bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in critical temperature shift modeling of confined pure fluids using the Kihara potential function
Authors: Humand Mohammad , Khorsand Movaghar Mohammad Reza , Mohammadpour Mobarakeh , Zarragoicoechea Guillermo J. , Abbaszadeh Mostafa
Published: May 2023

A multitude of research works have been conducted in the past decade to better predict the change of critical properties of fluids confined in nanopores, known as critical shift, due to its great impact upon calculations of fluid properties in tight reservoirs. Modeling of this phenomenon commenced with developing equations of state (EOS) and has been continuing with correlations, all based on the two-parameter Lennard–Jones (L–J) potential function. Although these approaches have tried to present passable estimations of critical shift, sufficiently accurate predictions of critical shift are still missing in the literature. In this study, the three-parameter Kihara potential, as a more physically realistic alternative, is used to develop the van der Waal (vdW) EOS, and accordingly, a fluid-dependent expression is derived to calculate the critical temperature of confined fluids, i.e., pore critical temperature ($${T}_{\mathrm{cp}}$$

T
cp

). Using 50 data points of $${T}_{cp}$$

T

cp

reports for normal alkanes in the literature, the average error of our model is only 2.23%, 6.4% less than that of the L–J model. Furthermore, despite simple correlations of previous works, herein the Kihara parameters are exclusively tuned for each component based on their $${T}_{cp}$$

T

cp

reports, which resulted in an average error of 0.4% for normal alkanes. Finally, the pressure–volume diagrams of vdW and Peng–Robinson EOSs associated with the Kihara potential function are comprehensively discussed. The findings of this study can help researchers with more accurate predictions of the critical temperature of fluids confined in tight porous media, thereby providing more precise calculations of fluid properties and behavior at equilibrium conditions.
Brushtail possum terrestrial activity patterns are driven by climatic conditions, breeding and moonlight intensity
Authors: Śmielak Michał Krzysztof , Ballard Guy , Fleming Peter John Sabine , Körtner Gerhard , Vernes Karl , Reid Nick
Published: May 2023

Ecological studies of common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in their extant range have been limited by technology and the species’ nocturnal habit. However, camera traps now allow the investigation of possum ethology without observer interference. Here, we analysed terrestrial possum activity patterns using a large dataset collected over 3 years from 133 camera traps in mesic eucalypt woodland and open forest in three national parks on the New England Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. We investigated how weather and moonlight intensity influenced possum activity patterns throughout the night, and across seasons and years, by using the timestamps assigned to each detection by the camera trap. Terrestrial possum activity increased as ambient temperatures decreased in autumn and peaked in winter when females were rearing offspring. Nightly possum detections decreased significantly with rain and increasing mean temperature. Possums were almost exclusively nocturnal, with most terrestrial activity earlier in the evening in winter and later at night in summer. During longer nights, higher temperatures also delayed activity. While nightly detection rates were not affected by lunar phase, possums preferred parts of the night with the highest moonlight intensity, and this effect was stronger on brighter nights. Overall, brushtail possums were most active on the ground when temperatures were mild and moonlight bright, presumably assisting foraging and predator avoidance, and during the breeding season; they avoided rain. These patterns suggest that reproduction, thermoregulation and risk of predation strongly shape the nocturnal activity cycle. Furthermore, our research adds to the evidence that camera traps can help greatly expand our knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of nocturnal mammals.
Detailed preoperative lymphatic mapping by lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node identification: a pictorial essay
Authors: Iuele Francesca , Ferrari Cristina , Mammucci Paolo , Rubini Dino , Pisano Giusi , Zagaria Luca , Rubini Giuseppe
Published: May 2023

Pre-operative lymphatic mapping for sentinel node identification is essential for accurate staging in patients with several solid cancers and for important prognostic implications. 99mTc-labelled colloid lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative sentinel lymph node detection using a gamma probe represent a well-established nuclear medicine technique and a detailed imaging method thanks to the advent of hybrid multi-modality SPET/CT. Through the description of numerous clinical cases, different in terms of cancer type and fields of application, we aimed to bring out the strengths and advantages of pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy that make it still today incomparable to other techniques.
Medical Residents’ Informal Learning from Pharmacists in the Clinical Workplace
Authors: Floren Leslie Carstensen , Pittenger Amy L. , Wilting Ingeborg , Irby David M. , Cate Olle ten
Published: May 2023

Workplace-based interactions between residents and pharmacists, though relatively underexplored, might contribute substantially to learning. This international study sought to investigate the affordances residents use for informal learning about medications, their interactions with pharmacists and patterns of resident-pharmacist engagement, as well as residents’ perceived impact of these interactions on their learning. Contextual differences between US and Dutch residency training and electronic health record (EHR) may impact informal learning about medications. We conducted a cross-sectional, online, 25-item survey study, including closed-format and open-response questions among current resident physicians (post-graduate years 1–6, from a variety of residency programs n = 803) from the University of California San Francisco, the University of Minnesota, and the University Medical Center Utrecht. Responses from 173 residents in both countries revealed that these physician trainees were afforded opportunities to engage in a wide variety of pharmacotherapy-related activities but engaged differently with social and environmental resources for support. Residents from the United States (US) utilized pharmacists and Up-To-Date, whereas Dutch residents preferentially utilized the online Dutch medication information site and EHR-embedded medication resources. US residents interacted with pharmacists significantly more frequently than Dutch residents. Pharmacists provided residents with a wide range of useful information, much of which is integrated into the medication resources in the Dutch EHR-based decision-support system. While US residents reported overwhelmingly that informal interactions with pharmacists contribute to their learning about medications, Dutch residents’ responses did not confirm this. Intentionally designing residents’ training to include opportunities for interactions with pharmacists could potentially positively impact residents’ informal workplace learning.
Using Evidence-Based Learning Strategies to Improve Medical Education
Authors: Madan Christopher R.
Published: May 2023

Medical education research has been adopting principles from psychology to improve student learning. Here is an overview and illustrative examples of six evidence-based learning strategies that have been thoroughly researched and validated in the psychology literature: spacing, interleaving, retrieval practice, elaboration, dual coding, and concrete examples. For each of these, their use within medical education and considerations that may influence efficacy are discussed. Medical education researchers should collaborate more with psychology researchers in transdisciplinary teams to better implement these strategies and more directly benefit from advances made in the psychology literature.
Salient object detection for RGBD video via spatial interaction and depth-based boundary refinement
Authors: Zhang Yujian , Zhang Ziyan , Zhang Ping , Xu Mengnan
Published: May 2023

Recently proposed state-of-the-art saliency detection models rely heavily on labeled datasets and rarely focus on perfect RGBD feature fusion, which lowers their generalization ability. In this paper, we propose a depth-based interaction and refinement network (DIR-Net) to fully leverage the depth information provided with RGB images to generate and refine the corresponding saliency segmentation maps. In total, three modules are included in our framework. A depth-based refinement module (DRM) and an RGB module work in parallel while coordinating via interactive spatial guidance modules (ISGMs), which utilize spatial and channel attention computed from both depth features and RGB features. In each layer, the features in both modules are refined and guided by the spatial information obtained from the other module through ISGMs. In the RGB module, before sending the depth-guided feature map to the decoder, a convolutional gated recurrent unit (ConvGRU)-based block is introduced to handle temporal information. Thinking about the clear movement information in RGB features, the block also guides temporal information in DRM. By merging the results from both the DRM and RGB modules, a segmentation map with distinct boundaries is generated. Considering the lack of depth images in popular public datasets, we utilize a depth estimation network that incorporates manual postprocessing-based correction to generate depth images on the DAVIS and UVSD datasets. The state-of-the-art performance achieved on both the original and new datasets illustrates the advantage of our RGBD feature fusion strategy, with a real-time speed of 19 fps on a single GPU.
Effect of strain rate on mechanical response and failure characteristics of horizontal bedded coal under quasi-static loading
Authors: Liang Yunpei , Kong Fanjie , Zou Quanle , Zhang Bichuan
Published: May 2023

Strain rock burst is one of the main types of rock bursts. Studying the mechanical response and acoustic emission characteristics of coal under quasi-static loading is significant to control and prevent strain rock bursts. In this paper, coal’s strength, deformation, energy evolution, and failure characteristics were analyzed with different strain rates under quasi-static loading. The strength characteristics of coal show a strain rate effect to a certain extent and the elastic modulus decreases first and then increases with stain rate increasing. Moreover, the elastic strain energy of coal samples always accounts for a high proportion before failure and the failure of coal presents a combined failure mode of tensile and shear under the dominance of tensile failure. The contribution of the shear failure to coal failure increases correspondingly when strain rate increases. Under quasi-static loading, There is a range where the strain rate effect does not appear, named as strain rate effect invisible area. The high static loading stress, and direct action of high strain rate loading should be avoided to reduce the risk of rock burst, especially for isolated coal pillars. The research achievements deepen the understanding of strain rock burst and provides critical support for the prevention of strain rock burst induced by high static loading.
Dynamic compressive failure of coal at different burial depths
Authors: Li Shengwei , Gao Mingzhong , Wu Bangbiao , Xu Ying , Li Yexue , Zeng Gang
Published: May 2023

Dynamic disasters frequently occur in deep coal mines, where coals and rocks are under high in situ stresses. To reveal the failure mechanism of deep burying coals, the specimens were made of buried coals at a depth of about 1 km. An improved Kolsky bar was applied to conduct the dynamic compression experiments subjected to different hydrostatic pressure i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MPa for simulating in situ stresses corresponding to depths of 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 m. The findings demonstrate that the dynamic compressive strength of coal at a specified depth is rate-dependent. And the dynamic strength is positively correlated with the burial depth at a given loading rate. Moreover, a Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion for coal under dynamic loadings that considers the effect of depth is established, and the model describes the experimental results well.
Mixed mode I/II fracture behavior of CSTBD sandstone specimen under different loading angles
Authors: Cao Peiwang , Zhou Tao , Ju Yang , Zhu Jianbo
Published: May 2023

Cracks are often exposed to mixed mode I/II loading because of the random direction of crack relative to the external load, causing rock failure in rock engineering. However, many mixed mode I/II fracture properties of rock with different loading angles (β) are still poorly understood. To investigate the influence of β on mixed mode I/II fracture behavior, cracked straight through Brazilian disc tests were performed on sandstone under various β at the loading rate of 0.2 kN/s. The results show that the effect of β on the peak load and crack propagation velocity is slight. The mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) decreases from positive to negative with increasing β, while mode II SIF first increases and then decreases as β exceeds approximately 30°. The mixed mode I/II fracture toughness increases linearly with increasing β. When β exceeds 60°, the crack initiation location shifts from the center of the semi-circular notch tip to the surface of preset crack. For non-tip cracking, the crack propagates toward the loading point in a direction approximately perpendicular to the preset crack. The threshold β for it decreases with increasing internal friction coefficient and relative crack length. Moreover, the mixed-mode fracture surface becomes smoother as the mode I component contribution drops. There are remarkable differences in the prediction of fracture initiation angles and SIFs of various rock types applying the generalized maximum tangential stress criterion. The findings of this study could help understand the mixed mode I/II fracture observed in rock engineering.
Homeostasis and dyshomeostasis of the retina
Authors: Zhang Chang-Jun , Jin Zi-Bing
Published: May 2023

Retinal homeostasis is maintained through a network of the nervous, circulatory, endocrine and immune systems. The integrity of the blood-retinal barrier, immune-inflammatory responses, and metabolic changes all significantly affect the maintenance of normal visual function. Retinal degenerative diseases, which include age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and other disorders, are a group of heterogeneous and multi-etiological diseases resulting in an irreversible visual impairment. Whether these disorders are inherited, acquired, or from systemic origins, the gradual loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or retinal neurons is a common feat. This process often begins with compromised retinal integrity, followed by a disruption in the equilibrium of inflammation, immune response, metabolism, and other aspects, resulting in retinal dyshomeostasis that affects not only disease progression but also the effect of therapeutic intervention. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the retinal homeostasis and dyshomeostasis will assist the development of treatment strategies for retinal degenerative diseases and open new avenues for clinical translation.
Global Burden of Prostate Cancer and Association with Socioeconomic Status, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study
Authors: Zhang Weiyu , Cao Guiying , Wu Feng , Wang Yuliang , Liu Zheng , Hu Hao , Xu Kexin
Published: May 2023

Importance

Both the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing worldwide. Updated evaluations of prostate cancer burden and its global, regional and national patterns are essential for formulating effective preventive strategies.

Objective

To investigate prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 1990 and 2019 to facilitate preventive measures and control planning.

Methods

Annual incident cases, deaths, DALYs, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), and age-standardized DALYs rates (ASDRs) of prostate cancer between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2019. Percentage changes in incident cases, deaths and DALYs and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in ASIRs, ASMRs and ASDRs were calculated to quantify temporal trends. Correlations between EAPCs and socio-demographic index (SDI) and universal health coverage index (UHCI) were evaluated by Pearson correlation analyses.

Results

Globally, the number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs of prostate cancer increased by 116.11%, 108.94%, and 98.25% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The ASIR increased by an average of 0.26% (95% CI: 0.14%, 0.37%) per year between 1990 and 2019, while the ASMR and ASDR decreased by an average of – 0.75% (95% CI: – 0.84%, – 0.67%) and – 0.71% (95% CI: – 0.78%, – 0.63%) per year in this period, respectively. Epidemic trends in the burdens of prostate cancer were not uniform throughout different groups of SDI or geography. The burdens of prostate cancer varied across SDI regions, with an increasing trend in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR in low and low-middle SDI regions between 1990 and 2019. A significant positive correlation between the EAPC in ASIR and UHCI was observed in countries with a UHCI < 70 (ρ = 0.37, p < 0.001).

Interpretation

Prostate cancer remains a major global health burden due to the increase in incident cases, deaths, and DALYs in the past three decades. These increases are likely to continue as the population ages, which indicates a potential talent gap in the trained healthcare workforce. The diversity of prostate cancer development models implies the importance of specific local strategies tailored for each country’s risk factor profile. Prevention, early detection and more effective treatment strategies for prostate cancer are essential.
Manual vs Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest on a Ski Slope: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rupp Scott L. , Overberger Ryan C.
Published: May 2023

Introduction

The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical in increasing the probability of survival with a good neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In an austere environment with a potentially salvageable patient, bystanders or first responders may need to provide chest compressions for a prolonged duration or during physically challenging transportation scenarios. Consequently, they may be at risk of fatigue or injury, and chest compression quality may deteriorate. The study sought to assess whether or not access to and utilization of a mechanical compression device (Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System) was feasible and not inferior to manual compressions while extricating and transporting a patient from a ski slope.

Methods

Variable 3-person ski patrol teams responded to a simulated patient with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a nonshockable rhythm. Using a mannequin and CPR quality monitor, performance during manual CPR was compared with that of a mechanical compression device. This is a prospective, crossover analysis of CPR quality during extrication from a ski slope. Across 8 total runs, chest compression fraction, which is the proportion of time without spontaneous circulation during which compressions occurred, and high-quality CPR, as measured by appropriate rate and depth, were compared between the 2 groups. Extrication times between the 2 groups were also measured.

Results

There was no difference in compression fraction between the manual (91.4%; 95% CI [86.8–96.1]) and mechanical arms (92.8%; 95% CI [88.8–96.8]) ( P=0.67). There was an increase in the time performing high-quality CPR in the mechanical group (58.5%; 95% CI [45.8–71.2]) vs that in the manual group (25.6%; 95% CI [13.5–37.8]) ( P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the extrication times between the 2 groups, 7.6 ± 0.5 min in the manual group vs 8.6 ± 0.4 min in the mechanical group ( P=0.014).

Conclusions

Mechanical CPR devices are noninferior for use in ski areas during initial resuscitation and transportation. Compared with manual CPR, mechanical CPR would likely improve the fraction of time performing high-quality CPR.
A review of recent and future marine extinctions
Authors: del Monte-Luna Pablo , Nakamura Miguel , Vicente Alba , Pérez-Sosa Lilian B. , Yáñez-Arenas Arturo , Trites Andrew W. , Lluch-Cota Salvador E.
Published: May 2023

Between 20 and 24 marine extinctions, ranging from algal to mammal species, have occurred over the past 500 years. These relatively low numbers question whether the sixth mass extinction that is underway on land is also occurring in the ocean. There is, however, increasing evidence of worldwide losses of marine populations that may foretell a wave of oncoming marine extinctions. A review of current methods being used to determine the loss of biodiversity from the world’s oceans reveals the need to develop and apply new assessment methodologies that incorporate standardized metrics that allow comparisons to be made among different regions and taxonomic groups, and between current extinctions and past mass extinction events. Such efforts will contribute to a better understanding of extinction risk facing marine flora and fauna, as well as the ways in which it can be mitigated.
Influence of Changes in pH and Temperature on the Distribution of Apparent Iron Solubility in the Oceans
Authors: Zhu Kechen , Achterberg Eric P. , Bates Nicholas R. , Gerringa Loes J. A. , Middag Rob , Hopwood Mark J. , Gledhill Martha
Published: May 2023

An insufficient supply of the micronutrient iron (Fe) limits phytoplankton growth across large parts of the ocean. Ambient Fe speciation and solubility are largely dependent on seawater physico‐chemical properties. We calculated the apparent Fe solubility (SFe(III)app) at equilibrium for ambient conditions, where SFe(III)app is defined as the sum of aqueous inorganic Fe(III) species and Fe(III) bound to organic matter formed at a free Fe3+ concentration equal to the solubility of Fe hydroxide. We compared the SFe(III)app to measured dissolved Fe (dFe) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The SFe(III)app was overall ∼2–4‐fold higher than observed dFe at depths less than 1,000 m, ∼2‐fold higher than the dFe between 1,000 and 4,000 m and ∼3‐fold higher than dFe below 4,000 m. Within the range of used parameters, our results showed that there was a similar trend in the vertical distributions of horizontally averaged SFe(III)app and dFe. Our results suggest that vertical dFe distributions are underpinned by changes in SFe(III)app, which are driven by relative changes in ambient pH and temperature. Since both pH and temperature are essential parameters controlling ambient Fe speciation, these should be accounted for in investigations of changing Fe dynamics, particularly in the context of ocean acidification and warming.
Mesoscale Eddies Enhance the Air‐Sea CO2 Sink in the South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ford Daniel J. , Tilstone Gavin H. , Shutler Jamie D. , Kitidis Vassilis , Sheen Katy L. , Dall’Olmo Giorgio , Orselli Iole B. M.
Published: May 2023

Mesoscale eddies are abundant in the global oceans and known to affect oceanic and atmospheric conditions. Understanding their cumulative impact on the air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux may have significant implications for the ocean carbon sink. Observations and Lagrangian tracking were used to estimate the air‐sea CO2 flux of 67 long lived (>1 year) mesoscale eddies in the South Atlantic Ocean over a 16 year period. Both anticyclonic eddies originating from the Agulhas retroflection and cyclonic eddies originating from the Benguela upwelling act as net CO2 sinks over their lifetimes. Anticyclonic eddies displayed an exponential decrease in the net CO2 sink, whereas cyclonic eddies showed a linear increase. Combined, these eddies significantly enhanced the CO2 sink into the South Atlantic Ocean by 0.08 ± 0.04%. The studied eddies constitute a fraction of global eddies, and eddy activity is increasing; therefore, explicitly resolving eddies appears critical when assessing the ocean carbon sink.
Prediction of Axial Asymmetry in Jovian Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Chen Junjie , Zhang Binzheng , Lin Dong , Delamere Peter A. , Yao Zhonghua , Brambles Oliver , Sorathia Kareem A. , Merkin Viacheslav G. , Lyon John G.
Published: May 2023

We show the possible existence of a significant axial asymmetry in the reconnection separator at the Jovian magnetopause using first‐principle, physics‐based global simulations. Under eastward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions near Jupiter's orbit, reconnection occurs at the southern‐dusk and northern magnetopause with large shear angles between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields. When driven by the westward IMF, the reconnection position switches to the northern‐dusk and southern magnetopause. Component reconnection at the southern‐dusk/northern‐dusk magnetopause is associated with the interaction of the IMF with the nearly‐dipolar background fields. Nearly‐antiparallel reconnection near the noon‐midnight plane at the northern/southern magnetopause is related to the dawn‐dusk asymmetric, helical, closed lobe magnetic fields, which is a consequence of significant planetary corotation effects and not expected at Earth. Such configuration is testable as Juno has proceeded its orbit to the high‐altitude cusps and provides new insight into the interpretation of measurements from other rotationally‐driven systems.
How the Indian Ocean Geoid Low Was Formed
Authors: Pal Debanjan , Ghosh Attreyee
Published: May 2023

The origin of the Earth's lowest geoid, the Indian Ocean geoid low (IOGL) has been controversial. The geoid predicted from present‐day tomography models has shown that mid to upper mantle hot anomalies are integral in generating the IOGL. Here we assimilate plate reconstruction in global mantle convection models starting from 140 Ma and show that sinking Tethyan slabs perturbed the African Large Low Shear Velocity province and generated plumes beneath the Indian Ocean, which led to the formation of this negative geoid anomaly. We also show that this low can be reproduced by surrounding mantle density anomalies, without having them present directly beneath the geoid low. We tune the density and viscosity of thermochemical piles at core‐mantle boundary, Clapeyron slope and density jump at 660 km discontinuity, and the strength of slabs, to control the rise of plumes, which in turn determine the shape and amplitude of the geoid low.
Proton Flux Variations During Solar Energetic Particle Events, Minimum and Maximum Solar Activity, and Splitting of the Proton Belt in the South Atlantic Anomaly
Authors: Pierrard V. , Benck S. , Botek E. , Borisov S. , Winant A.
Published: May 2023

The analysis of the proton flux variations observed by the Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT) at energies >9.5 MeV from the launch of PROBA‐V satellite on 7 May 2013 up to October 2022 shows an anti‐correlation between the proton fluxes and the solar phase. At solar minimum, the fluxes are higher at low L corresponding to the northern border of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). This solar cycle modulation of the inner belt is mainly due to losses by increased atmospheric interactions during solar maximum. Strong Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events, like in January 2014, June 2015, and September 2017, inject energetic protons at high latitudes, but not in the inner belt where protons are trapped at long term at low L. Nevertheless, big geomagnetic storms, including those following SEP a few days after, can cause losses of protons at the outer border of the proton belt, due to magnetic field perturbations. A double peak in the proton belt is observed during long period of measurements only for the EPT channel of 9.5–13 MeV. The narrow gap between the two peaks in the inner belt is located around L = 2. This resembles to a splitting of the proton belt, separating the SAA into two different parts, North and South. The high‐resolution measurements of PROBA‐V/EPT allow the observation of small‐scale structures that brings new elements to the understanding of the different source and loss mechanisms acting on the proton radiation belt at LEO.
A Modeling Study of Nutrient Transport and Dynamics Over the Northern Slope of the South China Sea
Authors: Lu Zhongming , Gan Jianping
Published: May 2023

Using observed data and results from a numerical model, we investigate the coupled physical‐biogeochemical processes that result from water exchanges between the South China Sea (SCS) and the western Pacific Ocean (WPO) and between the shelf and deep basin along the biophysically active continental slope. We study the nutrient transport and dynamics over the northern slope of the SCS where the main branch of the SCS basin circulation facilitates water exchange between the SCS and the WPO. Our results show that the nutrient flux consistently flows year‐round into the slope region from the WPO and that the along‐slope and cross‐slope transports regulate the nutrient budget in the region. The nutrient transport concentrates mainly in the upper 1,000 m and exhibits significant seasonality. We found that cross‐isobath motion is key to fueling nutrients for biological production along the slope and throughout the SCS. When the persistent westward slope current interacts with the variable sloping topography, a unique upslope/downslope nutrient transport occurs along convex/concave isobaths. Vertical turbulent mixing becomes the main nutrient source in the upper mixed layer, and vertical advection becomes the major contributor of nutrients to the subsurface layer. Biological production dominates the nutrient sink in both layers. Horizontal advection is also an important sink in winter when the slope current is the strongest due to the enhanced northeasterly monsoon and the Kuroshio intrusion. Our findings provide an insightful understanding on the critical role of nutrient transport over the slope in the overall ecosystem dynamics of the marginal SCS.
Exceptional Wildfire Enhancements of PAN, C2H4, CH3OH, and HCOOH Over the Canadian High Arctic During August 2017
Authors: Wizenberg T. , Strong K. , Jones D. B. A. , Lutsch E. , Mahieu E. , Franco B. , Clarisse L.
Published: May 2023

Extreme enhancements in the total columns of carbon monoxide (CO), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), ethylene (C2H4), methanol (CH3OH), and formic acid (HCOOH) were observed over the Canadian high Arctic during the period of 17–22 August 2017 by a ground‐based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at Eureka, Nunavut (80.05°N, 86.42°W), and by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite instruments. These enhancements have been attributed to wildfires in British Columbia (BC) and the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada, and represent the largest short‐term perturbations of PAN, C2H4, and HCOOH above ambient concentrations over the 14‐year (2006–2020) Eureka time‐series. Enhancement ratios, emission ratios, and emission factors relative to CO were calculated for all species for both FTIR and IASI observations. The C2H4 and HCOOH emission factors are significantly larger than previous studies, suggesting unusually high emissions from these fires. The wildfire plumes were also simulated using the GEOS‐Chem model. Initial GEOS‐Chem simulations displayed a severe under‐estimation relative to observations for these fire plumes resulting from the injection height scheme of the model. Sensitivity tests highlighted that injection heights of 12.5 km for BC (based on previous studies) and 10 km for the NWT fires yielded the strongest correlations with ground‐based measurements. Applying these injection heights to the model significantly improves the simulated plume transport and agreement with ground‐ and space‐based observations. GEOS‐Chem was also used to estimate the magnitude of secondary in‐plume production of CH3OH and HCOOH; it was found to be an important component (∼18%) of the enhanced HCOOH columns at Eureka.
Orographic Cirrus and Its Radiative Forcing in NCAR CAM6
Authors: Lyu Kai , Liu Xiaohong , Bacmeister Julio , Zhao Xi , Lin Lin , Shi Yang , Sourdeval Odran
Published: May 2023

Cirrus clouds play an important role in the Earth's radiative energy budget, thereby affecting the climate state and climate change. Orographic gravity wave (OGW)‐induced sub‐grid scale vertical velocity (i.e., cooling rate) is not resolved by large‐scale models and its impact on ice formation in cirrus clouds is not well quantified. In this study, one sub‐grid scale OGW scheme (e.g., McFarlane) is used in the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) to generate vertical velocity variance (σw) for cirrus formation. Results from the default model and simulations with the OGW‐induced σw are evaluated against the DOE ARM Small Particles in Cirrus (SPARTICUS) campaign observations. The OGW based on the McFarlane scheme increases the sub‐grid scale σw over mountains compared to the default model and improves the model agreement with the SPARTICUS observations. Larger σw due to OGWs can trigger more frequent homogeneous nucleation in orographic cirrus and generates a higher number concentration of ice crystals observed during the SPARTICUS campaign. Moreover, our evaluation of the model simulations against satellite observations indicates that the McFarlane scheme generates high in‐cloud ice number concentrations (>200 L−1) in the upper troposphere over mountains and high plateaus at mid‐ and high‐latitudes of the winter hemisphere as shown in the observations. More ice crystals with smaller sizes absorb more infrared radiation (+0.523 ± 0.125 W m−2). The net radiative cloud forcing change at the top of the atmosphere is +0.330 W m−2 due to the orographic cirrus.
Posterior Assessment of Parameters in a Time Domain Random Walk Model of Partitioning Tracer Tests in Two‐Phase Flow Scenarios
Authors: Janetti Emanuela Bianchi , Guadagnini Alberto , Riva Monica
Published: May 2023

We provide a reliable and efficient methodological framework for the interpretation of laboratory‐scale partitioning tracer test data under uncertainty. The proposed approach rests on a Time domain random walk (TDRW) particle tracking methodology. The range of applicability of the latter is extended to include transport of partitioning tracers upon considering retardation and trapping mechanisms. A classical maximum likelihood (ML) approach is applied considering the extensive set of experimental observations of Dwarakanath et al. (1999, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990082v). This yields best estimates of model parameters, including residual immobile phase saturation, the partition coefficient and the parameters of the memory function employed to simulate the impact of solute trapping. Experimental observations of the partition coefficient are included in the objective function upon relying on a regularization term. We show that considering these types of information, which are typically obtained through batch experiments, is important to attain joint estimates of the partition coefficient and of residual immobile phase saturation. Sample probability distributions of model parameters conditional on available data are then assessed through a stochastic inverse modeling approach. This step poses a signiﬁcant challenge in terms of computational effort and is performed through a reduced order surrogate model. Our results show that the TDRW‐based approach can effectively capture the key features of the observed breakthrough curves of the various partitioning tracers analyzed and provide satisfactory estimates of residual immobile phase saturation.
Groundwater Pumping Is Causing Mexico City to Sink
Authors: Basilio Humberto
Published: May 2023

Researchers say knowing how much water is being extracted is crucial for addressing infrastructure and water supply crises in the capital.
Tidal Response of Seismic Wave Velocity at Shallow Crust in Japan
Authors: Takano Tomoya , Nishida Kiwamu
Published: May 2023

Microcracks in geomaterials cause variations in the elastic moduli under applied strain, thereby creating seismic wave velocity variations. These are crucial for understanding the dynamic processes of the crust, such as fault‐zone damage, healing, and volcanic activities. Solid earth tides have been used to detect seismic velocity changes responding to crustal‐scale deformations. However, no prior research has explored the characteristics of the seismic velocity variations caused by large‐scale tidal deformation. To systematically evaluate the tidal response to velocity variations, we developed a new method that utilized the flexibility of a state‐space model. The tidal response was derived from hourly stacked noise autocorrelations using a seismic interferometry method throughout Japan. In particular, large tide‐induced seismic velocity changes were observed in the low S‐wave velocity region of the shallow crust. Overall, the tidal responses of velocity variations can provide new insights into the response mechanisms of the shallow crust to applied strain.
Revisiting Raindrop Axis Ratios Based on 3D Oblate Spheroidal Reconstruction: 2D Video Disdrometer Observations During Tropical Cyclone Passages
Authors: Zheng Hepeng , Zhang Yun , Li Haoran , Wu Zuhang , Zhou Zeming
Published: May 2023

Raindrops are usually parameterized by oblate spheroids with axis ratios (ARs) determined from projected images. However, the adequacy of representing the 3‐Dimensional (3D) nature of raindrops with their 2‐Dimensional (2D) shadows remains an open question. This study reexamines raindrop AR parameterizations by applying a 3D oblate spheroidal reconstruction algorithm to 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) observations during the passages of 14 tropical cyclones. The results reveal an appreciable AR overestimation for large raindrops when retrieved from a single camera and especially for 2DVD raw products. This overestimation propagates into the simulated differential reflectivity (ZDR), resulting in an underestimation of ZDR by up to 0.5 dB at X‐band when large raindrops dominate the raindrop size distribution (RSD), which would introduce an underestimation of more than 20% for heavy rain rate (>60 mm hr−1) estimation by polarimetric radar. In precipitating systems with drastically changing RSDs, the importance of adopting more realistic ARs is warranted.
Different Magmatic‐Hydrothermal Fluids at the Same Magma Source Support Distinct Microbial Communities: Evidence From In Situ Detection
Authors: Xi Shichuan , Sun Qinglei , Huang Ruifang , Luan Zhendong , Du Zengfeng , Li Lianfu , Zhang Xin
Published: May 2023

Submarine magmatic‐hydrothermal systems are dominated by volcanism and generate unique biocenoses. However, the relationships between the microbial communities and the broad range of chemical and physical variability within the systems are poorly understood. Here, a high‐precision in situ Raman quantitative technique was used for the hydrothermal fluids at the Onsen site and a newly found site named Faxian in a magmatic‐hydrothermal system at the DESMOS caldera, Manus back‐arc basin. The maximum in situ H2 concentration (8.56 mmol/kg) at the Onsen site is the highest value ever reported in similar hydrothermal systems. In contrast, the diffuse fluid at the Faxian site was characterized by rich H2S (7.78 mmol/kg) but without H2. The differences in mixing contents of seawater induced different geochemical reactions and fluxes of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, the existence of hydrogen‐ and sulfide‐oxidizing genes suggests that the oxidation of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide are the energy sources of the microbial communities at the two sites even within the same magma source. The in situ quantitative analyses of different types of fluids provide implications on the materials fluxes in the magmatic‐hydrothermal system, and the relationships between widespread submarine volcanic activities and life in early Earth.
m6A methylation regulates hypoxia-induced pancreatic cancer glycolytic metabolism through ALKBH5-HDAC4-HIF1α positive feedback loop
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Feng Maoxiao , Hao Xiaodong , Gao Zihan , Wu Zhaoxin , Wang Yuli , Du Lutao , Wang Chuanxin
Published: May 2023

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most hypoxic cancer type among solid tumors. The dynamic changes of RNA N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) contribute to tumor cells adaption to hypoxic microenvironmental. However, the regulatory mechanisms of hypoxia response in PC remains elusive. Here, we reported that the m6A demethylase ALKBH5 mediated a decrease of total mRNA m6A modification during hypoxia. Subsequently, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed transcriptome-wide gene expression alteration and identified histone deacetylase type 4 (HDAC4) as a key target gene of m6A modification under hypoxic conditionds. Mechanistically, m6A methylation recognized by m6A reader-YTHDF2 enhanced the stability of HDAC4, and then promoted glycolytic metabolism and migration of PC cells. Our assays also demonstrated that hypoxia-induced HDAC4 enhanced HIF1a protein stability, and overexpressed HIF1a promoted transcription of ALKBH5 in hypoxic pancreatic cancer cells. Together, these results found a ALKBH5/HDAC4/HIF1α positive feedback loop for cellular response to hypoxia in pancreatic cancer. Our studies uncover the crosstalk between histone acetylation and RNA methylation modification on layer of epigenetic regulation.
miR-137–LAPTM4B regulates cytoskeleton organization and cancer metastasis via the RhoA-LIMK-Cofilin pathway in osteosarcoma
Authors: Yan Ruyu , Liu Dan , Wang Junjie , Liu Minxia , Guo Hongjuan , Bai Jing , Yang Shuo , Chang Jun , Yao Zhihong , Yang Zuozhang , Blom Tomas , Zhou Kecheng
Published: May 2023

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare malignant bone tumor but is one leading cause of cancer mortality in childhood and adolescence. Cancer metastasis accounts for the primary reason for treatment failure in OS patients. The dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton is fundamental for cell motility, migration, and cancer metastasis. Lysosome Associated Protein Transmembrane 4B (LAPTM4B) is an oncogene participating in various biological progress central to cancer biogenesis. However, the potential roles of LAPTM4B in OS and the related mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we established the elevated LAPTM4B expression in OS, and it is essential in regulating stress fiber organization through RhoA–LIMK–cofilin signaling pathway. In terms of mechanism, our data revealed that LAPTM4B promotes RhoA protein stability by suppressing the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation pathway. Moreover, our data show that miR-137, rather than gene copy number and methylation status, contributes to the upregulation of LAPTM4B in OS. We report that miR-137 is capable of regulating stress fiber arrangement, OS cell migration, and metastasis via targeting LAPTM4B. Combining results from cells, patients’ tissue samples, the animal model, and cancer databases, this study further suggests that the miR-137–LAPTM4B axis represents a clinically relevant pathway in OS progression and a viable target for novel therapeutics.
Methadone alters transcriptional programs associated with synapse formation in human cortical organoids
Authors: Dwivedi Ila , Caldwell Andrew B. , Zhou Dan , Wu Wei , Subramaniam Shankar , Haddad Gabriel G.
Published: May 2023

Opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women has become an epidemic in the United States. Pharmacological interventions for maternal OUD most commonly involve methadone, a synthetic opioid analgesic that attenuates withdrawal symptoms and behaviors linked with drug addiction. However, evidence of methadone’s ability to readily accumulate in neural tissue, and cause long-term neurocognitive sequelae, has led to concerns regarding its effect on prenatal brain development. We utilized human cortical organoid (hCO) technology to probe how this drug impacts the earliest mechanisms of cortico-genesis. Bulk mRNA sequencing of 2-month-old hCOs chronically treated with a clinically relevant dose of 1 μM methadone for 50 days revealed a robust transcriptional response to methadone associated with functional components of the synapse, the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), and cilia. Co-expression network and predictive protein-protein interaction analyses demonstrated that these changes occurred in concert, centered around a regulatory axis of growth factors, developmental signaling pathways, and matricellular proteins (MCPs). TGFβ1 was identified as an upstream regulator of this network and appeared as part of a highly interconnected cluster of MCPs, of which thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) was most prominently downregulated and exhibited dose-dependent reductions in protein levels. These results demonstrate that methadone exposure during early cortical development alters transcriptional programs associated with synaptogenesis, and that these changes arise by functionally modulating extra-synaptic molecular mechanisms in the ECM and cilia. Our findings provide novel insight into the molecular underpinnings of methadone’s putative effect on cognitive and behavioral development and a basis for improving interventions for maternal opioid addiction.
NAPE-PLD deletion in stress-TRAPed neurons results in an anxiogenic phenotype
Authors: Tevosian Margaryta , Todorov Hristo , Lomazzo Ermelinda , Bindila Laura , Ueda Natsuo , Bassetti Davide , Warm Davide , Kirischuk Sergei , Luhmann Heiko J. , Gerber Susanne , Lutz Beat
Published: May 2023

Anandamide (AEA) is an endogenous ligand of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, being a component of the endocannabinoid signaling system, which supports the maintenance or regaining of neural homeostasis upon internal and external challenges. AEA is thought to play a protective role against the development of pathological states after prolonged stress exposure, including depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Here, we used the chronic social defeat (CSD) stress as an ethologically valid model of chronic stress in male mice. We characterized a genetically modified mouse line where AEA signaling was reduced by deletion of the gene encoding the AEA synthesizing enzyme N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) specifically in neurons activated at the time of CSD stress. One week after the stress, the phenotype was assessed in behavioral tests and by molecular analyses. We found that NAPE-PLD deficiency in neurons activated during the last three days of CSD stress led to an increased anxiety-like behavior. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotype may suggest three main altered pathways to be affected: (i) desensitization of the negative feedback loop of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, (ii) disinhibition of the amygdala by the prefrontal cortex, and (iii) altered neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.