bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nationalization of Democracy in the Weimar and First Austrian Republics
Authors: Hochman Erin R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines republicans' rhetorical defense of the republics. Countering claims by the political right that the new republics were un-German, republicans argued that parliamentary democracy and German nationalism were not at odds. To prove their point, they cited the revolution of 1848 and their support for an Anschluss, or a political union between Germany and Austria. In doing so, republicans attempted to create their own form of nationalism by contrasting their großdeutsch nationalism with right-wing alldeutsch (pan-German) nationalism and conservative nationalism. Even though republicans at times harbored prejudices, they used großdeutsch nationalism to support democratic rights and practices, to reconcile national and international allegiances, and to create a national community that cut across religious, political, and social divisions.
Bones Around My Neck
Authors: Loos Tamara
Published: May 2017

Prince Prisdang Chumsai (1852–1935) served as Siam's first diplomat to Europe during the most dramatic moment of Siam's political history, when its independence was threatened by European imperialism. Despite serving with patriotic zeal, he suffered irreparable social and political ruin based on rumors about fiscal corruption, sexual immorality, and political treason. This book pursues the truth behind these rumors, which chased Prisdang out of Siam. This book recounts the personal and political adventures of an unwitting provocateur who caused a commotion in every country he inhabited. Prisdang spent his first five years in exile from Siam living in disguise as a commoner and employee of the British Empire in colonial Southeast Asia. He then resurfaced in the 1890s in British Ceylon, where he was ordained as a Buddhist monk and became a widely-respected abbot. Foreigners from around the world were drawn to this prince who had discarded wealth and royal status to lead the life of an ascetic. His fluency in English, royal blood, acute intellect, and charisma earned him importance in international diplomatic and Buddhist circles. Prisdang's life journey reminds us of the complexities of the colonial encounter and the recalibrations it caused in local political cultures. His drama offers more than a story about Siamese politics: it also casts in high relief the subjective experience of global imperialism. Telling this history from the vantage point of a remarkable individual grounds and animates the historical abstractions of imperialism, Buddhist universalism, and the transformation of Siam into a modern state.
Gulf of Siam
Authors: Loos Tamara
Published: May 2017

This chapter showcases the circumstances of a fateful solar eclipse as well as the events in Prisdang's childhood following the ascension of Chulalongkorn as Siam's new ruler. Here, the chapter shows how, on Tuesday, August 18, 1868, at exactly 11:36 A.M. and twenty seconds, the sun was in total eclipse as observed by King Mongkut through his telescope on the terrace of his temporary palace on Wako Beach. Historical contingency—the unpredictable trajectories of a limited set of options—brought Prisdang, his father, King Mongkut, and his son to this remote beach, where they all contracted malaria, thus setting in motion a train of events that were equally unpredictable.
Bangkok
Authors: Loos Tamara
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the events following King Chulalongkorn's death and Prisdang's return home, as well as the latter part of his life and career. It shows how Prisdang's return in 1911 had delivered him into an unforgiving and vindictive social, material, and professional context. He had no place to live and no position to fill regardless of his qualifications. By the age of sixty, he had served as Siam's diplomat to the West, a civil engineer, an artist, an author, an abbot, a fund-raiser, and a rabble rouser who had established schools for the poor in Lanka, but in Bangkok he remained persona non grata even after King Chulalongkorn, the one person at the crux of his predicament and the only one in a position to have redeemed him, had passed away.
Afterlife
Authors: Loos Tamara
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the circumstances of Prisdang's afterlife, and how he continues to be harnessed to several causes—international Buddhist diplomacy, monarchism, and democracy. Conservative royalists, antiestablishment politicians, and political progressives have also appropriated him, but for divergent purposes. By refusing to explicate why he fled Siam, he invited interested parties to speculate about and to project onto that silence. The story of his life, as this chapter shows, demonstrates that it is not so easy to encapsulate Prince Prisdang and his multiple political loyalties. All the reclamation projects have it partly right—and partly wrong. And that is likely the real impetus behind Prisdang's defiant grin.
Conclusion
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that lived religion and individual appropriations are identifiable at the heart of rituals like praying, vowing, dedicating, and reading. It then assesses how different authors reflect on individual appropriation of religion among their contemporaries. Whereas Propertius remains in the role of the distant observer of a traditional religious role, and Ovid follows him in this, Hermas urgently pursues distribution and thereby opens up new religious roles for his recipients. For him, religious individuality has become crucial. A very old explanation for this exists: the classification of Hermas as a Christian. Neither the causes of Hermas's religious individuality nor its consequences are restricted to what are later claimed as features of a Christian genealogy: being a Jew, a Roman, a businessman, and a citizen of the Roman Empire.
Reformers, Employers, and the Dangers of Working-Class Smoking
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the importance of class, manhood, and youth in turn-of-the-century conversations about cigarettes, when moral reform crusaders such as Lucy Page Gaston of Illinois viewed “coffin nails” as a sure path to physical and emotional doom. Reformers warned that smoking stunted the potential of young working-class males for growth to respectable and healthy manhood and crushed their chances of adult success as workers. The wrecked lives of young smokers, according to reformers, were prima facie evidence of the corrosive and harmful impact of cigarettes on modern society. At the same time, the relationship between cigarettes and urban fires suggested the growing presence of smoking at work, as dropped cigarettes and matches ignited deadly fires such as the Newark Factory Fire (1910) and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911).
Antismoking Politics in Postwar Workplaces
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the prevalence of smoking in postwar indoor workplaces gave rise to mounting opposition from nonsmoking workers in the 1970s and 1980s. Nonsmokers in postwar offices, for instance, recoiled from their colleagues' continual spewing of toxic and irritating secondhand smoke, lobbying managers and government officials for new restrictions on smoking. The most determined and energized nonsmokers took disinterested employers to court and built nonsmoker advocacy groups from below that lobbied for a clearing of the air at work. Much to their frustration, though, nonsmoking workers faced active opposition from working-class smokers, and managers often did not want to provoke smokers' opposition by revoking their privileges, even as medical knowledge about the health risks of smoking (and secondhand smoke) became abundantly clear in the 1970s through the 1990s.
“You Don’t Vote, You Don’t Count”
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the 2012 primary contests and general election campaigns in many parts of the country, in the wake of controversial 2010 congressional redistricting. In some cases, immigrants were the subject matter of these campaigns; in others, immigrants were the actual candidates. In all cases, immigrant-serving nonprofit organizations adjusted their strategies to different political situations. The chapter explores specific races and the development of voter ID laws that threatened to undermine nonprofit voter mobilization of immigrants in many states. In doing so the chapter uses these races to demonstrate six important themes that run throughout the rest of the book. It also examines national immigrant-serving organizations and their use of campaign donations in the 2012 election.
A Model of Immigrant-Serving Engagement
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This chapter articulates a new model of electoral engagement for immigrant-serving nonprofits. In the political and financial landscape leading up to the 2012 election, nonprofits faced opportunities and barriers to engaging in electoral politics. The chapter uses the reflective electoral representation theory to identify several factors associated with the level of nonprofit engagement in electioneering, and the electoral venue choice theory to argue that a different set of political factors will be involved in which venue (local, state, or national) an immigrant-serving nonprofit focuses its work. In particular, the chapter focuses on the cases of the MinKwon Center for Community Action in New York, Korean American Community Center of Princeton (KCCP) in New Jersey, Alliance of Filipinos for Immigrant Rights and Empowerment (AFIRE) in Illinois, and Latino Advocacy Coalition (LAC) in North Carolina.
Choosing Where to Focus
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This chapter extends the analysis from the previous chapter to the second dimension of advocacy and election: venue choice. This second half of the reflective electoral representation theory argues that these organizations next look to the political and power position of immigrants to make a strategic decision about where to focus an electoral agenda. The chapter presents an analysis of the factors related to an immigrant-serving nonprofit engaging in elections primarily at the national, state, or local level. The chapter shows that when dramatic local events occur, such as a hate crime, nonprofits tend to focus their work at that level rather than at the state or national level; but when the size of the local immigrant community is large, the group will focus more on the state or national level.
Boldly Representing Immigrants in Tough Times
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter circles back to the political sphere and examines what actually happened on Election Day. It looks at how first-and second-generation immigrant candidates (Grace Meng, Ted Cruz, and Tammy Duckworth) had fared and considers what can be said about immigrant voting behaviors in light of what we now know about immigrant-serving nonprofit behavior. Further, given these patterns, the chapter turns to what nonprofits can do in the future to better incorporate electoral work into their missions and what the findings of this research suggest for the presidential election in 2016 and beyond. The chapter looks ahead to future elections and recommends that immigrant-serving nonprofits consider seven issues when they decide to engage in an election: technology, staffing, institutionalization, continuous strategy, coalitions, new gateways, and authenticity.
Central Banks and Gold
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

In recent decades, Tokyo, London, and New York have been the sites of credit bubbles of historically unprecedented magnitude. Central bankers have enjoyed almost unparalleled power and autonomy. They have cooperated to construct and preserve towering structures of debt, reshaping relations of power and ownership around the world. This book explores how this financialized form of globalism took shape a century ago, when Tokyo joined London and New York as a major financial center. This book shows that close cooperation between central banks began along an unexpected axis, between London and Tokyo, around the year 1900, with the Bank of England's secret use of large Bank of Japan funds to intervene in the London markets. Central-bank cooperation became multilateral during World War I—the moment when Japan first emerged as a creditor country. In 1919 and 1920, as Japan, Great Britain, and the United States adopted deflation policies, the results of cooperation were realized in the world's first globally coordinated program of monetary policy. It was also in 1920 that Wall Street bankers moved to establish closer ties with Tokyo. The text tells the story of how the first age of central-bank power and pride ended in the disaster of the Great Depression, when a rush for gold brought the system crashing down. In all of this, we see also the quiet but surprisingly central place of Japan. We see it again today, in the way that Japan has unwillingly led the world into a new age of post-bubble economics.
The Beginnings of Central Bank Cooperation
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the beginnings of regularized central bank cooperation between the Bank of England (BoE) and the Bank of Japan (BoJ). After 1896, the Bank of Japan kept very large balances at the Bank of England, and for much of the period from 1896 to 1914, the BoJ was the Bank of England's largest single depositor. The Bank of England's ability to maintain its global financial position during the decade and a half before 1914 was supported by its ability to manage these Japanese funds and quietly to draw on them in moments of need. On its side, the Bank of Japan accounted these London funds as part of the “specie” reserve for Japan's own national monetary system. This financial alliance was the counterpart of the political and military alliance that the British and Japanese empires finalized in 1902.
Japan Emerges as an International Creditor, 1915–1918
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the international surge of Japanese credit creation during the war, when Japan emerged, briefly and “prematurely,” as one of the world's top three creditor countries. Tokyo financial groups lent to Britain and France, as well as to Russia and China. Simultaneously, Japanese central bankers began to build the institutional infrastructure of an international credit center. This initiative was relatively unsuccessful. It did, however, herald the beginning of a structural shift. The chapter also looks at two parastatal banks—the Yokohama Specie Bank and the Industrial Bank of Japan—which functioned as a designated foreign exchange bank and a long-term industrial-investment bank, and their key roles in the administration of Japan's capital imports and exports. They were established to realize national policy goals, to mobilize domestic funds, and to build Japan's standing in international finance.
Wall Street Discovers Japan, Spring 1920
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts the spring of 1920, when three of Wall Street's top bankers—Thomas W. Lamont of J.P. Morgan & Company, Frank A. Vanderlip of National City Bank, and Benjamin Strong of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York—made their own separate visits to Japan, which had suddenly emerged as a new financial power. These bankers, all ambitious to build a new world more open to American business, had already crossed paths the year before in London and Paris, where they were involved in planning postwar European affairs. Their Tokyo tour of 1920 was thus a follow-on to a European tour in 1919. Wall Street financiers subsequently became key actors in shaping US-Japan relations during the decade of the 1920s. Financially speaking, this was the beginning of Japan's first “American” age. However, this era ended abruptly and violently in the autumn and winter of 1931–32.
The Politics of Mourning in America
Authors: McIvor David W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of an event that came to be known as the Greensboro Massacre. On November 3, 1979, Ku Klux Klansmen disrupted a scheduled rally in a black public-housing neighborhood planned by the Communist Workers Party (CWP). Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and white supremacists resulted in the death of five CWP members and activists. It is argued that Greensboro dramatizes the full range of what could be described as the politics of mourning. The chapter then turns to the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission (GTRC), a grassroots-organized TRC that operated in Greensboro, North Carolina, from 2004 to 2006. The GTRC marked the creation of public space for dialogue and deliberation about a painful event in the city's history and the complicated pathways between that event and the present life of the community. The GTRC, when contextualized within a democratic theory of mourning, can provide a model for similar means and mechanisms of responding to the frustrations, blockages, and confusions within our con temporary politics of grief.
To Join in Hate
Authors: McIvor David W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter unpacks the intimate connection between mourning and activist politics of (violent and nonviolent) direct action, in part by examining recent appropriations of Antigone within agonist political theory. Insofar as mourning is approached under the image of resistant, Antigone-like voices, it fits snugly within an agonistic framework for political life. Although agonism is a diverse gathering of different voices, on the whole agonists advance a view of politics as a matter of endless contestation without the prospect of final settlement or consensus. Agonists do not necessarily romanticize conflict nor neglect the possibility of extreme violence, but their goal is not to resolve political antagonisms so much to shift them toward a less violent, if still contentious, agonism. However, it is also argued that the agonist appropriation of Antigone risks losing touch with the complexity of her mourning claims and the complexity of mourning itself. The chapter tries to restore some of this complexity by reading Antigone from the perspective of Melanie Klein's theory of mourning and what has been defined as the democratic work of mourning in Chapter 1.
Mixed Feelings
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

Since the late eighteenth century, writers and thinkers have used the idea of love—often unrequited or impossible love—to comment on the changing cultural, social, and political position of Jews in the German-speaking countries. This book asks what it means for literature (and philosophy) to use love between individuals as a metaphor for group relations. This question is of renewed interest today, when theorists of multiculturalism turn toward love in their search for new models of particularity and universality. The book is structured around two transformative moments in German Jewish culture and history that produced particularly rich clusters of interfaith love stories. Around 1800, literature promoted the rise of the Romantic love ideal and the shift from prearranged to love-based marriages. In the German-speaking countries, this change in the theory and practice of love coincided with the beginnings of Jewish emancipation, and both its supporters and opponents linked their arguments to tropes of love. The book explores the generative powers of such tropes in Moses Mendelssohn, G. E. Lessing, Friedrich Schlegel, Dorothea Veit, and Achim von Arnim. Around 1900, the rise of racial antisemitism had called into question the promises of emancipation and led to a crisis of German Jewish identity. At the same time, Jewish-Christian intermarriage prompted public debates that were tied up with racial discourses and concerns about procreation, heredity, and the mutability and immutability of the Jewish body. The text shows how modern German Jewish writers such as Arthur Schnitzler, Else Lasker-Schüler, and Franz Rosenzweig wrestle with this idea of love away from biologist thought and reinstate it as a model of sociopolitical relations. It concludes by tracing the relevance of this model in post-Holocaust works by Gershom Scholem, Hannah Arendt, and Barbara Honigmann.
Introduction
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book reads love stories such as Romeo and Juliet together with political and philosophical texts that invoke the idea of love in order to rethink the relations between different social groups. It argues that these texts together constitute a discourse of love that accompanied Jewish emancipation and assimilation in the German-speaking countries from the beginning. The focus is on romantic love, which is defined as the powerful attraction between two individuals and the basis of a potentially lifelong relationship. The chapter argues that because romantic love shares a semantic domain with terms such as friendship, family affection, and neighbor-love, literary love stories can proffer a sociopolitical commentary, and political texts can mobilize the rhetoric of love.
Romantic Love and the Denial of Difference
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter moves into the early Romantic period, when the increased social interaction between Jews and Christians in the Romantic salons led to much-discussed interfaith love affairs that found their way into literature. When in 1799 Friedrich Schlegel, the leading theoretician of German Romanticism, published Lucinde, the clearest example of the Romantic love ideal in German literature, it was widely assumed that the novel was based on the author's relationship with Dorothea Veit, the oldest daughter of Moses Mendelssohn. It is argued that Schlegel's transformation of love into a model for society hinges upon the elision of religious difference in favor of sexual opposition, an elision that explains the striking absence of references to Jews and Judaism in the novel. The second part of the chapter reads Veit's own novel Florentin (1801), in which love conspicuously fails to secure the hero the sense of home and identity he desires, as a critical response to Lucinde and a subversion of the Romantic love ideal. In resisting the homogenizing force of romantic love, Veit continues the political project of Mendelssohn, who sought to harness the powers of love for Jewish emancipation while guarding against forced assimilation.
Invisible Weapons
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

In 1098, three years into the First Crusade and after a brutal eight-month siege, the Franks captured the city of Antioch. Two days later, Muslim forces arrived with a relief army, and the victors became the besieged. Exhausted and ravaged by illness and hunger, the Franks were exhorted by their religious leaders to supplicate God, and for three days they performed a series of liturgical exercises, beseeching God through ritual prayer to forgive their sins and grant them victory. The following day, the Christian army, accompanied by bishops and priests reciting psalms and hymns, marched out of the city to face the Muslim forces and won a resounding and improbable victory. From the very beginning and throughout the history of the Crusades, liturgical prayer, masses, and alms were all marshaled in the fight against the Muslim armies. During the Fifth Crusade, Pope Honorius III likened liturgy to “invisible weapons.” This book is about those invisible weapons; about the prayers and liturgical rituals that were part of the battle for the faith. The book tells the story of the greatest collective religious undertaking of the Middle Ages, putting front and center the ways in which Latin Christians communicated their ideas and aspirations for crusade to God through liturgy, how liturgy was deployed in crusading, and how liturgy absorbed ideals or priorities of crusading. Liturgy helped construct the devotional ideology of the crusading project, endowing war with religious meaning, placing crusading ideals at the heart of Christian identity, and embedding crusading warfare squarely into the eschatological economy. By connecting medieval liturgical books with the larger narrative of crusading, Gaposchkin allows us to understand a crucial facet in the culture of holy war.
The Militant Eschatology of the Liturgy and the Origins of Crusade Ideology
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins before 1095, with rites and ideas contained in the liturgy prior to Urban II's epochal speech calling for the First Crusade at Clermont (1095). It establishes the basic liturgical language that influenced both crusading and the ideology of crusade, discussing the image of Jerusalem in the Western liturgy, and the rites of penitential pilgrimage, warfare, and the cross on which crusading drew. Each of these liturgical traditions would come to play a role in crusading, and their origins expose the processes by which the First Crusade was inflected by monastic ideals and grew out of, but recombined, existing devotional and ideological paradigms. It was these texts that allowed crusading to be so smoothly integrated into a larger eschatological scheme that mapped fighting Muslims onto fighting the greater battle against the devil.
Love's Wounds
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This book takes an in-depth look at the widespread language of violence and abjection in early modern European love poetry. Beginning in fourteenth-century Italy, the book shows how Petrarch established a pattern of inequality between suffering poet and exalted Beloved rooted in political parrhēsia. Sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century French and English poets reshaped Petrarch's model into an idiom of extravagant brutality coded to their own historical circumstances. The book argues that these poets exaggerated the posture of the downtrodden lover, adapting the rhetoric of powerless desire to forge a new “countersovereignty” from within the heart of vulnerability—a potentially revolutionary position through which to challenge cultural, religious, and political authority. Creating a secular equivalent to the martyr, early modern sonneteers crafted a voice that was both critical and unstoppable because it suffered. The book tracks the development of the counter-sovereign voice from Francesco Petrarca to Maurice Scève, Joachim du Bellay, Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare. Through interdisciplinary and transnational analyses, the text reads early modern sonnets as sites of contestation and collaboration and rewrites the relationship between early modern literary forms.
Petrarchan Tyranny and Lyric Resistance in Spenser’s Amoretti and The Faerie Queene
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the use of Petrarchan themes to explore modes of legitimate political resistance by considering the constant collaborative dialogue between Edmund Spenser's sonnet sequence Amoretti and his epic-romance poem The Faerie Queene. It argues that Amoretti's Petrarchism is political, whereas The Faerie Queene's politics are Petrarchan: the two works collaboratively stage contests between lyric and epic that test each genre's strategies of resistance to tyranny. It shows that the sonnets articulate contestation and critique through lyric countersovereignty, while the epic-romance overthrows various Petrarchan Beloveds through its narrative teleology. By delegitimizing their Beloveds' sovereignty, both texts open up the possibility of lyric resistance to tyranny. They also share highly specific imagery in their portrayals of subjection and vulnerability.
Everyday Law in Russia
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This book challenges the prevailing common wisdom that Russians cannot rely on their law and that Russian courts are hopelessly politicized and corrupt. While acknowledging the persistence of verdicts dictated by the Kremlin in politically charged cases, the text explores how ordinary Russian citizens experience law. Relying on extensive observational research in Russia's new justice-of-the-peace courts as well as analysis of a series of focus groups, the book documents Russians' complicated attitudes regarding law. It shows that Russian judges pay close attention to the law in mundane disputes, which account for the vast majority of the cases brought to the Russian courts. Any reluctance on the part of ordinary Russian citizens to use the courts is driven primarily by their fear of the time and cost—measured in both financial and emotional terms—of the judicial process. Like their American counterparts, Russians grow more willing to pursue disputes as the social distance between them and their opponents increases; Russians are loath to sue friends and neighbors, but are less reluctant when it comes to strangers or acquaintances. The book concludes that the “rule of law” rubric is ill suited to Russia and other authoritarian polities where law matters most—but not all—of the time.
Legal Consciousness(es) in Russia
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Russian public opinion about law and courts. It first provides an overview of Russian legal consciousness, alternatively referred to as legal culture, before explaining the methodology employed in the present analysis. It then considers the available empirical evidence to determine whether law matters to Russians and if it does, then for whom and under what circumstances. It also discusses those factors that tend to encourage or discourage trust in the capacity of Russian law to matter as well as the Russians' willingness to use the law to solve their problems. Respondents were asked, for example, about their level of support for cornerstone principles of democracy, such as free elections, law and order, and freedom of speech. The results show that Russians are moving away from legal nihilism and that law matters for an increasing percentage of Russians. They shy away from the courts, tending to use them only when no other options are available. Furthermore, Russians' confidence in law and legal institutions is situational.
Dealing with Auto Accidents
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Russians react after automobile accidents. It first describes the institutional infrastructure governing auto accidents before considering the aftermath of traffic accidents, with an eye to what it reveals about the country's legal culture. A comparison of water leaks and automobile accidents illustrates how people behave in the wake of such accidents. The chapter shows that Russians prefer to work out solutions on their own. They are skeptical of the capacity of formal legal institutions to provide help. It also discusses the ways in which Russians respond to auto accidents, such as seeking reconciliation, resorting to third-party intervention, employing avoidance strategy, negotiating privately, or initiating litigation to avoid having to go through the bureaucracy of their insurance companies.
Drawing the Lines
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

Radical redistricting plans, such as that pushed through by Texas governor Rick Perry in 2003, are frequently used for partisan purposes. Perry's plan sent twenty-one Republicans (and only eleven Democrats) to Congress in the 2004 elections. Such heavy-handed tactics strike many as contrary to basic democratic principles. This book uses a combination of political science methods and legal studies insights to investigate the effects of redistricting on U.S. House elections. It concludes that partisan gerrymandering poses far less of a threat to democratic accountability than conventional wisdom would suggest. Building on a large data set of the demographics of redrawn districts and subsequent congressional elections, the book looks less at the who and how of gerrymandering and considers more closely the practical effects of partisan redistricting plans. It finds that the redrawing of districts often results in no detrimental effect for district-level competition. Short-term benefits in terms of capturing seats are sometimes achieved but long-term results are uncertain. By focusing on the end results rather than on the motivations of political actors, the book seeks to recast the political debate about the importance of partisanship. It supports institutionalizing metrics for competitiveness that would prove more threatening to all incumbents no matter their party affiliation.
Introduction
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

As the results of the 2002 election flashed across their television screens, Texas’s congressional Republicans could be forgiven for feeling a certain amount of dissatisfaction with the redistricting process in the United States. Their party had seen its share of the statewide vote in U.S. House elections increase from 49.8 percent in 1992 to 54.9 percent in 2002. Yet, even with this latest ten-point victory over the Democrats in the popular vote, they had once again failed to convert their increasingly dominant electoral support into a Republican majority in the state’s congressional delegation. A partisan gerrymander, passed in the wake of the 1990 Census and left largely intact by the district boundaries implemented by the federal courts following the 2000 Census, had allowed the Democratic Party to maintain its overall majority in the Texas delegation for more than a decade. The Democrats won twenty-one of Texas’s thirty seats in Congress in 1992, and managed to retain control of nineteen in 1994 and seventeen from 1996 to 2000, despite averaging just 45.8 percent of the two-party vote in these elections. In 2003, the Texas Republicans, armed for the first time with control of both houses of the state legislature and the governorship, undertook an unprecedented mid-decade redrawing of the state’s congressional boundaries. Though many Republicans in the state government were opposed to the idea of redrawing the district boundaries mid-decade, the effort was initiated under considerable pressure from Republicans in Congress, most notably House majority leader Tom DeLay (...
Conclusion
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

This book has investigated the consequences of partisan control of the redistricting process for the outcome of congressional elections in the 1990s and 2000. The evidence it has presented contradicts much of what has been written on the redistricting process, including the oft-repeated claims that partisan gerrymandering influences the results of subsequent elections and undermines electoral responsiveness. This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and discusses their applicability to the present redistricting cycle that began following the 2010 Census. It also considers some policy implications that these findings may have for the redistricting reform movement and debates over the proper way to redraw electoral boundaries in a democratic system. It suggests that reformers should focus on how the redistricting process can be modified to prevent the subversive effects of incumbent protection gerrymanders. Finally, it outlines some potential directions for future research on this topic.
Prologue
Authors: Kan Naoto , Irish Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan's recollections about the first week of Great East Japan earthquake. From the time of the earthquake disaster on March 11, 2011, he remained in the prime minister's office complex and, when he was alone, napped in his disaster fatigues on a couch in the reception room located behind the office where he conducted his official duties. He says that “napped,” meant just lying down and resting his body while his mind raced, thinking frantically about how to cope with the earthquake and tsunami, about the potential escalation of the nuclear accident, and whether it could be contained. He could not remember actually sleeping.
Structure and characterization of a NAD(P)H‐dependent carbonyl reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
Authors: Li Shanshan , Teng Xiaozhen , Su Li , Mao Guannan , Xu Yueyang , Li Tingting , Liu Riuhua , Zhang Qionglin , Wang Yingying , Bartlam Mark
Published: May 2017

To investigate the function of the pa4079 gene from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, we determined its crystal structure and confirmed it to be a NAD(P)‐dependent short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase. Structural similarity and activity for a broad range of substrates indicate that PA4079 functions as a carbonyl reductase. Comparison of apo‐ and holo‐PA4079 shows that NADP stabilizes the active site specificity loop, and small molecule binding induces rotation of the Tyr183 side chain by approximately 90° out of the active site. Quantitative real‐time PCR results show that pa4079 maintains high expression levels during antibiotic exposure. This work provides a starting point for understanding substrate recognition and selectivity by PA4079, as well as its possible reduction of antimicrobial drugs.

Database

Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) under the following accession numbers: apo PA4079 (condition I), 5WQM; apo PA4079 (condition II), 5WQN; PA4079 + NADP (condition I), 5WQO; PA4079 + NADP (condition II), 5WQP.
Calibration and testing of wide‐field UV instruments
Authors: Frey H. U. , Mende S. B. , Loicq J. , Habraken S.
Published: May 2017

As with all optical systems the calibration of wide‐field ultraviolet (UV) systems includes three main areas: sensitivity, imaging quality, and imaging capability. The one thing that makes UV calibrations difficult is the need for working in vacuum substantially extending the required time and effort compared to visible systems. In theory a ray tracing and characterization of each individual component of the optical system (mirrors, windows, and grating) should provide the transmission efficiency of the combined system. However, potentially unknown effects (contamination, misalignment, and measurement errors) can make the final error too large and unacceptable for most applications. Therefore, it is desirable to test and measure the optical properties of the whole system in vacuum and compare the overall response to the response of a calibrated photon detector. A proper comparison then allows the quantification of individual sources of uncertainty and ensures that the whole instrument performance is within acceptable tolerances or pinpoints which parts fail to meet requirements. Based on the experience with the IMAGE Spectrographic Imager, the Wide‐band Imaging Camera, and the ICON Far Ultraviolet instruments, we discuss the steps and procedures for the proper radiometric sensitivity and passband calibration, spot size, imaging distortions, flatfield, and field of view determination.
Ionospheric response following the Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake on 25 April 2015
Authors: Liu Haitao , Ding Feng , Zhao Biqiang , Li Jianyong , Hu Lianhuan , Wan Weixing , Ning Baiqi
Published: May 2017

A detailed observation of the coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) after the Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake has been carried out using total electron content (TEC) data from 333 GPS stations. This inland earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, at a depth of ~15 km. Following the quake at 6:11 UT, groups of CIDs were observed from 06:18 to 07:00 UT. The CIDs we observed could be classified into three groups: CIDs related to gravity waves (GWs), CIDs related to acoustic waves (AWs), and CIDs related to seismic Rayleigh surface waves. The GW‐related CIDs traveled at a velocity of ~500 m/s. They were mainly observed to the south and north of the epicenter, within 600 km of the event, with a maximum amplitude of 0.18 total electron content unit (TECU; 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2). The AW‐related CIDs traveled at a velocity of ~700–1400 m/s. They could be observed for 1000 km in all directions from the epicenter, with an amplitude of ~0.3 TECU. The CIDs related to Rayleigh waves could be observed only to the east of the epicenter, at a maximum distance of 1800 km. They had an apparent velocity of ~2.0–2.3 km/s. Through comparing the seismogram data from Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology to the TEC data, we found that the azimuthal characteristics of the ground vibrations agree with the directivity of the CIDs related to Rayleigh surface waves.
Energetic electron precipitation and auroral morphology at the substorm recovery phase
Authors: Oyama S. , Kero A. , Rodger C. J. , Clilverd M. A. , Miyoshi Y. , Partamies N. , Turunen E. , Raita T. , Verronen P. T. , Saito S.
Published: May 2017

It is well known that auroral patterns at the substorm recovery phase are characterized by diffuse or patch structures with intensity pulsation. According to satellite measurements and simulation studies, the precipitating electrons associated with these aurorae can reach or exceed energies of a few hundreds of keV through resonant wave‐particle interactions in the magnetosphere. However, because of difficulty of simultaneous measurements, the dependency of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) on auroral morphological changes in the mesoscale has not been investigated to date. In order to study this dependency, we have analyzed data from the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar, the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) riometer, collocated cameras, ground‐based magnetometers, the Van Allen Probe satellites, Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), and the Antarctic‐Arctic Radiation‐belt (Dynamic) Deposition‐VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium (AARDDVARK). Here we undertake a detailed examination of two case studies. The selected two events suggest that the highest energy of EEP on those days occurred with auroral patch formation from postmidnight to dawn, coinciding with the substorm onset at local midnight. Measurements of the EISCAT radar showed ionization as low as 65 km altitude, corresponding to EEP with energies of about 500 keV.
P wave anisotropic tomography of the Alps
Authors: Hua Yuanyuan , Zhao Dapeng , Xu Yixian
Published: May 2017

The first tomographic images of P wave azimuthal and radial anisotropies in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Alps are determined by joint inversions of arrival time data of local earthquakes and teleseismic events. Our results show the south dipping European plate with a high‐velocity (high‐V) anomaly beneath the western central Alps and the north dipping Adriatic plate with a high‐V anomaly beneath the Eastern Alps, indicating that the subduction polarity changes along the strike of the Alps. The P wave azimuthal anisotropy is characterized by mountain chain‐parallel fast‐velocity directions (FVDs) in the western central Alps and NE‐SW FVDs in the Eastern Alps, which may be caused by mantle flow induced by the slab subductions. Our results reveal a negative radial anisotropy (i.e., Vph < Vpv) within the subducting slabs and a positive radial anisotropy (i.e., Vph > Vpv) in the low‐velocity mantle wedge, which may reflect the subvertical plate subduction and its induced mantle flow. The results of anisotropic tomography provide important new information on the complex mantle structure and dynamics of the Alps and adjacent regions.
Projected increases in daily to decadal variability of Asian‐Australian monsoon rainfall
Authors: Brown Josephine R. , Moise Aurel F. , Colman Robert A.
Published: May 2017

Changes in rainfall variability in future climate will pose challenges for adaptation. To evaluate changes in Asian‐Australian monsoon wet season rainfall, daily data from historical and future (Representative Concentration Pathway “RCP8.5”) climate simulations are band pass‐filtered to isolate variability on near‐daily, weekly, monthly, intraseasonal, annual, interannual, and decadal time scales. This method is used to quantify changes in variability from 35 coupled climate models for each time scale over the Australian, South Asian, and East Asian monsoon domains. In nearly all cases, the median model change is positive, indicating increased rainfall variability, although with large model spread. The role of increased atmospheric moisture is examined by estimating the change due to an idealized thermodynamic enhancement. This enhancement produces increases in variability that are within the range of the simulated changes under the RCP8.5 scenario, indicating that thermodynamic responses provide a first‐order explanation for the increased daily to decadal monsoon rainfall variability.
On the direction of the Poynting flux associated with equatorial plasma depletions as derived from Swarm
Authors: Rodríguez‐Zuluaga J. , Stolle C. , Park J.
Published: May 2017

Magnetic and electric field observations from the European Space Agency Swarm mission are used to report the direction of electromagnetic energy flux associated with equatorial plasma depletions. Contrary to expectations, the observations suggest a general interhemispheric Poynting flux rather than concurrent flows at both hemispheres toward or away from the equator. Of high interest is a particular behavior noticed over the region with the largest variation in the magnetic declination. This is a Poynting flux flowing mainly into the southern magnetic hemisphere about between 60°W and 30°E and into the northern magnetic hemisphere between 110°W and 60°W. The abrupt change in the flow direction at 60°W is suggested to be caused by an asymmetry between the hemispheres on the ionospheric conductivity, likely due to the influence of thermospheric winds and the presence of the South Atlantic Anomaly.
Electron impact study of the 100 eV emission cross section and lifetime of the Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield band system of N2: Direct excitation and cascade
Authors: Ajello J. M. , Malone C. P. , Holsclaw G. M. , Hoskins A. C. , Eastes R. W. , McClintock W. E. , Johnson P. V.
Published: May 2017

We have measured the 100 eV emission cross section of the optically forbidden Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) band system (a1Πg → X1Σ+g) of N2 by electron‐impact‐induced fluorescence. Using a large (1.5 m diameter) vacuum chamber housing an electron gun system and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph optical engineering model, we have obtained calibrated spectral measurements of the LBH band system from 115 to 175 nm over a range of lines of sight to capture all of the optical emissions. These measurements represent the first experiment to directly isolate in the laboratory single‐scattering electron‐impact‐induced fluorescence from both direct excitation of the a1Πg state and cascading contributions to the a1Πg state (a′1Σ−u and w1Δu → a1Πg → X1Σ+g). The determination of the total LBH emission cross section is accomplished by measuring the entire cylindrical glow pattern of the metastable emission from electron impact by imaging lines of sight that measure the glow intensity from zero to ~400 mm radial distance and calculating the ratio of the integrated intensity from the LBH glow pattern to that of a simultaneously observed optically allowed transition with a well‐established cross section: Ni 120.0 nm. The “direct” emission cross section of the a1Πg state at 100 eV was determined to be σemdir = (6.41 ± 1.3) × 10−18 cm2. An important observation from the glow pattern behavior is that the total (direct + cascading) emission cross section is pressure dependent due to collision‐induced cascade transitions between close‐lying electronic states.