bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Displaced Smiles: Photography and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II
Authors: Alinder Jasmine
Published: April 2011

Historical texts, oral testimony, and scholarship document vividly the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II — the loss of private property and personal belongings, and the emotional and psychological suffering, that the imprisonment caused. Yet there is very little visual evidence in the photographic record of incarceration that would attest overtly to these injustices. A photograph on April 1, 1942, by Clem Albers, a photographer for the War Relocation Authority (WRA), depicts three well-dressed young women who have just boarded a train in Los Angeles, which will take them to a so-called assembly center (Figure l). The photograph would appear at first glance to tell a very different story. The women smile and extend their arms out of a raised train window to wave goodbye, as if they are embarking on a vacation or some other pleasant excursion. The Albers photograph is not an exception to the photographic record of incarceration. In the thousands of photographs made of the incarceration process by government photographers, independent documentarians, and “internees,” it is much more difficult to find photographs that portray suffering than it is to find images of smiling prisoners.

Not surprisingly, these photographs of smiling Japanese Americans are unsettling for those scholars, curators, and activists who have worked to expose the injustices of the wartime imprisonment. The smiles are charged for several reasons: They appear to belie the injustice of incarceration and the suffering it caused, they are reminiscent of the ugly stereotype of the grinning Oriental, and they suggest that those portrayed were entirely compliant with the government's racist agenda.
Nisei in Gotham: The JACD and Japanese Americans in 1940s New York
Authors: Robinson Greg
Published: April 2011

The resettlement and activism of Japanese Americans in New York City during the 1940s represents a notable chapter within the large and complex history of the city's Nikkei (ethnic Japanese) community. Throughout the 20th century, the New York community has been distinctive among those in the United States. Like the larger city itself, New York's Nikkei population has been notable for demographic and occupational diversity, extraordinary cosmopolitanism, and political and artistic effervescence. At the same time, in stark contrast to its Pacific Coast counterparts, the New York community has long been marked by a lack of group cohesion, which the scattered residential pattern and transient nature of many of its members did nothing to reduce.

Both these salient community characteristics — political/artistic self-assertion and dispersion — were accentuated with the coming of World War II. The impending conflict between Washington and Tokyo led to the abrupt departure of a large proportion of the city's Nikkei residents back to Japan. However, in the weeks after Pearl Harbor, a new group of anti-Fascist Japanese Americans, largely first generation, assumed community leadership. Their group was subsequently reinforced with the arrival of second-generation intellectuals and artists from the West Coast, who had been incarcerated en masse in camps and elected to resettle in the city afterward. Although the newcomers experienced discrimination and difficulties, they joined with the city's established Japanese population to form a truly cohesive community, with its nucleus the popular activist group Japanese American Committee for Democracy. Yet this group, because of its connections with the Communist Party, demonstrated the limitations as well as the force of Japanese-American political action.
Stowe'sDred:Literary Domesticity and the Law of Slavery
Authors: Grüner Mark Randall
Published: April 2011

If reckoned by unkind reviewers as “one of the dullest and most vulgar productions ever published,” Harriet Beecher Stowe'sDrednevertheless enjoyed prolific sales in both England and the United States because of the reputation Stowe had earned withUncle Tom's Cabin. Given Stowe's international popularity, more charitable reviewers were reluctant to chastise her second antislavery novel too severely. The reviewer fromBlackwood's, for example, spoke of “a respect due to genius; even though its wing droop in the attempt to soar” (“Dred,” 694). No deferential attitude, however, could sway this critic from his perceived duty to inform those who had not yet bought the book of its egregious flaws. Glossing over what struck him as offensive dialogue and improbable characterization, he focused attention on Stowe's apparent lack of dramatic skill. The fact thatDred'stitle character, a slave rebel, dies a peremptory death in an undescribed combat gave good cause for complaint. But also troubling was Stowe's substitution of cholera for insurrection as the means of dispatching Dred's antagonists, a move that the reviewer called “truly ludicrous” (695). “It is the Julius Caesar plot, minus the assassination of Caesar,” he jibed (701): “It is as if, after the meeting between Brutus and Cassius, and the scene with Portia, a herald were to announce to the conspirators that Caesar was dead, and they were not wanted” (704). From the standpoint of aesthetic unity, he was absolutely right.Dred'sbalked trajectory reads like an unintentional parody of more traditional plots. But to let the task of interpretation go at that is to miss the complex manner in which Stowe involved herself in the major political crisis of her time. Situated as it is on the brink of Civil War, the attenuated structure of Stowe's novel is telling — a metaphor for the failure of antebellum polemical patterns to shape a national consensus. When properly viewed as discourse, that is, a figurative running back and forth (from the Latindis-, “in different directions,” andcurrere, “to run”),Dredevokes a whole field of signification where militant, sentimental, and ironic rhetorics clash, combine, and regenerate.
“Are We Not All Soldiers?”: Northern Women in the Civil War Hospital Service
Authors: Schultz Jane E.
Published: April 2011

A photograph of three women in dark dresses, white aprons, and beehivelike white hats has been used by historians throughout the 20th Century as evidence that young, uniformed nurses served in general hospitals during the Civil War. This is a fine example of historical halftruth: the women in the photograph were young and uniformed, but they were not Civil War nurses. They were New Yorkers who had volunteered to work in a food concession at the Sanitary Commission's metropolitan fundraising fair in April, 1864, and they were dressed in traditional Normandy costumes to sell Normandy cakes. The 20th-century historian who first identified this photograph expected nurses to wear white hats, even though no female hospital worker in Civil War America to my knowledge ever wore professional headgear or a uniform.
Words and Music in the Absence of the Social: Hemingway, Salinger, Fitzgerald
Authors: Shute Michael Nathaniel
Published: April 2011

I imagine, you imagine, we imagine. And they imagine. This process may not be as simple as it appears to be inviting.

Dwight MacDonald once remarked wittily upon the good and the bad of Ernest Hemingway. He commented on the grace: “The short words, the declarative sentences, the repetition, the beautiful absence of subordinate clauses … It was a kind of inspired baby talk when he was going good”:

And what if she should die? She won't die. People don't die in childbirth nowadays. That was what all husbands thought. Yes, but what if she should die? She won't die. She's just having a bad time. The initial labor is usually protracted. She's just having a bad time. The initial labor is usually protracted. She's only having a bad time. Afterwards we'd say what a bad time and Catherine would say it wasn't really so bad. But what if she should die? She can't die. Yes, but what if she should die? She can't I tell you. Don't be a fool. It's just a bad time. It's just nature giving her hell. It's only the first labor, which is almost always protracted. Yes, but what if she should die? She can't die. Why should she die? What reason is there for her to die? … But what if she should die? She won't. She's all right. But what if she should die? Hey, what about that? What if she should die?

After this passage MacDonald cites another passage from A Farewell to Arms, one that he sees as having far less meaning.
A Conversation with Howard Fast, March 23 1994
Authors: Wald Alan , Filreis Alan , Sugrue Thomas J.
Published: April 2011

Alan Wald: When we read your memoir that came out in 1990, Being Red, many of us had also read an earlier book called The Naked God in 1957 — and our impression of your experience was represented by The Naked God until we read Being Red. There seems to many of us to be a big difference between the two books and it is also noticed by some of us that in your long list of books in front of Being Red you don't mention The Naked God, and in Being Red you don't talk about The Naked God. So we are wondering whether or not Being Red is sort of a new version of the past that is appropriate for some reason. Is there something inadequate, perhaps, about the earlier version or some political need now to rethink and reform your ideas? What are the differences between the two books? Why did you write the second?

Howard Fast: The chief difference is thirty-five years — which is a big difference. When I wrote The Naked God, I was very angry. I was furious with what I considered a betrayal of people of good will by a large part of the leadership of the Communist Party. You see, I do not look upon the destruction of the Soviet Union and the careers of the men who led the Soviet Union as an attempt to establish a tyranny.
A Paradise of Bachelors: Remodeling Domesticity and Masculinity in the Turn-of-the-Century New York Bachelor Apartment
Authors: Snyder Katherine
Published: April 2011

For both herman melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne, the quin-tessence of midcentury bachelor life was found across the Atlantic. Attempting to capitalize on the phenomenal success of Donald Grant Mitchell'sReveries of a Bachelor(1850), Melville in 1855 published “The Paradise of Bachelors,” with its companion sketch, “The Tartarus of Maids,” inHarper's(during Mitchell's tenure there as editor). This diptych juxtaposed the hard labor of unmarried New England female millworkers to the leisurely pleasures of English bachelor residents of the Inns of Court. For Melville, the “quiet absorption of good living, good drinking, good feeling, and good talk” was epitomized by bachelor life in London. Hawthorne made his own entry in the bachelor sweepstakes withThe Blithedale Romance(1852), which portrayed the temporary residence of the bachelor Coverdale in an American Utopian community and an urban hotel. Yet Hawthorne, like Melville, associated ideal bachelor life with London. Describing a dinner he had enjoyed at the Reform Club, Hawthorne noted in his journal that “there are rooms and conveniences for every possible purpose, and whatever material for enjoyment a bachelor may need, or ought to have, he can surely find it here.”
Charitable giving and its distribution to Londoners after the Great Fire, 1666–1676
Authors: FIELD JACOB F.
Published: April 2011

Major fires are essential case-studies of how urban society responds to crisis. How a city organizes its relief reflects its place in larger networks and reveals its charitable priorities. This article will use the example of the Great Fire of London (1666) to show how the city recovered from this catastrophe. It will examine the recovery using the records of a nationwide charitable collection taken for Londoners ‘distressed’ by the Fire, which shows both how and where money was collected in England and spent in London. It will show that London was extremely resilient to the Fire, and that there was significant continuity before and after the disaster.
Fully epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe(001) junctions with nonmagnetic metal layer insertion
Authors: Niizeki T. , Mitani S. , Sukegawa H. , Kasai S. , Inomata K.
Published: April 2011

Fully epitaxial Fe/Ag-wedge/MgO/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) were prepared by using a combination of magnetron sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy, and their magneto-transport properties were investigated for the Ag thickness range of 0–9 monolayer (ML). The large tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios of up to 160% at room temperature were obtained in the Fe/MgO/Fe region (Ag: 0 ML) after the optimization of the preparation conditions. The finite TMR ratio was observed until the Ag thickness reached 4 ML, although no significant oscillation due to quantum well states (QWS) was seen. This is the first demonstration of TMR in the fully epitaxial MTJs with nonmagnetic metal layer insertion which can potentially create spin-dependent QWS.
Search for plant biomagnetism with a sensitive atomic magnetometer
Authors: Corsini Eric , Acosta Victor , Baddour Nicolas , Higbie James , Lester Brian , Licht Paul , Patton Brian , Prouty Mark , Budker Dmitry
Published: April 2011

We report what we believe is the first experimental limit placed on plant biomagnetism. Measurements with a sensitive atomic magnetometer were performed on the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) inflorescence, known for its fast biochemical processes while blooming. We find that the magnetic field from these processes, projected along the Earth’s magnetic field, and measured at the surface of the plant, is ≲ 0.6 μG.
Electron magnetic resonance studies of the Pr3Ga5SiO14 and Nd3Ga5SiO14 kagomé systems
Authors: Ghosh Sanhita , Datta Saiti , Zhou Haidong , Hoch Michael , Wiebe Christopher , Hill Stephen
Published: April 2011

We report low-temperature, high-frequency (50–800 GHz) electron magnetic resonance measurements on single crystals of the antiferromagnetic kagomé lattice compounds Nd3Ga5SiO14 and Pr3Ga5SiO14. The obtained spectra are extremely rich, displaying a large number of sharp peaks whose positions exhibit a strong systematic temperature dependence. In contrast, the spectra do not seem to follow any systematic dependence on the microwave frequency. This leads us to conclude that the observed features are quite different from conventional independent-particle electron paramagnetic resonance transitions, arising instead from collective excitations associated with finite-sized antiferromagnetically ordered clusters.
Magnetic pumping of continuous magnetic fluid in a spin-valve sensor
Authors: Lee Kisu , Park Jeong-Ho , Lee Donghee , Lee Sangyoung , Yang S. , Cho B. K.
Published: April 2011

To investigate the manipulation of magnetic particles diluted in magnetic fluid, we fabricated a spin valve sensor consisting of sensing and reference sensors and a current-carrying wire near the sensing sensor as well as a microfluidic channel. We designed the microfluidic channel to operate only on the top surface of the sensing sensor. Although a 40 μV output signal was achieved when the magnetic fluid including a 106 bead/ml concentration passed through the channel, the signal disappeared when we switched on the line current. Such a result indicated that the magnetic force, induced by the gradient near the current-carrying wire, caused magnetic particles to exit from the top surface of the sensing sensor. In particular, the output signal recovered to a value of 40 μV when the current was switched off. In addition, the output signal was proportional to the concentration of magnetic fluid. The results in this study indicated that magnetic pumping employing a current-carrying wire near sensors can be effectively used to manipulate magnetic particles on sensor surfaces, allowing use of spin-valve sensors after a detection of magnetic particle.
Spin wave transducer with an arbitrary field direction
Authors: Lassalle-Balier Rémy , Fermon Claude
Published: April 2011

In order to use spin wave interferometry as a local magnetic field sensor, spin waves should be efficiently emitted and detected in remanent magnetization of interferometer structure. To achieve spin wave transduction, in a simple and effective way, we created a new transducer configuration based on microantennas technology. It allows excitation of every magnetization configuration (including remanent state) with an adjustable range of wavelength. Measurements of spin wave emission and propagation have been done in time and frequency domain.
Observation and characterization of mode splitting in microsphere resonators in aquatic environment
Authors: Kim Woosung , Özdemir Şahin Kaya , Zhu Jiangang , Yang Lan
Published: April 2011

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical resonators utilizing resonance shift (RS) and mode splitting (MS) techniques have emerged as highly sensitive platforms for label-free detection of nanoscale objects. RS method has been demonstrated in various resonators in air and liquid. MS in microsphere resonators has not been achieved in aqueous environment up to date, despite its demonstration in microtoroid resonators. Here, we demonstrate scatterer-induced MS of WGMs in microsphere resonators in water. We determine the size range of particles that induces MS in a microsphere in water as a function of resonator mode volume and quality factor. The results are confirmed by the experimental observations.
Three-dimensional Green's functions for two-dimensional quasi-crystal bimaterials
Authors: Gao Yang , Ricoeur Andreas
Published: April 2011

Owing to their specific structure, which can neither be classified as crystalline nor amorphous, quasi-crystals (QCs) exhibit properties that are interesting to both material science and mathematical physics or continuum mechanics. Within the framework of a mathematical theory of elasticity, one major focus is on features evolving from the coupling of phonon and phason fields, which is not observed in classical crystalline or amorphous materials. This paper deals with the problems of combinations of point phonon forces and point phason forces, which are applied to the interior of infinite solids and bimaterial solids of two-dimensional hexagonal QCs. By using the general solution of QCs, a series of displacement functions is adopted to obtain the analytical results when the two half-spaces are supposed to be ideally bonded or to be in smooth contact. In the final expressions, we provide three-dimensional Green’s functions for infinite bimaterial QC solids in the closed form, which are very convenient to be used in the study of dislocations, cracks and inhomogeneities of the new solid phase. Furthermore, the paper is concluded by a discussion of some special cases, in which Green’s functions for infinite transversely isotropic solids and Green’s functions for a half-space with free or fixed boundary are given.
Trends of allergic symptoms in school children: large‐scale long‐term consecutive cross‐sectional studies in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Yura Akiko , Kouda Katsuyasu , Iki Masayuki , Shimizu Tadahiko
Published: April 2011

To cite this article: Yura A, Kouda K, Iki M, Shimizu T. Trends of allergic symptoms in school children: large‐scale long‐term consecutive cross‐sectional studies in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 631–637.

Background:  Trends in the prevalence rates of allergic symptoms in children have been discussed extensively, but it remains uncertain which symptoms increase or decrease over time owing to the lack of large‐scale long‐term consecutive cross‐sectional studies performed on a representative population of children.

Objective:  To clarify the trends in the prevalence rates of allergic symptoms in Japanese children.

Methods:  Total population questionnaire surveys were conducted 15 times from 1975 to 2006 for all children attending public elementary schools in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, with the number of subjects ranging from 460,000 to 900,000. Parents of the children completed the questionnaire about allergic symptoms and other symptoms, including wheeze, physician‐diagnosed atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, and itching eyes.

Results:  Response rates were consistently over 90%. The prevalence of wheezing was constant until 1983, then increased from 1983 until 1993, then stabilized at about 4.4%. The lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis increased to 24% by 1993, and then decreased. The prevalence of rhinitis increased to 25% by 2003, whereas the prevalence of non‐seasonal symptoms plateaued from 1993 on at 11% and vernal symptoms increased. The prevalence of itching eyes continued to increase to 21% in 2006, and vernal symptoms increased sharply.

Conclusions:  In Osaka Prefecture, Japan, the turning point when the prevalence of wheezing in schoolchildren had begun to increase was 1983. And the turning point when the increase in the prevalence of wheezing, atopic dermatitis, and non‐seasonal allergic rhinitis turned to decrease or constant was 1993. The prevalence of rhinitis and itching eyes in spring was still increasing in 2006.
Parental overweight/obesity, social factors, and child overweight/obesity at 7 years of age
Authors: Xu Li , Dubois Lise , Burnier Daniel , Girard Manon , Prud'homme Denis
Published: April 2011

Background:  This study used gender‐based analyses to examine whether child overweight/obesity is related to parental overweight/obesity and sociodemographic factors, in a representative population‐based cohort of 7‐year‐old children.

Methods:  Data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development 1998–2010 was used. Children (n= 1336) were randomly selected from each public health region of Québec. The study was based on face‐to‐face interviews and a set of questionnaires addressed to mothers and fathers.

Results:  Compared to children with no overweight/obese parent, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of being overweight/obese with two overweight/obese parents was 5 for boys (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.31–10.85) and 5.87 for girls (95%CI: 2.63–13.12). Gender differences appeared when one parent was overweight/obese. For girls, having either an overweight/obese mother (OR, 3.10; 95%CI: 1.14–8.38) or father (OR, 3.64; 95%CI: 1.68–7.91) significantly increased the odds of being overweight/obese at 7 years. For boys, however, having only an overweight/obese father (OR, 2.05; 95%CI: 1.01–4.16) was related to overweight/obesity, but having only an overweight/obese mother was not related to overweight/obesity at 7 years for boys. In girls, but not in boys, having an immigrant mother also significantly related to overweight/obesity (OR, 2.71; 95%CI: 1.28–5.75) at 7 years, after controlling for other social factors.

Conclusions:  Gender differences in socialization may explain why at 7 years of age, girls' bodyweight is influenced by having even one overweight/obese parent (mother or father), while boys' bodyweight appears to be influenced only by father's overweight/obesity when only one parent is overweight/obese.
Communication skills in a population of primary school‐aged children raised in an area of pronounced social disadvantage
Authors: Law James , McBean Kirsty , Rush Robert
Published: April 2011

Background: Previous studies have highlighted the level of communication difficulty experienced by children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, but the pattern of difficulties remains unclear.

Aims: The study asks whether the performance of a community sample of children from one of the most socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Scotland is best characterized by a general delay in all areas of development, by difficulties across the more formal structural aspects of language or in phonological skills.

Methods & Procedures: The study included 138 monolingual English‐speaking children: 63 (45.7%) boys and 75 (54.3%) girls aged between 5 and 12 years. All children were assessed blind to educational attainment in the school.

Outcomes & Results: Nearly 40% of children had delayed language development with 10% having severe difficulties. The children presented with an uneven profile with much lower structural language scores than reading, general communication skills or non‐verbal performance. Although service use was high in the group as a whole, the proportion who met criteria for specific language impairment on discrepancy criteria were not those who were being referred to speech and language therapy.

Conclusions & Implications: Although many children were performing well within the normal range, a substantial proportion were not, having considerable implications for the way that services are delivered to these children. Given the high prevalence of delayed structural language difficulties in this group, there is a clear need for a more universal ‘population’‐based approaches to service delivery.
Formulating and Using Probability Density Functions with Familiar Geometric Shapes
Authors: Eisenhauer Joseph G.
Published: April 2011

This note shows how some density functions for continuous probability distributions can be constructed in a transparent manner to help students appreciate their development.
Extraction of Fractured Cheek Teeth under Oral Endoscopic Guidance in Standing Horses
Authors: Ramzan Peter H. L. , Dallas Robert S. , Palmer Lorraine
Published: April 2011

Objective: To evaluate a technique for oral extraction of fractured cheek teeth (CT) under oral endoscopic guidance.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Horses (n=30) with fractured CT.

Methods: Medical records (April 2007–August 2010) of horses that had standing oral extraction of fractured CT under endoscopic guidance were reviewed.

Results: Thirty horses (median age, 11.5 years; range, 5–23 years) had 31 fractured CT (21 maxillary, 10 mandibular) removed. Midline sagittal fractures of maxillary teeth (n=13; 42%) were the most common type, followed by buccal or palatal (10; 32%), and transverse or multiple (5; 16%) fractures. Extraction under endoscopic guidance was successful for 27 (87%) teeth. Median age of the surgical failure group was 7 years (range, 5–8 years), significantly lower than that of the surgical success group (P=.0135, Mann–Whitney U‐test).

Conclusions: Endoscopic viewing facilitates instrument use and removal of fractured CT in standing horses.
Immunoglobulin E oligomers identified in blood components activate mast cells: relevance to anaphylactic transfusion reaction
Authors: Abe Takaaki , Matsumoto Chieko , Shimada Eiko , Mazda Toshio , Takanashi Minoko , Kawaguchi Koichiro , Hamasaki Takafumi , Mita Haruhisa , Akiyama Kazuo , Okazaki Hitoshi , Satake Masahiro , Tadokoro Kenji
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: In most cases of anaphylactic transfusion reaction, the mechanisms underlying its development are unclear. We found a donor whose transfused blood components were implicated in two cases of anaphylactic transfusion reaction, and we found that the donor plasma showed mast cell degranulation activity.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The donor plasma was examined to identify the mast cell–activating factors in it. Cultured mast cells prepared from cord blood were used for in vitro degranulation assay. Serum prepared from the donor plasma was fractionated by three‐step chromatography using mast cell degranulation activity as a marker. The fractions selected from the third step of chromatography were analyzed by mass spectrometry after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The characteristics of the identified proteins and other plasma samples that had been donated by the donor over several years were examined.

RESULTS: Two plasma proteins of high molecular weight were detected in the anion‐exchange fractions and identified as human immunoglobulin (Ig)Es of 500 kDa and higher. The mast cell degranulation activity of the IgEs decreased in the presence of monomeric human IgE as well as an anti‐human IgE antibody. Mast cell degranulation activity was detected in the donor plasma since January 4, 2002, when the first case was reported.

CONCLUSION: We identified high‐molecular‐weight IgEs as the mast cell–activating factors in the donor plasma. Results of analysis suggest that these IgEs were dimeric and trimeric and that they directly activated the transfusion recipient's mast cells by triggering the crosslinking of Fcε receptor I, thereby inducing an anaphylactic transfusion reaction.
Les victimes d’avalanche au Québec entre 1825 et 2009
Authors: Hétu Bernard , Brown Kati , Germain Daniel
Published: April 2011

L’analyse croisée des enquêtes des coroners, des articles de journaux et des compilations déjà publiées a permis de retracer 43 avalanches de neige mortelles au Québec depuis 1825. Le bilan provisoire s’élève à 73 morts et à plus de 50 blessés. Soixante pour cent des victimes avaient moins de 20 ans. Plus de la moitié des victimes (38 morts en 12 accidents) sont décédées alors qu’elles étaient à l’intérieur ou à proximité d’un édifice (généralement leur résidence), principalement dans les villes de Québec et de Lévis. Les activités sportives de proximité arrivent en seconde place avec 24 victimes en 20 accidents. La majorité des accidents se sont produits sur des pentes relativement courtes (dénivelée inférieure à 70 m), en dehors des zones montagneuses. Les activités sportives en arrière‐pays (zones montagneuses) n’ont fait à ce jour que 5 victimes. Au Québec, l’inventaire des zones à risque d’avalanche n’a jamais été fait. Il semble, à la lumière des données présentées ici, que le risque soit beaucoup plus répandu qu’on ne l’a cru jusqu’à présent.
A Constitutive Description of the Inelastic Response of Ceramics
Authors: Deshpande Vikram S. , Gamble E. A. Nell , Compton Brett G. , McMeeking Robert M. , Evans Anthony G. , Zok Frank W.
Published: April 2011

The objective of the article is to present a unified model for the dynamic mechanical response of ceramics under compressive stress states. The model incorporates three principal deformation mechanisms: (i) lattice plasticity due to dislocation glide or twinning; (ii) microcrack extension; and (iii) granular flow of densely packed comminuted particles. In addition to analytical descriptions of each mechanism, prescriptions are provided for their implementation into a finite element code as well as schemes for mechanism transitions. The utility of the code in addressing issues pertaining to deep penetration is demonstrated through a series of calculations of dynamic cavity expansion in an infinite medium. The results reveal two limiting behavioral regimes, dictated largely by the ratio of the cavity pressure p to the material yield strength σY. At low values of p/σY, cavity expansion occurs by lattice plasticity and hence its rate diminishes with increasing σY. In contrast, at high values, expansion occurs by microcracking followed by granular plasticity and is therefore independent of σY. In the intermediate regime, the cavity expansion rate is governed by the interplay between microcracking and lattice plasticity. That is, when lattice plasticity is activated ahead of the expanding cavity, the stress triaxiality decreases (toward more negative values) which, in turn, reduces the propensity for microcracking and the rate of granular flow. The implications for penetration resistance to high‐velocity projectiles are discussed. Finally, the constitutive model is used to simulate the quasi‐static and dynamic indentation response of a typical engineering ceramic (alumina) and the results compared to experimental measurements. Some of the pertinent observations are shown to be captured by the present model whereas others require alternative approaches (such as those based on fracture mechanics) for complete characterization.
L'IMMUNITÉ CHEZ LES SOLANACÉES À L‘ÉGARD DU DORYPHORE
Authors: TROUVELOT B.
Published: April 2011

Dans l'étude des forces de la nature pouvant ětre, au besoin, mises à profit pour réduire les dégǎts du Doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), trois voies principales de recherches étaient à suivre.

Elles furent abordées en 1927, lorsqu'il apparǔt que l'on ne pourrait plus éteindre le foyer de l'insecte découvert en 1924 dans le sud‐ouest de la France.

Ces trois voies concernaient:

— l'action sur le Doryphore de facteurs a‐biotiques (climat et parfois sol);

— l'action sur le Doryphore d'ennemis naturels, entomophages et entomophytes;

— enfin, l'action sur l'insecte de certains facteurs propres d'immunité pouvant ětre présentés par les végétaux qu'il attaque ou pourrait attaquer.

En suivant la première orientation, un certain nombre d'utilisations en quelque sorte “passives”, ont eu lieu. En particulier elles portent sur la mise à profit de l'action freinatrice du climat au printemps découlant du fait que insecte et pommes de terre n'ont pas les měmes seuils inférieurs d'exigences thermiques, aussi peut‐on l'utiliser pour certains déphasages pouvant donner des effets très marqués.

Ils permettent l'établissement de cultures de primeurs pour les pommes de terre, pratiquement sans traitements chimiques, surtout lorsqu'on prend soin de veiller dans le secteur où on les établit, à l'absence de cultures de saison de pommes de terre et de plantations d'aubergines (Solanum melongena. L.).

Dans la voie de la lutte biologique au sens restreint habituel du terme, les premières études — études de base — se sont déroulées surtout de 1928 à 1939. Les travaux vont ětre repris par la Commission Internationale de lutte biologique, Commission récemment crée et qui comporte un groupe de travail sur les ennemis naturels du Doryphore présidé par le Dr. Franz de Darmstadt. Ce groupe a tenu sa première réunion cet hiver, à Gembloux, et a fixé deux orientations principales pour ses efforts: avoir le minimum d'action fǎcheuse des traitements insecticides sur le jeu de la lutte biologique naturelle; si possible, avoir à l'avenir en Europe en appoint de nos entomophages indigènes, d'autres espèces venant, elles, du pays d'origine du Doryphore.

La troisième voie comprenait les études d'immunologie et leur mise à profit dans la recherche de plantes cultivées si possible peu sensibles aux attaques, voir měme résistantes.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF APHIS FABAE IN SELECTING ITS HOST PLANTS, ESPECIALLY DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF VICIA FABA
Authors: MÜLLER H. J.
Published: April 2011

The different initial infestation of the two field bean varieties Rastatter and Schlanstedter (in the relation 1: 3 till 1: 5) by Aphis (Doralis) fabae Scop, is caused by a preference behaviour of the alates, which land on both varieties of bean in equal numbers, but whereas 99% leave Rastatter in a few minutes, only 90% leave Schlanstedter.

Als primäre Ursache des unterschiedlichen Befalls der beiden Ackerbohnensorten Rastatter und Schlanstedter durch die Schwarze Bohnenlaus, Aphis (Doralis) fabae Scop., wird Präferenzresistenz nachgewiesen. In mehrjährigen Beobachtungsreihen ergab sich bei 24‐stündigen Kontrollen ein Unterschied in der Anzahl der Initialkolonien von 1: 3 bis 1: 5 auf Rastatter und Schlanstedter. Direktes Abfangen bzw. eingehende Beobachtung der auf den Pflanzen gelandeten Geflügelten zeigte, daß diese Initialbefallsdifferenz erst sekundär entsteht. Die Pflanzen beider Sorten werden statistisch in gleicher Häufigkeit beflogen, jedoch siedeln sich auf Rastatter nur 1%, auf Schlanstedter 10% der Gelandeten für längere Zeit (bis zum Absetzen wenigstens einer Junglarve) an. Die Bedeutung der sogenannten Probesaugstiche sowie der Größe und Verteilung der Interzellularräume in den Pflanzengeweben für das Auffinden des Phloems und somit für die Wirtswahl wird diskutiert.
L'INFLUENCE DE LA PLANTE‐HOTE SUR LA FÉCONDITÉ DE L'INSECTE PHYTOPHAGE
Authors: GRISON PIERRE
Published: April 2011

Pour étudier l'influence des constituants organiques deSolanum tuberosumsur la fécondité deLeptinotarsa decemlineatail faut d'abord tenir compte de la ration alimentaire d'entretien, et établir la relation entre fécondité et quantité d'aliment consommé.

Les variations du rapport C/N sont moins importantes que celles de la teneur en lipides choliniques sur la fécondité du Doryphore; cependant un supplément de caséine augmente le taux de ponte si la feuille est pauvre en azote. Le glucose ralentit l'activité ovogénétique mais son effet est plus difficile à interpréter car il joue un rǒle énergétique important dans l'activité musculaire.

L'effet des lipides phosphatidiques est plus nettement mis en évidence dans les tests biologiques et dans les tests biochimiques.
STUDIES ON THE OLFACTION AND COLOUR SENSITIVITY OF BEMISIA TABACI (GENN.) (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: MOUND LAURENCE A.
Published: April 2011

The whitefly, B. tabaci, is attracted by two groups of wavelengths of transmitted light, the blue/ultra‐violet, and the yellow parts of the spectrum. A mixture of these components in a reflecting surface however is not attractive. A possible explanation of this is that ultraviolet radiation induces migratory behaviour, whereas yellow radiation induces vegetative behaviour. It has further been found that B. tabaci has no easily detectable olfactory reactions. In this, and in its reactions to coloured surfaces, it appears to differ from the whitefly Aleyrodes brassicae, which may explain the different host range of the two species.

UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER GERUCHS‐ UND FARBW AHRNEHMUNG VON BEMISIA TABACI (GENN.) (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE)

Die Mottenschildlaus, B. tabaci, wird nachweislich von zwei Wellenlängenbereichen des Spektrums angezogen: vom Blau/Ultraviolett‐ und vom Gelb‐Anteil. Jedoch wirkt ein Gemisch dieser Komponenten auf einer reflektierenden Oberfläche nicht attraktiv. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür ist, daß die Ultraviolett‐Strahlung Ausbreitungsverhaiten, die Gelb‐Strahlung jedoch vegetative Antriebe hervorruft. Es wurde weiterhin festgestellt, daß B. tabaci keine leicht entdeckbaren olfaktorischen Reaktionen aufweist. Darin sowie in ihrem Verhalten zu farbigen Oberflächen scheint sie sich von der Mottenschildlaus Aleyrodes brassicae zu unterscheiden, und diese Tatsachen stehen wahrscheinlich in Beziehung zu dem verschiedenen Wirtspflanzenspektrum der beiden Arten.
GENETICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE GENE FOR LOW ALIESTERASE ACTIVITY AND ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANCE IN MUSCA DOMESTICA L
Authors: FRANCO MARIA G. , OPPENOORTH F. J.
Published: April 2011

In order to locate gene a for low aliesterase activity and OP‐resistance, a diazinon resistant strain was crossed with several strains carrying recessive marker genes. The phenotypic expression of the a gene studied was diazinon resistance, and a discriminating dose was employed to classify aa+ and a+a+ flies obtained in the crosses.

Resistance was found to segregate in opposition to ar and cm, indicating that the genes a, ar and cm are located on the same (fifth) chromosome. Crossovers between a and the markers were either rare or completely absent.

During the course of these experiments a strain carrying the marker bwb proved to be heterogeneous as to its aliesterase activity, A factor was shown to be present which caused low aliesterase activity but no diazinon or malathion resistance. This factor could be either a new allele of gene a or a deficiency.

GENETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DAS GEN FÜR GERINGE ALIESTERASE‐AKTIVITÄT UND FÜR PHOSPHORESTER‐RESISTENZ BEI MUSCA DOMESTICA L.

Um das Gen a für niedrige Aliesterase‐Aktivität und Phosphorester Resistenz zu lokalisieren, wurde ein diazlnonresistenter Stamm mit verschiedenen Stämmen, welche rezessive Gene enthalten, gekreuzt. Um die aa+– und a+a+‐Fliegen dieser Kreuzung klassifizieren zu können, wurde als phaenotypisches Merkmal die Diazinon‐Kesistenz und eine “discriminating dose” benutzt.

Es war festzustellen, daß die Gene a, ar und cm auf ein und demselben (fünften) Chromosom lokalisiert sind. “Crossing‐over” zwischen a und den Markierungsgenen kam selten oder nie vor.

Im Verlauf dieser Versuche wurde festgestellt, daß ein Stamm, der das Markierungsgen bwb enthielt, heterogen zu seiner Aliesterase‐Aktivität war. Ein Faktor, der niedrige Aliesterase‐Aktivität, aber keine Diazinon‐ oder Malathion‐Resistenz verursachte, konnte ermittelt werden. Dieser Faktor stellt entweder ein neues Allel des Gens a oder eine Defizienz im Chromosom dar.
THE EFFECT OF AN ALTERNATIVE FOOD SUPPLY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO TYPHLODROMUS SPECIES AND PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARINA)
Authors: COLLYER ELSIE
Published: April 2011

Using seedling plants in an insectary, populations were recorded of two species of Typhlodromus (Phytoseiidae) when provided with known numbers of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) and/or large numbers of Aculus fockeui (Nal.) (Eriophyidae). T. pyri Scheut. and T. finlandicus (Oudms.) both maintained P. ulmi at a low level compared with populations where Typhlodromus was not present, and whether or not A. fockeui was also available. Both species of Typhlodromus increased more rapidly when provided with A. fockeui as well as P. ulmi, and under these conditions T. pyri reduced P. ulmi to a lower level than where A. fockeui was not provided.

DIE WIRKUNG EINES ALTERNATIVEN NAHRUNGSANGEBOTES AVE DIE BEZIEHUNG ZWISCHEN TYPHLODROMUS SPP. UND PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARINA)

Der Versuch sollte zeigen, ob die Raubmilbe Typhlodromus spp. (Phytoseiidae) die Spinnmilbe Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) weiter niederhalten könnte, wenn gleichzeitig eine andere günstige Beute angeboten würde. Es wurden getopfte Prunus‐Sämlinge in einem Gewächshaus benutzt, die zur Hälfte mit einer großen Anzahl von Aculus fockeui (Nal.) (Erio‐phyidae) infiziert wurden, bevor bekannte Anzahlen von P. ulmi und Typhlodromus pyri Scheut. oder T. finlandicus (Oudms.) auf ihnen angesetzt wurden. Während eines Zeitraumes von 8 Wochen wurden in annähernd wöchentlichen Abständen einzelne, als Wiederholungen ange‐setzte Pflanzen jeder Versuchsvariante entnommen und ihre Milbenpopulationen ausgezählt. Bei Abwesenheit der Raubmilben stieg die P. ulmi‐Population schneller auf Pflanzen an, die von A. fockeui frei, als auf solchen, auf denen sie vorhanden waren. Sowohl T. pyri wie T. finlandicus hielten P. ulmi auf einem vergleichsweise niedrigen Niveau, gleichgültig ob A. fockeui gleichfalls vorhanden war oder nicht. Beide Typhlodromus‐Arten vermehrten sich rascher, wenn ihnen neben P. ulmi zusätzlich A. fockeui zur Verfügung stand, und unter diesen Bedingungen reduzierte T. pyri die P. ulmi‐Population auf ein niedrigeres Niveau als bei Abwesenheit von A. fockeui. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Gegenwart von A. fockeui die Bekämpfung von P. ulmi durch Typhlodromus spp. nicht beeinträchtigt, daß sie aber eine günstige Beute darstellt und eine erhöhte Vermehrungsrate der Raubmilben bewirkt.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONTROL OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH ON CUCUMBERS BY THE PREDATORY MITE PHYTOSEIULUS RIEGELI DOSSE
Authors: HUSSEY N. W. , PARR W. J. , GOULD H. J.
Published: April 2011

The interaction between Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus riegeli on cucumbers was studied in several different experiments at two centres. It was shown that if the predator is introduced at a low prey population, elimination of the mites occurred before leaf‐injury became sufficiently high to cause a reduction in cucumber yield. A theoretical pattern of mite control and leaf‐damage is discussed, and it is concluded that economic control should follow two introductions of Phytoseiulus during the first 25 weeks of a cucumber crop. As the predator does not diapause, acaricidal control should be used for the remainder of the economic life of the crop if leaf‐damage approaches the critical level.

BEOBACHTUNGEN BEI DER BEKÄMPFUNG VON TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH AN GURKEN MIT DER RAUBMILBE PHYTOSEIULUS RIEGELI DOSSE

Verschiedene, in zwei Arbeitszentren ausgeführte Untersuchungen über die Bekämpfung von Tetranychus urticae mit Phytoseiulus riegeli werden diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß der Räuber über einen weiten Spielraum der Beutepopulation, gemessen am Ausmaß der Blattbeschädigung, innerhalb von 5 Wochen zur Herrschaft gelangt. Wo Phytoseiulus in eine kleine Beutepopulation eingeführt wird, erfolgt deren Auslöschung stets bevor der Blattschaden so hoch wird, daß eine Ertragseinbuße im Gurkenfeld entsteht. Unter solchen Umständen wurde der Räuber bis zu 8 Wochen nach dem Einsetzen überlebend gefunden.

Auf Grund der Ausmaße der Blattbeschädigung, die sich in diesen Untersuchungen vor und nach der Unterdrückung des Schädlings ergaben, wurde ein theoretisches Programm einer integrierten akariciden und biologischen Bekämpfung ausgearbeitet. Dieses nimmt an, daß zwei Einführungen des Räubers (oder eine der Räuber, der eine der Beute folgt, bevor jener ausstirbt) für die ersten 25 Wochen der Gurkenentwicklung eine ökonomische Bekämpfung ergeben. Da der Räuber offensichtlich nicht diapausiert, sollte während der letzten Stadien des Gurkenaufwuchses ein Akarieid‐Einsatz folgen.
THE EFFECT OF SINIGRIN ON THE FEEDING OF PIERIS BRASSICAE L. LARVAE TRANSFERRED FROM VARIOUS DIETS
Authors: DAVID W. A. L. , GARDINER B. O. C.
Published: April 2011

It is well known that mustard oil glucosides act as feeding stimulants for P. brassicae larvae. However it is shown here that the larvae will feed on a diet which contains no mustard oil glucoside if they are placed on it from the time of hatching. Such larvae complete their development a little more slowly than those on a diet containing a glucoside. When transferred to a diet which contains powdered cabbage or sinigrin their feeding is increased by about 20 per cent. Larvae which have been reared on fresh cabbage will not accept a diet even if it contains sinigrin but larvae which have been reared on diets containing dried cabbage or sinigrin feed much better on either of these diets than on one containing neither.

DIE WIRKUNG VON SINIGRIN AUF DIE NAHRUNGSAUFNAHME VON PIERIS BRASSICAE‐LARVEN NACH ÜBERTRAGUNG VON VERSCHIEDENEN DIÄTEN

Es ist wohl bekannt, daß Senfölglukoside als Fraßstimulatien für Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. wirken. Hier wird jedoch gezeigt, daß die Raupen von einer Nahrung fressen, die keine Senfölglukoside enthält, wenn sie vom Schlüpfen an auf ihr gehalten werden. Solche Larven vollenden ihre Entwicklung ein wenig langsamer als die, welche an glukosidhaltiger Nahrung aufgezogen werden. Wenn sie auf eine Nahrung übertragen werden, die gepulverten Kohl oder Sinigrin enthält, wird ihre Nahrungsaufnahme um etwa 20% gesteigert. Raupen, die an frischem Kohl aufgezogen wurden, nehmen künstliche Diät auch dann nicht an, wenn sie Sinigrin enthält. Aber Raupen, die mit Nahrung aufgezogen wurden, welche getrockneten Kohl oder Sinigrin enthält, fressen sehr viel besser an einer dieser Diäten als an einer, die keines von beiden enthält.