bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Field Plot Trials on Biological Control of Sclerotinia trifoliorum by Coniothyrium minitans
Authors: TURNER G. J. , TRIBE H. T.
Published: April 2007

Laboratory‐cultured sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum were placed in retrievable nylon bags on the surface of initially bare field plots and treated with three levels of a pycnidial dust preparation of the parasitic fungus Coniothyrium minitans. Four trials were set up, two beginning in July 1972 and two on 28 February 1973; each ran for 12 weeks. After that period in the first July trial, 37, 53 and 65 per cent destructive infection of sclerotia and 88, 93 and 98 per cent total infection of sclerotia (destructive and slight infection) occurred at the increasing levels of applied inoculum. In the second July trial there was much less infection, attributed to less weed growth in the plots and consequent lower surface moisture. Both the early spring trials resulted in appreciable infection of sclerotia. This was less than in the first July trial but greater than in the second, and was interpreted to be a result of a combination of lower temperatures and satisfactory moisture conditions.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Overall Fumigation for the Control of Docking Disorder of Sugar Beet
Authors: COOKE D. A. , HOLDEN M. R.
Published: April 2007

Field experiments in Norfolk in 1969–70 and in Yorkshire and Norfolk in 1970–71 and 1971–72 compared the control of Trichodorus spp. and Longidorus spp. given by different rates of dichloropropene placed by a tine injector and by a sub‐surface sprayer. Increasing rates of fumigant up to 410 1./ha improved nematode control; populations recovered only slightly a year later. The larger rates of fumigant increased sugar yield especially when the crop had shown Docking disorder symptoms, but there was no consistent difference between the two methods of application in controlling nematodes or increasing sugar yield.
The Incidence of Pathogenic Fungi in Northern Ireland Barley and Oat Seed Samples
Authors: MALONE J. P. , LORIMER R.
Published: April 2007

Forty‐six samples of seed oats and 40 of barley, from lots being sown in Northern Ireland in 1970, were examined for seed‐borne fungi by five methods. Two of the oat samples and 20 of the barley samples were found to have been disinfected. All the remaining 44 oat samples were contaminated with Pyrenophora avenae, the cause of leaf spot and seedling blight, and in 32 of these the fungus was mercury‐tolerant.

The general level of contamination of both oats and barley with Fusarium spp. was low although 23 per cent of the seeds in one oat sample were contaminated with F. nivale, the cause of brown foot rot and ear blight.

Twelve of the 20 non‐disinfected barley samples carried Pyrenophora teres the cause of net blotch at levels up to 76 per cent. Ustilago nuda the cause of loose smut was present in 15 of the 40 barley samples, the highest figure for infection being 3 per cent
Effect of Fungicides and Fertilizer on Yield and Diseases of Grass Swards
Authors: BROOM E. W. , HEARD A. J. , GRIFFITHS ELLIS , VALENTINE M.
Published: April 2007

At Rothamsted, Hurley and Aberystwyth, fungicide and N or NK fertilizer treatments were applied to old permanent pasture, perennial ryegrass (PRG) or cocksfoot leys in one or two years. Fungicides did not affect total annual dry matter yields at any site, but some fungicides slightly affected yield at some individual harvests. At two sites, no prevalent fungal disease was seen, but at Hurley slight crown rust occurred on PRG in autumn 1972. This was well controlled by oxy‐carboxin, and slightly by benomyl, but yields were not increased. Drechslera spp. seemed slightly more common where the rust was controlled.

At Hurley, the ley yielded more with 400 kg N/ha than with 100 kg N/ha, and the extra fertilizer did not damage the sward or affect the amount of disease. At Aberystwyth, the leys were not damaged by 400 kg N/ha and yields were large. In contrast, on old pasture at Rothamsted, extra NK fertilizer, (largest amount 414 kg N and 219 kg K/ha) never increased, and once slightly decreased, the yield of herbage, perhaps because patches of sward failed to regrow where the crop received more fertilizer. There was no evidence that fungal diseases were involved.
Association of Populations of Onychiurid Collembola with Damage to Sugar‐beet Seedlings
Authors: BAKER A. N. , DUNNING R. A.
Published: April 2007

In eastern England Onychiurus armatus(Tullb.) and O. fimetarius (L.) were found associated with damaged sugar‐beet seedling roots soon after sowing in mid‐March, 1973, when the mean soil temperature ranged from 3 to l1°C; observations confirmed that O. armatus caused Similar damage to seedlings under laboratory Conditions. In field experiments Onychiurus spp. were always more numerous in the seedling root zone than between the seedling rows, but different seed spacings had no significant effect on the extent of aggregation around individual sugar‐beet seedlings in the cotyledon or early rough‐leaf stages.
Occurrence of Agropyron Mosaic Virus in Britain
Authors: CATHERALL P. L. , CHAMBERLAIN JUDITH A.
Published: April 2007

Agropyron mosaic virus has been found in Britain for the first time. It was transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Abacarus hystrix to wheat, and by sap‐inoculation to 17 other festucoid species of Gramineae. The virus had flexuous, filamentous particles c. 715·15 nm and was serologically related to a Canadian isolate. Many pinwheel and crystalline inclusions occurred in the cells of infected plants.
Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of Two Droplet Sizes of Insecticide for the Control of Glasshouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)
Authors: MBOOB S. S.
Published: April 2007

Control of nymphs of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on the underside of tomato leaves was better when plants were sprayed with resmethrin applied at ultra‐low volume with aerosol (approximately 20 μm volume median diameter) than with mist (78 μm VMD) droplets. The same trend was observed with pirimiphos‐methyl although this insecticide was less eifective than resmethrin, All treatments gave 100 per cent mortality of adults, but there was no effect on mature eggs.
Preliminary Evaluation of some Chemical Treatments on Red Core of Strawberry
Authors: MONTGOMERIE ISABEL G. , KENNEDY D. M.
Published: April 2007

Soil drenches of captan (3,000 p.p.m.), dichlofluanid (3,000 p.p.m. and 6,000 p.p.m.), fentin hydroxide (3,000 p.p.m.), and streptomycin (3,000 p.p.m.) significantly decreased the level of disease in strawberry plants inoculated with mycelial discs and zoospore suspensions of Phytophthora fragariae in pot experiments. Only dichlofluanid was better than Bayer 22555 (1,750 p.p.m., a.i.) which was included as a standard treatment.
Races of Phytophthora fragariae from Essex, Hampshire and Kent
Authors: MONTGOMERY ISABEL G. , KENNEDY D. M.
Published: April 2007

Two isolates of Phytophthora fragariae from Essex were classified as race B66–1; six isolates from Hampshire and one from Kent as race B66–10.
The Control of Scab and Powdery Mildew of Apple with a Reduced Number of Sprays
Authors: BURCHILL R. T. , COOK M. E.
Published: April 2007

Apple scab was effectively controlled with either benomyl (0·025 per cent a.i.), thiophanate‐methyl (0·05 per cent a.i.) or carbendazim (0·025 per cent a.i.) applied at 21‐day intervals. Where powdery mildew was a problem, it was necessary to interject into this programme additional sprays of either binapacryl (0·05 per cent a.i.) or dinocap (0·025 per cent a.i.).

Ditalimfos (0·025 per cent a.i.) and pyrazophos (0·025 per cent a.i.) applied at 10‐day intervals gave good control of mildew; ditalimfos was also effective against scab. Excellent control of both diseases was obtained with triforine (0·05 per cent a.i.).
Some Estimates of Infection Rates for Epidemics of Leaf Blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) on Spring Barley
Authors: HABGOOD R. M.
Published: April 2007

The development of leaf blotch epidemics was studied in a range of spring barley cultivars at Aberyslwyth, and infection rates were calculated to permit comparison both between cultivars and with other experiments. In 1972, infection rates ranged from 0·120 (cv. Proctor) to 0·208 (cv. Berac), and in 1973 from 0·034 (cv. Proctor) to 0·034 (cv. Cambrinus). It is suggested on. the basis of disease incidence and meteorological data, that resistance equivalent to that of cv. Proctor will provide adequate control of leaf blotch in most areas of Britain. It may, however, be difficult to detect such resistance in glasshouse experiments or other small‐scale tests.
Studies on the Relation between Deasity of Longidorus elongatus and Yield of Barley and Potatoes
Authors: BROWN E. B. , SYKES G. B.
Published: April 2007

The relation between numbers of Longidorus elongatus (De Man) Thome & Swanger and yield of barley (in 1968 and 1969) and potatoes (in 1972) was studied in a field at Shifnal, Salop in which sugar beet had been affected in 1967. Evidence was obtained that the nematode affected the yield of these crops. Estimated loss of yield was about 1 t/ha/100 Longidorus/200 g for barley in 1968 and about 3 t/ha/100 Longidorus/ 200 g for potatoes in 1972. In 1969 there was no correlation between the density of L. elongatus and barley yield but in both 1968 and 1969 there was a negative correlation with grain size.
A Health Survey of Seed Barley
Authors: HEWETT P. D.
Published: April 2007

Five pathogens, including Drechslera teres, D. graminea and Septoria nodorum, were found to be widespread on commercial seed barley. D. sorokiniana (Helminthosporium sativum), once rare, was the commonest; Fusarium nivale was frequent. Differences in eultivar susceptibility were indicated.
The Effect of Methyl Bromide Fumigation on the Germination of Onion Seed and Vigour of the Seedlings
Authors: POWELL D. F.
Published: April 2007

Batches of onion seed were fumigated with dosages of 1,000 or 2,000 mg.hr/1. of methyl bromide at 18°C for the control of stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev). The subsequent effects of these fumigations on germination and seedling vigour were tested under standard laboratory and simulated cool spring conditions. Cool spring conditions lessened germination by up to 12·4 per cent compared with a standard laboratory test, while fumigation at the lower dosage rate caused up to a further 11·5 per cent reduction but had little effect on seedling vigour. The higher dosage rate severely affected percentage germination and caused some loss of vigour.
The Use of Polythene Tunnels in Screening Potatoes for Resistance to Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Authors: JELLIS G. J.
Published: April 2007

Low soil moisture content during the critical period for infection by Streptomyces was obtained by covering plants after emergence with polythene tunnels. These were removed approximately 9 wk later. At lifting, tubers of susceptible clones were severely and evenly affected.

Low soil moisture levels led to a relatively higher increase in the infection of King Edward tubers than of those of other cultivars. This interaction of cultivar with environment can account for discrepancies in reports of the performance of this cultivar.
Alternative Seed Treatments to Dieldrin for the Control of Bean Seed Fly (Delia spp.)
Authors: GOULD H. J. , MAYOR J. G.
Published: April 2007

Alternative seed treatments to dieldrin were compared in field trials in S.W. England in 1972–73. Chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, methiocarb or pirimiphos‐ethyl gave a control of bean seed fly on runner beans equivalent to dieldrin. Treatment with 40 per cent chlorfenvinphos was phytotoxic to the white‐seeded cultivar Harvester.
Relationships between Control of Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)) and Amounts of Dieldrin, Carbophenothion and Chlorfenvinphos on Treated Seed
Authors: GRIFFITHS D.C. , JEFFS K. A. , SCOTT G. C. , MASKELL F. E. , ROBERTS P. F.
Published: April 2007

Trials were done in eastern England in 1972–74 to study relationships between control of wheat bulb fly larvae and amounts of insecticide on treated seed. Carbophenothion in short‐row trials in 1972–73 was relatively ineffective even at the largest dose, 100 μg/seed. Chlorfenvinphos at low dosages did not significantly decrease the percentage of plants with live larvae but was increasingly effective as the dosage increased. Dieldrin decreased the percentage of plants with live larvae even at small dosages, about 10 μg/seed. Clilorfenvinphos was further studied in larger plots (c. 0.01 ha) in 1973–74. Plant examinations confirmed results of the previous year but large yield increases were obtained at only two of four sites, one with the greatest plant attack (55 per cent damaged shoots) and the other with the latest sowing date (22 November).
Chemical Control of the Virus‐vector Nematode Longidorus elongatus and of Pratylenchus creimtus in Raspberry Plantations
Authors: TRUDGILL D. L. , ALPHEY T. J. W.
Published: April 2007

Either of two fumigant nematicides, dazomet or dichloropropane‐dichloropropene, applied prior to planting at 336 kg a.i./ha, gave good control of Longidorus elongatus (de Man) Thorne & Swanger and transmission of raspberry ring spot virus in a raspberry plantation. Either of two oxime‐carbamate nematicides, aldicarb or oxamyl, at 7.84 kg a.i./ha gave only moderate control of nematode numbers and only limited control of virus transmission.

Quintozene (89.6 kg a.i./ha) decreased L. elongatus numbers slowly and controlled virus transmission in the field.

Pratylenchus crenatus Loof numbers were controlled only by dazomet, dichloropropane‐dichloropropene or aldicarb.

In a supplementary field experiment the acquisition and transmission of tomato black ring virus by L. elongatus in strawberries was inhibited by oxamyl for less than 19 wk. Little difference in the duration of the inhibitory effect was found between the three rates of oxamyl tested (5.56, 11.2 and 22.4 kg a.i./ha).
The Susceptibility of Red Beet Cultivars to Streptomyces Scab
Authors: LAPWOOD D. H. , ADAMS M. J. , CRISP A. F.
Published: April 2007

Ten ‘globe’ and two ‘long’ red beet cultivars were tested for susceptibility to Streptomyces scab in a field trial on a scab‐infested Black Fen peat soil. The long beet cultivars Red Perfection and Cheltenham Green Top had little scab and about 75 per cent of roots had none or only one small lesion (‘scab free’). Of the ‘globe’ beets, Avon Early and Elsoms No. 257 were most resistant with only 2 per cent of the surface area scabbed and 75 per cent of roots ‘scab free’, Little Ball and New Globe were most susceptible with 8 to 9 per cent of the surface affected and only 33 per cent of roots ‘scab free’. The widely grown Boltardy and Crimson Globe had about 7 per cent of the surface area scabbed and 45 per cent of roots ‘scab free’.
Colorado Beetles Reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1975
Authors: BARTLETT P. W.
Published: April 2007

In 1975, 115 adults and two larvae of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were found in England and Wales, of which 53 were alive. This is the largest annual total for 22 years. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with ‘Greek potatoes (80 adults, two larvae) and Spanish endives (18 adults). No beetles were found in Scotland.
The Distribution of Cabbage Root Fly Eggs in Large Fields of Swedes
Authors: ROGERSON J. P. , DIXON G. M.
Published: April 2007

Observations made in 1968, 1969 and 1972 on the distribution of eggs of cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bouché)) in large fields of swedes in north Northumberland showed that oviposition was at random, as many eggs being laid in the middle of the field as near the hedges.
Bacterial Wilt of Walfflowers Caused by Xanthomonas campestns
Authors: GRIFFIN M. J. , BAKER LILY A. E.
Published: April 2007

Bacterial wilt of wallflowers caused by Xanthomonas campestris is reported for the first time in the United Kingdom and a description is given of the disease symptoms. Isolates of X. campestris from wallflowers were pathogenic to seedlings of all wild and cultivated crucifers tested with the exception of Matthiola spp, (stocks). Four isolates of X. campestris from Brassica spp. and three other Xanthomonas spp. were not pathogenic either to wallflower or to stock seedlings. X. campestris isolates originating from cabbage were more virulent to cabbage seedlings than were isolates originating from wallflowers. X. campestris was isolated from wallflower seeds and from old wallflower debris.
Verticillium Wilt of Clover
Authors: MILTON J. M. , ISAAC I.
Published: April 2007

The pathogenicity of Verticillium albo‐atrum, V. dahliae and V. tricorpus isolates to the clovers Trifolium incarnatum, T. hybridum, T. pratense and T. repens was investigated. T. incarnatum was susceptible to most isolates whereas only T. repens was resistant to them all.
A Survey of Leatherjacket Populations in South‐west England, 1963–74
Authors: MAYOR J. G. , DAVIES M. H.
Published: April 2007

A survey of leatherjacket populations (larvae of Tipula paludosa Meig.) in sooth‐west England was made in 1963–74 using 2° in. (6·3 cm) core turf samples and a Bristol washing apparatus to extract the leatherjackets. In a preliminary trial, population estimates using core samples of this size were similar to those using 4 in. (10·2 cm) cores.
Unusual Herbicide Damage to Raspberries
Authors: HUNTER L. D. , BLAKE P. S.
Published: April 2007

Damage to raspberry plants in a plantation in south‐east England in 1975 was shown to be caused by string ties contaminated with 2, 4‐D. The estimated loss of fruit was 6–7 tonnes per hectare.
The Growth of Red Beet and its Infection by Streptomyces spp.
Authors: ADAMS M. J. , LAPWOOD D. H. , RANKIN BARBARA
Published: April 2007

The growth of red beet was described by reference to changes in the number of leaves and vascular rings with time. In the glasshouse, decortication (splitting of the hypocotyl) began about 35 days from sowing, when plants had about five leaves and two to three vascular rings. Inoculation at different times and observations of the number of vascular rings disrupted by scab indicated that the plants became susceptible to infection by Streptomyces spp. at about this time. The exposed hypocotyl tissues suberized within 2–3 wk, by which time plants had eight leaves and four vascular rings: this may have prevented further infection.
Effects of Cutting Height on the Abundance of the Eriophyid Mite Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa) and the Incidence of Ryegrass Mosaic Virus in Ryegrass
Authors: GIBSON R. W.
Published: April 2007

In field plot experiments in eastern England in 1974–75, the eriophyid mite Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa), vector of ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV), was less abundant on plots cut 4 cm from the ground than on those cut at 15 cm; closer cutting also delayed the spread of RMV. Leaving cut grass to dry on the plots had no significant effect on mite abundance or RMV incidence. Mites were most numerous in autumn, least numerous in winter and increased in spring; the rate of RMV spread followed a similar pattern.
Pelargonium Rust and Its Control by Fungicides
Authors: SPENCER D. M.
Published: April 2007

Zonal pelargoniums became infected from urediniospore inoculum kept in free water on the leaf for at least 8 hr. Uredinia became visible about two weeks after infection. Urediniospores remained viable for at least 11 weeks. The fungicides tested did not eradicate established infection and in outdoor trials during 1973–75 none was more effective in controlling the disease than tank‐mixed zineb.
Influence of Crop Rotation, Weed Control and Nematicides on Spraing in Potatoes
Authors: FRENCH N. , WILSON W. R.
Published: April 2007

Surveys made during 1972–75 of 113 potato crops (cvs. Pentland Dell and Pentland Crown) growing in sandy soils, mainly in north Yorkshire, showed that the incidence of spraing caused by tobacco rattle virus tended to decline with an increase in the number of barley crops growth in the three years prior to potatoes. In five potato crops the incidence of spraing was not affected by varying weed control in the preceding barley crop.

Field trials during 1973–75 tested the effects of aldicarb, oxamyl, fenamiphos, carbofuran and phorate on the incidence of spraing in cvs. Pentland Dell, Pentland Crown and Pentland Hawk. All these chemicals except phorate decreased spraing, but aldicarb and oxamyl were the most effective. Broadcast applications followed by rotavation seemed more effective than in‐furrow treatments.
Relationship between Yield Loss and Severity of Yellow Rust Recorded on a Large Number of Single Stems of Winter Wheat
Authors: KING J. E.
Published: April 2007

Single stems of winter wheat cv. Maris Templar were selected at random along traverses of primary foci of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend) in a commercial crop. Severity of the disease was recorded as the percentage area affected on the flag and second leaves at the milky‐ripe growth stage. The ears were harvested when ripe and threshed individually. Grain weight per ear and mean weight of single grains were negatively correlated with disease severity, but there was no significant relationship with the number of grains per ear. The co‐efficient of linear regression of percentage loss on flag leaf rust severity were 0.41 and 0.39 for equations based on single grain weight and total yield per ear respectively. Transformation of percentage yellow rust by exponents of 1.2 and 1.35 led to co‐efficient of 0.18 and 0.09 respectively for the regression of percentage loss in single grain weight and yield per ear on disease level.

I am indebted to Mrs. P. A. Waples, Miss N. Parsons and Messrs. R. W. Polley, J. G. Waples and J. D. S. Clarkson for their invaluable help in obtaining the data for this work.
Efficacy of Benomyl and Thiabendazole in Controling Potato Gangrene Relative to the Time of Tuber Injury
Authors: GRIFFITH R. L. , HIDE G. A.
Published: April 2007

Potato tubers were uniformly wounded at harvest, or after storage for different periods at 5°C, and scored for gaagreae after 12 weeks at 5°C. The incidence of gangrene usually increased with the time of storage before wounding. Benomyl (1.0 per cent dip or 10 per cent dust) or thiabendazole (0.1 per cent dip or 10 per cent dust) greatly decreased the number of infected tubers if applied before or at the time of wounding, but were ineffective when application was delayed for two weeks or more. Only thiabendazole dust was effective when wounds made after fungicide treatment were inoculated with soil infested with Phoma exigua var. foveata.
Black Speck on Cabbage in Kent
Authors: COOK R. J.
Published: April 2007

Black speck is a non‐parasitic disease of cabbage in Florida, U.S.A.; similar symptoms have been studied, on non‐hearting cabbage for antigun cutting in Kent. Lesions are usually black, 0.1–2.0 mm diameter, often with a chlorotic halo. Development of individual lesions starts with necrosis of the stomatal guard cells. No pathogen has been consistently isolated from lesions although Stemphylium spp. and Pseudomonas viridiflava were frequently obtained. The lesions are believed to be physiological in origin.

Grateful thanks are due to several farmers in north and east Kent for their help and cooperation in these observations, and also to many A.D.A.S. colleagues, in particular Miss L. A. E. Baker, Miss M. Bateson and Mrs. M. A. Carter, for technical assistance. Thanks are also due to staff at the National Vegetable Research Station, Wellesboume, and Asmer Seeds Ltd.
Fongicidal Control of Yellow Rust on Winter Wheat in 1972: an Assessment of Farmers' Opinion
Authors: TAYLOR R. E. , ROBERTS E. T.
Published: April 2007

In 1972 yellow rust severely affected 23 per cent of the total area of winter wheat covered by a postal survey and 56 per cent of the area of cv. Joss Cambier, the cultivars most seriously affected. Crops rated by growers as severely infected had a mean yield 0.90 t/ha (7.2 cwt/acre) less than that for those not so rated, and for unsprayed crops of equivalent ratings the difference was 0.88 t/ha (7.0 cwt/acre). Severely infected crops which were sprayed, with fungicide had a mean yield 0.18 t/ha (1.4 cwt/acre) greater than those not sprayed, and for cv. Joss Cambier this difference was 0.34 t/ha (2.7 cwt/acre).

Of the total crop area surveyed, 9.0 per cent was sprayed, comprising mainly the cv. Joss Cambier of which 26 per cent of the area was sprayed. Of the sprayed crops, 48 per cent received an aerial application: the mean yield of these crops was 0.45 t/ha (3.6 cwt/acre) greater than those sprayed from the ground. For cv. Joss Cambier the difference was 0.50 t/ha (4.0 cwt/acre), suggesting that ground spraying caused some mechanical damage, and perhaps that aerial application was more timely and gave better coverage.

Of September‐sown crops, 31 per cent were rated as severely infected compared with 26 percent of the October‐sown crops and 17 per cent of the later‐sown crops.

No conclusions could be drawn from the effect of spray timing or fungicides used. The growers considered that spraying had been worth while on 69 per cent of crops sprayed.

The authors are indebted to the many farmers who responded to the request for information. They also thank Mr. W. Campbell, A.D.A.S., Wolverhampton, Mr. H. J. Wilcox, A.D.A.S., Cambridge, and Mr. R. S. Hutley and the M.A.F.F. Statistics Branch, Guildford, for consultation in devising the survey and for the statistical analysis, and Mr. C. S. Harper, A.D.A.S., Reading, for guidance in the interpretation of this data.
Cold Storage as a Quarantine Treatment to Prevent the Introduction of Spodoptem littoralis (Boisd.) into Glasshouses in the U.K.
Authors: MILLER G. W.
Published: April 2007

In laboratory tests, eggs and young larvae of Spodoptera littoralis were exposed to cold treatments of varying temperature and duration in an attempt to find an alternative to the current quarantine treatment of 10 days’ storage at 1–2°C, which damages some imported chrysanthemum cuttings. The alternative cold regimes tested, i.e., 1°C for four to eight days, is for seven days, 4°C for four to six, eight and ten days, and 7°C for seven days, did not eradicate S. littoralis. Differences in response to cold were observed both between strains and within developmental stages of S. littoralis.
Biological Control of Glasshouse Whitefly and Red Spider Mite on Tomatoes and Cucumbers in England and Wales, 1975–76
Authors: GOULD H. J.
Published: April 2007

Surveys of the use of biological control programmes on cucumbers and tomatoes in England and Wales in 1975 and 1976 showed a considerable increase in the area using these programmes in 1976. It was estimated that in 1976 biological control of red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) was used on 89·2 ha of cucumbers and 42·1 ha of tomatoes, while Encarsia formosa Gahan was used for the control of glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)) on 53·8 ha of cucumbers and 85·6 ha of tomatoes. In both years satisfactory results were obtained on 72–87 per cent of the treated area.
‘Banker’ Plant Production of Encarsia formosa Gahan and its Use in the Control of Glasshouse Whitefly on Tomatoes
Authors: STACEY D. L.
Published: April 2007

‘Banker’ plants on which a whitefly/parasite interaction had been well established successfully controlled glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)) when introduced on to a commercial tomato crop at rates of 89 or 50 plants per hectare. Each plant produced about 8000 parasites over a minimum period of eight weeks and the presence of whiteflies and honeydew on these plants provided the adult parasites with a source of food during the early stages of the infestation. The principal advantages of the ‘banker’ system over existing methods in which parasites are introduced on detached leaf material are the ease of rearing the parasites and the need for only a single introduction to the glasshouse.
Cochliobolus sativus on Barley in Scotland
Authors: WHITTLE A. M.
Published: April 2007

Very severe infection of several crops of spring barley by Cochliobolus sativus occurred in Scotland during 1971–73. The most severely infected cultivar was Clermont, the high, susceptibility of which, combined with extensive seed infection, was responsible for the outbreak. Seed‐borne infection by C. sativus was not wholly controlled by mercurial seed treatments, although no mercury tolerance was detected. The fungus is able to overwinter in the soil in Scotland and can also survive by infecting other graminaceous hosts. Several of these are believed to be new host records for this fungus in Britain.
The Effects on Narcissus Bulbs of Methyl Bromide Fumigation used to Control Bulb Scale Mite
Authors: POWELL D. F.
Published: April 2007

Narcissus bulbs were fumigated with methyl bromide at 18°C using dosages of 130, 172, 200, 212–5, 250, 260 or 340 mg hr/1. during three storage seasons. Samples were checked for pests, especially bulb scale mite (Steneotarsonemus laticeps (Halb.)), while others were grown on and checked for effects on subsequent growth. Laboratory examination of samples after fumigation showed that all the mites had been killed by the five largest but not by the two smallest dosages. However, live mites were found when bulbs fumigated with any of the dosages were lifted after another growing season. Mite populations also increased while bulbs were in store. No significant phytotoxicity was observed after any except the largest of the dosages tested. A treatment of 250 mg hr/1. with five hours’ exposure is recommended as being virtually non‐phytotoxic and providing satisfactory control of bulb scale mite.
Aldicarb‐treatment of Year‐round Chrysanthemums for Control of Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), in 1976
Authors: STONE L. E. W. , LANE A. , HAMMON R. P. , GOULD H. J. , POTTER R. F.
Published: April 2007

Observations in nurseries in Hampshire, Kent, Sussex, Gloucestershire and Avon in 1976 showed that aldicarb‐treatment of year‐round chrysanthemums no longer prevented infestation by Tetranychus urticae. The evidence suggests that strains resistant to this acaricide had been selected.
A Case Study of the Aetiology of Ergot Disease of Cereals and Grasses
Authors: MANTLE P. G. , SHAW S.
Published: April 2007

The distribution and sequence of infection of grass and cereal hosts of ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) TuL) was observed during 1972–73 at a farm locality in Oxfordshire. Analysis of the alkaloid content of ergot sclerotia formed on these hosts indicated the presence of at least four distinct strains of the fungus which exhibited some host restriction. Strains parasitizing Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and Arrhenatherum elatius were, both on the evidence of the timing of natural infections and their sclerotial alkaloid content, of little importance in the aetiology of ergot disease of cereals. The qualitative spectrum of the major alkaloids was common to ergots collected from Alopecurus myosuroides, A. pratensis, wheat and barley. This supports the view that A. pratensis as a spring‐flowering grass, and A. myosuroides as an early‐flowering weed grass in cereal crops, may have important roles in the aetiology of ergot disease of cereals.
Effects of Seed Treatments on Septoria nodorum Infection of Winter Wheat
Authors: BATEMAN C. L.
Published: April 2007

Control of seed‐borne Septoria nodorum on winter wheat by seed treatment with one of two organomercury compounds at various rates, or with carboxin, maneb, guazatine, quinacetol sulphate or thiabendazole, was investigated in two field experiments in eastern England during 1973–75 and in growth‐room tests. All the non‐mercurial fungicides were as effective as the optimum rates of organomercury compounds in preventing seedling infection. Subsequent development of S. nodorum on the upper leaves, and of mildew, sharp eyespot and eyespot, was not influenced by seed treatment.
A New Pathotype of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida
Authors: FULLER J. M. , HOWARD H. W. , STONE A. R.
Published: April 2007

By using new experimental clones bred from the Andigena source of resistance CPC 2802, a Globodera pallida population from near Boston, Lincolnshire, was shown to be a previously unrecognized pathotype, although it would be classified as Pa 2 according to the scheme of Kort, Ross, Rumpenhorst and Stone (1977). As a result, modification of the scheme will be necessary.
A New Systemic Fungicide to Control Red Core of Strawberry
Authors: MONTGOMERIE ISABEL G. , KENNEDY D. M.
Published: April 2007

The fungicides ‘Glycophene,’ neutral Bordeaux mixture and pyroxychlor, triadimefon, DPX 3217, LS 73 1038, and cycloheximide were compared with fenaminosulf for activity against Phytophthora fragariae Hickman in pot experiments. Symptoms of red core were not detected in strawberry plants dipped in LS 73 1038 before planting and subsequently inoculated with mycelial discs and zoospore suspensions of the fungus. The amount of disease was decreased when this fungicide was applied as a soil drench before or after inoculation or as a foliar spray before inoculation. No symptoms were detected in plants growing in compost which had been drenched with cycloheximide. The other fungicides did not decrease red core.
Observations on the Origins of Septoria nodorum Infection of Winter Wheat
Authors: JENKYN J. F. , KING J. E.
Published: April 2007

In field experiments with winter wheat in Hertfordshire, seed infection with Septoria nodorum and the incorporation of infected straw into seedbeds were often correlated with reduced seedling establishment and increased seedling infection. Artificially infected straw was a less effective source of inoculum than naturally infected straw, which gave rise to the most severe leaf symptoms in one season when heavy rain favoured the development of an epidemic. In an experiment where a severe epidemic did not develop, organomercury seed treatment was the most important factor increasing seedling emergence and grain yield, also apparently leading to decreased Septoria infection of the flag leaf sheath. Spores from lesions which developed after plots were sprayed with a suspension of pycnidiospores of S. nodorum were not always morphologically typical of that species.
Reaction of Barley to Cereal Root‐knot Nematode, Meloidogyne naasi
Authors: OGUNFOWORA A. O.
Published: April 2007

Among 17 cultivars of barley tested in the glasshouse, none was immune to Meloidogyne naasi Franklin: galled tissues contained typical mature females and egg masses. However, some cultivars were more prone to damage than others. Tillering and grain yield of six barley cultivars were compared in sterilized and M. naasi‐infested soil. Despite the addition of fertiliser and supplementary watering, infested plants produced significantly fewer tillers and lower yields of grain.
Effects of Fungicides and Insecticides on Mildew, Viruses and Root Yield of Swedes
Authors: JENKYN J. F. , RAWLINSON C. J.
Published: April 2007

Fungicides, applied to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex L. Junell) on swedes (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica Peterm), increased root yield by up to 66, 57 and 45 per cent in 1974, 1975 and 1976 respectively. In 1975, early‐sown swedes yielded more than late‐sown swedes when sprayed to control mildew. Untreated swedes gave similar yields whether sown early or late. Early sowing also increased the incidence of virus diseases. Insecticide sprays decreased aphid numbers but had little effect on virus incidence; they significantly increased root yield when tested in 1975 but not in 1976.
Observations on Potato Disease Incidence Following Soil Application of a Granular Fungicide‐Bactericide at Planting
Authors: COPELAND R. B. , LOGAN C.
Published: April 2007

A granular formulation (Byatran) combining a systemic fungicide (thiabendazole) and a bactericide (iodophor) was applied to the soil at the time of planting potatoes in 1974 and 1975. Observations indicated little or no effect of this material on the incidence of gangrene, common and powdery scab, black scurf, skin spot, silver scurf and black leg. The treatment was associated in both years with a slight but non‐significant increase in yield of cv. Ulster Sceptre but not of cv. Majestic.
Seed Treatment with Dichlorophen to Control Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli on Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: MUSSA A. E. A. , RUSSELL P. E.
Published: April 2007

Dichlorophen inhibited germ tube development and the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli both on solid and in liquid media. Tests on seedlings in the glasshouse showed that dichlorophen applied as either a drench at 500 or 1000 μg/ml or as a dry powder to the seed could be used to control Fusarium solani foot rot of Phaseolus vulgaris, although the degree of control was dependent upon the concentration used and on the method of application.
Use of Forecasting in Chemical Control of Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on Spring‐sown Field Beans, Vicia faba L.
Authors: WAY M. J. , CAMMELL M. E. , GOULD H. J. , ALFORD D. V. , GRAHAM C. W. , LANE A. , LIGHT W. I. St. G. , RAYNER J. M. , HEATHCOTE G. D. , FLETCHER K. E. , SEAL K.
Published: April 2007

Counts of Aphis fabae Scop, eggs in winter and of the active stages in May on the spindle bush, Euonymus europaeus L., are used to predict the need for chemical control of the black bean aphid on spring‐sown field beans, Vicia faba L. For the purposes of forecasting, most of England south of the Humber is divided into 18 areas for which separate forecasts are made. A level of 5 per cent of plants colonized on the SW. headlands of fields in early to mid‐June is used as an economic threshold above which control measures are justified.

From 1970 to 1975, area forecasts of the probability of attack were successful. According to the sampled fields there was considerable annual variation in the size of infestations, ranging from widespread, potentially damaging populations in 1973 and 1974 to very small populations in 1975. There was also considerable variation between areas: for example, in East Anglia and the East Midlands treatment was justified only in 1973 and 1974, whereas in Hampshire and Worcestershire/Herefordshire treatment was justified in all years except 1975. It was estimated that, from 1970 to 1975, control based on forecasting would have led to a gain of £11·4/ha over no treatment, and £3·8/ha over correctly timed routine preventive treatment applied annually irrespective of the aphid situation.
Surveys of Diseases of Winter Wheat in England and Wales, 1970–75
Authors: KING J. E.
Published: April 2007

Samples from 265–333 randomly selected crops of winter wheat in England and Wales were taken annually from 1970 to 1975 after heading, the main sample being at the milky‐ripe growth stage. The percentage of the area of the top two leaves affected by diseases was recorded and, in the last five years, samples were tested for infection by barley yellow dwarf virus: in 1975 stem base diseases were recorded. Scptoria was the most common and severe disease in four of the six years. In. 1970 mildew was most severe and, in 1975, brown rust. The severity of infection by Septoria tended to be greater in southern and western areas in wetter summers and in crops following a previous cereal. Yellow rust was most severe in 1972, when it was very prevalent on cv. Joss Cambier. In 1973 the disease was less severe, but in 1974 and 1975 the severities of both yellow and brown rusts increased in association with the popularity of susceptible cultivars. There was a tendency for yellow rust to be more severe on early‐sown crops. In 1975, eyespot was recorded on 11·8 per cent of the stems. 1·8 per cent of the symptoms being severe. Fungicidal sprays were associated with a slightly smaller incidence of stem base diseases. Estimates of percentage loss in yield due to particular diseases vary from almost zero caused by yellow rust in 1970 to 7·4 per cent loss caused by Septoria in 1972.
Colorado Beetles Reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1976
Authors: BARTLETT P. W.
Published: April 2007

In 1976 one breeding colony of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was found in England. This was the first colony to be found since 1952. In addition 24] single beetles were found in England and Wales, of which 23 were alive. This is the largest annual total for 27 years. Seventy‐six single beetles were found in Scotland, of which two were alive. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with wheat (240) from Holland and France and with rye seed (49) from Holland.
Multiplication of some South American and European Populations of Potato Cyst Nematodes on Potatoes Possessing the Resistance Genes H1, H2 and H3
Authors: FRANCO J. , EVANS K.
Published: April 2007

Ability to overcome the resistance of genes H1, H2 and H3 incorporated in potato cultivars was compared in 44 South American and nine European populations of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) by recording the development of females on rooted stem cuttings grown in pots in a glasshouse. Most of the South American populations were able to multiply on all the potato plants containing resistance genes, whereas the European populations were unable to overcome the resistance of at least one of the genes. Of particular note, however, was a population of Globodera rostochiensis from Italy which overcame resistance conferred by gene H1. Our results suggest that European populations of potato cyst nematodes contain only a fraction of the genetic variability found in South American populations.
Application of Dichlofluanid by Thermal Fogging for the Control of Grey Mould of Tomato
Authors: MORGAN W. M. , SPENCER D. M.
Published: April 2007

The effectiveness of dichlofluanid, applied at three frequencies with thermal fogging equipment, was compared with that of a standard high‐volume spray (HV) of the same fungicide for the control of natural and artificial infections of Botrytis cinerea on unheated glasshouse tomatoes. Control of the disease on stems and petioles was best when fogged fungicide was applied at intervals of 3–4 days. Weekly fogging and fortnightly HV treatment were similar in the degree of disease control they achieved whilst the least effective treatment was fortnightly fogging. There was an inverse relationship between disease control and distance from the fogging machine. Control of ghost‐spotting on fruit in the crop canopy was better with HV than with any of the fogging treatments.
Review of Losses caused by Virus Yellows in English Sugar Beet Crops and the Cost of Partial Control with Insecticides
Authors: HEATHCOTE G. D.
Published: April 2007

From 1970 to 1975, before soil‐applied pesticides were widely used by sugar beet growers in England, virus yellows is estimated to have caused an annual loss representing about 5 per cent of the crop's potential yield, equivalent to about £4·2 million at the 1974 price for beet. At least £0·9 million were spent annually by growers on insecticides to give partial control of yellows, probably giving a yield increase worth thrice that sum. When 20 per cent or more of sugar beet plants show symptoms of virus yellows at the end of August crop yields are appreciably decreased, and the proportion of the national crop area in this category during 1970–75 ranged from less than 1 to 86 per cent (averaging 30 per cent).
Colorado Beetles Reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1977
Authors: BARTLETT P. W.
Published: April 2007

In 1977 one breeding colony of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was found in England. In addition 258 single beetles were found in England and Wales, of which 73 were alive. This is the largest annual total of single beetles ever found. Twenty‐four single beetles were found in Scotland, of which eight were alive. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with wheat (170) from Holland and France, with vehicles (28) from continental Europe and with fresh vegetables (25). Live female beetles kept in the laboratory after capture laid an average of 1039 eggs each (range 72–2926) and the average percentage hatch was 36 (range 0–67).
Rainfall and the Occurrence of Phytophthom syringae Fruit Rot of Apples in Kent 1973–75
Authors: UPSTONE M. E. , GUNN E.
Published: April 2007

The occurrence of Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb, fruit rot in commercial crops of apple cv. Cox's Orange Pippin in Kent was associated with rain during the harvest period, particularly in 1973 when a major infection date was identified. Infection may have occurred by means of rain splash from soil or from soil contaminating storage bins or fruit handling equipment. Secondary spread of the disease during refrigerated storage in a controlled atmosphere often increased infection, particularly in long‐term stored fruit.
The True Identity of the Cherry Fruit Moth in Britain
Authors: ALFORD D. V.
Published: April 2007

Observations in cherry and plum orchards in England confirm that, as on the continent of Europe, Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck) and not A. curvella (L.) is associated with these crops. The pest status of A. curvella on cherry, therefore, should no longer apply and in its place A. pruniella should be designated the cherry fruit moth.
The Acute Toxicity of Unformolated Pesticides to Worker Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: STEVENSON J. H.
Published: April 2007

Results obtained in the laboratory at Rothamsted from 1964 to 1977 on the contact and oral toxicities of 60 pesticides to worker honey bees are summarised.
The Effect of Marasmius oreades in Pasture
Authors: HARDWICK N. V. , HEARD A. J.
Published: April 2007

In 1974–76 a study of fairy rings in West Sussex caused by Marasmius oreades (Bolt ex Fries) Fries indicated that they can be a severe problem in pastures under intensive management. The yield of high quality grassland was decreased directly by the bare rings produced by the fungus and by alteration of the botanical composition of the sward by permitting the introgression of weed species.
The Occurrence of Brome Mosaic Virus in Britain
Authors: GIBSON R. W. , KENTEN R. H.
Published: April 2007

Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a virus not previously reported from Britain, was found in 1976 at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, in Phleum bertolonii DC. Physically and serologically, the isolate was indistinguishable from an American strain of BMV and the two could be differentiated only by the symptoms they caused in Chenopodium murale L.
Fungicidal Control of Botrytis cinerea on Grape‐vines in England
Authors: HUNTER T. , WHITELEY L. A.
Published: April 2007

Sporulation from sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. on grapevine canes was suppressed for 14 days in laboratory trials by tar/petroleum oil, but not by other materials tested. Dichlofluanid gave the most effective control of B. cinerea during the growing season, but benomyl and the substituted hydantoin fungicide, iprodione, reduced fruit infection significantly. Completion of fermentation was delayed in juice extracted from fruit harvested eight days after the final spray of dichlofluanid or chlorothalonil had been applied.