bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk‐based optimization of concentrically braced tall timber buildings: Derivative free optimization algorithm
Authors: Laguardia Raffaele , Franchin Paolo , Tesfamariam Solomon
Published: September 2023

Mass timber materials are attractive alternatives for tall‐timber buildings (TBs), where the need for sustainability is apparent. Innovative structural systems and design methodologies are needed to fulfil performance requirements according to modern performance based approaches. This paper deals with the design and optimization of buckling restrained braces as earthquake protection system for tall‐TBs through risk‐based design procedure. This procedure controls the mean annual frequency of exceedance of several limit states evaluated through a SAC‐FEMA approach and using response spectrum linear analyses on linearized models for demand assessment. The features of the optimization procedure and the linearized models are shown through an application on a 20‐story mass‐TB located in a high seismic zone. The optimization is executed through a derivative‐free algorithm, the generalized pattern Search, adopting several solution strategies whose efficiency and effectiveness for this kind of applications are shown and discussed. Finally, the results are compared and validated through the execution of non‐linear analyses within a multiple stripe framework.
Experimental evaluation of the role of slenderness in seismic behaviour of bridges with rockable footing
Authors: Yang Ziqi , Lyu Yang , Li Ning , Li Zhongxian , Xue Ruisong , Chouw Nawawi
Published: September 2023

Observations in major earthquakes have shown that rockable structures suffered less to no damage. During rocking, that is, partial and temporary footing separations, the influx of seismic energy is interrupted and thus the impact of the base excitation is reduced. Rocking causes the structure to deform more rigid like. Consequently, the structure experiences less deformation along the height and thus a lower damage potential. Although many researchers have studied the influence of rockable footings, most of these are either analytical or numerical, and only a very few structures have been built with rockable footings worldwide, for example, the chimney at Christchurch Airport and the South Rangitikei Viaduct in New Zealand. Despite these studies, a thorough and understanding is not yet available, especially with respect to experimental validations. This work is the first to investigate the rocking behaviour of bridges with different slenderness using large‐scale shake table experiments. To limit the number of influence factors, a stiff footing support and the same fixed‐base fundamental frequency of the bridges were assumed. The result shows that the girder displacement and the footing rotation of the tall bridge do not always move in phase, which cannot be observed in the short bridge. The results demonstrate the important role of slenderness in the overall responses of rockable bridges. This behaviour cannot be observed in bridges with a commonly assumed fixed base since the slenderness effect cannot be activated.
Crop models and their use in assessing crop production and food security: A review
Authors: Gavasso‐Rita Yohanne Larissa , Papalexiou Simon Michael , Li Yanping , Elshorbagy Amin , Li Zhenhua , Schuster‐Wallace Corinne
Published: September 2023

Agriculture is directly related to food security as it determines the global food supply. Research in agriculture to predict crop productivity and losses helps avoid high food demand with little supply and price spikes. Here, we review ten crop models and one intercomparison project used for simulating crop growth and productivity under various impacts from soil–crop–atmosphere interactions. The review outlines food security and production assessments using numerical models for maize, wheat, and rice production. A summary of reviewed studies shows the following: (1) model ensembles provide smaller modeling errors compared to single models, (2) single models show better results when coupled with other types of models, (3) the ten reviewed crop models had improvements over the years and can accurately predict crop growth and yield for most of the locations, management conditions, and genotypes tested, (4) APSIM and DSSAT are fast and reliable in assessing broader output variables, (5) AquaCrop is indicated to investigate water footprint, quality and use efficiency in rainfed and irrigated systems, (6) all models assess nitrogen dynamics and use efficiency efficiently, excluding AquaCrop and WOFOST, (7) JULES specifies in evaluating food security vulnerability, (8) ORYZA is the main crop model used to evaluate paddy rice production, (9) grain filling is usually assessed with APSIM, DAISY, and DSSAT, and (10) the ten crop models can be used as tools to evaluate food production, availability, and security.
A metabolism‐functional connectome sparse coupling method to reveal imaging markers for Alzheimer's disease based on simultaneous PET/MRI scans
Authors: Wang Luyao , Xu Huanyu , Wang Min , Brendel Matthias , Rominger Axel , Shi Kuangyu , Han Ying , Jiang Jiehui
Published: September 2023

Abnormal glucose metabolism and hemodynamic changes in the brain are closely related to cognitive function, providing complementary information from distinct biochemical and physiological processes. However, it remains unclear how to effectively integrate these two modalities across distinct brain regions. In this study, we developed a connectome‐based sparse coupling method for hybrid PET/MRI imaging, which could effectively extract imaging markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the early stage. The FDG‐PET and resting‐state fMRI data of 56 healthy controls (HC), 54 subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and 27 cognitive impairment (CI) participants due to AD were obtained from SILCODE project (NCT03370744). For each participant, the metabolic connectome (MC) was constructed by Kullback–Leibler divergence similarity estimation, and the functional connectome (FC) was constructed by Pearson correlation. Subsequently, we measured the coupling strength between MC and FC at various sparse levels, assessed its stability, and explored the abnormal coupling strength along the AD continuum. Results showed that the sparse MC–FC coupling index was stable in each brain network and consistent across subjects. It was more normally distributed than other traditional indexes and captured more SCD‐related brain areas, especially in the limbic and default mode networks. Compared to other traditional indices, this index demonstrated best classification performance. The AUC values reached 0.748 (SCD/HC) and 0.992 (CI/HC). Notably, we found a significant correlation between abnormal coupling strength and neuropsychological scales (p < .05). This study provides a clinically relevant tool for hybrid PET/MRI imaging, allowing for exploring imaging markers in early stage of AD and better understanding the pathophysiology along the AD continuum.
Access to assisted human reproduction techniques in Colombia: Disparity between the recognition of reproductive rights and their effective implementation
Authors: Pinto‐Bustamante Boris Julián , Gómez‐Córdoba Ana Isabel , Gómez‐Rivadeneira Alexander , Montaño Camilo Alberto Caicedo , Vargas Vivian Andrea Roa , Romero Helena Arango , Pascual María Gabriela Méndez , Cervera José Ignacio Madero
Published: September 2023

Public funding of assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) is a controversial issue. Some health systems have proposed public funding of ARTs. In recent years, there has been evidence of a change in the line of jurisprudence and legislation in Colombia about this topic. This article analyzes the tension between the recognition of individual sexual and reproductive rights and the common good, in terms of the sustainability of the health system and the reasonable use of limited resources to meet the health needs of the population. This article concludes that, despite regulatory progress, there has been a lack of corresponding progress in their effective implementation and the recognition of reproductive rights.
Family planning saves maternal and newborn lives: Why universal access to contraception must be prioritized in national maternal and newborn health policies, financing, and programs
Authors: Askew Ian , Raney Laura , Kerrigan Monica , Sridhar Aparna
Published: September 2023

Synopsis

We highlight why integrating contraceptive services within maternal and newborn health programs is essential for improving outcomes. We offer effective, actionable recommendations that can be implemented easily.
Do neonatal birth weight thresholds for labor dystocia outcomes differ between short and normal stature women?
Authors: Cohen Gal , Schreiber Hanoch , Shalev‐Ram Hila , Biron‐Shental Tal , Kovo Michal
Published: September 2023

Objective

To determine if there is a correlation between maternal short stature and neonatal birth weight among women with adverse outcomes related to labor dystocia.

Methods

The medical records of singleton deliveries with adverse obstetric outcomes related to labor dystocia during 2014–2020, in a single tertiary center, were reviewed. Outcomes included at least one of the following: cesarean delivery (CD) due to cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD), prolonged second stage, shoulder dystocia, third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear. Maternal short stature was defined as height below the 10th centile (short stature group) and normal stature was defined as maternal height between the 10th and 90th centiles (normal stature group). Maternal and neonatal characteristics were compared between the groups.

Results

A total of 3295 women were included, among them, 307 in the short stature group (9.3%, height 1.52 ± 0.02 m) and 2988 in the normal stature group (90.7%, height 1.63 ± 0.04 m). Evaluating the entire cohort revealed similar neonatal birth weights comparing the short and normal stature groups. A subgroup analysis of women after CD due to CPD (n = 296) revealed lower neonatal birth weights in the short stature group (n = 31) compared with the normal stature group (n = 265) (3215 ± 411 vs 3484 ± 427 g, P = 0.001, respectively). Multivariable linear regression was performed for women who underwent CD due to CPD. After adjusting for obesity and diabetes mellitus, short stature and nulliparity were found to be independently associated with decreased neonatal birth weight (266 g less for short stature, P = 0.001, and 294 g less for nulliparity, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Among women with short stature, CD due to CPD occurs at lower neonatal birth weights.
Connections matter: Adolescent social connectedness profiles and mental well‐being over time
Authors: Oberle Eva , Ji Xuejun Ryan , Alkawaja Maram , Molyneux Tonje M. , Kerai Salima , Thomson Kimberly C. , Guhn Martin , Schonert‐Reichl Kimberly A. , Gadermann Anne M.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

This study examined profiles of social connectedness among early adolescents in grade 7 before the COVID‐19 pandemic was declared (Winter 2020), and in grade 8 during the second Wave of the pandemic (Winter 2021).

Method

Linked data from 1753 early adolescents (49% female) from British Columbia, Canada who completed the Middle Years Development Instrument survey in grades 7 and 8 were used. Participants reported on life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and connectedness with peers and adults at home, school and in the community. We used Latent Profile Analysis to identify connectedness profiles at both time points, and Latent Transition Analysis to examine transitions in connectedness profiles over time. Multiple regression analyses examined the associations between profile membership in grade 7 and mental well‐being in grade 8, and the associations between transitions in profile membership (i.e., increase vs. decrease in connectedness over time) and mental well‐being.

Results

Connectedness in multiple domains in grade 7 was related to significantly higher levels of mental well‐being in grade 8, controlling for demographics, well‐being in grade 7, and COVID‐related mental health worries. Well‐being was highest when students felt highly connected in all domains and lowest when they felt lower levels of connection. Increases in connectedness were associated with improvements in mental well‐being and decreases with a decline in well‐being over time.

Conclusions

Experiencing connectedness with peers and adults is critical for the mental well‐being in early adolescence. Providing opportunities to connect is important in the context of major societal challenges such as the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Suppression of LPS‐activated inflammatory responses and chromosomal histone modifications in macrophages by micropattern‐induced nuclear deformation
Authors: Chu Qi , Han Weiju , He Zhichun , Hao Lijing , Fu Xiaoling
Published: September 2023

Macrophages are important immune effector cells which participate various physiological and pathological conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated the regulation of macrophage phenotype by micropatterns. It is well accepted that micropatterns affect cellular behaviors through changing cell shape and modulating the associated mechanical sensors on the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton. However, the role of nucleus, which serves as a critical physical sensing device, is often ignored. Herein, we found the nuclear deformation and the subsequently increased chromosomal histone methylation (H3K36me2) may contribute to the micropattern‐induced suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses. Specifically, macrophages on micropatterned surfaces expressed lower levels of key inflammatory genes, compared with those on flat surfaces. Further investigation on macrophage nuclei showed that micropatterned surfaces cause shrinkage of nucleus volume and compaction of chromatin. Moreover, micropatterned surfaces elevated the methylation level of H3K36me2 in macrophages, while decreased the methylation level of H3K4me3. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into how micropatterns affect macrophage phenotype and highlights the importance of nuclear shape and chromatin histone modification in mediating micropattern‐induced change in cell behaviors.
Long‐term changes in psoas muscle mass after lobectomy and segmentectomy for early‐stage lung cancer
Authors: Isaka Tetsuya , Ito Hiroyuki , Yokose Tomoyuki , Saito Haruhiro , Narimatsu Hiroto , Adachi Hiroyuki , Miura Jun , Murakami Kotaro , Kikunishi Noritake , Shigeta Naoko , Rino Yasushi
Published: September 2023

Background

Segmentectomy is considered a less invasive procedure than lobectomy for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, little is known about the physiological mechanism underlying the lower invasiveness of segmentectomy. This study is aimed to compare the differences in the long‐term changes in the psoas muscle mass after segmentectomy and lobectomy in patients with NSCLC.

Methods

Overall 315 recurrence‐free patients who underwent segmentectomy (n = 93) or lobectomy (n = 222) for clinical stage 0‐I NSCLC between January 2016 and December 2018 and underwent computed tomography during the entire period of 6 months ≤ postoperative year (POY) 0.5 < 12 months, 12 months ≤ POY 1 < 24 months, 24 months ≤ POY 2 < 36 months, and 36 months ≤ POY 3 < 48 months were included. Bilateral psoas muscle area (PMA) at the L3 level was measured using each cross‐sectional computed tomography scan. Differences between the segmentectomy and lobectomy groups in the mean change of postoperative PMA from the preoperative period were analysed using Student's t‐test and mixed analysis of variance. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for PMA loss on POY 3 using logistic regression analysis.

Results

The lobectomy group had a significantly larger PMA change than the segmentectomy group during each postoperative period (P < 0.001). Mixed analysis of variance revealed that the mean PMA change was significantly smaller in the segmentectomy group than in the lobectomy group during the observation period (P < 0.001). The mean change in the PMA was significantly larger from POY1 (−2.5%) to POY2 (−3.9%) and POY3 (−4.7%) in the lobectomy group (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001). However, PMA remained unchanged during the postoperative observation period in the segmentectomy group. In the multivariable analysis, the risk factors for PMA change ≤−3.3% (cut‐off: mean change of PMA) at POY3 included lobectomy [odds ratio (OR), 3.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.90–5.82; P < 0.001], male sex (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.02–3.62; P = 0.044) and open thoracotomy (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.11–3.05; P = 0.017). After propensity score matching, the mean change in PMA was smaller in the segmentectomy group (n = 75) than in the lobectomy group (n = 75) during the postoperative observation period (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Psoas muscle mass was better maintained during the postoperative period by segmentectomy than by lobectomy. Psoas muscle mass reduction progressed over a long postoperative period after lobectomy. Segmentectomy via complete video‐assisted thoracic surgery is associated with a lower likelihood of sarcopenia progression.
Developing entrustable professional activities for general dentistry at the University of North Carolina
Authors: Quinonez Rocio B. , Broome Angela , Nesbit Sam , Tittemore Ashley , Kowlowitz Vicki , Duqum Ibrahim , Uyan Dilek , Musskopf Marta L. , Phillips Keith , Moretti Antonio , Mason Matt , Jacobs Alexa , Brian Zachary , Simancas‐Pallares Miguel , Swift Edward J. , Ramaswamy Vidya , Guthmiller Janet M.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

As part of curriculum innovation, the University of North Carolina (UNC) Adams School of Dentistry identified core entrustable professional activities (EPAs) that graduates must demonstrate for practice readiness. This paper describes the development of the UNC EPAs and the perceptions of the general dentistry faculty.

Methods

Upon establishing a blueprint of knowledge, skills, and attitudes of UNC graduates, using a distributed leadership approach, faculty teams developed EPAs focused on the patient care process. The American Dental Education Association Compendium of Clinical Competency Assessments and Commission on Dental Accreditation Standards informed the team's work. Perceptions of the assessment framework were examined using a questionnaire completed by 13 general dentistry faculty considering the importance, accuracy, and agreement of each EPA, associated domains of competence, and encounter management on a 6‐point rating scale.

Results

Distributed leadership was a useful strategy in EPA development to disperse decision‐making and build ownership. Through multiple iterations, four EPAs (assessment, plan of care, collaborative care, and provision of care) with associated sub‐EPAs emerged. EPAs included a description, required knowledge and skills, and rubrics for assessment. The general dentistry faculty reported a high level of importance, accuracy, and agreement with EPAs, domains of competence, and encounter management.

Discussion

EPAs provide a standardized manner to describe the comprehensive work dentists perform, shifting away from individual competencies. The UNC EPAs provide the foundation for longitudinal measures of competence preparing graduates for independent practice. With limited EPAs frameworks available in dentistry, we aim to inform the development and implementation of EPAs across dental education.
DNA barcoding and scanning electron microscopy reveals Erysiphe ahmadii sp. nov. and a new record Erysiphe populicola (Erysiphaceae, Helotiales) on salicaceous hosts from Pakistan
Authors: Riaz Maria , Afshan Najam‐ul‐Sehar , Afzal Saliha , Zafar Irsa , Saleem Arooma , Khalid Abdul Nasir
Published: September 2023

A new species of powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe ahmadii and a new record, Erysiphe populicola, on Salicaceae are described from Pakistan. In addition to light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy is also done to clearly demonstrate the surface characters of chasmothecia. E. ahmadii sp. nov. is characterized by large conidia ((−26)29–35(−37) × (−16)17–21(−23) μm), long chasmothecial appendages (198–286 μm) and small conidiophores. The novelty is confirmed by analyzing the genetic variation of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA gene, a universal fungal marker. E. populicola is characterized for the first time using molecular phylogenetic markers. Detailed descriptions along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs are provided in this paper.

Research Highlights

Powdery mildews are obligate biotrophic pathogens of plants.

Erysiphe ahmadii, a new powdery mildew fungus on willow trees, is described.

First reference sequence of Erysiphe populicola is also generated.

Both taxa are discussed in detail using macro‐ and micro‐morphological and DNA barcoding techniques.
Occurrence and persistence of antibiotics administered to cattle in a newly established feedlot
Authors: Trejo Brittany , Russell Matthew , Bartelt‐Hunt Shannon , Beni Nasrin Naderi , Snow Daniel D. , Messer Tiffany L.
Published: September 2023

The practice of using therapeutic and prophylactic veterinary antibiotics in livestock farming is a worldwide phenomenon. Over the last decade, there has been a growing concern of antibiotic residues entering the environment via animal manure. Similar studies have focused on the occurrence and biological effects of antibiotics in land‐applied animal feedlots; however, limited research has been conducted on the occurrence and persistence of antibiotics in animal feedlots. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate antibiotic persistence, fate, and transport in surface water runoff and feedlot sediment in feedlot pens with livestock either receiving or not receiving antibiotic treatments through injection and feed. The two antibiotics (tylosin and monensin) added to animal feed were observed to persist in the soil environment for more than 30 days along with injected florfenicol. Monensin (5.6× higher) and tylosin (20× higher) were significantly higher in livestock pens receiving antibiotics compared to livestock pens not receiving the antibiotics. Further, rainfall was observed to significantly impact soil surface concentrations of florfenicol. Other antibiotics administrated by injection were not observed to statistically increase in concentrations in runoff or feedlot sediment. Our findings emphasize antibiotics administered in feedlots have the potential to persist and remain in feedlot sediment and runoff, particularly in instances of regular administration in feed.
Will the ‘evapotranspiration paradox’ phenomenon exist across China in the future?
Authors: Li Zhenjie , Su Buda , Gao Miaoni , Tao Hui , Jiang Shan , Gong Yu , Wang Yanjun , Zhou Jian , Jiang Tong
Published: September 2023

The uneven changes in potential evapotranspiration (PET) in response to temperature rise are called the ‘evapotranspiration paradox’ phenomenon, which is expected to intensify further under a warming climate. In this paper, we explored the spatial–temporal changes in the future ‘evapotranspiration paradox’ phenomenon over China and its 10 major river sub‐regions under different climate change scenarios. Thus, this paper uses four global climate model outputs under seven shared socioeconomic pathway‐based scenarios (SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, SSP4‐3.4, SSP4‐6.0 and SSP5‐8.5) from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Considering the latest IPCC's 6th Assessment Report (AR6), this research emphasizes the 2021–2040 (near‐term), 2041–2060 (mid‐term) and 2081–2100 (long‐term) periods to anticipate the ‘evapotranspiration paradox’ phenomenon. In this study, PET is estimated based on the modified Penman–Monteith (P‐M) method (considering CO2). Furthermore, the paradox phenomenon in this study is defined considering two pivotal conditions: the surface temperature increases but the evaporation decreases (Type I), and the temperature decreases but the evaporation still tends to increase (Type II). The results show that there were only Type I ‘evapotranspiration paradoxes’ that existed in the historical period, which were dominant especially before the 1990s. Nearly 50% of the areas experienced the Type I ‘evapotranspiration paradox’ phenomenon that occurred during 1975–1994 and 1995–2014. Spatially, it covered 100% of the area of the Southeast River (SER) and the Liaohe River (LR) during 1975–1994 and the area of the SER, the HAR, the HHR and the LR during 1995–2014. In the future, the interdecadal growth rate of PET in China is projected to be the highest under the SSP5‐8.5 and the lowest under the SSP3‐7.0 with spatial variation. Importantly, the largest areas of approximately 36% and 45% with the Type I phenomenon are inclined to occur under the SSP1‐1.9 and SSP4‐6.0, respectively, over the long‐term period (2081–2100). The area with the Type I phenomenon will be less than 20% in the near‐term, and it is less than 12% in the mid‐term period. For the Type II evapotranspiration paradox, the uppermost 45% of the area is expected to experience the Type II phenomenon under SSP1‐1.9 during the mid‐term period, while it is 30% under SSP1‐2.6 during the long‐term period. However, this study's findings provide the scientific basis for formulating adaptation and mitigation strategies to combat ‘evapotranspiration paradox’‐related extremes at regional scales.
Stepwise co‐fermented traditional Chinese medicine byproducts improve antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in a piglet model
Authors: Niu Kaimin , Wang Haoyang , Kim Soo‐Ki , Wassie Teketay , Wu Xin
Published: September 2023

BACKGROUND

Lianhua Qingwen capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula having antiviral and anti‐inflammatory activities. During capsule production, a large amount of byproducts will be yielded and disposed of as waste by burying. Resourceful utilization of these kinds of TCM byproducts as feed additives through stage‐based co‐fermentation using enzyme and probiotics could reduce environmental stress and resource shortage. The in vitro characterization and the supplementary effects of fermented TCM byproducts (FTCM) for weaned piglets (initial body weight: 7.23 ± 0.33 kg; dose: basal diet + 300 mg kg−1 FTCM) were investigated.

RESULTS

Higher reducing sugar content, total flavonoid content, flavonoid compounds (e.g. tectoridin, tricetin, flavone, apigenin, naringenin) and total antioxidant activity were determined in the FTCM compared to spontaneously fermented and unfermented materials. Supplementation of the FTCM to piglets did not significantly affect the feed intake, body weight gain and feed/gain ratio, but significantly decreased a proinflammatory cytokine, IL‐8, and increased intestinal total antioxidant activity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Moreover, FTCM supplementation increased α‐diversity of the colonic microbiota accompanied with increased abundance of Prevotella genus and Treponema berlinense species. Correlation analysis indicates that T. berlinense is responsible for the decreased IL‐8 level and enhanced intestinal TAC and SOD activities which might be mediated by a homoserine lactone molecule (3‐oxo‐C14).

CONCLUSION

Overall, the stepwise co‐fermentation enriched bioactive compounds within the TCM byproducts and their dietary supplementation did not generate any side effect on growth performance but displayed beneficial effects on enrichment of potential probiotic T. berlinense and relevant functions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
The effects of elevation and soaking conditions on dry bean cooking time
Authors: Didinger Chelsea , Cichy Karen , Urrea Carlos A. , Scanlan Madalyn , Thompson Henry
Published: September 2023

Dry beans and other pulses (e.g., chickpeas and cowpeas) are nutrient‐dense foods that promote human and environmental health. However, consumption is declining in many regions around the world. Addressing barriers to greater pulse intake is important to reverse this trend. Cooking time is one such barrier, with consumers viewing the long cooking times of many pulses as a hurdle to higher consumption due to lack of time or fuel availability. Equipping consumers with simple, accessible ways to reduce pulse cooking time is one way to mitigate this barrier. Accordingly, this study assessed changes to cooking time when pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were cooked at four elevations using different soaking conditions, which reflect a combination of the soaking method and salt added to the soaking solution. There were seven different cooking conditions: soaking via the overnight or quick soak method in only water or in 1% sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solutions and a no soak with no salt added comparison. Using an overnight (12‐h) soak or a quick soak resulted in similar reductions in cooking time compared to unsoaked beans. Soaking in NaCl and NaHCO3 solutions further decreased cooking time than when only water was used, with the shortest cooking times seen for NaHCO3. Elevation also impacted cooking time, with the longest cooking time being for unsoaked beans at the highest testing elevation. Adding either salt to the soaking water reduced the effect of elevation. This information was synthesized to give consumers practical tips to reduce cooking time.
Metasurface‐Based Orbital Angular Momentum Multi‐Dimensional Demultiplexer and Decoder
Authors: Gao Hui , Fan Xuhao , Wang Yuxi , Wang Xinger , Xu Ke , Zeng Cheng , Li Tingan , Deng Leimin , Xia Jinsong , Xiong Wei
Published: September 2023

Light beams possess various dimensions, such as wavelength, spin angular momentum (SAM), and orbital angular momentum (OAM), which are indispensable in numerous optical applications. However, traditional techniques entail multiple attempts to disclose desired optical information, utilizing unwieldy multi‐pass systems or mechanically moving parts that are cumbersome to integrate into compact and integrated optical systems. Here, a single‐layer dielectric metasurface platform is proposed that enables multi‐dimensional demultiplexing and decoding, circumventing the need for conventional bulk optical elements. The platform can demultiplex 3D light parameters (wavelength, SAM, and OAM) and focus them at distinct spatial positions on a designated focal plane, providing a superior alternative to far‐field beams for integration with optical fiber and communication chips. The study verifies 132‐bit independent channels for a multi‐dimensional demultiplexer and demonstrates the metasurface‐based component's ability to function as an elliptic polarization decoder through a 4‐bit elliptic polarization coding transmission experiment. This work provides a compact and efficient platform for demultiplexing multi‐dimensional SAM and OAM states over a broad wavelength range, with potential implications for optical communications, optical data storage, optical information encryption, and quantum information sciences.
Carbon steel electrodes within chloride induced reinforcement corrosion in cracked concrete: Approximation to deterministic system response
Authors: Zausinger Christoph , Müller Nico , Gilch Florian , Osterminski Kai , Gehlen Christoph
Published: September 2023

Research on chloride‐induced corrosion in cracked, reinforced concrete is of steady economic and scientific importance. The ever‐growing amount of reinforced concrete structures in need for maintenance and preservation calls for suitable and reliable methods to assess the current state. The present study demonstrates a specimen design that allows authentic corrosion monitoring, including solely carbon mild steel as working and counter electrodes, singularly cracked concrete as electrolytes and a conservative dismantling of the anodic steel‐concrete interface (SCI) at the end of 180 days of monitoring. The electrochemical features of the evolved specimen narrow down to the textbook behavior of the investigated electrodes according to the electro potential series of metals. The most prominent results are the chloride profiles at depth of rebar along the SCI, the build‐up of driving potential, and the decisive contribution arising from the anodic equilibrium potential. Accordingly, future repair methods should always include observation of the anodic equilibrium potential and their effectiveness is clearly addressed in the course of that value.
Lived experience of people with painful hallux valgus: A descriptive qualitative study
Authors: Cotchett Matthew , Bramston Cassandra , Bergin Shan , Menz Hylton B. , Jessup Rebecca
Published: September 2023

Objective

Hallux valgus has a detrimental impact on health‐related quality of life. Education is crucial for the management of all musculoskeletal conditions, although no previous research has evaluated the sources and quality of education accessed by patients with hallux valgus. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the perceptions and attitudes of individuals with hallux valgus, including their educational experiences.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive design was employed to gather data from individuals diagnosed with painful hallux valgus. Semi‐structured interviews explored the perceptions, attitudes and educational experiences of participants. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using the Framework Method. Respondent validation was used to ensure the rigour of the study findings.

Results

Ten participants were interviewed, ages 26–72. Data analysis revealed five themes including the impact of hallux valgus, coping with hallux valgus, cause of hallux valgus, health professional support and education received. Hallux valgus was associated with a negative impact on health‐related quality of life. Participants described a lack of high quality, accurate and reliable educational resources, and a variable experience with health professionals, which was often characterised by a lack of engagement and commitment and an overemphasis of referrals for specialist opinion.

Conclusion

Hallux valgus has a negative influence on well‐being, including physical, mental, and social impacts. Health professionals should be responsive to patient needs and strive to implement person‐centred care when indicated. There is also a need for the development of high‐quality educational resources to help people with hallux valgus make informed decisions about their condition.
Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis is different according to the comorbidity burden in post–acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Lopes Marcia M. G. D. , Sousa Iasmin M. , Queiroz Sandra Azevedo , Bezerra Mara R. O. , Gonzalez Maria Cristina , Fayh Ana Paula Trussardi
Published: September 2023

Background

The prevalence of a high comorbidity burden in patients who suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is increasing with the aging population, and the nutrition status also may be a predictor of clinical outcomes for these patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the comorbidity burden and the characteristics of the bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in patients post‐AMI.

Methods

This prospective observational cohort study was conducted with adult patients who were hospitalized with AMI. Pre‐existing comorbidities were assessed by the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) adjusted by age, and anthropometric and BIVA characteristics were evaluated after the hemodynamic stabilization. All patients were followed‐up until hospital discharge, and their length of stay was observed.

Results

A total of 184 patients (75% were males; mean age, 60.2 ± 12.3 years) were included. The most common comorbidities were dyslipidemia (73.9%), hypertension (62%), and type 2 diabetes (34.2%). A higher CCI (≥3) was associated with sex (P = 0.008) and age (P < 0.001). Regarding BIVA, statistically significant differences were detected between sex (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001), and CCI (P = 0.003), with longer vectors in female, older adults, and those with CCI ≥ 3.

Conclusion

Finding a relationship between BIVA and CCI suggests the first identified coherent differences, potentially correlated with diseases, representing a first contribution to support this type of assessment. Therefore, with BIVA, healthcare professionals may monitor abnormalities and adopt preventive nutrition care measures on patients post‐AMI to improve their clinical status.
Enhancing self‐healing efficiency of natural rubber composites using halloysite nanotubes
Authors: Rehman Abdul , Ismail Hanafi , Sani Noor Faezah Mohd , Othman Nadras , Majid Noor Aishatun , Islam Atif , Shuib Raa Khimi
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to explore the reinforcement effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in self‐healing natural rubber based on metal thiolate ion networks. The amount of HNTs was varied at five levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 phr) in order to assess the optimum amount of filler for self‐healing efficiency and mechanical recovery performance. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) provides evidence for the reversible ionic bonding, facilitated by Zn2+ and S− bonding from the metal thiolate vulcanization with rubber molecular chains. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the NR/HNTs composites with lower filler loading exhibited better recovery, as there were no observable gaps between the cut surfaces of the samples. The results also revealed that addition of HNTs resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical performance, particularly the tensile strength, which increased by approximately 20%–75%. Furthermore, the extent of healing after the broken pieces were brought in contact with each other varied from 87% to 98%, depending on HNT concentration.

Highlights

Fabrication of self‐healing elastomers based on natural rubber.

Self‐healing NR presented enhanced mechanical performance with addition of HNTs.

HNTs lumen endows the composites with excellent self‐healing efficiency.

Developed NR/HNTs composite exhibited room temperature self‐healing properties.

Reversible ionic bonding expedited by Zn2+ contributes in excellent self‐healing.
Bioactive peptides against angiotensin‐converting enzyme I: An in silico study
Authors: Alvíz‐Amador Antistio , Contreras‐Puentes Neyder , Márquez‐Lázaro Johana
Published: September 2023

Bioactive peptides are currently emerging as nonpharmacological alternatives for treating noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension. Pharmacological treatments for hypertension typically involve angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors such as Captopril and enalapril. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of bioactive peptides derived from food sources against this enzyme and show its possible mechanism of inhibitory action. A comprehensive search was conducted in peptide databases to identify peptides with antihypertensive properties. Subsequently, docking studies, simulations, and predictive tests assessing ADME parameters, intestinal stability, and allergenicity were performed using bioinformatics tools. The docking and simulation results demonstrated that PEP2 exhibited superior ACE1 inhibitory potential compared to other peptides, even though it had lower human intestinal absorption. In conclusion, this study suggests that these peptides hold promising potential as nutraceuticals for hypertension treatment.
Development and validation of an Academic Involution Scale for College Students in China
Authors: Wang Feng (Robin) , Yang Yanchao , Cui Tianxue
Published: September 2023

The term “nei juan” (in English “involution”) has become a buzzword in recent Chinese tertiary educational contexts, denoting the intense competition and anxiety among Chinese college students. This project aims to develop a reliable and valid scale measuring Chinese college students' competitive psychology, that is, an Academic Involution Scale for College Students in China (AISCSC). To this end, the scale was administered online to 1015 Chinese college students from a university from the Northern China. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a determination of three factors (i.e., academic behavior, social activity, and social relationship) with a strong psychometric basis. The correlations between students' academic anxiety and their involutional behavior further confirmed the concurrent validity of AISCSC.
Utilizing bio‐derived amine‐terminated thermoplastic polyhydroxyurethanes as crosslinkers for hybrid thermosets
Authors: Farkhondehnia Mohammad , Maric Milan
Published: September 2023

Bio‐sourced amine‐terminated polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) are obtained by terpolymerizing bio‐based diglycerol dicarbonate (DGC) or mannitol biscarbonate (MBC) with Priamine 1074 and 1,10‐diaminodecane (DAD). Partially bio‐based thermoset non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) hybrids with high biorenewable carbon content (84%–95%) are obtained by using the synthesized PHUs as crosslinkers with cyclic carbonated copolymers derived from epoxy‐functional templates. The latter are derived from the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of an alkyl methacrylate (C13MA, with an average side‐chain length of 13) and epoxy‐functional glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) mixtures (initial GMA mol fraction = 0.1–0.3). By manipulating template functionality as well as type of crosslinker, crosslinked NIPU hybrids are achieved with Young's moduli ranging from 2.35 ± 0.45 to 20.85 ± 1.73 MPa for DGC‐based crosslinkers and 1.24 ± 0.61 to 6.45 ± 1.05 MPa for MBC‐based ones. Moreover, with increased density of urethane linkages, networks become tighter as measured by swelling ratios (SR) of the networks in tetrahydrofuran (THF), consistent with the estimated molecular weight between crosslinks obtained rheologically. The crosslinked NIPUs display high conversions, ranging from 75% to 95%, despite being solvent‐ or catalyst‐free systems.
The effect of the third component on high performance ternary organic solar cells: A review
Authors: Ding Xu , Li Zhenye
Published: September 2023

In recent years, with the continuous development of photoactive layer material, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) binary organic solar cells (BOSCs) has been significantly improved. However, it is difficult for BOSCs to maximize the effective utilization of the wide spectrum of solar energy, limiting the further improvement of PCE. Adding a third component to BOSCs that constructing ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs) is an effective method to broaden the absorption spectrum of BOSC, match the gradient energy level, and regulate the morphology of the active layer. Constructing TOSCs can not only effectively improve the device performance, but also maintain the advantages of easy‐to‐fabricate single‐junction device structures. In this review, we first introduced the basic working mechanism of TOSCs. Then based on the working mechanism, we comprehensively reviewed the latest research results of TOSCs, and analyzed the effects of the third component on the microscopic morphology of the active layer, photovoltaic performance and device stability. Finally, we systematically summarized the role of the third component in TOSCs and proposed some future development trends of TOSCs, such as designing and synthesizing more economical, green, and environmentally friendly TOSCs that towards the commercial application in the future.
Thermally initiated cationic frontal polymerization of epoxies and vinyl ethers through a lone onium salt
Authors: Groce Brecklyn R. , Ferguson Madison M. , Pojman John A.
Published: September 2023

Frontal polymerization (FP) of epoxy monomers is typically achieved with a radical‐induced cationic frontal polymerization (RICFP) process that combines a thermal radical initiator with an onium salt superacid generator. In this paper, we show that both thermal and UV‐initiated cationic frontal polymerizations are possible for common epoxy and vinyl ether monomers with only an iodonium superacid generator in the absence of a standalone thermal radical initiator. Increasing superacid generator concentration resulted in an increase in front velocity, as did the addition of vinyl ether to epoxies. The front velocity is reduced by the addition of 4‐methoxyphenol (MeHQ), indicating free‐radicals play a significant role.
Quasistatic fracture analysis of multicomponent polypropylene blends containing brominated polystyrene
Authors: Noh Kwanghae , Aplin Jeffrey T. , McCarney Jonathan , Mathur Rajeev S. , Sue Hung‐Jue
Published: September 2023

Brominated flame retardants can be added to many thermoplastics to meet flammability requirements for a range of applications, but can lead to undesirable brittleness. This reduction in toughness can be mitigated by encapsulating the rigid flame retardant with an elastomer. The present study explores the effectiveness of elastomer‐coated brominated polystyrene (BPS) in commercial polypropylene (PP) compositions for improved fracture resistance, where inorganic fillers such as antimony trioxide (ATO) and talc are usually included as synergists for flame‐retardancy. Quasi‐static fracture toughness was determined by J‐integral based on the load separation criterion and the crack growth resistance curve (Jvs. Δa). It is found that well dispersed elastomer‐coated BPS can help disperse ATO and talc to exert enhanced toughening effect in PP. Possible fracture mechanisms behind these observed phenomena are discussed.
Imaging polymer interfaces at high resolution with electron microscopy: Perspective, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Ribbe Alexander E.
Published: September 2023

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has evolved into a powerful characterization tool that allows visualization of materials with finer resolution than any other type of microscope in existence. While numerous areas of the physical and biologically sciences and engineering benefit tremendously from TEM and its analytical features, the highest resolution can only be achieved if a sample fulfills certain requirements, including an optimal thickness as well as a sufficiently long e‐beam stability. At a fundamental level, the physical and chemical properties of organic polymers are generally problematic in conjunction with TEM, as they experience damage from the electron beam more readily than their hard materials counterparts. However, progress in polymer characterization using TEM has evolved considerably and the polymer community stands to benefit greatly from continued growth going forward.
On the pathway of the formation of secondary structures in proteins
Authors: Chakrabarti Pinak
Published: September 2023

Protein structures are typically made up of well‐defined modules, called secondary structures. A hierarchical model of protein folding may start with the formation of five‐membered non‐covalently‐linked ring motifs involving O⋅⋅⋅C=O and N−H···N interactions connecting two consecutive peptide groups. Some of these interactions lead to polyproline II structure, which are known to occur in the unfolded state of proteins. These interactions constitute different types of γ‐turns, providing the sharpest reversal of the chain direction. Occurring transiently in the unfolded state, and in tandem, they can lead to β‐turns. One of the β‐turns (type I) is predisposed (from a consideration of residue usage) to form the N‐terminal of an α‐helix, which then propagates toward its C‐terminal direction. O⋅⋅⋅C=O interactions encompass four distinct types of conformational features, and one of them has very similar backbone torsion angles as the polyproline II (PPII) conformation and can thus contribute to the formation of PPII helix. An adjustment from these angles can also drive the formation of β‐strand. N−H···N interactions can also constitute capping interaction at helix termini and can link a PPII helix to an α‐helix. Thus, the polypeptide backbone is endowed with all the features that can initiate the formation of secondary structural elements, and the γ‐turn motifs (resulting from O⋅⋅⋅C=O and N−H···N interactions) are the basic units the protein structures are made up of.