bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First report on the molecular detection of Entamoeba bovis from the endangered wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Nepal
Authors: Aryal Menuka , Adhikari Roshan Babu , Kandel Prakriti , Ghimire Tirth Raj , Khadka Deegendra , Maharjan Jyoti , Gaire Kamal Prasad , Shrestha Saurav , Manandhar Krishna Das , Kandel Ram Chandra , Poudel Ram Chandra , Pandey Kishor
Published: December 2021

Background

The Asiatic wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is an endangered species that is conserved in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal, and was recently translocated to the Chitwan National Park (CNP). Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are the cause of significant negative health and production impacts on animals worldwide.

Methods

A coprological survey of GI parasites of wild water buffalo was carried out in the CNP in 2020. Fresh dung samples (n = 25) were collected from wild water buffaloes and analysed using sedimentation and flotation techniques for morphological identification of parasite cysts, oocysts and eggs.

Results

Nine different GI parasites were recorded of which Entamoeba spp. (20 samples, 80%) were the most common. The presence of Entamoeba spp. was further validated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing. The PCR results were positive for all of the microscopically positive samples, and the species was identified as Entamoeba bovis. Three samples were sequenced and formed a cluster of E. bovis, which was separated from other Entamoeba spp. in phylogenetic analysis.

Conclusion

This is the first report for molecular detection of E. bovis from wild water buffaloes in Nepal. Future work should focus on the prevalence of such infections in water buffaloes in forest environments.
How should water affordability be measured in the United States? A critical review
Authors: Goddard Jessica J. , Ray Isha , Balazs Carolina
Published: December 2021

The human right to water (HRTW) and sustainable development goals (SDG) emphasize that human well‐being depends not just on the quality and physical accessibility of drinking water, but also on its economic accessibility. Despite this recognition, governments and academics alike have been hard‐pressed to define and measure water affordability. In the US, affordability is no longer solely focused on utility cost‐recovery models but equitable water access for individuals and households. How should water affordability be measured to represent this new focus? This question motivates the critical review presented here. We propose that household‐centered affordability measures reflect the normative aims of internationally established frameworks such as the HRTW and the SDGs. Linking measurement to aims is essential to improve transparency and comparability across studies, and ultimately, to align measures with water access objectives. First, we characterize normative positions outlined in the HRTW and SDGs and identify defining features of water affordability. Second, we identify dominant definitions and measures of affordability, including novel approaches. Bringing the defining features of affordability to bear on existing measures enables us to identify several emergent debates in the literature where affordability measures could better incorporate the aspirations of the HRTW and SDGs. We conclude with recommendations on how to improve water affordability measurements, while recognizing the trade‐offs between ideal measures and practical implementation.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems

Human Water > Value of Water

Human Water > Rights of Water
Circulatory Response to Rapid Volume Expansion and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Fontan Circulation
Authors: Möller Thomas , Klungerbo Vibeke , Diab Simone , Holmstrøm Henrik , Edvardsen Elisabeth , Grindheim Guro , Brun Henrik , Thaulow Erik , Köhn-Luque Alvaro , Rösner Assami , Døhlen Gaute
Published: December 2021

The role of dysfunction of the single ventricle in Fontan failure is incompletely understood. We aimed to evaluate hemodynamic responses to preload increase in Fontan circulation, to determine whether circulatory limitations in different locations identified by experimental preload increase are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and to assess the impact of left versus right ventricular morphology. In 38 consecutive patients (median age = 16.6 years, 16 females), heart catheterization was supplemented with a rapid 5-mL/kg body weight volume expansion. Central venous pressure (CVP), ventricular end-diastolic pressure (VEDP), and peak systolic pressure were averaged for 15‒30 s, 45‒120 s, and 4‒6 min (steady state), respectively. CRF was assessed by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and ventilatory threshold (VT). Median CVP increased from 13 mmHg at baseline to 14.5 mmHg (p < 0.001) at steady state. CVP increased by more than 20% in eight patients. Median VEDP increased from 10 mmHg at baseline to 11.5 mmHg (p < 0.001). Ten patients had elevated VEDP at steady state, and in 21, VEDP increased more than 20%. The transpulmonary pressure difference (CVP‒VEDP) and CVP were consistently higher in patients with right ventricular morphology across repeated measurements. CVP at any stage was associated with VO2peak and VT. VEDP after volume expansion was associated with VT. Preload challenge demonstrates the limitations beyond baseline measurements. Elevation of both CVP and VEDP are associated with impaired CRF. Transpulmonary flow limitation was more pronounced in right ventricular morphology. Ventricular dysfunction may contribute to functional impairment after Fontan operation in young adulthood.

ClinicalTrials.govidentifier NCT02378857
The monofunctional CO dehydrogenase CooS is essential for growth of Thermoanaerobacter kivui on carbon monoxide
Authors: Jain Surbhi , Katsyv Alexander , Basen Mirko , Müller Volker
Published: December 2021

Thermoanaerobacter kivui is a thermophilic acetogen that can grow on carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy source. To identify the gene(s) involved in CO oxidation, the genome sequence was analyzed. Two genes potentially encoding CO dehydrogenases were identified. One, cooS, potentially encodes a monofunctional CO dehydrogenase, whereas another, acsA, potentially encodes the CODH component of the CODH/ACS complex. Both genes were cloned, a His-tag encoding sequence was added, and the proteins were produced from a plasmid in T. kivui. His-AcsA copurified by affinity chromatography with AcsB, the acetyl-CoA synthase of the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl CoA synthase complex. His-CooS copurified with CooF1, a small iron-sulfur center containing protein likely involved in electron transport. Both protein complexes had CO:ferredoxin oxidoreductase as well as CO:methyl viologen oxidoreductase activity, but the activity of CooSF1 was 15-times and 231-times lower, respectively. To underline the importance of CooS, the gene was deleted in the CO-adapted strain. Interestingly, the ∆cooS deletion mutant did not grow on CO anymore. These experiments clearly demonstrated that CooS is essential for growth of T. kivui on CO. This is in line with the hypothesis that CooS is the CO-oxidizing enzyme in cells growing on CO.
A systematic review on the use of quantitative imaging to detect cancer therapy adverse effects in normal-appearing brain tissue
Authors: Petr Jan , Hogeboom Louise , Nikulin Pavel , Wiegers Evita , Schroyen Gwen , Kallehauge Jesper , Chmelík Marek , Clement Patricia , Nechifor Ruben E. , Fodor Liviu-Andrei , De Witt Hamer Philip C. , Barkhof Frederik , Pernet Cyril , Lequin Maarten , Deprez Sabine , Jančálek Radim , Mutsaerts Henk J. M. M. , Pizzini Francesca B. , Emblem Kyrre E. , Keil Vera C.
Published: December 2021

Cancer therapy for both central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS tumors has been previously associated with transient and long-term cognitive deterioration, commonly referred to as ‘chemo fog’. This therapy-related damage to otherwise normal-appearing brain tissue is reported using post-mortem neuropathological analysis. Although the literature on monitoring therapy effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established, such macroscopic structural changes appear relatively late and irreversible. Early quantitative MRI biomarkers of therapy-induced damage would potentially permit taking these treatment side effects into account, paving the way towards a more personalized treatment planning.

This systematic review (PROSPERO number 224196) provides an overview of quantitative tomographic imaging methods, potentially identifying the adverse side effects of cancer therapy in normal-appearing brain tissue. Seventy studies were obtained from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting changes in normal-appearing brain tissue using MRI, PET, or SPECT quantitative biomarkers, related to radio-, chemo-, immuno-, or hormone therapy for any kind of solid, cystic, or liquid tumor were included. The main findings of the reviewed studies were summarized, providing also the risk of bias of each study assessed using a modified QUADAS-2 tool. For each imaging method, this review provides the methodological background, and the benefits and shortcomings of each method from the imaging perspective. Finally, a set of recommendations is proposed to support future research.
Determinants of home care utilization among the Swedish old: nationwide register-based study
Authors: Brändström Anders , Meyer Anna C. , Modig Karin , Sandström Glenn
Published: December 2021

Since the 1990s, Sweden has implemented aging-in-place policies increasing the share of older adults dependent on home care instead of residing in care homes. At the same time previous research has highlighted that individuals receive home care at a higher age than before. Consequently, services are provided for a shorter time before death, increasing reliance on family and kin as caregivers. Previous studies addressing how homecare is distributed rely primarily on small surveys and are often limited to specific regions. This study aims to ascertain how home care services are distributed regarding individual-level factors such as health status, living arrangements, availability of family, education, and socioeconomic position. To provide estimates that can be generalized to Sweden as a whole, we use register data for the entire Swedish population aged 65 + in 2016. The study's main findings are that home care recipients and the amount of care received are among the oldest old with severe co morbidities. Receiving home care is slightly more common among women, but only in the highest age groups. Childlessness and socioeconomic factors play a small role in who receives home care or not. Instead, the primary home care recipients are those older adults living alone who lack direct support from family members residing in the same household.
Dual-Factor Mental Health from Childhood to Early Adolescence and Associated Factors: A Latent Transition Analysis
Authors: Petersen Kimberly J. , Humphrey Neil , Qualter Pamela
Published: December 2021

The dual-factor model of mental health indicates the importance of simultaneously assessing symptoms and subjective wellbeing, but there is limited understanding of how dual-factor mental health changes during the transition from childhood to early adolescence and factors associated with change. The current study investigated dual-factor mental health over a 2-year period from when children were 8–9 years old to 10–11 years old (N = 2402; 48% female), using latent transition analysis. Further analyses determined whether sex and peer support were associated with initial mental health status or specific transitions during this period. Following class enumeration procedures, a 5-class model was selected at both timepoints. Classes were: (1) complete mental health, (2) vulnerable, (3) emotional symptoms but content, (4) conduct problems but content, and (5) troubled. Half of the sample changed mental health status during the study period. Sex and peer support were associated with specific mental health statuses and subsequent transitions. The findings have implications for mental health screening practice and identifying those in need of targeted interventions.
Beyond the beaten paths of forecasting call center arrivals: on the use of dynamic harmonic regression with predictor variables
Authors: Rausch Theresa Maria , Albrecht Tobias , Baier Daniel
Published: December 2021

Modern call centers require precise forecasts of call and e-mail arrivals to optimize staffing decisions and to ensure high customer satisfaction through short waiting times and the availability of qualified agents. In the dynamic environment of multi-channel customer contact, organizational decision-makers often rely on robust but simplistic forecasting methods. Although forecasting literature indicates that incorporating additional information into time series predictions adds value by improving model performance, extant research in the call center domain barely considers the potential of sophisticated multivariate models. Hence, with an extended dynamic harmonic regression (DHR) approach, this study proposes a new reliable method for call center arrivals’ forecasting that is able to capture the dynamics of a time series and to include contextual information in form of predictor variables. The study evaluates the predictive potential of the approach on the call and e-mail arrival series of a leading German online retailer comprising 174 weeks of data. The analysis involves time series cross-validation with an expanding rolling window over 52 weeks and comprises established time series as well as machine learning models as benchmarks. The multivariate DHR model outperforms the compared models with regard to forecast accuracy for a broad spectrum of lead times. This study further gives contextual insights into the selection and optimal implementation of marketing-relevant predictor variables such as catalog releases, mail as well as postal reminders, or billing cycles.
Diagnostic Accuracy and Post-Procedural Complications Associated with Ultrasound-Guided Core Needle Biopsy in the Preoperative Evaluation of Parotid Tumors
Authors: Jering Monika , Mayer Marcel , Thölken Rubens , Schiele Stefan , Maccagno Andrea , Zenk Johannes
Published: December 2021

Correct diagnosis of a parotid neoplasm based on histology preoperatively is of utmost importance in order to guide patient management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of a parotid lesion and to describe associated post-procedural complications. A retrospective study was conducted between January 2015 and March 2021 of all patients who were referred to a tertiary care center for evaluation of a parotid lesion and who underwent core needle biopsy due to high-risk features or when malignancy was suspected on clinical examination or ultrasonography. Patient characteristics, histological findings, and post-procedural complications were recorded and evaluated. Among 890 patients referred for evaluation of a parotid lesion, in 138 patients a core needle biopsy was undertaken. On the basis of core needle biopsy findings, 11 lymphomas and 82 non-lymphoma malignancies were diagnosed in the parotid gland. The sensitivity of the core needle biopsy predicting the accurate tumor type was 97.56% (95% CI 91.47–99.70%) and the specificity 94.64% (95% CI 85.13–98.88%). The accuracy for the correct histopathological diagnosis was 93.48% (95% CI 87.98–96.97%). Post-procedural minor complications occurred in 19 patients (13.8%). In conclusion, a core needle biopsy can identify malignancy in the parotid gland with high sensitivity and specificity in a safe manner and therefore guide surgical treatment.
Accent in North American Film and Television
Authors: Boberg Charles
Published: December 2021

Drawing on data from well-known actors in popular films and TV shows, this reference guide surveys the representation of accent in North American film and TV over eight decades. It analyzes the speech of 180 film and television performances from the 1930s to today, looking at how that speech has changed; how it reflects the regional backgrounds, gender, and ethnic ancestry of the actors; and how phonetic variation and change in the 'real world' have been both portrayed in, and possibly influenced by, film and television speech. It also clearly explains the technical concepts necessary for understanding the phonetic analysis of accents. Providing new insights into the role of language in the expression of North American cultural identity, this is essential reading for researchers and advanced students in linguistics, film, television and media studies, and North American studies, as well as the larger community interested in film and television.
Handling qualities of fixed-pitch, variable-speed multicopters for urban air mobility
Authors: Bahr M. , McKay M. , Niemiec R. , Gandhi F.
Published: December 2021

Optimisation-based control design techniques are applied to multicopters with variable-RPM rotors. The handling qualities and motor current requirements of a quadcopter, hexacopter and octocopter with equal gross weights (5,360N) and total disk areas (producing a 287N/m$^2$disk loading) are compared in hover. For axes that rely on the rotor thrust (all except yaw), the increased inertia of the larger rotors on the quadcopter increase the current requirement, relative to vehicles with fewer, smaller rotors. Both the quadcopter and hexacopter have maximum current margin requirements (relative to hover) during a step command in longitudinal velocity. In yaw, rotor inertia is irrelevant, as the reaction torque of the motor is the same whether the rotor is accelerating or overcoming drag. This, combined with the octocopter’s greater inertia as well as the fact that it requires 30% less current to drive its motors in hover, results in the octocopter requiring the greatest current margin, relative to hover conditions. To meet handling qualities requirements, the total weight of the motors of the octocopter and hexacopter is comparable at 13.5% weight fraction, but the quadcopter’s motors are heavier, requiring 16% weight fraction. If the longitudinal and lateral axes were flown in ACAH mode, rather than TRC mode, the total motor weight of all configurations would be nearly identical, requiring about 13.5% weight fraction for motors (compared to 7–9% weight fraction from hover torque requirements).
Deformability of discs in turbulence
Authors: Verhille Gautier
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally the transition from a rigid regime to a deformed regime for flexible discs freely advected in turbulent flows. For a given disc, the amplitude of the deformation is expected to increase when its bending modulus decreases or when the turbulent kinetic energy increases. To quantify this qualitative argument, experiments are performed where the deformation of flexible discs is measured using three cameras. The amplitude of the deformation has been characterised by the eigenvalues of the moment of inertia tensor. Experimental results exhibit a transition from a rigid regime to a deformed regime that depends on the size, the density and the flexibility of the disc and the turbulent kinetic energy. The modelling of this transition is a generalisation and an extension of the previous models used to characterise the deformation of flexible fibres in turbulent flows.
Flipping the “New Penology” Script: Police Misconduct Insurance, Grassroots Activism, and Risk Management–Based Reform
Authors: Wulff Stephen
Published: December 2021

Through a multi-method qualitative case study, I examine the failed 2016 ballot campaign of the Committee for Professional Policing (CfPP), a police accountability group in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In attempting to make Minneapolis the first city nationwide to require police to carry professional liability insurance, the CfPP turned the logic of Malcolm M. Feeley and Jonathan Simon’s “new penology” paradigm onto police. Their thesis argues that a contemporary penal shift occurred away from rehabilitation toward managing aggregates of dangerous criminal categories through risk management approaches. I extend their thesis in a new direction by examining how—in the emerging age of “algorithmic risk governance”—social movement organizations, like the CfPP, are starting to invert the new penology onto criminal justice personnel. In flipping the script, the CfPP called for a new private insurance market using mandatory police misconduct insurance to manage aggregates of dangerous police officers. After highlighting how the CfPP developed new penological objectives, discourses, and technologies, I discuss the implications of grassroots groups adopting and redefining traditional penal logics and propose future research avenues.
What journalism tells us about memory, mind and media
Authors: Zelizer Barbie
Published: December 2021

This article looks to journalism in order to understand the relationship between memory, mind and media more fully. Using the urgency that characterises the current news environment as a reflection of broader information flows, the article considers journalism's embrace of complex time to address the demands of speed. It suggests that the temporal practices adopted by both individual journalists and the journalistic community offer a model for institutions wrestling with the ontological uncertainty generated by current times, providing mechanisms to navigate and even offset the unending demands of simultaneity, immediacy and instantaneity.
Selecting and averaging relaxed clock models in Bayesian tip dating of Mesozoic birds
Authors: Zhang Chi
Published: December 2021

Relaxed clock models are fundamental in Bayesian clock dating, but a single distribution characterizing the clock variation is typically selected. Hence, I developed a new reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMCMC) algorithm for drawing posterior samples between the independent lognormal (ILN) and independent gamma rates (IGR) clock models. The ability of the rjMCMC algorithm to infer the true model was verified through simulations. I then applied the algorithm to the Mesozoic bird data previously analyzed under the white noise (WN) clock model. In comparison, averaging over the ILN and IGR models provided more reliable estimates of the divergence times and evolutionary rates. The ILN model showed slightly better fit than the IGR model and much better fit than the autocorrelated lognormal (ALN) clock model. When the data were partitioned, different partitions showed heterogeneous model fit for ILN and IGR clocks. The implementation provides a general framework for selecting and averaging relaxed clock models in Bayesian dating analyses.
A Bias-Corrected Estimator for the Crosswise Model with Inattentive Respondents
Authors: Atsusaka Yuki , Stevenson Randolph T.
Published: December 2021

The crosswise model is an increasingly popular survey technique to elicit candid answers from respondents on sensitive questions. Recent studies, however, point out that in the presence of inattentive respondents, the conventional estimator of the prevalence of a sensitive attribute is biased toward 0.5. To remedy this problem, we propose a simple design-based bias correction using an anchor question that has a sensitive item with known prevalence. We demonstrate that we can easily estimate and correct for the bias arising from inattentive respondents without measuring individual-level attentiveness. We also offer several useful extensions of our estimator, including a sensitivity analysis for the conventional estimator, a strategy for weighting, a framework for multivariate regressions in which a latent sensitive trait is used as an outcome or a predictor, and tools for power analysis and parameter selection. Our method can be easily implemented through our open-source software cWise.
“No Pope Here”: Britain, the Vatican, the IRA, and the Papal Visit to Ireland, September 1979
Authors: Doherty Martin
Published: December 2021

It is often assumed, particularly by outsiders, that the conflict in Northern Ireland—known euphemistically as “the Troubles”—in which some 3,600 people lost their lives, was an atavistic throwback to Europe's religious wars of earlier centuries. In 1979, by which time some 2,000 people had already been killed in the Troubles, Pope John Paul II proposed to pay a visit to Ireland and perhaps to cross the border into Ulster's sectarian cockpit. The idea provoked outrage from some Ulster Protestants and high anxiety for the British, concerned that the Pope might inadvertently inflame the situation or embarrass the British by raising difficult issues. But there were hopes, too, that an unequivocal condemnation of violence by the head of the Catholic Church might help to bring the conflict to an end. This article, based on extensive research in diplomatic archives, reveals deep divisions within the Catholic Church on the Irish question and points to the power and limitations of the British diplomatic reach into the Vatican. It reveals also, however, the powerlessness of prayer and pleadings in the face of terrorist violence.
Counterpublic Goods in Interesting Times: Transitional Subjectivities Onstage at Highways Performance Space, 1989–1993
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: December 2021

A raging global pandemic handled inadequately and indifferently by the Republican-led US federal government, with Dr. Anthony Fauci in a featured role; an antiracist uprising in response to police brutality; a resurgent political Right fomenting and stoking culture wars; activists’ demands for a diverse and equitable art world; increasing fiscal precarity for small, innovative live art spaces; a looming recession; and an escalating housing crisis fueled by accelerating income inequality: welcome to Los Angeles between 1989 and 1993. In this period, AIDS became the leading cause of death for US men ages 25–44; ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power)/LA called public health infrastructure to account and successfully fought for an AIDS ward at Los Angeles County Hospital. A widely circulated video of Los Angeles Police Department officers viciously beating Black motorist Rodney King, and their subsequent acquittal of criminal charges by a suburban jury, ignited five days of antiracist rebellion. The rising number of unhoused people in Los Angeles was becoming difficult to ignore, though not for the city's, state's, or federal government's lack of trying. “Multiculturalism” became a widely embraced—if sometimes cynically deployed—aesthetic and programming imperative.
Differential heterologous neutralisation profile against strains within DENV-3 genotype II
Authors: Tan K.K. , Abubakar S.
Published: December 2021

The dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) homotypic outbreak cycles reported in Klang Valley, Malaysia in 1992–1995 and 2002 demonstrated different epidemic magnitude and duration. These outbreak cycles were caused by two closely related strains of viruses within the DENV-3 genotype II (DENV-3/II). The role of viral genotypic diversity and factors that could have influenced this phenomenon were investigated. The serum neutralisation sensitivity of DEN3/II strains responsible for the DENV-3 outbreak cycles in 1992–1995 and 2002 were examined. Representative virus isolates from the respective outbreaks were subjected to virus neutralisation assay using identified sera of patients with homotypic (DENV-3) or heterotypic dengue infections (DENV-1 and DENV-2). Results from the study suggested that isolates representing DENV-3/II group E (DENV-3/II-E) from the 1992–1995 outbreak and DENV-3/II group F (DENV-3/II-F) from the 2002 outbreak were neutralised at similar capacity (intergenotypic differences <2-fold) by sera of patients infected with DENV-3, DENV-1 and DENV-2/Asian genotypes. Sera of the DENV-2/Cosmopolitan infection efficiently neutralised DENV-3/II-F (FRNT50 = 508.0) at a similar neutralisation capacity against its own homotypic serotype, DENV-2 (FRNT50 = 452.5), but not against DENV-3/II-E (FRNT50 = 100.8). The different neutralisation sensitivities of DENV-3/II strains towards the cross-reacting DENV-2 heterotypic immunity could play a role in shaping the DENV-3 recurring outbreaks pattern in Malaysia. Two genetic variations, E-132 (H/Y) and E-479 (A/V) were identified on the envelope protein of DENV-3/II-E and DENV-3/II-F, respectively. The E-132 variation was predicted to affect the protein stability. A more extensive study, however, on the implication of the naturally occurring genetic variations within closely related DENV genotypes on the neutralisation profile and protective immunity would be needed for a better understanding of the DENV spread pattern in a hyperendemic setting.
Childhood eating practices are relevant to ultra-processed food consumption in adulthood: results from the Nutritionists’ Health Study
Authors: Penha Sthefani da Costa , Norde Marina Maintinguer , Carioca Antonio Augusto Ferreira
Published: December 2021

Studies on childhood feeding and current food consumption, according to the NOVA classification, in adults are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between childhood dietary practices and the current consumption of different categories of processed foods in young adults using data from the Nutritionists’ Health Study (NutriHS) cohort. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data of 392 on nutrition undergraduate students or nutritionists aged ≥18 years. Current food consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and the NOVA classification. The investigated childhood eating practices included fruit and vegetable intake, exclusive breastfeeding, and other breastfeeding practices. Participants breastfed with introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods before 6 months had higher current consumption of processed foods than those who were not breastfed (β = 4.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56–8.04) and those who did not have the habits of eating fruits and vegetables during childhood consumed less unprocessed and minimally processed foods in adulthood than those who ate fruits and vegetables during infancy (β = −3.76; 95% CI = −0.82 to −6.70). Further, later introduction of infant formula or other types of milk between 3 and 5 months of age had a lower current consumption of ultra-processed foods than those fed infant formula or other types of milk before 1 month age of life (β = −3.09; 95% CI = −6.12 to −0.06). In conclusion, childhood feeding practices were linked to food consumption in adult life in NutriHS cohort, highlighting that the first 1000 days of life seems to impact on food choices during adulthood, with potential to protect against nutrition-related diseases later in life.
Passive Suicidal Ideation in Childhood
Authors: Van Hove Lisa , Baetens Imke , Van Leeuwen Karla , Roelants Mathieu , Roeljan Wiersema J. , Lewis Stephen P. , Heath Nancy
Published: December 2021

Abstract: Background: A growing body of empirical research shows that suicidal behaviors are prevalent in childhood. Yet, few studies have examined risk factors related to suicidal ideation (SI) among children aged 12 and younger. Aims: The current study addresses this gap. Method: A questionnaire was filled out by 1,350 Flemish primary caregivers (94.7% mothers) of 9-year-old children (50.4% boys, Mage = 9.45). Their responses were analyzed using logistic regression and independent samples t tests. Results: The presence of passive SI was reported in 10.5% of the children. A psychiatric, developmental, or behavioral condition (or multiple conditions), a learning disorder, impulsivity, aggression, and experiencing multiple stressful family life events were discovered as potential risk factors of passive SI in childhood. Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study meant that causality could not be inferred. In addition, it was based on reports of primary caregivers, rather than on reports from the children themselves. Conclusion: These new empirical findings can be used for the development of prevention programs and be taken into account in risk assessments of SI in clinical practice. Confirmation of our findings in a longitudinal child-reported study is needed.
Lured Into Listening
Authors: Honing Henkjan
Published: December 2021

Abstract. This brief statement revisits some earlier observations on what makes web-based experiments, and especially citizen science using engaging games, an attractive alternative to laboratory-based setups. It suggests web-based experimenting to be a full-grown alternative to traditional laboratory-based experiments, especially in the field of music cognition, where sampling bias is a common problem and large amounts of empirical data are needed to characterize individual variability.
Ancient Eruptions Reveal Earliest Settlers on the Faroe Islands
Authors: Kreier Freda
Published: December 2021

Lake sediment is helping scientists resolve a decades-long historical mystery.
Complex 3D Migration and Delayed Triggering of Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity: A Case Study Near Fox Creek, Alberta
Authors: Gao Dawei , Kao Honn , Wang Bei , Visser Ryan , Schultz Ryan , Harrington Rebecca M.
Published: December 2021

Earthquakes resulting from hydraulic fracturing (HF) can have delayed triggering relative to injection commencement over a varied range of time scales, with the majority of M ≥ 4 mainshocks occurring near/after well completion. This poses serious challenges for risk mitigation and hazard assessment. Here, we document a high‐resolution, three‐dimensional source migration process with delayed mainshock triggering that is controlled by local hydrogeological conditions near Fox Creek, Alberta, Canada. Our results reveal that poroelastic effects might contribute to induced seismicity, but are probably insufficient to activate a large fault segment not critically stressed. The rapid pore‐pressure build‐up from HF can be very localized and capable of producing large, felt earthquakes if adequate hydrological paths exist. We interpret the delayed triggering as a manifestation of pore‐pressure build‐up along pre‐existing faults needed to facilitate seismic failure. Our findings can explain why so few injection operations are seismogenic.
High‐Resolution Imaging of Complex Shallow Fault Zones Along the July 2019 Ridgecrest Ruptures
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Bianco Michael , Gerstoft Peter , Olsen Kim
Published: December 2021

We perform ambient noise tomography using data recorded on 342 seismographs within a 50 × 50 km area inside which the July 2019 M7.1 and M6.4 Ridgecrest earthquakes occurred. We used the locally sparse tomography (LST) method, an unsupervised machine learning approach that learns to represent small‐scale geophysical structures using only data from the immediate study. The Rayleigh group speed obtained from LST better predicts travel times than conventional regularized least squares inversion. The 3D shear velocity model of the area obtained from the surface wave dispersion maps reveals a highly heterogeneous low‐velocity zone (with the primary velocity reduction in the upper 2–3 km) around the causative faults for the M7.1 and M6.4 events, with a 40% reduction of the shear wave velocity. Further, correlation of other imaged LVZs in the model area with parts of the Little Lake Fault System without recent activity may indicate long‐lasting damage zones.
Simulations of Energetic Neutral Atom Sputtering From Ganymede in Preparation for the JUICE Mission
Authors: Pontoni A. , Shimoyama M. , Futaana Y. , Fatemi S. , Poppe A. R. , Wieser M. , Barabash S.
Published: December 2021

Jovian magnetospheric plasma irradiates the surface of Ganymede and is postulated to be the primary agent that changes the surface brightness of Ganymede, leading to asymmetries between polar and equatorial regions as well as between the trailing and leading hemispheres. As impinging ions sputter surface constituents as neutrals, ion precipitation patterns can be remotely imaged using the Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA) measurement technique. Here we calculate the expected sputtered ENA flux from the surface of Ganymede to help interpret future observations by ENA instruments, particularly the Jovian Neutrals Analyzer (JNA) onboard the JUpiter ICy moon Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft. We use sputtering models developed based on laboratory experiments to calculate sputtered fluxes of H2O, O2, and H2. The input ion population used in this study is the result of test particle simulations using electric and magnetic fields from a hybrid simulation of Ganymede's environment. This population includes a thermal component (H+ and O+ from 10 eV to 10 keV) and an energetic component (H+, O++, and S+++ from 10 keV to 10 MeV). We find a global ENA sputtering rate from Ganymede of 1.42 × 1027 s−1, with contributions from H2, O2, and H2O of 34%, 17%, and 49% respectively. We also calculate the energy distribution of sputtered Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs), give an estimate of a typical JNA count rate at Ganymede, and investigate latitudinal variations of sputtered fluxes along a simulated orbit track of the JUICE spacecraft. Our results demonstrate the capability of the JNA sensor to remotely map ion precipitation at Ganymede.
Epigenetic silencing of UBXN8 contributes to leukemogenesis in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Yang Erna , Guan Wei , Gong Desheng , Li Jieying , Han Caixia , Zhang Juan , Wang Hong , Kang Synat , Gao Xuefeng , Li Yonghui , Yu Li
Published: December 2021

The formation of the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion protein, resulting from the t(8;21) translocation, is considered to be one of the initiating events of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the mechanisms of the oncogenic mechanism of RUNX1-RUNX1T1 remain unclear. In this study, we found that RUNX1-RUNX1T1 triggers the heterochromatic silencing of UBXN8 by recognizing the RUNX1-binding sites and recruiting chromatin-remodeling enzymes to the UBXN8 promoter region. Decitabine, a specific inhibitor of DNA methylation, upregulated the expression of UBXN8 in RUNX1-RUNX1T1+ AML cell lines. Overexpression of UBXN8 inhibited the proliferation and colony-forming ability of and promoted cell cycle arrest in t(8;21) AML cell lines. Enhancing UBXN8 levels can significantly inhibit tumor proliferation and promote the differentiation of RUNX1-RUNX1T1+ cells in vivo. In conclusion, our results indicated that epigenetic silencing of UBXN8 via methylation of its promoter region mediated by the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion protein contributes to the leukemogenesis of t(8;21) AML and that UBXN8 targeting may be a potential therapeutic strategy for t(8;21) AML.
Understanding dental caries as a non-communicable disease
Authors: Pitts Nigel B. , Twetman Svante , Fisher Julian , Marsh Philip D.
Published: December 2021

The recent developments in the science underpinning our knowledge of both the initiation of dental caries and the subsequent behaviour of lesions over time gives us a solid base to understand caries differently. Advances in understanding the human and oral microbiome have come in parallel with the recognition of the importance of balancing protective and pathological risk factors. Caries prevention and management is now about controlling risk factors to maintain a balanced intraoral biofilm ecology that guards against a continuing low pH driven by the frequent consumption of sugars. Thus, caries control is no longer about attempts at eradicating any specific microorganism. Further, the present knowledge leads to the classification of dental caries as a non-communicable disease (NCD), which is vitally important from a policy perspective (both globally and at the country level). Caries shares similar risk factors with other chronic/systemic diseases, which provides opportunities for developing common prevention strategies and promoting health equity through action on the social determinants of health. So, preventing and controlling caries should be integrated across the so-called upstream, midstream and downstream levels and these activities can also help to control other NCDs.
Sources of confidence in value-based choice
Authors: Brus Jeroen , Aebersold Helena , Grueschow Marcus , Polania Rafael
Published: December 2021

Confidence, the subjective estimate of decision quality, is a cognitive process necessary for learning from mistakes and guiding future actions. The origins of confidence judgments resulting from economic decisions remain unclear. We devise a task and computational framework that allowed us to formally tease apart the impact of various sources of confidence in value-based decisions, such as uncertainty emerging from encoding and decoding operations, as well as the interplay between gaze-shift dynamics and attentional effort. In line with canonical decision theories, trial-to-trial fluctuations in the precision of value encoding impact economic choice consistency. However, this uncertainty has no influence on confidence reports. Instead, confidence is associated with endogenous attentional effort towards choice alternatives and down-stream noise in the comparison process. These findings provide an explanation for confidence (miss)attributions in value-guided behaviour, suggesting mechanistic influences of endogenous attentional states for guiding decisions and metacognitive awareness of choice certainty.
Enhancement of drought tolerance in diverse Vicia faba cultivars by inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under newly reclaimed soil conditions
Authors: Mansour Elsayed , Mahgoub Hany A. M. , Mahgoub Samir A. , El-Sobky El-Sayed E. A. , Abdul-Hamid Mohamed I. , Kamara Mohamed M. , AbuQamar Synan F. , El-Tarabily Khaled A. , Desoky El-Sayed M.
Published: December 2021

Water deficit has devastating impacts on legume production, particularly with the current abrupt climate changes in arid environments. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an effective approach for producing natural nitrogen and attenuating the detrimental effects of drought stress. This study investigated the influence of inoculation with the PGPR Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (USDA 2435) and Pseudomonas putida (RA MTCC5279) solely or in combination on the physio-biochemical and agronomic traits of five diverse Vicia faba cultivars under well-watered (100% crop evapotranspiration [ETc]), moderate drought (75% ETc), and severe drought (50% ETc) conditions in newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil. Drought stress substantially reduced the expression of photosynthetic pigments and water relation parameters. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectants were considerably increased in plants under drought stress compared with those in well-watered plants. These adverse effects of drought stress reduced crop water productivity (CWP) and seed yield‐related traits. However, the application of PGPR, particularly a consortium of both strains, improved these parameters and increased seed yield and CWP. The evaluated cultivars displayed varied tolerance to drought stress: Giza-843 and Giza-716 had the highest tolerance under well-watered and moderate drought conditions, whereas Giza-843 and Sakha-4 were more tolerant under severe drought conditions. Thus, co-inoculation of drought-tolerant cultivars with R. leguminosarum and P. putida enhanced their tolerance and increased their yield and CWP under water-deficit stress conditions. This study showed for the first time that the combined use of R. leguminosarum and P. putida is a promising and ecofriendly strategy for increasing drought tolerance in legume crops.
Different increase rate in body mass of two marten species due to climate warming potentially reinforces interspecific competition
Authors: Wereszczuk Anna , Hofmeester Tim R. , Csanády Alexander , Dumić Tomislav , Elmeros Morten , Lanszki József , Madsen Aksel B. , Müskens Gerard , Papakosta Malamati A. , Popiołek Marcin , Santos-Reis Margarida , Zuberogoitia Iñigo , Zalewski Andrzej
Published: December 2021

Many species show spatial variation in body size, often associated with climatic patterns. Studying species with contrasting geographical patterns related to climate might help elucidate the role of different drivers. We analysed changes in the body mass of two sympatric medium-sized carnivores—pine marten (Martes martes) and stone marten (Martes foina)—across Europe over 59 years. The body mass of pine marten increased with decreasing latitude, whereas stone marten body mass varied in a more complex pattern across its geographic range. Over time, the average body mass of pine martens increased by 255 g (24%), while stone marten by 86 g (6%). The greatest increase of body mass along both martens’ geographic range was observed in central and southern Europe, where both species occur in sympatry. The body mass increase slowed down over time, especially in allopatric regions. The average pine/stone marten body mass ratio increased from 0.87 in 1960 to 0.99 in 2019, potentially strengthening the competition between them. Thus, a differential response in body size to several drivers over time might have led to an adaptive advantage for pine martens. This highlights the importance of considering different responses among interacting species when studying animal adaptation to climate change.
Overexpression of chalcone isomerase A gene in Astragalus trigonus for stimulating apigenin
Authors: Elarabi Nagwa I. , Abdelhadi Abdelhadi A. , Sief-Eldein Ahmed G. M. , Ismail Ismail A. , Abdallah Naglaa A.
Published: December 2021

Apigenin is one of the most studied flavonoids and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Apigenin exerts important antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor activities, and anti-inflammatory effects in neurological or cardiovascular disease. Chalcone isomerase A (chiA) is an important enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In order to enhance the apigenin production, the petunia chi A gene was transformed for Astragalus trigonus. Bialaphos survived plants were screened by PCR, dot blot hybridization and RT-PCR analysis. Also, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, chitosan and yeast extract were tested to evaluate their capacity to work as elicitors for apigenin. Results showed that yeast extract was the best elicitor for induction of apigenin with an increase of 3.458 and 3.9 fold of the control for calli and cell suspension culture, respectively. Transformed cell suspension showed high apigenin content with a 20.17 fold increase compared to the control and 6.88 fold more than the yeast extract treatment. While, transformed T1 calli derived expressing chiA gene produced apigenin 4.2 fold more than the yeast extract treatment. It can be concluded that the highest accumulation of apigenin was obtained with chiA transgenic cell suspension system and it can be utilized to enhancement apigenin production in Astragalus trigonus.
Microstructure of the fluid particles around the rigid body at the shear-thickening state toward understanding of the fluid mechanics
Authors: Jono Ryota , Tejima Syogo , Fujita Jun-ichi
Published: December 2021

We studied the shear-thickening behavior of systems containing rigid spherical bodies immersed in smaller particles using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We generated shear-thickening states through particle mass modulation of the systems. From the microstructures, i.e., two-dimensional pair distribution functions, we found anisotropic structures resulting from shear thickening, that are explained by the difference between the velocities of rigid bodies and fluid particles. The increasing viscosity in our system originated from collisions between fluid particles and rigid bodies. The lubrication forces defined in macroscale physics are then briefly discussed.
Enhancement of the thermoelectric properties of Zintl phase SrMg2Bi2 by Na-doping
Authors: Yu Fang , Meng Xiang , Li Lu , Wen Cuilian
Published: December 2021

A new Zintl SrMg2Bi2 phases is systematically investigated by Na-doping to reveal its potential for thermoelectric application.
Fe and Cu dual-doped Ni3S4 nanoarrays with less low-valence Ni species for boosting water oxidation reaction
Authors: Du Xiaoqiang , Li Jiaxin , Zhang Xiaoshuang
Published: December 2021

It is worth noting that when Fe–Cu–Ni3S4 is used as anode and cathode, a small cell voltage of 1.59 V at 10 mA cm−2 is obtained to achieve stable overall water splitting.