bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PECULIARITIES OF THE TRANSLATION OF PAUL CELAN'S POETRY INTO UKRAINIAN
Authors: Boyko Yuliia , Osovska Iryna
Published: July 2022

Poetry translation is one of the most difficult tasks in the literary translation. It is an artistic process in which translators create qualitatively novel artistic spaces. As a unique creative endeavor, it is becoming an important research topic in translation studies. A considerable attention of investigators has been focused on the means of preserving in translation poets’ aesthetics, specific features of their linguistic and ethno-cultural character which are jointly the products of particular phonetic, stylistic, lexical and syntactic literary tools used in translation.
Therefore, an important part of the current analysis is to determine specific features of the literary translation of poetry on phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, and textual levels.
The goal of the current study is to examine distinctive features of the Ukrainian translations of Paul Celan’s work done by S. Zhadan, P. Rukhlo, and M. Fishbein. Namely, the study examines the specific literary tools used by the translators to convey the originals. It also aims at discovering unique stylistic features in the work of the translators. To reach the goal, we determined theoretical and methodological bases of the research domain, analyzed translations on the different linguistic levels, determined specific features of the individual style of the translators by using comparative translation, linguistic and contextual analyses. The study found that (a) the translators actively used transliteration, transcription, and adaptive transcoding; they used assonance and alliteration to preserve the gist and euphony of the original work; (b) there were changes in the grammatical number of nouns and uses of diminutive suffices to accurately transmit the original meanings; (c) lexis without available translation equivalents – the original author’s neologisms were translated using calqueing or the change of the lexical semantics; translators reproduced metaphors most of the time; they frequently used lexico-semantic methods of dispersion, addition, and substitution; constructions uncharacteristic for Ukrainian were adapted avoiding grammatical interference; to preserve melodic structure complex sentences were translated using sentences without conjunctions; (d) translators retained communicative functions present in the original work. There were a number of specific features in different translations known as individual stylistic features of translators: P. Rukhlo uses free (non-literal) translation, frequently utilizing a set of translation tools (addition, emphasizing connotation of depicted images, lexico-semantic switches); S. Zhadan often uses deletion in order not to overload the translated texts, dispersion, preserving the balance between the literal and free translation; M. Fishbein prefers literal translation, creating less euphonic texts, frequently uses calqueing or partial lexico-semantic substitution.
POLYSEMY IN THE TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE GERMAN PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Rubana Yevheniia
Published: July 2022

The article highlights main aspects of paradigmatic (polysemic) relations on the basis of the terminological system of the German professional language of architecture and construction. Using complex techniques of a structural method, a group of polysemant terms of the German professional language of architecture and construction is distinguished, the nature of polysemic relations in the studied terminological system is outlined, and the etymological status of proposed polysemants and their morphological indicators are established.
The comprehensive analysis of GLSPAC polysemants showed that out of about 35,000 terms, 1,343 terms are polysemic and belong to different types of polysemy (intra-industry, inter-industry and external industry) based on the transfer of names by similarity, function and contiguity. The most common catalysts for the emergence of polysemy in the GLSPAC are metaphorical and functional transfer of the name. The study presents typical metonymic models of polysemy in the GLSPAC terminology: action – process – result, (final) stage – result, process – result, building structure – material, part – whole, property – object, founder's name – subject.
The proposed terminology is characterized by an area of active polysemy (971 terms have 2 meanings, 372 terminological units – from 3 to 8). The overall rate of polysemy is low. Polysemous relations are also formed by borrowed terms and internationalisms (91 terms in total) from Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Irish, Semitic and ancient Indian languages. We have identified cases of interlingual polysemants and interlingual homonyms.
According to the morphological structure, the most frequent in the GLSPAC terminology are nouns (1036 terms), followed by verbs (202 terms) and adjectives (66 terminological units). Participles and terminological compounds are sporadically presented in the sample.
The results of the study represent the state of polysemous relations at the present historical stage and will help in the retrospective analysis of the stages of formation and development of the GLSPAC.
POLYSYSTEM APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION OF GERMAN LANGUAGE POETRY BY G. TRAKL
Authors: Tomniuk Liudmyla
Published: July 2022

The article attempts to develop an indicative outline of poetry analysis at the stage of pre-translation analysis and to formulate the criteria for the analysis of the quality of translation of German-language poetry into Ukrainian using a polysystem approach. The poems of G. Trakl and their translations by Ukrainian translators — T. Gavrilov, M. Fishbein and D. Nalyvayko were chosen as the material of the research. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, the life and creative path of G. Trakl was analyzed; the thematic direction of his work and the factors that influenced the formation of his poetry idiostyle were determined; the history of writing of poetry and creation of the collection Sebastian im Traum was investigated; the leading motives and ideas of G. Trakl's poetry, compositional features, key images, symbolism, peculiarities of versification were determined; the artistic and expressive means of the German language in the author's poetry were characterized. The recent analysis resulted in the formulation of the features of G. Trakl's idiostyle and its presentation in the form of a word cloud. In the second phase, the article conducts analysis of the quality of G. Trakl's poetry translation into Ukrainian on the example of the poems Grodek, Kindheitserinnerung and Begegnung. Since the object of the research is poems, each of which is a distinctive alternative to objective reality and describes in detail a specific situation or event as a fragment of the author's worldview by verbal means, we analyze the quality of translation at phonetic, syntactic and functional levels. The analysis of the translation of G. Trakl's poetry shows that translators successfully reproduce in their translations the stanzas and formal peculiarities of each poem, achieve the effect of cacophony, as the author, through the use of dissonance, anaphora and alliteration. As for the syntactic and functional levels, the translators, following the author, use various stylistic means in their translations, among which epithet, rhetorical question, inversion, metaphor, hyperbole, metonymy and personification are predominant. This variety of stylistic means is explained by the fact that the poetic language of G. Trakl is extremely rich, it astonishes with depth and accuracy of images, a wide range of connotation shades and symbolism. In the third phase of the research, an algorithm for analyzing G. Trakl's poetry at the stage of pre-translation analysis was developed and criteria for the analysis of the quality of translation of German-language poetry into Ukrainian using a polysystem approach were formulated.
STRUCTURE OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC FIELD IN LITERARY TEXT
Authors: Golovashchenko Yuliia
Published: July 2022

The article is dedicated to the issue of a lexical-semantic field within an author’s literary text. A lexical-semantic field is viewed as a paradigmatic group of lexical units that are united in accordance with their semantic affinity. A lexical-semantic field is explained to possess a hierarchical structure, which allows to ensure a developed semantic picture of a certain conceptual field. Based on the novels of John Maxwell Coetzee, the structure of a lexical-semantic field is outlined. It encompasses semantic concretization of specific areas of an individual author’s linguistic world picture. The first stratum of a lexical semantic field is defined as a lexical semantic microfield that reflects division of a broader conceptual area into narrower related ones. A lexical semantic microfield is, in turn, divided into semantic subclasses, i.e. word groups based on similar semantic and morphologic characteristics. Introduction of semantic subclasses into the structure of a lexical semantic field is encouraged by the need to group lexical units according to part-of-speech criterion and, simultaneously, demonstrate semantic plentifulness of meaning in the individual author’s linguistic world picture. The lower hierarchical stratum is occupied by a lexical semantic group which embodies intralingual relations among lexical meanings. Inclusion of lexical units into a lexical semantic field is possible under the condition of dominant seme component that marks semantic affinity of a word to the relevant outer linguistic reality. Inventorization of suitable lexical units takes place via dictionary definition analysis, since reference to lexicographic definitions allows to create a chain of definitions and reveal pertinent semes in word meanings. One of the lexical semantic fields construed is based on novels by John Maxwell Coetzee is „HUMAN”, reflecting the conceptual field of a human. The abovementioned lexical semantic field is divided into four lexical semantic subfields that together sketch a human through the lens of emotions and feelings, built, mind and thinking, and, eventually, language. The present article focuses on lexical semantic microfield „Human Body”. The paradigm of lexical semantic field structure is represented, semantic range of meaning within the microfield is described, and grouping of lexical units into semantic subclasses and lexical semantic groups based on the analysis of dictionary definitions is performed.
PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS
Authors: Bilyk Oryslava
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the topic of teaching professionally oriented English writing skills. Such skills play an important role in our present-day world, helping IT-professionals to communicate the ideas to the addressee in a lexically, grammatically and stylistically accurate way The written form of business correspondence demands fluency from IT-students as well as mastering lexico-grammatical competence in writing e-mails, messages, posts on electronic bulletin boards, memos, business reports, letters, proposals, press releases, etc. In order to prepare the competitive future professionals, to develop relevant writing skills and abilities of further learning and applying the acquired knowledge in professional activities for performing their duties, lexico-grammatical competence should be mastered at a sufficiently high level while doing correspondence with external suppliers, foreign companies and entrepreneurs. The purpose of the study is to help IT-students to develop English lexico-grammatical competence in professionally oriented written communication by means of writing exercises. As the process of the formation of English lexico-grammatical competence in professionally-oriented writing of future IT-specialists is quite complex, it has been proved that it should be organized in three stages: receptive, receptive-reproductive and productive. At each stage certain writing skills should be developed which can further be applied in specific situations of written communication. It has been emphasized that special attention should be paid to modeling the process of writing by finding effective ways of expressing thoughts and ideas, choosing the appropriate vocabulary and grammatical patterns. The specially designed exercises will help teach IT-students the most up-to-date information technology-related words and expressions, grammatical structures as well as create their own writing messages.
CONCEPTUAL SPACE OF GERMAN-SPEAKING MATRIMONIAL CONFLICT CONVERSATIONAL DISCOURSE
Authors: Hutsol Anastasiia
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the conceptual space of matrimonial conflict discourse as a system of hierarchically organized and interrelated concepts, which are highlighted and analyzed according to their place in the discourse. The aim of the study is to establish the lingo-cognitive specifics of the conceptual space of German matrimonial conflict spoken discourse by identifying discourse-creating autochthons, their systematization, as well as detailed analysis. Research methods are based on the principles of both cognitive-discursive and system-structural linguistics in order to comprehensively analyze the cognitive resources of conceptual space. The inductive method is used to analyze the language material from its accumulation to further systematization and to establish its functional features in the German matrimonial conflict spoken discourse. Conceptual analysis within the construction method (to establish priority concepts) and statistical methods were also used, which allowed to determine the statistical significance of verbalized in the studied discursive forms of concepts, and, consequently, discourse-creating autochthons (the χ2-square) and determine the strength between researched concepts (contingency coefficient K). German matrimonial conflict discourse is a conflict-marked communication of people, which is characterized by symmetrical relations between communicators, assuming status-role equality and approximately the same age of speakers. The conceptual space of German matrimonial conflicting spoken discourse is a discursive configuration of multilevel and hierarchically ordered conceptual fillers of 506 concepts. The mental information quanta of the German matrimonial conflicting spoken discourse are represented by three macroconcepts: MENSCH / MAN, TÄTIGKEIT / ACTIVITY, UMGEBUNG / ENVIRONMENT, which, in turn, are represented by the concepts below.
REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT HELD IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE INTERNET DISCOURSE
Authors: Ivasiuk Halyna
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the specifics of the use of the concept HELD in the Modern German-language Internet discourse. The archetype of the hero is an important structure of both the individual and the collective unconscious, an element of both social and political culture of the nation. The semantic content of this archetype for the German people can be explored through the prism of its reflection in the relevant HELD concept, which is presented in the linguistic picture of the world of native speakers of the German language and language culture. In our study, we will focus on the use of the concept HELD in the headlines of Internet content, because the global network is the fastest to reflect all the trends and changes in the modern world in general and in public discourse in particular. The aim of our study is to analyze the features of the objectification of the HELD concept in the German linguoculture based on Internet discourse. To achieve this goal we will set the following tasks: 1) to analyze the transformation of the semantic content of the HELD concept in historical retrospect; 2) to single out the compatibility of the Held concept in the German-language Internet discourse and to distribute the selected material by semantic groups; 3) to analyze the semantic content of the HELD concept in the German-language Internet discourse. This article analyzes the compatibility of the concept and identifies key contexts, formed semantic groups for the use of the concept HELD in the linguistic picture of the world of modern Germans. As a result, conclusions were drawn about certain aspects of the social process in the modern German-speaking world (and, to some extent, Western civilization), which are reflected in the use and semantic content of the concept HELD in Internet discourse. The study of the context of the use of the concept HELD in modern German-language Internet discourse allows us to trace its associative-derivational (epidegmatic) connections, which fully reflect the connotation of the word at a certain time and in the relevant socio-cultural space. Thus, the use of the concept HELD in modern German-language media discourse allows us to highlight the semantic content of the concept, the dynamics of the archetype in the German-speaking space, as well as to trace the dominant values and current problems of society.
MULTICORED STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH ORTHODONTIC TERMINOLOGY
Authors: Karatintseva Karina
Published: July 2022

Modern medical terminology includes means of expression and transmission of special medical, scientific, and technical concepts, formed in a direct proportion with the development of science and technology. As a result of centuries of world treatment changes and medical science development, such vocabulary grows in a complex system of medical and paramedical terms. One of the branches of medical terminology is orthodontics, a relatively young science that deals with the treatment of malformation and wrong teeth position, as well as the maxillofacial skeleton, and which was originated in the United States at the beginning of the last century. Its intensive development necessitates the study of the terms of this field. The article is devoted to the study of the multicored structure of English orthodontic terminology.
The objective of the article is to systematize and categorize English orthodontic terminology, to identify its main cores and macrofields. The study is based on the methods of synthesis, analysis of the terms of the English orthodontic discourse on the material of monographs, professional articles and the linguistic corpus "English Corpora".
The basis of orthodontic terminology is orthodontics itself, which includes 4 core groups: anatomy of the oral cavity, symptoms and diseases, professional orthodontic activities, and treatments. Each of the core groups has macrofields, which form its basis, which is determined by the high frequency of use of these words in English corpora. In particular, the main core units of the macrofield "anatomy of the oral cavity" are teeth and oral organs; for "symptoms and diseases», it is malocclusion and its classes; "professional orthodontic activity" includes orthodontic history and diagnosis of malocclusion; and "treatments" include tools, mostly brackets, braces and pliers. Further prospects for the study are to determine the role of orthodontic terminology in medical discourse, the frequency of its use in medical texts, as well as to identify relationships, common features and differences in orthodontic and dental terminology.
DEVELOPMENT OF LISTENING COMPETENCE IN LEARNING GERMAN AT HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
Authors: Naydesh Olha , Bilokopyta Alina
Published: July 2022

The article deals with acquisition of listening competence in German as a foreign language classes at higher educational institutions. The authors analyze major studies conducted by scientists in this field. To solve the set tasks in the research, the following classification of classical (analytical/articulatory, imitative/acoustic, analytical-imitative/combined) and innovative (communicative, personal-activity, competence, level, reflexive and cultural) methodological approaches to the development of learners' phonetic competence is suggested. It is proved that currently, the use of the stated methods in the educational process is of the great interest in the methodology of teaching foreign languages i.e. the combination of classical methods with innovative techniques and Internet resources that, in their turn, contain a huge amount of additional information in various forms. In practice, it was confirmed that the use of innovative techniques and Internet resources in foreign language classes develops learners' competence in listening, helps to increase their motivation and success along with creating favourable conditions for their active self-development.
The paper describes and analyzes modern educational and informational Internet resources in terms of their relevance to the research issue and different levels of foreign language proficiency. The effectiveness of the suggested set of exercises is proved as they provide practice, development and achievement of the new level of learners' listening skills. Pertinent interactive sites and YouTube channels, offering teaching materials and audio samples relevant to the topic of the lesson and the level of learners' foreign language proficiency, are used to create assignments within the frameworks of classical and innovative approaches to the study of a foreign language. It has been shown that the presentation of audio material in a Podcast format is currently the most modern as a Podcast enables practicing and improved comprehension of the German-language interviews on various interesting topics in free time.
It is also proved that the use of mnemonic, multisensory techniques as well as mental maps while doing listening comprehension exercises significantly contributes to the development of learners' competence in listening.
Evolution of Denmark’s Policy Towards the NATO in the Second Half of the 20th Century
Authors: Shturma Marta
Published: July 2022

The article focuses on Denmark’s shifting approaches towards bloc policy through the lens of its security priorities. It emphasizes that the Danish exposure to security vulnerabilities is primarily due to its geographical location, which led to rejection of country’s neutrality and to joining the NATO. The study stresses that internal factors have been continuously influencing the Danish defense policy, causing numerous controversies in domestic politics. Contradictions are identified in Denmark’s efforts to preserve a balance between the status of a nuclear-free state and the need to accept the U.S. military base in Greenland. The reasons and peculiarities of the Danish ambivalent attitude towards the NATO during the Cold War are clarified. It is pointed out that a moderately independent approach to relations with the Eastern Bloc and efforts towards a further rapprochement was a prominent aspect of Denmark’s security policy at that time. The study demonstrates that the Atlantic direction gradually lost its relevance in the Danish security policy after the NATO approved the «double solution» policy in 1979, which was based on nuclear rearmament and excessive demands towards the USSR in arms control negotiations. Denmark’s approach to the NATO in the early 1980s was often described as «footnoting» and had a negative impact on Denmark’s ally image in the North Atlantic Alliance. New geopolitical realities in the late 1980’s pushed Denmark to adopt a more proactive security policy in the context of the Atlanticism. The nature of Denmark’s participation in international security initiatives, intervention operations under the NATO auspices and US-led ad-hoc coalitions during the 1990’s is thoroughly analyzed. The article underlines the importance of Denmark’s transformation from a weak link within NATO into a significant Nordic and European security player.
Trends of Authoritarianism and Populism in the Activities of Political Leaders and Parties in Bulgaria
Authors: Burdіak Vira
Published: July 2022

The author analyzes the manifestations of populism and authoritarianism in Bulgaria, their close connection to the recent communist past, the immaturity of the democratic system and culture. Over the years of democratization and EU membership, the values of democracy, in particular: freedom, responsibility, willingness to compromise, respect for democratic procedures and processes, have not yet been strengthened in the minds of Bulgarians, who regularly prefer a "charismatic personality". Support for democratic institutions in the country is low. Despite the mechanisms of cooperation and inspections, the European Commission annually reports serious problems with corruption and bribery in the higher authorities, administration, judicial proceedings, and the prosecutor's office. The analysis showed that support for democratic institutions in the country is low, that the crisis of confidence in the institutions of the state and the political class, frustrations in the realities of European integration create an ideological vacuum. Populism, in contrast to traditional ideological systems, deeply depends on the peculiarities of national political culture, a specific set of circumstances of socio-economic and political life of the country. In the history of Bulgaria, populism has manifested itself in different ways and on a large scale. It is proved that the populism of the ruling parties and the opposition cannot mobilize the public to solve the economic and political problems of the state within democratic limits; that Bulgarians' protests, caused by low living standards, populism, high levels of corruption, helplessness, or the reluctance of governments to eradicate them, have not stopped for a long time. Wherever populist leaders came to power, it acquired an authoritarian character, accompanied by abuses and harassment (but not destruction) of the opposition. History knows the sad examples of democracies when authoritarian leaders came to power. Therefore, the author believes that the institutions of democracy in Bulgaria have not yet strengthened, and therefore there is a real threat of reversal of authoritarianism. Confidence that the state will not deviate from the democratic path, will then, when the challenges of authoritarianism and populism are overcome, facing Bulgaria, the EU and Europe.
Institutional Mechanisms for Ensuring Gender Equality in the Political Sphere: the European Context
Authors: Dyhal Yaroslav
Published: July 2022

Gender equality is one of the elements of a democratic society, in the political sphere gender balance contributes to the effective realization of the rights of men and women. The purpose of the article is to study the institutional mechanisms for ensuring gender equality and their role among other methods. The relevance of the work is determined by the importance of institutional mechanisms in the context of achieving gender parity. Institutional mechanisms for ensuring gender equality include governmental, parliamentary, and other power structures, including the institution of ombudsman. Institutional mechanisms also include organizations of various forms of ownership, independent agencies and civil society institutions. The effectiveness of institutional mechanisms is determined by a number of factors, including the degree of participation of women's organizations in politics, the political orientation of the government, the current economic situation and others. Mechanisms for the protection of women's rights have become a tool for ensuring gender equality in the international arena and have become a guarantee of national gender transformations. In European countries, the functions of ensuring equality are performed by special bodies and ministries of the relevant profile. There are special bodies in each EU country, which are responsible for ensuring gender equality in all spheres of life. Most often, the role of a special body is performed by the ombudsman institution, or the Center for Equal Treatment, the National Anti-Discrimination Council, the Equality Commission, and so on. At the parliamentary level, the activities of institutional mechanisms are implemented in the form of parliamentary committees on gender equality or inter-party women's factions. The activities of national mechanisms for gender equality are aimed at protecting women's rights, which can be explained by the traditionally less active participation of women in socio-political life. National mechanisms are aimed at ensuring equality in all spheres, as equal rights and opportunities in the labor or social sphere indirectly affect the possibility of exercising rights in socio-political life.
Countering Disinformation Influences in the National Space of the Republic of Poland
Authors: Zvozdetska Oksana
Published: July 2022

The body of the article goes on to disclose the problem of the impact of digital technologies and media on democracy, its grounds and values. The author addresses the problem of the broad using of cutting-edge technology in Poland by those in power, serving their goals and posing a clear threat to democratic outcomes, in particular during the election campaigns. Furthermore, the author states that through advanced technological capacity and the use of highly targeted behavior modification techniques, different governmental institutions have been applying new and more-sophisticated forms of propaganda and disinformation enabling deepfakes, trolls, bots – artificial intelligence technology and other malicious software so that to refine and shape public opinion with an easy reach and power. In this context, the findings of the research, conducted in Poland and the EU, on the threats of hostile social manipulation and disinformation in the information space are significant, whereas the poll results testify to the Poles’ concerns about who is supposed to be in control of efficient debunking ‘fake news’ as well as their aspirations to be internet-literate in terms of deepfakes. The author concludes by arguing that well-informed societies are more resistant to being encroached and manipulated, and a quick and effective joint reply to potential threats requires strategic mass communication. The researcher emphasizes that recently in Poland Mass Communication have launched fact-checking services, in particular several Polish fact-checking projects set up designing websites that provide fact-checking. Regrettably, so far none of the Polish platforms has been involved in closer international cooperation in the framework of the European initiatives. Several landmark studies observed that Poland has also failed to create a common front in countering disinformation even during the elections. Each organization works according to its own vision of solving the problem. However, in recent years in Poland there has been a tendency of developing the government agencies’ capacity to strengthen their response to the threats of disinformation and manipulation: namely, the state key institutions for cyber security successfully implemented their cooperation and coordination initiatives.
Promoting Democracy or Overcoming the Crisis: Poland’s Political and Ideological Influence on Ukraine in its Crisis
Authors: Motsok Vitaliy
Published: July 2022

The article deals with Poland’s political and ideological influence towards Ukraine in the conditions of its crisis, emphasizing the question whether these efforts have been made due to reasons of democracy promotion, mainly of European origin, or Ukraine crisis overcoming. The article consists of two parts: 1) Polish political and ideological influence on Ukraine during the development of Ukraine crisis 2013-2014, which took place in the conditions of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity and in the context of the EU democracy promotion endeavors towards Ukraine; 2) Poland’s efforts to prevent spreading of Russia’s authoritarianism in the context of hybrid war between Russia and Ukraine during 2014-2020. The Ukrainian crisis is closely linked to the spread of democracy, the EU integration and Russian ideological influence. Terminologically, we support the research position in the interpretation of the Ukrainian crisis as a socio-political unrest, which began in late November 2013. The main hypothesis implies that the external democracy promotion could be more effective in the case of domestic crisis in the recipient country. Therefore, the Ukrainian crisis of 2013-2020 is an interesting case to determine the capabilities of the main donors for the external democracy promotion for the target countries, in our case, Ukraine. Poland took an active part both in promoting democracy towards Ukraine and in overcoming Ukraine crisis, using its own political and ideological resources. We consider the Ukrainian crisis and the post-crisis process as an important motivating factor that plays an important role to strengthen the democratic aspirations of Ukrainian society. Moreover, the participation of external forces, especially of the consolidated West is a significant factor in this process.
Events in Ukraine 1914–1922 their importance and historical background (Part 4)
Authors: Makar Vitaliy , Makar Yuriy , Semenko Vitaly , Stetsyuk Andriy
Published: July 2022

The editorial board continues to publish the most important documents that characterize the state and progress of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, the attitude of other states towards this movement in the early twentieth century. The publication of the selected documents from the first three volumes of the collection of documents “Events in Ukraine 1914-1922 their Importance and Historical Background” was carried out in the 39th, 40th and 41th volumes of the Collection. Currently we are publishing our research from the fourth volume. The compilers selected 27 documents or fragments, which chronologically cover the period from October 19, 1918 to November 14, 1922. They represent the vision of the Ukrainian problem of that time by the ruling circles of Austria and Germany, reflect the final stage of Pavlo Skoropadskyʼs activity at the head of the Ukrainian State. Most of them reveal the historical background and efforts of the Directory, prominent figures of Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic and Western Region of the Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic in the development and preservation of Ukraine, establishing relations with the victorious states and neighbors, resistance to aggressors. Published documents shed light on the following issues: the military, political, and economic situation in Ukraine before and during the Directoryʼs uprising against Hetman P. Skoropadsky (999, 1019, 1021, 1029, 1030); preconditions and formation of the Western Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic, difficulties of its existence at the initial stage (1003, 1004, 1005); preconditions and principles of unification of the Ukrainian States (1011, 1013); protest of Ukrainian politicians against the decision of the Paris Conference on the occupation of part of the Ukrainian lands by Poland (1015); position and first foreign policy steps of the Directory (1033); unification of the Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic and the Western Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic, their representations abroad (1049, 1050, 1059); problems of the Directoryʼs relations with the Entente and the Ukrainоphobic regime of A. Denikin, the war with the Soviet-Russian troops in 1919-1920 (1060, 1061, 1064, 1067, 1068); international political recognition of the Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic and the possibility of restoring Ukrainian statehood in 1920-1921 (1072, 1073, 1082, 1086, 1995); the political situation in Ukraine in 1922 (1109, 1115). We hope that these documents will be insightful and informative for both students and experts of international relations and the history of Ukraine in the early twentieth century. Having selected the documents from different parts of the book, we preserved their serial and page numbers, the style of the titles and captions. We also present a list of abbreviations in the original.
The Positions of the Visegrad Group States on the European Union Policy Towards Ukraine in the Context of the Russo-Ukrainian War
Authors: Blyzniak Olha
Published: July 2022

The article analyses the positions of the Visegrad Group states on the European Union policy towards Ukraine in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The relevance of the study is associated with the Visegrad Group states’ significant role in the formation and implementation of the EU’s modern Eastern policy. After becoming the EU members and achieving the main goal declared in the Visegrad Declaration of February 15, 1991, the Visegrad Group states did not abandon their joint effort within the framework of the regional union. Instead, they intensified their support for the European integration aspirations of their neighbouring countries, namely Ukraine. Being united in their positions on many issues important for the EU and Ukraine, the Visegrad Group has achieved tangible results. The Visegrad Group states supported Ukraine’s European aspirations despite its obvious struggle with the pace and quality of reforms and the level of democracy, corruption and prosperity in the country. They ensured that Ukraine was on the EU’s agenda and used the available resources and opportunities to keep the discussion on Ukraine going among the top decision-makers of the EU, especially after the Revolution of Dignity. All of the Visegrad Group states supported the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and the decision to allow visa-free travel for Ukrainians. However, the Visegrad Group states had differing views on the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. For example, Poland’s rigid and uncompromising stance differed from the cautious and sometimes ambiguous positions of Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Thus, the article aims to determine the differences among the positions of the Visegrad Group states regarding the EU’s policy towards Ukraine in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. Ultimately, the Visegrad Group failed to reach the consensus on the Russo-Ukrainian War and sanctions against the aggressor. Differing views on the Russo-Ukrainian War clearly demonstrate lack of unanimity. Thus, the divergent reactions of the Visegrad Group states signal their inability to act as an in-house advocate for the EU’s Eastern neighbours and, in general, weaken the EU’s ability to implement its Eastern policy effectively.
Features of Turkish Foreign-Policy Strategy in the South Caucasus on the Modern Stage in the Context of Mutual Relations With Azerbaijan and Armenia
Authors: Kovryk-Тokar Larysa
Published: July 2022

Turkey on the modern stage remains the example of the exclusiveness in different spheres and aspects: exceptional history, geography, democratic progress, state-building, cultural originality and religious authentication. The foreign-policy course of Turkey is a special too. The principles of the domestic political system of country based by kemalism conception until recently have determined strategic landmarks in international politics as well. However, the end of the Cold war, configuration changes of the actors in the international arena in combination with domestic problems influenced on the Turkish foreign policy. During the last years the domestic end external policy оf country demonstrates, that Turkey is in the process of changing its identity, searching of own role in the post-bipolar world. Conceptually, the Turkish leadership combines the principles of Kemalism, Pan-Turkism and Neo-Ottomanism. The Neo-Ottomanism involves maintaining a balance between security and democracy; policy of “no problems with neighbors”; active diplomacy of peace support; multidimensional foreign policy. The Republic of Turkey also embodies the principle of "rhythmic diplomacy", which ensures Turkey's presence in international organizations and participation in all international issues. The intensification of Turkey's policy in the South Caucasus can be explained by the need to solve a number of problems with neighboring countries, including Armenia. On the other hand, due to close relations with Azerbaijan and Georgia, Turkey receives significant economic dividends, has become an influential energy player and is expanding its geopolitical influence in the Black Sea region. At present, Turkey is unable to normalize relations with Armenia due to its tragic historical past and position on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In addition, concessions to Armenia will inevitably lead to disputes among Turkish political circles and worsen relations with Azerbaijan. Besides this situation become more complicated because of geopolitical rivalry with Russia, which considers the region a zone of exclusively Russian interests.
The Role of the Political Component in the Process of Euro-Atlantic Integration of Ukraine
Authors: Martyniuk Vitalii
Published: July 2022

The need to strengthen the political component of Euro-Atlantic integration, increase the efficiency of structural units of the Ukrainian state authorities and intensify their activities to inform the public about the fulfilment of their tasks in this area are substantiated in the article. This approach, along with greater involvement of scientific, expert and public circles into the Euro-Atlantic integration process, will contribute to improve the effectiveness of this process, increase the level of public support to Ukraine's course towards NATO membership, and coordinate and deepen cooperation between Ukraine and the Alliance. The political component of the Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine has become especially relevant in the light of ongoing Russian aggression against Ukraine and adopted in 2019 amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine, which set the country's course to full membership in NATO. Its role is determined by the political activities of the Alliance, the political segments of bilateral documents and Ukrainian legislative acts on the issues of Euro-Atlantic Integration, the importance of political decisions, the involvement of all state authorities into the Euro-Atlantic Integration process, the intensification of non-military segments of Ukraine-NATO cooperation, and their greater clarity for the Ukrainian society, unlike the military ones. The constitutional double-goal of Ukraine to become a member of both NATO and the EU requires strengthening the political coordination of these two complementary processes in Ukraine. The author substantiates the necessity of combining the functions of European and Euro-Atlantic Integration in separate structural departments of the governmental bodies of Ukraine, as well as enhancing their activity in informing the society about measures, which they have performed in these spheres. The political component of the Euro-Atlantic Integration of Ukraine should become intensified, properly shaped and well-coordinated in the governmental bodies, visible for the society and used for countering current threats.
Ukraine in Modern Globalization Processes: Challenges to the National State
Authors: Novoskoltseva Liudmyla
Published: July 2022

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the world has faced the acceleration of transnationalization, the strengthening of interdependence and the establishment of an international order with the help of the UN and other international organizations, as well as the phenomenon of “erosion” of state sovereignty. The information revolution and the interaction of cultures and values have intensified the trend towards building a democratic society and fighting for human rights and freedoms. The globalization undermines an ability of the state to maintain borders and exercise sovereignty. States today can be legally sovereign, but in practice they are forced to negotiate with all the actors on the world stage, as a result of which their freedom of action is significantly limited. The development of the modern world is characterized by the processes of globalization, enhances the universalization of all spheres of social life and certainly cannot but influence the functioning of national states. Globalization forces us to revise the traditional principles of sovereignty in connection with changes in ideas about the difference between internal and external, state and international, territorial and non-territorial politics. Ukraine's accession of independence provides for the formation of the integral socio-political, self-identified community, capable of withstanding internal and external challenges. In Ukraine, the process of becoming the full-fledged nation-state with its own interests continues. This problem is also actualized by the ambitious goal that has been set, about Ukraine's entry into forty developed countries of the world.
Ukraine-Japan Relationships and Their Influence on the Development of the Ukrainian State
Authors: Serediuk Nazar
Published: July 2022

The article reveals the results of the study of Ukrainian-Japanese relations and their influence on the development of the Ukrainian state. Relationships between two countries are dynamically developing. The legal framework of two countries includes fifty four documents. It is typical for Ukraine-Japan relationships to follow the principle of human security/ according to the principle the main object of politics is a person, not the state. Adherence to these principles is traced in Japan's foreign policy, assessment of domestic devel-opments and Ukrainian issues in the international arena, as traced in the 2004 statements on the Ukrainian presidential election, the 2009 Ukrainian-Russian gas war, and the Revolution of Dignity. Another step to mutual trust and friendly relations is being made through official meetings between Japanese and Ukrainian statesmen and politicians. Since 1994 representatives of both countries have made official trips and held negotiations that paved way for developing two side relationships. There is a functioning Association «Japan-Ukraine» in a Japanese Parliament responsible for the relations with Kyiv. Similar group has been working in Ukrainian Parliament which is in charge of relations with Japan. Japan’s foreign policy regarding Ukraine is a part of the general strategy applied in formation of the so-called «The Ark of Freedom and Prosperity in Euroasia» and, at the same time, one of the foundation principles of Japan foreign policy. According to this approach Tokyo is eager to sup-port formation of the circle of successful and prosperous countries. Officially providing aid, Tokyo helps to strengthen democracy, develop infrastructure and legal framework considering historic and cultural development of the country. “Kusanone” is the main assistance program to Ukraine, under which up to 15 projects are implemented annually. Thus, since 2004, Japan has implemented 103 projects worth a total of $ 7.5 million. Through the Kusanone projects, Japan also indirectly contributes to Ukraine's development by providing financial and technical assistance through intergovernmental agreements, as well as grant projects for international non-governmental organizations to strengthen the role of democratic institutions, economic and administrative reforms, and infrastructure development.
Pesan Dakwah dalam Novel Bumi Cinta Karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy
Authors: Syafriwaldi Syafriwaldi
Published: July 2022

Novels are one of the da'wah media that can be used by Da'i to influence mad'u to carry out what has become a provision or rule in Islam. One of the Da'i who made novels as a medium of da'wah is Habiburrahamn El Shirazy. He is a scholar, preacher, and writer who has produced phenomenal works that relate daily life to Islamic da'wah. In this study, the author examines a novel written by Habiburrahamn El Shirazy by entitled Bumi Cinta. The novel Bumi Cinta tells about the struggle of a salaf santri named Muhammad Ayyas in defending his faith from people who do not believe in God, as well as people who are very anti-Islam in the city of Moscow, Russia. This research is a qualitative research using content analysis techniques. The researcher categorizes the message of da'wah in this novel by using the theory of da'wah message. The results of this study are that the expelled novel contains messages related to faith, worship, muamalah and morality.