bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Solutions of Mathieu's Differential Equation, and their Asymptotic Expansions
Authors: Dougall John
Published: June 2019

The following paper is a continuation of one read before the Society some years ago, and published in the Proceedings, Vol. XXXIV. (Part 2), Session 1915–1916. The results of that paper, more especially those summarised in Art. 14, and those of Arts. 17, 18 will be assumed.
On a New Method of Graduation
Authors: Whittaker E. T.
Published: June 2019

Suppose that as a result of observation or experience of some kind we have obtained a set of values of a variable u corresponding to equidistant values of its argument; let these be denoted by u1, u2, … un If they have been derived from observations of some natural phenomenon, they will be affected by errors of observation; if they are statistical data derived from the examination of a comparatively small field, they will be affected by irregularities arising from the accidental peculiarities of the field; that is to say, if we examine another field and derive a set of values of u from it, the sets of values of u derived from the two fields will not in general agree with each other In any case, if we form a table of the differences δu1 = u2 – u1, δu2 = u3 – u2, …, δ2u1 = δu2 − δu1, etc., it will generally be found that these differences are so irregular that the difference-table cannot be used for the purposes to which a difference-table is usually put, viz., finding interpolated values of u, or differential coefficients of u with respect to its argument, or definite integrals involving u; before we can use the difference-tables we must perform a process of “smoothing,” that is to say, we must find another sequence u1′, u2′, u3′, …, un′, whose terms differ as little as possible from the terms of the sequence u1, u2, … un, but which has regular differences. This smoothing process, leading to the formation of u1′, u2′ … un′, is called the graduation or adjustment of the observations.
CONVEXITY OF PARAMETER EXTENSIONS OF SOME RELATIVE OPERATOR ENTROPIES WITH A PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
Authors: NIKOUFAR ISMAIL
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we introduce two notions of a relative operator (α, β)-entropy and a Tsallis relative operator (α, β)-entropy as two parameter extensions of the relative operator entropy and the Tsallis relative operator entropy. We apply a perspective approach to prove the joint convexity or concavity of these new notions, under certain conditions concerning α and β. Indeed, we give the parametric extensions, but in such a manner that they remain jointly convex or jointly concave.

Significance Statement. What is novel here is that we convincingly demonstrate how our techniques can be used to give simple proofs for the old and new theorems for the functions that are relevant to quantum statistics. Our proof strategy shows that the joint convexity of the perspective of some functions plays a crucial role to give simple proofs for the joint convexity (resp. concavity) of some relative operator entropies.
Translating Philippine history in America's shadow: Japanese reflections on the past and present during the Vietnam War
Authors: Serizawa Takamichi
Published: June 2019

In the 1970s, during and right after the end of the Vietnam War, more works by Filipino writers, especially historians, were translated into Japanese than works by any other Southeast Asians. In Southeast Asia, it was in the Philippines that the Japanese and the American forces had fought their fiercest battles during the Second World War. The Japanese translators who translated prominent Filipino nationalist historians such as Gregorio Zaide, Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino, had personally experienced war, defeat, and postwar life under the US-led Allied occupation of Japan. This article compares the original texts of some of these key Filipino works and their Japanese translations, and examines the ‘noises’ produced in the process of translation. This noise includes strategies such as the deletion and addition of information, opinions, and deliberate misreadings. This article suggests that these strategies reveal the translators’ views on the past as well as their contemporary experience of postwar Japan against the background of the ongoing Vietnam War.
Damis of Nineveh and Walter of Oxford: a Literary Parallel
Authors: Halliday W. R.
Published: June 2019

When reading through Professor Phillimore's admirable preface to his translation of the Apollonios of Tyana of Philostratos, the discussion of the authenticity of the memoirs of Damis suggested to me a parallel in which literary history appears to have repeated herself. Although it possesses no intrinsic importance the coincidence is perhaps sufficiently a curiosity of literature to be worth recording. Philostratos' statement about the alleged memoirs is as follows (1,3):—

‘There was one Damis, a man not without accomplishments, who at one time inhabited Old Nineveh. His studies drew him into intimacy with Apollonius, and he has left a written account of the Sage's travels (in which he claims to have shared), his maxims, his discourses, and his prophetic sayings. A person who was related to this Damis brought the originals of these memoirs, hitherto undiscovered, to the knowledge of the Empress Julia. And since I had a place in her majesty's circle (she was a great admirer and patroness of all literary studies), she laid on me the task of transcribing and editing these papers. It was her wish also that I should be responsible for the form of expression; for the Ninevite's language, though clear, was anything but a model of literary art.’
Trade Routes and Constantinople
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: June 2019

The text for this paper is taken from a review of my Troy in the Pall Mall Gazette for December 21, 1912. One does not usually take notice of anonymous reviews in the daily press, or answer them at large; but in this case the article is signed by the initials H. A. O., which are transparently those of a serious scholar, entitled to all respect even when he is wrong; and his views have further been adopted and enforced in another review of Troy published in the current number of the J.H.S. under the equally transparent initials of T. W. A. This raises the question above the level of ordinary journalism, and may, I hope, justify further discussion. For both articles involve problems which go to the very root of the whole question of ancient trade routes; and the views of both scholars seem to me so fundamentally erroneous and misleading that they should not pass without challenge. It is my intention to leave out of sight all mere matters of detail in both reviews, and to confine myself to what is really vital. It is, I presume, the wish of both gentlemen that I should retain the pretence of anonymity, so I shall refer to them under the initials which they have themselves preferred.
A Minoan shaft-grave on the slopes opposite the Temple Tomb (Knossos Survey 152)
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: June 2019

The slopes of Ailias beyond the Kairatos stream to the east of the Minoan city have so far largely escaped the intensive vineyard cultivation that has swallowed so much of the land round Knossos. Isolated tombs and cemeteries (e.g. Knossos Survey 58, 95, 96) have been explored on these slopes due east and north of the Palace of Minos, but virtually nothing has yet been recorded from the area to the south. Minoan sherds on the surface of the fields opposite the Temple Tomb, however, suggest the possible existence of tombs in this area.

In 1951 on the lower slopes here on land belonging to Evstratios Sarikis a hole was dug to plant an olive tree, leading to the removal of some large stones and disclosing a right-angled cut in the rock, which was noticed by the sharp and practised eye of Spiro Vasilakis. Two years later with the permission of Dr. Platon, Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, I cleared the cutting during the course of the School's excavations in the Middle Minoan cemetery higher on the slopes of Ailias to the north. The cutting, which was rectangular, measuring 1·90 × 1·40 at the bottom, and 1·20 deep from the surface of the rock at the highest point in the south-east corner, is perhaps best explained as a plundered Minoan shaft-grave, although no sign of a burial or of any grave goods was found in it. It was entirely filled below the level of the rock surface with large blocks of the local limestone, several of them worked, and including a slab which might have served as the covering for a shaft-grave, and a pyramid with a square socket in the top (A on the plan, Fig. I ), evidently the base for some ritual object like a double axe.
Four Roman portraits in the Piraeus Museum
Authors: Toynbee J. M. C.
Published: June 2019

Among the local finds displayed in the Museum of Antiquities at the Piraeus are six Roman portraits, all of Pentelic marble and all unrestored. Two of them, a colossal head of Trajan (no. 270) and a colossal statue of Balbinus (no. 278), have already been fully edited. But according to the Director of the Piraeus Museum, Dr. Threpsiades, and to the best of the present writer's knowledge, of the other portraits two are still unpublished, two described without any illustration; and it is with Dr. Threpsiades' kind permission that all four are published here.

I. No. E 4. Head of Claudius(Plate 67a–b)

Total height: 48 cm.

Height from crown of head to bottom of chin: 26 cm.

Width across at greatest extent: 20 cm.

Width from back to front at greatest extent: 24 cm.

The sculpture depicts the head and neck, slightly over life-size, of an elderly man, in whom we can immediately recognize the Emperor Claudius. At the base of the neck is a rounded ‘tenon’, designed for insertion into a cavity between the shoulders of the now vanished body of a full-length statue. Claudius' face has sustained considerable damage. The nose has practically gone, only part of the side, and the hollow interior, of the right nostril remaining. The chin, lips, and right ear are bruised, the brow is marred by several abrasures, and the left ear is lost.
Tityos and the Lover
Authors: Kenney E. J.
Published: June 2019

Nec Tityon uolucres ineunt Acherunte iacentemnec quod sub magno scrutentur pectore quicquamperpetuam aetatem possunt reperire profecto.quamlibet immani proiectu corporis exstet,qui non sola nouem dispessis iugera membrisobtineat, sed qui terrai totius orbem,non tamen aeternum poterit perferre doloremnec praebere cibum proprio de corpore semper.sed Tityos nobis hic est, in amore iacentemquem uolucres lacerant atque exest anxius angoraut alia quauis scindunt cuppedine curae.Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, III, 984–94
Humanitarian Relief in Man-Made Disasters: International Law, Government Policy and the Nigerian Experience
Authors: Samuels J. W.
Published: June 2019

The Nigerian situation of 1967-70 and the India-Pakistan conflict of 1971 should ensure that we do not ignore lightly the need for an adequate international response in cases of man-made disasters. The latter, in particular, involved serious international complications. Since March 1971, when the flow of Pakistani refugees from East Pakistan into India began, the Indian government called for international help to stem the tide, to feed the hungry hordes, and to make possible their return home. As time passed and the help did not come, to some it seemed almost a matter of simple economics — it was cheaper to go to war than to continue caring for the refugees. Granted the history of confrontation between the two sides, it is clear that the primary catalyst for the war of 1971 was the plight of these refugees. This danger of serious conflict resulting from humanitarian need is one of the main reasons for the increasing attention being paid to the problems of international humanitarian relief in cases of man-made disasters.
Les traités de commerce, cadre de la libéralisation des échanges
Authors: Grenon Jean-Yves
Published: June 2019

Depuis qu’il y a des hommes, ils échangent entre eux les produits de la terre et ceux de leur travail, pour vivre et pour mieux vivre. Si le commerce mondial a pu quadrupler en valeur depuis 1948 celà est dû, en grande partie, à la stabilité que la règie de droit a pu assurer aux échanges internationaux par la conclusion de nombreux traites bilatéraux et principalement grâce à l’Accord multilatéral du GATT de 1947.
Representation versus Membership: The Chinese Precedent in the United Nations
Authors: Green L. C.
Published: June 2019

In the communique issued in February 1972 after their meeting, President Nixon and Mr. Chou En-lai declared:

The Chinese side reaffirmed its position:

… the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal Government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all United States forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan.

The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of “one China, one Taiwan”, “one China, two governments”, “two Chinas” and “independent Taiwan”, or advocate that “the status of Taiwan remains to be determined”.
Le droit du peuple québécois de disposer de lui-même au regard du droit international
Authors: Brossard Jacques
Published: June 2019

On Sait Que l’élection québécoise du 15 novembre 1976 a porté au pouvoir un parti politique, le Parti québécois (P.Q.), dont le programme de gouvernement prévoit l’accession du Québec à la pleine souveraineté étatique assortie d’une libre association de nature économique (et plus ou moins confédérale) avec le reste du Canada. On sait aussi que l’Etat québécois constitue pour l’instant l’un des dix Etats membres de la fédération canadienne et jouit par conséquent, en qualité d’Etat fédéré, de certaines compétences autonomes: celles que prévoit la “constitution canadienne” — c’est-à-dire, plus précisément, le British North America Act de 1867 (loi du Parlement britannique) tel qu’interprété par la jurisprudence.
Vers une nouvelle limite de responsabilité dans le transport aérien international
Authors: Pourcelet Michel
Published: June 2019

La convention de varsovie du 12 octobre 1929, pour l’unification de certaines règles relatives au transport aérien international, a été ratifiée par soixante-seize pays. Les principes généraux gouvernant la responsabilité du transporteur aérien international sont les suivants: durant la phase aérienne du transport, le transporteur est responsable de plein droit des dommages causés tant aux personnes qu’aux biens transportés. Cependant, selon l’article 20 de la Convention de Varsovie, le transporteur a la possibilité de s’exonerer en rapportant la preuve que lui et ses préposés ont pris toutes les mesures nécessaires pour éviter le dommage, ou qu’il leur était impossible de les prendre (cas de force majeure). D’autre part, en ce qui concerne le transport de marchandises et de bagages, la responsabilité du transporteur disparaît, s’il prouve que ce dommage provient d'une faute de pilotage, de conduite, de navigation et que, a tous autres égards, lui et ses préposés ont pris toutes les mesures nécessaires pour éviter le dommage.
The Stranger in Our Midst: A Sketch of the Legal Status of the Alien in Canada
Authors: Head Ivan L.
Published: June 2019

In every century, in every land, foreigners have been suspect. The alien is the universal victim of national prejudice, the object of fear and distrust. He is a stranger and society has lent emphasis to his condition by attaching to him legal disabilities — either boldly by statute, or more subtly through judicial pronouncement. Once prejudice toward an alien manifests itself in discriminatory treatment, the interests of another nation are involved. If that person is an alien friend, that is if no state of war exists between his country and the land in which he is residing, an international cause of action may exist.
La première année de l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle , Richer Alain
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La première année de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) fut un grand succès. Les Membres de l’OMC ont notamment mis en place tout le nouveau système de notification préalable et de révision des législations nationales, et mis sur pied les nouveaux comités sur l’environnement, sur les arrangements régionaux et sur les pays les moins avancés. En plus d’assurer l’achèvement des activités GATT 1947 et la transition formelle en faveur de l’OMC, les Membres ont également procédé à la nomination des présidents de plusieurs comités et des “juges” du nouvel organe d’appel. L’élément peutêtre le plus impressionnant du départ de cette nouvelle organisation est la participation particulièrement active des pays en développement au nouveau système obligatoire de règlement des différends; la moitié des vingt-cinq requêtes pour consultation ont été initiées par ceux-d. Quel changement alors qu’entre 1948 et 1994, les pays en développement n’avaient initié que onze des 126 différends. En fait l’OMC a déclenché un nouveau processus pour lequel il n’y a pas de marche arrière possible.
Les divers sens du concept de “distorsion” et leur rôle dans la définition juridique actuelle d'une subvention compensable: Les normes internationales et l'exemple des États-Unis
Authors: Bénitah Marc
Published: June 2019

The concept of “distortion” is at the heart of the legal criteria used to identify a countervailable subsidy. Legal construction of these criteria must rely on the different visions of the concept of “distortion,” which in a way are the “intentions” underlying the criteria. This article is an effort to provide the necessary links in this perspective.
Talisman Energy, Sudan, and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Carmody Chi
Published: June 2019

In 1998, a Canadian oil company, Talisman Energy Incorporated of Calgary, acquired part interest in an oil concession in southern Sudan. In 1999, it began exporting oil from the region and paying royalties to the Sudanese government, some of which have been used to fund government forces engaged in a civil war against separatists in the south. The war has caused numerous human rights abuses. Talisman’s investment in Sudan therefore raises concerns about corporate operations in countries where there are serious and frequent human rights violations. What are Talisman and Canada’s obligations at this particular juncture — a point of fertile development in the field of international corporate social responsibility? This comment examines this question in light of recent events.
La participation des provinces canadiennes aux organisations internationales
Authors: Sabourin Louis
Published: June 2019

Les Récentes Déclarations du ministre de l’Education du Québec, M. Paul Gérin-Lajoie, à l’effet que le Québec envisage la possibilité de participer aux travaux de certaines institutions spécialisées, méritent une attention toute particulière. D’abord, puisqu’il s’agit là d’une question d’une portée politique et juridique considérable tant à l’échelle canadienne qu’au niveau international, on ne peut décidément pas la négliger ou la passer sous silence. En second lieu, cette question donne un sens nouveau aux discussions en cours au Canada depuis 1937 sur la signature et la mise en œuvre des traités internationaux et oblige ainsi les principaux participants à examiner un aspect jusqu’ici inédit de ce long et coutumier débat.
Les piliers économique et environnemental du développement durable: conciliation ou soutien mutuel? L’éclairage apporté par la Cour internationale de Justice dans l’Affaire des Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c Uruguay)
Authors: de Lassus Saint-Geniès Géraud
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La façon dont les divers acteurs de l’ordre juridique international ont appréhendé la relation entre les piliers économique et environnemental du développement durable témoigne d’une évolution: alors qu’une première interprétation estimait que cette relation se fondait sur la recherche d’une conciliation, une seconde interprétation a par la suite considéré qu’elle était au contraire caractérisée par l’existence d’un soutien mutuel. Si cette seconde conception, qui conduit à extraire du développement durable toute idée de tension entre l’environnement et l’économie, a connu une influence grandissante au cours des dernières années, la Cour internationale de Justice a réaffirmé dans l’ Affaire des Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay son attachement à la première interprétation de la relation entre les piliers économique et environnemental. Il semble donc actuellement coexister en droit international deux lectures opposées du développement durable, l’une se fondant sur le paradigme de la conciliation, l’autre sur le paradigme du soutien mutuel.
“Nations Like Unto Yourselves”: An Inquiry into the Status of a General Principle of International Law on Animal Welfare
Authors: Sykes Katie
Published: June 2019

This article proposes that there is a general principle of international law concerning the humane treatment of animals. Preoccupation with “animal rights” has been associated with Western cultural imperialism masquerading as a universal ethic. Animal welfare is thus an instructive case study of what Jutta Brunnée and Stephen Toope have identified as the key challenge for international law, that of “construct[ing] normative institutions while admitting and upholding the diversity of peoples in international society.” This article applies the framework of interactional international law set out in Brunnée and Toope’s recent bookLegitimacy and Legality in International Law, while raising questions about the weight that their analysis accords to practice and their willingness to conclude that widely recognized principles to which states fail to adhere in practice lack legal force. The article also examines how laws prohibiting cruelty to animals have emerged precisely from an interactive cultural exchange between East and West, in particular, between England and India. It concludes that Brunnée and Toope’s framework, although it does not deal at any length with general principles of law (a source of international law in which practice plays a relatively minor role), is nevertheless a useful tool for understanding how a culturally contested principle fits into international law and ultimately supports the view that there is a general principle of international law concerning animal welfare.
The International Policing of High Sea Fisheries
Authors: Carroz J. E. , Roche A. G.
Published: June 2019

The need to strengthen international co-operation in the rational exploitation of the fishery resources of the high seas is a question which has become of growing importance in recent years. Increased efforts devoted to research and the exploration of the seas are constantly revealing the contribution which these resources may make to the improvement of standards of nutrition, while both states and private enterprise are becoming ever more conscious of the economic potential which these resources represent. At the same time new techniques and equipment are being developed to make the exploitation of fishery resources both easier and more profitable. However, it is generally recognized that fishery resources are not inexhaustible, and in many instances the urgent need for conservation measures has become apparent. In addition, the regulation of the conduct of fishing operations is now necessary in fishing grounds which are intensively exploited.
Le progrès technique, la pollution et l’evolution récente du droit de la mer au Canada, particulièrement à l’égard de l’Arctique
Authors: Morin Jacques-Yvan
Published: June 2019

Avec le recul du temps, douze ans à peine, nous pouvons maintenant apprécier les conséquences de l'insuccès des deux conférences des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, tenues à Genève en 1958 et 1960, dans leur tentative de fixer de manière uniforme l'étendue des eaux territoriales des Etats. A défaut de solution multilatérale qui eût consacré l'une ou l'autre des principales thèses en présence à l'époque — la mer territoriale de trois milles marins ou celle de douze milles — les Etats ont à tour de rôle décidé de résoudre par le moyen d'actes unilatéraux les problèmes de plus en plus aigus soulevés par la protection des eaux contigües à leurs côtes et la conservation des richesses naturelles qui s'y trouvent.
Numerical 3-D Simulations of the Collapse of Photospheric Flux Tubes
Authors: Nordlund Ake
Published: June 2019

The interaction of photospheric granular convection with a small scale magnetic field has been simulated numerically in a three-dimensional model, with an extension of techniques recently used to simulate field-free granulation. The evolution of an initially homogeneous magnetic field was followed numerically, both in a kinematic (weak-field limit) description, and in a dynamic description, where the back-reaction of the field on the motion through the Lorentz force is taken into account. The simulations illustrate the strong tendency for the field to be swept up and concentrated in the inter-granular lanes because of the topology of the granular flow. The convectively unstable stratification allows field concentration up to a kilogauss field because the temperature reduction in the magnetic plasma.
Possibilities and Attempts to Determine the Differential Rotation on F-Type Main-Sequence Stars
Authors: Wöhl Hubertus
Published: June 2019

A preliminary analysis of spectral lines by Fourier transformation was used to determine upper limits of differential rotation for 11 F-type stars, mainly from the main-sequence. No evidence for a much steeper differential rotation on these stars than on the Sun could be found.
IUE Observations of the Chromospheric Activity-Age Relation in Young Solar-Type Stars
Authors: Simon Theodore , Boesgaard Ann Merchant
Published: June 2019

The difficulties of measuring magnetic fields in late-type stars other than the sun are well known, as one is reminded by other contributions to these Proceedings. This Symposium nevertheless comes at a very opportune time, as we are now at the point where we can begin to explore the relationship of stellar magnetism to flare activity and quiescent cool star chromospheres, transition regions (TRs), and coronae.
Dynamos of the Sun and Stars, and Associated Convection Zone Dynamics
Authors: Gilman Peter A.
Published: June 2019

I see my assignment in this talk as being to focus on the interaction between the magnetic fields produced by dynamo action and the dynamics of the fluid flow which drives this dynamo, and to make some connections to the solar and stellar dynamo problems. To do this really requires we start with a fluid dynamical model that satisfies relevant laws of fluid dynamics, and in which the flow can actually respond to the induced magnetic field. Thus the so-called kinematic dynamo models are not enough for our purposes, and we must address the full MHD dynamo problem in a self-consistent way. For example, we do not allow ourselves the license to vary independently the convection and differential rotation, as is commonly done in kinematic dynamo calculations, because the laws of physics do not allow that. We have been attempting to do self consistent MHD dynamo modeling at Boulder for the past several years, starting from a nonlinear fluid dynamical model for convection in a rotating spherical shell. This model we believe is physically complete in itself, with a minimum of ad hoc assumptions. It is much simpler than the real sun, but contains a lot of the physics we consider most relevant to the solar and stellar dynamo problem. I like to view the model more as an analog to the solar or a stellar convection zone, rather than as an approximation—much as a laboratory rat or monkey is used as an analog to a human being in many medical experiments. Each exists and is physically complete, and much, though not all, of their biochemistries are the same or are closely related.
The Role of Magnetic Fields in Stellar Chromospheres and Transition Regions
Authors: Linsky Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2019

In this review based largely on observations with the IUE and Einstein satellites, I will summarize the different roles that magnetic fields play in controlling the structure and energy balance in the chromospheres and transition regions of late-type stars. Solar observations clearly show that magnetic flux tubes are the dominant structural element in the solar atmosphere, but the rotational modulation of plages (structures that are bright in ultraviolet emission lines) that overlie dark starspots provide strong evidence that magnetic flux tubes are the dominant structural elements in late-type stellar atmospheres as well. The wide range of radiative loss rates (and thus heating rates) observed in chromospheric and transition region emission lines also provides evidence for the importance of magnetic fields, but it is not yet clear whether the most active stars can be understood in terms of a large fractional coverage by solar-like magnetic flux tubes or whether brighter flux tubes are needed. I propose that the existence of a boundary between solar-like stars and those with little or no hot plasma, as well as the different types of G-K giants and supergiants, can be understood in terms of the fractional surface coverage by closed magnetic structures. Transition region downflows, the chromospheric heating mechanism, and the relative heating rates at different layers can be simply explained by the control of the energy balance by magnetic fields. Finally, I will intercompare models computed for active and quiet regions on the Sun with similar models computed for active and quiet stars, that is stars with intrinsically bright or weak emission lines.
Empirical Scaling Laws for Coronal Heating
Authors: Golub Leon
Published: June 2019

We review the origins and uses of scaling laws in studies of stellar outer atmospheres, with particular emphasis on the properties of coronal loops. The evidence for a fundamental structuring of the Solar corona is reviewed and a discussion of thermodynamic scaling laws is presented. In order to intercompare different theories for coronal formation and heating, it is necessary to recast the theories in terms of observable quantities. As an example, we present a discussion of magnetic field-related heating and scaling laws which can be obtained relating coronal pressure, temperature and magnetic field strength; available data are shown to be consistent with scaling laws obtained in this way. However, some parameters of the theory must be treated as adjustable at the present time and it is necessary to examine data from other stars in order to determine whether these are true parameters in coronal heating. We examine some of the difficulties involved in using unresolved stellar data when dealing with loop atmospheres, by first treating the Sun as an unresolved source. Using the detailed observations now available we examine the limits of applicability of single-loop models. The possibilities and limits of stellar data are then discussed.
Observational Requirements: Ground-Based
Authors: Zwaan Cornelis
Published: June 2019

Vigorous pursuit of the investigation of magnetic activity in stars with convective envelopes requires a diversity of observational studies and a variety of instrumentation. I leave out purely solar studies of magnetic structure and activity; it goes without saying that any well designed solar investigation contributes to better understanding of general astrophysical problems. Hence I restrict myself to observational programs pointed at stars (sections 1, 2, 3) and to solar studies necessary to interpret stellar data (section 4).
Relationships Between Solar and Stellar Magnetic Fields
Authors: Cram L.E
Published: June 2019

Observational and theoretical studies of solar and stellar magnetic fields are reviewed. The discussion draws together several themes that emerged during IAU Symposium 102 on “Solar and Stellar Magnetic Fields: Origins and Coronal Effects,” and identifies a number of areas in which research over the next few years is likely to be fruitful.
Masses and Relaxation Times of Star Clusters in the SMC
Authors: Kontizas M. , Kontizas E.
Published: June 2019

Plates taken with the 1.2m U.K. Schmidt Telescope and the 3.8 AAT Telescope have been used in order to derive the dynamical parameteres of 43 various clusters of the SMC by means of star counts. The clusters are divided into two main categories: (i) the disk, “blue” and “intermediate” in colour, young, mainly globulars and (ii) the halo, “red”, old globular clusters. The disk clusters have been found to be more massive and older than the galactic open clusters, whereas the halo clusters are at least 10 times less massive than the galactic globulars. The relaxation times of the disk clusters are larger than their evolutionary age while the observed density profiles always show evidence of well relaxed systems.
The H-R Diagram of NGC 1962-65-66-70
Authors: Schulz-Lüpertz E. , Grewing M.
Published: June 2019

The complex NGC 1962–65–66–70 is one of the many giant filamentary shell nebulae in the LMC. The nebulosity, also known as N144 was studied originally in H-alpha by Henize (1956). It has an angular size of 698″ x 620″ and surrounds an association of very young blue stars. The cluster has been studied first photographically in V and B by Westerlund (1961).
Crowded Field Electronography in the LMC
Authors: Linde Peter , Ardeberg Arne , Lindgren Harri , Lyngå Gösta
Published: June 2019

An area in the LMC situated 1.2 degrees from the centre of the Bar has been studied with the ESO 3.6 m telescope using electronography and photoelectric measurements for calibration. Coordinates for 1950.0 are 5h20m, −71°. Six exposures have been used, with exposure times ranging from 8 to 90 min. Typical seeing was 1.5 arcseconds FWHM. This investigation is a continuation of our earlier study with the ESO 1.5 m telescope (Lindgren et al., 1980).
Magellanic Cloud Cepheids: Abundances, Reddenings, P-L and P-L-C Relations. A Review
Authors: Feast M. W.
Published: June 2019

Magellanic Cloud cepheids are of special importance for studies of stellar pulsation, of stellar evolution, of the nature of the Clouds themselves and of the extragalactic distance scale. It is not possible to cover all aspects of this subject in a short review and fortunately this is probably unnecessary since a whole symposium on cepheids is planned for Toronto next year. This paper attempts the much more modest task of assessing the current status on three main topics; chemical abundances, reddenings and the P-L and P-L-C relations (including recent infrared work). Conflicting views on some of these topics have recently appeared in the literature and a survey of the situation seems rather desirable.
Spectrophotometry of Early-Type Supergiants in the LMC
Authors: Nandy K. , Thompson G. I. , Morgan D. H. , Houziaux L.
Published: June 2019

Measures of the equivalent widths of major stellar features in the visible and UV regions of a sample of the LMC supergiants whose types range from 05 to A1 have been derived. Their low resolution UV spectra were obtained with the IUE and complemented in the visual with spectra from ESO 3.6 m and SAAO 1.95 m telescopes. The methods used are entirely numerical and as far as possible free from subjective estimates. The data for the LMC members have been compared with those obtained for their Galactic counterparts. The variation of CIV 1550 Å and Si IV 1400 Å absorptions with spectral type has been investigated. It may be that the intensity of HeI lines is smaller for the middle and late B supergiant members of the LMC as compared with those Galactic standards, otherwise there is no systematic difference within the observational errors between the Galactic and LMC supergiants in the strengths of the principal stellar features observed in the visible as a function of spectral type. Galactic 0 and early B supergiants have greater equivalent widths of Si IV λ 1400 and C IV λ 1550 absorptions than the LMC supergiants of similar spectral types, confirming earlier observations of Hutchings.
Ultraviolet Interstellar Absorption Towards SK159 in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Fitzpatrick Edward L.
Published: June 2019

Multiple high-dispersion IUE spectra of SK159 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) have been obtained and averaged in order to study interstellar gas associated with the SMC and, in particular, to search for evidence of SMC halo gas. A single high-dispersion IUE spectrum of SK159 was analyzed by Prévot et al. (1980). They reported the absence of C IV and only the marginal detection of Si IV at SMC velocities. The higher signal-to-noise ratio in our data allow a more definitive investigation of the absorption characteristics of these ions. SK159 is relatively cool, spectral type BO.5 Iaw (Walborn 1983) and is located in a region free of strong nebulosity. Thus the interstellar line spectrum will be less contaminated by H II region absorption than in previous studies of SMC stars. This favorable circumstance is somewhat offset by the great complexity of the underlying stellar spectrum and the resultant blending of stellar and interstellar lines.
Radii and Fluxes of Long-Period Cepheids
Authors: Opolski A.
Published: June 2019

The radii of 9 long-period Cepheids have been determined by means of the modificated Wesselink method and some general conclusions have been formulated. The relations R – P and Fv – Mv for stars recognized as fundamental and first overtone pulsators have been established.
Discussion of Meaning and Definition of UT
Authors: Xu B. X. , Zhu S. Y. , Zhang H.
Published: June 2019

The new definition of UT1 adopted by the IAU is useful but for many reasons not quite satisfactory. It depends e. g., 1) on the approximate values of some astronomical constants, and is therefore subject to revision in the future. 2) Since it is used for the FK5-based astronomical reference system, its eventual usefulness for space techniques is questioned. 3) Although the new and old UT1 merge continuously at a chosen epoch, they do not form a homogeneous series of data, in other words, the old and the new UT1 are systematically different from each other. 4) Neither the new definition, nor the way to convert the old to the new one is based on simple concepts and these are thus likely to be misunderstood by the nonspecialist user. A conceptual definition of UT1 is suggested, in order to correct this situation and a formula to realize this conceptual definition is presented, which can be used unchanged for every technique and is easily understood by the nonspecialist community.
The Astrometric Possibilities of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry
Authors: Robertson D. S.
Published: June 2019

In the application of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to astrometric problems the fundamental observable is the difference in the arrival times of a wavefront at two widely separated receiving stations. Since the radio sources being observed are sufficiently distant that the arriving wavefront can be considered to be a plane wave, the differential arrival time is a measure of the component of the baseline in the direction of the source. Equivalently, if the baseline is known, the differential arrival time is sufficient to determine a circle on the sky containing the source. It is easy to show that a minimum of ten observations distributed among three different sources is sufficient to determine all of the source coordinates and the baseline coordinates simultaneously (Robertson, 1975).
Astrometry with Objective Prism
Authors: Stock Jurgen
Published: June 2019

A number of years ago the author (Stock, 1978) showed that astrometric positions free of magnitude- or color-dependent errors may be obtained from pairs of objective prism plates with opposite dispersion, since these allow monochromatic measurements as well as a restriction of the photographic density range without restricting the range of magnitudes that can be covered. Results from a series of plates taken originally for a radial velocity survey can now be compared with two new catalogues of positions from meridian circle positions, namely the Perth 70 (Høg 1976) and the Santiago 67 (Carrasco 1982) catalogues.
A New Astrometric System
Authors: Gatewood George , Stein John , de Jonge Joost Kiewiet , DiFatta Chas , Breakiron Lee
Published: June 2019

The 30-inch Thaw Refractor of the University of Pittsburgh's Allegheny Observatory has been completely rebuilt. Changes include a new objective lens, a new detector system, and computer control and data acquisition. With an observational accuracy exceeding one-thousandth of an arc second, the new system will greatly expand the domain of astrometric research.
Software for Space Telescope Astrometry
Authors: Jefferys William H. , Feo John
Published: June 2019

A general overlapping-plate reduction program, REDUCE, has been written for the reduction of astrometric data from the Edwin P. Hubble Space Telescope. Pains have been taken to make this program powerful and flexible, yet easy to use. This paper describes the main features of the program.
Comparison of Instruments and Methods of Positional Observations of the Sun and Major Planets
Authors: Kharin A.S.
Published: June 2019

During the last decades, regular meridian observations of the Sun and major planets have been mainly carried out at Washington and Greenwich observatories. However, after 1960 position observations of Solar system bodies were initiated at many observatories throughout the world. The photographic and the equal altitude methods are widely used at this time, besides the meridian method. According to available information, during the time interval from 1960 to 1980,altogether 19 meridian instruments, 12 astrographs and 5 astrolabes took part in observations of the Sun and the major planets. More than 40.000 observations of single coordinates - right ascension and declinations have been obtained.
The Establishment of an Astrometric Standard Region – A Description of the Method with Reference to the Astrometric Standard Region in Praesepe (M44)
Authors: Russell Jane L.
Published: June 2019

An astrometric standard catalog has been derived for the region centered on the Praesepe open star cluster. This catalog includes positions and proper motions of 408 objects on the system of the FK4 reduced from 9 catalogs and 145 plates from 15 different telescopes and spanning 110 years. The accuracy of the positions ranges from 0.01 to 0.15 arcsec and for the proper motions from 0.0002 to 0.004 arcsec/yr, depending on the number and quality of the observations. The method of catalog construction is an application of the central overlap technique.
Electrostatic Fragmentation of Dust Particles in Laboratory
Authors: Svestka J. , Grün E.
Published: June 2019

Experimental laboratory work on simulation of the electrostatic fragmentation was started with loosely bound Al2O3 particles of 1 to 10 micrometers size. These particles were suspended in an electrodynamic quadrupole inside a vacuum chamber and electrically charged by ion beams of energies up to 5 keV. The electrostatic fragmentation was observed and derived tensile strengths of the particles range from 103 to 105 Pa what is compatible with theoretical estimates. A dependence of the tensile strength on the size of particles has been found. This dependence can be well fitted by inverse square power law.
Contribution of PAHs to the Interstellar Extinction Curve
Authors: Joblin C. , Leger A. , Martin P. , Defourneau D.
Published: June 2019

Absorption spectra of some gaseous PAHs, either pure species or natural mixtures, have been obtained in the VUV-visible region and compared to the interstellar extinction curve.

The assumption that free PAHs are ubiquitous in the ISM cannot be rejected by incompatibility between the interstellar extinction curve and the absorption spectra of such molecules. PAHs absorb in the FUV rise and may give an important contribution to the bump at 2200 Å. We have derived that about 15% of the cosmic carbon is involved in these molecules.
Molecular Abundances in Extragalactic Sources
Authors: Henkel C. , Mauersberger R.
Published: June 2019

Chemical properties of extragalactic molecular clouds are summarized. Column densities, relative abundances, and chemical implications are briefly discussed and references for more detailed studies are given. The need for model calculations is emphasized.
Observations of Diffuse and Translucent Clouds
Authors: Crane Philippe
Published: June 2019

Observations of interstellar CN, CH, and CH+ in diffuse and translucent clouds obtained with a spectral resolution of more the 500,000 are reported. First results from a survey of CH and CH+ are discussed. The CH+ isotopic ratio has been determined to be 68±5 toward ζ Oph and a component of 12CH+ has been found with a velocity width of 15 km s−1. A review of the rotational excitation temperature of interstellar CN and its implications is given.
Observations of HNO
Authors: Snyder L. E. , Hollis J. M. , Ziurys L. M. , Kuan Y.-J.
Published: June 2019

Interferometric observations of the HNO 3.68 mm line in Sgr B2 show clumping and some distribution similarities with HNCO. A search for the HNO 1.23 mm line with the NRAO 12-m telescope was unsuccessful.
Chemical Models of Active Regions
Authors: Charnley S.B.
Published: June 2019

Theoretical models of the chemistry in regions of low-mass star formation are reviewed.
Observations of Atomic Gas in Photodissociation Regions
Authors: White Glenn J. , Padman Rachael
Published: June 2019

At the interface between an HII region and a molecular cloud, lies a neutral gas layer which is subject to both an intense radiation field, and to shocks arising from the expansion of the ionisation front of the HII region. The gas in these regions is highly excited, hot, and may be fairly dense. We present the first high resolution images of atomic carbon towards a sample of ionisation front sources. This study has relevance to our understanding of shock induced star formation, the formation and destruction of molecular species under extreme conditions, shock processes in the ISM, and the energy balance in molecular clouds.
Warm Molecular Clouds
Authors: Jaffe D. T.
Published: June 2019

Warm molecular gas is important in a large range of astronomical contexts. We discuss here determinations of the temperature and mass of warm material in protostellar disks and cores, photon dominated regions, and molecular material shocked by protostellar outflows. We then compare these results to heating and cooling models. The models of dense cores and photon dominated regions are not adequate to explain the large amounts of warm material observed. This conclusion raises the possibility that there may be other heating mechanisms at work in these regions which theorists have not yet included in their models.
A Model for the Maser Source NGC 7538 IRS 1
Authors: Pratap Preethi , Snyder Lewis E. , Batrla Wolfgang
Published: June 2019

High resolution observations of the molecular cloud around NGC 7538 IRS 1 in the J=1-0 transition of 13CO show that the lower bound for density in that region is about 2 × 103 cm−3. The study of various molecular transitions and the continuum measurements of the H II region indicate that the conditions required by the Boland and de Jong model for the excitation of the H2CO maser are not very stringent or unique.
Chemistry in Protoplanetary Nebulae
Authors: Howe D A , Millar T J , Williams D A
Published: June 2019

We have investigated gas-phase chemistry in a remnant red giant wind, during transition to a planetary nebula, using the interacting stellar winds model. Rapid destruction by UV of most existing molecules is predicted, within ~ 100 yrs of the core star heating up, suggesting that the large molecules in CRL 618 may be destroyed within decades. However, significant abundances of some hydrogenated molecules and ions (eg. CH+, CH2+, CH3+, CH, CH2, NH) may form behind the shock predicted by the interacting stellar winds model. Also, survival and/or formation of observable amounts of some molecules (eg. HCN, CN, HC3N) may occur in dense clumps which survive transition, and may explain the existence eg. of HCN in NGC 7027.