bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘EMERALD’ online early intervention programme for psychological well-being: A detailed description using the TIDieR checklist
Authors: Jones Monique , Metse Alexandra P , Watkins Andrew , Hermens Daniel F , Driver Christina
Published: October 2024

Objective

The rising prevalence of mental health symptoms brought on by the COVID19 pandemic led to the inception and development of EMERging Anxiety, Loneliness, Depression (EMERALD) well-being programme. EMERALD was designed to improve psychological well-being of the general population who had not previously sought mental health support. The programme incorporated a focus on lifestyle medicine and was underpinned by solution focused health coaching. The aim of the paper is to describe the programme according to the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist to provide detailed reporting of the intervention's elements.

Methods

The TIDieR checklist was utilised to comprehensively describe the programme, including theoretical underpinnings, materials, procedures, providers, mode of delivery and tailoring of the programme. The Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v2 was used to identify the specific behaviour change techniques used within the solution focused health coaching framework.

Results

The programme was developed to align with the latest evidence-based literature in lifestyle medicine and solution focused coaching. The programme also offered allied health expertise, online educational modules and was tailored to the participants. The programme was delivered online through a telehealth platform.

Conclusion

The TIDieR checklist has enabled the provision of a detailed structure of the EMERALD program intervention. The behaviour change taxonomy has facilitated the outlining of specific techniques used in health coaching sessions. Both structures have operationalised the detail of the intervention for the purposes of replication and informing the literature.
Communicating about COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study on Preferences, attitudes, and Influences on Canadian Post-secondary Student Decisions to Get Vaccinated
Authors: Ford Caitlin , MacKay Melissa , McWhirter Jennifer , Papadopoulos Andrew
Published: October 2024

Given the reasonably low COVID-19 vaccine rates (e.g., <60% fully vaccinated) among Canadian young adults (18–29), we sought to understand the factors that motivated this demographic to get vaccinated. Fifteen post-secondary students and graduates participated in semi-structured interviews about the type of health information they received during the pandemic, and their communication preferences. Analysis of interview data revealed four themes: (1) Participants had high science and health literacy which equipped them to identify and dismiss misinformation; (2) Participants expressed high trust in official sources which positively impacted their confidence in the vaccines; (3) Participants exhibited a low perceived risk from COVID-19 infection and got vaccinated for reasons beyond personal protection; and, (4) Participants responded best to communication that was targeted and tailored towards them. These themes form a foundation for effective vaccine communication campaigns targeted and tailored toward young adults, which is essential for acceptance of future vaccine recommendations.
Predicting the Presence of Pain in Youth Baseball Pitchers Using the Concept of Biomechanical Efficiency
Authors: Nebel Adam R. , Giordano Kevin A. , Bordelon Nicole M. , Oliver Gretchen D.
Published: October 2024

Background:

Increases in peak shoulder distraction force and peak elbow valgus torque may influence throwing-arm pain and injury risk in youth pitchers.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether shoulder distraction force and elbow valgus torque while accounting for anthropometrics and pitch velocity can predict the presence of pain in youth baseball pitchers. It was hypothesized that throwing-arm pain could be predicted using the concept of biomechanical efficiency, where a pitcher who is less efficient (having higher force or torque with the same pitch velocity) is more likely to experience pain.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 38 youth baseball pitchers (mean age, 13.3 ± 1.7 years) were divided into a pain group and pain-free group based on presence of throwing-arm pain as reported on a health history questionnaire. Each pitcher threw 3 maximal-effort fastballs to a catcher at regulation distance, and kinematics were measured using an electromagnetic motion-capture system (minimum 100 Hz). Height and weight as well as mean peak shoulder distraction force, peak elbow valgus torque, and pitch velocity across the 3 trials were evaluated. Logistic regression analyses determined whether shoulder distraction force or elbow valgus torque could predict the presence of throwing-arm pain when holding anthropometrics (body weight for shoulder distraction force; body weight and height for elbow valgus torque) and pitch velocity constant.

Results:

Shoulder distraction force significantly predicted the presence of throwing-arm pain after accounting for body weight and pitch velocity (χ2 = 9.49; P = .023). Specifically, for every 1-N increase in peak shoulder distraction force while holding body weight and pitch velocity constant, there was a 0.6% increased likelihood of experiencing throwing-arm pain. Elbow valgus torque could not predict the presence of pain when holding body weight, height, and pitch velocity constant.

Conclusion:

The models demonstrated that increases in peak shoulder distraction forces when holding pitch velocity and body weight constant increased a youth baseball pitcher's likelihood of experiencing throwing-arm pain. The study results support the concept of the biomechanical efficiency framework by offering evidence that maintaining pitch velocity with a lower joint load led to a lower likelihood of pain.

Clinical Relevance:

Results suggest that practicing efficient movement strategies can decrease the likelihood of experiencing throwing-arm pain while maintaining performance.
Borders: Exclude or Relate?
Authors: Heyman Josiah
Published: October 2024

Executive Summary

US political discourse characterizes the US-Mexico border as a site of threat and, of necessity, exclusion. This frame ignores the importance of borders to economies, families, and culture in our increasingly interconnected world. Moreover, it leads to policies that place people at risk of victimization and death. In conceiving of the border solely in terms of exclusion, nations forego the opportunity to strengthen relationships across borders. This paper argues that the politics of humane migration require a vision of borders as sites of encounter, engagement, and relationship, rather than solely exclusion.

This reconceptualization of the US-Mexico border, in particular, would strengthen relationships across borders, and prioritize cooperation between Latin America/the Caribbean and the United States, starting with regulated legal flows. It would also respond to the shared contexts of migration, including contraband in arms and drugs, criminal violence, and climate change. It articulates an alternative vision of borders as a “commons” in which mutual needs can be addressed (a commons is an issue or resource in which every one has access and involvement).

Migration itself provides a perfect example of such a need. It takes place in a political climate partially but powerfully shaped by racism and classism. Thus, it has become a polarized “issue” that appears insolvable. In fact, it may not be a problem at all. Rather, in our current demographic-economic situation, as well as for our cultural well-being, migration should be treated as an asset. Insofar as it needs to be addressed, this paper delineates many possibilities. The options are not perfect and magical — the challenges are hard and diverse — but they an advance a vision of a shared cross-border space on migration. That might be a crucial move, not only for migration, but along a path that recognizes relationships and commitments of many kinds across the hemisphere and world. Recognition is not enough; real change in resources and power needs to follow. But a vision of connection rather than exclusion provides the political starting point needed for change to happen. In every political instance in which borders are used to frame migration in terms of who, how, and how much to exclude, connectedness loses ground. A politics of humane migration can only emerge if rooted in a positive vision of borders as sites of engagement and encounter.
The Border Patrol’s Migrant Death Undercounting in South Texas
Authors: Leutert Stephanie
Published: October 2024

Executive Summary

For the past 25 years, the Border Patrol has tracked migrant deaths along the US-Mexico border. For nearly the same amount of time, it has also faced criticisms that it failed to capture the true number of migrant deaths in its tally. This article focuses on these undercounting criticisms and asks two questions: (1) How many documented migrant death cases are left out of Border Patrol’s official data? And (2) what factors lead to the Border Patrol’s migrant death undercounting? In particular, the article focuses on three South Texas counties: Brooks County, Kenedy County, and Maverick County.

To answer the research questions, this article relies on comparative data analysis. In particular, it compares two person-level datasets: the Border Patrol’s dataset on migrant deaths from 2009 to 2017 and county-level records from the Brooks County Sheriff’s Office, the Kenedy County Sheriff’s Office, and Maverick County Justices of the Peace over the same period. It then attempts to match each county-level record to a recorded death in the Border Patrol’s dataset. Using this process, the article quantifies migrant death undercounting in South Texas, highlights geographic and temporal trends, and tracks the uncounted cases’ specific characteristics.

From 2009 to 2017, this comparative data analysis confirmed that the Border Patrol was undercounting migrant deaths across the three South Texas counties. Specifically, the article finds that the Border Patrol failed to include 139 cases, which totaled 19 percent of the counties’ 749 recorded migrant deaths during the study period. This undercounting ranged from 16 percent in Brooks County to 24 percent in Maverick County and 29 percent in Kenedy County, with fluctuating rates over time. The uncounted cases also had specific characteristics. In particular, they were more likely to be skeletal remains, lack an identification, and be discovered by an external entity. These characteristics highlight the various factors behind the Border Patrol’s undercounting, such as issues with the Border Patrol’s migrant death definition, inconsistent data collection from external entities, and the agency’s low prioritization of migrant death tracking.

To address and remedy the Border Patrol’s migrant death undercounting requires tackling each underlying factor. First and foremost, this article recommends that the Border Patrol fully train its agents on the agency’s migrant death definition and ensure consistent and standardized outreach to external entities. Further, it recommends that the Border Patrol improve its migrant death count’s accuracy through additional operational changes. These proposed changes include making “accurate migrant death counts” an official objective for the Border Patrol’s Missing Migrant Program, prioritizing a two-way information-sharing process with county-level officials, retroactively including missed migrant deaths in the official count, and publishing more detailed person-level data on migrant deaths.
The Alignment of P–3 Math Instruction
Authors: Engel Mimi , Jacob Robin , Hart Erickson Anna , Mattera Shira , Shaw Attaway Danielle , Claessens Amy
Published: October 2024

Preschool through third grade (P–3) alignment is regularly named as a key aspect of early childhood education and the transition to formal schooling. However, little is known about P–3 alignment in practice. Using data from 265 observations of math instruction in preschool, kindergarten, first-, and third-grade classrooms in New York City public schools, we explore P–3 instructional alignment as it would be experienced sequentially, over time and across grades, by students. We examine the continuity of developmentally appropriate instructional environments and high-quality pedagogical practices, as well as the progression of P–3 mathematics content coverage. We find notable discontinuities in instructional environments and some pedagogical practices, particularly across preschool and kindergarten. We also find both progression and repetition in math content coverage. Results suggest that, on some dimensions, kindergarten may be poorly aligned with both preschool and the early elementary grades.
A Bad Commute: Travel Time to Work Predicts Teacher Turnover and Other Workplace Outcomes
Authors: Santelli Francisco Arturo , Grissom Jason A.
Published: October 2024

Research suggests that longer commute times may increase employee turnover probabilities by increasing stress and reducing job attachment and embeddedness. Using administrative data from a midsized urban school district, we test whether teachers with longer commute times are more likely to transfer schools or exit the district. Both descriptively and in regression results employing multiple fixed effects, we find that teachers with longer commutes are more likely to transfer schools within the district. Regression results show that each 5-minute increase in one-way commute time predicts an increase in transfer probability of 0.8 to 1.0 percentage points over most of the commute time distribution. We also find evidence that teachers with the longest commutes (i.e., 40+ minutes each way) have higher district exit probabilities. Moreover, teachers with longer commute times are absent from work more frequently and receive lower observation ratings. We discuss potential implications for local human resources policy and practice.
Determinants of Disaster Competencies Among Jordanian Nurses in Public Hospitals
Authors: Alhamory Sajeda , Khalaf Inaam , Alshraideh Jafar Alasad , Sumaqa Yasmeen Abu , Rayan Ahmad , kawafha Mariam , Al Maghaireh Dua'a Fayiz , Jakalat Suad , Abu-abbas Manar , Al-Ma'ani Mohammad , Aldalaeen Muamar O.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

In the last decade, disasters increased by 60% worldwide. These occurrences have resulted in approximately two million deaths and 4.2 million injuries and left 33 million people homeless. Nurses are part of the front-line response team and should be critical during disasters. For nurses to respond competently, they must have the knowledge and skills to provide comprehensive and holistic care to the populations affected by disasters.

Objectives

This study aims to assess the level of competencies among nurses providing disaster care and identify their predictors.

Method

A descriptive correlation design was utilized to measure and predict nursing competencies in providing care to individuals amid disasters. An electronic form of disaster response competencies assessment survey was distributed to 400 nurses working at three public hospitals in the central region of Jordan.

Results

Jordanian nurses reported a moderate level of competencies in providing care for individuals. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that disaster training, disaster education, sex, and real disaster experience significantly predict nurses’ competencies.

Conclusion

With the increasing frequency of disasters, nurses should be adequately prepared to respond to disasters competently to relieve the negative consequences of these events on the affected individuals.
The Meaning of Family's Adaptation Experiences Among Schizophrenia Caregivers in the Tidal Flood Areas in Indonesia: A Phenomenology Study
Authors: Budiarto Eka , Mustikasari
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Caring for patients who have schizophrenia in tidal floods requires more effort than patients who have schizophrenia in non-tidal flood areas. Family caregivers are required to manage stress and burden through adaptation to roles and the environment.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of family adaptation experiences of those who care for patients with schizophrenia in a tidal flood area.

Methods

This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenology. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, and the number of participants was 10. The data collection used in-depth interview techniques. The Colaizzi method was used to analyze data.

Results

The adaptation experience meaning of family caregivers obtained four themes: (1) forms of family caregiver responses; (2) patient engagement as a way to provide quality care at home by family caregivers; (3) family caregivers’ difficulties in utilizing health services; and (4) resources for family caregivers.

Conclusion

The meaning of adaptation is whether the family caregivers feel the impact of their role and have difficulty utilizing health services in caring for patients. Despite this, family caregivers still try to continue to involve patients in daily activities and look for sources of support that are useful for them.

Recommendation

The physical and psychological well-being of family caregivers also need to be improved to support optimal care for patients who have schizophrenia by family caregivers at home.
Physical Activity, Functional Status, and Quality of Life Among Older Adults in India
Authors: Arjunan Porkodi , Annamalai Manjula , Subramaniam Aruna , Arulappan Judie
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Physical activity and social engagement protect older adults against functional decline and improve their quality of life. Physical inactivity poses an increased risk for noncommunicable diseases. Globally, one in four adults is physically inactive. Enhancing the physical activity of older adults is crucial not only for increasing their life expectancy but also for improving their functional status and quality of life.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the physical activity, functional status, and quality of life of older adults attending the medical outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods

The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional research design. A total of 100 female and male patients above 65 years of age with comorbid conditions attending the medical outpatient department participated in the study. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of these patients were assessed. In addition, the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Older People Quality of Life Questionnaire were used to measure the physical activity, functional status, and quality of life of patients. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

Among the participants, only 17% were active, and 35% were underactive for regular light activities. Approximately 81% did not perform any activity to improve their muscle strength or flexibility. In 56% of the participants, disability was present. The majority mentioned that they experienced difficulties in preparing food and shopping. Regarding the quality of life of the participants, the mean ± standard deviation score was 77.38 ± 9.03. Significant results were found in the domains of independence, control over life, and freedom. The overall quality of life was not related to leisure and activities, financial circumstances, the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale score, the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity 2 score, and the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity 1 score. The quality of life was weakly related to emotional and psychological well-being, control over life, home and neighborhood, freedom, independence, and social relationships.

Conclusion

Limited physical activity and poor functional status impact the quality of life of older adults. Therefore, educational and physical interventions should be implemented at the hospital and community levels to improve the physical activity, functional status, and quality of life of older adults.
An Application of Yagna Pathy: A Spiritual, Cost-Effective, Indigenous Low-Intensity Psychological Intervention to Manage Common Mental Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in India
Authors: Balkrishna Acharya , Gupta Anuradha , Ghosh Sourav , Arya Vedpriya
Published: October 2024

Elements of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) like stress, depression and anxiety are significant contributors to the global burden of disease. Even though they affect people at all socioeconomic levels, most of those in the low-income and middle-income populations lack access to efficient psychological and pharmaceutical interventions. One potential solution to this issue is the application of indigenous low-intensity psychological interventions like Yagna Pathy. The current cross sectional pilot study includes a total of 426 heterogenous group of people suffering from Stress, Anxiety and Depression (both in normal and diseased range) received Yagna pathy for 30 days. The severity of the stress, anxiety and depression was evaluated using a validated depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) score questionnaire. A significant association (chi square, p < 0.001) was found between the mental healing with gender and activity status of the participants. Strong inter-correlation (R2 > 0.7; p < 0.001) among features of stress, anxiety and depression also proved the manifoldness of the CMD. Improvements in DAS scores demonstrate the effectiveness of a well-directed Yagna practice maintained for a predetermined amount of time in managing stress, anxiety, and depression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of the responses was also found to be “ excellent”. Therefore, the study showcased that indigenous practices like Yagna Pathy could effectively minimize the severity of CMD. This approach is non-medicated, non-invasive, and cost-effective, making it a practicable therapy for global implementation.
Evaluation of a pilot implementation of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy platform for isolated older adults in county mental health services
Authors: Hernandez-Ramos Rosa , Schueller Stephen M. , Borghouts Judith , Palomares Kristina , Eikey Elizabeth , Schneider Margaret , Stadnick Nicole A. , Zheng Kai , Mukamel Dana B. , Sorkin Dara H.
Published: October 2024

Background

Technology-enabled services (TESs) have the potential to increase access to mental healthcare. However, little research has focused on how TESs can be integrated into publicly funded service settings. As part of the state-wide Help@Hand project, Marin County conducted a pilot implementation of myStrength, a digital cognitive behavioral therapy platform, to explore its potential to reduce loneliness among isolated older adults. We evaluated the pilot impact using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework.

Method

A single-site 6-month pilot implementation recruited English ( n = 15) and Spanish-speaking ( n = 15) isolated older adults who received a digital literacy course followed by 8 weeks of myStrength access and human support. We evaluated factors related to reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation using the perspectives of users and County staff. Descriptive statistics were used to examine reach, adoption, and implementation. Nonparametric tests, including Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank, were used to examine effectiveness.

Results

Reach: Compared to overall county demographics, platform users were majority female (93.1% vs. 50.5%), ethnoracialized (62.1% vs. 24.2%), and of lower socioeconomic status ( Mdn = $35,000 vs. $131,008). Effectiveness: Users reported a significant ( z = −2.62, p < .001) decrease in loneliness. Adoption: Users logged into myStrength an average of 10 times and completed 33 activities during the 8 weeks of myStrength use. Implementation: Each pilot staff ( N = 20) spent an average of 19.8 hr ( SD = 16.51) supporting users’ use of myStrength during the pilot. Pilot staff reported several adaptations to meet the needs of users.

Conclusions

Successes included reaching the target population, reducing loneliness, and user adoption. However, pilot staff invested significant time to support those with lower digital literacy skills. As such, although TESs may address unmet needs, their use with underserved populations may require upfront and ongoing support provided by the settings where they are implemented.

Plain Language Summary Title

Testing a New Digital Therapy Tool for Isolated Older Adults in County Mental Health Services.
Lifespan research in Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa: Cohort profile of the Africa long life study
Authors: Thalmayer Amber Gayle , Asatsa Stephen , Shino Elizabeth N. , Naudé Luzelle , Laher Sumaya , Hassem Tasneem , Florence Maria , Adonis Tracey-Ann , Uugwanga Selma N. , Rotzinger Julia S. , Hofmann Daniel , Makunda John , Botha Casey , Murangi Annelisa , Shirima Catherine M.
Published: October 2024

Most personality science is conducted with samples from wealthy Western countries, home to only 11% of the world’s population. Longitudinal studies have been particularly informative for psychology, but they are virtually absent from the rest of the world. The Africa Long Life Study (ALLS) brings African perspectives to lifespan research in personality and mental health. Large ( N = ∼1000), relatively-representative samples of 18-year-olds were recruited from throughout Namibia, Kenya, and South Africa in 2022. Participants complete two surveys each year. At the time of the fifth wave, we describe here the goals of the ALLS with emphasis on personality psychology, and the contextualized measurement and methodological approaches we have developed, including the process of finding participants again at later waves. Sample characteristics and retention and attrition over the first three waves are reported. Initial lessons learned and reflections on conducting longitudinal research and personality science in Africa are discussed.
Adiponectin deficiency is a critical factor contributing to cognitive dysfunction in obese mice after sevoflurane exposure
Authors: Chu John Man Tak , Chiu Suki Pak Wing , Wang Jiaqi , Chang Raymond Chuen Chung , Wong Gordon Tin Chun
Published: October 2024

Background

The number of major operations performed in obese patients is expected to increase given the growing prevalence of obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for a range of postoperative complications including perioperative neurocognitive disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying this vulnerability are not well defined. We hypothesize that obese subjects are more vulnerable to general anaesthesia induced neurotoxicity due to reduced levels of adiponectin. This hypothesis was tested using a murine surgical model in obese and adiponectin knockout mice exposed to the volatile anaesthetic agent sevoflurane.

Methods

Obese mice were bred by subjecting C57BL/6 mice to a high fat diet. Cognitive function, neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal degeneration were assessed in both obese and lean mice following exposure to 2 h of sevoflurane to confirm sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity. Thereafter, to confirm the role of adiponectin deficiency in, adiponectin knockout mice were established and exposed to the sevoflurane. Finally, the neuroprotective effects of adiponectin receptor agonist (AdipoRon) were examined.

Results

Sevoflurane triggered significant cognitive dysfunction, neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal degeneration in the obese mice while no significant impact was observed in the lean mice. Similar cognitive dysfunction and neuronal degeneration were also observed in the adiponectin knockout mice after sevoflurane exposure. Administration of AdipoRon partially prevented the deleterious effects of sevoflurane in both obese and adiponectin knockout mice.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that obese mice are more susceptible to sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in which adiponectin deficiency is one of the underlying mechanisms. Treatment with adiponectin receptor agonist ameliorates this vulnerability. These findings may have therapeutic implications in reducing the incidence of anaesthesia related neurotoxicity in obese subjects.
An epidemiological and spatiotemporal analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot, Kenya, between 2018 and 2022
Authors: van Dijk Norbert J. , Amer Sherif , Mwiti Daniel , Schallig Henk D. F. H. , Augustijn Ellen-Wien
Published: October 2024

Background

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a significant public health concern in West Pokot County, Kenya, where a large outbreak between 2020 and 2022 emphasised the need for improved VL control strategies. However, these measures are partially hampered by limited insight into the geographical distribution of cases and localised outbreaks of the disease. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology and spatiotemporal patterns of VL in West Pokot between 2018 and 2022, in order to map the spread of VL transmission and identify regions that should be prioritised for control interventions.

Methods

VL patient demographics and village of residence were retrieved from admission records of Kacheliba Sub-County Hospital in West Pokot, Kenya. The temporal trend in VL admissions between 2018 and 2022 was analysed using seasonal decomposition analysis. To describe the spatial distribution of VL cases, geographic coordinates of villages of residence were collected from pre-established databases, and VL incidence was mapped at the sub-location level. Hotspot analysis was performed per study year to identify villages with high VL incidence, and scan statistics were applied to detect spatiotemporal clusters of VL cases during the study period.

Results

A total of 1948 VL patients were reported between 2018 and 2022. The annual number of cases increased from 245 in 2019 to 598 in 2022, and VL admissions were generally higher at the start of the wet seasons. 70% of the VL cases could be georeferenced, and mapping of VL incidence revealed high case rates in the east of West Pokot during the complete study period. The eastern villages Lotongot and Chepaywat were marked as VL hotspots at a 99% confidence level in all study years. In addition, five significant spatiotemporal clusters were detected in the east and north, suggestive of local VL outbreaks in these regions.

Conclusions

The increase in VL hospital admissions during the study period stresses the need for enhanced VL control and outbreak mitigation in West Pokot. These control measures should be focused on the hotspot regions in the east of the county.
Epidemic of multiple Treponema pallidum strains in men who have sex with men in Japan: efficient multi-locus sequence typing scheme and indicator biomarkers
Authors: Sato Wakana , Sedohara Ayako , Koga Michiko , Nakagama Yu , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi , Kido Yasutoshi , Adachi Eisuke
Published: October 2024

Background

The challenges in culturing Treponema pallidum have hindered molecular-biological analysis. This study aims to establish a molecular epidemiological analysis of syphilis among Japanese men who have sex with men (MSM) and to investigate the relationship between bacteremia and associated pathophysiology.

Methods

We used whole blood specimens from syphilis-diagnosed individuals in Tokyo, collected between February 2019 and June 2022. All individuals were MSM, and most were people with HIV (97.2%). We used a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for epidemiological analysis. Sequences for MLST (TP0136, TP0548, and TP0705) were obtained.

Results

Out of 71 whole blood samples, 26 samples (36.6%) were positive for TP0136, and we sequenced three loci for MLST in 22 samples (31.0%). The most frequently detected sequence type (ST) was ST3 (n = 9), followed by ST6 (n = 6). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 12 samples belonged to the SS14-like group (60%), and 8 samples belonged to the Nichols-like group (40%). Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum (TEN), the cause of bejel was detected in three samples (12%). There was a significant association between TP0136 detection rate and C- reactive protein (CRP) (77.0% at a cut-off:0.5 mg/dL).

Conclusion

Both SS14-like and Nichols-like strains were circulating concurrently, and TEN could have been sexually transmitted among MSM with HIV. Elevated CRP may indicate the presence of the pathogen in the blood.
Serum L-selectin levels as predictive markers for chronic major depressive disorder progression
Authors: Yun Yeeun , Mun Sora , Lee Seungyeon , Kang Hee-Gyoo , Lee Jiyeong
Published: October 2024

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibits a recurrence rate of up to 70%. Frequent recurrence can lead to chronic depression, which has considerable personal and societal consequences. This study aims to identify a serum protein biomarker to predict MDD recurrence and progression to chronicity.

Methods

Serum samples from the MDD with single episode group (MDD-S), MDD with recurrence group (MDD-R), and a healthy control group were collected. Non-targeted analysis of the serum proteome was conducted using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Statistically significant common proteins when comparing the three groups were chosen. The selected marker candidates were subsequently validated through multiple response monitoring (MRM), incorporating a healthy control, MDD-S, MDD-R(2) (two episodes), and MDD-R(> 2) (more than two episodes) groups.

Results

L-selectin levels showed an upward trend in the MDD-R group compared to the healthy control and MDD-S groups. MRM validation revealed a decreased tendency for L-selectin in the MDD-R(> 2) group, indicative of a chronic state, versus the healthy control and MDD-S groups. The receiver operating characteristic analysis highlighted L-selectin as the chosen biomarker due to its classification efficacy for the MDD-R(> 2) group.

Conclusion

L-selectin emerged as a predictive biomarker for MDD recurrence and its potential evolution into chronic depression. This marker offers insights into changes in leukocyte-mediated inflammatory responses characteristic of chronic depression. Consequently, it may forecast the transition from acute to chronic inflammation in depressive patients.
A rare cause of respiratory distress in preterm infants: a case report of acquired subglottic cysts
Authors: Barchi Luca , Russo Giulia , Donvito Sara , Barbato Giulia , Leo Francesco , Iannella Elisa , Ghidini Angelo , Iughetti Lorenzo , Gargano Giancarlo
Published: October 2024

Background

The Subglottic Cysts (SGCs) are a rare cause of respiratory distress in infants. Typical risk factors include male gender, extreme prematurity, gastro-oesophageal reflux and invasive ventilation, the latter being associated with mucosal damage and blockage of the subglottic cysts’ ducts. We describe a case of acquired subglottic cysts in a premature infants presented with respiratory distress.

Case presentation

A premature male infant was born at 25 weeks + 2 days with a history of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. During hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation was necessary for a total of 18 days; the patient was discharged at postmenstrual age of 40 weeks + 1 day in good condition. At 43 weeks post-menstrual age, he presented to our department with mixed stridor and worsening of respiratory dynamics. A laryngotracheoscopy evaluation was performed. The exam showed the presence of multiple SGCs causing an almost complete obstruction of the airway. Because of the significant reduction of the airway’s patency, the child underwent a tracheotomy and thereafter cysts’ removal using cold steel microinstruments. A better airway patency was restored although a slight glottic edema persisted. The histopathology confirmed the benign nature of the lesions. Successive controls showed a completely patent airway and absence of SGCs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, SGCs should be considered in preterm infants with respiratory distress previously intubated, which cannot be explained by the most common causes. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
Biomarkers in cardiogenic shock: old pals, new friends
Authors: Jozwiak Mathieu , Lim Sung Yoon , Si Xiang , Monnet Xavier
Published: October 2024

In cardiogenic shock, biomarkers should ideally help make the diagnosis, choose the right therapeutic options and monitor the patient in addition to clinical and echocardiographic indices. Among “old” biomarkers that have been used for decades, lactate detects, quantifies, and follows anaerobic metabolism, despite its lack of specificity. Renal and liver biomarkers are indispensable for detecting the effect of shock on organ function and are highly predictive of poor outcomes. Direct biomarkers of cardiac damage such as cardiac troponins, B-type natriuretic and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides have a good prognostic value, but they lack specificity to detect a cardiogenic cause of shock, as many factors influence their plasma concentrations in critically ill patients. Among the biomarkers that have been more recently described, dipeptidyl peptidase-3 is one of the most interesting. In addition to its prognostic value, it could represent a therapeutic target in cardiogenic shock in the future as a specific antibody inhibits its activity. Adrenomedullin is a small peptide hormone secreted by various tissues, including vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelium, particularly under pathological conditions. It has a vasodilator effect and has prognostic value during cardiogenic shock. An antibody inhibits its activity and so adrenomedullin could represent a therapeutic target in cardiogenic shock. An increasing number of inflammatory biomarkers are also of proven prognostic value in cardiogenic shock, reflecting the inflammatory reaction associated with the syndrome. Some of them are combined to form prognostic proteomic scores. Alongside clinical variables, biomarkers can be used to establish biological “signatures” characteristic of the pathophysiological pathways involved in cardiogenic shock. This helps describe patient subphenotypes, which could in the future be used in clinical trials to define patient populations responding specifically to a treatment.
Predictors of COVID-19 severity among a cohort of Egyptian patients
Authors: Fathy Mona , Moemen Samar , Hamed Dalia , Hussein Shadia , Ashour Wafaa , Ashoush Omar , Hegazy Mona , Abdelghani Ahmad , Abdelfatah Dalia , El Salawy Naglaa
Published: October 2024

Background

As the outbreak of COVID-19 progresses, prognostic markers for the identification of high-risk individuals are urgently needed. The angiotensin system is implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 as ACE2 is the cellular receptor for SARS-COV-2 virus, and expression of the ACE2 gene could regulate an individual’s susceptibility to infection. In addition, the balance between ACE and ACE2 activity may play a role in the severity of COVID-19.

Aim of work

The aim of the work is to explore the role of ACE1 I/D and ACE2 G8790A gene variants and serum ACE l/ACE2 ratio as risk factors for severity of COVID-19 infection.

Methods

One hundred and eighty COVID-19 patients were divided into three groups: mild (60 patients), moderate (60 patients), and severe (60 patients). The enzyme levels of ACE and ACE2 were measured by ELISA. ACE I/D (rs4646994) was assayed using PCR and ACE2 (rs2285666) gene variant was determined using real-time PCR.

Results

ACE/ACE2 ratio was significantly lower in the mild group than in the moderate-to-severe group (P < 0.001). GG (reference) genotype and G allele of ACE2 were more frequent in mild group, AA (variant) genotype, and A allele were more frequent in severe group (P value < 0.001). In the multiple logistic regression, COVID-19 severity was associated with older age (> 50y) (OR 10.4, 95% CI 3.8–28.4, P < 0.001), comorbidities (OR 8.2, 95% CI 1.6–42.1, P 0.012), and higher ACE/ACE2 ratio (OR 8.3, 95% CI 3.7–18.6 P < 0.001) were independent significant predictors of severity. Haplotype analysis revealed that patients with D allele of the ACE gene combined with the A allele of the ACE2 gene had nearly double the risk of having severe COVID infection (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.5, P = 0.024).

Conclusion

Old age (> 50 years), presence of comorbidities, and a high ACE/ACE2 ratio are recognized as pivotal predictors of COVID-19 severity.
Research progress on calibration of bridge structural health monitoring sensing system
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Tao , Lin Wansong , Jing Mengyao , Xu Wenming
Published: October 2024

The full life-cycle state monitoring of bridge structures is an effective way to ensure traffic safety and is also an important trend in the development of modern transportation. The accuracy, traceability, and reliability of sensor data are the foundation for the Bridge Health Monitoring (BHM) system to achieve its various functions. However, commonly seen uncertainties in measurement results of the monitoring system such as error, linearity, and repeatability often need to be calibrated to ensure accuracy and reliability of the data. Therefore, the calibration of these basic uncertain elements has been brought to our research focus. In this study, we first comb the monitoring parameters and characteristics of different sensor systems to help select suitable bridge structure monitoring sensors and adopt appropriate calibration and traceability strategies. Then, in combination with the research on traditional sensor calibration techniques and new sensor calibration technology, we present the key factors to be considered in the sensor calibration process and the challenges faced by the current technologies. Finally, suggestions are made for the research trend on the calibration of bridge monitoring sensors, aiming to provide reference for both theoretical and practical studies on bridge sensor calibration in the future.
Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks in chronic pain: a narrative review
Authors: Marrone Francesco , Pullano Carmine , De Cassai Alessandro , Fusco Pierfrancesco
Published: October 2024

Background

Recent studies have unveiled the intricate and distinctive nature of fascia, no longer regarding it solely as a muscle container. Recent research highlights its complex innervation and structure, signifying its significance in chronic pain pathways.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search (updated on February 2024) to evaluate the role of fascial plane blocks in chronic pain treatment. All article types (randomized clinical trials, prospective and retrospective observational studies along with case reports and case series) were deemed eligible for inclusion if they referenced “fascial plane blocks” for the control of chronic pain conditions (persistent post-surgical, neuropathic, musculoskeletal-myofascial and cancer-related) and were published between 2010 and February 2024.

Results

The search revealed an increasing evidence in the literature for the implementation of fascial blocks in chronic pain management, although still heavily limited to case reports or series.

Conclusion

With the integration of ultrasound technology and a deeper understanding of their mechanisms of action, the fascial plane blocks continue to broaden their application also in chronic pain management, as a part of a multimodal strategy or as an alternative to conventional drugs or opioids.
Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Radiotherapy for Newly Diagnosed, High-Risk Endometrial Cancer: Results in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Tumors
Authors: Slomovitz Brian M. , Cibula David , Lv Weiguo , Ortaç Fırat , Hietanen Sakari , Backes Floor , Kikuchi Akira , Lorusso Domenica , Dańska-Bidzińska Anna , Samouëlian Vanessa , Barretina-Ginesta Maria-Pilar , Vulsteke Christof , Lai Chyong-Huey , Pothuri Bhavana , Zhang Yu , Magallanes-Maciel Manuel , Amit Amnon , Guarneri Valentina , Zagouri Flora , Bell Maria , Welz Julia , Eminowicz Gemma , Hruda Martin , Willmott Lyndsay J. , Lichfield Jasmine , Wang Wei , Orlowski Robert , Aktan Gursel , Gladieff Laurence , Van Gorp Toon
Published: October 2024

Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) endometrial cancer (EC) is an inflamed phenotype with poor outcomes when meeting high-risk criteria and limited treatment options in the adjuvant setting. We report protocol-prespecified subgroup analysis of patients with dMMR tumors from the phase III ENGOT-en11/GOG-3053/KEYNOTE-B21 study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:
NCT04634877
) in newly diagnosed, high-risk EC after surgery with curative intent. Patients were randomly assigned to pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo (six cycles) plus carboplatin-paclitaxel (four to six cycles) once every 3 weeks, then pembrolizumab 400 mg or placebo once every 6 weeks (six cycles), respectively. MMR status was a stratification factor. Patients received radiotherapy at investigator discretion. Investigator-assessed disease-free survival (DFS) was a primary end point. No formal hypothesis testing was performed for subgroup analysis. In the intention-to-treat population, 141 patients in the pembrolizumab arm and 140 in the placebo arm had dMMR tumors. At this interim analysis, hazard ratio for DFS favored pembrolizumab (0.31 [95% CI, 0.14 to 0.69]); median DFS was not reached in either group. Two-year DFS rates were 92.4% (95% CI, 84.4 to 96.4) and 80.2% (95% CI, 70.8 to 86.9), respectively. No new safety signals occurred. Longer-term follow-up of outcomes will be evaluated at final analysis. Preplanned subgroup analysis on the basis of the study's stratification factors suggests that pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy improves DFS and is clinically relevant for patients with dMMR tumors in the curative-intent setting.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibition as a Novel Therapy for Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinomatosis With GNAS Mutations
Authors: Weitz Jonathan , Nishizaki Daisuke , Liau Joy , Patel Jay , Ng Isabella , Sun Siming , Ramms Dana , Zou Jingjing , Wishart Brian , Rull Jordan , Baumgartner Joel , Kelly Kaitlyn , White Rebekah , Veerapong Jula , Hosseini Mojgan , Patel Hitendra , Botta Gregory , Gutkind J. Sylvio , Tiriac Herve , Kato Shumei , Lowy Andrew M.
Published: October 2024

PURPOSE

Mucinous neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by a propensity for metastasis to the peritoneum, resulting in peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMC). A subset of these tumors, most often originating in the appendix, harbor mutations in the
GNAS
oncogene. While the natural history of
GNAS
-mutant PMC varies, patient outcomes are generally poor, as is response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of single-agent palbociclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitor, in patients with
GNAS
-mutant PMC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We enrolled 16 patients with PMC in a single-arm personalized cancer therapy trial. For all patients, tumor tissue and/or circulating tumor DNA genomic profiling using next-generation sequencing and, when possible, PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability status was assessed. Twelve of 16 patients had previous disease progression on at least one previous line of chemotherapy. The primary tumor was appendix in 13 patients, unknown in two patients, and pancreas in one patient. Eleven cases were classified as low grade, and five as high grade.

RESULTS

In 13 of 16 patients, we observed a decrease in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and in six patients, the CEA declined by >50%. As measured by clinical and modified peritoneal RECIST criteria, 50% of evaluable patients had stable disease after 12 months of palbociclib. At a median follow-up of 17.6 months, median survival has not been reached. Clinical response to CDK4/6 inhibition was mirrored in tumors with
GNAS
mutation and mucinous histology using an ex vivo preclinical platform.

CONCLUSION

CDK4/6 inhibition with palbociclib had clinical activity in PMC characterized by mutations in
GNAS
that was superior to that previously reported with cytotoxic chemotherapy. CDK4/6 inhibition is a novel therapeutic strategy worthy of further evaluation in this subgroup of gastrointestinal neoplasms.