bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of native zooplankton associated with increased mortality of an invasive mussel
Authors: PACE M. L. , STRAYER D. L. , FISCHER D. , MALCOM H. M.
Published: August 2010

Impacts of alien species may change with time but there are few long‐term studies of invasions. Here, we present an example of a substantial change in the impact of an alien species that appeared more than a decade after initial invasion. We studied an invasion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) into the Hudson River (New York, USA) over a 22 year period (1987–2008) including five years of pre‐invasion observations. Zebra mussels caused a substantial and sustained decline in phytoplankton, and until recently, zooplankton. However from 2005–2008, the abundance of copepods, copepod nauplii, and rotifers recovered while tintinnid ciliates partially recovered. These changes are consistent with an increased mortality of larger (> 20 mm) zebra mussels that has altered the filter‐feeding impact of the population. Large mussels had a threshold relationship with the abundance of nauplii, rotifers, and zebra mussel veligers suppressing these microzooplankton when filtration by large mussels was > 0.5 m3m−2d−1. Zooplankton biomass declined approximately 50% after the zebra mussel invasion but has recovered to pre‐invasion levels. Overall, while zebra mussels are still present and abundant in the Hudson River, their impact on zooplankton has significantly diminished.
Contrasting ecosystem recovery on two soil textures: implications for carbon mitigation and grassland conservation
Authors: BAER S. G. , MEYER C. K. , BACH E. M. , KLOPF R. P. , SIX J.
Published: August 2010

Understanding processes that promote or constrain ecosystem recovery from disturbance is needed to predict the restorative potential of degraded systems. We quantified a suite of ecosystem properties and processes across two chronosequences of restored grasslands on contrasting soil textures to test the hypothesis that restorations on silty clay loam soil would exhibit greater recovery of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools and fluxes than on loamy fine sand because soil with higher clay content possesses a greater capacity to physico‐chemically protect organic matter. Warm‐season grass aboveground net primary productivity was similar between the two soil textures. Root biomass increased and root quality (as indexed by C:N ratio) decreased across both chronosequences. An asymptote in the accumulation of N in roots in the silty clay loam chronosequence resulted in wider C:N ratios of roots than in the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Total soil C (TC) and microbial biomass C (MBC) increased across the silty clay loam chronosequence at 21.2 and 5.7 g C·m−2·yr−1, respectively, and contained >6 times the amount of C in large macroaggregates and nearly 3 times the aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) relative to cultivated soil following 15 yrs of restoration. In contrast, there were no changes in TC, MBC, or MWD in the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Total and microbial biomass N increased at 2.0 and 0.27 g N·m−2·yr−1, respectively, across the silty clay loam chronosequence, and restored soil contained nearly 6 times large macroaggregate N than cultivated soil following 15 yrs of restoration. Potential net N mineralization rates declined with years of grass establishment in both soil textures, but overall rates were lower in the silty clay loam soil relative to the loamy fine sand, which was attributed to lower quality root systems, more improved soil structure, and larger microbial biomass. Thus, the potential for restored agricultural lands to mitigate CO2emissions over the short term cannot be generalized across all soils. Lastly, the low restorative potential of cultivated loamy fine sand soil through grassland restoration within two decades (relevant to many conservation programs) underscores the need to prioritize preservation of remnant sand prairies.
Interfacing models of wildlife habitat and human development to predict the future distribution of puma habitat
Authors: BURDETT CHRISTOPHER L. , CROOKS KEVIN R. , THEOBALD DAVID M. , WILSON KENNETH R. , BOYDSTON ERIN E. , LYREN LISA M. , FISHER ROBERT N. , VICKERS T. WINSTON , MORRISON SCOTT A. , BOYCE WALTER M.
Published: August 2010

The impact of human land uses on ecological systems typically differ relative to how extensively natural conditions are modified. Exurban development is intermediate‐intensity residential development that often occurs in natural landscapes. Most species‐habitat models do not evaluate the effects of such intermediate levels of human development and even fewer predict how future development patterns might affect the amount and configuration of habitat. We addressed these deficiencies by interfacing a habitat model with a spatially‐explicit housing‐density model to study the effect of human land uses on the habitat of pumas (Puma concolor) in southern California. We studied the response of pumas to natural and anthropogenic features within their home ranges and how mortality risk varied across a gradient of human development. We also used our housing‐density model to estimate past and future housing densities and model the distribution of puma habitat in 1970, 2000, and 2030. The natural landscape for pumas in our study area consisted of riparian areas, oak woodlands, and open, conifer forests embedded in a chaparral matrix. Pumas rarely incorporated suburban or urban development into their home ranges, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioral decisions of individuals can be collectively manifested as population‐limiting factors at broader spatial scales. Pumas incorporated rural and exurban development into their home ranges, apparently perceiving these areas as modified, rather than non‐habitat. Overall, pumas used exurban areas less than expected and showed a neutral response to rural areas. However, individual pumas that selected for or showed a neutral response to exurban areas had a higher risk of mortality than pumas that selected against exurban habitat. Exurban areas are likely hotspots for puma‐human conflict in southern California. Approximately 10% of our study area will transform from exurban, rural, or undeveloped areas to suburban or urban by 2030, and 35% of suitable puma habitat on private land in 1970 will have been lost by 2030. These land‐use changes will further isolate puma populations in southern California, but the ability to visualize these changes had provided a new tool for developing proactive conservation solutions.
Comparison between Antioxidant Effect of Vitamin-C Alone and its Combination to Vitamin-E in Long Evans Norwegian Rat
Authors: Khan Mohammed Ikram Ullah , Jahangir Selim Mohammed , Karim Syeda Razia , Anwar AKM Nurul
Published: August 2010

In rat myocardial damage was produced the administration of adrenaline in a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) subcutaneously for 2 consecutive mornings. This damage was assessed indirectly by significant increase in serum aspertate transminase (AST) and directly by microscopic changes in the myocardium.Pretreatment with the vitamin-C in a dose 10mg/kg body weight subcutaneously and preteatment with the combination of vitamin-C in a dose of 10mg/kg b.w. subcutaneously and vitamin-E in a dose of 50mg/kg b.w. orally for 10 days prevented the adrenaline induced myocadial damage equally which was evidenced by the equal prevention in the rise of serum AST & LDH levels as well as equal prevention of microscopic changes of the myocardium by the adrenaline. DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v23i1.5726Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 23(1&2) : 16-19
Oral Manifestations of HIV Infections - A Review
Authors: Akhter Mst Fatema , Quayum Shaheen Lipika , Ali Afrin Binta , Mamoon Zia , Umar Badar Uddin , Ali Sams Sazzad
Published: August 2010

Oral disease is frequently associated with HIV. Factors that predispose to HIV-related oral conditions include CD4+ cell count of less than 200/μL, plasma HIV RNA levels greater than 3000 copies/mL, xerostomia, poor oral hygiene, and smoking. While nearly all oral disorders associated with HIV infection also occur in other conditions characterized by immunosuppression, no other condition is associated with as wide and significant a spectrum of oral disease as is HIV infection. Many HIVassociated oral disorders occur early in HIV infection, not infrequently as the presenting sign or symptom. Thus, early detection of associated oral disease should, in many cases, result in earlier diagnosis of HIV infection. HIV-related oral abnormalities are present in 30% to 80% of HIV-infected individuals, and these abnormalities are often inaccurately described in medical care. Rates of treatment for oral conditions are also very low; findings in 1424 adults in the AIDS Cost and Utilization Study indicated that only 9.1% received treatment for oral manifestations of HIV diseases. Factors predictive of receiving oral care included education beyond a high school level, participation in clinical trials, and utilization of support services such as medical social workers. Likewise, awareness of the variety of oral disorders which can develop throughout the course of HIV infection, and coordination of health care services between physician and dentist, should improve overall health and comfort of the patient. This paper reviews the clinical aspects of HIV-associated oral disorders. Key Words: HIV, oral manifestations, oral diseases DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v23i1.5728Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 23(1&2) : 25-30
Aromatase Inhibitor for Ovulation Induction: A Comparative Study Between Letrozole and Clomiphen Citrate in Anovulatory Infertile Women
Authors: Ivy Rokshana , Chowdhury Afroza , Haque Kulsum , Ara Hasmot
Published: August 2010

The study was designed to compare the effectiveness of Letrozole and clomiphen citrate in the treatment of anovulatorv infertility. Thirty patients were selected randomly who had anovulatorv infertility. In letrozole group, fifteen patients got 5-7.5 mg of letrozole orally and in clomiphen citrate group, 100-150 mg of clomiphen citrate was given orally for maximum of six cycles and in both the groups the drugs were started from day 3 -7 of the menstrual cycle. There were no significant differences between the age, duration and type of fertility. But statistically significant increase of follicular development in letrozole group (ñ=0.020). Mean endometrial thickness was 8.33±1.54 and 5.36±1.84 respectively in letrozole and in clomiphen citrate group (ñ =0.048). There was no significant difference in ovulation in both the groups but pregnancy was more (33.3%) with the letrozole group. Letrozole is an effective agent for ovulation induction. It can be used as an alternative to CC as a first-line of treatment for ovulation induction. DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v25i1.5739Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 25(1&2) : 10-12
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from Anethum sowa L. Herb (Leaf and Stem) Growing in Bangladesh
Authors: Saleh-e-In M Moshfekus , Sultana Abida , Husain Mozaffar , Roy Sudhangshu Kumar
Published: August 2010

The oil obtained by the hydro-distillation method from the fresh leaves and stems of Anethum sowa L. (Dill) herb was analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty compounds were isolated and identified. The major constituents were apiole (25.39%), o-cymene (15.25%), α-thujene (14.84%), β-phellandrene (7.17%), 6,6-dimethyl-2-(3-oxobutyl) bicyclo(3.1.1) heptan-3-one (6.90%), exo-2-hydroxycineol (5.03%), limonene (4.13%), 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol (2.89%), myristicine (2.46%) and dihydroumbellulone (2.14%). Key words: Anethum sowa L.; Essential oil; GC-MS; Apiole DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5721Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(2), 173-176, 2010
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Unresectable Pancreatic Carcinoma
Authors: Stauder Michael C. , Miller Robert C.
Published: August 2010

Survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma is poor. Studies by Mayo Clinic and the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (GITSG) have established combined modality treatment with chemotherapy and radiation as the standard of care. Use of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy alone has also been shown to provide a benefit, but 5‑year overall survival still remains less than 5%. Conventional radiotherapy is traditionally delivered over a six week period and high toxicity is seen with the concomitant use of chemotherapy. In contrast, SBRT can be delivered in 3–5 days and, when used as a component of combined modality therapy with gemcitabine, disruption to the timely delivery of chemotherapy is minimal. Early single-institution reports of SBRT for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma demonstrate excellent local control with acceptable toxicity. Use of SBRT in unresectable pancreatic carcinoma warrants further investigation in order to improve the survival of patients with historically poor outcomes.
Economic Evaluation of Lifestyle Interventions for Preventing Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Saha Sanjib , Gerdtham Ulf-G , Johansson Pia
Published: August 2010

Lifestyle interventions (i.e., diet and/or physical activity) are effective in delaying or preventing the onset of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, policymakers must know the cost-effectiveness of such interventions before implementing them at the large-scale population level. This review discusses various issues (e.g., characteristics, modeling, and long-term effectiveness) in the economic evaluation of lifestyle interventions for the primary and secondary prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The diverse nature of lifestyle interventions, i.e., type of intervention, means of provision, target groups, setting, and methodology, are the main obstacles to comparing evaluation results. However, most lifestyle interventions are among the intervention options usually regarded as cost-effective. Diabetes prevention programs, such as interventions starting with targeted or universal screening, childhood obesity prevention, and community-based interventions, have reported favorable cost-effectiveness ratios.
Hypoxic and Highly Angiogenic Non-Tumor Tissues Surrounding Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The ‘Niche’ of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Yu De-Cai , Chen Jun , Ding Yi-Tao
Published: August 2010

Our previous investigations showed that mobilized endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are enriched in non-tumor tissues (NT) surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), compared to in tumor tissues (TT). This particular recruitment of EPCs is worth investigating further. The mobilization, recruitment, homing, and incorporation of EPCs into tumors require the participation of multiple factors, including angiogenic factors, adherent molecules, endothelial cells, hypoxic environment, etc. Therefore, we hypothesized that NT might be a hypoxic and highly angiogenic area, into which many more EPCs are recruited and homed. In the last three years, we evaluated the hypoxic condition, angiogenic factors and angiogenic index using frozen tissues or tissue microarrays from 105 patients who had undergone hepatectomy for HCC, and here we review our results and the studies of others. All results showed the expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was higher in NT than in TT. The expression of VEGFA, bFGF, TGF-β, MCP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and endostatin in NT was significantly higher than in normal liver and TT. Meanwhile, the expression of CD105—the surface marker of activated endothelial cells—was also higher in NT than in TT at the protein and mRNA levels. These investigations showed that NT is a hypoxic and highly angiogenic area, which may be the ‘niche’ of EPCs. The particular background in HCC may be related to liver cirrhosis. Therefore, non-tumor tissues surrounding HCC may be the ‘niche’ of endothelial progenitor cells.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Carcinogenesis of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Compare Debora , Nardone Olga , Nardone Gerardo
Published: August 2010

It is estimated that underlying infections and inflammatory responses are linked to 15–20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide. Inflammation is a physiologic process in response to tissue damage resulting from microbial pathogen infection, chemical irritation, and/or wounding. Tissues injured throughout the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, generate a great amount of growth factors, cytokines, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that may cause DNA damage that in turn predisposes to the transformation from chronic inflammation to neoplasia. Cyclooxygenase (COX), playing a key role in cell homeostasis, angiogenesis and tumourigenesis, may represent the link between inflammation and cancer. Currently COX is becoming a pharmacological target for cancer prevention and treatment.It is estimated that underlying infections and inflammatory responses are linked to 15–20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide. Inflammation is a physiologic process in response to tissue damage resulting from microbial pathogen infection, chemical irritation, and/or wounding. Tissues injured throughout the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, generate a great amount of growth factors, cytokines, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that may cause DNA damage that in turn predisposes to the transformation from chronic inflammation to neoplasia. Cyclooxygenase (COX), playing a key role in cell homeostasis, angiogenesis and tumourigenesis, may represent the link between inflammation and cancer. Currently COX is becoming a pharmacological target for cancer prevention and treatment.
Use of Sensors in the Treatment and Follow-up of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Torres Isabel , Baena Maria G. , Cayon Manuel , Ortego-Rojo Jose , Aguilar-Diosdado Manuel
Published: August 2010

Glucose control is the cornerstone of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) treatment. Although self-regulation using capillary glycemia (SRCG) still remains the best procedure in clinical practice, continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM) offer the possibility of continuous and dynamic assessment of interstitial glucose concentration. CGM systems have the potential to improve glycemic control while decreasing the incidence of hypoglycemia but the efficiency, compared with SRCG, is still debated. CGM systems have the greatest potential value in patients with hypoglycemic unawareness and in controlling daily fluctuations in blood glucose. The implementation of continuous monitoring in the standard clinical setting has not yet been established but a new generation of open and close loop subcutaneous insulin infusion devices are emerging making insulin treatment and glycemic control more reliable.Glucose control is the cornerstone of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) treatment. Although self-regulation using capillary glycemia (SRCG) still remains the best procedure in clinical practice, continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM) offer the possibility of continuous and dynamic assessment of interstitial glucose concentration. CGM systems have the potential to improve glycemic control while decreasing the incidence of hypoglycemia but the efficiency, compared with SRCG, is still debated. CGM systems have the greatest potential value in patients with hypoglycemic unawareness and in controlling daily fluctuations in blood glucose. The implementation of continuous monitoring in the standard clinical setting has not yet been established but a new generation of open and close loop subcutaneous insulin infusion devices are emerging making insulin treatment and glycemic control more reliable.
High Accuracy Acoustic Relative Humidity Measurement inDuct Flow with Air
Authors: Schaik Wilhelm van , Grooten Mart , Wernaart Twan , Geld Cees van der
Published: August 2010

An acoustic relative humidity sensor for air-steam mixtures in duct flow is designed and tested. Theory, construction, calibration, considerations on dynamic response and results are presented. The measurement device is capable of measuring line averaged values of gas velocity, temperature and relative humidity (RH) instantaneously, by applying two ultrasonic transducers and an array of four temperature sensors. Measurement ranges are: gas velocity of 0–12 m/s with an error of ±0.13 m/s, temperature 0–100 °C with an error of ±0.07 °C and relative humidity 0–100% with accuracy better than 2 % RH above 50 °C. Main advantage over conventional humidity sensors is the high sensitivity at high RH at temperatures exceeding 50 °C, with accuracy increasing with increasing temperature. The sensors are non-intrusive and resist highly humid environments.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Elemental Analysis in Environmental, Cultural Heritage and Space Applications: A Review of Methods and Results
Authors: Gaudiuso Rosalba , Dell’Aglio Marcella , Pascale Olga De , Senesi Giorgio S. , Giacomo Alessandro De
Published: August 2010

Analytical applications of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), namely optical emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasmas, have been constantly growing thanks to its intrinsic conceptual simplicity and versatility. Qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed by LIBS both by drawing calibration lines and by using calibration-free methods and some of its features, so as fast multi-elemental response, micro-destructiveness, instrumentation portability, have rendered it particularly suitable for analytical applications in the field of environmental science, space exploration and cultural heritage. This review reports and discusses LIBS achievements in these areas and results obtained for soils and aqueous samples, meteorites and terrestrial samples simulating extraterrestrial planets, and cultural heritage samples, including buildings and objects of various kinds.
Assessment of the Role of Renal Organic Anion Transporters in Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Hagos Yohannes , Wolff Natascha A.
Published: August 2010

In the present review we have attempted to assess the involvement of the organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, and OAT4, belonging to the SLC22 family of polyspecific carriers, in drug-induced renal damage in humans. We have focused on drugs with widely recognized nephrotoxic potential, which have previously been reported to interact with OAT family members, and whose underlying pathogenic mechanism suggests the participation of tubular transport. Thus, only compounds generally believed to cause kidney injury either by means of direct tubular toxicity or crystal nephropathy have been considered. For each drug, or class of agents, the evidence for actual transport mediated by individual OATs under in vivo conditions is discussed. We have then examined their role in the context of other carriers present in the renal proximal tubule sharing certain substrates with OATs, as these are critical determinants of the overall contribution of OAT-dependent transport to intracellular accumulation and transepithelial drug secretion, and thus the impact it may have in drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
The Design and Development of an Expert System Prototype for Enhancing Exam Quality
Authors: DeCarlo Paul Jarrod , Rizk Nouhad
Published: August 2010

This paper discusses the development of an expert system prototype for use in college institutions. Our aim is to enhance exam quality and student performance by obtaining metrics pertaining to assignments, study materials, textbooks, and lecture quality, then learning dynamically from this information to create a human-readable course evaluation. The goal is to obtain a model which can be applied to courses in which students struggle, so we can identify ways to enhance the most determining factor of their grade: the quality of the exam. This expert system will serve as a prototype for a larger, more comprehensive automated system which will be proposed to enhance curricula.
A Model for the Application of Interactive Digital Television to Communities of Practice
Authors: Braga Marcus De Melo , Santos Paloma Maria , Ferreira Marcus Vinicius Anatócles da Silva , Dantas Mario Antonio Ribeiro
Published: August 2010

Communities of Practice make intensive use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to meet their needs of interaction among their members. At present, the main supporting tool for these communities is the Internet and the software tools available for their users. With the advent of digital TV, however, new resources have become available to these interactive communities. This study aims at analyzing the basic needs of technology support for virtual communities, identifying the essential software services that can meet these needs and propose an application model for interactive digital television that can meet the main needs of a Community of Practice. To achieve that, the essential services for a Community of Practice were identified by means of a field research applied to a knowledge management Community of Practice in order to propose an application model for Interactive Digital TV to Communities of Practice. The results discussed here may be used to develop applications for Interactive Digital TV and Communities of Practice, exploring the interactive resources of this new platform.
"Build It and They Will Come?"
Authors: Yuan Ting , Crowley Jeannie , Asunka Stephen , Chae Hui Soo , Natriello Gary
Published: August 2010

With collaborative web technologies such as wikis becoming increasingly popular in the workplace, this case study examined how workers at an education research unit within a graduate school of education perceive the wiki as a platform for communication and collaboration, and the extent to which they actually use a workplace wiki for that purpose. Twenty staff members, for whom a wiki was built, were surveyed, while records of their activities on the wiki over a 6-month period were retrieved and analyzed. Findings reveal that though most of these staff members have positive views towards the wiki as a space that can effectively promote information sharing and collaboration, they are not quite as enthusiastic about engaging the wiki as a medium for their daily collaborative work activities. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed together with recommendations on the strategies similar organizations can adopt to help encourage and maximize wiki usage in the workplace.
Reduced Basis Approximation and Error Bounds for Potential Flows in Parametrized Geometries
Authors: Rozza Gianluigi
Published: August 2010

In this paper we consider (hierarchical, Lagrange) reduced basis approximation anda posteriorierror estimation for potential flows in affinely parametrized geometries. We review the essential ingredients: i) a Galerkin projection onto a low-dimensional space associated with a smooth “parametric manifold” in order to get a dimension reduction; ii) an efficient and effective greedy sampling method for identification of optimal and numerically stable approximations to have a rapid convergence; iii) ana posteriorierror estimation procedure: rigorous and sharp bounds for the linear-functional outputs of interest and over the potential solution or related quantities of interest like velocity and / or pressure; iv) an Offline-Online computational decomposition strategies to achieve a minimummarginal computational costfor high performance in the real-time and many-query (e.g., design and optimization) contexts. We present three illustrative results for inviscid potential flows in parametrized geometries representing a Venturi channel, a circular bend and an added mass problem.
An Algorithm for the Stochastic Simulation of Gene Expression and Heterogeneous Population Dynamics
Authors: Charlebois Daniel A. , Intosalmi Jukka , Fraser Dawn , Kærn Mads
Published: August 2010

We present an algorithm for the stochastic simulation of gene expression and heterogeneous population dynamics. The algorithm combines an exact method to simulate molecular-level fluctuations in single cells and a constant-number Monte Carlo method to simulate time-dependent statistical characteristics of growing cell populations. To benchmark performance, we compare simulation results with steady-state and time-dependent analytical solutions for several scenarios, including steady-state and time-dependent gene expression, and the effects on population heterogeneity of cell growth, division, and DNA replication. This comparison demonstrates that the algorithm provides an efficient and accurate approach to simulate how complex biological features influence gene expression. We also use the algorithm to model gene expression dynamics within “bet-hedging” cell populations during their adaption to environmental stress. These simulations indicate that the algorithm provides a framework suitable for simulating and analyzing realistic models of heterogeneous population dynamics combining molecular-level stochastic reaction kinetics, relevant physiological details and phenotypic variability.
Atmospheric transport of persistent semi-volatile organic chemicals to the Arctic and cold condensation in the mid-troposphere – Part 1: 2-D modeling in mean atmosphere
Authors: Ma J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In the first part of this study for revisiting the cold condensation effect on global distribution of semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs), the atmospheric transport of SVOCs to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere in a mean meridional atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere was simulated by a two-dimensional (2-D) atmospheric transport model. Results show that under the mean meridional atmospheric circulation the long-range atmospheric transport of SVOCs from warm latitudes to the Arctic occurs primarily in the mid-troposphere. Although major sources are in low and mid-latitude soils, the modeled air concentration of SVOCs in the mid-troposphere is of the same order as or higher than that near the surface, demonstrating that the mid-troposphere is an important pathway and reservoir of SVOCs. The cold condensation of the chemicals is also likely to take place in the mid-troposphere over a source region of SVOCs in warm low latitudes through interacting with clouds. We demonstrate that the temperature dependent vapour pressure and atmospheric degradation rate of SVOCs exhibit similarities between lower atmosphere over the Arctic and the mid-troposphere over a tropical region. Frequent occurrence of atmospheric ascending motion and convection over warm latitudes carry the chemicals to a higher altitude where some of these chemicals may partition onto solid or aqueous phase through interaction with atmospheric aerosols, cloud water droplets and ice particles, and become more persistent at lower temperatures. Stronger winds in the mid-troposphere then convey solid and aqueous phase chemicals to the Arctic where they sink by large-scale descending motion and wet deposition. Using calculated water droplet-air partitioning coefficient of several persistent organic semi-volatile chemicals under a mean air temperature profile from the equator to the North Pole we propose that clouds are likely important sorbing media for SVOCs and pathway of the cold condensation effect and poleward atmospheric transport. The role of deposition and atmospheric descending motion in the cold condensation effect over the Arctic is also discussed.
Sensitivity of a global model to the uptake of N2O5 by tropospheric aerosol
Authors: Macintyre H. L. , Evans M. J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The uptake of N2O5 on aerosol impacts atmospheric concentrations of NOx and so O3, OH, and hence CH4. Laboratory studies show significant variation in the rate of uptake, with a general decline in the value of γN2O5 over the last decade as increasingly relevant tropospheric proxies have been studied. In order to understand the implication of this decline for tropospheric composition, a global model of tropospheric chemistry and transport (GEOS-Chem) is run with differing values of γN2O5 (0.0, 10×10−6, 10×10−4, 10−3, 5×10−3, 10−2, 2×10×10−2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0). We identify three regimes in the model response. At low values of γN2O5, the model shows reduced sensitivity to the value of γN2O5 as heterogeneous uptake of γN2O5 does not provide a significant pathway to perturb NOx burdens. At high values of γN2O5 the model again shows reduced sensitivity to the value of γN2O5, as NOx loss through heterogeneous removal of γN2O5 is limited by the rate of production of NO3, rather than the rate of heterogeneous uptake. At intermediate values of γN2O5 the model shows significant sensitivity to the value of γN2O5. We find regional differences in the model's response to changing γN2O5. Regions with high aerosol surface area and low temperatures show NO3 production becoming rate limiting at lower γN2O5 values than regions with lower aerosol surface area and higher temperatures. The northern extra-tropics show significant sensitivity to the value of γN2O5 at values consistent with current literature (0.001–0.02), thus an accurate description of γN2O5 is required for adequate simulation of O3 burdens and long-range transport of pollutants in this region. Our model simulations also provide insight into the sensitivity of coupled chemistry-aerosol simulations to the choice of γN2O5. We find little change in the global sensitivity of NOx, O3 and OH to γN2O5 in the range 0.05 to 1.0, but a significant drop in sensitivity below this range. Thus simulations of the coupled impact of both chemistry and aerosol changes through time will be sensitive to the choice of γN2O5.
The contribution of marine organics to the air quality of the western United States
Authors: Gantt B. , Meskhidze N. , Carlton A. G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The contribution of marine organic emissions to the air quality in coastal areas of the western United States is studied using the latest version of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional-scale Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQv4.7) modeling system. Emissions of marine isoprene, monoterpenes, and primary organic matter (POM) from the ocean are implemented into the model to provide a comprehensive view of the connection between ocean biology and atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. Model simulations show that marine organics can increase the concentration of PM2.5 by 0.1–0.3 μg m−3 (up to 5%) in some coastal cities such as San Francisco, CA. This increase in the PM2.5 concentration is primarily attributed to the POM emissions, with small contributions from the marine isoprene and monoterpenes. When marine organic emissions are included, organic carbon (OC) concentrations over the remote ocean are increased by up to 50% (25% in coastal areas), values consistent with recent observational findings. This study is the first to quantify the air quality impacts from marine POM and monoterpenes for the United States, and it highlights the need for inclusion of marine organic emissions in air quality models.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) with bipolar membranes, an energy storage system
Authors: Pretz J. , Staude E.
Published: August 2010

An experimental study is presented of reverse electrodialysis (RED) as a completely different kind of electrical energy storage. The use of RED fuel cells has the potential to overcome common self‐discharging problems of the RED accumulator. The membranes used in RED are designed to meet requirements different from those for conventional electrodialysis (ED). This applies particularly to bipolar membranes. An essential criterion for the use of membranes in RED is permselectivity. An improvement in the permselectivity of the membranes was obtained by coating them with an appropriate polymer or cross‐linking the membrane polymer.

The results were compared with a mathematical model and some former works in this field.
Natural Diversity to Guide Focused Directed Evolution
Authors: Jochens Helge , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: August 2010

Simultaneous multiple site‐saturation mutagenesis was performed at four active‐site positions of an esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens to improve its ability to convert 3‐phenylbutyric acid esters (3‐PBA) in an enantioselective manner. Based on an appropriate codon choice derived from a structural alignment of 1751 sequences of α/β‐hydrolase fold enzymes, only those amino acids were considered for library creation that appeared frequently in structurally equivalent positions. Thus, the number of mutants to be screened could be substantially reduced while the number of functionally intact variants was increased. Whereas the wild‐type esterase showed only marginal activity and poor enantioselectivity (Etrue=3.2) towards 3‐PBA‐ethyl ester, a significant number of hits with improved rates (up to 240‐fold) and enantioselectivities (up to Etrue=80) were identified in these “smart” libraries.
ChemInform Abstract: Isotriazene: A Surprisingly Stable Minimum on the N3H3 Surface.
Authors: SALTER E. A. , HINRICHS R. Z. , SALTER C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe2Al3Si3.
Authors: GUENEAU C. , SERVANT C. , D'YVOIRE F. , RODIER N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoclinic Mg2B2O5.
Authors: GUO G.‐C. , CHENG W.‐D. , CHEN J.‐T. , ZHUANG H.‐H. , HUANG J.‐S. , ZHANG Q.‐E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triclinic α‐LiNaCO3.
Authors: YATSENKO A. V. , ZHUKOV S. G. , D'YAKOV V. A. , SCHENK H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual 180° P‐O‐P bond Angles in ZrP2O7.
Authors: KHOSROVANI N. , KORTHUIS V. , SLEIGHT A. W. , VOGT T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrical, Optical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Natural Enargite, Cu3AsS4.
Authors: PAUPORTE TH. , LINCOT D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Layered Polyborates Cs2M2B10O17 (M: Na, K).
Authors: TU J.‐M. , KESZLER D. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: KMoO2AsO4.
Authors: ZID M. F. , JOUINI T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NaCu4S4, a Simple New Low‐Dimensional, Metallic Copper Polychalcogenide, Structurally Related to CuS.
Authors: ZHANG X. , KANATZIDIS M. G. , HOGAN T. , KANNEWURF C. R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Diisopropyl α‐, β‐, and . gamma.‐Hydroxyarylalkylphosphonates from Ketophosphonates: A Study on the Effect of the Phosphonyl Group.
Authors: MEIER C. , LAUX W. H. G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: tert‐Butyldimethylsilyldihalomethyllithium as a Dihalomethylene Dianion Synthon. 1,3‐Rearrangement and 1,4‐Rearrangement of Silyl Group from Carbon to Oxide.
Authors: SHINOKUBO H. , MIURA K. , OSHIMA K. , UTIMOTO K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: o‐Tosylaminobenzaldehyde Aminals in the Synthesis of 1,3‐Substituted Propargylamines, 3H‐2‐Vinylidene‐3‐aminoindoline and Quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: UKHIN L. YU. , KOMISSAROV V. N. , ORLOVA ZH. I. , BORODKIN G. S. , LINDEMAN S. V. , KHRUSTALEV V. N. , STRUCHKOV YU. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Evidence for a Stepwise Mechanism in Formal Hetero‐Diels‐Alder Reactions of N‐Arylimines.
Authors: LINKERT F. , LASCHAT S. , KOTILA S. , FOX T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alcoholysis of Epoxides Catalyzed by Tetracyanoethylene and Dicyanoketene Acetals.
Authors: MASAKI Y. , MIURA T. , OCHIAI M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefination and Hydroxymethylation of Aldehydes Using Knochel′s ( Dialkoxyboryl)methylcopper Reagents.
Authors: SAKAI M. , SAITO S. , KANAI G. , SUZUKI A. , MIYAURA N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of (Alkaneimidoyl)lanthanoids and Their Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: MURAKAMI M. , ITO H. , ITO Y.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,2‐Di(1‐adamantyl)ethene and Their Respective Reactions with Dichlorocarbene.
Authors: MARCHAND A. P. , XING D. , BOTT S. G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A gem‐Allyl Dianion Synthon in Water.
Authors: CHEN D.‐L. , LI C.‐J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hindered Organoboron Groups in Organic Chemistry. Part 30. Production of erythro‐1,2‐Diols by the Condensation of Dimesitylboron‐Stabilized Carbanions with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: PELTER A. , PEVERALL S. , PITCHFORD A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of Vinylic Bis‐Thioethers from α‐Bromoketones.
Authors: HOLLER M. , BIELLMANN J.‐F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient New Synthesis of (7)Circulene.
Authors: YAMAMOTO K. , SONOBE H. , MATSUBARA H. , SATO M. , OKAMOTO S. , KITAURA K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzoannelated Centropolyquinanes. Part 20. Centropentaindan, a Fenestrane Bearing Five Mutually Fused Indan Units: Syntheses, Molecular Structure, and Bridgehead Substitution.
Authors: KUCK D. , SCHUSTER A. , GESTMANN D. , POSTEHER F. , PRITZKOW H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Phosphorylated Lactams. Part 2. A Reversible Phosphorylation of Silyllactams.
Authors: URYUPIN A. B. , RAKHOV I. A. , KOLESOVA V. A. , PETROVSKII P. V. , MASTRYUKOVA T. A. , KABACHNIK M. I.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.