bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pollen tube incompatibility reaction on the stigma in selfpollinated Sinapis alba L.
Authors: Śnieżko Renata , Winiarczyk Krystyna
Published: April 2013

After selfpollination of Sinapis alba L. pollen tubes growth is inhibited on the stigma. The pollen grains germinate 3-4 hours after pollination. The pollen give rise to one or more pollen tubes. They grow along the papillae. In the place of contact between the papilla and pollen tube the pellicula is digested. Then the direction of pollen tube growth changes completely. Pollen tubes grow back on the exine of their own pollen grain, or turn into the air. The pollen tubes growth was inhibited in 6-8 hours after selfpollination. After crosspollination usually there is no incompatibility reaction.
Polyembryony in maize: histological analysis
Authors: Erdelská Oľga
Published: April 2013

The histological analysis enabled to distinguish the main types of polyembryony in maize according to the origin of embryos connected with their localization in caryopses, differences in their structure (presence of common tissues) and type of germination. Twin embryos from multiple embryo sacs are usually localized on opposite sides (or distant places) of the caryopsis, they have no common tissues and the germination is separate. Twins or triplets from individual cells of the egg apparatus or multiple egg cells are closely adherent, but strictly separated by epidermal layers. Endosperm is common. Plumules and radicles are independent. Cleavage polyembryos arising in vivo spontaneously or after induction share a common suspensor, part of scutellum and surface layers of radicles. Therefore they germinate with one radicular complex and with separated plumules.
Female gametophyte development and embryogenesis in Taxus baccata L.
Authors: Brukhin Vladimir B. , Bozhkov Peter V.
Published: April 2013

Crassinucellate ovules are initiated in Taxus, directly from the shoot apex. The rudimentary pollen chamber is formed in the nucellus. A linear tetrad of megaspores with a functional chalazal megaspore is formed. A free-nuclear stage is charac-teristic at the beginning of megagametophyte development. Archegonia without ventral canal cell are solitary or in complexes. The embryo has a very long suspensor even after maturation. Two types of polyembryony have been revealed: i) embryogenic redifferentiation of suspensor cells and ii) cleavage of embryonic region in the early embryo. In the northern temperate climate of St. Petersburg one month delay in development of reproductive structures has been noted.
Changes in concentration of protein and nucleic acids in the endosperm during ovule development in Clivia miniata
Authors: Ryczkowski Marian , Bochnia Tadeusz
Published: April 2013

Changes of protein and nucleic acid concentrations in micropylar and chalazal parts of the endosperm during exponential and stationary phases of embryo growth (Clivia miniata Regel) were examined. The following facts were established: 1. evident two-phase synthesis of protein, DNA and RNA in the endosperm, 2. existence of chalaza-micropyle concentration gradients of analyzed compounds, 3. elongation of the embryo proceedes from the micropylar to the chalazal end of the ovule, i. e. in the direction oposite to that of the chalaza - micropyle protein, DNA and RNA concentration gradients, 4. decrease of concentrations of protein, DNA and RNA in the endosperm after the first maximum of these compounds. Protein concentration was determined spectrophotometricaly using the method of Lowry, RNA concentration was deter-mined with the orcin method, and concentration of DNA with the diphenylamine method.
Cutin fluorescence in early embryos of Pinus and Tsuga
Authors: Szczuka Ewa , Gielwanowska Irena
Published: April 2013

Embryos of Pinus nigra Arnold and Tsuga canadensis Carr. (Pinaceae) at different stages of development were dissected from fresh, unfixed seeds and examined in a fluorescence microscope with 400 nm excitation light. The embryos of the investigated species showed cutin fluorescence after auramine 0 staining. At first the fluorescing cutin layer was formed on the apical part of the embryo with a well developed secondary suspensor, then it extended over the lateral surface of the embryo; the suspensor remained nonfluorescent. The fluorescing cutin layer occurred on the apical and side surface of the embryo, undergoing differentiation into the shoot axis and root initials. It is assumed that polarization and nutrition of the embryo may be influenced by presence of the cuticle.
A cutin fluorescence pattern in developing embryos of some angiosperms
Authors: Szczuka Ewa , Rodkiewicz Bohdan
Published: April 2013

A cuticle visualized by auramine O fluorescence appears on the developing embryos of 9 species belonging to Cruciferae, Caryophyllaceae, Plantaginaceae, Linaceae and Papilionaceae. In the investigated species the formation and extent of fluorescing and non-fluorescing embryonic areas follow a similar pattern. At first the cutin fluorescing layer is formed on the apical part of the proembryo without delimited protoderm. This layer extends and at the late globular stage envelops the embryo proper, except for a cell adjoining the suspensor. Fluorescing cutin persists during the heart stage but disappears from the torpedo embryo. During these stages there is no cutine fluorescence on suspensorial cells. Continuous cutin fluorescence appears again on the surface of the whole embryo by the late torpedo stage. Then fluorescence disappears from the radicular part of U-shaped embryos, but persists on the shoot apex, cotyledons and at least on the upper part of hypocotyl. It is assumed that polarization and nutrition of the embryo may be influenced by cuticular changes.
chlorophyll autofluorescence in globular and heart-shaped embryos of some dicotyledons
Authors: Fyk B. , Bednara J. , Rodkiewicz B.
Published: April 2013

The regions in early embryos of several species display chlorophyll autofluorescence in a certain order. First, autofluorescence in Pisum sativum appears in the basal part of globular embryos; in Lathyrus vernus in the basal part of early heart embryos; in Cardamine pratensis at the sides of the hypocotyl or in Phaseolus vulgaris in the hypocotyl of elongating heart-shaped embryos. Chlorophyll autofluorescence in an embryo proper of Pisum coincides with the development of a lamellar system in the plastids. The suspensorial plastids remain undifferentiated with one or two DNA positive nucleoids. Cardamine, Lathyrus, Phaseolus and Pisum suspensors give no chlorophyll autofluorescence.
Description of some characteristics of flowers and seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana - ecotype landsberg erecta and mutant NW4
Authors: Trząski Leszek , Karcz Jagna , Miszta Alicja
Published: April 2013

Flowers and seeds of Landsberg erecta (Ler) ecotype and NW4 mutant were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to reveal characteristic features of their structure. The NW4 mutant flowers differ from Ler mainly in presence of two bract-like sepals with complicated vasculature and a variable number of secondary flowers. In the two outer whorls of NW4 flower, variable number of transformed stamen-, petal-, sepal- and style-like elements also occur. The NW4 mutant seeds are characterized by the absence of mucilage around the surface and a deviating seed coat morphology.
Error estimation in plant growth analysis
Authors: Gregorczyk Andrzej
Published: April 2013

The scheme is presented for calculation of errors of dry matter values which occur during approximation of data with growth curves, determined by the analytical method (logistic function) and by the numerical method (Richards function). Further formulae are shown, which describe absolute errors of growth characteristics: Growth rate (GR), Relative growth rate (RGR), Unit leaf rate (ULR) and Leaf area ratio (LAR). Calculation examples concerning the growth course of oats and maize plants are given. The critical analysis of the estimation of obtained results has been done. The purposefulness of joint application of statistical methods and error calculus in plant growth analysis has been ascertained.
Distribution of defects in lipid membranes. Computer simulation
Authors: Okulski Witold
Published: April 2013

Based on the Monte-Carlo method, the ten-state Pink model of lipid membrane was completed by the dynamic Kawasaki-type processes of nearest neighbour exchanges of lipid molecules and vacancies in lipid chain lattice. The influence of the number and distribution of vacancies in membrane on its permeability was studied. The snapshots of microconfigurations of the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membrane model obtained from Monte-Carlo simulation were analyzed. Temperature dependences of the area of vacancies in the membrane and regional probability of an ion transfer through interface region were determined.
Germination of nine species of a pioneer plant community of pliocene clay soils of central western italy under different photo- and thermo-periods
Authors: Boscagli Aldemaro , Maccherini Simona , Chiarucci Alessandro
Published: April 2013

Germination response under different photo- and thermo-periods was investigated in nine species of the association Parapholido-Artemisietum cretaceae, a typical plant community of clay badland vegetation in central western Italy. The species showed: (i) more rapid germination under the photo- and thermo-period emulating autumn conditions than under the one emulating early spring conditions; (ii) different germination rates under condition emulating periods with high diurnal insolation followed by high or low nocturnal heat dispersion: Aegilops geniculata, Parapholis strigosa and Artemisia cretacea were indifferent, Hordeum maritimum, Trifolium scabrum, Brachypodium distachyum and Parapholis incurva responded positively to higher thermal dispersion, whereas Medicago minima and Scorpiurus muricatus responded negatively; (iii) different responses to a constant low temperature of 2oC: Artemisia cretacea, Parapholis incurva, Parapholis strigosa and Scorpiurus muricatus showed complete or very high dormancy; the other species showed a germination capacity between 55 and 87% in the following decreasing order: Medicago minima > Hordeum maritimum > Trifolium scabrum > Aegilops geniculata > Brachypodium distachyum. All species had delayed and reduced germination responses at 2oC. Grasses showed prompt, quick and high germination as environmental conditions became more favourable; legumes showed a similar response when their coat-imposed dormancy was removed, while the asteracea A. cretacea showed only a moderate germination capacity and one of the lowest germination rates. Nomenclaure: Pignatti (1982).
Low level of isoenzyme variation in an island population of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa (sm. ex sibth.) ball
Authors: Lewandowski Andrzej , Boratyński Adam , Mejnartowicz Leon
Published: April 2013

The isoenzyme variation in a geographically well isolated population of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa from Korfu island was investigated. Based on the 18 putative isoenzyme loci a very low level of variation has been observed. In the studied material only 11% (95% criterion) of the loci were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus was 1.17 and the observed, and expected heterozygosities were 0.016, and 0.024, respectively.
The structure of nectary of Platanthera bifolia L. Orchidaceae
Authors: Stpiczyńska Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The anatomy and ultrastructure of floral nectary of Platanthera bifolia were studied. The epidermis inside the nectary spur showed characteristic features of secretory tissue. Many cells of this epidermis were protruded forming unicellular hairs. The protoplasts of secretory cells were characterized by few small vacuoles, a lot of mitochondria and leucoplasts, which stored starch before secretion. Numerous vesicles budded off from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were accumulated near plasmalemma and fused with it. This fact probably indicates that these structures are involved in secretory processes. Nectar was released onto the surface through the pores in a ruptured cuticle, which covered the walls of secretory hairs.
The ultrastructure of the mature embryo sac in the natural tetraploid of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.): that has a very low rate of seed formation
Authors: Algan Gönül , Bakar H. Nurhan
Published: April 2013

In this study, ultrastructural organization of cells in the mature embryo sac of natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. was investigated. The mature embryo sac of this plant contains an egg cell with two synergids at the micropylar end, and a central cell with two polar nuclei. The ultrastructure of these cells agrees with what is known for most angiosperms studied with the electron microscope. The egg cell is a large and highly vacuolate cell, partially surrounded by a wall. Much of the cytoplasm is located around the nucleus at the chalazal end and there are few numbers of channel-shaped endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids and numerous ribosomes distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Unlike the egg cell, much of the cytoplasm in synergid cells is located at micropylar part of the cell and the synergid cytoplasm contains especially, large numbers of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, mitochondria and plastids. The central cell of T. pratense L. contains two large polar nuclei which lie close to the egg apparatus. Each polar nucleus has a single, large, dense nucleolus that contains several nucleolar vacuoles. Much of the central cell cytoplasm consisting of granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, dictyosomes and lipid bodies are placed around polar nuclei.
The effect of cadmium on growth of vegetative thallus and development of generative organs of Chara vulgaris L. after short time of cultivation
Authors: Gosek Aleksandra , Kwiatkowska Maria , Duszyński Robert
Published: April 2013

The effect of cadmium ions in two different concentrations (10-8M i 10-6M) on vegetative thallus, male (antheridia) and femele (oogonia) generative organs of Chara vulgaris L. was investigated. After 9 days of growth in a presence of cadmium the number of lateral branches decreased and the lengths of internodes of the main axis and pleuridia became shortened. The increase in oospores volume and decrease in antheridial volume (both total and internal) after 3, 7 and 9 days of cultivation were observed. The productivity of antheridium measured by the number of antheridial filaments and number of cells within filament is also lower in plants cultivated with cadmium in comparison with control ones.
Changes of genetic structure of Pinus sylvestris L. populations exposed to industrial pollution
Authors: Wojnicka-Półtorak Aleksandra
Published: April 2013

Isoenzymatic variation of Pinus sylvestris was analysed in populations from a provenance trial (IUFRO 1982) in Kórnik and their replication in Luboń. The two groups of populations originated from the same seed pool, but the one in Luboń was exposed to pollutants emitted during the production of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, while the Kórnik provenance trial were used as a control group. The parameters determining the genetic structure of the studied populations - frequency of alleles and genotypes (average number of alleles and genotypes per locus), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and genotypic polymorphism index (Pg) - have higher values in the group of trees tolerant to pollution. Also fixation index (F), which indicates that homozygotic genotypes underwent selection in this group, as well as dendrites and dendrograms according to Nei and Hedrick, suggest that the genetic structure of the populations exposed to pollution was changed. The obtained results indicate that populations characterized by a greater genetic diversity are more tolerant to pollution.
The diagram for phyllotactic series
Authors: Szymanowska-Pułka Joanna , Włoch Wiesław
Published: April 2013

Many authors studying phyllotaxis in various plant species have reported the occurrence of many different numbers of contact parastichy pairs that are members of different Fibonacci-like series. On the basis of these reports a diagram was constructed in which any theoretically possible series was represented by the two first members of a given series.
Ultrastructural study of maturing pollen in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Zając Krystyna
Published: April 2013

Ultrastructural changes in Arabidopsis thaliana pollen, between late microspore stage and mature pollen stage were described. When the generative cell was peeled off from the intine, it was of spherical shape and had all usual organelles with the exception of plastids. The cytoplasm transformation of the vegetative cell included an increase in the number of mitochondria and changes in the accumulation of starch and lipid bodies. The starch plastids were observed at the bicellular and early tricellular pollen stages and next starch was utilized during the maturation procces. The lipid bodies of the vegetative cell form a very regular sheath around the generative cell and then, around the sperm cells. Before anthesis the lipid bodies were dispersed within the whole vegetative cell cytoplasm.
Pollen morphology of the Polish species of the family Caprifoliaceae. Part 2
Authors: Maciejewska Irmina
Published: April 2013

This paper presents further results of studies on pollen morphology of the family Caprifoliaceae. Besides detailed descriptions of 6 species of genera Linnaea and Lonicera, series of LM and SEM microphotographs are included. All examined species have pollen grains of medium- or large-sized, with oblate forms, echinate (microechinate) ornamentation and short ectoaperture, often margined by costa. Length of spines and density of their distribution on the tectum allow to distinguish Linnaea and Lonicera subtypes. The key for determination of 11 Caprifoliaceae species, based on pollen morphology is proposed too.
Cytological effect of Tilt 250 EC in the successive phases of the Triticale rust disease process caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici
Authors: Brzezicka-Szymczyk Krystyna , Golinowski Władysław , Zamorski Czesław
Published: April 2013

The disease process caused by rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) in Triticale (Triticale-Wittmack cv. Bolero) and the effect of the application of the propikonazole - Tilt 250 EC are described. In plants not protected chemically one could observe the whole pathogen developmental cycle ending with the appearance of uredinia with urediniospores. The highest pathogen susceptibility to chemical agent was observed at the time of inoculation, during incubation and at the beginning of the actual disease. By inhibiting the ergosterol biosynthesis in the fungus cells the preparation (propikonazole) inhibited the development of the intra- and extracellular mycelium. The mycelium degeneration manifested itself by the irregular growth of intercellular hyphae, perforation of septa, homogenization of protoplasts and cell collapse. The thickening of the cell wall, modification of the perihaustorial space and protoplast obliteration were observed in the haustoria.
Preliminary results on allozyme diversity and differentiation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Poland based on plus tree investigations
Authors: Lewandowski Andrzej , Burczyk Jarosław , Chałupka Władysław
Published: April 2013

Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among Polish populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were studied analyzing allozyme variation at 24 loci. Presented investigations based on 81 clones represented 6 populations from three different regions: Sudety Mts., Beskid Mts. and North-East Poland. On average, the expected heterozygosity was 0.134, 52.8% of loci were polymorphic, and the number of alleles per locus was 1.8. Our data confirm the hypothesis that a lower level of variation of Picea abies exists in central Europe, compared to other regions of its natural distribution. Relatively small allozyme differentiation among regions was observed (Fst =0.027, and Nei's genetic distances ranged from 0.005 to 0.008). Reasons for the low genetic differentiation observed between Southern and Northern populations are briefly discussed.
Life history variation in Cirsium palustre and its consequences for the population demography in vegetation succesion
Authors: Falińska Krystyna
Published: April 2013

The objective of the study was to describe the life-history pattern of the biennial species Cirsium palustre. It has been demonstrated that under optimum conditions in the greenhouse individuals live 1.5 to 2 years, in a mown meadow 2 to 3 years, and during the plant succession in abandoned meadows they prolong their life to several years. This is accompanied by a gradual decrease of C. palustre population size. A relationship between the life-history pattern differences during a plant succession and the population abundance dynamics has been found. Reproductive-phase age is correlated with the rosette size. In spite of the occurrence of many limiting factors during a succession (closed plant cover, shading by macroforbs, willows) C. palustre survives until the formation of forest communities. Its persistence is favoured by: protracted life history, attainment the reproductive phase at different ages (not only in the second year), formation of a permanent seed bank, air-borne seeds and the emergence and survival of seedlings under the canopy of several-year old rosettes during a strong competition. The arresting of juvenile individuals under the rosettes for several years has been termed the "rosette mechanism". Cirsium palustre can be included among facultative biennials. In every conditions a proportion of individuals in a population attain the flowering phase in life year 2. During a succession the proportions of "triennial" and "quadriennial" forms, and at the terminal stage - of perennial monocarpic forms increase.
Intraspecific variation of phyllotaxis stability in Anagallis arvensis
Authors: Kwiatkowska Dorota
Published: April 2013

Qualitative transformations of phyllotaxis in Anagallis arvensis occur typically during the generative phase of development. In the vegetative phase phyllotaxis usually does not change. An exception to this rule is one peculiar population of Anagallis arvensis, belonging to a pink-flowered form carnea, in which phyllotaxis often transforms in both the generative and vegetative phase of development. The presence of a relatively large number of vegetative transitions, virtually absent in two control red-flowered populations of form arvensis, is accompanied also by the higher frequency of generative transitions. This might be a result of a genetically determined instability of shoot apex geometry. It has been proved experimentally that changing conditions of growth affect the transition frequencies and the time lapse from the beginning of either the vegetative or generative phase to the transition (measured in plastochrons). A comparison of two types of transitions shows that divergence changes are less abrupt in vegetative transitions. The differences between the two types also pertain to the vertical spacing of leaves and to the pattern formed by leaf bases and wings on the stem surface in the transition zone.
Morphogenesis of root nodules in white clover. I. Effective root nodules induced by the wild type Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar. trifolii
Authors: Łotocka Barbara , Kopcińska Joanna , Golinowski Władysław
Published: April 2013

The research aimed at investigating the morphogenesis of cylindrical root nodules in Trifolium repens L. induced by the wild type Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii strain 24. It has been demonstrated that the ontogenesis of a nodule begins with a transverse division of cells of the pericycle followed by the dedifferentiation and divisions of cells of the endodermis and inner layers of the primary root cortex. Shifting of the nodule meristem from its initially lateral to the apical position characteristic for cylindrical nodules was observed. Bacteroidal, cortical and vascular tissues of the nodule are described up to 42 days after inoculation. At that time typical degraded zone had not yet appeared in the nodules.
Qualitative changes and dynamics of protein synthesis during cold and warm stratification of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seeds
Authors: Pawłowski Tomasz , Szczotka Zofia , Krawiarz Kazimierz
Published: April 2013

Protein synthesis in cotyledons and embryo axes of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) was studied in seeds stratified at 3 or 15oC. At 3oC stratification, germination of seeds starts after 9 weeks, at 15oC stratification germination does not occur. The changes of protein synthesis level in both temperatures had two phasic character. In embryo axes (3 and 15oC) protein synthesis grow up, but in cotyledons (3oC) synthesis of proteins decrease. Generally, activity of protein synthesis was higher at 3oC, as like as DNA level was higher. After imbibition, in cold and warm stratification, in embryo axes, many new protein are become visible. We expect, that two from this proteins, determined as A and B my be connected with the releasing from dormancy. In seeds stratified at 15oC, these proteins are occuring in vestigal amount or are completely absent.
Landscape and vegetation study as a backgroud for complex nature protection proposal in the upper Płonia R. valley (Western Pomerania)
Authors: Bacieczko Wanda , Wołejko Lesław
Published: April 2013

The differentiation of vegetation and flora of the upper Płonia R. valley in Western Pomerania was discussed in relation to distribution of components of natural environment. Causes of landscape transformation and direct types of human impact on vegetation were analysed. The obtained results have shown trends in the transformation of the valley's landscape, which can be summarised as a continuous change from anthropogenic agricultural landscape to a more natural one. It was concluded, that uncontrolled continuation of the recorded processes will lead, among others, to the decrease in biodiversity. For that reason a proposal for integrated landscape and nature management has been elaborated. It combines classical methods of protection (establishment of protected areas) with administrative and managerial measures, such as active management of biotopes outside the reserves and co-operation with non-profit organisations, in achieving protection goals at the scale of the whole landscape.
Morphogenesis of root nodules in white clover. II. The effect of mutation in genes nod IJ of the microsymbiont upon the nodule structure
Authors: Łotocka Barbara , Kopcińska Joanna , Golinowski Władysław
Published: April 2013

Morphogenesis of ineffective root nodules initiated on the roots of white clover 'Astra' by the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii strains ANU261 (Tn5 insertion in nod 1 gene) and ANU262 (Tn5 insertion in nod J gene) was investigated. Following changes were observed, as compared to the wild-type nodulation: the exaggerated, not delayed reaction of root hairs; the delay in nodulation with the number of nodules the same as in plants inoculated with a wild strain; the formation and organization of the nodule primordium not changed in comparison with the wild-type nodules; infection threads abnormally branched and diffusing with bacteria deprived of light zone and enriched with storage material; infected cells of bacteroidal tissue abnormally strongly osmiophilic and only slightly vacuolated; symbiosomes with very narrowed peribacteroidal space, subject to premature degradation; abnormal accumulation of starch in the nodule tissues; nodule development blocked at the stage of laterally situated meristem and single nodule bundle; inhibition of divisions in the meristem and vacuolation of its cells; the appearance of single cells with colonies of saprophytic rhizobia embedded in the fibrillar matrix in the old, degraded regions of the bacteroidal tissue.
Callus formation and plant regeneration from protoplasts of sunflower calli and hypocotyls
Authors: Santos Conceição , Caldeira Gustavo
Published: April 2013

Sunflower (cv. Girapac SH222) protoplasts were obtained from 4-7 day-old hypocotyls and cotyledons and from two-month old calli. Higher yields of protoplasts were achieved with medium El (KCl 25g dm-3, CaCl2 2g dm-3, MES 0.7 g• dm-3, pH 5.5) and the combination of Driselase Fluka 0.2%, Macerozyme Onozuka 0.2% and Cellulase Onozuka R10 0.2%. Hypocotyls gave the highest yields of protoplasts, followed by cotyledons and calli. Protoplasts were cultivated in liquid and on solid media using both L4M (Burrus et al., 1991) and V-KM (Bokelman and Roest, 1983) media. Culture on solid M1 medium (L4M medium supplemented with NAA 3.0 mg•dm- 3, 2,4-D 0.1 mg•dm-3 and BA 1.0 mg•dm -3) gave a good planting efficiency with the development of many white-green colonies. These colonies gave rise to small calli which were transferred to MSmod medium (MS medium supplemented with KCI 5 g•dm-', and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 4 g• dm-3) containing benziladenine (BA, 0.5 mg•dm-3), naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA, 0.5 mg•dm-3) and giberelic acid (GA3 0.1 mg•dm-3). After two weeks, calli were transferred to MSmod medium containing BA 1.0 mg•dm-3, NAA 0.1 mg•dm-3, and GA3 0.1 mg•dm-3 for shoot formation. Shoots were excised and induced to root in MSmod supplemented with BA 0.1 mg•dm-3, NAA 1.0 mg•dm-3, and GA3 0.1 mg•dm-3. Plantlets were then transferred to sterilised vermiculite for greenhouse acclimation.
Biochemical characterization of two sibling species in the liverwort Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda (Hepaticae, Pelliaceae)
Authors: Prus-Głowacki Wiesław , Zieliński Roman , Szweykowski Jerzy
Published: April 2013

Two sibling species in the Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda (n=9) complex, viz. Pellia epiphylla sp. N and Pellia epiphylla sp. S were compared in their protein concentration and in the dynamics and also in relative activity of some enzymes: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), esterase (EST), peroxidase (PX) and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT). Serological properties of their antigens were studied as well. Activity of malate dehydrogenase, esterase and aspartate aminotransferase was significantly higher in clons of Pellia epiphylla N than Pellia epiphylla S. Some differences in soluble protein concentration and in the quantities of the AI to AIV antigens between the two sibling species were detected.
Assessment of the degree of synanthropization of vegetation in the urban lakes in Ostróda (Masurian Lake District)
Authors: Ciecierska Hanna
Published: April 2013

Analyses were carried out of the structural and spatial character of the littoral vegetation in four urban lakes in Ostróda: Jakuba, Morliny, Kajkowskie and Perskie. Phytosociological studies made it possible to distinguish 20 phytosociological units representing plant communities from the classes: Potamogetonetea and Phragmiteta. The extent of anthropogenic changes in the littoral vegetation was examined using synanthropization index calculated for individual lakes. According to the classification proposed in the methods, Lake Morliny was classified as a natural reservoir, Lake Kajkowskie as belonging to the group of synanthropic water bodies (these two lakes were within the series of harmonic development). The other two lakes were classified as anthropogenic, characterised by disharmonic development due to high trophy. These results were confirmed by data on the area occupied in the lakes by particular alliances: Potamogetonion, Nymphaeion, Phragmition and Magnocaricion.
Cytopathological characteristics of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates
Authors: Rudzińska-Langwald Anna , Kamińska Maria
Published: April 2013

The electron microscopy study revealed that four examined virus isolates in the cells of the infected host plant produced different inclusions depending on the virus isolate and the time of passaging by mechanical transmission. Numerous virus particle inclusions as well as viroplasm and filamentous inclusions typical for TSWV were present in the plant cells infected with TSWV isolate (PPR). This isolate was kept in N. rustica by 4 mechanical transmissions. A similar virus isolate but maintained for 2 years by mechanical transmission in Nicotiana plants (TI) produced virus particle inclusions as well as amorphous inclusions typical for defective isolates. In plant cells infected with the same isolate but maintained by mechanical transmission one year longer (T2) no virus particle inclusions were produced. In the amorphous inclusions produced by this isolate virus particles were seen, but they were not surrounded by additional membrane. The isolate G induced only amorphous inclusions dispersed within the cytoplasm of infected cells. No virus particles were seen in the amorphous inclusions. The mechanical transmission of TSWV isolates in N. rustica plants reduced the number of virus particles present in the cytoplasm. The defectivenes of the isolate cause also the appearance of a new type of inclusion - the amorphous inclusions.
Effect heat stress on subcellular localization of Ca2+ in tomato fruits
Authors: Garbaczewska Grażyna , Chołuj Danuta , Starck Zofia
Published: April 2013

The aim of this paper was to compare the fruit cell ultrastructure and subcellular localization of Ca2+ after heat stress with the use of the potassium antimonate method (Slocum and Roux 1982, Tretyn et al. 1992). The tomato plants Robin cv., relatively tolerant to heat stress, were grown under uncontrolled greenhouse conditions to the stage of fruiting. The plants were placed for 20h in two temperature regimes: 23oC (optimal temperature) or 40oC (heat stress) in darkness, under water vapour saturated atmosphere. Immediately after heat stress the fruits were harvested to estimate water soluble and insoluble calcium contents and subcellular localization of Ca2+. After heating the concentration of calcium in tomato fruits increased about twice. In both temperature treatments the water soluble fractions were lower than insoluble ones at smaller differences between insoluble and soluble fractions after heat stress. The shapes and localization of Ca2+ detected with the use of potassium antimonate method show that in fruits of control plants the precipitates were numerous, small and of oval shape. They were dispersed in cytosol or adjoined to endoplasmic reticulum or to external membrane of chloroplast. In the fruit of heated plants the precipitates were irregular in shape, amorphous and singly dispersed in the cytosol. We observed also some cytological changes in the structure of membranes and organelles of the plants of both experimental treatments. The heat induced increase of calcium content and the changes in subcellular localization of Ca2+ under heat stress suggest that calcium ions may be involved in avoiding heat injury. The problem requires more detailed further investigations.
Relationships between nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase activity in Cucumis sativus L.
Authors: Kłobus Grażyna , Jerzykiewicz Jolanta , Buczek Józef
Published: April 2013

Anti-NR IgG fragments obtained after papain digestion of polyclonal antibodies gave the positive immunological reaction with both, a soluble and plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase. Anti-NR antibody as well as IgG fragments almost totally inhibited the nitrate reductase activity in cytosol proving a crossreaction of antibody with the catalytic site of a soluble NR. Anti-NR IgG fragments, but not undigested polyclonal antibodies affected the activity of the nitrate reductase associated with plasma membranes. Discrepancy in the action of intact antibodies and fragments obtained after they digestion were interpreted as a consequence of same differences in the ability of those molecules to the penetration through the membrane. Undigested anti-NR antibody have no effect on the nitrate uptake by intact plants, as well as by the right-side plasma membrane vesicles. On the other hand, IgG fragments of polyclonal antibodies abolished almost totally the nitrate uptake in the case of intact seedlings, but have only slight effect on the N03 uptake in plasma membranes. On the basis of above findings, some relations between nitrate uptake and its assimilation inside the cell are suggested. Since IgG fragments only slightly changed the N03 absorption in vesicles whereas the activity of plasmalemma associated nitrate reductase was strongly repressed, we concluded that the PM-NR is not structurally involved in the nitrate transport through the membrane.
Effect of different levels of air pollution on photosynthetic activity of some lichens
Authors: Niewiadomska Ewa , Jarowiecka Dorota , Czarnota Paweł
Published: April 2013

Four lichen species: Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia saxatilis, and Platismatia glauca were collected from two sites (S. Poland) with a different air pollution level: "Kamienica valley" (less polluted) and "Kopa" (more polluted). The thalli were compared with respect to their: net photosynthetic rate (PN), fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fm, Fm/Fo), chlorophyll a+b content, and phaeophytinization quotient (O.D.435/O.D.415). PN intensity, chlorophyll a+b and O.D.435/O.D.415 were reduced only in Pa furfuracea collected from Kopa, which is in agreement with the Hawksworth-Rose scale of sensitivity of lichens to air pollution. Fluorescence parameters were significantly lowered in all lichens coming from the more polluted site (except of Fv/Fm and Fm/F0 in P. saxatilis). Parameters based on chlorophyll fluorescence measurements enable to reveal the very early signs of decreased photosynthetical capacity of the thalli, caused by air pollution, before changes in the other photosynthetic parameters become mesurable.
Morphometric differentiation of Corex ligerica Gay in Poland
Authors: Urbaniak Lech
Published: April 2013

The experimental material involved 7 Carex ligerica Gay populations which were cultured in standardised conditions in a greenhouse before their spikes were collected for morphological studies. Four characters reflecting size of male and female glumes, selected from particular spikes were examined. Mahalanobis distances for each pair of populations were calculated and their significance was estimated using Hotellings T2 statistics. Dendrite was constructed on the basis of shortest Mahalanobis distances while Euclidean distances provided grounds for hierarchy grouping. The result obtained from a multivariate analysis indicated a definite interpopulation variability within the species. All of the examined populations were found to differ significantly on the grounds of Mahalanobis distances. The dendrograms manifested the distinct character of the populations originating from regions around the lower course of the Vistula river - 5 (Toruń-Wrzosy), 3 (Tychnowy), 2 (Piaski) and 6 (Kadyny), not noted before. Moreover, similarity of two geographically distant populations, the population 1 (Złotoria) from the Central Poland and the population 4 (Szumiłowo) from the western part of the country, attracted attention, as well as the individual character of the population 7 (Kopanica) originating from the southernmost location. From the point of view of historical geography of plants, the obtained differentiation pattern may represent sequele of migration in the postglacial period, which crossed the area of Poland along multiple distinct pathways. The obtained results point to importance of culturing plants in uniform conditions of a greenhouse, which permits to describe genetic variability unbiased by modifying effects of the environment.
Pollen morphology of the Polish species of the genus Ribes L.
Authors: Wrońska-Pilarek Dorota
Published: April 2013

This paper presents results of studies on pollen morphology of 6 Polish species of the genus Ribes L. (family Grossulariaceae). Observations were carried out with LM and SEM. Pollen diagnoses were illustrated by series of microphotographs. Grains of examined species are small to medium-sized and prolate spheroidal or subprolate in shape, rarely prolate. They represent three pollen classes: zonocolporate, pantoaperturate and pantoporate. Three types of ectoapertures have been observed: colpi, pori and colpoids. Endoapertures are pori, in number (4-) 6-7-8 (-14) per grain. Ornamentation is psilate or fossulate, with the exception of the ectoaperture areas, which are granulate. According to the author, the polarity or apolarity, type of pollen class and ectoaperture, number of endopori and ratio of exine thickness to grain diameter are the main diagnostic features of the pollen grains of the native species of Ribes. The key to Polish species, basing on the morphological characters of grains is given too.
Chloroplast division during leaf development of Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr. (Compositae)
Authors: Maksymowych Roman , Dollahon Norman , Williams Russell J. , Orkiszewski Joseph A.J.
Published: April 2013

Division and growth of chloroplasts was studied during leaf development of Xanthium pensylvanicum at various stages of development represented by the leaf plastochron index.Between leaf plastochron indices -1.00 and 2.56 chloroplast division was observed with little enlargement. Between 2.50 and 5.00 chloroplasts enlarged in diameter with an average rate of 0.21 µm per day. At leaf plastochron index 5.00 chloroplasts attained their mature size of 6.12 µm. No chloroplast division was found after leaf plastochron index 2.50. A change in shape of plastids from spherical proplastids to discoidal accompanied their growth during stages 2.50 and 5.00.
Protein composition of barley seeds and evaluation of their germination energy and seedling vigour under control and water stress conditions
Authors: Gniazdowska-Skoczek Halina , Kapała Alicja
Published: April 2013

Parental genotypes, cv. Aramir and line R567, as well as selected doubled haploid (DH) barley lines differed in the main protein fraction content in seeds. Paternal form R567 and DH line C55 were characterized by the highest protein content, while the seed of the line C23 as compared to other genotypes had the lowest content of main protein fractions. Quantitative and qualitative differences were also found in electrophoretic patterns of albumins and globulins and in polypeptide composition of hordein B and C subfractions. Spectra of these proteins were found to have more bands in the parental form R567 and DH line C55. Electrophoretic albumin + globulin patterns in the DH line C23 differed from that of the remaining barley genotypes; that type of genotype was observed to have recombination with regard to polypeptide composition of hordein B and C subfractions. The water stress delayed the seed germination into normal seedlings in all genotypes. The highest germination energy under stress conditions was characteristic of seeds from the parental form R567 and DH line C55. Seedlings of these two genotypes, as compared to the others, distinguished by the longest plumule both in control and under water stress conditions. Stress effect on the seedling vigour was expressed in a significant reduction of the seedling length, the plumule being more . Sensitive to drought than roots. A smaller reduction of the plumule length was caused by the stress in the parental form R567 and DH line C55, whereas root response to water stress was similar in all studied genotypes.
Cell walls as taxonomic markers in Polish species of the genus Odontoschisma (Dum.) Dum. (Hepaticae, Cephaloziaceae)
Authors: Szweykowski Jerzy , Buczkowska Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

To get valuable diagnostic characters, the structure of cell walls was studied with use of two stains (Ruthenium Red -RR and Resorcine Blue - RB) and in polarized light. As far as the stem structure is concerned, European species of the genus Odontoschisma fall into two groups: in Odontoschisma elongatum and in Odontoschisma macounii a thick, frequently completely obscuring cell lumen, "lining layer" is present. It frequently, particularly after staining in RB, detaches from the rest of the cell wall. Such a layer is completely lacking in the two remaining species, viz. O. sphagni and 0. denudatum. In polarized light only leaves of O. sphagni show a distinct bright border. The thin cellulose layer (bright in polarized light) embrace the angular thickenings in 0. sphagni and 0. denudatum, but is entering the inside of these thickenings in the two remaining species. Keys for determination of the four European species based on the staining properties of cell walls and their look in polarized light are provided.
Materials to the zygnemaceae of Poland V. Two spirogyra species new for Poland
Authors: Kadłubowska Joanna Z.
Published: April 2013

Spirogyra occidentalis (Transeau) Czurda 1932 and S. scrobiculata (Stockmayer) Czurda 1932, two species new in the Polish flora and S. pseudovarians Czurda 1930, a species only cited in literature, are described in samples collected in central Poland. The diagnosis of S. occidentalis and S. pseudovarians has been supplemented with measuring data of the inflated sterile cells in conjugation filaments. The figures show the hitherto unknown inflated sterile cells.
Influence of Zn and Pb on Rhizopogon roseolus mycelium - energy dispersion spectroscopy and cytochemical investigation
Authors: Turnau Katarzyna , Faber Jadwiga , Dexheimer Jean , Botton Bernard
Published: April 2013

Mycelium isolated from fruitbodies of Rhizopogon roseolus, collected from calamine wastes in Poland, was cultivated on agar media supplemented with Zn or Pb salts. The stimulation of exudate production by the aerial mycelium and the mycelium growing on the surface of the media, accompanied by the change of mycelium pigmentation, was found as a result of Zn application. The presence of Pb resulted mainly in the stimulation of crystalloid production on the surface of mycelium, in direct contact with the medium. Exudate droplets formed on the surface of mycelium cultivated on media with and without the Zn addition, were investigated by means of cytochemical tests (PATAg and Gomori-Swift reaction). In the control media most droplets gave a diffused, positive reaction to both tests. In media supplemented with Zn salts, besides the droplet-like material described in the control also another kind of exudate was observed. It was characterized by the collar showing apositive Gomori-Swift reaction, while the rest of the exudate had an oily appearance and gave a faint or no reaction to both tests. Comparative research by means of scanning electron microscopy accompanied by energy dispersion spectroscopy, was carried out showing the differences in exudate and in mycelia composition as a result of the Zn and Pb presence in the medium.