bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amphiphilic Superspreading Polymer Membranes Prepared by Capillary Force‐Driven Self‐Assembly
Authors: Wei Zhong , Ru Yue , Jiang Haibin , Zhang Xiaohong , Qi Guicun , Liu Wenlu , Guo Zhaoyan , Zhang Liangdong , Wang Guoyu , Hu Chenxi , Jiang Chao , Wang Xiang , Li Binghai , Han Peng , Qiao Jinliang
Published: June 2024

To overcome the two main obstacles of large‐scale application of superspreading material, self assembly is used to prepare superspreading polymer membrane (SPPM) in this work. An amphiphilic SPPM is prepared by capillary force‐driven self assembly using PP melt‐blown nonwovens and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The prepared SPPM has low preparation cost and stable performance since self assembly needs low energy consumption, and the production is thermodynamically stable. By using cryo‐electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectrum and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. It is proved that PVA is successfully assembled on the fiber surface of PP melt‐blown nonwovens. The prepared SPPM has excellent spreading performance, the “spreading times” of both water and oil are less than 0.5 s. They showed much superior performance compared to traditional materials when applied in oil‐water separation, seawater desalination, and ion separation. This work will definitely promote the development of self assembly, superspreading materials, and related sciences.
A Pragmatic Review on Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy for Parkinson's Disease Gait Related Disorders: Gaps and Controversies
Authors: Hvingelby Victor S. , Carra Rafael B. , Terkelsen Miriam H. , Hamani Clement , Capato Tamine , Košutzká Zuzana , Krauss Joachim K. , Moro Elena , Pavese Nicola , Cury Rubens G.
Published: June 2024

Background

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that results in potentially debilitating mobility deficits. Recently, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been proposed as a novel therapy for PD gait disorders. The highest levels of evidence remain limited for SCS.

Objectives

In this systematic review and narrative synthesis, the literature was searched using combinations of key phrases indicating spinal cord stimulation and PD.

Methods

We included pre‐clinical studies and all published clinical trials, case reports, conference abstracts as well as protocols for ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, we included trials of SCS applied to atypical parkinsonism.

Results

A total of 45 human studies and trials met the inclusion criteria. Based on the narrative synthesis, a number of knowledge gaps and future avenues of potential research were identified. This review demonstrated that evidence for SCS is currently not sufficient to recommend it as an evidence‐based therapy for PD related gait disorders. There remain challenges and significant barriers to widespread implementation, including issues regarding patient selection, effective outcome selection, stimulation location and mode, and in programming parameter optimization. Results of early randomized controlled trials are currently pending. SCS is prone to placebo, lessebo and nocebo as well as blinding effects which may impact interpretation of outcomes, particularly when studies are underpowered.

Conclusion

Therapies such as SCS may build on current evidence and be shown to improve specific gait features in PD. Early negative trials should be interpreted with caution, as more evidence will be required to develop effective methodologies in order to drive clinical outcomes.
Biological‐equivalent‐dose‐based integrated optimization framework for fast‐energy‐switching Bragg peak FLASH‐RT using single‐beam‐per‐fraction
Authors: Zeng Yiling , Li Heng , Zhang Qi , Wang Wei , Liu Xu , Qin Bin , Pang Bo , Liu Muyu , Yang Kunyu , Quan Hong , Chang Yu , Yang Zhiyong
Published: June 2024

Backgrounds

When comparing the delivery of all beams per fraction (ABPF) to single beam per fraction (SBPF), it is observed that SBPF not only helps meet the FLASH dose threshold but also mitigates the uncertainty with beam switching in the FLASH effect. However, SBPF might lead to a higher biological equivalent dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) for normal tissues.

Purpose

This study aims to develop an EQD2‐based integrated optimization framework (EQD2‐IOF), encompassing robust dose, delivery efficiency, and beam orientation optimization (BOO) for Bragg peak FLASH plans using the SBPF treatment schedule. The EQD2‐IOF aims to enhance both dose sparing and the FLASH effect.

Methods

A superconducting gantry was employed for fast energy switching within 27 ms, while universal range shifters were utilized to improve beam current in the implementation of FLASH plans with five Bragg peak beams. To enhance dose delivery efficiency while maintaining plan quality, a simultaneous dose and spot map optimization (SDSMO) algorithm for single field optimization was incorporated into a Bayesian optimization‐based auto‐planning algorithm. Subsequently, a BOO algorithm based on Tabu search was developed to select beam angle combinations (BACs) for 10 lung cases. To simultaneously consider dose sparing and FLASH effect, a quantitative model based on dose‐dependent dose modification factor (DMF) was used to calculate FLASH‐enhanced dose distribution. The EQD2‐IOF plan was compared to the plan optimized without SDSMO using BAC selected by a medical physicist (Manual plan) in the SBPF treatment schedule. Meanwhile, the mean EQD2 in the normal tissue was evaluated for the EQD2‐IOF plan in both SBPF and ABPF treatment schedules.

Results

No significant difference was found in D2% and D98% of the target between EQD2‐IOF plans and Manual Plans. When using a minimum DMF of 0.67 and a dose threshold of 4 Gy, EQD2‐IOF plans showed a significant reduction in FLASH‐enhanced EQD2mean of the ipsilateral lung and normal tissue by 10.5% and 11.5%, respectively, compared to Manual plans. For normal tissues that received a dose greater than 70% of the prescription dose, using a minimum DMF of 0.7 for FLASH sparing compensated for the increase in EQD2mean resulting from replacing ABPF with SBPF schedules.

Conclusions

The EQD2‐IOF can automatically optimize SBPF FLASH‐RT plans to achieve optimal sparing of normal tissues. With an energy switching time of 27 ms, the loss of fractionate repairing using SBPF schedules in high‐dose regions can be compensated for by the FLASH effect. However, when an energy switching time of 500 ms is utilized, the SBPF schedule needs careful consideration, as the FLASH effect diminishes with longer irradiation time.
Use of probiotics in preventing and treating excess weight and obesity. A systematic review
Authors: Torres Belén , Sánchez María C. , Virto Leire , Llama‐Palacios Arancha , Ciudad María J. , Collado Luis
Published: June 2024

Background

The prevalence of excess weight and obesity is increasing in an extremely concerning manner worldwide, with highly diverse therapies for current treatment. This review evaluated the scientific evidence of the past 10 years on the use of probiotics in treating excess weight and obesity in the absence of dieting.

Materials

A systematic review was conducted by searching for clinical trials on humans published in English in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Central databases, using the combination of keywords “Overweight”, “Probiotics” and “Obesity”, and published between 2012 and 2022.

Results

Six published studies met the inclusion criteria. The review showed that, although there is a lack of consensus in the literature, the use of probiotics in the absence of dieting produced a significant reduction in body weight and body mass index in 66.6% of the reviewed studies, a significant reduction in waist circumference in 80.0% of the reviewed studies, and an improvement in total body fat mass and waist circumference.

Conclusions

This review showed evidence of a trend in preventing body weight gain and reducing weight through the use of probiotics in individuals with excess weight or obesity. A combination of various strains of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus was the most effective.
Effect of tetrahydrofuran on the anionic copolymerization of 4‐trimethylsilylstyrene with isoprene
Authors: Fuchs Dominik A. H. , Wadgaonkar Shivani P. , Müller Axel H. E. , Frey Holger
Published: June 2024

The statistical anionic copolymerization of 4‐trimethylsilylstyrene (TMSS) with isoprene (I) in cyclohexane was investigated using in situ near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the presence of various amounts of the polar modifier tetrahydrofuran (THF). Polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution of 85–138 kg/mol and dispersities of 1.09–1.22 were obtained. By increasing modifier content, the reactivity ratios can be adjusted over a wide range from rTMSS < rI to rTMSS >> rI. Compared to the system styrene/isoprene (S/I) only a minute amount of modifier (0.5 eq THF relative to lithium) is sufficient to alter the reactivity ratios, resulting in an ideally random copolymerization, which validates the higher reactivity of TMSS compared to styrene. Using these reactivity ratios, molar and volume composition gradients were calculated. Additionally, the glass transition temperature and microstructure of the polyisoprene units were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The results are encouraging for the use of these materials in high‐end applications like membranes.
Effect of proton pump inhibitors versus histamine‐2 receptor antagonists on acute kidney injury in septic patients at high risk for developing stress ulcers
Authors: Fan Hua‐Ping , Zhou Yu , Chen Mei‐Li , Qiu Kun‐Hua , Feng Xue , Zhou Chao , Zhu Min‐Li , Huang Rong‐Zhong , Hu Tian‐Yang
Published: June 2024

Background

To compare the effects of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and histamine‐2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) use on the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic patients at high risk for developing stress ulcers.

Methods

Using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV version 2.2 database, septic patients with high‐risk factors for stress ulcers (i.e., shock, coagulopathy, invasive mechanical ventilation, or chronic liver diseases) were included. Exposures included PPIs and H2RAs within 24 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or prior to ICU admission. The primary end point was severe sepsis‐associated AKI as defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria stage 3 (KDIGO‐3). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance baseline characteristics. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the effect size.

Results

4731 PPI users and 4903 H2RA users were included. After PSM, there were 1785 pairs exposed to PPIs and H2RAs. In the PSM cohort, the cumulative incident KDIGO‐3 rate was higher in the PPI group than in the H2RA group (log‐rank test, p = 0.009). Regression analyses showed that PPI exposure [adjusted hazard ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.58, p = 0.002] was associated with incident KDIGO‐3 compared with H2RA use. This association remained consistent in sensitivity analyses. Additionally, the PPI group had a higher need for kidney replacement therapy compared with the H2RA group (3.6% vs. 2.1%, P = 0.012).

Conclusions

Among septic patients at high risk for developing stress ulcers, PPI exposure was associated with incident KDIGO‐3 AKI compared with H2RA use.
Impacts of climate change and human activities on three Glires pests of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wang Zhicheng , Deng Yanan , Kang Yukun , Wang Yan , Bao Duanhong , Tan Yuchen , An Kang , Su Junhu
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

The range of Glires is influenced by human activities and climate change. However, the extent to which human activities and environmental changes have contributed to this relationship remains unclear. We examined alterations in the distribution changes and driving factors of the Himalayan marmot, plateau pika, and plateau zokor on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and a geographical detector (Geodetector).

RESULTS

The MaxEnt model showed that the contribution rates of the human footprint index (HFI) to the distribution patterns of the three types of Glires were 46.70%, 58.70%, and 59.50%, respectively. The Geodetector results showed that the distribution pattern of the Himalayan marmot on the QTP was influenced by altitude and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The distribution patterns for plateau pikas and plateau zokors were driven by HFI and NDVI. Climate has played a substantial role in shaping suitable habitats for these three Glires on the QTP. Their suitable area is expected to decrease over the next 30–50 years, along with their niche breadth and overlap. Future suitable habitats for the three Glires tended to shift toward higher latitudes on the QTP.

CONCLUSION

These findings underscore the impacts of environmental and human factors on the distribution of the three Glires on the QTP. They have enhanced our understanding of the intricate relationships between Glires niches and environments. This can aid in identifying necessary interventions for developing effective early warning systems and prevention strategies to mitigate Glires infestations and plague epidemics on the QTP. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Synthesis and agricultural antimicrobial evaluation of new quinazoline derivatives containing both a piperazine linker and the N‐acetyl moiety
Authors: An Lian , Yang Lan , Yan Taisen , Yi Mingyan , Liu Songsong , Li Hong , Bao Xiaoping
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

To discover more efficient agricultural antimicrobial agents, a series of new quinazoline derivatives containing both a piperazine linker and the N‐acetyl moiety were prepared and assessed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

RESULTS

All the target compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR as well as high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and the chemical structure of the most potent compound E19 incorporating a 4‐trifluoromethoxy substituent was clearly confirmed via single crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. The bioassay results indicated that some compounds possessed notable inhibitory effects in vitro against the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). For example, compound E19 had an EC50 (effective concentration for 50% activity) value of 7.1 μg/mL towards this pathogen, approximately 15‐ and 10‐fold more effective than the commercial bactericides thiodiazole copper and bismerthiazol (EC50 = 110.2 and 72.4 μg/mL, respectively). Subsequently, the mechanistic studies showed that compound E19 likely exerted its antibacterial efficacies by altering the cell morphology, increasing the permeability of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, suppressing the production of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides and the extracellular enzyme activities (amylase and cellulase), and blocking the swimming motility of Xoc. Moreover, the proteomic analysis revealed that compound E19 could reduce the bacterial flagellar biosynthesis and decrease the flagellar motility by down‐regulating the expression of the related differential proteins.

CONCLUSION

Compound E19 exhibited good potential for further development as a bactericide candidate for control of Xoc. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Phonon–Polaritonic Resonances on Nanopillars of Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Surface‐Enhanced Infrared Absorption
Authors: Wang Junhui , Li Xiang , Ding Youyi , Zhang Lan , Zhao Haijun , Hu Yidan , Du Wei , Wang Tao
Published: June 2024

Phonon polaritons (PhPs) in hexagonal boron nitride enable sharp midinfrared optical resonance with strong spatial confinement, making them promising for surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy. Here, using colloidal nanosphere lithography, hBN nanopillar antennas are fabricated and their PhP resonances in a cost‐effective way are demonstrated. By varying the diameters of the hBN nanopillars, the PhP resonance can be readily tuned to match the molecular vibrations of CBP (4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl) molecules. Upon frequency matching, the coupling between the PhP resonance and the molecular vibration shows pronounced mode splitting, illustrating the SEIRA behavior with a coupling strength approaching the strong coupling regime. However, with slight frequency mismatching around 10 cm−1, the coupling strength decreases significantly, indicating a high sensitivity of the SEIRA activities to the resonance frequency of hBN nanopillar antennas. The findings provide a new method for the fabrication of PhP nanoantennas and may promote the development of PhPs in SEIRA‐based midinfrared sensing applications.
MPC‐based cooperative multiagent search for multiple targets using a Bayesian framework
Authors: Xiao Hu , Cui Rongxin , Xu Demin , Li Yanran
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a multiagent cooperative search algorithm for identifying an unknown number of targets. The objective is to determine a collection of observation points and corresponding safe paths for agents, which involves balancing the detection time and the number of targets searched. A Bayesian framework is used to update the local probability density function of the targets when the agents obtain information. We utilize model predictive control and establish utility functions based on the detection probability and decrease in information entropy. A target detection algorithm is implemented to verify the target based on minimum‐risk Bayesian decision‐making. Then, we improve the search algorithm with the target detection algorithm. Several simulations demonstrate that compared with other existing approaches, the proposed approach can reduce the time needed to detect targets and the number of targets searched. We establish an experimental platform with three unmanned aerial vehicles. The simulation and experimental results verify the satisfactory performance of our algorithm.
Self‐Assembly of Super‐Uniform Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Particles into Multi‐Dimensional Ordered Superstructures
Authors: Ma Wende , Zhang Ning , Long Caicheng , Shu Zhao , Liu Yacong , Lin Yue , Lu Dawei , Liu Qian , Jiang Guibin
Published: June 2024

Precise self‐assembly of colloidal particles is crucial for understanding their aggregation properties and preparing macroscopic functional devices. It is currently very challenging to synthesize and self‐assemble super‐uniform covalent organic framework (COF) colloidal particles into well‐organized multidimensional superstructures. Here, simple and versatile strategies are proposed for synthesis of super‐uniform COF colloidal particles and self‐assembly of them into 1D supraparticles, 2D ordered mono/multilayers, and 3D COF films. For this purpose, several self‐assembly techniques are developed, including emulsion solvent evaporation, air‐liquid interfacial self‐assembly, and drop‐casting. These strategies enable the superstructural self‐assembly of particles of varying sizes and species without any additional surfactants or chemical modifications. The assembled superstructures maintain the porosity and high specific surface area of their building blocks. The feasibility of the strategies is examined with different types of COFs. This research provides a new approach for the controllable synthesis of super‐uniform COF colloidal particles capable of self‐assembling into multidimensional superstructures with long‐range order. These discoveries hold great promise for the design of emerging multifunctional COF superstructures.
1G6‐D7 Inhibits Homologous Recombination Repair by Targeting Extracellular HSP90α to Promote Apoptosis in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Du Jiangzhou , Zhang Jinming , Liu Dongyu , Gao Lin , Liao Hua , Chu Lanhe , Lin Jie , Li Wei , Meng Xiaojing , Zou Fei , Cai Shaoxi , Zou Mengchen , Dong Hangming
Published: June 2024

Despite recent advances in treatment, non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to have a high mortality rate. Currently, NSCLC pathogenesis requires further investigation, and therapeutic drugs are still under development. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) repairs severe DNA double‐strand breaks. Homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) occurs when HRR is impaired and causes irreparable double‐strand DNA damage, leading to genomic instability and increasing the risk of cancer development. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can effectively treat HRD‐positive tumors. Extracellular heat shock protein 90α (eHSP90α) is highly expressed in hypoxic environments and inhibits apoptosis, thereby increasing cellular tolerance. Here, we investigated the relationship between eHSP90α and HRR in NSCLC. DNA damage models were established in NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1299). The activation of DNA damage and HRR markers, apoptosis, proliferation, and migration were investigated. In vivo tumor models were established using BALB/c nude mice and A549 cells. We found that human recombinant HSP90α stimulation further activated HRR and reduced DNA damage extent; however, eHSP90α monoclonal antibody, 1G6‐D7, effectively inhibited HRR. HRR inhibition and increased apoptosis were observed after LRP1 knockdown; this effect could not be reversed with hrHSP90α addition. The combined use of 1G6‐D7 and olaparib caused significant apoptosis and HRR inhibition in vitro and demonstrated promising anti‐tumor effects in vivo. Extracellular HSP90α may be involved in HRR in NSCLC through LRP1. The combined use of 1G6‐D7 and PARP inhibitors may exert anti‐tumor effects by inhibiting DNA repair and further inducing apoptosis of NSCLC cells.
Symmetry resolution in non-Lorentzian field theories
Authors: Banerjee Aritra , Basu Rudranil , Bhattacharyya Arpan , Chakrabarti Nilachal
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Starting from the computation of Symmetry Resolved Entanglement Entropy (SREE) for boosted intervals in a two dimensional Conformal Field Theory, we compute the same in various non-Lorentzian limits, viz, Galilean and Carrollian Conformal Field Theory in same number of dimensions. We approach the problem both from a limiting perspective and by using intrinsic symmetries of respective non-Lorentzian conformal algebras. In particular, we calculate the leading order terms, logarithmic terms, and the $$ \mathcal{O}(1) $$
O

1

terms and explicitly show exact compliance with equipartition of entanglement, even in the non-Lorentzian system. Keeping in mind the holographic origin of SREE for the Carrollian limit, we further compute SREE for BMS3-Kac-Moody, which couples a U(1) × U(1) theory with bulk gravity.
Metric perturbations in noncommutative gravity
Authors: Herceg Nikola , Jurić Tajron , Samsarov Andjelo , Smolić Ivica
Published: June 2024

Abstract

We use the framework of Hopf algebra and noncommutative differential geometry to build a noncommutative (NC) theory of gravity in a bottom-up approach. Noncommutativity is introduced via deformed Hopf algebra of diffeomorphisms by means of a Drinfeld twist. The final result of the construction is a general formalism for obtaining NC corrections to the classical theory of gravity for a wide class of deformations and a general background. This also includes a novel proposal for noncommutative Einstein manifold. Moreover, the general construction is applied to the case of a linearized gravitational perturbation theory to describe a NC deformation of the metric perturbations. We specifically present an example for the Schwarzschild background and axial perturbations, which gives rise to a generalization of the work by Regge and Wheeler. All calculations are performed up to first order in perturbation of the metric and noncommutativity parameter. The main result is the noncommutative Regge-Wheeler potential. Finally, we comment on some differences in properties between the Regge-Wheeler potential and its noncommutative counterpart.
Modularity in Argyres-Douglas theories with a = c
Authors: Jiang Hongliang
Published: June 2024

Abstract

We consider a family of Argyres-Douglas theories, which are 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 strongly coupled superconformal field theories (SCFTs) but share many features with 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super-Yang-Mills theories. In particular, the two central charges of these theories are the same, namely a = c. We derive a simple and illuminating formula for the Schur index of these theories, which factorizes into the product of a Casimir term and a term referred to as the Schur partition function. While the former is controlled by the anomaly, the latter is identified with the vacuum character of the corresponding chiral algebra and is expected to satisfy the modular linear differential equation. Our simple expression for the Schur partition function, which can be regarded as the generalization of MacMahon’s generalized sum-of-divisor function, allows one to numerically compute the series expansions efficiently, and furthermore find the corresponding modular linear differential equation. In a special case where the chiral algebra is known, we are able to derive the corresponding modular linear differential equation using Zhu’s recursion relation. We further study the solutions to the modular linear differential equations and discuss their modular transformations. As an application, we study the high temperature limit or the Cardy-like limit of the Schur index using its simple expression and modular properties, thus shedding light on the 1/4-BPS microstates of genuine $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SCFTs with a = c and their dual quantum gravity via the AdS/CFT correspondence.
HbA1c variability is independently associated with progression of diabetic kidney disease in an urban multi-ethnic cohort of people with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Muthukumar Ananya , Badawy Layla , Mangelis Anastasios , Vas Prashant , Thomas Stephen , Gouber Aicha , Ayis Salma , Karalliedde Janaka
Published: June 2024

Aims/hypothesis

The role of HbA1c variability in the progression of diabetic kidney disease is unclear, with most studies to date performed in White populations and limited data on its role in predicting advanced kidney outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate if long-term intra-individual HbA1c variability is a risk factor for kidney disease progression (defined as an eGFR decline of ≥50% from baseline with a final eGFR of <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2) in an ethnically heterogeneous cohort of people with type 1 diabetes with a preserved eGFR ≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at baseline.

Methods

Electronic health record data from people attending outpatient clinics between 2004 and 2018 in two large university hospitals in London were collected. HbA1c variability was assessed using three distinct methods: (1) SD of HbA1c (SD-HbA1c); (2) visit-adjusted SD (adj-HbA1c): SD-HbA1c/√n/(n–1), where n is the number of HbA1c measurements per participant; and (3) CV (CV-HbA1c): SD-HbA1c/mean-HbA1c. All participants had six or more follow-up HbA1c measurements. The eGFR was measured using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and clinical/biochemical results from routine care were extracted from electronic health records.

Results

In total, 3466 participants (50% female, 78% White, 13% African Caribbean, 3% Asian and 6% of mixed heritage or self-reporting as ‘other’) were followed for a median (IQR) of 8.2 (4.2–11.6) years. Of this cohort, 249 (7%) showed kidney disease progression. Higher HbA1c variability was independently associated with a higher risk of kidney disease progression, with HRs (95% CIs) of 7.76 (4.54, 13.26), 2.62 (1.75, 3.94) and 5.46 (3.40, 8.79) (lowest vs highest HbA1c variability quartile) for methods 1–3, respectively. Increasing age, baseline HbA1c, systolic BP and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio were also associated with kidney disease progression (p<0.05 for all). African Caribbean ethnicity was associated with an increased risk of kidney disease progression (HR [95% CI] 1.47 [1.09, 1.98], 1.76 [1.32, 2.36] and 1.57 [1.17, 2.12] for methods 1–3, respectively) and this effect was independent of glycaemic variability and other traditional risk factors.

Conclusions/interpretation

We observed an independent association between HbA1c variability, evaluated using three distinct methods, and significant kidney disease progression in a multi-ethnic type 1 diabetes cohort. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that may explain our results and evaluate if HbA1c variability is a modifiable risk factor for preventing diabetic kidney disease progression.

Graphical Abstract
The Decline of Paget’s Disease of Bone and Domestic Coal Use—A Hypothesis
Authors: Cundy Tim
Published: June 2024

The cause of Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is unknown. It emerged as a distinct entity in Britain in the late nineteenth century when it was prevalent, and florid presentation not uncommon. Epidemiological surveys in the 1970s showed that Britain had a substantially higher prevalence of PDB than any other country. Studies in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have documented an unexplained change in presentation, with a greatly reduced prevalence and less severe disease than formerly. The emergence of PDB in Britain coincided with rapid industrialization which, in turn, was driven by the use of coal for energy. In the home, bituminous coal was customarily burnt on an open hearth for heating. Using data on coal production, population size, and estimates of domestic use, the estimated exposure to domestic coal burning rose threefold in Britain during the nineteenth century and began to fall after 1900. This pattern fits well with the decline in PDB documented from death certification and prevalence surveys. Colonists moving from Britain to North America, Australia and New Zealand established coal mines and also used coal for domestic heating. PDB was found in these settler populations, but was largely absent from people indigenous to these lands. In all parts of the world PDB prevalence has fallen as the burning of coal in open hearths for domestic heating has reduced. The nature of the putative factor in coal that could initiate PDB is unknown, but possible candidates include both organic and inorganic constituents of bituminous coal.
A comprehensive evaluation of imaging features in pediatric spinal gliomas and their value in predicting tumor grade and histology
Authors: Cerron-Vela Carmen Rosa , Gonçalves Fabrício Guimarães , Tierradentro-García Luis Octavio , Viaene Angela N , Lerebo Wondwossen , Andronikou Savvas
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Pediatric spinal cord gliomas (PSGs) are rare in children and few reports detail their imaging features. We tested the association of tumoral grade with imaging features and proposed a novel approach to categorize post-contrast enhancement patterns in PSGs.

Methods

This single-center, retrospective study included patients <21 years of age with preoperative spinal MRI and confirmed pathological diagnosis of PSG from 2000-2022. Tumors were classified using the 5th edition of the WHO CNS Tumors Classification. Two radiologists reviewed multiple imaging features, and classified enhancement patterns using a novel approach. Fisher's exact test determined associations between imaging and histological features.

Results

Forty-one PSGs were reviewed. Thirty-four were intramedullary, and seven were extramedullary. Pilocytic astrocytoma was the most common tumor (39.02%). Pain and weakness were the most prevalent symptoms. Seven patients (17.07%) died. Cyst, syringomyelia, and leptomeningeal enhancement were associated with tumor grade. Widening of the spinal canal was observed only in low-grade astrocytomas. There was a significant association between tumor grade and contrast enhancement pattern. Specifically, low-grade PSGs were more likely to exhibit type 1A enhancement (mass-like, with well-defined enhancing margins) and less likely to exhibit type 1B enhancement (mass-like, with ill-defined enhancing margins).

Conclusion

PSGs display overlapping imaging features, making grade differentiation challenging based solely on imaging. The correlation between tumor grade and contrast enhancement patterns suggests a potential diagnostic avenue, requiring further validation with larger, multicenter studies. Furthermore, Low-grade PSGs display cysts and syringomyelia more frequently, and leptomeningeal enhancement is less common.
Temporal variations of bacterial and eukaryotic community in coastal waters—implications for aquaculture
Authors: Sun Fulin , Wang Chunzhong , Xu Zhantang , Song Xingyu , Cui Haiping , Wang Zhen , Ouyang Zhiyuan , Fu Xiaoming
Published: June 2024

Despite increased attention to the aquaculture environment, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the significance of water quality. To address this knowledge gap, this study utilized high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA to examine microbial communities (bacteria and eukaryotes) in coastal water over different months through long-term observations. The goal was to explore interaction patterns in the microbial community and identify potential pathogenic bacteria and red tide organisms. The results revealed significant differences in composition, diversity, and richness of bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units (OTUs) across various months. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) demonstrated distinct temporal variations in bacterial and eukaryotic communities, with significant differences (P = 0.001) among four groups: F (January-April), M (May), S (June–September), and T (October-December). Moreover, a strong association was observed between microbial communities and months, with most OTUs showing a distinct temporal preference. The Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0.05) indicated significant differences in dominant bacterial and eukaryotic taxa among months, with each group exhibiting unique dominant taxa, including potential pathogenic bacteria and red tide organisms. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring changes in potentially harmful microorganisms in aquaculture. Network analysis highlighted positive correlations between bacteria and eukaryotes, with bacteria playing a key role in network interactions. The key bacterial genera associated with other microorganisms varied significantly (P < 0.05) across different groups. In summary, this study deepens the understanding of aquaculture water quality and offers valuable insights for maintaining healthy aquaculture practices.

Key points

• Bacterial and eukaryotic communities displayed distinct temporal variations.

• Different months exhibited unique potential pathogenic bacteria and red tide organisms.

• Bacteria are key taxonomic taxa involved in microbial network interactions.
Chidamide combined with a modified Bu-Cy conditioning regimen improves survival in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Cao Xuanqi , Li Zheng , Zhang Yanming , Cui Qingya , Dai Haiping , Ma Yunju , Li Mengyun , Chen Sifan , Yin Jia , Cui Wei , Chen Jia , Sun Aining , Qiu Huiying , Chen Suning , Zhu Xiaming , Andersson Borje S. , Wu Depei , Tang Xiaowen
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of chidamide (Chi) combined with a modified Busulfan-Cyclophosphamide (mBuCy) conditioning regimen for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Twenty-two patients received chidamide combined with mBuCy conditioning regimen (Chi group). A matched-pair control (CON) group of 44 patients (matched 1:2) received mBuCy only in the same period. The leukemia-free survival (LFS), overall survival (OS), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), and non-relapse-related mortality (NRM) were evaluated. Patients in the Chi group were associated with lower 2-year CIR (19.0 vs. 41.4%, P = 0.030), better 2-year LFS (76.1 vs. 48.1%, P = 0.014), and had no significant difference in 2-year OS (80.5 vs. 66.4%, P = 0.088). Patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) positive before HSCT in the Chi group exhibited an advantage in 2-year LFS and a trend towards better 2-year OS (75.0 vs. 10.2%, P = 0.048; 75.0 vs. 11.4%, P = 0.060, respectively). Multivariable analysis showed that the chidamide intensified regimen was independently associated with better LFS (HR 0.23; 95%CI, 0.08–0.63; P = 0.004), and showed no significant impact with OS for all patients (HR 0.34, 95%CI, 0.11–1.07; P = 0.064). The cumulative incidence rates of grade II-IV aGVHD were similar (36.4 vs. 38.6%, P = 0.858). 20 patients in Chi group evinced an elevation in γ-glutamyltransferase, as compared to the mBuCy group (90.9 vs. 65.9%, P = 0.029). No transplantation-related mortality was documented within the first 100 days after transplantation. The results demonstrate that the chidamide intensified regimen may be an effective and acceptable safety option for T-ALL/LBL undergoing allo-HSCT, and further validation is needed.
Lesions hyper- to isointense to surrounding liver in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI
Authors: Furumaya Alicia , Willemssen François E. J. A. , Miclea Razvan L. , Haring Martijn P. D. , de Haas Robbert J. , Feshtali Shirin , Vanhooymissen Inge J. S. , Bos Daniel , de Man Robert A. , Ijzermans Jan N. M. , Erdmann Joris I. , Verheij Joanne , Doukas Michail C. , van Delden Otto M. , Thomeer Maarten G. J.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Hyper- or isointensity in the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI has high specificity for focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) but may be present in hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma (HCA/HCC). This study aimed to identify imaging characteristics differentiating FNH and HCA/HCC.

Materials and methods

This multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients with pathology-proven FNH or HCA/HCC, hyper-/isointense in the HBP of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI between 2010 and 2020. Diagnostic performance of imaging characteristics for the differentiation between FNH and HCA/HCC were reported. Univariable analyses, multivariable logistic regression analyses, and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were conducted. Sensitivity analyses evaluated imaging characteristics of B-catenin-activated HCA.

Results

In total, 124 patients (mean age 40 years, standard deviation 10 years, 108 female) with 128 hyper-/isointense lesions were included. Pathology diagnoses were FNH and HCA/HCC in 64 lesions (50%) and HCA/HCC in 64 lesions (50%). Imaging characteristics observed exclusively in HCA/HCC were raster and atoll fingerprint patterns in the HBP, sinusoidal dilatation on T2-w, hemosiderin, T1-w in-phase hyperintensity, venous washout, and nodule-in-nodule partification in the HBP and T2-w. Multivariable logistic regression and CART additionally found a T2-w scar indicating FNH, less than 50% fat, and a spherical contour indicating HCA/HCC. In our selected cohort, 14/48 (29%) of HCA were B-catenin activated, most (13/14) showed extensive hyper-/isointensity, and some had a T2-w scar (4/14, 29%).

Conclusion

If the aforementioned characteristics typical for HCA/HCC are encountered in lesions extensively hyper- to isointense, further investigation may be warranted to exclude B-catenin-activated HCA.

Clinical relevance

Hyper- or isointensity in the HBP of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI is specific for FNH, but HCA/HCC can also exhibit this feature. Therefore, we described imaging patterns to differentiate these entities.

Key Points

FNH and HCA/HCC have similar HBP intensities but have different malignant potentials.

Six imaging patterns exclusive to HCA/HCC were identified in this lesion population.

These features in liver lesions hyper- to isointense in the HBP warrant further evaluation.
Structural and functional connectivity associations with anterior cingulate sulcal variability
Authors: Harper Luke , Strandberg Olof , Spotorno Nicola , Nilsson Markus , Lindberg Olof , Hansson Oskar , Santillo Alexander F.
Published: June 2024

Sulcation of the anterior cingulate may be defined by presence of a paracingulate sulcus, a tertiary sulcus developing during the third gestational trimester with implications on cognitive function and disease. In this cross-sectional study we examine task-free resting state functional connectivity and diffusion-weighted tract segmentation data from a cohort of healthy adults (< 60-year-old, n = 129), exploring the impact of ipsilateral paracingulate sulcal presence on structural and functional connectivity. Presence of a left paracingulate sulcus was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in the left cingulum bundle and the left peri-genual and dorsal bundle segments, suggesting reduced structural organisational coherence in these tracts. This association was not observed in the offsite temporal cingulum bundle segment. Left paracingulate sulcal presence was associated with increased left peri-genual radial diffusivity and tract volume possibly suggesting increased U-fibre density in this region. Greater network dispersity was identified in individuals with an absent left paracingulate sulcus by presence of a significant, predominantly intraregional, frontal component of resting state functional connectivity which was not present in individuals with a present left paracingulate sulcus. Seed-based functional connectivity in pre-defined networks was not associated with paracingulate sulcal presence. These results identify a novel association between sulcation and structural connectivity in a healthy adult population with implications for conditions where this variation is of interest. Presence of a left paracingulate sulcus appears to alter local structural and functional connectivity, possibly as a result of the presence of a local network reliant on short association fibres.
Mutant TP53 promotes invasion of lung cancer cells by regulating desmoglein 3
Authors: Feng Yu , Qian Rulin , Cui Dong , Luan Jiaqiang , Xu Mingxing , Wang Ling , Li Ruijie , Wu Xiao , Chang Chaoying
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Targeted therapies have markedly improved the prognosis of lung cancer patients; nevertheless, challenges persist, including limited beneficiary populations and the emergence of drug resistance. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of mutant TP53 in lung cancer, aiming to contribute to novel strategies for targeted therapy.

Methods

The TCGA database was employed to delineate the mutational landscape of TP53 in lung cancer patients. Differential gene expression between TP53-mutant and wild-type patients was analyzed, followed by functional enrichment. DSG3 protein expression in lung cancer patients was assessed using IHC, and its impact on prognosis was analyzed in the TCGA database. The influence of TP53 on the downstream gene DSG3 was investigated using qPCR, ChIP-qPCR, and luciferase reporter gene assays. Protein enrichment in the DSG3 promoter region was examined through IP-MS, and the regulatory role of the HIF1-α/TP53 complex on DSG3 was explored using Co-IP, luciferase assays, and ChIP-qPCR. Molecular interactions between TP53 (R273H) and HIF1-α were detected through immunoprecipitation and molecular docking. The effects and mechanisms of DSG3 on lung cancer phenotypes were assessed through WB, transwell, and wound healing assays.

Results

TP53 mutations were present in 47.44% of patients, predominantly as missense mutations. DSG3 exhibited high expression in TP53-mutant lung cancer patients, and this elevated expression correlated with a poorer prognosis. TP53 interference led to a reduction in DSG3 mRNA expression, with TP53 mutant P53 enriching at the P2 site of the DSG3 promoter region, a recruitment facilitated by HIF1-α. The DBD region of TP53 (R273H) demonstrated interaction with HIF1-α. DSG3, activated through Ezrin phosphorylation, played a role in promoting invasion and metastasis.

Conclusions

Mutant TP53 facilitates lung cancer cell invasion by modulating desmoglein 3.

Graphical abstract
Influence of Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Cr-Al-N Coatings
Authors: Mayrhofer Paul H. , Zhou Liangcai , Holec David
Published: June 2024

The demand for cutting tools drives the quest for advanced hard coatings, emphasizing hardness, thermal stability, toughness, tribological properties, wear, corrosion, and oxidation resistance. Chromium Nitride (CrN) is prized for its exceptional attributes, including hardness, wear and oxidation resistance, and chemical inertness, making it valuable for protective coatings. Additionally, its magnetic properties and electronic structures garner significant attention in materials science.

This study aims to unravel the physics behind CrN-based materials, bridging theory with experiments to guide the design of new coating materials. Through first principles calculations within the alloy theory framework, we systematically explore alloying effects on chemical-related trends, including phase stability as well as structural and mechanical properties.

Our findings highlight strong compositional dependencies in ternary Cr1-xAlxN alloys, connecting electronic structures, lattice mismatch, and mixing enthalpy to predict decomposition tendencies. Furthermore, we predict ductility trends in quaternary Cr1-x-yAlxTMyN solid solutions (partly based on our previous studies on ternary Cr1-yTMyN), emphasizing bonding character and electronic structure. Ultimately, these trends offer vital insights into experimental observations, aiding in the design of novel hard coatings.
Kinematic reconstruction of the Alpine Tethys and surrounding Mesozoic rifted margins
Authors: Frasca Gianluca , Manatschal Gianreto , Chenin Pauline
Published: June 2024

In plate kinematic reconstructions, the restoration of rifted margins and their fossil equivalents exposed in orogens remains challenging. Tight fit reconstructions rely on the mapping of margins rift domains, their restoration to their pre-rift crustal thickness, and the removal of the oceanic and exhumed mantle domains. At present-day margins, high-resolution wide-angle seismic imaging allows mapping and measurement of rift domains; however, restoring fossil margins is trickier because they are largely overprinted and partially lost during convergence. Here, we present a new kinematic model for the Mesozoic rifting along the Tethys–Atlantic junction, which relies on two assumptions: (1) the width of the fossil Alpine Tethys rift domains was comparable to that of their present-day analogs, and (2) the necking zones of the former tectonic plates can be mapped, dated and used as kinematic markers. This reproducible workflow allows us, for the first time, to restore the rifted margins of the Alpine Tethys. Our reconstruction shows: (1) a westward propagation of extension through the Ionian, Alpine Tethys and Pyrenean rift systems from the Triassic to the Cretaceous, (2) the segmentation of the Mesozoic Tethyan rifted margins by strike-slip corridors, (3) the opening of an oceanic gateway at 165 Ma as mantle was exhumed along the entire Alpine Tethys and (4) the subdivision of the Mesozoic oceanic domain into compartments that were later consumed during subduction. This new model is supported by published data from the Alps, the Ionian Sea, the Pyrenees and the southern North Atlantic.

Graphical abstract