bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine, the Sixth Base of the Genome
Authors: Münzel Martin , Globisch Daniel , Carell Thomas
Published: June 2011

5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) was recently discovered as a new constituent of mammalian DNA. Besides 5‐methylcytosine (mC), it is the only other modified base in higher organisms. The discovery is of enormous importance because it shows that the methylation of cytosines to imprint epigenetic information is not a final chemical step that leads to gene silencing but that further chemistry occurs at the methyl group that might have regulatory function. Recent progress in hmC detection—most notably LC‐MS and glucosyltransferase assays—helped to decipher the precise distribution of hmC in the body. This led to the surprising finding that, in contrast to constant mC levels, the hmC levels are strongly tissue‐specific. The highest values of hmC are found in the central nervous system. It was furthermore discovered that hmC is involved in regulating the pluripotency of stem cells and that it is connected to the processes of cellular development and carcinogenesis. Evidence is currently accumulating that hmC may not exclusively be an intermediate of an active demethylation process, but that it functions instead as an important epigenetic marker.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) blend film with m‐aramid as an N‐halamine precursor for antimicrobial activity
Authors: Lee Jaewoong , Whang Hyun Suk
Published: June 2011

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was blended with m‐aramid as an N‐halamine precursor for imparting antimicrobial activity. A series of PVA/m‐aramid blend films were produced with different ratios of PVA/m‐aramid by weight (100/0, 100/2, 100/6, 100/10, and 100/50). The films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectra of the PVA/m‐aramid blends are a combination of the spectra of pure PVA and of pure m‐aramid. However, the peak intensity in the m‐aramid decreases with decreasing m‐aramid content from 50 to 2 wt % in PVA. It implies the compatibility of m‐aramid in the PVA/m‐aramid blend films. Furthermore, a single glass transition temperature (Tg) for all blend films by DSC confirms that PVA/m‐aramid is successfully miscible. The crystallinity of PVA/m‐aramid blend films decreases slightly with increasing m‐aramid content in the blend films. This agrees with the results obtained by WAXD. However, melting point and thermal stability of the blend films increases with increasing m‐aramid content in the blend films. Chlorinated PVA/2% m‐aramid blend film produces about 5.7 log reduction of both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria at 30 min contact, implying sufficient antimicrobial activity. Therefore, PVA/m‐aramid blend films may serve as a novel material for biomedical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Glutamine‐chitosan microparticles as oral insulin delivery matrix: In vitro characterization
Authors: Rekha M. R. , Sharma Chandra P.
Published: June 2011

Chitosan at physiological pH lacks positive charge which reduces the mucoadhesivity and permeation enhancing capacity. Therefore glutamine conjugated chitosan (GC) was developed to enhance the protonation of chitosan at intestinal pH. Particles were prepared by sodium tripolyphosphate ionic crosslinking and were evaluated in vitro for its application toward oral insulin delivery. The particles had high positive charge of 35.6 ± 7.3 mV at physiological pH and a size of 4.434 μm. The mucoadhesive capacity was established in vitro using rat intestinal tissue. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and confocal microscopy studies proved the ability of the particles in opening the tight junctions in Caco 2 monolayers. The permeation of fluorescent dextran (MW 4000; FD4) across intestinal tissue was evaluated using Franz diffusion apparatus. It was observed that the GC particles enhanced the permeation by 1.52 fold in comparison with native chitosan (NC) particles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Student‐directed fresh tissue anatomy course for physician assistants
Authors: McBride Jennifer M. , Drake Richard L.
Published: June 2011

Healthcare providers in all areas and levels of education depend on their knowledge of anatomy for daily practice. As educators, we are challenged with teaching the anatomical sciences in creative, integrated ways and often within a condensed time frame. This article describes the organization of a clinical anatomy course with a peer taught unembalmed (fresh‐tissue) cadaver laboratory in the 2010 summer term of a new physician assistant program. To fit within the allotted 12 week time frame, students meet every Monday for both the classroom and laboratory component of the course. Students prepare for these sessions by reviewing a list of learning objectives and completing assigned textbook readings. Classroom sessions involve faculty presentations and are facilitated with the use of self‐assessment questions and accompanying images. The afternoon laboratory sessions which follow the classroom sessions are comprised of four to five stations presented by first‐ and second‐year medical students and a resident radiologist. End of course evaluations indicate that students felt that the course objectives were clear, achievable, and taught effectively with relevant clinical correlates. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Bestimmung konsistenter zwischenmolekularer Potentiale realer Gase aus Meßwerten des isothermen Drosseleffektes und des 2. Virialkoeffizienten Teil I: Meßwerte des isothermen Drosseleffektes von Propan, Schwefelhexafluorid, Difluorchlormethan und Propylen
Authors: Bier K. , Maurer G. , Sand H.
Published: June 2011

Die Bestimmung der zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkung realer Gase durch Anpassung der Parameter eines Potentialansatzes an Meßwerte des zweiten Virialkoeffizienten und des isothermen Drosseleffektes beim Druck Null hat den Vorteil, daß der Zusammenhang beider Größen mit der Potentialfunktion auch für mehratomige Gase streng gilt und daß die zur Anpassung benutzten Meßwerte unabhängig vom speziellen Potentialansatz auf thermodynamische Konsistenz geprüft werden können. Die Anwendung dieser Methode ist dadurch beschränkt, daß nur für wenige Gase zuverlässige Meßwerte des isothermen Drosseleffektes bekannt sind. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde deshalb für die Gase Propan, Propylen, Schwefelhexafluorid und Difluorchlormethan durch Messung der spezifischen Wärme und des differentiellen Joule‐Thomson‐Koeffizienten der isotherme Drosseleffekt bestimmt. Zusammen mit früheren Meßergebnissen, die am gleichen Institut mit einer ähnlichen Apparatur gewonnen wurden, liegen jetzt für die genannten vier Gase sowie für Äthan experimentelle Werte des isothermen Drosseleffektes beim Druck Null im Temperaturbereich von etwa 20°C bis 200°C vor, deren Genauigkeit etwa 1% beträgt und die mit genauen p,v, T‐Daten aus der Literatur konsistent sind.
The Diffusive Crystallization of the Organic Metal TTF‐TCNQ
Authors: Carlsen Lars , Johansen Ib , Galster Georg , Bechgaard Klaus
Published: June 2011

The diffusion coefficients of the single compounds in the tetrathiafulvalene‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐p‐quinodimethane (TTF‐TCNQ) system have been determined electrochemically in acetonitrile, butyronitrile, and two solutions of PMMA in acetonitrile, adopting the rotating‐disk‐electrode method, in the temperature range from 30 to 40°C. The diffusion coefficients have been used as parameters in calculations on the diffusive crystallization of the organic metal TTF‐TCNQ, under low gravity conditions, in order to establish ideal concentrations of TTF and TCNQ as well as the design of the crystal growth reactors to be used on the first Spacelab mission, where the growth of the TTF‐TCNQ crystals assumably will be determined by diffusion rather than by gravity‐induced convection.
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Longitudinal Deuterium Relaxation Times in Supercooled Heavy Water to 300 MPa and 188 K
Authors: Lang E. , Lüdemann H.‐D.
Published: June 2011

The longitudinal deuteron relaxation times T1 in heavy water have been determined at 15.4 MHz in the temperature range from T = 283 K to 188 K and up to pressures of 300 MPa. Between 283 K and 200 K all isotherms exhibit pronounced maxima of T1 in the pressure range between 150 MPa and 300 MPa. This maximum is most pronounced in the 242 K isotherm, where T1 increases more than fourfold from 17 ms at 0.1 MPa to 73 ms at 250 MPa. The 225 MPa isobar runs at 192 K through a minimum: T1 = 0.5 ms. Under the assumption of isotropic reorientation one derives from the minimum condition (ω0 ·τθ ⋍ 0.62) the deuteron quadrupole coupling constant for D2O to CDQC = 214 ± 12 kHz. The isobaric temperature dependence of the correlation times τθ can be described at p ≥ 200 MPa by the VTF‐equation. At p ≤ 100 MPa τθ increases faster with falling temperature than predicted by the VTF‐equation. In this range the isobars are best represented by an equation proposed by Speedy and Angell:

The determination of τθ permits an estimate of the viscosity η and the self‐diffusion coefficient D for D2O in the supercooled range. Around T = 190 K and p = 225 MPa one gets η ⋍ 4 Pa · s and D ⋍ 6 · 10−9 cm2/s.
Study of the Vaporization of Amalgams with a New Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometer System Part I: The Compounds MgHg and MgHg2
Authors: Hilpert K.
Published: June 2011

The evaporation of the compounds MgHg and MgHg2 was determined with a new Knudsen cell‐quadrupole mass spectrometer system designed especially for the study of amalgams. The potentialities and the construction of the instrument are described. — The compounds MgHg and MgHg2 evaporate according to the reactions

The Hg pressures refering to the reactions (1) and (2) are given by the relations

The enthalpies of the reactions (1) and (2) could be determined according to the second‐ and third‐law method. The following selected enthalpies of reaction were obtained: ΔH0298 = 186.8 ± 1.7 kJ mol−1 for Eq. (1) and ΔH0298 = 65.5 ± 0.6 kJ mol−1 for Eq. (2).
Inappropriate Confidence and Retirement Planning: Four Studies with a National Sample
Authors: Parker Andrew M. , de Bruin Wändi Bruine , Yoong Joanne , Willis Robert
Published: June 2011

Financial decisions about investing and saving for retirement are increasingly complex, requiring financial knowledge and confidence in that knowledge. Few studies have examined whether direct assessments of individuals' confidence are related to the outcomes of their financial decisions. Here, we analyzed data from a national sample recruited through RAND's American Life Panel, an Internet panel study of US adults aged 18–88 years. We examined the relationship of confidence with self‐reported and actual financial decisions, using four different tasks, each performed by overlapping samples of American Life Panel participants. The four tasks were designed by different researchers for different purposes, using different methods to assess confidence. Yet, measures of confidence were correlated across tasks, and results were consistent across methodologies. Confidence and knowledge showed only modest positive correlations. However, even after controlling for actual knowledge, individuals with greater confidence were more likely to report financial planning for retirement and to successfully minimize fees on a hypothetical investment task. Implications for the role of confidence in investment behavior (even if it is unjustified) is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of eukaryotic genome architecture: Insights from the study of a rapidly evolving metazoan, Oikopleura dioica
Authors: Chavali Sreenivas , Morais David A. de Lima , Gough Julian , Babu M. Madan
Published: June 2011

Recent sequencing of the metazoan Oikopleura dioica genome has provided important insights, which challenges the current understanding of eukaryotic genome evolution. Many genomic features of O. dioica show deviation from the commonly observed trends in other eukaryotic genomes. For instance, O. dioica has a rapidly evolving, highly compact genome with a divergent intron‐exon organization. Additionally, O. dioica lacks the minor spliceosome and key DNA repair pathway genes. Even with a compact genome, O. dioica contains tandem repeats, comparable to other eukaryotes, and shows lineage‐specific expansion of certain protein domains. Here, we review its genomic features in the context of current knowledge, discuss implications for contemporary biology and identify areas for further research. Analysis of the O. dioica genome suggests that non‐adaptive forces such as elevated mutation rates might influence the evolution of genome architecture. The knowledge of unique genomic features and splicing mechanisms in O. dioica may be exploited for synthetic biology applications, such as generation of orthogonal splicing systems.
Spectrofluorimetric determination of nomifensine in human plasma and urine by derivatization with fluorescamine
Authors: Ulu Sevgi Tatar
Published: June 2011

A sensitive, simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of nomifensine in human plasma and urine. The present method was based on the derivatization by fluorescamine in phosphate buffer at pH 4.0 to produce a highly fluorescent product which was measured at 488 nm (excitation at 339 nm). The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, recovery and robustness. The assay was linear over the concentration ranges 100–2,000 and 50–2,000 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The limits of detection were calculated to be 13.9 and 7.5 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the drug in human plasma and urine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple HPLC method for detection of trace ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in high‐purity methamphetamine
Authors: Makino Yukiko
Published: June 2011

A simple and sensitive HPLC technique was developed for the qualitative determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine (ephedrines), used as precursors of clandestine d‐methamphetamine hydrochloride of high purity. Good separation of ephedrines from bulk d‐methamphetamine was achieved, without any extraction or derivatization procedure on a CAPCELLPACK C18 MGII (250 × 4.6 mm) column. The mobile phase consisted of 50 mM KH2PO4–acetonitrile (94:6 v/v %) using an isocratic pump system within 20 min for detecting two analytes. One run took about 50 min as it was necessary to wash out overloaded methamphetamine for column conditioning. The analytes were detected by UV absorbance measurement at 210 nm. A sample (20 mg) was simply dissolved in 1 mL of water, and a 50 μL aliquot of the solution was injected into the HPLC. The detection limits for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in bulk d‐methamphetamine were as low as 3 ppm each. This analytical separation technique made it possible to detect ephedrine and/or pseudoephedrine in seven samples of high‐purity d‐methamphetamine hydrochloride seized in Japan. The presence of trace ephedrines in illicit methamphetamine may strongly indicate a synthetic route via ephedrine in methamphetamine profiling. This method is simple and sensitive, requiring only commonly available equipment, and should be useful for high‐purity methamphetamine profiling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
McBurney's button‐hole to the posterior interosseous nerve
Authors: Mylne Miranda Layla Rosalynn , Spinner Robert J.
Published: June 2011

McBurney's button‐hole is an exposure technique for the posterior interosseous nerve quoted in Anrold Kirkpatrick Henry's famous book Extensile Exposures. This short article discusses the overlap between three historical surgeons, Thompson, Henry and McBurney to discover the meaning of the reference and technique, which is used by surgeons to this day. Clin. Anat. 25:146–148, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching object‐oriented programming with AEIOU
Authors: Licea Guillermo , Juárez‐Ramírez Reyes , Gaxiola Carelia , Aguilar Leocundo , Martínez Luis G.
Published: June 2011

AEIOU is an integrated programming environment developed to support the teaching–learning process of object‐oriented programming in a gradual way. AEIOU includes three modules, one for each level of students' expertise: novice, intermediate, and advanced. This article describes the features of each module of AEIOU and the experiences and results obtained using this programming environment to support the sequence of programming courses in two Mexican engineering schools. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:309–319, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20556
Co–Pd/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst for heavy oil upgrading: Desorption kinetics, reducibility and catalytic activity
Authors: Hossain Mohammad M.
Published: June 2011

The influence of Pd on a Co–Pd/γ‐Al2O3 heavy oil upgrading catalyst is investigated using different physicochemical and reactive Characterization techniques. Nitrogen adsorption isotherm analysis shows that the specific surface area and porosity of the support alumina is significantly decreased due to the blockage of the pores by the loaded cobalt species. The estimated activation energy of NH3 desorption is found to be less for Co–Pd/γ‐Al2O3 sample, which confirms improved acidity due to Pd. TPR experiments show that the reducibility of the catalyst is significantly improved with the presence of Pd. Higher metal dispersion and hydrogen spillover effects are the main reasons for the enhanced reducibility of the Pd promoted catalyst as revealed by the H2‐pulse chemisorptions study. When evaluated using VGO as feed stock, the Co–Pd/γ‐Al2O3 displayed superiority both in hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) and hydrocracking (HC) activities as compared to the unpromoted Co/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst. The coke deposition on the spent catalyst is also found to be low due to the Pd promotional effects. This is an encouraging result, given that higher hydrogenation activity of the catalyst can be achieved without compromising the cracking activity and sustained activity of the catalyst.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to social stress across adolescence
Authors: Hollenstein Tom , McNeely Adrian , Eastabrook Jenny , Mackey Allison , Flynn Jessica
Published: June 2011

Many transformations that occur in adolescence are related to emotion and emotion regulation, yet very little is known about the autonomic underpinnings of these changes. The aim of the study was to document age‐related differences in autonomic responses to social stress and relations to emotion regulation. Ninety‐nine female adolescents engaged in a paced breathing and a spontaneous speech task while electrocardiography measurements were taken. Spectral decomposition of the heart period data was used to create measures of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Results revealed a positive correlation between age and sympathetic activity and a negative correlation between age and parasympathetic activity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the age‐related norms of cardiac variability across adolescence. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:207‐214, 2012.
Extracellular matrix and its receptors indrosophilaneural development
Authors: Broadie Kendal , Baumgartner Stefan , Prokop Andreas
Published: June 2011

Extracellular matrix (ECM) and matrix receptors are intimately involved in most biological processes. The ECM plays fundamental developmental and physiological roles in health and disease, including processes underlying the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system. To understand the principles of ECM‐mediated functions in the nervous system, genetic model organisms likeDrosophilaprovide simple, malleable, and powerful experimental platforms. This article provides an overview of ECM proteins and receptors inDrosophila. It then focuses on their roles during three progressive phases of neural development: (1) neural progenitor proliferation, (2) axonal growth and pathfinding, and (3) synapse formation and function. Each section highlights known ECM and ECM‐receptor components and recent studies done in mutant conditions to reveal theirin vivofunctions, all illustrating the enormous opportunities provided when merging work on the nervous system with systematic research into ECM‐related gene functions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 1102‐1130, 2011
Breakdown characteristics of gas‐insulated switchgear for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms under nonuniform electric field
Authors: Ueta Genyo , Kaneko Shuhei , Okabe Shigemitsu
Published: June 2011

To improve the insulation specification of gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS), it is necessary to recognize the insulation characteristics of SF6 gas during actual surges (called nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms) occurring at field substations. The authors observed the insulation characteristics of SF6 gas gap under various types of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms and compared them quantitatively with those obtained with standard lightning impulse waveforms. The experimental results were used to derive an evaluation method for real surges, which was applied to typical surges for various UHV and 500‐kV systems. In the preceding study, therefore, only the case of a quasi‐uniform electric field (with a typical range of field utilization factors in the bus of a GIS) was investigated. In the present investigation, the insulation characteristics of an SF6 gas gap for a nonuniform electric field were observed experimentally and an evaluation method for converting nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms equivalently to the standard lightning impulse waveform was investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 11–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21144
Neural signal transmission measurements with a conductive polymer microelectrode array
Authors: Shimada Akiyoshi , Kasai Nahoko , Furukawa Yuriko , Nyberg Tobias , Torimitsu Keiichi
Published: June 2011

The neural activity of dissociated cultures of mouse cortical neurons was measured with a conductive polymer microelectrode array. Each electrode was electrochemically polymerized from (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) and ethylenedioxythiophene on indium tin oxide electrodes. The spike activity of the cortical neurons was measured with the conducting polymer MEA and spike train cross‐correlograms were calculated to predict the type of synaptic connection. Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections were identified after 6 to 8 days in vitro. These results show that it is possible to determine the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in relation to information processing with this new polymer electrode. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 37–42, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21155
Development of multi‐analyte DNA microchip using 3D nanoprototyping fabrication method
Authors: Fukuoka Daisuke , Ikeda Tomohiro , Utsumi Yuichi
Published: June 2011

The importance of microfluidics systems for high‐throughput postgenome analysis has been steadily increasing. We conceived and fabricated an integrated six‐microchip capillary electrophoresis unit on a small area of 30 × 30 mm for high‐throughput DNA analysis. The design of the structure was performed using a fluid dynamics simulation of electrophoresis to improve the DNA separation resolution. A narrow width of the micro channel at the corners was adopted. For simple fabrication of the microchip, we developed the PMMA structure of the micro fluid channel using lithography, molding, and fusion bonding techniques. It was demonstrated that the proposed integrated structure of micro channels results in good performance of on‐chip DNA separation in a small one‐unit area of 9 × 9 mm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 32–36, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21156
Interpersonal goals, others' regard for the self, and self‐esteem: The paradoxical consequences of self‐image and compassionate goals
Authors: Canevello Amy , Crocker Jennifer
Published: June 2011

People often adopt self‐image goals to increase others' regard for them and perhaps their own self‐esteem. But do these impression management goals achieve their intended result in close relationships? And do they endure over time? We suggest that self‐image goals predict decreased self‐esteem and close others' regard for the self through decreased responsiveness to others. In contrast, compassionate goals, which reflect a genuine concern for others' well‐being, predict increased self‐esteem and others' regard through increased responsiveness. We tested these hypotheses in a longitudinal study of college roommates followed across a semester. Path analyses supported both predictions, suggesting a paradox for interpersonal goals in close relationships: explicit attempts to increase close others' regard for the self backfire and damage self‐esteem, but having goals to meet others' needs result in others' positive regard and promote self‐esteem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“I'm ashamed because of you, so please, don't do that!”: Reactions to deviance as a protection against a threat to social image
Authors: Chekroun Peggy , Nugier Armelle
Published: June 2011

The present research investigated the role that threat to social image and self‐conscious emotions play in reaction to deviance. In three studies, participants were invited to imagine themselves in a situation in which they were bystanders of a deviant behavior. We manipulated the threat to the in‐group's social image through the deviant group membership (Study 1), the visibility of the deviant behavior to a third party (Study 2), and the stereotype salience of the deviant behavior (Study 3). Social image concerns, emotional reactions, and intention of sanctioning the deviant were measured. The results revealed that the situations in which the threat to the social image of the group was high provoked the greater intentions to sanction the deviant. Moreover, intentions were accounted for by the more intense shame and embarrassment (but not guilt) reported by the participants when faced with a group‐threatening situation. The findings indicate that reactions to deviance are highly dependent on the damage caused to the group's social image and on self‐conscious emotions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status and inclusion, anger and sadness: Gendered responses to disrespect
Authors: Blincoe Sarai , Harris Monica J.
Published: June 2011

Self‐image is deeply affected by social evaluations. One source of evaluation is respect, individuals' perceptions of their inclusion within, and value to, the group. Despite the importance of respect to the self‐concept, the study of affective responses to disrespectful experiences has been largely neglected. A series of three studies focused on the following questions: (1) which emotions accompany the experience of disrespect? (2) how does gender influence emotional responses? and (3) how does disrespect differ emotionally from other interpersonal evaluations (i.e., disliking)? Results shed light on gender differences in emotional responses to disrespect, with men appearing to be more concerned with respect and responding to disrespect with more anger, whereas women were more likely to be sad. Implications for the study of respect and disrespect as social evaluations, and sex differences in reactions to these evaluations, are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping up with the Joneses: Status projection as symbolic self‐completion
Authors: Carr Hannah L. , Vignoles Vivian L.
Published: June 2011

We studied the incidence and correlates of status projection—use of material possessions to emphasize social status to others—among 100 adolescents in a historical context of rising affluence. Participants listed 10 possessions, rated each for its value as a status symbol, and chose five to discuss with another participant in a forthcoming interaction. Participants selected especially those of their possessions that they had rated higher in status value (p < .001). This effect was stronger among those reporting upward or downward change in their families' socioeconomic status (p < .05), greater actual‐ideal self‐discrepancies (p < .05), and stronger commitment to materialistic values (p < .01); moreover, the effect of changing status was stronger among higher materialists (p < .05). These results indicate that people self‐complete through presenting their possessions selectively to others, and they help to clarify the precise role of identity commitment in symbolic self‐completion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social recognition as an equal: The role of equality‐based respect in group life
Authors: Renger Daniela , Simon Bernd
Published: June 2011

The study presented in this article examined the role of social recognition as an equal in group members' motivation to serve their ingroup as well as actual group‐serving behavior. We predicted and found that social recognition as opposed to non‐recognition as an equal, communicated by fellow group members, increased participants' group‐serving motivation and behavior. In addition, the psychological processes underlying this effect were examined. We theoretically derived a mediational chain, which was then tested empirically. As expected, social recognition as an equal led to experiences of being respected, and perceived equality of self played a mediational role in this relationship. The experience of respect, in turn, was associated with stronger collective identification, which played a mediating role linking the respect experience with higher motivation and better behavioral performance in group‐serving tasks. Moreover, these effects operated over and above group members' perceptions of being liked by others. The practical and broader social implications of equality‐based respect are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Damned if she does, damned if she doesn't: Consequences of accepting versus confronting patronizing help for the female target and male actor
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Glick Peter , Ilic Marie , Bohner Gerd
Published: June 2011

Three studies examined how a woman's reaction to a man's benevolently sexist offer of help affected observers' perceptions. Results suggest a dilemma for women: A woman who accepted benevolently sexist help was perceived as warm but incompetent and less suited for a competence‐related job (management consultant), whereas a woman who declined help and asserted her independence as a woman was perceived as competent but cold and less suited for a warmth‐related job (day care worker). By contrast, observers viewed the male help‐offerer especially favorably (warmer, more competent, and more qualified as a management consultant) when the female target accepted (versus confronted) his patronizing offer. But only perceivers who endorsed benevolent sexism showed these effects. Implications for challenging benevolent sexism are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissipation of six acid herbicides in water and sediment of two Canadian prairie wetlands
Authors: Degenhardt Dani , Cessna Allan J , Raina Renata , Farenhorst Annemieke , Pennock Dan J
Published: June 2011

In the present study, an ephemeral (E) and a semipermanent (SP) wetland were divided into halves using a polyvinyl curtain and one-half of each wetland was treated with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile), MCPA [(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], mecoprop-P (R)-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid], and dichlorprop [(RS)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid] such that concentrations in the water simulated an overspraying event, thus representing a worst-case scenario for wetland contamination. Water and sediment samples were taken over the 77-d study period to monitor herbicide concentrations. The dissipation of all six herbicides could be described by first-order reaction kinetics. In water, the field half-life (DT50) values ranged from 2.3 d (bromoxynil) to 31 d (dichlorprop). All six herbicides were detected in sediment samples from both wetlands. Overall, the phenoxypropionic acids (mecoprop-P and dichlorprop) were more persistent than the phenoxyacetic acids (2,4-D and MCPA) in both sediment and water. Use of bromide ion as a conservative tracer indicated that infiltration through sediment was an important route of water loss in both wetlands, especially in wetland E. Because strong correlations were found between the mass of each herbicide and bromide ion mass in wetland SP (r2 = 0.59–0.76) and wetland E (r2 = 0.80–0.95), it is likely that herbicide dissipation was due, in part, to mass lost by way of infiltration through sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:1982–1989. © 2011 SETAC
Botulinum toxin type b for the treatment of a sialocele after parotidectomy
Authors: Pantel Mira , Volk Gerd Fabian , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando , Wittekindt Claus
Published: June 2011

Background

A 41‐year‐old male patient developed a sialocele after partial parotidectomy for a parotid pleomorphic adenoma. The sialocele was effectively treated by a single injection with botulinum toxin type B combined with multiple needle aspirations.

Methods

Ultrasound‐guided infiltration of 2500 mouse‐units of botulinum toxin type B in the residual parotid gland tissue under local anesthesia. Repeated needle aspirations were performed before and after the infiltration.

Results

Ten days after the injection, the patient was free of any discomfort.

Conclusion

Botulinum toxin type B is effective in the management of postoperative sialocele after parotid gland surgery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Early surgical outcomes of robotic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo‐breast or axillary approach for papillary thyroid carcinoma: 2 years' experience
Authors: Tae Kyung , Ji Yong Bae , Cho Seok Hyun , Lee Seung Hwan , Kim Dong Sun , Kim Tae Wha
Published: June 2011

Background

The efficacy of robotic thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer has not yet been assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and completeness of robotic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods

We analyzed 75 patients with PTC who underwent robotic thyroidectomy from October 2008 to August 2010 using a gasless unilateral axillo‐breast or axillary approach with a da Vinci S Surgical System Robot and compared them with 226 patients who received conventional open thyroidectomy.

Results

The robotic thyroidectomy procedure was successfully completed in all the patients. The complication rate did not differ between the 2 groups, except for transient hypoparathyroidism. The surgical completeness of robotic thyroidectomy was comparable to that of conventional open thyroidectomy, and cosmetic satisfaction was superior in the robotic group.

Conclusion

Robotic thyroidectomy is a safe, feasible, and cosmetically excellent procedure in properly selected patients with PTC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Aldo-keto reductase-7A protects liver cells and tissues from acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity
Authors: Ahmed Munzir M.E. , Wang Tao , Luo Yu , Ye Shuilong , Wu Qiao , Guo Zongsheng , Roebuck Bill D. , Sutter Thomas R. , Yang James Y.
Published: June 2011

Aldo-keto reductase-7A (AKR7A) is an enzyme important for bioactivation and biodetoxification. Previous studies suggested that

Akr7a

might be transcriptionally regulated by oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a protein highly responsive to acetaminophen (APAP) or its intermediate metabolite,

N

-acetyl-
p

-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). This study was, therefore, carried out to investigate whether

Akr7a

is involved in the protection against APAP-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. We found that in response to APAP or NAPQI exposure,

Akr7a3

mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated

in vitro

in human HepG2 and LO2 cells. Similarly, strong induction was observed for

Akr7a5

in mouse AML12 hepatocytes exposed to APAP.

In vivo

in wild-type rats, significant up-regulation of hepatic AKR7A1 protein was observed after administration of APAP. On the other hand, depletion of Nrf2 reduced the expression of

Akr7a

3, suggesting that Nrf2, indeed, contributes significantly to the induction of

Akr7a

. Moreover, loss of cell viability in Nrf2-depleted cells was significantly rescued by coexpression of AKR7A3. Furthermore, increased AKR7A3 in HepG2 cells was associated with the up-regulation of oxidative stress-related enzymes to enhance cellular antioxidant defense, which appeared to contribute significantly to protection against APAP-induced toxicity. In a line of transgenic rats overexpressing AKR7A1, increased AKR7A1 stimulated the expression of Nrf2 and other Nrf2-regulated genes, but did not better protect rats from APAP insults. In contrast, depletion of

Akr7a5 in vitro

in cultured AML12 cells or depletion of

Akr7a1 in vivo

in rat liver greatly increased APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Conclusion:

AKR7A proteins are significantly up-regulated in response to APAP/NAPQI exposure to contribute significantly to protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. AKR7A mediates this protection, in part, through enhancing hepatocellular antioxidant defense. (Hepatology 2011;)
Liver transplant recipient survival benefit with living donation in the model for endstage liver disease allocation era
Authors: Berg Carl L. , Merion Robert M. , Shearon Tempie H. , Olthoff Kim M. , Brown Robert S. , Baker Talia B. , Everson Gregory T. , Hong Johnny C. , Terrault Norah , Hayashi Paul H. , Fisher Robert A. , Everhart James E.
Published: June 2011

Receipt of a living donor liver transplant (LDLT) has been associated with improved survival compared with waiting for a deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT). However, the survival benefit of liver transplant has been questioned for candidates with Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) scores <15, and the survival advantage of LDLT has not been demonstrated during the MELD allocation era, especially for low MELD patients. Transplant candidates enrolled in the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study after February 28, 2002 were followed for a median of 4.6 years. Starting at the time of presentation of the first potential living donor, mortality for LDLT recipients was compared to mortality for patients who remained on the waiting list or received DDLT (no LDLT group) according to categories of MELD score (<15 or ≥15) and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Of 868 potential LDLT recipients (453 with MELD <15; 415 with MELD ≥15 at entry), 712 underwent transplantation (406 LDLT; 306 DDLT), 83 died without transplant, and 73 were alive without transplant at last follow-up. Overall, LDLT recipients had 56% lower mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.60;

P

< 0.0001). Among candidates without HCC, mortality benefit was seen both with MELD <15 (HR = 0.39;

P

= 0.0003) and MELD ≥15 (HR = 0.42;

P

= 0.0006). Among candidates with HCC, a benefit of LDLT was not seen for MELD <15 (HR = 0.82,

P

= 0.65) but was seen for MELD ≥15 (HR = 0.29,

P

= 0.043).

Conclusion:

Across the range of MELD scores, patients without HCC derived a significant survival benefit when undergoing LDLT rather than waiting for DDLT in the MELD liver allocation era. Low MELD candidates with HCC may not benefit from LDLT. (Hepatology 2011;54:1313–1321)
Hu antigen R and tristetraprolin: Counter-regulators of rat apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by way of effects on messenger RNA stability
Authors: Chen Frank , Shyu Ann-Bin , Shneider Benjamin L.
Published: June 2011

The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT,

SLC10A2

) mediates intestinal, renal, and cholangiocyte bile acid reclamation. Transcriptional regulation of ASBT is well described, whereas information on posttranscriptional regulation is limited. Prior studies suggested that ontogeny of ASBT is controlled in part by changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) stability. We studied the role that Hu antigen R (HuR) and tristetraprolin (TTP) play in regulating the expression of mRNA that contains the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of rat ASBT. The 3′UTR was incorporated into an SV-40 driven luciferase reporter (rASBT3-luciferase) for rapid screening of regulatory effects. Silencing HuR reduced luciferase reporter activity, whereas silencing TTP enhanced luciferase activity. Conversely, overexpression of HuR enhanced rASBT3-luciferase reporter activity. The same 3′UTR fragments of rat ASBT were incorporated into a beta-globin coding mRNA construct for analysis of mRNA stability (rASBT3-βglobin). mRNA half-life was progressively shortened by the incorporation of increasing sized fragments of the 3′UTR. Silencing HuR shortened the half-life of rASBT3-βglobin containing 0.3 kb of the rat ASBT 3′UTR. Gel shift assays revealed binding of HuR and TTP to rat ASBT 3′UTR. Endogenously expressed human ASBT mRNA half-lives and steady-state protein levels in Caco-2 cells were repressed when HuR was silenced but was enhanced when TTP was silenced. Developmental changes in HuR and TTP protein abundance correlated with previously characterized ontogenic changes in rat ileal and renal ASBT expression.

Conclusion:

These studies not only show that ASBT expression is controlled at the level of mRNA stability by way of its 3′UTR, but also identify HuR and TTP as two key transacting factors that are involved in exerting counterregulatory effects on ASBT mRNA stability. (Hepatology 2011;)
Adapting to cope with eucalypt oils: Mandibular extensions in pergid sawfly larvae and potential preadaptations in its sister family Argidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
Authors: Schmidt S. , Walter G.H.
Published: June 2011

Each of the interior mandibular surfaces of Australian sawfly larvae in the subfamily Perginae is equipped with a soft, brush‐like scopa mandibularis. These insects are associated with oil‐rich Myrtaceae, including Eucalyptus, and the scopa is involved in separating leaf oils from nutritive plant matter. The oil is stored internally in a diverticulum and is emitted during defense reactions. However, this is known only from mature larvae and the mandibular structure has been investigated and partially illustrated in only one genus of pergines, Pergagrapta. Here, we provide a full description, extend this to a second genus, Perga, and include first instar larvae of Perga and Pseudoperga genera to confirm the presence of the scopa and diverticula through the entire larval life, and thus infer their developmental trajectory. Superficial descriptions of mandibular projections in some Nearctic species in the family Argidae, which is phylogenetically sister to the Pergidae, have been published. Modifications of the inner mandibular surface of representatives of the argid genera Sericoceros, Sphacophilus, and Zynzus are therefore fully illustrated and compared with those of the Pergidae, so this phylogenetic relationship can be assessed. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeleto‐musculature of the mandible and its function in podocopid ostracodes exemplified by Loxoconcha pulchra (Cytheroidea: Loxoconchidae) and Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Cypridoidea: Candonidae)
Authors: Yamada Shinnosuke , Matzke‐Karasz Renate
Published: June 2011

A new anatomical interpretation of the skeleto‐musculature of the mandible in podocopid ostracodes is proposed based on ultrastructural observations of Loxoconcha pulchra Ishizaki, 1968 and Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Löffler, 1963). Attachment cells with their numerous microfibers anchor the sclerotized lamella cuticle (chitinous rod) to the outer lamella cuticle via intracuticular fibers. A pan‐shaped structure develops at the attachment area in the outer lamella cuticle and is responsible for the mandibular scar. The sclerotized lamella cuticle is continuous with the dorsal apex of the mandibular coxa, which touches the fulcral point directly without intermediate epidermis. The calcification of the fulcral point starts immediately after ecdysis and this rapid calcification suggests that the fulcral point must play a significant role in functional morphology of podocopid ostracodes. After 3D‐reconstruction of the set of mandibular extrinsic muscles in a podocopid ostracode, we suggest that the fulcral point is a key character for carapace opening by transmitting the force from the mandibular coxa to the valve and at the same time functions as the stable fulcrum for mandibular movement during mastication. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic stress and antidepressant agomelatine induce region‐specific changes in synapsin I expression in the rat brain
Authors: Dagyte Girstaute , Luiten Paul G. , De Jager Tim , Gabriel Cecilia , Mocaër Elisabeth , Den Boer Johan A. , Van der Zee Eddy A.
Published: June 2011

The antidepressant agomelatine acts as a melatonergic receptor (MT1/MT2) agonist and 5‐HT2C receptor antagonist. Agomelatine has demonstrated efficacy in treating depression, but its neurobiological effects merit further investigation. Preclinical studies reported that agomelatine enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and increases expression of several neuroplasticity‐associated molecules. Recently, we showed that agomelatine normalizes hippocampal neuronal activity and promotes neurogenesis in the stress‐compromised brain. To characterize further the effects of this antidepressant in the stressed brain, here we investigated whether it induces changes in the expression of synapsin I (SynI), a regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Adult male rats were subjected to daily footshock stress and agomelatine treatment for 3 weeks. Their brains were subsequently stained for total and phosphorylated SynI. Chronic footshock and agomelatine induced region‐specific changes in SynI expression. Whereas chronic stress increased total SynI expression in all layers of the medial prefrontal cortex, agomelatine treatment abolished some of these effects. Furthermore, chronic agomelatine administration decreased total SynI expression in the hippocampal subregions of both stressed and nonstressed rats. Importantly, chronic stress decreased the fraction of phosphorylated SynI in all layers of the medial prefrontal cortex as well as selectively in the outer and middle molecular layers of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These stress effects were at least partially abolished by agomelatine. Altogether, our data show that chronic stress and agomelatine treatment induce region‐specific changes in SynI expression and its phosphorylation. Moreover, agomelatine partially counteracts the stress effects on SynI, suggesting a modulation of synaptic function by this antidepressant. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.