bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognition of rotor damages in a DC motor using acoustic signals
Authors: Głowacz A. , Głowacz Z.
Published: April 2017

Diagnosis of electrical direct current motors is essential for industrial plants. The emphasis is put on the development of diagnostic methods of solutions for capturing, processing and recognition of diagnostic signals. This paper presents a technique of early fault diagnosis of a DC motor. The proposed approach is based on acoustic signals. A real-world data of the DC motor were used in the analysis. The work provides an original feature extraction method called the shortened method of frequencies selection (SMoFS-15). The obtained results of the presented analysis show that the early fault diagnostic method can be used for monitoring electrical DC motors. The proposed method can also support other fault diagnosis methods based on thermal, current, and vibration signals.
Stable scheduling of single machine with probabilistic parameters
Authors: Bożejko W. , Rajba P. , Wodecki M.
Published: April 2017

We consider a stochastic variant of the single machine total weighted tardiness problem jobs parameters are independent random variables with normal or Erlang distributions. Since even deterministic problem is NP-hard, it is difficult to find global optimum for large instances in the reasonable run time. Therefore, we propose tabu search metaheuristics in this work. Computational experiments show that solutions obtained by the stochastic version of metaheuristics are more stable (i.e. resistant to data disturbance) than solutions generated by classic, deterministic version of the algorithm.
Vico, Peirce, and the issue of complexity in human sciences
Authors: Viana Amadeu
Published: April 2017

This paper deals with some trends in complexity issues related to the connections between natural and social sciences. More precisely, it explores the possible correspondences between physical and phenomenological accounts by arguing that
Virtual habit as episode-builder in the inferencing process
Authors: West Donna E.
Published: April 2017

C. S. Peirce’s concept of virtual habit, especially articulated in his later manuscripts, renovates his earlier notion of how explanatory rationality operates to form sound inferences, reinforcing his commitment to a genuinely pragmaticistic worldview. Virtual habit represents Peirce’s clearest directive of how to guess right. Pictures in the mind (unbidden/constructed) promote new modes of consciousness that, in turn, impel the kind of inferences which surface in recommendations for courses of action – Peirce’s most influential kind of abduction (1909: MS 637). Virtual habits transcend subjective perspectives about which factors contribute to outcomes as well as incorporate which who, where, and when controls the ultimate consequence. Virtual habits serve as windows illustrating how imaged events preempt the adoption of new belief structures/action plans that afford the more plausible recourses to resolve anomalous consequences. Virtual habits propose imminent action plans (
Empirical Likelihood in Nonignorable Covariate-Missing Data Problems
Authors: Xie Yanmei , Zhang Biao
Published: April 2017

Missing covariate data occurs often in regression analysis, which frequently arises in the health and social sciences as well as in survey sampling. We study methods for the analysis of a nonignorable covariate-missing data problem in an assumed conditional mean function when some covariates are completely observed but other covariates are missing for some subjects. We adopt the semiparametric perspective of Bartlett et al. (Improving upon the efficiency of complete case analysis when covariates are MNAR. Biostatistics 2014;15:719–30) on regression analyses with nonignorable missing covariates, in which they have introduced the use of two working models, the working probability model of missingness and the working conditional score model. In this paper, we study an empirical likelihood approach to nonignorable covariate-missing data problems with the objective of effectively utilizing the two working models in the analysis of covariate-missing data. We propose a unified approach to constructing a system of unbiased estimating equations, where there are more equations than unknown parameters of interest. One useful feature of these unbiased estimating equations is that they naturally incorporate the incomplete data into the data analysis, making it possible to seek efficient estimation of the parameter of interest even when the working regression function is not specified to be the optimal regression function. We apply the general methodology of empirical likelihood to optimally combine these unbiased estimating equations. We propose three maximum empirical likelihood estimators of the underlying regression parameters and compare their efficiencies with other existing competitors. We present a simulation study to compare the finite-sample performance of various methods with respect to bias, efficiency, and robustness to model misspecification. The proposed empirical likelihood method is also illustrated by an analysis of a data set from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Mouse duodenum as a model of inflammation induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88
Authors: Wang Kai , Qi Yu , Yi Shushuai , Pei Zhihua , Pan Na , Hu Guixue
Published: April 2017

Introduction: The aim of the experiment was to establish the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC K88)-induced BALB/c mouse duodenum inflammation model. Material and Methods: Mice were administered different concentrations of E. coli K88 (1.0 × 107-109 CFU/mL) for 3 d by means of an esophageal catheter. Results: The results showed that the treated group expressed several significant clinical symptoms, such as reduced dietary demands and weight loss, an increased presence of IL-1α, TNF-α, and MPO in the peripheral blood, and some pathological changes in the duodenum. On the 6th-8th days, the body weight of the mice was the lowest. On the 8th day, there were significant differences in IL-1α, TNF-α, and MPO levels compared to the control group (P < 0.05), the gap between the duodenum mucous layer and the muscular layer had widened, the number of goblet cells was increased, and the inflammatory infiltrate and inflammation changes in the lamina propria and the mucous layer were the most obvious. Conclusion: The duodenum inflammation was the most severe on day 8; thus, the model was successfully established. In addition, varying concentrations of ETEC K88 did not significantly influence the duodenum inflammation (P > 0.05).
Investigation of human papillomaviruses (HPV), mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and human polyomavirus entities in canine mammary tumours
Authors: Sonmez Kivilcim , Altan Eda , Yildirim Funda , Arun Seçkin Serdar , Turan Nuri , Yilmaz Huseyin , Kuskucu Mert Ahmet
Published: April 2017

Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of human papillomaviruses (HPV), mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human polyomavirus BK in canine mammary tumours (CMTs) and to correlate the results of histopathological classification with the results of virological examination. Material and Methods: Eighty CMTs and ten normal canine mammary gland samples were evaluated using histopathological methods and TaqMan real-time PCR analysis. Results: The results indicated that all mammary tumours and normal mammary tissue samples were negative for HPV16 and other HPV, EBV, human polyomavirus, and human mammary tumour virus strains. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to investigate the existence of other strains of HPV, EBV, and human polyomavirus in CMTs.
Comparison of laparoscopic and traditional abomasal cannulation in sheep
Authors: Zhang Shixia , Hao Manliang , Ma Yuzhong
Published: April 2017

Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe a laparoscopic abomasal cannulation (LAC) technique, and compare the extent of the surgical trauma after LAC and open abomasal cannulation (OAC) by examining postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores and serum values of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α in sheep. Material and Methods: Twelve healthy ewes, weighing 38-43 kg, were used. Three-portal laparoscopic techniques were used for LAC procedures. OAC was performed by a right flank laparotomy. Results: Abomasal cannulation was accomplished in all sheep without major intraoperative and postoperative complications. The abomasal contents were collected easily in both groups. Comparative studies found that open procedures exhibit a more pronounced short-term increase in cytokines and significantly higher VAS pain scores than the corresponding laparoscopic procedures. Conclusion: The laparoscopic technique proved to be less traumatic than the conventional open technique.
Use of Water-Fuel Mixture in Diesel Engines at Fishing Vessels
Authors: Klyus Oleg , Bezyukov O.
Published: April 2017

The paper presents the laboratory test results determining physical parameters of fuel mixture made up of petroleum diesel oil, rapeseed oil methyl esters (up to 20%) and water (up to 2.5%). The obtained parameters prove that adding bio-components (rapeseed oil methyl esters) and water to fuel does not result in deterioration of their physical and chemical properties and are comparable to base fuel parameters, namely petroleum diesel oil. The mixture was a subject of bench testing with the use of a self-ignition engine by means of pre-catalytic fuel treatment. The treatment process consisted in fuel - catalytically active material direct contact on the atomizer body. At the comparable operational parameters for the engine, the obtained exhaust gases opacity was lower up to 60% due to the preliminary fuel mixture treatment in relation to the factory-made fuel injection system using petroleum diesel oil.
Findings from measurements of noise levels in indoor and outdoor environments in an expanding urban area: a case of Tirana
Authors: Laze Kuenda
Published: April 2017

The increasing human population and the increasing number of vehicles in Tirana, Albania, emerges the need for extensive measurements of noise levels. The 831 measurements of noise levels were taken in Tirana in November 2015 for education purposes. Measurements were collected in eight locations in indoor like a classroom in a school building environment, a library and a healthcare facility and in outdoor environments like five crossroads. Noise levels were then compared with domestic and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The logarithmic average of noise levels and the maximum value of noise level measured for the period of measurement (LAFmax) were interpolated using Interpolated Noise Levels for Observer Points in ArcGIS producing noise level maps for crossroads. The logarithmic average of noise levels and LAFmax measurements were respectively above domestic and WHO standards in 96% and 100% of outdoor environment and indoor environment locations. Interpolated values of logarithmic average of noise levels and LAFmax for five crossroads were above domestic and WHO standards indicating noise levels in road traffic could remain high. A yearly acoustic measurement for vehicles should be implemented. Participatory measurements of noise levels in quite indoor environments can be used to increase the awareness of inhabitants in Tirana.
Chromatographic Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Analysis
Authors: Chen Beibei , He Man , Zhang Huashan , Jiang Zucheng , Hu Bin
Published: April 2017

The present capability of rare earth element (REE) analysis has been achieved by the development of two instrumental techniques. The efficiency of spectroscopic methods was extraordinarily improved for the detection and determination of REE traces in various materials. On the other hand, the determination of REEs very often depends on the preconcentration and separation of REEs, and chromatographic techniques are very powerful tools for the separation of REEs. By coupling with sensitive detectors, many ambitious analytical tasks can be fulfilled.

Liquid chromatography is the most widely used technique. Different combinations of stationary phases and mobile phases could be used in ion exchange chromatography, ion chromatography, ion-pair reverse-phase chromatography and some other techniques. The application of gas chromatography is limited because only volatile compounds of REEs can be separated. Thin-layer and paper chromatography are techniques that cannot be directly coupled with suitable detectors, which limit their applications. For special demands, separations can be performed by capillary electrophoresis, which has very high separation efficiency.
Der Deutsche Orden und die Seelsorge in Südtirol im 13. Jahrhundert
Authors: Filotico Francesco
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

La presenza dell’Ordine Teutonico nel Sudtirolo si caratterizza, fin dai suoi esordi (1202), per l’attivita pastorale e ospedaliera svolta dai suoi membri nella regione. Sia per il cospicuo numero di chiese e cappelle precocemente acquisite dall’Ordine, sia per la notevole presenza di fratelli sacerdoti, il baliato di Bolzano e stato a buon diritto definito Pfaffenballei. Nel contributo, si e cercato di ricostruire, sulla base di fonti edite e inedite, la cura animarum presso le pievi donate ai Teutonici durante il secolo XIII (Longomoso/Lengmoos, Vipiteno/Sterzing, Silandro/Schlanders, S. Leonardo di Passiria/St. Leonhard in Passeier, Vanga/Wangen). L’inserimento dell’Ordine nella rete parrocchiale delle diocesi di Trento, Bressanone e Coira avrebbe potuto causare attriti con i vescovi; tuttavia, in quell’aspra contrapposizione fra ordinari diocesani e poteri locali che contraddistingue la storia del Sudtirolo nel secolo XIII e oltre, i Teutonici non furono pregiudizialmente avversati dai vescovi, come ritiene una ben rappresentata tradizione storiografica, bensi di volta in volta sostenuti o contrastati da essi a seconda delle convenienze del momento.
Der Friedens- und Handelsvertrag von 1290 zwischen der Kommune Genua und dem Sultan Qalāwūn von Ägpyten
Authors: Schilling Alexander M.
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

L’articolo offre una nuova valutazione del trattato di pace tra il sultano mamelucco Qalāwūn e la Comune di Genova, stipulato nel 1290, la cui versione latina viene qui tradotta per la prima volta in una lingua moderna. Sulla base della testimonianza storiografica araba si sostiene che ci furono due procedure legali: la prima, che va datata al 4 maggio 1290, attesta il rinnovo dello status quo ante legale dopo l’attacco di una nave egiziana da parte dell’ammiraglio genovese Benedetto Zaccaria in seguito alla caduta di Tripoli nel 1289, mentre la ratifica della pax et conventio tra l’ambasciatore genovese Alberto Spinola e Ḥusām ad-Dīn, rappresentante del sultano, ebbe luogo sabato, 13 maggio; una conferma del giuramento da parte di Alberto Spinola, alla presenza del patriarca melchita di Alessandria, avvenne domenica, 14 maggio. Nel frattempo, dopo aver negoziato un trattato con un’ambasciata di Venezia, Qalāwūn doveva aver preso la decisione di stipulare una convenzione di pace anche con i genovesi.
Das Heilige Offizium und die Nuntiatur in Wien
Authors: Becker Rotraud
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Alla nunziatura presso la corte imperiale a Vienna arrivavano negli anni Venti e Trenta del XVII secolo qualche volta delle notizie o istruzioni da parte della Congregazione dell’Inquisizione, trasmesse dalle missive settimanali della Segreteria di Stato romana. Esisteva però anche un carteggio diretto, di cui si conservano dei resti nell’archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede (ACDF). Emerge che l’attribuzione di particolari facoltà di missione coninvolgeva la nunziatura nelle attività per la ricattolicizzazione dei territori asburgici più di quanto risulti dai rapporti raccolti nelle edizioni dei „Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland“. Si osserva che il conferimento indiretto di tali facoltà attraverso la nunziatura suscitava forti dissapori tra il clero in loco. Si nota inoltre che il campo d’attività dell’Sant’Uffizio si estendeva in alcuni casi particolari a settori che non ci si sarebbe aspettati. La consultazione di queste fonti contribuisce dunque a ottenere, rispetto al passato, un quadro più realistico delle mansioni e delle attività quotidiana nelle nunziature apostoliche dell’età moderna.
Vorstellungsbilder und Regierungshandeln in der „zweiten Stadt des Kaiserreichs“
Authors: Lucrezio Monticelli Chiara
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

L’articolo intende rileggere la conquista napoleonica di Roma nel 1809 in più stretto rapporto con il coevo processo di definizione di spazialità imperiali e identità nazionali in Europa (in particolare nel versante mediterraneo e italiano) all’inizio del lungo XIX secolo. Roma fu al tempo stesso simbolo dell’Empire-building napoleonico - a partire dalla proclamazione di „seconda città dell’Impero“ - e terreno di sperimentazione delle forme di imperialismo generate dalla „missione civilizzatrice“ francese. Il contrasto tra le pratiche „coloniali“ di governo urbano e l’uso politico dell’idea imperiale di Roma antica produsse effetti significativi nel campo dell’amministrazione e della rappresentazione della città. Attraverso le fonti delle istituzioni romane e dell’amministrazione francese, nonché sulla base dei discorsi politici dei patrioti italiani si mostrerà la molteplicità delle implicazioni - politiche, spaziali, culturali - del mito e della realtà di Roma in questa cruciale fase di transizione del Risorgimento italiano.
Clerical Disputes and the Gerichtsort in Carolingian Lucca
Authors: Heil Michael W.
Published: April 2017

Der Beitrag untersucht die Rechtspraxis in Lucca zwischen dem späten 8. und dem frühen 10. Jh. Ausgangspunkt ist die Beobachtung Hagen Kellers aus „Der Gerichtsort in oberitalienischen und toskanischen Städten“, wonach der Bischof von Lucca und die geistlichen Schöffen in der ersten Hälfte des 9. Jh. ihre vorherrschende Stellung in der Justizverwaltung an den Herzog und an Laienschöffen verloren. Nach Keller gehört dieser Vorgang mit der Verlegung des Gerichtsortes von der domus des Bischofs zum Herzogshof zusammen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll hingegen dargelegt werden, das, wenn man den klerikalen Status der Parteien in den überkommenen Gerichtsurkunden beachtet, eine solche Lesart nicht unterstützt werden kann. Versucht wird eine andere Erklärung, wonach das „bischöfliche Gericht“ sich institutionell vom placitum oder „öffentlichen“ Gerichtshof unterschied. Das bischofliche Gericht, das sich aus dem Bischof und geistlichen Rechtskundigen zusammensetzte, bildete anscheinend für fast die gesamte karolingische und die frühe postkarolingische Epoche das gewöhnliche Forum für Streitfalle, die zwischen den Klerikern der Diözese auftraten. Auf keinen Fall entschied er in Prozessen zwischen Klerikern und Laien (vermutlich ebensowenig in Rechtsangelegenheiten unter Laien). Abschließend werden einige Aufgabenfelder des „bischöflichen Gerichts“ und dessen Wirken erörtert.
Kaisertum, italisches Königtum und Papsttum. Zur (temporären) Fixierung eines Dreiecksverhältnisses durch Otto den Großen
Authors: Groth Simon
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Il complesso e intrecciato rapporto tra impero, papato e Regnum Italicum, che aveva segnato la storia altomedievale a partire dalla notte di natale dell’800, subì un notevole cambiamento con l’incoronazione a imperatore di Ottone I. Mentre sotto i suoi predecessori il regno d’Italia e l’impero avevano continuato a essere due entità autonome, ora si creò un collegamento diretto tra essi. Ottone I pose il Regnum Italicum sotto il suo dominio imperiale (senza chiamarsi Re d’Italia, come aveva invece fatto ancora Carlo Magno), e durante la sua terza campagna d’Italia cercò di spingersi verso l’Italia meridionale. L’Italia, diventata in tal modo centro del suo dominio, forse era assorto per l’imperatore a simbolo della tanto ambita parità con Bisanzio che il matrimonio di Ottone II con una principessa bizantina avrebbe reso palese. Un titolo onorifico che in fondo non aveva comportato nessuna reale crescita di potere, né un legame con un territorio, si era trasformato in un motivo per chiedere il dominio sul territorio italiano, inteso di conseguenza non più come un regnum tra gli altri, ma come nucleo centrale di un impero. Rispetto ai suoi diretti predecessori sul trono imperiale, anche i suoi rapporti con la Sede Apostolica erano molto più condizionati dalla rivendicazione di supremazia e ricordano le tendenze presenti ai tempi di Carlo Magno.
I conti di Galeria (secoli XI–XIII)
Authors: Berardozzi Antonio
Published: April 2017

Unter den gräflichen Eliten aus dem römischen Umland, die zu Beginn des 11. Jh. in den Quellen genannt werden, ragen die Grafen vonGaleriahervor. Obgleich sich ihre Geschicke bis in die zweite Hälfte des 13. Jh. verfolgen lassen, gehörten nicht alle Träger dieses Titels zum selben Haus. Graf Gerardo [I], Sohn Ranie- ris, ist die wichtigste Figur unter allen Grafen von Galeria und nimmt im vorliegenden Beitrag den größten Raum ein. Er ist für die Jahre 1040-1060 nachweisbar und spielte in jenen Jahren eine herausragende Rolle in der römischen Politik; er arbeitete mit den Päpsten Benedikt IX. und Benedikt X. zusammen, füllte eine erstrangige Position im römischen Tuszien aus, wo er im übrigen eine Reihe von Schlössern besaß, und war ein enger Verbündeter der Äbte von Farfa. Graf Sassone von Civita Castellana war sein Bruder. Beide hatten Nachkommen. Sehr wahrscheinlich kehrte das Schloss von Galeria nach dem Tod Graf Gerardos [I] in den frühen sechziger Jahren wieder in päpstlichen Besitz zurück. Nach einer Quelle aus dem Archiv von San Paolo fuori le Mura hat Gregor VII. es dem Kloster in der Via Ostiense übertragen. Die Nachkommen Graf Sassones, namentlich dessen Sohn Ranieri [II] und dessen Enkel Sassone [II], behielten die Herrschaft über Civita Castellana fast bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts. Nichts mehr hört man von ihnen aus den letzten zwanzig Jahren des 11. Jh. Andere römische Häuser griffen ins römische Umland und südliche Tuszien aus, wo sie im Verlaufe eines Jahrhunderts die bisher herrschenden Familien verdrängten. Andere Grafen von Galeria tauchen sporadisch in den Quellen des 12. und 13. Jh. auf. Keiner von ihnen erlangte jedoch die Bedeutung der beiden Brüder Gerardo [II] und Sassone.
L’amministrazione del patrimonio. Un aspetto del diritto canonico poco studiato
Authors: Meyer Andreas
Published: April 2017

Das Verbot, Kirchenbesitz zu veräußern, das im Hochmittelalter entstandene kirchliche beneficium sowie das sich im Anschluss an den Investiturstreit herausbildende Patronatsrecht ließen im Abendland eine ökonomische Verfügungsmasse entstehen, die einzigartig war. Wegen des Zölibats konnten an diesem riesigen Vermögen keine Erbansprüche entstehen, so dass die Nutzung daran in jeder Generation neu zugeteilt werden musste. Ein nicht unwesentlicher Teil des spätmittelalterlichen Kirchenrechts befasst sich mit diesem Problem. Dabei kommt dem Liber Cancellariae apostolicae eine zentrale Rolle zu, denn er beinhaltet, was die päpstliche Kurie für ihre Kirchenherrschaft, die weitgehend mittels Urkunden geschah, benötigte, nämlich das Provinziale sowie Amtseide, Konstitutionen, Formulare und Kanzleiregeln. Am Beispiel der Konstitution Execrabilis von Johannes XXII. aus dem Jahr 1317 wird abschließend gezeigt, wie die Kurie das darin enthaltene Kumulationsverbot umsetzte und welche beabsichtigten und unbeabsichtigten Nebenwirkungen es hatte.
Il costo di una carica. Strategie familiari e politiche finanziarie tra Auditor Camerae e famiglia Borghese in alcuni documenti vaticani (1590–1591)
Authors: Cicerchia Andrea
Published: April 2017

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Verhältnis, das in der Frühen Neuzeit zwischen der Karrieredynamik an der Römischen Kurie einerseits und der Einschatzung des Wertes eines Amtes sowie deren Entwicklung andererseits bestand. Insbesondere wird hier die wirtschaftliche Strategie der Familie Borghese im späten 16. Jh. im wirtschaftlich-rechtlichen Kontext der Römischen Kurie analysiert. Dabei geht es nicht nur um die wirtschaftlichen Aktivitaten der Brüder Borghese, die bereits von Wolfgang Reinhard untersucht worden sind, sondern auch um die aus der Korrespondenz ersichtlichen Bemiihungen um Ämter wie das des Auditor Camerae. Seit der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jh. lag dieses Amt in den Händen eines vom Apostolischen Stuhl unabhängigen Gerichts. Ober die klar definierten Befugnisse in Steuer- fragen hinaus wurden ihm durch päpstliche Bullen weitere spezifische Kompetenzen in civilibus und in criminalibus übertragen. Nach dem Konzil von Trient und in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 16. Jh. erlangte das Amt und sein Gericht zunehmende Bedeutung im Spannungsfeld zwischen den traditionellen Funktionen der Kurie und den neuen Kongregationen Sixtus’ V. Die Rekonstruktion von Familienbeziehungen und Patronage-Netzwerken am Beispiel der Borghese wird dabei in eine historische Perspektive eingeordnet, die dazu dient, die Relevanz des Gerichts im Rahmen der römischen Rechtsordnung herauszuarbeiten.
DIE „ZWEITE“ GRÜNDUNG DES THEATINERORDENS
Authors: Vanni Andrea
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTO

Il presente saggio intende ricostruire la storia dell’ordine dei chierici regolari teatini nel XVI secolo, focalizzandosi sul passaggio dalla prima alla seconda generazione di confratelli. Istituiti nel 1524 per coadiuvare le attività di riforma di Gian Pietro Carafa (papa Paolo IV), il principale fondatore, dopo la sua morte avvenuta nel 1559 i teatini hanno dovuto mettere in discussione le proprie origini e trovare una nuova collocazione all’interno dell’edificio ecclesiastico modellato dai decreti del concilio tridentino. Nel porre in evidenza la strategia attuata, nonostante una sterile opposizione, da un gruppo di chierici della casa napoletana di San Paolo Maggiore, il saggio illustra il cambiamento dell’identità storica dell’ordine, che nel giro di pochi anni abbandonò l’iniziale vocazione inquisitoriale per dedicarsi alle attività pastorali, alla cura delle anime, all’assistenza di poveri, malati e infermi, risultato di una accesa dimensione caritativa che traeva le sue origini nel mai del tutto sopito insegnamento del cofondatore Gaetano Thiene.
BOTTAIS BERICHT AN DEN DUCE ÜBER SEINE DEUTSCHLANDREISE 0 VOM SEPTEMBER 1933
Authors: D’Elia Nicola
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTO

Il rapporto che Bottai scrisse a Mussolini nel settembre del 1933, al ritorno dalla sua prima visita in Germania, rappresenta una delle testimonianze più esplicite dei sentimenti di diffidenza e di preoccupazione che si diffusero negli ambienti fascisti nei mesi successivi all’andata al potere di Hitler. Oltre alla scarsa considerazione umana che Bottai nutriva per il Führer e gli altri gerarchi nazisti, la relazione mette in luce soprattutto i suoi timori per il futuro delle relazioni italo-tedesche. Agli occhi di Bottai, il regime hitleriano esibiva chiari segni di non voler seguire l’esempio italiano sul piano dell’organizzazione interna dello Stato, come dimostrava l’atteggiamento di sostanziale indifferenza per il progetto corporativo che si stava tentando di realizzare in Italia. Inoltre, in politica estera il nazionalsocialismo tedesco non nascondeva le sue ambizioni di sottrarre al fascismo italiano la leadership ideologica sui movimenti fascisti europei né le sue aspirazioni pangermanistiche, che minacciavano direttamente gli interessi territoriali dell’Italia.
On computing the location of laminar–turbulent transition in compressible boundary layers
Authors: Boiko Andrey V. , Demyanko Kirill V. , Nechepurenko Yuri M.
Published: April 2017

Evolution equations of small disturbances aimed to compute the location of a laminar–turbulent transition in boundary layers by the e
N
-method taking into account the compressibility and heat transfer are described and justified for aerodynamic applications. The results of computation of N-factors and transition locations with the use of locally-parallel flow assumption for a flat plate exposed to supersonic flow at zero angle of attack are given. The results agree well with known numerical and experimental data.
Diagnostics of a gradient catastrophe for a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems
Authors: Chizhonkov Eugene V.
Published: April 2017

A two-stage analysis do detect the appearance of a gradient catastrophe of the solution is proposed for quasilinear systems of hyperbolic equations of special form. Applications of the first stage are considered for the following simple cases: scalar Burgers’ equation and a quasi-orthogonal system generalizing it. The entire two-stage analysis is applied to systems of equations describing one-dimensional electron oscillations in plasma, namely, plane oscillations in the relativistic and non-relativistic cases and also axially symmetric non-relativistic cylindrical oscillations.
Sensitivity with respect to observations in variational data assimilation
Authors: Shutyaev Victor , Le Dimet Francois-Xavier , Shubina Elena
Published: April 2017

The problem of variational data assimilation for a nonlinear evolution model is formulated as an optimal control problem to find the initial condition function (analysis). The observation data, and hence the optimal solution, may contain uncertainties. A response function is considered as a functional of the optimal solution after assimilation. Based on the second-order adjoint techniques, the sensitivity of the response function to the observation data is studied. The gradient of the response function is related to the solution of a non-standard problem involving the coupled system of direct and adjoint equations. The solvability of the non-standard problem is studied, based on the Hessian of the original cost function. An algorithm to compute the gradient of the response function with respect to observations is developed and justified.
Linear and nonlinear statistics of extreme waves
Authors: Chalikov Dmitry V.
Published: April 2017

The probability of extremely high waves is calculated by two methods. The first method is based on the direct numerical simulation of two-dimensional wave field using a three-dimensional nonlinear model. The second method consists in calculation of the probability of wave heights over ensemble of fields representing a superposition of linear waves with random phases and a spectrum similar to that obtained in the nonlinear model. It is shown that the integral probability of extreme waves are very close to each other in both cases. This implies that the role of nonlinearity in the generation of extreme waves is probably not so important as it was assumed in most papers considering this phenomenon.
Introduction of Innovations in the Tourism Industry: Experience of Ukraine
Authors: Alla Donysche-Medyanik , Mykhaylo Klyap
Published: April 2017

The article deals with relevance and necessity of studying innovative processes in tourism industry as an important indicator of tourism development in the modern market conditions. Formulated and substantiated directions of innovative technologies introduction in the hospitality industry of Ukraine. Conducted research and substantiated principles of innovations in tourism and the processes in use of advanced services: Sleepbox, multimedia digital technologies Digital Signage, new technologies “Teleport” from the hotel network “Marriott”. Suggested a few ways to improve the service economy.
The impact of key experiences associated with guilt and shame on sports socialization
Authors: Wahnschaffe Kathrin
Published: April 2017

This paper rests on the assumption that norms of success and fairness may come into conflict in a variety of situations in competitive soccer, forcing individual actors to weigh and balance the two sets of norms. If established norms of fair play are violated, shame and guilt may result. Based on qualitative interviews with soccer players, the study identified key experiences associated with shame and guilt resulting from harmful actions toward others. In the context of transformative learning processes, the athletes began to question previously unchallenged success-oriented attitudes and to understand them in new ways. Here, individual experiences showed the potential to have a transformative impact on long-term sports-related socialization processes and counteract institutionalized structures of socialization. The study shows that such experiences can become turning points in an athlete’s (sports) biography.
Comparing socialization into club sports among seventh-grade girls by school type
Authors: Zander Benjamin
Published: April 2017

The study used group discussions and a documentary method to investigate which micro-processes at the nexus of family, peer group, and school encouraged and discouraged seventh-grade girls' involvement in club sports, and what collective orientations accompanied these processes. Based on reconstructed micro-processes and orientations, two selected groups of girls in intermediate and upper secondary school (Hauptschule and Gymasium) were compared to determine how involvement in club sports differed by school type. One result was that the upper secondary school students were part of several social reference groups with a sports orientation simultaneously, whereas the intermediate secondary school students were part of fewer social reference groups overall, and the groups they were part of tended to have other orientations than sports. The upper secondary students benefited during their childhood and preteen years from interactions among social reference groups (family, peer group, school) that were conducive to club sports involvement, whereas intermediate secondary students were exposed to interactions that inhibited their involvement in sports. This inhibiting effect results from a lack of family influences, negative sports experiences in school, and in particular the high significance of peer groups that pursue other interests having little to do with club sports.
Nur geringer haushaltspolitischer Spielraum trotz hoher Überschüsse
Authors: van Deuverden Kristina
Published: April 2017

Public budgets in Germany developed favorable during the last years. Currently there is a broad discussion on how to spend unexpected budget surpluses: tax reductions and a various number of spending purposes are on the agenda. Many of the proposals overlook that existing surpluses partly reflect special developments and are, thus, only temporary. This part of surpluses indicates no scope for tax reductions or lasting expenditure, but it can temporarily be used on investment spending and, thus, can enhance potential growth. In many cases proposals also overlook that the development of public finances in Germany is very heterogeneous. Regarding demographic developments social security systems will face heavy challenges and will have to raise social contribution rates in near future. A medium-term projection indicates an increase of nearly four percentage points till 2025. This dampens economic development and reduces potential growth. Thus, the permanent part of the budget surplus should be used to increase tax transfers to social insurances – especially because a huge volume of non-insurance benefits is still financed within the security system.
Three Unpublished Manuscripts from 1903
Authors: Klement Kevin C.
Published: April 2017

I present and discuss three previously unpublished manuscripts written by Bertrand Russell in 1903, not included with similar manuscripts in Volume 4 of his Collected Papers. One is a one-page list of basic principles for his “functional theory” of May 1903, in which Russell partly anticipated the later Lambda Calculus. The next, catalogued under the title “Proof That No Function Takes All Values”, largely explores the status of Cantor’s proof that there is no greatest cardinal number in the variation of the functional theory holding that only some but not all complexes can be analyzed into function and argument. The final manuscript, “Meaning and Denotation”, examines how his pre-1905 dis­tinction between meaning and denotation is to be understood with respect to functions and their arguments. In them, Russell seems to endorse an extensional view of functions not endorsed in other works prior to the 1920s. All three manuscripts illustrate the close connection between his work on the logical paradoxes and his work on the theory of meaning.
"My Personal Ruin Passes Unnoticed": Russell, Harvard, and the 1940 William James Lectureship
Authors: Stevenson Michael D.
Published: April 2017

This article analyzes the contentious debate among senior administrators of Harvard University regarding the choice of Russell as the 1940 William James Lecturer. In the aftermath of the City College of New York controversy, influential Harvard bureaucrats, alumni, and members of the general public pressured Harvard President James B. Conant to res­cind Russell’s appointment. Utilizing the Russell Archives, Conant’s private papers and Corporation records held at the Harvard Archives, and Grenville Clark’s papers at Dartmouth College, the nature of the complex deliberations surrounding Russell’s appointment and his status as a controversial public figure can be ascertained. Ultimately, Harvard stood by Russell, who delivered the James Lectures in the autumn 1940 term without incident, an engagement that ended Russell’s formal involvement with Harvard extending back to the pre-World War I period.
Russell the Rainmaker: Touring in Early Cold War Australia
Authors: Grant Jo-Anne
Published: April 2017

During his 1950 lecture tour of Australia, Bertrand Russell was given the nickname “Russell the Rainmaker” due to unseasonably wet weather in the eastern states that appeared to accompany his travels. This humorous name represents a central idea that shaped his tour. Russell was convinced that the technical ability to make rain could transform Australia’s largely dry landscape and boost the nation’s farming potential, which could, in turn, support a new age of happiness and prosperity. Russell used this vision of the future to imagine a safe refuge for Western civilization in case Europe was destroyed in a possible nuclear Third World War. This paper will discuss how his Australian tour was an important moment of both hope and anxiety in his life. Russell’s idea of a pastoral utopia in Australia that relied on optimism about the capability of science to transform the landscape can be understood as a key way in which he responded intellectually to the events of the early Cold War.
Tasks of Contemporary Philosophy
Authors: Kolman Arnošt
Published: April 2017

Paper at the X. International Philosophical Congress in Amsterdam, 11.–18. VIII. 1948. Translated from the Czech by Jakub Mácha and Andrew Nap­thine.
Physical Fitness and Body Composition in 8–10-Year-Old Danish Children Are Associated With Sports Club Participation
Authors: Larsen Malte N. , Nielsen Claus M. , Ørntoft Christina Ø. , Randers Morten B. , Manniche Vibeke , Hansen Lone , Hansen Peter R. , Bangsbo Jens , Krustrup Peter
Published: April 2017

Larsen, MN, Nielsen, CM, Ørntoft, CØ, Randers, M, Manniche, V, Hansen, L, Hansen, PR, Bangsbo, J, and Krustrup, P. Physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3425–3434, 2017—We investigated whether physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. The study included 423 schoolchildren, comprising 209 girls and 214 boys, of whom 67 and 74%, respectively, were active in sports clubs. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 for children (YYIR1C), balance, jump and coordination tests, together with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, were used to determine exercise capacity and body composition. Children active in sports clubs had better (p < 0.05) YYIR1C (33%, 767 ± 26 vs. 575 ± 29 m), 20-m sprint (3%, 4.33 ± 0.03 vs. 4.48 ± 0.04 seconds), coordination (6%, 68 ± 1 vs. 72 ± 1 second), and balance test performances (9%, 19.3 ± 0.5 vs. 21.2 ± 0.7 falls·min−1) and lower fat mass index (16%, 3.8 ± 0.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 kg[fat]·m−2) than children not active in sports clubs. Ball game players had better (p < 0.05) YYIR1C (38%, 925 ± 39 vs. 671 ± 28 m), 20-m sprint (4%, 4.25 ± 0.03 vs. 4.42 ± 0.04 seconds), and coordination test performances (5%, 65 ± 1 vs. 69 ± 1 second), along with higher (p < 0.05) lean body mass (5%, 24.00 ± 0.22 vs. 22.83 ± 0.25 kg) and whole-body BMD (2%, 0.90 ± < 0.01 vs. 0.88 ± <0.01 g·cm−2) compared with children active in other sports. The study showed that 8‒10-year-old Danish children engaged in sports-club activity, especially ball game players, have better exercise capacity and superior body composition compared with children not active in sports clubs.
Impact of Six Consecutive Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance in Competitive Sprint Runners
Authors: Kasai Nobukazu , Mizuno Sahiro , Ishimoto Sayuri , Sakamoto Etsuko , Maruta Misato , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Kurosawa Yuko , Goto Kazushige
Published: April 2017

Kasai, N, Mizuno, S, Ishimoto, S, Sakamoto, E, Maruta, M, Kurihara, T, Kurosawa, Y, and Goto, K. Impact of six consecutive days of sprint training in hypoxia on performance in competitive sprint runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 36–43, 2019—The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 successive days of repeated sprint (RS) training in moderate hypoxia on anaerobic capacity in 100–200-m sprint runners. Eighteen male sprint runners (age, 20.0 ± 0.3 years; height, 175.9 ± 1.1 cm; and body mass, 65.0 ± 1.2 kg) performed repeated cycling sprints for 6 consecutive days in either normoxic (NOR; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 20.9%; n = 9) or hypoxic conditions (HYPO; FiO2, 14.5%; n = 9). The RS ability (10 × 6-second sprints), 30-second maximal sprint ability, maximal oxygen uptake (

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max), and 60-m running time on the track were measured before and after the training period. Intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) content (quadriceps femoris muscle) was measured by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) before and after the training period. Both groups showed similar improvements in RS ability after the training period (p < 0.05). Power output during the 30-second maximal sprint test and

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max did not change significantly after the training period in either group. Running time for 0–10 m improved significantly after the training period in the HYPO only (before, 1.39 ± 0.01 seconds; after, 1.34 ± 0.02 seconds, p < 0.05). The HYPO also showed a significant increase in intramuscular PCr content after the training period (before, 31.5 ± 1.3 mM; after, 38.2 ± 2.8 mM, p < 0.05). These results suggest that sprint training for 6 consecutive days in hypoxia or normoxia improved RS ability in competitive sprint runners.
Comparison of Training Intensity Patterns for Cardiorespiratory, Speed, and Strength Exercise Programs
Authors: Vetter Rheba E. , Yu Han , Foose Alice K. , Adam Peter J. , Dodd Regan K.
Published: April 2017

Vetter, RE, Yu, H, Foose, AK, Adam, PJ, and Dodd, RK. Comparison of training intensity patterns for cardiorespiratory, speed, and strength exercise programs. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3372–3395, 2017—Designing effective exercise training programs is important for novice, regular, and elite individuals desiring improvements in physical fitness and performance outcomes without experiencing deleterious physiological or performance effects. The purpose of this research was to understand the impact of training intensity on the effectiveness of training program outcomes. Synthesized analyses of 31 studies provided an overall magnitude for the impact of training program intensity on effect size (ES). Meta-analyses were performed using meta-regression models to assess the impact of training program intensity and the other moderators of training frequency, training weeks, age, ability level, and type of physical exercise training. Inclusion criteria were (a) pretest and posttest outcomes, group size, and mean and SDs were given, (b) only human participants, age 17 or older, and healthy being free of disease, injury, or pregnancy, (c) no supplements or dietary interventions were used, (d) a minimum 4-week training intervention was used, and (e) training protocols included training intensity as its focus. Of the research reviewed, there were 31 studies representing 292 cases used to calculate ES, which met the inclusion criteria. Training frequency, training weeks, age, and ability level did not consistently affect the effectiveness of the different training programs. Intensity level influenced ES across the types of physical training programs: cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, or speed. An aggregated model had a curvilinear effect on training programs with an estimated critical average value of 74%. Muscular strength training using intensities greater than estimated 87.29% resulted in diminishing returns.
Verification and Validation of Accelerated Testing Methods for Fatigue Life Assessment
Authors: Luo Limin , Hamilton Jason , Wei Zhigang , Rebandt Robert
Published: April 2017

Fatigue-related durability and reliability performance is one of the most important concerns in many engineering applications, such as for ground vehicles, aircrafts, and power generation systems. Product designers, validation engineers, and manufacturers are under continuous and increasing pressure to reduce the “design cycle” and "time to market" of products while assuring high levels of durability and reliability of these products. To achieve these goals, a number of accelerated testing methods have been developed, with some of them being applied very successfully to engineering applications. Because the ability to assess the fatigue life of an engineering component or system from the accelerated testing results is of great importance, the verification and validation of the accelerated testing methods is becoming critical to properly interpret the predicted results and decision making. In today's highly regulated world, there are many regulations, guidelines, standards, and specifications for conducting accelerated testing, data analysis, and methods verification. However, methods are being continuously revised or enhanced by absorbing more advanced developments to address the fundamental issues or specific needs of a given application, or both. In this paper, two fundamental accelerated testing methods are reviewed and thoroughly investigated: (1) the test-to-failure method and (2) degradation testing. Several key issues are identified in this paper with emphasis on the verification and validation of several new concepts and methodologies. Case studies are provided to demonstrate the critical issues identified.
Biocomplexity: Aligning an “NGSS-Ready” Curriculum with NGSS Performance Expectations
Authors: Puttick Gillian , Drayton Brian
Published: April 2017

Until new materials are available that reflect the conceptual shift in teaching required by the Next Generation Science Standards, teachers will need to evaluate existing materials and consider strategies for adaptation. In this article, we demonstrate one strategy for evaluating pre-NGSS curricula to bring them into alignment with the NGSS Framework. To do this, we retrospectively analyzed materials from a high school capstone course in ecology that were developed prior to the advent of the new standards. Based on this analysis, we recommend some general steps to help teachers consider how to adapt materials they are currently using. We believe that this evaluation and adaptation process can also strengthen teachers’ understanding of the Framework and its implications for teaching, for student learning, and for assessment.