bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Minimum Wages a Silent Killer? New Evidence on Drunk Driving Fatalities
Authors: Sabia Joseph J. , Pitts M. Melinda , Argys Laura M.
Published: July 2018

In volume 94 of this REVIEW, Adams, Blackburn, and Cotti (ABC), using Fatal Accident Reporting System data from 1998 to 2006, find that a 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 7% to 11% increase in alcohol-related fatal traffic accidents involving teen drivers. We find this result does not hold when the analysis period is expanded to include 1991 through 2013. In addition, auxiliary analyses provide no support for income-driven increases in alcohol consumption, the primary mechanism posited by ABC. Together, our results suggest that minimum wage increases are not a silent killer.
The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferences: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Jakiela Pamela , Ozier Owen
Published: July 2018

We estimate the impact of Kenya's postelection crisis on individual risk preferences. The crisis interrupted a longitudinal survey of more than five thousand Kenyan youth, creating plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to civil conflict prior to the survey. Our results indicate that the postelection crisis sharply increased individual risk aversion. Immediately after the crisis, the fraction of subjects displaying extreme risk aversion increased by more than 80%. Findings remain robust when we use an IV estimation strategy that exploits random assignment of respondents to waves of surveying. The crisis also affected trust, social capital, and beliefs about the economy.
Locating the Study of Religion in a Theory of the Academy
Authors: Woll Donald Bruce
Published: July 2018

The central claim of this article is that Jonathan Z. Smith, in addition to his extensive contributions to the study of religion, makes a valuable contribution to the theory and responsible public exercise of cognitive power. This larger public concern is explicitly and repeatedly addressed in his writings on the academy in which he develops a theory of the academy that articulates the conditions essential to the responsible exercise of cognitive power. A further claim is that this theory constitutes the integrating standpoint of his study of religion. The failure to recognize the relationship between his theoretical writings on the academy and his study of religion, reflecting his two careers, has given rise to misunderstandings that have obscured the wider public significance of his entire oeuvre.
Remarkable discoveries in the long-neglected and Peruvian-endemic genus Machaerophorus (Brassicaceae)
Authors: AL-SHEHBAZ IHSAN A. , CANO ASUNCIÓN , CUEVA MANCHEGO MARCO ANTONIO , SALARIATO DIEGO L.
Published: July 2018

The Peruvian genus Machaerophorus has long been reduced to synonymy of several genera of various tribes. With the discovery of two new species described below, M. arequipa and M. laticarpus, and availability of material for molecular phylogenetic studies, the genus is reinstated for the first time in over a century and included within the South American “Cremolobeae-Eudemeae-Schizopetaleae” clade.
The myth of monophagy in Paralobesia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)? A new species feeding on Cypripedium reginae (Orchidaceae)
Authors: ROYALS HANNA R. , LANDRY JEAN-FRANÇOIS , GILLIGAN TODD M.
Published: July 2018

The genus Paralobesia Obraztsov, 1953 is found primarily in eastern North America and consists of 18 described and several undescribed species. Prior to 1900, all North American Paralobesia were assumed to be P. viteana (Clemens). However, rearing experiments by William Kearfott in the early 1900s suggested that species of Paralobesia were monophagous and could be separated by host. Recently, a species of Paralobesia was reared from showy lady’s slipper, Cypripedium reginae Walter (Orchidaceae), during a study of two populations of this orchid in eastern Ontario and southwestern Québec. Although originally assumed to be P. cypripediana (Forbes), which was described from specimens reared from Cypripedium in Manitoba, DNA barcode data and genital morphology confirmed that this was a new species similar to P. cypripediana and P. monotropana (Heinrich). Herein, we describe P. marilynae, sp. n., and provide specifics of its discovery and life history. Rearing records indicate that Paralobesia can span the range from strictly monophagous to polyphagous, even for very similar species with similar feeding habits, and that host records should be combined with morphological and molecular data when circumscribing species in this genus. This work is part of a complete systematic revision of Paralobesia currently in progress.
Comparing CLIGEN-Generated Storm Patterns with 1-Minute and Hourly Precipitation Data from China
Authors: Wang Wenting , Yin Shuiqing , Flanagan Dennis C. , Yu Bofu
Published: July 2018

Climate Generator (CLIGEN) is a stochastic weather generator that has been widely used to generate daily precipitation and storm patterns for hydrological and erosion prediction models. Rainfall data with measurement intervals ≤ 30 min are required to compute two parameters for generating storm patterns, namely, the cumulative distribution of the time to peak rainfall intensity (TimePk) and the mean daily maximum 30-min rainfall intensity (MX.5P). High-resolution rainfall data, however, are not widely available around the world. One-minute precipitation data for 18 stations in eastern and central China were aggregated into hourly intervals to evaluate methods to optimally prepare TimePk and MX.5P for CLIGEN. Four sets of the two parameters were used to run CLIGEN for comparison: C0, using the original 1-min data; C1, replacing TimePk with those computed with hourly data; C2, replacing MX.5P with those computed with hourly data with an adjustment factor; and C3, replacing both parameters with those computed with hourly data, and the MX.5P was adjusted as for C2. Results showed that 1) MX.5P computed with hourly data was systematically lower than that computed with the 1-min data, and the bias could be corrected by multiplying by an adjustment factor of 1.40; 2) the difference in generated storm patterns between C0 and C1 was insignificant; and 3) results from C2 and C3 agreed well with those generated from C0. Hourly precipitation data can be used to prepare CLIGEN input parameter values for generating storm patterns for sites where only hourly data are available.
An Evaluation of Northern Australian Wet Season Rainfall Bursts in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Narsey Sugata , Reeder Michael J. , Jakob Christian , Ackerley Duncan
Published: July 2018

The simulation of northern Australian wet season rainfall bursts by coupled climate models is evaluated. Individual models produce vastly different amounts of precipitation over the north of Australia during the wet season, and this is found to be related to the number of bursts they produce. The seasonal cycle of bursts is found to be poor in most of the models evaluated. It is known that northern Australian wet season bursts are often associated with midlatitude Rossby wave packets and their surface signature as they are refracted toward the tropics. The relationship between midlatitude waves and the initiation of wet season bursts is simulated well by the models evaluated. Another well-documented influence on the initiation of northern Australian wet season bursts is the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). No model adequately simulated the tropical outgoing longwave radiation temporal–spatial patterns seen in the reanalysis-derived OLR. This result suggests that the connection between the MJO and the initiation of northern Australian wet season bursts in models is poor.
Available Potential Energy in Density Coordinates
Authors: Colin de Verdière Alain , Huck Thierry , Pogossian Souren , Ollitrault Michel
Published: July 2018

The vertically integrated potential energy of an incompressible stratified fluid formulated in density coordinates can be simply written as a weighted vertical sum of the squares of the vertical displacements of density surfaces, a general expression valid for arbitrary displacements. The sum of this form of potential energy and kinetic energy is then a conserved quantity for the multilayer shallow water model. The formulation in density coordinates is a natural one to find the Lorenz reference state of available potential energy (APE). We describe the method to compute the APE of an ocean state and provide two applications. The first is the classical double-gyre, wind-driven circulation simulated by a shallow water model at high resolution. We show that the eddy kinetic and eddy potential energies are localized in regions of large gradients of mean APE. These large gradients surround an APE minimum found between the two gyres. The second is the time-mean World Ocean Circulation reconstructed from hydrography (World Ocean Atlas) and reference velocities at 1000 db from the Argo float program to obtain an absolute circulation. The total available potential energy exceeds the total mean kinetic energy of the World Ocean by three orders of magnitude, pointing out the very small Burger number of the circulation. The Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio, the Agulhas retroflection, and the confluence regions are four examples that confirm the shallow water model results that large gradients of mean available potential energy can be used as predictors for the presence of high eddy kinetic energy (obtained here from satellite altimetry).
The Structuration of Digital Ecosystem, Privacy, and Big Data Intelligence
Authors: Park Yong Jin , Chung Jae Eun , Shin Dong Hee
Published: July 2018

This study presents a conceptual model of understanding algorithmic digital surveillance systems, borrowing insight from Giddens, who proposed the notion of structuration as social practices deriving from the intersection between structure and agents. We argue that the status of privacy, or lack of it, is a product of these interactions, of which the personal data practices and related interests constitute the reproduction of a data ecosystem. We trace the process of data production and consumption, dissecting the interactive dynamics between digital media producers (personal data users) and users (personal data producers). Inadequacies, limits, and social and policy implications of data surveillance and its algorithmic reproduction of identities are discussed.
Endovascular Treatment of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis: Evaluation of Postoperative Outcomes and Risk Factors for Recurrence
Authors: Roustan François-René , Lareyre Fabien , Bentellis Imad , Haider Romain , Torrino Stéphanie , Sedat Jacques , Albano Laetitia , Jean-Baptiste Elixène , Raffort Juliette , Durand Matthieu
Published: July 2018

Angioplasty with or without stenting has become a well-established procedure to treat transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). We evaluated our experience on postoperative outcomes following the intervention and identified potential predictive factors of TRAS recurrence. Consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment of TRAS were retrospectively reviewed. The study end points were the technical success, 30-day postoperative complications, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Thirty-two patients underwent endovascular treatment for TRAS. The technical success rate was 96.6%. Complications were observed for 7 (21.9%) patients: 4 had a dissection, 2 a pseudoaneurysm, and 1 (3.1%) patient developed an acute pulmonary edema. The mean eGFR significantly increased at 7 days, 3 months, and 6 months postintervention (43.1, 44.9, and 44.3 vs 33.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 preoperatively, P < .05). The TRAS recurrence was observed in 7 (21.9%) patients. These patients had significantly higher preoperative peak systolic velocity and systolic rise time (5 vs 4 m/s, P = .0383 and 103 vs 80 milliseconds, P = .0148, respectively). Endovascular treatment of TRAS is associated with high technical success and significant improvement in renal function. Further studies are required to confirm predictive factors of TRAS recurrence following endovascular treatment.
A Multilevel Analysis of Collective Efficacy, Neighborhood Disorder, and Individual Social Capital on Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Hardyns Wim , Snaphaan Thom , Pauwels Lieven J. R. , Vyncke Veerle , Willems Sara
Published: July 2018

The principal aim of this multilevel study was to assess the impact of collective efficacy and disorder, as neighborhood characteristics, and individual social capital on an individual’s avoidance behavior, independent of the neighborhood composition. The theoretical backdrop to the present study integrates insights from social capital theory, collective efficacy theory, and broken windows theory. The multilevel model is based on an individual-level questionnaire of inhabitants ( N = 2,730) and a neighborhood-level questionnaire of key informants in neighborhoods in Ghent, Belgium ( N = 142). The results suggest small but significant neighborhood effects on an individual’s avoidance behavior. Individuals with lower levels of individual social capital and who live in neighborhoods with higher levels of disorder report more avoidance behavior.
Drug Compliance and Its Associated Factors Among Hypertensive Patients in Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ali Kashif , Adil Syed Omair , Soomro Najeebullah , Bibi Ayisha , Kalam Sadaf
Published: July 2018

The drug compliance and its associated factors were investigated among hypertensive patients attending the outpatient department of National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Karachi, from September 2014 to March 2015. Data were collected retrospectively from 300 hypertensive patients taken treatment for >1 year. Half of the patients (51%) were >55 years of age with the predominance of males (52.70%). Most respondents (47%) had had ischemic heart disease (IHD), 30% had diabetes, 47% had both IHD and diabetes, while only a small number of subjects (18%) reporting no comorbidity. Most respondents (82%) reported that they took medicine regularly. Drug compliance was found significantly higher in males (55.70%) as compared with females (44.30%) ( P = .025). Similarly, drug compliance was found significantly higher in patients who monitored their blood pressure (BP) regularly (59.30%) as compared with the patients who did not monitor their BP regularly (40.70%) ( P = .001). Most respondents (46.30%) with hypertension (HTN) duration ≤5 years had significantly higher drug compliance as compared with the patients with HTN duration of 6 to 10 years and ≥11 years, that is, 33.30% and 20.30%, respectively ( P = .018). In conclusion, the rate of drug adherence is not up to the mark in hypertensive patients, with high compliance reported in only half of the respondents.
Independent Regulatory Authorities: Contours of the Debate and Experience
Authors: Arora Dolly
Published: July 2018

Taking note of the rapid growth of independent regulatory authorities and emerging evidence of significant variation in their design features as well as functional expression of independence across nations and within nations, sectors and levels of government, this article argues that regulatory discourses, including their institutional design and functionality, need to be understood in their specific political economy context and in the framework of larger goals of social justice and sustainable development, taking care of accountability, equity and environmental concerns that invite urgent attention. This would require a reopening of the debate on the parameters for evaluation of regulatory goals and design issues in the public domain involving all stakeholders. Rather than debating the extent of independence accomplished, one needs to consider the framework of regulation and the mechanisms which can address the challenge of competing rights claims in unequal power contexts.
Sustainability of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Community Setting
Authors: Waters Chanti F. , Amerine Dickens Mila , Thurston Sally W. , Lu Xiang , Smith Tristram
Published: July 2018

This study examined whether outcomes in early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) during a university-led multisite project could be replicated by the same community agency independently of the project. Participants, age 18 to 75 months at onset of intervention, were 48 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enrolled in 35 hr per week of publicly funded, community-based EIBI for 3 years and 46 children who were matched on baseline characteristics and received early childhood services as usual (SAU) through local early childhood special education providers. Linear mixed models indicated that EIBI participants improved significantly more than SAU participants on standardized tests of IQ, nonverbal IQ, adaptive behavior, and academic achievement, administered by independent evaluators. Although limited by the use of a matched comparison group rather than random assignment, the study provides evidence for the sustainability of effective EIBI in community settings for children with ASD who start intervention at varying ages throughout early childhood.
Understanding the Effect of Information Presentation Order and Orientation on Information Search and Treatment Evaluation
Authors: Heard Claire Louise , Rakow Tim , Foulsham Tom
Published: July 2018

Background. Past research finds that treatment evaluations are more negative when risks are presented after benefits. This study investigates this order effect: manipulating tabular orientation and order of risk–benefit information, and examining information search order and gaze duration via eye-tracking. Design. 108 (Study 1) and 44 (Study 2) participants viewed information about treatment risks and benefits, in either a horizontal (left-right) or vertical (above-below) orientation, with the benefits or risks presented first (left side or at top). For 4 scenarios, participants answered 6 treatment evaluation questions (1–7 scales) that were combined into overall evaluation scores. In addition, Study 2 collected eye-tracking data during the benefit–risk presentation. Results. Participants tended to read one set of information (i.e., all risks or all benefits) before transitioning to the other. Analysis of order of fixations showed this tendency was stronger in the vertical (standardized mean rank difference further from 0, M = ± .88) than horizontal orientation ( M = ± 0.71). Approximately 50% of the time was spent reading benefits when benefits were shown first, but this was reduced to ~40% when risks were presented first (regression coefficient: B = −4.52, p < .001). Eye-tracking measures did not strongly predict treatment evaluations, although time percentage reading benefits positively predicted evaluation when holding other variables constant ( B = 0.02, p = .023). Conclusion. These results highlight the impact of seemingly arbitrary design choices on inspection order. For instance, presenting risks where they will be seen first leads to relatively less time spent considering treatment benefits. Other research suggests these changes to inspection order can influence multi-option and multi-attribute choices, and represent an area for future research.
Preserving and memorialising relationships: exploring young people’s experiences of foster care through the lens of social capital
Authors: Rogers Justin
Published: July 2018

This article presents findings from research into how young people growing up in foster care in the UK manage the relationships in their social networks and gain access to social capital. It is a concept that highlights the value of relationships and is relevant to young people in care as they have usually experienced disruptions to their social and family life. Qualitative methods were used and the findings show that despite experiencing disruption to their social networks, the young people demonstrated that they were able to maintain access to their social capital. They achieved this in two ways. Firstly, they preserved their relationships, often through what can be seen as ordinary practices but in the extraordinary context of being in foster care. Secondly, they engaged in creative practices of memorialisation to preserve relationships that had ended or had been significantly impaired due to their experience of separation and movement. The article highlights implications for policy and practice, including the need to recognise the value of young people’s personal possessions. Furthermore, it stresses the need to support them to maintain their relationships across their networks as this facilitates their access to social capital.
‘We all belonged in there somewhere’: young people’s and carers’ experiences of a residential sibling contact event
Authors: Parker Pamela , McLaven Gracie
Published: July 2018

There is little research into planning for separated siblings in care even though in the UK approximately 75% of such children have lived apart from a brother or sister. Most contact arrangements comprise time-restrained meetings, often in contact centres and observed by social workers. This article discusses caregivers’ and young people’s experiences of a novel approach to sibling contact, Siblings Forever, an event devised to overcome some of the tensions and frustrations in usual arrangements. It involves a residential weekend when brothers and sisters living apart come together along with their kinship and foster carers. Interviews with six participating young people and six of their caregivers were analysed thematically. Five dominant themes were identified which encompassed young people’s views on the occasion and their perceptions of differences from typical contact arrangements. They highlighted its unique atmosphere, the importance of having ‘normal’ experiences with their siblings, how old dynamics affected current interactions, caregivers’ commitment to sustaining sibling relationships and the effort required to make the project work. The findings are discussed in the context of relevant theory and systemic concepts, and the pros and cons of managing sibling contacts in this way are identified.
Safety Evaluation of Geometric Design Criteria: Intersection Sight Distance at Unsignalized Intersections
Authors: Himes Scott , Porter Richard J. , Eccles Kimberly
Published: July 2018

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Edition, (publisher: AASHTO), provides design criteria for minimum sight distances, including intersection sight distance (ISD). An understanding of the relationship between ISD and safety at stop-controlled intersections is needed, with potential applications of this knowledge to both performance-based design and substantive road safety management practices. To establish this relationship, crash, traffic, and geometric data were collected from 832 two-lane minor unsignalized intersection approaches in Ohio, and Washington. The data were analyzed using a cross-sectional study design to quantify the relationship between safety and ISD. The analyses indicated that the expected number of target crashes are associated with available ISD. Target crash frequencies increase as available ISD decreases. Results suggest that ISD is associated with expected crash frequency in a non-linear fashion. The sensitivity of the expected number of target crashes to changes in ISD is highest when ISD is shorter, and decreases as ISD increases (i.e., the safety benefit of increasing ISD from 300 to 600 ft is substantially larger than the safety benefit of increasing ISD from 1,000 to 1,300 ft). The results also suggest that the impacts of ISD on crash frequencies vary as a function of the major road two-way annual average daily traffic and the major road speed limit. The sensitivity of the expected number of crashes to changes in ISD increases as both traffic volume and speed limit increase. Crash modification functions for each of the target crash types were estimated using the regression models.
The GENUS aircraft conceptual design environment
Authors: Smith H , Sziroczák D , Abbe GE , Okonkwo P
Published: July 2018

The design of aircraft has evolved over time from the classical design approach to the more modern computer-based design method utilizing multivariate design optimization. In recent years, aircraft concepts and configurations have become more diverse and complex thus pushing many synthesis packages beyond their capability. Furthermore, many examples of aircraft design software focus on the analysis of one particular concept thus requiring separate packages for each concept. This can lead to complications in comparing concepts and configurations as differences in performance may originate from different prediction toolsets being used. This paper presents the GENUS Aircraft Design Framework developed by Cranfield University’s Aircraft Design Group to address these issues. The paper reviews available aircraft design methodologies and describes the challenges faced in their development and application. Following this, the GENUS aircraft design environment is introduced, along with the theoretical background and practical reasoning behind the program architecture. Particular attention is given to the programming, choice of methodology, and optimization techniques involved. Subsequently, some applications of the developed methodology, implemented in the framework are presented to illustrate the diversity of the approach. Three special classes of aircraft design concept are presented briefly.
Resveratrol Treatment in Different Time-Attenuated Neuronal Apoptosis After Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation via Enhancing the Activation of Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway In Vitro
Authors: Yang Jun , Huang Jiagui , Shen Changbo , Cheng Wei , Yu Pingping , Wang Li , Tang Fanren , Guo Shuang , Yang Qin , Zhang John
Published: July 2018

Recent studies have indicated that resveratrol has protective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the best therapeutic time for resveratrol treatment after acute ischemic stroke remains unknown. We aim to investigate whether resveratrol, administrated at different times after neuronal oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) reduced neuronal injury in vitro. There were six experimental groups: normal, model, resveratrol pretreatment, resveratrol post-treatment, resveratrol OGD-treatment, and resveratrol whole-processing group. We found that resveratrol in a concentration-dependent manner decreased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, resveratrol, administrated at different times, increased neuronal viability, reduced neuronal apoptosis, upregulated the protein expressions of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and Bcl-2, downregulated the protein expression of Caspase-3, and promoted Nrf-2 to transfer into the nuclei from the cytoplasm. The most effective treatment group was the whole-processing treatment group. These results suggest that resveratrol treatment at different times increased neuronal viability and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in vitro, at least in part, via enhancing the activation of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway.
Trop2 Guarantees Cardioprotective Effects of Cortical Bone-Derived Stem Cells on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Li Tianyu , Su Yunshu , Yu Xiongli , Mouniir Durgahee S.A. , Masau Jackson Ferdinand , Wei Xiang , Yang Jianye
Published: July 2018

Stem cell transplantation represents a promising therapeutic approach for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, where cortical bone-derived stem cells (CBSCs) stand out and hold superior cardioprotective effects on myocardial infarction than other types of stem cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CBSCs function on myocardial I/R injury is poorly understood. In a previous study, we reported that Trop2 (trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2) is expressed exclusively on the CBSCs membrane, and is involved in regulation of proliferation and differentiation of CBSCs. In this study, we found that the Trop2 is essential for the ameliorative effects of CBSCs on myocardial I/R-induced heart damage via promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting cardiomyocytes apoptosis in a paracrine manner. Trop2 is required for the colonization of CBSCs in recipient hearts. When Trop2 was knocked out, CBSCs largely lost their functions in lowering myocardial infarction size, improving heart function, enhancing capillary density, and suppressing myocardial cell death. Mechanistically, activating the AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling axis contributes to the essential role of Trop2 in CBSCs-rendered cardioprotective effects on myocardial I/R injury. In conclusion, maintaining the expression and/or activation of Trop2 in CBSCs might be a promising strategy for treating myocardial infarction, I/R injury, and other related heart diseases.
Empathic profile of nursing freshmen
Authors: Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora , Souza Mirella Castelhano , Souza-Junior Valtuir Duarte , de Godoy Simone , Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena , Santos Sara Soares dos
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To analyze the empathic profile and the empathy scores of freshmen of the nursing course.

Design and participants:

Descriptive study involving 399 freshmen students of two modalities of nursing courses: Bachelor and Bachelor and Teaching Diploma, in the period from 2012 to 2015. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Empathy Inventory were applied.

Ethical considerations:

The research received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. The students registered their acceptance to participate in the research by signing the Free and Informed Consent Form and anonymity was guaranteed.

Findings:

The mean age of the participants was 19 years, being 85.5% female. The students were grouped by course modality and all groups presented high empathy scores. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found, which indicates that students of the Bachelor and Teaching Diploma program presented a higher degree of empathy for the General Score, Domain 2 (Interpersonal Flexibility), and Domain 3 (Altruism) in relation to students in the Bachelor program.

Conclusion:

Results show that nursing undergraduate freshmen are emphatic, with minimum differences between the two courses. This profile is relevant for the development of future professionals capable to demonstrate a balance between instrumental and expressive competences.
Different Gentes, Same Amazons
Authors: Liccardo Salvatore
Published: July 2018

This article aims to examine the narrative of the Amazons as part of a political and ethnic discourse. It pays particular attention to the connection between the tale of the Amazons and the history of the origins of the Goths. The Historia Augusta and Jordanes’ Getica are among the most significant sources for shedding light on the versatility and the popularity of the saga of the Amazons. It also highlights the authors’ lexical strategy of identifying the ancient Amazons with one or more barbaric groups. This cultural operation allowed them to integrate the old story of women warriors into their historical narrative. In the last part of this article, the Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum is taken into consideration, stressing continuities and discontinuities in Adam of Bremen’s use of the tale of the Amazons.
Evaluation of a Novel Parent-Rated Scale for Selective Mutism
Authors: Gensthaler Angelika , Dieter Julia , Raisig Susanne , Hartmann Boris , Ligges Marc , Kaess Michael , Freitag Christine M. , Schwenck Christina
Published: July 2018

Assessment of selective mutism (SM) is hampered by the lack of diagnostic measures. The Frankfurt Scale of Selective Mutism was developed for kindergarteners, schoolchildren, and adolescents, including the diagnostic scale (DS) and the severity scale (SS). The objective of this study was to evaluate this novel, parent-rated questionnaire among individuals aged 3 to 18 years ( n = 334) with SM, social phobia, internalizing disorders, and a control group. Item analysis resulted in high item-total correlations, and internal consistency in both scales was excellent with Cronbach’s α = .90-.98. Exploratory factor analysis of the SS consistently yielded a one-factor solution. Mean sum scores of the DS differed significantly between the diagnostic groups, and the receiver operating characteristic analysis resulted in optimal cutoffs for distinguishing SM from all other groups with the area under the curves of 0.94-1.00. The SS sum scores correlated significantly with SM’s clinician-rated symptom severity.
Incidence and demographics of 1751 surgically treated periprosthetic femoral fractures around a primary hip prosthesis
Authors: Chatziagorou Georgios , Lindahl Hans , Garellick Göran , Kärrholm Johan
Published: July 2018

Introduction:

Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFF), treated surgically, have been recorded in the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register (SHAR) since 1979. It is postulated that fractures treated with other methods other than stem revision have a lower registration rate, which may lead to incomplete registry data and thus, inaccurate information. We collected all PPFFs surgically treated in Sweden between 2001 and 2011 with the purpose of studying the annual incidence, demographics and distribution of fracture types with regard to type of fixation.

Methods:

Data was linked between the SHAR and the National Patient Register (NPR) in order to detect even those PPFFs not reported to the SHAR. Fractures were classified according to the Vancouver classification system, based on information collected from the medical charts. This procedure was validated with observer variation analysis compared to fracture classification based on radiographs. In total 1751 first-time PPFFs around primary conventional stems were included.

Results:

The incidence of PPFF increased from about 1.0 per 1000 primary THRs to 1.4. Vancouver type C fractures (37% of all fractures) were more common than previously reported, and more common in cemented than in uncemented stems. The 3 most common stem designs involved were Exeter polished, Lubinus SPII, and Charnley (66.3% of all stems), partly reflecting their occurrence in the Swedish THR population.

Discussion:

The incidence of PPFFs has increased in Sweden during the period 2001 to 2011. The improved reporting of type C fractures, after data-linking, revealed an almost 4 times higher incidence compared to previous register studies in Sweden.
On the way to decolonization in a settler colony: Re-introducing Black feminist identity politics
Authors: Dotson Kristie
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I explain Black feminist identity politics as a practice that is ‘on the way’ to settler decolonization in a US context for the fact that it makes demands that we attend to our “originating” stories and, in doing so, 1) generate potential for difficult coalitions for decolonization in settler colonial USA and 2) promoting a range of refusals (Simpson 2014) that aid in resisting the completion of settler colonialism in North America, which is still an uncompleted project. Ultimately, I claim Black feminist identity politics, properly understood, is a practice that aids in retaining the possibility of decolonization in a settler colonial state by resisting the historical unknowing that facilitates settler futurity. It is not itself settler decolonization, but rather it is “on the way” to such decolonization as it keeps open the need for decolonial futurity.
Pediatricians’ vaccine attitudes and practices before and after a major measles outbreak
Authors: Mohanty Salini , Buttenheim Alison M , Feemster Kristen A , Moser Charlotte A , Field Robert I , Yudell Michael , Turchi Renee M , Carroll-Scott Amy
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study was to describe how a sample of pediatricians were impacted by and responded to the Disneyland measles outbreak in the United States. We conducted three repeated cross-sectional, online surveys in 2014 (before the outbreak), 2015, and 2016 (after the outbreak) among members of three state chapters of the American Academy of Pediatrics. We assessed pediatricians’ level of willingness and length of time comfortable delaying the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine before and after the outbreak. Frequency of alternative immunization schedule requests and creation of office immunization policies due to the outbreak were measured. The sample included 304 pediatricians in 2014, 270 in 2015, and 221 in 2016. We found no significant changes in willingness or comfort delaying the MMR vaccine before and after the outbreak. In 2015, 38% of pediatricians reported fewer requests for alternative immunization schedules and 20% created stricter office immunization policies. A subsample of pediatricians reported administering the MMR vaccine earlier in the recommended time frame and taking extra precautions in waiting rooms due to the outbreak. Our results suggest that this measles outbreak did not lead to significant changes in attitudes or practices among this sample, but did modestly affect office immunization policies and practices.
Advertising at the threshold: Paratextual promotion in the era of media convergence
Authors: Hackley Chris , Hackley Amy Rungpaka
Published: July 2018

In the media convergence era, brands are embracing hybrid forms of advertising communication such as branded content, product placement and sponsored TV ‘pods’, brand blogs, shareable video, programmatic advertising, ‘native’ advertising and more, as alternatives to, and extensions of, traditional mass media advertising campaigns. In this article, we draw on Genette’s theory of transtextuality to reframe this phenomenon from a paratextual purview. We suggest that the analogy of the paratext articulates the iterative, ambiguous, participative and intertextual character of much contemporary brand communication. We describe extended examples of paratextual advertising and promotion that illustrate the fluid and mutually contingent relation of advertising text to paratext, and we outline an analytical framework for future research and practice.
Integrated model control of brake–wheel system using bond graph method
Authors: Zhao Jian , Hu Zhiqiang , Zhu Bing , Gong Jiapeng
Published: July 2018

Brake system is an important actuator of most active safety systems equipped on vehicles. It combines with the wheel to make vehicle decelerate and finally stop it. Moreover, brake system is an electronic, mechanical, and hydraulic hybrid system; it contains some highly nonlinear characters, which is a challenge to system control. In this article, an integrated model of brake system and single-wheel system using bond graph method is developed, in which the nonlinear characters of the volumetric compliance effect of brake fluid and the resistance effect of valves are taken into consideration. The accuracy and reliability of the brake system is verified by experiment. Nonlinear sliding-mode controller as well as sliding-mode observer is proposed. The controller is used to modulate inlet and outlet valves control signals according to the vehicle states, which will lead to cancel the usage of wheel cylinder pressure sensors. The controller is analyzed by different tire–road friction coefficient conditions. The results show that the proposed integrated bond graph model is accurate, and the nonlinear sliding-mode control is reliable on valves control signal regulation.
Information and communication technology use in daily life among young adults with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability
Authors: Ramsten Camilla , Martin Lene , Dag Munir , Hammar Lena Marmstål
Published: July 2018

Background:

Information and communication technology (ICT) increases participation in life activities, and young adults are frequent users. Young adults with intellectual disability (ID) do not use ICT as much as their peers, and little is known about how ICT is used by young adults with ID. This study describes the use of ICT from the perspective of young adults with mild to moderate ID in a municipal social care context.

Method:

Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information from 11 young adults with mild-to-moderate ID living in residential care and analysed using a content analysis.

Results:

ICT was used for family relationships, daily support, interactions based on interests and amusement, and as support for offline activities. Family members were important providers of support for ICT use.

Conclusion:

Young adults with mild-to-moderate ID use ICT in their daily life. The social care context needs to be further investigated due to its influence on the young adults’ access to ICT and need of support.
On the Pitch Strength of Bandpass Noise in Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Listeners
Authors: Horbach Maria , Verhey Jesko L. , Hots Jan
Published: July 2018

The psychoacoustic measure pitch strength describes the strength of the tonal sensation evoked by a sound on a scale from weak to strong. For normal-hearing listeners, it was shown in the literature that pitch strength of bandpass noise (relative to the pitch strength of a sinusoid at its center frequency) decreases with increasing bandwidth. This decrease also depends on the center frequency. These effects were often attributed to the frequency selectivity of the auditory system. The present study investigated the relative pitch strength of bandpass noise in hearing-impaired listeners and for comparison in a normal-hearing control group. For the normal-hearing listeners, pitch strength was measured at sound pressure levels of 30 and 70 dB SPL for bandwidths between 5 and 1620 Hz and center frequencies of 375, 750, and 1500 Hz. In addition, two ways of generating the stimuli (filtering in frequency or time domain) were used to compare the data with previous results. Apart from the known effect of center frequency on the change of relative pitch strength with increasing bandwidth, stimulus generation also had a significant influence on the results. Relative pitch strength of bandpass noise in hearing-impaired listeners was measured for bandwidths from 5 to 1620 Hz; the center frequency was 1500 Hz. Compared with the corresponding results of the normal hearing, relative pitch strength was altered in the hearing-impaired listeners. These alterations, however, could not be explained by altered spectral processing in the damaged cochlea alone.
Replicating the Recovery following the 2014 South Napa Earthquake using Stochastic Process Models
Authors: Kang Hua , Burton Henry V. , Miao Haoxiang
Published: July 2018

Post-earthquake recovery models can be used as decision support tools for pre-event planning. However, due to a lack of available data, there have been very few opportunities to validate and/or calibrate these models. This paper describes the use of building damage, permitting, and repair data from the 2014 South Napa Earthquake to evaluate a stochastic process post-earthquake recovery model. Damage data were obtained for 1,470 buildings, and permitting and repair time data were obtained for a subset (456) of those buildings. A “blind” prediction is shown to adequately capture the shape of the recovery trajectory despite overpredicting the overall pace of the recovery. Using the mean time to permit and repair time from the acquired data set significantly improves the accuracy of the recovery prediction. A generalized model is formulated by establishing statistical relationships between key time parameters and endogenous and exogenous factors that have been shown to influence the pace of recovery.
Unification of Seismic Performance Estimation and Real Estate Investment Analysis to Model Post-Earthquake Building Repair Decisions
Authors: Markhvida Maryia , Baker Jack W.
Published: July 2018

Post earthquake decisions on whether to repair or to demolish and rebuild a damaged commercial building can be influenced by factors other than repair costs. These factors include the property's ability to generate income and the conditions of the real estate market—factors not currently considered in seismic performance estimation models. This paper introduces a framework that unifies performance-based earthquake engineering and real estate investment analysis to model cases in which repair of damaged buildings is feasible, but redevelopment or leaving the building unrepaired and vacant might offer greater economic value. A three-stage approach for quantifying the likelihood of repair, redevelopment, or leaving the property vacant is proposed. First, building seismic performance analysis is conducted using FEMA P-58 and Resilience-based Earthquake Design Initiative (REDi) methodologies; then, given repair and redevelopment costs and times, the net present value decision rule is used to evaluate alternative outcomes; and finally, the results from the two stages are integrated to quantify the probability of different decisions. An illustrative case study of four reinforced concrete buildings highlights the insights provided by the proposed framework.
Multidisciplinary Post-Earthquake Critique of Masonry Substation Retrofits
Authors: Misnon Aina Noor , Dizhur Dmytro , Mackenzie John , Abeling Shannon , Ingham Jason
Published: July 2018

The earthquake performance of retrofitted clay brick masonry substation buildings was investigated from a multidisciplinary perspective that included structural, economic, and social considerations. One-hundred-fifteen single-story double-leaf clay-brick masonry substation buildings located within the wider Christchurch, New Zealand, region were investigated in detail. In the mid-1990s, these substation buildings were seismically retrofitted using a system of simple and cost-effective steel elements as part of a natural disaster improvement program, with an overall cost of N.Z. $6 million (approximately U.S. $4 million). Rapid assessment evaluation was conducted following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes with the determination that 82% of these clay-brick masonry substation buildings sustained minor damage, and 15% had moderate damage. Meanwhile, one substation building suffered significant damage, and two substation buildings experienced heavy damage. Investment in the seismic improvement program resulted in cost savings of approximately N.Z. $60 million (U.S. $44 million) and contributed to heritage building preservation.