bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on ABS Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Processes
Authors: Yuan Jun , Yan Ji Kang , Gan Guo You , Du Jing Hong , Yi Jian Hong
Published: December 2011

Preparation of hydrophobic and oleophobic ABS laminates by a template method or additives added method and hydrophobic and oleophobic mechanism of ABS were investigated. ABS laminates with micro/nanopores were fabricated by adding additives and dissolving the micro/nanomaterial on surface for forming pores, and with low surface energy were prepared by adding nanometer titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). The contact angle of ABS laminates with oil and water were tested by the contact angle meter. Surface microstructure of the ABS laminates were observed by SEM. The results show that the contact angle of the Al-ABS laminates treated by diluted hydrochloric acid with water is 117° increase 67°than the contact angle of ABS laminates without any treatment, which was since aluminum particles on the surface of ABS laminates are dissolved by diluted hydrochloric acid and form rough surface morphology with the surface micro/nanostructure.
Influencing Factors on the Determination of Corundum Particle Parameters by SEM and Image Analysis
Authors: Jiang Bing , Li Zheng Min , Zhai Han , Chen Zhi Wei , Guo Hong , Niu Jin Ye , Tan Min
Published: December 2011

Determination of particle size and shape factors of the corundum powders by SEM image analysis has been reported in our preceding work. However, the effect of sample preparation and image processing has not been investigated. In order to obtain appropriate images, samples was well-dispersed by vibrating particles manually up and down, and then thicker Pt coating was well sputter coated on the surface of samples; compared with the magnifications of 100 and 32, magnification of 50 was more reasonable; for distinguishing particles from image background properly, the gray threshold value of 70 was set to transform gray image to binary image; to decrease image noises, three image filters, i.e. Erosion Filter, Dilation Filter and Median Filter were investigated and the last one was the most effective. This method of sample preparation and image processing can be used in regular and irregular particles determination.
Influences of Different Calcination Ambiences on Phase Composition, Morphologies of Ceramic Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy by Micro-Arc Oxidation
Authors: Hao Guo Dong , Yuan Huan , Zhang Jing
Published: December 2011

Compound ceramic coatings with the main crystal phase of Al2TiO5(as-coated samples) were prepared in situ on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by means of pulsed bi-polar micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in an NaAlO2solution. The coated samples were calcined in argon and air at 1000°C, respectively. The phase composition, surface and section morphology, and element contents of the ceramic coatings were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The samples were treated in argon and the as-coated ones were calcined in air at 1000°C to study the anti-oxidation properties of the samples. The results show that Al2TiO5had been decomposed in an hour and transformed intoα-Al2O3and rutile TiO2in air. However, Al2TiO5had been decomposed in four hours in argon and the final coating surface was completely composed ofα-Al2O3. The content of Al2O3was decreased from outside to inside layers and Ti2O3was formed in the coating. Furthermore, the morphology of the ceramic coatings after the calcination was different. The coatings calcined in argon were finer; the grains and pores were smaller than those in air.
Preparation of Barium Titanate Powders by Gel-Solid Reaction
Authors: Jiao Chun Rong , Chen Da Ming , Tong Jian Feng
Published: December 2011

BaTiO3ceramic composite powders were prepared by a gel-solid reaction method using the raw materials of two particle sizes, DSC was used to study the thermal decomposition of the green body. The effect of the calcination temperatures on the phase structure of the powders was investigated. The influence of the particle sizes of the raw materials on the reaction temperature and the microstructure of the powders was explored. The results showed that reaction temperature of BaTiO3ceramic powders reacted from BaCO3of the large size was about 933.0°C, and the one from BaCO3of the smaller size was about 903.5°C, respectively. XRD results indicated that BaTiO3powders could be prepared at a temperature range of 900°C ~ 1000°C using the raw materials of either size. The particle size of the synthesized powders was determined by the particle size of the raw material. Therefore, the raw materials of small size should be chosen to prepare the synthesized powders of small size, and at a lower reaction temperature.
Preparation of ZrO2 Spherical Nanoparticles Used for Photonic Crystal
Authors: Wang Xiao Qiang , Wang Meng , Zhu Xiao Yan , Li Ming Ya
Published: December 2011

ZrO2 spherical nanoparticles were prepared by rheological phase reaction. The crystal structure, morphology and formation mechanism were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc. Then three-dimensional photonic crystal was synthesized by sol-gel method and using surfactant as template. The study showed that well-controlled spherical particle is helpful to preparation of photonic crystal with adjustable apertures. Mesoporous ZrO2 was obtained with narrow pore size distributions.
Preparation and Characterization of Porous Acicular Mullite Ceramics
Authors: Luo Ming Hua , Zhou Jian Er , Wang Yong Qing , Wang De Lin , Wang Sheng Long
Published: December 2011

Acicular mullite porous ceramics were synthesis by high-temperature sintering technique. In the present work, Kaolin and industrial aluminum hydroxide were selected as raw materials, AlF3 used as catalyst. XRD and SEM were used to detect the crystal type and microstructure of prepared mullite ceramics, respectively. The influences of sintering temperature on the growth of crystal, the apparent porosity and compressive strength of the resulting porous ceramics were investigated. The results indicate when sintering temperature ranges from 1250 ~ 1400°C, much acicular mullite crystal appeared in the resulting ceramics. The apparent porosity, the compressive strength and the morphology of the mullite whisker changed obviously with the sintering temperature. When sintering temperature is 1400°C, the porous ceramics showed the maximum compressive strength of ~28 MPa and the maximum apparent porosity of ~63%.
Low-Temperature Combustion Synthesis of Cordierite Powder and its Characteristic
Authors: He Ying , Guo Jun Ming , Huang Zhao Long , Liu Gui Yang , Zhai Feng Rui , Xiao Rui Min , Sun Li Da , Zhou He Ping
Published: December 2011

The MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (MAS) glass powders have been synthesized by low-temperature combustion technique using magnesium nitrate, aluminium nitrate, silicic acid as material, urea as fuel. The crystallization process, sintering behavior and dielectric properties were investigated by means of DTA, XRD, TMA and SEM techniques. The results showed that the glass powders could be sintered at lower than 1000°C. The μ-cordierite phase was first crystallized from glass and then transformed into α-cordierite phase during sintering process. The obtained cordierite-based glass-ceramics at 950°C and 1000°C have low dielectric constant (4.00 ~ 4.96 at 1 MHz), low dielectric dissipation factor (≈ 0.003) and high sintering density (which is above 98% of the theoretical density), which are used for electronic packaging.
Synthesis of SrTiO3 Powders by Gel Solid State Reaction Method
Authors: Tong Jian Feng , Wang Ling , Chen Da Ming
Published: December 2011

A new technology, gel solid-state reaction, for synthesis of SrTiO3 ceramic composite powders is described in the present paper. This process, valuable for a great number of composite powders, is of great simplicity and has a relative low synthetic temperature of powders. The calcined lumped powder is porous and easy to grind. XRD and d-spacing-component figures of the solid solution powder demonstrated that the compounds were mutually miscible in the solid solutions, and SEM showed that they were uniform and substantially spherical with an average size of 1.0 μm in diameter. The remarkable advantages of the method are high yields, solvent-free, and environmental benign.
Study of Asphalt Thermal Stability Based on Microscopic Analysis Techniques
Authors: Chen Jing , Yuan Wan Jie , Chen Zhong Da
Published: December 2011

The thermal stability of petroleum asphalt is closely related to the source of the resource properties. The paper lists the test results of the elemental analysis, the four-component analysis and the TG analysis test to the three kings of asphalt which is the before and after aging samples. The results show the thermal stability of the before and after aging of asphalt is mainly embodied of the main elements content, components composition and characterist groups. Through the intervention to them, the qualified products can be produced to meet the technical performance.
Mechanochemical Synthesis and Characterization of FeNi-Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Sajjadi Seyyed Abdalkarim , Nasrabadi Hossein Beygi , Zare Mansour
Published: December 2011

In this Study, FeNi-Al2O3 nanocomposites with three different compositions were successfully synthesized through mechanical alloying of Fe2O3, Ni and Al powders mixture. Characterization of the products was accomplished by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of various parameters such as chemical composition of starting materials, milling time and annealing on the phase evolution, morphology and microhardness of samples was investigated. It was found that FeNi matrix nanocomposites reinforced with 10, 15 and 30wt.% of Al2O3 were fabricated in 300, 240 and 180 min of milling, respectively. The crystallite size of the intermetallic FeNi phase and particle size of Al2O3 in the 720 min milled FeNi-30wt.%Al2O3 nanocomposite sample were calculated 28nm and 5.15 µm, respectively. Microhardness results also showed the same sample had the maximum hardness value of 790 HV.
Research and Assessments of Geomagnetically Induced Currents
Authors: Ma You Jie , Wu Dong Fang , Zhou Xue Song
Published: December 2011

The geomagnetic storm which is caused by the sun's activity is a global natural disaster. When the sun surface activity is exuberant, especially in sun spots period, the surface of the sun will release X-ray, ultraviolet, visible and high-energy proton or electron beam. Part of the charged particles form current and influence the earth's magnetic field, current shock caused severe change occurs, geomagnetic happens. it can induce Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC).The GIC has very big effect on various man-made long distance conductors. The electric field produced during a geomagnetic disturbance is dependent on the magnitude and frequency of magnetic field variations and the Earth’s surface impedance. The GIC in a conductor system is also related to the infrastructure of the system. This paper introduces the principle of GIC, algorithm method and the geomagnetic storms rules.
A Sensitivity Study of Structure Behavior of Strengthened Beams for Buried High-Pressure Steel Bifurcation
Authors: Lu Yu Ting , Shen Zhen Zhong , Xu Li Qun
Published: December 2011

As one of the key structures of hydropower underground projects, buried high-pressure steel bifurcations have complex structures and undefined force states. Based on practical condition of the buried high-pressure steel bifurcation of Sandaowan Hydropower Station, a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model with parametric design language is established to analyze the changing law of the stress of the lining affected by the dimension of the strengthened beams. It is proposed that to increase the height of the strengthened beams can be reduce the phenomenon of stress concentration effectively in the bifurcation, which can be served as a theory reference for the engineering design and construction.
Adsorption of Zn(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Thiol-Functionalized MCM-48
Authors: Hu Xue Na , Han Ya , Li Jia Yan , Wu Jun Yan , Chen Jian Rong , Tang Meng Jie
Published: December 2011

Thiol-functionalized MCM-48 (SH-MCM-48) was synthesized by co-condensation method, with co-templates of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and nonionic poly (ethylene oxide)–poly (propylene oxide)–poly (ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (Pluronic P123). The resulting material was characterized by XRD and FT-IR spectrum. The potential of SH-MCM-48 for adsorption Zn (II) from aqueous solution was examined. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to investigate the effect of experimental parameters including pH, metal ions concentration and adsorption time. The maximum adsorption capacities of Zn (II) onto SH-MCM-48 were 30.12, 34.01 and 38.02 mg g-1 at the temperature of 303, 313 and 323K, respectively. The adsorption kinetics data were found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and adsorption isotherms were fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich models. Moreover, the adsorption thermodynamic parameters (△G0, △H0 and △S0) were measured, and indicated that the adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process.
Excavation Effect of Tunnel Slope Reinforced with Anti Sliding Pile in Cold Regions Based on 3D-FEM
Authors: Lai Jin Xing , Fan Hao Bo , Dong Zi Chao
Published: December 2011

In order to analyze the effects of tunnel excavation on the stability of tunnel slope reinforced with anti sliding pile and establish 3D elastic-plastic finite element model, the paper focused on the analysis of the deformation of the structural system, the characteristics of the deformation and the rules of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock. The results showed that in the construction process, the maximum vault settlement was about 28mm; the plastic zone occurred mainly in the place surrounding the sliding pile and part of the earth surface, the plastic zone around the vault at the entry of the tunnel was large and tended to connect with the earth surface; the soil arching effect ensured the stability of the slope during the tunnel excavation and construction.
Citric Acid on the Hydration Mechanism of Cement
Authors: Ma Bao Guo , Xiao Jun , Tan Hong Bo
Published: December 2011

This article reports on the study to evaluate the hydration process of cement by the addition of citric acid. Through the test of citric acid of cement paste, hydration heat performance, resistivity, chemical shrinkage, and combined with XRD, SEM, DSC-TG discusses the influence of citric acid on cement hydration process. The results thus obtained were compared to the hydration process of cement with the blank sample and vary of dosage of citric acid. The results show that: The early hydration about 1~2 h resistivity increases, dissolve balance stage was extended; The chemical shrinkage increased significantly, and increases with dosage; With the increase in citric acid dosage, AFt diffraction peaks increases, while the CH peak decreases, indicating that the citric acid accelerated the initial hydration of C3A, while inhibiting C3S hydration and promoting AFt generation.
Key words: citric acid, mechanism ,hydration heat, resistivity
Magnetic Confinement of Plasmas Generated by Coaxial Twinned Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) Discharge
Authors: Chen Geng Shun , Tong Rui Hong , Zhang An Hua
Published: December 2011

Effects of the magnetic field on confinement of the coaxial twined ECR plasmas were studied using the Lanmuir probe diagnostic technique. Under the magnetic-mirror confinement, the plasma density was quite high in the vicinity of the axis of the ECR sources but it decreased rapidly with increasing radial distance; while under the cusped field confinement, the density was lower but uniform. The trend was similar for the electron temperature and the plasma potential. This property may be utilized in materials processes to meet different requirements.
Key words: Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), Plasma, Magnetic confinement, The cusped field confinement.
PACS: 52.80.Pi, 52.55.-s, 52.70.-m
Microstructure of Magnesium-Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced with 2wt.% SiC Particles
Authors: Zhang Run Lan , Liu Xiang Rong , Zhou Tan Wei , Yang Jian Li
Published: December 2011

SiCp/Mg-Al composites with 5μm 2wt.% SiC particles as reinforcement were prepared under the protection of inorganic flux. The microstructures, textures and components of the composites were investigated using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and backscattered electron imaging (BSE). The results indicate that SiC particles are mainly distributed along grain boundaries, retarding grain growth and conducing to the refinement of the matrix. Interfacial reaction can occur between SiCp and Mg but not between SiCp and Al. There are α-Mg and β-Mg17Al12 phases, γ-MgAl phase, α-Al and β-Al3Mg2 phases in SiCp/Mg-Al composites with the Mg/Al ratio of 4/1, 1/1, 1/4 respectively.
Research on Carbon Dioxide Corrosion of Cement Stones of Oil Well Casings under High Temperature and High Pressure
Authors: Wang Ping , Qu Zhan , Zhang Jian Bing
Published: December 2011

The effect of CO2 on seal capacity of cement mantle causes casing corrosion and reduces the life of oil well. The corrosion proof of cement system is studied to improve the integrity and seal properties of the cement stone under acidic medium. The CO2 corrosion test of 5 blocks cement under high temperature and high pressure was conducted. Compressive strength, permeability and corrosion depth were measured and morphology after corrosion was observed by scanning electron microscope. A density cement slurry formulations was selected by analyzing the experimental data. It not only has excellent corrosion resistance, but also has properties of anti-gas breakthrough, reduction of free water and stability. It can meet cementing requirement of different well depth conditions.
Research on Coating Dispersion of Liquid Wear-Resistant Decorative Paper
Authors: Hu Zhi Jun , Zhang Xue Jin
Published: December 2011

Liquid wear-resistant technology combines original decorative paper and the surface wear-resistant paper into one. Wear-resistant particles are coated directly on the surface of base decorative paper, forming a transparent wear-resistant protective layer. The suspension behavior of ultra-fine A12O3 in the aqueous phase was investigated. The aim was further realizing the good consistency among A12O3, melamine resin and other components. The main influencing factors [viz., dispersant type, dispersant dosage, dispersive methods and pH value] were investigated to get the optimum conditions. The results showed that the stable aqueous suspension of ultrafine A12O3 could be obtained under the following conditions: the concentration of superfine A12O3 5wt%, pH = 9, anionic dispersant APAAA, the amount of dispersant 0.4wt%, ultrasonic suspension time 30min.
Dynamic Stability Analysis of Viscoelastic Beam under the Follower Forces
Authors: Zhuo Rui Hua , Yan Shu Wang , Zhang Lei Yu
Published: December 2011

The unification differential equation of buckling and motion of viscoelastic beam subjected to the uniformly distributed follower forces in time domain was established by differential operators including extension viscosity, shearing viscosity and moment of inertia. According to the unification differential equation, dynamic stability of three-parameter model of viscoelastic beams subjected to follower forces with clamped-free supported boundary condition was firstly analyzed by power series. The relations of the follower force versus vibration frequency and decay coefficient were obtained, so was the effect of viscous coefficient on the critical load of beams.
Preparation of Controlled-Release Tablets of Sasanquasaponin Using Broomcorn-Stalk and its Performance
Authors: Liu Xiao Zhen , Song Yue Xing , Lai Zhong Fang , Guo Ling Ling , Song Ling Ling
Published: December 2011

The controlled-release tablets of sasanquasaponin (SQS) were prepared by using SQS, broomcorn-stalk and lactose as the main drug and accessories. The effect of the particle size of broomcorn-stalk on release rate was studied. Kinetics equation of the controlled-release tablets of SQS releasing SQS was fitted. The thermal stability and wet stability of the controlled-release tablets of SQS were investigated. The controlled-release tablet of SQS was characterized by infrared absorption spectrum (IR) techniques. The releasing rate of the controlled-release tablets of SQS were controlled by controlling the particle size of broomcorn-stalk. Release speeds of the controlled-release tablets of SQS releasing SQS were constant. The thermal stability and wet stability of the controlled-release tablets of SQS were good. The chemical bonds were formed among SQS, broomcorn-stalk and lactose.
Effect of Nano SiO2 on the Performance of Asphalt Emulsion and its Residue
Authors: Yang Yan Sheng , Fan Wei Yu , Wang Zhe , Zhang Qin Qin , Nan Guo Zhi
Published: December 2011

The effects of nanoSiO2 content on the Engler viscosity and storage stability of asphalt emulsion as well as the performances of asphalt emulsion residue were investigated. The results indicate that the Engler viscosity increases and storage stability of the emulsion is improved as the nanoSiO2 dosage increases from 0 wt % to 1.2 wt %. With the nanoSiO2 content increasing, it represents a reduction in the ductility and penetration of the asphalt emulsions residue. However, compositions of saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) of the asphalt emulsions residue change slightly. The viscosity of the asphalt emulsions residue increases as the nanoSiO2 content increases from 0 wt % to 1.2 wt % at temperatures from 70 °C to 120 °C and changes slightly when the temperature is higher than 120 °C.
A Research on the Forward Slip Coefficient in Alloyed Bar Rolling by the Round-Oval-Round Pass Sequence
Authors: Song Jian Feng , Dong Yong Gang
Published: December 2011

For predicting the forward slip coefficient and veocity of outgoing workpiece exactly during alloyed bar rolling by Round-Oval-Round pass sequence, the influence of the spred of the outgoing workpiece and its contact boundary condition was considered and the calculating formula for the effective height of outgoing workpiece and the mean roll radius was proposed individually. Moreover, the new parameters were substituted into the Shinokura and Takai Formula to modify it. Then a modified forward slip coefficient firmula was proposed.
The validity of the theoretical model has been examined by the bar rolling experiment and the numerical simulation using three-dimensional rigid-plastic FEM. Compared with the Shinokura and Takai dormula, the predict accuracy of the modified formula was improved apparently. So, it can be applied in alloyed bar rolling to predict the the forward slip coefficient and veocity of outgoing workpiece exactly.
Study on In Situ Monitoring of the Surrounding Rock Pressure of the Shallow Large-Span Tunnel in the Tunnel Construction Process
Authors: Li Xin Zhi , Li Shu Cai , Li Ying Yong , Li Shu Chen
Published: December 2011

The surrounding rock pressure which was determined effectively through in-situ monitoring was the important parametric of the tunnel engineering design.According to in-situ monitoring of the surrounding rock pressure in the relied engineering . The adjustment and distribution characteristics of surrounding rock pressure of the shallow large-span tunnel with three-level seven-step parallel tunnel excavation was studied, the results showed that the arch and sides of the tunnel arch foot were the key parts which concentrated the surrounding rock pressure. The adjustment and distribution of surrounding rock pressure had not obvious relationships with tunnel face distance. Finally, the composite factors that impacted monitoring results of the surrounding rock pressure was analysed. The results had great significance on the development and perfection of the surrounding rock pressure theory in shallow large-span tunnel.
Study on SBS Modified Asphalt Emulsion and Aggregate Adhesion of CA Mortar
Authors: Liu Bao Ju , Ning Shao Ying , Yang Yuan Xia
Published: December 2011

The influence of pH of emulsified asphalt, the kinds and content of emulsifiers and stabilizers on asphalt-aggregate adhesion have been investigated in this paper. Results show that the pH of the emulsified asphalt has great impact on asphalt-aggregate adhesion by way of the effect of pH on asphalt, asphalt-aggregate adhesion is worst when asphalt emulsion at pH≈4, which is close to the isoelectric point of asphalt, the bigger the zeta potential absolute value of emulsified asphalt, the better the asphalt-aggregate adhesion property. Effect of emulsifiers on asphalt-aggregate adhesion is complex, the best dosage is at 0.2%. The addition of organic stabilizers are superior to inorganic stabilizers to improve the asphalt-aggregate adhesion, the best dosage is at 0.4%. Effect of mixing emulsifier and stabilizer is better than single-doped emulsifier and stabilizer.
Thermo-Chemical Analysis of a Calcination Furnace to Produce Cathode Material for the Secondary Batteries
Authors: Li Dong Fang , Hwang Min Young , Kim Yong Gyun , Jeon Chung Hwan , Song Ju Hun , Kim Yong Tae , Chang Youn Han
Published: December 2011

Lithium secondary batteries have been widely used in the portable electric devices as power source. Recently it is expected that the realm of its applications expands to the markets such as energy storage medium of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), electric vehicle (EV). Cathode active material is crucial in terms of performance, durability, capacity of lithium secondary batteries. It is urgent to develope the technology for mass production of cathode material to cope with the markets' demands in the near future. In this study, a calcination furnace running in real production line is modelled in 3D, and the thermal flow and gas flow after chemical reaction in the furnace is analyzed through numerical computations. Based on the results, it is shown that large volume of CO2 gas is generated from chemical reaction. High concentration of CO2 gas and it's stagnation is clearly found from the reactant containers in which the reaction occur to the bottom area of the furnace. It is also studied that 15% or more CO2 mol fraction could affect to proper formation of LiCoO2 through TGA-DSC analysis. The solutions to evacuate carbon dioxide from the furnace are suggested through the change of furnace design and operating condition as well. Keywords : Secondary battery, cathode material, calcination furnace, LiCoO2
Crash Simulation of Straddle-Type Monorail Vehicle Body and Human Injury Research
Authors: Wen Xiao Xia , He Yi Tuan , Du Zi Xue , Zhang Xiao Xun
Published: December 2011

In this paper, Based on collision simulation theory, a straddle-type monorail vehicle was considered as the research object. A collision model of Straddle-type monorail vehicle with human body model was set up. The course of collision between the straddle-type monorail vehicle and a rigid wall was simulated. During the body collision process, some parameters, such as velocity, displacement, energy and the injury of diver, were analyzed. According to the simulation results, the stiffness of vehicle and ability of energy absorption were evaluated.
Study of Destabilization Mechanism of Concrete Component Based on Catastrophe Theory
Authors: Liao Yan Fen , Xu Yan , Ma Xiao Qian
Published: December 2011

A simplified mechanical model in view of concrete component stability problem on fire was established. Assuming the temperature of fire and load as control variables, and material strain (or intensity) as state variables, destabilization mechanism of concrete component under high temperatures was carried out with the application of cusp catastrophic model. And the nonlinear mutation characteristics and failure mechanism of concrete component on fire were investigated. The results indicate that system's catastrophe characteristic is determined by fire duration, temperature, load capacity and load characteristics. When K=-F'(u)/km>1, component destructs in the form of ductility failure, and when K<1, component destructs in the form of brittle failure. As the temperature rises, the caper value increases if the spring stiffness is defined.
Research of the Connecting Form about the Spherical Shell and the Nozzle
Authors: Luo Cai Xia
Published: December 2011

The Stress Distribution in the Connection of the Spherical Shell and the Opening Nozzle Is Very Complex. Sharp-Angled Transition and Round Transition Are Used Respectively in the Connection in the Light of the Spherical Shell with the Small Opening and the Large One. the Influence of the Two Connecting Forms on Stress Distribution Is Analyzed by Establishing Finite Element Model and Solving it. the Result Shows there Is Obvious Stress Concentration in the Connection. Round Transition Can Reduce the Maximum Stress in Comparison with Sharp-Angled Transition in both Cases of the Small Opening and the Large Opening, Mainly Reducing the Bending Stress and the Peak Stress, but Not the Membrane Stress. the Effect of Round Transition on Reducing Stress Was Not Significant. so Sharp-Angled Transition Should Be Adopted in the Connection when a Finite Element Model Is Built for Simplification in the Future.
Effective Composite Materials for Friction Pairs of Working Bodies of Cotton Machines
Authors: Musabekov Dilshod , Abed-Negmatova Nodira , Gulyamov Giyoz , Shernaev Anvar , Khodjimuradov Dilshod , Negmatov Sayibjan
Published: December 2011

We developed effective composite wood-polymer materials based on poplar and produced the sliding bearings of working bodies of friction units of machines and mechanisms of cotton produced plants. The implementation of developed composite wood-polymer materials will allow significant increase of efficiency and durability of working bodies of equipment and decrease the expenses spent for bearings of cotton machines.
The Experimental Study of Natural Sedimentation in Heavy Oil
Authors: Feng Ding , Liu Li , Wang Peng , Zhang Hong , Xie Xu
Published: December 2011

The desanding in heavy oil has been indispensable to oilfield exploration and production. The methodology of natural sedimentation is considered the effective way in oilfield, as a consequence of the best separation effect, a large handling capacity, low energy consumption, simple operation and low-carbon green. This paper did some research on natural sedimentation separation characteristics in the desanding of heavy oil, through experimental study, in order to test setting time and viscosity of various kinds of size in heavy oil, which indicates the relationship of viscosity, size and sedimentation rate. Not only make sure the relationship of setting time, viscosity and size, but also the boundary between floating zone and stable region in the desanding of heavy oil, Based on these data which has an important guiding role to make sure the time that natural sedimentation takes for oil-water-sand, desanding properties of heavy oil and separator size.
Calculation of Remediation Cut-Off Value of Pb-Contaminated Sites Based on the Health Risk
Authors: Liu An Ping , Sun Xiao Nan , Sun Xiao Song , Ren Wei , Yao Xing Xing
Published: December 2011

This paper conclude and determine the range of key parameters based on the effects of heavy metal Pb to Human blood-Pb health risk. According to China's reality, Pb levels in air, drinking water are 0.122~1.0 ug/m and 2~10ug/L; ingestion of Pb from food by children of 0~6 years old is 10~25ug/d. Pb cut-off value for residential land soil are calculated with the Integration Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model (IEUBK). The result shows the Pb cut-off value for residual land is 294.5mg/kg. The result provides a reference for cut-off value of Content of lead in soil, and brings convenience for the research and practice of remediation Pb contamination in soil.
Characteristics of Heavy Metals Contamination and Distribution in Shooting Range: A Case Study
Authors: Zhu Yong Bing , Zhao San Ping , Liu Xiao Dong
Published: December 2011

In order to study heavy metals’ pollution characteristics in soil of a small arms shooting range, soil samples at surfaces and different depths were collected from a shooting range located in suburb of Beijing and analyzed for heavy metals (Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、P、As、Hg and Sb). Site investigation results showed that the soil in the shooting range was seriously polluted by Pb bullets, and there are positive correlations between total concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb and Pb in soil particles less than 2mm, indicating soil heavy metals’ combined pollution characteristics.
Numerical Simulation of Benzene in Soil Contaminant Transport by Finite Difference Method
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wang Qing , Zhang Sheng Tao
Published: December 2011

In this paper, the two-dimensional saturated soil adsorption and desorption of contaminant transport model was considered, and it is discreted by the Crank-Nicolson difference scheme method. The benzene contaminant in the original organic chemical cesspool was determined, and the transportation of benzene contaminant is simulated by Matlab software. Simulation results show that the benzene concentration in the sewage pool reduced to 1.15mg/kg, where can be used for various soil types by the migration effect of the soil after a decade. This established model and simulation methods can be used for estimating other existing benzene contaminated soil pollution.
The Hazard Analysis of Plutonium Aerosol Resuspension in Typical Dated Nuclear-Polluted Regions
Authors: Liu Wen Jie , Hu Ba Yi , Li Qing Zhong
Published: December 2011

The plutonium material within the nuclear devices would be aerosolized, released from the source-term and deposited in the soil after nuclear tests or accidents. Due to the natural and artificial disturbances the plutonium aerosols deposited in the soil would resuspend into the air. The hazard analysis of plutonium aerosol resuspension in typical dated nuclear-polluted regions is significative for radiation assessment and post-accident depuration in contaminated regions. The analysis shows that the soil eroding is the intrinsic factor of plutonium aerosol resuspension. The airborne contaminated concentration in non-nuclear source-term is much higher than nuclear source-term. The soil cleanup would lead to short-term rise of the airborne concentration. From the estimation of the equivalent dose, it is clear that the radiation hazards of the resuspended particulates in typical dated nuclear-polluted regions are extremely limited. After soil cleanup the annual effective doses of the contaminated regions are far below the radiation protection standards.
Research on the Doubtful Radioactive Contaminated Sites in the Urban Area of Chongqing
Authors: Han Zhong , Zhou Ri Feng
Published: December 2011

Sampling the doubtful contaminated soil and rocks by the way of grid layout along the Yangtze River and Jialing River, near some hospitals and factories in the urban area of Chongqing, and measuring the samples specific activity of radionuclide 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. Analyze the radioactive levels of doubtful contaminated sites by the measurement results, to make recommendations for monitoring environmental radioactive levels and propose remediation steps of contaminated soils.
Study on the Relationship between Contamination Distribution and Sampling Density
Authors: Sun Xiao Song , Liu An Ping , Sun Xiao Nan , Tang Wei Guo , Sun Jian Ming
Published: December 2011

Use some contaminated site (D-block) in Chongqing of China as the experiment site, this paper studies effects of different sampling density (layout grid spacing) on the contaminated area and determination of contaminated boundary in system layout method of environmental monitoring, and then discusses the relationship between sampling density and contaminated distribution in system layout method according to the experiment result. The experiment result indicates that: in a certain range, increase the sampling density, contamination distribution will be more accurate; too big sampling density is not practical; for the common sites with unknown or large-range contaminated distribution, 10m×10m is the recommended layout sampling density.
Stabilization of Chromium(VI) from Chromic Slag with Two Types of Thiol Collectors
Authors: Lu Qing Ping , Jiang Chang Sheng , Hao Qing Ju
Published: December 2011

Two thiol collectors, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and potassium ethyl xanthate (EXT), were adopted to stabilize hexavalent chromium from chromic slag. The average usage of each thiol collector is 62.5 μmol∙g-1 in chromic slag. The leaching characteristic of Cr6+ in chromic slag was analyzed according to the acidic extraction process with the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the procedures of extraction in water with the horizontal vibration method (HMV). Under the 0.1 mol∙L-1 TCLP and HMV conditions, we compared them with FeSO4 and found that two thiol collectors presented better stabilization effects for Chromium (VI) from chromic slag, especially the effect by DDTC is more stabilized than that by EXT. The rate of their stabilized treatments is 78.42% and 83.18%, respectively, which both are obviously higher than that by FeSO4. Heavy metal-thiol collectors such as flocculent mass is more stabilized under the neutral and alkalized conditions (pH>8), but it may be partly dissolved under the acidic conditions (pH<6) and the leaching amount of Cr6+ from chromic slag will increase quickly with pH decreasing.
Current Status Analysis and Preventive Countermeasures on Industrial Hazardous Waste in Chongqing, China
Authors: Zhu Ying , Wang Li'ao , Li Jia Xiang
Published: December 2011

Large amounts of industrial hazardous waste (IHW) are generated with the rapid economicgrowth in Chongqing Municipality. The generation of IHW was 355994.12t in 2010 and made up 1.25% of industrial solid waste (ISW). Huge varieties and complex components of IHW make it difficulty in its management, which causing serious environmental problems. In this paper, the status of IHW generation, disposal and management was analyzed from 2006 to 2010. Moreover, the pollution prevention measures are proposed for the purpose of protecting the ecological environment
Coordination Reaction between Series Hydroxyl-Porphyrins and Pb2+ Studied by Spectroscopic Method
Authors: Fa Huan Bao , Chen Sheng Fang , Zhang Ming , Huo Dan Qun , Yin Wei , Luo Xiao Gang , Lu Zhong Ming , Hou Chang Jun
Published: December 2011

Reaction conditions and spectroscopy properties of series hydroxyl-porphyrins for bonding with Pb2+ were described. A stable complex was formed with molar ratio 1:1 in the solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with 0.6ml tween-80 as surfactant, when the pH was controlled at 6.5. The hydroxyl group on the benzene ring resulted in Soret band red shift of Pb-porphyrin complexes from 415.8 to 422.7nm, and isosbestic point of the axial coordination reaction appeared at 419.5nm. The study of thermodynamics predicted that the monohydroxyl-porphyrin had the optimal identification effects for Pb2+.
Study on Manage Problems of Chinese Contaminated Sites
Authors: Ma Jiang Ya , Zheng Huai Li , Zheng Mei Zhen , Zheng Xing , Fan Wei
Published: December 2011

Compared to the other countries in the world, the research and practice on management of Chinese contaminated sites has just begun, yet it faces a number of problems. This paper analyze the manage problems of Chinese contaminated sites from the following aspects: the relevant laws and regulations of contaminated sites, standards, remediation technology, fund-raising and so on. Furthermore, it put forward that achieving legalization, institutionalization and industrialization of the remediation work is the key to solve the manage problem of the Chinese contaminated sites.
Utilize Heavy Metal-Contaminated Farmland to Develop Bioenergy
Authors: Liu Cai Feng , Li Yong Hua , Shi Gang Rong
Published: December 2011

Currently, the World confronts with several major problems, including environment pollution and energy shortage. To utilize metal-contaminated soils safely and to solve the problem of shortage of farmland for bioenergy development, we have postulated a new strategy of cultivating energy plants in Cd-contaminated soils for bioenergy production, and this can also be combined with phytoremediation. Here, we focus on the advantage and feasibility of this approach by a review of recent developments in basic and applied research relevant. It is concluded that cultivation of energy plants in metal-contaminated land for bioenergy production is a high beneficial, environment-friendly technique that is also technically feasible. It might not only cover the shortages of phytoremediation and bioenergy production, but also makes the metal-contaminated land fully utilized and productive, and this is benefited for both agriculture and farmers.
Long-Term Phytoremediation Process of Diesel Oil-Contaminated Soil
Authors: Song Xue Ying , Li Xin Xin , Wang Yan , Hu Xiao Jun
Published: December 2011

Soils contaminated with diesel oil were remediated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by outdoor pot experiment over a 5-growth season treatment, with pollutant levels, special microbial inoculators, fungi inoculators, and organic manure as control factors. The dynamics of residual concentrations of mineral oil and PAHs in soil of different phytoremediation treatments during the 5 seasons were determined. Results showed that significant reduction of contaminant concentration was achieved. At the end of the fifth growth season, initial concentrations of mineral oil were reduced by 96.5% to 98.8% in the phytoremediat treatments. Among the four factors, bacterial and fungi inoculators showed no significant effect on the contaminant removal in the process of long-term bioremediation. Effect of organic fertilizer amendments differed depending on the diesel concentration. In the highly contaminated treatments (15000 and 30000 mg/kg dry weight) remarkable stimulation was detected with the increase of fertilizer amendment; however, the trend was just reversed in the lightly contaminated treatments (5000 mg/kg dry weight) with the increase of manure amendment.
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants in the Zinc Smelting Area in North Western GuiZhou Province
Authors: Bai Wei Yang , Yang Jian , Gao Huan Fang , Sun Li , Ke Liang , Luo Wen Juan , Lan Lan
Published: December 2011

By means of AAS analysis method, a study on the concentrations of Pb, Cd in the plants of four different species of plants and soils in the polluted sites by zinc smelting in north-west GuiZhou Province. The fractions of heavy metals in the soils were distinguished by the sequential extraction prcedure as mobile fraction and residual fraction. Heavy metal concentrations in the plant were found linearly increased with their concentrations in soils around plant rhizosphere. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the four plants followed the order Pb > Cd. Sambucus Chinensis and Ixeris gracilis were proved to have good metal-enriched and transport abilities. These plants would be useful to recover the ecology in these heavy metal polluted regions.
Heavy Metal Research on Sites of Former Machining Industry in Chongqing
Authors: Li Zhi Yun , Zeng Xuan , Luo Wen Juan , Ke Liang , Huang Pei Yu , Xiang Bin
Published: December 2011

Heavy metal pollution of soil has become a main obstacle to the change of land use for the former industrial site. In order to know whether the manufacture activities of machining industry has effect on the nearby soil, 18 former industrial sites were selected and eight heavy metals including mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (Ar), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in soil were analyzed. The monitoring data was collected and analyzed by statistical methods. Besides, human influence degree and Nemerow Index were applied to assess the soil pollution. The result revealed that the average concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn were 0.12 mg/kg, 56.24 mg/kg, 4.86 mg/kg, 0.39 mg/kg, 184.32 mg/kg, 147.44 mg/kg, 46.84 mg/kg and 164.63 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn did not obey the normal distribution, however, As and Cd approximated normal.The soil was disturbed by the heavy metals produced in machining activities.
Quantitative Evaluation of a Typical Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Site
Authors: Liu An Ping , Sun Xiao Nan , Yang Fan , Sun Xiao Song , Jin Shu Chang
Published: December 2011

Petroleum contamination in soil has become one of the important contamination issues. Aiming at large areas petroleum contamination in soil, this paper introduce risk assessment and contamination quantitative calculation method. Based on risk assessment model and related quantitative calculation method, select a specific petroleum contaminated site, conduct risk assessment for it and then calculated the volume of contaminated soils. As a research case, the study can provide guidance to the preliminary investigation and a basis for effective remediation.
The Remedial Effect of the Decomposing Bacteria on Different Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination
Authors: Sun Xiao Nan , Liu An Ping , Sun Wen Ting , Jin Shu Chang
Published: December 2011

Petroleum contamination has become one of the major soil contaminations. Aiming at petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, the multi-group opposite experiments is set; this paper use some petroleum hydrocarbon-decomposing bacteria to remedy the soil contaminated by different carbon chain petroleum hydrocarbons. Compare and study the remedial results, and study the growth of the bacteria in the decomposing process. The Study shows that the degradation rate of the bacteria to short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons is relatively high; Within 40 days without nutrient substance, degradation rate of bacteria to gasoline and diesel is 80%, degradation rate of bacteria to aromatics and lubricants is 50%, the trend of bacteria’s growth curve and the degradation rate curve of each component are approximate.
Effects of Straw Ash and Sewage Sludge on the Quality of Pakchoi in Cadmium Contaminated Soil
Authors: Zhu Ya Lan , Li Ming , Huang Qiao Yun
Published: December 2011

To investigate the effects of straw ash and sewage sludge on the quality and production of pakchoi grown in cadmium contaminated soil, the present experiment was designed to study the change of quality, production and Cd content of pakchoi for applying different amounts of straw ash and sewage sludge. The results showed that with increase of manure amount, pakchoi production , height ,leaf area and leaf number significantly increase,The Vc and soluble sugar content is a significant trend of rise; On the Cd2Cd4 pakchoi with contrast chlorophyll maximum increased 1.5-1.4 times, Vc increased 1.4-1.3 times, soluble sugar maximum increased 1.7-1.8 times; The pakchoi’ over ground and roots Cd content was significantly lower in the Cd2Cd4 decreased 70.8%-65.6% ,54.5%- 48.3%; The best recommended amount of manure is 40 g·kg-1 for pakchoi in cadmium contaminated soil.
Effect of Ni Electrode on the Characteristics of BaTiO3 Based PTCR Ceramics
Authors: Liu Huan , Zhu Rong , Zheng Zhi Ping , Zhou Dong Xiang , Fu Qiu Yun
Published: December 2011

In order to achieve cost-effective inner electrodes for the multilayer BaTiO3-based ceramics having a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR), we fabricated Ni paste based on Ni powder and investigated the effect of Ni electrode on the performance of semiconducting BaTiO3 ceramics. We adjusted the particle size of Ni powder (0.2μm, 0.6μm and 1μm) and incorporated them as the electrodes into both single-layer and laminated BaTiO3 PTCR devices. The device samples were sintered at 1200oC for 30min in reducing atmosphere consisting of N2 and H2 (97:3 by volume ratio), and went through a post-sintering in-air heat treatment at 700-900oC in air which is necessary for the PTCR effect. The results indicate that Ni powder with lager particle size are more stable against post-sintering heat treatment, and the heating temperature needs to be optimized to overcome the trade-off between ohmic behaviors of Ni electrodes and the PTCR effect of BaTiO3-based semiconducting ceramics.