bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A General Multi‐Interface Strategy toward Densified Carbon Materials with Enhanced Comprehensive Electrochemical Performance for Li/Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yuan Man , Meng Chenyang , Li Ang , Cao Bin , Dong Yue , Wang Dengke , Liu Xuewei , Chen Xiaohong , Song Huaihe
Published: March 2022

Fast charging rate and large energy storage are key requirements for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles. Developing electrode materials with high volumetric and gravimetric capacity that could be operated at a high rate is the most challenging problem. In this work, a general multi‐interface strategy toward densified carbon materials with enhanced comprehensive electrochemical performance for Li/Na‐ion batteries is proposed. The mixture of graphene oxide and sucrose solution is sprayed into a water/oil system and furtherly carbonized to get graphene/hard carbon spheres (GHSs). In this material, abundant ingenious internal interfaces between the crystalline graphene and the carbon matrix are created inside the hard carbon spheres. The constructed interfaces can not only work as a pathway for the escape of volatile gas generated during sucrose pyrolysis to prevent the formation of abundant pores, which leads high packing density of 0.910 g cm–3 and low surface area of 13.3 m2 g–1, but can also provide a conductive “highway” for ions and electrons. When used as the anode material for both LIBs and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), the GHS shows the high gravimetric/volumetric reversible capacities, high‐rate performance, and low temperature properties simultaneously, implying the great potential application in practical LIBs and SIBs.
Trace Doping of Multiple Elements Enables Stable Cycling of High Areal Capacity LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode
Authors: Tian Te , Lu Lei‐Lei , Yin Yi‐Chen , Tan Yi‐Hong , Zhang Tian‐Wen , Li Feng , Yao Hong‐Bin
Published: March 2022

High‐voltage spinel cobalt‐free LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is one of the most promising cathode candidates for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high specific capacity, high operating voltage, and low cost. However, inferior electronic conductivity, transition metal dissolution, and fast capacity degradation of LNMO, especially in high mass loading for high areal capacity, are the critical material challenges for its practical application. Herein, trace multiple Cr‐Fe‐Cu elements doping of LiNi0.45Cr0.0167Fe0.0167Cu0.0167Mn1.5O4 (CFC0.5‐LNMO) cathode is achieved by a blow‐spinning strategy to exhibit very stable cycling at a practical level of areal capacity up to 3 mAh cm–2. It is demonstrated that the Cu, Fe, and Cr doping into the LNMO lattice can suspend the Mn dissolution and improve the Li ion diffusivity and electronic conductivity of the LNMO host. As a result, the obtained CFC0.5‐LNMO cathode exhibits an excellent rate performance (1.75 mAh cm–2 at 1C) and long cycling stability under an areal capacity of 3 mAh cm–2 (78% capacity retention over 300 cycles at 0.5C).
Supraparticles with a Mechanically Triggerable Color‐Change‐Effect to Equip Coatings with the Ability to Report Damage
Authors: Wenderoth Sarah , Eigen Andreas , Wintzheimer Susanne , Prieschl Johannes , Hirsch Andreas , Halik Marcus , Mandel Karl
Published: March 2022

Small scratches and abrasion cause damage to packaging coatings. Albeit often invisible to the human eye, such small defects in the coating may ultimately have a strong negative impact on the whole system. For instance, gases may penetrate the coating and consequently the package barrier, thus leading to the degradation of sensitive goods. Herein, the indicators of mechanical damage in the form of particles are reported, which can readily be integrated into coatings. Shear stress‐induced damage is indicated by the particles via a color change. The particles are designed as core‐shell supraparticles. The supraparticle core is based on rhodamine B dye‐doped silica nanoparticles, whereas the shell is made of alumina nanoparticles. The alumina surface is functionalized with a monolayer of a perylene dye. The resulting core‐shell supraparticle system thus contains two colors, one in the core and one in the shell part of the architecture. Mechanical damage of this structure exposes the core from the shell, resulting in a color change. With particles integrated into a coating lacquer, mechanical damage of a coating can be monitored via a color change and even be related to the degree of oxygen penetration in a damaged coating.
Decavanadate Doped Polyaniline for Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Yue , Song Yu , Mu Xinjian , Yang Duo , Qin Zengming , Guo Di , Sun Xiaoqi , Liu Xiao‐Xia
Published: March 2022

Polyaniline (PANI) is a promising cathode material for aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries (ARZBs), mainly benefitting from its good electrical conductivity. The high conductivity of PANI requires high doping level, yet the introduced nonactive dopants (e.g., SO42−) limit the gravimetric capacity of PANI (usually < 180 mAh g−1). Herein, an electro‐active dopant (decavanadate anion, V10O286−) is employed to fabricate the PANI cathode (PANI‐V10O28) for ARZBs. The doped decavanadate anion with the sub‐nanometer structure can fully expose the V‐based active sites, exhibiting good electrochemical activity. Due to the steric hindrance effect as well as the strong interaction between decavanadate anions and PANI chains, the active dopants are trapped in the polymer chains, demonstrating good structural and electrochemical stability. PANI‐V10O28 achieves a record‐high gravimetric capacity of 355 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, which is significantly higher than other reported PANI cathodes. Experimental results suggest that the charge storage mechanism of PANI‐V10O28 includes reversible injection/extraction of Zn(H2O)2Cl42− ions in PANI, as well as the protonation/deprotonation of V10O286−. This work enriches the doping chemistry of conducting polymer and pushes the development of organic cathodes for ARZBs to a new stage.
Synergistic Effect of Halogen Ions and Shelling Temperature on Anion Exchange Induced Interfacial Restructuring for Highly Efficient Blue Emissive InP/ZnS Quantum Dots
Authors: Cui Zhongjie , Mei Shiliang , Wen Zhuoqi , Yang Dan , Qin Shuaitao , Xiong Zhiyong , Yang Bobo , He Haiyang , Bao Rui , Qiu Yi , Chen Yuanyuan , Zhang Wanlu , Xie Fengxian , Xing Guichuan , Guo Ruiqian
Published: March 2022

InP quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention owing to their nontoxic properties and shown great potential in optoelectronic applications. Due to the surface defects and lattice mismatch, the interfacial structure of InP/ZnS QDs plays a significant role in their performance. Herein, the formation of In–S and Sx–In–P1−x interlayers through anion exchange at the shell‐growth stage is revealed. More importantly, it is proposed that the composition of interface is dependent on the synergistic effect of halogen ions and shelling temperature. High shelling temperature contributes to the optical performance improvement resulting from the formation of interlayers, besides the thicker ZnS shell. Moreover, the effect relates to the halogen ions where I− presents more obvious enhancement than Br− and Cl−, owing to their different ability to coordinate with In dangling bonds, which are inclined to form In–S and Sx–In–P1−x bonds. Further, the anion exchange under I−‐rich environment causes a blue‐shift of emission wavelength with shelling temperature increasing, unobserved in a Cl−‐ or Br−‐rich environment. It contributes to the preparation of highly efficient blue emissive InP/ZnS QDs with emission wavelength of 473 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈50% and full width at half maximum of 47 nm.
Host‐Fueled Transient Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Lu Haoyue , Hao Jingcheng , Wang Xu
Published: March 2022

Inspired by the dissipative assembly in biological systems, transient hydrogels based on supramolecular interactions have been developed that are under thermodynamic nonequilibrium states. Host–guest interactions possess excellent properties including high selectivity and adjustable association constants, which are beneficial for controlling the properties and behaviors of transient colloidal materials. In this work, a host‐fueled transient supramolecular hydrogel system is reported. The hydrogels based on host–guest interactions are formed by addition of a chemical fuel, α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD), to the aqueous solutions containing Pluronic F127 and α‐amylase. Meanwhile, as the host molecule of α‐CD consumes, the hydrogel networks start to collapse. The lifetime of the transient supramolecular hydrogels can be precisely controlled by adjusting the temperature and hydrogel composition, and repeated sol‐to‐gel‐to‐sol transitions can be realized by refueling the system with α‐CD. This study provides a new approach to regulate the nonequilibrium host–guest inclusion system by fueling it with host molecules.
Recent Trends and Future Perspectives of Emergent Analytical Techniques for Mercury Sensing in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Ali Shahid , Mansha Muhammad , Baig Nadeem , Khan Safyan Akram
Published: March 2022

Environmental emissions of mercury from industrial waste and natural sources, even in trace amounts, are toxic to organisms and ecosystems. However, industrial‐scale mercury detection is limited by the high cost, low sensitivity/specificity, and poor selectivity of the available analytical tools. This review summarizes the key sensors for mercury detection in aqueous environments: colorimetric‐, electrochemical‐, fluorescence‐, and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy‐based sensors reported between 2014–2021. It then compares the performances of these sensors in the determination of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) and methyl mercury (CH3Hg+) species in aqueous samples. Mercury sensors for aquatic applications still face serious challenges in terms of difficult deployment in remote areas and low robustness, reliability, and selectivity in harsh environments. We provide future perspectives on the selective detection of organomercury species, which are especially toxic and reactive in aquatic environments. This review is intended as a valuable resource for scientists in the field of mercury sensing.
Fluorinated Nucleosides: Synthesis, Modulation in Conformation and Therapeutic Application
Authors: Pal Shantanu , Chandra Girish , Patel Samridhi , Singh Sakshi
Published: March 2022

Over the last twenty years, fluorination on nucleoside has established itself as the most promising tool to use to get biologically active compounds that could sustain the clinical trial by affecting the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties. Due to fluorine's inherent unique properties and its judicious introduction into the molecule, makes the corresponding nucleoside metabolically very stable, lipophilic, and opens a new site of intermolecular binding. Fluorination on various nucleosides has been extensively studied as a result, a series of fluorinated nucleosides come up for different therapeutic uses which are either approved by the FDA or under the advanced stage of the clinical trial. Here in this review, we are summarizing the latest development in the chemistry of fluorination on nucleoside that led to varieties of new analogs like carbocyclic, acyclic, and conformationally biased nucleoside and their biological properties, the influence of fluorine on conformation, oligonucleotide stability, and their use in therapeutics.
Chemistry of the Bis(imine)‐Based Tetradentate Ligand Stabilized Group 14 E(II) Cations (E=Ge and Sn)
Authors: Biswas Swastik , Patel Niranjan , Deb Rahul , Majumdar Moumita
Published: March 2022

The ambiphilic Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species have been reported to be isolated through kinetic or thermodynamic stabilizations. Nonetheless, steric congestion or excessive coordination of donor atoms to the cationic center concurrently disfavors its prompt reactivity. Our research in this field revolves around the utilization of structurally non‐rigid bis(imine) based tetradentate supporting ligands for the stabilization of Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species. Such E(II) cationic systems have been advantaged due to inherent flexibility present at the ligand backbone allowing disposal of E(II) orbitals through geometric rearrangements for further reactivity. The bifunctionality present in the ligand enables the first examples of Ge(II) bis‐monocations. Furthermore, the redox‐active nature of the ligand encourages participation in chemical transformations. In this personal account we have provided a detailed discussion of our published work in this direction in the last five years.
Elementary teachers' verbal supports of science and engineering practices in anNGSS‐alignedscience, engineering, and computational thinking unit
Authors: Lilly Sarah , McAlister Anne M. , Fick Sarah J. , Chiu Jennifer L. , McElhaney Kevin W.
Published: March 2022

Contemporary science education frameworks identify computational thinking as an essential science and engineering practice that supports scientific sense‐making and engineering design. Despite national emphasis on teaching science, engineering, and computational thinking (NGSS Lead States, 2013), little research has investigated the ways that elementary teachers support students to engage in science and engineering practices (SEPs) within integrated science, engineering, and computational thinking curricula. This study explores how teachers provide verbal support of SEPs to upper elementary students during a 4‐week NGSS‐aligned curricular unit that challenged students to redesign their school to reduce water runoff. Students conducted hands‐on investigations of water runoff and created computational models to test their designs. Teacher audio data during the classroom implementation was collected and qualitatively coded for different purposes of verbal support, such as to understand how (pragmatic), when, and why (epistemic) to use SEPs, in three focal lessons. Results show that teachers provided a range of pragmatic and epistemic supports for many different SEPs in science‐focused and engineering‐focused lessons, but support for a more limited variety of SEPs in the lesson focused on computational thinking. Across the lessons, the majority of teacher support aimed to help students engage pragmatically with the SEPs through sense making and engaging prior knowledge. In addition, teachers provided epistemic support more frequently in the science‐focused lesson than in the engineering‐ or computational thinking‐focused lessons. Results also demonstrate differences within the quality of the verbal support across lessons. This study provides insight into how teachers may differentially support SEPs in elementary classrooms and the kinds of learning experiences and educative materials teachers may need to provide equitable supports for students across SEPs.
Peripheral nerve block of the dorsal cranium in two dogs undergoing craniotomy
Authors: Schaldemose Maja , Lehnus Kristina
Published: March 2022

Two adult medium‐sized dogs presented with generalised tonic‐clonic seizures associated with meningiomas, one affecting the right parietal lobe and the other both frontal and olfactory lobes. Both underwent craniotomy and received multimodal anaesthetic protocols, including a peripheral nerve scalp block (frontal, zygomaticotemporal and major occipital nerves) based on a previous cadaveric study. For one dog, an intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed; the bupivacaine block wore off after 280 minutes and was repeated with good effect before surgery resumed. The second dog had dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine at the outset. The block lasted, as judged by pain assessment, at least 6 hours. We found that regional anaesthesia of the scalp was manageable to perform in a timely manner, showed good perioperative clinical effect and was likely prolonged by the addition of dexmedetomidine.
Gender and Migration: An Introduction
Authors: Christou Anastasia , Kofman Eleonore
Published: March 2022

Why has it been important to incorporate gender relations into our understanding of migration processes and to engender migration research? The need to do so does not only stem from the fact that women globally make up just under half of international migrants. Gender is one of the key forms of differentiation within societies which interacts with other social divisions such as age, class, ethnicity, nationality, race, disability and sexual orientation. The drivers of migration impact on women and men differently. Women and men circulate distinctively, whether it be between rural and urban areas, intra-regionally or globally. Labour markets are often highly segregated and the possibility of women and men crossing borders may also be restricted or opened up through gendered discourses, practices, and regulations governing the right to move and under what conditions. Migration may in turn change gender relations within households and in the community and impact on gendered and sexual identities.
Gendering Asylum
Authors: Christou Anastasia , Kofman Eleonore
Published: March 2022

By the end of 2019, 79.5 million people of concern (refugees and internally displaced) around the world had been forced from their home countries. It represents over three times the number of people of concern compared to the figure at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The major development since the peak in asylum applications in 2015 in Europe has been the large-scale emigration of Venezuelans, who as of 2019 are now among the top three nationalities in Europe, especially in Spain. On the other hand, Covid-19 has led to a significant reduction in applicants in 2020, especially among Colombians and Venezuelans arriving by air (EASO, 2021).
Conclusion
Authors: Christou Anastasia , Kofman Eleonore
Published: March 2022

At the end of a short journey, we can attest to the flourishing production of knowledge on gender and migration that has built up over the past 30 years in particular. Though we have on the whole referred to works in English, there is an extensive literature in other major languages, such as French, German, Italian and Spanish which have emerged from different social science traditions, in recognition of the significance of gendered migrations and feminist movements. English has come to dominate writing in this field (Kofman, 2020), ironically in large part through the European funding of comparative research as well as transatlantic exchanges (Levy et al., 2020). The past 20 years have been a rapid period of intellectual exchange in this field through networks and disciplinary associations, such as the International and European Sociological Associations or IMISCOE which supported a cluster on Gender, Generation and Age (2004–2009). The IMISCOE Migration Research Hub (https://www.migrationresearch.com/) demonstrates the extensive production on gender issues and their connections with other theories and fields of migration. The economic and social transformations brought about by globalisation and transnationalism, and how its unequal outcomes and identities need to be understood through an intersectional lens (Amelina & Lutz, 2019), have heavily shaped studies of gender and migration (see Chap.10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_2). Indeed intersectionality has been suggested by some as the major contribution of contemporary feminism to the social sciences, and, has certainly been a theoretical insight that has travelled widely and rapidly from the Anglo world to Europe (Davis, 2020; Lutz, 2014) since it was defined by Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989). We should, however, also remember that it had antecedents in the writing of anti-racist feminists on racist ideology and sex by the French sociologist Claude Guillaumin (1995), on the trinity of gender, race and class in the UK (Anthias & Yuval-Davis, 1992; Parmar, 1982) and by scholars in Australia (Bottomley et al., 1991) and Canada (Stasiulis & Yuval-Davis, 1995).
COVID-19 und Hautmanifestationen: Übersicht der aktuellen Literatur im Rückblick auf die bisherige Pandemie
Authors: Lange Kristin , Matthies Maja , Firouzi-Memarpuri Parnian , Homey Bernhard
Published: March 2022

Hintergrund

Die durch das Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ausgelöste anhaltende globale Pandemie manifestiert sich neben bekannten Organsystemen auch an der Haut. In der Literatur wurden verschiedene klinische Muster von Hauterscheinungen mit COVID-19 in Verbindung gebracht. Die Kenntnis der kutanen Manifestationen kann bei der Früherkennung, Risikostratifizierung von Patienten, Diagnose und den therapeutischen Strategien hilfreich sein. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zu dermatologischen Befunden im Zusammenhang mit COVID-19 unter Berücksichtigung der klinischen Präsentation, aktuellen pathophysiologischen Konzepten und Management zusammengefasst. Zukünftig sollen auch Erkenntnisse aus einem aktuell geführten Register der Universität Harvard gezogen werden können. Derzeit werden hier Hautveränderungen in Assoziation mit COVID-19 gesammelt (https://ilds.org/covid-19/international-dermatology-covid19-registry/).

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, die aktuell verfügbare Literatur mit Hinweisen auf Hautveränderungen im Zusammenhang mit COVID-19 zu analysieren, zu strukturieren und die wichtigsten Aspekte zusammenzufassen.

Material und Methoden

Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche in der medizin-wissenschaftlichen Datenbank PubMed und Medline für englischsprachige Originalartikel, Fallserien und -berichte sowie Übersichtsarbeiten unter Verwendung der Suchbegriffe „Covid“, „COVID-19“ oder „SARS-CoV-2“ in Kombination mit „skin“ oder „dermatol“ durchgeführt, welche bis Februar 2021 (Einträge bis zum 28.02.2021) veröffentlicht wurden. Untersucht wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen bestätigten oder vermuteten SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen in Assoziation mit Hautmanifestationen. Eingeschlossen wurden vorwiegend Arbeiten, welche ein möglichst großes Patientenkollektiv, das Erwachsenenalter und einen positiven Corona-Nachweis beinhalteten. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick der am häufigsten beobachteten Hautmanifestationen bei Infektionen mit SARS-CoV‑2 zu geben.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Die Zuordnung der Hautmanifestationen im Rahmen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion nach klinisch dermatologischen Mustern kann dazu beitragen, Patienten mit erhöhtem Risiko frühzeitig zu identifizieren und adäquat zu behandeln, um einem möglicherweise schwereren Krankheitsverlauf wie er beispielsweise bei der Livedo auftritt, entgegenzuwirken. Die erworbenen Kenntnisse der pathophysiologischen Mechanismen können zu einem verbesserten Management der Erkrankung und Hilfestellung möglicher Gegenmaßnahmen in der Bewältigung der Erkrankung beitragen.
A comparison of single and intersectional social identities associated with discrimination and mental health service use: data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in England
Authors: Rhead Rebecca D. , Woodhead Charlotte , Ahmad Gargie , Das-Munshi Jayati , McManus Sally , Hatch Stephani L.
Published: March 2022

Inequities in mental health service use (MHSU) and treatment are influenced by social stratification processes linked to socially contextualised interactions between individuals, organisations and institutions. These complex relations underpin observed inequities and their experience by people at the intersections of social statuses. Discrimination is one important mechanism influencing such differences. We compared inequities in MHSU/treatment through single and intersectional status analyses, accounting for need. We assessed whether past-year discrimination differentially influences MHSU/treatment across single and intersecting statuses. Data came from a population survey (collected 2014–2015) nationally representative of English households (N = 7546). We used a theory and datadriven approach (latent class analysis) which identified five intersectional groups in the population comprising common combinations of social statuses. Single status analyses identified characteristics associated with MHSU/treatment (being a sexual minority (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.65 95% CI:1.09-2.50), female (AOR 1.71, 95% CI:1.45–2.02), economically inactive (AOR 2.02, 95% CI:1.05–3.90), in the most deprived quintile (AOR 1.33, 95% CI:1.02–1.74), and Black (AOR 0.36 95% CI:0.20–0.66)). Intersectional analyses detected patterns not apparent from single status analyses. Compared to the most privileged group (“White British, highly educated, employed, high social class”), “Retired White
British” had greater odds of MHSU/treatment (AOR 1.88, 95% CI:1.53-2.32) while “Employed migrants” had lower odds (AOR 0.39, 95% CI:0.27–0.55). Past-year discrimination was associated with certain disadvantaged social statuses and greater MHSU/treatment but—except for sexual minorities—adjusting for discrimination had little influence using either analytic approach. Observing patterns only by single social statuses masks potentially unanticipated and contextually varying inequities. The latent class approach offers policy-relevant insights into patterns and mechanisms of inequity but may mask other key intersectional patterns by statuses less common or under represented in surveys (e.g. UK-born ethnic minority groups). We propose multiple, context-relevant, theory-driven approaches to intersectional understanding of mental health inequalities.
Non-prostate cancer tumours: incidence on 18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET/CT and uptake characteristics in 1445 patients
Authors: Perry Elisa , Talwar Arpit , Sharma Sanjana , O’Connor Daisy , Wong Lih-Ming , Taubman Kim , Sutherland Tom R.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

With increasing use of PSMA PET/CT in the staging and restaging of prostate cancer (PCa), the identification of non-prostate cancer tumours (NPCaT) has become an increasing clinical dilemma. Atypical presentations of PSMA expression in prostate cancer and expression in NPCaT are not well established. Understanding the normal and abnormal distribution of PSMA expression is essential in preparing clinically relevant reports and in guiding multidisciplinary discussion and decisions.

Methods

Retrospective review of 1445 consecutive 18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET/CT studies by experienced radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians. Lesions indeterminate for PCa were identified. Correlation was made with patient records, biopsy results, and dedicated imaging. Lesions were then categorized into four groups: 1. Confirmed prostate cancer, metastases, 2. NPCaT 3. Benign, and 4. Indeterminate lesions.

Results

68/1445 patients had lesions atypical for prostate cancer metastases. These comprised 8/68 (11.8%) atypical prostate cancer metastases, 17/68 (25.0%) NPCaT, 29/68 (42.6%) indeterminate, and 14/68 (20.6%) benign. In the context of the entire cohort, these are adjusted to 8/1445 (0.6%), 17/1445 (1.2%), 29/1445 (2.0%), and 14/1445 (1.0%) respectively. With the exception of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), NPCaT demonstrated no or low PSMA expression. A similar trend was also observed for indeterminate and benign lesions. Conversely, most atypical PCa metastases demonstrated intermediate or high PSMA expression.

Conclusion

18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET/CT detection of NPCaT is low. Lesions demonstrating intermediate to high PSMA expression were exclusively prostate cancer metastases, aside from RCC, and lesions detected in organs with high background expression.
Social foraging can benefit artisanal fishers who interact with wild dolphins
Authors: Santos-Silva Bruna , Hanazaki Natalia , Daura-Jorge Fábio G. , Cantor Mauricio
Published: March 2022

Social foraging decisions depend on individual payoffs. However, it is unclear how individual variation in phenotypic and behavioural traits can influence these payoffs, thereby the decisions to forage socially or individually. Here, we studied how individual traits influence foraging tactics of net-casting fishers who interact with wild dolphins. While net-casting is primarily an individual activity, in the traditional fishery with dolphins, fishers can choose between fishing in cooperative groups or solitarily. Our semi-structured interviews with fishers show their social network is mapped onto these foraging tactics. By quantifying the fishers’ catch, we found that fishers in cooperative groups catch more fish per capita than solitary fishers. By quantifying foraging and social traits of fishers, we found that the choice between foraging tactics—and whom to cooperate with—relates to differences in peer reputation and to similarities in number of friends, propensity to fish with relatives, and frequency of interaction with dolphins. These findings indicate different payoffs between foraging tactics and that by choosing the cooperative partner fishers likely access other benefits such as social prestige and embeddedness. These findings reveal the importance of not only material but also non-material benefits of social foraging tactics, which can have implications for the dynamics of this rare fishery. Faced with the current fluctuation in fishing resource availability, the payoffs of both tactics may change, affecting the fishers’ social and foraging decisions, potentially threatening the persistence of this century-old fishery involving humans and wildlife.

Significance statement

Social foraging theory proposes that decisions to forage in groups are primarily driven by cost–benefit trade-offs that individuals experience, but it remains unclear whether, and how much, individual foragers’ characteristics influence these trade-offs and consequently the choice to forage in social groups. We study the artisanal net-casting fishers who choose between cooperating with each other or fishing alone when engaging in a rare interaction with wild dolphins. Our findings suggest that cooperative fishers capture more fish than solitary fishers, and that by choosing cooperative partners based on similarities and differences in key social (peer reputation, kinship, friendships) and foraging (fishing frequency) traits; these fishers also experience higher social prestige and more social embeddedness. These results suggest that material gains from foraging—but also non-material benefits accrued from socializing with like-minded individuals—can influence the dynamics of human social foraging.
A comparison of long-term results after Baerveldt 250 implantation in advanced uveitic vs. other forms of glaucoma
Authors: Cazana Ioana Maria , Böhringer Daniel , Reinhard Thomas , Anton Alexandra , Ness Thomas , Lübke Jan
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Uveitic glaucoma remains challenging despite medical and surgical advancements and can potentially lead to blindness if left uncontrolled. Conservative alternatives as well as microinvasive surgeries can postpone the necessity of a highly invasive intervention. However, such procedures are still necessary to treat some refractive glaucoma cases. Since previous studies have reported excellent results following the primary implantation of glaucoma drainage devices, it was our study’s aim to evaluate long-term results following a Baerveldt 250 implantation in highly complex and surgically burdened uveitic glaucoma eyes (UG) and compare these to a similar population suffering from other forms of glaucoma (OFG).

Material and methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all eyes (UG vs. OFG) following a Baerveldt 250 implant between 2013 and 2019. Efficacy parameters as well as post-operative complication data were extracted from our electronic data system for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 62 eyes were included in our study (24 UG and 38 OFG). UG baseline mean IOP was 35.04 mmHg (± 11.85 mmHg) with 3.08 (± 1.13) topical agents, and OFG was 32.63 mmHg (± 7.74 mmHg) with 2.68 (± 1.28) topical agents. A majority of eyes also required systemic acetazolamide (UG: 79% OFG: 87%) and had undergone at least one glaucoma-related operation prior to the Baerveldt 250 implant ((UG: 1.21 (± 0.66)), OFG: 1.74 (± 1.33)). At the median follow-up period (UG 592, OFG 764 days), 52.5%/32.5% of UG/OFG cases showed qualified success (IOP below 21 mmHg with either topical or/and systemic medication), 15%/30% no longer required topical medication, and 47.5% /47.5% were free of acetazolamide systemically. Moreover, 75%/72.5% of eyes experienced no further pressure-related surgical event. Although sight-threatening complications such as corneal and macular edema were reported in both groups, most either maintained or improved their visual acuity at the last follow-up (58.33%/57.89%).

Conclusion

The Baerveldt 250 implant is shown to be both effective and safe for advanced glaucoma cases in uveitis and other forms. No further glaucoma-related surgery is required in the majority of eyes in either group within a follow-up period of almost 2 years. Despite sight-threatening complications such as macular and corneal edema, visual acuity can be either maintained or improved in most eyes.
A virtual dance sport class for cancer patients: the trainer perspective
Authors: Keinki Christian , Rudolph Ivonne , Wozniak Tobias , Pietsch Ronny , Margolina Mascha , Garcia Isabel , Mayr-Welschlau Katharina , Schmidt Thorsten , Hübner Jutta
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Due to the corona, pandemic classes with physical activity for cancer patients were postponed. For an ongoing program with ballroom dancing classes for patients and their partners, the training was switched to a digital format.

Methods

We evaluated the training by structured written interviews of the trainers including an open report part concerning the development and realization of the project, the teaching and training concept and their experiences as trainers.

Results

5 trainers reported data from 6 different classes including 65 participants. All in all, digital dance training is feasible and a substantial part of the participants of former face-to-face training took part. Yet, digital training imposes some restrictions to the movements taught and the interactions with and between the participants. Trainers have to invest time in a new conception of the training and additional time in guiding participants with lower experience in technical issues.

Conclusion

Participants in virtual training rooms need more support and social interactions in digital training are less and different from ballroom lessons and trainers which puts more strain on trainers to motivate cancer patients.
Dynamic species interactions associated with the range-shifting marine gastropod Mexacanthina lugubris
Authors: Wallingford Piper D. , Sorte Cascade J. B.
Published: March 2022

Globally, species are undergoing range shifts in response to climate change. However, the potential impacts of climate-driven range shifts are not well understood. In southern California, the predatory whelkMexacanthina lugubrishas undergone a northward range shift of more than 100 km in the past four decades. We traced the history of the whelk’s range shift and assessed potential effects using an integrated approach, consisting of field surveys, as well as feeding and thermotolerance experiments. We found that at sites whereMexacanthinaand native species co-occurred, native whelks distributions peaked lower in the intertidal. In laboratory experiments, we found that the presence ofMexacanthinaled to reduced growth in native whelks (Acanthinucella spirata). Additionally, the range-shifting whelk was able to tolerate higher temperatures than common native species (A. spirataandNucella emarginata), suggesting further impacts as a result of climate warming. Many species are likely to undergo range shifts as a coping mechanism for changing climatic conditions. However, communities are unlikely to shift as a whole due to species-specific responses. By studying the impacts of range-shifting species, likeMexacanthina, we can better understand how climate change will alter existing community structure and composition.
The effects of mouthwashes in human gingiva epithelial progenitor (HGEPp) cells
Authors: Kőhidai Zsófia , Takács Angéla , Lajkó Eszter , Géczi Zoltán , Pállinger Éva , Láng Orsolya , Kőhidai László
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The gingiva epithelium accounts for a significant proportion of the surface around the tooth. An inflammatory reaction occurs in the presence of bacterial biofilm, adhesion is reduced, and the depth of the sulcus gingivalis increases. The most common antiseptic agents in oral rinses are chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride. We examined long-lasting effects of residual concentrations of eight commercially available rinses. Our main goals were (i) to analyze the effect of different chemical compositions on cell proliferation, (ii) to examine apoptosis, and (iii) cell morphology on human epithelial progenitor cell line (HGEPp).

Materials and methods

Cell proliferation was measured in a real-time system (0–48 h) by impedimetry (xCELLigence). Apoptosis was measured with labeled Annexin-V (BD-FACScalibur).

Results

Changes in proliferation were measured at certain concentrations: (i) H2O2 proved to be cytotoxic at almost all concentrations; (ii) low concentrations of CHX (0.0001%; 0.0003%) were proliferation inducers, while higher concentrations were cytotoxic; (iii) for ClO2, advantageous proliferative effect was observed over a broad concentration range (0.06–6 ppm). In mouthwashes, additives in the formulation (e.g., allantoin) appeared to influence cellular responses positively. Apoptosis marker assay results suggested a low-level activation by the tested agents.

Conclusions

Mouthwashes and their reference compounds proved to have concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on human gingival epithelial cells.

Clinical relevance

A better understanding of the effects of mouthwashes and their reference compounds is particularly important. These concentration-dependent effects (cytotoxic or proliferation inducing) interfere with human cells physiology while being used in the fight against the pathogenic flora.
A New Application of Solvent Extraction to Separate Copper from Extreme Acid Mine Drainage Producing Solutions for Electrochemical and Biological Recovery Processes
Authors: Nobahar Amir , Melka Alemu Bejiga , Pusta Alexandra , Lourenço João Paulo , Carlier Jorge Dias , Costa Maria Clara
Published: March 2022

Over the last decade, AMD waters have gained more attention as a potential source of metals due to the emerging need to recover or recycle metals from secondary resources. Metals recovery supports sustainability and the development of a circular economy with benefits for resource conservation and the environment. In this study, five extractants (Acorga M5640, LIX 54, LIX 622, LIX 622 N, and LIX 864) diluted (15% (v/v)) in Shell GTL with 2.5% (v/v) octanol were compared and evaluated for Cu recovery from an extreme AMD sample (5.3 ± 0.3 g/L Cu) collected at the inactive São Domingos Mine in the Iberian Pyrite Belt of Portugal. Of the five extractants, Acorga M5640 showed the best selective efficiency. Further tests showed that 30% (v/v) of this extractant was able to selectively extract ≈ 96.0% of the Cu from the AMD in one extraction step and all of the remaining Cu (to below detection) in three steps. Among the different stripping agents tested, 2 M sulfuric acid was the most efficient, with ≈ 99% of the Cu stripped, and the recyclability of the organic phase was confirmed in five successive cycles of extraction and stripping. Furthermore, contact time tests revealed that the extraction kinetics allows the transfer of ≈ 97% of the Cu in 15 min, and aqueous to organic phase ratios tests demonstrated a maximum loading capacity of ≈ 16 g/L Cu in the organic phase. Raising the concentration of Cu in the stripping solution (2 M sulfuric acid) to ≈ 46 g/L through successive striping steps showed the potential to recover elemental Cu using traditional electrowinning. Finally, a biological approach for Cu recovery from the stripping solution was evaluated by adding the supernatant of a sulfate-reducing bacteria culture to make different molar ratios of biogenic sulfide to copper; ratios over 1.75 resulted in precipitation of more than 95% of the Cu as covellite nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract
The Effect of Axial Compression and Distraction on Cervical Facet Cartilage Apposition During Shear and Bending Motions
Authors: Quarrington Ryan D. , Thompson-Bagshaw Darcy W. , Jones Claire F.
Published: March 2022

During cervical spine trauma, complex intervertebral motions can cause a reduction in facet joint cartilage apposition area (CAA), leading to cervical facet dislocation (CFD). Intervertebral compression and distraction likely alter the magnitude and location of CAA, and may influence the risk of facet fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate facet joint CAA resulting from intervertebral distraction (2.5 mm) or compression (50, 300 N) superimposed on shear and bending motions. Intervertebral and facet joint kinematics were applied to multi rigid-body kinematic models of twelve C6/C7 motion segments (70 ± 13 year, nine male) with specimen-specific cartilage profiles. CAA was qualitatively and quantitatively compared between distraction and compression conditions for each motion; linear mixed-effects models (α = 0.05) were applied. Distraction significantly decreased CAA throughout all motions, compared to the compressed conditions (p < 0.001), and shifted the apposition region towards the facet tip. These observations were consistent bilaterally for both asymmetric and symmetric motions. The results indicate that axial neck loads, which are altered by muscle activation and head loading, influences facet apposition. Investigating CAA in longer cervical spine segments subjected to quasistatic or dynamic loading may provide insight into dislocation and fracture mechanisms.
A quasi-zero-stiffness isolator with a shear-thinning viscous damper
Authors: Wen Guilin , Lin Yu , He Junfeng
Published: March 2022

Quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) vibration isolators have been widely studied, because they show excellent high static and low dynamic stiffnesses and can effectively solve low-frequency and ultralow-frequency vibration. However, traditional QZS (T-QZS) vibration isolators usually adopt linear damping, owing to which achieving good isolation performance at both low and high frequencies is difficult. T-QZS isolators exhibit hardening stiffness characteristics, and their vibration isolation performance is even worse than that of linear vibration isolators under a large excitation amplitude. Therefore, this study proposes a QZS isolator with a shear-thinning viscous damper (SVD) to improve the vibration isolation performance of the T-QZS isolators. The force-velocity relation of the SVD is obtained, and a dynamic model is established for the isolator. The dynamic responses of the system are solved using the harmonic balance method (HBM) and the Runge-Kutta method. The vibration isolation performance of the system is evaluated using force transmissibility, and the isolator parameters are analyzed. The results show that compared with the T-QZS isolators, the proposed QZS-SVD isolator achieves the lower initial vibration isolation frequency and peak value, and exhibits better vibration isolation performance at medium and high frequencies. Moreover, the proposed isolator can withstand a large excitation amplitude in the effective vibration isolation range.
Error Quantification for the Assessment of Data-Driven Turbulence Models
Authors: Hammond James , Frey Marioni Yuri , Montomoli Francesco
Published: March 2022

Data-driven turbulence modelling is becoming common practice in the field of fluid mechanics. Complex machine learning methods are applied to large high fidelity data sets in an attempt to discover relationships between mean flow features and turbulence model parameters. However, a clear discrepancy is emerging between complex models that appear to fit the high fidelity data wella prioriand simpler models which subsequently hold up ina posterioritesting through CFD simulations. With this in mind, a novel error quantification technique is proposed consisting of an upper and lower bound, against which data-driven turbulence models can be systematically assessed. At the lower bound is models that are linear in either the full set or a subset of the input features, where feature selection is used to determine the best model. Any machine learning technique must be able to improve on this performance for the extra complexity in training to be of practical use. The upper bound is found by the stable insertion of the high fidelity data for the Reynolds stresses into CFD simulation. Three machine learning methods, Gene Expression Programming, Deep Neural Networks and Gaussian Mixtures Models are presented and assessed on this error quantification technique. We further show that for the simple canonical cases often used to develop data-driven methods, lower bound linear models can provide very satisfactory accuracy and stability with limited scope for substantial improvement through more complex machine learning methods.
Left atrial function in young strength athletes: four-dimensional automatic quantitation study
Authors: Liu Mengmeng , Sun Mengjiao , Li Lijin , Li Pengge , Hou Suyun , Li Zhen , Sun Xinxin , Hua Shaohua
Published: March 2022

Athletes might suffer from potentially fatal heart disease, which has always been a concern in cardiovascular medicine. The changes in left atrial (LA) size and function are related to the occurrence of arrhythmia. In the present study, four-dimensional automatic quantitation (4D LAQ) was used to explore the changes in LA function of young strength athletes. Eighty professional young strength athletes and sixty healthy young adults matched in age were selected for the study. The LA volumes and strains were automatically analyzed by 4D LAQ. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of strain in athletes' LA function. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the potential association between conventional echocardiographic indexes and 4D parameters related to athletes' LA function. Compared to the control group, LA longitudinal and circumferential strain in the athlete group decreased, while LA volume increased (P < 0.05). However, LA strain was similar among 45 male and 35 female strength athletes (P > 0.05), while male athletes presented with a higher LA volume when compared to female controls (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that LA contraction longitudinal strain (LASct) was the best predictor in evaluating athletes' LA function. Athletes' heart rate and left ventricular mass index were significantly correlated with 4D LA function parameters.4D LAQ can be used for early detection of the changes in LA function in young strength athletes. There was no significant difference in LA strain between male and female athletes. The LASct was the most effective index for evaluating athletes' LA function.