bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Civility, Male Friendship, and Masonic Sociability in Nineteenth‐Century Germany
Authors: Hoffmann Stefan‐Ludwig
Published: March 2003

Largely neglected by historians who assume that its heyday passed in Europe with the demise of the Old Regime, Freemasonry in fact became a mass phenomenon among German (and French as well as American) middle‐class men in the nineteenth century. Masonic secrecy made possible a form of sociability which allowed men to experience intimate relations with each other. Within the lodge, men could experience the emotional drama of the rituals while, both in public and in the family, men increasingly sought to comply with the ideal of a man ruled by reason. Masonic rituals entailed the implicit message that the most important presupposition for civility, moral improvement and a ‘brotherhood of all men’ was male friendship.
Fashion, Time and the Consumption of a Renaissance Man in Germany: The Costume Book of Matthäus Schwarz of Augsburg, 1496–1564
Authors: Mentges Gabriele
Published: March 2003

This article uses the perspective of cultural anthropology to consider the construction of an early modern perception of time and its relation to the dress and personal consumption of a male subject. It focuses on a costume book from the Renaissance compiled by Matthäus Schwarz, a member of the bourgeoisie, who lived in Augsburg from 1496 to 1574. The book contains a collection of 137 drawings, portraying Schwarz’s personal choice of dress. It is also an account of Schwarz’s life, beginning with his parents, then covering his life–stages from birth to old age. The relationships between body and dress and between the male subject and the world run as a major thread through the book. This article shows how closely connected Schwarz’s body is with the life of commodities (dress) and consumption. The life–story of this Renaissance man is expressed in terms of changing fashions, which act as his subjective measure of time.
Erotic Modesty: (Ad)dressing Female Sexuality and Propriety in Open and Closed Drawers, USA, 1800–1930
Authors: Fields Jill
Published: March 2003

When middle–class women began to wear drawers in the early 1800s, they were feminised by fabric, ornamentation and an open crotch. Incorporating open drawers into respectable women’s dress within a framework of ‘passionlessness’ constructed female sexuality as both erotic and modest. Crotch construction figured in the twentieth–century struggle to establish modern boundaries of women’s sexual propriety. The accepted sexual and moral meanings generated by open– and closed–crotch undergarments reversed as women increasingly chose to wear closed drawers during a period of women’s greater public presence and feminist activism. The transition from open to closed drawers reveals not only the power of clothing as a medium of significance, but how women’s struggles for autonomy interact with resistant social forces to reconfigure gender distinctions.
‘Taking it Like a Man’: Masculinity, Subjection and Resistance in the Selling of Life Assurance
Authors: Hodgson Damian
Published: March 2003

This article examines the operation of mechanisms of control and modes of resistance within work organizations and interrogates the role of subjectivity in such mechanisms. Specifically, I mean to examine how forms of resistance are influenced by the masculine ‘mystique’ (Collinson, 1988) of given occupations, focusing on that which pervades the field of Sales. Theoretically, the work of Foucault on ‘the self’ is adopeted (1985, 1986) to examine how control at work is attempted and occasionally effected through the construction of a specifically gendered identity of ‘the salesman’. With material from an 18‐month study of a UK life assurance institution, Lifelong Assurance (Hodgson, 2000), I describe the operation of a bureaucratic technology of surveillance within the Sales division. In particular, I focus on the way in which employees’ responses to this system were structured by the specific masculine identities promoted and reproduced within sales, centring on an ideal of autonomy and self‐reliance. While the masculine discourse of autonomy frequently resulted in resistance to technocratic systems of surveillance, it was also clear that such discourses left employees isolated and vulnerable to more profound mechanisms of control through their engineered dependence upon their managers for security and the affirmation of their identity.
Luce Irigaray, Sexual Difference and Theorizing Leaders and Leadership
Authors: Oseen Collette
Published: March 2003

In the study of leaders and leadership men and women are presumed to be interchangeable. We read as if leaders have no sex, and we view the still prevailing use of the pronoun ‘he’ as an anachronism. However, it is quite apparent that the ‘who’ of the leader remains male no matter how carefully egalitarian the use of the pronouns. In our formulation of who the leader is, and what leadership is about, the same has triumphed over the different, the sexually indifferent or the One over the sexually different, to use the terms of Luce Irigaray. If the heroine rather than only the hero is to be represented, a new symbolic structure must be created if new ways of thinking about the leader and of leadership are to be thought which create a space for women other than as imitation men or excavated women. This article explores the Irigarayan notion of the absent, unrepresented she, the ‘not‐yet’ of woman which lies both in the subversion of the metaphysical order and the invention of not ‘neither one nor two’, and the impact of this theorizing would have on loosening the bonds of domination and subordination which confine the leader and leadership theory.
The Impact of Labor Market Structure on Sex Differences in Earnings
Authors: Langton Nancy , Konrad Alison M.
Published: March 2003

This research examines how structural features of a labor market affect the size of the male‐female earnings differential in that market. Theoretical predictions are tested using data on the earnings of male and female academics in the US. Measures of labor market structure are shown to be significantly associated with the size of the earnings differential in 56 labor markets corresponding to specific academic disciplines. As predicted, an oversupply of labor within a market and greater career embeddedness in a single organization within a market increased the size of the earnings gap between men and women. Contrary to predictions, greater flows of information in the market and market permeability had no impact on the size of the earnings differential within markets. In addition, higher percentages of women in the market decreased the wage differential within markets. Additional analysis at the individual level found that men were penalized less than women when labor market conditions led to lower wages. Findings generally support the theoretical position that structural characteristics of the labor market affect the ability of employers to engage in salary discrimination against women.
Gender and Employment Restructuring in British National Health Service Manual Work
Authors: Kahn Peggy
Published: March 2003

While managerial initiatives to cut costs through increased labour flexibility are widespread, we have limited knowledge of the micro‐politics of gender and contemporary restructuring at the local level: of the processes and dynamics through which flexibility and other initiatives reconstitute or transform gendered patterns of work and advantage in specific workplaces. This case study, based upon extensive interviewing, observation, and examination of documentary materials, examines the gender implications of several different types of restructuring initiatives in three types of manual work at two hospitals in an NHS Trust. On the whole, it finds that restructuring created more continuity than change in gendered patterns of work and advantage in the two sites. The case study suggests, first, that employment restructuring incorporates elements of structural, institutional and interactive gendering; managers use women's subordination in the workplace and labour markets to achieve their objectives, and male workers actively resist loss of their advantages. Second, it suggests that competitive tendering exercises have a disproportionately negative impact upon women workers, while functional flexibility initiatives are somewhat more positive. Third, the case study suggests union resistance to restructuring is limited and particularly circumscribed in relation to restructuring of women's jobs.
Sexual Harassment as an Exercise of Power
Authors: Wilson Fiona , Thompson Paul
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the key to the explanation as to why sexual harassment is a feature of organizational life lies in the issue of power. Yet there has been little attempt to link sexual harassment with theories or explanatory models of power. This article first takes Lukes's (1986) three‐dimensional model as a framework to explore how harassment may be understood as an exercise of power at different levels then shows how radical feminist and post‐structuralist analyses overlap with and are distinct from Lukes's third dimension of power.
Effect of Gender Composition on Group Performance
Authors: Fenwick Graham D. , Neal Derrick J.
Published: March 2003

The effect of gender composition on group performance was investigated over three years using the MARKSTRAT 2 simulation. Senior undergraduates formed groups and competed within five‐firm (group) industries over 10 weeks, as well as submitting group reports on their performances. Performance and report marks were independent of group size and individual performance in other course assessment. Women per group (numbers, percentage, gender ratio) was positively related to simulation performance, with few women‐dominated groups ranking lower than first or second within each industry. Very few all‐men groups achieved first or second rankings. There were no significant correlations between group gender compositions and marks for the group written report.

Women's more interactive, people‐oriented and co‐operative work styles apparently facilitate the MARKSTRAT 2 group process and, when combined with men's more analytical decision‐making tendencies and competitive orientation, appear to explain the superior performances of mixed groups. The emergence and utilization of these tendencies within groups are discussed in terms of Social Contact Theory and Competition Theory. Although generalizations from student‐based studies to the workplace is problematic, the results indicate that groups may be more effective when women outnumber or equal men, especially in complex management activities requiring extensive information management and processing, planning and decision‐making over protracted periods.
‘Over the Pond and Across the Water’: Developing the Field of ‘Gendered Organizations’
Authors: Martin Patricia Yancey , Collinson David
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with the development of gendered organizations as a field of study. It begins by exploring some of the factors that militate against integrating organization studies and gender studies and gendered organizations scholarship over national/continental divides. Increasingly doubtful about whether traditional (mainstream and critical) organization theories will or can adequately address gender, we contend that scholars of gendered organizations should ‘strike out’ on our/their own, ‘boldly going’ into unfamiliar territory to create new, innovative theories, concepts and ideas. We make various suggestions about possible future directions for theorizing and research.
What is the Real Story for Interest Rate Volatility?
Authors: Hornstein Andreas , Uhlig Harald
Published: March 2003

What is the source of interest rate volatility? Why do low interest rates precede business cycle booms? Most observers tend to assume that monetary policy is largely responsible for it. Indeed, a standard real business cycle model delivers rather small fluctuations in real interest rates. Here, however, we present two models of the real business cycle variety, in which the fluctuations of real rates are of similar magnitude as in the data, while simultaneously matching salient business cycle facts. The second model also replicates the cyclical behavior of real interest rates.

The models build on recent work by Danthine and Donaldson, Jermann, and Boldrin, Christiano and Fisher. We assume that there are workers and capital owners. The first model posits habit formation and adjustment costs to the stock of capital. The second model assumes that it takes time to plan investment and time to build capital.
Maximizing Happiness?
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Stutzer Alois
Published: March 2003

The measurement of individual happiness challenges the notion that revealed preferences only reliably and empirically reflect individual utility. Reported subjective well-being is a broader concept than traditional decision utility; it also includes concepts like experience and procedural utility. Micro- and macroeconometric happiness functions offer new insights on determinants of life satisfaction. However, one should not leap to the conclusion that happiness should be maximized, as was suggested for social welfare function maximization. In contrast, happiness research strengthens the validity of an institutional approach, such as reflected in the theory of democratic economic policy.
News Management in Monetary Policy: When Central Banks Should Talk to the Government
Authors: Berger Helge , Thum Marcel
Published: March 2003

Central banks are often considered to be better informed about the present or future state of the economy than the government. A conservative central bank has an incentive to exploit this asymmetry by strategically managing its information policy. Strategic news management will keep the government uncertain about the state of the economy and increase the central bank's leeway for conducting a conservative monetary policy. We show that withholding information from the government is an equilibrium. However, there are also well-defined limits to strategic information policy as the central bank has to distort monetary policy to be in line with its news management. A simple extension of our findings is that, if the government on occasion learns about the bank's true information, it will then overrule the central bank's decision on monetary policy.
Business Formation and Aggregate Investment
Authors: Keuschnigg Christian
Published: March 2003

The paper proposes an intertemporal equilibrium model of vintage capital and monopolistic competition. Reflecting a tradeoff between the number and capacity of new machines, investment may be extensive or intensive. External gains from specialization and rationalization result in distorted investment decisions. The paper compares the effectiveness of a general investment tax credit with a start-up subsidy that shifts the direction of investment towards a more extensive form. An optimal policy of investment promotion is derived.
The Time Pattern of the Internationalization of Production
Authors: Kleinert Jörn
Published: March 2003

This paper offers an explanation for the development of international trade, foreign direct investment and the activity of multinational companies in developed countries after the Second World War. A two-country±two-sector±onefactor general equilibrium model is set up and applied in an evolutionary framework. The model features the stylized facts: exports and production abroad increase with falling distance costs, exports increase earlier than production abroad and companies in larger countries internationalize their production earlier than their competitors in smaller countries do.
On Corporate Tax Asymmetries and Neutrality
Authors: Panteghini Paolo
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the effects of corporate tax asymmetries under investment irreversibility. We introduce a tax scheme where the tax base is given by the firm's return net of a rate of relief. When the firm's return is less than the imputation rate, however, no tax refunds are allowed. Unlike symmetric tax systems, the scheme proposed is neutral with respect not only to income uncertainty but also to policy uncertainty.
Deutschsprachiges Exil in Skandinavien: ‘Im Abseits ...’– Die Gastländer Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden
Authors: Müssener Helmut
Published: March 2003

Der Aufsatz vermittelt einen Überblick über die politische, publizistische und kulturelle Tatigkeit der deutschsprachigen Exulanten in den drei skandinavischen Staaten Dänemark, Norwegen und Schweden. Einleitend werden die politischen und sozialen Verhältnisse dieser Aufnahmeländer sowie ihre Flüchtlingspolitik umrissen und die Zahl der Flüchtlinge diskutiert, die hier Zuflucht fanden. Nach einem Abschnitt über die Problematik der Rückkehr in die alte Heimat nach Kriegsende werden Gruppen und Namen des politischen und kulturellen Exils in Dänemark behandelt; unter letzteren sozialdemokratische Parteifunktionare wie Hans Reinowski und Karl Raloff, aber auch der Literaturwissenschaftler Walter A. Berendsohn, der Übersetzer Ernst Harthern sowie Bertolt Brecht. Anschließend stehen im kurzen Abschnitt über Norwegen Willy Brandt, Th. Th. Heine und Max Tau im Mittelpunkt. Der weitaus größte Teil des Aufsatzes behandelt danach Schweden, Zentrum der politischen und kulturellen Emigration. Hier wird die Arbeit der politischen Gruppierungen, aber auch die kulturelle Tatigkeit vorgestellt, die mit Organisationen wie dem Freien Deutschen Kulturbund und der Freien Bühne verbunden ist; in diesem Zusammenhang wird auch auf Publizistik und Belletristik im schwedischen Exil naher eingegangen. Abgeschlossen wird der Aufsatz durch eine kurze Würdigung von Autoren wie Kurt Tucholsky, Peter Weiss und Nelly Sachs.
The Knorrings In Estonia: With Six Unpublished Letters To Karl Morgenstern
Authors: Trainer James
Published: March 2003

Sophie Tieck spent two periods of her life in Estonia, totalling nineteen years in all, following her marriage to the Estonian Baron Karl von Knorring. Apart from her correspondence with her brother Friedrich which records their precarious financial situation and Sophie’s determination to return to Germany and pursue her literary career, relatively little is known of their daily life there. Materials held in the University of Tartù reveal a previously unknown contact with the German classicist Karl Morgenstern which originated in their pre‐Estonian period and was sustained at intervals throughout their lives. The five letters of Karl Knorring are of particular interest in providing significant concrete evidence of his own literary activities as a translator and his ambition to act as a mediator between the Russian and German traditions.
Stefan Heym’s Radek: The Conscience Of A Revolutionary
Authors: Tait Meg
Published: March 2003

Stefan Heym, leading dissident of the GDR and between 1994 and 1995 ‘Alterspräsident’ of the first post‐unification Bundestag, has published what will probably be his final novel. Radek (Munich 1995) is the story of one of the leading propagandists of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1919, an enigmatic exile who later turned informant and co‐operated in the staging of his own show trial in Stalin’s Soviet Union. The novel’s reception in the German press provides an insight into the nature of the debate surrounding the new Germany: critics from both left and right used the text to focus on socio‐political issues. Neglect of the literary means employed to present a complex political subject has, however, resulted in a restricted understanding of the novel’s import, especially of its author’s attitude towards his subject matter. Radek is not only an interpretation of history, an evaluation of the ideology of which Heym has been a lifelong supporter; it also serves as a fictional space in which Heym is able to explore an ambivalent attitude to his own past as a major public participant in the socialist experiment which came to an end in 1989.
The Centenary Of The Henry Simon Chair Of German At The University Of Manchester (1996): Commemorative Address
Authors: Sagarra Eda
Published: March 2003

The following is the edited version of a lecture given in the University of Manchester in December 1996 to commemorate the founding of the Chair of German one hundred years earlier. The Chair was endowed by and named after the prominent Manchester steel magnate, Henry Simon, who came from a Silesian Jewish immigrant family with a distinguished record of public service and deeply‐held liberal principles. The main focus of the article is on the chairholders, particularly in the middle decades of the twentieth century, and they included Leonard Willoughby, Barker Fairley, Elsie Butler and Ronald Peacock. Reference is also made to the remarkably large proportion of prominent twentieth‐century British Germanists who, as it were, served their time in the Manchester Department. However, the present article is also a contribution to the broader history of our subject in Great Britain. It indicates the important role played in the past by British German scholars in Anglo‐German relations both before and after the Second World War and stresses the potential influence which German scholars can still exercise in this area today, as well as the need for them to do so.
The Role of Anglophilia in Sophie von La Roche’sGeschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771)
Authors: Umbach Regina
Published: March 2003

Eighteenth‐century Germany was strongly oriented towards Britain as a model of political, economic and cultural progress. The admiration for all things British was a Continental phenomenon, and Anglophilia extended to a number of aspects of everyday life.

Britsh literature had a significant impact on German literature. The first German woman novelist, Sophie von La Roche, was influenced by British works in much of her writing. Her first novel, Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771), exhibits this Anglophilia in that it is directly modelled on Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa (1747–8) and that the theme of Englishness constitutes one of the driving forces of the plot. This paper argues that La Roche subtly uses authentic and entertaining expressions of Anglophilia in order to pursue a didactic interest, moral instruction.
Sets, Props and the ‘Havanaise’ in Fassbinder’s Fontane Effi Briest
Authors: Plater Edward M.V
Published: March 2003

In adapting Theodor Fontane’s novel Effi Briest to the screen, Rainer Werner Fassbinder introduced symbols to suggest the unspoken thoughts and feelings of the characters, underlying conflicts, and later developments. Sets, props, clothing, even a musical theme, are enlisted in the story‐telling process. Many of the symbols appear repeatedly in the film, always conveying the same basic meaning as in their first appearance. Thus the physical world presented on the screen becomes an articulate companion to the verbal dialogue and the narration by means of voice‐overs and intertitles. The symbolism, engaging both the eye and the ear, adds interest and depth to the film and attests to the meticulous care that Fassbinder took in bringing the novel to the screen.
Balancing The Account: Thomas Mann’s Unordnung und Frües Leid
Authors: Turner David
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to elucidate the various narrative strategies which Thomas Mann adopts to achieve the desired balance between sympathy and critical objectivity in the reader’s response to the central character of his story Unordnung und frühes Leid. Making due allowance for the degree of ambiguity created by an irony whose source and direction can rarely be identified with certainty, it assesses the significance of the narrator’s pervasive adoption of Professor Cornelius’s perspective (and its occasional interruptions); it considers the rhetorical function of the title and its problematic relation to the totality of what is presented; it shows how the narrator’s persistent use of the present tense implicitly subverts the professor’s conservative view of history; and in structural terms it argues not only that the low level of narrativity of the story as a whole contradicts his attempt to subject life to historical coherence, but also that contrasting blocks of material juxtaposed with his lofty historical reflections serve to question the value of these reflections by calling attention to the remoteness and evasion they represent.
‘Der Brunnen der Vergangenheit’: Historical Narration in Uwe Johnson’s Heute Neunzig Jahr and Thomas Mann’s Joseph und Seine Brüder
Authors: Bond Greg
Published: March 2003

Uwe Johnson’s work contains many references to Thomas Mann, both overt and covert. This article examines in detail one such reference. Heute Neunzig Jahr is Johnson’s most important unfinished work, published posthumously in 1996. It begins by alluding to the opening lines of Mann’s Joseph und seine Brüder: Tief ist der Brunnen der Vergangenheit. Sollte man ihn nicht unergründlich nennen?’ In Heute Neunzig Jahr Johnson’s narrator, Gesine Cress‐pahl, relates the story of her father’s life, about which she knows very little. The ‘Brunnen der Vergangenheit’ seems to be bottomless. Whereas Mann’s gently ironic narrator claims to be able to reinstate tradition by flaunting his divine gift of story‐telling, Gesine Cresspahl is able to narrate history only by facing the appalling break in tradition in the latter half of the twentieth century. By assessing the nature of historical narrative in Heute Neunzig Jahr and in Johnson’s major novel, Jahrestage, and by tracing links to Mann’s tetralogy in each work, this article contributes to a fuller understanding of a central dilemma of Johnson’s poetics of historical narration.
The Discreet Charm Of The Belvedere: Submerged Homosexuality In Eighteenth‐Century Writing On Art
Authors: Morrison Jeff
Published: March 2003

This essay comprises an investigation of ekphrasis in the work of J. J. Winckelmann and particularly in his presentation of famous statues in the Vatican Belvedere courtyard collection. Key treatments of statues are revealed as offering much more than descriptions or art‐historical analyses. Rather, they detail emerging relationships with works of art, relationships the dynamic nature of which is captured in the rhetoric of the descriptions. And like many good relationships these are informed by sex – but perhaps not in the obvious manner. It is more than a matter of winckelmann taking a fancy to the objects he describes. Writing on art is revealed as an important site of repressed/submerged homosexuality. Following theoretical leads offered by Michel Foucault and Michael Worton, the essay investigates the disguised discursive existence of homosexuality in the rhetoric of aesthetics and explains its importance and subversive potential in a world where homosexuality cannot easily exist in the open; it then reflects upon the fact that in the apparently more liberated twentieth century, discussion of the sexual subtext to Winckelmann is still remarkable for its absence. Winckelmann is thus preserved in the literary/historical consciousness as the initiator of a rather arid brand of Neo‐Classicism – all noble simplicity and calm grandeur – when his own writing reveals opposite, more human qualities.
Kunstautonomie Als Semiotik Des Todes? Digressionen Im Klassizistischen Diskurs Der Schönen Menschengestalt Bei Karl Philipp Moritz
Authors: Schneider Sabine M.
Published: March 2003

Moritz überblendet geradezu obsessiv die Frage nach Kunst und Leben mit der nach Leben und Tod. So entwickeln beispielsweise in seinen kunsttheoretischen Texten die Anschauungsbeispiele, an denen die Semiotik in sich selbst vollendeter Schönheit evident werden soll, eine verstörende Dynamik. Die Sprache der Kunst ist mit dem Blut der abgeschnittenen Zunge geschrieben, in die Geschlossenheit der Textur ist das Leid als geheimes Zentrum ‘eingewürkt’. Dieselbe Engführung von Kunstautonomie und Semiotik des Todes läßt sich an seinen Kunstbeschrei‐bungen zeigen. Die ‘zurückschreckende Kälte’ der Kunst, die sich projektiven Ver‐lebendigungen widersetzt, liest sich stellenweise wie eine Kontrafaktur zu den Erwartungen der an anthropologischen Sinnbedürfnissen ausgerichteten Ästhetik seiner Zeit. Der Transzendierung der Körperlichkeit auf ein Signifikat wie das der ‘schönen Seele’ hin hält Moritz die Sperrigkeit der Oberfläche entgegen. Dieses Beharren auf der Immanenz der Körperwelt gilt für den Autonomietheoretiker ebenso wie für den Anthropologen. Moritzens Todesphantasien im Bereich der Kunst sind nicht pathologischer Einzelfall, sondern verraten etwas über die Prob‐lemkonstellation, die das scheinbar so weltenthobene Gestaltmodell der Autono‐mieästhetik mit den von den empirischen Wissenschaften gestellten bedrän‐genden Fragen nach der Leiblichkeit des Menschen verbindet. Die Spannungen, denen dieses Modell abgewonnen ist, lassen sich auf die wissenschaftshistorischen Umbrüche um 1800 beziehen.
Female Illness And Male Heroism: The Works Of Caroline Von Wolzogen
Authors: Sharpe Lesley
Published: March 2003

The heroines of Caroline von Wolzogen’s works frequently fall ill. Although not overtly critical of women’s subordinate position in society, Wolzogen suggests through these (mainly psychosomatic) illnesses the stresses endured by women as a result of their limited scope for action and of autocratic treatment by male characters. Wolzogen herself suffered from what she called a ‘Nervenkrankheit’, a psychosomatic condition that seems to have originated in her frustration as an intellectually gifted women confined in a marriage of convenience. The restric‐tedness of her heroines’ freedom is emphasised by her clear admiration for the heroic, a mode of action normally open only to men, in which mind and body can work in harmony; in her dramatic fragment Der leukadische Fels she experiments with a classical setting to open up heroic action to a female character. Her admir‐ation for her brother‐in‐law, Friedrich Schiller, is shown by her heroic portrayal of his struggle against illness in her biography Schillers Leben. Though she depicts Schiller’s world after his marriage as a harmonious community of like‐minded people in which contemporary ideals of femininity are fulfilled, her creative work offers insights into the unhappiness occasioned by women’s lack of liberty and status.
The Cadaverous Bodies Of Vampiric Mothers And The Genealogy Of Pathology In E.T.A. Hoffmann’s Tales
Authors: Gustafson Susan E.
Published: March 2003

In Hoffmann’s works vampiric mothers with cadaverous bodies traumatise their progeny. The mother’s body and her melancholy demeanour propel her children into states of despondency and other psychopathologies. The structure of doubled depression to which Hoffmann returns throughout his stories crushes the mother’s male offpring within the contradictory injunction simultaneously to express the most intense, exclusive, incestuous desire for his mother and to participate in a mother‐son dyad which effaces all desire. The mother’s status as a melancholic and her forbidding, pregnant, and corpse‐like body are shown to be linked in several of Hoffmann’s narratives to both a physiology of reproduction and a psychosomatic generation of pathologies. The babies born to cadaverous mothers are psychic monsters. Vampirism, cannibalism, murder, and incest are but some of the perversions and criminal tendencies passed from mothers to children in a relentless genealogy of maternal monstrosity.
The Body, Death, Mutilation, And Decay In Zacharias Werner
Authors: Saul Nicholas
Published: March 2003

Here the attitude of the Romantic dramatist Zacharias Werner to death and the body is analysed for the first time. His model, Goethe, stands in the classicist tradition, whereby art celebrates life and the encounter with death and bodily destruction is consciously marginalised. Werner is shown to present versions of an ambiguous critique of this aspect of Goethean classicism in an early lyric from Die Söhne des Thals, his Roman journal, and the last act of Die Mutter der Makkabäer.In the early lyric the marginalisation of death is opposed by a deliberate eroticisation which ends in necrophilia. In the journal and Werner’s last play the eroticisation is renounced, but the tendency to celebrate physical destruction as self‐fulfilment still subverts his attempt to follow classical norms for the portrayal of violence and death. His poetic discourse is thus a hybrid of Classicism and black Romanticism. Finally, Foucault’s reconstruction of the history of corporeal discipline and Ariè’s history of death are applied to evaluate these aspects. Werner’s texts are attempts to solve the modern problem of death, but they do so by means of regression to pre‐modern attitudes and betray an affinity to sadism.
Women as Historians: The Case of Early Modern German Convents
Authors: Woodford Charlotte
Published: March 2003

While writing by nuns features extensively in the history of medieval women’s literature, almost nothing is known about nuns, or their writings, in the early modern period. It is sometimes assumed that nuns stopped writing because of the changes which convents underwent in the sixteenth century as a result of the Reformation and Counter‐Reformation. This article attempts to question the assumption that there is no writing by nuns in the early modern period, showing that there were nuns writing in considerable numbers, although their writings only circulated as manuscripts. I shall suggest that the lack of interest in nuns’ writings results rather from a focus in the history of German literature on printed writing by Protestant males. The article shows that one of the genres in which nuns wrote was historical writing, an unusual genre for women at this time. It discusses the reasons why few women wrote history and why nuns were in an advantageous position to do so, while also trying to show the motivation that women in early modern convents may have had for such writing. A range of historical writings is analysed from different religious orders in an attempt to show the women’s common concerns and the function that their writings had within their communities.
The Traffic Of Writing: Technologies Of ‘Verkehr’ in Franz Kafka’s Briefe an Milena
Authors: Zilcosky John
Published: March 2003

Franz Kafka’s celebrated epistolary ‘love’ relationship with Milena Jesenská was influenced by a late‐nineteenth‐century techno‐bureaucratic development: the separation of travelling bodies from travelling letters – or, in official Austrian jargon, of ‘Personenbeförderung’ from ‘Nachrichtenübermittlung’. My ‘psycho‐techno‐logical’ reading of Briefe an Milena turns our attention away from the writer’s familiar private dilemmas (fears of intimacy, neurasthenia, narcissism) and toward the discursive, technocratic constellations that shaped long‐distance eroticism in the early twentieth century. Shot through with remarks about railway strikes, time‐tables, telegrams, and stamps, Briefe an Milena demonstrates how fin‐de‐siécle technologies of intercourse helped to determine one writer’s emotional attachments and detachments. More specifically, Kafka’s writings document how he employed a disembodied network of letters, telegrams and stamps (‘Briefverkehr’) in order to contain what he (along with the contemporary psychoanalysts, Freud and Abraham) viewed as a dangerously sexualised, feminised rail system (‘Eisenbahnverkehr’). Briefe an Milena thus documents the tension between technologies of absence and presence in the construction of modern love. Central to my discussion is a lengthy, oddly passionate stamp‐exchange between Kafka and Milena that has been totally ignored by Kafka scholars. The emotional character of this exchange hints at the lovers’ attempt to bridge the technological gap between presence and absence that at once sustains and undermines their affection.
Nietzsche and Weimar Aesthetics
Authors: Bishop Paul , Stephenson R. H.
Published: March 2003

Nietzsche’s philosophy, always a site of heated interpretative contestation, owes much to the aesthetic theory of its predecessors, particularly Kant, Schelling, Scho‐penhauer, Wagner, but above all Schiller and Goethe. Yet whilst this debt is frequently acknowledged by critics, its implications are even more frequently ignored. Once this ‘perspective’ is restored, however, a fresh coherence and purposiveness may be detected in Nietzsche’s philosophical aesthetics. In Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872) Nietzsche makes constant allusion to Schiller’s concept of ‘aesthetic semblance’, and when he describes the world as being justified ‘only as an aesthetic phenomenon’, he is thinking of Schiller’s concept of the aesthetic as a fusion of physical and intellectual experience. Similarly, Nietzsche’s immensely influential ‘polaristic thinking’, in which each term (such as the Apollonian and the Dionysian) is affirmative and exists in its own right, rather than as a negation of the other, is inherited from Goethe. So Nietzsche can be regarded as participating in a ‘perennial aesthetic’. Not only is that aesthetic placed at the heart of Zarathustra’s teaching, but the aesthetic style of Nietzsche’s epic responds to the demand in Die Geburt der Tragödie for an original kind of conceptual art.
Time and Narrative: Wolfgang Hildesheimer’s Tynset and Masante
Authors: Long J. J.
Published: March 2003

The existing criticism of Wolfgang Hildesheimer’s Tynset and Masante has categorised the narrative form of the texts as either ‘musical’, ‘spatial’, or ‘stream‐of‐consciousness’. All three approaches, however, fail to take account of the inescapably temporal nature of narrative. This article begins by examining the thematics of temporality in Tynset and Masante. Implicit in both is a conception of time as cyclicality within linearity, the former being represented by the liturgical calendar, the latter by clock time and the imagery of entropy. The narrative techniques of the texts are then analysed to show how they encourage linear, end‐directed reading whilst simultaneously impeding linear reading by means of extensive repetition. Finally, it is shown that the dynamics of narrative form provide a way of both acknowledging and combating the entropy inherent not only in the represented world, but also in the narrative enterprise itself.
Theodor Fontane’s Cécile: An Allegory of Reading
Authors: Bowman Peter James
Published: March 2003

The verb ‘to read’ means both ‘to consume a written text’ and ‘to interpret signs in the world’. Analogously, the construction by readers of literary character is associated with the interpretation of the personalities of real people. In Fontane’s Cécile the process of ‘reading for character’ is heightened by the hermeneutic stimulus of the enigma surrounding the eponymous heroine and also by the presence of Herr von Gordon, who functions as a ‘reader’ within the text. Gradually, though, Gordon’s initially disinterested interpretative efforts are undermined by his growing passion for Cécile. However, even before his objectivity is thus undermined, his rigid use of categories and his prudish morality cause a reductiveness in his reading strategy. Indeed, Gordon’s destructive passion for Cécile can itself be seen as a result of his evaluative categorisation of her. In its attempts to know its object, his reading strives for domination and possession of it, hence he increasingly both despises Cécile and desires to possess her sexually. Cécile herself tries to defend herself against the violence of Gordon’s reading of her, but to no avail. However, the external reader can observe the consequences of the flaws in Gordon’s reading of character and adopt a more differentiated approach.
Science in Contemporary Poetry: A Point of Comparison Between Raoul Schrott and Durs Grünbein
Authors: Owen Ruth.J
Published: March 2003

One of the most striking characteristics of Raoul Schrott’s and Durs Grünbein’s poetry is its thematisation of science. Schrott and Grünbein are remarkably different contemporary poets however: in this paper I suggest that their conflicting uses of science in poetry constitute a useful point of comparison. Schrott’s scientists are poet‐like figures who see the world in a new way, extending perspective and providing an example to the modern‐day lyric subject. For Schrott, science is a set of metaphors, a benign language of poetry. In Grünbein’s poetry, science is a threat, a dominant, sanitising influence on modern life which, far from raising up humans as adventurers and explorers, diminishes them. Science here reveals only the serious meaninglessness of life and is taken up in the poetry as bravura and provocation. In this paper I demonstrate these tendencies through close textual analysis of a variety of poems by Schrott and Grünbein which were written in the 1990s.
Gendered Germanies: The Fetters of a Metaphorical Marriage
Authors: Dueck Cheryl
Published: March 2003

On 3 October 2000, Germany celebrated ten years of unification. Predictably, comparisons were drawn to a ten‐year wedding anniversary, just as there were complaints of the ‘seven year itch’ in 1997. The reference to a troubled German marriage has been persistent in various media, and invariably the female partner in the relationship is represented as the former GDR. This metaphorical framework is so ingrained that it shapes thinking on unification, and even those who approach it consciously become ensnared in it. By assigning gender to nation, the linguistic framing of the situation establishes a hierarchy. This paper examines two aspects of this linguistic relationship: first, the marriage of ‘male’ and ‘female’ nations, and, second, the role of gender dynamics among ‘feminists’ from both societies. Three published post‐unification dialogues of prominent German figures — psychoanalysts, writers, and a politician — in which the metaphor surfaces, will be analysed. The marriage metaphor of unification, while it explains some aspects of the power dynamic, is problematic in its reduction of complexities and its self‐perpetuation. The fact that it recurs frequently to describe the effects of unification is indicative of the gendering of politics and political language which takes place in an unequal, uneasy unity.
The Hand that Rocks the Cradle: Maternity, Agency and Community in Women’s Writing in German of the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Jeremiah Emily
Published: March 2003

This article puts forth the idea of ‘maternal performativity’ as a way of going beyond pre‐existing feminist conceptions of maternal agency. ‘Agency’ is important because, as numerous feminists have pointed out, the mother in Western culture has traditionally been conceived as passive and mute. I argue that challenging the traditional public/private divide is vital to the project of developing and enacting this maternal performativity, as the novels in question demonstrate. Where this opposition is left unquestioned, the texts suggest, mothers are marginal to the point of abjection. I look firstly at three texts in which mothers are depicted as utterly abject (Elsner, Pedretti, Beutler), then at two in which the idea of maternal agency is approached but ultimately jettisoned in favour of a resigned kind of essentialism (Struck and Frischmuth), and finally at one in which the mother is active and performative, but is still shown as hampered by traditional structures (Schroeder). The novels, and my article, thus performatively reveal the need for a maternal performativity to be acknowledged and practised.
‘Erkenntnistheoretische Maschinen’: Questions about the Sublime in the Work of Raoul Schrott
Authors: Leeder Karen
Published: March 2003

This paper examines a new mode in recent German poetry. Far from the poetry influenced by the recent re‐emergence of ‘pop’ culture, or the ‘Alltagssprache’ and ‘simple Storys’ of much recent writing from the former GDR, a number of poets have concerned themselves with modern science, particularly quantum mechanics and optics. These are among some of the most significant young poets of recent years (Thomas Kling, Franz Josef Czernin, Barbara Köhler, Durs Grünbein, Raoul Schrott etc.), figuring something which might be dubbed a contemporary of the ‘poeta doctus’. This new discourse is interesting enough in itself, as poetry and science have, in the twentieth century at least, often been thought to be diametrically opposed. However, closer examination of this work, particularly that of Raoul Schrott (b. 1964), an ‘emerging’ and, paradoxically, already very distinguished writer, reveals that poetry and science can be understood as pro‐foundly analogous; particularly in their use of metaphor. Fascinatingly, the contemporary discourse of science is set alongside classical (mythological) models in his work. They are both understood as finally hopeless projects to humanise the vast indifference of the universe: ‘ein anderes sich in die leere/sagen’. The poem as ‘epistemological machine’ is set to interrogate the places where those human maps, models and vocabularies fail. The real territory of Schrott's work is thus revealed – in Hotels (1995), in essays, in four works of recent prose, and especially in Tropen (1998) – to be the boundaries of perception –sub limes– where the models of human understanding fall away and point beyond themselves to an experience of the ‘sublime’.
Akçam – Zaimoğlu –‘Kanak Attak’: Turkish Lives and Letters in German
Authors: Cheesman Tom
Published: March 2003

In the later 1990s the writer Feridun Zaimoğlu (b. 1963) seized the label ‘Kanak’ to create himself as a spokesman for Turkish and other visibly non‐German Germans who have been raised in the Federal Republic but have outsider status. In three books based on interviews with young male and female ‘Kanaken’ and ‘Kanakas’, melding documentary realism, subcultural theory and dramatic prose poetry, and in polemical essays and narrative sketches composed in the same stylised ‘Kanak Sprak’, Zaimoğlu savaged institutionalised German racism, and attacked the hypocrisies of multicultural policy, the patronising exoticism practised by promoters of ‘Migrantenliteratur’, and the conformism of Turkish‐German politicians and writers of ‘Gastarbeiterliteratur’. Zaimoğlu's non‐stop reading tour, talk‐show appearances, newspaper and magazine features, productions of his work for the stage, and a film, Kanak Attack!,based on one of his books, were key ingredients in the late‐90s phenomenon of ‘Kanak‐Chic’: the media's ‘discovery’ of bright, young, non‐white, hybrid Germans. This phenomenon, which Zaimoğlu at once personified, profited from and criticised, is analysed in the present article.
Karen Duve, Kathrin Schmidt, Judith Hermann: ‘Ein literarisches Fräuleinwunder’?
Authors: Graves Peter J.
Published: March 2003

In an article in 1999 examining the sudden wave of new home‐grown authors on the German literary scene, the Spiegel declared that it was the young women among them who were creating the greatest stir, not least for their uninhibited depiction of the erotic, and it promptly labelled this phenomenon ‘ein literarisches Fräuleinwunder’. The present article examines a representative work by each of three writers included under that title, Karen Duve's Regenroman, Kathrin Schmidt's Die Gunnar‐Lennefsen‐Expedition and Judith Hermann's Sommerhaus, später. What emerges is not just the absence of a supposedly unifying approach to the erotic but also the variety of writing on display, in style, content and, it is argued, in literary quality. The attempt to create some grouping largely on the basis of gender, therefore, whilst producing a memorable (if implicitly belittling) headline, is both artificial and misleading.