bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Companion participation in cancer consultations
Authors: Street Richard L. , Gordon Howard S.
Published: May 2007

Objective: Companions play an important role in cancer care. This investigation compared the communication of unaccompanied patients, accompanied patients, and companions during lung cancer consultations. Factors affecting the active participation of companions were analyzed.

Methods: Participants included unaccompanied patients (N=48), accompanied patients (N=84), and companions (N=84) of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients seen at a large southern VA medical center. The consultations were audiotaped, then transcribed. Coded utterances included patients' and companions' active participation (asking questions, expressing concerns, and making assertions) and physicians' use of facilitative communication. Mixed linear regression was used for comparisons of accompanied patients' participation to that of their companions and to determine the independent predictors of companion participation and patient satisfaction.

Results: The combined companion plus patient participation did not differ from the participation of unaccompanied patients. Patterns of companion participation varied greatly as almost half the interactions had a relatively passive companion (contributed to less than 40% of the patient plus companion active participation) but 33% of the consultations had an active companion and passive patient. Companions with less active participation accompanied black patients and received proportionally less facilitative communication from physicians. Patient satisfaction was lower when companion and patient had similar levels of participation.

Conclusion: Companions vary greatly in their participation in lung cancer visits. Physicians facilitate companion participation through the use of partnership‐building and supportive communication. The companions of black patients were less active than their white counterparts which parallels other research indicating that black patients are often less active than white patients. Such communicative discrepancies could contribute to racial disparities in cancer care. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Consequences of Non‐First‐Order Breakage Kinetics in Comminution Processes: Absence of Self‐Similar Size Spectra
Authors: Bilgili Ecevit
Published: May 2007

Comminution or size reduction is a commonly used unit operation in a variety of industries including pharmaceuticals. In quantitative analysis of comminution at the process length scale, population balance modeling has been used with an assumption that the breakage rate of particles is first‐order and that the population balance model is linear. For certain forms of the specific breakage rate and breakage distribution functions, a similarity solution to the linear population balance exists, and self‐similarity plots have been used to show its validity in batch comminution processes. On the other hand, ample experimental batch milling data in the literature indicate the inadequacy of the linear theory. In this study, a theoretical investigation has been conducted within the framework of a recently proposed non‐linear theory. The non‐linear theory takes into account phenomenologically the non‐first‐order effects resulting from mechanical multi‐particle interactions. Specifically, the cushioning action of small particles on the coarser ones is considered. It is found that self‐similarity does not exist in the presence of the non‐first‐order breakage kinetics. The present study suggests the use of self‐similarity plots for an approximate assessment of the impact of non‐first‐order kinetics on the shape of the cumulative particle size distribution.
The Effect of Ultrasound on Crystallisation‐Precipitation Processes: Some Examples and a New Segregation Model
Authors: Dodds John , Espitalier Fabienne , Louisnard Olivier , Grossier Romain , David René , Hassoun Myriam , Baillon Fabien , Gatumel Cendrine , Lyczko Nathalie
Published: May 2007

This paper discusses the effects of ultrasound on the production of particles by precipitation and crystallization. Examples are given from the formation of crystals of BaSO4, K2SO4, TiO2 and sucrose. It is shown that ultrasound reduces the induction time, narrows the width of the metastable zone and leads to the production of more, finer, and more uniform crystals in some cases. The reasons for these effects of ultrasound on the nucleation of crystals are discussed and a possible mechanism is presented.
Powder Flow Testing with 2D and 3D Biaxial and Triaxial Simulations
Authors: David Ciprian T. , García‐Rojo Ramon , Herrmann Hans J. , Luding Stefan
Published: May 2007

The mechanical response of frictional powders under quasi‐static loading is studied by means of two‐ and three‐dimensional discrete element methods, compared directly with each other. The response of the system is characterized by elastic behavior for very small deformations, softening, plastic yield and critical state flow at large strain. The maximal yield stress is reached for some finite deformation of a few percent, but the decay to the critical steady state flow regime is much slower in the 3D situation than in the 2D systems examined here. The critical state regime is thus reached much later and at considerably higher dilation level in 3D. Possible reasons for this qualitative difference are discussed but more studies are needed to identify them properly.
Brian Scarlett – Myth, Motivator, Mentor, and Man
Authors: Davies Reg
Published: May 2007

Few think of Particle Science and Engineering without thinking of Brian Scarlett. His career spanned over 40 years. From his early days in Nottingham to his final days in Florida, Particle Science and Engineering were not only his passion but his life. He was a complex man. Not all found him easy. However, he left an abiding legacy in the many students that he loved and mentored. He believed in providing opportunity for his students in travel, and sometimes accomplished this while stretching budgets. He motivated many into new arenas of technology, and had just begun to fulfil his technical dreams when cancer claimed him. His final years exposed the man; one who was single‐minded, driven, and very brave. He did not complete the work he wanted to finish, but still left an indelible mark on the field of Particle Science and Technology for generations to come. In this paper, the life and accomplishments of this complex man are put into perspective; and, in so doing, we honor him in this special edition of the journal.
A comparative evaluation of Origanum onites essential oil and its four major components as larvicides against the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams.
Authors: Cetin Huseyin , Erler Fedai , Yanikoglu Atila
Published: May 2007

The pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. (Lepidoptera: Thaumatopoeidae), is an important forest pest in the Mediterranean area, and urticating hairs of the caterpillars of this species cause allergic reactions on skin of humans and animals. In the present study, the larvicidal activities of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil and its four major components, carvacrol, gamma‐terpinene, terpinen‐4‐ol and thymol, were evaluated against fourth/fifth‐instar larvae of PPM under laboratory conditions. The essential oil was larvicidal to PPM with an LD50 value of 3800 µL L−1 when 0.1 mL was applied per larva. Carvacrol was the most toxic component found in the essential oil (LD50 = 3100 µL L−1), followed by thymol (LD50 = 5500 µL L−1). The other two components, gamma‐terpinene and terpinen‐4‐ol, were less effective. The results showed that Turkish oregano essential oil and its two components, carvacrol and thymol, could be potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of PPM. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and magnetism of MnPd1–xSbx alloys
Authors: Pacurariu R. , Coldea M. , Neumann M. , Pop V. , Isnard O. , Räkers M.
Published: June 2007

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of MnPd1–x Sbx are reported. The substitution of Pd by Sb leads to drastic changes both in the crystallographic and electronic structure, with remarkably modifications in the magnetic properties of the investigated systems. The most important feature of the XPS spectra is the well‐defined magnetic exchange splitting of the Mn 3s core levels of all investigated alloys, giving a direct evidence of the existence of local magnetic moments in the Anderson's sense confined on Mn sites. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of dislocation‐related defects in GaN using deep‐level transient spectroscopy
Authors: Tokuda Yutaka , Matuoka Youichi , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Ueda Hiroyuki , Ishiguro Osamu , Soejima Narimasa , Kachi Tetsu
Published: June 2007

A method to extract the carrier capture kinetics of traps in the neutral region by isothermal deep‐level transient spectroscopy using two sets of bias pulses was applied to the traps with similar energy levels around Ec–0.6 eV in GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on GaN and sapphire substrates. The Ec–0.6 eV trap in GaN on GaN is found to be the isolated point defects. The Ec–0.6 eV trap in GaN on sapphire shows the logarithmic capture kinetics, expected for dislocation‐related defects. This is ascribed to the difference in dislocation density between GaN on GaN and sapphire substrates. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fully unstrained GaN on sacrificial AlN layers by nano‐heteroepitaxy
Authors: Tonisch K. , Cimalla V. , Niebelschütz F. , Romanus H. , Eickhoff M. , Ambacher O.
Published: June 2007

Usually, the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) requires unstrained or tensile strained active layers on a selectively removable sacrificial layer, since compressive strain causes instabilities due to buckling effects. For group III‐nitride based MEMS, AlN is a promising material for sacrificial layers since it can be epitaxially overgrown and etched selectively to GaN. However, due to the larger lattice constants GaN is growing compressively strained on AlN. Nanoheteroepitaxy opens a way to yield fully unstrained, high quality epitaxial GaN layers on nanocrystalline AlN thin film by means of a 3D strain relaxation mechanism. For this purpose sputtered nanocrystalline AlN films were overgrown with single crystalline GaN and AlGaN/GaN layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The high quality of the layers is proven by an atomically flat surface and a 2D electron gas at the interface of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micro‐analysis of light emission properties of GaN‐based laser diodes
Authors: Godlewski M. , Bożek R. , Miasojedovas S. , Juršėnas S. , Kazlauskas K. , Žukauskas A. , Phillips M. R. , Czernecki R. , Targowski G. , Perlin P. , Leszczyński M. , Böttcher T. , Figge S. , Hommel D.
Published: June 2007

In‐depth and in‐plane changes of emission intensity from GaN‐based laser diode structures were studied using cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence (PL), micro‐PL and a Kelvin probe (potential fluctuations). We show that even at high excitation density potential fluctuations are not screened in active layers of laser diode structures. Potential fluctuations are enhanced in p‐type doped layers. We also found that dislocations are formed there, which can penetrate to active region of LD devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi‐normally‐off AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated by fluoride‐based plasma treatment
Authors: Mizuno Hiroaki , Kishimoto Shigeru , Maezawa Koichi , Mizutani Takashi
Published: June 2007

Quasi‐normally‐off AlGaN/GaN HEMTs have been fabricated by fluoride‐based plasma treatment. SIMS measurement showed an incorporation of fluorine atoms in the AlGaN barrier layer. In the capacitance DLTS measurements of the n‐AlGaN, a new peak with an activation energy of 1.51 eV appeared for the sample with fluoride‐plasma treatment. The threshold voltage did not change for the thermal stability test at 200 °C for more than 80 days. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel concept for THz signals generation in heterostructures
Authors: Ong Duu Sheng , Hartnagel Hans L.
Published: May 2007

We demonstrate by a Monte Carlo simulation that the reflection of quasi‐ballistically accelerated electrons at the interfaces of an In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As double‐heterojunction structure is able to generate current oscillations at frequencies in the THz range. The possibility of taking advantage of this mechanism to generate THz signals has been demonstrated in structures with well dimension close to the electron ballistic transport length in In0.53Ga0.47As.

magnified image

A schematic illustration of quasi‐ballistic electrons undergoing multiple reflections from the heterojunction interface.

(© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibition of α‐glucosidase and amylase by bartogenic acid isolated from Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. seeds
Authors: Gowri P. Mangala , Tiwari Ashok K. , Ali A. Zehra , Rao J. Madhusudana
Published: May 2007

Barringtonia racemosa presents a wide range of therapeutic applications. In the course of identifying bioactives from Indian medicinal plants it was observed that the hexane, ethanol and methanol extracts of B. racemosa seeds displayed potent yeast and intestinal α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities. The methanol extract was found to be superior among them. However, none of the extracts exhibited pancreatic α‐amylase inhibitory activity, rather the ethanol and methanol extracts accelerated the α‐amylase enzyme activity. Interestingly, however, bartogenic acid isolated from the methanol extract inhibited α‐amylase also. This is the first report identifying α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity in B. racemosa seed extracts and assigning to bartogenic acid an α‐glucosidase and amylase inhibitory property. The presence of bartogenic acid in B. racemosa seeds as a major compound is also reported for the first time in this communication. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dicationic states of benzene dimer: Benzene dimer cation and benzene dication parenthood patterns
Authors: Kryachko Eugene S.
Published: June 2007

High density functional computational levels, B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ and B3LYP/cc‐pVTZ, are invoked to study the structural patterns exhibiting between a variety of the lower‐energy conformers of the benzene dimer cation and benzene dication, on one hand, and the obtuse and acute ground‐state conformers of the benzene cation radical, on the other. In particular, these “obtuse versus acute” patterns for the lowest‐energy stable sandwich structures of the benzene dimer cation, formed due to a strong charge‐transfer resonance interaction between the benzene cation radical as a hole donor and the ground‐state benzene molecule as a hole acceptor benzene dimer cation, are examined using the molecular orbital analysis and a two‐state model. It is shown the existence of homodimers of the benzene dimer cation composed of equivalent benzene rings, mimicking either the obtuse or acute conformers of the benzene radical cation, and representing saddle points on the potential energy surface. The computed potential energy surface of ionization of the benzene radical cation demonstrates a slight preference of the triplet state of the benzene dication originated from the obtuse benzene cation over the singlet which, in contrast, arises from the acute one. The parenthood features of the benzene dimer cation and benzene dication that appear in the dicationic states of benzene dimer are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Determination of the cation‐chelating potential of C‐methylthiolated β‐lactams and their sulfones by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Konaklieva Monika I. , Suwandi Lita S. , Kostova Maya B. , Gu Jianghong
Published: May 2007

The chelation potential of highly lipophilic C‐dimethylthiolated monocyclic β‐lactams was examined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The metal salts NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, ZnCl2, Cu(NO3)2, CdSO4, MnCl2, and Mg(NO3)2 were used for the analysis. The K+ adducts of the compounds studied were more responsive in ESI analysis, compared to their Na+ adducts, regardless of the oxidation state of the sulfur (in the methylthio or the sulfone groups) and the type of the group adjacent to the lactam carbonyl. Opening of the β‐lactam ring, leading to formation of a chargeable N‐atom, had little to no effect on the K+ adduct formation. Interactions of the methylthio group with the divalent zinc ion were also observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation study on the phenolic alkaloid neferine and its analogues with anti‐HIV activities by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with hydrogen/deuterium exchange and its application for rapid identification of in vitro microsomal metabolites of neferine
Authors: Zhou Hui , Jiang Huidi , Yao Tongwei , Zeng Su
Published: June 2007

The application of mass spectrometry in drug discovery, especially in drug metabolites, is very important. This present paper is at first focused on the elucidation of fragmentation patterns of the phenolic bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, neferine, together with its analogues isoliensinine and liensinine with anti‐HIV activities using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange. All title compounds displayed major diagnostic fragments that formed by the cleavage of the C1′C9′ bond resulting in positive group CD, and the loss of 4‐ethyl‐1‐phenol or 4‐ethyl‐1‐methoxybenzene following rearrangements. Their ESI‐MS/MS spectra also showed the relatively stable fragment ions formed by the elimination of H2O, CH3NH2, CH3OH, and CH3‐NCH2. Secondly, the metabolites of neferine from dog hepatic microsomal incubations were analyzed and characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and data‐dependent ESI‐MS/MS. Based on fragmentation patterns and compared with their retention times in LC, molecular weights and ultraviolet (UV) absorbances with standard compounds, six metabolites were identified as isoliensinine, liensinine and four novel bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids named as 6‐O‐desmethylneferine, 2′‐N‐desmethylneferine, 2′‐N‐6‐O‐didesmethylneferine, and 6,13‐O‐didesmethylneferine. All metabolites were desmethyl or didesmethyl products of neferine. The possible metabolic pathways for neferine have been proposed. The results suggest that N‐demethylation and O‐demethylation are two important metabolic pathways of neferine in dog hepatic microsomal incubations. This is critical for screening and development of phenolic bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with anti‐HIV activities such as neferine and its analogues isoliensinine and liensinine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) transmission
Authors: Lehman Dara A. , Farquhar Carey
Published: June 2007

In the absence of interventions, 30–45% of exposed infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) through mother‐to‐child transmission. It remains unclear why some infants become infected while others do not, despite significant exposure to HIV‐1 in utero, during delivery and while breastfeeding. Here we discuss the correlates of vertical transmission with an emphasis on factors that increase maternal HIV‐1 levels, either systemically or locally in genital secretions and breast milk. Immune responses may influence maternal viral load, and data suggest that maternal neutralising antibodies reduce infection rates. In addition, infants may be capable of mounting HIV‐specific cellular immune responses. We propose that both humoral and cellular responses are necessary to reduce infection because cell‐free as well as cell‐associated virus appears to play a role in vertical transmission. These distinct forms of the virus may be targeted most effectively by different components of the immune system. We also discuss the use of antiretrovirals to reduce transmission, focusing on the mechanisms of action of regimens currently used in developing country settings. We conclude that prevention relies not only on reducing maternal HIV‐1 levels within blood, genital tract and breast milk, but also on pre‐ and/or post‐exposure prophylaxis to the infant. However, HIV‐1 has the capacity to mutate under drug pressure and rapidly acquires mutations conferring antiretroviral resistance. This review concludes with data on persistence of low‐level resistance after delivery as well as recent guidelines for maternal and infant regimens designed to limit resistance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The birth of the giant component
Authors: Janson Svante , Knuth Donald E. , Łuczak Tomasz , Pittel Boris
Published: June 2007

Limiting distributions are derived for the sparse connected components that are present when a random graph on n vertices has approximately 1/2n edges. In particular, we show that such a graph consists entirely of trees, unicyclic components, and bicyclic components with probability approaching √2/3 cosh √5/18 ≈ 0.9325 as n→∞. The limiting probability that it is consists of trees, unicyclic components, and at most one another component is approximately 0.9957; the limiting probability that it is planar lies between 0.987 and 0.9998. When a random graph evolves and the number of edges passes 1/2n, its components grow in cyclic complexity according to an interesting Markov process whose asymptotic structure is derived. The probability that there never is more than a single component with more edges than vertices, throughout the veolution, approaches 5 π/18 ≈ 0.8727. A “uniform” model of random graphs, which allows self‐loops and multiple edges, is shown to lead to formulas that are substanitially simpler than the analogous formulas for the classical random graphs of Erdõs and Rényi. The notions of “excess” and “deficiency,” which are significant characteristics of the generating function as well as of the graphs themselves, lead to a mathematically attractive structural theory for the uniform model. A general approach to the study of stopping configurations makes it possible to sharpen previously obtained estimates in a uniform manner and often to obtain closed forms for the constants of interest. Empirical results are presented to complement the analysis, indicating the typical behavior when n is near 2oooO. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On random cartesian trees
Authors: Devroye Luc
Published: June 2007

Cartesian trees are binary search trees in which the nodes exhibit the heap property according to a second (priority) key. If the search key and the priority key are independent, and the trees is built based on n independent copies, Cartesian trees basically behave like ordinary random binary search trees. In this article, we analyze the expected behavior when the keys are dependent: in most cases, the expected search, insertion, and deletion times are Φ(√n). We indicate how these results can be used in the analysis of divide‐and‐conguer algorithms for maximal vectors and convex hulls. Finally, we look at distributions for which the expected time per operation grows like na for a ϵ[1/2, 1]. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Order statistics for decomposable combinatorial structures
Authors: Hansen Jennie C.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we consider the component structure of decomposable combinatorial objects, both labeled and unlabeled, from a probabilistic point of view. In both cases we show that when the generating function for the components of a structure is a logarithmic function, then the joint distribution of the normalized order statistics of the component sizes of a random object of sizencoverges to the Poisson–Dirichlet distribution on the simplex ∇{{xi}: Σxi= 1x1⩾x2⩾ …︁ ⩾ 0}. This result complements recent results obtained by Flajolet and Soria on the total number of components in a random combinatorial structure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the diameter and radius of randon subgraphs of the cube
Authors: Bollobás B. , Kohayakawa Y. , Łuczak T.
Published: June 2007

The n‐dimensional cube Qn is the graph whose vertices are the subsets of {1,…n}, with two vertices adjacent if and only if their symmetric difference is a singleton. Clearly Qn has diameter and radious n. Write M = n2n‐1 = e(Qn) for the size of Qn. Let Q = (Qt)oM be a random Qn‐process. Thus Qt is a spanning subgraph of Qn of size t, and Qt is obtained from Qt–1 by the random addition of an edge of Qn not in Qt–1, Let t(k) = τ(Q;δ⩾k) be the hitting time of the property of having minimal degree at least k. We show that the diameter dt = diam (Qt) of Qt in almost every Q̃ behaves as follows: dt starts infinite and is first finite at time t(1), it equals n + 1 for t(1) ⩽ t(2) and dt, = n for t ⩾ t(2). We also show that the radius of Qt, is first finite for t = t(1), when it assumes the value n. These results are deduced from detailed theorems concerning the diameter and radius of the almost surely unique largest component of Qt, for t = Ω(M). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the independence number of random cubic graphs
Authors: Frieze Alan , Suen Stephen
Published: June 2007

We show that as n→∞, the independence number α(G), for almost all 3‐regular graphs G on n vertices, is at least (6 log(3/2) – 2 – ϵ)n, for any constant ϵ>0. We prove this by analyzing a greedy algorithm for finding independent sets. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Viúva Negra crawler: an experience report
Authors: Gomes Daniel , Silva Mário J.
Published: May 2007

This paper documents hazardous situations on the Web that crawlers must address. This knowledge was accumulated while developing and operating the Viúva Negra (VN) crawler to feed a search engine and a Web archive for the Portuguese Web for four years. The design, implementation and evaluation of the VN crawler are also presented as a case study of a Web crawler design. The case study tested provides crawling techniques that may be useful for the further development of crawlers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The spectrum of mobile outreach and its role in the emergency service
Authors: Gillig Paulette M.
Published: June 2007

In managed care systems, mobile outreach teams can provide a link between general medical services and mental health care by performing diagnostic evaluations and triage.
Spreading the lodge society concept
Authors: Fairweather George W.
Published: June 2007

At the outset the research team did not know how to persuade people to adopt the Lodge model. In fact, they did not even know how to get individuals to change.
Maintaining and advancing the lodge effort
Authors: Fergus Esther O.
Published: June 2007

Adopters were not problem free simply because they had a Lodge in place. The continued survival of their programs required constant problem solving.
The lodge as an extension of the hospital
Authors: Larch Billie B.
Published: June 2007

The small‐group technique designed by Fairweather and his colleagues, when utilized as a nursing procedure, was staggering in its implications; it would change the chronic patients' nursing care from staff help to self‐help in one operation.
Systems resistance to effective family coping
Authors: Hatfield Agnes B.
Published: June 2007

We now know that the onset of mental illness in a family member triggers a wide range of problems of sometimes catastrophic proportion for which families in the ordinary course of their lives have had little preparation.
Obstacles in urban housing policy for the chronically mentally ill
Authors: Boyer Carol A.
Published: June 2007

Statutory, organizational, and financial barriers in the country's housing system, social resistance, and inadequate service linkages must be addressed in order to provide the chronically mentally ill with decent, affordable, and appropriate housing.
Addressing the problem of the impaired physician
Authors: Krizek Claudette R.
Published: June 2007

An overview of the legal and administrative issues involved in dealing with impaired physicians is presented from the perspective of an attorney experienced in hospital law.
The evaluation of the impaired physician
Authors: Logan William S.
Published: June 2007

As more attention has been focused on impaired physicians, mental health professionals are increasingly asked to evaluate for disciplinary and regulatory bodies physicians suspected of impairment.
Current legal developments in medical staff credentialing disputes
Authors: Callahan Michael R. , Vocke Damon N.
Published: June 2007

Credentialing of hospital staff has become an important method by which to ensure and to monitor the quality of clinical practice.
Legal issues in determining competence to make treatment decisions
Authors: Benesch Katherine
Published: June 2007

With the complexities of current medical care and the growing concern for patient autonomy in making decisions about whether or not to accept medical and surgical treatment, psychiatrists are increasingly called on to evaluate patients' competence to make treatment decisions.
The job‐finding module: Training skills for seeking competitive community employment
Authors: Jacobs Harvey E. , Collier Rosemary , Wissusik Donald
Published: June 2007

Developed from eight years of research, the Job‐Finding Module is designed to help persons with disabilities who are capable of returning to the work force obtain competitive community employment.
Biopsychosocial aspects of AIDS
Authors: Field Howard L.
Published: June 2007

To treat AIDS patients effectively, clinicians must be familiar with the biopsychosocial aspects of the illness.
Assessing substance use disorder in persons with severe mental illness
Authors: Drake Robert E. , Rosenberg Stanley D. , Mueser Kim T.
Published: June 2007

Assessment of dually diagnosed patients consists of three steps: detection, diagnosis, and specialized assessment for treatment planning. Each of these is informed by recent research.
An overview of managed behavioral health care
Authors: Shore Miles F.
Published: June 2007

The history and nature of managed behavioral health care are described in this chapter, along with its current direction, which is to pursue the Medicaid mental health and substance abuse benefit as its next target for expansion.
Family wisdom and clinical support: Culturally relevant practice strategies for working with indochinese families who care for a relative with mental illness
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L. , Keopraseuth Kham‐One
Published: June 2007

Clinical issues in serving Indochinese families with a member with severe mental illness are discussed, together with culturally relevant strategies for engagement, communication, psychoeducational interventions, and reinforcing natural support systems.
Costs and financial results
Authors: Mohr Rosanne M.
Published: June 2007

Initial financial information appears to indicate that rates were adequate in the phase‐in regions and that state payments were about in the range that was expected.
Trauma‐informed approaches to housing
Authors: Bebout Richard R.
Published: June 2007

Supportive housing providers can play a vital role in the recovery of persons exposed to abuse and violence Specific modifications for delivering housing support services are recommended based on an emerging trauma‐informed perspective.
Designing trauma‐informed addictions services
Authors: Harris Maxine , Fallot Roger D.
Published: June 2007

Because addictive disorders are so common among women who have experienced prolonged sexual and physical abuse, it is especially important to design addictions services that meet the needs of the trauma survivor.
Care of the clinician
Authors: Arledge Ellen , Wolfson Rebecca
Published: June 2007

Effective services for trauma survivors rely on addressing the support and care needs of clinicians and administrators.
Outcome for psychiatric emergency patients seen by an outreach police–mental health team
Authors: Lamb H. Richard , Shaner Roderick , Elliott Diana M. , Decuir Walter J. , Foltz James T.
Published: June 2007

Outreach emergency teams comprising police officers and mental health professionals can help to avoid criminalization of the mentally ill.
Can the different heat shock response thresholds found in fermenting and respiring yeast cells be attributed to their differential redox states?
Authors: Moraitis Christos , Curran Brendan P. G.
Published: May 2007

In this study we used a heat‐shock (HS) reporter gene to demonstrate that respiring cells are intrinsically less sensitive (by 5 °C) than their fermenting counterparts to a sublethal heat shock. We also used an oxidant‐sensitive fluorescent probe to demonstrate that this correlates with lower levels of sublethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in heat‐stressed respiring cells. Moreover, this relationship between HS induction of the reporter gene and ROS accumulation extends to respiring cells that have had their ROS levels modified by treatment with the anti‐oxidant ascorbic acid and the pro‐oxidant H2O2. Thus, by demonstrating that the ROS/HSR correlation previously demonstrated in fermenting cells also holds for respiring cells (despite their greater HS insensitivity and higher level of intrinsic thermotolerance), we provide evidence that the intracellular redox state may influence both the sensitivity of the heat‐shock response (HSR) and stress tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diallyl disulphide depletes glutathione in Candida albicans: oxidative stress‐mediated cell death studied by two‐photon microscopy
Authors: Lemar Katey M. , Aon Miguel A. , Cortassa Sonia , O'Rourke Brian , Müller Carsten T. , Lloyd David
Published: May 2007

Using two‐photon scanning laser microscopy, we investigated the effect of an Allium sativum (garlic) constituent, diallyl disulphide (DADS), on key physiological functions of the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. A short 30 min exposure to 0.5 mM DADS followed by removal induced 70% cell death (50% necrotic, 20% apoptotic) within 2 h, increasing to 75% after 4 h. The early intracellular events associated with DADS‐induced cell death were monitored with two‐photon fluorescence microscopy to track mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADH or reduced glutathione (GSH) under aerobic conditions. DADS treatment decreased intracellular GSH and elevated intracellular ROS levels. Additionally, DADS induced a marked decrease of Δψm and lowered respiration in cell suspensions and isolated mitochondria. In vitro kinetic experiments in cell‐free extracts suggest that glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) is one of the intracellular targets of DADS. Additional targets were also identified, including inhibition of a site or sites between complexes II–IV in the electron transport chain, as well as the mitochondrial ATP‐synthase. The results indicate that DADS is an effective antifungal agent able to trigger cell death in Candida, most probably by eliciting oxidative stress as a consequence of thiol depletion and impaired mitochondrial function. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Magnetic Properties and X‐ray Structure Analysis of a 1‐D Chain Iron(II) Spin Crossover Complex with wide Hysteresis
Authors: Weber Birgit , Tandon Raman , Himsl Dieter
Published: June 2007

The reaction of [FeL(MeOH)2] (L being a tetradentate [N2O2]2− coordinating Schiff base like ligand [([3,3′]‐[1,2‐phenylenebis(iminomethylidyne)]bis(2,4‐pentane‐dionato)(2‐)N,N′,O2,O2′], MeOH = methanol) with 4,4′‐bipyridine (bipy) results in the formation of a new iron(II) spin crossover coordination polymer of the formula [FeL(bipy)] (1). T‐dependent susceptibility measurements revealed an abrupt HS ↔ LS spin transition with an approximately 18 K‐wide thermal hysteresis loop (T1/2↑ = 237 K and T1/2↓ = 219 K). The isolation of crystals suitable for X‐ray structure analysis allowed the determination of the motive of the molecule structure of the first 1‐D chain compound with hysteresis in the HS form at 250 K. Despite the low qualtity of the data, we were able to obtain some insight into the interplay of covalent and elastic interactions that are both responsible for the high cooperative interactions during the spin transition in this compound.
Stoßwellenverzweigung bei Reflexion
Authors: Wecken Franz
Published: May 2007

Es wird untersucht, welche Beziehung zwischen Einfallswinkel und Stoßintensität bei der Stoßwellenreflexion für die Entstehung der Machschen Welle entscheidend ist, und inwieweit letztere eindeutig bestimmt ist. Dabei zeigt sich, daß für eine starke einfallende Welle die von Cranz und Schardin, für eine schwache dagegen die von Schultz‐Grunow angegebene Erklärung des Vorganges zutrifft.
Über Ausbreitungsvorgänge in turbulenten Reibungsschichten
Authors: Weighardt K.
Published: May 2007

Es wurde das Temperaturfeld hinter einer schwachen punkt‐ oder linienförmigen Wärmequelle am Boden einer Reibungsschicht ausgemessen und die Versuchsergebnisse dieser turbulenten Wärmeausbreitung in ein einfaches Formelsystem zusammengefaßt.
Eine Übertragung der Regula Falsi auf Gleichungen in Banachräumen II Nichtlineare Gleichungssysteme
Authors: Schmidt Jochen W.
Published: June 2007

Im Zusammenhang mit den Konvergenzsätzen des Teiles I werden hier zwei verwandte Verfahren ((2.10) und (3.1)) zur Auflösung nichtlinearer Gleichungssysteme betrachtet. Beide können als Erweiterung der Regula Falsi angesehen werden. Sie konvergieren im Falle nichtsingulärer Funktionalmatrix für die Lösung, wenn die Anfangswerte hinreichend nahe bei der Lösung liegen. Ihre Ordnung ist gleich (1 + √5)/2, d.h. ihre Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit ist größer als eins. Im numerischen Teil werden auf der Regula Falsi basierende Verfahren zur Tschebyscheff‐Approximation und zur Bestimmung komplexer Nullstellen bei Polynomen angegeben und Beispiele dazu vorgeführt.

Schließlich wird in einem kurzen Abschnitt gezeigt, wie die Regula Falsi auf Integralgleichungen übertragen werden kann.
Das Potential und das Geschwindigkeitsfeld der harmonisch schwingenden tragenden Fläche bei Unterschallströmung
Authors: Laschka Boris
Published: June 2007

Für einen in Unterschallströmung senkrecht zu seiner Ebene harmonisch schwingenden Tragflügel wird das Potential und das Geschwindigkeitsfeld formuliert. Die zugehörigen Einflußfunktionen werden für einige besondere Fälle diskutiert.
Reflected Flexural and Torsional Waves in an Infinite Bar due to an Elastic Support
Authors: Butler John B.
Published: June 2007

Formulas are given for the complex amplitude densities of reflected flexural and torsional waves in the infinite bar, due to an elastic support of finite length, in terms of the complex amplitude densities of the incident waves. It is proved that the series obtained by the perturbation method for calculation of the amplitude densities converges provided that the incident waves have frequencies restricted to a fixed finite band and that the coefficients of rigidity of the elastic support are sufficiently small in magnitude.
Über das Integrationsverfahren vonH. GrunskyundF. W. Schäfke
Authors: Scriba Carl‐Heinz
Published: June 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die homogene Differentialgleichung x′ (t) = A (t) mit beschränkten linearen Operatoren A(t), wobei A eine uniform stetige Funktion der reellen Variablen t ist, durch iterierte partielle Integration nachH. GrunskyundF. W. Schäfkeapproximativ gelöst und der Zusammenhang zwischen diesem Verfahren und dem klassischen Iterationsverfahren vonPicardundLindelöfdargestellt. Außerdem werden im Hinblick auf die numerische Anwendung zwei Sätze bewiesen.
Linearkombinationen bei den Übertragungsgleichungen
Authors: Schmidt B. , Uhrig R.
Published: June 2007

Die Übertragungsmatrizen zweier elastisch gegeneinander gebetteter Balken werden aufgestellt. Führt man als Unbekannte in die Übertragungsgleichungen statt der Kraft‐ und Verformungsgrößen ihre Linear‐kombinationen ein, so läßt sich das Gleichungssystem aufspalten in zwei Systeme niederer Ordnung. In einem Beispiel wird mit Hilfe der Linearkombinationen die Zahl der Unbekannten auf die Hälfte reduziert.
Some Analytical Solutions for the Motion of a Thin Plasma Ring in a Coaxial Magnetic Field
Authors: Chu Chong‐Wei
Published: June 2007

The motion of a thin plasma ring in a coaxial magnetic field is studied. Analytic solutions are obtained by applying standard techniques of handling nonlinear differential equations; results and applications are discussed.
Analysis der Motorfelder im Cosserat‐Kontinuum
Authors: Schaefer H.
Published: June 2007

Die von R. v. Mises vor mehr als 40 Jahren geschaffene und in dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlichte Motorrechnung wird um eine Motoranalysis erweitert. Anlaß zu diesen Untersuchungen bieten die Vektor‐ und Tensorfelder des Cosserat‐Kontinuums, dessen kleinste Elemente starre Körper sind. Sämtliche Verschiebungs‐, Deformations‐ und Spannungsgrößen erscheinen hier als Differentialformen, die jeweils die 6 Koordinaten eines Motors bilden. Die Analysis solcher Motorfelder ist die Geometrie einer affinen Konnexion, die auf der Parallelübertragung des Momentenvektors beruht. Als wirkungsvolles Hilfsmittel bei der Ausgestaltung der Analysis der Motorfelder erwies sich der Kalkül der alternierenden Differentialformen, der in dieser Arbeit nicht als bekannt vorausgesetzt wird. Die Begriffe des absoluten Differentials und Kodifferentials der Konnexion führen in einfachster Weise zu einer vollständigen Darstellung der motoriellen Differentialformen, insbesondere zu einer vollständigen Darstellung der Spannungen durch Spannungsfunktionen.
An approach to formal verification of human–computer interaction
Authors: Curzon Paul , Rukšėnas Rimvydas , Blandford Ann
Published: June 2007

The correct functioning of interactive computer systems depends on both the faultless operation of the device and correct human actions. In this paper, we focus on system malfunctions due to human actions. We present abstract principles that generate cognitively plausible human behaviour. These principles are then formalised in a higher-order logic as a
generic
, and so retargetable, cognitive architecture, based on results from cognitive psychology. We instantiate the generic cognitive architecture to obtain specific user models. These are then used in a series of case studies on the formal verification of simple interactive systems. By doing this, we demonstrate that our verification methodology can detect a variety of realistic, potentially erroneous actions, which emerge from the combination of a poorly designed device and cognitively plausible human behaviour.
Outcome of Adrenalectomy for Cushing’s Syndrome: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Mishra Anand Kumar , Agarwal Amit , Gupta Sushil , Agarwal G. , Verma A. K. , Mishra S. K.
Published: May 2007

Adrenalectomy continues to play an important role in the management of Cushing’s syndrome (CS). Untreated CS causes considerable physical and mental morbidity and mortality. However, little information is available on the effect of adrenalectomy in ameliorating functional disabilities in CS patients. Our study assesses the long‐term outcome of adrenalectomy in patients with CS. This is a retrospective analysis of CS patients managed during 1990–2005 at a tertiary care center. We analyzed the clinical presentation, endocrine evaluation, and surgical management preoperatively and following adrenalectomy. The subjects were 37 patients with CS (age 24.5 ± 15 years, range 1–60 years; male:female 1.0:1.2). There were various etiologies—unilateral adrenocortical adenoma (n = 11), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 13), pituitary ACTH‐secreting adenoma with failed transsphenoidal surgery (n = 4), ectopic unidentified ACTH source (n = 7), bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia (n = 1), primary pigmented nodular adrenal hyperplasia (n = 1) —for which the patients underwent adrenalectomy: unilateral (n = 22), bilateral (n = 13), or adrenonephrectomy (n = 2). Two patients died during the perioperative period owing to chest infection and sepsis. At the median follow‐up of 60 months (range 6–144 months), the patients exhibit significant persistence of obesity (41%), proximal muscle weakness (44%), menstrual irregularity (8%), hypertension (31%), and insulin‐dependent diabetes (29%). Hirsutism and psychological abnormalities persisted to a lesser extent. All patients had biochemical cure of CS following surgery evidenced by the 8 a.m. basal cortisol ≤ 5 μg/dl. The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis recovered as shown by normalization of the short synacthen‐stimulated cortisol level (peak level ≥ 20 μg/dl) after a median follow‐up of 9 months (range 6–18 months). Incomplete clinical recovery following adrenalectomy emphasizes the need of early recognition and prompt treatment of CS. Surgery for adrenocortical adenoma is safe and effective; however, survival of patients with CS due to adrenocortical carcinoma remains poor. Bilateral adrenalectomy provides early control of hypercortisolism in selected cases of unlocalized ectopic ACTH syndrome or failed transsphenoidal surgery. Even though functional recovery is incomplete after adrenalectomy, quality of life improves considerably.
A Detailed Cost and Efficiency Analysis of Performing Carpal Tunnel Surgery in the Main Operating Room versus the Ambulatory Setting in Canada
Authors: Leblanc Martin R. , Lalonde Janice , Lalonde Donald H.
Published: May 2007

Background

Our goals were to analyze cost and efficiency of performing carpal tunnel release (CTR) in the main operating room (OR) versus the ambulatory setting, and to document the venue of carpal tunnel surgery practices by plastic surgeons in Canada.

Method

A detailed analysis of the salaries of nonphysician personnel and materials involved in CTR performed in these settings was tabulated. Hospital statistical records were used to calculate our efficiency analysis. A survey of practicing plastic surgeons in Canada documented the venue of CTR performed by most.

Results

In a 3-h surgical block, we are able to perform nine CTRs in the ambulatory setting versus four in the main OR. The cost of CTR in the ambulatory setting is $36/case and $137/case in the main OR in the same hospital. Only 18% of Canadian respondents use the main OR exclusively for CTR, whereas 63% use it for some of their cases. The ambulatory setting is used exclusively by 37%, whereas 69% use it for greater than 95% of their cases. The majority of CTR cases (>95%) are done without an anesthesia provider by 73% of surgeons. Forty-three percent use epinephrine routinely with local anesthesia and 43% avoid the use of a tourniquet for at least some cases by using epinephrine for hemostasis.

Conclusion

The use of the main OR for CTR is almost four times as expensive, and less than half as efficient as in an ambulatory setting. In spite of this, many surgeons in Canada continue to use the more expensive, less efficient venue of the main OR for CTR.
Influence of Ionic Surfactants on the Formation of Liquid Crystals in Oleic Acid/Glycol/Water Systems
Authors: Comelles F. , Sánchez‐Leal J. , González J. J.
Published: June 2007

The influence of surfactant structure on the formation of lamellar liquid crystals with very low surfactant concentration was investigated for systems composed of oleic acid, diethyleneglycol ethyl ether and water. Surfactants belonging to anionic and cationic families were checked: phosphated oleyl ether 3 EO (PO3EO), triethanolamine oleate (TEAO) and sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) as anionic surfactants and two alkyl trimethylammonium bromide type (C12TAB and C14TAB) as cationic surfactants. For each of the surfactants, the appropriate relationships between surfactant, oleic acid and glycol to furnish lamellar liquid crystals when these basic compositions were further diluted with water were established. The appropriate ranges of dilution allowing the liquid crystal formation were also determined. These liquid crystals presented an attractive appearance because of their transparency and high viscosity, although in the beginning of its formation, a short range of less viscous compositions (so called liquid/gel compositions) appears in some cases. Through water dilution, the initial surfactant percentages are noticeably reduced being possible liquid crystals with 2–5 wt% of surfactant.