bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Can I Know Myself?
Authors: Dewhurst David
Published: January 2009

To the Socratic injunction ‘Know Thyself’ one wonders how to respond. Presumably Socrates is asking us to attempt a project at which we are supposed to have some chance of success and this leads one to ask ‘Can I know myself?’ One is led to ask it, but the question can seem rhetorical. Many would reply that of course one can do this because there is nothing easier for me to know than my own self. I do, therefore I can. I know it simply by being myself. Not only this, one might regard knowledge of oneself as unavoidable so that the answer to the question ‘Can I know myself?’ is ‘Yes’ and the answer to the question ‘Can I avoid knowing myself?’ is ‘No’. Now if we cannot avoid knowing ourselves, if Socrates is asking us to do somethingwhich we inevitably do anyway, then he has certainly earned his reputation for irony.
Moral Issues and Social Problems: The Moral Relevance of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Singer Marcus G.
Published: January 2009

At the beginning of one of his inimitable discourses William James once said, ‘I am only a philosopher, and there is only one thing that a philosopher can be relied on to do, and that is, to contradict other philosophers’.1 In his succeeding discourse James himself departed from this theme. And so shall I. I shall not be contradicting other philosophers—at least not very often. What I aim to do is to take a fresh look at one of the main traditions in American philosophy for insight and illumination on a way of dealing with some of the most serious issues of our time. But before I turn to that, my main theme, I want to pursue for a bit some variations on another, the cultural relevance of philosophy, for, as I view the matter, they are related.
The Morality of Terrorism
Authors: Coady C. A. J.
Published: January 2009

There is a strong tendency in the scholarly and sub-scholarly literature on terrorism to treat it as something like an ideology. There is an equally strong tendency to treat it as always immoral. Both tendencies go hand in hand with a considerable degree of unclarity about the meaning of the term ‘terrorism’. I shall try to dispel this unclarity and I shall argue that the first tendency is the product of confusion and that once this is understood, we can see, in the light of a more definite analysis of terrorism, that the second tendency raises issues of inconsistency, and even hypocrisy. Finally, I shall make some tentative suggestions about what categories of target may be morally legitimate objects of revolutionary violence, and I shall discuss some lines of objection to my overall approach.
‘Personal Identity and Imagination’:One Objection
Authors: Flew Antony
Published: January 2009

P. T. Mackenzie's article is remarkable and challenging in several ways. It is, for instance, noteworthy that he reaches the surely correct conclusion that personal identity cannot be analysed in terms of memory without so much as entertaining Bishop Butler's terse and decisive objection to any such analysis: ‘… one should really think it self-evident that consciousness of personal identity presupposes, and therefore cannot constitute, personal identity; any more than knowledge, in any other case, can constitute truth, which it presupposes’.
Uniqueness in Art and Morals
Authors: Wilkerson T. E.
Published: January 2009

1. There is an important argument which can be traced back to Kant's second and third Critiques, and which has been defended by a number of distinguished modern philosophers.1 It goes as follows. Moral judgments are universalizable; that is, I am logically committed to making the same moral judgment about all relevantly similar cases. If I refuse to make the same moral judgment about two relevantly similar cases, then either I believe that they are relevantly different, or I have changed my moral views between examining the first case and examining the second, or I am simply irrational and not a proper subject for discussion. In contrast, however, aesthetic judgments are not universalizable; works of art are necessarily unique. If I say that a painting is aesthetically pleasing or successful or important or striking or whatever, I am not committed to making the same judgment about any relevantly similar work. Occasionally no doubt I might make the same judgment about a relevantly similar work, but I am in no way logically committed to doing so. Indeed in certain cases—the cases which are the topic of this paper—I am logically committed to making an entirely different aesthetic judgment of a relevantly similar work. Since works of art are necessarily unique, copies, fakes, forgeries, pastiches and ‘works in the style of …’, however plausible, however skilful, however close to the original, can never have the same aesthetic merit. Even if my Athena print of a Canaletto were qualitatively identical with the original, it could not have the same aesthetic merit. Even if a modern symphony reproduced perfectly the style of Mozart and even if it were in general of comparable musical quality, it could not have the same aesthetic merit as (most of) the forty-one originals.
Why Not Let Life Become Extinct?
Authors: Leslie John
Published: January 2009

Would Earth be sadly underpopulated if all life on it had died? I shall argue for a Yes, against two main groups. In the first are those who say that life's absence could not be sad, a pity, something less than ideal, because there would be nobody to be sad about it. The second group maintains that life's absence would be preferable to its presence since living can be nasty.
Medical Care on a Balanced Diet
Authors: Ward Andrew
Published: January 2009

Prominent among the principles put forward by Professor Bernard Williams in ‘The Idea of Equality’ were that for every difference in the way men are treated a relevant reason should be given and the proper ground of the distribution of medical care is ill health. Prominent among his conclusions was that we are confronted with an irrational state of affairs where wealth functions as a necessary condition for receiving medical care. In ‘The Idea of Equality Reconsidered’ Philosophy (January 1973) 85–90), I argued that, on his principles alone, this conclusion though correct was one-sided.
Motion and Change of Place
Authors: Reeve E. Gavin
Published: January 2009

Mr William Charlton (Philosophy 56, No. 216 (April 1981)) quotes Russell on Motion. It has been pointed out to me that the book referred to in line 5 as Principles of Philosophy should in all probability be The Principles of Mathematics, and on looking into the matter I find that this is indeed the case. On p. 473 of the latter book I read: 447. It is to be observed that … we must entirely reject the notion of a state of motion. Motion consists merely in the occupation of different places at different times, subject to continuity as explained in Part V.
Causation and Change
Authors: Charlton William
Published: January 2009

From the way we speak it appears that we think changes do not merely come about but are brought about. Can we really think this? Have we any idea of the bringing or being brought about of a change distinct from our idea of its coming about? In the first part of this paper I shall try to describe some of the forms of causal thinking which are reflected in our ordinary causal judgments. In the second, having criticized two current analyses of the notion of change, I shall argue that to think of a change as something which comes about is to think of it as a causal explanandum, and to think of a change as a coming about of something is to think of it as a causal explanans.
Sexual Ontology and Group Marriage
Authors: Clark Stephen R. L.
Published: January 2009

Philosophers of earlier ages have usually spent time in considering thenature of marital, and in general familial, duty. Paley devotes an entire book to those ‘relative duties which result from the constitution of the sexes’,1 a book notable on the one hand for its humanity and on the other for Paley‘s strange refusal to acknowledge that the evils for which he condemns any breach of pure monogamy are in large part the result of the fact that such breaches are generally condemned. In a society where an unmarried mother is ruined no decent male should put a woman in such danger: but why precisely should social feeling be so severe? Marriage, the monogamist would say, must be defended at all costs, for it is a centrally important institution of our society. Political community was, in the past, understood as emerging from or imposed upon families, or similar associations. The struggle to establish the state was a struggle against families, clans and clubs; the state, once established, rested upon the social institutions to which it gave legal backing.
Morality and Luck
Authors: Jensen Henning
Published: January 2009

Thomas Nagel recognizes that it is commonly believed that people can neither be held morally responsible nor morally assessed for what is beyond their control. Yet he is convinced that although such a belief may be intuitively plausible, upon reflection we find that we do make moral assessments of persons in a large number of cases in which such assessments depend on factors not under their control. Of such factors he says: ‘Wherea significant aspect of what someone does depends on factors beyond his control, yet we continue to treat him in that respect as an object of moral judgment, itcan be called moral luck’ (p. 26).
Self-mastery and Stoic Ethics
Authors: Campbell Keith
Published: January 2009

For the Stoic hero, the man or woman of virtue, the conduct of life presents no serious problems. The life of the sage comprises a consistent and effortless flow of actions, all conforming to virtue and all undertaken for the sake of their place in a virtuous life. The Stoic sage has advanced to a point where a life of courage and wisdom, justice and temperance comes easily and naturally, without struggle and without repinings.
‘Good Pleasure, Grace and the Person of God Incarnate’: Interpreting the Christology of D. M. Baillie for Today
Authors: McEnhill Peter
Published: January 2009

The motivation for taking a fresh look at Donald Baillie's christology as outlined in God Was In Christ, apart from the continuing intrinsic value of his work as compared to many contemporary incarnational theories, is found in the fact that Baillie's christology continues to surface in many contemporary works on christology. Moreover these discussions of Baillie's work offer a sufficiently diverse range of interpretations as to the value and nature of Baillie's christological theory so as to suggest that a deeper examination of Baillie's work might prove worthwhile. The sheer number of scholars who take the trouble to treat Baillie's work is sufficient to demonstrate his continuing relevance. Even if the intention is often simply to ‘knock him down’ it would seem that Baillie is still at least worthy of refutation.
The View from the Ditch — and Other Angles: Interpreting the Parable of the Good Samaritan
Authors: McDonald J. I. H.
Published: January 2009

It has long been recognised that there are significant parallels between the folk tale and the parable. The folk tale presents a single perspective. Only the necessary persons appear; only two persons speak or act at any one time. Contrasts are developed; inessentials avoided. Even feelings or motives are not mentioned unless they shed light on the plot. Repetition is part of the technique — for example, three characters come down the same road and meet the same woman begging by the roadside. Structuralists such as Propp and Lévi-Strauss look for the deep structures underlying all such stories and evident in the function of actants or characters and the resolution of oppositions.
John Locke and The Enlightenment Metanarrative: A Biblical Corrective to a Reasoned World
Authors: Parker Kim Ian
Published: January 2009

According to recent literature, the crisis of modernity owes much to an uncritical acceptance of the ‘Enlightenment metanarrative’. The Enlightenment, with its sanctification of reason, privileged technological progress and personal advancement and created the illusion that human potential and happiness was unlimited. All one had to do was to free oneself from superstition (for example, religion) and the world would be a better place. Modernity has, correspondingly, emphasized individual rights, personal power, and wealth. In spite of the promise of modernity, however, the wars, famines, poverty, and inequality of the modern world have made it all too obvious that the end result of the Enlightenment's goal to alleviate the miseries of the human condition applies only to a small portion of the population. In this respect, the contradiction between the universality of the Enlightenment project and its application to a minority of the population lies at the heart of many of the critiques of modernity.
The Hidden God in Isaiah 45:15 — A Reflection from Holocaust Theology
Authors: Pilkington Christine
Published: January 2009

‘Truly, you are a God who hides himself, O God of Israel, the Saviour’ is a verse which has long held a fascination for theologians. Aquinas, Luther, Brunner, and Barth all speak of a deus absconditus. They all, especially Barth, stress that the main characteristic of God is that he reveals himself. His hiddenness is, therefore, only a means to that end. Faith is necessary before anyone can gain knowledge of God. So Ulrich Simon in his commentary on Second Isaiah, a commentary with a markedly Barthian flavour, takes Isaiah 45:15 as the voice of the nations as they experience what he calls ‘Messianic action’. He writes:
Reflections on the Spirituality of Soren Kierkegaard
Authors: Hardin Michael
Published: January 2009

Kierkegaard scholarship has, in the past twenty years, gone a long way toward clearing up issues both historical and interpretive that earlier interpreters had somehow overlooked. This essay is neither an attempt at historical reconstruction or a direct engagement with the Kierkegaard guild. This essay is a reflection on the spirituality of Soren Kierkegaard, a theme he would probably find somewhat inappropriate. He would rather want to challenge us, his readers, to consider the primary subject of theology itself, namely God. But if a consideration of his spirituality should lead the reader in such a pursuit, then it seems one is indirectly led to the ultimate goal ol theKierkegaardiana.
John McLeod Campbell: Redeeming the Past by Reproducing the Atonement
Authors: Goodloe James C.
Published: January 2009

John McLeod Campbell was deposed from the ministry of the Church of Scotland in 1831, at the age of thirtyone, following an infamous heresy trial focusing primarily on his preaching the universal extent of the atonement. After twenty-five long years of obscurity, he published The Nature of the Atonement and Its Relation to Remission of Sins and Eternal Life, in 1856, an extensive and eventually well received treatment of the doctrine and one which brought him into some prominence as a theologian. These are the two moments in his life for which Campbell is most remembered. This essay brings attention to a later work, Reminiscences and Reflections, Referring to His Early Ministry in the Parish of Row, 1825–31, begun in 1871 and left unfinished at his death the following year. Though it ostensibly has to do with the time and events leading up to his trial, important connections can be made with his later major writing on the atonement. In particular, Campbell's reflections on the value of the memory of the past are shown in this essay to offer an expanded, explanatory account of what it means for the work of Jesus Christ in the atonement to be reproduced in the Christian believer. According to Campbell, in this way even the past can be redeemed.
From Theodicy to Discipleship: Dostoyevsky's Contribution to the Pastoral task in The Brothers Karamazou
Authors: Gustafson Scott W.
Published: January 2009

From the moment Jesus was hung on the cross, Christians have been compelled to address the fact of evil within God's creation. For the most part we have made the mistake of addressing this reality by logical means. It is not that there are no logical solutions to the apparent contradiction between the fact of evil and an omnipotent and benevolent God. The difficulty is far more fundamental. Logical solutions or answers do not address the fact of sin, evil and suffering in the world. At best, they are innocuous. At worst, they are destructive. For example, a pastor presiding at a funeral may well have an answer or two to the inevitable question raised by the grieving, 'Why did Jack have to die so young?' She might say that the wages of sin are death, and she might even speculate thatjack died young because he was such an accomplished sinner. Moreover, it is at least conceivable that our pastor could be correct in herjudgment!!! Nevertheless, those gathered would be right to be angry if the pastor said such a thing because her answer did not address the issue. Indeed, no answer can. The people gathered do not need answers. They already have biological, psychological and even theological answers. The people longfor presence instead. To be sure, they long for the presence of their departed loved one, but they require the presence of friends, relatives and God. The theodicy issue is addressed by such presence. The theodicy issue does not simply pose a question to be answered. It creates a context in which ministry may happen.
‘Creatio Ex Nihilo’: A Context for the Emergence of the Christian Doctrine of Creation
Authors: Young Frances
Published: January 2009

Confrontation with our culture has recently been put on the agenda by Lesslie Newbigin, in Beyond 1984 and Foolishness to the Greeks. Broadly speaking his position theology has sold out to Western culture, and the opposing perceptions of the Gospel need to be reclaimed and affirmed against prevailing assumptions.
The Decline of Temptation — and the Lord's Prayer
Authors: Grayston Kenneth
Published: January 2009

Twenty Five years ago the late Archbishop Ramsey went to visit Pope Paul VI in Rome. The two bishops discussed possible joint enquiries by their Churches into liturgical questions: for example, finding a common translation of the Lord's Prayer. As far as I know, they have not yet found it. That is not surprising since the Lord's Prayer presents several problems of interpretation and wording. In particular, the sixth petition ‘Lead us not into temptation’ has caused difficulty from very early times. Can it really be implied (it is said) that the Father will lead his children — deliberately lead his children — into situations where they will be enticed to do what they know to be wrong? And the usual answer is ‘Certainly not!’ Nevertheless, the petition cannot be avoided: it is present in both Matthew and Luke who offer divergent forms of the Prayer, presumably according to the traditions of their communities. It is present in the Didache which incorporates early and possibly independent material, and in the Letter of Polycarp from early in the second century. Two methods of solving the problem have been attempted.
Gadamer, Polanyi and Ways of Being Closed
Authors: Torrance Iain R.
Published: January 2009

Hans-Georg Gadamer and Michael Polanyi are interestingly close and yet surprisingly different. I want to illustrate their closeness and divergence at certain crucial points, and then draw from the comparison certain wider implications for understanding authorial intention and textual autonomy on the one hand, and genre and the nature of a gospel on the other.
Liberation Theology and the Oppression of Animals
Authors: Linzey Andrew
Published: January 2009

Observers of the theological scene over the past twenty years have witnessed the growth of what can only be described as a new way of doing theology. That theology, like all disciplines, should be subject to change and innovation is unsurprising; neither is it surprising that new fashions or movements should – to appropriate some words of John Clare:
Political Authority and European Community: The Challenge of the Christian Political Tradition
Authors: O'Donovan Joan Lockwood
Published: January 2009

Today the whole of Europe, East and West, is caught up in the search for new political and economic structures, sadly, along violent and atavistic as well as peaceful and constructive paths. In the West the fulcrum of change is the halting movement of countries toward economic and political ‘integration’ within the European Community. The issue of what form, or forms, the Community should take (whether federal, confederal, or more loosely associative) is understandably divisive, for its resolution will determine the political shape, not only of the member states, but also of those western European countries (should there be any eventually) that remain either outside the Community or only partially integrated in it. Moreover, it will decisively influence the political and economic aspirations and possibilities of the Community's eastern European neighbours, and even of their Soviet or ex-Soviet neighbours. Thus are we justified in viewing the fate of the European Community as the fate of Europe. Consequendy, it is a task of theoretical and practical moment to attempt to grasp the civilisational meaning of the projected European union with the help of some points of reference from western Europe's past and present.
‘Green’ Ideas in the Wisdom Tradition
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: January 2009

In this paper I shall be applying a modern-day issue to ancient texts. My intention is to illuminate understanding of the ancient texts and to try to stimulate dialogue between the Bible and a major concern of today. I do not intend to suggest that the authors of these texts had any environmental awareness in the terms we might use nowadays. However I find outlooks and presuppositions in their thought that can be illuminating for our own concerns and even guide us in attitudes we might adopt towards our environment.
The Pre-Marcan Gospel
Authors: Goulder Michael
Published: January 2009

If we are frank, we have no idea whether there was a pre-Marcan Gospel, in the sense of a continuous written account of Jesus. It is widely believed that there was a continuous Passion narrative before Mark, and it is often thought that there were some collections of pericopae, like the controversy stories in 2.1–3.6; but denials that there was a continuous story, in some sense like our Mark, are as weakly supported as assertions of the same. It could be that Friedrich Schleiermacher was right, and that certain διηγ⋯σεις existed before Mark, to which Luke had access. We might think it rather singular that so elaborate a work as Mark should appear de novo, like Athena from the head of Zeus. But we have no evidence to take us beyond conjecture.
On Not Neglecting Hatred
Authors: Kendall Daniel , O'Collins Gerald
Published: January 2009

In 1918, on the very day the First World War ended, Karl Barth (1886–1968) wrote of doing theology with the Bible in one hand and the newspapers in the other. The scriptures and the daily papers converge in presenting one real, if highly unpleasant, feature of our human existence: hatred.
John Calvin's Christological Assertion of Word Authority in the Context of Sixteenth Century Ecclesiological Polemics
Authors: Morrison John D.
Published: January 2009

The late medieval synthesis reflected in the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) generally and in the doctrine of transubstantiation in particular established an understanding of the nature of the church and authority that was to be varied and wide in its effects. Transubstantiation as doctrine and as coalescor of Church worship laid the groundwork for a particularly formative understanding of theekklesiaof Christ. It issued in a view of immanental, divine authority and grace that would come to manifest itself in the indulgences, the treasury of merits, invocation of saints, relics, etc. To be critical of the Mass was to bring into question the entire hierarchy of the Church and its authority on earth. In this context of strong ecclesiological authority, God was reckoned primarily as immanent and immediate through the papal head. In the face of this development, John Calvin asserted that Christ, as center of all true Christian reality, isthenecessary focus andthepreeminent authority in and to the Church through the Word of God, the Scriptures.
Gender, Sin and Grace: Feminist Theologies Meet Karl Barth's Hamartiology
Authors: Greene-McCreight Kathryn
Published: January 2009

‘What is Woman that thou art mindful of her, or the Daughter of Woman that thou dost care for her?’ The question posed by this revision of Psalm 8:4 has troubled feminist theological scholarship in myriad ways over the last thirty years. To be sure, even within non-theological feminist scholarship, the question of what defines ‘womanhood’, how woman is biologically, socio-culturally, emotionally and spiritually constituted, has been explicitly addressed and hotly debated. In theological feminist scholarship, the question has often remained underground and implicit but nevertheless central. In regard to this question's specific relation to the doctrine of sin, the debate has had a complex history in feminist theological scholarship. It will be argued, after the history of the debate has been sketched, that the terms of the debate have been limited from the outset by a reaction to one stream of Protestant thought. The debate itself is therefore theologically thin, and in need of further fleshing out. It will be the thesis of this essay that the theological inadequacies of the feminist debate over the nature of women's sin in effect undercut the intentions of feminist scholarship to heal the wounds inflicted by sexism, and that a hamartiology such as that found in Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics may promise a way beyond the impasse.
Clement of Alexandria and the Jews
Authors: Paget James Carleton
Published: January 2009

Did Justin Martyr really have a conversation with Trypho the Jew as he states that he did in hisDialogue with Trypho?And even if he did not, does this text, indirectly at least, give evidence of genuine contact between Christians and Jews? When Tertullian in hisAdversus Judaeosreviled Jews for their failure to understand the scriptures in the way he did, was he in fact reviling Jews known to him who actually disagreed with him? Or put another way, do the accusations he makes against Jews give evidence of an ongoing debate with that ancient community?
Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Christian in Philosophy
Authors: McClendon James Wm. , Kallenberg Brad J.
Published: January 2009

Norman Malcolm, whose Memoir is an important primary source for the life of his teacher, wrote just before his own death a second brief work, Wittgenstein: A Religious Point of View?, that provides extended evidence of Wittgenstein's enduring Christian commitment. Yet Malcolm could see nothing more than analogies between his religious attitude on the one hand and his attitude to philosophical questions on the other. William Warren Bartley, III, a philosopher interested in biography, placed more stock in his own long-distance psychoanalysis of two of Wittgenstein's reported dreams than he did in the concrete Christian particularity of a life that he correctly labeled an amalgam of ‘ethical activity and practical philosophy’. James C. Edwards acknowledged his subject's imitatio Christi and ‘religious sensibility’ but reduced these to a generic ethics, oddly suppressing Wittgenstein's own standard Christian terminology—barely noting that he read the Christian Gospels, was converted to follow the way of Jesus, and (with some eccentricity) lived a faithful Christian life and died a Christian death. What would it be, then, to take a more fully integrated view of Wittgenstein's life and work—to consider him as a Christian in philosophy?
Karl Barth's Christological Treatment of Sin
Authors: Jorgenson Allen
Published: January 2009

A christological treatment of sin is, for Karl Barth, the only possibility for those who wish to know something of that which opposes life in Christ. Such a treatment must be christologically ordered in so far as Christ remains the arche, teloas, and nomos of theological thought. It is not coincidental, then, that his treatment of sin is proper to the doctrine of reconciliation and ordered by the christological assertion that Jesus Christ is truly God, truly human, and the unity of these as the ‘guarantor and witness of our atonement.’ Indeed, the knowledge of sin is only possible in the light of the revelation of God and humanity in the God-man Jesus Christ. Consequently, the doctrine of reconciliation is the proper place for the knowledge of sin in so far as Jesus, the one who knew no sin, was made to be sin ‘so that we might become the righteousness of God’ (2 Cor. 5:21). To know sin one must face the one who became sin for our sakes.
Hermeneutics in Modern Theology: Some Doctrinal Reflections
Authors: Webster John
Published: January 2009

The territory indicated by my title is impossibly vast, and some delimitations are in order at the beginning. What follows does not attempt any kind of thorough or nuanced historical analysis of the great tangle of issues to which the terms of the title refer. ‘Hermeneutics’ and ‘modern theology’ don't exist as simple entities; the terms are shorthand ways of identifying very complex traditions of thought and cultural practices, and a serious attempt to trace those traditions and the variations in their relationship would be little short of a history of Western Christian thought since the rise of nominalism. What is offered here is more restricted and precise, chiefly an essay in Christian dogmatics. At its simplest, my proposal is that the Christian activity of reading the Bible is most properly (that is, Christianly) understood as a spiritual affair, and accordingly as a matter for theological description. That is to say, a Christian description of the Christian reading of the Bible will be the kind of description which talks of God and therefore talks of all other realitiessub specie divinitatis. There is certainly an historical corollary to this proposal — namely, the need for some account of why the dominant traditions of Western Protestantism (and more recently of Western Catholicism) have largely laid aside, or at least lost confidence in, this kind of dogmatic depiction of the church's reading of the Bible, replacing it with, or annexing it to, hermeneutical theory of greater or lesser degrees of sophistication and greater or lesser degrees of theological content.
Stanley Hauerwas' Theological Ethics in Eschatological Perspective
Authors: Wells Samuel
Published: January 2009

The three most common criticisms of Stanley Hauerwas' work are that he is a sectarian, that he is a fideist, and that he lacks a doctrine of creation. My intention in this essay is to show that how greater attention to the eschatological implications of his theological ethics would enable Hauerwas successfully to respond to his critics.
Can a Gift Be Commanded? Theological Ethics without Theory by Way of Barth, Milbank and Yoder
Authors: Huebner Chris K.
Published: January 2009

In a recent series of essays, John Milbank has continued his impressive project of narrating a theological path beyond secular reason in both its modern and postmodern versions by attempting to develop an ‘ontology of the gift.’ In order to overcome the ontology of violence in which he claims that secular rationality is rooted, Milbank argues for the need to reclaim a specifically Christian understanding of ethics, and suggests that the best resources for doing so can be found in the logic of gift and gift-exchange. Among other things, he claims that the logic of gift involves a rejection of the notion of command, a notion whose theological significance has perhaps been expressed most forcefully by Karl Barth. It is therefore appropriate to examine Milbank's appeal to the ontology of the gift as an objection to Barth's divine command ethics. Given his construal of ethics in terms of command and obligation, it might be suggested that Barth's ethics is problematic to the extent that it retains the structure of the Kantian categorical imperative. At the same time, however, it is noteworthy that Barth develops his account of the command of God in the context of gift, and in particular the specifically theological context of the gracious gift of God in Jesus Christ. Such a combination of command and gift has led some to suggest that Barth's ethics is actually significantly anti-Kantian in structure.
Governing Danish Agencies by Contract: From Negotiated Freedom to the Shadow of Hierarchy
Authors: BINDERKRANTZ ANNE SKORKJÆR , CHRISTENSEN JØRGEN GRØNNEGAARD
Published: January 2009

In the early 1990s the Danish Ministry of Finance initiated an experiment where a few ministerial departments negotiated performance agreements with their agencies. Since then internal contracting has spread and is now nearly universally used in central government. However, a close study demonstrates that in this process contract content has changed dramatically. The early contracts were quid-pro-quo agreements. Agencies committed themselves to improve efficiency but contracts at the same time admitted them increased managerial discretion. The mature contracts are quite different. Departmental ministries have exploited their considerable autonomy to set demands that are related to policy and service levels rather than internal management. Here ministries have adapted to the characteristics of their policy tasks and to the presumed concerns of the target groups dominating their political environment. Building on an analysis of all contracts in force in 1995, 2000, and 2005 the paper sees this change as a transformation of an ideal type NPM-instrument into a managerial tool adapted to a system where highly autonomous ministers act as unquestioned political executives.
Federalism and Multilevel Governance in Tobacco Policy: the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Devolved UK Institutions
Authors: ASARE BOSSMAN , CAIRNEY PAUL , STUDLAR DONLEY T.
Published: January 2009

Most studies of tobacco control policy focus on the central level of national governments. Yet within the European Union, three levels of government have responsibilities for tobacco control: the EU; the central governments of member states; and provinces or devolved levels of government. This article examines the role of each in the formation of tobacco policy in the United Kingdom. It compares the theory of regulatory federalism with multilevel governance as explanations for tobacco regulatory policy within the EU. While executive-legislative fusion in the United Kingdom leads to the practice of discretionary federalism, the EU provides mixed support for the theory of regulatory federalism. There is significant policy innovation in the UK and its devolved territories as well as limited policy authority for tobacco control in the EU. Overall, multi-level governance (MLG) may be a superior, albeit incomplete, explanation of tobacco control within the EU and the UK.
Labourers in late sixteenth-century England: a case study from north Norfolk [Part I]
Authors: Smith A. Hassell
Published: January 2009

Cette première partie d'un article, qui en compte deux, étudie d'abord les diverses sortes d'emplois et leurs revenus éventuels pour différents types de families ouvrières du nord de Norfolk. La deuxième partie de l'article établira la relation entre ces données et les structures familiales. Ici sont done décrits les conditions et les différentes sortes de travail que fournissent les domestiques logeant à la ferme, les ouvriers qualifiés, les manoeuvres et les ouvrières. L'auteur souligne 1'effet que peut avoir l'emploi d'un certain type d'ouvrier sur celui d'un autre et jusqu'à quel point les ouvriers d'une commune peuvent arriver à s'emparer de l'emploi de ceux d'une autre commune. Il démontre enfin que les ouvriers sont loin de former un groupe homogène dans la société; certains réussissent dans la vie, d'autres survivent avec difficulté.
Illegitimacy and its implications in mid-eighteenth-century London: the evidence of the Foundling Hospital
Authors: Wilson Adrian
Published: January 2009

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Herkunft der Londoner Findelkinder im Zeitraum 1749–60. Auf der Grundlage der Aktenbestände des ‘Foundling Hospital’, ergänzt durch Material der wöchentlichen ‘Bills of Mortality’ wird nachgewiesen, daß die Findelkinder tatsächlich uneheliche Kinder waren, wie bereits von den Zeitgenossen vermutet. Dagegen waren der Verlust der Eltern oder deren materielle Verarmung kein Grund dafür, daß Kinder ins ‘Hospital’ geschickt wurden. Es zeigt sich, daß das Illegitimitätsniveau Londons über dem nationalen Durchschnitt lag – ganz im Gegensatz zur Situation um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Darüber hinaus wurde die Zahl unehelicher Kinder (abzulesen an der Zahl der Findelkinder) stark von ökonomischen Bedingungen (gemessen am Brotpreis) beeinflußt. Die zeitlich verzögerte Bewegung beider Faktoren legt für London ein spezifisches Verhaltensmodell der Brautwerbung nahe, demzufolge die Heirat als durch das ‘Hofmachen’ bestimmt erscheint, während umgekehrt dem ländlichen Modell eine Form der Brautwerbung entspricht, die von der nachfolgenden Heirat bestimmt ist. Eine Bestätigung dieses Modells ergibt sich aus der Untersuchung des Einflusses der Preisentwicklung auf die in London geschlossenen Ehen. Anschließend wird das Modell im Zusammenhang mit den im 18. Jahrhundert auf dem Lande zu beobachtenden Veraänderungen des Hofierens, der Heirat, der vorehelichen Schwangerschaft und der unehelichen Geburten diskutiert. Daraus ergibt sich die These, daß London als Schnittmacher gesamtgesellschaftlicher Veränderungen in den Verhaltensmustern der Brautwerbung angesehen werden kann.
The Southern Italian family in the early modern period: a discussion of co-residential patterns
Authors: Benigno Francesco
Published: January 2009

La famille en Italie méridionale à l'époque moderne est généralement considérée par les historiens comme nombreuse, complexe et caractérisée par une série de tendances et de valeur dites ‘méditerranéennes’. Les études récentes fournissent cependant la preuve qu'il y a une grande diversité dans la composition des ménages, avec une prédominance de families nucléaires dans certaines régions et une présence du principe néo-local de la formation des familles fortement implantée. Une analyse de la relation entre la composition des ménages et les variables démographiques telles que l'âge au manage démontre qu'il n'existe pas de méthode typologique adéquate pour l'étude des systèmes familiaux en Italie méridionale. Cela démontre également la nécessité d'une analyse comparative des formes de coresidence, ce qui pourrait d'ailleurs remettre en question tout le concept du système de formation des ménages. De plus, l'analyse suggère que les historiens devraient tenir compte de toute la gamme des facteurs écologiques, socioeconomiques et juridiques qui ont une influence sur la composition des ménages, plutôt que de partir du postulat des liens fonctionnels ou des modèles culturels: l'etude des formes de ménages ne peut pas se passer de celle de la famille ou de la parenté.
Challenging parental custody rights: the legal reconstruction of parenthood in the nineteenth-century American South
Authors: Bardaglio Peter W.
Published: January 2009

Cette étude examine les opinions et statuts de la Cour Suprème d'Etat au sud des Etats Unis au dix-neuvième siècle, concernant les conflits sur la garde d'enfants entre parents et tiers, et elle compare le développement de la loi au sud et au nord. Avant la guerre civile, l'analyse révèle une répugnance claire de la part des juges d'appel du sud à retirer les enfants de la garde de leurs parents biologiques. A la fin du siècle, cependant, le droit de la famille au sud se modèle de plus en plus sur celui du reste de la nation: en particulier, les cours privilégient les dimensions contractuelles et émotionelles des relations entre parents et enfants: ce faisant, elles mettent en question les droits de garde des parents en dispute avec des étrangers à la famille.
Structure and relationships in stepfamilies in early twentieth-century Britain
Authors: Burchardt Natasha
Published: January 2009

Contrairement à la croyance populaire, les belles-families étaient aussi fréquentes au passè qu'aujourd'hui. Un échantillon partiel d'un nombre d'interviews á caractère autobiographique de personnes ayant grandi dans de telles familles en Angleterre au début du 20e siècle représente une source unique pour l'étude de l'expérience de leur jeunesse. Plus de la moitié de ces belles-families fonctionnait bien. Parmì le restant, le sourvenir de la belle-mère est plus négatif que celuì du beau-père, tandis que les beaux-fils et belles-filles se sentaient davantage en conflit que les enfants nés du remariage. L'étude historique détaillée pourrait contribuer à mieux comprendre les belles-families contemporaines malgré le fait que de nos jours la désunion est due au divorce plutôt qu'au décès du partenaire.
The trials of labour: motherhood versus employment in a nineteenth-century textile centre
Authors: Garrett Eilidh M.
Published: January 2009

Longtemps on a cru que le travail de la femme mariée était lié au bas niveau de fertilité des mâles actifs dans certains emplois. En utilisant des dénombrements il est possible d'examiner l'attitude des couples pour ce qui regarde la fertilité, à l'aide d'un bon nombre de combinaisons des divers emplois. Cet article nous apprend que l'on trouve un lien entre le travail féminin et une basse fertilité à Keighley, dans le West Yorkshire, mais cette relation n'est pas si simple que cela. Des données chiffrées, utilisées en transversales ou en verticales, démontrent que le travail des femmes, leur fertilité, ainsi que la participation de leurs maris au marché de l'emploi entrent tous trois en interaction, qui s'équilibre plutôt par chance que par raisonnement.
European family history and Roman law
Authors: Saller Richard
Published: January 2009

Quelques récentes synthèses importantes concernant l'histoire de la vie familiale en Europe ont fait appel au droit romain pour expliquer des évolutions centrales, telles que l'exogamie, l'apparition de cellules famiales ‘commensurables’, et la naissance de l'autoritarisme paternel. De telles explications doivent présumer que les règles légales exercent une forte influence déterminante pour le comportment des membres de la famille. Cette hypothèse n'est pas justifiée quant au droit romain: la loi ne délimitait ni ne déterminait pas exhaustivement le comportement familial; au contraire, elle offrait un ensemble impresionnant d'instruments et d'institutions légaux, que l'on pouvait manipuler pour garanti une grande variété de relations et systèmes familiaux. Par conséquent, les modifications et la réintroduction du droit romain au bas Moyen-Age n'ont qu'un faible pouvoir explicatif pour la compréhension des différences entre la vie familiale dans le nord et dans le sud de l'Europe.
Child abandonment in Portugal: legislation and institutional care
Authors: Guimarães Sá Isabel Dos
Published: January 2009

L'abandon d'enfant fait partie intégrante de la législation concernant l'enfance au Portugal au XVIIIe siècle et il est apparenté aux délits d'attentat à la vie, tels l'accouchement clandestin, l'avortement et l'infanticide – l'infanticide était peutêtre relativement répandu, mais c'est bien difficile à prouver. Cet article offre une vue d'ensemble du statut de l'enfant, qu'il soit légitime, illégitime, orphelin ou trouvé. Ensuite il décrit pour le Portugal le cadre légal de l'assistance aux enfants abandonnés. Enfin, il examine les institutions charitables qui s'occupent des enfants trouvés et accorde une attention particulière à l'interaction entre les ‘misericordias’ locales – confréries laïques – et les conseils communaux des grandes villes du royaume et de ses colonies.
Some aspects of householding in the medieval Icelandic commonwealth
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: January 2009

Cet article réfute la thèse récente selon laquelle le ménage islandais du moyen âge ressortait, pour la typologie, à la famille nucléaire. Pour se documenter sur les types de ménage l'auteur a choisi parmi les textes des sagas et des documents légaux, seuls témoignages écrits de l'époque. La nature de ces témoignages demande des réserves quant aux conclusions, mais il faut bien constater la présence fréquente d'une variété de ménages complexes. Les données suggèrent une forte classe de gens de maison aux perspectives diverses. Le mariage entre eux n'est pas exclus, mais il est impossible d'en établir la fréquence. En effet leur grande mobilité créait des liens d'affection avec différents ménages. Enfin, l'auteur souligne que la typologie généralement admise de Laslett pourrait n'être d'aucune utilité pour décrire les diverses formes d'accomodation.
Households, families and individuals: some preliminary results from the national sample from the 1851 census of Great Britain
Authors: Anderson Michael
Published: January 2009

L'article se base sur les données de cet échantillon pour décrire certains aspects des ménages et des structures familiales, ainsi que des formes diverses de résidence des individus au sein des families et des ménages. Quand elles s'y prêtent, l'auteur compare ces données avec celles rassemblées par le Cambridge Group d'après les recensements anglais pour la période préindustrielle, d'une part et avec les recensements modernes déjà publiés, d'autre part. Parmi les nombreux thèmes traités on retrouve la composition des ménages d'après la parenté, les différentes formes d'entretien et de logement des domestiques, la fréquence des groupes familiaux de un ou deux parents et leur affiliation, ainsi que l'attitude des vieillards et des jeunes quant à leur résidence.
A deformation problem for Galois representations over imaginary quadratic fields
Authors: Berger Tobias , Klosin Krzysztof
Published: January 2009

We prove the modularity of minimally ramified ordinary residually reducible p-adic Galois representations of an imaginary quadratic field F under certain assumptions. We first exhibit conditions under which the residual representation is unique up to isomorphism. Then we prove the existence of deformations arising from cuspforms on GL2(AF) via the Galois representations constructed by Taylor et al. We establish a sufficient condition (in terms of the non-existence of certain field extensions which in many cases can be reduced to a condition on an L-value) for the universal deformation ring to be a discrete valuation ring and in that case we prove an R=T theorem. We also study reducible deformations and show that no minimal characteristic 0 reducible deformation exists.
Potential level-lowering for GSp(4)
Authors: Sorensen Claus M.
Published: January 2009

In this article, we explore a beautiful idea of Skinner and Wiles in the context of GSp(4) over a totally real field. The main result provides congruences between automorphic forms which are Iwahori-spherical at a certain place ω, and forms with a tamely ramified principal series at ω, Thus, after base change to a finite solvable totally real extension, one can often lower the level at ω. For the proof, we first establish an analogue of the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence, using the stable trace formula. The congruences are then obtained on inner forms, which are compact at infinity modulo the centre, and split at all the finite places. The crucial ingredient allowing us to do so, is an important result of Roche on types for principal series representations of split reductive groups.