bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Airborne Conidial Concentrations of Alternaria panax in Cultivated American Ginseng Gardens
Authors: Hill S. N. , Hausbeck M. K.
Published: November 2009

Leaf blight, caused by Alternaria panax, is the most common disease of cultivated ginseng and is an annual threat. To determine the influence of weather parameters on airborne conidial concentrations (ACCs), 3- and 4-year-old commercial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) gardens were monitored from mid-May to September for two growing seasons. Hourly concentrations of airborne A. panax conidia were enumerated using a Burkard volumetric spore sampler. The hourly averages of air temperature, rainfall, leaf wetness, and relative humidity were also collected. Fungicides were not applied. The incidence of leaf blight was assessed in predetermined areas of the monitored gardens. Disease pressure from A. panax was high in 2005 and 2006 and resulted in crop defoliation. Each year, ACCs were detected beginning in late May and continued through the growing season. Daily conidial concentrations followed a diurnal pattern and were greatest during periods of rapidly decreasing relative humidity. Relative humidity was negatively correlated to hourly ACCs. Each year, hourly ACCs were negatively correlated to leaf wetness and rainfall. A positive correlation was detected for hourly ACCs following 16 h or more of rainfall. A significant correlation was observed between hourly ACCs and temperature.
Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks
Authors: Jorgensen Salvador J. , Reeb Carol A. , Chapple Taylor K. , Anderson Scot , Perle Christopher , Van Sommeran Sean R. , Fritz-Cope Callaghan , Brown Adam C. , Klimley A. Peter , Block Barbara A.
Published: November 2009

Advances in electronic tagging and genetic research are making it possible to discern population structure for pelagic marine predators once thought to be panmictic. However, reconciling migration patterns and gene flow to define the resolution of discrete population management units remains a major challenge, and a vital conservation priority for threatened species such as oceanic sharks. Many such species have been flagged for international protection, yet effective population assessments and management actions are hindered by lack of knowledge about the geographical extent and size of distinct populations. Combining satellite tagging, passive acoustic monitoring and genetics, we reveal how eastern Pacific white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) adhere to a highly predictable migratory cycle. Individuals persistently return to the same network of coastal hotspots following distant oceanic migrations and comprise a population genetically distinct from previously identified phylogenetic clades. We hypothesize that this strong homing behaviour has maintained the separation of a northeastern Pacific population following a historical introduction from Australia/New Zealand migrants during the Late Pleistocene. Concordance between contemporary movement and genetic divergence based on mitochondrial DNA demonstrates a demographically independent management unit not previously recognized. This population's fidelity to discrete and predictable locations offers clear population assessment, monitoring and management options.
Lifetime reproductive effort in humans
Authors: Burger Oskar , Walker Robert , Hamilton Marcus J.
Published: November 2009

Lifetime reproductive effort (LRE) measures the total amount of metabolized energy diverted to reproduction during the lifespan. LRE captures key components of the life history and is particularly useful for describing and comparing the life histories of different organisms. Given a simple energetic production constraint, LRE is predicted to be similar in value for very different life histories. However, humans have some unique ecological characteristics that may alter LRE, such as the long post-reproductive lifespan, lengthy juvenile period and the cooperative nature of human foraging and reproduction. We calculate LRE for natural fertility human populations, compare the findings to other mammals and discuss the implications for human life-history evolution. We find that human life-history traits combine to yield the theoretically predicted value (approx. 1.4). Thus, even with the subsidized energy budget and uniqueness of the adult lifespan, human reproductive strategies converge on the same optimal value of LRE. This suggests that the fundamental demographic variables contained in LRE trade-off against one another in a predictable and highly constrained manner.
Local extinction synchronizes population dynamics in spatial networks
Authors: Matter Stephen F. , Roland Jens
Published: November 2009

Spatial population theory predicts that synchrony in the dynamics of local populations should decrease as dispersal among populations decreases. Thus, it would be expected that the extinction of local populations and the attendant loss of immigrants to surrounding populations would reduce synchrony. We tested this hypothesis through a large-scale experiment, simulation of the experimental system and general models. Experimental removal of two adjacent subpopulations of the Rocky Mountain Apollo butterfly,Parnassius smintheuswithin a network consisting of 15 other local populations resulted in a decrease in immigration to surrounding populations that was proportional to their connectivity to the removal populations. These populations also showed a significant increase in synchrony during population removal. The spatial extent of the synchrony showed good agreement with the predicted loss of immigrants owing to the removals. Simulation of theParnassiussystem showed a similar short-term result and also indicated that permanent loss of populations produces structural changes increasing synchrony. General models indicate that an increase in synchrony following extinction occurs when populations undergoing extinction have different carrying capacities than surrounding populations. The result is not owing to biased migrationper se, but rather is because of the number of immigrants relative to the carrying capacity. Synchrony following extinction should be most common for patchy populations, but can occur in any situation where carrying capacities differ. Overall, our results indicate that local extinction can create a positive feedback for extinction risk, increasing the probability of extinction for population networks by synchronizing their dynamics.
Colony fusion and worker reproduction after queen loss in army ants
Authors: Kronauer Daniel J. C. , Schöning Caspar , d'Ettorre Patrizia , Boomsma Jacobus J.
Published: November 2009

Theory predicts that altruism is only evolutionarily stable if it is preferentially directed towards relatives, so that any such behaviour towards seemingly unrelated individuals requires scrutiny. Queenless army ant colonies, which have anecdotally been reported to fuse with queenright foreign colonies, are such an enigmatic case. Here we combine experimental queen removal with population genetics and cuticular chemistry analyses to show that colonies of the African army antDorylus molestusfrequently merge with neighbouring colonies after queen loss. Merging colonies often have no direct co-ancestry, but are on average probably distantly related because of overall population viscosity. The alternative of male production by orphaned workers appears to be so inefficient that residual inclusive fitness of orphaned workers might be maximized by indiscriminately merging with neighbouring colonies to increase their reproductive success. We show that worker chemical recognition profiles remain similar after queen loss, but rapidly change into a mixed colony Gestalt odour after fusion, consistent with indiscriminate acceptance of alien workers that are no longer aggressive. We hypothesize that colony fusion after queen loss might be more widespread, especially in spatially structured populations of social insects where worker reproduction is not profitable.
Distinct Patterns of Genetic Variation Alter Flowering Responses of Arabidopsis Accessions to Different Daylengths
Authors: Giakountis Antonis , Cremer Frederic , Sim Sheina , Reymond Matthieu , Schmitt Johanna , Coupland George
Published: November 2009

Many plants flower in response to seasonal changes in daylength. This response often varies between accessions of a single species. We studied the variation in photoperiod response found in the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Seventy-two accessions were grown under six daylengths varying in 2-h intervals from 6 to 16 h. The typical response was sigmoidal, so that plants flowered early under days longer than 14 h, late under days shorter than 10 h, and at intermediate times under 12-h days. However, many accessions diverged from this pattern and were clustered into groups showing related phenotypes. Thirty-one mutants and transgenic lines were also scored under the same conditions. Statistical comparisons demonstrated that some accessions show stronger responses to different daylengths than are found among the mutants. Genetic analysis of two such accessions demonstrated that different quantitative trait loci conferred an enhanced response to shortening the daylength from 16 to 14 h. Our data illustrate the spectrum of daylength response phenotypes present in accessions of Arabidopsis and demonstrate that similar phenotypic variation in photoperiodic response can be conferred by different combinations of loci.
Disruption of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation Mechanisms Alters Responses of Arabidopsis to Biotic Stress
Authors: Adams-Phillips Lori , Briggs Amy G. , Bent Andrew F.
Published: November 2009

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational protein modification in which ADP-ribose (ADP-Rib) units derived from NAD+ are attached to proteins by poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. ADP-Rib groups are removed from these polymer chains by the enzyme poly(ADP-Rib) glycohydrolase (PARG). In animals, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is associated with DNA damage responses and programmed cell death. Previously, we hypothesized a role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defense responses when we detected defense-associated expression of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-related genes PARG2 and NUDT7 and observed altered callose deposition in the presence of a chemical PARP inhibitor. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defenses was more extensively investigated in this study, using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Pharmacological inhibition of PARP using 3-aminobenzamide perturbs certain innate immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns (flg22 and elf18), including callose deposition, lignin deposition, pigment accumulation, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, but does not disrupt other responses, such as the initial oxidative burst and expression of some early defense-associated genes. Mutant parg1 seedlings exhibit exaggerated seedling growth inhibition and pigment accumulation in response to elf18 and are hypersensitive to the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C. Both parg1 and parg2 knockout plants show accelerated onset of disease symptoms when infected with Botrytis cinerea. Cellular levels of ADP-Rib polymer increase after infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 avrRpt2+, and pathogen-dependent changes in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of discrete proteins were also observed. We conclude that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a functional component in plant responses to biotic stress.
Aspirin‐triggered lipoxin in patients treated with aspirin and selectivevs.nonselective COX‐2 inhibitors
Authors: Renda Giulia , Zurro Maria , Romano Mario , De Caterina Raffaele
Published: November 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Previous data have suggested that selective cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitors enhance aspirin‐induced gastrotoxicity through the suppression of a protective lipoxygenase metabolite, called aspirin‐triggered lipoxin (ATL).

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Neither the selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib nor the nonselective inhibitor ibuprofen appreciably interfered with ATL urinary excretion in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, suggesting that this mediator is not involved in the exacerbation of aspirin‐induced gastrotoxicity by COX‐2 inhibitors.

AIMSCyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibition has been reported to suppress the biosynthesis of the gastroprotective lipoxygenase metabolite 15(R)‐epi‐lipoxin A4, also termed ‘aspirin‐triggered lipoxin’ (ATL). We tested the hypothesis that the co‐administration of aspirin with either the selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib or the nonselective COX inhibitor ibuprofen reduces ATL biosynthesis.

METHODSWe measured the urinary excretion of ATL in 24 patients with both ischaemic heart disease and osteoarthritis, chronically treated with aspirin and co‐administered celecoxib 200 mg b.i.d., ibuprofen 600 mg t.i.d., or placebo for 7 days.

RESULTSBaseline ATL was comparable in the three groups. On days 1 and 7, 4 h after co‐administration of celecoxib or ibuprofen, ATL levels did not show significant variations (day 1: 0.24 ± 0.33, 0.26 ± 0.21 and 0.37 ± 0.22 ng mg−1creatinine, respectively; day 7: 0.21 ± 0.13, 0.35 ± 0.15 and 0.23 ± 0.18 ng mg−1creatinine, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSNeither selective nor nonselective COX‐2 inhibition appreciably interferes with ATL biosynthesis, suggesting that this mediator is not involved in exacerbating gastrotoxicity by the association of aspirin with COX‐2 inhibitors.
Debugging Decomposition Data—Comparative Taphonomic Studies and the Influence of Insects and Carcass Size on Decomposition Rate
Authors: Simmons Tal , Adlam Rachel E. , Moffatt Colin
Published: November 2009

Abstract:  Comparison of data from a variety of environments and ambient temperatures has previously been difficult as few studies used standardized measures of time/temperature and decomposition. In this paper, data from previous studies and recent experiments are compared using simple conversions. These conversions allow comparison across multiple environments and experiments for the first time. Plotting decomposition score against logADD allows the exponential progression of decomposition to be expressed as a simple linear equation. Data comparison from many environments and temperatures shows no difference in decomposition progression when measured using Accumulated Degree Days. The major effector of change in rate was insect presence, regardless of depositional environment, species, or season. Body size is significant when carcasses are accessed by insects; when insects are excluded, while bodies are indoors, submerged, or buried, then decomposition progresses at the same rate regardless of body size.
The Intergenerational Cycle of Criminality—Association with Psychopathy*
Authors: Repo‐Tiihonen Eila , Tiihonen Jari , Lindberg Nina , Weizmann‐Henelius Ghitta , Putkonen Hanna , Häkkänen Helinä
Published: November 2009

Abstract:  Preventive interventions early in life are likely to lower the risk of intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior. We investigated if psychopathy among homicidal offenders is associated with criminal offending among the offenders’ offspring. The basic sample consisted of consecutive Finnish homicide offenders (during 1995–2004) who had been subjected to a forensic psychiatric examination and rated for a file‐based PCL‐R, and their offspring. Criminal behavior among both genders of the offspring was more common than in the general population. In general, the offspring’s crimes against others (e.g., threat, intimidation, deprivation of freedom, breach of domicile) were associated with their parent’s psychopathy. A grandfather’s major mental disorder was associated with a high rate of crime committed by the offspring. Especially, the sons of male psychopathic homicidal offenders had the highest rate of committing crimes, which was often expressed as vandalism. However, both genders of offspring seem to require special preventive programs to ameliorate these problems.
Statistical Discrimination of Footwear: A Method for the Comparison of Accidentals on Shoe Outsoles Inspired by Facial Recognition Techniques
Authors: Petraco Nicholas D. K. , Gambino Carol , Kubic Thomas A. , Olivio Dayhana , Petraco Nicholas
Published: November 2009

Abstract:  In the field of forensic footwear examination, it is a widely held belief that patterns of accidental marks found on footwear and footwear impressions possess a high degree of “uniqueness.” This belief, however, has not been thoroughly studied in a numerical way using controlled experiments. As a result, this form of valuable physical evidence has been the subject of admissibility challenges. In this study, we apply statistical techniques used in facial pattern recognition, to a minimal set of information gleaned from accidental patterns. That is, in order to maximize the amount of potential similarity between patterns, we only use the coordinate locations of accidental marks (on the top portion of a footwear impression) to characterize the entire pattern. This allows us to numerically gauge how similar two patterns are to one another in a worst‐case scenario, i.e., in the absence of a tremendous amount of information normally available to the footwear examiner such as accidental mark size and shape. The patterns were recorded from the top portion of the shoe soles (i.e., not the heel) of five shoe pairs. All shoes were the same make and model and all were worn by the same person for a period of 30 days. We found that in 20–30 dimensional principal component (PC) space (99.5% variance retained), patterns from the same shoe, even at different points in time, tended to cluster closer to each other than patterns from different shoes. Correct shoe identification rates using maximum likelihood linear classification analysis and the hold‐one‐out procedure ranged from 81% to 100%. Although low in variance, three‐dimensional PC plots were made and generally corroborated the findings in the much higher dimensional PC‐space. This study is intended to be a starting point for future research to build statistical models on the formation and evolution of accidental patterns.
Cold gas and young stars in tidally disturbed ellipticals at z = 0
Authors: Serra P. , Oosterloo T. A.
Published: November 2009

We present an analysis of the neutral hydrogen and stellar populations of elliptical galaxies in the Tal et al. sample. Our aim is to test their conclusion that the continuing assembly of these galaxies at z ∼ 0 is essentially gas free and not accompanied by significant star formation. In order to do so, we make use of H i data and line-strength indices available in the literature. We look for direct and indirect evidence of the presence of cold gas during the recent assembly of these objects and analyse its relation to galaxy morphological fine structure.

We find that ≥25 per cent of ellipticals contain H i at the level of M(H i) > 108 M⊙, and that M(H i) is of the order of a few per cent of the total stellar mass. Available data are insufficient to establish whether galaxies with a disturbed stellar morphology are more likely to contain H i. However, H i interferometry reveals very disturbed gas morphology/kinematics in all but one of the detected systems, confirming the continuing assembly of many ellipticals but also showing that this is not necessarily gas free. We also find that all very disturbed ellipticals have a single-stellar-population-equivalent age <4 Gyr. We interpret this as evidence that ∼0.5–5 per cent of their stellar mass is contained in a young population formed during the past ∼1 Gyr. Overall, a large fraction of ellipticals seem to have continued their assembly over the past few Gyr in the presence of a mass of cold gas of the order of 10 per cent of the galaxy stellar mass. This material is now observable as neutral hydrogen and young stars.
Dentin strain induced by laser irradiation
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Saegusa Hidetoshi , Anjo Tomoo , Ebihara Arata , Kobayashi Chihiro , Suda Hideaki
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the strain and temperature change in dentin induced by laser irradiation of human root canals with or without water cooling. Twenty‐eight palatal roots of extracted human maxillary first molars were used. The strain in dentin was measured using strain gauges fixed on the apical third of the buccal root surface. The temperature change of the root dentin was monitored using thermocouples embedded into dentin near the apex. The root canal was irradiated with Er:YAG or Nd:YAG laser at an output of 1 W (100 mJ, 10 pps) for 5 s. The tip of the irradiation fibre was located 2.0 mm from the root apex. With water cooling, the mean maximum strain induced by Er:YAG laser was significantly lower than that by Nd:YAG laser (P < 0.05). However, without water cooling, no significant difference between the two lasers (P > 0.05) was found. The results suggest that the strain induced by Er:YAG laser irradiation in dentin with water cooling may be minimal, but there still might be a risk of root micro‐fracture if cooling is not sufficient.
Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse
Authors: Wade C. M. , Giulotto E. , Sigurdsson S. , Zoli M. , Gnerre S. , Imsland F. , Lear T. L. , Adelson D. L. , Bailey E. , Bellone R. R. , Blöcker H. , Distl O. , Edgar R. C. , Garber M. , Leeb T. , Mauceli E. , MacLeod J. N. , Penedo M. C. T. , Raison J. M. , Sharpe T. , Vogel J. , Andersson L. , Antczak D. F. , Biagi T. , Binns M. M. , Chowdhary B. P. , Coleman S. J. , Della Valle G. , Fryc S. , Guérin G. , Hasegawa T. , Hill E. W. , Jurka J. , Kiialainen A. , Lindgren G. , Liu J. , Magnani E. , Mickelson J. R. , Murray J. , Nergadze S. G. , Onofrio R. , Pedroni S. , Piras M. F. , Raudsepp T. , Rocchi M. , Røed K. H. , Ryder O. A. , Searle S. , Skow L. , Swinburne J. E. , Syvänen A. C. , Tozaki T. , Valberg S. J. , Vaudin M. , White J. R. , Zody M. C. ,   Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform,   Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team, Lander E. S. , Lindblad-Toh K.
Published: November 2009

A Horse Is a Horse, of Course

The history of horse domestication is closely tied to the history of the human society.

Wade
et al.

(p.
865
) report on the sequencing and provide a single nucleotide polymorphism map of the horse (
Equus caballus
) genome. Horses are a member of the order perissodactyla (odd-toed animals with hooves). The analysis reveals an evolutionarily new centromere on equine chromosome 11 that displays properties of an immature but fully functioning centromere and is devoid of centromeric satellite sequence. The findings clarify the nature of genetic diversity within and across horse breeds and suggest that the horse was domesticated from a relatively large number of females, but few males.
Yellow Fever Virus Exhibits Slower Evolutionary Dynamics than Dengue Virus
Authors: Sall Amadou A. , Faye Ousmane , Diallo Mawlouth , Firth Cadhla , Kitchen Andrew , Holmes Edward C.
Published: November 2009

Although yellow fever has historically been one of the most important viral infections of humans, relatively little is known about the evolutionary processes that shape its genetic diversity. Similarly, there is limited information on the molecular epidemiology of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Africa even though it most likely first emerged on this continent. Through an analysis of complete E gene sequences, including a newly acquired viral collection from Central and West Africa (Senegal, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Mauritania), we show that YFV exhibits markedly lower rates of evolutionary change than dengue virus, despite numerous biological similarities between these two viruses. From this observation, along with a lack of clock-like evolutionary behavior in YFV, we suggest that vertical transmission, itself characterized by lower replication rates, may play an important role in the evolution of YFV in its enzootic setting. Despite a reduced rate of nucleotide substitution, phylogenetic patterns and estimates of times to common ancestry in YFV still accord well with the dual histories of colonialism and the slave trade, with areas of sylvatic transmission (such as Kedougou, Senegal) acting as enzootic/epidemic foci.
Characterization of Lassa Virus Glycoprotein Oligomerization and Influence of Cholesterol on Virus Replication
Authors: Schlie Katrin , Maisa Anna , Lennartz Frank , Ströher Ute , Garten Wolfgang , Strecker Thomas
Published: November 2009

Mature glycoprotein spikes are inserted in the Lassa virus envelope and consist of the distal subunit GP-1, the transmembrane-spanning subunit GP-2, and the signal peptide, which originate from the precursor glycoprotein pre-GP-C by proteolytic processing. In this study, we analyzed the oligomeric structure of the viral surface glycoprotein. Chemical cross-linking studies of mature glycoprotein spikes from purified virus revealed the formation of trimers. Interestingly, sucrose density gradient analysis of cellularly expressed glycoprotein showed that in contrast to trimeric mature glycoprotein complexes, the noncleaved glycoprotein forms monomers and oligomers spanning a wide size range, indicating that maturation cleavage of GP by the cellular subtilase SKI-1/S1P is critical for formation of the correct oligomeric state. To shed light on a potential relation between cholesterol and GP trimer stability, we performed cholesterol depletion experiments. Although depletion of cholesterol had no effect on trimerization of the glycoprotein spike complex, our studies revealed that the cholesterol content of the viral envelope is important for the infectivity of Lassa virus. Analyses of the distribution of viral proteins in cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant membrane areas showed that Lassa virus buds from membrane areas other than those responsible for impaired infectivity due to cholesterol depletion of lipid rafts. Thus, derivation of the viral envelope from cholesterol-rich membrane areas is not a prerequisite for the impact of cholesterol on virus infectivity.
Asci of the Pezizales. VII. The apical apparatus of Galiella rufa and Sarcosoma globosum: reevaluation of the suboperculate ascus
Authors: Samuelson Don A. , Benny Gerald L. , Kimbrough James W.
Published: November 2009

Light and electron microscopic examinations were made on asci of Galiella rufa and Sarcosoma globosum with emphasis on the development, cytochemistry, and morphology of the apical apparatus. Comparative analysis of the fresh and revived states of the apical apparatus in G. rufa demonstrated no apparent change in wall layering and only minor differences in staining reaction with silver methenamine. Ascal tips of both species were slightly thinner walled than the rest of the ascus and possessed bistratified outer layers. The external stratum of the outer layer was more pronounced and electron dense at the apex in S. globosum. Opercula were distinguished by a cytochemically localized zone of dehiscence in G. rufa and a differential staining of the internal stratum of the outer layer in S. globosum. The ascus tips of G. rufa and S. globosum were most similar to other members of the Sarcosomataceae. The apical apparatuses of the Sarcoscyphaceae differed substantially from those of the Sarcosomataceae and the rest of the Pezizales, constituting a separate type.
A preliminary investigation of the freshwater red algae in streams of southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Sheath Robert G. , Hymes Beverly J.
Published: November 2009

Ten taxa of freshwater red algae have been observed in a survey of 62 streams and rivers within southern Ontario, Canada, over a period of 3 years. Five species are additions to the flora of Canada, Chroodactylon ramosum, Boldia erythrosiphon, Sirodotia tenuissima, Batrachospermum densum, and B. ectocarpum. In addition to these algae, Audouinella violacea, Sirodotia suecia, and Tuomeya fluviatilis are new observations within Ontario.Most of the Ontario red algae are restricted to streams or rivers with a minimum average flow rate of 10 m min−1. Audouinella violacea, B. moniliforme, and Lemanea fucina occur in a large number of streams which have a wide pH and conductivity range whereas S. tenuissima and B. ectocarpum are confined to one of the sites examined.Ultrastructural findings are reported concerning the cell organization of Boldia as well as the relationship between Batrachospermum plants and the "chantransia" stage. A key to the 10 taxa is included plus descriptions and a list of epiphytes of each alga are presented.
The isolation and purification of endophyte DNA from Alnus glutinosa nodules
Authors: Mullin Beth C. , Joshi Priyavadan A. , An Chung Sun
Published: November 2009

Total DNA was extracted from leaves, roots, and nodules of Alnus glutinosa seedlings. Leaf and root DNA was shown to have a buoyant density in CsCl of ~ 1.68 with no satellite bands at a higher density. The endophyte DNA, which has a much greater buoyant density (ρ = ~ 1.72), was separated from the plant nodule DNA by centrifugation in CsCl. The yield of endophyte DNA was much greater when DNA was extracted directly from nodule tissue than when it was extracted from endophyte which had been isolated from nodules by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
Host–endophyte interactions in effective and ineffective nodules induced by the endophyte of Myrica gale
Authors: VandenBosch Kathryn A. , Torrey John G.
Published: November 2009

Suspensions of crushed root nodules of Myrica gale containing the actinomycete Frankia induced nodule formation on roots of seedlings of M. gale and Comptonia peregrina grown in nutrient water culture. Nodules formed on M. gale were normal in structure and exhibited nitrogenase activity (measured as acetylene reduction) and provided the necessary nitrogen for seedling development. These effective nodules showed typical external and internal structure with the endophyte developing both vesicles and sporangia within cortical cells of the host tissue. Small nodules formed on C. peregrina representing the primary nodule stage. They lacked nitrogenase activity and were termed ineffective. Vesicles failed to develop within these ineffective nodules. However, sporangia were formed in infected cells and within intercellular spaces of the nodule cortical tissue. In addition, prominent amyloplasts occurred in infected cells of the ineffective nodules, a feature lacking in effective nodules. Exogenously supplied combined nitrogen increased seedling growth but did not improve nodule development or endophyte morphogenesis in the ineffective nodules.
Primary productivity and nitrogen, carbon, and biomass distribution in a dense Myrica gale stand
Authors: Schwintzer Christa R.
Published: November 2009

Aboveground vascular vegetation was harvested in twenty 0.25-m2 plots at the end of the growing season in a weakly minerotrophic, central Massachusetts peatland. The materials were separated by species and component and the Myrica gale fractions analyzed for N and C content. Myrica gale strongly dominated the site, contributing 66% of the total aboveground biomass and 74% of the main canopy leaf area. Its shoots had a mean density of 69 stems m−2 and mean height of 63 cm and reached a maximum age of 7 years. Myrica gale aboveground biomass was 604 g m−2 with stems contributing 75%, leaves 24%, and reproductive organs 2%. Similar patterns of biomass distribution have been reported in other peatland low shrubs. Above-ground net production was 392 g m−2 year−1 and total net production estimated to be 549 g m−2 year−1. Nitrogen contents were higher than in other peatland shrubs and ranged from 0.94% in stems ≥ 3 years old to about 2.4% in leaves, nodules, and male flower buds. Carbon contents ranged from 50% in stems s ≥ 3 years old to 56% in male flower buds. The N content of total annual net production was estimated to be 8.6 g m−2 and the C content 281 g m−2. Nitrogen fixation provided 43% of the estimated annual N requirement.
Uranium accumulation in the lichen Cladonia rangiferina. Part I. Uptake of cationic, neutral, and anionic forms of the uranyl ion
Authors: Boileau L. J. R. , Nieboer E. , Richardson D. H. S.
Published: November 2009

Evidence from published work is first reviewed to show that cationic, neutral, and anionic complexes of the uranyl ion are available to plants growing in uranium-enriched environments. The results of a study on the uptake of uranyl ions by the lichen Cladonia rangiferina L. Wigg. are then presented. Uptake was examined from three different uranyl solutions each predominantly containing a single species: namely, the cation [Formula: see text] (in distilled water), the neutral 1:1 complex with phthalate (UO2L), and the anionic complex of oxalate [Formula: see text]. Uptake decreased along the chemical speciation series: cation [Formula: see text] neutral species [Formula: see text] anion. Maximum observable capacities for this series were, respectively, 49, 17, and 1.6 μmol/g for 1-g samples in 100 mL containing 840 μmol of total uranium. The [Formula: see text] uptake curve was observed to be monophasic, while biphasic patterns appeared to apply for the phthalate and oxalate buffers. Heat-killed tissues showed marginally higher uptake capacities than live material.
A new Papulaspora species from the pondweeds Potamogeton nodosus and P. crispus in California
Authors: Bernhardt E. A. , Duniway J. M.
Published: November 2009

An undescribed species of Papulaspora, P. aspera sp. nov., has been isolated from decaying leaves and hibernacula of the pondweeds Potamogeton crispus and P. nodosus collected in northern California. It is characterized by production of abundant numbers of small, black bulbils in which the cells are relatively uniform with respect to size, shape, and pigmentation. The bulbil primordium is a chain of swollen cells which are usually intercalary but which are sometimes terminal.
Influence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the starch content of the biflagellate heterotroph Polytoma uvella: biochemical and scanning electron microscopic observations
Authors: Mangat B. S. , Pasquini F. , Kapoor N. N.
Published: November 2009

The influence of 2,4-dichlorophcnoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the starch content of the biflagellate heterotroph algae, Polvtoma uvella, was examined at three stages of cell growth. Algal cells were grown in sodium acetate – yeast – peptone media containing, 2,4-D concentrations ranging from 10−7 to 2 × 10−3 M. Scanning electron microscopic and biochemical observations showed a decrease in the amount of starch in 72-, 96-, and 120-h-old cells as concentrations of 2,4-D increased. The greatest decrease in the starch content was observed at the highest concentration of 2,4-D.
Étude ultrastructurale comparée des associations symbiotiques mycorhiziennes Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia claveryi et Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia leptoderma
Authors: Dexheimer Jean , Gerard Joëlle , Leduc Jean-Pierre , Chevalier Gérard
Published: November 2009

The authors have studied the ultrastructural organization of two synthetic mycorrhizas between Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. (Cistaceae) and Terfezia claveryi Chat. or Terfezia leptoderma Tul. (Ascomycetes, Terfeziaceae). With Terfezia claveryi an endomycorrhiza is formed with many of the hyphae hugging the inside surface of the cell wall. The cytoplasmic volume of the mycorrhizal cells is not significantly increased. With Terfezia leptoderma an ectomycorrhiza without a sheath is formed, but there is a typical Hartig net. These two types of mycorrhiza constitute examples of biotrophism.
A LIOUVILLE INTEGRABLE MULTI-COMPONENT INTEGRABLE SYSTEM AND ITS INTEGRABLE COUPLINGS
Authors: ZHU LI , YANG HONGWEI , DONG HUANHE
Published: November 2009

A Liouville integrable multi-component integrable system is obtained by the vector loop algebra. Then, the integrable couplings of the above system are presented by using the expanding vector loop algebra [Formula: see text] of the [Formula: see text]. Finally, the bi -Hamiltonian structure of the obtained system is given, respectively, by the variational identity.
BLOCK DENSITY MATRIX RENORMALIZATION GROUP WITH EFFECTIVE INTERACTIONS
Authors: MA HAIBO , LIU CHUNGEN , JIANG YUANSHENG
Published: November 2009

Based on the contractor renormalization group (CORE) method and the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, a new computational scheme, which is called the block density matrix renormalization group with effective interactions (BDMRG-EI), is proposed to deal with the numerical computation of quantum correlated systems. Different from the conventional CORE method in calculating the blocks and the fragments, where the DMRG method instead of the exact diagonalization is employed in BDMRG-EI, BDMRG-EI makes the calculations of larger blocks and fragments applicable. Integrating DMRG's advantage of high accuracy and CORE's advantage of low computational costs, BDMRG-EI can be widely used for the theoretical calculations of the ground state and low-lying excited states of large systems with simple or complicated connectivity. Test calculations on a 240 site one-dimensional chain and a double-layer polyacene oligomer containing 48 hexagons with the spin-1/2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian demonstrate the efficiency and potentiality of the method.
APPLICATIONS OF DISCRETE SINGULAR CONVOLUTION ALGORITHM IN ONE-ELECTRON SYSTEMS: HYDROGEN ATOM
Authors: HU KAIGE , YU LONG , ZHANG RUIQIN
Published: November 2009

The application of discrete singular convolution (DSC) algorithm in solving the Schrödinger equation of one-electron systems was attempted with a hydrogen atom as an example. Using the uniform discretization and Shannon kernel, the Schrödinger equations were solved in spherical coordinates. Compared with other methods such as discrete variable representation, Hartree–Fock, and density functional theory, the DSC algorithm is robust and efficient in numerical solutions for achieving accurate eigenvalues of excited states, and thus, especially suitable for problems in which lots of accurate eigenvalues of excited states are requested. The restrictions of boundary conditions on the discretization and the impact of singularities are studied. Both the boundary conditions and singularities were found to be critical in the numerical applications.
MODIFIED ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION IN VARIABLE SELECTION OF QSAR OF POLYCHLORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: ZHANG YONGQING , HUANG XIANG , JIANG XU , HUANG SHAOBIN
Published: November 2009

A modified ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm was used for the selection of the variables that result in the best-fitted models for the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of polychlorinated organic compounds (PCOCs). The fitness function of the modified ACO is discussed in detail and a new expression for the fitness function is presented. The modified ACO is applied in quantitative structure–activity relationships of selected PCOCs for predicting BCFs and the best-fitting models by the ACO were obtained. The convergence velocity was acceptable.
Short-Latency, Goal-Directed Movements of the Pinnae to Sounds That Produce Auditory Spatial Illusions
Authors: Tollin Daniel J. , McClaine Elizabeth M. , Yin Tom C. T.
Published: November 2009

The precedence effect (PE) is an auditory spatial illusion whereby two identical sounds presented from two separate locations with a delay between them are perceived as a fused single sound source whose position depends on the value of the delay. By training cats using operant conditioning to look at sound sources, we have previously shown that cats experience the PE similarly to humans. For delays less than ±400 μs, cats exhibit summing localization, the perception of a “phantom” sound located between the sources. Consistent with localization dominance, for delays from 400 μs to ∼10 ms, cats orient toward the leading source location only, with little influence of the lagging source. Finally, echo threshold was reached for delays >10 ms, where cats first began to orient to the lagging source. It has been hypothesized by some that the neural mechanisms that produce facets of the PE, such as localization dominance and echo threshold, must likely occur at cortical levels. To test this hypothesis, we measured both pinnae position, which were not under any behavioral constraint, and eye position in cats and found that the pinnae orientations to stimuli that produce each of the three phases of the PE illusion was similar to the gaze responses. Although both eye and pinnae movements behaved in a manner that reflected the PE, because the pinnae moved with strikingly short latencies (∼30 ms), these data suggest a subcortical basis for the PE and that the cortex is not likely to be directly involved.
An Increase in Glycinergic Quantal Amplitude and Frequency During Early Vestibular Compensation in Mouse
Authors: Lim Rebecca , Callister Robert J. , Brichta Alan M.
Published: November 2009

The process of vestibular compensation includes both behavioral and neuronal recovery after unilateral loss of peripheral vestibular organs. The mechanisms that underlie this process are poorly understood. Previous research has shown the presence of both γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and glycine receptors in the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN). It has been suggested that inhibitory transmission mediated by these receptors may have a role in recovery during vestibular compensation. This study investigated changes in fast inhibitory synaptic transmission of GABAAergic and glycinergic quantal events after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) at three different time points. Mice were anesthetized and peripheral vestibular organs were removed from one side of the head. After recovery, transverse brain stem sections (300 μm) were prepared from mice that had undergone UL either 4 hours, 2 days, or 7 days earlier. Our experiments do not show evidence for alterations in synaptic GABAAreceptor properties in MVN neurons after UL at any time point investigated. In contrast, during early vestibular compensation (4 hours post UL) there is a significant increase in the glycinergic quantal current amplitude in contralesional MVN neurons compared with control. Our results also show an increase in the frequency of glycinergic quantal events of both ipsi- and contralesional MVN neurons during this early period. We suggest that changes in both pre- and postsynaptic glycine receptor mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission after sensory loss is an important mechanism by which neuronal discharge patterns can be modulated.
Phase II Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Green Tea Extract in Patients with High-Risk Oral Premalignant Lesions
Authors: Tsao Anne S. , Liu Diane , Martin Jack , Tang Xi-ming , Lee J. Jack , El-Naggar Adel K. , Wistuba Ignacio , Culotta Kirk S. , Mao Li , Gillenwater Ann , Sagesaka Yuko M. , Hong Waun K. , Papadimitrakopoulou Vassiliki
Published: November 2009

Epidemiologic and preclinical data support the oral cancer prevention potential of green tea extract (GTE). We randomly assigned patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions (OPL) to receive GTE at 500, 750, or 1,000 mg/m2 or placebo thrice daily for 12 weeks, evaluating biomarkers in baseline and 12-week biopsies. The OPL clinical response rate was higher in all GTE arms (n = 28; 50%) versus placebo (n = 11; 18.2%; P = 0.09) but did not reach statistical significance. However, the two higher-dose GTE arms [58.8% (750 and 1,000 mg/m2), 36.4% (500 mg/m2), and 18.2% (placebo); P = 0.03] had higher responses, suggesting a dose-response effect. GTE treatment also improved histology (21.4% versus 9.1%; P = 0.65), although not statistically significant. GTE was well tolerated, although higher doses increased insomnia/nervousness but produced no grade 4 toxicity. Higher mean baseline stromal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) correlated with a clinical (P = 0.04) but not histologic response. Baseline scores of other biomarkers (epithelial VEGF, p53, Ki-67, cyclin D1, and p16 promoter methylation) were not associated with a response or survival. Baseline p16 promoter methylation (n = 5) was associated with a shorter cancer-free survival. Stromal VEGF and cyclin D1 expression were downregulated in clinically responsive GTE patients and upregulated in nonresponsive patients at 12 weeks (versus at baseline). An extended (median, 27.5 months) follow-up showed a median time to oral cancer of 46.4 months. GTE may suppress OPLs, in part through reducing angiogenic stimulus (stromal VEGF). Higher doses of GTE may improve short-term (12-week) OPL outcome. The present results support longer-term clinical testing of GTE for oral cancer prevention.
The Preposition, the Verb and the "Scoffers" in Proverbs 1:22
Authors: Zabán Bálint Károly
Published: November 2009

It is argued that the preposition in Prov 1:22b is employed as a dativus commodi, as opposed to earlier assumptions that it is a dativus ethicus. The employment of the preposition in Prov 1:22 as a dativus commodi in a construction with the verb, "to desire," implies an ironic criticism of the negative attitude of the "scoffers" towards Wisdom's call and of their revelling delight in their scoffing.
Global and Regional Climate Response to Late Twentieth-Century Warming over the Indian Ocean
Authors: Luffman James J. , Taschetto Andréa S. , England Matthew H.
Published: November 2009

The global and regional climate response to a warming of the Indian Ocean is examined in an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model experiments. The most marked changes occur over the Indian Ocean, where the increase in tropical SST is found to drive enhanced convection throughout the troposphere. In the extratropics, the warming Indian Ocean is found to induce a significant trend toward the positive phase of the northern annular mode and also to enhance the Southern Hemisphere storm track over Indian Ocean longitudes as a result of stronger meridional temperature gradients. Convective outflow in the upper levels over the warming Indian Ocean leads to a trend in subsidence over the Indian and Asian monsoon regions extending southeastward to Indonesia, the eastern Pacific, and northern Australia. Regional changes in Australia reveal that this anomalous zone of subsidence induces a drying trend in the northern regions of the continent. The long-term rainfall trend is exacerbated over northeastern Australia by the anomalous anticyclonic circulation, which leads to an offshore trend in near-surface winds. The confluence of these two factors leads to a drying signal over northeastern Australia, which is detectable during austral autumn. The rapid, late twentieth-century warming of the Indian Ocean may have contributed to a component of the observed drying trend over northeastern Australia in this season via modifications to the vertical structure of the tropical wind field.
Nadir Correction of AIRS Radiances
Authors: Teo Chee-Kiat , Koh Tieh-Yong
Published: November 2009

A statistical method to correct for the limb effect in off-nadir Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) channel radiances is described, using the channel radiance itself and principal components (PCs) of the other channel radiances to account for the multicollinearity. A method of selecting an optimal set of predictors is proposed and demonstrated for one- and two-PC predictors. Validation results with a subset of AIRS channels in the spectral region 649–2664 cm−1 show that the mean nadir-corrected brightness temperature (BT) is largely independent of scan angle. More than 66% of the channels have a root-mean-square (rms) bias less than 0.10 K after nadir correction. Limb effect on the standard deviation (SD) of BT is discernible at larger scan angles, mainly for the atmospheric windows and the water vapor channels around 6.7 μm. After nadir correction, nearly all atmospheric window channels unaffected by solar glint and more than 76% of water vapor channels examined have BT SDs brought closer to nadir values. For the window channels affected by solar glint (wavenumber > 2490 cm−1), BT SDs at the scan angles with the strongest impact from solar reflection were improved on average by more than 0.6 K after nadir correction.