bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kunsten at vælge fra: om bradfordsk materialevalg og vidensorganiseringens socialitet
Authors: Christensen Hans Dam
Published: August 2019

I denne artikel argumenteres på et socialkonstruktivistisk grundlag for, at vidensdomæner er relationelle og situerede. Det vil sige, at de ikke hviler i sig selv, men løbende defineres gennem brug og beskrivelse. På en mere jordnær bund analyseres muligheder for kunsthistorisk materialevalg på baggrund af dels Bradfords spredningslov, der diskuteres i Lynge og Larsen (2005), dels videnskabsteoretisk indsigt, som i anden sammenhæng diskuteres i Ørom (2003b). Pointen er, at et kvalificeret materialevalg er betinget af domænekendskab, men at dette kendskab ikke er et spørgsmål om enten/eller. Det forudsætter derimod refleksion over, hvordan og i hvilket omfang domæneindsigt er nødvendig i en given kontekst, fx i en bibliometrisk analyse, fordi blikket på domænet altid er situeret og derfor også medvirker til at præge domænet og give analysen relevans. Derfor er domæneindsigt også mere end videnskabsteoretisk indsigt. Den omfatter også kendskab til et vidensdomænes sociale organisering, hvilket diskuteres med baggrund i UNISIST-modellen. I lyset af artiklens teoretiske grundlag er en afsluttende pointe, at trods sine kvaliteter kan denne model ikke vise domænets relationelle og situerede forhold.
Personas : En domæneanalytisk tilgang
Authors: Sønderstrup-Andersen Eva
Published: August 2019

Denne artikel refererer til en pilotundersøgelse udarbejdet med det formål, at afdække muligheden for at anvende en domæneanalyse til udvikling af en personas samt at undersøge, på hvilken måde en personas kan indgå som redskab ved systemudvikling og -evaluering. Genstandsfeltet for undersøgelsen er paradigmet evidensbaseret medicin. Som resultat findes, at det er muligt at opbygge en personas på baggrund af denne metode, da det har vist sig muligt at identificere og definere personas behov og adfærd vha. domæneanalysen. Af oplysninger af mere faktuel karakter har det været nødvendigt at inddrage mere generelle statistiske oplysninger. Det vurderes på baggrund af ekstern evaluering, at den frembragte personas fremstår troværdig. Endvidere findes, at den udviklede personas i forhold til behov og adfærd, kan indgå som et berigende værktøj ved alle faser af systemudvikling, da domæneanalysen har gjort det muligt at definere brugergruppens prioritering i forhold til informationsbehov, søgeadfærd, relevanskriterier og begrebsforståelse. Dertil har domæneanalysen gjort det muligt at opregne en serie af domænespecifikke videnskabelige tidsskrifter.
De første folkebiblioteksbygninger. I internationalt perspektiv
Authors: Dahlkild Nan
Published: August 2019

Denne artikel fokuserer på skabelsen af den moderne folkebiblioteksbygning i slutningen af det 19. og begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede. I internationalt perspektiv undersøges og sammenlignes karakteristiske eksempler på de første folkebibliotekers arkitektur og indretning, som afhængigt af forskellige regionale traditioner og politiske systemer søgte at indløse forskellige kulturpolitiske forestillinger om demokrati, oplysning, åbenhed og tilgængelighed. Artiklen tager udgangspunkt i den anglo-amerikanske biblioteksmodel, som bl.a. karakteriseres af de mange små ”videnstempler” i form af Carnegie bibliotekerne og af indførelsen af ”åbne hylder”. Derefter gennemgås centraleuropæiske og sovjetiske bibliotekseksempler. Artiklen afsluttes med en redegørelse for udviklingen af mellemkrigstidens skandinaviske folkebibliotekstype, som forenede det traditionelle biblioteksrum med den modernistiske arkitekturs eksperimenter i form af åbne, lyse og uformelle biblioteker.
Systematisk løbende refleksion. En refleksionsmodel anvendt i forbindelse med biblioteksprojektet YOUng
Authors: Kristiansson Michael René , Kragesteen Nina Brünnich , Kristensen Tine Juul , Pedersen Marianne Bøgh , Ovesen Mette Kjær
Published: August 2019

Artiklen omhandler en model kaldet systematisk løbende refleksion, der repræsenterer en procedure til overvejelse og genovervejelse af de vurderingskriterier, man lægger til grund for evaluering af et udviklingsprojekt. Pointen er at justere udviklingsprojektet ind i en ønsket retning. Formålet med artiklen er at præsentere en vurdering af refleksionsmodellen systematisk løbende refleksion, sådan som den blev anvendt i relation til biblioteksudviklingsprojekt YOUng/ Mindspot på Århus Kommunes Biblioteker i perioden 2007-2009.  Den anvendte refleksionsproces er inspireret af metoder, der benyttes i scenarieplanlægning. Det konkluderes, at refleksionsmodellen kan anvendes til at gentænke og præcisere vurderingskriterierne for et givet udviklingsprojekt, og at den med fordel kan anvendes i de indledende faser i forbindelse med formulering af vurderingskriterier.  Refleksionsmodellen kan også anvendes til at inkorporere/ indarbejde og samordne flere forskellige interessenters krav til et givet udviklingsprojekt og i den forstand gøre projektet robust. Refleksionsmodellen er imidlertid tidskrævende.
En refleksion over universitetsbibliotekets fremtidsperspektiv anno 2009
Authors: Cotta-Schønberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Artiklen undersøger udviklingstendenserne hen imod digitale dokumenter, herunder såvel tendenserne i forlagenes udbud som i bibliotekernes anskaffelser og i brugernes benyttelse. Vurderingen er at Københavns Universitetsbibliotek inden for 5 år stort set vil være ophørt med at købe trykte tidsskrifter, at det inden for 20 år er ophørt med at købe trykte bøger og at hele den eksisterende trykte litteratur i samlingerne være erstattet af digitale udgaver inden for 30 år. Brugerne finder information på mange måder, og bibliotekets katalog og hjemmeside er ikke deres primære søgeredskab. Forskningsbibliotekerne konkurrerer både med de specialiserede bibliografiske systemer og med de generelle søgemaskiner, og synes at være ved at tabe kampen. Artiklen diskutere i dette perspektiv hvilke mulige funktioner forskningsbibliotekerne kan varetage, herunder udvikling af søgesystemer, etablering af studiemiljø, personlig service og bruger-undervisning, forskningsregistrering, etablering af repositories, dataforvaltning og digitalisering af universiteters informationsressourcer. Hvis det lykkes bibliotekerne at hage sig fast til formidlingen af digitale videnressourcer til universitetet kan de overleve som institution. Hvis ikke forsvinder en værdifuld institution, der har tjent civilisationen vel i århundreder, men hvis tid er omme, fordi andre løsninger tjener en ny tid bedre.
På sporet af den nye medietid. Lyde og mislyde i 1920’ernes folkebiblioteker
Authors: Dyrbye Martin
Published: August 2019

Formålet med denne artikel er at belyse de konsekvenser, som introduktionen af nye medier kan have for biblioteksudviklingen i et historisk perspektiv.Biblioteker er op igennem historien løbende blevet udfordret af nye medier. Senest har den informationsteknologiske udvikling med digitaliseringen ogudbredelsen af de såkaldte sociale medier skabt en diskussion om bogens og bibliotekernes overlevelse. Heller ikke den diskussion er i sin substans ny, idet tilsvarende overvejelser gjorde sig gældende, da fx nye lydbærende medier gjorde deres entré i de danske biblioteker i det 20. århundredes første årtier. Mens telefonen umiddelbart blev accepteret som et nyttigt redskab, blev radioen som kommunikationsmiddel i folkebibliotekerne pure afvist blandt danske biblioteksfolk. Med udgangspunkt i nyere medieteorier fremsat af henholdsvis Enzensberger og Kittler skildres de receptionshistoriske aspekter ved introduktionen af to nye medier, henholdsvis telefonen og radioen, til de de danske folkebiblioteker, i 1910’erne og 1920’erne.
Findability och informationskompetens vid webbnavigation
Authors: Fransson Jonas
Published: August 2019

I artikeln diskuteras relationen mellan användare, informationsobjekt, informationssystem och webben i kombination med koncepten findability och informationskompetens. I alla definitioner av informationskompetens är en aspekt förmågan att på ett effektivt sätt skaffa sig tillgång till den information som behövs. Men all information är inte lika tillgänglig, även om den är publicerad och fritt tillgänglig på webben. Varje webbsida, eller annat informationsobjekt, har en grad av findability. Graden av findabilityär avhängigt av relationerna mellan objekt, informationssystem och webben. Sex delkoncept är identifierade: objektets karaktäristika, tillgänglighet, internnavigation, intern sökning, nåbarhet och webbprestige. Både informationskompetens och findability definieras som frågeoberoende aspekter vid sökning, och de samverkar på ett strukturellt plan.
Transition of conduction mechanism from band to variable-range hopping conduction due to Al doping in heavily Al-doped 4H-SiC epilayers
Authors: Matsuura Hideharu , Takeshita Akinobu , Imamura Tatsuya , Takano Kota , Okuda Kazuya , Hidaka Atsuki , Ji Shiyang , Eto Kazuma , Kojima Kazutoshi , Kato Tomohisa , Yoshida Sadafumi , Okumura Hajime
Published: August 2019

We investigate the transition of the conduction mechanism from band and nearest-neighbor hopping (NNH) conduction to variable-range hopping (VRH) conduction in heavily Al-doped 4H-SiC epilayers with increasing Al concentration (C
Al). In a sample with C
Al of 1.8 × 1020 cm−3, the dominant conduction mechanisms at high and low temperatures were band and VRH conduction, respectively, whereas in samples with lower C
Al values they were band and NNH conduction, respectively, and in samples with higher C
Al values VRH conduction was dominant over the entire range of measurement temperatures examined (20–600 K).
A comparative study of root canal shaping using protaper universal and protaper next rotary files in preclinical dental education
Authors: Çelik Gül , Özdemir Kısacık Feyza , Yılmaz Emir Faruk , Mersinlioğlu Arife , Ertuğrul İhsan Furkan , Orhan Hikmet
Published: August 2019

Background

Dentistry has undergone an evolution in endodontics practice caused by the advancement of rotary techniques for root canal preparation and their subsequent incorporation into the teaching of dentistry undergraduates. This research aimed to evaluate the shaping ability of third-year dental students as their first experience in rotary instrumentation using ProTaper Universal (PTU) and ProTaper Next (PTN) (Dentsply Maillefer) rotary instruments in simulated curved canals.

Methods

Forty students instrumented 200 simulated canals with a 40° curvature in resin blocks according to the manufacturer’s instructions with PTU and 39 students and 195 canals with PTN files. The canals were prepared at a speed of 300 rpm using a 16:1 reduction hand-piece powered by an electric motor (Xsmart; Dentsply Maillefer). The final apical preparation was set to F2 for the PTU and X2 for the PTN group. The change in canal curvature was evaluated based on Schneider technique using the AutoCAD 2007 software on post-digital photographs. The incidence of instrument fracture and deformation, the incidence of ledge, the change in working length (WL), and the working time were noted. The data were analyzed with Student’st-test and Chi-Square test at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS.

Results

PTN maintained the original canal curvature better, resulting in fewer fractures and ledges, and shaped the canals faster than the PTU (P < 0.05). The mean curves of the resin canals after the instrumentation for the PTU and PTN groups were 24.03° ± 3.14° and 25.64° ± 2.72°, respectively. Thirty-three (17.4%) PTU and 18 (9.3%) PTN files fractured (p < 0.05). Nine (4.5%) PTU and 2 (2.6%) PTN deformed (p > 0.05). The change in WL after instrumentation was 0.97 mm ± 0.95 mm in PTU and 0.96 mm ± 0.80 mm in PTN (p < 0.05). The mean times were 627 s ± 18 s for PTU and 379 s ± 18 s for PTN (p < 0.000).

Discussion

PTN can be recommended in severely curved root canals in terms of maintenance of the original canal curvature, superior instrument fracture and fewer ledges. Even if training before preparation provides an acceptable level of canal shaping for preclinical students, the use of NiTi rotary instruments should be included in the undergraduate dental curriculum, contributing to an increase in the quality of root canal shaping and, consequently, to an improvement of the clinical experience of students.
The Level of Nori's Relief Made from Raw Seaweed Mixed Gelidium sp. and Eucheuma cottonii
Authors: Abdulah Dini Rismariyanti , Liviawaty Evi , . Iskandar , Afrianto Eddy
Published: August 2019

Aims: This research aims to obtain the most preferred Nori made from the mixture of Gelidium sp. and Eucheuma cottonii seaweed.

Study Design:  Research was conducted experimentally.

Methodology: The method used in this research was an experimental method with 5 mixed treatments of Gelidium sp. and E. cottonii with 20 semi-trained panelists involved in preference tests. The treatment was a mixture of Gelidium sp. and E. cottonii 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40% and 50%: 50%. The observed variables consisted of hedonic tests namely appearance, aroma, texture, taste. Chemical tests were water content and crude fiber content.

Results: The results showed that the mixture of Nori made from seaweed Gelidium sp. and Eucheuma cottonii  at 70%: 30% proportions was the most preferred over other treatments, with a moisture content of 15.35% and the crude fiber content of 5.36%. The median value of hedonic Nori test of Gelidium sp. and Eucheuma. cottonii on appearance and texture 9 was very preferred, the value of aroma and taste 7 were also preferred.

Conclusion The mixture of Nori made from seaweed Gelidium sp. and Eucheuma. cottonii 70%: 30% was most preferred by panelists.
Application of Seasonal Autoregressive Moving Average Models to Analysis and Forecasting of Time Series Monthly Rainfall Patterns in Embu County, Kenya
Authors: Filder Tartisio Njoki , Muraya Moses Mahugu , Mutwiri Robert Mathenge
Published: August 2019

Rainfall is of critical importance for many people, particularly those whose livelihoods depend on rain-fed agriculture. Predicting the trend of rainfall is a difficult task, and statistical approaches such as time series analysis provide a means for predicting the patterns of rainfall. The models also offer the potential to improve areas such as increased food production, profitability, and improved food security policing. However, these forecasts and information systems may, in some instances, not be suitable for direct use by stakeholders in their decision-making. The objective of this study was to investigate rainfall variability and develop a Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model for fitting the monthly rainfall using time series data. Secondary monthly data from 1998 to 2017 for Embu County was collected from the Kenya Meteorological Department, Embu and recorded into an excel sheet. R-software was utilized to analyse data for descriptive statistics, rainfall variability, and model fitting. The coefficient of variation for annual and seasonal rainfall was calculated. The Box Jenkin's ARIMA modelling procedure (model identification, model estimation, model validation) was used to determine the best models for the data. The main study findings indicated the existence of annual variability of 34%, March-April-May rainfall variability of 44%, and October-November-December variability of 44%. A first-order differenced SARIMA (1, 1, 1) (0, 1, 2)12 model with an AIC score of 9.99356 was found suitable for predicting rainfall pattern in Embu, County. The study outcome revealed that Embu County experiences high seasonal and rainfall variation of rainfall, thus requires a reliable model for better prediction.
In-vitro and In-vivo Relationship of Gabapentin from Floating and Immediate Release Tablets
Authors: El-Deen E. E. Zien , Yassin H. A.
Published: August 2019

Gabapentin is effective against post-traumatic spinal injury-induced neuropathic pain. It requires high dosage and frequency in the management of neuropathic pain. The present research work was an attempt to formulate and evaluate gabapentin gastro-retentive tablets to prolong gastric residence and increase drug absorption and further increase bioavailability. The floating tablets of gabapentin were prepared in two doses (300 and 600 mg) by using two polymers (hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and hydroxyl propyl cellulose). Immediate release tablets of gabapentin containing the same doses were prepared and used as reference formulations. The physicochemical characteristics of the prepared tablets were determined (drug content, weight variation, friability, hardness, thickness and diameter).  Drug release from the prepared tablets was followed and found that by increasing drug concentration in the tablets release rate increases. Floating tablets showed prolonged drug release (over 96%) to more than 15 hrs. Immediate release tablets showed over 97% drug release within 48 min. In-vivo results showed that plasma exposure to gabapentin in animals receiving the drug does not dose proportional and therefore may not reach therapeutically useful levels. AUC0-24 and Cmax in case of 300 mg tablets are more than those in case of 600 mg tablets. The in-vivo release of gabapentin does not correlate with the in-vitro release of the drug.
Geophysical Consequences of Tropospheric Particulate Heating: Further Evidence that Anthropogenic Global Warming is Principally Caused by Particulate Pollution
Authors: Herndon J. Marvin , Whiteside Mark
Published: August 2019

The climate science community and the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have misinformed world governments by failing to acknowledge tropospheric particulate geoengineering that has been ongoing with ever-increasing duration and intensity for decades, and by treating global warming solely as a radiation-balance issue, which has resulted in a seriously incomplete understanding of the fundamental factors that affect Earth’s surface temperature. Here we review the consequences of tropospheric particulate heating by absorption of short- and long-wave solar radiation and long-wave radiation from Earth’s surface. Generally, black carbon absorbs light over the entire solar spectrum; brown carbon absorbs near-UV wavelengths and, to a lesser extent, visible light; iron oxides are good absorbers, the most efficient being magnetite. Pyrogenic coal fly ash, both from coal burning and from tropospheric jet-spraying geoengineering (for military purposes and/or climate engineering), contains carbon and iron oxides, hematite and magnetite. The recently published climate-science paradigm shift discloses that the main cause of global warming is not carbon dioxide heat retention, but particulate pollution that absorbs radiation, heats the troposphere, and reduces the efficiency of atmospheric-convective heat removal from Earth’s surface. In addition to the World War II data, three other independent lines of supporting evidence are reviewed: (1) Passage overhead of the Mt. St. Helens volcanic plume; (2) Radiosonde and aethalometer investigations of Talukdar et al.; and, (3) convection suppression over the tropical North Atlantic caused by the Saharan-blown dust. The risks associated with the placement of aerosol particulates into the stratosphere, whether lofted naturally, inadvertently, or deliberately as proposed for solar radiation management, poses grave risks, including the destruction of atmospheric ozone. To solve global warming humanity must: (1) Abruptly halt tropospheric particulate geoengineering; (2) Trap particulate emissions from coal-fired industrial furnaces (especially in India and China) and from vehicle exhaust; and, (3) Reduce particulate-forming fuel additives.
Advantages of the Mathematical Structure of a Dirac Fermion
Authors: Comay E.
Published: August 2019

The mathematical structure of quantum field theories of first order and of second order partial differential equations is analyzed. Relativistic properties of the Lagrangian density and the dimension of its elements are examined. The analysis is restricted to elementary massive particles that are elements of the Standard Model of particle physics. In the case of the first order Dirac equation, the dimensionless 4-vector γµ and the partial 4-derivative ∂µ whose dimension is [L−1],are elements of the mathematical structure of the theory. On the other hand, the mathematical structure of second order quantum equations has no dimensionless 4-vector which is analogous to γµ of the linear equation. It is proved that this deficiency is the root of inherent theoretical inconsistencies of second order quantum equations. Problems of the Klein-Gordon particle, the electroweak theory of the W±, Z particles and the Higgs boson theory are discussed.
Nadezhda Krupskaia: por uma Educação Revolucionária
Authors: Lodi-Corrêa Samantha
Published: August 2019

RESUMO
O centenário da Revolução Russa unido aos trabalhos que trazem à tona ações de mulheres revolucionárias permitiu que o nome de Nadezhda Krupskaia (1869-1939) fosse bem divulgado pelo Brasil no último ano.  Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar algumas propostas da revolucionária foi considerada a primeira pedagoga comunista, em seu projeto de educação do “novo homem”.  Krupskaia debateu e agiu para uma formação onmilateral de crianças e jovens para a construção de uma sociedade sem classes, na qual os sujeitos fossem prioridade em detrimento do capital. Com autonomia de pensamento Krupskaia apresentou a escola livre enquanto espaço de educação revolucionária.
Palavras-chave: Nadezhda Krupskaia; Educação e revolução; História da educação.
 
 
RESUMEN
El centenario de la Revolución Rusa unido a las investigaciones que ponen de relieve las acciones de mujeres revolucionarias permitió que el nombre de Nadezhda Krupskaia (1869-1939) fuera bien divulgado por Brasil en el último año. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar algunas propuestas de la revolucionaria fue considerada la primera pedagogía comunista, en su proyecto de educación del "nuevo hombre". Krupskaia debatió y actuó para una formación onmilateral de niños y jóvenes para la construcción de una sociedad sin clases, en la que los sujetos fueran prioridad en detrimento del capital.
Con autonomía de pensamiento Krupskaia presentó la escuela libre como espacio de educación revolucionaria.
Palabras-clave: Nadezhda Krupskaia; Educación y revolución; Historia de la educación.
 
ABSTRACT
The centenary of the Russian Revolution together with the works that bring about the actions of revolutionary women allowed the name of Nadezhda Krupskaia (1869-1939) to be well disclosed in Brazil last year. This article aims to present some proposals of the revolutionary was considered the first communist pedagogue, in her project of education of the "new man." Krupskaia debated and acted for an onmilateral formation of children and young people for the construction of a society without classes, in which the subjects were priority to the detriment of the capital. With autonomy of thought Krupskaia presented the free school as a space of revolutionary education.
Keywords: Nadezhda Krupskaia; Education and revolution; History of education.
Mundialização do Capital e Políticas Públicas: implicações na Educação Superior
Authors: Fernandes Tania Da Costa , Favato Maria Nilse
Published: August 2019

Resumo: O artigo apresenta uma análise da influência da mundialização do capital nas políticas de Estado, especialmente nas políticas educacionais da educação superior, que tem intensificado o caráter restritivo da formação: orientada para o atendimento das demandas do capital em detrimento do conteúdo propedêutico e humanista. Constitui-se numa pesquisa bibliográfica, orientada pela abordagem do materialismo histórico-dialético. Seus resultados demonstram como a mundialização do capital tem compelido a uma alteração nos objetivos dos sistemas e processos educacionais, que, sob a égide do ideário neoliberal – e apesar de alguns esforços por desenvolver concepções educacionais emancipadoras, calcadas numa concepção de universidade que valoriza o tripé ensino, pesquisa e extensão –, tem sido prioritariamente formadora de força de trabalho e, portanto, pouco atenta para as outras dimensões que formam a plenitude das capacidades humanas.
Nitric‐Oxide‐Releasing Biomaterial Regulation of the Stem Cell Microenvironment in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Midgley Adam C. , Wei Yongzhen , Li Zongjin , Kong Deling , Zhao Qiang
Published: August 2019

Stem cell therapy has proven to be an attractive solution for the treatment of degenerative diseases or injury. However, poor cell engraftment and survival within injured tissues limits the successful use of stem cell therapy within the clinical setting. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes. Emerging evidence supports NO's diverse roles in modulating stem cell behavior, including survival, migration, differentiation, and paracrine secretion of proregenerative factors. Thus, there has been a shift in research focus to concentrate efforts on the delivery of therapeutic concentration ranges of NO to the target tissue sites. Combinatory therapies utilizing biomaterials that control NO generation and support stem cell delivery can be holistic and synergistic approaches to significantly improve tissue regeneration. Here, the focus is on recent developments of various therapeutic platforms, engineered to both transport NO and to enhance stem‐cell‐mediated regeneration of damaged tissues. New and emerging revelations of how the stem cell microenvironment can be regulated by NO‐releasing biomaterials are also highlighted.
Fundamentals of TiO2 Photocatalysis: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Challenges
Authors: Guo Qing , Zhou Chuanyao , Ma Zhibo , Yang Xueming
Published: August 2019

Photocatalysis has been widely applied in various areas, such as solar cells, water splitting, and pollutant degradation. Therefore, the photochemical mechanisms and basic principles of photocatalysis, especially TiO2 photocatalysis, have been extensively investigated by various surface science methods in the last decade, aiming to provide important information for TiO2 photocatalysis under real environmental conditions. Recent progress that provides fundamental insights into TiO2 photocatalysis at a molecular level is highlighted. Insights into the structures of TiO2 and the basic principles of TiO2 photocatalysis are discussed first, which provides the basic concepts of TiO2 photocatalysis. Following this, details of the photochemistry of three important molecules (oxygen, water, methanol) on the model TiO2 surfaces are presented, in an attempt to unravel the relationship between charge/energy transfer and bond breaking/forming in TiO2 photocatalysis. Lastly, challenges and opportunities of the mechanistic studies of TiO2 photocatalysis at the molecular level are discussed briefly, as well as possible photocatalysis models.
Self‐Amplified Drug Delivery with Light‐Inducible Nanocargoes to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Feng Bing , Hou Bo , Xu Zhiai , Saeed Madiha , Yu Haijun , Li Yaping
Published: August 2019

Chemoimmunotherapy by systemic administration of individual regimens suffers from inconsistent pharmacokinetics profiles, low tumor specificity, and severe side effects. Despite promising nanoparticle‐based codelivery approaches in therapeutics, the pathophysiological barriers of solid tumors are a hurdle for tumor accumulation and deep penetration of the drug‐loaded nanoparticles. A light‐inducible nanocargo (LINC) for immunotherapy is reported. LINC is composed of a reduction‐responsive heterodimer of photosensitizer pheophorbide A (PPa) and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO‐1) inhibitor, i.e., NLG919, and a light‐activatable prodrug of oxaliplatin (OXA). LINC administrated through intravenous injection is passively accumulated at the tumor site to generate near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence signal. Under fluorescence imaging guidance, the first‐wave of NIR laser irradiation induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, trigger cleavage of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) corona, and thus promote tumor retention and deep penetration of LINC. When exposed to the second‐wave NIR laser illumination, LINC efficiently elicits the immune response and promotes intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Furthermore, NLG919 delivered by LINC reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by suppressing IDO‐1 activity. Chemoimmunotherapy with LINC inhibit the tumor growth, lung metastasis, and tumor recurrence. The light‐inducible self‐amplification strategy for improved drug delivery and immunotherapy shows potential.
Spin‐Polarized Electronic Transport through Ferromagnet/Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Spinterfaces at Room Temperature
Authors: Wang Kai , Yang Qin , Duan Jiashun , Zhang Caixia , Zhao Fenggui , Yu Haomiao , Hu Bin
Published: August 2019

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have been explosively investigated mainly due to their potential applications in optoelectronics. Despite the electronic charge transport, phenomena regarding the spin‐polarized electronic transport in OIHPs‐based spintronic devices and the role of ferromagnet/OIHP spinterfaces remain unclear. In this work, the spin injection, accumulation, transport, and detection at room temperature for a vertical perovskite spin valve (PeSV) consisting of Ni/CH3NH3PbI3−xClx/Ni is reported. An in‐plane anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and a PeSV related magnetoresistance (MR) show remarkable magnetic switching behaviors due to the formation of Ni/CH3NH3PbI3−xClx spinterfaces, and the ferromagnetic coupling between two spin quantization axes of the spinterfaces. With assists of capacitance–frequency (C − − f) measurements under magnetic fields, the spin accumulation that occurs at the Ni/CH3NH3PbI3−xClx interface can be detected at the spin parallel (↑↑) and antiparallel (↑↓) configurations. Owing to a strong orbital interaction at the Ni/CH3NH3PbI3−xClx hybrid interface, the spin‐sensitive electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) reveals significant change of the magnetic moment (µ). It is believed that the solution processed CH3NH3PbI3−xClx and the formation of the Ni/CH3NH3PbI3−xClx spinterface may hold an exceptionally important role for future hybrid optospintronic applications.
High‐Resolution and Controllable Nanodeposition Pattern of Ag Nanoparticles by Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing Combined with Coffee Ring Effect
Authors: Zhou Peilin , Yu Haibo , Zou Wuhao , Wang Zhidong , Liu Lianqing
Published: August 2019

In order to improve the resolution of deposition patterns and produce the required deposition morphology of functional nanomaterials formed by electrohydrodynamic jet (E‐jet) printing, it is vital to control the evolution of the coffee ring during droplet evaporation. Herein, the mechanism of the coffee ring effect at the nanoscale is studied, which will enable to realize a high‐resolution deposition pattern of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed by E‐jet printing. Under different substrate treatment conditions, the morphologies of the AgNP solution deposits with various chemical compositions are examined by atomic force microscopy for precise statistics and analysis. Thus, the formation mechanism and 3D morphology parameters of the deposition pattern generated by the coffee ring effect are studied in detail at the nanoscale. Structures with different morphologies are controllably fabricated, and a ring with a line width of the order of sub‐50 nm is obtained. This fabrication process for the nanodeposition pattern is suitable for other types of nanomaterials as well; therefore, this work will have immense potential and significance for functional material patterning, nanodevice fabrication, and flexible electronic devices.
Sodium Ion Modifying In Situ Fabricated CsPbBr3 Nanoparticles for Efficient Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chen Hongting , Fan Lianwei , Zhang Rui , Liu Wei , Zhang Qing , Guo Runda , Zhuang Shaoqing , Wang Lei
Published: August 2019

All‐inorganic perovskite has attracted much attention because of the higher stability. Many organic additives such as alkyl chain ammonium and polymers are usually introduced into perovskite to improve their performance. However, the long chain ammonium cations in perovskite may restrain the carrier transfer ability and ultimately deteriorate the performance of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, the CsPbBr3 nanoparticles (NPs) are in situ fabricated by the synergistic effect of poly(ethylene oxide) and phenethylammonium bromide (PEABr). Particularly, sodium bromide (NaBr) with better conductivity is successfully introduced into CsPbBr3 NPs to substitute PEA partially, ultimately to passivate the defect and promote the carrier transfer ability. Besides, the addition of NaBr results in a better promotion for electron mobility than for hole mobility leading to a more balanced charge transport in devices. It enables NaBr based CsPbBr3 NPs green LEDs to exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 17.4%, which presents obvious enhancement compared to the LEDs without NaBr (EQEmax = 12%). Further, NaBr based CsPbBr3 NPs LEDs with a large area of 108 mm2 still show a high maximum EQE of 10.2%. Above all, this work provides a feasible way of adding metal additive in perovskite films to improve the performance of perovskite LEDs.
Four‐Wave Mixing Holographic Multiplexing Based on Nonlinear Metasurfaces
Authors: Lin Zemeng , Huang Lingling , Xu Zhen Tao , Li Xiaowei , Zentgraf Thomas , Wang Yongtian
Published: August 2019

Metasurfaces are utilized to realize computer‐generated holograms (CGHs), with excellent wavefront shaping ability and ultrasmall footprint. To increase the information capacity of metasurface holograms, smart multiplexing techniques together with suitable designs are highly demanded. However, so far only a few approaches to achieve nonlinear metasurfaces holographic multiplexing based on CGHs are proposed, due to limited freedoms of multiplexing and proper metasurfaces' design. The nonlinear interaction of light with the metasurface can generate new frequencies compared to the input laser beam, which is promising to realize spectral and spatial multifunctional wavefront manipulation. Here, a four‐wave mixing (FWM) holographic multiplexing technique is numerically proposed using a nonlinear metasurface composed of a nanoapertures array. It is demonstrated that the complex amplitude modulation by such a metasurface through the FWM process can be utilized for amplitude‐only CGHs, which can process significantly independent information at different nonlinear frequencies in the optical regime. Utilizing the spatial and spectral multiplexing of nonlinear metasurfaces holography, they can be found applications for multidimensional holographic displays and can provide enhanced security for optical data storage. These results show that nonlinear metasurfaces are promising for applications of arbitrary frequency conversion and optical encryption and anticounterfeiting designs.
Free Carrier, Exciton, and Phonon Dynamics in Lead‐Halide Perovskites Studied with Ultrafast Terahertz Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhao Daming , Chia Elbert E. M.
Published: August 2019

Terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy is a noncontact, coherent technique that can probe dynamics of carriers, phonons and excitons, and the interplay among these degrees of freedom, which determines the functionalities of the system. In the past few years, lead‐halide perovskites have shown to be a promising class of materials in the areas of solar cells, light emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, and field‐effect transistors. In these electronic and photonic devices, the knowledge of the dynamics of charge carriers and other low‐energy excitations is crucial to understand the underlying physics that ultimately determines the device performances. Here, some of the most representative works in the area of halide perovskite research using terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy and time‐resolved terahertz spectroscopy are reviewed, highlighting the power of ultrafast terahertz techniques on this class of material system.
Visible Light‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkynylation of Arenediazonium Salts with Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids: Direct Access to Aryl Alkynes by Organic Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Yang Liangfeng , Li Haifeng , Du Yijun , Cheng Kai , Qi Chenze
Published: August 2019

A convenient method mediated by photoredox catalysis is developed for the direct construction of aryl alkynes. Readily available aromatic diazonium salts have been utilized as the aryl radical source to couple alkynyl carboxylic acids to feature the decarboxylative arylation. A wide range of substrates are amenable to this protocol with broad functional group tolerance, and diversely‐functionalized aryl alkynes could be synthesized under mild, neutral and transition metal‐free reaction conditions using visible light irradiation. Alongside synthetic sustainability associated with the photocatalytic and transition metal‐free operation, another key point of this method is that the organic dye catalyst acts as an excited‐state reductant, thus establishing the quenching cycle for radical addition and decarboxylative elimination.

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Circulating DNA‐Based Sequencing Guided Anlotinib Therapy in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Lu Jun , Zhong Hua , Wu Jun , Chu Tianqing , Zhang Lele , Li Hua , Wang Qiming , Li Rong , Zhao Yizhuo , Gu Aiqin , Wang Huimin , Shi Chunlei , Xiong Liwen , Zhang Xueyan , Zhang Wei , Lou Yuqing , Yan Bo , Dong Yu , Zhang Yanwei , Li Baolan , Zhang Li , Zhao Xiaodong , Li Kai , Han Baohui
Published: August 2019

Anlotinib is a multitargeted antiangiogenic drug, and its clinical predictor for responsive non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is still elusive. Here, tumor‐specific target capture is used to profile the circulating DNA of ALTER0303 (evaluating NSCLC clinical antitumor efficacy through anlotinib therapy) study participants. The results indicate that patients receiving no benefit can be mainly excluded via analysis of ARID1A and BRCA2 genetic profiling. For patients with no durable benefit and durable clinical benefit patients, three predictors: germline and somatic mutation burden (G+S MB), nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation burden (N+S MB), and unfavorable mutation score of circulating DNA profiling are identified. Through integrating the advantages and disadvantages of three independent predictors, the tumor mutation index (TMI) is established as a prediction model and the patients who are very likely to benefit more from anlotinib therapy are identified. Furthermore, the IDH1exon 4 mutation is identified as an unfavorable factor for anlotinib therapy under TMI‐based stratification, and the TMI plus IDH1exon 4 mutation status potentially predicts response to anlotinib. Collectively, this study provides a circulating DNA sequencing–based stratification method for identifying anlotinib responders via a noninvasive approach, and thus potentially improves the clinical outcome of NSCLC patients receiving third‐line therapy.
World Health Organization‐defined eosinophilic disorders: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Shomali William , Gotlib Jason
Published: August 2019

Disease overview

The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of non‐hematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary or clonal) disorders with potential for end‐organ damage.

Diagnosis

Hypereosinophilia has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1.5 × 109/L, and may be associated with tissue damage. After exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on a combination of various tests. They include morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ‐hybridization, flow immunophenotyping, and T‐cell clonality assessment to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic hematolymphoid neoplasm.

Risk stratification

Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2016 World Health Organization endorses a semi‐molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes. This includes the major category “myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 or with PCM1‐JAK2”, and the MPN subtype, “chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified” (CEL, NOS). Lymphocyte‐variant hypereosinophilia is an aberrant T‐cell clone‐driven reactive eosinophila, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Risk‐adapted therapy

The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil‐mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (eg, <1.5 × 109/L) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close‐follow‐up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Corticosteroids are first‐line therapy for patients with lymphocyte‐variant hypereosinophilia and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon‐alfa have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and in steroid‐refractory cases of HES. In addition to hydroxyurea, second line cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been used for aggressive forms of HES and CEL, with outcomes reported for limited numbers of patients. The use of antibodies against interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) (mepolizumab), the IL‐5 receptor (benralizumab), as well as other targets on eosinophils remains an active area of investigation.
C−H Mono‐Nitration of Indolines using tert‐Butyl Nitrite
Authors: Sau Sudip , Bose Anima , Mal Prasenjit
Published: August 2019

Nitration reactions on non‐prefunctionalized aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds are generally done under harsh conditions. However, these reactions are non‐selective to mono‐substitution and often produce a mixture of products. Herein we report a mild mono‐nitration reaction on indolines, either at −C5 or −C7 positions, with 100% regioselectivity using tert‐butyl nitrite. The reactions are carried out in acetonitrile and without any additives except nitrating agent tert‐butyl nitrite.
Donor–Acceptor Nanocarbon Ensembles to Boost Metal‐Free All‐pH Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis by Combined Surface and Dual Electronic Modulation
Authors: Yang Meijia , Zhang You , Jian Junhua , Fang Long , Li Jing , Fang Zhengsong , Yuan Zhongke , Dai Liming , Chen Xudong , Yu Dingshan
Published: August 2019

A combined surface and dual electronic modulation strategy is used to realize metal‐free all‐pH catalysis towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by coupling a N‐doped carbon framework (MHCF, electron acceptors) derived from MOFs with higher‐Fermi‐level pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs, electron donors), followed by surface modification with carboxyl‐group‐rich polymers. Although the three constituents are inactive, as‐assembled ternary membranes yield superior HER performance with low overpotentials and high durability (≤5 % activity loss over 100 h) at all pH values. The C adjacent to pyrrolic N in MHCF is the most active site and the induced directional interfacial electron transfer from CNTs to MHCF coupled with N‐driven intramolecular electron transfer in MHCF optimizes Gibbs free energy for hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) near zero, while the polymer modulation enables local H+ enrichment in acidic media and enhanced water adsorption and activation in neutral and basic media.
Influence of amine‐terminated additives on thermal and mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured epoxy
Authors: Baig Zahra , Akram Nadia , Zia Khalid Mahmood , Saeed Muhammad , Khosa Muhammad Kaleem , Ali Liaquat , Saleem Sundas
Published: August 2019

The present work accounts for the influence of aromatic amide oligomers on the inherent brittleness of cured epoxy. Aromatic and aliphatic amine‐terminated amide oligomers have been prepared by condensation polymerization using isophthaloyl dichloride and two different amines. The oligomers have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction analysis. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is cured with a diamine (4,4′‐oxydianiline) by using different weight ratio of oligomers. The FTIR of cured epoxy shows ring opening by the disappearance of oxirane ring peak at 913 cm−1, whereas X‐ray diffraction shows its amorphous phase in the cured state. The thermogravimetric analysis of the resultant composites shows that the thermal stability slightly decreases (467–454 °C) with increasing the oligomer content from 5 to 25 wt %, whereas the mechanical parameters (Young's modulus, tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break) increase with increase in the oligomer content. DMA shows lower tanδ values for aliphatic amine‐terminated oligomers for cured epoxy. Two‐phase surface morphology is observed through scanning electron microscopy. Owing to their high mechanical and thermal properties, aromatic amides have observed to greatly influence the mechanical properties of cured epoxy, particularly its brittleness. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48404.
A review of the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of auraptene
Authors: Bibak Bahram , Shakeri Farzaneh , Barreto George E. , Keshavarzi Zakieh , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: August 2019

There is a growing awareness in herbal medications as they are usually safe and devoid of significant adverse effects. Auraptene is a natural bioactive monoterpene coumarin ether and is consumed all over the world. There is growing evidence of the therapeutic benefits of auraptene. Auraptene, also known as auraptene and 7‐geranyloxycoumarin, is a bioactive monoterpene coumarin from Rutaceae family, which is isolated from Citrus aurantium (Seville orange) and Aegle marmelos (bael fruit). Auraptene is a highly pleiotropic molecule, which can modulate intracellular signaling pathways that control inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis. It has a potential therapeutic role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases due to its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities as well as its excellent safety profile. In the present article, various pharmacological and therapeutic effects of auraptene were reviewed. Different online databases using keywords such as auraptene, therapeutic effects and pharmacological effects were searched until the end of September 2018, for this purpose. Auraptene has been suggested to be effective in the treatment of a broad range of disorders including inflammatory disorders, dysentery, wounds, scars, keloids, and pain. In addition, different studies have demonstrated that auraptene possesses numerous pharmacological properties including anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, anti‐diabetic, anti‐hypertensive and anti‐cancer as well as neuroprotective effects. The present review provides a detailed survey of scientific researches regarding pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects of auraptene.