bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЗНАНИЕ КОНСТИТУЦИИ - НОРМА ЦИВИЛИЗОВАННОЙ ЖИЗНИ (KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONSTITUTION IS THE NORM OF CIVILIZED LIFE)
Authors: Bakytova Aidana , Kushkaliyev Bolat
Published: October 2020

The article analyzes the principle of legal certainty, the constitutional presumption of knowledge of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and laws, and the obligation to comply with them. The contribution of constitutional law scholars to the development of the constitutional theory is emphasized. The author studies the political, legal, and social essence of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a kind of legal and cultural phenomenon that determines the development of Kazakhstan's society and state after independence. The full constitutional and legal characteristics of the sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the significance of the Constitution in its strengthening and development are given. As criteria of constitutional law called the supremacy and direct action of the Constitution; effective work of state bodies in order to create favorable conditions for the development of society and the rights and freedoms of citizens and their associations, the performance of their legal responsibilities; ensure the inevitability of bringing perpetrators to legal liability. Attention is drawn to the fact that the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution, which ensures constitutional law and order, can be understood in two aspects: material and formal; their content is revealed. It is concluded that even the ideal text of the Constitution cannot guarantee its supremacy without its implementation in the constitutional legal order. The author substantiates the conclusion that the constitutional law and order presupposes the stability of the Constitution and the inadmissibility of its frequent amendments that are not objectively necessary.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONSTITUTION IS THE NORM OF CIVILIZED LIFE
Authors: Bakytova Aidana , Kushkaliyev Bolat
Published: October 2020

The article analyzes the principle of legal certainty, the constitutional presumption of knowledge of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and laws, and the obligation to comply with them. The contribution of constitutional law scholars to the development of the constitutional theory is emphasized. The author studies the political, legal, and social essence of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a kind of legal and cultural phenomenon that determines the development of Kazakhstan's society and state after independence. The full constitutional and legal characteristics of the sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the significance of the Constitution in its strengthening and development are given. As criteria of constitutional law called the supremacy and direct action of the Constitution; effective work of state bodies in order to create favorable conditions for the development of society and the rights and freedoms of citizens and their associations, the performance of their legal responsibilities; ensure the inevitability of bringing perpetrators to legal liability. Attention is drawn to the fact that the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution, which ensures constitutional law and order, can be understood in two aspects: material and formal; their content is revealed. It is concluded that even the ideal text of the Constitution cannot guarantee its supremacy without its implementation in the constitutional legal order. The author substantiates the conclusion that the constitutional law and order presupposes the stability of the Constitution and the inadmissibility of its frequent amendments that are not objectively necessary.
ОТКАЗ ОТ ОБВИНИТЕЛЬНОГО УКЛОНА В СТАДИИ ДОСУДЕБНОГО РАССЛЕДОВАНИЯ – ОДИН ИЗ ПУТЕЙ ЗАЩИТЫКОНСТИТУЦИОННЫХ ПРАВ ГРАЖДАН (REFUSAL OF THE ACCUSATORY BIAS AT THE STAGE OF PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION IS ONE OF THE WAYS TO PROTECT THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS)
Authors: Shaikhadenov Renat
Published: October 2020

The article deals with the issues of reforming the law enforcement and judicial system in the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, which was raised in recent years by the Head of state Kassym-Jomrt Kemelovich in his Address to the people of Kazakhstan on September 1, 2020. In the system of law enforcement agencies, there is still an accusatory bias from which it is still not possible to get rid of.
The stage where the greatest violation of the constitutional rights of citizens involved in the orbit of criminal prosecution occurs is the pre-trial stage of the investigation. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this stage of the criminal process. In addition, a significant layer of problems is not only in the procedural, but also in the organizational and legal sphere. In this regard, the provisions of the CPC of the Republic of Kazakhstan related to evidentiary activities in pre-trial proceedings should be considered in the format of new tasks and updated functions of the pre-trial investigation bodies, the Prosecutor, the investigating judge and the lawyer.
If Kazakhstan resolves the question repeatedly raised by the Leader of the nation about the true, rather than illusory, institutional independence of the judge in the administration of justice within the judicial system itself, then procedural and technical problems, including the deformalization of evidence, will become secondary and will be resolved in a fair trial without the influence of the materials of the criminal case in any form.
Decision Maker’s Tool: Statistics, the Problem Solver
Authors: Orillaza Faith
Published: October 2020

The primary objective of every investor is to see how his money grows. No matter where one decides to plant or invest his money, there is an inevitable process that follows. The important thing is to closely monitor events and record every detail of information. Unless there is a proper system, issues will build and may become difficult to manage. This is the main reason why there are tools which are necessary to use when planting the seeds for investments. These tools are packed into one parcel and referred to as statistics. The term statistics will refer to descriptive and inferential statistics, probability, parametric and non-parametric tests, time series, and business intelligence. This paper will define statistical gears which are normally used by business managers to gather and analyze data for planning and decision-making. It will further highlight how the elements of statistics can build a strong pillar to run a business and alleviate potential challenges through the use of a tool known as the problem solver.
A Survey on Understanding the Perception and Awareness Towards a Circular Economy: A Comparative Study Between Nepal and the USA
Authors: Alqassimi Omaima , Upadhayay Sugam
Published: October 2020

This article offers a comparative analysis of the perception and awareness people have concerning the circular economy (CE) in Nepal and the United States of America (USA). The survey in the form of online questionnaires were distributed through convenience sampling and data was collected from 29 respondents in Nepal and 25 in the USA. The results indicate that, across the sampled countries, though respondents were highly concerned about the environment and resources utilization, their perception and understanding of CE principals and its applicability were limited to the concept of reuse, recycle and remanufacture (3R). Similarly, organizational involvement in CE activities were found to be significantly low in both countries, indicating no structural or operational level support such as creating job positions for CE officers. Additionally, the practice of publishing sustainability and circularity reports to enable the CE were not found during the data analysis procedure. In comparison to Nepal, USA respondents picked inter and intra organizational collaboration and cooperation along with research and development (R&D) as an important enabler of CE. Finally, policy level interventions through mandatory and voluntary regulations, subsidization of CE activities and involvement of governmental and non-governmental agencies were recommended in creating a positive perception and awareness of CE.

Keywords: Circular economy, comparative study, awareness, perception
Penggunaan Metode Grup Investigasi untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Analisis Pelajaran Akidah Akhlak Kelas XI MA As-Sobrowiyah Blega Bangkalan
Authors: Hakim Lukman
Published: October 2020

ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas proses dan hasil pembelajaran analisis pada pelajaran Akidah Akhlak siswa kelas XI MA Assobrowiyah Blega Bangkalan.  Penelitian ini Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) kolaborasif. Data penelitian diambil dari 20 siswa MA Assobrowiyah Blega Bangkalan.Hasil penelitaian dapat meningkatkan proses: (1) menginvestigasi berita dengan mengumpulkan data dari sumber,  (2) menyiapkan laporan dan bagaimana mempresentasikannya, (3) mempresentasikan laporan akhir kelas dengan berbagai macam format sesuai keinginan siswa, dan (4) mengevaluasi hasil, di mana para siswa saling memberikan umpan balik mengenai tugas dan efektifitas pembelajaran.Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan peningkatan hasil pembelajaran, yaitu: (1) pada indicator  1  hanya 20% pada prasiklus menjadi 57,5% pada siklus I dan 72,5% pada siklus II, (2) pada indicator 2 dari prasiklus 15% ke siklus I menjadi 45 % dan pad siklus II menjadi 70%, (3) pada indicator 3 pada prasiklus hanya10%, naik menjadi 45% dan pada siklus II menjadi 77,5%, dan (4) pada indicator 4 pada prasiklus hanya 10% menjadi 46,25% pada siklus I dan 72,5% pada siklus II.Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan metode group investigasi dapat meningkatkan kualitas proses pembelajaran dan hasil pembelajaran analasis pada pelajaran Akidah Akhlak siswa kelas XI MA Assobrowiyah Blega Bangkalan tahun pelajaran 2015/2016. Pada siklus II terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar setelah siswa diberikan panduan materi dalam menganalisis. Pengaturan regulasi diskusi sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efektifitas pembelajaran. Kegiatan pembelajaran yang memberikan kesempatan lebih luas atau terpusat pada siswa memberikan peluang lebih kepada siswa untuk mengaktualisasikan diri menjadi lebih baik. Kemampuan dalam bekerjasama dalam sebuah kelompok serta berkerjasama dengan kelompok lain memberikan dampak perubahan terhadap pola belajar. Belajar dalam sebuah kelompok dapat membangkitkan rasa percaya diri personal dan kemampuan melakukan kegiatan belajar yang efisien.
A Review of Aquaculture Production in Tanzania; Recent Status, Challenges and
Opportunities, and Its Impact in Poverty Alleviation
Authors: Mosha Sebastian S. , Daudi John M.
Published: October 2020

Tanzania endowed with abundant water resources with a huge potential to develop marine and freshwater aquaculture. Efficient utilization of these resources are required as the demand of fish is increasing with increase in the population of an average of 2.47% per year. Due to that, a gap between fish supply and demand is widening which in turn causes low fish protein supply leading to malnutrition. To bridge this gap, several strategies have been implemented by the government including fish importation to supplement fish shortage in country. However, this strategy seems to be unable to satisfy the fish demand of the large population due to high importation costs. Therefore, a review was conducted to explore recent aquaculture production in Tanzania, challenges and opportunities, different strategies implemented, as well as impacts in poverty alleviation. Several government reports and online-published papers were explored. Therefore, this review indicates a remarkable increased in fish production due to fish species diversification, government support and private sector investment. Hence, provide more opportunities to the people to be employed and earn money, as well as availability of protein from fish to improve their nutrition status. In addition, this review suggest some areas to be emphasized including; development of technology and investment in seeds and feeds production, investigation of alternative protein sources for fish, policies harmonization, and financing mechanism development.
Estimating lockdown induced European NO2 changes
Authors: Barré Jérôme , Petetin Hervé , Colette Augustin , Guevara Marc , Peuch Vincent-Henri , Rouil Laurence , Engelen Richard , Inness Antje , Flemming Johannes , Pérez García-Pando Carlos , Bowdalo Dene , Meleux Frederik , Geels Camilla , Christensen Jesper H. , Gauss Michael , Benedictow Anna , Tsyro Svetlana , Friese Elmar , Struzewska Joanna , Kaminski Jacek W. , Douros John , Timmermans Renske , Robertson Lennart , Adani Mario , Jorba Oriol , Joly Mathieu , Kouznetsov Rostislav
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of NO2 changes across the main European urban areas induced by the COVID-19 lockdown using satellite retrievals from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), surface site measurements and simulations from the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) regional ensemble of air quality models. Some recent TROPOMI-based estimates of NO2 changes have neglected the influence of weather variability between the reference and lockdown periods. Here we provide weather-normalized estimates based on a machine learning method (gradient boosting) along with an assessment of the biases that can be expected from methods that omit the influence of weather. We also compare the weather-normalized satellite NO2 column changes with both weather-normalized surface NO2 concentration changes and simulated changes by the CAMS regional ensemble, composed of 11 models, using recently published emission reductions induced by the lockdown. We show that all estimates show the same tendency on NO2 reductions. Locations where the lockdown was stricter show stronger reductions and, conversely, locations where softer measures were implemented show milder reductions in NO2 pollution levels. Regarding average reductions, estimates based on either satellite observations (−23 %) surface stations (−43 %) or models (−32 %) are presented, showing the importance of vertical sampling but also the horizontal representativeness. Surface station estimates are significantly changed when sampled to the TROPOMI overpasses (−37 %) pointing out the importance of the variability in time of such estimates. Observation based machine learning estimates show a stronger temporal variability than the model-based estimates.
Facility for generation of ambient-like model aerosols in the laboratory: application in the intercomparison of automated PM monitors with the reference gravimetric method
Authors: Horender Stefan , Auderset Kevin , Quincey Paul , Seeger Stefan , Nielsen Skov Søren , Dirscherl Kai , Smith Thomas O. M. , Williams Katie , Aegerter Camille C. , Kalbermatter Daniel M. , Gaie-Levrel François , Vasilatou Konstantina
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A new facility has been developed which allows for a stable and reproducible generation of ambient-like aerosols in the laboratory. The setup consists of multiple aerosol generators, a custom-made flow tube homogeniser, isokinetic sampling probes and a system to control aerosol temperature and humidity. Model aerosols containing elemental carbon, secondary organic matter from the photo-oxidation of α-pinene, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, mineral dust particles and water were generated at different environmental conditions and different number and mass concentrations. The aerosol physical and chemical properties were characterised with an array of experimental methods, including scanning mobility particle sizing, ion chromatography, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermo-optical analysis. The facility is very versatile and can find applications in the calibration and performance characterisation of aerosol instruments monitoring ambient air. In this study, we performed, as proof of concept, an intercomparison of three different commercial PM (particulate matter) monitors (TEOM 1405, DustTrak DRX 8533 and Fidas Frog) with the gravimetric reference method under three simulated environmental scenarios. The results are presented and compared to previous field studies. We believe that the laboratory-based method for simulating ambient aerosols presented here could provide in the future a useful alternative to time-consuming and expensive field campaigns, which are often required for instrument certification and calibration.
Nonlinear time series models for the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Önskog Thomas , Franzke Christian L. E. , Hannachi Abdel
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the dominant mode of climate variability over the North Atlantic basin and has a significant impact on seasonal climate and surface weather conditions. This is the result of complex and nonlinear interactions between many spatio-temporal scales. Here, the authors study a number of linear and nonlinear models for a station-based time series of the daily winter NAO index. It is found that nonlinear autoregressive models, including both short and long lags, perform excellently in reproducing the characteristic statistical properties of the NAO, such as skewness and fat tails of the distribution, and the different timescales of the two phases. As a spin-off of the modelling procedure, we can deduce that the interannual dependence of the NAO mostly affects the positive phase, and that timescales of 1 to 3 weeks are more dominant for the negative phase. Furthermore, the statistical properties of the model make it useful for the generation of realistic climate noise.
Experiments on magnetic interference for a portable airborne magnetometry system using a hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
Authors: Jirigalatu Jirigalatu , Krishna Vamsi , Lima Simões da Silva Eduardo , Døssing Arne
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Airborne magnetic surveys are an important and efficient tool for mapping the subsurface, providing insights e.g. into mineral deposits. Compared to traditional ground methods, airborne magnetic surveys offer great advantages with improved access and rapid sampling. But the cost and hassle of transporting and operating a conventional manned airborne magnetic survey system are strong impediments for its wider use. In addition, the conventional airborne systems are challenged by the need for low-altitude (≤ 80 m) surveying to detect small-scale subsurface features evident in ground surveys. Portable and compact airborne magnetic survey systems using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can not only bridge the gap between conventional airborne magnetic surveys and ground magnetic surveys but also complement magnetic surveys to fit broader geophysical applications. Therefore, developing high-quality, stable, and portable UAV-borne survey systems is of high interest to the geophysical exploration community. However, developing such a system is challenging owing to strong magnetic interference introduced by onboard electric engines and other onboard electronic devices. As a result, tests concerning the static and dynamic magnetic interference of a UAV are critical to assess the severity of the interference and can help to improve the design of the system at the early stage of development. A static experiment and two dynamic experiments were conducted to understand the characterization of the magnetic interference of our hybrid vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAV. The results of the static experiment show that the wing area is highly magnetic due to the proximity to servomotors and motors, but the area along the longitudinal axis of the UAV is relatively magnetically quiet. To reduce the magnetic signature, the highly-magnetic servomotors on the wings were replaced with less magnetic servomotors of a brush-less type. Assisted by aerodynamic simulations, we further designed a front-mounting solution for two compact magnetometers. Two dynamic experiments were conducted with this setup to understand the dynamic interference of the UAV in operation. The results of the dynamic experiments reveal that the strongest source of in-flight magnetic interference is mainly due to the cables connecting the battery to the flight controller and that this effect is most influential during pitch maneuvers of the aircraft.
Development and evaluation of CO2 transport in MPAS-A v6.3
Authors: Zheng Tao , Feng Sha , Davis Kenneth J. , Pal Sandip , Morguí Josep Anton
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Chemistry transport models (CTM) play an important role in understanding fluxes and atmospheric distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2). They have been widely used for modeling CO2 transport through forward simulations and inferring fluxes through inversion systems. With the increasing availability of high resolution observations, it has been become possible to estimate CO2 fluxes at higher spatial resolution. However the computational cost of high resolution global model simulation is so high that only major research and operation centers can afford it. In this paper, we implemented CO2 transport in Model Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere (MPAS-A). The objective is to use the variable-resolution capability of MPAS-A to enable high resolution CO2 simulation at limited region with a global model. Treating CO2 as an inert tracer, we implemented in MPAS-A (v6.3) the CO2 transport processes, including advection, vertical mixing by boundary layer scheme, and convective transport. We evaluated the newly implemented model by running two sets of simulations over a 60–15 km variable-resolution global domain. The first set of simulations covers four Atmospheric Carbon and Transport-America (ACT-America) aircraft campaign seasons (2016–2018), and the simulated CO2 is evaluated using the extensive airborne measurements from ACT. The simulation accuracy is also compared with a 27-km resolution WRF-Chem simulation and CarbonTracker (v2019) covering the same time periods. The second set of simulations covers the month of January and July of 2014, and the results are evaluated using near-surface hourly CO2 measurements from 50 surface and tower sites across the globe. This simulation accuracy is compared with European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) global simulation conducted during the same period. Overall, the evaluation using aircraft measurements indicates that MPAS CO2 transport model is capable of representing the observed atmospheric CO2 structures related with the mid-latitude synoptic weather system, including the warm/cold sector distinction, boundary layer to free troposphere difference, and CO2 enhancements along frontal boundaries. The evaluation using hourly measurements shows that the MPAS CO2 transport model is capable of achieving a same level of accuracy as the IFS 80-km resolution simulation.
A Model for Urban Biogenic CO2 Fluxes: Solar-Induced
Fluorescence for Modeling Urban biogenic Fluxes (SMUrF v1)
Authors: Wu Dien , Lin John C. , Duarte Henrique F. , Yadav Vineet , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Oda Tomohiro , Kort Eric A.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. When estimating fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO2) emissions from observed CO2 concentrations, the accuracy can be hampered by biogenic carbon exchanges during the growing season even for urban areas where strong fossil fuel emissions are found. While biogenic carbon fluxes have been studied extensively across natural vegetation types, biogenic carbon fluxes within an urban area have been challenging to quantify due to limited observations and differences between urban versus rural regions. Here we developed a simple model representation, i.e., Solar-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) for Modeling Urban biogenic Fluxes ("SMUrF"), that estimates the gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) over cities around the globe. Specifically, we leveraged space-based SIF, machine learning, eddy-covariance flux data, and additional remote sensing-based products, and developed algorithms to gap fill fluxes for urban areas. Grid-level hourly mean net ecosystem exchange (NEE) are extracted from SMUrF and evaluated against 1) non-gapfilled measurements at 67 eddy-covariance (EC) sites from FLUXNET during 2010–2014 (r > 0.7 for most data-rich biomes), 2) independent observations at two urban vegetation and two crop EC sites over Indianapolis from Aug 2017 to Dec 2018 (r = 0.75), and 3) an urban biospheric model based on fine-grained land cover classification within Los Angeles (r = 0.83). Moreover, we compared SMUrF-based NEE with inventory-based FFCO2 emissions over 40 cities and addressed the urban-rural contrast regarding both the magnitude and timing of CO2 fluxes. By examining a few summertime satellite tracks over four cities, we found that the urban-rural gradient in column CO2 (XCO2) anomalies due to NEE can sometimes reach ~ 0.5 ppm and be close to XCO2 enhancements due to FFCO2 emissions. With rapid advances in space-based measurements and increased sampling of SIF and CO2 measurements over urban areas, SMUrF can be useful for informing the biogenic CO2 fluxes over highly vegetated regions during the growing season.
Modeling and interpreting hydrological responses of sustainable urban drainage systems with explainable machine learning methods
Authors: Yang Yang , Chui Ting Fong May
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are decentralized stormwater management practices that mimic the natural drainage processes. Their modeling is often challenged by insufficient data and unknown factors affecting the hydrological processes. This study uses machine learning methods to model directly the correlation between hydrological responses and rainfalls at fine temporal scales in two catchments of different sizes. A feature engineering method is developed to extract useful information from rainfall time series and is used in combination with a nested cross-validation procedure to derive high-quality models and to estimate their generalization errors. The SHAP method is adopted to explain the basis of each prediction, which is then used for estimating catchment response time and hydrograph separation. The explanations of the predictions provide valuable insights into the models’ behavior and the involved hydrological processes. Thus, interpreting machine learning models is found as a useful way to study catchment hydrology.
Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of process parameters on sheet deformation during the electromagnetic forming of AA6061-T6 alloy
Authors: Khan Zarak , Khan Mushtaq , Jaffery Syed Husain Imran , Younas Muhammad , Afaq Kamran S. , Khan Muhammad Ali
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed sheet metal
forming technique to form metallic sheets by applying magnetic forces. In comparison to the conventional sheet metal forming process, electromagnetic
forming is a process with an extremely high velocity and strain rate, which can be effectively used for the forming of certain difficult-to-form metals.
During electromagnetic forming, it is important to recognise the effects of
process parameters on the deformation and sheet thickness variation of the
sheet metal. This research focuses on the development of a numerical model
for aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) to analyse the effects of three process
parameters, namely voltage, sheet thickness and number turns of the coils, on the deformation and thickness variation of the sheet. A two-dimensional fully coupled finite-element (FE) model consisting of an electrical circuit, magnetic field and solid mechanics was developed and used to determine the effect of
changing magnetic flux and system inductance on sheet deformation.
Experiment validation of the results was performed on a 28 KJ electromagnetic forming system. The Taguchi orthogonal array approach was used
for the design of experiments using the three input parameters (voltage,
sheet thickness and number of turns of the coil). The maximum error between
numerical and experimental values for sheet thickness variation was observed
to be 4.9 %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the experimental results. Applied voltage and sheet thickness were the
significant parameters, while the number of turns of the coil had an insignificant effect on sheet deformation. The contribution ratio of voltage
and sheet thickness was 46.21 % and 45.12 % respectively. The sheet
deformation from simulations was found to be in good agreement with the
experimental results.
Intercomparison of surface meltwater routing models for the Greenland ice sheet and influence on subglacial effective pressures
Authors: Yang Kang , Sommers Aleah , Andrews Lauren C. , Smith Laurence C. , Lu Xin , Fettweis Xavier , Li Manchun
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Each summer, large volumes of surface meltwater drain off
the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface through moulins to the bed, impacting
subglacial hydrology and ice flow dynamics. Supraglacial surface routing
delays may propagate to englacial and subglacial hydrologic systems,
requiring accurate assessment to correctly estimate subglacial effective
pressures. We compare hourly supraglacial moulin discharge simulations from
three surface meltwater routing models – the synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH),
the bare-ice component of surface routing and lake filling (SRLF), and the rescaled
width function (RWF) – for four internally drained catchments on the
southwestern Greenland ice sheet surface. The routing models are forced
identically using surface runoff from the Modèle Atmosphérique
Régionale regional climate model (RCM). For each catchment, simulated
moulin hydrographs are input to the SHAKTI subglacial hydrologic model to
simulate diurnally varying subglacial effective-pressure variations in the
vicinity of a single moulin. Overall, all three routing models produce more
realistic moulin discharges than simply using RCM runoff outputs without
surface routing but produce significant differences in peak moulin discharge
and time to peak. In particular, the RWF yields later, smaller peak moulin
discharges than the SUH or SRLF due to its representation of slow interfluve
flow between supraglacial meltwater channels, and it can readily accommodate the seasonal
evolution of supraglacial stream and river networks. Differences among the three
routing models are reflected in a series of simple idealized subglacial
hydrology simulations that yield different diurnal effective-pressure
amplitudes; however, the supraglacial hydrologic system acts as short-term
storage for surface meltwater, and the temporal mean effective pressure is
relatively consistent across routing models.
The retrieval of snow properties from SLSTR/Sentinel-3 – part 1: method description and sensitivity study
Authors: Mei Linlu , Rozanov Vladimir , Pohl Christine , Vountas Marco , Burrows John P.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The eXtensible Bremen Aerosol/cloud and surfacE parameters Retrieval (XBAER) algorithm has been applied on the Top-Of-Atmosphere reflectance measured by the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument onboard Sentinel-3 to derive snow properties: Snow Grain Size (SGS), Snow Particle Shape (SPS) and Specific Surface Area (SSA) under cloud-free conditions. This is the first part of the paper, to describe the retrieval method and the sensitivity study. Nine pre-defined ice crystal particle shapes (aggregate of 8 columns, Drontal, hollow bullet rosettes, hollow column, plate, aggregate of 5 plates, aggregate of 10 plates, solid bullet rosettes, column) are used to describe the snow optical properties. The optimal SGS and SPS are estimated iteratively utilizing a Look-Up-Table (LUT) approach. The SSA is then calculated using another pre-calculated LUT for the retrieved SGS and SPS. The optical properties (e.g., phase function) of the ice crystals can reproduce the wavelength-dependent/angular-dependent snow reflectance features, compared to laboratory measurements. A comprehensive study to understand the impact of aerosol, ice crystal shape, ice crystal surface roughness, and cloud contamination on the retrieval accuracy of snow properties has been performed based on SCIATRAN radiative transfer simulations. The main findings are (1) Snow angular and spectral reflectance feature can be described by the predefined ice crystal properties only when both SGS and SPS can be optimally and iteratively obtained; (2) The impact of ice crystal surface roughness plays minor effects on the retrieval results; (3) SGS and SSA show an inverse linear relationship; (4) The retrieval of SSA assuming non-convex particle shape, compared to convex particle (e.g. sphere) shows larger results; (5) Aerosol/cloud contamination due to unperfected atmospheric correction and cloud screening introduces underestimation of SGS, inaccurate SPS and overestimation of SSA.
The retreival of snow properties from SLSTR/Sentinel-3 – part 2: results and validation
Authors: Mei Linlu , Rozanov Vladimir , Jäkel Evelyn , Cheng Xiao , Vountas Marco , Burrows John P.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. To evaluate the performance of eXtensible Bremen Aerosol/cloud and surfacE parameters Retrieval (XBAER) algorithm, presented in part 1 of the companion paper, this manuscript applies the XBAER algorithm on the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) and Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) instruments onboard Sentinel-3. Snow properties: Snow Grain Size (SGS), Snow Particle Shape (SPS), and Specific Surface Area (SSA) are derived under cloud-free conditions. XBAER derived snow properties are compared to other existing satellite products and validated by ground-based/aircraft measurements. Cloud screening is performed by standard XBAER algorithm synergistically using OLCI and SLSTR instruments both onboard Sentinel-3. The atmospheric correction is performed on SLSTR for cloud-free scenarios using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and aerosol typing strategy according to the standard XBAER algorithm. The optimal SGS and SPS are estimated iteratively utilizing a Look-Up-Table (LUT) approach, minimizing the difference between SLSTR-observed and SCIATRAN simulated surface directional reflectances at 0.55 and 1.6 μm. The SSA is derived for a given SGS and SPS pair. XBAER derived SGS, SPS and SSA have been validated using in-situ measurements from the recent campaign SnowEx17 during February 2017. The comparison of the retrieved SGS with the in-situ data shows a relative difference between XBAER-derived SGS and SnowEx17 measured SGS of less than 4 %. The difference between XBAER-derived SSA and SnowEx17 measured SSA is 2.7 m2/kg. XBAER-derived SPS can be reasonable-explained by the SnowEx17 observed snow particle shapes. The comparison with aircraft measurements, during the Polar Airborne Measurements and Arctic Regional Climate Model Simulation Project (PAMARCMiP) campaign held in March 2018, also shows good agreement (with R = 0.82 and R = 0.81 for SGS and SSA, respectively). XBAER-derived SGS and SSA reveal the variability of the aircraft track of PAMARCMiP campaign. The comparison between XBAER-derived SGS results and MODIS Snow-Covered Area and Grain size (MODSCAG) product over Greenland shows similar spatial distributions. The geographic distribution of XBAER-derived SPS over Greenland and the whole Arctic can be reasonable-explained by campaign-based and laboratory investigations, indicating reasonable retrieval accuracy of the retrieved SPS. The geographic variabilities of XBAER-derived SGS and SSA over both Greenland and Arctic-wide agree with the snow metamorphism process.
Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para evaluar desempeño docente asociado a las prácticas evaluativas formativas
Authors: Cerón Urzua Claudio , Cossio-Bolaños Marco , Pezoa-Fuentes Paz , Gomez-Campos Rossana
Published: October 2020

La evaluación formativa es una práctica evaluativa áulica para el mejoramiento del aprendizaje. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el proceso de validación de un cuestionario de evaluación formativa con base en la opinión de los estudiantes sobre los desempeños del profesorado. El método con el que se trabajó es de carácter cuantitativo, (exploratorio) en base a un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio a través de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Se trabajó con una muestra de 501 estudiantes de 5° a 8° básico (10 a 13 años) de la comuna de Yerbas Buenas en Chile. Los resultados en torno a la construcción de un cuestionario de evaluación formativa a nivel de aula, aportan con evidencia de validez de constructo para el instrumento, lo que hace de este cuestionario un instrumento válido (CIF 0,967; RMR 0,04; RMSEA 0,041) y fiable (Alfa de cronbach: 0,93). Las evidencias generadas de la investigación confirman que existen seis dimensiones útiles para evaluar el desempeño docente relacionadas con la práctica evaluativa formativa áulica y que con ellas se puede determinar el nivel de desempeño del profesorado.  Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicación en muestras con similares características.
Dimensión afectiva del liderazgo pedagógico del docente
Authors: Gento Palacios Samuel , González-Fernández Raúl , Silfa Sención Heriberto-Orangel
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN. Investigaciones recientes sobre la temática señalan que el liderazgo del profesor es un elemento clave para la mejora de la calidad educativa. Para ser considerado como un verdadero líder pedagógico, el profesor debe poseer una serie de rasgos que permitan definirlo como tal. En este contexto, los objetivos de esta investigación tratan de identificar la relevancia de las dimensiones que definen a un profesor como auténtico líder, así como determinar la importancia de los diferentes rasgos que configuran la dimensión afectiva o emocional del mismo MÉTODO. Para alcanzar estos objetivos se ha efectuado una investigación predominantemente descriptiva. En su desarrollo se ha utilizado una metodología cuantitativa, mediante la utilización de un cuestionario debidamente validado y con fiabilidad suficiente, que ha sido cumplimentado por los principales implicados en la actividad educativa (n=1116): estudiantes, padres/madres, profesores y miembros de equipos directivos. RESULTADOS. En los resultados obtenidos destaca la alta puntuación otorgada a la dimensión afectiva del liderazgo pedagógico del profesor, seguida por las dimensiones participativa y formativa, así como a los diferentes rasgos inherentes a las mismas. En ambos casos existe, de manera estadísticamente significativa, una menor valoración ofrecida por los estudiantes en relación al resto de sectores considerados en la investigación. DISCUSIÓN. La investigación efectuada evidencia la importancia que la dimensión afectiva del profesor tiene en el ejercicio de un verdadero liderazgo pedagógico. Dentro de dicha dimensión destaca la importancia del trato cortés y delicado del profesor hacia todos los integrantes de la institución educativa, así como el reconocimiento a la dignidad de los mismos como personas.
“Food Is History of the Deepest Kind”: Eating and Utopia in Sloan's Sourdough and Sargent's “The American Cockaigne”
Authors: Nordstrom Justin
Published: October 2020

This article examines Lyman Sargent's article “The American Cockaigne” alongside the 2017 novel Sourdough by Robin Sloan. Both Sargent and Sloan examine modern approaches to food and utopianism that build on earlier Cockaigne tales—medieval “peasant utopias” imagining abundant magical foods and satisfying laziness. Sargent contends that similar stories remained prevalent in America among socially marginalized groups. Sourdough imagines how a group of inventors might create a utopian community by blending food traditions with innovative technologies. Both Sargent and Sloan suggest that Cockaigne stories and their later antecedents should be seen as part of the utopian tradition and that visions of unusual foods demonstrate the importance of social communities.
Sesgos de género ocultos en los macrodatos y revelados mediante redes neurales: ¿hombre es a mujer como trabajo es a madre?
Authors: Díaz Martínez Capitolina , Díaz García Pablo , Navarro Sustaeta Pablo
Published: October 2020

Los actos sociales se convierten en big data. El análisis de big data se convierte en conocimiento sobre la sociedad. Si los big data están sesgados, el sesgo se transmite al análisis y a nuestro conocimiento.

Proponemos una herramienta para descubrir los sesgos de género y, potencialmente, eliminarlos de los big data antes del análisis. Utilizamos la técnica de análisis neural mediante el procedimiento de encaje de palabras.

Es la primera vez que esta técnica se prueba con un cuerpo de datos en español. Como prueba de concepto, la red neural analiza la mitad de la Wikipedia en español. Más de 28 millones de palabras.

Se describen las técnicas y los conocimientos especializados necesarios para poder discernir los sesgos de género y se evalúa si es posible dividir el trabajo de análisis en microtareas externalizables.
El cotrabajo como innovación social. Estudio cualitativo de las motivaciones para la creación de espacios de coworking
Authors: González-Chouciño Mariano Agustín , Ruiz-Callado Raúl
Published: October 2020

El cotrabajo o coworking constituye una forma de innovación social emergente dentro del contexto de la economía colaborativa. Se trata de una respuesta de las clases creativas a la situación de precariedad laboral y al aislamiento consecuencia de las transformaciones en las formas de trabajo, así como de emprendedores de determinados sectores. Su expansión y desarrollo se circunscribe fundamentalmente a la última década, tratándose de una innovación aún en situación de flexibilidad interpretativa. A través de una investigación cualitativa aplicada a los espacios de coworking en la ciudad de Alicante (Comunidad Valenciana, España), se profundiza y desarrollan estas cuestiones mediante datos empíricos, detectándose dos dinámicas de desarrollo diferentes en los espacios en función del perfil profesional de quienes promueven los espacios, configurándose espacios de coworking diferentes en base a las motivaciones.
„Wspomnienia z Kornwalii” Zofii Kossak-Szczuckiej – splot historii i pamięci
Authors: Giemza Lech
Published: October 2020

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy prozy wspomnieniowej Zofii Kossak-Szczuckiej z okresu emigracyjnego – „Wspomnień z Kornwalii” – i tego, jak kształtują się relacje między pamięcią i historią. Punktów zaczepienia nie ma dużo, miejscami jest to zwykła memuarystyka, z dominującym materiałem anegdotycznym. Autorka jednak wyraźnie zmaga się z naszym stosunkiem do przeszłości, w szczególnie trudnej chwili, gdy Polacy boleśnie odczuli swe wyobcowanie w powojennej, emigracyjnej rzeczywistości. Historia nie jest tu „nauczycielką”, potrafi być niesprawiedliwa. Pamięć natomiast jest siłą dwojaką: daje oparcie, stanowiąc przeciwwagę dla smutnej codzienności, ale też uruchamia groźny mechanizm nostalgii. Autorka zaznacza ironiczny dystans do bezwolnego poddawania się tym mechanizmom.
Electrical machines with switched and modulated flux
Authors: Kara Dawid , Kołacz Tomasz , Skwarczyński Jerzy
Published: October 2020

The work compares the value of the produced torque (average value) of a 2.2kW squirrel cage induction motor with new construction machines, i.e. a motor with flux switching and hybrid excitation or DC excited, a motor with flux modulation and hybrid excitation or DC excitation. The external dimensions of the tested machines corresponded to the dimensions of the induction motor.
Wie der Online-Boulevardjournalismus die Gefährlichkeit der islamistischen Szene konstruiert – und Muslime unter Generalverdacht stellt Eine Analyse der Berichterstattung von krone .at
Authors: Baugut Philip
Published: October 2020

The topic of Islamism is obviously connected with fears and is therefore particularly relevant for tabloid journalism. Against this background, a qualitative content analysis of 249 articles on krone.at < http://krone.at/ > was conducted to investigate how one of the most widely read tabloid newspapers constructs the dangerousness of the Islamist scene in Vienna on the Internet. Using an analysis grid that distinguishes between tabloidization on the level of focus and style, a superordinate frame of danger in the sense of the frame definition according to Entman was identified. In this way, the reporting constructed an Austrian affectedness of terrorism, as well as an alleged Islamist penetration of society. The Islamist scene was object to maximum moral discreditation through an emotional depiction of its brutality. A loss of political and social control and the spread of Islam were presented as the cause of the problems portrayed. This led to treatment recommendations, on the one hand to control Islam more strongly by the state and on the other hand to be on the alert. Emotionalization, visualization, sensationalism and reduction of complexity turned out to be tabloid journalistic features placing Islam in an undifferentiated terrorist context.
Völkerrechtsphilosophie – das Völkerrecht von seinen Grundlagen her denken
Authors: Kotzur Markus
Published: October 2020

The task of the philosophy of international law is to develop new models for an institutional arrangement that distributes resources and life opportunities fairly throughout the world. In doing so, it is possible to tie in with diverse traditional ideas, even if a misunderstood cultural universalism must be avoided. Instead, it is a matter of understanding through uncertainty. A science of international law understood in this way is indispensable in a globalized world.
The Striatal DNA Damage and Neurodegenerations
Authors: Li Huifangjie , Xu Jinbin
Published: October 2020

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal metabolic reactions in living cells. ROS causes oxidative damage to many types of biomolecules. An age-related increase in oxidative damage to DNA and RNA has been described in the human neurons, which play a vital role in the progression of age-associated neurodegeneration. As dopamine metabolism is believed to be the primary source of ROS, oxidative insults correlate with dopamine levels in the striatum during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Parallel changes in dopamine concentrations and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) binding densities in the striatum were observed. Besides Fenton oxidation taking place, the packing of cytosolic dopamine into synaptic vesicles by VMAT2 inhibits its autoxidation and subsequent decay of dopaminergic neurons. The female bias in the DNA damage in the late-stage Parkinson disease (PD) patients suggests that the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) genes are critically involved. ROS are involved in regulating the rate of the aging procession in healthy cohorts and an increased life span of patients with neurodegenerative diseases via stimulation of protective stress responses. Moreover, the DNA repair pathway’s mechanism, as genetic modifiers determine the age at onset through a ROS-inducing mutation.