bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. II. Observations on some Hydrographic Factors in Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Nutman S. R.
Published: June 2012

1. The site (Kyle Scotnish) of an experiment to test the effect of the addition of chemical fertilizers (N and P) to an arm of a sea-loch is described.

2. Certain physical conditions of the loch are recorded, including the tides, which were of a peculiar form.

3. Methods used in the measurement of water movements are described, and the results used to calculate the rate of exchange of Kyle Scotnish water with the water outside the loch. At spring tides this exchange was estimated at less than 8 per cent, of the volume of Kyle Scotnish.

4. The additional corroborative evidence obtained by tracking marked water masses within the loch is presented.

5. The quantities of fertilizer used are tabulated, and results given which demonstrate its rapid removal from the water.

6. The significance of the low rate of water exchange is discussed. This low rate of exchange makes possible the increase in productivity of Kyle Scotnish, brought about by the addition of chemical fertilizers.
V.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. V. Fish Growth in Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Gross Fabius
Published: June 2012

Fishing with both a shore seine net and a small otter trawl in the summer of 1943 and the spring of 1944 showed that the native fish population was very sparse. No estimate of the size of fish population was attempted in 1944. Estimates undertaken in 1945 and 1946 will be discussed later (p. 120). Fishing in the period June to September 1945 produced small numbers of fish tabulated on p. 110, and some plaice and flounders which will be dealt with separately.

In addition there were fairly large numbers of gobies, sticklebacks, pipe fish and sand eels which, however, were not usually recorded in our catches. Shoals of young herring appeared only in the summer and autumn of 1945.
XXI.—Sex-linked Association of Egg Weight and Body Weight in Brown Leghorns
Authors: Osborne Robert
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The present report is submitted as an illustration of the utility of variance and covariance analysis in the detection of specific modes of inheritance in quantitative genetics.

The techniques are discussed with reference to the existence of sex-linkage, maternal effects, non-additivity, and the confounding of these. Comparison of variance components due to male and female parents has revealed marked evidence of sex-linked variation of egg weight in a population of Brown Leghorns, but no obviously associated variation of body weight. Subsequent analysis reveals large sex-linked covariance, and it appears that sex-linked variation of body weight is masked by non-additive effects.

Similar conclusions follow from regression analysis of offspring on parent. For egg weight there is marked dependence of offspring on paternal variation, whilst for body weight, heritability from regression analysis is substantially lower than that estimated from correlations between offspring, in accordance with the existence of sex-linked and non-additive effects.
V.—Behaviour and Adaptations of the Primates
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The subject is a very wide one and for the purposes of a single contribution some selection is essential. Much might be, indeed has been, said concerning the adaptations relating to sexual and reproductive behaviour in the Primates, notably in a long series of contributions by Zuckerman and his co-workers (especially in his summaries of 1932 and 1933). Attention might also be made to the structural adaptations associated with toilet habits. But I have restricted my remarks to three aspects alone, paying particular attention to behavioural patterns in which I have been personally interested, or structural details which I have myself made the subject of contributions to the literature.

I shall confine myself to I. Adaptations associated with the Arboreal Habit; II. Adaptations connected with Dietetic Habits; III. Adaptations correlated with Social Organization.
Stardust over Paris Gastronomic Restaurants
Authors: Gergaud Olivier , Guzman Linett Montano , Verardi Vincenzo
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we study if the leading French gastronomic guidebook, the “Guide Rouge Michelin,” only rates the quality of food, as it claims, or if it also considers environmental variables when attributing stars. We then check how Michelin ratings affect the market, and more specifically, the price charged by restaurants. Using some simple econometric techniques, we find that a small improvement in environment boosts the probability of receiving Michelin stars. Since we also find that a Michelin star is associated to a high price premium stuck (independently of the quality of food), we conclude that expertise induces distortions in the market (JEL classification: D4, L15, L66).
Ernest Gallo, 1909–2007: A Life in Wine
Authors: Lima Tony , Schroder Norma
Published: June 2012

Everyone knows the name Ernest Gallo. With his brother Julio they started the E&J Gallo Winery in Modesto, California in 1932. In 70 years the winery grew to be the largest in the world. Some evidence of the scale of the Gallo Winery's operations can be found in the interview itself.

“We will crush this year [1971] somewhere around 650,000 tons of grapes. We will produce only somewhere in the area of 50,000 tons” (Gallo, 1995, p.31).

A ton of grapes produces about 150 gallons of wine (Gallo, 1995). In 1971 the Gallo winery produced about 105,000,000 gallons of wine. That's a large operation by any standard.

This paper is based on an interview with Ernest Gallo conducted during the period 1969–1971 by the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Canadian Ice Wine Production: A Case for the Use of Weather Derivatives
Authors: Cyr Don , Kusy Martin
Published: June 2012

Weather derivatives are a relatively new form of financial security that can provide firms with the ability to hedge against the impact of weather related risks to their activities. Participants in the energy industry have employed standardized weather contracts trading on organized exchanges since 1999 and the interest in non-standardized contracts for specialized weather related risks is growing at an increasing rate. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential use of weather derivatives to hedge against temperature related risks in Canadian ice wine production. Specifically we examine historical data for the Niagara region of the province of Ontario, Canada, the largest icewine producing region of the world, to determine an appropriate underlying variable for the design of an option contact that could be employed by icewine producers. Employing monte carlo simulation we derive a range of benchmark option values based upon varying assumptions regarding the stochastic process for an underlying temperature variable. The results show that such option contracts can provide valuable hedging opportunities for producers, given the historical seasonal temperature variations in the region. (JEL Classification: G13, G32, Q14, Q51, Q54)
Consumer-Level Determinants of Wine Purchases in Canadian Restaurants
Authors: Maynard Leigh J. , Davidson Kelly
Published: June 2012

Logistic regressions identified determinants of red and white wine purchases in formal and casual restaurants, using a detailed dataset of over 26,000 consumer-level food away-from-home purchases in two Canadian provinces during 2000–2005. Meal context regressors, and prior behavior associated mainly with unobserved heterogeneity, contributed most of the explanatory power, with observable demographic regressors playing a modest role. The main strategic recommendation is thus to focus wine marketing resources on the restaurant environment, with less emphasis on targeting specific audiences. (JEL Classification: C25, D12)
Wine Taxes, Production, Aging and Quality
Authors: Goodhue Rachael E. , LaFrance Jeffrey T. , Simon Leo K.
Published: June 2012

We consider the impact of taxes on the quantity and quality produced by a competitive firm of goods, such as wine, for which market value accrues with age. Our analysis found the following: an increase in the volumetric retail tax collected at sale increases quality, so that the basic Alchian-Allen effect holds. However, an increase in the volumetric storage tax collected each period decreases quality, as does an increase in the ad valorem storage tax. The effect of an increase in the ad valorem retail tax on quality is indeterminate. Increases in any of the four taxes reduce the quantity of wine produced. Any two-tax system that includes a volumetric sales tax spans the full range of feasible tax revenues with positive tax rates. For any tax system that reduces quality relative to the firm's no-tax equilibrium, there is another tax system that increases tax revenues, eliminates the quality distortion, and does not increase the quantity distortion. Many wine industry observers believe that most, if not all, existing tax systems tend to result in the suboptimal provision of quality. Our results suggest that the wide variety of wine tax systems is not prima facie evidence that these systems, or most of them, are inefficient. Provided the system includes a volumetric sales tax it may be efficient, regardless of which of the other instruments, or how many of them, are used. Assertions regarding inefficiency must be evaluated on an empirical case-by-case basis. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework for such research. (JEL Classification: D2, H2, Q1)
Does Advertising Bias Product Reviews? An Analysis of Wine Ratings
Authors: Reuter Jonathan
Published: June 2012

In markets for experience goods, publications exist to help consumers decide which products to purchase. However, in most cases these publications accept advertising from the very firms whose products they review, raising the possibility that they bias product reviews to favor advertisers. To test for biased product reviews, I exploit the fact that, of the two major U.S. wine publications, only Wine Spectator accepts advertising. Although the average Wine Spectator ratings earned by advertisers and non-advertisers are similar, I find that advertisers earn just less than one point higher Wine Spectator ratings than non-advertisers when I use Wine Advocate ratings to adjust for differences in quality. However, 1 find only weak evidence that the selective retasting of advertisers' wines contributes to the higher ratings. Moreover, conditional on published ratings, Wine Spectator is no more likely to bestow awards upon advertisers. I conclude that while advertising may influence ratings on the margin, Wine Spectator appears largely to insulate reviewers from the influence of advertisers. (JEL Classification: L15, M37)
Reconsidering the 1855 Bordeaux Classification of the Médoc and Graves using Wine Ratings from 1970–2005
Authors: Thompson Gary M. , Mutkoski Stephen A.
Published: June 2012

This paper examines ratings of Bordeaux wines from vintages spanning 1970 to 2005. We use ratings from three popular rating sources – Robert Parker (The Wine Advocate), Stephen Tanzer (International Wine Cellar), andWine Spectator– to examine differences and consistencies in ratings. Our study is based on over 3, 100 ratings for château/vintage/rater combinations for the “classified growths” as identified in the 1855 Classification. We developed a regression model with rating scores as the depending variable and independent variables for raters, vintages, châteaux and rater-vintage. This model explains 64.6% of the variation in rating scores. We identify the performance of individual châteaux and use our findings to propose an update to the 1885 classification. Based on the ratings we examined, more than half of the 61 classified growths are misclassified, with some châteaux moving as many as three tiers upward or downward compared to the historical classification. While we believe it is unlikely that the classification will be changed, we believe that our proposed classification update (and our rank-ordering of the châteaux, particularly in relation to price-based orderings) can help guide wine purchase decisions of consumers and the restaurant industry. (JEL Classification: L66, C22, Q12, L10)
Stock Market Reaction to Court Decisions Related to Differential Treatment of In-State and Out-of-State Internet Wine Sales
Authors: Sharma Rajneesh
Published: June 2012

This paper analyzes stock market reaction to court decisions related to the differential treatment of in-state and out-of-state internet wine sales. Several states had differential laws governing internet sales of wine directly to consumers for in-state and out-of-state wineries. These laws were possibly more harmful to small wine producers as their products are less likely to be carried by retailers. In May of 2005, The Supreme Court of the United States declared these practices unconstitutional. Prior to the Supreme Court granting the writ of certiorari there was a circuit split on the issue. Our study seeks to measure the impact of the Courts' decisions on the stock returns of wineries using standard event study methodology. The results show a negative stock market reaction to publically traded large wineries to the Supreme Court ruling. It appears that differential treatment laws were, indeed, beneficial to the large wineries. (JEL Classification: G18, Q28)
Eco-Labels as a Signal of Quality
Authors: Kwong Lester M.K.
Published: June 2012

Using a canonical model of signaling, we show that if the cost of organic viticulture is strictly increasing in the quality dimension, then the use of eco-labels as a signal for quality cannot possibly occur as an equilibrium outcome. Conditions for the existence of such a signalling equilibrium as well as some general properties regarding its configuration are herein characterized. (JEL Classification: L15, L66, M3)
Assessment of Processing Capacity
Authors: Birney Damian P. , Bowman David B. , Beckmann Jens F. , Zhi Seah Yuan
Published: June 2012

Research over the last 10 years on Latin square tasks (LST) suggests a significant potential for their use in assessing fluid cognition. In the current work, we outline the LST and the more complex Greco-Latin square task (GLST). The objectives were (1) to validate the appropriateness of LST as measures of fluid cognition in business managers and (2) to demonstrate the separation of the LST into working memory and deductive reasoning components. Participants were 264 midlevel managers from four large international companies. Consistent with expectations, SEM analyses indicated that the GLST and the LST are highly correlated with fluid intelligence (Gf), and that working memory load could be differentiated from reasoning load in the LST and provided incremental predictive validity of Gf. Results are supportive of our expectations and provide evidence that LST are appropriate for psychological assessment as they are based on a strong theory of fluid cognition, have sound psychometric properties, and have substantial pragmatic utility in terms of the capacity for rapid item generation.
Young Diaspora Immigrants’ Attitude and Behavior Toward the Host Culture
Authors: Stoessel Katharina , Titzmann Peter F. , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: June 2012

Positive attitudes toward contact with members of the host culture, host-culture language usage, and social relations with natives are frequently used criteria for assessing immigrants’ host-culture participation. Precursors of these criteria are, however, rarely studied, especially from a longitudinal perspective. We expected that a strong identification with the host culture or the culture of origin would be associated with higher or lower host-culture participation, respectively, and were able to test these assumptions longitudinally. Study 1 utilized a sample of 376 ethnic German adolescents who had repatriated from Russia to Germany. Over four annual waves, the adolescents reported their identification with being “German” and “Russian,” their attitude toward host-culture contact, frequency of host-culture language usage, and the share of natives in their peer network. Growth curve modeling revealed that level and change of identification with being “German” related positively to level and change of host-culture participation, whereas level and change of “Russian” identification related negatively. Study 2 utilized a sample of 549 Russian-Jewish immigrants to Israel, who reported identification at Wave 1 and host-culture participation in three annual assessments. Results basically resembled those of Study 1. Findings from both studies underscore the importance of cultural identification for immigrants’ successful acculturation into the host culture. However, results also revealed between-country differences with regard to level of cultural identification and the relation between identification with the host culture and culture of origin.
Gender Differences in Memory for What Others Say About Themselves and Their Family Members
Authors: Horgan Terrence G. , Stein Jeannette M. , Southworth Jeremy , Swarbrick Michelle
Published: June 2012

Do women have a recall advantage for what others say? And does it matter what type of information another person shares with them? Women’s greater interdependence in self-construal was predicted to give them an advantage over men in their memory for information shared about close others. In an experimental study, 124 undergraduate students (64 women and 60 men) from a Midwestern university in the United States watched either a videotaped male or female target discussing his or her lifestyle habits, health goals, and family. Participants then completed a surprise recognition test of their memory for what the target had said. Results show men were as accurate as women at remembering personal information shared by the targets, but women more accurately recalled what was said about the targets’ family members. The implications of these findings for various professional relationships are discussed.
Coolness: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Dar-Nimrod Ilan , Hansen I. G. , Proulx T. , Lehman D. R. , Chapman B. P. , Duberstein P. R.
Published: June 2012

Some people are routinely described as “cool,” but it is unknown whether this descriptor conveys trait-like information beyond mere likability or popularity. This is the first systematic quantitative investigation of coolness from a trait perspective. Three studies of North Americans (N = 918) converged to identify personality markers for coolness. Study 1 participants described coolness largely by referring to socially desirable attributes (e.g., social, popular, talented). Study 2 provided further evidence of the relationship between coolness and social desirability, yet also identified systematic discrepancies between valuations of coolness and social desirability. Factor analyses (Studies 2 and 3) indicated that coolness was primarily conceptualized in terms of active, status-promoting, socially desirable characteristics (“Cachet coolness”), though a second orthogonal factor (“Contrarian coolness”) portrayed cool as rebellious, rough, and emotionally controlled. Study 3, which examined peer valuations of coolness, showed considerable overlap with abstract evaluations of the construct. We conclude that coolness is reducible to two conceptually coherent and distinct personality orientations: one outward focused and attuned to external valuations, the other more independent, rebellious, and countercultural. These results have implications for both basic and applied research and theory in personality and social psychology.
Means-End Matrix and Deduction in Consumption Behavior Research
Authors: Fu Chen-Su , Wu Wann-Yih
Published: June 2012

This study adopts matrix operations to deduce the logic of the means-end laddering approach and uses flowcharts to illustrate the steps in every laddering-matrix process. In addition to helping programmers understand the logic of means-end laddering for writing computer programs, these flowcharts also provide marketers with the main concepts of means-end chain (MEC) methodology in order to develop better marketing strategies. This study has three major contributions: (1) to propose improvements for constructing the cognitive hierarchies of consumer-product knowledge, (2) to alleviate the weakness of traditional MEC methodology, and (3) to provide the logic of laddering-matrix programming procedure to improve the design of MEC computer software.
Phasic Affective Modulation of Creativity
Authors: Topolinski Sascha , Deutsch Roland
Published: June 2012

Thus far, it has been shown that positive compared to negative mood increases creativity, for instance, as measured by performance in the remote associate task, where participants are asked to find the common remote associate for three clue words (e.g., RABBIT CLOUD MILK solution word WHITE). The present experiments show that very brief variations in affect, lasting for only a few seconds and changing from trial to trial within participants, are sufficient to modulate creativity in that task, presumably by modulating the breadth of semantic spread. Using word valence of remote associates themselves (Experiment 1), and consonant and dissonant chords (Experiment 2) as affect inductions, it was observed that brief positive compared to negative affect increased creative performance. This evidence extends the affect-modulation hypothesis to a temporal micro-level.
How Quickly Can You Detect it?
Authors: Slabu Letitia , Guinote Ana , Wilkinson David
Published: June 2012

This study investigated how power impacts the ability to orient attention across space. Participants were assigned to a high-power or control role and then performed a computerized spatial cueing task that required them to direct their attention to a target preceded by either a valid or invalid location cue. Compared to participants in the control condition, power holders were better at overriding the misinformation provided by invalid cues. This advantage occurred only at 500 ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), whereas at 1000 ms SOA, when there was more time to prepare a response, no differences were found. These findings are taken to support the growing idea that social power affects cognitive flexibility.
You Are the One I Want to Communicate With!
Authors: Pierucci Sabrina , Klein Olivier , Carnaghi Andrea
Published: June 2012

This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desirable vs. undesirable communication partner. Only participants who communicated with a desirable audience tuned their messages to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. In line with predictions, they also displayed an audience-congruent memory bias in later recall.
Ease of Retrieval and the Moral Circle
Authors: Laham Simon M.
Published: June 2012

Two studies demonstrate that the ease with which moral circle exemplars come to mind influences the size of the moral circle and moral behavior. Participants who generated three exemplars had significantly larger circles than those asked to generate 15. Further, those who generated three exemplars were more likely to take a newsletter providing information on how to help circle members. These studies demonstrate the impact of metacognitive experiences on moral judgment and behavior, and highlight the importance of including metacognitive variables in any comprehensive account of moral judgment.
Gender Stereotyping Enhances Verbal Fluency Performance in Men (and Women)
Authors: Hirnstein Marco , Freund Nadja , Hausmann Markus
Published: June 2012

Numerous studies have demonstrated that fear of confirming negative stereotypes (stereotype threat) can hamper women’s performance in certain mathematical and spatial tasks in which men usually excel. By contrast, very little is known about how men are affected by stereotype threat in tasks in which women excel. We therefore asked 36 men and 39 women, recruited at the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany, to complete two tests of verbal fluency (word fluency, four-word sentences). Prior to testing, participants were either told that gender differences in verbal abilities were going to be investigated or they received gender-neutral task instructions. We hypothesized that this would trigger the gender stereotype of women’s verbal superiority and, as a consequence, lead to a stereotype threat effect with decreased verbal fluency performance in men. However, men’s verbal fluency scores were higher under gender difference instructions than in the control condition. Since women showed a similar pattern and had generally higher scores, the gender difference remained stable across conditions. The findings may reflect (a) that gender stereotyping induced a competitive situation and, as a result, enhanced performance in all participants or (b) stereotype reactance in men, which would suggest that men and women react differently to gender stereotype activations in gender-sensitive cognitive abilities. Either way, the findings imply that cognitive performance changes significantly if participants are aware that cognitive gender differences are investigated, which is probably the case in many studies investigating gender differences.
What Accounts for Individual and Gender Differences in the Multi-Digit Number Processing of Primary School Children?
Authors: Krinzinger Helga , Wood Guilherme , Willmes Klaus
Published: June 2012

Gender differences in numerical domains have frequently been reported, but typically only from high-school age onwards. Recently, we found performance differences in favor of primary school boys in multi-digit number processing. Several underlying factors have been suggested to explain general differences in multi-digit number processing (such as visual-spatial working memory capacity), gender differences in mathematics (such as attitudes toward mathematics), and gender differences in multi-digit number processing (such as visual-spatial abilities). To date, no study has tested the concurrent impact of these factors on the development of multi-digit number processing in primary school children; thus, we applied structural equation modeling to a longitudinal dataset of 140 primary school children. Our main result was that gender exerted the strongest influence on multi-digit number processing, which was partly mediated by attitudes toward mathematics. Furthermore, general visual-spatial abilities (but not visual-spatial working memory) had a strong impact on individual differences in multi-digit number processing. These results are discussed in light of the psychobiosocial view.
Sex Differences in Competition-Based Attentional Selection
Authors: Sänger Jessica , Schneider Daniel , Beste Christian , Wascher Edmund
Published: June 2012

Recent studies on attentional selection demonstrate that women are more influenced by irrelevant spatial cues or distracters than men. Two possible sources can be assumed to determine this alteration in information processing. Women might suffer from deficient top-down control, which makes attentional filters less efficient. On the other hand, higher integration of information presented in close temporal relationship might mimic a deficit in spatial cueing tasks. The latter should be restricted to conditions in which contradicting information is processed. In the present study, participants had to detect changes in luminance and to ignore orientation changes of stimuli that were presented in the fast succession of two visual frames. Women committed more errors when luminance and orientation changes were presented simultaneously at distinct spatial locations (perceptual conflict) compared to men. In no other condition a difference in performance between women and men was observed. Also sensory components of the electroencephalogram showed no sex differences at all. Only posterior components related to intentional allocation of attention in conflict trials appear to be altered in women compared to men. An enhanced N2pc was evoked in women when the perceptual conflict was high. The data provide evidence that neither very early sensory processing nor the top-down control in general is deficient in women. Enhanced distractibility rather arises from a stronger integration of information, which might be due to enhanced interhemispheric information integration in women compared to men.
Does Gender Matter in Grant Peer Review?
Authors: Mutz Rüdiger , Bornmann Lutz , Daniel Hans-Dieter
Published: June 2012

One of the most frequently voiced criticisms of the peer review process is gender bias. In this study we evaluated the grant peer review process (external reviewers’ ratings, and board of trustees’ final decision: approval or no approval for funding) at the Austrian Science Fund with respect to gender. The data consisted of 8,496 research proposals (census) across all disciplines from 1999 to 2009, which were rated on a scale from 1 to 100 (poor to excellent) by 18,357 external reviewers in 23,977 reviews. In line with the current state of research, we found that the final decision was not associated with applicant’s gender or with any correspondence between gender of applicants and reviewers. However, the decisions on the grant applications showed a robust female reviewer salience effect. The approval probability decreases (up to 10%), when there is parity or a majority of women in the group of reviewers. Our results confirm an overall gender null hypothesis for the peer review process of men’s and women’s grant applications in contrast to claims that women’s grants are systematically downrated.
Utilizing the polar cap index to explore strong driving of polar cap dynamics
Authors: Gao Ye , Kivelson Margaret G. , Ridley Aaron J. , Weygand James M. , Walker Raymond J.
Published: June 2012

The polar cap, defined as a region of open magnetic flux, is an ideal region in which to investigate how properties of the solar wind directly affect the magnetosphere. For such studies, the polar cap (PC) index provides a useful characterization of the state of the polar ionosphere. In this paper, we study how polar cap properties, quantified by the PC index, depend on solar wind parameters and other geomagnetic indices during intervals of exceptionally large (10 mV/m) merging electric field. Using 53 one to two‐day intervals that include such extreme fields, we find that the PC index correlates strongly with the modified electric field (EK‐R) proposed by Kivelson and Ridley (2008). Here, EK‐R is a form representative of several models in which the electric field imposed on the ionosphere by magnetopause reconnection saturates for extreme solar wind driving. However, there are anomalous events during which the auroral oval expanded poleward to the latitude of the PC index station and the index increased because of proximity to auroral zone currents. It is found that nightside magnetospheric processes, as represented by AL, make a significant contribution to the PC index. A linear regression analysis shows that the portion of the PC index directly driven by the solar wind electric field outweighs the contribution arising from energy release in the magnetotail by roughly a factor of 2. Neither the solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdyn) nor jumps in Pdyn are found to directly contribute to the PC index. However, there exists some correlation between the PC index and Pdyn, because of the common dependence of EK‐R and Pdyn on the solar wind number density.
Validation of remotely sensed evapotranspiration over the Hai River Basin, China
Authors: Jia Zhenzhen , Liu Shaomin , Xu Ziwei , Chen Yujie , Zhu Mingjia
Published: June 2012

Ground‐based validation is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of remotely sensed evapotranspiration (RS_ET) and extending its application. This paper proposes an innovative validation method based on multisource evapotranspiration (ET) from ground measurements, with the validation results including the accuracy assessment, error source analysis, and uncertainty analysis of the validation process. It is a potentially useful approach to evaluate the accuracy and analyze the spatiotemporal properties of RS_ET at both the basin and local scales, and is appropriate to validate RS_ET in diverse resolutions at different time‐scales. An independent RS_ET validation using such a method was presented over the Hai River Basin in 2002–2009, China. In general, validation at the basin scale showed good agreements between the 1 km annual RS_ET and the validation data such as the water balance ET (root‐mean‐square error (RMSE): 50.73 mm), MODIS ET products (RMSE: 79.84 mm), precipitation, and land use types. At the local scale, multiscale ET measurements from large aperture scintillometer (LAS) and eddy covariance system (EC) with a footprint model were used for validation over three typical landscapes. In most cases, the 1 km RS_ET resulted in slight overestimation with the LAS measurements (RMSE: 10.75 mm for monthly results, 0.78 mm for daily results), while the 30 m RS_ET was underestimated compared to the EC measurements (RMSE: 16.28 mm for monthly results, 0.99 mm for daily results). Furthermore, error sources of RS_ET and uncertainties of the validation process were investigated in detail. The results showed that the proposed validation method was reasonable and feasible.
A general two‐phase debris flow model
Authors: Pudasaini Shiva P.
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a new, generalized two‐phase debris flow model that includes many essential physical phenomena. The model employs the Mohr‐Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress, and the fluid stress is modeled as a solid‐volume‐fraction‐gradient‐enhanced non‐Newtonian viscous stress. The generalized interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag, buoyancy, and virtual mass. A new, generalized drag force is proposed that covers both solid‐like and fluid‐like contributions, and can be applied to drag ranging from linear to quadratic. Strong coupling between the solid‐ and the fluid‐momentum transfer leads to simultaneous deformation, mixing, and separation of the phases. Inclusion of the non‐Newtonian viscous stresses is important in several aspects. The evolution, advection, and diffusion of the solid‐volume fraction plays an important role. The model, which includes three innovative, fundamentally new, and dominant physical aspects (enhanced viscous stress, virtual mass, generalized drag) constitutes the most generalized two‐phase flow model to date, and can reproduce results from most previous simple models that consider single‐ and two‐phase avalanches and debris flows as special cases. Numerical results indicate that the model can adequately describe the complex dynamics of subaerial two‐phase debris flows, particle‐laden and dispersive flows, sediment transport, and submarine debris flows and associated phenomena.
Uncertainty assessment and implications for data acquisition in support of integrated hydrologic models
Authors: Brunner Philip , Doherty J. , Simmons Craig T.
Published: June 2012

The data set used for calibration of regional numerical models which simulate groundwater flow and vadose zone processes is often dominated by head observations. It is to be expected therefore, that parameters describing vadose zone processes are poorly constrained. A number of studies on small spatial scales explored how additional data types used in calibration constrain vadose zone parameters or reduce predictive uncertainty. However, available studies focused on subsets of observation types and did not jointly account for different measurement accuracies or different hydrologic conditions. In this study, parameter identifiability and predictive uncertainty are quantified in simulation of a 1‐D vadose zone soil system driven by infiltration, evaporation and transpiration. The worth of different types of observation data (employed individually, in combination, and with different measurement accuracies) is evaluated by using a linear methodology and a nonlinear Pareto‐based methodology under different hydrological conditions. Our main conclusions are (1) Linear analysis provides valuable information on comparative parameter and predictive uncertainty reduction accrued through acquisition of different data types. Its use can be supplemented by nonlinear methods. (2) Measurements of water table elevation can support future water table predictions, even if such measurements inform the individual parameters of vadose zone models to only a small degree. (3) The benefits of including ET and soil moisture observations in the calibration data set are heavily dependent on depth to groundwater. (4) Measurements of groundwater levels, measurements of vadose ET or soil moisture poorly constrain regional groundwater system forcing functions.
Designing a road map for geoscience workflows
Authors: Duffy Christopher , Gil Yolanda , Deelman Ewa , Marru Suresh , Pierce Marlon , Demir Ibrahim , Wiener Gerry
Published: June 2012

Advances in geoscience research and discovery are fundamentally tied to data and computation, but formal strategies for managing the diversity of models and data resources in the Earth sciences have not yet been resolved or fully appreciated. The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) EarthCube initiative (http://earthcube.ning.com), which aims to support community‐guided cyberinfrastructure to integrate data and information across the geosciences, recently funded four community development activities: Geoscience Workflows; Semantics and Ontologies; Data Discovery, Mining, and Integration; and Governance. The Geoscience Workflows working group, with broad participation from the geosciences, cyberinfrastructure, and other relevant communities, is formulating a workflows road map (http://sites.google.com/site/earthcubeworkflow/). The Geoscience Workflows team coordinates with each of the other community development groups given their direct relevance to workflows. Semantics and ontologies are mechanisms for describing workflows and the data they process.
Ionospheric signatures of Tohoku‐Oki tsunami of March 11, 2011: Model comparisons near the epicenter
Authors: Galvan David A. , Komjathy Attila , Hickey Michael P. , Stephens Philip , Snively Jonathan , Tony Song Y. , Butala Mark D. , Mannucci Anthony J.
Published: June 2012

We observe ionospheric perturbations caused by the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011. Perturbations near the epicenter were found in measurements of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) from 1198 GPS receivers in the Japanese GEONET network. For the first time for this event, we compare these observations with the estimated magnitude and speed of a tsunami‐driven atmospheric gravity wave, using an atmosphere‐ionosphere‐coupling model and a tsunami model of sea‐surface height, respectively. Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) were observed moving away from the epicenter at approximate speeds of 3400 m/s, 1000 m/s and 200–300 m/s, consistent with Rayleigh waves, acoustic waves, and gravity waves, respectively. We focus our analysis on gravity waves moving south and east of the epicenter, since tsunamis propagating in the deep ocean have been shown to produce gravity waves detectable in ionospheric TEC in the past. Observed southeastward gravity wave perturbations, seen ∼60 min after the earthquake, are mostly between 0.5 to 1.5 TECU, representing up to ∼5% of the background vertical TEC (VTEC). Comparisons of observed TID gravity waves with the modeled tsunami speed in the ocean and the predicted VTEC perturbation amplitudes from an atmosphere‐ionosphere‐coupling model show the measurements and models to be in close agreement. Due to the dense GPS network and high earthquake magnitude, these are the clearest observations to date of the effect of a major earthquake and tsunami on the ionosphere near the epicenter. Such observations from a future real‐time GPS receiver network could be used to validate tsunami models, confirm the existence of a tsunami, or track its motion where in situ buoy data is not available.
A Connectionist Network Approach to Psychological Science: Core and Corollary Principles
Authors: Tryon Warren W.
Published: June 2012

Psychology has at least three explanatory problems: (a) it continues to form and promote separate schools and camps that mainly work in isolation from each other or against one another; (b) each camp advocates its own vocabulary and set of basic concepts thereby further fractionating the professional identity of psychologists, explains small domains of interest to group members, but cannot provide an overarching perspective capable of transitioning psychology into a mature science; and (c) each minitheory promises mechanism information but only provides functional explanations that impute causality. A potential solution to our explanatory problems is presently available but has not yet been published in an organized way because investigators have not fully appreciated the broader implications of their work. This article aims to articulate those broader implications for psychological science in the form of a network learning theory perspective that provides a common vocabulary and set of three core and eight corollary empirically supported psychological principles. The adequacy of this approach has been proven mathematically.
Are the New Mass Media Subverting Cultural Transmission?
Authors: Barkow Jerome H. , O'Gorman Rick , Rendell Luke
Published: June 2012

Popular culture is a subcategory of culture. Today, mass and new media appear to be interfering with the evolved mechanisms that permit the acquisition and editing of culture. We know surprisingly little about these cognitive attentional processes that enable the information acquisition and editing packed into the term “cultural transmission.” It was Michael Chance who first concluded that we attend to and learn preferentially from those high in status. For Chance, high status based on fear leads to agonistic attention and a constricted type of learning, while hedonic attention based on respect permits much broader learning possibilities. If Chance's theories are supported, then it would follow that much of the current unpredictability of popular culture and culture change in general reflects the replacement of family and community high-status figures by influential media celebrities, thereby damaging the transmission of local culture. Chance's approach would also explain why we seem to find it difficult to pay attention to those low in status and power. There may be attractors of attention involved in cultural transmission in addition to status, including physical attractiveness. We consider, from an evolutionary perspective, various researchable hypotheses that stem from Chance's and related work and from ethnography, we discuss this work's implications for how we understand culture and “popular culture,” and we argue that the kind of research in cognitive and evolutionary psychology we espouse is also needed for the next generation of mathematical models of gene–culture coevolution. We conclude with a list of research questions.
Cheatin' Hearts & Loaded Guns: The High Fitness Stakes of Country Music Lyrics
Authors: Kurzban Robert
Published: June 2012

Humans spend tremendous amounts of time producing and consuming narratives about people who have never existed doing things that have never been done. These narratives often concern actions that would, in the real world, have very large fitness consequences, such as the forming and dissolving of sexual relationships and committing acts of serious interpersonal violence. Country music lyrics capture listeners' attention, in part, with narratives depicting social interactions with big evolutionary stakes.
Effect of oxidation on the mechanical properties of liquid gallium and eutectic gallium-indium
Authors: Xu Qin , Oudalov Nikolai , Guo Qiti , Jaeger Heinrich M. , Brown Eric
Published: June 2012

Liquid metals exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, in particular large surface tension and low viscosity. However, these properties are greatly affected by oxidation when exposed to air. We measure the viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle of gallium and a eutectic gallium-indium alloy while controlling such oxidation by surrounding the metals with an acid bath of variable concentration. Rheometry measurements reveal a yield stress directly attributable to an oxide skin that obscures the intrinsic behavior of the liquid metals. We demonstrate how the intrinsic viscosity can be obtained with precision through a scaling technique that collapses low- and high-Reynolds number data. Measuring surface tension with a pendant drop method, we show that the oxide skin generates a surface stress that mimics surface tension and develop a simple model to relate this to the yield stress obtained from rheometry. We find that yield stress, surface tension, and contact angle all transition from solid-like to liquid behavior at the same critical acid concentration, thereby quantitatively confirming that the wettability of these liquid metals is due to the oxide skin.
Investigation of intrinsic defects in core-shell structured ZnO nanocrystals
Authors: Parashar S. K. S. , Murty B. S. , Repp S. , Weber S. , Erdem E.
Published: June 2012

Nanocrystalline ZnO particles were prepared using the high-energy ball milling technique and investigated with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), impedance, and Raman spectroscopy to reveal the origin of surface and core defects. We observed two distinct EPR signals with different g-factors, g ∼ 2.0 and ∼1.96, indicating EPR-active defects on the surface and core, respectively. Using the semi-empirical core-shell model, we identified that sufficiently small nanocrystals (below 30 nm) can show p-type character. The model can also explain the origin of the non-linearity of the U-I behaviour in nanocrystalline ZnO.
A novel approach for x-ray scattering experiments in magnetic fields utilizing trapped flux in type-II superconductors
Authors: Das R. K. , Islam Z. , Ruff J. P. C. , Sawh R. P. , Weinstein R. , Canfield P. C. , Kim J.-W. , Lang J. C.
Published: June 2012

We introduce a novel approach to x-ray scattering studies in applied magnetic fields by exploiting vortices in superconductors. This method is based on trapping magnetic flux in a small disk-shaped superconductor (known as a trapped field magnet, TFM) with a single-crystal sample mounted on or at close proximity to its surface. This opens an unrestricted optical access to the sample and allows magnetic fields to be applied precisely along the x-ray momentum transfer, facilitating polarization-sensitive experiments that have been impractical or impossible to perform to date. The TFMs used in our study remain stable and provide practically uniform magnetic fields for days, which are sufficient for comprehensive x-ray diffraction experiments, specifically x-ray resonance exchange scattering (XRES) to study field-induced phenomena at a modern synchrotron source. The TFM instrument has been used in a “proof-of-principle” XRES study of a meta-magnetic phase in a rare-earth compound, TbNi2Ge2, in order to demonstrate its potential.