bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genç Yetişkinlerde Mutluluğun Özgünlük ve Kişisel Erdemler Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: AYDIN Merve
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmanın amacı genç yetişkinlerin mutluluğunu cinsiyet, özgünlük ve kişisel erdemler açısından incelemektir. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu 18-25 yaş aralığında bulunan 198 genç yetişkin oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu, Özgünlük Ölçeği ve Kişisel Erdemler Ölçeği kullanılmış, veriler SPSS 21 İstatistik Programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde Mann Whitney U-testi, korelasyon analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre genç yetişkinlerin mutluluk düzeyleri cinsiyete göre farklılaşmamaktadır. Mutluluk ile özgünlük, sorumluluk, amaçlılık ve değerlilik özellikleri arasında pozitif yönde ve anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır. Özgünlük, amaçlılık özelliği ve değerlilik özelliği bir arada genç yetişkinlerin mutluluğunu % 45,8 düzeyinde yordamaktadır.
Populismo Punitivo y Derecho Penal Simbólico
Authors: Arrieta Ruiz Yeraldin
Published: September 2018

Se analiza el crecimiento del llamado populismo punitivo y derecho penal simbólico en la legislación colombiana, la falta de eficacia a la hora de trazar la política criminal por parte del Estado y la esterilidad de los resultados en la disminución de la criminalidad, con el correlativo endurecimiento de las penas e instrumentalización de las mismas. Se busca determinar si existe seguridad jurídica con el derecho penal simbólico y el populismo punitivo; así como si los mismos responden a las funciones de la pena. El método utilizado es de alcance descriptivo, bibliográfico y se utilizan fuentes de información secundarias, seleccionadas de bases de datos confiables. Una vez recopilada toda la información se concluye que, con la implementación de estos dos conceptos no se garantiza la baja en el índice de criminalidad, debido a que se parte de una irresponsabilidad legislativa, las cuales no sirven para prevenir y controlar la criminalidad, pero si generan un sentimiento de tranquilidad e ilusión en la colectividad, no respondiendo los mismos a las funciones de la pena trazadas en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano.
Repensar desde el neo institucionalismo la Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo: Plan Colombia y sus lecciones
Authors: Camelo Zamudio Jenny Astrid , Mambuscay B Juan David
Published: September 2018

La Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo, en Colombia, más allá de verse representada como una herramienta trascendental de política exterior deviene en un canal de comunicación frente a otros actores internacionales cuyos principales incentivos de entendimiento son proveídos por el mismo sistema; de allí que, desde mediados del siglo XX, toda la diversa variedad de retos en materia social, económica e incluso política a los que se han enfrentado los gobiernos de turno generan un variopinto de intereses frente a la comunidad internacional. Desde esta postura y apoyada en el marco del neo institucionalismo de las relaciones internacionales, la presente investigación busca dilucidar a partir del estudio y análisis de diferentes documentos y estrategias desarrolladas cómo la interacción de Colombia, en este caso, con Estados Unidos se ha visto prolongada desde sus inicios y en su punto más álgido en la década de los años 90 bajo el Plan Colombia debido a una serie de prioridades asignadas en las agendas gubernamentales y cuyo planteamiento han significado una amalgama de incentivos a la par. Para ello, en una primera parte se mostrará los primeros visos de cómo se arraiga la Cooperación en el actuar del país y, acto seguido, la influencia de su estructuración por parte de Estados Unidos, por último, frente a los desafíos que supone el acuerdo de paz con las Farc-EP, la importancia de que tal canal de comunicación con tan antiguo vecino sea replanteado a las demandas del contexto.
La presunción de inocencia frente a la detención preventiva en el estado carcelario
Authors: Lozano Rodríguez María Alejandra
Published: September 2018

El presente artículo de reflexión plantea que el principio de rango constitucional de la presunción de inocencia se vulnera cuando los sindicados son mezclados con los condenados en los establecimientos carcelarios, circunstancia que se aclaró en nuestro país, con la primera sentencia de la Corte Constitucional que declaró el estado de cosas inconstitucionales en el sistema penitenciario y carcelario, que se traduce en una violación masiva y sistemática de derechos fundamentales de las personas privadas de la libertad sin que se haya dado una sentencia condenatoria en su contra.
La capacitación de las partes: una problemática en el nuevo sistema de justicia penal adversarial
Authors: Barajas Langurén Eduardo , Quintana Contreras José De Jesús , Barajas López Lourdes Jacqueline
Published: September 2018

El presente trabajo se elabora en virtud de la entrada en vigor de un nuevo modelo de justicia penal adversarial juicios orales, que sustituye a un modelo de justicia escrito penal conocido como inquisitivo, que cambió radicalmente la forma de procuración y administración de justicia penal en el país, pero lo anterior, implica capacitar a las partes que intervienen en el proceso penal, incluso la actualización de los planes y programas de estudio de las Universidades públicas y privadas.
Los derechos fundamentales de las minorías ante las decisiones democráticas mayoritarias
Authors: Camacho-Castro Jose Miguel , Cifuentes Mejía María Camila , Cuartas Urrea Natalia , Padilla Quiceno Joan Daniela , Polanía Hincapié Karla Tatiana
Published: September 2018

En este trabajo se estudia la tensión existente entre las decisiones democráticas mayoritarias y los derechos fundamentales de las minorías. A través de un estudio jurídico con enfoque cualitativo, se analizó la influencia que tienen dichas decisiones en la determinación del contenido de los derechos fundamentales, en especial los de los grupos minoritarios. Así, mediante el estudio de teorías democráticas y acogiendo una postura minimalista en cuanto a la comprensión del concepto de democracia, se concluyó que los derechos fundamentales son un límite a las decisiones democráticas mayoritarias y que hay buenas razones para proteger algunas instituciones jurídicas en aras de salvaguardar a las minorías de una posible tiranía de las mayorías.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Exploratory Outcomes of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Binge Eating Symptoms in Veterans: A Preliminary Clinic-Based Study
Authors: Cuneo Jessica Gundy , Godfrey Kathryn M. , Wright Lisa Johnson , Backhaus Autumn , Miggantz Erin , Afari Niloofar
Published: September 2018

Overweight and obesity are disabling problems for veterans and place a heavy toll on their physical and mental health. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an empirically supported intervention that shows promise in improving binge eating, weight, and psychological functioning. This preliminary study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of an 8-week ACT group intervention for binge eating in veterans (N= 85) who were overweight or obese and explored preliminary intervention effects on binge eating and physical and mental health functioning. Veterans were predominantly male (86.7%) with an average age of 58 years, and 65% endorsed clinically significant binge eating. Qualitative results indicated the majority of veterans found the intervention useful. Baseline to post-treatment comparisons found significant reductions in binge eating symptoms, depression, global psychological distress, and body mass index, as well as improvement in functioning. Findings suggest implementing ACT for binge eating in veterans is feasible and deserves further exploration, addressing binge eating and weight control. Future studies should examine ACT for this population in a randomized controlled trial.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for People Experiencing Appearance-Related Distress Associated With a Visible Difference: A Rationale and Review of Relevant Research
Authors: Zucchelli Fabio , Donnelly Olivia , Williamson Heidi , Hooper Nic
Published: September 2018

People may have a visibly different appearance due to various causes, such as congenital conditions, injury, disease, or medical treatment. Some individuals with a visible difference experience social anxiety and isolation, body image dissatisfaction, shame and self-stigma, psychological trauma, and challenges managing their condition. In this article, we synthesize the relevant literature and present the theoretical rationale for the application of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a third-wave behavioral therapy combining mindfulness skills and value-driven action, to those experiencing distress relating to an unusual or altered appearance. We also outline how ACT may be tailored to the specific considerations of this population and recommend next steps in researching its acceptability and clinical effectiveness.
“Endeavoring to Carry On Their Work”: The National Debate Over Midwives and Its Impact in Rhode Island, 1890–1940
Authors: Caron Simone M.
Published: September 2018

This article analyzes the national discourse over “the problem” of midwifery in medical literature and examines the impact of this dialogue on Rhode Island from 1890 to 1940. Doctors did not speak as a monolithic bloc on this “problem”: some blamed midwives while others impugned poorly trained physicians. This debate led to curricula reform and to state laws to regulate midwifery. The attempt to eliminate midwives in the 1910s failed because of a shortage of trained obstetricians, and because of cultural barriers between immigrant and mainstream communities. A decrease in immigration, an increase in trained obstetricians, the growing notion of midwives as relics of an outdated past, and the emergence of insurance plans to cover “modern” hospital births led to a decline in midwifery.
Moral Agency in the Context of Global Volunteering
Authors: Upvall Michele , Sue DeWolf Bosek Marcia , Turner Martha
Published: September 2018

Today there are many global volunteer opportunities for nurses and student nurses. While the intentions of volunteers may be good, the result may be harmful to the volunteer and/or the host, creating a situation of moral distress. An ethical code provides guidance and promotes moral agency. We discuss elements of the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics with Interpretive Statements and apply them to the experience of global volunteering through a case study approach.
Substance Use Disorders and the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses
Authors: Manthey Marie
Published: September 2018

Substance use disorder is a serious problem in nursing that is often invisible and not well understood or well handled. It tears at the social contract between nursing and society and disrupts the trust so essential to that contract. The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics contains clear language about a nurse's duty to take action to protect patients and to ensure the impaired nurse gets assistance. Specific interpretive statements provide useful guidance in dealing with this problem.
The Ethical Imperative to See the Whole Person: A Conversation with Lois Swope
Authors: Swope Lois , Koloroutis Mary
Published: September 2018

Mary Koloroutis, CEO of Creative Health Care Management, talks with Lois Swope, whose daughter Karly lived with Rett Syndrome until her death in 2012 at age 27. They spoke about the inestimable gifts of Karly's life and the four lessons for people in health care that Lois learned while overseeing Karly's care.
The Ethics of Organ Donation in Patients who Lack the Capacity for Decision Making
Authors: Lee Lauren
Published: September 2018

Free and informed consent is the legal and ethical basis for organ donation from living donors, and is a requirement for making an autonomous health decision. In clinical practice, health-care providers are required to respect four bioethical principles: respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice (Beauchamp & Childress, 2012), with the best interest of their patients in mind. Yet there are bioethical concerns behind organ procurement from living donors who have never attained capacity, do not yet have the capacity, or have permanently lost the capacity for decision making. A consensus statement by the Live Organ Donor Consensus Group (Abecassis et al., 2000) protects these donors’ well-being and autonomy, but there still is a need to raise ethical awareness about the decision-making process regarding vulnerable potential donors. Health-care providers who are staff members in transplant clinics should be aware of the current consensus statement, commit to essential bioethical principles surrounding organ donation, and advocate for vulnerable living donors.
Online Education for WIC Professionals
Authors: Tedder Jan , Quintana Elsa M.
Published: September 2018

Breastfeeding initiation is on the rise in New Mexico; however, breastfeeding duration here, and around the world, does not meet international recommendations. Misunderstanding a baby’s behavior is often an overlooked variable that decreases breastfeeding duration. Hoping to help parents better understand how child development impacts breastfeeding, 138 New Mexico Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) professionals recently completed HUG Your Baby's Roadmap to Breastfeeding Success—a 2-hour online program, with accompanying resources, that covers key information from birth to 1 year. After completing the course, participants demonstrated increased knowledge of how child development impacts breastfeeding, expressed a stronger intention to teach parents about normal child behavior, and reported greater confidence to do so. The course was viewed as evidence-based, its online format was well-received, and participants would recommend it to colleagues.
Mammary Dysbiosis
Authors: Walker Marsha
Published: September 2018

Mastitis can be an unwelcome and debilitating visitor to breastfeeding mothers. The mammary gland has its own microbiome that can be affected by reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment during the first 3 months postpartum, as well as the receipt of antibiotics during the last trimester of pregnancy. This can leave the breast vulnerable to pathologic bacterial overgrowth. Mammary dysbiosis is a process whereby the population of potential pathogens increases at the expense of the normal mammary microbiota. Multiresistance to antibiotics plus tricky evasion techniques engaged in by bacterial agents can result in microbes that are elusive to antibiotic therapy. Therefore, new strategies are needed for the treatment of this threat to continued breastfeeding. Bacteriotherapy, targeting harmless bacteria to displace pathologic organisms, is an emerging therapeutic intervention that uses probiotics instead of antibiotics. Once more high-quality clinical trials of strain-specific probiotics have been conducted, bacteriotherapy may move into mainstream mastitis treatment.
Educators’ Perceptions of Clinical Judgment Skill Competencies in Rehabilitation Counseling
Authors: Austin Bryan S.
Published: September 2018

Purpose:

To address a significant gap in the clinical judgment competency research by adding new knowledge of important clinical judgment skill competencies in rehabilitation counseling.

Method:

This Internet-based survey design is a follow-up inquiry to Austin and Leahy’s (2015) instrument validation study; this same sample of rehabilitation counselor educators (n= 126) rated the importance and student preparedness in using clinical judgment skill competencies (i.e., scientific attitude, cultural bias, cognitive complexity, memory bias, confirmatory bias, negative bias, evidence-based practice [EBP]).

Results:

Clinical judgment skills were perceived to be highly important. Students were rated as least prepared in scientific attitude and evidence-based practice. Ten skills of high importance/limited student preparation across four clinical judgment skill areas were identified.

Conclusions:

This study’s findings provide initial empirical support of important clinical judgment skill competencies for effective rehabilitation counseling practice. Identified student preparation gaps may be used to help prioritize potential clinical training needs for rehabilitation counseling programs to prepare students in the use of clinical judgment skill competencies that address cultural bias, cognitive complexity, confirmatory bias, and evidence-based practice. Most importantly, data generated from this study can be used when preparing students to effectively address their biases and improve their clinical judgments when applying EBP.
Algunas propiedades homológicas del plano de Jordan
Authors: Suárez Suárez Hector Julio , Gómez Parada Jonatan Andrés
Published: September 2018

El plano de Jordan puede ser visto como un álgebra cociente, como una extensión de Ore graduada y como unaextensión PBW torcida graduada. Usando estas interpretaciones, se muestra de forma explícita que el plano de Jordan es un álgebra Artin-Schelter regular y Calabi-Yau torcida, además se calcula de forma explícita su automorfismo de Nakayama.
Gelar Adat dalam Upacara Perkawinan Adat Masyarakat Komering di Sukarami Ogan Komering Ilir Sumatera Selatan
Authors: Misyuraidah Misyuraidah
Published: September 2018

Berbicara tentang Budaya Melayu, Suku Komering adalah  rumpun budaya melayu  yang memiliki beragam  suku,  dengan beragamnya suku-suku yang ada di Suku Komering  maka dapat di jumpai bermacam-macam adat istiadat,  tradisi,  dan kesenian yang ada dan sampai pada saat sekarang  masih tetap di lestarikan. Hal unik yang akan diteliti di sini adalah gelar adat yang diberikan kepada kedua mempelai dalam upacara perkawinan masyarakat Komering di Sukarami, OKI (Ogan Komering Ilir), Sumatera Selatan. Gelar adat yang dimaksud dalam konteks ini adalah simbol penghormatan terhadap seseorang yang telah menginjak dewasa yang ditandai dengan suatu perkawinan. Ukuran dewasa seorang ditentukan apabila telah berumah tangga. Oleh karena itu, untuk setiap pria pada saat upacara perkawinan ia harus diberi gelar adat, serta mempelai wanitanya juga. Tradisi pemberian gelar adat memiliki implikasi sosial dalam masyarakat berupa pemaknaan gelar adat tersebut di dalam kesehariannya.
The Role of NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy in Iron Homeostasis
Authors: Santana-Codina Naiara , Mancias Joseph D.
Published: September 2018

Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) is a selective cargo receptor that mediates the autophagic degradation of ferritin (“ferritinophagy”), the cytosolic iron storage complex. NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy maintains intracellular iron homeostasis by facilitating ferritin iron storage or release according to demand. Ferritinophagy is involved in iron-dependent physiological processes such as erythropoiesis, where NCOA4 mediates ferritin iron release for mitochondrial heme synthesis. Recently, ferritinophagy has been shown to regulate ferroptosis, a newly described form of iron-dependent cell death mediated by excess lipid peroxidation. Dysregulation of iron metabolism and ferroptosis have been described in neurodegeneration, cancer, and infection, but little is known about the role of ferritinophagy in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Here, we will review the biochemical regulation of NCOA4, its contribution to physiological processes and its role in disease. Finally, we will discuss the potential of activating or inhibiting ferritinophagy and ferroptosis for therapeutic purposes.
Silicon Photonic Biosensors Using Label-Free Detection
Authors: Luan Enxiao , Shoman Hossam , Ratner Daniel M. , Cheung Karen C. , Chrostowski Lukas
Published: September 2018

Thanks to advanced semiconductor microfabrication technology, chip-scale integration and miniaturization of lab-on-a-chip components, silicon-based optical biosensors have made significant progress for the purpose of point-of-care diagnosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in evanescent field biosensing technologies including interferometer, microcavity, photonic crystal, and Bragg grating waveguide-based sensors. Their sensing mechanisms and sensor performances, as well as real biomarkers for label-free detection, are exhibited and compared. We also review the development of chip-level integration for lab-on-a-chip photonic sensing platforms, which consist of the optical sensing device, flow delivery system, optical input and readout equipment. At last, some advanced system-level CMOS-chip packaging examples are presented, indicating the commercialization potential for the low cost, high yield, portable biosensing platform leveraging CMOS processes.
Effect of Fatigue on Functional Movement Screening Performance in Dancers
Authors: Armstrong Ross , Brogden Christopher M , Milner Debbie , Norris Debbie , Greig Matt
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE: Dance is associated with a high risk of injury, with fatigue identified as a contributing factor. Functional movement screening (FMS) has been used to identify alterations in normal movement which may contribute to injury risk, though this test is not normally performed in
a fatigued state. The aim of this study was to determine whether fatigue induced by the dance aerobic fitness test (DAFT) results in changes in FMS scores with implications for performance and injury risk. METHODS: Forty-one university dancers completed the FMS before and immediately after
completion of the DAFT. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were quantified as measures of fatigue. RESULTS: Post-DAFT, the mean FMS composite score (15.39±1.86) was significantly less (p≤0.01) than the pre-exercise score (16.83±1.83). Element-specific analysis revealed
that the deep squat, non-dominant lunge, and dominant inline lunge scores were all significantly impaired post-DAFT (all p≤0.01). CONCLUSION: The identification of changes in quality of movement in a fatigued state suggests that movement screening should also be performed post-exercise
to enhance screening for injury risk. The influence of dance-specific fatigue was FMS element-specific. Specifically, the deep squat and inline lunge were most susceptible to fatigue, with implications for injury risk and performance and reflective of the high level of neuromuscular control
required.
A Valuable Gene in Suweon 97 Soybean for Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus
Authors: Chen Pengyin , Buss Glenn R. , Tolin Sue A. , Gunduz Irfan , Cicek Mine
Published: September 2018

‘Suweon 97’ (PI 483084) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from Korea is resistant (R) to all strain groups (G1–G7 and G7A) of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) identified in the USA. The objectives of this study were to determine the number of loci conditioning SMV resistance and the relationships between the Suweon 97 gene and other genes for SMV resistance. Suweon 97 was crossed to susceptible (S) cultivars Essex and Lee 68 for the inheritance study. For the allelism test, Suweon 97 was crossed with SMV resistant cultivars possessing the Rsv1, Rsv3, and Rsv4 genes. The F2 data from R × S crosses showed a good fit to the monogenic ratio of 3[R+Necrotic(N)]:1S. The F2:3 progenies from the R × S crosses exhibited a ratio of 1R: 2 segregating: 1S, indicating that Suweon 97 has a single dominant gene for SMV resistance. The presence of N plants in R × S crosses suggests the Suweon 97 gene for SMV resistance is incompletely dominant. None of the F2 populations and F2:3 progenies from crosses of Suweon 97 with other resistant cultivars having Rsv1 alleles segregated for susceptibility to five SMV strains, suggesting that the Suweon 97 gene is an allele at the Rsv1 locus. Data from crosses with Rsv3 and Rsv4 cultivars exhibited good fit to dihybrid ratios. This digenic segregation verifies that the Suweon 97 gene resides at a locus other than Rsv3 and Rsv4. In contrast to other previously identified SMV resistance genes, none of which are resistant to all SMV strains, Suweon 97 is immune to all SMV strains in the USA, thus a valuable source of genetic resistance. The gene symbol Rsv1‐h is proposed for the resistance gene in Suweon 97.
Starch Particle Volume in Single‐ and Double‐Mutant Maize Endosperm Genotypes Involving the Soft Starch (h) Gene
Authors: Gutiérrez O. A. , Campbell M. R. , Glover D. V.
Published: September 2018

Larger starch particle volume of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms is beneficial for many aspects of starch processing, and may improve the performance of some starch attributes. The recessive soft starch (h) locus increases starch granule size compared with normal (+/+) genotypes. The objective of this study was to compare starch particle volume of normal maize inbreds, and their near‐isoline conversions to single‐ and corresponding double‐mutant endosperm starch genotypes, including the h locus. Eighteen public inbreds and their near‐isogenic conversions to amylose‐extender (ae/ae), dull (du/du), waxy (wx/wx), sugary‐2 (su2/su2), h/h, ae/ae h/h, du/du h/h, wx/wx h/h, and su2/su2 h/h, were planted in replicated trials in two environments in 1995 and one in 1996. Starch was extracted from mature kernels collected from each plot and examined for starch particle volume with a laser‐based, particle size analyzer. Starch particle volume was greater in all near‐isogenic line conversions containing the h locus than in their respective normal inbred. Starch particle volume for all double‐mutant h/h combination genotypes was greater across all inbreds than in their respective single‐mutant starch counterparts. These results demonstrate that the h allele is epistatic to the ae, du, wx and su2 alleles for increasing starch particle volume. Starch particle volume for single‐mutant genotypes averaged across inbreds and environments ranked from the smallest to the largest as follows: du/du, ae/ae, su2/su2, normal (+/+), wx/wx, and h/h The ranking among the double‐mutant genotypes from smallest to largest starch particle volume was: du/du h/h, su2/su2 h/h, ae/ae h/h, and wx/wx h/h The epistatic nature of the h allele further enhances its usefulness for increasing starch particle volume in combination with other endosperm starch mutants utilized to develop specialty starches with value‐added traits. This study also demonstrated that the genetic variation present among maize inbreds could be useful in breeding for increased starch particle volume.
Genetic Variation of Palmitate and Oil Content in a Winter Oilseed Rape Doubled Haploid Population Segregating for Oleate Content
Authors: Möllers Christian , Schierholt Antje
Published: September 2018

Increasing the oil content and reducing the content of saturated fatty acids in seed oil are important breeding goals for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of a major change in oleate content on the palmitate and oil content. An oilseed rape doubled haploid (DH) population (n = 60) segregating for one major gene mutation, that increases the oleate content in the seed oil by 11%, was used in a field experiment in five environments. Subdividing the DH lines into normal and high oleate classes showed that the mutation caused a significant reduction in the saturated fatty acids palmitate and stearate and of the ratio of total C16 to total C18 fatty acids (C16/C18). The high oleate class had a significantly increased oil content and an identical protein content, compared with the normal oleate class. Both oleate classes showed a significant negative correlation for oleate and palmitate and a significant positive correlation for oleate and oil content, and oil content was negatively correlated with palmitate. The results show that the high oleate mutation has a pleiotropic effect on palmitate and oil content. The β‐ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase II (KAS II) activity reflected by the C16/C18 ratio has been used to explain this effect. Results indicated that palmitate content can be reduced either by recurrent selection for increased oleate content or continued selection for high oil content.
On‐Farm Strip Trials vs. Replicated Performance Trials for Cultivar Evaluation
Authors: Yan Weikai , Hunt L. A. , Johnson Peter , Stewart Gregory , Lu Xuewen
Published: September 2018

A systematic comparison between two cultivar evaluation and recommendation systems, i.e., the balanced and replicated performance trials conducted in small plots at a small number of locations, and the unbalanced and non‐replicated on‐farm trials conducted in large strips on many farms, is lacking. This study was initiated to investigate the usefulness of the two contrasting systems in cultivar evaluation and the relationships between them. Yield data from Ontario winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) strip trials and performance trials for 1998 to 2000 were analyzed by mixed models. For all 3 yr, results from the two systems were highly correlated, both in terms of the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) and for the t‐values of BLUP. Cultivars judged to be superior (or inferior) by one system were never judged to be inferior (or superior) by the other. Thus, both on‐farm strip trials and replicated small‐plot trials provide valid data for effective cultivar evaluation. On the basis of t‐statistics, which measure cultivar reliability, cultivars can be classified into superior (t ≥ 2), inferior (t ≤ −2), and intermediate or inadequately tested (−2 < t < 2). Two cultivars can be regarded as different in reliability if their t‐values differ by ≥3. The evaluation power of strip trials for a cultivar depends on the number of trials in which the cultivar is tested; a cultivar may not be adequately evaluated if it is tested in fewer than 20 trials.
Reproductive Development of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) is Not Impaired by a Moderate Water Deficit That Reduces Vegetative Growth: I. Inflorescence, Floret, and Ovule Production
Authors: Bissuel‐Belaygue Christine , Cowan Alexander A. , Marshall Athole H. , Wery Jacques
Published: September 2018

Field experiments have shown that water deficit can either increase or decrease white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed yield depending on its intensity. In order to explain this behavior, we evaluated the effect of water deficit intensity on the components of plant reproductive potential: number of reproductive stolons produced per plant (NSr), inflorescences per reproductive stolon (NI), viable florets per inflorescence (NFv) and ovules per floret (NO). Four experiments were conducted in greenhouse or growth chamber on white clover plants grown in large or small soil columns, or in small pots with vermiculite. Water supply was managed to maintain relatively constant values for predawn soil water potential and midday leaf relative water content (RWC) during the deficit period (20 to 68 d). Water deficit treatments were classified as moderate (M) or severe (S) on the basis of the reduction of RWC compared with the well‐watered plants (C) and of previously established relationships between RWC, soil water potential and vegetative growth. The development of inflorescences, florets and ovules were largely unaffected in M plants, while vegetative growth was depressed by reductions in leaf number per stolon (up to 30%), leaf area (30 to 40%), and by inhibition of stolon branching. Moderate water deficits induced an increase in the percentage of reproductive stolons per plant and reproductive phytomers per stolon. Although this positive effect on the reproductive to vegetative balance was generally observed with S water deficit, the reproductive potential of S plants was strongly depressed relative to C and M plants because of reduced stolon branching, phytomer production, and increased inflorescence and floret abortion. These results show that inflorescence, floret and ovule development of white clover were not impaired by a moderate water deficit that reduced vegetative growth, and suggest good prospects to manage optimal soil‐plant status to maximize potential of seed production.
Reproductive Development of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) is Not Impaired by a Moderate Water Deficit That Reduces Vegetative Growth: II. Fertilization Efficiency and Seed Set
Authors: Bissuel‐Belaygue Christine , Cowan Alexander A. , Marshall Athole H. , Wery Jacques
Published: September 2018

The reproductive potential of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants is favored by moderate water deficits that reduce vegetative growth without impairing development of inflorescences, florets, and ovules. We examined the effects of this type of water deficit on reproductive characters involved in pollination, ovule fertilization, seed set, and seed filling. Two experiments were conducted under controlled conditions with four genotypes either in soil columns or vermiculite, and with various levels of water deficit that were maintained for 68 d. Treatments were classified as moderate (M) and severe (S) water deficit on the basis of the reduction of leaf relative water content (RWC) compared with the well‐watered plants (C) and of previously established relationships between RWC, soil water potential and vegetative growth. Florets were hand pollinated and seed set was determined in all possible cross‐pollinations between pollen and florets from plants subjected to C, M, or S treatments. Pollen viability declined as water deficit increased. Control and M plants had similar high levels of nectar production. In S plants, the proportion of florets containing nectar was reduced by 60 to 70%. Pollen from S plants induced a lower fertilization efficiency than pollen from C or M plants. Most of the reduction of seed set by severe water deficit, however, was linked to the decrease in female plant water status resulting in abortion of embryos. These results show that pollination, fertilization, seed setting, and seed filling can be limited by a severe water deficit applied during reproductive development. A moderate water deficit characterized by an avoidance of leaf dehydration and a reduction of vegetative growth did not impair fertilization efficiency and resulted in maximum seed set and thousand seed weight, compared to C and S plants.
Yield Relationships of Barleys Grown in a Tropical Highland Environment
Authors: Sinebo Woldeyesus
Published: September 2018

Grain yield in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) can be improved by understanding the interrelationships among yield, yield components, vegetative growth, and growth durations. The objective of this study was to determine for barley genotypes adapted to low‐input tropical highlands the extent to which grain yield was related to: (i) vegetative and mature heights, straw yield, and vegetative and grain‐filling durations and (ii) yield components determined by correlation and ontogenetic path analysis. Data were obtained from 26 barley genotypes tested in factorial combinations of N (0 and 11.5 g m−2) and P (0 and 2 g m−2) in 1998 and 1999 at Holetta, Ethiopia. Grain yield was correlated positively with straw yield, vegetative and mature heights, and grain‐filling duration. Grain yield was correlated positively with harvest index and correlated negatively with vegetative duration in the cooler season. Vegetative duration influenced grain yield negatively under low N and in the cooler season but positively under high N. Mature height influenced grain yield negatively under high N. Vegetative height influenced vegetative duration negatively. Spikes per square meter followed by kernels per spike largely determined grain yield. However, spikes per square meter had a strong negative effect on kernels per spike. Kernel weight had little effect on grain yield. Early shoot height association with yield and time to maturity may suggest an adaptive strategy for capturing the early flush of mineralized N and an escape mechanism from drought towards season end. Early shoot height can serve as an indirect selection criterion for high grain yield and early maturity for this gene pool grown in a tropical highland environment.
Cytokinin Effects on Creeping Bentgrass Response to Heat Stress: II. Leaf Senescence and Antioxidant Metabolism
Authors: Liu Xiaozhong , Huang Bingru
Published: September 2018

In another study, results of growth responses to cytokinin indicate that heat stress injury in creeping bentgrass can be alleviated to some extent by injection of cytokinin to the root zone. The objective of this study was to examine whether the alleviating effects of exogenous application of a cytokinin on heat injury in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris L.) involve regulation of antioxidant activities. Creeping bentgrass was exposed to three air/soil temperature regimes for 56 d in growth chambers: (i) low air and soil temperature control (20/20°C); (ii) high soil temperature (20/35°C); and (iii) high air/soil temperatures (35/35°C). Four different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μmol) of zeatin riboside (ZR) or water (control) were injected into the root zone (0 to 5 cm depth) of plants on the day before heat stress was imposed (0 d) and 14 d after. Leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and the content of a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), increased, whereas leaf chlorophyll content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased at 20/35°C or 35/35°C for ZR‐untreated plants. Exogenous ZR significantly suppressed these responses under both high temperature regimes. Application of 10 μmol ZR was most effective in slowing leaf senescence and alleviating heat‐induced lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, followed by 1 μmol at 35/35°C. Applying 0.1 and 0.01 μmol ZR had no effects on creeping bentgrass responses to 20/35 or 35/35°C. Our results suggested the alleviating effects of ZR at 1 and 10 μmol in heat injury to creeping bentgrass was related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and slowing leaf senescence.
Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction Analysis of National Turfgrass Performance Trials: II. Cultivar Recommendations
Authors: Ebdon J. S. , Gauch H. G.
Published: September 2018

A parsimonious additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model has often been shown to be more accurate than the cell means from which it is computed in predicting future performance, especially where complex genotype × environment (GE) interactions exist, as is typical of National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) variety trials. NTEP relies on ANOVA procedures for estimates (means averaged over replicates) to predict turfgrass quality performance. The objectives of this research were (i) to compare the predictive accuracy and statistical efficiency of AMMI models relative to the cell means model (means averaged over replicates or AMMI‐F full model) and (ii) using mega‐environment analysis of AMMI, identify subregions within the cool‐season turfgrass growing region having similar GE interaction patterns and cultivar recommendations. The 1990 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) variety trials were analyzed. The GE interactions in Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) and perennial ryegrass (PRG) data sets contain 33.3 and 40.6% noise, respectively. Noise complicates cultivar recommendations and AMMI was shown to recover noise selectively in a discarded residual. Based on validation studies, AMMI reduced models (AMMI‐2 for PRG and AMMI‐7 for KBG) were shown to be more predictively accurate with a statistical efficiency relative to AMMI‐F of 2.05 (KBG) and 5.6 (PRG). Mega‐environment analysis identified several subregions, each representing several NTEP locations. Mega‐environments follow a cultural intensity gradient that can be altered by mowing height and nitrogen fertilization. Locations from the same subregion had better predictive value for other locations from the same subregion. This may allow the same genotypes to be targeted to all locations from the same subregion, simplifying cultivar recommendations. The data suggest that if the goal is to recommend the most reliable genotype, then priority should be given to AMMI adjusted means.
Performance of Tall Fescue Germplasms Bred for High‐ and Low‐Ergot Alkaloids
Authors: Hill N. S. , Bouton J. H. , Thompson F. N. , Hawkins L. , Hoveland C. S. , McCann M. A.
Published: September 2018

Field studies were conducted to examine yield, alkaloid stability, stand survival, and animal toxicity in tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaShreb.) germplasms, infected with their endemic endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum(Morgan‐Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin] and bred for high‐ or low‐alkaloid concentration. Three germplasms selected from endophyte‐infected (E+) ‘Jesup’ for low‐alkaloid and two germplasms selected for high‐alkaloid, along with E+ and endophyte‐free (E−) Jesup, E+ and E− ‘Kentucky‐31’, and E− ‘AU Triumph’ tall fescue were planted at a mountain and a piedmont location in Georgia, and the forage harvested for 3 yr. Yield was calculated and alkaloid concentration was measured. In separate experiments, stand survival of one high‐ and one low‐alkaloid germplasm was assessed in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] sod by grazing with beef cattle. Toxicity was assessed on one low‐alkaloid germplasm in lamb performance trials. Yields of the low‐ and high‐alkaloid germplasms were similar to the E+ Jesup cultivar. The low‐ and high‐alkaloid germplasms remained low and high in alkaloids, respectively. The E+ check and the germplasms bred for both high‐ and low‐ergot alkaloid concentration were found to have superior stand survival compared with the E− check, but the low‐alkaloid germplasm had lower stand survival than the E+ check. Lambs grazing the low‐alkaloid germplasm showed weight gain ranking between those on E+ and E− pasture. This study indicates that persistence and alkaloid concentration were stable over environments; however, animal toxicity and the stand reduction exhibited by the low‐alkaloid producing germplasm raises when grazed questions about breeding for reduced alkaloid concentration.
Construction of a Saccharum Consensus Genetic Map from Two Interspecific Crosses
Authors: Ming Ray , Liu Sin‐Chieh , Bowers John E. , Moore Paul H. , Irvine James E. , Paterson Andrew H.
Published: September 2018

A consensus map of homologous DNA linkage groups from two genotypes in each of two Saccharum species was aligned with the compact diploid genome of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. A set of 439 DNA probes from different Poaceae (grasses) detected 2523 loci in two segregating populations derived from the crosses Saccharum officinarum L.'Green German' × S. spontaneum L. ‘IND 81‐146’, and S. spontaneum ‘PIN 84‐1’ × S. officinarum ‘Muntok Java’. Genetic maps of the four Saccharum genotypes, including a total of 289 linkage groups (LGs), were assembled into 13 homologous groups (HGs) on the basis of parallel arrangements of duplicated loci. The consensus map of HGs consisted of 232 probes and 982 mapped loci/alleles in four sugarcane linkage maps. Of the 982 loci/alleles on the consensus map, 845 (86%) of them correspond to a single linkage group of Sorghum, indicating the highly conserved genome structure between these two closely related genera. At least six basic chromosomes, LGs A, D, F, H, I, and J, showed close correspondence to each other in Saccharum and Sorghum Two possible chromosome fusion events were found in S. spontaneum corresponding to sorghum LG B fused with LG E, and LG B fused with LG G. This consensus map illustrates how the high‐density sorghum linkage map can be used to facilitate the mapping and understanding of the complex sugarcane genome.
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Rice Subspecies Using Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Ni Junjian , Colowit Peter M. , Mackill David J.
Published: September 2018

Molecular markers are useful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and determining cultivar identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity within a diverse collection of rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions, and to determine differences in the patterns of diversity within the two rice subspecies indica and japonica Thirty‐eight rice cultivars of particular interest to U.S. breeding programs and two wild species accessions (O. rufipogon Griffithand O. nivara Sharma et Shastry) were evaluated by means of 111 microsatellite markers distributed over the whole rice genome. A total of 753 alleles were detected, and the number of alleles per marker ranged from 1 to 17, with an average of 6.8. A positive correlation was found between the number of alleles per locus and the maximum number of repeats within a microsatellite marker. Compared to indica cultivars, the japonica group showed significantly higher genetic diversity on chromosomes 6 and 7, and considerably lower diversity on chromosome 2. All rice cultivars and lines could be uniquely distinguished, and the resulting groups corresponded exactly to the indica and japonica subspecies, with japonica divided into temperate and tropical types. With stepwise discrimination, two subsets of approximately 30 markers were identified that produced genetic distance matrices and dendrograms that were the same as those produced by means of all 111 markers. The results suggested that a relatively small number of microsatellite markers could be used for the estimation of genetic diversity and the identification of rice cultivars.
Genetic Diversity in Wild and Weedy Aegilops, Amblyopyrum, and Secale Species—A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Hegde S. G. , Valkoun J. , Waines J. G.
Published: September 2018

The wild and weedy relatives of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L., are suggested as potential sources of useful alleles for bread wheat improvement. For example, the genus Aegilops L. has contributed two of the three bread wheat genomes. In this study we measured the nature and extent of allozyme variation for 10 isozymes in three diploid and eight polyploid Aegilops, one Amblyopyrum (Jaub. & Spach), and one feral Secale L. species collected from 15 populations in their centers of origin in Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, and California. The predominantly autogamous Aegilops species were, to a large extent, homozygous and homogeneous. The presence of heterozygous genotypes in Aegilops tauschii Coss. (H0 = 0.0033 ± 0.01) and Ae. crassa Boiss (H0 = 0.0048 ± 0.08) indicated the possibility of limited facultative outcrossing in these Aegilops species. The obligate outcrossers, Amblyopyrum muticum (Boiss.) Eig (He = 0.09 ± 0.16) and Secale cereale L. (He = 0.09 − 0.13), showed less than expected genetic variation. The extent and nature of genetic variation were identical between the introduced Californian Ae. cylindrica Host and that which occurs in the Fertile Crescent (He = 0.00); however, in Ae. triuncialis L., the introduced Californian population had a higher genetic diversity estimate (He = 0.06 ± 0.12) than the population from the Fertile Crescent (He = 0.00). The average genetic distance between the polyploid Aegilops species was greater (D = 0.64 ± 0.28) than that observed between the diploid Aegilops species (D = 0.18 ± 0.10), or between the diploid Aegilops and weedy S. cereale (D = 0.52 ± 0.06). We discuss the implication of these findings for germplasm collection and wheat breeding.