bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Charles Cresson Wood file
Authors: Cresson Wood Charles
Published: July 2002

Introduces a series of contributions on computer security. Begins
by pointing out that information is an organizational asset which needs
to be protected. Policies are the primary building blocks for every
information security effort. In order to be successful with information
security, every organization must have a set of policies which
establishes both direction and management support. Discusses the role
and function of the information security management specialist within
the organization. Finally outlines possible exceptions to information
security policies.
Safeguarding databases
Authors: Cardinali Richard
Published: July 2002

The thrust of management information system (MIS) operations is to
keep an information system running smoothly and to ensure services are
delivered in an uninterrupted, reliable and secure fashion. This poses a
special challenge in today′s environment of computer misuses. Focuses on
four main areas normally addressed when protecting a company′s most
vital asset – its database. These are: information system
vulnerability; computer crime; employee access; and personnel policies.
Examines research pertaining to safeguarding data, software and hardware
from deliberate computer‐based information security breaches.
An introduction to seismology
Authors: Gibson Gary
Published: July 2002

Investigates the effects of earthquakes in the Victoria region of Australia. Looks at how they can be predicted by the use of seismology, and how this information can be used to protect buildings from major damage. Examines a system developed by the Seismology Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia, to provide alarm, damage scenario and response information after moderate or large earthquakes.
Managing World Wide Web publications
Authors: Foo Schubert , Peng Lim Ee
Published: July 2002

The surge of interest in the World Wide Web (WWW), with its potential commercial payoff, has resulted in an explosion of information as organizations join in the fray to publish and do business on the Internet. In addition, Intranet, the private corporate WWW‐based network, has also emerged to provide cost‐effective and efficient groupware and information management solutions for organizations. As a result, the HyperText Markup Language used for constructing WWW documents has become a contender for authoring future office documents. Examines the current practices of WWW publishing and highlights its inadequacies and drawbacks. Demonstrates the need and advantages of using a hypermedia database system to manage Web publications and briefly describes the design and prototyping of the D4W3 hypermedia database system.
Health informatics blueprint: business needs
Authors: Higgs Ernest
Published: July 2002

Introduces the broad issues associated with managing information in a variety of health care environments, particularly from the clinician and patient points of view. Enumerates and discusses the business needs that dictate information requirements. Identifies the critical issues associated with successful implementations of information systems in health care. Discusses the imperatives for successful implementation.
From client/server to intranet
Authors: Wen H. Joseph
Published: July 2002

An intranet puts a new layer into a client/server (C/S) architecture, the Web server, which acts as the gateway to the application logic and data. It is three‐tier computing, where these functions are performed on separate servers. The servers store everything and perform the bulk of the querying and the data presentation. Although there is great potential using an intranet to develop applications, there are certain challenges, including: security, privacy, currency, and performance. There is progress with security but performance with high volume transaction processing is still unproved. There have been a lot of mistakes with C/S and the danger here is to go down the same road with the intranet. To avoid this, this study explores the managerial and technical issues involved in developing a corporate intranet. Inspired with the success of Internet, intranet is proved to be an extension of and an enhancement to C/S. Client/server is not dead just as the mainframe is not dead; but the C/S model is being changed by the intranet.
Strategic ignorance: the new competitive high ground
Authors: May Thornton
Published: July 2002

Assesses the realistic current state of the issues that the modern IT manager has to contend with. Concludes that the resource to be managed is not knowledge but its inverse: ignorance. Argues for an aggressive pursuit of filling knowledge gaps on the part of managers, especially those in an area as rapidly changing as information technology.
Watching systems in action: security at the periphery
Authors: Grupe Fritz H. , Hensley James M. , Yamamura Jeanne H.
Published: July 2002

Computer security is maintained in many ways. New systems are developed with an eye towards protecting against known techniques for bypassing system controls. New methods of fraud, especially in point of sale systems, appear in spite of these protections. Consequently, there is a continuing need to examine how systems are used in practice and to implement new controls to prevent the incidence and recurrence of fraud. This paper cites examples of new frauds, suggests general techniques for protecting against the original appearance and recurrence of such frauds, and proposes that the maintenance of computer systems include continuing attention to these controls.
Security considerations in the delivery of Web‐based applications: a case study
Authors: Foo Schubert , Chor Leong Peng , Cheung Hui Siu , Liu Shigong
Published: July 2002

The study outlines a number of security requirements that are typical of a host of Web‐based applications using a case study of a real life online Web‐based customer support system. It subsequently proposes a security solution that employs a combination of Web server security measures and cryptographic techniques. The Web server security measures include the formulation and implementation of a policy for server physical security, configuration control, users’ access control and regular Web server log checks. Login passwords, in conjunction with public key cryptographic techniques and random nonces, are used to achieve user authentication, provide a safeguard against replay attacks, and prevent non‐repudiatory usage of system by users. These techniques, together with the use of session keys, will allow data integrity and confidentiality of the customer support system to be enforced. Furthermore, a number of security guidelines have been observed in the implementation of the relevant software to ensure further safety of the system.
An introduction to automated intrusion detection approaches
Authors: Hart Rod , Morgan Darren , Tran Hai
Published: July 2002

Defines and categorizes the types of intrusions that can be made on information systems. Characterizes a good intrusion detection system and examines and compares commercial intrusion detection products. Reports on continuing intrusion detection.
Joint Use Libraries as Services for Remote Areas
Authors: Dunford Helen M.
Published: July 2002

In the current restricted economic climate all options must be considered in the provision of library services to remote areas. Joint use libraries have been tried and failed in many places, but the success of the combined library at Queenstown shows that the concept can work if critical factors are right. The position of the facility and the positioning of the library within the campus are vital considerations along with detailed planning and a written agreement to cover all eventualities. Strong community support is also necessary, but most importantly the staff must be flexible in their approach, be prepared to cooperate and compromise, and above all be committed to the success of the service. Only then will a joint use library become a true community asset.
The Papua New Guinea Internet content project
Authors: Evans John
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an IDRC‐funded project designed to allow Papua New Guinea (PNG) to catch up with the opportunities that Internet connections can provide in the service of social and economic development, and to develop fuller Internet participation by individuals. The general objective is to improve access to international networking and information technologies by the country’s research and development community and to assist in formulation of new research agendas by increasing PNG information content and publication on the Internet.
NaLER: a natural language method for interpreting entity‐relationship models
Authors: Atkins Clare , Patrick Jon
Published: July 2002

Entity‐relationship (E‐R) models continue to be the most common means of documenting the data requirements of information systems. Whether used as the basis for relational database design or to record organisational conceptual data structures, it is essential that the information content (the semantics) of such models is clearly understood by both the builders and the users of such models. In particular, novice data modellers, or users, and their teachers need to understand how well a model represents a particular scenario description. Presents a practical method that has been developed for use by data modelling students. This method, termed NaLER (Natural Language for E‐R), provides student data modellers with a more organised way of assessing the information content of models that they or others have produced. It can also be used as a means of comparing those models with the information contained within the original description of the Universe of Discourse (UoD). It is suggested that the method could be of practical benefit not only to students but also to anyone with a need to ascertain the semantic content of a data model.
Developing an Internet primer for CWIS training
Authors: Anderson Dusty
Published: July 2002

Campus‐wide information systems (CWISs) offer the connectivity
benefits of networking, the flexibility of local computing services and
the power of computer‐mediated communications. Users have at their
disposal a plethora of intramural resources, as well as the opportunity
to tap into worldwide webs of information. Usually, the networks of
which the CWISs consist take advantage of some form of the standard
TCP/IP implementation, and are able to offer access to the popular and
powerful applications of telnet, ftp, and e‐mail; with these, the user
can navigate local and distant computers and maintain current
correspondence with colleagues.
What, the CWIS is dead?
Authors: Strauss Howard
Published: July 2002

Focuses on Townview Magnet Center which provides students from all ethnic and racial backgrounds academic programs using state‐of‐the‐art technology. Describes the campus‐wide local area network making this possible.
English comp goes high‐tech
Authors: Baker Mack Ann
Published: July 2002

Reports that the use of new technology in English composition courses is making it easier to teach and to learn how to write, according to instructors and students at the University of Oregon. A new computerized writing classroom and extensive training of instructors in use of the classroom, plus electronic mail and the Internet, are having positive results. About 35 instructors and 750 students benefited from use of the new instructional methods and technology in 1996, according to Ann Alskaya, director of the university’s new Center for the Teaching of Writing. Eventually, the changes will affect all 4,000 freshman students who take English Composition at the UO. Later, the center will train faculty members outside the English department who want to incorporate technology and writing into their courses.
SPA’s higher education initiative on software piracy
Authors: Publishers’ Association Software
Published: July 2002

Describes steps that can be taken by all members of the campus community to prevent software piracy. Details the application of copyright law for works of software, then goes on to advocate the development and implementation of a software policy and software audits.
Institutional response to computer‐related repetitive strain injury
Authors: Levinson Steve
Published: July 2002

Describes results of efforts to find institutional models for preventing computer‐related repetitive strain injury.
Strategic information planning and campus information systems development in Indonesia
Authors: Semiawan Transmissia , Middleton Michael
Published: July 2002

University strategic planning for information systems and management was investigated for four Indonesian higher educational institutions. A combination of the case study approach and a survey of a small sample of academic staff who have used the systems, was undertaken. Staff perceptions of the service from information systems are described, and related to their perceptions of planning for these systems. A number of evaluations of specific information sources and delivery are given in detail. Policy document analysis showed little information systems planning as part of the university strategic planning. Some observations are made about the influence of strategic information system planning upon successful use of a university’s information systems.
The essentials of effective online instruction
Authors: Mazoué James G.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the steps necessary to design an effective online course. Four essential steps are identified and considered: defining course objectives, providing access to information resources, developing and implementing effective learning strategies, and providing timely, context‐specific feedback and motivational support to students. The aim of effective online course design is to produce a network learning environment in which students are able to construct progressively more adequate models of a targeted knowledge domain and acquire competence in using them in real‐life situations. In order to accomplish this aim, technology must be used wisely, in pedagogically sound ways, within the context of a supportive institutional infrastructure, and in a manner that avoids some common obstacles to effective online learning.
Ecrire La Fontaine: technology for reading literature
Authors: Gallucci John A.
Published: July 2002

Today, foreign language teaching can find important resources in technology, the Internet, etc.; but how the teaching of foreign literature, or literature in general, might benefit from technology remains a more open question. The project “Writing La Fontaine” seeks to complement the traditional practice of literary imitation with technology that facilitates writing and peer‐editing. The project allows for detailed study of the literary text and may provide a possible model for the use of technology in the teaching of literature.
The value of using students as participants in educational software development: differentiated outcomes within an open learning environment
Authors: Steyn Dolf
Published: July 2002

Not enough attention has been given to the psychological and educational value of student participation. Provides an overview and some answers derived from a project on guided design and development of interactive multimedia learning environments. Shows the relevant trends in modern education as well as the psychological relation and benefits to the learners and the institution. The time has come to use the challenges of design in a constructivist fashion.
OML – a three‐year perspective
Authors: Hahn Harvey E. , Hahn Joel A.
Published: July 2002

Passport for Windows (PFW) and OCLC Macro Language (OML) are a library software combination that is hard to beat in terms of power and flexibility. PFW provides a desktop where multiple telecommunications (usually telnet) sessions can exist simultaneously, and the OML permits programmatic control and automation of tasks in any individual session as well as data sharing between different sessions. The fact that an entire programming language is available to the OML macro writer is what gives PFW the ability to seemingly work "magic" literally at the touch of a key, especially through the use of conditional logic for automated decision‐making. Not only is OML available in OCLC’s PFW product, but slight variants are available in OCLC’s Cataloging MicroEnhancer and ILL MicroEnhancer products as well. Although the pros of OML far outnumber the cons, there exist some downside issues (documentation, networkability, differences between products) which sometimes make macro writing and use by staff more difficult than it needs to be. In the end, though, all the efforts are worth it, because, by using PFW/OML macros, automation can do what it is good at, thereby giving staff the time and opportunity to do what they are good at.
The twofold promise of the CORC project
Authors: Senecal Kristin
Published: July 2002

The two‐pronged approach of OCLC’s CORC project is described by a participant in the project’s beta test. One element is the building of a collection of catalog records of Internet accessible resources, reflecting two different metadata standards. The development of automated cataloging features and the issues of link maintenance are discussed. The second major element of the project is building a database of metasites or “pathfinders” that serve as subject guides to the Internet. The two types of pathfinders are examined along with the important role that they can play in a library’s organization of Web resources.
OCLC Users′ Council meeting minutes, October 2‐4, 1994: a report
Authors: Ostendorf JoEllen
Published: July 2002

Reports on the OCLC Users Council meeting of October 2‐4, 1994,
which discussed, among other things: OCLC efforts to enhance PRISM;
conversion work in Europe and in the Asia/Pacific region; the growth of
FirstSearch; electronic library strategies; and research libraries
projects.
Electronic error reporting via Internet in the VAX environment
Authors: Khosh‐Khui Sam A.
Published: July 2002

Describes an electronic OCLC error reporting (OER) program
developed at the Albert B. Alkek Library, Southwest Texas State
University, in response to the OCLC announcement that OCLC users could
begin submitting bibliographic record change requests and duplicate
record reports via Internet e‐mail. OER is a menu‐driven program written
in VAX VMS which facilitates sending OCLC error reports by providing
blank error‐report forms for various error‐reporting activities. This is
accomplished by adding constant and system‐supplied information to the
forms and then automatically sending the forms, while giving ample
opportunities to review the accuracy of the outgoing report. Doing so
provides more uniformity and accuracy in the reporting process and saves
money and staff time. Suggests that, although the program is written for
the SWT library, it may easily be modified and used by other compatible
institutions.
Retroconversion project in a Nigerian university library: setting the parameters
Authors: Olorunsola Richard
Published: July 2002

States that retroconversion is a major and costly undertaking for a library, and essential in a newly automated system. Setting parameters is an essential part of retroconversion. The parameters have to be set to meet the provisions in the modules in the TINLIB software (Novell netware 4.1) installed at the University of Ilorin Library. Discusses the essence of retroconversion, the problems and peculiarities identified at the meeting organized to consider parameters for the conversion.
FirstSearch fills a biological research need at Emporia State
Authors: Pedersen Summey Terri
Published: July 2002

As a result of the cancellation of research tools for several disciplines at Emporia State University, the library needed to be able to offer research assistance for those affected by the budget cuts. One division greatly affected was Biological Sciences, an area that started requiring more research from its students, both at the graduate and undergraduate levels. After examining several options, and through some trial and error, FirstSearch was chosen as the best resource to meet the needs of the undergraduate students in the Division of Biological Sciences. This work looks at the experiences of the Library in serving a population in need and the collaborative relationship that formed as a result.
Meta‐management of virtual organizations: toward information technology support
Authors: Wang Shouhong
Published: July 2002

Electronic commerce enables organizations to form virtual organizations. Shifting between different linkages of the partners for satisfying a need is the major characteristic of the virtual organization, and meta‐management beyond the individual organizational level must be applied in order to optimize the benefit for the entire organizational network. This paper proposes a meta‐management support system to support the meta‐management in virtual organizations. Object‐oriented organization modeling and virtual value chain analysis are used to implement the proposed meta‐management support system.
The information society and the Church
Authors: Lukács László
Published: July 2002

Discusses the (primarily Catholic) Church in the “information society,” and explores the nature of communications in this context, and specifically the Internet. Suggests that the Church must embrace today’s communications media and leverage its position as social and ethical advisor and counselor within the primarily capitalist social systems within which it operates. Sees the Internet as morally neutral technology, able to be utilized as a force for good or bad, education, propaganda and entertainment, and challenges the Church to embrace its utilization.
A view through the glass: aquariums on the Internet
Authors: Mary P. Benbow S.
Published: July 2002

Aquariums include exhibits and enclosures of freshwater and marine plant and animal species. Notes that a rapid expansion in the number of aquariums has occurred over the last ten years and in addition the complexity of exhibits and activities is also expanding in an aquarium “explosion.” Points out that increasing interest in the environment and in marine life has led to significant economic success for aquariums. This is part of a trend in “entertainment and recreation involving animals” which also includes theme parks and zoos. Similar in many ways to museums and galleries, aquariums display species within restricted conditions. Lists various Internet addresses of aquariums using the Internet to take advantage of presentation techniques and wider audiences.
Internet: the ultimate reference tool?
Authors: Devlin Brendan , Burke Mary
Published: July 2002

Analyzes the Internet as a reference tool based on its ability to provide rapid access to authoritative information or sources of information. Reveals that the Internet provides no comprehensive mechanism for identifying quality information. Bibliographic structure is also disparate, making it impossible to adopt a coherent strategy for identifying quality information. A unified service interface would help alleviate this problem. An analysis of the use of the Internet by academic librarians reveals that existing bibliographic structure is not used to best advantage. Simple strategies which would limit these deficiencies, such as the use of electronic mail, are not used. Suitable training, from an introductory to advanced level, would alleviate this problem. Suggests the use of an amended version of Benson’s decision tree as a pedagogical tool. This model would help to decide when to use the Internet and suggest search paths for different question types.
The real world and virtual worlds
Authors: Glaser Stan
Published: July 2002

Discusses some of the limitations of virtual reality (VR) with reference to socio‐technical systems ‐ the interaction of people with technology. Argues that VR has potential applications but that these applications may prove to be more limited than some proponents would suggest. Points to a significant opportunity for VR technology to be used in strategic partnership marketing and supply chain management.
Netiquette
Authors: Scheuermann Larry , Taylor Gary
Published: July 2002

Netiquette is derived by merging the words network and etiquette. More specifically the term netiquette has been described as the conventions of politeness recognized on Usenet and in mailing lists. In the context of the new Internet global culture, attempts are being made to identify common standards of etiquette. Literally hundreds of specific netiquette suggestions are published. Identifies the following most frequently cited specific suggestions for online users: think first; write in upper and lower case; avoid abbreviations; be concise; avoid smileys; don’t flame; don’t take offense easily; don’t evangelize; and know the audience. Netiquette breaches do not always bring retribution. Most breaches of politeness and courtesy may do no more than reflect poorly on the individual user. One who knows the rules of this new culture may well have an advantage over one who does not.
Library OPACS on the Web: finding and describing directories
Authors: Henry Marcia
Published: July 2002

Several articles in the journal Campus‐Wide Information Systems have been devoted to describing the different directories which link to library catalogs on the Internet and the World Wide Web. Some of the directories reviewed in this ongoing series on OPACs were Hytelnet and Libgopher for telnet based catalogs as well as WebCats, Libweb, LC Z39.50 Gateway and the WWW Library Directory‐Framed Edition for the web‐based OPACs. Gives current descriptions of some of the major directories; namely, LibWeb and WWW Library Directory which list and link to library homepages as well as Hytelnet and WebCats which are devoted to listing and linking to the library OPACs. In addition, summarizes the techniques used in finding new directories.
Managing large WWW sites
Authors: Prevelakis Vassilis
Published: July 2002

The trend towards ever‐larger WWW sites with hundreds of thousands of pages maintained by teams of developers has made apparent the need for tools to manage such large‐scale efforts. In this paper we present a mechanism for organising and manipulating groups of nodes and links in WWW sites. These constructs are used to create dynamic views of the data in a given site according to various organisational and presentational criteria. Moreover, proven techniques for the management of hypertext networks (e.g. versioning, variants, etc.) can be readily implemented through the use of this model. Additionally, the model allows the creation of user views through the combination of these constructs via a number of operations. After the description of our model we present a prototype system developed at the University of Geneva that demonstrates how the mechanisms included in our model can be integrated into an existing http server. We then examine how the same mechanisms can be employed in the management of large WWW sites.
Digital signature management
Authors: Hassler Vesna , Biely Helmut
Published: July 2002

The Digital Signature Project (ELU‐project) is coordinated by the STUZZA, a subsidiary of the leading Austrian business banks. The aim of the project is to establish an infrastructure for applying smart card‐based digital signatures in banking and electronic commerce applications. One important requirement is to conform to all relevant international standards to ensure interoperability in case of a later connection to an international certification infrastructure. One part of the infrastructure is a public directory in the form of an LDAP‐server from which the X.509v3 certificates of the public signature keys can be retrieved. To provide for integrity, strong data authenticity and non‐repudiation of all directory information it was important to apply some security features that have not been standardized for LDAP yet. In this way the user can be sure that he is talking to the trusted directory when retrieving certificates and certificate‐related information. In this paper we give an overview of the project and some insights into some of the interesting parts of the system specification and design.
Total involvement in quality management
Authors: Dimitriades Zoe S.
Published: July 2002

Involvement is a topic of long‐standing interest to management scholars and practitioners, as evidenced by the proliferation of concepts (job involvement, organisational involvement, employee involvement, total involvement) designed to operationalise the construct. Involvement is also of crucial importance to total quality management as a vital means to achieve customer satisfaction, delight and commitment through continuous quality improvement. Yet, involvement in total quality is different from traditional involvement – being a holistic, multi‐faceted construct; based on distinctive TQM principles; and aiming at different objectives. Furthermore, a number of team involvement mechanisms (i.e. quality circles, quality improvement teams and/or quality project teams) have been used interchangeably in the TQM literature, indicating that these concepts are theoretically redundant. The analysis undertaken in this paper reveals that, although closely related, these constructs are not identical since they fulfil differentiated functions. Suggestions for advancing the study of total involvement in quality management are rendered.
Ax = Pa
Authors: Ryder‐Smith Jocelyn
Published: July 2002

Successful teams and successful managers know that we should expect problems as well as success. They name the real issues and work with them for learning and positive change. However, some attempts at getting teams or individuals “unstuck” when they are having problems make things much worse. This article maps the connections between problems, anxiety, paralysis, less and lower quality work and worse relationships. It suggests ways for individuals, managers and teams to break the cycle of anxiety and paralysis and free themselves to communicate better and move ahead successfully.
Team management: developing concerns
Authors: Natale Samuel M. , Libertella Anthony F. , Edwards Barbara
Published: July 2002

Asserts that teamwork is fundamental to continuous corporate improvement. Discusses the characteristics and benefits of team management on an organization‐wide basis and examines the steps that can be taken by a company to support team management throughout the organization. Reviews the literature and case examples in order to articulate the following aspects of team management: the best team skills, the characteristics of an effective team, the best type of team player, the reasons that teams fail or succeed, and the components of an effective team.
Reasons for and against the use of the team concept in joint settings
Authors: Huszczo Gregory E. , Hoffman Danny
Published: July 2002

The use of teams has become common in organizational settings throughout the world today, even though what constitutes a “team approach” varies widely. The team concept has been touted as a cure to many problems. This article attempts to summarize the many reasons managers and union officials have given to support a team approach. Most of these reasons are logically tied to desires for improved performance and increased satisfaction with work. Interviews conducted by the authors in various settings also revealed some manipulative reasons why the team concept is utilized in some joint settings. The article also points out the reasons why some union officials may actively resist efforts to implement the team approach and why some managers may covertly sabotage efforts. The reader will have a better understanding of the forms of team concept being utilized and the forces for and against these efforts in joint settings.
Organizational scepticism
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: July 2002

Scepticism about organizations has become an integral part of the field organizational theory. This article aspires to develop through historical analysis a taxonomy of organizational scepticism. Though scepticism of all types have generic traits, there are three distinct types of scepticism: premodern, modern and postmodern scepticism. Premodern scepticism attacks the modern organizational by stressing concepts grounded in nature and tradition. Modern sceptics attack the optimism of managerialism about organizations. Postmodern sceptics stress that technological developments, economic self interest, and irrationality will be the eventual undoing of modern organization. Organizational scepticism is now so pervasive that it should be treated as an integral part of the field.
W. Edwards Deming’s mentor and others who made a significant impact on his views during the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Blankenship Beth , Petersen Peter B.
Published: July 2002

W. Edwards Deming, famous for his work with the Japanese following the Second World War, had a unique set of theories and approaches that were clearly his own. While much has been written about his experience and views, this article will focus on those individuals who made a significant impact on the formation of his views during the 1920s and 1930s and what he gained from each of them. Walter A. Shewhart was clearly the individual who had the most profound influence on Deming’s views and subsequent approaches to quality. But more than an influence, Shewhart was Deming’s mentor. Others who influenced Deming during this period include: Clarence Irving Lewis, Sir Ronald A. Fisher, and Jerzy Neyman. Those who wish to understand Deming’s theories can gain from studying Deming’s experience and views. In addition, a more detailed understanding of Deming can be gained by also studying the work and theories of those who influenced him.
Stereolithographic (SL) biomodelling in palaeontology: a technical note
Authors: D’Urso P.S. , Thompson R.G. , Earwaker W.J.
Published: July 2002

Stereolithographic (SL) biomodelling is a relatively new technology that allows three‐dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) data to be used to generate accurate solid plastic replicas of biological structures (biomodels). A prospective trial to investigate the utility of biomodelling in palaeontology was performed. Seven fossil specimens were selected. Volumetric 3D reconstructions were generated on each specimen. The data of interest were edited and converted into a form acceptable for SL. SL uses a laser to selectively polymerize photosensitive resin to manufacture each biomodel. The biomodels were assessed for fidelity, internal morphology and for use in display and demonstration. Biomodelling was found to faithfully replicate the fossilized specimens. The most important variable affecting biomodel accuracy was the initial acquisition of 3D CT data. Biomodelling is intuitive, user‐friendly technology that facilitates morphological assessment and specimen reconstruction. Biomodelling allowed both internal and external features of fragile specimens to be safely replicated without risk.
A comparison between zero and first order approximation algorithms for layered manufacturing
Authors: de Jager P.J. , Broek J.J. , Vergeest J.S.M.
Published: July 2002

Current rapid prototyping processes are mainly based on layered manufacturing techniques using 2.5D slices. Defines manufacturing by means of 2.5D slices as a zero order approximation. A disadvantage of this approximation is the staircase effect, requiring thin layers to be used. If the outer surfaces of the slices can be inclined, speaks of a first order approximation. This approximation is achieved by linear interpolation between adjacent contours, resulting in ruled slices. Describes a method to approximate a given model geometry in a layered fashion not exceeding a user‐defined error δ using either a zero or a first order approximation and an adaptive layer thickness. Analyses the model geometry for curvature and inclination in order to determine the adaptive layer thickness. Provides a method for matching corresponding contours from adjacent slices. Several test objects have been processed using both zero and first order approximation. Shows that the first order approximation significantly reduces the number of required layers for a given δ when compared to the zero order approximation.
Motion compensation for five‐axis rapid prototyping system
Authors: Ng Peow , Fang Wei , Li Bo , Zou Jiguo , Gong Haiqing
Published: July 2002

In view of the “staircase or stepped effect” in the present commercial rapid prototyping (RP) systems, a new approach is proposed, and is currently under development to produce true stepless parts. The new RP system is a combination of five‐axis motion control technology and precision milling. The system consists of three linear and two rotary axes, which enable the milling tool to be orientated for tangent cutting. Because of the complexity of the five‐axis configuration, ensuring high accuracy and precision is both important and difficult. This paper presents an open‐loop motion compensation algorithm, which enables the machine tool to move more accurately to a given position and orientation than its physical setup allows. Experimental procedures to measure the geometrical errors in the system setup are also presented in this paper.
Sequential laminated tooling, joined by brazing, for injection moulding
Authors: Bryden B.G. , Pashby I.R.
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines a method of sequentially joining steel laminations together using a high strength brazed joint to produce laminated tools. Individual joints were produced by using a heated platen rather than a furnace. Lap shear test samples were used to evaluate the tensile strengths of bonded laminates. Two laminate gauges were tested, 0.8mm and 1.6mm. Ranging trials were undertaken to determine optimum time to produce the joint. Constants for the trials were platen temperature, laminate material, braze material, joint area and joining pressure. At optimum conditions, that is the least time taken for highest tensile strength, the 0.8mm laminate averaged a strength of 4.7kN in 120 seconds’ heating time and the 1.6mm laminate averaged 9.3kN in 210 seconds.
Reaction heat effects on initial linear shrinkage and deformation in stereolithography
Authors: Narahara Hiroyuki , Tanaka Fumiki , Kishinami Takeshi , Igarashi Satoru , Saito Katsumasa
Published: July 2002

In the industrial use of stereolithography, precision is always a problem. The basic phenomenon of solidification shrinkage has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aims at clarifying the initial linear shrinkage of cured resin in a minute volume. Experimental equipment has been developed which measures the time history of the single strand in situ in a stereolithography machine. An analysis model of the time history of a minute volume linear shrinkage was shown using the measured shrinkage of a cured line segment. The relation between the time history of the linear shrinkage and temperature was measured and the shrinkage in the minute volume after irradiation was found to result due to temperature variation. Deformation and linear shrinkage were measured with two scanning orders to control the thermal distribution in layer forming. The effects of thermal distribution were also observed in one layer forming.
Safe work practices for rapid prototyping
Authors: Deak Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses key issues for RP laboratory safety. It considers health and safety awareness, a health and safety plan of action and a health and safety follow‐up. A conference discussion summary is featured at the end of the article.
Embedded passive components and PCB size – thermal effects
Authors: Stubbs D.M. , Pulko S.H. , Wilkinson A.J. , Wilson B. , Christiaens F. , Allaert K.
Published: July 2002

The embedding of passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors within printed circuit boards (PCBs) is motivated, to a large extent, by the desire for increased miniaturisation of electronic goods. However, resistors and, to a lesser extent, inductors are heat generating devices, and the temperature developed within PCBs as the result of the operation of embedded passives is a significant aspect of the design of a multilayer PCB. Here we investigate, by simulation, temperature fields associated with operation of embedded resistors. It is shown that for board dimensions less than 2cm × 2cm temperatures achieved are higher than those associated with larger boards having identical structures and identical resistor heat generation. Detailed simulations are used to investigate the sensitivity of the temperature rises associated with embedded resistors to copper track coverage and to thermal coupling of the PCB to ambient on its upper and lower surfaces. The implications of these findings are discussed both in the context of the design of real PCBs and in the context of thermal simulation.
Higher yields and reliability with automated assembly of microwave modules
Authors: Chalsen Michael , Crowley Daniel
Published: July 2002

Microwave modules and hybrid circuits have some unique requirements that demand extremely precise dispensing and placement, delicate handling and well controlled curing (or reflow). Assembly of these products can be challenging and defects may result in labor‐intensive manual assembly methods. A better way is to apply automated manufacturing techniques to the assembly of microwave modules and hybrid circuits and thereby eliminate many of the variables that may narrow the process window.
Characteristics of passive Ta‐resistive planes embedded in Al‐sheet “PCB” ‐ compatible for integrated MCM‐substrates or packaging carriers
Authors: Ivanov Philippov Philip , Markova Rassovska Milka , Georgiev Arnaudov Radosvet , Angelov Ianev Vassil , Draganova Gospodinova Minka
Published: July 2002

Recent progress in the investigation of the material parameters of Al/Al2O3systems leads to an increase in the possibilities for using embedded TaOXN1‐X layers. The use of Al‐sheets as mechanical strength carriers in combination with vacuum‐deposited Al‐layers and electrochemically anodized Al2O3 structure requires study. This was found to create a periodic multilayer Al/Al2O3 structure. The material qualities of this system allow optimization in order to achieve high speed data processing and signal propagation. The existing studies using Al and Ta combination as well as the high resistance qualities of the modified TaOXN1‐X layers have shown satisfactory results. It can be concluded that the development of this new layer combination is possible in the multilayer carrier structures. Some preliminary research studies show a proper adhesion and satisfactory characteristics of the two integrated resistive planes in the multilayer combination Al/Al2O3//TaOXN1‐X/Ta2O5/Al.
Risk mitigation with buy‐back guarantees and guaranteed appreciation plans
Authors: Ong Seow‐Eng , Hong Guan Lim Shawn
Published: July 2002

Two marketing schemes that provide protection against downside price risk are examined. The buy‐back guarantee allows the property purchaser to sell the property back to the developer at the original purchase price, while the guaranteed appreciation plan assures the buyers of a minimum price appreciation at the end of a specified period. Both plans essentially provide the property purchaser with put options with contingent payoffs that differ in terms of the strike price. This paper examines the value of the buy‐back guarantee and the guaranteed appreciation plan as well as providing a framework for evaluating the put options. The key finding is that the time value of such put options is extremely low if they are too deep in‐the‐money and if expected volatility is low. If so, a careful examination of the terms offered suggests that the buy‐back guarantee is expensive. In contrast, the guaranteed appreciation plan can be regarded as a free option because it provides a strike price that is above the purchase price. Hence, property purchasers react favorably to the guaranteed appreciation plan. Finally, implications for marketing and pricing strategies are examined.
Asset valuation of specialised public sector listed buildings by depreciated replacement cost
Authors: Andrew Anthony , Pitt Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the way valuers working for Central Government apply the RICS Appraisal and Valuation Manual (the Red Book), its definition of depreciated replacement cost valuation and its effects on Government policy on public sector listed buildings, capital charging and Inner City Regeneration. This paper suggests that the Red Book provision for the valuation of specialised public sector buildings for which there is no market using depreciated replacement cost (DRC) method assuming actual replacement may discourage the use and reuse of those buildings. This could conflict with Government policy to preserve and enhance Britain’s heritage of listed public buildings. Also the strict application of Red Book valuation standards may produce unhelpful valuations which impede the capital charging system.
Lag vacancy, effective rents and optimal lease term
Authors: Tse Raymond
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses the choice of the optimal lease term of office property in relation to expected lag vacancy, periods of rent‐free and expected rental income growth. The optimal lease term is the one that minimizes the expected costs of contract negotiation from the perspective of landlords. Specifically, it presents an analysis of how to estimate effective rents based on the lease term, expected lag vacancy and rent‐free periods. This study shows that the optimal lease term tends to increase under the following conditions: when the expected rate of rental growth decreases, the discount rate increases, or the expected lag vacancy increases. A longer contract duration is less costly when future rentals are discounted at a higher rate. Altering the lease length will change the risks taken by the landlord. Thus, contract length can be used as a device for insuring vacancy risk. Moreover, we find that the optimal lease length is more sensitive to the lag vacancy when the discount rate is at a relatively high level.
Property valuation and the structure of urban housing markets
Authors: Watkins Craig
Published: July 2002

Since the 1980s UK academics have promoted the use of multiple regression analysis in property valuation. Recently, however, there has been growing recognition that regression models will be subject to aggregation bias if they fail to accommodate the existence of housing market segmentation (submarkets). In this study, we compare the empirical performance of a standard hedonic house price regression model for the city of Glasgow with a segmented model which recognises the importance of understanding the underlying market structure and, in particular, the existence of submarkets for different dwelling types. The results show that the (weighted) standard error of the segmented model is significantly lower than that of the market wide model. Consequently, we propose a two‐stage approach to the application of MRA techniques to residential valuation. First, following traditional institutional analysis of housing markets, the market should be subdivided into distinct structurally differentiated market segments. These segments can usefully be identified by principal components factor analysis which allows the identification of the most important common components in the housing bundle. Second, separate house price equations should be estimated for each market segment. Although the best‐fit equation may vary from sector to sector this is likely to reflect the behavioural realities of the property market, and will provide the basis for more accurate valuations.
Redesigning check‐processing operations using animated computer simulation
Authors: Verma Rohit , Gibbs Gerald D. , Gilgan Richard J.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the steps taken by a major commercial bank in the USA to redesign a critical function within its check‐processing operation. Animated simulation models of the current and new process were developed to understand the relationship between process parameters, waiting times, and productivity measures. We describe the animated simulation modeling approach in detail, present sample results and provide directions for further use of such an approach in banking.