bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy and Managerial Work in Hotels
Authors: Dann David T.
Published: September 2004

Managerial work is linked with the culture, strategies and
managerial divisions of labour in hotels. The aim is to show how
managerial work is critically influenced by the culture and strategies
of the company through the process of socialisation and how certain
strategies direct managers into specific roles such as those of
entrepreneur, cost controller, marketer and service controller.
Hotel Design: The Need to Develop a Strategic Approach
Authors: West Amanda , Purvis Elizabeth
Published: September 2004

Concerns design in the context of the hotel industry in general
and, in particular, the way in which hotel design is currently used to
meet business and customer objectives. Compares this current state and
the potential role for design in these areas. Clarifies the concept of
design and then proposes that design companies focusing on hotel design
lag behind their counterparts in other media and contexts in their
understanding of the target environment, their communications with the
client and end user, and in terms of managing the design process as a
totality. Part of the reason for this is the continuing belief, on the
part of many hotel design agencies and hotel design buyers, that
interior design is a superficial, rather than a strategic process.
Discusses mechanisms by which a change towards the latter state might be
achieved.
Hotel Workers’ Orientations to Work: The Question of
Autonomy and Scope
Authors: Dodrill Kevin , Riley Michael
Published: September 2004

Reports on a study testing five attitudes on a sample of hotel
workers and a control group. As the literature of service work suggests,
most hotel workers place great value on scope and autonomy in a job; it
was expected they would show more positive attitudes to these attributes
than the control. The results were negative. Draws the conclusion that
such attributes are problematic in that the attitude may represent a
valued need or an unfulfilled need.
TQM and Services: Implementing Change in the NHS
Authors: Watson Helen E. , McKenna Margaret A. , McLean G.M.
Published: September 2004

Examines the developing importance of the quality issue in the
service sector and highlights common barriers to the successful
implementation of total quality management principles (TQM). Such
information provides managers in complex service organizations such as
the National Health Service (NHS) with valuable lessons for improving
quality standards. Illustrates how TQM principles could and in a few
cases are already being applied to the NHS in the light of the 1989
Government proposals for reform. Such efforts are in the early stages of
development and therefore guidelines are proposed to assist management
in sensitive areas for implementing change.
Allocating a Promotion Budget
Authors: Rita Paulo , Moutinho Luiz
Published: September 2004

Describes a preliminary model for assisting national tourism
organizations (NTOs) in the allocation of promotional budgets to
international travel markets so as to optimize their marketing
objectives. The model (TOUREX) is a knowledge‐based system. Discusses
findings (that allow enhancement and refining of the model) from
in‐depth interviews conducted with 12 European NTOs as part of a wider
study both to improve the model and expand the knowledge base.
Quality Management in the Hospitality Industry: Part 1.
Definition and Specification
Authors: Johns Nick
Published: September 2004

First of three review articles seeking to organize and summarize
work on the definition and specification of quality in the hospitality
industry – this one covers early work on quality definition and
specification.
Privatization: Impact on NHS Ancillary Services
Authors: Cumming Morag
Published: September 2004

Investigates the perception of and attitudes towards competitive
tendering for ancillary services of the hospital populations in three
Scottish NHS hospitals. Results suggest that: there is a discrepancy
between the Government′s stated objectives and those perceived by the
public; it is unclear precisely what this and other Government
initiatives mean; the role of ancillary staff in the ward team has not
been fully recognized in the contracting exercise. Argues for broadening
of the concept of cost‐effectiveness to include some non‐financial
measures.
Jersey’s Hotel Grading Scheme: An Idiosyncratic Approach
Authors: Callan Roger J.
Published: September 2004

Examines the development of the hotel grading scheme for the island
of Jersey. A brief history of Jersey hotel grading leads to the need for
a new scheme and why an independent route was taken rather than joining
the mainland Tourist Board′s Crown scheme. An outline of the development
and form of the new scheme is provided along with an explanation of its
operation. The idiosyncrasies of operating an island hotel scheme are
examined, indicating the need for an individual approach to the solving
of hotel registration and grading difficulties.
Time Series Forecasting Techniques: Short‐term Planning in
Tourism
Authors: Athiyaman A. , Robertson R.W.
Published: September 2004

Planning, both “operational” and
“strategic”, relies on accurate forecasting. Planning in
tourism is no less dependent on accurate forecasts. However, tourism
demand forecasting has been dominated by the application of
regression/econometric techniques. Past studies on the forecasting
accuracy of econometric/regression models suggest that forecasts
generated by these models are not necessarily superior to forecasts
generated by simple time series techniques. Seven time series
forecasting techniques were used to generate forecasts of international
tourist arrivals from Thailand to Hong Kong. The results confirm that
simple techniques may be just as accurate and often more time‐and
cost‐effective than more complex ones. Practitioners in the tourism
industry may confidently use any of the forecasting techniques
demonstrated here for their short‐term planning activities.
On‐stage in the Service Theatre
Authors: Larsen Svein , Aske Lotti
Published: September 2004

Addresses the feasibility of applying the theatre analogy in the
service industries, where terms borrowed from the stage are used
frequently to describe guest‐customer relations and interaction.
Principles from the fragments of Aristotle′s Peri Poietikes
supplied the framework for a critical look at the hospitality industry
in Norway. The authors concluded that, where investments with a purpose
of improving customer satisfaction are planned, they are most likely to
achieve results when applied to the human resources sector. On the
theatre stage as well as in the service theatre, customer satisfaction
is dependent on the actors and their performance.
Leisure in Later Life
Authors: Calver Stephen , Vierich Wolf , Phillips Julie
Published: September 2004

Examines the potential of targeting the post‐55 age group, and
assessing the viability of developing leisure facilities specifically
for this market sector. Post‐55‐year‐olds represent a relatively
affluent group within the general population, but their advancing years
requires special consideration when developing leisure operations to
meet their needs.
Quality Management in the Hospitality Industry: Part 3.
Recent Developments
Authors: Johns Nick
Published: September 2004

This third and final article in a review series covers the
literature relating to modern developments in quality measurement and
management. It carries on the themes developed in the previous two
articles and to some extent explores the way these aspects are
interrelated. This review ends with an overview of the series and likely
future implications for research and practice in hospitality management.
The Selection of Quality Operative Staff in the Hotel
Sector
Authors: Dickinson Anne , Ineson Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2004

Examines the use of two selection techniques, i.e. biodata and
personality assessment, which have been found to have high predictive
validities when used in other industries, in the context of hotel
employee recruitment. In the first phase of a pilot study, Saville and
Holdsworth′s Customer Service Questionnaire (CSQ) was used together with
a questionnaire designed specifically to collect biodata (biographical
information). The research was carried out at a four‐star hotel in
central Manchester, with the aim of identifying any characteristics
which were common to those hotel operatives who frequently interacted
with guests, who were reliable and who produced a high standard of work
consistently, so that a specific selection tool which isolated these
characteristics might be developed.
Guest History: Is It Being Utilized?
Authors: Sparks Beverley
Published: September 2004

Guest history is a valuable service and marketing tool. In
particular, it is likely to become a strategic device for the
development of brand loyalty in the 1990s. Reports on a nationwide
Australian study of 121 hotels′ use of guest history, and describes some
of the key opportunities for optimizing the guest history function. The
findings suggest that while guest history is being widely utilized by
hotels, the extent of that utilization is limited. Three major areas for
developing strategies to optimize the guest history function were found
to include: specific guest history training modules; an internal service
orientation emphasizing the organization‐wide usage of guest history to
service the customer better; and further enhancement of the use of guest
history for increasing brand loyalty.
Patron Preferences for Features Offered by Licensed Clubs
Authors: Bull Adrian O. , Alcock Keith M.
Published: September 2004

Licensed clubs in Australia offer a range of types of hospitality,
gambling and entertainment. Increased competition is forcing them to
reappraise features or attributes of their products in order to ensure
that they are marketing the right mix of features to their patrons, both
club members and visitors. Uses conjoint analysis in order to examine
the utility obtained by patrons from alternative types of food and
beverage service, gambling and entertainment at two major clubs. The
study indicates value differences between clubs, and between patron
groups, providing a basis for segmentation. The findings lead to
indicators for club marketing strategy.
Performance of Fast‐food Franchises in Britain
Authors: Price Stuart
Published: September 2004

Fast‐food and franchising should present a formidable marriage when
coping with declining economic performance. Compares the performance of
54 (18 franchisors; 18 fast‐food franchisees; 18 fast‐food companies)
between 1987 and 1990 using Taffler′s Z‐score analysis. Finds
that franchisors′ performance during the period declined but remained
better than that of fast‐food franchisees and fast‐food companies.
Fast‐food franchisees have remained buoyant but there are incidences of
potential failures. Outlines differing solutions to return these
companies to health.
Supportive and Defensive Communication
Authors: Larsen Svein , Folgerø Ingebjørg S.
Published: September 2004

Explores the communication structure of a cruise company. Argues
that communication is a key area concerning productivity and job
satisfaction on board cruise ships. The Communication Climate Inventory
was distributed to all employees in the company, and returned
satisfactorily filled in by 236 employees. It was found that the degree
of defensiveness was higher and the degree of supportiveness was lower
on board ships than for the company′s land‐based operations. Interprets
the results in view of organizational climate, culture and traditions.
Makes suggestions concerning appropriate measures to be taken in order
to improve on current communication practices.
Developing Culture in Short‐life Organizations
Authors: Mullins Laurie , Meudell Karen , Scott Helen
Published: September 2004

In hospitality operations customer satisfaction relies heavily on
group‐based activities and the need for different departments to work
closely together. It is particularly important therefore to develop an
organizational culture which encourages group motivation, harmonious
working relationships and good teamwork. Culture is developed over time
and is shaped in response to a complex set of factors. Raises a number
of important questions relating to the culture of short‐life hospitality
organizations.
Front‐office Staff Selection Techniques
Authors: Waryszak Robert Z. , Bauer Thomas G.
Published: September 2004

Reports a study of selection techniques used for front‐office staff
recruitment in hotels and motels in the state of Victoria, Australia. A
survey of 172 establishments with more than 30 rooms indicated that the
most frequently used techniques are interview, application forms and
references. However, the smaller establishments did not use even these
basic procedures to their full advantage. Recommends further studies to
ascertain what attributes employers value most as selection criteria of
front‐office staff.
A Question of Size
Authors: Peacock Martin
Published: September 2004

Gives a report on a project to derive a classification of size for
the hospitality industry. London hotel and restaurant managers were
asked for a subjective impression of their size. These findings were
then analysed and an overlap of responses was found. This was evidence
of the limited competition monitoring of hospitality managers. The
responses was used to develop a small/large classification based on the
number of employees. For restaurants the dividing line was placed at 30
employees and for the London hotel sector 80 employees.
An Appraisal of UK Hotel Quality Grading Schemes
Authors: Callan Roger J.
Published: September 2004

Examines a definition of hotels and the number of hotels in the
countries of the UK. Indicates by country the proportions of hotel stock
represented by the major grading schemes and guides. Analyses the
schemes by number and quality of grade where appropriate, and each
category by its share of the country′s hotel stock. Explains the
difficulties of comparison between grades of different schemes,
concluding that a percentage share of grades should be employed.
Indicates with equivalence tables percentage shares of quality grades
for the major comparable schemes. Concludes that although the numerical
comparisons can be criticized because of minor differences in the
schemes, a foundation is provided for more meaningful comparisons than
has previously existed.
A Review of Dining‐out Patterns in Britain
Authors: O′Connor John
Published: September 2004

Explores how eating‐out patterns have changed over the last 50
years. From a food‐rationed wartime Britain through to the 1960s with
the advent of the Chinese restaurant invasion, closely followed by the
mushrooming Indian and Italian restaurants, highlights present‐day
dining‐out habits and the demand by customers for quality and variety.
Integrating professional reaccreditation and quality award processes
Authors: Lawrence John J. , Dangerfield Byron
Published: September 2004

Accreditation reviews represent an important component of many educational institutions’ quality assurance systems. Integrating application for a quality award into the reaccreditation process can add a new dimension to the reaccreditation process and provide a college with significant benefits. The College of Business and Economics at the University of Idaho used application for the Idaho Quality Award, which is based on the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, as its primary means for carrying out the self‐evaluation process required for AACSB professional reaccreditation. This paper discusses the college’s experiences combining AACSB self‐evaluation with application for a state quality award, describing the motivation for using this approach, how the college went about it, and the significant benefits that the college realized as a result.
Turmoil in Success
Authors: Knight Peter
Published: September 2004

Sketches a number of issues implicated in the assessment of teaching quality in higher education. Argues that checklist approaches to measuring teaching quality have some limited value – and a more professional, developmental approach is preferred. However, the focus on teaching quality should not disguise the fact that the emphasis needs to be on enhancing the quality of student learning, and this is not simply a function of the quality of the teaching which they encounter. Discusses implications both for academic departments and for universities, the claim being that systemic action is necessary.
Quality Management in Education
Authors: Taylor Andrew , Hill Frances
Published: September 2004

Examines the applicability of total quality management (TQM) to
education and summarizes its underlying theory and principles. Discusses
the relationship between quality assurance and total quality management
with reference to ISO 9000. Aligns educational institutions with a
service organization model and outlines the resultant implications for
the development of a TQM initiative. These issues include the expansion
of the internal supplier/customer concept, a greater focus on the
marketplace, the identification of customers, the pursuit of continuous
improvement and the strengthening of feedback linkages from the
environment. Mentions potential problems with the adoption of such
service sector models in the context of scholarship, individuality and
the team ethos, and the commercial quality terminology of “zero
defects” and “right first time” thinking. Concludes
that educational institutions are likely to reap significant benefits
from an appropriate implementation of TQM, provided that there is
considerable planning, management commitment, culture change and a
long‐term perspective which goes beyond the next AGM.
Learner Perceptions of Quality and the Learner Career
Authors: Muller Dave , Funnell Peter
Published: September 2004

Explores the concept of quality from the perspective of the learner
as part of the learning process. Focuses on the centrality of the
learner in identifying and working towards building‐in quality to the
education and training process. Proposes that, rather than the
retrospective approaches to evaluating quality, approaches should be
developed which follow the life cycle of the learner. Sees recent
curriculum innovations, including the development of modular schemes and
proposed funding arrangements in further education, as means of
facilitating this approach.
A Perspective on Quality in Education: The Quest for Zero Defect
Authors: Sayed Yusuf
Published: September 2004

Quality has always been a central concern in education. The
existent debate of educational quality has, however, shifted. The
current discourse about educational quality is replete with slogans like
“standards”, “quality control”, “total
quality management”, “consumer rights” and
“appraisal”. Furthermore, the present debate about
educational quality leaves many of the assumptions that underpin the
utilization of the concept, quality, unexamined. In addition, recent
discussions about educational quality presume, implicitly or explicitly,
certain understandings of the practice of education. More importantly,
the current discourse of educational quality is largely technicist.
Argues that the current debate concerning educational quality is
underpinned by technicist assumptions with respect to the practice of
education. Moreover, further argues that the prevalent discourse of
educational quality suppresses the argument regarding educational
equality.
Academic standards in higher education: a framework for
investigation and discourse at institutional level
Authors: Williams Gethin
Published: September 2004

Presents a framework for the exploration of academic standards at
institutional level. Identifies five areas for special attention.
Formulates a set of expectations for each, on which it is expected there
will be a large measure of agreement. The primary task is then seen to
convert these expectations into calibrated standards (for output,
process and inputs) which may be expressed as quantitative (e.g.
statistical indicators) or qualitative (e.g. narrative descriptors)
measures. The final task is to benchmark the standards within and
between institutions.
THE PATH TO SUCCESSFUL EMPOWERMENT
Authors: Leppitt Nigel
Published: September 2004

Empowerment is not a short‐term goal and is not easy. Organizations
seeking to change the culture and ethos of their organization need to
count the cost of change, fully understanding the qualitative and
quantitative benefits of changing. However, once the path of empowerment
is embarked on, the organization will be changed forever and resources
will be released.
EMPOWERING MANAGEMENT IN INNOVATIVE ORGANIZATIONS IN THE
1990s: PART 2
Authors: Ripley Robert E. , Ripley Marie J.
Published: September 2004

Empowerment is the key to business competition and success. The
objective is that quality, continuous improvement and customer
satisfaction become the responsibility of employees. The hands of upper
management are then left free to steer the organization in its desired
direction; while middle management become coach‐consultants to the
“self‐management work teams” who are at the bottom level of
this new and innovative organization. Training from upper management
down to the front‐line worker is vital in keeping the momentum of
empowerment and quality going.
On becoming a team player
Authors: Scarnati James T.
Published: September 2004

Discusses teamwork as a synergetic process in which the efforts of the co‐operative group surpass individual efforts. Provides historical and contemporary examples of successful team efforts from business, industry and organizations. Describes the benefits of a team synergy as guardianship, status, learning, self‐esteem, fellowship and power along with the circumstances in which a team effort is neither needed nor desired. Lists structure, ineffective communications, lack of resources, lack of trust, and corporate culture as factors that may hinder or not support a team effort. Defines interdependence as a key characteristic of successful teams. Includes quotes from contemporary leaders as to the value of the team effort in today’s workplace.
Optimizing the repair‐time limit replacement schedule with discounting and imperfect repair
Authors: Dohi T. , Ashioka A. , Osaki S. , Kaio N.
Published: September 2004

In this paper, we consider a repair‐time limit replacement problem with imperfect repair and develop a graphical method to determine the optimal repair‐time limit which minimizes the expected total discounted cost over an infinite time horizon. The method proposed can be applied to an estimation problem of the optimal repair‐time limit from the empirical repair‐time data. Then, the modified scaled total time on test transform of the underlying repair‐time distribution function is used. Numerical examples are devoted to examine asymptotic properties of the nonparametric estimator for the optimal repair‐time limit.
Optimal preventive maintenance planning for multiple elevators
Authors: Yamashina Hajime , Otani Shunsuke
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this paper is to properly plan the preventive maintenance schedule for multiple elevators and optimize the number of maintenance workers.The total amount of the maintenance cost consisting of the labor cost, the part cost, and the quality cost (the loss evaluated in terms of cost, to be incurred when an elevator breaks down) is to be minimized.The method is presented of setting up the optimal preventive maintenance schedule on a long‐term basis by rescheduling the contents of schedule dynamically and flexibly in accordance with the ever‐changing maintenance conditions, taking the possibility of the future occurrence of failure into consideration. From numerical experiments, the validity of the proposal procedure for planning the preventive maintenance schedule and the effectiveness of considering the possibility of the future occurrence of failure in planning the schedule are shown, and the optimal number of maintenance workers can be decided.
A review of research into the effects of rapid tooling on part properties
Authors: Segal J.I. , Campbell R.I.
Published: September 2004

Rapid prototyping technologies have introduced a new generation of rapid tooling processes. Many of these rapid tools have been used for injection moulding where the thermal properties of the tool material are critical to the quality of parts produced. Rapid tools are often made from materials with substantially different thermal properties than conventional metal tools. Engineers wishing to make use of these technologies to produce technical prototypes must be aware of the effect this will have on final part properties. Some previous research has been undertaken in this area. Reviews the work done in the field of rapid tooling used for injection moulding. The review shows that, whereas a range of techniques and final part materials has been studied, the results obtained are incomplete and often unexplained. The authors draw conclusions as to why this is so and go on to identify areas for further work that will be pursued.
Intelligent rapid prototyping with fused deposition modelling
Authors: Masood Syed H.
Published: September 2004

Explains that fused deposition modelling is a rapid prototyping technology by which physical objects are created directly from a CAD model using layer by layer deposition of extruded material. The technology offers the potential of producing parts accurately in a wide range of materials safely and quickly. In using this technology, the designer is often confronted with a host of conflicting options including achieving desired accuracy, optimizing building time and cost and fulfilling functionality requirements. Presents a methodology for resolving these problems through the development of an intelligent rapid prototyping syste integrating distributed blackboard technologies with different knowledge based systems and feature based design technologies.
Accuracy issues in CAD to RP translations
Authors: Fadel Georges M. , Kirschman Chuck
Published: September 2004

Rapid prototyping systems are controlled by a computer which uses the CAD representation to build parts according to an additive plane layering process. The computer controls a laser beam or a print head, or any process that leads to the formation of a slice of a part using resins, powders, paper, wax or other materials. The original CAD representation is translated into commands to drive the process, and accuracy issues will make or break these emerging technologies. It is therefore important to understand where the errors stem from, what are the issues associated with the software representation formats, and how to minimize or eliminate these errors. Presents a summary of CAD to RP software formats, and explains the accuracy issues associated with the selected representation. Discusses improvements that can be obtained by process modifications.
Virtual networking for women and minorities
Authors: Knouse Stephen B. , Webb Schuyler C.
Published: September 2004

Networking is important for all employees to acquire the information, guidance, feedback, and social support necessary for career success. Women and minorities, however, do not have the large, strong, dense networks that white males have used to definite advantage. The article presents virtual networking (acquiring this important information through Internet resources) as a means of strengthening women and minority networks. It discusses how Web pages, e‐mail, chat rooms, and other Internet resources may improve these networks and makes recommendations for organizations to enhance virtual networking.
Organizational change through individual learning
Authors: O’Hara Suzanne
Published: September 2004

Considers why effective management development is critically important in today’s environment. Questions the concept of organizational change as a process that can be managed and examines instead the idea of organizational change through individual learning. Presents a process for managing individual learning and considers the role of management developers in this process.
Negotiating with the French
Authors: Newson‐Ballé Lisa
Published: September 2004

Explains inconsistencies which managers face when negotiating with the French. Provides a portrait of the French character in behavioural terms and some tactics which are used in negotiation.
Dynamic poise: a new style of management ‐ Part 2
Authors: Darwin John
Published: September 2004

The second of two articles suggests that dynamic capability in organizations needs to be based on new thinking drawn from science, logic and ideas drawn from cultures beyond the Anglo‐Saxon. This thinking is brought together in the Wisdom Paradigm, which does not replace the Modern Paradigm ‐ it expands management thinking and suggests principles more attuned to managing in uncertainty. Outlines some of the key themes of the Wisdom Paradigm and uses these to develop the concepts of organizational intelligence and dynamic poise.
Set‐up time reduction and mistake proofing methods – A study of application in a small company
Authors: Patel S. , Shaw P. , Dale B.G.
Published: September 2004

The paper reports a study into set‐up time reduction and mistake proofing methods in a small company involved in the machining of precision components in small batches with high variety for the aerospace industry. The company has made some set‐up reductions mainly using work study related methods and in one manufacturing cell by the use of the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) methodology. Mistake proofing devices in the form of fouling pins and offset holes have been developed for the family of components manufactured in this cell. Until recently the set‐up times were not measured and worse still were considered as productive hours. As a consequence, there was a lack of awareness and motivation amongst operational personnel to reduce set‐up times and knowledge of SMED was limited to a small group of individuals. This, along with the lack of investment in mechanisms to aid set‐up time reductions and prevent errors, has restricted the use of this type of methods and technology. However, there is evidence that the demands made by the company’s major customer will lead to increased efforts to put into place these types of changes.
An Innovative Employment Training Institution in Sweden: A
Test Case?
Authors: Geers Frederick
Published: September 2004

In January 1986 employment training for adults in Sweden was
reorganised, when all the vocational training centres were grouped into
a fully autonomous government institution aimed at more flexibility in
meeting labour market needs, the optimal use of resources and extensive
decentralisation. The effects of the reorganisation are assessed from
the point of view of the organisation (AMU) itself, the trainees, the
trainers, the trade unions and the employers. The possible advantages of
the new system are presented.
Trends in the Share of Skilled Occupations in Total Employment
Authors: Burkett John P.
Published: September 2004

The change in the share of skilled occupations in total employment is broken down into changes in the skill intensities of industries weighted by their shares in employment, changes in the shares of industries in employment weighted by their skill intensities, and an interaction term. Claims about the three terms – associated with the product life cycle and degradation of labour hypotheses – are assessed theoretically and empirically. A two‐sector general equilibrium model is used to show from what assumptions the claims might be deduced. The claims are compared with US data for the 1970s and projections for the 1990s.
What Motivates Nigerian Craftsmen in a Task Force Situation: A Case Study of ASCON
Authors: Odinye Moses O. , Aduaka Erasmus C.
Published: September 2004

Irked by the attitude of craftsmen which most Nigerian public service managers perceive as laziness, unenthusiasm, fraudulence, etc, managers adopt the carrot‐and‐stick approach in managing craftsmen, but without any success. By the introduction of task forces under a direct labour policy, craftsmen took up the challenge and performed beyond expectations. What motivated craftsmen in the two task forces studied include,inter alia, desire to demonstrate competence, freedom to operate, reverse negative rating by superiors and recognition of self‐worth.
Mobility of Engineers in the Job Market: Frequency and
Reasons
Authors: Ossorio Lorraine , Hunsucker J.L.
Published: September 2004

The results of a research project investigating the changing of
jobs, or mobility, of American engineers are presented. The aim of the
survey was to determine how often and why individuals in high technical
positions change companies. It was also designed to determine any
differences in the job‐changing habits between individuals with
different employers, different education levels or different age levels.
Self‐selection and Occupational Mobility
Authors: Dauffenbach Robert C. , Grimes Paul W.
Published: September 2004

Using three cross‐sectional data sets, the determinants of
occupational upgrading over time for mobile workers in the United States
are analysed. The model controls for the self‐selection of mobile
workers over the course of the business cycle. The results indicate a
trend towards greater sexual and racial equality in the outcomes of
occupational changes. However, it is suggested that the more able
workers have an advantage during periods of economic recession.
Long‐term Unemployment and the Demand for Labour in the
Stoke‐on‐Trent Area
Authors: Lawrence Peter , Rosenthal Leslie , Sheldon Peter
Published: September 2004

An analysis of the characteristics of a sample of the unemployed in
the local area of Stoke‐on‐Trent, UK, is compared with information on
the skills and characteristics which would be demanded resultant from an
expansion of the local economy in both public and private activity. Much
evidence emerged to show that a likely mismatch exists between the
skills of the unemployed and the skills required by an expanding local
economy.
Recent Changes in UK Employment Law
Authors: Fowler Norman
Published: September 2004

The record of the present UK government on industrial relations
reform is assessed. The case for abolishing the Dock Labour Scheme is
reviewed in the context of overall government policy on employment
relations.
Corporate Tax Deductions
Authors: Wakeford Tony
Published: September 2004

Tax and social security contributions are part of the cost to
employers of expatriate employment. Some questions are asked relating to
how this cost can be minimised.
1988 Finance Act: A Change of Direction
Authors: Frost David J.
Published: September 2004

The 1988 Finance Act has a number of implications for the taxation
of expatriates of UK origin. The main changes are outlined and the main
groups of individuals who benefit or not are assessed. Some possible
areas for planning maximum tax‐effectiveness are focused on.
Health Manpower Planning and Development in Nigeria
Authors: Ojo Kenneth
Published: September 2004

One of the most serious obstacles to the development of effective
health services is inadequate supply of trained health manpower. An
overview is presented of the current numbers and types of health
personnel, their roles and trends over time, their geographical
distribution across Nigeria and efforts to influence it. It is indicated
that in Nigeria the geographical distribution of medical personnel is
extremely uneven and that there is a need for fundamental changes in
health manpower policy.
Nursing Skills: Is There a Shortage?
Authors: Martin Lyn
Published: September 2004

Although the nursing profession is a large
occupational group and a major part of the National
Health Service, surprisingly little is known about
the demand for and supply of nurses. Current
demographic trends, however, have ensured that
a traditional “easy in/easy out” model of
recruitment and retention, with high wastage rates
during and after training, is being replaced by the
idea that nurse education is a valuable and
expensive investment and trained nurses must be
encouraged to view nursing as a life‐time career.
In 1988 there was considerable media interest in
shortages of skilled nurses. A number of factors
are examined, relevant to assessing whether there
are such shortages. In particular, the demand for
nurses, manpower and financial aspects of supply,
recruitment and retention, and skill mix are
considered. Two groups of nurses in which there
are said to be shortages are briefly discussed:
paediatric intensive care and community mental
handicap and mental illness nurses.
The Changing Occupational Structure of Employment, 1971‐95
Authors: Wilson R.A.
Published: September 2004

Occupational structure has changed significantly
over time and further important changes are
forecast by the year 1995. A substantial part of
the change in occupational structure between 1971
and 1981 can be attributed to the shift in industrial
structure. Despite the rising level of civilian
employment in recent years, some, mainly blue‐collar
occupations, continued to fall over the period
1981 to 1987. Others, however, showed significant
growth (including professional, associate
professional and managerial occupations), caused
by both the changing occupational structure within
industries and the changing industry mix. Such
changes are likely to persist, bolstered by the
continued expansion of the economy. The article
reviews the possible extent of skill shortages in
the nine main occupational groups. Shortages
seem likely amongst managers and administrators,
professional occupations and associate
professional and technical occupations. They also
appear to be persisting amongst craft and skilled
manual workers despite declining levels of
employment in this group. However, skill
shortages seem much less likely amongst clerical
and secretarial, personal and protective services,
sales occupations, plant and machine operatives
and other occupations.
Beyond the Personnel Function
Authors: Handy Laurence , Barham Kevin , Panter Sara , Winhard Amelie
Published: September 2004

It is argued that, as firms become increasingly
aware that people are among their most valuable
strategic assets, they are reappraising the way in
which they manage their human capital. The
emphasis is shifting from “personnel management”
to the wider, strategic concept of “human
resource management” (HRM) in which human
resource policies and activities, including training
and development, are linked more closely to
business strategy. Human resource specialists
who wish to develop a more strategic approach
to people management must establish credibility
with top management as key figures in the
achievement of successful results.
Managing Operations in the 1990s
Authors: Goodridge Mark
Published: September 2004

The greatest challenge for operations management
in the 1990s is the management of the
human resource. Advanced manufacturing
technology dictates a style and approach to
management unlike most firms′ previous
experience. There is a requirement to move from
a control to a commitment orientation in the work‐place.
The authority and power structures of
functional organisations are no longer suitable for
advanced manufacturing technology and
operations managers will have to manage people
on a far more equal basis than hitherto. A primary
manufacturing unit will employ fewer and fewer
people directly, but the dependence of the
organisation on each and every one of those
employees will increase dramatically.
Human Resources: The Critical Success Factor
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: September 2004

Regarding the quality of human resources, a
turbulent business environment presents, at times,
a bewildering array of fundamental challenges.
Organisations can no longer cope by making small
incremental adjustments to existing practices. An
aggregation of major challenges, arising all at once,
is forcing a fundamental rethink of human resources
roles and responsibilities. The findings of a survey
initiated by the British Institute of Management and
Aston Business School concerning the thoughts and
intentions of those at or close to the top of major
UK organisations are examined.
A Quarterly Earnings Series for Manual and non‐Manual Workers in Great Britain
Authors: Theodossiou Ioannis
Published: September 2004

Recently some interest has developed in examining
the wage determination process for manual and
non‐manual workers. However, no published
disaggregated series exists long enough to permit
any econometric investigation requiring large
sample properties. A disaggregated average
earnings series of quarterly observations is
presented derived from 18 annual observations
published by the British New Earnings Survey.
Local Labour Markets and Long‐term Unemployment: A Further Analysis
Authors: Mangan John , Phibbs Peter
Published: September 2004

Recent work carried out by the Centre for Work
and Labour Market Studies into the labour market
characteristics of the long‐term unemployed in the
South Coast Region of New South Wales bears
a close similarity in scope and methodology to the
work by Barry Thomas and the Study group at
Durham University reported in this journal in 1990
(Thomas, B., “Long‐term Unemployment: A
Local Labour Market Study”, International
Journal of Manpower, Vol. 11 No. 1, 1990, pp.
13‐20). However, sufficient differences emerge
between the two studies to indicate that a set of
generalised propositions on the make‐up and
motivations of the long‐term unemployed may still
be some way off and is likely to contain significant
country‐specific components.
US Strike Activity in Three Professions
Authors: Somers Toni M. , Gupta Yash P. , Smith Arthur W.
Published: September 2004

Data are analysed on strike and normal working durations from three professions – the public school system, electronics, and seaports over the period 1946 to 1987. The duration of strikes experienced immediately prior to negotiation is shown to have a positive effect on a bargaining unit′s duration of normal working during a current contract negotiation. For all three professions, the primary finding of this study is that longer duration strikes in time t produce longer normal working time at time t + 1.
Factors Affecting College Student Migration across States
Authors: Mixon Franklin G.
Published: September 2004

Provides a model of human capital search by examining college
student migration across states. Tests pertinent investment and
consumption benefits. Employs OLS estimation for 49 states, with unique
measures for college quality, college climate, and college location.
Tests income and price parameters, as well as
“super‐selectivity” among certain college groups. The
variables for price and college quality are highly significant, while
the evidence with consumption benefits remains unresolved. Although
several policy options remain open to college administrations, certain
public choice incentives may act to impede the working of the university
as a “firm”.
Labour Market Discrimination and Fair Employment in
Northern Ireland: An Introduction
Authors: Cradden Terry , Teague Paul
Published: September 2004

Provides an overview of the issue of religious discrimination in
the Northern Ireland labour market.
The Labour Market Context and Potential Effectiveness of
Fair Employment Legislation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Gudgin Graham , Murphy Anthony
Published: September 2004

Briefly outlines the labour market context within which the new
Fair Employment legislation has to operate. Presents the results of
research on how quickly religious differences in unemployment rates
might be expected to be eliminated by the new legislation.
Women and Paid Work in Northern Ireland
Authors: Heaton Norma
Published: September 2004

Labour market statistics suggest that the rate of economic activity
for women in Northern Ireland is among the lowest of the UK regions.
Reviewing recent research, explores possible causes, and goes on to
examine similarities and differences in Catholic and Protestant women′s
participation in paid work.
Fair Employment in the Engineering Industry: An Evaluation
Authors: McDowell Robert , Cradden Terry
Published: September 2004

Relying on a sample survey, seeks to establish what progress has
been made in changing employment policies, practices and procedures in
the engineering industry in Northern Ireland since the possibility of
new fair employment legislation was mooted in the late 1980s. Finds
that, while most employers have made real progress, others show little
substantial change in their approach. However, while in general the new
law is being taken very seriously, for reasons which may often lie
beyond the control of employers, it could be some time before it makes a
significant impact on the employment differential between Protestants
and Roman Catholics in the industry.
The Market for Training: A Human Capital Approach
Authors: Bosworth Derek , Wilson Rob , Assefa Abbebe
Published: September 2004

Considers the optimal training decisions of firms and individuals,
and provides a number of reasons why there may be underinvestment in the
market for training. Reflects on the individual′s decision to invest in
training in the context of dynamic labour supply theories. This is
combined with a model of the firm′s decision‐making process to provide a
“market for training” in which wage‐training‐employment
contracts are determined.
RISKY FOODS
Authors: Mitchell Vince
Published: September 2004

Vince Mitchell says that consumer
perception is very important when
selecting certain food
FIBRE INTO THE 1990s
Authors: Geil Patti , Kingman Susan
Published: September 2004

A summary of papers given at a recent
conference on this topic
DATE MARKING OF FOODS
Authors: Cross Christine
Published: September 2004

‘Use by’ is replacing other worlds in
the labelling of certain perishable
foods, Christine Cross BEd, MSc, Dip
Man reports
RABIT IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Authors: Silley Peter
Published: September 2004

Impedance technology enables the food
industry to detect and identify bacterial
contamination in hours rather than days.
Dr. Peter Silley describes the technique
FOOD POISONING
Authors: Kipps Michael
Published: September 2004

Michael Kipps describes some organisms
which have become prevalent in recent
years
WHEAT DIETARY FIBRE
Authors: Roberts Howell
Published: September 2004

Howell Roberts traces the development of
interest in cereal dietary fibre as a
component of a healthy diet
TREAT YOURSELF RIGHT
Authors: Lockie Gillian
Published: September 2004

Gillian Lockie continues her account of a
healthy catering campaign for oil rig
workers
THE TASTING PHENOMENON
Authors: Hughes Nina
Published: September 2004

Describes how and where we perceive the sense of taste, the
traditional four basic taste sensations, and why different parts of the
mouth are more or less sensitive to a particular one. Outlines types of
compounds having a particular taste with some relationships between and
anomalies of their chemical structure and the taste sensation they
elicit, together with individual variation in tasting sensitivity and
factors affecting this, such as adaptation. Summarizes interesting taste
phenomena including: taste blindness; taste modification; the role of
heavy metals in taste perception. Describes the additional taste
sensations that have been proposed such as: umami; water‐taste;
metallic; alkalinity and other gustatory effects such as pungency
(burning sensation), cooling and astringency.
The Awareness and Reactions of the Food Chain to Healthy Eating
Authors: Darrall Jan
Published: September 2004

Outlines research investigating the awareness and reactions of the
food chain to the healthy eating trends and reports based on
questionnaires to 684 farmers, companies and retailers involved in
organic, dairy and cereal sectors. Half of the farmers, two‐thirds of
the companies, and all the retailers were aware of the dietary trends
and reports. A third of the organic farmers, but only 3 per cent of the
dairy and cereal farmers respectively had moved in line with the trends.
In contrast, all the companies and retailers were stocking healthy
foods, nutritionally labelling foods, decreasing additive levels, and
formulating healthy eating campaigns and policies. Concludes that
Government supports must change to encourage farmers to enter organic
production and produce low‐fat milk in accordance with consumer wishes.
Finds scope for more Government funded educational initiatives and
reports on diet and health.