bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação de sintetizadores de voz para leitura em livros digitais
Authors: Silva Neto Sérvulo Fernandes da , Araújo Wagner Junqueira de
Published: July 2013

A acessibilidade digital indica meios para acesso à informação em mídias digitais que auxiliam pessoas com diferentes tipos de deficiência a uma melhor interação com o computador, independente de suas limitações. Parte destas ferramentas é composta pelos sintetizadores de voz, que supostamente permitem facilitar o acesso dessas pessoas a qualquer conhecimento registrado através de tecnologias digitais. Contudo tais ferramentas surgiram inicialmente em países de língua estrangeira. O que nos leva ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: os sitentizadores de voz estão adequados a leituras de livros digitais em língua portuguesa? O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e classificar diferentes ferramentas de software sintetizadores de voz em conjunto com software de leitores de livros digitais para apoio à acessibilidade aos e-books em língua portuguesa. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica foram identificados aplicativos de software sintetizadores de voz, que compõem a amostra analisada neste trabalho. Foi usado uma versão simplificada do Método de Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão – MMDA, para avaliar estas. Na pesquisa foram considerados 12 leitores de e-books e 11 softwares sintetizadores de voz, testados com seis formatos de e-books (E-pub, PDF, HTML, DOC, TXT e Mobi). De acordo com os resultados apurados, o software Virtual Vision atingiu a maior pontuação. Com relação aos formatos, foi constatado que o PDF aferiu uma melhor pontuação, quando somado os resultados dos três sintetizadores. Dentro do universo estudado, contatou-se que muitos sintetizadores simplesmente não podem ser utilizados por não terem suporte a língua portuguesa.
El servicio de consultoría estratégica en la gestión de sistemas de información
Authors: Limonta Favier Zunilka , Otero Caballero Evelyn Milagro , Mediaceja Corona Daymara , Calvo Coello Briseys
Published: July 2013

Se presentan las características de un servicio que posibilita el diseño, gestión, innovación e implementación de sistemas de información en organizaciones académicas, de bienes y servicios etc. que se tiene concebido como asesoría a entidades que lo requieran atendiendo a sus necesidades ya sean externas o internas. Se brindan algunas recomendaciones para mejorar el trabajo en sistemas de información y su gestión. Este trabajo demuestra cómo se puede brindar un servicio diferenciado según las características de cada institución.
El tratado de documentación de Paul Otlet: una exposición metacientifica
Authors: Montilla Peña Leomar José
Published: July 2013

Se presenta un análisis descriptivo del Tratado de Documentación de Paul Otlet, señalando algunos aspectos significativos. Para ello, se delimita, en primer lugar, el Tratado de documentación como expositor discursivo de esa moderna ciencia propuesta por Otlet. A continuación se examina de forma analítica su objeto de estudio y por último se establece la noción de documentación presentada.
Tamoxifen Therapy in Breast Cancer: Do Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Menopausal State Affect Plasma Lipid Changes Induced by the Drug?
Authors: Gaibar María , Fernández Gerónimo , Romero-Lorca Alicia , Novillo Apolonia , Tejerina Armando , Bandrés Fernando , Santander Ana Fernández
Published: July 2013

Objective

This study examines the lipid profile change produced in response to tamoxifen (TAM) treatment, and its possible relationship with both apolipoprotein E genotype and menopausal state in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 86 Spanish women with breast cancer before initiating TAM treatment and in the following 6, 12 and 18 months of treatment. Plasma lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were determined using an automatic analyzer. Genotypes for apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were identified by PCR-RFLP using the HhaI enzyme.

Results

In all patients, significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and a significant increase in triglyceride concentrations were observed after 6, 12, and 18 months of TAM treatment compared to baseline (p<0.01 for each time point). In the subset of APOE4-negative patients, triglyceride concentrations also significantly increased after 6, 12, and 18 months of treatment (p=0.019, p=0.045, p=0.001, respectively), while APOE4-positive patients showed no significant lipid changes at 12 and 18 months. However, after 18 months of TAM treatment the overall triglyceride concentrations had risen by 24.75% in APOE4-negative patients vs 29.9% in APOE4-positive patients. In postmenopausal women, significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratios were observed at each time point (p<0.020 for each).

Conclusions

TAM treatment induced similar plasma triglyceride increases in patients with positive or negative APOE genotype. Compared to premenopausal patients, postmenopausal breast cancer patients showed a more beneficial lipid profile change in response to treatment.
Functional Interactions in Transcription and Splicing of Ewing’s Sarcoma
Authors: Todorova Roumiana
Published: July 2013

Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS) protein is a member of the TET (TLS/EWS/TAF15) family of RNA and DNA-binding proteins with unknown cellular role. EWS protein is encoded by the EWS oncogene on chromosome 22q12, a target of chromosomal translocations in Ewing’s sarcoma tumors. The exact mechanism of EWS participation in gene expression and pathogenesis of the resulting cancers is not defined. The binding partners of native EWS and EWS fusion proteins (EFPs) are described schematically in a model, an attempt to link the transcription with the splicing. The experimental data about the partnerships of EWS and EFPs are summarized, which may lead to better understanding of their function.
Decolourisation of Synthetic Dyes by Endophytic Fungal Flora Isolated from Senduduk Plant (Melastoma malabathricum)
Authors: Ngieng Ngui Sing , Zulkharnain Azham , Roslan Hairul Azman , Husaini Ahmad
Published: July 2013

A total of twenty endophytic fungi successfully isolated fromMelastoma malabathricum(Senduduk) were examined for their ability to decolourise azo dyes: Congo red, Orange G, and Methyl red and an anthraquinone dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue R. Initial screening on the glucose minimal media agar plates amended with 200 mg L−1of each respective dye showed that only isolate MS8 was able to decolourise all of the four dyes. The isolate decolourised completely both the RBBR and Orange G in the agar medium within 8 days. Further quantitative analysis of the dye decolourisation by isolate MS8 in aqueous minimal medium showed that isolate MS8 was able to decolourise all the tested dyes at varying levels. Dye decolourisation by the isolate MS8 was determined to be 97% for RBBR, 33% for Orange G, 48% for Congo red, and 56% for Methyl red, respectively, within a period of 16 days. Molecular identification of the fungal isolate MS8 using primer ITS1 and ITS4 showed that isolate MS8 shared 99% sequence similarity withMarasmius cladophyllus, a Basidiomycete. The ability to decolourise different types of dyes by isolate MS8 thus suggested a possible application of this fungus in the decolourisation of dyestuff effluents.
Microsurgery Training for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Myers Simon Richard , Froschauer Stefan , Akelina Yelena , Tos Pierluigi , Kim Jeong Tae , Ghanem Ali M
Published: July 2013

Current educational interventions and training courses in microsurgery are often predicated on theories of skill acquisition and development that follow a 'practice makes perfect' model. Given the changing landscape of surgical training and advances in educational theories related to skill development, research is needed to assess current training tools in microsurgery education and devise alternative methods that would enhance training. Simulation is an increasingly important tool for educators because, whilst facilitating improved technical proficiency, it provides a way to reduce risks to both trainees and patients. The International Microsurgery Simulation Society has been founded in 2012 in order to consolidate the global effort in promoting excellence in microsurgical training. The society's aim to achieve standarisation of microsurgical training worldwide could be realised through the development of evidence based educational interventions and sharing best practices.
Towards a Global Understanding and Standardisation of Education and Training in Microsurgery
Authors: Leung Clement Chi Ming , Ghanem Ali M , Tos Pierluigi , Ionac Mihai , Froschauer Stefan , Myers Simon R
Published: July 2013

With an increasing emphasis on microsurgery skill acquisition through simulated training, the need has been identified for standardised training programmes in microsurgery. We have reviewed microsurgery training courses available across the six continents of the World. Data was collected of relevant published output from PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and EMBASE (Ovid) searches, and from information available on the Internet of up to six established microsurgery course from each of the six continents of the World. Fellowships and courses that concentrate on flap harvesting rather than microsurgical techniques were excluded. We identified 27 centres offering 39 courses. Total course length ranged from 20 hours to 1,950 hours. Student-to-teacher ratios ranged from 2:1 to 8:1. Only two-thirds of courses offered in-vivo animal models. Instructions in microvascular end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses were common, but peripheral nerve repair or free groin flap transfer were not consistently offered. Methods of assessment ranged from no formal assessment, where an instructor monitored and gave instant feedback, through immediate assessment of patency and critique on quality of repair, to delayed re-assessment of patency after a 12 to 24 hours period. Globally, training in microsurgery is heterogeneous, with variations primarily due to resource and regulation of animal experimentation. Despite some merit to diversity in curricula, there should be a global minimum standard for microsurgery training.
A Systematic Review of Evidence for Education and Training Interventions in Microsurgery
Authors: Ghanem Ali M , Hachach-Haram Nadine , Leung Clement Chi Ming , Myers Simon Richard
Published: July 2013

Over the past decade, driven by advances in educational theory and pressures for efficiency in the clinical environment, there has been a shift in surgical education and training towards enhanced simulation training. Microsurgery is a technical skill with a steep competency learning curve on which the clinical outcome greatly depends. This paper investigates the evidence for educational and training interventions of traditional microsurgical skills courses in order to establish the best evidence practice in education and training and curriculum design. A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed databases was performed to identify randomized control trials looking at educational and training interventions that objectively improved microsurgical skill acquisition, and these were critically appraised using the BestBETs group methodology. The databases search yielded 1,148, 1,460, and 2,277 citations respectively. These were then further limited to randomized controlled trials from which abstract reviews reduced the number to 5 relevant randomised controlled clinical trials. The best evidence supported a laboratory based low fidelity model microsurgical skills curriculum. There was strong evidence that technical skills acquired on low fidelity models transfers to improved performance on higher fidelity human cadaver models and that self directed practice leads to improved technical performance. Although there is significant paucity in the literature to support current microsurgical education and training practices, simulated training on low fidelity models in microsurgery is an effective intervention that leads to acquisition of transferable skills and improved technical performance. Further research to identify educational interventions associated with accelerated skill acquisition is required.
The Chicken Aorta as a Simulation-Training Model for Microvascular Surgery Training
Authors: Ramachandran Savitha , Chui Christopher Hoe-Kong , Tan Bien-Keem
Published: July 2013

As a technically demanding skill, microsurgery is taught in the lab, in the form of a course of variable length (depending on the centre). Microsurgical training courses usually use a mixture of non-living and live animal simulation models. In the literature, a plethora of microsurgical training models have been described, ranging from low to high fidelity models. Given the high costs associated with live animal models, cheaper alternatives are coming into vogue. In this paper we describe the use of the chicken aorta as a simple and cost effective low fidelity microsurgical simulation model for training.
The Clinical Usefulness of Ultrasound-Aided Fixation Using an Absorbable Plate System in Patients with Zygomatico-Maxillary Fracture
Authors: Lee Jong Hun , Park Jun Hyung
Published: July 2013

Background Ultrasound-aided fixation is a recently developed alternative method of treatment of zygomatico-maxillary (ZM) fracture, and it can resolve the problems of excessive torsion force and subsequent fractures of screws. We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of ultrasound-aided fixation as compared with the conventional fixation method using a drill and an expander in patients with ZM fracture.

Methods We conducted a retrospective study in 35 patients with ZM fracture who had been treated at our hospital during a period ranging from March of 2008 to December of 2010. We divided them into two groups: an ultrasound-aided fixation group, comprising 13 patients who underwent ultrasound-aided fixation (SonicWeld Rx, KLS Martin), and a conventional group, comprising 22 patients who underwent conventional fixation (Biosorb FX, Linvatec Biomaterials Ltd.). We compared such variables as sex, direction, age at operation, follow-up period, operation duration, number of fixed holes, and time to discharge between the two groups.

Results The ultrasound-aided fixation reduced the operation duration by about 30 minutes as compared with that of conventional fixation. There was no significant difference in follow-up period, number of fixed holes, or time to discharge between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no complications in either group.

Conclusions The ultrasound-aided fixation of fractured ZM bone using an absorbable implant system is safe and effective in promptly reducing the bone fracture and providing satisfactory cosmetic outcomes over time.
Outcomes of Surgical Management of Xanthelasma Palpebrarum
Authors: Lee Hoon Young , Jin Ung Sik , Minn Kyung Won , Park Young-Oh
Published: July 2013

Background Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is a benign disorder manifesting as yellowish cholesterol-laden plaques on the eyelids. This paper presents the outcomes in patients with XP who have undergone surgical excision as the main modality of treatment.

Methods A retrospective review of patients who received surgery for xanthelasma palpebrarum from March 2007 to March 2011 was conducted. Patients were classified into four grades according to the location and extent of the lesion, with grade I being the mildest and grade IV being the most diffuse. Simple excision was performed in grade I and II lesions, while local flaps and skin grafts were performed in the more advanced grades.

Results Ninety-five cases from March 2007 to March 2011 were included in this study. 66 cases (70%), were treated by simple excision. Twenty-four cases (25%) and 5 cases (5%) were treated by simple excision in combination with or without local flaps and skin grafts. In approximately 1/4 of the patients, orbicularis oris muscle involvement was observed. 4 patients (4.2%) developed scar contracture postoperatively, which required a secondary procedure. Recurrence was reported in 3 patients (3.1%). Otherwise. There were no other reports of major complications or disfigurement.

Conclusions We found that for lesions involving the deep dermis and/or muscle, surgical excision was the most appropriate therapeutic option.
Open Reduction of Proximal Interphalangeal Fracture-Dislocation through a Midlateral Incision Using Absorbable Suture Materials
Authors: Lee Jae Jun , Park Hyoung Joon , Choi Hyun Gon , Shin Dong Hyeok , Uhm Ki Il
Published: July 2013

Background Fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is a relatively common injury. Various treatments for fracture-dislocation of the PIP joint have been reported. In the present study, we performed open reduction through a midlateral incision using absorbable sutures to reduce the small bone fragments and performed volar plate repair.

Methods We treated nine patients with fracture-dislocation of the PIP joint with small fractured bone fragments too small for pinning or screw fixation. Patients with volar plate injury were treated with open reduction and volar plate repair at the periosteum of the middle phalangeal bone base by the modified Kessler method using absorbable sutures. All patients were placed in a dorsal aluminum extension block splint, which maintained the PIP joint in approximately 30 degrees of flexion to avoid excessive tension on the sutured volar plate.

Results At a mean final follow-up of postoperative 9 months, all patients were evaluated radiographically and had adequate alignment of the PIP joint and reduction of the displaced bone fragments. Range of motion was improved and there were no complications.

Conclusions This technique is an excellent alternative to the current method of treating patients with fracture-dislocations that include small fragments that are too small for pinning or screw fixation. It is a less invasive surgical method and enables stable reduction and early exercise without noticeable complications.
Platysma Flap with Z-Plasty for Correction of Post-Thyroidectomy Swallowing Deformity
Authors: Jeon Min Kyeong , Kang Seok Joo , Sun Hook
Published: July 2013

Background Recently, the number of thyroid surgery cases has been increasing; consequently, the number of patients who visit plastic surgery departments with a chief complaint of swallowing deformity has also increased. We performed a scar correction technique on post-thyroidectomy swallowing deformity via platysma flap with Z-plasty and obtained satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Methods The authors performed operations upon 18 patients who presented a definitive retraction on the swallowing mechanism as an objective sign of swallowing deformity, or throat or neck discomfort on swallowing mechanism such as sensation of throat traction as a subjective sign after thyoridectomy from January 2009 till June 2012. The scar tissue that adhered to the subcutaneous tissue layer was completely excised. A platysma flap as mobile interference was applied to remove the continuity of the scar adhesion, and additionally, Z-plasty for prevention of midline platysma banding was performed.

Results The follow-up results of the 18 patients indicated that the definitive retraction on the swallowing mechanism was completely removed. Throat or neck discomfort on the swallowing mechanism such as sensation of throat traction also was alleviated in all 18 patients. When preoperative and postoperative Vancouver scar scales were compared to each other, the scale had decreased significantly after surgery (P<0.05).

Conclusions Our simple surgical method involved the formation of a platysma flap with Z-plasty as mobile interference for the correction of post-thyroidectomy swallowing deformity. This method resulted in aesthetically and functionally satisfying outcomes.
Minimal Subdermal Shaving by Means of Sclerotherapy Using Absolute Ethanol: A New Method for the Treatment of Axillary Osmidrosis
Authors: Shim Hyung-Sup , Min Sung-Kee , Lim Jin-Soo , Han Ki-Taik , Kim Min-Cheol
Published: July 2013

Background Axillary osmidrosis is characterized by unpleasant odors originating from the axillary apocrine glands, resulting in psychosocial stress. The main treatment modality is apocrine gland removal. Until now, of the various surgical techniques have sometimes caused serious complications. We describe herein the favorable outcomes of a new method for ablating apocrine glands by minimal subdermal shaving using sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol.

Methods A total of 12 patients underwent the procedure. The severity of osmidrosis was evaluated before surgery. Conventional subdermal shaving was performed on one side (control group) and ablation by means of minimal subdermal shaving and absolute ethanol on the other side (study group). Postoperative outcomes were compared between the study and control groups.

Results The length of time to removal of the drain was 1 day shorter in the study group than in the control group. There were no serious complications, such as hematoma or seroma, in either group, but flap margin necrosis and flap desquamation occurred in the control group, and were successfully managed with conservative treatment. Six months after surgery, we and our patients were satisfied with the outcomes.

Conclusions Sclerotherapy using absolute ethanol combined with minimal subdermal shaving may be useful for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis. It can reduce the incidence of seroma and hematoma and allow the skin flap to adhere to its recipient site. It can degrade and ablate the remaining apocrine glands and eliminate causative organisms. Furthermore, since this technique is relatively simple, it takes less time than the conventional method.
Retrobulbar Hematoma in Blow-Out Fracture after Open Reduction
Authors: Cheon Ji Seon , Seo Bin Na , Yang Jeong Yeol , Son Kyung Min
Published: July 2013

Retrobulbar hemorrhage, especially when associated with visual loss, is a rare but significant complication after facial bone reconstruction. In this article, two cases of retrobulbar hematoma after surgical repair of blow-out fracture are reported. In one patient, permanent loss of vision was involved, but with the other patient, we were able to prevent this by performing immediate decompression after definite diagnosis. We present our clinical experience with regard to the treatment process and method for prevention of retrobulbar hematoma using a scalp vein set tube and a negative pressure drainage system.
Le gender mainstreaming et l’Union européenne : quels effets ?
Authors: Jacquot Sophie
Published: July 2013

Près de vingt ans après son émergence, et après quinze ans de mise en oeuvre effective au niveau européen, qu’en est-il des effets dugender mainstreaming, cet instrument qui s’attache à identifier l’impact éventuel de l’action publique sur les femmes et les hommes ainsi que sur les rapports de genre ?

L’article vise à évaluer les effets de ce nouvel instrument d’action publique sur la politique qui constitue son berceau, c’est-à-dire la politique de promotion de l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes. Legender mainstreamingn’est ni une simple conséquence ni une cause parmi d’autres du changement de la politique communautaire d’égalité. Il en est certes un révélateur, mais il en est aussi un des leviers principaux. En tant qu’instrument d’action publique, il a des effets propres qui ont conduit à une transformation en profondeur du régime de genre de l’Union européenne.
Favoriser les femmes ou le sexe minoritaire dans les formations professionnelles en Suisse ?
Authors: Rey Séverine , Battistini Mélanie
Published: July 2013

Les plans d’égalité mis en place dans les hautes écoles spécialisées en Suisse visent désormais à promouvoir une « représentation équitable des sexes » parmi les étudiantes et étudiants. Les résultats de notre recherche sur les personnes qui choisissent une formation professionnelle « atypique » (des femmes dans le domaine de l’ingénierie et des hommes dans celui de la santé) mettent en évidence les différences genrées de leur trajectoire. L’attitude des enseignantes et enseignants, l’identification à des modèles et le positionnement des étudiantes et étudiants eux-mêmes recomposent les groupes de sexe. La transformation des plans d’égalité nous semble dès lors marquée par une certaine candeur, laissant croire qu’il suffit de symétriser les mesures pour arriver à l’égalité entre les sexes.
Les « femmes de l’immigration » et le récit républicain
Authors: Frigoli Gilles , Manier Marion
Published: July 2013

L’article traite de la manière dont se combinent le genre et l’origine dans les politiques sociales locales destinées aux « femmes de l’immigration » en France. À partir d’observations et d’entretiens, l’analyse montre comment se constitue et se déploie chez les intervenantes et intervenants sociaux un récit républicain sur le port du voile qui tend à faire de l’abandon de la culture d’origine qu’on attribue aux usagères la condition de leur émancipation. Par-delà la diversité des logiques qu’elles mobilisent pour y faire face (l’adhésion nuancée, la différenciation, le retournement du stigmate), celles-ci se rejoignent pour donner la priorité à l’antiracisme plutôt qu’à l’antisexisme dans la constitution d’un « nous » qui favorise en retour l’affirmation d’un récit républicain qui se dit aveugle aux différences ethnicoreligieuses.
Les droits reproductifs, de la Conférence du Caire aux villages yucatèques
Authors: Gautier Arlette
Published: July 2013

Le Mexique a ratifié en 1994 le Programme d’action du Caire, selon lequel les politiques démographiques doivent assurer aux individus l’accès aux droits reproductifs. Une recherche menée en 2004-2005 dans la région nord du Yucatán s’est intéressée à la mise en oeuvre de cet engagement dans les politiques et programmes de santé mexicain et yucatèque par les acteurs locaux, notamment les ONG qui l’ont impulsée, les institutions et le personnel de santé. Telle qu’elle est menée, cette politique reproduit une vision médicale qui assigne les femmes à une faiblesse congénitale due à leur sexe, tout en les utilisant largement comme main-d’oeuvre quasi gratuite et en réintroduisant parfois le pouvoir masculin sur leur corps. Les femmes utilisent certes les opportunités offertes par cette politique pour réduire leur mortalité et choisir leur fécondité, mais certaines résistent à la médicalisation en faisant suivre leurs grossesses par des sages-femmes traditionnelles. Les hommes enquêtés ont une conception plus curative que préventive de la santé et ils refusent d’être intégrés dans des programmes, lesquels les ciblent peu, d’ailleurs.
L’antiféminisme d’État
Authors: Dupuis-Déri1 Francis
Published: July 2013

Le « féminisme d’État » est un concept qui désigne l’intégration de féministes et d’enjeux féministes dans l’appareil étatique. Or si le mouvement féministe fait régulièrement face à un contre-mouvement antiféministe, il est possible de se demander s’il n’y a pas un « antiféminisme d’État ». C’est l’objectif premier de l’article, qui se divise en quatre sections : 1) les gouvernements ou les partis antiféministes ; 2) les fonctionnaires antiféministes ; 3) les institutions féministes sous l’influence antiféministe ; 4) l’influence auprès de l’État des mouvements antiféministes. La réflexion porte principalement sur les États occidentaux, et s’inspire de plus d’une vingtaine d’entrevues réalisées auprès de féministes en Belgique et au Québec.
La contestation des politiques de changement d’identité de genre par les militantes et militants trans québécois1
Authors: Enriquez Mickael Chacha
Published: July 2013

Les politiques de changement de genre sont fortement critiquées par les militants et militantes trans (transsexuels, transgenres, etc.) qui non seulement les dénoncent, mais mettent en place plusieurs stratégies de résistance afin d’améliorer leur accès aux processus de transition. Basé sur une recherche qualitative menée auprès de 12 activistes trans au Québec, cet article rend compte de leur perception des politiques québécoises de changement de genre. Il met en évidence le cadre transphobe et cisnormatif au sein duquel se mettent en place ces politiques, et permet de comprendre dans quelle mesure les stratégies de résistance mises en place s’adaptent à ce cadre ou le contestent.
Sylla d’Étienne Jouy, ou « le lendemain de Waterloo » : régimes tragiques de symbolisation de l’histoire
Authors: Melai Maurizio
Published: July 2013

À partir d’un cas spécifique, celui de Sylla, pièce d’Étienne Jouy créée en 1821, cet article se propose d’analyser les modalités ou régimes de symbolisation de l’histoire qui permettent à la tragédie de la Restauration de contourner la censure et de transposer au théâtre de l'actualité sociocritique. Sylla constitue un exemple parfait non seulement de « textualisation » du présent collectif, mais aussi de sa « théâtralisation » à travers le recours à l’histoire : tous les moyens d’expression verbaux et non verbaux dont dispose l’art théâtral sont utilisés pour favoriser l’identification entre le personnage de l’histoire antique et Napoléon, dans le but de réhabiliter, de sublimer et de mythifier la figure de l’empereur des Français. Cet article a donc l’objectif de montrer à la fois comment la réalité sociopolitique s’inscrit dans un ouvrage dramatique tel que Sylla et comment à son tour le spectacle théâtral agit sur la société et sur l’imaginaire du public, contribuant à l’élaboration du mythe napoléonien. Le repérage de trois différents régimes tragiques de symbolisation de l’histoire – allusif, emblématique et mythographique – utilisés pour rapprocher l’antiquité de la contemporanéité, vise à inscrire notre analyse dans une démarche sociocritique potentiellement applicable à d’autres pièces théâtrales et à leurs contextes et cotextes spécifiques.
Le théâtre symboliste : de la critique sociale et politique à l’utopie civique et théâtrale
Authors: Pellois Anne
Published: July 2013

Le théâtre symboliste en France, au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, est la plupart du temps considéré comme un théâtre élitiste, peu enclin à prendre en compte la société qui l’entoure et les problématiques liées à l’utilité sociale du théâtre. Or, la représentation du social et la dimension civique du théâtre sont présentes par un double discours critique et projectif : au sein même des oeuvres, dont nous donnerons ici trois exemples, par l’entremise d’une mise en symbole et en allégorie du social, sous le signe de la réparation et de la compensation ; en leurs marges par l’élaboration d’un théâtre utopique, à venir, qui serait replacé au coeur de la cité sous le signe de la contagion ; sur la scène par une mise en questionnement des relations scène/salle.
Variété(s) au cabaret de l’Écluse : de la gravité du spectacle de divertissement
Authors: Wisniewski Marine
Published: July 2013

Au cabaret de l’Écluse, lieu de sociabilité et de distraction né sur la rive gauche de la Seine à Paris, au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le spectacle discontinu et ses numéros variés, qui affichent une insignifiante légèreté, ne semblent guère s’offrir comme espace de symbolisation du social. Pourtant, la socialité du spectacle de cabaret apparaît dès lors que l’on envisage la configuration même de la représentation, agencement modulable de productions artistiques hétérogènes. C’est aux résonances, qui apparaissent d’une création à l’autre, que revient alors la possibilité de faire advenir un discours social, en relation étroite mais toujours oblique avec les deux grandes crises sociopolitiques des années 1960, la guerre d’Algérie et les révoltes de Mai 1968.
Improvement of Closed Crack Selectivity in Nonlinear Ultrasonic Imaging Using Fundamental Wave Amplitude Difference
Authors: Ikeuchi Masako , Jinno Kentaro , Ohara Yoshikazu , Yamanaka Kazushi
Published: July 2013

To realize the high selectivity of closed cracks, we propose a fundamental wave amplitude difference (FAD) method based on the threshold behavior of fundamental waves caused by the contact vibration of closed cracks. This is realized by the subtraction of a fundamental array (FA) image at a small input amplitude multiplied by the amplification factor from that at a large input amplitude. The formulation clarified that FAD can selectively image closed cracks while eliminating other linear scatterers, which cannot be completely eliminated by the subharmonic wave amplitude difference (SAD) method. Furthermore, FAD was experimentally verified in a closed fatigue crack specimen using the closed-crack-imaging method of subharmonic phased array for crack evaluation (SPACE). Thus, we demonstrated that FAD is useful for achieving the higher selectivity of closed cracks against other linear scatterers than previous amplitude difference methods without filtering out the subharmonic or superharmonic waves.
Speeding Up of Nondestructive Inspection for Shape-Distorted Billet by Simultaneous Measurement of Time of Flight
Authors: Norose Yoko , Mizutani Koichi , Wakatsuki Naoto
Published: July 2013

We have proposed a nondestructive inspection method for steel billets using ultrasonic computerized tomography by time of flight (TOF). It has been found that the proposed method may detect defects inside high-attenuation materials with the aid of sequential pulse transmission all around the surface. However, it takes a long time to measure the TOF by this method owing to large numbers of scans and transmissions. In this paper, we propose a TOF measurement method to apply our inspection method to simultaneous TOF measurement in a shape-distorted billet to speed up the inspection. In this method, besides a measurement plane and a reference plane, a standard reference plane is used to compensate not only the effect of the characteristics between a transmitter and a receiver but also the effect of the shape distortion in simultaneous measurement. In this paper, the performance of the present method was verified by numerical simulation and experiment. As a result, the defects in a shape-distorted billet were successfully visualized in simultaneous TOF measurement by the present method. Moreover, it was confirmed that the proposed method diminished the artifacts in the computerized tomography (CT) images by compensating the error caused by multiple simultaneous transmissions. It was revealed that the present method is more robust to noise than the previous method. Therefore, it is expected that the TOF measurement in the nondestructive inspection of a shape-distorted billet can be sped up by the proposed method.
An Ultrasonic Motor Using a Titanium Transducer for a Cryogenic Environment
Authors: Takeda Dai , Yamaguchi Daisuke , Kanda Takefumi , Suzumori Koichi , Noguchi Yuya
Published: July 2013

We have fabricated an ultrasonic motor using a titanium transducer. This motor is for driving in the cryogenic temperature condition with a highly intense magnetic field. Titanium has low magnetic permeability and a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). These features mean that a transducer made of titanium has good properties for use in such an environment. We have fabricated and evaluated the ultrasonic motor in a cryogenic environment and an intense magnetic field. We have simulated the thermal stress applied to PZT in consideration of nonlinear material properties in the cryogenic environment. The thermal stress of the titanium transducer is smaller than that of the SUS304 transducer. Moreover, we have achieved driving of the ultrasonic motor at 4.5 K. Additionally, we have confirmed that there is little effect of the intense magnetic field on the driving of the motor.
Large Volume Coagulation Utilizing Multiple Cavitation Clouds Generated by Array Transducer Driven by 32 Channel Drive Circuits
Authors: Nakamura Kotaro , Asai Ayumu , Sasaki Hiroshi , Yoshizawa Shin , Umemura Shin-ichiro
Published: July 2013

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment is a noninvasive treatment, in which focused ultrasound is generated outside the body and coagulates a diseased tissue. The advantage of this method is minimal physical and mental stress to the patient, and the disadvantage is the long treatment time caused by the smallness of the therapeutic volume by a single exposure. To improve the efficiency and shorten the treatment time, we are focusing attention on utilizing cavitation bubbles. The generated microbubbles can convert the acoustic energy into heat with a high efficiency. In this study, using the class D amplifiers, which we have developed, to drive the array transducer, we demonstrate a new method to coagulate a large volume by a single HIFU exposure through generating cavitation bubbles distributing in a large volume and vibrating all of them. As a result, the coagulated volume by the proposed method was 1.71 times as large as that of the conventional method.
Simultaneous Observation of Bubble Clouds and Microhollows Produced by Bubble Cloud Cavitation
Authors: Yamakoshi Yoshiki , Yamaguchi Jun , Ozawa Tomoyuki , Isono Tomoaki , Kanai Takuya
Published: July 2013

Sonoporation, which forms small pores through the cell membrane, is a useful method in ultrasonic-wave-mediated drug delivery systems. However, if microbubbles aggregate by acoustic radiation force and form bubble clouds, the mechanism of sonoporation becomes complicated. In this paper, bubble cloud cavitation is evaluated by simultaneous observation of bubble cloud motion and microhollows, which are produced on a flow channel wall. To observe the bubble cloud motion, three optical methods are adopted. Three-dimensional position measurement of bubble clouds using two cameras with different focal lengths, which is newly developed in this study, shows the three-dimensional motion of bubble clouds during cavitation. Microhollows on the flow channel wall are evaluated by confocal laser microscopy. It is found that bubble cloud cavitation can be classified into three stages. Among them, the first and second stages, which are characterized by both bubble cloud movement in the vicinity of the wall and the formation of large bubble clouds, play important roles in microhollow production.
Production and Validation of Acoustic Field to Enhance Trapping Efficiency of Microbubbles by Using a Matrix Array Transducer
Authors: Hosaka Naoto , Koda Ren , Onogi Shinya , Mochizuki Takashi , Masuda Kohji
Published: July 2013

We have developed a new matrix array transducer for controlling the behavior of microbubbles, which is different from that for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, in order to emit continuous wave by designing an acoustic field including multiple focal points. In the experiment using a thin-channel model, a wider acoustic field has an advantage for trapping microbubbles. In the experiment using a straight-path model, we have confirmed that a higher concentration of acoustic energy does not result in more aggregates. The dispersion of acoustic energy is important because the trapping performance is affected by the relationship between the shape of the acoustic field and the concentration of the suspension.
Highly Sensitive Detection of Red Blood Cell Aggregation with Ultrasonic Peak Frequency
Authors: Sato Takayuki , Tojo Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yasuaki
Published: July 2013

A novel technique of detecting the peak frequency of an ultrasonic reflection spectrum was proposed, with the aim of enhancing the sensitivity and accuracy of estimating the aggregation size of red blood cells (RBCs). Peak frequencies for stagnant and running suspensions prepared with monodisperse particles of graphite and acryl that were used to mimic aggregated RBCs were acquired. As a result, the relationships between particle diameter and peak frequency, which were independent of the material of the particles and flow rate, were obtained. For bidisperse samples, i.e., mixtures of two different sizes of particle samples, quantitative relationships corresponding to changes in the mixing ratio were observed.
Improvement of Power Efficiency for Underwater Acoustic Communication Using Orthogonal Signal Division Multiplexing over Multiple Transducers
Authors: Ebihara Tadashi
Published: July 2013

In underwater acoustic (UWA) communication, power efficiency is one of the important characteristics. This paper is about multistream transmission using orthogonal signal division multiplexing (OSDM) as a technique to increase power efficiency. In this work, the performance of multistream transmission using OSDM is evaluated both experimentally in a test tank and by numerical simulation. Through this study, it is confirmed that the multistream transmission scheme is effective in enhancing the power efficiency compared with the single-stream transmission using higher order modulation. Moreover, the performance of multistream transmission using OSDM is compared with the existing scheme, multistream transmission using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The obtained results suggest that multistream transmission using OSDM is attractive because it can achieve the same bit-error rate (BER) and the same data rate with less power of the signal, compared with the reference. Although the calculation cost of OSDM in the receiver remains as an issue, multistream transmission using OSDM may contribute to high-speed UWA communication because of its excellent power efficiency.
Photoluminescence Behaviors of Orange-Light-Emitting InGaN-Based Nanocolumns Exhibiting High Internal Quantum Efficiency (17–22%)
Authors: Igawa Yusuke , Vadivelu Ramesh , Kishino Katsumi
Published: July 2013

We fabricated ordered GaN nanocolumns (NCs) with InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) that emitted light at wavelengths of 590–600 nm by rf-plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The NCs exhibited sharp emission with a full width at half maximum of 44–45 nm, and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) was evaluated to be 17 to 22% by investigating the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence of the NCs. Although the accuracy of the IQE value is still debatable, we claim that the NCs exhibited an IQE that compared favorably with that of green-emitting film InGaN MQWs grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition.
III–V–N Materials for Super-High Efficiency Multi Junction Solar Cells
Authors: Ikeda Kazuma , Yamaguchi Masafumi , Bouzazi Boussairi , Suzuki Hidetoshi , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio
Published: July 2013

The majority and minority carrier traps in GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) and their relationships with the electrical properties of the materials and solar cells are presented. By adopting a new flow-rate modulation CBE (FM-CBE) method, a higher mobility and a longer minority-carrier lifetime than those obtained by other growth methods have been achieved. We have characterized deep levels in grown GaAsN films by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). As a result, we found that 1) a hole trap H2 center (E
v + 0.15 eV) in p-GaAsN acts as an acceptor state and correlates with N concentration, 2) an electron trap E2 (E
c - 0.33 eV) center in n-GaAsN and p-GaAsN is a non-radiative recombination center and 3) a hole trap H1 center (E
v + 0.052 eV) newly observed in p-GaAsN acts as an acceptor state and a radiative recombination center. Although further analyses are required, it is very important to reduce the E1 defect density in (In)GaAsN to understand the degradation mechanism of the CBE-grown (In)GaAsN solar cell property and realize a higher efficiency.
Occupation and suicide: Colorado, 2004–2006
Authors: Stallones Lorann , Doenges Timothy , Dik Bryan J. , Valley Morgan A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Occupation has been identified as a risk factor for suicide. Changes in work environments over time suggest occupations at high risk of suicide may also change. Therefore, periodic examination of suicide by occupation is warranted. The purpose of this article is to describe suicide rates by occupation, sex, and means used in Colorado for the period 2004–2006.

Methods

To provide information useful in designing suicide prevention programs, the methods used in suicide across occupational groups also are examined. Data from the Colorado Violent Death Reporting System (COVDRS) were obtained for suicides that occurred between 2004 and 2006. Denominators to calculate rates by age, sex, and race used are from the 2000 US Census of the Population data.

Results

Men had higher suicide rates than women in all occupation categories except computers and mathematics. Among men, those in farming, fishing, and forestry (475.6 per 100,000) had the highest age‐adjusted suicide rates. Among women, workers with the highest suicide rates were in construction and extraction (134.3 per 100,000). The examination of lethal means showed that workers in farming, fishing, and forestry had higher rates of suicide by firearms (50.18 per 100,000) compared with other workers. Healthcare practitioners and technicians had the highest rate of suicide by poisoning (14.25 per 100,000). Workers involved in construction and extraction (26.43 per 100,000) had higher rates of suicide by hanging, suffocation, or strangling.

Conclusions

Significant differences in means of suicide were seen by occupation, which could guide future suicide prevention interventions that may decrease work‐related suicide risks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1290–1295, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extra‐pair paternity confirmed in wild white‐handed gibbons
Authors: Barelli Claudia , Matsudaira Kazunari , Wolf Tanja , Roos Christian , Heistermann Michael , Hodges Keith , Ishida Takafumi , Malaivijitnond Suchinda , Reichard Ulrich H.
Published: July 2013

Knowledge of the genetic mating system of animal species is essential for our understanding of the evolution of social systems and individual reproductive strategies. In recent years, genetic methods have uncovered an unexpected diversity of paternal genetic contributions across diverse animal social mating systems, but particularly in pair‐living species. In most pair‐living birds, for example, genetic and behavioral observations have confirmed a previously unknown significance of extra‐pair copulations (EPCs) and extra‐pair paternity. Among mammals, white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) are also known to live in pairs and are traditionally believed to be single‐male single‐female breeders. However, at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, behavioral observations have confirmed the occurrence of both EPCs and functional multi‐male grouping, but knowledge about the genetic mating system is still unavailable. In this study, we genotyped 89 white‐handed gibbons of the Khao Yai population based on fecal samplings and were able to determine paternity for 41 offspring through short tandem repeat analysis. We found that females' stable social partners sired the majority (90.5%) of offspring (N = 38), while only a few (7.1%) offspring (n = 2 confirmed cases; n = 1 inferred case) were conceived with extra‐pair partners. The paternity of one offspring remained inconclusive (2.4%), because the offspring's genotype did not mismatch with the genotypes of two potential sires. Like other predominantly pair‐living species, gibbons appear to follow a mixed‐reproductive strategy. The genetic mating system of wild white‐handed gibbons is best described as flexible, primarily monogamous and opportunistically promiscuous. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1185–1195, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.