bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved fuel moisture prediction in non-native tropical Megathyrsus maximus grasslands using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived vegetation indices
Authors: Ellsworth L. M. , Dale A. P. , Litton C. M. , Miura T.
Published: April 2017

The synergistic impacts of non-native grass invasion and frequent human-derived wildfires threaten endangered species, native ecosystems and developed land throughout the tropics. Fire behaviour models assist in fire prevention and management, but current models do not accurately predict fire in tropical ecosystems. Specifically, current models poorly predict fuel moisture, a key driver of fire behaviour. To address this limitation, we developed empirical models to predict fuel moisture in non-native tropical grasslands dominated by Megathyrsus maximus in Hawaii from Terra Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based vegetation indices. Best-performing MODIS-based predictive models for live fuel moisture included the two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Live fuel moisture models had modest (R2=0.46) predictive relationships, and outperformed the commonly used National Fire Danger Rating System (R2=0.37) and the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (R2=0.06). Dead fuel moisture was also best predicted by a model including EVI2 and NDVI, but predictive capacity was low (R2=0.19). Site-specific models improved model fit for live fuel moisture (R2=0.61), but limited extrapolation. Better predictions of fuel moisture will improve fire management in tropical ecosystems dominated by this widespread and problematic non-native grass.
Annual Movements of Acoustic‐Tagged White Sturgeon in the Lower Reaches of the Fraser River and its Tributaries
Authors: Robichaud David , English Karl K. , Nelson Troy C.
Published: April 2017

Details of the spatial ecology of White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, are needed for habitat conservation, assessments of impacts from spatially delimited threats, and refinement of abundance estimation methods. The abundance of threatened lower Fraser River White Sturgeon is assessed annually using a Bayesian, closed‐population, mark–recapture model. If individuals make prolonged departures from the lower Fraser River, either into marine waters or a tributary, the validity of the model's assumed closed population is questionable. There is also concern that fish might move far enough to be exposed to harvest in Puget Sound, Washington. From 2008 to 2012, White Sturgeon of various sizes were acoustically tagged in the Pitt River (n = 58) and in the lower reaches of the Fraser River (near Douglas Island, n = 52) to determine the timing, rate, and spatial extent of movements. Movements were monitored using acoustic receivers at 17 locations in the lowermost 92 km of the main‐stem Fraser River, three in the first 21 km of the Pitt River (a tributary to the lower Fraser River), and nine in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Travel speeds showed a strong skew toward slower movements (74% were <1 km/h) and did not differ significantly between upstream and downstream directions. On average, 33.2% of the sample was mobile (displacing ~13.4 km/month) and 66.8% was sedentary (displacing ~1.87 km/month). In general, White Sturgeon were significantly more sedentary during winter months and more mobile during spring and fall. Annual or seasonal migratory movements and patterns were observed for 73% of fish tracked. Repeated use of specific locations within the lower Pitt River during midwinter suggested White Sturgeon have a high fidelity for specific overwintering sites. Several of the tagged fish showed annual movements to the lowest reaches of the Fraser River for 1–3 months between May and September, although there was no direct evidence that they left the Fraser River and entered the Strait of Georgia. By contrast, there was strong evidence for extended and repeated movement into the lower Pitt River. Given that the lower Pitt River is outside the mark–recapture assessment area, our results suggest either that the area's boundaries need expansion, or alternative models should be considered for abundance estimations of lower Fraser River White Sturgeon.

Received September 7, 2016; accepted February 3, 2017 Published online April 27, 2017
Beliefs do not come in degrees
Authors: Moon Andrew
Published: April 2017

Philosophers commonly say that beliefs come indegrees(or that beliefs aregradedor that there arepartialbeliefs). Drawing from the literature, I make precise three arguments for this claim: an argument from degrees of confidence, an argument from degrees of firmness, and an argument from natural language. I show that they all fail. I also advance three arguments that beliefs do not come in degrees: an argument from natural language, an argument from intuition, and an argument from the metaphysics of degrees. On the basis of these arguments, I conclude that beliefs do not come in degrees.
Young skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading
Authors: Bélanger Nathalie N , Lee Michelle , Schotter Elizabeth R
Published: April 2017

Recently, Bélanger, Slattery, Mayberry and Rayner showed, using the moving-window paradigm, that profoundly deaf adults have a wider perceptual span during reading relative to hearing adults matched on reading level. This difference might be related to the fact that deaf adults allocate more visual attention to simple stimuli in the parafovea. Importantly, this reorganization of visual attention in deaf individuals is already manifesting in deaf children. This leads to questions about the time course of the emergence of an enhanced perceptual span (which is under attentional control) in young deaf readers. The present research addressed this question by comparing the perceptual spans of young deaf readers (age 7-15) and young hearing readers (age 7-15). Young deaf readers, like deaf adults, were found to have a wider perceptual span relative to their hearing peers matched on reading level, suggesting that strong and early reorganization of visual attention in deaf individuals goes beyond the processing of simple visual stimuli and emerges into more cognitively complex tasks, such as reading.
Positivstellensätze for noncommutative rational expressions
Authors: Pascoe J.
Published: April 2017

We derive some Positivstellensätze for noncommutative rational expressions from the Positivstellensätze for noncommutative polynomials. Specifically, we show that if a noncommutative rational expression is positive on a polynomially convex set, then there is an algebraic certificate witnessing that fact. As in the case of noncommutative polynomials, our results are nicer when we additionally assume positivity on a convex set, that is, we obtain a so-called “perfect Positivstellensatz” on convex sets.
Product Anosov diffeomorphisms and the two-sided limit shadowing property
Authors: Carvalho Bernardo
Published: April 2017

We characterize product Anosov diffeomorphisms in terms of the two-sided limit shadowing property. It is proved that an Anosov diffeomorphism is a product Anosov diffeomorphism if and only if any lift to the universal covering has the unique two-sided limit shadowing property. Then we introduce two maps in a suitable Banach space such that fixed points of these maps are related with shadowing orbits on the universal covering.
Proof of a conjecture of Klopsch-Voll on Weyl groups of type 𝐴
Authors: Brenti Francesco , Carnevale Angela
Published: April 2017

We prove a conjecture of Klopsch-Voll on the signed generating function of a new statistic on the quotients of the symmetric groups. As a consequence of our results we also prove a conjecture of Stasinski-Voll in type 

B
B

.
Integral points and orbits of endomorphisms on the projective plane
Authors: Levin Aaron , Yasufuku Yu
Published: April 2017

We analyze when integral points on the complement of a finite union of curves in

P

2

\mathbb {P}^2

are potentially dense. When the logarithmic Kodaira dimension

κ
¯

\bar {\kappa }

is

−
∞

-\infty

, we completely characterize the potential density of integral points in terms of the number of irreducible components at infinity and the number of multiple members in a pencil naturally associated to the surface. When

κ
¯

=
0

\bar {\kappa } = 0

, we prove that integral points are always potentially dense. The bulk of our analysis concerns the subtle case of

κ
¯

=
1

\bar {\kappa }=1

. We determine the potential density of integral points in a number of cases by incorporating the structure theory of affine surfaces and developing an arithmetic framework for studying integral points on surfaces fibered over curves.

We also prove, assuming Lang–Vojta’s conjecture, that an orbit under an endomorphism

ϕ
\phi

of

P

2

\mathbb {P}^2

can contain a Zariski-dense set of integral points only if there is a nontrivial completely invariant proper Zariski-closed subset of

P

2

\mathbb {P}^2

under

ϕ
\phi

. This may be viewed as a generalization of a result of Silverman on 

P

1

\mathbb {P}^1

.
Power and Feminist Agency in Capitalism
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: April 2017

This book provides answers for the questions of the when, who, how, and what of sociopolitical change and finds solutions to the dilemmas inherent in the idea of the political subject. It introduces the idea of the moment of the limit to theorize the moment when feminist agency is possible in late capitalist societies despite the ways in which power subordinates people. It introduces the idea of the political subject-in-outline to theorize the who of sociopolitical change, which challenges political and feminist thought that aims at giving up on the subject or theorizing it as a “constantly shifting” identity. Such a political subject moves within the tension of a certain coherence (the subject) necessary to effect change, and permanent openness (the outline) necessary to counter its exclusionary character. It shows that theory and practice are equally important tools of how people can change the world, and that they must conceptualize theory and practice as never finished, but rather as ongoing projects, to become transformative. It conceptualizes a new concept of suffering that envisions what spurs on social change in the bodily moment of suffering that tells people that things should be different. It also explains the ways in which the idea of the political subject-in-outline embraces the concept of the unconscious, and rejects the language of recognition. Finally, it shows that for theorizing a mediated relationship between oppositions, people must make the unconscious link of the working classes, women, racial, and sexual minorities to the negative pole conscious.
An informatics research agenda to support patient and family empowerment and engagement in care and recovery during and after hospitalization
Authors: Collins Sarah , Dykes Patricia , Bates David W , Couture Brittany , Rozenblum Ronen , Prey Jennifer , O’Reilly Kristin , Bourie Patricia Q , Dwyer Cindy , Greysen S Ryan , Smith Jeffery , Gropper Michael , Dalal Anuj K
Published: April 2017

As part of an interdisciplinary acute care patient portal task force with members from 10 academic medical centers and professional organizations, we held a national workshop with 71 attendees representing over 30 health systems, professional organizations, and technology companies. Our consensus approach identified 7 key sociotechnical and evaluation research focus areas related to the consumption and capture of information from patients, care partners (eg, family, friends), and clinicians through portals in the acute and post-acute care settings. The 7 research areas were: (1) standards, (2) privacy and security, (3) user-centered design, (4) implementation, (5) data and content, (6) clinical decision support, and (7) measurement. Patient portals are not yet in routine use in the acute and post-acute setting, and research focused on the identified domains should increase the likelihood that they will deliver benefit, especially as there are differences between needs in acute and post-acute care compared to the ambulatory setting.
DDO 161 and UGCA 319: an isolated pair of nearby dwarf galaxies
Authors: Karachentsev I. D. , Makarova L. N. , Tully R. B. , Rizzi L. , Karachentseva V. E. , Shaya E. J.
Published: April 2017

We report Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys observations of two nearby gas-rich dwarf galaxies: DDO 161 and UGCA 319. Their distances determined via the tip of the red giant branch are $6.03_{-0.21}^{+0.29}$ and 5.75 ± 0.18 Mpc, respectively. The galaxies form an isolated pair dynamically well separated from the nearest neighbours: KK 176 (7.28 ± 0.29 Mpc) and NGC 5068 (5.16 ± 0.21 Mpc). All four galaxies have a bulk spatial peculiar velocity towards the Virgo cluster of ∼158 ± 17 km s−1 in the Local Group rest frame and ∼330 km s−1 with respect to the cluster centre.
The origin of the possible massive black hole in the progenitor system of iPTF13bvn
Authors: Hirai Ryosuke
Published: April 2017

This letter complements a formation scenario of the progenitor of the supernova iPTF13bvn proposed by Hirai. Although the scenario was successful in reproducing various observational features of the explosion and pre-explosion photometry by assuming that the progenitor had a relatively large black hole (BH) companion, it lacked an explanation for the origin of the BH itself. We now explore the possible evolutionary paths towards this binary with a relatively large BH companion. We found that the BH was probably produced by a very massive star that experienced common envelope evolution. According to our mesa stellar models, the primary mass should have been ${\gtrsim }70\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ to reproduce the required remnant mass and final separation. This indicates that iPTF13bvn was likely a rare case and normal Type Ib supernovae originate from different paths.
Novel modelling of ultracompact X-ray binary evolution – stable mass transfer from white dwarfs to neutron stars
Authors: Sengar Rahul , Tauris Thomas M. , Langer Norbert , Istrate Alina G.
Published: April 2017

Tight binaries of helium white dwarfs (He WDs) orbiting millisecond pulsars (MSPs) will eventually ‘merge’ due to gravitational damping of the orbit. The outcome has been predicted to be the production of long-lived ultracompact X-ray binaries (UCXBs), in which the WD transfers material to the accreting neutron star (NS). Here we present complete numerical computations, for the first time, of such stable mass transfer from a He WD to a NS. We have calculated a number of complete binary stellar evolution tracks, starting from pre-low-mass X-ray binary systems, and evolved these to detached MSP+WD systems and further on to UCXBs. The minimum orbital period is found to be as short as 5.6 min. We followed the subsequent widening of the systems until the donor stars become planets with a mass of ∼0.005 M⊙ after roughly a Hubble time. Our models are able to explain the properties of observed UCXBs with high helium abundances and we can identify these sources on the ascending or descending branch in a diagram displaying mass-transfer rate versus orbital period.
Constraining the mass of accreting black holes in ultraluminous X-ray sources with ultrafast outflows
Authors: Fiacconi Davide , Pinto Ciro , Walton Dominic J. , Fabian Andrew C.
Published: April 2017

The nature of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) – off-nuclear extragalactic sources with luminosity, assumed isotropic, ≳1039 erg s−1 – is still debated. One possibility is that ULXs are stellar black holes (BHs) accreting beyond the Eddington limit. This view has been recently reinforced by the discovery of ultrafast outflows at ∼0.1–0.2c in the high-resolution spectra of a handful of ULXs, as predicted by models of supercritical accretion discs. Under the assumption that ULXs are powered by super-Eddington accretion on to BHs, we use the properties of the observed outflows to self-consistently constrain their masses and accretion rates. We find masses ≲100 M⊙ and typical accretion rates ∼10−5 M⊙ yr−1, i.e. ≈10 times larger than the Eddington limit calculated with a radiative efficiency of 0.1. However, the emitted luminosity is only ≈10 per cent beyond the Eddington luminosity, because most of the energy released in the inner part of the accretion disc is used to accelerate the wind, which implies radiative efficiency ∼0.01. Our results are consistent with a formation model where ULXs are BH remnants of massive stars evolved in low-metallicity environments.
Terminal Illness
Authors: Bern-Klug Mercedes
Published: April 2017

Use of the term “terminal illness” has been waning in the literatures of the social and health sciences since the late 20th century, due in part to the increase in the number of medical treatment options available to attempt to postpone dying and death. It has become far more common to discuss the terminal phase of an illness rather than to refer to the illness itself as terminal. Use of the term “terminal phase” underscores the advancement of a disease process rather than a specific disease category. As explained in the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the Latin word “terminal” includes “end” and “boundary.” When the term is applied to illness, it refers to the final stage of a fatal disease (Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). Use of the broader term “end of life” (as a noun as well as an adjective) has been gaining traction since the late 20th century, and, with it, the understanding that part of the end-of-life experience for many people with advanced chronic illness includes the terminal phase of illness. Special thanks to Bhawana Koirala.
Technology, Human Relationships, and Human Interaction
Authors: Bullock Angela N. , Colvin Alex D.
Published: April 2017

The utilization of technology to create and maintain relationships among people has become commonplace. According to the Pew Research Center, the percentage of American adults who own a tablet computer increased from 3 percent in 2010 to 45 percent in 2015, and the percentage of American adults who own a cell phone increased from 53 percent in 2000 to 92 percent in 2015. Furthermore, in 2015, 76 percent of online adults used some type of social networking site, compared to 8 percent in 2005. Technology is often introduced into a social system with the stated intention of making life easier for people. As technology becomes more pervasive in everyday life, the assessment of technology’s presence in relationships and its impact on how humans interact with one another is an emerging area of study. There are many perspectives on the relationship between technology and human interactions and relationships. It is purported that the integration of technologies in everyday life can have profound effects on human relationships, in both positive and negative ways. More notably, technologies impact on or interfere with how individuals engage in interpersonal relationships, behave within relationships, and project feelings and meanings including displays of emotions and love. Essentially, the new technological landscape now connects to what it means to be human.
Terrorism and Hate Crime
Authors: Mills Colleen E. , Freilich Joshua , Chermak Steven
Published: April 2017

This article focuses on political crimes, specifically terrorism and hate crime. Both terrorism and hate crime are criminal activities that are often committed to further a political objective, as opposed to typical or regular crimes that are usually committed for personal reasons such as greed, revenge, or other personal motivations. Political motivations encompass ideological, social, and religious objectives. Several works (e.g., Bruce Hoffman’s Inside Terrorism; see Hoffman 2006, cited under Defining Terrorism and Hate Crime) examine the evolution of terrorism from ancient to modern times. While bias-motivated violence and hate crimes are just as old as terrorism, the United States did not formally adopt hate crime legislation, through the passage of a variety of substantive penalty enhancement and data collection laws, until the late 20th century. Making Hate a Crime (Jenness and Grattet 2004, cited under Defining Terrorism and Hate Crime) explores the history of hate crime legislation, highlighting how various civil rights and victims’ rights movements played a role in the passage of hate crime legislation. In the classic text Hate Crimes Revisited, Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt outline the history of hate crimes, explain why some persons are motivated to commit these crimes, and discuss efforts to combat them (Levin and McDevitt 2002, cited under Defining Terrorism and Hate Crime).
Women and the Book Trade
Authors: Smith Helen
Published: April 2017

Interest in women’s work in the Renaissance and Reformation book trades has been stimulated by the maturation of two important scholarly fields: the study of women’s literature and history, and the history of the book. Pettegree’s The Book in the Renaissance (Pettegree 2010, cited under General Overviews) exemplifies the ways in which recent scholarship has established the emergence of print as central to the production and articulation of national identity, religious reform, and international scholarly communities. The books and articles listed in the first half of this bibliography reveal much about women’s participation in the book trades across Europe and into the New World, but also make it clear that there is significant work still to be done, both in the form of individual, local, or national case studies, and in the form of ambitious comparative research. Seeking out the particularities of women’s engagement in the work of publication and with the products of the early modern book trade not only illuminates the operations of printing and bookselling in this period, but also pushes scholars to take a wide view of “publication” and of the role of consumers (purchasers, readers, and patrons) in shaping the print marketplace. The second half of this bibliography, largely but not wholly restricted to the English example, details important work on women and manuscript or scribal publication, how women entered into print and were presented (or presented themselves) as female authors, how print itself was imaginatively gendered, and women’s influence as buyers and readers.
Baltic Sea
Authors: Schnakenbourg Eric
Published: April 2017

In the Early Modern era, the Baltic Sea was called the Nordic Mediterranean because of its unique outlet on the high seas and its narrowness. Like its southern counterpart, the Baltic is at the crossroads of several peoples and cultures. Also like the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic had different populations on each of its shores, yet in another way facilitated relations and became a space for interconnections. Throughout its history, peoples from Scandinavia, Poland, Germany, Russia, and the Baltic lands developed not only all sorts of peaceful relations and exchanges, but also competed with each other in long-lasting rivalries or military confrontations. Between the 16th century and the first half of the 19th century, the Baltic region experienced dramatic internal and external changes resulting from its ever-growing connections with the rest of Europe. Baltic issues, however, did not have the same importance for all the surrounding countries: it was the only horizon for Sweden, which enjoyed sovereignty over Finland until 1809, and the main horizon for Denmark, which ruled Norway until 1814. For Scandinavians, the Baltic Sea was a necessary interface for various kinds of exchanges with the external world, whether regional neighbors or continental Europe. In one way or another, the history of the Swedish and Danish kingdoms is interwoven with the history of the Baltic. Scandinavians devoted great attention to this neighboring sea for their shipping and trade, as well as for their security and political influence. The situation is somewhat similar for the Baltic provinces (Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria), which were always under foreign rule, first Swedish then Russian, in the Early Modern period. On the other side of the sea, for the German states, the Polish Republic, and the Russian Empire, the Baltic was simply one theater of foreign policy among others, even though its importance changed over time according to the political or economic context. As for commerce, while during the Middle Ages the Baltic region traded with the rest of Europe, starting in the 16th century, the situation changed as the continental economy shifted from the Mediterranean to the northwest. European population growth and the development of long-distance shipping and commerce meant increasing needs for grain and naval stores. This created new demand for Baltic economic resources and products and for transporting those exports. Consequently, new international rivalries and struggles occurred in the Baltic. At first, these conflicts were among the regional countries, but increasingly the main European powers as well. The Baltic Sea then became an important theater for European international politics, and almost every continental war had a Baltic component. The history of the Baltic Sea from the 16th century to the middle of the 19th century must be considered from two perspectives: first, relations among the regional countries and peoples; and second, relations with the world outside the Baltic, whether foreign powers and regions or even other seas, for political, military, and trade matters.
Trinh T. Minh-ha
Authors: Goldfarb Yelizaveta
Published: April 2017

Born in Hanoi, Vietnam in 1952 and raised in Saigon Trinh T. Minh-ha received her schooling in music composition in Saigon before immigrating to the United States in 1970 for her higher education. In addition to her filmmaking, she composes music; creates multimedia installations, publishes on literary and film theory, feminism, and postcolonialism; and teaches at the University of California, Berkeley’s Gender and Women’s Studies Department. Trinh’s essay, literary, and theoretical work has been written about extensively by academics, and analysis of her films and her filmmaking has been greatly influential in visual ethnography studies. Trinh’s films also have been favored by postcolonial, feminist, and essay-film theorists, with some resistance from theorists of African postcolonialism for her outsider perspective and some resistance from feminism theorists for her participation in the very models of narrative and representation that she works to challenge. In opposition to these criticisms, many theorists have written defenses of Trinh’s work and process. Trinh herself has also given interviews and written essays that acknowledge that her work necessarily incites these criticisms. Trinh’s films take the form of ethnographic documentary, political documentary, essay film, and allegorical feature film, and they travel between Africa, Asia, and North America. In her work, she revisits themes of postcolonialism and neocolonialism, translation, multiplicity of identity, feminism, filmmaking itself, and, in more recent years, the digital turn. Trinh’s films emphasize process and ambiguity over direct message, and so her films tend to be formally essayistic, analyzing or thinking through subjects and theories as they are presented. In this way, her films have often been described by critics as genre crossing and hybrid. Like other female filmmakers who aim to garner some control over their image and their professional reception, Trinh has republished her creative work (as still images, scripts, and installation programs) and select interviews in several collections. These books also provide select bibliographies of reviews, additional interviews, and articles on Trinh’s work.
Palestinian Talmud/Yerushalmi
Authors: Moscovitz Leib
Published: April 2017

The Palestinian Talmud (“Talmud Yerushalmi” in Hebrew; henceforth PT), is a rabbinic compendium of Palestinian provenance from Late Antiquity on the Mishnah. PT is far more than a commentary since it contains independent discussions of Jewish law and thought, stories about rabbis and other types of narrative, and biblical exegesis of various sorts. PT serves as an important tool for scholarly analysis of the more familiar and widely studied Babylonian Talmud (BT); the traditions preserved in PT are often less subject to various types of editorial reworking than their BT counterparts and, as such, can be very helpful for studying the development of their BT parallels. Likewise, PT serves as an important source of information about the Palestinian rabbinic world in Late Antiquity. In traditional settings, PT played a certain role in the interpretation of BT and in the development of Jewish law during the medieval period, in addition to serving as an object of study in its own right, although its study was largely neglected due to textual and interpretative difficulties, which problematized its study both for academic scholars and traditional students. This article accordingly begins by surveying the principal tools for the study of PT and continues with a survey of text-critical and exegetical issues, followed by a survey of various redactional aspects of PT. (Most of this material is in Hebrew, and much of it is highly technical, so it may prove unsuitable for beginners.) The focus here is of course on PT per se, although responsible scholarship on PT necessitates analysis of the work in a number of broader contexts, such as the study of Jewish history in Late Antiquity and rabbinic literature in general; hence, the student of PT is advised to consult surveys of these topics as well.
Mindfulness at Work
Authors: Kay Adam A. , Masters-Waage Theodore C. , Skarlicki Daniel P.
Published: April 2017

Interest in mindfulness has grown rapidly in recent years. For the period 1986–1996 the number of hits for “mindfulness” in Google Scholar was 4,390. From 1997 to 2007 that number increased eight-fold to 35,300, and from 2008 to 2018 it increased by a factor of 35 to 155,000. In 2010, a peer-reviewed academic journal Mindfulness emerged devoted exclusively to the advancement of mindfulness theory, research, and clinical practice. Between 2014 and 2019 numerous handbooks on various aspects of mindfulness were published, and in October 2015 American Psychologist published a special issue on the topic. Neuroscientific evidence on the benefits of mindfulness meditation is rapidly growing as well, as canvassed by Gotink, et al. 2016 and Tang, et al. 2015. This increase in scholarly attention has been mirrored by a growing interest in mindfulness in society at large. Since the 1980s, the Western world has seen meditation and yoga rise from almost obscurity to a regular part of everyday life for many people, with the number of Americans who engage in such practices in 2012 estimated to be 9.5 percent. Mindfulness training has spread to the business world and is being offered by an increasingly wide array of Fortune 500 companies including Apple, Google, and General Motors, to name a few. In 2014 Time Magazine featured as its cover story the “Mindful Revolution.” Mindfulness has hit the mainstream. The purpose of this article is to review the key issues and findings in mindfulness research to date, with an emphasis on how it relates to management, organizational behavior, and industrial-organizational psychology. To place the discussion in context, we begin by reviewing definitions of mindfulness, as well as canvassing the historical context from which it has emerged. We then summarize some of the key findings of mindfulness research to date, organized by topic category. In the second half of the chapter, we review the rapidly expanding literature on mindfulness in the workplace, offer theoretical reasons in support of the findings, and highlight potential avenues of future research. We close with what we see as important research issues facing mindfulness scholars. Support for this article was received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada grant to the third author.
Nonverbal Communication in Work Contexts
Authors: Bonaccio Silvia , O'Reilly Jane , O'Sullivan Sharon , Li Yanhong
Published: April 2017

From using a firm handshake to make a strong first impression, to using a light touch on the shoulder to establish rapport with a new coworker, or sitting at the head of a table to convey authority in a meeting, nonverbal communication is highly relevant to organizational life. Nonverbal communication is communication that is not linguistic, that is, communication that does not rely on verbal language or words, whether the language is produced by the voice (e.g., American English) or by codified gestures (e.g., American Sign Language). Nonverbal communication is thus the transmission and reception of thoughts and feelings through nonverbal behavior. Nonverbal behaviors are often organized into nonverbal codes (see Codes of Nonverbal Communication), which is a classification of communication modalities. Specifically, body codes refer to communication through kinesics (body movement and facial expression), physical appearance, and oculesics (eye gaze and ocular expression). Sensory and contact codes encompass communicating through haptics (touch), vocalics (auditory properties of language, or how something is said), and olfactics (scent and smell). Spatiotemporal Codes include proxemics (communicating through the use of space), chronemics (the temporal aspect of communication), and the environment (communicating through the properties of one’s surroundings or artifacts). Nonverbal communication serves many different functions (see Functions of Nonverbal Behavior and Communication). In organizations the primary functions are Displaying Personal Attributes, Exercising Dominance and Establishing Hierarchy, Promoting Social Functioning, Fostering High-Quality Relationships, and Displaying Emotions. It is interesting to note that despite its relevance and the sustained interest on nonverbal behavior in the popular press, systematic attention to research on nonverbal communication in organizations has historically been lacking from the field of organizational behavior (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article in Management, “Organizational Behavior”). The research on nonverbal behavior and communication is marked by cross-disciplinary involvement, with researchers in communication, psychology, management and organization sciences, and gender studies, among others, all contributing to the field. This cross-disciplinary approach makes the field richer but also harder to grasp for those unfamiliar with this research. The citations in this article are chosen because they speak to readers interested in understanding how nonverbal behavior and communication can be relevant to management processes and organizational life. This article also offers citations relevant to methodological considerations (see Methodological Considerations) in the study of nonverbal behavior and communication.
Su Shi (Su Dongpo)
Authors: Ridgway Benjamin , Tomlonovic Kathleen
Published: April 2017

A bibliographic review of Su Shi, Su Shih 苏轼 (1037–1101), known also as Su Dongpo 苏东坡 or by his given name Su Zizhan 苏子瞻, must be multifaceted because, unlike Chinese figures who are known primarily for their poetry, he was recognized as a scholar-official whose literary works referenced earlier philosophical, literary, and historical writings. Furthermore, his vast network of contacts in Northern Song (960–1127) society, including political, religious, literary, and artistic figures, brought variety and erudition to his writings as well as innovation in the sister arts of poetry, calligraphy, and painting. This voluminous array has provided material for collators, printers, and publishers. In addition to his writings, events detailing service as a scholar-official for the Song court, factional disputes over governance, and times in exile have prompted compelling biographies and also diverse assessments of his life. His travels to more places in China than anyone before him have occasioned local accounts, regional pride, and the development of historical sites. Engagement with the Buddhist and Daoist traditions modified his Confucian beliefs and prompted complexity and depth in interpretations of his writings. The familial and literary relationship with father Su Xun 苏洵 and brother, Su Zhe 苏辙, known collectively as the Three Su, extends to works in conjunction with them and broadens the scope for comparison and critique. Scholarship, analysis, appreciation, and indebtedness form the received tradition of Su Shi and his writings, initially in Chinese sources, then in Japanese and Korean, and finally Western languages. Spurred by modern publications of his works and digital access, the establishment of an academic society to study his works, as well as international conferences, the field of Su Shi studies has expanded. Given the breadth and depth of Su Shi’s works with centuries of publications of appreciation and appraisal, Su Shi must be placed among the most important literary and cultural figures in Chinese history. Those who conduct research on Su Shi’s life and works have understood the sensibility of scholars who say that they began by stepping into a vast ocean but realized they could not reach the shore. The idea of a “Su hai 苏海 or Su Ocean” is thus both an invitation and an obstacle. For almost a thousand years, persons of every generation have contributed to our understanding and appreciation of Su Shi, his personality, ideas, and significance. Even so, there is space for further exploration of the life and works of this rare talent.
Dysglycemia, Glycemic Variability, and Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Temperature Management at 33°C and 36°C*
Authors: Borgquist Ola , Wise Matt P. , Nielsen Niklas , Al-Subaie Nawaf , Cranshaw Julius , Cronberg Tobias , Glover Guy , Hassager Christian , Kjaergaard Jesper , Kuiper Michael , Smid Ondrej , Walden Andrew , Friberg Hans
Published: April 2017

Objectives:

Dysglycemia and glycemic variability are associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Targeted temperature management alters blood glucose homeostasis. We investigated the association between blood glucose concentrations and glycemic variability and the neurologic outcomes of patients randomized to targeted temperature management at 33°C or 36°C after cardiac arrest.

Design:

Post hoc analysis of the multicenter TTM-trial. Primary outcome of this analysis was neurologic outcome after 6 months, referred to as “Cerebral Performance Category.”

Setting:

Thirty-six sites in Europe and Australia.

Patients:

All 939 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause that had been included in the TTM-trial.

Interventions:

Targeted temperature management at 33°C or 36°C.

Measurements and Main Results:

Nonparametric tests as well as multiple logistic regression and mixed effects logistic regression models were used. Median glucose concentrations on hospital admission differed significantly between Cerebral Performance Category outcomes (p < 0.0001). Hyper- and hypoglycemia were associated with poor neurologic outcome (p = 0.001 and p = 0.054). In the multiple logistic regression models, the median glycemic level was an independent predictor of poor Cerebral Performance Category (Cerebral Performance Category, 3–5) with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.13 in the adjusted model (p = 0.008; 95% CI, 1.03–1.24). It was also a predictor in the mixed model, which served as a sensitivity analysis to adjust for the multiple time points. The proportion of hyperglycemia was higher in the 33°C group compared with the 36°C group.

Conclusion:

Higher blood glucose levels at admission and during the first 36 hours, and higher glycemic variability, were associated with poor neurologic outcome and death. More patients in the 33°C treatment arm had hyperglycemia.
Explaining performance in health care: How and when top management competencies make the difference
Authors: Vainieri Milena , Ferrè Francesca , Giacomelli Giorgio , Nuti Sabina
Published: April 2017

Background:

One of the most distinctive management competencies is related to the ability to structure the strategic vision, develop long-term plans, and communicate them efficiently to the employees in order to empower them to enact. These managerial competencies in complex organizations are strongly related to the capacity to engage professionals as a predictor of high-performing organizations.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between top management competencies, information sharing, and organizational performance in public health care system and to look at the management role in assuring information sharing on organizational strategies to achieve professionals’ engagement.

Methodology/Approach:

This relationship is empirically tested using the longitudinal data of public health care organizations from the Tuscany Region (Italy). The top management competencies and information sharing are evaluated by the heads of the departments. While information sharing refers to the organizational level (e.g., to convey the objectives), managerial competencies refer to the individual level (e.g., to manage conflict). A random effect regression model is estimated using average responses by the health organization. Data come from the multidimensional performance evaluation system (2008 to 2014 years).

Results:

Findings show that managerial competencies are positively associated to organizational performance. Moreover, managerial competencies are strongly linked to the information sharing process developed into the organizations. In particular, managerial competencies play a significant role on whole performance, and results are mediated by the use of mature information sharing instruments such as benchmarking of performance results.

Conclusion:

Systematic information sharing process regarding performance results, goals, and organizational structure provided by top management seems an effective strategy to engage professionals. Control variables suggest that top management tenure and turnover do not have an effect, whereas bigger health care organizations seem to negatively influence this relation.

Practice Implications:

Information sharing is the basis for clinicians’ engagement and adds value to organizational performance.
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATION OF RETINAL ANGIOMATOUS PROLIFERATION TREATED WITH RANIBIZUMAB
Authors: Skalet Alison H. , Miller Audra K. , Klein Michael L. , Lauer Andreas K. , Wilson David J.
Published: April 2017

Purpose:

To describe histopathologic features of an eye with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) secondary to age-related macular degeneration treated with serial ranibizumab injections and to correlate these findings with spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Methods:

Histopathologic features from serial sections through the globe of a 93-year-old man with age-related macular degeneration were studied and compared with spectral domain optical coherence tomography images obtained 7 weeks before his death.

Results:

The pathologic correlate of ranibizumab-treated RAP was a circumscribed, branching paucicellular vascular complex extending from the inner plexiform layer to Bruch membrane. The histopathologic findings corresponded to an area of hyperreflectivity on spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging, substantiating the reported tomographic appearance of RAP lesions. A frank anastomosis with choroidal or retinal vasculature was not seen in this treated RAP lesion. There was a lack of retinal pigment epithelium underlying the lesion in an area of retinal pigment epithelium detachment. The elastic portion of Bruch membrane appeared intact. Treatment with ranibizumab over an extended period of time may have been associated with a loss of cellularity of the RAP lesion.

Conclusion:

In a patient with ARMD extensively treated with ranibizumab, color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and SD-OCT images of RAP correlated histopathologically with a paucicellular intraretinal vascular complex.
Macular Ganglion Cell and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children With Refractive Errors—An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Goh Jody P. , Koh Victor , Chan Yiong Huak , Ngo Cheryl
Published: April 2017

Purpose:

To study the distribution of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in children with refractive errors.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred forty-three healthy eyes from 139 children with refractive error ranging from −10.00 to +5.00 D were recruited from the National University Hospital Eye Surgery outpatient clinic. After a comprehensive ocular examination, refraction, and axial length (AL) measurement (IOLMaster), macular GC-IPL and RNFL thickness values were obtained with a spectral domain Cirrus high definition optical coherence tomography system (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.). Only scans with signal strength of >6/10 were included. Correlation between variables was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. A multivariate analysis using mixed models was done to adjust for confounders.

Results:

The mean spherical equivalent refraction was −3.20±3.51 D and mean AL was 24.39±1.72 mm. Average, minimum, superior, and inferior GC-IPL were 82.59±6.29, 77.17±9.65, 83.68±6.96, and 81.64±6.70 μm, respectively. Average, superior, and inferior peripapillary RNFL were 99.00±11.45, 123.20±25.81, and 124.24±22.23 μm, respectively. Average, superior, and inferior GC-IPL were correlated with AL (β=−2.056, P-value 0.000; β=−2.383, P-value 0.000; β=−1.721, P-value 0.000), but minimum GC-IPL was not (β=−1.056, P-value 0.115). None of the RNFL parameters were correlated with AL.

Conclusions:

This study establishes normative macular GC-IPL and RNFL thickness in children with refractive errors. Our results suggest that high definition optical coherence tomography RNFL parameters and minimum GC-IPL are not affected by AL or myopia in children, and therefore warrants further evaluation in pediatric glaucoma patients.
A prospective, multisite, international validation of the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Severity Score
Authors: Harden R. Norman , Maihofner Christian , Abousaad Elias , Vatine Jean-Jacques , Kirsling Amy , Perez Roberto S.G.M. , Kuroda Maxine , Brunner Florian , Stanton-Hicks Michael , Marinus Johan , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Mackey Sean , Birklein Frank , Schlereth Tanja , Mailis-Gagnon Angela , Graciosa Joe , Connoly Sara B. , Dayanim David , Massey Michael , Frank Hadas , Livshitz Anatoly , Bruehl Stephen
Published: April 2017

Clinical diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a dichotomous (yes/no) categorization, a format necessary for clinical decision making. Such dichotomous diagnostic categories do not convey an individual's subtle gradations in the severity of the condition over time and have poor statistical power when used as an outcome measure in research. This prospective, international, multicenter study slightly modified and further evaluated the validity of the CRPS Severity Score (CSS), a continuous index of CRPS severity. Using a prospective design, medical evaluations were conducted in 156 patients with CRPS to compare changes over time in CSS scores between patients initiating a new treatment program and patients on stable treatment regimens. New vs stable categorizations were supported by greater changes in pain and function in the former. Results indicated that CSS values in the stable CRPS treatment group exhibited much less change over time relative to the new treatment group, with intraclass correlations nearly twice as large in the former. A calculated smallest real difference value revealed that a change in the CSS of ≥4.9 scale points would indicate real differences in CRPS symptomatology (with 95% confidence). Across groups, larger changes in CRPS features on the CSS over time were associated in the expected direction with greater changes in pain intensity, fatigue, social functioning, ability to engage in physical roles, and general well-being. The overall pattern of findings further supports the validity of the CSS as a measure of CRPS severity and suggests it may prove useful in clinical monitoring and outcomes research.