bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis oftrans‐18:1 isomer content and profile in edible refined beef tallow
Authors: Bayard Corinne C. , Wolff Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Thetrans 18:1 acid content and profile for several samples of edible refined beef tallow were determined monthly over a period of one year. For this purpose, gas‐liquid chromatography was combined with silver‐ion thin‐layer chromatography. The mean content oftrans‐18:1 isomers was 4.9±0.9% (n=10) of total fatty acids with a minimum of 3.4% and a maximum of 6.2%. The distribution profile of individual isomers was also established. As in other ruminant fats (milk fat, meat fat), the main isomer is vaccenic (trans‐11 18:1) acid. Other isomers, with their ethylenic bonds between positions 6 and 16, were found in lesser amounts. However, some slight but definite differences exist between beef tallow and cow milk fat. The relative proportion of vaccenic acid is higher in the former than in the latter. However, the distribution pattern oftrans‐18:1 isomers in beef tallow closely resembles that in beef meat fat (lean part).
Chlorophyll removal during earth bleaching of soybean oil
Authors: Pritchett W. C. , Taylor W. G. , Carroll D. M.
Published: March 2007

A spectrophotometric procedure for determining and calculating the chlorophyll content of unhardened as well as hardened soybean oil has been given. This procedure has proven satisfactory from a practical standpoint for controlling the greenness imparted to finished shortenings by chlorophyll. The influence of the refining, hydrogenation and deodorization operations on the chlorophyll content has also been reviewed.

Isotherms have also been presented which illustrate the complexity encountered in bleaching soybean oil with respect to chlorophyll.
Flavor stability of soybean oil. 1. The role of the non‐saponifiable fraction
Authors: Mattil Karl F.
Published: March 2007

It has been found that the addition of the nonsaponifiable extract of hydrogenated soybean oil to either refined cottonseed oil or refined peanut oil caused these oils to develop odors and flavors characteristic of reverted soybean oil. The non‐saponifiable material from linseed oil did not produce a similar effect. When the non‐saponifiable extract of hydrogenated soybean oil was added to mineral oil, a sweet, syrupy odor and flavor developed. By selective absorbents it was possible to produce a much greater improvement in hydrogenated than in unhydrogenated soybean oil. These observations are discussed in terms of their relationship to the various theories on the mechanism of reversion.
Proteins of the castor bean—Their preparation, properties, and utilization
Authors: Breese Jones D.
Published: March 2007

This article is a review of technical papers and information that are now available on the proteins of the castor bean. Included among the various aspects of the subject are the following: The chemical composition of castor bean seeds and castor cake; the preparation and properties of their proteins, including the toxic albumin riein, its properties, physiological reactions and amino acid content; the allergenic properties of castor bean protein; the utilization of castor bean cake or pomace for feeding, fertilizer and industrial purposes. An extensive bibliography is appended.
The solubility of heavy metal soaps in co‐solvent mixtures of chloroform and propylene glycol
Authors: Palit Santi R. , McBain James W.
Published: March 2007

The solubilities of the myristates, laurates, palmitates, and stearates of magnesium, lead, calcium, barium, and zinc have been measured at 25° C. in chloroform and in propylene glycol and in their mixtures. Even where they are sparingly soluble in the solvents separately, they dissolve freely in mixtures of the two.

For each metal the solubility is greatest for laurate and least for stearate and it is very low for zinc soaps, particularly zinc stearate.

Heavy metal soaps may be directly titrated with acid in mixtures of propylene glycol and chloroform using thymol blue as indicator (yellow to pink).
The non‐uniformity of B‐linoleic acid
Authors: Kummerow Fred A. , Green Eileen L.
Published: March 2007

Methyl esters of α‐ and β‐linoleic acid were chromatographed on activated alumina and separated into fractions eluted with Skellysolve F and acetone, respectively. Methyl α‐linoleate was found to be chromatographically homogeneous in character while methyl β‐linoleate was not. The latter contained a small amount of yellow viscous material which appeared to be monobromooleic acid; this bromine could not be removed by treatment with zinc in absolute alcohol. A similar substance could be isolated from methyl α‐linoleate through which bromine‐free, hydrogen bromide had been bubbled for two hours at 0° C. The presence of this bromine containing substance was shown to be partly responsible for the differences in the characteristics of α‐ and β‐linoleic acid.
A study of lipids in commercial feeds
Authors: Reiser Raymond
Published: March 2007

Summary and Conclusions

The total extract, phospholipid, unsaponifiable matter, and total fatty acids were determined on 6 samples each of soybean oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, meat and bone scraps, alfalfa leaf meal, wheat gray shorts with screenings, and whole oats and on 5 samples of barley, using both the 16‐hour anhydrous ether method and a 3+1 alcohol‐ether method of extraction. With the exception of whole oats and barley the total ether soluble extract was considerably greater by alcohol‐ether extraction than by ether extraction, especially so in the case of soybean meal and cottonseed meal. The non‐phospholipid fatty acids, however, showed no significant difference between the two methods of extraction, the differences in total fatty acids being accounted for by the different amounts of phospholipid fatty acids.

The total extract is a poor criterion of the lipid feed value of some feeds, especially alfalfa leaf meal and soybean meal. However, the ethyl ether method more nearly approximates the total fatty acid content than does the alcohol ether method of extraction.

Much of the total extract cannot be accounted for in the sum of the phopholipid, unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid contents as determined.

A method is presented for the determination of phospholipid in plant tissue.

The significance of the lipid analysis of the feeds investigated and the relative values of the anhydrous ether and a 3+1 alcohol ether methods of analyses are discussed.
Generalised multi-pattern-based verification of programs with linear linked structures
Authors: Češka Milan , Erlebach Pavel , Vojnar Tomáš
Published: March 2007

The paper deals with the problem of automatic verification of programs working with extended linear linked dynamic data structures, in particular, pattern-based verification is considered. In this approach, one can abstract memory configurations by abstracting away the exact number of adjacent occurrences of certain memory patterns. With respect to the previous work on the subject the method presented in the paper has been extended to be able to handle multiple patterns, which allows for verification of programs working with more types of structures and/or with structures with irregular shapes. The experimental results obtained from a prototype implementation of the method show that the method is very competitive and offers a big potential for future extensions.
Structural and Mechanical Properties of Fats Quantified by Ultrasonics
Authors: Maleky Fatemeh , Campos Rodrigo , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: March 2007

Since the velocity of an ultrasonic wave through a material depends on its density, bulk modulus (K), and shear modulus (G), a new approach to determine the shear elastic modulus and the mass fractal dimension (D) in a fat crystal network was developed. An ultrasonic chirp wave containing a range of frequencies and amplitudes, was used to estimate the structural and mechanical properties of palm oil based fats, crystallized under shear at three different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C). Considering the fat crystal network as a two‐phase system (i.e. liquid and solid fat) the velocity of sound in both phases was obtained separately, assuming that the speed of sound in the oil phase was inversely dependent on the temperature. A constant shear modulus for the solid fraction was obtained experimentally by rheology, which was independent of the sample's nature. These parameters were used for the determination of sample compressibility and its corresponding shear modulus by ultrasonic velocimetry. In addition fractal dimensions (D) were determined by using the relationship of the shear elastic modulus (G) to the mass fraction of the solid fat (φ) in a weak‐link regime. The obtained results are comparable and consistent with previously reported fractal dimension values. This method allows online determination of the shear modulus of fats and could be potentially applied for quality control purposes in manufacturing.
Differences in inflammatory pain in nNOS‐, iNOS‐ and eNOS‐deficient mice
Authors: Boettger Michael Karl , Üceyler Nurcan , Zelenka Marek , Schmitt Angelika , Reif Andreas , Chen Yong , Sommer Claudia
Published: March 2007

To assess the relative importance of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in inflammatory pain, we directly compared pain behaviour and paw thickness after intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in wild‐type (WT) mice and in mice lacking either inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) or neuronal NOS (nNOS). In mice deficient for nNOS, thermal hyperalgesia was reduced by approximately 50% compared to wild type mice at 4 and 8h after CFA injection, and mechanical hypersensitivity was absent. The only change in pain behaviour in iNOS and eNOS deficient mice compared to WT mice was a more rapid recovery from thermal hyperalgesia. A compensatory up‐regulation of nNOS in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords of iNOS and eNOS knockout mice was excluded using RT‐PCR. However, an increase of iNOS gene expression was found in spinal cords of eNOS and nNOS deficient mice. To study the downstream effects of nNOS deficiency on DRG neurones, we assessed their immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and cytokines. We found a significant reduction in the CFA induced increase in CGRP immunoreactive neurones as well as in CGRP gene expression in nNOS deficient mice, whereas the percentage of cells immunopositive for tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was unchanged. These results support the proposed role of nNOS in sensitization of DRG neurones, and might indicate that CGRP is involved in this process.
Phytochelatins are synthesized by two vacuolar serine carboxypeptidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wünschmann Jana , Beck Andreas , Meyer Laurent , Letzel Thomas , Grill Erwin , Lendzian Klaus J.
Published: March 2007

Phytochelatins (PCs) are cysteine‐rich peptides that chelate heavy metal ions, thereby mediating heavy metal tolerance in plants, fission yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans. They are synthesized from glutathione by PC synthase, a specific dipeptidyltransferase. While Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesizes PCs upon exposure to heavy metal ions, the S. cerevisiae genome does not encode a PC synthase homologue. How PCs are synthesized in yeast is unclear. This study shows that the vacuolar serine carboxypeptidases CPY and CPC are responsible for PC synthesis in yeast. The finding of a PCS‐like activity of these enzymes in vivo discloses another route for PC biosynthesis in eukaryotes.
l-Arginine plus atorvastatin for prevention of atheroma formation in genetically hypercholesterolaemic rabbits
Authors: Rasmusen Carole , Moinard Christophe , Martin Chantal , Tricottet Viviane , Cynober Luc , Couderc Rémy
Published: March 2007

We investigated the combined effect of dietary supplementation withl-arginine, which is the precursor of NO, and pharmacological treatment with atorvastatin, which is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor, on the development of atherosclerosis in homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbits. Rabbits were fed either standard rabbit chow (group C;n9) as control, a 1·5 %l-arginine diet (group A;n9), standard rabbit chow plus atorvastatin (2·5 mg/kg per d) in drinking water (group S;n8), or standard rabbit chow plus a 1·5 %l-arginine diet with atorvastatin (group SA;n8). Blood was sampled at 2-week intervals. After 8 weeks (T8), the aorta was harvested for topographic and histological analysis. Only the SA group showed decreases in total area of lesions (21 %) and the area of abdominal lesions (44 %) compared with the control group (P = 0·019). Furthermore, plaques in the SA group were smaller and less thick than those observed in the S group. Unexpectedly, plasma nitrite + nitrate levels were not modified under either thel-arginine diet alone or underl-arginine plus atorvastatin. The present study is the first to demonstrate that diet supplementation withl-arginine associated with a statin (atorvastatin) is more efficient in reducing lesion size than treatment withl-arginine or a statin alone. This is a relatively novel therapeutic approach associating a macronutrient and a drug.
Dietary predictors of plasma total homocysteine in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study
Authors: Konstantinova Svetlana V. , Vollset Stein Emil , Berstad Paula , Ueland Per Magne , Drevon Christian A. , Refsum Helga , Tell Grethe S.
Published: March 2007

Established dietary predictors of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) include folate, riboflavin, and vitamins B6and B12, while information is scarce regarding other dietary components. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between a variety of food groups, food items and nutrients, and plasma tHcy in a large population-based study. The study population included 5812 men and women aged 47–49 and 71–74 years who completed a 169-item FFQ. tHcy was examined across quartiles of dietary components by multiple linear regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, various risk factors for elevated tHcy, as well as for dietary and plasma B-vitamins. Among 4578 non-users of vitamin supplements, intake of vegetables, fruits, cereals, eggs, fish and milk, as well as chicken and non-processed meats were inversely associated with tHcy level. The estimated mean difference in tHcy per increasing quartile of intake ranged from − 0·11 (95 % CI − 0·21, − 0·01) μmol/l for milk to − 0·32 (95 % CI − 0·42, − 0·22) μmol/l for vegetables. Positive associations were found for sweets and cakes. Whole-grain bread was significantly inversely related to tHcy only after additional adjustment for dietary and plasma B-vitamins. The nutrients folate, vitamin B6, B12, and riboflavin were inversely related to tHcy. Complex carbohydrates were inversely, and fat positively associated with tHcy, also after adjustment for dietary and plasma B-vitamins. In conclusion, food items rich in B-vitamins and with a low content of fat and sugar were related to lower tHcy levels. Eggs, chicken, non-processed meat, fish and milk were inversely associated with tHcy.
Whole grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study
Authors: Lutsey Pamela L. , Jacobs David R. , Kori Sujata , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth , Shea Steven , Steffen Lyn M. , Szklo Moyses , Tracy Russell
Published: March 2007

We examined the relationship between whole grain intake and obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD using baseline data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Whole grain intake was measured by a 127-item FFQ in 5496 men and women free of CHD and previously known diabetes. Mean whole grain intake was 0·5 (sd0·5) servings per d; biochemical measures reflect fasting levels. After adjustment for demographic and health behaviour variables, mean differences for the highest quintile of whole grain intake minus the lowest quintile of intake were 0·6 kg/m2for BMI, 0·36 mg/l for C-reactive protein, 0·82 μmol/l for homocysteine, 0·15 mU/l*mmol/l for homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), 0·48 mU/l for serum insulin, 2·0 mg/dl for glucose and 5·7 % for prevalence of newly diagnosed impaired fasting glucose (glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl or diabetes medication). These differences represent 11–13 % of a standard deviation of BMI, HOMA, glucose and impaired fasting glucose, but 23 %, 52 % and 80 % of a standard deviation of homocysteine, C-reactive protein and insulin, respectively. An inverse association between whole grains and urine albumin excretion was suggested but retained statistical significance after adjustment only in Chinese and Hispanic participants. No associations were observed between whole grain intake and two subclinical disease measures: carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcification. Concordant with previous research, whole grain intake was inversely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation and elevated fasting glucose or newly diagnosed diabetes. Counter to hypothesis, however, whole grain intake was unrelated to subclinical CVD.
Metabolic adjustments to moderate maternal nutrient restriction
Authors: Schlabritz-Loutsevitch Natalia E. , Dudley Christopher J. , Gomez Jeremiah J. , Heath Nevill C. , Smith Bonnie K. , Jenkins Susan L. , McDonald Thomas J. , Bartlett Thad Q. , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Nijland Mark J.
Published: March 2007

Reduced food availability in pregnancy influences fetal growth, obstetric outcomes and offspring health in both developing and developed countries. The objective of the present study was to determine responses to moderate global maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) during pregnancy in baboons (Papio hamadryas) – an established non-human primate model for pregnancy-related research. Starting at 30 d gestation (dG), twelve pregnant baboons received 70 % of food (MNR group) consumed by twentyad libitum-fed pregnant controls. Maternal body weight, BMI, food intake and physical activity were measured before pregnancy, at 90 dG and at 165 dG (full-term 180 dG). Fetal and placental weights were recorded at the time of Caesarean section (90 and 165 dG). Activity patterns were also evaluated in fourteen non-pregnant female baboons. Behavioural observations were made in five non-pregnant, six control and four MNR animals. Pregnant baboons decreased overall physical activity and energy-expensive behaviours compared with non-pregnant baboons. In the MNR group, maternal weight, weight gain and maternal physical activity were reduced compared with the control animals. MNR decreased placental weight and volume compared with control, while fetal weight and length were unaffected. We conclude that decreased physical activity and increased usage of maternal available body stores play an important role in the maternal response to pregnancy. Also, adaptations in maternal behaviour and energy utilisation protect fetal growth during moderate MNR.
Fetal exposure to a maternal low-protein diet during mid-gestation results in muscle-specific effects on fibre type composition in young rats
Authors: Mallinson Joanne E. , Sculley Dean V. , Craigon Jim , Plant Richard , Langley-Evans Simon C. , Brameld John M.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the impact of reduced dietary protein during specific periods of fetal life upon muscle fibre development in young rats. Pregnant rats were fed a control or low-protein (LP) diet at early (days 0–7 gestation, LPEarly), mid (days 8–14, LPMid), late (days 15–22, LPLate) or throughout gestation (days 0–22, LPAll). The muscle fibre number and composition insoleusandgastrocnemiusmuscles of the offspring were studied at 4 weeks of age. In thesoleusmuscle, both the total number and density of fast fibres were reduced in LPMid females (P = 0·004 for both, Diet × Sex × Fibre type interactions), while both the total number and density of glycolytic (non-oxidative) fibres were reduced in LPEarly, LPMid and LPLate (but not LPAll) offspring compared with controls (P < 0·001 for both, Diet × Fibre type interaction). In thegastrocnemiusmuscle, only the density of oxidative fibres was reduced in LPMid compared with control offspring (P = 0·019, Diet × Fibre type interaction), with the density of slow fibres being increased in LPAll males compared with control (P = 0·024, Diet × Sex × Fibre type interaction). There were little or no effects of maternal diet on fibre type diameters in the two muscles. In conclusion, a maternal low-protein diet mainly during mid-pregnancy reduced muscle fibre number and density in 4-week-old rats, but there were muscle-specific differences in the fibre types affected.
Cholesterolaemic influence of palmitic acid in thesn-1, 3v.thesn-2 position with high or low dietary linoleic acid in healthy young men
Authors: Forsythe C. E. , French M. A. , Goh Y. K. , Clandinin M. T.
Published: March 2007

Healthy young men were fed four diets for 2 weeks each providing natural fats containing palmitic acid (16 : 0) predominantly in thesn-1, 3 position of dietary TAG or containing 16 : 0 predominantly in thesn-2 position with low or high levels of linoleic acid (18 : 2n-6). Two treatments supplied 16 : 0 in thesn-1, 3 positions from palmstearin with low (3 % energy) or high (>7 % energy) 18 : 2n-6 and two treatments supplied 16 : 0 in thesn-2 position from lard with high or low levels of 18 : 2n-6. Diets contained 30–35 % energy as fat, 7–11 % energy as 16 : 0 and moderate levels of cholesterol. Fasting serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations were measured. Cholesterol fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was determined by2H incorporation. Diets providing 16 : 0 in thesn-2 position resulted in lower fasting serum total cholesterol (TC) and a lower TC:HDL ratio than diets providing 16 : 0 in thesn-1, 3 positions. Diets with high levels of 18 : 2n-6 significantly decreased the TC:HDL ratio, reaffirming the well-known cholesterol-reducing effect of 18 : 2n-6. A lower non-esterified cholesterol FSR was observed with low dietary levels of 18 : 2n-6. No differences between dietary treatments were found for serum HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol or TAG. It is concluded that dietary fats containing 16 : 0 in thesn-2 position may result in slightly lower fasting TC than diets providing 16 : 0 in thesn-1, 3 positions, while the level ofn-6 polyunsaturated fat influences endogenous cholesterol synthesis.
Plasma carnitine ester profiles in Crohn's disease patients characterized for SLC22A4 C1672T and SLC22A5 G-207C genotypes
Authors: Bene Judit , Komlósi Katalin , Magyari Lili , Talián Gábor , Horváth Krisztina , Gasztonyi Beáta , Miheller Pál , Figler Mária , Mózsik Gyula , Tulassay Zsolt , Melegh Béla
Published: March 2007

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder caused by environmental and genetic factors. The purpose of this study was to analyse the possible influence of functional variants of genes of OCTN cation transporters on the carnitine ester profile of patients with CD. Genotyping for SLC22A4 1672C → T, SLC22A5-207G → C mutations and three common NOD2 variants (R702W, G908R and 1007finsC) were performed in 100 adult CD patients and in ninety-four healthy controls by direct sequencing. The carnitine ester profile was determined using ESI triple quadrupole tandem MS. Contrary to the NOD2/CARD15 mutations, none of the SLC variants showed increased prevalence in the CD group, the prevalence of TC haplotype did not differ between the patients and the controls. In the mixed group of CD patients the fasting propionyl- (0·243 (sem0·008)v.0·283 (sem0·014) μmol/l), butyryl- (0·274 (sem0·009)v.0·301 (sem0·013)) and isovalerylcarnitine (0·147 (sem0·006)v.0·185 (sem0·009)) levels were decreased; while the level of octenoyl- (0·086 (sem0·006)v.0·069 (sem0·005)), myristoleyl- (0·048 (sem0·003)v.0·037 (sem0·003)), palmitoyl- (0·140 (sem0·005)v.0·122 (sem0·004)) and oleylcarnitine (0·172 (sem0·006)v.0·156 (sem0·008);P < 0·05 in all comparisons) were increased. After sorting the patients into SLC22A genotype-specific subgroups, no significant differences could be observed between them. The carnitine ester profile data suggest selective involvement of the carnitine esters in CD patients, probably due to their altered metabolism.
Self-consistent model of electron drift mode turbulence
Authors: ANDRUSHCHENKO ZHANNA N. , JUCKER MARTIN , PAVLENKO VLADIMIR P.
Published: March 2007

The nonlinear dynamics of magnetic electron drift mode turbulence are outlined and the generation of large-scale magnetic structures in a non-uniform magnetized plasma by turbulent Reynolds stress is demonstrated. The loop-back of large-scale flows on the microturbulence is elucidated and the modulation of the electron drift mode turbulence spectrum in a medium with slowly varying parameters is presented. The wave kinetic equation in the presence of large-scale flows is derived and it can be seen that the small-scale turbulence and the large-scale structures form a self-regulating system. Finally, it is shown by the use of quasilinear theory that the shearing of microturbulence by the flows can be described by a diffusion equation in k-space and the corresponding diffusion coefficients are calculated.
The Feasibility of a Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Low Self-Esteem within a Dual Diagnosis Inpatient Population
Authors: Oestrich Irene H. , Austin Stephen F. , Lykke Jørn , Tarrier Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Low self-esteem is a common characteristic amongst populations with schizophrenia and co-morbid substance abuse (dual diagnosis) and has been linked to increased psychopathology, substance abuse and lower social functioning. The following study built upon the promising results of Hall and Tarrier (2003) and examined the feasibility and clinical utility of a cognitive behavioural intervention for low self-esteem within a population of dual diagnosis inpatients. A small sample of dual diagnosis inpatients (N = 23) were screened during a one-month wait list period to ensure stability in presentation of low self-esteem, psychopathology and substance abuse before commencing a brief eight-session intervention for low self-esteem. Results collected post intervention showed participants displayed significant increases in levels of self-esteem and corresponding significant decreases in depressive symptoms and psychopathology associated with schizophrenia. These improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Outcomes were examined in terms of identifying and implementing beneficial treatments for dual diagnosis populations within everyday psychiatric settings, a population often considered one of the most challenging to treat.
Does Interpreter-Mediated CBT with Traumatized Refugee People Work? A Comparison of Patient Outcomes in East London
Authors: d' Ardenne Patricia , Ruaro Laura , Cestari Leticia , Fakhoury Walid , Priebe Stefan
Published: March 2007

There is controversy about the value of psychological interventions offered to refugee people through an interpreter, but little empirical evidence in this field. This study compared routine clinical outcomes of three groups of PTSD patients receiving CBT: refugees who required interpreters; refugees who did not require an interpreter; and English-speaking non-refugees. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether interpreted CBT is feasible. All three groups attended a similar number of sessions and showed significant improvements after treatment. Refugees receiving treatment with and without interpreting did not differ in treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that interpreters can be used with positive outcome in treating PTSD patients with CBT. This study supports NICE (2005) recommendations that CBT should be offered regardless of language need.
Socio-economic status and health awareness are associated with choice of cooking oil in Costa Rica
Authors: Colón-Ramos Uriyoán , Kabagambe Edmond K , Baylin Ana , Ascherio Alberto , Campos Hannia , Peterson Karen E
Published: March 2007

Objective

To examine the socio-economic and lifestyle determinants of cooking oil choice in Costa Rica during the last decade (1994–2004).

Design

Cross-sectional study. Subjects (total n = 2274) belonged to the control population of a large case–control study; they were recruited yearly. Data about type of oil used for cooking, dietary intake, socio-economic and demographic characteristics were collected.

Setting

A dietitian visited all subjects and conducted the interviews at their homes; all subjects lived in the Costa Rican central valley region.

Subjects

Adult, free-living, rural and urban Costa Ricans with no history of myocardial infarction and physical or mental disability.

Results

The odds of choosing soybean over palm oil increased significantly each year (P < 0.05) and was determined by high socio-economic status (SES) and variables that suggest health awareness (self-reported history of hypertension, high cholesterol, multivitamin use and intake of green leafy vegetables). The odds of choosing other unsaturated oils, namely corn and sunflower, over soybean oil also increased yearly (P < 0.05) and was associated with the same two factors (high SES and health awareness). Palm oil users remained in the lowest SES tertile and were more likely to live in rural areas. Across all SES tertiles, high health awareness determined the odds of choosing other unsaturated oils over palm oil, and soybean oil (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

These data show that, in addition to SES, health awareness is associated with the selection of unsaturated oils over palm oil in a developing country undergoing transition. These data should be considered when targeting nutrition messages and policies that promote better dietary choices.
On the electric field control of the MF radar scatterers in the lower E region over the magnetic equator
Authors: Gurubaran S. , Dhanya R. , Sathishkumar S. , Paramasivan B.
Published: March 2007

Medium frequency (MF) spaced antenna radar observations from Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E, geographic; 1.4°N magnetic dip) are used to examine the characteristics of lower E‐region echoes and their possible association with the electrodynamical processes that drive the equatorial electrojet (EEJ). For the period (January 2006) under study, intense echoes were observed at 90 km and above at times of strong EEJ, indicating a possible electric field control of the radar scatterers. Under strong EEJ conditions, smaller pattern lifetimes, larger pattern scale sizes and axial ratios and strong pattern alignment along the geomagnetic field are routinely observed during this period. During the afternoon counter electrojet conditions, the electric field control of radar scatterers appears to weaken and the echo intensities are diminished. The work presented here calls for a detailed investigation that should address fundamental issues like the nature of the scatterers responsible for the MF radar echoes and their underlying generation mechanisms.
Whistler‐mode wave interactions with ionospheric plasmas over Arecibo
Authors: Labno A. , Pradipta R. , Lee M. C. , Sulzer M. P. , Burton L. M. , Cohen J. A. , Kuo S. P. , Rokusek D. L.
Published: March 2007

The Naval transmitter, code‐named NAU, in Puerto Rico emits radio waves at a power and frequency of 100 kW and 40.75 kHz, respectively. The NAU‐generated 40.75 kHz whistler‐mode waves are intense enough to excite lower hybrid waves and zero‐frequency field‐aligned ionospheric irregularities over Arecibo. It is proposed that NAU is responsible for causing the enhanced plasma lines, detected by the Arecibo 430 MHz radar in the nighttime ionosphere F region, in the presence of spread F events. The lower hybrid waves, generated in a broad range of altitudes at the wake of 40.75 kHz whistler‐mode waves, have a single frequency of 40.75 kHz but with a spectrum of wavelengths. They can effectively accelerate electrons continuously along the Earth's magnetic field with energies from a fraction of 1 eV to 10 eV. These energetic streaming electrons, when detected by the Arecibo 430 MHz radar, give rise to enhanced plasma lines with a frequency spectrum of ∼3.25–4.75 MHz.
Thin film electro-osmotic pumps for biomicrofluidic applications
Authors: Edwards John M. , Hamblin Mark N. , Fuentes Hernan V. , Peeni Bridget A. , Lee Milton L. , Woolley Adam T. , Hawkins Aaron R.
Published: March 2007

Electro-osmotic flow (EOF) pumps are attractive for fluid manipulation in microfluidic channels. Open channel EOF pumps can produce high pressures and flow rates, and are relatively easy to fabricate on-chip or integrate with other microfluidic or electrical components. An EOF pump design that is conducive to on-chip fabrication consists of multiple small channel arms feeding into a larger flow channel. We have fabricated this type of pump design using a thin film deposition process that avoids wafer bonding. We have evaluated pumps fabricated on both silicon and glass substrates. Consistent flow rate versus electric field were obtained. For the range of 40–400V, flow rates of 0.19–2.30μL∕min were measured. Theoretical calculations of pump efficiency were made, as well as calculations of the mechanical power generated by various pump shapes, to investigate design parameters that should improve future pumps.
Shortening multiwalled carbon nanotube on atomic force microscope tip: Experiments and two possible mechanisms
Authors: Kim Dal-Hyun , Choi Jinho , Kahng Yung Ho , Ahn Sang Jung , Park Byong Chon , Lyou Joon , Jung Ki Young
Published: March 2007

We demonstrate a technique to cut a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) attached on an atomic force microscope tip by flowing direct current through the nanotube as a method to precisely control nanotube tip length. The cutting process consists of two steps: (1) making a mechanical contact between a sharp metal wire and a target cutting position on a MWNT attached to a silicon mother tip, and (2) applying voltage between the MWNT and the metal wire until the current flow cuts the tube. To cut the MWNT without discharging, a firm mechanical and electrical contact was made between the tube and the wire. Nanotubes were reproducibly cut at the contact point, and we achieved a 30nm cutting resolution and a 100nm shortest tube protrusion. We simultaneously monitored the current flow through the nanotube during the cutting process and evaluated the current size of each MWNT tip at the moment of cutting. We found that the cutting process happened in two current ranges: higher than 100μA and smaller than 1μA. The mechanism of cutting at high current cutting process is attributed to unimolecular decomposition reaction, and we propose that at small current the cutting process may be done by chemical etching, which is activated by the current.
Self-aligned inkjet printing of highly conducting gold electrodes with submicron resolution
Authors: Zhao Ni , Chiesa Marco , Sirringhaus Henning , Li Yuning , Wu Yiliang , Ong Beng
Published: March 2007

Self-aligned printing is a recently developed bottom-up printing technique which utilizes the unique droplet motion on heterogeneous surfaces to define sub-100-nm critical features and surpasses the resolution which can commonly be achieved by direct printing by two orders of magnitude. Here we extend this method, which was originally implemented with conductive polymer inks, to fabrication of functional conductive nanostructures with gold nanoparticle ink. We also designed a configuration where the ink was printed between two lithographically defined patterns to facilitate the study of the channel formation. Channel lengths from 4μm down to 60nm were achieved by controlling the surface tension and drying time of the ink. A fluid dynamical model is presented to explain the mechanism by which the channel forms in the self-aligned printing technique. Field-effect transistors fabricated using gold self-aligned printed source-drain electrodes exhibit significantly improved output currents than those using conducting polymers. Unambiguous evidence for the submicrometer channel dimension is obtained by imaging the potential drop along the channel using scanning Kelvin probe microscopy.
Relaxorlike dielectric behavior in Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films
Authors: Zednik Ricardo J. , McIntyre Paul C. , Baniecki John D. , Ishii Masatoshi , Shioga Takeshi , Kurihara Kazuaki
Published: March 2007

We present the results of a systematic dielectric study for sputter deposited barium strontium titanate thin film planar capacitors measured over a wide temperature range of 20–575K for frequencies between 1kHz and 1MHz. Our observations of dielectric loss peaks in the temperature and frequency domains cannot be understood in the typical framework of intrinsic phonon losses. We find that the accepted phenomenological Curie–von Schweidler dielectric behavior (universal relaxation law) in our barium strontium titanate films is only applicable over a narrow temperature range. An excellent fit to the Vogel-Fulcher expression suggests relaxorlike behavior in these films. The activation energy of the observed phenomenon suggests that oxygen ion motion play a role in the apparent relaxor behavior, although further experimental work is required to test this hypothesis.
Drift-free atomic force microscopy measurements of cell height and mechanical properties
Authors: Spagnoli Chiara , Beyder Arthur , Besch Stephen R. , Sachs Frederick
Published: March 2007

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to study the morphological and mechanical properties of living cells. However, experiments performed over minutes to hours are subject to significant instrumental drift. The main sources of drift are the cantilever’s geometrical asymmetry and bimorphic construction. We developed a simple software Stick-and-Move (SaM) routine for AFM that eliminates drift by continuously referencing the sample position to the substrate while acquiring force-distance curves. Control experiments show no drift over 15min at an acquisition rate of 0.1Hz. As a proof of concept, we applied the SaM to study the response of rat astrocytes to osmotic stress, observing dimensional and constitutive changes during volume regulation.
Mapping of polarization and detrapping effects in synthetic single crystal chemical vapor deposited diamond by ion beam induced charge imaging
Authors: Lohstroh A. , Sellin P. J. , Wang S. G. , Davies A. W. , Parkin J. M.
Published: March 2007

Diamond has been regarded as a promising radiation detector material for use as a solid state ionizing chamber for decades. The parameters degrading the charge transport from what is expected from an ideal crystal are still not completely understood. Recently, synthetic chemical vapor deposited (CVD) single crystal diamond has become available, offering the opportunity to study the properties of synthesized material independent of grain boundaries. We have studied the charge transport of a synthetic single crystal diamond with α-particle induced charge transients as a function of temperature and established the presence of a shallow hole trap with an activation energy of 0.29±0.02eV in some parts of the detector. Ion beam induced charge imaging has been used to study the spatial variations of the charge transport in a synthetic single crystal diamond. Pulses influenced by the shallow hole trap had their origin close to the substrate∕CVD interface of the sample. They could be clearly distinguished from pulses affected by reduced charge carrier velocities due to polarization phenomena, which varied systematically with the growth direction of the CVD diamond material.
Strain relaxation in (100) and (311) GaP∕GaAs thin films
Authors: Li Y. , Niewczas M.
Published: March 2007

The nature of strain relaxation in GaP films grown on (100), (311)A, and (311)B GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that (100) GaP∕GaAs films develop surface undulations with twinning and cracking. (311)A GaAs provides good growth orientation for GaP films, producing flat surfaces and crack-free films. Similarly, (311)B GaP∕GaAs films do not develop cracks, however, the surface is rough. The anisotropy of cracking observed in GaP films has been discussed in terms of a lattice trapping theory. Twinning is an effective form of stress relaxation in GaP films. The features of the dislocation structure produced during relaxation have been discussed in terms of energy considerations. The data suggest that the equilibrium position of misfit dislocations is located in the softer substrate where the total energy of the system is a minimum. During relaxation, those dislocations which acquire larger kinetic energy can move over the small energy well and penetrate deeper into the substrate, in agreement with transmission electron microscope observations.
Electric quadrupole model on the formation of molecular chirality dependent domain shapes of lipid monolayers at the air-water interface
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Manaka Takaaki , Iwamoto Mitsumasa
Published: March 2007

Shapes and orientational deformation of a lipid monolayer domain have been analyzed taking into account the surface pressure, line tension, and electrostatic energy due to the spontaneous polarization and electric quadrupole density generated from the domain. The electrostatic energy due to the generation of spontaneous polarization and electric quadrupole density contributes to the formation of orientational deformation as the Frank elastic energy and spontaneous splay, respectively. Since the orientational configuration of the electric quadrupole density and in-plane spontaneous polarization is dependent on the molecular chirality, and the positive splay deformation of electric quadrupole density is induced by the spontaneous splay, the bending direction of in-plane spontaneous polarization depends on the chirality of constituent lipids. The electrostatic energy due to the in-plane spontaneous polarization is dependent on the orientational deformation of in-plane spontaneous polarization, and bends the domain shape towards the bending direction of the in-plane spontaneous polarization. It has been demonstrated that the chiral dependence of the domain shapes of lipid monolayers originated from the chiral dependence of orientational structure due to the electric quadrupole density.
Curie temperatures of annealed FePt nanoparticle systems
Authors: Rong Chuan-Bing , Li Yang , Liu J. Ping
Published: March 2007

The chemically synthesized FexPt100−x nanoparticles with controlled compositions were annealed to transfer the disordered face-centered-cubic structure to the ordered structure. It was found that the L10 FePt structure can be formed in the wide compositional region of x=40–68, and lower or higher Fe content leads to formation of the L12 FePt3 or Fe3Pt phase, respectively. The Néel temperature of L12 FePt3 phase and Curie temperatures (TC) of L10 FePt and L12 Fe3Pt phases are all strongly composition dependent. The room-temperature saturation magnetization has an abnormal dependence on x which is caused by the low TC of Fe3Pt phase with x=75–79. The big difference in TC between the heating and cooling thermomagnetic curves of the Fe–Pt alloys with x=79–90 can be attributed to the difference of α⇔γ phase transition temperature during heating and cooling. On the other hand, TC of the L10 FePt nanoparticles was found to be strongly size dependent.
Magnetic damping constant of Co2FeSi Heusler alloy thin film
Authors: Oogane Mikihiko , Yilgin Resul , Shinano Masatsugu , Yakata Satoshi , Sakuraba Yuya , Ando Yasuo , Miyazaki Terunobu
Published: March 2007

Co 2 Fe Si films were prepared using magnetron sputtering technique on Cr buffer layers and MgO(001) substrates at various annealing temperatures. We investigated the crystal structures, magnetic properties (Ms and Hc), surface roughness, and magnetic damping constants (α) of the prepared Co2FeSi films. Out-of-plane angular dependences of the resonance field and the linewidth of the ferromagnetic resonance spectra were measured and fitted using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation to determine the damping constant. The as-deposited Co2FeSi film exhibited an amorphous and disordered structure; the α value was 0.008. In contrast, the Co2FeSi films annealed over 300°C showed epitaxial growth and had a (001)-oriented and L21 ordered structure. Both disordered and L21 ordered Co2FeSi films showed similar α values.
Hybrid free electron laser devices
Authors: Asgekar Vivek , Dattoli G.
Published: March 2007

We consider hybrid free electron laser devices consisting of Cerenkov and undulator sections. We will show that they can in principle be used as segmented devices and also show the possibility of exploiting Cerenkov devices for the generation of nonlinear harmonic coherent power. We discuss both oscillator and amplifier schemes.
Probing collective excitations in helium nanodroplets: Observation of phonon wings in the infrared spectrum of methane
Authors: Rudolph S. , Wollny G. , von Haeften K. , Havenith M.
Published: March 2007

The authors have recorded the ν3 infrared spectrum of methane in helium nanodroplets using our cw infrared optical parametric oscillator. In a previous paper, Nauta and Miller [Chem. Phys. Lett. 350, 225 (2001)] reported the observation of the monomer rovibrational transitions of methane in helium nanodroplets. Here, they report the observation of additional absorption bands in the frequency range between 2990 and 3070cm−1 blueshifted compared to the monomer transitions. They attribute these absorption features to phonon wings of individual rovibrational transitions, i.e., the simultaneous excitation of collective excitation modes of the quantum fluid and the rovibrational excitation of the methane monomer in the helium nanodroplet.
Finite amplitude envelope solitons in a pair-ion plasma
Authors: Moslem W. M. , Kourakis I. , Shukla P. K.
Published: March 2007

The nonlinear coupling between finite amplitude ion thermal waves (ITWs) and quasistationary density perturbations in a pair-ion plasma is considered. A generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation is derived for the ITW electric field envelope, accounting for large amplitude quasistationary plasma slow motion describing the ITW ponderomotive force. The present theory accounts for the trapping of ITWs in a large amplitude ion density hole. The small amplitude limit is considered and exact analytical solutions are obtained. Finite amplitude solutions are obtained numerically and their characteristics are discussed.
Multipactor in a coaxial transmission line. I. Analytical study
Authors: Udiljak R. , Anderson D. , Lisak M. , Semenov V. E. , Puech J.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical considerations of the electron multipactor have mostly been restricted to the simplified case of plane-parallel geometry with a uniform field. However, a nonuniform field may not only affect the results quantitatively, but may also lead to qualitatively new effects. In the present work, the effects of a nonuniform radiofrequency field on the properties of multipactor initiation are analyzed in the case of a cylindrical coaxial transmission line. A useful approximate solution of the nonlinear differential equation of motion for the electrons is derived and simple analytical estimates are developed to show that in this system the multipactor mechanism becomes qualitatively different for sufficiently small inner coaxial radii. When the inner radius is of the order of the outer one, the multipactor properties are very similar to those of its counterpart in plane-parallel geometry. However, when the inner radius is less than a certain threshold value, single-surface multipactor becomes possible.