bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tongue pressure production while swallowing water and pudding and during dry swallow using a sensor sheet system
Authors: FURUYA J. , NAKAMURA S. , ONO T. , SUZUKI T.
Published: May 2012

Summary  The tongue assumes an important role in bolus formation and transportation to the oropharynx and in retaining pharyngeal pressure during mastication and swallowing. Although the state of tongue–palate contact during swallowing is thought to change with bolus type, the details of these changes have yet to be clarified under normal physiological conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bolus type on tongue pressure production against the hard palate during swallowing. Tongue pressures during swallowing 10 mL of water and 10 g of pudding and during dry swallow were measured with a sensor sheet system with five measurement points to evaluate normal physiological swallowing in 10 healthy dentate individuals. There was a common pattern in the sequential order of tongue pressure generation among the three swallowing conditions: tongue pressure was generated significantly earlier at the anterior‐median part, followed by the posterior parts. During swallowing pudding and dry swallow, the duration of tongue pressure tended to increase at all channels except for the posterior‐median part. The maximal magnitude of tongue pressure was significantly higher when swallowing pudding than when swallowing water at all channels except for the posterior‐median part. The integrated value of tongue pressure was significantly higher when swallowing pudding than when swallowing water at all channels except for the posterior‐median part. From these results, it was considered the tongue changed the sequential order, the duration and the magnitude of tongue pressure production according to the swallowing conditions (liquid swallowing, semisolid swallowing, dry swallow).
Exogenous nitric oxide negatively regulates the S‐nitrosylation p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation during cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion
Authors: Qi S. H. , Hao L. Y. , Yue J. , Zong Y. Y. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: May 2012

S. H. Qi, L. Y. Hao, J. Yue, Y. Y. Zong and G. Y. Zhang (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 284–297

Exogenous nitric oxide negatively regulates the S‐nitrosylation p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation during cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion

Aims: A number of studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the reactive phosphorylation of p38MAPKα (p38). However, whether S‐nitrosylation of p38 is activated by NO and the details remain unclear. The aim of the present work was to assess the activation of p38, the S‐nitrosylation site and the p38 signalling pathway in rat hippocampus and in HEK293 cell induced by exogenous NO. Methods: Primary hippocampal cultures, HEK293 cells and rat model of cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (brain ischaemia was induced by four‐vessel occlusion procedure) were used in this study. Biotin‐switch method and immunoblotting were performed to study the S‐nitrosylation and phosphorylation of p38, and neuronal loss was observed by histology. Results: Endogenous NO increased p38 phosphorylation and S‐nitrosylation, and the activation of p38 was dependent on the S‐nitrosylation of Cys‐211, which was critical for the NO‐mediated activation of p38. The exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside, S‐nitrosoglutathione, 7‐nitroindazole, the inhibitor of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase, inhibited the activation of p38 signal pathway induced by cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion and attenuated the damage in rat hippocampal neurones. Moreover, the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is probably involved in the p38 activation process of S‐nitrosylation and phosphorylation. Conclusion: Endogenous NO induces the S‐nitrosylation and phosphorylation of p38 and mediates p38 signalling pathway by NMDAR, and as exogenous NO inhibits this process and is neuroprotective in rat cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion, it may make a contribution to stroke therapy.
Mitochondrial function in human brains is affected by pre‐ and post mortem factors
Authors: Harish G. , Venkateshappa C. , Mahadevan A. , Pruthi N. , Bharath M. M. S. , Shankar S. K.
Published: May 2012

G. Harish, C. Venkateshappa, A. Mahadevan, N. Pruthi, M. M. S. Bharath and S. K. Shankar (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 298–315

Mitochondrial function in human brains is affected by pre‐ and post mortem factors

Aim: Mitochondrial function and the ensuing ATP synthesis are central to the functioning of the brain and contribute to neuronal physiology. Most studies on neurodegenerative diseases have highlighted that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important event contributing to pathology. However, studies on the human brain mitochondria in various neurodegenerative disorders heavily rely on post mortem samples. As post mortem tissues are influenced by pre‐ and post mortem factors, we investigated the effect of these variables on mitochondrial function. Methods: We examined whether the mitochondrial function (represented by mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant activities) in post mortem human brains (n = 45) was affected by increased storage time (11.8–104.1 months), age of the donor (2 days to 80 years), post mortem interval (2.5–26 h), gender difference and agonal state [based on Glasgow Coma Scale: range = 3–15] in the frontal cortex, as a prototype. Results: We observed that the activities of citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial reductase (MTT) were significantly affected only by gender difference (citrate synthase: P = 0.005; succinate dehydrogenase: P = 0.01; mitochondrial reductase: P = 0.006), being higher in females, but not by any other factor. Mitochondrial complex I activity was significantly inhibited by increasing age (r = −0.40; P = 0.05). On the other hand, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase decreased with severe agonal state (P = 0.003), while the activity of glutathione‐S‐transferase declined with increased storage time (P = 0.005) and severe agonal state (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Our data highlight the influence of pre‐ and post mortem factors on preservation of mitochondrial function with implications for studies on brain pathology employing stored human samples.
Natural occurrence of fusarium head blight, mycotoxins and mycotoxin‐producing isolates of Fusarium in commercial fields of wheat in Hubei
Authors: Zhang J.‐B. , Wang J.‐H. , Gong A.‐D. , Chen F.‐F. , Song B. , Li X. , Li H.‐P. , Peng C.‐H. , Liao Y.‐C.
Published: May 2012

Combined analyses of the natural occurrence of fusarium head blight (FHB), mycotoxins and mycotoxin‐producing isolates of Fusarium spp. in fields of wheat revealed FHB epidemics in 12 of 14 regions in Hubei in 2009. Mycotoxin contamination ranged from 0·59 to 15·28 μg g−1 in grains. Of the causal agents associated with symptoms of FHB, 84% were Fusarium asiaticum and 9·5% were Fusarium graminearum, while the remaining 6·5% were other Fusarium species. Genetic chemotyping demonstrated that F. asiaticum comprised deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3‐AcDON), 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (15‐AcDON) and nivalenol (NIV) producers, whereas F. graminearum only included DON and 15‐AcDON producers. Compared with the chemotype patterns in 1999, there appeared to be a modest shift towards 3‐AcDON chemotypes in field populations during the following decade. However, isolates genetically chemotyped as 3‐AcDON were present in all regions, whereas the chemical 3‐AcDON was only detected in three of the 14 regions where 3‐AcDON accounted for 15–20% of the DON and acetylated forms. NIV mycotoxins were detected in seven regions, six of which also yielded NIV chemotypes. The number of genetic 3‐AcDON producers was positively correlated with amounts of total mycotoxins (DON, NIV and acetylated forms) or DON in wheat grains. Chemical analyses of wheat grains and rice cultures inoculated with different isolates from the fields confirmed their genetic chemotypes and revealed a preferential biosynthesis of 3‐AcDON and 4‐AcNIV in rice. These findings suggest the importance of chemotyping coupled with species identification for improved prediction of mycotoxin contamination in wheat.
Are obstetrical, perinatal, and infantile difficulties associated with pediatric bipolar disorder?
Authors: Martelon MaryKate , Wilens Timothy E , Anderson Jesse P , Morrison Nicholas R , Wozniak Janet
Published: May 2012

Martelon MK, Wilens TE, Anderson JP, Morrison NR, Wozniak J. Are obstetrical, perinatal, and infantile difficulties associated with pediatric bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 507–514. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  Despite increasing acknowledgement of bipolar disorder (BD) in childhood, there is a paucity of literature that has investigated obstetrical, perinatal, and infantile difficulties and their potential link with BD. To this end, we examined difficulties during delivery, immediate post‐birth, and infancy and the association with BD in childhood.

Methods:  From two similarly designed, ongoing, longitudinal, case‐control family studies of pediatric BD (N = 327 families), we analyzed 338 children and adolescents [mean (± standard deviation) age: 12.00 ± 3.37 years]. We stratified them into three groups: healthy controls (N = 98), BD probands (N = 120), and their non‐affected siblings (N = 120). All families were comprehensively assessed with a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview for psychopathology and substance use. Mothers were directly questioned regarding the pregnancy, delivery, and infancy difficulties that occurred with each child using a module from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents‐Parent Version (DICA‐P).

Results:  Mothers of BD subjects were more likely to report difficulties during infancy than mothers of controls [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 6.6 (3.0, 14.6)]. Specifically, children with BD were more likely to have been reported as a stiffened infant [7.2 (1.1, 47.1)] and more likely to have experienced ‘other’ infantile difficulties [including acting colicky; 4.9 (1.3, 18.8)] compared to controls. We found no significant differences between groups in regards to obstetrical or perinatal difficulties (all p values > 0.05).

Conclusions:  While our results add to previous literature on obstetrical and perinatal difficulties and BD, they also highlight characteristics in infancy that may be prognostic indicators for pediatric BD.
Comparative analysis of agro‐morphology, grain quality and aroma traits of traditional and Basmati‐type genotypes of rice, Oryza sativa L.
Authors: Roy Somnath , Banerjee Amrita , Senapati Bijoy K. , Sarkar Gurupada
Published: May 2012

With 3 figures and 4 tables

The purposes of this study were to assess the variation in agro‐morphological and grain quality traits among traditional and Basmati‐type aromatic/quality rices and to investigate plausible relationships between the traits. A set of 12 cultivars, comprising ten traditional and two Basmati types, were studied. Highest variation was observed for grains/panicle followed by grain yield/plant. Cluster analysis grouped all traditional cultivars except ‘Tulaipanji’, which clustered with Basmati varieties. Selection for long grain with slender shape will simultaneously increase amylose content and alkali spreading value or gelatinization temperature. Aroma score categorized rice varieties as mild and strongly aromatic, which also was similar to aroma genotyping with gene‐based marker for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2). Sequence analysis of BADH2 revealed that all strongly aromatic and two mild aromatic rice varieties contain characteristic 8‐bp deletion and three SNPs in exon 7 of BADH2 gene. Multiple alignment of the DNA sequences revealed the addition of AT in ‘Gobindabhog’ and a T/A SNP in ‘Gobindabhog’ and ‘Tulsibhog’ exon 8.
Near‐infrared reflectance calibrations for determining sucrose content in soybean breeding using artificial reference samples
Authors: Sato Takashi , Zahlner Viola , Berghofer Emmerich , Lošák Tomas , Vollmann Johann
Published: May 2012

With 3 figures and 1 table

In food‐grade soybeans for human nutrition, sucrose content is a character of interest apart from protein, because sucrose affects flavour and other soy‐food properties. As determination of sucrose content through separative or enzymatic methods is not suitable for analysing large numbers of samples, the objective of this research was to develop near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for rapid screening of breeding lines for sucrose. Conventional soybean samples have a sucrose content of 30–60 g/kg, whereas high‐sucrose reference samples are lacking. Therefore, both natural and artificial (additional sucrose added) reference samples with a sucrose content of up to 140 g/kg were combined, and a NIRS calibration model was developed (cross‐validation R2 = 0.969) for sucrose. Utilizing wavelength ranges with homogeneous performance in both natural and artificial samples, a prediction model was obtained, which suggests a stable performance of the calibration over a wide range of sucrose concentrations. Thus, identification of high‐sucrose soybean introgressions should be possible in appropriate segregating populations.
Mesenchymal stem cells are a rescue approach for recovery of deteriorating kidney function
Authors: EL‐ANSARY MERVAT , SAADI GAMAL , ABD EL‐HAMID SAMAH M
Published: May 2012

Aim:  Stem cell (SC) therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is urgently needed. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is a possible new therapeutic modality. Our work aimed to isolate human MSC from adult bone marrow to improve kidney functions in CKD patients.

Methods:  In our study 30 patients with impaired kidney function were included, their ages ranged from 22 to 68 years. They included 10 inactive glomerulonephritis patients due to systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) (group I), 10 renal transplantation cases (group II) and 10 patients of other aetiologies as the control group. Fifty millilitres of bone marrow was aspirated from the iliac bone, for separation of MSC.

Results:  There was a highly statistically significant difference between both CD271 and CD29 before and after culture with increase of both markers at end of culture, P < 0.01. Finally 50–70 million MSC in 10 mL saline (0.7–1.0 × 106 MSC/kg body weight) were infused intravenously in two divided doses one week apart. There was a highly statistically significant difference between each of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance levels before and after MSC injection at 1, 3 and 6 months post‐infusion with SLE cases showing a greater decline of their serum creatinine and elevation of mean creatinine clearance levels after injection than transplantation and control groups, P < 0.05.

Conclusion:  Mesenchymal stem cells therapy is a potential therapeutic modality for early phases of CKD.
Flow cytometric assessment of cytotype distributions within local populations of Phragmites australis (Poaceae) around Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan
Authors: NAKAGAWA MASATO , OHKAWA TOMOSHI , KANEKO YUKO
Published: May 2012

Phragmites australis (Poaceae) is a clonal perennial that is an important component of wetland ecosystems worldwide. Using flow cytometry, we examined the cytotype distributions within five populations of P. australis located in the vicinity of Lake Biwa. As in previous reports, two ploidy levels, octoploid (2n = 8x = 96) and decaploid (2n = 10x = 120), were identified, which are assumed to be the main cytotypes around the lake. The coexistence of two cytotypes was detected in four of the five populations, suggesting the relatively common occurrence of mixed ploidy levels in the populations around Lake Biwa. Although intermingled cytotype distributions were observed in some populations, the 9x cytotype, that is, the expected outcome of inter‐cytotype crosses, was not observed, indicating limited gene flow between the two cytotypes.
Nosocomial transmission of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a well‐infant nursery of a teaching hospital
Authors: Alsubaie Sarah , Bahkali Khawater , Somily Ali M. , Alzamil Fahad , Alrabiaah Abdulkareem , Alaska Abdulkareem , Alkhattaf Fatmah , Kambal Abdelmageed , Al‐Qahtani Ahmed A. , Al‐Ahdal Mohammed N.
Published: May 2012

Background:  Infection due to community‐acquired strains of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) has been reported with increasing frequency. Herein is described the nosocomial transmission of CA‐MRSA involving 13 neonates and two mothers in a well‐infant nursery in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:  From October to November 2009, temporally related cases of CA‐MRSA skin and soft‐tissue infection occurred in newborns shortly after discharge from a well‐infant nursery. An outbreak investigation including case identification, review of medical records, staff screening, environmental cultures, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, and a case–control study were conducted. Controls were selected from among asymptomatic neonates admitted to the same nursery and matched for the day of admission.

Results:  Fifteen subjects were found to be CA‐MRSA positive: 13 neonates and two mothers. The crude attack rate among neonates was 5.5% during the outbreak period. All 13 neonates presented with skin and soft‐tissue infection; one of the mothers had mastitis and a breast abscess. The source of the outbreak was not evident. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed that all of the tested isolates from one strain except one, all contained the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV.

Conclusion:  MRSA strains that initially emerged in the community are now causing disease in health‐care settings. Adherence to standard infection control practices, including consistent hand hygiene, in newborn nurseries is important to prevent transmission in such settings.
Intravenous fluid administration and monitoring for adult ward patients in a teaching hospital
Authors: Eastwood Glenn M. , Peck Leah , Young Helen , Prowle John , Vasudevan Vandana , Jones Daryl , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: May 2012

Many acutely unwell, hospitalized patients receive continuous intravenous (IV) fluids. Complications of IV fluid administration include electrolyte abnormalities and fluid overload, which be detected by appropriate IV fluid administration and monitoring practices. This prospective clinical audit described the administration and monitoring of maintenance IV fluid in ward patients in an Australian tertiary teaching hospital. Of 332 inpatients (98%), 85 (26%) were receiving IV fluids. Serum electrolyte and renal function measurements were obtained in 85% versus 65% of patients receiving IV fluids versus no IV fluids (P < 0.001). Fluid balance charts were being maintained for 94% versus 44% of patients receiving IV fluids versus no IV fluids (P < 0.001). Body weight measurements were documented for 15% versus 14% for patients receiving IV fluids versus no IV fluids (P = 0.078). Findings show that approximately one‐quarter of adult ward patients in our hospital received IV fluids. Monitoring of such patients using regular blood tests and fluid balance charts is high, but patient weight measurements are low. Why hospitalized patients who require maintenance IV fluids do not have regular body weight measurements requires further investigation.
Cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 regulate the attachment of calcium oxalate crystals to renal epithelial cells
Authors: Miyazawa Katsuhito , Takahashi Yoshitaka , Morita Nobuyo , Moriyama Manabu T , Kosaka Takeo , Nishio Matomo , Yoshimoto Tanihiro , Suzuki Koji
Published: May 2012

Objective:  To determine the roles of endogenous cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 in crystal‐cell binding, which is considered to be an important step in the development of intratubular nephrocalcinosis.

Methods:  An expression plasmid for human cyclooxygenase 2 was introduced into Madin–Darby canine kidney cells using the lipofection method. Cyclooxygenase activity was measured using thin‐layer chromatography, and the prostaglandin E2 concentration was determined with an enzyme immunoassay. In addition, crystal attachment was evaluated with a liquid scintillation counter using [14C] calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, and immunohistochemistry and an enzyme immunoassay were used to analyze and quantify the expression of hyaluronan, a crystal‐binding molecule.

Results:  Cyclooxygenase 2‐overexpressing Madin–Darby canine kidney cells produced about 10‐fold more prostaglandin E2 than wild‐type Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, and their hyaluronan production was also upregulated. The attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to cyclooxygenase 2‐overexpressing Madin–Darby canine kidney cells was significantly reduced compared with their attachment to wild‐type and mock‐transfected Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Pre‐incubation of the cyclooxygenase 2‐overexpressing cells, as well as the mock‐transfected and wild‐type cells with the cyclooxygenase 2 selective inhibitor etodolac, increased the cellular attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions:  These findings suggest that cyclooxygenase 2 expression and the resultant increase in endogenous prostaglandin E2, leading to increased hyaluronan production, help to prevent nephrocalcinosis by inhibiting the attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to the surface of renal epithelial cells.
Coping focus counselling in mental health nursing
Authors: Shanley Eamon , Jubb‐Shanley Maureen
Published: May 2012

The aim of this paper was to describe a newly‐developed system of mental health nurse counselling (coping focus counselling (CFC)) for people with serious and complex mental health needs. The system is based on the recovery alliance theory (RAT) of mental health nursing. The paper identifies shortcomings in current practices in psychotherapy and counselling in the exclusive use of techniques from a single approach, for example, cognitive behaviour therapy, client‐centred therapy, attachment theory, or Gestalt theory. It also discusses the opposite dangers of the use of many techniques from different approaches, without a clear rationale for their selection. CFC was developed to avoid these practices. It accommodates the selective use of techniques from different approaches. Techniques selected are viewed as deriving their meanings from the theoretical framework into which they are assimilated, namely RAT, and no longer take the same meaning from the theory from which they originated. Central to this integrative process is the use of the concept of coping. Other distinguishing features of CFC are the use of everyday language in using the system and the reaffirmation of the nurse–client relationship within a working alliance as the basis in which the CFC operates.
Long‐term survival in patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma of ovary treated with irinotecan hydrochloride plus cisplatin therapy as first‐line chemotherapy
Authors: Kunito Shiro , Takakura Satoshi , Nagata Chie , Saito Motoaki , Yanaihara Nozomu , Yamada Kyosuke , Okamoto Aikou , Sasaki Hiroshi , Ochiai Kazunori , Tanaka Tadao
Published: May 2012

Aim:  Several previous reports showed that irinotecan hydrochloride plus cisplatin (CPT‐P) was a candidate first‐line chemotherapy regimen for clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary (CCC). However, long‐term survival in CCC patients treated with CPT‐P as first‐line chemotherapy remains to be determined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long‐term results of CPT‐P as first‐line chemotherapy for CCC.

Material and Methods:  We performed a retrospective review of 31 patients with CCC who were treated with CPT‐P between 1996 and 2004.

Results:  The median follow‐up period was 91 months. The estimated 8‐year overall survival (OS) rate in all patients was 64.5%, while the rate in 18 stage I, 21 stage I/II, and 10 stage III/IV patients was 88.9%, 85.7%, and 20.0%, respectively. The estimated 8‐year OS rate in patients with pT1/pT2 disease was 87.0%, while the 3‐year OS rate in patients with pT3 disease was 0%. Univariate analysis using the log–rank test revealed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance‐status 1, pT3 stage, and presence of residual disease (stage II‐IV) were significantly correlated with shortened patient survival. Multiple regression analysis revealed that pT3 predicted worse OS in patients with CCC than pT1 (P < 0.001) or pT2 disease (P < 0.005).

Conclusion:  The long‐term results suggest CPT‐P as a candidate in first‐line chemotherapy for CCC in not only stage I, but also in optimally debulked stage II‐IV patients with pT1/pT2 disease.
Large protruding bladder stone
Authors: Smrkolj Spela , Sedlar Ales , Smrkolj Tomaz
Published: May 2012

We present a unique case of a large urinary bladder stone protruding through the external urethral meatus in a 77‐year‐old woman, which was causing acute urinary retention, complicated by bilateral hydronephrosis, and was removed under topical anesthesia in the emergency department. Epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation and management of urinary bladder stones are briefly discussed.
Stratum oriens stimulation‐evoked modulation of hippocampal long‐term potentiation involves the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and the inhibition of Kv7/M potassium ion channels
Authors: Suzuki Etsuko , Okada Takashi
Published: May 2012

Acetylcholine is considered to be an endogenous modulator of hippocampal neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. The activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) reportedly enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity, which plays an important role in memory function; however, the mechanism by which it enhances synaptic plasticity remains unclear. Here, we examined the involvement of the inhibition of Kv7/M K+ channels, which are targets of mAChR modulation, during mAChR activation‐induced enhancement of long‐term potentiation (LTP) at rat hippocampal Schaffer collateral (SC)–CA1 synapses. When an electrical stimulus was applied to the stratum oriens before tetanic stimulation of the SCs, the magnitude of the induced SC–CA1 synapse LTP was enhanced as compared with that induced without stratum oriens stimulation. In the presence of the mAChR antagonist atropine, tetanic stimulation induced stable LTP, but the stratum oriens stimulation‐evoked enhancement of LTP was abolished. The additional application of XE991, a selective blocker of Kv7/M K+ channels, rescued the atropine‐induced inhibition of LTP enhancement. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U‐73122 inhibited the stratum oriens stimulation‐evoked enhancement of LTP. Application of the T/R‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+channel (VDCC) blocker Ni2+abolished the stratum oriens stimulation‐evoked enhancement of LTP. In addition, tetanic stimulation with preceding stratum oriens stimulation was able to induce LTP during N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor blockade. We therefore propose that stratum oriens stimulation inhibits Kv7/M K+ channels through mAChR activation‐induced PLC activation, which leads to VDCC activation, and hence causes sufficient Ca2+ influx to enhance LTP.
Selection on non‐social traits limits the invasion of social cheats
Authors: Morgan Andrew D. , Quigley Benjamin J. Z. , Brown Sam P. , Buckling Angus
Published: May 2012

While the conditions that favour the maintenance of cooperation have been extensively investigated, the significance of non‐social selection pressures on social behaviours has received little attention. In the absence of non‐social selection pressures, patches of cooperators are vulnerable to invasion by cheats. However, we show both theoretically, and experimentally with the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, that cheats may be unable to invade patches of cooperators under strong non‐social selection (both a novel abiotic environment and to a lesser extent, the presence of a virulent parasite). This is because beneficial mutations are most likely to arise in the numerically dominant cooperator population. Given the ubiquity of novel selection pressures on microbes, these results may help to explain why cooperation is the norm in natural populations of microbes.
Increasing crude and adjusted mortality rates for colorectal cancer in a developing South American country
Authors: Zarate A. J. , Alonso F. T. , Garmendia M. L. , López‐Köstner F.
Published: May 2012

Aim  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. We examined temporal trends in death rates from colorectal cancer in Chile from 1983 to 2008.

Method  We analysed the mortality database in Chile from 1983 to 2008. Cases were selected using ICD‐9/10 codes. We calculated mortality rates per 100 000 inhabitants according to sex, age group and type of cancer – colon (CC) or rectal (RC). The rates were adjusted by a direct method using the WHO‐2000 standard population. Time trends were assessed with Prais–Winsten regression models.

Results  There were 26 250 deaths from CRC (75.7% for CC). There was a higher frequency of deaths from CC (57.6%) in women than in men, who had a higher frequency of deaths from RC (51.3%). The crude CC mortality rate increased by 116% (from 3.6 to 7.8), while the overall RC rate increased by 71% (from 1.4 to 2.4). After adjusting for age, a significant increase in mortality rate was found for CC (coefficient 0.09, 95% CI 0.08–0.11, P < 0.001) and RC (coefficient 0.02, 95% CI 0.009–0.04, P = 0.002) in men. In women, this increase was significant for CC (coefficient 0.03, 95% CI 0.005–0.05; P = 0.02), but not for RC (coefficient −0.007, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.005, P = 0.23).

Conclusion  The crude mortality rate from CRC has doubled in Chile in this period. After adjustment of mortality rates, it appears that much of this increase is due to the aging population. However, part of this increase could be explained by other factors.
Prevalence and significance of anaemia in patients receiving long‐course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma
Authors: Walter C. J. , Bell L. T. O. , Parsons S. R. , Jackson C. , Borley N. R. , Wheeler J. M. D.
Published: May 2012

Aim  The study aimed to assess the prevalence and significance of anaemia during long‐course neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer at our centre.

Method  Hospital coding and a prospective oncology database were used to identify all patients undergoing long‐course neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer at our centre between 2004 and 2009. A retrospective review of computerized records was used to extract individual patient data. Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin level of < 11.5 g/dl for women and of < 13 g/dl for men. Downstaging was assessed by comparing radiological stage (rTNM) with histological stage (ypTNM). Tumour regression after radiotherapy was assessed using the Rectal Cancer Regression Group (RCRG) scores of 1–3. The results were analysed using Gnu PSPP statistical software.

Results  There were 70 patients (51 men) of median age 66 (interquartile range 60–72.75) years. Of these, 24 were anaemic. Two (3%) had no haemoglobin level recorded and were excluded. Forty‐two per cent of anaemic patients demonstrated mural (T) downstaging compared with 68% of nonanaemic patients (P = 0.03). There was no difference in nodal downstaging between the groups. The RCRG scores showed more tumour regression in nonanaemic patients than in anaemic patients, as follows: RCRG 1, 59%vs 30%; RCRG 2, 11%vs 17%; and RCRG 3, 38%vs 46% (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  The prevalence of anaemia in patients undergoing long‐course neoadjuvant radiotherapy was 35%. Anaemia during long‐course neoadjuvant radiotherapy was associated with significant reductions in tumour downstaging and regression.
Visceral obesity is a strong predictor of perioperative outcome in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy
Authors: Hagiwara Masayuki , Miyajima Akira , Hasegawa Masanori , Jinzaki Masahiro , Kikuchi Eiji , Nakagawa Ken , Oya Mototsugu
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Obesity is a common and growing problem in industrialized countries, and metabolic syndrome has been the focus of much attention recently, particularly with respect to obesity. Obesity is thought to be a major factor influencing surgical complexity during abdominal surgery, including laparoscopic surgery.

In this study, we focused on visceral obesity which has been recognized as the most important pathogenic factor in metabolic syndrome. We found that a high visceral fat area was a significant risk factor for a prolonged operating time. We believe that visceral obesity may greatly affect surgical complexity and may be a suitable index for predicting the degree of operating difficulty associated with laparoscopic nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the impact of visceral fat on surgical complexity in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed the medical records of 121 patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy from 2006 to 2010 at our institution.

The total fat area, visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area were measured at the level of the umbilicus using computed tomography (CT).

To identify the type of obesity, we divided VFA into ≥100 cm2 and <100 cm2. A VFA ≥100 cm2 was used as the definition of visceral obesity.

We evaluated the impact of the VFA on technical difficulties encountered during laparoscopic nephrectomy by measuring operating time.

RESULTS

A significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and operating time (P < 0.001, r= 0.316) in the patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy.

VFA was also significantly correlated with operating time (P < 0.001, r= 0.348), and the correlation coefficient of VFA was higher than that of BMI.

Multivariate analysis showed that a high VFA was an independent risk factor for prolonged operating time (P= 0.009, odds ratio; 3.70), whereas BMI was not found to be a risk factor.

CONCLUSIONS

The present data indicate that measurement of VFA by CT is of benefit for predicting the technical difficulty associated with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.

Visceral obesity, which is one factor involved in metabolic syndrome, has a greater impact than BMI on the complexity of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.
The Political Psychology of Biology, Genetics, and Behavior
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , McDermott Rose
Published: May 2012

The last several decades have witnessed remarkable advances in neurobiological approaches, including evolutionary, neuropsychological, behavioral genetic, and physiological methods to explore individual differences in social and political phenomena. In this special issue, we seek to include these advances into the greater political psychology discourse through a series of articles focused on topics of enduring interest to political psychologists, such as candidate evaluation, voter turnout, race, and public preferences concerning social welfare policy.
‘Nothing Comes Without Its World’: Thinking with Care
Authors: de la Bellacasa María Puig
Published: May 2012

What is the significance of caring for thinking and knowing? Thinking and knowing are essentially relational processes. Grounded on a relational conception of ontology the essay argues that ‘thinking with care’ is a vital requisite of collective thinking in interdependent worlds, but also one that necessitates a thick vision of caring. A speculative exploration of forms of thinking with care unfolds through a rereading of Donna Haraway's work, specifically of its take on feminist discussions on the situated character of knowledge. The notion of thinking with care is articulated through a series of concrete moves: thinking-with, dissenting-within and thinking-for. While weaving Haraway's thinking and writing practices with the trope of care offers a particular understanding of this author's knowledge politics, the task of caring also appears in a different light.
THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES*
Authors: FOWOWE BABAJIDE , ABIDOYE BABATUNDE
Published: May 2012

Understanding the factors that are important in determining poverty and inequality is one of the steps in the fight to eradicate poverty in the world. In this paper we examine the effect of financial development on poverty and inequality in African countries. The empirical results indicate that financial development has not had a significant effect on poverty and inequality in African countries. Our results confirm the deficiencies in African financial systems and highlight the fact that more efforts need to be done to improve access of poor households and small and medium enterprises to financial services.
BUSINESS CYCLE PHASES AND COHERENCE—A SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF UK SECTORAL OUTPUT*
Authors: WANG PEIJIE
Published: May 2012

In this paper we study business cycle coherence and phases among UK GDP sectors in the frequency domain. We investigate interactive fluctuations in sectoral output in terms of coherence and phase, focusing on their similarities–dissimilarities and synchronous–asynchronous relations in business cycles. It is further found that longer cycles are dominant cycles, and coherence is the highest in longer cycles and the lowest in medium cycles.
TESTING FOR PARAMETER CONSTANCY USING CHEBYSHEV TIME POLYNOMIALS*
Authors: MARTINS LUIS F.
Published: May 2012

We propose a simple method of testing for parameter constancy in regression models with stationary data that allow for coefficients that vary smoothly over time. The method is shown to have good statistical properties. A sieve bootstrapping procedure is suggested to improve the finite sample size of the test for a large number of time polynomials in autoregressive models. We revisited Hansen's study (Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15 (2001), pp. 117–128) of structural breaks in a first‐order autoregressive model of labor productivity in the US manufacturing/durables sector and found evidence of time‐varying autoregressive parameter.
The view from the office is not all bad: conservation evaluation as a ‘sexy’ research goal
Authors: Howe C. , Milner‐Gulland E. J.
Published: May 2012

Read the Feature Paper: Evaluating indices of conservation success: a comparative analysis of outcome‐ and output‐based indices

Commentaries on this Feature Paper: Getting what you pay for: the challenge of measuring success in conservation; How can we sell evaluating, analyzing and synthesizing to young scientists?
Glucose transporter/T1R3‐expressing cells in rat tracheal epithelium
Authors: Merigo Flavia , Benati Donatella , Cristofoletti Mirko , Amarù Fabio , Osculati Francesco , Sbarbati Andrea
Published: May 2012

Glucose transport plays an important role in maintaining low sugar concentration in airway surface liquid (ASL), which is critical for mucociliary clearance and bacterial colonization. Experimental evidence indicates that glucose/hexose uptake in lung/airway cells occurs by means of two structurally distinct glucose transporter pathways: the Na+‐dependent glucose transporters (SGLT family) and the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT family). In this study, we examined the expression of the major glucose transporters of the intestine, GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1 and T1R3 taste receptor subunit, in the trachea of rats using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy, and compared them using double‐labeled confocal microscopy. We found that GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1 and T1R3 are selectively expressed in different cell types. T1R3 and GLUT2 are predominantly expressed in subsets of solitary chemoreceptor cells (SCCs) and ciliated cells, GLUT5 is present in subsets of SCCs and in secretory cells, and SGLT1 is exclusively expressed in a unique cell type, SCCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that T1R3 is colocalized with SGLT1 in SCCs and with GLUT2 transporter in ciliated cells. In conclusion, these findings reveal that different cell types are associated with the uptake of glucose in ASL and that, due to their T1R3 expression, SCCs and ciliated cells are most likely to participate in the chemosensory process in ASL.
FFA1‐selective agonistic activity based on docking simulation using FFA1 and GPR120 homology models
Authors: Takeuchi Masato , Hirasawa Akira , Hara Takafumi , Kimura Ikuo , Hirano Tatsuya , Suzuki Takayoshi , Miyata Naoki , Awaji Takeo , Ishiguro Masaji , Tsujimoto Gozoh
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The free fatty acid FFA1 receptor and GPR120 are GPCRs whose endogenous ligands are medium‐ and long‐chain FFAs, and they are important in regulating insulin and GLP‐1 secretion respectively. Given that the ligands of FFA1 receptor and GPR120 have similar properties, selective pharmacological tools are required to study their functions further.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a docking simulation approach using homology models for each receptor. Biological activity was assessed by phosphorylation of ERK and elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in cells transfected with FFA1 receptor or GPR120. Insulin secretion from murine pancreatic beta cells (MIN6) was also measured.

KEY RESULTS Calculated hydrogen bonding energies between a series of synthetic carboxylic acid compounds and the homology models of the FFA1 receptor and GPR120, using docking simulations, correlated well with the effects of the compounds on ERK phosphorylation in transfected cells (R2= 0.65 for FFA1 receptor and 0.76 for GPR120). NCG75, the compound with the highest predicted selectivity for FFA1 receptors from this structure‐activity relationship analysis, activated ERK and increased [Ca2+]i as potently as the known FFA1 receptor‐selective agonist, Compound 1. Site‐directed mutagenesis analysis based on the docking simulation showed that different amino acid residues were important for the recognition and activation by FFA1 receptor agonists. Moreover, NCG75 strongly induced ERK and [Ca2+]i responses, and promoted insulin secretion from MIN6 cells, which express endogenous FFA1 receptors.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS A docking simulation approach using FFA1 receptor and GPR120 homology models could be useful in predicting FFA1 receptor‐selective agonists.
Self‐Concept in Youth with Congenital Facial Differences: Development and Recommendations for Medical Providers
Authors: Marik Patricia K. , Hoag Jennifer A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Congenital facial differences may impact a child’s self‐perception, activities and valuation, and what has been termed their “self‐concept.” This article reviews what constitutes self‐concept, and its development during childhood and adolescence. The literature examining the role of physical appearance, specifically congenital facial differences on individuals’ perceptions of self are reviewed in the context of psychosocial development. Positive self‐concept can impact healthy behaviors, positive interactions with peers, and academic achievement. The role of mental health professionals in evaluating self‐concept and objective measures of self‐concept are discussed, and recommendations are made to assist medical practitioners regarding monitoring and encouragement of positive self‐concept in children with congenital facial differences.
Adolescent Girl with Down Syndrome and Lumbar Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Satgé Daniel , Dimoux‐Dime Guy , Godard William , de Fréminville Bénédicte
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Melanoma has rarely been reported in people with Down syndrome, and its frequency in this condition has not been clearly established. We report a 19‐year‐old woman with Down syndrome and lumbar melanoma. This possible association must be kept in mind.
Childhood Pityriasis Lichenoides and Oral Erythromycin
Authors: Hapa Aslı , Ersoy‐Evans Sibel , Karaduman Ayşen
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) is not uncommon in childhood, but current knowledge about the efficacy of oral erythromycin therapy for its treatment in children is limited. To investigate the role of oral erythromycin therapy in the treatment of PL in children, the records of 24 children with PL who had been started on oral erythromycin treatment at our institution between 2005 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The study included 24 patients (14 male, 10 female) with a median age of 7 years (range 2–14) of whom 15 (62.5%) had PL chronica (PLC), six (25%) PL et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA), and three (2.5%) PLEVA–PLC overlap. History of upper respiratory tract infection was reported in 33% (n = 8) of the patients. History of drug intake and vaccination was noted in 20% (n = 5) and 20% (n = 5), respectively. The disease began during spring (30%, n = 7) or fall (30%, n = 7) in the majority of patients. The median duration of the disease was 11 months (range 1–48 months). Fifteen (68.2%) patients had more than 100 lesions. Distribution was diffuse in 82% (n = 18) of the cases and peripheral in the remainder (n = 6). Oral erythromycin was started at a dosage of 30 to 50 mg/kg per day in three to four divided dosages for 1 to 4 months. Good response was recorded in 64% and 73% of patients in the first and second months of therapy, respectively. Response rate rose to 83% in the third month. In those for whom follow‐up data were available (n = 16), relapse was recorded in 12.5% (n = 3). Oral erythromycin may be an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for PL in children and should be continued for at least 3 months.
Skin‐of‐Color Epidemiology: A Report of the Most Common Skin Conditions by Race
Authors: Henderson Marsha D. , Abboud Josianne , Cogan Chad M. , Poisson Laila M. , Eide Melody J. , Shwayder Tor A. , Lim Henry W.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  To quantify and compare diagnoses according to race in pediatric Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) health plan patients seen in a general dermatology clinic over a 10‐year period. Retrospective cohort of health plan pediatric patients seen in the dermatology clinic between 1997 and 2007 was established using an electronic medical record database. Diagnoses and diagnostic codes were recorded according to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) diagnostic codes grouped on their first three digits. The proportion of patients with each diagnosis was determined according to race and sex, and the 10 most common diagnoses were determined. The most common diagnoses observed in all pediatric patients were acne (28.6%), dermatitis (19.4%), and warts (16.2%), accounting for more than 60% of dermatologic visits by children. Although acne (29.9%), warts (22.6%), and dermatitis (13.1%) were also the most common diagnoses for Caucasian children, African American pediatric patients were most commonly seen for dermatitis (29.0%), acne (27.5%), and dermatophytosis (10.2%). The three most common diagnoses for Asian patients were dermatitis (29.1%), acne (22.2%), and warts (12.6%). Acne remains one of the most common dermatologic diagnoses in children of all races. Differences in frequency of office visits for dermatitis, warts, and dermatophytosis were seen when comparing children of other races with Caucasian children.
Cutaneous Lupus After Herpes Zoster: Isomorphic, Isotopic, or Both?
Authors: Lee Nicole Y. , Daniel Alyssa S. , Dasher David A. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Koebner isomorphic response describes the phenomenon of histopathologically identical skin lesions of a preceding cutaneous disease appearing in sites of trauma. Wolf isotopic response describes the phenomenon of a new skin disease appearing in the site of an unrelated cutaneous disease. Neither of the phenomena has been reported in relation to systemic lupus erythematosus. This report describes a 17‐year‐old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibiting particularly severe cutaneous involvement confined primarily to sun‐exposed areas presenting with a dermatomal band of atrophic, scaling, erythematous papules, and plaques on her left shoulder extending down her left arm after herpes zoster eruption. The histopathologil result showed lupus erythematosus. This phenomenon is best considered as a Koebner isomorphic response, although Wolf isotopic response has some clinical relevance as well. Koebner isomorphic and Wolf isotopic responses are discussed as related to this case.