bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convalescent Plasma Treatment Reduced Mortality in Patients With Severe Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection
Authors: Hung Ivan FN , To Kelvin KW , Lee Cheuk-Kwong , Lee Kar-Lung , Chan Kenny , Yan Wing-Wah , Liu Raymond , Watt Chi-Leung , Chan Wai-Ming , Lai Kang-Yiu , Koo Chi-Kwan , Buckley Tom , Chow Fu-Loi , Wong Kwan-Keung , Chan Hok-Sum , Ching Chi-Keung , Tang Bone SF , Lau Candy CY , Li Iris WS , Liu Shao-Haei , Chan Kwok-Hung , Lin Che-Kit , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: January 2011

Background. Experience from treating patients with Spanish influenza and influenza A(H5N1) suggested that convalescent plasma therapy might be beneficial. However, its efficacy in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1 2009) infection remained unknown.

Methods. During the period from 1 September 2009 through 30 June 2010, we conducted a prospective cohort study by recruiting patients aged ≥18 years with severe H1N1 2009 infection requiring intensive care. Patients were offered treatment with convalescent plasma with a neutralizing antibody titer of ≥1:160, harvested by apheresis from patients recovering from H1N1 2009 infection. Clinical outcome was compared with that of patients who declined plasma treatment as the untreated controls.

Results. Ninety-three patients with severe H1N1 2009 infection requiring intensive care were recruited. Twenty patients (21.5%) received plasma treatment. The treatment and control groups were matched by age, sex, and disease severity scores. Mortality in the treatment group was significantly lower than in the nontreatment group (20.0% vs 54.8%; P =  .01). Multivariate analysis showed that plasma treatment reduced mortality (odds ratio [OR], .20; 95% confidence interval [CI], .06-.69; P =  .011), whereas complication of acute renal failure was independently associated with death (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.15-12.4; P =  .028). Subgroup analysis of 44 patients with serial respiratory tract viral load and cytokine level demonstrated that plasma treatment was associated with significantly lower day 3, 5, and 7 viral load, compared with the control group (P <  .05). The corresponding temporal levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor α (P <  .05) were also lower in the treatment group.

Conclusions. Treatment of severe H1N1 2009 infection with convalescent plasma reduced respiratory tract viral load, serum cytokine response, and mortality.
Reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses in African wild birds
Authors: Snoeck Chantal J. , Adeyanju Adeniyi T. , De Landtsheer Sébastien , Ottosson Ulf , Manu Shiiwua , Hagemeijer Ward , Mundkur Taej , Muller Claude P.
Published: January 2011

To investigate the presence and persistence of avian influenza virus in African birds, we monitored avian influenza in wild and domestic birds in two different regions in Nigeria. We found low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses in three spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all of the genes, except the non-structural (NS) genes, of the LPAI H5N2 viruses were more closely related to genes recently found in wild and domestic birds in Europe. The NS genes formed a sister group to South African and Zambian NS genes. This suggested that the Nigerian LPAI H5N2 viruses found in wild birds were reassortants exhibiting an NS gene that circulated for at least 7 years in African birds and is part of the African influenza gene pool, and genes that were more recently introduced into Africa from Eurasia, most probably by intercontinental migratory birds. Interestingly the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes formed a sister branch to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 strains found in the same wild bird species in the same wetland only 1 year earlier. However, they were not the closest known relatives of each other, suggesting that their presence in the wetland resulted from two separate introductions. The presence of LPAI H5N2 in wild birds in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, where wild birds and poultry occasionally mix, provides ample opportunity for infection across species boundaries, with the potential risk of generating HPAI viruses after extensive circulation in poultry.
Coexpression-Based Clustering of Arabidopsis Root Genes Predicts Functional Modules in Early Phosphate Deficiency Signaling
Authors: Lin Wen-Dar , Liao Ya-Yun , Yang Thomas J.W. , Pan Chao-Yu , Buckhout Thomas J. , Schmidt Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

Phosphate (Pi) deficiency triggers the differential expression of a large set of genes, which communally adapt the plant to low Pi bioavailability. To infer functional modules in early transcriptional responses to Pi deficiency, we conducted time-course microarray experiments and subsequent coexpression-based clustering of Pi-responsive genes by pairwise comparison of genes against a customized database. Three major clusters, enriched in genes putatively functioning in transcriptional regulation, root hair formation, and developmental adaptations, were predicted from this analysis. Validation of gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that transcripts from randomly selected genes were robustly induced within the first hour after transfer to Pi-deplete medium. Pectin-related processes were among the earliest and most robust responses to Pi deficiency, indicating that cell wall alterations are critical in the early transcriptional response to Pi deficiency. Phenotypical analysis of homozygous mutants defective in the expression of genes from the root hair cluster revealed eight novel genes involved in Pi deficiency-induced root hair elongation. The plants responded rapidly to Pi deficiency by the induction of a subset of transcription factors, followed by a repression of genes involved in cell wall alterations. The combined results provide a novel, integrated view at a systems level of the root responses that acclimate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to suboptimal Pi levels.
Development of an automated MODS plate reader to detect early growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: COMINA G. , MENDOZA D. , VELAZCO A. , CORONEL J. , SHEEN P. , GILMAN R.H. , MOORE D.A.J. , ZIMIC M.
Published: January 2011

In this work, an automated microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) plate reader has been developed. The reader automatically handles MODS plates and after autofocussing digital images are acquired of the characteristic microscopic cording structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are the identification method utilized in the MODS technique to detect tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis. In conventional MODS, trained technicians manually move the MODS plate on the stage of an inverted microscope while trying to locate and focus upon the characteristic microscopic cording colonies. In centres with high tuberculosis diagnostic demand, sufficient time may not be available to adequately examine all cultures. An automated reader would reduce labour time and the handling of M. tuberculosis cultures by laboratory personnel. Two hundred MODS culture images (100 from tuberculosis positive and 100 from tuberculosis negative sputum samples confirmed by a standard MODS reading using a commercial microscope) were acquired randomly using the automated MODS plate reader. A specialist analysed these digital images with the help of a personal computer and designated them as M. tuberculosis present or absent. The specialist considered four images insufficiently clear to permit a definitive reading. The readings from the 196 valid images resulted in a 100% agreement with the conventional nonautomated standard reading. The automated MODS plate reader combined with open‐source MODS pattern recognition software provides a novel platform for high throughput automated tuberculosis diagnosis.
San‐Huang‐Xie‐Xin‐Tang extract suppresses hepatitis C virus replication and virus‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 expression
Authors: Lee J.‐C. , Tseng C.‐k. , Wu S.‐F. , Chang F.‐R. , Chiu C.‐C. , Wu Y.‐C.
Published: January 2011

Summary. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronic inflammation of liver, which leads to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of severe side effects and only a 50–70% cure rate in genotype 1 HCV‐infected patients upon current standard treatment with pegylated interferon‐α plus ribavirin, new therapeutic regimens are still needed. San‐Huang‐Xie‐Xin‐Tang (SHXT) is a transitional Chinese herbal formula, composed ofRhei rhizoma,Scutellaria radixandCoptidis rhizome, and possesses anti‐inflammatory effect. Here, we describe a (+)‐catechin‐containing fraction extracted from SHXT, referred as SHXT‐frC, exhibited effective inhibition of HCV replication, with selectivity index value (SI; CC50/EC50) of 84, and displayed synergistic anti‐HCV effects when combined with interferon‐α, HCV protease inhibitor telaprevir or polymerase inhibitor 2′‐C‐methylcytidine. The activation of factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) signalling pathway has particular relevance to HCV‐associated HCC. SHXT‐frC treatment also caused a concentration‐dependent decrease in the induction of COX‐2 and NF‐κB expression caused by either HCV replication or HCV NS5A protein. Collectively, SHXT‐frC could be an adjuvant treatment for patients with HCV‐induced liver diseases.
Making red squirrels more visible: the use of baited visual counts to monitor populations
Authors: GURNELL John , MCDONALD Robbie , LURZ Peter W. W.
Published: January 2011

Understanding changes in the distribution and abundance of the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris in Europe, as a result of the spread of the introduced North American grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, is vital to planning and implementing red squirrel conservation measures. We studied the effectiveness of a variation on a common method of monitoring squirrels, standardised visual counts that made use of a diffuse baiting approach to increase their detectability. Significantly more sightings of squirrels occurred on baited than on unbaited visual transect lines in trials with the assistance of volunteers, and we recommend the use of baits in future studies.
Developing a holistic approach to obesity management
Authors: Brown Jenny , Wimpenny Peter
Published: January 2011

Brown J, Wimpenny P. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 9–18

Developing a holistic approach to obesity management

The aim of this paper is to discuss the theoretical background and relevance of a holistic approach to obesity management by nurses. There is a global rise in the number of people with obesity, such that it now represents one of the major health challenges. However, nurses are often influenced by physical and dietetic focused approaches and could fail to acknowledge a range of other factors that can impact on weight management. As part of the development of a holistic approach to obesity a literature search was undertaken to establish relevant theoretical perspectives that underpin practice in physical, psychological and social aspects of care (focused on the period 1995–2005). In addition, experiences of working in a secondary care weight management clinic were also drawn upon. Psychobiological, attribution and social support theories were identified that could contribute to a better understanding of obesity. If these theoretical perspectives and supporting evidence can be integrated in a holistic approach to care and management it might be possible to promote better health and well‐being in those with obesity. Creating a greater understanding of the range of theoretical perspectives and supporting evidence related to obesity could, it is argued, provide enhanced care and management.
The changes in health‐related quality of life and related factors during the process of total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Montin Liisa , Suominen Tarja , Haaranen Ella , Katajisto Jouko , Lepistö Jyri , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: January 2011

Montin L, Suominen T, Haaranen E, Katajisto J, Lepistö J, Leino‐Kilpi H. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 19–26

The changes in health‐related quality of life and related factors during the process of total hip arthroplasty

This study was carried out to measure changes in health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients (n = 100) undergoing total hip arthoplasty. The Sickness Impact Profile was used to measure patients' dysfunctions in 12 different categories post surgery. Improvement was observed in each category and dimension already at 3 months and at 6 months. Preoperative pain showed a statistically significant although declining correlation both with total, and with Physical and the Psychosocial dimensions of HRQOL. The greatest improvements were found in the categories Body Care and Movement, Ambulation, Alertness Behaviour, Social Interaction, Recreation and Pastimes and in Sleep and Rest. Patients' pain decreased, and 72% reported no pain at 6 months post the surgery. Patients' perceptions of their pain should be gathered carefully when deciding the need and timing for the surgery in order to minimize impairments into HRQOL.
Living a meaningful life with chronic pain from a nursing perspective. Narrative approach to a case story
Authors: Dysvik Elin , Sommerseth Rita , Jacobsen Frode F
Published: January 2011

Dysvik E, Sommerseth R, Jacobsen FF. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 36–42

Living a meaningful life with chronic pain from a nursing perspective. Narrative approach to a case story

This paper is a case story discussing the experience of chronic pain from the perspective of the sufferer and suggests ways of improving the use of this perspective in nursing care. A narrative approach is adopted and the analysis was based on content analysis. A condensation of meaning‐units revealed a variation in subthemes: the body in pain, striving to preserve self and self‐fulfilment. The extent to which living a meaningful life is possible seems to depend on several complex factors, including a person's belief system, life experiences, personal resources, the meaning of pain and the extent to which nurses understand the overall situation. This story might indicate that nociceptive pain can be less important than pain that reduces long‐term life quality. A better understanding of living with chronic pain based on cognitive–behavioural techniques could be linked to the information drawn from the narrative and used to improve nursing practice.
Sequential therapy in clarithromycin‐sensitive and ‐resistant Helicobacter pylori based on polymerase chain reaction molecular test
Authors: Mahachai Varocha , Sirimontaporn Nathavut , Tumwasorn Somying , Thong‐Ngam Duangporn , Vilaichone Ratha‐Korn
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  The present study was designed to determine the eradication rate of 10 day sequential therapy in genotypic clarithromycin‐resistant Helicobacter pylori group identified by molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection in Thai patients.

Methods:  Between May 2007 and June 2010, patients who had undergone gastroscopic examination at the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, for dyspeptic symptoms were recruited. Two biopsy samples from gastric antrum were obtained, one for rapid urease test and another for PCR. PCR‐sequencing was performed to determine point mutations in 23S rRNA gene. Patients received 10 day sequential therapy consisting of lanzoprazole 30 mg and amoxicillin 1 g twice daily for 5 days followed by lanzoprazole 30 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and nitroimidazole 500 mg twice daily for the remaining 5 days. Urea breath test (UBT) was performed to assess eradication therapy.

Results:  A total of 151 patients (mean age 52.7 years, 75 males and 76 females) were recruited in this study. All patients completed sequential therapy without significant side effects. Point mutations at A2143G and A2142G were detected in 17 patients (11.3%). Overall eradication rate was 94%. The eradication rate in the group with point mutation was significantly lower than the eradication rate in the group without point mutation (64.7% vs 97.8%; odds ratio = 19.6 and 95% confidence interval = 4.3–88.8; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:  Genotypic clarithromycin resistance was detected in only 11.3% of H. pylori infections in Thailand. Sequential therapy is highly effective in clarithromycin‐sensitive but is less effective in clarithromycin‐resistant H. pylori. PCR‐molecular test could be a useful tool to identify antimicrobial resistance for optimizing an eradication regimen.
Metformin associated with lower mortality in diabetic patients with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Chen Tsung‐Ming , Lin Chun‐Che , Huang Pi‐Teh , Wen Chen‐Fan
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cancer development and mortality. However, antidiabetic treatment with metformin can reduce the risk of cancer. We studied whether metformin users among diabetic patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) would have a favorable survival compared with those without metformin treatment.

Methods:  A total of 135 patients with early stage HCC having 162 tumors underwent RFA. Among them, 53 patients were diabetic, including 21 metformin users and 32 patients without metformin treatment.

Results:  Diabetic patients had an inferior survival rate compared with nondiabetic patients (1 year, 82.8% vs 93.9%; 3 years, 55.1% vs 80.2%; 5 years, 41.3% vs 64.7%; P = 0.004). With regards to antidiabetic treatments, metformin users had better survival outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07–0.80; P = 0.020) compared to patients without metformin treatment after adjustments for potential confounders. Sulfonylureas and insulin exposures did not achieve significant conclusions. For the whole studied population including nondiabetic and diabetic patients, the multivariate analysis revealed that maximum tumor size more than 2.5 cm (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.74–6.99; P < 0.001) and diabetic patients without metformin treatment (HR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.67–6.71, P = 0.001) were independent explanatory variables associated with unfavorable survival.

Conclusions:  Metformin users among diabetic patients with HCC undergoing RFA had a favorable overall survival compared with patients without metformin treatment.
Familial Amyloidosis A Histopathological Study
Authors: Tanimura Akira , Cho Takanori , Shinohara Yasuyuki , Yamaguchi Tatsuo , Nakashima Akihiko , Okuzono Hiroji , Kurinami Shigeru , Kitsu Takashi
Published: January 2011

Four autopsy cases of familial amyloidosis were reported. The ages of the patients ranged from 37 to 51 years consisting of 3 males and 1 female. They all complained of neurological symptoms.

Histologically, amyloid deposition in familial amyloidosis was different in site and grade from that of other types of amyloidosis, showing heavy deposition in nervous and endocrine system but no differences were found referring to deposition in other tissues. Electronmicroscopically, the peripheral nervous tissue was examined and amyloid fibrils were found to be deposited massively in interstices of nerve fiber.
Primary Malignant Lymphoma of The Breast With a Review of 73 Cases among Japanese Subjects
Authors: Tanaka Toshio , Hsueh Chao Liang , Hayashi Keiki , Awai Michiyasu , Nishihara Ko‐ici , Konaga Eiji , Ichikawa Jun‐ichi , Orita Kunzo
Published: January 2011

We report a case of a 71‐year‐old female with primary malignant lymphoma of the breast. The patient noticed a lump in the right breast approximately six years prior to consultation to the Surgical Department because of a rapid growth of the lump, and had no other tumors noticed throughout the body during that period. Histology proved the case to be a “reticulum cell sarcoma” (large cell type) producing IgM in the tumor cells, idstead of a breast carcinoma as clinically diagnosed. At the same time, a total of 73 cases of mammary malignant lymphoma among Japanese subjects were reviewed. The criteria for primary or secondary malignant lymphoma of the breast, and histological diagnosis and pathogenesis of the primary breast malignant lymphoma were discussed.
Central Pontine Myelinolysis With Extrapontine Lesions
Authors: Oda Yoshio , Okada Yasunori , Nakanishi Isao , Kajikawa Kinichiro , Kita Toru , Hirose Genjiro , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: January 2011

An autopsy case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) was reported. The patient, a 48‐year‐old man, with a long history of alcoholic intake appeared in a hospital with the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis and the neurologic symptoms of delirium tremens. During the hospital course he fell into “locked in” with concomitant development of marked hyponatremia (92 mEq/l). An autopsy revealed typical CPM and the extra‐pontine myelinolytic lesions distributed symmetrically in the thalami, subthalamic nuclei, and lateral geniculate bodies. Spongiosis was also found in the deep layer of the cerebral cortex and in the putamen. It was suggested that CPM occur in close association with marked hyponatremia and the extrapontine involvement be likely to manifest in the deep layer of the cerebral cortex, putamen, thalamus, and lateral geniculate body, where the myelin cylinders form an interlacing network embedding large neurons and oligodendrocytes.
Histochemical Amd Electron Microscopic Studies Of Intercellular Matrices Of Papilloma Induced By Painting Dmba On The Skin Of Mice
Authors: Okada Masaaki , Seto Toshio , Chiba Tanetaka , Yoshida Masahiko , Sobue Mitsuko , Nakashima Nobuo , Takeuchi Jun
Published: January 2011

The localization and distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in papilloma tissue which was introduced by painting DMBA on the back skin of ICR mice were observed by light and electron microscopy. GAG consisting mainly of hyaluronic acid could be detected histochemically on the cell surface and extracellular matrices of the basal layer of the papilloma, but it could not be observed in the non‐neoplastic epidermis. After incubation of tissue segments in a medium containing 35SO4, an autoradiograph was made, and 35S‐radioactivity was observed in the interface between the papilloma epidermis and dermis. Ultrastructurally, the cell surface of keratinocytes in the basal layer of the papilloma was stained intensely with ruthenium red. A cell line was obtained from the papilloma, and GAG could be demonstrated on the cell surface and in the intercellular matrix of the cultivated keratinocytes by treatment with hyaluronidase. The significance of GAG in the proliferating squamous cells was discussed. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 499–506, 1984.
Clinico‐Pathological Study Of Gastric Cancers In The Greater Curvature
Authors: Yamagiwa Hiroshi , Yoshimura Hitoshi , Tomiyama Hiroki , Onishi Takehisa , Matsuzaki Osamu
Published: January 2011

The cases of gastric cancer in the greater curvature were 343 of 3,727, 9.2%, of which the early cancers were 62 of 1,060 cases or 5.9%. The average age of the patients with gastric cancer in this area was somewhat higher in comparison to that of all gastric cancers. In the early cancers of this area, the incidence of intestinal type cancers was rather frequent than that in the early cancers of the other areas. However, in the advanced cancers of this area, the incidence of diffuse type cancers was more frequent than that in the advanced cancers of the other areas. It should be considered that the difficulty of early diagnosis of cancer in the fundic gland area caused the discrepancy of the histological incidences of early and advanced cancers in the greater curvature. The incidence of early cancers with the size beyond 5 cm in diameter was 4.8% (15.5% in all early gastric cancers). Probably, the cancers in the greater curvature grow rapidly in comparison to those in the other areas. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34:519–527, 1984.
Ultrastructure Of Newly Formed Vessels In Thrombi Endothelium Formation In Human Umbilical Artery
Authors: Takagi Toshihiro , Leszczynski Dennis , Toda Takayoshi , Kummerow Fred , Nishimori Issei
Published: January 2011

Thrombi with newly formed vessels in thirteen human umbilical arteries were studied. Red blood cells formed masses which were covered by fibrin within twelve hours after birth. By the second day, the intima including endothelial cells was denuded. In the junctional area between the thrombi and the original intima on the sixth day, red blood cells were surrounded by endothelial‐like cells, which displayed junctional complexes and did not show any connection with intact endothelial cells. These cells also exhibited filaments with fusiform densities, suggesting a probable origin from vascular smooth muscle cells. Examination of older specimens indicated that these were precursor structures of functional capillaries found in mature thrombi. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 529–536, 1984.
Systemic Amyloidosis Associated With Factor X Deficiency
Authors: Shibuya Hiroyuki , Azumi Norio , Abe Fumihiko , Deno Masataka , Sakurama Shohki
Published: January 2011

An autopsy case of amyloidosis associated with factor X deficiency is reported. The patient showed a markedly decreased level of factor X (9% normal) and an extremely shortened half‐life of intravenously infused factor X. Amyloid deposition was present in most of the visceral organs with special involvement of the liver and spleen. The amyloid in this case was thought to be AL protein, since it was potassium‐permanganate‐resistent and a small amount of Bence Jones protein was detected after dimethyl sulfoxide therapy. Electron microscopic study revealed a typical appearance of amyloid fibrils radiating from invaginated cell membrane of Kupffer cells, which may indicate rather rapid turnover of the amyloid. Rapidity and severity of amyloid deposition, especially in the liver and spleen, may play an important role in the development of the factor X deficiency associated with systemic amyloidosis. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 639–647, 1984.
Extratubular efflux and nephropathy
Authors: Shigematsu Hidekazu , Murakami Shino , Akikusa Bunshiro
Published: January 2011

The extratubular efflux of periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) positive material is used as a histological indicator of intrarenal reflux, and correlation of the PAS positive material and interstitial as well as glomerular changes were analyzed in 114 surgical specimens consisting of renal calculi, hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, and others. (1) The incidence of extratubular efflux was apparently higher in the kidneys of hydronephrosis. (2) PAS positive material was seen not only in the interstitium but also flowed into the venous and lymphatic spaces. (3) Potent interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and larger amounts of PAS positive material were seen in the kidneys showing a moderate grade of hydronephrosis rather than renal calculi. (4) Global glomerular sclerosis was the most frequent glomerular lesion, and segmental sclerosis and crescentic epithelial reaction in a small number of glomeruli were also noted. These results imply that intrarenal reflux could play an important role in the development of various renal tissue injuries.

Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 715∼726, 1984.
Inhibitor of plasminogen activator in human arterial wall: II. Biochemical Characterization
Authors: Okamura Takashi , Nanno Shigeru , Sueishi Katsuo , Tanaka Kenzo
Published: January 2011

Fibrionlytic inhibitor was prepared from human aortas and some of its biochemical properties were investigated. The fibrinolytic inhibitor suppressed urokinase activity, but did not inhibit plasmin activity when assayed by fibrin plate method and synthetic fluorogenic substrate method. The urokinase inhibitor was a glycoprotein and migrated similar to α‐globulin upon fibrin‐agar electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration was approximately 98,000. The urokinase inhibitor was immunologically different from other known plasma protease inhibitors, such as α2‐plasmin inhibitor, α2‐macroglobulin, and α2‐antitrypsin. The interaction of urokinase with the inhibitor was dose‐dependent. Progressive inactivation of urokinase occurred by increasing time of incubation with the inhibitor at 37°C, and over 90% inhibition of urokinase required 30 min of incubation. The inhibitor of plasminogen activator in human aorta may be noteworthy in relation to thrombogenesis and atherogenesis.

Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 749∼757, 1984.
A study on the mesothelial cell kinetics in pleural effusions by dna cytophotometry and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine3
Authors: Isoda Kötarö , Kim Hojin , Hamamoto Yüji
Published: January 2011

On 34 samples of pleural fluid a cell kinetic study of mesothelial cells was carried out by Feulgen‐DNA cytophotometry and the autoradiographic estimation of 3H‐thymidine uptake. The generation time of mesothelial cells in malignant effusions was found to be shorter than in non‐malignant ones, though the cellular activity for both effusions was essentially the same. Furthermore, with the development of complicating pleuritis from the early stage to the fibrino‐fibrous stage, the appearance rate of 3H‐thymidine labeled and activated mesothelial cells in the DNA synthetic phase changed quite differently in both effusions. The differences were thought to be due to neoplastic invasion itself or inflammatory reactions to the neoplastic growth.

Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 775∼783, 1984.
Progeria with cardiac hypertrophy and review of 12 autopsy cases in the literature
Authors: Shozawa Takeshi , Sageshima Masato , Okada Eikichi
Published: January 2011

An autopsy of an 11 years 5 months old boy with progeria is presented. Hyaluronuria, low growth rate of skin fibroblasts, decreased number of T‐cells in lymphocyte subpopulation, increase of anti DNA antibody, and antibody for microsome of thyroid gland were detected clinically. He had suffered an attack of cerebral infarct and died of congestive cardiac failure. Pathologic findings were scleroderma‐like skin atrophy, moderate arteriosclerosis of the aorta and great arteries, severely narrowed coronary sclerosis with an extensive subendo‐cardial fibrosis, a large left cerebral infarct with pin‐holed stenosis of both internal carotid arteries, cortical atrophy of thymus, and atrophic lymph nodes. The cardiac muscle fibers were slightly hypertrophied and measured 15.5 ± 2.8 m̈ in diameter. Histologic findings suggest that increasing of collagen in the connective tissue may play an important role in progeria. Further study of metabolic disturbance in the connective tissue of progeria is necessary.

Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 797∼811, 1984.
Generalized neonatal herpes virus infection (cytomegalovirus or herpes virus type 1) comparative examination of loci attacked by two viruses3,4
Authors: Watanabe Kishichiro , Tanaka Junji , Hatano Motoichi , Nakanishi Isao , Mukai Mikio , Nishikawa Jiro , Hayashi Shigeru , Kimura Nobuaki
Published: January 2011

Two autopsy cases, a 5‐minute‐old male infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and a 10‐day‐old female infant with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infection, were presented. CMV antibody titer detectable by immunofluorescence (IF) technique was significantly high in the sera of both infant and mother in the CMV case. In another HSV‐1 case, we have succeeded in HSV‐1 isolation from autopsy liver and subsequent serological identification of the isolated virus, including a detection of high HSV‐1 antibody titer in the mother's serum by IF. On light and electron microscopes, these two cases respectively showed typical findings as the severest form of each viral infection. As one of the marked differences between the two cases, the thymus in the HSV‐1 case showed remarkable involution with a complete disappearance of thymic cortical lymphocytes. However, the CMV case exhibited an existence of intact thymus without viral injuries. Similar distinguishable differences between the two cases were observed also in the bone marrow. It additionally seems to be unique that cytomegalic inclusion bodies were disclosed fairly well in the submaxillary glands and rarely in the renal tubules even in the case with HSV‐1. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 847∼858, 1984.
Basal cell epithelioma occurring in an epidermal nevus
Authors: Taki Tadashi , Izawa Yohei , Usuda Toshikazu , Kozuka Sadao , Tsubone Mikio , Hoshino Munemitsu , Aoki Jiyuhji
Published: January 2011

An unusual case is presented of a thirty‐year‐old woman in whom basal cell epithelioma developed from a preexisting localized epidermal nevus in the scalp. The epidermal nevus was not associated with any abnormal pilosebaceous complexes. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 859∼862, 1984.
Primary nongestational choriocarcinoma of submental region
Authors: Sugano Isamu , Nagao Koichi , Kondo Yoichiro , Hatakeyama Yoji , Numata Tsutomu , Kohno Hisashi
Published: January 2011

A case of a 47−year‐old man with choriocarcinoma is reported. This case is quite unique in that the primary tumor presented in the submental region. Multiple remote metastases developed within a few weeks after the tumor extirpation, resulting in a fatal outcome. The neoplasm revealed the features of pure choriocarcinoma. By the immuno‐peroxydase method, it was demonstrated that both cyto‐ and syncytiotrophoblasts produced HCG. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 895∼900, 1984.
Pineocytoma Observation of an Autopsy Case by Electron Microscopy and Cell Markers
Authors: Okeda Riki , Song Shi‐Jong , Nakajima Takashi , Matsutani Masao
Published: January 2011

An autopsy case of a 69−year‐old female with pineocytoma was reported. The tumor showed neuronal differentiations, which were confirmed not only by light microscopy and electron microscopy, but also by a cell marker of neuron‐specific enolase. In addition, existence of astrocytes in the tumor which distributed sparsely was ascertained by electron microscopy and cell markers such as S−100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 911∼918, 1984.
Simultaneous occurrence of primary carcinoma and chondrosarcoma in the liver a case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Sonoda Takashi , Toyoshima Satoshi , Enjoji Munetomo , Kanematsu Takashi , Inokuchi Kiyoshi
Published: January 2011

We treated a 67−year‐old man with primary carcinoma and sarcoma arising from the different areas of the cirrhotic liver. Histologically the carcinoma was of hepatocellular origin and the sarcoma consisted mainly of poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells partly with a chondrosarcomatous component. Among nine similar cases reported in the literature, only one was a rhabdomyosarcoma and the others were described simply as of spindle cell variety without evidence of mesenchymal differentiation. In the present case, the sarcoma consisted of mesenchymal cells with distinctive areas of unequivocal chondrosarcoma. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 919∼924, 1984.
Malignant mesenchymoma of the esophagus
Authors: Haratake Joji , Jimi Atsuo , Horie Akio , Inokuma Taizoh , Ohno Masato
Published: January 2011

This is a case report of a malignant mesenchymoma of the esophagus in a 50−year‐old Japanese man. The tumor was a sessile polypoid mass showing a downward invasion limited to the submucosa of the esophagus. Histologically, the lesion contained rhabdomyosarcomatous and osteosarcomatous areas, in addition to an ill‐defined fibrosarcomatous element. In contrast with reports of carcinosarcoma up to the present, this tumor lacked any invasive lesion of an epithelial malignancy. The morphogenesis of these tumor groups was discussed from a hamartoblastomatous standpoint. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 925∼933, 1984.
Three‐Dimensional Observations By Scanning Electron Microscopy on the Blood Supply and Organization of Vasculature During Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats
Authors: Tsuda Hiroyuki , Tamano Seiko , Imaida Katsumi , Ohshima Masato , Kitahori Yoshiteru , Ito Nobuyuki
Published: January 2011

Three‐dimensional vascular changes in rats during hepatocarcinogenesis were studied by stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation of vascular casts of sinusoids by injecting resin from hepatic artery (red color) and portal vein (blue color). Neoplastic lesions were synchronously induced by injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) followed by feeding of 2‐acetylaminofluorene (2‐AAF) plus partial hepatectomy, then periodically killed for examination. At 6 weeks after DENA injection sinusoids of hyperplastic foci (HF) were filled with blue resin similar to surrounding tissue, then at 8 weeks some HF and hyperplastic nodules (HN) took up red resin leaving surrounding sinusoids blue. At 12 to 18 weeks, red HN became more discrete with obvious compression of surroundings but decreased their number whereas blue HN were not. Red HN had incomplete anastomosing sinusoids giving a coral‐like appearance. Spongy or cystic areas contained little or no resin, suggesting ischemic condition. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) at 40 weeks took exclusively arterial red resin forming irregularly shaped anastomosing sinusoids. These findings indicate that acquisition of arterial blood supply by HF may relate to their further development to persistent HN and HCC.
Clinico‐pathological Analysis of 125 Cases of Early Gastric Cancer (EGC)
Authors: Grigioni W.F. , D'errico A. , Milani M. , Villanacci V. , Avellini C. , Miglioli M. , Mattioli S. , Biasco G. , Barbara L. , Possati L.
Published: January 2011

The frequency and the pathological findings of 125 early gastric cancers (ECGs), and particularly of small and minute lesions, were evaluated in a retrospective study of 839 surgical specimens of gastric carcinoma. Sixty two ECGs were believed to have risen from gastric epithelium, 27 from areas of intestinal metaplasia, and 3 from cardio‐pyloric mucosa. The remaining lesions showed mixed histological patterns. The most frequent macroscopic type was IIc (24.8%) followed by IIb (16.8%), I (16.8%), and III (14.4%). In 63 cases (50.4%) the cancer was limited to the mucosa. In all specimens, and particularly in small and minute lesions, the surrounding mucosa was accurately analyzed to detect any lesion from which the cancer could have developed. Intestinal ECGs, especially if protruded, seem to arise from areas of intestinal metaplasia or of chronic atrophic gastritis. Rarely ECGs seem to stem from polypoid lesions both hyperplastic and adenomatous. On the contrary, most important seems to be the role of ulcerative lesions, since in 14 cases of our series, carcinomatous foci were observed within the regenerative epithelium covering the crater. No correlation was found between histologic type, size, staging, and frequency of node metastasis; this suggests the existence of ECGs with different biologic behaviour.
Monoclonal Igm‐Secreting Neoplasms Clinical and Morphologic Heterogeneity
Authors: Nakamine Hirokazu , Takenaka Toru , Nishino Eisei , Maeda Jiro , Nishihara Toru , Saito Koji , Yabumoto Mitsuo , Umemoto Masaaki , Masuyama Yoshiaki , Honda Hiroshi , Yamamoto Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2011

Two patients with monoclonal IgM‐secreting neoplasms are presented. Though both patients could be diagnosed as Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, the clinicopathologic features were quite contrastive. Most neoplastic cells in Case 1 showed lymphocytic morphology with rather leukemic process, while those in Case 2 were highly polymorphic with solid proliferation. The clinical and morphologic heterogeneity in these cases and cases in the literature is discussed, and the possible requirement to establish a system for the subclassification of IgM‐secreting neoplasms is insisted.
Atheromatous Embolization Report of Two Cases with Unusual Complications
Authors: Hanada Masato , Tokuda Ryozo , Ohnishi Yasunori , Takeuchi Naoji
Published: January 2011

Two cases of spontaneous atheromatous embolization associated with unusual complications are presented. One is an 85‐year‐old man who developed an acute abdomen and underwent a surgical resection of totally infarcted left‐sided colon. Histologically, multiple acute atheromatous emboli were found occluding the serosal and pericolic mesenteric arteries causing transmural necrosis of the involved portion of bowel. The other is an 80‐year‐old woman who had had a coronary heart disease, hypertension, and renal insufficiency, and terminally developed a rapid deterioration of renal function and melena. Postmortem examination showed a severely, ulcerated, aortic atherosclerosis and widespread, recurrent, atheromatous emboli in many abdominal organs with the resultant severe nephrosclerosis, gastrointestinal mucosal hemorrhagic necrosis, and multiple infarcts in the pancreas and spleen. In addition, there was focal cortical necrosis of the kidenys accompanied with glomerular capillary fibrin thrombi indicating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). These findings seen in the present two cases were briefly discussed in light of the previous pertinent literature.
Pain management in 100 episodes of severe mucositis in children
Authors: White Michelle C. , Hommers Clare , Parry Sarah , Stoddart Peter A
Published: January 2011

Objective:  We aimed to review the pain management in 100 episodes of severe mucositis in children and determine the incidence of associated side effects.

Background:  Mucositis is a painful, debilitating condition affecting the alimentary mucosa and occurs following many anticancer treatments. Severe pain associated with mucositis may necessitate reductions, delays or termination of anticancer therapy and so intravenous morphine, preferably by patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) is the treatment of choice.

Methods:  Retrospective review of consecutive episodes of mucositis in children requiring intravenous opioid analgesia over a 3‐year period (May 2006–April 2009).

Results:  In 24/92 (26%) of cases, morphine PCA provided insufficient pain relief and children required adjuvant ketamine therapy. These children had rapidly increasing morphine requirements approaching 1000 mcg/kg/day by day 2 (more than double compared with children on morphine alone), were more likely to be female, and tended to be older (median [IQR] age 12 [6–12] years vs 7 [3–14] years). The addition of ketamine to the morphine PCA appears to be associated with reduced morphine consumption, improved pain scores, causing minimal side effects and no hallucinations.

Conclusions:  Children with severe mucositis who have escalating morphine requirements may benefit from the addition of ketamine to their morphine PCA.
Mathematical Beauty and Perceptual Presence
Authors: van Gerwen Rob
Published: January 2011

This paper discusses the viability of claims of mathematical beauty, asking whether mathematical beauty, if indeed there is such a thing, should be conceived of as a sub‐variety of the more commonplace kinds of beauty: natural, artistic and human beauty; or, rather, as a substantive variety in its own right. If the latter, then, per the argument, it does not show itself in perceptual awareness – because perceptual presence is what characterises the commonplace kinds of beauty, and mathematical beauty is not among these. I conclude that the reference to mathematical beauty merely expresses the awe in the mathematician about the intricate complexities and simplicity of certain proofs, theorems or mathematical “objects.”
Imperfect Reasons and Rational Options
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: January 2011

Agents often face a choice of what to do. And it seems that, in most of these choice situations, the relevant reasons do not require performing some particular act, but instead permit performing any of numerous act alternatives. This is known as thebasic belief. Below, I argue that the best explanation for the basic belief is not that the relevant reasons are incommensurable (Raz) or that their justifying strength exceeds the requiring strength of opposing reasons (Gert), but that they areimperfect reasons—reasons that do not support performing any particular act, but instead support choosing any of the numerous alternatives that would each achieve the same worthy end. In the process, I develop and defend a novel theory of objective rationality, arguing that it is superior to its two most notable rivals.
What Tipper is Ready for: A Semantics for Incomplete Predicates
Authors: Gauker Christopher
Published: January 2011

This paper presents a precise semantics for incomplete predicates such as “ready”. Incomplete predicates have distinctive logical properties that a semantic theory needs to accommodate. For instance, “Tipper is ready” logically implies “Tipper is ready for something”, but “Tipper is ready for something” does not imply “Tipper is ready”. It is shown that several approaches to the semantics of incomplete predicates fail to accommodate these logical properties. The account offered here defines contexts as structures containing an element called a proposition set, which contains atomic propositions and negations of atomic propositions. The condition under which “Tipper is ready” is true in a context is defined in terms of the contents of the proposition set for the context. On this account, the content of the context pertinent to a conversation must be determined not by what speakers have in mind but by relations of objective relevance.
Did Kant Conflate the Necessary and the A Priori?
Authors: Stang Nicholas F.
Published: January 2011

It is commonly accepted by Kant scholars that Kant held that all necessary truths are a priori, and all a priori  knowledge is knowledge of necessary truths. Against the prevailing interpretation, I argue that Kant was agnostic as to whether necessity and a priority  are co‐extensive. I focus on three kinds of modality Kant implicitly distinguishes: formal possibility and necessity, empirical possibility and necessity, and noumenal possibility and necessity. Formal possibility is compatibility with the forms of experience; empirical possibility is compatibility with the causal powers of empirical objects; noumenal possibility is compatibility with the causal powers of things in themselves. Because we cannot know the causal powers of things in themselves, we cannot know what is noumenally necessary and what is noumenally contingent. Consequently, we cannot know whether noumenal necessity is co‐extensive with a priority. Therefore, for all we know, some a priori  propositions are noumenally contingent, and some a posteriori  propositions are noumenally necessary. Thus, contrary to the received interpretation, Kant distinguishes epistemological from metaphysical modality.
Can Counterfactuals Really Be about Possible Worlds?
Authors: Barker Stephen
Published: January 2011

The standard view about counterfactuals is that a counterfactual (A > C) is true if and only if the A‐worlds most similar to the actual world @ are C‐worlds. I argue that the worlds conception of counterfactuals is wrong. I assume that counterfactuals have non‐trivial truth‐values under physical determinism. I show that the possible‐worlds approach cannot explain many embeddings of the form (P > (Q > R)), which intuitively are perfectly assertable, and which must be true if the contingent falsity of (Q > R) is to be explained. If (P > (Q > R)) has a backtracking reading then the contingent facts that (Q > R) needs to be true in the closest P‐worlds are absent. If (P > (Q > R)) has a forwardtracking reading, then the laws required by (Q > R) to be true in the closest P‐worlds will be absent, because they are violated in those worlds. Solutions like lossy laws or denial of embedding won't work. The only approach to counterfactuals that explains the embedding is a pragmatic metalinguistic approach in which the whole idea that counterfactuals are about a modal reality, be it abstract or concrete, is given up.
Inertia, Optimism and Beauty
Authors: Hawley Patrick
Published: January 2011

The best arguments for the 1/3 answer to the Sleeping Beauty problem all require that when Beauty awakes on Monday she should be uncertain what day it is. I argue that this claim should be rejected, thereby clearing the way to accept the 1/2 solution.