bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on the Occurrence of Anacampsis populella (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Canada
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

In August, 1963, silver poplar trees in St. John's West, Newfoundland, were severely attacked by small leaf-rolling caterpillars. Larvae were taken from a poplar tree during mid-August, 1963, and reared in the laboraeory. Moths that emerged were identified as of Anacampsis populella Clerck by Dr. T. N. Freeman, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, who also noted (in litt.) that this was apparently tlie first record of the species in Canada. Dr. K. Sattler (in litt.), Munich, Germany, confirmed the identification in 1964. Dr. Kelvin Dorward (in litt.), Chief Staff Officer, Survey and Detection Operations, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., stated that the only record of A. populella for North America was for Washington State by Clarke (1942). Clarke stated that E. I. Smith of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Seattle, Washington, reared moths from larvae collected on a species of Salix, and this appeared to be the first record of the occurrence of this species in North America.
The Circumstances of Species Replacement Among Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

Species replacement is most commonly observed among the parasitic Hymenoptera because of their dominance in biological control. Such replacement is necessarily a reproduction phenomenon involving interspecific competition in population-saturated areas. The competitive interactions of parasitic populations are differentiated into two types, “intrinsic” and “extrinsic”, with characteristic conditions and mechanisms.

Intrinsic competition consists of interference between individuals of the interacting populations, being manifested by such factors as cannibalism, mutilation, starvation, suffocation, production of toxic or repellent excretions and secretions, and the differential susceptibility of individual hosts to parasitic attack.

Extrinsic competition concerns the interaction of populations as groups and is manifested largely by host-habitat finding, host-finding, and host acceptance.

Replacement through intrinsic competition takes place regardless of host abundance; replacement by extrinsic competition is an effect of decreased host abundance.
The Influence of a Virus Disease and Parasites on Spilonota ocellana in Apple Orchards
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Stultz H. T.
Published: December 2009

A nuclear-polyhedrosis virus disease of Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) is described. The disease was found in the majority of the Nova Scotia apple orchards sampled in a nine-year survey. Under favorable conditions the disease caused high mortalities but usually less than 10 per cent of a host population was killed by the virus.

Agathis laticinctus (Cresson) killed an average of 25 per cent of late-instar larvae.
Two Artificial (Oligidic) Media for the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Schmidt Fred H.
Published: December 2009

Two artificial (oligidic) media have been developed for the rearing of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae under xenic conditions. One medium composed of macerated, frozen inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, antimicrobial agents sorbic acid and sodium benzoate, and water, permitted 75.17%, ± 3.04 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. A second medium, composed of powdered, lyophilized inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, glucose, cellulose, water, and agar, permitted 41.72%, ± 3.14 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. The rate of development on each medium to the fourth-instar, pupal, and adult stages was somewhat shorter than that in published developmental data for this species. Immature beetles appear to be tolerant of considerable variation in pH and physical consistency and palatability of food material but are relatively sensitive to moisture levels. The adults obtained from each of the two media appeared to be normal, and the females were capable of laying viable eggs.
Primary Odors and Insect Attraction
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

A statistical analysis of U.S.DA. studies of insect attractants provides the first direct evidence for the reality of "primary" odors (heretofore inferred indirectly from abstract principles). Molecules of a single substance may carry more than one primary osmic character and the presence of one does not preclude another, but some primaries may overlap others. Thus the molecular qualities responsible for osmic properties appear to be distributed along a continuum. Molecular vibrational frequencies are so distributed, and the far infrared absorption spectra of some attractant and non-attractant substances show correlations of the sort predicted by the theory.
Preliminary Results of a Serological Examination of Some Scolytidae and Curculionidae
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Krywienczyk J.
Published: December 2009

The serological relationships of the larvae of a number of species of bark beetles and weevils were examined. There appeared to be no clear serological separation between the two families as represented by the test species. However, certain relationships indicated in this preliminary study suggest that more extensive testing might be useful in evaluating the current constitution of the families Curculionidae and Scolytidae. In the meantime, it is anticipated that this technique can be useful in several discrete taxonomic problems now being investigated in the family Scolytidae.
A Way to Distinguish Sex of Adult Hylobius Weevils in the Field
Authors: Wilson L. F. , Waddell C. D. , Millers I.
Published: December 2009

The median depression on the last abdominal sternite is a useful character for distinguishing, in the field, the male from the female adult of all North American Hylobius species.

Everett and Newsom (1964) used a midline depression or sulcus on the abdominal sternites to separate the sexes of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Kushel), and other weevils that are not closely related to species of Hylobius in North America. The male of Hylobius abietis L., a European relative, is distinguished from the female by a saucerlilte depression on the last sternite (Anonymous 1952). Millers et al. (1963) state that the first and second visible abdominal sterna of the male H. rhizophagus Millers are concave, and the fifth has a slight median depression; the female sterna are convex.
The Lepidoptera of Greenland; Some Geographic Considerations
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

From the revised list of the Lepidoptera of Greenland and from recent work in Ellesmere Island it is shown that almost all the species found in high arctic Canada occur also in Greenland, predominantly in the north, and that this high arctic element constitutes a large fraction of the fauna of Greenland as a whole. It is suggested that this part of the fauna originated entirely from the nearctic by the little-interrupted land route across the arctic islands. The poverty of southerly Lepidoptera in Greenland stands in sharp contrast. It is illustrated by a comparison with the vascular plants and by other comparisons with the Lepidoptera found in the corresponding life zones in North America, and this section of the paper includes the first published list of the Lepidoptera of Baffin Island. It is suggested that this southerly fauna is of adventitious origin, by casual dispersal from overseas (Labrador, Iceland) or perhaps in a few cases by introduction by man. Thus Greenland, in respect of its fauna of southerly type, is an oceanic island of post-glacial age. Similar evidence suggests that Iceland also has been populated mainly in the same way. The conclusions derived from the Lepidoptera apply to several other groups of insects and also to the mammals, including man.
The Influence of Date of Oviposition and Climatic Conditions on Hatching of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: December 2009

Field and laboratory hatching experiments were conducted from 1960 through 1963 with eggs of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) laid in field cages and collected at fortnightly intervals. Before freeze-up, embryonic development usually reached prediapause level in all eggs laid before the middle of August; these eggs were the first to hatch when incubated in the laboratory or when left in the soil outdoors. Eggs laid later than mid-August showed progressively less embryonic development and consequently hatched later. Viability was highest in eggs laid during the latter half of August; those laid early in the season often suffered from desiccation because of their long exposure to dry soil conditions; those laid towards the end of the season showed declining viability caused, apparently, by low temperatures. The percentage hatch was relatively high in eggs laid before the end of August but declined progressively thereafter; those laid in October rarely hatched. Seasonal hatching patterns were largely dependent upon weather conditions; such patterns were rapidly completed when an extended period of hot, dry weather continued through the hatching period, but often extended intermittently over a month or more when weather was unsettled. The typical diurnal hatching pattern, which also closely followed the temperature regime, commenced in the morning at 0900–1000 hours as soil temperatures exceeded 65°F., rising to a peak about 1100–1200 hours when temperatures reached 85°F., and then generally declined during the afternoon. However, during rapidly changing weather conditions hatching frequently started and stopped as skies cleared and again clouded over. Winter kill occasionally may be an important factor in reducing populations, especially when snow cover is removed by a mid-winter thaw and sub-zero temperatures follow.
Influence of New Growth on the Food Plant of the Host on Host-finding by Drino bohemica Mesnil (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: December 2009

The parasitic tachinid Drino bohemica Mesn. preferred the odour of old to that of new growth on the food plant of its preferred host. The new growth directly and indirectly influenced host-finding and host selection by the parasite.
Description de la larve du Melanophila acuminata DeGeer et de quelques caractères distinctifs du Melanophila fulvoguttata (Harris) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Benoit Paul
Published: December 2009

A detailed description of the larva of Melanophila acuminata DeGeer is given with some distinctive characters of the larva of M. fulvoguttata (Harris). A list of the host plants is also given for both species.
New North American Trichoptera
Authors: Denning D. G. , Sykora Jan
Published: December 2009

The majority of caddisflies selected for discussion in this paper are from Mexico. The Mexican Trichopterous fauna should contain a large number of genera and species, however, relatively few have been recorded, or described from that country. The phylogeny of many nearctic species will be better understood when our knowledge of the Mexican fauna is more complete. With this as the objective, most of the new species selected for description herein will further elucidate our knowledge of the Trichoptera.

One new species of Wormaldia, four new Polycentropus, two new Limnephilus and two new Oecetis have been selected for description. The unknown female of Limnephilus discolor is described. Types are in the senior author's collection unless otherwise indicated.
A Review of the Nearctic Genus Bothromus Townes and Townes, With a Description of One New Species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: December 2009

The species of Bothromus Townes and Townes are discussed from the standpoint of their taxonomy, distribution and hosts; and a revised key to species is presented. Bothromus bicolor n. sp. is described from Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, South Dakota and Washington.
A Revision of the Known Asiatic Sphenariini (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae) With the Erection of a New Genus
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: December 2009

Known material of the subtribe Mekongianina is reviewed. The group comprises four little-known flightless, montane species from S.W. China and S.E. Tibet: Yunnanites coriacea and Mekongiana gregoryi, which are micropterous, and two apterous species, kingdoni and wardi, which are here transferred to a new genus, Mekongiella.
Seasonal Development of Foliage Infestations of Grape in Ontario by Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae)
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

In the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, leaf galls produced by fundatrices of the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), first appear soon after the beginning of shoot growth. The infestation builds up later as the result of almost continuous gall formation by at least four overlapping generations of gallicolae, until at the end of the growing season galls may be up to 2000 times more numerous than in the fundatrix generation. A portion of the first-instar crawlers hatched in leaf galls migrate, fall, or are blown from the foliage to the soil, beginning when second-generation gallicolae hatch, and reaching a maximum late in August, probably after the fourth-generation gallicolae begin to hatch.
Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaffer) and Actitocoris signatus Reuter in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Pithanus maerkeli (H.-S.) and Actitocoris signatus Reut. are Holarctic in distribution, and the latter is recorded for the first time from North America.
Notes on Epinotia nanana Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and Keys to the Immature Stages of Four Needle Miners of Spruce in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Harnden A. A.
Published: December 2009

The immature stages of Epinotia nanana Treitschke are described. Keys are presented for the eggs, larvae, and pupae of the four lepidopterous needle miners known on spruce in Ontario.
Morphology and Histology of the Neuroendocrine System of Bombus fervidus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Crosswhite C. D. , Medler J. T.
Published: December 2009

The following organs were investigated histologically for evidence of neurosecretion during the adult life of Bombus fervidus queens: supra- and sub-oesophageal ganglia, frontal ganglion, ventral nerve cord, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata. The anatomy and histology of these organs are described, along with the secretory products found in the median neurosccrerory cells. A type of neurosecretion that seems unique to Hymenoptera and that appears later in the life of the queen is discussed.
Nest Architecture as an Aid in Halictine Taxonomy (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E.
Published: December 2009

A study of halictine nests in a habitat near Toronto leads to the discovery of an undescribed species of the genus Dialictus that shares morphological resemblances with Dialictus rohweri (Ellis) and architectural similarities with Augochlorella striata (Provancher).
Notes on the Biology of a Spruce Needle-miner, Pulicalvaria piceaella (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

Intensive studies on the biology of the spruce needle-miner, Pulicalvaria piceaella (Kft.), were carried out in the Province of Quebec between 1956 and 1959. The cycle is univoltine, larvae have five instars, and the insect overwinters in the larval stage. P. piceaella collected from the Gaspé Peninsula were significantly larger than those from southwestern Quebec, which in turn were larger than individuals from an incidental collection made near Syracuse, New York.

Young larvae were most often found in foliage damaged by associated defoliating insects. In these circumstances, they mined needles adjacent to the damaged sites or fed partly on the damaged material and partly by mining needles, and in some cases fed exclusively on the dead foliage. The majority of larvae entered dormancy about the third week of September in all localities and in all years, an apparent diapause reaction to a critical photoperiod of approximately 12 hours. Resumption of feeding activity the following spring was apparently governed by temperature. In the spring, larvae transferred to new feeding sites, either to the current year's buds or to the previous year's foliage. In the Gaspé Peninsula the larvae migrated to buds, whereas in southwestern Quebec reinitiation of larval activity preceded the opening of the buds by almost a month, and larvae transferred to new sites on the previous year's growth where they mined needles. Pupae were often found in silken cells within the various feeding sites but most larvae probably dropped to the soil to pupate.

Mating and oviposition habits of the moths are described. Mean fecundity was 22 as derived from dissections of gravid females, and mean number of eggs deposited per female averaged 11. Eggs were deposited singly and usually found in the same sites as young larvae.
Some Relationships Between Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Spruces in New Brunswick
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: December 2009

Comparative studies on breeding and survival of Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) in black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., red spruce, P. rubens Sarg, and white spruce, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, indicate that red spruce is the most favourable host. The thicker, more scaly bark of red spruce and the less frequent occurrence of competition for bark space and food by other organisms are considered as contributory to the success of beetles in this host tree.
The Housefly,Musca domesticaLinnaeus, as an Exotic Species in the Western Hemisphere Incites Biological Control Studies
Authors: Legner E. F. , McCoy C. W.
Published: December 2009

The significance of the housefly,Musca domesticaLinnaeus, as a probably introduced species in the Western Hemisphere is pertinent to a search for more exotic natural enemies in the Eastern Hemisphere. Avenues of entry into this hemisphere are discussed. A list is provided of the principal larval and pupal parasites found by the authors attackingM.domesticain North, Central, and South America and this is compared to species from the Eastern Hemisphere.
Distinguishing Adults of the Winter Moth Operophtera brumata (L.), and Bruce Spanworm O. bruceata (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Embree D. G. , Smith C. C.
Published: December 2009

The winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and the Bruce spanworm moth, O. bruceata (Hulst), may be readily distinguished by differences in the male genitalia and the length of the vestigial wings of the female.
Occurrence in Ontario of the Pear Fruit Sawfly, Hoplocampa brevis (Klug)
Authors: Dustan G. G.
Published: December 2009

The first record of the occurrence in Canada of the pear fruit sawfly, Hoplocampa brevis (Klug), was made on 2 June 1964 when several larvae were collected in pear fruits near Queenston, Ontario, about one mile west of the Niagara River. The identity of the species was confirmed 26 May 1965 by Dr. H. E. Milliron, Taxonomic Section, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, from three adult sawflies taken in pear orchards 12–19 May 1965 and one adult that emerged in a cage 17 May 1965 from an overwintered larva.
Ecology of Species ofBombusLatr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. V. SubgenusSubterraneobombusVogt
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

Both Nearctic species ofSubterraneobombusoccur in southern Alberta, butBombus(Subterraneobombus)appositusCress. is confined to the wooded areas whereasB. (S.)borealisKby. is confined to the prairie. Both are adaptable in their nest-selecting habits and are among the latest species ofBombusto emerge and establish nests in their respective habitats.

Both species made large first broods;B.appositusaveraged 13 ± 3 cocoons in 119 first broods.B.appositusnever had more than two broods of workers, andB.borealishad only one. Both constructed pollen pockets beside and beneath the young larvae of the second and succeeding broods. Queens ofB.appositusrequired about 23 days to rear the first workers. The largest workers of both species were considerably smaller than average-sized queens. Colonies of both species were relatively small; those ofB.appositusaveraged less than 100 individuals, the largest being 246. Both species were apparently sparse producers of wax.

Queens of both species apparently mated with males in the nest or immediately upon leaving the nest. New queens ofB.appositusdug about one inch into the ground to hibernate.

Females of the cuckoo bee,Psithyrus insularis(Sm.), succeeded in having their young reared to maturity in nests ofB.appositus.
Five New Species of Cyclocephala Latreille From North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden H. F. , Endrödi S.
Published: December 2009

Five new species of Cyclocephala are described as follows: C. miamiensis from Florida, U.S.A., C. arenosa from Sonora, Mexico, C. sinaloae from the west coast of Mexico from Sonora to Jalisco, C. forcipulata from Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico, and C. virkkii from San Salvador, El Salvador.
Effects of Tagging Amounts of Radioactive Phosphorus on Adults of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Dustan G. G.
Published: December 2009

Feeding adults of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), on a tagging solution of P32 containing 20–50 μc./ml. had no apparent effect on their longevity, mating, fecundity, and motility or on the viability of their eggs. The rate of 20–50 μc./ml. was in the range used for dispersal studies. Moths thus tagged had radioactivities of about 1500–2500 c.p.m.

Female moths fed on solutions of P32 at 100 μc./ml. showed counting rates of more than 5000 c.p.m. These females, when mated with normal males, laid approximately 33% fewer eggs than normal females. Also, the fertility of the eggs was reduced by about 25% when only the female parent was radioactive and 15% when only the male parent was radioactive to the extent of over 5000 c.p.m.
A New Species of Dactynotus Rafinesque (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Dactynotus caligatus is described. It is a large green aphid that infests Solidago spp., and can be readily distinguished by the two parallel rows of tubercles on the dorsum of the abdomen.
A New Species ofRoederiodesCoquillett (Diptera: Empididae) From Utah, With Additional Notes on the Genus
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: December 2009

A new species,Roederiodes petersoni, described from Utah, is a member of thejunctagroup, distinguished by its smooth face and incomplete postocular bristle row. Brief notes on distribution and synonymy of other species of the genus are given.
A New Species of Thelaxes Westwood (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Thelaxes albipes is described. It is the second species known to occur in North America and is easily distinguished by its very pale tarsi.
A List of Aphids From Quebec With Descriptions of Two New Species (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

A list of 169 aphid species occurring in the Province of Quebec is given. Two new species: Stegophylla quercina n. sp. from Quercus, and Heterocallis daviaulti n. g., n. sp. from Carex are described.
The Spatial Distribution of Cocoons ofNeodiprion swaineiMiddleton in a Jack Pine Stand: I. A Cartographic Analysis of Cocoon Distribution, With Special Reference to Predation by Small Mammals
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

Insight into the source of aggregation in the spatial distribution of cocoons of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly,Neodiprion swaineiMiddleton was gained by the use of special techniques enabling the sampling of units of forest floor in contiguous 2 × 2-inch square samples, as well as by randomized one-square-foot samples taken over a larger area. It was concluded that cocoon distribution is initially random but marked aggregation results from the subsequent transportation of cocoons into feeding stations by predacious small mammals, mostly of the genusSorex. The feeding stations tended to be distributed near decaying stems and stumps on the forest floor, a factor which augmented the extent of aggregation. Of cocoons not preyed upon by small mammals, slightly higher counts were recorded directly under crown canopies as opposed to open areas, at a tree density of approximately 920 per acre.
A Primitive New Species of Kristotomus Mason (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Kristotomus simplex is described from Japan. It is the most primitive member of its genus and appears closely related to Orthomiscus Mason. A key is given to distinguish the Japanese species of Kristotomus, Orthomiscus, Kerrichia, and closely related forms.
The Effect of Attack by the Ambrosia Beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) on Log Attractiveness
Authors: Chapman J. A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of attack by the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) on log attractiveness was studied using "greenhouse" cages, in which solar heating causes release of odor-bearing air beneath glass-barrier traps. In all eight replicates of a test, attack by female beetles was followed by a marked increase in attractiveness of logs. This "secondary" attraction was strong within 2–3 days after attack, continued for many weeks if females remained alone, but disappeared following mating.
The Rediscovery of Agabus audeni Wallis, and a Note on Agabus coxalis Sharp (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Carr John L. , Leech Hugh B.
Published: December 2009

Agabus audeni Wallis, known only by the type from south-central British Columbia, is recorded from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains just west of Calgary in southern Alberta. There are notes on its ecology and on its separation from other species, with a key to A. audeni and A. browni Leech. The Holarctic A. coxalis Sharp is discussed, and the Nearctic form referred for the first time to the subspecies ermaki (Zaitzev). Specific characters are illustrated.
Insect Predators of Univoltine Mosquitoes in Woodland Pools of the Pre-Cambrian Shield in Ontario
Authors: James H. G.
Published: December 2009

Mosquito larvae tagged with radioactive P32 were released in woodland pools to identify their predators. Fourteen of 38 species of aquatic insects collected had ingested tagged Aedes. The leading predators were Dytiscidae and one species each of Gyrinus, Gerris, Callicorixa, and Asynarchus. Records are new for Asynarchus sp., Callicorixa audeni Hung., Dytiscus sp., Gerris buenoi Kirk., and Ilybius discedens Shp. The mosquito predator fauna at Cordova Mines and that of previously studied pools at Chatterton, Ontario, are compared.
The Male of Fannia shinahamae Chillcott (Diptera: Muscidae) and Its Proper Affinities in the Genus
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: December 2009

Fannia shinahamae Chillcott was described from a single female (Chillcott 1961b) and assigned to the hirticeps group. Recent discovery of a topotypic series permits description of the male and reassignment of the species to the serena group (Chillcott 1961a).
Climbing Night-shade as a Host of the Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: Wilde Walter H. A.
Published: December 2009

In Ontario, pear has been the only recorded host of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Goble 1963), although in other areas of the world Quince, Downy Chess Grass, and apple twigs have also been reported (Smith 1941; Swirski 1954; and Wilde 1963).

Numbers of pear psylla adults were observed on climbing night-shade, Solanum dulcamara L. (Muenscher 1955) growing as cover crop in a pear orchard near Paris, Ontario, in 1965. Regular observation of psylla occurrence on this plant host throughout the growing season indicated that P. pyricola Foer. could complete its life cycle on S. dulcamara; eggs and nymphal stages up to the hard-shell stage, as well as cast nymphal skins, were observed on this host. Egg mortality was noted on those portions of S. dulcamara that were damaged showed severe wilting characteristics. Egg and second-instar nymph on the undersurface of the leaf of S. dulcamara are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
A New Species of Zeiraphera Treitschke From British Columbia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

During the past few years Mr. S. F. Condrashoff, Forest Research Laboratory, Canada Department of Forestry, Victoria, B.C., has been studying the insect pests of Sitka spruce on the Queen Charlotte Islands. One of these is a new species and the description of it is presented here to enable Mr. Condrashoff to describe the larva in a companion paper that follows (Can. Ent. 98: 703–706 (1966), in press).
Resistance in Cabbage to the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)
Authors: Matthewman W. G. , Lyall L. H.
Published: December 2009

Four of ten common varieties of cabbage tested at Ottawa from 1960 to 1963 were slightly or moderately resistant to Hylemya brassicae. Red Acre was the most resistant and Viking Golden Acre the most susceptible of the ten. Red Acre and Danish Ballhead were damaged less than Viking Golden Acre and harbored fewer maggots. Market Topper and Jersey Wakefield were also damaged less than Viking Golden Acre but harbored as many maggots. Resistance in Red Acre and Danish Ballhead was evidently due chiefly to low-attractiveness, and in Jersey Wakefield and Market Topper to tolerance. Differences in plant height and width, either between or within varieties, had little effect on the numbers of eggs laid on the plants. Of the Hylemya specimens identified, 99% of the eggs, 89% of the larvae, and 83% of the pupae were of H. brassicae and the remainder were of the H. liturata-platura complex.
Photoperiod Control of an ‘Obligatory’ Pupal Diapause
Authors: Mansingh Ajai , Smallman B. N.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is provided that an obligatory pupal diapause is controlled by photoperiod. Diapause in H. cecropia is induced and maintained by a 12-hour photoperiod, and prevented or terminated by a 17-hour photoperiod; in either case, the incidence of diapause is graded according to the developmental stage at which the light regime is imposed. The validity of the distinction between "facultative" and "obligatory" diapause is discussed in the light of these results.
Dermanyssus gallinoides n. sp. (Mesostigmata: Laelaptoidea: Dermanyssidae), an Acarine Parasite of Woodpeckers in Western North America
Authors: Moss W. Wayne
Published: December 2009

Dermanyssus gallinoides is described as a new species of mite. It is parasitic on a sapsucker in British Columbia and has been collected from the nests of a red-shafted flicker and Lewis’ woodpecker in Colorado.
Some Mechanisms That Affect the Sex Ratio ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Reared From Superparasitized Housefly Pupae
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

FemaleNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) parasitizing housefly (Musca domesticaL.) pupae produce a smaller percentage of female progeny at high parasite:host ratios than at lower ones because they fertilize a smaller percentage of their eggs (in this species unfertilized eggs produce male progeny), and because more female than male larvae die on superparasitized hosts. The adult females fertilize relatively fewer eggs at high than at low parasite:host ratios for two reasons. First, they encounter relatively more previously attacked hosts, on which they lay a smaller percentage of fertilized eggs than on previously unattacked ones; second, they more often encounter other female parasites while ovipositing, and this interference reduces the percentage of fertilized eggs they lay.
A Quantitative Method for Assessing the Nuisance Caused by Non-biting Aquatic Insects
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

A quantitative method is described for measuring the nuisance caused by non-biting aquatic insects (Chironomidae, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera) in the absence of a human observer. Threshold nuisance densities referring to different human occupations are given; and application of the method is discussed.
A New Species of Paraprosalpia Villeneuve (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Reared From a Beetle Larva
Authors: Chillcott J. G. , James H. G.
Published: December 2009

Paraprosalpia dytisci new species is described from a larva, puparia, and adults reared from a dead larva of Dytiscus fasciventris Say, collected in southern Ontario.
Larval Descriptions of Zeiraphera pacifica Freeman and Epinotia hopkinsana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: December 2009

Full-grown larvae of Zeiraphera pacifica Freeman and Epinotia hopkinsana (Kearfott) are described and figured.
Studies With Whitefly Parasites of Southern California: I.Encarsia pergandiellaHoward (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Gerling Dan
Published: December 2009

Studies on the biology ofEncarsia pergandiellaHoward, a solitary, arrhenotokous endoparasite, revealed that fertilized eggs, which give rise to females, are deposited in whitefly nymphs preferably in second, third or fourth instar, while unfertilized eggs, which give rise to males, are deposited inEncarsialarvae at whose expense they develop. The parasite adults were observed to feed on body fluids of whitefly nymphs. Both sexes have a pupal and three larval stages, and development from egg to adult at approximately 75° F. takes 15 days for the females and 13 to 14 days for the males. Mean longevity of the females at constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied. Actual mean fecundity at 75 ± 4° F. was 48.5 eggs per female, all of which were deposited during the first 70% of her life, provided hosts were abundant. Field observations revealed thatE.pergandiellawas present throughout the year, reaching highest numbers in the spring and summer. The parasite does not have an obligatory period of dormancy for all of its individuals.E.pergandiellawas not able to prevent whiteflies from causing heavy damage to plants. The reason may be in the discrepancy between the rate of increase of the whitefly and the parasite.
Porcupinychus abutiloni (Acarina: Tetranychidae), a New Mite From Pakistan
Authors: Anwarullah M.
Published: December 2009

Porcupinychus abutiloni, a new genus and species of mite, commonly found on Abutilon indicum in the Karachi area of West Pakistan, is described and illustrated.
Notes on Canthonini of the “Biologia Centrali-Americana” and Descriptions of New Species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

The species ofMegathopa,Canthon, andDeltochilumincluded in the Biologia Centrali-Americana are discussed, information on distribution is included, and references affecting the status of some of the species are cited. Lectotypes are designated forCanthon lamprimusBates,Deltochilum parileBates,Deltochilum gibbosum sublaeveBates,Deltochilum lobipesBates, andDeltochilum scabriusculumBates. The following new species and subspecies are described:Canthon morseifrom Veracruz, Mexico,Canthon coahuilenisfrom Coahuila, Mexico,Deltochilum gibbosum panamensisfrom Bocas del Toro, Panama,Deltochilum scabriusculum montanumfrom Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico, andDeltochilum tumidumfrom Mexico, Morelos, and Sinaloa, Mexico.
Far Infrared Spectra of Mosquito Repellents
Authors: Rayner H. B. , Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

Mosquito-repellent chemicals tend to absorb far infrared radiation (below 600 cm.−1) more strongly than do non-repellents of comparable molecular weight. The correlation is probably less direct than was previously supposed, and is hardly strong enough to be used as a primary screening technique.
A Synopsis of the westermanni Group of the Genus Euxoa Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) With Descriptions of Two New Species
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

The westermanni group of the genus Euxoa is defined, and a key to the eleven constituent North American species is presented. Two species are described as new: chimoensis from Fort Chimo, Quebec, and luteomaculata from montane areas of southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, and northern Washington.
Life History, Habits, and Damage of the Boxelder Leaf Gall Midge, Contarinia negundifolia Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Michigan
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

The boxelder leaf gall midge is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge after the first few warm days in April, and deposit numerous eggs within the folded young leaves of boxelder (Acer negundo L.). Larval eclosion occurs a few days later, and gall development begins shortly after. Head capsule measurements revealed three larval instars. Third-instar larvae drop to the ground near the end of May, work their way into the soil, and construct cocoons. Pupation occurs in late August, and overwintering takes place in the pupal stage. Because oviposition occurs almost always on leaves in a certain stage of development and an estimated 50% of leaves will therefore escape attack, host mortality apparently cannot be caused by this insect.
A Review of Monelliopsis Richards, With Descriptions of Two New Species (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Monelliopsis Richards is composed of small, pale aphids that occur mainly on the Juglandaceae and only in North America. The five known species are: caryae (Monell), nigropunctata (Granovsky), pleurialis Richards, bisetosa new species, and tuberculata new species. The new species were discovered in Chihuahua, Mexico. Monelliopsis nigropunctata is redescribed because the cotypes are a mixture of two species. A key to the known species is given.
The Role of Predators and Other Biotic Agents in Regulating the Population Density of Phytophagous Mites in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman W. L. , Herne D. H. C.
Published: December 2009

More than 40 species of insects and arachnids attack Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Tetranychus urticae Koch, T. canadensis (McGregor), Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson, or Aculus cornutus (Banks) in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula. The most effective predators attacking P. ulmi are Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster, Haplothrips faurei Hood, Stethorus punctillum Weise, and Chrysopa spp. Peach orchards lack the predatory mirids characteristic of apple orchards. A condition, presumably disease, caused heavy mortality in one year. Endemic densities of P. ulmi are maintained in that state by predators, chiefly T. caudiglans, that subsist to a considerable extent on other sources of food, whereas epidemics of P. ulmi are reduced largely by other predators, chiefly H. faurei and S. punctillum, that increase in numbers by feeding on the mite during its period of rapid population growth but exert their greatest effect later in the season by destroying the winter eggs.
Chrysomelinae and Curculionidae (Coleoptera); Descriptions and Notes
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: December 2009

Species and subspecies described as new are Chrysomelinae: Cbrysomela sonorae from Arizona and Mexico; Curculionidae: Anthonomus (Coccotorus) pumilae pumilae from Ontario, A. (C.) pumilae major from Manitoba, Conotrachelus corni from Ontario and Manitoba, and Hexarthrum thujae from British Columbia. Diorymerelhis Champion 1908 is synonymized with Stethobaris LeConte 1876; the genus evidently depends on orchids. A key to all species of Coccotorus is offered. The occurrence of local races in Chrysolina subsulcata (Mann.) and C. magniceps (J. Shalb.) is noted.
Expanding Distribution and Evolutionary Potential of Thymelicus lineola (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), an Introduced Skipper, With Special Reference to its Appearance in British Columbia
Authors: Burns John M.
Published: December 2009

Thymelicus lineola, a univoltine grass-eating skipper introduced into southern Ontario from the Palearctic prior to 1910, is spreading rapidly and extensively in North America, moving outward in all directions from its origin. Its present distribution (doubtless inadequately known) includes parts of Michigan, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and Connecticut; Edmundston, New Brunswick; all of southern Ontario northeast to Ottawa, plus Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, and Fort William; and Terrace, British Columbia. (The last record may stem from an independent introduction from Eurasia.) Dispersal and colonization are probably much aided (unwittingly) by man. Range expansion often seems to involve a sequence of events (associated with founding of initially small colonies that rather quickly reach high population densities) that may promote rapid evolutionary differentiation of populations.
A Description of a New Subspecies of Helicoverpa pallida Hardwick With Notes on the Heliothidinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

A new subspecies, Helicoverpa pallida nihoaensis, from Nihoa Island, Hawaii, is described. Additional distributional data for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in Hawaii are presented, and pupal diapause in a Sudan population of H. armigera (Hbn.) is discussed. The present generic assignment of Heliothis pauliana Viette is questioned, and Chloridea chilensis (Hamp.) is transferred to the genus Schinia.
Occurrence of the Grape Cane Girdler, Ampeloglypter ater LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ontario
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

An infestation by the grape cane girdler, Ampeloglypter ater LeConte, near Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, was reported to this laboratory on 2 June 1965. The species was identified by Mr. W. J. Brown, Taxonomic Section, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, from 17 aduit specimens reared or recovered from infested shoots collected in the vinevard between 11 August and 5 September 1965. There are no published records of the occurrence of this species in Canada, though two specimens collectcd at Point Pelee, Ontario, host unspecified, are in the Canadian National Collection (Brown, in lit.). The species occurs in many of the eastern United States (Brooks 1909, Whitcomb 1956).
Orchard Assessment of the Sterile Male Technique for Control of the Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R. , Logan D. M.
Published: December 2009

Sterile male codling moths, exposed as pupae to 40 krad of gamma radiation and released in an abandoned 20-tree apple orchard for 3 years, reduced the percentage of fruits injured by mature or almost mature second-brood larvae from 4.94 to 0.05. Numbers of sterile males released, ratios of sterile to fertile males during peak emergence of first-brood moths, and numbers of overwintering larvae were: 1961 (3 DDT sprays applied) — 0, 0:1, 400; 1962 — 21,300, 8:1, 957; 1963 — 67,500, 21:1, 43; 1964 — 89,200, 715:1, 6.
The Relation of Thrips to Pansy Spot on Apples
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Jack Ian D.
Published: December 2009

Pansy spot, a discoloration of the skin of McIntosh and Spartan apples, was shown to be a reaction of the apples to the egg punctures of thrips. Periodic sampling of apple blossoms and native hosts associated with apple orchards showed that Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was the dominant species. The adult thrips moved from host to host as each came into flower, and apples were but one of several hosts attacked during the early spring.

The thrips were most numerous in apple blossoms during the bloom period, and oviposited in the flower parts. The adult thrips left the apples after the bloom period, and the nymphs that hatched from the eggs developed in the calyx end of the young fruit. When the nymphs matured they oviposited in the young apple before leaving for other hosts. The area of apple skin surrounding the thrips egg developed the typical pansy spot symptoms. Other apple varieties were also attacked, but did not develop pansy spots.

It was evident that the best time to apply control measures was at the petal fall period, when nymphal thrips were present but before damage was caused to the young apples.
The European Praying Mantis (Mantis religiosaL.) as a Predator of the Red-legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum(De Geer))
Authors: Mook L. J. , Davies D. M.
Published: December 2009

Radioactive phosphorus was used as a tracer in assessing the number of red-legged grasshoppers (Melanoplus femurrubrum(De Geer)) eaten by the European praying mantis (Mantis religiosaL.) under seminatural conditions. The predator showed a functional response to changing prey densities with a continuously decreasing increase in the number of prey removed from the population.
Sterilization of Onion Maggots by Irradiation With Cesium-137
Authors: McClanahan R. J. , Simmons H. S.
Published: December 2009

Pupae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), did not complete their development when irradiated with 3.0 kiloroentgens within five days of pupal formation. Older pupae were not adversely affected. Females from treated pupae were sterile and laid no eggs when caged with normal males. The males from treated pupae were sterilized to a high degree, yet normal females mated with them and laid normal complements of eggs. Less than 0.2% of 10,616 eggs laid by normal females caged with sterile males hatched. A 6:1 ratio of sterile to normal flies reduced egg hatch to 1.7%.
Laboratory Studies on the Behaviour of the Douglas-fir Beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: December 2009

The behaviour ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopk. in different physiological states was studied in relation to temperature, light, and host.

Newly emerged beetles preferred temperatures near the threshold for flight. When conditioned in dry air at room temperature for 16 hours they preferred cooler temperatures.

At room temperature, most newly emerged beetles settled in the brightest zone of a light gradient (55 foot-candles), although some settled in dimmer zones. If the beetles' emergence was delayed or if they were stored after emergence, more remained in the zone between 0.5 and 10 foot-candles.

In light-dark tests at room temperature most newly emerged beetles were photopositive, but some were indifferent and a few were photonegative. Increasing the temperature and humidity increased the proportion of photonegative individuals. Newly emerged females oriented more directly to a single source of light than males, bur after conditioning or aging both reacted similarly.

Females were separated into three behavioural types based on their reactions. Photopositive individuals flew more readily than indifferent or photonegative beetles; some photonegative females showed no inclination to fly.

Photopositive females were usually host negative but photonegative females were host positive. The proportion of these behavioural types within different samples varied. A group that emerged early contained a higher incidence of photopositive host-negative individuals than a group that emerged late, or was stored for 10 days after emergence. But host-negative beetles would attack logs after starvation, flight exercise, or exposure to more attractive hosts.

Host-positive females contained less fat than host-negative siblings. The decline in lipids during aging, starvation or flight thus may induce behavioural changes.

There is a co-ordination of successive activities in the Douglas-fir beetle similar to that reported for aphids. The initial urge to disperse outweighs responses to host stimuli, but this balance changes as the beetles fly or as host stimuli increase. The balance between thresholds for dispersal and attack also varies in relation to the conditions under which the emerging beetles developed. Consequently, each individual behaves differently when it emerges. The behaviour of a population changes as the season progresses and from year to year owing to changes in the state of individuals and in the attractiveness of hosts.