bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal imaging for detecting temperature changes within the rheumatoid foot
Authors: Gizińska Małgorzata , Rutkowski Radosław , Szymczak-Bartz Lucyna , Romanowski Wojciech , Straburzyńska-Lupa Anna
Published: April 2020

The study reports the development of a thermal imaging method suitable for the screening and differentiation of joint inflammation in the rheumatoid foot of patients in comparison with the control group of healthy participants. The study included 81 patients, with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 39 healthy volunteers without any signs or symptoms of inflammation. The feet joints were examined by ultrasonography, and the surface temperature of the dorsal side of the foot was measured using a thermovision camera. Significant differences in mean temperatures between the study group and the control group were found. At the same time, there were no statistically significant differences between the mean temperatures in the left and right foot in any of the designated regions in the study and control group. The comparison of average temperatures of joints with or without inflammation, according to ultrasonography, did not show significance except for two joints. Despite the lack of statistical differences in the recorded temperatures, changes in the form of spikes, hot spots, and gradation of the temperatures during screening were observed. Screening analysis of the temperature distribution of the foot can aid in the diagnosis of RA and in the evaluation of the development of the disease. Additional studies must be conducted to confirm the results of this study.
Uniting epistemological perspectives to support contextualized knowledge development
Authors: van der Linden Sara , McKenney Susan
Published: April 2020

The nature of knowledge and how it is developed have been debated in philosophy and research for centuries. In the literature on teachers’ knowledge, two perspectives have been particularly visible. One perspective stresses cognitive processes and deliberate knowledge acquisition. Another perspective stresses the situated nature of teachers’ learning and knowledge development through awareness. This theoretical article proposes that uniting both epistemological perspectives is beneficial for developing teachers’ contextualized knowledge of how to teach at all phases of career development, and especially early on. In so doing, action and reflection are positioned as central to the development of teachers’ knowledge, and affordances from both the deliberate and the aware perspectives are articulated. Specifically, this article explains why uniting the two perspectives supports better sense-making, more refined instructional planning, and more responsive teaching, before offering a united reflection model. These processes are then discussed in the context of video coaching interventions for early-career teachers. After presenting a blueprint for video-based reflection and key design features that could support teachers’ learning, important differences compared to other reflection models are discussed and implications for (the design of) teachers' professional development based upon this united perspective are presented.
Psychometric Validation of the Internet Disorder Scale–Short Form in an Italian Adult Sample
Authors: Soraci Paolo , Ferrari Ambra , Bonanno Enrico , Rosanna De Pace , Repice Emanuela , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: April 2020

Research examining online addictions has conceptualized generalized internet addiction as an “umbrella” term comprising the addictive use of various online activities such as gambling, gaming, pornograpgy consumption shopping, and social media use. This has led to the development of many different psychometric instruments to assess specific forms of online addiction as well as ones that assess disordered internet use more generally. One such scale is the nine-item short-form Internet Disorder Scale (IDS9-SF) based on the DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder. Although the IDS9-SF has been validated in a number of languages, it has not been validated into Italian. Therefore, the present study validated the IDS9-SF utilizing an Italian-speaking sample (N = 1477). Data were initially collected from 963 participants and the sample was equally split to carry out exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the Italian IDS9-SF. Results showed that two items were problematic (i.e., in terms of asymmetry and kurtosis) so a slightly modified Italian IDS9-SF was developed (modifying the two items). Data were then collected from a further 514 participants to test the modified Italian IDS9-SF. The second sample was again equally split, and EFA and CFA were carried out. The modified Italian IDS9-SF was found to be a psychometrically robust measure for assessing the risk of internet disorder among Italian adults.
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Powder Feedstock for Atmospheric Plasma Spray
Authors: Valaker Emil Andre , Mubarok Fahmi , Espallargas Nuria
Published: April 2020

High demands for higher turbine efficiency bring attention to newer and more advanced insulating materials for the high temperature components in the turbine. Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) has shown good insulating properties in the previous published research, such as higher temperature limitation and better resistance to calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicate environmental contaminant penetration than the more conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia systems. Whereas in literature, coatings of YAG are typically prepared by solution deposition processes, in the present work YAG powder has been prepared for more conventional thermal spraying methods. The goal is to show the potential YAG powders have as a thermal barrier coating. Different approaches for obtaining a successful deposition and a good coating have been explored. Small-sized industrial-supplied powder and larger in-house-made powder have been compared, emphasizing the importance of energy used for deposition and crystallinity in the final coating. Highly crystalline material has successfully been produced with F4 atmospheric plasma spray system without post-treatment or substrate heating.
Exploring Cancer Patients’ Experiences of an Online Mindfulness-Based Program: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Glynn Brittany A. , Khoo Eve-Ling , MacLeay Hayley M. L. , Duong An , Cantave Rosemee , Poulin Patricia A.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is a common condition cancer survivors experience. Mindfulness training may be one approach to address the psychosocial factors associated with CNP. The purpose of this study was to understand patients’ experiences in an 8-week online mindfulness-based program (MBP), including techniques and skills learned and applied, barriers to practice, and research experiences.

Methods

Nineteen participants who were part of a randomized controlled trial consented to participate in a telephone interview or submit written responses via email post-course. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the principles of Applied Thematic Analysis (ATA).

Results

Predominant themes identified in participant interviews included (1) common humanity, (2) convenience, (3) teacher resonance, (4) perceived relaxation and calm, (5) pain and stress management, (6) half-day session, and (7) mindful breathing. Participants also identified helpful strategies learned and implemented from the course, as well as barriers to practice, and key components of their experiences in a randomized controlled trial, including a sense of disconnection post-course and needing continued ongoing sessions, and the importance of the facilitators’ skills in creating a comfortable and supportive space.

Conclusions

An online group-based MBP may offer a more accessible resource and form of psychosocial intervention and support for cancer survivors living with CNP. Furthermore, the need and consideration for implementing ongoing group maintenance sessions to minimize participants’ feelings of disconnect and abandonment post-course and post-study are warranted in future MBP development.
Lost in Autonomy – Temporal Structures and Their Implications for Employees’ Autonomy and Well-Being among Knowledge Workers
Authors: Väänänen Ari , Toivanen Minna , Lallukka Tea
Published: April 2020

Conceptual models based on the importance of work autonomy for employees’ health represent important cornerstones in the occupational well-being and work stress literature. The objectives of this study were to 1) explore and understand the temporal conditions framing work among autonomous knowledge professionals, 2) describe how autonomy is experienced in knowledge work jobs, and 3) analyze the implications of current autonomy for well-being in knowledge work. The interview study consisted of 21 women and 13 men who worked in knowledge-intensive jobs in Finland. Analysis of the material shows that knowledge work is structured by different levels of transverse temporal structures: individual and social structures, and organizational and macrolevel structures. This creates a paradoxical nature of autonomy among knowledge workers, characterized by high task autonomy and intense socio-temporal interdependence. One can have strong autonomy and be tied at the same time. Unsynchronized time structures can lead to fragmented work, overwhelming work burden, and higher risk of mental health symptoms. It would therefore be advisable to establish collective temporal structures in organizations that create manageability and predictability. We conclude that models of occupational well-being and work stress should pay more attention to the social structure and temporal interdependencies that characterize knowledge work.
Visualizing a Possible Future: Map Guidelines for a 3D Detailed Development Plan
Authors: Judge Stephanie , Harrie Lars
Published: April 2020

Detailed development plans (DDPs) legally define what can be built on a specific property. A proper visualization of these plans is important to facilitate public participation in the urban planning process. In most countries, visualizations of DDPs are still in the form of static 2D maps, but there is a movement towards 3D interactive maps. This movement could potentially benefit public participation by improving communication of the plan proposal, but it also raises issues concerning the cartographic design. A challenge is that a DDP visualization does not convey whatwillbe built in an area, but rather whatcouldbe built within the legal frame of the DDP. This implies that the uncertainty in the cartographic design needs to be addressed. In this study, we develop (based on literature review) and implement preliminary guidelines of a 3D DDP visualization, including interactivity possibilities to explicitly address the issue of uncertainty in DDP visualization. The preliminary guidelines are evaluated by semi-structured interviews with urban planning professionals, and based on the outcome of these interviews, the guidelines are updated. The movement toward 3D DDP visualizations was stressed by the participants as important for improving the public understanding and participation in the urban planning process, when the appropriate cartography and functionality is applied.
Using Human Rights Law to Inform States' Decisions to Deploy AI
Authors: Murray Daragh
Published: April 2020

States are investing heavily in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, and are actively incorporating AI tools across the full spectrum of their decision-making processes. However, AI tools are currently deployed without a full understanding of their impact on individuals or society, and in the absence of effective domestic or international regulatory frameworks. Although this haste to deploy is understandable given AI's significant potential, it is unsatisfactory. The inappropriate deployment of AI technologies risks litigation, public backlash, and harm to human rights. In turn, this is likely to delay or frustrate beneficial AI deployments. This essay suggests that human rights law offers a solution. It provides an organizing framework that states should draw on to guide their decisions to deploy AI (or not), and can facilitate the clear and transparent justification of those decisions.
The European Response to COVID-19: From Regulatory Emulation to Regulatory Coordination?
Authors: ALEMANNO Alberto
Published: April 2020

Due to its borderless nature, COVID-19 has been a matter of common European interest since its very first detection on the continent. Yet this pandemic outbreak has largely been handled as an essentially national matter. Member States adopted their own different, uncoordinated and at times competing national responses according to their distinctive risk analysis frameworks, with little regard1 for the scientific and management advice provided by the European Union (EU), notably its dedicated legal framework for action on cross-border health threats.2 To justify such an outcome as the inevitable consequence of the EU’s limited competence in public health is a well-rehearsed yet largely inaccurate argument3 that calls for closer scrutiny.
THE RELATION BETWEEN CONFUCIANISM AND CHINESE POLITICS: HISTORY, ACTUALITY, AND FUTURE
Authors: Sun Lei
Published: April 2020

This article analyzes the relation between Confucianism and Chinese politics in the history, actuality, and future. The focus is on the special relationship between Confucianism and Chinese politics. First, the author provides a brief historical reflection on the relationship between Confucianism and Chinese traditional politics and develops three dimensions for such an interpretation. Second, the author explains the need for a Confucian renaissance in contemporary Chinese politics. The article then turns to the contemporary controversy about Confucianism and Chinese politics in mainland China. Jiang Qing's conception of Confucianism as state religion is then juxtaposed with Chen Ming's articulation of Confucianism as civil religion. In conclusion, the author argues that Confucianism should serve as an ethical resource for the state constitution, as well as a resource for social governance and cultivation.
WEIERSTRASS–KENMOTSU REPRESENTATION OF WILLMORE SURFACES IN SPHERES
Authors: DORFMEISTER JOSEF F. , WANG PENG
Published: April 2020

A Willmore surface $y:M\rightarrow S^{n+2}$ has a natural harmonic oriented conformal Gauss map $Gr_{y}:M\rightarrow SO^{+}(1,n+3)/SO(1,3)\times SO(n)$, which maps each point $p\in M$ to its oriented mean curvature 2-sphere at $p$. An easy observation shows that all conformal Gauss maps of Willmore surfaces satisfy a restricted nilpotency condition, which will be called “strongly conformally harmonic.” The goal of this paper is to characterize those strongly conformally harmonic maps from a Riemann surface $M$ to $SO^{+}(1,n+3)/SO^{+}(1,3)\times SO(n)$, which are the conformal Gauss maps of some Willmore surface in $S^{n+2}.$ It turns out that generically, the condition of being strongly conformally harmonic suffices to be associated with a Willmore surface. The exceptional case will also be discussed.
Cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating of Bull Lake and Pinedale moraine sequences in the upper Arkansas River valley, Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Schweinsberg Avriel D. , Briner Jason P. , Licciardi Joseph M. , Shroba Ralph R. , Leonard Eric M.
Published: April 2020

Many formerly glaciated valleys in the western United States preserve detailed glacial features that span the penultimate glaciation through the last deglaciation; however, numerical age control is limited in many of these systems. We report 35 new cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure ages of moraine boulders in the Sawatch Range, Colorado. Eight ages suggest Bull Lake moraines in Lake Creek (range: 132–120 ka, n = 4) and Clear Creek (range: 187–133 ka, n = 4) valleys may correlate with Marine Isotope Stage 6. In Lake Creek valley, 22 10Be ages from Pinedale end moraines average 20.6 ± 0.6 ka, and 5 10Be ages from a recessional moraine average 15.6 ± 0.7 ka, indicating that glaciers occupied two extended positions at ~21–20 and ~16 ka. The glacial extent dated to ~16 ka was nearly as great as that of the earlier glacial phase, suggesting that climate conditions in the Colorado Rocky Mountains at this time were similar to those of the last glacial maximum. Combining these moraine ages with seven previously published 10Be ages from cirque and valley-bottom bedrock reveals that the Lake Creek paleoglacier lost 82% of its full glacial length in ~1.5 ka and was completely deglaciated by ~14 ka.
HERODOTUS 1.66 AND DEMOSTHENES 19.231: THE CASE AGAINST ΕΥΘΗΝΕΟΜΑΙ / ΕΥΘΕΝΕΟΜΑΙ
Authors: Daix David-Artur
Published: April 2020

In Demosthenes’ speechOn the False Embassy(Oration 19), we read an obelized infinitive at §231, †εὐθενεῖσθαι†, ‘to be flourishing’, in an imaginary dialogue designed to captivate and persuade the judges through its striking antitheses and dramatic tone:

— τί οὖν μετὰ ταῦτα;
Jianchuan Bai
Authors: Edmondson Jerold A. , Esling John H. , Shaoni Li
Published: April 2020

The Bai language () is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in northwest Yunnan Province, China. Of the 25 minority languages spoken in Yunnan, where 33% of the population are ethnic minorities and 67% are Han Chinese, the Bai ethnic minority is second in population only to the Yi (Wiersma 1990, 2003; 2010 census). Bai is classified as a Tibeto-Burman language (Xu & Zhao 1964, 1984), although arguments have been raised as to its possible early Sinitic origins (Starostin 1994, 1995). A summary in French reviews Chinese loanwords, ancient Bai, and comparative Bai dialects (Dell 1981). The historical influence of Chinese on Bai has been significant, but evidence is not compelling that Bai is Sinitic (Norman 2003: 73). There are three major dialects of Bái: Jiànchuān (), Dàlĭ (), and Bìjiāng (). The data in this illustration represent the variety of Jianchuan (jian1239, BCA). The third author (), who was about 60 years old at the time of recording, is a male native of the Jianchuan region, originating from QiÁohǒu, a mountain village some 50 km southwest of Jianchuan city – a remote area known for salt mining and where the language has been less influenced by modern Chinese. These locations are indicated on the map of Yunnan (the southwesternmost province of China in an intensely minority-language-populated area) in Figure 1. The traditional geographical link from Qiaohou is to Jianchuan to the north rather than to Dali to the south, and many of the most distinctive characteristics of Jianchuan Bai described here are not found in Dali Bai.
Assignment of Vairimorpha leptinotarsae comb. nov. on the basis of molecular characterization of Nosema leptinotarsae Lipa, 1968 (Microsporidia: Nosematidae)
Authors: Bekircan Çağrı
Published: April 2020

Nosema leptinotarsae Lipa, 1968 is a microsporidian pathogen of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). To determine the phylogenetic status of N. leptinotarsae, the 16S SSU rRNA gene was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. MN841279) and compared phylogenetically against 21 microsporidian 16S SSU rRNA sequences using neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony methods. The per cent identities of the N. leptinotarsae and other members of the Nosema–Vairimorpha clade ranged from 78.1 to 98.5%. Pairwise phylogenetic distances between the N. leptinotarsae and other species ranged from 0.009 to 0.320. Phylogenetic analysis shows clearly that N. leptinotarsae is a member of the Vairimorpha clade rather than the Nosema clade. The sequence divergence and morphological traits separated the N. leptinotarsae from other species in the Vairimorpha complex. As a result, a new assignment of Vairimorpha leptinotarsae comb. nov. has been implemented for N. leptinotarsae according to the phylogenetical positioning in the present study.
Growth hormone response to clonidine stimulation in depressive states — First part of a two-part study —
Authors: Boyer P. , Dàvila M. , Schaub C. , Nassiet J.
Published: April 2020

31 patients presenting a Major Depressive Episode were divided into two groups (endogenous versus neurotic depression), in keeping with the Newcastle criteria (Garside and Roth, 1974). 10 patients were allocated to each group for the realization of a test of growth hormone (GH) response to clonidine stimulation.

The patients received no psychotropes for 8 days prior to the test. Mean age for the neurotic and endogenous groups was respectively 36.67 ± 3.18 years and 44.71 ± 2.56 years. Severity of depression, assessed with the Hamilton rating scale (21 items), was comparable in the two groups (35.35 ± 4.12 versus 39.8 ± 6.13).

The test was carried out in two phases in each patient. During the initial phase, saline was infused over 10 minutes and continuous sampling was realized over a 4-hour period (automatic fraction collector with peristaltic pump), at between 9 AM and 1 PM. 48 hours later, the same procedure was repeated with the addition of 15 µg clonidine. This procedure allowed partial neutralization, for interpretation of results, of the «test apprehension» effect. Assays were carried out by radioimmunoassay (pooled samples), and correspond to real values for 10-minute time intervals (integrated values).

Spontaneous GH secretion in the endogenous group was significantly lower (0.57 ± 0.16 ng/ml) than in the neurotic group (5.03 ± 1.08 ng/ml) and the control group (2.47 ± 0.78 ng/ml). After clonidine stimulation, GH response in the neurotic group was identical to that in the control group. No significant response was observed in the endogenous group. These results confirm those of several previous studies (Matussek, Charney, Checkley, Boyer, Corn, Siever) and seem to indicate hyposensitivity of the post-synaptic α2-adrenergic receptors in endogenous depression. Nevertheless, spontaneous GH hyposecretion in the same patients necessarily involves other mechanisms. The hypotheses concerning these mechanisms will be discussed in the second part of this study.
The phenomenology of depression
Authors: Andreasen N.C. , Grove W.M. , Endicott J. , Coryell W.H. , Scheftner W.A. , Hirschfeld R.M.A. , Keller M.B.
Published: April 2020

While some investigators believe that the concept of depression is a continuum with mild and severe forms reflecting essentially the same entity, most suspect that the concept is instead heterogeneous and consists of a group of discrete subtypes. If this is so, identifying subtypes is a major priority. Ultimately such subtypes must be understood in terms of their underlying neural and even molecular mechanisms. Yet in order to search for such mechanisms, we still must begin with clinical phenomenology.

Two major subtypes of serious depressions have been proposed. Endogenous or melancholic depression is one, while bipolar depression is another. Thinking about both these subtypes tends to assume an underlying biogenic mechanism that is relatively autonomous, although not necessarily free of environmental influences.

This paper examines a series of attempts to identify discrete subtypes of depression. One approach, used in a series of investigations, involves the use of mathematical techniques such as cluster analysis in order to identify phenomenologically similar subgroups within the depressive spectrum. This approach has consistently identified a melancholic or endogenous syndrome. Our attempts to validate the concept of endogenous depression through examining external correlates, such as family history, have been less successful.

An alternate method for subtyping depression stresses that the bipolar subtype represents a discrete form of severe endogenously caused depression. We bave examined the phenomenology of bipolar versus unipolar depression and found it to differ significantly in a number of respects. Thus, endogenous depression and bipolar depression may represent different phenontena.
Agoraphobia with panic attacks and social phobia: a comparative clinical and psychometric study
Authors: Cottraux J. , Mollard E. , Duinat-pascal A.
Published: April 2020

Seventy one agoraphobie patients with panic attacks, and 54 social phobics, diagnosed according to DSM III criteria have been compared. The two groups were balanced for age, sex, and educational level. Statistical comparisons of clinical, and psychometric variables differentiated the two groups. Panic attacks frequency characterized the agoraphobie patients, while very low assertion scores on Radius’ Assertiveness Schedule characterized social phobies. An association with simple phobias was more frequently found in agoraphobic patients. Comparable levels of generalized anxiety and avoidance were found in the two groups. MMPI mean profile was more disturbed in social phobics. Psychasthenia scale, and anxiety index, were significantly higher in social phobics. Social phobias started earlier, but these patients sought treatment later, and took less psychotropic medication. There was no correlation between assertiveness and panic attacks frequency in the two sub-samples. Principal components analysis of MMPI scales and Assertiveness Schedule confirmed the heterogeneity of the two syndromes. Results are discussed in regard of the extensive use of panic attacks as a general model of anxiety.
La version française de l’échelle CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale). Description et traduction de l’échelle d’autoévaluation
Authors: Fuhrer R . , Rouillon F .
Published: April 2020

Cet article court présente la version française de l’échelle CES-D, instrument destiné á être employé en population générale. Les 20 items de l’échelle sont souvent présents chez les déprimés et sont issus d’instruments déjà validés dans la mesure clinique des états dépressifs. L’évaluation repose sur l’état au cours de la semaine précédente et les réponses sont du type jamais, très rarement, à fréquemment, tout le temps. Les études de validation de la version française ont été réalisées chez des malades psychiatriques hospitalisés, chez des malades psychiatriques ambulatoires et en médecine générale. Les instruments auxquels le CES-D a été comparé comportaient la MADRS, les catégories DSM III des troubles affectifs et un diagnostic ouvert de dépression. La note seuil utilisée aux Etats-Unis ne paraît pas être pertinente en France. Les résultats suggèrent une note seuil optimale de 17 pour les sujets masculins, 23 pour les sujets féminins. Nous soulignons qu’à l’heure actuelle ia valeur prédictive de cet instrument pour un sujet individuel n’a pu encore être evaluée.
The effect of Zotepine on productive and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Dieterle D.M. , Ackenheil M. , Kapfhammer H.P. , Müller-Spahn F.
Published: April 2020

Zotepine was studied in 15 schizophrenic patients over a period of 28 days with regard to its antipsychotic efficacy, effect on negative schizophrenic symptoms, tolerability and adverse effects. Nine patients received Zotepine in a high dosage of 230 mg/die±52 mg, 6 patients in a low dosage of 168 mg/die ± 18 mg. Two patients receiving the high dosage dropped out after 21 days because of worsening of symptomatology and suicide attempts. Zotepine had rapid antipsychotic effects with sedative properties during the initial days of treatment. Minimal adverse effects and extra-pyramidal motor disturbances as well as dose-dependent positive effects on negative schizophrenie symptoms were found.
Rythmes Biologiques, Anxiété, Cognition et Sommeil
Authors: Lemoine P.
Published: April 2020

Un des aspects essentiels de la cognition chez l’homme est lié à la qualité de son sommeil qui semble conditionner la fonction de mémorisation aussi bien que d’attention. Il est d’ailleurs remarquable de constater que les molécules hypnotiques peuvent avoir des effets différents sur la cognition, de façon peut-être corrélée à leur action sur les differents stades de sommeil et sûrement liée à la persistance de leurs effets sur la vigilance pendant la journée.

Il est désormais classique de différencier l’anxiété généralisée (AG) de la dépression majeure (DM) par la mise en évidence des variations circadiennes marquées sur les plans clinique, polygraphique, hormonal et physiologique dans la dépression alors qu’une non-rythmicité de l’anxiété généralisée est habituellement revendiquée. Certains rythmes peuvent néanmoins être mis en évidence, bien que de façon moins marquée dans cette pathologie. Ainsi, des variations circadiennes sont souvent notées sur le plan clinique, un maximum d’anxiété et d’attaques de panique se produisant l’après-midi et en début de soirée au moment de l’acmé de la courbe de température centrale. De même, certaines particularités sont notables au niveau de l’analyse des enregistrements polygraphiques de sommeil et des niveaux plasmatiques hormonaux.

Un des faits les plus troublants est de constater une certaine symetrie dans l’expression clinique et polygraphique des troubles dans la dépression majeure et l’anxiété généralisee: la DM est classiquement associée à un réveil très douloureux en milieu de nuit et à une désorganisation de la structure polygraphique du sommeil dans la deuxième partie de la nuit, moments où la température centrale après avoir atteint son niveau minimal amorce une remontée. A l’inverse, l’AG est à son maximum en fin d’après-midi et comporte une insomnie de la première partie de la nuit objectivée par un aspect haché du sommeil observable entre le moment du coucher et le milieu de la nuit, période où la temperature centrale est dans une phase descendante.

Certaines anomalies peuvent être également retrouvées aux niveaux physiologique et biologique. Ces ditférentes observations devraient sans doute, dans l’avenir, susciter des recherches chronobiologiques plus nombreuses et influencer les habitudes de prescription.
Le mérycisme dans les troubles du comportement alimentaire chez le sujet adulte
Authors: Samuel-Lajeunesse B. , Criquillion-Doublet S. , Simon Y. , Foulon C.
Published: April 2020

Le mérycisme, trouble habituellement décrit chez l’enfant, était considéré comme exceptionnel chez l’adulte en dehors de toute pathologie organique gastro-duodénale ou psychiatrique. La découverte de cas chez des Patientes traitées pour troubles du comportement alimentaire a conduit les auteurs à faire une revue de la littérature. Il en ressort que le mérycisme, bien que déjà décrit en association avec d’autres troubles du comportement alimentaire, n’a que très rarement été reconnu. Trois cas cliniques sont exposés. Une approche comportementale et cognitive systématisée a été proposée. Elle associe le rétablissement d’une alimentation quantitativement et qualitativement adaptée, la prise en compte de la dimension cognitive du trouble, la diminution ou la suppression du mérycisme mais également des autres conduites alimentaires telles que la boulimie ou la restriction alimentaire.

En conclusion, les auteurs suggèrent de rechercher systématiquement le mérycisme chez les patients consultant pour trouble du comportement alimentaire et d’évaluer la valeur fonctionnelle de ce symptôme qui, s’il peut être un comportement purement hédonique, semble chez l’adulte constituer une pratique visant à limiter la quantité d’aliments ingérés ou à en réduire les conséquences pondérales. En l’absence de complications œsophagiennes, la éduction de la fréquence et de la durée des périodes de mérycisme apparaît être un objectif thérapeutique raisonnable.
Bouffée délirante et evolution schizophrénique : rôle pronostique de la classification DSM III
Authors: Lazaratou H. , Dellatolas G. , Moreau T. , Chaigneau H.
Published: April 2020

La validité du diagnostic psychiatrique a, depuis toujours, soulevé des objections et des critiques. Malgré tous les progrès récents dans ce domaine, on est encore loin d’une nosologie psychiatrique acceptée par tous les pays. Dans le domaine des psychoses non affectives, les nosologies française et américaine sont différentes. Dans un premier temps les auteurs décrivent les épisodes classées «bouffée délirante aiguë», entité clinique traditionnellement française, au moyen du DSM III. Le reclassement, selon les critères du DSM III, de 55 patients hospitalisés entre 1975 et 1980 avec le diagnostic de bouffée délirante aiguë a abouti à un éclatement de cette entité française dans les 5 entités DSM III suivantes: troubles schizophréniques, troubles schizophréniformes, psychoses atypiques, psychoses réactionnelles brèves, troubles affectifs. Dans un deuxième temps, une évaluation des 2 nosologies, française et américaine, est tentée, sur la base d’informations sur l’evolution à 5 ans, obtenues chez les 55 patients. Pendant cette période l’épisode est resté unique chez 29% des patients, 18% ont présenté une ou plusieurs rechutes sous forme d’épisodes identiques, 36% ont évolué vers la schizophrenic et 16% vers la psychose maniaco-depressive. Parmi les épisodes classés «troubles schizophréniques» par le DSM III, 60% ont évolué vers la schizophrenic. Dans un troisième temps, la sémiologie des épisodes classés «bouffée délirante aiguë» est décrite à l’aide de la Liste Intégrée de Critères d’évaluation Taxinomique pour les psychoses non affectives (LICET-S) afin de rechercher des éléments témoignant ou prédictifs d’une evolution schizophrénique. Les épisodes classés «bouffée délirante aiguë» s’avèrent être de nature et de pronostic très divers; leur description au moyen du DSM III permet de définir des entités plus homogènes, comme le montrent leurs evolutions.
Dépression, modèle unitaire ou binaire ?
Authors: Berner P.
Published: April 2020

La découverte de la folie à double forme a conduit à la supposition que la dépression exprime une maladie. L’observation d’états dépressifs en relation plausible avec des expériences traumatisantes a suggéré l’existence de 2 groupes de troubles dépressifs à étiologie différente, l’un déterminé biologiquement, l’autre psychologiquement. Dans le domaine des dépressions sans origine organique démontrable, cette hypothèse a conduit à la dichotomie : dépression endogène-réactive/névrotique.

On a tenté de différencier ces 2 groupes à l’aide de détails de la symptomatologie, de la personnalité prémorbide, et des circonstances de leur apparition et de leur évolution. Cette séparation catégorielle traditionnelle a souventété mise en question en se basant sur le fait que la plupart des analyses statistiques n’ont pas démontré une distribution bimodale des états dépressifs. La possibilité que des artefacts méthodologiques puissent, soit produire une fausse, soit obscurcir une réelle bimodalité, anime toujours encore les controverses scientifiques. Ainsi, les uns prônent que les dépressions de type endogène et réactive/névrotique ne représentent que différents degrés de sévérité situés sur un même continuum passant sans interruption à la normalité. Ce point de vue, également soutenu par le DSM III-R et le projet de la CIM-IO, a souvent recours à un modèle de vulnérabilité analogue à celui fréquemment mis en avant pour la schizophrénie. Les autres défendent l’approche catégorielle et soulignent que la sévérité n’importe pas dans la séparation des 2 groupes. Parmi le deuxième groupe de chercheurs, certains soutiennent leur opinion à l’appui d’analyses statistiques qui, bien qu’elles ne parviennent pas à identifier un facteur réactif/névrotique distinct, révèlent d’une façon assez convaincante l’existence d’un «profil d’items dépressifs endogènes». D’autres sont de l’avis que la symptomatologie n’est pas souhaitable pour établir des distinctions catégorielles. A ces fins, ils recourent à des marqueurs biologiques, notamment des modifications de biorythmes ou aux particularités du cours de la maladie. L’état actuel de ces discussions est exposé.
Génétique épidémiologique des troubles de l’humeur: une nouvelle voie de recherches?
Authors: Leboyer M. , D’Amato T. , Malafosse A. , Campion D. , Gheysen F.
Published: April 2020

Les récents progrès de la biologie moléculaire offrent l’espoir d’une meilleure compréhension de la composante génétique des maladies mentales, la dépression en particulier. L’accès à un nombre quasiment illimité de marqueurs génétiques polymorphes et couvrant le génome, accroît l’efficacité des techniques de liaison génétique (linkage) qui permettent l’étude de la cotransmission des marqueurs génétiques et du trait clinique dans des familles dont plusieurs membres sont malades. D’ores et déjà, en ce qui concerne les troubles de l’humeur, 2 pistes ont été mises en évidence: celle d’une liaison à l’extrémité distale du bras long du chromosome X (Mendlewicz et al., 1987) et celle d’une liaison à l’extrémité du bras court du chromosome 11 (Egeland et al., 1987). Toutefois, ces résultats n’ont pas été constamment répliqués, ce qui soulève le problème de l’hétérogénéité étiologique des troubles dépressifs.
Intérêts et limites du test de Folstein dans l'évaluation des performances de sujets âgés, non déments et déments, hospitalisés
Authors: Hoff X
Published: April 2020

Le présent article analyse les intérêts et les limites du test de Folstein dans l'évaluation des performances de sujets âgés non-déments hospitalisés. Ce test possède une grande homogénéité interne et l'analyse factorielle permet de dégager des spécificités (mémoire récente, calcul). Les performances sont hautement influencées par l'âge et le niveau socio-professionnel pour accorder au seuil de 23 une valeur critique. Nos résultats convergent vers ceux d'Anthony, sur une population plus âgée. Des réserves doivent être apportées sur les résultats de l'analyse discriminante effectuée. Les commentaires des sujets, lors du passage du test, sont à prendre en considération et devraient être analysés de façon plus approfondie.
Anhédonie et dépression chez les schizophrènes
Authors: Stephanatos G. , Lemperiere T. , Rouillon F. , Lancrenon S.
Published: April 2020

L’anhédonie, incapacité à éprouver du plaisir, a été considérée comme un trouble essentiel et même comme un des fondements possible du processus schizophrénique, mais aucune des nombreuses études cliniques et expérimentales réalisées n’ont pu confirmer une telle hypothèse.

Cette étude a évalué les rapports entre l’anhédonie et la sémiologie dépressive ou psychotique. Elle a porté sur 65 schizophrènes, âgés de 29.5 ans en moyenne, récemment hospitalisés. Le diagnostic répondait aux critères de Feighner. L’évaluation, à l’inclusion et après six semaines de traitement neuroleptique exclusif (chlorpromazine ou halopéridol), a été réalisée en aveugle, par un expérimentateur utilisant les échelles suivantes : BPRS, IMPS, MADRS, HDRS, et avec des échelles visuelles analogiques explorant les items : «moral», «plaisir seul» ou «avec autrui», «idées claires» et «forme physique».

Les résultats objectivent une amélioration significative de la symptomatologie anhédonique et dépressive, auto ou hétéro-évaluée, et des symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie. Les troubles affectifs des schizophrènes sont plus proches de l’anhédonie que de la dépression lors de l’inclusion et les scores de l’anhédonie semblent plus susceptibles de s’améliorer. A J0 seuls les items «moral», «idées claires» et «forme physique» sont corrélés. S’en distinguent les items explorant l’anhédonie (plaisir seul, plaisir partagé). Entre J0 et J42 seuls les items explorant l’anhédonie s’améliorent aussi bien aux échelles d’hétéro-évaluation qu’aux échelles visuelles analogiques au contraire des items explorant la dépression. Ces résultats semblent confirmer qu’anhédonie et dépression sont des dimensions distinctes de la symptomatologie schizophrénique.
Experienced events, represented events and depression
Authors: Amiel-Lebigre F
Published: April 2020

The growing number of studies on the relationship between life events and depression is indicative of interest in this area. In most studies, a standard impact scores is calculated for experienced events. These standard scores are means for representation of impact as rated by groups of subject-judges. In the present study, depressives and controls were asked to rate the impact of 51 experienced events and “represented” events in a list form derived from standard studies. The findings indicate that 1) Depressives rate experienced events and represented events more negatively than controls; 2) Both depressives and controls rate certain “represented” events more negatively than experienced events. Eleven “represented” events are rated higher than the same experienced events. The results verify our hypothesis: Representation and Reality are two different assessments and one cannot be used to estimate the other. Moreover, the extrapolation to another group of impact scores obtained with controls, although common practice in the literature, is not valid.
Le rispéridone chez les patients psychotiques: une étude en ouvert portant sur la détermination de la dose
Authors: Desseilles M , Antoine J , Pietquin M , Burton P , Gelders Y , Heylen S
Published: April 2020

Dans le cadre d’une étude en ouvert portant sur la détermination de la posologie et après une période de sevrage thérapeutique d’une semaine, quarante patients adultes psychotiques chroniques sélectionnés selon les critères du DSM III, ont reçu pendant quatre semaines du rispéridone (R 64 766), antagoniste sélectif et spécifique des récepteurs S2 à la sérotonine et D2 à la dopamine. La dose moyenne quotidienne de rispéridone administrée à la fin de l’essai était de 5,6 mg. Le rispéridone présente un début d’action rapide; en effet dès la fin de la première semaine de traitement, il était déjà observé une diminution hautement significative (P < 0,001) du score total de la BPRS. De même, une réduction très significative (P < 0,001) des scores des items individuels de la BPRS concernant les symptômes positifs, négatifs et affectifs a été mesurée. En dépit de l’arrêt du traitement antiparkinsonien lors de la visite de sélection, une diminution hautement significative (P < 0,001) des symptômes extrapyramidaux (SEP) évalués à l’aide de l’échelle de Simpson et Angus a été observée. Tout comme les cotations de la BPRS, l’impression clinique globale présentait une amélioration continue tout au long de l’étude. Le rispéridone a été particulièrement bien toléré, si l’on excepte la réapparition chez un patient d’une dyskinésie tronculaire et une hypotension orthostatique symptomatique chez un autre. Seuls des effets secondaires légers ont été rapportés. Les signes vitaux, les paramètres de l’ECG et les analyses de laboratoire sont demeurés dans les limites des valeurs normales pendant le déroulement de l’essai clinique. Doté d’une activité antipsychotique, entraînant une amélioration des symptômes négatifs et affectifs chez les patients psychotiques et suscitant peu de SEP, le rispéridone semble se présenter dans cette étude comme une alternative possible aux neuroleptiques classiques dans le traitement des patients psychotiques chroniques.
Inhibiteurs calciques et troubles de l’humeur: une revue de la littérature
Authors: Patillot PM , Consoli SM
Published: April 2020

Les auteurs présentent une synthèse des études publiees sur l’effet thérapeutique des inhibiteurs calciques, en particulier du vérapamil, dans les troubles dysthymiques. L’ensemble des observations rapportées regroupe un total de 109 patients présentant un état maniaque ou hypomaniaque d’intensité modérée, d’apparition spontanée ou induite par les antidépresseurs, traités sur des durées s’échelonnant entre 14 jours et 18 mois. Ces études objectivent une action prophylactique du vérapamil au moins égale à celle du lithium et une action curative antimaniaque plus rapide qu’avec le lithium. Le vérapamil est souvent efficace chez les patients résistants au lithium et a l’avantage de ne pas nécessiter de surveillance régulière des taux plasmatiques. Il s'avère régulièrement inefficace chez les patients qui sont à la fois résistants au lithium et à la carbamazépine. C’est dans le traitement et la prévention des virages maniaques induits par les antidépresseurs que l’action du vérapamil est la plus manifeste. L'action antimaniaque d’autres inhibiteurs calciques (diltiazem, groupe des dihydropyridines) a été beaucoup moins étudiée. Il ressort que les inhibiteurs calciques peuvent constituer une alternative intéressante aux autres régulateurs thymiques dans le traitement des troubles de l’humeur ; toutefois, la toxicité cardio-vasculaire et neurologique de leur association au lithium ou aux bêta-bloquants mérite d’être mieux appréciée. L’intérêt de telles substances dans le traitement des troubles dépressifs est très discutable, la prise d’inhibiteurs calciques ayant même été incriminée dans l’apparition d’une dépression chez des patients normothymiques. Quelques-unes des propriétés et des interactions entre calcium, lithium, neuromédiateurs et inhibiteurs calciques sont évoquées.
Does cigarette smoking really have a clinical effect on folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation?
Authors: Ozbakir Burcu , Tulay Pinar
Published: April 2020

Infertility is the most common issue in the field of reproductive medicine. Many factors affect fertility status, including life-style choices such as cigarette smoking or alcohol use. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on oocyte quality as well the quantity in young fertile women. In total, 56 young fertile women who were undergoing oocyte donation programmes were included in this study. The effects of cigarette smoking on antral follicle count, number of follicles and oocytes retrieved and morphology were assessed by an expert embryologist. The results of this study showed that cigarette smoking did not have a significant effect on the follicle count or the number of oocytes retrieved from young and fertile women. However, a significant difference was observed in the morphological assessment. In conclusion, although cigarette smoking does not seem to affect oocyte development, it had an effect on cytoplasmic anomalies and therefore may lower pregnancy chance. Therefore, it is crucial to give proper counselling to patients who are trying to become pregnant both naturally and byin vitrofertilization.
Dear Professor, Be Careful with Those Tweets, OK? Academic Freedom and Social Media
Authors: Cox Gloria C.
Published: April 2020

As faculty members, we rely on academic freedom to protect us as we teach, engage in scholarly research, and live as citizens of a community. The American Association of University Professors is the accepted authority in matters of academic freedom, and its guidelines explain protections in teaching, research, and extramural utterances. This article argues that the characteristics of social media and the concerns of academic institutions about their reputation have created an atmosphere that make extramural utterances more vulnerable and riskier than in the past. Some institutions even monitor the social media postings of faculty members and act on such postings, openly criticizing and even disavowing or punishing them for their utterances. I consider these issues and make a modest proposal that may improve the environment for extramural utterances by faculty members.
Social and Geographic Mobility in Medieval Norway
Authors: Bagge Sverre Håkon
Published: April 2020

The kings’ travel patterns in thirteenth-century Norway raise the question of the relationship between geographic and social mobility. A clearer social hierarchy would reduce the king’s need for travelling and the introduction of permanent and professional administrators would mean that these people would visit the king rather than vice versa. Moreover, the king did not travel exclusively for political reasons, but also for hunting and other entertainments and on pilgrimages. The changes in this field form a significant part of the development of European monarchy.