bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Physical Abuse and Later Violent Delinquency: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Miller-Johnson Shari , Berlin Lisa J. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S.
Published: July 2007

In this prospective longitudinal study of 574 children followed from age 5 to age 21, the authors examine the links between early physical abuse and violent delinquency and other socially relevant outcomes during late adolescence or early adulthood and the extent to which the child's race and gender moderate these links. Analyses of covariance indicated that individuals who had been physically abused in the first 5 years of life were at greater risk for being arrested as juveniles for violent, nonviolent, and status offenses. Moreover, physically abused youth were less likely to have graduated from high school and more likely to have been fired in the past year, to have been a teen parent, and to have been pregnant or impregnated someone in the past year while not married. These effects were more pronounced for African American than for European American youth and somewhat more pronounced for females than for males.
Cognition, Emotion, and Neurobiological Development: Mediating the Relation Between Maltreatment and Aggression
Authors: Lee Vivien , Hoaken Peter N. S.
Published: July 2007

Child maltreatment has been consistently linked to aggression, yet there have been few attempts to conceptualize precisely how maltreatment influences the development of aggression. This review proposes that biases in cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological development mediate the relation between childhood maltreatment and the development of aggression. In addition, it is posited that physical abuse and neglect may have differential effects on development: Physical abuse may result in hypervigilance to threat and a hostile attributional bias, whereas neglect may result in difficulties with emotion regulation because of a lack of emotional interactions. These processes may be “hardwired” into neural networks via the overactivation of certain brain regions and dysfunctional cognitive processes. The theoretical and necessarily speculative nature of this article is intended to stimulate hypotheses for future research. Only when the adverse effects of maltreatment on brain and cognitive development are understood can scholars hope to develop more effective interventions to alter the developmental pathway to aggression.
Benchmarking Hotel Capital Budgeting Practices To Practices Applied in Non-Hotel Companies
Authors: Guilding Chris , Lamminmaki Dawne
Published: July 2007

A survey was conducted to compare hotel capital budgeting practices employed within and outside the hotel sector. It was found that the propensity to inflate investment cash inflow projections outweighs the propensity to deflate cash inflow estimates, and the tendency to inflate projected cash inflows is less in the hotel industry. Hotels exhibit a lower level of development with respect to reviewing required rates of return and also applying postcompletion audits. Also, net present value and internal rate of return, which are based on discounting approaches, are used to a relatively low degree in the hotel industry, and more than half the hotels surveyed either exclusively use the payback method (36%) or use no financial investment appraisal method at all (17%). Consistent with prior findings in other industrial sectors, there appears to be a positive relationship between organizational size and use of financial investment appraisal techniques.
Innovation Management in the Hospitality Industry: Different Strategies for Achieving Success
Authors: Ottenbacher Michael C.
Published: July 2007

The importance of innovation as the key driver of sustained success has been well documented in the marketing and hospitality literature. In the past decade, several studies have investigated the success factors associated with service innovations. Few of these studies, however, have dealt with hospitality innovations. Hospitality firms develop innovations with specific objectives and goals in mind and have several approaches to measure performance accordingly. However, no research in hospitality innovation has addressed the question of whether hospitality firms should have different approaches depending on their objectives for the individual innovation projects. This study obtained data on 185 hospitality innovations and identified three performance dimensions: market performance, financial performance, employee and customer relationship enhancement. Of the 23 potential success determinants, 12 were found to be drivers of performance.
Allorestricted T cells with specificity for the FMNL1-derived peptide PP2 have potent antitumor activity against hematologic and other malignancies
Authors: Schuster Ingrid G. , Busch Dirk H. , Eppinger Elfriede , Kremmer Elisabeth , Milosevic Slavoljub , Hennard Christine , Kuttler Christina , Ellwart Joachim W. , Frankenberger Bernhard , Nößner Elfriede , Salat Christoph , Bogner Christian , Borkhardt Arndt , Kolb Hans-Jochem , Krackhardt Angela M.
Published: July 2007

Cell-based immunotherapy in settings of allogeneic stem cell transplantation or donor leukocyte infusion has curative potential, especially in hematologic malignancies. However, this approach is severely restricted due to graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). This limitation may be overcome if target antigens are molecularly defined and effector cells are specifically selected. We chose formin-related protein in leukocytes 1 (FMNL1) as a target antigen after intensive investigation of its expression profile at the mRNA and protein levels. Here, we confirm restricted expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors but also observe overexpression in different leukemias and aberrant expression in transformed cell lines derived from solid tumors. We isolated allorestricted T-cell clones expressing a single defined TCR recognizing a particular HLA-A2–presented peptide derived from FMNL1. This T-cell clone showed potent antitumor activity against lymphoma and renal cell carcinoma cell lines, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–transformed B cells, and primary tumor samples derived from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), whereas nontransformed cells with the exception of activated B cells were only marginally recognized. Allorestricted TCRs with specificity for naturally presented FMNL1-derived epitopes may represent promising reagents for the development of adoptive therapies in lymphoma and other malignant diseases.
Nearest Neighbor Networks: clustering expression data based on gene neighborhoods
Authors: Huttenhower Curtis , Flamholz Avi I , Landis Jessica N , Sahi Sauhard , Myers Chad L , Olszewski Kellen L , Hibbs Matthew A , Siemers Nathan O , Troyanskaya Olga G , Coller Hilary A
Published: July 2007

Background

The availability of microarrays measuring thousands of genes simultaneously across hundreds of biological conditions represents an opportunity to understand both individual biological pathways and the integrated workings of the cell. However, translating this amount of data into biological insight remains a daunting task. An important initial step in the analysis of microarray data is clustering of genes with similar behavior. A number of classical techniques are commonly used to perform this task, particularly hierarchical and K-means clustering, and many novel approaches have been suggested recently. While these approaches are useful, they are not without drawbacks; these methods can find clusters in purely random data, and even clusters enriched for biological functions can be skewed towards a small number of processes (e.g. ribosomes).

Results

We developed Nearest Neighbor Networks (NNN), a graph-based algorithm to generate clusters of genes with similar expression profiles. This method produces clusters based on overlapping cliques within an interaction network generated from mutual nearest neighborhoods. This focus on nearest neighbors rather than on absolute distance measures allows us to capture clusters with high connectivity even when they are spatially separated, and requiring mutual nearest neighbors allows genes with no sufficiently similar partners to remain unclustered. We compared the clusters generated by NNN with those generated by eight other clustering methods. NNN was particularly successful at generating functionally coherent clusters with high precision, and these clusters generally represented a much broader selection of biological processes than those recovered by other methods.

Conclusion

The Nearest Neighbor Networks algorithm is a valuable clustering method that effectively groups genes that are likely to be functionally related. It is particularly attractive due to its simplicity, its success in the analysis of large datasets, and its ability to span a wide range of biological functions with high precision.
Biochemical pathways analysis of microarray results: regulation of myogenesis in pigs
Authors: te Pas Marinus FW , Hulsegge Ina , Coster Albart , Pool Marco H , Heuven Henri H , Janss Luc LG
Published: July 2007

Background

Combining microarray results and biological pathway information will add insight into biological processes. Pathway information is widely available in databases through the internet.

Mammalian muscle formation has been previously studied using microarray technology in pigs because these animals are an interesting animal model for muscle formation due to selection for increased muscle mass. Results indicated regulation of the expression of genes involved in proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, and energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to analyse microarrays studying myogenesis in pigs. It was necessary to develop methods to search biochemical pathways databases.

Results

PERL scripts were developed that used the names of the genes on the microarray to search databases. Synonyms of gene names were added to the list by searching the Gene Ontology database. The KEGG database was searched for pathway information using this updated gene list. The KEGG database returned 88 pathways. Most genes were found in a single pathway, but others were found in up to seven pathways. Combining the pathways and the microarray information 21 pathways showed sufficient information content for further analysis. These pathways were related to regulation of several steps in myogenesis and energy metabolism. Pathways regulating myoblast proliferation and muscle fibre formation were described. Furthermore, two networks of pathways describing the formation of the myoblast cytoskeleton and regulation of the energy metabolism during myogenesis were presented.

Conclusion

Combining microarray results and pathways information available through the internet provide biological insight in how the process of porcine myogenesis is regulated.
Automated real time constant-specificity surveillance for disease outbreaks
Authors: Wieland Shannon C , Brownstein John S , Berger Bonnie , Mandl Kenneth D
Published: July 2007

Background

For real time surveillance, detection of abnormal disease patterns is based on a difference between patterns observed, and those predicted by models of historical data. The usefulness of outbreak detection strategies depends on their specificity; the false alarm rate affects the interpretation of alarms.

Results

We evaluate the specificity of five traditional models: autoregressive, Serfling, trimmed seasonal, wavelet-based, and generalized linear. We apply each to 12 years of emergency department visits for respiratory infection syndromes at a pediatric hospital, finding that the specificity of the five models was almost always a non-constant function of the day of the week, month, and year of the study (p< 0.05). We develop an outbreak detection method, called the expectation-variance model, based on generalized additive modeling to achieve a constant specificity by accounting for not only the expected number of visits, but also the variance of the number of visits. The expectation-variance model achieves constant specificity on all three time scales, as well as earlier detection and improved sensitivity compared to traditional methods in most circumstances.

Conclusion

Modeling the variance of visit patterns enables real-time detection with known, constant specificity at all times. With constant specificity, public health practitioners can better interpret the alarms and better evaluate the cost-effectiveness of surveillance systems.
Differential gene expression in human hematopoietic stem cells specified toward erythroid, megakaryocytic, and granulocytic lineage
Authors: Liu Xiao-Ling , Yuan Jin-Yun , Zhang Jun-Wu , Zhang Xin-Hua , Wang Rong-Xin
Published: July 2007

To better understand the transcriptional program that accompanies orderly lineage-specific hematopoietic differentiation, we analyzed expression changes during the lineage-specific differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC; CD34+/CD38–/CD33–); HSC and multipotent myeloid progenitors (MMP; CD34+/CD38–/CD33+) were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy individuals by MACS. CD34+ cells in semi-solid culture were stimulated with the cytokines erythropoietin, IL-6, and G-CSF to promote differentiation to committed erythroid, megakaryocytic, and granulocytic clones, respectively. Differential display RT-PCR analysis was performed to compare the mRNA transcripts in HSC, MMP, and the committed lineage-specific clones derived from these committed lineage-specific progenitors. Expressed sequence tags (n=256), which were differentially expressed, were identified. One hundred ninety-four were homologous to known genes, and some were associated with hematopoiesis. These known genes were classified as involved in transcription/translation, signal transduction, cell surface receptors/ligands, cell signaling, cell metabolism, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and oncogenesis. We identified genes, which were up- or down-regulated specifically in the lineage-committed clones compared with HSC or/and MMP, suggesting that specific gene activation and repression might be necessary for specific lineage commitment and differentiation. Our data provide an extensive transcriptional profile of human hematopoiesis during in vitro, lineage-specific differentiation.
Vitamin D Receptor-Dependent Inhibition of Mammary Tumor Growth by EB1089 and Ultraviolet Radiation in Vivo
Authors: Valrance Meggan E. , Brunet Andrea H. , Welsh JoEllen
Published: July 2007

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), the biologically active form of vitamin D3, exerts antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in multiple transformed cell types, and thus, the vitamin D signaling pathway represents a potential anticancer target. Although chronic treatment with 1,25D induces hypercalcemia, synthetic vitamin D analogs have been developed that inhibit tumor growth in vivo with minimal elevation of serum calcium. Furthermore, vitamin D is synthesized in skin exposed to UV light, and this route of vitamin D elevation is not associated with hypercalcemia. In this study, we examined whether enhancement of vitamin D status via exogenous (EB1089, a 1,25D analog) or endogenous (UV exposure) approaches could exert antitumor effects without hypercalcemia. We used mammary xenografts with differential vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression to examine whether the antitumor effects of either therapy are receptor mediated. We present evidence that both EB1089 and UV exposure inhibit tumor growth via induction of growth arrest and apoptosis. These antitumor effects were observed only in xenografts containing VDR-positive tumor cells; heterogeneous tumors containing VDR-negative tumor cells and VDR-positive stromal and endothelial cells were unresponsive to both therapies. No evidence for antiangiogenic effects of EB1089 were detected in this model system. Neither EB1089 nor UV was associated with overt toxicity, but keratinocyte proliferation was increased in UV-exposed skin. These data provide proof of principle that UV exposure modulates tumor growth via elevation of vitamin D signaling and that therapeutic approaches designed to target the vitamin D pathway will be effective only if tumor cells express functional VDR.
Dynamic Changes in Oxytocin Receptor Expression and Activation at Parturition in the Rat Brain
Authors: Meddle Simone L. , Bishop Valerie R. , Gkoumassi Effimia , van Leeuwen Fred W. , Douglas Alison J.
Published: July 2007

Oxytocin plays a pivotal role in rat parturition, acting within the brain to facilitate its own release in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus, and to stimulate maternal behavior. We investigated oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression and activation perinatally. Using a 35S-labeled riboprobe complementary to OTR mRNA, OTR expression was quantified in proestrus virgin, 21- and 22-day pregnant, parturient (90 min. from pup 1 birth), and postpartum (4–12 h from parturition) rats. Peak OTR mRNA expression was observed at parturition in the SON, brainstem regions, medial preoptic area (mPOA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BnST), and olfactory bulbs, but there was no change in the paraventricular nucleus and lateral septum. OTR mRNA expression was increased on the day of expected parturition in the SON and brainstem, suggesting that oxytocin controls the pathway mediating input from uterine signals. Likewise, OTR mRNA expression was increased in the mPOA and BnST during labor/birth. In the olfactory bulbs and medial amygdala, parturition induced increased OTR mRNA expression compared with pre-parturition, reflecting their immediate response to new stimuli at birth. Postpartum OTR expression in all brain regions returned to levels observed in virgin rats. Parturition significantly increased the number of double-immunolabeled cells for Fos and OTR within the SON, brainstem, BnST, and mPOA regions compared with virgin rats. Thus, there are dynamic region-dependent changes in OTR-expressing cells at parturition. This altered OTR distribution pattern in the brain perinatally reflects the crucial role oxytocin plays in orchestrating both birth and maternal behavior.
Evidence for the importance of electrostatics in the function of two distinct families of ribosome inactivating toxins
Authors: Korennykh Alexei V. , Correll Carl C. , Piccirilli Joseph A.
Published: July 2007

α-Sarcin and ricin represent two structurally and mechanistically distinct families of site-specific enzymes that block translation by irreversibly modifying the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of 23S–28S rRNA. α-Sarcin family enzymes are designated as ribotoxins and act as endonucleases. Ricin family enzymes are designated as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP) and act as N-glycosidases. Recently, we demonstrated that basic surface residues of the ribotoxin restrictocin promote rapid and specific ribosome targeting by this endonuclease. Here, we report that three RIP: ricin A, saporin, and gypsophilin depurinate the ribosome with strong salt sensitivity and achieve unusually fast kcat/Km ∼109–1010 M−1s−1, implying that RIP share with ribotoxins a common mechanism of electrostatically facilitated ribosome targeting. Bioinformatics analysis of RIP revealed that surface charge properties correlate with the presence of the transport chain in the RIP molecule, suggesting a second role for the surface charge in RIP transport. These findings put forward surface electrostatics as an important determinant of RIP activity.
Assessment by audiotympanometric testing: Three case reports
Authors: Neff Palmer A. , Cantrell Robert W.
Published: July 2007

Tympanometric measurements are versatile and accurate when more than one type of ear disease is present. Three cases are presented where information from tympanometry beyond that derived from otological and routine audiological testing yielded accurate diagnoses.

A patient with a history of middle‐ear disease presented with a sen‐sori‐neural loss. Measures of static conductance correctly identified the problem as stiffness of the ossicular chain. An infant with unilateral congenital atresia and questionable hearing in her normal‐appearing ear was determined to have serous otitis media by tympanometry and reflex testing. The course of the disease was monitored and reversed. A 17‐year‐old female suffered a basal skull fracture with a sudden conductive hearing loss. Low conductance and high impedance correctly identified loss of mobility of the ossicular chain which was confirmed surgically.

These three cases illustrate the advantages of tympanometry in making rapid, accurate, objective measurements involving complex diagnoses of middle‐ear function.
Experimental frontal sinus obliteration: Long‐term results following removal of the mucous membrane lining
Authors: Abramson Allan L. , Eason Robert L.
Published: July 2007

In this long‐term experimental investigation, the ultimate fate of the canine frontal sinus cavity was studied after the mucous membrane lining was removed. The frontal sinus cavity was completely obliterated with dense spongy bone if epithelial regeneration did not occur.
Sequenced scintigraphy: A morphological and functional study of the salivary glands
Authors: Fiori‐Ratti Leopoldo , De Campora E. , Senin U.
Published: July 2007

The use of scintigraphy in sequenced registration shows that there are three fundamental stages in the intraglandular turnover of the radio‐nuclide: 1. At very early stage (between 3 min. and 15 min.), the major salivary glands could be clearly distinguished; 2. At the stage immediately following (between 20 min. and 35 min.), both the parotid and submaxillary glands were already less well defined; while in the mouth projection zone, quite intense radioactivity, connected with a progressive accumulation of the radionuclide in the minor salivary glands, was seen; 3. Within an hour after injection, maximum captation took place in the minor salivary glands, while both the parotid and the submaxillary glands were hardly distinct.

These three stages are strictly related to the three phases of behavior of the radionuclide in each salivary gland: arrival, accumulation, dismissal. Then, each documented variation from the normal pattern will indicate a determined functional anomaly related to defined disease of the salivary glands.

The sequenced scintigraphy offers a functional study of the salivary glands from which it is possible to obtain many elements of practical clinical utility.
Nasal gliomas. A review and report of two cases
Authors: Karma P. , Räsänen O. , Kärjä J.
Published: July 2007

Nasal gliomas are rare, benign, congenital tumors which are thought to be the result of an error in embryonic development. They have the same type of origin as encephaloceles but the meningeal continuity has closed, resulting in “vestigial encephaloceles.” They are found in both sexes with a slight male predominance. They are 60% extranasal and 30% intranasal. The rest are mainly combined defects. In 20% of the cases there is a mainly fibrous connection to the intracranial space. Clinically they are firm, noncompressible, nonpulsatile, gray or purple tumors obstructing the nasal cavity intranasally and causing nasal deformity extranasally. Histologically they are composed of astrocytic neuroglial cells interlaced with fibrous and vascular connective tissue covered by skin or nasal respiratory mucosa.

Surgical extirpation of the extracranial portion of the tumor is the treatment of choice. If in differential diagnosis there is a firm suspicion of encephalocele, neurosurgical exploration of the anterior cranial fossa must be done first. Any preoperative biopsies or any partial nasal interventions must be abandoned.

Here we review the 69 cases since the tabulation of Walker and Resler in 1963, and two cases of our own are added.
Recording projection of nasal landmarks in rhinoplasty
Authors: Webstek Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Rubin Frank F. , Smith Richard C.
Published: July 2007

Because of difficulties in making accurate measurements from before and after photographs, we have devised measuring techniques not dependent upon exact reduplication of photographic circumstances before, during, and after surgery. Measuring devices contacting the head of the patient in specified ways are described. They allow simple and exact reduplication so that measurements made at different times can be compared. Lengths of nose and of columella and actual projection of brow, naso‐frontal angle, rhinion, supratip region, the tip itself, and of the columella‐labial junction can be measured. Tip rotation, cephalic or caudal, can be determined and quantitated. The devices and techniques for using them are described.

We believe that employment of the suggested measuring techniques will allow better reporting of rhinoplastic methods and results and should significantly increase our understanding of this complex surgical procedure.
Status of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: 1977
Authors: Bluestone Charles D.
Published: July 2007

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, performed either in combination or separately, still constitute the most common major operations performed in the United States. This report is an attempt to present briefly the current status of knowledge concerning the epidemiology and natural history of conditions for which these operations are performed, the incidence of the operations, and the type and qualifications of the physicians performing the procedures, a review of the problems of the previous studies designed to determine efficacy, an update of the current study being conducted in Pittsburgh, and, finally, what little is known of the morbidity, mortality, and costs of these procedures.
Use of computerized axial tomography of the head and neck region
Authors: Gould Leo V. , Cummings Charles W. , Rabuzzi Daniel D. , Reed George F. , Chung Chung T.
Published: July 2007

The use of the computerized axial tomography has been well received in the field of otolaryngology. Five cases are presented illustrating the capability of the total body scanner (Delta scanner) to contribute to radiologie diagnosis below the level of the base of the skull. The advantages of non‐invasibility and three dimensionality are compared to the disadvantages of added cost, added radiation exposure, comparatively long exposure time and relatively poor detail.

Because of the overall usefulness of this diagnostic tool, evolution of rapid scanning devices with greater detail is awaited with interest.
Results of conservative surgery for middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Abramson Maxwell , Lachenbruch Peter A. , Press Barry H. J. , Mccabe Brian F.
Published: July 2007

A retrospective study was carried out to analyze treatment results for cholesteatoma at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. All patients undergoing primary surgical treatment from January 1, 1969 to December 31, 1973 were followed through October 1976. Treatment failures were based on the occurrence of postoperative cholesteatoma. The probability of being disease free for periods up to five years after original surgery was then estimated for each type of operation.

Postoperative cholesteatoma occurred after atticotomy in 17%, intact canal wall mastoidectomy in 35%, and modified radical mastoidectomy in 9%. The postoperative cholesteatoma rate in the group having intact canal wall mastoidectomy was more than twice as high for those patients under age nine. The likelihood of being disease free five years after intact canal wall surgery was estimated to be 36% using the life table method.

Disease recurrence was significantly higher after intact canal wall surgery compared to other surgical methods. The effectiveness of this method should be evaluated in a randomized, prospective manner to minimize patient selection and treatment bias.
Otoplasty‐an eclectic technique
Authors: Maniglia Anthony J. , Maniglia John J. , Witten Bruce R.
Published: July 2007

The authors report their experience in the surgical treatment of 78 patients with lop, prominent, or protruding ears. Four patients had a unilateral deformity. The procedure used in 110 ears consisted of a cartilage excision‐incision and horizontal mattress suture technique. In 42 ears, horizontal mattress sutures only, with or without scoring of cartilage, were used. The complications and unsatisfactory cosmetic results are reported. No major complications such as perichondritis, severe infection or unsightly postoperative deformities occurred. In conclusion, 94.7% of all cases had a good cosmetic result. The techniques are easy to learn and very useful in training residents.
The risks of major head and neck surgery in the aged population
Authors: Fred Mcguirt W. , Loevy Sarn , Mccabe Brian F. , Krause Charles J.
Published: July 2007

A review of 162 major head and neck operative cases for cancer in patients over age 70 from 1963‐1973 are reviewed. The major and minor surgical complication rates and the rate of medical complications are compared to 552 similar procedures in patients under age 70, during the same time period. The operative mortality figures for each group, as well as the causes of death, are examined. A plea is made for aggressive therapy in the elderly, both in the surgical planning and in their pre‐ and postoperative care.
An analysis of mastoid cholesteatomas
Authors: Karma P. , Palva A. , Kärjä J.
Published: July 2007

Fifty‐five extensive mastoid cholesteatomas filling all the air cell system were found in our material of 2,192 operated‐on chronic ears. They concentrated in younger age groups than ordinary cholesteatomas, although they could also be seen in older people. In the group, 95% of them had attic or posterosuperior perforation. In one‐fourth of the cases the tympanum was also epidermized. The main bacteria were Proteus strains, Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Preoperatively, cholesteatoma could always be diagnosed but its mastoid type could be predicted only in a minority (13%) of cases. Roentgenology proved an unreliable means for revealing cholesteatoma.

The extent of the mastoid air cell system varied from extensive to small depending only on the patient's age, with a correlation of smaller size to higher age. Of the ears studied, 16% were complicated and all belonged to the adult group.

The growth characteristics of these extensive cholesteatomas are basically the same as in other cholesteatomas, the only difference being that, due to especially favorable environmental conditions at present unknown, the epidermosis takes the form of a more aggressive and active spreading in soft connective tissue. The effect on bone is lytic and relatively slow, passive.

The operation, which must aim at the complete eradication of the cho‐lesteatomatous process, did not essentially improve the hearing. On the other hand, only two ears drained postoperatively and only one had to be reoperated on, revealing residual cholesteatoma tympanally. Thus, this material with most difficult and dangerous middle ear cleft pathology, gave conclusive proof that the obliterative operation technique was safe and appropriate regardless of the quality and extent of the process.
The lateral approach to acoustic tumors
Authors: Edwaed Maddox H.
Published: July 2007

The surgical experience of a decade of acoustic tumor surgery is discussed. This series involves 106 operations. A plea is made to use the “lateral” approach to the cerebellopontine angle which combines the trans‐labyrinthine and retrosinal routes when necessary. The facial nerve is preserved in 88% of the patients using this approach and the mortality rate is only 1 or 2%. The most common complication is cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The posterior, suboccipital approach in acoustic tumors is condemned. Statistics are presented that make the argument of “hearing preservation” by suboccipital surgery academic. Only 11% of the patients in this series of 106 had “good” hearing preoperatively and all of these had normal hearing in the opposite ear.
Round window membrane rupture
Authors: Goodman Paul M. , Morioka Wilfred T.
Published: July 2007

Round Window Membrane Rupture is a surgically correctable cause of sudden hearing loss and vertigo. Reported is a 19‐year‐old male who had proven round window membrane rupture secondary to barotrauma. Surgical exploration revealed an abnormally large round window niche and membrane, possibly predisposing him to this injury. Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of this entity are presented.
Genesis of the round window rupture syndrome; some experimental observations
Authors: Weisskopf Alex , Murphy James T. , Merzenich Michael M.
Published: July 2007

Clinical and experimental evidence has revealed that rupture of the round window membrane, by itself, is not a major cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Eighteen guinea pigs underwent removal of the round window. The status of cochlear function was determined by recording the cochlear microphonic. An average loss of only about 6 db was observed after surgery.

It is felt that there must commonly be more cochlear damage concurrent with window rupture to explain the significant and often relatively immediate hearing losses seen in clinical practice. The site(s) of this primary trauma has not yet been discovered, but it would seem reasonable in the light of recent reports that the perilymphatic vessels, the vas spirale, the stria vascularis and/or the integrity of the cochlear duct might be involved in the genesis of this hearing loss.

We propose that the term “round window rupture syndrome” be used as a more accurate description of this entity. The round window damage provides evidence of more devastating trauma within the cochlea. Thus, the clinician, being alerted, should not stop his therapeutic efforts with surgical closure of the RW. Better prognosis for the patient, as well as leading into new avenues for the investigation of cochlear function, would be the result.
Spinal accessory lymph nodes: A prospective study of metastatic involvement
Authors: Schuller David E. , Platz Charles E. , Krause Charles J.
Published: July 2007

The traditional radical neck dissection involves excision of the spinal accessory nerve en bloc with the soft tissue of the posterior triangle in an effort to remove completely all node‐bearing tissue. The resultant decrease in range of motion of the involved extremity and subsequent pain have prompted some surgeons to seek alternatives. The purpose of this study is to review prospectively radical neck specimens with the specific intent of evaluating the frequency of metastatic involvement of the spinal accessory lymph nodes with head and neck malignancies. Fifty neck specimens were studied and the frequency of cancerous involvement of the spinal accessory nodes was not found to be significantly different from nodal involvement of the entire neck specimen. The location of accessory nerve involvement was predominantly in the proximal portion which is not within the posterior triangle. The results are further evaluated with the subsequent conclusion that preservation of the spinal accessory nerve cannot be justified on the basis of infrequent involvement with metastatic lymph nodes.
Computerized tomography in the evaluation of head and neck lesions
Authors: Thawley Stanley E. , Gado Mokhtar , Fuller Thomas R.
Published: July 2007

The development of computerized tomography (CT) has been called the most important contribution to medical diagnostic techniques since Roentgen discovered the X‐ray in 1895. Over the past several years, the growth in technology and literature concerning computerized tomography has been rapid. CT is useful in evaluation of head and neck lesions such as lesions of the paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, base of skull, the larynx and neck areas. It is also useful in evaluation of intracranial complications of head and neck diseases. CT has added the horizontal plane in the evaluation of these lesions. The ease of obtaining CT scans and its non‐invasiveness are advantages. The most important single feature of CT that distinguishes it from other radiographic techniques is the capability of imaging of soft tissue. CT demonstration of bone destruction is not superior to polytomography. The transaxial orientation of CT planes seems to be particularly useful in certain locations such as the pterygopalatine fossa. CT is an additional diagnostic tool, but it has limitations of other radiologic techniques in differentiating histologic types. In this series, one case of ethmoiditis resembled carcinoma. In another, radiation necrosis was indistinguishable from intracranial metastasis. As technology advances in the use of CT, its application in head and neck lesions will be increasing.
The growth of cartilage from a free perichondral graft in the larynx
Authors: Rice Dale H. , Coulthard Stanley W.
Published: July 2007

An attempt was made to promote the growth of new cartilage from a free perichondrial graft placed in a defect made in the canine cricoid cartilage. Three dogs had the perichondrial grafting alone, while two had both the perichondrial grafting and a full thickness buccal mucosal graft. In all these dogs new cartilage was found as early as four weeks postoperative.
Closure of tympanic membrane perforations by the use of fat.
Authors: Ringenberg Jordan C.
Published: July 2007

Otologists have attempted to close tympanic membrane perforations for 300 years. It has been in the past 25 years that closure with autograft materials has been consistently successful. Homografts have been successful for the past 10 years.

One of the autograft materials, ear lobe fat, has been in use for the past 15 years. Over this period 65 patients have been reviewed.

This report reviews the literature, explains the technique and summarizes the results as to hearing, graft mobility and graft survival
Multiple congenital hemangiopericytomas of the head and neck
Authors: Seibert Joanna J. , Seibert Robert W. , Weisenburger Dennis S. , Allsbrook William
Published: July 2007

Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor arising from contractile cells, the pericyte of Zimmermann. The neoplasms most frequently involve deep musculature; however, 16% occur in the head and neck region. The case presented here represents the rare occurrence of multiple congenital hemangiopericytoma of the head and neck.

In older patients, these rather poorly differentiated tumors recur locally after excision in 50%–80% of cases depending on the organ site involved. Distant metastasis to lung or bone may follow. Congenital hemangiopericytomas appear to follow a more benign clinical course, possibly due to a more superficial location and a tendency to transform into hemangioendotheliomas. Recommended treatment is wide local excision and long‐term follow‐up.
Neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Authors: Sato Fumihiko , Ogura Joseph H.
Published: July 2007

The authors have experimentally performed neurorrhaphy and its modifications and nerve grafting with end‐to‐end anastomosis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in dogs.

Recovery of a neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve resulted in the bizarre and spasmodic movement of the vocal cords. These effects were recorded by means of electromyography and 16 mm cinematography to demonstrate restoration of nerve muscle function and vocal cord movements.

From these results, it was concluded that these single modes were not adequate for restoration of laryngeal function, however, some specific attention is given to a few trophic changes of the affected muscles after a period of ten months postoperative.
Disclosure in Scottish Criminal Procedure: Another Step in an Inquisitorial Direction?
Authors: Duff Peter
Published: July 2007

This article describes the recent development of a common law doctrine of disclosure in Scottish criminal procedure when, as little as 10 years ago, the prosecution had no legal duty to disclose any information to the defence prior to trial. Further, it is argued that this transformation has the potential to move the Scottish criminal justice system further from its adversarial base towards a more inquisitorial model.
The Exclusion of Improperly Obtained Evidence in Greece: Putting Constitutional Rights First
Authors: Giannoulopoulos Dimitrios
Published: July 2007

In contrast with England and Wales, where there is a discretion to exclude improperly obtained evidence, exclusion in Greece is automatic. Article 177 para. 2 of the Code of Penal Procedure mandates that evidence obtained by the commission of criminal offences is not taken into consideration. In addition, article 19 para. 3 of the Constitution prohibits the use of evidence obtained in violation of the right to privacy. Inspired by the rigidity of these exclusionary rules, the rights-centred approach that they reflect and the context of a constitutional criminal procedure within which they apply, this article sheds light on the protection of constitutional rights as a rationale for the exclusion of improperly obtained evidence. It does so against the background of the reliability-centred exclusionary doctrine in England.
The Importance of Spirituality in the Relationship between Psychological Contract Violation and Cynicism in the Nigeria Police
Authors: Adebayo D. O. , Akanmode J. A. , Udegbe I. B.
Published: July 2007

This article discusses a study conducted by the authors at Ekiti State Police Command between June and July in 2006, which examines the importance of spirituality in the relationship between perceived psychological contract violation (PCV) and cynicism among a sample of the rank and file of the Nigeria police. A total of 248 participants took part in the cross-sectional survey. Results of the moderated hierarchical regression analysis provided supportfor spirituality as a moderated variable in the relationship between perceived PVC and cynicism. However, this pattern of result was significant only among female participants and not among males. In other words, as perceived PCV increased, females with moderate to high levels of spirituality were less cynical than those with a low level of spirituality. These findings were anchored on a sound theoretical basis that is set out in the article, and the survey's practical implications for the management of PCV and spiritual training for the Nigeria police are discussed.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Explosives for Security Applications Using Broadband Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy
Authors: Fan W. H. , Burnett A. , Upadhya P. C. , Cunningham J. , Linfield E. H. , Davies A. G.
Published: July 2007

Broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has been used to measure the far-infrared (FIR) vibrational spectra of several commonly used pure explosives, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 1,3-dinitrato-2,2-bis(nitratomethyl)-propane (PETN), and two types of plastic explosive, SEMTEX and SX2. A number of distinct absorption peaks, originating from FIR-active vibrational modes of these polycrystalline energetic materials, were observed in the frequency range 0.3–7.5 THz (10–250 cm−1). In addition, the temperature-dependent FIR vibrational spectra of PETN were measured between 4 K and 296 K with several well-resolved absorption peaks observed across this temperature range. We find that as the temperature is reduced, the observed absorption peaks resolve into narrower features and shift towards higher frequencies. The temperature dependence of the spectra is explained in terms of the anharmonicity of the vibrational potentials of crystalline compounds, and an empirical fit is given to describe the peak shift with temperature.
Piecewise Polynomial Dielectric Function Model and its Application for the Retrieval of Optical Functions
Authors: De Sousa Meneses Domingos , Rousseau Benoit , Echegut Patrick , Matzen Guy
Published: July 2007

A new expression of dielectric function model based on piecewise polynomials is introduced. Its association with spline and more recent shape preserving interpolation algorithms allows easy reproduction of every kind of experimental spectra and thus retrieval of all the linear optical functions of a material. Based on a pure mathematical framework, the expression of the model is always applicable and does not necessitate any knowledge of the microscopic mechanisms of absorption responsible for the optical response. The potential of piecewise polynomial dielectric functions is shown through synthetic examples and the analysis of experimental spectra.
Planar Fiber-Optic Chips for Broadband Spectroscopic Interrogation of Thin Films
Authors: Beam Brooke M. , Shallcross R. Clayton , Jang Jinuk , Armstrong Neal R. , Mendes Sergio B.
Published: July 2007

A planar fiber-optic chip (FOC) has been developed using side-polished optical fibers and characterized for broadband absorbance and fluorescence detection of molecular films. FOC technology combines the sensitivity of an attenuated total reflection (ATR) element with the ease of use of fiber-optic-based spectrometers and light sources to create an improved platform for spectroscopic analysis of molecular adsorbates. A multi-mode optical fiber (core diameter = 50 μm, numerical aperture = 0.22, stepped refractive index profile) mounted in a glass V-groove block was side-polished to create a planar platform that allows access to the evanescent field escaping from the fiber core. For this generation of FOC technology, the exposed evanescent field has an interaction length of approximately 17.2 mm. The FOC platform was independently characterized through measurements of thin-film and bulk absorbing samples. The device performance was compared to the existing ATR technology and methods for increasing sensitivity of the FOC were investigated and validated. Additionally, we have demonstrated the ability of the FOC to both evanescently excite and collect fluorescence through guided modes of the optical fiber for a surface-confined luminescent semiconductor nanoparticle film (4 nm diameter, ligand capped, CdSe core). The FOC described here with a supported planar interface can facilitate the use of conventional planar deposition technologies and provide a robust planar platform that is amenable for incorporation into various sensor technologies.
In Vivo Raman Study of the Living Rat Esophagus and Stomach Using a Micro-Raman Probe under an Endoscope
Authors: Hattori Yusuke , Komachi Yuichi , Asakura Toru , Shimosegawa Toru , Kanai Gen-Ichi , Tashiro Hideo , Sato Hidetoshi
Published: July 2007

A small endoscope system equipped with a micro Raman probe is developed for in vivo Raman measurements in living rats. The measurements are done under anesthesia and artificial respiration to minimize the impact on the rats. Raman spectra of living rat esophagus and stomach are successfully measured. Our results suggest that the Raman spectra reflect subsurface tissue structure that cannot be distinguished in the endoscope image. After the experiments, rats recover without any aftereffects. It is verified that the Raman measurement using the present system is safe and noninvasive for rats.