bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chan‐Evans‐Lam C−N Coupling Promoted by a Dinuclear Positively Charged Cu(II) Complex. Catalytic Performance and Some Evidence for the Mechanism of CEL Reaction Obviating Cu(III)/Cu(I) Catalytic Cycle
Authors: Akatyev Nikolay , Il'in Mikhail , Il'in(Jr.) Mikhail , Peregudova Svetlana , Peregudov Alexander , Buyanovskaya Anastasiya , Kudryavtsev Kirill , Dubovik Alexander , Grinberg Valerij , Orlov Victor , Pavlov Alexander , Novikov Valentin , Volkov Ilya , Belokon Yuri
Published: March 2020

In the present study, we report the synthesis of a series of copper(II) complexes with a wide range of ligands and their testing in the copper catalyzed Chan‐Evans‐Lam (CEL) coupling of aniline and phenylboronic acid. The efficiency of the coupling was directly connected with the ease of the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) of the complexes. The most efficient catalyst was derived from 4‐t‐butyl‐2,5‐bis[(quinolinylimino)methyl]phenolate and two Cu(II) ions. Depending on the counter‐anion nature and the concentration of the reaction mixture, the reaction can be directed to predominant C−N‐bond formation. Forty‐three derivatives of diphenylamine were prepared under the optimized conditions. The proposed mechanism of the catalysis was based on the reduction potential of a series of complexes, molecular weight measurements of the catalytic complex in MeOH and the kinetic studies of aniline and phenylboronic acid coupling. In addition, an 1H NMR experiment in a sealed NMR tube, without external oxygen supply available, proved that no complete Cu(II) to Cu(I) conversion was observed under the condition, ruling out the usually accepted mechanism of the C−N coupling, which included the oxygenation of the intermediately formed Cu(I) complexes after the key step of C−N conversion had already been completed. Instead, a mechanism was proposed, involving an oxygen molecule coordinated to two copper ions in the key C−N bond formation without any detectable conversion of the Cu(II) complexes to Cu(I).
Global incidence trends in primary liver cancer by age at diagnosis, sex, region, and etiology, 1990‐2017
Authors: Liu Zhenqiu , Suo Chen , Mao Xianhua , Jiang Yanfeng , Jin Li , Zhang Tiejun , Chen Xingdong
Published: March 2020

Background

The incidence of primary liver cancer (PLC) continues to increase worldwide. The incidence trends and patterns of PLC associated with different age at diagnosis remain unknown.

Methods

We collected detailed information on PLC between 1990 and 2017 from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Estimated annual percentage changes in the PLC age‐standardized incidence rate (ASR) diagnosed by age, sex, region, and etiology were calculated to quantify the temporal trends in PLC ASR.

Results

Globally, the number of PLC cases for which the age at diagnosis was <30 years decreased from 17,381 in 1990 to 14,661 in 2017, whereas the number of PLC cases diagnosed at age 30 to 59 and ≥60 years old increased from 216,561 and 241,189 in 1990 to 359,770 and 578,344 in 2017, respectively. The ASR of PLC cases with age at diagnosis <30 years and between 30 and 59 years decreased in both sexes, whereas the ASR of PLC with age at diagnosis ≥60 years increased in males and remained stable in females at the global level. Males had a more dramatic increase in PLC diagnosed at age ≥60 years but a milder decrease in PLC diagnosed between 30 and 59 years of age. This decrease was attributed largely to the reduction in PLC caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C and was consistent in most regions except for developed countries, in which the ASR of PLC increased irrespective of sex and age. The ASR of PLC due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increased by the greatest magnitude in most regions.

Conclusion

PLC in highly endemic regions has been partly alleviated due to the potent control of hepatitis, especially among young and middle‐aged people. However, an unfavorable trend was observed in most developed countries and in elderly populations. As such, PLC prevention schedules should give more attention to NASH and elderly patients.
Self‐limited Phosphatase‐mimicking CeO2 Nanozymes
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Liu Juewen
Published: March 2020

CeO2 nanoparticles or nanoceria is a very interesting enzyme mimic (nanozyme) with a diverse range of catalytic activities. Most of the previous studies focused on its redox chemistry for mimicking oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase‐like activities, and as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species. Considering CeO2 has both Ce(III) and Ce(IV) species and both interact strongly with inorganic phosphate, nanoceria has also been studied for its phosphatase‐like activity. We herein compared these species along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP). First, CeO2 and Ce(IV) have good activity using p‐nitrophenylphosphate (p‐NPP) as a substrate, while other metal ions failed to show this activity. Since a reaction product is inorganic phosphate and we observed an interesting enzyme kinetic profile, the effect of phosphate was studied, which inhibited both CeO2 and ALP. The inhibition constant was about 5‐fold smaller for CeO2. The inhibition effect of polyphosphates was even stronger. Due to the product inhibition effect, CeO2 is unlikely to be a typical multiple turnover nanozyme, and the system is self‐limited. For the other anions, only F− showed a moderate inhibition effect on the cerium species, while adsorption of DNA did not inhibit the activity. Finally, heat treated ALP lost the activity, but CeO2 and Ce(IV) remained active. This study has deepened our understanding of CeO2 as a phosphatase mimicking nanozyme, which could be useful for biosensing and chemical biology applications.
A Methoxyamine‐Protecting Group for Organic Radical Battery Materials—An Alternative Approach
Authors: Hansen Kai‐Anders , Chambers Lewis C. , Eing Matthias , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Fairfull‐Smith Kathryn E. , Blinco James P.
Published: March 2020

An alternative synthetic route towards the widely employed electroactive poly(TEMPO methacrylate) (PTMA) via a thermally robust methoxyamine‐protecting group is demonstrated herein. Protection of the radical moiety of hydroxy‐TEMPO with a methyl functionality and subsequent esterification with methacrylic anhydride allows the high‐yielding formation of the novel monomer methyl‐TEMPO methacrylate (MTMA). The polymerization of MTMA to poly(MTMA) (PMTMA) is investigated via free radical polymerization and reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization (RAFT), a reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization technique. Cleavage of the temperature‐stable methoxyamine functionality by oxidative treatment of PMTMA with meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) releases the electroactive PTMA. The redox activity of PTMA was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry in lithium‐ion coin cells.
Nanoscale Perovskite‐Sensitized Solar Cell Revisited: Dye‐Cell or Perovskite‐Cell?
Authors: Yoo So‐Min , Lee Seul‐Yi , Velilla Hernandez Esteban , Kim Myoung , Kim Gitae , Shin Taeho , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Mora‐Seró Iván , Lee Hyo Joong
Published: March 2020

A general and straightforward way of preparing few‐nanometer‐sized well‐separated MAPbIxBr3−x (MA=methylammonium) perovskite photosensitizers on the surface of an approximately 1 μm thick mesoporous TiO2 photoanode was suggested through a two‐step sequential deposition of low‐concentrated lead halides (0.10–0.30 m PbI2 or PbBr2) and methylammonium iodide/bromide (MAI/MABr). When those nanoscale MAPbIxBr3−x perovskites were incorporated as a photosensitizer in typical solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ss‐DSSCs), it could be verified clearly by the capacitance analysis that nano‐particulate MAPbI3 perovskites play the same role as that of a typical dye sensitizer (MK‐2 molecule) although their size, composition, and structure are different.
Smart Bifunctional Sb2Se3 Nanorods for Integrated Water Purification: Insoluble Liquid Separation and Photoelectrochemical Degradation
Authors: Kim Young Been , Cho Sung Woon , Deshpande Nishad G. , Jung Sung Hyeon , Kim Dong Su , Park Ki Ju , Kim Han‐Ki , Cho Hyung Koun
Published: March 2020

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) nanostructures enable bifunctional water purification by a single membrane through i) physical separation of water‐insoluble oil and ii) photoelectrocatalytic degradation of water‐soluble organic compounds. Sb2Se3 nanorods with exposed surfaces of {h 0 0} and {h 0 l} planes exhibit superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of ≈159°) owing to extremely low surface energy of those dangling‐bond‐free van der Waals planes. Based on crystallographic understanding, superhydrophobic Sb2Se3 nanorods were produced on a mesh‐type substrate for utilization as a membrane for physical water/oil separation. Sb2Se3 exhibited an optimal photocathodic response with p‐type electrical conductivity under visible light along the longitudinal crystal direction. This indicated that the nanorods could be used as photoelectrocatalytic material for chemical water purification. A smart membrane with Sb2Se3 nanostructures was proposed as a candidate for integrated water purification that can simultaneously accomplish water/oil separation and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic compounds in wastewater. Linear sweep voltammetry measurements of the Sb2Se3‐membrane showed cathodic photocurrent generation (up to approximately 10 mA cm−2 at 0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), which was enough to reduce O2 to an oxygen radical (O2.−) for degradation of methyl orange. Consequently, solar‐driven integrated water purification was demonstrated for the first time by using a single material with a dual function of superhydrophobicity and photoactivity.
Mechanistic Study of Diaryl Ether Bond Cleavage during Palladium‐Catalyzed Lignin Hydrogenolysis
Authors: Li Yanding , Karlen Steven D. , Demir Benginur , Kim Hoon , Luterbacher Jeremy , Dumesic James A. , Stahl Shannon S. , Ralph John
Published: March 2020

Hydrogenolysis has emerged as one of the most effective means of converting polymeric lignin into monoaromatic fragments of value. Reported yields may be higher than for other methods and can exceed the theoretical yields estimated from measures of the content of lignin's most readily cleaved alkyl‐aryl ether bonds in β‐ether units. The high yields suggest that other units in lignin are being cleaved. Diaryl ether units are important units in lignin, and their cleavage has been examined previously using simple model compounds, such as diphenyl ether. Herein, the hydrogenolysis of model compounds that closely resemble the native lignin 4‐O‐5 diaryl ether units was analyzed. The results provided unexpected insights into the reactivity and partial cleavage of these compounds. The models and lignin polymer produced not only monomers, but also unusual 1,3,5‐meta‐substituted aromatics that appear to be diagnostic for the presence and the cleavage of the 4‐O‐5 diaryl ether unit in lignin.
Assessment of loss‐of‐control eating in healthy youth by interview and questionnaire
Authors: Altman Deborah R. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Shank Lisa M. , Swanson Taylor N. , Ramirez Eliana , Moore Nia A. , Rubin Sarah G. , Byrne Meghan E. , LeMay‐Russell Sarah , Schvey Natasha A. , Kelly Nichole R. , Parker Megan N. , Gubbi Sriram , Brady Sheila M. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: March 2020

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate two questionnaires, an updated youth version of the questionnaire on eating and weight patterns (Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns‐5 Children/Adolescent [QEWP‐C‐5]) and the Loss‐of‐Control (LOC) Eating Disorder Questionnaire (LOC‐ED‐Q), against the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview to assess the presence of LOC‐eating among youth.

Method

Two‐hundred and eighteen youths (12.8 ± 2.7 years) completed the QEWP‐C‐5, LOC‐ED‐Q, and EDE, depressive and anxiety questionnaires, and adiposity assessment. Sensitivity, specificity, positive‐predictive value, negative‐predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated; Cochran's Q and McNemar's tests were used to compare measures. Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed. Mood and adiposity based on LOC‐eating presence and absence based on each measure were examined.

Results

The QEWP‐C‐5 and LOC‐ED‐Q demonstrated poor sensitivity (33%; 30%) and high specificity (95%; 96%) compared with the EDE. The AUCs suggested neither the QEWP‐C‐5 (0.64) nor the LOC‐ED‐Q (0.62) demonstrated acceptable diagnostic accuracy. Comparing distributions of LOC‐eating presence between assessments, the QEWP‐C‐5 and EDE did not differ significantly (p = .10), while the LOC‐ED‐Q and EDE had significantly different distributions (p = .03). LOC‐eating presence was associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms across all measures (ps < .02). Greater adiposity (ps < .02) was associated with LOC‐eating presence on the EDE and LOC‐ED‐Q, and higher BMI z‐score (p = .02) on the LOC‐ED‐Q.

Discussion

Neither the QEWP‐C‐5 nor the LOC‐ED‐Q was sensitive for identifying LOC‐eating presence as determined by the EDE, although both were associated with greater mood symptoms. Research is needed to improve self‐report questionnaires to better screen for LOC‐eating presence among pediatric populations.
A secure data transmission protocol for cloud‐assisted edge‐Internet of Things environment
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Kumar Verma Harsh , Sikka Geeta
Published: March 2020

Cloud‐edge (CE) is revolutionizing our modern world with a greater user experience through the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the edge devices, communication bridge between the cloud and users, are repeatedly exhibiting many security flaws which will inevitably lead to massive cyber attacks. Thus, providing a proper security, specifically, the confidentiality and authenticity of sensitive data become a prime focus for many of the researchers. In cryptography, certificateless signcryption (CLSC) is one of the recent public key techniques that meets the requirements of confidentiality and authenticity of sensitive data between parties with minimal overhead. This paper aims to present a new data sharing protocol where the safety of data is achieved through a new CLSC scheme. The proposed CLSC is designed using the bilinear pairing and modular exponentiation operations. Besides, the CLSC is secure based on the intractability of Diffie‐Hellman inversion (DHI) and bilinear‐DHI assumptions without considering the random oracle model (ROM). Performance assessment of proposed CLSC gives satisfactory results after comparing with other related CLSC schemes. Therefore, proposed CLSC can be installed in the cloud‐based edge‐IoT environment where both the authenticity and confidentiality with minimal computational overhead are the essential factors.
Research and optimization of sports injury medical system under the background of Internet of things
Authors: Yu Hongying
Published: March 2020

With the popularization of Internet of things (IoT) knowledge and the wide dissemination of technology, IoT technology medical and health industry has brought far‐reaching influence. This article studies the application of IoT technology in sports injury medical system, and expounds the application of telemedicine, mobile diagnosis, and user data management in medical system supported by IoT technology. First, the application layer, network layer, and perceptual layer structure of the IoT are used to plan the overall hierarchy of the sports injury medical system, and then the system is divided into three modules, which are the user physiological parameter acquisition module, the user physiological parameter processing module, and the motion damage diagnosis result module. Finally, the performance of the system is detected from packet loss rate and concurrency quantity, and it is concluded that the medical system of sports injury can meet the requirements of field diagnosis based on the background of IoT, and the user's satisfaction is found to be greatly improved by the results of user's investigation.
Network video summarization based on key frame extraction via superpixel segmentation
Authors: Jin Haiyan , Yu Yang , Li Yumeng , Xiao Zhaolin
Published: March 2020

The spread of insecure online video has been a serious social problem. The video summarization becomes one of key step for automatic filtering the expected video from the Internet. At present, the most existing video summarization methods are based on calculating the image similarity between video frames, so that the key frame can be selected properly. In this article, we introduce a superpixel segmentation based image similarity calculation, and then the metric is applied into video summarization. To identify the video key frames, we introduce superpixel segmentation to cluster the pixels locally by estimating the optical flow displacement field between successive frames, which can extract key frames and reduce video redundancy. On the VSUMM dataset and YouTube dataset, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has clear advantages on both subjectively qualitative analysis and objectively quantitative evaluation comparing with the state of the art methods.
Temporal dynamics of the flash‐induced bouncing effect
Authors: Zhong Hui , Zhao Song , Chen Tingji , Yang Wanlu , Huang Xinyin , Feng Wenfeng
Published: March 2020

Two identical visual disks moving toward each other on a two‐dimensional (2D) display are more likely to be perceived as “streaming through” than “bouncing off” each other after their coincidence. However, either a brief auditory tone or visual flash presented at the coincident moment of the disks can strikingly increase the incidence of the bouncing percept. Despite the neural substrates underlying the sound‐induced bouncing effect have been widely investigated, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying the flash‐induced bouncing effect. The present study used event‐related potential recordings to explore the temporal dynamics of the flash‐induced bouncing effect. The results showed that the amplitude of the postcoincidence parietooccipital P2 component (190–230 ms after coincidence) elicited by the visual motion was significantly smaller on bouncing relative to streaming trials only when the flash was presented but not when absent. In addition, the parietal P3 component (330–430 ms) was found to be larger on bouncing than streaming trials when the flash was presented, but the opposite was true when no flash was presented. These electrophysiological findings suggest that the flash‐induced bouncing effect may occur at both perceptual and postperceptual stages of processing.
Loss of S100A14 expression at the tumor‐invading front correlates with poor differentiation and worse prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Pandey Sushma , Osman Tarig A. , Sharma Sunita , Vallenari Evan M. , Shahdadfar Aboulghassem , Pun Chin B. , Gautam Dej K. , Uhlin‐Hansen Lars , Rikardsen Oddveig , Johannessen Anne C. , Costea Daniela E. , Sapkota Dipak
Published: March 2020

Background

We previously showed a tumor‐suppressive function of S100A14 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to examine the prognostic significance and differentiation‐related function of S100A14 in OSCC.

Methods

S100A14 expression was examined in 170 OSCCs from Norwegian and Nepalese populations using immunohistochemistry. Pro‐differentiation function was investigated by overexpressing and silencing S100A14 expression in OSCC‐derived cells. External transcriptomic datasets were used to validate association between S100A14 and differentiation markers in OSCC.

Result

Loss of S100A14 expression at the invading tumor fronts significantly correlated with poor differentiation and reduced 10‐years survival of OSCC‐patients. Multivariate Cox analysis identified S100A14 to be an independent prognostic factor. Modulation of S100A14 expression in OSCC‐derived cells positively correlated with the expression of differentiation markers. Analysis of external datasets supported the pro‐differentiation function of S100A14.

Conclusion

These results indicate that S100A14 is a pro‐differentiation protein and its expression might be useful as a prognostic marker in OSCC.
The impact of catalase and glutathione peroxidase‐1 genetic polymorphisms on their enzyme activities among Egyptian patients with keratoconus
Authors: Abdul‐Maksoud Rehab S. , Fouad Rania A. , Elsayed Tamer G. , Ibrahem Reda A. , Badawi Amani E.
Published: March 2020

Background

Elevated oxidative stress plays a significant role in pathophysiology of keratoconus (KC). Polymorphisms of the antioxidant enzymes as CAT and GPX‐1 might alter their antioxidant enzyme capacities leading to increase in the oxidative damage induced KC.

Aim

To analyze the impact of CAT rs7943316 A/T and GPX‐1 rs1050450 C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the risk and severity of KC among a group of Egyptian population.

Subject & methods

CAT rs7943316 and GPX‐1 rs1050450 SNPs were examined using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism in 100 control subjects and 150 KC patients [50 patients (KC stages 1&2), 50 patients (KC stage 3) and 50 patients (KC stage 4)].

Results

Patients with TT genotype of CAT rs7943316 were at high risk of developing KC. T allele of GPX‐1 rs1050450 was significantly associated with KC risk (P ˂0.001). The frequency of CAT TT genotype and T allele was significantly higher among severe stages of KC compared to mild and moderate stages. GPX‐1 T allele frequency was significantly higher among severe stages of KC compared to mild and moderate stages. A very significant decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities was observed in association with these SNPs. Age of the patients, CAT and GPX‐1 SNPs as well as their enzyme activities were independent predictors of KC severity.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that CAT (rs7943316) and GPX‐1 (rs1050450) SNPs act as independent predictors for different grades of KC and that these SNPs might have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Optimizing TNFR2 antagonism for immunotherapy with tumor microenvironment specificity
Authors: Yang Michael , Tran Lisa , Torrey Heather , Song Yaerin , Perkins Haley , Case Katherine , Zheng Hui , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Kuhtreiber Willem M. , Faustman Denise L.
Published: March 2020

Most approved cancer immunotherapies lack T-regulatory (Treg) or tumor specificity. TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) antibody antagonism is emerging as an attractive immunotherapy due to its tumor microenvironment (TME) specificity. Here we show that the human TNFR2 receptor is overexpressed on both human tumor cells and on human tumor-residing Tregs, but negligibly expressed on beneficial T effectors (Teffs). Further, we found widespread, if variable, TNFR2 expression on 788 human tumor cell lines from diverse cancer tissues. These findings provided strong rationale for developing a targeted immunotherapy using a TNFR2 antibody antagonist. We designed a novel, human-directed TNFR2 antibody antagonist and tested it for function using three cell-based TME assays. The antagonist showed TME specificity by killing of TNFR2-expressing tumor cells and Tregs, but sparing Teffs, which proliferated. However, the antagonist shuffled between five isoforms, only one of which showed the desirable function. We designed and tested several new chimeric human versions of the antagonist, finding that the IgG2 isotype functioned better than the IgG1 isotype. To further improve function, we introduced targeted mutations to its amino acid sequence to stabilize the natural variability of the IgG2 isotype's hinge. Altogether, our findings suggest that optimal TNFR2 antagonists are of the human IgG2 isotype, have hinge stabilization, and have wide separation of antibody arms to bind to newly synthesized TNFR2 on rapidly growing tumor cells. Antagonistic antibodies with these characteristics, when bound to TNFR2, can form a nonsignaling cell surface dimer that functions with high TME specificity.
Analysis of colon-infiltrating γδ T cells in chronic inflammatory bowel disease and in colitis-associated cancer
Authors: Lo Presti Elena , Mocciaro Filippo , Mitri Roberto Di , Corsale Anna Maria , Di Simone Marta , Vieni Salvatore , Scibetta Nunzia , Unti Elettra , Dieli Francesco , Meraviglia Serena
Published: March 2020

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a global health problem with a significant percentage of patients progressing to chronic inflammation and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Whether or not γδ T cells contribute to initiation and maintenance of inflammation in IBD and in the development of CAC is not known. We have evaluated the frequency, phenotype, and functions of γδ T cells among tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes in healthy donors and IBD and CAC patients. Results show that Vδ1 T cells are the dominant γδ T-cell population in healthy tissue, whereas Vδ2 T significantly abound in chronic IBD. Vδ2 T cells produce more IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 than Vδ1 T cells in chronic inflamed IBD. In CAC patients no significant cytokine production was detected in tissue-resident Vδ1 T cells, but Vδ2 T cells produced remarkable amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α; these data were confirmed by the analysis of an independent cohort of IBD transcriptomes. Moreover, transcriptomes of IBD patients revealed a clear-cut clusterization of genes related with the maintenance of the inflammatory status. In conclusion, our results demonstrating that Vδ2 T cells have a proinflammatory profile in chronic IBD are suggestive of their participation in IBD and CAC pathogenesis.
Antioxidant activity screening and chemical constituents of the essential oil from rosemary by ultra‐fast GC electronic nose coupled with chemical methodology
Authors: Nie Ji‐Yu , Li Rong , Jiang Zi‐Tao , Wang Ying , Tan Jin , Tang Shu‐Hua , Zhang Yi
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Traditional chemical methods were mainly used to evaluate the total antioxidant activity of essential oils. How to determine the bioactivity of each compound in mixtures is an interesting research topic. Nowadays, an ultra‐fast gas chromatography electronic nose (E‐nose) has been gradually used in the detection of volatile compounds, but the screening of the active components of essential oils has not been reported. E‐nose coupled with chemical methodology was established using the essential oil from rosemary (EOR) as a specific application example. The proposed method can both identify the chemical constituents of EOR and quickly screen the antioxidant by comparing the change of chromatographic peak area of every component in EOR before and after reaction with free radicals.

RESULTS

Among all chemical constituents in EOR, verbenone, eucalyptol and o‐cymene showed the strongest scavenging abilities in 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazine (DPPH·), 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonate) (ABTS·+) and hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, respectively, with scavenging rates of 67.9%, 39.5%, and 69.9%. The reliability and feasibility of using E‐nose to identify chemical constituents of EOR were verified by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The GC–MS/MS results showed that the main components of EOR were α‐pinene (422.2 μg g−1), p‐cymene (208.4 μg g−1), camphor (203.5 μg g−1), verbenone (160.2 μg g−1), and eucalyptol (129.1 μg g−1).

CONCLUSIONS

The E‐nose methods can be used as a complementary method to traditional spectrophotometric techniques. Furthermore, this study will be of great significance for the rapid screening of antioxidant active components in essential oils from natural products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Protein, weight, and oil prediction by single‐seed near‐infrared spectroscopy for selection of seed quality and yield traits in pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Hacisalihoglu Gokhan , Freeman Jelani , Armstrong Paul R. , Seabourn Brad W , Porter Lyndon D , Settles A Mark , Gustin Jeffery L
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Pea (Pisum sativum) is a prevalent cool‐season crop that produces seeds valued for their high protein content. Modern cultivars have incorporated several traits that improved harvested yield. However, progress toward improving seed quality has received less emphasis, in part due to the lack of tools for easily and rapidly measuring seed traits. In this study we evaluated the accuracy of single‐seed near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for measuring pea‐seed weight, protein, and oil content. A total of 96 diverse pea accessions were analyzed using both single‐seed NIRS and wet chemistry methods. To demonstrate field relevance, the single‐seed NIRS protein prediction model was used to determine the impact of seed treatments and foliar fungicides on the protein content of harvested dry peas in a field trial.

RESULTS

External validation of partial least squares (PLS) regression models showed high prediction accuracy for protein and weight (R2 = 0.94 for both) and less accuracy for oil (R2 = 0.74). Single‐seed weight was weakly correlated with protein and oil content in contrast with previous reports. In the field study, the single‐seed NIRS predicted protein values were within 10 mg g−1 of an independent analytical reference measurement and were sufficiently precise to detect small treatment effects.

CONCLUSION

The high accuracy of protein and weight estimation show that single‐seed NIRS could be used in the dual selection of high‐protein, high‐weight peas early in the breeding cycle, allowing for faster genetic advancement toward improved pea nutritional quality. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Diversity and distribution of yeasts in indigenous fermented foods and beverages of Ethiopia
Authors: Koricha Anbessa D , Han Da‐Yong , Bacha Ketema , Bai Feng‐Yan
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

As one of the origin centers of domesticated plants in the world, Ethiopia is rich in diversified fermented foods and beverages, in which yeasts are usually among the essential functional microorganisms. This study aims to investigate yeast species diversity and distribution in indigenous fermented products in Ethiopia using conventional isolation and molecular identification methods.

RESULT

Yeast cell counts in 221 samples of various Ethiopian traditional fermented products, including fermented staple foods, alcoholic beverages, dairy products, and condiments, were compared using the typical dilution plating method. A total of 475 yeast isolates were recovered from these samples and 41 yeast species belonging to 25 genera were identified from yeast isolates using the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of rRNA gene. Candida humilis, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the most dominant species that were widely distributed among the majority of the fermented products analyzed in the current study.

CONCLUSION

Significant variations were encountered both in yeast cell counts, diversity, and distribution of yeast species among different types of fermented products and even among different samples of the same types of fermented products. It calls for a more extensive and systematic microbiological study of Ethiopian indigenous fermented foods, beverages and other related products that can be helpful for standardization and large‐scale production of these foods in Ethiopia. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved geographical origin discrimination for tea using ICP‐MS and ICP‐OES techniques in combination with chemometric approach
Authors: Liu Hong‐lin , Zeng Yi‐tao , Zhao Xin , Tong Hua‐rong
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

There is an urgent need to strengthen the testing and certification of geographically iconic foods, as well as to use discriminatory science and technology for their regulation and verification. Multi‐element and stable isotope analyses were combined to provide a new chemometric approach for improving the discrimination tea samples from different geographical origins. Different stoichiometric methods [principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), back propagation based artificial neural network (BP‐ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA)] were used to demonstrate this discrimination approach using Yongchuanxiuya tea samples in an experimental test.

RESULTS

Multi‐element and stable isotope analyses of tea samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry easily distinguished the geographical origins. However, the clustering ability of the two unsupervised learning methods (PCA and HCA) were worse compared to that of the three supervised learning methods (PLS‐DA, BP‐ANN and LDA). BP‐ANN and LDA, with 100% recognition and prediction abilities, were found to be better than PLS‐DA. 86Sr and 112Cd were the markers enabling the successful classification of tea samples according to their geographical origins. Under the validation by ‘blind’ dataset, the prediction accuracies of the BP‐ANN and LDA methods were all greater than 90%. The LDA method showed the best performance, with an accuracy of 100%.

CONCLUSION

In summary, determination of mineral elements and stable isotopes using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry techniques coupled with chemometric methods, especially the LDA method, is a good approach for improving the authentication of a diverse range of tea. The present study contributes toward generalizing the use of fingerprinting mineral elements and stable isotopes as a promising tool for testing the geographic roots of tea and food worldwide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Graphene supported NiMo catalyst: A promising novel hydrocracking catalyst
Authors: Karimi Ali , Sadighi Sepehr
Published: March 2020

The graphene nanosheet (GNS) is used as a catalyst support for various catalytic reactions. A comprehensive study of functionalized GNS (FGNS)‐supported catalyst for the purpose of hydrocracking (HDC) process provides a guide to exploring the potential applications and discovering their superior properties. In this research, to study the effect of the support on the conversion and selectivity of n‐hexadecane HDC process, experiments are carried out over a synthesized NiMo/FGNS (NMFG) and a commercial NiMo/Al2O3‐SiO2 (NMAS) catalysts in a fixed‐bed reactor. The functional groups on the NMFG surface anchor and disperse active metals on the catalyst surface, and they enhance the HDC conversion and stability of NMFG catalyst. Moreover, results prove that, in comparison with the commercial catalyst, NMFG increases the HDC conversion of n‐hexadecane about 48%, and decreases the coke deposition on its surface.
Investigation of a hydrophobically associating AMAHS polyacrylamides: A new corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl
Authors: Rao Xingxing , Zhou Long , Zhang Guanglong , Wang Xuan , Xia Shuwei , Yu Liangmin
Published: March 2020

A polyacrylamide with capsaicin‐derived monomers (AM–MAA–AMPS–HMBA–SMA; AMAHS) was synthesized and investigated as a novel environment‐friendly polymer inhibitor for Q235 mild steel at 25°C in 1 M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency was evaluated by weight loss measurements, electrochemical experiments, and surface investigation methods as well as by theoretical calculations. Experimental results indicated that the efficiency of AMAHS was up to 94.86% at the concentration of 2 g/L. Electrochemical tests and surface morphology analysis showed that AMAHS served as a mixed‐type corrosion inhibitor, which could be adsorbed and self‐assembled on the surface of mild steel forming a highly hydrophobic protective film (contact angle of 172°). Density functional theory calculations revealed that heteroatoms in AMAHS, such as O, N, S, are active sites in forming coordination bonds with surface iron atoms. In addition, hydrophobic groups played an important role in protecting the metal surfaces from corrosion media.
Corrosion behavior of carbon steel in chloride and bicarbonate ion‐enriched and CO2‐saturated solutions
Authors: Wu Min , Zhang Shaohua , Hou Lifeng , Du Huayun , Yin Ming , Yi Pu , Liu Baosheng , Wei Yinghui
Published: March 2020

This article addresses the knowledge gap in the area of the synergistic effect between Cl− and by comprehensively evaluating the corrosion behavior of AISI 1020 carbon steel exposed to the CO2‐saturated solutions containing Cl− and/or over the time period of 6–72 hrs at 60°C. The results show a synergistic mechanism between Cl− and in the pitting corrosion of carbon steel. accelerates the localized precipitation of FeCO3 crystals by means of increasing pH and adsorption, which is a prerequisite for pitting initiation. Cl− contributes to the catalytic dissolution of the Fe matrix along with film breakdown via the local accumulation of oxygen vacancies, and the pitting corrosion of carbon steel is, thus, further exacerbated.
Design of High Efficient Mid‐Wavelength Infrared Polarizer on ORMOCHALC Polymer
Authors: Islam Md Didarul , Kim Jun Oh , Ko Yeongun , Ku Zahyun , Boyd Darryl A. , Smith Evan M. , Nguyen Vinh Q. , Myers Jason D. , Baker Colin C. , Kim Woohong , Sanghera Jasbinder S. , Czaplewski David A. , Urbas Augustine M. , Genzer Jan , Ryu Jong E.
Published: March 2020

While an organically modified chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC) can be used to fabricate a polymeric mid‐wavelength infrared (MWIR) polarizer with competitive extinction ratio compared to the commercial wire‐grid polarizers, which are composed of fragile inorganic materials, there is still a knowledge gap regarding the systematic design process to obtain high transmission efficiency and extinction ratio. To this end, a computational parameter study for design optimization is conducted with the geometric parameters of the bilayer grating ORMOCHALC polarizer. The computational study shows that the Fabry–Pérot cavity is the primary mechanism that determines the transmission behaviors and the extinction ratio. A bilayer grating design, guided by the parameter study, is realized through the thermal nanoimprint and metal deposition processes. The extinction ratios measured with the Fourier‐transform infrared are 245, 304, and 351 at the wavelength of 3, 4, and 5 µm, respectively. Compared to the state‐of‐the‐art of the polymeric MWIR linear polarizers, the extinction ratio is improved by 1.4 times, and the transmission efficiency is increased by 2.5 times. Theoretical analysis with the multiple‐layer model based on the transfer matrix method predicts a matched transmission behavior with the experiment and a full‐wave electromagnetic simulation.
Application of general approach to the theory of Morrey‐type spaces
Authors: Goldman Mikhail , Bakhtigareeva Elza
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we generalize constructions of Morrey spaces by using as a basic space a general rearrangement invariant space
instead of
and a general ideal space
for outer norm instead of
or
. Embeddings, nontriviality conditions, and inclusion into a general concept of ideal spaces and generalized rearrangement invariant spaces are discussed.
Effects of Disparate Water Temperatures and Food Bases on Humpback Chub Growth Rates within the Little Colorado River, Arizona
Authors: Stone Dennis M. , Pillow Michael J. , Young Kirk L. , Van Haverbeke David R. , Walters James D.
Published: March 2020

We used translocation as a conservation measure to promote the recovery of an endangered freshwater fish species. We collected juvenile Humpback Chub Gila cypha from the lower 9.6 km of the Little Colorado River (LCR), Arizona, and translocated them upriver above a natural travertine structure called Chute Falls where the species was absent. The translocated fish were released at river kilometer (RKM) 16.2 above the mouth of the LCR. We measured growth rates across 14 size-classes of Humpback Chub in three contiguous reaches of the LCR. Growth rates were usually highest in the 3.8-km-long reach above Chute Falls (translocation reach), slightly lower in a short 0.53-km reach immediately below Chute Falls (Atomizer reach), and lowest in the lower 13.57 km of the LCR (lower reach). Most base flow of the LCR originates from relatively warm springs (20.6–22.8°C) that are located upriver from the translocation release site. The grand mean annual water temperature differences across eight years averaged 1.1°C/d warmer at RKM 16.2 than at RKM 1.05 and reflected a higher correlation to the growth rates of Humpback Chub in the translocation reach than in the lower reach. Moreover, this and other studies found that Humpback Chub's food base of prey fishes was also higher in the translocation reach than in the lower reach. High growth rates of juvenile Humpback Chub in the translocation and Atomizer reaches resulted in most reaching adulthood (200 mm TL) by age 2, a year earlier than most Humpback Chub in the lower reach did. Because higher growth rates of Humpback Chub in the translocation and Atomizer reaches provide a substantial head start for adult reproduction to commence, we suggest that translocating juvenile Humpback Chub to above Chute Falls is a management action that enhances recovery efforts of Humpback Chub in Grand Canyon, potentially at the population level.
Efficacy and Safety of Ertugliflozin in Patients with Overweight and Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Heymsfield Steven B. , Raji Annaswamy , Gallo Silvina , Liu Jie , Pong Annpey , Hannachi Hakima , Terra Steven G.
Published: March 2020

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate ertugliflozin in patients with overweight and obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Data from three placebo‐controlled, randomized, Phase 3 studies were pooled. Patients with baseline BMI ≥ 25 (1,377/1,544; 89%) were assessed with a stratification by BMI subgroup.

Results

At week 26, reductions from baseline in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, body weight (BW), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were greater with ertugliflozin versus placebo. For placebo, ertugliflozin 5 mg, and ertugliflozin 15 mg, respectively, least squares mean change was 0.1%, −0.8%, and −0.9% for HbA1c and −1.2 kg, −3.1 kg, and −3.2 kg for BW. HbA1c reductions were consistent across BMI subgroups. For ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg, least squares mean change (placebo adjusted) in absolute BW was −1.4 kg and −1.2 kg for BMI 25 to < 30, −1.8 kg and −1.9 kg for BMI 30 to < 35, and −2.5 kg and −2.9 kg for BMI ≥ 35. Percent BW changes were similar across BMI subgroups. Incidence of adverse events was 52.5%, 44.6%, and 50.1% with placebo, ertugliflozin 5 mg, and ertugliflozin 15 mg, respectively.

Conclusions

Meaningful reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, BW, and SBP were observed with ertugliflozin in patients with overweight and obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ertugliflozin improved HbA1c and SBP and reduced BW across BMI subgroups. Ertugliflozin was generally well tolerated.
Biobehavioral Dysregulation and its Association with Obesity and Severe Obesity Trajectories from 2 to 15 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Francis Lori A. , Rollins Brandi Y. , Bryce Crystal I. , Granger Douglas A.
Published: March 2020

Objective

This study aimed to identify obesity trajectories from childhood to adolescence (2‐15 years of age) and investigate differences in behavioral, eating, and adrenocortical regulation by trajectory membership.

Methods

A total of 1,077 households from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were included. Anthropometrics were measured 11 times between ages 15 months and 15 years. Behavioral self‐regulation was assessed at ages 3 and 4 years. Disordered eating behaviors and awakening cortisol were assessed at age 15 years.

Results

Latent growth curve modeling identified four BMI trajectories: two nonoverweight trajectories based on average BMI at the 40th and 70th percentiles and overweight/obesity and severe obesity trajectories. Youth in the severe obesity trajectory exhibited lower behavioral self‐regulation in early childhood and lower awakening cortisol at age 15 years compared with youth in the nonoverweight trajectories. Youth in the overweight/obesity and severe obesity trajectories showed higher levels of disordered eating behaviors at age 15 years.

Conclusions

Obesity trajectories were associated with biobehavioral markers of dysregulation in early childhood and adolescence. Dysregulation across biobehavioral domains was particularly apparent among youth who developed severe obesity. Further work is needed to better understand resilience factors that distinguish youth who develop obesity and severe obesity from those who do not.
Artist's creation and thinking process
Authors: Miyajima Tatsuo
Published: March 2020

Art is mysterious and attractive, but sometimes difficult to understand. Especially, contemporary art is strange. I have lived as an artist for 30 years in that strange world. Some contemporary artworks look unfinished but are completed works. Or an artwork might be just a collection of garbage, but it is collected by a beautiful museum. How does a contemporary artist think and create a work? Also, what kind of aesthetic sense is required in judging a work, and distinguishing between finished and unfinished works? Or, what is the relationship between the concept and the physical work? Also, are the values of contemporary art completely different from those of Classical art, like that by Leonardo da Vinci or Rembrandt? I try here to describe the question about contemporary art and the thinking process required to make an artwork. It's a very complex process and judgment, but it's never a mystery or miracle; it's based on an accumulation of human aesthetics and many years of experience.
Hyperbranched polyurethane acrylates synthesized via copolymerization of monomers A2 and B3 with monofunctional compound BR added gradually at different rates
Authors: Cheng Kuo‐Chung , Cheng Pei‐Shan , Wang Po‐Chih
Published: March 2020

A kinetic model was proposed to describe hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) formed by the polymerization of monomers A2 and B3 with monofunctional compound (BR) added gradually in a semibatch reactor. The dependences of the degree of polymerization (DP) and the degree of branching on the reaction time and the monomer compositions were calculated. The DP of the HBPs could be increased by the slow addition of BR in the reactor. If the monomers B3 and A2 were mixed at a molar ratio of B3:A2 = 1:3, and the BR was fed slowly into the reactor, the HBPs with weight average DP were approximately 3200 and 16 700 at conversion of 0.95 and 0.99, respectively, which were higher than those prepared by the batch system. This theory was further verified by an experimental demonstration. Hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate can be synthesized with a higher DP in a semibatch system than in a batch reactor.
On‐resin microwave‐assisted copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition of H1‐relaxin B single chain ‘stapled’ analogues
Authors: D'Ercole Annunziata , Sabatino Giuseppina , Pacini Lorenzo , Impresari Elisa , Capecchi Ilaria , Papini Anna Maria , Rovero Paolo
Published: March 2020

The development of conformationally constrained analogues of bioactive peptides is a relevant goal in peptide medicinal chemistry. Among the several classes of conformationally constrained peptides, the so‐called stapled peptides, which bear a side‐chain‐to‐side‐chain bridge, are particularly interesting since they offer the possibility to stabilize specific conformational elements, such as α‐helices or β‐turns. We describe an efficient and reproducible microwave‐assisted strategy to prepare side‐chain‐to‐side‐chain clicked peptides, performing the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition on solid phase, using as a model peptide a portion of the H1‐relaxin B chain, which contains the binding cassette motif of this important bioactive peptide. All the relevant parameters, that is, resin, solvent, catalytic system, microwave energy and reaction time were optimized using a systematic one‐factor‐at‐a‐time (OFAT) approach. This method will be useful for the preparation of libraries of conformationally constrained relaxin analogues.