bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WESTERNIZING THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: Mehmet Ozay
Published: February 2008

The last 200 years, roughly from the publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations in 1776 to the present, have witnessed a remarkable, systemic drive for the globalization of Western capitalism. The intellectual origin of this drive has been mainstream economics which has capitalised technology, labour, environment and other productive resources; in practice, these resources have been harnessed by aggressive capitalists [originally called adventurers, forerunnes of today's multinational corporations (MNCs)] in a worldwide search for profits. This drive has enriched the West but not the vast majority of humanity.
ECONOMIC DYNAMISM AND THE CHALLENGE TO COMMUNITY
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: February 2008

The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn assunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors,” and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self‐interest, than callous “cash payment.” It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation (Marx, 1848: 475).
ECONOMY AND SCHEMES OF RECURRENCE: SUSTAINABILITY AS AN ECONOMIC AND ETHICAL VALUE
Authors: Sauer James B.
Published: February 2008

Sustainability has become an important catch‐word in several fields that has stimulated an important body of work on a wide variety of topics ranging from economic development and agricultural production to social equity and biodiversity. Few generalizations can be made about such a diverse body of work. However, one can say with some confidence that this reflection has come about in large part from a sense that certain activities constitute a threat to human well‐being through the destruction of the necessary conditions of human survival. This fact has contributed to a rampant pessimism regarding prospects for the future and a rethinking of the meaning of sustainability in the fields noted above. However, acknowledging that sustainability is a rich concept in current thinking about economy, environment, and ecology does not mean that it is clearly understood. Indeed, the opposite is true. For example, John Pezzey, in a recent World Bank study, identified twenty‐seven definitions of sustainability. Even a summary survey of the work about sustainability shows that the term is a multidimensional concept that comprises of a number of interrelated elements, including ecological, environmental, economic, technological, social, cultural, ethical, and political dimensions.
BEHIND THE VEIL OF SCIENCE
Authors: Pluta Leonard
Published: February 2008

One of the most dramatic changes that has occurred in our lifetime in the way we live and in the way that our societies have been organized is the expansion of information and knowledge and their applications to everyday life. The most recent manifestations of this process has been the communication revolution with its dazzling array of inventions such computer hardware and software, modems, fax machines, the internet, etc., and equally dazzling new concepts and ideas, such as the artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, etc. Moreover, less dramatic, yet equally important, applications of new knowledge have occurred in such diverse economic sectors as transportation, construction, manufacturing, electronics, etc. The application of knowledge to the economic process has reached such a stage that some economists have been induced to “cash” on it. Naula Beck, for example, has achieved some short lived popularity with her newly developed topology based on the role of knowledge in economy. She divides the economy into an expanding, knowledge based “new economy” and a declining, resource based “old economy” with the former being essentially where the action is.
ETHICO‐ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROFIT‐LOSS CONTRACT SYSTEM FOR ECONOMIC STABILITY
Authors: Suliman Osman
Published: February 2008

The onset of interest‐free capital markets in the last two decades has aroused worries about the ability of the new system to mobilize sufficient supply of loanable funds and maintain a sustainable, stable economic growth.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ACHIEVING A MORALLY ACCEPTABLE END BY MORALLY ACCEPTABLE MEANS
Authors: Tomsons Sandra
Published: February 2008

The notion of sustainable development, which appears to have become a permanent fixture in political and economic discussions at the national and international level, carries with it approvals of various sorts. At a time when the sheer number of human beings on the planet is ecologically problematic, sustainable development has replaced motherhood as that which everyone unreservedly commends. The different foundations upon which approval rests successfully blanket sustainable development with an all encompassing positive assessment. Positively assessed economically, politically, ecologically and purportedly topped off with moral support from human rights and justice considerations, sustainable development has attained the status of an unquestioned good. Frequently it is touted as the highest good. The means to achieving sustainable development globally and how to contribute to it nationally are seriously debated worldwide. While courses of action plotted to secure the end may rest in pages of committee reports or be poorly implemented, the few voices raised against the recommendation to pursue it are scarcely discernable as a murmur in the cacophony of those who sing its praises. Consequently, when the support from economic, political, ecological and moral theories combines with “the people's” commitment to sustainable development, this notion functions to identify today's most powerful justification for the actions or omissions of governments, individually or jointly.
MORALITY IN ECONOMICS
Authors: Wilson Rodney
Published: February 2008

Economists usually try to avoid making moral judgements, at least in their professional capacity. Positive economics is seen as a way of analysing economic problems, in as scientific a manner as is possible in human sciences. Economists are often reluctant to be prescriptive, most seeing their task as presenting information on the various options, but leaving the final choice, to the political decision taker. The view of many economists is that politicians can be held responsible for the morality of their actions when making decisions on economic matters, unlike unelected economic advisors, and therefore the latter should limit their role.
SUCCESS STORY IN MALAYSIA'S DEVELOPMENT: CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Huq Pramanik Ataul
Published: February 2008

The term success in this paper is measured by the yardstick of both material and non‐material ones. This study attempts to examine the success story behind Malaysia's development with evidences drawn from both the conventionally used criteria together with the Islamically motivated universal values and ethos. Of the conventional factors, political consolidation of the first Prime Minister in the presence of dynamic enterprising ability of the Chinese as well as South Indian Community based on family values played a pivotal role in creating a foundation for development. The majority Malays, on the other hand, being the victim of colonial legacies and multi‐farious historical phenomenon were by‐passed. Subsequently, the big bargain of 1957, the year of independence by way of securing Malay special rights in the constitution laid the foundation for new strategy of development based on distributive justice. The New Economic Policy with the twin objetives of eradicating poverty and restructuring society could not have been implemented in the absence of universal values such as loyalty, tolerance, sympathy, caring and sharing being demonstrated by all the races regardless of socio‐economic and political superiority. This paper thus argues that from the very beginning the committed and pragmatic leadership, policy continuation, policy dynamism and policy flexibility, among many others, acted as a catalyst for the success story behind Malaysia's development.
GLOBALISATION AGENDA AND CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TOECONOMIC CO‐OPERATION AMONG THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THEISLAMIC CONFERENCE
Authors: Zeinelabdin Ahmed A. , Ugurel Ilhan
Published: February 2008

Although, in preparing this paper, the authors have had the chance to consult several reports and studies of the SESRTCIC that they had contributed to over the years, they would like to point out that the views expressed in this study are completely of their own and they cannot and should not in any way be attributed to the SESRTCIC or the OIC.
CRITICAL REVIEW OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE SESSION,COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY: CONTEMPORARY AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIOECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA, JULY 12–14, 1996
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: February 2008

The papers of this session taken together can be divided into a theoretical and applied parts. There are both interconnections and differences among these two categories of papers. The common thread of interconnection is the theme of ethics, which is shown either to be the groundwork of distribution and reorganization of ownership and market‐institutions interlinkages in the political economy, or is shown to be the groundwork of an ethical approach to the study of economic theory to make sense out of political economy in a human setting. The dissimilarity among the papers is due to an institutional‐economic approach in some papers and a straight‐forward treatment of ethical issues in economic theory seen through the classical economic reasoning.
THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS FOR PROMOTING SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, MORAL AND SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ALTRUISM RATHER THAN EGOISM
Authors: Hug Pramanik Ataul
Published: February 2008

The human family lays the foundation for altruism. All babies be they human or animal are born helpless. Their very survival depends on the love and affection that are already embedded in the hearts of mothers (Choudhury, 1995, vol. 2). No amount of selfish attitude of mothers, not at least from short life span, can help in the growth of their off‐springs. One can argue that it is the self‐interested motive of the parents and most particularly the mothers of getting supports in their old days that drives them to be altruistic rather than selfish. Being altruistic means undertaking a lot of sacrifice in terms of personal pleasure and happiness merely for seeing pleasure and happiness in others regardless of any human bondage. An egoistic person, on the other, would never care for others. Personal level satisfaction only dominates the mind of an extremely egoistic or self‐centered man.
POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PARTICIPATION OF FEMALES AND EMPOWERMENT OF PEOPLE IN INDONESIA: COUNTRY STUDY
Authors: Tambunan Tulus
Published: February 2008

Since the early 1970s up to recently Indonesia has shown a remarkable economic development process. As a result, in 1993 the country moved into the lower middle‐income group of countries (as classified by the World Bank). During the 1980s the country's economy had about 6 percent per annum average growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and it increased to about 7 percent a year in 1994 and 1995. In 1994 the country's per capita gross national product (GNP) reached an estimated US$884. It is expected that if Indonesia can sustain its present economic growth of 7 percent per year the country's per capita income would rise to over US$1,000 before the end of this century.
STABILITY OF MONEY DEMAND UNDER INTEREST‐FREE VERSUS INTEREST‐BASED BANKING SYSTEM
Authors: Kabir Hassan M. , Aldayel Adnan Q.
Published: February 2008

This study examines empirically the stability of the demand for money under two different financial systems. One system pays interest on money deposited at the bank and charges interest on bank loans; the other does not pay interest on money deposited in the bank, and enters into a profit‐sharing contract with the bank borrower instead of charging interest on bank loans. The first system resembles the western financial system and the second resembles the Islamic financial system. A study by Darrat (1988) studies the behavior of demand for money in Tunisia, and concluded that interest‐free money is more stable than the interest‐bearing money. The behavior of demand for money in fifteen countries has been analyzed in this research in order to find out if the findings by Darrat (1988) are applicable to other countries that practice Islamic banking. This study finds that the velocity of money and its variance are lower for interest‐ free banking system than for interest‐bearing banking system. This result may support the hypothesis that interest‐free money is more stable than interest‐bearing money. The monetary policy implications of interest‐free banking are also analyzed.
REGIONAL ECONOMIC RIGHTS IN ISLAM AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MUSLIM COUNTRIES
Authors: Ramzan Akhtar Muhammad
Published: February 2008

The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) laid the foundations of the Islamic state in Medina in 622 A.D. The state expanded gradually during the 10‐year rule of the Prophet (pbuh). The Arabian Peninsula and Southern Palestine were conquered during that period. The state expanded enormously during the reign of Umar (RA). Many countries of the Roman and Persian empires comprising an area of more than 2.2 million were annexed. Historians have noted that this framework played a vital role in integrating these people which in turn strengthened the state.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Tennyson Brian
Published: February 2008

In 1995 the University College of Cape Breton signed a memorandum of understanding with the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in which the two institutions agreed to collaborate in a number of ways, but particularly with respect to the study of development economics and community economic development.
GLOBAL MEGATRENDS AND THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: February 2008

What do we mean by the term ‘megatrend’? A megatrend is a prominent feature of global politico‐economic change brought about by or against the recent thrust of capitalist globalization. A megatrend is also a pattern of thinking and action that is entrenched in a certain perception of historical change and capital‐worker ownership relationships. A megatrend is thus seen as a pattern of change that will profoundly impress the future of mankind in its relationship with others and with the full gamut of the ecological domain including markets and institutions (Heilbroner & Milberg, 1996). In this paper, the study of megatrends will also encompass the hidden forces that will powerfully influence, profoundly change and guide that momentum of change to an objective globalization in the future, even as the growthmanship agenda of global capitalism breathes its last in a post‐modern age.
CREDIT FOR SELF‐EMPLOYMENT AND MICRO‐ENTERPRISE IN COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kasim Sukor
Published: February 2008

In a paper entitled ‘On reaching the poor’, Professor Muhammad Yunus, the founder and the managing director of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh (GBB), reasoned that
REPLICATING GRAMEEN IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Fleischer Rebecca
Published: February 2008

Papua New Guinea is a country with relatively low levels of social and economic development, particularly for women. Severe social problems, including unemployment, lawlessness and domestic violence combine with a particular set of geographic, historical, cultural and economic conditions to make life difficult for the country's rural poor, and especially for women. Self‐help through the provision of small‐scale credit for income‐generating activities is a relatively new concept in Papua New Guinea, although some forms of rural credit have existed since the 1960s. The need and demand for such credit are very high.
PARTICIPATION OF INDIGENOUS MALAYSIANS IN COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES AND ASPIRATIONS IN ANTICIPATION OF THE YEAR 2000
Authors: Kechot Zhahir , Aini Khalifah Noor
Published: February 2008

The phenomenon of economic specialization of Malaysians along racial lines was probably the most important colonial legacy that was left behind by the British when the country attained its independence in 1957. At the time of independence, the indigenous Malay people, collectively termed as bumiputeras, were engaged in the declining or at best stagnant peasant sector, while the non‐indigenous communities were engaged in the buoyant plantation and mining sectors, as well as in commerce and industry. The imbalance obvious in this arrangement tended to be self‐perpetuating and cumulative because the Malays had low income and low capacity to accumulate capital to invest in their education or to move to urban areas, where the growth industries were located.
CAUSES OF THE ALLAIS CHOICE (a1, b2)
Authors: Lin H.Y. , Sheng C.L.
Published: February 2008

Paradox has been an instrument to challenge the traditional expected utility theory. Paradox arises from the inconsistency between the empirical or experimental results and the theoretical deductions. In the expected utility theory field, there are many paradoxes or effects showing behaviors that are contradictory to the “theoretical” ones. Many studies questioned the validity of the expected utility theory by means of these paradoxes; while many others disqualified the expected utility theory as a descriptive model for human decision making behaviors. Among these paradoxes or effects, the Allais Paradox raised by Allais in 1953 is the most famous one.
POSTPONING ARMAGEDDON: WHY POPULATION GROWTH ISN'T OUT OF CONTROL
Authors: Caffey Daniel , Block Walter
Published: February 2008

This paper argues that the belief that the rapid growth of the human population will inevitably lead to a major ecological disaster is neither intuitively nor empirically tenable. A significant portion of the world's pollution comes not from overpopulated poorer nations, but from Western nations with very low population growth rates. On the other hand, most of this damage is the result of misguided government policies, and not Western overconsumption. Overpopulation is not likely to be a problem environmentally because Malthusian predictions are often made based on the assumption that current rates of resource use and population growth rates will remain the same. Such assumptions ignore the critical role that adaptability has played in allowing humans to avert Malthusian crises. Substitution of products, innovative production methods, and technological changes all ensure in the long run, very few of the facts that predictions are based on will remain fixed.
MODELLING ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR: A CASE OF FAILURE IN COORDINATION
Authors: Jamal Anwar Ahmed
Published: February 2008

This paper seeks first to build up a game‐theoretic model of the interactions of two agents ‐ a husband and a wife ‐ in a short story about sincere selection of a strategy of self‐sacrifice, and then to find out a solution of the model. This formal model as well as informal analysis is employed to argue that the conventional virtue of everybody's choice of a strategy of sacrifice for others in a group, especially when these strategies are uncoordinated, may ultimately lead to social vice, i.e. irrational behaviour and attempts at rationalization of it by all.
ATTITUDES OF SAUDI WOMEN TOWARDS PARTICIPATING IN THE LABOUR FORCE
Authors: Al‐Orabi Hekmat M.
Published: February 2008

This paper investigates the socioeconomic factors which influence Saudi women's decisions to participate in the labour market. A sample of 1225 Saudi women was studied using the logit, probit and discriminant analysis.
Marriage and Other Prisoner's Dilemmas
Authors: Waldron Randall E.
Published: February 2008

The “prisoner dilemma” is distinguished for its characterization of the interaction engaged in by parties whose “fates are interdependent,” but whose “self‐interests are not perfectly consonant,” to use the phrasing of Stevel Salop (1986). Economists have devoted an extensive literature to situations that are in essence prisoner's dilemmas, such as competition in oligopolies. However, what is striking about the prisoner's dilemma is not so much its relevance to particular market structures as its pervasiveness in many areas of life. As economists have broadened the scope of their studies to include interactions beyond the marketplace, they have frequently alluded to the existence of the prisoner's dilemma. Nonetheless, scholars have not yet fully explored the connections between the prisoner's dilemma, the standard microeconomic model of utility maximization, and the social institutions that attempt to secure Pareto efficient outcomes. Using marriage as its primary example, this paper examines the conditions and institutions that made relationships work to facilitate cooperation, avoiding the typical outcome of a situation characterized by the prisoner's dilemma.
Post‐Modernity and the Future Global Order
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: February 2008

An epistemological inquiry underlies the investigation of the methodological content of modernity and post‐modernity as explained by their socio‐scientific world views. Against the continued prospect of a moral and intellectual demise of either of these epistemologies in the new millennium, is set the emergence of the final world view premised on unity of knowledge to configure substantive socio‐scientific realities. The fundamental premises of all of these paradigms are investigated and several examples pointed out in their light. An important one is the alternative organisation of the socioeconomic order by means of micro‐enterprises.
WTO and Regionalism: Opportunities and Challenges for Malaysian Industries
Authors: Siew Yean Tham , Wai Heng Loke
Published: February 2008

The conclusion of the Uruguay Round (UR) in 1994 and the subsequent establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in January 995 signaled a new era in terms of global trade. At the same time the prolonged years of negotiations of the UR also witnessed an increase in the expansion and extension of various regional arrangements. Consequently, the global environment has shifted toward institution‐driven globalisation and regionalism concurrently. The new international horizon promises significant opportunities and challenges for Malaysian industries. The objective of this paper is to assess the ability of Malaysian manufacturing to face these opportunities and challenges by evaluating their competitiveness. The findings of this study reveal only three sub‐sectors that are competitive even before the advent of the financial crisis. Further, the crisis has worsened the competitive position of the manufacturing sector. Hence, it is imperative that current government policies work toward restoring macro‐economic and political stability. At the same time, the medium‐ and long‐term needs of this sector call for a shift in industrial policy from mere export promotion to technology and human resource promotion.
Agricultural and Industrial Development in Malaysia: Policy Bias?
Authors: Zakiah Ahmad Nor , Abdul Majid Mariani , Azlan Shah Zaidi Mohd
Published: February 2008

This paper analyses the policies related to the development of the agricultural and industrial sectors in Malaysia. The objective of the paper is to determine whether there exist biases in government policies pertaining to these two sectors. The paper begins by providing a brief overview of Malaysian economic development. This section analyses the policies introduced to develop the two sectors. The next section contains an analysis of the policies, government expenditure and employment in the agricultural and industrial sectors to test the presence of policy biases. The paper concludes that there is no significant policy biases between these two sectors.
Progress of Community Development in Malaysia
Authors: Padmini Selvaratnam Doris , Bee Tin Poo
Published: February 2008

Modernisation and rapid industrialisation has caused not only structural changes in economic aspect but also in the social and political aspect of the Malaysian society. Changes in lifestyle, increase in awareness on individual rights and also the realisation of collective power has begun to change the social and political aspect of society. In all the changes undergone, it is quite often that the rural and urban poor who are marginalised and lag behind in economic advancement. Community development is an important element in pursuing economic progress and also in encouraging active participation of the capable and potential members of society. This article aims to look at the development of community development in Malaysia and the various programmes carried out under the Social Development Programme. Some suggestions are also given as a means to improve future community development programmes
Constraints to Rural Community Involvement and “Success” in Non‐agricultural Activities: Some Evidence from Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Berma Madeline
Published: February 2008

The Iban are the largest ethnic group in Sarawak. This paper analyses their participation in one of the most common forms of rural non‐agricultural activities in Sarawak, namely commercial handicraft production (CHP). Traditionally, the Iban produce handicrafts for personal use. With the introduction of the Iban to the cash economy, the presence of demand for their handicrafts, and the growing insecurities in the rural economy one would expect Iban craftspersons to participate actively in RNAE and produce handicrafts for commercial purposes. Some Iban craftspersons have taken up CHP, while others have not. Some have achieved economic “success” while others have failed. This suggests that there are different responses to, and impact of non‐agricultural activities (particularly CHP) on the Iban in rural Sarawak. This paper addresses the following key questions: What are the factors preventing rural communities from taking up and/or succeeding in RNAE, particularly commercial handicraft production? Is it due to the lack of willingness among Iban craftspersons to participate in commercial activities? Is it due to limited access to market and institutional support? This paper is based on a survey conducted on 200 Iban craftspersons from eleven longhouses in Kapit Division, Sarawak between 1993 until 1996
Informal Economy, Micro‐Finance and Non‐Governmental Organisations in Malaysia
Authors: Yusof Kasim Mohd , Jayasooria Denison
Published: February 2008

The main aim of this paper is two‐fold: first, to discuss the role of micro‐finance institutions (MFIs) in promoting informal sector in Malaysia; second, to identify issues and policy measures on MFIs and the informal sector. The paper attempts to suggest that there is a strong need for having formal polices and institutions to service the informal sector and tap their potential for economic regeneration. This paper focuses on six micro‐finance programmes, namely, Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia, Yayasan Usaha Maju, Koperasi Kredit Rakyat, Kooperasi Kredit Pekerja, Partners in Enterprise Malaysia and Projek TEKUN. This paper concludes by reviewing issues and challenges of MFIs.
Sweatshop Labour Practices: The Bottom Line to Bring Change to the New Millennium Case of the Apparel Industry
Authors: Firoz Nadeem M. , Ammaturo Caren R.
Published: February 2008

This article reviews the overall issue of sweatshop labour practices, with a particular focus on the apparel industry. Although sweatshop labour exists in the United States, the media focus in recent years has centred mainly on overseas manufacture. This article will review individual companies and the practices of which they have been accused. The issue of labour compensation will also be explored, as low wages is the target reason for many apparel manufacturers to source their production overseas. Appendices to this article include Foreign Labour Statistics, outlining foreign labour compensation as compared to that of the United States. This article will also review the focus of the White House Industry Partnership and United Students Against Sweatshops. Lastly, there is a detailed recommendation for suggested required information on all apparel products labelling, which would summarise the manufacturer's quality of labour practices on the garment label; thus providing the consumer with immediate information on the environment under which the item was manufactured.
The ‘International University’ in the Age of Globalisation: A Unifier of Knowledge or an Information Factory?
Authors: Mehmet Ozay
Published: February 2008

In a small, but insightful book, Civilization on Trial, written more than half a century ago, the great English historian, Arnold Toynbee, expressed great pessimism about the prospects of Western civilisation which he found to be Eurocentric (Toynbee, 1948). Toynbee's study of history was universalistic, reflecting a deep knowledge and respect for non‐Western cultures and civilisations. For Toynbee history was unified whole; it was a universal history of the entire humanity, not just of some Western people. In this sense, Toynbee is similar to the great Muslim scholar, Ibn Khaldun, the author of Muqaddimah, written almost six centuries ago, as an inquiry into the causes of the rise and decline of civilisations (Mehmet, 1990: 81–4).
Advances in Technology and Global Welfare
Authors: Fazel Shokoofeh
Published: February 2008

The real impact of advances in technology on global welfare is an unresolved issue. According to a recent Human Development Report, globalization based on technical advances in information technology has not had a positive impact on economies of developing countries. While advances in technology have helped improve standards of living in industrialized countries, they have caused developing countries to further lag behind. Some other studies, however, have concluded that investment in technology is a critical factor in improving economic welfare of all countries. It is important to note that most of the empirical studies in the latter group have treated technology investment as an independent variable explaining growth in economic welfare. In this paper, we argue against the notion that investment technology is an independent variable explaining welfare in developing countries. In section one, we present logical reasons why technology in itself fails to create better standards of living in developing countries. In section two, we will use a cross sectional simple regression model to test the relationship between advances in technology and economic welfare in developing countries. The results of our empirical study confirm our arguments of section one that global technological advances have not helped the economies of developing countries.
Application of Islamic Economic System in a Contemporary Economy: An Illustration with Poverty and Inequity in the USA
Authors: Sharif Mohammed
Published: February 2008

This article examines the feasibility of Islamic economic system in a modern economy. Contemporary economic system is sophisticated and very complex. Islam established the foundations of its economic system fourteen hundred years ago and its principles are deemed straightforward and simple. So the question arises: How can such a straightforward and simple system handle the complicated problems of a modern economy? This question is addressed here using the problems of poverty and inequity in the USA as an illustration. The choice of the USA is based on the level of its affluence and technological development, but its failure to eliminate the scourge of chronic poverty in spite of the availability of the means to do what. I first show the nature of the problems in terms of poverty, hunger, homelessness, lack of medical care, and inequity in the distribution of income and wealth, in stark contradiction to the affluence of the country. Then I demonstrate how the application of the Islamic principles can, within a very short time, solve these problems without at all stifling the prosperity of the society. This conclusion, however, should not be misconstrued as if Islam cannot deal with the problems in the context of developing countries — Islamic principles worked like miracles in solving these and other problems with the least amount of resources during the early days of Islam.
Is the Austrian School of Economics a Victim of “Economic Correctness?”
Authors: Block Walter
Published: February 2008

In order to answer this question, it will first be necessary to distinguish between political and economic correctness on the one hand, and then between Austrian and mainstream economics on the other.
Is Interactive/Active Learning Superior to Traditional Lecturing in Economics Courses?
Authors: Dorestani Alireza
Published: February 2008

The main purpose of this paper is to show how by using very simple concepts and techniques, which I have learned during my training at the Program for Excellence in Teaching (PET) at the University of Missouri‐Columbia and teaching experience at the same university for six years, the classroom atmosphere can be improved and become more interesting and through which students can learn more. It is not to say that there is no need for new teaching theories and concepts, but I believe we are more in need of knowing how to apply what we already know. The lack of sufficient empirical test is another reason for writing this paper. In this paper I conduct five different statistical tests to show how interactive learning, in which students have active role in developing new/unknown concepts, is more effective than traditional teaching (lecturing), in which students have passive role in learning new materials.
The Ontological Principles of Gandhian Political Economy
Authors: Ghosh B.N.
Published: February 2008

Like the quixotic character that never knew that he was speaking all through his life in pure and simple prose, Gandhi never realized that what he was preaching and practicing throughout his life was in fact the basic principles and theories that could be subsumed under the contemporary discipline of political economy (PE). Gandhian political economy (GPE) is replete with many of the characteristics of classical and Marxian political economy and these are mentioned at relevant places throughout this work. It also assimilates some of the major features of contemporary heterodox political economy, in particular, the class analysis of Neo‐Marxism; gender, ethnicity and class analysis of Feminist political economy; the analysis of justice, ethics and institutional trust of social political economy; the analysis of the significance of institutions and institutional change of the institutional‐evolutionary political economy; and the importance of the interdisciplinary focus on contemporary issues like development and international political economy.
A Note on Magnesium Alloy for Castings
Authors: Player E.
Published: February 2008

IN recent years several interesting and excellent papers have been read before various Societies, dealing with magnesium and its alloys.
Breguet All‐Steel Construction
Authors: De Marolles R.J.
Published: February 2008

CONSTRUCTORS of metal aeroplanes since 1910, Messrs. Breguet have recently turned out a new machine which represents a complete breakaway from accepted practice. After acquiring a thorough experience of light alloy construction in the past ten years with their world‐known Breguet 19, they have been led to reconsider the problem of design from the very beginning and to introduce an entirely new conception.
The Development of Air Navigation
Authors: McMullin C.R.
Published: February 2008

THE practice of Air Navigation first began to be seriously considered in this country about the year 1910. Up to that time pilots had been content to follow roads and railways on their short cross‐country trips, and had quite sufficient to occupy themselves with in maintaining their machines in the air without concerning themselves with anything other than the most elementary navigation.
Aeroplane Braking Systems
Authors: Waring‐Brown R.
Published: February 2008

ON the assumption that brakes are essential to the operation of modern aircraft, the question of design must be considered, and the exact functions must be studied with a view to obtaining the desired results. The chief requirements of ideal brakes may be summarized as follows:—
Aeroplane Performance Prediction
Authors: Fairbanks Andrew J.
Published: February 2008

WHEN still unversed in the science of aero‐dynamics, and seeking to learn all that was possible about the subject, I happened upon the foundation of what later developed into an aeroplane performance prediction chart which it is the purpose of this article to describe.
Design Tendencies in U.S.A.
Authors: Young Clarence M.
Published: February 2008

AEROPLANE designers in the past four years have been striving for greater speed, with the result that the average speed of models receiving approved type certificates from the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce has been gradually increasing. Along with this increase in speed, however, there has been a decrease in the average of pay load carried in comparison with horse‐power, and also in comparison with gross weight. Moreover, there has been an increase in the average landing speed.
Hydraulic Brakes for Aircraft
Authors: Waring Brown R.
Published: February 2008

IN a previous article the subject of wheel brakes for aeroplanes was surveyed and the various types of brake in use briefly described. It is now proposed to deal in exact detail with hydraulic brakes, which are receiving more and more attention for installation in aircraft.
The Aeroplane in Climbing Flight
Authors: Dupuy Capt. P.
Published: February 2008

IN a preceding article we analysed the rectilinear and uniform horizontal flight of the aeroplane and showed the perfect agreement which exists between the observations made in the air by pilots and the results which are obtained in treating the problem by the calculus and mathematical means.
The U.S. Vertical Wind Tunnel
Authors: Wenzinger Carl J. , Harris Thomas A.
Published: February 2008

SOME of the major problems under investigation by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics may be placed under the general heading of safety in flight. One of the most important of these problems is the study of spinning, both in the wind tunnel and in free flight. In the usual horizontal type of wind tunnel, however, considerable difficulty is encountered in making spinning tests of aeroplane models, owing to the force of gravity acting with the rotation for part of a revolution and against the rotation for the remainder. This condition tends to give oscillating readings on the measuring apparatus and can be avoided only by very careful counterbalancing of the spinning model and balance parts. This undesirable feature can be overcome by locating the spin axis in the vertical rather than in the horizontal position, because the effect of gravity on the spin apparatus is then constant. In addition, a vertical type of tunnel requires much less floor space than the horizontal type of the same jet diameter.
Diesel Connecting‐Rod Stresses
Authors: Thornycroft O. , Carter B.C.
Published: February 2008

IN certain instances, where Diesel engine speeds have been taken above 2,000 r.p.m., quite an unexpected degree of trouble has been met with in big‐end bearing design. Bearing areas and connecting‐rod stiffness have been increased in the oil engine, as compared with the petrol engine, so as to allow for the higher gas pressure in the former type, but in spite of this, the white‐metal linings in some engines have been found to break up in the course of long running.
Carrying Machinery by Air
Authors: Banks Charles A.
Published: February 2008

THE development, in 1929, of a large volume of dredgeable gold‐bearing gravel in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea brought the Directors of Placer Development, Ltd., the exploration company which had proved the area and wished to equip it, face to face with an unusually difficult transport problem. The solution of this was so satisfactorily overcome by the use of aeroplanes, that the writer felt that a short paper on the subject would be of interest to members, and, at the same time, helpful to such engineers as may later have somewhat similar problems to surmount.
Supercharged Aero‐Engines
Authors: Brooks C.
Published: February 2008

THE following notes, principally for the use of ground engineers, refer to the super‐charging of the four‐stroke cycle petrol engine; two‐stroke cycle engines and compression ignition engines are not here dealt with.
The Theory and Practice of Air Cooling
Authors: Pye D.R.
Published: February 2008

THE title of this article requires a few words of explanation. In a study of the principles of air cooling, theory by itself takes us only a very little way. On the other hand, the offspring of a happy marriage of theory and practice is capable of taking us very much further than cither of his parents unaided. Theory, like a wise mother, must accept the limitations of her more practical partner, and rest content in the knowledge that he will turn to her for wise and deep counsel when in doubt.
The Uncontrolled Tail Spin
Authors: Korvin‐Kroukovsky B.V.
Published: February 2008

THE complete study of the tail spin divides itself into four distinct parts: the entry into the spin, the steady spin maintained by the action of the controls, the uncontrolled spin, and the recovery from the spin. In this paper we will limit ourselves to the study of the uncontrolled tail spin, i.e., the spin which has reached the state of steady motion, and persists in it with controls neutralized, or even against controls. When we speak about steady motion, we imply that all forces and moments are in a state of complete equilibrium, and that there are no accelerations. The study of the uncontrolled spin is therefore the study of equilibrium in spin. If the proportions of an aeroplane are such as to make possible equilibrium in spin with controls set for recovery, there evidently will be no recovery, because recovery means lack of balance and resulting acceleration. In order to be safe the aeroplane must be proportioned so as to make equilibrium in tail spin impossible, unless the controls are set lor spinning.
The German Research Institute
Authors: Wittmann Carl
Published: February 2008

THE Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luft‐fahrt—known for short as the D.V.L.—at Berlin‐Adlershof, is the central establishment for aeronautical research in Germany. Hitherto the D.V.L. had as its special prerogative the testing of aircraft and aero‐engines for certificates of airworthiness. Since April 1, 1933, the Inspection Department has passed under the authority of the “Reichsamt für Flugsicherung” (Air Security Board), but it has not actually been separated from the D.V.L., continuing to have its premises at the D.V.L. establishment. (Further details of the Inspection Department are given later.)
Shop Practice in Welding
Authors: Gibson W.
Published: February 2008

THESE notes will be confined exclusively to oxy‐acetylene welding, as in this country at all events, the use of electric welding of any kind in aircraft construction is still more or less in the experimental stage.
The Challenge de Tourisme
Authors: de Marolles R.J.
Published: February 2008

THE fourth competition for the “Challenge de Tourisme International,” to give it its official spelling, met with excellent success. Five countries entered 47 machines, 34 contestants qualified at the opening on August 28th at Mokotow aerodrome, near Warsaw, 32 passed the severe preliminary trials and started for a Tour of Europe and North Africa nearly 10,000 km. long, and 19 survived the final ordeal, an all‐out race over 297 km. flown over a triangular course in the vicinity of Warsaw.
Maintenance of Electrical Equipment
Authors: Crook W.E.
Published: February 2008

THE ground engineer must be familiar with the ordinary sources of electrical energy used on aeroplanes. For the long‐distance distribution of power on a commercial scale, alternating current is fast becoming universal, but in an aeroplane, of course, no such scheme is possible, and the comparatively small amount of electrical energy which is required has either to be taken up in the form of a storage battery, or else generated on the spot by a wind‐driven or engine‐driven D.C. dynamo. On most commercial aeroplanes of any size, a combination of both battery and dynamo will be found, the battery acting as a reservoir of electrical energy which is kept replenished by the dynamo.
The Fourth Deutsch Cup Race
Authors: de Marolles R.J.
Published: February 2008

CONTINUITY is a precious virtue, and in this respect no classic aeronautical competition can boast of a record approaching that of the Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe. Regulations drawn up for the first contest, held in 1933, have since remained identical, except in some minor details. The main points—the limitation of the cubic capacity of engines to 8 litres (488.2 cu. in.), the distance of the race, 2,000 km. (1,242 miles), and the provision of a qualifying test calling both for a high average speed and for the demonstration of the ability of the machines to take‐off and land in a reasonable space after clearing an obstruction—all these characteristic features combined have proved the most remarkable incentive to technical progress ever recorded in the history of aviation.
Altitude Record Flights
Authors: de Marolles R.J.
Published: February 2008

THE problem of accurately calculating the actual altitude reached in the course of a record attempt was for long solved by direct reading of the diagrammatic curve of a recording altimeter. This elementary procedure was considered satisfactory before the War at a time when high altitude flying remained an exception and the physical properties of the upper air had not been the subject of extensive scientific research.
High Octane Fuels
Authors: Bass E.L.
Published: February 2008

THE original work of Mr. H. R. Ricardo in 1919 showed some of the technical advantages of using fuels of high anti‐knock value. Since this time the development of aero‐engines in respect of power output and economy has depended more upon the fuels available than upon any other factor. Considerable progress has been made in the direction of improving the anti‐knock value of petroleum spirits, which constitute the bulk of the fuel used in aviation throughout the world. However, until very recently this progress had not been very rapid, and as Mr. Ricardo showed, far greater improvements in anti‐knock value could be achieved by the use of other fuels such as benzol, toluol and alcohol. On the octane scale benzol and toluol have a blending value by the C.F.R. motor method of about 90 in concentrations up to 50 per cent; that of alcohol being about 105. This is shown in Fig. 1, from which it will be observed that two curves are given for ethyl alcohol, one being obtained under motor method conditions (mixture temperature 149 deg. C.) and the other with the same heat input as required for a normal aviation gasoline. By this means the additional advantage of the higher latent heat of the alcohol blends is shown. Neither benzol, toluol nor alcohol is produced in very large quantities, and moreover, in times of national emergency they are likely to be required for purposes other than for use as aviation fuels.
The Gust‐Load Problem
Authors: Rhode Richard V.
Published: February 2008

THE highly complex character of the gust‐load problem and the lack of knowledge of gust structure have led to the general use of gust‐strength criteria for aeroplane wings that are based on the concept of a “sharp‐edged” gust in which the aerodynamic phenomena are assumed to obey the laws of steady flow.
Endurance and Fuel Consumption
Authors: Constant H.
Published: February 2008

ONE has become so accustomed to having the importance of high thermal efficiency and low fuel consumption stressed and to having impressed on one the consequent desirability of high compression ratio, that there is some danger of one's outlook on the subject becoming rather one‐sided. It may be of some value, therefore, to consider under what circumstances the fuel consumption of an engine is likely to be relatively unimportant.