bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualization of the Drop Deformation and Break‐Up Process in a High Pressure Homogenizer
Authors: Innings F. , Trägårdh C.
Published: August 2005

For the creation of sub‐micron emulsions in fluids of low viscosity the high pressure homogenizer (HPH) is usually chosen. One way of obtaining deeper knowledge of exactly what happens in the active region is to visualize it. In this work, a drop deformation and break‐up visualization system based on a modified Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system is described. The system reproduces the gap in a HPH and has been used with pressures up to 18 MPa and drops as small as 5 μm. The optics of the system are analyzed taking into account limiting factors such as the lens resolving power, the focal depth, and the duration of the laser pulses. It is shown that it is possible to resolve drops down to a few μm moving in excess of 100 m/s, and that the main limitations are the resolving power and in the focal depth of the objectives. Examples are shown from capillary drop creation and from the deformation and break‐up of drops in a HPH. It can be concluded that in a HPH, the drops are only deformed to a limited extent in the inlet of the gap, and that all drop break‐up occurs far downstream of the gap.
Combinatorial Synthesis of an Oligosaccharide Library by Using β‐Bromoglycoside‐Mediated Iterative Glycosylation of Selenoglycosides: Rapid Expansion of Molecular Diversity with Simple Building Blocks
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Yamada Takeshi , Ito Hiroki , Hara Osamu , Mino Yosuke , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: August 2005

A new method for constructing an oligosaccharide library composed of structurally defined oligosaccharides is presented based on an iterative glycosylation of selenoglycosides. Treatment of 2‐acyl‐protected selenoglycosides with bromine selectively generates β‐bromoglycosides, which serve as glycosyl cation equivalents in the oligosaccharide synthesis. Thus, the coupling of the bromoglycosides with another selenoglycoside affords the corresponding glycosylated selenoglycosides, which can be directly used to next glycosylation. The iteration of this sequence allows the synthesis of a variety of oligosaccharides including an elicitor active heptasaccharide. A characteristic feature of the iterative glycosylation is that glycosyl donors and acceptors with the same anomeric reactivity can be selectively coupled by activation of the glycosyl donor prior to coupling with the glycosyl acceptor. Therefore, same selenoglycosides can be used for both the glycosyl donors and the acceptors. This feature has been exemplified by a construction of an oligosaccharide library directed to elicitor‐active oligosaccharides. The library composed of stereochemically defined oligoglucosides with considerable structural diversity can be constructed starting from simple selenoglycosides.
Solution Structure of Quinoline‐ and Pyridine‐Derived Oligoamide Foldamers
Authors: Dolain Christel , Grélard Axelle , Laguerre Michel , Jiang Hua , Maurizot Victor , Huc Ivan
Published: August 2005

The unambiguous elucidation of a new folded structure in solution may prove to be a very challenging task. The NMR protocols developed for solving the solution structures of α‐peptides have been applied to aliphatic β‐ and γ‐peptides but are not directly applicable to aromatic oligomers. In particular, the string of spin systems in an aromatic sequence cannot be reconstituted solely from correlations between protons. For aromatic oligomers, it is shown that the assignment of a large part of the 13C NMR spectrum through HMBC and HSQC experiments allows to unambiguously assign proton NMR spectra and in turn to interpret NOE correlations. This has been implemented both with quinoline‐ and pyridine‐derived oligoamide foldamers, and should be applicable to a wide range of oligomers including various combinations of monomers. The NOE correlations allow the unambiguous solution structure elucidation of helical conformations of oligoamides derived from pyridine and quinoline monomers showing that, in these series, the solution structures correspond very well to the structures observed in the solid state.
Enhanced Current Transport at Grain Boundaries in High‐Tc Superconductors.
Authors: Klie R. F. , Buban J. P. , Varela M. , Franceschetti A. , Jooss C. , Zhu Y. , Browning N. D. , Pantelides S. T. , Pennycook S. J.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exploratory Synthesis in Molten Salts: Role of Flux Basicity in the Stabilization of the Complex Thiogermanates Cs4Pb4Ge5S16, K2PbGe2S6, and K4Sn3Ge3S14.
Authors: Palchik Oleg , Marking Gregory M. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Confined Electron‐Transfer Reactions within a Molecular Metal Oxide “Trojan Horse”.
Authors: Long De‐Liang , Abbas Hamera , Koegerler Paul , Cronin Leroy
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Annulations via Dianions: Formation of Five‐, Six‐ and Seven‐Membered Rings.
Authors: Kraus George A. , Kesavan Sarathy
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Application of Dialkyltin Hydrides Containing the Chiral 2‐(4‐Isopropyl‐2‐oxazolinyl)‐5‐phenyl Ligand in Radical Cyclizations at the Steady State.
Authors: Pianowski Z. , Stalinski K.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Directed Palladation: Fine Tuning Permits the Catalytic 2‐Alkenylation of Indoles.
Authors: Capito Elena , Brown John M. , Ricci Alfredo
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The predictive value of CD8, CD4, CD68, and human leukocyte antigen‐D‐related cells in the prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma with vertical growth phase
Authors: Piras Franca , Colombari Romano , Minerba Luigi , Murtas Daniela , Floris Carlo , Maxia Cristina , Corbu Arianna , Perra M. Teresa , Sirigu Paola
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

To establish the prognostic value of immune system cells that infiltrate melanoma, the authors evaluated the distribution and density of T lymphocyte subsets, macrophages, and dendritic cells in samples of primary cutaneous melanoma from 47 patients with Stage I and II melanoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical demonstrations of CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes, CD68 macrophages, human leukocyte antigen‐D‐related (HLA‐DR) cells, S‐100 protein, and melanoma‐associated antigens Melan A and HMB‐45 were performed. The results were derived from independent histopathologic reviews by two pathologists. The low‐density, moderate‐density, and high‐density groups of cells that infiltrated the base of the tumor during the vertical growth phase were compared with the overall survival rate using the Kaplan–Meier method and the log‐rank test. Clinical variables (gender, age, tumor location, Clark level, vascular/lymphatic invasion, and thickness) also were analyzed.

RESULTS

The CD8 lymphocytes exhibited independent statistically positive significance in survival (log‐rank test, 8.49; P = 0.01) between patients in different lymphocyte density groups. There was a difference in 5‐year survival among patients in the high‐density group (78.8%), the moderate‐density group (44.4%), and the low‐density group (25.0%). The CD4 lymphocytes, which were less numerous than CD8 cells, had similar distribution. There also was a correlation of HLA‐DR cells with overall survival (log‐rank test, 5.29; P = 0.02). CD68 cell density was not found to be correlated with survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence and number of infiltrating CD8 lymphocytes as well as the overall occurrence of HLA‐DR cells may be considered independent, favorable prognostic factors in melanoma. The current results may be important for identifying other prognostic factors with which to evaluate disease progression and develop immune therapies for patients with melanoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
AMN107, a novel aminopyrimidine inhibitor of p190 Bcr‐Abl activation and of in vitro proliferation of Philadelphia‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells
Authors: Verstovsek Srdan , Golemovic Mirna , Kantarjian Hagop , Manshouri Tashi , Estrov Zeev , Manley Paul , Sun Tong , Arlinghaus Ralph B. , Alland Leila , Dugan Margaret , Cortes Jorge , Giles Francis , Beran Miloslav
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have shown that patients with Bcr‐Abl–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) either have primary disease that is refractory to imatinib mesylate or develop disease recurrence after an initial response.

METHODS

The authors investigated the effects of a newly designed Bcr‐Abl inhibitor, AMN107, by comparing its in vitro inhibitory potency on p190 Bcr‐Abl ALL cell lines with that of imatinib.

RESULTS

In two Philadelphia (Ph)‐positive ALL cell lines, AMN107 was found to be 30–40 times more potent than imatinib in inhibiting cellular proliferation. AMN107 was also more effective than imatinib in inhibiting phosphorylation of p190 Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase in cell lines and primary ALL cells. The inhibition of cellular proliferation was associated with the induction of apoptosis in only one of the cell lines. No activity was observed in cell lines lacking the BCR‐ABL genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study suggest the superior potency of AMN107 compared with imatinib in Ph‐positive ALL and support clinical trials of AMN107 in patients with Ph‐positive ALL. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Treatment decision‐making strategies and influences in patients with localized prostate carcinoma
Authors: Gwede Clement K. , Pow‐Sang Julio , Seigne John , Heysek Randy , Helal Mohamed , Shade Kristin , Cantor Alan , Jacobsen Paul B.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Patients diagnosed with localized prostate carcinoma need to interpret complicated medical information to make an informed treatment selection from among treatments that have comparable efficacy but differing side effects. The authors reported initial results for treatment decision‐making strategies among men receiving definitive treatment for localized prostate carcinoma.

METHODS

One hundred nineteen men treated with radical prostatectomy (44%) or brachytherapy (56%) consented to participate. Guided by a cognitive‐affective theoretic framework, the authors assessed differences in decision‐making strategies, and treatment and disease‐relevant beliefs and affects, in addition to demographic and clinical variables.

RESULTS

Approximately half of patients reported difficulty (49%) and distress (45%) while making treatment decisions, but no regrets (74%) regarding the treatment choice they made. Patients who underwent prostatectomy were younger, were more likely to be employed, had worse tumor grade, and had a shorter time since diagnosis (P < 0.01) compared with patients who did not undergo prostatectomy. In multivariate analyses, compared with patients who received radical prostatectomy, patients who received brachytherapy were more likely to say that they chose this treatment because it was “the least invasive” and they “wanted to avoid surgery” (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In general, patients who received brachytherapy chose this treatment because of quality of life considerations, whereas “cure” and complete removal of the tumor were the main motivations for patients selecting radical prostatectomy. Long‐term data are needed to evaluate distress and decisional regret as patients experience treatment‐related chronic side effects and efficacy outcomes. Decision‐making aids or other interventions to reduce decisional difficulty and emotional distress during decision making were indicated. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Multiple survival signals are delivered by dendritic cells to naive CD4+ T cells
Authors: Feuillet Vincent , Lucas Bruno , Di Santo James P. , Bismuth Georges , Trautmann Alain
Published: August 2005

The molecular mechanisms by which dendritic cells (DC) favor naive T cell survival in mice have been examined in co‐cultures of DC and naive CD4+ T cells. Naive T cells can survive in the presence of IL‐4 or IL‐7, but DC‐induced T cell survival requires direct cell‐cell interactions and does not seem to be mediated by these or other soluble factors. Classical MHC II molecules on DC are not necessary for T cell survival as long as hybrid AαEβ MHC class II molecules are present. In the total absence of MHC II molecules on DC, T cell survival is reduced by half, and CD3ζ phosphorylation fully disappears. These results contrast with the classical view that naive T cell survival is associated with CD3ζ phosphorylation and depends mostly on IL‐7 and MHC‐TCR interactions. We demonstrate that DC‐induced T cell survival is a multi‐factorial process that also involves CD28, LFA‐1 and another (as yet undefined) surface molecule that requires the activity of src (but not phosphatidylinositol‐3‐) kinase.
Retracted and replaced: A flow‐condition‐based interpolation finite element procedure for triangular grids
Authors: Kohno Haruhiko , Bathe Klaus‐Jürgen
Published: August 2005

A flow‐condition‐based interpolation finite element scheme is presented for use of triangular grids in the solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The method provides spatially isotropic discretizations for low and high Reynolds number flows. Various example solutions are given to illustrate the capabilities of the procedure. This article and been retracted and replaced. See retraction and replacement notice DOI: 10.1002/fld.1247. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excitation of shear layer instability in flow past a cylinder at low Reynolds number
Authors: Mittal S.
Published: August 2005

The instability of the separated shear layer for flow past a cylinder, in two dimensions, is investigated for low Reynolds numbers (Re ⩽ 350). The line of symmetry, downstream of the cylinder, in the wake is forced to be a streamline. This hypothetical situation allows slip of velocity along the wake centreline but prevents any flow normal to it. With this arrangement the flow is completely stable for Re ⩽ 250. It suppresses the primary instability of the wake that is responsible for the von Karman vortex shedding. Unlike the conventional splitter plate such an arrangement does not have a wake of its own. At Re = 300 and above the wake instability and the shear layer instability are observed. The fluctuations due to the instabilities are intermittent in nature. The shear layer frequency is smaller than the frequency of the von Karman vortex shedding for the regular flow past a cylinder. It is also found that flow past half a cylinder, with symmetry conditions at the wake centreline, at Re = 300 is stable. However, when a secondary cylinder with one‐fifth the diameter of the half‐cylinder is placed close to it, the vortex shedding from the smaller cylinder again leads to instability of the separated shear layer of the half‐cylinder. This suggests that although the separated shear layer is stable, at such low Re, the shear layer instability can be excited by some other disturbances. It is found that even at such low Re, the normalized shear layer frequency follows the Re0.67 power law. All the computations have been carried out using a stabilized finite element formulation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term sales forecasting using holt–winters and neural network methods
Authors: Kotsialos Apostolos , Papageorgiou Markos , Poulimenos Antonios
Published: August 2005

The problem of medium to long‐term sales forecasting raises a number of requirements that must be suitably addressed in the design of the employed forecasting methods. These include long forecasting horizons (up to 52 periods ahead), a high number of quantities to be forecasted, which limits the possibility of human intervention, frequent introduction of new articles (for which no past sales are available for parameter calibration) and withdrawal of running articles. The problem has been tackled by use of a damped‐trend Holt–Winters method as well as feedforward multilayer neural networks (FMNNs) applied to sales data from two German companies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BCL6 alternative translocation breakpoint cluster region associated with follicular lymphoma grade 3B
Authors: Bosga‐Bouwer Anneke G. , Haralambieva Eugenia , Booman Marije , Boonstra Ronald , van den Berg Anke , Schuuring Ed , van den Berg Eva , Kluin Philip , Poppema Sibrand
Published: August 2005

Translocations involving band 3q27, affecting the major breakpoint region (MBR) of BCL6, are common in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). Recent data suggest an alternative breakpoint cluster region (ABR) located between 245 and 285 kb 5′ of BCL6, which might be associated with Follicular Lymphoma (FL). Ten DLBCLs and 9 FLs grade 3B with cytogenetic rearrangements at 3q27 were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to discriminate between breakpoints at the ABR and MBR. Eight DLBCLs contained a breakpoint in the MBR, and 6 FL grade 3B (FL3B) cases contained a breakpoint in the ABR. No specific chromosomal partners could be identified in both groups. Previously published data have suggested that FL3B cases with 3q27 aberrations are closely related to the majority of DLBCLs of germinal center cell origin. However, our findings suggest that the mechanism of 3q27 rearrangement in FL3B cases is similar to the mechanism in follicular lymphomas grade 1,2, and 3A cases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The human Y chromosome suppresses the tumorigenicity of PC‐3, a human prostate cancer cell line, in athymic nude mice
Authors: Vijayakumar Sapna , Garcia Dawn , Hensel Chuck H. , Banerjee Mohua , Bracht Todd , Xiang RuiHua , Kagan Jacob , Naylor Susan L.
Published: August 2005

The loss of the Y chromosome is a frequent numerical chromosomal abnormality observed in human prostate cancer. In cancer, loss of specific genetic material frequently accompanies simultaneous inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. It is not known whether the Y chromosome harbors such genes. To address the role of genes on the Y chromosome in human prostate cancer, we transferred a tagged Y chromosome into PC‐3, a human prostate cancer cell line lacking a Y chromosome. A human Y chromosome was tagged with the hisD gene and transferred to PC‐3 by microcell‐mediated chromosome transfer. Tumorigenicity of these PC‐3 hybrids was tested in vivo and in vitro, and the results were compared with those of the polymerase chain reaction analyses conducted on the PC‐3 hybrids using Y chromosome‐specific markers. Among 60 mice injected with 12 different PC‐3 hybrids (five mice per hybrid), tumor growth was apparent in only one mouse, whereas tumors grew in all mice injected with the parental PC‐3 cells. An in vitro assay showed that the Y chromosome did not suppress anchorage‐independent growth of PC‐3 cells. We found that addition of the Y chromosome suppressed tumor formation by PC‐3 in athymic nude mice, and that this block of tumorigenesis was independent of the in vitro growth properties of the cells. This observation suggests the presence of a gene important for prostate tumorigenesis on the Y chromosome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonists limit oligodendrocyte injury caused by glutamate oxidative stress and oxygen/glucose deprivation
Authors: Rosin Claudia , Colombo Sergio , Calver Andrew A. , Bates Timothy E. , Skaper Stephen D.
Published: August 2005

Dopamine receptor activation is thought to contribute adversely to several neuropathological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. In addition, dopamine may have a neuroprotective role: dopamine receptor agonists are reported to protect nerve cells by virtue of their antioxidant properties as well as by receptor‐mediated mechanisms. White matter injury can also be a significant factor in neurological disorders. Using real‐time RT‐PCR, we show that differentiated rat cortical oligodendrocytes express dopamine D2 receptor and D3 receptor mRNA. Oligodendrocytes were vulnerable to oxidative glutamate toxicity and to oxygen/glucose deprivation injury. Agonists for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors provided significant protection of oligodendrocytes against these two forms of injury, and the protective effect was diminished by D2 and D3 antagonists. Levels of oligodendrocyte D2 receptor and D3 receptor protein, as measured by Western blotting, appeared to increase following combined oxygen and glucose deprivation. Our results suggest that dopamine D2 and D3 receptor activation may play an important role in oligodendrocyte protection against oxidative glutamate toxicity and oxygen‐glucose deprivation injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote sensing and GIS‐based flood vulnerability assessment of human settlements: a case study of Gangetic West Bengal, India
Authors: Sanyal Joy , Lu X. X.
Published: August 2005

Flooding due to excessive rainfall in a short period of time is a frequent hazard in the flood plains of monsoon Asia. In late September 2000, a devastating flood stuck Gangetic West Bengal, India. This particular event has been selected for this study. Instead of following the conventional approach of flooded area delineation and overall damage estimation, this paper seeks to identify the rural settlements that are vulnerable to floods of a given magnitude. Vulnerability of a rural settlement is perceived as a function of two factors: the presence of deep flood water in and around the settlement and its proximity to an elevated area for temporary shelter during an extreme hydrological event. Landsat ETM+ images acquired on 30 September 2000 have been used to identify the non‐flooded areas within the flooded zone. Particular effort has been made to differentiate land from water under cloud shadow. ASTER digital elevation data have been used to assess accuracy and rectify the classified image. The presence of large numbers of trees around rural settlements made it particularly difficult to extract the flooded areas from their spectral signatures in the visible and infrared bands. ERS‐1 synthetic aperture radar data are found particularly useful for extracting the settlement areas surrounded by trees. Finally, all information extracted from satellite imageries are imported into ArcGIS, and spatial analysis is carried out to identify the settlements vulnerable to river inundation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of seven models for estimation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge using lysimeter measurement data in Germany
Authors: Xu C.‐Y. , Chen D.
Published: August 2005

This study evaluates seven evapotranspiration models and their performance in water balance studies by using lysimeter measurement data at the Mönchengladbach hydrological and meteorological station in Germany. Of the seven evapotranspiration models evaluated, three models calculate actual evapotranspiration directly using the complementary relationship approach, i.e. the CRAE model of Morton, the advection–aridity (AA) model of Brutsaert and Stricker, and the GG model of Granger and Gray, and four models calculate first potential evapotranspiration and then actual evapotranspiration by considering the soil moisture condition. Two of the four potential evapotranspiration models belong to the temperature‐based category, i.e. the Thornthwaite model and the Hargreaves model, and the other two belong to the radiation‐based category, i.e. the Makkink model and the Priestley–Taylor model. The evapotranspiration calculated by the above seven models, together with precipitation, is used in the water balance model to calculate other water balance components. The results show that, for the calculation of actual evapotranspiration, the GG model and the Makkink model performed better than the other models; for the calculation of groundwater recharge using the water balance approach, the GG model and the AA models performed better; for the simulation of soil moisture content using the water balance approach, four models (GG, Thornthwaite, Makkink and Priestley–Taylor) out of the seven give equally good results. It can be concluded that the lysimeter‐measured water balance components, i.e. actual evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, soil moisture, etc., can be predicted by the GG model and the Makkink model with good accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of hydrodynamic simulation results for eco‐hydraulic and eco‐hydrological applications: a spatial semivariance approach
Authors: Clifford Nicholas J. , Soar Philip J. , Harmar Oliver P. , Gurnell Angela M. , Petts Geoffrey E. , Emery Joanne C.
Published: August 2005

Output from a three‐dimensional numerical flow model (SSIIM) is used in conjunction with high‐resolution topographic and velocity data to assess such models for eco‐hydraulic applications in river channel design and habitat appraisal. A new methodology for the comparison between field measurement and model output is detailed. This involves a comparison between conventional goodness‐of‐fit approaches applied to a spatially structured (riffle and pool) sample of model and field data, and a ‘relaxation’ method based upon the spatial semivariance of model/field departures. Conventional assessment indicates that the model predicts point‐by‐point velocity characteristics on a 0·45 m mesh to within ±0·1 m s−1 over 80% of the channel area at low flow, and 50% of the area at high in‐bank flow. When a relative criterion of model fit is used, however, the model appears to perform less well: 60–70% of channel area has predicted velocities that depart from observed velocities by more than 10%. Regression analysis of observed and predicted velocities gives more cause for optimism, but all of these conventional indicators of goodness of fit neglect important spatial characteristics of model performance. Spatial semivariance is a means of supplementing model appraisal in this respect. In particular, using the relaxation approach, results are greatly improved: at a high in‐bank flow, the model results match field measurements to within 0·1 m s−1 for more than 95% of the total channel area, provided that model and field comparisons are allowed within a radius of approximately 1 m from the original point of measurement. It is suggested that this revised form of model assessment is of particular relevance to eco‐hydraulic applications, where some degree of spatial and temporal dynamism (or uncertainty) is a characteristic. The approach may also be generalized to other environmental science modelling applications where the spatial attributes of model fits are of interest. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decadal‐scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra‐mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington
Authors: Major Jon J. , Yamakoshi Takao
Published: August 2005

The cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens radically reduced the infiltration characteristics of ∼60 000 ha of rugged terrain and dramatically altered landscape hydrology. Two decades of erosional, biogenic, cryogenic, and anthropogenic activity have modified the infiltration characteristics of much of that devastated landscape and modulated the hydrological impact of the eruption. We assessed infiltration and runoff characteristics of a segment of hillslope thickly mantled with tephra, but now revegetated primarily with grasses and other plants, to evaluate hydrological modifications due to erosion and natural turbation. Eruptive disturbance reduced infiltration capacity of the hillslope by as much as 50‐fold. Between 1980 and 2000, apparent infiltration capacities of plots on the hillslope increased as much as ten fold, but remain approximately three to five times less than the probable pre‐eruption capacities. Common regional rainfall intensities and snowmelt rates presently produce little surface runoff; however, high‐magnitude, low‐frequency storms and unusually rapid snowmelt can still induce broad infiltration‐excess overland flow. After 20 years, erosion and natural mechanical turbation have modulated, but not effaced, the hydrological perturbation caused by the cataclysmic eruption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling hydrological management for the restoration of acidified floating fens
Authors: Dekker Stefan C. , Barendregt Aat , Bootsma Margien C. , Schot Paul P.
Published: August 2005

Wetlands show a large decline in biodiversity. To protect and restore this biodiversity, many restoration projects are carried out. Hydrology in wetlands controls the chemical and biological processes and may be the most important factor regulating wetland function and development. Hydrological models may be used to simulate these processes and to evaluate management scenarios for restoration. HYDRUS2D, a combined saturated–unsaturated groundwater flow and transport model, is presented. This simulates near‐surface hydrological processes in an acidified floating fen, with the aim to evaluate the effect of hydrological restoration in terms of conditions for biodiversity. In the acidified floating fen in the nature reserve Ilperveld (The Netherlands), a trench system was dug for the purpose of creating a runoff channel for acid rainwater in wet periods and to enable circum‐neutral surface water to enter the fen in dry periods. The model is calibrated against measured conductivity values for a 5 year period. From the model simulations, it was found that lateral flow in the floating raft is limited. Furthermore, the model shows that the best management option is a combination of trenches and inundation, which gave the best soil water quality in the root zone. It is concluded that hydrological models can be used for the calculation of management scenarios in restoration projects. The combined saturated–unsaturated model concept used in this paper is able to incorporate the governing hydrological processes in the wetland root zones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of land‐use changes on the hydrological behaviour of Histic Andosols in south Ecuador
Authors: Buytaert W. , Wyseure G. , De Bièvre B. , Deckers J.
Published: August 2005

The south Ecuadorian Andean mountain belt between 3500 and 4500 m altitude is covered by a highly endemic and fragile ecosystem called páramo. The Histic Andosols covering this region have highly developed hydric properties and exert a key function in the hydrological regulation of the páramo ecosystem. Unlike most Andosols, their extreme water retention capacity is not due to the presence of typical minerals such as allophane or imogolite. Although these minerals are virtually absent, the large organic carbon content, due to organometallic complexation, gives rise to similar properties. The water content at 1500 kPa can exceed 2000 g kg−1, and the high hydraulic conductivity at saturation (about 15 mm h−1) drops sharply when low suction is applied. The three methods applied, i.e. the inverted auger hole, the tension infiltrometer and the constant‐head permeameter method, give very similar results. The páramo is characterized by a slow hydrological response and a good water regulation, caused by the combination of a high water storage capacity and high conductivity. The wide pore size distribution of the organometallic complexes results in a water retention curve that differs significantly from the classic Mualem–Van Genuchten description, but can better be described with a simple linear or semilogarithmic model. The soils investigated are very prone to irreversible structural changes caused by land‐use changes. The conversion of natural land for cultivation has a large impact on the hydrological function of the region. The water storage capacity increases by 5 to 30%, and the hydraulic conductivity is 31% higher in cultivated catchments. These changes are related to a larger peak flow, a smaller base flow and generally a smaller discharge buffering capacity, despite the higher storage capacity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow and glacier cover assessment in the high mountains of Sikkim Himalaya
Authors: Krishna Akhouri Pramod
Published: August 2005

This study highlights the assessment of snow and glacier cover for possible inferences of global climate change impacts in high mountains like the Himalaya. The test catchment of the River Tista lies in the Sikkim state of the Indian Himalayan region, with steep mountains crossing nearly all ecozones, from subtropical to glacial. River flows are highly fluctuating, especially during the peak rainy season and snowmelt periods. Annual rainfall patterns are non‐uniform and can cause large floods. Runoff and discharge downstream are highly dependent upon snow and glacier extent. The temporary storage of frozen water brings about a delay in seasonal runoff. Snow cover built up in the higher regions during the winter months melts in the spring–summer–autumn cycles and contributes to groundwater recharge. A spatial baseline inventory of snow cover/glacier, the permanent snowline and its short‐term temporal changes in the remote high‐mountain areas have been analysed using multidate Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data of 1992 to 1997. A geographic information system‐based overlay has led to inferences on snow cover characteristics and the alignment, dimension, slope disposition, heights of the snout and associated features of each of the glaciers. Snow and glacier recession are to be monitored in future on a long‐term basis to derive correlations with climate‐change parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fusion of NOAA‐AVHRR imagery and geographical information system techniques to derive subscale land cover information for the upper Danube watershed
Authors: Probeck Markus , Ludwig Ralf , Mauser Wolfram
Published: August 2005

Remote‐sensing data have proved to be a valuable source of land cover information, especially when looking at larger areas. In this study, multi‐temporal NOAA‐AVHRR data are used together with a spectral unmixing approach in order to overcome the restrictions of low spatial resolution and to derive subscale land cover of the upper Danube watershed. New data‐processing techniques account for topography‐dependent distortions and hence allow the inclusion of mountainous subwatersheds, such as the River Inn. To increase the number of separable land cover classes, geographical information system and fuzzy logic methodologies are applied to preselect possible endmembers according to their possibility. The results of spectral unmixing were validated against a LANDSAT‐TM classification and the CORINE land cover database, which both showed acceptable results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation analysis and agricultural water availability in the Southern Highlands of Yemen
Authors: Rappold Gerhard D.
Published: August 2005

Rain‐fed agriculture with supplementary irrigation, usually referred to as ‘water harvesting on terraced fields’ is the traditional irrigation technique in the Ta'izz area, located in the southern uplands of the Yemen Mountain Massif. The non‐traditional method of groundwater irrigation has recently led to overuse and depletion of aquifers. A new orientation towards the traditional agricultural irrigation techniques is necessary for the purpose of sustainability. This requires a better scientific understanding of these irrigation systems. In order to understand the design and management of water harvesting schemes, rainfall analysis and the identification of prevailing rainfall patterns is required. A statistical rainfall analysis was conducted to detect the probability of rainfall exceedance during the vegetation period from May until October. Rainfall supply was then measured against water requirements of the prevailing crop Sorghum bicolore. To explore the beneficial effect of the local runoff irrigation schemes, also referred to as water harvesting schemes, water‐harvesting factors were introduced. The rainfall is supplemented by a water‐harvesting factor to show the amplifying effect of those water‐harvesting measures.

Analysis results show that a lack of rainfall during the end of the first rainy season and an intermediate dry period under pure rain‐fed conditions can be mitigated by the local runoff irrigation schemes. A fairly reliable and sufficient rainfall characterizes the second rainy season. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion resistance, surface mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of plasma immersion ion implantation–treated nickel‐titanium shape memory alloys
Authors: Yeung K. W. K. , Poon R. W. Y. , Liu X. Y. , Ho J. P. Y. , Chung C. Y. , Chu P. K. , Lu W. W. , Chan D. , Cheung K. M. C.
Published: August 2005

Nickel‐titanium shape memory alloys are promising materials in orthopedic applications because of their unique properties. However, for prolonged use in a human body, deterioration of the corrosion resistance of the materials becomes a critical issue because of the increasing possibility of deleterious ions released from the substrate to living tissues. We have investigated the use of nitrogen, acetylene, and oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the materials. Our results reveal that the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus are significantly enhanced after surface treatment. The release of nickel is drastically reduced as compared with the untreated control. In addition, our in vitro tests show that the plasma‐treated surfaces are well tolerated by osteoblasts. Among the three types of samples, the best biological effects are observed on the nitrogen PIII samples. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Implant surface roughness influences osteoclast proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Marchisio Marco , Di Carmine Maristella , Pagone Rita , Piattelli Adriano , Miscia Sebastiano
Published: August 2005

The osteoclast is a hematopoietic cell derived from CFU‐GM and branches from the monocyte‐macrophage lineage during the differentiation process. Biological environment appears to be crucial for osteoclast formation and activity. It has been reported that bone remodeling following implant placement requires a coordinated activity by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The response of such cells at the bone–implant interface has been suggested to be affected by the structural and morphological features of the biomaterial surface. To shed more light on this topic we performed a multiparametric analysis of murine monocytes response to different titanium surfaces. These cells, RAW 264.7 type TIB‐71, represent a very useful system because they differentiate into osteoclasts following treatment of definite doses of the osteoclast‐differentiation factor RANKL and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF). Cells, cultured on glass (control), on grade 3 machined and on titanium pull‐spray superficial‐TPSS surfaces disclosed profound different responses in terms of morphological rearrangements, adhesion, and differentiation abilities. Indeed, after 14 days, cells cultured on glass and machined surfaces were uniformly distributed, while, on the TPSS surface cells strictly aggregated into small isolated clusters were observed. In addition, cells cultured on the machined surface displayed a higher adhesion ability, while cells cultured on the rougher surface disclosed a more evident capability to differentiate. These results could explain the higher bone–implant contact percentage found around implants with rougher surfaces and suggest that osteoclasts may play an important role in the initial period after implant placement to prime or prepare the implant surface for the osteoblast activity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
ROS formation and glutathione levels in human oral fibroblasts exposed to TEGDMA and camphorquinone
Authors: Engelmann J. , Volk J. , Leyhausen G. , Geurtsen W.
Published: August 2005

Glutathione (GSH) is important for the self‐protection of cells against oxidative stress and toxic xenobiotics, whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) at elevated concentrations may cause detrimental alterations of cell membranes, DNA, and other cellular structures. The present investigation addressed the effects of triethylene‐glycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and camphorquinone (CQ) on glutathione metabolism and the formation of ROS in oral cells. Primary human pulp fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of TEGDMA and CQ (0.1–5 mM). Subsequently, GSH concentration and ROS formation were analyzed with the use of the monobromobimane assay (GSH) and 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) (ROS). The endogenous ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as a positive control (0.02–2 mM). TEGDMA significantly decreased GSH at concentrations between 0.5 and 5 mM (p < 0.05), but did not elevate ROS levels. Contrary, CQ increased ROS formation at concentrations ≥ 1 mM, but had only a moderate effect on GSH at the highest test concentration. Hydrogen peroxide increased ROS and simultaneously decreased GSH at concentrations of ≥ 0.2 mM. These data show that the investigated substances may cause cell damage due to various mechanisms, GSH decrease and/or ROS increase. As a consequence, TEGDMA and CQ released into an aqueous environment from resinous materials might interact, thus generating significant cytotoxic effects even at low concentrations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Metal corrosion in bones implanted with Zinalco—A SAXS and NMR study
Authors: Lima E. , Bosch P. , Lara V. , Villarreal E. , Piña C. , Torres G. , Martín S. , León B.
Published: August 2005

The composition and morphology of bones implanted with stainless steel (316L‐SS) and a metal alloy made of zinc, aluminum, and copper (Zinalco) are compared. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results show that with time Zinalco is corroded and zinc, aluminum, and copper diffuse into the osseous tissue, promoting nonhomogeneous bone. Instead, 316L‐SS does not incorporate into bone, and the bone recovers homogeneously at a lower speed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Activation of human endothelial cells by tumor necrosis factor‐α results in profound changes in the expression of glycosylation‐related genes
Authors: García‐Vallejo Juan J. , Van Dijk Willem , Van Het Hof Bert , Van Die Irma , Engelse Marten A. , Van Hinsbergh Victor W.M. , Gringhuis Sonja I.
Published: August 2005

The endothelium plays a central role in the logistics of the immune system by allowing the selective transmigration of leukocytes, as well as the maintenance of the circulation and coagulation homeostasis. Evidence is increasing that the carbohydrate composition of the endothelial cell surface is critical for the cells to exert their physiological function. The major aim of this study is to unravel the mechanisms underlying the expression of carbohydrate structures by endothelial cells, which are involved in leukocyte adhesion and migration. Using quantitative real‐time PCR, the expression profile of a selected group of 74 glycosylation‐related genes has been determined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human foreskin microvascular endothelial cells (FMVEC) under control and TNFα‐induced conditions. The set of genes comprised 59 glycosyltransferases, 6 mannosidases and 9 sulfotransferases. In parallel, the overall cell surface glycan profile has been assessed by the use of glycan‐specific lectins and monoclonal antibodies. The results demonstrate that HUVEC and FMVEC differ substantially in the expression of glycosylation‐related genes and, accordingly, also in the presence of different glycan epitopes on the cell membrane. Induction of an inflamed phenotype of the cells by treatment with TNFα differentially modulates a set of these genes in HUVEC and FMVEC resulting in a change in the cell membrane associated glycans that are of importance in inflammation‐related endothelial cell‐surface processes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attracting retirees to apply: desired organizational characteristics of bridge employment
Authors: Rau Barbara L. , Adams Gary A.
Published: August 2005

This research examined the impact of three organizational policies on applicant attraction of 120 older workers with an interest in bridge employment (i.e., work after formal retirement). Using a mock newspaper ad to manipulate policies, scheduling flexibility, and a targeted equal employment opportunity (EEO) statement positively influenced older workers' attraction to the organization, while opportunities to transfer knowledge had little impact. A significant and positive three‐way interaction suggested that older workers are sensitive to the strength of the overall message such that the effects of all three policies when seen together were greater than the sum of their individual effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple perspectives of congruence: relationships between value congruence and employee attitudes
Authors: Ostroff Cheri , Shin Yuhyung , Kinicki Angelo J.
Published: August 2005

The relative importance of multiple types of value congruence—person–environment (P‐E), person–person (P‐P), and perceptual fit—across two hierarchical levels (workgroup and manager) and across multiple dimensions of values was investigated in a sample of 951 employees from 113 bank branches. As expected, different types of value congruence and different value dimensions were differentially important for outcomes. Both P‐E fit (between an individual's personal values and the cultural values of the organization) and perceptual fit (between an individual's perception of the organization's values and the organization's values as perceived by others) were found to be related to satisfaction, commitment, and turnover intentions, while P‐P fit (between an individual's personal values and the personal values of others) was not. Further, P‐E congruence results were generally stronger for fit with the workgroup than fit with the manager and results were stronger for the rational goal dimension which focused on external customer service. In contrast, results for perceptual fit revealed that fit was generally more important for fit with the manager than fit with the workgroup and was generally more important for the open system dimension which focused on flexibility and innovation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the construct validity and utility of two new influence tactics
Authors: Yukl Gary , Chavez Carolyn , Seifert Charles F.
Published: August 2005

Progress in developing theories of interpersonal influence depends on the identification of meaningful and measurable constructs for classifying influence behavior. We assessed the construct validity and relative effectiveness of two new influence tactics with a field survey study, an incident study, and a laboratory experiment. The confirmatory factor analysis of data from the survey study indicated that collaboration and apprising were distinct from nine proactive tactics identified in earlier research. Additional evidence for construct validity was provided by a comparison of tactics in terms of expected differences in influence outcomes, frequency of use, and differential use with subordinates and peers. Managers who understand the differences among the tactics will be more effective in influencing people in organizations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.