bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Current Canadian Efforts and Analysis of Gaps
Authors: Poole Nancy , Schmidt Rose A. , Green Courtney , Hemsing Natalie
Published: May 2016

Effective prevention of risky alcohol use in pregnancy involves much more than providing information about the risk of potential birth defects and developmental disabilities in children. To categorize the breadth of possible initiatives, Canadian experts have identified a four-part framework for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention: Level 1, public awareness and broad health promotion; Level 2, conversations about alcohol with women of childbearing age and their partners; Level 3, specialized support for pregnant women; and Level 4, postpartum support for new mothers. In order to describe the level of services across Canada, 50 Canadian service providers, civil servants, and researchers working in the area of FASD prevention were involved in an online Delphi survey process to create a snapshot of current FASD prevention efforts, identify gaps, and provide ideas on how to close these gaps to improve FASD prevention. Promising Canadian practices and key areas for future action are described. Overall, Canadian FASD prevention programming reflects evidence-based practices; however, there are many opportunities to improve scope and availability of these initiatives.
Mind the Gap: Representation of Medical Education in Cardiology-Related Articles and Journals
Authors: Allred Clint , Berlacher Kathryn , Aggarwal Saurabh , Auseon Alex J.
Published: May 2016

Cardiology fellowship programs are at the interface of medical education and the care of patients suffering from the leading cause of mortality in the United States, yet there is an apparent lack of research guiding the effective education of fellows.Background

 We sought to quantify the number of publications in cardiology journals that pertained to the education of cardiology trainees and the number of cardiologists participating in education research.Objective

 For the period between January and December 2012, we cataloged cardiology-specific and general medical/medical education journals and sorted them by impact factor. Tables of content were reviewed for articles with an educational focus, a cardiology focus, or both. We recorded the authors' areas of medical training, and keywords from each cardiology journal's mission statement were reviewed for emphasis on education.Methods

 Twenty-six cardiology journals, containing 6645 articles, were reviewed. Only 4 articles had education themes. Ten general medical and 15 medical education journals contained 6810 articles. Of these, only 7 focused on medical education in cardiology, and none focused on cardiology fellowship training. Among the 4887 authors of publications in medical education journals, 25 were cardiologists (less than 1%), and among the 1036 total words in the mission statements of all cardiology journals, the term “education” appeared once.Results

 Published educational research is lacking in cardiology training, and few cardiologists appear to be active members of the education scholarship community. Cardiology organizations and academic journals should support efforts to identify target areas of study and publish scholarship in educational innovation.Conclusions
Integrating a Resident-Driven Longitudinal Quality Improvement Curriculum Within an Ambulatory Block Schedule
Authors: Tentler Aleksey , Feurdean Mirela , Keller Steven , Kothari Neil
Published: May 2016

Quality improvement (QI) is essential in clinical practice, requiring effective teaching in residency. Barriers include lack of structure, mentorship, and time.Background

 To develop a longitudinal QI curriculum for an internal medicine residency program with limited faculty resources and evaluate its effectiveness.Objective

 All medicine residents were provided with dedicated research time every 8 weeks during their ambulatory blocks. Groups of 3 to 5 residents across all postgraduate year levels were formed. Two faculty members and 1 chief resident advised all groups, meeting with each group every 8 weeks, with concrete expectations for each meeting. Residents were required to complete didactic modules from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Current residents and alumni were surveyed for feedback.Methods

 Over 3 years, all eligible residents (92 residents per year in 2012–2014, 102 in 2014–2015) participated in the curriculum. Residents worked on 54 quality assessment and 18 QI projects, with 6 QI projects showing statistically significant indicator improvements. About 50 mentoring hours per year were contributed by 2 faculty advisors and a chief resident. No other staff or IT support was needed. A total of 69 posters/abstracts were produced, with 13 projects presented at national or regional conferences. Survey respondents found the program useful; most (75% residents, 63% alumni) reported it changed their practice, and 71% of alumni found it useful after residency.Results

 Our longitudinal QI curriculum requires minimal faculty time and resulted in increased QI-related publications and measurable improvements in quality indicators. Alumni reported a positive effect on practice after graduation.Conclusions
Reapropriação de arquivo e imantação de afeto
Authors: Adriano Carlos
Published: May 2016

Sob a forma de testemunho pessoal, o artigo pensa a pauta do arquivo e de seu natural e consequente corolário (o da apropriação deste arquivo) como uma das mais pertinentes hoje. Como operar de maneira crítica e criativa perante um manancial aparentemente inesgotável de materiais? Como saber encontrar (o grande achado da apropriação) os materiais que se procura? Como organizá-los de modo inteligível e sensível?Palavras-chave: arquivo, cinema, reapropriação
Identification of loyal opinion leaders on Twitter
Authors:   Escuela de Ciencias Empresariales, Larrondo 1281, 178142, Coquimbo (Chile). mlopezp@ucn.cl, López Manuela , Sicilia María ,   Departamento de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados. Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia (España). sicilia@um.es
Published: May 2016

Twitter has been chosen by lot of companies as social network site to create brand communities. Although consumers can write opinions about the brand in many websites, the development of brand communities enhances this word of mouth and allows consumers to spread the word about the brand in the brand community context. Some opinion leaders could be part of the brand community. Thus, companies can enhance positive word of mouth toward the brand by identifying these opinion leaders. However, the company needs to know whether the opinion leader is loyal to the brand in order to avoid negative word of mouth. Twitter offers information about community members that can be useful to identify these opinion leaders. This study analyzes both, the answers to an online questionnaire and the Twitter profile of 265 followers of three camera brands on Twitter. The results show that analyzing the information written by members in their Twitter profile, how many followers they have and how many people or brands they follow is key to identify loyal opinion leaders in brand communities developed in Twitter. Loyal opinion leaders have many followers; however, they do not follow many accounts in this social network site.
Country Branding and its effect on the consumer in the global market
Authors:   Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Puerta Nueva s/n, 14071 Córdoba (España). kkilduff@ucla.edu, Kilduff Kerry , Núñez Tabales Julia M. ,   Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Puerta Nueva s/n, 14071 Córdoba (España). es2nutaj@uco.es
Published: May 2016

Country Branding -a relatively new type of marketing and public diplomacy- is a developing field and a tool that governments use to promote their goods and services and to enhance awareness about their country, promote tourism, increase trade and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and talent. A Country Brand is more than a sum of its products. The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the key components of international and intercultural transactions and to focus on how these influence the Nation Brand. In the global marketplace, where products and services from different countries are competing for market share, it is important to understand how a product’s place of origin contributes its overall image, and how consumers relate to the foreign product. By identifying the consumer it is possible to gain an understanding of the cultural influences that determine the consumers’ relation to the product, service, or Nation Brand. Likewise, this paper relates previous studies in the fields of country-of-origin (COO) and consumer studies as influential factors the evolution of Country Branding. By gaining a clear idea of the relationship between these three fields –COO, consumer and Country Branding-, scholars and professionals can assess the influence that a product’s country-of-origin has on its audience, and create country brands that effectively define the product and reach target consumers.
Europese harmonisatie van online en op afstand verkoop van zaken en de levering van digitale inhoud (I)
Authors: Loos M.B.M.
Published: May 2016

Europese harmonisatie van online en op afstand verkoop van zaken en de levering van digitale inhoud (I)

Op 9 december 2015 heeft de Europese Commissie onder meer een voorstel ingediend voor een richtlijn voor online of anderszins op afstand gesloten overeenkomsten tot levering van zaken. In dit artikel wordt aandacht besteed aan het toepassingsgebied van de richtlijn, de conformiteit van op afstand gekochte zaken en de remedies bij non-conformiteit. Daarnaast wordt ingegaan op de vraag of de invoering van nog een regeling voor het kooprecht wel werkbaar is voor de rechtspraktijk.

- Voorstel voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad betreffende bepaalde aspecten van overeenkomsten voor de online-verkoop en andere verkoop op afstand van goederen, COM(2015)635 final

- Voorstel voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad betreffende bepaalde aspecten van overeenkomsten voor de levering van digitale inhoud, COM(2015)634 final
A Collective Case Study of the Influence of Teachers' Beliefs and Knowledge on Error-Handling Practices During Class Discussion of Mathematics
Authors: Bray Wendy S.
Published: May 2016

This collective case study examines the influence of 4 third-grade teachers' beliefs and knowledge on their error-handling practices during class discussion of mathematics. Across cases, 3 dimensions of teachers' error-handling practices are identified and discussed in relation to teacher beliefs and knowledge: (a) intentional focus on flawed solutions in class discussion, (b) promotion of conceptual understanding through discussion of errors, and (c) mobilization of a community of learners to address errors. Study findings suggest that, although teachers' ways of handling student errors during class discussion of mathematics are clearly linked to both teacher beliefs and teacher knowledge, some aspects of teacher response are more strongly linked to knowledge and others are influenced more by beliefs.
Understanding Prospective Mathematics Teachers' Processes for Making Sense of Students' Work With Technology
Authors: Wilson P. Holt , Lee Hollylynne Stohl , Hollebrands Karen F.
Published: May 2016

This study investigated the processes used by prospective mathematics teachers as they examined middle-school students' work solving statistical problems using a computer software program. Students' work on the tasks was captured in a videocase used by prospective teachers enrolled in a mathematics education course focused on teaching secondary mathematics with technology. The researchers developed a model for characterizing prospective teachers' attention to students' work and actions and interpretations of students' mathematical thinking. The model facilitated the identification of four categories: describing, comparing, inferring, and restructuring. Ways in which the model may be used by other researchers and implications for the design of pedagogical tasks for prospective teachers are discussed.
Using Dynamic Sketches to Enhance Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers' Understanding of Limits of Sequences
Authors: Cory Beth L. , Garofalo Joe
Published: May 2016

This study investigates 3 preservice secondary mathematics teachers' understandings of limits of sequences and their changing conceptions of limit during and after instruction involving interactive, dynamic sketches embodying the formal definition of the limit of a sequence. Manipulating a coherent visual representation of the formal definition in the contexts of various sequences, coupled with answering carefully chosen questions and completing interview tasks before, during, and after technology-enhanced instruction, gave the participants opportunities to investigate and reflect on their own concept image as they compared their understandings to the results of the actions they performed on the sketch.
Counting Priests, Paladins, & Pets
Authors: McClintock Scott
Published: May 2016

Virtual worlds, such as the one inhabited by the players of World of Warcraft, can serve as sampling grounds for students who are video gamers.
Solve It! Student Thinking: Change for a Dollar
Authors: Mooney Edward S. , Meier Sherry L.
Published: May 2016

A discussion of students' thinking and the procedures used with problem solving are explored.
Social Justice Lessons and Mathematics
Authors: Johnson Jason D.
Published: May 2016

A social justice activity can be successfully used from year to year without a lot of time-intensive reworking.
Winning the “Hundred Years' War”
Authors: Voza Luann
Published: May 2016

Arm your students for victory in the age-old battle to master subtraction with regrouping.
Disabilities in Written Expression
Authors: Gardner Teresa J.
Published: May 2016

Classroom activities can be part of an effective teaching strategy to help children whose math performance demonstrates a learning deficit.
La crisis de la democracia y los nuevos escenarios que se plantean
Authors: Ibarra Pedro
Published: May 2016

El texto reflexiona sobre la profundidad y extensión de la crisis democrática tanto en los procesos de representación formal como en la desaparición de la autonomía  real decisoria en las instituciones. Respondiendo a esta crisis, se desarrollan dos propuestas regenerativas. Una del mismo proceso representativo. Otra, considerando insuficiente la anterior, consistente en introducir otros espacios de democracia.
Syndromic surveillance in companion animals utilizing electronic medical records data: development and proof of concept
Authors: Kass Philip H. , Weng Hsin-Yi , Gaona Mark A.L. , Hille Amy , Sydow Max H. , Lund Elizabeth M. , Markwell Peter J.
Published: May 2016

In an effort to recognize and address communicable and point-source epidemics in dog and cat populations, this project created a near real-time syndromic surveillance system devoted to companion animal health in the United States. With over 150 million owned pets in the US, the development of such a system is timely in light of previous epidemics due to various causes that were only recognized in retrospect. The goal of this study was to develop epidemiologic and statistical methods for veterinary hospital-based surveillance, and to demonstrate its efficacy by detection of simulated foodborne outbreaks using a database of over 700 hospitals. Data transfer protocols were established via a secure file transfer protocol site, and a data repository was constructed predominantly utilizing open-source software. The daily proportion of patients with a given clinical or laboratory finding was contrasted with an equivalent average proportion from a historical comparison period, allowing construction of the proportionate diagnostic outcome ratio and its confidence interval for recognizing aberrant heath events. A five-tiered alert system was used to facilitate daily assessment of almost 2,000 statistical analyses. Two simulated outbreak scenarios were created by independent experts, blinded to study investigators, and embedded in the 2010 medical records. Both outbreaks were detected almost immediately by the alert system, accurately detecting species affected using relevant clinical and laboratory findings, and ages involved. Besides demonstrating proof-in-concept of using veterinary hospital databases to detect aberrant events in space and time, this research can be extended to conducting post-detection etiologic investigations utilizing exposure information in the medical record.
Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa)
Authors: Miranda Lucília S. , Hirano Yayoi M. , Mills Claudia E. , Falconer Audrey , Fenwick David , Marques Antonio C. , Collins Allen G.
Published: May 2016

Staurozoan classification is highly subjective, based on phylogeny-free inferences, and suborders, families, and genera are commonly defined by homoplasies. Additionally, many characters used in the taxonomy of the group have ontogenetic and intraspecific variation, and demand new and consistent assessments to establish their correct homologies. Consequently, Staurozoa is in need of a thorough systematic revision. The aim of this study is to propose a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Staurozoa, providing the first phylogenetic classification for the group. According to our working hypothesis based on a combined set of molecular data (mitochondrial markers COI and 16S, and nuclear markers ITS, 18S, and 28S), the traditional suborders Cleistocarpida (animals with claustrum) and Eleutherocarpida (animals without claustrum) are not monophyletic. Instead, our results show that staurozoans are divided into two groups, herein named Amyostaurida and Myostaurida, which can be distinguished by the absence/presence of interradial longitudinal muscles in the peduncle, respectively. We propose a taxonomic revision at the family and genus levels that preserves the monophyly of taxa. We provide a key for staurozoan genera and discuss the evolution of the main characters used in staurozoan taxonomy.
An individual-based modelling approach to estimate landscape connectivity for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
Authors: Allen Corrie H. , Parrott Lael , Kyle Catherine
Published: May 2016

Background. Preserving connectivity, or the ability of a landscape to support species movement, is among the most commonly recommended strategies to reduce the negative effects of climate change and human land use development on species. Connectivity analyses have traditionally used a corridor-based approach and rely heavily on least cost path modeling and circuit theory to delineate corridors. Individual-based models are gaining popularity as a potentially more ecologically realistic method of estimating landscape connectivity. However, this remains a relatively unexplored approach. We sought to explore the utility of a simple, individual-based model as a land-use management support tool in identifying and implementing landscape connectivity.

Methods. We created an individual-based model of bighorn sheep(Ovis canadensis)that simulates a bighorn sheep traversing a landscape by following simple movement rules. The model was calibrated for bighorn sheep in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, a region containing isolated herds that are vital to conservation of the species in its northern range. Simulations were run to determine baseline connectivity between subpopulations in the study area. We then applied the model to explore two land management scenarios on simulated connectivity: restoring natural fire regimes and identifying appropriate sites for interventions that would increase road permeability for bighorn sheep.

Results.This model suggests there are no continuous areas of good habitat between current subpopulations of sheep in the study area; however, a series of stepping-stones or circuitous routes could facilitate movement between subpopulations and into currently unoccupied, yet suitable, bighorn habitat. Restoring natural fire regimes or mimicking fire with prescribed burns and tree removal could considerably increase bighorn connectivity in this area. Moreover, several key road crossing sites that could benefit from wildlife overpasses were identified.

Discussion.By linking individual-scale movement rules to landscape-scale outcomes, our individual-based model of bighorn sheep allows for the exploration of how on-the-ground management or conservation scenarios may increase functional connectivity for the species in the study area. More generally, this study highlights the usefulness of individual-based models to identify how a species makes broad use of a landscape for movement. Application of this approach can provide effective quantitative support for decision makers seeking to incorporate wildlife conservation and connectivity into land use planning.
A low dose of an organophosphate insecticide causes dysbiosis and sex-dependent responses in the intestinal microbiota of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: Crisol-Martínez Eduardo , Moreno-Moyano Laura T. , Wilkinson Ngare , Prasai Tanka , Brown Philip H. , Moore Robert J. , Stanley Dragana
Published: May 2016

Organophosphate insecticides have been directly or indirectly implicated in avian populations declining worldwide. Birds in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to these insecticides, mainly through ingestion of invertebrates after insecticide application. Despite insecticide exposure in birds occurring mostly by ingestion, the impact of organophosphates on the avian digestive system has been poorly researched. In this work we used the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as an avian model to study short-term microbial community responses to a single dose of trichlorfon at low concentration in three sample origins of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT): caecum, large intestine and faeces. Using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons as bacterial markers, the study showed that ingestion of insecticide caused significant changes in the GIT microbiome. Specifically, microbiota composition and diversity differed between treated and untreated quail. Insecticide-associated responses in the caecum showed differences between sexes which did not occur with the other sample types. In caecal microbiota, only treated females showed significant shifts in a number of genera within the Lachnospiraceae and the Enterobacteriaceae families. The major responses in the large intestine were a significant reduction in the genusLactobacillusand increases in abundance of a number of Proteobacteria genera. All microbial shifts in faeces occurred in phylotypes that were represented at low relative abundances. In general, changes in microbiota possibly resulted from contrasting responses towards the insecticide, either positive (e.g., biodegrading bacteria) or negative (e.g., insecticide-susceptible bacteria). This study demonstrates the significant impact that organophosphate insecticides have on the avian gut microbiota; showing that a single small dose of trichlorfon caused dysbiosis in the GIT of the Japanese quail. Further research is necessary to understand the implications on birds’ health, especially in females.
Integrative taxonomy ofMetrichiaRoss (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Ochrotrichiinae) microcaddisflies from Brazil: descriptions of twenty new species
Authors: Santos Allan P.M. , Takiya Daniela M. , Nessimian Jorge L.
Published: May 2016

Metrichiais assigned to the Ochrotrichiinae, a group of almost exclusively Neotropical microcaddisflies.Metrichiacomprises over 100 described species and, despite its diversity, only one species has been described from Brazil so far. In this paper, we provide descriptions for 20 new species from 8 Brazilian states:M. acuminatasp. nov.,M. azulsp. nov.,M. bonitasp. nov.,M. bracuisp. nov.,M. caracasp. nov.,M. circuliformesp. nov.,M. curtasp. nov.,M. farofasp. nov.,M. forcepssp. nov.,M. formosinhasp. nov.,M. goianasp. nov.,M. itabaianasp. nov.,M. longissimasp. nov.,M. peludasp. nov.,M. rafaelisp. nov.,M. simplessp. nov.,M. talhadasp. nov.,M. teresp. nov.,M. ubajarasp. nov., andM. vulgarissp. nov.DNA barcode sequences (577 bp of the mitochondrial gene COI) were generated for 13 of the new species and two previously known species ofMetrichiaresulting in 64 sequences. In addition, COI sequences were obtained for other genera of Ochrotrichiinae (Angrisanoia,Nothotrichia,Ochrotrichia,Ragatrichia, andRhyacopsyche). DNA sequences and morphological data were integrated to evaluate species delimitations. K2P pairwise distances were calculated to generate a neighbor-joining tree. COI sequences also were submitted to ABGD and GMYC methods to assess ‘potential species’ delimitation. Analyses showed a conspicuous barcoding gap amongMetrichiasequences (highest intraspecific divergence: 4.8%; lowest interspecific divergence: 12.6%). Molecular analyses also allowed the association of larvae and adults ofMetrichia bonitasp. nov.from Mato Grosso do Sul, representing the first record of microcaddisfly larvae occurring in calcareous tufa (or travertine). ABGD results agreed with the morphological delimitation ofMetrichiaspecies, while GMYC estimated a slightly higher number of species, suggesting the division of two morphological species, each one into two potential species. Because this could be due to unbalanced sampling and the lack of morphological diagnostic characters, we have maintained these two species as undivided.
Comparative analysis of prophage-like elements inHelicobactersp. genomes
Authors: Fan Xiangyu , Li Yumei , He Rong , Li Qiang , He Wenxing
Published: May 2016

Prophages are regarded as one of the factors underlying bacterial virulence, genomic diversification, and fitness, and are ubiquitous in bacterial genomes. Information onHelicobactersp. prophages remains scarce. In this study, sixteen prophages were identified and analyzed in detail. Eight of them are described for the first time. Based on a comparative genomic analysis, these sixteen prophages can be classified into four different clusters. Phylogenetic relationships of Cluster AHelicobacterprophages were investigated. Furthermore, genomes ofHelicobacterprophages from Clusters B, C, and D were analyzed. Interestingly, some putative antibiotic resistance proteins and virulence factors were associated withHelicobacterprophages.
Resting state of respiratory Complex I from Escherichia coli
Authors: Belevich Nikolai , Verkhovskaya Marina
Published: May 2016

Respiratory Complex I from Escherichia coli may exist in two states, resting (R) and active (A). The conversion from the R‐ to A‐forms occurs spontaneously upon turnover. The fast resting‐to‐active (R/A) transition of membrane‐bound and purified Complex I was studied with the stopped‐flow technique by following NADH oxidation either by absorption decay at 340 nm or using the fluorescent pH indicator, trisodium 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate (pyranine). The R/A transition of Complex I from E. coli occurs upon its turnover in a time interval of ~ 1.5 s. Comparisons between the bacterial Complex I R/A transition and the active/deactive transition of mitochondrial Complex I are discussed.
Statistical features of the global polarity reversal of the Venusian induced magnetosphere in response to the polarity change in interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Vech Daniel , Stenberg Gabriella , Nilsson Hans , Edberg Niklas J. T. , Opitz Andrea , Szegő Károly , Zhang Tielong , Futaana Yoshifumi
Published: May 2016

In this study we present the first statistical analysis on the effects of heliospheric current sheet crossings on the induced magnetosphere of Venus. These events are of particular interest because they lead to the reconfiguration of the induced magnetosphere with opposite polarity. We use a statistical approach based on 117 orbit pairs, and we study the spatial distribution of the heavy ion flux measurements in the plasma environment of Venus. The average and median heavy ion flux measurements are compared before and after the polarity reversal events. The results show that after the events the average and median heavy ion fluxes in the magnetotail are reduced by the factors of 0.75 ± 0.09 and 0.52, respectively. We find that even if a passage of a current sheet is a short time scale event lasting about 10 min, its effect on the near‐Venus plasma environment lasts for a few hours. We conclude that the observations show similarities to the previous comet studies and the polarity reversal of the induced magnetosphere might be accompanied with dayside reconnection and magnetic disconnection of the plasma tail from the planetary ionosphere.
Surface waves affect frontogenesis
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro , Fox‐Kemper Baylor , Hamlington Peter E. , Van Roekel Luke P.
Published: May 2016

This paper provides a detailed analysis of momentum, angular momentum, vorticity, and energy budgets of a submesoscale front undergoing frontogenesis driven by an upper‐ocean, submesoscale eddy field in a Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The LES solves the wave‐averaged, or Craik‐Leibovich, equations in order to account for the Stokes forces that result from interactions between nonbreaking surface waves and currents, and resolves both submesoscale eddies and boundary layer turbulence down to 4.9 m × 4.9 m × 1.25 m grid scales. It is found that submesoscale frontogenesis differs from traditional frontogenesis theory due to four effects: Stokes forces, momentum and kinetic energy transfer from submesoscale eddies to frontal secondary circulations, resolved turbulent stresses, and unbalanced torque. In the energy, momentum, angular momentum, and vorticity budgets for the frontal overturning circulation, the Stokes shear force is a leading‐order contributor, typically either the second or third largest source of frontal overturning. These effects violate hydrostatic and thermal wind balances during submesoscale frontogenesis. The effect of the Stokes shear force becomes stronger with increasing alignment of the front and Stokes shear and with a nondimensional scaling. The Stokes shear force and momentum transfer from submesoscale eddies significantly energize the frontal secondary circulation along with the buoyancy.
Midlatitude cloud shifts, their primary link to the Hadley cell, and their diverse radiative effects
Authors: Tselioudis George , Lipat Bernard R. , Konsta Dimitra , Grise Kevin M. , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: May 2016

We investigate the interannual relationship among clouds, their radiative effects, and two key indices of the atmospheric circulation: the latitudinal positions of the Hadley cell edge and the midlatitude jet. From reanalysis data and satellite observations, we find a clear and consistent relationship between the width of the Hadley cell and the high cloud field, statistically significant in nearly all regions and seasons. In contrast, shifts of the midlatitude jet correlate significantly with high cloud shifts only in the North Atlantic region during the winter season. While in that region and season poleward high cloud shifts are associated with shortwave radiative warming, over the Southern Oceans during all seasons they are associated with shortwave radiative cooling. Finally, a trend analysis reveals that poleward high cloud shifts observed over the 1983–2009 period are more likely related to Hadley cell expansion, rather than poleward shifts of the midlatitude jets.
New chorus wave properties near the equator from Van Allen Probes wave observations
Authors: Li W. , Santolik O. , Bortnik J. , Thorne R. M. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B.
Published: May 2016

The chorus wave properties are evaluated using Van Allen Probes data in the Earth's equatorial magnetosphere. Two distinct modes of lower band chorus are identified: a quasi‐parallel mode and a quasi‐electrostatic mode, whose wave normal direction is close to the resonance cone. Statistical results indicate that the quasi‐electrostatic (quasi‐parallel) mode preferentially occurs during relatively quiet (disturbed) geomagnetic activity at lower (higher) L shells. Although the magnetic intensity of the quasi‐electrostatic mode is considerably weaker than the quasi‐parallel mode, their electric intensities are comparable. A newly identified feature of the quasi‐electrostatic mode is that its frequency peaks at higher values compared to the quasi‐parallel mode that exhibits a broad frequency spectrum. Moreover, upper band chorus wave normal directions vary between 0° and the resonance cone and become more parallel as geomagnetic activity increases. Our new findings suggest that chorus‐driven energetic electron dynamics needs a careful examination by considering the properties of these two distinct modes.
Interannual variability of winter eddy patterns in the eastern South China Sea
Authors: He Yinghui , Xie Jieshuo , Cai Shuqun
Published: May 2016

Merged altimetry data collected over 21 years are analyzed to study the interannual variability of winter eddy activities in the eastern South China Sea (SCS) associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Composite analyses of eddy probability reveal that a Luzon cold eddy (LCE) northwest of the Luzon Island, an anticyclonic eddy northwest of the Mindoro Island (referred as MAE) and a cyclonic eddy west of the Mindoro Island (referred as MCE) are common for winter. Further studies indicate that LCE and MAE weaken and MCE strengthens in El Niño winters, whereas data show the opposite behavior for La Niña winters. In addition, the geographical pattern of MAE and MCE in an El Niño winter is different from that in a La Niña winter. The interannual wind curl anomalies west of the Luzon and Mindoro Islands and the outflow from the SCS via the Mindoro Strait may be responsible for the interannual eddy variability.
Do climate models reproduce complexity of observed sea level changes?
Authors: Becker M. , Karpytchev M. , Marcos M. , Jevrejeva S. , Lennartz‐Sassinek S.
Published: May 2016

The ability of Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) to capture the statistical behavior of sea level (SL) fluctuations has been assessed at the local scale. To do so, we have compared scaling behavior of the SL fluctuations simulated in the historical runs of 36 CMIP5 AOGCMs to that in the longest (>100 years) SL records from 23 tides gauges around the globe. The observed SL fluctuations are known to manifest a power law scaling. We have checked if the SL changes simulated in the AOGCM exhibit the same scaling properties and the long‐term correlations as observed in the tide gauge records. We find that the majority of AOGCMs overestimates the scaling of SL fluctuations, particularly in the North Atlantic. Consequently, AOGCMs, routinely used to project regional SL rise, may underestimate the part of the externally driven SL rise, in particular the anthropogenic footprint, in the projections for the 21st century.
Exposure to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter disrupts vascular endothelial cell barrier function via the IL‐6/HIF‐1α signaling pathway
Authors: Dai Jianwei , Sun Canxing , Yao Zhuo , Chen Wensheng , Yu Lihong , Long Minhui
Published: May 2016

Exposure to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The barrier function of vascular endothelial cells is critical for the development of CVDs. Here, we employed human umbilical vein endothelial cells to clarify the function of ambient PM2.5 pollution in the regulation of membrane permeability of vascular endothelial cells. The results show that a high concentration of PM2.5, which mainly includes heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, induces barrier dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. This was mediated in part by promoting IL‐6 expression, which then increases the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1α by promoting its translocation to the nucleus. Our findings indicate that concentrated PM2.5 can destroy membrane integrity and promote permeability in vascular endothelial cells, thereby contributing to the development of CVDs.
Abnormal expression of Tim‐3 antigen on peripheral blood T cells is associated with progressive disease in osteosarcoma patients
Authors: Liu Hongliang , Zhi Liqiang , Duan Ning , Su Pengxiao
Published: May 2016

T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain‐3‐containing molecule 3 (TIM‐3) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and has been found in various tumors. However, the prevalence and distribution of Tim‐3 in osteosarcoma (OS) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Tim‐3 in OS. Tim‐3 on peripheral T cells from 82 OS patients and 60 healthy controls were examined by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α were measured by ELSIA. Tim‐3 on both CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were significantly upregulated in OS patients compared with healthy controls, Tim‐3+ CD4+ T, and Tim‐3+ CD8+ T cells were both negatively associated with serum levels of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ and TNF‐α. In addition, Tim‐3 showed similar levels in patients with different tumor sites. Nevertheless, patients with advanced tumor stage, metastasis, and pathological tumor fracture displayed significantly higher Tim‐3 on both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells than those with early tumor stage, without metastasis and pathological tumor fracture. Moreover, high Tim‐3 on peripheral CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T were significantly related to poor overall survival (P = 0.014, P = 0.035, respectively). In conclusion, Tim‐3 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for OS progression.
Kinetics of the absorption of carbon dioxide into aqueous ammonia solutions
Authors: Yu Hesheng , Tan Zhongchao , Thé Jesse , Feng Xianshe , Croiset Eric , Anderson William A.
Published: May 2016

Experiments were performed in a customized double stirred tank reactor to study the kinetics of CO2 absorption into NH3 solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.42 to 7.67 kmol·m−3 and temperatures between 273.15 and 293.15 K. The results show that the reactive absorption was first order with respect to CO2 but fractional order (1.6–1.8) with respect to ammonia. Experimental data can be satisfactorily interpreted by a termolecular mechanism using
and
. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3673–3684, 2016
Ranging behavior drives parasite richness: A more parsimonious hypothesis
Authors: Bicca‐Marques Júlio César , Calegaro‐Marques Cláudia
Published: May 2016

Parasitism is a ubiquitous interspecific interaction that may play an important role in the evolution of hosts and parasites, molding many aspects of their behavior and ecology. Detecting behavioral changes of hosts infected with parasites is not a straightforward task. Extrapolating from individual‐level responses to group‐level decision‐making is still a much more complex challenge. The ranging behavior of hosts that live in social groups is a good example. Many hypotheses of the cause–effect relationship between this behavior and parasite diversity and load have been proposed. For instance, Brockmeyer et al. [2015, Am. J. Primatol. 77:1036–1048] recently suggested that the richness of protozoan parasites influences the daily path length of free‐ranging mandrills. We believe that this explanation for the relationship contains several implicit assumptions. Therefore, we offer an alternative, more parsimonious hypothesis in which daily path length is the driver of parasite richness rather than its consequence. Our hypothesis only assumes that ranging farther exposes animals to a richer parasite diversity. We discuss the data required to test these alternative hypotheses and recall empirical evidence and theoretical modeling results supporting or rejecting their assumptions. We also propose a model of the expected outcomes in terms of species richness, load, intensity of infection, and within‐group community similarity of non‐lethal environmentally transmitted parasites in social animal groups showing distinct patterns of range use. Am. J. Primatol. 78:923–927, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A New ‘Arb‐Lit’ Hybrid Process Unifies ADR and Litigation for Creative Resolution
Authors: Phillips Gerald F. , Winestone Jennifer
Published: May 2016

There are many great virtues to alternative dispute resolution processes, like the collaboration, confidentiality and self‐determination of mediation; the privacy, efficiency, and finality of arbitration; and the flexibility of both.
How Your Company Can Develop a Planned Early Dispute Resolution System
Authors: Benner Peter W. , Lande John
Published: May 2016

This is the second part of a two‐part article summarizing the results of a study about why and how some businesses use “planned early dispute resolution” systems.
Final Moments
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: May 2016

Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire: No one on the point of death should be presumed to be lying.
Online regeneration of PP/PEW oil‐sorbing fabrics at bypass sorption column in oily circulating cooling water system
Authors: Guo Mulin , Luo Zhengwei , Fan Chenhao , Chen Qiguo , Zhao Yan , Wei Wuji
Published: May 2016

The bypass purification technology for separating the leaked oil in circulating cooling water is in the early stage of development. To achieve a continuous removal of oil, the online regeneration characteristics of oil‐sorbing fillers should be studied. Therefore, the effect of oil‐sorbing fillers, polypropylene/polyethylene wax fabrics, on the sorption of corrosion and scale inhibitors was evaluated primarily in this study. The regeneration efficiency of three regeneration methods and the effect of the rotating speed of centrifugal sorption column on the oil desorption performance were studied. Furthermore, the effects of regeneration interval for online centrifugal and replacement regenerations on the purification time were investigated. The results indicate that almost no corrosion and scale inhibitors were sorbed on polypropylene/polyethylene wax fabrics. The average efficiency of the centrifugal regeneration method was up to 95%. The oil desorption performance increased with the increase in the rotating speed of the centrifugal sorption column up to 18 rev/s, above which the performance did not change significantly. In the online centrifugal regeneration, the best regeneration interval wastn+1 = 1.2n, thus decreasing the regeneration time and effectively shortening the purification time. Compared with the online replacement regeneration, the online centrifugal regeneration saved approximately 700% fabrics. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of 2p‐3d‐4f Hetero‐Tri‐Spin Chains Comprising [{Cu(hfac)2‐Radical}2] Dimers and Ln(hfac)3 (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate)
Authors: Zhu Mei , Yang Meng , Wang Juanjuan , Li Hongdao , Li Licun
Published: May 2016

A new family of 2p‐3d‐4f hetero‐tri‐spin complexes [Ln(hfac)3{Cu(hfac)2(NIT‐3 PyPh)}2] (Ln=Gd (1), Tb (2), Dy (3), Ho (4); NIT‐3 PyPh=2‐[4‐(3‐pyridinylmethoxy)phenyl]‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide; hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate) have been synthesized. Four complexes possess a 1D chain structure in which two radical ligands join two Cu(hfac)2 molecules to form a [{Cu(hfac)2‐rad)}2] dimer cycle and the dimer rings are linked by Ln(hfac)3 units. Magnetic studies show that ferromagnetic exchange couplings exist between the coordinated NO groups of radical ligands and metal ions. Field‐induced slow relaxation of the magnetization was observed in the Tb and Dy compounds.
Increasing the CO2/N2 Selectivity with a Higher Surface Density of Pyridinic Lewis Basic Sites in Porous Carbon Derived from a Pyridyl‐Ligand‐Based Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Li Liangjun , Wang Ying , Gu Xin , Yang Qipeng , Zhao Xuebo
Published: May 2016

The development of functional porous carbon with high CO2/N2 selectivity is of great importance for CO2 capture. In this paper, a type of porous carbon with doped pyridinic sites (termed MOFC) was prepared from the carbonization of a pyridyl‐ligand based MOF. Four MOFCs derived from different carbonizing temperatures were prepared. Structural studies revealed high contents of pyridinic‐N groups and nearly the same pore‐size distributions for these MOFCs. Gas‐sorption studies revealed outstanding CO2 uptake at low pressures and room temperature. Owing to the high content of pyridinic‐N groups, the CO2/N2 selectivity on these MOFCs exhibits values of about 40–50, which are among the top values in carbon materials. Further correlation studies demonstrated that the CO2/N2 selectivities show a positive linear relationship with the surface density of pyridinic‐N groups, thus validating the synergistic effect of the doped pyridinic‐N groups on CO2 adsorption selectivity.
Copper‐Mediated Aromatic 1,1‐Difluoroethylation with (1,1‐Difluoroethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF2CH3)
Authors: Li Xinjin , Zhao Jingwei , Wang Yunze , Rong Jian , Hu Mingyou , Chen Dingben , Xiao Pan , Ni Chuanfa , Wang Limin , Hu Jinbo
Published: May 2016

A new method for the formation of 1,1‐difluoroethyl copper species (“CuCF2CH3”) with 1,1‐difluoroethylsilane (TMSCF2CH3) has been developed. The “CuCF2CH3” species can be applied to the efficient 1,1‐difluoroethylation of diaryliodonium salts under mild conditions, affording (1,1‐difluoroethyl)arenes in good to excellent yields. This convenient procedure tolerates a wide range of functional groups and thus serves as a practical synthetic tool for the introduction of CF2CH3 group(s) into complex molecules.
Solid biofuels production from energy crops in Colombia: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Martínez Londoño Edgar A. , Cañón Barriga Julio E. , Palm Matilda
Published: May 2016

Building on an extensive literature review that included peer‐reviewed publications, grey literature, national statistics, official reports, and regulations enacted by the Colombian government, this paper identifies opportunities, challenges, and constraints faced by solid biofuels production from energy crops in Colombia. Our findings suggest that the solid biofuels industry currently lacks policy regulations and an adequate research framework. The paper notes the industry's market potential and addresses its dependency on a legal framework, political willingness, and technological developments. The legal framework includes land ownership formalization, job regulations, and the definition of environmental and administrative permits. Political willingness relates to governmental policies and financial incentives based on environmental and sustainability criteria, which can make the sector competitive compared to other energy sources at the local and international market scales. The technological aspects include public and private support for research and development programs and a strategic analysis of industry‐specific requirements for infrastructure, conversion, and transportation within a life cycle assessment framework. The preliminary land‐use analysis suggests the potential availability of land for solid biofuels production in the Caribbean, Andean, Inter‐Andean Valley, and Orinoco regions. Furthermore, the results show that solid biofuels production can potentially supply internal demand and play a role in international markets with strategic development and government support. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd