bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complaints
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

This chapter opens with the background to the Hundred Years War preceding the French defeat and capture of King Jean II at the Battle of Poitiers in September 1356. The first section explains how that defeat fostered hatred of the nobility, and how that opprobrium was transmitted and amplified in learned and popular culture in the years preceding the Jacquerie. The next two sections follow the formation of Étienne Marcel and Robert le Coq’s reform party at the assembly of the Estates General in Paris, and the eventual triumph of their efforts with the Estates’ promulgation of a Grande ordonnance in March 1357. The reformers’ efforts to protect this victory from conservative Valois loyalists led them to make a dangerous alliance with King Charles II of Navarre, a sovereign king unamenable to outside control who possessed many soldiers and a claim to the French throne. Conflict over how to address military insecurity in the countryside to Paris’s west deepened the fissures between the reformers and the Dauphin’s noble councillors, leading Marcel to undertake a spectacularly violent solution.
Noisy Terrors
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

Focusing on the violent actions of the Jacques, this chapter shows that the revolt was directed against the nobility as a social group, rather than against the rebels’ lords. Although some chroniclers depicted the Jacques’ violence as inhumanely cruel, accusing them of indiscriminate killing of women and children and gruesome rapes, the judicial sources suggest a much less violent picture. While over two dozen nobles perished at the Jacques’ hands, they were almost exclusively adult men. There is almost no judicial evidence of rape, though given the near certainty of under-reporting, it cannot be ruled out. Property damages, especially the destruction of nobles’ houses and fortresses, was the primary objective of the Jacques’ violence. Some of this was directed against the Dauphin’s partisans, destroying their infrastructural advantage and diverting forces away from an assault on Paris. Some of it, perhaps especially later in the revolt, was directed against supporters of Navarre. But not all Jacques were united behind—or perhaps even aware of—these objectives, and there is evidence of disagreement amongst the rebels over targets and tactics. Much of the violence also had a dimension of social criticism linked to the nobility’s military failures and its members’ conspicuous consumption, and some of it had a festive element, involving dancing and dressing up.
Slaughtered like Pigs
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

With this chapter, the book returns to a chronological structure, following the revolt from around 5 June, when Étienne Marcel’s army probably marched out of Paris to join the Jacques, to the rebels’ double defeats at Meaux and near Mello on 9–10 June. It follows the progress of the Parisian army from Saint-Denis toward Meaux and its leaders’ divisive efforts to punish the reformers’ enemies and to press villagers into service along the way. A new telling of the famous battle at Meaux, where a few dozen noblemen defeated hundreds of commoners, comprises the second section. The latter half of the chapter covers the Jacques’ defeat near Mello and Clermont at the hands of Charles of Navarre. It explains how the battle unfolded, as well as how Charles of Navarre came to be the fatal enemy of the Jacques despite being the ally of the Jacques’ allies in Paris and other cities. Here, again, it is demonstrated that the revolt’s participants had heterogenous, and sometimes conflicting, programmes and that their relationships and objectives shifted over time in response to changing events.
Emergency Response: Navigable Networks and Optimal Routing in Hazardous Indoor Environments
Authors: Zverovich Vadim
Published: May 2021

The extreme importance of emergency response in complex buildings during natural and human-induced disasters has been widely acknowledged. This chapter studies algorithms for safest routes and balanced routes in buildings where an extreme event with many epicentres is occurring. In a balanced route, a trade-off between route length and hazard proximity is made. Another algorithm is proposed for finding the optimal indoor routes for search and rescue teams. This is based on a novel approach integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the propagation of hazard and other techniques, and where three criteria are used: hazard proximity, distance/travel time, and route complexity. The important feature of the algorithm is its ability to generate an optimal route depending on the user’s needs. Finally, a novel automated construction of the Variable Density Network (VDN) for determining egress paths in dangerous environments is discussed.
Prologue
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

The Prologue reaches back into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to reveal the deep roots of modern communications networks in German-speaking Central Europe. It highlights the changing role of the state in the development of roads, waterways and postal networks, from the emergence of the post-Westphalian territorial state to the diffusion of cameralist ideas in the following centuries. It considers how communications networks influenced, and were in turn shaped by, changing understandings of the function of exchange in society and the economy. It describes the related, changing context of academic scientific research in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and how the broader circulation of ideas slowly merged with cameralist notions of ‘useful knowledge’ to stimulate technological development.
A Nation Connected
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

This chapter opens with an illustration of the Prussian government’s use of telegraph networks to unite the German nation during the war with France in 1870 by ensuring the timely and ubiquitous distribution of news. Otto von Bismarck and Generalpostmeister Heinrich Stephan then sought to build upon this unifying conception of telegraphic communication by improving and homogenizing the new Kaiserreich’s network, but they soon faced obstacles from within and outside the state. On the one hand, the federal structure of the new empire granted Bavaria and Württemberg the right to manage their own networks. On the other hand, the increasingly global network upon which trade and finance depended, and the news cartel established between Havas, Reuters, and Wolffs Telegraphisches Büro limited the imperial administration’s ability to manage the cost and nature of information circulating on its lines. These issues, and particularly the economic crisis of 1873, led to conflicts in the Reichstag, where deputies openly questioned the technology’s capacity to ‘annihilate space’ and formed alliances based upon the sections of society which they believed should or should not possess an advantage in communication. At a local level, meanwhile, government efforts to build new, more imposing, post and telegraph buildings alongside subsidiary offices threatened the business community’s privileged position within the urban landscape. The distance and time involved in the transmission of telegrams came to define one’s local and social status—as shown vividly in the novels of Theodor Fontane in the early 1880s and in the popular press.
Prudential Normativity, Moral Scepticisms, and Metaethics
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: May 2021

In earlier chapters it was argued that prudential value gives agents normative, prudential reasons and that prudential judgements are normative judgements on a par with moral judgements. This chapter spells out some ramifications of these theses by examining four different areas of inquiry about morality and moral discourse, showing how the theses hitherto defended in this book affect them. It begins with the form of moral scepticism found within the ‘why be moral?’ debate. It then examines hermeneutic moral error theory and proposes a companions-in-guilt argument based on the normativity of prudential discourse. Third, it examines arguments given within the literature on revisionary metaethical views, pointing out and questioning their commitment to prudential justifications. Finally, it is shown how the normativity of prudential properties applies to a central debate about thick concepts, that between reductionists and non-reductionists about such concepts.
Prudential Normativity
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: May 2021

In earlier chapters, it was argued that prudential discourse is normative, like moral discourse. If that is true, then we should expect to be able to take resources from metaethics and fruitfully apply them to meta-prudential questions and vice versa. This chapter tries to do precisely that. In particular, it aims to show how various long-standing debates about prudential value can be enhanced by importing ideas from metaethics and how bringing these two lines of inquiry together generates a number of significant benefits both inside and outside of theorizing about prudential normativity.
Developing Reliable Measures
Authors: Alwin Duane F.
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a general approach to assessing the reliability of measurement of survey questions—those in common use in many surveys. The approach, which relies on a robust set of longitudinal design requirements, applies the quasi-Markov simplex model to multi-wave data in the evaluation of measurement errors for survey questions. Under particular assumptions, this model produces a set of estimates that conform to the psychometric definition of measurement reliability, defined as the ratio of true variance to observed variance. These models attribute some of the over-time inconsistency in measurements to unreliability and some to true change. This strategy rejects traditional notions of reliability that rely on internal consistency estimates for composite variables, as well as the simple test–retest approach to estimating reliability. Rather, the emphasis is on the separation of unreliability from true change in observations made over time. The importance of meeting several design requirements for using these over-time statistical models is also emphasized. These include the use of large-scale panel studies representative of known populations, with a minimum of three waves of measurement, separated by lengthy re-interview intervals, and limited to exactly replicated questions over the multiple waves. Results are presented from several three-wave panel studies that have employed this design, which provide evidence for the utility of the approach in the evaluation of the quality of survey measurement with respect to question content, context, and form.
Reliability in Latent Growth Curve Models
Authors: Shryane Nick
Published: May 2021

In this chapter I give an overview of reliability in the context of latent growth curve models. Although conceptually similar to latent factor models, reliability is more complex in a growth context. Two different conceptions of reliability were compared: growth curve reliability and growth rate reliability. The former evaluates the reliability of a measurement at a specific time point, the latter evaluates the reliability of the estimate of change over time. The differences, strengths, and limitations of these approaches are discussed, and demonstrated with an example on memory change in older adults. I show that using multiple measurements at each time point (with a second-order latent growth curve model) can improve growth curve reliability but will not necessarily improve growth rate reliability.
The Implications of Functional Form Choice on Model Misspecification in Longitudinal Survey Mode Adjustments
Authors: Smalley Heather Kitada , Emerson Sarah C. , Lesser Virginia
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, we develop theory and methodology to support mode adjustment and hindcasting/forecasting in the presence of different possible mode effect types, including additive effects and odds-multiplicative effects. Mode adjustment is particularly important if the ultimate goal is to report one aggregate estimate of response parameters, and also to allow for comparison to historical surveys performed with different modes. Effect type has important consequences for inferential validity when the baseline response changes over time (i.e. when there is a time trend or time effect). We present a methodology to provide inference for additive and odds-multiplicative effect types, and demonstrate its performance in a simulation study. We also show that if the wrong effect type is assumed, the resulting inference can be invalid as confidence interval coverage is greatly reduced and estimates can be biased.
‘They Do It Like This in Romania’
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

Chapter 10 explores the changing uses of Byzantine canon law among the Italo-Greeks in the thirteenth century. The Greek churches and monasteries of southern Italy became increasingly integrated into the administration of the Roman church following the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). Nonetheless, as the Salentine Group shows, some Italo-Greeks continued to copy nomocanons as late as the fourteenth century. Chapter 10 argues that the manuscripts retained a value as sources of cultural authority, explaining and justifying Greek religious ritual, even as they lost their value as sources of legal authority. To illustrate this point, the chapter begins with a discussion of Nektarios of Otranto’s Three Chapters, a polemical work of c. 1220–1225 that relies heavily on citations of Byzantine canon law to refute Latin attacks on Greek rites and customs. It then considers who these refutations were aimed at, looking in particular at the abortive attempt of Archbishop Marinus of Bari to outlaw Greek baptism in 1232 as a specific example of Latin criticism. It notes, however, that criticism like this from the official church hierarchy was rare and that controversy was probably more restricted to an unofficial, local level. The chapter concludes by examining evidence that canon-law based defences of Greek religious practice were not just aimed at Latins but also at other Greeks. As many Italo-Greeks began to adopt (consciously or otherwise) Latin rites into their worship, more conservative sections of the community attempted to resist such cultural change by mobilising canon law as polemic.
Introduction to the Study of Animals
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Because the objective of a study will largely determine the methods used, it is essential to define the objectives at the outset. Very broadly, studies may be defined as either extensive and intensive. Extensive studies are carried out over larger areas or longer time periods than intensive studies, and are frequently used to provide information on distribution and abundance for conservation or management programmes. Intensive studies involve the repeated observation of the population of an animal. The different types of population estimates—absolute, relative, and intensity—are described. The estimation of error and confidence intervals, including jackknife and bootstrap techniques, is described.
Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat: Air, Plants, Plant Products, and Vertebrate Hosts
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Suction and other samplers for aerial insects and other invertebrates, such as the exposed-cone Johnson–Taylor trap, are described, and their efficiencies under different meteorological conditions defined. Techniques for sampling small animals from plants are described, including the use of suction apparatus such as the D-Vac and Vectis for grassland sampling. Specialized methods for counting insects within plant tissues are described, and techniques for sampling parasites from their vertebrate hosts and homes are reviewed.
The Construction, Description, and Analysis of Age-Specific Life-Tables
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Methods for constructing a life-table and budget for a species are described, and the various methods for the analysis of stage-frequency data reviewed. Stage-frequency data comprise counts of the individuals in different development stages in samples taken from a population over a period of time. The analysis of stage-frequency data to estimate the durations of the stages, the numbers entering stages, and survival rates is described. Examples of survivorship curves are presented, and the calculation of population growth rate described. Analysis of life-table data and demographic methods, including key-factor analysis, are described.
Species Richness, Diversity, and Packing
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Methods to measure species richness and α-, β-, and γ-diversity are reviewed. A useful classification is α-diversity, the diversity of species within a community or habitat, β-diversity, a measure of the rate and extent of change in species along a gradient from one habitat to others, and γ-diversity, the richness in species of a range of habitats in a geographical area. Species inventories are frequently required for conservation management. Because a complete census is rarely feasible, the community must be sampled, and methods are needed to estimate via sampling the total taxa number present. A wide range of species richness estimators are described and their applicability reviewed. Models for species abundance, including geometric, log-normal, and broken stick are presented. Rarefaction techniques to compare species richness in communities sampled with differing effort are described. Methods to compare α-diversity between samples are described. Techniques to study community structure are introduced, and measures of niche size and overlap are presented. Similarity, indices are reviewed, and R code to measure niche overlap is presented.
Keeping POWs Safe
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the protection of prisoners of war (POWs). Few groups of individuals are more vulnerable and more in need of protection than POWs who have been captured by their enemy or by other hostile actors. All too often, they are mistreated, tortured or even killed by those who have taken them captive or to whom they have surrendered. The Geneva Conventions and especially Common Article 3 have been cited and applied in a multitude of cases by international criminal tribunals. The chapter focuses on the case of the largest murder of POWs in the Yugoslav wars—the Ovčara massacre—a case where the Third Geneva Convention formed the gravamen of the Judgement.
The Virtue of Epistemic Trustworthiness and Re-Posting on Social Media
Authors: Wright Sarah
Published: May 2021

Re-posting fake news on social media exposes others to epistemic risks that include not only false belief but also misguided trust in the source of the fake news. The risk of misguided trust comes from the fact that re-posting is a kind of credentialing; as a new kind of speech-act, re-posting does not yet have established norms and so runs an additional risk of “bent credentialing.” This chapter proposes that other-regarding epistemic virtues can help us mitigate the epistemic risks that come with re-posting—specifically the virtue of epistemic trustworthiness. It further considers how an epistemically trustworthy person should regulate her re-posting behavior in light of the psychological evidence that retracting false beliefs is far more difficult than might be supposed. Behaving in an epistemically trustworthy way requires being responsive to the real risks that our actions expose others to, as well as recognizing the real ways that others depend on us.
Fake News and Epistemic Rot; or, Why We Are All in This Together
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: May 2021

Fake news poses an interesting test case to theories of the epistemology of testimony. If they are to illuminate the nature of the epistemic challenges and harms fake news poses to (members of) a community, the theories themselves must move beyond several overly simplistic models of communication. After developing and criticizing some of these, this chapter goes on to offer a more nearly adequate model. The distinctive feature of the theory presented is that it goes beyond the reporter (speaker) and recipient (hearer), postulating several other roles people (and technology) play in communication. The upshot of these reflections is a case for thinking of epistemic responsibility in distinctly social terms—in terms of what we owe to each other as creatures who are both information-seeking and highly social.
An Epistemic Defense of News Abstinence
Authors: Bernecker Sven
Published: May 2021

If we have reason to believe that by following the news, we acquire more false beliefs than true ones or we acquire true but irrelevant beliefs, then we may be justified in taking a newsbreak. We are propositionally justified in temporarily ignoring the news either in a domain or from a source if (i) we are in a fake news environment or are justified in believing that we are, and (ii) it is cognitively difficult or time consuming to discriminate genuine from fake news or to obtain genuine news. The defense of news abstinence rests either on reliabilism about justification or the defeasibility theory. When reliabilism is combined with epistemic consequentialism, news abstinence in a fake news environment is not only epistemically permitted but also epistemically required.
Properties of Romance object clitics
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

The chapter deals with the core properties of clitics and aims to build the case for a syntactic analysis of cliticization. Phonologically, the main property of clitics is that they lack stress. Stress shift and other phonological processes (e.g. apocope, aphaeresis, and elision) confirm that clitics have a deficient prosodic status, which may trigger the extension of cyclic lexical rules to the post-lexical domain formed by the clitic and its prosodic host. The morphology of clitics challenges the customary idea that clitic elements lack a complex internal structure. Syntactically, clitics differ from free pronouns in many respects: they occur in a fixed position (set on a language-specific basis), and in most languages they must be close (or attached) to a verbal form. The displacement of clitics in the clause interacts with the behaviour of other syntactic elements, noticeably the verb, negation, and other clitic material.
Theoretical preliminaries
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

The chapter introduces some terminological conventions and a simple representation of sentence structure for the analysis of clitic placement and other syntactic displacements. It elaborates on four key notions: dependencies, nesting, domains, and criteria. The term dependency refers to the relationship between the clitic and the syntactic position where the corresponding argument is (allegedly) projected. The second important factor regarding clitic placement has to do with the identification of the clausal domains where clitics can occur. The third relevant factor in the definition of clitic placement is nesting, i.e. the mechanism whereby clitics are attached to morphosyntactic structures. Lastly, clitic placement is dependent on discourse-driven displacements that are triggered by instructions termed criteria.
Morphophonological evidence against deficiency
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

This chapter sets out to elaborate on the correlation between the inner structure of pronouns and morphophonological properties with the intent of challenging the received view that clitics have a deficient inner structure. The chapter shows that in many languages the structure of clitics is at least as complex as (if not more complex than) the structure of strong pronouns. Moreover, it argues that morphophonological phenomena such as stress shift, allomorphy, and suppletion often result from morphophonological conditions (some of which are not productive any more) and do not provide solid evidence in support of the claim that clitics are deficient.
Clitics in embryo
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

The chapter aims to provide a principled account of the emergence of clitic pronouns in the transition from Latin to early Romance. The discussion revolves around the hypothesis that a double series of pronouns (which in Late Latin were still homophonous) emerged from the reanalysis of a discourse-driven displacement. So-called weak pronouns in Latin are strong pronouns that are displaced to the Wackernagel Position, which is analysed as a Criterial Position in the sense of Rizzi (2006, 2007). Productive interpolation in medieval Portuguese and Spanish results from the same syntactic displacement, but the Romance languages, unlike Latin, have exhibited a double series of pronouns (clitic/strong) from the earliest attestations. The emergence of a second series of pronouns witnesses a change in the morphophonological status of pronouns, which is the prelude to another change which will yield the incorporation of clitics into verbal hosts.
Classical Covariance
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

Classical mechanics, from point particles through rigid objects and continuum mechanics is reviewed based on the notions of tensors, transformations, and the metric, as developed in the first two chapters. The geodesic equation on flat and curved spaces is introduced and solved in a classical setting. Motion in a potential, particularly a gravitational potential, is discussed. Galilean covariance and transformations are introduced. Time as a fourth dimension is shown to arise even in a classical setting, even if not as rigorous as it would be in relativity theory.
Physics in Curved Spacetime
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

We discuss mechanics in curved spacetime backgrounds, gravitational time dilation, the motion of free particles, geodesics. We use the Schwarzschild metric as a case study and solve for motion along radial and orbital geodesics. This includes the strange behaviour around the event horizons of a Schwarzschild black hole. Isometries and Killing vector fields are explained and applied. Finally a brief presentation of generally covariant electrodynamics is given.
Doer of the Word, 1858‒1876
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

Theodore Roosevelt was born into a religiously devout family in 1858. Antebellum New York culture was shaped by religion and revivalism, particularly the Businessmen’s Revival. This atmosphere, along with the American Civil War, which divided the Roosevelts, shaped the religious practices of the upper-crust Protestant family. Roosevelt greatly admired his father, who was devoted to philanthropy and good works. Roosevelt’s own youthful faith can be seen through revealing diary entries written on the family’s two extended trips abroad—to Europe and the Holy Land. Roosevelt himself officially professed faith and joined his family’s Dutch Reformed Church in 1874.
Standing at Armageddon, 1909‒1914
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how Roosevelt continued to be involved in religious issues after his presidency. He joined the staff of the liberal Protestant publication Outlook where he worked under the Reverend Lyman Abbott and wrote several articles dealing with religious issues. Roosevelt also gave a series of lectures at Pacific Theological Seminary in 1911, including one on the importance of the King James Bible. Running for president again in 1912, Roosevelt and the Progressive Party used a plethora of religious imagery in his unsuccessful bid to recapture the Oval Office. The chapter concludes with Roosevelt’s moral character being vindicated in a libel trial in 1913.
The Kingdom of God on Earth, 1909‒1914
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

In addition to writing for a religious periodical and running for president in 1912, Roosevelt also undertook two major journeys abroad during this time. His African safari of 1909‒10 allowed him to observe and comment on traditional African religions and Christian missionaries. When he returned to the United States via Europe, he once again found himself mixed up in Vatican politics. In 1913‒14, Roosevelt and his friend the Catholic priest John Zahm planned a scientific expedition in South America. Roosevelt and his expedition eventually charted an unknown river in Brazil. These incidents continued to show Roosevelt’s religious ecumenism and support of religion in general.
Introduction
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

The Introduction acquaints the reader with medieval Iceland and sketches the two key problems with which this book engages: how violence in history is to be understood, and how the history of medieval Iceland is to be reconstructed. It introduces the sources and acquaints readers with the accepted portrait of medieval Iceland, outlines the importance of risk and uncertainty for analysing violence, and lays out the structure of the book. By comparing the practice of violence to religion and education, the Introduction suggests that violence performs a critical function in imposing a tidy ethical order on chaotic reality
What Does Violence Have to Do with History?
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

Historians’ treatment of violence has been dominated by a binary theoretical orientation. A critique of this outlook leads to articulating a new, three-part model of violence as a cultural history problem. Neither functionalist readings in terms of power nor interpretations in terms of signification sufficiently explain violence: it is proposed that risk operates as a bridging category, bringing out the unique features violence introduces to the general social contest over domination and meaning. This chapter details the insights drawn from three key risk analysis theories—prospect theory, edgework, and the calculus of jeopardy—to model risk as a dimension of violence. It defines key concepts used throughout the book: violence (‘forceful physical action apt to cause harm’), power, signification, and risk, as well as risk magnitude, likelihood, realms, and domains
The Blood in the Feud
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the staple form of violence in the sagas: feud. Feud was medieval Iceland’s most important organizing metaphor, at whose core lay individuated enforcement of the social contract through tit-for-tat reciprocity. The chapter examines two paradigmatic feuding episodes, one from the Family Sagas (Þorsteins þáttr stangarhǫggs), the other from the Contemporary Sagas (Íslendinga saga’s account of events centred around Sæmundr Jónsson, c.1215–22). Interlacing these case studies sheds light on how textual strategies converge and diverge across the two genres (and in other, related genres, such as Iceland’s law code, Grágás). Accident is central to both episodes, as is the violent response to it, underscoring the intimate involvement of violence with risk. When misfortune struck, Icelanders faced, first, uncertainty about how to understand what had just happened. Their choices tended to read the past as violent. Second, they needed to decide what do to next. Again, their inclination was towards responding violently. Finally, hard times provided opportunities for social engineering: costs and burdens had to be shared, avoided, or redirected among allies and onto adversaries. Feud, whose logic was well established and widely embraced, proved a versatile solution for channelling such social risks and opportunities, whether through opting into elective affinities (redefining one’s own group boundaries) or by enforcing passive solidarity on others. Icelanders distinguished drengir, ‘gentlemen’, from ójafnaðarmenn, ‘bullies’, by the skill with which they did or did not make their feuding claims seem plausible
Killing Ambition
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

This chapter seeks to account for the nearly complete absence of warfare from medieval Iceland and its sagas. It argues that a single logic dictated both the embrace of feud as a socially constructive idea and the rejection of war as an abomination. Drawing on anthropological examples and analyses, war is defined by contrasting it with feud; the bond between war and state-formation is emphasized. War presupposes political centralization and differentiation, which Icelanders, committed to the reciprocal logic of feuding, resisted. According to the sagas, ideological opposition to war manifested itself in abortive attempts at political consolidation within Iceland, in confusion and substitution in the face of war elsewhere (in Norway, England, and North America), and in failure to contend with burgeoning warlike activity in thirteenth-century Iceland. Tensions between state-centric warfare and state-resistant feuding existed in historical reality, however, not only in saga accounts of this history; and in reality, tensions could not always be resolved. Uchronia provided a tool for creative, retrospective textual resolution of problems that could not be overcome in practice. As demonstrated by the Icelandic law code, Grágás, the past thus became the path-dependent product of the future. Uchronic ideology worked to emend any perceived historical ‘errors’: any symptoms of war that could not be suppressed in reality were, instead, overwritten and repressed in text
City Powd’ring
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how Thomas Middleton’s Michaelmas Term positions the cloth trade as pivotal to the construction of sexuality and sexual relations in the city. Circulating with cloth in the play is queer urban sexual knowledge. Antitheatricalists feared that the theater was a site of sexual pedagogy and initiation in the early modern period. Michaelmas Term subtly embraces that role for the city comedy, and the chapter draws on queer theories of materiality to demonstrate that the play’s relentless focus on the materiality of selfhood is pertinent in querying the limits of biological determinism and essentialism that characterize mainstream politics around sexuality today. The play can prompt us to consider how alternate forms of queer ontogenesis derived from the past have affordances for the production of queer culture in the present.
“Quilted with Mighty Words to Lean Purpose”
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter zeroes in on the sartorial practices of the aptly named Jack Dapper from Thomas Dekker and Thomas Middleton’s The Roaring Girl. Taking up new materialism and ecocritical theory, it demonstrates that through his sartorial extravagance, especially his interest in feathers, and his related fiscal profligacy, Jack resists restrictions upon his sexuality as well as the patriarchal imperatives of wealth accumulation. Furthermore, his superficial embodiment fosters in him, as well as the audience, an awareness that new pleasures attend upon reimagining one’s relationship to nonhuman matter. The chapter also accesses the multiple, partially realized avenues for identification and desire that a text opens up through a minor character in a play whose efforts at characterization, plot, and theme seem focused elsewhere. Such a shift in focus to what seems peripheral and precarious can form the basis of a more nuanced account of the multiple, sometimes contradictory ways that sartorial extravagance could be viewed in the period.
Cruisy Historicism
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter articulates a historical methodology, cruisy historicism, for attending to the erotic possibilities of the resistances from minor voices within a text and the mismatch between text and historical context. Drawn analogically from queer public sexual practices, cruisy historicism is particularly suited to unpacking the queer sexual possibilities that inhere in these multiplicities and misalignments. This methodology is explored via the intersection of clothing and space in Ben Jonson’s Every Man Out of His Humour. The play depicts lavishly dressed male characters circulating knowledge about queer forms of eroticism and subjectivity in the middle aisle of St Paul’s Cathedral, a place famed for its parading gallants in the early modern period. This chapter uses cruisy historicism to access the utopian fantasies surrounding extravagant apparel that exceed their historical and satiric contexts. In addition, cruisy historicism invites readers to encounter texts that do not seem especially welcoming to queerness so as to rework them into sites in which queer pleasure can animate one’s relationship with the past and compel us to rethink present-day political demarcations of legitimate forms of sexual practice.
Biographies of a Reformation
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

This monograph investigates how religious coexistence functioned in six towns in the multiconfessional region of Upper Lusatia in Western Bohemia. Lutherans and Catholics found a feasible modus vivendi through written agreements and regular negotiations. This meant that the Habsburg kings of Bohemia ruled over a Lutheran region. Lutherans and Catholics in Upper Lusatia shared spaces, objects, and rituals. Catholics adopted elements previously seen as a firm part of a Lutheran confessional culture. Lutherans, too, were willing to incorporate Catholic elements into their religiosity. Some of these overlaps were subconscious, while others were a conscious choice. This monograph provides a new narrative of the Reformation and shows that the concept of the ‘urban Reformation’, where towns are seen as centres of Lutheranism has to be reassessed, particularly in towns in former East Germany, where much work remains to be done. It shows that in a region like Upper Lusatia, which did not have a political centre and underwent a complex Reformation with many different actors, there was no clear confessionalization. By approaching the Upper Lusatian Reformation through important individuals, this monograph shows how they had to negotiate their religiosity, resulting in cross-confessional exchange and syncretism.
Introduction
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book and shows how the Catholic king of Bohemia engaged with Lutheran Upper Lusatia. It discusses some of the political and legal features of the six town of the Lusatian League, setting the background for the later chapters. This chapter also introduces some of the key historiographical debates on syncretism, religious toleration, the formation of confessional identities and the urban Reformation. The chapter provides a sense of the urban actors present in the towns, including the Slavic minority population of the Sorbs. Finally, the chapter describes the structure of the book as a series of biographical sketches, which illustrate broader developments in the religious history of early modern central Europe.
Bartholomäus Scultetus (1540–1614)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The fourth chapter centres on the Lutheran mayor Bartholomäus Scultetus (1540–1614) who introduced the Gregorian Calendar to Lusatia and the Bohemian lands. Other Lutheran territories, most notably Saxony, refused to accept the more accurate calendar on religious grounds. Scultetus, however, advocated for the calendar and exchanged letters with Catholic dignitaries, praising the benefits of a calendar reform. He dedicated multiple works to Catholics, was friends with some of them and even included woodcuts of his Catholic friends or their coat of arms in his works. Other examples of this cross-confessional exchange include a monk who was one of the most popular godfathers in Zittau until the 1540s or the peaceful negotiations between Lutheran town councils and Franciscan monks regarding new town schools. Scultetus and other councillors also engaged in the creation of a Reformation memory, but without a clear shape of Lutheranism, these histories did not follow a unified pattern.
Johann Leisentrit (1527–1586)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The fifth chapter concentrates on later Catholic responses to the increasingly Lutheran environment. The deans of biconfessional Bautzen were particularly important in this process. One, Johann Leisentrit (1527–1586), reveals why Catholics incorporated Lutheran elements into their religiosity. He compromised on communion and baptisms to keep the peace in Bautzen, but he struggled to work with these compromises which he felt were necessary to ensure the survival of Catholicism. Leisentrit never went against the orders of any Catholic superiors, but he included songs by Luther in his hymnbook and did not feature purgatory in his instructions for the dying. These changes suggest that there was competition for souls and Leisentrit hoped to trump the Lutherans by incorporating some of their elements into his works. Later, attacks by other Catholics led Leisentrit to define Lutheranism, alongside other dissenting beliefs, as a heresy. External pressure could lead to a clearer definition of confessional boundaries.
Conclusion
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The conclusion focuses on the ways in which Upper Lusatia advances and challenges broader Reformation narratives, while also highlighting where Lusatia was a unique case. Religiosity meant different things to different people, and the contradictions in the characters of individuals were mirrored in the complexities of the Reformations of Upper Lusatia. Later histories of the Reformation did not always describe the more radical religious groups and the important role of Catholicism in the region, portraying the Reformation in Upper Lusatia as a strictly Lutheran affair instead. This monograph restores some of this complexity to the Upper Lusatian Reformation.
The Evolutions of Modernist Epic
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

Modernist epic is more interesting and diverse than we have supposed. As a radical form of national fiction, it appeared in many parts of the world in the early twentieth century. Reading a selection of works from the United States, England, Ireland, Czechoslovakia, and Brazil, The Evolutions of Modernist Epic develops a comparative theory of this genre and its global development. That development was, it argues, bound up with new ideas about biological evolution. During the first decades of the twentieth century—a period known, in the history of evolutionary science, as “the eclipse of Darwinism”—evolution’s significance was questioned, rethought, and ultimately confined to the Neo-Darwinist discourse with which we are familiar today. Epic fiction participated in, and was shaped by, this shift. Drawing on queer forms of sexuality to cultivate anti-heroic and non-progressive modes of telling the national story, the new epic contested reductive and reactionary forms of social Darwinism. The book describes how, in doing so, the genre asks us to revisit our assumptions about ethnolinguistics and organic nationalism. It also models how the history of evolutionary thought can provide a fresh basis for comparing diverse modernisms and their peculiar nativisms.
Introduction
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

Epic and evolution have a complex relationship. For some thinkers they have nothing in common—belonging to separate spheres. For some sociobiologists, on the other hand, they have everything to do with each other. The Evolutions of Modernist Epic describes how the two were coordinated in a number of modernist national narratives. It argues that global modernism is better understood through this encounter than through more conventional economic, political, or ecological readings. The introduction lays out the theoretical grounds for this reading. It tells how epic came to contest social Darwinist narrations of national progress at the beginning of the twentieth century. It explains the ways in which experimental narrative participated in the so-called eclipse of Darwinism. And it makes the case for epic’s continued vitality in late modernity, describing its creative nationalisms, as well as its uses of queer forms of sexuality.
Beginning Again with Modernist Epic
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a revisionary account of the emergence of modernist epic through a detailed reading of Gertrude Stein’s The Making of Americans. In the late-nineteenth-century United States, the prevailing paradigm for narrations of national destiny was Darwinian. Mostly written between 1903 and 1911, Stein’s book opens as if it were in agreement with such narrations of the national story. Stein announces it as a developmental narrative of the United States, tracing two families’ progressions and westward movement, from a first generation of immigrants to their children and then grandchildren. The Making of Americans, however, does not fulfil its developmentalist prospects in any straightforward manner. Rather, the book stalls, digresses, and—to use Stein’s words—“begins again and again.” In its second half, the narrative comes to resemble less the work of nineteenth-century historians, and more the extensive later portions of modernist modern epics by Robert Musil, Marcel Proust, or James Joyce. The chapter describes how Stein’s turn to a digressive open-form narrative corresponds to her shifting interests in biological science and experimental writing. Her work, it argues, marks the advent of new kind of modernist epic, motivated by attempts to find a way to represent national life beyond social Darwinism and its heteropatriarchal protocols.
Joyce’s Atavism and the New Ireland
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

Atavism plays a central role in James Joyce’s Ulysses. Describing the return of an earlier evolutionary state in the present, atavism, at the beginning of the twentieth century, was loosely associated both with the epic genre (itself a kind of fossil) and with supposedly less-developed nations. This chapter argues that Joyce shaped Ulysses as a response to both associations. Joyce rejected the idea that literature evolves or improves through history. He also recognized that Ireland lost out when seen through the hierarchies of social Darwinism. In order to counter both, he presented Ireland’s modernity in terms of Homer’s Odyssey. Bringing back the deep past as radically contemporary, Joyce’s fiction questions our assumptions about the archaic and primitive as well as the progressive nature of national and literary history. In Ulysses, scientific ideas of biological and literary evolution are subordinated into Joyce’s own idiosyncratic vitalism to produce a new and quite queer national vision. In a series of detailed readings of various episodes, including “Oxen of the Sun,” “Cyclops,” and “Proteus,” the chapter establishes the logic of Joyce’s imagined lifeword. It then suggests how Joyce’s work on atavism reveals a larger trend in modernist epic fiction, opening up to this book’s rereading of the genre more generally.
Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Boules Adel N.
Published: May 2021

Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis is a beginning graduate textbook on real and functional analysis, with a substantial component on topology. The three leading chapters furnish background information on the real and complex number fields, a concise introduction to set theory, and a rigorous treatment of vector spaces. Instructors can choose material from this part as their students’ background warrants. Chapter 4 is the spine of the book and is essential for an effective reading of the rest of the book. It is an extensive study of metric spaces, including the core topics of completeness, compactness, and function spaces, with a good number of applications. The remaining chapters consist of an introduction to general topology, a classical treatment of Banach and Hilbert spaces, the elements of operator theory, and a deep account of measure and integration theories. Several courses can be based on the book. The entire book is suitable for a two-semester course on analysis, and material can be chosen to design one-semester courses on topology, real analysis, or functional analysis. The book is designed as an accessible classical introduction to the subject, aims to achieve excellent breadth and depth, and contains an abundance of examples and exercises. The topics are carefully sequenced, the proofs are detailed, and the writing style is clear and concise. The only prerequisites assumed are a thorough understanding of undergraduate real analysis and linear algebra, and a degree of mathematical maturity.