bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The City of God and the Civic Church, 1888–94
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: October 2019

The years from 1888 to 1894 were for W. T. Stead a highly creative period. Inspired by the potential for the media of mass communication to unite and elevate humankind, his ideas became increasingly global. During these years, he wrote his three most important books, the Truth about Russia (1888), The Pope and the New Era (1890), and If Christ Came to Chicago! (1894). He ghost-wrote for William Booth of the Salvation Army much of the highly influential book in urban social Christianity, In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890). He founded in late 1889 a new monthly journal, the Review of Reviews, which aimed at providing readers with digests of the best articles from the world press. He also developed the plan for a ‘Civic Church’, which would unite the religious bodies, labour organizations, voluntary charities, and secular agencies in every town and city for urban social improvement.
Territorial Distribution
Authors: Stilz Anna
Published: October 2019

States claim exclusionary sovereignty rights that extend beyond territorial jurisdiction. Often these claims involve denying outsiders access to both their territories and the natural resources situated there. Can these exclusionary rights be justified on the basis of the three core values? This chapter argues that if it is to be legitimate, the states system must impose a fair-use proviso on the distribution of territory. This means a state may not exclude outsiders in cases (i) where their basic territorial interests are persistently unfulfilled where they now are or (ii) where they lack a territorial base in which to pursue the social, cultural, economic, and political practices that matter to them. Fulfilling this duty requires changes to our refugee and asylum practices.
Franco's Internationalists
Authors: Brydan David
Published: October 2019

This book tells the story of the experts who sold the idea of Franco’s ‘social state’. Despite the repression, violence, and social hardship which characterized Spanish life in the 1940s and 1950s, the Franco regime sought to win popular support by promoting its apparent commitment to social justice. This book reveals the vital role which the idea of the social state also played in the regime’s ongoing search for international legitimacy. It shows how social experts, particularly those working in the fields of public health, medicine, and social insurance, were at the forefront of efforts to promote the regime to the outside world. By working with international organizations and transnational networks across Europe, Africa, and Latin America, they sought to sell the idea of Franco’s Spain as a respectable, modern, and socially just state. In doing so the book also seeks to disrupt our understanding of the modern history of internationalism. Exploring what it meant for Francoist experts to think and act internationally, it challenges dominant accounts of internationalism as a liberal, progressive movement by foregrounding the history of fascist, nationalist, imperialist, and religious forms of international cooperation. The case of Spain reveals the contested and heterogenous nature of mid-twentieth-century internationalism, characterized by the tumultuous interplay of overlapping global, regional, and imperial projects. It also brings into focus the overlooked continuities between international structures and projects before and after 1945.
Deification in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Coates Ruth
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 sets out the history of the reception of deification in Russia in the long nineteenth century, drawing attention to the breadth and diversity of the theme’s manifestation, and pointing to the connections with inter-revolutionary religious thought. It examines how deification is understood variously in the spheres of monasticism, Orthodox institutions of higher education, and political culture. It identifies the novelist Fedor Dostoevsky and the philosopher Vladimir Soloviev as the most influential elite cultural expressions of the idea of deification, and the primary conduits through which Western European philosophical expressions of deification reach early twentieth-century Russian religious thought. Inspired by the anthropotheism of Feuerbach, and Stirner’s response to this, Dostoevsky brings to the fore the problem of illegitimate self-apotheosis, whilst Soloviev, in his philosophy of divine humanity, bequeaths deification to his successors both as this is understood by the church and in its iteration in German metaphysical idealism.
Deification and Asceticism
Authors: Coates Ruth
Published: October 2019

Chapter 6 analyses Pavel Florensky’s The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (1914) in the context of Florensky’s still recent conversion to Christianity and of the tradition of contemplative mysticism (hesychasm) as expressed in the Philokalia and embodied in the saintly elders (startsy) of the Orthodox Church. It is structured around the idea of Florensky’s movement from outside the church to inside it. After setting out the place deification occupies within Pillar and Ground’s overarching thesis, the chapter considers the confessional aspect of the work as a construction of Florensky’s personal ascesis, explores its missional aspect through Florensky’s presentation of Orthodox asceticism in its relationship to deification, and finally analyses the polemical aspect of Pillar and Ground, its defence of Orthodox asceticism against its many detractors among the Russian intelligentsia, including the religious intelligentsia, of which Florensky had until recently himself been a member.
Conclusion
Authors: Coates Ruth
Published: October 2019

The Conclusion offers a brief account of the fate of the thinkers whose work has been analysed after the 1917 revolution and the further development of deification as a motif in the post-revolutionary work of Berdiaev and Bulgakov. It considers the ‘modernism’ of Russian religious thought of the inter-revolutionary period in light of the inter-war debate between the ‘modernists’ in exile and the younger generation, the representatives of the ‘neo-patristic synthesis’ (V. Lossky and G. Florovsky). Whilst it was this younger generation that introduced deification to the ‘West’ and made possible its emergence as a major topic of theological scholarship (which it remains to this day), its achievement rests on foundations laid by the protagonists of this book. Finally, the Conclusion sums up the main ideas that the book has attempted to express.
Turn-taking in Shakespeare
Authors: Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2019

Whenever people talk to one another, there are at least two things going on at once. First, and most obviously, there is an exchange of speech. Second, and slightly less obviously, there is a negotiation about how that exchange is organized—about whose turn it is to talk at any given moment. Linguists call this second, organizational, level of communicative activity ‘turn-taking’, and since the late 1970s it has been central to the way in which spoken interaction is understood. In spite of its relevance to the study of drama, however, turn-taking has received little attention from critics and editors of Shakespeare. This book aims to put that right. It offers a fresh perspective on the dramatic text by reversing the priorities of traditional literary analysis. Rather than focusing on what characters say, it focuses on when they speak. Rather than focusing on how they talk, it focuses on how they gain access to the floor. Its central argument is that the turn-taking patterns of Shakespeare’s plays are a part of what Emrys Jones has called their ‘basic structural shaping’—as fundamental to dialogue as rhythm is to verse. It investigates what it means for a character to speak in or out of turn, to interrupt or overlap with a previous speaker, to pause before speaking, or to fail to speak at all. It explores how these moments are—and are not—signalled by the Shakespearean text, how best to describe and understand them, and the implications of such questions for contemporary debates about editing, rhetoric, prosody, and early modern performance practices.
Learning Languages in Early Modern England
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

In 1578, the author, teacher, translator, and lexicographer John Florio wrote of English that it was ‘a language that wyl do you good in England, but passe Dover, it is woorth nothing’. Florio lived in an age when English was a marginal language on the international stage, and when language-learning was central to the English encounter with the wider world. This book is the first major study of how English-speakers learnt a variety of Continental vernaculars. Moving from language lessons in early modern London to the texts, practices, and ideas that underlay vernacular language education in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, and offering a new and multilingual understanding of early modern travel practices, it explores how early modern people learnt and used foreign languages, and asks what it meant to be competent in another language in this period. Multilingualism was a fact of life in early modern Europe: it animated and shaped travel, commerce, culture, diplomacy, education, warfare, and cultural encounter. This book offers a new and methodologically innovative study of a set of practices that were crucial to England’s encounter with the wider world, and to the fashioning of English linguistic and cultural identities at home. It argues for the importance of a historicized understanding of linguistic competence, and frames new ways of thinking about language, communication, and identity in a polyglot age.
The Moral Imperative Toward Cost-Effectiveness in Global Health
Authors: Ord Toby
Published: October 2019

Getting good value for the money with scarce resources is a substantial moral issue for global health. In this chapter, Toby Ord explores the moral relevance of cost-effectiveness, a major tool for capturing the relationship between resources and outcomes, by illustrating what is lost in moral terms for global health when cost-effectiveness is ignored. For example, the least effective HIV/AIDS intervention produces less than 0.1 per cent of the value of the most effective. In practical terms, this can mean hundreds, thousands, or millions of additional deaths due to a failure to prioritize. Ultimately, the author suggests that creating an active process of reviewing and analyzing global health interventions to deliver the bulk of global health funds to the very best.
Benevolent Giving and the Problem of Paternalism
Authors: Saunders-Hastings Emma
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Emma Saunders-Hastings argues that some attempts to promote welfare through charitable giving can be objectionably paternalistic, and explores what avoiding such paternalism would require. She defends a view according to which our moral reason to avoid paternalistic behaviour is grounded in the importance of social and political relations, which in turn require respect for autonomous agents. This respect is potentially compromised when donors act as if they are entitled to maximally pursue their own conception of the good. Saunders-Hastings argues that we should at least take account of the instrumental importance of these relations, e.g. their importance to welfare. If they have intrinsic importance, then they have to be balanced against the independent importance of promoting welfare.
The Callousness Objection
Authors: Mogensen Andreas
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Andreas Mogensen discusses the suggestion that one might be morally obligated to let the child drown in Singer’s infamous “Shallow Pond” case, so that one can save a greater number of lives through donations. Intuitively, there would be something morally horrendous about doing this. Yet a moral requirement to let the child drown seems to be the conclusion of reasoning very similar to that used by Singer and his allies to argue for demanding duties to donate on the basis of cases like “Shallow Pond”; what should we make of this? Mogensen attempts to capture both the intuition that our obligations to donate to effective life-saving organizations are as strong as our obligations to save the child in “Shallow Pond” and the intuition that one should not allow the child to drown even if by doing so one could save a greater number of lives through donations.
Early Ideas
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

Mankind’s early ideas about the speed of light, the Aether (supposed to fill the universe) and the instantaneous “action at a distance” theory, before the speed of light was first measured. Euclid’s work on optics, in which he used his theorems from geometry to explain what is seen, assuming that rays of vision were sent out by the eye. The discovery of refraction, explained by Snell’s law and its implications for the speed of light in the theories of Descartes and Fermat, and its importance in modern physics as a principle of least action. How the study of refraction, as when a light beam from a laser pointer bends on entering water, divided scientists for centuries into two groups, those who believed that light sped up on entering water and was a particle, and those who believed it slowed down and was a wave.
Albert Michelson and the Aether Wind
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

The life of the gifted American scientist who devoted his life to detection of the Aether wind which the Earth should be moving through, and to the measurement of the speed of light. The struggle to understand how light could propagate through a complete vacuum. Michelson’s invention of his interferometer. Michelson’s great experiment at Case University showing that the speed of light is the same in all directions, independent of the Earth’s velocity. His communication with Maxwell, Kevin, and Rayleigh, and sense of failure over his inability to detect the Aether wind or to locate the Aether as an absolute frame of reference. The Aether drag theories and their tests. Rayleigh’s work on the difference between phase and group velocity. Heaviside’s life and work. Fitzgerald, Einstein, Lorentz, and Michelson.
Einstein
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

The confused state of theoretical physics in 1900 and the great unresolved issues are summarized, one of which led to the birth of quantum mechanics, and the other to relativity. How it seemed impossible to reconcile Bradley’s measurements of the speed of light with Fresnel’s Aether drag hypothesis, which was well supported by Fizeau’s measurements in Paris of the speed of light in a moving medium (flowing water). Maxwell’s equations predicted a constant speed of light, suggesting an absolute frame of reference in the universe, but did not “transform” in the same way as Newton’s equations from one moving observer to another. How Einstein made sense of all these rival theories and experimental results with his unifying theory of relativity, based on two assumptions. His life and work is discussed, and a simple explanation given of his relativity theory. How the failure of this search for an absolute frame of reference in our universe led him inexorably to perhaps the most famous equation in physics E = mc2, giving the energy release from nuclear explosions and the stars.
Radio and Telecommunications
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

The Cassini space probe and its recent voyage to Saturn, and communications system are described. Communication with it at the speed of light takes over an hour to reach Earth. The power and range of its transmitter, how its antenna works, and NASA’s deep space communications global network. Heinrich Hertz and the discovery of radio communication in 1887, after Maxwell’s death. FitzGerald’s publication predicting radio transmission in 1883. His life and apprenticeship under Helmholtz and theoretical and experimental work. His use of a spark gap as a receiver with resonant circuits to set up standing electro-magnetic waves in his laboratory. His discovery that these waves, of much lower frequency than light, travelled at the speed of light. Dipole radiation. Hertz’s visit to London and his life. David Hughes, his life, adventures and inventions, including the carbon microphone and printing telegraph, and his accidental pre-discovery of radio using a carbon microphone as a “coherer” detector.
Noun categorization devices
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: October 2019

A noun may refer to a man, a woman, an animal, or an inanimate object of varied shape, size, and function, or have abstract reference. Noun categorization devices vary in their expression, and the contexts in which they occur. Large sets of numeral classifiers in South-East Asian languages occur with number words and quantifying expressions. Small highly grammaticalized noun classes and gender systems in Indo-European and African languages, and the languages of the Americas are expressed with agreement markers on adjectives, demonstratives, and also on the noun itself. Further means include noun classifiers, classifiers in possessive constructions, verbal classifiers, and two lesser-known types: locative and deictic classifiers. This introductory chapter offers a general typological background, focusing on issues in noun categorization devices particularly relevant for this volume.
Classifiers in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)
Authors: Valenzuela Pilar M.
Published: October 2019

Shiwilu (or Jebero), a Kawapanan language from Peruvian Amazonia, features a closed set of over twenty classifiers. These are bound roots that attach to the right of their host. They resemble conventional classifiers in terms of the meaning properties they convey and their high degree of semantic transparency (Aikhenvald 2000). Shiwilu establishes a first distinction between animate and inanimate classifiers; the former divide into female and male natural gender, whereas the latter are structured according to salient dimensionality, constitution, function, and arrangement. An account of the Shiwilu nominal classifying system is provided in Valenzuela (2016a). This chapter delves into a few cross-linguistically unusual properties that may enrich the typological knowledge of noun categorization devices; namely, the ability of Shiwilu classifiers to appear in a remarkable number of morphosyntactic environments, undergo productive reduplication, and realize various syntactic functions when incorporated into the verb. The chapter also explores the text frequency of classifier morphemes.
Possessive classifiers in Zamucoan
Authors: Luca Ciucci , Pier Marco Bertinetto
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses noun categorization devices in Zamucoan languages (Ayoreo, Chamacoco, and the extinct Old Zamuco), spoken in the Northern Chaco lowlands of South America. It focuses on two categorization devices: (i) a small gender system with masculine/feminine distinction; and (ii) possessive classifiers. The chapter demonstrates that Zamucoan languages display different structures involving the use of possessive classifiers, which agree in gender and number with the possessed. In addition, classifiers mark another grammatical system, the so-called ‘form’, which distinguishes between predicative and argument function of the NP, and, within the argument, between specific and non-specific referent. The chapter concludes that the interaction of classifiers with this peculiar system, and their agreement in gender and number with the possessed, are rare features related to their nominal origin. The chapter suggests that possessive classifiers could be an areal feature of Chaco languages, shared with the Guaycuruan and Mataguayan languages, which also mark gender and number on classifiers.
Multifunctionality of deictic classifiers in the Toba language (Guaycuruan)
Authors: Messineo Cristina , Cúneo Paola
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents the multiple functions of deictic classifier (DCs)—a cross-linguistically less frequently attested type—in the Toba language (Guaycuruan, Gran Chaco region). The system of six DCs encodes position of the human body (standing, sitting, lying down), distance (proximal and distal) and visual evidentiality (in sight / out of sight). Since DCs in Toba form a rather complex and multifunctional system, in which they carry functions in the areas of semantics (as classifiers), morphosyntax (as determiners), pragmatics (in the signalling of time and evidentiality), syntax and discourse (in the information structure), and style (as elements in the performance of certain text genres), the chapter proposes to illustrate the interplay between these functions in order to provide a more complete picture of the role of DCs in Toba.
Patient Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole
Published: October 2019

As the attention of spectacular publics wanes, disaster-affected communities begin to feel a sense of abandonment. This causes injuries to their esteem and poses limits on the scope of political action. This chapter narrates how ‘patient publics’ are constructed through the micro-politics of waiting. It argues that patient publics create a vocabulary for both acquiescence and negotiation to a political order that reproduces their subordination. Despite these limitations, however, the chapter argues that deliberative democratic theory can learn from how political claims are made amidst despair. It draws attention to modest achievements of communities that struggle but nevertheless strive to make an appearance in the public sphere.
Like a Kite in a Hurricane
Authors: Curato Nicole
Published: October 2019

This final chapter focuses on two lessons for deliberative democracy based on disaster ethnography. It begins by making a case for celebrating everyday achievements of democratic action. The micro-politics of deliberative democracy works through humble methods of everyday practice with everyday effects. While this must not be interpreted as a replacement for large scale political reform, it also suggests an appreciation for the quotidian features of political action that builds the edifice of democratic life. The chapter concludes with a re-evaluation of the role of emotions in public deliberation. It argues that emotions play an ambivalent role as far as they can draw attention to the suffering of distant others, but it also risks creating hierarchies of misery. This chapter is entitled Like a Kite in a Hurricane—a metaphor for democracy in a time of misery.
Virtues of Greatness in the Arabic Tradition
Authors: Vasalou Sophia
Published: October 2019

There are few ideals of character as distinctive as the ancient virtue of “greatness of soul.” A larger-than-life virtue embodying a vision of human greatness, it has often been seen as a relic of the Homeric world and its honour-loving heroes. In philosophy, it found its most celebrated expression in Aristotle’s ethics, and it has lived on in the minds of philosophers and theologians ever since. Yet among the many lives this virtue has led in intellectual history, one remains conspicuously unwritten. This is the life it led in the Arabic tradition. A virtue of Greek warriors and their democratic epigones—what happened when this splendid virtue made landfall in the Islamic world? One of the aims of this book is to answer this question. Yet in the process, it opens out to become a story about a larger family of virtues united by their preoccupation with greatness and things great. We may call them “virtues of greatness.” An important constituent of the character ideals expounded across a range of genres within the Islamic world, this type of virtue tells us as much about the content of these ideals as about their kaleidoscopic genealogies. The Islamic world, too, had its native heroes, who bequeathed their conception of extraordinary virtue to posterity. Heroic virtue is above all expressed in a boundless aspiration to what is greatest. Could we admire such virtue enough to want it as our own? What can we learn from the Arabic tradition of the virtues?
Greatness of Soul
Authors: Vasalou Sophia
Published: October 2019

Part 1 explores how thinkers in the Islamic world received the ancient virtue of greatness of soul by focusing on one particular ‘virtue of greatness’ found in works of Arabic philosophical ethics. Greatness of soul appears in the works of prominent Muslim thinkers such as al-Fārābī, Miskawayh, and al-Ghazālī under the Arabic term kibar al-nafs. In Miskawayh’s and al-Ghazālī’s classifications of the virtues and vices, it is defined in terms approximating to Aristotle’s account. The overall treatment of the virtue is cursory yet apparently approving. This will seem surprising given the oft-remarked conflict of the virtue, particularly in its Aristotelian version, with an ideal of humility. Did thinkers in the Arabic tradition take a different view of this ideal? Part 1 investigates this question by offering a substantive reading of Miskawayh’s and, more concertedly, al-Ghazālī’s account of the ethics of esteem and self-esteem. There are delicate interpretive issues to be navigated in piecing together an account of al-Ghazālī’s ethical commitments. Yet the author’s conclusion is that al-Ghazālī privileges the virtue of humility and denigrates the status of honour as a good. The virtue of magnanimity he incorporates in his tables of the virtues thus appears to be in profound conflict with his considered ethical viewpoint, and with values central to Islamic religious morality more broadly. Why then does al-Ghazālī (like Miskawayh) pass this conflict over in silence? Part 1 concludes with some suggestions about this puzzle and about what it may have to tell us about these thinkers’ engagement with ancient philosophy.
Bodies and Incorporeals
Authors: Bronowski Ada
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the Stoic notion of a body all the better to distinguish bodies from incorporeals. It looks first at the criterion for corporeality, according to which a body is either active or passive. The questions of touch and conjunction between active and passive bodies are examined, framing further questions about differentiation between individual bodies and their roles in a causal relation. A third element is shown to be necessary to regiment these roles: it is an incorporeal whose distinct relation to one and the other body in causation determines the role of each within the causal schema. Further distinctions between bodies, incorporeals and not-somethings, which are generic concepts borne in the mind, are established thanks to an analysis of the constructive, though critical, dialogue the Stoics have with Plato, in particular through their reading of the Gigantomachia or ‘Battle of the Giants’ in the Sophist. The Stoics reject the Platonic Forms but not the presence in reality of items which are not bodies. The Stoics rise to the challenge of making room within the sensible world for non-sensible items: these are the four incorporeals, time, void, space, and lekta. These are granted a parallel mode of being real, not inferior nor superior to that of bodies, and which all four satisfy equally.
Rationality in Stoic Thought
Authors: Bronowski Ada
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on lekta as the objects of ordinary teaching. What there is to teach, and what there is to learn are lekta, say the Stoics. This claim leads to affirming the mind-independence of lekta since it is what is distinct and external from us, and yet obtains as true, that we need to be taught, especially once teaching and learning are understood as necessary steps in the natural development of reason in us. There are two methods for this developement to follow its natural course: through sense-perception leading to the acquisition of conceptions on the basis of experience, and through teaching and paying attention. The methods are not only compatible but are equally necessary to enable us to fulfil our impulse to preserve what we come to understand is most characteristic of us, as rational beings in a rational cosmos, namely reason. The Stoic theory of oikeiōsis, appropriation, is discussed in relation to the teaching and learning of lekta, as also the further question of the stages of this process of instruction. The Stoics make a distinction between two ways impressions come about in our minds: hupo, by, and epi, in relation to. A suggestion is put forward that this difficult distinction expands the distinction between the two methods, sensory and through attention, which ground the natural developement of reason. In this light, the example the Stoics take of the gymnasitics teacher, often decried as incongruous, is defened as a paradigmatic case of teaching how to pay attention to lekta, expressed through a language of the body.
The Finnish Comprehensive School
Authors: Kauko Jaakko
Published: October 2019

For a decade, Finnish education, claimed to be among the best in the world, has basked in international glory. This reputation is largely due to the country’s success in the Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA), run by the OECD. The aim of this chapter is to critically examine this purported policy success of the Finnish comprehensive school from the perspective of complexity theories. By drawing on different research and statistical data, the chapter critically analyses the extent to which the Finnish comprehensive school can be seen as a success story in terms of performance. Using the well-reported history of the comprehensive school, it teases out the milestones of its development, while pointing to contingencies and path dependencies along the way, which have led to its legitimate position. It also reviews scholarly accounts in contrast to the political debates. Finally, the chapter sums up the complex development of comprehensive education and discusses the question under heated debate: what, if anything, can we learn from it?
The Dutch Delta Approach
Authors: van Buuren Arwin
Published: October 2019

The Netherlands is an extreme example of a country highly susceptible to both sea-level rise and river flooding. After the disastrous flooding of 1953, the Dutch established a legal framework for flood protection and realized a series of impressive delta works. A powerful institutional regime of autonomous regional water boards, a well-developed expert community, and the Rijkswaterstaat (the executive agency of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment) maintained this framework making the Netherlands one of the best protected delta areas of the world, and an international hallmark for delta management. More recently, the Dutch reformulated their ‘delta approach’ in order to adapt to the possible but uncertain impacts of climate change. This chapter unravels the factors that could explain the long-standing policy success and the reinvention of this policy. Reinventing successful policies is not self-evident, because path dependency often prevents learning and change, and core competencies easily become core rigidities. In hindsight, the Dutch Delta Programme—an external vehicle to come to a revision of the Dutch delta approach—can be seen as a device to successfully combine exploitation (sustaining the successful elements of the former flood management regime) and exploration (developing new strategies and avenues to deal with new challenges related to climate change).
The Norwegian Petroleum Fund as Institutionalized Self-Restraint
Authors: Øvald Camilla Bakken , Tranøy Bent Sofus , Raknes Ketil
Published: October 2019

In economies abundant with natural resources, public leadership tends to lessen public value, diminishing assets that could benefit the population at large. The Norwegian macro-economic regime, balancing current spending with long-term interests, compares favourably to most other cases of large resource-driven income streams. While Norway had the institutional capability to reform, this policy is also an example of successful public leadership creating large public and social value. This chapter explores the role of public leadership in establishing the Petroleum Fund, and the relationship between political and administrative leadership. It finds that deft political leadership was vital in the three main government decisions that shaped Norwegian economic policy. In fact, the role of heroic leadership in the Fund’s history was larger than expected, although the key factor was a series of constructive interactions between political leaders and astute public managers.
New Zealand’s Economic Turnaround
Authors: Mintrom Michael , Thomas Madeline
Published: October 2019

In the early 1980s, global events and New Zealand’s government response drove the country towards economic collapse. Debt, inflation, and unemployment grew. To address the crisis, several legislative reforms in the style of New Public Management were passed between the mid-1980s and early 1990s. The currency was floated, price and income controls were relaxed, state-owned enterprises such as the national airline were corporatized, government accounting was scrutinized, and outputs rather than inputs were monitored in government departments. These reforms transformed New Zealand into a country that holds transparency and accountability in high regard. The economy recovered, and the population flourished and gained better access to a wider range of goods and services. This chapter analyses the reasons and the circumstances that led to the success of New Zealand’s economic reforms. The authors also discuss what economic vulnerabilities remain for New Zealand and consider the extent to which the New Zealand model offers lessons for other countries.
Germany’s Labour Market Policies
Authors: Spohr Florian
Published: October 2019

Germany has become one of the most competitive economies in the world. Only a decade and a half ago it was widely derided as stagnant, and ridden by political paralysis in reforming its labour market policies. However, in 2002, the discovery of manipulated statistics in the German Employment Agency opened a window of opportunity to break the stalemate in corporatist policymaking. In response, the government convened a commission to design labour market policy reforms: the Hartz Committee, named for its chair, Peter Hartz. Including experts, politicians, and members from interest groups in the commission enabled the government to promote the ‘Hartz Reforms’ on the basis of expertise and compromise. Their focus was on creating incentives for seeking employment. Job search assistance and monitoring gained importance, whereas ineffective job creation and early retirement schemes were abolished or reduced. These activating reforms successfully tackled structural unemployment and increased the overall employment rate. Their success in strengthening economic resilience was demonstrated during the 2008 economic crisis, when in combination with other measures such as the extension of short-time work, and controlled unit labour costs, they led Germany’s labour market through the deep recession.
Culture and Legitimacy
Authors: Macartney Huw
Published: October 2019

This chapter draws on the writings of liberal theorists, from Adam Smith to the German ordo-liberals, to explain how state managers arrived at their focus on reforming conduct and ethics. The liberal economics tradition, before the turn towards neoclassical economics, recognized the ethical struggle at work in market participants, and the tendency towards market-distorting conduct. This helps to explain why state managers sought to strengthen market competition to reform culture, and why they also turned to an ethical reform agenda. The second half of the chapter turns to the work of Jürgen Habermas to explain the concept of a legitimacy crisis that state managers were also fighting. Here the chapter also introduces the concept of populist statecraft, as an ideologically thin, anti-establishment strategy. This also helps to explain how state managers used the culture of banking crisis as a political weapon.
US Responses and the Second Phase
Authors: Macartney Huw
Published: October 2019

This chapter argues that after the initial responses to the financial crisis the culture of banking debate came to the fore from 2012 onwards. Following government spending cuts and political protests the repeated banking scandals that emerged constituted a second wave. US state managers moved beyond improving market discipline to ethical reform and new institutions. But the chapter argues that the unfolding legitimacy crisis was perhaps the main reason for the political focus on bank culture, and fundamentally shaped the populist tactics used by US state managers. The chapter also shows the glaring absence of a debate on the structural causes of banking culture.
Breath of Sirens
Authors: Larson Katherine R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter dissects the physiological matter of song by attending to the gendered mechanisms and rhetorical effects of the musical breath. It explores how early moderns conceptualized the acoustic medium of the breath, charts its movement through the vocal mechanism of the body, and examines the traces of that process preserved in physiological treatises, singing handbooks, and surviving manuscript and print scores. While these documents provide rich insight into singing as a physical and acoustic phenomenon in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, they testify equally powerfully to song’s airy intangibility, particularly at moments where language and musical notation strain to represent the physical experience of singing. Reading the ambivalent figure of the singing siren alongside the prolific output of Margaret Cavendish, the final section of the chapter considers the acoustic impact of the musical breath in relation to the culturally fraught phenomenon of women’s song performance.
Sweet Echo
Authors: Larson Katherine R.
Published: October 2019

Although music was integral to masques, the genre’s visual extravagance tends to overshadow its acoustic elements in scholarly and classroom discussions. This chapter focuses on “Sweet Echo,” the Lady’s song in Milton’s A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle (Comus), which was performed in 1634 by 15-year-old Alice Egerton. The unusual level of detail that survives about this masque’s performance history, combined with the musical settings extant in Henry Lawes’s autograph manuscript, now held at the British Library, facilitates a suggestive evaluation of early modern song in terms of the rhetorical interplay between lyric, musical setting, and performance context. It also constitutes a striking case study for considering the acoustic impact of women’s singing voices. Milton’s depiction of temptation and self-discipline in Comus, whose moral message is encapsulated in miniature in the Lady’s performance of “Sweet Echo,” hinges on his audience’s experience of song as an acoustic, embodied, and gendered phenomenon.
Epilogue
Authors: Larson Katherine R.
Published: October 2019

The Epilogue presents two central conclusions: (1) that song is a slippery and multidimensional form that demands to be considered in embodied, gendered, and performance-based terms, and (2) that song constituted a vital, and vitally charged, rhetorical medium for women writers, performers, and patrons in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Epilogue also open up future areas of critical inquiry, both in relation to early modern women’s writing and literary studies more broadly. In particular, it introduces Early Modern Songscapes, an emergent collaborative and interdisciplinary digital initiative that is responding directly to the methodological questions raised by The Matter of Song in Early Modern England.
Trust and Distrust
Authors: Hawley Katherine
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the philosophical study of trust, and explains the distinction between trust and reliance. It argues for an analogous distinction between distrust and non-reliance. Keeping distrust in focus highlights problems with existing accounts of trust, most especially those accounts according to which trust involves imputing a certain kind of motive to the trusted person. A new view of both trust and distrust is introduced, according to which both of these attitudes involve attribution of a commitment to the (dis)trusted person. The relevant notion of commitment is explicated, though it is not explicitly defined, and some initial advantages of the commitment account are explored. The account permits a sensible understanding of what makes trust appropriate or inappropriate, likewise for distrust; sometimes neither attitude is appropriate. The account also helps explain what betrayal is, and conversely what trustworthiness might be. The chapter ends by discussing the scope of this project, and previewing some later discussions.
Obstacles to Being Trustworthy
Authors: Hawley Katherine
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the many ways in which practical circumstances can make it more difficult for us to be trustworthy. In the book as a whole, trustworthiness is understood as a matter of avoiding unfulfilled commitments. Thus we have two levers to operate in the pursuit of trustworthiness: we can try to adjust our commitments, and we can try to adjust our actions. Operating these levers can in turn be thought of as involving four elements. We need control over whether we incur new commitments, and insight into what competences we have. Then we need insight into what commitments we have incurred, and control over our actions, in order to bring them in line with our commitments. The chapter explores obstacles which can arise in addressing each of these four challenges; in each case, there are many ways in which our circumstances can make it harder for us to be trustworthy.
Consequences
Authors: Hawley Katherine
Published: October 2019

This final chapter explores the ways in which we may try to respond to the obstacles to trustworthiness outlined in chapter 5. In particular, it focuses on the ways in which our responses are shaped by our expectations about how other people will understand or misunderstand our behaviour as reflecting our (lack of) trustworthiness. The conceptual connections between trustworthiness, competence, and commitment permit inferences between these: for example, a judgement that someone is trustworthy but not competent to perform some task suggests that she therefore is not committed to perform that task. In responding to uncertainty about our own situations, and about others’ evaluations of us, we often face uncomfortable choices: the more so when we are in difficult personal circumstances. Finally, the chapter briefly reviews how the book as a whole has been influenced by important work on injustice and testimony by Miranda Fricker, Kristie Dotson, and Rebecca Kukla.
Introduction
Authors: Epperly Brad
Published: October 2019

Since Federalist No. 78, the notion of the weakness of the judiciary vis-à-vis the executive and legislative branches has been widely accepted. Having “neither force nor will, but merely judgment,” Hamilton famously argued that a judiciary is unable to realize even mere judgment without the aid of the branches wielding the powers of the sword and purse. While focused primarily on the relative risks posed to individual liberty by the three branches of government, in reframing Montesquieu’s famous dictum in ...
Conclusion
Authors: Epperly Brad
Published: October 2019

As a conclusion, Chapter 5 revisits the theoretical arguments presented in Chapters 1 and 4, as well as the empirical examination thereof in Chapters 2–4. To illustrate the empirical implications and results, it reproduces a number of key figures, discussing not only their importance but also relationship to one another. It then discusses the importance of the book’s results for the study of comparative law and courts, as well as what the results suggest for both domestic and foreign policy.
The Purport of Reason-Conditionals
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: October 2019

In everyday parlance we formulate reasons for action in many different ways, but it is here argued that they can all be rephrased as conditionals in which the antecedent is a description of the action that the reason is a reason for performing, and the consequent specifies a state of affairs that for the agent counts in favour of performing this action. The antecedent is taken to presuppose that the agent can in an ‘all-in’ sense, which includes having both ability and opportunity, perform the relevant action, and it states that performance of the action in conjunction with background assumptions ensures the truth of the consequent. Due to the fact that it is impossible for us to predict our decisions, it is also epistemically possible that the agent decides to perform this action.
Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah
Authors: Johnson Michael , Houssou Nazaire , Kolavalli Shashidhara , Hazell Peter
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines how farmers have adjusted their farming practices since the 1980s, especially in response to emerging land scarcities, rising wages, and changing markets. Data was collected in four representative villages in the Northern part of the country through focus group discussions and interviews, and the data was supplemented with a farm modeling analysis. It is found that farmers have successfully adapted by increasing the size of their crop areas, growing more market-oriented crops, adopting labor-saving technologies like tractors and herbicides, and by growing fewer labor-intensive crops, which collectively has allowed them to increase their farm incomes and labor productivity. But as opportunities for bringing more land into cultivation are becoming exhausted, farmers will need to shift towards more yield increasing technologies.
Introduction to Volume One
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel
Published: October 2019

We provide an overview, as non‐technical as possible, of the contents of Vol. 1 of the book. Reflecting the structure of the volume, this overview consists of two parts. In the first part, we summarize the most important early contributions to quantum theory (covered in detail in Chs. 2–4). This part starts with Planck’s work on black‐body radiation culminating in the introduction of Planck’s constant in 1900. It then moves on to Einstein’s 1905 light‐quantum hypothesis, his theory of specific heats, and his formulas for energy and momentum fluctuations in black‐body radiation. After summarizing Bohr’s path to his quantum model of the atom, it concludes with Einstein’s 1916–17 radiation theory combining elements of Bohr’s model with his own light‐quantum hypothesis. In the second part we summarize our analysis of the old quantum theory (given in detail in Chs. 5–7). After a brief overview of the career of Sommerfeld, who together with Bohr took the lead in developing the old quantum theory, we review the three principles we have identified as the cornerstones of the theory (the quantization conditions, the adiabatic principle, and the correspondence principle). We then discuss three of the theory’s most notable successes (fine structure, Stark effect, X‐ray spectra) and, finally, three of its most notorious failures (multiplets, Zeeman effect, helium).