bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural changes in the melt spinning, cold drawing, and annealing of poly(4‐methylpentene‐1) fibers
Authors: Choi Cheol‐Ho , White James L.
Published: July 2005

Isotactic poly(4‐methylpentene‐1) melt‐spun fibers were investigated. Prior investigators of melt‐spun fibers found that these fibers have a tetragonal unit cell (Form I). We obtained the same unit cell structure in melt‐spun fibers. We found that higher draw‐down‐ratio fibers had d‐spacings closer to the previously cited values of Form I. We also found that cold‐drawn fibers had similar values to those of melt‐spun fibers. However, after these were annealed at 200°C, the unit cell was changed. It is possible that this new unit cell was the orthorhombic form of He and Porter. We also observed the birefringence of these fibers. The values changed after the melt‐spun fibers were cold drawn and annealed. The melt‐spun fiber values reached 0.006. The values for the drawn fibers were as high as 0.007. We suggest that the intrinsic birefringence is about 0.0075. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 130–137, 2005
Transparent chiral polymers for optical applications
Authors: Pujari N. S. , Kulkarni M. R. , Large M. C. J. , Bassett I. M. , Ponrathnam S.
Published: July 2005

Optically active chiral polymers and copolymers of cholesteryl methacrylate have been studied for use in optical applications including plastic optical fibers. Homopolymers of chiral cholesteryl methacrylate with differing molecular weights and copolymers with methyl methacrylate were synthesized by free‐radical copolymerization in tetrahydrofuran using azobisisobutyronitrile at 67°C for 26 h. All polymers were characterized for molecular weight, glass‐transition temperature, optical rotation, transparency, and refractive index and solution blended to test for compatibility with poly(methyl methacrylate). Such chiral materials are of particular interest because they offer useful polarization properties without requiring bulk orientation of the molecules. This makes it possible to produce low cost optical elements such as circularly birefringent or circularly polarizing optical elements with potential applications in polarization manipulations and sensing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 58–65, 2005
Catalytic effects of selected transition metal ions in the synthesis of lignosulfonic acid doped polyaniline
Authors: Bourdo S. E. , Berry B. C. , Viswanathan T.
Published: July 2005

Lignosulfonic acid doped polyaniline (LIGNO‐PANI) is a water‐dispersible conducting polymer. The incorporation of dopants to achieve higher conductivities in addition to lignosulfonates during the polymerization process results in prohibitively long initiation times. A variety of transition metal ions including silver and ferrous ions were studied as potential catalysts for the reaction. Silver nitrate was found to have superior catalytic properties followed closely by ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. The effects of these ions on the synthesis of LIGNO‐PANI with methanesulfonic acid (HMSA) as an additional dopant (MSA‐LP) and on the synthesis of MSA‐PANI were studied via potential profile monitoring. The LIGNO‐PANI derivatives produced by the catalyzed reaction demonstrated no negative effects on the conductivity (10–15 S/cm) or dispersibility. In addition, residual metal analysis indicated that, although not much iron remained (<0.01%) in the product, a large amount of silver was present (1.8%) in the final product. X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the identity of the silver containing moieties in the products. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 29–33, 2005
Synthesis and magnetic properties of novel poly(N‐2‐thiazolyl(meth)acrylamide)‐Fe(II) complexes
Authors: Zheng Ping , Jiang Liming , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan
Published: July 2005

N‐2‐thiazolyl(meth)acrylamides were polymerized by a radical route to obtain polymers in good yields. The polymers, with a pendent heterocyclic group, are soluble in common organic solvents, which allow the corresponding metal complexes with higher loads to be prepared easily. FTIR, 1H NMR, and energy‐dispersive X‐Ray spectroscopy (EDX) were applied to characterize these materials. The magnetic behavior of poly(N‐2‐thiazolyl(meth)acrylamide)‐Fe(II) complexes was examined as a function of applied magnetic field at 4 K and as a function of temperature (4 ∼ 300 K) at an applied magnetic field of 1 ∼ 3 kOe, exhibiting the characteristics of a ferromagnet. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 83–87, 2005
Modification of cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resins with silicone tegomers
Authors: Kızılcan Nilgün , Akar Ahmet
Published: July 2005

Cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resins were modified in situ with α,ω‐diamine polydimethylsiloxanes and α,ω‐dihydroxy polydimethylsiloxanes. Melting points, solubilities in organic solvents, gel permeation chromatographs, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and NMR spectra of the modified resin were determined, and the surface properties of the resins were investigated by contact angle measurements. A small amount of silicon compounds seemed to effect the physical properties of the cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resins significantly. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 97–101, 2005
Clinical outcome and follow‐up of the first reported case of Russell‐Silver syndrome with the unique combination of maternal uniparental heterodisomy 7 and mosaic trisomy 7
Authors: Font‐Montgomery Esperanza , Stone Kristyne M. , Weaver David D. , Vance Gail H. , Das Soma , Thurston Virginia C.
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Russell‐Silver syndrome (RSS) has been associated with maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) for chromosome 7 although the etiology of the syndrome is still unknown. Cases of RSS associated with maternal UPD7 have involved isodisomies, heterodisomies, and mixed isodisomy with heterodisomy simultaneously. This publication is a follow‐up report of the postnatal clinical outcome of the first prenatally suspected case of combined mosaic trisomy 7 with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD7).

CASE

The diagnosis of RSS in the proband was suspected prenatally because trisomy 7 mosaicism (47,XX,+7[13]/46,XX[19]) and maternal uniparental heterodisomy 7 were both found in amniotic fluid cells. Cord blood karyotype analysis showed only disomic cells (46,XX[50]), whereas postpartum chorionic villus analysis was completely trisomic for chromosome 7 (47,XX,+7[19]). Postnatally, the diagnosis of RSS was confirmed by physical findings, her trisomy 7 mosaicism was confirmed by cytogenetic analysis of her skin biopsy (47,XX,+7[9]/46,XX[20]) and her UPD7 was confirmed on both peripheral blood and skin biopsy using microsatellite markers. During infancy, the proband experienced growth deficiency, persistent hypoglycemia, and psychomotor developmental delay.

CONCLUSIONS

Trisomic rescue as a life‐saving mechanism, with subsequent chromosomal mosaicism in combination with UPD may occur more frequently in RSS than has been reported. Systematic testing of cases suspected prenatally or postnatally would be informative regarding the individual contribution of each factor. Imprinting, loss of heterozygosity for recessive genes, and mosaicism may explain the short stature, asymmetry, and the variable expression of the phenotype. The contribution of these mechanisms to the syndrome should be evaluated in these cases. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of methanol, butyrate, and hydrogen as electron donors for long‐term dechlorination of tetrachloroethene in mixed anerobic cultures
Authors: Aulenta Federico , Gossett James M. , Papini Marco Petrangeli , Rossetti Simona , Majone Mauro
Published: July 2005

This study examined the ability of different electron donors (i.e., hydrogen, methanol, butyrate, and yeast extract) to sustain long‐term (500 days) reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in anerobic fill‐and‐draw bioreactors operated at 3:1 donor:PCE ratio (defined on a total‐oxidation basis for the donor). Initially (i.e., until approximately day 80), the H2‐fed bioreactor showed the best ability to completely dechlorinate the dosed PCE (0.5 mmol/L) to ethene whereas, in the presence of methanol, butyric acid or no electron donor added (but low‐level yeast extract), dechlorination was limited by the fermentation of the organic substrates and in turn by H2 availability. As the study progressed, the H2‐fed reactor experienced a diminishing ability to dechlorinate, while more stable dechlorinating activity was maintained in the reactors that were fed organic donors. The initial diminished ability of the H2‐fed reactor to dechlorinate (after about 100 days), could be partially explained in terms of increased competition for H2 between dechlorinators and methanogens, whereas other factors such as growth‐factor limitation and/or accumulation of toxic and/or inhibitory metabolites were shown to play a role for longer incubation periods (over 500 days). In spite of decreasing activity with time, the H2‐fed reactor proved to be the most effective in PCE dechlorination: after about 500 days, more than 65% of the added PCE was dechlorinated to ethene in the H2‐fed reactor, versus 36%, 22%, and <1% in the methanol‐fed, butyrate‐fed, and control reactors, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleic Acid Components by Formamide and Cosmic Dust Analogues
Authors: Saladino Raffaele , Crestini Claudia , Neri Veronica , Brucato John R. , Colangeli Luigi , Ciciriello Fabiana , Di Mauro Ernesto , Costanzo Giovanna
Published: July 2005

We show the unprecedented one‐pot synthesis of a large suite of pyrimidines (including cytosine and uracil) and purines from formamide in the presence of cosmic‐dust analogues (CDAs) of olivines. Since the major problem in the origin of informational macromolecules is the instability of their precursors, we also investigate the stabilizing effect of CDAs on the intrinsic instability of oligonucleotides in formamide.
Tuning Haptotropic Rearrangements of Arene–Chromium Complexes: Steric and Electronic Effects of Phosphorus Coligands
Authors: Jahr Holger Christian , Nieger Martin , Dötz Karl Heinz
Published: July 2005

(η6‐Arene)tricarbonylchromium 2 was synthesised by [3+2+1] benzannulation of the Fischer carbene complex 1 and converted to the thermodynamically more favorable regioisomer 3 by haptotropic metal migration. Photo‐induced ligand‐exchange reactions in both regioisomers with triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphite, trimethylphosphine, and trimethylphosphite afforded dicarbonyl(phosphine or phosphite)arene complexes 4–11. The regioisomers were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and kinetic analyses of the thermo‐induced haptotropic metal shift were performed with regioisomers 4, 6, 8, and 10. The kinetic parameters were compared with those obtained for the parent tricarbonyl complex 2 and were discussed in terms of the steric and electronic properties of the phosphorus ligands by applying a quantitative analysis of ligand effects (QALE). The molecular structures of regioisomeric PPh3 and P(OPh)3 complexes 4/5 and 6/7 as well as of P(OMe)3 complex 10 have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.
“Naked‐Eye” Detection of Histidine by Regulation of CuII Coordination Modes
Authors: Folmer‐Andersen J. Frantz , Lynch Vincent M. , Anslyn Eric V.
Published: July 2005

The association of various α‐amino acids with four new, coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes ([Cu(5)]2+, [Cu(6)]2+, [Cu(7)]2+, and [Zn(8)]2+) was examined. The receptors [Cu(5)]2+ and [Cu(7)]2+ were found to discriminate histidine (His) from other zwitterionic α‐amino acids by means of indicator‐displacement assays (IDAs) using 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein as an indicator in buffered methanol/water (3:1) solvent. The colorimetric detection of His was achieved by using this IDA method, which appears to owe its selectivity to a unique process involving disruption of the host complex to form a 2:1 His/CuII complex rather than simple indicator displacement. The occurrence of distinct intermolecular coordination processes in response to the introduction of a different amino acid is observed. X‐ray crystal structures of the host metal complexes were obtained and exhibit the adoption of a variety of coordination geometries about the metal center.
Indene and Pseudoazulene Discotic Liquid Crystals: A Synthetic and Structural Study
Authors: Basurto Sara , García Susana , Neo Ana G. , Torroba Tomás , Marcos Carlos F. , Miguel Daniel , Barberá Joaquín , Ros M. Blanca , de la Fuente M. Rosario
Published: July 2005

Several new liquid‐crystalline indene and pseudoazulene systems are reported. These molecules give rise to either columnar hexagonal mesophases and/or columnar plastic phases. The unique nature of these compounds stems from their non‐classical discotic structure. Although the molecules have rigid aromatic cores, they lack terminal tails and instead the polarizable atoms (S, halogens) or polar groups (CN, CO) act as unusual soft parts. On the basis of many structurally related materials, we conclude that for this type of compound molecular stacking in the solid state is a prerequisite for the appearance of a columnar mesophase, although other intermolecular interactions within the layers are also important in establishing liquid‐crystalline order. The behavior reported for these mesomorphic molecules opens up new possibilities in the search for related molecular interactions that might be useful for the construction of supramolecular architectures with particular properties.
Organostannoxane‐Supported Multiferrocenyl Assemblies: Synthesis, Novel Supramolecular Structures, and Electrochemistry
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Gopal Kandasamy , Nagendran Selvarajan , Singh Puja , Steiner Alexander , Zacchini Stefano , Bickley Jamie F.
Published: July 2005

Organostannoxane‐based multiredox assemblies containing ferrocenyl peripheries have been readily synthesized by a simple one‐pot synthesis, either by a solution method or by room‐temperature solid‐state synthesis, in nearly quantitative yields. The number of ferrocenyl units in the multiredox assembly is readily varied by stoichiometric control as well as by the choice of the organotin precursors. Thus, the reaction of the diorganotin oxides, R2SnO (R=Ph, nBu and tBu) with ferrocene carboxylic acid affords tetra‐, di‐, and mononuclear derivatives [{Ph2Sn[OC(O)Fc]2}2] (1), [{[nBu2SnOC(O)Fc]2O}2] (2), [nBu2Sn{OC(O)Fc}2] (3), [{tBu2Sn(OH)OC(O)Fc}2] (4), and [tBu2Sn{OC(O)Fc}2] (5) (Fc=η5C5H4‐Fe‐η5C5H5). The reaction of triorganotin oxides, R3SnOSnR3 (R=nBu and Ph) with ferrocene carboxylic acid leads to the formation of the mono‐nuclear derivatives [Ph3SnOC(O)Fc] (6) and [{nBu3SnOC(O)Fc}n] (7). Molecular structures of the compounds 1–4 and 6 have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The molecular structure of compound 1 is new among organotin carboxylates. In this compound, ferrocenyl carboxylates are involved in both chelating and bridging coordination modes to the tin atoms to form an eight‐membered cyclic structure. In all of these compounds, the acidic protons of the cyclopentadienyl groups are hydrogen bonded to the carboxylate oxygens (CH⋅⋅⋅O) to form rich supramolecular assemblies. In addition to this, π–π, T‐shaped, L‐shaped, and side‐to‐face stacking interactions involving ferrocenyl groups also occur. Compound 6 shows an interesting and novel intermolecular CO2–π stacking interaction. Electrochemical analysis of the compounds 1–4, 6, and 7 shows a single, quasi‐reversible oxidation peak corresponding to the simultaneous oxidation of four, two, and one ferrocenyl substituents, respectively. Compound 5 shows two quasi‐reversible oxidation peaks. This is attributed to the positional difference among the ferrocenyl substituents on the tin atom. Additionally, while compounds 2 and 4 are electrochemically quite robust and do not decompose even after ten continuous CV cycles, compounds 1, and 3, 5–7 start to show decomposition after five cycles.
Clue to fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of pleural pneumocystoma: Neovascularization and Langhans' giant cell reaction
Authors: Zamuco Ronaldo L. , Yang Grace C.H.
Published: July 2005

Pneumocystis pneumonia is a common component of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States. Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis, however, is much less common. Rare cases have been reported in lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, pleura, gastrointestinal tract, liver, common bile duct, pancreas, skin, thyroid, and eye. A 39‐yr‐old man with history of chest wall injuries from gunshot and stabbing presented with multiple pleural masses clinically suspicious of metastatic deposits from an unknown primary. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the largest pleural mass revealed extrapulmonary pneumocystis, which led to the diagnosis of AIDS. Similar to the previous reports of pneumocystis mass lesions in extrapulmonary sites, the current case is associated with exuberant vascular proliferation and Langhans' giant cell reaction. Neovascularization and histiocytic influx from the newly formed blood vessels and Langhans' giant cell reaction seem to be a common tissue reaction to the massive deposition of pneumocystis organisms in extrapulmonary sites in patients with AIDS. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:97–99. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary hepatic anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Cai Guoping , Inghirami Giorgio , Moreira Andre , Şen Filiz
Published: July 2005

Anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (ALCL) presenting as primary hepatic lymphoma is exceedingly rare. Here, we report a case of primary hepatic ALCL, which was diagnosed by cytologic evaluation and concurrent immunohistochemical studies on the material obtained by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. The aspirate smears revealed many loosely dispersed, large atypical cells, some of them with kidney‐/horseshoe‐shaped and doughnut‐shaped nuclei and abundant amphophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei in some of the other cells were often eccentrically located and appeared to be convoluted and even multilobulated. These large atypical cells displayed T‐cell immunophenotype and were immunoreactive with CD30 antibody. The diagnosis was confirmed by a core‐needle biopsy. This is the first case of primary hepatic ALCL reported in the English cytological literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:106–109. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Image analysis of irregularity of cluster shape in cytological diagnosis of breast tumors: Cluster analysis with 2D‐fractal dimension
Authors: Yokoyama Toshiro , Kawahara Akihiko , Kage Masayoshi , Kojiro Masamichi , Takayasu Hideki , Sato Takashi
Published: July 2005

To establish diagnostic criteria using comparison of cell cluster shapes, between benign and malignant tumors, breast tumors demonstrating weak cellular atypia in low grade invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) were compared. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens of breast tumors were obtained from 37 patients. Among these, 16 were histologically diagnosed as IDC low‐grade and the other 21 as benign fibroadenoma (FA). For evaluation, we examined 740 clusters from these 37 FNA specimens. Nine image morphometric parameters were studied, including the cluster area, circumference, maximal length, maximal breadth, ratio of length to breadth, cluster roundness, cluster size, and the edge and distribution image fractal dimensions for cluster analysis. We evaluated the irregularity in cell cluster shape using fractal dimension analysis, and determined the correlation to cluster size. The irregularity in the IDC cluster shape was higher than that in the FA cluster shape. However, six cases (28.5%) of 21 FA clusters showed high fractal dimensions similar to those for IDC. The clusters were classified by cluster analysis into three types: IDC clusters, FA with irregular cluster shape, and FA with no irregular clusters. The average cell cluster area of the FA with irregular shape was found to be about three times larger than that of IDC clusters. When the differential diagnosis between IDC and FA is difficult, it is important to focus on irregularities in the shape and on overall size of the cell clusters. For accurate diagnosis, the cell cluster shape is as important as the individual cellular atypia. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:71–77. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of angiomatoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Authors: Lemos Maria Manuel , Karlen Jonas , Tani Edneia
Published: July 2005

Angiomatoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma (AMFH) is a rare, low‐grade malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that affects mostly the extremities of children and young adults. Excisional surgery is the adequate treatment. The cytologic, immunocytologic, and histologic features noted in two patients having AMFH are presented. Cytologic smears showed histiocyte‐like cells dispersed and in clusters, in close relation with eosinophilic mesenchymal fragments in a bloody background with lymphocytes. The tumor cells showed mild to moderate anisocariosis, often with nucleolus and vast, fragile cytoplasm. A fibroblastic‐like spindle to ovoid cell population was also present in one patient. Immunohistochemical results are most consistent with myofibroblastic cell differentiation. When accompanied by adequate clinical information and ancillary techniques, a specific preoperative cytologic diagnosis is possible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:116–121. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of clear‐cell sarcoma of the kidney: Study of eight cases
Authors: Iyer Venkateswaran K. , Agarwala Sandeep , Verma Kusum
Published: July 2005

The largest series, to date, of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings in clear‐cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is presented. All fine‐needle aspirates of pediatric renal masses over a 17‐yr period were reviewed. Eight out of 119 aspirates from late‐stage childhood renal tumors (6.72%) were found to be CCSK. Ten aspirates from these eight patients and histopathological confirmation in six patients were available. Aspirates were cellular with three cell types: cord cells, septal cells, and small pyknotic cells. Cord cells, seen in all aspirates, were large polygonal cells with abundant eccentrically placed wispy cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei, and fine dusty chromatin. Occasional bare nuclei and frequent nuclear grooves were also seen. Small pyknotic cells were a degenerative change identified in 9 out of 10 aspirates. Stromal fragments with branching vascular cores were seen in 8 out of 10 aspirates, 6 of which had myxoid substance surrounding the vessel. Septal cells were spindle shaped and usually embedded in the stromal fragments. On the basis of cytology and histology, cases were classified into classical CCSK (5 cases), spindle‐cell CCSK (1 case), and anaplastic CCSK (2 cases). Classical CCSK showed mostly cord cells with few stromal fragments. Spindle‐cell CCSK showed preponderance of myxoid stromal fragments and septal cells. Anaplastic CCSK showed bizarre pleomorphic nuclei, coarse chromatin, and atypical mitosis. Cytology of CCSK is a spectrum with varying proportions of cord cells, septal cells, and mucopolysaccharide substance. Anaplastic CCSK is liable to misdiagnosis as Wilms tumor (WT) with unfavourable histology. Presence of eccentric cytoplasm in cord cells and nuclear grooves are the key to differentiation from Wilms tumor, including anaplastic variants. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:83–89. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping
Authors: Smith Mike J. , Clark Chris D.
Published: July 2005

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are increasingly used for landform mapping, particularly with the growing availability of national and global datasets. In this paper we describe a variety of techniques that can visualize a DEM. We then compare five techniques to ascertain which performs the most complete and unbiased visualization. We assess the visualization techniques by comparing landforms mapped from them against a detailed morphological map (derived from mapping of multi‐azimuth relief‐shaded DEMs cross‐checked with stereo aerial photographs). Results show that no single visualization method provides complete and unbiased mapping. The relief‐shaded visualizations are particularly prone to azimuth biasing, although they can highlight subtle landforms. We recommend curvature visualization for initial mapping as this provides a non‐illuminated (and therefore unbiased) image. Initial mapping can then be supplemented with data from relief‐shaded visualizations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modern stable isotopic (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C) variation in terrestrial, fluvial, estuarine and marine waters from north‐central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Stephens Mark , Rose James
Published: July 2005

Stable isotope data on humid tropical hydrology are scarce and, at present, no such data exist for Borneo. Delta18O, δ2H and δ13C were analysed on 22 water samples from different parts of the Sungai (river) Niah basin (rain, cave drip, rainforest pool, tributary stream, river, estuary, sea) in north‐central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. This was done to improve understanding of the modern stable isotope systematics of the Sungai Niah basin, essential for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Quaternary stable isotope proxies preserved in the Great Cave of Niah. The Niah hydrology data are put into a regional context using the meteoric water line for Southeast Asia, as derived from International Atomic Energy Agency/World Meteorological Organization isotopes in precipitation network data. Although the Niah hydrological data‐set is relatively small, spatial isotopic variability was found for the different subenvironments of the Sungai Niah basin. A progressive enrichment occurs towards the South China Sea (δ18O −4·6‰; δ2H −29·3‰; δ13C −4·8‰) from the tributary stream (δ18O −8·4‰; δ2H −54·7‰; δ13C −14·5‰) to up‐river (δ18O c. −8‰; δ2H c. −51‰; δ13C c. −12‰) and down‐river values (δ18O c. −7·5‰; δ2H c. −45‰; δ13C c. −11‰). This is thought to reflect differential evaporation and mixing of different components of the water cycle and a combination of depleted biogenic δ13C (plant respiration and decay) with enriched δ13C values (due to photosynthesis, atmospheric exchange, mixing with limestone and marine waters) downstream. Cave drip waters are relatively enriched in δ13C as compared to the surface waters. This may indicate rapid degassing of the cave drips as they enter the cave atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trauma‐induced spinal vascular event producing hemipseudoathetosis
Authors: Frank Samuel , Barbano Richard
Published: July 2005

We report on a patient with spinal pseudoathetosis secondary to posterior column vascular incident and physical injury. This unusual case highlights sensory system abnormalities as a cause of movement disorders. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Three‐dimensional stereotactic surface projection study of freezing of gait and brain perfusion image in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Matsui Hideaki , Udaka Fukashi , Miyoshi Takafumi , Hara Narihiro , Tamaura Akiko , Oda Masaya , Kubori Tamotsu , Nishinaka Kazuto , Kameyama Masakuni
Published: July 2005

Gait disturbance is a cardinal symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease. Among the gait disturbances, freezing of gait is a unique and troublesome symptom, but its mechanism is unclear. We compared brain perfusion images using three‐dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis of N‐isopropyl‐p‐123I iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography between Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait and those without. Twenty‐four cases (freezing of gait group) with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait, and 31 Hoehn and Yahr stage‐matched cases (no freezing of gait group) with Parkinson's disease without freezing of gait were studied. Bilateral Brodmann area 11 perfusion of the freezing of gait group decreased significantly compared to that of the no freezing of gait group. The Brodmann area 11 may play important roles in gait, and impairment in this region may have a close relationship with freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Case of maternally transmitted juvenile Huntington's disease with a very large trinucleotide repeat
Authors: Papapetropoulos Spiridon , Lopez‐Alberola Roberto , Baumbach Lisa , Russell Angela , Gonzalez Manuel A. , Bowen Brian C. , Singer Carlos
Published: July 2005

We describe and present a video of a patient with maternally inherited juvenile Huntington's disease (HD) caused by a very large (108‐repeat) expansion. Maternally transmitted very large trinucleotide repeats (>100) are extremely rare in juvenile HD and may represent instability during female gametogenesis. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Novel mutation ofSACSgene in a Spanish family with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia
Authors: Criscuolo Chiara , Saccà Francesco , De Michele Giuseppe , Mancini Pietro , Combarros Onofre , Infante Jon , Garcia Antonio , Banfi Sandro , Filla Alessandro , Berciano José
Published: July 2005

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay (ARSACS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early‐onset, spastic ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. It was originally described in an inbred population of Quebec and later in some other countries. We report a new missenseSACSmutation (7848C>T) in a Spanish family whose phenotype is similar to that of the previously described ARSACS patients. 7848C>T is the firstSACSmutation reported in Spain confirming worldwide distribution of the disease. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Analysis of the relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shindo Kazumasa , Kaneko Eri , Watanabe Harue , Sugimoto Tetsuhiko , Ohta Emiko , Ohashi Kenji , Nagasaka Takamura , Shiozawa Zenji
Published: July 2005

To analyze the correlation between muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), we measured both parameters in 14 PD patients who were 51 to 82 years of age (mean, 63.1 ± 8.7 years). The duration of PD was 2 to 26 years, and the disability level (modified Hoehn and Yahr stage) ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 (mean, 3.2 ± 0.5). MSNA was recorded from the peroneal nerve fascicles using microneurographic methods, and then cardiac MIBG scintigraphy was performed within 1 month. We analyzed the correlation between the standardized MSNA, expressed as a percentage of the predicted value based on control subject data, and the heart‐to‐mediastinum ratio (H/M) or washout ratio (WR) from early and delayed MIBG images. The relationships between disease duration or disability and MSNA, the H/M ratio, or the WR were also analyzed. No significant correlations were found between MSNA and H/M ratio or WR. Although MSNA was inversely correlated with disease duration and with disability level, neither the H/M ratio nor the WR showed a significant correlation with disease duration or disability level. Because MSNA and MIBG abnormalities were not related, functional changes in addition to organic changes in cardiac sympathetic nerve endings may result in abnormal uptake of MIBG in Parkinson's disease. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Propriospinal myoclonus: A motor phenomenon found in restless legs syndrome different from periodic limb movements during sleep
Authors: Vetrugno Roberto , Provini Federica , Plazzi Giuseppe , Cortelli Pietro , Montagna Pasquale
Published: July 2005

Three patients presented with a 25‐, 15‐, and 5‐year history of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS). For 1, 4, and 5 years, they reported additional involuntary trunk and limbs jerks preceding falling asleep and occasionally during intrasleep wakefulness. Videopolysomnography revealed jerks during relaxed wakefulness arising in axial muscles with a caudal and rostral propagation at a slow conduction velocity, characteristic of propriospinal myoclonus (PSM). Jerk‐related EEG–EMG back‐averaging did not disclose any preceding cortical potential. During relaxed wakefulness preceding falling asleep and during intrasleep wakefulness, PSM coexisted with motor restlessness and sensory discomfort in the limbs. PSM disappeared when spindles and K‐complexes appeared on the EEG. At this time, typical PLMS appeared every 20 to 40 seconds, especially during light sleep stages. PLMS EMG activity was limited to leg, especially tibialis anterior muscles, and did not show propriospinal propagation. In one patient, alternating leg muscle activation was also present. Jerks with a PSM pattern represent another motor phenomenon associated with RLS and different from the more usual PLMS. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Acute pathological laughter
Authors: Okuda Darin T. , Chyung Abraham S.C. , Chin Cynthia T. , Waubant Emmanuelle
Published: July 2005

Pseudobulbar affect is a condition characterized by uncontrollable episodes of inappropriate laughing or crying that are disproportionate and discordant to the situation at hand. We report on a 16‐year‐old woman presenting with acute pathological laughter in the context of CNS demyelinating disease. Brain MRI scans fortuitously obtained before and after the onset of this symptom demonstrated acute gadolinium‐enhancing lesions in the cerebral peduncles. The etiology of this condition remains theoretical; however, the results here provide further insights into the pathways of emotional control. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Burden of illness in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Huse Daniel M. , Schulman Kathy , Orsini Lucinda , Castelli‐Haley Jane , Kennedy Sean , Lenhart Gregory
Published: July 2005

This study quantifies direct medical care costs for individual patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and projects total national costs of PD. Anonymous, patient‐level data on health care utilization and cost were obtained from Medstat's MarketScan Research Databases. Patients were selected for study if they had either two instances of a diagnosis of PD or one diagnosis and two or more prescriptions for PD‐related medication. A control group of persons without PD was selected for comparison. Total annual health care utilization and costs were calculated for both PD patients and controls. A total of 20,016 patients with PD were identified and followed up for an average of 853 days. The mean age of the patients was 73.6 years, and 51.2% were women. Total annual direct costs were $23,101 (SD 27,529) per patient with PD versus $11,247 (SD 16,486) for controls. The regression‐adjusted incremental direct cost of PD versus control was $10,349 (95% confidence interval, 9,053, 11,645). Adding $25,326 in indirect costs, and multiplying by 645,000 cases of PD in the United States, the total cost to the nation is projected to be $23 billion annually. This estimate is higher than most previous studies, with important implications for health care delivery systems worldwide. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Antony van Leeuwenhoek and the description of diaphragmatic flutter (respiratory myoclonus)
Authors: Larner Andrew J.
Published: July 2005

This article reviews the first account of diaphragmatic flutter, published by Antony van Leeuwenhoek, the renowned microscopist, in 1723. The completeness of the clinical description merits the eponymous description of Leeuwenhoek's disease. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Neuropathic scapuloperoneal syndrome (Davidenkow's syndrome) with chromosome 17p11.2 deletion
Authors: Verma Ashok
Published: July 2005

The nosologic boundary of neuropathic scapuloperoneal syndrome (Davidenkow's syndrome) remains ill defined and its genetic basis is unknown. A case of Davidenkow's syndrome with the monochromosomic 17p11.2 deletion that often is associated with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is described. The other allele at chromosome 17p11.2 locus was of normal length, and direct sequencing of the coding region of the peripheral nerve protein‐22 gene in this allele revealed no additional mutation. The deleted allele in the proband was inherited from the paternal line in which the affected members had a late onset Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1 clinical phenotype. This observation suggests that the rare Davidenkow's syndrome is clinically related to HNPP and its genotype could be a chromosome 17p11.2 deletion. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Dose‐dependent apoptotic and necrotic myocyte death induced by the β2‐adrenergic receptor agonist, clenbuterol
Authors: Burniston Jatin G. , Chester Neil , Clark William A. , Tan Lip‐Bun , Goldspink David F.
Published: July 2005

We have investigated the dose‐ and time‐dependency of myocyte apoptosis and necrosis induced by the β2‐adrenergic receptor agonist, clenbuterol, with the aim of determining whether myocyte apoptosis and necrosis are two separate processes or a continuum of events. Male Wistar rats were administered subcutaneous injections of clenbuterol, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect myocyte‐specific apoptosis and necrosis. Myocyte apoptosis peaked 4 h after, and necrosis 12 h after, clenbuterol administration. In the soleus, peak apoptosis (5.8 ± 2.0%; P < 0.05) was induced by 10 μg and peak necrosis (7.4 ± 1.7%; P < 0.05) by 5 mg.kg−1 clenbuterol. Twelve hours after clenbuterol administration, 73% of damaged myocytes labeled as necrotic, 27% as apoptotic and necrotic, and 0% as purely apoptotic. Administrations of clenbuterol (10 μg.kg−1) at 48‐h intervals induced cumulative myocyte death over 8 days. These data show that the phenotype of myocyte death is dependent on the magnitude of the insult and the time at which it is investigated. Only very low doses induced apoptosis alone; in most cases apoptotic myocytes lysed and became necrotic and the magnitude of necrosis was greater than that of apoptosis. Thus, it is important to investigate both apoptotic and necrotic myocyte death, contrary to the current trend of only investigating apoptotic cell death. Muscle Nerve, 2005
TP53 mutations are associated with a particular pattern of genomic imbalances in breast carcinomas
Authors: Kleivi Kristine , Diep Chieu B , Pandis Nikos , Heim Sverre , Teixeira Manuel R , Lothe Ragnhild A
Published: July 2005

TP53 mutations play an important role in the development of several cancers and are present in 20–40% of all breast carcinomas, contributing to increased genomic instability. In order to address the relationship of mutated TP53 to genomic complexity, the present study analysed 61 breast carcinomas for TP53 mutations and compared mutation status with the pattern of genomic imbalances as assessed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Twenty per cent of the present series of breast carcinomas harboured TP53 mutations. An increasing number of abnormalities, as identified by CGH (higher genomic complexity), correlated significantly with mutant TP53. Among the chromosome arms most commonly altered (in more than 20% of the tumours), loss of 8p and gain of 8q were associated with TP53 mutations, whereas loss of 16q was associated with wild‐type TP53. By performing supervised hierarchical clustering analysis of the CGH data, a cluster of chromosome imbalances was observed that showed differences between wild‐type and mutant TP53 cases. Among these, loss of chromosome arm 5q revealed the strongest correlation with altered TP53. To investigate further the most commonly deleted region of 5q, gene expression patterns from two publicly available microarray data sets of breast carcinomas were evaluated statistically. The expression data sets identified potential target genes, including genes involved in ubiquitination and the known TP53 target CSPG2. The genomic complexity of breast carcinomas as assessed by CGH is associated with TP53 mutation status; breast cancers with TP53 mutations display more complex genomes than do those with wild‐type TP53. The pattern of genomic imbalances associated with mutant TP53 is non‐random, with loss of chromosome arm 5q being particularly closely associated with TP53 mutations. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutation analysis of SBDS in pediatric acute myeloblastic leukemia
Authors: Majeed Fidel , Jadko Sergiy , Freedman Melvin H. , Dror Yigal
Published: July 2005

Background

Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is associated with a high risk of myelodysplasia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chromosome 7 abnormalities. Ninety percent of SDS patients have mutations in SBDS on 7q11. Herein, we studied the role of genetic alterations in SBDS in AML.

Procedure

DNA was extracted from marrows of SDS patients with AML, as well as from children with de novo AML. Direct sequencing of PCR amplified genomic DNA was performed using specific primers flanking each exon. To study whether SBDS heterozygosity confers a risk for MDS/AML, data on family members of SDS patients on the Canadian Inherited Marrow Failure Registry (CIMFR) was analyzed.

Results

Of two SDS patients with SDS/AML one was homozygous 258 + 2T > C, and one was compound heterozygous 183‐184TA > CT/258 + 2T > C. To determine whether a subset of patients with SDS can present with AML, we analyzed 48 AML samples at remission, but no mutations were identified. To address whether acquired mutated SBDS gene is associated with leukemic transformation in de novo AML, we analyzed 77 AML samples at diagnosis or relapse (4 with ‐7 and 7q‐) for SBDS mutations; no alterations were detected. Also, among the relatives of an SDS patient cohort on the registry no cases of MDS/AML were reported.

Conclusions

Common mutations occurred in our SDS patients who develop AML, and thus, AML is not confined to a rare genetic subgroup of SDS. Newly diagnosed patients with AML are unlikely to have an underlying undiagnosed SDS. Acquired SBDS gene mutations also would appear unlikely to play a mechanistic role in de novo AML, and might not be involved in the pathogenesis of chromosome 7 abnormalities as well. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helicobacter pylori as cause of gastrointestinal disease in children with hemato‐oncologic diseases
Authors: Castagnola Elio , Calvillo Michaela , Gigliotti Anna Rita , Fioredda Francesca , Hanau Guia , Caviglia Ilaria , Lanino Edoardo , Dufour Carlo
Published: July 2005

After documentation of a case of life threatening Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) gastric ulcer in an adolescent girl on treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, we started to systematically look for gastro‐intestinal symptoms due to H. pylori infection in our cancer patients at G. Gaslini Children's Hospital. During a period of 46 months, we observed 13 further cases of severe dyspepsia syndrome or gastro intestinal bleeding associated with presence of H. pylori faecal antigen. All patients recovered with appropriate therapy. H. pylori may represent a cause of severe gastrointestinal complications in children with cancer or following bone marrow transplant. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A polymerizable photosensitizer and its photopolymerization kinetics
Authors: Wang Junzuo , Mathias Lon J
Published: July 2005

A previously reported polymerizable benzophenone photosensitizer, 2‐methacryloxyethyl 4‐benzoylbenzoate (MEBB), was synthesized and characterized. The photopolymerization kinetics of methyl α‐hydroxymethylacrylate (MHMA) and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) initiated with MEBB or benzophenone (BP) in the presence or absence of amine co‐initiators were determined by photo‐differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicate that benzophenone with a p‐carbonyl substitutent is more efficient in photoinitiation when compared to the non‐substituted benzophenone analogue. The final monomer conversions in the presence of amine co‐initiators are slightly higher than without them. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison of different biotinylation reagents, tryptic digestion procedures, and mass spectrometric techniques for 2‐D peptide mapping of membrane proteins
Authors: Scheurer Simone B. , Roesli Christoph , Neri Dario , Elia Giuliano
Published: July 2005

2‐D peptide mapping is a novel technique for the relative quantification of membrane proteins (Scheurer S. et al., Proteomics 2005, in press). Using closely related metastatic and nonmetastatic teratocarcinoma cell lines as a model system, we have performed a comparative analysis of different biotinylation reagents, tryptic digestion procedures, and mass spectrometric techniques, with the aim to increase the number of proteins identified by 2‐D peptide mapping. Our experience indicates that the LC‐MALDI TOF/TOF technique is superior to LC‐ESI MS/MS in terms of the number of proteins identified and confidence in protein identification. Furthermore, the best results were obtained by tryptic digestion of proteins eluted from a streptavidin column using a cleavable biotin derivative.
Dominance variation across six herbicides of the Arabidopsis thaliana csr1‐1 and csr1‐2 resistance alleles
Authors: Roux Fabrice , Matéjicek Annick , Gasquez Jacques , Reboud Xavier
Published: July 2005

Dominance of a resistance trait can be defined as a measure of the relative position of the phenotype of the heterozygote RS compared with the phenotype of the two corresponding homozygotes, SS and RR. This parameter has been shown to have primary importance in the dynamics of pesticide resistance evolution. Literature on insecticide resistance suggests that dominance levels in the presence of insecticide vary greatly from completely recessive to completely dominant. With insecticides, both the chemical applied and the dosages used have been demonstrated to affect the dominance. By contrast, almost all herbicide resistances have been found to be inherited as partially to totally dominant traits. This discrepancy between weeds and insects may partly result from the methodologies applied to measure the dominance, ie a single dose for herbicide versus several doses for insecticide. Using two well‐known resistances (csr1‐1 and csr1‐2) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynh (mouse‐ear cress), we used several herbicide doses to determine the dominance level to six ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. The dominance level in the presence of herbicide varied from completely dominant to completely recessive, depending on the resistance allele and the herbicide tested. The dominance of the csr1‐1 and csr1‐2 resistance alleles ranged from 0 (completely recessive) to 1.1 (dominant) and from 0 to 0.3 (partially dominant), respectively. The recessivity of some resistance alleles in the presence of herbicide could lead to the development of improved resistance management in order to delay or avoid herbicide resistance evolution, especially in the control of outcrossing weed species. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Interlayer coupling induced by domain structure in NiFe/Au/Co/Au multilayers
Authors: Urbaniak M. , Stobiecki F. , Szymański B.
Published: July 2005

Magnetic and magnetotransport properties of (Ni80Fe20/Au/Co/Au)N multilayers with tCo = 0.6 nm and different thicknesses of Au layers (1.5 ≤ tAu ≤ 2.2 nm) have been investigated. The Co layer thickness used ensures its perpendicular anisotropy. We argue that in a hysteretic region of R(H) and M(H) dependencies the reorientation of Py layers is strongly influenced by the magnetic stray fields originating from the domain structure of Co layers. The values of stray fields are determined from R(H) and M(H) measurements and are compared with the calculated ones. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)