bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernism and the Theater of Censorship
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: November 2023

Adam Parkes investigates the literary and cultural implications of the censorship encountered by several modern novelists in the early twentieth century. He situates modernism in the context of this censorship, examining the relations between such authors as D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Radcliffe Hall, and Virginia Woolf and the public controversies generated by their fictional explorations of modern sexual themes. These authors located “obscenity” at the level of stylistic and formal experiment. The Rainbow, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Ulysses, and Orlando dramatized problems of sexuality and expression in ways that subverted the moral, political, and aesthetic premises on which their censors operated. In showing how modernism evolved within a culture of censorship, Modernism and the Theatre of Censorship suggests that modern novelists, while shaped by their culture, attempted to reshape it.
Introduction: The Trials of Modernism
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: November 2023

At a brief trial in November 1915, the British authorities invoked the 1857 Obscene Publications Act to suppress D. H. Lawrence’s novel The Rainbow,and in so doing made it virtually impossible for Lawrence to publish fiction in Britain until the Great War ended in 1918.1 Six years later, a New York court fined the editors of the Little Review,Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap, for printing “Nausicaa,” the thirteenth episode of James Joyce’s Ulysses.This novel remained banned in the United States until 1933. It was also banned in Britain, where the censorship of “obscene” modern literature reached its well known climax in 1928 with the trial of Radcliffe Hall’s polemical lesbian novel, The Well of Loneliness,and the suppression of Lawrence’s last novel, Lady Chatterley’s Lover. These events were not the only instances of censorship in the early twentieth century. Censorship was common in Britain during the Great War, when the Defence of the Realm Act (1914) was used to suppress anything that deviated from the views presented in wartime propaganda. But censorship plagued modern authors before and after the war as well. The entire careers of Lawrence and Joyce evolved in the context of censorship. From Joyce’s early skirmishes over the publication of Dubliners(1914) to the appearance of Ulysses(1922), and from the efforts of the British libraries to prevent circulation of Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers(1913) to the seizure of his paintings (1929), both writers were so beset by the pressure of censorship that they could rarely ignore it.
Postscript: Ethnic Identity and Alienation
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

A second theoretical issue raised by this book, this one more implied than direct (so I have decided to write about it in this postscript), is pertinent for understanding the nature of conflicts between various com munities in multiethnic societies. It has to do with the question of what exactly has constituted ethnicity within the variegated culture of Sri Lanka, and how, if at all, these elements or forces are linked (or not) to the outbreaks of communal violence that plague Sri Lanka and other multiethnic countries today.
World War I and Racism
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

THE HATRED UNLEASHED by World War I inevitably found expression in the exacerbation of racial tensions in this country. Americans of German descent were not the only ones who felt the force of this hatred; all racial and ethnic minorities to some extent felt its power. In the early years of the century, great numbers of immigrants—particularly immigrants from southern and eastern Europe—passed through our ports. Under the best of circumstances, the assimilation of these people—many of whom spoke strange languages and observed strange customs—would have been difficult. In the South, the Negroes began to grow restive under the restrictions placed upon them. Many of them expressed their dissatisfaction by “Voting with their feet” and migrating to the North. In 1900, 90 per cent or more of the Negroes lived in the southern states, but now they were moving to the North in increasing numbers. The war greatly accelerated this movement, as new industrial jobs opened up in the North. The fact that the immigrants and Negroes were available at cheaper wages inevitably caused them to be resented by working-class members of the older ethnic groups. The fact that they were potential voters was enough to alarm the middle and upper classes among the white citizens who did not yet suffer from direct economic competition.1
The Constitutional Domestication of the Juvenile Court
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

The Progressive juvenile court embodied the idea of childhood vulnerability and affirmed the responsibility of families to raise their children. It simultaneously expanded the state’s prerogative to act as parens patriae and to exercise flexible social control over young people’s lives in their “best interests.” Despite its enormous powers, few people questioned the idea of the juvenile court as a judicialized welfare system or as a therapeutic agency of social control for the first two-thirds of the twentieth century.
Punishment, Treatment, and the Juvenile Court Sentencing Delinquents
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

The Progressives envisioned a more encompassing justice system for youths than a criminal process that simply punished them. Juvenile courts’ parens patriae ideology attempted to combine social welfare with penal social control. As we recall from chapter 2, the “rehabilitative ideal” envisioned a specialized judge who decided each case in that child’s “best interests.” Because reformers pursued benevolent goals and individualized their solicitude, they did not circumscribe narrowly judges’ power. Rather, they maximized discretion to diagnose and treat and minimized procedural safeguards and rules that might pose obstacles to intervention. They subordinated legal proof of criminal guilt to a youth’s social circumstances (Schlossman 1977).
Refuge and Reconciliation in a Holiness Congregation
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

The story of a modern urban Holiness congregation is presented here to serve two purposes. First, the overview of a local church whose congregational history spans the greater part of the twentieth century should help to corroborate at least a few of the general insights and issues presented in this study as characteristic of the exilic motif in African American religious life. Second, this account illustrates some of the practical concerns and challenges engaged by pastors of Holiness-Pentecostal people whose worship and work is informed by the call to be saints–“in the world, but not of it.”

The Third Street Church of God had its earliest origins in the Christian witness of a family who migrated to Washington, D.C., from Charlotte, North Carolina, during the first decade of the twentieth century: Sister Minnie Lee Duffy; her brother, Elder James E. Lee; her sister, Sister Viola Lee Cyrus; her mother, Sister Cherry Lites Lee Johnson; and her aunt and uncle Brother and Sister Doc Lites. This first Church of God mission in the nation’s capital was established in 1910 in a small room in the home of Sister Cherry Lites Lee Johnson on Six and One-Half Street, Southwest. They held church in their home and invited ministers passing through Washington to speak to their small but growing congregation. On one such occasion, Elder Charles T. Benjamin, a traveling evangelist based in New York, was invited to return and subsequently became the shepherd of that small flock.
“In the Beauty of Holiness”: Ethics and Aesthetics in the Worship of the Saints
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

There are numerous articles, books, and dissertations that directly describe worship in the Sanctified church and others that rely on James Baldwin’s masterful description of the conversion of his protagonist, John Grimes, in Go Tell It on the Mountain (1952) as their major source of information about the rituals of the movement. James Shopshire (1975), Arthur Paris (1982), and Joseph Murphy (1994), have written descriptive narratives of black Pentecostal worship based on participant observation. The content of these three narratives are analyzed in this chapter in conjunction with the black Holiness worship described in chapter 2, in the process of assessing some general areas of similarity and difference between the Sanctified church and mainline black Protestant churches in terms of worship.
Resistance, Rebellion, and Reform: The Collegiate Gospel Choir and the Black Clergy Caucus
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

Several scholars have illuminated aspects of the Sanctified church tradition that represent movement toward social rebellion, cultural resistance, and ecclesial reform. Historian David Daniels has contended that the worship practices developed under the leadership of C. P. Jones and C.H. Mason fostered the renewal of African American Christianity through a restructuring of slave religion. In alliance with other “progressive” black churches, the Holiness movement advocated moral, ecclesial, liturgical, and pastoral reforms. Sociologist Cheryl Townsend Gilkes has portrayed the Sanctified church as a cultural resistance movement whose liturgies and structures enabled black women to resist the racist and sexist cultural assaults they experienced in the United States during the period between 1895 and World War II, the era of Jim Crow:

Women in the Sanctified church were committed to the cause of racial uplift. They retained their commitment to ecstatic worship, which black Baptists and Methodists were rejecting. They also retained an emphasis on women’s interests, education, professionalism, and the cultivation of a black female image that contradicted the dominant culture’s stereotypes.
Introduction
Authors: Gelpi Albert
Published: November 2023

This derisive caricature reduced the poets associated one way and another with Auden during the thirties-Day Lewis, Stephen Spender, Louis MacNeice-to a grotesque synthesis of the left-wing poets of the decade, with the Auden phoneme “au” in the middle surrounded by elements of MacNeice, Spender, and Day Lewis. In the crude Popean couplets of Campbell’s right-wing doggerel, this compound poetic monster, viewed from the perspective of 1946, had irresponsibly spouted phony and fashionable revolution for publicity and profit:
Desire Going Forth And Returning Poetry and Eros 1940-1950
Authors: Gelpi Albert
Published: November 2023

The Thirties Mystique-the hope for a poetry that was not merely personal but responsive to and responsible to the social condition-buckled under the flanking pressures of Stalinist tyranny and fascist belligerence. The sincerity and desperation of that hope can be measured by the talent expended to realize it and by the number of disavowals and obituaries required to pronounce it dead: among the more famous, MacNeice’s Autumn journal (1939); Auden’s “September I, 1939,” dated just days be fore the outbreak of war; Malcolm Muggeridge’s righteously reactionary anatomy of what went wrong in The Thirties (1940); and Virginia Woolf’s cool pronouncement in “The Leaning Tower” (1940) that the idealistic didacticism of the thirties had become tainted with “discord and bitter ness, ... confusion and ... compromise” (“The Leaning Tower,” 172).
“On Not Saying Everything” Poetry and Thanatos 1950-1972
Authors: Gelpi Albert
Published: November 2023

In May 1949, Day Lewis began writing “Elegy Before Death,” memorializing his Italian visit and his relationship with Rosamond Lehmann, while the two of them were on another jaunt to southern Europe-this time to W. Somerset Maugham’s villa at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat. Years later she would reflect: “I never thought at the time that it was more than a beautiful, romantic farewell to an idyll Though with hindsight it does seem strange, as if he was already denying us a future together” (Sean Day Lewis, 178). She seems to have been correct in suspecting that, as the end of their decade together approached, he had already, mentally and emotionally, begun to detach himself in preparation for a final break. But anticipation could not mitigate the pain of rupture, and when it came it was for him another stormy “departure in the dark.”
Musculus and the Fathers on the Healing of the Ruler’s Son
Authors: Farmer Craig S
Published: November 2023

In Protestant circles, Musculus was considered an authority on the Fa thers. He devoted much of his scholarly career to the study of patristic literature, publishing several editions and translations of Greek patristic writings. In almost all of his theological writings, the fruit of this scholarship is evident. Even a cur sory reading ofMusculus’s Loci communes sacrae theologiae (1560) reveals an au thor steeped in the writings of the ancient Church Fathers; patristic references and citations abound throughout this massive work in systematic theology.’
Musculus and the Lutheran Commentators on the Healing of the Man Born Blind
Authors: Farmer Craig S
Published: November 2023

In his commentary on John, Musculus openly acknowledges his reliance on patristic exegesis, citing the commentaries of Augustine, Chrysostom, and Cyril throughout. We have also seen that Musculus makes systematic use of Erasmus’s translation and Annotationes in the composition of his commentary. There can be little doubt that Musculus consults some of the sixteenth-century commentaries on John authored by Protestant theologians as well, but it is surprisingly difficult to determine these sources with precision. This difficulty stems from the fact that he never cites by name the opinions of his contemporaries (with the exception of Erasmus), preferring to refer to the opinions of”recentiores” or “quidam.”Hav ing examined these anonymous references to “recent authors,” however, I have found no evidence that Musculus makes programmatic use (either as source or adversary) of any contemporary Protestant exegete.
The Dharma
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

The dharma is Buddhist teaching, the equivalent of the Christian creed. With the Buddha and the sangha (community), it comprises The “Three Jewels,” or three key aspects, of Buddhist religion. When formally becoming a Buddhist, a person “takes refuge” in the dharma, as well as in the Buddha and the sangha. In other words, one vows to make Buddhist teaching the doctrinal form of one’s life.
The Sangha
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

Sangha denotes both the whole Buddhist community, all who take ref uge in the Three Jewels, and the monastic part of that community. Together, with special symbolic power deriving from the monastic community, lay Buddhists, monks, and nuns have contributed to social peace by embodying values counter to samsaric culture-ways of discipline and nonviolence opposing karmic ways of selfishness and grasping. The Buddhist teachings about chastity (one of the five precepts of core Buddhist ethics, which we consider in Chapter 6) are a good ex ample of how the sangha has made its social mark.
Conclusion
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

Our evaluation in chapter 7 was both doctrinal and speculative. This seemed appropriate in the context of a Christian appreciation of Buddhist wisdom. Buddhist wisdom has borne intimately on Buddhist holiness. Buddhist wisdom has been heavily doctrinal and speculative, as well as closely tied to meditation and morality. As we reflected on the pluses and minuses of meditation and morality, so did we reflect on Buddhist wisdom, moving into its mentality.
Scripture and Ethics
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

Siker brings together the history of biblical interpretation, and the study of uses of the Bible in Christian ethics, to examine how the Bible has actually been used in Christian theological ethics - and in the process profiling eight influential twentieth-century theologians.
James Cone
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

James Cone (b. 1938), a long time professor of theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York, is widely regarded as the most prominent and influential African American theologian of the twentieth century. His groundbreaking writings in black liberation theology in the late 196os and early 1970s, and beyond, have been foundational for all subsequent work and reflection on theology and ethics from African American perspectives. James Cone clearly sees himself as a theologian grounded in the Bible. Reflecting on the social and political contexts that shaped the writing of his first book, Black Theology and Black Power (1969), contexts of the suffering and oppression of African Americans in such cities as Detroit, Watts, and Newark in the middle to late 1960s, Cone writes: Of significance here is that Cone views the Bible as the primary source for theological reflection, and that he characterizes this view as instinctive or natural, a reflection of the prominent role the Bible has played in the African American church tradition in which Cone was reared. Elsewhere, Cone refers to his “assumption that Scripture is the primary source of theological speech.” Indeed, for Cone, “that Christian theology must begin with Scripture appears selfevident Without this basic witness Christianity would be meaningless. This point seems so obvious to me that it is almost impossible to think otherwise.”
Rosemary Radford Ruether
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936) is one of the foremost contemporary feminist theologians. With some twenty-five books and over four-hundred articles to her name, she is certainly one of the most prolific. And although she is most widely known for her work in feminist theology, it should not be forgotten that her writings cover a much broader range of subjects, all of which she sees as closely interrelated, including Jewish-Christian relations, race and class relations, environmental ethics, contemporary Palestinian-Israeli relations, and various issues in contemporary Roman Catholicism. Ruether’s professional training was in historical theology, with an emphasis on classics and patristic theology. After she received her Ph.D. from Claremont Graduate School in 1965 (her dissertation was “Gregory Naziansus: Rhetor and Philosopher”), she taught church history, among other things, at Howard Divinity School, a primarily African American seminary in Washington, D.C. During the mid-196os she participated actively in the Civil Rights movement. In 1976 she moved to Garrett Evangelical Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois (outside Chicago), where she became the Georgia Harkness Professor of Applied Theology, and where she still teaches today. She grew up and remains a Roman Catholic, though she engages in constant critique of the church.
What was postmodern poetry?
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

Modern poetry holds in solution contradictory tendencies which, isolated and exaggerated in postmodernism, look startlingly opposed both to each other and to the earlier stages of modernism. This sentence was almost written by Randall Jarrell. Where Jarrell said romantic and modern, I’ve substituted modern and postmodern, and the resulting sentence not only offers a good way to begin thinking about the vicissitudes of American poetry over the last several decades; it also reminds us that those vicissitudes follow a pattern we’ve seen before.1
Elizabeth Bishop’s Social Conscience
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

“The art of losing isn’t hard to master,” Bishop said, and Rich’s response to the line cuts two ways. On the one hand, she admires Bishop’s artistry, feeling that she herself has not mastered the art—”only badlydone exercises.” On the other hand, Rich is uncomfortable with Bishop’s reticence, preferring the anger of the badly done to the artistry of a villanelle.
Amyclampitt’ s United States
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

Westward: the word appears in many of Amy Clampitt’s early poems (most prominently in “Procession at Candlemas”), and in 1990 it became the title of her fifth full-length collection. Clampitt was a poet finely tuned to a word’s accretion of usage, so while “westward” has a natural place in her vocabulary, it inevitably came to her enriched by Henry James. Marianne Moore quoted one of James’s descriptions of the American sensibility in her essay “Henry James as a Characteristic American.”
The Golden Rule
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Wattles offers a comprehensive survey of the history of the golden rule, ‘‘Do unto others as you want others to do unto you’’. He traces the rule’s history in contexts as diverse as the writings of Confucius and the Greek philosophers, the Bible, modern theology and philosophy, and the American ‘‘self-help’’ context. He concludes by offering his own synthesis of these varied understandings.
In The Other Person’s Shoes
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

No one will say that the emotional life is simple, nor the intellectual life, nor the spiritual life. Not only are they complex within themselves, but their interrelations also form a thicket that resists analysis. The business of psychology is to plunge into that thicket and to bring forth increasingly well-established results that help us comprehend ourselves and others. Surveying a century of psychological literature, one may observe that the major theorists are those who bring to light a previously neglected theme or cluster of themes, developed with enough systematic structure, empirical evidence, and philosophic and literary appeal to attract support and criticism; they focus discussion, affecting the shape of their discipline or subdiscipline for more than a decade. This chapter will first review the work of several such theorists who have explicitly written about the golden rule and then present selected results on sympathy, empathy, self-deception, perspective taking, and altruism that are helpful in applying the golden rule.

The reader should not be deceived by the occasional semblance of coherence in the account formed from the studies distilled here. The studies were designed to answer different questions, and they utilize different psychological methods: description of the researcher’s own experience, psychoanalytic observation, observation of childrens’ games, interviews with altruistic persons, interviews combined with moral problem solving, interpretation of biography, experiments with subjects unaware of the focus of the investigation, dramatic adventures in personal realization, and programs for professional development.
Introduction
Authors: Booth Allyson
Published: November 2023

There came later in the summer ominous sounds like the measured blows of hammers dulled on felt, which, with their repeated shocks still further loosened the shawl and cracked the tea-cups. Now and again some glass tinkled in the cupboard as if a giant voice had shrieked so loud in its agony that tumblers stood inside a cupboard vibrated too. Then again silence fell; and then, night after night, and sometimes in plain mid-day when the roses were bright and light turned on the wall its shape clearly there seemed to drop into this silence, this indifference, this integrity, the thud of something falling. This passage essentially constitutes the novel’s attention to the Great War: textually bracketed, numerically limited, and architecturally contained. War is reported by an ambiguous narrator lodged in an empty house; the report relies on no witness, details no wound, and elicits no response. War here is the sound of hammers dulled on felt, the vibration of tumblers in a cupboard, the thud of something falling. Yet despite Woolf’s positioning of it at an extraordinarily complicated remove from both narrator and reader, the first time I read To the Lighthouse,Andrew’s death made me gasp.
Dedicatory Verses
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

I prostrate to the Perfect Buddha, The best of teachers, who taught that Whatever is dependently arisen is Unceasing, unborn, Unannihilated, not permanent, Not coming, not going, Without distinction, without identity, And free from conceptual construction.
Examination of Motion
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

What has been moved is not moving. What has not been moved is not moving. Apart from what has been moved and what· has not been moved, Movement cannot be conceived. Where there is change, there is motion. Since there is change in the moving, And not in the moved or not-moved, Motion is in that which is moving.
Examination of Elements
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Prior to a characteristic of space There is not the slightest space. If it arose prior to the characteristic Then it would, absurdly, arise without a characteristic. A thing without a characteristic Has never existed. If nothing lacks a characteristic, Where do characteristics come to be? Neither in the uncharacterized nor in the characterized Does a characteristic arise. Nor does it arise In something different from these two.
Examination of the Conditioned
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If arising were produced, Then it would also have the three characteristics. If arising is not produced, How could the characteristics of the produced exist? If the three, arising, etc., are separate, They cannot function as the characteristics of the produced. But how could they be joined In one thing simultaneously?
Examination of the Prior Entity
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Since sight and hearing, etc., and Feeling, etc., exist, He who has and uses them Must exist prior to those, some say. If there were no existent thing, How could seeing, etc., arise? It follows from this that prior to this, there is an existent thing. How is an entity existing prior to Seeing, hearing, etc., and The felt, etc.,
Examination of the Initial and Final Limits
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

When asked about the beginning, The Great Sage said that nothing is known of it. Cyclic existence is without end and beginning. So there is no beginning or end. Where there is no beginning or end, How could there be a middle? It follows that thinking about this in terms of Prior, posterior, and simultaneous is not appropriate.
Examination of Essence
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Essence arising from Causes and conditions makes no sense. If essence came from causes and conditions, Then it would be fabricated. How could it be appropriate For fabricated essence to come to be? Essence itself is not artificial And does not depend on another. If there is no essence, How can there be difference in entities? The essence of difference in entities Is what is called the entity of difference.
Examination of Time
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If the present and the future Depend on the past, Then the present and the future Would have existed in the past. If the present and the future Did not exist there, How could the present and the future Be dependent upon it? If they are not dependent upon the past, Neither of the two would be established. Therefore neither the present Nor the future would exist.
Examination of Becoming and Destruction
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Destruction does not occur without becoming. It does not occur together with it. Becoming does not occur without destruction. It does not occur together with it. How could there be destruction Without becoming? How could there be death without birth? There is no destruction without becoming.
Examination of Views
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The views “in the past I was” or “I was not” And the view that the world is permanent, etc., All of these views Depend on a prior limit. The view “in the future I will become other” or “I will not do so” And that the world is limited, etc., All of these views Depend on a final limit.
Introduction to the Commentary
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Nāgārjuna’, who lived in South India in approximately the second century C.E., is undoubtedly the most important, influential, and widely studied Mahayana Buddhist philosopher. He is the founder of the Madhyamika, or Middle Path schools of Mahayana Buddhism. His considerable corpus includes texts addressed to lay audiences, letters of advice to kings, and the set of penetrating metaphysical and epistemological treatises that represent the foundation of the highly sceptical and dialectical analytic philosophical school known as Madhyamika. Most important of these is his largest and best known text, Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāliterally Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way). This text in turn inspires a huge commentarial literature in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Korean and Japanese. Divergences on interpretation of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāoften determine the splits between major philosophical schools. So, for instance, the distinction between two of the three major Mahayana philosophical schools, Svatantrika-Madhyamika and Prasangika-Madhyamika reflect, inter alia, distinct readings of this text, itself taken as fundamental by scholars within each of these schools.1
Dedicatory Verses
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

I prostrate to the Perfect Buddha, The best of teachers, who taught that Whatever is dependently arisen is Unceasing, unborn, Unannihilated, not permanent, Not coming, not going, Without distinction, without identity, And free from conceptual construction. Dedicatory verses are often treated as mere performatives. But these are special and announce in a subtle but powerful way the program of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā There is a common point being made in the four pairwise denials, but also a specific insight being expressed in each. The relation between the conventional and the ultimate that will be developed in the text is also expressed poetically in the dedication. In fact, Candrakfrti, in Prasannapadii, argues that the dedication determines the Prasangika reading of Nāgārjuna’s text.
Examination of the Senses
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, which is most immediately about vision, Nāgārjuna’ really addresses the status of sense perception generally, as he makes clear in the opening and closing verses. Just as in Chapter II, where the target positions Nāgārjuna’ argues against are positions according to which motion and the mover inherently exist as distinct, independent, but somehow related entities, here he argues against positions according to which the sense faculties, the sense organs, the subject of sensory experience, and the sense object inherently exist and are distinct, independent, but somehow related entities. For we do perceive motion and change, and the argument for the conventional existence of motion did suggest that it could be seen as a relation between the positions at which we perceive objects at different times. So one can imagine an opponent saying, “Even if the motion we perceive is not real, the perception must be.” Again, it will be important for Nāgārjuna’ that his analysis of perception as empty of inherent existence, and as merely dependently arisen, does not entail its complete nonexistence. He must, that is, steer a middle path between reification and nihilism using emptiness as his compass.
Examination of Elements
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the ontological status of characteristics and the characterized, or in more familiar terms, properties and individuals. The question, as always, is this: Does it make sense to think of either as existing independently, substantially, or fundamentally? Or, on the other hand, are they mutually interdependent and therefore empty? The example Nāgārjuna’ chooses to focus on is space since it is one of the six primal elements according to classical Buddhist cosmology. 49 If he can show that these elements must be understood as neither inherently existing entities nor as inherently existing characteristics of entities, he will have shown that no ontological decomposition of phenomena into their primary constituents yields inherently existing constituents. Moreover, according to some early Buddhist schools, each of the primal elements has a distinguishing characteristic and, hence, an essence. So, Nāgārjuna’ is addressing his opponent on the opponent’s home turf.
Examination of Desire and the Desirous
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This chapter represents a continuation of the discussion begun in the previous one. That is, while the chapter is nominally about desire, an example chosen for its obvious soteriological significance, it is in a larger sense a further discussion of the relation between entities and their properties, with specific attention to the relation between human beings and their psychological characteristics. Locating the discussion at this point is consonant with a tradition of Mahayana discussions of emptiness in which one first addresses external phenomena, which are both easier to analyze and less succeptible of reification than the self, and then generalizes the discussion to human psychological phenomena.51 The chapter opens with an echo of the discussion of space.
Examination of the Agent and Action
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The discussion of external phenomena comprised by the first seven chapters of the text leads naturally to a discussion of the subject side of experience, a discussion that occupies the next six chapters. For it might be granted that the phenomenal external world is empty, but argued that it depends for its nominal existence on an inherently existing subject. This idealist tactic, familiar in the West through Berkeley and Hume (and criticized by Kant in the refutation of idealism), was adopted by some (the Cittamiitra school) in the history of Buddhist philosophy. We can well imagine an opponent at this stage in the dialectic conceding to Nāgārjuna’ that external phenomena lack inherent existence and that the dependent arising that characterizes them lacks inherent existence, but that their very emptiness entails their nominal character and, hence, some subject capable of engaging in nominal imputation. So the subject as agent must exist.
Examination of Compounded Phenomena
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Nāgārjuna’ begins to develop the idea of emptiness more explicitly. Up to this point, he has been arguing that phenomena are empty, but has not been characterizing emptiness itself, or its relation toentitihood or to conventional reality, except by example and by implication. At this point, through a general discussion of all compounded phenomena-that is, all phenomena constituted of parts or brought into being dependent upon causes-he argues explicitly both that emptiness is the lack of essence and that emptiness itself is wholly negative in character. It is not an essence that things have instead of whatever essence naive common sense or sophisticated reification might have thought they had-rather, it is the total lack of essence or inherent existence.
Examination of Essence
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the discussion begun in Chapter XIII and carried on in Chapter XIV of the fundamental nature of things and the relation between emptiness and existence. Here Nāgārjuna’ rejects the coherence of the concept of essence and explores its ramifications for the concept of inherent existence, the concept of an entity, and the concept of a nonentity. This chapter is also aimed at dispelling any nihilistic interpretation of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā philosophical orientation and in explaining the deep connection between the analysis of phenomena as empty of essence and the demonstration of the possibility of empirical reality.
Examination of Actions and Their Fruits
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Arguing for the emptiness of bondage and liberation, however, raises a further question that demands an answer: If there is no real bondage and no real release, what are the effects of our actions? For it would appear, at least given standard Buddhist moral theory and the doctrine of karma on which it is grounded,86 that meritorious actions conduce to liberation and that morally wrong actions increase bondage. Given the emptiness of these latter, an analysis of the consequences of action is in order. Nāgārjuna’begins with Buddhist moral truisms, accepted by the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā as well as by members of other Buddhist schools. It is important to note that the first nineteen verses of this chapter represent the views of four distinct opponents in order of increasing similitude to the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā understanding. Despite the fact that Nāgārjuna’sets these views up as targets, however, some of the views the opponents put on the table are, suitably interpreted, shared by Nāgārjuna’.
Examination of Errors
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the investigation of the relation between cyclic existence and nirvaoa by asking whether the fundamental defilements and the four basic cognitive errors, which according to orthodox Buddhist doctrine bind us to sarpsara, themselves inherently exist and by asking how it is possible to abandon them and enternirval)a. The fundamental defilements are desire, hatred, and confusion: the desire for things that are not desirable, the aversion to things to which it is not reasonable to be averse, confusion about the actual nature of entities. These, according to most strains of Buddhist philosophy, are the bases of afflicted action, which in turn leads to further grasping and error. The four basic errors or erroneous philosophical theses are: (1) There is a permanent self among the five personal aggregates. (2) There is real happiness in sarpsara. (3) The body is pure-that is, that it is a real source of happiness. (4) There is a permanent self distinct from the aggregates.
Introduction
Authors: Everett William Johnson
Published: November 2023

The end of the Cold War has released tribal, ethnic, religious, and regional conflicts that had been repressed by the East-West struggle for most of the century. A world supposedly divided between communism and capitalism has revealed itself once again to be rent by conflicts between groups that appeal to their biological roots and those that appeal to reason and consensus for legitimation. The terms of basic conflict on the globe have been radically altered within a few short years, whether we are speaking of eastern Europe, Russia, India, or Africa. In all these cases religion and religious organizations have played key roles on both sides of this conflict.
Envisioning the Engagement
Authors: Everett William Johnson
Published: November 2023

Behind the contemporary struggle for more adequate federal re publics lie two themes that are deeply rooted in biblical religion and classical political philosophy. They are the themes of covenant and publicity. The concept of covenant arose from ancient treaty relationships and came to have a religious meaning through its use in Jewish and Christian theology. In general, by “covenant” I mean a set of mutual obligations forming people’s common life and established through solemn agreement. By “publicity” I mean people’s effort to establish public spheres and participate in them. These two concepts are rich with further meanings derived from their biblical and classical roots that can orient us to the dynamic of federal republicanism shaping our era.
Religious Organization and Constitutional Justice in India
Authors: Everett William Johnson
Published: November 2023

Recent German experience offers us a dramatic story in the present world struggle for more adequate public life and federal political order. The story of the revolution and the churches’ involvement in it has helped sharpen our understanding of the underlying dynamics of covenant making and ecclesial publicity. I now turn further from a European orbit to some less known, indeed everyday, cases in Indian life to see what kinds of issues can be identified with the analytical lens of covenantal publicity.
Assessing the Engagement, Evaluating the Inquiry
Authors: Everett William Johnson
Published: November 2023

This comparative study began with four intentions: 1) to identify the religious issues at stake in the engagement between religious organization and federal republicanism; 2) to identify the crucial interinstitutional relationships that mediate the influences back and forth between religion and federal-republican polity; 3) to identify the roles religion plays in the process of legitimating, critiquing, or delegitimating the federal republican project; and 4) to explore critical ethical dimensions of this reciprocal engagement through the bridge concept of covenantal publicity. More over, this inquiry has been both analytical and normative. I have sought both to understand the actual interplay of religion with the federalist struggle for more embracing publics and also to gain some normative vantage point for evaluating these complex connections.
(Re) Presentations of Women In The Gospels
Authors: D’Angelo Mary Rose
Published: November 2023

What are you looking for?” Jesus asks the first disciples in the Gospel of John (1 : 38). This is an important query for feminist investigation of the gospels. A wide variety of questions has been put to these texts: whether the gospel writers view women positively or negatively, whether their messages are inclusive or exclusive, whether they challenge or accommodate established gen der roles, which gospel is the most or least inclusive, the most or least patriarchal, and even (since these works are all actually anonymous) whether a woman could have been the author of one or more of them. These questions produce very different answers about the same texts. For instance, two social science approaches come to nearly opposite conclusions about the representations of women in Mark and Matthew.
Style: writing a readable sentence
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

Everything. You see, in plain English, words and sentences are more like those in spoken English. Spoken English is the language we’re most comfortable with—the language that works for us.
Executive summary
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

An executive summary is like an “elevator briefing.” Here’s what I mean: Suppose you get on an elevator with your boss, who asks, “How’s your project going?” You need to finish your answer by the time you get to the fourth floor.
Organizing your presentation
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

When you’re reading a book and get lost, you can flip back and start over. But when you’re listening to a speech and get lost, well ... there’s not much you can do except sit there and consult your watch, the window, and the interior of your mind.
Designing computer presentations
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

For years I used color transparencies as my primary medium when giving presentations. Now I’ve shifted much of what I present to computer presentations. That’s because computer presentations allow me to use movement, sound, and far more images to help me make my points.
Presenting visual aids
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

One of the most important techniques of delivery is presenting visual aids properly. That’s why I’ve reserved an entire chapter for it. I’ll concentrate on the overhead transparency-by far the most common type of visual aid. But, as I mentioned earlier, what works well for transparencies generally works well for other types of visual aids, too. The concepts are the same.
The Dynamics of Divine Appeal
Authors: Ross Ellen M
Published: November 2023

In a sermon, the preacher and ecclesiastical reformer John Mirk tells the story of a good man and an evil liar who are friends. The good man does what he can to persuade his wayward friend to confess and seek forgiveness for his heinous ways, but the friend refuses, always putting off confronting his sin until another day. ‘‘I’ll do it when I’m near death,” he says, and goes on with his life. Eventually, the evil man falls ill; his friend redoubles his efforts to persuade him to confess. Still he refuses, saying, ‘‘I’ve lived in sin for so long that I won’t be forgiven.” The good friend assembles priests and friars in a vain attempt to win confession from his friend but to no avail. One night about midnight, while sleeping in the sick man’s room where a light bums through the night, the friend sees Jesus Christ with his bloody wounds standing in front of the sick man’s bed.
Dramas of Divine Compassion
Authors: Ross Ellen M
Published: November 2023

Medieval liturgical drama cycles were public spectacles. Often whole towns and cities participated in producing them, with different guilds and craftspeople taking responsibility for the staging of individual plays. At York, for example, the fishers and mariners produced the Noah play; the goldsmiths, the plays of the three Magi; the bakers, the Last Supper play; and the butchers were responsible for the death of Christ play. Although written by the educated and undoubtedly by clerics in some cases, the plays were immensely popular with people in all strata of medieval society. Along with their entertainment value, these plays were also a form of public education, much like medieval sermons, art, and poetry in their accessibility and widespread appeal.
Slavery and African-American Methodism
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

On February 14, 1807, the itinerant Seth Crowell preached at “the African meeting-house” in New York City. “The Lord manifested his presence in a glorious manner,” he noted in his journal following the meeting. “I have always found it good to preach to that people: God is with them—he has no respect to persons—all colours and persons are alike to him, if they fear him and work righteousness.” Crowell was impressed not only with the African Americans’ piety, but also with their methodical administration and well-regulated discipline. “The Africans here form a very respectable society; are decent in their appearance, and strictly religious and moral in their deportment,” noted Crowell. “A number of the African preachers are men of sound judgement, good sense, and decent education: on the whole, they are an honour to the methodist cause.” Two decades before Crowell’s sermon in New York, the itinerant James Meacham preached to a racially mixed congregation on the Greensville, Virginia, circuit on a Sunday in August 1789. Meacham’s sermon sparked a stir in the congregation such that “the Lord was all over the church . . . the Spirit of the (Lord) was great.
Sisters and Mothers in Israel
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

Like nearly all evangelical movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, women were a clear numerical majority among Methodist adherents and formed the backbone of the early Methodist movement. In New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore between 1786 and 1801 women constituted approximately 57 to 66 percent of the total Methodist membership. In towns such as Poughkeepsie, New York, and Worthington, Ohio, they consistently accounted for the majority of class meeting members (see chapter 4). If Methodism was fundamentally a local event, then women were at its heart. Methodist women did far more than simply support an institution defined and run by men. Because of its voluntary and popular nature, early American Methodism primarily reflected the hopes, fears, and aspirations of its laity, the majority of whom were women. Like their fathers, husbands, and sons, Methodist women relished plain, forceful preaching, luxuriated in the free flow of the spirit, approved of the church’s discipline, and valued the intimacy of the class meeting and the movement’s strong communal bonds. Most Methodist women did not feel themselves marginalized by the movement’s core beliefs. In many places women took the lead in establishing the church and defining what Methodism would mean to them and their com munity. As a movement, Methodism was created as much by women as it was by men.