisis on securities market supervision philosophy. Evidence is found to support the hypothesis that the 2008 global financial crisis has created a paradigm shift from standard finance to behavioural finance in securities supervision. However, regulators are still in a philosophical crisis when the theoretical ground they once believed turned out to be not suitable for the securities supervision. The analysis undertaken in this paper contributes to apprehend the theoretical aspects of the paradigm shift and constructs a pertinent financial regulatory philosophy, which observes the nature of securities markets, responds to the problems revealed by the 2008 global financial crisis, and takes into consideration the nature of emerging markets. Consequently, this paper proposes a multi-fold theoretical ground within the Keynesian regulation framework to be adopted for the construction of a securities market supervision philosophy in order to efficiently cope with market developments and be resilient to financial crises.
Longitudinal Analysis of Serum Cytokine Levels and Gut Microbial Abundance Links IL-17/IL-22 With Clostridia and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Authors: Zhou Xin , Johnson Jethro S. , Spakowicz Daniel , Zhou Wenyu , Zhou Yanjiao , Sodergren Erica , Snyder Michael , Weinstock George M.
Published: May 2020

Recent studies using mouse models suggest that interaction between the gut microbiome and IL-17/IL-22–producing cells plays a role in the development of metabolic diseases. We investigated this relationship in humans using data from the prediabetes study of the Integrated Human Microbiome Project (iHMP). Specifically, we addressed the hypothesis that early in the onset of metabolic diseases there is a decline in serum levels of IL-17/IL-22, with concomitant changes in the gut microbiome. Clustering iHMP study participants on the basis of longitudinal IL-17/IL-22 profiles identified discrete groups. Individuals distinguished by low levels of IL-17/IL-22 were linked to established markers of metabolic disease, including insulin sensitivity. These individuals also displayed gut microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by decreased diversity, and IL-17/IL-22–related declines in the phylum Firmicutes, class Clostridia, and order Clostridiales. This ancillary analysis of the iHMP data therefore supports a link between the gut microbiome, IL-17/IL-22, and the onset of metabolic diseases. This raises the possibility for novel, microbiome-related therapeutic targets that may effectively alleviate metabolic diseases in humans as they do in animal models.
Maintaining Myocardial Glucose Utilization in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Accelerates Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Admin Ada , Wende Adam R. , Schell John C. , Ha Chae-Myeong , Pepin Mark E. , Khalimonchuk Oleh , Schwertz Hansjörg , Pereira Renata O. , Brahma Manoja K. , Tuinei Joseph , Contreras-Ferrat Ariel , Wang Li , Andrizzi Chase A. , Olsen Curtis D. , Bradley Wayne E. , Dell’Italia Louis J. , Dillmann Wolfgang H. , Litwin Sheldon E. , Abel E. Dale
Published: May 2020

Cardiac glucose uptake and oxidation are reduced in
diabetes despite hyperglycemia. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to heart
failure in diabetes. It is unclear if these changes are adaptive or
maladaptive. To directly evaluate the relationship between
glucose delivery and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy we
generated transgenic mice with inducible cardiomyocyte-specific expression of
the glucose transporter (GLUT4). We examined mice rendered hyperglycemic following
low-dose streptozotocin prior to increasing cardiomyocyte glucose uptake by
transgene induction. Enhanced myocardial glucose in non-diabetic mice decreased
mitochondrial ATP generation and was associated with echocardiographic evidence
of diastolic dysfunction. Increasing myocardial glucose delivery after short-term
diabetes onset, exacerbated mitochondrial oxidative dysfunction. Transcriptomic
analysis revealed that the largest changes, driven by glucose and diabetes, were
in genes involved in mitochondrial function. This glucose-dependent
transcriptional repression was in part mediated by O-GlcNAcylation of the transcription factor Sp1. Increased glucose
uptake induced direct O-GlcNAcylation
of many electron transport chain subunits and other mitochondrial proteins. These
findings identify mitochondria as a major target of glucotoxicity. They also
suggest reduced glucose utilization in diabetic cardiomyopathy might defend
against glucotoxicity and caution that restoring glucose delivery to the heart
in the context of diabetes could accelerate mitochondrial dysfunction by disrupting
protective metabolic adaptations.
Longitudinal analysis of serum cytokine levels and gut microbial abundance links IL-17/IL-22 with Clostridia and insulin sensitivity in humans
Authors: Admin Ada , Zhou Xin , Johnson Jethro S. , Spakowicz Daniel , Zhou Wenyu , Zhou Yanjiao , Sodergren Erica , Snyder Michael , Weinstock George M.
Published: May 2020

Recent studies using mouse models suggest that
interaction between the gut microbiome and IL-17/IL-22 producing cells plays a
role in the development of metabolic diseases. We investigated this
relationship in humans using data from the prediabetes study of the Integrated
Human Microbiome Project (iHMP). Specifically, we addressed the hypothesis that
early in the onset of metabolic diseases there is a decline in serum levels of
IL-17/IL-22, with concomitant changes in the gut microbiome. Clustering iHMP
study participants on the basis of longitudinal IL-17/IL-22 profiles identified
discrete groups. Individuals distinguished by low levels of IL-17/IL-22 were
linked to established markers of metabolic disease, including insulin
sensitivity. These individuals also displayed gut microbiome dysbiosis,
characterized by decreased diversity, and IL-17/IL-22-related declines in the
phylum Firmicutes, class Clostridia, and order Clostridiales.
This ancillary analysis of the iHMP data therefore supports a link between the
gut microbiome, IL-17/IL-22 and the onset of metabolic
diseases. This raises the possibility for novel, microbiome-related therapeutic
targets that may effectively alleviate metabolic diseases in humans as they do
in animal models.
Experimental research of picosecond laser based edge preparation of cutting tools
Authors: Kang Yiyun , Derouach Hicham , Berger Niklas , Herrmann Thomas , L’huillier Johannes
Published: May 2020

In this study, using ultrafast lasers of 10 ps pulse duration as a precise and efficient method for cutting edge preparation is researched. Cutting edge preparation is an important step within cutting tool manufacturing, while unprepared sharp cutting edges show low stability, which leads to tool failure by high mechanical and thermal loads during the turning processes [C. F. Wyen, W. Knapp, and K. Wegener, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 59, 899–914 (2012)]. The rounding of the edges requires laser manufacturing with high precision and minimal heat accumulation; thus, ultrafast lasers have been used in other investigations [M. Stolze, T. Herrmann, and J. L'huillier, Proceedings of ICALEO, Orlando, USA, ICALEO, Orlando, FL, October 23–27 (J. Laser Applications, Orlando, 2011)]. In the authors’ study, the effects of edge roundness on the cutting tool material WC-Co alloy were experimentally investigated. Samples with three different grain sizes and percentages of cobalt were used in the authors’ study. The experiments were carried out on the free surfaces of cutting tools under varying laser parameters including laser wavelength, fluence, and spatial pulse overlap (PO) in air or by using process gases (helium and oxygen). The impact of all these different laser parameters on the various material sorts was investigated. As a result, no reduction of the hardness of the original material was observed that could have a negative effect on the cutting ability of laser rounded cutting tools. By analyzing the surface quality of the ablated areas processed with different laser parameters mentioned above, a surface roughness below Ra = 0,15 μm was generated by using optimal fluence at both wavelengths of 1064 nm (IR) and 532 nm (VIS) and using a 70% spatial PO. Thus, a well-defined cutting edge with radii of 20–40 μm could be prepared.
Self-reported altruism as predictor for active-empathic listening skills
Authors: Marcu Gabriela Mariana
Published: May 2020

While there are many consistent results regarding the altruism – empathy relationship, starting with the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 2008) and its confirmations or criticism, there is one specific aspect of empathy that has not often been associated with generosity: active listening. Our research hypothesizes that sharing one’s attention in an empathic way (active-empathic listening) might be a skill linked to a person’s generosity. A linear regression established that self-reported altruism (SRA) could statistically significantly predict someone’s active-empathic listening skill (AELS), F(1, 96) = 28,965, p = .0001 and that SRA accounted for 22,4% of the explained variability in AELS. The results confirmed the initial claim and may have an impact in counseling practice, in career decision-making or in other studies on prosocial behavior.
Improving performance: what pastoral counselors can do?
Authors: Pedhu Yoseph
Published: May 2020

Pastoral counselor performance is considered to impact on client wellbeing. The performance of pastoral counselors refers to their performance in doing counseling. This article explores the performance of pastoral counselors and strategies to improve it. The author examines the concepts and factors that contribute to the performance of counselors. Previous research on performance is reviewed. Based on this review, the author elaborates on some strategies that can help pastoral counselors improve their performance in carrying out pastoral counseling.
Economic and Strategic motivations for financial cooperation in East Asia
Authors: Park Young ll , Moon Seung
Published: May 2020

The 1997-98 financial crisis has had a profound effect on how East Asian economies the role of the IMF and its strategic interests relative to those of the United States in the international financial regime. It has prompted them to create a regional mechanism for financial and monetary cooperation, ranging from deeper policy dialogue and surveillance, to a system of financial cooperation, and common exchange rate arrangements. This paper analyses the economic and strategic motivations behind this and outlines recent developments in financial cooperation in East Asia to provide possible directions for the future.

A network of bilateral swap arrangements under the Chiang Mai Initiative(CMI) needs stronger policy dialogue and surveillance to develop into a regional financing facility, a sort of East Asian IMF. The facility plays a role as an regional lender of last resort, providing short-term funds to a member country facing a temporary liquidity shortage and for market intervention to stabilize foreign exchange rate. East Asian countries need to achieve regional exchange rate stability. In the long run, the region may develop a common currency arrangement, but it cannot be expected in the very near future because there is no convergence of macroeconomic conditions, economic structure and systems. A realistic approach would be for East Asian developing countries to adopt a currency basket system to minimize the impact of dollar/yen exchange rate volatility on their economies. Strong political will and a vision for regional integration will be required to introduce it.
A Strategic Model for a Northeast Asian Logistic Hub in Korea
Authors: Ha Hun-Koo
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study is to present a successful strategy to promote Korea as the logistics hub of Northeast Asia. Firstly, we introduce the necessity of a logistic hub strategy for Korea. In order to develop a successful strategy, we consider the 'free trade zone' model of the Netherlands and China. We develop a realistic and suitable model for Korea based on this Jree trade zone' model. Our proposal for a successful logistic hub strategy for Korea is the fulfillment of the following six objectives: 1) security of market accessibility, 2) improvement of the logistic system, 3) improvement of the education system, 4) improvement of the tax system, 5) assurance of labor market flexibility, and 6) development of an appealing living environment for foreigners.
A Market Friendly Approach to the Construction of a Northeast Asian Economic Hub
Authors: Cheong Young-Rok
Published: May 2020

Arrangements for regional economic integration, under the WTO system, have unexpectedly dominated globalization. In fact, countries that have realized economic arrangements, such as the EU 's monetary union, are further expanding their efforts to achieve political integration. Regional economic integration is now considered an exigency of national affairs. North East Asian countries are also affected by this global predicament, but the issue involves greater structural complexities in this region. The emergence of China has forced Japan and Korea to contemplate difficult structural adjustments. For example, while the Korean government recognizes the importance of stronger intra-regional economic cooperation, by pursuing these arrangements it simultaneously faces the dilemma of maintaining traditional partnerships, such as those with the USA and Japan. If Korea actively supports regional economic arrangements, this action would be perceived as a bias toward China, consequently damaging ties with the US. Thus, rather than depending on public initiatives to establish economic ties in North East Asia, China, Japan and Korea should rely on market friendly projects initiated by the private sector that endorse gradual integration through non-political activities and exchanges among the citizens of the respective countries. This paper first proposes the founding of a North East Asian United University Community composed of students, professors and campuses of the three countries in the initial stages. Secondly, it proposes the development of unique Asian commodities, a concept similar to that of 'Airbus. ' Finally, it proposes utilization of retired Japanese, Korean and Chinese engineers and technicians to speed up the overall level of technology, which is critical to overcoming backwardness in this region.
Forecasting Container Throughput: A Method and Implications for Port Planning
Authors: de Langen P.W.
Published: May 2020

This paper analyses the determinants of transport demand for maritime container transport. Such an analysis is relevant, among others for port planning, since port expansion plans are based on forecasts. Inevitably, different opinions about the future development of (container) transport flows exist, and decisionmakers are confronted with uncertainty. This paper analyses the variables of container transport demand. Seven variables are identified, four related to the overall volume of trade and international transport flows (the GDP, export quote of economies, the direction of trade and the value density of trade) and three related to the containerised proportion of transport flows (the containerisable share of transport flows, the containerisation rate and the share of shipping in international trade). The rise of containerised transport flows from 1980 to 1995 is based on different 'underlying factors'. The future development of the variables is highly uncertain, and a 'extrapolation' of the high growth rates of the past, is not likely to lead to a good forecast for the future. Thus, decision-makers confronted with the uncertainty about future trade flows, should try to maximise flexibility in port planning.
A carrier's perspective on container network configuration at sea and on land
Authors: Notteboom Theo E.
Published: May 2020

This paper deals with network configurations in liner shipping and inland transportation from a carrier's perspective. The cost efficiency of different possible network configurations in the foreland-hinterland continuum is discussed based on a cost model and on a qualitative analysis. It is demonstrated that the tendency towards cargo concentration in a limited number of ports has led to the redesign of collection and distribution networks in the hinterland. Further cargo bundling in the foreland-hinterland continuum towards even fewer ports and inland centres is only interesting from a cost perspective if considerable economies of scale and density can be realised in the associated hinterland networks. The more cost efficient the network becomes, the less convenient that network could be for the shippers ' needs in terms of frequency and flex ibility. As such, the future configuration of liner shipping networks and inland transport networks will largely depend on the balance of power between carriers and shippers.
The Performance of Port Clusters
Authors: de Langen Peter W.
Published: May 2020

This paper deals with the performance of port clusters. Port clusters are analyzed using a framework that draws from different schools that deal with clusters (see De Langen, 2004). Central to the framework is the identification of eight variables of cluster performance. Four of those-agglomeration and dis-agglomeration forces, internal competition, heterogeneity of the cluster and the level of entry and exit barriers-are related to the structure of a cluster and fourthe presence of trust, the presence of intermediaries, the presence of leader firms and the quality of collective action regimes-are related to the governance of clusters. The validity of these variables is confirmed in three case studies, of the port clusters of Rotterdam, Durban, and the lower Mississippi. The strengths and weaknesses of the three port clusters, the importance of the variables discussed above and opportunities for policy and management to improve the performance of clusters are discussed. The results of this study are relevant for cluster scholars and for scholars specializing in port studies and, since implications of this study for policy and management in (port) clusters are discussed, the study is also relevant for (port) cluster managers and for managers affirms in (port) clusters.
Leisure Port Development in the Incheon Area: Concepts and Benchmarks
Authors: Miller Marc L. , Kim Sung-Gwi
Published: May 2020

In concert with an ambitious national agenda that emphasizes free trade and globalization, lncheon Metropolitan City is taking the first steps toward reinventing itself to become a twenty-first century “Pentaport” with integrated Seaport, Airport, Technoport, Business Port, and Leisure Port components. The lncheon Pentaport transformation-projected to be complete by 2020-will entail significant industrial, sociological, and institutional modification. Leisure Port objectives can be achieved through responsible planning attuned to the ideal of sustainable development and by empirical studies of lncheon tourism and leisure dynamics. International benchmarks of leisure port success are found in Sydney, Australia; Vancouver, Canada; and San Diego, USA, among seven other cosmopolitan cities. Growth estimations for coastal ferry passengers; beach use; recreational vessels and yachts in the lncheon region are encouraging. lncheon Leisure Port development of ten amenity destinations will require equal and multidisciplinary attention to questions of tourism design and tourism impacts. Important issues will concern environmental quality, clean shipping practices, the proper balance of modem and traditional amenities and attractions, trade-offs of cultural homogeneity and cultural diversity, and creative destination branding and marketing, among others.
Short Sea Shipping and Its Role in Logistics Supply Chains: A European Perspective
Authors: Marlow Peter B. , Casaca Ana C. Paixao
Published: May 2020

This paper has presented a brief description of the SSS industry in Europe and has discussed what is meant by this industry, what types of ships are involved, what cargoes are carried, what are the main geographical areas of operations, what are the industry's strengths and weaknesses, and what users require from the industry before it can become a realistic choice for many in multimodallogistics transport chains.
International Container Port System Concentration: What Does it Look Like?
Authors: De Prabir , Park Ro-Kyung
Published: May 2020

Since the 1980s the economic development of countries in East Asia has had a marked impact on the world port community, particularly in container transport. This paper analyses changes in the competitive environment of the world container port sector using some standard tools of market concentration. Initially, this paper reviews the competitive position of world container port system and then examines the East Asian economic environment. Both ordinal and cardinal measures of port system inequality are used to demonstrate both the rankings and levels of container throughput have been diverging in the world's major economic blocs. Conversely, East Asian countries during the 1990s have shown a trend towards convergence. Measures of dispersion suggest that ports in East Asian countries have become more competitive in their levels of container throughput.
Analysis of South Korea's Direct Investment in China
Authors: Zhan Xiaohong
Published: May 2020

Using a dynamic perspective this article examines, the general situation of the development of South Korean direct investment in China since 1992, when the two countries established diplomatic relations. It probes many characteristics of South Korean direct investment in China: its late start yet rapid rise; the smaller average value of Korean project investments; the accelerated process of localization by large South Korean enterprises in China; the diversified industrial distribution; and the wide-ranging geographical distribution. It analyses the reasons for the rapid increase in South Korean investment in China: the use of China's low-priced production factors, the direct entry of South Korean enterprises into the Chinese market, and the stable investment environment with fewer labor disputes that China provides. Finally, this article also proves that South Korean enterprises have achieved satisfactory results from their direct investment in China.
The Cycles of the Chinese Economy and Macroeconomic Regulation
Authors: Liu Shucheng
Published: May 2020

In the second half of 2003 and the first half of 2004, the Chinese Government adopted a moderately tight macroeconomic policy, which aroused widespread attention from home and abroad. This is because China's deepening of reform and openness has led to its increasing economic links with the outside world. Starting from analysing the characteristics of the Chinese economy in 2003, this article discusses the issue of contractive macroeconomic regulation. The article highlights that the growth of the Chinese economy in 2003 has two features. One is that China 's per capita gross domestic product (GDP) exceeded US$1 ,000, which indicates the Chinese economy may possibly maintain the momentum for rapid growth for a fairly long period. The second is that its year-to-year GDP growth reached 9.3 per cent, putting an end to the continual sliding trend of the economy between 1993 and 1999. It also put a stop to the Chinese economy's continual sluggish growth of between 7 and 8 per cent between 1998 and 2002, in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. The Chinese economy has embarked on a fast track in the new round of the economic cycle. However, in the third and fourth quarter of 2003 and the first quarter of 2004, China's GDP growth was as high as 9.6, 9.9 and 9.8 per cent, respectively, sparking a supply crisis in the coal, power, fuel and transportation sectors. As a result, important raw materials, such as steel and cement, faced a supply bottleneck and price inflation pressures intensified, Consequently, the Chinese Government, in a timely move, has adopted a moderately contractive macroeconomic policy to prevent the economy from fluctuating drastically and to avoid serious inflation to ensure a rapid, stable and sustainable economic growth. This is not only conducive to the growth of the country's economy itself, but also favorable for the development of the international trade and foreign investment in China.
The Doha Development Agenda and the General Agreement on Trade in Services Negotiation and Regulatory Reform in Korea
Authors: Sung Keuk-Je
Published: May 2020

Economists argue that trade liberalization is good for every country involved in the process since, according to Ricardian theory, free trade would allow more trade, which, in turn, offers wider choices for consumers and allows the most efficient producers to concentrate on their specialty areas. This observation raises the issue as to whether the general public believes in such a proposition. If the answer to the question is not in the affirmative, then there must be other reasons why developing country members participate in trade negotiation. An attempt is made to resolve this issue from a new standpoint - the regulatory reform perspective with particularly reference to Korea. Even if this new perspective is satisfactory, the issue remains as to whether the general public can be persuaded by its intrinsic argument. However, a new and different answer definitely adds to the reasons why developing country members should participate in the services negotiation associated with The Doha Development Agenda and the General Agreement on Trade in Services Negotiation.
Marketing Incheon: Gateway for Seoul, Northeast Asia and the World
Authors: Rimmer Peter J.
Published: May 2020

New economic geography theorists, who have revived the importance of local roots and highlighted the significance of cities as a source of international competitiveness, have spurred the global marketing of Incheon. An examination of the new economic geography literature examines the nature of the new localism based on clusters, involving spatial proximity and concentrated face-to-face transaction, agglomeration economies and local knowledge networks. The territorial expression of these ideas is evident in competitive cities and knowledge cities. Both types of cities are embodied in civic attempts to market Incheon as an international city through the development of the international harbor and international airport and a knowledge city at Songdo. As there is no reference to Incheon in the place marketing literature there is a need to market it as Seoul-Incheon and itemize the Capital Region 's key assets and strategic advantages, including logistics and Pentaport - five ports in one - to build a presentation that attracts foreign direct investment and foreign expertise and provokes an energizing debate on the Korean Government's plan to position the country as the hub for international commerce in Northeast Asia. Critics of this place marketing approach designed to make Incheo'} a prosperously middle-class city suggest more evidence is needed before it can be assumed firms locate in cities as a base for export activities to boost their competitiveness. Perhaps there is need to give up the preoccupation with the local focus in cluster analysis and give equal attention to global connections.
A Preferential Trade Area in Northeast Asia Prospects and Problems
Authors: Ahmad Jaleel
Published: May 2020

This article offers an economic analysis of the main policy issues surrounding the proposed preferential trade area (PTA) between Japan, China, and South Korea. This initial assessment is done within the normative framework of customs union theory. Already, intra-regional trade between the three countries constitutes a high proportion of their total trade and is, in fact, cited as one of the main reasons for the PTA. As a consequence, trade creation following the PTA may not result in much new trade. However, it is expected that the PTA would lead to a vigorous growth ofintra-industrytrade, particularly in manufactured goods and components. Possibilities of trade diversion are real, but not insurmountable if the resulting preference structure is designed with a view to minimize disruption of trade with the rest-of-the-world.
Exploring the Possibility for a U.S.-Korea FTA
Authors: Cheong Inkyo
Published: May 2020

Since the financial crisis, East Asian countries have worked on bilateral/regional Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Currently, East Asian countries are working on over 30 FTAs. So far, the United States (U.S.) has exerted its considerable political and economic power in East Asia, but its political and diplomatic position is increasingly shaky for many reasons-emergence of China’s economic and military strength, growing regionalism in East Asia, weakening influence of the Asia Pacific Economic Conference (APEC) forum, and growing anti-American sentiment after the anti-terrorism war. The U.S. will be even more concerned about the development of FTAs in East Asia, since the country will suffer economic and non-economic losses when the East Asian regionalism is developed. This article evaluates a U.S.-Korea FTA in terms of U.S. involvement in East Asian regionalism, and tries to provide an economic assessment of the FTA. This article points out that the U.S. should take advantage of the U.S.-Korea FTA to secure its interests in East Asia and to avoid exclusion from East Asian regional economic integration.
CHINA’S EXTRA- AND INTRA-ASIAN LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIONS, 1990-2000
Authors: Rimmer Peter J. , Comtois Claude
Published: May 2020

The growth of China’s economy during the 1990s has both shaped and reflected changes in the span and function of the country’s shipping connections both within Asia and with the rest of the world. Although sea-land developments within China have been studied, less attention has been paid to the wider global implications stemming from the transformation of the country’s maritime geography during a decade of further market reforms and greater integration into the world economy. Consequently, there is a need to comprehend how China’s state-owned shipping industry has been reorganized during the 1990s to meet the new requirements, with special reference to the country’s liner shipping connections between and within Asia respectively. More purposely, these topics are addressed by examining changes in the organization, approach and set of connections of the state-owned China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (Cosco) and its post-1993 offshoot COSCO Container Lines Company Ltd (Coscon). This review provides a springboard for a detailed analysis of shifts in both extra- and intra-Asian shipping patterns between 1990 and 2000 and consideration of their strategic implications. Finally, short-sea shipping is defined and the phenomenon’s operational strengths and weaknesses discussed.
The surge of Preferential Trade Agreements acrossin Asia: What is at stake?
Authors: Milelli Christian
Published: May 2020

Economists along with policy makers are generally viewing trade agreements as a “second best” process for trade expansion and economic growth on a global scale. The current surge of preferential trade arrangements on a bilateral basis, particularly in Asia, is somehow challenging such common view. The following paper is based on updated rough facts and put forward that the standard economic approach is a bit flawed. Obviously, the outcomes and prospects for Asian countries seem much more problematic insofar as power asymmetry and discrimination are embedded in these agreements.
Air Cargo Service Competitiveness of Major Asian Airports
Authors: Park Yonghwa , Ha Hun-Koo , Kwon Oh Kyoung
Published: May 2020

This paper evaluates and assesses the competitiveness of airports by analyzing the efficiency of those in Northeast Asia. This research implemented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compare the competitiveness of airport efficiency and Decision Making Unit (DMU), which was selected by the top ranking freight operations among the airports in this region. Due to the lack of previous research with regard to the competitiveness of hub concentrated airports in air cargo volume, the variables have been screened for selection through referential documents and records related to air freight. Finally, aviation freight experts assisted in the final selection of the relevant variables for this research. The result of the analysis show that the larger airports in Northeast Asia are positively correlated with higher efficiency. In contrast, inefficient airports have suffered from over capacity or insufficient input.