bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Monograph of British Belemnitidae
Authors: Phillips John
Published: June 2016

The nephew of William Smith, John Phillips (1800–1874) was also an influential geologist. Professor of Geology at Oxford, and in part founder of the Oxford University Museum, he notably proposed the three main eras: the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Originally published between 1865 and 1870, this monograph was the first to attempt a review of British belemnites, and was influenced in part by the author's youthful studies of the Yorkshire Jurassic. During the mid-nineteenth century there were many developments in the study of this important fossil group, with the discovery of soft parts, and documentation of diverse faunas across Europe. Phillips' work complemented these advances. Though he died before completing the Cretaceous section, the monograph covers many of the most important species (though, as was common at the time, restricted to the genus Belemnites in the broad sense). It remains a starting point for any study of British belemnites.
Evenings at the Microscope
Authors: Gosse Philip Henry
Published: June 2016

English zoologist Philip Henry Gosse (1810–88) spent several years studying the biodiversity of habitats in North America and the Caribbean. His Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica (1851) is reissued in this series. When he settled on the Devonshire coast, the area proved equally rich for research. In this 1859 publication, the deeply religious Gosse considers the 'Divine mechanics' of animal body parts and microorganisms seen through the lens of a microscope. He leads the reader through a selection of specimens ranging from a hog's bristle to the shoe-like protist Paramecium. Gosse's writing style, enlivened with anecdotes and literary references, earned him considerable appreciation among Victorian audiences. His entertaining text is complemented by more than 100 illustrations which showcase his draughtsmanship. While the work shares its year of publication with Darwin's groundbreaking Origin of Species, Gosse's religious views firmly shaped his interpretation of the specimens on show.
A Jane Austen Dictionary
Authors: Apperson George Latimer
Published: June 2016

The novels of Jane Austen (1775–1817) are of remarkable and enduring appeal; popular the world over, they are celebrated for their wit and social observation. This 1932 publication was compiled by George Latimer Apperson (1857–1937), an inspector of schools, editor of The Antiquary from 1899 to 1915, and major contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary. His stated intention for this work was to 'include in one alphabet, the name of every person, place, book and author named in Jane Austen's novels, fragments and juvenilia'. He also extends his coverage to biographical detail, drawing on the landmark study Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters (1913). The dictionary was published at a time when Jane Austen scholarship and literary criticism had developed significantly, reflecting the continued public interest in her novels. It remains an indispensable reference tool for all admirers of her work.
A Survey of London
Authors: Stow John
Published: June 2016

'Stow's Survey' is a historical work readily identified by this familiar name alone. John Stow (c.1524–1605) was a Londoner, a member of the Merchant Taylors' Company, but spent most of his life accumulating manuscripts and other historical records. His great work, A Survey of London, was published in 1603, and is reissued here in the two-volume version edited by C. L. Kingsford (1862–1926) and published in 1908. Kingsford, a government education official, was also a writer for the Dictionary of National Biography, to which he contributed over 300 entries. His Chronicles of London (also reissued in this series) was published in 1905. In Volume 1, Kingsford's preface explains his editorial practice; he also provides an introduction including documents illustrative of Stow's family background and life, and a bibliography of sources. Stow's text begins with general essays on London's history, and follows with a ward-by-ward description.
The Gas Dynamics of Explosions
Authors: Lee John H. S.
Published: June 2016

Explosions, and the non-steady shock propagation associated with them, continue to interest researchers working in different fields of physics and engineering (such as astrophysics and fusion). Based on the author's course in shock dynamics, this book describes the various analytical methods developed to determine non-steady shock propagation. These methods offer a simple alternative to the direct numerical integration of the Euler equations and offer a better insight into the physics of the problem. Professor Lee presents the subject systematically and in a style that is accessible to graduate students and researchers working in shock dynamics, combustion, high-speed aerodynamics, propulsion and related topics.
Naturalism and Unbelief in France, 1650–1729
Authors: Kors Alan Charles
Published: June 2016

Atheism was the most fundamental challenge to early-modern French certainties. Leading educators, theologians and philosophers labelled such atheism as manifestly absurd, confident that neither the fact nor behaviour of nature was explicable without reference to God. The alternative was a categorical naturalism. This book demonstrates that the Christian learned world had always contained the naturalistic 'atheist' as an interlocutor and a polemical foil, and its early-modern engagement and use of the hypothetical atheist were major parts of its intellectual life. In the considerations and polemics of an increasingly fractious orthodox culture, the early-modern French learned world gave real voice and eventually life to that atheistic presence. Without understanding the actual context and convergence of the inheritance, scholarship, fierce disputes, and polemical modes of orthodox culture, the early-modern generation and dissemination of absolute naturalism are inexplicable. This book brings to life that Christian learned culture, its dilemmas, and its unintended consequences.
Effective Teaching and Successful Learning
Authors: De Florio Inez
Published: June 2016

The overall aim of this reader-friendly book is to enable current and prospective teachers as well as other education professionals to improve practice, leading to more successful learning for all students. Drawing on her extensive experience as both a high school teacher and a university professor, Inez De Florio provides an evidence-informed and value-based approach to teaching and learning that takes the personality and the accountability of teaching professionals into account. Students' needs and interests are the primary focus of an evidence-informed teaching model, MET (Model of Effective Teaching), which is described and exemplified in detail. In order to allow for informed decisions and suitable applications of the steps of the MET, the book provides, furthermore, a succinct and comprehensible introduction to the main features and types of educational research, especially newer findings of evidence-based education such as presented in John Hattie's research.
Data Management Essentials Using SAS and JMP
Authors: Kezik Julie M. , Hill Melissa E.
Published: June 2016

SAS programming is a creative and iterative process designed to empower you to make the most of your organization's data. This friendly guide provides you with a repertoire of essential SAS tools for data management, whether you are a new or an infrequent user. Most useful to students and programmers with little or no SAS experience, it takes a no-frills, hands-on tutorial approach to getting started with the software. You will find immediate guidance in navigating, exploring, visualizing, cleaning, formatting, and reporting on data using SAS and JMP. Step-by-step demonstrations, screenshots, handy tips, and practical exercises with solutions equip you to explore, interpret, process and summarize data independently, efficiently and effectively.
Nonlinear Solid Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis: Statics
Authors: Bonet Javier , Gil Antonio J. , Wood Richard D.
Published: June 2016

Designing engineering components that make optimal use of materials requires consideration of the nonlinear static and dynamic characteristics associated with both manufacturing and working environments. The modeling of these characteristics can only be done through numerical formulation and simulation, which requires an understanding of both the theoretical background and associated computer solution techniques. By presenting both the nonlinear solid mechanics and the associated finite element techniques together, the authors provide, in the first of two books in this series, a complete, clear, and unified treatment of the static aspects of nonlinear solid mechanics. Alongside a range of worked examples and exercises are user instructions, program descriptions, and examples for the FLagSHyP MATLAB computer implementation, for which the source code is available online. While this book is designed to complement postgraduate courses, it is also relevant to those in industry requiring an appreciation of the way their computer simulation programs work.
Decolonizing Christianity
Authors: Fontaine Darcie
Published: June 2016

Decolonizing Christianity traces the dramatic transformation of Christianity from its position as the moral foundation of European imperialism to its role as a radical voice of political and social change in the era of decolonization. As Christians renegotiated their place in the emerging Third World, they confronted the consequences of racism and violence that Christianity had reinforced in European colonies. This book tells the story of Christians in Algeria who undertook a mission to 'decolonize the Church' and ensure the future of Christianity in postcolonial Algeria. But it also recovers the personal aspects of decolonization, as many of these Christians were arrested and tortured by the French for their support of Algerian independence. The consequences of these actions were immense, as the theological and social engagement of Christians in Algeria then influenced the groundbreaking reforms developing within global Christianity in the 1960s.
Tort Law
Authors: Hylton Keith N.
Published: June 2016

Tort Law: A Modern Perspective is an advanced yet accessible introduction to tort law for lawyers, law students, and others. Reflecting the way tort law is taught today, it explains the cases and legal doctrines commonly found in casebooks using modern ideas about public policy, economics, and philosophy. With an emphasis on policy rationales, Tort Law encourages readers to think critically about the justifications for legal doctrines. Although the topic of torts is specific, the conceptual approach should pay dividends to those who are interested broadly in regulatory policy and the role of law. Incorporating three decades of advancements in tort scholarship, Tort Law is the textbook for modern torts classrooms.
Biblical Criticism in Early Modern Europe
Authors: McDonald Grantley
Published: June 2016

Medieval western theologians considered the Johannine comma (1 John 5:7-8) the clearest biblical evidence for the Trinity. When Erasmus failed to find the comma in the Greek manuscripts he used for his New Testament edition, he omitted it. Accused of promoting Antitrinitarian heresy, Erasmus included the comma in his third edition (1522) after seeing it in a Greek codex from England, even though he suspected the manuscript's authenticity. The resulting disputes, involving leading theologians, philologists and controversialists such as Luther, Calvin, Sozzini, Milton, Newton, Bentley, Gibbon and Porson, touched not simply on philological questions, but also on matters of doctrine, morality, social order, and toleration. While the spuriousness of the Johannine comma was established by 1900, it has again assumed iconic status in recent attempts to defend biblical inerrancy amongst the Christian Right. A social history of the Johannine comma thus provides significant insights into the recent culture wars.
Why Inequality Matters
Authors: Segall Shlomi
Published: June 2016

Equality is a key concept in our moral and political vocabulary. There is wide agreement on its instrumental value and its favourable impact on many aspects of society, but less certainty over whether it has a non-instrumental or intrinsic value that can be demonstrated. In this project, Shlomi Segall explores and defends the view that it does. He argues that the value of equality is not reducible to a concern we might have for the worse off, or to ensuring that individuals do not fall into poverty and destitution; instead he claims that undeserved inequalities, wherever and whenever we might find them, are bad in themselves. Assessing the strength of competing accounts, such as sufficientarianism and prioritarianism, he brings together for the first time discussions of the moral value of equality with luck- or responsibility-sensitive accounts of distributive justice. His book will interest readers in political and moral philosophy.
5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology
Authors: Dohler Mischa , Nakamura Takehiro
Published: June 2016

Written by leading experts in 5G research, this book is a comprehensive overview of the current state of 5G. Covering everything from the most likely use cases, spectrum aspects, and a wide range of technology options to potential 5G system architectures, it is an indispensable reference for academics and professionals involved in wireless and mobile communications. Global research efforts are summarised, and key component technologies including D2D, mm-wave communications, massive MIMO, coordinated multi-point, wireless network coding, interference management and spectrum issues are described and explained. The significance of 5G for the automotive, building, energy, and manufacturing economic sectors is addressed, as is the relationship between IoT, machine type communications, and cyber-physical systems. This essential resource equips you with a solid insight into the nature, impact and opportunities of 5G.
Evolution and Imagination in Victorian Children's Literature
Authors: Straley Jessica
Published: June 2016

Evolutionary theory sparked numerous speculations about human development, and one of the most ardently embraced was the idea that children are animals recapitulating the ascent of the species. After Darwin's Origin of Species, scientific, pedagogical, and literary works featuring beastly babes and wild children interrogated how our ancestors evolved and what children must do in order to repeat this course to humanity. Exploring fictions by Rudyard Kipling, Lewis Carroll, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Charles Kingsley, and Margaret Gatty, Jessica Straley argues that Victorian children's literature not only adopted this new taxonomy of the animal child, but also suggested ways to complete the child's evolution. In the midst of debates about elementary education and the rising dominance of the sciences, children's authors plotted miniaturized evolutions for their protagonists and readers and, more pointedly, proposed that the decisive evolutionary leap for both our ancestors and ourselves is the advent of the literary imagination.
Biologically Modified Justice
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: June 2016

Theories of distributive justice tend to focus on the issue of what constitutes a fair division of 'external' goods and opportunities; things like wealth and income, opportunities for education and basic liberties and rights. However, rapid advances in the biomedical sciences have ushered in a new era, one where the 'genetic lottery of life' can be directly influenced by humans in ways that would have been considered science fiction only a few decades ago. How should theories of justice be modified to take seriously the prospect of new biotechnologies, especially given the health challenges posed by global aging? Colin Farrelly addresses a host of topics, ranging from gene therapy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis, to an 'anti-aging' intervention and the creation and evolution of patriarchy. This book aims to foster the interdisciplinary dialogue needed to ensure we think rationally and cogently about science and science policy in the twenty-first century.
The Ethics of Influence
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: June 2016

In recent years, 'Nudge Units' or 'Behavioral Insights Teams' have been created in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and other nations. All over the world, public officials are using the behavioral sciences to protect the environment, promote employment and economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase national security. In this book, Cass R. Sunstein, the eminent legal scholar and best-selling co-author of Nudge (2008), breaks new ground with a deep yet highly readable investigation into the ethical issues surrounding nudges, choice architecture, and mandates, addressing such issues as welfare, autonomy, self-government, dignity, manipulation, and the constraints and responsibilities of an ethical state. Complementing the ethical discussion, The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science contains a wealth of new data on people's attitudes towards a broad range of nudges, choice architecture, and mandates.
A Guide to Taxila
Authors: Marshall John
Published: June 2016

Sir John Marshall (1876–1958) was a British archaeologist who was the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. First published in 1960, as the fourth edition of a 1918 original, this book was written to provide a concise guide to the ruins of Taxila, excavation of which was led by Marshall. The introductory chapters give the topographical and historical background, and the main body of the work discusses the various groups of buildings and the material they were found to contain. Numerous illustrative figures, a glossary of technical terms and a bibliography are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Taxila and archaeology.
From Script to Print
Authors: Chaytor H. J.
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1945, this book presents a discussion of medieval literature, focusing to a large extent on French literature. The text emphasises the fundamental differences between the medieval period and modern times, most notably the changes engendered by the invention of print. As noted in the introduction, 'if a fair judgment is to be passed upon literary works belonging to the centuries before printing was invented, some effort must be made to realise the extent of the prejudices under which we have grown up, and to resist the involuntary demand that medieval literature must conform to our standards of taste or be regarded as of interest purely antiquarian'. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in medieval literature and literary theory.
A Bibliography of the Writings of Dr William Harvey
Authors: Keynes Geoffrey
Published: June 2016

First published in 1953, as the second edition of a 1928 original, this book supplies a detailed bibliography of Dr William Harvey, who described the workings of the circulatory system in his revolutionary 1628 treatise, De Motu Cordis. Keynes notes the various editions and translations of Harvey's three key works as well as miscellaneous writings and anthologies and their locations in libraries around the world. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Harvey.
Handbook of Aerial Mapping and Photogrammetry
Authors: Trorey Lyle G.
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1952, this book is intended as an introductory guide to aerial mapping and photogrammetry. The main emphasis is on making maps during wartime, when accuracy is paramount and information may be minimal; Trorey had experience of this while serving with the Canadian Military Survey in WWII. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in mapmaking.
Sir James Jeans
Authors: Milne E. A.
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1952, this book by E. A. Milne examines the life and work of influential astrophysicist Sir James Jeans. The text includes reproductions of correspondence between Jeans and such luminaries as G. H. Hardy and G. E. Hale, and is introduced by a personal memoir by the publisher S. C. Roberts. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Jeans' work and the history of astrophysics.
The Population of Jamaica
Authors: Roberts George W.
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1957, and sponsored by the Conservation Foundation, this book assesses the impact of population growth on the island of Jamaica. Roberts does not confine himself only to statistics, but also considers the ways in which changes in population affect social structures, employment trends and land use. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in human ecology or conservation.
American Constitutional Law
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1955, this book by legal historian Bernard Schwartz presents the workings of American constitutional law for a non-American audience. Schwartz explains in the preface that 'essential to an understanding of the United States is some knowledge of the American system of constitutional law. For it is no exaggeration to say that the Federal Constitution is the fulcrum upon which American institutions turn.' This book will be of value to legal historians and anyone with an interest in the American legal system.
The Poet of the Iliad
Authors: Wade-Gery H. T.
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1952, this book is based upon the J. H. Gray lectures for 1949, delivered in Cambridge, which dealt with the Iliad as a historic event, with discussion on the circumstances of its composition and first performance, its effect on Greek civilisation, and its intrinsic nature. The text presents the content for all three lectures: 'The Poet's Circumstances'; 'The Poet's Descendants'; and 'The Creative Poet'. A detailed appendix section is also included, together with illustrative figures and indices. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in perspectives on the Iliad and its historical context.
A Bibliography of Dr. John Donne
Authors: Keynes Geoffrey
Published: June 2016

First published in 1958 as the third edition of a 1914 original, this book supplies a detailed bibliography of the poet and cleric John Donne. Keynes notes the various editions of Donne's prose and poetic writings, as well as books dedicated to him, his biography by Walton and books from Donne's own library, in addition to each text's location in libraries around the world. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Donne and his works.
Biological Actions of Sex Hormones
Authors: Burrows Harold
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1945, this book presents a detailed study of the nature of sex hormones and the reactions of living tissues towards them, providing a co-ordinated summary of experimental inquiries in the field. A variety of tables and illustrative figures are also included, together with a glossary and a list of references. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of science and endocrinology.
The Place in Legal History of Sir William Shareshull
Authors: Putnam Bertha Haven
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1950, this book is the only in-depth examination of the life and career of Sir William Shareshull, a dynamic and sometimes shadowy force in the government of Edward III. Putnam uses many contemporary documents to uncover Shareshull's roots and to analyze whether or not his reputation for sinister and underhanded dealings is deserved. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in medieval English legal history.
A Textbook of Agricultural Entomology
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2016

First published in 1948 as the second edition of a 1931 original, this book deals with the main types of insects found on British farms, the damage they can cause and the various weeds that can harbour them. The text is richly illustrated with photographs and drawings of the insects, their eggs and the symptoms of their attack on common farm plants. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of entomology.
Kenny's Outlines of Criminal Law
Authors: Cecil Turner J. W.
Published: June 2016

First published in 1962, as the eighteenth edition of a 1902 original, this book formed part of an ongoing series of elementary legal guides. The text was not intended to be a work on criminal jurisprudence, but rather to assist students to such an understanding of the rules of criminal law as would enable them to form a clear idea of the practical task confronting the prosecution and defence in the trials of specific people. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in law and legal history.
The British Government and Commercial Negotiations with Europe 1783–1793
Authors: Ehrman John
Published: June 2016

Originally published in 1962, this book analyses the nature of British commercial policy in relation to Europe during the 1783–93 period. The text suggests that the beginnings of a more liberal approach to Europe during this time can be related to a series of major commercial negotiations with France, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Prussia, Poland, the Netherlands, and the Two Sicilies. Other related issues are also discussed: the interaction of diplomacy and commercial policy; methods of policy-making; and the relations between government policy, mercantile interests and economic theory. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the historical development of British foreign policy, European history and economic history.
Trace Elements in Plants
Authors: Stiles Walter
Published: June 2016

First published in 1961, as the third edition of a 1946 original, this book presents a comprehensive analysis of trace elements in plants, and the effects of their deficiency or excess on grazing animals where such effects arise directly from shortage or excess in the plants they eat. Illustrative figures and a comprehensive bibliography are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in trace elements and the historical development of biochemistry.
How Marriage Became One of the Sacraments
Authors: Reynolds Philip L.
Published: June 2016

Among the contributions of the medieval church to western culture was the idea that marriage was one of the seven sacraments, which defined the role of married folk in the church. Although it had ancient roots, this new way of regarding marriage raised many problems, to which scholastic theologians applied all their ingenuity. By the late Middle Ages, the doctrine was fully established in Christian thought and practice but not yet as dogma. In the sixteenth century, with the entire Catholic teaching on marriage and celibacy and its associated law and jurisdiction under attack by the Protestant reformers, the Council of Trent defined the doctrine as a dogma of faith for the first time but made major changes to it. Rather than focusing on a particular aspect of intellectual and institutional developments, this book examines them in depth and in detail from their ancient precedents to the Council of Trent.
To Whom Do Children Belong?
Authors: Moschella Melissa
Published: June 2016

Most people believe that parents have rights to direct their children's education and upbringing. But why? What grounds those rights? How broad is their scope? Can we defend parental rights against those who believe we need more extensive state educational control to protect children's autonomy or prepare them for citizenship in a diverse society? Amid heated debates over issues like sexual education, diversity education and vouchers, Moschella cuts to the heart of the matter, explaining why education is primarily the responsibility of parents, not the state. Rigorously argued yet broadly accessible, the book offers a principled case for expanding school choice and granting exemptions when educational programs or regulations threaten parents' ability to raise their children in line with their values. Philosophical argument is complemented with psychological and social scientific research showing that robust parental rights' protections are crucial for the well-being of parents, children and society as a whole.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Lingered and Sank, Stuck to "Marine Snow"
Authors: Coombs Amy
Published: June 2016

A new study may explain how supposedly buoyant oil from the huge 2010 oil spill coated corals and other organisms on the ocean floor.
Computational discovery and
in vivo
validation of
hnf4
as a regulatory gene in planarian regeneration
Authors: Lobo Daniel , Morokuma Junji , Levin Michael
Published: June 2016

Motivation: Automated computational methods can infer dynamic regulatory network models directly from temporal and spatial experimental data, such as genetic perturbations and their resultant morphologies. Recently, a computational method was able to reverse-engineer the first mechanistic model of planarian regeneration that can recapitulate the main anterior–posterior patterning experiments published in the literature. Validating this comprehensive regulatory model via novel experiments that had not yet been performed would add in our understanding of the remarkable regeneration capacity of planarian worms and demonstrate the power of this automated methodology.

Results: Using the Michigan Molecular Interactions and STRING databases and the MoCha software tool, we characterized as hnf4 an unknown regulatory gene predicted to exist by the reverse-engineered dynamic model of planarian regeneration. Then, we used the dynamic model to predict the morphological outcomes under different single and multiple knock-downs (RNA interference) of hnf4 and its predicted gene pathway interactors β -catenin and hh . Interestingly, the model predicted that RNAi of hnf4 would rescue the abnormal regenerated phenotype (tailless) of RNAi of hh in amputated trunk fragments. Finally, we validated these predictions in vivo by performing the same surgical and genetic experiments with planarian worms, obtaining the same phenotypic outcomes predicted by the reverse-engineered model.

Conclusion: These results suggest that hnf4 is a regulatory gene in planarian regeneration, validate the computational predictions of the reverse-engineered dynamic model, and demonstrate the automated methodology for the discovery of novel genes, pathways and experimental phenotypes.

Contact:  michael.levin@tufts.edu
Intrathecal Catheterization and Drug Delivery in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Eddinger Kelly A. , Rondon Eric S. , Shubayev Veronica I. , Grafe Marjorie R. , Scadeng Miriam , Hildebrand Keith R. , Page Linda M. , Malkmus Shelle A. , Steinauer Joanne J. , Yaksh Tony L.
Published: June 2016

Background

Intrathecal infusion of opioids in dogs, sheep, and humans produces local space-occupying masses. To develop a small-animal model, the authors examined effects of intrathecal catheterization and morphine infusion in guinea pigs.

Methods

Under isoflurane, polyethylene or polyurethane catheters were advanced from the cisterna magna to the lumbar enlargement. Drugs were delivered as a bolus through the externalized catheter or continuously by subcutaneous minipumps. Hind paw withdrawal to a thermal stimulus was assessed. Spinal histopathology was systematically assessed in a blinded fashion. To assist in determining catheter placement, ex vivo images were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging in several animals. Canine spinal tissue from previous intrathecal morphine studies was analyzed in parallel.

Results

(1) Polyethylene (n = 30) and polyurethane (n = 25) catheters were implanted in the lumbar intrathecal space. (2) Bolus intrathecal morphine produced a dose-dependent (20 to 40 μg/10 μl) increase in thermal escape latencies. (3) Absent infusion, a catheter-associated distortion of the spinal cord and a fibrotic investment were noted along the catheter tract (polyethylene > polyurethane). (4) Intrathecal morphine infusion (25 mg/ml/0.5 μl/h for 14 days) resulted in intrathecal masses (fibroblasts, interspersed collagen, lymphocytes, and macrophages) arising from meninges proximal to the catheter tip in both polyethylene- and polyurethane-catheterized animals. This closely resembles mass histopathology from intrathecal morphine canine studies.

Conclusions

Continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine leads to pericatheter masses that morphologically resemble those observed in dogs and humans. This small-animal model may be useful for studying spinal drug toxicology in general and the biology of intrathecal granuloma formation in particular.
Rapid Infusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch 70/0.5 but not Acetate Ringer’s Solution Decreases the Plasma Concentration of Propofol during Target-controlled Infusion
Authors: Itakura Sayako , Masui Kenichi , Kazama Tomiei
Published: June 2016

Background

Rapid fluid infusion resulting in increased hepatic blood flow may decrease the propofol plasma concentration (Cp) because propofol is a high hepatic extraction drug. The authors investigated the effects of rapid colloid and crystalloid infusions on the propofol Cp during target-controlled infusion.

Methods

Thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 interventions (12 patients per group). At least 30 min after the start of propofol infusion, patients received either a 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution at 24 ml·kg−1·h−1 or acetated Ringer’s solution at 24 or 2 ml·kg−1·h−1 during the first 20 min. In all groups, acetated Ringer’s solution was infused at 2 ml·kg−1·h−1 during the next 20 min. The propofol Cp was measured every 2.5 min as the primary outcome. Cardiac output, blood volume, and indocyanine green disappearance rate were determined using a pulse dye densitogram analyzer before and after the start of fluid administration. Effective hepatic blood flow was calculated as the blood volume multiplied by the indocyanine green disappearance rate.

Results

The rapid HES infusion significantly decreased the propofol Cp by 22 to 37%, compared to the Cp at 0 min, whereas the rapid or maintenance infusion of acetate Ringer’s solution did not decrease the propofol Cp. Rapid HES infusion, but not acetate Ringer’s solution infusion, increased the effective hepatic blood flow.

Conclusions

Rapid HES infusion increased the effective hepatic blood flow, resulting in a decreased propofol Cp during target-controlled infusion. Rapid HES infusion should be used cautiously as it may decrease the depth of anesthesia.
Electronically Mediated Time-out Initiative to Reduce the Incidence of Wrong Surgery
Authors: Rothman Brian S. , Shotwell Matthew S. , Beebe Russ , Wanderer Jonathan P. , Ehrenfeld Jesse M. , Patel Nimesh , Sandberg Warren S.
Published: June 2016

Background

“Wrong surgery” is defined as wrong site, wrong operation, or wrong patient, with estimated incidence up to 1 per 5,000 cases. Responding to national attention on wrong surgery, our objective was to create a care redesign intervention to minimize the rate of wrong surgery.

Methods

The authors created an electronic system using existing intraoperative electronic documentation to present a time-out checklist on large in-room displays. Time-out was dynamically interposed as a forced-function documentation step between “patient-in-operating room” and “incision.” Time to complete documentation was obtained from audit logs. The authors measured the postimplementation wrong surgery rate and used Bayesian methods to compare the pre- and postimplementation rates at our institution. Previous probabilities were selected using wrong surgery rate estimates from the observed performance reported in the literature to generate previous probabilities (4.24 wrong surgeries per 100,000 cases).

Results

No documentation times exceeded 5 min; 97% of documentation tasks were completed within 2 min. The authors performed 243,939 operations over 5 yr using the system, with zero wrong surgeries, compared with 253,838 operations over 6 yr with two wrong surgeries before implementation. Bayesian analysis suggests an 84% probability that the postimplementation wrong rate is lower than baseline. However, given the rarity of wrong surgery in our sample, there is substantial uncertainty. The total system-development cost was $34,000, roughly half the published cost of one weighted median settlement for wrong surgery.

Conclusion

Implementation of a forced-completion electronically mediated time-out process before incision is feasible, but it is unclear whether true performance improvements occur.
Changes in Brain Resting-state Functional Connectivity Associated with Peripheral Nerve Block
Authors: Melton M. Stephen , Browndyke Jeffrey N. , Harshbarger Todd B. , Madden David J. , Nielsen Karen C. , Klein Stephen M.
Published: June 2016

Background

Limited information exists on the effects of temporary functional deafferentation (TFD) on brain activity after peripheral nerve block (PNB) in healthy humans. Increasingly, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is being used to study brain activity and organization. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that TFD through PNB will influence changes in RSFC plasticity in central sensorimotor functional brain networks in healthy human participants.

Methods

The authors achieved TFD using a supraclavicular PNB model with 10 healthy human participants undergoing functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging before PNB, during active PNB, and during PNB recovery. RSFC differences among study conditions were determined by multiple-comparison–corrected (false discovery rate–corrected P value less than 0.05) random-effects, between-condition, and seed-to-voxel analyses using the left and right manual motor regions.

Results

The results of this pilot study demonstrated disruption of interhemispheric left-to-right manual motor region RSFC (e.g., mean Fisher-transformed z [effect size] at pre-PNB 1.05 vs. 0.55 during PNB) but preservation of intrahemispheric RSFC of these regions during PNB. Additionally, there was increased RSFC between the left motor region of interest (PNB-affected area) and bilateral higher order visual cortex regions after clinical PNB resolution (e.g., Fisher z between left motor region of interest and right and left lingual gyrus regions during PNB, −0.1 and −0.6 vs. 0.22 and 0.18 after PNB resolution, respectively).

Conclusions

This pilot study provides evidence that PNB has features consistent with other models of deafferentation, making it a potentially useful approach to investigate brain plasticity. The findings provide insight into RSFC of sensorimotor functional brain networks during PNB and PNB recovery and support modulation of the sensory–motor integration feedback loop as a mechanism for explaining the behavioral correlates of peripherally induced TFD through PNB.
The Effect of Position on PaCO2 and PETCO2 in Patients Undergoing Cervical Spine Surgery in Supine and Prone Position
Authors: Yadav Monu , Reddy Elmati Praveen , Sharma Ashima , Kulkarni Dilip Kumar , Gopinath Ramachandran
Published: June 2016

Background:

As per American Society of Anesthesiologists guidelines, continuous monitoring of end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) is recommended as standard II basics of anesthetic monitoring especially to ensure adequate ventilation during all anesthetics. Continuous monitoring of PETCO2 can also be used as a guide to maintain the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) to desired level during the surgery.

Aims and Objectives:

To study the effect of position on PaCO2 and PETCO2 during cervical spine surgery in prone position.

Materials and Methods:

Following institutional ethical committee approval and written informed consent, a prospective study was conducted in 40 patients of 18 to 60 years and of American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II scheduled for cervical spine surgery in prone position. In operating room, the patient is connected to standard monitoring and intravenous access was secured. A 20 G arterial cannula was placed. General anesthesia administered and oral endotracheal intubation done. Baseline values of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, temperature, SpO2, P
peak, P
mean, and P
plateau were measured in supine position. For each patient the capnometer was calibrated before use. The P(a-ET)CO2 was calculated in supine position (S1). The PaCO2 and ETCO2 were measured after prone positioning P1, at each subsequent hour (P2, P3, P4), and on completion of the procedure in supine position (S2). The mean values were used for further analysis.

Results:

The PETCO2 and PaCO2 decreased significantly in cervical spine surgery patients with change of position from supine to prone with no significant change in arterial to end tidal CO2 gradient (P(a-ET)CO2).

Conclusions:

PETCO2 can be used as a reliable guide to estimate PaCO2 during cervical spine procedures in prone position.
Comparison between external fixation and elastic stable intramedullary nailing for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children younger than 8 years of age
Authors: Andreacchio Antonio , Marengo Lorenza , Canavese Federico , Pedretti Leopoldo , Memeo Antonio
Published: June 2016

The main objective of this study was to compare external fixation (EF) with elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children aged 8 or younger. Fifteen children with femoral shaft fractures treated by EF and 23 children with femoral shaft fractures treated by ESIN were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were pain free at the last follow-up, with good ranges of motion in the hip and knee. Partial and full weight bearing occurred sooner in patients treated with EF than with ESIN, although more polytrauma patients were present in the ESIN group. In conclusion, EF and ESIN can be considered as safe and effective methods for femoral shaft fracture treatment in children younger than 8 years of age.
The Alternative Peer Group
Authors: Nash Angela , Collier Crystal
Published: June 2016

Recovery as the goal for substance use disorder treatment has been a key component of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s mission for the past decade. Consistent with their mission, there is a call for research and development of recovery-oriented systems of care to support affected individuals through all stages of the recovery process. Evidence is emerging to support recovery practice and research for adults, but recovery-oriented models for adolescents are scant. The Alternative Peer Group (APG) is a comprehensive adolescent recovery support model that integrates recovering peers and prosocial activities into evidence-based clinical practice. Employing APG participants’ own words, this article will describe the essential elements and three theoretical frameworks underlying the APG model to illustrate how the APG serves as a developmentally appropriate recovery support service for adolescents with substance use disorder.
Health Promotion in an Opioid Treatment Program
Authors: Gadbois Christine , Chin Elizabeth D. , Dalphonse Lee
Published: June 2016

Community assessment and review of the literature indicate that individuals supported in opioid treatment programs are at a significant disadvantage for access to preventative and primary healthcare. In addition, this population faces increased comorbidities and chronic disease. Finally, access to housing, nutritious food, and other social determinants of health is also a challenge for these individuals. This project, aimed at addressing healthcare disparities and improving health outcomes for the opioid treatment program client, was undertaken at a large, private, not-for-profit, community mental health center in an urban area. An education–practice partnership was created between the center and the local university’s College of Nursing, which includes undergraduate and graduate programs. Working with administration, nurses, medical staff, and clinicians, the advanced practice nurse guided nursing practice change within the context of an interdisciplinary team to increase attention to clients’ health needs. Outcomes included a more comprehensive nursing health assessment and increased attention to nursing care coordination. The partnership between the university and the facility continues with the goal of addressing clients’ unmet healthcare needs and improving wellness via on-site intervention, referral, and education.
Recovery in the 21st Century
Authors: Gumbley Stephen J.
Published: June 2016

Through the “war on drugs,” the just-say-no campaign, and into the early years of this century, the overarching approach to substance use disorders (SUDs) called for a single outcome (abstinence) and a single methodology (spiritual connection with a higher power) as the remedy for SUDs. Those who did not become permanently abstinent or rejected the spiritual approach were seen as “not ready” or “in denial.”

A seismic shift in thinking about “addiction” and “recovery” began in earnest in the 1990s. In 2005, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration brought together leaders of the treatment and recovery field for the historic National Summit on Recovery to develop broad-based consensus on guiding principles for recovery and elements of recovery-oriented systems of care.

Major changes associated with the recovery-oriented approach include viewing SUDs as chronic, rather than acute, problems that require long-term support and focusing on recovery management rather than disease management. Complete abstinence is not an absolute requirement for wellness for all persons with SUDs. There are “many pathways to recovery,” not only the 12-Step approach (White & Kurtz, 2006). Sustained recovery is self-directed and requires personal choices, the support of peers and allies, and community reinforcement as well as a strength-based approach and the use of research-based interventions. This Perspectives column addresses the historical context for the transformation toward a recovery-oriented system of care, highlights federal efforts to promote recovery-oriented approaches, and describes recovery-oriented terminology to reduce misconceptions, labeling, and stigmatization and promote recovery for individuals, families, and communities.
The Eponyms and Inheritance of the Genetic Disorders of Pigmentation
Authors: Chow Maggie L. , Jacob Sharon E.
Published: June 2016

In clinical practice, the genetic disorders of pigmentation are often referred to by their eponyms, which are terms named after people or, occasionally, places or things (“Eponym,” 2014). This article will describe the eponyms, inheritance patterns, and key clinical features of the diseases and genetic disorders associated with aberrant pigmentation.
Atypical Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Rholdon Roger D. , Rholdon Frankie G.
Published: June 2016

Kawasaki disease is one of the most common vasculitic syndromes occurring in childhood. Typically, the disease is a self-limited condition consisting of fever and acute inflammation lasting an average of 12 days without therapy. However, complications such as coronary artery aneurysms can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy whose course of illness led to four diagnoses until ultimately an accurate diagnosis was established leading to appropriate treatment. This case shows the importance of executing an accurate identification of a disease that is at times atypical in presentation.