bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PVDF+PbS/CdS NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: Novruzova A. A.
Published: October 2021

In the given paper were investigated structure and electrophysical properties of PVDF+PbS/CdS nanocomposites. Distribution and the size of PbS and CdS nanoparticles in the polymer matrix has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (JEOL JSM-7600 F). The structure of the nanocomposite samples was investigated by the X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The dependence of dielectric permittivity at frequency and temperature was investigated. It was shown that the dielectric permittivity of PVDF+PbS/CdS nanocomposite samples was increase in small nanoparticles content. Further increase in the concentration of the filler leads to decrease in the dielectric permittivity. The subsequent decrease in dielectric permittivity at higher nanoparticles content can be explained by the increase in defects in the structure of the nanocomposite.
Guilds and Competition: A Response to Objections of Laissez Faire
Authors: Máslo Lukáš Augustin
Published: October 2021

This paper offers a critique of laissez-faire objections to the guild system from the perspective of Catholic social teaching a presents the economic reasons for a restoration of the guild system as a functional economic model. The laissez-faire argument is that 1) the free competition on the supply side is in the best interest of the consumer, 2) each member of the society is a consumer, 3) ergo: free competition on the supply side is a common good, i. e. a goal which the state should follow. The author argues that 1) unlike majority of goods and services, two goods are becoming scarcer as a result of free competition on the supply side: time and land, 2) consumers which prefer consumption of leisure time and land are worse off as a result of free competition on the supply side, 3) ergo: the conclusion that free competition on the supply side is always a common good is invalid. According to the author, leisure time and land are essential for a good operation of a well-functioning family which is essential for a well-functioning state. In this connection, the author contends that the primary goal and raison d’etre of the guilds is control of the entrance of new producers to the industry, so that the incumbents who want to pay just (family) wages and/or prefer leisure time necessary for operation of a well-functioning family are not forced to change their behavior by the competitive pressure of the newcomers. Besides, a control of the entrance will limit the pressure to lowering wages below the level of the just (family) wage. To the objection of “no free lunch” the author responds: yes, the employers are facing a trade-off. In exchange for a possibly high but uncertain profit margin they will receive a lower but certain profit margin. To the objection of allocational inefficiency and economic stagnation resulting from suppressing external innovations, the author responds: 1) an external innovator can have his discovery patented and instead of the transitory entrepreneurial profit enjoy the incomes from the licenses; 2) the competitive pressure is only one possible drive of the economic growth, another drive is the human laziness which is constant across the economic systems.
Pelvic Floor Biofeedback for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence and Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Kaufman Jane , Stanton Kathryn , Lee Tiffany Ellsworth
Published: October 2021

Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction and symptoms of incontinence may affect any gender and age. Incontinence is embarrassing and socially limiting for patients and is not the result of normal aging. This health issue can successfully be treated with surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback when this modality is used by a knowledgeable and skilled provider. In combination with sEMG, behavioral intervention regarding fluid intake, normalized toileting patterns, and education on muscle function empower patients to overcome their symptoms. This article describes two patient cases, one with stress incontinence and fecal incontinence, the other with urge incontinence.
Psychomotor Efficiency in Golf: The Role of Physiological Responses on Putting Performance
Authors: Filho Edson , Aroni André , Bagni Guilherme , Rettig Jean , Ellis Jodie
Published: October 2021

Putting is paramount to performance in golf and differentiates low and high achievers in the sport. In the present study, we compared the heart rate, respiration rate, and galvanic skin response for missed and holed putts performed by 13 skilled male golfers from a 12-ft (3.65-m) distance. Contrary to our expectations, no significant effects were observed for heart rate and respiration rate, likely because skilled athletes (a) engage in preperformance routines and are able to control their breathing rhythms, which in turn influence their heart rate; and (b) physiological responses are idiosyncratic, akin to the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning framework. Congruent with our expectations, we observed a significant effect for galvanic skin response, with higher values observed for missed putts. This effect was robust to individual differences and suggests that biofeedback interventions aimed at enhancing awareness of autonomous physiological responses can be beneficial for performance enhancement in golf putting.
Neurofeedback, Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Three Critical Issues for Consideration: Perspective from 25 Years of Practice
Authors: Swingle Mari K.
Published: October 2021

For those of you who do not recognize the Swingle name, I am a neuro-brat, generation 2.0. I did not find the field, the field found me, or rather was just there … I grew up with the clicking and flipping of switches and amusing myself soldering in my father's university lab, mostly wire sculptures, bracelets, and such (my mother was an artist, after all), but also the odd connection or two on what were then wall-to-wall computers. Being a neuro-brat also meant I matured professionally in the frenetic energy of innovative minds. It took 25 years or so, and some digressions into other fields, namely, art, fashion, and education, but I was eventually drawn in fully at a Winterbrain conference in the 1990s.

These were fascinating years wherein I mostly observed and listened to the great minds that rooted us, great minds that clashed (as titans do) as much as they drove the profession forward. In these cerebral jousting matches, however, I fear many were left behind. Over time I have witnessed fewer and fewer people pick up the excitement of research and exploration and more wanting a road map, finding the paths of their forefathers and foremothers (our pioneers) harder than expected to follow. As this brilliant first generation slowly leaves us to retirement and beyond (the Budzynskis, Tooman, Judith Lubar, Michael Thompson, Stu Donaldson, Larry Klein, Joe Kamiya, and a few more), their legacies should be accessible and foundations strong for us to continue to build upon. It might also be time to put down the swords, to address conflicts that no longer push us forward before we fracture further, not through loss of persons, but loss of standards, knowledge, and skill.

To preserve and move neurotherapy forward, three things are critical for our discipline to address: (1) conflict and division, (2) the red herring of the double-blind imperative and its little cousin the placebo effect, and (3) perhaps most important, practice and equipment standards.
Sindrome di Rett
Authors: Cianci Paola , Picchi Raffaella , Armano Chiara , Selicorni Angelo
Published: October 2021

Bambine che “perdono” la testa e... “si lavano” le mani.
Ipotono e iporeattività post-vaccino esavalente… piccoli problemi di HHE?
Authors: Pennisi Elisa , Fontijn Simone
Published: October 2021

The authors described the case of a two-month-old infant who presented with an episode of hypotonia and hyporesponsiveness (HHE) five hours after the hexavalent vaccination. The epidemiology, the pathophysiology and the prognosis of the HHEs are discussed.
GRAMSCI E MELUCCI: UM DIÁLOGO POSSÍVEL PARA SE PENSAR UMA ANÁLISE DA AÇÃO COLETIVA
Authors: Vasconcellos Rafaela de Melo
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo consiste numa discussão teórica que estabelece um paralelo entre as perspectivas de dois grandes pensadores do campo da ação coletiva e dos movimentos sociais, como são os italianos Antonio Gramsci e Alberto Melucci. A partir de uma breve apresentação de conceitoschave da obra desses autores, desenvolve-se uma discussão em torno dos aspectos relativos à ação política, aos processos de construção hegemônica e à formação da identidade coletiva.
Part Three, Book One: The Fire or The Eternal Life
Authors: Bojanić Petar
Published: October 2021

In this text, I analyze the most important topics of one of the most complex portions of Rosenzweig’s Star of Redemption. The chapter “The Fire or the Eternal Life” deals with the community and communal life of the eternal people, and it reconstructs the basic elements and conditions of communal living. A presentation of all key protocols of life and work of a group of people ought to show the plurality of heterogeneous practices that have helped maintain a people scattered and always on the verge of extinction.
The Role of Ideological and Political Education in College Students’ Political Socialization and Its Improvement Countermeasures—Based on the Relationship Between Ideological and Political Education and Political Socialization
Authors:   School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Qi Wen
Published: October 2021

Political socialization is an aspect of socialization, and its goal is to cultivate sound, rational and qualified political people. With the continuous development of society, college students, as social citizens, gradually have the opportunity to change from management object to management subject in the trend of political socialization. In addition, College students are also the driving force of social development and the hope of making the whole country rich and strong. Therefore, making college students have enough political literacy and whether they are highly socialized will affect the development level of the whole society. At present, ideological and political education has been gradually popularized in universities, and the level of ideological and political education affects the results of college students’ political socialization. It is particularly important to constantly improve and improve the contents, objectives and methods of ideological and political education so as to promote the political socialization of college students. This thesis will study the ideological and political education in colleges and universities from many aspects and analyze its role and value in the political socialization of college students one by one.
Evaluation of the Effects of Different Treatments on Stability of Grape Juice in Short-term Storage
Authors: Güler Emrah
Published: October 2021

Grape is one of the most important crops propagated in the world. Although it is produced in high amounts, the juice is not consumed much due to some problems during storage. Acidification is one of the main problems. In this study, different treatments and durations were studied in terms of the stability of grape juice after short-term (20 days) refrigerator storage. Two types of grape juice, red and white, were evaluated according to changes in some main quality criteria. The results showed the treatments of UV-C (Ultraviolet-C) and ultrasound in different concentrations and durations significantly affected the stability of grape juice. Although control showed mostly higher amounts in some traits, the amounts were unstable and changed very large intervals. On the contrary, treatments provided very high stability. In light of all this information, the UV-C and Ultrasound treatments were considered crucial in terms of providing much reliable storage conditions.
n. 48 - A GESTÃO DEMOCRÁTICA NOS PLANOS MUNICIPAIS DE EDUCAÇÃO: COMPROMISSOS E REALIZAÇÕES DOS MUNICÍPIOS NA REGIÃO NORTE DO TOCANTINS
Authors: Almeida Gilzilene França , Locatelli Cleomar
Published: October 2021

O artigo trata da gestão democrática no âmbito educacional. O objetivo é analisar os Planos Municipais de Educação (PMEs) da região norte do Tocantins, considerando a coerência com os planos nacional e estadual de educação, bem como suas especificidades e perspectivas de efetivação. O trabalho foi realizado mediante a uma pesquisa documental e revisão bibliográfica. Os PMEs e seus respectivos relatórios de monitoramento constituíram-se na base principal para coleta e análise de dados. Constatou-se que a gestão democrática da educação, embora presente nos princípios, nas metas e estratégias de todos os planos municipais analisados, na sua essência, ainda não se tornou realidade. Os compromissos assumidos no planejamento indicam uma adesão genérica ao plano nacional, em grande parte sem conexão com a realidade local. Os gestores das unidades de ensino, majoritariamente, são escolhidos sem nenhum critério explícito, pelo chefe do poder executivo.
n. 50 - A FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE E O ENSINO DE LÍNGUA MATERNA NOS ANOS FINAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL: CONTEXTOS E TRAJETÓRIAS
Authors: Da Silva Maria Cristina Mesquita , Raminho Edney Gomes , Brito Renato De Oliveira
Published: October 2021

Analisa-se, neste artigo, a partir de uma pesquisa documental qualitativa, os contextos atuais da formação de professores de Língua Portuguesa como língua materna no Brasil, investigando especialmente os resultados de uma política brasileira de avaliação externa da Educação Básica (Saeb, 2019) e de mensuração da formação de professores, pelo Indicador de Formação de Professores (AFD, 2020). Do diálogo entre  pensadores das Ciências da Educação e das Ciências da Linguagem e suas ressonâncias pelas análises dos dados, constata-se que são necessárias políticas oficiais cujas normativas determinem injuntivos à formação inicial do professor de Língua Portuguesa em consonância com a língua materna. Emana destes diálogos a necessidade de uma abordagem dos princípios dos multiletramentos e da multimodalidade linguística, constitutivos das multiculturas étnico-culturais nacionais e das inovações culturais na formação de professores nos cursos de Letras no Brasil.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CISSUS PALLIDA
Authors:   Teegala Krishna Reddy College of Pharmacy, Medbowli, Meerpet, Saroor nagar (M), Hyderabad - 500 097, Andhra Pradesh, India., Tamil Selvan A. , Yezdhani Ruman , Rama Devi M. , Siva Subramanian N. , Parimala S , Prasad G.
Published: October 2021

Cissus pallida is used traditionally to treat various ailments like liver diseases, ulcer, wounds, skin disorders, CNS disorders, management of diabetes etc. In this present investigation, hepatoprotective activity was done in stem and wood parts of methanolic extract of Cissus pallida at the doses of (200mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) by paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. The results obtained on 14th day and after 28 days was significant (p by FT-IR. Secondary metabolites like total flavonoids, total phenolics, tannins and alkaloids were estimated. The findings proves that the plant Cissus pallida shows hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CURCUMIN LOADED NANOCRYSTAL FOR DIABETES THERAPY
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, P.O. Limda-391 760, Tal. Waghodia, Dist. Vadodara, Gujarat, India., Shinde G , Jaiswal C , Bangale G , Rajesh K.S.
Published: October 2021

The aim of the present investigation was to design and characterize nanocrystal formulation of curcumin for diabetes therapy. Formulation was prepared by High Pressure Homogenization. HPH cycles and pressure range were screened by preliminary batches (T1 & T2). 15 cycles were optimized and the pressure range was kept at 500-2000 bar. A Taguchi design was used to optimize type of polymers, Drug: polymer ratio, amount of SLS and HPH pressure. Formulations were characterized for particle size, % entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. Optimized formulation (NC 4) showed a particle size of 147.8nm, % EE of 85.35%, % DR of 77.46% and was used for further study. Zeta potential and PDI was found to be -39.63 and 0.252 respectively. Stability study was carried out for 3 weeks. It indicated no significant change in particle size, Zeta Potential, PDI and settling.
Non-palatable Medicinal Plants as a Solution to Crop Raiding by Wild Herbivores around Protected Areas
Authors: Joshi Poorva , Watve Milind
Published: October 2021

The Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) is an important nature conservation area for the country having a good population of wild animals. However, on the fringes of this national park, there are issues of human-wildlife conflict such as crop raiding by wild animals, which is an underestimated problem. The constant threat of crop predators and perceived loss in crop produce has discouraged agriculture in close vicinity of the park. Farming is the main livelihood for the people living near TATR, therefore it is an urgent need to keep under review the alternative options that can contribute to farmers’ welfare. Considering the developing medicinal plant demand, there is potential in cultivating non-palatable traded medicinal plant species that are resistant to crop-raiding by wildlife. The paper suggests such a model for farmers. We focus on research, awareness, motivation, facilitation and establishing market linkages.
ENGLISH AND ARMENIAN BIBLICAL PROVERBS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONTRASTIVE STYLISTICS
Authors: Hovhannisyan A. , Papoyan M.
Published: October 2021

This paper attempts to present an in-depth analysis of the translation strategies adopted for biblical proverbs with the aim of highlighting the similarities and dissimilarities of source and target languages.
CLINICAL CASES OF ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME IN THE PRACTICE OF A HEMATOLOGIST
Authors: Makhmudova A , Khuzhakhmedov Zh , Berger I
Published: October 2021

In this article, 2 clinical cases of patients with hemostatic problems are considered. 1 case during pregnancy, with confirmed APS and received therapy. The pathology of the hemostasis system of congenital or acquired genesis against the background of pregnancy can lead to an unfavorable outcome in the form of non-developing pregnancy and miscarriage, and maternal mortality. 2 case with autoimmune nature of APS diagnosed at late stages. It is concluded that excessive examination for non-informative indicators can lead to an incorrect interpretation of blood parameters and, as a consequence, to polypharmacy and a protracted course of the disease with the development of life-threatening complications.
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY – 20 YEARS IN THEEMERGENCY MEDICINE SERVICE
Authors: Magrupov B , Ubaydullayeva V , VervekinaRepublican T
Published: October 2021

This article is dedicated to the work of the pathological department of the RRCEM and the formation of the pathological service in the emergency medical care system is shown. The analysis of the work was carried out, including autopsy, biopsy studies and the results of the scientific activity of the department.
Sistem Bagi Hasil Akad Muzara’ah pada Masyarakat Petani Penggarap dan Pemilik Lahan di Kel. Batupapan, Kec. Makale, Kab. Tana Toraja
Authors: Sugeng Rachmat , Rohmana Dede , Andang Nurviyanti
Published: October 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan sistem bagi hasil akad muzara’ah pada masyarakat petani penggarap dan pemilik laha di Kel. Batupapan Kec. Makale Kab. Tana Toraja. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Dimana tekhnik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi dan wawancara langsung dengan informan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan sistem bagi hasil akad muzara’ah yang dilakukan masyarakat petani penggarap dan pemilik lahan di Kel. Batupapan Kec. Makale Kab. Tana Toraja adalah sebagai berikut : Penerapan akad muzara’ah di Kelurahan Batupapan  sudah sesuai dengan sistem yang disyariatkan agama islam khususnya dalam bidang pertanian yaitu bentuk kerja sama dengan sistem bagi hasil muzara’ah. Sistem bagi hasil yang terjadi adalah berdasarkan kesepakatan antara kedua bela pihak. Perjanjian yang dilakukan adalah dengan lisan, dimana antara kedua bela pihak saling mempercayai antar sesama. Bentuk kerja sama dengan sistem bagi hasil dilakukan di Kelurahan Batupapan, karena adanya pemilik lahan yang memiliki lahan pertanian tapi tidak memiliki keahlian untuk bertani, disisi lain ada petani penggarap yang memiliki keahlian untuk bertani tetapi tidak memiliki lahan dan modal. Pembagian hasil yang dilakukan, yakni dengan mengeluarkan terlebih dahulu biaya-biaya operasional. Jika sudah dikeluarkan maka sisa dari hasil persawahan tersebut akan dibagi dua, dengan imbangan 1/2.
Design, fabrication of a semi-automatic welding fixture for circumferential joining of cylinders using tig welding
Authors: Madderla  , Tarun Kumar Merla  , Harikumar
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the systematic approach of design, fabrication of a semi-automatic welding fixture for circumferential joining of cylinders and testing the welded samples obtained. The TIG welding unit is used to make a circumferential joining on tank and piping, which are fixed onto the welding fixture and several parameters such as the setting of voltage, current and travel speed (rotational speed) is used for fabrication setup. The fabrication fixture with a constant rotation speed is obtained by revolving the tank or pipe with an electrical adjustable speed control motor. The report is focused on the welding of the aluminum workpiece using TIG welding. The joint of mechanical properties is determined by a static tensile test, impact test, and hardness test. This fixture, all the parameters can be determined, and it's an easy way to get the constant shape of welding joint at all joining by using the welding fixture, the evaluation by determination of joining quality can easily be used, especially for circumferential joint on tank and piping with a cylindrical shape.
Tanggung Jawab PT. Meratus Line Cabang Banjarmasin Pada Kegiatan Bongkar Muat Peti Kemas
Authors: Nurdin Moch , Syahbudin Akhmad , Selviyani Nur
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk tanggung jawab PT. Meratus Line cabang Banjarmasin dalam menangani klaim pada kerusakan barang saat proses bongkar muat. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif yaitu sebagai prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk tanggung jawab PT. Meratus Line cabang Banjarmasin jika terjadi kesakan pada saat proses bongkar muat.

Hasil pembahasan yang ditemukan yaitu pelaksanaan tanggung jawab yang dilakukan oleh PT. Meratus Line cabang Banjarmasin tidak semata-mata harus diganti secara keseluruhan. Terdapat pembatasan atas pemberian tanggung jawab yang dilakukan terkait dengan ganti rugi, karena PT. Meratus Line cabang Banjarmasin hanya bertanggung jawab pada saat proses, jika dapat membuktikan tidak bersalah, maka perusahaan akan dibebaskan dari tanggung jawab untuk mengganti kerugian
Penerapan Standar Operasional Prosedur PT. Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line Banjarmasin Dalam Melayani Keagenan Kapal
Authors: Khotami Wildani , Bahar Rusdi , Ajeng Pratiwi Musdalifah
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Untuk mengetahui penerapan standar operasional prosedur PT. Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line Banjarmasin (2) Untuk mengetahui dalam melayani keagenan kapal jenis serta yang memiliki tanggung jawab untuk melayani dan menyediakan jasa untuk kegiatan kedatangan dan keberangkatan kapal berupaya mewujudkan kinerja pelayanan publik di lingkungan unit kerja PT. Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line Banjarmasin yang terukur dan dapat dievaluasi keberhasilannya. PT. Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line Banjarmasin perlu memiliki dan menerapkan SOP (Standar Operasional Prosedur) dalam melayani kapal-kapal yang masuk area Taboneo sampai Kelanis. SOP (Standar Operasional Prosedur) adalah pedoman atau acuan untuk melaksanakan tugas pekerjaan sesuai dengan fungsi dan tugasnya berdasarkan indikator -indikator teknis, administrasif dan prosedural sesuai dengan tata kerja, prosedur kerja dan sistem kerja pada unit kerja yang bersangkutan.Adapun visi dari PT. Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line Banjarmasin adalah Menjadi pelopor transportasi dan logistik terpadu serta mengembangkan manusia handal Indonesia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan anda dan misi PT. Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line Banjarmasin adalah Penyedia solusi transportasi dan logistik terpadu melalui keunggulan operasional yang kompetitif.
FAKTOR - FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DERAJAT MIOPIA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH PADA PASIEN OPTIK RIZ-Q
Authors: Al Anwar Abdul Azis , Doringin Ferry , Simarmata Murni Marlina
Published: October 2021

This study was aimed at deciding risk factors of myopia suffered by school children and at finding out important prevention in order to eliminate the risk. The research was conducted in Riz-Q optical, located at Kembangan, West Jakarta. Employing qualitative method, the research collected data from children of Riz-Q optical customers suffering from myopia. The samples were school kids (15-19 years old) who were students of grade X-XII Senior High School. Findings of this study comfirm: (1) parents genetic significantly effects children prevalence to myopia; (2) behavior in using gadget, i.e., distance to eye, duration of use, body position when using gadget and low intensity of room as well as the lack of A and B vitamins usually derivating from food and sun light, significantly boost prevalence to myopia.
ENTRAVES E CONTRIBUIÇÕES NA RELAÇÃO ENTRE BÍBLIA E LITERATURA
Authors: Anjos Osni Pavão dos , Perondi Ildo , Catenassi Fabrizio Zandonadi
Published: October 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir aspectos que contribuem para a relação entre literatura e Bíblia, bem como elementos que a desfavorecem. Para tanto, foi apresentada a análise de dois argumentos que servem como entraves para essa relação: a Bíblia como texto sagrado e a exigência de comprovação histórica das perícopes. Além disso, foram desenvolvidos dois argumentos que contribuem para aproximação: a influência do texto bíblico na literatura e a consideração do elemento teológico na análise bíblica. A aplicação de elementos da teoria literária a textos bíblicos permite um progresso exegético-hermenêutico. Considerar a Bíblia como literatura não exclui os benefícios trazidos pela pesquisa bíblica clássica; do contrário, permite discuti-los a partir de novos elementos.
New Approach Measuring the Wheel/Rail Interaction Loads
Authors: P. Boronenko Yuri , V. Rahimov Rustam , M. Lafta Waail
Published: October 2021

This chapter suggested new methods for monitoring the dynamic processes of rolling stock/rail interaction. This study develops a new technical solution for measuring the wheel/rail interaction forces on a significant part of the sleeper. The theoretical part of this study, using FEM, confirm the ability of piecewise continuous recording of vertical and lateral forces from the wheel/rail interaction by measuring the stresses in two sections of the rail. Also, the optimum location of strain gauges and the effective length of the measuring zone have been determined. The experimental part of this study has been carried out on the stands and the railway track to confirm the effectiveness of the method to determine the vertical and lateral wheel/rail interaction forces, increase the reliable statistical data, improve the measurement accuracy, reducing the time and cost compared with current testing methods. The developed method is recommended to determine the wheel/rail interaction forces and identify defects on the wheels when diagnosing rolling stock on operational and travel regimes.
GM Crops: The West versus the Rest
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: October 2021

This chapter will explore the reasons why some countries, broadly described as “developed,” do not allow their farmers to plant GM crops. It will then go on to discuss the effects that these attitudes held by “the West” have influenced the uptake of GM crops by Africa and “the Rest.” I will then investigate some of the myths that have been used to turn politicians, decision-makers, and inhabitants of such countries against GM crops, and to consider the importance of communication. As it is necessary to understand why and how certain countries “got it right” and are currently growing GM crops successfully, the last section deals with these issues. The conclusion points to the necessity for countries to learn from mistakes made in the past as we enter the era of new technologies such as genome editing.
Review on District Cooling and Its Application in Energy Systems
Authors: Sayadi Sana , Akander Jan , Hayati Abolfazl , Cehlin Mathias
Published: October 2021

This chapter investigates the implementation of district cooling systems by exploring several research studies reported in the literature. The topics addressed include typologies and design parameters, benefits and limitations, applications of the system, and the technology readiness level. District cooling systems are generally regarded as cost-efficient and environmentally friendly solutions. One might think that district cooling is only a solution for areas with a very warm climate. However, based on the reported results of the surveyed studies, the number of operating district cooling systems has increased over the years, with the Scandinavian countries taking the lead in this market within European countries. Implementation of these systems concluded reduction in primary energy and electricity use, they also proved to be an environmentally efficient way.
An Overview of Alkali Treatments of Hemp Fibres and Their Effects on the Performance of Polymer Matrix Composites
Authors: Sunny Tom , L. Pickering Kim
Published: October 2021

The alkali treatment is aimed to modify the surface chemistry of natural plant fibres effectively through several factors. This treatment has been carried out at ambient and high temperature. Natural plant fibres treated with alkali have been seen to have benefits such as improved separation of fibres from fibre bundles, improved removal of unwanted surface constituents, increased tensile strength and stiffness, better thermal stability, and enhanced interfacial adhesions compared to other standard treatments. Hemp fibres are an attractive reinforcement for natural plant fibres as they are environmentally friendly compared to other natural plant fibres and exhibit good mechanical properties. This chapter mainly provides an overview of alkali treatments on hemp fibres.
Hot Corrosion and Oxidation Behaviour of TiAl Alloys during Fabrication by Laser Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Mogale Ntebogeng , Matizamhuka Wallace , Cobbinah Prince
Published: October 2021

This research paper summarises the practical relevance of additive manufacturing with particular attention to the latest laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technology. L-PBF is a promising processing technique, integrating intelligent and advanced manufacturing systems for aerospace gas turbine components. Some of the added benefits of implementing such technologies compared to traditional processing methods include the freedom to customise high complexity components and rapid prototyping. Titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys used in harsh environmental settings of turbomachinery, such as low-pressure turbine blades, have gained much interest. TiAl alloys are deemed by researchers as replacement candidates for the heavier Ni-based superalloys due to attractive properties like high strength, creep resistance, excellent resistance to corrosion and wear at elevated temperatures. Several conventional processing technologies such as ingot metallurgy, casting, and solid-state powder sintering can also be utilised to manufacture TiAl alloys employed in high-temperature applications. This chapter focuses on compositional variations, microstructure, and processing of TiAl alloys via L-PBF. Afterward, the hot corrosion aspects of TiAl alloys, including classification, characteristics, mechanisms and preventative measures, are discussed. Oxidation behaviour, kinetics and prevention control measures such as surface and alloy modifications of TiAl alloys at high temperature are assessed. Development trends for improving the hot corrosion and oxidation resistance of TiAl alloys possibly affecting future use of TiAl alloys are identified.
Pediatric Brain Tumors: From Modern Classification System to Current Principles of Management
Authors: Ozair Ahmad , Khan Erum , Bhat Vivek , Faruqi Arjumand , Nanda Anil
Published: October 2021

Central nervous system (CNS) malignancies contribute significantly to the global burden of cancer. Brain tumors constitute the most common solid organ tumors in children and the second most common malignancies of childhood overall. Accounting for nearly 20% of all pediatric malignancies, these are the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths in children 0–14 years of age. This book chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview of pediatric brain tumors. It discusses their morbidity and mortality and introduces the WHO 2021 classification of CNS tumors, which is critical to therapeutic decision-making. It then describes the modern understanding of tumor grading and its clinical implications, followed by the general principles of diagnosis and management. The chapter then discusses, in detail, those brain tumors which have the highest disease burden in children, including medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymoma, schwannoma, meningioma, amongst others. The landscape of treatment of pediatric brain tumors has been rapidly evolving, with several effective therapies on the horizon.
Thrombolytic Therapy in Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Authors: Singh Sidhu Navdeep , Kaur Sumandeep
Published: October 2021

Acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) is a common disorder with significant mortality and morbidity. Timely recognition and prompt therapy of this disorder is essential to prevent adverse consequences. Thrombolytic therapy has an important role in the management of high-risk pulmonary embolism patients, where it can be lifesaving. However, the potential clinical benefit of thrombolytic therapy needs to balanced against the risk of major bleeding associated with the use of these agents. Hence patient selection is of paramount importance in determining the success of this therapy. Management strategies in PE are centered around the concept of risk stratification of the cases. In this chapter we briefly discuss the risk categorization of PE cases, followed by a more elaborative discussion of the role of thrombolytic therapy in the management of patients with high risk or intermediate risk PE.
Risk in Healthcare Information Technology: Creating a Standardized Risk Assessment Framework
Authors: Schmeelk Suzanna
Published: October 2021

Data breaches are occurring at an unprecedented rate. Between June 2019 and early October 2020, over 564 data breaches affected over 36.6 million patients as posted to the United States Federal government HITECH portal. These patients are at risk for having their identities stolen or sold on alternative marketplaces. Some healthcare entities are working to manage privacy and security risks to their operations, research, and patients. However, many have some procedures and policies in place, with few (if any) centrally managing all their infrastructure risks. For example, many healthcare organizations are not tracking or updating all the known and potential concerns and elements into a centralized repository following industry best practice timetables for auditing and insurance quantification. This chapter examines known and potential problems in healthcare information technology and discusses a new open source risk management standardized framework library to improve the coordination and communication of the aforementioned problematic management components. The healthcare industry would benefit from adopting such a standardized risk-centric framework.
Hysteroscopy, the Window into the Uterine Cavity
Authors: Naor-Revel Shani , Goldstone Ruth , Revel Ariel
Published: October 2021

Hysteroscopy, is a technique by which we can look into the uterine cavity entering through the cervix and is today the most applied minimally invasive technique in Gynecology. Indications for hysteroscopy include infertility investigation, abnormal uterine bleeding, and evaluation of suspicious sonographic findings. Nowadays we approach the uterus via vaginoscopy with no anesthetic. Once inside the uterus, we remove polyps or stringless IUD and take a biopsy. These procedures are often referred as “see and treat”. Operative hysteroscopy under GA or sometimes cervical block, uses larger instruments to resect myomas, cut a septum (metroplasty) or separate intrauterine adhesions (Asherman’s). As Glycine is no more used in hysteroscopy it has become quite a safe procedure. Use of disposable scopes will enable this tool to be part of every gynecologic clinic.
The Development of Motor and Perceptual Skills in Young Athletes
Authors: C. Lola Afroditi , C. Tzetzis George
Published: October 2021

Human movement is a complex phenomenon. For people involved in teaching motor or perceptual skills in sports, effective models of training in children are a major challenge. Topics related to learning and the development of motor or perceptual skills help people involved in learning movements (coaches, physical education teachers, kinesiologists, physiotherapists) to have a deeper knowledge of the learning processes. An attempt is made to combine theory and practice so that this chapter can be a simple but useful tool for learning, evaluation, proper guidance, planning practice, and providing simple practical approaches to make the work of professionals more effective.
Deinking of Mixed Office Waste (MOW) Paper Using Enzymes
Authors: Ramiro Escudero G. , P. Jeovani González , S. Rosa Elena Perez
Published: October 2021

Deinking of Mixed Office Waste [MOW] paper was carried out by using a flotation device and adding enzymes as defibrillators. Employing the computational simulation of the molecular coupling between the cellulase enzyme obtained from Trichoderma sp. and cellulose, the enzyme-cellulose molecular complex and the main amino acids endo-β-1,4-D-glucanase of this molecule, responsible for the hydrolysis of cellulose, were obtained. Three of these amino acids were used for deinking. The deinked cellulose fibers were evaluated according to the standards of the paper industry (ISO whiteness [brightness], factor of reflectance, opacity, and tonality) to determine the efficiency of deinking. The experimental results show that the best optical characteristics of the sheets of deinked paper with amino acids are those where a mixture of aspartate, glutamate, and asparagine was applied, instead of their individual dosage. In addition to the aforesaid, the use of enzymes instead of the traditionally used reagent, such as sodium hydroxide, avoids the contamination of wastewater; additionally, the operation of the column is carried out easily, taking into consideration that the pH of the system goes from alkaline to neutral.
Health Hazards of Toxic and Essential Heavy Metals from the Poultry Waste on Human and Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Taiwo Adekanmi Adesakin
Published: October 2021

This research was conducted to examine the impact of some essential heavy metals used as a supplement during animal feed formulation and the toxic from unregulated discharges of untreated poultry waste into water bodies on man and aquatic organisms. During the processing of poultry feed, certain heavy metals are used as a supplement such as selenium, copper, zinc, iron etc. to enhance poultry meat and egg yield which is also increase the daily discharge of anthropogenic wastes into our environment that contain high concentration of heavy metals discharges into aquatic environment globally, especially in underdeveloped where this waste are not treated before discharge or used in agriculture as an organic fertilizer in planting crops as a result of this it become absorb by plants and could pose a serious health risk to man and aquatic species as well as affect the ecological balance that can be transfer to humans via the food chain. Some organisms are kills as a result of the toxic heavy metals in water and can affect their growths. Bio-accumulated in the body of certain species, such as fish, which are eaten by humans that causes devastating diseases such as Minamata and Itai-Itai. Regulation of the use some heavy metals as a supplement in feed production or complete removal of it in animal feed should be adopt in order to minimize the human health risks and environmental contamination associated with these animal waste.
Pancake Bonding Seen through the Eyes of Spectroscopy
Authors: Antoinette Ann Delgado Alexis , Humason Alan , Kraka Elfi
Published: October 2021

From local mode stretching force constants and topological electron density analysis, computed at either the UM06/6-311G(d,p), UM06/SDD, or UM05-2X/6–31++G(d,p) level of theory, we elucidate on the nature/strength of the parallel π-stacking interactions (i.e. pancake bonding) of the 1,2-dithia-3,5-diazolyl dimer, 1,2-diselena-3,5-diazolyl dimer, 1,2-tellura-3,5-diazolyl dimer, phenalenyl dimer, 2,5,8-tri-methylphenalenyl dimer, and the 2,5,8-tri-t-butylphenalenyl dimer. We use local mode stretching force constants to derive an aromaticity delocalization index (AI) for the phenalenyl-based dimers and their monomers as to determine the effect of substitution and dimerization on aromaticity, as well as determining what bond property governs alterations in aromaticity. Our results reveal the strength of the C⋯C contacts and of the rings of the di-chalcodiazoyl dimers investigated decrease in parallel with decreasing chalcogen⋯chalcogen bond strength. Energy density values Hb suggest the S⋯S and Se⋯Se pancake bonds of 1,2-dithia-3,5-diazolyl dimer and the 1,2-diselena-3,5-diazolyl dimer are covalent in nature. We observe the pancake bonds, of all phenalenyl-based dimers investigated, to be electrostatic in nature. In contrast to their monomer counterparts, phenalenyl-based dimers increase in aromaticity primarily due to CC bond strengthening. For phenalenyl-based dimers we observed that the addition of bulky substituents steadily decreased the system aromaticity predominately due to CC bond weakening.
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of 2D Semiconductors
Authors: Rahaman Mahfujur , R.T. Zahn Dietrich
Published: October 2021

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are one of the most extensively studied modern materials showing potentials in large spectrum of applications from electronics/optoelectronics to photocatalysis and CO2 reduction. These materials possess astonishing optical, electronic, and mechanical properties, which are different from their bulk counterparts. Due to strong dielectric screening, local heterogeneities such as edges, grain boundaries, defects, strain, doping, chemical bonding, and molecular orientation dictate their physical properties to a great extent. Therefore, there is a growing demand of probing such heterogeneities and their effects on the physical properties of 2D semiconductors on site in a label-free and non-destructive way. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), which combines the merits of both scanning probe microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, has experienced tremendous progress since its introduction in the early 2000s and is capable of local spectroscopic investigation with (sub-) nanometer spatial resolution. Introducing this technique to 2D semiconductors not only enables us to understand the effects of local heterogeneities, it can also provide new insights opening the door for novel quantum mechanical applications. This book chapter sheds light on the recent progress of local spectroscopic investigation and chemical imaging of 2D semiconductors using TERS. It also provides a basic discussion of Raman selection rules of 2D semiconductors important to understand TERS results. Finally, a brief outlook regarding the potential of TERS in the field of 2D semiconductors is provided.
Use of Technologies to Improve the Liposuction Outcome Including Skin Texture and Form
Authors: Thomas Mohan , D’silva James , Abraham Amal
Published: October 2021

Liposuction as the word suggests involves sucking out fat from the subcutaneous layers. In many parts of the world it is used interchangeably with weight loss and non-surgical fat reduction procedures. The gold standard for liposuction for many decades has been the “Suction assisted Liposuction’ also called SAL. Newer technologies have been introduced with varied claims about skin retraction, painless and complete evacuation of fat as well as a faster recovery. This chapter elaborates the personal experience of the Authors with regards to the discussed newer technologies bringing into perspective their indications, mechanism of action as well as clinical outcomes. At the outset the Authors would like to state emphatically that technologies are as good as the surgeon holding them and that somewhat same result can be achieved through a traditional liposuction in most of the cases. A surgeon looking to incorporate these technologies in practice should first achieve a mastery of traditional SAL for the best outcomes.
Respiratory Severity Score and Its Association with Adverse Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Undergoing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Dursun Mesut , Zubarioglu Umut
Published: October 2021

Background: Respiratory severity score (RSS) is a simple, non-invasive respiratory failure assessment tool that its appropriateness for lung disease severity is well-established. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the potential value of early-life RSS values in predicting mortality or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants with extremely low birth weight (ELBW) undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: Following a retrospective approach, the current multi-center study intended to estimate the RSS and RSS/kg values in the first three days of life and time-weighted means of these values in ELBW babies who received invasive mechanical ventilation. Participants were categorized into two groups of survival without severe BPD and those with severe BPD or death. All RSS values and other risk factors were compared between groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting severe BPD or death. The sensitivity and specificity of RSS values in predicting severe BPD or death were estimated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: A total of 101 infants met the inclusion criteria. All RSS and RSS/kg values in the first three days of life were found to be significantly higher in the severe BPD or death group. The maximum area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC curves created for the respiratory severity score values was determined as RSS/kg mean with a cut-off value of 3.62 (85.3%), (P = 0.001). According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, which included risk factors that may affect the development of severe BPD or mortality, both the mean RSS/kg score and the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation maintained statistically significant. [RSS/kg mean; OR = 2.28 (1.37 – 3.78), P = 0.001], [invasive MV duration; OR = 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03 – 1.14), P = 0.003]. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that high RSS/kg mean values in the early periods of life are valuable in predicting severe BPD or death in ELBW babies undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, mean RSS had more predictive power than single RSS determinations, and incorporating body weight was associated with improved sensitivity of the score.