bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tanshinone IIA reduces palmitate‐induced apoptosis via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress in HepG2 liver cells
Authors: Wang Junjian , Hu Rui , Yin Chunyan , Xiao Yanfeng
Published: September 2019

Research has indicated that stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a cell affects the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, is known to induce toxicity and cell death in various types of cells. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), one of the effective components of the traditional Chinese medicine Danshen, was reported to exhibit a variety of biochemical activities, including amelioration of ER stress‐mediated apoptosis in renal preservation. To address the hypothesis that tan IIA attenuates apoptosis and triglycerides (TG) accumulation via reducing ER stress, we studied the effect of tan IIA on experimentally induced ER stress using palmitate in HepG2 cells. Palmitate led to cytotoxicity, TG accumulation, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells and also strongly induced ER stress indicated by increased GRP78, phosphorylation of eIF2α, ATF6, and CHOP. Pretreatment with tan IIA (10 μm) significantly increased cell viability, decreased apoptotic cell death, and reduced the activity of caspase‐3. Meanwhile, tan IIA significantly decreased palmitate‐induced TG accumulation. Moreover, tan IIA significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of eIF2α, and inhibited GRP78, ATF6, and CHOP expression. In conclusion, tan IIA protects the HepG2 cells exposed to palmitate partially by inhibiting excessive ER stress, ER stress‐induced apoptosis, and hepatic steatosis. Therefore, tan IIA has therapeutic potential in the treatment of NAFLD.
Glossary for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses
Authors: Nagendrababu V. , Dilokthornsakul P. , Jinatongthai P. , Veettil S. K. , Pulikkotil S. J. , Duncan H. F. , Dummer P. M. H.
Published: September 2019

A systematic review aims to answer a focussed research question through a structured review of the evidence, using a predefined methodology, which often includes a meta‐analysis. A meta‐analysis is a statistical method used to combine the effect estimates from the individual studies included in a systematic review. Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses are positioned at the highest level in the hierarchy of clinical evidence. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement was introduced in 2009 to help authors improve the quality and reliability of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Recently, the volume of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses in the field of Endodontology has increased; however, the quality of the published manuscripts has been reported to be sub‐optimal, which does not take account of the systematic reviews that were rejected because of more obvious deficiencies. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive glossary of terminology commonly used in systematic reviews and meta‐analyses in an attempt to provide easily understood definitions and explanations to assist authors when reporting systematic reviews and meta‐analyses and to allow those wishing to read them to become better informed.
Microstructure, properties, and application of low carbon Al2O3‐C refractories used as submerged entry nozzles
Authors: Xu Lei , Bao Haowen , Bao Zhi , Gao Song , Chen Min , Wang Nan
Published: September 2019

With the aim to achieve the application of low carbon Al2O3‐C refractory as submerged entry nozzle (SEN) materials, a comprehensive study on the microstructure, thermo‐mechanical properties, as well as application performance during use in the continuous casting was carried out by comparing with the traditional one. Both hot and cold modulus of ruptures of the low carbon Al2O3‐C refractory were superior to the traditional one, and its thermal shock resistance still kept in an acceptable level. The increase in the amount of SiC whiskers and the enhancement in the sintering are considered as the strengthening mechanism. In the industrial trial, the rapid loss of graphite caused by the large level fluctuation made the traditional Al2O3‐C refractory more susceptible to flux corrosion. For the low carbon Al2O3‐C refractory, however, the dense structure and the adhesion of viscous slag layer suppressed the slag penetration. Besides, the remaining SiC phases were also difficult to be wetted and dissolved by the flux. As a consequence, a better corrosion resistance was obtained, achieving a decrease of 27.6% in the average depth of the corrosion groove after working for 8 hous.
Validation of the Chinese version of the Caries Impacts and Experiences Questionnaire for Children (CARIES‐QC)
Authors: He Songlin , Wang Jinhua
Published: September 2019

Background

The Caries Impacts and Experiences Questionnaire for Children (CARIES‐QC) is a newly developed child‐centred caries‐specific quality of life measure.

Aim

We aimed to translate and adapt the CARIES‐QC into Chinese and to validate the Chinese version of the CARIES‐QC (CARIES‐QC/C).

Design

The CARIES‐QC/C was first produced according to international guidelines. Then, the CARIES‐QC/C was distributed to children with active dental caries to evaluate its psychometric properties. Reliability of the CARIES‐QC/C was investigated by internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. Cross‐cultural validity and convergent validity were performed to analyse the validity of the CARIES‐QC/C. Cross‐cultural validity was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Results

A total of 206 children were recruited. Cronbach's alpha value of the CARIES‐QC/C was .942, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the measure was .830. The CARIES‐QC/C had an acceptable fit to the data in the one‐factor model as confirmed by the CFA. The model fit parameters were chi‐square/DF = 2.15, RMSEA = 0.07, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.98, and TLI = 0.96. For the convergent validity of the CARIES‐QC/C, the measure evidenced good relationship with the global question.

Conclusion

The CARIES‐QC/C displays good reliability and validity through strict performance tests. This measure may be used as an effective tool in future clinical trials.
Static fatigue of Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fiber at elevated temperature in air, steam, and silicic acid‐saturated steam
Authors: Robertson Scott J. , Ruggles‐Wrenn Marina B. , Hay Randall S. , Shillig Theodore , Mitchell Ronald , Kroeger Brian , Gumucio Logan
Published: September 2019

A facility for testing SiC fiber tows in static fatigue and creep at elevated temperatures in air and steam was developed. Static fatigue of Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers was investigated at 800°C‐1100°C at applied stresses between 115 and 1250 MPa in air, in Si(OH)4(g)‐saturated steam, and in unsaturated steam. Fibers tested in Si(OH)4(g)‐saturated steam and in air had silica scales throughout the test sections, but those tested in unsaturated steam did not develop scales near the steam injection point. Fiber lifetimes in static fatigue were shortest in unsaturated steam, intermediate in Si(OH)4(g)‐saturated steam, and longest in air. Failure strains did not exceed 0.3%. Steady‐state strain rates and static fatigue lifetimes are modelled empirically by the Monkman‐Grant relationship. Failure mechanisms are discussed.
Ablation behavior and mechanism of Cf/SiBCN composites in plasma ablation flame
Authors: Ding Qi , Ni Dewei , Jiang Youlin , Chen Bowen , Wang Zhen , Kan Yanmei , Gao Le , Zhang Xiangyu , Ding Yusheng , Dong Shaoming
Published: September 2019

In this work, Cf/SiBCN composites are fabricated by an improved precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) approach. Ablation behavior of the Cf/SiBCN composites is investigated in plasma ablation flame at a heat flux of 4.02 MW m−2, which provides a quasi‐real hypersonic service environment at a temperature up to 2200°C. After ablation, the ablated surface is covered with oxidation products in the form of oxide layer, fibrous residues, or bubbles, which effectively isolates the sample surface from the plasma flame and inhibits the scouring of high‐speed flame to the composites. As a result, the Cf/SiBCN composites present an excellent ablation‐resistant property, with linear and mass recession rates as low as 0.0030 mm s−1 and 0.0539 mg mm−2 s−1, respectively. It is also revealed that the material at ablation center undergoes crystallization and oxidation processes during ablation, while the ablation behavior at transition area and ablation fringe only contains oxidation process due to the local temperature difference. Si3N4 and SiC grains are precipitated from amorphous SiBCN matrix during the crystallization process, and the oxidation process mainly involves the oxidation of carbon fiber and SiBCN matrix, etc.
A dual‐strain Lactobacilli reuteri probiotic improves the treatment of residual pockets: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Laleman Isabelle , Pauwels Martine , Quirynen Marc , Teughels Wim
Published: September 2019

Aim

To examine the adjunctive effect of a Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic (ATCC PTA 5289 & DSM 17938) on the re‐instrumentation of residual pockets.

Materials and Methods

This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study included 39 previously non‐surgically treated periodontitis patients. A re‐instrumentation was carried out, and probiotic and/or placebo drops were applied according to the study protocoll. Patients afterwards received lozenges to use 2×/day for 12 weeks. Probing pocket depth (PPD), recession, bleeding on probing and plaque levels were analysed, next to the microbiological impact.

Results

No effects of the probiotic drops could be found. However, after 24 weeks, the overall PPD in the probiotic lozenges group (2.64 ± 0.33 mm) was significantly lower compared to the control lozenges (2.92 ± 0.42 mm). This difference was even more pronounced in moderate (4–6 mm) and deep (≥7 mm) pockets. In the probiotic lozenges group, there were also significantly more pockets converting from ≥4 mm at baseline to ≤3 mm at 24 weeks (67 ± 18% versus 54 ± 17%) and less sites in need for surgery (4 ± 4% versus 8 ± 6%). However, the probiotic products did not influence the microbiological counts of the periodontopathogens.

Conclusion

The adjunctive consumption of L. reuteri lozenges after re‐instrumentation improved the PPD reduction, without an impact on pocket colonization with periodontopathogens.
The frequency of photosensitizing drug dispensings in Austria and Germany: a correlation with their photosensitizing potential based on published literature
Authors: Hofmann G.A. , Gradl G. , Schulz M. , Haidinger G. , Tanew A. , Weber B.
Published: September 2019

Background

Drug‐induced photosensitivity refers to the development of cutaneous adverse events due to interaction between a pharmaceutical compound and sunlight. Although photosensitivity is a very commonly listed side‐effect of systemic drugs, reliable data on its actual incidence are lacking so far.

Objectives

A possible approach to evaluate the real‐life extent of drug‐induced photosensitivity would be an analysis of the frequency of exposure to a given photosensitizing drug combined with an indicator of its photosensitizing potential. This could serve as a basis for developing a pharmaceutical ‘heatmap’ of photosensitivity.

Methods

The present study investigated the number of reimbursed dispensed packages of potentially photosensitizing drugs in Germany (DE) and Austria (AT) between 2010 and 2017 based on nationwide health insurance‐based databases. In addition, an indicator for the photosensitizing potential was established for each drug based on the number of reports on photosensitivity in the literature.

Results

This analysis includes means of 632 826 944 (+/−14 894 918) drug dispensings per year in DE and 113 270 754 (+/−1 964 690) in AT. Out of these, the mean percentage of drugs that enlist photosensitivity as a potential side‐effect was 49.5% (±0.7) in DE and 48.2% (±1.2) in AT. When plotting the number of reimbursed dispensed packages vs. the number of reports on photosensitivity, two categories of drugs show high numbers for both parameters, that is diuretics and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Conclusions

Diuretics and NSAIDs appear to be responsible for the greatest part of exposure to photosensitizing drugs with potential implication on public health.
Pro‐inflammatory role of high‐mobility group box‐1 on brain mast cells via the RAGE/NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Qian Qing‐Qing , Zhang Xiang , Wang Yi‐Wei , Xu Jia‐Wen , Dong Hong‐Quan , Li Na‐Na , Qian Yan‐Ning , Gui Bo
Published: September 2019

High‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB‐1) acts as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine contributing to the occurrence of many central inflammatory and infectious disorders. Brain mast cells (MCs) are the first responders to peripheral inflammatory stimulation because of their rapid response to external stimuli coupled with their release of preformed and newly synthesized reactive chemicals. Little is known about the involvement of brain MCs in the pro‐inflammatory effects of HMGB‐1 on the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, we investigated the activation process of MCs by HMGB‐1 and explored whether this process is involved in the pro‐inflammatory effects of HMGB‐1 on the CNS. In this study, we used P815 cells to study the activating role of HMGB‐1 on MCs and to explore its potential mechanism in vitro. In an in vivo study, adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats received i.c.v. injection of sterile saline or cromoglycate (stabilizer of MCs) 30 min prior to i.p. injection of HMGB‐1. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor and IL‐1β were observed in the P815 cells, as well as in the rats’ brains, after HMGB‐1 treatment. Pretreatment with the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE)‐siRNA inhibited the HMGB‐1‐induced inflammatory process in the P815 cells. Activation of the RAGE/nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway was observed in both the P815 cells and rats’ brains. In addition, HMGB‐1 induced the accumulation of brain MCs in the hippocampal CA1 region, and the blood–brain barrier was disrupted. Pretreatment with cromoglycate, a stabilizer of MCs, mitigated these HMGB‐1‐induced pro‐inflammatory processes in rats. These findings indicate that brain MCs are involved in the pro‐inflammatory effect of HMGB‐1 on the CNS, probably via activating the RAGE/NF‐κB pathway.

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Quantitative proteomics of synaptosome S‐nitrosylation in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wijasa Teodora Stella , Sylvester Marc , Brocke‐Ahmadinejad Nahal , Schwartz Stephanie , Santarelli Francesco , Gieselmann Volkmar , Klockgether Thomas , Brosseron Frederic , Heneka Michael T.
Published: September 2019

Increasing evidence suggests that both synaptic loss and neuroinflammation constitute early pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. A downstream event during inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes is the induction of nitric oxide synthase type 2, resulting in an increased release of nitric oxide and the post‐translational S‐nitrosylation of protein cysteine residues. Both early events, inflammation and synaptic dysfunction, could be connected if this excess nitrosylation occurs on synaptic proteins. In the long term, such changes could provide new insight into patho‐mechanisms as well as biomarker candidates from the early stages of disease progression. This study investigated S‐nitrosylation in synaptosomal proteins isolated from APP/PS1 model mice in comparison to wild type and NOS2−/− mice, as well as human control, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease brain tissues. Proteomics data were obtained using an established protocol utilizing an isobaric mass tag method, followed by nanocapillary high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis identified the S‐nitrosylation sites most likely derived from an increase in nitric oxide (NO) in dependence of presence of AD pathology, age and the key enzyme NOS2. The resulting list of candidate proteins is discussed considering function, previous findings in the context of neurodegeneration, and the potential for further validation studies.

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A tumultuous transition to motherhood: Altered brain and hormonal responses in mothers with postpartum depression
Authors: Nguyen Amanda J. , Hoyer Elisabeth , Rajhans Purva , Strathearn Lane , Kim Sohye
Published: September 2019

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common but complex condition that is poorly understood and multifactorial in aetiology. It is a condition that can compromise the mother's care for her infant, which may pose challenges to the formation of the mother‐infant bond and the infant's overall development. Past research has looked at abnormalities in the brain circuitry and hormonal profiles of mothers with PPD compared to non‐depressed mothers. However, abnormalities in PPD that may specifically affect the mother's care of her infant have not been clearly assessed. Thus, the present review aims to synthesise studies of altered brain and hormonal responses in mothers with PPD in relation to their care of their infant. First, we review maternal brain responses and their relation to PPD symptomatology, focusing on the salience/fear network, reward/attachment network and default mode network. Next, we discuss oxytocin and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis hormones in the context of maternal behaviour and PPD. Finally, we synthesise these findings and propose how future studies may benefit from the combined study of both neural and hormonal activity to better understand the underlying neurobiology of maternal care in PPD.
Extracellular vesicles as a novel therapeutic tool for cell‐free regenerative medicine in oral rehabilitation
Authors: Lv Longwei , Sheng Chunhui , Zhou Yongsheng
Published: September 2019

Oral maxillofacial defects may always lead to complicated hard and soft tissue loss, including bone, nerve, blood vessels, teeth and skin, which are difficult to restore and severely influence the life quality of patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are emerging as potential solutions for complex tissue regeneration through cell‐free therapies. In this review, we highlight the functional roles of EVs in the regenerative medicine for oral maxillofacial rehabilitation, specifically bone, skin, blood vessels, peripheral nerve and tooth‐related tissue regeneration. Publications were reviewed by two researchers independently basing on three databases (PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science), until 31 December 2018. Basing on current researches, we classified the origin of EVs for regenerative medicine into four categories: related cells in the regenerative niche, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells and body fluids. The secretome of different cells are distinct, while the same cells secrete different EVs under varied conditions; therefore, the content profiles of EVs and regulatory mechanisms on target cells are compared and emphasised. By unravelling the regulatory mechanisms of EVs in tissue regeneration, modified cells and tailored EVs with specific target may be produced for precision medicine with high efficacy.
Temporomandibular disorders, pain in the neck and shoulder area, and headache among musicians
Authors: van Selms Maurits K. A. , Wiegers Jetske W. , van der Meer Hedwig A. , Ahlberg Jari , Lobbezoo Frank , Visscher Corine M.
Published: September 2019

Background

Uncertainties still exist about the role of playing musical instruments on the report of musculoskeletal complaints and headache.

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of and risk indicators for symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, pain in the neck or shoulder, and headache among musicians.

Methods

A questionnaire was distributed among 50 Dutch music ensembles.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 1470 musicians (response rate 77.0%). Of these, 371 musicians were categorised as woodwind players, 300 as brass players, 276 as upper strings players, 306 as vocalists and 208 as controls; nine musicians had not noted their main instrument. The mean age was 41.6 years (standard deviation [SD] 17.2), and 46.5% were male. Irrespective of instrumentalist group, 18.3% of the musicians reported TMD pain, 52.5% reported pain in the neck and shoulder area, and 42.5% reported headache. Of the functional complaints, 18.3% of the musicians reported TMJ sounds, whereas a jaw lock or catch on opening or on closing was reported by 7.1% and 2.4%, respectively. TMD pain was associated with playing a woodwind instrument, whereas pain in the neck and shoulder was associated with playing the violin or viola. For each complaint, oral behaviours were found as risk indicator, supplemented by specific risk indicators for the various complaints.

Conclusions

The current finding that pain‐related symptoms varied widely between instrumentalist groups seems to reflect the impact of different instrument playing techniques. Playing a musical instrument appears not the primary aetiologic factor in precipitating a functional temporomandibular joint problem.
Development of an Oral and Maxillofacial Frailty Index: A preliminary study
Authors: Choi Jee‐Hye , Kang Jeong‐Hyun , Koh Sang‐Baek , Kim Nam‐Hee , Kho Hong‐Seop
Published: September 2019

Objective

The purpose of this study is to develop an index to measure oral and maxillofacial frailty in older adults as an acceptable screening tool.

Methods

Three hundred adults (aged ≥ 50 years) participated in this study by telephone interview. Ten candidate items for the Oral and Maxillofacial Frailty Index (OMFI) and 20 matched detailed items for oral and maxillofacial functions were asked. Information about sociodemographic and oral health‐related variables was also obtained. The test‐retest reliability of the 10 candidate items was determined. Correlations of the 10 candidate items with the 20 detailed items or sociodemographic and oral health‐related variables were analysed to test the validity of the candidate items. To suggest optimal items for the OMFI, five different models with different numbers of items were constructed and evaluated based on their associations with main variables.

Results

The overall internal consistency of the 10 candidate items was .704, and the Cronbach's alpha value of each item was .23‐.55. The test‐retest reliability was excellent. There were significant correlations between the 10 candidate and 20 matched detailed items. The score of the 10 candidate items was significantly different according to gender, education level and oral health‐related variables. The final five items for the OMFI were difficulties in chewing, the necessity of water when eating dry food, difficulties in jaw or tongue movements, difficulties in speaking or pronunciation and difficulties in facial expression.

Conclusions

The five items could be used as a screening tool for evaluating oral and maxillofacial frailty in older adults.
Frequent delayed spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B virus after incident HBV infection among adult high‐risk groups
Authors: van Santen Daniela K. , Boyd Anders , Bruisten Sylvia , Sonder Gerard JB , Prins Maria , van Houdt Robin
Published: September 2019

High rates (~25%) of developing chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive for > 6 months following infection) have been observed in people who use drugs (PWUD) and men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed to estimate the frequency of delayed HBsAg seroclearance, along with its determinants, and time to delayed HBsAg seroclearance. Data were used from MSM and PWUD enrolled in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies (1985‐2002) who had anti‐hepatitis B core antibody seroconversion. Potential determinants for standard HBsAg seroclearance, delayed HBsAg seroclearance and chronic HBV were examined using multinominal logistic regression. Time to HBsAg seroclearance was estimated using Kaplan‐Meier curves. A total of 147 incident HBV infections occurred during follow‐up. On initial HBsAg testing after infection (6‐12 months), 42 (29%) were HBsAg‐positive and 105 (71%) were HBsAg‐negative (‘standard HBsAg seroclearance’). Of the 42 initially HBsAg‐positive individuals, 22 subsequently tested HBsAg‐negative (of whom 7 (31.8%) were HBV DNA positive at last visit, suggesting occult HBV). Overall, 15 became HBsAg‐negative and HBV DNA‐negative (‘delayed HBsAg seroclearance’), while 27 remained HBsAg and/or HBV DNA‐positive (‘chronic HBV’). The 5‐year cumulative probability of delayed HBsAg seroclearance was 41.6% for initially HBsAg‐positive individuals. Delayed HBsAg seroclearance and remaining chronically infected were associated with younger age and HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐co‐infection. In conclusion, delayed HBsAg seroclearance is common in these key adult populations at‐risk for HBV, while proportion developing HBV chronicity (18%) is still higher compared to the general population (~5%). Given the proportion of individuals with occult HBV infection and that HCV direct‐acting antivirals can lead to HBV reactivation, HBV DNA testing in HCV co‐infected MSM/PWUD are warranted prior to treatment initiation.
p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase impairment of innate immune cells is a characteristic feature of HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Bakarozi Marianna , Mavropoulos Athanasios , Bogdanos Dimitrios P. , Dalekos George N. , Rigopoulou Eirini I.
Published: September 2019

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 (MAPK) is implicated in the induction of immune responses by regulating the differentiation of T lymphocytes and production of cytokines. Our aim was to investigate p38MAPK phosphorylation in different stages of the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll‐Hypaque density‐based centrifugation from 10 patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B [HBeAg(−) CHB;HBV‐DNA>2000IU/mL], eight patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic HBV infection [HBeAg(−) CI;undetectable HBV‐DNA] and 8 healthy controls (HCs). p38MAPK phosphorylation was assessed by phospho‐specific flow cytometry in PBMCs and cell subsets (CD3+,CD3−,CD56+,CD56−) after stimulation with cytokines (IL‐12+IL‐2 and IL‐12+IL‐18) or nonspecific stimuli [arsenite, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and ionomycin] at 0,30,60,120 and 240 minutes using p38 phospho‐specific conjugated antibodies. ΙFN‐γ was determined by ELISA in PBMCs culture supernatants after stimulation with rhIL‐2, rhIL‐12 and rhIL‐18, with and without pre‐treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. HBeAg(−) CI patients showed the highest expression of phosphor‐p38 MAPK in total PBMCs and subpopulations compared to HBeAg(−) CHB and HCs. A striking impairment in p38 phosphorylation was noted in CD56+ cells and in especially in NK cells (CD3‐CD56+). SB203580‐induced inhibition of p38MAPK phosphorylation was associated with suppression of IFN‐γ production in all groups. The universal lack of p38 MAPK activation in CD56+ and in particular in NK cells from HBeAg(−) CHB patients during viremia suggests a potential cell‐dependent implication of this pathway in the natural history of HBV infection.
Alloparental care in the sea: Brood parasitism and adoption within and between two species of coral reef Altrichthys damselfish?
Authors: Tariel Juliette , Longo Gary , Quiros Angela , Crane Nicole L. , Tenggardjaja Kimberly , Jackson Alexis , Lyon Bruce E. , Bernardi Giacomo
Published: September 2019

The evolution of parental care opens the door for the evolution of brood parasitic strategies that allow individuals to gain the benefits of parental care without paying the costs. Here we provide the first documentation for alloparental care in coral reef fish and we discuss why these patterns may reflect conspecific and interspecific brood parasitism. Species‐specific barcodes revealed the existence of low levels (3.5% of all offspring) of mixed interspecific broods, mostly juvenile Amblyglyphidodon batunai and Pomacentrus smithi damselfish in Altrichthys broods. A separate analysis of conspecific parentage based on microsatellite markers revealed that mixed parentage broods are common in both species, and the genetic patterns are consistent with two different modes of conspecific brood parasitism, although further studies are required to determine the specific mechanisms responsible for these mixed parentage broods. While many broods had offspring from multiple parasites, in many cases a given brood contained only a single foreign offspring, perhaps a consequence of the movement of lone juveniles between nests. In other cases, broods contained large numbers of putative parasitic offspring from the same parents and we propose that these are more likely to be cases where parasitic adults laid a large number of eggs in the host nest than the result of movements of large numbers of offspring from a single brood after hatching. The evidence that these genetic patterns reflect adaptive brood parasitism, as well as possible costs and benefits of parasitism to hosts and parasites, are discussed.
Tumor depth of invasion and prognosis of early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Caldeira Patrícia Carlos , Soto Andrea María López , de Aguiar Maria Cássia Ferreira , Martins Carolina Castro
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To assess the prognosis for early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma according to tumor depth of invasion (DOI).

Methods

This study was logged in the PROSPERO database under protocol # CRD42017059976. The search was conducted in six electronic databases up to May 2019. Fixed‐effects meta‐analysis was performed for the calculation of the odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% CI. Primary outcomes were lymph node metastasis, recurrence, and survival. Heterogeneity was calculated by the I2 test. The certainty of evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies were included (19 in the meta‐analysis) with 2,404 patients with a mean of 60 years of age. High tumor DOI is associated with a greater chance of presenting lymph node metastasis, regardless of the cutoff point for DOI (13 meta‐analysis; OR 1.69–53.08), recurrence (five meta‐analysis; OR 1.22–3.83), and lower chance of survival (1 meta‐analysis; OR 0.49). The certainty of evidence varied from very low to low.

Conclusions

Tumor DOI is a good prognosticator for early‐stage OSCC. The findings of the current meta‐analysis highlight the clinical relevance of DOI and corroborate its incorporation for staging OSCC.
Type I interferon and interferon‐stimulated gene expression in oral epithelial cells
Authors: Brice D.C. , Figgins E. , Yu F. , Diamond G.
Published: September 2019

Oral epithelial cells (OEC) represent the first site of host interaction with viruses that infect the body through the oral route; however, their innate antiviral defense mechanisms yet to be defined. Previous studies have determined that OEC express pathogen‐, damage‐, or danger‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs), but their expression of key antiviral innate immune mediators, including type I interferons (type I IFN) and interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs) has not been studied extensively. We used the oral keratinocyte cell line, OKF6/TERT1, in the presence and absence of the viral mimics poly(I:C) and unmethylated CpG DNA, to define the expression of type I IFN and ISGs. We identified the basal expression of novel type I IFN genes IFNE and IFNK, while IFNB1 was induced by viral mimics, through the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Numerous ISGs were expressed at basal levels in OEC, with an apparent correlation between high expression and antiviral activity at the earlier stages of viral infection. Stimulation of OECs with poly(I:C) led to selective induction of ISGs, including MX1, BST2, PML, RSAD2, ISG15, and ZC3HAV1. Together, our results demonstrate that OECs exhibit a robust innate antiviral immune defense profile, which is primed to address a wide variety of pathogenic viruses that are transmitted orally.
Risk factors for unsuccessful atropine therapy in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Authors: Ono Sachie , Takenouchi Ayako , Terui Keita , Yoshida Hideo , Terui Elena
Published: September 2019

Background

I.v. atropine (IA) for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a good alternative to pyloromyotomy but has not been broadly accepted. The lower success rate is one of the greatest disadvantages of IA. We investigated the risk factors for unsuccessful results following IA for IHPS.

Methods

Medical records of patients with IHPS who were admitted to Kimitsu Chuo Hospital between 2002 and 2016 and were initially given atropine sulfate were retrospectively reviewed. Atropine was given i.v. (0.1 mg/kg/day in eight divided doses). Oral feeding of milk was started with a small amount and increased in a stepwise fashion to full feed. IA therapy was defined as unsuccessful in the presence of projectile vomiting more than three times a day or intolerance to a predetermined amount of milk.

Results

Of the 48 patients with IHPS, 33 patients were successfully treated with IA and 15 patients needed surgical intervention. On univariate analysis the risk factors for unsuccessful IA therapy were younger age, lower bodyweight, and shorter duration of symptoms before diagnosis. On multivariate analysis age at diagnosis < 30 days was the only significant risk factor for unsuccessful IA therapy (OR, 5.7 l P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Age at diagnosis < 30 days is a risk factor for unsuccessful IA therapy in IHPS. This might be considered when IA therapy is used for neonates with IHPS.
A comparative clinical trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of the 308‐nm excimer laser and the gain‐switched 311‐nm titanium:sapphire laser in the treatment of vitiligo
Authors: Park Myeong Jin , Shon Uri , Seong Gi Hyun , Kim Myung Hwa , Park Byung Cheol , Hong Seung Phil
Published: September 2019

Background/purpose

Ultraviolet B (UVB) laser irradiation in a targeted manner is a reasonable treatment option for localized vitiligo. Recently, narrow‐band UVB gain‐switched 311‐nm titanium:sapphire lasers (TSL) were developed for the treatment of localized vitiligo. We aimed to compare efficacy, patient satisfaction, and safety between the conventional 308‐nm excimer laser (EL) and gain‐switched 311‐nm TSL in patients with vitiligo.

Methods

The 13‐paired lesions from 10 patients who had small vitiligo patches were included in this prospective intra‐patient comparison trial. Each pair was randomly assigned to each laser treatment group and treated twice weekly for 12 weeks. The global photographic assessments by dermatologists, objective numerical assessments by imaging analyzer, and patient's satisfaction were used to evaluate the effectiveness. Adverse effects were also investigated at every visit.

Results

All treated lesions showed improvement of about 50% after 12 weeks. There was no significant difference between EL‐ and TSL‐treated groups. Patient satisfaction and preference among the groups were also similar. Regarding safety, there were no serious adverse effects requiring cessation of the treatments; however, the severity score for persistent erythema (lasting >24 hours) was significantly lower in the TSL group than in the EL group.

Conclusions

The gain‐switched 311‐nm TSL exhibited similar efficacy to the 308‐nm EL in treating vitiligo as well as improved safety. Therefore, the 311‐nm TSL is considered as a candidate device to replace the EL as a new and promising treatment option for localized vitiligo.
Pollination and resource limitation as interacting constraints on almond fruit set
Authors: Cunningham S. A. , Evans M. J. , Neave M. , Armstrong J. , Barton P. S.
Published: September 2019

Pollination and resource availability are factors determining reproductive success of plants, and in agriculture these factors influence yield of fruit‐bearing crops. Our understanding of the importance of crop pollination is fast improving, but less is known about how the interaction between pollination and resources constrains fruit production.

We conducted an experiment with almond trees (Prunus dulcis) to examine how the number of flowers, light availability and competition for resources affected nut (fruit) production on individual spurs (fruit‐bearing structures) exposed to open‐pollination or hand‐pollination.

We found a positive relationship between flower number and nut number on spurs with up to four flowers, but no further benefit after four flowers, suggesting a resource threshold expressed by individual spurs. Spurs with few flowers increased the conversion rate of flowers to nuts when supplemented with hand‐pollination, but spurs with more flowers were more likely to achieve the threshold number of nuts even under open‐pollination. Our experiment included a further treatment involving spraying whole trees with pollen. This treatment reduced nut production by spurs with many flowers and high light availability, suggesting competition is experienced by well‐resourced spurs when resources need to be shared among developing nuts across the whole tree.

Our study supports the hypothesis that excess flower production in fruit trees increases the potential for fruit production when pollinator and resource availability is variable (bet‐hedging). Spurs with more flowers typically produce more nuts (within a limited range), but only if both resources and pollen supply increase with flower number. For almond growers, a focus on maintaining high flower numbers, especially in high light regions of the canopy, is the foundation for high levels of production. Strategies to lift flower number and light are complicated by trade‐offs inherent in tree architecture and orchard design. However, fruit set would be lifted above that achieved by current practice by an increase in the pollination rate of flowers.
The preliminary studies on protein profile in retained and not retained foetal membranes in heavy draft mares
Authors: Wawrzykowski Jacek , Rapacz‐Leonard Anna , Wiącek Dariusz , Kankofer Marta , Janowski Tomasz
Published: September 2019

Protein profile of the placenta expresses its function and maintenance. Any alterations can be reflected in qualitative and quantitative changes in this profile. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of protein profile in the placenta of mares suffering from the retention of foetal membranes (FMR) by two separation methods and the comparison with physiologically released tissues. Placentas from 14 healthy, heavy draft mares were collected immediately after the expulsion of newborn. Tissues after homogenization and staining with fluorescent dyes were subjected to electrophoretic as well as chromatographic separation. Electrophoretic gels were statistically analysed for the presence and abundance of examined proteins, while some proteins were identified in chromatographic fractions. Out of 248 spots detected in endometrium, 38 differed significantly between FMR and control animals, while in allantochorion, respective values reached 241 and 27 spots (p < .05). Among identified proteins that expressed higher abundance in endometrium of FMR mares than control animals were prostaglandin reductase, dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family, and placental growth factor. These proteins are involved in regulation of parturition. Additionally, the following proteins responsible for physiological activity of a cell—guanine methyl transferase, aspartyl/asparaginyl beta‐hydroxylase and GTP‐binding protein, were identified. These proteins expressed higher abundance in allantochorion of FMR mares than in controls. This preliminary study confirmed the disturbances in protein pattern between foetal membranes in FMR and healthy mares. Further qualitative and quantitative experiments are necessary to deepen our knowledge on the mechanisms of the retention of foetal membranes in mares.
A genetically informed examination of the relations between inaccurate emotion expression and recognition and experiencing peer victimization
Authors: DiLalla Lisabeth Fisher , John Sufna Gheyara
Published: September 2019

This study examines children's abilities to accurately portray emotions (emotion expression; EE) and to read others' emotions (emotion recognition; ER) as possible genetically influenced behaviors that may increase vulnerability to victimization. In this study of 127 6–10‐year‐old multiples, children were assessed for EE accuracy by being photographed when told to display different emotions; photographs were subsequently rated for emotion accuracy. Children also were assessed for ER accuracy on a computer task by rating the emotions of displayed children's faces. Genetic likelihood scores for angry and fearful EE and ER errors were calculated. Children also completed a victimization questionnaire. Results showed that children who were poor at making angry faces (EE angry misses) were less likely to be victimized, and children who were more likely to rate faces as fearful (ER fearful biases) were more likely to be victimized. ER fearful biases were related to victimization through a shared genetic link. Finally, demonstrating gene–environment correlation, girls with a genetic likelihood for not looking fearful when they were intending to (EE fearful misses) were significantly less likely to be victimized by peers. These results show that emotion skills surrounding expressing and recognizing anger and fear are associated with peer victimization risk.
Soil organic carbon in cropping sequences with predominance of soya bean in the argentinean humid Pampas
Authors: Martinez Juan P. , Crespo Cecilia , Sainz Rozas Hernán , Echeverría Hernán , Studdert Guillermo , Martinez Fernado , Cordone Graciela , Barbieri Pablo
Published: September 2019

Soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) monoculture can lead to a decrease in labile fractions of soil organic carbon (SOC). This study sought to evaluate the effects of cover crops (CC), application of fertilizer, and crop rotation on SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), and soil carbon input in soya bean‐based crop sequences under a no‐till cropping system in the Argentinean Humid Pampas. Five crop sequences at two sites differing in initial SOC were evaluated: continuous soya bean (Sb), continuous soya bean fertilized with phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) (Sbf), grass CC / PS‐fertilized soya bean (CC/Sbf), nitrogen (N)‐fertilized CC / PS‐fertilized soya bean (CCf/Sbf) and NPS‐fertilized crop rotation with high intensification sequence index (ISI) (Rot). At 0–5 cm, SOC and POC were higher (p < .05) in the sequences with higher residue‐C supply (CC/Sbf; CCf/Sbf and Rot) at both sites. Changes in SOC at 0–20 cm simulated by AMG model closely tracked measured results at 0–20 cm. Findings from this study suggest that the inclusion of CC or crop rotation with high ISI improved C balance in soils under crop sequences with soya bean predominance.
Successful optimization of antiretroviral regimens in treatment‐experienced people living with HIV undergoing liver transplantation
Authors: Waldman Georgina , Rawlings Stephen A. , Kerr Janice , Vodkin Irine , Aslam Saima , Logan Cathy , Dan Jennifer , Mehta Sanjay , Hill Lucas , Karris Maile Y.
Published: September 2019

Modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) extends life expectancy for people living with HIV (PLWH). However, most older PLWH (≥50 years) “aged” with HIV and were exposed to historical HIV care practices and older, more toxic ART. In PLWH with exposure to older and multiple ART regimens, the drug interactions between ART frequently used in treatment‐experienced persons and commonly used immunosuppressants remain a significant challenge. However, the advent of newer ART classes (eg, integrase non‐strand transfer inhibitors) and more advanced HIV genetic resistance testing may allow optimization of ART regimens with minimal drug interactions. Here, we present a case series of three PLWH whose complicated ART interacted (or was at risk for interacting) with their post–liver transplant immunosuppression. After a review of their proviral DNA resistance testing, they successfully transitioned onto safer integrase non‐strand transfer inhibitor‐containing ART regimens without viral blips or evidence of organ rejection.
Measurements of Blowdown Thrust Loading in Natural Gas Facilities
Authors: Botros K. K. , Charette H. , Martens M. , Beckel M. , Szuch G.
Published: September 2019

The thrust loading on a vertical blowdown stack during a natural gas blowdown was investigated using a combined experimental and modeling approach. A gravimetric vessel initially at 4000 kPa-g was blown down through two geometrically different stack assemblies. Thrust loads were measured using a dynamic weigh scale typically used for gravimetric calibration of gas flow meters. A one-dimensional (1D) compressible flow model, calibrated using the experimental data, revealed stagnation pressure losses at the entrance to the riser, resulting in lower thrust loads. A comparison between thrust loading obtained from the measurements and the 1D compressible flow model is presented. This work shows that the analytical flow model predicts the blowdown thrust loads within ±30%.
Empirical Investigation of Sport Trademark Dilution Using Contingent Valuation Method
Authors: Cho Sungho , Lee J. Lucy , Won June , Lee Jong Kwan (Jake)
Published: September 2019

Under the federal trademark law, owners of famous sport trademarks may bring legal claims against unauthorized users of their marks under the infringement and dilution theory. Although the rationale of trademark infringement has been supported by various notions of consumer psychology and law and economics, the theory of dilution has been criticized for the lack of empirical support. This study investigated whether the junior use of major sport trademarks would have dilutive effects on the senior marks in financial terms. The study employed the contingent valuation method, a technique designed to estimate the economic values of nonpecuniary assets such as trademarks. A total of 140 subjects were exposed to dilutive information while they purchased sport brand merchandise. A series of pre- and posttests revealed that moderately famous sport trademarks suffered dilutive harm from junior use, whereas exceptionally famous marks were immune to the dilutive effects. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.