bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
19F MRI detection of acute allograft rejection with in vivo perfluorocarbon labeling of immune cells
Authors: Hitchens T. Kevin , Ye Qing , Eytan Danielle F. , Janjic Jelena M. , Ahrens Eric T. , Ho Chien
Published: February 2011

Current diagnosis of organ rejection following transplantation relies on tissue biopsy, which is not ideal due to sampling limitations and risks associated with the invasive procedure.We have previously shown that cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of iron‐oxide labeled immune‐cell infiltration can provide a noninvasive measure of rejection status by detecting areas of hypointensity on T‐weighted images. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using a fluorine‐based cellular tracer agent to detect macrophage accumulation in rodent models of acute allograft rejection by fluorine‐19 (19F) MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This study used two rat models of acute rejection, including abdominal heterotopic cardiac transplant and orthotopic kidney transplant models. Following in vivo labeling of monocytes and macrophages with a commercially available agent containing perfluoro‐15‐crown‐5‐ether, we observed 19F‐signal intensity in the organs experiencing rejection by 19F MRI, and conventional 1H MRI was used for anatomical context. Immunofluorescense and histology confirmed macrophage labeling. These results are consistent with our previous studies and show the complementary nature of the two cellular imaging techniques. With no background signal, 19F MRI/magnetic resonance spectroscopy can provide unambiguous detection of fluorine labeled cells, and may be a useful technique for detecting and quantifying rejection grade in patients. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of iron oxide nanoparticle detection using ultrashort echo time pulse sequences: Comparison of T1, T2*, and synergistic T1 − T2* contrast mechanisms
Authors: Girard O. M. , Du J. , Agemy L. , Sugahara K. N. , Kotamraju V. R. , Ruoslahti E. , Bydder G. M. , Mattrey R. F.
Published: February 2011

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are used in various MRI applications as negative contrast agents. A major challenge is to distinguish regions of signal void due to IONPs from those due to low signal tissues or susceptibility artifacts. To overcome this limitation, several positive contrast strategies have been proposed. Relying on IONP T1 shortening effects to generate positive contrast is a particularly appealing strategy because it should provide additional specificity when associated with the usual negative contrast from effective transverse relaxation time (T2*) effects. In this article, ultrashort echo time imaging is shown to be a powerful technique which can take full advantage of both contrast mechanisms. Methods of comparing T1 and T2* contrast efficiency are described and general rules that allow optimizing IONP detection sensitivity are derived. Contrary to conventional wisdom, optimizing T1 contrast is often a good strategy for imaging IONPs. Under certain conditions, subtraction of a later echo signal from the ultrashort echo time signal not only improves IONP specificity by providing long T2* background suppression but also increases detection sensitivity, as it enables a synergistic combination of usually antagonist T1 and T2* contrasts. In vitro experiments support our theory, and a molecular imaging application is demonstrated using tumor‐targeted IONPs in vivo. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural precursors exhibit distinctly different patterns of cell migration upon transplantation during either the acute or chronic phase of EAE: A serial MR imaging study
Authors: Muja Naser , Cohen Mikhal E. , Zhang Jiangyang , Kim Heechul , Gilad Assaf A. , Walczak Piotr , Ben‐Hur Tamir , Bulte Jeff W.M.
Published: February 2011

As the complex pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis contributes to spatiotemporal variations in the trophic micromilieu of the central nervous system, the optimal intervention period for cell‐replacement therapy must be systematically defined. We applied serial, 3D high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging to transplanted neural precursor cells (NPCs) labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine, and compared the migration pattern of NPCs in acute inflamed (n = 10) versus chronic demyelinated (n = 9) brains of mice induced with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Serial in vivo and ex‐vivo 3D magnetic resonance imaging revealed that NPCs migrated 2.5 ± 1.3 mm along the corpus callosum in acute EAE. In chronic EAE, cell migration was slightly reduced (2.3 ± 1.3 mm) and only occurred in the lateral side of transplantation. Surprisingly, in 6/10 acute EAE brains, NPCs were found to migrate in a radial pattern along RECA‐1+ cortical blood vessels, in a pattern hitherto only reported for migrating glioblastoma cells. This striking radial biodistribution pattern was not detected in either chronic EAE or disease‐free control brains. In both acute and chronic EAE brain, Iba1+ microglia/macrophage number was significantly higher in central nervous system regions containing migrating NPCs. The existence of differential NPC migration patterns is an important consideration for implementing future translational studies in multiple sclerosis patients with variable disease. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of inflow and radiofrequency spoiling on the arterial input function in dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI: A combined phantom and simulation study
Authors: Garpebring Anders , Wirestam Ronnie , Östlund Nils , Karlsson Mikael
Published: February 2011

The arterial input function is crucial in pharmacokinetic analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI data. Among other artifacts in arterial input function quantification, the blood inflow effect and nonideal radiofrequency spoiling can induce large measurement errors with subsequent reduction of accuracy in the pharmacokinetic parameters. These errors were investigated for a 3D spoiled gradient‐echo sequence using a pulsatile flow phantom and a total of 144 typical imaging settings. In the presence of large inflow effects, results showed poor average accuracy and large spread between imaging settings, when the standard spoiled gradient‐echo signal equation was used in the analysis. For example, one of the investigated inflow conditions resulted in a mean error of about 40% and a spread, given by the coefficient of variation, of 20% for Ktrans. Minimizing inflow effects by appropriate slice placement, combined with compensation for nonideal radiofrequency spoiling, significantly improved the results, but they remained poorer than without flow (e.g., 3–4 times larger coefficient of variation for Ktrans). It was concluded that the 3D spoiled gradient‐echo sequence is not optimal for accurate arterial input function quantification and that correction for nonideal radiofrequency spoiling in combination with inflow minimizing slice placement should be used to reduce the errors. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preterm neonatal diffusion processing using detection and replacement of outliers prior to resampling
Authors: Morris Drew , Nossin‐Manor Revital , Taylor Margot J , Sled John G.
Published: February 2011

In diffusion weighted MRI, subject motion and brain pulsation lead both to signal drop‐outs and image misalignment. Unsedated neonates, with their higher heart rate and propensity for motion are particularly prone to degraded scan quality that impairs diffusion tensor estimation. Retrospective registration and robust estimators are two methods that have previously been demonstrated to address motion and intensity outliers, respectively, in diffusion data. However, when taken together, the resampling of images to correct for misalignment can have the effect of averaging outlier voxels with uncorrupted voxels, thereby making outliers more difficult to detect. This article presents a method to remove outliers prior to resampling while taking misalignment into account so that this averaging of outliers with good data can be avoided. The proposed method is compared to other processing pipelines using simulations and data from unsedated preterm neonates. These results demonstrate advantages to the proposed method, particularly in subjects with high motion. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concurrent MR blood volume and vessel size estimation in tumors by robust and simultaneous ΔR2 and ΔR2* quantification
Authors: Remmele Stefanie , Ring Janine , Sénégas Julien , Heindel Walter , Mesters Rolf M. , Bremer Christoph , Persigehl Thorsten
Published: February 2011

This work presents a novel method for concurrent estimation of the fractional blood volume and the mean vessel size of tumors based on a multi‐gradient‐echo‐multi‐spin‐echo sequence and the injection of a super‐paramagnetic blood‐pool agent. The approach further comprises a post‐processing technique for simultaneous estimation of changes in the transverse relaxation rates R2 and R, which is robust against global B0 and B1 field inhomogeneities and slice imperfections. The accuracy of the simultaneous ΔR2 and ΔR quantification approach is evaluated in a phantom. The simultaneous blood volume and vessel size estimates, obtained with MR, compare well to the immunohistological findings in a preclinical experiment (HT1080 cells, implanted in nude mice). Clinical translation is achieved in a patient with a pleomorphic sarcoma in the left pubic bone. The latter demonstrates the robustness of the technique against changes in the contrast agent concentration in blood during washout. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The oculobulbar facial respiratory score is a tool to assess bulbar function in myasthenia gravis patients
Authors: Farrugia Maria E. , Harle Heather D. , Carmichael Caroline , Burns Ted M.
Published: February 2011

Introduction:

The Oculobulbar Facial Respiratory (OBFR) score is a tool that objectively measures bulbar function in myasthenia gravis (MG). In this study, we analyzed the relation between the OBFR and the MG Activities of Daily Living (MG‐ADL) score, and also with the more recently described MG Composite and 15‐item MG Quality‐of‐Life (MG‐QOL15) scales.

Methods:

We recruited 42 patients from two centers and assessed them on two occasions, approximately 6 months apart, using the OBFR, MG Composite, MG‐ADL, and MG‐QOL15 scales. The “modified” OBFR score was derived from the original OBFR score.

Results:

The OBFR score correlated significantly with the MG Composite, MG‐ADL, and MG‐QOL15 scores for both assessments, and with the sum of the bulbar items for all three scores. It also correlated strongly with the individual bulbar‐related items of all three scores. The “modified” OBFR score also correlated significantly with all the aforementioned scores.

Conclusions:

This study confirmed construct validity of the OBFR and “modified” OBFR scores. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Selectively reshaping a muscle phenotype: Functional overload of cat plantaris
Authors: Roy Roland R. , Zhong Hui , Monti Ryan J. , Kim Jung A. , Edgerton V.R.
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Functional overload (FO) of the fast plantaris muscle was studied in treadmill‐exercised (FO‐Ex) or sedentary (FO‐Sed) adult cats. Methods: Mechanical, phenotype, and kinematics analyses were performed. Results: Plantigrade vs. normal digitigrade posture was observed early post‐FO. Relative plantaris mass was greater in FO‐Sed (10%) and FO‐Ex (60%) cats than in controls 12 weeks post‐FO. Specific tension was similar across groups, indicating functional hypertrophy. Fiber size was greater, percent slow fibers higher, percent IIa myosin heavy chain (MHC) higher, and IIx MHC lower in FO‐Ex than controls. Twitch and half‐relaxation times were longer, and the frequency–tension curve shifted toward that observed in slow muscles. Electromyography (EMG) and tendon force amplitudes during stepping were larger, and the yield (lengthening) phase occurred at a longer muscle length before compared with after FO. Discussion: Reshaping the plantaris phenotype was highly dependent on the overload stimulus, indicating that electrical stimulation paradigms used during rehabilitation should be performed with the muscles under “loaded” conditions. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Prenatal diagnosis of duchenne/becker muscular dystrophy by short tandem repeat segregation analysis in argentine families
Authors: Giliberto Florencia , Ferreiro Verónica , Massot Francisco , Ferrer Marcela , Francipane Liliana , Szijan Irene
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD) are X‐linked recessive diseases caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Methods: We used multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and short tandem repeat (STR) segregation analysis for DMD/BMD‐carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. Results: Twenty‐four at‐risk pregnancies were evaluated: 17 were excluded from carrying dystrophin gene mutations with 95–100% certainty. Of the remaining cases, 2 were determined to carry a dystrophin gene mutation with 95–100% certainty. Three cases had a 67% probability of carrying the mutation, and 2 others were not informative. The certainty of the test increased to ∽100% in some cases due to the identification of several genetic events: 4 recombinations; 4 de novo mutations; and 8 deletions encompassing some of the STRs evaluated. Discussion: Overall, 19 of 24 (79%) molecular prenatal diagnoses were informative, indicating that multiplex PCR/STR segregation analysis is a reliable method for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis when other more sophisticated techniques are unavailable. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Muscle endurance, cancer‐related fatigue, and radiotherapy in prostate cancer survivors
Authors: Alt Carlynn A. , Gore Elizabeth M. , Montagnini Marcos L. , Ng Alexander V.
Published: February 2011

Introduction: In this study we investigated muscle and cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) in prostate cancer survivors (CS) undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Methods: In 13 CS and 12 controls, CRF was assessed by the Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale—Depression subscale (CES‐D), physical activity (accelerometer), and hemoglobin levels (Hb). Muscle measures included strength, activation, contractile properties, and endurance during intermittent dorsiflexion. Testing occurred before and after 6 weeks of RT in CS. Results: After RT, the PFS score increased from initial levels in CS only without changes in sleepiness, depression, or physical activity. Hb decreased in CS only [mean (SD): pre, 15 (1.1); post, 14.5 (1.1) g/dl; P = 0.04]. Endurance decreased in CS [mean (SD): pre, 519 (340) s; post, 388 (203) s; P = 0.04] and increased in controls [mean (SD: pre, 616 (387) s; post, 753 (553) s; P = 0.03]. Only endurance was associated with PFS in CS (r = −0.55, P = 0.05). Discussion: Muscle endurance is impaired after RT and may contribute to CRF in CS. Muscle Nerve, 2011
An ultrasound study of anatomic variants of the sural nerve
Authors: Zhu Jiaan , Li Diancheng , Shao Junjie , Hu Bing
Published: February 2011

Introduction: There are anatomic variations of the sural nerve (SN). Knowledge of these morphological types and the length of the SN are important for planning surgical reconstruction of peripheral nerves. Our purpose was to classify the morphological types of the SN by using ultrasound. Methods: Two‐hundred SNs in 100 normal subjects were examined by ultrasound with 13‐MHz linear‐array transducers. Classification of the SN was evaluated by its formation. The distance between the union and the distal point of the lateral malleolus was measured. Results: SN variants could be classified into three types: type I (81%); type II (18%); and type III (1%). In type I, the average length of the SN was 15.8 ± 5.7 cm. Conclusions: The morphological types of the SN can be determined using ultrasound. Ultrasound classification of the SN is useful with regard to donor nerve surgical reconstruction of peripheral nerves. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Investigation for RAPSN and DOK‐7 mutations in a cohort of seronegative myasthenia gravis patients
Authors: Alseth Espen Homleid , Maniaol Angelina Hatlø , Elsais Ahmed , Nakkestad Hanne Linda , Tallaksen Chantal , Gilhus Nils Erik , Skeie Geir Olve
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease. Patients without detectable antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or the muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase are referred to as seronegative MG (SNMG). Because late‐onset congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) due to RAPSN or DOK7 mutations may be mistaken for SNMG, we investigated their frequency in a nationwide SNMG cohort. Methods: We performed sequencing of RAPSN and DOK7 in all Norwegian SNMG patients (n = 74) and 37 healthy controls, examining for the N88K and c.1124_1127dupTGCC mutations, respectively. Results: We found 1 patient homozygous for N88K and 2 carriers of the N88K mutation. Sequencing of DOK7 revealed no mutations. Conclusions: This study confirms that rapsn CMS can be mistaken for SNMG. In addition, the frequency of rapsn CMS in our nationwide SNMG cohort was found to be low. SNMG patients with an atypical clinical presentation and pediatric cases should be tested for the N88K mutation before initiation of immunosuppressive drug treatment or thymectomy. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Central mechanisms during fatiguing muscle exercise in muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia syndrome: A study with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Schwenkreis Peter , Voigt Michael , Hasenbring Monika , Tegenthoff Martin , Vorgerd Matthias , Kley Rudolf A.
Published: February 2011

Introduction: The aim of this study was to apply paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to assess intracortical inhibition (ICI) during fatiguing muscle exercise in healthy humans and patients with muscular dystrophy (MD) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) to obtain insight into differential central mechanisms. Methods: We studied 23 patients with MD, 16 patients with FMS, and 23 healthy controls. All participants performed a fatiguing motor task. TMS recordings were taken pre‐exercise, immediately post‐exercise, and 40 minutes post‐exercise. Results: ICI was already reduced pre‐exercise in MD and FMS, whereas ICI decreased significantly during fatiguing muscle exercise only in healthy subjects. Discussion: Reduced baseline ICI in patients might prevent further utilization of this presumably compensatory mechanism during fatiguing muscle exercise. Although reduced baseline to be ICI in MD can be explained as compensatory due to peripheral weakness, in FMS reduced ICI must be considered an indicator of primary central disinhibition. Muscle Nerve, 2011
CINRG pilot trial of coenzyme Q10 in steroid‐treated duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Spurney Christopher F. , Rocha Carolina Tesi , Henricson Erik , Florence Julaine , Mayhew Jill , Gorni Ksenija , Pasquali Livia , Pestronk Alan , Martin Gerard R. , Hu Fengming , Nie Lei , Connolly Anne M. , Escolar Diana M. ,   the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group (CINRG) Investigators
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Corticosteroid treatment slows disease progression and is the standard of care for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a potent antioxidant that may improve function in dystrophin‐deficient muscle. Methods: We performed an open‐label, “add‐on” pilot study of CoQ10 in thirteen 5–10‐year‐old DMD patients on steroids. The primary outcome measure was the total quantitative muscle testing (QMT) score. Results: Twelve of 16 children (mean age 8.03 ± 1.64 years) completed the trial. Target serum levels of CoQ10 (≥2.5 μg/ml) were shown to be subject‐ and administration‐dependent. Nine of 12 subjects showed an increase in total QMT score. Overall, CoQ10 treatment resulted in an 8.5% increase in muscle strength (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Addition of CoQ10 to prednisone therapy in DMD patients resulted in an increase in muscle strength. These results warrant a larger, controlled trial of CoQ10 in DMD. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Electromyography and kinematic changes of gait cycle at different cadences in diabetic neuropathic individuals
Authors: Gomes Aline A. , Onodera Andrea N. , Otuzi Mitie E.I. , Pripas Denise , Mezzarane Rinaldo André , N. Sacco Isabel C.
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Changes in gait cadence caused by challenging situations in daily life might induce higher demand for strength and propulsion in diabetic neuropathic (DN) subjects. Methods: Forty‐six subjects (healthy and DN) walked at two cadences (self‐selected and 25% higher). Kinematic and electromyographic data were obtained from lower limbs and compared across the gait cycle. Results: DN subjects showed a delayed peak in plantarflexor activity along the whole cycle (irrespective of cadence) compared with healthy subjects. However, during the imposed cadence, DN individuals showed reduced ankle range of motion along the entire cycle compared with the self‐selected condition and healthy individuals walking at both cadences (P = 0.002). Conclusions: These findings suggest that when diabetic individuals face a new challenging situation that induces a higher demand for muscle strength and propulsion, the necessary range of motion and neuromuscular control around distal joints are insufficient. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Unilateral ureteral obstruction evokes renal tubular apoptosis via the enhanced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rat
Authors: Yeh Chung‐Hsin , Chiang Han‐Sun , Lai Ting‐Yu , Chien Chiang‐Ting
Published: February 2011

Purpose

Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may induce renal apoptosis and contribute to the pathogenesis of the kidney with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).

Materials and Methods

We induced UUO the female Wistar rats by ligation of the left ureter at the ureteropelvic junction. The UUO kidney was performed from 4 hr to 7 days course. At the indicated time, we measured the arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow in each rat, renal ROS measurement in vivo by a chemiluminescence analyzer. We performed immunohistochemistry of monocyte/macrophage (ED‐1) stain for leukocyte infiltration, 4‐hydroxynoneal (4‐HNE) stain for ROS products, and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blot to analyze ER stress‐associated and apoptosis‐related proteins expression in the UUO kidney.

Results

We found that UUO decreased renal blood flow and increased renal vascular resistance and renal ROS. UUO decreased renal manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase protein expression in a time‐dependent manner. Increased 4‐HNE stain in the renal tubules and ED‐1 stain in the renal tubulointerstitial compartment occurred after 4 hr of UUO in the kidney. UUO significantly enhanced ER stress markers like ER stress‐response protein 25 and glucose‐regulated protein 78 and ER‐associated apoptosis proteins, c‐JUN NH2‐terminal kinase, and caspase 12, in the kidney. Subsequently, UUO enhanced renal pro‐apoptotic Bax and caspase 3 expression and decreased anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 expression, leading to renal tubular apoptosis.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that renal tubular apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and ER stress occurred in the UUO kidney. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:472–479, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loperamide‐induced rat prostate relaxation through activation of peripheral µ‐opioid receptors
Authors: Cheng Juei‐Tang , Chen I‐Hung , Yu Bu‐Chin , Tong Yat‐Ching
Published: February 2011

Aims

The effect of µ‐opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, loperamide on prostate relaxation and the role of potassium channel in this action were studied in isolated Wistar rat prostate.

Methods

Tissue strips from rat prostate ventral lobe were hung in organ bath containing: group 1: standard Tyrode's solution (TS); group 2: TS with 1 µM naloxone; group 3: TS with 0.1 µM naloxonazine; and group 4: TS with 0.01–1 µM glybenclamide. The strips were pre‐contracted with either 50 mM KCl or 1 µM phenylephrine. Dose–response study on the prostate strip was performed by cumulative administration of loperamide 0.1–10 µM into the organ bath. Western blot study was performed to detect the presence of MOR protein and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive potassium channel (KATP) subunit Kir6.2 protein expressions in the prostate tissue.

Results

Loperamide induced relaxation of the pre‐contracted prostate strips in a dose‐dependent fashion. Pre‐treatment with 1 µM naloxone significantly inhibited the relaxation, thus suggesting activation of MOR in the loperamide effect. Pre‐treatment with 0.1 µM naloxonazine inhibited relaxation only in the phenylephrine‐contracted strips. The KATP channel blocker glybenclamide significantly inhibited the loperamide‐induced relaxation, indicating involvement of KATP channels in mediating the prostate relaxation. Western blots showed the expression of MOR and Kir6.2 protein in the rat prostate.

Conclusions

MOR and Kir6.2 are expressed in the rat prostate and loperamide induces rat prostate relaxation through activation of peripheral MOR. KATP channels are involved in mediating the effect of loperamide on the relaxation of prostate. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:468–471, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome in multiple sclerosis: Results of a multicenter prospective study
Authors: de Sèze Marianne , Raibaut Patrick , Gallien Philippe , Even‐Schneider Alexia , Denys Pierre , Bonniaud Veronique , Gamé Xavier , Amarenco Gérard
Published: February 2011

Aims

Electrostimulation is an established therapeutic option for neurogenic urinary disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the noninvasive technique of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (TPTNS) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and troublesome symptoms of an overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods

A multicentric study enrolled 70 MS patients, suffering from OAB for a 3‐month study period. Intervention: Daily sessions of 20 min of TPTNS were provided. No change of associated treatments during the study period. The primary outcome measurement was Urgency and Frequency reported by bladder diary and symptom score performed before the treatment (Day 0, D0) and at D30 and D90. The secondary outcomes measurements were continence, symptom score, quality of life, psychosocial burden at DO, D30, and D90 and cystometry at baseline, with and without TPTNS and at D90.

Results

Clinical improvement of OAB was shown in 82.6% and 83.3% of the patients on D30 and D90, respectively, with significant improvement of primary and secondary outcomes compared to baseline. The initial acute cystometric response to TPTNS was positive in 51.2% of the patients (increase of >30% of cystometric capacity and/or reflex volume), without correlation with TPTNS clinical efficiency. The procedure was well tolerated.

Conclusions

Chronic TPTNS appears to be effective in the management of severe OAB in MS, without compromising bladder emptying or inducing side effect. Treatment may be effective even in the absence of an acute cystometric effect. Additional works are required to demonstrate long‐term efficacy of TPTNS. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:306–311, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of air‐charged and water‐filled urodynamic pressure measurement catheters
Authors: Cooper M.A. , Fletter P.C. , Zaszczurynski P.J. , Damaser M.S.
Published: February 2011

Aims

Catheter systems are utilized to measure pressure for diagnosis of voiding dysfunction. In a clinical setting, patient movement and urodynamic pumps introduce hydrostatic and motion artifacts into measurements. Therefore, complete characterization of a catheter system includes its response to artifacts as well its frequency response. The objective of this study was to compare the response of two disposable clinical catheter systems: water‐filled and air‐charged, to controlled pressure signals to assess their similarities and differences in pressure transduction.

Methods

We characterized frequency response using a transient step test, which exposed the catheters to a sudden change in pressure; and a sinusoidal frequency sweep test, which exposed the catheters to a sinusoidal pressure wave from 1 to 30 Hz. The response of the catheters to motion artifacts was tested using a vortex and the response to hydrostatic pressure changes was tested by moving the catheter tips to calibrated heights.

Results

Water‐filled catheters acted as an underdamped system, resonating at 10.13 ± 1.03 Hz and attenuating signals at frequencies higher than 19 Hz. They demonstrated significant motion and hydrostatic artifacts. Air‐charged catheters acted as an overdamped system and attenuated signals at frequencies higher than 3.02 ± 0.13 Hz. They demonstrated significantly less motion and hydrostatic artifacts than water‐filled catheters. The transient step and frequency sweep tests gave comparable results.

Conclusions

Air‐charged and water‐filled catheters respond to pressure changes in dramatically different ways. Knowledge of the characteristics of the pressure‐measuring system is essential to finding the best match for a specific application. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:329–334, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obstetric vesico‐vaginal fistula repair: Should we trim the fistula edges? A randomized prospective study
Authors: Shaker Hassan , Saafan Ahmed , Yassin Mohammed , Idrissa Abdoulaye , Mourad Mohammed S.
Published: February 2011

Objective

To test the hypothesis that not trimming the edges of the vesico‐vaginal fistula (VVF) during its surgical repair has an advantage in the outcome as compared to the classical teaching of trimming the fistula.

Methodology

Sixty‐four females with obstetric VVF were randomized into two groups. Both groups were treated with vaginal anatomical closure in three layers with Martius flap inter‐positioning. Fistulae of the first group were closed without trimming the edges of the bladder while the second group was subject to trimming of the bladder edges.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding pre‐operative patient demographics and fistula characteristics. Cure rates were 75% and 67.6% in the non‐trimming and the trimming groups, respectively. This was not statistically different. When patients were stratified according to the number of previous repairs, 100% patients in both groups were cured in cases of primary repair of the fistula. Lower cure rates were shown with increasing number of previous repairs. Recurrent fistulae after our repair were not statistically different in site and number in both groups. Nevertheless, fistulae after trimming tends to get larger than the original ones as compared to the non‐trimming group which tends to get smaller. This is statistically different.

Conclusion

Although there is no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding the cure rate in both fresh cases or recurrent ones, there is an advantage of not trimming the fistula since trimmed fistula tends to get larger, should recurrence occur after trimming. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:302–305, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary incontinence among group fitness instructors including yoga and pilates teachers
Authors: Bø Kari , Bratland‐Sanda Solfrid , Sundgot‐Borgen Jorunn
Published: February 2011

Aims

Controversies exist on the role of physical activity on urinary incontinence (UI), and search on PubMed revealed no studies on UI in fitness instructors. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of UI among female group fitness instructors, including Pilates and yoga teachers.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of 1,473 instructors representing three of the largest fitness companies recruited from 59 fitness centers in Norway. They filled in an online survey (Questback) about general health, educational background, and number of hours teaching per week. Prevalence of UI was evaluated by the International Consensus on Incontinence Questionnaire, short form (ICIQ‐UI SF).

Results

Three out of 152 men (2%) reported UI. Six hundred eighty‐five women, mean age 32.7 years (range 18–68) answered the questionnaire. 26.3% of all the female instructors reported to have UI, with 21.4% reporting leakage ≥once a week, 3.2% 2–3 times/week and 1.7% ≥once per day. 24.4% reported the leakage to be small to moderate and the bother score was 4.6 (SD 2.4) out of 21. 15.3% reported leakage during physical activity and 10.9% when coughing/sneezing. 25.9% of yoga and Pilates instructors reported UI.

Conclusions

This is the first report on UI among fitness instructors and the results indicate that UI is prevalent among female fitness instructors, including yoga and Pilates teachers. More information about this topic seems to be important in the basic education of fitness instructors. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:370–373, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic, psychosocial, and contextual correlates of tobacco use in sexual minority women
Authors: Matthews Alicia K. , Hotton Anna , DuBois Steve , Fingerhut David , Kuhns Lisa M.
Published: February 2011

Demographic, psychosocial, and contextual correlates of tobacco use among sexual minority women (SMW) were assessed using data from a larger lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) study. Of the 171 participants, 42% (n = 71) were smokers. However, 61% of smokers reported a recent quit attempt, and 39% were taking action toward or planning to quit. In multivariable logistic regression, lack of insurance, frequent attendance at LGBT bars, greater awareness of anti‐smoking messages, and fewer perceived deterrents to smoking were associated with greater odds of smoking. Our findings provide additional support for elevated smoking rates among SMW and help to identify factors associated with smoking in this population. Awareness of prevention campaigns, recent quit attempts, and intention to quit were high, suggesting opportunities for smoking cessation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health
β‐Cyclodextrin hydrogel incorporating hydrophobically modified poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) for a temperature‐dependent release
Authors: Lee Mi Sun , Kim Jin‐Chul
Published: February 2011

Hydrogels exhibiting a temperature‐dependent release were prepared by incorporating hydrophobically modified poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (HmPNIPAM) into β‐cyclodextrin hydrogels (β‐CD hydrogels). The specific loading of HmPNIPAM was about 0.0069 g HmPNIPAM/g β‐CD hydrogels. The incorporation of the polymer was qualitatively conformed by FT‐IR spectroscopy and SEM. The percent release of blue dextran in 24 hr at 20°C (about 77%) was markedly higher than those obtained at 35°C and 45°C (about 53 and 55%, respectively). At the higher temperatures, the volume of the hydrogel could decrease upon the thermal contraction of HmPNIPAM, leading to a smaller mesh and a suppressed release. In fact, the swelling ratio in 24 hr at 35°C and 45°C (about 396% and 405%, respectively) was obviously lower than that obtained at 20°C (about 465%). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TSH suppression as a possible means of protection against hypothyroidism after irradiation for childhood Hodgkins lymphoma
Authors: Massimino Maura , Gandola Lorenza , Pignoli Emanuele , Seregni Ettore , Marchianò Alfonso , Pecori Emilia , Catania Serena , Cefalo Graziella
Published: February 2011

Hypothyroidism remains a common late effect after irradiation of the neck/mediastinum for Hodgkins lymphoma (HL). We evaluated the protective effect of TSH suppression during neck/mediastinum irradiation. From 1998 to 2001, 14 consecutive euthyroid children were given, before and until the end of their radiotherapy on neck/mediastinum, L‐thyroxine at TSH‐suppressive doses. The 14 patients had adequate TSH suppression during irradiation in 8, inadequate in 6. The 8‐year hypothyroidism‐free‐survival after irradiation was 75 ± 15% for the former group, 0% for the latter (P = 0.009). TSH suppression could have a protective effect on thyroid function as shown in a small group of patients with HL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:166–168. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toughening of polypropylene with crystallizable poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Li Xiuyun , Su Run , Gao Jian , Zhang Nan , Jiang Kun , Luo Feng , Wang Ke , Fu Qiang
Published: February 2011

A crystallizable polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), was used as new modifier to tailor the toughness of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). An optimum performance was achieved at a medium PEO content of 15 wt% where the toughness was enhanced by 300%, while the strength only decreased slightly. To elucidate the origin of toughening in the iPP/PEO blends, various crystallographic and morphological experiments including X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy and calorimetry were adopted to explore the dependences of polymorphic composition and crystallized morphology on PEO content. When the PEO content is less than 15 wt%, the dispersed PEO cannot crystallize, and these non‐crystalline PEO microspheres are embedded in both α‐ and β‐form iPP spherulites, which is mainly responsible for the toughening. In contrast, when the PEO content is higher than 15 wt%, the PEO phase becomes crystallizable, and significant phase segregation takes place, resulting in a marked deterioration in mechanical properties. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Polyester and multiwalled carbon nanotube composites: characterization, electrical conductivity and antibacterial activity
Authors: Wu Chin‐San
Published: February 2011

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using a melt‐blending process and used to examine the effects on the composite structure and properties of replacing PBT with acrylic acid‐grafted PBT (PBT‐g‐AA). PBT‐g‐AA and multihydroxyl‐functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐OH) were used to improve the compatibility and dispersibility of the MWCNTs within the PBT matrix. The composites were characterized morphologically using transmission electron microscopy, and chemically using Fourier transform infrared, solid‐state 13C NMR and UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy. The antibacterial and electrical conductivity properties of the composites were also evaluated. MWCNTs or MWCNTs‐OH enhanced the antibacterial activity and electrical conductivity of the PBT/MWCNT or PBT‐g‐AA/MWCNTs‐OH composites. The functionalized PBT‐g‐AA/MWCNTs‐OH composites showed markedly enhanced antibacterial properties and electrical conductivity due to the formation of ester bonds from the condensation of the carboxylic acid groups of PBT‐g‐AA with the hydroxyl groups of MWCNTs‐OH. The optimal proportion of MWCNTs‐OH in the composites was 1 wt%; in excess of this amount, the compatibility between the organic and inorganic phases was compromised. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A study of the effect of styrene concentration on the molecular weight of polypropylene produced using metallocene catalysts
Authors: Peoples Brian C , Rodríguez Francisco J , Galland Griselda B , Rabagliati Franco M , Quijada Raul
Published: February 2011

It has been observed in the production of polypropylene nanocomposites containing silicate materials that the molecular weight of the polymer used can have a significant effect on the final quality of the composites. The availability of polypropylene over a range of molecular weights with similar material properties (e.g. melting temperature and tacticity) is limited. Therefore, the ability to use a single catalyst system to generate polypropylene with a range of molecular weights is an attractive goal. In this contribution the use of styrene as a chain‐terminating agent is explored, in order to produce materials with a range of molecular weights from a single catalyst system. It is found that the molecular weight of the polypropylene produced can be varied in the range from 120 000 to 9000 g mol−1 using the Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2/methylaluminoxane catalyst system. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Neuropeptide profiling of the bovine hypothalamus: Thermal stabilization is an effective tool in inhibiting post‐mortem degradation
Authors: Colgrave Michelle L. , Xi Li , Lehnert Sigrid A. , Flatscher‐Bader Traute , Wadensten Henrik , Nilsson Anna , Andren Per E. , Wijffels Gene
Published: February 2011

The hypothalamus is the central regulatory region of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. It synthesizes and secretes neuropeptide hormones, which in turn act to stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. We have undertaken a detailed MS investigation of the peptides present in the bovine hypothalamus by adapting a novel heat stabilization methodology, which improved peptide discovery to direct our studies into the molecular mechanisms involved in bovine reproduction. The untreated samples contained large numbers of protein degradation products that interfered with the analysis of the neuropeptides. In the thermally stabilized samples, we were able to identify many more neuropeptides that are known to be expressed in the bovine hypothalamus. Furthermore, we have characterized a range of post‐translational modifications that indicate the presence of processed intact mature neuropeptides in the stabilized tissue samples, whereas we detected many trimmed or truncated peptides resulting from post‐mortem degradation in the untreated tissue samples. Altogether, using an optimized workflow, we were able to identify 140 candidate neuropeptides. We also nominate six new candidate neuropeptides derived from proSAAS, secretogranin‐2 and proTRH.
Proteome profiling suggests a pro‐inflammatory role for plasma cells through release of high‐mobility group box 1 protein
Authors: Vettermann Christian , Castor Dennis , Mekker Andrea , Gerrits Bertran , Karas Michael , Jäck Hans‐Martin
Published: February 2011

The final step of B‐cell maturation is to differentiate into plasma cells, a process that is accompanied by gross changes in subcellular organization to enable antibody secretion. To better understand this critical step in mounting a humoral immune response, we analyzed proteome dynamics during plasma cell differentiation with combined 2‐DE/MS. Thirty‐two identified protein spots changed in relative abundance when lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated primary B cells differentiated into antibody‐secreting plasma cells. A correlative analysis of protein and transcript abundance suggested that one third of these proteins are post‐transcriptionally regulated. Apart from ER‐resident chaperones, lipid metabolic enzymes, and translation initiation factors, we identified several proteins that had not been previously studied in plasma cells. Among them is the transiently upregulated proteasome activator (PA) 28γ, a component of the putative nuclear proteasome. Additionally, we discovered that the non‐canonical inflammatory cytokine high‐mobility group box 1 (HMG1) was released from plasma cells into the extracellular milieu. This suggests a novel role for plasma cells as pro‐inflammatory mediators, which has important implications for various autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.
The Migraine Trust: Working to support people with migraine
Authors: Scurr Kate
Published: February 2011

The impact of migraine on quality of life is often vastly underestimated. Kate Scurr, Press and PR Manager at The Migraine Trust, outlines the work the Trust is doing to improve the quality of life of the millions of migraine sufferers in the UK. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Working together: a one‐stop shop for Huntington's disease
Authors: El‐Nimr George , Tams Sue
Published: February 2011

Patients with chronic neurological conditions such as Huntington's disease require the input of a multidisciplinary team to meet their complex needs. Here, the authors describe their specialist clinic in North Staffordshire for patients with Huntington's disease, which offers a one‐stop shop for access to health professionals from many different disciplines. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Synthesis of poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposite by in situ living radical polymerization
Authors: Haloi Dhruba J. , Singha Nikhil K.
Published: February 2011

This investigation reports the preparation of tailor‐made poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) (PEHA) prepared via in situ living radical polymerization in the presence of layered silicates and characterization of this polymer/clay nanocomposite. Being a low Tg (−65 °C) material, PEHA has very good film formation property for which it is used in paints, adhesives, and coating applications. 2‐Ethylhexyl acrylate was polymerized at 90 °C using CuBr and Cu(0) as catalyst in combination with N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyl diethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as ligand. A tremendous enhancement in reaction rate and polymerization data was achieved when acetone was added as additive to increase the efficiency of the catalyst system. PEHA/clay nanocomposite was prepared at 90 °C using CuBr as catalyst in combination with PMDETA as ligand. Different types of clay with same loading were also used to study the effect on reaction rate. The molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity index of the prepared nanocomposites were characterized by size exclusion chromatography. The active end group of the polymer chain was analyzed by 1H NMR analysis and by chain extension experiment. Polymer/clay interaction was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analyses. Distribution of clay in the polymer matrix was studied by the transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that thermal stability of PEHA/clay nanocomposite increases on addition of nanoclay. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Design and synthesis of a fluorescently end‐labeled poly(β‐amino ester): Application to the characterization of degradable polyelectrolyte multilayers
Authors: Bechler Shane L. , Lynn David M.
Published: February 2011

We report the synthesis of a fluorescently end‐labeled analog of a synthetic and degradable cationic poly(β‐amino ester) (PBAE; polymer 1) used in past studies for the delivery of DNA and the layer‐by‐layer assembly of erodible polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). The synthesis of an analog of polymer 1 having acrylate‐functionalized end groups provided a platform for the introduction of fluorescent labels by postpolymerization conjugate addition of amine‐functionalized fluorophores. This approach enabled the synthesis of fluorescently end‐labeled polymer (polymer 1FL) with molecular weights and polydispersities (Mn = 18,000; PDI ∼ 1.8) similar to those used in past studies for the fabrication of PEMs using polymer 1. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of PEMs using polymer 1FL and poly(styrene sulfonate) enabled characterization of film erosion and, for the first time, direct observation of the release of cationic polymer from these assemblies using fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry. Our results shed new light on the behaviors of the cationic components of these PEMs and could prove useful for the design of thin films for a range of different controlled release applications. Our results also provide new fluorescent cationic polymer probes that could be useful for characterization of the behaviors of PBAEs in other fundamental or applied biotechnological contexts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011