bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of recent developments in the clinical application of prosthetic laryngoplasty for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy: Indications, complications and outcome
Authors: Biasutti S. , Dart A. J. , Jeffcott L. B.
Published: February 2016

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) has been recognised for two centuries in horses. Surveys undertaken in Europe and the United States have reported that prosthetic laryngoplasty is the most common treatment forRLN, particularly for advanced cases. Despite widespread adoption of this surgical technique for treatment ofRLN, reported success rates still vary widely, particularly in horses used for high intensity exercise where outcomes are often considered moderate, at best. Studies evaluating the outcome of the procedure are complicated by the use of variable criteria for measuring success, various modifications in the procedure, differing athletic demands in horses used in different equine disciplines and horses lost to follow‐up. Furthermore, post operative complications appear to be common, in particular, the effects of the surgery on airway dynamics which are not completely understood. Proposed modifications to the technique may provide a means of improving success rates; however, standardised objective measurements taken before and after surgery are required to effectively evaluate the potential benefits and outcomes of the procedure.
Phage display selection of tight specific binding variants from a hyperthermostable Sso7d scaffold protein library
Authors: Zhao Ning , Schmitt Margaret A. , Fisk John D.
Published: February 2016

Antibodies, the quintessential biological recognition molecules, are not ideal for many applications because of their large size, complex modifications, and thermal and chemical instability. Identifying alternative scaffolds that may be evolved into tight, specific binding molecules with improved physical properties is of increasing interest, particularly for biomedical applications in resource‐limited environments. Hyperthermophilic organisms, such asSulfolobus solfataricus, are an attractive source of highly stable proteins that may serve as starting points for alternative molecular recognition scaffolds. We describe the first application of phage display to identify binding proteins based on theS. solfataricusprotein Sso7d scaffold. Sso7d is a small cysteine‐freeDNA‐binding protein (approximately 7 kDa, 63 amino acids), with a melting temperature of nearly 100 °C. Tight‐binding Sso7d variants were selected for a diverse set of protein targets from a 1010member library, demonstrating the versatility of the scaffold. These Sso7d variants are able to discriminate among closely related human, bovine and rabbit serum albumins. Equilibrium dissociation constants in the nanomolar to low micromolar range were measured via competitiveELISA. Importantly, the Sso7d variants continue to bind their targets in the absence of the phage context. Furthermore, phage‐displayed Sso7d variants retain their binding affinity after exposure to temperatures up to 70 °C. Taken together, our results suggest that the Sso7d scaffold will be a complementary addition to the range of non‐antibody scaffold proteins that may be utilized in phage display. Variants of hyperthermostable binding proteins have potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics for environments with extreme conditions of storage and deployment.
Torsional stress in DNA limits collaboration among reverse gyrase molecules
Authors: Ogawa Taisaku , Sutoh Kazuo , Kikuchi Akihiko , Kinosita Kazuhiko
Published: February 2016

Reverse gyrase is an enzyme that can overwind (introduce positive supercoils into) DNA using the energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis. The enzyme is found in hyperthermophiles, and the overwinding reaction generally requires a temperature above 70 °C. In a previous study using microscopy, we have shown that 30 consecutive mismatched base pairs (a bubble) in DNA serve as a well‐defined substrate site for reverse gyrase, warranting the processive overwinding activity down to 50 °C. Here, we inquire how multiple reverse gyrase molecules may collaborate with each other in overwinding one DNA molecule. We introduced one, two, or four bubbles in a linear DNA that tethered a magnetic bead to a coverslip surface. At 40–71 °C in the presence of reverse gyrase, the bead rotated clockwise as viewed from above, to relax the DNA twisted by reverse gyrase. Dependence on the enzyme concentration indicated that each bubble binds reverse gyrase tightly (dissociation constant < 0.1 nm) and that bound enzyme continuously overwinds DNA for > 5 min. Rotation with two bubbles was significantly faster compared with one bubble, indicating that overwinding actions are basically additive, but four bubbles did not show further acceleration except at 40 °C where the activity was very low. The apparent saturation is due to the hydrodynamic friction against the rotating bead, as confirmed by increasing the medium viscosity. When torsional stress in the DNA, determined by the friction, approaches ~ 7 pN·nm (at 71 °C), the overwinding activity of reverse gyrase drops sharply. Multiple molecules of reverse gyrase collaborate additively within this limit.
Can underwater refuges protect fish populations against cormorant predation? Evidence from a large‐scale multiple pond experiment
Authors: Lemmens P. , De Meester L. , Declerck S. A. J.
Published: February 2016

Artificial structures can protect fish against predation by cormorants (Phalacocorax spp.). However, their effectiveness in larger water bodies with different fish communities in the presence of natural vegetation still needs to be explored. Using a large‐scale field experiment with 24 ponds stocked with differently composed fish communities, the present study investigates the extent to which the effect of artificial refuges on fish is species‐specific and determined by the characteristics of the fish community. This study provides strong experimental evidence for artificial refuges protecting fish against predation from cormorants, even in the presence of submerged vegetation. The effect of refuges was, however, highly species‐specific and depended on the composition of the fish community. Strong positive effects of refuges on rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), populations were observed, especially in ponds where these species dominated. Overall, the total biomass of young‐of‐the‐year, 1‐year‐old and adult rudd and roach was on average 500, 7 and 15 times lower in ponds without than in ponds with refuges, respectively. No effect of artificial refuges on other fish species was found. This study indicates that artificial refuges can facilitate the coexistence of predation vulnerable fish populations with cormorants in lakes and ponds.
Attitudes toward stress and coping among primary caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis: A Q‐methodology study
Authors: Yeun Eun Ja , Bang Ho Yoon , Kim Eun Jung , Jeon Misoon , Jang Eun Sil , Ham Eunmi
Published: February 2016

Introduction Hemodialysis (HD) causes many life changes, not only for patients undergoing it but also for their families by allowing them to rely on this lifesaving equipment unless they receive a kidney transplant. The stress of the primary caregivers, who spends the most time in the family taking care of the patient undergoing HD, is quite high. This study was to identify attitudes about stress and coping among primary caregivers of HD patients. Methods Q‐methodology was undertaken because it integrates quantitative and qualitative research methods. A convenience sample of 33 primary caregivers of HD patients participated. Forty selected Q‐samples were obtained from each participant and were classified into a forced normal distribution using a nine‐point grid. Data was analyzed using a pc‐QUANL program. Findings Three discrete factors emerged as follows: Factor I (they reduced their stress by participating in religious activities; religious sublimation), Factor II (they always worried about the caregiving situations and about the patients' conditions; nervousness), and Factor III (they thought it better to accept their stressful situations; leading handler). Three factors accounted for 44.5% of all the variance, including Factor I (26.0%), Factor II (10.1%), and Factor III (8.4%). The eigenvalues were 8.58, 3.34, and 2.79, respectively. Discussion The subjectivities of the three factors that were identified can be applied during the planning stages of effective interventions for stress and coping. Healthcare workers in clinical practices should consider assesses primary caregivers' attitudes about stress and coping and approaches their situation to cope with it and to adapt to lifestyle changes.
Efficacy evaluation of D‐dimer and modified criteria in overt and nonovert disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnosis
Authors: Li W. J. , Sha M. , Ma W. , Zhang Z. P. , Wu Y. J. , Shi D. M.
Published: February 2016

Introduction

D‐dimer (D‐D) was shown to be an important indicator for the diagnosis of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and nonovert DIC. However, its diagnostic cutoff value in the clinic is not clearly defined.

Methods

D‐D, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fg), thrombin time (TT), antithrombin (AT), and blood platelet count (PLT) of 360 cases were used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of D‐D (InnovanceR reagent) for the diagnosis of DIC and nonovert DIC, compared to, or combined with, other DIC coagulation indicators.

Results

When D‐D > 3.0 μg/mL was used as the cutoff, the sum of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity reached maximum values for DIC and nonovert DIC, whereas the sum of misdiagnoses and missed diagnosis rate was minimal. Excluding D‐D, AT, or Fg, but not TT, from the test combination reduced the diagnostic sensitivity of DIC or nonovert DIC by various degrees. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve of D‐D for diagnosing DIC and nonovert DIC was 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. Combining two factors, D‐D > 3.0 μg/mL and FDP > 10 mg/L, increased the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of DIC and nonovert DIC.

Conclusion

The cutoff value of D‐D is >3.0 μg/mL; combined testing of D‐D and FDP could be used as primary screening for diagnosing DIC and nonovert DIC in clinical practice.
Nursing education in Bangladesh: a social business model
Authors: Parfitt Barbara , Nahar Niru Shamsun
Published: February 2016

Introduction and aim

The aim of this project was to develop a quality nurse education programme in Bangladesh. A sustainable social business financial model was used. The project is a collaboration between Glasgow Caledonian University and the Grameen Health Care Trust. It contributes to the UN development agenda, eradication of poverty, sustainability and the development of global partnerships.

Background

There is an acute shortage of nurses in Bangladesh but many young women who wish to become nurses are unable to do so. Women are discriminated against, have few leadership opportunities and poverty affects large proportions of rural society.

Development

The collaboration between the University and the Trust provides the necessary input to ensure a quality nursing programme. A business plan was developed, competency‐based teaching introduced, infrastructure and financial management processes were set‐up and an evaluation framework was put in place.

Evaluation

The systems evaluation framework monitors the financial status of the College and the effects of the programme on students. The social business model, providing access to educational loans, has enabled 118 students to graduate into employment. The College is currently on target to be financially sustainable by 2016.

Discussion

This project outlines a business model that tackles poverty, gender equality and contributes to the human resource deficit. Young women are equipped as change agents and leaders.

Conclusion and implications for nursing and health policy

The social business model provides a mechanism for releasing funds for education to those who are impoverished. It provides a viable option for increasing the number of well‐educated nurse leaders in developing countries.
Inclusive victim consciousness predicts minority group members’ support for refugees and immigrants
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray , Nair Rashmi , Tropp Linda R.
Published: February 2016

What motivates minority group members to support other minorities, rather than compete for resources? We tested whether inclusive victim consciousness —i.e., perceived similarities between the ingroup's and outgroups’ collective victimization—predicts support for other minority groups; and whether personal and family experiences of group‐based victimization moderate these effects. Study 1 was conducted among members of historically oppressed groups in India. As hypothesized, inclusive victim consciousness predicted support for refugees. Personal experiences of group‐based victimization moderated this effect. Conceptually replicating these findings, in Study 2 (among Vietnamese Americans, mostly second‐generation immigrants) inclusive victim consciousness predicted less hostility toward other refugees and immigrants, and greater perceived responsibility to help victims of collective violence. This effect was moderated by family experiences of victimization.
High mobility group box 1 is increased in the sera of psoriatic patients with disease progression
Authors: Bergmann C. , Strohbuecker L. , Lotfi R. , Sucker A. , Joosten I. , Koenen H. , Körber A.
Published: February 2016

Background

Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune‐related chronic inflammatory disease, which appears mostly in skin, but also affects the vascular and metabolic system. The incidence of PV is 2–3% in the general population and there is still no possibility to cure. Trigger factors have been identified to initiate and maintain inflammation in the skin, which is characterized by Th1‐, Th17‐ and Th22‐ cells.

Objective

We hypothesize that the damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays a role in the pathogenesis of PV. HMGB1 is a DNA‐binding protein located in the nucleus, which acquires cytokine‐like properties once released from the cell upon necrotic cell death or actively secreted by immune cells in inflammation and cancer.

Methods

We recruited 90 psoriatic patients under and without therapy with mild, intermediate and severe progression of disease, defined by the Psoriasis Area Severity Index. Serum levels of HMGB1 in patients with PV were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

Our results show an increased level of HMGB1 in the sera of patients with PV in comparison to healthy donors. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that HMGB1 levels are significantly increased with disease progression and are downregulated after standard therapies for PV have been conducted.

Conclusion

Our data provide insights into a possible role of HMGB1 for inflammation in PV.
The Risk Analysis of Metallic Foreign Bodies in Food Products
Authors: Trafialek Joanna , Kaczmarek Sylwia , Kolanowski Wojciech
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to elaborate and validate the risk analysis procedure of metallic foreign bodies’ occurrence in food. The enterprise selected for the study was a company processing dry foods. The procedure was based on Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. The implementation of the procedure allowed to find two production stages at risk of metallic particles' contamination, which were: reception of raw materials into the plant and packaging of finished products. The group of products at the highest risk of contamination was: buckwheat, prunes, brown cane sugar, brown flax and “tropical” muesli. The methods of risk management and the risk communication were established. The procedure may be a convenient tool for better food safety assurance and can be used in many food processing enterprises where the risk of metallic foreign bodies’ occurrence in finished products is high.

Practical Applications

Metallic foreign bodies are common in some kinds of food. Occurrence of metallic foreign bodies significantly decreases food safety. The procedure elaborated and validated in this study is based on Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. The implementation of the procedure allows to find production stages at risk of metallic particles' contamination. The procedure may be a convenient tool for better food safety assurance and can be used in many food processing enterprises where the risk of metallic foreign bodies’ occurrence in finished products is high.
Culturally Embedded Risk Factors for Cambodian Husband–Wife HIV Transmission: From Women's Point of View
Authors: Yang Youngran , Lewis Frances Marcus , Wojnar Danuta
Published: February 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to use interview data to examine the validity of a recently published theoretical model of HIV transmission between husband and virginal wives in rural Cambodia.

Design

This study used a qualitative description method with a sample of women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Methods

Data were collected through in‐depth interviews conducted with 15 women who self‐identified as having contracted HIV from their HIV‐positive husbands. Interviews were conducted in Khmer, translated and back‐translated for accuracy, and then coded using deductive content analysis. Trustworthiness of study results was protected through peer debriefing, coding to consensus, and maintaining an audit trail.

Findings

Each conceptual domain of the prior published theoretical model of HIV transmission was validated and further elaborated by current study data: wives’ acceptance of their husbands’ involvement with commercial sex workers, the common practice of unprotected sex between HIV‐infected spouses and uninfected wives, and wives’ beliefs about the value of the ideal Khmer woman. In addition, the current study findings identified a new domain that substantially distinguished between the beliefs and attitudes held about marriage and sex by wives and spouses.

Conclusions

Women were not passive recipients of HIV transmission; they reciprocated with behaviors that were consistent with being a good Khmer woman in rural Cambodia, all of which increased their vulnerability to HIV transmission from their HIV‐infected spouses. Future interventions or programs should consider all these factors and not overly rely on simplistic educational messages about wearing barriers for HIV transmission during sex.

Clinical Relevance

The refined theoretical model of HIV transmission from this qualitative research can be used to formulate culturally sensitive and embedded programs for curbing intramarital HIV transmission in Cambodia among the rural poor.
Experiences and Lessons Learned in Using Community‐Based Participatory Research to Recruit Asian American Immigrant Research Participants
Authors: Katigbak Carina , Foley Meghan , Robert Lauren , Hutchinson M. Katherine
Published: February 2016

Purpose

By 2050, the number of international migrants is expected to double from 214 million people. Of these, Asian immigrants are projected to comprise the largest foreign‐born population in the United States by the year 2065. Asian American immigrants experience numerous health disparities, but remain under‐represented in health research. The purpose of this article is to examine the experiences and lessons learned in applying community‐based participatory research (CBPR) principles to access and recruit a sample of Asian American research participants.

Approach

This article reviews unique barriers to research participation among Asian Americans, describes the principles of CBPR, and provides examples of how these principles were employed to bridge recruitment challenges within a qualitative study.

Findings and Conclusions

CBPR facilitated greater research participation among a group of immigrant Asian Americans. Researchers must be additionally mindful of the importance of building trusting relationships with their community partners, understanding the significance of shared experiences, considering fears around immigration status, and considering ongoing challenges in identifying and reaching hidden populations.

Clinical Relevance

Clinicians and researchers can employ CBPR principles to guide their work with Asian immigrant communities and other under‐represented groups to facilitate access to the population, improve participant recruitment, and foster engagement and collaboration.
Five‐Year Bibliometric Review of Genomic Nursing Science Research
Authors: Williams Janet K. , Tripp‐Reimer Toni , Daack‐Hirsch Sandra , DeBerg Jennifer
Published: February 2016

Purpose

This bibliometric review profiles the focus, dissemination, and impact of genomic nursing science articles from 2010 to 2014.

Design

Data‐based genomic nursing articles by nursing authors and articles by non‐nurse principal investigators funded by the National Institute of Nursing Research were categorized into the Genomic Nursing Science Blueprint nursing areas.

Methods

Bibliometric content analysis was used.

Findings

A total of 197 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 60.3% were on biologic plausibility, 12.1% on client self‐management, 11.1% on decision making or decision support, 8.1% on family, and 4.0% on communication, with the remaining 4.0% of articles focused on other topics. Few (11.6%) addressed healthcare disparities in the study purpose. Thirty‐four references (17.2%) were cited 10 or more times.

Conclusions

Research‐based genomic nursing science articles are in the discovery phase of inquiry. All topics were investigated in more than one country. Healthcare disparities were addressed in few studies. Research findings from interdisciplinary teams were disseminated beyond nursing audiences, with findings addressing biologic discovery, decision making or support, and family being cited most frequently. Gaps in the reviewed articles included cross‐cutting themes, ethics, and clinical utility. Interdisciplinary research is needed to document clinical and system outcomes of genomic nursing science implementation in health care.

Clinical Relevance

Although the review identifies areas that are encountered in clinical practice, relevance to practice will depend on evaluation of findings and subsequent development of clinical guidelines.
Combined use of two formulations containing diacetyl boldine, TGF‐β1 biomimetic oligopeptide‐68 with other hypopigmenting/exfoliating agents and sunscreen provides effective and convenient treatment for facial melasma. Either is equal to or is better than 4% hydroquinone on normal skin
Authors: Pratchyapurit Walai‐orn
Published: February 2016

Background

Treatment of melasma remains a challenge and involves multistep approach. Diacetyl boldine (DAB) stabilizes tyrosinase in its inactive form while TGF‐β1 biomimetic oligopeptide‐68 inhibits tyrosinase activity.

Aims

(1) to study the efficacy and safety of the combination use of two formulae containing two principal ingredients: DAB and TGF‐β1 biomimetic oligopeptide‐68 on facial melasma, and (2) to compare their efficacy with 2% and 4% hydroquinone cream (HQ) on sun‐protected normal skin.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, 12‐week comparative study of pre‐/post‐treatment was conducted in 40 females. Melasma was evaluated by manual MASI score and MASI score with instrumentally graded darkness at baseline, 6th week, and 12th week. The author also compared their effect with HQ on the arms, assessed their safety profile throughout the study.

Results

Thirty‐eight subjects have completed the study. Their melasma showed improvement at the 6th week and 12th week as compared with baseline (P < 0.05). None developed severe reaction. Most subjects had temporary, mild skin reaction. About 2.6% of subjects graded themselves markedly improved, 76.3% moderately improved, and 21.1% slightly improved. Each formula showed either more efficacy or exerted faster action on pigment reduction than HQ.

Conclusion

Combination of DAB serum at night and DAB/TGF‐β1 biomimetic oligopeptide‐68/sunscreen cream in the morning and at noon was effective and safe for facial melasma. They were superior to HQ in pigment reduction.
Expectant management of a case of uterine arteriovenous malformation with an ovarian artery aneurysm
Authors: Akashi Keiko , Tanno Keisuke , Chikazawa Kenro , Mikami Yukiko , Netsu Sachiho , Konno Ryo
Published: February 2016

Uterine arteriovenous malformations are rare and their true prevalence is unknown. Selective arterial embolization is used as first‐line therapy for acute severe vaginal hemorrhage associated with uterine arteriovenous malformations. However, some patients with no vaginal bleeding have been treated conservatively, so the optimal treatment modality for arteriovenous malformations is unclear. We describe a 58‐year‐old woman with uterine arteriovenous malformation and an ovarian artery aneurysm who was successfully treated with an expectant management approach along with an assessment of age, symptoms, and imaging findings.
Serum levels of neopterin, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress indicators in hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Tunc Senem Yaman , Agacayak Elif , Budak Sukru , Tunc Nurettin , Icen Mehmet Sait , Findik Fatih Mehmet , Ekinci Aysun , Gul Talip
Published: February 2016

Aim

To investigate whether serum levels of neopterin and inflammatory markers including C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and oxidative status indicators were altered in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) compared to asymptomatic pregnant women.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was performed including 30 pregnant women with HG (mean age: 30.67 ± 6.68) and 30 asymptomatic pregnant women (mean age: 28.00 ± 5.30). Demographic features, obstetric history, and the Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis/Nausea (PUQE) index were noted. Complete blood count, serum biochemical assay and measurement of CRP, TNF‐α, IL‐6, total antioxidant status and total oxidative status (TOS) levels were taken and compared between groups.

Results

White blood cell count (P = 0.013), platelet count (P = 0.015), TOS (P < 0.001), and PUQE score (P < 0.001) were remarkably higher in HG pregnancies. On the other hand, serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, (P < 0.001), sodium (P < 0.001), potassium (P < 0.001), chloride (P < 0.001) and TAS (P < 0.001) were higher in the control group. There was no difference in the levels of neopterin, CRP, TNF‐α and IL‐6. In patients with HG, a positive correlation was detected between TOS and serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, while TNF‐α, IL‐6 and neopterin were positively correlated with hemoglobin levels.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated no association between inflammation and HG. Elucidation of the pathophysiology and complex interaction between various inflammatory processes in HG necessitates further trials on larger series.
Continuity and Change in Stepfather–Stepchild Closeness Between Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Authors: King Valarie , Lindstrom Rachel
Published: February 2016

This study draws on nationally representative data from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to prospectively examine the factors associated with different patterns of closeness between stepchildren and their stepfathers over the transition to adulthood in stably married stepfamilies (N = 881). Results indicate much variability in how these relationships unfold over time, although a sizable minority of youth remained close to their stepfathers. Consistent with family systems theory, the quality of other family relationships is particularly important to understanding children's relationships with stepfathers as they develop over time.
A School‐Level Proxy Measure for Individual‐Level Poverty Using School‐Level Eligibility for Free and Reduced‐Price Meals
Authors: Day Sophia E. , Hinterland Kinjia , Myers Christa , Gupta Leena , Harris Tiffany G. , Konty Kevin J.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts health outcomes. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), like many school‐based data sources, lacks individual‐level poverty information. We propose using school‐level percentages of student eligibility for free/reduced‐price meals (%FRPM) as a proxy for individual‐level poverty.

METHODS

Using the New York City (NYC) 2009 YRBS, we created school‐level poverty quartiles to append to individual YRBS records by ranking schools by %FRPM. We compared this with 2 other school‐level poverty measures using students' home and school neighborhood‐level poverty and measured the association of these 3 school‐level proxies with individual's household income. Last, we evaluated health outcomes by race/ethnicity and poverty to demonstrate the importance of accounting for poverty.

RESULTS

The school‐level measure that used %FRPM had the strongest association with household income. When the school‐level individual poverty proxy was included in illustrative analyses using YRBS data, patterns by poverty within race/ethnicity emerged that were not seen when looking at race/ethnicity alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Using a poverty measure to analyze school‐based data will provide a better understanding of the impact of SES on health outcomes. Based on our evaluation, when individual‐level information is not available, we propose using school‐level %FRPM, which are publicly available throughout the United States.
Effect of lemon verbena powder and vitamin C on performance and immunity of heat‐stressed broilers
Authors: Rafiee F. , Mazhari M. , Ghoreishi M. , Esmaeilipour O.
Published: February 2016

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of lemon verbena powder and vitamin C on performance and immunity of broilers under heat stress. The experiment was carried out with a total of 160‐day‐old male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design. From 25 days of age, the birds were assigned to four diets including control diet and treatment diets which were supplemented with 2 levels of lemon verbena (0.5% and 1.0%) and one level of vitamin C (250 mg/kg) in 16‐floor pens with 10 chickens each and reared to 42 days of age. To induce chronic heat stress, birds were exposed to an ambient temperature of 35 ± 2 °C for 8 h daily (from 09:00 AM until 17:00 PM) between 25 and 42 days of age. At the end of experiment, one chick/pen was randomly selected, and the performance and blood parameters were evaluated. Dietary supplementation of 1.0% lemon verbena increased (p < 0.05) average weight gain and feed intake by 5.81% and 3.29%, and reduced feed conversion ratio by 2.59% respectively compared to control group. Birds fed diets containing 1.0% lemon verbena had significantly higher relative weight of bursa of fabricius and breast (p < 0.05). LDL decreased by 15.85% and 17.57%, for birds fed 0.5% and 1.0% lemon verbena respectively. The ratio of heterophyl to lymphocyte was reduced (p < 0.05) by 20.68% via significant decrease in heterophyl by 15.55% and significant increase in lymphocyte by 4.51% in birds fed lemon verbena at the rate of 1.0% compared to those fed the control diet. 1.0% lemon verbena and vitamin C elevated (p = 0.0005) the level of glutathione peroxidase by 51.81% and 27.90%, respectively. In conclusion, lemon verbena and vitamin C improved some performance data and blood metabolites which somehow suppressed the negative effects of heat stress.
IL15 polymorphism is associated with advanced fibrosis, inflammation‐related biomarkers and virological response in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection
Authors: Jiménez‐Sousa María A. , Berenguer Juan , Rallón Norma , Pineda‐Tenor Daniel , Aldamiz‐Echevarria Teresa , Soriano Vicente , García‐Álvarez Mónica , Vazquez‐Morón Sonia , Restrepo Clara , Carrero Ana , Benito José M. , Resino Salvador
Published: February 2016

Background & Aims

IL15 is an essential cytokine in both innate and adaptive immune response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim was to analyze whether IL15 rs10833 is associated with liver disease severity and response to pegylated‐interferon‐alpha plus ribavirin (pegIFN‐alpha/RBV) therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐/HCV‐co‐infected patients.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in 315 patients who started pegIFN‐alpha/RBV therapy. Liver fibrosis stage was characterized in 286 patients. IL15 rs10833 and IL28B rs12980275 were genotyped by GoldenGate. The primary outcomes were: (a) advanced liver fibrosis evaluated by liver biopsy (F3–F4) or transient elastography (liver stiffness values ≥9.5 Kpa); (b) sustained virological response (SVR). The secondary outcome variable was the levels of serum biomarkers of inflammation.

Results

Patients with rs10833 AA genotype had increased odds of having advanced fibrosis (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.30; P = 0.019), particularly in males (aOR = 2.24; P = 0.040), patients with HCV serum viral load (HCV‐RNA) <500 000 IU/ml (aOR = 5.14; P = 0.018) and patients with IL28B rs12980275 AG/GG genotypes (aOR = 2.51; P = 0.046). Moreover, rs10833 AA genotype was significantly associated with higher levels of hepatocyte growth factor (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR) = 1.50; P = 0.016), sICAM‐1 (aAMR = 1.57; P = 0.025) and sVCAM‐1 (aAMR = 1.56; P = 0.007). Finally, patients with rs10833 AA genotype had increased odds of achieving SVR (aOR = 3.12; P = 0.006), particularly in males (aOR = 3.69; P = 0.005), GT1/4 patients (aOR = 3.59; P = 0.006), patients with advanced fibrosis (aOR = 4.64; P = 0.021), HCV‐RNA ≥500 000 IU/ml (aOR = 3.92; P = 0.007) and patients with IL28B rs12980275 AG/GG genotype (aOR = 2.98; P = 0.041).

Conclusions

The presence of IL15 rs10833 AA genotype in HIV‐/HCV‐co‐infected patients was associated with advanced liver fibrosis, inflammation‐related biomarkers and increased rates of SVR to pegIFN‐alpha/RBV therapy.
A genomic perspective on hybridization and speciation
Authors: Payseur Bret A. , Rieseberg Loren H.
Published: February 2016

Hybridization among diverging lineages is common in nature. Genomic data provide a special opportunity to characterize the history of hybridization and the genetic basis of speciation. We review existing methods and empirical studies to identify recent advances in the genomics of hybridization, as well as issues that need to be addressed. Notable progress has been made in the development of methods for detecting hybridization and inferring individual ancestries. However, few approaches reconstruct the magnitude and timing of gene flow, estimate the fitness of hybrids or incorporate knowledge of recombination rate. Empirical studies indicate that the genomic consequences of hybridization are complex, including a highly heterogeneous landscape of differentiation. Inferred characteristics of hybridization differ substantially among species groups. Loci showing unusual patterns – which may contribute to reproductive barriers – are usually scattered throughout the genome, with potential enrichment in sex chromosomes and regions of reduced recombination. We caution against the growing trend of interpreting genomic variation in summary statistics across genomes as evidence of differential gene flow. We argue that converting genomic patterns into useful inferences about hybridization will ultimately require models and methods that directly incorporate key ingredients of speciation, including the dynamic nature of gene flow, selection acting in hybrid populations and recombination rate variation.
The genetic consequences of selection in natural populations
Authors: Thurman Timothy J. , Barrett Rowan D. H.
Published: February 2016

The selection coefficient, s, quantifies the strength of selection acting on a genetic variant. Despite this parameter's central importance to population genetic models, until recently we have known relatively little about the value of s in natural populations. With the development of molecular genetic techniques in the late 20th century and the sequencing technologies that followed, biologists are now able to identify genetic variants and directly relate them to organismal fitness. We reviewed the literature for published estimates of natural selection acting at the genetic level and found over 3000 estimates of selection coefficients from 79 studies. Selection coefficients were roughly exponentially distributed, suggesting that the impact of selection at the genetic level is generally weak but can occasionally be quite strong. We used both nonparametric statistics and formal random‐effects meta‐analysis to determine how selection varies across biological and methodological categories. Selection was stronger when measured over shorter timescales, with the mean magnitude of s greatest for studies that measured selection within a single generation. Our analyses found conflicting trends when considering how selection varies with the genetic scale (e.g., SNPs or haplotypes) at which it is measured, suggesting a need for further research. Besides these quantitative conclusions, we highlight key issues in the calculation, interpretation, and reporting of selection coefficients and provide recommendations for future research.
Not going with the flow: a comprehensive time‐calibrated phylogeny of dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata: Insecta) provides evidence for the role of lentic habitats on diversification
Authors: Letsch Harald , Gottsberger Brigitte , Ware Jessica L.
Published: February 2016

Ecological diversification of aquatic insects has long been suspected to have been driven by differences in freshwater habitats, which can be classified into flowing (lotic) waters and standing (lentic) waters. The contrasting characteristics of lotic and lentic freshwater systems imply different ecological constraints on their inhabitants. The ephemeral and discontinuous character of most lentic water bodies may encourage dispersal by lentic species in turn reducing geographical isolation among populations. Hence, speciation probability would be lower in lentic species. Here, we assess the impact of habitat use on diversification patterns in dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata). Based on the eight nuclear and mitochondrial genes, we inferred species diversification with a model‐based evolutionary framework, to account for rate variation through time and among lineages and to estimate the impact of larval habitat on the potentially nonrandom diversification among anisopteran groups. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed lotic fresh water systems as their original primary habitat, while lentic waters have been colonized independently in Aeshnidae, Corduliidae and Libellulidae. Furthermore, our results indicate a positive correlation of speciation and lentic habitat colonization by dragonflies: speciation rates increased in lentic Aeshnidae and Libellulidae, whereas they remain mostly uniform among lotic groups. This contradicts the hypothesis of inherently lower speciation in lentic groups and suggests species with larger ranges are more likely to diversify, perhaps due to higher probability of larger areas being dissected by geographical barriers. Furthermore, larger range sizes may comprise more habitat types, which could also promote speciation by providing additional niches, allowing the coexistence of emerging species.
Persistent Vascular Remodeling and Leakiness are Important Components of the Pathobiology of Re‐bleeding in Hemophilic Joints: Two Informative Cases
Authors: Kidder Wesley , Chang Eric Y. , M. Moran Colleen , Rose Steven C. , von Drygalski Annette
Published: February 2016

Objective

It is unclear if vascular remodeling in hemophilic joints perpetuates bleeding because it is difficult to gauge leakiness in the setting of low clotting factor levels. Two patients provided the unique opportunity to demonstrate that vascular changes directly contribute to joint bleeding.

Approach and Results

Two patients had severe hemophilic arthropathies; joint vascularity and bleeding were studied during periods of normalized plasma clotting factor activities with MSKUS and PD. One patient was “cured” of hemophilia with liver transplantation. Abnormal elbow vascularization persisted despite normalization of coagulation status and was associated with severe bleeding years after transplant. Dynamic vascular changes were detected prior to and during bleeding; angiography revealed enlarged, thickened vessels consistent with remodeling, and required arterial embolization. The second patient had continued knee bleeding and fluctuating vascular changes for months following knee replacement, unresponsive to intense daily factor treatment. Subsequently, new bleeds developed in other joints associated with similar vascular changes despite continued factor replacement.

Conclusions

Vascular remodeling contributes to perpetuated hemophilic joint bleeding and therefore contributes to progressive arthropathy. Intra‐articular or systemic administration of anti‐angiogenic drugs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists, might be of benefit in such patients, but requires study.
The Representation of Agents in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations
Authors: Wilkinson Sam , Bell Vaughan
Published: February 2016

Current models of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) tend to focus on the mechanisms underlying their occurrence, but often fail to address the content of the auditory experience. In other words, they tend to ask why there are AVHs at all, instead of asking why, given that there are AVHs, they have the properties that they have. One such property, which has been largely overlooked and which we will focus on here, is why the voices are often experienced as coming from (or being the voices of) agents, and often specific, individualised agents. In this article, we argue not only that the representation of agents is important in accurately describing many cases of AVH, but also that deeper reflection on what is involved in the representation of agents has potentially vital consequences for our aetiological understanding of AVH, namely, for understanding how and why AVHs come about.
Streptomyces coelicolor XdhR is a direct target of (p)ppGpp that controls expression of genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase to promote purine salvage
Authors: Sivapragasam Smitha , Grove Anne
Published: February 2016

The gene encoding Streptomyces coelicolor xanthine dehydrogenase regulator (XdhR) is divergently oriented from xdhABC, which encodes xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh). Xdh is required for purine salvage pathways. XdhR was previously shown to repress xdhABC expression. We show that XdhR binds the xdhABC–xdhR intergenic region with high affinity (Kd ∼ 0.5 nM). DNaseI footprinting reveals that this complex formation corresponds to XdhR binding the xdhR gene promoter at two adjacent sites; at higher protein concentrations, protection expands to a region that overlaps the transcriptional and translational start sites of xdhABC. While substrates for Xdh have little effect on DNA binding, GTP and ppGpp dissociate the DNA–XdhR complex. Progression of cells to stationary phase, a condition associated with increased (p)ppGpp production, leads to elevated xdhB expression; in contrast, inhibition of Xdh by allopurinol results in xdhB repression. We propose that XdhR is a direct target of (p)ppGpp, and that expression of xdhABC is upregulated during the stringent response to promote purine salvage pathways, maintain GTP homeostasis and ensure continued (p)ppGpp synthesis. During exponential phase growth, basal levels of xdhABC expression may be achieved by GTP serving as a lower‐affinity XdhR ligand.
Quorum sensing is a key regulator for the antifungal and biocontrol activity of chitinase‐producing Chromobacterium sp. C61
Authors: Kim In Seon , Yang Si Young , Park Seur Kee , Kim Young Cheol
Published: February 2016

Chromobacterium sp. strain C61 has strong biocontrol activity; however, the genetic and biochemical determinants of its plant disease suppression activity are not well understood. Here, we report the identification and characterization of two new determinants of its biocontrol activity. Transposon mutagenesis was used to identify mutants that were deficient in fungal suppression. One of these mutants had an insertion in a homologue of depD, a structural gene in the dep operon, that encodes a protein involved in non‐ribosomal peptide synthesis. In the second mutant, the insertion was in a homologue of the luxI gene, which encodes a homoserine lactone synthase. The luxI– and depD– mutants had no antifungal activity in vitro and a dramatically reduced capacity to suppress various plant diseases in planta. Antifungal production and biocontrol were restored by complementation of the luxI– mutant. Other phenotypes associated with effective biological control, including motility and lytic enzyme secretion, were also affected by the luxI mutation. Biochemical analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of culture filtrates of the mutant and wild‐type strains showed that a key antifungal compound, chromobactomycin, was produced by wild‐type C61 and the complemented luxI– mutant, but not by the luxI– or depD– mutant. These data suggest that multiple biocontrol‐related phenotypes are regulated by homoserine lactones in C61. Thus, quorum sensing plays an essential role in the biological control potential of diverse bacterial lineages.
Induction of systemic disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana by the cyclodipeptides cyclo (l‐Pro‐l‐Pro) and cyclo (d‐Pro‐d‐Pro)
Authors: Wu Liming , Wu Huijun , Chen Lina , Zhang Hongyue , Gao Xuewen
Published: February 2016

Cyclodipeptides, formed from two amino acids by cyclodehydration, are produced naturally by many organisms, and are known to possess a large number of biological activities. In this study, we found that cyclo (l‐Pro‐l‐Pro) and cyclo (d‐Pro‐d‐Pro) (where Pro is proline) could induce defence responses and systemic resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Treatment with the two cyclodipeptides led to a reduction in disease severity by Phytophthora nicotianae and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infections compared with controls. Both cyclopeptides triggered stomatal closure, induced reactive oxygen species production and stimulated cytosolic calcium ion and nitric oxide production in guard cells. In addition, the application of cyclodipeptides significantly up‐regulated the expression of the plant defence gene PR‐1a and the PR‐1a protein, and increased cellular salicylic acid (SA) levels. These results suggest that the SA‐dependent defence pathway is involved in cyclodipeptide‐mediated pathogen resistance in N. benthamiana. We report the systemic resistance induced by cyclodipeptides, which sheds light on the potential of cyclodipeptides for the control of plant diseases.