bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cours d'histoire moderne
Authors: Guizot François
Published: April 2012

French politician François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot (1787–1874) is well-known for establishing 'Guizot's law', which implemented primary education for all French citizens. As well as occupying various political offices during some of the most turbulent years in his nation's political history, Guizot was also an historian and was appointed to the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne in 1812. First published between 1829 and 1832, this five-volume history of 'civilisation in France' is based on a series of lectures delivered in 1828. The books are described as covering the period from the end of the Roman Empire to 1789, but the main focus is on the medieval period, to the death of St Louis (1270). Volume 4 discusses the developing sense of national identity in France in the tenth century and ends with an examination of the monarchy and of feudal society at the death of Louis VII (1180).
Servii Grammatici Qui Feruntur in Vergilii Carmina Commentarii
Authors: Servius
Published: April 2012

Servius Grammaticus is believed to have been active in the later part of the fourth century CE. Little is known about him (not even the correct form of his name) but he was traditionally thought to have been a pupil of the great grammarian Donatus. The most important work ascribed to him is this commentary on the Aeneid, Eclogues and Georgics of Vergil, which clarifies the content and language of Vergil's poems by citing other Latin authors, some of whose works are now lost and may be known only from Servius' references to them. This three-volume Latin edition (in four parts), begun by Georg Thilo (1831–93) and completed after Thilo's death by Hermann Hagen (1844–98), was published in Germany between 1878 and 1902, and is still regularly consulted by scholars of Vergil and of Latin literature. Volume 3 Part 1 contains Servius' commentary on the Eclogues and Georgics.
The History of England from the Accession of James II
Authors: Macaulay Thomas Babington
Published: April 2012

Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59) was one of the foremost nineteenth-century historians in the Whig tradition, which saw history as a series of developments towards enlightenment and democracy. He believed that the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688 had preserved England from the constitutional upheavals suffered by much of Europe in 1848. Using a wider range of sources, including popular literature, than was then usual, and written in an accessible, novelistic rather than academic style, this five-volume work proved hugely influential upon contemporary historians and phenomenally successful with the public, although it was not without its critics. Volume 4, published in 1855, covers the period from 1691 to 1697. It deals with war in Europe and continuing trouble in Ireland, where most of the Irish army chose to transfer allegiance to France. It continues with English political affairs, the Bill of Rights and the death of Mary in 1694.
Sir Moses Montefiore
Authors: Wolf Lucien
Published: April 2012

Originally published in 1884 as a centennial biography for Sir Moses Montefiore (1784–1885), this book draws on official records and informal writings to create a well-rounded account of Montefiore's life as, firstly, a financier and, later, a significant Jewish community leader. In an age of frequent pogroms and anti-Semitic prejudice in Europe, Montefiore immersed himself in philanthropic works after a religious awakening in 1824 in Palestine. By encouraging reforms, lobbying for the release of wrongfully imprisoned Jews and investing in Jewish projects all over Europe, he endeavoured to improve the lives and rights of Jews globally. Wolf (1857–1930) was himself a prominent political journalist and campaigner for Jewish rights. His book not only recounts Montefiore's life and achievements, but also incorporates the history of English Jews between 750 and 1837.
Recollections of Past Life
Authors: Holland Henry
Published: April 2012

First published in 1872, this memoir recounts the extraordinary life of Sir Henry Holland (1788–1873), physician, and travel writer. Holland's first voyage abroad was a four-month trip to Iceland in 1810, and he went on to traverse much of the globe by boat, on horseback, and on foot. He journeyed through Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, survived earthquakes and other disasters, and was arrested three times during his travels. Holland was also well known as a society doctor in London, and this work also includes numerous references to the eminent people Holland treated in a medical capacity. He was medical attendant to Queen Caroline, wife of George IV, and was appointed physician-extraordinary to Queen Victoria in 1837. He also treated six British prime ministers. Originally written for his friends and children and printed privately, the book was revised and expanded for publication the year before Holland died.
The Treaty of Waitangi
Authors: Buick T. Lindsay
Published: April 2012

Thomas Lindsay Buick (1865–1938) became interested in New Zealand history while working as a political journalist in Wellington, and became an influential figure in the field. He went on to write twelve books and numerous pamphlets on the early history of the country and was elected a fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1914. In this book Buick recounts the events leading up to the Treaty of Waitangi, the controversial document signed by British officials and Maori chiefs which ceded New Zealand to the British Empire in 1840. Buick claims that the need for a formal handover of authority to Britain arose from the rowdy misdeeds of sealers, whalers, and escaped convicts from Australia, who needed to be kept in check. The work was first published in 1914; the revised edition reissued here appeared in 1933, and a third edition was published in 1936.
A History of Tasmania
Authors: Reynolds Henry
Published: April 2012

This captivating work charts the history of Tasmania from the arrival of European maritime expeditions in the late eighteenth century, through to the modern day. By presenting the perspectives of both Indigenous Tasmanians and British settlers, author Henry Reynolds provides an original and engaging exploration of these first fraught encounters. Utilising key themes to bind his narrative, Reynolds explores how geography created a unique economic and migratory history for Tasmania, quite separate from the mainland experience. He offers an astute analysis of the island's economic and demographic reality, by noting that this facilitated the survival of a rich heritage of colonial architecture unique in Australia, and allowed the resident population to foster a powerful web of kinship. Reynolds' remarkable capacity to empathise with the characters of his chronicle makes this a powerful, engaging and moving account of Tasmania's unique position within Australian history.
Relevance of local parallel theory to the linear stability of laminar separation bubbles
Authors: Diwan Sourabh S. , Ramesh O. N.
Published: April 2012

Laminar separation bubbles are thought to be highly non-parallel, and hence global stability studies start from this premise. However, experimentalists have always realized that the flow is more parallel than is commonly believed, for pressure-gradient-induced bubbles, and this is why linear parallel stability theory has been successful in describing their early stages of transition. The present experimental/numerical study re-examines this important issue and finds that the base flow in such a separation bubble becomes nearly parallel due to a strong-interaction process between the separated boundary layer and the outer potential flow. The so-called dead-air region or the region of constant pressure is a simple consequence of this strong interaction. We use triple-deck theory to qualitatively explain these features. Next, the implications of global analysis for the linear stability of separation bubbles are considered. In particular we show that in the initial portion of the bubble, where the flow is nearly parallel, local stability analysis is sufficient to capture the essential physics. It appears that the real utility of the global analysis is perhaps in the rear portion of the bubble, where the flow is highly non-parallel, and where the secondary/nonlinear instability stages are likely to dominate the dynamics.
Direct numerical simulation of a 30R long turbulent pipe flow at R+ = 685: large- and very large-scale motions
Authors: Wu Xiaohua , Baltzer J. R. , Adrian R. J.
Published: April 2012

Fully developed incompressible turbulent pipe flow at Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} = 24\hspace{0.167em} 580$ (based on bulk velocity) and Kármán number ${R}^{+ } = 684. 8$ is simulated in a periodic domain with a length of $30$ pipe radii $R$. While single-point statistics match closely with experimental measurements, questions have been raised of whether streamwise energy spectra calculated from spatial data agree with the well-known bimodal spectrum shape in premultiplied spectra produced by experiments using Taylor’s hypothesis. The simulation supports the importance of large- and very large-scale motions (VLSMs, with streamwise wavelengths exceeding $3R$). Wavenumber spectral analysis shows evidence of a weak peak or flat region associated with VLSMs, independent of Taylor’s hypothesis, and comparisons with experimental spectra are consistent with recent findings (del Álamo & Jiménez, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 640, 2009, pp. 5–26) that the long-wavelength streamwise velocity energy peak is overestimated when Taylor’s hypothesis is used. Yet, the spectrum behaviour retains otherwise similar properties to those documented based on experiment. The spectra also reveal the importance of motions of long streamwise length to the $uu$ energy and $uv$ Reynolds stress and support the general conclusions regarding these quantities formed using experimental measurements. Space–time correlations demonstrate that low-level correlations involving very large scales persist over $40R/ {U}_{\mathit{bulk}} $ in time and indicate that these motions convect at approximately the bulk velocity, including within the region approaching the wall. These very large streamwise motions are also observed to accelerate the flow near the wall based on force spectra, whereas smaller scales tend to decelerate the mean streamwise flow profile, in accordance with the behaviour observed in net force spectra of prior experiments. Net force spectra are resolved for the first time in the buffer layer and reveal an unexpectedly complex structure.
Acute and chronic watercress supplementation attenuates exercise-induced peripheral mononuclear cell DNA damage and lipid peroxidation
Authors: Fogarty Mark C. , Hughes Ciara M. , Burke George , Brown John C. , Davison Gareth W.
Published: April 2012

Pharmacological antioxidant vitamins have previously been investigated for a prophylactic effect against exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, large doses are often required and may lead to a state of pro-oxidation and oxidative damage. Watercress contains an array of nutritional compounds such as β-carotene and α-tocopherol which may increase protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress. The present randomised controlled investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that acute (consumption 2 h before exercise) and chronic (8 weeks consumption) watercress supplementation can attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress. A total of ten apparently healthy male subjects (age 23 (sd4) years, stature 179 (sd10) cm and body mass 74 (sd15) kg) were recruited to complete the 8-week chronic watercress intervention period (and then 8 weeks of control, with no ingestion) of the experiment before crossing over in order to compete the single-dose acute phase (with control, no ingestion). Blood samples were taken at baseline (pre-supplementation), at rest (pre-exercise) and following exercise. Each subject completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion following chronic and acute watercress supplementation or control. The main findings show an exercise-induced increase in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation over both acute and chronic control supplementation phases (P< 0·05v.supplementation), while acute and chronic watercress attenuated DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and decreased H2O2accumulation following exhaustive exercise (P< 0·05v.control). A marked increase in the main lipid-soluble antioxidants (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and xanthophyll) was observed following watercress supplementation (P< 0·05v.control) in both experimental phases. These findings suggest that short- and long-term watercress ingestion has potential antioxidant effects against exercise-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation.
Cloning and characterization of three chemosensory proteins from Spodoptera exigua and effects of gene silencing on female survival and reproduction
Authors: Gong L. , Luo Q. , Rizwan-ul-Haq M. , Hu M.-Y.
Published: April 2012

Insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are supposed to transport hydrophobic chemicals to receptors on sensory neurons. However, CSPs are broadly expressed in various insect tissues, suggesting their involvement in the physiological processes beyond chemoreception. So, the exact physiological roles of CSPs in insects still need to be unraveled. In this study, three full-length of CSP genes from Spodoptera exigua have been cloned and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequences of SexiCSP1, SexiCSP2 and SexiCSP3 revealed open reading frames of 128, 128 and 126 amino acids, respectively, with four conserved cysteine residues. The expression patterns of the three SexiCSPs were further investigated by real-time PCR. Three SexiCSPs were expressed in antennae, heads, legs, wings, thoraxes, abdomens, testes and ovaries, with the highest expression level in female and male antennae. Furthermore, all three SexiCSPs mRNA were distributed extensively in the tested development stages with the highest expression level in pupae. RNAi-based gene silencing study resulted in a dramatic reduction of corresponding mRNA in female S. exigua after injection with dsRNA of all three SexiCSPs. Consequentially, 42.5% of mortalities, 68.3% (compare to DEPC water injected control) and 71.4% (compare to uninjected control) oviposition inhibition, and significantly effected egg hatching were observed in the female S. exigua injected with dsSexiCSP3 as compared to control treatments. On the other hand, dsSexiCSP1 and dsSexiCSP2 injected female adults did not show effects on survival and reproduction. Our study confirms the utility of RNAi approach to functional characterization of CSP genes in S. exigua and provides a starting point for further studies on female survival and reproduction in this insect. It also reveals the potential pest controlling method, as insect behavior regulation agent that disrupts the expression of chemosensory proteins.
Playing Ball in Greek Antiquity
Authors: O'SULLIVAN LARA
Published: April 2012

Among the plethora of minor players whose names intrude briefly into the historical record of the age of Alexander the Great is Aristonicus of Carystus. A member of Alexander's entourage, he clearly attained some standing in his own right, and at least some of that renown derived, it seems, from his prowess as a ball-player. Thus one of the interlocutors in Athenaeus' Deipnosophistai reports of his honouring at Athens (1.19a) that

Ἀριστόνικον τὸν Καρύστιον, τὸν Ἀλεξάνδρου σϕαιριστήν, Ἀθηναῖοι πολίτην ἐποιήσαντο διὰ τὴν τέχνην καὶ ἀνδριάντα ἀνέστησαν.

The Athenians made Aristonicus the Carystian, Alexander's ball-player, a citizen of their city on account of his skill, and they erected a statue to him.
Commemoration and Pilgrimage in the Ancient World: Troy and the Stratigraphy of Cultural Memory
Authors: MINCHIN ELIZABETH
Published: April 2012

This article takes up the subject of shared memory and its interaction with landscape, with specific reference to Troy, to Homer's Iliad, and to the tradition of ‘pilgrimage’ to Troy and its environs that evolved in the ancient world in response to the Trojan War story. Over the course of centuries this particular location on the Hellespont, a Bronze Age site, exercised a particular fascination, thanks to memories – no doubt gravely distorted – of a great siege by combined Greek forces eager to avenge, as legend tells it, the abduction of Helen. A few centuries later, the site became a destination for ‘pilgrims’ who were eager to see for themselves the landscape of Troy and the Troad and to experience for themselves, physically and emotionally, certain actions that were attributed to the heroes of the so-called Trojan War.
Does Issue Linkage Work? Evidence from European Alliance Negotiations, 1860 to 1945
Authors: Poast Paul
Published: April 2012

Though scholars widely claim that issue linkage—the simultaneous negotiation of multiple issues for joint settlement—can help states conclude international agreements, there exist some notable skeptics. Resolving this debate requires empirical evidence. However, beyond a few case studies, there exists no direct and systematic evidence that issue linkages actually increase the probability of agreement. I address this lack of direct and systematic evidence by combing original data on failed alliance negotiations with data from the Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) database. Using matching techniques, I find that, for alliance negotiations between 1860 to 1945, offers of trade linkage did substantially increase the probability of agreement. Besides confirming issue linkage's ability to help clinch an agreement, this article's research design and evidence have far-reaching implications for the study of negotiations and alliances. The research design illustrates the value of considering the “dogs that didn't bark” as it identifies both successful andfailednegotiations. The article's evidence explains the high rate of alliance compliance identified by previous scholars and highlights a need to rethink the alliance formation process.
Origins of the Russian Antarctic expedition: 1819–1821
Authors: Tammiksaar Erki , Kiik Tarmo
Published: April 2012

In 1819, the Russian government launched two expeditions: the first squadron of two ships departed to explore the southern polar areas, and the second set out for the northern polar areas. The expedition to the southern polar areas took place under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. Up to the present day, very little information is available, from the Russian literature, about the initiator and main goals of the expedition. At the same time, the travels and main results of the expedition have been widely popularised, but not necessarily accurately, in Russian as well as in English. On the basis of recently discovered documents, this article attempts to establish who the initiator of these Russian expeditions was, how the expeditions were prepared, and whether the main tasks of the expeditions were realised. The conclusion is that Jean-Baptiste Prevost de Sansac, Marquis de Traversay was the initiator of the Russian Antarctic expedition, not the Russian navigators Adam Johan von Krusenstern, Otto von Kotzebue, Gavrila A. Sarychev or Vasilii M. Golovnin as stated in Soviet publications. The real aim of the expedition was to discover the Antarctic continent which would have added glory to de Traversay as well as to Emperor Alexander I and, in a wider sense, also to the Russian empire. All dates are given according to the old style calendar. The difference with the new style calendar is 12 days.
Depressive symptoms are associated with weight gain among women
Authors: Sutin A. R. , Zonderman A. B.
Published: April 2012

Background

Many studies have linked depression and obesity; few have more than two assessments of depressive symptoms and adiposity to address the potential bidirectional relationship between adiposity and depressive symptoms from young adulthood through old age. We tested whether baseline depressive symptoms are associated with changes in weight, whether baseline adiposity is associated with changes in depressive symptoms, and whether these associations vary by sex.

Method

Participants (n=2251; 47% female) were from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) on 30 years of data, the trajectory of adiposity and depressive symptoms over adulthood was estimated from >10 000 observations (mean=4.5 assessments per participant) of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), waist circumference and hip circumference and >10 000 observations (mean=4.5 assessments per participant) of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Baseline depressive symptoms and adiposity were then tested as predictors of the trajectory of adiposity and depressive symptoms respectively. Additional analyses tested for sex-specific associations.

Results

Sex moderated the association between depressive symptoms and weight gain such that women who experienced depressed affect had greater increases in BMI (binteraction=0.12, s.e.=0.04), waist (binteraction=0.22, s.e.=0.10) and hip circumference (binteraction=0.20, s.e.=0.07) across the adult lifespan, controlling for relevant demographic and behavioral covariates. Baseline adiposity was unrelated to the trajectory of depressive symptoms (median b=0.00) for both sexes.

Conclusions

Women who experience symptoms of depression tend to gain more weight across adulthood than men who experience such symptoms. Whether an individual was normal weight or overweight was unrelated to changes in depressive symptoms across adulthood.
The causal relationships between neurocognition, social cognition and functional outcome over time in schizophrenia: a latent difference score approach
Authors: Hoe M. , Nakagami E. , Green M. F. , Brekke J. S.
Published: April 2012

Background

Social cognition has been identified as a significant construct for schizophrenia research with relevance to diagnosis, assessment, treatment and functional outcome. However, social cognition has not been clearly understood in terms of its relationships with neurocognition and functional outcomes. The present study sought to examine the empirical independence of social cognition and neurocognition; to investigate the possible causal structure among social cognition, neurocognition and psychosocial functioning.

Method

The sample consists of 130 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. All participants were recruited as they were admitted to four community-based psychosocial rehabilitation programs. Social cognition, neurocognition and psychosocial functioning were measured at baseline and 12 months. The empirical independence of social cognition and neurocognition was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the possible causal structure among social cognition, neurocognition and psychosocial functioning was investigated using latent difference score (LDS) analysis.

Results

A two-factor model of social cognition and neurocognition fit the data very well, indicating the empirical independence of social cognition, whereas the longitudinal CFA results show that the empirical independence of neurocognition and social cognition is maintained over time. The results of the LDS analysis support a causal model that indicates that neurocognition underlies and is causally primary to social cognition, and that neurocognition and social cognition are causally primary to functional outcome.

Conclusions

Social cognition and neurocognition could have independent and distinct upward causal effects on functional outcome. It is also suggested that the approaches for remediation of neurocognition and social cognition might need to be distinct.
THE METHOD AND THE MEANS: JAMES BALDWIN AT THE ACTORS STUDIO
Authors: Enelow Shonni
Published: April 2012

In the climactic scene of James Baldwin's 1968 novelTell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone, the narrator and protagonist, Leo Proudhammer, appears with his friend and lover Barbara in the living room of a Jewish acting teacher named Saul San-Marquand, the artistic director of the Actors’ Means Workshop. Leo and Barbara have been hanging around the small town in New Jersey where the Workshop has decamped for the summer season. At last, they have been given their promised chance to perform a scene for Saul, who will decide on the basis of that scene whether or not they will be accepted as members of the Workshop. They have prepared a scene from Clifford Odets'sWaiting for Leftyin which Flor and Sid, a young couple, break off their relationship under pressure from Flor's brother. Leo, who is black, and Barbara, who is white, have just admitted their love for each other; their impossible interracial relationship underlies the novel. When they arrive in Saul's apartment, they have just walked through town together to the obscene and threatening jeers of the white townspeople, validating their decision, made in bed hours earlier, that their relationship can never be public.
LOVE/SICK: A CONVERSATION WITH ANGELA ELLSWORTH
Authors: Takemoto Tina
Published: April 2012

Editor's Note: In this previously unpublished conversation from 2007, Tina Takemoto and Angela Ellsworth discuss their collaboration during a period when Ellsworth was diagnosed with and underwent treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma. For those compelling collaborations, the artists confronted the effects of diagnosis and prognosis on the experience of embodiment, the gendered and racialized practices of medical care, and the limits of empathy in communicating across illness/health. In this conversation, Takemoto and Ellsworth reconvene after a crisis in their collaborations to work through the complications that arose for each in their attempts to stage and manage performances that would make a difference in the treatment of cancer. This interview was conducted in New York City on 16 September 2007.
THE PATIENCE WORTH COLLECTION AT THE MISSOURI HISTORY MUSEUM, ST. LOUIS
Authors: Schlueter Jennifer
Published: April 2012

Patience Worth, a British Puritan girl who lived and died sometime in the seventeenth century, produced a prolific four million words in the form of novels, plays, poems, prayers, and short stories. “Produced” is the best word for what she did; we certainly can't say she “wrote” them. We can't, in fact, say that Patience Worth existed at all. But neither can we comfortably say that Pearl Pollard Curran (1883–1937) wrote the material in question, though she is usually credited as its author. Between 1913 and 1937, Curran (Fig. 1), a St. Louis, Missouri, housewife, spoke these four million words aloud (often in an idiosyncratic, pseudo-Shakespearean dialect) with the aid of a Ouija board and a planchette. A series of secretaries transcribed what she said: Curran claimed that Worth was a thwarted authoress who had long been searching from beyond the grave for a suitable host and that she had selected Curran as her channel. Some of the material she (they?) generated was ultimately published with the assistance of Casper S. Yost (1863–1941), editor of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat and founder of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Intrepid librarians have cataloged this perplexing material in ways that attempt to account for its convoluted provenance: “Hope Trueblood, by Patience Worth, communicated through Mrs. John H. Curran, edited by Casper S. Yost, published by Henry Holt and Company, 1918.” Questions of authorship, ownership, and voice are central to this perplexing body of work.
Pulse oximetry home monitoring in infants with single-ventricle physiology and a surgical shunt as the only source of pulmonary blood flow
Authors: Öhman Annika , Strömvall-Larsson Eva , Nilsson Boris , Mellander Mats
Published: April 2012

Background

Shunt occlusion is a major cause of death in children with single ventricle. We evaluated whether one daily measurement of oxygen saturation at home could detect life-threatening shunt dysfunction.

Methods

A total of 28 infants were included. Parents were instructed to measure saturation once daily and if less than or equal to 70% repeat the measurement. Home monitoring was defined as positive when a patient was admitted to Queen Silvia Children's Hospital because of saturation less than or equal to 70% on repeated measurement at home. A shunt complication was defined as arterial desaturation and a narrowing of the shunt that resulted in an intervention to relieve the obstruction or in death. Parents’ attitude towards the method was investigated using a questionnaire.

Results

A shunt complication occurred out of hospital eight times in eight patients. Home monitoring was positive in five out of eight patients. In two patients, home monitoring was probably life saving; in one of them, the shunt was replaced the same day and the other had an emergency balloon dilatation of the shunt. In three out of eight patients, home monitoring was negative; one had an earlier stage II and survived, but two died suddenly at home from thrombotic shunt occlusion. On seven occasions in three patients home monitoring was positive but there was no shunt complication. The method was well accepted by the parents according to the results of the questionnaire.

Conclusion

Home monitoring of oxygen saturation has the potential to detect some of the life-threatening shunt obstructions between stages I and II in infants with single-ventricle physiology.
Defining Investment Under the ICSID Convention and BITs: Of Ordinary Meaning, Telos, and Beyond
Authors: SATTOROVA Mavluda
Published: April 2012

A number of commentators, including Michael Hwang and Jennifer Fong who were featured in a recent issue of this journal,1 have contributed to an ongoing debate about the definition of investment by expressing their support for an objectivist theory or the “outer limits” approach as advocated inSalini v. Morocco.However, this article argues that neither theSalinitest nor the rival subjectivist theory can offer an internally consistent and viable legal framework for determining the existence of an investment. After critically examining existing approaches to defining investments in arbitral practice, international investment treaties, European Union (EU) law, and international trade law, the article considers the role of ordinary and effective interpretation and a telos behind investment treaty instruments in coining a meaningful definition.
Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Prejudice Among Junior Police Officers
Authors: Gatto Juliette , Dambrun Michaël
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the respective impact of group socialization and social projection to explain prejudice among newly recruited police officers (N = 301). The first approach predicts that both right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), two fundamental determinants of prejudice, should be driven by specific norms. The second approach predicts that the perceived norms of the reference group reflect the social projection of our own attitudes and norms. These two models were tested with structural equation modeling. Emphasizing the determinant role of social norms and social influence, the results provide stronger support for the group socialization model (GSM) than the social projection model (SPM).
Not My Marriage
Authors: Winslow Matthew P. , Napier Rexéna
Published: April 2012

Third-person perception (TPP) refers to the belief that others are more influenced by the media than you yourself are. This theory was extended to people’s perceptions of the effects of legalizing same-sex marriage (SSM). It was predicted that people might believe that legalizing SSM would affect others’ marriages, but not their own. It was also predicted that high right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) would display TPP more than low RWAs. Participants (135 undergraduate heterosexual students) estimated the effect of legalizing SSM on their own as well as other people’s attitudes about marriage and sexuality. Results indicated that participants displayed TPP. The hypothesis about a link between RWA and TPP was supported. Implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.
My Culture Made Me Do It
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Nosek Brian A.
Published: April 2012

The present research examined the effects of egocentric motivations on individuals’ explanations for how their automatic racial prejudices came into being. The majority of participants reported experiencing biased thoughts, feelings, and gut reactions toward minorities which they found difficult to consciously control, and they attributed such biases to cultural socialization. Of particular interest, ego-threatened participants were significantly more likely to attribute their automatic racial biases to their culture and significantly less likely to attribute such biases to themselves. Results suggest that attributing one’s racial biases to cultural socialization can be a defensive, motivated process aimed at diminishing personal responsibility.
The mechanics of lubricated faults: Insights from 3‐D numerical models
Authors: Bizzarri Andrea
Published: April 2012

The weakening mechanisms occurring during an earthquake failure are of prominent importance in determining the resulting energy release and the seismic waves excitation. In this paper we consider the fully dynamic response of a seismogenic structure where lubrication processes take place. In particular, we numerically model the spontaneous propagation of a 3‐D rupture in a fault zone where the frictional resistance is controlled by the properties of a low viscosity slurry, formed by gouge particles and fluids. This model allows for the description of the fault motion in the extreme case of vanishing effective normal stress, by considering a viscous fault response and therefore without the need to invoke, in the framework of Coulomb friction, the generation of the tensile mode of fracture. We explore the effects of the parameters controlling the resulting governing law for such a lubricated fault; the viscosity of the slurry, the roughness of the fault surfaces and the thickness of the slurry film. Our results indicate that lubricated faults produce a nearly complete stress drop (i.e., a very low residual friction coefficient; μ ∼ 0.01), a high fracture energy density (EG ∼ few 10s of MJ/m2) and significant slip velocities (vpeak ∼ few 10s of m/s). The resulting values of the equivalent characteristic slip‐weakening distance (d0eq = 0.1–0.8 m, depending on the adopted parameters) are compatible with the seismological inferences. Moreover, in the framework of our model we found that supershear ruptures are highly favored. In the case of enlarging gap height we can have the healing of slip or even the inhibition of the rupture. Quantitative comparisons with different weakening mechanisms previously proposed in the literature, such as the exponential weakening and the frictional melting, are also discussed.
Modeling the carbon fluxes of the northwest European continental shelf: Validation and budgets
Authors: Wakelin S. L. , Holt J. T. , Blackford J. C. , Allen J. I. , Butenschön M. , Artioli Y.
Published: April 2012

Carbon budgets are simulated for the northwest European continental shelf and adjacent regions of the northeast Atlantic. Both physical and biological processes are evaluated, including exchanges between the water column and the atmosphere and sea bed. We use a multi‐year simulation of a coupled 3D hydrodynamics‐ecosystem model (POLCOMS‐ERSEM) driven by realistic atmospheric data, ocean boundary conditions and freshwater inputs for 1989 to 2004. The northeast Atlantic (20°W to 13°E, 40°N to 65°N), including the European shelf, is found to be a net sink for atmospheric CO2. Biological processes exert a stronger control over pCO2than temperature, and hence have a stronger effect on the air‐sea CO2 exchange. For the European shelf, carbon sources of rivers and the uptake of atmospheric CO2 are balanced by horizontal transport off shelf and there is little carbon burial. There is net transport of carbon onto the shelf in the top 180 m of the water column and off the shelf below that depth, with a net carbon loss of ∼6 ± 1 × 1012 mol C yr−1. Up to 50% of the carbon exported from the shelf is transported below the permanent pycnocline and so is isolated from release into the atmosphere on centennial timescales.
QP and QS in the upper mantle beneath the Iberian peninsula from recordings of the very deep Granada earthquake of April 11, 2010
Authors: Mancilla F. , Del Pezzo E. , Stich D. , Morales J. , Ibañez J. , Bianco F.
Published: April 2012

Granada (Southern Spain) is a place of rare and enigmatic very deep focus earthquakes, the last one on April 11, 2010, with magnitude of 6.3 and depth of 620 km. We use regional broadband recordings to estimate QP and QSin the mantle for frequencies between 0.25 and 8 Hz, computing the spectra of the direct P‐ and S‐waves with their early P‐ and S coda. We use the spectral decay method, constraining crustalQ to values given in the literature. We obtain robust estimates of QP in 6 frequency bands (0.25, 0.5,1, 2, 4 and 8 Hz) and of QS in 4 bands (0.25, 0.5,1, 2 Hz). QP in the mantle ranges from 13 at 0.25 Hz to 346 at 8 Hz and QS from 59 at 0.25 to 183 at 2 Hz. The frequency dependence is well fitted by Q = Q0fα with α equal to 0.6 for QS and 1.0 for QP, and Q0 equal to 109 for QS and 63 for QP. The QP/QS ratio is less than 1. These are extreme values within the ranges of mantle Q, QP/QS and αvalues reported in the literature, indicating strong scattering attenuation and absence of melt. We propose that such values, rather than being an exception, may approximate the average upper mantle, with solid olivine composition and small‐scale heterogeneity.
Recent weakening of northern East Asian summer monsoon: A possible response to global warming
Authors: Zhu Congwen , Wang Bin , Qian Weihong , Zhang Bo
Published: April 2012

We investigate the possible causes of the weakening of northern East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) from 1954 to 2010. We found that the decreased intensity of northern EASM as measured by a circulation index (EASMI) is significantly correlated with the increase of the surface air temperature (SAT) averaged over the Lake Baikal region (45°–65°N, 80°–130°E) defined as SATI. Corresponding to increasing SATI, an anomalous low‐level anticyclone occurs with northeasterly prevailing over northern East Asia (30°–50°N,100°–130°E), resulting in a weakened southwesterly monsoon winds and drier climate in this region. Numerical experiments with the community atmosphere model version 3 (CAM3) show that the joint forcing induced by greenhouse gases (GHG), sea surface temperature (SST), solar radiance (SR), and volcano activity (VC) can replicate the observed trend of SATI and its related circulation anomalies, but without GHG forcing the model failed to simulate the warming trend of SATI after 1970s. This implies that the global warming is likely responsible for the local warming around the Lake Baikal, which in turn weakens the northern EASM in recent decades.
Generalized joint inversion of multimodal geophysical data using Gramian constraints
Authors: Zhdanov Michael S. , Gribenko Alexander , Wilson Glenn
Published: April 2012

We introduce a new approach to the joint inversion of multimodal geophysical data using Gramian spaces of model parameters and Gramian constraints, computed as determinants of the corresponding Gram matrices of the multimodal model parameters and/or their attributes. We demonstrate that this new approach is a generalized technique that can be applied to the simultaneous joint inversion of any number and combination of geophysical datasets. Our approach includes as special cases those extant methods based on correlations and/or structural constraints of the multimodal model parameters. As an illustration of this new approach, we present a model study relevant to exploration under cover for iron oxide copper‐gold (IOCG) deposits, and demonstrate how joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data is able to recover alteration associated with IOCG mineralization.
First-Language Attrition in Bengali-English–Speaking Individuals
Authors: Datta Hia
Published: April 2012

Multilingual immigrants who live in an environment that does not support their first language (L1) can experience changes in their L1. Such changes, over long periods of time, can lead to attrition in L1. Existing studies examining L1 attrition have been focused on European languages and immigrants between the European and American continents. A group of researchers at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) sought to understand L1 attrition in South Asian immigrants with L1s that are very different in structure from English. In this study, we examined the relationship between language-use and language-immersion patterns that affect first and second language (L2) performance in Bengali-English speaking multilinguals. Language performance was measured by two lexical tasks—a picture-word task and verbal fluency measures—in both Bengali and English.

Results indicated that decreased L1 use and low self-reported ratings of L1 predicted L1 attrition in these Bengali-English speaking individuals. Results also indicated that the earlier individuals are immersed in an L2 environment, the more likely it is that their first language will be affected by attrition. Thus, frequent use of L1 is important in order to maintain it, especially for immigrants who wish to pass their L1 on to future generations.
South Asian Stories: Firsthand Client Perspectives on Barriers to Accessing Speech-Language Pathology Services
Authors: Mahendra Nidhi
Published: April 2012

This article details the experience of two South Asian individuals with family members who had communication disorders. I provide information on intrinsic and extrinsic barriers reported by these clients in responses to a survey and during individual ethnographic interviews. These data are part of a larger study and provide empirical support of cultural and linguistic barriers that may impede timely access to and utilization of speech-language pathology (SLP) services.

The purpose of this article is to shed light on barriers and facilitators that influence South Asian clients' access to SLP services. I provide and briefly analyze two case vignettes to provide readers a phenomenological perspective on client experiences. Data about barriers limiting access to SLP services were obtained via client surveys and individual interviews. These two clients' data were extracted from a larger study (Mahendra, Scullion, Hamerschlag, Cooper, & La, 2011) in which 52 racially/ethnically diverse clients participated. Survey items and interview questions were designed to elicit information about client experiences when accessing SLP services. Results reveal specific intrinsic and extrinsic barriers that affected two South Asian clients' access to SLP services and have important implications for all providers.
Oral Integrity Related to Head and Neck Cancer Treatment
Authors: May Annette H. , Hiner E. Danielle , Feldman Elizabeth
Published: April 2012

Head and neck cancer treatment can result in devastating side effects that diminish quality of life, sometimes for a lifetime. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of oral integrity in minimizing side effects to optimize long-term function in patients treated for head and neck cancer. We will present the value of a comprehensive pre-treatment assessment. We will describe the oral complications associated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy and offer approaches in management of acute and chronic complications.
Particle-in-cell simulations of beam-driven electrostatic waves in a plasma
Authors: Koen Etienne J. , Collier Andrew B. , Maharaj Shimul K.
Published: April 2012

Using a particle-in-cell simulation, the characteristics of electrostatic waves are investigated in a three-electron component plasma including an electron beam. A Maxwellian distribution is used to describe the electron velocities. Three electrostatic modes are excited, namely electron plasma, electron acoustic, and beam-driven waves. These modes have a broad frequency spectrum and have been associated with intense broadband electrostatic noise observed in the Earth’s auroral zone. The simulation results compare well with analytical dispersion and growth rate relations. This agreement serves to validate the simulation technique.
Magnetic structure variation in manganese-oxide clusters
Authors: Williams Kristen S. , Hooper Joseph P. , Horn Jillian M. , Lightstone James M. , Wang Haopeng , Ko Yeon Jae , Bowen Kit H.
Published: April 2012

Negative-ion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio simulations are used to study the variation in magnetic structure in MnxOy (x = 3, 4; y = 1, 2) clusters. The ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic ground-state structures of MnxOy are 0.16–1.20 eV lower in energy than their ferromagnetic isomers. The presence of oxygen thus stabilizes low-spin isomers relative to the preferred high-spin ordering of bare Mn3 and Mn4. Each cluster has a preferred overall magnetic moment, and no evidence is seen of competing states with different spin multiplicities. However, non-degenerate isomags, which possess the same spin multiplicity but different arrangements of local moments, do contribute additional features and peak broadening in the photoelectron spectra. Proper accounting for all possible isomags is shown to be critical for accurate computational prediction of the spectra.
Modal propagation and interaction in the smooth transition from a metal mushroom structure to a bed-of-nails-type wire medium
Authors: Yakovlev Alexander B. , Hanson George W.
Published: April 2012

Natural propagation modes of a metamaterial mushroom structure are studied as the patch material transitions from being a perfect conductor to being transparent, in which case the structure becomes a bed-of-nails medium. It is shown that the modes of the perfectly conducting structure smoothly continue to those of the bed-of-nails structure in the complex wavenumber plane, except for some modal interaction regions and degeneracy points associated with complex-frequency branch points migrating across the real frequency axis.
On the alleviation of Fermi-level pinning by ultrathin insulator layers in Schottky contacts
Authors: Mönch Winfried
Published: April 2012

With a few exceptions, metal-semiconductor or Schottky contacts are rectifying. Intimate n-Ge Schottky contacts are the most extreme example in that their barrier heights are almost independent of the metal used. Such behavior is characterized as pinning of the Fermi level. Quite recently, ultrathin insulator layers placed between the metal and the semiconductor were found to lower the barrier heights of Schottky contacts and to increase their dependence on the metals used. In this way ohmic behavior was achieved without alloying. The barrier heights of intimate Schottky contacts and the valence-band offsets of heterostructures are well described by the intrinsic interface-induced gap states (IFIGS). Insulators fit in this concept because they are large-gap semiconductors. This article demonstrates that the IFIGS concept also explains the experimentally observed alleviation of the Fermi-level pinning or, as it is also addressed, the Fermi-level depinning in metal-ultrathin insulator-semiconductor or MUTIS structures. Their barrier heights are determined by the IFIGS branch-point energy of the semiconductor and the dependence of the barrier heights of the insulator Schottky contacts on the metals used. Furthermore, saturation of the semiconductor dangling bonds by, for example, sulfur or hydrogen adatoms prior to the deposition of the metals also reduces or increases the barrier heights of Schottky contacts irrespective of the metals applied. In other words, no alleviation of the Fermi-level pinning or depinning occurs. These modifications of the barrier heights are explained by the partial ionic character of the covalent bonds between the adatoms and the semiconductor atoms at the interface, i.e., by an extrinsic electric-dipole layer.