bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brest et son passé industriel : enfermement ou ouverture ?
Authors: Sauvin Thierry , Choquet Anne , Leplat Melody , de Penanros Roland
Published: December 2021

Dans cet article, nous transposons l’approche évolutionniste, traditionnellement circonscrites aux firmes, à l’analyse d’un territoire pour appréhender sa dynamique et ses perspectives de diversification. Les concepts d’enfermement, de trajectoires et de contraintes de sentier nous paraissent particulièrement pertinents pour étudier l’inertie du pays de Brest (France) en matière de diversification des activités. Marqué par l’industrie de la Défense, le pays de Brest peine à concrétiser les projets de diversification vers des activités civiles. Nous avançons l’idée selon laquelle l’industrie de la défense, par sa singularité, est à l’origine d’empreintes territoriales et notamment cognitives expliquant en grande partie pourquoi les acteurs locaux demeurent réticents à l’égard de tout projet de diversification. Les résultats de deux enquêtes menées auprès de personnes ayant ou non travaillé dans l’industrie de la défense confirment la présence de ces empreintes territoriales mais révèlent également une acceptabilité croissante des brestois à l’égard de deux projets de diversification : la déconstruction de coques de navires et la conception et fabrication d’hydroliennes et d’éoliennes flottantes, soit deux activités qui inscriraient le pays de Brest dans la transition écologique.
La prise en compte de l’équité dans les politiques de mobilité urbaine. Les cas de Clermont-Ferrand et Lyon
Authors: Fandio Cédric , Maheu Mélanie , Nicolas Jean-Pierre , Bouzouina Louafi , Déprés Christophe
Published: December 2021

Le thème de l’équité sociale dans les politiques publiques de mobilité urbaine est de plus en plus abordé dans les travaux scientifiques depuis les années 2000. Ces travaux concernent par exemple les manières de l’appréhender, les facteurs explicatifs à l’oeuvre, les adaptations individuelles, ou les outils dont dispose la collectivité pour prendre en compte cette question dans ses actions, à travers la tarification, la couverture spatiale des réseaux de transports collectifs ou le développement de services alternatifs. Un champ reste cependant moins souvent abordé, celui concernant la manière dont les acteurs des politiques publiques s’approprient cette thématique et mobilisent des éléments relevant de différentes conceptions de la justice sociale, tant dans leurs discours que dans les actions concrètement mises en oeuvre sur le terrain. Cet article est le fruit d’une première investigation en la matière, réalisée à partir du cas de deux agglomérations de la région Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Clermont-Ferrand et Lyon, à travers l’analyse de leurs Plans de Déplacements Urbains successifs et d’une série d’entretiens auprès d’une trentaine d’acteurs concernés.
Déterminants de l’émergence d’initiatives locales de développement régional au Québec : une analyse exploratoire
Authors: Michel Myriam , Dubé Jean , Devaux Nicolas
Published: December 2021

En géographie économique, les déterminants du développement économique favorisent souvent les grandes villes et agglomérations. Pour les plus petites villes, plusieurs études ont souligné l’importance des facteurs endogènes dans le développement et, par extension, le rôle de la territorialité. À ce jour, peu d’études statistiques ont formellement démontré, du moins à grande échelle, le lien qui peut exister entre les facteurs classiques de localisation, le profil démographique et le portrait socio-économique sur la présence et l’émergence d’initiatives locales de développement. Cette étude propose donc de contribuer à réduire cet écart. À partir de données autodéclarées sur la localisation d’initiatives locales au Québec, deux modèles statistiques sont estimés : i) un premier axé sur la présence/absence d’initiatives (régression logistique); et ii) un second basé sur le nombre d’initiatives (régression binomiale négative). Dans les deux cas, les résultats suggèrent qu’il existe une relation positive et significative avec le niveau d’éducation, la structure démographique et la distance à la métropole sur la présence et le nombre d’initiatives locales, alors que l’analyse révèle une relation négative et significative avec le revenu. Les résultats suggèrent que les facteurs locaux influencent l’émergence d’initiatives, tout en soulignant une certaine complémentarité aux logiques des théories classiques de localisation.
A Personal Perspective on Mario Polèse’s Research in Regional Science
Authors: Shearmur Richard
Published: December 2021

In this brief paper I outline some of Mario Polèse’s work in regional economics and local development that has marked my career and which has inspired much of my own research -, first as his student, then as his colleague. Notwithstanding the importance of his work, I try to point out the other – probably more important – ways in which Mario Polèse has influenced me, and – I suspect – other students and colleagues. This influence comes more from his integrity, fearlessness and humanism than from any specific idea or paper – though these qualities also permeate his writing on regional economies and cities.
Schémas origine-destination des activités de fusion et d’acquisition (F&A) au Canada : une analyse sectorielle des réseaux, 1994-2016
Authors: Cardenas Morales Diego Andres , Dubé Jean
Published: December 2021

L’article propose d’étudier les schémas spatiaux sectoriels de relocalisation des centres de décisions à partir d’une base de données renfermant l’ensemble des fusions et acquisitions (F&A) d’entreprises effectuées au Canada par des entreprises canadiennes entre 1994 et 2016. Les schémas spatiaux issus des liens entrants et sortants sont étudiés à partir d’une analyse de réseaux prenant appui sur une catégorisation des grands secteurs économiques en cinq regroupements (primaire, secondaire, commercial, services locaux et quaternaire). L’article compare les schémas de relocalisation des activités économiques entre secteurs, mais également pour trois périodes temporelles. Les analyses statistiques descriptives permettent d’identifier les principales tendances dans la relocalisation des centres décisionnels au Canada.
Changing Fortunes: An analysis of the dynamics of income inequality in US metropolitan areas
Authors: Cavanaugh Alicia , Breau Sébastien
Published: December 2021

Income inequality has increased significantly in OECD countries over the last few decades. Rising inequality has been particularly pronounced in the United States, especially so in metropolitan areas. During this time, the increasingly uneven distribution of income reflects the pulling away of high-income earners, as well as increased returns to skilled workers. This study uses IPUMS data to build a novel dataset for 226 MSAs over the 1980 to 2010 period. Results suggest that education has had the strongest impact on rising inequality across US metropolitan areas. Our findings also suggest that supply-side factors such as racial segregation and the size of the immigrant population are likewise positively linked with greater inequality.
Morphological Responses of a Light-Demanding Alstonia scholaris and a Shade-Tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the Air Humidity and Light Intensity
Authors:   Forestry Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Jambi, Campus Pinang Masak, Jambi-Muara Bulian Main Road, KM 15 Mendalo Darat, Jambi, Indonesia 36361, Irawan B , Tamin R P , Hardiyanti R A
Published: December 2021

The response of tropical trees to the change of light intensity has been reported to be varied among different species. Some reports argued that the growth was increasing parallel to the increasing of light intensity, but other reports mentioned that the sensitivity to the light intensity was depending on the species. Another environmental factor that has been scientifically proven to affect tree growth is humidity. While humidity itself also directly affected by the light intensity in the forest ecosystems. Therefore, it is possible that the growth pattern of trees under different light intensities is also affected by air humidity under the canopy. This research aimed to study the growth response of a light-demanding Alstonia scholaris and a shade-tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the different levels of air humidity and light intensity. The experiment was conducted in Jambi, Indonesia from April to November 2019. The experiment was carried out using split plot design with factorial treatments. The main plot was the air humidity with three levels and the sub plots was light intensity with five levels. Four replicates were applied. In general, the A. scholaris tends to be more sensitive to the humidity and light intensity compared to E. zwageri. In particular, A. scholaris tends to be more sensitive to the light intensity while, E, zwageri is more sensitive to the humidity. However, there is also strong indication that the effects of light intensity to the growth, especially for A. scholaris, was affected by the humidity level.
Research of Parallel Computing Neuro-fuzzy Networks for Unmanned Vehicles
Authors: Repole Donato
Published: December 2021

The Doctoral Thesis illustrates the author’s research in the field of VHDL based ‘neuro-fuzzy controllers’. The Thesis examines a novel software tool for the high-level ‘neuro-fuzzy controller’ description capable of executing controller simulations, optimisation tasks, performing learning / training tasks, and exporting the controller in VHDL code. The author introduces a design strategy that is looking for developing solutions for complex controller architecture of mobile robotic vehicles (of any nature) or even for multiple industrial application. This work enables further investigative research into autonomous robotics, particularly into the physical implementation of an autonomous aerial unmanned vehicle from an inexpensive RC plane.
Dual Approach in the Application of Geometric Interpretation of Linear Programming on the Organisation of Goods Distribution
Authors: Marković Bogdan , Marković Milan
Published: December 2021

The topic of the paper is the application of dual approach in formulation and resolution of goods distribution tasks problems. The gap in previous goods distribution research is the absence of the methodologies and goods transportation calculation methods for manufacturing companies with not too large amount of goods distribution whereby goods distribution is not the core activity. The goal of this paper is to find a solution for transportation in such companies. In such cases it is not rational to procure a specific software for the improvement of goods transportation but rather apply the calculation presented in this paper. The aim of this paper from mathematical aspect is to show the convenience of switching from the basic geometric interpretation of linear programming applied on transportation tasks to dual approach for the companies with too many costs limitations per transport task but not enough available transportation means. Recent research studies that use dual approach in linear programming are generally not applied to transportation tasks although such approach is very convenient. The goal of the paper is also to resolve transportation tasks by both primal and dual approach in order to prove the correctness of the method.
АТОМНО-СЛОЕВОЕ ОСАЖДЕНИЕ ТОНКИХ ПЛЕНОК ДИОКСИДА КРЕМНИЯ ДЛЯ МИКРО- И НАНОЭЛЕКТРОНИКИ Часть 4. Температурные зависимости скоростей осаждения и плотности пленок, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Васильев В.Ю.
Published: December 2021

В четвертой части обзора проанализированы данные по температурным зависимостям скоростей роста и плотности тонких пленок диоксида кремния (ТПДК) при атомно-слоевом осаждении с термической и плазменной активацией (ТА-АСО и ПА-АСО) и использованием различных реагентов-предшественников. Выделены характерные температурные диапазоны, в которых наблюдаются принципиальные отличия ростовых характеристик при ПА-АСО и ТА-АСО, а также плотности ТПДК.
ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ И ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СБИС С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ БАЗОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Королева А.Н.
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена актуальным вопросам необходимости анализа условий проектирования и производства СБИС с использованием базовых технологий. В работе выделяются особенности формирования информационно-аналитической модели, ее структуры, состава данных, принципов систематизации, приведены примеры реализации и показаны возможности развития, позволяющие проводить независимый анализ с целью выделения приоритетных областей для решения оптимизационных задач участников цепочек создания ценности.
ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ РАЗРАБОТКИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО СТАНДАРТА «СПЕЦИАЛИСТ ПО ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НАНОРАЗМЕРНЫХ ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВЫХ ПРИБОРОВ И ИНТЕГРАЛЬНЫХ СХЕМ», "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Кирюшина И.В. , Поликарпова Л.В. , Забодаева Н.Н. , Нуйкин А.В.
Published: December 2021

В работе рассматриваются 6-й и 7-й уровни квалификации персонала, соответствующие по своим характеристикам виду трудовой деятельности «инженер-технолог». Представлены разработанные функциональные карты видов профессиональной деятельности в условиях современного производства изделий микроэлектроники: инженеров-технологов и инженеров-интеграторов, а также главных специалистов, ведущих инженеров-технологов, руководителей группы и начальников лабораторий. Рассмотрены характеристики обобщенных трудовых функций для каждого из указанных видов профессиональной деятельности, включая трудовые действия, необходимые умения и знания.
Evaluation of Sex Effects on Serum Biochemical and Genetic Parameters of Japanese Quails
Authors: Udoh U. H. , Udoh J. E. , Adeoye A. A.
Published: December 2021

The study evaluated effect of Sex on serum biochemical parameters and Correlation with body weight of Japanese quails. A total of 400 birds (200 birds per sex) were reared in a Completely Randomized Design under standard management practices for 7 weeks with feed and water given ad libitum. Sex were considered treatments. Weekly body weight (BW) was measured. The three authors have declared that, “principle of laboratory animal care” (NIH publication 85 - 23 revised 1985) were followed as well as the University law. All the experiment have been examined and approved by the University law.100 birds per sex were randomly selected and blood samples were collected for serum biochemical parameters: blood Glucose (GLU), Total Cholesterol (CHOL), Triglycerides (TG), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Total Protein (TP), Albumin (ALB)and globulin (GLB). The results indicated that sex significantly (P < 0.05) influenced all the serum biochemical parameters of Japanese quail measured in this study at week 7. All data collected were analyzed with GLM of SAS ver. 9.2 and means were separated. Females of Japanese quail had the higher least square means in the serum biochemical parameters of Japanese quails than the Male counterparts. Females showed higher means in TP, ALB, GLB, TG, CHOL, AS, ALT and GLU significantly (P<0.05) higher than males with for the same parameters, respectively. However, males showed higher significant (P<0.05) difference in ALP than females measured. Correlation between BW and serum biochemical parameters for male quails ranged from -15% to 15% (low trend) while that of Female counterparts was -73% to 73% (low to high trend). In conclusion, female quails had higher values in TP, ALB, GLB, TG, CHOL, AST, ALT and GLU than the Males counterparts’ exception of ALP. Hence, female quails were considered fit for studying quails’ health status as early clinical signs will be observed for quick responds to arrest the situation that will lead to disease outbreak and a breeding program will be established for quails. Body weight of female quails is a good selection tool to predict serum biochemical parameters of quails. The correlation coefficient between body weight and serum biochemical parameters was high and significant in favor of female Japanese quails.
Effect of Aqueous Extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) Leaves with on Sexual Activity of Male Rats
Authors: Irié Otis Tra Bi , Marie-odile Tovi Wahon , Dotia Kone , Emmanuel Affy Mataphouet , Koffi Kouakou
Published: December 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacological effects of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaves on the sexual activity of animal model (male rat)

Methods: Acute toxicity was performed according to OECD Guideline 423, by a dose limit of 2000 mg /kg body weight. The observations (during 14 days) focused on the number of deaths, convulsions, sleep and coma. Study of sexual activity has been realized by using 20 male rats, distributed in 4 lots of 5 animals. Group 1 treated with distilled water, group 2 treated with 5 mg/kg B.W. of sildenafil citrate and the other two batches received respectively the doses 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria. Females in estrus state (in heat) were introduced for a period of 30 minutes. During this period, parameters of sexual behavior were recorded. At the end of the 8-day treatment, organs such as penis testicles, seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis and elevator muscle were removed. These organs were studied in order to determine pharmacological effects of aqueous extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria.

Results: The aqueous extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria showed no evidence of single dose toxicity (2000 mg/kg) when studying acute toxicity. Ride latency time, coitus latency time and ejaculation latency time was significantly decreased (P<0.001) with regard to negative control (distilled water). Ride frequency, coitus fraquency and ejaculation frequency was significantly increased (P<0.001) with regard to negative control (distilled water). No significant difference (P˃0.05) has been recorded on organ androgeno-dependant.

Conclusion: Aqueous extract of R. vomitoria has sexual stimulating activity or an aphrodisiac potential which could justify its traditional use. The aphrodisiac potential is higher at the dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w .
Hyperferritinemia in a Case of Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Pruthi Tanya , K. Agrawal Bimal , Khanna Shiv Pankaj , Bazad Jaskaran , Bhatnagar Mini
Published: December 2021

An elderly male presented with symptoms suggestive of anemia. During workup for the same he was found to have very high levels of serum Ferritin along with a normocytic, normochromic peripheral blood film and no other apparent cause for hyperferritinemia .A swelling which incidentally found on his shin was further investigated by FNAC confirmed presence of soft tissue sarcoma.
Comparative Review of Plant Transformation Techniques
Authors: Okpe A. O. , Nkaa F. A.
Published: December 2021

Plant transformation is now an important biotechnological tool in plant biology and a practical tool for transgenic plant development. There are many verified methods for stable introduction of novel genes into the nuclear genomes of diverse plant species. As a result, gene transfer and regeneration of transgenic plants are no longer the factors limiting the development and application of practical transformation systems for many plant species. However, the desire for higher transformation efficiency has stimulated work on not only improving various existing methods but also in inventing novel methods. Different methods of transferring the gene into plant cells have been developed and continuous efforts have been made to increase its efficiency. Both direct and indirect methods of gene transfer have their own merits and demerits. Efforts have been made continuously to eliminate drawbacks and to develop an easy and eco-friendly method to transfer foreign genes. Many methods of genetic transformation have been proposed and tried in the laboratories, but most of them result to transient expressions. However, transformation work based on particle bombardment with DNA coated micro projectiles and Agrobacterium mediated transformation have proved to be promising in producing stable transgenic plants from a range of plant species.
Impact of Alternative Routes and Timing of Dopamine and Mannitol Administrations to Reduce Negative Properties of Extended Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Renal Function in Coronary Artery Operations
Authors: Ejaz Iqra , Naeem Salwa , Munir Mian Seher , Usman Muhammad , Zafar Sohail , Hanif Faiza
Published: December 2021

Objectives: To analyze impact of alternative routes and timing of dopamine and mannitol administrations to reduce negative properties of extended cardiopulmonary bypass on renal function in coronary artery operations.

Methods: Set I (n: 26 individual): Mannitol (1 g/kg) has been introduced to the CPB priming solution. Set II (n: 25 patients): Even during interval among anesthetic induction and operation, 3 g/kg/min of IV dopamine was delivered. Group III (n = 25 patients): 2 g/kg/min IV dopamine was provided among anesthesia initiation and operation conclusion, and 1 g/kg mannitol were added to priming solution for CPB. Furosemide was administered to Group IV (n = 26 cases) when urine production was poor.

Results: There would be a substantial rise in the post-operative urine microalbumin/creatinine ratios over all classes (p 0.06), as well as a rise in cystatin-c in Set 1, 2, and 3 (p 0.02).

Conclusions: Researchers suggest that combining dopamine infusion (1 g/kg/min) and mannitol (2 g/kg) throughout CPB seems to be the more actual method for preventing detrimental possessions of CPB on renal functioning.
Spectrum of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Drinking and Wastewater in Rafha City of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ali Akbar , Soomro Samreen , Nadeem Muhammad Shahid , Ahmedani Elsamoul Ibrahim
Published: December 2021

Introduction: E coli is one of the most important etiologic agent of diarrhea in children and adults. Based on the clinical features and virulence determinants, there are five major E. coli strains which cause diarrhea; Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). The PCR based identification proves to be a better choice as it can differentiate between different strains on the basis of genetic difference.

Aim: The purpose of the current study was to isolate diarrheagenic E. coli from the drinking and wastewater from Rafha city of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: One 100 drinking and wastewater samples (50 each) were included in the study. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates at 37 oC for 24 hours. Pink colonies were carefully picked and subjected to DNA isolation and PCR detection and identification of E. coli and Diarrheagenic E. coli. The detected PCR products were sequenced for the confirmation.

Results: We identified 5 isolates out of 50 wastewater samples (10%) which were further categorized into 3 different DEC pathotypes. They included ETEC (2 out of 5), atypical EPEC (1 out of 5), and EAEC (1 out of 5); EIEC and EHEC were not detected.

Discussion and Conclusion: The prevalence of DEC strains is different across different studies which depends on different factors such as geographical location, number of samples taken, and the number and type of the target genes selected. The prevalence of DEC in the current study was much lower than other reported studies.  Although the percentage of DEC strains in the wastewater samples from WWTP of Rafha was moderate to low, it can be a considerable risk factor for the people using ground water for drinking.
Theory and Practice of Orbital Angular Momentum and Beyond
Authors: Trichili Abderrahmen , Cox Mitchell A. , Perez‐Garcia Benjamin , Ooi Boon S. , Alouini Mohamed‐Slim
Published: December 2021

Nearly three decades since its discovery, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has proven to be highly versatile for a wide range of applications. It is an indispensable tool in quantum optics, has made a significant impact in optical tweezing, enabled higher contrast and more detailed imaging, and offers a convenient way to harness the space degree of freedom in telecommunications. In this article, we present a review of a wide range of applications of OAM as well as describe the creation and detection of OAM modes, with a focus on the use of OAM in communications. In addition, we detail various similar higher order optical modes, such as vector vortex modes, and provide an introduction to the use of OAM in quantum optics, pitched for readers new to the field.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Hou Xiandeng , Amais Renata S. , Jones Bradley T. , Donati George L.
Published: December 2021

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is a powerful tool for simultaneously determining many elements in a variety of sample matrices. With this method, liquid samples are injected into a radio frequency (RF)‐induced argon plasma using one of a variety of nebulizers or sample introduction strategies. The sample aerosol reaching the plasma is quickly dried, vaporized, and energized through collisional excitation at high temperature (up to 10 000 K). The atomic emission emanating from the plasma is viewed in either a radial or axial configuration, collected with a lens or mirror, and imaged onto the entrance slit of a wavelength selection device. Simultaneous multielement determinations are performed for up to 70 elements with the combination of a polychromator and an array detector. The analytical performance of such a system is competitive with most other inorganic analysis methods, especially with regard to sample throughput and sensitivity.
The Structural Characteristics of Cell Membrane Defined by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Cai Mingjun , Shi Yan , Li Hongru , Wang Hongda
Published: December 2021

Technological progress has played an irreplaceable role in the establishment and development of cell biology. Without the invention of the microscope, there would be no cell theory. Similarly, the achievements in cell biology to date would not have been possible without the development of electron microscopy (EM) and its integration with molecular biology. The application of many new techniques and methodological breakthroughs have directly led to important advances and the formation of new concepts in cell biology. Although EM can image biological samples at the near‐nanometer resolution, morphological changes resulting from sample processing remain a major concern. The development of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has further extended perceptions of the cellular world to the nanometer level of resolution. Among SPM techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) helps to overcome the limitations of optical and EM, making it possible to determine the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of cell membranes. The advantages of AFM – such as simple sample preparation, no special treatment, and the near‐physiological conditions of the imaging environment – can maintain the original shape of biological samples. The unique ability of AFM to determine the 3D structure and function of cell membranes provides a new perspective for understanding the entire character of cell membranes at a nanoscale to a sub‐nanoscale resolution and in realtime, which has contributed to the birth of the field of biomembranomics. This article will discuss the use of AFM for the imaging analysis of cell membrane structure and function, the combination of AFM with super‐resolution techniques, and the progress made in these analytical methods.
Cascade Laser Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Teuber Andrea , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: December 2021

Mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIR) has been applied for decades in a wide range of applications, since it is a nondestructive and versatile analytical technique allowing for the analysis of chemically and biologically relevant compounds with high sensitivity and selectivity. Laser spectroscopy provides the most advanced technological approach in IR spectroscopy with several benefits compared to conventional infrared light sources. This article highlights the fundamentals of the latest generation of IR lasers, i.e. so‐called cascade lasers. Among their advantages are their high output power, the narrow linewidth, operation in continuous or tailorable pulse mode, reliability during long‐term usage, on‐chip dimensions, and tunability. Quantum Cascade and Interband Cascade Lasers (QCLs, ICLs) are nowadays available across almost the entire infrared range extending into the terahertz (THz) regime and may either be tuned over several hundreds of wavenumbers or designed to emit a specific wavelength. The most important classes of cascade lasers to date – ICLs and QCLs – will be discussed in their theoretical and technical fundamentals and working principles. Complementarily, selected applications will be highlighted illustrating the utility of these most advanced IR laser light sources available for modern infrared spectroscopy and sensing.
Recent Chemometric Opportunities in Criminalistics
Authors: Thanni Qudus , Sah Gobind , de Boves Harrington Peter
Published: December 2021

Recently, the growing applicability of chemometrics in various areas of civil and criminal investigations has been instrumental in resolving complex cases. As criminals become more inventive and measurement methods become more prevalent with onsite analysis and more sophisticated with increases in resolution and sensitivity, forensic analysts should be equipped with tools for advancing their laboratory analysis and investigations. The traditional mode of data analysis in criminalistics will not suffice for complex crime lab investigations, hence the need for the understanding and application of the statistical and chemometric tools is indispensable. Accurate interpretation of forensic evidence is critical for achieving justice. The use of chemometrics helps the analyst from designing effective and efficient experiments to the presentation of compelling evidence to the courts. This article highlights the most recent application of chemometrics in different forensic science areas and shows how pivotal statistical tools are to answering consequential questions in criminal investigations.
Valerius Flaccus Setinus Balbus, Gaius
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: December 2021

Valerius Flaccus was a Flavian poet who wrote theArgonautica, an unfinished epic about Jason and the Golden Fleece. Almost nothing is known about his life, but his poem offers a Roman take on the myth, which is most famously narrated in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Hellenistic epic. It establishes the Argonauts as ushering in an Iron Age that will simultaneously bring technological progress and moral decline.
Tlos
Authors: Hülden Oliver
Published: December 2021

Ancient Tlos was one the cities of Lycia. Numerous rock‐cut tombs in the vicinity of the acropolis date back to the Classical period. The most prominent shows a relief of the LycianherosBellerophon hunting the Chimera. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the settlement extended to the plain beneath the acropolis. Prominent monuments include a large stadium, a theater and several other public buildings.
Modular Design for Acoustic Metamaterials: Low‐Frequency Noise Attenuation
Authors: Wu Lingling , Zhai Zirui , Zhao Xinguang , Tian Xiaoyong , Li Dichen , Wang Qianxuan , Jiang Hanqing
Published: December 2021

A modular design method is introduced to design an acoustic metamaterial based on nested Helmholtz resonators that target low‐frequency sound attenuation. The method combines a performance evaluation using finite element methods with structural evolution, and uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the acoustic metamaterial to attain the desired properties. Both the simulated and experimental results demonstrate the noise attenuation property of the optimized acoustic metamaterials. The modular design method proposed by this study may potentially design acoustic metamaterials for practical sound attenuation applications in industries by considering different environments and constraints.
A Unique Structure of Highly Stable Interphase and Self‐Consistent Stress Distribution Radial‐Gradient Porous for Silicon Anode
Authors: Yang Zhiwei , Wu Chen , Li Shi , Qiu Lang , Yang Zuguang , Zhong Yanjun , Zhong Benhe , Song Yang , Wang Gongke , Liu Yuxia , Wu Zhenguo , Guo Xiaodong
Published: December 2021

Stress failure and continued growth of the solid electrolyte interface are the main factors contributing to the failure of lithium‐ion batteries with silicon (Si) anode. Conventional porous structures typically result in a reduction in the strength and tap density of Si materials. Due to the high melting point and chemical stability of Si, there are limited methods to prepare its porous structure. Here, a method for preparing core–shell gradient porous Si with a high‐strength core and a high‐porosity shell is presented. The high‐strength core can withstand enormous volume change stress. The rich porous structure of the shell ensures the stable existence of SEI. The Si anode material with a core–shell gradient porous structure delivers a discharge capacity of 2127 mAh g−1 (1488 mAh cm−3) after 100 cycles at 1 A g−1, cycling stability with more than 1059 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles at 2 A g−1, and a rate capability of 1916 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1. These results suggest that the core–shell gradient porous structure provides a new research strategy to address the stress rupture and continuous SEI growth in Si‐based anode materials during charge/discharge.
Designing Nanoporous Coral‐Like Pt Nanowires Architecture for Methanol and Ammonia Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Zhi , Wang Haozhi , Liu Bin , Zhao Naiqin , Zhong Cheng , Hu Wenbin
Published: December 2021

Improving Pt catalytic activity and minimizing its usage as well as enhancing its stability is highly desirable for oxidation of methanol and ammonia in the field of electrocatalysis. Herein, the nanoporous Pt with coral‐like nanowires morphology/carbon fiber cloth electrocatalyst is reported, which is synthesized via a simple electrodeposition approach using phytantriol lyotropic liquid crystals as template. The obtained electrode with 3D coral‐like Pt nanowires architecture is composed of the orderly in situ grown Pt nanowires, and each individual Pt nanowire possesses a large number of nanopores. As expected, coral‐like Pt nanowires electrodes possess high electrochemical surface area of 43.1 m2 g‐1, almost twice that (25.4 m2 g‐1) of commercial Pt/C, and thus display superior catalytic activity of 343.1 mA mg‐1 and 72.0 mA mg‐1 toward methanol and ammonia oxidation, much higher than that of the commercial Pt/C (173.7 mA mg‐1 and 26.2 mA mg‐1), respectively. Additionally, the retention rates of oxidation peak current of coral‐like Pt nanowires electrode toward both methanol and ammonia oxidation after accelerated 100 cycles test achieve 82.1% and 85.6%, respectively, indicating the excellent stability of coral‐like Pt nanowires electrode.
H2O2‐Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives in Ethanol at Room Temperature
Authors: Cao Xian‐Ting , Zheng Zuo‐Ling , Liu Jie , Hu Yu‐He , Yu Hao‐Yun , Cai Shasha , Wang Guannan
Published: December 2021

Herein, we report the H2O2‐mediated synthesis of 1,2,4‐thiadiazole derivatives under metal‐free conditions at room temperature with ethanol as the sole solvent. Various substrates could undergo the reaction smoothly, providing the expected yields of the desired products. Moreover, the target products were obtained by filtration or extraction instead of column chromatography, which requires a large amount of organic solution and silica gel during purification. The developed synthetic method can be potentially applied in the large‐scale preparation of 1,2,4‐thiadiazole derivatives as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials.

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A Primeval Mechanism of Tolerance to Desiccation Based on Glycolic Acid Saves Neurons in Mammals from Ischemia by Reducing Intracellular Calcium‐Mediated Excitotoxicity
Authors: Chovsepian Alexandra , Berchtold Daniel , Winek Katarzyna , Mamrak Uta , Ramírez Álvarez Inés , Dening Yanina , Golubczyk Dominika , Weitbrecht Luis , Dames Claudia , Aillery Marine , Fernandez‐Sanz Celia , Gajewski Zdzislaw , Dieterich Marianne , Janowski Miroslaw , Falkai Peter , Walczak Piotr , Plesnila Nikolaus , Meisel Andreas , Pan‐Montojo Francisco
Published: December 2021

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments, such as pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, reopen occluded arteries but do not protect against ischemia‐induced damage that occurs before reperfusion or neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. It has been shown that disrupting the conversion of glyoxal to glycolic acid (GA) results in a decreased tolerance to anhydrobiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and that GA itself can rescue this phenotype. During the process of desiccation/rehydration, a metabolic stop/start similar to the one observed during ischemia/reperfusion occurs. In this study, the protective effect of GA is tested in different ischemia models, i.e., in commonly used stroke models in mice and swine. The results show that GA, given during reperfusion, strongly protects against ischemic damage and improves functional outcome. Evidence that GA exerts its effect by counteracting the glutamate‐dependent increase in intracellular calcium during excitotoxicity is provided. These results suggest that GA treatment has the potential to reduce mortality and disability in stroke patients.
Stabilizing Remanent Polarization during Cycling in HZO‐Based Ferroelectric Device by Prolonging Wake‐up Period
Authors: Jiang Pengfei , Wei Wei , Yang Yang , Wang Yuan , Xu Yannan , Tai Lu , Yuan Peng , Chen Yuting , Gao Zhaomeng , Gong Tiancheng , Ding Yaxin , Lv Shuxian , Dang Zhiwei , Wang Yan , Yang Jianguo , Luo Qing , Liu Ming
Published: December 2021

The stability of remanent polarization (Pr) during multiple operations is critical for memory applications, as the degradation of Pr leads to misreading of stored information. In this letter, improved stabilization of Pr during field cycling in HfZrO4 (HZO)‐based ferroelectric devices by inserting a ZrO2 layer is reported. This optimization method is inspired by the fact that the wake‐up effect of HZO is not obvious. By inserting a ZrO2 layer, which prolongs the wake‐up period, the fatigue process is postponed. Thus, a stabilized Pr is achieved during cycling. The endurance limit can reach over 1010 cycles with no significant decrease in Pr (<5%), which is beneficial for improving the reliability of devices in practical applications.
Identification and validation of a novel pathogenic variant in GDF2 (BMP9) responsible for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Balachandar Srimmitha , Graves Tamara J. , Shimonty Anika , Kerr Katie , Kilner Jill , Xiao Sihao , Slade Richard , Sroya Manveer , Alikian Mary , Curetean Emanuel , Thomas Ellen , McConnell Vivienne P. M. , McKee Shane , Boardman‐Pretty Freya , Devereau Andrew , Fowler Tom A. , Caulfield Mark J. , Alton Eric W. , Ferguson Teena , Redhead Julian , McKnight Amy J. , Thomas Geraldine A. ,   Genomics England Research Consortium, Aldred Micheala A. , Shovlin Claire L.
Published: December 2021

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant multisystemic vascular dysplasia, characterized by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), mucocutaneous telangiectasia and nosebleeds. HHT is caused by a heterozygous null allele in ACVRL1, ENG, or SMAD4, which encode proteins mediating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Several missense and stop‐gain variants identified in GDF2 (encoding BMP9) have been reported to cause a vascular anomaly syndrome similar to HHT, however none of these patients met diagnostic criteria for HHT. HHT families from UK NHS Genomic Medicine Centres were recruited to the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project. Whole genome sequencing and tiering protocols identified a novel, heterozygous GDF2 sequence variant in all three affected members of one HHT family who had previously screened negative for ACVRL1, ENG, and SMAD4. All three had nosebleeds and typical HHT telangiectasia, and the proband also had severe pulmonary AVMs from childhood. In vitro studies showed the mutant construct expressed the proprotein but lacked active mature BMP9 dimer, suggesting the mutation disrupts correct cleavage of the protein. Plasma BMP9 levels in the patients were significantly lower than controls. In conclusion, we propose that this heterozygous GDF2 variant is a rare cause of HHT associated with pulmonary AVMs.
Rare presentation of FDX2‐related disorder and untargeted global metabolomics findings
Authors: Aggarwal Anjali , Pillai Nishitha R. , Billington Charles J. , Schema Lynn , Berry Susan A.
Published: December 2021

We present the case of a 20‐year‐old male with a history of myopathy and multiple episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and lactic acidosis. He needed hemodialysis for severe rhabdomyolysis‐related acute renal failure at the time of initial presentation (age 10 years). Exome sequencing detected a homozygous likely pathogenic variant in FDX2 (c.12G>T, p.M4I). The FDX2 gene encodes a mitochondrial protein, ferredoxin 2, that is involved in the biogenesis of Fe–S clusters. Biallelic pathogenic variants in FDX2 have previously been associated with episodic mitochondrial myopathy with or without optic atrophy and reversible leukoencephalopathy. Only two cases with FDX2‐related rhabdomyolysis as a predominant feature have been reported in medical literature. Here, we report a third patient with FDX2‐related recurrent, severe episodes of rhabdomyolysis and lactic acidosis. He does not have optic atrophy or leukoencephalopathy. This is the oldest patient reported with FDX2‐related disorder and he has significantly elevated CK during episodes of rhabdomyolysis. In addition, we describe untargeted global metabolomic findings during an episode of metabolic decompensation, shedding light on the biochemical pathway perturbation associated with this ultra‐rare genetic disorder.
Investigating individual migration life histories: An isotopic case study from 17th to 18th century Nouvelle France
Authors: Vigeant Jacinthe , Ribot Isabelle , Hélie Jean‐François
Published: December 2021

Objectives

This isotopic study explores the mobility patterns of a growing urban population from Notre Dame's Catholic cemetery (1691–1796), located in Montreal (Canada). The site offers a unique opportunity to investigate early colonial settlement in Nouvelle France through individual life patterns.

Materials and methods

Stable oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18O) were measured on the enamel of 32 individuals from the Notre Dame collection. Premolars and third molars were selected, as they reflected theδ18O of the drinking water during childhood (2.5–5.5 years) and pre‐adulthood (9.5–15.5 years). Firstly, premolars from three children (4–8 years of age) allowed us to provide a meanδ18O for the water consumed locally (22.7 ±  1.0 ‰ vs. VSMOW). Then, ourδ18O were compared with published data from various geographical regions in North America (Eastern Canada and the United States) and Europe (France and the British Isles) to highlight mobility patterns of each individual.

Results

Forty‐eight percent of our sample (14 out of 29 individuals) did not reflect any long‐distance mobility, as all theirδ18O reflected Montreal's variation during their lifetime. The remaining (15 out of 29 individuals) experienced mobility within (n = 8) and outside (n = 7) North America and at different phases of their life (five at pre‐adulthood, six at adulthood and four during both phases). Their migration patterns were analyzed according to age, sex, diet and possible ancestry in order to propose some “biographies.”

Discussion

This study highlights high population diversity in early colonial Montreal. Historians wrote that the city was growing, not only with the arrival of Europeans (e.g., young male workers, sailors), but also other groups (e.g., Indigenous people, slaves from North America). Additional analyses (e.g., ancient DNA) will be needed to explore further this phenomenon.
Preparation and characterization of high‐performance fibers copolymerized by melamine formaldehyde with 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol
Authors: He Jianming , Liu Shaoying , Chen Dongliang , Wang Gongying , Wang Qingyin , Bai Yuansheng
Published: December 2021

The melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin fiber has been used in various fields due to its excellent heat resistance, but it's mechanical properties still need to be improved. Using melamine and paraformaldehyde as raw materials, 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) as the comonomer, a series of modified fibers with different copolymerization ratios are prepared by dry spinning. The research results show that melamine, paraformaldehyde, and CHDM can co‐polymerize by one‐step. The introduction of CHDM can effectively improve the heat resistance and mechanical properties of the fiber. When the addition amount of CHDM is 6%, the copolymeric fibers are cylindrical with a smooth surface and bubble‐free inside, the breaking strength is 1.80 cN/dtex and the elongation at break is 13.75%. Compared with the unmodified fiber, the breaking strength is decreased by approximately 5%, and the breaking elongation is increased by nearly 90%. The thermal properties of the copolymeric fibers are not decreased, and the mass residual rate at 400°C is increased from 36.12% to 46.11%. This study provides a method of copolymeric‐modified without fiber‐forming aid to prepare high‐performance MF fibers.
Multi‐element heterocyclic compound derived from DOPO and thiadiazole toward flame‐retardant epoxy resin with satisfactory mechanical properties
Authors: Zou Jiahao , Duan Huajun , Zhang Junjun , Cao Jianfan , Zhang Chenhao , Wan Chao , Ma Huiru
Published: December 2021

In order to comply with the environmentally friendly flame retardant requirements of epoxy resin and strive to maintain the comprehensive performance of the epoxy resin matrix, a P/N/S‐containing heterocyclic halogen‐free reactive flame retardant (VAP) was constructed. Vanillin (VA), 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene10‐oxide (DOPO) were chosen as raw materials to prepare VAP through a simple one‐pot reaction. The addition of VAP slightly decreased the curing activity of the system while the transparency of the samples was maintained well. Moreover, the maximum degradation rate of VAP modified samples dropped by 47.26% and the amount of char residue at 800°C increased. When 10 wt% VAP (0.66 wt% P) was added, EP‐10 passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating and the limited oxygen index value reached 30.3%. In contrast to pure EP, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of EP‐10 were reduced by 36.87%, 25.61%, and 29.07%, representing good smoke and heat suppression effect. Besides, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the samples remained above 165°C, showing a slight drop. Due to the existence of heteroatoms and the introduction of heterocyclic structure, the enhancement of intermolecular force in the system counteracted the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the reduction of crosslinking density, maintaining the excellent mechanical properties of epoxy resin.