bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrotyrosinylation, remodeling and endothelial‐myocyte uncoupling in iNOS, cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) knockouts and iNOS/CBS double knockout mice
Authors: Kundu Soumi , Kumar Munish , Sen Utpal , Mishra Paras K. , Tyagi Neetu , Metreveli Naira , Lominadze David , Rodriguez Walter , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: November 2008

Increased levels of homocysteine (Hcy), recognized as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), were associated with cardiovascular diseases. There was controversy regarding the detrimental versus cardio protective role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ischemic heart disease. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the Hcy generated nitrotyrosine by inducing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase, causing endothelial‐myocyte (E‐M) coupling. To differentiate the role of iNOS versus constitutive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and nNOS) in Hcy‐mediated nitrotyrosine generation and matrix remodeling in cardiac dysfunction, left ventricular (LV) tissue was analyzed from cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) heterozygote knockout, iNOS homozygote knockout, CBS−/+/iNOS−/− double knockout, and wild‐type (WT) mice. The levels of nitrotyrosine, MMP‐2 and ‐9 (zymographic analysis), and fibrosis (by trichrome stain) were measured. The endothelial‐myocyte function was determined in cardiac rings. In CBS−/+ mice, homocysteine was elevated and in iNOS−/− mice, nitric oxide was significantly reduced. The nitrotyrosine and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) levels were elevated in double knockout and CBS−/+ as compared to WT mice. Although MMP‐2 levels were similar in CBS−/+, iNOS−/−, and CBS−/+/iNOS−/−, the levels were three‐ to fourfold higher than WT. The levels of collagen were similar in CBS−/+ and iNOS−/−, but they were threefold higher than WT. Interesting, the levels of collagen increased sixfold in double knockouts, compared to WT, suggesting synergism between high Hcy and lack of iNOS. Left ventricular hypertrophy was exaggerated in the iNOS−/− and double knockout, and mildly increased in the CBS−/+, compared to WT mice. The endothelial‐dependent relaxation was attenuated to the same extent in the CBS−/+ and iNOS−/−, compared to WT, but it was robustly blunted in double knockouts. The results concluded that homocysteine generated nitrotyrosine in the vicinity of endothelium, caused MMP activation and endothelium‐myocyte uncoupling. The generation of nitrotyrosine was independent of iNOS. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 119–126, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spread of nontuberculous mycobacteria from 1993 to 2006 in Koreans
Authors: Ryoo Sung Weon , Shin Sonya , Shim Myung‐shup , Park Yoon‐Sung , Lew Woo Jin , Park Sue‐Nie , Park Young Kil , Kang Seongman
Published: November 2008

In Korea, the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease has risen, observed primarily in immunocompetent patients with or without preexisting lung disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of various species of NTM isolates from respiratory specimens in a single institution over a 14‐year period in Korea. All samples referred to our reference laboratory over a 14‐year period in Korea were analyzed. From 1993 to 2000 our laboratory used conventional NTM identification methods, and from 2001 we adapted PCR‐restrictionfragment length polymorphism analysis(PRA). A total of 17,915 isolates were collected from 1993 to 2006. The most frequently isolated organisms were M. avium complex (n=11,705, 65%), M. abscessus (n=2,076, 11.59%), M. fortuitum complex (n=1,279, 7.14%). M. chelonae complex (n=1,134, 6.33%), M. kansasii (n=762, 4.25%), M. szulgai (n=139, 0.78%), M. celatum (n=87, 0.49%), M. scrofulaceum (n=18, 0.10%) and M. marium (n=11, 0.06%). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 22:415–420, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can haptoglobin be an indicator for the early diagnosis of neonatal jaundice?
Authors: Cakmak Alpay , Calik Mustafa , Atas Ali , Hirfanoglu Ibrahim , Erel Ozcan
Published: November 2008

Neonatal jaundice is the result of an imbalance between bilirubin production and elimination. Bilirubin conjugation in newborns is significantly impaired in the first few days; even a small increase in the rate of production can contribute to the development of hyperbilirubinemia. Hemolysis has a significant role in bilirubin increase in newborns. Intrauterine is tolerated by the maternal metabolism in life. When hemolysis takes place, a decrease is accepted in the haptoglobin and hemopoexin blood levels binding hemoglobin in the environment. Therefore, it may be considered that haptoglobin and hemopoexin from the early period umbilical cord (UC) blood in newborns may be an indicator in determining jaundice likely to develop in later stages. Babies were called to the control polyclinic in the third and fifthdays. Eighty‐four babies with normal termbirth were included in the study. Gestational age of the mothers was 39.5±1.5 weeks in average. A significant negative correlation was found between the haptoglobin level from the UC taken during delivery and the bilirubin value in the fifth day (r=−0.345; P=0.001). The haptoglobin value from the blood of the UC can be used as a guiding indicator to demonstrate the future occurrence of jaundice in newborns. This way, the babies with high jaundice risk may be detected earlier and closer follow‐up of these babies can be obtained. As a result, the haptoglobin level of the blood from the UC during delivery allows us to make an early prediction on whether neonatal jaundice will occur. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 22:409–414, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of transfection efficiency by using supercoiled plasmid DNA purified with arginine affinity chromatography
Authors: Sousa Fani , Prazeres Duarte M. F. , Queiroz João A.
Published: November 2008

Background

It is well known that the success of gene transfer to cells and subsequent expression is strictly affected by the vector manufacturing process. Several challenges encountered in the gene therapy field have emphasized the need for the development of novel platforms that allow the recovery of gene vectors and enable efficient transfection of cells. The use of plasmid DNA‐based therapeutics relies on procedures that efficiently purify the supercoiled (sc) plasmid isoform. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) purification strategies that use amino acids as immobilized ligands have recently yielded interesting results.

Methods

The present study describes a strategy that uses arginine‐chromatography to specifically purify sc pDNA from other isoforms and Escherichia coli impurities present in a clarified lysate.

Results

Control analysis shows that the purity of the sc pDNA is 100% with a homogeneity higher than 97% of sc. Furthermore, no RNA was detectable, the protein content was lower than 10 µg/ml and a 117‐fold reduction on genomic DNA contamination and 95% endotoxin removal were accomplished. The chromatographic process demonstrated an impressive performance on sc isoform recovery (79% yield). Furthermore, the sc transfection efficiency of COS‐7 cells (62%) was significantly higher compared to the efficiency (25%) achieved with a pDNA control.

Conclusions

With the simplified sc pDNA purification process, a high yield was achieved, sc pDNA was purified under mild conditions and shown to be extremely efficient with respect to cell transfection. Arginine‐chromatography is thus an interesting option for use as a late stage plasmid purification step. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective [15N] labelling of an NG‐propionylated arginine derivative
Authors: Kleinmaier Roland , Gschwind Ruth M.
Published: November 2008

A straightforward convergent synthesis of [15N]‐Bz‐Arg(Nη‐propionyl)‐OEt*TFA is presented. In this approach, the guanidinylation reagent [15N2]‐N(boc)‐N′(propionyl)‐S‐methylisothiourea is reacted with the side chain amino group of the title compound's ornithine precursor. The guanidinylation step is promoted by stoichiometric addition of HgCl2 to force completion. This method leads directly to the NG‐acylated product and the acyl residue is principally modifiable in the last synthetic step of the guanidinylation reagent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of electrode surface roughness and its impact on ion trap mass analysis
Authors: Xu Wei , Chappell William J. , Cooks R. Graham , Ouyang Zheng
Published: November 2008

With the recent trend towards mass spectrometer miniaturization, the fabrication of mass analyzers and other ion optical components is being performed at scales where critical dimensions range from several millimeters to several micrometers. Depending on the sizes of the objects and the nature of the fabrication method used, electrode surface roughness can become non‐negligible and affect the analytical performance of the mass analyzer. In this work, a method of characterizing surface roughness is introduced through the concept of spatial roughness frequency. The roughness of a given surface is quantitatively described using spatial roughness components at a series of frequencies and with characteristic intensities. Based on this concept, an analytical method has been developed to describe the electromagnetic field inside an electrode assembly including consideration for the electrode roughness. The methodology is applied in simplified form to cylindrical and rectilinear ion trap analyzers. Four types of surface finishes were applied to ion trap electrodes of various sizes to illustrate the surface roughness effects on the high‐order fields and to compare the analytical performance of the ion traps. Application of this method to arrays of large numbers of micro‐scale ion traps has enabled the impact of fabrication methodology to be evaluated in terms of mass resolution for the ion trap arrays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes olfactory sensory neuronal survival via phosphoinositide 3‐kinase pathway activation and Bcl‐2
Authors: Moon Cheil , Liu Bridget Q. , Kim So Yeun , Kim Esther J. , Park Yun Ju , Yoo Joo‐Yeon , Han Hyung Soo , Bae Yong Chul , Ronnett Gabriele V.
Published: November 2008

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a neuropoietic cytokine, has been implicated in the control of neuronal development. We previously reported that LIF plays a critical role in regulating the terminal differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Here, we demonstrate that LIF plays a complementary role in supporting the survival of immature OSNs. Mature OSNs express LIF, which may be elaborated in a paracrine manner to influence adjacent neurons. LIF null mice display more apoptotic immature neurons than do their wild‐type littermates. LIF treatment of dissociated OSNs in vitro significantly reduces the apoptosis of immature OSNs. Double immunocytochemical analysis indicates that the survival of immature OSNs is dependent on the presence of LIF. LIF activates the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathways and induces the expression of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl‐2 in OSNs, whereas inhibition of the PI3K pathway blocks LIF‐dependent OSN survival and Bcl‐2 induction. Thus, LIF plays a central role in maintaining the size and integrity of the population of immature neurons within the olfactory epithelium; this population is critical to the rapid recovery of olfactory function after injury. LIF may play a similar role elsewhere in the CNS and thus be important for manipulation of stem cell populations for therapeutic interventions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortactin colocalizes with filopodial actin and accumulates at IgCAM adhesion sites in Aplysia growth cones
Authors: Decourt Boris , Munnamalai Vidhya , Lee Aih Cheun , Sanchez Lauren , Suter Daniel M.
Published: November 2008

Both IgCAMs and the actin cytoskeleton play critical roles in neuronal growth cone motility and guidance. However, it is unclear how IgCAM receptors transduce signals from the plasma membrane to induce actin remodeling. Previous studies have shown that local clustering and immobilization of apCAM, the Aplysia homolog of NCAM, induces Src kinase activity and F‐actin polymerization in the peripheral domain of cultured Aplysia bag cell growth cones. Therefore, we wanted to test whether the Src kinase substrate and actin regulator cortactin could be a molecular link between Src activity and actin assembly during apCAM‐mediated growth cone guidance. Here, we cloned Aplysia cortactin and showed that it is abundant in the nervous system. Immunostaining of growth cones revealed a strong colocalization of cortactin with F‐actin in filopodial bundles and at the leading edge of lamellipodia. Perturbation of the cytoskeleton indicated that cortactin distribution largely depends on actin filaments. Furthermore, active Src colocalized with cortactin in regions of actin assembly, including leading edge and filopodia tips. Finally, we observed that cortactin, like F‐actin, localizes to apCAM adhesion sites mediating growth cone guidance. Altogether, these data suggest that cortactin is a mediator of IgCAM‐triggered actin assembly involved in growth cone motility and guidance. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Voltage‐operated Ca2+ and Na+ channels in the oligodendrocyte lineage
Authors: Paez P.M. , Fulton D. , Colwell C.S. , Campagnoni A.T.
Published: November 2008

It is becoming increasingly clear that expression of Ca2+ and Na+ channels in the OL lineage is highly regulated and may be functionally related to different stages of development and myelination. Characterization of the mechanisms of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ and Na+ entry are important because changes in intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ are central to practically all cellular activities. In nonexcitable cells, voltage‐dependent Ca2+ influx plays a key role in several important processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and cell migration. It has been demonstrated that Ca2+ signaling is essential in the development and functioning of OLs. For example, Ca2+ uptake is required for the initiation of myelination, and perturbation of Ca2+ homeostasis, e.g., overwhelming influxes of Ca2+, leads to demyelination. Although OL progenitor cell Na+ channels are present at a much lower density, their physiological properties appear to be indistinguishable from those recorded in neurons. Interestingly, recent data indicate that, as with neurons, some white matter OPCs possess the ability to generate Na+‐dependent action potentials. This Mini‐Review focuses on the mechanisms of Ca2+ and Na+ signaling in cells within the OL lineage mediated by voltage‐operated ion channels, with a particular focus on the relevance of these voltage‐dependent currents to oligodendroglial development, myelination, and demyelination. Overall, it is clear that cells in the OL lineage exhibit remarkable plasticity with regard to the expression of voltage‐gated Ca2+ and Na+ channels and that perturbation of Ca2+ and Na+ homeostasis likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis underlying demyelinating diseases. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2′,3′‐Cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase: A novel RNA‐binding protein that inhibits protein synthesis
Authors: Gravel Michel , Robert Francis , Kottis Vicky , Gallouzi Imed‐Eddine , Pelletier Jerry , Braun Peter E.
Published: November 2008

2′,3′‐Cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) is one of the earliest myelin‐related proteins to be specifically expressed in differentiating oligodendrocytes (ODCs) in the central nervous system (CNS) and is implicated in myelin biogenesis. CNP possesses an in vitro enzymatic activity, whose in vivo relevance remains to be defined, because substrates with 2′,3,‐cyclic termini have not yet been identified. To characterize CNP function better, we previously determined the structure of the CNP catalytic domain by NMR. Interestingly, the structure is remarkably similar to the plant cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CPDase) from A. thaliana and the bacterial 2′‐5′ RNA ligase from T. thermophilus, which are known to play roles in RNA metabolism. Here we show that CNP is an RNA‐binding protein. Furthermore, by using precipitation analyses, we demonstrate that CNP associates with poly(A)+ mRNAs in vivo and suppresses translation in vitro in a dose‐dependent manner. With SELEX, we isolated RNA aptamers that can suppress the inhibitory effect of CNP on translation. We also demonstrate that CNP1 can bridge an association between tubulin and RNA. These results suggest that CNP1 may regulate expression of mRNAs in ODCs of the CNS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traumatic brain injury alters expression of hippocampal microRNAs: Potential regulators of multiple pathophysiological processes
Authors: Redell John B. , Liu Yin , Dash Pramod K.
Published: November 2008

Multiple cellular, molecular, and biochemical changes contribute to outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to influence many important cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and morphogenesis, all processes that are involved in TBI pathophysiology. However, it has not yet been determined whether miRNA expression is altered after TBI. In the present study, we used a microarray platform to examine changes in the hippocampal expression levels of 444 verified rodent miRNAs at 3 and 24 hr after controlled cortical impact injury. Our analysis found 50 miRNAs exhibited decreased expression levels and 35 miRNAs exhibited increased expression levels in the hippocampus after injury. We extended the microarray findings using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for a subset of the miRNAs with altered expression levels (miR‐107, ‐130a, ‐223, ‐292‐5p, ‐433‐3p, ‐451, ‐541, and ‐711). Bioinformatic analysis of the predicted targets for this panel of miRNAs revealed an overrepresentation of proteins involved in several biological processes and functions known to be initiated after injury, including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, proliferation, and differentiation. Our results indicate that multiple protein targets and biological processes involved in TBI pathophysiology may be regulated by miRNAs. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of natural antioxidants and their carry‐through property in biscuit processing
Authors: Nanditha Bheema Rao , Jena Bhabani Sankar , Prabhasankar Pichan
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: The present study has explored the use of natural antioxidants from plant sources such as hexane (G‐1) and chloroform (G‐2) extracts of Garcinia, Peltophorum ferrugineum flower extract (FE), turmeric powder (C‐1) and curcumin (C‐2), in biscuit preparation in the place of synthetic ones, and their carry‐through properties were evaluated during processing and storage. Microstructure and electrophoretic characterization of biscuit dough were carried out to understand the influence of these natural antioxidants in the processing of biscuits.

RESULTS: Biscuits prepared with C‐1, C‐2, G‐1, and G‐2 were well acceptable, and FE biscuits were least acceptable. Among the antioxidants used, C‐2 was found to retain only 11.23% activity whereas G‐2 had retained 51% activity after baking, which was comparable to synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and better than tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Microstructure studies of biscuit dough indicated that in the case of G‐1, G‐2, C‐1 and BHA the gluten network formation was intact when compared to FE and TBHQ. Supportive electrophoresis studies indicated that there was no change in the wheat protein subunits of different samples except for FE biscuit dough.

CONCLUSION: Based on the result of retention of antioxidant activity during baking and storage, hexane and chloroform extracts of Garcinia (G‐1, G‐2) and turmeric powder (C‐1) were found to be suitable for use in biscuits as natural antioxidants and results were comparable with BHA. The present study also indicated that protein subunits of biscuit dough were not affected by antioxidants. However, antioxidants influenced the protein–starch–lipid network during biscuit dough formation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Peri‐operative mortality and long‐term survival after total pancreatectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A population‐based perspective
Authors: Nathan Hari , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Edil Barish H. , Choti Michael A. , Herman Joseph M. , Schulick Richard D. , Cameron John L. , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: November 2008

Background and Objectives

Many surgeons perceive total pancreatectomy (TP) for pancreatic adenocarcinoma to be associated with inferior outcomes compared to partial pancreatectomy (PP), such as pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and distal pancreatectomy (DP). We sought to analyze peri‐operative mortality and long‐term survival following TP versus PP for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1998–2004). Survival after TP versus PP was compared by tumor location.

Results

Of 3280 patients with resected pancreatic head tumors, 292 underwent TP, and 2988 PD. One‐month mortality was 9.0% for TP and 6.5% for PD (P= 0.11). Of 315 patients with resected body/tail tumors, 32 underwent TP, and 283 DP. One‐month mortality was 9.3% for TP and 3.9% for DP (P= 0.17). Of 426 patients with resected tumors in unspecified pancreatic locations, 52 underwent TP, and 374 PP. One‐month mortality was 5.8% for TP and 6.5% for PP (P= 0.87). Survival analyses demonstrated no difference between TP and PP (hazard ratio (HR) 1.06,P= 0.49 for head; HR 0.84,P= 0.51 for body/tail; HR 1.06,P= 0.79 for unspecified locations).

Conclusions

Peri‐operative mortality and long‐term survival are similar following TP versus PP for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, supporting the use of TP when oncologically appropriate. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99: 87–92. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution of lymph node assessment in breast cancer
Authors: Quan May Lynn , McCready David
Published: November 2008

Lymph node evaluation remains integral in the management of breast cancer for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. The introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy has revolutionized axillary surgery, presenting new challenges relating to clinical implications and quality which will be reviewed in this article. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:194–198. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of sample matrix on sensitivity of mercury and methylmercury quantitation in human urine, saliva, and serum using GC‐MS
Authors: Zachariadis George A. , Kapsimali Dimitra C.
Published: November 2008

A rapid and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of monomethylmercury (MMHg) and inorganic mercury (iHg) in human body fluids. The procedure is based on in situ derivatization of MMHg and iHg with sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt4) directly in aqueous solutions followed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS‐SPME). The extracted species from spiked human urine, saliva, and serum are separated by capillary gas chromatography and detected by quadrupole MS (GC‐MS). The optimization of the HS‐SPME conditions like temperature, sample volume, extraction duration, and amount of alkylation agent, was performed in urinary solutions and aqueous solutions similarly buffered. The gas chromatographic conditions like injection temperature, helium flow rate, temperature program, and pressure conditions were also optimized. The recovery was ranged between 85 and 96% for MMHg and 88 and 98% for iHg. The LODs achieved were 10 and 15 ng/L for iHg and MMHg in urine, respectively, 54 and 60 ng/L for iHg and MMHg in saliva, respectively, and 61 and 81 ng/L for iHg and MMHg in serum, respectively. The RSD was ranged between 6.2 and 9.2% for MMHg and 5.0 and 8.2% for iHg.
Purity determination of yunaconitine reference standard using HPLC with experimental design and response surface optimization
Authors: Song Jing‐Zheng , Qiao Chun‐Feng , Li Song‐Lin , Han Quan‐Bin , Xu Hong‐Xi
Published: November 2008

Experimental design and response surface methodology have been used for the development of the stability‐indicating HPLC method for the purity determination of yunaconitine reference standard. Significant factors including the contents of ACN, perchloric acid, triethylamine (TEA), and column temperature were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. A mixture of crude yunaconitine extract and degradation solutions of yunaconitine under stress conditions was chromatogramed. The normalized peak area of total impurities, the retention time of yunaconitine, and the resolutions between yunaconitine and its adjacent peaks were selected as optimization criteria. Derringer desirability function of the multicriteria and the tested factors were used to establish 3‐D response surfaces. The optimal condition was achieved with a mobile phase of ACN/water (30:70, containing 0.125% perchloric acid and 1.0% TEA) at a column temperature of 37.5°C. The method was validated and shown comparable to that of phase solubility analysis. As a result, the newly developed method can be used to determine the chromatographic purity and stability of the yunaconitine reference standard.
Method and instruments for modeling integrated knowledge
Authors: Glassey Olivier
Published: November 2008

MIMIK (Method and Instruments for Modeling Integrated Knowledge) is a set of tools used to formalize and represent knowledge within organizations. It furthermore supports knowledge creation and sharing within communities of interest or communities of practice. In this paper we show that MIMIK is based on a model theory approach and builds on other existing methods and techniques. We also explain how to use the method and its instruments in order to model strategic objectives, processes, knowledge, and roles found within an organization, as well as relations existing between these elements. Indeed MIMIK provides eight types of models in order to describe what is commonly called know‐how, know‐why and know‐what; it uses matrices in order to formally and semantically link strategic objectives, knowledge and actors. We close this paper with a presentation of a prototype we built in order to demonstrate a technical architecture allowing for knowledge creation, formalization and sharing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the learning frontier and the human capital development: New and old technological opportunities for the competence‐based enterprises
Authors: Capece Guendalina , Gitto Simone , Campisi Domenico
Published: November 2008

With both increasing functionality and affordability, e‐learning is being used extensively in organisations of all sizes. Despite this, surprisingly, little is known about current e‐business usage, whether disparities exist between the utilisation of e‐business by companies and universities, or about its impact on the general professional standing of the HR professionals. In order to help reduce this gap, we developed and administered a survey and gave structured interviews to assess and compare the specific areas of use and to introduce a taxonomy that provides a framework for further academic research, analysis and discussion in this area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographical difference in Parkinson's disease prevalence within West Scotland
Authors: Newman Edward J. , Grosset Katherine A. , Grosset Donald G.
Published: November 2008

The wide range in reported prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the United Kingdom (between 108 and 164 per 100,000) is usually attributed to differences in study methodology. We report prevalence of PD in four geographic areas within West Scotland, which was calculated using the same methodology, from prescription database searches within primary care, combined with full case record review. Crude prevalence was 119.2 per 100,000 (95% CI 109.7–128.6) and age‐adjusted prevalence was 129.5 (95% CI 119.6–139.4) in 92 General Practices covering a population of 511,927. Prevalence was significantly lower in South Glasgow (men 98.3, CI 78.7–117.9; women 83.9, CI 65.6–102.2) than South Lanarkshire (men 202.7, CI 175.0–230.4; women 151.1, CI 127.7–174.5), age‐adjusted rates, both P < 0.001. Factors associated with higher prevalence of PD, such as lower cigarette smoking rates, higher education level, and rural living, were higher in South Lanarkshire than South Glasgow, but the magnitude of the difference was greater than expected considering studies describing relative risk for these factors. Access to services, and specialist clinic attendance were both higher for South Glasgow, which may influence diagnostic accuracy, time to diagnosis, and time to initiating antiparkinson therapy. Explorationof these factors is justified to explain further such wide variation in PD prevalence. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Advances in the pre‐operative planning of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps: Magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Rozen Warren M. , Stella Damien L. , Bowden James , Taylor G. Ian , Ashton Mark W.
Published: November 2008

Imaging of the abdominal wall vasculature prior to deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) perforator (DIEP) flaps has been shown to significantly improve surgical outcomes. Although computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been shown to be highly accurate, it is associated with radiation exposure, and as such modalities without radiation exposure have been sought. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been proposed as such an option. We conducted a pilot study comparing MRA with CTA and with operative findings in six consecutive patients undergoing DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction. The DIEA, superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) and perforators were all assessed with each modality. We found that the DIEA and SIEA were accurately imaged with both CTA and MRA, but that while MRA could identify some major perforators, CTA was more accurate than MRA for perforator mapping. As such, while MRA does have a role in the imaging of DIEA perforators, CTA is still the preferred modality. On the basis of these findings, a larger study into the role for MRA in this setting is warranted. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Compound flap from the great toe and vascularized joints from the second toe for posttraumatic thumb reconstruction at the level of the proximal metacarpal bone
Authors: Tsai Tsu‐Min , D'Agostino Laura , Fang You‐Sheng , Tien Huey
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this study is to describe the harvesting technique, anatomic variations, and clinical applications of a compound flap from the great toe and vascularized joint from the second toe used for thumb reconstruction. Five fresh cadaver dissections were studied, focusing attention on the dorsal or plantar vascular dominance, position of the communicating branch between the dorsal and plantar system, the Gilbert classification, and the size of the first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) and first plantar metatarsal artery (FPMA) to the great toe and second toe. Five compound flaps were performed on five patients with traumatic thumb amputation at the level of proximal metacarpal bone. The patients' ages ranged from 14 to 47. Follow‐up period was 11–24 months. The anatomic study showed that FPMA had larger caliber in 40% of dissections, FDMA in 40%, and had the same caliber in 20%. The Gilbert classification of FDMA was 40% class I and 60% class III. In the clinical applications, four patients achieved good functional opposition and motion of transferred joints with good pinch and grip strength. There was one flap failure, and donor‐site morbidity was minimal. The compound flap offers advantages over traditional toe transfer by providing two functional joints. It can be used for amputation of the thumb at carpometacarpal joint level. Finally, the compound flap maintains growth potential in children through transfer of vascularized epiphyses. The disadvantages of this compound flap include a technically challenging harvest and a longer operative time. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Free vascularized fibular graft for treatment of pathological femoral neck fracture and osteonecrosis of the femoral head: A case report with a long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Beris Alexandros E. , Lykissas Marios G. , Payatakes Alexandros , Kontogeorgakos Vasileios A. , Mavrodontidis Alexandros , Korompilias Anastasios V.
Published: November 2008

We present a case of a 34‐year‐old white female patient who, 13 years ago, sustained a pathological intracapsular femoral neck fracture on a pre‐existing aneurysmal bone cyst. Three months later radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation revealed both femoral neck fracture and stage IV osteonecrosis of the femoral head according to Steinberg classification system. Management was accomplished with combined free vascularized fibular grafting and internal osteosynthesis with a 130° blade plate. Union was achieved in 7 months. Progression of osteonecrosis was arrested. Hip salvage and a satisfactory subjective and clinical outcome were achieved. At the last follow‐up, 13 years postoperatively, the patient had satisfactory functional outcome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Insulin strategies for managing inpatient and outpatient hyperglycemia and diabetes
Authors: Moghissi Etie S. , FACE
Published: November 2008

Optimal fasting and postprandial glycemic control are essential to limiting microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes. Recently, stringent control of hyperglycemia in critically ill hospitalized patients with diabetes or acute hyperglycemia has been shown to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. This article reviews effective strategies for insulin initiation, titration, and intensification in inpatient and outpatient settings and discusses current treatment strategies when patients are being transitioned from the intensive care unit to general wards and discharged. The development of insulin analogs and premixed insulin analogs has created new options for treating inpatients and outpatients. The more physiologic time‐action profiles, improved insulin delivery systems, and standardized protocols for subcutaneous insulin administration and intravenous insulin infusion have improved the safety and convenience of insulin therapy. Mt Sinai J Med 75:558–566, © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Diversity in academic medicine no. 2 history of battles lost and won
Authors: Strelnick A. Hal , Lee‐Rey Elizabeth , Nivet Marc , Soto‐Greene Maria L.
Published: November 2008

Spurred by its rapidly changing demographics, the United States is striving to reduce and eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities. To do so, it must overcome the legacy of individual, institutional, and structural racism and resolve conflicts in related political and social ideologies. This has moved the struggle over diversity in the health professions outside the laboratories and ivy‐covered walls of academic medicine into the halls of Congress and chambers of the US Supreme Court. Although equal employment opportunity and affirmative action programs began as legal remedies for distinct histories of legally sanctioned racial and gender discrimination, they also became effective means for increasing the representation of underrepresented minorities in higher education and the health professions. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing today, legal challenges to measures for realizing equal opportunity and leveling the playing field have reached the US Supreme Court and state‐wide ballot initiatives. These historical challenges and successes are the subject of this article. Although the history is not exhaustive, it aims to provide an important context for the struggles of advocates to improve the representation of underrepresented minorities in medicine and reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. Mt Sinai J Med 75:499–503, © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Diversity in academic medicine no. 6 successful programs in minority faculty development: ingredients of success
Authors: Daley Sandra P. , Palermo Ann‐Gel , Nivet Marc , Soto‐Greene Maria L. , Taylor Vera S. , Butts Gary C. , Johnson Jerry , Strelnick A. Hal , Lee‐Rey Elizabeth , Williams Beverly , Dorscher Jocelyn , Lipscomb Wanda D. , McDowell Sherria , Cornbill Ray , Mindt Monica Rivera , Herbert‐Carter Janice , Fry‐Johnson Yvonne W. , Smith Quentin T. , Rust George , Kondwani Kofi
Published: November 2008

This article describes the ingredients of successful programs for the development of minority faculty in academic medicine. Although stung by recent cuts in federal funding, minority faculty development programs now stand as models for medical schools that are eager to join the 140‐year‐old quest for diversity in academic medicine. In this article, the ingredients of these successful faculty development programs are discussed by experts in minority faculty development and illustrated by institutional examples. Included are descriptions of program goals and content, mentoring and coaching, selecting participants, providing a conducive environment, managing the program, and sustaining support. This article is a companion to another article, “Successful Programs in Minority Faculty Development: Overview,” in this issue of the Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. Mt Sinai J Med 75:533–551, © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Rational Lanczos approximations to the matrix square root and related functions
Authors: Moret Igor
Published: November 2008

We consider restricted rational Lanczos approximations to matrix functions representable by some integral forms. A convergence analysis that stresses the effectiveness of the proposed method is developed. Error estimates are derived. Numerical experiments are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Talon cusp in a deciduous lateral incisor from prehistoric Southeast Asia
Authors: Halcrow S. E. , Tayles N.
Published: November 2008

This paper describes a rare case of talon cusp in an infant from prehistoric Southeast Asia and represents the earliest case of talon cusp recorded. In addition to talon cusp, other aspects of its morphology may indicate a possible double tooth. This case is interpreted in the context of clinical and bioarchaeological research on this dental trait. Issues pertaining to the recognition of talon cusp, including clinical terminology used for this anomaly and the accuracy of prevalence data, are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elongated styloid process in late medieval skeletons from Uzdolje‐Grablje, Croatia
Authors: Šikanjić P. Rajić , Vlak D.
Published: November 2008

Analysis of skeletons from Uzdolje‐Grablje cemetery near Knin, Croatia, reveals three cases of an elongated styloid process. Elongation is a condition of unknown aetiology characterised by a styloid process that exceeds 30 mm. Although the prevalence of this condition has been reported in modern populations, we document for the first time elongated styloid processes in human skeletal material from an archaeological population. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The frequency and distribution of dental caries and tooth wear in a Byzantine population of Sa'ad, Jordan
Authors: Albashaireh Z. S. M. , Al‐Shorman A. A.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, distribution and extent of dental caries and tooth wear in a Byzantine population in Sa'ad, to compare these with modern Jordanians, and to draw inferences about their lifestyle. Dental caries and tooth wear were examined in 1159 permanent teeth using direct vision and dental explorer. The location and extent of the lesions were recorded and evaluated according to defined criteria. The overall caries prevalence was 16.8% (n = 1159). Most of the carious lesions (13. 9%,n = 1159) were present in the tooth crown, on occlusal or proximal surfaces; 2.9% of teeth displayed root caries alone. The upper and lower central incisors exhibited the lowest coronal caries frequency, while molars showed the highest frequency. Attrition with moderate dentine exposure was evident in most teeth. Some teeth (9.8%) demonstrated oblique abrasion and 9 (0.78%) teeth exhibited cupped occlusal surfaces. The prevalence of caries was within the range reported for other Byzantine populations and lower than that of modern Jordanians. The attrition seen in most teeth and the cupped occlusal surfaces might be due to eating abrasive food, drinking wine or acidic beverages. Oblique abrasion on the facial and palatal surfaces reflects their business or craft, such as basket making and leather processing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cranioplasty in ancient Peru: a critical review of the evidence, and a unique case from the Cuzco area
Authors: Verano J. W. , Andrushko V. A.
Published: November 2008

Cranioplasty is a well‐known procedure in modern neurosurgery. Although some authors have claimed it was also performed by prehistoric trepanners in various parts of the world, there is little hard evidence to support this. Here we review various claims of cranioplasty in Peru, where trepanation was widely practised in Prehispanic times. We find little support for assertions that cranioplasty was common. One recently discovered burial from the Cuzco region, however, provides the first documented case of the reinsertion of a bone plug into a trepanation opening. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk stratification based on the clinical factors at diagnosis is closely related to the survival of localized osteosarcoma
Authors: Lee Jun Ah , Kim Min Suk , Kim Dong Ho , Lim Jung Sub , Park Kyung Duk , Song Won Seok , Cho Wan Hyeong , Lee Soo‐Yong , Jeon Dae‐Geun
Published: November 2008

Background

Survival of osteosarcoma patients has reached a plateau with the addition of chemotherapy and in part predicted based on histologic response. Risk‐adapted therapy might be an alternative approach. We aimed to identify risk groups using clinical variables available at time of diagnosis in order to better predict outcomes and form the basis for risk‐adapted therapy.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 288 patients with high‐grade osteosarcoma of their extremities. Clinicopathologic variables were analyzed to identify factors relevant to risk stratification.

Results

A risk assessment system was developed using age, maximal tumor length (MTL) and tumor location. Index scores were based on the sum total of factor scores, for each of the following: Age (years); “1” for ≥40 or 12–14 (female) or 13–15 (male), “0” for other ages; MTL (cm); “2” for ≥8, “1” for 6–8, “0” for ≤6; Tumor location; “1” for humerus, “0” for elsewhere. Index score 0 or 1 was assigned as low‐risk, 2 as intermediate‐risk, and 3 or 4 as high‐risk. Of the 288 patients, 98 (34.0%) were designated as low‐risk, 128 (44.4%) as intermediate‐risk and 62 (21.6%) as high‐risk. Risk group was related to histologic response and survival. While 63.3% of low‐risk patients were good responders, only 43.0% and 33.9% of intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients were good responders. Ten‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 81.6 ± 3.9% for low‐risk group, but 31.6 ± 6.0% for high‐risk group.

Conclusion

We defined three risk groups that could be used as basis of risk‐adapted therapy for osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:340–345. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric oncologists and evidence‐based medicine: A postal survey in The Netherlands
Authors: ten Bruggencate M.J.M. , Kremer L.C.M. , Caron H.N. , Knops A.M. , van Dalen E.C.
Published: November 2008

Background

The interest in evidence‐based medicine (EBM) is still increasing throughout medicine, but the precise role of EBM in the field of pediatric oncology remains unclear. We undertook this survey to evaluate the attitude of Dutch pediatric oncologists and pediatric oncologists in training towards EBM and their views on how to move from opinion‐based medicine to EBM.

Procedure

A questionnaire was sent to all pediatric oncologists (n = 44) and pediatric oncologists in training (n = 13) of the 8 university medical centers in the Netherlands.

Results

The questionnaire was returned by 71% of the pediatric oncologists and pediatric oncologists in training. The majority had a positive attitude towards EBM, but at the moment only approximately 50% of their clinical practice was thought to be evidence‐based. The most important barrier to practicing EBM in pediatric oncology was a lack of time. However, only a minority of the respondents thought that more time was an appropriate method to facilitate the use of EBM in pediatric oncology. The majority of pediatric oncologists and pediatric oncologists in training would prefer to be able to use EBM summaries, guidelines and protocols.

Conclusions

Despite the positive attitude of the majority of pediatric oncologists and pediatric oncologists in training towards EBM, only half of clinical practice is currently believed to be evidence‐based. By using EBM summaries, guidelines and protocols as time‐saving methods the use of EBM in pediatric oncology practice may be improved. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:231–236. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive factors of invasion in eyes with retinoblastoma enucleated after eye salvage treatments
Authors: Balaguer Julia , Wilson Matthew W. , Billups Catherine A. , Mancini John , Haik Barrett G. , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Khoury Joseph D. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos
Published: November 2008

Background

The impact of chemotherapy, focal therapies, radiation and co‐existing ocular morbidities on histology of eyes with retinoblastoma enucleated following chemoreduction is not well known.

Procedure

Twenty‐five eyes (23 patients) with retinoblastoma enucleated after failing eye‐salvage therapy were evaluated. Reasons for enucleation (tumor progression, subretinal or vitreous seeds) and co‐morbid conditions (neovascular glaucoma, cataract, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment) were documented. All specimens were reviewed for evidence of ciliary body, choroidal, optic nerve, and scleral invasion.

Results

The median age at diagnosis was 14 months (range, 1–37 months). Twenty eyes were classified as Reese‐Ellsworth Group IV–V at diagnosis. Twenty‐four eyes had recurrent disease at enucleation; one eye was enucleated for neovascular glaucoma and vitreous hemorrhage. Co‐existing ocular morbidities at enucleation included vitreous hemorrhage (n = 6), retinal detachment (n = 9), neovascular glaucoma (n = 9) and cataracts (n = 3). Histologic findings included choroidal invasion (n = 7), ciliary body invasion (n = 4), optic nerve invasion (n = 6) and scleral invasion (n = 3). The median time from diagnosis to enucleation was 11 months. Co‐existing retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage significantly increased the likelihood of optic nerve invasion (P = 0.014 and P = 0.011, respectively). Prolonged time to enucleation was significantly associated with the likelihood of choroidal (P = 0.010) and ciliary body (P = 0.021) invasion as well as invasion of multiple sites.

Conclusion

In eyes with retinoblastoma enucleated after chemoreduction, co‐existing ocular morbidities and time to enucleation are predictive of extra‐retinal extension. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:351–356. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological investigations on the flow behavior of polymer‐microsized iron powder composites
Authors: Hanemann T. , Honnef K.
Published: November 2008

With respect to the fabrication of metal parts carrying surface relief microstructures using composite reaction molding as a rapid prototyping variant of micrometal injection molding, the influence of microsized iron powder on the viscosity of different unsaturated polyester resins applied as polymer binder has been investigated systematically. The initial binder viscosity determines the viscosity of the composite and hence the accessible critical filler load. A further dilution of the unsaturated polyester resin with styrene allows a significant increase of the filler load at constant shear rate and temperature from 36 up to 57 vol% iron content. A successful estimation of the critical filler load using different established empirical models initially developed for ceramic‐filled solutions or dispersions is possible. A pronounced flow activation energy increase at high iron loads was also observed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers