bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density-Dependent Metabolic Costs of Copper Exposure in a Coastal Copepod
Authors: Lode Torben , Heuschele Jan , Andersen Tom , Titelman Josefin , Hylland Ketil , Borgå Katrine
Published: June 2021

Traditional ecotoxicology methods involving copepods have focused on exposure of pooled individuals and averaged responses, but there is increasing awareness of the importance of individual variation. Many biological traits are density dependent, and decisions to use single-individual or pooled exposure may affect responses to anthropogenic stressors. We investigated how conspecific density as a biotic stressor affects behavioral and respiratory responses to copper (Cu) exposure in the coastal copepod Tigriopus brevicornis. Adults were incubated at densities of 1, 2, or 4 individuals per replicate in 3.2 mL of exposure medium (23 µg Cu L–1 or control). Our results show an interaction of Cu exposure and density on respiration. The Cu exposure increased respiration, but this effect diminished with increasing density. We also found reduced swimming activity with increasing density. We propose 2 nonexclusive alternative explanations for the density-dependent respiratory increase of Cu exposure: 1) a behavioral stress response to low conspecific density, or 2) increased Cu exposure due to increased swimming activity. We emphasize the importance of considering density-dependency in responses when designing and interpreting ecotoxicology studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2538–2546. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
A comprehensive score reflecting memory‐related fMRI activations and deactivations as potential biomarker for neurocognitive aging
Authors: Soch Joram , Richter Anni , Schütze Hartmut , Kizilirmak Jasmin M. , Assmann Anne , Behnisch Gusalija , Feldhoff Hannah , Fischer Larissa , Heil Julius , Knopf Lea , Merkel Christian , Raschick Matthias , Schietke Clara‐Johanna , Schult Annika , Seidenbecher Constanze I. , Yakupov Renat , Ziegler Gabriel , Wiltfang Jens , Düzel Emrah , Schott Björn Hendrik
Published: June 2021

Older adults and particularly those at risk for developing dementia typically show a decline in episodic memory performance, which has been associated with altered memory network activity detectable via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To quantify the degree of these alterations, a score has been developed as a putative imaging biomarker for successful aging in memory for older adults (Functional Activity Deviations during Encoding, FADE; Düzel et al., Hippocampus, 2011; 21: 803–814). Here, we introduce and validate a more comprehensive version of the FADE score, termed FADE‐SAME (Similarity of Activations during Memory Encoding), which differs from the original FADE score by considering not only activations but also deactivations in fMRI contrasts of stimulus novelty and successful encoding, and by taking into account the variance of young adults' activations. We computed both scores for novelty and subsequent memory contrasts in a cohort of 217 healthy adults, including 106 young and 111 older participants, as well as a replication cohort of 117 young subjects. We further tested the stability and generalizability of both scores by controlling for different MR scanners and gender, as well as by using different data sets of young adults as reference samples. Both scores showed robust age‐group‐related differences for the subsequent memory contrast, and the FADE‐SAME score additionally exhibited age‐group‐related differences for the novelty contrast. Furthermore, both scores correlate with behavioral measures of cognitive aging, namely memory performance. Taken together, our results suggest that single‐value scores of memory‐related fMRI responses may constitute promising biomarkers for quantifying neurocognitive aging.
Preoperative predictors of difficult oropharyngeal exposure for transoral robotic surgery: The Pharyngoscore
Authors: Gaino Francesca , Gorphe Philippe , Vander Poorten Vincent , Holsinger F. Christopher , Lira Renan B. , Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Garrel Renaud , Van Der Vorst Sebastien , Cristalli Giovanni , Ferreli Fabio , De Virgilio Armando , Giannitto Caterina , Morenghi Emanuela , Colombo Giovanni , Malvezzi Luca , Spriano Giuseppe , Mercante Giuseppe
Published: June 2021

Background

Insufficient exposure may require termination of procedure in transoral robotic surgery (TORS). The aim of study was to develop a “Pharyngoscore” to quantify the risk of difficult oropharyngeal exposure (DOE) before TORS.

Methods

Three‐hundred six patients undergoing any surgical procedure at one Academic Hospital were prospectively enrolled. Oropharynx was exposed with Feyh–Kastenbauer retractor. Exposure was evaluated by direct and endoscopic visualization of the four oropharyngeal subsites. Preoperative clinical/anthropometric parameters were studied in good oropharyngeal exposure and DOE groups. Logistic regression was performed to explore association between clinical/anthropometric parameters and DOE. Statistically significant parameters at multivariate analysis were incorporated into a nomogram.

Results

Sixty‐five (21.2%) subjects were characterized by DOE. Variables associated with DOE at univariate analysis were male (p = 0.031), modified Mallampati Class (MMC) ≥ III (p < 0.001), smaller interincisor gap (p < 0.001), and larger neck circumference (p = 0.006). MMC, interincisor gap, and neck circumference were significant at multivariate analysis and were presented with a nomogram for creating the Pharyngoscore.

Conclusions

The Pharyngoscore is a promising tool for calculating DOE probability before TORS.
Developing Priorities for Palliative Care Research in Advanced Liver Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Patel Arpan A. , Woodrell Christopher , Ufere Nneka N. , Hansen Lissi , Tandon Puneeta , Verma Manisha , Lai Jennifer , Pinotti Rachel , Rakoski Mina ,   and on behalf of the Palliative Care Education, Advocacy, and Research in Liver Disease (PEARL) Workgroup and the AASLD Public Health / Healthcare Delivery Special Interest Group (SIG)
Published: June 2021

Individuals with advanced liver disease (AdvLD), such as decompensated cirrhosis (DC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), have significant palliative needs. However, little research is available to guide health care providers on how to improve key domains related to palliative care (PC). We sought to identify priority areas for future research in PC by performing a comprehensive literature review and conducting iterative expert panel discussions. We conducted a literature review using search terms related to AdvLD and key PC domains. Individual reviews of these domains were performed, followed by iterative discussions by a panel consisting of experts from multiple disciplines, including hepatology, specialty PC, and nursing. Based on these discussions, priority areas for research were identified. We identified critical gaps in the available research related to PC and AdvLD. We developed and shared five key priority questions incorporating domains related to PC. Conclusion: Future research endeavors focused on improving PC in AdvLD should consider addressing the five key priorities areas identified from literature reviews and expert panel discussions.
One way or another? An international comparison of expatriate performance management in multinational companies
Authors: Bader Anna Katharina , Bader Benjamin , Froese Fabian Jintae , Sekiguchi Tomoki
Published: June 2021

Due to the high costs and strategic importance of expatriate assignments, expatriate performance management (EPM) plays an increasingly important role for multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, research on EPM is still in its infancy. Drawing from the convergence/divergence debate in international human resource management, this study investigates and compares EPM strategies and practices across MNEs from three different country clusters to better understand whether EPM practices tend to converge, diverge, or crossverge (i.e., show aspects of both). Results from surveying 132 Anglo‐Saxon, Germanic, and Japanese MNEs reveal prominent differences (divergence) at the EPM strategic level such that Japanese MNEs tend to pursue more ethnocentric staffing strategies and design EPM systems specifically tailored to expatriates. On the practice level, we found both commonalities and differences between Japanese and Anglo‐Saxon and Germanic MNEs, pointing toward crossvergence. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are discussed.
Understanding Literacy and Policy from a Classroom Teacher's Perspective
Authors: Zancanella Don , Rice Mary Frances
Published: June 2021

We are so proud to be incoming co‐editors of the literacy policy column for JAAL. We desire to open a forum that illuminates how policy functions in contemporary settings, especially in relation to literacy teaching and learning. Our experiences as teachers, teacher educators, and literacy scholars has taught us that knowledge about policy is powerful. Such knowledge can make one feel less like a victim of politicians and policy‐makers and inspire advocacy. It can also help teachers work around and even resist uninformed and poorly‐designed policies. During our tenure, we will strive present our observations in an interesting way‐‐because one problem with learning about policy is that the writing about it is too often unnecessarily technical, legalistic, and down‐right dull. This first column looks carefully at the shower of policies that rains down on a teacher, making a seemingly mundane request from peers a veritable deluge of policy decisions.
Bone Nanomechanical Properties and Relationship to Bone Turnover and Architecture in Patients With Atypical Femur Fractures: A Prospective Nested Case‐Control Study
Authors: Griffin Lanny V. , Warner Elizabeth , Palnitkar Saroj , Qiu Shijing , Honasoge Mahalakshmi , Griffin Shawna G. , Divine George , Rao Sudhaker D.
Published: June 2021

Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) are well‐established serious complication of long‐term bisphosphonate and denosumab therapy in patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis. To elucidate underlying mechanism(s) for the development of AFF, we performed a nested case‐control study to investigate bone tissue nanomechanical properties and prevailing bone microstructure and tissue‐level remodeling status as assessed by bone histomorphometry. We hypothesized that there would be differences in nanomechanical properties between patients with and without AFF and that bone microstructure and remodeling would be related to nanomechanical properties. Thirty‐two full‐thickness transiliac bone biopsies were obtained from age‐ and sex‐matched patients on long‐term bisphosphonate therapy with (n = 16) and without an AFF (n = 16). Standard histomorphometric measurements were made in each sample on three different bone envelopes (cancellous, intracortical, and endosteal). Iliac bone wall thickness was significantly lower on all three bone surfaces in patients with AFF than in those without AFF. Surface‐based bone formation rate was suppressed similarly in both groups in comparison to healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women, with no significant difference between the two groups. Nanoindentation was used to assess material properties of cortical and cancellous bone separately. Elastic modulus was higher in cortical than in cancellous bone in patients with AFF as well as compared to the elastic modulus of cortical bone from non‐AFF patients. However, the elastic modulus of the cancellous bone was not different between AFF and non‐AFF groups or between cortical and cancellous bone of non‐AFF patients. Resistance to plastic deformation was decreased in cortical bone in both AFF and non‐AFF groups compared to cancellous bone, but to a greater extent in AFF patients. We conclude that long‐term bisphosphonate therapy is associated with prolonged suppression of bone turnover resulting in altered cortical remodeling and tissue nanomechanical properties leading to AFF. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Forkhead box P1 (Foxp1) in osteoblasts regulates bone mass accrual and adipose tissue energy metabolism
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Pei , Ling Shifeng , Wang Fuhua , Wang Shaojiao , Chen Tienan , Zhou Rujiang , Xia Xuechun , Yao Zhengju , Fan Ying , Wang Niansong , Wang Jiqiu , Tucker Haley O. , Guo Xizhi
Published: June 2021

Adiponectin (AdipoQ), a hormone abundantly secreted by adipose tissues, has multiple beneficial functions, including insulin sensitization as well as lipid and glucose metabolism. It has been reported that bone controls energy metabolism through an endocrine-based mechanism. In this study, we observed that bone also acts as an important endocrine source for AdipoQ, and its capacity in osteoblasts is controlled by the forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) transcriptional factor. Deletion of the Foxp1 gene in osteoblasts led to augmentation of AdipoQ levels accompanied by fueled energy expenditure in adipose tissues. In contrast, overexpression of Foxp1 in bones impaired AdipoQ secretion and restrained energy consumption. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis revealed that AdipoQ expression, which increases as a function of bone age, is directly controlled by FOXP1. Our results indicate that bones, especially aged bones, provide an important source of a set of endocrine factors, including AdipoQ, that control body metabolism. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Evidence of an untamed HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a 2018 to 2020 cross‐sectional study using recent infection testing
Authors: Teixeira Sylvia LM , Jalil Cristina M , Jalil Emilia M , Nazer Sandro C , Silva Simone da Costa Cruz , Veloso Valdilea G , Luz Paula M , Grinsztejn Beatriz
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Monitoring the HIV epidemic and identifying populations among whom HIV is spreading is critical. We aimed to provide an estimate of the annualized HIV incidence rate using recency testing among cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) at a reference centre in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Methods

We evaluated MSM and TGW who sought HIV testing at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases‐FIOCRUZ between March 2018 and January 2020. The Limiting Avidity assay (LAg) as part of a recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) was employed to identify recent infections (those with a normalized optical density ≤1.5 in the LAg that met all RITA criteria) among those who tested positive for HIV and the annualized HIV incidence was estimated.

Results and discussion

Out of 3053 individuals assessed, 2591 (84.9%) were HIV negative and 462 (15.1%) were living with HIV. Among these, 302 (65.4%) with stored samples available were evaluated and 73/302 (24.2%) were classified as recent infections. The annualized incidence rate estimate using a false recency rate of zero was 7.35% (95% CI 5.76% to 9.25%).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the HIV epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, continues to disproportionately burden vulnerable populations, including MSM and TGW despite the existence and availability of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions.
A stretchable glove sensor toward rapid monitoring of trifluralin: A new platform for the on‐site recognition of herbicides based on wearable flexible sensor technology using lab‐on‐glove
Authors: Mahmoudpour Mansour , Saadati Arezoo , Hasanzadeh Mohammad , Kholafazad‐kordasht Houman
Published: June 2021

In this study, a flexible glove‐based electrochemical sensor as a wearable point‐of‐use screening tool has been fabricated for defense and food security applications. To design the wearable glove‐based sensor, we drew conductive patterns on the fingers of a rubber glove via gold@silver‐modified graphene quantum dots (Au@Ag core‐shell/graphene quantum dots [GQDs]) nano‐ink with optimal thickness. Then, this platform is combined with a portable electrochemical analyzer for on‐site detection of trifluralin pesticide in the range of 10 nM to 1 mM with the low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 nM. The high efficiency and distinction of the trifluralin at specified concentrations in real leaf and apple samples were performed by simply touching with the glove and in spikes solution by immersing of fingertips. With their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid, and easy operation pesticide analysis, these glove‐embedded sensors can also be engaged in on‐site monitor of other chemical threats and can be expanded to water and environmental samples.
A review of hybrid couplers: State‐of‐the‐art, applications, design issues and challenges
Authors: Abdulbari Ali Abdulateef , Abdul Rahim Sharul Kamal , Soh Ping Jack , Dahri Muhammad Hashim , Eteng Akaa Agbaeze , Zeain Mohammed Yousif
Published: June 2021

In recent years, the hybrid branch‐line coupler has attracted much attention due to its appealing features such as of low cost and ease in fabrication for wireless communications. The fifth‐generation cellular networks promise to support several wireless technologies by capitalizing a multitude of frequencies and increase data rates. To achieve that, the butler matrix technique can be used to enhance both bandwidth and data rate with the implementation of beamforming. Conventional hybrid couplers are the main component to build a butler matrix, but they are generally bulky in size and narrow in bandwidth. Moreover, requirements imposed by newer wireless technologies makes the efforts in improving size compactness and bandwidth even more challenging. On the other hand, several techniques have been proposed in literature to solve both issues. This study focuses on the design challenges and issues of hybrid coupler designs and technologies, besides underlining their promising potential. In this context, several techniques for hybrid coupler to achieve the required bandwidth and size reduction are highlighted, such as the T‐shape, meander line, two sections, three‐section, and parallel couple lines.
The emergent relationship between temporoparietal junction and anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lattanzio Lucas , Seames Alexander , Holden Samantha K. , Buard Isabelle
Published: June 2021

Anosognosia and impairment of insight are characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can lead to delays in appropriate medical care and significant family discord. The default mode network (DMN), a distributed but highly connected network of brain regions more active during rest than during task, is integrally involved in awareness. DMN dysfunction is common in AD, and disrupted communication between memory‐related and self‐related DMN networks is associated with anosognosia in AD patients. In addition, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is a key region of the “social brain” and also contributes to representations of the self. The exact classification of the TPJ within the DMN is unclear, though connections between the TPJ and DMN have been highlighted in multiple avenues of research. Here we discuss the relationship between the TPJ, DMN, and AD, as well as the potential involvement of the TPJ in anosognosia in AD. We review past and present findings to raise attention to the TPJ, with a specific emphasis on neuroimaging technologies which suggest a pivotal role of the TPJ within large‐scale brain networks linked to anosognosia in AD.
Multi‐technique characterization of glass mosaic tesserae from Villa di Teodorico in Galeata (Italy)
Authors: Bersani Danilo , Saviane Luciana , Morigi Alessia , Mantovani Luciana , Aceto Maurizio , Fornasini Laura
Published: June 2021

Several glass mosaic tesserae were found during the archeological excavations at the Villa di Teodorico in Galeata (Forlì‐Cesena, Emilia Romagna, Italy), dated to early sixth century AD. This work reports the results of an archeometrical investigation realized through a multi‐technique approach on 16 tesserae. The aims of the study were the determination of the glass composition, the characterization of coloring and opacifying agents, and the definition of the technological processes involved. The glass matrix and the dispersed crystallites were characterized in detail through micro‐Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction analyses. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy was proven to be very effective in the analysis of complex objects, providing information on the structure and composition of the glass and on the nature of the opacifying agents and the crystalline colorants. UV–visible–NIR diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with optic fibers was helpful to identify the metal ions used as chromophores. The different hues were obtained by means of dispersed ions as well as crystalline compounds and metal nanoparticles. A large variety of opacifying agents was detected. Results were compared with data of contemporary mosaics within the same geographical area.
Interfacial microstructure and strength of brazed copper/porous copper foam towards the effect of porous copper foam pore density and brazing holding time
Authors: Mohd Zahri N.A. , Sahira Shafee N.E. , Yusof F. , Nurmaya Musa S. , Liana Sukiman N. , Haseeb A.S.M.A. , Miyashita Y. , Ariga T.
Published: June 2021

The porous copper foam was sandwiched between two coppers plate and then brazed using copper‐tin (9.7 %)‐nickel (5.7 %)‐phosphorus (7 %) filler foil. Brazing process was conducted to joint copper/porous copper foam by evaluating the effect of porous copper foam pore densities [pore per inch (PPI)] and brazing holding times. The brazed joint interface of copper and porous copper foam was characterised using Field emission scanning electron microscopy and Energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy for the microstructure and elemental composition analysis, respectively. X‐ray diffraction analysis was carried out on the shear fractured surfaces of brazed copper and porous copper foam for phase determination. The results exhibited distinct phases of copper (Cu), copper phosphide (Cu3P), nickel phosphide (Ni3P), and copper compound with tin (6 : 5) (Cu6Sn5). The filler layer was formed as an island‐shaped that consists of copper phosphide and nickel phosphide. Prolong brazing holding time causes a thinner filler layer in brazing seam. While the non‐uniform thickness of the filler layer was observed at different pore densities of porous copper foam. The shear strength of brazed copper/porous copper foam 15 PPI with a 10 min brazing holding time yield a maximum shear strength of 2.9 MPa.
The Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Camacho Marta , Greenland Julia C. , Williams‐Gray Caroline H.
Published: June 2021

Background

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is an important feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and there is increasing evidence that it may play a key role in the disease process. However, its assessment is limited by different tools and underlying differences in diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal dysfunction. To date, there is no psychometric instrument for quantitative evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms specifically designed for use in PD.

Objective

The objective of this study was to develop a self‐report questionnaire‐based instrument, the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease, and to evaluate its psychometric properties.

Methods

We performed a literature review and conducted 3 focus groups to develop the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease. Three hundred and sixteen patients with PD and 55 controls completed the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease, the Non‐Motor Symptom Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a stool diary adapted from the Bristol Stool Chart.

Results

The Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.82) and test–retest stability (0.79 < ICCs > 0.94). Correlation analyses supported good convergent and divergent validity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that a cutoff score of ≥9 on the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease Constipation subscale discriminates between PD patients with and without constipation.

Conclusions

The Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease is a novel disease‐specific self‐report tool to quantitatively assess the presence and severity of gastrointestinal dysfunction features in patients with PD, with strong reliability and validity. Further longitudinal studies are needed to demonstrate its utility in tracking gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD clinical cohorts. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Accuracy of perceived physical activity and fitness levels among childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Ha Lauren , Mizrahi David , Cohn Richard J. , Simar David , Wakefield Claire E. , Signorelli Christina
Published: June 2021

Background

Childhood cancer survivors do not engage in sufficient physical activity and have low fitness levels. Perceived physical activity and fitness levels may influence survivors’ engagement in health behaviours. We aimed to investigate survivors’ perceptions of physical activity and fitness levels and identify how accurate their perceptions were. We further explored survivors’ attitudes toward physical activity, including perceived importance and desire to increase activity levels.

Procedure

We recruited 116 childhood cancer survivors (8–18 years) and assessed their perceived physical activity levels using a questionnaire and the Godin's Leisure Score Index. Accuracy of their perceptions was established by comparing their perceived physical activity levels with the recommended guidelines. Survivors reported their perceived fitness levels using the International Fitness Scale. We compared survivors’ perceptions with their performance on the 6‐minute walk test using weighted Cohen's kappa to determine interrater agreement between perceived and objectively measured fitness.

Results

Most survivors did not meet the physical activity guidelines (<420 min/week). One‐third incorrectly perceived whether their self‐reported physical activity levels were appropriate (84% underestimated, while 16% overestimated). Survivors had average fitness and were inaccurate at perceiving their fitness level. Survivors highly valued the importance of being able to do physical activity, and 89% reported a desire to increase their physical activity.

Conclusions

Our results reveal that many survivors are not accurate when perceiving their physical activity and fitness levels. Emphasising the need for objective fitness assessments, and patient education in clinical practice may support survivors to accurately perceive their physical activity and fitness levels, thus improving health behaviours.
Nanofiber formation of self‐crosslinking dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose/collagen composites
Authors: Tian Zhenhua , Wang Ying , He Jingxuan
Published: June 2021

Self‐crosslinking dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC)/collagen (COL) composites were prepared by blending DCMC and COL at different ratios, and the effect of DCMC amounts on composite nanofiber formation and stability were investigated. The more was the DCMC amount, the higher became the cross‐linking degree, thus demonstrating that self‐crosslinking system was successfully constructed. At low amount of DCMC, self‐assembled DCMC/COL composite exhibited typical nanofiber structure similar to COL nanofibers, and the mean diameter of nanofibers increased from 68 ± 12 to 84 ± 15 nm; additionally, the final turbidity of DCMC/COL composite was higher than that of COL, reflecting more nanofibers formed. We conjectured that nanofiber formation was promoted via adding a small amount of DCMC. However, the inhibition of nanofiber formation was detected by reductions in turbidity at 0.3:1 < DCMC/COL ≤ 2.5:1, and the mean diameter of nanofibers decreased to 54 ± 13 nm at a DCMC/COL ratio of 2.5:1. Meanwhile, crosslinking occurred again between adjacent nanofibers during self‐assembly process; therefore, partial nanofibers presented in pairs. At a DCMC/COL ratio of 5:1, nanofiber formation was completely inhibited and DCMC/COL composite consisted of aggregates. In summary, nanofiber formation was first promoted and then inhibited with increased DCMC amounts. Furthermore, low‐ and high‐temperature stability of DCMC/COL nanofibers was better than those of COL nanofibers due to the formation of crosslinks.
Microsphere – the future of optical microscopes
Authors: Chen Lianwei , Zhou Yan , Zhou Rui , Hong Ming Hui
Published: June 2021

The diffraction limit has always been a fundamental barrier in optical science and engineering. It limits the minimum feature size in surface patterning technologies such as lithography and laser direct writing. It also restricts the resolution for optical imaging.
From the living room to the driving room
Authors: Bouhamri Zine
Published: June 2021

The automotive industry has adopted the CASE paradigm: connected – autonomous – shared – electrical. And in that context, the connectivity, autonomy, and sharing megatrends are all changing car interiors. As a matter of fact, this can be traced back to two major industry drivers: improving safety while improving comfort. Though this may appear like a dichotomy, they can be linked within the car interior where these drivers are evident in displays, interior lighting, gesture recognition, particle monitoring, and monitoring systems in general, be it for the drivers or the passengers. This brings the complete living room to the car, but as with the home, how can the car user interact with all these elements, ensuring as ergonomic a user experience as possible?
Anabolic treatments in bovines: quantification of plasma protein markers of dexamethasone administration
Authors: Stella Roberto , Bovo Davide , Mastrorilli Eleonora , Pezzolato Marzia , Bozzetta Elena , Biancotto Giancarlo
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to profile plasma proteome responses in bulls experimentally treated with dexamethasone at anabolic dosage. Illicit use of active substances in animal husbandry remains a matter of concern in Europe. Corticosteroids are probably one of the most widespread growth promoter family illegally used in beef cattle and veal calves. Testing for corticosteroids relies on detection of drug residues or their metabolites in biological fluids or tissues. Their indirect detection by mapping altered physiological parameters may overcome limits linked to route of administration, dosage, biotransformation and elimination kinetics that can lower residual drug concentration, hampering official controls. A set of 11 proteins proposed in literature as potential markers of anabolic treatments with dexamethasone, was quantified in bovine plasma by targeted proteomics based on liquid chromatography‐high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Among investigated proteins, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), histidine‐rich glycoprotein (HRG) and paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) were found to be biomarkers of treatment. To investigate further such biomarkers, an additional group of veal calves was experimentally treated with dexamethasone at anabolic. These animals also demonstrated a significant alteration in SHBG, HRG and PON1 concentration, suggesting that quantification of plasma markers have the potential to detect animals illegally exposed to dexamethasone.
A conceptual model for talik dynamics and icing formation in a river floodplain in the continuous permafrost zone at Salluit, Nunavik (Quebec), Canada
Authors: Liu Weibo , Fortier Richard , Molson John , Lemieux Jean‐Michel
Published: June 2021

Icing occurs each winter along the floodplain of the Kuuguluk River in the continuous permafrost zone at Salluit in Nunavik (Quebec), Canada. The source of successive water overflows which thicken and enlarge this ice cover over time is suprapermafrost groundwater discharging from a talik below the riverbed. Electrical resistivity tomography was used to delineate the talik, while water level and temperature dataloggers were used to assess the thermo‐hydraulic conditions of the riverbed. The mean annual riverbed temperature was 1.8°C in 2016 while the mean annual air temperature was −6.0°C. Hydraulic heads below the ice cover as high as 2.8 m and events of abrupt decreases in hydraulic head due to suprapermafrost groundwater overflow through cracks in the ice cover were monitored. An analytical solution based on beam mechanics theory was used to assess the water pressure‐induced stresses which are sufficient to fracture the ice cover. A detailed conceptual model of the talik and icing dynamics is proposed to explain the cryo‐hydrogeological processes taking place in this complex groundwater–river system. The groundwater pressure buildup in the talik during the winter is due to constricted flow of suprapermafrost groundwater in the talik. These results have implications for understanding the dynamics of river taliks and their use as potential water supplies in northern communities.
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of the Messoyakha and Pestsovoe pingos in northwest Siberia as markers of ice core formation
Authors: Vasil'chuk Yurij K. , Chizhova Julia N. , Budantseva Nadine A. , Kurchatova Anna N. , Rogov Victor V. , Vasilchuk Alla C.
Published: June 2021

Pingos are indicators of modern and past conditions of permafrost. In total, 1,620 pingos have been identified on the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas in western Siberia. The main purpose of this study is to consider the distribution of stable isotopes in pingo ice cores formed under conditions of open and closed systems. Two pingos from ice cores of different origin in the continuous permafrost zone of northwest Siberia have been considered: the Messoyaha‐1 pingo (10.5 m in height) and the Pestsovoe pingo (17 m in height). Drilling of the ice core was performed with continuous sampling of an undisturbed frozen core. Ice formation was estimated according to the Rayleigh fractionation in a closed‐system versus an open‐system framework. For the Pestsovoe pingo, a pronounced decrease in δ18O values with corresponding increase in dexc with depth indicates a closed system upon freezing of the lake talik from the top down. For the Messoyakha‐1 pingo, the values of δ18O and δ2Н showed a weak tendency to decrease with depth, with values of dexc varying randomly. Ice that was segregated in the overlying and underlying sediments had similar values of δ18O and δ2Н and a low slope. Isotopically nonequilibrium ice formation was established for ice which had been segregated in a closed system and for ice cores formed in an open to semiclosed system. The vacuum mechanism of water suction from the surrounding lake or lake talik may have played a significant role during the formation of the upper ice core of the Messoyakha‐1 pingo and its additional growth.
Pulmonary embolism in pediatric age: A retrospective study from a tertiary center
Authors: Lopes de Bragança Raquel , Gorito Vanessa , Cibele Diana Gonçalves , Ricca Gonçalves Luciana , Ribeiro Augusto , Baptista Maria João , Azevedo Inês
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Pediatric pulmonary embolism (PE) is rare but associated with adverse outcomes. We aimed to characterize PE cases admitted in a tertiary hospital and to evaluate sensitivity of selected PE diagnostic prediction tools.

Methods

Retrospective, descriptive study of PE cases admitted from 2008 to 2020 using data collected from hospital records. Patients were grouped according to PE severity and setting (outpatients vs. inpatients). Links and correlation with demographic characteristics, risk factors, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes were analyzed. PE diagnostic prediction tools were applied.

Results

Twenty‐nine PE episodes occurred in 27 patients, 62.9% female, mean age 14.1 years. Most PE were central and split between massive or submassive. One was diagnosed in autopsy. Twenty outpatients, all adolescents, were admitted for classic PE symptoms; in half of them the diagnosis had been previously missed. Risk factors included contraceptives (65%), thrombophilia (35%), obesity (20%) and auto‐immunity (20%). Eight inpatients, diagnosed during cardiorespiratory deterioration (n = 5), or through incidental radiological findings (n = 3), were younger and had immobilization (87.5%), complex chronic diseases (75%), infections (75%) and central venous catheter (62.5%) as risk factors. Retrospectively,
d
‐dimer testing and adult scores performed better than pediatric scores (sensitivity 92.9%–96% vs. 85.7%–92.9%). Both pediatric scores missed a case with a positive family history.

Discussion

Pediatric PE diagnosis is often delayed or missed. Development of pediatric prediction tools from validated adult scores merits being explored. We argue clinical presentation and risk factors may be different in inpatients and outpatients and propose broader reliance on family history.
Determining normal values for lower trachea and bronchi size in children by computed tomography (CT)
Authors: Chalwadi Uday Kumar , Swamy Nayanatara , Agarwal Amit , Gauss Clinton Heath , Greenberg Stewart Bruce , Lyons Karen A.
Published: June 2021

Background

Normative data for central airway dimensions are a prerequisite to objectively assess large airway pathologies. Studies with computed tomography (CT) measurements of normal trachea and bronchi size in children are scarce.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to establish normal values of central airway dimensions in children by CT.

Methods

The study included chest CT studies from children aged 0–18 years. Any condition that predisposed the patient to have an abnormal tracheal or bronchial size was excluded. Airway diameters and cross‐sectional area (CSA) were measured using double oblique reconstructions at five levels: proximal trachea, mid‐trachea, distal trachea, right main bronchus, and left main bronchus.

Results

The inclusion criteria were met by 110 subjects (mean age, 10.8 years; SD, 5.2 years). Various regression models that considered the relationship between patient demographics and anteroposterior (AP) diameter, transverse diameter, and CSA at each of the five levels were assessed. R2 was utilized to select the best model. Multiple formulae (using patient age) were developed to calculate expected normal dimensions for five levels in the central airways on the natural log scale. Finally, z‐scores were obtained for central airway dimensions at these five levels.

Conclusion

Normative data in pediatric central airways are crucial to identify large airway pathologies. We propose using the formulae devised in our study to calculate the predicted dimensions of central airways and their z‐scores in pediatric patients. Normative data from our study will aid in objective quantification of central airways, increase clinician confidence, and provide appropriate patient care.
Rethinking lifestyle and middle‐class migration in “left behind” regions
Authors: Goodwin‐Hawkins Bryonny , Dafydd Jones Rhys
Published: June 2021

So‐called “left behind” regions have gained infamy for working‐class discontent. Yet a concurrent phenomenon has gone unremarked: middle‐class lifestyles in peripheral places. This article examines how middle‐class migrants (defined by economic, social, and cultural capital) to peripheral regions envisage and enact their aspirations. Against presumed migration trajectories to growing urban centres or for better‐paid employment, we argue that seeming moves down the “escalator” reveal how inequalities between regions offer some migrants opportunities to enact middle‐class lifestyles affordably. We present a qualitative case study of West Wales and the Valleys, predominantly rural and post‐industrial and statistically among Europe's most deprived regions. Drawing from interviews with EU and UK in‐migrants alongside long‐term residents, we illustrate how three dimensions of quality of life—material, relational, subjective—are mobilised in middle‐class placemaking amidst peripherality. We demonstrate how spatial inequalities and career trade‐offs offer affordable material access to lifestyle and how middle‐class aspirations enable migrants to subjectively transform peripherality into enchantment.
Promising traditional Indian medicinal plants for the management of novel Coronavirus disease: A systematic review
Authors: Singh Rahul Soloman , Singh Ashutosh , Kaur Harpinder , Batra Gitika , Sarma Phulen , Kaur Hardeep , Bhattacharyya Anusuya , Sharma Amit Raj , Kumar Subodh , Upadhyay Sujata , Tiwari Vinod , Avti Pramod , Prakash Ajay , Medhi Bikash
Published: June 2021

Traditional Indian medical practices (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy) are a vast reservoir of knowledge about medicinal plants. The promising pharmacological properties of these plants have paved the way for developing therapy against novel Coronavirus (CoV) infection. The current review will summarize published works of literature on the effects of traditional Indian medicinal plants against acute respiratory infection (COVID‐19, SARS, Influenza, and Respiratory syncytial virus infection) and registered clinical trials of traditional Indian herbal medicines in COVID‐19. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate the data of traditional Indian medicinal plants to warrant their use in COVID‐19 management. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched along with different clinical trial databases. A total of 22 relevant traditional Indian medicinal plants (35 relevant studies) were included in the current study having potential antiviral properties against virus‐induced respiratory illness along with promising immunomodulatory and thrombolytic properties. Further, 36 randomized and nonrandomized registered clinical trials were also included that were aimed at evaluating the efficacy of herbal plants or their formulations in COVID‐19 management. The antiviral, immunomodulatory, and thrombolytic activities of the traditional Indian medicinal plants laid down a strong rationale for their use in developing therapies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The study identified some important potential traditional Indian medicinal herbs such as Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia, Achyranthes bidentata, Cinnamomum cassia, Cydonia oblonga, Embelin ribes, Justicia adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale, Camphor, and Kabusura kudineer, which could be used in therapeutic strategies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Starch‐Based Membranes for Controlled Release of 5‐Fluorouracil In Vitro
Authors: Berkkan Aysel , Kondolot Solak Ebru , Asman Gulsen
Published: June 2021

Starch is a natural polymer that is among the sustainable materials and has the characteristics of being a green material in harmony with nature. In this study, a potential transdermal release system was evaluated by investigating 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) transfer through starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes in vitro. The effects of membrane thickness, starch/PVA blending ratio, pH, and temperature on the release of 5‐FU from the membranes were studied. At the end of the study, it was deduced that decrease in pH reduces the released amount of 5‐FU from starch/PVA membranes and 5‐FU transfer from membranes could be controlled within a fairly constant range. The diffusion coefficient was determined as 4.84
10−3, 4.49
10−3 and 2.54
10−3 cm2 s−1 for the pH of 7.4, 5.5, and 3.5, respectively. The activation energy for the permeation 5‐FU from starch/PVA membrane (60/40, v/v) was found to be 9.72 kJ mol−1.
Recent Advances in Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ionic Species: Design, Principle and Optical Signalling Mechanism
Authors: Dongare Pravin R. , Gore Anil H.
Published: June 2021

Development of chemosensors for the biologically and chemically important ionic species has been an active area of research of supramolecular chemistry and received great attention because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response time and versatility. Moreover, exploration of new sensing mechanisms of interaction between recognition and signal reporting unit is of current interest. This minireview provides a detailed overview about the recent advances and developments in the field of colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensors, summarized types of optical chemosensors with their design principles and discuss various sensing mechanisms and photophysical processes like metal‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT), ligand‐metal charge transfer (LMCT), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), paramagnetic fluorescence quenching, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), excimer/ exciplex formation that emerged in the past few years. Moreover, the mechanism of action of cation and anion chemosensors also summarizes in this review.
A Near‐Infrared Organic Fluorescent Probe for Broad Applications for Blood Vessels Imaging by High‐Throughput Screening via 3D‐Blood Vessel Models
Authors: Abdul Sisak Muhammad Asri , Louis Fiona , Aoki Ichio , Lee Sun Hyeok , Chang Young‐Tae , Matsusaki Michiya
Published: June 2021

Blood vessels are present in all of the organs, reflecting their importance for oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells. Until now, no organic fluorophore has been reported for the live imaging of endothelium although the layer is the key to blood vessel functions. Here, the discovery of a blood vessel organic probe at near‐infrared (NIR) wavelength range (BV‐NIR) through an engineered blood capillary‐based screening system, which is a more physiological model than a conventional cell culture condition, is reported. This selected Cy5 based probe shows the highest specific adsorption property out of 240 candidates on the endothelium and is equivalent to an anti‐CD31 antibody in terms of intensity. The BV‐NIR probe indicating strong and stable in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo imaging of the endothelium even after histological immunostaining processes shows potential as a convenient tool for live imaging as well as for covisualization with a specific antibody.
Emerging Biomaterials‐Based Strategies for Inhibiting Vasculature Function in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Liu Minting , Wu Caisheng , Ke Lingjie , Li Zhiguo , Wu Yun‐Long
Published: June 2021

The constant feeding of oxygen and nutrients through the blood vasculature has a vital role in maintaining tumor growth. Interestingly, recent endeavors have shown that nanotherapeutics with the strategy to block tumor blood vessels feeding nutrients and oxygen for starvation therapy can be helpful in cancer treatment. However, this field has not been detailed. Hence, this review will present an exhaustive summary of the existing biomaterial based strategies to disrupt tumor vascular function for effective cancer treatment, including hydrogel or nanogel‐mediated local arterial embolism, thrombosis activator loaded nano‐material‐mediated vascular occlusion and anti‐vascular drugs that block tumor vascular function, which may be beneficial to the design of anti‐cancer nanomedicine by targeting the tumor vascular system.