bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence analysis on crossover design experiment in bioequivalence studies
Authors: Huang Yufen , Ke Bo‐Shiang
Published: December 2013

Crossover designs are commonly used in bioequivalence studies. However, the results can be affected by some outlying observations, which may lead to the wrong decision on bioequivalence. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the influence of aberrant observations. Chow and Tse in 1990 discussed this issue by considering the methods based on the likelihood distance and estimates distance. Perturbation theory provides a useful tool for the sensitivity analysis on statistical models. Hence, in this paper, we develop the influence functions via the perturbation scheme proposed by Hampel as an alternative approach on the influence analysis for a crossover design experiment. Moreover, the comparisons between the proposed approach and the method proposed by Chow and Tse are investigated. Two real data examples are provided to illustrate the results of these approaches. Our proposed influence functions show excellent performance on the identification of outlier/influential observations and are suitable for use with small sample size crossover designs commonly used in bioequivalence studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Toxin Inhibitors Using a Magnetic Nanosensor‐Based Assay
Authors: Santiesteban Oscar J , Kaittanis Charalambos , Perez J Manuel
Published: December 2013

A magnetic nanosensor‐based method is described to screen a library of drugs for potential binding to toxins. Screening is performed by measuring changes in the magnetic relaxation signal of the nanosensors (bMR nanosensors) in aqueous suspension upon addition of the toxin. The Anthrax lethal factor (ALF) is selected as a model toxin to test the ability of our bMR nanosensor‐based screening method to identify potential inhibitors of the toxin. Out of 30 molecules screened, sulindac, naproxen and fusaric acid are found to bind LF, with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. Further biological analysis of the free molecules in solution indicate that sulindac and its metabolic products inhibited LF cytotoxicity to macrophages with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Meanwhile, fusaric acid is found to be less effective at inhibiting LF cytotoxicity, while naproxen does not inhibit LF toxicity. Most importantly, when the sulindac and fusaric acid‐bMR nanosensors themselves are tested as LF inhibitors, as opposed to the corresponding free molecules, they are stronger inhibitors of LF with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Taken together, these studies show that a bMR nanosensors‐based assay can be used to screen known drugs and other small molecules for inhibitor of toxins. The method can be easily modified to screen for inhibitors of other molecular interactions and not only the selected free molecule can be study as potential inhibitors but also the bMR nanosensors themselves achieving greater inhibitory potential.
Bright Single‐Chain Conjugated Polymer Dots Embedded Nanoparticles for Long‐Term Cell Tracing and Imaging
Authors: Feng Guangxue , Li Kai , Liu Jie , Ding Dan , Liu Bin
Published: December 2013

Single‐chain conjugated polymer (CP) dots embedded nanoparticles (NPs) bearing cell penetration peptide (TAT) as surface ligands are synthesized for long term cancer cell tracing applications. The CPNPs are fabricated by matrix‐encapsulation method and the embedded CPs can be modulated into spherical dots with different size upon alteration of feed concentrations. Single‐chain CP dots are formed upon decreasing feed concentration to 0.2 mg/mL, where CPNPs exhibit highest fluorescence quantum yield of 32%. Maleimide is introduced as the new NP surface functional group, which favors easy conjugation with cell penetration peptide via click chemistry to preserve its biofunctions. The obtained CPNPs show high brightness and good biocompatibility, which allow cell tracing for over 9 generations, superior to commercial cell tracker Qtracker 585.
Goffman on Mental Illness: Asylums and “The Insanity of Place” Revisited
Authors: Shalin Dmitri N.
Published: December 2013

This case study is designed to demonstrate that sociological imagination can feed on personal experience, that research practice interpolates our biographical circumstances, and that a systematic inquiry into the interplay between our professional and everyday life offers a fruitful avenue for sociological analysis. The discussion focuses on Erving Goffman's treatment of mental illness. The argument is made that the evolution of Goffman's constructionist views on mental disorder had been influenced by his family situation and personal experience.
Variable selection in linear models
Authors: Chen Yuqi , Du Pang , Wang Yuedong
Published: December 2013

Variable selection in linear models is essential for improved inference and interpretation, an activity which has become even more critical for high dimensional data. In this article, we provide a selective review of some classical methods including Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, Mallow's Cpand risk inflation criterion, as well as regularization methods including Lasso, bridge regression, smoothly clipped absolute deviation, minimax concave penalty, adaptive Lasso, elastic‐net, and group Lasso. We discuss how to select the penalty parameters. We also provide a review for some screening procedures for ultra high dimensions.WIREs Comput Stat2014, 6:1–9. doi: 10.1002/wics.1284

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Linear Models

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods

Statistical Models > Model Selection
Removing barred owls from local areas: Techniques and feasibility
Authors: Diller Lowell V. , Dumbacher John P. , Bosch Raymond P. , Bown Robin R. , Gutiérrez R. J.
Published: December 2013

The barred owl (Strix varia) has invaded the range of the northern spotted owl (S. occidentalis caurina) over the past century. The Northern Spotted Owl Recovery Plan recommended removal experiments to assess both the effect of barred owls on spotted owls and the feasibility of initiating some form of barred owl control to enhance recovery of the northern spotted owl. Concern has been raised that such experiments will be neither feasible nor cost‐effective. To assess these and other concerns, we conducted lethal removal of barred owls within 3 areas totaling 85,205 ha in northern California, USA. We collected 73 of 81 territorial barred owls detected from 2009 to 2012 during 122 field visits. It took an average of 2 hr 23 min to collect each barred owl from the time of arrival at a site to the time a collected bird was completely processed for field data. Most barred owls were collected within one‐half hour of arrival at a site. Lethal removal of barred owls was rapid, technically feasible, and cost‐effective. We provide recommendations for techniques we found to be effective. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Centralising Children's Needs in Dispute Resolution in Family Violence Cases
Authors: Shea Hart Amanda
Published: December 2013

Family separation is a unique and dynamic process for each family. Family violence is a serious problem affecting societies across the world. It is a common driver for family dissolution. Children exposed to family violence face a distinctive predicament in their own adjustment, recovery and future relationships with their parents. Family dispute resolution is an increasing early intervention approach for separated families in conflict over parenting. Family dispute resolution practitioners are the gatekeepers for facilitating or preventing exploration of information about the complex relational dynamics, including risk and protective factors in each individual case. To avoid gambling with the child's future, it is crucial to centralise the needs of each individual child. An intervention approach to potentially enhance outcomes for the child, and therefore longer term outcomes for community and society, is child inclusive practice. However, this is not without complexity and challenges in cases of family violence.
Parents, Children and Family Relationship Centres: What's Working?
Authors: Brown Thea , Campbell Alan
Published: December 2013

This article reports on a study of parents’ and children's responses to the service they received at two Family Relationship Centres (FRCs) in Perth, Western Australia. Family members who had attended either the Mandurah or Joondalup FRCs sponsored by AnglicareWA between 2010 and 2012 were invited to complete a survey that asked them for their views on the services they had received. A total of 74 parents, representing 139 children, completed the survey. Findings indicated significant satisfaction with the two-hour group session that introduces the work of the FRCs, with parents reporting they could remember the main messages from the session. A surprising finding, and one that has not been reported elsewhere, is that parents expressed an unwillingness to invite their own children to participate in the work of the Centres, although the majority of the respondents agreed in principle that children should take part. The implications of this finding are briefly discussed.
Steps towards effective teamworking in Community Mental Health Teams
Authors: Twomey C. , Byrne M. , Leahy T.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

This paper aims to show how effective teamworking can be achieved in Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs), in the context of recovery-focused care.

Methods

A narrative review of various governmental policy documents and selected papers relevant to teamworking and recovery-focused care within mental health services, in an Irish context.

Findings

Effective teamworking within CMHTs is a prerequisite to the provision of quality, recovery-focused care. It requires the management of various environmental (e.g. adopting a ‘recovery’ model of mental health), structural (e.g. sharing of responsibilities and capabilities) and process (e.g. utilising a clear referral pathway) factors that influence teamworking, as CMHTs develop over time.

Conclusions

Completion by CMHT members of teamworking and other evaluative measures can assist teams in highlighting potential interventions that may improve recovery-focused team functioning and effectiveness.
Remarks on 1–motivic sheaves
Authors: Bertapelle Alessandra
Published: December 2013

We generalize the construction of the category of 1–motives with torsion in [2] as well as the construction of the category of 1–motivic sheaves Shv1 in [1] to perfect fields k (without inverting the exponential characteristic). For k transcendental over the prime field we extend a result in [1] showing that and Shv1 have equivalent bounded derived categories.
Approximate modelling of the leftward flow and morphogen transport in the embryonic node by specifying vorticity at the ciliated surface
Authors: Kuznetsov A. V. , Blinov D. G. , Avramenko A. A. , Shevchuk I. V. , Tyrinov A. I. , Kuznetsov I. A.
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we have developed an approximate method for modelling the flow of embryonic fluid in a ventral node. We simplified the problem as flow in a two-dimensional cavity; the effect of rotating cilia was modelled by specifying a constant vorticity at the edge of the ciliated layer. We also developed an approximate solution for morphogen transport in the nodal pit. The solutions were obtained utilizing the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) method. We compared our approximate solutions with the results of numerical simulation of flow caused by the rotation of 81 cilia, and obtained reasonable agreement in most of the flow domain. We discuss locations where agreement is less accurate. The obtained semi-analytical solutions simplify the analysis of flow and morphogen distribution in a nodal pit.
Flow-induced segregation in confined multicomponent suspensions: effects of particle size and rigidity
Authors: Kumar Amit , Henríquez Rivera Rafael G. , Graham Michael D.
Published: December 2013

The effects of particle size and rigidity on segregation behaviour in confined simple shear flow of binary suspensions of fluid-filled elastic capsules are investigated in a model system that resembles blood. We study this problem with direct simulations as well as with a master equation model that incorporates two key sources of wall-normal particle transport: wall-induced migration and hydrodynamic pair collisions. The simulation results indicate that, in a mixture of large and small particles with equal capillary numbers, the small particles marginate, while the large particles antimarginate in their respective dilute suspensions. Here margination refers to localization of particles near walls, while antimargination refers to the opposite. In a mixture of particles with equal size and unequal capillary number, the stiffer particles marginate while the flexible particles antimarginate. The master equation model traces the origins of the segregation behaviour to the size and rigidity dependence of the wall-induced migration velocity and of the cross-stream particle displacements in various types of collisions. In particular, segregation by rigidity, especially at low volume fractions, is driven in large part by heterogeneous collisions, in which the stiff particle undergoes larger displacement. In contrast, segregation by size is driven mostly by the larger wall-induced migration velocity of larger particles. Additionally, a non-local drift-diffusion equation is derived from the master equation model, which provides further insights into the segregation behaviour.
Experimental investigation of transitional flow in a toroidal pipe
Authors: Kühnen J. , Holzner M. , Hof B. , Kuhlmann H. C.
Published: December 2013

The flow instability and further transition to turbulence in a toroidal pipe (torus) with curvature ratio (tube-to-coiling diameter) 0.049 is investigated experimentally. The flow inside the toroidal pipe is driven by a steel sphere fitted to the inner pipe diameter. The sphere is moved with constant azimuthal velocity from outside the torus by a moving magnet. The experiment is designed to investigate curved pipe flow by optical measurement techniques. Using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, laser Doppler velocimetry and pressure drop measurements, the flow is measured for Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 15 000. Time- and space-resolved velocity fields are obtained and analysed. The steady axisymmetric basic flow is strongly influenced by centrifugal effects. On an increase of the Reynolds number we find a sequence of bifurcations. For $\mathit{Re}= 4075\pm 2\hspace{0.167em} \% $ a supercritical bifurcation to an oscillatory flow is found in which waves travel in the streamwise direction with a phase velocity slightly faster than the mean flow. The oscillatory flow is superseded by a presumably quasi-periodic flow at a further increase of the Reynolds number before turbulence sets in. The results are found to be compatible, in general, with earlier experimental and numerical investigations on transition to turbulence in helical and curved pipes. However, important aspects of the bifurcation scenario differ considerably.
Kelvin wake pattern at large Froude numbers
Authors: Darmon Alexandre , Benzaquen Michael , Raphaël Elie
Published: December 2013

Gravity waves generated by an object moving at constant speed at the water surface form a specific pattern commonly known as the Kelvin wake. It was proved by Lord Kelvin that such a wake is delimited by a constant angle${\simeq }19. 4{7}^{\circ } $. However a recent study by Rabaud and Moisy based on the observation of airborne images showed that the wake angle seems to decrease as the Froude number$Fr$increases, scaling as$F{r}^{- 1} $for large Froude numbers. To explain such observations they make the strong hypothesis that an object of size$b$cannot generate wavelengths larger than$b$. Without the need of such an assumption and modelling the moving object by an axisymmetric pressure field, we analytically show that the angle corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the waves scales as$F{r}^{- 1} $for large Froude numbers, whereas the angle delimiting the wake region outside which the surface is essentially flat remains constant and equal to the Kelvin angle for all$Fr$.
Two-dimensional streaming flows driven by sessile semicylindrical microbubbles
Authors: Rallabandi Bhargav , Wang Cheng , Hilgenfeldt Sascha
Published: December 2013

Steady streaming flow from oscillating sessile bubbles at walls is the centrepiece of many microstreaming experiments. A complete asymptotic theory of the flow is developed, requiring only the oscillatory driving frequency and material parameters as input, and properly accounting for bubble and wall boundary conditions. It is shown that mixed-mode streaming of neighbouring bubble oscillation modes is responsible for the robustness of the generic ‘fountain’ vortex pair flow pattern, and that the pattern reverses for high frequencies when wall-induced streaming becomes dominant. The far-field flow and its dependence on control parameters are in agreement with experimental data and can be understood considering just a few asymptotic coefficients.
Maternal dietary fatty acid intake during pregnancy and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring
Authors: Niinistö Sari , Takkinen Hanna-Mari , Uusitalo Liisa , Rautanen Jenna , Nevalainen Jaakko , Kenward Michael G. , Lumia Mirka , Simell Olli , Veijola Riitta , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M.
Published: December 2013

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between the maternal intake of fatty acids during pregnancy and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring. The study included 4887 children with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-conferred type 1 diabetes susceptibility born during the years 1997–2004 from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Maternal diet was assessed with a validated FFQ. The offspring were observed at 3- to 12-month intervals for the appearance of type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies and development of clinical type 1 diabetes (average follow-up period: 4·6 years (range 0·5–11·5 years)). Altogether, 240 children developed preclinical type 1 diabetes and 112 children developed clinical type 1 diabetes. Piecewise linear log-hazard survival model and Cox proportional-hazards regression were used for statistical analyses. The maternal intake of palmitic acid (hazard ratio (HR) 0·82, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·99) and high consumption of cheese during pregnancy (highest quarterv.intermediate half HR 0·52, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·87) were associated with a decreased risk of clinical type 1 diabetes. The consumption of sour milk products (HR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·28), intake of protein from sour milk (HR 1·15, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·29) and intake of fat from fresh milk (HR 1·43, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·96) were associated with an increased risk of preclinical type 1 diabetes, and the intake of low-fat margarines (HR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·92) was associated with a decreased risk. No conclusive associations between maternal fatty acid intake or food consumption during pregnancy and the development of type 1 diabetes in the offspring were detected.
Longitudinal analysis of dietary patterns in Chinese adults from 1991 to 2009
Authors: Batis Carolina , Sotres-Alvarez Daniela , Gordon-Larsen Penny , Mendez Michelle A. , Adair Linda , Popkin Barry
Published: December 2013

In the present study, we aimed to identify the changes or stability in the structure of dietary patterns and tracking, trends and factors related to the adherence to these dietary patterns in China from 1991 to 2009. We analysed dietary data collected during seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey and included 9253 adults with complete dietary data for three or more waves. Dietary intake assessment was carried out over a 3 d period with 24 h recalls and a household food inventory. Using factor analysis in each wave, we found that the structure of the two dietary patterns identified remained stable over the studied period. The traditional southern dietary pattern was characterised by high intakes of rice, fresh leafy vegetables, low-fat red meat, pork, organ meats, poultry and fish/seafood and low intakes of wheat flour and maize/coarse grains and the modern high-wheat dietary pattern was characterised by high intakes of wheat buns/breads, cakes/cookies/pastries, deep-fried wheat, nuts/seeds, starchy root/tuber products, fruits, eggs/egg products, soya milk, animal-based milk and instant noodles/frozen dumplings. Temporal tracking (maintenance of a relative position over time) was higher for the traditional southern dietary pattern, whereas adherence to the modern high-wheat dietary pattern had an upward trend over time. Higher income, education and urbanicity levels were positively associated with both the dietary patterns, but the association became weaker in the later years. These results suggest that even in the context of rapid economic changes in China, the way people chose to combine their foods remained relatively stable. However, the increasing popularity of the modern high-wheat dietary pattern, a pattern associated with several energy-dense foods, is a cause of concern.
The Role of Necessity in International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law
Authors: Hill-Cawthorne Lawrence
Published: December 2013

The nature of armed conflict has changed dramatically in recent decades. In particular, it is increasingly the case that hostilities now occur alongside ‘everyday’ situations. This has led to a pressing need to determine when a ‘conduct of hostilities’ model (governed by international humanitarian law – IHL) applies and when a ‘law enforcement’ model (governed by international human rights law – IHRL) applies. This, in turn, raises the question of whether these two legal regimes are incompatible or whether they might be applied in parallel. It is on this question that the current article focuses, examining it at the level of principle. Whilst most accounts of the principles underlying these two areas of law focus on humanitarian considerations, few have compared the role played by necessity in each. This article seeks to address this omission. It demonstrates that considerations of necessity play a prominent role in both IHL and IHRL, albeit with differing consequences. It then applies this necessity-based analysis to suggest a principled basis for rationalising the relationship between IHL and IHRL, demonstrating how this approach would operate in practice. It is shown that, by emphasising the role of necessity in IHL and IHRL, an approach can be adopted that reconciles the two in a manner that is sympathetic to their object and purpose.
Milking behaviour of buffalo cows: entrance order and side preference in the milking parlour
Authors: Polikarpus Annemari , Grasso Fernando , Pacelli Corrado , Napolitano Fabio , De Rosa Giuseppe
Published: December 2013

On two farms, three milking groups of buffalo cows were used to assess the consistency of entrance order and the preference for one side of the milking parlour. On Farm 1 (F1) all animals were primiparous (n=57). On Farm 2, three primiparous, 16 secondiparous and 36 multiparous cows (range 1–8) constituted group F2G1; whereas group F2G2 had 12 primiparous, 10 secondiparous and 14 multiparous cows (range 1–10). Animals were milked in auto-tandem milking parlours (2×5 and 2×6 for Farms 1 and 2, respectively). For each cow, entrance order into milking parlour, side where she was milked, milk yield, time and duration of milking were recorded. These data were derived from the computerised identification of cows. The sequence in which the cows entered the milking parlour ranged from 1 to 57 for group F1, from 1 to 55 for group F2G1 and from 1 to 36 for group F2G2. The analysis of data was conducted on 130, 120 and 92 consecutive milkings for groups F1, F2G1 and F2G2, respectively. Kendall's coefficients of concordance showed a strong constancy of the entrance order into milking parlour for groups F1 (W=0·658; χ2=4792·81;P<0·001), F2G1 (W=0·779; χ2=5046·81;P<0·001) and F2G2 (W=0·624; χ2=2030·48;P<0·001). Spearman rank correlation coefficients indicated that the more productive cows in groups F1 and F2G1 tended to enter the milking parlour first (rs=−0·221 andrs=−0·215;P<0·10; respectively). In group F2G1, a negative correlation was found between duration of milking and order of entry in the milking parlour (rs=−0·265;P<0·05). Animals in group F2G2 (rs=0·334;P<0·05) with higher days in milk entered the milking parlour latterly. In all three groups, 68 cows (45·9%) preferred the right side of the milking parlour, 73 the left side (49·3%) and the remaining seven (4·8%) showed no preference. Finally, negative correlations were found between mean entrance order and parity for both groups of Farm 2 (rs=−0·319;P<0·05 andrs=−0·325;P<0·05 for F2G1 and F2G2, respectively). As buffaloes showed higher entrance order consistency and side preference than other domestic ruminants, it is concluded that management practices that disturb their choice should be avoided in order to minimise stress during farming routines.
Converting Mrs Crouch: Women, Wonders and the Formation of English Methodism, 1738–1741
Authors: CLARK BRIAN CURTIS , CRUICKSHANK JOANNA
Published: December 2013

This article examines the development of English Methodism during the formative period between 1738 and 1741, focusing upon the experiences of women, who made up the majority of Methodists both at this time and through much of the movement's history. In particular, the role that women and questions of gender played in the conflict between the Wesley brothers and the Moravian leadership in London is considered. Using accounts written by the male leaders of both groups and the women who supported them, it is argued that women's choices determined the outcome of this early battle, shaping the nascent movement in crucial ways.
‘Semipelagianism’: The Origins of the Term and its Passage into the History of Heresy
Authors: BACKUS IRENA , GOUDRIAAN AZA
Published: December 2013

The term ‘Semipelagianism’ is usually taken to refer to fifth- and sixth-century teachings of Hadrumetum and Massilian monks. The term originated, however, with sixteenth-century Protestants who used it to describe a view of salvation by human effort in combination with grace. Theodore Beza invented the term in about 1556, applying it to the Roman Catholic view of grace and human will. The Lutheran Formula of Concord (1577) used it to designate Lutheran synergists. Initially, therefore, the term referred to contemporaneous teachings. Starting with Nicholas Sanders (1571), however, Roman Catholics introduced a shift of meaning, with fifth-century Massilians becoming the central connotation.
Beyond uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnoea: single surgeon case series of contemporary airway reconstruction
Authors: MacKay S G , Jefferson N , Marshall N S
Published: December 2013

Objective:

Adult patients with obstructive sleep apnoea can be a therapeutic surgical challenge if other treatments fail or are rejected. We report the outcomes of a series of 17 patients for whom standard device-based treatments failed or could not be used. These patients were considered unsuitable for a lesser operation and therefore underwent multilevel upper airway reconstruction.

Method:

Data from 17 consecutive patients were collected prospectively. This included pre- and post-surgery findings for clinical assessments, body mass index, sleep questionnaires, and laboratory polysomnograms. Patients underwent a combination of modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, transpalatal advancement and various tongue reduction procedures.

Results:

Analyses revealed statistically and clinically significant reductions in: mean apnoea-hypopnoea index scores (from 36.3 pre-operatively to 14.5 post-operatively,p < 0.001), mean Epworth sleepiness scale scores (from 11.3 to 5.3,p < 0.001) and mean snoring severity scores (from 6.9 to 1.3,p < 0.001). Body mass index remained unchanged.

Conclusion:

Multilevel upper airway reconstructive surgery was associated with large reductions in both objective and patient-centred subjective measures of obstructive sleep apnoea severity.
Stability of ion acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized plasma consisting of warm adiabatic ions and non-thermal electrons having vortex-like velocity distribution
Authors: Das Jayasree , Bandyopadhyay Anup , Das K. P.
Published: December 2013

Schamel's modified Korteweg-de Vries–Zakharov–Kuznetsov (S-ZK) equation, governing the behavior of long wavelength, weak nonlinear ion acoustic waves propagating obliquely to an external uniform static magnetic field in a plasma consisting of warm adiabatic ions and non-thermal electrons (due to the presence of fast energetic electrons) having vortex-like velocity distribution function (due to the presence of trapped electrons), immersed in a uniform (space-independent) and static (time-independent) magnetic field, admits solitary wave solutions having a sech4 profile. The higher order stability of this solitary wave solution of the S-ZK equation has been analyzed with the help of multiple-scale perturbation expansion method of Allen and Rowlands (Allen, M. A. and Rowlands, G. 1993 J. Plasma Phys. 50, 413; 1995 J. Plasma Phys. 53, 63). The growth rate of instability is obtained correct to the order k2, where k is the wave number of a long wavelength plane wave perturbation. It is found that the lowest order (at the order k) instability condition is strongly sensitive to the angle of propagation (δ) of the solitary wave with the external uniform static magnetic field, whereas at the next order (at the order k2) the solitary wave solutions of the S-ZK equation are unstable irrespective of δ. It is also found that the growth rate of instability up to the order k2 for the electrons having Boltzmann distribution is higher than that of the non-thermal electrons having vortex-like distribution for any fixed δ.
The effect of biased limiter on the magnetic island width in tokamak plasma
Authors: Ghasemloo M. , Ghoranneviss M. , Salem M. K.
Published: December 2013

In this work the effects of Cold Biased Limiter (CBL) and Emissive Biased Limiter (EBL) have been individually investigated, in both positive and negative polarities, on the width and frequency of magnetic islands. The effects were examined using singular value decomposition and wavelet techniques on mirnov coil signals. The results show that the application of EBL with both positive and negative polarities has been more effective on plasma stability compared with CBL. Comparing different polarities of CBL and EBL revealed that the positive polarity was more effective on the width of magnetic islands than negative polarity. The greatest impact occurs during EBL with positive polarity, in which reduction is observed in both width of magnetic islands and emission of Hα radiation. Besides, intensity and frequency of magnetic islands are reduced from 50 to 25 kHz in around 1 ms after bias application. Meanwhile, the minimal effect on width and frequency of magnetic field occurs in CBL with negative polarity.
Applicability of Child–Langmuir collision laws for describing a dc cathode sheath in N2O
Authors: Lisovskiy V. A. , Artushenko E. P. , Yegorenkov V. D.
Published: December 2013

It is established which of the Child–Langmuir collision law versions are most appropriate for describing the processes in the cathode sheath in the N2O. At low pressure (up to 0.3 Torr), the Child–Langmuir law version relating to the constant ion mobility holds. At N2O pressure values starting from 0.75 Torr and above, one has to employ the law version for which it is assumed that the ion mean free path within the cathode sheath is constant. In the intermediate pressure range (between 0.3 and 0.75 Torr), neither of the Child–Langmuir law versions gives a correct description of the cathode sheath of the glow discharge in the N2O.
Theoretical analyses of current amplification in a new kind of plasma magnetic flux compression generator
Authors: Xu Xiang , Chen Lin , Qian Cheng-Zheng , Wang You-Nian
Published: December 2013

The physics process in a new kind of plasma magnetic field compression generator (MFCG) without the preliminary magnetic field is studied with a zero-dimensional theoretical model. It is found that the plasma liner is accelerated in the conduction stage and is decelerated in the compression stage. The geometry parameters of MFCG effect the load current amplification significantly. The geometry parameters need to be chosen carefully to make the acceleration space and the deceleration space being suitable for the generator circuit and the injected plasma liner to obtain the optimal amplification factor. For the given driven circuit, the typical amplification factor of load current is greater than 2.
Dispersion equation for ballooning modes in two-component plasma
Authors: Kozlov D. A. , Mazur N. G. , Pilipenko V. A. , Fedorov E. N.
Published: December 2013

The ballooning magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes have been often suggested as a possible instability trigger of the substorm onset, and a mechanism of compressional waves in the outer magnetosphere and magnetotail. Commonly, these disturbances are characterized by the local dispersion equation that is widely applied for the description of ultra-low-frequency oscillatory disturbances and instabilities in the nightside magnetosphere. In realistic situations, especially in the inner magnetosphere, the magnetospheric plasma is composed of two components: background ‘cold’ plasma and ‘hot’ particles. The ballooning disturbances in a two-component plasma immersed into a curved magnetic field are described with the system of coupled equations for the Alfvén and slow magnetosonic (SMS) modes. We have reduced the basic system of MHD equations to the dispersion equation for the small-scale in transverse direction disturbances, and applied WKB approximation along a field line. As a result, we have derived a dispersion equation that can be used for geophysical applications. In particular, from this relationship the dispersion, instability threshold, and stop-bands of the Alfvén and SMS modes in two-component plasma have been examined.
The stability of the dust acoustic waves under transverse perturbations in a magnetized and collisionless dusty plasma
Authors: Gao Dong-Ning , Qi Xin , Hong Xue-Ren , Yang Xue , Duan Wen-Shan , Yang Lei
Published: December 2013

Numerical and theoretical investigations are carried out for the stability of the dust acoustic waves (DAWs) under the transverse perturbation in a two-ion temperature magnetized and collisionless dusty plasma. The Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation, modified ZK equation, and Extended ZK (EZK) equation of the DAWs are given by using the reductive perturbation technique. The cut-off frequency is obtained by applying higher-order transverse perturbations to the soliton solution of the EZK equation. The propagation velocity of solitary waves, the real cut-off frequency, as well as the growth rate of the higher-order perturbation to the solitary wave are obtained.
On the reproduction of the simultaneous hermaphrodite Paroriza prouhoi (Holothuroidea: Synallactidae) in the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, north-east Atlantic
Authors: Kazanidis Georgios , Tyler Paul A. , Billett David S. M.
Published: December 2013

Long-term studies in the abyssal north-east Atlantic (1989–2005) have revealed large-scale changes in the benthic ecosystem and especially in some megafaunal invertebrate taxa over the period 1996–2002, termed the ‘Amperima Event’. Holothurians dominated the megafaunal samples. Temporal patterns in the abundance of holothurians showed a wide spectrum of responses, possibly related to the feeding and reproductive characteristics of the various species. One of the holothurians, the synallactid Paroriza prouhoi, is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, providing a distinct comparison with dioecious reproductive patterns more typical of deep-sea holothurian species. The reproductive biology and abundance/biomass patterns of P. prouhoi were investigated over the period 1989–2005. Paroriza prouhoi produces oocytes with a maximum diameter of ~370 µm. It has asynchronous patterns of gametogenesis both at the individual and population levels. Mean oocyte diameter and the ratio between previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes showed no significant differences between the periods prior to and after the Amperima Event. There were no significant differences in abundance or biomass over the time series. We conclude that the energy investment into gamete production by this hermaphrodite did not change over the 16 years examined. It is hypothesized that the feeding characteristics of P. prouhoi lead to a slow, steady and consistent production of gametes despite large-scale changes in organic matter supply to the seabed evident at the time series locality.
Unequal exchange: western economic logic and Inuit/Qablunaat research relationships
Authors: Dutheil April , Tester Frank , Konek Jordan
Published: December 2013

For some time, Inuit have made it clear that they wish to play a more substantial role in research with implications for themselves and their territory. To understand how researchers communicate and relate to each other, cultural analysis is often employed. Although cultural differences are relevant to understanding problems in the conduct of research, limiting differences to these realities is overly deterministic and essentialist. Many differences arising in the research process are products of social constructions found in Canadian culture and, increasingly, in Inuit communities. The paper re-examines the complexities of cross-class relations, focusing on how different relations to money, as a proxy for other relations characteristic of the capitalist mode of production, consumption and commodification, impact Inuit interaction with western-educated researchers. Using the Nanisiniq Arviat History Project in the community of Arviat, Nunavut Territory Canada, as a case study, the paper is a qualitative analysis of miscommunication resulting from cross-class differences. The Nanisiniq project was a two-year participatory action research project bringing Inuit youth and elders together to rediscover, interpret and apply knowledge of their history and culture to contemporary social issues affecting them.
Polar treaties and scientific committees, 2013
Authors: Headland R. K.
Published: December 2013

The accompanying table gives a pragmatic indication of current national interests in polar research and other activities through association of states with four international agreements. Two of these are inter-governmental treaties and the two committees are non-governmental scientific organisations. One of each pertains to the Arctic and the others to the Antarctic. Each agreement has two classes of association, which are indicated in the table.
Integrated strategies on sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation in Western Europe: communication rather than coordination
Authors: Casado-Asensio Juan , Steurer Reinhard
Published: December 2013

Complex environmental challenges cut horizontally across sectors and vertically across levels of government. To address them in coordinated and integrated ways, governments have resorted to integrated, multi-sectoral strategies since the 1990s. After introducing this new governance approach, we describe the policy rationale, prevalence, governance characteristics and performance of three distinct yet thematically related, integrated strategies on sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation in the EU-15 countries. Based on this literature-based synthesis, we highlight their similarities and differences and the lack of linkages between them. The concluding discussion explores options on how to develop integrated strategies further. Since all three integrated strategies failed as comprehensive governing processes that aim to better coordinate policies, we suggest recalibrating them towards communication so that they can be more effective in pursuing the functions they can realistically fulfil: providing direction and raising awareness.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY IN FIXED EFFECTS PANEL DATA SEEMINGLY UNRELATED PARTIALLY LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS
Authors: You Jinhong , Zhou Xian
Published: December 2013

This paper deals with statistical inference for the fixed effects panel data seemingly unrelated partially linear regression model. The model naturally extends the traditional fixed effects panel data regression model to allow for semiparametric effects. Multiple regression equations are permitted, and the model includes the aggregated partially linear model as a special case. A weighted profile least squares estimator for the parametric components is proposed and shown to be asymptotically more efficient than those neglecting the contemporaneous correlation. Furthermore, a weighted two-stage estimator for the nonparametric components is also devised and shown to be asymptotically more efficient than those based on individual regression equations. The asymptotic normality is established for estimators of both parametric and nonparametric components. The finite-sample performance of the proposed methods is evaluated by simulation studies.
Corridor- and stopover-use of the Hawaiian goose (Branta sandvicensis), an intratropical altitudinal migrant
Authors: Leopold Christina R. , Hess Steven C.
Published: December 2013

We outfitted six male Hawaiian geese, or nene (Branta sandvicensis), with 45-g solar-powered satellite transmitters and collected four location coordinates d−1 from 2010 to 2012. We used 6193 coordinates to characterize migration corridors, habitat preferences and temporal patterns of displacement for 16 migration events with Brownian bridge utilization distributions (BBUD). We used 1552 coordinates to characterize stopovers from 37 shorter-distance movement events with 25% BBUDs. Two subpopulations used a well-defined common migration corridor spanning a broad gradient of elevation. Use of native-dominated subalpine shrubland was 2.81 times more likely than the availability of this land-cover type. The nene differed from other tropical and temperate-zone migrant birds in that: (1) migration distance and the number of stopovers were unrelated (Mann–Whitney test W = 241, P < 0.006), and; (2) individual movements were not unidirectional suggesting that social interactions may be more important than refuelling en route; but like other species, nene made more direct migrations with fewer stopovers in return to breeding areas (0.58 ± 0.50) than in migration away from breeding areas (1.64 ± 0.48). Our findings, combined with the direction and timing of migration, which is opposite that of most other intratropical migrants, suggest fundamentally different drivers of altitudinal migration.
Importance of interaction frequency in analysis of ant-plant networks in tropical environments
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley , Sánchez-Galván Ingrid , Lange Denise , Del-Claro Kleber , Rico-Gray Víctor
Published: December 2013

Several studies have shown that qualitative (binary) ant-plant networks are highly nested in tropical environments, in which specialist species (with fewer interactions) are connected with generalists (with the most interactions) in cohesive subgroups. Interactions occur in both qualitative and quantitative networks, however, how their frequency may structure the nestedness in ecological networks involving these organisms is, we believe, unknown. Based on this perspective, we used nestedness analysis to address the effect of interaction frequency on ant-plant networks (n = 14 networks). Unlike binary networks, quantitative networks are often significantly non-nested. In addition, species with a higher interaction frequency have a higher number of links, indicating that these species are possibly more abundant and/or competitive. Moreover, different biological parameters can change the nature of ant-plant interactions, as a plant can be a good resource for one ant and a ‘bad’ resource for another. Thus, this suggests a new perspective for the study of interaction networks in the tropics, since species with lower interaction frequency are not necessarily subsets of species with higher frequency, and consequently generate the non-nested pattern in quantitative networks.
THE SECOND-ORDER REGULAR VARIATION OF ORDER STATISTICS
Authors: Liu Qing , Mao Tiantian , Hu Taizhong
Published: December 2013

Let X1, …, Xn be non-negative, independent and identically distributed random variables with a common distribution function F, and denote by X1:n ≤ ··· ≤ Xn:n the corresponding order statistics. In this paper, we investigate the second-order regular variation (2RV) of the tail probabilities of Xk:n and Xj:n − Xi:n under the assumption that $\bar {F}$ is of the 2RV, where 1 ≤ k ≤ n and 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n.
KNOWLEDGE OF NATIVELIKE SELECTIONS IN A L2
Authors: Foster Pauline , Bolibaugh Cylcia , Kotula Agnieszka
Published: December 2013

It is well established that part of native speaker competence resides in knowledge of conventionalized word combinations, or nativelike selections (NLSs). This article reports an investigation into the receptive NLS knowledge of second language (L2) users of English in both the United Kingdom and Poland and the influence of a variety of independent variables on this knowledge. Results indicate that only an early start (< 12 years old) in an immersion setting guarantees nativelikeness. Long exposure in late starters brings moderate gains in both settings but not to nativelike levels; positive feelings toward the L2 and motivation to interact in it bear little to no relationship with NLS; phonological short-term memory (pSTM) is the only predictor of NLS ability in immersion late starters, with no effect found in a foreign language setting. Our results suggest that NLS is subject to age effects and that, for late starters, a good pSTM and L2 immersion are necessary for the acquisition of this dimension of L2 knowledge.
The Development of Collective Bargaining in China: From “Collective Bargaining by Riot” to “Party State-led Wage Bargaining”
Authors: Chan Chris King-Chi , Hui Elaine Sio-Ieng
Published: December 2013

2010 was a turbulent year for labour relations in China. The wave of strikes sparked by the Honda workers has highlighted the urgent need for trade union reform and workplace collective bargaining. In response to this turbulence, the Chinese government has stepped up efforts to promote the practice of collective bargaining, which had been neglected under the existing “individual rights-based” labour regulatory framework. In the midst of rapid social and policy changes, this article aims to examine the effect of labour strikes on the development of collective bargaining in China. The authors argue that, driven by growing labour protests, the collective negotiation process in China is undergoing a transition, from “collective consultation as a formality,” through a stage of “collective bargaining by riot,” and towards “party state-led collective bargaining.” This transition, however, is unlikely to reach the stage of “worker-led collective bargaining” in the near future.