bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MOLTEN ALUMINUM ON VARIOUS REFRACTORY BRICK*
Authors: Burrows H. O.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

To study the effect of molten aluminum on refractory brick with a view toward explaining some of the brick failures in aluminum melting furnaces, the following test was conducted. Brick of different compositions and from various manufacturers were placed on end in the bottom of an electrically heated ladle to which molten aluminum was added. After holding the molten aluminum in contact with the brick for thirty‐five days, it was poured out and the ladle was allowed to cool slowly to room temperature.

A study of the brick revealed that some failed by penetration of the aluminum into the brick accompanied by a reaction between the aluminum and the brick. This penetration was less with the denser brick than with the more porous ones. Of the brick tested, there was the least reaction between aluminum and the chrome brick and most between aluminum and silica brick. Many other factors, however, must be considered when deciding which brick is the most economical to use in aluminum melting.
STUDY OF THE RECRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGNESIA*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Fréchette V D.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

X‐ray studies show that lightly calcined magnesite is cryptocrystalline, with an atomic structure identical with that of periclase and fused magnesia.
REVIEW OF FOUR YEARS OF RESEARCH ON REFRACTORY PROPERTIES OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST OLIVINE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Skinner Kenneth G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This discussion covers a study of the refractory properties of the olivine from two large deposits in Washington. The research was devoted mainly to (a) physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties, (b) effect of chemical additions, (c) development of the densest and most refractory body, (d) manufacture of brick, (e) comparison of these brick in P.C.E., spalling, load test, absorption, and resistance to basic slags with other brick, and (f) local use of olivine as a foundry sand.
BERYLLIUM OXIDE REFRACTORIES, II*
Authors: White H. E. , Shrbmp R. M. , Sawyer C. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A description is given of the method used to extract beryllia, and some of the properties of the oxide are reviewed, including electrical and thermal conductivity.
EVALUATION OF GLAZE‐FIT TEST METHODS*
Authors: Bell W. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The various glaze‐fit test methods are described, and the results of the ring, flat‐plate, and tuning‐fork tests on semivitreous types of bodies and glazes are compared.
MECHANISM OF THE HARDENING OF CLAY‐SODIUM‐SILICATE MIXTURES*
Authors: Morgan W. R. , Peskin W. L. , Kronman S. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Acid salts, such as might be expected to be present in clays, reacted readily with sodium‐silicate solutions and produced marked changes in viscosity out of contact with air. Magnesium salts gave the most gelatinous and bulky precipitates.

Experiments with fuller's earth and a plastic fire clay, which were free of soluble salts and were saturated with hydrogen, indicated that base‐exchange reactions may also cause hardening of silicate mixtures out of contact with air. Natural plastic fire clays, which contained negligible amounts of soluble salts, were found to harden out of contact with air when calcium and magnesium were present as exchangeable bases, but they did not harden when these bases were absent.

It was found possible to prevent hardening of clay‐sodium‐silicate mixtures by subjecting the clay to a preliminary treatment with nonprecipitating sodium ions, introduced as sodium carbonate, before mixing the clay with sodium silicate.
CONTROL FOR LUMINOUS FLAME FIRING IN GLASS FURNACES*
Authors: Schwalbe F. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Luminous‐flame firing of natural gas in glass furnaces has been accomplished inefficiently and with, difficulty for many years in an attempt to secure the advantages of the luminosity characteristics. Luminosity in the gas flame is now secured by retardation of combustion between overlying layers of air and gas, the resulting flame being particularly adapted for glassmelting. A successful method for controlling the length and shape of the luminous flame in a glass furnace involves the mixing of spent gases from the flue with the incoming fuel gas.
WET‐PROCESS LEADLESS CAST‐IRON ENAMELS*
Authors: Niklewski B. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Variations in the compositions of wet‐process, leadless cast‐iron enamels were studied in the development of better enamels. The work was initiated in the laboratory and later was transferred to plant production where the enamels were developed to successful operation. The nonsintered ground coat and the colored cover enamel applied directly on the iron were particularly satisfactory.
VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF SODA‐BORIC OXIDE‐SILICA GLASSES AT TEMPERATURES FROM 900° TO 1500°F.*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The viscosities of a number of soda‐boric oxide‐silica glasses were approximately determined in the temperature range from 900° to 1500 °F. These were obtained by noting the deformation of small glass rods. Three steps were observed in the process of deformation which occurred at definite viscosities, the absolute magnitudes being obtained by correlation with glasses of known properties.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE CLAY MINERALS ILLITE AND MONTMORILLONITE*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Bradley W. F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Samples of three purified illites, one purified montmorillonite, and one natural clay containing montmorillonite, quartz, and limonite were heated at successive temperatures up to 1400°C. X‐ray and optical determinations were made on all samples. The changes that take place in the clay minerals, illite and montmorillonite, when they are heated at various temperatures up to 1400°C. are discussed.
STUDY OF THE REFRACTORY PROPERTIES OF TOPAZ*
Authors: Bradley R. S. , Schroeder F. W. , Keller W. D.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of heat treatments on the chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of topaz is described. The samples were obtained from a deposit of potential commercial importance. Brick made from calcined and uncalcined topaz were tested according to standard A.S.T.M. test methods, and the results are presented.
EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON DEVITRIFICATION OF SODIUM OXIDE‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors: SILVERMAN W. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of the substitution of A12O3 for the oxides of sodium, silicon, calcium, and magnesium in the ratio in which they occur in dolomite on the liquidus temperatures and phase relations for glasses lying within the composition range, Na2O 12 to 16%, CaO‐MgO 0 to 20%, SiO2 63 to 78%, and A12O3 0 to 10%, has been determined. The results on 116 individual determinations are given. Devitrite is the primary phase in very few glasses. Several glasses were found which cannot be devitrified. A comparison of devitrification temperatures of calcite and dolomite‐lime glasses is made.
ANALYSIS OF HIGH‐ALUMINA CLAYS BY THE THERMAL METHOD*
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Six samples of clay from Dutch Guiana were analyzed chemically and thermally to determine the silica, the alumina, and the clay minerals present. The thermal method gives excellent quantitative results with a precision of 3 or 4% on clays of this type. Thermal curves are also shown for a few other hydrated iron minerals as data on these were not previously available.
REVIEW OF THE RELATION OF DENSITY AND REFRACTIVE INDEX TO THE COMPOSITION OF GLASS: I *
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Safford Hurd W. , Silverman Alexander
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The density, refractive index, and specific refractivity and their relationship to the composition of glass are discussed. The subject is treated from the standpoint of additive properties based on composition both as to linear and collective or complex functions. Not only are these applied in the rapid checking of constancy of composition in practice but also from the standpoint of possible changes in properties through partial changes of individual components. There is the further possibility of tying up constitution with composition so that a structural analysis may result. The article serves as a review of existing literature and elaborates the possibility of expansion of published data.
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POROSITY IN REFRACTORY MATERIALS *
Authors: Seil Gilbert E. , Tucker Bradford S. , Dheiligman H. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The construction and operation of a mercury volumeter suitable for determining the volume of a composite sample of refractory grains is described. Porosity determinations by the method described are accurate within ∼0.15%. Convenient volume‐density‐porosity conversion charts are included.
USE OF CAST ALUMINA REFRACTORIES IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY *
Authors: Baumann H. N. , Turner A. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The development of cast alumina refractories is briefly described, and the physical and chemical properties of three types of high‐alumina, fusion‐cast refractories that have proved commercially successful are given. Such properties as microstructure and glass‐refractory interface reactions are discussed, and the use of these refractories with several different types of glass is described.
CONCENTRATION OF FELDSPATHIC WASTE FROM A TITANIUM MINE NEAR ROSELAND, VIRGINIA *
Authors: Smith D. I. , O'mbaea R. G. , McVay T. N.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The beneficiation of the feldspathic waste from a titanium mine near Roseland, Virginia, is discussed. This waste, which is mainly sodic plagioclase, quartz, and an iron‐bearing mineral, gedrite, contains about 5.3% of Fe2O3. By magnetic concentration, 73% of the feed was recovered in a feldspar‐quartz mixture with an iron content of 0.81% of Fe2O3. From this nonmagnetic product, between 85% and 90% of the feldspar with an iron content of 0.41 to 0.52% of Fe2O3 was recovered by agglomerate tabling and flotation. Examination of the feldspar concentrate, however, showed that iron stains and iron‐bearing impurities of microscopic size in the feldspar prevented the separation of a feldspar concentrate with less than 0.36% of Fe2O3.
PETROGRAPHIC AND CERAMIC PROPERTIES OF PENNSYLVANIAN SHALES OF ILLINOIS*
Authors: Grim Ralph E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Coal Measures shales, which are widespread in Illinois, are used extensively as a ceramic raw material. Ceramic determinations are given for a large number of shales to illustrate the wide range in their properties. The mineral composition, base‐exchange capacity, and textural characteristics are presented for the same shales, and the relation of these characteristics to the ceramic properties of the shales is analyzed.
TESTS FOR THE CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF BOTTLES*
Authors: Lieebmann A. J. , Rosenblatt M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

(1) A description is given of a reliable and reproducible analytical method for testing the small amount of alkali derived from the glass by titration. (2) The magnitude and type of extraction of various commercial glasses by neutral alcoholic liquids during the accelerated test are determined, and a method of sealing alcoholic liquids in bottles during tests run above the boiling point is described. (3) The conditions of the test are determined for extracting alkali of the same order of magnitude as in (2), with water used as a leaching medium. (4) A correlation of the results on accelerated tests with visible flaking phenomena is presented. (5) The use of a dispersion function, as measured by standard deviation, to judge the results of an accelerated test is indicated.
INVESTIGATION OF FISH‐SCALE PHENOMENA*
Authors: Higgins W. W. , Deringer W. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Some of the characteristics of fish scaling are discussed, and the writers establish the fact that fish scaling is always accompanied by the evolution of gas. Three factors, which were believed to influence the tendency to fish scale and which were investigated, are (1) the base metal: the metallurgy of the steel and the effect of cold‐working on steel; (2) the clay in the enamel: the effects of various types of clays on fish scaling; and (3) the furnace atmosphere: the effects of various furnace atmospheres and of water vapor in the furnace atmosphere.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CATALYSTS ON CONVERSION OF QUARTZ TO CRISTOBALITE AND TRlDYMlTE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. , Lin Cho‐Yuan
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The action of a considerable number of pure oxides, fluorides, chlorides, borates, phosphates, carbonates, and other compounds and of certain mixtures, as well as the effect of several minerals in promoting or accelerating the inversion of quartz to cristobalite and tridymite at temperatures between 1000 and 1500°C. has been studied. Alkali oxides are found to be superior to all other substances, and they are effective in amounts of less than 0.1%. Acid oxides, such as BIOs or Plot., seem to have little or no value as catalysts for this inversion. Possible mechanisms for the inversion process are presented, and some applications of controlled inversion in the heat treatment of ceramic bodies are mentioned. A few data are also given on the temperature of the “low‐high’ change in cristobalite.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: PREPARATION OF A PURIFIED KAOLINITE SUSPENSION, I*
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A method of preparing clean clay suspensions is described. Organic matter is removed by hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide digestion, followed by an electro‐dialysis treatment to remove other inorganic salts and to prepare a clay‐water suspension. After NaOH is added, viscosity and titration values are given for (a) a regular water‐washed Florida clay, (b) the same clay after electrodialysis, and (c) the same clay after a thorough cleaning according to the method described. If the sample contains lignite, a clean clay exhibits rheopexy at certain concentrations of NaOH.
THERMAL AND MOISTURE EXPANSION OF KAOLINS AND BODIES FIRED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Teiiemecke H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Thermal‐expansion and moisture‐expansion determinations were made on four kaolins of the Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and English types alone and on typical semivitreous, hotel china, and electrical porcelain bodies embodying each of these kaolins after being fired at cones 6, 9, and 11. The Georgia and Florida kaolins and bodies showed surprisingly similar expansion characteristics. The general order of decreasing thermal expansion and increasing moisture expansion of the kaolins at all three firing treatments was Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and English china. The semivitreous bodies at cones 6 and 9 showed the same order of expansion as the kaolins alone, but at cone 11 the thermal expansion of the English china clay body was the highest and the North Carolina kaolin body next in order. Moisture expansion of the bodies at cone 11 was found to be a function of the absorption, regardless of the kaolin used with no expansion obtaining at zero absorption. Mixtures of clay, flint, and feldspar, given an autoclave treatment after being fired to cones 6 and 9, showed that feldspar additions increased moisture expansion. When these mixtures were dehydrated at different temperatures, the data obtained were insufficient to confirm any theory on the nature of moisture expansion in a porous ceramic body.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILICATE FLUXES IN THE CRYSTALLINE AND GLASSY STATES*
Authors: Orcowski H. J. , Koenig C. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A general investigation was made of the thermal expansion of various silicate fluxes The fluxes considered in the crystalline (anisotropic) and glassy (isotropic) states. were ten feldspars, two nepheline syenites, anorthosite, aplite, and lepidolite.
EFFECT OF REPEATED WETTING AND DRYING ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CLAY BODY*
Authors: Morgan W. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Specimens of fine‐grained, red‐firing clay, which had been fired to temperatures corresponding to various stages of vitrification, were subjected to 200 cycles each of wetting at 100°F. and drying at 100°F. and 60% of relative humidity. This treatment, simulating weathering in mild climates, caused (1) a permanent gain in weight which was greater for the softer specimens; (2) a moisture expansion for the softer specimens but none for those near vitrification; (3) a fairly uniform decrease in modulus of elasticity for all specimens; and (4) a decrease in modulus of rupture for the softer specimens but an increase in strength for those that were completely vitrified. The data indicate that moisture expansion and a decrease in strength of soft‐fired clay bodies, caused by repeated wetting and drying, may be eliminated by proper vitrification.
FACTORS AFFECTING REFLECTANCE*
Authors: Hutchison Clark , Nelson Forrest w.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study was made to determine the factors that should be considered to get maximum reflectance with a given enamel. The increased reflectance obtained by fine grinding varies according to the kind of frit and opacifier used, and it was found that the proper combination of frit and opacifier is essential in developing effective reflectance. The writers conclude that the efficiency of the opacifiers varies according to the amount used; the method of blending the frits is an important factor; and the kind of clay used in the mill addition affects the degree of reflectance.
X‐RAY STUDY OF LIME‐PHOSPHATE AND LIME‐BORATE GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J. , Pincus A. G. , Smith C. S. , Warren B. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

X‐ray diffraction patterns have been made of two lime‐phosphate glasses with compositions of 23% and 28% of CaO by weight, and of one lime‐borate glass with 25% of CaO. Fourier analyses of these patterns were carried out, and the radial distribution curves were plotted. In the lime‐phosphate glasses, each phosphorus is tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygens at a distance of 1.57 A, and each oxygen is bonded to either 1 or 2 phosphorus atoms. The calcium ions, Ca++, are situated in the holes in the phosphorus‐oxygen network and have about 7 oxygen neighbors. In the lime‐borate glass, some of the borons are triangularly bonded to 3 oxygens, and the others are tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygens.
FACTORS AFFECTING SAGGING TESTS ON ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Sams J. E. , McGohan William , Canfield J. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A method is described by which sagging tests may be made and the determinations may be duplicated with considerable accuracy. The effect of different furnaces is noted as well as such factors as furnace size, temperature and its control, width of samples, enamel coating, time of testing, size of sample, and metal composition.
COMPOSITIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SOME HIGH‐TITANIA CERAMICS*
Authors: Navias Louis
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The compositions are given for high‐titania ceramic bodies which mature at cone 10. One series contains calcium titanium silicate as an essential flux, and the other series contains alkali‐free titania glasses. Electrical measurements cover the range of 60, 1000, and 1,000,000 cycles for both power factor and dielectric constant. Detailed consideration is given to the type of electrodes used. The properties covering dielectric strength, temperature coefficient of capacity, effect of humidity, and thermal expansion are given for one composition. An X‐ray diffraction pattern of this body shows the formation of rutile crystals.
STUDY OF EUTECTIC FLUXES IN SEMIVITREOUS AND VITREOUS WHITEWARE BODIES*
Authors: Austin C. R. , Brooks S. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Frits of oxides of lithium, barium, calcium, and magnesium combined with calcined alumina and pulverized flint were substituted for feldspar in a dry‐press whiteware body. Three series of bodies were studied which contained (1) about one half the normal RO content, (2) the normal RO content, and (3) about three times the normal RO content. Firing behavior and mechanical properties of the various bodies in the vitreous and semi‐vitreous range were determined, and the results are reported in this paper.
TANTALUM GLASS: K2O‐Ta2O5‐SiO2 SERIES*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Silverman Alexander
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The partial molal volume and refractivities, based on the Gladstone‐Dale and Lorentz‐Lorenz formulas of potassia‐tantala‐silica glasses, have been evaluated from experimental data of density and refractive index. Equations and constants are available for the calculation of volume and refractivities from composition, and the density and refractive index may therefore be computed. The interionic distances of Ta‐O, Si‐O, and K‐O, calculated from the refractivity data, agree favorably with known measured values. Tantala, as compared with silica and phosphorus pentoxide, is a poor “network former.” The high ratio of oxygen to tantalum and the relatively large Ta‐O distance result in the formation of new singly bonded oxygens and a glass that is loose in structure. The range of composition, which was limited by a fixed melting temperature (1400° C), extends from 21 to 38% of potassium oxide, 5 to 36% of tantala, and 39 to 71% of silica.
COLLOID CHEMISTRY IN CERAMICS*
Authors: Hauser E. A.
Published: June 2006

Introduction

Mr. Chairman, Fellows of The American Ceramic Society, Members, and guests! I consider it a great honor to have been invited to deliver before this gathering the Edward Orton, Jr., Memorial Lecture for 1941. That your choice has fallen on me, neither a ceramist by profession nor a specialized ceramic chemist or physicist, makes me even more proud, and I therefore want to thank you from the bottom of my heart.

I come here not to offer you a lecture on recent developments in ceramics, a topic which undoubtedly will be handled in the course of your Meeting by more competent men, but to lay before you in simple form a few fundamental colloid chemical and physical concepts which have a direct bearing on basic problems in ceramics.

This consideration of why and where colloid chemical reasoning and research have become a science indispensable for progressive developments in ceramics is the greatest tribute to the memory of Edward Orton, Jr., who pioneered in the United States in the importance of scientific research in ceramics.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF CHROME AND MAGNESIA REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Seil Gilbert E. , Heck Frank G. , Heiligman H. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The previous work in the field is surveyed, the method of preparing the samples is described, and chemical, petrographic, and screen analyses and photomicrographs of the samples are presented. Specific‐heat determinations were made by the method of mixtures in a calorimeter using carbon tetrachloride; the calorimeter and the auxiliary equipment are described; and the procedures for determining the heat capacity of the calorimeter system and for the specific heats of the test samples are given in detail. The results are summarized, tabulated, and compared with published data. In addition to the bibliography of the papers mentioned in the article, an additional section (Section B), which served as a background for the study, is included.
ELECTROLYTICAL REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM BY AMMONIUM IN GLASS*
Authors: Kreidl Norbert J. , Trumm Bruce F. , Scott Roger F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A review is given of the exchange of ions (1) in glasses containing water, (2) on the hydrated surfaces of ordinary glasses, and (3) in commercial glasses with and without the application of an electrical field, and it is shown that the ammonium ion offers unique features. It may be electrolytically introduced into soda glasses without impairing their structure as much as other ions. Because of the volatility of ammonium compounds, it may be removed easily, leaving a glass of higher silica content. Such glasses could be obtained in some experiments, but the soda probably cannot be entirely removed.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR STUDYING FINE TEXTURE OF CERAMIC AND OTHER SURFACES*
Authors: Adams F. W. , Devol Lee , Letner H. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The fine texture of various hard surfaces can be measured easily by using a tracing point and an optical lever in a profilograph of new design. Variations in the surface of 0.000001 in. may be detected and topographic or relief maps can be prepared at magnifications up to 6000 X. The high accuracy is obtained with no more difficult machine work than the simultaneous lapping of two tapered bearings mounted on the same shaft. By supporting the tracing point and its mirror on torsion elements of special design, the instrument is rendered relatively insensitive to vibration and is given an unusually high resolving power. The kind of results obtained is illustrated by profilograms of chalkboards having varying writing and erasing characteristics and by a topography of a ground glass surface.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DRY‐BEADING DEFECTS*
Authors: Whitesell R. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of milling and of application variables on the dry‐beading defects of two types of kitchenware enamels was determined. The tearing adjacent to the bead was influenced by the same factors that govern the usual tearing encountered in all enamels. The extent of blistering was controlled by the quantity and nature of the soluble salts deposited in the water line. Potassium carbonate was a primary cause of blistering. Under certain conditions, however, the addition of sodium nitrite or sodium thiosulfate either to the cover enamel or to the beading enamel eliminated blistering.
PHOSPHATES IN CERAMIC WARE: II, ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN BONE CHINA*
Authors: Weyl Woldemar A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Based on the behavior of phosphates in silicate melts, a possible picture of the constitution of bone‐china bodies is presented. The characteristic features are the formation of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite as the chief constituents of the rigid framework and of a glass high in lime having a higher refractive index than the glassy matrix of normal porcelain bodies. The translucency, the whiteness, and certain characteristic defects of bone china may be explained on this basis.
CAUSE OF PINHOLES AND SOME RELATED DEFECTS IN ENAMEL COATINGS ON CAST IRON*
Authors: Zapffe C. A. , Sims C. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The confusion in identifying hydrogen as the predominating cause of certain defects in enamel on cast iron has been due largely to the close association of carbon and hydrogen in cast iron and steel. The principal relation of carbide and graphite to enameling defects is the release of hydrogen from the carbon during enamel firing. The much‐discussed “chill layer” therefore is important chiefly because this layer often contains hydrogen that is bound to the carbon in the cementite. Experiments show that when hydrogen is absent, regardless of the depth or nature of the surface chill, no pinholing or blistering results during firing at 725°C.

Sources of the hydrogen that causes the defacement are found chiefly in melting and in casting. The low oxygen pressure of molten cast iron favors hydrogen absorption. Moisture in the atmosphere, in the charge, or chemically combined in the rust on scrap provides the greatest quantities of the gas, and moisture and organic materials in the mold are also prolific sources of hydrogen for absorption by the iron. At ordinary temperatures, rusting is often harmful.

Flushing the melt with a dry, hydrogen‐free gas, such as nitrogen, removes the dissolved hydrogen, and defects during subsequent enameling will not occur unless hydrogen is obtained later from other sources.

Chipping phenomena probably are caused chiefly by hydrogen effusion, just as are analogous defects in sheet‐steel enameling.
SUMMARY OF WORK ON ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT IN GLASS*
Authors: Warren B. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The present picture of the atomic arrangement in glass has developed from four kinds of information, namely, the laws of crystal chemistry, the X‐ray diffraction study of glass, the various measured physical properties of glass, and the kinds of materials and the ranges of composition in which glassforming properties exist. X‐ray diffraction studies establish the predominant type of bonding in the glass, for example, the tetrahedral bonding in silicate glasses. Secondary structural features such as those which change with annealing or conditioning do not show up in the X‐ray pattern. Most of the proposed structures are those which are suggested and are partially substantiated by X‐ray studies, those which fit the laws of crystal chemistry, and those which seem best able to explain the physical properties of the glass.

The preliminary theory of immiscibility in glass systems has been extended to include a consideration of the temperature dependence. A study of thermal expansion in terms of the number of glassforming bonds allows a simple correlation between thermal expansion coefficients in the silica‐boric oxide and the soda‐boric oxide systems. The same kind of considerations used in discussing immiscibility may be used to give a quantitative treatment of the change in the coordination number of the boron atom when boric oxide is present with soda.
CORD ANALYSIS*
Authors: Turnbull J. C. , Ghering L. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Results on the separation of inhomogeneities in bottle glass by density differences have been improved by changes in technique and apparatus. The accuracy of chemical analysis has been increased by taking larger samples for analysis, although they represent smaller fractions of the glass. The new centrifuge is equipped with windows and a stroboscopic light so that the movement of the suspended particles may be observed as the separation takes place. It is thus possible to obtain a curve which gives the distribution in density of the particles of the powdered glass. This curve and the analysis of the fractions of the powder of extreme densities have shown considerable value in the interpretation of the causes of cordy glass. The density distribution curves, composition differences, and case histories of several bottle glass cords are discussed.
PLASTIC AND DRYING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN CLAYS AS INFLUENCED BY ELECTROLYTE CONTENT*
Authors: Henry E. C. , Siefert A. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Electrodialyzed samples of several clays were saturated at pH 7 with various cations, and measurements were made to determine the effect of these cations on the workability and drying behavior of the clays. Excellent correlations were noted between the influence of these ions on clays in the plastic state and their behavior in causing flocculation or denocculation of dilute suspensions of clay. The results should be valuable for such industrial forming processes as throwing, jiggering, hot pressing, and extruding.
RELATION OF THE PARTICLE SIZES OF THE FRIT AND COLOR OXIDES TO THE COLOR PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Cook Ralph L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of variations in the particle size of typical green and blue color stains in sized fractions of a representative clear frit was studied. Microscopic examinations were made of the sized fractions, and photomicrographs of the respective fields are presented. The color characteristics of the enameled panels were determined on a continuously recording spectrophotometer. Frit particles of 45 to 75 μ, combined with color particles of less than 5μ, were found to give the optimum or most efficient color characteristics, and color particles larger than 5 μ, seriously impaired the resulting color.
EFFECT OF GLAZE FILM ON PROPERTIES OF A VITREOUS CHINA BODY*
Authors: Bell W. C. , Koenig J. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Individual thermal‐expansion measurements in conjunction with the tuning fork and ring glaze‐fit tests have been used to establish the relation between glaze stress and its effect on the physical properties of a glazed vitreous body.
SECONDARY EXPANSION OF HIGH‐ALUMINA REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Hall James L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Several mixtures of raw and calcined diaspore and bauxite with raw and calcined fire clays were prepared and fired at 2700°F. Specimens were refired at higher temperatures, and the linear changes were determined. Bodies composed of high‐alumina grog and fire clay expand in the refire, whereas specimens of fire‐clay grog that are bonded with ground raw diaspore exhibit shrinkage. The cause of the secondary expansion and shrinkage of these bodies is discussed.
PLASTICITY OF CLAYS*
Authors: Hauser E. A. , Johnsont A. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A theoretical discussion is presented on the plasticity of clays from a colloid‐physical standpoint and based on modern concepts of the nature and source of the charges associated with the colloidal system.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF PORCELAINENAMEL*
Authors: JOHNSEN A. M. , CANFIELD J. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining whether iron oxide affected the tensile strength of enamel. The results indicate that ferric oxide appreciably reduces the enamel strength and ferrous oxide may have an even greater effect. The possible relation of chipping of the enamel to the iron oxide content is noted.
EFFECT OF TIN IN GOLD RUBY GLASS*
Authors: Veazie F. M. , Weyl W. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The century‐old use of tin compounds in the preparation of gold ruby, copper ruby, and silver yellow is based not on reduction phenomena but on its specific influence on the solubility of these metals in glass.
SURVEY OF LITERATURE ON SLAG TESTS FOR REFRACTORY MATERIALS*
Authors: Hurst T. L. , Read E. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A survey of the literature for the period 1932 through 1940 on the subject of slag tests for refractory materials is presented. This survey supplements similar reviews of Ferguson and of Simpson.

A classified index to methods of testing and means for evaluating slag attack on refractories is also presented. This key has been prepared from references which appear in the present survey and also in the two previous articles.

All of the references cited are to be found in the appended Bibliography.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON SOME PROPERTIES OF BALL CLAYS*
Authors: Burdick M. D. , Meyer W. W. , Klinefelter T. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Two English and six American ball clays, representative of the ball clays in use in the whiteware industry, were tested to determine certain properties including plasticity, bulk specific gravity, volume shrinkage, transverse strength, and apparent porosity. The tests were conducted to observe the effect of electrodialysis and replacement of the cations which had been adsorbed by the clays in their natural state with other cations. Of the various cations substituted, Na+ and K+ were the most effective in altering certain physical properties such as plasticity and strength.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: IV, SURFACE AREA AND ITS EFFECT ON EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF KAOLINITE*
Authors: Johhson A. L. , Lawrence W. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Six monodisperse fractions of kaolinite were prepared, and the exchange capacity was determined from the viscosity relations on additions of NaOH to the electrodialyzed fractions. A linear relationship is shown to exist between the surface area and the base‐exchange capacity for all of the sizes studied.
STRUCTURE OF SODIUM BORATE GLASSES AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Johnson H. C. , Kraehenbuehl J. O.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A series of sodium borate glasses, varying from 0 to 30% of Na2O in chemical composition and containing 0.1% of cobalt oxide as coloring agent, was prepared by melting in platinum and casting disks of proper size for measurement of spectral transmission up to the softening temperature of the glass. A General Electric automatic recording photoelectric spectrophotometer was used for the measurements. The change in color of the chromophore was correlated with the structures of the glasses, which have been deduced by Biscoe and Warren. Measurements made at higher temperatures indicated that abrupt changes in spectral transmission occurred near the transformation temperatures of the various glasses. Transmission curves of glasses at room temperature showed variations at about 15% of Na2O, which were correlated with the known breaks in physical properties of these glasses occurring near this composition. Theoretical deductions indicated that stable configurations in the glasses should exist near those compositions containing 10 and 20% of Na2O.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Contribution of the General Research Laboratory, Owens‐Illinois Glass Company
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In two base glasses, the first containing 16% of sodium oxide, 10% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, and the second with 14% of sodium oxide, 12% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, iron oxide was systematically substituted for (a) Na2O, (b) CaO·MgO, and (c) SiO2 in amounts of 1, 3, and 5%. The effects of these substitutions on such properties as liquidus temperature, viscosity, deformation temperature, fiber softening point, density, coefficient of expansion, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and distilled water, arc presented.
DECAY OF VIBRATION PHENOMENA OF GLASS BARS*
Authors: McCann Joe G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to correlate the decay of vibration of glass bars with their chemical composition. The moduli of decay of four commercial glasses were determined by a photographic method which employed an oscillograph to provide a graphic representation of the audible tone emitted by the bars when they were set in vibration.

By using bars of identical cross section and different lengths, data were obtained showing the relation of length to modulus of decay. The effect of disannealing on the modulus of decay was also investigated.
INFLUENCE OF FLINT PARTICLE SIZE ON PERMANENT MOISTURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION IN POROUS EARTHENWARE BODIES*
Authors: Palmer W. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Four progressively finer grain‐size distributions of flint were prepared, incorporated iii talc‐pyrophyllite and clay‐flint‐feldspar bodies, and fired at cone 9. The permanent moisture expansion, thermal expansion, and crazing resistance of these bodies were determined. Moisture expansion was found to decrease as flint particle size decreased, whereas thermal expansion increased as flint particle size decreased. A pronounced increase occurred in the thermal expansion of talc‐pyrophyllite bodies between 100° and 200°C. as flint particle size decreased.
EFFECT OF SULFUR AND REDUCING GASES ON A SEMIVITREOUS DINNERWARE GLAZE AND DECALCOMANIA DECORATION*
Authors: Machattie I. J. W. , Westmant A. E. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A description is given of difficulties encountered in a pottery manufacturing semi‐vitreous ware following a change‐over from natural to manufactured gas. Laboratory investigations showed that exposure to traces of reducing gases for very short periods in the glost firing produced blistered ware and that decalcomania decoration was given a mat appearance when it was exposed to traces of sulfur compounds in the range of 1200° to 1600°F.
CALCULATION OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF FELDSPAR BY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: KOENIG E. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Formulas are given for the determination of the percentage amounts of microcline, albite, anorthite, kaolinite, muscovite, and free quartz in feldspars.
TESTING AND IMPROVING THE DRYING BEHAVIOR OF CLAYS*
Authors: Schurecht Y H. G. , McMahon J. F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A simple test has been developed to measure the drying behavior of clays by noting the relative rate of flow of water through the clays as compared with the rate of evaporation from the surface. The addition of 0.2% of various chemicals to clays improved their drying properties. No one chemical was best for all of the clays, but the most effective chemicals varied in their reaction on different clays. Iron chloride exerted beneficial effect on most of the clays. A wetting agent, such as sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, or soda ash, also improved the drying properties of certain clays.
STRENGTH OF BOTTLES AS AFFECTED BY LIMITATIONS OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES*
Authors: Preston F. W.
Published: June 2006

Letter of Transmittal

This paper is part of the proceedings of the Standard Testing Procedure Committee of the Glass Container Association of America. The reasons that caused the Committee to ask for a more or less formal statement of what was known on this subject will be apparent from the paper itself. The members of the Committee, namely, Mr. Bowes, Mr. Flint, Mr. Hiller, Mr. Lyon, and Mr. Roche, as well as Mr. Hendrickson, Mr. Lester, myself, and various others associated with the Committee, have read the paper and offered criticisms Although we do not necessarily, either as individuals or as a Committee, concur in all that is said, we believe that the paper offers a new approach to some difficult problems connected with strength, a primary concern of the Committee, and that it may act as a basis for industrial advances or for further contributions by others outside the Committee.
STUDIES CORRELATING BOTTLING LINE WITH PRESSURE TEST BREAKAGE*
Authors: Herman A. , Kindsvater H. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not the Preston hydrostatic pressure machine, modified so that an initial pressure of 25 lb. per sq. in. may be obtained, is capable of predicting bottling‐line production breakage by pressure tests on samples of the bottles in use. The quart and fifth‐gallon bottles investigated were round, whereas the pint and half‐pint bottles were of the flask type.

Correlating data between production and the percentage of test breakage for quart and pint bottles are significant, and data for fifth gallons, although less significant, are definitely positive. Half‐pint data yielded no significant relationship between the percentage of production breakage to test breakage, but this is probably the result of abnormal bottling‐line conditions.

A method of determining the range of production breakage percentage to that of test breakage by the use of the standard error of estimate is described.
CAN SILICON TAKE A SIX‐FOLD COORDINATION IN GLASS?*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Silverman Alexander
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A six‐fold coordination for silicon in a certain type of synthetic crystal has been reported in the literature. A theory of partial formation of six‐fold coordination for silicon in glass has been advanced after the atomic sizes, composition of the glasses, valence rules, and experimental facts are given consideration.
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON COLOR OF GLASS*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Ottoson Axel C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This study was restricted to soda‐lime‐silica glasses which contain various agents used as decolorizers in glass, such as manganese, arsenic, antimony, cerium, and neodymium oxides and metallic selenium.

The prepared glass samples were exposed to the radiation from a quartz‐mercury lamp, to sunlight, or to X radiation. Vistlal observation was supplemented by quantitative measurements of the color changes, using a General Electric automatic recording photoelectric spectrophotometer.

Glasses which contain antimony discolor less readily than similar arsenic‐bearing glasses, and cerium, lead, and iron oxides in sufficient amounts minimize the discoloration due to light. Samples exposed to X radiation are usually discolored to a yellowish brown, except in the case of some cerium and iron‐bearing glasses which were practically unaffected by the same treatment.

A discussion of the results and those of other investigators is given.
HEAT‐OF‐WETTING VALUES OF UNFIRED AND FIRED CLAYS*
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Fréchette V. D.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The heats of welting of unfired and fired clay minerals were measured on samples of montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite types of clays. Autoclaved and unautoclaved samples of fired clays were studied. These data were obtained as a contribution to the knowledge of changes taking place in fired clayware through exposure to water vapor.
HEAT‐OF‐WETTING VALUES OF UNFIRED AND FIRED CLAYS*
Authors: Nelson McDonald S. , Ralston Robert R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The construction and operation of a high‐temperature electric load‐test furnace are described. Temperatures to 1900°C. can be obtained with a spiral graphite heating element which has reasonable voltage and current characteristics. Neither a vacuum nor a special atmosphere is used inside the furnaces. Life and operating data are given.
EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES IN THE SYSTEM FeO‐AI2O3,‐SiO2*
Authors: Snow R. B. , McCaughey W. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Equilibrium relationships on the liquidus surface in the system Fe0‐Al2O3SiO2 have been established by a modified quenching procedure. The crystal phases which separate from melts heated in iron crucibles are fayalite (2FeO·SO2), hercynite (FeO·Al2O3), tridymite and cristobalite (SiO2), mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), corundum (Al2O3), and wastite (approximately FeO). A considerable portion of this system is liquid at 1400°C. Diagrams show the isotherms and the index of refraction of the glasses formed.

Two quintuple points have been established in this investigation. One point is at the composition, SiO2 42% by weight, Al2O313%, and FeO 45%, and is a eutectic involving the phases fayalite, hercynite, and tridymite at 970°C. ± 200C. The preferred composition of the second quintuple point is 48% of SO2, 23% of Al2O3, and 29% of FeO; it is a peritectic, and the crystal phases are mullite, hercynite, and tridyrnite. Crystallization from this melt without a change in the weight composition calls for the resorption of mullite at a temperature of 1100°C. ±20°C.
MOLYBDENUM IN ENAMELS: II, ADHERENCE PRODUCED WITH SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE MOLYBDATES*
Authors: Kautz Karl
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The experiments made with the molybdates of ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, barium, lead, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, and cerium as mill additions to vitreous enamels are described. The properties of these compounds and their behavior as mill additions with or without the addition of antimony compounds are given, and typical smelter batches and mill batches are also included.
IMMEDIATE NEED FOR RESEARCH IN STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY*
Authors: Stevens Douglas F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Present world conditions and their effect on the structural clay products industry are described. New products and new methods must be dcvcloped to meet the increased competition of noiiceraiiiic products. Extensive research on materials, equipment, proccsscs, and products is needed immediately if this industry is to meet these rapidly changing conditions.
EFFECT OF FIRING TREATMENT ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DRY‐PROCESS ENAMELS *
Authors: Mccollom Perry C. , Danielson R. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The relations between the firing treatment and physical properties of some commercial, antimony‐bearing dry‐process enamels for cast iron were studied. These properties include opacity and resistance to surface abrasion for both acid‐resistant and regular enamels and acid resistance of the acid‐resistant types. In contrast to wetprocess enamels for sheet steel, these dry‐process enamels were found to be little affected by the extreme variations in firing which might be encountered in ordinary practice.
EFFECT OF SET OF ENAMELS ON HYDROMETER READINGS OF THE SLIP *
Authors: Cook H. L. , Wolff C. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The operation in enameling that is the most difficult to control is the setting up of enamels for dipping. The difficulty occurs because there has been no practical accurate method for measuring the set of the enamel. Practical experience shows that viscosity is not an indication of the set or of the dipping weight. The method presented consists in determining the apparent specific gravity of the enamel slip with true value for the specific gravity. Calculations give a numerical value for the value of the set or yield point. The measurements are accurately reproducible, and dipping weights have been found to correlate quite well with the results given of tests in laboratory and plants.