bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological evaluation of resveratrol derivatives with anti‐breast cancer activity
Authors: Yang Mei‐Fang , Yao Xu , Chen Li‐Mei , Gu Jin‐Ying , Yang Ze‐Hua , Chen Hong‐Fei , Zheng Xing , Zheng Zi‐Tong
Published: April 2020

Resveratrol is a natural phytoestrogen produced by plants to protect themselves from injury, UV irradiation, and fungal attack. The main active structure is E‐resveratrol, which has many pharmacological activities. As the structure of resveratrol is similar to the natural estrogen 17β‐estradiol and the synthetic estrogen E‐diethylstilbestrol, resveratrol is used in reducing the incidence of breast cancer. However, the therapeutic application of resveratrol is limited due to its low bioavailability. To improve its bioavailability and pharmacological activity, some resveratrol derivatives have been designed and synthesized by substitutions of methoxy, hydroxyl, and other functional groups or heterocyclic esterification either on the “A” or “B” ring, and double bonds were replaced by imine bonds and isometric heterocycles such as naphthyl and imidazole, or synthetic resveratrol oligomers. The structures, synthetic routes, and evaluation of the biological activities of these compounds are discussed. These are aimed at providing some references for the study of resveratrol derivatives in anti‐breast cancer treatment.
Association of High Serum Interleukin‐6 Levels With Severe Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Increased Treatment Response Differentiating Sarilumab From Adalimumab or Methotrexate in a Post Hoc Analysis
Authors: Boyapati Anita , Schwartzman Sergio , Msihid Jérôme , Choy Ernest , Genovese Mark C. , Burmester Gerd R. , Lam Gordon , Kimura Toshio , Sadeh Jonathan , Weinreich David M. , Yancopoulos George D. , Graham Neil M. H.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The development of biomarkers to guide treatment decisions is a major research focus in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients with RA have elevated interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels; however, the utility of IL‐6 as a predictor of treatment response is unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate, by post hoc analysis, whether baseline IL‐6 levels are predictive of sarilumab treatment responses in 2 phase III studies.

Methods

Serum IL‐6 concentrations were measured in patients with RA prior to receiving sarilumab 200 mg (n = 148) or adalimumab 40 mg (n = 152) every 2 weeks (in the MONARCH trial; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02332590) or sarilumab 150 mg, sarilumab 200 mg, or placebo every 2 weeks plus methotrexate (MTX) (n = 401, n = 396, and n = 397, respectively) (in the MOBILITY trial; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01061736). Efficacy and patient‐reported outcomes were compared between and within groups according to IL‐6 tertile using linear and logistic regression.

Results

In MONARCH, patients with high baseline IL‐6 levels (all ≥3 times the upper limit of normal; n = 100) had higher disease activity at baseline than those with low IL‐6 levels (n = 100). The magnitude of clinical improvement over 24 weeks with sarilumab versus adalimumab was greater in patients with high compared to those with low baseline IL‐6 levels. In MOBILITY, compared to patients with low IL‐6 levels (n = 397), patients with high IL‐6 levels (n = 398) had higher disease activity and joint damage at baseline, were more likely to have joint progression, and had less clinical improvement over 52 weeks’ treatment with placebo plus MTX compared to sarilumab 150 mg or 200 mg plus MTX. Baseline IL‐6 and C‐reactive protein levels were both predictive of outcomes. Safety profiles were similar between defined IL‐6 tertiles.

Conclusion

IL‐6 may be a prognostic marker of disease progression and severity, and patients with high IL‐6 levels may be likely to benefit from sarilumab compared to adalimumab or MTX. Prospective validation is warranted to confirm the results of these post hoc analyses.
Information behavior and social control: Toward an understanding of conflictual information behavior in families managing chronic illness
Authors: Brown Lindsay K. , Veinot Tiffany C.
Published: April 2020

The relationship between information and control interests social scientists; however, much prior work has focused on organizations rather than families. Work on interactive information behaviors has also focused on organizations and on collaboration rather than conflict. Therefore, in families managing chronic illness, we investigated information behaviors in the context of health‐related social control and the impact of control on patient health behavior. We conducted a qualitative analysis of interviews with 38 family groups and 97 individuals over 2 years. Findings revealedconflictual information behavior, which led to competitions for control and influence between family members and patients. In response to perceived patient health behavior‐related problems, family members sought, shared, and used information for social control of patients by enforcing norms, leveraging expertise, performing surveillance, and structuring the environment. These behaviors clashed with patients' interests and perspectives drawn from their own information acquisition. Patients responded by assessing family‐presented information and using information to resist or appease norm enforcement, refute or agree with expertise, and permit or block surveillance. Over time, some patient behaviors changed; alternatively, patients blocked family access to information about themselves, or family members retreated. The results challenge presumptions of benefit and harmony that have characterized much prior information behavior research.
The importance and future of biochemical engineering
Authors: Whitehead Timothy A. , Banta Scott , Bentley William E. , Betenbaugh Michael J. , Chan Christina , Clark Douglas S. , Hoesli Corinne A. , Jewett Michael C. , Junker Beth , Koffas Mattheos , Kshirsagar Rashmi , Lewis Amanda , Li Chien‐Ting , Maranas Costas , Terry Papoutsakis E. , Prather Kristala L. J. , Schaffer Steffen , Segatori Laura , Wheeldon Ian
Published: April 2020

Today's Biochemical Engineer may contribute to advances in a wide range of technical areas. The recent Biochemical and Molecular Engineering XXI conference focused on “The Next Generation of Biochemical and Molecular Engineering: The role of emerging technologies in tomorrow's products and processes”. On the basis of topical discussions at this conference, this perspective synthesizes one vision on where investment in research areas is needed for biotechnology to continue contributing to some of the world's grand challenges.
Body surface area, height, and body fat percentage as more sensitive risk factors of cancer and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Si Shucheng , Tewara Marlvin A. , Ji Xiaokang , Wang Yongchao , Liu Yanxun , Dai Xiaoyu , Wang Zhiheng , Xue Fuzhong
Published: April 2020

Background

Limited studies have compared the association between various physical measurements and the risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to explore the best‐individualized indicators of cancer and CVD risk assessment.

Methods

From May 2004 to December 2017, a community‐based cohort in China involving 100 280 participants were enrolled. BMI, height, body surface area (BSA), and body fat percentage (BFP) were compared in parallel about cancer and CVD risk with the multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression model.

Results

Within the follow‐up period, 3107 (3.10%) were diagnosed with cancer and 3721 (3.71%) had CVD. Per‐level increased (in tertile: T1, T2, and T3 level) BSA, height, and BFP was positively associated with the risk of overall cancer [HR (95% CI): 1.10 (1.05‐1.15), 1.12 (1.07‐1.18), and 1.10 (1.03‐1.16), respectively], whereas BMI was insignificant. Compared with the reference group (T2), the highest BSA level (T3) was positively associated with overall cancer incidence for both male [HR (95% CI): 1.28 (1.13‐1.45)] and female [HR (95% CI): 1.13 (1.00‐1.28)]. The BSA, height, and BFP also significantly associated with some site‐specific cancers including thyroid, stomach, breast, urinary system, and skin cancer. Meanwhile, BFP presented a strong positive association with overall CVD [HR (95% CI): 1.22 (1.15‐1.30) in trend] in both gender and associated with nearly all CVD subtypes especially the myocardial infarction and heart failure.

Conclusion

BSA, height, and BFP have more sensitivity in assessing cancer risk and BFP shows the largest hazard ratios for CVD incident. We provided valuable evidence for the application of height, BSA, and BFP in routine healthcare practice. These encouraging findings should be tested in more well‐defined studies for risk prediction.
Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β‐amyloid injury: Involvement of neurotrophic signals
Authors: Catanesi Mariano , d'Angelo Michele , Antonosante Andrea , Castelli Vanessa , Alfonsetti Margherita , Benedetti Elisabetta , Desideri Giovambattista , Ferri Claudio , Cimini Annamaria
Published: April 2020

Alzheimer's disease represents the most prevalent neurodegeneration worldwide, clinically characterized by cognitive and memory impairment. New therapeutic approaches are extremely important to counteract this disorder. This research is focused on the potential use of choline alfoscerate in preventing neuronal death using in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease, representing the early stage of the disease, treated before or after the insult with glycerylphosphorylcholine. On the light of the results collected, we can postulate that choline alfoscerate, by the activation of the neurotrophin survival pathway, was able to counteract the detrimental effect of β‐amyloid in both in vitro models, reducing apoptotic cell death and preserving the neuronal morphology.
Origin of Ferromagnetism and Magnetic Anisotropy in a Family of Copper(II) Triangles
Authors: Mathivathanan Logesh , Rogez Guillaume , Ben Amor Nadia , Robert Vincent , Raptis Raphael G. , Boudalis Athanassios K.
Published: April 2020

Previously reported ferromagnetic triangles (NnBu4)2[Cu3(μ3‐Cl)2(μ‐4‐NO2‐pz)3Cl3] (1), (PPN)2[Cu3(μ3‐Cl)2(μ‐pz)3Cl3] (2), (bmim)2[Cu3(μ3‐Cl)2(μ‐pz)3Cl3] (3) and newly reported (PPh4)2[Cu3(μ3‐Cl)2(μ‐4‐Ph‐pz)3Cl3] (4) were studied by magnetic susceptometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and ab initio calculations to assess the origins of their ferromagnetism and of the magnetic anisotropy of their ground S=3/2 state (PPN+=bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium, bmim+=1‐butyl‐3‐methylbenzimidazolium, pz−=pyrazolate). Ab initio studies revealed the d
character of the magnetic orbitals of the compressed trigonal bipyramidal copper(II) ions. Ferromagnetic interactions were attributed to weak orbital overlap via the pyrazolate bridges. From the wavefunctions expansions, the ratios of the magnetic couplings were determined, which were indeterminate by magnetic susceptometry. Single‐crystal EPR studies of 1 were carried out to extend the spin Hamiltonian with terms which induce zero‐field splitting (zfs), namely dipolar interactions, anisotropic exchange and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions (DMI). The data were treated through both a giant‐spin model and through a multispin exchange‐coupled model. The latter indicated that ≈62 % of the zfs is due to anisotropic and ≈38 % due to dipolar interactions. The powder EPR data of all complexes were fitted to a simplified form of the multispin model and the anisotropic and dipolar contributions to the ground state zfs were estimated.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Nitron: Self‐Activated and Chemically Addressable N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers with Triazolone Structural Motif
Authors: Amit Einav , Berg Iris , Gross Elad
Published: April 2020

N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as a unique molecular platform for the formation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various surfaces. However, active carbene formation requires deprotonation of imidazolium salt precursors, which is mostly facilitated by exposure of the salt to exogenous base. Base residues were found to be adsorbed on the metal surface and hindered the formation of well‐ordered carbene‐based monolayers. Herein, we show that nitron, a triazolone‐based compound that freely tautomerizes to a carbene, can spontaneously self‐assemble into monolayers on Pt and Au surfaces, which obviates the necessity for base‐induced deprotonation for active carbene formation. SAMs of nitron were found to be thermally stable and could not be displaced by thiols, and thus their high chemical stability was demonstrated. The amino group in surface‐anchored nitron was shown to be chemically available for SN2 reactions, and makes surface‐anchored nitron a chemically addressable cross‐linking reagent for surface modifications.
She shares, but he does not: Gender differences in the sharing of charity‐related content on social networking sites
Authors: Guo Wenxia , Main Kelley J.
Published: April 2020

Online social networks are widely used methods of communication. This research examines gender differences in people's tendency to post charity‐related messages. In general, compared to males, females show more empathic concerns with online charity‐related messages, which increases their willingness to post messages on their online social networking sites. However, message framing is key. Females' higher tendency only holds for charity messages that focus on benefits to others or the feelings of others, not for messages that are self‐focused. This research also identifies one way of improving men's willingness to post. Messages that are framed by focusing on negative consequence appeals can increase empathic concerns, which can increase males' willingness to share online charity messages on online social networking sites.
Certain risk factors for patients with desmoid tumors warrant reconsideration of local therapy strategies
Authors: Bishop Andrew J. , Landry Jace P. , Roland Christina L. , Ratan Ravin , Feig Barry W. , Moon Bryan S. , Zarzour Maria A. , Wang Wei‐Lien , Lazar Alexander J. , Lewis Valerae O. , Torres Keila E. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh
Published: April 2020

Background

The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment outcomes for patients with desmoid tumors (DTs) receiving local therapy with surgery alone, radiation therapy (RT) alone, or combined modality therapy (RT and surgery).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional cohort study of 412 patients with nonmesenteric DTs who received local therapy at the authors' institution between 1965 and 2018.

Results

The median follow‐up time was 95 months (range, 1‐509 months). Local recurrence occurred in 127 patients (31%) at a median time of 21 months (interquartile range, 12‐38 months). The 5‐year local control (LC) rate was 67%. Patient or tumor factors that were significantly associated with poorer 5‐year LC in a multivariable analysis included an age ≤ 30 years (57% vs 75% for an age > 30 years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.73; P = .004), an extremity location (57% vs 71% for a nonextremity location; HR, 1.77; P = .004), and large tumors (59% for >10 cm [HR, 2.17; P = .004] and 65% for 5.1‐10 cm [HR, 1.71; P = .02] vs 76% for ≤5 cm). Subset analyses of these high‐risk patients revealed no local therapy strategy to be superior for young patients ≤ 30 years old (HR for surgery, 1.42; P = .33; HR for RT, 1.36; P = .38) or for large tumors > 10 cm (HR for surgery, 1.55; P = .46; HR for RT, 0.91; P = .91). However, for patients with extremity tumors, surgery alone was significantly associated with inferior LC (HR for surgery, 5.15; P < .001; HR for RT, 1.51; P = .38).

Conclusions

Local therapy provides durable tumor control in the majority of patients with DTs. However, young patients, patients with an extremity location, and patients with large tumors are at increased risk of recurrence. When active treatment is indicated, systemic therapy should perhaps be considered as a first‐line option in these high‐risk subsets. Prospective multi‐institutional studies evaluating this strategy are warranted.
Lane marking detection algorithm based on high‐precision map and multisensor fusion
Authors: Yao Haichang , Chen Chen , Liu Shangdong , Li Kui , Ji Yimu , Huang Guangyan , Wang Ruchuan
Published: April 2020

In case of sharp road illumination changes, bad weather such as rain, snow or fog, wear or missing of the lane marking, the reflective water stain on the road surface, the shadow obstruction of the tree, and mixed lane markings and other signs, missing detection or wrong detection will occur for the traditional lane marking detection algorithm. In this manuscript, a lane marking detection algorithm based on high‐precision map and multisensor fusion is proposed. The basic principle of the algorithm is to use the centimeter‐level high‐precision positioning combined with high‐precision map data to complete the detection of lane markings. In the process of generating high‐precision maps or in the uncovered areas of high‐precision maps, LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) is used to estimate the curvature of the road to assist in lane marking detection. The experimental results show that the algorithm has lower false detection rate in case of bad road conditions, and the algorithm is robust.
Predicting boundary violation propensity among mental health professionals
Authors: Dickeson Edward , Roberts Rachel , Smout Matthew F.
Published: April 2020

Despite its clear importance, there have been very few empirical investigations of boundary violation propensity among mental health professionals. The present study explored the relationships between self‐reported propensity for boundary violations and predictors theorized to increase their likelihood. Australian mental health professionals (N = 275) completed an online questionnaire battery including demographics, the Sexual Boundary Violation Index, Boundaries In Practice Scale, Boundary Violations Propensity Questionnaire, Marlow–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Circumplex of Interpersonal Problems, Brief Inventory of Pathological Narcissism, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Brief Version, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Regression analysis was used to identify unique predictors. Boundary violation propensity was associated with nurturant interpersonal styles in females and dominant interpersonal styles in males. In regression analysis, unique predictors for male boundary violation propensity were grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, self‐centred interpersonal traits, and low levels of empathic concern. For females, unique predictors were impulsivity, childhood adversity, self‐sacrificing interpersonal traits, and vulnerable narcissism. In addition to informing theory about those at risk of perpetrating boundary violations, the identified predictors can inform those involved in selection for training programmes and staff appointments and serve as markers for providing closer supervision.
Soil organic carbon in drylands: shrub encroachment and vegetation management effects dwarf those of livestock grazing
Authors: Throop Heather L. , Archer Steven R. , McClaran Mitchel P.
Published: April 2020

Dryland ecosystems occur worldwide and play a prominent, but potentially shifting, role in global biogeochemical cycling. Widespread woody plant proliferation, often associated with declines in palatable grasses, has jeopardized livestock production in drylands and prompted attempts to reduce woody cover by chemical or mechanical means. Woody encroachment also has the potential to significantly alter terrestrial carbon storage. However, little is known of the long‐term biogeochemical consequences of woody encroachment in the broader context of its interaction with common dryland land uses, including “brush management” (woody plant clearing) and livestock grazing. Present assessments exhibit considerable variation in the consequences of these land use/land cover changes, with evidence that brush management may counteract sizeable impacts of shrub encroachment on soil biogeochemical pools. A challenge to assessing the net effects of brush management in shrub‐encroached grasslands on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) pools is that land management practices are typically considered in isolation, when they are co‐occurring phenomena. Furthermore, few studies have assessed spatial patterns in brush management and how these are affected in decades following treatment on sites with contrasting grazing histories. To address these uncertainties and interactions, we quantified the impacts of shrub encroachment and their subsequent mortality resulting from brush management (herbicide application) on SOC and N pools in a Sonoran Desert grassland where long‐term grazing manipulations (>100 yr) co‐occur with shrub encroachment and brush management. Pools of SOC and N associated with herbicided shrubs declined markedly over ~40 yr, offsetting 66% of the increases from shrub encroachment. However, spatial patterns in SOC induced by shrubs persisted over the decades following brush management. Century‐long protection from grazing did little to change SOC and N pools. Accordingly, shrub encroachment and shrub mortality from brush management each far outweighed livestock grazing impacts. Consideration of the patterns of SOC and N through space (e.g., bole‐to‐dripline gradients), time (e.g., shrub age/size), land use (e.g., livestock grazing and brush management), and their interactions will position us to improve predictions of SOC and N responses to land use/land cover change, inform C‐based management decisions, and objectively evaluate trade‐offs with other ecosystem services.
The biggest bang for the buck: cost‐effective vegetation treatment outcomes across drylands of the western United States
Authors: Munson Seth M. , Yackulic Ethan O. , Bair Lucas S. , Copeland Stella M. , Gunnell Kevin L.
Published: April 2020

Restoration and rehabilitation are globally implemented to improve ecosystem condition but often without tracking treatment expenditures relative to ecological outcomes. We evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of widely conducted woody plant and herbaceous invasive plant removals and seeding treatments in drylands of the western United States from 2004 to 2018 to determine how land managers can optimize efforts. Woody plant cover decreased at a similar rate per dollar spent regardless of vegetation removal type, and the dominant invasive species was reduced by herbicide application. Relatively inexpensive herbicide application also had a large positive effect on seeded perennial grass cover that was enhanced by additional cost; while expensive woody mastication treatments had little effect regardless of additional cost. High seed cost was driven by including a large proportion of native species in seed mixes, and combined with high seeding cost, promoted a short‐term (2–3 yr) gain in perennial forb cover and species richness. In contrast, seeding and seed mix cost had no bearing on seeded perennial grass cover, in part, because relatively cheap nonnative seeded species rapidly increased in cover. Our results suggest the differential benefits of commonly implemented treatments aimed at reducing wildfire risk, improving wildlife habitat and forage, and reducing erosion. Given the growing need and cost of restoration and rehabilitation, we raise the importance of specifying treatment budgets and objectives, coupled with effectiveness monitoring, to improve future outcomes.
Exceptional rate capability from carbon‐encapsulated polyaniline supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Stott Ash , Tas Mehmet O. , Matsubara Elaine Y. , Masteghin Mateus G. , Rosolen Jose M. , Sporea Radu A. , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: April 2020

A high‐rate capability carbon‐encapsulated polyaniline (PANI) composite is fabricated by a novel electrodeposition method of polyaniline on a carbon nanotube (CNT) forest, grown on carbon paper. This is followed by coating of an amorphous carbon layer via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of glucose, forming a three‐layer structure. We demonstrate that a slow scan rate, voltage‐restricted electrodeposition process can be used to produce a uniform PANI coating on individual CNTs throughout the network. The CNT forest structure offers excellent electronic and structural connection for the PANI nanofiber network, while the coating of amorphous carbon reduces electrode resistance, promoting enhanced electrochemical performance and reinforced structural stability during charging and discharging. The as‐prepared CNT/PANI/HTC composite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 571 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and 557 F g−1 at 100 A g−1,whilst demonstrating a record rate capability of 98% capacitance retention, when the current density is increased 100‐fold. This advanced rate performance indicates that a slow electrodeposition process produces an electrochemically stable three‐layer composite with enhanced diffusion kinetics. Hence, the method developed in this work establishes further control on the electrochemical deposition of energy storage materials, for high‐rate capability.
The role of experimentation in water management under climate uncertainty: Institutional barriers to social learning
Authors: Ananda Jayanath , McFarlane Don , Loh Michael
Published: April 2020

Current water governance systems and processes are often insufficient to deal with the challenge of climate uncertainty. Adapting to climate uncertainty requires trialing out new experiments in water governance and establishing processes to learn from those experiments. Social learning is regarded as an important aspect that supports the transformation of water governance systems. Understanding where and how social learning is occurring is critical to improving adaptation outcomes of water management in an uncertain climate. Yet, there is little research asserting the scope of social learning processes in a wide variety of empirical contexts. This article examines social learning in water management in Western Australia. Two specific case studies involving the state‐of‐the‐art experiments in surface and groundwater management are used to illustrate and to understand the institutional dynamics and barriers of social learning. The cases depict single‐loop learning to a larger extent and double‐loop learning to a lesser extent. The findings emphasize the importance of dealing with learning externalities, the mismatch of ecological and administrative scales, and facilitating actor networks and multilevel interaction in order to embed social learning in climate adaptation. Water governance reforms should facilitate institutional configurations that enhance social learning opportunities.
Advances in Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Acetylene Storage
Authors: Li Ying , Wen Guilin
Published: April 2020

Acetylene is an important chemical raw material, but its flammability, explosiveness and incompressibility bring great challenges to its safe storage and transportation. The conventional storage method has high cost and affects the purity of acetylene. It is an efficient means to store acetylene by adsorption using porous materials. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new kind of porous materials with high specific surface area, adjustable and modifiable framework and pore, showing excellent performance in gas adsorption. Therefore, MOFs are expected to provide a way to solve the problem of acetylene storage. In this review, MOFs for acetylene storage are listed, and three strategies to improve the acetylene adsorption capacities of MOFs are concluded; the structure–property relationships of acetylene adsorption of MOFs were revealed, and the usable acetylene storage capacities of MOFs were analyzed. Finally, the issues and challenges of MOFs in acetylene storage were summarized and outlooked.
A Base‐Controlled Reaction of 2‐Cyanoacetamidines (3,3‐Diaminoacrylonitriles) with Sulfonyl Azides as a Route to Nonaromatic 4‐Methylene‐1,2,3‐triazole‐5‐imines
Authors: Silaichev Pavel S. , Beryozkina Tetyana V. , Novikov Mikhail S. , Dehaen Wim , Bakulev Vasiliy A.
Published: April 2020

Reactions of 2‐cyanoacetamidines with sulfonyl azides were shown to take place via two different pathways to form a mixture of 1‐substituted 5‐amino‐1,2,3‐triazoles 3 and novel 4‐methylene‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐5(4H)‐imine derivatives 4–14. In the absence of a base, 5‐amino‐1,2,3‐triazoles 3 are formed as the only products. The presence of 1.2 equiv. of sodium ethoxide or DBU switches the reaction outcome while involving the cyano group, resulting (after a 1,5‐protic shift) in triazoles 4–14 as the only products. The methods were elaborated for the selective and efficient synthesis of triazoles 3 and 4‐methylene‐1,2,3‐triazole‐5‐imines 4–14 including one‐pot synthesis from sodium azide and sulfonyl chlorides. The unusual structure of 4–14 compounds was confirmed by X‐ray data and 2D 1H–15N and 1H–13C NMR spectra. The formation of the products was explained by the presence of two strong hydrogen bonds N···H and O···H in these molecules.
Design of Hydrazone‐Modified 1,8‐Naphthalimides as Fluorogenic Click Probes Based on Nitrile Imine‐Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Li Xiang , Wang Yongcheng , Yang Hong , Yin Dali , Tian Yulin
Published: April 2020

We designed four 4‐hydrazone‐1,8‐naphthalimides as novel fluorogenic click probes, from which the in situ generated nitrile imines react with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne through strain‐promoted 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. The resulting pyrazole cycloadducts were found to be highly fluorescent with compelling photophysical properties, including large stokes shift (up to 152 nm), high fluorescence quantum yields (up to 0.85), and notable fluorescence enhancement (up to 196.9‐fold). Density functional theory calculations were carried out to elucidate the relationship between structure modification and fluorescence properties of these probes. Of particular importance, this novel strategy was successfully applied to the fluorogenic labeling of alkyne‐modified proteins in situ, providing a significant expansion for the growing chemical biology toolkit.
Numerical investigation of mixed layer effect on permeability in a dynamic blast furnace
Authors: E Dianyu
Published: April 2020

Gas flow distribution in a blast furnace (BF) plays a significant role in BF smooth operation, productivity, and thermal efficiency. It is affected by the distribution of burden materials composed of alternating coke and ferrous ore layers. While moving downward coke and ferrous layers of different sizes can mix and form the so‐called mixed layers. Generally, the porosity is lower and hence the pressure drop is higher in the mixed layers. These variations can change the gas flow distribution and BF performance. Previous work tried to quantify the effect of material properties and process conditions on the formation of mixed layers and the resulting local porosity variation. However, these studies were often conducted under simplified conditions. Few were dedicated to the formation of mixed layers in a BF and its effect on BF performance. This work studies the formation of mixed layers in an experimental BF by using a combined computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method approach. The effect on BF performance was evaluated under different operational conditions including different size ratios of coke to iron ore particles, burden distribution, batch weight, and discharge rate. The results obtained were helpful to optimize burden charge for improving BF performance.
The influence of lithology on channel geometry and bed sediment organization in mountainous hillslope‐coupled streams
Authors: Fratkin Michael Mulugetta , Segura Catalina , Bywater‐Reyes Sharon
Published: April 2020

Sediment transport and channel morphology in mountainous hillslope‐coupled streams reflect a mixture of hillslope and channel processes. However, the influence of lithology on channel form and adjustment and sediment transport remains poorly understood. Patterns of channel form, grain size, and transport capacity were investigated in two gravel‐bed streams with contrasting lithology (basalt and sandstone) in the Oregon Coast Range, USA, in a region in which widespread landslides and debris flows occurred in 1996. This information was used to evaluate threshold channel conditions and channel bed adjustment since 1996. Channel geometry, slope, and valley width were measured or extracted from LiDAR and sediment textures were measured in the surface and subsurface. Similar coarsening patterns in the first few kilometres of both streams indicated strong hillslope influences, but subsequent downstream fining was lithology‐dependent. Despite these differences, surface grain size was strongly related to shear stress, such that the ratio of available to critical shear stress for motion of the median surface grain size at bankfull stage was around one over most of the surveyed lengths. This indicated hydraulic sorting of supplied sediment, independent of lithology. We infer a cycle of adjustment to sediment delivered during the 1996 flooding, from threshold conditions, to non‐alluvial characteristics, to threshold conditions in both basins. The sandstone basin can also experience complete depletion of the gravel‐size alluvium to sand size, leading to bedrock exposure because of high diminution rates. Although debris flows being more frequent in a basalt basin, this system will likely display threshold‐like characteristics over a longer period, indicating that the lithologic control on channel adjustment is driven by differences in rock competence that control grain size and available gravel for bed load transport. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach for early malware detection
Authors: Sharma Anshul , Kumar Singh Sanjay
Published: April 2020

Early classification of time series is valuable in many real‐world applications such as early disease prediction, early disaster prediction, and patient monitoring where data are generated over time. The main objective of early classification is to provide a reliable class prediction earliest in time. In general, whenever the early prediction time improves, the prediction accuracy decreases. Thus, the trade‐off between earliness and accuracy needs to be addressed. In this article, we proposed an optimization‐based early classification model for time series data using early stopping rules (ESRs) and a series of probabilistic classifiers. ESRs are developed through particle swarm optimization by minimizing the well‐defined cost function that considers the missclassification cost and delaying decision cost simultaneously. The experimental results on 30 standard datasets demonstrate good performance for early classification in comparison to state of the art methods. Also, the proposed model is tested for early malware detection on a real dataset and shows decent performance by balancing the accuracy and earliness.
Precision agriculture and farming using Internet of Things based on wireless sensor network
Authors: Sanjeevi P. , Prasanna S. , Siva Kumar B. , Gunasekaran G. , Alagiri I. , Vijay Anand R.
Published: April 2020

In the recent past, the agriculture and farming industry has become the precision network connectivity of sensors with a new dimension of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The cloud computing and wireless sensor network‐ (WSN) based extensive distance network in IoT can be applied to the agriculture and farming industry in a remote area. In this paper, we propose scalable wireless sensor network architecture for monitoring and control using IoT for agriculture and farming in a remote area. One of the significant managements in precision agriculture and farming (PAF) is water resource irrigation and proper utilization of water resources. Appropriate utilization of water irrigation management can be achieved by applying WSN technology using IoT. The efficient communication of various wireless sensors is processed using IoT in PAF to improve the productivity of farmers. We have analyzed the WSN structure based on throughput maximization, latency minimization, high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), minimum mean square error, and improved coverage area. The experimental results have proved that the proposed methodology provides better performance than conventional IoT‐based agriculture and farming.
Oral radiation‐induced sarcomas: Systematic review
Authors: de Souza Lucas L. , Pontes Hélder A. R. , Santos‐Silva Alan R. , Fernandes Lais A. , Batista Luana A. L. , Lopes Márcio A. , Khan Waqas , Pontes Flávia S. C.
Published: April 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to integrate the available data published on radiation‐induced sarcoma of the oral cavity into an analysis of its clinical features, treatment modalities and prognostic factors.

Methods

An electronic search was undertaken in September 2019. The eligibility criteria included publications that had enough clinical and histological information to confirm the diagnosis.

Results

Forty‐two publications with 122 radiation‐induced sarcoma of the oral cavities (RISOCs) were included. The mean latency period was 114 months and mean radiation total dose was 62.5 Gy. The tumors were more prevalent in males between 50 and 60 years old and the mandible was the most affected site. Osteosarcoma was the most prevalent histological type and patients were mostly treated with radical surgery.

Conclusions

RISOC showed a poor survival rate of 15.1% in 5‐year follow‐up. Gender and histological type were independently associated with survival.
Discharge and entrepreneurship in the preventive restructuring directive
Authors: Arias Varona F. Javier , Niemi Johanna , Hupli Tuomas
Published: April 2020

The European Council adopted the Preventive Restructuring Directive (2019/1023/EU) on June 20, 2019, which must be transposed by July 17, 2021, subject to a possible extension of a maximum of 1 year for countries encountering particular difficulties in the implementation. The Directive signals a paradigm shift in EU policy on insolvency from the traditional focus on cross‐border issues. The new Directive puts insolvency squarely at the heart of internal market regulation, following the EU's policy since the Great Recession of 2008 of promoting and strengthening the economy. Since 2016, the European Commission has issued several documents to facilitate insolvency procedures, leading to the recently adopted Preventive Restructuring Directive. Besides restructuring, the Directive promotes the discharge of pre‐insolvency debt for entrepreneurs. The Directive does not require that discharge be extended to other natural persons but recommends it. This article discusses the relationship between entrepreneurs and non‐entrepreneurs in an insolvency situation and concludes that a fair interpretation of the new Directive requires that the situation of the ordinary person with liability for business debt be closely scrutinised.
Development of Multi‐Catalytic Strategies Based on the Combination between Iron‐/Copper‐ and Organo‐Catalysis
Authors: Quintard Adrien
Published: April 2020

Despite the latest advances in catalysts efficiency, using one single catalytic activation mode can lead to considerable limitations. To overcome reactivity or selectivity issues, multi‐catalytic combinations can represent interesting alternatives. This manuscript reviews the recent transformations developed in my group through the combination between cheap iron or copper complexes and organo‐catalysis. Combining these activation modes enables considerable synthetic economies inconceivable by using one single catalyst. The strategies developed to combine efficiently different catalysts as well as the resulting synthetic applications are discussed.
MiR‐3613‐3p from carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts exosomes promoted breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by regulating SOCS2 expression
Authors: Liu Yonglei , Yang Yanfei , Du Junxian , Lin Dong , Li Feng
Published: April 2020

Exosomes carrying microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate cell‐to‐cell communication, which play important roles in cancer growth and progression. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of the miRNAs in the exosomes from carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are still not clear. The miRNA array showed that miR‐3613‐3p was an upregulated miRNA in CAFs exosomes. It was verified that miR‐3613‐3p was upregulated in exosomes from fibroblasts educated by TGF‐β1 and the fibroblasts from breast cancer tissues. Exosomal miR‐3613‐3p promoted breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. The cellular functions showed that miR‐3613‐3p downregulation in the CAFs exosomes suppressed cell proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer by targeting SOCS2 expression. The clinical data showed that miR‐3613‐3p levels were negatively related to SOCS2 expression in breast cancer tissues. In a conclusion, the study demonstrated that activated fibroblasts exosomes with high levels of miR‐3613‐3p played an oncogenic role in breast cancer cell survival and metastasis, which suggested that miR‐3613‐3p function as a therapeutic target.
Systematic characterization of adenosine triphosphate response to lung cancer epidermal growth factor receptor missense mutations: A molecular insight into “generic” drug resistance mutations
Authors: Wang Hui , Yang Zengjian , Liu Yanliang
Published: April 2020

Many missense mutations in human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are clinically involved in lung cancer and may cause acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Traditionally, the resistance is considered to be established by impairing inhibitor affinity due to the mutations. However, it was found that, instead of blocking inhibitor binding, the gatekeeper mutation T790M can improve the kinase affinity for its natural substrate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is thus regarded as a “generic” resistance mutation that will reduce the potency of any ATP‐competitive reversible kinase inhibitor. In this study, we attempt to systematically investigate the binding behavior of ATP to clinically observed EGFR missense mutants in nonsmall‐cell lung cancer to identify those substantial mutations that may significantly increase (or decrease) ATP affinity. Several substantial mutations are excluded because they are also involved in kinase's catalytic activity or directly influence inhibitor binding, thus largely complicating the multiple dependent relationships of kinase, ATP, and inhibitor. Two new “generic” resistance mutations, A839T and E758G, are identified, which can improve ATP affinity by forming a favorable hydrogen bond and by eliminating unfavorable electrostatic effect between the kinase and ATP, respectively.
Fast inspection of fruits using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Mengjian , Cai Honghao , Cui Xiaohong , Wei Zhiliang , Ke Hanping
Published: April 2020

High‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an indispensable technique for obtaining chemical structure information. Its quantitative and noninvasive properties have led to its growing popularity as an analytical tool in many fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, and food science. During transportation and storage, chemical reactions among the many nutrients lead to a loss of food quality. In these circumstances, portable NMR spectrometers can readily be used for food inspection and quality control. Because of the heterogeneous tissue distribution in food, a high‐resolution NMR method is required for detailed food inspection. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using an intermolecular double‐quantum coherence signal to obtain high‐resolution metabolic profiles of several fruits, including grape, cantaloupe, tomato, and watermelon. The resulting high‐resolution NMR spectra facilitate the identification of important metabolites, which can be used as biomarkers for food quality control. The method established here may be adapted for food inspection using portable NMR equipment.
A New Method for Assessment of Retronasal Olfactory Function
Authors: Yoshino Ayaho , Goektas Goekhan , Mahmut Mehmet K. , Zhu Yunmeng , Goektas Oender , Komachi Taro , Okubo Kimihiro , Hummel Thomas
Published: April 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of the study was to develop a test for the assessment of retronasal olfaction in healthy participants and patients with olfactory disorders using “tasteless” powders.

Study Design: Prospective case–control series.

Methods

A total of 150 participants (110 women, 40 men, mean age = 40 ± 16 years) were recruited for this study; 100 were healthy controls and 50 were patients with olfactory loss due to infections of the upper respiratory tract (n = 25), idiopathic causes (n = 12), sinonasal disease (n = 7), and head trauma (n = 6). Orthonasal olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test battery, and retronasal olfaction was evaluated using powders lacking distinctive tastes administered to the oral cavity. To establish test–retest reliability, healthy participants had their orthonasal and retronasal function tested twice.

Results

The validity analyses revealed that the selected 16 stimuli differentiated between normosmic participants and patients with olfactory loss, and that retronasal and orthonasal olfaction were highly correlated.

Conclusions

The results of the present study indicate that patients with olfactory loss and controls can be clearly separated using a reliable test of retronasal olfaction based on 16 retronasal stimuli.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 131:E324–E330, 2021
Optical Biopsy: Automated Classification of Airway Endoscopic Findings Using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Dunham Michael E. , Kong Keonho A. , McWhorter Andrew J. , Adkins Lacey K.
Published: April 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

Create an autonomous computational system to classify endoscopy findings.

Study Design

Computational analysis of vocal fold images at an academic, tertiary‐care laryngology practice.

Methods

A series of normal and abnormal vocal fold images were obtained from the image database of an academic tertiary care laryngology practice. The benign images included normals, nodules, papilloma, polyps, and webs. A separate set of carcinoma and leukoplakia images comprised a single malignant–premalignant class. All images were classified with their existing labels. Images were randomly withheld from each class for testing. The remaining images were used to train and validate a neural network for classifying vocal fold lesions. Two classifiers were developed. A multiclass system classified the five categories of benign lesions. A separate analysis was performed using a binary classifier trained to distinguish malignant–premalignant from benign lesions.

Results

Precision ranged from 71.7% (polyps) to 89.7% (papilloma), and recall ranged from 70.0% (papilloma) to 88.0% (nodules) for the benign classifier. Overall accuracy for the benign classifier was 80.8%. The binary classifier correctly identified 92.0% of the malignant–premalignant lesions with an overall accuracy of 93.0%.

Conclusions

Autonomous classification of endoscopic images with artificial intelligence technology is possible. Better network implementations and larger datasets will continue to improve classifier accuracy. A clinically useful optical cancer screening system may require a multimodality approach that incorporates nonvisual spectra.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 132:S1–S8, 2022