bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy Analysis
Authors: Baum Howell S.
Published: March 2007

The practice of policy analysis requires an ability to understand the political context of decisions. This political sensitivity involves a readiness to address certain intellectual questions. In order to answer these questions about the political environment, a practitioner needs to have a particular cognitive style. Examination of empirical studies of planners shows understanding of the political environment among these practitioners to be associated with a distinctive cognitive map and related cognitive style. This cognitive style should be considered part of the requisite expertise for policy analysis. Practitioners without this cognitive style are likely to have little influence in decision making.
Managing Decline
Authors: Zammuto Raymond F.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that organizational decline is often caused by a divergence between an organization and its environment; to remain viable, the organization must evolve with its environment. Based on this precept, two lessons on the management of decline in public sector organizations are drawn from the experiences of the automotive industry during the 1970s. First organizations must understand the nature of changes taking place within their environment and translate these perceptions into plans for future action. Second, organizations must develop and implement strategies that are consistent with the underlying nature of decline occurring.
The May 7 Cadre Schools in the People's Republic of China: 1968-1976
Authors: Fen Sing-Nan
Published: March 2007

The May 7 Cadre Schools were established in the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution. Their function was to train cadres to follow the "mass line, " which was the communist equivalent of the formula, "Of the people, by the people, and for the people. " The principal method of training in these schools was hard manual labor, which had been the Chinese peasants' way of life. It was hoped that through such training, civil servants would be one with the masses. This emphasis on mass line has been abandoned since Mao's death. Insofar as it represents the purists' view of communism, it is worthy of our attention, for the purists are surely waiting in the wings for their moment to return in history.
The Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy
Authors: Moore Scott T.
Published: March 2007

The characterization of decision making by the theory of street-level bureaucracy is subjected to critical analysis. Its similarities to several classical assumptions, common to bureaucratic discourse, are noted. An alternative "political" discourse and a complementary framework are explicated to advance the theory of street-level bureaucracy. Street-level bureaucrats are conceived as inventive strategists seeking technical, social, and moral capacity and sophistication as well as strategic success in negotiating ambiguous work settings. A strategic model of organizational conduct permits the analyst to differentiate contexts, strategic modes, and work structures not permitted within the frame of the theory's otherwise potent arguments.
Incorporating Multiple Actors and Guidance Instruments into Models of Regulatory Policymaking
Authors: Sabatier Paul A. , Pelkey Neil
Published: March 2007

Models of policymaking by regulatory agencies need (1) to avoid focusing on a single causal factor, and (2) include analyses of the costs and efficacy of a variety of instruments—law, budgetary review, appointments, direct participation, evaluative studies—by which external actors can influence agency policy. The article proposes a conceptual framework focusing on advocacy coalitions—that is, actors from a variety of institutions who share a belief system—as a means of dealing with these considerations and as an alternative to the dominant institutional/organizational perspective for understanding policymaking by regulatory agencies.
Management Style and the Organizational Matrix
Authors: Pika Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Scholars and journalists have devoted a wealth of attention to White House organization and management, but have produced only modest conclusions on how presidential staffing is related to performance. This article assesses findings from two schools of staffing studies—personalist and institutionalist—and suggests that re-searchers ultimately need to examine the interactive effects of management style and organizational factors on performance. To this end, a typology is developed based on two dimensions of variation: a president's managerial assertiveness and staff cohesion. The four resulting patterns are discussed in terms of the nine most recent administrations.
The "Logic" of Organizational Irrationality
Authors: Schulman Paul R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the stability of rational decision making in complex, tightly coupled administrative organizations. In particular, it analyzes a process of decisional "tunneling" in which members of a set of decisions progressively undermine the rationality of one another, degrading organizational means-ends calculations. Under these circumstances, the pursuit of even boundedly rational decision making is displaced by "pathology"—behavior that is logically self-defeating, both organizationally and in relation to the self-interest of individual participants. The implications of this phenomenon are analyzed, both for organization theory and for exercises in organizational design.
Neighborhood Self-Management in Jerusalem
Authors: Litwin Howard
Published: March 2007

This article examines the emerging structure of neighborhood self-management in Jerusalem, a project based on the merger of various community decision organizations into a single neighborhood authority. Results from a field study of community opinion leaders and key informants revealed that the venture is seen to portend several potential benefits, such as encouraging uniform neighborhood participation, preventing community conflict and limiting the intrusion of national party politics into the neighborhood arena. However, short-comings are also expected, particularly the limiting of the development of uniquely neighborhood-relevant solutions and restricting the conditions for developing efficacious neighborhood self-management in the long run.
A Sense of Direction in Public Organizations
Authors: Duncan W. Jack , Ginter Peter M. , Kreidel W. Keith
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a study of mission statements in 42 state health departments. The statements were examined in an effort to verify the components previously found in the mission statements of hospitals and business firms. It was determined that state public health departments often identify their target clients and include more extensive lists of services provided, than either business firms or hospitals. Business firms and hospitals, on the other hand, often state an organizational philosophy and make explicit their desired public image. All three groups of organizations-business firms, hospitals, and state departments of public health-fail to include things like core technologies and geographical domains. The article concludes with a discussion of the indirect association between formal mission statements and organizational performance. Attention is also given to the need for public health managers to more carefully develop and communicate the organizational mission to all stakeholders.
Public Policy, Overhead Democracy and the Professional State Revisited
Authors: Durant Robert F
Published: March 2007

This article chronicles and critiques three primary perspectives reflected in the normative, empirical, and formal theoretical literature on overhead democracy and the professional state. After demonstrating how disparate the thinking is on the nature, causes, consequences, and dilemmas associated with the professional state, the article offers reasons for this eclecticism. Cited are conceptual, contextual, rhetorical, and normative shortcomings of this otherwise informative literature. In the process, the article offers several research strategies for developing midrange and contingency-based descriptive, instrumental: assumptive, and normative theories of the political-professional nexus in the United States.
Budgetary Reform Through Organizational Learning
Authors: Forrester John P. , Adams Guy B.
Published: March 2007

The legacy of budgetary reform has been dismal. Promising options, rooted in economic values, seem to fall short when confronted with political realities. Nevertheless, the search continues. The authors argue that successful budgetary reform requires attention to the organizational context, in particular human behavioral dynamics. The objectives and execution of budgetary reform must "match" the dynamic objectives and needs of the organization. Moreover, the authors argue that successful implementation requires planned organizational change, in which issues of behavioral change and organizational culture are addressed, as the reform is planned and implemented. They suggust that an organizational theory of budgeting offers not only a better explanation for the failures of budgetary reform but also some potential avenues for greater success in such reforms.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Black Psychology (1985-1999)
Authors: Cokley Kevin , Caldwell Leon , Miller Kesi , Muhammad Grace
Published: March 2007

Since its inception, the Journal of Black Psychology has only undergone a period of self-reflection once. To that end, this study examined the content of the Journal of Black Psychology. A content analysis of articles published for a 15-year period (1985-1999) was conducted. A total of 245 articles were classified into 15 content categories. Authors and institutions that were the most frequently published were identified and ranked. The categories of articles that received the most activity were in the areas of personality (i.e. racial identity), reactions and commentary, social behavior, and physiological functioning and health psychology. These 4 categories accounted for 52% of the articles examined. Neglected areas of research are discussed.
Race as a Self-Schema Affecting Recall in Black Children
Authors: Smith Rita R. , Lewis Ronald
Published: March 2007

Black six- and seven-year olds, living in the Philadelphia metropolitan area and participating in summer day camp programs sponsored by various public and private agencies, listened to prerecorded stories while attending to accom panying picture books. One third of the subjects were as signed to one of three experimental groups. Subjects in Experimental Group I listened to two stories with Black characters; subjects in Experimental Group II listened to the two stories with White characters; and subjects in Experi mental Group III listened to two stories with animal charac ters. After each story, the children were asked four questions designed to elicit their recall of the story's events and characters. The results are discussed within the theoretical framework of self-schema. Implications for the effects of educational material and media upon the learning behavior of Black children are examined.
Perceived Family Environment of Black Adolescent Alcohol Users and Nonusers
Authors: Brinson Jesse A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine Black American adolescents' substance use (alcohol) and their perceptions of their family environments. Eighty-six participants between ages 12 and 19 from a large mid-Atlantic medical facility who reported exposure to alcohol use were asked to complete Moos' Family Environment Scale (FES). The participants were divided into users and nonusers. Users were described as those who drank at least once a week and used at least medium amounts per occasion. Nonusers were defined as those who did not drink or used less than once a year. Substance users were hypothesized to perceive family environment less favorably than nonusers. A t-test was conducted to compare means of groups on each subscale of the FES. The independent variable was alcohol use (yes/no). Dependent variables were the scores on the FES subscales. Analyses of the data indicated that users and nonusers differed significantly (p<.05) on five of the ten subscales, specifically Cohesion, Conflict, Achievement, Intellectual, and Moral Religious Emphasis.
The Effect of Personal Philosophy on Orientation Toward School: African American Students' Views of Integrationist Versus Nationalist Philosophies
Authors: Nelson J. Ron , Nicholls John G. , Gleaves Kenneth
Published: March 2007

A total of 130 African American students in Grades 4 through 8 were interviewed about the merits and educational consequences of adopting the philosophies of integrationism and nationalism. Simplified presentations of the perspectives of Shelby Steele and Malcolm X were used to represent these philosophies. The students generally responded positively to the communal aspect of Malcolm X's position and Steele 's suggestion that no grudges should be heldforpast injustices by Whites. Students believed that adopting a particular philosophy would influence an individual's orientation toward learning and motivation for school. Overall, students believed that persons who adopted the philosophy of Malcolm X would be more motivated to do schoolwork and more willing to collaborate with classmates in learning. Students, however, tended to expect more positive consequences from the philosophy they preferred. Older students, more than younger ones, rejected the notion that teachers should promote one particular philosophy over the other
Race-Related Factors and Life Satisfaction Among African Americans
Authors: Broman Clifford L.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this article is to examine the race-related factors of racial discrimination, racial context, and having White friends and their impact on life satisfaction. Racial context is an environmentalfactor that may condition Blacks in how they deal with being Black in a White society, as might having White friends. Two hypotheses are presented: (a) racial discrimination detracts from life satisfaction and (b) White racial contexts and having Whitefriends positively contribute to African American life satisfaction. Data were collected from African American adults from the Detroit area. The results of this study provide some support for the hypotheses. Blacks who experience discrimination have lower levels of life satisfaction. Those who attended grammar and high school in predominantly White contexts have higher levels of life satisfaction. Having White friends was not significant. Implications of these results are discussed.
The Validity of Cross’s Model of Black Racial Identity Development in the South African Context
Authors: Hocoy Dan
Published: March 2007

W.E. Cross’s theoretical model for Black racial identity development has had substantial empirical validation. However, this validation has occurred exclusively in the United States; the applicability of the model to Black populations outside the United States remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the Cross model in the South African context. South Africa was specifically chosen because of: a) the unique importance and salience of race in the country, b) the greater degree of societal discrimination based on race, and c) its indigenous African context and the omnipresent influences of African heritage. Considerable support for Cross’s stages of Black racial identity development was found among Black South Africans, as were some marked differences. Modifications to Cross’s model and the development of an indigenous African framework are recommended to account for all aspects of Black racial development in the South African context.
Studying the History of Urbanization in India
Authors: Spodek Howard
Published: March 2007

The history of urbanization in India: Has such a field even developed yet? Experts have asserted it has not—or, at least, nearly not. Ashish Bose, leading demographer and bibliographer of Indian urbanization, wrote in 1976, "in India, Urban History is almost non-existent."1 In 1977 S. N. Mukherjee, distinguished social historian, student of the history of Calcutta, and pioneer in the use of computer methods in studying Indian urban history, added: "Urban history is a neglected subject in India.... [It] has not yet evolved as a subject in its own right."2 K. N. Chaudhuri of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, speaks of the indifference with which Indian historians have approached the urban heritage of the subcontinent in the
Beginning School Ready to Learn
Authors: Grimley Liam K. , Bennett John
Published: March 2007

Globalization trends are creating a new world order. While these trends have generally been driven by economic and political forces, they inevitably impact the lives of young children worldwide. Hence the importance of an international perspective when addressing issues related to children's readiness to learn when they begin school. To grasp the complexity of these issues, worldwide changes in family and cultural contexts need to be considered. In light of this background, some early childhood parent education programmes in different countries are reviewed. Related to these programmes, some positive indicators for the future can be identified. Nations in both developed and developing regions of the world demonstrate greater awareness of the importance of the early childhood period in the human development cycle. Both public and private funds are increasingly being committed to help children begin school ready to learn, even in the most challenging and economically disadvantaged regions of the world.
The Study of the Rights of the Child in Iceland
Authors: Gunnarsdottir Augusta , Sigurdardottir Maia , Jonsdottir Asdis
Published: March 2007

A representative sample of 8th and 9th Grade Icelandic students responded to the questionnaire on children's rights employed in the cross-national ISPA survey, following full parental consultation. The results showed the Icelandic children considered that rights were important but were more likely to be taken into account at home than at school. Nevertheless, the issue of children's rights was shown to be taken more seriously in Iceland than in any other surveyed country, particularly in schools. These findings are seen to be of potential value with regard to the implementation in Iceland of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The Identity Formation of the Victim of 'Shunning'
Authors: Tanaka Takeo
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the concept of shunning, which can be differentiated from other types of bullying through focusing on the victimizing process. Shunning represents the collective exclusion of an individual by being ignored by their peers and it is the typical type of Ijime (bullying) in Japan. I present two brief cases that describe experiences of classmates being shunned. I examine the cases and then introduce four different positions of the victim's reaction to the experience of being shunned which correspond to four different identity statuses. Papadopoulos (1999) put forward the idea of'storied community' through his clinical work with refugees, which provides victims with coherent narratives and transitional space as a secure base. This concept seems to have useful applicability in the phenomenon of shunning. However, the devastating dilemma for shunned victims in Japan is that the most available storied community, which could offer them refuge, is the one of 'suicide as revenge on the tormentors'. In this way, the choice is impossible between finding refuge in that story or losing the sense of identity. The implications for the clinician to relate to the victim of shunning are discussed, within the context of this approach.
Can Punishment Sometimes Be Effective in Modifying Children's Behaviour?
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

Professor Green's paper, 'Does punishment work with children?', is interesting in itself. Why does he not broaden it to include adults? If punishment were ineffective with adults, and children are young adults or about to be adults, then society is totally wrong in any punishment it uses in dealing with adults. Nevertheless, societies throughout the world continue to use punishment as a form of vengeance or in seeking conformity to established norms of behaviour. Societies usually establish forces whose sole job is to detect offenders in circumstances which will eventually lead to their punishment. These are generally police forces. The police rarely reward individuals for doing something well; on the whole their raison d'etre is to seek out those who do not conform to the laws of society.
The Study of the Needs of the Psychological Service by International Schools compared with Services Assumed by Teachers of one County
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

Since the earlier study by Lowenstein (1970), there has been increasing interest in the needs of schools in other counties of Britain and this current study is dedicated towards assessing the needs of international schools throughout the world. The author was fortunate enough to be able to give a lecture at the Conference of International Schools in 1982 and a number of headteachers and teachers who were present completed a questionnaire. In addition to this, some questionnaires were mailed to other schools or passed on to the same schools in order to obtain a cross-section of opinion in connection with the role of educational psychologists on the international scene. Within the past twelve years a number of papers have been published on the subject of the role of educational psychologists, including a survey of the psychological services of England and Wales by Wedell and Lambourne (1980); the importance of the dissemination of information in educational psychology (Hart and Taylor, 1980) and research carried out by educational psychologists (Lindsay, 1982). Shum (1982) investigated the importance of psychology both in the West and the East, and compared the varying needs. Tyerman (1981) discussed the School Psychological Service in 1980 with special reference to the training of psychologists and the relationship of the School Psychological Service to the Department of Education and Science. He is of course concerned with the psychologist's role and the organization of the School Psychological Service within the local education authorities. He concluded finally that 'School Psychological Services have come a long way in the past thirty years. They would not have done so if they had not satisfactorily fulfilled a need. Their growth is the best proof of their success.'
School Psychology in Eastern Canada
Authors: Thompson W. Warren
Published: March 2007

The present delivery of school psychology services in eastern Canada is examined and presented for comparison with services internationally. Figures are provided on numbers employed, with data on academic qualifications, professional experience, caseloads, and roles and functions. Future development within the three eastern provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island is predicted, and estimates are presented for the desirable establishment of adequately staffed school psychology services throughout this particular geographical area.
The Various Worldwide Futures for School Psychology
Authors: Mcloughlin Caven S.
Published: March 2007

'From the gloomy streets of London after World War II came a warning of a gloomy world of the future, a future of technical marvels that in the hands of ruthless dictators had turned the people into soul-less robots.'

So begins George Orwell's novel, 1984, a date which has come to be a shorthand term for the future. But the future is now, in that 1984 has arrived. This issue of School Psychology International is composed of commentaries by school psychologists from 10 countries who have accepted invitations to speculate on the various futures for their respective nations. In that the future develops from the present, the authors have charted the current contexts for school psychology and their anticipations for the dawn of the twenty-first century. This topic, which involves so much forward speculation, is prompted by Orwell's fateful predictions. Thus it seems appropriate to place the writer, his anticipations and the famous novel into perspective.
The School Psychologist in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gerner Michael
Published: March 2007

Despite its recent prominence in world affairs, very little is known about Saudi Arabia by individuals in countries outside the Middle East. This article discusses the practice of school psychology in Saudi Arabia. School psychologists who work in Saudi Arabia, as this profession is defined in such developed countries as the United States, France and New Zealand, are trained in programmes from the United States and work in American-curriculum international schools. Survey information is reported for these expatriate school psychologists on background and typical work activities. At the present time nativebased training of school professionals with some of the competencies of school psychologists is taking place. There is a growing awareness of the necessity for professionals to serve the developmental needs of children in schools. The training of these professionals is also discussed. Saudi Arabia is an instructive case-study to discover whether applied psychology and the emerging educational system can forge a bond in the world's most rapidly developing country.
The Division of Educational and Child Psychology of the British Psychological Society
Authors: Lindsay Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

The British Psychological Society is the learned society for all psychologists in the United Kingdom. As such, it includes among its membership professional and academic psychologists and those who have a first degree but may not be employed in ajob that draws directly upon this experience. The total membership for 1985 was approaching 12 000, including students.
Issues in the Integration of Traditional African Healing and Western Counselling in School Psychological Practice
Authors: Donald D. R. , Hlongwane M. M.
Published: March 2007

The relevance of integrating traditional African healing and Western counselling in psychological practice in South Africa is debated from both functional and sociopolitical perspectives. Within a description of traditional beliefs, customs and healing practices, conflicts experienced by people in a state of cultural transition are outlined. Three school psychology case studies are presented as illustrative of such conflicts and of the relative efficacy of integrated intervention in the resolution of these sorts of problem.
Decreasing Children's Fighting through Self-instructional Parent Taining Materials
Authors: Sloane Howard N. , Endo George T. , Hawkes Thomas W. , Jenson William R.
Published: March 2007

Parents used self-instructional booklets to decrease children's (age 3-8) fighting. In each of 16 families a multiple-baseline design across three programs, fighting and two others, was used. Parent data indicate improvement in 12 of 16 families, with median improvement of 48 percent; during treatment aggressive behaviour averaged approximately half its baseline rate. All final consumer ratings of program effectiveness were positive. Due to variability, parent daily record graphs supported clear improvement in only five children and possible improvement in two. All interobserver reliabilities exceeded 70 percent agreement weighted for occurrence and non-occurrence. Percent agreements between parent and observer interval data for 1-hour sessions averaged 70 percent. However, the independence of some of these observer and parent recordings is in question. On reliability days parents also made independent post-session estimates of the frequency of fighting. The observer-parent within-family correlations across visits averaged r = 0. 70. Observer reliability was taken in all 16 families and parent-observer reliability with nine.
'School is a type of big house..'
Authors: Tallandini Maria A. , Valentini Paolo
Published: March 2007

The aim of this research is to investigate how children acquire knowledge about a specific social institution: the school. Furth's (1980) and Connel's (1971) opinion that children only start to know social institutions after the age of 6-7 is discussed. The hypothesis of the present study is that knowledge is closely related to direct experience; so the notion of school should be present also in 5to 6-year-olds. A total of 154 children aged 5-11 were examined by means of a semi-structured interview. Results indicated the presence of knowledge about school that was more precocious than that previously found with respect to other institutions. The children's conception of school appeared to develop in a sequence from the absence of any concept whatsoever to an understanding of its organization and purpose and its role within the organization of the state.
School Psychology in Greece
Authors: Nikolopoulou Allina K. , Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

The results of a survey of Greek school psychologists are reported and discussed. Their demographic characteristics are described together with their perceptions of the field. School psychology in Greece is at an initial level of development and has yet to establish broad and viable roles in Greek educational and professional structures. However, several recent events and conditions indicate the status of school psychology may improve. The status of Greek school psychology is contrasted with that found in other countries.
The School Psychologist as Action Researcher
Authors: Trump Linda
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a research project undertaken following the principles of naturalistic inquiry. It is not intended as a theoretical discussion but rather as a 'flesh on the bones' account of new paradigm research in action.

The example of the school psychologist as action researcher is an evaluation I was asked to undertake of an initiative set up by a special school. This was to appoint a teacher to work part time in the school as a 'normal' member of staff and to work for the rest of the time in a playgroup for children with special needs. The playgroup is run by volunteers in the local community. This kind of arrangement is unique to the county concerned.

As action research or 'new paradigm' inquiry is very much contextually based, the scene needs to be set the project put into context.
Prevention of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Bischoff Herbert , Wilcox David
Published: March 2007

This paper describes data collected from two personality measures completed by clients as they entered a residential treatment program for chemically dependent adolescents. This information, in conjunction with relevant demographic data, profiles each resident entering treatment. These profiles were analyzed and subsequent data were reviewed with the intention of describing key factors that might help facilitate early intervention efforts. Several ideas are suggested for prevention and early intervention strategies.
Greek Teachers' Judgments about the Nature and Severity of Classroom Problems
Authors: Gavrilidou Mileva , DeMesquita Paul B. , Mason Emanuel J.
Published: March 2007

A survey of Greek elementary teachers investigated their judgments concerning the nature and severity of classroom problems. Teachers (N=101) completed a questionnaire that required them to judge the nature and rate the severity of common classroom problems experienced by students. The questionnaire presented 15 descriptions of students and asked teachers to determine the presence or absence of a problem and to make judgments about the nature of each problem (learning, emotional, conduct) and its severity (mild, moderate, severe). Overall, teachers' judgments concerning the types of problems were similar to the judgments of a panel of school psychologists but teachers tended to view student problems as less serious. More specifically, teachers underestimated the severity of learning problems while overestimating the severity of emotional and conduct problems. Stereotypes and biases that might influence judgments are identified. Conclusions relevant to the practice of school psychology in Greece are presented and suggestions for further research are offered.
A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Styles and Self-Concepts of Black and White High School Students
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: March 2007

This study aimed to examine the relationships between parenting styles and self-concepts of Black and White high school students. Data on these variables were collected from 2014 adolescents from five urban high schools around the metropolitan area of Cape Town, South Africa. Parenting styles were measured by the Perceived Parental Behavior Inventory (PPBI) and self-concept by the SelfDescription Inventory (SDI). For Black students all the self-concept facets measured were positively related to their perceptions of parental behaviors, although the relationship reached significance only for the relations with family, general school and physical appearance selfconcepts for White students. Growing up in a socioeconomically segregated society is considered in the light of parent-adolescent relations and self-concept.
Defining Bullying
Authors: Arora C. M.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the definitions of bullying used by different groups of people, such as non-professionals, researchers and the legal profession. It then considers the variety of ways in which the word bullying may be understood in different languages. The complex ity of the concept of bullying is demonstrated through this, as well as through looking at some of the possible processes involved and at young people's definitions of bullying. The implications for surveys into the incidence of bullying and for anti-bullying strategies are discussed.
The Effects of a Short Video Intervention on Secondary School Pupils' Involvement in Definitions of and Attitudes towards Bullying
Authors: Boulton Michael J. , Flemington Ian
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a single viewing of an anti-bullying video on secondary school pupils' views of, and involvement in, bullying. Participants (N = 170) were drawn from Years 7, 8, 9 and 10 (aged 11 to 14 years). Each participant completed a self-report questionnaire on two occasions separated by 2 weeks. Items focused on three main issues-pupils' tendencies to bully others, their definitions of bullying and their attitudes towards bullying. Participants in the experimental condition, but not in the control condition, were shown the video midway through the 2-week period. Participants who watched the video did not report less bullying of other pupils than those who did not watch it, nor was there evidence that the video led to more negative attitudes towards bullying in general. However, more of the participants who watched the video than did not watch it extended their definition of bullying to include three specific types of behaviour-'name-calling', 'telling nasty stories about some one' and 'forcing people to do things they don't want to do'. The implication of these results for schools' anti-bullying initatives are discussed.
Frances Mullen
Authors: Fagan Thomas K. , Wells Perri Dawn
Published: March 2007

Frances Mullen was a significant contributor to the devel opment of international school psychology. With Calvin Catterall and others she helped to initiate the international committee that would evolve into the International School Psychology Association. Her life and contributions provide a better understanding of the historical development of school psychology.
Recent Trends in the Re-Integration of Pupils with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in the United Kingdom
Authors: Farrell Peter , Tsakalidou Konstantina
Published: March 2007

Over the past few years international interest in inclusive education for pupils with special educational needs (SEN) has grown enormously. Increasingly, pupils with SEN have been offered placements in mainstream schools with varying degrees of support. To match these developments there is a growing number of publications on the effects of inclusive education for pupils with disabilities, their peers, their parents and teachers. Despite these initiatives recent evidence in the UK suggests that mainstream schools are becoming more and more hostile to the inclusion or re-integration of certain groups of pupils with SEN, in particular those with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). Indeed there appears to be a trend to refer increasing numbers of these pupils to special schools and/or to exclude them from school altogether. In order to explore this area further this article presents the findings of a nationwide survey into the extent to which EBD schools and units in the UK re-integrate their pupils into mainstream schools and on the problems they have encountered. The results indicate that very few of these pupils ever return to mainstream school. The implications of the study are considered in the light of the UK Government's current moves to tackle social exclusion.
Characteristics and Types of Services Received by Children with Two Types of Attention Deficits
Authors: Stormont Melissa , Stebbins Molly S. , Mcintosh David E.
Published: March 2007

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) has differentiated children with attentional deficits with hyperactivity from those with only attentional deficits. Research has also found that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children with Undifferentiated Attention Deficit Disorder (UADD) have different diagnostic characteristics, and different psychological outcomes. However, research has not investigated whether children with ADHD and children with UADD are treated differently educationally. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the types of medical and educational services received by children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children with Undifferentiated Attention Deficit Disorder (UADD). Children with ADHD were reportedly diagnosed more than one year earlier than were children with UADD. Interestingly, even though children were differentially diagnosed, we found that children with ADHD and children with UADD received similar educational and medical interventions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Social Partnership and the Mutual Gains Organization: Remaking Involvement and Trust at the British Workplace
Authors: Stuart Mark , Lucio Miguel Martinez
Published: March 2007

This article explores the development of partnership-based approaches to industrial relations at the British workplace. Drawing empirically from a unique data set of Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF) workplace representatives and a workplace case study, the article explores the attitudes and experiences of trade unionists to partnership and assesses the level of support and voice mechanisms open to them in furthering the partnership agenda. The study shows that while MSF representatives appear open to the responsibilities placed upon them in the rhetoric of partnership, there is little evidence to suggest that management has reciprocated.
Perspectives of Vocational Education in West Germany and Other Capitalist Countries
Authors: Lempert Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Based on a dialectical model of correspondences and contradictions within and between education and work, the main functions of vocational education (in the broadest sense, including all kinds of work-relevant learning, both on and off the job) in capitalist countries are examined. Corresponding to the profit interests of private firms, vocational education here contributes to a very high specialization (either theoretical or practical), an abstract achievement orientation (instead of interest in concrete work tasks), hierarchical conformity, low sense of responsibility for other people and for future generations, selfish competition (at the expense of solidary cooperation) and the beliefs of self-worth of the 'winners' and of a lack of self-worth among the 'losers'. To get the opposite results, a closer combination of scientific education and practical training, early job experiences and repeated participation in formal education throughout adult life are required, but also major changes in the occupational system, particularly a substitution of democratic forms of direction and control for rigid hierarchies and by periodical rotation between higher and lower positions. The growing 'over-education' and legitimation crisis in industrialized capitalist countries present contradictions which may only be reconciled by a major change in both areas.
The Reasons for the Polish Crisis of 1980-81
Authors: Minc Bronistaw
Published: March 2007

The main reason for the Polish crisis is systemic or structural in nature. Where discussions about the origins of this crisis go wrong is that they concern themselves one-sidedly with the sphere of the political superstructure and reduce the main reason for the crisis to distortions of the form of government.

The author classes the present economic system in Poland as a state-controlled economy; it is true that there have been various organizational changes and changes in the running of the economy, but the essence of the system has remained the same. Although for a time this system promoted the expansion of productive capacity, after a while it began to exert a negative influence on economic development: disproportions in the economy became sharply intensified, quantitative growth slackened, followed by a slump in production, and the costs of production, productivity of labour and, above all, innovation of production took an unfavourable turn. The main goal achieved in the economy was one-sided economic growth founded on the spurious economic law whereby growth of production of the means of production is faster than growth of production of goods for consumption. The main reason for the crisis was the consolidation of state control over the economy, combined with its bureaucratization, the failure to bring about further socialist changes, and the absence of social and political democracy.

Apart from the main systemic reason for the Polish crisis, there are also specific reasons. These include, notably, the backwardness of the economy and the associated preoccupation with excessive acceleration of economic growth, the specific agrarian structure, national traditions, and a political structure encompassing, among other things, the considerable influence of the Church and the intelligentsia, which retained its separate identity. A direct reason for the crisis lay in the changes, to a large extent retrograde, which took place during the period 1971-80 both in the economy and its system of management and in politics.
The Domestic and International Significance of Independent Trade Unionism 'Solidarity'
Authors: Wilczynski Jozef
Published: March 2007

'Solidarity', led by Lech Walesa, emerged in Poland in late 1980 in protest against government economic mismanagement and party authoritarianism and corruption. Employing peaceful instruments of work stoppages and negotiations, it has won a number of important industrial and political concessions, including the right to free trade unionism, the legality of strikes and the undertaking of far-reaching economic reforms. This development amounts to a revolution 'from below', accomplished against tremendous odds without violence. 'Solidarity' has come to command overwhelming domestic and international support. But the communist regimes consider it to be inconsistent with Marxism-Leninism and the centralized, directive system of planning and management.
Legally Enforceable Peace Obligations, Trade Union Mediation and Workshop Industrial Action
Authors: Anderman Steven D.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces to the literature of industrial conflict an examination of the relationship between legally enforceable disputes procedures and the comparatively low incidence of workshop industrial action in Sweden and Germany. The author suggests that the experience in both countries indicates that the existence of a trade union commitment to an organizational strategy which limits workplace industrial action in exchange for returns from other levels of bargaining is an important factor explaining both the effect of the social institutions and the legal norms which attempt to reinforce them.
A Rope of Sand: The AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education
Authors: Draper Alan
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses the political capacity of the American labor movement, that is, its ability to mobilize organizational resources in support of endorsed candidates. It reviews the work of the Committee on Political Education (COPE), the political arm of the AFL-CIO, at state and local levels and within local unions. It is at these levels that the political apparatus of the AFL-CIO either functions smoothly or breaks down. Our analysis of COPE reveals that the AFL-ClO lacks the organizational means to transform its endorsements into voter support at the polls. It is then argued that the market strategy of the American labor movement, its strategy to pursue distributive claims through collective bargaining rather than legislation, is responsible for COPE's incapacity.
I-Thou-We: Buber's Theory of Communityand the Kibbutz
Authors: Near Henry
Published: March 2007

Buber's theory of community, in which the kibbutz plays a key role, is compared with the social philosophy of the kibbutz, as expressed in the writings of its members. The two concepts are found to coincide with respect to the desirability of dyadic I-Thou relationships and mutual responsibility; but Buber presents an ideal and distorted picture of the kibbutz. He ignores its members' views on the varieties of communal experience, the values of work, pioneering and their results, rejects the idea of non-religious communal experience, and ignores the elements of democracy, equality and self-realization. It is argued that, on Buber's own showing, the real kibbutz is a better model for a philosophy of community than his version.
Tax Concessions and Financial Participation
Authors: Gibb Kenneth , Baddon Lesley
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the growth in financial participation in the UK. Using a large-scale survey, the hypothesis is tested that different company types are associated with different forms of financial participation. In particular, empirical evidence supports the view that certain types of firms are likely to engage in those schemes that offer tax concessions. These firms are clearly associated with large, public limited companies, located in the South-East of England who tend to be capital-intensive, non-union and otherwise non-participative. Financial participation in Britain appears to be cosmetic and opportunistic with little relation to genuine participation.
Women Wage Earners and the Future of Swedish Unions
Authors: Mahon Rianne
Published: March 2007

The deepening crisis in which Swedish unions found themselves in the 1980s created an opening for wage earner feminists within the LO to press their cause. Issues like parity, pay equity and worktime reduction have thus been placed on the agenda. Yet the union leadership's main interest in its newly discovered women members is as a force to be harnessed behind its strategy for shaping post-Fordist relations. Unlike the British unions, the LO's understanding of the post-Fordist labour market does not take precarious work as the emergent norm whose pernicious effects must be countered. Rather, the Swedish unions' strategy presumes that they can promote 'rewarding work' for all workers by harnessing the political energy generated by wage earner feminists behind their strategy of 'solidaristic work'. This article examines some of the tensions that have arisen as wage earner feminists try to make room for their own claims within this vision of the future.