bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Biological Systems More Intelligent Than Artificial Intelligence?
Authors: Bennett Michael Timothy
Published: February 2025

Are biological self-organising systems more `intelligent' than artificial intelligence? If so, why? We frame intelligence as adaptability, and explore this question using a mathematical formalism of causal learning. We compare systems by how they delegate control, illustrating how this applies with examples of computational, biological, human organisational and economic systems. We formally show the scale-free, dynamic, bottom-up architecture of biological self-organisation allows for more efficient adaptation than the static top-down architecture typical of computers, because adaptation can take place at lower levels of abstraction. Artificial intelligence rests on a static, human-engineered `stack'. It only adapts at high levels of abstraction. To put it provocatively, a static computational stack is like an inflexible bureaucracy. Biology is more `intelligent' because it delegates adaptation down the stack. We call this multilayer-causal-learning. It inherits a flaw of biological systems. Cells become cancerous when isolated from the collective informational structure, reverting to primitive transcriptional behaviour. We show states analogous to cancer occur when collectives are too tightly constrained. To adapt to adverse conditions control should be delegated to the greatest extent, like the doctrine of mission-command. Our result shows how to design more robust systems and lays a mathematical foundation for future empirical research.
FISHGLOB: a collaborative infrastructure to bridge the gap between scientific monitoring and marine biodiversity conservation.
Authors: Maureaud Aurore A. , kitchel Zoe , Fredston Alexa , Guralnick Robert , Palacios-Abrantes Juliano , Palomares Deng , Pinsky Malin , Shackell Nancy , Thorson James , Merigot Bastien , Alemany Daniela , Amador Kofi , Bandara Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Wajra Jeewantha , Belmaker Jonathan , Beukhof Esther , Bograd Steven , Camara Mohamed L. , Carbonara Pierluigi , Chaikin Shahar , Collins Martin , Eddy Tyler , Edelist Dor , Fock Heino , Frelat Romain , Friedland Kevin D. , Grüss Arnaud , Hidalgo Manuel , Jouffre Didier , Kidé Saïkou O. , Koen-Alonso Mariano , Knuckey Ian , Kotwicki Stan , Lavender Ed , Lindegren Martin , Llope Marcos , Mannocci Laura , Mason Julia , Masski Hicham , McLean Matthew , Merillet Laurene , Mihneva Vesselina , Nunoo Francis K.E. , O'Driscoll Richard , O'Leary Cecilia A. , pecuchet Laurene , Petrova Elitsa , Ramos Jorge E. , Sobrino Ignacio , Sólumndsson Jón , Soni Vaishav , Spies Ingrid , Spedicato Maria Teresa , Stephenson Fabrice , Thiam Ndiaga , Tserkova Feriha , Tserpes George , Tzanatos Evangelos , van Denderen Daniël , Vasilakopoulos Paraskevas , Webb Tom , Yepsen Daniela V. , Ziegler Philippe , Zupa Walter
Published: February 2025

FISHGLOB brings together experts in, and users of, fish monitoring data to support biodiversity research and conservation across oceans.
Michotte's research on perceptual impressions of causality: a registered replication study
Authors: White Peter Anthony
Published: February 2025

Michotte (1946/1954/1963) showed that visual impressions of causality can occur in perception of simple animations of moving geometrical objects. In the launching effect, one object is perceived as making another object move by bumping into it. In the entraining effect, the two objects move together after contact and the first moving object is perceived as pushing or carrying the other one. There has been much further research on the launching effect in particular, and citations of Michotte's pioneering work have increased rapidly in recent decades, underlining its importance in contemporary psychology and neuroscience. However, many of the experiments reported Michotte's book, exploring conditions under which launching and entraining do and do not occur, have never been replicated. The methodology, involving mostly a few knowledgeable observers and no statistical analysis, indicates that replication and extension would be desirable, to assess the reliability of the results reported by Michotte and to inspire further research on aspects of these perceptual impressions that have been neglected in more recent research. In this pre-registered replication study, fourteen experiments are reported that replicate and, in some cases, extend experiments reported by Michotte (1946/1954/1963). Some findings reported by Michotte were replicated, others only partly so, and in other cases results were different from what Michotte reported. In particular, results on the delay manipulation differed from those reported by Michotte. Results show the great importance of the entraining and pulling impressions, which have hitherto received much less attention than the launching impression. Extensions to Michotte's experiments revealed numerous new findings and open up prospects for much more innovative research. The results also have significant implications for possible explanations for perceptual impressions of causality.
Speech and language rehabilitation: The potential role of immersive VR interventions
Authors: Stark Brielle C
Published: February 2025

PurposeSpeech and communication involve intricate cognitive-linguistic functions that can be impaired by neurogenic disorders stemming from conditions such as stroke, brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease. This viewpoint explores the viability and challenges of integrating immersive virtual reality (iVR) as a tool to enhance speech and language rehabilitation.MethodThis viewpoint utilizes a non-systematic, thorough review of interdisciplinary research to provide readers with a holistic interpretation of the relevant potential and challenges for iVR’s use in rehabilitation communication of adults with neurogenic communication disorders in both research and clinical settings. ResultsImmersive VR can foster engaging, inclusive, accessible, customizable, immersive platforms for enhancing communication outcomes. Early evidence suggests user experience is positive. Barriers such as accessibility, randomized and controlled studies examining efficacy, technological constraints, and ethical dilemmas require continued attention.ConclusionImmersive VR shows potential as an innovative tool for speech-language rehabilitation, offering adaptable and interactive therapy options. While initial studies indicate positive outcomes, further investigation is necessary to confirm long-term benefits, refine implementation methods, and tackle ethical challenges. Collaboration among healthcare professionals, researchers, and technologists will be key to ensuring widespread and equitable adoption, ultimately improving communication abilities in individuals with neurogenic disorders.
Similarity Impacts Where Repeated Events Fall on the Semantic-Episodic Continuum
Authors: Bontkes Oliver , Palombo Daniela , Rubínová Eva
Published: February 2025

Memory researchers have recently conceptualized repeated events as an intermediate form of memory between episodic and semantic memory. We explored whether self-reported event similarity affects where repeated events fall on a semantic-episodic continuum. Across two preregistered studies, repeated measures correlation indicated that similarity was positively correlated with self-reported reliance on semantic memory. Similarity was negatively correlated with reliance on a single episode. Latent profile analysis revealed three types of repeated event memories that differed in their relative use of semantic, single episode, and mixed episodes reliance. One profile was distinctively low on single episode reliance, while the other two had overall balanced ratings (one was high, the other was low). Subsequent analyses revealed the first profile was significantly higher in similarity of place than the other profiles. Our findings have implications for theoretical perspectives on repeated event memory, and have practical significance in legal and clinical contexts.
Towards efficient and rapid fire suppression using interconnected fire-craft and continuous water supply
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: February 2025

Wildfires are a growing global threat that require effective prevention and control strategies. A novel fire suppression system is proposed, using a fleet of specialized and interconnected “firecraft” that pump water from nearby sources—such as rivers, lakes, seas, or dedicated fire hydrants—and disperse it through a continuous downpour over and around wildfire areas to effectively suppress the blaze. Key advantages of such a system include its potential for rapid response capability, making it particularly effective for controlling large wildfires in remote and inaccessible areas. While developing such a system may present technical and logistical challenges, these obstacles can be addressed through careful planning and innovation, without undermining its overall feasibility. Beyond its ability to quickly suppress fires, the system offers the potential to protect critical environmental resources, wildlife habitats, and biodiversity, making it a viable option that warrants exploration and investment to mitigate the broader ecological impacts of wildfires.
CHOAMs are All You Need: Using Urban Chains of Activities to Uncover the Relationship Between Mobility, Diversity, and Value
Authors: Baciu Dan Costa
Published: February 2025

This article explores the complex relationship between mobility, diversity, and perceived urban value by studying urban “chains of activities” that define city life. Introducing chains-of-activities-models (CHOAMs), we present a method for systematically analyzing how individuals move through the city and engage in a variety of urban activities. We also show that changing mobility options or the supply of activities can directly influence the ways people experience and the extent to which they value the urban environment. By facilitating rapid modeling and testing of scenarios, our research framework empowers urban planners, designers, and policymakers to envision cities as dynamic systems and leverage the relationship between mobility and diversity to optimize human-scale benefits. Through these insights obtainable through CHOAMs, the present article opens the door to a future of automated, proactive, and value-driven urban design.
Affective And Cognitive Underpinnings of Moral Condemnation When News of Transgressions Goes Viral
Authors: Effron Daniel , Brady William J.
Published: February 2025

When news of a transgression goes viral, people hear about it repeatedly from different news sources and individuals. How does this repeated exposure affect moral judgments of the transgression? We test a new theoretical model proposing that moral condemnation is influenced by competing affective and cognitive processes. Repeated exposure to the same information about a transgression dampens people’s emotional responses, which can reduce moral condemnation (an affective-desensitization process). However, repeated exposure from multiple sources also signals that the transgression is receiving widespread negative attention, which can increase moral condemnation (a cognitive infamy-inference process). These processes’ net effect will depend on how strongly repetition dampens affect vs. signals infamy. Five preregistered experiments (N = 3,939) test our model. Participants rated corporate transgressions to which they had or had not been repeatedly exposed from three sources (news outlets or individuals). Experiments 1 and 2 measured affective reactions, infamy inferences, and moral judgments, finding mediational support for our model. In Experiment 2, and two supplemental experiments, repetition reduced moral condemnation, suggesting that affective desensitization was the dominant process. Experiment 3 was designed to strengthen the infamy process by highlighting over a million negative reactions to each repeatedly seen transgression; consistent with our model, infamy no longer reduced moral condemnation but continued to dull affective reactions, suggesting that affective desensitization and infamy-inference processes offset one another. By documenting these countervailing processes, our research deepens understanding of when, why, and how viral transgressions may impact public opinion and moral outrage.
Microwave and RF photonic signal generation and processing via optical micro-combs
Authors: Moss David
Published: February 2025

We demonstrate a radio frequency (RF) phase-encoded signal generator as well as a user-defined RF arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) based on a soliton crystal micro-comb generated by an integrated MRR with a free spectral range of ~49 GHz. Owing to the soliton crystal’s robust and stable generation as well as the high intrinsic efficiency, RF phase-encoded signal generators and AWGs with simple operation and fast reconfiguration are realized. The soliton crystal micro-comb provides 60 wavelengths for RF phase-encoded signal generators, achieving a phase encoding speed of 5.95 Gb/s and a high pulse compression ratio of 29.6. Over 80 wavelengths are employed for the AWGs, achieving tunable square waveforms with a duty cycle ratio ranging from 10% to 90%, sawtooth waveforms with tunable slope ratios from 0.2 to 1, and symmetric concave quadratic chirp waveforms. Our system has great potential to achieve RF and microwave photonic signal generation and processing with low cost and footprint.
A comparative study of algebraic and 3DoF models for predicting performance of all electric aircraft
Authors: Wang Chun-Sheng , Brinkerhoff Joshua
Published: February 2025

Due to the rapid advancement of battery and electric motor technologies, all electric aircraft (AEA) are quickly becoming a promising pathway for reducing the CO2 emissions and air pollutants of small aircraft. New design tools are needed for predicting the performance of AEA. In this study, a three-degrees of freedom (3DoF) model is developed for predicting the performance of AEA under different mission profiles and electric propulsion system efficiencies. Based on a temporal integration of the equations of motion, the 3DoF model also incorporates the AEA weight, energy storage, aerodynamics, efficiency of electric propulsion system, and atmospheric conditions in its performance predictions. Additionally, two simpler and computationally cheaper algebraic models (AM) are proposed to enable rapid performance predictions at the AEA design stage. The baseline AM is based on the flight range equation under steady conditions, which is modified in the improved AM by incorporating atmospheric effects. For a 300 nautical miles range, the improved AM predicts the maximum motor power and energy consumption with relative errors less than 4% and 5% of the 3DoF model, respectively compared with 85% and 17% from the baseline AM. The design tools are used to conduct an AEA trajectory analysis under different climb profiles and motor efficiencies. The analysis reveals that if constant motor efficiency is assumed, optimization of the AEA climb profile has little effect on the total energy consumption, with the total energy consumption differing by less than 0.5%. However, when the motor efficiency is more realistically modeled as a function of motor shaft power, differences in the total energy consumed by the AEA increase, with a maximum difference of 2.8%. Since the battery energy storage is closely related to the AEA weight and cost, this finding suggests that trajectory optimization can reduce the cost, improve the performance, and accelerate the design of AEA systems.
Cohort Profiles: Personality Measurements at the Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
Authors: Arumäe Kadri , Vaht Mariliis , Realo Anu , Ausmees Liisi , Allik Jüri , Henry Sam , Metspalu Andres , Esko Tõnu , Mõttus René , Vainik Uku
Published: February 2025

Like all behaviour, personality traits are substantially heritable, but their genetic background is poorly understood. Investigating traits’ genetic background could help explain disparities in health and other life outcomes they contribute to. We describe two cohorts of the Estonian Biobank for whom, besides self- and informant-rated personality traits, detailed data are available on a wide range of measures including health behaviour, biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, and medical diagnoses and treatments. The first cohort (N[self-report] = 3,640, N[informant-report] = 3,488) filled out the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3) between 2008 and 2018. The second cohort (N[self-report] = 77,400, N[informant-report] = 21,986), collected between 2021 and 2022, responded to a large and diverse item pool called the 100 Nuances of Personality (100NP) covering the Big Five and other traits. Research opportunities include investigation of personality traits’ properties, gene discovery, prediction of health and well-being, and causal modelling. New data are added periodically through additional data collection waves and linkage with various registries and databases.
Egocentricity in infants’ play with familiar objects in caregiver-child interactions
Authors: Madhavan Rajalakshmi , Sia Ming Yean , Chen Xiaoyun , Mundry Roger , Mani Nivedita
Published: February 2025

Parents and children appear to coordinate their attention to objects in their environment, often via mutual gaze. Children, however, display a novelty bias in interacting with objects, looking longer at novel objects relative to familiar objects. This may allow parents to follow in on their child’s focus of attention and label the novel objects, creating moments of optimal learning. The current study examined this with regard to whether parents are more likely to lead instances of joint attention to novel relative to familiar objects and how children learn from periods of child-led or parent-led joint attention. In particular, we investigated whether (i) parents lead more instances of joint attention when playing with novel relative to familiar objects, (ii) parents preferentially label novel relative to familiar objects, and (iii) children's learning of novel word-object associations is affected by the frequency of labelling and children's sustained attention towards the objects. We found that not only do children lead more instances of joint attention, but, relative to their caregivers, children lead more instances of joint attention to familiar objects relative to novel objects. Parents also appeared to follow in on their child’s attention and labelled familiar objects more often than novel objects. Furthermore, we found no evidence for children’s recognition of the novel word-object associations. Our findings highlight the contingent nature of social interactions between caregivers and infants, with children leading and parents following their child’s lead, especially with regard to more familiar objects in the child’s environment.
Building trust and inclusivity: Navigating layered stigma and risk communication for LGBTQ+ individuals during COVID-19 outbreaks
Authors: Lim Jungkyu Rhys , Jun Hyoyeun , Ledford Victoria
Published: February 2025

Stigmatised groups, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer-identifying (LGBTQ+) individuals, face increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and mpox (monkeypox). Layered and intersectional stigma limits healthcare access and public health participation, making trust and inclusivity essential in crisis management and risk communication. This study examines the impact of risk communication on LGBTQ+ communities during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea, where detailed personal information shared for contact tracing led to further stigmatisation. Through in-depth interviews (N = 21), the research investigates (1) the intersectional and layered stigma and discrimination LGBTQ+ individuals faced; (2) factors that increased stigmatisation, eroded trust, and discouraged public health engagement, such as COVID-19 testing; and (3) strategies that reduced stigma, fostered inclusivity, and encouraged protective health behaviours. Findings reveal that health authorities' insensitivity, the disclosure of identifiable contact tracing data, and the negative portrayals of LGBTQ+ community spaces collectively exacerbated stigma and public health barriers, particularly in culturally homogeneous and structurally inequitable contexts. Conversely, confidentiality, inclusive messaging, and community-driven support were key to fostering trust and participation. The study underscores the urgent need for crisis management strategies that safeguard marginalised groups' rights, dismantle stigma, and prioritise equitable public health outcomes. These insights offer actionable lessons for policymakers and crisis managers navigating public health emergencies in high-stigma contexts.
Reliability of Electrophysiological Measures of Cognitive Control and Sociodemographic Correlates in a Large Adolescent Cohort
Authors: Boer Olga D. , Lutz Miranda Christine , Marroun Hanan El , Hajcak Greg , Franken Ingmar
Published: February 2025

Decreased cognitive control, encompassing processes like response inhibition and error processing, has been identified as a potential neurocognitive risk factor for psychopathology. Although electroencephalography (EEG) shows promise as a cost-effective and high temporal resolution method for linking brain function to behavior, large-scale EEG research to realize this potential remains limited. In this study, a population-based sample of 2994 adolescents (M_age = 18.4 years, range 16-21 years) was utilized to first assess reliability of EEG markers of cognitive control (ERN/Pe, No-Go N2/P3) measured during a Go/No-Go task. This involved computing split-half reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha (CA) and Pearson’s correlations for an increasing number of error/No-Go trials. Given the low-density setup, our analyses focused on the electrode locations FCz and Cz. Moderate reliability (split-half reliability and CA ≥ 0.6) was obtained with a minimum of 9/10 errors for ERN, 7 errors for Pe, and 15 No-Go trials for No-Go N2/P3. Second, linear regression models were used to estimate univariate and multivariate associations between child and family characteristics and EEG parameters (ERN/Pe, No-Go N2/P3 and midfrontal theta power). We report robust associations between higher IQ and larger Pe, No-Go P3 and midfrontal theta power. Maternal education and household income showed a similar association, but seemed partly explained by IQ. Smaller No-Go P3 was observed in adolescents with a migration background. Finally, larger ERN and No-Go N2 were observed in female as compared to male participants. These findings highlight the need to adjust for these variables in future EEG studies in adolescent populations. In conclusion, this study highlights the feasibility of incorporating EEG into large-scale population-based research, even with relatively short task duration. Importantly, researchers should balance higher reliability against retaining more participants and minimizing potential bias.
Reduced social contact and attachment insecurity as predictors of loneliness during COVID-19: a two-month experience sampling study
Authors: Lewis Katie C , ROCHE MICHAEL J , Brown Fiona , Tillman Jane
Published: February 2025

The impact of reduced social contact on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic has been identified as a major public health concern. While personality factors such as attachment style have been associated with psychological distress during the pandemic, the longitudinal relevance of these factors and the role of daily social contact in mitigating distress remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the impact of social contact and attachment style on changes in loneliness over an 8-week experience sampling period during the COVID-19 pandemic. A general adult sample (n=184) recruited online completed measures of psychological distress, attachment, and loneliness via smartphone. Loneliness and daily social contact were assessed twice per week for eight weeks, yielding 1,124 unique observations. During the experience sampling period, proximal increases in loneliness were associated with decreased daily in-person contact. In contrast, participants who described themselves as having fewer interactions via text, phone, or videoconferencing, as well as those with higher anxious and avoidant attachment traits, reported greater experiences of loneliness over time. These findings suggest the relevance of both enduring personality characteristics and daily social behaviors as risk factors for loneliness during the pandemic, pointing to potential targets for clinical intervention and future empirical study.
The Japanese Version of the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (J-BMRQ) Confirms the Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the “Five-Factor” Model
Authors: HONDA SHIORI , Herrero Ernest Mas , Isoda Mina , Muraki Maki , Lorenzo-Seva Urbano , Kitayama Yoichi , Savage Patrick E. , Fujii Shinya
Published: February 2025

The Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ) is an instrument designed to assess individual differences in music pleasure and reward. While the BMRQ was developed in Spanish and English, it has recently been translated into French and Chinese. A point of debate is whether the five-factor model, initially proposed in the English and Spanish versions of the BMRQ, was consistently replicated in the translated versions. While the French version successfully reproduced the five-factor model, the Chinese version did not, potentially due to cultural variations. In this study, we developed a Japanese version of the BMRQ (J-BMRQ) and tested whether the J-BMRQ could replicate the five-factor model. Data from 1550 Japanese participants were collected and analyzed using the J-BMRQ, and its construct validity and reliability were tested via factor analyses. Our analyses supported the applicability of the five-factor model for the Japanese version of the BMRQ, demonstrating psychometric properties consistent with the original Spanish/English and French versions. Additionally, mirroring the earlier versions, a single-factor solution was informative for computing an overall BMRQ score. This study reinforces the cross-cultural generalizability of the BMRQ and offers a robust tool for future research on musical pleasure and reward in a Japanese context.
Mapping the global scientific literature on cannabis and schizophrenia from 1976 to 2024: a scientometric review
Authors: Baminiwatta Anuradha , Bhattacharyya Sagnik
Published: February 2025

BackgroundModern scientometric tools allow mapping of trends and themes within a scientific domain. A scientometric analysis of the literature linking cannabis and schizophrenia has not been conducted before. MethodsBibliographic data for all articles and reviews with the terms cannabis (or marijuana) and schizophrenia in the title, abstract or keywords were obtained from the Web of Science (WoS). CiteSpace was used for co-citation analysis. VOSViewer was used for visualizing keyword and co-authorship networks. ResultsBetween 1976-2024, there were 3101 publications in total, with 130198 associated references. From 1976 until the 1990s, the research output remained minimal, but grew rapidly thereafter, peaking in 2020-2021. The most prolific author was Robin M. Murray, and the most prolific journal was Schizophrenia Research. The countries contributing most to the literature were USA (28%), UK (24%) and Australia (12.5%). Co-citation analysis revealed 13 research clusters. Earlier clusters dealt with epidemiological and clinical aspects. Trends in the middle period included gene-environment interactions, endocannabinoid system, therapeutic interventions, and the effects of cannabis on the brain. Recent trends included cannabidiol, causal explorations using genetic information, and the relationship between geographical variation in cannabis use and the epidemiology of psychoses. Potential future directions suggested by structural variation analysis included novel interventions for cannabis use in schizophrenia such as neuromodulation and technology-based psychotherapies, genetic risk stratification, immune/neuroendocrine markers, sex-specific issues, and forensic research. ConclusionThis scientometric review illustrated the evolution of scientific literature on cannabis and schizophrenia over five decades, and identified emerging trends and future directions.
The Feasibility and Acceptability of Automated Feedback and Deliberate Practice in Psychological Therapies for Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Malins Sam , Figueredo Grazziela , Saxon David , Horton Kate , Clos Jeremie , Trimble Tom , Fatehi Kavan , Waldram Dave , Higton Fred , Hardy Gillian , Barkham Michael , Couldridge Jonathan , Moghaddam Nima
Published: February 2025

Objective. This study assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical utility of integrating automated, prognostic feedback with Deliberate Practice (DP) for psychological therapists.Method. Nine therapists invited their patients to consent to session recordings assessed for prognostic feedback, which informed DP targeted at personalised skill development. Feasibility, acceptability and therapeutic skills were assessed alongside qualitative interviews. Clinical outcomes from 97 pre-intervention and 79 intervention-phase patients were compared.Results. Intervention feasibility and acceptability, therapeutic skills and clinical outcomes improved pre- to post-intervention. Patient uptake of automated feedback was low due to concerns about artificial intelligence.Conclusions. Automated feedback and DP becomes more acceptable to therapists through engagement. It may improve therapeutic skills and effectiveness but requires addressing patient concerns to enhance participation.
Anger: Justified and Unjustified
Authors: Razavi Pooya , Hodges Sara D. , Condon David M , Wagner David T , Srivastava Sanjay
Published: February 2025

The present research adopts a mixed-methods approach to examine the boundaries between two anger variants: an anger perceived as moral, appropriate, and justified; and an anger considered wrong and unjustified. In Study 1, we analyze participants’ narratives about their past experiences of justified and unjustified anger using qualitative thematic analysis, closed-vocabulary, and open-vocabulary text processing methods. In Study 2, we use a prototype approach to differentiate justified and unjustified anger experiences across ten theory-driven dimensions. The results reveal crucial differences in cognitive and emotional components, as well as interpersonal outcomes associated with these anger types. Participants often considered their anger to be justified when a target’s actions were perceived as immoral, unfair, harmful, or violating norms. They viewed the target’s behavior as reflecting poor moral character, expressed absolutist judgments in their writing, and experienced concurrent hostile emotions. In contrast, participants perceived their anger as unjustified when it stemmed from unrelated frustrations, misunderstandings, or overreactions to trivial offenses. Unjustified anger narratives were often reflective, and demonstrated retrospection and self-directed emotions (e.g., guilt and embarrassment). The two anger types varied considerably in their relational impact: Justified anger commonly led to strained or severed relationships, while unjustified anger prompted efforts to repair bonds. Additionally, justified anger had a stronger overlap with hate and contempt appraisals. We discuss the implications of these findings for constructing theories capable of explaining diverse anger experiences as well as developing interventions to address the maladaptive behaviors associated with anger.
The Eating Disorders Genetics Initiative 2 (EDGI2): Study Protocol
Authors: Bulik Cynthia , Berthold Natasha , MacDermod Casey , Thornton Laura , Parker Richard , Morales Shantal Anid Cortés , Hog Liv , Kennedy Hannah , Guintivano Jerry , Sullivan Patrick F. , Crowley James , Johnson Jessica S , Birgegård Andreas , Fundin Bengt , Xu Jiayi , Pettie Michaela , Miller Allison , Aguilar Mariana Valdez , Barakat Sarah , Abdulkadir Mohamed , White Jennifer P. , Larsen Janne T , Trujillo Elsie , Winterman Bertha , Zhang Ruyue , Lawson Rachel , Wonderlich Stephen , Wonderlich Joseph , Schaefer Lauren , Mehler Philip S , Oakes judy , Foster Marina , Gaudiani Jennifer , Trujillo Eva , Compte Emilio J , Petersen Liselotte V , Yilmaz Zeynep , Micali Nadia , Jordan Jennifer , Kennedy Martin Alexander , Maguire Sarah , Huckins Laura M , Yi Lu , Dinkler Lisa , Martin Nicholas
Published: February 2025

Background: The Eating Disorders Genetics Initiative 2 (EDGI2) is designed to explore the role of genes and environment in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) with a focus on diverse populations and severe and/or longstanding illness.Methods: A total of 20,000 new participants (18,700 cases and 1,300 controls) will be ascertained from the United States (US), Mexico (MX), Australia (AU), Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), Sweden (SE), and Denmark (DK). Comprehensive phenotyping and genotyping will be performed for participants in US, MX, AU, NZ, and SE using the EDGI2 questionnaire battery and participant saliva samples. In DK, case identification and genotyping will be through the National Patient Register and bloodspots archived near birth. Case-control and case-case genome-wide association studies will be conducted within EDGI2 and enhanced via meta-analysis with external data from the Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-ED). Additional analyses will explore genetic correlations between eating disorders (EDs) and other psychiatric and metabolic traits, calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS), and leverage functional biology to evaluate clinical outcomes. Moreover, analyzing PRS for patient stratification and linking identified risk loci to clinically relevant phenotypes highlight the potential of EDGI2 for clinical translation. Discussion: EDGI2 is a global expansion of the EDGI study to increase sample size, expand the numbers of participants from non-European ancestry, and to include ARFID. Inclusion of MX will be the first large-scale ED genetics study from Latin America. ED genetics research has historically lagged behind other psychiatric disorders, and EDGI2 is designed to rapidly advance the study of the genetics of the major EDs. Exploring EDs at both the diagnostic level and the symptom level will provide an unprecedented look at the genetic architecture underlying EDs.
Emotion Regulation Partially Mediates the Relation Between Negative Life Event Exposure and Adolescent Psychopathology
Authors: Scheuer Kate , SPINK KATIE , Lengua Liliana , Foster Katherine , Forsyth Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Background. Adolescence is a unique developmental period associated with increased emergence of psychopathology. Negative life event (NLE) exposure is robustly linked with adolescent psychopathology and prior work suggests that emotion regulation may mediate this relation. However, research incorporating experiences of gender diverse (GD) adolescents has been lacking, despite elevated rates of NLEs and psychopathology in GD individuals. This study examined potential gender differences in the relations between NLE exposure, ER, and psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Methods. Data from 1955 cisgender boys, 1614 cisgender girls, and 194 GD adolescents enrolled in the ABCD study were utilized for the current study. Participants reported NLE exposure via Life Event Scale (LES) and ER difficulties via Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Parent Report (DERS-P) in early adolescence (M (SD) age = 12.93 (.27) years), followed by their internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms via Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Brief Problem Monitor-Youth (BPM-Y) one year later (M (SD) age = 14.12 years). Mediation analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling and conditional process modeling. Results. GD youth had higher rates of NLE exposure and more ER difficulties and psychopathology symptoms than cisgender peers. ER difficulties partially mediated relations between NLE exposure and all psychopathology symptoms for all gender groups. Gender moderated direct relations between NLE exposure and youth-report internalizing symptoms such that relations were stronger for cis girls and GD youth compared to cis boys. Conclusions. ER difficulties partially mediated relations between NLE exposure and psychopathology symptoms in a large sample of adolescents in the United States. Higher negative life experience exposure, ER difficulties, and psychopathology symptoms for GD youth compared to peers warrant additional study on ways to support these adolescents. Keywords: NLEs, emotion regulation, adolescence, gender. Abbreviations: NLE – negative life event; ER – emotion regulation; GD – gender diverse; ABCD Study – Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study; LES – Life Event Scale; DERS-P – Difficulties in Emotion Regulation-Parent Report; CBCL – Child Behavior Checklist; BPM-Y – Brief Problem Monitor youth report.
A multilevel analysis of the correlates of school engagement in adolescents in residential care
Authors: Middel Floor , Maneiro Lorena , Garcia-Molsosa Marta
Published: February 2025

Background: Adolescents in out-of-home residential care face significant challenges in engaging with school. However, the literature is full of inconsistencies regarding the factors associated with school engagement in this population, many of which remain understudied.Objective: This study aims to investigate how factors at the youth, care history, and placement levels relate to school engagement in adolescents in residential care from a multilevel perspective.Participants and Setting: The sample included 161 adolescents aged 12–18 (M = 15.22, SD = 1.59), of whom 46.6% were boys, 49.7% were girls, and 3.7% identified themselves as non-binary. They were placed in 24 residential facilities managed or supported by the Child Protection System in Spain.Methods: Data were collected through online questionnaires. Care workers provided information on adolescents’ demographics (i.e., age, gender, and nationality) and care history variables (i.e., age at entry into care, number of out-of-home placements). Adolescents self-reported their internalizing and externalizing problems, perception of the group climate, and school engagement.Results: After accounting for the hierarchical structure of the data (i.e., adolescents nested within residential facilities, the results showed that higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems and having experience multiple out-of-home placements, were associated with lower levels of school engagement. In contrast, the perception of an open group climate was related to higher levels of school engagement.Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of factors associated with school engagement, which are essential for developing guidelines and recommendations to help practitioners and group care workers support adolescents with school-related issues.
Examining the Interactive Nature of the Integration Hypothesis: A Comparison of Bivariate and Multivariate Meta-Analytical Approaches
Authors: Vu Dinh-Hung , Bierwiaczonek Kinga
Published: February 2025

While the acculturation strategy of integration (i.e., migrants embracing both their heritage culture and the mainstream culture) is best operationalised as an interaction between heritage and mainstream culture orientations, methods for testing individual-level interactions meta-analytically have only emerged recently. Previously published meta-analyses of the relationship between integration and cross-cultural adaptation used alternative bivariate operationalisations, producing results of unknown accuracy. Here, using two existing datasets (total k = 57, total N = 7,512) and one highly-powered simulation study (total k = 30,000, total N = 8,981,481), we estimate the average effect of integration on adaptation based on the state-of-the-art multivariate approach to meta-analysing interactions and compare it with four bivariate approaches used in previous meta-analyses: the summative approach, the multiplicative approach, Euclidean distance, and the mid-point split approach. The multivariate results indicate that the interaction effect of heritage-culture and mainstream-culture orientations on adaptation is negligible and largely driven by mainstream-culture orientation. Among bivariate approaches, the midpoint split, which best preserves the interactive nature of integration, produces consistently the smallest effects. We discuss the implications of using these approaches and provide recommendations for operationalising integration in meta-analytical research.
Voice Search in United States Digital Media Outlets. Use of the "Speakable" Markup with Google's Virtual Assistants
Authors: Lopezosa carlos , Vállez Mari , Font-Julián Cristina I. , Pedraza-Jimenez Rafael
Published: February 2025

This research explores how United States digital media outlets use the "speakable" semantic markup for voice search. Its use is intended to enable media outlets to promote their content on Google Assistant and Google Home devices. It is also considered an essential strategy for voice search optimization (VSO) which plays an essential role in ensuring that these kinds of devices load accurate results.Analysis of the use of this markup was limited to fifty media outlets (with websites with the greatest number of visits) based in the U. S. because "speakable" is currently only implemented in this geographic area. In this study, 372,000 news items were analyzed with the SEO tool Screaming Frog. Initial forecasts predicted growth parallel to using smart speakers, but unexpectedly this research identifies a non-generalized use of this type of semantic markup. Although data evidenced use of semantic markup in only seven media outlets, four of them demonstrated that it was widespread practice in all the articles. The "speakable" markup is applied through the CSS selector system or through XPath, an expression language designed for the transformation of XML documents.This work provides a useful basis for future lines of research related to voice search optimization strategies, which is an intrinsically valuable field to enhance web visibility and raise the profile of media outlets.
Thematic Analysis of Interview Data with ChatGPT: Designing and Testing a Reliable Research Protocol for Qualitative Research
Authors: Goyanes Manuel , Lopezosa Carlos , Jordá Beatriz
Published: February 2025

In recent years, artificial intelligence has developed into a powerful tool for processing and generating human-like texts, unlocking innovative possibilities for quantitative and qualitative data analysis. In the case of qualitative research, artificial intelligence in general, and ChatGPT in particular, represent promising avenues to explore and examine textual transcriptions from interview data. This study is a step in this direction, advancing a reliable research protocol for using ChatGPT to conduct thematic analysis, which includes the following standard steps: 1) data preparation, 2) defining the analysis process, 3) chatbot interaction, 4) iterative process, 5) review and validation, and 6) analysis and interpretation. Results of the analysis revealed that ChatGPT may significantly facilitate qualitative data analysis exploration, especially during initial research stages and when dealing with extensive transcription material. Additionally, our protocol design is able to reliably identify different thematic patterns emerging from the text, although the granularity of the output may vary depending on the quality of the prompt and human intelligence interpretation. Accordingly, we conclude that despite its vast power, the ChatGPT model in its current state is unable to substitute the contextual insights and subtle metaphorical nuances associated with human qualitative analysis, interpretation and reflexivity.
Determinantes de la demanda de cigarrillos en Panamá: evolución reciente
Authors: Pereira Sánchez Luis Antonio
Published: February 2025

El trabajo pretende actualizar estimaciones de demanda de cigarrillo en Panamá con posterioridad a la aplicación de numerosas medidas encaminadas a la reducción del consumo, siguiendo una metodología semejante a estudios encontrados en la literatura consultada. El diseño del estudio es observacional, con datos agregados anuales de 2015 a 2022, período durante el cual no se han producido cambios en las medidas restrictivas sobre la demanda, obtenidos de distintas fuentes secundarias a nivel nacional e internacional. El análisis se realiza mediante un modelo de regresión lineal, donde se relaciona el consumo de cigarrillos con variables de precio, ingreso y educación. Las magnitudes de los coeficientes estimados son distintas de las encontradas en la mayor parte de la literatura, incluyendo estimaciones previas para Panamá, lo que sugiere cambios importantes en las características de la demanda de cigarrillos en el período estudiado. Aunque el resultado sugiere que el aumento de precio es una herramienta efectiva para reducir el consumo de cigarrillo, también parece indicar la presencia de sustitutos en los cigarrillos electrónicos (en condiciones ilegales), así como una pérdida en la capacidad recaudatoria del impuesto a su consumo. Adicionalmente, sugiere un efecto positivo de la educación en la reducción del consumo.
Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment profile in geriatrics patients: A retrospective hospital based study in a psychiatric hospital in Nepal
Authors: Rijal Rika , Pokhrel Prabhakar , Adhikari Ashmita , Shrestha Pranjal
Published: February 2025

Background: Psychiatric illness and related morbidity is high among the elderly population. Despite this, literature regarding inpatient study in elderly is lacking especially in context to Nepal. This study aimed to study the sociodemographic, clinical and treatment profile in geriatrics patients admitted in a psychiatry hospital.
Methods: This was a retrospective study of 140 patients aged 60 years and above admitted in hospital over 2072 to 2080 BS (2015 to 2023 AD). Data were collected by reviewing in-patient files from medical records. Descriptive analysis was done by using SPSS version 25; and results were expressed as means and percentages. Ethical clearance was taken from Nepal Health Research Council.
Results: Out of 140 patients, 56.4 % were male and 70.7 % were married. Mean age of the participants was 67.75 years (standard deviation= 7.58). 73.6% of the participants belonged to age group 60 – 70 years. They had more affective disorders (32.9%) followed by psychotic disorders (29.3%). Among affective disorders, depressive disorder was seen in 19.3% patients. Mean age of onset of psychiatric illness was 51.14 years (standard deviation= 17.09) 36.2% had dual diagnosis and 67.9% patients had medical co-comorbidity. To manage acute agitation, 20.7% of patients required use of restraints. Polypharmacy was common, with almost all (95.6%) patients receiving multiple medications.
Conclusion: Through this study, we are able to present the socio-demographic, clinical and treatment profile of elderly patients admitted in a hospital. It also emphasizes that psychiatric illness is common in the geriatric population and highlights other issues like suicidal behaviour, restraint use for acute management, issues of polypharmacy and non adherence in this age group.