bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPONSES OF GROWING-FINISHING PIGS TO CANOLA-SUPPLEMENTED DIETS BASED ON BARLEY, SPRING OR WINTER WHEATS
Authors: CASTELL A. G. , SPURR D. T.
Published: March 2010

Six diets were prepared using Bonanza barley (B, 1.78% N), Neepawa spring wheat (SW, 2.50% N) or Norstar winter wheat (WW, 2.11% N) with canola meal (CM, 5.70% N) or soybean meal (SBM, 7.62% N) as the protein supplement. Four of the diets (B-15%SBM, B-22%CM, SW-5%CM and WW-15%CM) were formulated to contain 16% crude protein (CP, N × 6.25), while the other diets (SW-15%CM, 18% CP; WW-5%CM, 14% CP) were included to facilitate comparison of both CM inclusion rates in diets based on each wheat. One pen, containing two females and two male castrates, was assigned to receive each diet, ad libitum, from two initial weights (averaging 22.6 and 31.7 kg) to market weight (91 kg). Among pigs receiving the 16% CP diets, growth rates favored the barley-fed groups (802 g∙pig−1∙day−1) and were lowest for those fed the SW-5% CM diet (732 g∙pig−1∙day−1, P < 0.05). Feed:gain ratios ranged from 3.48:1 (B-22%CM) to 3.93:1 (SW-5%CM). Carcass measurements revealed a corresponding pattern with barley-fed pigs producing the leaner carcasses. Results from pigs fed the four wheat-based diets suggested that cultivar effects were minor when the same level of protein supplement was used. Apparent digestibilities of energy ranged from 76% for B diets to 89% for SW and WW diets while coefficients of N digestibility were 68% (B diets), 85% (WW diets) and 88% (SW diets). A palatability study, based on relative consumption of paired diets, revealed a preference for Neepawa over Norstar and for the lower CM levels. Key words: Barley, canola, growing pigs, wheat
THE EFFECT OF ENERGY IN STARTER-GROWER DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF TURKEY BROILERS
Authors: HULAN H. W. , PROUDFOOT F. G. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Two thousand four hundred poults (1200 of each sex) of the Diamond White strain were housed in 48 pens to evaluate the effect on performance and monetary returns of six different energy levels in each of six starter (11.30–12.35 MJ/kg ME) and six grower (12.14–13.19 MJ/kg ME) diets. Starter and grower diets were isonitrogenous at 29 and 24% protein, respectively. The common finisher diet had 18% protein and 13.60 MJ/kg ME. Feed conversion and monetary returns increased (P < 0.05) with increased dietary energy. Optimum overall performance based on liveweight, feed conversion and monetary returns was achieved with a starter-grower-finisher regimen with 12.35, 13.19 and 13.60 MJ/kg metabolizable energy. Key words: Energy, starter and grower diets, turkey broilers
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR COLLECTION OF EXPIRED CO2 IN STUDIES USING NATURALLY LABELLED 13C IN CALVES
Authors: CHEVALIER R. , PELLETIER G. , GAGNON M.
Published: March 2010

Natural isotopic labelling of animal metabolic processes presents great advantages over the use of artificially enriched compounds. These advantages include the use of natural diets, low cost and easiness of handling, sampling and disposal. Changes in the 13C/12C ratio of expired CO2 after ingestion of a test meal containing a variable proportion of C3 and/or C4 plant-derived products permits measurements of the immediate oxidation of dietary carbohydrates. A breathing device for collection of expired CO2 and purification techniques are described. The breath-sampling device is composed of a polypropylene enclosure and a rubber bag. The rubber bag is blown up by the animal and a sample of the expired gas is transferred to a sampling glass holder in which a vacuum had been previously achieved. Sample purification of expired CO2 is done by differential freezing. Key words: Breath device, carbon 13, calf
BREEDING FOR FEED EFFICIENCY: SWINE AND DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: KENNEDY B. W.
Published: March 2010

Feed efficiency in dairy cattle is moderately heritable and selection for its improvement theoretically would be effective. Despite this, direct selection for feed efficiency is not practiced in dairy cattle. Growth of milk recording programs which monitor feeding information has made selection for feed efficiency, or at least efficiency of concentrate conversion, possible on a large scale. However, it has been estimated that correlated response to direct selection for increased milk yield probably results in 70–95% of the potential improvement in feed efficiency that could be achieved through direct selection for feed efficiency. Current selection practices for increased body size may be detrimental to feed efficiency. In swine also, little direct selection for improved feed efficiency is practiced. Experimental studies for selection for feed efficiency have been less successful than expected. Correlated response from selection for an index that combines growth rate and backfat seems to be as effective in improving feed efficiency as direct selection. Development of automated feeding devices which allow measurement of individual feed intake under group penning will facilitate monitoring of and selection for improved feed efficiency. Key words: Selection, feed efficiency, swine, dairy cattle
CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL HOG CARCASSES IN CANADA
Authors: FREDEEN H. T.
Published: March 2010

Over the 14-yr period 1969–1982 the proportion of commercial hog carcasses indexing above index 100 in the Canadian slaughter increased from 42.5 to 78.0 based on the 1968 index grid, and average fat (shoulder plus loin) was reduced by 10% on a weight constant basis. The fat reduction was equivalent to an increase in yield of trimmed retail product of 0.97 kg per carcass. Coincident with these changes was a progressive decline in the number of hog producers, with census numbers in 1981 approximately 25% of those recorded in 1966. Given the singular economic importance of carcass index it seems highly probable that the herds eliminated were those which, for reasons of genetics or management, were inferior in index performance. That genetics had a major role is suggested by the prolonged and linear nature of index improvement (2% per year). Provincial time trends for carcass weight, index and average fat were essentially parallel until April 1982, when the criterion of carcass fatness was changed from the sum of two fat measurements (maximum shoulder plus maximum loin) to the single measurement taken at the loin. Examination of sample survey data revealed statistically significant differences among provinces in the relative contributions of loin and shoulder fat to the sum of these two measurements with Ontario hogs tending to have more shoulder fat and less loin fat than hogs of the same carcass weight from other provinces. These differences could have resulted from systematic differences in measuring techniques; however, the fact that they were present in every sample is suggestive of regional genetic differences (e.g. breeds) in the hog populations. Key words: Hot carcass merit, population trends, genetic improvement
HERITABILITIES AND BREED COMPOSITION EFFECTS ON BACKFAT DEPTH AND RETAIL CUT DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE
Authors: SCOTT CATHY , KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

The data consisted of 2191 pigs of Yorkshire (Y) and Landrace (L) breeding from 489 litters and 47 sires. Breed compositions were 100% Y, 75% Y-25% L, 50% Y - 50% L, 50% L - 50% Y, 75% L - 25% Y and 100% L. Traits considered were fat depth at shoulder, midback and loin and trimmed ham, loin and shoulder; these were expressed as absolute measures and as a percentage of total fat depth or trimmed cuts. Sire, litter and error variances and fixed effects of sex, year-season and live-weight at slaughter were estimated by maximum likelihood. Paternal half-sib heritabilities ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 for the absolute measures of fat depth and from 0.04 to 0.20 for the percentage measures. Heritabilities of trimmed cuts ranged from 0.09 to 0.17 for the absolute measures and from 0.11 to 0.23 for the percentage measures. Absolute measures of shoulder fat depth, total fat depth and trimmed loin decreased and trimmed ham increased as percentage of Landrace genes increased. Percent shoulder fat depth and percent trimmed shoulder decreased and percent loin fat depth and percent trimmed ham increased as the percentage of Landrace genes increased. Percent midback fat depth and percent loin were not affected by breed composition. Gilts were leaner than barrows for all absolute measures of backfat depth. Gilts had proportionally more fat depth over the shoulder and less over the midback than barrows. Gilts exceeded barrows for weights of all trimmed cuts. Shoulder contributed relatively less and loin relatively more to total trimmed cuts in gilts than barrows. Key words: Swine, heritability, breed composition, backfat, retail cuts, distribution
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS AND PLASMA HORMONE LEVELS IN THE PERIPARTURIENT SOW
Authors: LIPTRAP R. M. , GENTRY P. A.
Published: March 2010

A significant increase (P < 0.01) in plasma fibrinogen values and a concurrent decrease in hematocrit values were observed at parturition in seven sows. Plasma fibrinogen values remained elevated and those of the hematocrit remained depressed through the 7-day postpartum period. Although the mean value was not statistically significant, a transient decrease in circulating platelet numbers was observed for each pregnant sow shortly before parturition. Values for 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) rose markedly at parturition. Injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) into four ovariectomized sows and two castrated boars resulted in a statistically significant increase in plasma fibrinogen levels (P < 0.01) and a transient decrease in platelet counts (P < 0.01). In four ovariectomized sows, administration of progesterone (1 mg/kg body weight) also produced a small elevation in fibrinogen values. The fibrinogen response in sows was not directly related to the amount of progesterone since no further increase occurred when the dose of hormone was doubled. Fibrinogen values in four castrated boars were unaffected by injection of either dose of progesterone. No changes were observed in the circulating activity of other coagulation proteins at the time of parturition and these were not altered by administration of estrogen, progesterone or PGF2 alpha. Key words: Pigs, parturition, coagulation factors, hormones
VITMAIN D3 RESPONSE IN SHEEP TO ORAL VERSUS PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION AND TO INTRAMUSCULAR DOSE LEVELS OF VITAMIN D3
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , SHORROCK C. , WILLIAMS C. J.
Published: March 2010

Plasma vitamin D3 concentration changes were assessed in 10 crossbred wethers following oral or intramuscular administration of a single massive dose (5 × 106 IU) of vitamin D3. Blood plasma was taken at different times during a 3-wk experimental period. The intramuscular response was higher than the oral. In another experiment 15 ewes were administered 5 × 106 IU of vitamin D3 orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. Blood plasma was taken at different times during a 3-wk experimental period for analyses of plasma vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. All animals were killed at the end of the experiment and vitamin D3 determinations were carried out on various tissues. Vitamin D3 given to ewes parenterally had a greater and more lasting effect on their plasma concentrations of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than did oral administration. While plasma vitamin D3 concentrations of the two parenteral groups were approximately equal, the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations were substantially higher in the intravenously treated group than in the intramuscularly treated group. Tissue vitamin D3 concentrations in the parenteral group were higher than in the oral group, and the adipose tissue contained higher concentrations of vitamin D3 than did other tissues. In a third experiment crossbred wethers were administered intramuscularly various amounts (5 × 106, 5 × 105, and 5 × 104 IU) of vitamin D3 in a single dose. Blood plasma was taken at different times during the subsequent 2-wk period. There was proportionality between the amount of vitamin D3 injected and plasma vitamin D3 concentration. The results suggest that parenteral administration induces both higher tissue levels and higher circulating levels of vitamin D3 than does oral administration, and that intravenous injection produces higher circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than does intramuscular injection. Key words: Vitamin D3 status, sheep, oral, parenteral
EFFECT OF ADDING POTENTIAL VOMITOXIN (DEOXYNIVALENOL) DETOXICANTS OR A F. graminearum INOCULATED CORN SUPPLEMENT TO WHEAT DIETS FED TO PIGS
Authors: FRIEND D. W. , TRENHOLM H. L. , HARTIN K. E. , YOUNG J. C. , THOMPSON B. K.
Published: March 2010

Six groups each of five barrows and five gilts were offered ad libitum one of six pelleted diets containing 68% wheat. A pellet binder was added (1.5%) to all diets. There were three clean wheat diets, one unsupplemented, one supplemented with a binding agent (Antitox Vana) and another with Fusarium graminearum inoculated corn; also, three vomitoxin-contaminated wheat diets, one unsupplemented, one supplemented with Antitox Vana and another with ammonium carbonate. Vomitoxin content was negligible in the clean wheat (control) diet, and was about 5 mg/kg in the three contaminated diets and 14 mg/kg in the inoculated corn diet. Pigs weighed 35 kg initially and a necropsy was conducted on each after 5 wk on experiment. Feed consumption was reduced 15–17% with the contaminated wheat diets, and approximately 50% with the inoculated corn diet from which effect the pigs seemed never to recover to the level of those fed the contaminated wheat diets. Discoloration of the stomach mucosa, and epithelial thickening of the esophageal area occurred in more pigs fed the contaminated wheat diets than those fed the clean wheat (control) diet, and a more marked response was evoked by the inoculated corn diet. The addition of the binding agent or the ammonium carbonate did not appear in this experiment to alleviate any of these effects. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, antitoxin, wheat, inoculated corn, pigs
EVALUATION WITH RATS OF YEAST (Candida utilis) AND GARBAGE SWILL PROTEIN
Authors: MAYLIN A. , CERVANTES A. , BEAMES R.
Published: March 2010

True protein digestibility and biological value of three sources of protein used in the feeding of pigs in Cuba were measured with rats. The sources were dried yeast (Candida utilis), cream yeast (C. utilis), and autoclaved garbage swill. The true protein digestibility of swill (84.4%) was similar to that of dried yeast. However, the true protein digestibility of cream yeast (96.3%) was significantly higher. Biological values of swill, dried yeast and cream yeast were 79.7, 72.3 and 76.6%, respectively, to produce respective net protein utilization (true protein digestibility × biological value) values of 67.4, 61.4 and 73.8%. The results support the present policy in Cuba of feeding yeast in the undried form. Key words: Rats, yeast, garbage, protein evaluation
EFFECT OF EQUILIBRATION TIME AT 5 °C AND PHOTOPERIOD ON SURVIVAL OF RAM SPERMATOZOA FROZEN IN STRAWS
Authors: FISER P. S. , BATRA T. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of various equilibration times at 5 °C on the cryosurvival of ram spermatozoa frozen in 0.5-mL straws was assessed for semen collected during decreasing and increasing photoperiods. The percentage and rate of forward progression of motile spermatozoa increased significantly from 0 to 2 h equilibration, remained constant from 2 to 6 h and decreased significantly at 18 h. Kinetic rating of motile spermatozoa changed similarly. Photoperiod has a significant (P < 0.01) effect on survival of spermatozoa at all equilibration times, but rate of forward progression was affected only at the 0 h equilibration time. Key words: Spermatozoa survival, equilibration time, frozen-thawed semen, rams
THE PREPARATION AND IN VITRO VIABILITY OF ISOLATED EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE FIBER BUNDLES FROM SHEEP
Authors: WIJAYASINGHE M. S. , MILLIGAN L. P. , THOMPSON J. R.
Published: March 2010

The preparation of isolated intact muscle fiber bundles from the external intercostal muscle of sheep is described. The fiber bundles maintained both ATP and creatine phosphate at levels similar to those in situ, over a 4-h incubation, and appear to be a suitable preparation for in vitro studies of large animal muscle metabolism. Key words: External intercostal muscle, isolated preparation, metabolic viability, sheep
EFFECT OF FEEDING SOYBEAN MEAL PROTECTED WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE, FRESH BLOOD, OR FISH HYDROLYSATE TO GROWING CALVES AND LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: MIR Z. , MacLEOD G. K. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G. , GRIEVE D. G. , GROVUM W. L.
Published: March 2010

Soybean meal (SBM) protected from degradation in the rumen by NaOH, fresh blood (BL) or fish hydrolysate (FH) was evaluated in a digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance trial using weaned male Holstein calves and in a lactation trial (FH was not included) with multiparous high-yielding Holstein cows. N digestibility increased (P < 0.05) by inclusion of NaOH-treated SBM in the diet. N retention by calves increased (P < 0.05) with NaOH or BL treatment. DM intakes and milk composition in the lactation trial were not different across treatments. Milk yield, fat-corrected milk and solids-corrected milk yields and efficiency of protein utilization by cows fed NaOH-treated SBM diet were higher (P < 0.05) than by cows fed untreated SBM diet. These observations suggest that inclusion of NaOH- or BL-treated SBM results in improved protein utilization by young growing calves. NaOH treatment of SBM also results in production of more milk in high-yielding cows during early lactation. Key words: Soybean meal, sodium hydroxide, blood, fish hydrolysate, protected protein, calves, dairy cows
EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE HAY
Authors: THORLACIUS S. O. , ROBERTSON J. A.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia as a preservative for high-moisture hays. In the first experiment, alfalfa hay, containing approximately 35% moisture was baled, stacked, sealed in polyethylene and treated with 1 and 2% (wt/wt) anhydrous ammonia. The plastic was removed at either 4 or 21 days after ammoniation and the bales were sampled following 4 mo in storage. The effects of ammoniation on heating, spoilage, chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVDOM) relative to untreated high- and low-moisture control stacks were determined. In the second experiment, ammonia was injected at the same rates into stacks of baled bromegrass hay containing approximately 30% moisture. The treated stacks were sealed for periods of 1 and 4 mo. In addition to the parameters measured in the first experiment, the bromegrass hays were fed to wethers to measure voluntary intake and digestibility in vivo. Injection of 2% anhydrous ammonia was completely effective in preventing heating and mold growth in the legume and grass hays during both the treatment period and following removal of the polyethylene cover. The 1% ammonia treatment reduced but did not prevent heat damage and mold growth. Ammoniation increased the crude protein content of all treated hays, the 2% application rate being more effective than 1%. Retention of the added N varied from 26.5 to 72% depending on application rate and duration of the treatment period. Applying 2% anhydrous ammonia to alfalfa hay prevented the decrease in IVDOM which occurred during storage in all other treatments and limited the increases in the proportion of NDF and ADF relative to the changes in these components which occurred in the high moisture control and 1% ammoniation treatments. Ammoniation of bromegrass hay did not affect voluntary intake (P > 0.05). The treated hays were readily consumed by the wethers and no toxic or other deleterious effects were observed. Ammoniation of bromegrass hay increased in vivo digestibility of all components measured except protein. In general, the increases in digestibility were greater following application of 2% than 1% ammonia and for the 119 vs. the 29 day treatment period. Key words: Anhydrous ammonia, preservative, hay, sheep, digestibility
THE SEVERITY OF HYPOCUPREMIA IN SELECTD HERDS OF BEEF CATTLE IN NORTHWESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: BOILA R. J. , DEVLIN T. J. , DRYSDALE R. A. , LILLIE L. E.
Published: March 2010

Hypocupremia, a condition whereby blood serum copper (Cu) is less than 9.4 μmoles/L was monitored in 40 selected herds of beef cattle from northwestern Manitoba. Data from 27 herds, blood sampled in the spring and autumn of 1974, were from a study to evaluate, as a supplemental source of Cu, a single dose of injectable Cu glycinate in the spring; an additional 13 non-experimental herds were blood sampled in the autumn of 1974. The severity of hypocupremia was determined by the change in concentration of Cu in blood serum of non-Cu-injected cattle between spring and autumn, and the effect of injectable Cu glycinate upon this change of concentration of Cu in blood serum. Within groups of herds, injectable Cu either increased (P < 0.05) mean serum Cu in treated cattle, beyond that of untreated cattle, or prevented (P < 0.05) a large drop of mean serum Cu level between spring and autumn. A modified (moved 5 to 10 km eastward) eastern boundary of the Ashville Geological Formation divided northwestern Manitoba into two subregions. In the eastern subregion, a moderate hypocupremia in selected herds was due primarily to an insufficiency of Cu in pasture forage, while the moderately to extremely severe hypocupremia in selected herds from the western subregion appeared to be due to a molybdenum (Mo) toxicity. A single dose of injectable Cu was an effective source of supplemental Cu in selected herds from the eastern subregion. The severity of Cu deficiency in herds of cattle from northwestern Manitoba was not related to calculated absorption coefficents for Cu and available Cu, based on the Cu, Mo and total sulfur content of pasture forages. Differences in the severity of hypocupremia were due to differences in the concentration of Mo in forages. Key words: Beef cattle, hypocupremia, copper deficiency, molybdenum toxicity, northwestern Manitoba
DEGRADATION OF MIMOSINE IN RUMEN FLUID FROM CATTLE AND SHEEP IN CANADA
Authors: KUDO H. , CHENG K.-J. , MAJAK W. , HALL J. W. , COSTERTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

The microbial detoxification of mimosine was detected during in vitro studies with rumen fluid from cattle and sheep in Canada. The toxic amino acid, a component of Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae), was degraded rapidly (average rate 2.17 μg∙mL−1∙h−1) by rumen inocula from sheep on a concentrate diet but inocula from sheep on cubed hay showed much less activity (0.44 μg∙mL−1∙h−1). Mimosine was also metabolized by rumen microorganisms from steers on concentrate rations (2.88 μg∙mL−1∙h−1) but rates were lower when inocula originated from cattle fed hay, pasture or silage diets (< 1.87 μg∙mL−1∙h−1). Our results show that in Canada, rumen fluid contains microorganisms capable of mimosine degradation and that the rates of detoxification are enhanced by rumen microbiota from sheep and cattle on concentrate diets. Key words: Detoxification, rumen microorganisms, mimosine, sheep, cattle
GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN AND TURKEY BROILERS FED DIETS CONTAINING FLAVOMYCIN
Authors: LEESON S.
Published: March 2010

Two trials were conducted to test the efficacy of 2 ppm Flavomycin in diets for broilers and turkeys. Four replicate pens of 40 sexed broilers were offered one of six experimental diets representing a factorial arrangement of growth promotant (none, Flavomycin or lincomycin) and coccidiostat (monensin or stenorol). Birds fed Flavomycin were heavier (P < 0.05) at 28 days than birds fed lincomycin or no growth promotant. No difference in weight was observed at 43 days, although Flavomycin improved 0- to 43-day feed utilization relative to other treatments. Flavomycin response was independent of coccidiostat use, namely monensin and stenorol. Broiler chickens fed monensin were smaller (P < 0.05) than birds fed stenorol, a fact related to reduced feed intake (P < 0.05). Four replicate pens of 35 female Large White poults were offered one of six experimental diets representing a factorial arrangement of growth promotant (none, Flavomycin or zinc bacitracin) and coccidiostat (amprolium or stenorol). Turkeys fed Flavomycin were heavier (P < 0.05) up to 56 days than contemporaries fed bacitracin or no growth promotant. Diet had no effect on final 82-day body weight, although Flavomycin resulted in increased (P < 0.05) carcass weight than other treatments. With the exception of improved feed utilization from 0–28 days for poults fed Flavomycin, diet generally had no effect on feed utilization or feed intake. These effects were independent of coccidiostat inclusion, namely stenorol or amprolium, and these drugs themselves had little effect on performance. Broiler turkeys fed Flavomycin and bacitracin showed significantly (P < 0.01) improved carcass finish grades relative to those fed no growth promotant. Key words: Flavomycin, broiler performance, carcass composition
EFFECT OF DIETARY SAPONIN ON EGG CHOLESTEROL LEVEL AND LAYING HEN PERFORMANCE
Authors: SIM J. S. , KITTS W. D. , BRAGG D. B.
Published: March 2010

A feeding trial was carried out for five 28-day periods with diets containing 0.0, 0.04, 0.2 and 0.4% of saponin (Sarsaponin) in either the presence or absence of dietary cholesterol to study the saponin-cholesterol interaction and also to determine the effects on the levels of yolk cholesterol and the performance of single-comb White Leghorn laying hens (44 wk of age). No significant differences were found in the levels of egg yolk cholesterol; however, egg production and feed intake were reduced by feeding saponin. These adverse effects on the layer performance were counteracted or completely disappeared when 0.5% cholesterol was fed simultaneously to the laying birds. Egg yolk cholesterol contents were raised by dietary cholesterol but were not influenced by the dietary presence of saponin. In the second trial, layers were given a dose of 14C-cholesterol emulsified in corn oil with and without 0.48 g saponin in order to determine the specific effect of saponin on dietary cholesterol absorption and deposition into egg yolk. Dietary saponin increased the excretion of 14C-cholesterol from 8.6 to 65.8%, decreased egg deposition from 31.5 to 16.6% and decreased serum radioactivity by 39.2%. Thus, it was concluded that dietary saponin reduced cholesterol retention and transfer of dietary cholesterol to egg yolk, but failed to lower cholesterol content in egg yolk. Key words: Saponin, egg cholesterol, 14C-cholesterol, laying hens
EFFECTS OF AMMONIATION OF CANOLA (LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED) MEAL ON ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUE FOR THE RAT
Authors: KEITH M. O. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

Canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) meal (CM) (Brassica campestris 'Candle') was heated to 105 °C at the desolventizing step (control) or treated with ammonia, steam or both, in addition to heat. These CMs and a commercial CM were incorporated into rat diets at levels providing lysine, the limiting amino acid, at 0.44%. Similar diets contained casein, lactalbumin or soybean meal. All diets were formulated to contain 1.28% nitrogen (air-dry basis). During a 2-wk growth period the feed/gain ratios were higher for rats fed ammoniated CM than for those fed steam-treated meal. Significant differences in gains and feed intakes were not detected. Plasma lysine concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in rats fed the ammoniated meals indicating decreased absorption of lysine. The performance by rats was generally in agreement with that by growing pigs as reported previously. While ammoniation is effective in reducing the glucosinolate concentrations of CM, this processing step has an adverse effect on the protein quality, particularly lysine availability, of the meal thereby decreasing its nutritional value in swine rations. Key words: Rapeseed meal, canola, ammoniation, protein quality, rats, plasma lysine concentration
EFFECT OF DIETARY RESERPINE ON THE INCIDENCE OF SUDDEN DEATH SYNDROME IN CHICKENS
Authors: GARDINER E. E. , HUNT J. R.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various levels of dietary reserpine on growth, feed conversion, percent mortality and percent mortality due to sudden death syndrome (SDS) of meat-type chickens to 10 wk of age. In one experiment, dietary reserpine (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg) had no significant effect on body weight gain but reduced feed:gain ratios with the two highest levels at 3 wk and at all levels at 7 and 10 wk. In the second experiment (0.0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), dietary reserpine resulted in lower body weight at 3, 7 and 10 wk of age while feed:gain ratios at 7 or 10 wk were not affected. In both experiments neither total mortality nor mortality due to SDS was influenced by dietary reserpine. Key words: Reserpine, sudden death syndrome, broilers, roasters, growth, feed:gain
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF AMMONIATED MUSTARD MEAL FOR USE IN SWINE FEEDS
Authors: BELL J. M. , KEITH M. O. , BLAKE J. A. , McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

Mustard meal was prepared in a pilot plant by expelling and hexane-extracting brown mustard seed (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.). Steam, ammonia and water were applied during the final stages in the desolventizer. Ammoniated mustard meal (MM) was compared in a swine feeding trial (60 pigs, 25–100 kg) with canola meal (CM; low glucosinolate rapeseed meal), with MM in three combinations with CM and soybean meal (SBM) and with CM + SBM as the protein supplements in six barley:wheat (2:1) diets. Each diet was also fed with and without 0.15% supplementary lysine until pigs weighed 54 kg. Pigs were penned in groups of four and individually fed. Digestibility was determined separately. Ammoniation reduced glucosinolates by over 80% and reduced lysine by 20% but increased crude protein from 44.6 to 51.1%, dry basis. Digestibility values of energy and protein in MM were 72 and 75%, respectively. Digestible energy (10.5% moisture, air-dry basis) was 13.0 MJ/kg and digestible crude protein was 30.25%. Daily gain, daily feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization were poorer with pigs fed MM as the only protein supplement than with pigs fed any other supplement. Key words: Mustard meal, ammoniation, feeding trial, digestibility, lysine, pigs
THE INFLUENCE OF ANATOMICAL LOCATION WITHIN THE LONGISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE ON OVERALL TENDERNESS AND ON THE CONCENTRATION AND SOLUBILITY OF INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E. , MURRAY A. C.
Published: March 2010

Overall tenderness and the concentration and solubility of intramuscular collagen of muscle samples from various locations along the longitudinal axis of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of 12 steer carcasses were determined. Results indicated that neither overall tenderness nor the concentration of intramuscular collagen differed among the anatomical locations evaluated. However, regression analysis showed that the percent soluble collagen increased with location anterior to posterior. Thus, the present study indicates that anatomical locations can differ in percent soluble collagen without differing in either total collagen content or overall tenderness. Key words: Beef, anatomical location, tenderness, collagen content, collagen solubility
EFFECT OF BODY FATNESS ON BLOOD METABOLITES AND INSULIN INSENSITIVITY IN ADULT SHEEP
Authors: McNIVEN M. A.
Published: March 2010

Blood glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, thyroxine and free thyroxine were measured in fat (90 kg) and thin (55 kg) adult sheep at four levels of feed intake. Differences were observed between fatness levels in blood metabolites and hormones and the possibility of insulin resistance occurring in fat ruminants is discussed. Key words: Ruminant, insulin, glucose metabolism, obese
DETECTION OF HEALTH DISORDERS IN DAIRY CATTLE UTILIZING A THERMAL INFRARED SCANNING TECHNIQUE
Authors: HURNIK J. F. , BOER S. De , WEBSTER A. B.
Published: March 2010

During a study of skin temperature differentials in relation to estrus in dairy cows, it was noticed that the area enclosed by the 37 °C isotherm on the gluteal region of the cow's body surface tended to increase substantially if the animal became ill. This increase generally occurred within 3 days prior to clinical detection of disease. It is suggested that thermal infrared scanning may have potential as a technique for early detection of illness. Key words: Dairy cattle, disease detection, infrared scanning, skin temperature
ACTIVITY OF ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC RECEPTORS IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: MARIE A. , FALEMPIN M. , ROUSSEAU J. P.
Published: March 2010

Vagal afferent impulse traffic has been studied in conscious sheep by electromyographic recording from the motor units of the mastoido-humeral muscle reinnervated by sensory vagal axons. The property of most esophageal and gastric receptors is sensitivity to the contraction of the viscus or the transit of the bolus which is produced by it. Key words: Sheep, esophagus, forestomach, receptors, vagus nerve
INHIBITION OF FORESTOMACH MOTILITY BY SHORT-CHAIN VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN SHEEP
Authors: GREGORY P. C.
Published: March 2010

Ruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) abolished intrinsic forestomach contractions (vagotomized sheep) and secondary ruminal and reticular contractions at similar concentrations. Lower VFA concentrations abolished primary ruminal contractions. VFA mixtures were inhibitory by summation of individual VFA effects. Inhibition may involve direct effects on the forestomach musculature or myenteric plexus. Key words: Sheep, forestomach motility, volatile fatty acids
IN VITRO METABOLISM OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL BY RUMEN PROTOZOA
Authors: DENHOLM ANNA M. , LING J. R.
Published: March 2010

Bacillus megaterium GW1, radiolabeled with (DL + meso)-2,6-diamino[G–3H]pimelic acid ([3H]A2pm), was incubated with mixed rumen protozoa, mixed rumen bacteria or alone (control). The protozoa released a large number of radiolabeled compounds into the medium; many of these were peptides. This activity was not found in either rumen bacteria or control incubations. Key words: Protozoa, bacterial cell wall, (DL + meso)-2,6-diaminopimelic acid
PROTOZOAL CONTRIBUTION TO NITROGEN DIGESTION IN SHEEP
Authors: USHIDA K. , JOUANY J. P. , LASSALAS BERNADETTE , THIVEND P.
Published: March 2010

Compared with defaunated sheep, the large protozoal population of faunated sheep fed a diet high in poorly degradable protein decreased both microbial and dietary protein flows into the duodenum which indicated that protozoa increased ruminal protein degradability. Protozoal nitrogen represented 20% of the total microbial nitrogen in the duodenum. Key words: Protozoa, microbial proteins, sheep, protein degradability
NEW DATA ON THE DEGRADATION OF FRESH LUCERN FRAGMENTS BY THE RUMEN CILIATE Epidinium ecaudatum: ATTACHMENT, INGESTION AND DIGESTION
Authors: GRAIN J. , SENAUD J.
Published: March 2010

Epidinium may attach to fragments of lucerne by its anterior end, distinct from the vestibular aperture. The ingestion implies vestibular "pseudopods." Degradation of cytoplasm, chloroplasts and cell walls inside the ciliate involves their segregation, then a progressive fragmentation of digestive vacuoles; it is independent of swallowed bacteria. Key words: Epidinium, lucern, attachment, ingestion, digestion
EFFECT OF LIGNOSULFONATE ON RUMEN MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF SOYBEAN MEAL PROTEIN IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE
Authors: STERN MARSHALL D.
Published: March 2010

Degradation of protein by rumen microbes maintained in continuous culture was reduced when soybean meal was pelleted with calcium lignosulfonate. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in fermenter effluent decreased with lignosulfonate treatment which was consistent with an observed decrease in true organic matter digestion, volatile fatty acid production and cellulose digestion. Key words: Protein degradation, rumen, bacteria, lignosulfonate
IN VITRO DETERMINATION OF RATES OF RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADATION
Authors: BRODERICK G. A.
Published: March 2010

An in vitro procedure for estimating rates of ruminal protein degradation was extended to typical ruminant feedstuffs. Linear first-order degradation was obtained for protein concentrates. Degradation estimates were more variable for alfalfa forages which contained 21–51% degraded protein prior to incubation. Key words: Rumen, in vitro, protein degradation
IN-VITRO FERMENTATION OF ALDITOLS BY RUMEN CONTENTS AND ABSORPTION OF ALDITOLS IN THE OVINE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: LISTER C. J. , SMITHARD R. R.
Published: March 2010

In-vitro incubations with rumen fluid from four wethers showed that glucose, glucitol and mannitol were fermented more rapidly than arabinitol and xylitol and that arabinitol was fermented more rapidly than xylitol (P < 0.05) when the alditols or sugar were added singly. When arabinitol and xylitol or mannitol and xylitol were added as mixtures there was no effect on rates of individual alditol fermentation. Measurement of alditols reaching the duodenum and subsequently the terminal ileum of three sheep given an alditol mixture via the rumen showed that less than half the pentitols entering the small intestine were absorbed there. When higher levels of alditols entered the small intestine by infusion into the duodenum, absorption of pentitols was less efficient than that of the hexitols, mannitol and glucitol. Key words: Alditols, fermentation, rumen fluid, absorption
THE ROLE OF CONSECUTIVE BATCH CULTURE IN RUMEN MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: THEODOROU M. K. , GASCOYNE D. J. , BEEVER D. E.
Published: March 2010

Anaerobic, forage-containing medium was inoculated with rumen fluid and consecutive batch cultures were established. Microbial communities were maintained and cultures demonstrated quasi-steady-state. The VFA proportions from consecutive batch cultures which were transferred at 3-day intervals were similar to those obtained in vivo. Key words: Microbial ecology, rumen, batch culture
CONTINUOUS CULTURE STUDIES ON FOUR SPECIES OF FIBROLYTIC RUMEN BACTERIA WITH PURE CELLULOSE AS SUBSTRATE
Authors: KISTNER A. , KORNELIUS J. H. , MILLER G. S.
Published: March 2010

The specific growth rates of one strain each of Ruminoccoccus flavefaciens, R. albus, Bacteroides succinogenes and Clostridium polysaccharolyticum were measured at a constant pH value in a pH-auxostat continuous culture system, using ball-milled filter paper cellulose as limiting substrate. By manipulating the buffer capacity of the medium, the degree to which the substrate was utilized before fresh medium was dosed to the cultures was controlled. With all four species, the specific growth rates declines as the cultures were forced to utilize the more refractory (crystalline?) portion of the substrate, but the species differed in the steepness of this decline. (Graphs of specific growth rates versus degree of solubilization of cellulose will be presented.) These dissimilarities in behavior are probably a reflection of differences between the species in the complements of cellulases at their disposal. Key words: Continuous culture, cellulases, bacteria, cellulose
EFFETS DE L'INFUSION D'UREE SUR LA FERMENTATION D'ALIMENTS PAUVRES EN AZOTE EN RUMEN ARTIFICIEL A FLUX CONTINU
Authors: BLANCHART G. , BRUN-BELLUT J. , VIGNON B.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION PROCEDURE, pH AND MICROBIAL GROWTH ON RETENTION OF YTTERBIUM OR CERIUM BY BROME HAY
Authors: COMBS D. K. , SHAVER R. D. , SATTER L. D. , SINGH N.
Published: March 2010

Factors affecting binding of Yb or Ce by forage particles were measured. Retention of markers was low regardless of application procedure (spray or soak). Live incubation media and acidic environment resulted in further marker displacement. The use of Yb or Ce as particulate markers may not be appropriate. Key words: Markers, cerium, ytterbium, rate of passage
INFERRED MIXING COMPARTMENTS IN THE SHEEP'S DIGESTIVE TRACT
Authors: PIENAAR J. P. , ROUX C. Z.
Published: March 2010

Two complete diets, mordanted with chromium and mixed into the rumen were sampled from ileal digesta and feces. Marker passage studies showed that on maize cob leaves a significant part of the flow pattern, normally associated with mixing in the hindgut, originated anterior to the ileum while on lucerne it did not show the same pattern. Key words: Sheep, digesta, mixing compartments, marker passage
PREDICTION OF AMINO ACID SUPPLY TO THE SMALL INTESTINE OF COWS FROM ANALYSIS OF THE FEED
Authors: MADSEN JØRGEN , HVELPLUND TORBEN
Published: March 2010

Thirty three different diets were fed to duodenal fistulated lactating cows and the amino acid passage at duodenum was measured. It was found that the amino acid passage could be estimated from the amount of total digested carbohydrates plus the degradability of the proteins in the single feeds. Key words: Amino acids, degradability, microbial synthesis, cattle
A SEPARATION MECHANISM IN THE LARGE INTESTINE OF EQUINES
Authors: BJÖRNHAG G. , SPERBER I. , HOLTENIUS K.
Published: March 2010

The contents of the right dorsal colon of donkeys and ponies were found to contain higher concentrations of nitrogen, small particles and polyethylene glycol than the contents of the distal colon. These findings suggest that fluid containing small particles, especially microorganisms is preferentially retained in the dorsal colon. Key words: Separation mechanism, large intestine, equines
EFFECTS OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE ON THE RETICULO-OMASAL ORIFICE OF THE LAMB
Authors: REID A. M. , TITCHEN D. A.
Published: March 2010

Close intra-arterial infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in lambs produced a relaxation of the reticulo-omasal orifice similar to that seen during and immediately after sucking in lambs. Key words: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, reticulo-omasal orifice
DEVELOPMENT OF ABOMASAL SECRETION IN THE MILK-FED LAMB
Authors: CRANWELL P. D. , DOUGLASS R. A. , STUART S. J.
Published: March 2010

Five Merino or Merino X milk-fed lambs, 4.7–10 kg liveweight, were used to study the development of abomasal secretion using betazole HCl as secretagogue. The linear relationships between maximal acid output and liveweight, and maximal secretion of abomasal juice and liveweight were positive, and between maximal clotting activity output and liveweight was negative. Key words: Lamb, abomasal secretion, HCl, milk-clotting enzymes
DOUBLE INTESTINAL CANNULATION FOR STUDY OF DIGESTA FLOW IN RUMINANTS
Authors: ALIYEV A. A.
Published: March 2010

Two simple cannulae (proximal and distal) are placed respectively in the proximal duodenum just beyond the pylorus, and distal to the pancreatic duct. The established optimal diameters of cannulae and distance between them allow direct measurements of the flow of digesta in the proximal duodenum without the use of traumatic re-entrant cannulation. Key words: Duodenum, cannula, proximal, distal, digesta flow
CELL CULTIVATION OF BOVINE RUMEN MUCOSA TISSUES
Authors: INOOKA S. , OHWADA S. , TAMATE H.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes the separation of rumen mucosa cells by pretrypsinization with 0.1% trypsin elusion solution composed of 2% sodium citrate, 2% EDTA-Na, 0.001% Tween 80 and 0.01% polybrene in 0.9% sodium chloride, pH 7.2. In the use of the cells separated following trypsin-EDTA treatment, three culture cases are described. Key words: Cell culture, rumen mucosa, bovine
VERIFICATION THAT AN IN VIVO KINETIC MODEL GIVES ACCURATE RESULTS FOR PROPIONATE AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN CATTLE
Authors: YOUNG J. W. , VEENHUIZEN J. J.
Published: March 2010

A four-pool, in vivo kinetic model (blood glucose and CO2 and rumen propionate and CO2) was proposed for propionate and glucose metabolism in Holstein steers. Two daily perturbations were 6.1 mol dietary propionate and 1.18 mol glucose excreted. Calculated solutions indicated 6.6 mol propionate added and 1.10 mol glucose excreted. Key words: Propionate, glucose, kinetics, modeling, cattle
RUMEN MICROBIAL DIGESTION OF FIBER AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS
Authors: MAHLOOJI MEHDI , ELLIS W. C. , MATIS J. H. , POND K. R.
Published: March 2010

A stochastic model provided a better fit than did two deterministic, exponential models of in vitro digestion of fiber of varied size particles produced by ingestive mastication. Variations in rates of digestion within and among such varied size particles suggest rumen fiber digestion is a highly stochastic process. Key words: Rumen, microbial, fiber, models, stochastic
AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC SAMPLING OF DUODENAL DIGESTA
Authors: IVAN M. , VEIRA D. M. , BUCKLEY D. J. , AMOUR G. ST. , NICHOLLS C. F.
Published: March 2010

A versatile, fully automated and programmable sampling system for duodenal digesta has been developed for re-entrant cannula-equipped sheep or cattle. The system, convertible into an aerobic or anaerobic condition, can be used for extended periods with one animal, or with a set of animals interchanging digesta. Key words: Duodenal digesta, automatic sampling, anaerobic, ruminants
USE OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY TO DETERMINE LEUCINE FLUX IN SHEEP
Authors: KRISHNAMURTI C. R. , SCHAEFER A. L.
Published: March 2010

Following continuous infusion of 15N-leucine into sheep the plateau mole ratio of 15N/14N leucine in plasma was determined by GCMS using a standard curve of mole ratio versus peak ratio at m/z 159.2 and 158.2. The flux, calculated by multiplying infusion rate by reciprocal of mole ratio, was 38.58 mmol/day. Key words: Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, leucine flux
USE OF CARBON 13 AS TRACER IN METABOLISM STUDIES
Authors: TYRRELL H. F. , PELLETIER G. , CHEVALIER R. , HILLAIRE-MARCEL C. , GAGNON M.
Published: March 2010

Diets different in 13C concentration were fed to cattle during carbon balance measurements. Metabolizable carbon reflects differences in dietary carbon, but blood plasma and carbon dioxide deviate from intake. Carbon from corn silage in the diet contributes proportionally more to CO2 than non-corn ingredients in the diet. Key words: Carbon 13, carbon balance, metabolism, cattle
CONTROLS OVER THE INTAKE OF STRAW BY SHEEP: EFFECTS OF FORM OF DIET AND INTAKE STIMULANTS ON SHAM FEEDING
Authors: GROVUM W. L.
Published: March 2010

The sham intakes of straw by esophageal fistulated sheep were low when straw was chopped (27.4 g/30 min) but they were increased by pelleting (1087 g/30 min) and by adding 2% monosodiumglutamate (MSG) and 2% NaCl to the pellets (1532 g/30 min). Intakes of alfalfa pellets were 1473 g/30 min. Monosodiumglutamate also quadrupled intakes of chopped straw (P < 0.01). Key words: Palatability, straw, monosodiumglutamate, sheep
ROUGHAGE INTAKE COMPARISONS BETWEEN CALVES AND ADULT CATTLE
Authors: LEIBHOLZ JANE
Published: March 2010

The ad libitum intake of wheat straw in heifers, 16 weeks of age, was 40% of the intake of lucerne. This increased to 64% by 50 wk of age. The increase was partially explained by an increase in dry matter (DM) in the rumen. Key words: Roughage intake, maturity of cattle
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMMONIATED WHEAT STRAW FOR RUMINANTS
Authors: ZORRILLA-RIOS J. , HORN G. W. , HIBBERD C. A. , PHILLIPS W. A.
Published: March 2010

Ammoniation of wheat straw increased ruminal digestion of dietary organic matter and duodenal flow of microbial nitrogen. For a growing steer (288 kg) gaining 0.45 kg daily, nitrogen in ammoniated straw replaced that provided by 0.6 kg of soybean meal. Energy supplementation improved nitrogen balance in sheep consuming ammoniated straw. Key words: Straw, ammoniation, microbial-N, protein, energy, ruminants