bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional morphology of the douc langur (Pygathrix spp.) scapula
Authors: Bailey Katie E. , Lad Susan E. , Pampush James D.
Published: March 2017

Most colobine monkeys primarily move through their arboreal environment quadrupedally. Douc langurs (Pygathrix spp.), however, are regularly observed to use suspensory behaviors at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center (EPRC) in Northern Vietnam. Previous work has linked variation in scapular morphology to different modes of primate arboreal locomotion. Here we investigate whether the shape of the Pygathrix scapula resembles obligate brachiators (gibbons) or obligate arboreal quadrupeds (other cercopithecoids). Using a MicroScribe G2X 3D digitizer, the positions of 17 landmarks were recorded on 15 different species of nonhuman primates (n = 100) from three categories of locomotor behavior: brachiator, arboreal quadruped, and unknown (Pygathrix). All analyses were conducted in the R package geomorph. A Procrustes analysis uniformly scaled the shape data and placed specimens into the same morphospace. A Principal Component Analysis was used to examine scapular shape and a Procrustes ANOVA was conducted to test for shape difference in the scapulae. A pairwise analysis was used to compare the means of the locomotor categories and identify any statistically significant differences. A phylogenetically controlled Procrustes ANOVA was also conducted using a phylogeny from 10kTrees. Results show Pygathrix scapular morphology is significantly different from both arboreal colobine quadrupeds (p < 0.01) and hylobatid brachiators (p < 0.01). It does, however, share some features with each including a long vertebral border, like other cercopithecoids, and a more laterally projecting acromion process, like the hylobatids. The principal difference segregating Pygathrix from both the arboreal quadrupeds and the brachiators is the more medially placed superior angle. These nuanced morphological characteristics associated with suspensory behaviors may be useful for inferring suspensory locomotion in the primate fossil record.
Universelles Superauflösungs‐Multiplexing durch DNA‐Austausch
Authors: Schueder Florian , Strauss Maximilian T. , Hoerl David , Schnitzbauer Joerg , Schlichthaerle Thomas , Strauss Sebastian , Yin Peng , Harz Hartmann , Leonhardt Heinrich , Jungmann Ralf
Published: March 2017

Superauflösende Mikroskopie ermöglicht optische Bildgebung unterhalb der klassischen Beugungsgrenze von Licht mit bis zu 20‐fach verbesserter räumlicher Auflösung. Jedoch ist derzeit das Beobachten mehrerer unterschiedlicher Zielmoleküle (“Multiplexing”) schwierig und zeitintensiv in der Durchführung. Hier stellen wir einen einfachen Ansatz für sequenzielles Multiplexing vor, der auf einem schnellen Austausch von DNA‐Sonden basiert. Dies ermöglicht eine effiziente Detektion vieler Zielmoleküle mit Superauflösungsmethoden wie (d)STORM, STED und SIM. Wir evaluieren unseren Ansatz mit DNA‐Origami‐Nanostrukturen, um Markierung, Bildgebung und die Wascheffizienz quantitativ zu testen. Darüber hinaus demonstrieren wir die Anwendbarkeit unserer Methode zur Bildgebung mehrerer Proteine in fixierten Zellen.
Phosphate ester side‐chain‐modified conjugated polymer for hybrid solar cells
Authors: Zhang Zhongqiang , Jin Zhengneng , Fu Weifei , Shi Minmin , Chen Hongzheng
Published: March 2017

Although nanocrystals have several advantages of tunable bandgap and high carrier mobility, it is still challenging to achieve high‐performance polymer: nanocrystals hybrid solar cells (HSC) due to the complicated surface problem. Many efforts have been devoted to replace the long alkyl chain on the surface of nanocrystals to improve the charge transfer and transport. Herein, we modified the alkyl chain in poly[2,6–(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)−4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]‐dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7–(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) by phosphate ester. Due to its strong affinity to CdSe nanocrystals, the resulting polymers can spontaneously exchange the long chain ligands in one‐step process. With the improved morphology of polymer: CdSe blended film, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.12% was achieved for hybrid solar cells. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45003.
Both a frameshift and a missense mutation of the STRA6 gene observed in an infant with the Matthew‐Wood syndrome
Authors: Sadowski Samantha , Chassaing Nicolas , Gaj Zuzanna , Czichos Ewa , Wilczynski Jan , Nowakowska Dorota
Published: March 2017

Background

The Matthew‐Wood syndrome is associated with mutations of the STRA6 gene. It combines a pulmonary agenesis/hypoplasia; microphthalmia/anophthalmia; congenital cardiac, digestive, and urogenital malformations; and diaphragmatic defects.

Case

A 23‐year‐old nulliparous woman was referred to our center after a fetal ultrasound examination at 26 weeks of pregnancy revealed an abnormal head shape, a heart malformation, multiple cysts in both kidneys, and dilated ureters. A male baby (46, XY; 3600g; Apgar score 1) was delivered at 38 weeks of gestation and died 1 hr later due to respiratory failure. The diagnosis of Matthew‐Wood syndrome was suspected given the association of bilateral anophthalmia, agenesis of the left lung, and heart and kidney defects. It was confirmed by the identification of two deleterious mutations of the STRA6 gene.

RESULTS

The child was a compound heterozygote for two previously reported mutations, a paternally inherited missense mutation (c.878C>T [p.Pro293Leu] and a maternally inherited frameshift mutation (c.50_52delACTinsCC [p. Asp17Alafs*55]), producing a premature stop codon.

CONCLUSION

The diagnosis of Matthew‐Wood syndrome should be considered in all fetuses with microphthalmia/anophthalmia. It requires an extensive ultrasound/MRI examination of the lung, heart, and diaphragm. Birth Defects Research 109:251–253, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wissen produzieren, lokalisieren und imaginieren. Von „falschen Karten“ und „wissenschaftlichen Expeditionen“ in der Auseinandersetzung um Guyana (1880er bis 1900er Jahre)
Authors: Dorsch Sebastian
Published: March 2017

Producing, Localising, and Imagining Knowledge. On “false maps” and “scientific expeditions” in the Brazilian‐French Debates about Guyana (1880s–1900s). This paper analyses the interferences between knowledge production, space and colonial claims from translocal, actor‐based perspectives. Due to its ‘thickness’ the examined material, found particularly at the Perthes collection (Gotha/Germany), allows multifaceted views on a topic which influences our scientific knowledge‐based world views. In his writings the Swiss naturalist Emil Göldi underlined his point of view that was both ‘Brazilianized’ and scientific. Especially his letters and articles between the 1880s and the 1900s are testimony to his positioning in situ (‘an Ort und Stelle’) against the cartographic ‘alienated’‐colonial perspectives of French scientists, especially those of his counterpart Henri Coudreau. Sometimes it reads more like an adventure story than a scholarly debate. By working with and using the internationally renowned periodical Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (Perthes), Göldi managed to design an image of the spatial situation that convinced the deciding people and thus to obtain for Brazil a huge territory in the Eastern part of the Guyanas.
Vom richtigen Reisen und Beobachten: Ratgeberliteratur für Forschungsreisende nach Übersee im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Pesek Michael
Published: March 2017

How to Travel and Observe: Manuals for Scientific Travelers beyond in the 19thCentury. The article deals with manuals for travelers who went to Africa and Asia for the sake of geographic exploration. These are widely neglected sources for the history of European exploration and the emergence of geography as an academic discipline. The article argues that these manuals are essential for an understanding of the travelers’ socialization as members of the scientific project of geography and their contributions to geographical knowledge production.
Disrupting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by rTMS reduces the P300 based marker of deception
Authors: Karton Inga , Bachmann Talis
Published: March 2017

Objective

Quite many studies have revealed certain brain‐process signatures indicative of subject's deceptive behavior. These signatures are neural correlates of deception. However, much less is known about whether these signatures can be modified by noninvasive brain stimulation techniques representing methods of causal intervention of brain processes and the corresponding behavior. Our purpose was to explore whether such methods have an effect on these signatures.

Methods

It is well known that electroencephalographic event‐related potential component, P300, is sensitive to perception of critical items in a concealed information test, one of the central methods in deception studies. We examined whether the relative level of expression of P300 as a neural marker of deception can be manipulated by means of noninvasive neuromodulation. We used EEG/ERP recording combined with (i) neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and (ii) concealed information detection test. An opportunistically recruited volunteer group of normal adults formed our experimental group.

Results

We show that offline rTMS to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex attenuated relative P300 amplitude in response to the critical items compared to the neutral items.

Conclusion

Noninvasive prefrontal cortex excitability disruption by rTMS can be used to manipulate the sensitivity of ERP signatures of deception to critical items in a concealment‐based variant of lie detection test.
Predictive value of the combination of SMAD4 expression and lymphocyte infiltration in malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia
Authors: Sakata Junki , Yoshida Ryoji , Matsuoka Yuichiro , Nagata Masashi , Hirosue Akiyuki , Kawahara Kenta , Nakamura Takuya , Nakamoto Masafumi , Hirayama Masatoshi , Takahashi Nozomu , Nakashima Hikaru , Arita Hidetaka , Ogi Hidenao , Hiraki Akimitsu , Shinohara Masanori , Nakayama Hideki
Published: March 2017

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a common, potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity. SMAD4 was initially identified as a tumor suppressor and central mediator of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling. In this study, we aimed to determine the expression patterns of SMAD4 in OL, its relationship with the degree of inflammation, and its clinical implications as a biomarker for OL malignant transformation. A total of 150 patients with OL were enrolled in this study. Paraffin‐embedded sections obtained from biopsy or resection specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. Associations among the status of epithelial SMAD4 expression, stromal lymphocyte infiltration, and malignant transformation of OL were examined. Malignant transformation was significantly associated with the status of SMAD4 expression (P = 0.0017) and lymphocyte infiltration status (P = 0.0054). Cox regression analysis, based on the event‐free survival (EFS), revealed that a low SMAD4 expression was a significant prognostic factor in OL patients (hazard ratio, 2.632; P = 0.043). In addition, a low SMAD4 expression was closely correlated with high lymphocyte infiltration (P = 0.00035), resulting in a significant correlation between the combination of low SMAD4 expression and high lymphocyte infiltration with malignant transformation of OL (P = 0.00027). The combination of the status of epithelial SMAD4 expression and stromal lymphocyte infiltration may be a useful biomarker for predicting malignant transformation in OL patients. These results suggest that not only epithelial SMAD4 loss, but also stromal features, may regulate the risk of malignant transformation of OL.
RIP3 deficiency exacerbates inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate‐induced ulcerative colitis mice model
Authors: Xu Yu‐Lin , Tang Hai‐Lin , Zhu Shi‐Ying , Peng Hao‐Ran , Qi Zhong‐Tian , Wang Wen
Published: March 2017

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease. The receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) was reported to be involved in many inflammatory disease. However, the mechanism of RIP3 in the pathogenesis of UC is still unclear. To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of RIP3 in UC pathogenesis, RIP3‐/‐ mice was used in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis model. It was found that by DSS‐induced colitis, RIP3‐/‐ mice showed significantly enhanced colitis symptoms, including increased weight loss, colon shortening, and colonic mucosa damage and severity, but decreased production of interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β. The results showed that RIP3 deficiency could not ameliorate but exacerbate the severity of colitis. On the mechanism, it was found that messenger RNA expressions of several repair‐associated cytokines including interleukin 6, interleukin 22, cyclooxygenase 2, epithelial growth factor receptor ligand Epiregulin and matrix metalloproteinase 10 were siginificant decreased in RIP3‐/‐ mice. Thus, RIP3‐/‐ mice exhibited an impaired tissue repair in response to DSS. In a conclusion, RIP3 deficiency exerted detrimental effects in DSS induced colitis partially because of the impaired repair‐associated cytokines expression.
Deterioration of Aqueous n‐Octanoate Electrolysis with Electrolytic Conductivity Collapse Caused by the Formation of n‐Octanoic Acid/n‐Octanoate Agglomerates
Authors: Urban Carolin , Harnisch Falk
Published: March 2017

Electroorganic synthesis performed in water (as a green solvent) bears potential for the selective production of chemicals from renewable power. Yet, the limited solubility of organic molecules hampers their aqueous electrolysis. For the proposed platform chemical n‐octanoic acid/n‐octanoate, both summarized as C8, it is shown that the aqueous electrolysis of C8 can be performed successfully, provided that certain requirements are fulfilled. It is evidenced that the often‐overlooked local pH shift in the proximity of the electrode can lead to the formation of large C8 agglomerates (e. g. vesicles, bilayers), which deteriorate the electrolysis by minimizing the electrolytic conductivity. It is stressed that pH‐buffering electrolytes have to be preferred to pH‐neutral supporting electrolytes for C8 electrolysis to achieve improved space−time yields. Cyclic voltammetry, particle‐size analysis through dynamic light scattering, and light microscopy characterize the nature of these agglomerates.
Potentiodynamic Chromium Deposition from Trivalent and Hexavalent Systems on Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Initial Stages and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Sheasha Yasser , Yücel Duygu , Kibler Ludwig A. , Knape Miriam , Holl Sebastian , Henne Stefan , Heitmüller Sebastian , Jacob Timo
Published: March 2017

Developing a functional Cr(III) electrolyte to replace carcinogenic and toxic Cr(VI) electroplating requires a deeper understanding of the deposition mechanisms. Hence, this study investigates and compares the growth of chromium on inert glassy carbon (GC) electrodes from low‐concentration Cr(III) and Cr(VI) electrolytes, using a novel potentiodynamic deposition scheme. This allows the initial stages of deposition to be probed, which are crucial for determining the overall deposition mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy shows that, for both systems, micrometer‐sized hexagonal chromium hydride crystals could be deposited on GC, thus serving to be the first reporting of such structures. In addition, by increasing the deposition time, the changes in a particle structure for both systems were tracked; therefore, possible areas of similarity as well as key differences could be identified, which, when addressed may provide a more viable, environmentally friendly trivalent electrolyte for chromium electroplating.
Uncommon penalties for common problems
Authors: Eilers Paul H. C.
Published: March 2017

Penalties are great tools to steer parametric and nonparametric models in desired directions. Familiar examples are the ridge and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty to stabilize regression and roughness penalties to fit smooth trends. The purpose of this paper is to showcase some uncommon extensions to these penalties that help to solve common problems. Switching from the usual sum of squares in the penalty to sums of smaller powers can achieve very sparse results. Asymmetric penalties make it easy to enforce shape constraints. In some cases it is effective to work with a sum of 2 signals, each having its own “tailored” penalty to adapt it to specific properties of the data. Many examples, in 1 and 2 dimensions, mostly based on real data, illustrate the (moderate) theory.
Development of a Modular Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Extracellular Superoxide
Authors: Andina Diana , Brambilla Davide , Munzinger Noah , Frei Jasmine , Zivko Cristina , Leroux Jean‐Christophe , Luciani Paola
Published: March 2017

Extracellular detection of endogeneous analytes (e.g., superoxide) can provide important insights into mechanisms of homeostasis and diseases, such as tumorigenesis. A ratiometric probe with a fluorescent reference and an analyte‐specific switch‐on dye was developed. Detection of ROS in the extracellular milieu was ensured by connecting the two fluorophores with a modular peptide‐nucleic‐acid‐based linker. The ROS‐sensing ability was assessed and validated in cell‐free assays and in cell culture.
The role of hydrophobic properties in ion exchange removal of organic compounds from water
Authors: Rahmani Sonia , Mohseni Madjid
Published: March 2017

The removal of organic compounds by ion exchange resins is a complex process due to the involvement of several interacting phenomena during the course of removal. The objective of this research is to clarify the contribution of these interactions to the removal of different organic compounds under various solution conditions. This study investigates the sorption of three ionizable organic compounds, which are identical in terms of ionic charges and different in their non‐polar moieties, in order to better evaluate the contribution of solute‐solvent interactions to the affinity of these compounds for ion exchange. The higher uptake of hydrophobic compounds and lower competition effect from inorganic anions on the removal of these compounds provide evidence for the importance of the hydrophobic effect. The hydrophobic characteristics of organic compounds and the favourable entropy change that they impose during de‐solvation contribute greatly to the ion exchange selectivity of these compounds. Furthermore, increasing the ionic strength of solution by adding high charge density anions, such as sulphate, to the water diminishes the contribution of electrostatic interaction, and hence the potential physical adsorption between resin and organic molecule predominates the removal mechanism. No change in removal mechanism is observed in the presence of inorganic anions with low charge density such as nitrate.
Randomized controlled trial of neurofeedback on chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study
Authors: Prinsloo Sarah , Novy Diane , Driver Larry , Lyle Randall , Ramondetta Lois , Eng Cathy , McQuade Jennifer , Lopez Gabriel , Cohen Lorenzo
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant problem for cancer patients, and there are limited treatment options for this often debilitating condition. Neuromodulatory interventions could be a novel modality for patients trying to manage CIPN symptoms; however, they are not yet the standard of care. This study examined whether electroencephalogram (EEG) neurofeedback (NFB) could alleviate CIPN symptoms in survivors.

METHODS

This was a randomized controlled trial with survivors assigned to an NFB group or a wait‐list control (WLC) group. The NFB group underwent 20 sessions of NFB, in which visual and auditory rewards were given for voluntary changes in EEGs. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) worst‐pain item was the primary outcome. The BPI, the Pain Quality Assessment Scale, and EEGs were collected before NFB and again after treatment. Outcomes were assessed with general linear modeling.

RESULTS

Cancer survivors with CIPN (average duration of symptoms, 25.3 mo), who were mostly female and had a mean age of 62.5 years, were recruited between April 2011 and September 2014. One hundred percent of the participants starting the NFB program completed it (30 in the NFB group and 32 in the WLC group). The NFB group demonstrated greater improvement than the controls on the BPI worst‐pain item (mean change score, –2.43 [95% confidence interval, –3.58 to –1.28] vs 0.09 [95% confidence interval, –0.72 to –0.90]; P =·.001; effect size, 0.83).

CONCLUSIONS

NFB appears to be effective at reducing CIPN symptoms. There was evidence of neurological changes in the cortical location and in the bandwidth targeted by the intervention, and changes in EEG activity were predictive of symptom reduction. Cancer 2017;123:1989–1997. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Chemotherapy‐induced neuropathy: Central resolution of a peripherally perceived problem?
Authors: Cathcart‐Rake Elizabeth J. , Hilliker Daniel R. , Loprinzi Charles L.
Published: March 2017

Although chemotherapy‐induced neuropathy is perceived as a peripheral nervous system problem, data suggest that it may be ameliorated by addressing central nervous system functions. See also pages 1989–97.
Comparative ultrastructural features of excitatory synapses in the visual and frontal cortices of the adult mouse and monkey
Authors: Hsu Alexander , Luebke Jennifer I. , Medalla Maria
Published: March 2017

The excitatory glutamatergic synapse is the principal site of communication between cortical pyramidal neurons and their targets, a key locus of action of many drugs, and highly vulnerable to dysfunction and loss in neurodegenerative disease. A detailed knowledge of the structure of these synapses in distinct cortical areas and across species is a prerequisite for understanding the anatomical underpinnings of cortical specialization and, potentially, selective vulnerability in neurological disorders. We used serial electron microscopy to assess the ultrastructural features of excitatory (asymmetric) synapses in the layers 2–3 (L2–3) neuropil of visual (V1) and frontal (FC) cortices of the adult mouse and compared findings to those in the rhesus monkey (V1 and lateral prefrontal cortex [LPFC]). Analyses of multiple ultrastructural variables revealed four organizational features. First, the density of asymmetric synapses does not differ between frontal and visual cortices in either species, but is significantly higher in mouse than in monkey. Second, the structural properties of asymmetric synapses in mouse V1 and FC are nearly identical, by stark contrast to the significant differences seen between monkey V1 and LPFC. Third, while the structural features of postsynaptic entities in mouse and monkey V1 do not differ, the size of presynaptic boutons are significantly larger in monkey V1. Fourth, both presynaptic and postsynaptic entities are significantly smaller in the mouse FC than in the monkey LPFC. The diversity of synaptic ultrastructural features demonstrated here have broad implications for the nature and efficacy of glutamatergic signaling in distinct cortical areas within and across species.
Discovering Protein‐Protein Interactions Using Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays
Authors: Tang Yanyang , Qiu Ji , Machner Matthias , LaBaer Joshua
Published: March 2017

We have developed a protocol enabling the study of protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) at the proteome level using in vitro–synthesized proteins. Assay preparation requires molecular cloning of the query gene into a vector that supports in vitro transcription/translation (IVTT) and appends a HaloTag to the query protein of interest. In parallel, protein microarrays are prepared by printing plasmids encoding glutathione S‐transferase (GST)‐tagged target proteins onto a carrier matrix/glass slide coated with antibody directed against GST. At the time of the experiment, the query protein and the target protein are produced separately through IVTT. The query protein is then applied to nucleic acid programmable protein arrays (NAPPA) that display thousands of freshly produced target proteins captured by anti‐GST antibody. Interactions between the query and immobilized target proteins are detected through addition of a fluorophore‐labeled HaloTag ligand. Our protocol allows the elucidation of PPIs in a high‐throughput fashion using proteins produced in vitro, obviating the scientific challenges, high cost, and laborious work, as well as concerns about protein stability, which are usually present in protocols using conventional protein arrays. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Unique High‐Throughput Assay to Identify Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Chemotaxis and Migration
Authors: Liao Xin‐Hua , Kimmel Alan R.
Published: March 2017

Chemotaxis and cell migration play pivotal roles in normal physiological processes such as embryogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing, as well as in pathological processes including chronic inflammatory disease and cancer metastasis. Novel chemotaxis/migration inhibitors are desirable for developing effective therapeutics and probing molecular mechanisms. We describe a fluorescence‐based phenotypic assay in a 1536‐well plate format for high‐throughput screening of novel inhibitors of chemotaxis/migration within complex libraries of thousands of compounds. Although the assay utilizes the unique cellular response properties of Dictyostelium, the compounds identified are able to inhibit chemotaxis of mammalian cells. In addition, a parallel cell cytotoxicity counter‐screen with an ATP content assay is described that eliminates cytotoxic compounds from the screen. This novel compound screening approach enables rapid identification of novel lead compounds that inhibit chemotaxis in human and other cells for drug development and research tools. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Guided installation of basic linear algebra routines in a cluster with manycore components
Authors: Cuenca J. , García L. P. , Giménez D. , Herrera F. J.
Published: March 2017

Computational systems are nowadays composed of basic computational components that share multiprocessors and coprocessors of different types, typically several graphics processing units (GPUs) or many integrated cores (MICs), and those computational components are combined in heterogeneous clusters of nodes with different characteristics, including coprocessors of different types, with varying numbers of nodes at different speeds. The software previously developed and optimized for simpler system needs to be redesigned and reoptimized for these new, more complex systems. The adaptation to hybrid multicore + multiGPU and multicore + multiMIC of autotuning techniques for basic linear algebra routines is analyzed. The matrix‐matrix multiplication kernel, which is optimized for different computational system components through guided experimentation, is studied. The routine is installed for each node in the cluster, and the information generated from individual installations may be used for a hierarchical installation in a cluster. The basic matrix‐matrix multiplication may, in turn, be used inside higher level routines, which delegate their efficient execution to the optimization of the lower level routine. Experimental results are satisfactory in different multicore + multiGPU and multicore + multiMIC systems. So the guided search of execution configurations for satisfactory execution times proves to be a useful tool for heterogeneous systems, where the complexity of the system means a correct use of highly efficient routines and libraries is difficult.
Metaphase Chromosome Preparation from Soybean (Glycine max) Root Tips
Authors: Findley Seth D. , Birchler James A. , Stacey Gary
Published: March 2017

This unit presents a highly reliable protocol to produce and screen metaphase chromosome spreads from root tip cell suspensions of soybean (Glycine max), or other legumes. The procedures represent soybean‐optimized versions of protocols developed for maize. The use of pressurized nitrous oxide to reliably generate metaphase‐arrested chromosomes is crucial to overcoming one of the challenges of working with tiny and numerous soybean chromosomes. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding charge transfer stacking mode in cocrystals involving Tetrachloro‐p‐benzoquinone via experimental (SXRD, DSC‐TGA, DRS) studies and hirshfeld surfaces analysis
Authors: Du Man , Wang Mingliang , Zhang Ruimin
Published: March 2017

Three binary charge‐transfer cocrystals (Ι, ΙΙ, ΙΙΙ) were obtained by solvent evaporation method, involving 1‐acetyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐(1‐pyrenyl)‐pyrazoline(APPP), 1‐(5‐(anthracen‐9‐yl)‐3‐(4‐methoxyphen‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrazol‐1‐yl)ethanone (AMPE) and 1‐phenyl‐3‐(pyren‐1‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (PPPO) as electron donor (D), Tetrachloro‐p‐benzoquinone (TCQ) as electron acceptor (A), respectively. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state absorption and thermal behaviours were exploited to investigate their structures. For the different types of donors, crystal structure analysis revealed that cocrystal Ι and ΙΙΙ exhibit face‐to‐face mixed‐stacking mode forming DADDAD chains between pyrene moiety and TCQ while cocrystal ΙΙ adopts separated‐stacking mode for AMPE and TCQ molecules. Moreover, Hirshfeld surfaces analysis was utilized to investigate the intermolecular interactions in these cocrystals. The different charge‐transfer stacking modes between donor and acceptor molecules in these crystals can be affected by the design of electron donor.
Visualization of Cell Composition and Maturation in the Bone Marrow Using 10‐Color Flow Cytometry and Radar Plots
Authors: Jafari Katayoon , Tierens Anne , Rajab Amr , Musani Rumina , Schuh André , Porwit Anna
Published: March 2017

Background

The enormous potential of complex data files generated by 10‐color flow cytometry (FC) is hindered by the requirement for exhaustive manual gating and the complexity of multidimensional data visualization. We propose a model using radar plots (RPs), to improve FC data visualization by capturing multidimensionality and integration of FC findings.

Method

We analysed 12 normal/reactive bone marrow (N/R BM) samples and 12 BM samples from patients with myelodysplasia (MDS) with 10‐color FC. All identifiable cell clusters were individually marked, grouped, and visualized on radar plots. RPs were optimized to de‐clutter the cell clusters and map BM cell composition and maturation.

Results

A total of 27 immature and mature cell clusters were identified and visualized on 8 multidimensional radar plots. The RPs displayed flow cytometry findings of normal BM in an integrated fashion to maximize overall insight into the data set. The constructed map of bone marrow cell composition was reproducible in all normal BM samples analyzed. Analysis of the pilot cohort of patient samples confirmed the presence of MDS‐related changes. These changes are readily identifiable on RPs.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that the cell clusters of normal BM can be mapped on multidimensional radar plots, which provide an inclusive insight into BM cell composition and maturation. These reproducible RPs present a comprehensive and comprehensible visual display of differentiation and maturation of haematopoietic cells in normal BM, and can be used as a reference map to assess abnormal haematopoiesis in MDS. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Anolis lizards as biocontrol agents in mainland and island agroecosystems
Authors: Monagan Ivan V. , Morris Jonathan R. , Davis Rabosky Alison R. , Perfecto Ivette , Vandermeer John
Published: March 2017

Our knowledge of ecological interactions that bolster ecosystem function and productivity has broad applications to the management of agricultural systems. Studies suggest that the presence of generalist predators in agricultural landscapes leads to a decrease in the abundance of herbivorous pests, but our understanding of how these interactions vary across taxa and along gradients of management intensity and eco‐geographic space remains incomplete. In this study, we assessed the functional response and biocontrol potential of a highly ubiquitous insectivore (lizards in the genus Anolis) on the world's most important coffee pest, the coffee berry borer (Hypothalemus hampei). We conducted field surveys and laboratory experiments to examine the impact of land‐use intensification on species richness and abundance of anoles and the capacity of anoles to reduce berry borer infestations in mainland and island coffee systems. Our results show that anoles significantly reduce coffee infestation rates in laboratory settings (Mexico, p = .03, F = 5.13 df = 1, 35; Puerto Rico, p = .014, F = 8.82, df = 1, 10) and are capable of consuming coffee berry borers in high abundance. Additionally, diversified agroecosystems bolster anole abundance, while high‐intensity practices, including the reduction of vegetation complexity and the application of agrochemicals were associated with reduced anole abundance. The results of this study provide supporting evidence of the positive impact of generalist predators on the control of crop pests in agricultural landscapes, and the role of diversified agroecosystems in sustaining both functionally diverse communities and crop production in tropical agroecosystems.
Incorporating habitats of plants and ungulates contributes to prioritize targets for conserving regional plant diversity
Authors: Shinoda Yushin , Akasaka Munemitsu
Published: March 2017

Overgrazing caused by overabundant ungulates exceeding the land carrying capacity induces catastrophic ecological problems. Installation of ungulate‐proof fences is an effective management tool to protect plants from overgrazing. However, an efficient framework to prioritize conservation targets (i.e., plant species to be protected by the fences and areas to install the fences) for maintaining plant diversity under limited resources has yet to be formulated. At a regional scale, the possibility of plants being encountered and grazed by ungulates would increase when the habitats of plants and that of foraging ungulates overlap. We tested the utility of incorporating the encounter tendency as well as the palatability of each plant species to identify areas for preferential installation of fences to secure regional plant diversity. We conducted a plant survey in five 3 × 3 m quadrats at 30 stands at Minakami, Gunma, Japan, and recorded the presence or absence of ungulate grazing scars for all plant shoots within a height of 25–200 cm at each quadrat. We developed a regression model in which the presence or absence of a grazing scar was explained by the susceptibility of a plant species to grazing (palatability) and the susceptibility of the quadrats to visitation by ungulates (visitability). The encounter tendency of respective species was then evaluated based on the visitability of quadrats and the frequency distribution of their shoots across the quadrats. Of 211 plant species examined, 121 showed significant values of either or both palatability and encounter tendency, whereas the two metrics were mutually independent. In addition, using a simulation model, we showed that the median of the number of species lost in a region would be 1.8‐fold smaller over 20 yr when considering both the palatability and the encounter tendency to identify areas for the installation of ungulate‐proof fences as compared to considering only palatability. We suggest that accounting for both palatability and encounter tendency would greatly improve our capacity to identify priority areas for the installation of ungulate‐proof fences to efficiently ensure the persistence of regional plant diversity.
Directional associational plant defense from Red deer (Cervus elaphus) foraging decisions
Authors: Bergvall Ulrika A. , Leimar Olof
Published: March 2017

The concept of associational plant defenses is widely accepted and implies that an unpalatable plant can protect its neighbors from grazing. We have investigated the new but similar question of whether a part of a plant, for example, the top or bottom, can protect other parts. At the same time, we investigated whether the previously observed selection of the apical shoot and upper leaves of plants is a direct consequence of food quality (the plant vigor hypothesis) or whether there is an innate or learnt foraging pattern behind the observation. In experiments, we used 1 m high artificial trees, made from aspen branches, and measured red deer browsing from the top (above 0.5 m) and bottom (below 0.5 m), with application of condensed tannin to the top or bottom as a proxy for plant part unpalatability. There were four treatments where either none, both, or one part (top or bottom) of the artificial trees had tannin applied. As expected, we found that red deer consumed less from parts with tannin. We also found that a defended top protected an undefended bottom, but we found no evidence for the opposite relationship, which could be explained by foraging behavior. When examining the behavior, we found that adult red deer prefer to start feeding from the top of a plant. We also found that they spent a shorter time feeding on a defended top. This behavior might cause a defended top to protect an undefended bottom. Such directional associational plant defense could be the result of selectivity with limited flexibility and might be more pronounced for mammalian herbivores than for insects, since mammals are bigger in size and more restricted in their head position. An important applied aspect of these results is that when saplings are protected by adding a repellent, for instance in forestry, it might be enough to apply repellent to the tops. On the other hand, according to this directional associational plant defense, protected bottoms will not protect tops, so newly grown apical shoots may need new protection.
Solvent‐Free Fluorination of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Compounds with F‐TEDA‐BF4: Toward “Dry” Processes
Authors: Zaikin Pavel A. , Dyan Ok Ton , Evtushok Darya V. , Usoltsev Andrey N. , Borodkin Gennady I. , Karpova Elena V. , Shubin Vyacheslav G.
Published: March 2017

An effective protocol for the solvent‐free fluorination of electron‐rich aromatic compounds with 1‐chloromethyl‐4‐fluoro‐1,4‐diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (F‐TEDA‐BF4) is described. The protocol allows the easy and efficient isolation of fluorinated products in high yields and purities with low E factors (kgwaste kgproduct–1) by vacuum‐sublimation without the use of any solvent. The solid‐state fluorination of naphthalen‐2‐ol was studied by differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy was used to obtain evidence for the solid‐state process. The crucial influence of alkali‐metal carbonates on the rate of the solvent‐free fluorination of hydroxynaphthalenes and estrone was demonstrated.
Iodocarbamation of N‐Homopropargyl Carbamates: Mild and Stereoselective Entry to Functionalized Oxazinan‐2‐ones
Authors: Quinodoz Pierre , Quelhas Alexandre , Wright Karen , Drouillat Bruno , Marrot Jérôme , Couty François
Published: March 2017

An efficient and general iodocarbamation of benzyl N‐homopropargylcarbamates has been developed by using iodine as the electrophilic agent. This regio‐ and stereoselective cyclization yielded (E)‐6‐iodomethyleneoxazinan‐2‐ones, which can be further transformed through palladium cross‐coupling reactions followed by hydrogenation to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐2‐ones.
Effects of overlapping electric double layer on mass transport of a macro‐solute across porous wall of a micro/nanochannel for power law fluid
Authors: Bhattacharjee Saikat , Mondal Mrinmoy , De Sirshendu
Published: March 2017

Effects of overlapping electric double layer and high wall potential on transport of a macrosolute for flow of a power law fluid through a microchannel with porous walls are studied in this work. The electric potential distribution is obtained by coupling the Poisson's equation without considering the Debye–Huckel approximation. The numerical solution shows that the center line potential can be 16% of wall potential at pH 8.5, at wall potential −73 mV and scaled Debye length 0.5. Transport phenomena involving mass transport of a neutral macrosolute is formulated by species advective equation. An analytical solution of Sherwood number is obtained for power law fluid. Effects of fluid rheology are studied in detail. Average Sherwood number is more for a pseudoplastic fluid compared to dilatant upto the ratio of Poiseuille to electroosmotic velocity of 5. Beyond that, the Sherwood number is independent of fluid rheology. Effects of fluid rheology and solute size on permeation flux and concentration of neutral solute are also quantified. More solute permeation occurs as the fluid changes from pseudoplastic to dilatant.
Sequence requirements of oligonucleotide chiral selectors for the capillary electrophoresis resolution of low‐affinity DNA binders
Authors: Tohala Luma , Oukacine Farid , Ravelet Corinne , Peyrin Eric
Published: March 2017

We recently reported that a great variety of DNA oligonucleotides (ONs) used as chiral selectors in partial‐filling capillary electrophoresis (CE) exhibited interesting enantioresolution properties toward low‐affinity DNA binders. Herein, the sequence prerequisites of ONs for the CE enantioseparation process were studied. First, the chiral resolution properties of a series of homopolymeric sequences (Poly‐dT) of different lengths (from 5 to 60‐mer) were investigated. It was shown that the size increase‐dependent random coil‐like conformation of Poly‐dT favorably acted on the apparent selectivity and resolution. The base‐unpairing state constituted also an important factor in the chiral resolution ability of ONs as the switch from the single‐stranded to double‐stranded structure was responsible for a significant decrease in the analyte selectivity range. Finally, the chemical diversity enhanced the enantioresolution ability of single‐stranded ONs. The present work could lay the foundation for the design of performant ON chiral selectors for the CE separation of weak DNA binder enantiomers.
Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction at Nanostructured Gold, Copper, and Alloy Materials
Authors: Vickers James W. , Alfonso Dominic , Kauffman Douglas R.
Published: March 2017

Mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of today's most important scientific challenges. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 into industrially relevant chemicals is a leading strategy because it would allow sustainable production of commodity chemicals. In this review, we outline the current progress in nanostructuring gold, copper, and alloy catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction. In general, Au catalysts show structure and voltage dependent CO selectivity alongside the H2 evolution reaction. The ability to tune CO to H2 product distributions is appealing for downstream processing into a variety of industrially relevant chemicals. Cu catalysts produce a wider range of products, and current efforts focus on controlling the product distribution by tuning the catalyst size, structure, oxidation state, and crystallographic orientation. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of computational electrocatalysis with emphasis on the computational hydrogen electrode method. The combination of experiment and computation is important because it provides fundamental insight into chemical processes driving catalytic CO2 conversion. Continued work will help to tune catalyst structure and create next‐generation materials with high catalytic activity and desirable product selectivity.
Agriculture, Food Systems, and Nutrition: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Gillespie Stuart , van den Bold Mara
Published: March 2017

Malnutrition is a global challenge with huge social and economic costs; nearly every country faces a public health challenge, whether from undernutrition, overweight/obesity, and/or micronutrient deficiencies. Malnutrition is a multisectoral, multi‐level problem that results from the complex interplay between household and individual decision‐making, agri‐food, health, and environmental systems that determine access to services and resources, and related policy processes. This paper reviews the theory and recent qualitative evidence (particularly from 2010 to 2016) in the public health and nutrition literature, on the role that agriculture plays in improving nutrition, how food systems are changing rapidly due to globalization, trade liberalization, and urbanization, and the implications this has for nutrition globally. The paper ends by summarizing recommendations that emerge from this research related to (i) knowledge, evidence, and communications, (ii) politics, governance, and policy, and (iii) capacity, leadership, and financing.
Apathy is related to reduced activation in cognitive control regions during set‐shifting
Authors: Klaasen Nicky G. , Kos Claire , Aleman André , Opmeer Esther M.
Published: March 2017

Apathy is a prominent and influential symptom in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, but it also occurs in the healthy population. It has considerable impact on daily life functioning, in clinical as well as healthy samples. Even though cognitive control is thought to be disrupted in people with apathy, the exact neural underpinnings of apathy remain unclear. Because flexible shifting between behaviors (set‐shifting) is crucial for goal‐directed behavior, disruptions in set‐shifting may underlie apathy. In this study, the neural correlates of apathy during set‐shifting were studied in 34 healthy participants with varying levels of apathy, measured by the Apathy Evaluation Scale. During functional MRI scanning participants performed a set‐shifting task, distinguishing between behavioral switches (a change in response to different stimuli), cognitive switches (a change in response rule), and salience decoupling (detecting a change in relevant stimuli). Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between apathy and brain activation. Results showed that higher apathy scores were related to reduced activation in the medial superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum (Crus I/II) during cognitive set‐shifting, but not behavioral shifting and salience decoupling. No relationship between apathy and accuracy or response time was found. These results support the idea that alterations in the neural basis of cognitive control, especially cognitive set‐shifting, may contribute to apathy. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2722–2733, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying topological motif patterns of human brain functional networks
Authors: Wei Yongbin , Liao Xuhong , Yan Chaogan , He Yong , Xia Mingrui
Published: March 2017

Recent imaging connectome studies demonstrated that the human functional brain network follows an efficient small‐world topology with cohesive functional modules and highly connected hubs. However, the functional motif patterns that represent the underlying information flow remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated motif patterns within directed human functional brain networks, which were derived from resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data with controlled confounding hemodynamic latencies. We found several significantly recurring motifs within the network, including the two‐node reciprocal motif and five classes of three‐node motifs. These recurring motifs were distributed in distinct patterns to support intra‐ and inter‐module functional connectivity, which also promoted integration and segregation in network organization. Moreover, the significant participation of several functional hubs in the recurring motifs exhibited their critical role in global integration. Collectively, our findings highlight the basic architecture governing brain network organization and provide insight into the information flow mechanism underlying intrinsic brain activities. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2734–2750, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.