bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BLACK ABOLITIONISTS IN BRITAIN AND CANADA
Authors: Stouffer Allen P.
Published: March 2011

C. Peter Ripley, et al., eds. The Black Abolitionist Papers. Vol. I. The British Isles, 1830-1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. xxx + 609 pp. Illus. C. Peter Ripley, et al., eds. The Black Abolitionist Papers. Vol. II. Canada, 1830-1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. xxviii + 560 pp. Maps and Illus. More than a century after the freeing of the last American slave, anti-slavery retains almost as much attraction for historians as it once held for abolitionists. Among the numerous and frequently innovative antislavery studies that have appeared in the past fifteen years, black abolitionism has emerged as an important topic. Building on the foundation laid by pioneers like Carter G. Woodson in The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written during the Crisis 1800-1860 (1926) or Herbert Aptheker's The Negro In the Abolitionist Movement (1941), later scholars — Benjamin Quarles, William and Jane Pease, William Edward Farrison, and John H. Bracey, August Meier and Elliot Rudwick to name only a few — began to reveal the broader dimensions of the black abolitionist contribu- tion to anti-slavery. Black abolition scholarship took a large step forward at John Blassingame's inception of the Frederick Douglass Papers and now approaches maturity with The Black Abolitionist Papers project. Under the judicious guid- ance of Florida State University historian C. Peter Ripley, this ambitious under- taking began in 1976 with a four-year search for sources that spanned the British Isles, Canada and the United States. The quest reaped a bountiful harvest of some 14,000 letters, speeches, essays, pamphlets and editorials, from 200 libraries and 110 newspapers, constituting the documentary record of more than 300 black men and women in their struggle to destroy slavery. The seventeen-reel microfilm edition gave historians ready access for the first time to a vast body of previously scattered materials that will doubtlessly remain the definitive primary record of black abolitionism. Happily, the editor determined to publish five volumes of representative materials and the first two are now available.
FLASHBACKS FROM THE WINGS
Authors: Yacowar Maurice
Published: March 2011

Pat McGilligan, ed. Backstoty: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. 382 pp. Alan Schneider. Entrances: An American Director's Journey. New York: Viking Penguin, 1986. 416 pp. Illus. Show-biz biographies and memoirs have a special fascination. As Alan Schneider recalls from a (circa 1948) memo, "the audience loves to criticize actors and acting. It loves to come backstage, because the audience likes to catch person- alities off-base." This interest has fed writings that range from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead to the National Enquirer. Although both books under review provide the memoirs of real people, because these people are all "authors," purveyors of fiction, the books are closer to Tom Stoppard's elabora- tions upon a myth than to the grittier fictions of journalism.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT ET GOVERNEUR MORRIS: REGARD D'UN FUTUR PRÉSIDENT SUR LE TÉMOIN DE DEUX RÉVOLUTIONS
Authors: Ricard Serge
Published: March 2011

Abstract Theodore Roosevelt on Gouverneur Morris: A Future President's Appraisal of the Witness of Two Revolutions In 1888,Theodore Roosevelt, a young historian, and president-to-be, published a biography of Gouverneur Morris, one of the lesser-known Founding Fathers. Characteristically, Roosevelt seemed more concerned with expounding his own political thinking than with writing history. Yet, for this reason, a study of the future president's discourse, examined in the light of the response of an eminent revolutionary, minister to France during the Terror, affords an assessment of the influence in the United States, one century later, of the legacy of two revolutions, as embodied by a prestigious maker of American history.
THE TIME-BREAK STRUCTURE OF MOBY-DICK
Authors: Ketterer David
Published: March 2011

Is it possible, at this late date, that the most obvious structural feature in Moby- Dick remains to be explored? Indeed it is, and, as will appear, not only is that structural feature the most obvious, it is also the most illuminating. So far, Moby- Dick has been divided into three, four, five or six parts. The movement, or cresting, of external, or "dramatic," action provides the main basis for the three- to five-part structures. In The Trying-Out of "Moby-Dick" (1949), Howard P. Vincent works with a simple three-part structure: "The Narrative Beginnings" (Chapters 1 ["Loomings"] to 31 ["Queen Nab"]), "The Cetological Center" (Chapters 32 ["Cetology"] to 105 ["Does the Whale's Magnitude Diminish?"]), and "The Narrative Conclusion" (Chapter 106 ["Ahab's Leg"] to the "Epi- logue"). Eight years later, Newton Arvin distinguishes four wave movements: Chapters 1 to 22 ("Merry Christmas"), 23 ("The Lee Shore") to 36 ("The Quarter-deck"), 37 ("Sunset") to 131 ("The Pequod Meets the Delight"), and 132 ("The Symphony") to the "Epilogue"—the long third wave containing six minor crests (Arvin 156-158). Most popular, however is the division into five parts, or perhaps five acts, since the cue for this tack (as ultimately for the three- part Aristotelian beginning, middle and end structure) is provided by the percep- tion of Ahab as a tragic hero, the evidence of Shakespeare's influence, and the dramatic mode of presentation in at least thirteen of the book's chapters.1 Thus, two years before Vincent's book, Charles Olson proposed the following five-act breakdown: chapters 1 to 22, 24 ("The Advocate") to 71 ("The Jeroboam's Story"), 72 ("The Monkey-Rope") to 100 ("Leg and Arm"), 101 ("The Decanter") to 119 ("The Candles"), and 120 ("The Deck") to the "Epilogue." Chapter 23 and chapters 41 and 42 ("Moby Dick" and "The Whiteness of the Whale") are viewed as interludes (66-67). Subsequently, James Miller and Bainard Cowan have agreed on the number five but differed (with Olson and between themselves) as to where at least four of the breaks occur.2
LESSONS OF THE MASTER
Authors: Buitenhuis Peter
Published: March 2011

Sergio Perosa, ed. Henry James e Venezia. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 1987. viii + 278 pp. Leon Edel and Adeline R. Tintner, eds. The Library of Henry James. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1987. ix + 106 pp. Illus. Adeline R. Tintner. The Book World of Henry James: Appropriating the Classics. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1987. xxiv + 412 pp. Illus. Adeline R. Tintner. The Museum World of Henry James. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1986. xxi + 390 pp. Illus. William R. MacNaughton. Henry James: The Later Novels. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. 154 pp. Lyall H. Powers, ed. Leon Edel and Literary Art. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988. xiv + 192 pp. Illus. In his essay in Henry James e Venezia, James Tuttleton rightly notes that, in 1882, James, having written, "There is notoriously nothing more to be said on the subject [of Venice]," then went on to write 12,000 words of additional commen- tary (49). James always had more to say, and so, it appears, do his commentators. There are many reasons for this continuing spate of commentary, but chief among them must be the ultimate felicity of James's style. He not only graced everything that he wrote about: in the gracing he also changed it—made it different for all subsequent readers.
NORTH AMERICA'S JEWISH INTELLECTUALS
Authors: Greenstein Michael
Published: March 2011

Alexander Bloom. Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and their World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 419 pp. Mark Shechner. After the Revolution: Studies in the Contemporary Jewish-American Imagination. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. 390 pp. Asked why she moved to New York, Elizabeth Hardwick confessed that she wished to become a Jewish intellectual. Being a Jewish writer, however, is not in itself sufficient for Mordecai Richler, exiled in Montreal far from the pulse of Manhattan's promised land: "Looking down on the cultural life of New York from here, it appears to be a veritable yeshiva. I won't even go into the question of Broadway or television, but from Commentary by way of Partisan Review to the Noble Savage, from Knopf to Grove Press, the Jewish writers seem to call each to each, editing, praising, slamming one another's books, plays, and cultural conference appearances." What both of these books under review make amply clear are the extent of dialectical activity within New York's secular yeshiva, the kinds of name-calling among its intellectuals, and the ferocity of political and literary slamming—behaviour, in short, that reveals as much savagery as nobility. That Canada missed out on that kind of intellectual fervour is a mixed blessing, part of a larger pattern in the comparative histories of the two countries.
THE OLD SOUTH AND THE NEW HISTORY
Authors: Simpson Craig
Published: March 2011

Steven M. Stowe. Intimacy and Power in the Old South: Ritual in the Lives of the Planters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. xviii + 309 pp. James M. Woods. Rebellion and Realignment: Arkansas' s Road to Secession. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1987. 277 pp. Perhaps history was once merely history. In that misty era, antique conceptions of politics and society marked Southern studies just as they did other parochialized specialties. But both these significant volumes attest to the limited utility of the innumerable artifacts of historical explanation now strewn about, like so many stagecoaches on the launching pad. They also invite comment on diverging emphases in modern American studies. The distance between them, in terms of subject and method, measures the altered ambience of the 1970s and 1980s.
COLONIZERS INTO COLONIZED
Authors: Steele Ian K.
Published: March 2011

Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds. Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. xi + 290 pp. Colonial identity is, apparently, an inherently good thing. The search for it is not so much a field as an academic agribusiness. Perhaps Woodrow Wilson's greatest gift to his profession was to popularize the rights of "peoples" rather than humans. Struggles for independence have come to be viewed as righteous if conducted by self-proclaimed peoples.
CITY IMMIGRANTS—OLD AND NEW
Authors: McKenna Marian C.
Published: March 2011

Gary Ross Mormino. Immigrants on the Hill: Italian-Americans in St. Louis, 1882-1982. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986. xi + 289 pp. Illus. Nancy Foner, ed. New Immigrants in New York. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. ix + 318 pp. Immigrants on the Hill is an intensive, readable and entertaining examination of immigrants and ethnic accommodation at the local level, specifically of Italians in the Cheltenham district of St. Louis from the era of mass European migration to the present. The book traces the emergence of a unique Italian-American neigh- borhood in the district called "Dago Hill," considered one of the most stable, immobile and cohesive ethnic communities in the United States. In coming to St. Louis, the author insists, Italian immigrants were not uprooted, but transplanted, and allowed to shape their lives with a minimum of interference from the world outside.
TRAGEDY AT WORK AND AT HOME: THREE HISTORIES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN AMERICA
Authors: Schneider Scott P.
Published: March 2011

Martin Cherniack. The Hawk's Nest Incident: America's Worst Industrial Disaster. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. x + 194 pp. Illus. David DeKok. Unseen Danger: A Tragedy of People, Government, and the Centralia Mine Fire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. xiv + 299 pp. Illus. David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz, eds. Dying for Work: Workers' Safety and Health in Twentieth-Century America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. xx + 234 pp. Occupational and environmental health are specialized areas for American his- tory, with their own tales of great tragedies in which hundreds of workers or residents are killed in a fire or by exposure to a toxic chemical or hazardous waste. These are morality plays, with the public or workers exploited by corporate greed and by an unfeeling government bureaucracy, and with similar endings in which the tragedy spurs the government regulation that should have prevented the accident in the first place. The writers of these tales hope to force us to think and act now to prevent future tragedies.
GOVERNOR REAGAN AND ACADEMIC FREEDOM AT BERKELEY, 1966-1970
Authors: Burbank Garin
Published: March 2011

The election of George Bush in 1988 as successor to Ronald Reagan has brought to a close what may well be judged the most significant of the postwar presidencies, one whose central figure captivated a majority of voters even as he infuriated his liberal, and frequently impotent, critics. For the first time in a generation, a president has completed two full terms, departing the White House with as much favour and admiration as on the day he entered it. His administration has been bountiful in controversy, but no less productive in its numerous achievements. Reagan has fashioned a creative counterpoise between his strikingly conservative ideological convictions and his surprisingly centrist methods of government.
MARCO MILLIONS AND O'NEILL'S VISION OF AMERICA
Authors: Schmitt Patrick
Published: March 2011

The 1920s saw a new generation of American writers come of age, a generation that found its voice most securely in the condemnation of America itself. Dos Passos, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Lewis-these and a host of other American literary artists severely criticised the shape of both American society and the American soul. Such criticism found its strongest media in this decade in the novel and the essay; poetry, represented by Pound and Eliot, criticized America primarily through its silence, the poets turning their back on the New World in their haste to retreat to the comforts, real or imagined, of the history and tradition of the Old.
CONSTITUTION WORSHIP
Authors: Flaherty David H.
Published: March 2011

Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, cds. The Founders' Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.5 vols., xiii + 3520 pp. In a variety of ways Americans continue to mystify Canadians. Two of these American ways will initially concern us here. The first, which also affects other foreigners, is the American tendency, indeed imperative, to discuss issues of public policy in terms of the United States Constitution, as if it were a document the rest of the Western world simply must comprehend and preferably know in detail. Thus, criticisms of weak federal data protection legislation in the United States, in comparison to the situation in other advanced industrial societies, elicit the defensive response that Americans at least enjoy the blessings of the Fourth Amendment (protecting citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures). The problem with this rhetorical retort is that the Fourth Amendment as such has no particular meaning for non-Americans. Foreigners use their own constitutional traditions to explain why certain things are done in certain ways, but they do not generally have the arrogance to expect others to understand their own peculiarities. Such is not the case with the United States.
SLAVERY AS IT WAS: CULTURE, DISSENT AND THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION
Authors: Silverman Jason H.
Published: March 2011

Harriet A. Jacobs. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, Jean Pagan Yellin, cd. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. xxxiv + 306 pp. lllus. Sterling Stuckey. Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. x + 425 pp. Howard Jones. Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Stave Revolt and its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. ix + 271 pp. Five years ago at a conference on the study and teaching of Afro-American history, the eminent historian John Hope Franklin stated that [a]s a relatively new field, at least only recently recognized as a respectable field of intellectual endeavor, [Afro-American history] is alive and vibrant .... It provides ... a very important context in which much, if not the whole, of the history of the United States can be taught and studied. It also provides an important context in which much of the history of the United States can be reexamined and re- written. While it is true that Franklin was speaking of Afro-American historiography in general, the three books under review certainly serve to corroborate his point. Stuckey and Jones establish new vantage points from which to observe familiar topics and, in the process, convincingly place their studies within the social fabric of all of American history. Yellin's edited version of the Jacobs narrative proffers a rare, first-hand female account of slavery every bit as compelling and significant as the more famous ones written by men such as Frederick Douglass. Indeed, the Jacobs narrative powerfully decries the twin towers of oppression-racism and sexism-as no male-authored account could do.
"BUTTER AND EGG MONEY" INDEED!
Authors: Adrian Lynne M.
Published: March 2011

Carol Groneman & Mary Beth Norton, eds. 'To Toil the Livelong Day:" America's Women at Work, 1780-1980. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987. 305 pp. Joan M. Jensen. Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women 1750-1850. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. iv + 271 pp. illus. Historians of women have long acknowledged that women's unpaid work within the home too often has been ignored. These two volumes indicate that women's work as producers for the commercial market has also been vastly underrated. Together they call for a re-evaluation of women's role as workers, and result in today's working mother seeming the historical norm, rather than an exception. What appears more and more historically exceptional is the view of women primarily as consumers and managers of items of consumption, whose only production is reproduction.
NOSTALGIA: STARS AND GENRES IN AMERICAN POP CULTURE
Authors: Rist Peter
Published: March 2011

Jane and Michael Stern. Elvis World. Markham: Penguin, 1987. xi + 211 pp. Illus. Eve Arnold. Marilyn Monroe: An Appreciation. Markham: Penguin, 1987.141 pp. Illus. Archie P. McDonald, cd. Shooting Stars: Heroes and Heroines of Western Film. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. xv + 265 pp. Illus. Patrick Lucanio. Them or Us: Archetypal Interpretations of Fifties Alien Invasion Films. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. x + 194 pp. Illus. Jim Freedman. Drawing Heat. Windsor. Black Moss Press, 1988.190 pp. Illus. Heroes and heroines of American popular culture-the stars of Hollywood and pop music-hold such a fascination for their fans that when they die their images rarely fade away. Often their individual popularity increases and morbid cults ensue. I can remember as an adolescent being devastated when Buddy Holly was killed in a plane crash. In retrospect, I realize that my admiration for Holly was the closest I ever came to an experience of fan idolatry. As a teenager growing up in England, I bought every one of his records as soon as it was released; most people only began to appreciate his music after his death. He reached the top of the singles charts in Britain for the first time after he died, with "It Doesn't Matter Anymore," in April, 1959. More recently, his popularity re-emerged in 1978 with the release of a biographical film starring Gary Busey (The Buddy Holly Story). Strangely, the popularity of one of the other two pop stars killed in the same plane crash-Ritchie Valens-peaked nearly twenty years after his death with one of the biggest summer movie hits of 1987, La Bamba. The title song, performed by the group, Los Lobos, reached the top of the hit parade in North America, marking the first time since Valens's original version that a Spanish language song had done so. Even more remarkably, "La Bamba" topped the "pops" in Britain for the very first time in 1987. Clearly, it is not only personal reminiscence that causes nostalgia. In the last two decades in particular, nostalgia has become a key component of contemporary popular culture.
PRIVATE SUCCESS, PUBLIC PROBLEMS: THE DU PONT CORPORATION AND WORLD WAR I
Authors: Cuff Robert
Published: March 2011

Introduction During World War I the Du Pont corporation transformed itself from a manufacturer of commercial and military exposives into a giant of the global chemistry industry. The company had launched a search for new product lines in 1908, when cutbacks in government military appropriations threatened the firm with excess capacity; but wartime expansion in plant and personnel increased both the urgency and the opportunity to fulfill that pre- war decision for diversification.
"VOICES OUT OF THE NIGHT": RADIO RESEARCH AND IDEAS ABOUT MASS BEHAVIOR IN THE UNITED STATES, 1920-1950
Authors: Leach Eugene E.
Published: March 2011

In 1924, when American broadcasting was less than four years old, editor Bruce Bliven concluded that forecasts of the transformative effects of the new medium had been vastly overdone.1 Radio would not guarantee world peace, generate a global language, or enable every person on the planet to "have instantaneous communication with every other," as breathless visionaries had foretold. In fact, said Bliven, radio did not even figure to improve education or expose the public to new ideas. One reason was the control of broadcasting by commercial interests that were determined to make it "an organ of orthodoxy." But a more fundamental reason lay in the nature of the new medium. Inflated expectations of radio's power had arisen from the assumption that radio listeners would exhibit the restlessness and suggestibility that mark the psychology of people in crowds. Bliven pointed out, however, that the radio audience differed fundamentally from a crowd; it consisted of listeners distinguished more by their passive aloneness than by their excitable togetherness. Thus broadcasting had little capacity to serve the ends of demagogic politicians. Radio could touch the millions, Bliven suggested, but it could budge them in only trivial ways.
APPRECIATING WILLA CATHER
Authors: Stineback David
Published: March 2011

L. Brent Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. xvii + 202 pp. Illus. Robert J. Nelson. Willa Cather and France: In Search of the Lost Language. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xii + 173 pp. Willa Cather has been an enigma for literary critics, both as an artist and as a person. For a while, during the first half of her career, before the Depression, she wrote most of her best works and enjoyed a high ranking among American writers; after 1930, however, her reputation suffered severely from charges of escapism and withdrawal At her death in 1947, she remained popular with general readers; but it has taken four decades of increasingly conscientious scholarship to revive her critical reputation. And she is still underrated as a writer, even by many of the scholars who are calling attention to her.
WHEN GENDER MAKES A DIFFERENCE: THREE APPROACHES
Authors: Perry Elisabeth I.
Published: March 2011

Sara Alpern. Freda Kirchwey: A Woman of the Nation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. xii + 319 pp. Illus. Felice D. Gordon. After Winning: The Legacy of the New Jersey Suffragists, 1920-1947. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986. xiv + 262 pp. Elinor Lenz and Barbara Myerhoff. The Feminization of America: How Women's Values are Changing our Public and Private Lives. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, 1985, 249 pp.p. The question of "difference" is central to women's studies.1 Are women the same as men? If women are different, why and how has difference developed? In seeking the same rights as men, should women also seek the same treatment? Or should women try to identify and preserve a distinct "female culture" at the same time as they demand treatment as equals?
OF NEW DEALS AND OLD QUESTIONS
Authors: Burbank Garin
Published: March 2011

Jo Anne E. Argersinger. Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. 284 pp. Joseph P. Lash. Dealers and Dreamers: A New Look at the New Deal. New York: Doubleday, 1988. 510 pp. David P. Peeler. Hope Among Us Yet: Social Criticism and Social Solace in Depression America. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987. 340 pp. The major histories of the New Deal era have been notoriously partisan. As early as 1965, an historian with strong loyalties to the idea of a free market noted that "most New Deal histories were standing invitations to vote Democratic, to value federal initiative,... to accept a welfare state and an indirect fiscal and monetary management of the economy."1 When Paul Conkin made that critical observation and offered his own more sceptical, though not necessarily deprecatory, reinterpretation of Roosevelt and the New Deal, he might well have guessed that his small book would, twenty- three years later, still occupy a singular place in its treatment of the political shifts and partisan divisions that first appeared in the 1930's. For it remains true that the splendid books by the defenders of liberalism, Schlesinger, Leuchtenburg and Freidel, still stand as our most compelling interpretations of the New Deal. Apart from some attempts by 1960's and 1970's radicals to criticize the New Deal tradition "from the Left, " the monographs that have appeared since have only filled in the details of "progressive" politics and liberal triumphs.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: AMBIVALENT TIES
Authors: Cohn Theodore H.
Published: March 2011

Stephen G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. ix + 237 pp. Barbara Stallings. Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. xvii + 434 pp. Richard E. Feinberg and Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, eds. Development and External Debt in Latin America: Bases for a New Consensus. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988. vii + 281 pp. These three books deal with the close, but ambivalent linkages between the United States and Latin America. The Latin American states have been extremely dependent on U.S. foreign assistance, investment and trade, but they have also resented U.S. interference and intervention. From the U.S. perspective, Latin America has commonly been low on the scale of priorities in foreign policy-making. However, during "crisis" periods the United States has attached great importance to the region in strategic-security, and sometimes in economic, terms. Tensions have resulted from conflicting perceptions, with the United States often viewing Latin American problems in cold war terms, and the Latin Americans highlighting their economic development problems. The ambivalent linkages are transnational (involving private actors) as well as inter-governmental. U.S. private banks have been heavily involved in lending to Latin America, but the cyclical pattern of their loans has contributed to periodic tensions. Furthermore, U.S. governments have normally preferred to leave their economic relations with Latin America to private enterprise, while Latin Americans have often stressed the need for government involvement.
TELLING STORIES ABOUT MIAMI
Authors: Stull James N.
Published: March 2011

T.D. Allman. Miami: City of the Future. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987. 422 pp. Edna Buchanan. The Corpse Had a Familiar Face: Covering Miami, America's Hottest Beat. New York: Random House, 1987. 275 pp. Joan Didion. Miami. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. 238 pp. American cities have long been associated with, and even come to symbolize, significant chapters of the American experience. In the middle of the nineteenth century, for example, New York City, with its massive infusion of immigrants, was the centre of, and symbol for, cultural assimilation. In the early twentieth century, the stockyards and railroads of Chicago symbolized the power of American industrialism. Since World War II, Americans have become increasingly enamored of the fantasy world of Las Vegas and have viewed Los Angeles as a center of cultural change. In the 1980s Americans have turned their attention to Miami. While the popular television series Miami Vice, with its emphasis on drugs, violence, fashion, rock music, alluring visuals and physically-attractive male stars, may largely have defined the popular image of Miami, since the early 1980s other media fare-at least two movies {Scarface, 1983, and The Mean Season, 1985), hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles (over three hundred in one year), and, for our purposes here, three recent books-have provided complementary, and often quite different, stories about this exotic city.
COOPER'S PROBLEMATIC PILOT: "UNRIGHTEOUS AMBITION" IN A PATRIOTIC CAUSE
Authors: Darnell Donald
Published: March 2011

In the sixth chapter of James Fenimore Cooper's The Redskins, the protagonist-narrator Hugh Littlepage records his amusement at Opportunity Newcome's translation of the inscriptions beneath some engravings of female figures intended to represent the cardinal virtues. La Virtue, La Solitude, La Charité are rendered aloud by the girl as "The Virtue," "The Solitude," The Charity." This display of erudition brings a smile to Hugh and the genteel heroine of the novel, Mary Warren who, Hugh informs the reader, comprehended perfectly the difference between La Solitude and The Solitude} The intent of the scene is clear; Hugh wishes to make invidious comparisons between Opportunity, the sister of the Snopes-like Seneca Newcome, and Mary Warren, the girl he will later marry. The achieved effect of the scene notwithstanding, there is something troubling about the creator of Natty Bumppo, the world's greatest marksman, shooting fish in a barrel. Opportunity is ridiculous in her own right, and the reader does not need a genteel commentator to remark on her commanding ignorance. The reader of the earlier Cooper novels is further troubled by a protagonist who would descend to concern himself with such observations. Cooper's romantic heroes, lower class to a man, lack the knowledge for such commentary, and his gentlemen heroes deign not to criticize the manners of women socially beneath them.
A PROLEGOMENON TO LEATHER- STOCKING: THE IMPORTANCE OF CREVECOEUR-BREAKING THE TABLETS, DESTROYING THE TEXT
Authors: Rons Geoffrey
Published: March 2011

John P. McWilliams has been the most persuasive spokesman of a view that projects Cooper as a thwarted republican idealist; characteristically, he observes of The Monikins and The Crater that they "record the utter destruction of the republican dream Cooper had advanced in Notions of the Americans" (341). Allan Axelrad's neglected book insists on the presence from the outset in Cooper's thinking of a less progressive strain of eighteenth-century thought that finds social decline inevitable, and hence he reads him more sombrely than most. Whichever view one might prefer, few have found Cooper lacking in conflict; most have wanted, like McWilliams, to construct a narrative, in some sense biographical, that situates the conflict within Cooper himself, and delineates a decline from political idealism to a defeated disillusion. Neither view allows adequately for the possibility of a Cooper fully equipped intellectually to render in fictional terms from the beginning not merely a patriotic desire, but also, and at the same time, a realistic and damaging critique of the passages of history he addresses.
THE DOUBLE CHRONOLOGY OF LEATHERSTOCKING
Authors: Morton Richard
Published: March 2011

At the end of his life, in the final chapter of The Prairie, Leatherstocking is seated with his famous long rifle on his lap and with the body of his recently dead hound, Hector, at his feet. His final thoughts are in accord with those the Leatherstocking novels had shown him expressing through his whole career-he meditates on the differences between Indian ways and Christian ways, noting how they nonetheless can be quite compatible:
COOPER AND HIS CRITICS ON CHARACTER
Authors: Lapp Peter C.
Published: March 2011

Cooper's aim in writing the Leatherstocking Tales, as he says in the preface to The Deerslayer, was to examine Natty Bumppo's character in order "to illustrate the effect of seeds cast into the wilderness."1 Elsewhere in his prefaces, references to such qualities as "distinctness" and "peculiarities" in his characters are common. From such claims we might expect to see in his novels the organic growth of strikingly formulated characters, but the responses of Cooper's critics, both his contemporaries and their successors, have indicated that frequently these were not the effects that he achieved. Perhaps this should not be surprising in itself; authors' aims are rarely fully realized and critics disagree, for novels fortunately do not produce the narrow band of responses typical of B.F. Skinner's notorious boxes. The confused chorus of responses to Cooper's fictional figures, nevertheless, raises the question of how best to read their actions and inner lives—an important issue given the power of the character "effect" on the reader and its role in narrative generally. In pursuit of an answer to this question, I want to consider, first, the role of character as a reading code or strategy in the novel, second, the value of faculty and trait psychology as a means of understanding the generation of literary character and, third, how Cooper's poetics and practice and the responses of his critics can be better understood in light of the particular versions of trait psychology that inform them.
COOPER AND CLIO: THE SOURCES FOR "A NARRATIVE OF 1757"
Authors: Steele Ian K.
Published: March 2011

James Fenimore Cooper had ail intriguing relationship with the muse of history. His father's role in settling Otsego county, New York, provided him with considerable material for both fiction and non-fiction. His two-volume History of the Navy of the United States of America (1839) was a creditable pioneering study of the navy in which he had served briefly.1 He is known to have done considerable reading about Indian tribes for his famed Leatherstocking Tales, though some of his reading proved misleading.2 These novels all use historical settings to explore a central theme concerning the evolution of American self-awareness.
THE EDITORIAL POLICY OF THE COOPER EDITION: A RETROSPECTIVE
Authors: Elliott James P.
Published: March 2011

A couple of years ago, during a conversation with an editorially-minded colleague, I had to respond to a point-blank criticism of the Cooper Edition: why was there no comprehensive description of the Edition's editorial policy. None of its published thirteen volumes, nor the six volumes in various stages of preparation, contained statements of a governing textual policy beyond a few references early on to Sir W.W. Greg's "The Rationale of Copy-text." What was our understanding of the Greg-Bowers paradigm of copy-text editing and how did we apply it? But such an absence of a comprehensive a priori editorial policy, I suggested, was one of the Edition's strengths, for we have had to evolve a policy that responded to extraordinarily variegated conditions surrounding the contemporaneous publication of Cooper's works. In addition, I went on, this development of our textual policy paralleled Cooper's own evolution as a writer. This essay, then, is an effort to enlarge my response: to describe what the evolution of that policy has been; to articulate, in retrospect, some of the consistent threads that bind the various, sometimes contradictory, conditions of publication encountered by our research; and to suggest that, from the starting point of a conventional adoption of the Greg-Bowers paradigm, we have had to formulate textual policies that early and late departed from its strict application.
HENRY JAMES AND THE HAUNTED HOUSE OF FICTION: HAWTHORNE'S INFLUENCE IN THE AMERICAN
Authors: Kleiman Ed
Published: March 2011

The curious attraction James felt for Hawthorne's work has been documented, to some extent, by such commentators as T.S. Eliot, F.O. Matthiessen, Marius Bewley and Peter Buitenhuis.1 Of these critics, Marius Bewley was the first to attempt any detailed studies of Hawthorne's influence on Henry James. "Some influences," he writes, distinguish themselves as especially pertinent to any essential critical evaluation, as providing a unique glimpse, from the wire of tenuous connection, of the intentions and motives, the tone and the tradition, of the works stretched out below. I have suggested that the influence of Hawthorne on Henry James is of this pertinent character-
"YOU HAVE NO ANCESTRY BEHIND YOU": BLACK HISTORY'S EVOLUTION
Authors: Littlefield Daniel C.
Published: March 2011

Benjamin Quarles. Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988. ix + 213 pp. William D. Piersen. Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988. xii + 237 pp. When runaway slave H. Ford Douglass addressed a Fourth of July gathering in 1860, Benjamin Quarles tells us, he considered the pain and problem of the black man's past: "All other races are permitted to travel over the wide field of history and pluck the flowers that blossom there, to glean up heroes, philosophers, sages and poets, and put them in a galaxy of brillant genius and claim all credit to themselves; but if a black man attempts to do so, he is met at the threshold with the objection, 'You have no ancestry behind you5" (110). In these two works on the Afro-American past, we have examples of one author who helped to establish the ancestry of the field and another who, confident in its lineage, helps to expand its boundaries.
RELENTLESSLY WRITING THE WEARY SONG: BLUES LEGACIES IN LITERATURE
Authors: Banes Ruth A.
Published: March 2011

Houston A. Baker, Jr. Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. xviii + 122 pp. Illus. Daphne Duval Harrison. Black Pearls: Blues Queens of the 1920s. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988. xv + 295 pp. Illus. Pleasant "Cousin Joe" Joseph and Harriet J. Ottenheimer. Cousin Joe: Blues from New Orleans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. xi + 227 pp. Illus. Nathan W. Pearson, Jr. Goin' to Kansas City. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. xviii + 252 pp. Chronology. Illus. Steven C Tracy. Langston Hughes & the Blues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xiii + 305 pp. Performing the blues translates emotion into art; writing the blues traps the music in an alien environment, for the music is necessarily linked to performance. As Langston Hughes laments in his poem, "Burden," It is not weariness That bows me down, But sudden nearness To song without sound.* Despite the difficulty of capturing blues on paper, the five books reviewed here demonstrate that blues must be written, rewritten and preserved— whether through musical notation, poetry, fiction, non-fiction or photography. Writing the blues captures the spirit of the African-American community, as well as the memory of folk blues and jazz musicians. As Houston Baker notes in his eloquent and moving essay, Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, blues legacies in literature sound "from fields burning under torpid Southern suns, or lands desolately drenched by too high rivers" (93). Blues also tell the story of a socially marginal urban black community which created a "culturally specific" (93) and resilient voice in modern intellectual history and literature, as well as in music-leading to the birth of jazz. Writing the blues recreates and preserves the "black bottom boogies, fish fries, frenzied church-going, and furiously loving" (103) people in the black community as they resist racism and demand to be heard both as cultural critics and as artists.
MANAGING LABOR, FINDING A FUTURE
Authors: Cumbler John
Published: March 2011

Howard M. Gitelman. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. xv + 355 pp. Illus. Michael Goldfield. The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. xv + 294 pp. American labor history has been known for its violence, its radicalism and its conservatism. Although America has produced some of the left's most uncompromising and dynamic leaders, America has also produced a labor movement and leadership renowned for its conservatism. That labor movement has struggled for existence in a nation which is liberal in its political structure but dogmatically conservative when it comes to industrial relations.
ONE WORLD OR NONE: REALISM AND IDEALISM IN POSTWAR UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY
Authors: Randall Stephen
Published: March 2011

William C. Berman. William Fulbright and the Vietnam War: The Dissent of a Political Realist. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1988. x + 235 pp. Wesley T. Wooley. Alternatives to Anarchy: American Supranationalism Since World War II. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. xi + 244 pp. Reviewing William Fulbright's The Arrogance of Power in the New York Times Book Review in 1967, Max Frankel predicted, in an otherwise unsympathetic review, that the moving critique of American foreign policy toward Southeast Asia and of American political culture by the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee portended "the alienation of a great many thoughtful citizens toward their government."1 In a more sympathetic review in the Washington Post, Ronald Steel observed that "there is deep anguish throughout the nation over the use of power" (Berman, 77-78). William Berman rightly counters the criticism of Fulbright's views by stressing the extent to which Fulbright remained within the mainstream of American foreign policy tradition, combining a global outlook, a "realist's concern with power and a conservative's desire for stability and order" (78). Both Berman's and Wooley's studies perform the critically important task of bringing the postwar generations' dissent against the narrow, destructive nationalism of American policy makers into the mainstream of political thought in the United States.
"A CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE LAITY"
Authors: Cole Curtis
Published: March 2011

Don S. Kirschner. The Paradox of Professionalism: Reform and Public Service in Urban America, 1900-1940. Contributions in American History, No. 119. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1986. xiii + 197 pp. Nathan 0. Hatch, ed. The Professions in American History. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988. xiii + 220 pp. "All professions are conspiracies against the laity." George Bernard Shaw gave these words to the kindly old curmudgeon, Sir Patrick Cullen, in his 1906 play The Doctor's Dilemma.1 The observation is true today just as it was in 1906; but as Sir Patrick (and maybe even Shaw himself) would quickly point out, a conspiracy can be for evil or good purposes. Certainly the professions, and those occupations seeking such lofty status, act to conspire against the laity by maintaining the exclusive right to offer certain services. The question is, of course, whose interest does the limitation serve: the professionals', the public's, or both? This is, in my view, one of the most important issues to be grappled with in understanding the professions and professionalization, both in the historical and contemporary sense. Don Kirschner and the authors in Nathan Hatch's collection deal with this issue, but they do not go far enough.
BREAKING OUT OF THE SF BOX: RECENT STUDIES OF JAMES BUSH AND URSULA K. LE GUIN
Authors: Ruddick Nicholas
Published: March 2011

David Ketterer. Imprisoned in a Tesseract: The Life and Work of James Blish. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1987. xvi + 410 pp. Illus. Bernard Selinger. Le Guin and Identity in Contemporary Fiction. Ann Arbor UMI Research Press, 1988. xii + 183 pp. In Robert Heinlein's story "-And He Built a Crooked House-," a group of Californians explore a real-estate developer's dream-come-true, an eight- room hypercuboid structure that occupies only as much space as one ordinary room. This is the tesseract of Ketterer's title: a four-dimensional analogue of a cube. The tesseract is a topological metaphor for science fiction itself, a place that seems to offer a heady freedom inaccessible to dwellers in the three-dimensional world of the terrestrial, the mundane, the "mainstream." Tesseract was a natural title for the 1936 fanzine in which the fifteen-year-old James Blish published some of his earliest work.1 Yet, as in the Heinlein story, what seems to be a gateway to the new world can rapidly mutate into a prison. For Blish, as Ketterer reveals in this major new critical biography, science fiction itself became the box he felt he was trapped in. The fiction of Ursula K. Le Guin seems to have escaped the prison-house of generic categorization. Yet the portrait Bernard Selinger draws in his monograph is of an author hurling herself again and again at the wall of différance that at once bounds and constitutes the world.
THE SUBVERTED GAZE: HAWTHORNE, HOWELLS, JAMES AND THE DISCOURSE OF TRAVEL
Authors: Savoy Eric
Published: March 2011

The stereotype is the word repeated without any magic, any enthusiasm, as though it were natural, as though by some miracle this recurring word were adequate on each occasion. . . . Nietzsche has observed that "truth" is only the solidification of old metaphors. So in this regard the stereotype is the present path of "truth, " the palpable feature which shifts the invented ornament to the canonical, constraining form of the signified. 1 Roland Barthes We need a critical theory of guidebooks.2 Paul Fussell I American representations of European travel in the latter half of the nineteenth century reveal a problematic tension between pleasure and anxiety. While the inscription of travel originates in the pleasures of visual engagement with an old and richly suggestive culture, the descriptive focus on "place" is often disrupted or postponed by a dilatory articulation of generic constraints which preclude a prompt, original or accurate rendering of the object of the touristic gaze. Traditionally, the travel sketch has been regarded as a leisurely, amateurish mode of discourse intended to "involve the mind in the eye's delights," and which "served as a critical exercise that activated and sharpened the discriminating eye."3 While Thomas A. Pauly correctly insists that the literary sketch privileges "a calculated incompleteness" and "a tentative mode of perception," critical inquiry into this complex genre needs to go further in examining travel writers' anxious awareness of the limits of, and obstacles to, representation.4