bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Iodoethynes with Arylboronic Acids under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Tang Jian‐Sheng , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: December 2011

The optimized conditions allow the coupling of various iodoethynes with arylboronic acids under mild aerobic conditions without the need for ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Ir(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Secondary sp3 C—H Bond Activation of 2‐(Alkylamino)pyridines with Alkenes.
Authors: Pan Shiguang , Endo Kohei , Shibata Takanori
Published: December 2011

The method renders possible a highly enantioselective activation of C—H bonds which are not located at an allylic or benzylic position.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Styryl and Propargylic Alcohols with Dihydrosilanes.
Authors: Zhao Qiwu , Curran Dennis P. , Malacria Max , Fensterbank Louis , Goddard Jean‐Philippe , Lacote Emmanuel
Published: December 2011

The carbene derived from triazolium salt TRC catalyzes the title reactions to give the corresponding saturated alcohols or (E)‐alkenols, correspondingly, after quenching of the resulting siloxanes with Bu4NF.
ChemInform Abstract: Library‐Friendly Synthesis of Fluorinated Ketones Through Functionalized Hydration of Alkynes and Investigation of the Reaction Mechanism.
Authors: Xu Bo , Wang Weibo , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: December 2011

A new method for the synthesis of α‐substituted‐α‐fluoroketones is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Benzyl Chlorides with Nontoxic K4[Fe(CN)6].
Authors: Ren Yunlai , Yan Mengjie , Zhao Shuang , Sun Yanpei , Wang Jianji , Yin Weiping , Liu Zhifei
Published: December 2011

The reaction allows the conversion of benzyl chlorides to benzyl cyanides.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Approach to Multisubstituted Benzenes.
Authors: Seo Hana , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: December 2011

A facile chemo‐ and regioselective synthesis of various multisubstituted benzenes from the compound (I) is presented via nucleophilic aromatic substitution and ortho‐metalation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Product Selectivity in Semiconductor‐Mediated Dehydrazonation of Benzophenone Hydrazone.
Authors: Krishnakumar B. , Selvam K. , Swaminathan M.
Published: December 2011

The applied titanium dioxide material is a mixture of anatase and rutile (80:20).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Diazine‐Bridged Bisindoles and Concise Synthesis of the Marine Alkaloid Hyrtinadine A.
Authors: Tasch Boris O. A. , Merkul Eugen , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: December 2011

A one‐pot Masuda borylation—Suzuki arylation sequence is successfully applied to the synthesis of hetarylene‐bridged bisindole derivatives (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: The Asymmetric Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Fluoroalkylated Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acid.
Authors: Lin Jin‐Hong , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: December 2011

Title reaction proceeds with excellent regioselectivity at the C(sp2) atom adjacent to the fluoroalkyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New Chalcones, Pyrazolines and Acetyl Pyrazolines Derived from Piperonal and Halogenohydroxy Acetophenones as Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Karamunge Khushal G. , Sayyed Mudassar A. , Vibhute Archana Y. , Vibhute Yeshwant B.
Published: December 2011

Some of the title compounds, especially derivatives having two halogen‐substituents, show better antimicrobial activity than the standard penicillin.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of γ‐Benzopyranone by TfOH‐Promoted Regioselective Cyclization of o‐Alkynoylphenols.
Authors: Yoshida Masahito , Fujino Yuta , Doi Takayuki
Published: December 2011

A number of γ‐benzopyranones is available.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Twofold Carbopalladation/Cyclization Sequence to Access Chromans and Isochromans from Carbohydrates.
Authors: Leibeling Markus , Milde Bastian , Kratzert Daniel , Stalke Dietmar , Werz Daniel B.
Published: December 2011

O‐Protected bromoglycals bearing a propargyl group either at the 1‐ or 3‐position react with terminal or internal alkynes under optimized conditions to give chromans and isochromans, correspondingly.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiamine Hydrochloride‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Lei Min , Ma Lei , Hu Lihong
Published: December 2011

The catalyst can be recovered by filtration.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of the Product of the Interaction of Methyl Anthranilate with N‐(4,6‐Dimethylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)cyanamide.
Authors: Shestakov A. S. , Bushmarinov I. S. , Sidorenko O. E. , Potapov A. Yu. , Shikhaliev Kh. S. , Antipin M. Yu.
Published: December 2011

The reaction of methyl anthranilate (I) with title compound (II) leads exclusively to quinazolinone (III) rather than its isomer (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approach to the Synthesis of 6,7‐Dihydroquinazolino[3,2‐a][1,5]benzodiazepin‐13(15)‐ones.
Authors: Janciene R.
Published: December 2011

Catalytic hydrogenation of 1‐(o‐nitrobenzoyl)tetrahydrobenzodiazepinones (III) results in a reductive cyclization furnishing previously unknown quinazolinobenzodiazepinones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of 13‐Membered Cyclic Enediynes.
Authors: Sharma Mukul , Joshi Mukesh C. , Kumar Vineet , Malhotra Sanjay V. , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: December 2011

Fifteen novel cyclic enediynes are prepared by using a simple and straightforward approach.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Ionic Liquid‐Mediated Protocol for the Regioselective Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzothiazepines.
Authors: Jain Renuka , Yadav Tripti , Kumar Manoj , Yadav Ashok K.
Published: December 2011

The applied ionic liquid can be recycled at least three times.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Solvent‐Free Reaction for the Preparation of Alkoxysilane from Cyclic Ethers, Alcohols, or Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Pehlivan Leyla , Metay Estelle , Boyron Olivier , Demonchaux Patrice , Mignani Gerard , Lemaire Marc
Published: December 2011

The Pd‐catalyzed ring opening—silylation of epoxides (I) and cyclic ethers, e.g. (VIII), with tetramethyldisiloxane (II) provides a novel access towards silyl‐protected alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of Some New Selenolo[2,3‐c]pyridazines.
Authors: Abdel‐Hafez S. H. , Abdel‐Monem M. I. , Mohamed M. G. , Abdelrazek F. M. , Metwally S. A. M.
Published: December 2011

A new series of selenopyridazine and pyrimidoselenopyridazine derivatives are synthesized as possible biodegradable agrochemicals starting from selenolo[2,3‐c]pyridazines (I), (XI) or (XXII).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropyl Methyl Bromide‐Mediated gem‐Diallylation: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐α‐Cuparenone.
Authors: Shivakumar I. , Salunke Ganesh B. , Kumar Suneel
Published: December 2011

(.+‐.)‐α‐cuparenone (IX) is prepared in 15% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Premnalatifolin A, a Novel Dimeric Diterpene from Premna latifolia Roxb.
Authors: Suresh G. , Babu K. Suresh , Rao M. Suri Appa , Rao V. Rama Subba , Yadav P. Ashok , Nayak V. Lakshma , Ramakrishna Sistla
Published: December 2011

The title compound (I) exhibits significant anticancer activity against HT‐29 and MCF‐7 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Quinazolin‐4‐ones as Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1α Inhibitors.
Authors: Huang Wenwei , Huang Ruili , Attene‐Ramos Matias S. , Sakamuru Srilatha , Englund Erika E. , Inglese James , Austin Christopher P. , Xia Menghang
Published: December 2011

Three areas of an initial quinazolinone‐based screening hit are modified for structure—activity relationship studies: the left part of the quinazolinone core, the piperazine region, and phenyl ring substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of Restriction Enzymes EcoRI, BamHI and HindIII by Phenethylphenylphthalimides Derived from Thalidomide.
Authors: Motoshima Kazunori , Ishikawa Minoru , Hashimoto Yuichi , Sugita Kazuyuki
Published: December 2011

The compounds (I) show potent EcoRI‐inhibitory activity (IC50 = 4.2 and 5.3 μm, respectively) and modest BamHI‐ and HindIII‐inhibitory activities.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Acyl‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic Acids: Lead Compounds with Triple Actions, Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor α/γ Agonist and Protein‐Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Activities.
Authors: Otake Kazuya , Azukizawa Satoru , Takahashi Kenji , Fukui Masaki , Shibabayashi Michiko , Kamemoto Hikaru , Kasai Masayuki , Shirahase Hiroaki
Published: December 2011

The compound (I) is a bioavailable peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α/γ dual agonist with a ten‐fold weaker protein‐tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP‐1B) inhibitory activity than that of the PTP‐1B inhibitor ertiprotafib.
ChemInform Abstract: Turnover Numbers and Soluble Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Umpierre Alexandre P. , de Jesus Ernesto , Dupont Jairton
Published: December 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Physicochemical Properties of Non‐Stoichiometric Oxides
Authors: Caneiro A. , Mogni L. , Grunbaum N. , Prado F.
Published: December 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Growth of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Patterned Substrates
Authors: Zhou Xiaozhu , Boey Freddy , Zhang Hua
Published: December 2011

Review: tutorial review; 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions Inside Carcerands
Authors: Warmuth Ralf
Published: December 2011

Review: 188 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions Mediated by Cyclodextrins
Authors: Takahashi Keiko
Published: December 2011

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrins as Molecular Reactors
Authors: Easton Christopher J. , Onagi Hideki
Published: December 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Ultrafast Pathway of Photon‐Induced Electrocyclic Ring‐Opening Reactions: the Case of 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene
Authors: Deb Sanghamitra , Weber Peter M.
Published: December 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction Reactions in Green Solvents: Water, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Alvarez de Cienfuegos Luis , Robles Rafael , Miguel Delia , Justicia Jose , Cuerva Juan M.
Published: December 2011

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Diels—Alder Adducts of Furan and Various Dienophiles: Versatile Intermediates in the Synthesis of Cyclohexyl Systems
Authors: Masesane Ishmael B.
Published: December 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Heterocycles: 1,2‐, 1,3‐, and 1,4‐Diazines and Related Systems
Authors: Cabal Maria‐Paz
Published: December 2011

Review: 251 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Heterocycles with Three Heteroatoms: Triazoles
Authors: Yet Larry
Published: December 2011

Review: 371 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Heterocycles: 1,3‐Azoles
Authors: Revuelta Julia , Machetti Fabrizio , Cicchi Stefano
Published: December 2011

Review: 669 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Hemming Karl
Published: December 2011

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyhedral Boron Clusters in Materials Science
Authors: Dash Barada Prasanna , Satapathy Rashmirekha , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 120 refs.
Energy from Plants and Microorganisms: Progress in Plant–Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Deng Huan , Chen Zheng , Zhao Feng
Published: December 2011

Plant–microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) are newly emerging devices, in which electricity can be generated by microorganisms that use root exudates as fuel. This review presents the development of PMFCs, with a summary of their power generation, configurations, plant types, anode and cathode materials, biofilm communities, potential applications, and future directions.
Semiparametric bivariate zero‐inflated Poisson models with application to studies of abundance for multiple species
Authors: Arab Ali , Holan Scott H. , Wikle Christopher K. , Wildhaber Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Ecological studies involving counts of abundance, presence–absence or occupancy rates often produce data having a substantial proportion of zeros. Furthermore, these types of processes are typically multivariate and only adequately described by complex nonlinear relationships involving externally measured covariates. Ignoring these aspects of the data and implementing standard approaches can lead to models that fail to provide adequate scientific understanding of the underlying ecological processes, possibly resulting in a loss of inferential power. One method of dealing with data having excess zeros is to consider the class of univariate zero‐inflated generalized linear models. However, this class of models fails to address the multivariate and nonlinear aspects associated with the data usually encountered in practice. Therefore, we propose a semiparametric bivariate zero‐inflated Poisson model that takes into account both of these data attributes. The general modeling framework is hierarchical Bayes and is suitable for a broad range of applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model through a motivating example on modeling catch per unit area for multiple species using data from the Missouri River Benthic Fishes Study, implemented by the United States Geological Survey. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dynamic radio resource management scheme for the IEEE 802.16 band‐adaptive modulation and coding mode with proportional rate constraints
Authors: Sokar Mina A.A. , Elsayed Khaled M.F.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we consider the problem of downlink resource allocation in the IEEE 802.16 standard based on the orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access physical layer. The objective is to allocate the downlink frequency‐time slots and transmission power to different users such that the total throughput is maximized. The allocation is subject to constraints on the total transmission power and satisfying the quality of service requirements of different users expressed in terms of proportional rates. A three‐step heuristic scheme that incorporates a linear programming technique is proposed. The problem is modelled as an unbalanced transportation problem that is solved to obtain the users' slot assignment. The Vogel approximation method is used to efficiently solve the transportation problem with a slight degradation relative to the optimal solution. The Vogel approximation method gain is shown by replacing it in the three‐step heuristic by simple round‐robin or greedy slot assignment. In terms of total throughput and fairness, it is shown that the proposed scheme is a good compromise between the greedy‐oriented schemes, which aspire to maximize the total system throughput but sacrificing fairness, and a proportional rate constraints scheme introduced in the literature that achieved short‐term fairness but penalizes the total throughput. The study also shows that the proposed scheme consumes a fraction of the time needed by the proportional rate constraints scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapamycin impairs UV induction of mutant‐p53 overexpressing cell clusters without affecting tumor onset
Authors: Voskamp P. , Bodmann C.A. , Rebel H.G. , Koehl G.E. , Tensen C.P. , Bouwes Bavinck J.N. , El Ghalbzouri A. , Van Kranen H.J. , Willemze R. , Geissler E.K. , De Gruijl F.R.
Published: December 2011

Because of its antitumor effect, the immunosuppressant rapamycin holds great promise for organ transplant recipients in that it may lower their cancer risk. In a mouse model, we showed previously that rapamycin inhibits the outgrowth of primary skin carcinomas induced by UV radiation. However, the tumors that did grow out showed an altered p53 mutation spectrum. Here, we investigated whether this shift in p53 mutations already occurred in the smallest tumors, which were not affected in onset. We found that rapamycin did not alter the mutational spectrum in small tumors and in preceding microscopic clusters of cells expressing mutant‐p53. However, rapamycin did reduce the number of these cell clusters. As this reduction did not affect tumor onset, we subsequently investigated whether rapamycin merely suppressed expression of mutated p53. This was not the case, as we could demonstrate that switching from a diet with rapamycin to one without, or vice versa, did not affect the number of existing mutant‐p53 expressing cell clusters. Hence, rapamycin actually reduced the formation of mutant‐p53 cell clusters. In wild‐type and p53‐mutant mice, we could not measure a significant enhancement of UV‐induced apoptosis, but we did observe clear enhancement in human skin equivalents. This was associated with a clear suppression of HIF1α accumulation. Thus, we conclude that rapamycin reduces the formation of mutant‐p53‐expressing cell clusters without affecting tumor onset, suggesting that tumors grow out of a minor subset of cell clusters, the formation of which is not affected by rapamycin.
The monocarboxylate transporter family—Role and regulation
Authors: Halestrap Andrew P. , Wilson Marieangela C.
Published: December 2011

Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) isoforms 1–4 catalyze the proton‐linked transport of monocarboxylates such as L‐lactate across the plasma membrane, whereas MCT8 and MCT10 are thyroid hormone and aromatic amino acid transporters, respectively. The importance of MCTs is becoming increasingly evident as their extensive physiological and pathological roles are revealed. MCTs 1–4 play essential metabolic roles in most tissues with their distinct properties, expression profile, and subcellular localization matching the particular metabolic needs of a tissue. Important metabolic roles include energy metabolism in the brain, skeletal muscle, heart, tumor cells, and T‐lymphocyte activation, gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney, spermatogenesis, bowel metabolism of short‐chain fatty acids, and drug transport. MCT8 is essential for thyroid hormone transport across the blood–brain barrier. Genetic perturbation of MCT function may be involved in disease states such as pancreatic β‐cell malfunction (inappropriate MCT1 expression), chronic fatigue syndromes (impairment of muscle MCT function), and psychomotor retardation (MCT8 mutation). MCT expression can be regulated at both the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Of particular importance is the upregulation of muscle MCT1 expression in response to training and MCT4 expression in response to hypoxia. The latter is mediated by hypoxia inducible factor 1α and often observed in tumor cells that rely almost entirely on glycolysis for their energy provision. The recent discovery of potent and specific MCT1 inhibitors that prevent proliferation of T‐lymphocytes confirms that MCTs may be promising pharmacological targets including for cancer chemotherapy. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2011.
The nucleocytoplasmic conflict, a driving force for the emergence of plant organellar RNA editing
Authors: Castandet Benoît , Araya Alejandro
Published: December 2011

RNA editing challenges the central dogma of molecular biology by changing the genetic information at the transcript level. In plant organelles, RNAs are modified by deamination of some specific cytosine residues, but the origin of this process remains puzzling. Different from the generally accepted neutral model to explain the emergence of RNA editing in plant organelles, we propose a new hypothesis based on the nucleocytoplasmic conflict theory. We assume that mutations in organellar genomes arose first and spread into the population provided they increased the transmission of their own maternally inherited genome. RNA editing appeared subsequently as a nuclear‐encoded correction mechanism to restore the transmission of the nuclear genome. In plants, a well‐known consequence of the nucleocytoplasmic conflict is cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) which is counteracted by the emergence of fertility restorer genes (Rf) belonging to the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family. Interestingly, RNA‐editing deficiency can lead to CMS, and it now clearly appears that PPR proteins are major players in RNA editing. This striking similarity between the mechanisms of fertility restoration and RNA editing can be explained if both reactions are the consequence of the same driving force, the nucleocytoplasmic conflict. Similarly, the prevalence of RNA editing in eukaryotic organellar genomes could also be a consequence of the genetic antagonism between organellar and nuclear genomes. © 2011 IUBMB Life, 2011
Characterization of hexacationic imidazolium ionic liquids as effective and highly stable gas chromatography stationary phases
Authors: González‐Álvarez Jaime , Blanco‐Gomis Domingo , Arias‐Abrodo Pilar , Díaz‐Llorente Daniel , Ríos‐Lombardía Nicolás , Busto Eduardo , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Gutiérrez‐Álvarez María D.
Published: December 2011

Polycationic ionic liquids (ILs) are an attractive class of ILs with great potential applicability as gas chromatography stationary phases. A family of hexacationic imidazolium ILs derived from the cycloalkanol family was chemically first prepared in a straightforward manner and then applied for analytical separation purposes. Four tuneable engineering vectors, namely cation ring size structure, anion nature, spatial disposition of cycloalkanol substituents and O‐substitution, were considered as experimental parameters for the design of the desired ionic liquids. A total number of five new phases based on a common benzene core respectively exhibited column efficiencies around to 2500 plates/m, broad operating temperature ranges and also, even more importantly, good thermal stabilities (bleeding temperature between 260 and 365°C), finding variations in the selectivity and analytes elution orders depending on the IL structures. Their solvation characteristics were evaluated using the Abraham solvation parameter model, establishing clear correlations between their cation structure and retention capability with respect to certain analytes. The study of relationships between the ILs structure and solvation parameters gives us an idea of the IL stationary phase to be used for specific separations.
On Σ11 equivalence relations over the natural numbers
Authors: Fokina Ekaterina B. , Friedman Sy‐David
Published: December 2011

We study the structure of Σ11 equivalence relations on hyperarithmetical subsets of ω under reducibilities given by hyperarithmetical or computable functions, called h‐reducibility and FF‐reducibility, respectively. We show that the structure is rich even when one fixes the number of properly \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\Sigma ^1_1\ \big ($\end{document}i.e., Σ11 but not \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\Delta ^1_1\big )$\end{document} equivalence classes. We also show the existence of incomparable Σ11 equivalence relations that are complete as subsets of ω × ω with respect to the corresponding reducibility on sets. We study complete Σ11 equivalence relations (under both reducibilities) and show that existence of infinitely many properly Σ11 equivalence classes that are complete as Σ11 sets (under the corresponding reducibility on sets) is necessary but not sufficient for a relation to be complete in the context of Σ11 equivalence relations.
Stereotypies: A critical appraisal and suggestion of a clinically useful definition
Authors: Edwards Mark J. , Lang Anthony E. , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: December 2011

The foundations of the clinical classification of movement disorders rest on the precise definition of the words used to describe the disorders. Here we argue that the current use of the term stereotypy falls well short of the precision needed for either clinical or academic use, and fails both to provide a clinically useful diagnostic category and to define a set of conditions that are linked pathophysiologically. The difficulty in defining this concept is not a new one as our review of the history of the term demonstrates. We synthesise this historical background, explore why clinicians have felt it necessary to use the category of stereotypy for certain movements rather than the related category of tics, discuss the multiple uses of the term in current research and clinical practice and on this basis suggest a new definition and classification. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Placebo effect characteristics observed in a single, international, longitudinal study in Huntington's disease
Authors: Cubo Esther , González Miguel , del Puerto Inés , de Yébenes Justo Garcia , Arconada Olga Fernández , Gabriel y Galán José María Trejo ,   on behalf of the European Huntington's Disease Initiative Study Group
Published: December 2011

Background:

Classically, clinical trials are based on the placebo‐control design. Our aim was to analyze the placebo effect in Huntington's disease.

Methods:

Placebo data were obtained from an international, longitudinal, placebo‐controlled trial for Huntington's disease (European Huntington's Disease Initiative Study Group). One‐hundred and eighty patients were evaluated using the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale over 36 months. A placebo effect was defined as an improvement of at least 50% over baseline scores in the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale, and clinically relevant when at least 10% of the population met it.

Results:

Only behavior showed a significant placebo effect, and the proportion of the patients with placebo effect ranged from 16% (first visit) to 41% (last visit). Nondepressed patients with better functional status were most likely to be placebo‐responders over time.

Conclusions:

In Huntington's disease, behavior seems to be more vulnerable to placebo than overall motor function, cognition, and function © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
β‐Carotene and lycopene affect endothelial response to TNF‐α reducing nitro‐oxidative stress and interaction with monocytes
Authors: Di Tomo Pamela , Canali Raffaella , Ciavardelli Domenico , Di Silvestre Sara , De Marco Alessandro , Giardinelli Annalisa , Pipino Caterina , Di Pietro Natalia , Virgili Fabio , Pandolfi Assunta
Published: December 2011

Scope

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with vascular oxidative imbalance and inflammation. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is associated with a functional inactivation of nitric oxide (NO) due to the reaction with O−2, leading to peroxynitrite (ONOO−) formation and subsequent reduction in the beneficial effect of vascular NO bioavailability. Carotenoids'‐rich diets have been associated with decreased risk of CVD, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown.

Methods and results

In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), both β‐carotene (BC) or lycopene (Lyc) significantly affected tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐induced inflammation, being associated with a significant decrease in the generation of ROS (spectrofluorometry) and nitrotyrosine (an index of ONOO− formation, cytofluorimetry), an increased NO/cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) levels (EIA), and a down‐regulation of NF‐κB‐dependent adhesion molecule expression (Western blot and EMSA) and monocyte–HUVEC interaction (adhesion assay). Our results indicate that BC or Lyc treatment reduce the inflammatory response in TNF‐α‐treated HUVECs. This is due to the redox balance protection and to the maintenance of NO bioavailability.

Conclusion

Our observations provide background for a novel mechanism for carotenoids' anti‐inflammatory activity in the vasculature and may contribute to a better understanding of the protective effects of carotenoid‐rich diets against CVD risk.
Metabolomics for measuring phytochemicals, and assessing human and animal responses to phytochemicals, in food science
Authors: McGhie Tony K. , Rowan Daryl D.
Published: December 2011

Metabolomics, comprehensive metabolite analysis, is finding increasing application as a tool to measure and enable the manipulation of the phytochemical content of foods, to identify the measures of dietary intake, and to understand human and animal responses to phytochemicals in the diet. Recent applications of metabolomics directed toward understanding the role of phytochemicals in food and nutrition are reviewed.
k‐t sparse GROWL: Sequential combination of partially parallel imaging and compressed sensing in k‐t space using flexible virtual coil
Authors: Huang Feng , Lin Wei , Duensing George R. , Reykowski Arne
Published: December 2011

Because dynamic MR images are often sparse in x‐f domain, k‐t space compressed sensing (k‐t CS) has been proposed for highly accelerated dynamic MRI. When a multichannel coil is used for acquisition, the combination of partially parallel imaging and k‐t CS can improve the accuracy of reconstruction. In this work, an efficient combination method is presented, which is called k‐t sparse Generalized GRAPPA fOr Wider readout Line. One fundamental aspect of this work is to apply partially parallel imaging and k‐t CS sequentially. A partially parallel imaging technique using a Generalized GRAPPA fOr Wider readout Line operator is adopted before k‐t CS reconstruction to decrease the reduction factor in a computationally efficient way while preserving temporal resolution. Channel combination and relative sensitivity maps are used in the flexible virtual coil scheme to alleviate the k‐t CS computational load with increasing number of channels. Using k‐t FOCUSS as a specific example of k‐t CS, the experiments with Cartesian and radial data sets demonstrate that k‐t sparse Generalized GRAPPA fOr Wider readout Line can produce results with two times lower root‐mean‐square error than conventional channel‐by‐channel k‐t CS while consuming up to seven times less computational cost. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and transit time with turbo dynamic arterial spin labeling (Turbo‐DASL): Application to functional studies
Authors: Meng Yuguang , Wang Ping , Kim Seong‐Gi
Published: December 2011

A turbo dynamic arterial spin labeling method (Turbo‐DASL) was developed to simultaneously measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood transit time with high temporal resolution. With Turbo‐DASL, images were repeatedly acquired with a spiral readout after small‐angle excitations during pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling and control periods. Turbo‐DASL experiments at 9.4 T without and with diffusion gradients were performed on rats anesthetized with isoflurane or α‐chloralose. We determined blood transit times from carotid arteries to cortical arterial vessels (TTa) from data obtained without diffusion gradients and to capillaries (TTc) from data obtained with diffusion gradients. Cerebral arterial blood volume (CBVa) was also calculated. At the baseline condition, both CBF and CBVa in the somatosensory cortical area were 40–50% less in rats with α‐chloralose than in rats with isoflurane, while TTa and TTc were similar for both anesthetics. Absolute CBF and CBVa were positively correlated, while CBF and TTc were slightly negatively correlated. During forepaw stimulation, CBF increase was 15 ± 3% (n = 7) vs. 60 ± 7% (n = 5), and CBVa increase was 19 ± 9% vs. 46 ± 17% under isoflurane vs. α‐chloralose anesthesia, respectively; CBF vs. CBVa changes were highly correlated. However, TTa and TTc were not significantly changed during stimulation. Our results support that arterial CBV increase plays a major role in functional CBF changes. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The assessment of the quality of the graft in an animal model for lung transplantation using the metabolomics 1H high‐resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Benahmed Malika A. , Santelmo Nicola , Elbayed Karim , Frossard Nelly , Noll Eric , Canuet Mathieu , Pottecher Julien , Diemunsch Pierre , Piotto Martial , Massard Gilbert , Namer Izzie J.
Published: December 2011

Standards are needed to control the quality of the lungs from nonheart‐beating donors as potential grafts. This was here assessed using the metabolomics 1H high‐resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Selective perfusion of the porcine bilung block was set up 30 min after cardiac arrest with cold Perfadex®. Lung alterations were analyzed at 3, 6, and 8 h of cold ischemia as compared to baseline and to nonperfused lung. Metabolomics analysis of lung biopsies allowed identification of 35 metabolites. Levels of the majority of the metabolites increased over time at 4°C without perfusion, indicating cellular degradation, whereas levels of glutathione decreased. When lung was perfused at 4°C, levels of the majority of the metabolites remained stable, including levels of glutathione. Levels of uracil by contrast showed a reverse profile, as its signal increased over time in the absence of perfusion while being totally absent in perfused samples. Our results showed glutathione and uracil as potential biomarkers for the quality of the lung. The metabolomics 1H high‐resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy can be efficiently applied for the assessment of the quality of the lung as an original technique characterized by a rapid assessment of intact biopsy samples without extraction and can be implemented in hospital environment. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of lumbar intervertebral disc abnormalities at 3.0 Tesla: value of T2 texture features and geometric parameters
Authors: Mayerhoefer Marius E. , Stelzeneder David , Bachbauer Werner , Welsch Goetz H. , Mamisch Tallal C. , Szczypinski Piotr , Weber Michael , Peters Nicky H. G. M. , Fruehwald‐Pallamar Julia , Puchner Stefan , Trattnig Siegfried
Published: December 2011

T2 relaxation time mapping provides information about the biochemical status of intervertebral discs. The present study aimed to determine whether texture features extracted from T2 maps or geometric parameters are sensitive to the presence of abnormalities at the posterior aspect of lumbar intervertebral discs, i.e. bulging and herniation. Thirty‐one patients (21 women and 10 men; age range 18–51 years) with low back pain were enrolled. MRI of the lumbar spine at 3.0 Tesla included morphological T1‐ and T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo sequences, and multi‐echo spin‐echo sequences that were used to construct T2 maps. On morphological MRI, discs were visually graded into ‘normal’, ‘bulging’ or ‘herniation’. On T2 maps, texture analysis (based on the co‐occurrence matrix and wavelet transform) and geometry analysis of the discs were performed. The three T2 texture features and geometric parameters best‐suited for distinguishing between normal discs and discs with bulging or herniation were determined using Fisher coefficients. Statistical analysis comprised ANCOVA and post hoc t‐tests. Eighty‐two discs were classified as ‘normal’, 49 as ‘bulging’ and 20 showed ‘herniation.’ The T2 texture features Entropy and Difference Variance, and all three pre‐selected geometric parameters differed significantly between normal and bulging, normal and herniated, and bulging and herniated discs (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that T2 texture features and geometric parameters are sensitive to the presence of abnormalities at the posterior aspect of lumbar intervertebral discs, and may thus be useful as quantitative biomarkers that predict disease. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing mitochondrial respiration in isolated hearts using 17O MRS
Authors: Lu Ming , Atthe Bharath , Mateescu Gheorghe D. , Flask Chris A. , Yu Xin
Published: December 2011

The application of 17O MRI and MRS for the evaluation of cardiac mitochondrial function has been limited because of the challenge of detecting metabolic H217O in the vast background of naturally abundant H217O. In this study, we have developed a direct 17O MRS approach to examine the feasibility and sensitivity of detecting metabolically produced H217O in isolated rat hearts perfused with 17O2‐enriched Krebs–Henseleit buffer containing normal (1.5 mm) and high (2.5 mm) calcium (Ca2+) concentrations to induce high workload. Consistent with increased workload at high Ca2+ concentration, the measured myocardial oxygen consumption rate (MVO2) increased by 82%. Dynamic 17O MRS showed an accelerated increase in the H217O signal at high Ca2+ concentration, suggesting increased mitochondrial production of H217O in concordance with the increased workload. A compartment model was developed to describe the kinetics of H217O production as a function of MVO2. The myocardial 17O2 consumption rate (MV17O2) was determined by least‐squares fitting of the model to the NMR‐measured H217O concentration. Consistent with the measured MVO2, the model‐determined MV17O2 showed a 92% increase at high Ca2+ concentration. The increase in metabolic activity at high workload allowed the balance between ATP production and utilization to be maintained, leading to a similar phosphocreatine to ATP ratio. These results demonstrate that dynamic 17O MRS can provide a valuable tool for the detection of an altered metabolic rate associated with a change in cardiac workload. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed FEM of higher‐order for a frictional contact problem
Authors: Schröder Andreas
Published: December 2011

This paper presents mixed finite element methods of higher‐order for an idealized frictional contact problem in linear elasticity. The approach relies on a saddle point formulation where the frictional contact condition is captured by a Lagrange multiplier. The convergence of the mixed scheme is proven and some a priori estimates for the h‐ and p‐method are derived. Furthermore, a posteriori error estimates are presented which rely on the estimation of the discretization error of an auxiliary problem and some further terms capturing the error in the friction and complementary conditions. Numerical results confirm the applicability of the a posteriori error estimates within h‐ and hp‐adaptive schemes. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radial spreading and stability of a thin rotating liquid droplet
Authors: Boettcher Konrad , Holbach Alexander , Ehrhard Peter
Published: December 2011

Thin‐film flows are involved in many coating processes, where it is desirable to achieve thin and homogeneous fluid layers. In the present investigations, we treat droplets, spreading on rotating solid substrates. Micro‐scale effects appear, firstly, at the wetting front, where the film height tends to zero. Secondly, micro‐scale effects may appear at other locations, where the free liquid/gas‐interface approaches the solid substrate, as e.g. at film rupture. For such situations, molecular effects need to be considered, e.g. in form of the disjoining pressure (DJP), to get physically‐correct solutions. Otherwise, the spreading can be modeled within the frame of continuum mechanics, augmented by the (empirical) law of Tanner to capture the contact‐line dynamics.

We present, on the one hand, an overview of several interesting issues, as (i) spreading with and without considering the DJP, (ii) spreading after central rupture, including hysteresis effects, and (iii) non‐isothermal spreading, including temperature‐dependent surface tension (Marangoni effect) and temperature‐dependent density (Rayleigh‐Bénard effect). On the other hand, we present results for the instability of the contact line, for which the contact line gets corrugated (under isothermal conditions). This instability goes along with a transition from (rotationally‐symmetric) two‐dimensional to three‐dimensional behavior. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using Multibody Systems for the Investigation of Dynamic Aberrations in High Precision Optics
Authors: Eberhard Peter , Wengert Nicolai
Published: December 2011

The coupling of multibody system dynamics and optical simulations by using ray tracing through moving lens systems will be summarized for both rigid and flexible lens systems. Furthermore, a method will be introduced for efficient simulations in the time domain. This method provides a direct integration of the optical simulation into the equations of motion of a multibody system. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamical analysis of the rotor system
Authors: Rendlova Zdenka
Published: December 2011

This paper aims at creating a mathematical model of a bending oscillation rotor system which enables to execute a dynamical analysis of its vibration including the influence of nonlinear bearing characteristics. More specifically, using the finite element method the model of rotating system supported by four hydrodynamic bearings was created. The basic dynamical analysis of the rotor system was performed and the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and stability conditions were evaluated. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vibration action on the human body into a tramway in traveling
Authors: Jurco Simona , Arghir Mariana
Published: December 2011

This article presents the vibration action on the human body found in a tram travel, where made the vibration measurements. Also presented a mathematical model with two degrees of freedom. Finally a comparison was made between the results obtained from measurements and the results of integration. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Responses Study of the Seated Human Body Exposed to Vertical Vibration in Various Automotive Postures
Authors: Rodean Simona , Arghir Mariana , Rodean Claudiu Paul , Rodean Cristian George
Published: December 2011

In a seated posture into an autovehicle, humans are most sensitive to whole‐body vibrations under low‐frequency excitation. This research is focused only on the effect of the backrest angle on the biodynamic response functions. In this paper there are present the results of investigations for 10 participants, whose mean body mass was 61.4 kg. For the biodynamic responses of a seated human body subjected to vertical vibrations, three automotive postures was study: without backrest support, with backrest inclined 7° and respectively 15°, by measurement of transmitted vibration in two different situations: with belt and respectively without this. Knowledge of human responses to vibration provides information about the position of backrest support to mitigate vibration transmitted through the body ensuring the health, comfort and performance. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vibration by shocks of the human bodies in the working spaces
Authors: Saramet S. Camelia , Arghir Mariana
Published: December 2011

The paper contains the transmitted vibrations produce by shocks to the human bodies into the working space.There are the methods for measuring the vibration experiments transmitted through the shock of the human body by the foundation of forging hammer. There are the results given by the different sorts of accelerations into to special conditions of work in the working space. They are of the vibrometer adding the three directions accelerometer. In this way can be analyze taking into account the vibrations action over the human bodies under the action of the equipment in the working space produced by shocks. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computational modelling of drug infusion into the anisotropic white‐matter tracts of the human brain
Authors: Wagner Arndt , Ehlers Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Unfortunately, the human brain is compromised by an amount of brain diseases, such as strokes or cerebral tumours. In this contribution, special attention is paid to the constitutive modelling procedure and the numerical simulation of the so‐called convection‐enhanced delivery process, where an effective treatment of malignant brain tumours is achieved by bypassing the blood‐brain barrier via a direct infusion of therapeutic agents into the extra‐vascular space of the brain tissue using implanted catheters. The modelling approach of the complex brain‐tissue aggregate proceeds from the Theory of Porous Media including an elastically deformable solid skeleton, provided by the tissue cells and the vascular walls. The tissue is permeated by two liquid phases, the blood and the interstitial fluid. In order to describe a distribution process of the inserted drugs, the interstitial fluid phase is treated as a chemical solution of two components, the liquid solvent and the dissolved therapeutic solute. The inhomogeneous anisotropic nature of the white‐matter tracts is considered by spatially varying permeability tensors, obtained by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The strongly coupled solid‐liquid transport problem is simultaneously approximated in all primary unknowns using mixed finite elements and solved in a monolithic manner with an implicit time‐integration scheme. The numerical investigation is applied to un‐bloody numerical studies. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiscale Modeling for the Simulation of Damage Processes at Refractory Materials under Thermal Shock
Authors: Henneberg Dimitri , Ricoeur Andreas
Published: December 2011

Refractory materials, for example ceramic materials, initially contain a multitude of defects such as voids, microcracks, grain boundaries etc. The deformation process and failure mechanisms due to thermal shock at high temperatures above 1000°C are going along with the creation of new micro defects as well as the growth and coalescence of cracks. A material damage model based on the theoretical concept of damage mechanics and the mechanics of microcracks is presented in this paper. Cell models are developed as representative volume elements (RVE) including crack initiation and growth as well as microstructural shielding effects. For simple configurations of the microstructure, the relation between stress, strain and temperature is derived from analytical considerations. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A RVE‐based micro mechanical model for short fiber reinforced plastic materials including matrix damage and fiber fracture
Authors: Hoffmann S. , André M. , Rodríguez Sśnchez A. , Mueller R.
Published: December 2011

The representative volume element (RVE) method is applied to a fiber reinforced polymer material undergoing matrix damage and fiber fracture. Results of RVE computations are compared to uniaxial tensile tests performed with the composite material. It is shown that the macroscopic behavior of the composite material can accurately be predicted by RVE computations. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastodynamic Contact Problems for Interface Cracks under Harmonic Loading
Authors: Mikucka Vita , Menshykov Oleksandr , Menshykova Maryna
Published: December 2011

2‐D fracture dynamics' problems for elastic bimaterials with cracks located at the bonding interface under the oblique time harmonic wave are considered in the study. The system of boundary integral equations for displacements and tractions is derived from Somigliana identity taking the contact interaction of the opposite crack faces into account. For the numerical solution the collocation method with piecewise constant approximation is used. The numerical results are obtained for various values of the angle of the wave incidence and the wave frequency taking the friction effects into account. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermodynamically and variationally consistent cohesive zone models for large deformation
Authors: Mosler Joern , Scheider Ingo
Published: December 2011

The thermodynamical and variational consistency of cohesive zone models is analyzed in the present contribution. Based on a naive application of the classical Coleman & Noll procedure, it is shown that the second law of thermodynamics is not fulfilled in general. This can even be seen, in case of hyperelastic interfaces. For guaranteeing thermomechanical consistency, additional surface stresses acting at the interface have to be introduced. Based on such findings, a thermomechanically consistent model including dissipative effects is proposed. This model possesses a natural variational structure. More precisely, all state variables can naturally and jointly be computed by minimizing an incrementally defined potential. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)