bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health and food consumption among California children 5–11 years of age
Authors: Banta Jim E , Khoie-Mayer Roxanne N , Somaiya Chintan K , McKinney Ogbochi , Segovia-Siapco Gina
Published: September 2015

Objective:

The purpose of this research was to determine if poor mental health is associated with the intake of specific foods among California children.

Design:

Secondary data analysis of the 2007 and 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) was conducted. Mental health was measured using a shortened version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Dietary measures were self-reported servings of fruit, vegetables, 100% fruit juice, high sugar foods, soda/sweetened drinks, and French fries/fried potatoes consumed the previous day, as well as frequency of fast food consumed during the past week.

Setting:

Phone interviews were conducted via the CHIS on households in California.

Subjects:

Data belonging to children ( n = 11,190) ages 5–11 years whose parents completed the CHIS 2007 and 2009 random-dial telephone surveys was investigated.

Results:

Of an estimated annual population of 3.7 million children, 180,000 (4.9%) had poor mental health. Children with poor mental health consumed more soda/sweetened drinks (0.60 vs 0.45 servings per day, p = 0.024), French fries/fried potatoes (0.27 vs 0.14 servings per day, p = 0.003), and fast food (2.02 vs 1.38 servings per week, p = 0.009) compared to children with good mental health. Mental health was not associated with other dietary measures. Adjusting for relevant socio-demographic characteristics, logistic regression found poor mental health to be significantly associated with any consumption of French fries/fried potatoes (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, p = 0.001) or vegetables (OR 0.6, p = 0.005) on the previous day, and fast food two or more times in the past week (OR 1.7, p < 0.001). Interaction analysis revealed that an estimated 33% of girls with poor mental health consumed French fries, compared to 12% of girls with good mental health (OR 2.91, p = 0.006).

Conclusions:

Children with poor mental health are more likely to consume calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods compared to their counterparts. Intake of such foods may contribute to worse physical health as these children mature.
Valuing Health-Related Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in China
Authors: Pan Chen-Wei , Sun Hong-Peng , Zhou Hui-Jun , Ma Qinghua , Xu Yong , Luo Nan , Wang Pei
Published: September 2015

Objective. To determine health-state utility (HSU) values for type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with various clinical conditions in China, and to examine how these conditions are correlated with HSU values. Methods. A consecutive sample of T2D patients was recruited from a tertiary hospital in Suzhou, China. HSU values of T2D patients were measured using the EQ-5D-5L, a new version of the EQ-5D. T2D patients’ clinical data were collected from the survey and the clinical examination; sociodemographic data were obtained from the survey. Ordinary least square (OLS) models were employed to estimate the impact of clinical conditions on HSU values controlling for sociodemographic conditions. Nonparametric biased-corrected and accelerated (BCA) bootstrap was used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 289 T2D patients provided data. The mean HSU value of the sample was 0.876 (standard deviation: 0.14), with a median of 0.895 (range: −0.063 to 1). Using the OLS model and BCA bootstrap, the impact of significant conditions on HSU values and 95% CIs are as follows: neuropathy (−0.057, [−0.093, −0.017]), heart disease (−0.074, [−0.122, −0.018]), cerebrovascular disease (−0.160, [−0.287, −0.030]), and increasing diabetes duration (−0.004, [−0.007, −0.001]). Conclusion. The HSU values estimated can be used to assess the cost-effectiveness of health care interventions for T2D patients in China.
Illusions within an Illusion
Authors: Deręgowski Jan B.
Published: September 2015

Effect of perceptual inversion on illusion figures seen monocularly was explored using Ponzo and Muller-Lyer stimuli. It was found that inversion nullified the Ponzo effect but not the Muller-Lyer effect. This suggests that the determinants of the two illusory effects differ in their origin.
Exploring the Appearance Culture in Early Adolescence
Authors: Kierans Joanne , Swords Lorraine
Published: September 2015

Despite the heightened awareness of body image concerns in early adolescence, there has been little research in Ireland regarding young people’s own perspectives on associated factors. Eight focus groups with young adolescents were conducted to explore common perceptions and influential processes occurring within the current Irish appearance culture. Three main themes emerged reflecting (a) appearance-related norms and processes operating in young adolescents’ immediate environment, (b) means by which more distal levels of sociocultural influences are transmitted, and (c) individual characteristics that shape the experience of the appearance culture. On the whole, the appearance-related values and behaviors of significant others were highly influential, especially those of peers. Cultural norms were evident in the young adolescents’ conceptions of the ideal body, and these appeared to be further negotiated and reinforced in proximal contexts. The collective interaction in the focus group discussions allowed alternative perspectives to be considered and generated new insights and perceptions. Outcomes indicate that the transmission of processes from distal and proximal environments are often interrelated and highlight the need to place greater emphasis on the interactive nature of sociocultural influences and the multiple processes by which appearance-related messages are transmitted.
“I’m Not Just Runnin’ the Streets”
Authors: Dill LeConté J. , Ozer Emily J.
Published: September 2015

This article examines the experiences of 25 youth of color living in East Oakland, California. Building on empirical studies examining violence prevention efforts on the behalf of and among youth and using an ethnographic approach, this study samples young people, with varying levels of education, income, and motivation for involvement, attending the same youth-serving organization in East Oakland. The findings offer a frame of “violence management strategies” for the active ways in which youth strategically avoid unsafe spaces and people and seek out safe spaces and people on a daily basis within their neighborhoods marked by high rates of crime, violence, and physical disorder. These findings lift up youth as experts of their own neighborhoods. The implications of these findings for adolescent research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Inclusive Masculinity and Facebook Photographs Among Early Emerging Adults at a British University
Authors: Scoats Ryan
Published: September 2015

Central to debates about the construction of masculinity in sociology is the influence of culture and what constitutes acceptable displays of masculinity. This article adopts a novel approach in examining this question. It adopts a summative content analysis, combined with a semiotic analysis, of 1,100 Facebook photographs, in order to explore the underlying meanings within the photos and the performances of masculinity. Facebook photographs from 44, straight, White, male, early emerging adults attending the same university are used as a representation of an individual’s ideal self. These are then analyzed in order to determine the behaviors endorsed by peer culture. It was found that the sample overwhelmingly adopted inclusive behaviors (including homosocial tactility, dancing, and kissing each other), and inclusive masculinity theory was utilized to contextualize participants’ constructions of masculinity. Thus, this research shows that emerging adult males at this university construct their masculine identities away from previous orthodox archetypes. It is argued that the reducing importance of gendered behavior patterns may represent an adoption of what are perceived as wider cultural norms and act as a symbol of adulthood to these early emerging adults.
Gendered Expertise
Authors: Azocar Maria J. , Ferree Myra Marx
Published: September 2015

Based on in-depth interviews with policymakers and archival data, we examine the policy debates over court reform in family law and criminal law in Chile after the democratic transition. We introduce the concept of “gendered expertise” to capture the set of competences and claims organized around perceived gender differences and mobilized through gendered networks that we found in these debates. We show how gender structured and valorized lawyers’ expertise and shaped the differing outcomes in these two reforms. In the power struggles among law reformers, both men and women lawyers used gendered expertise as a resource for characterizing themselves and their opponents. In the end, criminal law reform not only received far more political and economic support for its implementation than any other Chilean judicial reform, but defined the appropriate political reforms in relation to gendered meanings of law and political reconciliation.
Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue during gait cycle: Experimental and numerical activities
Authors: Fontanella Chiara G , Forestiero Antonella , Carniel Emanuele L , Natali Arturo N
Published: September 2015

The aim of this work is to investigate the mechanical response of the plantar soft tissue from the heel strike to the midstance, developing both experimental and numerical activities. Using force plates and motion tracking system, the dynamic and kinematic data of 10 subjects are evaluated. The average kinematics data obtained from the experimental tests are assumed as boundary and loading conditions for the computational analyses. A three-dimensional virtual solid model of the foot is developed from the analysis of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine images from computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Constitutive formulations that interpret the mechanical response of the biological tissues are defined. Because of the major role of plantar soft tissue in the proposed analysis, a specific visco-hyperelastic constitutive formulation is provided considering the typical features of the tissue mechanics. The three-dimensional numerical model permits to evaluate the capability of the plantar soft tissue to redistribute the deformations, especially during the midstance, and to define quantitative aspects related to the energy absorption. The numerical results highlight the stress distribution from the heel strike to the midstance. The values of stress and strain reached are more intensive during the midstance, when there is a single support of the foot.
Future-proofing the psychiatry workforce in Australia: evaluation of an innovative enrichment programme for medical students
Authors: Lyons Zaza , Hans Davinder , Janca Aleksandar
Published: September 2015

Objective:

The Claassen Institute of Psychiatry for Medical Students (the Institute) is an innovative enrichment programme aimed at attracting medical students to psychiatry. This paper reports on the effectiveness of the Institute as a strategy to increase interest in psychiatry as a career, and the career pathways of students who have attended since 2008.

Method:

Students completed a baseline questionnaire on day 1 and the final day of the Institute. A follow-up survey was administered electronically to ex-Institute students to determine their career pathways and current level of interest in psychiatry.

Results:

Since 2008, 117 students have attended the Institute. There was a significant increase in those ‘definitely’ considering a career in psychiatry from 57% at baseline to 77% at the end of the week. Eighty-nine ex-Institute students were invited to participate in the follow-up survey, and of these 21% were currently psychiatry trainees.

Conclusion:

The Institute has been successful in encouraging medical students to pursue a career in psychiatry. Enrichment programmes are emerging as an effective recruitment strategy and will assist in future-proofing the psychiatric workforce in decades to come.
Improving metabolic monitoring in patients maintained on antipsychotics in Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Hor Esther SL , Subramaniam Sivasangari , Koay Jun Min , Bharathy Arokiamary , Vasudevan Umadevi , Panickulam Joseph J , Ng InnTiong , Arif Nor Hayati , Russell Vincent
Published: September 2015

Objectives:

To evaluate the monitoring of metabolic parameters among outpatients maintained on antipsychotic medications in a general hospital setting in Malaysia and to assess the impact of a local monitoring protocol.

Methods:

By performing a baseline audit of files from a random sample of 300 patients prescribed antipsychotic medications for at least 1 year; we determined the frequency of metabolic monitoring. The findings informed the design of a new local protocol, on which clinical staff was briefed. We re-evaluated metabolic monitoring immediately after implementation, in a small sample of new referrals and current patients. We explored staff perceptions of the initiative with a follow-up focus group, 6 months post-implementation.

Results:

The baseline audit revealed a sub-optimal frequency of metabolic parameter recording. Re-audit, following implementation of the new protocol, revealed improved monitoring but persisting deficits. Dialogue with the clinical staff led to further protocol modification, clearer definition of staff roles and use of a standard recording template. Focus group findings revealed positive perceptions of the initiative, but persisting implementation barriers, including cultural issues surrounding waist circumference measurement.

Conclusions:

Responding to challenges in achieving improved routine metabolic monitoring of patients maintained on antipsychotics required on-going dialogue with the clinical staff, in order to address both service pressures and cultural concerns.
Implementing cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in a mental health service: staff training
Authors: Dark Frances , Newman Ellie , Harris Meredith , Cairns Alice , Simpson Michael , Gore-Jones Victoria , Whiteford Harvey , Harvey Carol , Crompton David
Published: September 2015

Objective:

This paper describes the establishment of training in cognitive remediation for psychosis within a community mental health service.

Methods:

Clinical staff working in the community of a mental health service were surveyed to ascertain their interest in cognitive aspects of psychosis and skills training in cognitive remediation (CR). Based on the results of the survey a tiered training programme was established with attendance figures reported for each level of training. Fidelity assessment was conducted on the five CR programmes operating.

Results:

Of 106 clinical staff working in the community with people diagnosed with a psychotic illness 51 completed the survey (48% response rate). The training needs varied with all 106 staff receiving the fundamental (mandatory) training and 51 staff receiving CR facilitator training. Thirty three percent of staff trained as facilitators were delivering CR.

Conclusions:

Up skilling the mental health workforce to incorporate an understanding of the cognitive aspects of psychosis into care delivery can be facilitated by a tiered training structure. Fundamental training on the psychosocial aspects of psychosis can act as a platform for focussed CR skills based training. There is also a need for accessible therapy based supervision for staff wishing to develop competencies as CR therapists.
Community Treatment Orders (CTOs): a demographic cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Isobel Sophie , Clenaghan Paul
Published: September 2015

Objectives:

Existing research on Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) questions what purposes they serve, for whom and for how long. This study aimed to identify demographics of the CTO population, differences between individuals who require short CTOs from those who require repeat CTO and clinician-determined factors which influence these decisions.

Methods:

Using a cross-sectional snapshot method, 301detailed audits were analysed for frequencies and relationships between variables.

Results:

People on CTOs ( n = 301) comprised 9% of the community mental health population (n = 3268); 21% ( n = 62) having it be their first CTO, 50% ( n = 149) on repeat CTOs (continuous) and 29% ( n = 85) on second episode or more of CTOs (non-continuous). There were 82% ( n = 231) of people on a CTO who had a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia. There was a higher occurrence of males with co-existing factors of aggression and current substance misuse. Age had a relationship with length of actual and predicted CTOs.

Conclusions:

Men of middle age, with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, a history of aggression, current substance misuse and reported previous CTO efficacy are the primary individuals predicted to require ongoing CTOs. Improving CTO efficacy should focus on providing targeted intervention for this group and a closer analysis of the use of CTOs in other groups.
Impact of Thrombophilia on the Risk of Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy in Term Neonates
Authors: AbdelAziz Nafisa H. R. , AbdelAzeem Hanan G. , Monazea Eman M. M. , Sherif Tahra
Published: September 2015

Background:

The incidence of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is reportedly high in countries with limited resources. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial. A role for thrombophilia has been described in different patterns of preterm and full-term perinatal brain injury.

Aim:

This study aims to identify risk factors associated with neonatal HIE and also to determine the contributions of genetic thrombophilia in the development of neonatal HIE.

Methods:

Sixty-seven neonates with HIE and 67 controls were enrolled in the study. Clinical history and examination were undertaken. Patients and controls were tested for the presence of factor V G1691A and prothrombin G20210A mutations. In addition, protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III levels were assessed.

Results:

Parental consanguinity and performing emergency cesarean section (CS) were significant risk factors for neonatal HIE (odds ratio [OR] 6.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6-15.3, P < .001, OR 12.6, 95% CI 2.52-63.3, P = .002, respectively). No significant difference was found regarding maternal age and parity. About 33% of cases and 6% of controls were found to have at least 1 thrombophilic factor ( P < .001). Factor V G1691A mutation significantly increased the risk of neonatal HIE (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.4-14.5, P = .012), while prothrombin G 20210A mutation and protein C deficiency were not.

Conclusion:

Parental consanguinity, emergency CS, and factor V mutation may contribute to the higher risk of developing neonatal HIE.
Vibration control of a two-link flexible manipulator
Authors: Karagülle H , Malgaca L , Dirilmiş M , Akdağ M , Yavuz Ş
Published: September 2015

In this study, a two-link manipulator with flexible members is considered. The end point vibration signals are simulated by developing a MatLAB code based on the finite element theory and Newmark solution. Experimental results are also presented and compared with simulation results. The mass and stiffness matrices are time dependent because the angular positions of the links change during the motion. Trapezoidal velocity profiles for the actuating motors are used. The time dependent inertia forces are calculated by using the rigid body dynamics. The inertia forces are due to the motors, end point payload mass and distributed masses of the links. The acceleration, constant velocity and deceleration time intervals of the trapezoidal velocity profile are selected by considering the lowest natural frequency of the manipulator structure at the stopping position. Various starting and stopping positions are considered. The root mean square (RMS) acceleration values of the vibration signals after stopping are calculated. It is observed that the residual vibration is sensitive to the deceleration time. The RMS values are lowest if the inverse of the deceleration time equals to the first natural frequency. It is highest if the inverse of the deceleration time equals to the half of the first natural frequency. It is observed that simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.
Examining the Relationships Between Religiosity, Spirituality, Internalized Homonegativity, and Condom Use Among African American Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Deep South
Authors: Smallwood Stacy W. , Spencer S. Melinda , Ingram Lucy Annang , Thrasher Jim F. , Thompson-Robinson Melva V.
Published: September 2015

The Sexual Health in Faith Traditions Study evaluated the relationships between religiosity, spirituality, internalized homonegativity, and sexual risk behaviors among a sample of African American men who have sex with men living in the Deep South. Participants were recruited primarily from Black Gay Pride celebrations to complete a self-administered, paper-and-pencil survey. Structural equation modeling was used to determine relationships between key constructs and condom use for insertive ( n = 285) and receptive ( n = 263) anal intercourse in the past 3 months. Almost half of respondents reported using condoms “every time” when engaging in insertive (48.3%) or receptive (45.1%) anal intercourse. Religiosity and spirituality were differentially associated with dimensions of internalized homonegativity. While no significant direct relationships were reported between either religiosity or spirituality and condom use, dimensions of internalized homonegativity mediated significant indirect relationships. Findings suggest that religiosity and spirituality influence African American men who have sex with men’s internalized homonegativity and, subsequently, engagement in safer sex behaviors.
Distributed leadership as administrative practice in Finnish early childhood education and care
Authors: Kangas Jonna , Venninen Tuulikki , Ojala Mikko
Published: September 2015

In this article, we describe the professional development towards distributed leadership among different organizational levels in Finnish day care centres within the Helsinki metropolitan area. The aim of the study was to monitor the progress of professional development between educational administration and practitioners. The data was based on descriptions of reflective practices used in the development projects of each research day care centre. Participants were asked to describe developing practices and reflect on their own contributions to the process as both individuals and together as working teams during the two years of the development project. The researchers collected these reflections, analysed them to produce results and then delivered this evidence to participants for utilization in reflection and further processing of working practices with the support of the mentor. Directors and mentors viewed distributed leadership as a good way to encourage development practices and brought out the role of staff as important agents in the development process. The distribution of leadership seems to be best realized among the participants at the lowest and middle hierarchical levels.
Ice-core records of biomass burning
Authors: Rubino Mauro , D’Onofrio Antonio , Seki Osamu , Bendle James A
Published: September 2015

We review the approaches for estimating biomass burning from ice-cores and consider the challenges and assumptions in their application. In particular, we consider the potential of biomarker proxies for biomass burning, hitherto not widely applied to glacial ice archives. We also review the available records of biomass burning in ice-cores and consider how variations in fire regimes have been related to atmospheric and land-use changes. Finally, we suggest that future developments in ice-core science should aim to combine multiple biomarkers with other records (black carbon, charcoal) and models to discern the types of material being burnt (C3 versus C4 plants, angiosperms, gymnosperms, peat fires, etc.) and to improve constraints on source areas of biomass burning. An ultimate goal is to compare the biomass burning record from ice-cores with hindcasts from models to project how future climate change will influence biomass burning and, inversely, how fire will affect climate.
Colony-Specific Differences in Endocrine and Immune Responses to an Inflammatory Challenge in Female Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Bodnar Tamara S. , Hill Lesley A. , Taves Matthew D. , Yu Wayne , Soma Kiran K. , Hammond Geoffrey L. , Weinberg Joanne
Published: September 2015

Sprague Dawley rats from different vendor colonies display divergent responses in a variety of experimental paradigms. An adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis was used to examine immune and endocrine responses to inflammatory challenge in Sprague Dawley rats from Charles River and Harlan colonies. Rats were injected with either complete Freund's adjuvant or physiological saline (control), weights, and paw volumes measured over 15 days, and blood and tissue were collected 16 days post-injection. Overall, Harlan rats developed more severe AA than Charles River rats. In addition, despite comparable corticosterone levels, corticosteroid binding globulin levels were lower in Harlan compared with Charles River rats in the absence of inflammation, suggesting that a lower corticosterone reservoir in Harlan rats may underlie their greater susceptibility to inflammation. With increasing AA severity, there was an increase in plasma corticosterone (total and free) and a decrease in corticosteroid binding globulin in both Charles River and Harlan rats. However, contrasting patterns of cytokine activation were observed in the hind paw, suggesting a reliance on different cytokine networks at different stages of inflammation, with Charles River rats exhibiting increased TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), keratinocyte chemoattractant/growth-regulated oncogene (KC/GRO), and IL-1β in the absence of clinical signs of arthritis, whereas Harlan had increased TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and IL-6 with mild to moderate arthritis. These colony-specific differences in endocrine and immune responses to AA in Sprague Dawley rats must be considered when comparing data from different laboratories and could be exploited to provide insight into physiological changes and therapeutic outcomes in arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
Conceptual approaches to the concept “public administration” of the modern theory of administrative law
Authors: Братановский Сергей , Bratanovsky Sergey , Конджакулян Карен , Kondzhakulyan Karen
Published: September 2015

The article examines the different approaches of legal scholars to understand the category “public administration”. Authors express judgment on the need for both a broad and a narrow approach to the interpretation of this concept. They give a reasoned response of the elements that form this concept.
Age as grounds for the termination of the work relationships in municipal service
Authors: Братановская Милена , Bratanovskaya Milena
Published: September 2015

The article examines the features of the termination of the work relationships in municipal service according to achievement of the age established by the legislation. The author analyses scientific positions of legal scholars on this subject and cites the cases of judicial practice.
Registration and licensing of the organization and activity of the enterprises of the sea and inland water transport in Russia
Authors: Гургов Борис , Gurgov Boris
Published: September 2015

The article is devoted to the analysis of legal regulation within functioning of administrative and legal institutes of registration and licensing of the enterprises of a sea and inland water transport in the Russian Federation. The author cites jurisprudence and offers the ways of improvement of the legislation in this sphere.
Part Identification System for a Flexible Feeder using Proximity Sensors
Authors: Sadesh K , Mohram PV , Udhayakumar S
Published: September 2015

A part feeder intakes identical parts of arbitrary orientation and provides output in uniform orientation. A flexible feeder is capable of handling parts of several sizes. The two important modules of a flexible part feeder are (i) identification of part (ii) adjustments to accommodate the incoming part. This paper aims at first module i.e. developing a low cost part identification system using two proximity sensors and thereby eliminating the use of costlier vision systems. The proposed part identification system using two capacitive type proximity sensors was effective in identifying the size of incoming parts and the efficiency of the system was around 84.6%.
Identifying Critical Indicators In Sustainable Manufacturing Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Authors: Ocampo Lanndon , Vergara Van Gaitano , Impas Carlito , Tordillo Jose Arvin , Pastoril Joey
Published: September 2015

This paper identifies critical indicators for sustainable manufacturing that could be adopted in sustainability assessment at firm level. Previous works in literature suffered from either lack of being comprehensive or being operational or both. The manufacturing indicator set of the US NIST framework was used because of its detailed and wide-ranging exposition of the triple-bottom line. The proposed approach is to attach priorities on the elements of the NIST framework in order to prioritize sustainability indicators. Following the hierarchical structure of the framework, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted in this work. Three domain decision-makers who have sufficient international exposure on manufacturing policy development and experience in managing manufacturing firms were asked to elucidate judgments on the elements of the framework based on the context of the AHP. The most critical indicators in sustainable manufacturing are presented in this work. Results show that socio-economic indicators are highly relevant in sustainable manufacturing.
Advances in treatments for hepatitis C
Authors: Jack Kathryn
Published: September 2015

This article provides an overview of the currently available drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). It briefly explores the nature and prevalence of HCV, and then looks at advances in the treatment of HCV, in particular how HCV can be cured through the use of direct-acting antiviral drugs. The article presents current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and commissioning standpoints, and sets out the justifications for investing in treatments which will benefit the health of individuals and populations.
Decision, no decision: The challenges of board decision making
Authors: Deffenbaugh John
Published: September 2015

This is the second of four articles that will explore a range of problem areas in foundation trusts (FTs) that have caused the trust to have been identified by the FT regulator Monitor (now NHS Improvement) for special attention. These problem areas focus on the board's insight into its business, the information it has for decision making, the effectiveness of the non-executive challenge function, and how executives are held to account. This learning is equally applicable to governing bodies of clinical commissioning groups. This article in the series considers information for decision making and how boards go about making decisions. Three key issues are explored: the process to turn data into information and then intelligence for decision-making; the way in which performance information is presented to the board to enable board members to ‘join the dots’ when considering what the information tells them; and improving the quality of board papers as a key output of a high quality corporate management process. The article explores the benefits of translating these areas into more effective decision making so that the board really adds value to the organisation. The article concludes with a set of actions that the board can implement so that its decision making is enhanced. Subsequent articles will focus on the challenge function within the board and its effectiveness in holding to account.
Why recommend insulin pumps?
Authors: Morris David
Published: September 2015

Continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin can be useful for some, explains David Morris in this overview
The rise of e-cigarettes
Authors: Attar-Zadeh Darush
Published: September 2015

Changes are afoot in the e-cigarette market and it is vital to keep up to date, writes Darush Attar-Zadeh
The importance of gender in CVD
Authors: Waterhouse Hannah
Published: September 2015

Women are more likely to have heart attacks with atypical symptoms, explains Hannah Waterhouse
The impact of violence and terrorism on pupils
Authors: Thornton Stephanie
Published: September 2015

Images of death and violence are commonly relayed by the media and can have long-lasting effects on young people. Dr Stephanie Thornton gives an overview of the possible impact, suggestions on reducing fear and anxiety, and some signs to look out for
Framing the City
Authors: Brueton Camilla
Published: September 2015

Framing the City is a visual essay that reflects on the construction of images and the fabric of place. Combining original collages and writing by Camilla Brueton with quotes from theorists and artists who influence her, it presents the city as a living collage. Hopes, dreams and optimism from different decades are embedded in the built environment; constantly framed and reframed by our movements and actions as we go about our daily lives.
Storeyed: Balfron Tower/Rowlett Street Archives?
Authors: Lander James
Published: September 2015

The critical meaning of this visual essay is between the images and the sense of intent, rather than in any written argument/analysis.
Review
Authors: Puolakanaho Julius
Published: September 2015

As part of JAWS’s ongoing commitment to publishing and working with emerging academics and arts writing across higher education, for the first time we have invited a first-year B.A. student to contribute the review. For this review, our reviews editor Renée O’Drobinak (Slade School of Art) has taken a ‘hands off’ approach, with Julius Puolakanaho taking the lead in not only writing the review independently but choosing an exhibition that he felt lent itself to the emergent themes in this JAWS, where arts methodologies are seen to be employed in traditionally more scientific pursuits. The exhibition ‘Revelations: Experiments in Photography’ at The Science Museum ran from 20 March to 13 September 2015, exploring the relationship between the use of photography in science since the mid-1800s up to their present day mutual influences and overlaps.

‘Revelations: Experiments in Photography’, The Science Museum, London, 20 March–13 September 2015
The playing fields of Empire: Empire and spatiality in video games
Authors: Mukherjee Souvik
Published: September 2015

As in historical accounts, empire in video games too is concerned with the acquisition of geographical space. Like the splash of red marking the stretch of the British Empire on Victorian world maps, video games that let one play at empire are also obsessed with stamping the imperialist authority of ‘your’ nation on their in-game maps. Video game empires too work on the necessary logic of spatial expansion connected with which is the necessity to remove the ‘fog’ which prevents the player’s ‘line of sight’ from accessing information about surrounding areas. The focus on cartography and surveying in British Raj India is a useful comparison. Although much scholarship exists around the representations of the spatiality of Empire in more traditional media, there is little that addresses the video game representations of Empire. This article is about the representation and experience of space in conceptions of Empire vis-à-vis in empire-building video games, as understood in terms of both cartography and the lived experience of space. It argues that although empirebuilding video games are largely framed within the western imperialist discourses, the very nature of gameplay itself challenges these set notions – in a way remediating the ambiguity and anxieties of the representations of empire and its spatial constructs in earlier media.
Calidad en los Servicios Sociales de acogimiento familiar
Authors: Ochando Ramírez María Victoria , Rucabado Sala Anna , Ortega Martínez Ana Raquel
Published: September 2015

Introducción: El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido determinar atributos de calidad propios para Servicios Sociales Especializados a través de la perspectiva de los profesionales. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado una evaluación de calidad en un servicio de acogimiento familiar. Primeramente, se ha hecho un estudio de las expectativas y percepciones mediante las dimensiones de calidad de la herramienta SERVQUAL. Además en el marco del Modelo EFQM en su adaptación al sector público y las entidades de voluntariado de la Junta de Andalucía, se ha desarrollado un estudio exploratorio de la entidad y una autoevaluación de calidad. Resultados: Los datos muestran la importancia de la evaluación de la calidad en estos servicios y las ventajas de combinar distintas técnicas para obtener información. De las respuestas de los participantes se han extraído una serie de atributos de calidad que generan calidad al servicio y a los profesionales. Discusión: La evaluación ha permitido identificar tres puntos clave en la calidad del servicio de acogimiento familiar que son comunes para el resto de Servicios Sociales Especializados. Al mismo tiempo, se han identificado las dificultades que presentan los modelos de calidad para aplicarse directamente a estos servicios. Los resultados obtenidos avalan la necesidad de adaptar los modelos de calidad de referencia a cada realidad introduciendo indicadores de calidad específicos.
Technological Materiality And Assumptions About ‘Active’ Human Agency
Authors: Bollmer Grant
Published: September 2015

One of the most notable challenges to emerge from the materialist turn in media studies is the rejection of the ‘active audience’ paradigm of British cultural studies. And yet, in spite of the increasing attention to materiality, many of the problems associated with the split between German media studies traditions and those derived from cultural studies persist today. While no longer concerned with representation, privilege is nonetheless often granted to the material agency of ‘real people’ as that which shapes and determines the materiality of technology. This article is primarily a theoretical and methodological reflection on how materiality challenges - but sometimes relies on - long standing and often veiled traditions from cultural studies, especially as they move out of academic discussion and into the popular imaginary of social media and its ‘usergenerated content.’ I focus on some deliberate attempts at excluding materiality found in cultural studies’ history, arguing that an emphasis on the agency of ‘real people’ can only happen through the deliberate erasure of the materiality of technology. Drawing on Ien Ang’s Desperately Seeking the Audience (1991), which argued that television ‘audiences’ must themselves be understood as produced in relation to the demands and interests of broadcasting institutions, I suggest that digital media ‘audiences’ are produced in relationship to the infrastructural power of servers, algorithms, and software. This demonstrates that any attempt to identify ‘human agency’ must also look at how this agency is co-produced with and by technological materiality.
Bogactwo - nędza w nauczaniu papieża Franciszka.
Authors: Drożdż Alojzy
Published: September 2015

Papież Franciszek preferuje wybór tzw. „opcji fundamentalnej”, co w Jego rozumieniu jest tożsame z wybórem podstawowym. W etyce wychowawczej przyznaje się szczególne znaczenie pewnym decyzjom ludzkim, które są zdolne kształtować całe życie moralne i duchowe człowieka i oddziaływać na szczegółowe wybory i poszczególne czyny. Papież nawiązując do tego sposobu myślenia odwołuje się do Ewangelii miłosierdzia, pragnąc tym samym uwrażliwić wspólnotę Kościołą i ludzi dobrej woli na ubogich i potrzebujących.
Moralny dylemat dotyczący terminacji ciąż jajowodowych za pomocą salpingostomii lub metotreksatu. Zestawienie ważniejszych racji i argumentów początkowego etapu współczesnej debaty teologicznej.
Authors: Plich Robert
Published: September 2015

Wśród uznanych katolickich teoretyków moralności trwa debata na temat dwóch metod roz-wiązywania ciąży pozamacicznych: jedną z nich jest operacja zwana “salpingostomią” a drugą zastosowanie środka farmaceutycznego o nazwie “metotreksat”. Debata ta została podjęta z dwóch powodów: po pierwsze, wynalezienie i popularyzacja tych metod wymaga ich moralnej oceny, i po drugie, na razie nie istnieje specyficzne nauczanie moralne Magisterium dotyczące explicite każdej z tych metod. Wielu katolickich teologów moralnych i etyków ocenia te dwie metody, zgodnie z tradycyjnymi pryncypiami moralnymi, jako bezpośrednie zabicie embrionu (niewinnej osoby ludzkiej) i dlatego postrzega je jako akty moralnie niedopuszczalne. Jednak istnieją inni, którzy także chcą pozostać wierni nauczaniu Magisterium, ale stosują inną interpretację i zastosowanie tych samych tradycyjnych pryncypiów i dlatego uważają te dwie metody za pośrednie zabicie embrionu, czyli akty moralnie dopuszczalne. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi pierwszą część prezentacji argumentów wysuniętych prze obydwie strony tej moralnej debaty. w jest wyrazem poszanowania godności każdego człowieka; jak też przeciwstawienia się łamaniu podstawowych praw; jakimi są: prawo do życia oraz prawo do działania zgodnie z wewnętrznym przekonaniem. Na koniec zwrócono uwagę na obowiązujący także farmaceutę wymóg dawania świadectwa o prawdzie moralnej w odniesieniu do ostatecznego celu życia człowieka; jakim jest zjednoczenie z Bogiem.; Dopiero takie kompleksowe spojrzenie daje rzeczywisty obraz konfliktu moralnego farmaceuty wynikającego z; zobowiązywania go do sprzedaży środków; których stosowanie jest sprzeczne z jego sumieniem.
Sprzeciw sumienia wobec wyzwań współczesnego zarządzania.
Authors: Kietliński Krzysztof
Published: September 2015

Człowiek potrzebuje żyć i pracować zgodnie z pewnymi zasadami i wartościami, w  harmonii ze swoim sumieniem. Wyraża sprzeciw sumienia w wypadku działań naruszających jego godność. Należy podkreślić, że prawo sumienia jest nadrzędne wobec prawa stanowionego. Natomiast sprzeciw człowieka w organizacji jest reakcją jego sumienia na praktyki niezgodne z misją przedsiębiorstwa. Dlatego jakość organizacji przejawiająca się w jej celu i funkcjach powinna być weryfikowana przez standardy etyczne.
Sprzeciw sumienia wobec wyzwań współczesnej ekologii.
Authors: Szafulski Andrzej
Published: September 2015

Człowiek powinien działać zgodnie z sumieniem i wolnością. Nie wolno go zmuszać, aby postępował wbrew swojemu sumieniu. Sumienie to, w konkretnej sytuacji, gdy człowiek musi podjąć decyzję o działaniu lub niedziałaniu, wyraża zgodę lub dezaprobatę, zwaną w tym opracowaniu sprzeciwem sumienia. Dotyczy on wybranych zagadnień współczesnej ekologii. W tym też kontekście zostały rozważone takie zagadnienia jak: sprzeciw sumienia wobec uprawy i przetwarzania roślin transgenicznych (GMO), wobec budowy elektrowni atomowych, wobec działalności Partii Zielonych i wreszcie sprzeciw sumienia wobec „sprzeciwu sumienia”.
Stanowisko Martina Rhonheimera dotyczące moralnej oceny postępowania w przypadku ciąż jajowodowych oraz w innych sytuacjach konfliktów życiowych.
Authors: Plich Robert
Published: September 2015

Martin Rhonheimer uważa, że zabijanie człowieka jest absolutnie moralnie zakazane tylko wtedy, kiedy jest niesprawiedliwe, co wyraża nauczanie moralne Kościoła katolickiego jako absolutny zakaz bezpośredniego zabijania niewinnych istot ludzkich. Istnieją jednak pewne przypadki konfliktów życiowych, takich jak ciąże pozamaciczne czy tragiczny poród spowodowany zaklinowaniem się dziecka w kanale rodnym, gdzie nie da się uratować dziecka. Wówczas spowodowanie śmierci dziecka w wyniku podjęcia medycznej interwencji nie pozbawia dziecka czegoś, czego nie utraciłoby, gdyby nie podjęto letalnego działania. A zatem w ten sposób nie powoduje się niesprawiedliwości wobec człowieka, którego śmierć jest tak czy inaczej nieunikniona w przypadku konfliktu życiowego. Pozostając poza porządkiem sprawiedliwości, śmiercionośna interwencja w takich przypadkach nie może być jednak uzasadniona jako norma moralna, lecz jest usprawiedliwiona przez uniewinnienie sprawcy, wskazując na brak jego odpowiedzialności moralnej za zabicie, a nie na pierwotną, wewnętrzną godziwość samego aktu. Aby usprawiedliwić moralnie letalne rozwiązania w konfliktach życiowych Rhonheimer nie stosuje zasady podwójnego skutku, lecz dowodzi najpierw niezależnie od tej zasady, że takie rozwiązanie nie jest czynem wewnętrznie złym, dlatego spełnia ono pierwszy warunek zasady podwójnego skutku i umożliwia jej ewentualne dalsze zastosowanie. Interwencje ratujące życie w przypadku konfliktu życiowego nie są skutkiem wyboru preferencyjnego, który intencjonalnie przyznawałby większą wartość życiu jednej osoby (np. matki) i byłby wymierzony intencjonalnie przeciwko życiu drugiej osoby (np. dziecka). Takie niesprawiedliwe ważenie różnych ludzkich istnień jest typowe dla proporcjonalistycznej metody moralnej oceny czynów ludzkich, odrzuconej przez Magisterium. Ma ono miejsce w przypadku tzw. „aborcji terapeutycznej”, kiedy ratuje się życie matki kosztem życia dziecka, chociaż gdyby nie wykonać aborcji, to wówczas dziecko mogłoby przeżyć, natomiast matka zmarłaby w wyniku śmiertelnej patologii. Rhonheimer twierdzi, że wielkim wyzwaniem dla współczesnej teologii moralnej ciągle pozostaje przezwyciężenie szkodliwego dziedzictwa fizykalizmu i związanego z nim nieuzasadnionego rygoryzmu. Fizykalizm jest błędem polegającym na myleniu porządku moralnego z ontologicznym oraz przedmiotu aktu moralnego i sprawczości moralnie istotnej z fizyczną charakterystyką i przyczynowością zdarzeń naturalnych.
Duchowość misyjna formą głoszenia Ewangelii dzisiaj na podstawie Evangelii gaudium papieża Franciszka.
Authors: Sobczyk Adam Józef
Published: September 2015

Papież Franciszek w swej pierwszej posynodalnej adhortacji zwraca uwagę na potrzebę ewangelizacji we współczesnym świecie. Zadanie to powierza całemu ludowi chrześcijańskiemu. Ewangelizacja jest zadaniem Kościoła i przekracza jego hierarchiczną strukturę. Adresatami ewangelizacji dzisiaj, zdaniem papieża, są wszyscy ludzie, których cechuje nadmierny indywidualizm, kryzys tożsamości oraz spadek gorliwości w poszukiwaniu prawdy. Podstawą autentycznej ewangelizacji powinno być z kolei to, że to Jezus jest Panem i Jego należy głosić współczesnemu człowiekowi.
Polityka rodzinna na poziomie lokalnym. Sztuka partycypacji.
Authors: Głogosz Dorota
Published: September 2015

Samorządy lokalne podejmują coraz więcej działań ukierunkowanych na wspieranie rodzin. Skuteczna polityka rodzinna wymaga upodmiotowienia jej interesariuszy. Szansą jest szeroka aktywność różnych środowisk w procesie tworzenia tej polityki: diagnozowania problemów, proponowania rozwiązań, monitorowania procesu ich wprowadzania, oceny rezultatów i rekomendowania zmian. Dobre praktyki wskazują, że partycypacyjna polityka rodzinna jest skuteczniejsza i tańsza niż polityka kreowana wyłącznie przez samorządy.