bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin during Antiretroviral Treatment with Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Kumar AK Hemanth , Ramachandran G , Rajasekaran S , Padmapriyadarsini C , Narendran G , Menon P , Swaminathan S
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Co-management of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV is complicated by pharmacologic drug interactions between rifampicin (RMP) and certain classes of antiretroviral agents. The NNRTIs Nevirapine (NVP) or Efavirenz (EFV), used to HIV infection, are known to induce the CYP 450 enzyme system. Thus when RMP is co-administered along with NVP or EFV, the bioavailability of RMP could be lowered leading to drug resistance and treatment failure. Objectives: To study the steady state pharmacokinetics of RMP in HIV and HIV-TB patients receiving antiretroviral regimens containing NVP or EFV respectively. Methods: The study population comprised of HIV and HIV-TB patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment with NVP and EFV containing regimens respectively. These patients were also receiving concomitant RMP. Rifampicin was estimated by HPLC in blood collected at different time points after drug administration. The pharmacokinetic variables of RMP were calculated using WinNonlin software. Results & Conclusions: Co-administration of NVP or EFV did not alter the pharmacokinetics of RMP in HIV and HIV-TB patients, suggesting that the dose of RMP need not be altered during antiretroviral treatment with NVP or EFV. Key words: Rifampicin; nevirapine; efavirenz; drug-drug interactions; HIV-TB DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3068 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(2) 1-5
Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of Lamivudine in Healthy Volunteers: Comparison of Blood and Urine Kinetics
Authors: Ramachandran G , Kumar AK Hemanth , Venkatesan V , Anitha S , Tharani CB , Kumaraswami V , Swaminathan S
Published: December 2016

Aims: To study single dose pharmacokinetics of lamivudine (3TC) in healthy subjects. Methods: Twelve healthy subjects were administered 3TC (150 mg) followed by timed blood and urine collections up to 24 hours. Pharmacokinetic variables and percent dose of 3TC in urine were calculated. Results: Plasma exposure and percent dose of 3TC in urine were highly correlated (p < 0.001; r = 0.96). 3TC concentration at 24 hours was undetectable in all study subjects. Conclusions: Timed urine measurements could be used to study bioavailabilty of 3TC. Plasma 3TC measurements could be used to monitor adherence among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral treatment. Key words: lamivudine; plasma; urine; compliance to treatment   DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3069 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(2) 6-9
TB/HIV Co-Infection Status among the Newly Diagnosed TB Patients: A Study from Eastern Nepal
Authors: Jha N , Khanal B , Karki P Prahalad , Rijal S , Deo BK , Khadka DK , Malla P
Published: December 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading public health problem worldwide particularly in the developing countries. The HIV epidemic has increased the global tuberculosis burden. Estimating the proportion of HIV infection among TB cases can act as early warning system for the spread of TB due to HIV in the country. The objective of the study was to know status of TB/HIV co-infection cases among the TB patients at DOTS clinic in BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal. Three Hundred newly diagnosed TB cases attended to BPKIHS DOTS clinic were tested for HIV. Among 300 newly TB patients, 14 (4.7%) patients were HIV positive. All were males. The study has shown very high (4.7%) TB/HIV co-infection. This is an alarming situation. Similar operational research can be conducted in different parts of Nepal to know the exact scenario of TB/HIV co-infection, which is necessary for formulating national policy & guidelines for TB/HIV control in the country. Keywords: TB & HIV Co-infection; TB; HIV; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i2.3072 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(2) 22-25
Serving Two Masters: Ian Mackenzie and Civil-Military Relations in Canada, 1935-1939
Authors: Hooker M.A.
Published: December 2016

Ian Mackenzie, Minister of National Defence from 1935 to 1939, had a profound effect on Canada’s pre-war defence planning. Although contrary to the King government’s defence policy, Mackenzie made it possible for the military to plan for an expeditionary force to be despatched to Europe in the event of a major war. This planning ensured the smooth mobilization of Canada’s armed forces when war was declared.
Rural Protest and Medical Professionalism in Turn-of-the-Century Ontario
Authors: Naylor C. David
Published: December 2016

The Patrons of Industry, a rural populist party, challenged the powers of the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons in the 1890s. This was part of a broader campaign by the Patrons against ‘protectionism’ of all kinds. At the same time, the College leadership was under attack from a predominantly rural group of doctors who styled themselves the Medical Defence Association. Whereas the Patrons sought to curb some of the profession’s self-regulatory privileges and reduce both entrance requirements and the cost of education so that the sons of farmers could pursue medical careers, the Medical Defence Association sought higher entrance standards to cut down on crowding of the profession. The Patrons rapidly died out as a political force, but while their medical reform efforts failed, they briefly served to restrain those who might otherwise have made the profession more exclusive.
Towards Equality Through Legal Aid in Canada
Authors: Mossman Mary Jane , Lightman Ernie S.
Published: December 2016

This paper argues that true equality before the law has been attained in Canada to only a very limited extent. It explores two conceptually distinct avenues towards legal aid. A “juridical rights” approach attempts to transfer the rights of paying clients to recipients of legal aid, producing formal equality of access to the law; the legal aid certificate, presented as an example, is seen as essentially irrelevant in meeting real legal needs of the poor. A “welfare rights” approach, by contrast, stresses equality of outcome and benefits, dealing with legal problems of the poor on a more structural basis, at least in principle. Though only a small portion of Canada’s legal aid program, a “welfare rights” approach may offer the greatest promise of effective legal services for the poor, particularly when resources are tight.
Dependent Motorization: Canada and the Automobile to the 1930s
Authors: Davis Donald F.
Published: December 2016

This essay addresses two aspects of the motorization of Canada between the 1890s and the 1930s: the construction of a domestic automobile industry and of a modern highway system. Both were heavily influenced — to the point of dependency — by American money and technology. American dominance of the Canadian automobile industry (achieved by 1919) is explained by Canadian technological backwardness and the cultural values of indigenous entrepreneurs. It is also argued that American manufacturers and motorists accelerated the motorization of Canadian society, the former through their price cuts, the latter through tourism.
“The Old Kinship of Earth”: Science, Man and Nature in the Animal Stories of Charles G.D. Roberts
Authors: Dunlap Thomas R.
Published: December 2016

Science has been a major, but overlooked, influence on the animal stories of Charles G.D. Roberts. It shaped the form of the stories, dictated much of their content, and allowed Roberts to present his stories of animals thinking and reasoning not as fables but as realistic fiction. His work is not a revolt against Darwinian determinism but a synthesis of the science with older Romantic conceptions to make an emotionally satisfying and scientifically correct vision of nature and man’s place in it. This is most evident in the contrast Roberts drew between man’s abilities and emotions as an animal on the one hand, and his higher faculties and the world he has created outside nature on the other. The stories must be seen not just as Canadian literature but as part of Western societies’ attempts to come to terms with the world of Darwinian nature.
Panel on Patronage Table ronde sur le patronage
Authors: Heintzman Ralph , Knight William , Neville William , Pepin Jean-Luc , Simpson Jeffrey
Published: December 2016

At the beginning of 1987, the Journal of Canadian Studies brought together three persons whose experience as politicians or political managers gives them a rich perspective on the political process, and the role of patronage therein. Jean-Luc Pepin’s long political career spanned a variety of important portfolios in the Pearson and Trudeau governments, as well as the chairmanships of the Anti-Inflation Board and of the Task Force on Canadian Unity. After a twenty-year absence he has now returned to teaching political science at the University of Ottawa. William Neville served as an aide to several Liberal cabinet ministers before becoming a Conservative candidate and advisor. He served as Principal Secretary to Prime Minister Joe Clark in 1979-80, and is now president of the Ottawa consulting firm. Public Affairs International. William Knight served as federal MP for Assiniboia and as Principal Secretary to Saskatchewan Premier Allan Blakeney before taking up his current role as Chief-of-Staff for federal NDP leader Ed Broadbent. The discussion was moderated by Jeffrey Simpson, Ottawa columnist for the Globe and Mail, and by Ralph Heintzman, member of the Journal's editorial board and co-editor of this special issue. The following is an edited transcript of the discussion.
Patronage in Britain and Canada: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Smith David E.
Published: December 2016

Institutional similarities disguise different patronage practices in Britain and Canada. In the former, partisan politics were removed from administration more than a century ago, but the seed of that separation was planted in the middle ages. In the latter, partisan politics penetrated administration early in the nineteenth century because reformers sought to dominate colonial government through control of patronage. Civil service reform removed patronage from Canada’s public service in 1918 but not from those other offices subject to order-in-council appointments, where it continues to thrive and in recent years provide a source of controversy.
Dividing the Spoils: The Old and New Rules of Patronage in Canadian Politics
Authors: Noel S.J.R.
Published: December 2016

The patron-client linkage has proven to be an enduring means of mobilizing political support, but the institutional setting within which it operates has changed greatly over the past century. In Canada there has been a shift from the use of patronage to sustain party machines to the use of patronage to sustain personal entourages and supra-party instruments which have as their function the management of leadership and election campaigns and the measurement and manipulation of public opinion. Patronage is always governed by prudential rules which are manifested in the behaviour of party leaders and others in a position to measure the gains and losses arising from its use. This paper seeks to identify the changes which have occurred in those rules.
Mauberley’s Lies: Fact and Fiction in Timothy Findley’s Famous Last Words
Authors: Shields E.F.
Published: December 2016

In Famous Last Words, Findley does not allow his readers either to accept or reject his version of history. Instead, by emphasizing the difference between truth and lies, Findley leads the reader outside the novel to historical source materials which in many cases show just how accurate Findley’s presentation is, while in other cases they reveal how difficult it is to determine what really happened since historical accounts can be incomplete, distorted, and filled with lies, both intentional and unintentional. Yet, while recognizing the fiction inherent in much of what we like to think of as fact, Findley does not ultimately deny the existence of objective reality, a denial which would ultimately lead to the elimination of responsibility and guilt.
The Origins of the New Brunswick Irish, 1851
Authors: Toner Peter M.
Published: December 2016

Although increasing scholarly attention has recently been given to the Irish experience in North America, no clear understanding has emerged of the importance of the immigrants’ diverse geographical origins in Ireland. The large Irish population of New Brunswick came from different parts of Ireland, varying according to when they arrived and where they settled. The differences in origin can be related to factors which indicate success in adaptation to life in New Brunswick. Study of the New Brunswick Irish in the mid-nineteenth century suggests that, in future, historians and social scientists must take fuller account of these specific backgrounds when investigating Irish communities in the New World.
Ethnicity and Class: Black Country Musicians in the Maritimes
Authors: Rosenberg Neil V.
Published: December 2016

Maritimes Afro-Canadians hâve contributed significantly to the musical form known as country or country-western. This paper seeks to illuminate the various reasons for the continuing involvement of Maritimes blacks in such music, including factors of history, culture and class. Using examples drawn from field research in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the paper focuses on a séries of mediated oppositions: country music as a folk versus a popular form, country music as a régional versus a class music, and the question of ethnic versus class identity in Canadian culture.
Regulating the Newfoundland Inshore Fishery: Traditional Values Versus State Control in the Regulation of a Common Property Resource
Authors: Matthews Ralph , Phyne John
Published: December 2016

This paper focuses upon how the values inherent in the theory of common property resource management relate to the regulatory of the inshore fïshery of Newfoundland. This theory, drawing upon Hobbesian assumptions, views collective irrationality as a product of individual rationality within open access fisheries, and has been incorporated into federal licensing policy. Based upon interviews with 144 inshore fishermen and 51 fishery officers, conducted during 1982-83 and 1985 respectively, the paper argues that this theory has been accepted by both fishery officers and inshore fishermen. However, even after licensing was introduced, fishermen still participated in local controls over access to the inshore fishery; collective irrationality is not necessarily associated with open-access fisheries. Given this, fishermen’s acceptance of licensing policy may be related to changes in the class structure of the inshore fishery since the late 1960s.
Among the Fisherfolk: J.F.B. Livesay and the Invention of Peggy’s Cove
Authors: McKay Ian
Published: December 2016

J.F.B. Livesay’s Peggy’s Cove is a Canadian landmark within an uncelebrated genre, travel writing. An ode to the contented lifestyles of rugged Nova Scotia fisherfolk, Livesay’s book is not only important as a literary work. This essay argues that it also illustrated the thorough rejection of nineteenth-century ways of seeing the province’s society and landscape, and that it foreshadows the postwar mass tourism that would transform Peggy’s Cove and much of Nova Scotia. By helping to popularize what is now the most famous fishing village in Canada, Livesay ironically hastened the move away from the gentle, humanistic travel that he so memorably captured in his writing.
The Seeds of Reform: Newfoundland, 1800-18
Authors: O’Flaherty Patrick
Published: December 2016

The reform movement in Newfoundland has been seen by one distinguished scholar, the late Keith Matthews, as a reflection of the aspirations and ideology of an immigrant bourgeoisie. This idea has an element of truth, but it by no means provides an adequate explanation of the rise of reform in the colony. The essential argument of this essay is that reform in Newfoundland was island-driven rather than imported. A survey of the period 1800-18 reveals certain of the injustices, limitations, and abuses that characterized local society. The reform movement grew from legitimate grievances and economic hardship.
The Life of George Copway or Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh (1818-1869) — and a review of his writings
Authors: Smith Donald B.
Published: December 2016

George Copway (1818-1869), the Canadian Indian author, became Canada’s first literary celebrity in the United States. From 1847 to 1851 the Ojibwa from Rice Lake, Canada West (today’s Ontario), completed four books in the United States and briefly edited his own weekly newspaper in New York City. A biographical study of this writer and lecturer reveals the life story of an unusual nineteenth-century Indian who, as a noble Christian convert, gained and subsequently lost a large American audience. Secondly, it raises the important question of the historical reliability of his published work about himself and the Ojibwa Indians.
Des conditions démographiques nouvelles
Authors: Gauthier Hervé
Published: December 2016

Quelques faits saillants de l’évolution démographique québécoise des dernières années et certaines incidences à long terme sont présentés. En ce qui concerne les facteurs démographiques fondamentaux, on doit noter: pour la mortalité, des progrès indéniables; pour la fécondité, une baisse sans précédent dont on ne connaît pas l’aboutissement; pour la migration externe, une amélioration sensible qui se traduit par un solde positif après plusieurs années de déficit migratoire. La décroissance de la population doit être envisagée comme une éventualité, mais elle peut être plus ou moins prononcée selon le niveau de la fécondité. Il faut s’attendre en outre à ce que la structure par âge soit profondément transformée (jusqu’à deux personnes âgées pour un jeune dans un des scénarios, plutôt que deux jeunes pour une personne âgée, comme maintenant). L’évolution de la population active sera inévitablement touchée, car les variations des taux d’activité ne peuvent empêcher l’effet prépondérant, sur une longue période, du facteur démographique. Si on s’inquiète de plus en plus des incidences de la faible fécondité, c’est vers une hausse de l’immigration que l’on se tourne, du moins dans l’étape actuelle.
Les nouvelles technologies au Québec: quelques éléments du débat sur la question
Authors: Lamontagne Sophie-Laurence
Published: December 2016

Le Québec, comme la plupart des sociétés industrialisées, vit une mutation des modes de vie issue de l’informatisation. Par un bref retour historique on y décrit l’émergence de cette mutation et les préoccupations qui l’accompagnent depuis les années 1970. Dans un second temps, on analyse un problème très actuel soulevé par les technologies de communication: la langue. Elle paraît identifier le “problème québécois” dans les rapports Québec/Canada alors qu’en réalité elle pose au delà des contraintes linguistiques celui de la territorialité de la culture de tout l’espace canadien.
La métamorphose des mouvements sociaux
Authors: Gagnon Gabriel
Published: December 2016

La métamorphose des mouvements sociaux au Québec au cours des années 1980 doit être envisagée à partir d’un certain nombre de facteurs qui sont venus modifier profondément la situation qui prévalait au cours des années 1970. Parmi ces facteurs, il faut citer l’échec du référendum de 1980, la crise économique de 1982 et la nouvelle conjoncture politique déterminée par l’arrivée au pouvoir des libéraux de Robert Bourassa en 1986. Cette mutation affecte les trois mouvements sociaux dominants au Québec: le mouvement national, le mouvement syndical et l’ensemble des mouvements communautaires. Le mouvement national semble marquer le pas mais le modèle néo-libéral en vogue actuellement entre en contradiction avec ce que fut le Québec des vingt-cinq dernières années, notamment en ce qui concerne le rôle de l’Etat. Pour sa part, le mouvement syndical fait face à de nombreux problèmes et doit remettre en cause ses stratégies traditionnelles d’affrontement. Quant aux mouvements communautaires, ils se caractérisent désormais par leur multiplicité, l’absence de réseaux à l’échelle nationale et par un repli au niveau local.
Representative Institutions and Responsible Government in British Tropical Africa 1923-1963
Authors: Kirk-Greene Anthony
Published: December 2016

Designed as a framework case-study of the phased introduction of representative institutions and responsible government in two contrasting British possessions in tropical Africa, ‘native’ Nigeria and ‘settler Kenya, the analysis is focussed on constitutional advance within the context of the Durham principles. The vocabularic nuances of British colonial policy and responsible government are assessed. Finally, the Durham legacy in tropical Africa is evaluated in terms of both the purpose and the process of the transfer of power.
Nationalism, Liberalism and the Political Economy of Eric Kierans
Authors: McDougall John N.
Published: December 2016

The relationship between nationalism and liberalism in Canada is revealed in Eric Kierans’s political and economic thought. Kierans’s celebration of the virtues of competitive markets and the creative energy of individual entrepreneurship is evident in his political career, although he believes that economic acquisitiveness must be determined and controlled by the collective ends of the community. Kierans’s subordination of economics to politics fuelled his decentralized federalism and opposition to concentrations of corporate power, evidenced in his recent public stands against the Free Trade Agreement (though not free trade) and in favour of the Meech Lake Accord. Nevertheless, present threats to Canada’s unity and independence must be viewed against a background of historical failures of national (and more often than not Liberal) policy.
“I Am Here to Help If You Need Me”: British Columbia’s Rural Teachers’ Welfare Officer, 1928-1934
Authors: Wilson J. Donald
Published: December 2016

Through a discussion of the appointment and work of Lottie Bowron as Rural Teachers’ Welfare Officer in British Columbia from 1928 to 1934, this article examines the situation of female teachers in the province at the time, particularly in rural areas. Factors such as isolation, loneliness, poor accommodation, inadequate schoolrooms, insufficient supplies, and interfering school trustees all contributed to a challenging work and life situation for young women, often fresh out of normal school in Vancouver or Victoria. Despite the material difficulties presented in rural B.C., many female teachers thrived on the independence and modest social status afforded them. The article contributes to our knowledge of rural life in B.C. as well as to the history of women teachers.
Book Publishing in British Columbia, 1990: More Than a Regional Enterprise
Authors: Fredeman Jane
Published: December 2016

From the beginning, publishing in and about British Columbia has emphasized why people would go there. Within the last twenty-five years, however, publishing within the province has become much broader in its interests and in the groups to which it appeals. While regional books are important, many publishers identify their interests as literary, general, or international.
Vancouver’s ‘Four Hundred’: The Quest for Wealth and Status in Canada’s Urban West, 1886-1914
Authors: McDonald Robert A.J.
Published: December 2016

As a city created for business purposes, Vancouver typified western communities in attracting entrepreneurs bent on making money. Nevertheless, imported social baggage and wealth played a larger role in structuring Vancouver society and defining its social and economic elites than the literature on western urbanization would suggest.
“A Common Effort to Determine the Facts”: The Sharing of Technical Knowledge in Canadian Industry, 1900-1939
Authors: Hull James P.
Published: December 2016

In the early twentieth century Canadian firms radically altered the manner in which they acquired, processed, and applied technical knowledge. Firms hired increasing numbers of scientists and engineers, began to produce new technical knowledge in-house, and recognized the advantages of free exchange of knowledge with other firms and institutions. The context of the new approach to handling technical knowledge is discussed, looking in particular at the institutions of knowledge and the degree to which specifically Canadian features of this topic may be discerned. Finally, the implications of this study for the wider understanding of the history of science and industry in Canada are discussed.
The Triumph of Liberalism in Canada: Laurier on Representation and Party Government
Authors: Knopff Rainer
Published: December 2016

While liberal theorists provide the framework for modern party government, statesmen assist its practical establishment. This paper explores Wilfrid Laurier’s contribution in his 1877 speech on “Political Liberalism.” A close analysis underlines the rhetorical difficulties in establishing modern party government against a theocratic exponent of what Tocqueville called “great party" politics. The liberal solution, in its fully developed, democratic version, implicates the thought of Hobbes on political representation, and the separation of church and state addressed by Locke. Laurier’s speech could be seen as a successful attempt to bring to Quebec, almost 200 years later, the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
The Public, the Private and the Ideological Character of the Division of Powers in Sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act of 1867
Authors: Weber Bryce
Published: December 2016

This article adopts a critical theory perspective on the Constitution Act of 1867. The Act can be read as an ideological document to the degree that sections 91 to 93 reflect a structuring of power relations in which the more restricted (provincial) level of government was given responsibility for “private” concerns. This structuring of power in the Act could reflect a tendency — albeit not a monolithic one — towards laissez-faire thinking on the part of the Fathers of Confederation, if by laissez-faire we mean an ideology marked by the normative claim that public authority does not belong in the private sphere (including the economy) rather than the usual use of the term to refer to an exclusively economic doctrine.
Sexual Equality and the Minimum Wage in British Columbia
Authors: Creese Gillian
Published: December 2016

The history of the minimum wage in British Columbia illustrates the way that state policies incorporated a set of ideas about the family and women’s roles while reinforcing the subordination of women in the labour market. A system of sex-specific and industrially-based “fair wages” developed that incorporated historical definitions of the lower value of women’s work compared to men’s, and the assumption that women need only support themselves while men must support families. The minimum wage system helped to institutionalize sex segregation in the labour market, by not enacting female rates in many areas of “men’s work,” and to legitimize women’s low pay.
Medical Professionalism: Toward a Contemporary Canadian Model
Authors: Lynch Abby Ann
Published: December 2016

The ethics of practice for physicians is inseparable from the profession’s ethic, its considered relationship with the society within which the profession’s members practise. Contemporary Canadian challenges call for further reflection here: is the profession somehow morally distinct from society, submerged within it, simultaneously both distinct and not distinct? Such reflection may dictate change to the professional Code; it should enhance clarity concerning the profession’s commitment to society’s service. Further, it is necessarily ongoing and, for students, best begun at the time of their socialization into the medical profession.
Sex and the Professions in Canada
Authors: Armstrong Pat , Armstrong Hugh
Published: December 2016

This paper argues that the literature on professions reveals a fundamental failure to conceptualize sex differences. Following a brief discussion of approaches to the definition of professions, we employ Katherine Marshall’s operationalization of professions in the Canadian occupational structure to explore the different experiences of female and male professionals during the 1971 -86 period. Although women have here as elsewhere flooded into the professions, pronounced patterns of sex segregation persist both within and between professional occupations. Evidence reveals that years of education and other objective characteristics do not account for die power, pay and prestige differences among professionals. Clear contrasts emerge in the marital and parental statuses of female and male professions. In short, for the professions sex counts.
Art and Work: Frederick Brigden and the History of the Canadian Illustrated Press
Authors: Davis Angela E.
Published: December 2016

Art and cultural development in nineteenth-century Cunadian cities has most frequently been discussed in terms of the business community and its support of the “fine arts." The more obvious connections of nineteenth-century businessmen with an art associated with the everyday world of commerce and industry has received less attention. Through an examination of the early years of the Toronto Engraving Company, this paper suggests that the reproduced images creaicd for newspapers, advertising, and illustrated magazines were an essential element in the development of modern, urban, Canadian society.
“All in the Family”: Quebec Family Drama in the 1980s
Authors: Moss Jane
Published: December 2016

In its role as a reflection of a collective self-image, twentieth-century Quebec theatre has often focused on the family. In the politically-charged atmosphere of the 1960s and 1970s, plays by Dube, Loranger, Tremblay, Germain, and the Théâtre des Cuisines portrayed the traditional Quebec family as an asphyxiating force. Despite radical changes in domestic configu rations and the shift from a collective sense of identity to individualism in Quebec society, playwrights continue to dramatize family histories. Family dramas in the 1980s may be divided into two groups: those that depict the failure of the nuclear family (often resulting in domestic tragedy) and those that dramatize reconciliation and lead to the renewal of family ties.
Parliamentary Magic: Sir John Thompson and the Enactment of the Criminal Code
Authors: Brown Desmond H.
Published: December 2016

From the mid-sixteenth century many attempts were made to codify English criminal law against the concerted opposition of the legal profession and the bench. These efforts culminated in 1880 with the introduction in the Imperial Parliament of a criminal code bill. Like all previous initiatives, it failed. Eleven years later Sir John Thompson introduced a similar bill in the Canadian Parliament. His tactics in piloting the bill through the Commons were so effective that in the next session the Canadian Criminal Code was enacted, and Parliament, not the bench, became the focus of change in the criminal law.
Native Women of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Historical Perspective, 1830-1900
Authors: Cooper Carol
Published: December 2016

Contact with whites often heralded a contraction of native women’s roles and brought about a corresponding decline in their status. Yet the experiences of the Nishga and Tsimshian women of the northern Pacific coast during the fur trade and mission eras defy such generalizations. These women continued their traditional productive activities while assuming expanded roles as traders and workers at the Hudson’s Bay Company fort, and later took employment as inside workers in the newly established canneries. Nor did missions seriously erode their status, for the continuing economic independence and power of Nishga and Tsimshian women meant that they were not compelled to accept the narrow domestic roles and notions of female submissiveness promoted by the missionaries.
Jack Pine — Wilderness sublime or the erasure of the aboriginal presence from the landscape
Authors: Bordo Jonathan
Published: December 2016

Inaugurated by the Group of Seven, modern art in Canada is intimately and inseparably linked, unlike other modernist visual art traditions, with landscape painting and a particular, if not special, view of landscape as wilderness. The visual image might be best and simply characterized in terms of a landscape empty of human and animal presence and its apparent replacement by an organizing non-human figure, paradigmatically a single, foregrounded Northern tree, typically a Jack Pine, iconized as canonic in such celebrated paintings as Tom Thomson’s The Jack Pine and West Wind and Frederick Varley’s Stormy Weather, Georgian Bay. This study attempts to establish a theoretical problematics of the Laurentian wilderness ethos through an interpretation of the significance of that denial of human presence and its replacement by the shifting anthropomorphic form of the solitary tree. The essay demonstrates how Jack Pine came to invent the “wilderness park” as a monumental site that represented a kind of human occupancy as if it were utterly vacant of human beings. This required the erasure of aboriginal presence from wilderness as a system of representation.
Le loisir des aînès et aînèes du Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Ouelletie Pierre
Published: December 2016

Cet article porte essentiellement sur les travaux rattachés aux loisirs des personnes âgées du Nouveau-Brunswick. Au tout début de l’article, les principales définitions et théories relatives aux études en loisir ou à la gérontologie sociale sont présentées. De plus, les conclusions majeures se dégageant des études américaines ou canadiennes sont résumées. Ensuite, certaines activités de loisir sont analysées en fonction du sexe, du groupe linguistique et du niveau d’éducation des membres des clubs d’âge d’or du Nouveau-Brunswick. Enfin, soulignons que certaines études effectuées dans cette province particulière traitent non seulement de la paticipation au loisir mais aussi de la satisfaction et de la motivation au loisir.
Technology and Aging
Authors: Chappell Neena
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the use of technology during old age. The increasing need for assistance as we age is explored, focusing in particular on the use of assistive technological aids. The paper then turns to the growing numbers of seniors as a large, untapped market for manufacturers of technology. The last section examines their buying behaviour, an area where the research is still scant but nevertheless demonstrates that seniors are an interested consumer group. Diversity among seniors in terms of both their lifestyle and their buying behaviour is emphasized. The last section raises some ethical questions concerning the use of technological devises and additional questions for future research.
Population Aging in the Canadian Labour Force: Changes and Challenges
Authors: Foot David K.
Published: December 2016

Canada’s post-war labour force growth has been unmatched in any other western industrialized economy, due primarily to the entry of the baby boom generation into the labour force in the 1960s and 1970s. The 1980s, however, have signalled the emergence of new trends, such as a lower source population growth and an aging labour force. Instead of focusing on job creation and the absorption of younger workers, the policy focus must shift to the new challenges precipitated by these trends. New flattened organizational structures driven by demographie (and other) external developments are likely to become more common, shifting the focus from linear to spiral career paths. To be successful much greater emphasis must be placed on adult career development. General skills training will have to be emphasized; work schedules may have to be altered; current early retirement trends may need to reversed. The result can only be achieved by changing management styles and practices.
Anthropology in the Service of the State: Diamond Jenness and Canadian Indian Policy
Authors: Kulchyski Peter
Published: December 2016

Diamond Jenness, one of the pre-eminent ethnologists of Canadian aboriginal people, was a vocal critic of Canadian Indian policy. This critical appraisal of Jenness’s life work argues that there was a structural complicity between Jenness and the State. Jenness’s testimony in 1947 before the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, set up to review Indian administration and policy, as well as Jenness’s explicit policy writings, are examined to illustrate this complicity. As well, a critique of Jenness’s writings, particularly The Indians of Canada and the newly published Arctic Odyssey: The Diary of Diamond Jenness, is developed to illustrate how Jenness provided ideological support for and justification of state policy towards aboriginal Canadians.
Mapping the Social: Notes from Jacob Keefer’s Educational Tours, 1845
Authors: Curtis Bruce
Published: December 2016

Guided by Abrams’s methodological program for sociology, this article places a fragmentary historical text in its social, political and personal contexts. The article locates a seemingly trivial event at the intersection of a set of historical “contingencies,” a process which enables one to attribute a wider meaning to it.
Uînashku (la marmotte commune)
Authors: Clément Daniel
Published: December 2016

La comparaison des connaissances montagnaises et académiques relatives à la marmotte commune (Marmota monax), à partir de quatre aspects majeurs (nomenclature et taxinomie; description, modes de déplacement et sens; moeurs; reproduction), offre plusieurs avantages. Elle augmente nos propres connaissances de la zoographie montagnaise, permet de mettre en évidence les fondements des légendes et aide à mieux comprendre le sens qu’attribuent les autochtones à une espèce donnée. Dans le système de représentation montagnais, la marmotte est ainsi associée à des animaux hibernants, au porc-épic à partir d’empreintes similaires, à des oiseaux en raison de chants comparables, au printemps dont son nom marque l’arrivée et, surtout, à un canot bas et bien équilibré, dans sa façon de nager.
“Blood with the Taint of Cain”: Immigrant Labouring Children, Manitoba Politics, and the Execution of Emily Hilda Blake
Authors: Mitchell Tom
Published: December 2016

One of two women executed in Canada in the 50 years after Elizabeth Workman was put to death on 23 May 1873, Hilda Blake was the only woman ever executed in Manitoba. Given the record of Crown intervention from 1873 to 1920, the execution of Blake is difficult to account for as the federal cabinet had to reject a number of arguments for granting clemency or ordering a new trial. While an explanation for the cabinet decision must include reference to the undisputed role of Blake in the actual murder of Mary Lane, Blake’s social origins as a working-class orphan, and Victorian notions of gender, class, and crime, the overriding concerns appear to have been Liberal political misfortunes in Manitoba and Clifford Sifton’s determination to place political survival ahead of other considerations.
Native People and the Tourist Industry in Nineteenth-Century Ontario
Authors: Jasen Patricia
Published: December 2016

The Native people of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes regions played both passive and active roles in the tourist industry during the nineteenth century. They served involuntarily as part of the New World landscape, but, more importantly, both women and men turned the intrusion of tourists to some economic advantage by selling souvenirs and acting as wilderness guides. The tourists’ response to the Native presence was conditioned by their own cultural assumptions regarding race, civilization, and wilderness, and the tourist industry itself acted as yet another colonizing force in nineteenth-century Ontario.
The Book of Black Hearts: Readdressing the Meaning and Relevance of Supernatural Materials
Authors: Ferguson Mark
Published: December 2016

This paper considers some of the meanings and the relevance of a group of supernatural stories from Labrador which concern a Book of Black Hearts, a mistress of the game, food shortages, and land guardianship. A comparison of these Labradorian Settler texts to related Native texts and an examination of the stories in light of their past and present social contexts provide the basis for my consideration of their central meanings and lessons and their more or less marginal role in modern, local social-political discourse and debate.
Harold Innis’s Dialectical Triad
Authors: Comor Edward
Published: December 2016

Perhaps Harold Innis’s most important yet least understood contribution to social science is the development of a relatively original dialectical materialist methodology. This methodology can be conceptualized in the form of a dialectical triad involving the categories "wealth," "knowledge" and "force." The author argues that a core component of this triad is the much misunderstood concept of "bias." Guided by Innis’s contribution, a modified form of class analysis — applicable to capitalist and non-capitalist social formations (including contemporary developments involving the emergence of a so-called "information economy") — is suggested as a possible and important project for future research.
Idealized Middle-Class Sport for a Young Nation: Lacrosse in Nineteenth-Century Ontario Towns, 1871-1891
Authors: Bouchier Nancy B.
Published: December 2016

Late nineteenth-century amateur sport was one forum where middle-class men struggled to establish a cultural hegemony. The development of amateur lacrosse in the small southwestern Ontario towns of Ingersoll and Woodstock, between 1871and 1891, shows that local middle-class sport reformers used lacrosse to make their vision of reality credible, and to contribute to the formulation of a broader Canadian culture which would buttress their image as natural social leaders. Connected to an evolving cult of respectability, they sought to eliminate rowdiness from local sport and monopolize the forms and meanings that sport was to take. Their lacrosse embodied muscular Christian precepts and embraced social themes of particular importance to the reform-minded. Their clubs, which were filled with working-class youth, enlisted cooperation from subordinate groups. Ultimately, however, reformers’ efforts to define legitimate activities for others remained an ongoing process, since the connection between team and town, fostered by capitalist boosterism, and shaped by the hand of middle-class men, contained within it the seeds of a displaced rowdyism.
Administrative Reform and the Quest for Bureaucratic Autonomy, 1867-1919
Authors: Rasmussen Ken
Published: December 2016

The history of Canadian administrative reform has generally been written from a liberal, functional, or Marxist perspective. Ignored in these analyses has been the significant role played by the senior civil service in advocating administrative reform. This paper argues that during the period from Confederation until the major reforms of 1918, deputy ministers were the key constituency for administrative reform, using the liberal ideas of fairness, equality and justice to create a stable, high-status career out of the civil service.
Canada's Wage-Earning Wives and the Construction of the Middle Class, 1945-60
Authors: Strong-Boag Veronica
Published: December 2016

The 15 years after World War II were far from the perceived simple precursor to the tumultuous 1960s. Shifts in the work experience of both sexes prompted uncertainty about the direction society was taking in the Cold War world. In particular, English-speaking Canada's popular press was drawn to the fate of the working sexes within a broadly based and obscurely defined middle class. Fears about men's roles provided a frequent subtext, but overt public concerns commonly focused on shifts in female experience. This article examines debales about wage-eaming wives and mothers within the popular press in anglophone Canada between 1945 and 1950. During this time magazines and newspapers were filled with dire forecasts and happy prognostications about the meaning of married women’s paid work. The fate of the poor, of women (immigrant and otherwise) employed because of economic necessity, was largely ignored in publications like Saturday Night, Chatelaine, and the Star Weekly Magazine. Above all it was supposedly middle-class while women faced with a choice of labour, whether al home or in the labour market, who disturbed post-war commentators. In the construction of the modem nation by the popular press, the realities of class and race were conveniently ignored.
Families, Private Property, and the State: The Dionnes and the Toronto Stork Derby
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: December 2016

The way in which the Ontario government assumed control over the Dionne Quintuplets has often been considered as an issue of government interference with the autonomy of families. A close study of the guardianship documents reveals, however, that neither family policy nor child welfare were at all relevant to the regulation of the Dionne family; the Quintuplets were managed as nationalized property, not as children in need of protection. A comparison with another famous Depression case, the Toronto Stork Derby, reveals that although questions of family, reproduction, eugenics and so on were important in the public discussion of the Derby, property considerations were paramount in the final outcome as determined first by the provincial government and then by the courts. Although many people had moral and social objections to the Derby will (leaving a large amount of money to the Toronto woman who had given birth to the most children in a 10-year period), in the end the issue was managed not as a family issue but as one of property and inheritance law.
“And let them wash me from this clanging world”: Hugh and Ion, “The Last Best West” and Purity Discourse in 1885
Authors: Devereux Cecily
Published: December 2016

Isabella Valancy Crawford’s long narrative poem Hugh and Ion was not published in her lifetime, and has not been dated with much certainty. This important piece of Crawford’s work has considerable relevance, however, to English-Canadian discourses and ideologies of the mid-1880s, and thus needs to be situated with some specificity within its cultural context. Robert Alan Burns has recently shown how the poem engages with reports of the trial of Louts Riel, headline news in the summer and fall of 1885. In the Toronto papers, Riel’s trial shared front-page coverage with another putatively imperial crisis—journalist W.T. Stead’s scandalous “exposé” of the “white slave trade” in London. Stead’s week-long account of child prositution at the centre of the British Empire set a wave of purity reform activity in motion in England and throughout the colonies, not least in English Canada, where the potential of the new Dominion as a site for the expansion of England was being sorely tested by the effects of the Second North West Rebellion upon the settlement of the “Last Best West.” By aligning Crawford’s poem with this well-known “scandal” of 1885 and its implications for Canadian expansion, it is possible not only to put a date to the text, but to see in a new light Crawford’s own politics of Empire, imperial feminism and purity reform.
“Getting his walking ticket”: Minister and Laity in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Toronto
Authors: Murison Barbara C.
Published: December 2016

Relations between ministers and laity in all denominations in British North America were often fraught. Clerical ideas of spiritual leadership frequently clashed with lay notions regarding management of congregational affairs and the dividing line between “spiritual” and “temporal” responsibilities proved difficult to draw. The struggle between the Rev Dr Robert Bums, the best-known Presbyterian minister of his day, and members of his flock at Knox Church, Toronto, became a cause célèbre. An analysis of this lengthy and bitter confrontation demonstrates the central importance of religion in people’s lives and the vitality of a Presbyterian Church too often viewed from the limited perspective of hagiographie ministerial biographies and uncritical accounts of individual congregations.