bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crevice Corrosion
Authors: Kelly Robert G.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Definition of Crevice Corrosion

Characteristics

Relation to Other Forms of Localized Corrosion

Examples

Fundamental Phenomena of Crevice Corrosion

Electrochemical Reactions

Dissolution Reactions

Cathodic Reactions

Separation of Anodic and Cathodic Reactions

Area Effects

Homogeneous Chemical Reactions

Hydrolysis

Precipitation

Chemical Dissolution of Alloy Constituents

Mass Transport of Species

Migration

Diffusion

Convection

Range of Rates and Limitations by Each Process

Proposed Mechanisms

Critical Crevice Solution

Ohmic Drop

Combining Effects

Scaling Relations in Crevice Corrosion

Prevention

By Geometry

By Flow

By Material Selection

By Inhibition

By Potential Control
Corrosion Protection by Metallic Coatings
Authors: Plieth Waldfried , Bund Andreas
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principles of Electrochemical Metal Deposition

Principles of Alloy Deposition

Role of Additives

Mechanisms of Corrosion Protection by Metallic Coatings

Pretreatment of the Base Metal

Mechanical Pretreatment

Chemical Pretreatment

Examples

Zinc/Cadmium

Zinc

Cadmium

Copper/Nickel

Copper

Nickel

Nickel‐phosphorus

Electroless Copper and Nickel

Hard and Decorative Chromium Coatings

Corrosion Protection of Copper/Nickel/Chromium Layers

Tin

Noble Metals

Silver

Gold

Platinum Metals

Alloys

Zinc‐cobalt

Zinc‐iron

Zinc‐nickel

Zinc‐manganese

Tin‐zinc

Nickel‐iron

Intrinsically Conducting Polymers (
ICP
’
s
, “Synthetic Metals”)

Application of Intrinsically Conducting Polymers to a Metal Surface

Mechanism of Corrosion Protection by Intrinsically Conducting Polymers

Aluminum

Posttreatment

Wax, Lacquer, Paint

Conversion Coatings

Conclusion
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Authors: Little Brenda J. , Mansfeld Florian B. , Arps Peggy J. , Earthman James C.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Biofilm Formation

Corrosion Promoting Mechanisms

Sulfur, Sulfate and Thiosulfate Reduction

Practical Aspects

Sulfur/Sulfide Oxidation

Metal‐oxidizing Bacteria

Metal‐reducing Bacteria

Acid‐producing Organisms

Slime‐producing Bacteria

Corrosion Inhibiting Mechanisms
Electrocatalysis
Authors: Katsaounis A. , Brosda S. , Vayenas C.G.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Adsorption

Basic Electrokinetic Principles and Experimental Techniques

Electrokinetic and Mass‐transport Control

The Measurement ofIR‐free Electrocatalyst Overpotential

Cyclic Voltammetry

AC‐impedance Spectroscopy

Normalization of Active Surface

Theory of Electrocatalysis

Overpotentials and the Butler–Volmer Equation

Volcano Plots

Transition State Approaches

Quantum Mechanics–based Models

Promotional Effects

The Hydrogen Oxidation/Evolution Reaction

Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Reaction

Oxidation of Small Organic Molecules

Other Important Electrocatalytic Systems

Electrochemical Promotion of Catalytic Reactions

Promotional Rules in Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Systems

Concluding Remarks
Electrochemical Machining
Authors: Davydov Alexei D. , Volgin Vladimir M.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Definition and General Information

Advantages and Disadvantages

Electrode Processes

Anodic Processes

Cathodic Processes

Metal Removal Rate

Accuracy

Methods of Lowering the Effects of Void Fraction and Heating on the Distribution of Current Density Over the
WP
Surface

Methods Enhancing the Localization of Metal Dissolution

Prediction of Workpiece Shape and Tool‐electrode Design

Problem with Moving Boundary

The Direct Problem

The Inverse Problem

Quasi‐steady‐state Approximation

Calculation of Transfer Processes in the
IEG

Direct Problem: Evolution of
WP
Surface

The Inverse Problem: Correction of
TE
Surface

Local, One‐dimensional Approximation

Calculation of Transfer Processes in the
IEG

The Direct Problem: The Evolution of
WP
Surface

The Inverse Problem: The Correction of
TE
Surface

Automated Design of
ECM
Operations

ECM
Techniques and Applications

Electrochemical Sinking

Electrochemical Drilling

Electrochemical Deburring

Removing of Defective Layers

ECM
in Biomedical Engineering

Subsea Application

Electrochemical Micromachining (
ECMM
)

Hybrid Processes

Surface Layer Integrity after
ECM

Control of Electrolyte Composition and Environmental Problems

Conclusions
Aqueous Processing of Metals
Authors: Jari Aromaa D.Sc.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Electrowinning and Electrorefining

Basic Electrochemistry

Polarization Effects

Electrode Surface

Current Distribution

Cell Voltage and Energy Use

Factors Affecting Deposit Quality

Electrolysis Technology

Cell Construction

Current Feed

Permanent Anodes

Copper Production

Copper Electrorefining

Technology of Copper Refining

Energy Consumption

Additives

Sulfate‐based Copper Electrowinning

Halide‐based Copper Electrowinning

Nickel Production

Nickel Electrorefining

Electrorefining Nickel Metal Anodes

Electrorefining Sulfide Matte

Sulfate‐based Nickel Electrowinning

Chloride‐based Nickel Electrowinning

Nickel Electrolyte Purification

Zinc Production

Electrodeposition of Zinc

Energy Consumption

Zinc Electrowinning Practice

Noble Metals

Gold

Silver

Platinum‐group Metals

Other Metals

Lead

Cobalt

Tin

Cadmium
Principles, Functions, and Classification of Fuel Cells
Authors: Cappadonia Marcella , Stimmig Ulrich , Kordesch Karl V. , Tambasco de Oliveira Julio Cesar , Schmuki Patrik
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principles of Fuel Cells

Functions

Setup

Efficiency

Classification of Fuel Cell Systems

Low Temperature Fuel Cells

Alkaline Fuel Cells (
AFC
)

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (
PEMFCs
)

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (
PAFC
)

High‐temperature Fuel Cells

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (
MCFCs
)

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (
SOFC
)
Capacitance, Luminescence, and Related Optical Techniques
Authors: Nakato Yoshihiro
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Capacitance

Space Charge Layer at a Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface

Differential Capacitance of a Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface

Measurement of Differential Capacitance

Mott–Schottky Plots and Flat Band Potentials

Luminescence from Semiconductor Electrodes

Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence

Measurements of Luminescence from Semiconductor Electrodes

DC
Methods

Pulsed Techniques

Bulk and Surface Luminescence

Other Optical Techniques

Time‐resolved Laser Spectroscopy

Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Transient Grating Spectroscopy

In Situ Spectroscopic Investigation of Semiconductor Surfaces

Other Miscellaneous Techniques
The Photoelectrochemistry of Semiconductor/Electrolyte Solar Cells
Authors: Sharon Maheshwar
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Description of a
PEC
Cell

Types of
PEC
Cells

Aim of this Section

Semiconductor‐electrolyte Junction

What Kind of Force Exists in this Region?

Magnitude of Potential Developed at the Interface

Effect of Junction Illumination

Efficiency of Conversion of Light Energy into Electrical Energy

Factors Considered in Selecting a Semiconductor

Energy Levels in Redox Couples

How Do We Compare Redox Potential with Fermi Level of a Semiconductor?

Do the Energy Levels for Reduction and Oxidation Process Possess the Same Value?

Effect of Charge Distribution in the Electrolyte

Capacitance of the Space Charge Layer

Semiconductor‐electrolyte Junction Under Illumination

Gärtner's Model

Application of Gärtner Model

When α is Constant during Photocurrent Measurement

When ‘
w
' is Constant During Photocurrent Measurement

Effect of Counter‐Electrode

Effect of Surface States

Photodecomposition of Semiconductor

Materials for
PEC
Cell

Laser Scanning Technique for a Large Area Electrode

Acknowledgment
Solar Photoelectrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Fuel
Authors: Sharon Maheshwar , Licht Stuart
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Theoretical Consideration for Water Electrolysis

Photoelectrochemical Cell for Photoelectrolysis

Photoelectrolysis of Water

Energetics of Photodecomposition of Water

Multiple‐type
PEC
Cells

Bipolar Cell

Recent Developments

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Standard, Formal, and Other Characteristic Potentials of Selected Electrode Reactions
Authors: Inzelt György
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Group 1 Elements

Group 2 Elements

Group 3 Elements

Group 4 Elements

Group 5 Elements

Group 6 Elements

Group 7 Elements

Group 8 Elements

Group 9 Elements

Group 10 Elements

Group 11 Elements

Group 12 Elements

Group 13 Elements

Group 14 Elements

Group 15 Elements

Group 16 Elements

Group 17 Elements

Group 18 Elements

Acknowledgment
Vanadium Electrochemistry
Authors: Shaw Michael J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Vanadium(I) and Lower

Vanadium(II)

Vanadium(III)

Vanadium(IV)

Vanadium(V)

Oxovanadium(III)

Oxovanadium(IV)

Oxovanadium(V)
Technetium
Authors: Schultz Franklin A. , Duncan Cole T. , Rigsby Matthew A.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Mononuclear Complexes

Oxo Complexes

Homoleptic and Mixed‐ligand Complexes

Binuclear Complexes

Oxo‐bridged Complexes

Metal–metal‐bonded Complexes
Rhenium
Authors: Schultz Franklin A. , Duncan Cole T. , Rigsby Matthew A.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Mononuclear Complexes

Oxo Complexes

Homoleptic and Mixed‐ligand Complexes

Polynuclear Complexes

Oxo‐bridged Complexes

Metal–metal‐bonded Complexes

Supramolecular Arrays

Carbon Dioxide Fixation
Electrochemistry of Lead
Authors: Stroka Jadwiga , Maksymiuk Krzysztof , Galus Zbigniew
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Double‐layer Properties ofPbElectrodes

Properties of Solid Electrodes

Properties of Liquid Electrodes

Adsorption on Solid Electrodes

Electrochemical Properties and Kinetics of Lead and Lead Compounds

Pb(II)/Pb(Hg) System

Studies in the Presence of Inhibitors and Organic Solvents

Other Phenomena

Complexes ofPb(II) and Related Phenomena

Electrochemical Processes of Liquid Lead in Molten Salts

Voltammetric Behavior of Lead

Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Nitric Acid Solutions

Phosphoric Acid Solutions

Sodium Hydroxide Solutions

Different Salt Solutions

Voltammetric Behavior of Several Lead Compounds

PbO

PbO2

Pbchalcogenides

Electrodeposition and Underpotential Deposition of Lead on Solid Substrates

Platinum

Gold

Silver

Copper

Carbon

Silicon

Germanium

Other Materials

Corrosion and Passivation

Applied Electrochemistry

Lead‐acid Batteries

Electrocatalytic Properties

Pb

PbO2

Electrochemical Sensors

Potentiometric Sensors

Amperometric/Voltammetric Sensors
Comparison of Chemical and Electrochemical Methods in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Schäfer Hans J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Aspects of Organic Synthesis

The Reactive Intermediates in Organic Electrosynthesis

Selection of Advantageous Electrochemical C,C‐Bond Forming Reactions and Functional Group Interconversions

C,C‐Bond Formation

Functional Group Interconversions

Working Out An Electroorganic Synthesis

Equipment

Some General Comments
Reduction of Oxygen‐containing Compounds
Authors: Kashimura Shigenori , Ishifune Manabu
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cathodic Reduction of Alcohols

Cathodic Reduction of Ethers

Cathodic Reduction of Esters and Amides

Cathodic Reduction of Carboxylic Acid

Cathodic Reduction of Ketones, Aldehydes, and Carbon Dioxide
Electrogenerated Acids and Bases
Authors: Nielsen Merete Folmer
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Electrogenerated Acids

General Concepts

Influence of the Solvent‐electrolyte System

In situ Versus Ex situ Formation of the
EGA

Comparison of
EGAs
with Conventional Acids

Charge‐consuming Reactions

EGA
Catalyzed Follow‐up Reaction of the Product of Anodic Oxidation

EGA
Induced Conversion of Substrate

Acid Catalyzed Reactions

Ring Opening of Epoxides

Reaction of Acetals, Ketones, and Aldehydes with Nucleophiles

1,4‐Addition to Enones

Functional Group Protection

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Cyclizations

Diels–Alder Reactions

Electrogenerated Bases

General Concepts

In situ Versus Ex situ Formation of the
EGB

Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Basicity

Efficiency of the Proton Transfer Reaction

Comparison of
EGBs
with Conventional Bases

Nitrogen Bases

Azo Compounds and Nitrogen Heteroaromatics as Probases

Amides as Probases

Oxygen Bases

Dioxygen as Probase

Phenols as Probases

Carbonyl Compounds as Probases

Carbon Bases

Activated Alkenes as Probases

Carbanions as
EGBs

Other Electrogenerated Carbon Bases

Reactions Consuming Stoichiometric Amounts of Base

Wittig Reactions

Addition to Aldehydes and Ketones

Alkylation of Activated Methylene Compounds

Cyanomethylation

Carboxylation

Cyclizations

Oxidative Conversions

Condensations

Miscellaneous Reactions

Base‐Catalyzed Reactions

Michael Additions

Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Applied to Biological Systems
Authors: Shiku Hitoshi , Ohya Hiroaki , Matsue Tomokazu
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

SECM

Feedback Mode

Generation/Collection Mode

Applications to Biological Systems

Enzymes

Antigen–Antibodies

Local Fluxes Through Biological Materials

Liquid–Liquid Interfaces, Liquid–Air Interfaces

Planar
BLMs

Cells, Tissues
Ion‐Selective Electrodes for Measurements in Biological Fluids
Authors: Bakker Eric , Meyerhoff Mark E.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Zero‐current Electrochemical Cells Incorporating Ion‐selective Membranes

Selectivity of Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes

Glass Electrodes

Solid‐state Electrodes

Liquid Membrane Electrodes

Ion‐exchangers

Neutral Ionophores

Charged Ionophores

Gas‐sensing Probes

Ion‐selective Electrode‐based Biosensors
Electrochemical Analysis of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Paleček Emil , Fojta Miroslav , Jelen František , Vetterl Vladimír
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

History

Nucleic Acid Samples

Electrochemical Behavior ofNAComponents

Adsorption/Desorption Behavior

Mercury Electrodes

Solid Electrodes

Reduction and Oxidation

Microanalysis of Nucleic Acid Components by Stripping Techniques

Principles

Reactions of Pyrimidine and Purine Bases with the Electrode Mercury

Unusual Bases and Nucleosides

Sparingly Soluble Compounds of Nucleic Acid Components with Copper

Adsorption/Desorption Behavior ofNAs

Mercury Dropping Electrode

Adsorption of Double‐stranded (Native)DNA

Adsorption of Single‐stranded (Denatured)DNA

Adsorption Kinetics at Mercury Dropping and Hanging Electrodes

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

Other Techniques

Adsorption ofNAson Other Electrodes

DNAAdsorption to Charged Lipid Membranes

Reduction and Oxidation ofNAson Different Electrodes

Mercury Electrodes

Reduction of Adenine and Cytosine Residues

Anodic Signal of Guanine Residues

Carbon Electrodes

Other Solid Electrodes

Analysis of NAs by Different Electrochemical Techniques

Relations Between Structures and Electrochemical Responses ofDNA

DNAStructure on Electrode Surfaces

Dependence of thedsDNASignals at theHMDEon Potential Scanning Direction

Opening of theDNADouble Helix Around −1.2 V(RegionU)

Opening ofdsDNAat AcidpHsin a Wider Potential RangeT

Interactions ofNAswith Small Molecules

Reversible (Noncovalent) Interactions

Inorganic Cations and Simple Metal Complexes

Organic Metal Chelates

Other NoncovalentDNABinders

Covalent Interactions

Electroactive Markers ofNAs

Other Nucleic Acid Modifications

DNAConductivity

Application of Electrodes inDNAConductivity Studies

Analytical Applications

Sensors forDNAHybridization

Immobilization ofDNAon the Electrode

Detection of the Hybridization Event

Redox Indicators Covalently Bound toDNA

Indicator‐free Detection Systems. Intrinsic Electroactivity ofDNA

Changes in Interfacial Properties andDNAConductivity

Blocking and Interfacing the Transducer

Electrocatalytic Reactions

Detection of Point Mutations

Sensors forDNADamage

Detection ofDNAStrand Breaks

Damage toDNABases

Detection of Damaging Agents Specifically Interacting withDNA

DNACleavage Controlled by Electrochemical Reactions

Other Determinations

Determination ofssDNAin an Excess ofdsDNA

Determination ofRNATraces inDNASolutions

Determination of Proteins

Conclusion

Addendum

Acknowledgment
Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for the invivo Measurement of Neurotransmitters: A Close Up Look at Neurochemical Activity in the Brain
Authors: Peters Jennifer L. , Kulagina Nadezhda V. , Yang Hua , Michael Adrian C.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

A Mathematical Description of Extracellular Neurochemistry

Histology of Microelectrode and Microdialysis Probe Tracks invivo

Monitoring Electrically Evoked Dopamine Release with Microelectrodes

In vivo Electrochemistry with Very High Spatial Resolution

Monitoring Spontaneous, as Opposed to Evoked, Dopamine Release

Electrochemical Sensors for invivo Measurement

Conclusion
Potentiometric Measurements of Proteins
Authors: Pellett Jackson , Stankovich Marian
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

What Electrochemical Studies Can Tell Us

Direct versus Indirect Electrochemistry

Materials

Mediator Titrant

Redox Indicators

Apparatus—Glassware Components for Anaerobiosis

Argon Line

The Cell Parts: Preparation of Auxiliary, Reference, and Working Electrodes

Methods—Setting up the Mediated Electron Transfer Experiment

The Coulometric Titration

The Potentiometric Titration

Data Analysis and Sample Systems

Coulometric Titration

Potentiometric Titration
Epitaxial Electrochemical Growth
Authors: Ward Michael D.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Design Approaches for Epitaxial Organic Films

The Advantages of Electrochemistry and Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy in Electrochemical Cells

Real‐time Visualization of Electrochemical Growth

Growth of Molecular Overlayers

Electrochemical Annealing of Organic Overlayers

Rules of Epitaxy for Organic Films

Epitaxial Nucleation of an Overlayer

Definitions of Epitaxy

Lattice Modeling and Prediction of Epitaxy

Nucleation of Molecular Films

Related Articles
Redox‐active Dendrimers in Solution and as Films on Surfaces
Authors: Takada Kazutake , Goldsmith Jonas I. , Bernhard Stefan , Abruña Héctor D.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dendrimer Properties and Applications

Redox‐active Dendrimers

Dendrimers with Electroactive Moieties in the Core

Dendrimers with Cores Containing Transition Metal or Organometallic Complexes

Dendrimers with Cores Containing Electroactive Organic Species

Dendrimers with Electroactive Moieties in the Branches and Throughout the Molecule

Dendrimers with Transition Metal Complexes in the Branches

Dendrimers with Organic Redox‐active Moieties in the Branches

Dendrimers with Redox‐active Moieties at Periphery

Ferrocenyl‐modified Dendrimers

Silicon‐based Dendrimers

Poly(propylenimine) Dendrimers

Poly(aryl ether)‐based Dendrimers

Other Ferrocenyl‐modified Dendrimers

Cobaltocenyl Dendrimers

Ferrocenyl‐ and Cobaltocenyl‐containing Dendrimers

Ruthenium Terpyridyl and Bipyridyl Dendrimers

Cobalt Terpyridyl Dendrimers

Iron Terpyridyl Dendrimers

Tetrathiafulvalenyl Dendrimers

Viologenyl Dendrimers

Applications

Light Harvesting

Catalysis

OrganicLEDs

Oxygen Carriers

Molecule‐sized Gates

Molecular Recognition

Mediators

Biosensors
Electron Transfer and Transport in Ordered Enzyme Layers
Authors: Anne Agnès , Demaille Christophe , Moiroux Jacques , Savéeant Jean‐Michel , Bourdillon Christian
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Catalytic Currents from a Redox Enzyme and a One‐electron Mediator in Solution

Derivation of the Enzyme Kinetics from Cyclic Voltammetric Experiments

Molecular Recognition of an Enzyme by Artificial One‐electron Cosubstrates?

Monomolecular Layers of Enzyme

Antigen–Antibody Construction of an Immobilized Enzyme Monolayer and Kinetic Analysis of the Enzymatic Catalytic Reaction with the Cosubstrate in Solution

Application to the Kinetic Characterization of Biomolecular Recognition

Immobilization of Both the Enzyme and the Cosubstrate

Electron Transfer and Electron Transport in Integrated Systems

Spatially Ordered Multimonomolecular Layer Enzyme Coatings

Step‐by‐step Antigen–Antibody Construction of Multimonomolecular Layer Enzyme Coatings

Reaction Dynamics with the Cosubstrate in Solution: Evidence for Spatial Order

Inhibition by products: Proton Gradients

Perspectives
Voltammetry of the Reductive Desorption of Thiol Self‐assembled Monolayers from Electrode Surface
Authors: Kakiuchi Takashi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Voltammetry of the Reductive Desorption ofSAMs: Experimental Features

Reductive Desorption of AlkanethiolateSAMs

Modeling of the Reductive Desorption Processes

Characteristics of Theoretical Voltammograms Based on theBHIsotherm

Contribution of Charging Current

Reductive Desorption of BinarySAMs

Miscibility

Minimum Size of the Domains that can be Recognized as an Independent Domain

Mutual Solubility of the Thiolates

Rate of the Replacement of Adsorbed Thiolates with Thiols in the Solution Phase

Rate of the Surface Chemical Reactions

Electrochemical Engineering of BinarySAMs

Partial Desorption and Insertion

Preparation and Use of Artificially Phase‐separated BinarySAMs

Wetting

Surface Diffusion

Conclusions

Appendix
Cutaneous allodynia in the migraine population
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Bigal Marcelo E. , Ashina Sait , Burstein Rami , Silberstein Stephen , Reed Michael L. , Serrano Daniel , Stewart Walter F. ,   American Migraine Prevalence Prevention Advisory Group
Published: December 2007

Objective

To develop and validate a questionnaire for assessing cutaneous allodynia (CA), and to estimate the prevalence and severity of CA in the migraine population.

Methods

Migraineurs (n = 11,388) completed the Allodynia Symptom Checklist, assessing the frequency of allodynia symptoms during headache. Response options were never (0), rarely (0), less than 50% of the time (1), ≥50% of the time (2), and none (0). We used item response theory to explore how well each item discriminated CA. The relations of CA to headache features were examined.

Results

All 12 questions had excellent item properties. The greatest discrimination occurred with CA during “taking a shower” (discrimination = 2.54), wearing a necklace (2.39) or ring (2.31), and exposure to heat (2.1) or cold (2.0). The factor analysis demonstrated three factors: thermal, mechanical static, and mechanical dynamic. Based on the psychometrics, we developed a scale distinguishing no CA (scores 0–2), mild (3–5), moderate (6–8), and severe (≥9). The prevalence of allodynia among migraineurs was 63.2%. Severe CA occurred in 20.4% of migraineurs. CA was associated with migraine defining features (eg, unilateral pain: odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–2.4; throbbing pain: odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.1–2.6; nausea: odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.1–2.6), as well as illness duration, attack frequency, and disability.

Interpretation

The Allodynia Symptom Checklist measures overall allodynia and subtypes. CA affects 63% of migraineurs in the population and is associated with frequency, severity, disability, and associated symptoms of migraine. CA maps onto migraine biology. Ann Neurol 2007
Preparation of novel amphiphilic copolymer microspheres and their drug‐release and glucose‐sensitive properties
Authors: Tang Yu , Li Chaoxing
Published: December 2007

A novel amphiphilic copolymer was prepared by the copolymerization of N‐acryloyl‐3‐aminophenylboronic acid with β‐cyclodextrin containing maleic anhydride. The copolymer was fully characterized with 13C‐NMR, 1H‐NMR, IR, and scanning electron microscopy. The self‐assembling mechanism of the copolymer in H2O–CH3OH cosolvents was studied. Gliclazide as a model drug was loaded inside the copolymer microspheres, and the drug‐release behavior of the microspheres was studied. The results of in vitro oscillating release tests indicated that the microspheres responded to glucose rapidly in 30 min, and the microspheres exhibited self‐regulated on–off release behavior four to six times in 6 h between the solution with 3 g/L glucose and the medium without glucose; this met the clinical requirements of multidrug delivery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ultra‐Stable Peptide Scaffolds for Protein Engineering—Synthesis and Folding of the Circular Cystine Knotted Cyclotide Cycloviolacin O2
Authors: Leta Aboye Teshome , Clark Richard J. , Craik David J. , Göransson Ulf
Published: December 2007

The cyclic cystine knot motif, as defined by the cyclotide peptide family, is an attractive scaffold for protein engineering. To date, however, the utilisation of this scaffold has been limited by the inability to synthesise members of the most diverse and biologically active subfamily, the bracelet cyclotides. This study describes the synthesis and first direct oxidative folding of a bracelet cyclotide—cycloviolacin O2—and thus provides an efficient method for exploring the most potent cyclic cystine knot peptides. The linear chain of cycloviolacin O2 was assembled by solid‐phase Fmoc peptide synthesis and cyclised by thioester‐mediated native chemical ligation, and the inherent difficulties of folding bracelet cyclotides were successfully overcome in a single‐step reaction. The folding pathway was characterised and was found to include predominating fully oxidised intermediates that slowly converted to the native peptide structure.
HMGA1a Protein Unfolds or Refolds Synthetic DNA–Chromophore Hybrid Polymers: A Chaperone‐Like Behavior
Authors: Wan Wei , Wang Wei , Li Alexander D. Q.
Published: December 2007

High group mobility protein, HMGA1a, was found to play a chaperone‐like role in the folding or unfolding of hybrid polymers that contained well‐defined synthetic chromophores and DNA sequences. The synthetic and biological hybrid polymers folded into hydrophobic chromophoric nanostructures in water, but existed as partially unfolded configurations in pH or salt buffers. The presence of HMGA1a induced unfolding of the hybrid DNA–chromophore polymer in pure water, whereas the protein promoted refolding of the same polymer in various pH or salt buffers. The origin of the chaperone‐like properties probably comes from the ability of HMGA1a to reversibly bind both synthetic chromophores and single stranded DNA. The unfolding mechanisms and the binding stoichiometry of protein–hybrid polymers depended on the sequence of the synthetic polymers.
A systems approach to strategic success with adjunct faculty
Authors: Smith Vernon C.
Published: December 2007

Rio Salado is a nontraditional community college that is highly integrated in the global economy. This chapter describes the Rio Salado College systems approach, which relies almost exclusively on adjunct faculty to accomplish its mission, vision, and purposes.
Introducing Negative Charges into Bis‐p‐phenylene Crown Ethers: A Study of Bipyridinium‐Based [2]Pseudorotaxanes and [2]Rotaxanes
Authors: Lestini Elena , Nikitin Kirill , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Fitzmaurice Donald
Published: December 2007

This paper describes novel host–guest systems comprising viologen cations (guests) and the derivatives of bis‐para‐phenylene‐34‐crown‐10 (hosts) with anionic groups COO− or SO3−. The structure of the resulting charge‐compensated host–guest complexes, their association constants and their electrochemical behaviour have been studied. In the solid state, the viologen cations thread the negatively charged crown ethers forming electroneutral zwitterion‐like [2]pseudorotaxane salts; in solution this threaded geometry is preserved. The association constants of [2]pseudorotaxane salts incorporating the 1,1′‐diethylviologen moiety in solution are significantly higher than those of previously reported analogues. The extrapolated association free energies in non‐aqueous media exceed −40 kJ⋅ mol−1 at 25 °C. This significant increase of the interaction free energy makes these compounds stable even in aqueous solutions. The association constants of [2]pseudorotaxane salts incorporating sterically more hindered 1,1′‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dimethylviologen moieties are significantly lower. Structurally related [2]rotaxane salts, in which the oppositely charged ionic components are mechanically interlocked, have been prepared in good yields. It has been shown that [2]rotaxane salts incorporating anti‐isomers of bisfunctionalised crown ethers are cycloenantiomeric. In both [2]pseudorotaxane and [2]rotaxane salts, the electrostatic interactions between the viologen moieties and the negatively charged crown ethers lead to very significant negative shifts of viologen reduction potentials up to 450 mV. The findings of the present study are valuable for the design of nanoscale molecular electronic devices.
Expression of P2X3 receptor in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat
Authors: Kim Yun Sook , Paik Sang Kyoo , Cho Yi Sul , Shin Ho Seob , Bae Jin Young , Moritani Masayuki , Yoshida Atsushi , Ahn Dong Kuk , Valtschanoff Juli , Hwang Se Jin , Moon Cheil , Bae Yong Chul
Published: December 2007

Trigeminal primary afferents expressing P2X3 receptor are involved in the transmission of orofacial nociceptive information. However, little is known about their central projection pattern and ultrastructural features within the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclei (TBSN). Here we use multiple immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to characterize the P2X3‐immunopositive (+) neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and describe the distribution and synaptic organization of their central terminals within the rat TBSN, including nuclei principalis (Vp), oralis (Vo), interpolaris (Vi), and caudalis (Vc). In the trigeminal ganglion, P2X3 immunoreactivity was mainly in small and medium‐sized somata, but also frequently in large somata. Although most P2X3+ somata costained for the nonpeptidergic marker IB4, few costained for the peptidergic marker substance P. Most P2X3+ fibers in the sensory root of trigeminal ganglion (92.9%) were unmyelinated, whereas the rest were small myelinated. In the TBSN, P2X3 immunoreactivity was dispersed in the rostral TBSN but was dense in the superficial laminae of Vc, especially in the inner lamina II. The P2X3+ terminals contained numerous clear, round vesicles and sparse large, dense‐core vesicles. Typically, they were presynaptic to one or two dendritic shafts and also frequently postsynaptic to axonal endings, containing pleomorphic vesicles. Such P2X3+ terminals, showing glomerular shape and complex synaptic relationships, and those exhibiting axoaxonic contacts, were more frequently seen in Vp than in any other TBSN. These results suggest that orofacial nociceptive information may be transmitted via P2X3+ afferents to all TBSN and that it may be processed differently in different TBSN. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:627–639, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the effectiveness of runtime techniques to reduce memory sharing overheads in distributed Java implementations
Authors: Lobosco Marcelo , Loques Orlando , de Amorim Claudio L.
Published: December 2007

Distributed Java virtual machine (dJVM) systems enable concurrent Java applications to transparently run on clusters of commodity computers. This is achieved by supporting Java's shared‐memory model over multiple JVMs distributed across the cluster's computer nodes. In this work, we describe and evaluate selective dynamicdiffingand lazy home allocation, two new runtime techniques that enable dJVMs to efficiently support memory sharing across the cluster. Specifically, the two proposed techniques can contribute to reduce the overheads due to message traffic, extra memory space, and high latency of remote memory accesses that such dJVM systems require for implementing their memory‐coherence protocol either in isolation or in combination. In order to evaluate the performance‐related benefits of dynamicdiffingand lazy home allocation, we implemented both techniques in Cooperative JVM (CoJVM), a basic dJVM system we developed in previous work. In subsequent work, we carried out performance comparisons between the basic CoJVM and modified CoJVM versions for five representative concurrent Java applications (matrix multiply, LU, Radix, fast Fourier transform, and SOR) using our proposed techniques. Our experimental results showed that dynamicdiffingand lazy home allocation significantly reduced memory sharing overheads. The reduction resulted in considerable gains in CoJVM system's performance, ranging from 9% up to 20%, in four out of the five applications, with resulting speedups varying from 6.5 up to 8.1 for an 8‐node cluster of computers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of the Evolution of Surface Area and Free Volume During the Infiltration of Fiber Felts
Authors: Pfrang A. , Schladitz K. , Wiegmann A. , Schimmel T.
Published: December 2007

The evolution of surface area and free volume during the infiltration of fiber felts is calculated quantitatively and compared with experimental data. For overlapping fibers the evolution is approximated by a Boolean model, where the ratio of surface area to free volume increases linearly with the radius of the fibers. For randomly distributed fibers which do not overlap in the initial state, the evolution of surface area and free volume is calculated numerically. The surface area/free volume ratio increases nearly linearly for all initial filling factors and for all degrees of orientation anisotropy of the fibers.
Synthesis of (4R,15R,16R,21S)‐Rollicosin and Its 4S Epimer
Authors: Wu Ming‐Jung , Lee Cheng‐Lin , Wu Yang‐Chang , Chen Chiao‐Pei
Published: December 2007

(4R,15R,16R,21S)‐Rollicosin (2) was synthesized by palladium‐catalyzed coupling of two building blocks 4 and 5. Lactone 4 was synthesized from 1‐heptyne and terminal acetylene 5 was prepared from lactone 6 and allyl iodide or (S)‐epichlorohydrin. (4S,15R,16R,21S)‐Rollicosin (3) was also synthesized from (R)‐epichlorohydrin by the same synthetic pathway.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Separation of very hydrophobic analytes by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. I. Optimization of the composition of the sample solution for the determination of the aromatic ingredients of sassafras and other essential oils of forensic interest
Authors: Huhn Carolin , Pütz Michael , Holthausen Ivie , Pyell Ute
Published: December 2007

A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method using UV and (UV)LIF detection in‐line was developed for the determination of aromatic constituents, mainly allylbenzenes in essential oils. The method optimization included the optimization of the composition of the separation electrolyte using ACN and urea to reduce retention factors and CaCl2 to widen the migration time window. In addition, it was necessary to optimize the composition of the sample solution which included the addition of a neutral surfactant at high concentration. With the optimized method, the determination of minor constituents in essential oils was possible despite of the presence of a structurally related compound being in a molar ratio excess of 1000:1. The use of UV and LIF‐detection in‐line enabled the direct comparison of the two detection traces using an electrophoretic mobility x‐axis instead of the normal time‐based scale. This simplifies the assignment of signals and enhances repeatability. The method developed was successfully applied to the determination of minor and major constituents in herbal essential oils, some of them being forensically relevant as sources of precursors for synthetic drugs.
Fast CE for combinatorial catalysis
Authors: Breadmore Michael C. , Hodgson Richard , Kennedy Danielle F. , Messerle Barbara A.
Published: December 2007

Two solvent‐modified MEKC methods were developed for the quantitative analysis of heterocyclic amines synthesised using intramolecular ring closure via catalysed hydroamination. The first method was capable of resolving six of the amines (precursors and products) with a sample‐to‐sample injection time of 2 min employing a 20 mM borate buffer, pH 9.2 with 20 mM SDS and 5% v/v n‐butanol (n‐BuOH). A second low‐pH method using 20 mM phosphate buffer, 100 mm SDS, 5% v/v n‐BuOH and 20% v/v iso‐propanol (i‐PrOH) was able to resolve an additional pair of compounds with a sample‐to‐sample time of 3.5 min. Application of the first method to the analysis of a sample containing catalyst as well as amines placed directly in a 96‐well plate showed excellent performance, with migration time and peak height and area reproducibility being less than 0.9 and 9.6%, respectively. The quantity of conversion by catalyst was calculated to be 68 ± 7%, which was in excellent agreement with the 67 ± 5% obtained by more conventional 1H NMR experiments, with the added advantage that this method is also cheaper, quicker and more amendable to high‐throughput screening of combinatorial libraries.
Evaluation of band broadening in chemiluminescence detection coupled to pressurized capillary electrochromatography with an off‐column coaxial flow interface
Authors: Lin Zian , Lin Jian , Wu Xiaoping , Lin Xucong , Xie Zenghong
Published: December 2007

A system of off‐column coaxial flow chemiluminescence (CL) detection coupled to pressurized CEC (pCEC) was described. The interface utilized a reactor that introduced postcolumn CL reagent into the capillary effluents in a sheathing flow profile. To compare and evaluate band broadening of analytes caused by the detector, the typical CL compounds luminol and N‐(4‐aminobutyl)‐N‐ethylisoluminol (ABEI) were separated and detected by pCEC or capillary HPLC (cHPLC) coupled to CL and UV detector, respectively. The results demonstrated that the band broadening caused by off‐column detection interface was minimized due to the fast kinetic nature of the CL reaction. With the proposed pCEC‐CL system, the detection limits of luminol and ABEI were 1.0×10−8 and 8.0×10−8 mol/L, respectively, which were approximately 100‐fold more sensitive than those obtained with UV absorption. In addition, separation and detection of the ABEI‐labeled L‐lysine (L‐Lys) and L‐arginine (L‐Arg) were accomplished by pCEC‐CL method based on the principle of ABEI‐potassium ferricyanide‐alkaline medium CL reaction system. Under the optimum conditions, good results could be achieved compared with pCEC‐UV.
Meteorin regulates angiogenesis at the gliovascular interface
Authors: Park Jeong Ae , Lee Hye Shin , Ko Keum Jae , Park Soo Youn , Kim Jeong Hun , Choe Gheeyoung , Kweon Hee‐Seok , Song Hyun Seok , Ahn Jong‐Chan , Yu Young Suk , Kim Kyu‐Won
Published: December 2007

Brain microvasculature requires a coordinated interaction between endothelial cells and astrocytes at the gliovascular interface. However, the role of the factors involved in that interaction and expressed by these cells is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Meteorin is highly expressed in astrocytes of the brain and retina during the late embryonic and postnatal stages of mouse development. Most notably, Meteorin is localized to the astrocyte endfeet that surround the blood vessels. To investigate the role of Meteorin in perivascular astrocytes, we depleted endogenous levels of Meteorin in cultured astrocytes using siRNA, and found that Meteorin attenuates angiogenic activity indirectly via astrocyte‐derived thrombospondin‐1/‐2 (TSP‐1/‐2). Exogenous treatment of astrocytes with Meteorin protein also promotes astrocyte expression and secretion of TSP‐1/‐2. The conditioned media from the Meteorin‐treated astrocytes attenuated angiogenic activity of microvascular endothelial cells. This activity was reversed by inhibiting the binding of TSP‐1/‐2 to its receptor. Furthermore, we found that TSP‐1/‐2 was co‐localized with Meteorin in the developing brain. Therefore, our data strongly suggests that Meteorin is expressed and secreted by perivascular astrocytes and the secreted protein upregulates TSP‐1/‐2 to attenuate angiogenesis in the surrounding endothelial cells and to promote vascular maturation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dickkopf‐3 expression is a marker for neuroblastic tumor maturation and is down‐regulated by MYCN
Authors: Koppen Arjen , Ait‐Aissa Rachida , Koster Jan , Øra Ingrid , Bras Johannes , van Sluis Peter G. , Caron Huib , Versteeg Rogier , Valentijn Linda J.
Published: December 2007

Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma are neuroblastic tumors originating from the developing sympathetic peripheral nervous system. Ganglioneuromas are usually benign, while neuroblastomas have a variable prognosis and include very aggressive tumors. Examples exist of neuroblastomas regressing to ganglioneuromas and ganglioneuromas progressing to neuroblastomas. Little is known of the molecular differences between the tumor types. Here we report that Dickkopf‐3 (DKK3), a putative extra cellular inhibitor of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, showed a strongly differential expression between neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. Microarray analyses of 109 neuroblastic tumors revealed that DKK3 is strongly expressed in ganglioneuroma but only weakly in neuroblastoma. Low DKK3 expression in neuroblastoma correlated with a poor prognosis. The expression of DKK3 in the tumor series and in neuroblastoma cell lines was inversely correlated with the expression of the MYCN oncogene. Analysis of 2 neuroblastoma cell lines with inducible activity of MYCN showed that DKK3 is down‐regulated by MYCN. We subsequently generated cell lines with inducible expression of DKK3, which revealed an inhibitory effect of DKK3 on proliferation. High DKK3 expression in the benign ganglioneuromas and down‐regulation of DKK3 by MYCN in neuroblastoma might contribute to the strongly different clinical behavior of both neuroblastic tumor types. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4‐Vinyl‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenol (canolol) suppresses oxidative stress and gastric carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori‐infected carcinogen‐treated Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Cao Xueyuan , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Seki Takahiro , Tanaka Harunari , Morimura Shigeru , Cao Liyu , Mizoshita Tsutomu , Ban Hisayo , Toyoda Takeshi , Maeda Hiroshi , Tatematsu Masae
Published: December 2007

Oxidative stress is linked to gastric carcinogenesis because of its ability to damage DNA. Here we examined antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects of 4‐vinyl‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenol (canolol), a recently identified potent antioxidative compound obtained from crude canola oil, on Helicobacter (H.) pylori‐induced gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis using a Mongolian gerbil model. The animals were allocated to H. pylori‐infection alone (12 weeks) or H.pylori + N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU) administration (52 weeks). After oral inoculation of H. pylori, they were fed for 10 and 44 weeks with or without 0.1% canolol. H. pylori‐induced gastritis, 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and scores for cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry were attenuated in the canolol‐treated groups. Expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), COX‐2 and iNOS mRNA in the gastric mucosa, and serum 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), anti‐H. pylori IgG and gastrin levels were also significantly lower in canolol‐treated groups. Furthermore, the incidence of gastric adenocarcinomas was markedly reduced in the H. pylori + MNU + canolol‐treated group [15.0% (6/40)] compared to the control group [39.4% (13/33)] (p < 0.05). These data indicate canolol to be effective for suppressing inflammation, gastric epithelial cell proliferation and gastric carcinogenesis in H. pylori‐infected Mongolian gerbils. Interestingly, the viable H. pylori count was not changed by the canolol containing diet. Thus, the data point to the level of inflammation because of H. pylori rather than the existence of the bacteria as the determining factor. Importantly, canolol appears to suppress induction of mRNAs for inflammatory cytokines. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β2‐adrenergic receptors expressed on murine chondrocytes stimulate cellular growth and inhibit the expression of Indian hedgehog and collagen type X
Authors: Lai Lick Pui , Mitchell Jane
Published: December 2007

The sympathetic nervous system has been demonstrated to have a role in regulating bone remodeling through β‐adrenergic receptors (β‐AR) expressed on osteoblasts. Studies using β2‐adrenergic receptor agonists in vivo have also suggested an effect on endochondral bone development; however, it was not clear if this effect was mediated through osteoblasts or chondrocytes. To more thoroughly examine the role of β‐AR in chondrocytes we characterized the expression and signal transduction systems activated by β‐AR in growth plate chondrocytes prepared from ribs of embryonic E18.5 mice. Using RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry we found that the chondrocytes expressed only β2‐AR. The receptors were coupled to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Stimulation of ERK1/2 was transient and limited by the concomitant stimulation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP‐1). Isoproterenol stimulated the growth of chondrocytes as assessed by increased incorporation of [3H]‐thymidine into the cells. The cellular expression of two markers of chondrocyte differentiation, Indian hedgehog, expressed in pre‐hypertrophic cells and collagen type X, expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes, were both significantly inhibited after incubation with isoproterenol. Collectively, these findings demonstrate regulation of chondrocytes through β2‐AR expressed on the cells that stimulate their growth and inhibit their differentiation, indicating that the sympathetic nervous system may be an important regulator of embryonic cartilage development. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 545–553, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida presenting with a “step” in the posterior contour of an 8‐week embryo
Authors: Lulla Chander , Hegde Amogh , Shah Jatin , Sheth Jayesh
Published: December 2007

We report a case of spina bifida in the upper thoracic spine with an accompanying meningocoele suspected at 8 weeks' gestation via transvaginal sonography and confirmed at 13 weeks' gestation via 3‐dimensional sonography. The fetal cranial vault and intracranial structures were normal. The only finding in the 8‐week sonogram was a subtle angulation or “step” in the posterior contour of the embryo; this may be attributed to kyphosis, which often accompanies this condition. The presence of a “step” in the fetal contour must alert the sonologist to the possibility of spina bifida. To our knowledge, this is the earliest antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008