bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topographic controls on soil moisture scaling properties in polygonal ground using idealized high-resolution surface–subsurface simulations
Authors: Bisht G. , Riley W. J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Microtopographic features, such as polygonal ground, are characteristic sources of landscape heterogeneity in the Alaskan Arctic coastal plain. Here, we analyze the hypothesis that microtopography is a dominant controller of soil moisture in polygonal landscapes. We perform multi-year surface–subsurface isothermal flow simulations using the PFLOTRAN model for summer months at six spatial resolutions (0.25–8 m, in increments of a factor of 2). Simulations are performed for four study sites near Barrow, Alaska that are part of the NGEE-Arctic project. Results indicate a non-linear scaling relationship for statistical moments of soil moisture. Mean soil moisture for all study sites is accurately captured in coarser resolution simulations, but soil moisture variance is significantly under-estimated in coarser resolution simulations. The decrease in soil moisture variance in coarser resolution simulations is greater than the decrease in soil moisture variance obtained by coarsening out the fine resolution simulations. We also develop relationships to estimate the fine-resolution soil moisture probability distribution function (PDF) using coarse resolution simulations and topography. Although the estimated soil moisture PDF is underestimated during very wet conditions, the moments computed from the inferred soil moisture PDF had good agreement with the full model solutions (bias < ± 4 % and correlation > 0.99) for all four sites. Lastly, we develop two spatially-explicit methods to downscale coarse-resolution simulations of soil moisture. The first downscaling method requires simulation of soil moisture at fine and coarse resolution, while the second downscaling approach uses only topographical information at the two resolutions. Both downscaling approaches are able to accurately estimate fine-resolution soil moisture spatial patterns when compared to fine-resolution simulations (mean error for all study sites are < ± 1 %), but the first downscaling method more accurately estimates soil moisture variance.
Towards observation based gridded runoff estimates for Europe
Authors: Gudmundsson L. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Terrestrial water variables are the key to understanding ecosystem processes, feed back on weather and climate, and are a prerequisite for human activities. To provide context for local investigations and to better understand phenomena that only emerge at large spatial scales, reliable information on continental scale freshwater dynamics is necessary. To date streamflow is among the best observed variables of terrestrial water systems. However, observation networks have a limited station density and often incomplete temporal coverage, limiting investigations to locations and times with observations. This paper presents a methodology to estimate continental scale runoff on a 0.5° spatial grid with monthly resolution. The methodology is based on statistical up-scaling of observed streamflow from small catchments in Europe and exploits readily available gridded atmospheric forcing data combined with the capability of machine learning techniques. The resulting runoff estimates are validated against (1) runoff from small catchments that were not used for model training, (2) river discharge from nine continental scale river basins and (3) independent estimates of long-term mean evapotranspiration at the pan-European scale. In addition it is shown that the produced gridded runoff compares on average better to observations than a multi-model ensemble of comprehensive Land Surface Models (LSMs), making it an ideal candidate for model evaluation and model development. In particular, the presented machine learning approach may help determining which factors are most relevant for an efficient modelling of runoff at regional scales. Finally, the resulting data product is used to derive a comprehensive runoff-climatology for Europe and its potential for drought monitoring is illustrated.
Friction and mixing effects on potential vorticity for bottom current crossing a marine strait: an application to the Sicily Channel (central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Falcini F. , Salusti E.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. We discuss here the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity (PV) for a bottom current crossing a marine channel in shallow-water approximation, focusing on the effect of friction and mixing. We argue that bottom current vorticity is prone to significant sign changes and oscillations due to topographic effects when, in particular, the current flows over the sill of a channel. These vorticity variations are, however, modulated by frictional effects due to seafloor roughness and morphology. Such behavior is also reflected in the PV spatial evolution, which shows an abrupt peak around the sill region. Our theoretical findings are discussed by means of in situ hydrographic data related to the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water, i.e., a dense, bottom water vein that flows northwestward, along the Sicily Channel (Mediterranean Sea). Indeed, the narrow sill of this channel implies that friction and entrainment need to be considered. Small tidal effects in the Sicily Channel allow for a steady theoretical approach. Our diagnoses on vorticity and PV allow us to obtain general insights about the effect of mixing and friction on the pathway and internal structure of bottom-trapped currents flowing through channels and straits, and to discuss spatial variability of the frictional coefficient. Our approach significantly differs from other PV-constant approaches previously used in studying the dynamics of bottom currents flowing through rotating channels.
Using the level set method in geodynamical modeling of multi-material flows and Earth's free surface
Authors: Hillebrand B. , Thieulot C. , Geenen T. , van den Berg A. P. , Spakman W.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The level set method allows for tracking material surfaces in 2-D and 3-D flow modeling and is well suited for applications of multi-material flow modeling. The level set method utilizes smooth level set functions to define material interfaces, which makes the method stable and free of oscillations that are typically observed in case step-like functions parameterize interfaces. By design the level set function is a signed distance function and gives for each point in the domain the exact distance to the interface as well as on which side it is located. In this paper we present four benchmarks which show the validity, accuracy and simplicity of using the level set method for multi-material flow modeling. The benchmarks are simplified setups of dynamical geophysical processes such as the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, post-glacial rebound, subduction and slab detachment. We also demonstrate the benefit of using the level set method for modeling a free surface with the sticky air approach. Our results show that the level set method allows for accurate material flow modeling and that the combination with the sticky air approach works well in mimicking Earth's free surface. Since the level set method tracks material interfaces instead of materials themselves, it has the advantage that the location of these interfaces is accurately known and that it represents a viable alternative to the more commonly used tracer method.
Responses of vertical soil moisture to rainfall pulses and land uses in a typical loess hilly area, China
Authors: Yu Y. , Wei W. , Chen L. D. , Yang L. , Jia F. Y. , Zhang H. D.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Soil moisture plays a key role in vegetation restoration and ecosystem stability in arid and semiarid regions. The response of soil moisture to rainfall pulses is an important hydrological process, which is strongly influenced by land use during the implementation of vegetation restoration measures. In this study, vertical soil moisture variations of woodland (Pinus tabulaeformis), native grassland (Stipa bungeana), shrubland Hippophea rhamnoides), cropland (Triticum aestivum) and artificial grassland (Onobrychis viciaefolia) in five soil profiles were monitored in a typical loess hilly area during the 2010 growing season. The results demonstrated that rainfall pulses directly affected soil moisture variation. A multi-peak pattern of soil moisture appeared during the growing season, notably in the surface soil layer. Meanwhile, the response of each vegetation type to rainfall was inconsistent, and a time-lag effect before reaching the peak value was detected, following a heavy rainfall event. The response duration of soil moisture, however, varied markedly with the size of rainfall events. Furthermore, higher soil water content was detected in grassland and shrubland. Woodland was characterized by relatively lower soil moisture values throughout the investigation period. Our research suggests that vegetation restoration efforts should give priority to grassland and shrubland at the research site. We suggest that more studies should be focused on the characteristics of community structure and spatial vegetation distribution on soil moisture dynamics, particularly within the grass and shrub ecosystems.
Accommodating the Interest of Local Community in Resolving Conflicts: A Case in Bentayan’s Wildlife Area, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Tahyudin Didi , Taqwa Ridha , H. P. Dadang , Alfitri .
Published: November 2014

The developments of forest conservation Wildlife (SM) in Bentayan as flora and fauna ecology has created a conflict within the society and has negatively affected the wellbeing of the community in the area. The communities have used a lot of natural resources for their life. A development of Bentayan’s Wildlife Centre has been opposed by the community as the usage of various natural resources have been restricted after the development of the wildlife centre started. In order to solve the conflicts, many strategies have been employed. However, the expected outcome has not yet been achieved. Therefore, the current study provides a conflict resolution model approach to accommodate the interests of all parties, both society and government through the Natural Resources Conservation Center. The model was developed from narrative data that was collected through series of dialogues and negotiation process with both parties (community and agency/Centre) involving stakeholders and community members. This proposed model can be used as a framework for managing forestry and wildlife centre.
Juveniles’ Right to Counsel during Police Interrogations: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of a Youth-Specific Approach, with a Particular Focus on the Netherlands
Authors: Liefaard Ton , van den Brink Yannick
Published: November 2014

Juveniles’ Right to Counsel during Police Interrogations: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of a Youth-Specific Approach, with a Particular Focus on the Netherlands

The right to counsel of juveniles at the stage of police interrogations has gained significant attention since the Salduz ruling of the European Court on Human Rights in 2008. The legislative and policy developments that have taken place since then and that are still ongoing – both on a regional (European) and domestic (Dutch) level – reveal a shared belief that juvenile suspects must be awarded special protection in this phase of the criminal justice proceedings. This calls for a youth-specific approach as fundamentally different from the common approach for adults. At the same time, there seems to be ambivalence concerning the justification and concrete implications of such a youth-specific approach. This article aims to clarify the underlying rationale and significance of a youth specific approach to the right to counsel at the stage of police interrogations on the basis of an interdisciplinary analysis of European Court on Human Rights case law, international children’s rights standards and relevant developmental psychological insights. In addition, this article aims to position this right of juveniles in conflict with the law in the particular context of the Dutch juvenile justice system and provide concrete recommendations to the Dutch legislator.
Tendências e perspectivas da área de recursos humanos para os jovens em início de carreira
Authors: Lucas Angela Christina
Published: November 2014

Este artigo pretende explorar o percurso da consolidação da área de Recursos Humanos e os modelos de Gestão de Pessoas encontrados no Brasil, bem como a perspectiva de impacto desse novo jovem no mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, parte-se de uma abordagem histórica, que contempla a perspectiva da gestão de recursos humanos no contexto administrativo, bem como a processo de consolidação das práticas de recursos humanos no Brasil, especialmente após a regulamentação estabelecida com a Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT). Aborda o panorama da área no cenário contemporâneo nacional, especialmente no que se refere aos modelos de gestão de recursos humanos existentes nos diversos contextos organizacionais (empírico, burocrático-legal, tecnicista e estratégico). Em seguida, são feitas discussões acerca das tendências na gestão de pessoas, bem como sua relação com o jovem profissional, especialmente os membros da conhecida Geração Y. Dentre essas tendências, estão as modificações no perfil das carreiras, dos contratos de trabalho e da relação entre organizações e funcionários, além da diversidade de gerações trabalhando juntas nas organizações. Ilustram essas discussões dados das pesquisas elaboradas pelo PROGEP-FIA, que tratam de temas como as melhores empresas para se trabalhar, e as melhores empresas para se iniciar uma carreira, apontando a visão do jovem profissional sobre o tema.
Uma análise da educação superior e do processo de formação dos administradores brasileiros
Authors: Lucena Rodrigo de Melo
Published: November 2014

Mesmo sendo o curso que mais forma profissionais no Brasil, com um vasto campo de atuação no poder público, iniciativa privada e terceiro setor, são recorrentes as discussões sobre a limitada capacidade que os egressos dos cursos de administração de atender às expectativas do mercado de trabalho, especialmente quando se observa o universo crescente de empresas, tendo como principal consequência a ascensão de concorrentes advindos de outras áreas profissionais. Considerando esses aspectos, este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as principais questões relacionadas ao processo histórico de criação do curso de Administração, como a formação dos profissionais e sua inserção no mercado, os desafios curriculares, bem como a relação entre os Administradores e outras classes profissionais apontadas como concorrentes. Para tanto, foi realizado um resgate histórico do surgimento da educação em Administração no Brasil e da estrutura da educação superior ligada à profissão. Em seguida, foram discutidos elementos como o perfil da formação, marcado pela complexidade de áreas do conhecimento envolvidas, e nem sempre compreendida pelos estudantes; seus principais desafios, como da inter-relação entre teoria e prática profissional mais voltada a resultados imediatos, bem como alternativas para o fortalecimento da formação do administrador, como o incentivo às empresas juniores e a consolidação dos processos de avaliação institucional dos cursos de administração.
O jovem administrador e o futuro das finanças
Authors: Massaini Silvye Ane
Published: November 2014

Com o objetivo de apresentar as principais tendências que devem ser consideradas pelo jovem administrador que pretende seguir e consolidar carreira em finanças, este artigo apresenta o conceito de finanças do ponto de vista administrativo, bem como o processo de reconhecimento da profissionalização e institucionalização da Administração financeira no Brasil; realiza uma análise histórica do papel das finanças na sociedade como um todo e, especificamente, no contexto das organizações, deixando de ser uma função acessória e burocrática para desempenhar papel estratégico, tanto no que diz respeito à garantia da lucratividade, como da sustentabilidade organizacional, por meio dos investimentos necessários à inovação e ao desenvolvimento de vantagens competitivas; apresenta oportunidades de carreira na área de finanças e descreve as competências necessárias para que o jovem profissional tenha condições de se estabelecer nesta área, não somente focando as competências técnicas, mas a capacidade de visão de conjunto e o espírito de liderança, necessários nos diversos momentos de instabilidade que uma organização pode vir a enfrentar. Também merece destaque a reflexão que se faz a respeito do ambiente organizacional contemporâneo, fortemente marcado pela vulnerabilidade às sucessivas crises econômicas, decorrentes da alta interconexão dos mercados e da ascensão do capitalismo financeiro como paradigma dominante.
Perspectivas da administração no terceiro setor e oportunidades para o jovem administrador
Authors: Rocha Ana Angélica Bezerra de Melo , Teixeira Luiza Reis
Published: November 2014

Este artigo propõe-se a desenvolver uma contextualização acerca do surgimento e do uso do termo Terceiro Setor, que passou a ser utilizado no Brasil e no mundo para referir-se a iniciativas e organizações surgidas no âmbito da sociedade civil. No que se refere ao conceito em si, destaca-se a relação das organizações do terceiro setor com as organizações empresariais, caracterizando o fluxo de recursos financeiros de origem privada para finalidades públicas; posteriormente, o surgimento de organizações voltadas também aos interesses públicos, principalmente no que se refere à proposição de políticas públicas e fiscalização da atividade política e do uso do erário. Em seguida, apresenta-se uma descrição do processo histórico no país, especialmente relacionando-se às pesquisas científicas que tiveram como objeto o estudo da administração do terceiro setor. Além disso, explora o conceito de sociedade civil, a fim de se estabelecer uma análise comparativa entre essas duas abordagens e, por fim, enfatiza alguns dos principais desafios existentes para atuação dos administradores neste campo. Dentre esses desafios, estão as particularidades no que diz respeito à elaboração de indicadores e mensuração de resultados da atuação de uma organização do terceiro setor, e também ao perfil profissional buscado para este tipo de organização.
Levantamento florístico como subsídio para implantação de trilhas em dunas no litoral oriental do Rio Grande do Norte
Authors: Amaral Ricardo Farias do , Ferreira Maryane Christina Silva Damasceno , Silva Clébia Bezerra da
Published: November 2014

O ecossistema das dunas costeiras, conhecido por sua riqueza florística, por servir de área de recarga do lençol freático e barreira contra a ação eólica e marinha, está ameaçado pela ocupação humana desordenada. Nesse contexto de degradação, o ecoturismo tem atuado como uma alternativa propiciadora de conservação de áreas naturais. Mas para realizá-lo ou para executar qualquer ação de conservação, antes de tudo, é necessário conhecer o ecossistema do local, por isso, há a necessidade de realizar levantamentos de sua diversidade. Nesse contexto, este trabalho identificou espacialmente e fez um levantamento florístico preliminar em cinco trilhas naturais próximas à comunidade costeira de Maracajaú, localizada no litoral oriental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Como resultado, obteve-se a identificação de vinte plantas, nestas trilhas. Dentre estas plantas, oito não tinham registro ainda no estado do RN. Esse levantamento exploratório da biota da vegetação de restinga que recobre as dunas de Maracajaú constitui, no momento, a mais precisa fonte de informações a este respeito, na área. Pode-se concluir com esse trabalho que a região possui um grande potencial florístico pouco conhecido, que pode ser utilizado de forma eficiente e sustentável em ações para a geração de renda para a comunidade a partir, por exemplo, da estruturação e desenvolvimento de ecotrilhas.
Time‐Lapse Imaging in Polar Environments
Authors: Dickson James L. , Levy Joseph S. , Head James W.
Published: November 2014

Although the drivers of climate change and its consequences in polar regions are becoming better understood [Holland and Bitz, 2003] and well monitored [Serreze et al., 2002; Doran et al., 2002b], measuring the responses of polar landscapes to changing climate boundary conditions is challenging: Polar landscapes typically respond slowly to warming but abruptly to melting [Gooseff et al., 2011].
Nearshore internal bores increase hypoxia risk
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2014

In the coastal ocean, internal waves that break on the continental shelf can send pulses of water, known as bores, into the shallows. These internal bores can cause dramatic and rapid changes in the density of the water and the concentration of dissolved oxygen when they transport cold, low‐oxygen waters from the deeper parts of the ocean into the nearshore coastal environment. Such a rapid, shock‐like decrease in oxygen concentration can have serious ecological consequences.
Ice sheet load cycling and fluid underpressures in the Eastern Michigan Basin, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Neuzil C. E. , Provost A. M.
Published: November 2014

Strong fluid underpressures have been detected in Paleozoic strata in the eastern Michigan Basin, with hydraulic heads reaching ~400 m below land surface (~4 MPa underpressure) and ~200 m below sea level in strata where unusually low permeabilities (~10−20–10−23 m2) were measured in situ. Multiple glaciations, including three with as much as 3 km of ice cover at the site in the last 120 ka, suggest a causal link with the underpressures. We examined this possibility using a one‐dimensional groundwater flow model incorporating mechanical loading from both ice weight and lithospheric flexure. Because hydrologic and mechanical changes during glaciation are not well characterized and subsurface properties are imperfectly known, the model was used inversely to estimate flexural loads and loosely constrained permeabilities by matching observed pressures. Acceptable matches were obtained for a surprisingly wide range of scenarios with permeabilities close to measured values and plausible flexural loads. Matches were not obtained when too many parameters were preselected, or when permeabilities were constrained to be significantly larger than measured values. In successful model runs groundwater expulsion under glacial‐mechanical loads caused the underpressuring, and flexural loads were important if aquifer and sub‐glacial pressures were significantly elevated during glaciation. Simulated fluid pressures in the low‐permeability strata fluctuated by 30–40 MPa during glacial cycles but resulted in advective transport of only tens of meters or less. Although other mechanisms cannot be ruled out, we conclude that glacial‐mechanical forcing of a water‐saturated system can explain the observed underpressures.
Molecular monitoring to improve outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: Importance of achieving treatment‐free remission
Authors: Erba Harry P.
Published: November 2014

Imatinib was the first BCR‐ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) developed for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); subsequently, the introduction of more potent BCR‐ABL1 TKIs has raised expectations regarding the speed and depth of response. This review discusses how molecular monitoring is being used as an integral part of the treatment regimen to achieve improved outcomes in patients with CML. The long‐term prognostic implications of achieving early molecular response to TKI therapy and the feasibility of maintaining treatment‐free remission will also be discussed in light of current clinical data. Am. J. Hematol. 90:242–249, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antioxidant and Sensorial Properties of Linden Honey with Dried Apricots
Authors: Ćetković Gordana , Čanadanović‐Brunet Jasna , Vulić Jelena , Djilas Sonja , Tumbas Šaponjac Vesna
Published: November 2014

The total phenol (TPh) and flavonoid contents (TFd), and antioxidant and sensorial properties of linden honey (LH) with dried apricots (20, 30, and 40%) were evaluated. TPh increased 4.3 times for LH40 (from 23.96 to 102.87 mg gallic acid equiv./100 g honey), while increase of TFd was slightly lower, ca. 2.9‐fold for LH40 (from 18.11 to 51.72 mg rutin equiv./100 g honey). Based on HPLC analysis, the most dominant phenolic compound was gallic acid (11.14 mg/100 g honey in LH and 42.65 mg/100 g honey in LH40). In three different assays, the antioxidant activity increased with increasing concentration of apricots in honey. The magnified image
values varied from 13.36 for LH to 7.06 mg/ml for LH40; the magnified image
values ranged from 189.83 for LH to 11.23 mg/ml for LH40; the RP0.5 (reducing power) values ranged from 169.00 for LH to 27.60 mg/ml for LH40. Based on the correlation analysis, it is obvious that TPh and TFd were associated with the antioxidant activities of honey samples. A high degree of correlation existed between antioxidant activities of honey samples and TPh (R from 0.945 to 0.996) and TFd (R from 0.805 to 0.934). Obtained scores for individual sensory properties indicated very good quality of honey with dried apricots.
Carotenoid‐Cleavage Activities of Crude Enzymes from Pandanous amryllifolius
Authors: Ningrum Andriati , Schreiner Matthias
Published: November 2014

Carotenoid degradation products, known as norisoprenoids, are aroma‐impact compounds in several plants. Pandan wangi is a common name of the shrub Pandanus amaryllifolius. The genus name ‘Pandanus’ is derived from the Indonesian name of the tree, pandan. In Indonesia, the leaves from the plant are used for several purposes, e.g., as natural colorants and flavor, and as traditional treatments. The aim of this study was to determine the cleavage of β‐carotene and β‐apo‐8′‐carotenal by carotenoid‐cleavage enzymes isolated from pandan leaves, to investigate dependencies of the enzymatic activities on temperature and pH, to determine the enzymatic reaction products by using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrophotometry (HS‐SPME GC/MS), and to investigate the influence of heat treatment and addition of crude enzyme on formation of norisoprenoids. Crude enzymes from pandan leaves showed higher activity against β‐carotene than β‐apo‐8′‐carotenal. The optimum temperature of crude enzymes was 70°, while the optimum pH value was 6. We identified β‐ionone as the major volatile reaction product from the incubations of two different carotenoid substrates, β‐carotene and β‐apo‐8′‐carotenal. Several treatments, e.g., heat treatment and addition of crude enzymes in pandan leaves contributed to the norisoprenoid content. Our findings revealed that the crude enzymes from pandan leaves with carotenoid‐cleavage activity might provide a potential application, especially for biocatalysis, in natural‐flavor industry.
A Halogen‐Bonding Bis‐triazolium Rotaxane for Halide‐Selective Anion Recognition
Authors: Mullaney Benjamin R. , Partridge Benjamin E. , Beer Paul D.
Published: November 2014

A systematic study on the anion‐binding properties of acyclic halogen‐ and hydrogen‐bonding bis‐triazolium carbazole receptors is described. The halide‐binding potency of halogen‐bonding bis‐iodotriazolium carbazole receptors was found to be far superior to their hydrogen‐bonding bis‐triazolium‐based analogues. This led to the synthesis of a mixed halogen‐ and hydrogen‐bonding rotaxane host containing a bis‐iodotriazolium carbazole axle component. The rotaxane’s anion recognition properties, determined by 1H NMR titration experiments in a competitive aqueous solvent mixture, demonstrated the preorganised halogen‐bonding interlocked host cavity to be halide‐selective, with a strong binding affinity for bromide.
Size and connectivity of upslope runoff‐source areas modulate the performance of woody plants in Mediterranean drylands
Authors: Urgeghe Anna M. , Bautista Susana
Published: November 2014

Feedbacks between vegetation spatial pattern and resource redistribution from bare areas (sources) to vegetation patches (sinks) are considered critical to the functioning of dryland ecosystems. However, experimental fieldworks testing the underlying assumptions and quantifying the feedbacks involved are very scarce. We hypothesized that the size and surface conditions of the upslope runoff‐source areas control the transfer of resources to the downslope vegetation patch, and thereby vegetation performance. In a restored semiarid woodland in Alicante, SE Spain, we investigated the performance of planted shrubs (Olea europaea and Pistacia lentiscus) in response to the size, upslope length, internal connectivity and soil surface properties of their respective upslope runoff‐source areas (drainage microcatchments). Growth of O. europaea seedlings increased with drainage microcatchments size, whilst their water–stress level decreased with the upslope hillslope length. Lower plant density and higher bare‐soil connectivity within the respective microcatchments improved the performance of O. europaea seedlings. Seedling survival was much lower for P. lentiscus than for O. europaea, and growth and water–stress of alive P. lentiscus seedlings showed no significant relationships with any of the microcatchment properties assessed. Survival of P. lentiscus seedlings increased with hillslope length upslope the seedling location. Overall, results point to the interplay between the size and connectivity of the bare‐soil upslope interpatch and the relative location on the hillslope as the most relevant control factors for seedling performance. Observed linkages between source–sink dynamics and plant performance provide valuable information for improving the design of conservation and restoration actions in semiarid lands. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in evapotranspiration and phenology as consequences of shrub removal in dry forests of central Argentina
Authors: Marchesini Victoria A. , Fernández Roberto J. , Reynolds James F. , Sobrino José A. , Di Bella Carlos M.
Published: November 2014

More than half of the dry woodlands (forests and shrublands) of the world are in South America, mainly in Brazil and Argentina, where in the last years intense land use changes have occurred. This study evaluated how the transition from woody‐dominated to grass‐dominated system affected key ecohydrological variables and biophysical processes over 20 000 ha of dry forest in central Argentina. We used a simplified surface energy balance model together with moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer–normalized difference vegetation index data to analyse changes in above primary productivity, phenology, actual evapotranspiration, albedo and land surface temperature for four complete growing seasons (2004–2009). The removal of woody vegetation decreased aboveground primary productivity by 15–21%, with an effect that lasted at least 4 years, shortened the growing season between 1 and 3 months and reduced evapotranspiration by as much as 30%. Albedo and land surface temperature increased significantly after the woody to grassland conversion. Our findings highlight the role of woody vegetation in regulating water dynamics and ecosystem phenology and show how changes in vegetative cover can influence regional climatic change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evollionines A–C, Three New Alkaloids Isolated from the Fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa
Authors: Li Yan‐Hong , He Juan , Li Yan , Wu Xing‐De , Peng Li‐Yan , Du Ru‐Nan , Cheng Xiao , Zhao Qin‐Shi , Li Rong‐Tao
Published: November 2014

A phytochemical study of the CHCl3 extract of the dried unripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. (Rutaceae) resulted in the isolation of three new alkaloids, evollionines A–C (1–3, resp.), together with two known compounds, evodianinine and wuzhuyumide I. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic evidence and confirmed in the case of compound 1 by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.
Flavonol Glycosides and Iridoids from Asperula lilaciflora
Authors: Kırmızıbekmez Hasan , Bardakcı Hilal , Masullo Milena , Kamburoğlu Özge , Eryılmaz Gonca , Akaydın Galip , Yeşilada Erdem , Piacente Sonia
Published: November 2014

A new flavonol glycoside, quercetin 3‐O‐[6′′′‐O‐3,5‐dihydroxycinnamoyl‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐galactopyranoside (named lilacifloroside; 1) and a new iridoid 2 (named asperulogenin), were isolated from the aerial parts of Asperula lilaciflora in addition to eight known secondary metabolites, i.e., quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐galactopyranoside, quercetin 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐arabinopyranoside, asperuloside, deacetylasperulosidic acid, asperulosidic acid methyl ester, and chlorogenic acid. The structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments as well as MS data. Compound 1 contains the rare 3,5‐dihydroxycinnamoyl moiety in its structure. This work constitutes the first phytochemical study of the title plant.
Speleogenetic evidence from Ogof Draenen for a pre‐Devensian glaciation in the Brecon Beacons, South Wales, UK
Authors: FARRANT ANDREW R. , SMITH CHRISTOPHER J. M. , NOBLE STEPHEN R. , SIMMS MICHAEL J. , RICHARDS DAVID A.
Published: November 2014

The British Isles have been affected by as many as 30 glaciations during the Quaternary. However, the evidence for pre‐Devensian glaciations in upland regions is scarce. Understanding the extent and timing of earlier upland glaciations is essential for modelling the long‐term evolution and sensitivity of the British Ice Sheet. Caves, being protected from surface erosion and weathering, can preserve evidence of earlier glaciations in the form of speleothem and sediment archives. The ∼70‐km‐long Ogof Draenen cave system in South Wales, UK, contains multiple cave levels related to changes in the surface topography and drainage during the past 0.5 Ma. The cave contains evidence of massive influxes of sediment that were sufficient to choke the cave and alter the underground drainage. Analysis of the cave sediments, passage morphology and geometry suggests the cave once acted as a subterranean glacial spill‐way before being overridden by ice. Speleothem U‐series data demonstrate that this sediment influx occurred before Marine Isotope State (MIS) 9, probably during the Anglian glaciation (MIS 12). Evidence from Ogof Draenen indicates the impact of subsequent glaciations on the landscape evolution of the region was minimal and that much of the surface topography dates from the Anglian. Copyright © 2014 British Geological Survey (NERC). Journal of Quaternary Science © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Sibyls from the church of San Pedro Telmo: a micro‐Raman spectroscopic investigation
Authors: Marte Fernando , Careaga Valeria P. , Mastrangelo Noemí , de Faria Dalva L. A. , Maier Marta S.
Published: November 2014

The series of the Sibyls from the church of San Pedro Telmo is one of the most important groups of paintings of Argentine colonial art. Ten of the paintings were performed in the 18th century, while those corresponding to the Delphic and Tiburtine Sibyls were painted in 1864 during the first restoration of the series in Buenos Aires. There is a controversy regarding the origin of this remarkable group of paintings pointing to an Andean workshop or a Spanish source. In this study, Raman microscopy in combination with scanning electron microscope energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer analysis and HPLC has successfully identified the materials employed in the manufacture of the paintings. The Raman analysis revealed the presence of a mixture of barium sulfate, lead white, and calcite in the preparation layers of the 19th century Sibyls in contrast to the clayish ground layer in the 18th century paintings. Traditional pigments such as vermilion, lead white, orpiment, indigo, ultramarine blue, and Prussian blue were readily identified by Raman microscopy. The presence of a madder lake in one of the 18th century Sibyls strongly suggests their Spanish origin in accordance with historical data. The identification of synthetic ultramarine blue in the Tiburtine painting is the first report of this blue pigment in Argentine colonial art. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modern surgical techniques for management of soft tissue sarcomas involving the spine: Outcomes and complications
Authors: Mattei Tobias A. , Teles Alisson R. , Mendel Ehud
Published: November 2014

Several types of soft tissue sarcomas may locally extend to the spine. The best therapeutic strategy for such lesions strongly depends on the histological diagnosis. In this article the authors provide an up‐to‐date review of current guidelines regarding the management of soft tissue sarcomas involving the spine. Special attention is given to outcomes and complications of modern surgical series in order to highlight current challenges in the management of such lesions. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:580–586. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
pH‐Sensitive Drug‐Conjugates on Water‐Soluble Polymer Frameworks
Authors: Siddique Abu Bakkar , Cho Youngjun , Kim Yujin , Bahng Sung Hoon , Kim Sung Woo , Lee Jae Yeol , Kang Ho‐Jung , Kim Sehoon , Bae You Han , Kim Jungahn
Published: November 2014

A potent synthetic methodology is introduced to generate a useful intermediate for the preparation of ‘smart’ polymeric pro‐drugs. Herein, living anionic block polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and N‐phenylmaleimide (N‐PMI), as well as the Gabriel process, are introduced. Hydrazinolysis of the resulting poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(N‐PMI) (PEO‐b‐PN‐PMI) using hydrazine under acidic conditions leads to the production of PEO‐based frameworks with hydrazide (HZ) groups. The HZ groups are found to effect the formation of an acid‐sensitive bond in reactions with medicines or drugs under neutral conditions (pH 7.2). The PEO‐HZ intermediate, which shows a strong triplet splitting patterned chemical shift in the range δ = 6.5–8.5 ppm, represents the most powerful material employed for mass production of smart polymeric pro‐drugs while controlling the drug‐loading yield. Water‐soluble “smart” polymeric pro‐drugs, such as poly(ethylene oxide)‐doxorubicin (PEO‐HZ‐Dox), poly(ethylene oxide)‐methotrexate (PEO‐HZ‐MTX), and poly(ethylene oxide)‐folate (PEO‐HZ‐FA) conjugates, show excellent acid‐sensitive release profiles in water or alcohol at pH 4.5.

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A metamaterial antenna for WSN applications
Authors: Shanmugapriya M. , Mohamed M. A. Maluk , William Johnson
Published: November 2014

A miniaturized antenna is designed, analyzed, and fabricated for high‐speed wireless sensor networks, which operates at 2.4 GHz frequency. The miniaturization is achieved using metamaterial technique. In this technique, a patch antenna loaded with complementary rectangular split ring resonators and slots is proposed to provide metamaterial effect. The characteristics of designed structure are investigated using finite element method‐based Ansoft High Frequency Simulation Software and gain, return loss, bandwidth, and VSWR are calculated. Double negative existence is confirmed from the measurement results which show negative permeability and negative permittivity. Omnidirectional radiation pattern is obtained for 2.4 GHz frequency. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:120–124, 2015
Assessing the reactivity of the N,N′‐diamidocarbenes toward compounds containing early p‐block elements
Authors: Lastovickova Dominika N. , Moerdyk Jonathan P. , Kelley Andrea R. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: November 2014

The ability of an isolable N,N′‐diamidocarbene (DAC) to activate compounds containing early p‐block elements was explored. At ambient temperature, the DAC formally inserted into the Si–H bonds of various silanes to afford the corresponding DAC–silane adducts. The aforementioned adducts did not undergo intramolecular ring expansion as observed with other carbene–silane analogues. The DAC was also found to form a coordination complex with aluminum chloride, and a structurally rich, tris(aluminum) species was obtained upon exposure of the DAC to trimethylaluminum. The results gleaned from these studies are expected to facilitate the development of novel organometallic species as well as of new types of organocatalyzed silylations and aluminations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface trap states in Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN structure induced by inductively coupled plasma etching of AlGaN surfaces
Authors: Yatabe Zenji , Asubar Joel T. , Sato Taketomo , Hashizume Tamotsu
Published: November 2014

We have investigated the effects of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching of AlGaN surface on the resulting interface properties of the Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN structures. The experimentally measured capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics were compared with those calculated taking into account the interface states density at the Al2O3/AlGaN interface. As a complementary method, photoassisted C–V method utilizing photons with energies less than the bandgap of GaN was also used to probe the interface state density located near AlGaN midgap. It was found that the ICP etching of the AlGaN surface significantly increased the interface state density at the Al2O3/AlGaN interface. It is likely that ICP etching induced the interface roughness, disorder of chemical bonds and formation of various type of defect complexes including nitrogen‐vacancy‐related defects at the AlGaN surface, leading to poor C–V curve due to higher interface state density at the Al2O3/AlGaN interface.
Selectively Impaired Fasciculus Gracilis in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Shin Ka‐Young , Cho Ah‐Ra , Choi Eun‐Hi , Lim Jong Youb
Published: November 2014

Selective lesions of the fasciculus gracilis have been reported only in cases of nontraumatic spinal cord disease. We present the case of a 54‐year‐old man who developed persistent hypesthesia and abnormal vibratory sensation below the T6 segmental level after injuring his cervical spine after a fall. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, spinal stenosis, and a C3–4 spinal cord injury. A thoracic MRI did not reveal a spinal cord lesion. Lower thoracic dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials showed delayed latency. The findings in this case indicate selective injury to the fasciculus gracilis at the level of the cervical spinal cord.
Emergence of dispersion in shallow water hydrodynamics via modulation of uniform flow
Authors: Bridges Thomas J.
Published: November 2014

A new theory for the emergence of dispersion in shallow water hydrodynamics in two horizontal space dimensions is presented. Starting with the key properties of uniform flow in open-channel hydraulics, it is shown that criticality is the key mechanism for generating dispersion. Modulation of the uniform flow then leads to model equations. The coefficients in the model equations are related precisely to the derivatives of the mass flux, momentum flux and mass density. The theory gives a new perspective – from the viewpoint of hydraulics – on how and why key shallow water models like the Korteweg–de Vries equation and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equations arise in the theory of water waves.
A TEXTUAL NOTE ON PROPERTIUS 2.26.23
Authors: Mancini Alessio
Published: November 2014

non, si Cambysae redeant et flumina Croesi,dicat ‘De nostro surge, poeta, toro’.
In these two lines Propertius is proud to say that his puella would not dismiss him for the fabulous treasures of some dives amator. The problem is caused by the interpretation of Cambysae as given in all the manuscripts; it is difficult to understand both as a genitive singular and as a nominative plural. This form of the genitive is not, in fact, recorded before Apul. Fl. 15.12, and the concurrent form Cambysis is even less common. Moreover, the Persian king Cambyses was not an example of opulence in Antiquity like the Lydian king Croesus, but of cruelty. The only passages where he is linked with the idea of richness are Apul. Mun. 26.13–15: Cambyses et Xerxes et Darius potentissimi reges fuerunt. Horum praepotentiam, quam ex opibus collegerant, lenocinium vitae effecerat celsiorem, and (indirectly) Juv. 14.328–31: Si nondum implevi gremium, si panditur ultra, | nec Croesi fortuna umquam nec Persica regna | sufficient animo nec divitiae Narcissi, | indulsit Caesar cui Claudius omnia, cuius | paruit imperiis uxorem occidere iussus, where we find apparently the same connection between Persian royalty and Croesus' richness that we read in Propertius' line.
APULEIUS, METAMORPHOSES 10.25.1
Authors: Vannini G.
Published: November 2014

nec iuvenis sororis suae mortem tam miseram et quae minime par erat inlatam aequo tolerare quivit animo, sed … exin flagrantissimis febribus ardebat, ut ipsi quoque iam medela videretur esse necessaria.

This is the text of the passage describing the reaction of the young man at the news that his beloved sister has been murdered flagris and titione candenti inter media femina detruso as it is transmitted by the Florentine MS (F). With the few exceptions which I discuss below, the vast majority of editors accept the text of F, betraying resignation before a paradosis that can hardly seem genuine, since it can be maintained only by forcing both word order and syntax. Editors either refer quae to mortem, assuming an ellipsis of ei (i.e. sorori) in the relative clause and taking par as ‘fitting’, or refer quae to soror, assuming an ellipsis of in eam (i.e. et in eam … inlatam) and taking par as equivalent to digna.
Citizen Intellectuals in Historical Perspective: Reflections on Callahan's “Citizen Ai”
Authors: Cheek Timothy
Published: November 2014

William Callahan's conceptualization ofAi Weiwei as a “citizen intellectual” is the latest in a long-standing cottage industry seeking to make sense of and define China's intellectuals. Frederic Wakeman Jr. in 1972 offered “a typology of intellectual species” for Chinese thinkers and writers in late imperial China: statesman, administrator, ethical idealist, aesthete, and emirite or recluse (Wakeman 1972, 35). Hao Zhidong applies a Weberian lens on twentieth-century Chinese intellectuals to identify nested categories of: professional, cultural, and (smallest of all) critical intellectuals (Hao 2003, 393). Tani Barlow traces the identity of China's thinkers and writers from “intellectual class” in 1905 to “enlightened scholars” in the 1920s to “intellectual” (zhishifenzi) ever since. Barlow identifies a tension between the social power of these knowledge specialists and their dangerous dance with the state in which they succumbed under both Nationalist and Communist regimes to a service role to power, a “category of the state” (Barlow 1991, 216). Merle Goldman has focused on critical intellectuals under the Chinese Communist Party, what most people think of as critics and dissidents. Carol Hamrin and I sought to go beyond Goldman's focus on dissidents to study “establishment intellectuals” by looking at “the motives and means for collaboration, as well as the sources of tension and conflict between leading intellectuals and the top Communist Party leadership” (Hamrin and Cheek 1986, 3). “Establishment intellectual” proved a useful category for opening up our understanding of intellectual participation at the elite level under Mao and during the 1980s. The 1989 Tiananmen demonstrations and the June 4th massacre and crackdown changed everything. Merle Goldman usefully picked up on these changes by identifying the rise of “disestablished intellectuals” in the post-Tiananmen period, particularly intellectuals who had been active in the reformist administration of the CCP in the 1980s associated with disgraced General Secretary Hu Yaobang (Goldman 2007, 15ff, 86ff). These fallen establishment intellectuals populated the academic posts, publishing ventures, and new business opportunities that exploded after Deng Xiaoping's famous certification of economic reform in his 1992 “Southern Tour.”