bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to use pace mapping for ventricular tachycardia ablation in postinfarct patients
Authors: Guenancia Charles , Supple Gregory , Sellal Jean‐Marc , Magnin‐Poull Isabelle , Benali Karim , Hammache Nefissa , Echivard Mathieu , Marchlinski Francis , de Chillou Christian
Published: June 2022

We aim to describe the technical aspects of pace mapping (PM), as well as the two typical patterns of pacing correlation maps during ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. The first main pattern is focal, with a gradual and eccentric decrease of the QRS correlation from the area with the best PM correlation. This focal pattern may be associated with two clinical situations: (1) with some endocardial points showing a good correlation compared to VT morphology: true endocardial exit of VT or endocardial breakthrough of either an intramural or an epicardial circuit; (2) without any endocardial points showing a good correlation compared to VT morphology: the VT may originate from the other ventricle, but the presence of an intramural or an epicardial circuit should be considered in patients with a structural heart disease. The second pattern is the presence of PM points exhibiting a good correlation close to other PM points showing a poor correlation compared to VT morphology: this abrupt change in paced QRS morphology over a short distance indicates divergence of activation wavefronts between these sites and suggests the presence of a slow conduction channel: the VT isthmus.
iTRAQ‐based quantitative proteomics reveals biomarkers/pathways in psoriasis that can predict the efficacy of methotrexate
Authors: Yan K.X. , Meng Q. , He H. , Zhu H.W. , Wang Z.C. , Han L. , Huang Q. , Zhang Z.H. , Yawalkar N. , Zhou H. , Xu J.X.
Published: June 2022

Background

Methotrexate (MTX) is the first‐line medicine to treat psoriasis. So far, there has been less research on protein biomarkers to predict its efficacy by the proteomic technique.

Objectives

To evaluate differentially expressed proteins in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between good responders (GRs) and non‐responders (NRs) after MTX treatment, compared with normal controls (NCs).

Methods

We quantified protein expression of PBMCs with four GRs and four NRs to MTX and four NCs by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), analysing and identifying proteins related to efficacy of MTX in 18 psoriatic patients.

Results

A total of 3177 proteins had quantitative information, and 403 differentially expressed proteins (fold change ≥1.2, P < 0.05) were identified. Compared to NCs, upregulated proteins (ANXA6, RPS27A, EZR, XRCC6), participating in the activation of NF‐κB, the JAK–STAT pathway and neutrophil degranulation were detected in GRs. The proteins (GPV, FN1, STOM), involving platelet activation, signalling and aggregation as well as neutrophil degranulation were significantly downregulated in GRs. These proteins returned to normal levels after MTX treatment. Furthermore, Western blotting identified the expression of ANXA6 and STAT1 in PBMCs, which were significantly downregulated in GRs, but not in NRs.

Conclusions

We identified seven differentially expressed and regulated proteins (ANXA6, GPV, FN1, XRCC6, STOM, RPS27A and EZR) as biomarkers to predict MTX efficacy in NF‐κB signalling, JAK–STAT pathways, neutrophil degranulation, platelet activation, signalling and aggregation.
Line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography of psoriasis, eczema and lichen planus: a case series with histopathological correlation
Authors: Verzì A.E. , Broggi G. , Micali G. , Sorci F. , Caltabiano R. , Lacarrubba F.
Published: June 2022

Background

Line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT) is a novel, non‐invasive technique that provides in vivo, high‐resolution images in both vertical and horizontal sections.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate LC‐OCT imaging in some inflammatory disorders and to correlate the resulting features with histopathology.

Methods

The retrospective study included patients with histopathological confirmed diagnosis of plaque psoriasis, atopic eczema and lichen planus, who were imaged with LC‐OCT before the biopsy. LC‐OCT was performed with the commercially available LC‐OCT device.

Results

A total of 15 adult patients with histopathologically proven plaque psoriasis (N: 5), atopic eczema (N: 5) and lichen planus (N: 5) were included. In all cases, LC‐OCT allowed the in vivo recognition of the main microscopic features of the examined inflammatory skin disease, with a strong correlation with histopathology.

Conclusions

Although future studies on larger series of patients are necessary, LC‐OCT, based on these preliminary findings, may represent a promising tool in inflammatory skin disorders with potential applications including enhanced diagnosis, biopsy guidance, follow‐up and treatment monitoring.
Identification of a cis‐sex chromosome transition in banded geckos (Coleonyx, Eublepharidae, Gekkota)
Authors: Keating Shannon E. , Greenbaum Eli , Johnson Jerry D. , Gamble Tony
Published: June 2022

Sex‐determination systems are highly variable amongst vertebrate groups, and the prevalence of genomic data has greatly expanded our knowledge of how diverse some groups truly are. Gecko lizards are known to possess a variety of sex‐determination systems, and each new study increases our knowledge of this diversity. Here, we used RADseq to identify male‐specific markers in the banded gecko Coleonyx brevis, indicating this species has a XX/XY sex‐determination system. Furthermore, we show that these sex‐linked regions are not homologous to the XX/XY sex chromosomes of two related Coleonyx species, C. elegans and C. mitratus, suggesting that a cis‐sex chromosome turnover—a change in sex chromosomes without a concomitant change in heterogamety—has occurred within the genus. These findings demonstrate the utility of genome‐scale data to uncover novel sex chromosomes and further highlight the diversity of gecko sex chromosomes.
The evolution of pre‐mRNA splicing and its machinery revealed by reduced extremophilic red algae
Authors: Wong Donald K. , Grisdale Cameron J. , Slat Viktor A. , Rader Stephen D. , Fast Naomi M.
Published: June 2022

The Cyanidiales are a group of mostly thermophilic and acidophilic red algae that thrive near volcanic vents. Despite their phylogenetic relationship, the reduced genomes of Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Galdieria sulphuraria are strikingly different with respect to pre‐mRNA splicing, a ubiquitous eukaryotic feature. Introns are rare and spliceosomal machinery is extremely reduced in C. merolae, in contrast to G. sulphuraria. Previous studies also revealed divergent spliceosomes in the mesophilic red alga Porphyridium purpureum and the red algal derived plastid of Guillardia theta (Cryptophyta), along with unusually high levels of unspliced transcripts. To further examine the evolution of splicing in red algae, we compared C. merolae and G. sulphuraria, investigating splicing levels, intron position, intron sequence features, and the composition of the spliceosome. In addition to identifying 11 additional introns in C. merolae, our transcriptomic analysis also revealed typical eukaryotic splicing in G. sulphuraria, whereas most transcripts in C. merolae remain unspliced. The distribution of intron positions within their host genes was examined to provide insight into patterns of intron loss in red algae. We observed increasing variability of 5′ splice sites and branch donor regions with increasing intron richness. We also found these relationships to be connected to reductions in and losses of corresponding parts of the spliceosome. Our findings highlight patterns of intron and spliceosome evolution in related red algae under the pressures of genome reduction.
The current landscape of Acute Care for Elders units in the United States
Authors: Rogers Stephanie E. , Flood Kellie L. , Kuang Qiao Yu , Harrison James D. , Malone Michael L. , Cremer Julia , Palmer Robert M.
Published: June 2022

Background

The clinical benefits of Acute Care for Elders (ACE) units have been established for over 25 years. However, how widely disseminated ACE units are in the United States and the degree of fidelity to the key elements of this model of care are unknown. Our objective was to identify all existing ACE units in the United States and to obtain detailed information about variations in implementation.

Methods

The strategy to identify current ACE units began with online searches and snowball sampling using contacts from professional societies and workgroups. Next, a request for information regarding the existence of ACE units was sent to the remaining US hospitals listed in a national hospital database. An online survey was sent to identified ACE unit contacts to capture information on implementation characteristics and the five key elements of ACE units.

Results

There were 3692 hospitals in the database with responses from 2055 (56%) hospitals reporting the presence or absence of an ACE unit. We identified 68 hospitals (3.3%) with an existing or previous ACE unit. Of these 68 hospitals, 50 (74%) completed the survey and reported that 43 ACE units were currently open and 7 had been closed. Of the 43 currently open ACE units, most are affiliated with an academic hospital and there is variable implementation of each of the five key ACE elements (from 69% to 98%).

Conclusions

Among the 50 hospitals to complete the survey, 43 current ACE units were identified, with variable fidelity to the key elements. Estimates of prevalence of ACE units and fidelity to key elements are limited by nonresponses to the national survey request by nearly half of hospitals.
Association between willingness to deprescribe and health outcome priorities among U.S. older adults: Results of a national survey
Authors: Green Ariel R. , Aschmann Hélène , Boyd Cynthia M. , Schoenborn Nancy
Published: June 2022

Background

It is not known whether older adults' willingness to deprescribe is associated with their health outcome priorities related to medications.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from March–April 2020 using a nationally representative online panel. The survey presented two vignettes: (1) a preventive medicine; and (2) a symptom‐relief medicine. Participants were asked whether they would be willing to stop each medicine if their doctor recommended it, and to rate their level of agreement with two health outcome priorities statements: “I am willing to accept the risk of future side effects … to feel better now,” and “I would prefer to take fewer medicines, even if … I may not live as long or may have bothersome symptoms sometimes.” Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations between willingness to stop each medicine, baseline characteristics and health outcome priorities.

Results

Of 1193 panel members ≥65 years invited to participate, 835 (70%) completed the survey. Mean (SD) age was 73 years; 496 (59%) had taken a statin and 124 (15%) a prescription sedative‐hypnotic. 507 (61%) were willing to stop preventive medicines; 276 (33%) were maybe willing. 419 (50%) were willing to stop symptom‐relief medicines; 380 (46%) were maybe willing. Prioritizing fewer medicines was associated with higher odds of being willing to stop symptom‐relief medicines (aOR 1.43 [95% CI 1.02–2.00]) and preventive medicines (aOR 1.52 [95% CI 1.05–2.18]). Prioritizing now over future was associated with lower odds of being willing to stop symptom‐relief medicines (aOR 0.62 [95% CI 0.39–1.00]). Current/prior use of statins was associated with lower willingness to stop preventive medicines (aOR 0.66 [95% CI 0.48–0.91]).

Conclusions

Older adults' health outcome priorities related to medication use are associated with their willingness to consider deprescribing. Future research should determine how best to elicit patients' health outcome priorities to facilitate goal‐concordant decisions about medication use.
Effects of growth on muscle architecture of knee extensors
Authors: Mogi Yasuyoshi , Wakahara Taku
Published: June 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth on the muscle architecture of knee extensors. The present study included 123 male children and adolescents. The muscle thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI), and pennation angles and fascicle lengths of RF were measured in three regions using ultrasonography technique at rest. The relative muscle thickness was calculated by dividing the absolute muscle thickness by body mass1/3. The years from age at peak height velocity were estimated for each participant, and used as a maturity index. The maturity index was significantly correlated with the relative muscle thicknesses of RF and VI in all regions. The slope of the relationship between the maturity index and the relative muscle thickness did not differ significantly between muscles within the same region or between regions within the individual muscles. The fascicle length and pennation angle of RF were significantly correlated with the absolute muscle thickness in all regions. In the proximal RF region, the coefficient of correlation between the muscle thickness and fascicle length was significantly greater than that between the muscle thickness and pennation angle. The present results showed that growth changes in muscle thickness were uniform between and within RF and VI. Our findings suggest that growth changes in the muscle thickness of RF depend on the increases in both pennation angle and fascicle length, but their contributions to the growth of muscle thickness differ among muscle regions.
Decoding a gene expression program that accompanies the phenotype of sporadic and basal cell nevus syndrome‐associated odontogenic keratocyst
Authors: Kalogirou Eleni‐Marina , Foutadakis Spyros , Koutsi Marianna A. , Vatsellas Giannis , Vlachodimitropoulos Dimitrios , Petsinis Vassilis , Sklavounou Alexandra , Agelopoulos Marios , Tosios Konstantinos I.
Published: June 2022

Background

Odontogenic keratocyst is characterized by local aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate, as well as its potential to develop in association with the basal cell nevus syndrome. The aim of this study was to decode the gene expression program accompanying odontogenic keratocyst phenotype.

Methods

150‐bp paired‐end RNA‐sequencing was applied on six sporadic and six basal cell nevus syndrome‐associated whole‐tissue odontogenic keratocyst samples in comparison to six dental follicles, coupled with bioinformatics and complemented by immunohistochemistry.

Results

2654 and 2427 differentially expressed genes were captured to characterize the transcriptome of sporadic and basal cell nevus syndrome‐associated odontogenic keratocysts, respectively. Gene ontologies related to “epidermis/skin development” and “keratinocyte/epidermal cell differentiation” were enriched among the upregulated genes (KRT10, NCCRP1, TP63, GRHL3, SOX21), while “extracellular matrix organization” (ITGA5, LOXL2) and “odontogenesis” (MSX1, LHX8) gene ontologies were overrepresented among the downregulated genes in odontogenic keratocyst. Interestingly, upregulation of various embryonic stem cells markers (EPHA1, SCNN1A) and genes committed in cellular reprogramming (SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2, CDH1) was found in odontogenic keratocyst. These findings were highly shared between sporadic and basal cell nevus syndrome‐associated odontogenic keratocysts. Immunohistochemistry verified SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2/TROP2, CDH1/E‐cadherin, and p63 expression predominantly in the odontogenic keratocyst suprabasal epithelial layers.

Conclusion

The odontogenic keratocyst transcriptomic profile is characterized by a prominent epidermal and dental epithelial fate, a repressed dental mesenchyme fate combined with deregulated extracellular matrix organization, and enhanced stemness gene signatures. Thus, we propose a developed epidermis‐like phenotype in the odontogenic keratocyst suprabasal epithelial cells, established in parallel to a significant upregulation of marker genes related to embryonic stem cells and cellular reprogramming.
Innovation or entrepreneurship: Which comes first? Exploring the implications for higher education
Authors: Paladino Angela
Published: June 2022

Kahn's (2022) Catalyst article has posed some thought‐provoking ideas regarding the distinction between innovation and entrepreneurship. While the article posits that there is a lack of clarity over what innovation and entrepreneurship represent and critiques the teaching of these ideals across universities, the author goes further to contend that these concepts do not overlap, despite research and teachings to the contrary. Moreover, he states that the skills needed for innovation are different from those needed to be an entrepreneur. This essay response challenges the notions put forward by Kahn. I proffer that while there is now a substantial body of research in innovation and entrepreneurship, they remain comprised of multi‐definitional perspectives. This lack of cohesion and significant overlap in the scholarly community largely reflects the interrelatedness of these concepts in practice. As such, it impacts on the role of universities in how they define, position, and teach innovation and entrepreneurship. Indeed, it also has a substantial influence on the range of skills they help their students to develop. Are they to develop entrepreneurs or innovators? Or rather, do the courses offered to enable students to build the employability skills required to adapt to either area? This essay discusses some of these issues and extends a series of questions for further research.
Shift‐and‐Persist Strategy: Tendencies and Effect on Japanese Parents and Children's Mental Health1,2,3
Authors: Lee Sumin , Shimizu Haruka , Nakashima Ken'ichiro
Published: June 2022

Low socioeconomic status has various adverse effects on health, which can be mitigated through the shift‐and‐persist (S‐P) strategy. Studies have focused on how this strategy can affect health in the face of adversity. However, that children learn this strategy from positive role models, such as parents, is an unexamined precondition of the theory. This study presents one bit of supporting evidence for this precondition by examining the similarity in S‐P among parent–child dyads using the actor‐partner interdependence model. We also examine parent and child strategies related to depressive tendencies based on mixed results in relevant research. The results from 309 parent–child pairs indicate that shifting and persisting tendencies and depressive tendencies were similar among the parent–child pairs. Furthermore, regardless of their socioeconomic status, the parents' and children's persisting scores predicted lower levels of depressive tendencies as actor effects. Although this study does not fully support S‐P theory, it provides important insights regarding similar patterns of strategic tendencies between parents and children and highlights the importance of positive role models.
Clinical outcomes and performance indicators of patients with kidney failure and acute kidney injuries in ASEAN countries
Authors: Tan Jackson , Liew Adrian , Koh David
Published: June 2022

Introduction

This review article reports clinical outcomes and performance indicators of patients with kidney failure (KF) and acute kidney injuries (AKI) in Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.

Methodology

Association of South East Asian Nations data, segregated by income status, from national registries and literature were collated, compared and benchmarked against international references.

Results

The national incidence and prevalence of treated KF ranged from 172 to 479 per million population (pmp) and 36–2255 pmp, respectively. Brunei (79%), Malaysia (66%) and Singapore (66%) had world‐leading proportions of diabetes‐related KF. Hemodialysis (HD), Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) and transplant accounted for 68–100%, 0–27% and 0–18% of all KF replacement therapy, respectively. Transplant patient survival was superior with 90%–93% at 5 years and 71%–90% at 10 years, compared to PD (44%–54%) and HD (53–64%) at 5 years.

Higher‐income countries were able to achieve good anemia control, HD and PD adequacy targets, while usage of arteriovenous fistula in HD varied from 70% to 85%. Acute Kidney Injury rates ranged from 24.2% to 49.2% of high‐dependency admissions. Lower incidences of PD peritonitis and HD catheter‐related Bloodstream Infections; and PD‐favouring quality‐of‐life were evident in higher‐income countries.

Conclusion

Association of South East Asian Nations has a challenging burden of kidney disease, with extremely high incidence, prevalence, DM‐related KF and AKI rates. The magnitude of the prevailing problem calls for the creation of a regional society under the auspices of ASEAN with a shared perspective of universal, equitable and charitable access to quality renal care; consistent with the founding premises and healthcare initiatives of ASEAN.
The chloroplast genomes of Sanicula (Apiaceae): plastome structure, comparative analyses and phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Yang Chen , Yao Xue‐Ying , Chen Zhi‐Xiang , Downie Stephen R. , Wang Qi‐Zhi
Published: June 2022

Sanicula (Apiaceae subfam. Saniculoideae) is a taxonomically difficult genus of medicinal value. Its distribution center is in China, where there are 18 species (11 of which are endemic). To provide plastid genome resources, whole chloroplast genomes of five Sanicula species (S. flavovirens, S. giraldii, S. lamelligera, S. odorata and S. rubriflora) were sequenced and compared to the previously published S. orthacantha plastome. These genomes exhibit a typical quadripartite structure. All contain 129 different genes, including 84 protein‐coding, 37 tRNA and 8 rRNA genes. The loci rpl2, matK, psbA and ycf1 are the most variable. Results of maximum likelihood analysis of 90 whole plastome sequences from Apioideae and Saniculoideae and the outgroup Hydrocotyle (Araliaceae) suggest sectional relationships in Sanicula different from the traditional classification system, but support the monophyly of Apioideae and its sister group relationship to Saniculoideae and show concordant topologies to nrDNA ITS and other plastome‐based phylogenies. Sanicula orthacantha and S. chinensis form a sister group to S. lamelligera and S. odorata, consecutively. These four species comprise a sister group to the clade of S. rubriflora and S. flavovirens, with this entire group sister to S. giraldii. The plastid genome resources provided herein will be important for future systematic, evolutionary, phylogenomic and population‐level studies of Sanicula.
Chemical biology to dissect molecular mechanisms underlying plant circadian clocks
Authors: Nakamichi Norihito , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Sato Ayato , Fujimoto Kazuhiro J. , Ota Eisuke
Published: June 2022

Circadian clocks regulate the diel rhythmic physiological activities of plants, enabling them to anticipate and adapt to day–night and seasonal changes. Genetic and biochemical approaches have suggested that transcription–translation feedback loops (TTFL) are crucial for Arabidopsis clock function. Recently, the study of chemical chronobiology has emerged as a discipline within the circadian clock field, with important and complementary discoveries from both plant and animal research. In this review, we introduce recent advances in chemical biology using small molecules to perturb plant circadian clock function through TTFL components. Studies using small molecule clock modulators have been instrumental for revealing the role of post‐translational modification in the clock, or the metabolite‐dependent clock input pathway, as well as for controlling clock‐dependent flowering time.
Can the response to a single dose of beclomethasone dipropionate predict the outcome of long‐term treatment in childhood exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction?
Authors: Hengeveld Vera S. , Lammers Natasja , van der Kamp Mattienne R. , van der Palen Job , Thio Bernard J.
Published: June 2022

Background

Exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a frequent and highly specific symptom of childhood asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the mainstay of controller therapy for EIB and asthma; however, a proportion of asthmatic children and adolescents is less responsive to ICS. We hypothesized that a single dose response to ICS could function as a predictor for individual long‐term efficacy of ICS.

Objective

To assess the predictive value of the bronchoprotective effect of a single‐dose beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) against EIB for the bronchoprotective effect of 4 weeks of treatment, using an exercise challenge test (ECT).

Methods

Thirty‐two steroid‐naïve children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years with EIB were included in this prospective cohort study. They performed an ECT at baseline, after a single‐dose BDP (200µg) and after 4 weeks of BDP treatment (100 µg twice daily) to assess EIB severity.

Results

The response to a single‐dose BDP on exercise‐induced fall in FEV1 showed a significant correlation with the response on exercise‐induced fall in FEV1 after 4 weeks of BDP treatment (r = .38, p = .004). A reduction in post‐exercise fall in FEV1 of more than 8% after a single‐dose BDP could predict BDP efficacy against EIB after 4 weeks of treatment with a positive predictive value of 100% (CI: 86.1–100%) and a negative predictive value of 29.4% (CI: 11.7%–53.7%).

Conclusion

We found that the individual response to a single‐dose BDP against EIB has a predictive value for the efficacy of long‐term treatment with BDP. This could support clinicians in providing personalized management of EIB in childhood asthma.
Relative Radiometric Normalisation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry‐based RGB Orthomosaics
Authors: Pastucha Elżbieta , Puniach Edyta , Gruszczyński Wojciech , Ćwiąkała Paweł , Matwij Wojciech , Midtiby Henrik Skov
Published: June 2022

The problem of brightness differences between images of the same scene is important to the field of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and affects both the aesthetics and the interpretation of the final product. This problem can be caused by changes in the positions of the camera or sun, as well as weather conditions. This article deals with the problem of varied image brightness caused by the latter. Relative radiometric normalisation (RRN) of acquired RGB imagery is used to diminish the effects of this phenomenon and improve the visual quality of the resultant product. The presented algorithm considers the specificity of UAV‐acquired data. It utilises image positions and their relationships to group similar images, choose references and perform RRN via histogram matching. The final method is robust and fully automatic. Validation performed on two independent datasets confirms its effectiveness both qualitatively (improving the appearance of the orthomosaic) and quantitatively.
My Debt? Our Debt? Ambiguity and Advantage in Family Financial Assistance for Graduate School1
Authors: Bryer Ellen
Published: June 2022

Support for higher education is a known and well‐documented venue for financial transfers within families, but practices of family support beyond college are less understood. Drawing on interviews with recent master's degree recipients who have student debt, I find key class differences in the process and forms of family financial assistance for graduate and professional education. Working‐class young adults receive clear, mainly in‐kind “business as usual” support that, while limited, is consistent with both expectations and prior support with undergraduate education. In contrast, despite proclamations of financial independence after college, young adults from middle‐class backgrounds engage in an emotional “dance” of family assistance. They field ambiguous offers of support which often evolve into substantial financial transfers and receive that financial support with ambivalence, which minimizes the existence of support and their own agency in receiving it. This article illustrates how, even with anxiety and uncertainty in place of strategic institutional navigation, middle‐class families transmit economic advantages that facilitate social reproduction. Rather than being a discrete, automatic transfer, intergenerational wealth transmission is contextual and comprised of everyday, relational processes.
ROS production and signalling in chloroplasts: cornerstones and evolving concepts
Authors: Foyer Christine H. , Hanke Guy
Published: June 2022

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide (O2●−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are the markers of living cells. Oxygenic photosynthesis produces ROS in abundance, which act as a readout of a functional electron transport system and metabolism. The concept that photosynthetic ROS production is a major driving force in chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signalling is embedded in the literature, as is the role of chloroplasts as environmental sensors. The different complexes and components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC) regulate O2●− production in relation to light energy availability and the redox state of the stromal Cys‐based redox systems. All of the ROS generated in chloroplasts have the potential to act as signals and there are many sulphhydryl‐containing proteins and peptides in chloroplasts that have the potential to act as H2O2 sensors and function in signal transduction. While ROS may directly move out of the chloroplasts to other cellular compartments, ROS signalling pathways can only be triggered if appropriate ROS‐sensing proteins are present at or near the site of ROS production. Chloroplast antioxidant systems serve either to propagate these signals or to remove excess ROS that cannot effectively be harnessed in signalling. The key challenge is to understand how regulated ROS delivery from the PETC to the Cys‐based redox machinery is organised to transmit redox signals from the environment to the nucleus. Redox changes associated with stromal carbohydrate metabolism also play a key role in chloroplast signalling pathways.
Optical coherence tomography for surgical margin evaluation of excised canine cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours
Authors: Cheng Edward , Jennings Ryan N. , Chen Carolyn L. , Biggo Morgan R. , Erickson Andrea K. , Dornbusch Josephine A. , Linn Sarah C. , Lapsley Janis , Alva Bianca M. , Lorbach Joshua N. , Premanandan Christopher , Selmic Laura E.
Published: June 2022

Currently, intraoperative tumour margin imaging is not routinely utilized in veterinary medicine. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for real‐time assessment of tissue morphology of 1–2 mm depth. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the histologic and OCT features of excised canine skin and subcutaneous specimens, and (2) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of OCT for surgical margin evaluation. The authors hypothesized that OCT imaging would correlate well with histopathology and that OCT would be sensitive for detection of incomplete margins. Eighty dogs were prospectively enrolled. Tumours were excised, and the surgical margins were imaged using a spectral domain OCT system. The tumour type and completeness of excision were determined by histopathology. Nine blinded observers received training in OCT image interpretation and were then given a set of OCT images and videos. The observers assigned each image/video a grade from 1 (no tumour) to 4 (tumour) and the results were compared to histopathology. The overall median sensitivity and specificity of OCT imaging for detection of incomplete margins were 86.7% and 84.6%, respectively. A potential limitation is that observers had varied experience with OCT image interpretation, ranging from no prior experience to participating in a previous OCT project. OCT is sensitive for detection of incomplete margins and could be a promising real‐time surgical margin imaging modality. Further study is needed to evaluate intraoperative applications of OCT and its impact on tumour recurrence and long‐term outcome.
Migration, media, and the emergence of pidgin‐ and creole‐based informal epicentres
Authors: Mair Christian
Published: June 2022

The paper makes a case for regarding Nigerian Pidgin (Naijá) and Jamaican Creole (Patois) as informal linguistic epicentres in the global English Language Complex. This requires a few modifications to current definitions of linguistic epicentres but leads to a sociolinguistically realistic and more comprehensive account of the profound influence that Jamaica and Nigeria have had on the development of Englishes in their regions and in the world at large. In the absence of large corpora, qualitative methods from linguistic ethnography and interactional sociolinguistics were used for the study of possible epicentral effects of Naijá and Patois. They allow access to speakers’ language attitudes and language ideologies, a shaping factor of epicentral influences that generally deserves more attention in future research.
HCN2 channel‐induced rescue of brain, eye, heart and gut teratogenesis caused by nicotine, ethanol and aberrant notch signalling
Authors: Pai Vaibhav P. , Levin Michael
Published: June 2022

Organogenesis is a complex process that can be disrupted by embryonic exposure to teratogens or mutation‐induced alterations in signalling pathways, both of which result in organ mispatterning. Building on prior work in Xenopus laevis that showed that increased HCN2 ion channel activity rescues nicotine‐induced brain and eye morphogenesis, we demonstrate much broader HCN2‐based rescue of organ patterning defects. Induced HCN2 expression in both local or distant tissues can rescue CNS (brain and eye) as well as non‐CNS (heart and gut) organ defects induced by three different teratogenic conditions: nicotine exposure, ethanol exposure or aberrant Notch protein. Rescue can also be induced by small‐molecule HCN2 channel activators, even with delayed treatment initiation. Our results suggest that HCN2 (likely mediated by bioelectric signals) can be an effective regulator of organogenesis from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) and reveal non‐cell‐autonomous influences on organ formation that work at a considerable distance during embryonic development. These results suggest molecular bioelectric strategies for repair that could be explored in the future for regenerative medicine.
Los derechos humanos y las nuevas formas de reparación del daño
Authors: Bernal Fandiño Mariana , Moreno Montoya Juliana
Published: June 2022

En este artículo de reflexión se analiza la manera en que los desarrollos alrededor de la problemática de la protección de los derechos humanos han influido en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano en materia de reparación de daños, especialmente en el concepto tradicional de reparación integral. Dado que los daños que se presentan en casos de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos suelen trascender la esfera de la víctima afectando su entorno y comunidad, se ha ampliado en la actualidad el espectro indemnizatorio para incluir, además de la reparación en dinero, medidas de restitución, satisfacción y rehabilitación, entre otras.
Open Gear Rolling Contact Fatigue Life Prediction by a Numerical Approach
Authors: Amuzuga Philippe , Depale Bruno
Published: June 2022

In order to characterize the resistance to surface pitting of gears subjected to contact fatigue cycles, test campaigns have been carried out on toothed rings in through hardened wrought steel 42CrMo4, meshing a case-hardened 17CrNiMo6 pinion. It was observed that due to the operating conditions, low speed, and grease lubrication, significant strain hardening developed on the involute tooth flank surface and subsurface. This resulted in enhanced material properties against pitting and consequently much higher allowable stress levels than those given by the ISO 6336 series of standard. The 42CrMo4 load capacity was increased by 38% at surface pressure (+90% in torque) compared to the expected results from the ISO 6336. Similar tests carried out on a through hardened wrought steel 30CrNiMo8 gears lead to results of the same order of magnitude. The purpose of this study is to develop a chain of numerical models and methods fed by material tests, in order to improve the accuracy of the estimation of the load capacity of open gear pair with hybrid material (surface case-hardened pinion against through hardened wrought steel). This new approach shows, explains, and predicts the increase in the capacity to withstand surface pressure by comparing present results with rolling contact fatigue lifetimes obtained during tests on several open gears submitted to different mission profiles. This study made it possible to reproduce how and under what conditions the work hardening during running-in reaches required depth resulting in a beneficial effect on the resistance to pitting.
Ground Effect of a Two-Dimensional Flapping Wing Hovering in Inclined Stroke Plane
Authors: Zheng Yunlong , Qu Qiulin , Liu Peiqing , Hu Tianxiang
Published: June 2022

The ground effect aerodynamics and flow physics of a 2D dragonfly wing hovering (the Reynolds number is 157) in an inclined stroke plane are investigated via solving 2D unsteady incompressible laminar flow Navier–Stokes equations. An analysis road map is proposed to explain the influence of the ground on the flow field, pressure distribution on the wing surface, and the aerodynamic force. In the analysis road map, the flow relative to the wing surface induced by the wing motion and vortex is classified into vertical and parallel wing surface flows. The vertical flow impinges on the wing surface to form a positive pressure zone. In contrast, the parallel flow generates the boundary layer and further concentrated vortex and secondary vortex, which induce negative pressure on the wing surface. The ground impacts the flow relative to the wing in three ways: changing the trajectory of the shed vortex by the mirror effect, promoting the deformation and fusion of the vortices, and causing the cushion effect at extremely small ground clearance.
Preparation of Decoquinate Solid Dispersion by Hot-Melt Extrusion as an Oral Dosage Form Targeting Liver-Stage
Plasmodium
Infection
Authors: Wang Hongxing , Fan Yinzhou , Qin Li , Cheng Zhipeng , Chen Xueqing , Zeng Sumei , Liang Shuanghong , Tong Ying , Tao Zhu , Liu Yucheng , Liu Xiaorong , Ning Xiaohui , Chen Peiquan , Zhao Siting , Chen Xiaoping
Published: June 2022

Liver-stage
Plasmodium
in humans is an early stage of malarial infection. Decoquinate (DQ) has a potent multistage antimalarial activity.
Commonly Elicited Antibodies against the Base of the HIV-1 Env Trimer Guide the Population-Level Evolution of a Structure-Regulating Region in gp41
Authors: Rojas Chávez Roberth Anthony , Boyt Devlin , Schwery Nathan , Han Changze , Wu Li , Haim Hillel
Published: June 2022

Infection by HIV-1 elicits formation of antibodies that target the viral Env proteins and can inactivate the virus. The specific targets of these antibodies vary among infected individuals.
Integration of the
Salmonella
Typhimurium Methylome and Transcriptome Reveals That DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Regulation Are Largely Decoupled under Virulence-Related Conditions
Authors: Bourgeois Jeffrey S. , Anderson Caroline E. , Wang Liuyang , Modliszewski Jennifer L. , Chen Wei , Schott Benjamin H. , Devos Nicolas , Ko Dennis C.
Published: June 2022

While recent breakthroughs have enabled intense study of bacterial DNA modifications, limitations in current work have potentiated a surprisingly untested narrative that DNA methylation is a common mechanism of the bacterial response to environmental conditions. Essentially, whether epigenetic regulation of bacterial transcription is a common, generalizable phenomenon is a critical unanswered question that we address here.
Draft Genome Sequence of Truncatella angustata (Anamorph) S358
Authors: Kellner Harald , Friedrich Stephanie , Schmidtke Kai-Uwe , Ullrich René , Kiebist Jan , Zänder Daniel , Hofrichter Martin , Scheibner Katrin
Published: June 2022

The ascomycete
Truncatella angustata
has a worldwide distribution. Commonly, it is associated with plants as an endophyte, pathogen, or saprotroph. The genome assembly comprises 44.9 Mbp, a G+C content of 49.2%, and 12,353 predicted genes, among them 12 unspecific peroxygenases (EC 1.11.2.1).
High Osmotic Stress Increases OmpK36 Expression through the Regulation of KbvR to Decrease the Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Wang Meng , Tian Yujiao , Xu Li , Zhang Fusheng , Lu Huigai , Li Moran , Li Bei
Published: June 2022

Klebsiella pneumoniae
is considered a global threat because of the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and their optimal adaptation to clinical environments and the human host. The sensing and adaption abilities of bacteria to the environmental osmotic stress can change the expression of their outer membrane porins, membrane permeability, and resistance to antibiotics.
British Columbia’s Experience after Implementation of the Treponema pallidum Reverse Algorithm and PCR Detection, 2015 to 2020
Authors: Morshed Muhammad , Lee Min-Kuang , Laley Jonathan , Cook Darrel , Mak Annie , Chahil Navdeep , Ryan Venessa , Montgomery Carolyn , Makaroff Sylvia , Malleson Sarah , Arnold Barbra , Grennan Troy , Wong Jason , Krajden Mel
Published: June 2022

In this study, we summarize the performance characteristics of the algorithm, together with PCR direct detection and epidemiological analysis, and report on syphilis cases identified from 2015 to 2020. This allowed us to paint a complete picture of the outcome of the utilization of the reverse algorithm for diagnosing syphilis cases.
Giant cell myositis associated with metastatic thymoma and granulomatous hypercalcaemia
Authors: Jimenez Jessica C , Lucas Calixto-Hope G , LaHue Sara C , Sharpe Bradley A
Published: June 2022

Giant cell myositis (GCM) is a rare inflammatory myopathy associated with myasthenia gravis and thymoma. Here, we report on a woman in her late 50s with a history of myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus and stage IV thymoma with pleural metastases, who presented with proximal weakness, neuromuscular respiratory failure and hypercalcaemia. She was diagnosed with GCM via muscle biopsy and screened for myocarditis but showed no evidence of myocardial involvement. Her hypercalcaemia was consistent with a granulomatous process, likely driven by her GCM. Her strength gradually improved, and her hypercalcaemia did not recur after treatment with high dose steroids, intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange. Her course was complicated by several opportunistic infections in the setting of her immunosuppression. Despite the high morbidity associated with GCM, she demonstrated clinical improvement after initiating immunosuppressive therapy and continues to be managed in the outpatient setting.
Critical approach to atypical spectrum of melioidosis: a case-series based literature review
Authors: Sharma Akhya , Mahajan Zubin , Madhyastha Sharath P , Mehta Vishal
Published: June 2022

Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease with highest predominance in Southeast Asia, but it has a significantly lower incidence across other parts of the globe. The most common systemic involvement seen in melioidosis is pulmonary, followed by multiple visceral and cutaneous abscesses. Infrequently, melioidosis manifests with atypical presentations such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), acute pyogenic meningitis or septic arthritis. Our primary case discusses an extremely rare presentation of melioidosis with SBP. There have not been any cases of SBP reported secondary to melioidosis infection. The second case exhibits development of acute pyogenic meningitis from haematogenous dissemination of this organism, while the final case demonstrates musculoskeletal melioidosis as an uncommon presentation. Of note, this case series also discusses the guidelines of management of melioidosis and illustrates the tremendous impact of appropriate and timely antibiotic therapy on mortality and morbidity secondary to melioidosis.
Primary breast diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Guo Mengni , Liu Jieying , Gilmore Richard , Tian Gang Gary
Published: June 2022

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is an uncommon type of breast malignancy. Its clinical presentation and radiographic findings are non-specific and overlap with breast carcinoma. The treatment of PBL differs significantly from breast carcinomas. Here we present a middle-aged woman who presented with an enlarging palpable right breast mass. Mammogram showed breast imaging-reporting and data system 4 findings. Breast mass biopsy pathology confirmed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Although uncommon, clinicians should be cognisant of the possibility of PBL when patients present with a breast mass. Accurate diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary mastectomies.
Youth researchers academy: a report on an innovative research training programme for young people in Zimbabwe
Authors: Tembo Mandikudza , Mackworth-Young Constance , Kranzer Katharina , Dziva-Chikwari Chido , Mavodza Constancia Vimbayi , Dauya Ethel , Makuni Mufaro , Chipare Dakarai , Munyavi-Dehwe Blessing , Raradza Daniel , Bernays Sarah , Chingono Rudo , Dzavakwa Nyasha , Nyamwanza Rudo , Francis Suzanna Carter , Simms Victoria , Ferrand Rashida
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Youth engagement has the potential to enhance the design, implementation and relevance of research. Without strategies to capacitate young people with research skills, youth engagement in research is often tokenistic and ineffective. In this paper, we detail the implementation and evaluation of an innovative research training programme for youth (aged 18–24 years) in Zimbabwe called the Youth Researchers Academy (YRA).

Methods

Quantitative programme data and qualitative interviews and focus group discussions assessed acceptability of the YRA, youth researcher and mentor experiences, and impact of the YRA over time.

Results

We received 60 applications in 2019 and 89 applications in 2021. Ongoing feedback led to changes in the second programme (including longer training and certification). Youth researcher experiences included being motivated by learning new skills and valuing the relationship with mentors and peer networks. Many described long-term impact, including facilitation of higher education, setting up of new businesses through the stipends received, and, for some, opportunities to work in research.

Discussion

Overall, the programme was acceptable, facilitated meaningful youth-led research and trained a cohort of empowered youth researchers. Young people were eager to learn and capable of both learning and implementing critical research skills in a professional working environment. Implementation challenges included limited freedom in the co-design of research projects and the additional burden of work for YRA mentors.

Conclusion

The YRA provides a template for other academics to support similar training to facilitate capacity building and meaningful youth engagement for research with and for youth.