bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE LIBRARY CAMBRIDGE. SOME REPORTS AND THOUGHTS ON PRELIMINARY PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
Authors: WOODS ROLLO G.
Published: November 2014

It has long been known in Cambridge that nearly all the thousands of scientists—lecturers, researchers, and undergraduates—never make any use of the University Library, but rely instead on their specialized Departmental Libraries. As working libraries attached to laboratories these give excellent service, but are of course too small to support services which readers can legitimately demand from the staff of a big Copyright Library, and they do not, even collectively, carry so large a stock. The position is clearly unsatisfactory.
THE NEW PERIODICALS WING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LIBRARY
Authors: MARGARET GUMMER H. , CATTON RAYMOND
Published: November 2014

The opening of the new wing in the University of London Library which is used entirely for periodicals may give an opportunity to say a little not only about this new part of the building and the move to it but also about the organization of the periodicals department of the library.
QUARTERLY DOCUMENTATION SURVEY
Authors: PHILLIPS MOIRA
Published: November 2014

The inadequacy of conventional methods for communication in the face of the ever‐increasing amount of information to be dealt with is obvious. An international system of communication based on knowledge of the way in which the human brain stores and uses information is required. Unfortunately such knowledge is not yet available, but there is no doubt that the richness of association linkages in the brain is in marked contrast to the irregular and unreliable association process in external communication systems. Vast improvements would be necessary, involving increases in depth of cataloguing, indexing, cross‐referencing, and abstracting. The flexibility of the association processes would be such that constant awareness of current developments would become possible. Automatic processes under the supervision of experienced scientists would form an indispensable part of the system. The cost of all this would be justified by the rapid advances of knowledge which would result. At present the principal obstacle in the way of solving the information problem is probably public unawareness. If this could be overcome a system on the above lines might begin to come into being.
STANDARDIZATION IN DOCUMENTATION
Authors: LOMAN D.
Published: November 2014

Why standardize in documentation?
The Constitution, Forfeiture, Proportionality and Instrumentality: United States ? Bajakajian The United States Supreme Court Tries Again
Authors: Baldwin Fletcher N.
Published: November 2014

On 9th June, 1994, Mr Hosea Bajakajian and his wife were preparing to board an Alitalia Airways flight departing Los Angeles bound for Syria (Mr Bajakajian's native land) and Cyprus via Rome. Prior to boarding, Mr Bajakajian was stopped by US Customs officers. Mr Bajakajian had not filed a currency report with customs stating that he was leaving the USA with more than $10,000 in his possession, a perfectly lawful act, but one requiring a report. When stopped, Mr Bajakajian was asked whether he had in excess of $10,000. He replied ‘No’. The lie would have worked, but for the fact that this particular Alitalia Airways flight was targeted by customs officers who were looking for hidden currency. The trained canine assigned to the task had alerted officers to Bajakajian's luggage. In the luggage officers found $230,192. Mr Baja‐kajian was given the opportunity to declare the US currency excess, but he stuck by his denial. A search of his personal belongings, as well as his wife's revealed an additional $127,012. Further searches brought the total to $357,144.
A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO ACQUISITIONS
Authors: Ebeling H. William , Doorley Thomas L.
Published: November 2014

Acquisitions can be an effective way to improve the competitive position of a company. However, the acquisitions process must shift emphasis away from financial performance to competitive dynamics and must be part of an overall ongoing strategic planning thrust.
The Energy Crisis: Full Circle?
Authors: Garvin Clifton C.
Published: November 2014

It is understandable that, after a decade of oil worries, consumers and their governments should find joy in today's oil market. According to Department of Energy data, the real cost of a barrel of internationally traded oil has fallen somewhere between 25 and 40 percent over the past two years. While this poses problems for the international banking community and a number of oil‐producing nations, most experts are convinced that for the world as a whole it means higher economic growth and lower inflation.
THE NESTLE BOYCOTT: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLANNING
Authors: Pagan Rafael D.
Published: November 2014

Infant formula manufacturers have faced a major international controversy concerning their products. Activists took issue with the way these manufacturers marketed infant formula in Third World countries. Because Nestle was one of the largest producers of infant formula, activists staged a worldwide boycott of all Nestle products. In years to come, the solution to the controversy will be seen as a landmark in the development of a more dynamic attitude by business toward the larger world around it.
Involving the Board of Directors in Strategic Planning
Authors: Henke John W.
Published: November 2014

On the surface, things haven't changed. In 1971, Professor Myles L. Mace, in his seminal study, Directors: Myth and Reality, reported that the typical board does not get involved in the establishment of objectives, strategies, and policies. Recently, more than a decade later, the author conducted a study of the boards of more than 225 U.S.‐based firms in which the majority of chairmen, contrary to what was subsequently found to be their practice, indicated that their boards are not involved in strategic planning.
Recent progress in curing techniques
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The impetus for high energy curing of coatings derives from several factors. One is that, inherently, high energy is less expensive than heat and is considerably more rapid. Also, high energy curing techniques can be applied to coatings which are completely unpolymerised or, at best, only partially polymerised, thus eliminating a critical processing step which is necessary for conventional coatings. Radiation curing has attracted wide attention, and the increase each year in the number of articles and patents relating to it are reminiscent of the interest demonstrated a decade ago in electrocoating techniques.
GPO's Vision for Access to Government Information in the Electronic Age
Authors: Kelley Wayne P.
Published: November 2014

The United Stales Government Printing Office (GPO) intends to transform itself from an ink on paper printer to a multimedia disseminator of government information products and services. Although the existing federal information policy system is confused and at times contradictory, the GPO has statutory responsibilities to insure the public's access to government information. The approaches, underlying principles, and strategies upon which the GPO will rely for the forthcoming years to transform itself are described. An essential ingredient for successful dissemination of government electronic information will be cooperation among the various stakeholder groups concerned with access to government information.
Making New Technologies Work
Authors: Knorr Robert O. , Thiede Edward F.
Published: November 2014

New technologies have yielded astounding increases in quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction. Companies in manufacturing, service, and information industries have all been reaping the benefits of improvements in these areas. In particular, corporate America is emerging from its initial experience with the following new technologies:
Organisational dilemmas and workplace solutions
Authors: Becker Franklin
Published: November 2014

Organisations face unprecedented pressures to do more, and better, with less. To prosper, organisations must reduce capital and operating costs and increase flexibility and adaptability, while creating a workplace that helps attract and retain the highest quality of staff and enables them to work to their fullest potential. This paper reports on a recent study of how different types of office solutions, from closed offices and cubicles to team‐oriented bullpens, influence communication patterns, and how these, in turn, affect work effectiveness factors such as decision speed, organisational learning and the building of trust. The findings suggest that, contrary to conventional wisdom, more open team‐oriented environments support work effectiveness of individuals and teams better than do more closed environments such as cubicles. They do this while reducing cost and increasing flexibility. Implications for office planning and design are discussed.
Toponymy as Commodity: Exploring the Economic Dimensions of Urban Place Names
Authors: Light Duncan , Young Craig
Published: November 2014

In recent years the study of urban toponymy (place names) has been revitalized by the emergence of a ‘critical toponymies' approach. This focuses on the cultural politics of place naming and the decisions involved in attributing names to the urban landscape. However, in contemporary cities place names have an economic role in addition to their political role. In particular, there have been recent calls for more attention to the commodification of place‐naming rights and practices. This article seeks to respond to these calls by addressing the issue of urban place names as commodities. It begins by examining the naming of sports stadia by corporate sponsors. It then considers a range of ways in which private‐sector interests are increasingly influencing the naming of the urban landscape, from buildings and neighbourhoods to individual streets. Even the material signage that identifies street names can be appropriated within branding and promotional strategies. Moreover, urban place names are increasingly incorporated into a range of commercially produced spatial datasets collated by private companies. The article ends by proposing a number of directions for future research into the economic role of urban place names and the commodification of toponymy more broadly.
Maternal hypertensive disorders, antihypertensive medication use, and the risk of birth defects: a case–control study
Authors: van Gelder MMHJ , Van Bennekom CM , Louik C , Werler MM , Roeleveld N , Mitchell AA
Published: November 2014

Objective

To study previously identified associations between specific maternal hypertensive disorders and/or prenatal exposure to antihypertensive medication and birth defects.

Design

Case–control study.

Setting

Slone Birth Defects Study, 1998–2010.

Population

A total of 5568 cases with birth defects and 7253 liveborn infants without malformations as controls.

Methods

Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for birth defects associated with prenatal exposure to maternal hypertensive disorders and/or antihypertensive medication were calculated using multivariable logistic regression analyses.

Main outcome measures

Specific birth defects previously linked to maternal hypertension or antihypertensive medication use during pregnancy.

Results

Non‐pharmacologically managed chronic hypertension was associated with a three‐fold risk of oesophageal atresia (95% CI 1.2–8.3), and pre‐eclampsia superimposed on non‐pharmacologically managed chronic hypertension was associated with ventricular septal defects (aOR 3.9, 95% CI 1.3–11.7) and atrial septal defects (aOR 6.5, 95% CI 1.8–23.7). For chronic hypertension that was pharmacologically treated early in pregnancy, increased risks were observed for first‐degree hypospadias (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1–7.4). Non‐pharmacologically managed pre‐eclampsia was related to second‐/third‐degree hypospadias and ventricular septal defects. Pharmacological treatment for gestational hypertension was associated with a number of congenital heart defects.

Conclusions

Our results confirm some, but not all, previously identified associations between pharmacologically treated and non‐pharmacologically managed hypertensive disorders and specific birth defects. They support the hypothesis that physiological changes early in pregnancy that manifest in gestational hypertension and pre‐eclampsia may play a role in the aetiology of major birth defects, including congenital heart defects and hypospadias.
Use of antidepressants and association with elective termination of pregnancy: population based case–control study
Authors: Kieler H , Malm H , Artama M , Engeland A , Furu K , Gissler M , Nørgaard M , Stephansson O , Valdimarsdottir U , Zoega H , Haglund B
Published: November 2014

Objective

To assess whether the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, mirtazapine, venlafaxine or other antidepressants is associated with late elective termination of pregnancy.

Design

Case–control study using data from national registers.

Setting

Denmark, Finland, and Norway during the period 1996–2007.

Population

A total of 14 902 women were included as cases and 148 929 women were included as controls.

Methods

Cases were women with elective termination of pregnancy at 12–23 weeks of gestation. Controls continued their pregnancy and were matched with cases on key factors.

Main outcome measures

Association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and elective termination of pregnancy at 12–23 weeks of gestation for fetal anomalies, or for maternal ill health or socio‐economic disadvantage.

Results

At least one prescription of antidepressants was filled by 3.7% of the cases and 2.2% of the controls. Use of any type of antidepressant was associated with elective termination of pregnancy for maternal ill health or socio‐economic disadvantage (odds ratio, OR 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 2.0–2.5). Elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies was associated with the use of mirtazapine (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.5). There was no association between the use of any of the other antidepressants and elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies.

Conclusion

The use of any type of antidepressants was associated with elective termination of pregnancy at 12–23 weeks for maternal ill health or socio‐economic disadvantage, but not with terminations for fetal anomalies. Further studies need to confirm the findings concerning mirtazapine and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies.
Improving access to community‐based food systems: Comparing perspectives of low socioeconomic individuals and food system representatives
Authors: Markow Kylie , Booth Sue , Savio Stephanie , Coveney John
Published: November 2014

Aim

The present study compares perspectives of low socioeconomic individuals and food system representatives to identify ways of increasing access to community‐based food systems.

Methods

Focus groups with low socioeconomic individuals and semistructured interviews with representatives of farmers' markets, community‐supported agriculture schemes, and a commercial fruit and vegetable box scheme explored enablers and barriers to accessing community‐based food systems for those of low socioeconomic status and potential solutions to improve participation. Data were analysed using grounded theory and thematic analysis, respectively.

Results

Affordability, convenience and knowledge were barriers for low socioeconomic individuals. Food system representatives acknowledged these same barriers, but showed different understandings of their importance. Some strategies to improve access suggested by low socioeconomic individuals were amenable to representatives; however, for other strategies, views between the two groups were divided, particularly for strategies addressing affordability.

Conclusions

A disconnect exists between views of low socioeconomic individuals and food system representatives in regard to improving disadvantaged groups' access to community‐based food systems. Several strategies amenable to both stakeholder groups are identified; however, further communication and collaboration is required to identify additional innovative solutions.
Different seasonal feeding activity of diverse herbivores in two temperate forests
Authors: Lee Jin , Choi Sei‐Woong
Published: November 2014

The aim of the present study was to understand the effects of abiotic conditions on seasonal feeding activity of diverse herbivores on the same oak tree species in two different forests. We tracked changes in herbivore feeding activities on an oak tree species (Quercus serrata) in two localities: a low elevation small hillock forest patch (Muan, MN) and a middle elevation mountain forest patch (Mt. Jirisan, JR). A total of five sites were selected in each of two forest localities. Data for leaf expansion, leaf chemical qualities, leaf damage ratio, and numbers of lepidopteran caterpillars were collected during spring (May) and summer (July to August), 2012. Leaf expansion rate was higher at the low hillock forest than the mid‐mountain forest from spring to summer. Nitrogen and carbon content decreased seasonally at both localities. Lepidopteran larval diversity was high in the mid‐mountain forest, and two‐way ANOVA showed that species richness of lepidopteran larvae was significantly affected by the interaction between season and locality. Leaf damage by all herbivores was higher in the low hillock forest than the mid‐mountain forest in spring, but was higher in the mid‐mountain forest in summer. Relative proportion of general herbivores increased from spring to summer in the mid‐mountain forest, but not in the low hillock forest. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ordination showed that altitude‐ and season‐related variables were significant species and environment interaction factors. Our data indicate that locality and temperature disproportionally affected the feeding activities of diverse herbivores in two different temperate forests.
Temporal changes in benthic macroinvertebrates and their interactions with fish predators after restoration in theCheonggyecheon, a downtown stream inSeoul,Korea
Authors: Choe Lak Jung , Jung Sang Woo , Kim Dong Gun , Baek Min Jeong , Kang Hyo Jeong , Lee Cha Young , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2014

TheCheonggyecheon (Cheonggye stream), a downtown stream inSeoul,Korea, was restored by the historicCheonggyecheon Restoration Project (2003–2005), and its discharge and other environmental conditions are artificially regulated throughout the year. The aim of this study was to assess temporal changes in benthic macroinvertebrates and their interactions with fish predators in theCheonggyecheon. Sampling was conducted twice a year (spring and autumn) at three sections of the stream from 2006 to 2010 using a Surber sampler (50 × 50 cm) for benthic macroinvertebrates and a cast net (mesh size, 10 × 10 mm) and a kick net (mesh size, 5 × 5 mm) for fishes. Analyses of annual precipitation and most water quality parameters showed no significant differences across the study period (P> 0.05). The species richness and density of benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes varied across the sampling period. Analyses of functional feeding groups and trophic guilds showed distinct trends, such as an increase in the number of insectivorous fish in the absence of invertebrate predators. Correlation and regression analyses for five major groups of benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes demonstrated that the density of certain groups of benthic macroinvertebrates (e.g.Tubificidae,Erpobdellidae,Baetidae, andChironomidae) and insectivorous fishes (e.g.Gobioninae,Leuciscinae,Danioninae, andGobiidae) were negatively correlated. In conclusion, in an artificially regulated stream like the restoredCheonggyecheon, where physical environments are nearly unchanged, fish predation can be a major factor controlling benthic macroinvertebrate communities.
Up‐regulation of miR‐21 and miR‐23a Contributes to As2O3‐induced hERG Channel Deficiency
Authors: Zhao Xin , Shi Yuan‐Qi , Yan Cai‐Chuan , Feng Pan‐feng , Wang Xue , Zhang Rui , Zhang Xiao , Li Bao‐Xin
Published: November 2014

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is used to treat acute pro‐myelocytic leukaemia. However, the cardiotoxicity of long QT syndrome restricts its clinical application. Previous studies showed that As2O3 can damage the hERG current via disturbing its trafficking to cellular membrane. Consistent with these findings, in this study, we reported that As2O3 inhibited hERG channel at both protein and mRNA levels and damaged hERG current but did not affect channel kinetics. Further, we demonstrated that As2O3 up‐regulated miR‐21 and miR‐23a expression in hERG‐HEK293 cells and neonatal cardiomyocytes. In addition, knock‐down of miR‐21 by its specific antisense molecules AMO‐21 was able to rescue Sp1 and hERG inhibition caused by As2O3. Consistently, phosphorylation of NF‐κB, the upstream regulatory factor of miR‐21, was significantly up‐regulated by As2O3. This finding revealed that regulation of the NF‐κB‐miR‐21‐Sp1 signalling pathway is a novel mechanism for As2O3‐induced hERG inhibition. Meanwhile, the expression of Hsp90 and hERG was rescued by transfection with AMO‐23a. And the hERG channel inhibition induced by As2O3 was rescued after being transfected with AMO‐23a, which may be a molecular mechanism for the role of As2O3 in hERG trafficking deficiency. In brief, our study revealed that miR‐21 and miR‐23a are involved in As2O3‐induced hERG deficiency at transcriptional and transportational levels. This discovery may provide a novel mechanism of As2O3‐induced hERG channel deficiency, and these miRNAs may serve as potential therapeutic targets for the handling of As2O3 cardiotoxicity.
Serum 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Non‐Lactating Women with Post‐Partum Thyroiditis: The Effect of l‐Thyroxine Treatment
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Kowalska Beata , Okopien Bogusław
Published: November 2014

Vitamin D deficiency seems to be implicated in the onset and progression of some autoimmune disorders. No previous study has investigated vitamin D homeostasis in post‐partum thyroiditis. We compared 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels between four groups of non‐lactating women who gave birth within 12 months before the beginning of the study: hypothyroid women with post‐partum thyroiditis (group A; n = 14), euthyroid females with post‐partum thyroiditis (group B; n = 14), women with non‐autoimmune hypothyroidism (group C; n = 16) and healthy euthyroid females without thyroid autoimmunity (group D; n = 15). In the second part of the study, groups A and C were treated for 6 months with l‐thyroxine. Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were lower, while PTH higher in patients with post‐partum thyroiditis than in patients without thyroid autoimmunity. They were also lower (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) or higher (PTH) in group A than in group B, as well as in group C in comparison with group D. l‐thyroxine treatment increased 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and reduced PTH levels only in hypothyroid women with post‐partum thyroiditis. Baseline levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D correlated with thyroid antibody titres, thyroid function and circulating PTH levels, while the effect of l‐thyroxine on serum levels of this vitamin correlated with the changes in thyroid antibody titres and PTH levels. The results of our study suggest the association of vitamin D status with post‐partum thyroiditis and l‐thyroxine treatment of this disorder.
A single infusion of ketamine improves depression scores in patients with anxious bipolar depression
Authors: Ionescu Dawn F , Luckenbaugh David A , Niciu Mark J , Richards Erica M , Zarate Carlos A
Published: November 2014

Objective

Patents with anxious bipolar disorder have worse clinical outcomes and are harder to treat with traditional medication regimens compared to those with non‐anxious bipolar disorder. Ketamine has been shown to rapidly and robustly decrease symptoms of depression in depressed patients with bipolar disorder. We sought to determine whether baseline anxiety status reduced ketamine's ability to decrease symptoms of depression.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients with anxious (n = 21) and non‐anxious (n = 15) treatment‐resistant bipolar depression (types I and II; concurrently treated with either lithium or valproate) received a single infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) over 40 min. Post‐hoc analyses compared changes in the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) in anxious versus non‐anxious depressed patients with bipolar disorder through 14 days post‐infusion. Anxious bipolar depression was defined as DSM‐IV bipolar depression plus a HDRS Anxiety/Somatization Factor score of ≥ 7.

Results

A linear mixed model revealed a significant effect of anxiety group on the MADRS (p = 0.04) and HDRS (p = 0.04). Significant drug effects (all p < 0.001) suggested that both anxious and non‐anxious groups had an antidepressant response to ketamine. The drug‐by‐anxiety interactions were not significant (all p > 0.28).

Conclusions

Both anxious and non‐anxious patients with bipolar depression had significant antidepressant responses to ketamine, although the anxious depressed group did not show a clear antidepressant response disadvantage over the non‐anxious group. Given that anxiety has been shown to be a predictor of poor treatment response in bipolar depression when traditional treatments are used, our findings suggest a need for further investigations into ketamine's novel role in the treatment of anxious bipolar depression.
Defining contralateral adrenal suppression in primary aldosteronism: implications for diagnosis and outcome
Authors: Kline G.A. , Chin A. , So B. , Harvey A. , Pasieka J.L.
Published: November 2014

Objective

Unilateral primary aldosteronism (PA) should have a contralaterally normal and therefore suppressed adrenal zona glomerulosa. However, there is no validated definition of adrenal suppression. We created two biochemical hypotheses of adrenal suppression based upon measurements taken during adrenal vein sampling (AVS) to determine whether either proved useful for interpretation of AVS or prediction of hypertension outcome in operated cases.

Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Patients

Ninety‐nine cases of PA from a tertiary hypertension unit.

Measurements

Hypothesis 1 was the proportional suppression of the uninvolved/lowest adrenalaldo/cortisol to IVCaldo/cortisol ratio pre‐ and post cosyntropin. Hypothesis 2 was the absolute decrease in the uninvolved adrenalaldo/cortisol ratio after cortrosyn injection. ROC analysis performed using lateralization and hypertension resolution as the outcomes of interest.

Results

Hypothesis 1 proved highly predictive of lateralization with a ROC AUC of 0·958, P < 0·0001, giving adrenalaldo/cortisol:IVCaldo/cortisol <1·4 as the optimized criterion (sensitivity 90%, specificity 94%). For blood pressure outcomes in the surgical subgroup (n = 52), hypertension resolution was most commonly seen among subjects with adrenal suppression by both definitions although there was significant overlap with subjects requiring ongoing medication.

Conclusions

Post cosyntropin suppression of the uninvolved adrenal‐to‐IVC ratio is a highly useful definition of adrenal suppression that accurately predicts unilateral PA. This may be particularly useful in a case where AVS fails to catheterize one of the adrenal veins but suppression is seen on the other side. Adrenal suppression may also predict blood pressure outcome, however, a much larger PA database is likely necessary to determine the relative contribution of this predictor.
Factors influencing severity of peri‐implantitis
Authors: Saaby Martin , Karring Eva , Schou Søren , Isidor Flemming
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To retrospectively assess the influence of potential risk factors, primarily smoking and a prior history of periodontitis, on the severity of peri‐implantitis in patients referred for treatment of peri‐implantitis.

Materials and methods

Among 98 patients referred for treatment of peri‐implantitis, 34 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria: one or several implants with peri‐implant marginal bone loss ≥2 mm concomitant with bleeding and/or pus on probing. Information about health status, smoking habits, reason for tooth loss, and performed implant treatment were obtained from the patient charts and interviews. Moreover, a detailed extra‐ and intraoral examination was performed, including intraoral radiographs of all implants. Risk factors were evaluated by a two‐way anova at patient level.

Results

Smoking and a prior history of periodontitis were significant risk factors for increased severity of peri‐implantitis. Furthermore, the presence of both smoking and a prior history of periodontitis did not further increase the severity of peri‐implantitis, as compared to either of these two factors alone. Poor marginal fit of the suprastructure and extensive gingival imitations on implant‐supported fixed full prostheses may also be potential risk factors.

Conclusions

The study indicated that smoking and a prior history of periodontitis were important risk factors for increased severity of peri‐implantitis, while concomitant presence of these two risk factors did not further increase the severity of peri‐implantitis, as compared to either of these two risk factors alone. Therefore, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of peri‐implantitis are important in patients with a prior history of periodontitis and in smokers to minimize the risk of advanced peri‐implantitis in conjunction with focus on known risk factors, including meticulous infection control before implant treatment and a systematic maintenance care program.
The effect of cathepsin K inhibitor on osteoclastic activity compared to alendronate and enamel matrix protein
Authors: Yang Wonkyung , Ko Hyunjung , Kim Heesun , Kim Miri
Published: November 2014

Background/Aim

There have been several attempts to treat delayed replantation with agents that inhibit root resorption. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cathepsin K inhibitor in inhibiting osteoclastic activity compared to that of alendronate and enamel matrix protein.

Materials and methods

Murine RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of the receptor activator of NF‐kB and lipopolysaccharide, followed by treatment with odanacatib, alendronate, or Emdogain at various concentrations. After drug treatment, an MTT assay was performed to evaluate cytotoxicity, while reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine the expression levels of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, prostaglandin E2, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Data were analyzed by one‐way anova and Tukey's post‐hoc test (P < 0.05).

Results

Of all tested agents, Emdogain resulted in the least cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells, while 10−9M odanacatib had the largest suppressive effects on the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

Odanacatib inhibits osteoclastic activity, showing the possibility as a treatment agent for delayed replantation of avulsed teeth.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Hergüner Arzu , Erdur Aybuke Emire , Başçiftçi Faruk Ayhan , Herguner Sabri
Published: November 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with TDIs withto non‐injured children.

Material and methods

Children between 7 and 16 years old who were admitted to the Selcuk University, Faculty of Dentistry, for treatment of dental trauma were included in the study group (SG). As a control group (CG), children with no reported history of dental trauma were recruited. The Conners' Parent Rating Scale‐Revised: Short Form (CPRS‐R: S) was used to assess ADHD symptoms.

Results

Both groups, SG and CG, composed of 55 children. There were no significant differences in age, gender, and duration of education between SG and CG. Children with TDIs had significantly higher CPRS‐R: S Hyperactivity scores. Hyperactivity level was positively correlated with the history of previous dental trauma. There were no associations between number of injured teeth, type of injury, and ADHD symptoms.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that children with TDIs have more hyperactive symptoms than children without dental trauma. Clinicians should screen ADHD symptoms in children with TDIs and refer them for treatment when necessary.
Analog modulation of spike‐evoked transmission in CA3 circuits is determined by axonal Kv1.1 channels in a time‐dependent manner
Authors: Bialowas Andrzej , Rama Sylvain , Zbili Mickaël , Marra Vincenzo , Fronzaroli‐Molinieres Laure , Ankri Norbert , Carlier Edmond , Debanne Dominique
Published: November 2014

Synaptic transmission usually depends on action potentials (APs) in an all‐or‐none (digital) fashion. Recent studies indicate, however, that subthreshold presynaptic depolarization may facilitate spike‐evoked transmission, thus creating an analog modulation of spike‐evoked synaptic transmission, also called analog–digital (AD) synaptic facilitation. Yet, the underlying mechanisms behind this facilitation remain unclear. We show here that AD facilitation at rat CA3–CA3 synapses is time‐dependent and requires long presynaptic depolarization (5–10 s) for its induction. This depolarization‐induced AD facilitation (d‐ADF) is blocked by the specific Kv1.1 channel blocker dendrotoxin‐K. Using fast voltage‐imaging of the axon, we show that somatic depolarization used for induction of d‐ADF broadened the AP in the axon through inactivation of Kv1.1 channels. Somatic depolarization enhanced spike‐evoked calcium signals in presynaptic terminals, but not basal calcium. In conclusion, axonal Kv1.1 channels determine glutamate release in CA3 neurons in a time‐dependent manner through the control of the presynaptic spike waveform.
Treatment of equine intestinal constipation with integrated traditional Chinese and western veterinary medicine
Authors: Liu J. G. , Wu H. X. , Wang D. Y. , Zhang F. , Song D.
Published: November 2014

In April 2011, horses at Nanjing Racecourse were accidentally overdosed with ivermectin deworming powder, mixed into the feed. After 3 days of medication, most of the horses ate feed only and reduced their hay intake significantly. On Days 5–6, 3 Mestizo horses showed discomfort, no appetite, sweating, abdominal enlargement, restlessness, whinnying, pawing the ground and no defaecation. Of the other horses, 4 showed abnormal sweating. Toxic atony of the large intestine was diagnosed. During the initial treatment process, only glucose saline injection was used to strengthen cardiac function and sustain the balance of body fluid. It was given in an enema with liquid paraffin, or drenched with magnesium sulfate and liquid paraffin. However, these treatments failed to cure the horses. One of the most seriously affected horses died the next morning. Then, analgin was injected i.m. and vitamin B1 was injected immediately into bilateral Guanyuanshu acupoints. At the same time, a decoction of Costus root‐Areca reed‐Rhubarb‐Mirabilite powder (CARMP) was given by gavage immediately. Liquorice root was decocted and then the decoction was fed mixed into the feed, at the dosage of 200–300 g per horse, s.i.d., for 3–5 days. One horse died before the integrated treatment but all others horses recovered. Two additional cases were cured with similar treatment.
Deep digital flexor tendon rupture in two horses: A potential complication of comminuted second phalangeal fractures
Authors: Elce Y. A. , Goodrich L.
Published: November 2014

This case report describes the history, clinical findings, treatment and outcome of 2 horses with damage and eventual rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon as a result of a comminuted second phalangeal fracture. The rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon complicated the treatment and in one horse contributed to its eventual euthanasia. The athletic outcome was limited in the second case and the lack of palmar soft tissue support likely had a significant effect on the stability and biomechanics of the repair.
Failure rates of class V restorations in the management of root caries in adults – a systematic review
Authors: Hayes Martina , Brady Paul , Burke Francis M. , Allen P. Finbarr
Published: November 2014

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to compare cumulative failure rates of different restorative materials in carious class V lesions on the root surfaces of adult patients.

Background

The prevalence of root caries is set to increase in the coming years as a result of ageing of the population and a concomitant reduction in levels of edentulousness. Evidence is needed to assist practitioners to select the most appropriate restorative material for use in these lesions.

Methods

A search of the literature was undertaken using the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and OpenSIGLE using keywords relevant to the search question. Two review authors conducted the electronic search independently, and any conflict was resolved by discussion. The references quoted in the full text articles extracted were hand searched for any further eligible studies.

Results

Sixty non‐duplicate citations were screened. Following review of the titles, abstracts, texts and application of the pre‐determined inclusion/exclusion criteria, five studies remained.

Conclusion

There is a need for more research in this area as many of the studies identified in this systematic review treated post‐radiation, xerostomic patients which are not typical of the general population. Increased adherence to CONSORT guidelines for reporting is also advised to facilitate future systematic review and meta‐analysis in this area.
Adjunctive glycine powder air‐polishing for the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis: an observational clinical trial
Authors: De Siena F , Corbella S , Taschieri S , Del Fabbro M , Francetti L
Published: November 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of professional oral hygiene with or without the adjunct of glycine air‐powder system for the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis.

Methods

After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients were divided in two groups: in control group, patients were treated with professional oral hygiene manoeuvres (POH) while in the test group, glycine air‐powder system (SGA) was adjuncted to professional oral hygiene. Probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and plaque index (PI) were measured at baseline, and 3 and 6 months after the treatment.

Results

A total of 30 patients (15 per group) were selected for the study. In POH e SGA group, PD was, 2.86 ± 0.37 and 3.00 ± 0.36 mm at baseline, 2.90 ± 0.53 and 2.62 ± 0.50 mm after 3 months, 2.96 ± 0.56 and 2.41 ± 0.54 mm after 6 months, respectively, significantly lower in SGA group in the last follow‐up visit. In both groups, both PI and BI decreased over time.

Conclusions

The present reports showed that both techniques were useful for the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis. In the test group (with glycine powder), a significant reduction of probing depth was observed.
Obalon intragastric balloon in the treatment of paediatric obesity: a pilot study
Authors: Nobili V. , Della Corte C. , Liccardo D. , Mosca A. , Caccamo R. , Morino G. S. , Alterio A. , De Peppo F.
Published: November 2014

Background

Lifestyle interventions are often ineffective in the treatment of pediatric obesity. Weight loss devices have been introduced for the temporary nonsurgical treatment of morbid obesity.

Objective

The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Obalon Intragastric Balloon on weight loss and on metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in a pediatric population with severe obesity.

Methods

We enrolled 10 children with severe obesity. In all patients anthropometric parameters, biochemical tests, ultrasound liver examination and blood pressure monitoring were evaluated at the time of insertion and after removal of device.

Results

The Obalon had a positive effect on decrease of weight, body mass index and percentage of excess body weight within 3 months from placement. Moreover, this safe minimally invasive device improves the cardio‐metabolic profiles of obese children.

Conclusions

The Obalon could be a useful tool in the difficult management of pediatric patients with morbid obesity, inducing in short‐term a meaningful weight loss.
Nationwide collaborative development of learning outcomes and exemplar standards for Australian pharmacy programmes
Authors: Stupans Ieva , McAllister Sue , Clifford Rhonda , Hughes Jeff , Krass Ines , March Geoff , Owen Susanne , Woulfe Jim
Published: November 2014

Objectives

Internationally, the preparation of pharmacy graduates for professional practice has evolved from educating for capacities for practice, to a focus on competencies, and most recently, on assuring graduate outcomes. Consequently, there is an increasing emphasis on the specification of and accountability around student learning outcomes. This, in turn, has implications for teaching and assessment. The aim of the study was to harmonise the various expectations and regulatory requirements for Australian pharmacy education programmes through the development of learning outcomes and exemplar standards for all entry-level pharmacy graduates.

Methods

Learning outcomes and exemplar standards were developed through a participatory action research framework which involved academic staff representatives from pharmacy schools in Australia, pharmacy student representatives, and the Australian Pharmacy Council (APC, the accreditation body for Australian pharmacy programs) involving an iterative process of dissemination and seeking of feedback.

Key findings

The key result from the project was the formulation of national pharmacy learning outcomes and exemplar standards (PhLOS) for all students graduating from entry-level pharmacy programmes. These have been endorsed by both students and academics.

Conclusions

Learning outcomes have been developed through a collaborative process for pharmacy programmes across Australia through harmonisation of the various expectations and regulatory requirements for pharmacy education programmes. Application of these learning outcomes and exemplar standards will ensure that all graduates of all entry-level pharmacy programmes will have achieved at least the same threshold, regardless of the university from which they graduate prior to entering their internship year.
Ethical issues experienced by mental health nurses in the administration of antipsychotic depot and long‐acting intramuscular injections: A qualitative study
Authors: Smith James Paul , Herber Oliver Rudolf
Published: November 2014

The ethical issues experienced by mental health nurses in administering antipsychotic depot and long‐acting intramuscular injections (LAI) were explored in the present study. Mental health nurses face ethically‐difficult situations when administering these medications. A phenomenological research method guided by Max van Manen's human science approach describes and interprets the ethical issues involved in performing the procedure. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to select eight participants from two mental health hospitals. Semistructured interviews were carried out to collect data. A thematic analysis was conducted on the data. The four main themes that emerged from the analyses were: (i) lack of alternatives; (ii) safety; (iii) feeling uncomfortable; and (iv) difficulty maintaining the therapeutic relationship. The findings suggest that mental health nurses face ethical challenges in administering LAI. The findings raise much needed awareness of the need for mental health nurses and nurse educators to consider the ethical issues experienced while performing the procedure. There is a need for nurse education providers and organizations to provide opportunities for mental health nurses to address their ‘lived experiences’. Educational courses are needed to equip mental health nurses with the technical and critical thinking skills to administer safe and effective antipsychotic depot and LAI.
Expression of the transcription factors Otlx2, Barx1 and Sox9 during mouse odontogenesis
Authors: Mitsiadis Thimios A. , Mucchielli Marie‐Laurence , Raffo Sylva , Proust Jean‐Pierre , Koopman Peter , Goridis Christo
Published: November 2014

The molecular mechanisms governing the decision between molariform and incisiform patterns of rodent dentition are not yet known. Transcription factors are regulators of regionally specific morphogenesis and key co‐ordinators of gene activity during developmental processes. Here, we analysed the expression of several transcription factors during mouse tooth development. Otlx2/Rieg is a homeobox gene involved in Rieger syndrome, a human disorder characterized by dental hypoplasia. Otlx2/Rieg expression distinguishes stomatodeal epithelium well before tooth initiation, and thereafter its expression becomes restricted to the epithelia of both molar and incisor primordia. The recently identified homeodomain transcription factor Barx1 is first expressed in mesenchyme of the first branchial arch, but during advanced developmental stages the gene is exclusively expressed in the mesenchyme of molar primordia. Finally, the Sry‐related transcription factor Sox9 is expressed in epithelial components and to a lesser degree in condensed mesenchyme of the developing teeth. These results suggest that Otlx2/Rieg, Barx1, and Sox9 participate in the hierarchical cascade of factors involved in the regulation of tooth morphogenesis.
Transforming Growth Factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in dentine matrix
Authors: Smith Anthony J. , Matthews John B. , Hall Rachel C.
Published: November 2014

Transforming Growth Factor‐β (TGF‐β) and other members of this family of growth factors have been implicated in tooth development and dental tissue repair. This study aimed to investigate regulatory factors for TGF‐β1 in rabbit incisor dentine matrix and the expression of receptors for TGF‐β in dental tissues better to understand the control of its biological activity. Approximately half of the TGF‐β1 in dentine matrix was present in active form. TGF‐β1 was found in association with latency associated peptide (LAP), betaglycan and decorin in an isolated dentine matrix preparation. Immunohistochemistry showed strong staining for TGF‐β type I and II receptors in odontoblasts with more variable and weaker staining of other pulpal cells. Association of TGF‐β1 with betaglycan, decorin and LAP may regulate the availability and biological activity of this growth factor and influence its presentation to the TGF‐β type I and II receptors on odontoblasts. During dental tissue repair, such control processes will be important in regulating the biological effects of TGF‐β1 on cells of the dentine‐pulp complex.
Immunocytochemical detection of apoptosis in human odontoblasts
Authors: Franquin Jean‐Claude , Remusat Mireille , Hashieh Imad Abou , Dejou Jacques
Published: November 2014

Pulpal chamber size decreases on ageing due to primary and secondary dentin deposition. This work was designed to find out the consequences of this pulp chamber reduction on odontoblast number and distribution. Twenty‐one healthy human premolars were equally divided into three groups from 11‐, 12.5‐ and 14‐yr‐old adolescents, respectively). The external and the internal perimeters of dentin were recorded on vestibulo‐lingual sections, from buccal to lingual cemento‐enamel junction using an image analysis system. Nuclei of the odontoblasts were recorded on 12 automatically selected fields. On nine erupted premolars (3 teeth from each 11‐, 12.5‐ and 14‐yr‐old patients), apoptosis was detected by confocal microscopy using a modification of the original TUNEL method. Apoptotic cells were labeled in central pulp fibroblasts, perivascular endothelial cells, and in odontoblasts. When the pulp volume decreases due to primary dentin production, the decrease of the surface available for odontoblasts is compensated for by a multilayer distribution of cells. Secondary dentin deposition, associated with odontoblasts reorganization in a single layer, results in a hyperbolic decrease of the odontoblasts number. This decrease seems to result from a programmed cell death, which eliminates half of the odontoblasts over a 4‐yr period.