bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leire og keramikk i norske læreplaner
Authors: Kvalbein Åse , Småland Erik G.
Published: January 2023

Framstilling av keramikk er blant de eldste menneskelige ferdighetene, og kulturmaterialene leire og keramikk har vært med i norske læreplaner i om lag hundre år. Men i løpet av denne tiden har fokus i læreplanene skiftet. Derfor har denne studien som mål å belyse i hvilken grad, på hvilken måte og i hvilken faglig kontekst ordene leire og keramikk har vært brukt i de norske læreplanene fra perioden 1922 til 2020. Det inkluderte datamaterialet er norske læreplaner som i denne perioden forholder seg til leire som materiale for lek, leire som håndverkstradisjonog leire som materiale for kunstneriske uttrykk. Læreplanene er undersøkt gjennom en tekstanalyse med utgangspunkt i Goodlad og Gundem sine læreplanteorier. Resultatene viser at det har vært betydelige svingninger i referansene til leire i læreplanene, og i hva leire relateres til. Bortsett fra at leire alltid nevnes i forbindelse med småskolen, er det ingen rød tråd gjennom planene som viser et konsekvent forhold til de tre tradisjonene for bruk av leire som undersøkes i denne studien; materiale for lek; materiale i håndverk eller som kunstnerisk materiale. Bruken fremstår som inkonsekvent og tilfeldig. Studien viser også at leire fra starten av perioden har hatt en annen inngang i fagutviklingen enn tegning, tekstil og tre. I første halvdel av den undersøkte tidsperioden har leire en posisjon i tverrfaglig arbeid med fri modellering og materiallek som arbeidsmetode. I de ulike planene kan vi ellers se en veksling mellom leire som utgangspunkt for lek, leire som materiale knyttet til håndverkstradisjoner eller leire som medium for kunstneriske uttrykk.
“Please, Sandy, No More”
Authors: Perkiss Abigail
Published: January 2023

This chapter narrates the time when Hurricane Sandy made landfall in Atlantic City and the storm's winds swept up the coast and into the triangle of the Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays. It looks at the story of Mary Jane and Roger Michalak, married forty-seven years, who realized that they wouldn't be able to raise themselves through a hole in their attic and instead sat down on their bed together, waiting for the water to wash over them. The chapter chronicles the day of the storm: the darkening skies and the winds kicking up, the Bayshore residents' fear rising with the waves. It offers insight into how we prepare for, survive, and respond to a disaster. These experiences at once reveal the human toll of disaster and the human capacity for resilience. The chapter shows a portrait of a devastating storm and of the network of relationships as victims, volunteers, and state and federal agencies came together afterward to rebuild.
Disruptions
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter talks about Pierre Jay, a prosperous merchant who conducted business from La Rochelle on France's Atlantic coast and had cosmopolitan impulses. Pierre Jay sent his eighteen-year-old son Auguste to Africa in 1683, but, according to John Jay's writings, the purpose was unknown. It is believed that John Jay did not want to confront the distinct possibility that the Pierre Jays' business in Africa had something to do with slavery. The chapter explores the part Pierre and Auguste Jay took in a process through which Europeans probed for profit on a continent increasingly integrated into a burgeoning Atlantic trading system in which the sale of Africans featured significantly. It details how the Jays' story would intertwine with the people who survived or whose forebears survived brutal ocean crossings on ships like the Etoile d'Or and the Conquis in North America.
Trampling Underfoot
Authors: Donkin Lucy
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on trampling, which was represented visually and textually more than it was experienced in reality. Concentrating particularly on the holy underfoot, the chapter demonstrates its role in interaction between different religious and confessional groups and shows how differing attitudes to images modulated how the action might be understood. It also argues that places wherein trampling took place tended to involve objects placed on the ground or reused in the pavement specifically in order to be trodden on. The chapter identifies a discourse of trampling, which not only featured metaphors of triumph but also included accusations of trampling on holy things. In time, place, and medium, trampling was relatively remote from the creation and use of medieval ecclesiastical pavements.
Between the Living and the Dead
Authors: Donkin Lucy
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the stratigraphic ensemble that has been built up over several works, namely the bodies of the dead below ground. The chapter explores the norm of the baptized body in the holy ground of the consecrated church or cemetery, confirming how this configuration might be disrupted miraculously. On the one hand, corpses of excommunicates might be expelled from and by the ground itself, while on the other hand, saintly remains could be revealed in order to be elevated. The chapter covers the bodies of the living above ground, discussing requests to be buried beneath particular people and places. It addresses holy remains below ground, demonstrating the role of bodies standing and kneeling above them in bringing them to light.
Conclusion
Authors: Donkin Lucy
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the ground as a material entity and as a support for human activity and a subject of textual and visual discourse. It reveals how the ground played an extensive, multifaceted role within medieval Christianity, defining people as well as places. Although some continuities exist, differences in the way in which the surface is valued and treated today have likely conditioned the general population to overlook its significance in the past. The chapter restores a medieval perspective by demonstrating the importance of engagement with the surface of the ground across a range of contexts. Medieval Christians laid down paving of various kinds, spread the ground with textiles and vegetation, and marked it with designs in ashes.
The Buddha’s Nature
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the nature of Buddhism. It starts with the Buddha's multifaceted interactions with nāgas which provides further understanding of the overall roles of natural beings in the Buddha's life. Moreover, nāgas articulate their personhood by practising Buddhism in sometimes surprising ways, while Buddha's personhood relationships with nonhumans arose with ambivalence as it does not provide evidence of nature mysticism. The chapter highlights the relevance of nāgas to meat eating and farming in India. It also discusses the previous lives of Gautama Buddha, which gave rise to the widespread use of ahimsa and animals as symbols within Buddhist scriptures. Additionally, the Buddha's teachings and example demonstrate the importance of maintaining respectful personhood friendships with nonhuman natural beings.
Beautiful Thai Buffaloes
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the notion of Thai Buddhism. Three Worlds according to King Ruang offered a lasting blueprint for Thai Buddhists regarding a standard Theravāda cosmology that involved realms of sensual desires, remnant material factors, and no material factors. Since Thai religiosity involved a plethora of nature spirits, wandering Thai monastics would lead rituals for local nature deities, while other monks renounced them and triggered a sense of the cultural tensions that affected the lives of the saints of the golden age of Thai forest monastics. Moreover, forest monks often believed that local spirits disguised themselves as animals to test meditators. The chapter explores the narratives of Thai monks Phra Achan Man Phurithatto and Achan Lee Dhammadharo, which showcased a simultaneous sense of human superiority and human harmony with natural beings. It also tackles the existence of personhood arguments for Buddhist vegetarianism despite the dynamic relational animism that permeates the Thai religious world.
Eating the Enlightened Plants of China
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses Chinese Buddhism and its correlation to the mutually symbiotic interactions in China of the Three Doctrines (sanjiao) of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. It starts with Xuyun's life highlighting the fundamental aspect of Chinese Buddhist attitudes toward nonhuman nature. The Chinese cultural realm consists of a diversity of attitudes toward and approaches to the natural world and companionship. The chapter also elaborates on the practice of fengshui, which expressed a sense of human intimacy with the natural world. The altitude of sacred mountains is central to fengshui's theory and practice. Moreover, the chapter references the story of King Wu of Liang to expound on the concept of Chinese Buddhist vegetarianism. It explains how Shaolin monastics highlight nature mysticism as a significant feature of Chinese Buddhism.
Introduction
Authors: Menon Kalyani Devaki
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter explores narratives which act as a material force that makes place for Muslims in contemporary India. These are narratives that insist that individuals are not just Muslims and Hindus, but that they can also be Dilliwale, those denizens of Delhi who share a commitment to a place, to a people, and to a life that cannot be reduced only to the religious. Living through the violence of partition, the increasing political and economic marginalization of Indian Muslims in postcolonial India, and the Hindu-majoritarian politics and anti-Muslim violence that dominates the sociopolitical landscape of the country today, the chapter shows how Aamir Sahib and others like him narrate histories of a city and empire in which religious identity did not determine political belonging, and where cultural traditions and friendships transcended religious boundaries. In so doing, they make place for Muslims by disrupting majoritarian constructions of India as a Hindu place that positions upper-caste Hindus as the normative national subject. Such narratives enable one to question the use of difference as an analytic to understand culture and religion, and to focus instead on how people make place for themselves amid and across difference.
Conclusion
Authors: Menon Kalyani Devaki
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter takes a look at the dire state of affairs for Old Delhi Muslims as of the 2019 general elections in India. At the same time the chapter explains that making place is not about winning an election. Places are made through the everyday acts of individuals; they are the residua, the traces left behind. Such traces are left through narratives that materialize particular understandings of the past and the present, through religious acts that operationalize distinct visions of community and belonging, and through cultural performances and gestures that situate individuals firmly in place. Making place when one is staring at what one hopes is rock bottom is about refusing erasure and waiting for the next time—“again.” Here, the chapter discusses all the ways the people whose stories are discussed in this book persist in making their place against all odds.
“Things Odious or Immoral”
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the role of slaves and slavery in the War of 1812 as historians find the suggestion to protect American slavery as a potential contributing cause of the war. The disposition of slaves was one of the most refractory of the unsettled issues in Britain which concerns the Treaty of Paris and the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War. The chapter looks into the issue of slaves being offered a risky escape to British lines with a promise of freedom in line with the war. The escaped slaves played a significant role in Washington's policy toward Spanish East Florida in the wake of the War of 1812. The chapter highlights the entrenchment of slavery within American foreign policy as its orientation addressed the interests of the institution and those who would benefit from it.
’Tis Ill to Fear”
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the American responses to the Haitian Revolution, which simultaneously acted as an anticolonial revolution and a slave uprising. It notes the perception of slavery as a national security issue. International politics of the great powers and trade interests complicated the picture for American policymakers, who wanted to avoid conflict with Britain, alienation of France, or loss of markets. However, America's failure to extend recognition to the newly liberated nation to the south indicates that slavery would continue to be an issue for US policymakers for decades to come. The chapter then expounds on First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's decision to restore slavery in Saint-Domingue.
The Perils of “In-Betweenness”
Authors: Way Henry
Published: January 2023

This chapter gives an account of growth-induced tensions in Harrisonburg, Virginia. Harrisonburg's recent population growth has been fueled by an influx of immigrants, including refugees, and the dramatic expansion of James Madison University. It shows how the city in Virginia has invested in rehabilitating its downtown with the aim of drawing economic activity to the community. Employing the lens of human geography, the chapter takes note of the tensions arising in areas such as infrastructure improvements, public transportation, and education. It highlights two key factors contributing to Harrisonburg's difficulties, both of which are characteristic of many small cities: the first is the city's in-between status and second is the lack of coordination among the interests spearheading the city's growth-inducing trends.
Building Civic Infrastructure in Smaller Cities
Authors: Dawicki Colleen
Published: January 2023

This chapter reports on the Boston Federal Reserve's Working Cities Challenge, an initiative designed to help economically struggling cities across New England pursue redevelopment opportunities. The initiative stresses the development of civic infrastructure in cities, which is defined as high-capacity leaders, organizations, and networks mobilizing residents and resources to pursue a shared vision of community redevelopment. The chapter describes development tools made available to cities seeking to assess and build their own civic infrastructures in the service of promoting economic growth and opportunity. Some of the tools have been piloted in the winning cities, all of which provide communities with important insights into their own civic infrastructures.
Asymmetric Local Employment Multipliers, Agglomeration, and the Disappearance of Footloose Jobs
Authors: Hicks Michael J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter digs into a different body of data to consider the utility of employment multipliers, a key measure of the impact of business attraction efforts by local economic development leaders. It talks about how traditional economic development thinking has assumed that the value of luring a new business to town or adding a new product line to a local factory extended beyond the new positions it opened up. The added jobs presumably had a multiplier effect as new employees increased spending on local goods and services, thus generating economic growth across the community. The chapter indicates that the benefits from landing a new plant or from the substantial expansion of an existing operation have diminished over time but that the negative impact of losing employment has increased. It analyzes claims that points away from the customary business-attraction model that has dominated small-city economic development thinking.
An American Brothel
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This book considers sexual encounters between American servicemen and civilians throughout the Vietnam War, and it places those fraught and sometimes violent meetings in the context of the US military and diplomatic campaigns. In 1966, US Senator J. William Fulbright declared that “Saigon has become an American brothel.” Concerned that, as US military involvement in Vietnam increased so, too, had prostitution, black market economies, and a drug trade fueled by American dollars, Fulbright decried an arrogance of power on the part of Americans and the corrosive effects unchecked immorality could have on Vietnam as well as on the war effort. The symbol, at home and abroad, of the sweeping social and cultural changes was often the so-called South Vietnamese bar girl. As the war progressed, the behavior of soldiers off the battlefield started to impact affect the conflict more broadly. Beyond the brothel, shocking revelations of rapes and the increase in marriage applications complicated how the South Vietnamese and American allies cooperated and managed social behavior. Strictures on how soldiers conducted themselves during rest and relaxation time away from battle further eroded morale of disaffected servicemen. The South Vietnamese were loath to loosen moral restrictions and feared deleterious influence of a permissive Western culture on their society. From the consensual to the coerced, sexual encounters shaped the Vietnam War. The book shows that these encounters restructured the South Vietnamese economy, captivated international attention, dictated military policies, and hung over diplomatic relations during and after the war.
Ordinary Ghosting
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into desubjugation forming new perspectives that enabled critical agency. It follows the story of Amalia, a nurse whose salary was cut despite the increasing working hours and sick people in the clinic. People with privileges took advantage of the changing policies to improve their stances and careers at the cost of other people. According to anthropologists, crises provide conditions of possibility for the coalescence of supportive networks of actors part of cooperative social formations or apparatuses in response to external. The chapter looks into an alternative terrain of the present defined by compassion and inessential commonality being challenged by neoliberal governmentality.
Common Matters
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses how awkwardness could be triggered by new critical perspectives cultivated by normative violence frequently recorded from migrants within/of the sovereign debt crisis. It elaborates on the life story of Samba and Taj, who have an awkward work relationship with their emplyoyer, working in his scrap-metal-collecting business. The awkwardness in the relationship revolved around care and violence that characterized Athenian spaces that evoked potentializing solace. The chapter also acknowledges how economic opportunity continued to disappear and precarity intensified across Athens. It highlights the significance of trust in the possibility of hope and as a catalyst of radical non-normative subjectivities. According to Lauren Berlant's consensual rubrics, sharing of hardship inflicted by neoliberal policies establishes spaces of intelligibility that reconstitute individual experiences as shared matters.
Radical Possibility
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter tackles the desire to return to social action and participate in the daily life of a shelter for migrants. It defines the shelter as a co-cooperative site of concurrent solace and potentialization grounded largely on the ethic of finding ways. Moreover, the conceptualization of the site brings the established understanding of solidarity and community. The chapter also notes the influence of interweaving experiences which resulted in a topological reformation of society and new terrain for remapping politics. It then considers the shelter as a broader social space for communicating and locating hope through stronger inessential, anti-foundationalist sentiment and expanded practice despite being initially an awkward site. Moreover, the shelter proved to nurture resilience.
Rubber in French Indochina
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the social, historical, economic, and political foundations that gave rise to large-scale rubber production in Indochina. It primarily focuses on Cochinchina but also draws on examples from the Cambodian protectorate as large-scale rubber plantations were located along the borders of these territories. The chapter then elaborates on the historical development of rubber production and trade, which was one of the first large-scale commodity crops to be cultivated on the Cambodia–Vietnam frontier during the period of French colonization. The chapter reveals that this phase of market formation was facilitated by early processes of knowledge production, rubber's importance for state formation, and global political-economic transitions sparking the 1920s Indochinese rubber boom. The chapter highlights that state facilitation of rubber production certainly did not amount to control or a capacity to govern the specific direction or outcomes of the rubber trade. It then analyses the development of rubber production in Indochina, its mutually reinforcing role in state formation, and how international political-economic transitions and local land and labor challenges ultimately rendered this commodity network ungovernable.
Market Formation in Tbong Khmum Province
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter turns from large-scale plantations to smallholders, a category of farmer that is often defined by their relatively small landholdings, ownership and operation at the household level, and varying degrees of market integration. By tracing market transitions from the colonial era to the time of the author's field research in Tbong Khmum province during 2016, the chapter argues that the province is a continually “reinvented” frontier in the sense described by Rasmussen and Lund: a space where new agricultural commodities are continually emerging and taking hold. The chapter presents examples of how the market's intersecting commodity networks mature over time. It reviews how the actions of farmers and these other actors have shaped specific commodity networks and, through these, contributed to the ongoing formation of the frontier market. The chapter then illustrates how the diversification of the Tbong Khmum case deepens the hold and complexity of the market—from single commodity networks to a market rhizome—while migration expands commodity markets into new locations.
Frontier Rupture
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the disruptive synergies between smallholder agriculture, largescale plantations, and other landscape transitions in Mondulkiri. Focusing on two settlements in Mondulkiri, the chapter tracks the emergence of a postboom rupture at the site of a large rubber concession, which interacts with accumulated environmental and social pressures, such as debt, soil, and resource exhaustion. It shows how the disparate social groups experience the effects of these transformations differently. The chapter then jumps to demonstrate how land and migration interact with smallholder crop booms and economic land concessions (ELCs) for rubber. It then discusses the lowland village of Phum Prambei, and illustrates how a combination of smallholder markets, timber extraction, ELCs, land depletion, and debt have escalated livelihood pressures and environmental change.
Essential Ecology of Scavengers
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the essential ecosystem function of microbial decomposition and carrion consumption by scavengers. Decomposers are single-celled, saprophytic or saprozoic organisms, including bacteria, which feed extracellularly on dead material on-site. Scavengers are multicellular organisms, including both invertebrates and vertebrates, which feed on the fragments of carcasses, either on-site or elsewhere. The ecological actions of decomposers and scavengers as elemental recyclers serve to recapture and supply the raw materials that other ecological entities, including plants and consumers, need to maintain the energetic processes of primary and secondary productivity necessary to sustain the long-term continuity of ecological systems. Although many carnivorous vertebrates are facultative scavengers that sometimes feed on carrion, the world's vultures are the only truly obligate vertebrate scavengers, species that feed almost entirely on carrion and that require carrion for their livelihoods.
Species Descriptions and Life Histories
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the various species of obligate scavenging birds of prey and their life histories. Vultures are widespread geographically; their populations are most numerous and their diversity highest in tropical and subtropical regions. Substantial differences in both the distributions and the abundances of individual species occur, and together with their different phylogenies and their anatomical and behavioral characteristics, all species distinguish themselves as unique biological entities. New World vultures include the Black Vulture, Turkey Vulture, Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture, Greater Yellow-headed Vulture, King Vulture, California Condor, and Andean Condor. Old World vultures include the Palm-nut Vulture, Bearded Vulture, Egyptian Vulture, Hooded Vulture, Indian Vulture, Slender-billed Vulture, White-rumped Vulture, Griffon Vulture, Rüppell's Vulture, Himalayan Vulture, White-backed Vulture, Cape Vulture, Red-headed Vulture, White-headed Vulture, Cinereous Vulture, and Lappet-faced Vulture.
Food Finding and Feeding Behavior
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on food finding and feeding behavior of vultures. Carrion is neither as scarce nor as unpredictable as many scientists suggest, and vultures are well adapted to secure it. Vultures require and use low-cost, non-flapping, soaring flight to fly long distances when engaged in low-cost searching flight. Moreover, they use sight while searching for carrion. A few species also use smell and possibly sound to locate carrion and other nutritional resources. The chapter then explains how social facilitation resulting from both single and multi-species aerial information networks makes it possible for vultures to follow one another to carrion, which is an essential component of effective food finding in vultures. Behavioral competition among vultures at feeding sites is both kinetic and complex, and aggressive interactions can be intense. Vultures are sometimes, but not typically, cannibalistic. They also sometimes approach and hasten the demise of a dying animal, which they then feed upon even while it is still alive.
Vultures and People
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the symbiotic relationship between humans and vultures, which date to when prehistoric hominins followed flights of vultures to large-mammal carcasses in East Africa. Several biological adaptations of vultures render them particularly vulnerable to human threats. These include feeding on dead animals that have been poisoned, eating large amounts of food at a single meal, and feeding together at “common tables,” all of which expose large numbers of vultures to contaminants simultaneously. Today, principal human threats to vultures and condors are land-use change; environmental contaminants, including veterinary drugs, the heavy metal lead, and pesticides; poisoning; and persecution, with the latter including catching and killing vultures as pests, for bushmeat and witchcraft, including as clairvoyants, and as sentinels of illegal poaching. Global climate change can also affect the distributions and abundances of avian scavengers in many ways. Creating a better understanding of the ecological functions and needs of vultures, along with monitoring their populations, are essential features of effective vulture conservation.
Introduction
Authors: Oyler Elizabeth , Saltzman-Li Katherine
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on war, war memory, and the field of memory studies. Animated in part by what memory studies has brought to cultural historiography, the chapter offers a rethinking of the long-term historical and cultural significance of the samurai. It investigates how experiences of war are presented through our imprints, each a signpost in the ongoing formation of a collective memory with Japan's warriors at its center. The chapter also draws our attention to the role of the past in constituting our world through dialogue and intercommunication, and it analyses the forms in which the past presents itself to us as well as the motives that prompt our recourse to it. Ultimately, the chapter aims to break down the ahistorical, monolithic idea of the warrior through an examination of the changes and iterations of samurai existence over time as expressed by members of the warrior class itself, as well as by nonwarrior members of society.
Ghosts along the Road
Authors: Oyler Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter spotlights the representation of Azuma in two medieval texts: the idiosyncratic travelogue Kaidōki (Record of a Journey along the Eastern Sea Route, 1223) and the monumental war tale Heike monogatari (Tale of the Heike, ca. fourteenth century). Both narratives are concerned with poeticizing the final journeys of prisoners-of-war traveling toward judgment at that formerly peripheral and empty, but now potent, site. The chapter draws attention to the shifting meanings of Azuma within the poetic tradition and the ways they reflect changes in cultural understanding of the East Country broadly speaking. Although Kaidōki—part pilgrimage record, part memorial—has long been recognized as an important allusive referent for the Tale of the Heike, the chapter extends the consideration beyond traditional literary allusion to emphasize how a realm fractured by civil conflict is restructured in an early literary text addressing travel through formerly peripheral but suddenly meaningful landscapes. Ultimately, the chapter assesses how the emergence of a warrior center at Kamakura incorporated into narrative practices that conventionally viewed Azuma as the hinterlands.
Narrated and Danced Memory of War and Resignation
Authors: Tokita Alison
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the musical substyles that enhance storytelling in the narrative arts collectively known as katarimono, particularly the medieval musical narrative genres of Heike recitation and kōwaka danced ballads, but also in later Tokugawa-period genres. Both narrate to musical accompaniment the battles between the Heike and Genji warrior clans in the twelfth century. The chapter discusses styles related to Heike recitation that have persisted over time and that have been adapted to different performance genres, and it explores the proposition that the formulae and musical substyles employed for specific kinds of narrative content, in this case content related to war, enhanced the memorability of the narratives and their impact on listeners. Ultimately, the chapter traces the persistence of these two broad styles of musical expression even as they change over time and across different genres to show how this practice of katarimono shaped and kept the cultural memory of the wars alive in popular memory.
Representing Memory in the Warrior Plays
Authors: Hare Tom
Published: January 2023

This chapter explicates the vocabulary of memory and remembering, and traces usage in five noh plays that have a central warrior-ghost character. It particularly focuses on the play Tomonaga, arguing that memory operates differently in Tomonaga than in the four other plays discussed. In those four plays, the character of the warrior-ghost fills the primary role (shite) in both acts of the play. In Tomonaga, the ghost only appears in the second act, compounding the very idea of who remembers and why. The chapter emphasizes the effect that the special devotional framework of Tomonaga has on the idea of remembering and indicates that this unusual play also points to the complexity and ambiguous nature of memory in noh.
Introduction
Authors: Paret Marcel
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the notion of fractured militancy that showcased the duality of simultaneous proliferation and fragmentation of resistance. It focuses on the class struggles found within the reorganization of capitalism and the process of democratization and racial inclusion. According to Antonio Gramsci's theory of passive revolution, an elite-led reorganization of society can preserve its existing order through demobilization and limited reform. Moreover, scholars spread the concept of passive revolution to understand how elites absorb and prevent radical challenges. The chapter highlights how racial inclusion facilitated widespread demobilization in South Africa. It also covers case studies of resistance after racial inclusion found in Soweto, Lenasia, Tsakane, and Bekkersdal.
Betrayal
Authors: Paret Marcel
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores case studies revolving around how passive revolution triggered popular mobilization. It expounds on the protests recorded in Motsoaledi, Thembelihle, Tsakane10, and Bekkersdal since the passive revolution elevated the significance of the state, which the African National Congress (ANC) believed to be the key to transformation. Narratives of betrayal and state neglect had been rampant, especially after election time. Thus, protestors demanded recognition and public service delivery from government officials after the betrayal of the promise of national liberation. The chapter also explains the combination of formal racial inclusions with economic insecurity and racialized inequality sparked discontent among citizens.
Nationalism
Authors: Paret Marcel
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the political context of the official nationalism that defined South Africa's passive revolution. It explains how claims rooted in indigeneity fostered fragmented popular resistance. Additionally, the competitive and strategic terrain of political society correlates to popular xenophobia. The emergence of antimigrant antagonism revolves around economic insecurity, reconstruction of apartheid-era racial categories, and resistance. The chapter covers postapartheid nationalism and racial inclusion projects featuring attempts to redress historical disadvantages of Black residents and fix the relations between racial groups. It notes anti-immigrant nationalism and antitrader nationalism represented an exclusionary form of resistance aiming to limit resources to native-born residents.
Class Politics
Authors: Paret Marcel
Published: January 2023

This chapter expounds on class politics in South Africa. It examines the divergent forms of group solidarity and state engagement that predominated in the case studies looking into activism in Tsakane10, Thembelihle, Motsoaledi, and Bekkersdal. The divergent political orientations of prominent activists reinforced divisions and isolation, which left local protest movements to be weak and vulnerable to co-optation. However, local organizing persisted despite the difficulties. The chapter clarifies the political and organizational dynamics around local protests revolving around electoral and party politics. It then explains that the African National Congress (ANC) was unable to absorb the popular energy from protests that kept hope alive for renewed Left politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Paret Marcel
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter covers the theoretical significance of the scholarship on social movements and racial inclusion that influenced left politics and capitalism in South Africa. It also suggests that local protests reinforced capitalist hegemony. Meanwhile, South Africa's fractured militancy shifting to passive revolution defined the process of racial inclusion and transition from apartheid to democracy. The chapter also considers mobilization in defense of social protection often extended market penetration. It highlights how high levels of racialized inequality and Black economic insecurity will persist without improvement in redistribution and social protection. However, the recorded fractured militancy in the present could lay down the foundations for transformative social movements like opposing market-driven capitalism in the future.
The Age of Accountability
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter brings the historical narrative of the Rochester schools to the present day, illustrating the flaws inherent in the school reform model that has dominated national education policy for nearly forty years. The chapter offers recommendations for the people of Monroe County, where Rochester is located, to combat school segregation now. It recounts the widespread agreement during the Civil Rights era in Rochester that Black children were not receiving fair access to education. The chapter addresses the question of whether the school district should integrate Black children with white children, abolishing the distinction between the two classes of schools. It explores the challenge of reforming an existing system to create better racial balance, which was replaced with the exponentially more difficult job of dismantling district lines and state laws to engineer something that has never existed before.
Chivalric Identity and the Profession of Arms
Authors: Sposato Peter W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on war, specifically the military service provided by members of the chivalric elite. It demonstrates that the military expertise and experience of the chivalric elite was of immense value to the city of Florence, as long as it was directed against external enemies. The chapter utilizes a prosopographical methodology in order to trace the military careers of members of eighteen chivalric lineages from the Battle of Montaperti in 1260 through the Florentine war against Pisa in 1360–64. It shows that strenuous Florentine knights and men-at-arms from chivalric lineages continued the martial traditions of their Tuscan knightly predecessors by cultivating military careers throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The chapter then challenges the conventional historical view that the traditional, martial Florentine elite were transformed, in toto, from strenuous knights and warriors to “decadent and sedentary” businessmen. It contributes to the lively debate among historians about both the prevalence and importance of mercenaries in the Florentine military machine and the long-term stability and continuity of the forces employed by the city.
“With Fire and Dynamite”
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the wave of assassinations and explosions in France, Spain, and Barcelona in the early 1890s. With each new spectacle of dynamite, the chapter argues that politicians and journalists across the political spectrum demonized anarchists as subhuman monsters who threatened to turn back the clock on the “progress” of “civilization” in accord with “the ethics of modernity.” This chapter then investigates how media dehumanization paved the way for physical dehumanization as both states carried out mass arrests and passed harsh anti-anarchist legislation that expanded state repression well beyond anarchism. Such measures provoked little popular outcry. Yet whereas the French state would pull back on escalating repression by mid-decade, its Spanish counterpart would only escalate its brutality over the coming years, thereby provoking a groundbreaking transnational campaign against the “revival of the Inquisition.”
Introduction
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces Barack Obama's commitment to a multiracial, multiethnic, and multicultural society. It recounts many different cultures and societies he encountered, and follows how he searched for his own racial identity. The chapter also looks at Obama's economic conservatism. It then emphasizes Obama's purpose: to maintain the nation's existing free enterprise system rather than replace it with a more powerful centralized government being proposed by a more radical wing of his party. The chapter highlights his efforts to expand opportunities to enter the middle class for those he regarded as not yet part of it. It examines how Obama's commitment to conservative values materialized in other ways, and analyses the result of the nation's economic recession and Obama's conduct of foreign policy.
The Shock of Donald J. Trump’s Election
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the last year of the Obama presidency. It reiterates Barack Obama's vision of the United States as a middle-class society welcoming to all regardless of background, which remained the same as it was when he took office seven years earlier. The chapter argues that Obama did not take seriously the candidacy for the Republican nomination of Donald Trump. He expected the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, Hillary Clinton, would build on his legacy. Thie chapter also mentions Trump's false charges about Obama's place of birth and lack of an official birth certificate. As he accepted the reality of a Trump presidency, the chapter unfolds how Obama developed doubts about his legacy. As he left office, he hoped for the best but feared the worst.
The Moral Majority Finds Favor in the Republican Party
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the understanding of humanity's relationship with the wilderness landscape as politically conservative evangelicals learned to think of themselves as those who set the foundations for the United States. It examines the narrative of conservative evangelicals, which was commonly taught in the ever-growing number of Christian and homeschools throughout America. It also mentions Christian school publishers that supported eco-friendly messages of Christian environmental stewardship that demanded respect for God's earth. The chapter looks at eco-friendly views of conservative evangelicals that did not clash to any great degree with other groups' long-held love for free enterprise. Anti-environmentalism did not become an accepted standard and mainstream theological or political position of the religious right during the 1970s or the 1980s.
The Struggle Between Christian Environmental Stewardship And Anti-Environmentalism In The Religious Right
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the attempt by segments of the conservative evangelical religious right to turn past eco-friendly philosophies into social action. It shows how secular conservatives crushed the effort of turning past eco-friendly philosophies into social action with the help of an increasing number of conservative evangelical allies. It also focuses on the experiences of Richard Land and Robert Dugan, including a variety of factors on how both evolved from holding or leaning toward eco-friendly sentiments to supporting a strong anti-environmentalist position. The chapter reviews arguments that accused secular environmentalists of being Earth-worshipping extremists and participants in a conspiracy to promote new age religions and a one-world government that would destroy American capitalism. Additional anti-environmentalist arguments used credentialed experts who rejected the reality of environmental problems, while praising the benefits of a changing climate in combination with equating nature protection with a destroyed economy.
The National Association of Evangelicals Turns against the Environment
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts Richard Land's 1991 environmental stewardship seminar, wherein the Southern Baptist Convention's (SBC) director, Lamar E. Cooper Sr., clearly argued that Christians must save the Earth. Cooper demanded immediate action by listing alarming statistics from Diane MacEachern's book, Save Our Planet. The chapter emphasizes how Cooper felt people could have an impact by recycling and explained how this action at the local level could minimize the major problems of overflowing landfills. It talks about the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), who endorsed Christian environmental stewardship officially through a resolution and dedicated an entire issue of United Evangelical Action to encourage readers to support the topic. The chapter highlights the story of Richard Land and Robert Dugan, which reflects the struggle many within the conservative evangelical community faced.
Learning To Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines a medium-sized dataset, containing 124 moderately detailed cases in late-fifteenth-century Ciudad Real. It investigates the reasons for torture that occurred in nine of those cases in three ways. First, the tribunal itself often stated its deliberations for the record in some detail. The chapter then supplements those statements with a comparison between the suspect's testimony prior to torture and the testimonies provided by witnesses for the prosecution. Third, the chapter compares the names of hostile witnesses to the suspect's tachas because suspects were often tortured when they failed to identify and exclude key witnesses. The chapter analyzes the trial of Juan González Daza, the second trial. It looks at how the Inquisition engaged in “exploratory” torture early in its history, trying to extract information from recently arrested suspects early in the process of investigation. The chapter then documents how the Inquisition changed its torture practices over the course of these trials, which lasted from 1474 to 1515.
Correlates of Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews a large dataset, consisting of 1,046 cases, from sixteenth-century Toledo; 123 of the detainees were victims of torture. With this broad range of cases, and variation between cases (of torture and nontorture), the chapter uncovers broad patterns in the use and efficacy of torture in this period. It shows that 12 percent of suspects were tortured, mostly heretics. Torture victims tended to be somewhat older (forty years old on average) than most of the accused (thirty-six years old on average). Men were as likely to be tortured as women. The chapter notes that in the period 1590–1610, torture tended to occur late in the activities of the tribunal, and later torture sessions tended to yield testimonies at a higher rate. The chapter concludes with an assessment of this source and the reliability of the evidence contained in it.
Exploratory Torture
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the inquisitorial torture on the other side of the world, in Mexico City. It unfolds historical continuity: the trials in Mexico City occur between 1589–1601 and showcase many of the same patterns and outcomes as the parallel trials in Toledo. The chapter first argues that torture played a far more subtle role in eradicating Judaism from New Spain than was hitherto assumed. It looks at the account of the destruction of Mexico City's Jewish community, and how it diverges from the conventional history for two reasons. The chapter compiles a network of witness testimonies across dozens of trials from this period, organized chronologically, to assess what the Inquisition knew and did not know prior to the torture of Luis de Carvajal and his associates. It allows us to understand, from the court's perspective, why some testimonies were deemed reliable while others were deemed suspect. The chapter focuses on a crucial manuscript that has only recently become available to scholars: the trial of Manuel de Lucena, which constitutes the first effort to reanalyze the role of torture in these events using these previously inaccessible manuscripts.