bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DEATH OF DISTANCE REVISITED: CYBER‐PLACE, PHYSICAL AND RELATIONAL PROXIMITIES
Authors: Tranos Emmanouil , Nijkamp Peter
Published: May 2013

This paper studies the impact of physical distance and different relational proximity types on the formation of the Internet infrastructure. Although there is some anecdotal evidence on the “end of geography” effect of the Internet, the relationship between physical space and the Internet has not been yet scrutinized. Our paper builds upon recent studies in economic geography and relational proximities, and aims to study whether physical distance survives in virtual geography even after controlling for relational proximities. In order to do so, a unique and extensive database with geo‐coded IP links and spatial interaction models with panel data specifications in combination with network analysis are utilized. Our results indicate that physical distance, but also different relational proximities, have a significant impact on the structure of the Internet infrastructure, highlighting the spatiality of the Internet.
Benefits of cetalkonium chloride cationic oil-in-water nanoemulsions for topical ophthalmic drug delivery
Authors: Daull Philippe , Lallemand Frédéric , Garrigue Jean-Sébastien
Published: May 2013

Objectives

Topical ocular administration is the most convenient route of administration of drugs for the treatment of eye diseases. However, the bioavailability of drugs following eye instillations of eye drops is very low. Over the past 20 years, extensive efforts have been put into research to improve drug bioavailability without compromising treatment compliance and patients' quality of life.

Key findings

One of the most efficient ways to improve drug bioavailability is to increase the precorneal residence time of the eye drop formulations. As a result, new eye drops, with bioadhesive properties, have been developed based on the cationic oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsion technology. These low viscosity eye drop nanoemulsions have improved precorneal residence time through the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged oil nanodroplets and the negatively charged ocular surface epithelium.

This review is the first to present the benefits of this new strategy used to improve ocular drug bioavailability. The roles of the cationic agent in the stabilization of a safe cationic o/w nanoemulsion have been discussed, as well as the unexpected benefits of the cationic o/w nanoemulsion for the protection and restoration of a healthy tear film and corneal epithelium.
Characterization of a novel collagen‐like protein TrpA in the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Authors: Price Simara , Anandan Shivanthi
Published: May 2013

The collagen protein family is diverse and its membership is continually expanding as new collagen‐like molecules are identified. Identification of collagen in unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes has opened discussion on the function of these collagens and their role in the emergence of multicellularity. The previous identification of a collagen gene in Trichodesmium erythraeum raises the question of function of this structural protein in a prokaryote. In this study, we show that this gene is expressed during all phases of growth, indicating that it may be required for all phases of growth. Using immunofluorescence techniques, we demonstrate that the collagen‐like protein is localized in a specific manner between adjacent cells along the trichome of T. erythraeum. Trichomes treated with the enzyme collagenase exhibited fragmentation, supporting our immunofluorescence localization data that this collagen‐like protein is found between adjacent cells. Our data strongly suggest that the collagen‐like protein found in T. erythraeum functions to maintain the structural integrity of the trichome through the adhesion of adjacent cells.
Points of view: reconceptualising literacies through an exploration of adult and child interactions in a virtual world
Authors: Burnett Cathy , Merchant Guy
Published: May 2013

This article explores theoretical and methodological issues in literacy studies emerging from an investigation of how children and adults make meanings when virtual worlds are embedded in classroom contexts. Drawing on the work of Law and Mol and Kwa's exploration of ‘baroque complexity’, it highlights the importance of recognising and interrogating multiplicity in examining interactions through and around texts. The implications of this, we suggest, go beyond research into literacies in digital environments to raise questions about how we theorise and research literacies more generally. In particular, this leads us to re‐examine the use of the literacy event as a unit of analysis. We argue that these issues are particularly important at a time when diverse and multiple literacies collide with educational policies that reduce literacies to ‘the basics’ and to simple models that prescribe what is learned.
Towards an understanding of how children read and spell irregular words: the role of nonword and orthographic processing skills
Authors: Johnston Rhona , McGeown Sarah , Moxon Gerri Elizabeth
Published: May 2013

This study examined, in 180 children aged from 6 to 9 years, to what extent irregular word reading and spelling were predicted by vocabulary knowledge, reading frequency, orthographic processing and nonword reading skill. Consistent with models of reading highlighting the quasi‐regular nature of irregular words, it was found that nonword reading was a large and significant predictor of irregular word reading even when entered into a regression analysis after all of the other variables. However, irregular word spelling was equally well predicted by orthographic and nonword reading skills. The results are discussed in relation to models of word reading and reading development.
Valuable antiviral therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients with thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ogawa E. , Furusyo N. , Murata M. , Ikezaki H. , Ihara T. , Hayashi T. , Toyoda K. , Okada K. , Kainuma M. , Kajiwara E. , Takahashi K. , Satoh T. , Hayashi J.
Published: May 2013

Thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic hepatitis C may represent an obstacle for the initiation of antiviral treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors predictive of successful pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) α2b and ribavirin (RBV) treatment for patients with thrombocytopenia with no history of splenectomy or partial splenic embolization. One hundred and fifty‐one chronic hepatitis C patients (genotype 1: n = 110, genotype 2: n = 41) with TCP (<100 × 109/L) at baseline were enrolled. Pretreatment variables included interleukin 28B (IL28B) genotype (rs8099917) and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score (HOMA‐IR). The kinetics of haemoglobin and platelets according to the inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) genotype (rs1127354) were investigated. Sustained virological response (SVR) was significantly more frequent in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 (65.9%) than in genotype 1 (34.5%) patients (P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression analysis of HCV genotype 1 extracted IL28B TT genotype [odds ratio (OR) 5.97, P = 0.006] and HOMA‐IR <2.5 (OR 7.14, P = 0.0016) as significant independent pretreatment predictors of SVR. The analyses of HCV genotype 2 showed that HOMA‐IR was significantly related to SVR, but IL28B genotype was not. Patients with ITPA CC genotype showed a significant haemoglobin reduction and lower degree of platelets decrease than those with ITPA CA/AA genotypes. The most common reason for premature discontinuation of treatment was the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 8, 5.3%). In conclusion, HOMA‐IR is a useful predictor of SVR for patients with thrombocytopenia infected with HCV genotype 1 or 2 treated with PEG‐IFNα2b and RBV. The inclusion of IL28B, ITPA genotypes and HOMA‐IR adds valuable therapeutic information.
Recognising fuzzy vegetation pattern: the spatial prediction of floristically defined fuzzy communities using species distribution modelling methods
Authors: Duff Thomas J. , Bell Tina L. , York Alan
Published: May 2013

Question

Plant communities are not necessarily spatially exclusive; a point in space can exhibit properties of multiple communities. Such variation can be described using floristically defined ‘fuzzy’ units, however these may not be easily delineated using standard remote sensing methods. Is there value in considering communities as fuzzy? Can species distribution modelling methods be used to represent fuzzy communities spatially?

Location

Western Victoria, Australia.

Methods

Fuzzy communities were objectively identified from vegetation census quadrats with a cluster analysis of ordinated species data. Boosted regression trees were used to create models that defined relationships between the sampled communities and environmental predictor variables. These were applied to the mapped predictors to create maps of estimated fuzzy community membership for the entire study area.

Results

Four separate fuzzy communities were identified from the sampled vegetation data. Models were created for each community and these were effectively used to generate maps of fuzzy community membership. Individual fuzzy community maps illustrated vegetation variation that could not be discerned on a discretely classified map.

Conclusions

Fuzzy communities were found to represent a greater proportion of species variation than discretely classified units. Species distribution modelling methods were effective in creating independent spatial maps of each floristically defined fuzzy community; however the interpretation of these maps is more complex than with a single discrete community map.
Bare Numerals and Scalar Implicatures
Authors: Spector Benjamin
Published: May 2013

Bare numerals present an interesting challenge to formal semantics and pragmatics: they seem to be compatible between various readings (‘at least’, ‘exactly’, and ‘at most’ readings), and the choice of a particular reading seems to depend on complex interactions between contextual factors and linguistic structure. The goal of this article is to present and discuss some of the current approaches to the interpretation of bare numerals in formal semantics and pragmatics. It discusses four approaches to the interpretation of bare numerals, which can be summarized as follows:

In the neo‐Gricean view, the basic, literal meaning of numerals amounts to an ‘at least interpretation’, and the ‘exactly n’ reading results from a pragmatic enrichment of the literal reading, i.e. it is accounted for in terms of scalar implicatures.

In the underspecification view, the interpretation of numerals is ‘underspecified’, with the result that they can freely receive the ‘at least’, ‘exactly’, or ‘at most’ reading, depending on which of these three construals is contextually the most relevant.

In the ‘exactly’‐only view, the numerals' basic, literal meaning corresponds to the ‘exactly’ reading, and the ‘at least’ and ‘fewer than n’ readings result from the interaction of this literal meaning with background, non‐linguistic knowledge.

In the ambiguity view, numerals are ambiguous between two readings, the ‘at least’ and ‘exactly’ readings.

The article argues that in order to account for all the relevant data, one needs to adopt a certain version of the ambiguity view. But it suggests that numerals should not necessarily be thought of as being lexically ambiguous, but rather as giving rise to ambiguities through their interactions with so‐called exhaustivity operators. According to such a view, the ambiguities triggered by numerals are to be explained in terms of a non‐Gricean theory of scalar implicatures.
Target evaluation of the non‐coding csRNAs reveals a link of the two‐component regulatory system CiaRH to competence control in Streptococcus pneumoniae R6
Authors: Schnorpfeil Anke , Kranz Miriam , Kovács Martá , Kirsch Christian , Gartmann Julia , Brunner Ines , Bittmann Sabrina , Brückner Reinhold
Published: May 2013

The two‐component regulatory system CiaRH of Streptococcus pneumoniae controls 25 genes, five of which specify homologous small non‐coding csRNAs (cia‐dependent small RNAs). The csRNAs were predicted to act regulatory as base‐pairing sRNAs, but their targets have not been identified. By csRNA gene inactivations we established that the major phenotypes associated with a hyperactive CiaRH system, enhanced β‐lactam resistance and prevention of genetic competence, are dependent on the csRNAs. Computational target predictions and evaluations by translational fusions identified six genes to be under csRNA control: spr0081, spr0371, spr0159, spr0551, spr1097 and spr2043(comC). Measuring the effect of single csRNAs on three targets indicated that they acted additively. One of the targets, comC(spr2043), encoding the precursor of the competence stimulating pheromone CSP, constitutes a link of CiaRH to competence control. Partially disrupting predicted csRNA‐comC complementarity led to strongly diminished repression by the csRNAs and to transformability in a strain with a hyperactive CiaRH. Thus, a hyperactive CiaRH system prevents competence development by csRNA‐dependent post‐transcriptional repression of CSP production. The csRNAs are also involved in competence regulation in the wild‐type strain R6, but their activity is only apparent in the absence of the protease gene htrA, another CiaRH regulon member.
Random and site‐specific mutagenesis of the Helicobacter pylori ferric uptake regulator provides insight into Fur structure–function relationships
Authors: Gilbreath Jeremy J. , Pich Oscar Q. , Benoit Stéphane L. , Besold Angelique N. , Cha Jeong‐Heon , Maier Robert J. , Michel Sarah L. J. , Maynard Ernest L. , Merrell D. Scott
Published: May 2013

The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) of Helicobacter pylori is a global regulator that is important for colonization and survival within the gastric mucosa. H. pylori Fur is unique in its ability to activate and repress gene expression in both the iron‐bound (Fe‐Fur) and apo forms (apo‐Fur). In the current study we combined random and site‐specific mutagenesis to identify amino acid residues important for both Fe‐Fur and apo‐Fur function. We identified 25 mutations that affected Fe‐Fur repression and 23 mutations that affected apo‐Fur repression, as determined by transcriptional analyses of the Fe‐Fur target gene amiE, and the apo‐Fur target gene, pfr. In addition, eight of these mutations also significantly affected levels of Fur in the cell. Based on regulatory phenotypes, we selected several representative mutations to characterize further. Of those selected, we purified the wild‐type (HpFurWT) and three mutant Fur proteins (HpFurE5A, HpFurA92T and HpFurH134Y), which represent mutations in the N‐terminal extension, the regulatory metal binding site (S2) and the structural metal binding site (S3) respectively. Purified proteins were evaluated for secondary structure by circular dichroism spectroscopy, iron‐binding by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, oligomerization in manganese‐substituted and apo conditions by in vitro cross‐linking assays, and DNA binding to Fe‐Fur and apo‐Fur target sequences by fluorescence anisotropy. The results showed that the N‐terminal, S2 and S3 regions play distinct roles in terms of Fur structure–function relationships. Overall, these studies provide novel information regarding the role of these residues in Fur function, and provide mechanistic insight into how H. pylori Fur regulates gene expression in both the iron‐bound and apo forms of the protein.
Niemann‐Pick disease type C1 predominantly involving the frontotemporal region, with cortical and brainstem Lewy bodies: An autopsy case
Authors: Chiba Yoichi , Komori Hiraku , Takei Shiro , Hasegawa‐Ishii Sanae , Kawamura Noriko , Adachi Kaori , Nanba Eiji , Hosokawa Masanori , Enokido Yasushi , Kouchi Zen , Yoshida Futoshi , Shimada Atsuyoshi
Published: May 2013

Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral lipid storage disorder. Two disease‐causing genes (NPC1 and NPC2) have been identified. NPC is characterized by neuronal and glial lipid storage and NFTs. Here, we report a man with juvenile‐onset progressive neurological deficits, including pyramidal signs, ataxia, bulbar palsy, vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, and psychiatric symptoms; death occurred at age 37 before definitive clinical diagnosis. Post mortem gross examination revealed a unique distribution of brain atrophy, predominantly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Microscopically, lipid storage in neurons and widely distributed NFTs were observed. Lipid storage cells appeared in systemic organs and filipin staining indicated intracellular cholesterol accumulation in hepatic macrophages. Electron microscopy revealed accumulation of lipids and characteristic oligolamellar inclusions. These findings suggested an NPC diagnosis. Neuronal loss and gliosis were frequently accompanied by NFTs and occurred in the frontal and temporal cortices, hippocampus, amygdala, basal forebrain, basal ganglia, thalamus, substantia nigra and brain stem nuclei. Lewy bodies (LBs) were observed in most, but not all, regions where NFTs were evident. In contrast, neuronal lipid storage occurred in more widespread areas, including the parietal and occipital cortices where neurodegeneration with either NFTs or LBs was minimal. Molecular genetic analysis demonstrated that the patient had compound heterozygous mutations in the cysteine‐rich loop (A1017T and Y1088C) of the NPC1 gene. To our knowledge there has been no previous report of the A1017T mutation. The pathological features of this patient support the notion that NPC has an aspect of α‐synucleinopathy, and long‐term survivors of NPC may develop a frontotemporal‐predominant distribution of brain atrophy.
A study of pathophysiological factors associated with gastro‐esophageal reflux disease in twins discordant for gastro‐esophageal reflux symptoms
Authors: Iovino P. , Mohammed I. , Anggiansah A. , Anggiansah R. , Cherkas L. F. , Spector T. D. , Trudgill N. J.
Published: May 2013

Background

Differences in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and peristaltic function and in transient LES relaxations (TLESR) have been described in patients with gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, some of these differences may be the result of chronic GERD rather than being an underlying contributory factor.

Methods

Twins discordant for GERD symptoms, i.e., only one twin had GERD symptoms, underwent standard LES and esophageal body manometry, and then using a sleeve sensor prolonged LES and pH monitoring, 30 min before and 60 min after a 250 mL 1200 kcal lipid meal.

Key Results

Eight monozygotic and 24 dizygotic female twins were studied. Although there was no difference in preprandial LES pressure (symptomatic 13.2 ± 7.1 mmHg vs asymptomatic 15.1 ± 6.2 mmHg, P = 0.4), LES pressure fell further postprandially in symptomatic twins (LES pressure area under the curve 465 ± 126 vs 331 ± 141 mmHg h, P < 0.01). 12/37 (32%) of acid reflux episodes in symptomatic twins occurred due to low LES pressure or deep inspiration/strain and 0/17 in asymptomatic twins (P = 0.01). There was no difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic twins in: peristaltic amplitude, ineffective esophageal body motility, hiatus hernia prevalence, or LES length. There was also no difference in TLESR frequency preprandially (symptomatic median 1(range 0–2) vs asymptomatic 0(0–2), P = 0.08) or postprandially (2.5(1–8) vs 3(1–6), P = 0.81).

Conclusions & Inferences

Twins with GERD symptoms had lower postprandial LES pressure and given the close genetic link between the twins, it is possible that such differences are caused by GERD. Acid reflux episodes associated with a hypotensive LES were seen in symptomatic, but not in asymptomatic twins.
Abdominal pain localization is associated with non‐diarrheic Rome III functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Bouchoucha M. , Fysekidis M. , Devroede G. , Raynaud J. ‐J. , Bejou B. , Benamouzig R.
Published: May 2013

Background

Abdominal pain is common in patients with functional bowel disorders (FBDs). The aim of this study was to characterize the predominant sites of abdominal pain associated with FBD subtypes, as defined by the Rome III criteria.

Methods

A total of 584 consecutive patients attending FBD consultations in a tertiary center participated in the study. Stool form, abdominal pain location (nine abdominal segments), and pain intensity (10‐point Likert scale) during the previous week were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to characterize the association of abdominal pain sites with specific FBD subtypes.

Key Results

FBDs were associated with predominant pain sites. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation was associated with pain in the left flank and patients were less likely to report pain in the right hypochondrium. Patients with functional constipation reported pain in the right hypochondrium and were less likely to report pain in the left flank and left iliac site. IBS with alternating constipation and diarrhea was associated with pain in the right flank, and unsubtyped IBS with pain in the hypogastrium Patients with functional abdominal pain syndrome reported the lower right flank as predominant pain site. Patients with unspecified FBDs were least likely to report pain in the hypogastrium.

Patients with functional diarrhea, IBS with diarrhea, or functional bloating did not report specific pain sites.

Conclusions & Inferences

The results from this study provide the basis for developing new criteria allowing for the identification of homogeneous groups of patients with non‐diarrheic FBDs based on characteristic sites of pain.
Stress and antibiotics alter luminal and wall‐adhered microbiota and enhance the local expression of visceral sensory‐related systems in mice
Authors: Aguilera M. , Vergara P. , Martínez V.
Published: May 2013

Background

Stress leads to altered gastrointestinal neuro‐immune responses. We characterized the interaction between stress and gut commensal microbiota and their role modulating colonic responses to stress, the induction of inflammation, the expression of sensory‐related markers, and visceral sensitivity.

Methods

C57BL/6N female mice were treated (7 days, PO) with non‐absorbable‐broad spectrum antibiotics (bacitracin/neomycin, 0.4 mg per mouse per day). Simultaneously, mice were subjected to a 1 h per day (7 days) session of psychological stress (water avoidance stress, WAS). Luminal and wall‐adhered microbiota were characterized by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1/2), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1/2), and inflammatory markers were quantified by reverse transcription–quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR) and secretory‐IgA (s‐IgA) by ELISA. Visceral sensitivity was assessed after the intracolonic administration of capsaicin.

Key Results

Antibiotics did not affect the defecatory and endocrine responses to stress. However, antibiotics diminished by 2.5‐folds total bacterial counts, induced a specific dysbiosis and favored bacterial wall adherence. Combining antibiotics and stress resulted in further reductions in bacterial counts and a dysbiosis, with enhanced bacterial wall adherence. Luminal s‐IgA levels increased in dysbiotic mice. Nevertheless, no alterations consistent with the induction of colonic inflammation were observed. Dysbiosis upregulated CB2 expression and stress upregulated CB2 and TPH1 expression. Stress enhanced visceral pain‐related responses, an effect prevented by antibiotic treatment.

Conclusions & Inferences

Manipulations of the commensal microbiota and the interaction host–microbiota are able to modulate the local expression of neuro–immune–endocrine systems within the colon, leading to a modulation of visceral sensitivity. These mechanisms might contribute to the pathogenic and protective roles of microbiota in gastrointestinal homeostasis.
Lateral magnification matrix from the dioptric power matrix formalism in the paraxial case
Authors: Espinós Miguel , Micó Vicente
Published: May 2013

Background

Previous studies have highlighted that power matrices fully characterize the concept of dioptric power of any astigmatic surface. Thus, the basic equations in physiological optics can be generalized using the matrix formalism of the dioptric power. Among others, lateral magnification has also been interpreted as a matrix but mainly concerning magnification modification induced by spectacle correction of refractive error.

Purpose

To provide a fresh look into a novel paraxial formulation for the assessment of the lateral magnification using power matrices and in presence of astigmatism for thin and thick imaging systems in general.

Methods

Linear optics provides the frame to generalize into a matrix the lateral magnification concept. Using the power matrix formalism, a lateral magnification matrix is derived in virtue of the dioptric power matrix and the object's reduced axial object distance for the paraxial case. In addition, two different degrees of approximation (thin lens and distant object approximations) are analyzed to further simplify the calculations.

Results

A general formulation of the lateral magnification matrix is obtained and validated by numerical examples showing its applicability to different examples in geometrical and physiological optics. As particular case of interest, the degree of asymmetry of the lateral magnification matrix has been derived from the degree of asymmetry of the dioptric power matrix when dealing with obliquely crossed astigmatic thick lenses.

Conclusions

The new formulation is applicable under paraxial approximation and is useful for arbitrary thin and thick imaging systems in any media of homogeneous index of refraction (air and others) and including obliquely crossed astigmatic surfaces. The proposed formulation also yields in a novel interpretation of the lateral magnification matrix concept.
A Dispositional Theory of Love
Authors: Naar Hichem
Published: May 2013

On a naive reading of the major accounts of love, love is a kind of mental event. A recent trend in the philosophical literature on love is to reject these accounts on the basis that they do not do justice to the historical dimension of love, as love essentially involves a distinctive kind of temporally extended pattern. Although the historicist account has advantages over the positions that it opposes, its appeal to the notion of a pattern is problematic. I will argue that an account of love as disposition, suitably construed, is superior to the historicist account in that it has the advantages the historicist account has without its problems. In addition, the dispositional account has advantages of its own.
Left ventricular assist device to avoid heart–lung transplant in an adolescent with dilated cardiomyopathy and severely elevated pulmonary vascular resistance
Authors: Yilmaz Betul , Zuckerman Warren A. , Lee Teresa M. , Beddows Kimberly D. , Gilmore Lisa A. , Singh Rakesh K. , Richmond Marc E. , Chen Jonathan M. , Addonizio Linda J.
Published: May 2013

Orthotopic heart transplantation remains the definitive treatment of choice for patients with end‐stage heart failure; however, elevated PVRI is a reported risk factor for mortality after heart transplant and, when severely elevated, is considered an absolute contraindication. Use of a ventricular assist device has been proposed as one treatment for reducing pulmonary vascular resistance index in potential heart transplant candidates refractory to medical vasodilator therapies. We report on a teenage patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and severely elevated PVRI, unresponsive to pulmonary vasodilator therapy, who underwent left ventricular assist device implantation to safely allow for aggressive pulmonary vasodilator therapy and to decrease PVRI. The resulting dramatic improvement in PVRI in a relatively short period of time allowed for successful heart transplantation, avoiding the need for heart–lung transplant.
Cationic solid–lipid nanoparticles are as efficient as electroporation in DNA vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis in mice
Authors: Saljoughian N. , Zahedifard F. , Doroud D. , Doustdari F. , Vasei M. , Papadopoulou B. , Rafati S.
Published: May 2013

The use of an appropriate delivery system has recently emerged as a promising approach for the development of effective vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Here, we compare two vaccine delivery systems, namely electroporation and cationic solid–lipid nanoparticle (cSLN) formulation, to administer a DNA vaccine harbouring the L. donovani A2 antigen along with L. infantum cysteine proteinases [CPA and CPB without its unusual C‐terminal extension (CPB−CTE)] and evaluate their potential against L. infantum challenge. Prime‐boost administration of the pcDNA‐A2‐CPA‐CPB−CTE delivered by either electroporation or cSLN formulation protects BALB/c mice against L. infantum challenge and that protective immunity is associated with high levels of IFN‐γ and lower levels of IL‐10 production, leading to a strong Th1 immune response. At all time points, the ratio of IFN‐γ: IL‐10 induced upon restimulation with rA2‐rCPA‐rCPB and F/T antigens was significantly higher in vaccinated animals. Moreover, Th2‐efficient protection was elicited through a high humoral immune response. Nitric oxide production, parasite burden and histopathological analysis were also in concordance with other findings. Overall, these data indicate that similar to the electroporation delivery system, cSLNs as a nanoscale vehicle of Leishmania antigens could improve immune response, hence indicating the promise of these strategies against visceral leishmaniasis.
What determines growth potential and juvenile quality of farmed fish species?
Authors: Valente Luísa M.P. , Moutou Katerina A. , Conceição Luis E.C. , Engrola Sofia , Fernandes Jorge M.O. , Johnston Ian A.
Published: May 2013

Enhanced production of high quality and healthy fry is a key target for a successful and competitive expansion of the aquaculture industry. Although large quantities of fish larvae are produced, survival rates are often low or highly variable and growth potential is in most cases not fully exploited, indicating significant gaps in our knowledge concerning optimal nutritional and culture conditions. Understanding the mechanisms that control early development and muscle growth are critical for the identification of time windows in development that introduce growth variation, and improve the viability and quality of juveniles. This literature review of the current state of knowledge aims to provide a framework for a better understanding of fish skeletal muscle ontogeny, and its impact on larval and juvenile quality as broadly defined. It focuses on fundamental biological knowledge relevant to larval phenotype and quality and, in particular, on the factors affecting the development of skeletal muscle. It also discusses the available methodologies to assess growth and larvae/juvenile quality, identifies gaps in knowledge and suggests future research directions. The focus is primarily on the major farmed non‐salmonid fish species in Europe that include gilthead sea bream, European sea bass, turbot, Atlantic cod, Senegalese sole and Atlantic halibut.
Risk of hospital admission or emergency room visit for pneumonia in patients using respiratory inhalers: A case‐crossover study
Authors: Lee Chang‐Hoon , Jang Eun Jin , Hyun Min Kyung , Lee Na Rae , Kim Kyungjoo , Yim Jae‐Joon
Published: May 2013

Background and objective

The impact of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use on the development of pneumonia has been heavily debated. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between the use of inhalers, including ICS, and a hospital admission or an emergency room (ER) visit for pneumonia.

Methods

A case‐crossover study was conducted based on the Korean national claims database. We identified users of respiratory inhalers admitted to the hospital or having visited the ER for pneumonia between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2010. The case period was defined as 0–30 days before the event. Control periods of 30–60, 90–120, 180–210 and 360–390 days before the event were used.

Results

A total of 186 018 inhaler users were admitted to the hospital or visited the ER for pneumonia during the study period. With the period 30–60 days before the event as a control, the use of an ICS without a long‐acting β2 agonist (LABA) was associated with an increased risk of hospital admission or ER visit for pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64–1.83). In contrast, the use of an ICS and a LABA was associated with a decreased risk for pneumonia‐related hospital admission or ER visit (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI: 0.61–0.66).

Conclusions

We suggest that the use of ICS with LABA decreases the risk of hospital admission or ER visit for pneumonia, whereas the use of ICS alone may increase that risk.
Frequency of referral to and attendance at a pulmonary rehabilitation programme amongst patients admitted to a tertiary hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Johnston Kylie , Young Mary , Grimmer Karen , Antic Ral , Frith Peter
Published: May 2013

Background and objective

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended in the management of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but implementation appears to be low. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of referral to, and attendance at, PR programmes in a sample of patients with COPD.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in South Australia, with a primary diagnosis of COPD between March and November 2011 was conducted. Data were collected from medical records and patient interview.

Results

From 235 admissions with preliminary coding as COPD, 88 patients had COPD as the primary reason for admission and were potentially eligible for rehabilitation. While 57% had been referred to rehabilitation during their disease course, only 18% had attended and completed at least half the programme. Seven patients had attended in the previous 2 years. Mean percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 42% at the time of referral. During the index admission, discussion of rehabilitation resulting in a referral occurred in 14 cases (16%). No demographic or disease characteristics were associated with referral/no referral; being reviewed by a COPD nurse coordinator during admission increased the likelihood of referral (odds ratio = 18.7, 95% confidence interval: 3.8–91.4).

Conclusions

PR had been implemented in a small proportion of patients admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of COPD due to gaps in both referral to and subsequent attendance at a programme. Strategies to improve referral to and participation in PR are required.
Comparing finger and forehead sensors to measure oxygen saturation in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Wilson Stephanie , Cecins Nola , Jenkins Sue , Melang Michelle , Singh Bhajan , Hill Kylie
Published: May 2013

Background and objective

Oxyhaemoglobin saturation of arterial blood is commonly measured using a finger sensor attached to a pulse oximeter (SpO2). We sought to compare SpO2 measured using finger and forehead sensors with oxyhaemoglobin saturation in arterialized capillary samples (ACS) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during exercise.

Methods

During aerobic exercise, SpO2 was measured continuously by two pulse oximeters: one connected to a finger sensor and to a forehead sensor. Before and after the task, ACS were collected to provide a minimally invasive reference measure of oxyhaemoglobin saturation. Patients with COPD were eligible for inclusion if they desaturated when walking by >4% from resting levels to <90%. Current smokers and those prescribed supplemental oxygen were excluded.

Results

Fourteen participants completed the study (forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 35 ± 10% predicted). Compared with ACS, SpO2 measured via the finger sensor was 2% lower (limit of agreement 3%), and SpO2 measured via the forehead sensor was 2% higher (limit of agreement 4%). Differences were not systematic. The change in oxygen saturation during exercise was similar among the finger sensor (−7; 95% confidence interval (CI): −4 to −10%), forehead sensor (−7; 95% CI: −3 to −10%) and ACS (−6; 95% CI: −3 to −9%).

Conclusions

Oxygen saturation measured using the forehead sensor was higher than that measured in ACS. Assuming that oxygen saturation in ACS is slightly less than arterial blood, forehead sensors may yield measures more concordant with arterial blood. Both sensors detected exercise‐induced desaturation.
High‐Performance Management Practices and Employee Outcomes in Denmark
Authors: Cristini Annalisa , Eriksson Tor , Pozzoli Dario
Published: May 2013

High‐performance work practices are frequently considered to have positive effects on corporate performance, but what do they do for employees? After assessing the correlation between organizational innovation and firm performance, this article investigates whether high‐involvement work practices affect workers in terms of wages, wage inequality and workforce composition. The analysis is based on a survey directed at Danish firms matched with linked employer–employee data and also examines whether the relationship between high‐involvement work practices and employee outcomes is affected by the industrial relations context.
Effective Monetary Policy Conservatism: A Comparison of 13 OECD Countries
Authors: Berlemann Michael , Hielscher Kai
Published: May 2013

Empirical studies of the influence of central bank independence and inflation have yet delivered quite inconclusive results. We argue this to be due to the failure to focus an actual central bank independence and to take the degree of conservatism of the government and the central bank into account. In this paper, we propose a new methodology of measuring the joint degree of central bank independence and conservatism from observed central bank behaviour. After applying the method to 13 OECD countries, we find our indicator to be negatively correlated with a legal index of central bank independence, but positively correlated with the turnover rate. As the latter exclusively focuses on factual central bank independence, the remaining difference might be attributed to conservatism.
Pareto‐improving pension reform through technological implementation
Authors: Roberts Mark A.
Published: May 2013

We present a standard OLG model where a pension reform promotes the adoption of a new technology by lowering the interest rates that discount the future profit gains. This then leads to a rise in total factor productivity, which, for some parameter values, renders the reform Pareto‐improving. The analysis adds to the existing literature, concluding that a supply‐side response is necessary for any such improvement, and presents a rise in total factor productivity as another possible mechanism.
The role of cherries in exercise and health
Authors: Bell P. G. , McHugh M. P. , Stevenson E. , Howatson G.
Published: May 2013

Recently, cherries and cherry products have received growing attention within the literature with regard to their application in both exercise and clinical paradigms. Reported to be high in anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative capacity, cherries and their constituents are proposed to provide a similar but natural alternative akin to over‐the‐counter non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or analgesics. Within exercise paradigms, concern has been raised with regard to the use of products, which inhibit such inflammatory or oxidative actions, because of the possibility of the blunting of physiological training adaptations. Despite this, numerous scenarios exist both within exercise and clinical populations where a goal of optimal recovery time is more important than physiological adaptation. This review critically evaluates and discusses the use of cherries as a supplementation strategy to enhance recovery of muscle function, inhibit exercise‐induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain primarily; furthermore, the potential application of cherries to clinical populations is discussed.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Spring-Back Characteristics in the Cold-Forming Process of Three-Dimensionally Curved Thick Metal Plates
Authors: Kee Paik Jeom , Hwan Kim Jeong , Ju Kim Bong , Hyo Tak Chang
Published: May 2013

The present paper is part of the study to develop the advanced computer aided manufacture (CAM) system called the changeable die system (CDS) that applies the cold-forming technique to produce curved thick metal plates with complex, three-dimensional geometry [Paik et al., 2009, “Development of the Changeable Die System for the Cold-Forming of Three-Dimensionally Curved Metal Plates,” The Lloyd's Register Educational Trust Research Centre of Excellence, Pusan National University, Korea]. This paper focuses on the procedure of predicting the spring-back characteristics using elastic-plastic large deflection finite element method, which is a key technical element within the framework of the CDS process. The validity of the procedure is confirmed by comparison with experimental results obtained by the CDS machine in the cold-forming process of curved steel plates.
Effects of Sand-Clay Mixtures on Scour Around Vertical Piles Due to Long-Crested and Short-Crested Nonlinear Random Waves
Authors: Myrhaug Dag , Chen Ong Muk
Published: May 2013

This note provides a practical stochastic method by which the effects of sand-clay mixtures on the maximum equilibrium scour depth around vertical piles exposed to long-crested (2D) and short-crested (3D) nonlinear random waves can be derived. This is made by using the regular wave formulas for scour depth for sand-clay mixtures by Dey et al. (2011, Scour at Vertical Piles in Sand-Clay Mixtures Under Waves,” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 137(6), pp. 324–331) and the stochastic method presented by Myrhaug and Ong (2013, “Scour Around Vertical Pile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines Due to Long-Crested and Short-Crested Nonlinear Random Waves,” ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng., 135(1), p. 011103). Thus the present results are supplementary to those presented in the latter reference. An example calculation is provided.
Workpiece Temperature During Deep-Hole Drilling of Cast Iron Using High Air Pressure Minimum Quantity Lubrication
Authors: Tai Bruce L. , Stephenson David A. , Shih Albert J.
Published: May 2013

This research investigates heat generation and workpiece temperature during deep-hole drilling of cast iron under a high air pressure minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). The hole wall surface (HWS) heat flux, due to drill margin friction and high temperature chips, is of particular interest in deep-hole drilling since it potentially increases the workpiece thermal distortion. This study advances a prior drilling model to quantify the effect of higher air pressure on MQL drilling of cast iron, which is currently performed via flood cooling. Experiments and numerical analysis for drilling holes 200 mm in depth on nodular cast iron work material with a 10 mm diameter drill were conducted. Results showed that the low drill penetration rate can cause intermittent chip clogging, resulting in tremendous heat; however this phenomenon could be eliminated through high air pressure or high feed and speed. Conversely, if the drilling process is stable without chip clogging and accumulation, added high air pressure is found to have no effect on heat generation. The heat flux though the HWS contributes over 66% of the total workpiece temperature rise when intermittent chip clogging occurs, and around 20% to 30% under stable drilling conditions regardless of the air pressure. This paper demonstrated the significance of HWS heat flux and the potential of high air pressure used in conjunction with MQL technology.
Position and Current Control of an Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor by Using Loop-Shaping Methodology: Blending of H∞ Mixed-Sensitivity Problem and T–S Fuzzy Model Scheme
Authors: Azimi Vahid , Fakharian Ahmad , Menhaj Mohammad Bagher
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a robust mixed-sensitivity H∞ controller design via loop-shaping methodology for a class of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uncertain nonlinear systems. In order to design this controller, the nonlinear plant is first modeled as several linear subsystems by Takagi and Sugeno's (T–S) fuzzy approach. Both loop-shaping methodology and mixed-sensitivity problem are then introduced to formulate frequency-domain specifications. Afterward for each linear subsystem, a regional pole-placement output-feedback H∞ controller is employed by using linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. The parallel distributed compensation (PDC) is then used to design the controller for the overall system. Several experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively meet the performance requirements like robustness, good load disturbance rejection, and both tracking and fast transient responses even in the presence of parameter variations and load disturbance for the three-phase interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). Finally, the superiority of the proposed control scheme is approved in comparison with the input–output linearization (I/O linearization) and the H2/H∞ controller methods.
Laser Treatment of Rene-41: Thermal and Microstructural Analysis
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Akhtar Sohail , Karatas C.
Published: May 2013

Laser treatment of Rene 41 surface is carried out at high pressure environment of nitrogen. Temperature and stress fields are predicted using abaqus finite element code. Metallurgical and morphological changes in the laser treated layer are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The residual stress formed at the surface vicinity is obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. It is found that the predictions of the residual stress agree well with the results obtained from the XRD technique. Cellular or cellular dendritic structures with fine secondary dendrites are formed in the laser treated surface due to high cooling rates. In addition, γ′ particles formed are generally in cubic morphology with varying sizes.
Do isolated leg exercises improve dyspnea during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Authors: Molgat-Seon Yannick , Road Jeremy D. , Sheel A. William
Published: May 2013

Dyspnea, the subjective feeling of shortness of breath, is a hallmark feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs aim to improve dyspnea, thereby increasing exercise tolerance and health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Exercise training is proven to be an essential component of PR; however, there is no consensus regarding which training modality confers the greatest therapeutic benefit. Secondary to pulmonary impairment, many COPD patients develop limb muscle dysfunction (LMD), particularly in the leg muscles. Mounting evidence suggests that peripheral limitation to exercise as a result of LMD is frequent in patients with COPD. LMD of the legs, or lower limb muscle dysfunction, has been shown to markedly influence ventilatory and dyspnea responses to exercise. Accordingly, isolated training of leg muscles may contribute to reducing dyspnea and increase exercise tolerance in patients with COPD. Indeed, relative to the largely irreversible impairment of the pulmonary system, the leg muscles are an important site by which to improve patients’ level of function and quality of life. Isolated leg exercises have been shown to improve LMD and may constitute an effective training modality to improve dyspnea and exercise tolerance in COPD within the context of PR.