bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Driving Factors of Urban Electricity-Related Carbon Emissions Based on LMDI
Authors: Zhou Yanchong , Ma Yahui , Jing Haiyang , Hong Ye , Zhang Yan , Ge Yin , Yuan Yi , Zhang Xiaoqi , Hu Xuming , Ding Xiaoye
Published: December 2022

The electrification of energy consumption is the key to achieving the targets of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In order to study the main driving factors of electricity-related carbon emissions, a data acquisition and cleaning method adapted to the comparative accounting of carbon dioxide emissions from city-level electricity consumption in China is proposed. An extended LMDI model of urban electricity-related carbon emissions is proposed that comprehensively considers key factors such as population, economic output, industrial structure, power consumption intensity, and power consumption structure. Taking Nantong City as an example, the electricity-related carbon emissions from 2010 to 2020 were calculated, and the impact of each factors on the growth of electricity-related carbon emissions was quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the utilization of clean and low-carbon energy can effectively reduce electricity-related carbon emissions; Secondly, the impact mechanisms of various factors on the changes in electricity-related carbon emissions are not consistent in different stages; Thirdly, economic output and population size are the main contributors to the increase of electricity-related carbon emissions, and the power structure is the main contributor to the suppression of electricity-related carbon emissions.
Rural Electricity Demand Forecast Based on DE-GWO-SVR
Authors: Zu Wenjing , Wang Shiqian , Li Peng , Li Huixuan , Zhang Yihan , He Zhenghao
Published: December 2022

Rural electricity consumption is an important indicator of the development trend of rural energy. Based on the correlation analysis, rural economic development level, agriculturalization level, de-urbanization level, population size, rural residents’ consumption level, industrial structure, electricity price, and electricity consumption base are the key influencing factors of rural electricity demand. In this thesis, a differential evolution-gray wolf optimization-support vector regression rural electricity demand forecasting model is developed. The historical data of rural electricity demand in Henan Province are selected for comparative analysis to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the combined optimization model and forecast the rural electricity demand in Henan Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.
Study on Distribution Characteristics of Induced Voltage and Current on Optical Fiber Composite Ground Wire of Distribution Line
Authors: Wang Qingbin , Li Danxing , Liu Ming , Lin Weijun , Huang Hui , Liang Guisen , Ye Zizhong , Huang Kaitian , Kuang Xiaoyun , Suo Siliang
Published: December 2022

The OPGW of the distribution line combines communication and lightning protection. During the electromagnetic coupling process among power distribution lines, induced voltage and induced current will be generated on OPGW. This threatens the safety of power operation and maintenance personnel. This paper uses the ATP-EMTP software to build the electromagnetic coupling model of a 10kV single-loop distribution line with the OPGW. Factors including OPGW grounding mode, OPGW grounding resistance, OPGW relative position, and line load are considered, and the influence of different factors on the induced voltage and current on the OPGW of the distribution line is compared and analyzed in detail. The simulation results show that the ground resistance and relative position have little effect on the induced voltage and induced current of the OPGW. Grounding mode and line load greatly influence the induced voltage and induced current of the OPGW. The simulation conclusion provides a certain theoretical basis for selecting the parameters of OPGW of a 10kV single-circuit distribution line.
Optimization Model of Electricity Spot Market Considering Pumped Storage in China
Authors: Wang Lei , Wei Min , Yang Heng , Li Jinxian , Li Sainan , Fei Yunzhi
Published: December 2022

As China’s electricity market continues to evolve, pumped hydro storage will participate in electricity spot market transactions. According to the latest price policy of pumped storage, pumped storage units will not participate in the spot market bidding for a long time and will be settled at the spot price. Aiming at maximizing the welfare of the whole society, this paper proposes a full dispatch model for pumped storage units to participate in China’s electricity spot market under the new power system. By transforming the day-ahead spot market clearing results into the boundary conditions of the real-time spot market, the model proposed in this paper realizes the fine adjustment of pumped storage units’ operation curve in the real-time market and further improves social welfare.
Performance Study and Assessment of Electrocatalytic Treatment of Substation Domestic Sewage
Authors: Chen Zheng , Wang Zhaoyang , Tian Ying , Li Zhengkun , Ren Zhenhua , Wang Juan , Liu Sufei , Li Ruozheng , Teng Jilin
Published: December 2022

In China, the power grid construction process is accelerating. At the same time, the requirements for power grid water environment management are also constantly improving. There are a large number of substations and most of them are located in the countryside and surrounded by farmland. Therefore, it is important to treat the domestic sewage of the substation to meet the relevant standards. Recently, electrocatalysis technology has attracted much attention because of its high efficiency and no secondary pollution such as sludge. However, there are few reports on the application and performance evaluation of electrocatalytic treatment of domestic sewage in substations. Therefore, the experimental research aims to treat domestic sewage in substations reaching the corresponding standard. The optimal operating parameters and comprehensive performance assessment of the electrocatalysis technology are investigated, applying iridium-tantalum, ruthenium-iridium, boron-doped diamond anodes, titanium cathodes, and carbon fiber cathodes. The results show that the application of the three anodes can efficiently treat the sewage reaching the corresponding standard, indicating that electrocatalysis is suitable for the treatment of domestic sewage in substations. Moreover, comprehensively considering cost, treatment effect, energy consumption, and reaction temperature, the composite performance of iridium tantalum anode and Ti cathode is the best. In summary, this paper provides a comprehensive study and assessment of the performance of electrocatalytic treatment of domestic sewage in substations, providing theoretical support for the water environment management of power grids.
An optimized multi-modular resonant switched capacitor converter
Authors: Li Ruishu , Chang Xiao , Han Xiaoqing , He Xin , Guo Zhuoyan , Meng Runquan
Published: December 2022

The switched capacitor converters have the advantages of high efficiency and high power density, which are widely used in data centers, distributed photovoltaic power generation, and other fields. In this paper, an optimized multi-modular resonant switched capacitor converter (MMRSCC) is proposed for an intermediate bus converter in the power supply system of data centers. By removing the inductance of part of the coupled resonant circuit, the converter can eliminate the influence of the parameter difference of passive components, and no additional voltage clamp circuit is needed, which improves the power density. At the same time, the half-bridge with the same switching action on the rectifier side is combined into one, which reduces the number of switching devices and is more conducive to improving the voltage conversion efficiency. In addition, the inductor of the basic unit of the resonant switched capacitor with the same state is shared to reduce the volume of the passive device, further improve the power density, and optimize the MMRSCC. Finally, the correctness of the topology is verified by simulation on the PLECS.
A Hybrid Dynamic Voltage Sharing Scheme for Series-connected SiC MOSFETs with Single Gate Drive
Authors: Ren Yuhan , Wang Jinhao , Meng Runquan , Li Tingting , Chen Juan , Zhang Taotao
Published: December 2022

At present, the voltage level of a commercial SiC MOSFET can hardly meet the requirements of high-voltage field. For the sake of achieving the application of MOSFETs in high-voltage fields, the method of series-connected MOSFETs has become a practical and effective solution. However, multiple series-connected SiC MOSFETs face the problem of voltage unbalance, especially dynamic voltage unbalance. Generally, the problem of dynamic unbalance could be solved using load side voltage sharing schemes or the methods of gate side. This paper uses a hybrid dynamic voltage sharing scheme for the single-driven series-connected SiC MOSFETs. That is to say, based on a sequential lagging single gate drive topology, combining active clamping circuits with RCD snubber circuits are introduced to solve the problem of dynamic voltage unbalancing of the whole module in this paper. Compared to the circuit without any dynamic voltage sharing scheme, the dynamic voltage imbalance degree of the circuit with a hybrid dynamic voltage sharing scheme is decreased to 3.75% during the switching-on and switching-off periods. The equalization effect would be verified through the simulation under clamped inductive load in LTspice.
Control Strategy for Low Voltage Ride-Through Based on Fast Protection Circuit Breaker
Authors: Wu Meirong
Published: December 2022

Automatic reclosing, which is the installed feeder line of the wind farm, will make the voltage drop twice when permanent faults occur in a system. It is easy to cause the wind farm to disconnect from the power grid. The control strategy for low voltage ride-through based on a fast protection circuit breaker is proposed to solve this problem. The control principle of fast protection circuit breakers applied in typical wind farm traversing scenarios is analyzed. It can improve the success rate of low voltage ride-through while voltage drops twice. Through the coordination of the fast protection circuit breaker body and the control system, the impact time of fault current in the system can be significantly shortened compared with the traditional circuit breaker. Finally, the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC environment.
Design of Embedded Intelligent IoT Terminal for Precise Regulation of Integrated Energy
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Xiaojian , Guo Yongshan , Yang Zhengfu , Lv Dongdong , Liu Tianji , Li Yang
Published: December 2022

Aiming at the problems of diverse hardware platforms, poor compatibility, single energy collection, and so on existing in the perception terminal, this paper designs and studies the intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) terminal for integrated energy precise regulation. Firstly, we build a unified hardware platform for embedded terminals, adopt the modular idea, design different functional modules by modularization, and configure different expansion modules according to the application needs, realizing the hardware modularization and reconfigurable design of intelligent IoT terminals. Secondly, to meet the needs of integrated energy service, software functions such as integrated energy data collection, energy efficiency analysis management, demand response management, and control strategy operation management are developed. Meanwhile, a novel GRU-DNN algorithm is proposed for accurate load forecasting under different conditions. Compared with other load forecasting algorithms, the GRU-DNN algorithm has better accuracy and robustness.
Improvement and Simulation of PV Power Generation Control Algorithm Based on MPPT
Authors: Sun Litong , Chang Haiqing , Mei Huaqiang , Xu Jinli
Published: December 2022

As the traditional PV MPPT algorithm cannot meet both the tracking speed and steady-state accuracy, a new solution idea is provided to improve the traditional conductivity increment method on basis of the slope of the PV cell output P-V curve. The algorithm dynamically changes the step size by combining duty cycle and power and exponential functions, and rapidly adapts to variation in the external environment, solving the slow tracking speed and low steady-state accuracy when the traditional conductance incremental method is subject to sudden changes in illumination. The emulation results indicate that the modified algorithm and the alterable-step increment conductivity method can be simulated in the same environment using MATLAB/Simulink software. The emulation results indicate that the modified algorithm, compared with the traditional algorithm in tracking the MPPT speed and amplitude, can effectively reduce the tracking time with high steady-state accuracy.
Research on Current Protection of Microgrid Based on Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Algorithm
Authors: Cao Yajun , Yan Yan
Published: December 2022

Microgrid technology has been widely used due to its high flexibility and reliability. In the operation process, it is prone to the situation that the system stability decreases due to untimely fault removal, and the microgrid current needs to be adjusted in time. A current protection scheme based on a simulated annealing particle swarm algorithm is proposed, which improves the particle swarm shrinkage factor and combines with the simulated annealing algorithm to shorten the current rectification time in the microgrid system by reasonably configuring the load in the simulated system, and the rationality of the method is verified by simulation. In this way, the premature problem of the particle swarm algorithm is solved well.
Multi-objective Optimal Configuration Analysis of Energy Storage System in Distribution Network Based on Improved Lion Colony Algorithm
Authors: Ba Deyan , Yang Youshu , Zhang Yanxia , Song Hongfu
Published: December 2022

Aiming to enhance the new energy consumption capacity and lessen the impact of new energy access on the distribution network as the size of distributed power access expands annually, energy storage is being progressively incorporated into the design of the distribution network. When examining the distributed power source’s output in its entirety, the access point and capacity configuration of the distributed energy storage system are carried out, and the energy storage system’s best scheduling is also considered. The goal is to conduct research on the optimization of the two-layer model of the energy storage system using the suggested improved lion colony method. It is crucial to the expansion of the distribution network’s economic benefits.
Beidou-3 System-enabled Multi-Satellite Comprehensive Calculation Timing Method Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Zhao Ruifeng , Lu Jiangang , Li Haobin , Zeng Kaiwen , Zheng Wenjie
Published: December 2022

The large-scale access to distributed energy and massive devices puts forward higher requirements for the timing precision of power systems. With the completion of networking of the Beidou-3 (BD3) satellite system, using the BD3 system as a clock source will gradually become mainstream. The shift of timing signals from GPS to BD3 will improve national security and be of great value for improving timing precision and developing advanced application functions. In this paper, aiming at the problems such as the decrease of timing precision caused by interference in the timing signal transmission process, the BD3 system-enabled multi-satellite timing architecture is constructed, and the satellite timing precision evaluation indicator system based on the analytic hierarchy process is proposed. The multi-satellite comprehensive calculation timing method is put forward to solve the problem of low timing precision of single-satellite timing.
Remote estimation of smart meter operation error considering error fluctuation and nonlinear dynamic line loss
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Ruyi , Wang Hao , Lu Lijun , Li Mingzhe
Published: December 2022

Aiming at the problems of high cost, low efficiency, poor accuracy, and incomplete coverage existing in the on-site calibration operation mode of smart electricity meters, a remote estimation method of operation error of smart electricity meters was proposed by analyzing the big data under the advanced measurement system, which took into account the error fluctuation and nonlinear dynamic line loss. Firstly, the fluctuation of smart meter error was analyzed, and the remote estimation model of smart meter operation error was established by screening the electricity quantity data with similar operation states to reduce the influence of error fluctuation in the subsequent model solving. Secondly, the traditional line loss estimation method is improved, and a nonlinear dynamic line loss model is proposed to make the line loss change nonlinearly with the actual power supply so that the error estimate in the model is closer to the actual value. The results show that the proposed method effectively improves the accuracy of the operation error estimation results of smart electricity meters, helps to detect abnormal measurement points timely and accurately, and provides support for the efficient operation and maintenance of smart power grids.
Hierarchical Control Structure of DC Microgrid Based on Virtual DC Machine Control
Authors: Xue Fei , Li Xutao , Li Hongqiang , Wu Meirong
Published: December 2022

To cope with the problem that the existing control cannot achieve zero-error voltage track and accurate power distribution, a hierarchical control structure is proposed, in which the first layer presents virtual DC machine control, draws on the DC machine model to simulate its power regulation characteristics, and provides virtual inertia and damping for the DC voltage. The second layer control adopts distributed average consensus control, in which the energy storage units (ESU) exchange information and cooperate with each other through the adjacency nodes, so as to achieve accurate power distribution among ESU. Finally, the microgrid simulation model is built to verify the correctness of the above control strategy.
Coaxial cell printing of a human glomerular model: an in vitro glomerular filtration barrier and its pathophysiology
Authors: Singh Narendra K , Kim Jae Yun , Lee Jae Yeon , Lee Hyungseok , Gao Ge , Jang Jinah , Kim Yong Kyun , Cho Dong-Woo
Published: December 2022

Much effort has been expended in emulating the kidney’s glomerular unit because of its limitless potential in the field of drug screening and nephrotoxicity testing in clinics. Herein, we fabricate a functional bilayer glomerular microvessel-on-a-chip that recapitulates the specific arrangement of the glomerular endothelial cell, podocyte layers, and the intervening glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in a single step. Our perfusable chip allows for the co-culture of monolayer glomerular endothelium and podocyte epithelium, which display mature functional markers of glomerular cells, and their proper interactions produce GBM proteins, which are the major components of the GBM in vivo. Furthermore, we test the selective permeability capacity, a representative hallmark function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Lastly, we evaluate the response of our glomerular model to Adriamycin- and hyperglycemia-induced injury to evaluate its applicability for drug screening and glomerular disease modeling.
Synthesis of chitosan-Cu based bioactive material for coating catheters: in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation
Authors: Erişen Deniz Eren , Gu Guisong , Chen Shanshan , Yang Ke , Zhang Bingchun , Shen Minggang , Chen Zhaofeng
Published: December 2022

Background: Catheters are polymeric materials frequently used in clinics and are associated with the risk of inflammation and coagulation. The development of bioactive catheter surfaces is worth applying because antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections is common. Copper (Cu) ion coordinated chitosan (Chitosan-Cu) coatings on medical catheters, and several studies have recently approved its application. Objective: It is crucial to investigate the possible cytotoxicity of Chitosan-Cu coatings on surrounding cells. Methods: The effect of the Chitosan-Cu complex coating, proven to have bioactive activities at different rates on L929 cells, was examined by the CCK-8 test kit. In 24 h, the cell viabilities of samples, with Chitosan: Cu ratios of 10:0, 10:1, 50:1, and 100:1, were measured as 105.14%, 89.90%, 91.91%, and 100.75%, respectively. In 72 h, they were measured at 119.45%, 109.33%, 110.24%, and 114.45%. The surface morphology of the coating was characterized by electron microscopy, and the entity of the Cu ions in the coating was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity assays showed that Cu, with a maximum concentration of 10% by volume, showed no toxic behavior.
Ice resistance of hydrophobic fluoropolymerized nanostructured alumina films for antireflective coatings
Authors: Reuna Jarno , Kanter Raul , Kandelin Niklas , Kiuru Kaisa , Koivuluoto Heli , Guina Mircea
Published: December 2022

The functionality and durability of nanostructured alumina coatings exposed to atmospheric icing has been assessed to probe their usability in practical applications and to estimate the need for further development of the coatings. In particular, the changes in surface microstructure and in optical performance as well as in the wetting characteristics of the surfaces are reported. Without a hydrophobicity treatment the alumina nanostructures are superhydrophilic and do not endure large environmental changes. Hydrophobicity treated fluoropolymerized nanostructured alumina provides characteristics with partial anti-icing capabilities, enhanced durability, and excellent transmission levels of >95%, but the performance degrades in cyclic icing/de-icing. However, the hydrophobic nanostructured alumina outperforms both the nanostructured and planar alumina coatings and possesses increased durability and stability even under harsh conditions, such as the atmospheric icing. This indicates a clear need to use a hydrophobicity treatment for the nanostructured alumina antireflection coatings to be used in any environments. Therefore, its utilization in applications where little or occasional exposure to icing or other humidity and temperature changes is favorable over standard planar coatings. Further process optimization of the hydrophobicity treatment is still needed for better durability for cyclical icing exposure.
Friendly bisections of random graphs
Authors: Ferber Asaf , Kwan Matthew , Narayanan Bhargav , Sah Ashwin , Sawhney Mehtaab
Published: December 2022

Resolving a conjecture of Füredi from 1988, we prove that with high probability, the random graph

G

(
n
,
1

/

2
)

\mathbb {G}(n,1/2)

admits a friendly bisection of its vertex set, i.e., a partition of its vertex set into two parts whose sizes differ by at most one in which

n
−
o
(
n
)

n-o(n)

vertices have more neighbours in their own part as across. Our proof is constructive, and in the process, we develop a new method to study stochastic processes driven by degree information in random graphs; this involves combining enumeration techniques with an abstract second moment argument.
Worry and Rumination
Authors: Watkins Ed
Published: December 2022

Worry and rumination are both forms of repetitive negative thought (RNT) characterized by repetitive and often uncontrollable thinking about negative content. Rumination is typically defined as repetitive thinking about the symptoms, causes, circumstances, meanings, and consequences of negative mood, personal concerns, and upsetting experiences, often with a focus on depressive experience. Worry is typically defined as repetitive thinking about future potential threat, imagined catastrophes, uncertainties, and risks and is conceptualized as an attempt to avoid negative events, prepare for the worst, and problem-solve. Worry and rumination are implicated in the exacerbation of negative mood and negative thinking, reduced central executive resources, impaired problem- solving, and prolonged sympathetic activation and emotional responses to stress and, as such, transdiagnostically contribute to the onset and maintenance of multiple emotional disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, insomnia, eating disorders, substance and alcohol abuse, and psychosis. Both worry and rumination are implicated in poor response to psychological interventions—greater reduction in RNT is associated with greater symptom improvement, whereas no change in RNT is associated with no improvement or worsening of symptoms. Rumination and worry appear to be moderately genetically heritable and predicted by environmental factors such as early adversity, stressful life events, and unhelpful parental styles. RNT is a common pathway between multiple risk factors, including neglect, abuse, bullying, and chronic stress, and later psychopathology. Pathological worry and rumination share an abstract processing style, negative biases in attention and interpretation, and impaired executive control and are mental habits. Both worry and rumination have been hypothesized to serve an avoidant function. Interventions that target these mechanisms appear to be effective at tackling RNT, particularly rumination-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based interventions. More efficient interventions for anxiety and depression may result from interventions that target multiple of these proximal mechanisms.
Twin Methodology in Psychological Studies
Authors: Gaysina Darya , Thompson Ellen J.
Published: December 2022

Psychological traits, including temperament, cognitive functions, and emotions, vary between people. The key aim of twin studies is to investigate the role of genetic factors (nature), environmental factors (nurture), and their interplay, in individual differences of various traits. In the last few decades, the classical twin design (i.e., univariate twin studies and multivariate twin studies), as well as other types of twin studies (e.g., children of twins studies) have been widely used in investigations of psychological traits. Importantly, large-scale twin studies have been established in different countries around the globe, and they have facilitated nature and nurture investigations across different geographical, social and cultural settings. However, when interpreting findings of twin studies, specific methodological assumptions and limitations need to be considered. For example, the equal environments assumption (EEA) suggests that similarities for both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs reared in the same family are roughly the same, but this may not always be the case.

Among the most important findings of twin studies of psychological traits is the establishment of relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on health and behavior. Substantial contributions of genetic factors have been demonstrated for many psychological traits, but none of the studies psychological traits is 100% heritable. Also, twin studies have demonstrated that genetic effects can be modified by sex, age, as well as by environmental influences. Moreover, our genetic makeup can shape our environment. Taken together, studies using the twin design have made the significant contribution to our understanding of etiology of individual differences of many psychological traits.
Experiences of Gender and Sexual Minority Students and Teachers in Catholic Schools
Authors: Callaghan Tonya D. , Anderson Jamie L.
Published: December 2022

Caught between the religious edicts of the Vatican and the secular laws of the state, Catholic schools around the world respond to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) students and teachers in contradictory and inconsistent ways. The oppression of nonheterosexuals in Catholic schools is incongruous in democratic nations such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, which value and protect the individual rights of equality, freedom, and justice. In Canada, Britain, and some Australian states, governments have even offered apologies for historical acts of discrimination against LGBTI people, such as the criminally convicted and those purged from public service and the military for being nonheterosexual. Despite these governmental apologies and other progressive acts of legislation related to student-led gender and sexual orientation alliances and the banning of conversion therapy, Catholic schools still exist in these nations and continue to receive government funding while violating the basic human rights of LGBTI students and staff members. The intolerance toward gender and sexual minority groups could be due to the church’s decree to “love the sinner, hate the sin,” which is untenable for many Catholic students and teachers. As they struggle with how to respond to LGBTI people in their schools, Catholic education leaders tend to abandon the tradition of Catholic teaching involving justice for the weakest and turn instead for guidance to the formidable canonical law on the topic of homosexuality and gender identity. In so doing, they also disregard secular human rights legislation in their jurisdictions. Many people saw great hope in Pope Francis’s welcoming tone toward LGBTI people in 2013, but since then he has made unambiguously anti-LGBTI statements. If this kind of religiously inspired heterosexism in Catholic schools is to be challenged and changed, then it is important to examine how it operates and how widespread it is on a global scale.
Personalized Education as a Possibility to Promote Interculturality
Authors: Trujillo Vargas José Jesús
Published: December 2022

We live in a multicultural society that must bet on a vision of openness and exchange, whose start must begin in the education system from a perspective that clearly supports interculturality, and which aims to achieve a more just society through the exchange of different ways of life. We can only aspire to this if we start from a personalized vision of education—rather than stereotyping groups—to create a pedagogical experience for each person (student) while taking into consideration the sociofamily context. Therefore, personalized education must start from principles such as uniqueness, autonomy, and openness to promote an exchange of experiences, culture, and traditions, and from how each one lives and how it interferes or helps this to be configured as a whole person, open to new learning, and able to self-regulate in the broadest sense. However, there are a series of sociopolitical and economic obstacles at a formative academic level that must be overcome in order for personalized education and its principles to become a utopian entity.
Legal Issues Related to Satellite Orbits
Authors: Blount P.J.
Published: December 2022

Orbits are unique geophysical features that are best understood as natural resources that are exploitable by humans for a variety of space activities. As with any human activity, the exploitation of these resources results in a variety of legal questions that are driven by their physical features and their uniqueness and scarcity. The law of orbits, or orbital law, is the framework of governance mechanisms that regulate the use of orbits from the perspective of their exploitation as natural resources. This legal framework seeks to govern the allocation of these resources among potential users, the coordination mechanisms among users to avoid conflict, and the protection of orbital resources from detrimental activities.
Senegambian Macrolithism in its West African Context
Authors: Kebe Demba
Published: December 2022

In West Africa, macrolithic sites are chronologically situated between the Middle and Late Neolithic periods, inclusive (4000 years bp–2000 years bp). In Senegambia, they are principally found in the volcanic region of the Senegalo-Mauritanian sedimentary basin, which forms an important stock of raw materials. However, macrolithism uses a variety of rocks, which attests to the diversity of raw material supply sources and bears witness to the mobility of Neolithic communities and their complex relationship with the natural environment. Out of this diversity of sources and mobility of populations arose the commercial network that procured “ad hoc materials.” Thus, understanding lithic tools requires researching the rocks most appropriate for tool making. Because of this, macrolithism can be understood as an identity and economic marker at the interface between Neolithic human groups and their environment.
Language Socialization
Authors: Ward Shannon M.
Published: December 2022

Language socialization is a theoretical and methodological paradigm that originated in the discipline of anthropology, with the goal of addressing the relationship between culture and language learning. Scholars of language socialization use methods from ethnography, field linguistics, and sociolinguistics to document and analyze patterns of language use in communities. In the 1980s, anthropologists developed the paradigm of language socialization in response to a lack of attention to the diversity of languages and cultures represented within the study of first-language acquisition. To center inquiries into language learning around cultural and linguistic diversity, language socialization attends to everyday practices of language and communication as well as to the enduring language attitudes and cultural belief systems that co-constitute language structures. Language socialization emphasizes that humans build social identities, cultural practices, and senses of belonging as they learn and use languages.

While language socialization originated in the study of young children’s first-language acquisition, it has since expanded to examine broader contexts of language learning. Guided by the understanding that the structures of real-time interactions and social institutions mutually create one another, language socialization scholars have examined how our social roles in families, schools, and professions shape our language use across the lifespan. Since the 1990s, language socialization research has taken particular interest in the relationship between language and power, drawing from theories of language ideologies—or taken-for-granted beliefs about languages and their speakers—to address topics related to multilingualism, including code-mixing, second-language learning, heritage-language learning, and language shift and revitalization. In 2023, key debates in the field focus on defining learners’ identities and highlighting communicative diversity beyond spoken languages.
Chinese Americans and Natural Resource Extraction in the American West, 1850s–1900
Authors: Shih Ashanti
Published: December 2022

Chinese migrants, through taking part in the extraction of natural resources, played a key role in the economic and environmental transformation of the American West in the late 19th through early 20th centuries. The desire to mine gold in California, in combination with domestic unrest within southeastern China, prompted the first mass migration of Chinese to the United States in the 1850s. While some Chinese migrants continued to mine for gold long after other independent prospectors had given up, the vast majority of Chinese migrants transitioned into wage laborers who worked for larger mining corporations or for other companies seeking to capitalize on the vast natural resources the American West had to offer. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, Chinese men became important producers in logging, fishing, and canning, and mining even beyond gold. They often brought their own knowledge and technologies with them into these jobs. Despite their organization into “gang labor” and strong community and transnational ties, Chinese workers became an exploited laboring class that was soon targeted by working-class Whites and others who perceived themselves to be in competition with Chinese workers for these jobs. The resulting exclusionary policies had a significant effect, and Japanese, Korean, Mexican, and Filipino labor gradually displaced Chinese as the dominant labor force supporting environmental and economic change in the American West.
Hugo Fernández Artucio and the Language of Democracy in Uruguay During World War II
Authors: Cameselle-Pesce Pedro
Published: December 2022

During the World War II era, Uruguayan politicians, student groups, and ethnic associations, among others, engaged daily in various circulating dialogues that extended beyond their nation-state. The war mobilized and empowered several actors who were devoted to shaping Uruguayan politics and society, but who were also actively committed to a broader cause. Though often overlooked, transnational nonstate actors helped to mold the era’s social and political movements by seizing on universal pro-Allied and anti-fascist language. Several events in Uruguay, interpreted through the language of democracy by local activists, helped not just to inch along public sentiment concerning the threat of fascism but also to thrust government officials into direct action. Emblematic of these actors was Uruguayan university professor and editor for the New York–based Free World magazine, Hugo Fernández Artucio, who, with various degrees of success, sought to shape public opinion and policy via his internationally broadcasted concerns about the Nazi menace. Though his anti-fascist crusading was often welcomed, as it helped to facilitate certain Uruguayan and US government policies, at times it was deemed as “impracticable” or “dangerous” in the view of government officials.
Moral Injury in Social Work
Authors: Reamer Frederic G.
Published: December 2022

Social work generally attracts deeply altruistic practitioners who are passionate about assisting vulnerable people. Yet, occasionally some practitioners and their employing organizations cause harm to the people they serve and the broader community. Social workers also assist clients who struggle with the ramifications of harm they have caused. It is critically important for social workers to understand the nature and causes of moral injury, prevention strategies, the role of apology, and moral courage. Moral injury occurs when social workers perpetrate, fail to prevent, or bear witness to acts that violate practitioners’ core values and ethical standards. Moral injury can occur in clinical social work, case management, policy practice, and social work administration, among other contexts. Social workers’ professional repertoire should include a meaningful response to moral injury in social work that simultaneously acknowledges the impact of moral injury on individual victims and addresses the need for structural reform and other preventative measures.
Interferon-γ drives macrophage reprogramming, cerebrovascular remodelling, and cognitive dysfunction in a zebrafish and a mouse model of ion imbalance and pressure overload
Authors: Apaydin Dilem C , Zakarauskas-Seth Bhakti I , Carnevale Lorenzo , Apaydin Onur , Perrotta Marialuisa , Carnevale Raimondo , Kotini Maria P , Kotlar-Goldaper Ilan , Belting Heinz-Georg , Carnevale Daniela , Filosa Alessandro , Sawamiphak Suphansa
Published: December 2022

Aims

Dysregulated immune response contributes to inefficiency of treatment strategies to control hypertension and reduce the risk of end-organ damage. Uncovering the immune pathways driving the transition from the onset of hypertensive stimulus to the manifestation of multi-organ dysfunction are much-needed insights for immune targeted therapy.

Methods and results

To aid visualization of cellular events orchestrating multi-organ pathogenesis, we modelled hypertensive cardiovascular remodelling in zebrafish. Zebrafish larvae exposed to ion-poor environment exhibited rapid angiotensinogen up-regulation, followed by manifestation of arterial hypertension and cardiac remodelling that recapitulates key characteristics of incipient heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In the brain, time-lapse imaging revealed the occurrence of cerebrovascular regression through endothelial retraction and migration in response to the ion-poor treatment. This phenomenon is associated with macrophage/microglia-endothelial contacts and endothelial junctional retraction. Cytokine and transcriptomic profiling identified systemic up-regulation of interferon-γ and interleukin 1β and revealed altered macrophage/microglia transcriptional programme characterized by suppression of innate immunity and vasculo/neuroprotective gene expression. Both zebrafish and a murine model of pressure overload-induced brain damage demonstrated that the brain pathology and macrophage/microglia phenotypic alteration are dependent on interferon-γ signalling. In zebrafish, interferon-γ receptor 1 mutation prevents cerebrovascular remodelling and dysregulation of macrophage/microglia transcriptomic profile. Supplementation of bone morphogenetic protein 5 identified from the transcriptomic approach as a down-regulated gene in ion-poor-treated macrophages/microglia that is rescued by interferon-γ blockage, mitigated cerebral microvessel loss. In mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction-induced pressure overload, typically developing cerebrovascular injury, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction, interferon-γ neutralization protected them from blood–brain barrier disruption, cerebrovascular rarefaction, and cognitive decline.

Conclusions

These findings uncover cellular and molecular players of an immune pathway communicating hypertensive stimulus to structural and functional remodelling of the brain and identify anti-interferon-γ treatment as a promising intervention strategy capable of preventing pressure overload-induced damage of the cerebrovascular and nervous systems.
Primary prevention of acute cardiovascular events by influenza vaccination: an observational study
Authors: Davidson Jennifer A , Banerjee Amitava , Douglas Ian , Leyrat Clémence , Pebody Richard , McDonald Helen I , Herrett Emily , Forbes Harriet , Smeeth Liam , Warren-Gash Charlotte
Published: December 2022

Aims

Previous studies show a reduced incidence of first myocardial infarction and stroke 1–3 months after influenza vaccination, but it is unclear how underlying cardiovascular risk impacts the association.

Methods and results

The study used linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care and Office for National Statistics mortality data from England between 1 September 2008 and 31 August 2019. From the data, individuals aged 40–84 years with a first acute cardiovascular event and influenza vaccination occurring within 12 months of each September were selected. Using a self-controlled case series analysis, season-adjusted cardiovascular risk stratified incidence ratios (IRs) for cardiovascular events after vaccination compared with baseline time before and >120 days after vaccination were generated. 193 900 individuals with a first acute cardiovascular event and influenza vaccine were included. 105 539 had hypertension and 172 050 had a QRISK2 score ≥10%. In main analysis, acute cardiovascular event risk was reduced in the 15–28 days after vaccination [IR 0.72 (95% CI 0.70–0.74)] and, while the effect size tapered, remained reduced to 91–120 days after vaccination [0.83 (0.81–0.88)]. Reduced cardiovascular events were seen after vaccination among individuals of all age groups and with raised and low cardiovascular risk.

Conclusions

Influenza vaccine may offer cardiovascular benefit among individuals at varying cardiovascular risk. Further studies are needed to characterize the populations who could derive the most cardiovascular benefits from vaccination.
SYSTEM SPECIFIC AGING SCORES: A STATE OF THE ART AGING CLOCK BUILT USING AGING SCORES FROM DIFFERENT BODILY FUNCTIONS
Authors: Sehgal Raghav , Higgins-Chen Albert , Meer Margarita , Levine Morgan
Published: December 2022

Aging is a highly heterogeneous process at multiple levels. Different individuals, organs, tissues, and cell types are innately diverse and age in quantitatively different manners. Epigenetic clocks have been developed to capture overall degree of aging and typically report a single biological age value. However, single measures fail to provide insight into differential aging across organ systems. Our aim was to develop novel systems-specific methylation clocks, that when assessed in blood, capture distinct aging subtypes. We utilized three large human cohort studies and employed both supervised and unsupervised machine learning models by linking DNA methylation to lower dimensional vectors composed of system specific clinical chemistry and functional assays. In doing so, we were able to develop 11 unique system-specific scores–heart, lung, kidney, liver, brain, immune, inflammatory, hematopoietic, musculoskeletal, hormone, and metabolic. We observe that in independent data, the specific systems relate to meaningful outcomes–for instance the brain score is strongly associated with cognitive functioning; musculoskeletal score is strongly associated with physical functioning; and the lung score is strongly associated with lung cancer. Additionally, system scores and the composite systems clock outperforms presently available clocks in terms of associations with a wide variety of aging phenotypes and conditions. Overall, our biological systems based epigenetic clock outperforms presently available epigenetic aging clocks and provides meaningful insights into heterogeneity in aging.
THE PARADOXICAL EXPERIENCES OF INFORMAL CAREGIVERS DURING THE TRANSITION FROM HOME TO A NURSING HOME
Authors: Groenvynck Lindsay , de Boer Bram , Beaulen Audrey , De Vries Erica , Hamers Jan , van Achterberg Theo , Meijers Judith , Verbeek Hilde
Published: December 2022

The transition from home to a nursing home is a complex and emotional process, especially for older persons with dementia. The informal caregiver usually plays a central role in this care process, which is often fragmented. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the experiences of informal caregivers of older persons with dementia during this transition.An interpretative phenomenological design was used to analyze secondary data. In-depth interviews were conducted with informal caregivers, in the Netherlands, between February 2018 and July 2018. The study identified three, interwoven paradoxes influenced by the healthcare system and the healthcare professionals providing care. The first paradox described the initial negative emotions related to a nursing home move. Those emotions are a paradox to the feelings of relief and acceptance later in the transition process. The second paradox was related to a prospective need to postpone the transition for as long as possible and a retrospective need for a timely transition plan. The third paradox defines an internal struggle for the informal caregivers of wanting to remain involved while simultaneously experiencing a need for distance from care responsibilities. This study identifies a fine line between optimal and fragmented transitional care. The results can motivate informal caregivers to start planning the move. Similarly, it allows healthcare professionals to provide tailored support. Future research should focus on defining these paradoxes and their link with the healthcare system to determine if the transition from home to a nursing home can be optimized.