bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TINDAK TINDAK PRAGMATIK ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH DWIBAHASAWAN JAWA-INDONESIA
Authors: Mukaromah Mukaromah
Published: January 2019

This study aims to investigate speech acts in Indonesian uttered by Indonesian-Javanese bilingual preschoolers. The study employed the qualitative approach.The theories employed were theories on pragmatics and language acquisition. Theresearch subjects were Indonesian-Javanese bilingual preschoolers. The researcherwas the key instrument. The data were collected through observations, field notes,and recording. The data were analyzed by using the discursive technique. The resultsof the study show forms of preschoolers’ pragmatic competence acquisition.The forms include pragmatic aspects in the utterances in the communication in accordancewith the context of use. The pragmatic aspects comprise deixis, presupposition,speech implicature, and conversation rules.Keywords: pragmatics, young learner, language acquisition
ASPEK KEKERASAN SEBAGAI REFLEKSI DAN FORMATIF KONDISI SOSIAL POLITIK DI EKS-TIMOR TIMUR DALAM JAZZ PARFUM & INSIDEN KARYA SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA
Authors: Nurhadi Nurhadi
Published: January 2019

This study aims to describe (1) aspects of violence in short stories in Jazz, Parfum,dan Insiden, (2) socio-political conditions as backgrounds to the violence, (3)the possibility for the fiction to reform society. The data source was Jazz, Parfum, danInsiden by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. The data were analyzed by the content analysisemploying the descriptive qualitative technique. The data trustworthiness was assessedthrough the semantic validity. The findings show that (1) aspects of violenceinclude murder, torture, kidnap, rape, and other types of violence, (2) socio-politicalconditions as backgrounds to the violence are human right violations including theDili incident at the Santa Cruz cemetery on 12 November 1991 and the conditions ofthe occupied East Timor in general, and (3) the fiction has a role in forming readers’awareness of violent acts by government apparatus in the occupation of East Timorby the New Order government that tended to be militaristic and authoritarian. Thefiction indirectly gave contribution to the downfall of the New Order governmentand the independence of Timor Leste.Keywords: violence, East Timor, literature’s reflective role, literature’s formativerole
PERTARUNGAN SIMBOLIK DALAM WACANA BANTUAN KHUSUS MAHASISWA
Authors: Jazeri Mohamad
Published: January 2019

This study aims to describe forms of, strategies in, and factors causing symbolic conflicts in the discourse of Special Aids for Students (SAS). The data sources were texts on SAS in mass media. This study employed the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by Fairclough. The data were analyzed in three steps, i.e. text analysis (description), process analysis (interpretation) and socio-cultural practice analysis (explanation). The findings can be explained as follows. First, the forms of symbolic conflicts are the introduction and refusal of meaning, logic, perspective, and value. Second, the strategies of symbolic conflicts include making them subtle or vague and making them positive or natural. Third, the factors causing symbolic conflicts include differences in habits and social structure and those in discourse executors’ interests.
Proses PEMBENTUKAN KOSAKATA DAN FUNGSI BAHASA KELOMPOK GAY
Authors: Wahyudin Ahmad
Published: January 2019

This study aims to describe vocabulary formations and language functions in a gay community. The object was the language employed by such a community. The data were collected through listening, recording, and noting and were analyzed by means of the qualitative descriptive technique. The data trustworthiness was enhanced by careful observations and triangulation (data sources, relevant theories, and other observers). The findings are as follows. First, the vocabulary formations include (a) form addition, (b) form substitution, (c) utilization of short forms (abbreviations and acronyms), and (d) utilization of puns. Second, language in the gay community has four functions, i.e.: (a) emotive function, (b) referential function,(c) phatic function, and (d) conative function.
PENGGUNAAN CERITA ANAK SEBAGAI MEDIA PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS 5 SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Werdiningsih Dyah
Published: January 2019

This study aimed to describe the use of children’s stories as media to improve Indonesian language skills of Year 5 elementary school students. This study was an action research study employing the qualitative approach. The design was based on the procedure proposed by Kemmis and McTaggart (1988), consisting of plan, action, observation, and reflection. The subjects comprised teachers and students of SDN Gadang I Malang. The results showed that the learning model using children’s stories in the Indonesian language learning was capable of improving Indonesian language skills of Year 5 elementary school students. This was shown by both their spoken and written performances.
PENERAPAN STRATEGI KOOPERATIF-KOLABORATIF DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS SURAT RESMI SISWA SMA
Authors: Andajani Kusubakti
Published: January 2019

This study aimed to describe the improvement of business letter writing skills through the cooperative-collaborative strategy. The design employed the action research procedure by Kemmis and McTaggart (1988), consisting of plan, action, observation, and reflection. The subjects were Year XII students of the Language Program of SMAN 2 Batu. The data were collected through tests, observations, field notes, and interviews and analyzed by means of the qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that business letter writing was one topic that the students could not master well. They wrote letters based on those the teacher presented because they did not know much about effective sentences, diction, and spelling. Therefore, they did not have creativity in writing letters. This problem was solved using the cooperative-collaborative strategy. Through this strategy, the students were more motivated to learn and the quality of the learning outcomes could be enhanced to the maximum.
SUCCESS IN LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Liando Nihta
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan bagaimana berbagai kejadiandalam proses pembelajaran mendukung para pembelajar meraih keberhasilan dalam belajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing. Data penelitian diambil dari pengalaman-pengalaman pribadi dari tiga orang mahasiswa dan tiga orang dosen pada jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Negeri Manado. Wawancara semi terstruktur dan narasi pribadi digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini. Ada tiga tema utama yang dapat disimpulkan dari data wawancara yaitu: keluarga dan masyarakat, pengaruh lembaga (institusi), dan faktor-faktor individu. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa anggota-anggota keluarga,guru dan individual memegang peranan penting dalam mendukung para pembelajar sehingga bisa berhasil dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris
ANALISIS KRITIS NEW HISTORICISM TERHADAP NOVEL INDONESIA MODERN DALAM KERANGKA SEJARAH SASTRA
Authors: Sugiarti Sugiarti
Published: January 2019

This study is aimed at (1) describing issues in three novels based on NewHistoricism in Indonesian literature; (2) exploring the New Historicism Approach which can provide solutions to possible changes in socio-cultural aspects and publishing industry; (3) finding new fundamental concepts which can contribute to the development of Indonesian literature. For this purpose, the study employed the qualitative phenomenological approach with the qualitative content analysis. The data were in the form of sentence fragments relevant to the research focus. Besides, the data were supported by relevant information beyond the text contributing tothe existing text. From the analysis, it can be concluded that: (1) the issues that can be revealed based on New Historicism in the three novels are sexuality problems, freedom, sexual deviation, patriarchy, deconstruction and rejection, spiritual aspect, humanity, and creativity in entrepreneurship; (2) the New Historicism Approach uses harsh words, fantasy, language style modification, scientific exploration,philosophy, health problem, and spiritual experience to show something different; (3) concepts that contribute to the history of Indonesian literature are that texts constitute a contestation between some ideologies and social forces in unlimited place and time. Aesthetic issues female writers offer are not only as a new way of expression or another alternative but also show a high motivation to offer differentimages.
ANALISIS DIDAKTIS DAN IDEOLOGIS TERHADAP TOKOH-­­TOKOH MANUSIA MUTAN DALAM KARYA FIKSI (FILM)
Authors: Swandayani Dian
Published: January 2019

This study aims to investigate two movies, Spider Man and Hulk, in terms of: (1) the mutant characters, (2) the background and effects experienced by the main characters, (3) the educational values, and (4) the hidden ideologies. The data sources were the two movies. The data were collected through intensive reading. The results show that the characters, Spider Man and Hulk, are heroes according to children. A mutant is defined as a genetic change concept. Peter, the main character in Spider Man, had a DNA change while Bruce in Hulk had an RNA change. The mutant theory is thought of as thinking development by evolution thinkers (Darwinians). It says that an evolution is something inevitable to achieve a better condition and happens randomly. The strong living things (including human beings) will survive through the natural selection, but the weak ones will perish.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL ASESMEN OTENTIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KETERAMPILAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA LISAN DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS (SMA)
Authors: Wahyuni Sri
Published: January 2019

This study aims to develop a model of authentic assessment in the learning of the spoken Indonesian language skill in senior high schools. The model was adapte  from the Reflective, Recursive Design and Development (R2D2) model by Willis and the model of spoken language assessment by O’Malley Pierce. The product of the development is a set of authentic assessment in the spoken Indonesian language skill in senior high schools, consisting of (a) assessment planning, (b) assessment mapping, (c) assessment instrument and rubric, (d) evaluation standard, and (e) score interpretation. The product is equipped with a VCD containing the implementation model to help teachers conduct authentic assessment. In general, the developed authentic assessment model is effective to evaluate the spoken Indonesian languageskill in senior high schools.
PENGEMBANGAN KOMPETENSI CREATIVE WRITING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI PERGURUAN TINGGI
Authors: Manuaba Putra
Published: January 2019

This study aims to identify creative writing aspects and formulate a model for the development of creative writing competence. It was a qualitative study involving literature students from four universities in Surabaya. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The findings show that only few students have writing experience. The learning model in the campus is one important aspect that can motivate students to write. An ideal model for the development of creative writing competence is one that integrates a variety of aspects that can develop creative writing. Some important aspects include (1) a creative writing course inliterature learning as a compulsory course at universities, (2) theory and practice (practice being more dominant than theory) for literature students, (3) attempts to make lecturers good at writing theory and practice, (4) reading enrichment in quality literary works, and (5) use of creative processes from high quality authors as inspiring part of creative work writing.
Benefits and Barriers to and Desired Outcomes with Exercise in Patients with ESKD
Authors: Moorman Danielle , Suri Rita , Hiremath Swapnil , Jegatheswaran Januvi , Kumar Teerath , Bugeja Ann , Zimmerman Deborah
Published: January 2019

Background and objectives

Patients with ESKD are sedentary. When patient-identified barriers to exercise are addressed, recruitment and retention in exercise trials remain low, suggesting that the trial design may not resonate with them. Therefore, we conducted a survey of patients on dialysis to assess perceived benefits and barriers to exercise and discover preferred outcomes and exercise type by dialysis modality and age in anticipation of designing future randomized, controlled trials.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

English- and French-speaking patients with ESKD treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were recruited from two tertiary care hospitals in Ottawa and Montreal, Canada. Summary descriptive statistics were used to describe patient responses; then, they were separated by dialysis modality and age category.

Results

The survey was completed by 423 participants. Current activity levels were similar across modalities (P=0.35); 78% of younger patients walked at least 10 minutes at a time on 3 or more days compared with only 58% of older patients (P=0.001). The two most desired benefits of exercise were improved energy (18%) and strength (14%). The third priority differed, such that improved sleep, maintenance of independence, and longevity were selected by patients on peritoneal dialysis, patients on in-center hemodialysis, and patients on home hemodialysis, respectively. Older patients were most interested in improvements in energy, strength, and maintenance of independence, whereas younger patients were interested in improving energy, longevity, and transplant candidacy. Only 25% of patients were able to exercise without difficulty; the major barriers for the remaining patients were feeling patients were feeling too tired (55%), short of breath (50%), and too weak (49%). If patients were to exercise, they wanted to exercise at home (73%) using a combination of aerobic and resistance training (41%), regardless of modality or age category.

Conclusions

The majority of patients undergoing maintenance dialysis in two tertiary hospitals in Ottawa and Montreal report similar desired outcomes and barriers, with greater differences by age category than modality.
Financiarización y ganancias de corporaciones en México
Authors: Mendoza Hernández Antonio
Published: January 2019

Este trabajo subraya que la rentabilidad para las grandes empresas no tiene como única fuente y muchas veces ni siquiera preferentemente su actividad productiva sino las colocaciones financieras. Se analiza el comportamiento de las tesorerías de algunos de los grandes grupos de capital privado en México para mostrar la manera en que manejaron sus flujos de efectivo para la construcción de su beneficio. El objetivo es destacar que estas empresas persiguen resultados a corto plazo ligados a la exigencia de obtención de cuantiosas rentas, más que su capacidad productiva y la generación de ganancias estables a largo plazo. Se seleccionó una muestra de cuatro grandes empresas con asociaciones diversas de capital externo. Se examina su información contable y financiera para ilustrar la magnitud de sus beneficios financieros en relación a los productivos. Son empresas en sectores económicos dinámicos y estratégicos de la economía mexicana durante los últimos treinta años.
¿Cómo sorteó Bolivia la crisis económica? Retos
Authors: Rossell Arce Pablo
Published: January 2019

La presente colaboración analiza algunos aspectos del desempeño que ha presentado la economía boliviana desde la llegada del Presidente Evo Morales. Donde se destacan diversos aspectos que están relacionados tanto con las condiciones del país, como de la región y de economía mundial; los cuales se han conjugado para que la crisis actual no sólo haya sido neutralizada, sino incluso se han presentado aspectos positivos. A partir de estos aspectos benéficos se plantea las dificultades y retos.
Crisis financiera y cambio político económico: el regreso de la historia
Authors: Arias Xosé Carlos
Published: January 2019

Los mejores análisis ex-post sobre el origen de la actual crisis financiera, la explican como un episodio más, aunque de gran virulencia; proceso ininterrumpido de inestabilidad consustancial a los mercados financieros; acreditado por autores como Charles Kindleberger. Ha surgido con gran fuerza la idea de recuperar la historia, el conocimiento histórico, como elemento fundamental no sólo para salir de la crisis, sino para hacerlo con alguna garantía en el medio plazo. Ello ocurre en dos planos, el teórico y el de la formulación de políticas. En el orden teórico, la necesidad de superar la noción de una Economía sin historia (un problema metodológico antiguo, pero muy acrecentado en las últimas décadas) se erige como uno de los vectores clave en los cruciales debates en curso sobre el futuro de la academia. Y en el plano político-económico, la comparación histórica –en particular con la Gran Depresión-, más allá de su interés para el análisis, se ha convertido en una
elemento fundamental de inoculación frente a los eventuales efectos finales de la crisis, contribuyendo con ello a una drástica reorientación de los criterios de la política económica.
Recuperación incierta de la economía mundial
Authors: Cabrera Morales Sergio
Published: January 2019

En el mundo entero se percibe un contexto económico de alta vulnerabilidad. En la economía mundial como en las economías nacionales persiste la inestabilidad endémica. La profundización y aceleración de la crisis, al final del 2009 como en lo que va del 2010, en buena medida ha sido resultado, entre otros aspectos, de las políticas seguidas por los diversos gobiernos del mundo para enfrentar la crisis. En el 2010 la orientación de las políticas públicas hacia la contracción del gasto, así como la falta de normatividad al sistema financiero están contribuyendo a postergar la salida de la crisis, y amenazan con profundizarla aún más.
Estados Unidos dominado por las finanzas: vendrán tiempos peores
Authors: Palazuelos Enrique
Published: January 2019

El trabajo analiza origen y desarrollo del dominio de las finanzas sobre la economía de Estados Unidos. Primero se aborda cómo se conformaron tres grandes fuerzas económicas y sociales vinculadas a la expansión financiera. En segundo lugar se define el significado de la financiarización como la interacción de tres niveles que conciernen al tamaño y las características del sector financiero y de los mercados financieros, al condicionamiento que ejercen sobre los agentes no financieros (hogares, empresas y gobierno) y a la inestabilidad estructural que determinan la dinámica cíclica de la economía. En tercer lugar, muestra cómo los hechos desmienten las tesis ideológicas que defienden las ventajas de las finanzas desreguladas. Y en cuarto lugar, se explica por qué la reforma financiera aprobada en 2010 no garantiza la creación de un marco preventivo y supervisor que evite la repetición de los mecanismos que han provocado las sucesivas crisis financieras habidas a partir de 1981. En ausencia de un marco regulador que garantice la profunda transformación de agentes, mercados, instrumentos y criterios financieros con los que se opera; la conclusión es que las finanzas seguirán dominando la economía y la financiarización seguirá provocando nuevas crisis.
Efectos sociales y políticos de la actual crisis financiera internacional
Authors: Lichtensztejn Samuel
Published: January 2019

Se esboza un mapa de algunas de las manifestaciones de la crisis financiera a partir de los acontecimientos sociales y políticos en varios países pertenecientes o asociados a la Unión Europea; tales como Letonia, Gran Bretaña, Holanda, Portugal, Irlanda, España, Grecia, Bélgica, Italia y Francia. Asimismo se presentan referencias de los países árabes y de América Latina y el Caribe, los cuales están caracterizados por las tendencias estructurales de la concentración del ingreso. Por el otro lado, el autor advierte que en contexto de la crisis económica en curso varios partidos de centro derecha se están posicionando en el poder, lo que, advierte, podrían retrasar aún mas la salida de la crisis, ya que dado su perfil político, los costos de la salida se cargaran a las sociedades, lo que impondrá mayor concentración de la riqueza.
El economista como ingeniero social: la necesidad de ética profesional
Authors: DeMartino George
Published: January 2019

Algunos economistas desde los inicios de la disciplina, empezando por A. Smith, han planteado un aspecto trascendental de su desempeño, lo imprescindible de una ética profesional. Si las elaboraciones teóricas de la economía tienden a proyectarse en la sociedad, y por tanto generar efectos, sean positivos o negativos. En esta perspectiva los economistas son en alguna medida responsables, pero, de un tiempo acá, se ha tratado de desdeñar o de plano ignorar sus responsabilidades éticas. Cuestión que resulta grave en general, pero mucho mas en momentos de crisis tan profunda, como la que está en curso. Aquella situación se ha exacerbado, tanto en la enseñanza como en el desempeño profesional, por lo que resulta imprescindible la reflexión sobre la ética del economista.
La crisis financiera intensifica momentos del hacer y lo hecho
Authors: Camarena Luhrs Margarita
Published: January 2019

Las expectativas de una economía que supere la separación entre el hacer y lo hecho, están estrechamente ligadas con la operación y estructura financieras que dotan de sentido a casi todas las identidades del mundo actual. Como el proceso financiero intensifica la crisis actual, es posible que se le escapen momentos de unificación de la existencia aún sea brevemente.
Especulación y Soberanía: una interacción insidiosa
Authors: Epstein Gerald , Habbard Pierre
Published: January 2019

Este artículo examina y analiza varios de los sucesos más significativos en los mercados financieros desde la irrupción de la crisis financiera y sus respuestas regulatorias. El artículo centra las varias formas de especulación en constante evolución alrededor de la problemática de ‘demasiado grande para fallar’, con una énfasis particular, dado a la relación creciente y problemática entre la deuda pública y la especulación bancaria. A pesar de iniciales respuestas prometedoras por parte de gobiernos nacionales y cuerpos internacionales como el G20, las regulaciones han confrontado las fuerzas principales detrás de la crisis.
Argentina: Camino del desendeudamiento (1991-2011)
Authors: Nemiña Pablo
Published: January 2019

El presente artículo analiza las transformaciones de la política financiera en la Argentina durante el período 1991-2011. Para ello, se estudian las principales acciones del Estado orientadas a enfrentar la problemática de la deuda pública y el financiamiento, así como las relaciones establecidas con el sector financiero y el FMI. La evolución de la política financiera argentina resalta uno de los contrapuntos más sobresalientes entre el período de la convertibilidad vigente hasta 2001 y la etapa posterior. El régimen de convertibilidad implicó el sostenimiento de una moneda nacional sobrevaluada, la cual determinó el progresivo incremento de la deuda pública y alentó el proceso de financiarización de la economía. En cambio, el régimen de la posconvertibilidad, apoyado en el mantenimiento de un tipo de cambio competitivo junto al superávit fiscal y comercial, ha contribuido a promover la actividad productiva por sobre la financiera. Esto, junto a la reestructuración de la deuda, ha permitido sostener un proceso de reducción gradual del endeudamiento público en términos relativos, liberando recursos para fomentar el mercado interno. Consecuentemente, con posterioridad a 2002 se observa una erosión de la capacidad de condicionamiento estructural sobre la dinámica del crecimiento de los acreedores, el FMI, y el sector financiero en general, en simultáneo con la obtención de mayores grados de autonomía financiera por parte del Gobierno Nacional. Finalmente, se analizan los desafíos que impone la crisis internacional a la continuación de este sendero.
Otra vez, tierra adentro, mar en fuera…
Authors: García de León Antonio
Published: January 2019

Antonio García de León “Tierra adentro, mar afuera” Ed. FCE, 2011. México. Texto leído en el Colegio de México el 5 marzo 2012.
Financiarización y gasto público en México (2000-2011)
Authors: Mendoza Méndez José Enrique
Published: January 2019

La transformación de la participación del Estado en la economía validó nuevas formas de realización de la ganancia, especialmente en el sector financiero. Aquí se analizan las repercusiones de la financiarización en el gasto público en México, poniendo énfasis en el costo financiero de la deuda pública. La pregunta que guía esta colaboración es: ¿de qué manera la estructura y dinámica del gasto público en México ha respondido a las necesidades de valorización del capital financiero? La primera parte aborda el debate de la financiarización e impacto sobre el gasto público. En la segunda, se evalúa el ajuste fiscal y la contracción del gasto público, en especial pone énfasis en la dinámica y estructura del gasto público, y el balance financiero; además se indaga en la relación entre la deuda pública, su costo financiero e importancia en la estructura de gasto público. Por último, se destaca la relación en la volatilidad del capital internacional, las estrategias de esterilización monetaria y el costo de la deuda pública.
La Era de las Microfinanzas: Destruyendo las economías desde abajo
Authors: Bateman Milford
Published: January 2019

Este artículo argumenta que el modelo de microfinanzas que llegó a América Latina en los años 1970 ha probado ser, al igual que en otros lados del mundo, una intervención de política pública casi totalmente destructiva. El argumento central es que el modelo de microfinanzas es responsable de consolidar e impulsar continuamente la adversa trayectoria anti-desarrollo de las economías latinoamericanas. Este modelo ha progresivamente ayudado a desindustrializar, infantilizar y informalizar las estructuras sociales y económicas. Hasta recientemente, el grado y naturaleza precisa de esta trayectoria “anti-desarrollo” ha sido ignorado por miedo de subvertir y deslegitimizar el modelo global de microfinanzas y, con ello, la filosofía política y económica dominante – el neoliberalismo – que esencialmente le dio vida. Políticas industriales e instituciones financieras locales efectivas - “pro-desarrollo”- se requieren urgentemente en América Latina para construir desde abajo economías realmente sostenibles y equitativas basadas en la solidaridad.
La Reserva Federal de Estados Unidos y el Banco de Inglaterra: Propiedad, estructura e 'independencia'
Authors: Howells Peter
Published: January 2019

Resumen

Este ensayo explora la fundación y desarrollo de la Reserva Federal (Fed) de Estados Unidos (US) y el Banco de Inglaterra (BI), en la perspectiva del debate reciente de la independencia de la banca central y el diseño de la política monetaria óptima. Se muestra que los creadores de la Fed fueron agudamente conscientes de que estaban fundando un banco central (basado en algún grado en el BI al punto en que había evolucionado). Por esto fueron conscientes del poder potencial que la institución podría tener, de manera que la cuestión del control e influencia fue central.  De forma interesante, los padres fundadores finalmente optaron por la independencia de los intereses del dinero de Wall Street en lugar de la independencia del Estado. La reputación de la Fed de competencia política e independencia se debe mucho más al papel de sus fuertes presidentes en años recientes que a cualquier diseño formal.

En contraste, el BI fue fundado como un banco privado. Preocupaciones sobre su independencia no jugaron ningun papel en su historia temprana y solamente surgieron después de que había adquirido, paso a paso, las responsabilidades de un banco central.  Las primeras preocupaciones serias sobre su independencia fueron durante el periodo de entreguerras cuando se pensaba que el Banco estaba demasiado atento en su apoyo al papel de Londres como centro de finanzas internacionales, a expensas de los intereses de la economía doméstica. En parte por esa razón fue nacionalizado en 1947. Cuando se otorgó su independencia operacional en 1997, se le quitaron dos de sus responsabilidades para evitar conflictos de interés.

Lo que enseña la historia de los bancos es, primero, que la independencia del gobierno no es lo esencial para alcanzar una política óptima, sino la libertad de perseguir una sola prioridad, y segundo, que la efectividad con la cual eso se lleva a cabo tiene poco o nada que ver con leyes, actas constitutivas, y estatutos.
América Latina: neoliberalismo, políticas macroeconómicas y proyectos nacionales de desarrollo
Authors: Guillén Arturo
Published: January 2019

Desde los años ochenta se acentúo la descomposición económica, social y en alguna medida, política en América Latina. Un elemento definitivo en este proceso ha sido la imposición de planes económicos instrumentados desde instituciones supranacionales que estuvieron guiadas por los intereses de grandes corporativos que finalmente afianzaron su presencia en la región, en buena medida promovida por los propios gobiernos locales. Pero desde inicios del siglo XXI un grupo de países de América del Sur, han emprendido una experiencia que está intentando estructurar una vía de desarrollo menos dependiente económica y políticamente de los centros hegemónicos del sistema-mundo capitalista. Los resultados sin ser del todo exitosos han logrado oponer resistencia a algunas desventajas estructurales que padecían y plantearse alternativas posneoliberales.
Financiamiento de infraestructura verde: retos, barreras y riesgos
Authors: Ivanova Antonina
Published: January 2019

El objetivo del presente artículo es delinear algunas pautas para crear y/o mejorar las condiciones a nivel nacional para atraer e incrementar la inversión privada en infraestructura como parte de la agenda nacional para transitar hacia una economía verde. Para ello se analiza la importancia de la inversión en una infraestructura baja en carbono y resiliente a los impactos del cambio climático (IBCRC), así como las barreras que existen para realizar inversiones y los riesgos que afrontan los inversionistas. Se subraya el importante papel del gobierno para fomentar las inversiones para el desarrollo verde y atraer capitales privados hacia esta área, minimizando los riesgos y garantizando retornos razonables.

Mientras varios estudios se enfocan solo en el papel de las políticas ambientales y climáticas para apoyar la transición hacia una economía BCRC, este artículo concluye que también hay otros factores de importancia primordial para avanzar con la transición. Lo más importante es comprender que las políticas climáticas y su eficiencia no se pueden estudiar de manera aislada, sino que tienen que ser consideradas  en un contexto más amplio de políticas nacionales que están enfocadas a crear condiciones propicias para atraer inversiones.
El capitalismo y sus crisis. ¿Se pueden comparar las grandes crisis de 1873, 1929 y 2008 ?
Authors: Plihon Dominique
Published: January 2019

El capitalismo ha generado una amplia serie de crisis, de las cuales se destacan la de 1873, 1929 y 2008 ya que no solo implican el ámbito económico, por lo que se les puede definir como sistémicas. En la presente colaboración se analizan cuáles fueron sus orígenes, mecanismos, agentes y explicaciones y finalmente a que instrumentos se recurrió para hacerles frente. Lo que permite ver sus semejanzas y diferencias, etc., y así tener una perspectiva más amplia de la crisis por la que atraviesa la economía global.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOME MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF KARKADE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L. â€“ ROSELLE PLANT)
Authors: ABDALLAH MOHAMMED AHMED FATIMA , MOHAMMED ELHASAN SATTI NUHA , ELDIN HUSSAIN ELTAHIR SHARAF
Published: January 2019

Hibiscus sabdariffaplant{Botanical name: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne (Malvaceae)},commonly known as "rossell" in the English language, and "karkade" in Arabic. It is a plant widely cultivated in both tropical and subtropical regions including Sudan, (Kordofan and Darfur regions). Karkade calyces are used as a cold or hot drink when soaked in water, having refreshing, nutritional and medicinal characteristics. This study aimed at investigating the levels of some major constituents of the rossell calyces and compares their levels within the two varieties (Red and white calyces). The phytochemical, proximate and the specific analyses showed that the calcium levels in Sudanese karkade (25 mg/100g and 25.5 mg/100g in red calyces and white calyces, respectively) were lower than the levels reported by the previous studies, but the iron levels (55.5 mg/100g and 30.5 mg/100g ) were higher than levels reported by the previous studies. More investigations may be required to interpret this low level of calcium in some Sudanese karkade varieties. The anthocyanin levels (1.8% and 1.05% in red calyces and white calyces, respectively), and the vitamin C levels (16.5 mg/100g and 16.9 mg/100g) were approximately similar in both red and white karkade calyces, but the level of hibiscus acid of the red calyces was lower than its level in the white karkade calyces. The notable variations between results reported in literature about karkade (Hibiscus) constituents may be due to some factors include the variations of the genotypes, environmental and botanical nature of the tested samples, besides the use of different methodologies by researchers concerning laboratory techniques and the sampling collection methods
THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN Î’-THALASSEMIC IRAQI PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS DIAGNOSED BY RT-PCR
Authors: K. AL-ANI SAHAR , T.S. AL-OUQAILI DR. MUSHTAK , M. AWAD DR. MUTHANNA
Published: January 2019

Blood transfusion is associated with the risk of infection, especially hepatitis C virus and may lead to peroxidative tissue injury by secondary iron overload in Î²- thalassemic patients. This study aims to detect HCV-RNA copies in thalassemic patients detected by RT-PCR qualitatively and quantitatively. Also, to measure the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidants markers in Î²-thalassemia patients infected with HCV. A total of 200 Î²-thalassemic patients were collected and analyzed for anti-HCV antibodies using Rapid immunochromatographic assay and enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay methods. Then, the nucleic acids HCV-RNA of positive samples were extracted by modern automated technique. After that, Amplification for HCV-RNA was amplified. The vitamins C and, E in addition to GSH and GGT were also accurately detected. Out of 100 positive ELISA-anti-HCV antibodies, 72(72%) were also positive for RTPCR considering the assay threshold for the procedure was >13 IU/ ml. The mean viral load in these patients was 545806 Â±1009799 IU/ml (1997176 Â±3802206) Copies/ml. There was an observed difference (Pâ‰¤ 0.005) inactivity of TSB, GGT, Protein, Albumin in sera of HCV patients (2.87 Â± 1.41, 51.1 Â± 60.0 , 6.44 Â±2.00 , 3.37 Â±0.71) when compared with healthy subjects (0.99 Â± 0.46 ; 25.2 Â± 12.0 , 7.09 Â±0.66 , 3.94 Â±0.59) respectively while the Globulin detected evinced no significant difference (PËƒ 0.005) in HCV patients (2.90Â±0.80) as compared with healthy subjects (3.14 Â±0.42). Besides there was a significant difference (Pâ‰¤ 0.005) in serum vitamin C, vitamin E and GSH, between HCV patients groups (57.2 Â±46.1, 34.7Â±14.6, 282.4 Â±150.5) and healthy subject groups (73.0 Â± 18.0, 44.6 Â± 15.6, 353.5Â± 59.37) respectively. The prevalence of HCV infection was much higher among Î²-thalassemic patients compared with the healthy blood donors. It is recommended to use nucleic acid based-tests for screening blood donors. The current study shows that there is no correlation between ELISA and viral load in hepatitis C virus infection. On the other hand, Real-Time PCR is a confirmatory diagnostic test and is considered as the golden test for the diagnosis and follow up of hepatitis C virus infection. The HCV infection significantly increases ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and TSB level above the normal range while vitamins C, E, and GSH decreased considerably.
THE EFFECT OF SEMEN PARAMETERS ON THE OUTCOME OF INDUCED IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) IN INFERTILE COUPLES
Authors: ALEMI MOHSEN , OMRANI RASOOL , TARHANI JAVAD , KHODADADI BABAK
Published: January 2019

Infertility is one of the most important crises in the lifestyle, leading to many problems, for couples. Infertility may be associated with many factors. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of semen parameters on the outcome of Induced in-Vitro Fertilization in infertile women. This study was performed as a retrospective cohort study using infertile coupleâ€™s data that was provided by IVF in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Endometrial and Endometriosis Research Center in 2016. Couples who had a normal semen parameter were compared with couples who had an abnormal semen parameter in terms of the outcome of the intervention, which included the positive increase of the Î²-HCG titer in two time measurements.The total number of subjects studied was 289, with mean age 30.49 years. The percentage of positive Î²-HCG (31.21%), incidence of fertilization (30.54%) and pregnancy (29.86%). The frequency of abnormal semen parameters based on WHO criteria in term of mobility was 53.98%, sperm number 32.22%, volume 4.45% agglutination 4.53% and leukocytospermia 12% respectively. There were a significant relationship between morphology>20% (p=0.022) and normal sperm adhesion (p=0.041) with pregnancy incidence. The viscosity and morphology of sperm, are two semen parameters that effects on the success rate of fertility Induced in-Vitro Fertilization method.
EVALUATION OF SEMINAL PLASMA TAC IN RELEVANCE TO SERUM DHEA, TESTOSTERONE LEVELS AS A DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN INFERTILE MEN
Authors: DHAMIN. OLEIWI FAHAD , A. L. MOSSA HAYDER , O. SELMAN MOHAMMAD
Published: January 2019

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a vital role in human reproduction. It rises as a consequence of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and/or reduced total antioxidant capacity (TAC) protection. Oxidative stress mediated damages to the plasma membrane of the spermatozoa may account for defective spermatozoa function parameters that are observed in a high percentage of infertile patients. This study is aimed to evaluate the relationship between level of seminal plasma TAC in relevance to serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone in serum with the assessment of routine spermatozoa parameters in different groups of infertile men. Blood and semen samples were collected from the infertile and fertile subjects. The total numbers of samples were 80, the infertile men were divided into three groups (azoospermic, oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic) each with 20 samples, and 20 fertile men. Then the levels of serum hormones and seminal plasma TAC were measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results of hormonal levels in serum showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the level of DHEA between control group and infertile groups, even though the level of DHEA were in the lower limit of normal among azoospermic group. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the level of testosterone among study groups but it was in the lower limit among azoospermic men. This study is reveals that there was a highly significant (p<0.001) difference in the level of TAC between study groups and control group which was increased among normozoospermic men and decreased among infertile groups. The lower limit of TAC was seen in asthenozoospermic men. The results of this study also showed that there were a relationship between TAC of seminal plasma and hormonal levels, and that TAC are positively correlated with testosterone and DHEA. From the results obtained it could be concluded that; DHEA and testosterone have an effect on male fertility via regulation of seminal plasma TAC. On the other hand seminal plasma TAC are negatively correlated with the number of immotile spermatozoa and positively correlated with concentration, progressively motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa.
MONITORING OF CHRONIC SINUSITIS USING NASAL NITRIC OXIDE AS A MARKER OF SINUS HEALTH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: IBRAHIM KARIRI KHALIL , MAJRASHI KHALID AHMED , FAGEHI AHMAD ALI ABDU , HAKAMI KHALID ALI AWAJI , JABER HAKAMI AYMAN MOHAMMED , HAMZI NAWAR AHMED
Published: January 2019

It was reported that, nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is continuously released in the paranasal sinuses which acts as antibacterial and antiviral agent and improves mucociliary clearance in sinuses environment. The levels of nasal nitric oxide (nNO) are significantly changed with inflammatory stimuli as well as with medical or surgical treatment for chronic sinusitis. The present systematic review is aimed at evaluating the role of nNO as biomarker for monitoring chronic sinusitis. A web-based search was conducted in MEDLINE with inclusion criteria of human studies in English language that aimed to evaluate the role of nNO as in monitoring chronic sinusitis. Study designs adoptedwereobservational studies or clinical trials with comparisons between patient with chronic sinusitis in study group and control group of patients with flu or healthy population. The outcome assessed was the level of nNO in both groups. Data were collected for characteristics of included study such as study design, sample size, mean age, type and location of sinusitis, and technique and procedures used to monitor nitric oxide. The search on the monitoring of chronic sinusitis using nasal Nitric oxide (nNO) as marker of sinus health resulted in 97 articles, of them 81 articles were irrelevant and six articles were reviews. The included studies in this review were 10 studies. Overall findings showed that significantly lower levels of Nasal NO were reported in the patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) (irrespective of nasal polyps or allergic rhinitis concomitance) compared to healthy volunteers. The lower levels of Nasal NO in chronic rhinosinusitis are related to the decreasing of NO metabolites. The nasal nitric oxide could be employed as a good biomarker for monitoring the sinus health. The lower levels of nasal NO are indicators to the incidence ofchronic sinus inflammation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) These lower levels of nasal nitric oxide increase significantly after sinus therapy or surgical treatment.
ACCURACY OF PRENATAL DETECTION OF CONGENITAL HEART ANOMALIES USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: MOUSSA D. MAIMSH OMAR , M. ALGORASHI EMAN
Published: January 2019

Ultrasound examinations in the second trimester for detection of congenital malformations are now part of pregnancy care in most developed countries. Major heart defects can be diagnosed before birth by sonographic assessment of the four-chamber view. This review is aimed to evaluate the evidence published on the accuracy of prenatal detection of congenital cardiac anomalies using ultrasonography. A web-based search was conducted in MEDLINE database and eligible studies were identified and then screened against inclusion criteria such as detection of congenital heart anomalies and reporting of ultrasonography accuracy. The full texts were retrieved for eligible studies and secondary in-depth screening were conducted for the study against inclusion criteria. Data were extracted from our studies regarding studyâ€™s characteristics, type of heart anomalies and level of accuracy. The data were synthesized and discussed with qualitative approach. The electronic search resulted in 145 eligible studies. After screening of titles and abstracts of these articles, irrelevant and duplicated studies were excluded and finally full-texts of 13 articles were retrieved. Overall sample size was ranged between 31 to 4172 with gestational age ranged between 11 weeks to 41 weeks. Overall accuracy of ultrasonography in the prenatal detection of heart anomalies was ranged between 81% to 98.4%. Ultrasonography has fair to high accuracy in prenatal detection of heart anomalies. The variation depends on factors such as technology, experience of the operator, and type of the anomaly. The findings of the included studies showed an acceptable accuracy of ultrasonography in detection of heart anomalies either in high or low risk groups
A estética do vazio nas polaroids de Charif Benhelima
Authors: Santos Vanessa
Published: January 2019

Resenha crítica da exposição Charif Benhelima: Polaroids, 1998-2012, Museu Oscar Niemeyer, Curitiba.
A mulher como professora primária: um desafio profissional na Primeira República
Authors: Damasceno Alberto , Santos Emina , Reschke Monika , Pantoja Suellem Martins
Published: February 2019

O artigo esboça, em linhas gerais, as mudanças no contexto da Primeira República no estado do Pará, em relação à compreensão da função da mulher em termos de sua profissionalização, sobretudo  no campo do magistério na escola primária. Com base em obras mais atuais e em documentos do período, analisamos o processo de inserção da mulher como profissional, inicialmente na função do magistério primário, para, a partir de então, alcançar outros cargos e funções, como o de diretora de grupo escolar.
O princípio da Gestão Democrática e sua aplicação no ensino público no Piauí
Authors: Ribeiro Raimunda Maria da Cunha
Published: February 2019

Este artigo tem os objetivos de compreender o debate sobre gestão democrática do ensino público; fazer um levantamento das leisde criação dos sistemas municipais de ensino no Piauí para identificar as orientações legais acerca do princípio da gestão democrática. A metodologia foi quali-quantitativa, a técnica foi a análise documental de 97 leis.
Antifungal activity of chitosan against Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Zivkovic Svetlana , Stevanovic Milos , Djurovic Sanja , Ristic Danijela , Stosic Stefan
Published: January 2019

Chitosan and its derivatives have been reported as a promising alternative
for control of postharvest fungal pathogens. The objective of this study was
to evaluate in vitro and in situ antifungal activity of chitosan against
Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from decayed
apple fruits. The fungi were tested in vitro using PDA medium with three
concentrations of chitosan (1, 2 and 3 mg/ml). Fungal growth of the test
pathogens was significantly affected by all chitosan doses (P<0.05) after 7
days of incubation at 25?C. Water solution of 3 mg/ml of chitosan inhibited
completely the conidial germination of A. alternata and C. gloeosporioides
after 18 h incubation at 25?C. The results obtained from biocontrol assay
indicate that the inhibition of postharvest decay of A. alternata and C.
gloeosporioides was significantly influenced by chitosan concentrations.
Disease incidence in chitosan-treated fruit after 7 days incubation at 25?C
was significantly lower than in the positive control for both fungi tested
(P<0.05). A. alternata and C. gloeosporioides used in this study were
progressively inhibited in vitro and in situ with increasing concentrations
of chitosan from 1 to 3 mg/ml.