bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animism, personhood and the nature of reality: Sami perspectives
Authors: Helander-Renvall Elina
Published: September 2009

This article is an exploration and description of the inter-subjective character of human and non-human relationships. Recent research into animism shows that at present there is emerging a new ontology that breaks down barriers between human beings and animals, culture and nature. This new animism predominantly discusses how human persons relate to the world. The culture of many indigenous groups is animistic meaning that nature is alive and there is a social space for humans and non-humans to interrelate to each other. In this article, an attempt is made to describe in detail how Sami reindeer herders perceive their environment and how the interplay and dialogue with nature is integrated in the overall activities of Sami within this relationship.

A living being co-exists within certain environmental conditions and is dependent on all other beings with which she/he is in relationship. In this sense one can speak about ‘inter-subjectivity’ meaning direct subject-to-subject sharing of presence. It will be shown that the relationship between humans and non-humans is highly context-bound. Furthermore, the relationship between humans and non-humans within the Sami cultural circles is based on the mutual caretaking, respect and conditioning within different groups. For instance, the reindeer give themselves to humans and humans give shelter to them. According to the Sami world view, there are many different kinds of persons, such as humans, animals and spirits. To be a person in an animistic sense is a very flexible way of existence and one has to learn to know what the different personhoods are about. In this context, it is important to understand the role and function of the landscape and certain places and features within the landscape in specific areas. This is because within these places, communication, and what will be referred to as mythic discourse, takes place between humans and non-humans, and this dialogue is known to be of benefit to human beings in their daily lives and activities.
The voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror to the southern and Antarctic regions 1839–1843: the journal of Sergeant William Keating Cunningham, HMS Terror
Authors: Campbell R. J.
Published: September 2009

Rosove (2001: 323) described James Clark Ross's Antarctic voyage as ‘one of mankind's greatest expeditions of geographical and scientific exploration’ and Captain Scott (1905 I: 22) wrote that it was ‘among the most famous and brilliant ever made.’ Ross himself published an account of the voyage (1847), which was followed by that of the surgeon on board Erebus, Robert McCormick (1884). J.E. Davis (1901), the second master of Terror wrote a long letter to his sister, and Cornelius Savage (Savage 1839–1843), the blacksmith in Erebus wrote notes for James Savage, seaman. There was also an article published by John Robertson (1843), the surgeon in Terror together with the scientific reports and papers, none of which contain a day by day account of the voyage. Indeed, apart from the first two the other accounts cover relatively short portions of the voyage. There is also a large number of modern volumes dealing with the voyage, among which Ross (1982) quotes quite extensively from the diary that is the present topic (Cunningham 1830–1843). This diary with full critical apparatus has been published in extenso by the Hakluyt Society on line and the purpose of this note is to draw this publication to the attention of readers of Polar Record.
A new watercolour by Robert Hood of the first Franklin expedition
Authors: Williams Hector
Published: September 2009

Perhaps the most tragic story from the Franklin expedition of 1819–1822 was the murder of Robert Hood, a talented midshipman who left a number of watercolours of the trip and of the peoples and fauna encountered (Houston 1974; Franklin 2000). The story even became the basis for a novel that won the annual Governor General of Canada's prize for fiction in 1994 for the Alberta writer, Rudy Wiebe (Wiebe 1994). The expedition undertook a desperately difficult trek that saw only nine survivors of the original twenty members, but it resulted in the first map of 800 km (500 miles) of the northern central Arctic coast of Canada.
Traditional Saami reindeer herding village resource territories on the western Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Wheelersburg Robert P. , Gutsol Natalia
Published: September 2009

Some Arctic scholars believe that modern reindeer herding on the Kola Peninsula has cultural continuity with the traditional period of such activity in the late 19th century. Others believe that by World War II, Soviet repression of Saami leaders, collectivisation of herding villages, and relocation of families had eliminated many traditional behaviours, especially in the Lake Imandra watershed. This study utilises informant interviews with survivors of the Babinski and Ekostrovski Saami reindeer herding villages and archival materials to understand how their families used land and water to fish, hunt, and obtain other resources including cash labour. As part of the United States National Science Foundation's human dimensions of the Arctic system (HARC) programme to examine how humans are both shaped by, and shape, the Arctic environment, the authors document how lands and waters formed traditional resource territories for Saami herding families. The results reveal that prior to their destruction, western Kola reindeer herding villages were integrated along family lines, with villages sharing mates, resource territories, and economic activities. This paper argues that there was, in fact, no cultural continuity between traditional Saami reindeer herding villages and modern herding structures such as the post-Soviet brigade on the western Kola Peninsula.
Ornithological observations at Eckener Point, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Woehler Eric J , Blight Louise , Bullock Ian
Published: September 2009

Eckener Point (64° 26′S; 61° 36′W) lies on the northeast side of the entrance to Charlotte Bay and southeast of Murray Island, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula (Fig. 1). Data from a 1987 census (Woehler 1993) show 40 breeding pairs of chinstrap penguinsPygoscelis antarcticaat the site. An unpublished report of 180 nests of blue-eyed cormorantPhalacrocorax atriceps/bransfieldensis(S Poncet, personal communication, 2004) in 1983 is the only other ornithological record for the site. Here we report on the results of a brief survey conducted to document the breeding seabirds for this locality. Suitable ice-free sites on the Antarctic Peninsula are limited, and Eckener Point, though small, provides nesting habitat for a high number of avian species. Plant and lichen diversity also appears unusually high.
Beyond the harsh. Objective and subjective living conditions in Nunavut
Authors: Morin Alexandre , Edouard Roberson , Duhaime Gérard
Published: September 2009

This paper simultaneously analyses some objective and subjective living conditions in Nunavut (federal territory of Canada located in the Arctic) in 2001: population, housing, language, education, economic activities, health, social problems and geographic mobility. It examines original descriptive statistics from the Survey of living conditions in the Arctic and other sources. In some cases the results confirm the ordinary depressing picture of Inuit conditions, but in other cases statistics qualify or even contradict such a picture. The overall findings show that despite objective difficult conditions, Nunavummiut living in Nunavut (primarily the elites and the lower class) are generally satisfied with their communities so that the majority wishes to remain there. Certain modern social institutions and individual rationalities are contributing to this situation: wage earning, market economy, utilitarian and consumption oriented approach, democratic state based on law, formal knowledge, individualism and the capacity for self analysis. The concepts of aspiration and mastery of one's own destiny seem accurate to explain the importance of education and employment in people's satisfaction, and their dissatisfaction about the housing situation. The existence of family and neighbourhood networks appears to explain both a certain residential stability and out migration, through the social support functions of these networks, in which sharing and exchanging food play a major role. In general, if most of Nunavummiut continue to live in the Arctic despite unfavourable conditions, it is not only because they are able to ensure their material existence there, but also because they attach a meaning to and believe that that is where they have the best chance to exert the highest degree of control over their personal and domestic reality.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: September 2009

The Social Policy Digest went online in 2002, and since then has developed into a major web-based resource on UK social policy issues. By the end of 2008 it contained over 22,000 entries, covering policy developments and research findings across the whole range of social policy fields.
Harmony and Discord in China's Africa Strategy: Some Implications for Foreign Policy
Authors: Alden Chris , Hughes Christopher R.
Published: September 2009

This article examines the challenges faced by Beijing in managing this increasingly complex relationship, reflecting upon the structural factors that encourage harmony and introduce discord in China–Africa ties. It examines how various policy solutions being considered by China, ranging from increasing participants in the policy-making process to tentative engagement with international development regimes, may still not address the most difficult issues involving adverse reactions to the Chinese presence from African civil societies and political opposition groups. In particular the lack of a strong civil society inside China inhibits the ability of its policy makers to draw on the expertise of the kind of independent pressure groups and NGOs that are available to traditional donor/investor states. The article concludes by asking how the Chinese system can make up for these weaknesses without moving further towards the existing models and practices of the developed countries.
China's Sudan Engagement: Changing Northern and Southern Political Trajectories in Peace and War
Authors: Large Daniel
Published: September 2009

China has developed a more consequential role in Sudan over the past two decades, during which it has become bound up in the combination of enduring violent internal instability and protracted external adversity that has characterized the politics of the central state since the 1989 Islamist revolution. Two inter-related political trajectories of China's Sudan engagement are examined here. The first concerns Beijing's relations with the ruling National Congress party in incorporating China into its domestic politics and foreign relations amidst war in Darfur, to which Beijing has responded through a more engaged political role. The second confronts the practical limitations of China's sovereignty doctrine and exclusive reliance upon relations with the central state. Following the peace agreement of 2005 that ended the North–South war, and motivated by political imperatives linked to investment protection concerns, China has developed new relations with the semi-autonomous Government of Southern Sudan, thus seeking to position itself to navigate Sudan's uncertain political future.
The sequential topology on is not regular
Authors: SCHRÖDER MATTHIAS
Published: September 2009

The compact-open topology on the set of continuous functionals from the Baire space to the natural numbers is well known to be zero-dimensional. We prove that the closely related sequential topology on this set is not even regular. The sequential topology arises naturally as the topology carried by the exponential formed in various cartesian closed categories of topological spaces. Moreover, we give an example of an effectively open subset of that violates regularity. The topological properties of are known to be closely related to an open problem in Computable Analysis. We also show that the sequential topology on the space of continuous real-valued functions on a Polish space need not be regular.
Machaut's peer, Thomas Paien
Authors: LEACH ELIZABETH EVA
Published: September 2009

One of the texts of Machaut's double balade, Quant Theseus/Ne quier (B34) is ascribed in Machaut's Voir dit to a certain Thomas Paien. The present article suggests that this Thomas was one of Machaut's peers, being like him a canon of Reims and a court secretary. Figures with similar names (and the pervasive idea that a character cited in a work of fiction might not be a real person at all) have confused earlier attempts at identification. A possible occasion for the composition of B34's texts – also involving a balade on the same refrain by Jehan Froissart – can be found in a shared patron–client link between Machaut and Thomas, both of whom had associations with John, Duke of Berry.
BIALL 40th Anniversary: a Timeline
Authors: Miskin Christine
Published: September 2009

On the occasion of the Association's 30th Birthday, Mary Blake produced A History of the British and Irish Association of Law Librarians 1969–1999, to which members are directed for a detailed account of the aims and objectives, activities and publications of the Association during that period. Details of the past ten years can be found in the History which is available on the website. The following account is intended to draw readers' attention to just some of the Association's most important milestones in its journey through the past 40 years, including notable events in the history of Legal Information Management.
Failure Means Opportunities
Authors: Owen Tim Buckley
Published: September 2009

Lawyers are threatened as never before by the commoditisation of services and the automation of legal advice. Information professionals have been facing such threats for years. In this keynote article, Tim Buckley Owen asks whether it is time to make common cause?
40 Years On – Ensuring an Academic Law Library is Fit for Purpose
Authors: Raper Diane
Published: September 2009

The Kent Law School at the University of Kent celebrated its 40thAnniversary in 2008 and Diane Raper, the current law librarian, reviews the changes that have taken place over the years in relation to user comment and feedback, and external drivers which have ensured the provision of a first-class library and information service for staff and students. She also considers the major changes in the modus operandi of the service over the last 40 years.
Law Publishing at the Crossroads
Authors: Holmes Nick
Published: September 2009

In the current climate of rapid technological change, upheavals in the legal profession and global recession, Nick Holmes asks “What does the future hold for law publishing?”
Should we be more Social? Law Librarians and Social Media
Authors: Mullan James
Published: September 2009

This article by James Mullan is based on his paper delivered to the BIALL Conference 2009. It examines the role that social media and Web 2.0 technologies can play in the life of the legal information specialist.
Understanding Islamic Law in Theory and Practice
Authors: Baderin Mashood
Published: September 2009

Professor Mashood Baderin of the School of Oriental and African Studies explains the basic concepts of Islamic law. He discusses its sources, including the distinction between Sharīcah and Fiqh and its methods and principles. He concludes with a discussion of the various Schools of Islamic jurisprudence.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Broadbent Nigel
Published: September 2009

Following the enactment of the Civil Procedure Rules in 1999, potential litigants are expected to pursue alternative means to litigation for solving their disputes. In this article, Nigel Broadbent a Director at Lupton Fawcett LLP in Leeds clearly explains the various activities which fall within ADR, including mediation, family dispute resolution, arbitration, conciliation and adjudication.
Sources of Arbitration Law
Authors: Celik Michelle
Published: September 2009

This list of sources for arbitration law has been compiled by Michelle Celik to accompany the article by Nigel Broadbent on alternative dispute resolution.
Myelin structure and composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish
Authors: Kirschner Daniel A. , Karthigesan Jothie , Bizzozero Oscar A. , Kosaras Bela , Inouye Hideyo
Published: September 2009

To analyze myelin structure and the composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish(Protopterus dolloi), we used a combination of ultrastructural and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy showed typical multilamellar myelin: CNS sheaths abutted one another, and PNS sheaths were separated by endoneurial collagen. The radial component, prominent in CNS myelin of higher vertebrates, was suggested by the pattern of staining but was poorly organized. The lipid and myelin protein compositions of lungfish tissues more closely resembled those of teleost than those of higher vertebrates (frog, mouse). Of particular note, for example, lungfish glycolipids lacked hydroxy fatty acids. Native myelin periodicities from unfixed nerves were in the range of those for higher vertebrates rather than for teleost fish. Lungfish PNS myelin had wider inter-membrane spaces compared with other vertebrates, and lungfish CNS myelin had spaces that were closer in value to those in mammalian than to amphibian or teleost myelins. The membrane lipid bilayer was narrower in lungfish PNS myelin compared to other vertebrates, whereas in the CNS myelin the bilayer was in the typical range. Lungfish PNS myelin showed typical compaction and swelling responses to incubation in acidic or alkaline hypotonic saline. The CNS myelin, by contrast, did not compact in acidic saline but did swell in the alkaline solution. This lability was more similar to that for the higher vertebrates than for teleost.
The evolution of Olig genes and their roles in myelination
Authors: Li Huiliang , Richardson William D.
Published: September 2009

One of the special attributes of vertebrates is their myelinated nervous system. By increasing the conduction velocity of axons, myelin allows for increased body size, rapid movement and a large and complex brain. In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelin-forming cells. The transcription factors OLIG1 and OLIG2, master regulators of OL development, presumably also played a seminal role during the evolution of the genetic programme leading to myelination in the CNS. From the available ontogenetic and phylogenetic data we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary events that led to the emergence of the Olig gene family and speculate about the links between Olig genes, their specificcis-regulatory elements and myelin evolution. In addition, we report a putative myelin basic protein (MBP) ancestor in the lanceletBranchiostoma floridae, which lacks compact myelin. The lancelet ‘Mbp’ gene lacks the OLIG1/2- and SOX10-binding sites that characterize vertebrate Mbp homologs, raising the possibility that insertion ofcis-regulatory elements might have been involved in evolution of the myelinating programme.
A compact semi-lumped tunable complex-impedance transformer
Authors: Perrier Anne-Laure , Duchamp Jean-Marc , Exshaw Olivier , Harrison Robert , Ferrari Philippe
Published: September 2009

This article describes the design and performance of a compact tunable impedance transformer. The structure is based on a transmission line loaded by varactor diodes. Using only two pairs of diodes, the circuit is very small with a total length of only λ/10. Both the frequency range and the load impedance can be tuned by varying the varactor bias voltages. Our design provides a tunable operating frequency range of ±40% and an impedance match ranging from 20 to 90 Ω at 0.8 GHz and from 30 to 170 Ω at 1.5 GHz. In addition, a new approach that considers losses for the simulation and measurement of this impedance transformer was investigated. The measured performance of a 1 GHz prototype design confirmed the validity of this new approach.
Analysis and design of an efficient, fully integrated 1–8 GHz traveling wave power amplifier in 180 nm CMOS
Authors: Carls Joerg , Ellinger Frank , Zhang Yulin , Joerges Udo , Wehrli Silvan
Published: September 2009

Traveling wave amplifiers (TWAs) offer the advantage of broadband amplification and a closed set of equations that allow deriving the RF gain by means of treating TWAs as discrete transmission line approximations. Up to now, however, the significant losses associated with CMOS integrated inductors have been neglected. This work presents a new approach for determining the transmission line losses and phase constants that will bring about an enhanced gain prediction accuracy. The theory is verified by means of a realized design example. The working principle of the integrated DC supply inductor is discussed, whose performance is based on the inductors self-resonance effect. When applying a supply voltageVddof 2.4 V, the measured compression pointP1 dBand the power added efficiency PAE at 2.4 GHz amount to 16.9 dBm and 19.6%, respectively. At 5.5 GHz, a value of 16.6 dBm forP1 dBand an associated PAE of 13.9% are achieved. The peak RF gain for these output power values reaches 11 dB, and values greater than 8 dB are obtained up to 7 GHz.
Carotid stenosis - When is revascularization appropriate?
Authors: Koennecke
Published: September 2009

Approximately 15% of ischemic strokes are caused by extracranial carotid stenoses. Revascularization of a symptomatic stenosis is very efficacious in carefully selected patients. This review outlines criteria which help to identify those who will benefit most from carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for symptomatic stenosis. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis is a common condition in the general population over 50 years, but nonetheless associated with a low risk of ischemic stroke. Consequently, the therapeutic yield of CEA is much lower in asymptomatic stenosis and women seem not to benefit at all. In the future, specific morphological MRI features may help to identify stenoses prone to become symptomatic. In addition to their significance for stroke, it has been demonstrated that atherosclerotic lesions can be regarded as an indicator of cardiovascular morbidity which may help to identify high-risk patients for cardiovascular events.
The development of persistent thrombotic masses in patients with deep venous thrombosis randomized to long-term anticoagulation treatment
Authors: Vítovec  , Goláň  , Roztočil  , Linhart
Published: September 2009

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the regression rate of persistent echogenic masses in patients with idiopathic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) who were after initial 6 months randomized to long-term anticoagulation treatment or to discontinuation of anticoagulation. Patients and methods: We followed 168 patients with idiopathic DVT for two years since diagnosis. After 6 months of standard therapy (heparin / LMWH, warfarin with target INR 2-3) we randomized patients with persistent echogenic masses of over 20% of venous diameter to either discontinuation of warfarin or to continuation of warfarin for another 6 months. We evaluated the size of thrombotic masses with duplex ultrasound. Results: After 6 months of standard therapy complete regression was observed in 69 patients while in 99 patients echogenic masses persisted, with 71 patients maintaining an obstruction of at least 20% of venous cross-sectional area. 52 patients were randomized. 27 patients continued warfarin therapy and in 25 patients warfarin was discontinued. After discontinuation of warfarin a further trend to regression was seen in both groups. A significant difference in regression of thrombotic masses between the 6th and 12th month of follow up was seen in patients continuing to receive warfarin, both within the popliteal vein (2.81 ± 1.56 vs. 2.10 ± 1.67 mm, p < 0.05) and the femoral vein (3.95 ± 2.74 vs. 2.30 ± 1.34 mm, p < 0.05). Conclusions: After 6 months of DVT treatment persistent echogenic masses can be found in almost two thirds of patients. Even after discontinuation of anticoagulation treatment echogenic masses further regress. However, the rate of regression in patients with deep venous thrombosis between the 6th and 12th month was greater in patients randomized to continue warfarin during this period than in patients without anticoagulation.
Left cervical aortic arch in conjunction with a complex arch aneurysm and subaortic left innominate vein
Authors: Türkvatan  , Kervan Ü. , Ölçer  , Cumhur  , Sarıtaş
Published: September 2009

We present a patient with left cervical aortic arch who had a complex aortic arch aneurysm consisting of multiple saccular aneurysmatic excavations, proximal aortic arch narrowing, a right subclavian artery aneurysm and subaortic left innominate vein diagnosed by computed tomographic angiography.
Severe severe psychological repulsion reaction in patient with PAD resulted in natural lower extremity mummification
Authors: Stanisic  , Brzezinski  , Winckiewicz
Published: September 2009

This case report describes the very uncommon event of mummification of the lower limb occurring naturally in a patient with peripheral arterial occlusive disease aggravated by severe reactive aversion and serves as a warning that this can happen in cases of untreated advanced critical limb ischemia even in well developed countries.
Gravity modeling of the ocean‐continent transition along the South Atlantic margins
Authors: Dragoi‐Stavar Diana , Hall Stuart
Published: September 2009

Gravity, magnetic, and seismic data have been used to examine changes in crustal structure of conjugate portions of the South Atlantic volcanic margins south of the Walvis Ridge‐Rio Grande Rise hot spot tracks. We have constructed 18 seismically constrained crustal‐scale gravity models of the ocean‐continent transition: 12 across the African margin and 6 across the South American margin. We attribute changes in character of the gravity anomalies to variations in crustal thickness, sedimentation, and magmatic underplating. To investigate variations in the lower crust and upper mantle, we have removed the relatively well‐constrained contributions to the gravity field from shallow sources. The resulting residual anomalies delineate distinct crustal domains associated with crustal thinning and regions of underplating that correspond well with those independently identified from limited seismic refraction data. Near the hot spot tracks, we find underplated crust to be symmetrically distributed with a horizontal extent of ∼240 km for each margin. Further south, however, the underplated region is asymmetric with significantly more beneath the African than the corresponding South American margin. Residual gravity anomalies indicate that the width of underplated crust decreases from 240 km to ∼150 km at 33°S on the African side and to ∼100 km at 38°S on the South American side. The wider underplated region on the African side suggests an asymmetric rifting mechanism in which greater melts accumulate beneath an upper plate margin. Our results are consistent with recently proposed asymmetric rifting models that involve strain softening of a coupled, cold frictional upper lithosphere at low rifting velocities. Such models also predict greater symmetry for areas with more heat such as those associated with the hot spot.
Sea surface pCO2 and carbon export during the Labrador Sea spring‐summer bloom: An in situ mass balance approach
Authors: Martz Todd R. , DeGrandpre Michael D. , Strutton Peter G. , McGillis Wade R. , Drennan William M.
Published: September 2009

We report depth‐resolved in situ time series of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and other carbon‐related parameters spanning the development and decline of a high‐latitude phytoplankton bloom. A suite of sensors was deployed on a mooring in the Labrador Sea from June to August 2004. The study became quasi‐Lagrangian when the mooring broke free in late June. Measured parameters included pCO2, chlorophyll a fluorescence, beam c, optical backscatter, and photosynthetically active radiation. During the bloom, the pCO2 was drawn down from 330 to 260 μatm, corresponding to a 70 μmol kg−1 decrease of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). One‐dimensional model results suggest that the observed drawdown was primarily driven by local processes and contributions from horizontal advection were minimal. A mass balance using the DIC and particulate organic carbon found that 47 mmol C m−2 d−1 of DIC was assimilated into biomass. The bloom biomass was not remineralized in the mixed layer but was rapidly exported below 35 m within 15 days of the bloom. As a consequence, the large air‐sea pCO2 gradient persisted, and approximately 30% of the DIC was regained through air‐sea exchange by the end of the study. It is likely that all of the exported organic matter, corresponding to 5.4 ± 1.9 Tg of carbon, was replaced by atmospheric CO2 prior to the onset of deep convective mixing.
A quantitative approach for evaluating lava flow simulation reliability: LavaSIM code applied to the 2001 Etna eruption
Authors: Proietti Cristina , Coltelli Mauro , Marsella Maria , Fujita Eisuke
Published: September 2009

This work developed a quantitative approach for evaluating the reliability of lava flow simulation codes. In particular, it applied the LavaSIM code to simulate the main lava flow emplaced on the south flank of Mount Etna (Italy) between 18 July and 9 August 2001 which represents an ideal test case for validating numerical codes. LavaSIM is the only full 3‐D model and is thus able to account for the vertical variation of lava properties such as temperature, viscosity, velocity, and liquidus or solidus state. It presents the most complete description of the lava cooling, and its greatest peculiarity is the potential to discriminate between cells filled by liquid or solid lava. Thirteen simulation tests were performed varying the main input parameters, and they were checked thanks to the availability of syneruption maps, defining the lava flow planar expansion throughout its whole emplacement. Two parameters were adopted for quantitatively evaluate the agreement between real and simulated flows: the percent length ratio (PLR), here defined, and the fitness function (e1). Their joint analysis allowed checking both the simulated lateral spreading, through e1, and the flow lengthening, through PLR. The simulated flows follow a path very similar to the observed one, giving a good fitting of the lateral spreading, though the simulations are, after the second day, normally longer and thinner. The temporal evolution of the three‐dimensional distribution of liquid lava and crust was also analyzed. Finally, the analysis presented here demonstrated the great capability of the LavaSIM simulation code.
Aerosol impact on the South China Sea biogeochemistry: An early assessment from remote sensing
Authors: Lin I.‐I. , Wong George T. F. , Lien Chun‐Chi , Chien Chin‐Ying , Huang Chih‐Wei , Chen Jen‐Ping
Published: September 2009

Using 4 years' of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration data from the NASA/MODIS and SeaWiFS sensors, this work systematically explores the role that atmospheric aerosols play in the biogeochemistry of the South China Sea (SCS). The results suggest that the further away from the coastline, the greater the potential role for atmospheric aerosols would be as a nutrient source to stimulate the biological activities because the chances of having other sources of nutrient inputs (e.g., river run‐off or upwelling) are lower. It is found that the highest correlated area (R ∼ 0.7) of the Chl‐a and AOT time series is in the southern centre of the SCS basin, typically between 111–113°E and 8–10°N. Away from the basin centre, the correlation between the two time series is typically low, with R ∼ 0.2–0.3. It is found that since there are other more prominent nutrient sources (e.g., monsoon‐induced upwelling and convective‐overturn) to support the biological activities, atmospheric aerosols become less critical as a nutrient source in regions away from the basin centre.
Assessment of radiosonde temperature measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using COSMIC radio occultation data
Authors: He Wenying , Ho Shu‐peng , Chen Hongbin , Zhou Xinjia , Hunt Doug , Kuo Ying‐Hwa
Published: September 2009

Temperature profiles derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission are compared with those from four types of radiosonde systems from 12 to 25 km to assess the performance of these radiosonde systems in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Results show that temperature measurements from the Vaisala‐RS92 and Shanghai radiosonde systems agree well with those of COSMIC with a close‐to‐zero mean difference. Large temperature biases are shown for the MRZ and VIZ‐B2 radiosonde systems relative to COSMIC, which are probably caused by diurnal radiative effects. In addition, we show that the temperature measurements from a new Chinese radiosonde system are improved compared to those of an older system through a comparison with COSMIC measurements.
Spatial and temporal evolution of Pine Island Glacier thinning, 1995–2006
Authors: Wingham D. J. , Wallis D. W. , Shepherd A.
Published: September 2009

We use ERS‐2 and ENVISAT satellite radar altimetry to examine spatial and temporal changes in the rate of thinning of the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, during the period 1995 to 2006. We show that the pattern of thinning has both accelerated and spread inland to encompass tributaries flowing into the central trunk of the glacier. Within the 5,400 km2 central trunk, the average rate of volume loss quadrupled from 2.6 ± 0.3 km3 yr−1 in 1995 to 10.1 ± 0.3 km3 yr−1 in 2006. The region of lightly grounded ice at the glacier terminus is extending upstream, and the changes inland are consistent with the effects of a prolonged disturbance to the ice flow, such as the effects of ocean‐driven melting. If the acceleration continues at its present rate, the main trunk of PIG will be afloat within some 100 years, six times sooner than anticipated.
Does the location of aircraft nitrogen oxide emissions affect their climate impact?
Authors: Stevenson David S. , Derwent Richard G.
Published: September 2009

We present results from 112 one‐year global chemistry‐transport model integrations: a base case, then variants with extra aircraft nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions added to specific regions in the first month (July). The NOx stimulates ozone (O3) production and methane (CH4) destruction. Responses vary spatially: low background NOx regions are most sensitive. Integrated (100‐year time horizon) radiative forcings (IRF) are calculated. Net (O3 + CH4) IRFs for July aviation NOx are generally negative: the global average, weighted by emissions, is −1.9 mWm−2 yr (TgNO2)−1. The positive IRF associated with the short‐term O3 increase (4.1 mWm−2 yr (TgNO2)−1) is overwhelmed by the effects of the long‐term CH4 decrease. Aircraft NOx net IRFs are spatially variable, with July values over the remote Pacific approximately balancing the IRF associated with aviation CO2 emissions (28 mWm−2 yr (TgNO2)−1). The overall climate impact of global aviation is often represented by a simple multiplier for CO2 emissions. These results show that this is inappropriate.
Helium isotope variations in seafloor basalts from the Northwest Lau Backarc Basin: Mapping the influence of the Samoan hotspot
Authors: Lupton J. E. , Arculus R. J. , Greene R. R. , Evans L. J. , Goddard C. I.
Published: September 2009

New helium isotope results for seafloor basalts from the northern Lau Basin indicate that the signature of the Samoan hotpot has penetrated beneath the Rochambeau Rifts (RR) and the Northwest Lau Spreading Center (NWLSC) all the way to the Peggy Ridge (PR). Helium isotope ratios in 29 samples from the NWLSC – RR range from 10.9 to 28.1 Ra, all clearly higher than typical depleted mantle or MOR‐type values. Comparison with other helium results from the northern Lau Basin show the Samoan hotspot influence is confined to the NWLSC – RR extensional zone, and is absent in the northeast Lau Basin and along the PR. The absence of high 3He/4He ratios in the northeast Lau Basin may delimit the eastward extent of the Pacific Plate tear which allowed southward intrusion of the Samoan plume, or indicate deep mantle flow carrying the Samoan plume signal westward from the Samoan Islands.
Low frequency cultural noise
Authors: Sheen Dong‐Hoon , Shin Jin Soo , Kang Tae‐Seob , Baag Chang‐Eob
Published: September 2009

Abnormal cultural seismic noise is observed in the frequency range of 0.01–0.05 Hz. Cultural noise generated by human activities is generally observed in frequencies above 1 Hz, and is greater in the daytime than at night. The low‐frequency noise presented in this paper exhibits a characteristic amplitude variation and can be easily identified from time domain seismograms in the frequency range of interest. The amplitude variation is predominantly in the vertical component, but the horizontal components also show variations. Low‐frequency noise is markedly periodic, which reinforces its interpretation as cultural noise. Such noise is observed world‐wide, but is limited to areas in the vicinity of railways. The amplitude variation in seismograms correlates strongly with railway timetables, and the waveform shows a wavelength shift associated with the Doppler effect, which indicates that the origin of seismic background noise in the frequency range 0.01–0.05 Hz is railways.
A comprehensive numerical model of steady state saltation (COMSALT)
Authors: Kok Jasper F. , Renno Nilton O.
Published: September 2009

The blowing of sand by wind, known as saltation, ejects dust aerosols into the atmosphere, creates sand dunes, and erodes geological features. We present a comprehensive numerical model of steady state saltation (COMSALT) that, in contrast to most previous studies, can reproduce a wide range of measurements and can simulate saltation over mixed soils. COMSALT calculates the motion of saltating particles due to gravity, fluid drag, particle spin, fluid shear, and turbulence and explicitly accounts for the retardation of the wind due to drag from saltating particles. Furthermore, we included a novel physically based parameterization of the ejection of surface particles by impacting saltating particles which matches experimental results. COMSALT is the first numerical saltation model to reproduce measurements of the wind shear velocity at the impact threshold (i.e., the lowest shear velocity for which saltation is possible) and of the aerodynamic roughness length in saltation. It also reproduces a range of other saltation processes, including profiles of the wind speed and particle mass flux, and the size distribution of saltating particles. As such, COMSALT is the first physically based numerical model to reproduce such a wide range of experimental data. Since we use a minimum of empirical relations, COMSALT can be easily adapted to study saltation under a variety of physical conditions, such as saltation on other planets, saltation under water, and saltating snow.
Spinoffs: A review and synthesis
Authors: Klepper Steven
Published: September 2009

Abstract In the past 10 years, various stylized facts have accumulated regarding the rate at which firms spawn spinoffs, the performance of spinoffs, and the effect of spinoffs on their parents. We review the evidence and use it to reflect on the various theories that have been developed to explain spinoffs. Many questions remain about spinoffs, and we discuss research opportunities associated with these questions. We also discuss implications of the accumulating evidence and theories for public policies bearing on spinoffs.
Maintaining ERP Packaged Software – a Revelatory Case Study
Authors: Ng Celeste See-Pui , Gable Guy G
Published: September 2009

For many organizations, maintaining and upgrading enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems (large packaged application software) is often far more costly than the initial implementation. Systematic planning and knowledge of the fundamental maintenance processes and maintenance-related management data are required in order to effectively and efficiently administer maintenance activities. This paper reports a revelatory case study of Government Services Provider (GSP), a high-performing ERP service provider to government agencies in Australia. GSP ERP maintenance-process and maintenance-data standards are compared with the IEEE/EIA 12207 software engineering standard for custom software, also drawing upon published research, to identify how practices in the ERP context diverge from the IEEE standard. While the results show that many best practices reflected in the IEEE standard have broad relevance to software generally, divergent practices in the ERP context necessitate a shift in management focus, additional responsibilities, and different maintenance decision criteria. Study findings may provide useful guidance to practitioners, as well as input to the IEEE and other related standards.
Monte Carlo simulations of complex formation between a mixed fluid vesicle and a charged colloid
Authors: Fošnarič Miha , Iglič Aleš , Kroll Daniel M. , May Sylvio
Published: September 2009

Monte Carlo simulations are employed to investigate the ability of a charged fluidlike vesicle to adhere to and encapsulate an oppositely charged spherical colloidal particle. The vesicle contains mobile charges that interact with the colloid and among themselves through a screened electrostatic potential. Both migration of charges on the vesicle surface and elastic deformations of the vesicle contribute to the optimization of the vesicle-colloid interaction. Our Monte Carlo simulations reveal a discontinuous wrapping transition of the colloid as a function of the number of charges on the vesicle. Upon reducing the bending stiffness of the vesicle, the transition terminates in a critical point. At large electrostatic screening length we find a reentrant wrapping-unwrapping behavior upon increasing the total number of charges on the vesicle. We present a simple phenomenological model that qualitatively captures some features of the wrapping transition.
Stability and morphology of cerium oxide surfaces in an oxidizing environment: A first-principles investigation
Authors: Fronzi Marco , Soon Aloysius , Delley Bernard , Traversa Enrico , Stampfl Catherine
Published: September 2009

We present density functional theory investigations of the bulk properties of cerium oxides (CeO2 and Ce2O3) and the three low index surfaces of CeO2, namely, (100), (110), and (111). For the surfaces, we consider various terminations including surface defects. Using the approach of “ab initio atomistic thermodynamics,” we find that the most stable surface structure considered is the stoichiometric (111) surface under “oxygen-rich” conditions, while for a more reducing environment, the same (111) surface, but with subsurface oxygen vacancies, is found to be the most stable one, and for a highly reducing environment, the (111) Ce-terminated surface becomes energetically favored. Interestingly, this latter surface exhibits a significant reconstruction in that it becomes oxygen terminated and the upper layers resemble the Ce2O3(0001) surface. This structure could represent a precursor to the phase transition of CeO2 to Ce2O3.
Enhanced magnetic refrigeration capacity in phase separated manganites
Authors: Lima Sharma A. L. , Sharma P. A. , McCall S. K. , Kim S.-B. , Cheong S.-W.
Published: September 2009

Multiple phase transitions and magnetic phase coexistence lead to a negative magnetocaloric effect in a wide temperature range of ∼10–250 K in La0.215Pr0.41Ca0.375MnO3. A large fraction of the magnetocaloric effect originates from the low temperature phase separated state, which is composed of coexisting, magnetic field dependent charge ordered, and ferromagnetic regions. While the maximum isothermal entropy change is modest, the persistence of the field-dependent phase separated state over a ∼240 K temperature span yields a refrigeration capacity of ∼3.2 J/cm3. Materials with magnetic field dependent phase separation can therefore be used to improve regenerative magnetic refrigerators.
Mechanical changes of living oocytes at maturation investigated by multiple particle tracking
Authors: Pesce Giuseppe , Selvaggi Lara , Caporali Antonio , De Luca Anna Chiara , Puppo Agostina , Rusciano Giulia , Sasso Antonio
Published: September 2009

We have studied the mechanical properties of the cytoplasm of starfish oocytes before and after maturation using the multiple particle tracking technique. Fluorescent microbeads are microinjected in oocytes of Astropecten aranciacus starfishes. Mechanical properties are obtained analyzing the mean-square displacement (MSD) of the beads trajectories. The ensemble-averaged MSD provides information about diffusion coefficient D, and the cytoplasm viscosity η is estimated through the Stokes–Einstein equation. Results show that maturation is correlated with change of cytoplasm viscosity. The results can be ascribed to F-actin reorganization as also supported by fluorescence confocal microscopy.
Generation and analysis of quasimonoenergetic electron beams by laser-plasma interaction in transitional region from the self-modulated laser wakefield to bubble acceleration regime
Authors: Masuda S. , Miura E.
Published: September 2009

Generation of quasimonoenergetic electron beams in a transitional region from the self-modulated laser wakefield to bubble acceleration regime is reported. Quasimonoenergetic electron beams containing more than 3×108 electrons in the monoenergetic peak with energies of 40–60 MeV have been obtained from a plasma with an electron density of 1.6×1019 cm−3 produced by an 8 TW, 50 fs laser pulse. The generation of quasimonoenergetic electron beams is investigated by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Few periods of the plasma wave are located inside the laser pulse, because the laser pulse duration is longer than the wavelength of the plasma wave. Electrons trapped in the first period of the plasma wave can form the monoenergetic bunch, even though the trapped electrons interact directly with the laser field. The quasimonoenergetic electron beam can be obtained due to the small contribution of the direct acceleration by the laser field. This type of monoenergetic electron acceleration is different from that of both the self-modulated laser wakefield and bubble acceleration regimes, in which the trapped electrons in the plasma wave are located behind the laser pulse due to the pulse compression or fragmentation and free from the laser electric field. This result suggests a new regime for the quasimonoenergetic electron acceleration in the region between the self-modulation and bubble regime.