bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community based study of drinking and driving in North Indian city
Authors: Vikas Bhatia , Sonia Puri , Amritpal Kaur , Kiran Bala
Published: October 2012

Background

One-third men in India consume alcohol as per national survey. Almost 70% of alcohol in south-east Asia is produced in India. Drinking and driving remains a challenge in reducing RTA's in the country.

Objectives

Study was conducted to understand various epidemiological features such as prevalence, pattern, frequency related with alcohol consumption and find out prevalence of driving following drinking.

Methods

Community based study was conducted in urban, rural and slum setting in Chandigarh having 1.1 million people. Information was collected by interviewing 578 men of 18 years and above and recording on standardised format in 2011–2012.

Results

Study constituted 57.1% urban, 16.8% rural and 26.1% slum population. Socio-economic profile was: Illiteracy in 16.9%, unskilled workers 34.4%, married 78.1%. Current alcohol consumption was observed in 160 persons (27.7%) which was 23% in urban, 33% in rural and 34.4% in slum. Pattern of drinking was occasional in 43.1%, mild in 23.8%, moderate in 10% and heavy in 23.1%. Overall 57.5% subjects reported to drive after alcohol consumption—highest in slums (65.5%) followed by urban (63.2%) and rural (31.3%) community. Only 3.9% were checked for breath test.

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption is public health problem with nearly one-third drinking in slum and rural and one-fourth in urban areas. One in three were moderate to heavy drinkers. Drinking and driving—a high risk factor for RTA's was observed to exist in majority of population. Enforcement of law needs to be enforced strictly for road safety.
Cough mixtures abuse amongst adolescent students in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Chen ZH , Xia HY
Published: October 2012

Background

Cough mixtures can heal or to harm. Very few literatures involved cough mixtures abuse (CMB) while we often have clinical cases basically of adolescents.

Purpose

To investigate the epidemiology of CMB among adolescent students.

Methods

Analyses were based on a cross-sectional survey of students (N=8529) from 22 middle and high schools in Guangzhou, China. Logistic regression models were computed to examine prospective risk factors of CMB behaviour. Cough mixtures were restricted to those prescription medicine containing codeine component drunk for upper respiratory tract treatment purpose originally.

Results

Our findings show the prevalence of CMB varied from 5.36% to 12.54% in every age group (12 to 19). Male students were more vulnerable with a rate of 8.17% in comparison to female 5.93% (χ23.263; p 0.017). Prospective risk factors of CMB included convenience to obtain (OR 1.856; 95% CI 1.012 to 2.547), depression or anxiety (OR 2.851; 95% CI 1.014 to 3.415), high study stress (OR 1.954; 95% CI 1.245 to 3.214), and single parent families (OR 3.047; 95% CI 2.184 to 3.946). Drug dependence was the adverse consequence of CMB bringing on from acute symptoms like illusion (5.26%), palpitation (7.48%) and coma (2.58%) to chronical changes such as decline of memories (78.24%), difficult to sleep (80.12%), weak appetite and digestion (85.47%).

Significance

CMB endangering adolescent students calls for enforcement and education intervention in Guangzhou, China.
Who are you? Prevention of alcohol related sexual violence
Authors: Wellington Hannah Cranston , Duncan Russell
Published: October 2012

Background

Sexual violence can often be prevented if someone does something…however small. Being an ethical bystander is all about doing little things, long before we get to the point of harm. ‘Who Are You?’ is a multi-media sexual violence prevention campaign focused on what we can do to stop a possible sexual assault from happening. The campaign asks what if we:

• looked after each other?

• became ‘ethical’ bystanders?

• took action to help keep others safe?

Aim

This project aims to bring key messages to the public, particularly young people to:

• improve understanding of issues around consent

• be empowered to help others

• encourage community discussion

Method

The campaign was run in Wellington (New Zealand) in October 2011 and later nationally in February 2012. It utilised radio segments which link listeners to a powerful short film via the internet and invites people to take small actions to help keep others safe.

The campaign is a local collaboration between a commercial radio network, sexual violence and health services, and the Police.

Results

Engagement with the campaign met all set targets. There were over 48 000 views of the film and over 62 000 unique visits to a dedicated website. Facebook and direct visits were the highest ranked means by which people accessed our short film.

Significance/Contribution

There has been interest both nationally and internationally from those working with young people in using the campaign materials, particularly the film as a prevention resource. A comprehensive training toolkit was developed to accompany the film.
Preventable: a social marketing campaign to prevent injuries in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Pike I , Scime G , Lafreniere K
Published: October 2012

Background

Injuries are the leading killer of Canadians in the prime of their lives. On average, over 1300 British Columbians die and 27 000 are hospitalised because of injury every year. Formative evaluation revealed 76% of BC residents considered injuries a serious problem; 72% considered injuries to be inevitable and that a social marketing campaign could contribute to injury prevention in BC.

Purpose

Through a province-wide, multi-partner collaboration, the purpose was to determine the efficacy of a social marketing campaign to change awareness, attitudes, self-reported behaviours and to significantly reduce the number and severity of injuries among BC residents aged 25–55.

Methods

A multi-year, multi-faceted campaign, focused on what peoplecando to prevent injury was developed. Utilising TV, Radio, print, guerilla events and social media, the campaign launched in June 2009.

Results

2 million BC customers (≈50% of BC population) were reached each week and over 100 million media impressions were generated. 50 000 residents visited http://www.preventable.ca Campaign recall increased 45% between June and December 2009. Ads were considered informative, relevant, credible and generated self-reflection; there was no advertising fatigue. Significant positive shifts (5–10%; p<0.05) were observed in attitudes and self-reported behaviours, and a significant reduction (p<0.05) in injury deaths was associated with the campaign period 2009–2010.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

A well-developed injury prevention social marketing campaign based upon input from, and discussion with the target audience, can result in significant changes in attitudes and behaviours, and is associated with significantly reduced injury mortality.
Development of national injury prevention policy in the Ministry of Health Sri Lanka
Authors: Samarakkody DC , Somathunga TLC
Published: October 2012

Background

Injuries remain the leading cause of hospitalisation among Sri Lankans resulting long term disability, death and tragic loss to families. In 2005, almost 9000 deaths were reported as a result of injuries and the cost for injury management had been estimated as 14.16 6 billion Rupees.

Purpose

The National policy and strategic framework on injury prevention and management was developed to improve the injury prevention efforts through collaborative action to save thousands of lives and billions of rupees.

Methods

The development of national injury prevention policy in Sri Lanka began in 2004 as a response to recommendation made by the National Committee for Prevention of Injuries (NCPI), the advisory body for injury prevention and control at the Ministry of Health Sri Lanka. A comprehensive situation assessment was done to assess the epidemiology of injuries, set priorities and develop interventions. The policy was initially drafted following consultative meetings with government officials, experts and stakeholders engaged in injury prevention.

Results

The final version of the policy document was formulated based on the recommendations made by the NCPI considering public comments and awaiting for approval and endorsement from the parliament of Sri Lanka. The policy frame work addresses primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of unintentional injuries through six strategic areas.

Significance

National policy and strategic framework on injury prevention and management reflects the countries commitment to improve the injury prevention efforts through collaborative action.
Improving injury prevention research through patient and public involvement—towards working in partnership
Authors: Stewart J , Clacy R , Benford P , Ablewhite J , Kendrick D ,   on behalf of the Keeping Children Safe at Home programme team
Published: October 2012

Background

Lay involvement in research has been proved to have advantages both at a national and local level. Hence major research funders require evidence of Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in development of proposals and the conduct of research.

Aims

The aims are to describe how PPI is part of the Keeping Children Safe at Home (KCS) research programme and how this has made a difference to the research.

Methods

A PPI representative has worked with researchers since the development of the funding application for the KCS programme. She contributes to research management meetings and works with researchers at all stages of the research from developing research tools to collection and analysis of data and report writing.

Outcome

The outcome has been positive. Researchers welcome the different perspective to research bought by PPI. Involvement in the development of invitation letters, information leaflets and questionnaires has made them more understandable for potential participants. Parents responded more positively to the PPI representative than to researchers during piloting of materials resulting in higher questionnaire completion rates. The PPI representative has also collected data both in parent's homes and in a community setting, and contributed to analysis of parent interview data. In all these areas, issues from the parent perspective that researchers may not have thought about have been identified.

Contribution to the Field

This demonstrates the benefits of partnership working between PPI representatives and researchers dedicated to injury prevention and highlights the important contribution PPI can make in the field of injury prevention.
Applying the theory: public health partnership in practice
Authors: Coral Timmins
Published: October 2012

Background

Although unintentional injury is an issue for Health Ministries around the world, the place of safety promotion is largely silent in the health sector. In New Zealand, a significant number of the staff involved in safety promotion has qualifications in health promotion yet are rarely exposed to injury prevention as a public health issue.

The Auckland University of Technology (AUT) emphasises the link between theory and practice. Students majoring in health promotion are required to complete a 150 h health promotion practicum. One opportunity was identified for students to complete a placement at SWIP.

Purpose

To build health promotion workforce capacity through agency placements focussed on injury prevention.

Methods

AUT students were placed with Safe Waitakere Injury Prevention. Projects included piercing & cutting, community events and resource development. The placement programme was underpinned by the Ottawa Charter and Ti Tiriti o Waitangi. Students received weekly agency supervision and on campus teaching.

Results

Serendipitously, longer placement has been beneficial to all parties. Students had opportunity to: understand the injury issue, value the role of collaboration and recognise where injury prevention crosscuts with health promotion. The SWIP placement supervisors report students have contributed to reflective practice and improvements; and the AUT supervisor observes student exposure to placements in injury prevention recognises an overdue focus for health promotion.

Contribution to the Field

This initiative broadens the student health promotion practical experience by exposure to safety promotion via the workplace initiatives that reduce and prevent unintentional injury.
Creation and development of an Injury Observatory for Britain and Ireland (IOBI)
Authors: Turner SL , Lyons RA , Stone D , Macey SM , Barron S , Slater W , Brown P , Verne J , Lumsden E , McErlean I , Quigg Z , Hughes K , Towner E , Shepherd J , Fischbacher C , Quinn J , Frame S , McMahon S , Jessop V
Published: October 2012

Background

Many organisations and individuals have a role in injury prevention. However, the majority of these organisations have a multitude of roles, and staff dealing with injury prevention are frequently geographically or professionally isolated.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

The Injury Observatory for Britain and Ireland (IOBI) is an innovative collaboration between the Association of Public Health Observatories and several academic institutions across the UK and Ireland. IOBI supports injury practitioners by providing an accessible injury prevention evidence base.

Methods

IOBI emerged from a series of informal meetings of interested professionals in 2004–2005. Being a virtual organisation, IOBI has neither a base nor core funding, though many of the constituent organisations receive funding from central or devolved government agencies. The IOBI website http://www.injuryobservatory.net, established in 2007, supports practitioners by providing access to a range of injury related materials. IOBI launched a free e-newsletter in 2008, Injury Prevention News (IPN, http://www.injuryobservatory.net/_newsletters.html), which is published tri-annually.

Results/Outcomes

IOBI members convene two or three times a year to share knowledge, discuss good practice, and to collaborate on injury projects. Key outcomes include: development of a specification enabling comparative analysis of inpatient data across the five countries, a comparative analysis of injury related mortality in the UK and Ireland, organising two national conferences, development of IPN.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

IOBI demonstrates the need for a forum for injury prevention collaboration in the British Isles. Its success will ultimately be judged by the extent to which it stimulates an increase in injury prevention practice and research.
Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among male military personnel and civil servants in Ibadan, Nigeria: a comparative study
Authors: Adejimi A , Fawole O , Sekoni O , Balogun M , Popoola O
Published: October 2012

Background

The nature of training and work of the military personnel and civil servants may affect their relationships with their intimate partners in different ways.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to assess and compare the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) against female partners among male military personnel and civil servants in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria.

Methods

A cross sectional study was carried out using a multi-stage sampling technique. A self administered questionnaire was used in data collection. χ2test was used to assess association between categorical variables and predictors of perpetration of IPV were determined using logistic regression at level of significance of 5%.

Result

A total of 1240 respondents, 631 in the military and 609 in the civil service were interviewed. About 75% were currently married. The prevalence of perpetration of any form of IPV in the last 12 months of the study was 77.8% and 66% among the respondents in the military and civil service, respectively. Significantly higher proportions of respondents in the military had perpetrated various types of IPV except sexual violence. The predictors of perpetrating any form IPV include being a military personnel, childhood exposure to parental IPV, having a negative attitude towards wife beating and use of alcohol. Civil servants were more likely to perpetrate sexual violence against their female partners.

Significance

Intimate partner violence was quite prevalence in both groups but significantly more among the military personnel. There is a need for educating these men through multidisciplinary approach and different strategies in the two groups.
Childhood parental physical and psychological maltreatment and associations with mental health among 952 university students in China
Authors: Jingqi Chen
Published: October 2012

Background

Although numerous studies have documented the prevalence and negative outcomes of child maltreatment by parents worldwide, research into this issue is still rare in China. There is an urgent need to address the issues.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of childhood parental physical and psychological maltreatment (CPPPM) and associations with demographic factors, self-reported mental health and risky behaviors among 952 university students (males 697, females 255) in China.

Results

Overall, 44.6% of students reported having been physically or/and psychologically maltreated at least one time, one of four forms of maltreatments by their parents before age of 16, the four forms of maltreatments were hit/kick/push with open hands/fist/feet/other part of body (25.1%), beating with an objects (20.9%), humiliated in front of other people and try to make the child feel bad, stupid or worthless (6.7%), and witnessing parents‘ physical violence (22.7%). Risk of any CPPPM was not associated with the existence of siblings (one-child vs two- or more child families), rural/urban residence during childhood, or parental education. Compared with their peers who had no CPPPM, the students with two or more forms of CPPPM showed significantly higher level of loneliness, more depressed, suicidal thinking, drank alcohol, and involved in violence.

Significance

This research showed that the problem of CPPPM is not uncommon and the problem has a significant correlation with youth mental health problems.
A comparison of willingness to pay to prevent child maltreatment deaths in Ecuador and the United States
Authors: Corso P , Roldos M
Published: October 2012

Background

Assessing societal willingness-to-pay (WTP) is one approach for monetising potential benefits of an intervention. In the field of child maltreatment (CM), such estimates are scarce and have rarely been compared between populations from different countries.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

This study estimates WTP for an intervention intended to reduce the mortality risk associated with CM, comparing an Ecuadorian to US population.

Methods

We used the contingent valuation method to ask WTP in increased annual taxes (in US$) for a 50% reduction in CM mortality risk. The US population (n=117) was selected by random-digit dial in 2008. The Ecuadorian population (n=78) was selected by convenience from different shopping districts in 2012. The 2008 WTP estimates were inflated to 2012 US$ for comparison. The maximum likelihood function was estimated using interval regression in STATA. Other covariates tested in the model included age, gender, race, and history of CM abuse.

Results/Outcomes

The WTP for a 50% reduction in the risk of a child being killed by a caretaker or parent was $167 ($146–$190, 95% CI) in Ecuador, and $215 ($185 to $246, 95% CI) in the US, which was significantly different at p=0.08 when tested in the reduced model. In the full model, none of the covariates including country were significant.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

WTP to prevent CM death varies marginally from one population to another, likely tempered by differences in purchasing power. Given the overall low probability of CM death, the value placed on a life saved from CM in either population is considerable.
Intervention program for perpetrators of intimate partner violence in Mexico: preliminary results and lesson learned
Authors: Mariana González-Focke , Rosario Valdez-Santiago , Jorge Martín Rodríguez-Hernández
Published: October 2012

Background

In 2007, Mexico's Congress passed the General Law of Women's Access to Lives Free from Violence. One of the obligations set forth by the law is that all governmental sectors, in particular the health sector, need to collaborate to carry out programs aimed at ‘re-educating‘ victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence so that cycles of abuse and re-victimisation are broken. In this context arises the Intervention program.

Aims

Characterise the participants, present difficulties in implementation, impacts and lessons learned during 2010.

Methods

We used qualitative and quantitative indicators, monitoring and program evaluation applied in 8 states.

Results

In 2010, 1257 men participated in the program with an average age of 35.3 years; were linked via recommendation of friends (46.3%) and direct invitation to your partner (12.6%). The first difficulty was to break the resistance to participation, then an appropriate proposal to raise the working conditions of participants. This implied ‘out’ of the health centers to collaborate with other community social services. Upon joining, participants expressed that they did to improve family relationships (47%) and because they wanted to leave from violence (12%). Evaluation data show that the program generated important changes in participants. Men identified forms of violence that prior they did not recognise as such and they were able to develop strategies to detain themselves (such as leaving a situation before it became violent). One challenge is to improve retention and adherence of the participants, as only 5% attended more than 75% of the sessions of the program.

Significance

Demonstrated the importance and feasibility of carrying out innovative work with perpetrators of IPV in Mexico. Contains a model of care that is a relevant public policy proposal that addresses a central theme in the context of Mexican society.
Wives‘ gender role attitudes and their experience of different types of intimate partner violence in Central Province, Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayatilleke AC , Poudel KC , Sakisaka K , Yasuoka J , Jayatilleke AC , Jimba M
Published: October 2012

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health problem that has several associations.

Objectives

We conducted this study to examine the association between wives’ attitudes towards gender roles and their experience of different types of IPV in Central province, Sri Lanka.

Methods

We carried out a community-based cross sectional study in Central Province. For this, we included 628 ever married women between 15–49-years-old. Using a validated, structured questionnaire, we collected data on women's experience of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and their attitudes towards gender roles. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the association between women's attitudes towards gender roles and IPV.

Results

Of total (n=628), 36.6% of the wives experienced at least one of physical, psychological and/or sexual violence by their husbands during their life time (ever abuse), and 19.7% experienced such violence during the past 12 months (current abuse). Wives who disagreed that ‘a good wife obeys her husband always‘ were more likely to have experienced ever (AOR=5.94, 95% CI 2.63 to 13.44, p<0.001), and current (AOR=5.10, 95% CI 1.12 to 23.33, p<0.01) isolated psychological violence. Wives who disagreed that ‘if a husband mistreats or abuse a wife, outsiders should intervene‘ were less likely to have experienced current physical, sexual or both abuse by husbands (AOR=0.26, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.67, p<0.01).

Significance

In Sri Lanka, wives were less likely to experience IPV by husbands when they respected cultural norms such as ‘a good wife obeys her husband.’ IPV prevention policies need to be culturally sensitive and socially acceptable for the effective prevention of IPV in the country.
Intimate partner violence: the silent burden in Sri Lankan women
Authors: Kohombange CG
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Intimate partner violence is one of the commonest forms of violence against women worldwide which continues to be a global burden. In Sri Lanka a proper legal framework has been formed for the safety of women by ‘The domestic violence act‘ passed in 2005.Nevertheless there is no evidence on the extent of the burden in Sri Lanka.

Objective

To determine the frequency of abuse, injury patterns and associated factors contributing to physical abuse in women.

Methodology

A cross sectional study was performed at the accident service of national hospital Sri Lanka using an interviewer administered questionnaire.

Results

Out of 400 abused women(mean age 21±3), 233(58.25%) abused >5 times. Out of all 98(24.5%) had facial injuries, 165(41.25%) had injuries in upper limbs. Out of all batterers 304(76%) consumed alcohol regularly. Significantly higher prevalence was observed among those who had married before the age of 20 years (p<0.001), lack of formal education, (p<0.05),>two children (p<0.05), lived with mothers in law (p<0.05) and alcohol consumption of the batterers (p<0.001).

Significance

Probability of a woman being abused more than five times was high. Facial injuries were common. Younger age at marriage, having more children, low level of education, extended families and alcohol consumption of the batterer were significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Discouraging underage marriages encourage family planning, improvement of education opportunities, prevention of regular alcohol consumption and enforcement of laws will be recommended to reduce the burden.
Intra-family violence as factor associated with low birth weight
Authors: Aleman C
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Abuse during pregnancy is considered to be a potentially modifiable risk factor for child outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age and preterm birth.

Objectives

To identify risk factors associated with LBW; analyse the association between intra family violence during pregnancy and unfavorable outcomes, measured by LBW.

Materials and Methods

A hospital base was performed, case control study of 50 newborns weighted 2500 gram or less and 100 control newborns patients without low weight to evaluate associations between intra family violence and LBW. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for case control comparisons.

Results

Data on violence in the current pregnancy reflects differences found between cases and controls, depending on scale: verbally or economically abused: 58% cases and controls with 23.3% OR 21.63 (CI 95% 7.33 to 67.17), slapping: cases 22% and controls 1% OR 27.92, CI 95% (3.52 to 597.93), injuries: cases 12% and controls 0%. OR and CI 95%, undefined.

With regard to abuse during pregnancy 44% cases and 7% controls, show that the abuse began during pregnancy, with OR 10.44 (CI 95% 3.73 to 30.32). There was no abuse in 36% of cases and 93% of controls.

Conclusions

Domestic violence as a risk factor, leading to serious consequences for the physical, mental and reproductive health of women and may also has serious effects on the health of their children.

Mothers who experience violence during pregnancy are 21 times more likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies.
Breaking the cycle of violence: detection of domestic violence in a regional emergency department
Authors: Perera N , Hanson D , Franklin R
Published: October 2012

Background

Domestic violence is a serious issue in Australian society. Under reporting and poor management have affected how domestic violence victims are cared for within the health care system. Little research has been undertaken in the area of domestic violence in a regional or rural setting.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

Describe the level of domestic violence reported at the Emergency Department of Mackay Base Hospital (MBHED).

Methods

A retrospective analysis of de-identified data obtained from the Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit was explored to determine the reported prevalence of domestic violence to females in the MBHED for the period 1 January 2001 up to 31 December 2010.

Results/Outcome

During the 10-year period there were 81 803 injury presentations, of which 1086 were females presenting due to assault. Of female assault victims 296 (27%) were recorded as partner violence; whereas for males it was 1.5%. The highest rates of domestic violence were in the 20–29-yearold age group (37%) and the 30–39-year-old age group (29%). Approximately 18% of victims were under 19 years of age, and only 16% were over the age of 40.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Studies undertaken in metropolitan Australian ED's revealed that 2% of presentations in females were due to domestic violence occurring within the last 24 h. This study showed that of female patients presenting with injury 1% were due to domestic violence. This suggests significant under reporting in this regional emergency department. Further studies to outline the barriers to reporting are required.
Pregnancy outcomes linked to intimate partner violence: a systematic review
Authors: IIiopoulou I Mavromatis S -M , Kanavidis P , Matsoukis I , Petridou E
Published: October 2012

Background

Adverse effects of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during pregnancy on maternal and child health are increasingly recognised as an important public health issue.

Purpose

To review the multiple maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with physical, sexual and emotional/psychological/verbal IPV exerted during pregnancy and quantify any related impacts.

Methods

A predefined search algorithm was used to retrieve Medline publications in English during the last 25 years, followed by manual search of references. Studies reporting an association between domestic/spousal/intimate partner violence or abuse and adverse obstetric outcomes including low birth weight (LBW), abortion, fetal loss, preterm labor (PTL), preeclampsia and bleeding were included.

Results

Individual studies have associated any IPV type history with LBW and PTL, whereas sexual IPV was associated with increased risk of third trimester bleeding, emotional IPV with preeclampsia and physical IPV with both bleeding and PTL. Moreover, physical and sexual IPV increased the risk for induced abortion, whereas emotional IPV had a strong association with spontaneous fetal loss. Physical or sexual violence was strongly associated with obstetric problems in general, premature rupture of membranes, direct physical trauma and fetal injury, in particular. Lastly, the likelihood to obtain prenatal care is suboptimal, whereas increased stress levels and postpartum depression have been also observed.

Significance

Association of IPV with adverse clinical/psychological outcomes for mothers/children has been already examined, although quantification of the burden is hampered by high heterogeneity levels. Since pregnancy represents a window of opportunity to identify IPV, screening programs and effective interventions should be part of health routines.
Factors associated with intimate partner violence decrease in Medellin, Colombia. 2003–2007
Authors: Restrepo A , Duque LF , Montoya NM
Published: October 2012

Background

Between 2004–2007 there was a relative reduction of partner physical violence of 50% (17.5% vs 8.5%), in Medellin, Colombia.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To determine factors associated with intimate partner physical violence decreasing in Medellin Colombia, (2004–2007).

Methods

Two household surveys were conducted in Medellin, Colombia (2004 n=5781 and 2007 n=4653). Straus Conflict Tactics Scale was used to measure physical intimate partner violence. We calculated the mean annual change in intimate physical violence, using percentage of aggressors and CI 95%. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between change in physical violence and associated factors.

Results/Outcomes

Factors associated with this change were an increase of collective efficacy (B=3.3; SE=1.0), and reduction in the following: past year unemployment (B=−0.06; SE=0.12); perceived neighborhood disorder (B=−1.4, SE=0.66), distrust (B=−2.0; SE=1.1), violence and interpersonal aggression legitimating (B=−1.5, SE=0.12), frustrated expectancies and tolerance of law breaking reduction.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Changes in the social environment contributed to physical intimate partner violence decreasing in Medellin. Promotion of public policies that decrease social factors such as machismo attitude and distrust, and promote collective efficacy and employment, may contribute to reduction of partner physical violence.
Model of care for older adults abused in Mexico
Authors: Ma Guadalupe Ruelas-González , Blanca Pelcastre V , Hortensia Reyes M
Published: October 2012

Objective

To identify the abuse of the elderly through the perception of providers of health services for consultation, and hospital emergency room and the older adult and caregiver in three states of Mexico, to propose a model of care for adult most abused.

Material and Methods

Qualitative and quantitative study conducted from June 2009 to February 2012, held in the cities of Monterrey, Oaxaca and Cuernavaca, 89 semi-structured interviews doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists at emergency departments, outpatient and hospital and 111 in nursing homes, caregiver and family. The data analysis was conducted based on procedures proposed by the theory. Additionally, 12 interviews were conducted in social and legal institutions that deal with abuse cases, making statistical analysis.

Results

The main problem for providers of health services: the neglect and lack of family support for older adults to increase in holidays and vacation bridges, calculating the 40% of cases in consultation and 10% in emergency care and hospitalisation. Family members or caregivers indicate the loss of time and poor quality of care. The elderly, invisibility refers to the haste with that care, lack of proper treatment, lack of training and sensitisation of health personnel.

Contribution

We propose implementation of a comprehensive care model for elderly abuse in the strategies: (1) Provision of services, screening, diagnosis and intervention to avoid ‘major’ damage health. (2) Comprehensiveness and complementarity of care from abuse, set of activities coordinated interagency and intersectoral otorge protection and assistance.
Stop, collaborate and listen: the network for a Violencefree Hutt Valley is back with a brand new edition
Authors: Seymour A , Robinson D
Published: October 2012

Background

Family violence is a major health, social and economic issue for all New Zealanders, costing the country around $4–5 billion per year. Family violence targeted funding is mainly spent on secondary and tertiary prevention measures. However, we need to shift our thinking about how we deal with family violence within our communities.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

Ahuru Mowai o te Awakairangi, the Network for a Violence-Free Hutt Valley is one community building a foundation for a primary prevention approach towards family violence.

Methods

Family Violence Networks have existed in the Hutt Valley since the 1990s and a formal Hutt Valley wide network was established by 2010. In 2011, the Network began work to strategically re-position itself away from secondary and tertiary prevention towards a primary prevention approach to family violence. Using a socio-ecological model as a framework for prevention, network agencies continue to work on responding to family violence at an individual and relationship level, while the Network's working group focuses on effecting change at community and societal levels.

Results/Outcomes

In practice, this has included the set up of free family violence community education sessions, and lobbying which has resulted in the Network being represented on the WHO International Safe Communities Hutt Valley working group, and the Hutt Valley Governance Group comprising of the Mayors and the leaders of government and non-government agencies.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

It is through such a co-ordinated approach, educating people and lobbying at a policy level, that Ahuru Mowai o Te Awakairangi can effect change in the area of family violence prevention.
Surveillance of family violence a perspective of 5 years in Costa Rica
Authors: Roy Wong-McClure , Leandra Abarca-Gómez , Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza , Guiselle Rovira-Jiménez , Xiomara Badilla-Vargas
Published: October 2012

Background

A national Family Violence Surveillance System (FaViSS) was established in Costa Rica since 2005, in all the public Clinics and Hospitals, with the mandatory report of any kind of family violence that included sexual, psychological or physical abuse and neglect syndrome. The objective was describe the Family Violence (FaVi) trend during the last 5 years of the national surveillance system in Costa Rica.

Methods

The standardised surveillance protocol was developed to collect the data from the public Clinics and Hospitals in Costa Rica. We merged and analysed the country's data between 2006 and 2011. The estimated the incidence rate of every kind of FaVi, by age group, gender, year, geographical and temporal distribution.

Results

During the analysed period 53 061 cases of FaVi were reported in all the country. The overall FaVi's affected gender was female that reached 79.4% and the younger and elderly population. According with the each FaVi's category, physical abuse was reported in 46.6% of the cases followed by psychological abuse in 28.4%. The FaVi's temporal analysis evidenced that overall FaVi cases were more frequent during the first trimester of each year with a reduction during the last trimester.

Discussion

The Costa Rican FaViSS has permitted knows the behavior in the country of one of the most important public health events and it gave important information to the policy makers.

Contribution to the Field

The current analysis evidenced how the FaViSS could improve the knowledge of the event to enforcement the prevention programs in the country.
Socio-demographic characteristics and public health status of child domestics: myths and reality for a safe community in Bangladesh
Authors: Kazi Selim Anwar , Hossain Mollah H Abid , Reaz Monowar Syed , Ayesha Begum , Ali Molla Azaher , Kumar Sengupta Pradip , Nurul Gani , Afzalul Karim Syed
Published: October 2012

Background

Despite ‘child domestic’ remains the worst victims of child-labour, few reports are published on this virtual slavery. However, It is crucial that their health/psycho-social-state are normal. We report here findings of socio-demographic-context and public-health status of such ‘hidden-exploited’-children in Bangladesh.

Purpose

Study socio-demographic characteristic and public health status of child domestics working in urban-Dhaka residences.

Methods

Cross-sectional survey on child-domestics from randomly-selected 90-households in nine areas in urban Dhaka. Data were collected employing house-to-house visit to interview child-domestics (household master/mistresses) using structured-questionnaire/checklists.

Outcome

All-these 113 child-domestics (mean age 11.7±2.2) came out from grossly-poor families/poverty-stricken areas and had no schooling, but few signed names, scrappily. While 42% non/relatives and19%parents brought them-in to such slavery, 36% masters/mistress trapped them in. Just for mere-wage of Tk.750–950(∼11–13 US$)/month, they look-after 4–6-member-families, 98% on verbal-agreement(wage and free-food/lodging). Nail was not trimmed in 81%, clothes were dirty in 76%, scabies in 46% and helminthiasis/anemia in 88%.Some 77% had no separate rooms to sleep,∼49% slept on floor/veranda and 69% on thin-mat/Kantha. While 89% work dawn-to-dusk (45% until late-night), with ½-1-hr interval when master's-family enjoy mid-day-nap. Nearly 67% never plays-out, 70% never saw a doctor, 35% sustained battering, 26% endured physical-torturing and 31% stayed-locked inside-out. Even-than 57% reportedly lived there happily (?).

Significance/Contribution

These-findings demonstrate that child-domestics, often deployed on verbal-agreement, sustain physical-torturing, endure psycho-social threats and suffer from ill-health. Even-than, extreme-poverty compel these child-domestics live happily. While we advocate banning this 'silently-exploited virtual-slaves', we recommend to accomplish it through phase-wise rehabilitation-programs, employing public-private partnerships approach.
Consequences of husband perpetuated violence against women on child health and psycho-social state
Authors: Selim Anwar Kazi , Ahad Yasmin , Ayesha Begum , Nurul Gani , Reaz Monwar S , Shah Rahman Mahfuzur M , Khaleda Islam , Afzalul Karim S , Kumar Sengupta Pradip , Ali Molla Azaher
Published: October 2012

Background

The UN-Resolution defines violence against women-VAW as any-act of gender-based violence resulting in physical/sexual/psychological-harm/threat to women, coercion or arbitrary-deprivation of liberty, in her life. Despite several national/global initiatives (Nairobi-Strategy‘85,Beijing-Platform'95),promoting/enforcing women's-rights remains slower. In Asia, prevalence/magnitude of VAW is being-rampant. Here, we present preliminary-findings on family-violence (FV) from Bangladesh and its' negative-impact on child's health and psycho-social state.

Purpose

Study occurrences of husband-perpetuated FV and assess its effect on child's health and psycho-social state (school-performances).

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 72 married-women living-in 64 households in randomly-selected three rural-villages. Adopting a 2-tier-methodology we interviewed all women using a pre-tested structured-questionnaire, and assessed their perception on-VAW, qualitatively (using FGDs, In-depth-Interview/IDIs).

Outcome

Of 72 women, 94% were less/ill-literate, 53% poor, majority being 1st wives. Of 68% (n=49) with some-degree of family-violence, 45% tolerated mild-form(mostly verbal and rarely physical abusing/slapping), 37% endured moderate-form (verbal/physical-abusing 3–4 times/year) and 18% sustained severe-form(physical torturing every1–2 weeks-apart) of VAW. While verbal-abusing was confined in rebuking/reprimand; physical-abuse ranged from scolding to battering: fist-hitting/hand-twisting, beating, punching, kicking/knocking. Few severe-cases sustained throat-grabbing/knife-charging/burnt-off body-parts/forced-sex and suicidal attempts. Attesting these findings, post-FGD/IDI-transcript analysis revealed dowry-demand, gross-poverty and/or husband-dependency was prime-causes of FV. But, FV-victims never raised voice to avoid social-chaos/gossip and/or pro-male(husband)-biased unfair-judgment(s). Severity of FV-cases was associated with child's health(pre-set-parameters), (p<0.04) and school-performance(p<0.03) including other psycho-social-state.

Significance/Contribution

Occurrence of FV in rural-Bangladesh (breeching women-right) and exerting negative-impact on child's health/psycho-social state(violating child-right) remains imperative for immediate intervention towards stopping male-driven socio-cultural-epidemics right now if not possible to combat it instantly.
Increased intimate partner violence in users of Mexican public health services: fact or improved registry?
Authors: Avila L , Barroso A , Valdez R , Hijar M , Del Rio A , Rojas R
Published: October 2012

Objective

To explore the prevalence trends in intimate partner violence (IPV) for the years 2003 and 2006 in Mexico, identifying factors associated with the severity of violence.

Method

The 2006 National Survey on Violence toward Women (ENVIM 2006) was used. This survey is nationally, urban and rural representative of public health service users. 22 318 women above the age of 14 were interviewed. A restricted generalised ordinal regression model was adjusted. The dependant variable was the severity of the IPV index. The same items were used in both surveys (ENVIM 2003 and ENVIM 2006).

Results

Non-severe and severe violence were experienced by 21% and 12% of respondents, respectively. A history of child abuse (ORA3.89) and rape (ORA2.09, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.66) was the most important factor linked to severe violence. A male partner's near daily alcohol consumption increased up to six times the possibility of severe abuse. A female partner's acceptance of the traditional role increased the risk for violence, while higher education in both partners diminished it.

Conclusions

IPV in female users of public health services increased to 21% by the year 2006 in comparison 2003. Associated factors were consistent in both surveys. This social problem, with such a high prevalence, requires inter-institutional strategies supporting greater empowerment of women through higher education, early detection, health care, and specific interventions for the prevention of IPV in future generations.
Economic and health consequences in women subject to intimate partner abuse
Authors: Avila L , Barroso A , Rivera G , Salinas G , Aracena B , Cahuana L
Published: October 2012

Background

Intimate partner abuse (IPA) has inter-generational effects, cause emotional and physical harm; in addition, affect the women's financial lives. Latin American studies have estimated that at least 30% of GDP is lost due to IPA. In Mexico there has been no official estimate of the economic cost associated with IPA.

Objective

To analyse the effects and socio-economic costs of IPA in Mexico.

Methodology

Data from The 2006 National Survey on Violence against Women (ENVIM II) was used. The Severe Intimate Partner Abuse Index identified physical injuries in women (ages>14) who sought Mexican public health services. Out-of-pocket expenses for injures care were calculate. Lost work days due to IPA were measured and given a monetary value using multivariate imputation models. Likewise, income loss due to IPA was estimated using Propensity Score Matching.

Results

A total of 18 046 women were interviewed. 30% reported partner violence during the previous year. Of those, one third suffered one or more physical lesions and only one third of them sought medical attention. The average medical care expenditure per subject was $50 USD. Nearly 3% of those abused reported missing at least one work day during the previous year as a consequence of IPA. For the year under study, the total number of work days lost was 7003 (378 700 USD). The total effects of IPA on lost income are still under study.

Conclusions

IPA has important social costs. Therefore policies and additional resources should be directed to the prevention and abatement of this serious social problem.
Sexual violence during pregnancy and women's perception on current abortion in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Animesh Biswas , Koustuv Dalal , Ma Halim , Fazlur Rahman
Published: October 2012

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is identified as a public health and a human rights issue in both low and high income countries. In developing countries, prevalence of IPV range from 9.7% to 30%. Fact suggests that abused women encounter reproductive health problems including abortions. IPV in Bangladesh is reported as acute socio medical problem. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy by the husband and women's perceptions on the current abortion.

Method

A rural level hospital based study cross sectional study. A structured pre tested questionnaire was used and 71 women were purposively selected who had admitted in the hospital due to abortion from July to Dec.07. Descriptive analysis of the quantitative data was performed.

Results

Mean age of women was 25, more than 38% didn't have any education and most of them had low socio economic conditions. More over 55% of women and her husband took current aborted fetus without planning. However median age of current abortion was 90 days. Near about 57% women faced sexual violence in last 4 months, moreover 26% faced once a week in where 17% faced sexual violence twice a week. More than 35% women believed that current abortion happened due to husband's sexual violence.

Significance

Sexual violence during pregnancy has identified a serious health problem in rural Bangladesh which was connected with mothers‘ perception on current abortion. It has an intense immediate and long-term consequence on women's physical and mental health.