bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diameter-dependent wetting of tungsten disulfide nanotubes
Authors: Goldbart Ohad , Cohen Sidney R. , Kaplan-Ashiri Ifat , Glazyrina Polina , Wagner H. Daniel , Enyashin Andrey , Tenne Reshef
Published: November 2016

Significance

The wetting of solid surfaces by liquids is of great interest in scientific fields ranging from lubrication to the strength of composite materials. These interactions can change dramatically at the nanoscale, impacting on current development of novel devices and materials. We have studied the wetting of individual, size-selected tungsten disulfide nanotubes, both experimentally and theoretically. The results show that wetting forces and free energy can vary by orders of magnitude when capillary action is enhanced in open-ended vs. closed-ended nanotubes, as deduced from the influence of specific nanotube size and geometry in governing the final wetting properties. This work provides a comprehensive view of the molecular-level interactions involved in nanotube wetting.
Topic modeling for untargeted substructure exploration in metabolomics
Authors: van der Hooft Justin Johan Jozias , Wandy Joe , Barrett Michael P. , Burgess Karl E. V. , Rogers Simon
Published: November 2016

Significance

Tandem MS is a technique for compound identification in untargeted metabolomics experiments. Because of a lack of reference spectra, most molecules cannot be identified, and many spectra cannot be used. We present MS2LDA, an unsupervised method (inspired by text-mining) that extracts common patterns of mass fragments and neutral losses—Mass2Motifs—from collections of fragmentation spectra. Structurally characterized Mass2Motifs can be used to annotate molecules for which no reference spectra exist and expose biochemical relationships between molecules. For four beer extracts, without training data, we show that, with 30 structurally characterized Mass2Motifs, we can annotate approximately three times as many molecules as with library matching. These Mass2Motifs were validated in reference spectra from Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) and MassBank.
Neutron structures of the
Helicobacter pylori
5′-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase highlight proton sharing and protonation states
Authors: Banco Michael T. , Mishra Vidhi , Ostermann Andreas , Schrader Tobias E. , Evans Gary B. , Kovalevsky Andrey , Ronning Donald R.
Published: November 2016

Significance

Gastrointestinal infection by the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori
is strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer.
H
.
pylori
5′-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (HpMTAN) is an interesting drug target because of its vital role in the production of menaquinone. HpMTAN offers a unique target for treating
H
.
pylori
infections without affecting the survival of the human microbiome. Neutron crystallography was performed to determine hydrogen atom positions that provide insight into the catalytic mechanism and transition state stabilization.
Controlling DNA–nanoparticle serum interactions
Authors: Zagorovsky Kyryl , Chou Leo Y. T. , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: November 2016

Significance

DNA-mediated nanoparticle assembly is an emerging concept to design drug delivery vehicles that can modify their structure or function in response to the in vivo environment. However, better understanding of their interactions with different tissues and organs is needed to establish specific design criteria. Here, we perform a systematic investigation of the molecular properties and mechanisms responsible for serum degradation of DNA-assembled structures. We show that the degradation process is determined by the combined contributions of the surface chemistry of nanoparticles and their supramolecular arrangement. The results also present a strategy for using physiological fluid degradation as the mechanism of controlled drug release. Our findings provide a general framework to study biological interactions of DNA nanostructures.
Nitrosomonas europaea
cytochrome P460 is a direct link between nitrification and nitrous oxide emission
Authors: Caranto Jonathan D. , Vilbert Avery C. , Lancaster Kyle M.
Published: November 2016

Significance

Nitrous oxide (N
2
O) is a potent ozone-depleting greenhouse gas. This work identifies a means by which N
2
O is generated during nitrification, or biological ammonia oxidation. Fertilizer use in agriculture stimulates nitrification, thus increasing the volume of N
2
O emissions worldwide. The results presented herein will inform models and strategies toward optimized, sustainable agriculture. Moreover, these results highlight a rare example of biological N–N bond formation.
Substrate recognition and catalysis by GH47 α-mannosidases involved in Asn-linked glycan maturation in the mammalian secretory pathway
Authors: Xiang Yong , Karaveg Khanita , Moremen Kelley W.
Published: November 2016

Significance

Asn-linked glycosylation of newly synthesized polypeptides occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells. Glycan structures are trimmed and remodeled as they transit the secretory pathway, and processing intermediates play various roles as ligands for folding chaperones and signals for quality control and intracellular transport. Key steps for the generation of these trimmed intermediates are catalyzed by glycoside hydrolase family 47 (GH47) α-mannosidases that selectively cleave α1,2-linked mannose residues. Despite the sequence and structural similarities among the GH47 enzymes, the molecular basis for residue-specific cleavage remains obscure. The present studies reveal enzyme–substrate complex structures for two related GH47 α-mannosidases and provide insights into how these enzymes recognize the same substrates differently and catalyze the complementary glycan trimming reactions necessary for glycan maturation.
Context-dependent memory traces in the crab’s mushroom bodies: Functional support for a common origin of high-order memory centers
Authors: Maza Francisco Javier , Sztarker Julieta , Shkedy Avishag , Peszano Valeria Natacha , Locatelli Fernando Federico , Delorenzi Alejandro
Published: November 2016

Significance

Mushroom bodies (MBs) are higher brain structures of several invertebrate groups, vastly studied in insects as a key structure involved in memory processes. Moreover, MBs and the vertebrate pallium have been proposed to share an ancestral common origin. In crustaceans, the hemiellipsoid bodies (HBs) are proposed to be homologues of the insect MBs. However, functional evidence for the involvement of HBs in memory processes is lacking. Here, in the crab
Neohelice
, we show memory traces in the HBs that, as for MBs, reflect the context attribute of memory. These results extend the homology based on anatomy and gene expression to the functional level. Consequently, present data support the hypothesis of a common origin for the arthropods’ high-order memory centers.
Rapid recovery from the effects of early monocular deprivation is enabled by temporary inactivation of the retinas
Authors: Fong Ming-fai , Mitchell Donald E. , Duffy Kevin R. , Bear Mark F.
Published: November 2016

Significance

Normal development of the visual cortex depends critically on early life visual experience. In humans, a disparity in the quality of vision between two eyes during infancy or early childhood leads to a visual impairment called amblyopia. In animal models, amblyopia can be induced early in life using a brief period of monocular deprivation via eyelid closure. Here we show in two evolutionarily divergent species that experimental amblyopia can be rapidly corrected if binocular visual experience is restored after temporarily silencing the retinas with a local anesthetic. These findings point the way to an approach for clinical management of amblyopia with advantages over the current standard of care.
Normal chromosome conformation depends on subtelomeric facultative heterochromatin in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Klocko Andrew D. , Ormsby Tereza , Galazka Jonathan M. , Leggett Neena A. , Uesaka Miki , Honda Shinji , Freitag Michael , Selker Eric U.
Published: November 2016

Significance

Two forms of heterochromatin, constitutive and facultative, cause gene silencing in eukaryotes. In
Neurospora crassa
, H3K27me2/3-marked facultative heterochromatin reversibly represses scores of specialized genes, whereas H3K9me3-marked constitutive heterochromatin permanently silences repetitive DNA. Interactions between heterochromatin provide a structural framework for the genome, and this is thought to be functionally important. Histone marks underlying constitutive and facultative heterochromatin are nonessential in
N. crassa
, permitting tests of their roles in genome organization and gene expression. Although linkages between regions of constitutive heterochromatin are the most prominent feature of the 3D structure of the genome, loss of the facultative mark has a much greater effect on genome architecture than does loss of key features of constitutive heterochromatin, i.e., H3K9me3 and Heterochromatin Protein 1.
Tissue-scale, personalized modeling and simulation of prostate cancer growth
Authors: Lorenzo Guillermo , Scott Michael A. , Tew Kevin , Hughes Thomas J. R. , Zhang Yongjie Jessica , Liu Lei , Vilanova Guillermo , Gomez Hector
Published: November 2016

Significance

We perform a tissue-scale, personalized computer simulation of prostate cancer (PCa) growth in a patient, based on prostatic anatomy extracted from medical images. To do so, we propose a mathematical model for the growth of PCa. The model includes an equation for the reference biomarker of PCa: the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Hence, we can link the results of our model to data that urologists can easily interpret. Our model reproduces features of prostatic tumor growth observed in experiments and clinical practice. It also captures a known shift in the growth pattern of PCa, from spheroidal to fingered geometry. Our results indicate that this shape instability is a tumor response to escape starvation, hypoxia, and, eventually, necrosis.
Xenogenesis-Production of Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish Hybrid Progeny by Fertilization of Channel Catfish Eggs with Sperm from Triploid Channel Catfish Males with Transplanted Blue Catfish Germ Cells
Authors: Perera Dayan A , Alsaqufi Ahmed , Shang Mei , Wade Donny C , Su Baofeng , Elaswad Ahmed , Fobes Michael , Beam Renee , Garcia Gemerlyn , Dunn David A , Lipke Elizabeth A , Dunham Rex A
Published: November 2016

Putative spermatogonia A from a fresh-cell isolate or a density-gradient-centrifuged isolate from the testes of Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus were transplanted into the gonads of triploid Channel Catfish I. punctatus. The cells were introduced into gonads of the host via catheterization (2 × 104–1.43 × 106 cells) or by surgically inserting the cells directly into the gonad (7 × 104–1.25 × 105 cells). Ten months after implantation, DNA was analyzed from biopsies of the gonads and seven of eight males were found to be xenogenic, having Blue Catfish cells in their gonads. The xenogenic males successfully courted normal Channel Catfish that had been induced with hormones to ovulate, but none of the eggs hatched, indicating inadequate sperm production, an inability to ejaculate, and/or low sperm quality. Male xenogenic catfish treated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog had well-developed testes, and sperm production was detected in three of seven xenogenic males examined 2 years after transplantation. Sperm were removed from a male that had been surgically transplanted with Blue Catfish cells and used to fertilize eggs from a hand-stripped Channel Catfish female. One percent of these eggs hatched. All seven surviving 6-month-old progeny of this male had the external morphology, swim bladder shape, nuclear DNA profile, and mitochondrial DNA profile of female Channel Catfish × male Blue Catfish F1 hybrids, indicating that this triploid Channel Catfish male produced Blue Catfish sperm. This is the first report of successful production of xenogenic catfish and the first report of producing 100% hybrid progeny using xenogenesis in fish.
Developing Rested Harvest Strategies for Rainbow Trout
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Bowzer John C , Bergman Alexis M , Bowker James D
Published: November 2016

Harvesting fish for slaughter commonly elicits a generalized stress response, which can negatively affect meat quality and processing efficiency. Sedatives used before or during harvest (i.e., “rested harvest”) can minimize these effects. Use of chemical sedatives is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and, unfortunately, none are approved for rested harvest. Electrosedation technology is not currently subject to the same regulatory constraints as chemosedation, but its effectiveness in the context of rested harvest has not been adequately tested. Accordingly, we tested the influence of chemo- and electrosedation rested harvest protocols on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Marketable-sized fish (~500 g/fish) were subjected to 3 min of crowding and chasing directly after capture (control) or following treatment with eugenol (10 mg/L) or one of five DC electrosedation protocols. After the challenge, fish were sampled to determine blood chemistry profiles or slaughtered by dewatering (asphyxia) to determine time to mortality and rigor, processing efficiency, and fillet quality. In addition, another group of Rainbow Trout (~520 g/fish) were slaughtered by dewatering or percussion following sedation and the above-described harvest stressors. Overall, results indicated that rested harvest appears to mitigate some aspects of preslaughter stress in Rainbow Trout. Further, rested harvest, including electrosedation-based protocols, appeared to improve some aspects of product quality and may be perceived as a more humane means of slaughter and harvest. The development of rigor mortis was influenced by slaughter method and was delayed by some, but not all, rested harvest protocols. Percussion appears to offer some advantage over dewatering; however, the high postmortem levels of cortisol observed in percussed fish raises some concern. Further research is needed to unequivocally establish the advantages and disadvantages of rested harvest protocols in Rainbow Trout and other cultured fish, but results to date suggest this approach has some merit.
Human dendritic cells (DCs) are derived from distinct circulating precursors that are precommitted to become CD1c+ or CD141+ DCs
Authors: Breton Gaëlle , Zheng Shiwei , Valieris Renan , Tojal da Silva Israel , Satija Rahul , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: November 2016

In humans, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) exist as two unique populations characterized by expression of CD1c and CD141. cDCs arise from increasingly restricted but well-defined bone marrow progenitors that include the common DC progenitor that differentiates into the pre-cDC, which is the direct precursor of cDCs. In this study, we show that pre-cDCs in humans are heterogeneous, consisting of two distinct populations of precursors that are precommitted to become either CD1c+ or CD141+ cDCs. The two groups of lineage-primed precursors can be distinguished based on differential expression of CD172a. Both subpopulations of pre-cDCs arise in the adult bone marrow and can be found in cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Gene expression analysis revealed that CD172a+ and CD172a− pre-cDCs represent developmentally discrete populations that differentially express lineage-restricted transcription factors. A clinical trial of Flt3L injection revealed that this cytokine increases the number of both CD172a− and CD172a+ pre-cDCs in human peripheral blood.
Dysfunctional BMPR2 signaling drives an abnormal endothelial requirement for glutamine in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Egnatchik Robert A. , Brittain Evan L. , Shah Amy T. , Fares Wassim H. , Ford H. James , Monahan Ken , Kang Christie J. , Kocurek Emily G. , Zhu Shijun , Luong Thong , Nguyen Thuy T. , Hysinger Erik , Austin Eric D. , Skala Melissa C. , Young Jamey D. , Roberts L. Jackson , Hemnes Anna R. , West James , Fessel Joshua P.
Published: November 2016

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease driven by alteration in the normal functioning of multiple metabolic pathways affecting all of the major carbon substrates, including amino acids. We found that human pulmonary hypertension patients (WHO Group I, PAH) exhibit systemic and pulmonary‐specific alterations in glutamine metabolism, with the diseased pulmonary vasculature taking up significantly more glutamine than that of controls. Using cell culture models and transgenic mice expressing PAH‐causing BMPR2 mutations, we found that the pulmonary endothelium in PAH shunts significantly more glutamine carbon into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle than wild‐type endothelium. Increased glutamine metabolism through the TCA cycle is required by the endothelium in PAH to survive, to sustain normal energetics, and to manifest the hyperproliferative phenotype characteristic of disease. The strict requirement for glutamine is driven by loss of sirtuin‐3 (SIRT3) activity through covalent modification by reactive products of lipid peroxidation. Using 2‐hydroxybenzylamine, a scavenger of reactive lipid peroxidation products, we were able to preserve SIRT3 function, to normalize glutamine metabolism, and to prevent the development of PAH in BMPR2 mutant mice. In PAH, targeting glutamine metabolism and the mechanisms that underlie glutamine‐driven metabolic reprogramming represent a viable novel avenue for the development of potentially disease‐modifying therapeutics that could be rapidly translated to human studies.
HIV & AIDS: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Whiteside Alan
Published: November 2016

HIV/AIDS: A Very Short Introduction provides an introduction to AIDS—the most serious human epidemic in centuries—tackling the science, politics, demographics, and devastating consequences of the disease. The first case was identified in 1981; by 2004 approximately forty million people were living with the disease, and about twenty million had died. The outlook today is a little brighter. Although HIV/AIDS continues to be a pressing public health issue, the epidemic has stabilized. The worst affected regions are Southern and Eastern Africa. Elsewhere, HIV is found in specific, often marginalized populations. Although there remains no cure for HIV, there have been unprecedented breakthroughs in understanding the disease and developing drugs.
Adverse Obstetric Outcomes After Local Treatment for Cervical Preinvasive and Early Invasive Disease According to Cone Depth: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kyrgiou Maria , Athanasiou Antonios , Paraskevaidi Maria , Mitra Anita , Kalliala Ilkka , Martin-Hirsch Pierre , Arbyn Marc , Bennett Phillip , Paraskevaidis Evangelos
Published: November 2016

(Abstracted from BMJ 2016;354:i3633)

Local cervical treatment for preinvasive cervical disease such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) has been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, perinatal morbidity, and mortality in a later pregnancy. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of treatment for cervical preinvasive and early invasive disease on obstetric outcomes and to see how this risk could be modified by the cone depth and comparison group.
Health Care Utilization and Cost in Children and Adolescents With Chronic Pain
Authors: Ruhe Ann-Kristin , Frosch Michael , Wager Julia , Linder Roland , Pfenning Ingo , Sauerland Dirk , Zernikow Boris
Published: November 2016

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in health care utilization and cost among a sample of highly impaired children and adolescents who sought a 3-week intensive interdisciplinary pain treatment (IIPT).

Materials and Methods:

Claims data from 7 statutory health insurance companies were analyzed for 65 children and adolescents who sought IIPT at the German Paediatric Pain Centre. The annual health care utilization and cost were determined for the following 4 areas: outpatient care, inpatient care, medications, and remedies and aids. We analyzed the changes in resource utilization in the year before (pre_1 y) IIPT and in the subsequent year (post_1 y).

Results:

Within the first year after IIPT, overall health care costs did not decrease significantly. However, the pattern of health care utilization changed. First, significantly more children and adolescents started outpatient psychotherapy (P=0.001). Second, the number of hospitalized children decreased significantly from 1-year pre to 1-year post (P=0.001). Accordingly, there were significantly fewer hospitalizations for primary chronic pain disorders at 1-year post (P<0.001). The prescription of nonopioids, co-analgesics and opioids was significantly reduced from 1-year pre to 1-year post (all P<0.013).

Discussion:

The present results indicate that the health care costs of children and adolescents with severe chronic pain disorders do not significantly decrease 1 year after IIPT; however, the treatment becomes more goal-focused. Differential diagnosis measures and nonindicated therapeutic interventions decreased, and more indicated interventions, such as psychotherapy, were used. Future research is needed to investigate the economic long-term changes after IIPT.
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 and Serum Glucocorticoid–regulated Kinase 1 Are Critical Mediators of Lung Injury in Overventilated Mice In Vivo
Authors: Michalick Laura , Erfinanda Lasti , Weichelt Ulrike , van der Giet Markus , Liedtke Wolfgang , Kuebler Wolfgang M.
Published: November 2016

Background

Mechanical ventilation can cause lung endothelial barrier failure and inflammation cumulating in ventilator-induced lung injury. Yet, underlying mechanotransduction mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors tested the hypothesis that activation of the mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV4) by serum glucocorticoid–regulated kinase (SGK) 1 may drive the development of ventilator-induced lung injury.

Methods

Mice (total n = 54) were ventilated for 2 h with low (7 ml/kg) or high (20 ml/kg) tidal volumes and assessed for signs of ventilator-induced lung injury. Isolated-perfused lungs were inflated with continuous positive airway pressures of 5 or 15 cm H2O (n = 7 each), and endothelial calcium concentration was quantified by real-time imaging.

Results

Genetic deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of TRPV4 or SGK1 protected mice from overventilation-induced vascular leakage (reduction in alveolar protein concentration from 0.84 ± 0.18 [mean ± SD] to 0.46 ± 0.16 mg/ml by TRPV4 antagonization), reduced lung inflammation (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 levels of 193 ± 163 in Trpv4
−/−
vs. 544 ± 358 pmol/ml in wild-type mice), and attenuated endothelial calcium responses to lung overdistension. Functional coupling of TRPV4 and SGK1 in lung endothelial mechanotransduction was confirmed by proximity ligation assay demonstrating enhanced TRPV4 phosphorylation at serine 824 at 18% as compared to 5% cyclic stretch, which was prevented by SGK1 inhibition.

Conclusions

Lung overventilation promotes endothelial calcium influx and barrier failure through a mechanism that involves activation of TRPV4, presumably due to phosphorylation at its serine 824 residue by SGK1. TRPV4 and SGK1 may present promising new targets for prevention or treatment of ventilator-induced lung injury.
Comparison of Percutaneous Reduction and Pin Fixation in Acute and Chronic Pediatric Mallet Fractures
Authors: Reddy Manoj , Ho Christine A.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Although pediatric mallet fractures are more common than adult fractures, no techniques have focused on surgical fixation of pediatric mallet fractures. This study aims to describe the technique and results of percutaneous reduction and fixation in acute and chronic pediatric mallet fractures.

Methods:

This is a retrospective review of 51 pediatric mallet fractures treated with percutaneous wire fixation from 2007 to 2014; 38 were acute fractures and 13 were chronic (>4 wk from injury). Surgical technique was identical for all fractures: (1) levering the dorsal fragment into its anatomical bed with a percutaneous towel clip; (2) percutanously transfixing the distal interphalangeal joint in slight hyperextension; (3) placing 2 percutaneous kirschner wires, 1 radial and 1 ulnar, from the dorsal epiphyseal fragment to the volar metaphyseal cortex. Outcomes were defined by the Crawford classification.

Results:

Average age was 14.6 years (range, 11 to 18 y). Mean time from injury to surgery was 16.2 days in the acute group and 50.8 days in the chronic group. Mean joint surface involvement was 50.8% of the articular base with a mean of 2.0 mm of articular gap (acute fractures 1.9 mm, chronic fractures 2.5 mm, P=0.017). Average preoperative extensor lag was 24.6 degrees. Average operative time was 31 minutes for acute fractures and 40 minutes for chronic fractures. Mean length of follow-up was 78.5 days. At final follow-up, all patients healed with an articular gap of 0.2 mm in the acute group and 0.6 mm in the chronic group (P=0.037) with no nonunions or volar subluxations. All patients but 8 (5 acute, 3 chronic) achieved full extension with an average extensor lag of 1.1 degree for the entire cohort. No patient had >10-degree extensor lag at final follow-up. All patients achieved full active flexion of 90 degrees at final follow-up. In the acute group, the Crawford classification was excellent in 87% (33/38), good in 13% (5/38). In the chronic group, results were excellent in 77% (10/13), good in 23% (3/13) (P>0.05). There were no fair or poor outcomes in either group. A clinical dorsal bump was noted in 18% of patients (22% in the acute group, 15% in the chronic group, P>0.05). There were no infections, wire breakages, nail deformities, or unplanned returns to surgery.

Conclusions:

This percutaneous surgical technique to treat pediatric mallet fractures achieves favorable clinical and radiographic results with minimal complications, even in chronic fractures. Results are better than reported for adult mallet fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Level II.
Cryopreserved, Xeno-Free Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reduce Lung Injury Severity and Bacterial Burden in Rodent Escherichia coli–Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Curley Gerard F. , Jerkic Mirjana , Dixon Steve , Hogan Grace , Masterson Claire , O’Toole Daniel , Devaney James , Laffey John G.
Published: November 2016

Objective:

Although mesenchymal stem/stromal cells represent a promising therapeutic strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome, clinical translation faces challenges, including scarcity of bone marrow donors, and reliance on bovine serum during mesenchymal stem/stromal cell proliferation. We wished to compare mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from human umbilical cord, grown in xeno-free conditions, with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from human bone marrow, in a rat model of Escherichia coli pneumonia. In addition, we wished to determine the potential for umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells to reduce E. coli–induced oxidant injury.

Design:

Randomized animal study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Subjects:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Interventions:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced in rats by intratracheal instillation of E. coli (1.5–2 × 109 CFU/kg). “Series 1” compared the effects of freshly thawed cryopreserved umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells with bone marrow-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells on physiologic indices of lung injury, cellular infiltration, and E. coli colony counts in bronchoalveolar lavage. “Series 2” examined the effects of cryopreserved umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells on survival, as well as measures of injury, inflammation and oxidant stress, including production of reactive oxidative species, reactive oxidative species scavenging by superoxide dismutase-1 and superoxide dismutase-2.

Measurements and Main Results:

In “Series 1,” animals subjected to E. coli pneumonia who received umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells had improvements in oxygenation, respiratory static compliance, and wet-to-dry ratios comparable to bone marrow-mesenchymal stem/stromal cell treatment. E. coli colony-forming units in bronchoalveolar lavage were reduced in both cell therapy groups, despite a reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils. In series 2, umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells enhanced animal survival and decreased alveolar protein and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations, whereas increasing interleukin-10 concentrations. Umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cell therapy decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and enhanced lung concentrations of superoxide dismutase-2, thereby reducing lung tissue reactive oxidative species concentrations.

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate that freshly thawed cryopreserved xeno-free human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells reduce the severity of rodent E. coli–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, therefore, represent an attractive option for future clinical trials in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Neuralgic Amyotrophy Associated With Hepatitis E Virus Infection: First Case in the United States
Authors: Avila Jose D. , Lacomis David , Lam Erek M.
Published: November 2016

Hepatitis E is an emerging viral infection in developed countries. It can present with multiple extra-hepatic manifestations, including neuralgic amyotrophy. We report a 52-year-old man who presented with neck and shoulder pain followed by orthopnea and left arm weakness. Electrodiagnostic testing showed left phrenic neuropathy and denervation in bilateral C5 and C6 myotomes. He also had elevated liver enzymes, which led to the diagnosis of acute hepatitis E. This is the first case of neuralgic amyotrophy associated with hepatitis E in the United States. Hepatitis E should be considered in patients with neuralgic amyotrophy, particularly men with bilateral symptoms, and if there is unexplained elevation of transaminases. The role of antiviral therapy remains unclear.
Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma With Rhabdoid Morphology and Smooth Muscle Differentiation: A Challenging Histopathologic Diagnosis
Authors: Prieto-Torres Lucía , Alegría-Landa Victoria , Llanos Concepción , Córdoba Alicia , Kutzner Heinz , Requena Luis
Published: November 2016

Divergent differentiation or metaplastic change is a rare feature exhibited occasionally in malignant melanoma (MM), which is characterized by the development of morphologically, immunochemically, and/or ultrastructurally nonmelanocytic cells within the tumor. Smooth muscle differentiation in MM is an exceedingly rare phenomenon reported only in a few cases in the literature. We report the case of a 69-year-old woman who presented with a pure dermal amelanotic MM with smooth muscle cell differentiation and an area of rhabdoid morphology, which made the accurate histopathologic diagnostic of MM challenging.
Using the Integrative Behavioral Model to Predict Monitoring of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Hispanic Mothers
Authors: Branscum Paul , Lora Karina
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study was to operationalize the Integrative Behavioral Model (IBM) to identify significant theory-based determinants of maternal monitoring of fruit and vegetables consumption among low-income, Hispanic mothers of 2- to 5-year-old children (N = 238). Mothers completed a survey evaluating each construct of the IBM. Path analysis showed that intentions significantly predicted maternal monitoring of fruit and vegetables consumption (5.3% of the variance explained) and autonomy significantly predicted intentions (33.1% of the variance explained). Results from this study help create foundational work to establish targets for future public health interventions for Hispanic mothers of preschoolers.
Using a Community Health Development Framework to Increase Community Capacity
Authors: Garney Whitney R. , Wendel Monica , McLeroy Kenneth , Alaniz Angela , Cunningham George , Castle Billie , Ingram Monique , Burdine James
Published: November 2016

The Physical Activity and Community Engagement Project utilized a comparative case study to understand how a theoretical framework called community health development (CHD) influences community capacity. Three rural communities (cases) developed interventions using a CHD framework. Researchers collected qualitative evidence measuring capacity and the CHD process for more than 3 years. Patterns identified seven capacity constructs relevant to CHD, including community history, civic participation, leadership, skills, resources, social and interorganizational networks, and critical reflection. Community health development focuses on population health improvement and strengthening community capacity. As such, it helps communities address local priorities and equips them to address future issues.
Applying a New Theory to Alter Binge Drinking Behavior in College Students
Authors: Sharma Manoj , Knowlden Adam P. , Nahar Vinayak K.
Published: November 2016

Binge drinking is a serious public health problem in the United States, where it is estimated that 17.6% adults binge drink. Binge drinking is highest among college students. There is need for effective binge drinking interventions. Recently a new health behavior theory has been proposed called the multitheory model of health behavior change. The purpose of this article is to describe the application of the multitheory model for changing binge drinking behavior to a behavior of responsible drinking or abstaining from alcohol. A framework for an intervention and its testing is presented.
Breast-feeding Coparenting Framework
Authors: Abbass-Dick Jennifer , Dennis Cindy-Lee
Published: November 2016

Targeting mothers and fathers in breast-feeding promotion programs is recommended as research has found that father's support positively impacts breast-feeding duration and exclusivity. Breast-feeding coparenting refers to the manner in which parents work together to achieve their breast-feeding goals. The Breast-feeding Coparenting Framework was developed on the basis of diverse coparenting models and research related to father's involvement with breast-feeding. This framework consists of 5 components: joint breast-feeding goal setting, shared breast-feeding responsibility, proactive breast-feeding support, father's/partner's parental-child interactions, and productive communication and problem solving. This framework may be of value to policy makers and program providers working to improve breast-feeding outcomes.
Is Trough Concentration of Vancomycin Predictive of the Area Under the Curve? A Clinical Study in Elderly Patients
Authors: Bel Kamel Anis , Bourguignon Laurent , Marcos Micaela , Ducher Michel , Goutelle Sylvain
Published: November 2016

Background:

Current guidelines suggest that vancomycin trough concentrations (Cmin) between 15 and 20 mg/L should be achieved to optimize vancomycin exposure and effect. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between vancomycin Cmin and the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and assess the ability to predict an AUC target of 400 mg·h/L based on Cmin.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring data collected in 95 elderly patients treated with intermittent intravenous vancomycin was performed. For each patient, individual pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin and AUC24were estimated from concentration measurements using a Bayesian approach. The relationship between vancomycin Cmin and AUC was studied using global and local correlation analysis as well as logistic regression with Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis.

Results:

The overall correlation between AUC24and Cmin was significant but moderate (R2= 0.51). When vancomycin Cmin was greater than 15 mg/L, the corresponding AUC24was >400 mg·h/L in 95% of cases. However, AUC24values >400 mg·h/L were obtained with Cmin < 15 mg/L in more than 30% of the cases. The logistic regression analysis identified a Cmin value of 10.8 mg/L as the optimal predictor of AUC24> 400 mg·h/L.

Conclusions:

The results of this study indicate that the recommended target range of 15–20 mg/L for vancomycin Cmin seems acceptable for controlling vancomycin exposure, although a value of approximately 11 mg/L appears to be optimal and may be safer.
BILATERAL DIFFUSE UVEAL MELANOCYTIC PROLIFERATION ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL CANCER: THE IMPORTANCE OF INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Kniggendorf Vinicius F. , Neto Elmar T. , Maia Elizabeth M. , Grando Joao P. S. , Bardal Anne M. C. , Beato Patrícia M. M. , Torres Caroline C. , Maia Mauricio
Published: November 2016

Purpose:

To report a case of bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation associated with renal carcinoma and to illustrate the importance of ancillary examinations to early diagnosis and treatment.

Design:

Clinical case report.

Methods:

A 56-year-old man reported a 3-day history of visual impairment and scotoma in the right eye. An ophthalmoscopic examination, visual field test, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography, and systemic evaluation were performed.

Results:

Fundus examination showed multiple nevus-like uveal pigmented lesions bilaterally. Optical coherence tomography showed a subfoveal serous retinal detachment and focal loss of the retinal pigment epithelium with adjacent areas of retinal pigment epithelial thickening in the right eye, explaining the scotoma on the visual field examination. Indocyanine green angiography showed multiple round areas of hypofluorescence corresponding to the nevus-like pigmented tumors seen on funduscopy, and retinal pigment epithelium damage corresponding to hypoautofluorescence on fundus autofluorescence imaging and window defects points seen on fluorescein angiography bilaterally. After bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation diagnosis, a systemic workup showed clear cell carcinoma in the left kidney. Owing to the tumoral size, chemotherapy was administered.

Conclusion:

Renal carcinoma associated with bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation is rare, and the patterns observed in the ancillary examinations, including indocyanine green angiography, are useful for early-stage diagnosis and immediate referral for systemic investigation and treatment.
Effect of Trabeculotomy on Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss in Cases of After Penetrating-Keratoplasty Glaucoma
Authors: Kusakabe Ayaka , Okumura Naoki , Wakimasu Koichi , Kayukawa Kanae , Kondo Masami , Koizumi Noriko , Sotozono Chie , Kinoshita Shigeru , Mori Kazuhiko
Published: November 2016

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trabeculotomy (TLO) on glaucoma and endothelial cell loss after penetrating keratoplasty (PK).

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted on consecutive patients who underwent PK and in whom more than 24 months of follow-up was available. Patients were categorized into the PK+TLO group [ie, TLO for post-PK glaucoma (n = 10)] and the PK group [PK alone (n = 73)]. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was evaluated during each follow-up examination. Central corneal endothelium images were obtained and analyzed to determine corneal endothelial cell (CEC) density.

Results:

The mean duration period from original PK to TLO for secondary glaucoma was 25.5 ± 34.9 months in the PK+TLO group. Mean preoperative IOP in the PK+TLO group was 35.8 mm Hg, and decreased to 17.5 mm Hg at 24 months postoperative (P < 0.01). CEC density decreased in the same manner in both groups. In the PK+TLO group, mean CEC density was 1838 cells per square millimeter before TLO and decreased to 1195 cells per square millimeter at 24 months after TLO. In the PK group, mean CEC density decreased from 1870 to 1209 cells per square millimeter at each corresponding time point.

Conclusions:

TLO for post-PK glaucoma appeared to safely lower IOP, although repeated surgeries were required in some patients, and did not accelerate CEC loss.
Porous Versus Nonporous Orbital Implants After Enucleation for Uveal Melanoma: A Randomized Study
Authors: Ho Vivian W. M. , Hussain Rumana N. , Czanner Gabriela , Sen Julia , Heimann Heinrich , Damato Bertil E.
Published: November 2016

Purpose:

To compare hydroxyapatite with acrylic implants after enucleation for uveal melanoma with respect to eyelid position, ocular motility, implant complications, and patient satisfaction.

Methods:

Patients undergoing primary enucleation for uveal melanoma between May 2005 and November 2012 at the Liverpool Ocular Oncology Centre, United Kingdom, were randomized between hydroxyapatite and acrylic implants. Questionnaires were sent to patients and ocularists to comment on the main outcomes.

Results:

A total of 416 patients were recruited in the study, of whom 281 were included, with 49.5% (139/281) and 50.5% (142/281) receiving a hydroxyapatite (HA) or acrylic (AC) implant. Mailed questionnaires completed at ≥18 months by patients showed no significant differences between the groups in eyelid position, prosthetic motility, socket complications, and patient satisfaction. Complications included implant extrusion (1% vs 4%), enophthalmos (26% vs 26%), and superior sulcus deformity (24% vs 24%) with HA and AC implants, respectively, (Fisher exact test p > 0.0125 in all, Bonferroni correction). Questionnaires completed by ocularists indicated no significant differences in eyelid opening, prosthetic motility, and other complications at 6 months (Fisher exact test, p > 0.05 in all); there was a higher prevalence of ptosis with AC than HA implants (46% vs 25%, p = 0.03) and a greater need for ocularists’ treatment with HA than AC (50% vs 28%, p = 0.03).

Conclusions:

Patient-reported outcomes after enucleation for uveal melanoma indicate no major differences between hydroxyapatite and acrylic implants in surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction. There was a higher prevalence of ptosis with AC and a greater need of ocularists’ visits with HA at around 6 months observed by ocularists.
Influence of Baseline Psychological Health on Muscle Pain During Atorvastatin Treatment
Authors: Zaleski Amanda L. , Taylor Beth A. , Pescatello Linda S. , Dornelas Ellen A. , White Charles Michael , Thompson Paul D.
Published: November 2016

Background:

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase reductase inhibitors (statins) are generally well tolerated, with statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) the most common side effect (~10%) seen in statin users. However, studies and clinical observations indicate that many of the self-reported SAMS appear to be nonspecific (ie, potentially not attributable to statins).

Objective:

Mental health and well-being influence self-perception of pain, so we sought to assess the effect of baseline well-being and depression on the development of muscle pain with 6 months of atorvastatin 80 mg/d (ATORVA) or placebo in healthy, statin-naive adults.

Methods:

The Psychological General Well-being Index (n = 83) and Beck Depression Inventory (n = 55) questionnaires were administered at baseline in participants (aged 59.5 ± 1.2 years) from the effect of Statins on Skeletal Muscle Function and Performance (STOMP) trial (NCT00609063). Muscle pain (Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire [SF-MPQ]), pain that interferes with daily life (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]), and pain severity (BPI) were then measured before, throughout, and after treatment.

Results:

At baseline, there were no differences in well-being (Psychological General Well-being Index), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), or pain measures (SF-MPQ and BPI) (P values ≥ .05) between the placebo and ATORVA groups. Baseline well-being correlated negatively with baseline BPI pain severity (r = −0.290, P = .008). Baseline depression correlated with baseline pain (SF-MPQ; r = 0.314, P = .020). Baseline well-being and depression did not predict the change in pain severity or interference after 6 months among the total sample or between groups (P values ≥ .05).

Conclusion:

Baseline well-being and depression were not significant predictors of pain after 6 months of ATORVA (P values ≥ .05). Thus, they do not appear to increase the risk of SAMS in otherwise healthy adults.
The Weather and Ménière's Disease: A Longitudinal Analysis in the UK
Authors: Schmidt Wiebke , Sarran Christophe , Ronan Natalie , Barrett George , Whinney David J. , Fleming Lora E. , Osborne Nicholas J. , Tyrrell Jessica
Published: November 2016

Hypothesis:

Changes in the weather influence symptom severity in Ménière's disease (MD).

Background:

MD is an unpredictable condition that significantly impacts on quality of life. It is suggested that fluctuations in the weather, especially atmospheric pressure may influence the symptoms of MD. However, to date, limited research has investigated the impact of the weather on MD.

Methods:

In a longitudinal study, a mobile phone application collected data from 397 individuals (277 females and 120 males with an average age of 50 yr) from the UK reporting consultant-diagnosed MD. Daily symptoms (vertigo, aural fullness, tinnitus, hearing loss, and attack prevalence) and GPS locations were collected; these data were linked with Met Office weather data (including atmospheric pressure, humidity, temperature, visibility, and wind speed).

Results:

Symptom severity and attack prevalence were reduced on days when atmospheric pressure was higher. When atmospheric pressure was below 1,013 hectopascals, the risk of an attack was 1.30 (95% confidence interval: 1.10, 1.54); when the humidity was above 90%, the risk of an attack was 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.06, 1.49).

Conclusion:

This study provides the strongest evidence to date that changes in atmospheric pressure and humidity are associated with symptom exacerbation in MD. Improving our understanding of the role of weather and other environmental triggers in Ménière's may reduce the uncertainty associated with living with this condition, significantly contributing to improved quality of life.
A Novel Mutation in SLC26A4 Causes Nonsyndromic Autosomal Recessive Hearing Impairment
Authors: Wolf Axel , Frohne Alexandra , Allen Matthew , Parzefall Thomas , Koenighofer Martin , Schreiner Markus M. , Schoefer Christian , Frei Klemens , Lucas Trevor
Published: November 2016

Background:

Heterozygous mutations in GJB2 (MIM: 121011) encoding the gap junction protein connexin 26 are overrepresented in patient groups suffering from nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing impairment (HI) implying the involvement of additional genetic factors. Mutations in SLC26A4 (MIM: 605646), encoding the protein pendrin can cause both Pendred syndrome and autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic HI locus 4 type sensorineural HI (MIM: 600791).

Objectives:

Aim of this study was to investigate the role of SLC26A4 coding mutations in a nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) patient group bearing heterozygous GJB2 35delG mutations.

Design:

We analyzed the 20 coding exons of SLC26A4 in a group of patients (n = 15) bearing heterozygous 35delG mutations and exclusively suffering from congenital HI.

Results:

In a case of bilateral congenital hearing loss we identified a rare, novel SLC26A4 exon 2 splice donor mutation (c.164+1delG) predicted to truncate pendrin in the first cytoplasmic domain, as a compound heterozygote with the pathogenic missense mutation c.1061T>C (p.354F>S; rs111033243).

Conclusions:

Screening for SLC26A4 mutations may identify the genetic causes of hearing loss in patients bearing heterozygous mutations in GJB2.

Hypothesis:

SLC26A4 coding mutations are genetic causes for nonsyndromic HI in patients bearing heterozygous GJB2 35delG mutations.