bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The international impact of Sequoyah’s Cherokee syllabary
Authors: Unseth Peter
Published: December 2016

Many are familiar with Sequoyah’s creation of the Cherokee syllabary. But few are aware of the international impact of his script. Specialists have noted that his work led to the creation of additional scripts on three continents, but none have calculated the overall impact of Sequoyah’s influence. This article is the first to calculate the breadth of Sequoyah’s influence around the world, documenting his influence in the creation of 21 scripts for over 65 languages.
Masked onset priming in lexical decision
Authors: van Gorp Karly , Segers Eliane , Verhoeven Ludo
Published: December 2016

In masked onset priming (MOPE) there is an overlap between prime and target in the onset. This has been shown to lead to faster word recognition of the target in adults in naming tasks but not in lexical decision tasks. To take a developmental stance, the present study investigated MOPE of various onsets in 30 adults and 74 second graders in a lexical decision task. For adults we found no effects for MOPE in lexical decision, which is congruent with the literature. However, results revealed priming effects for the beginning readers: accuracy scores were higher and response times were shorter for both words and pseudowords when there was an overlap of the onset between prime and target. The effects that we found may reflect either sublexical processing or speech planning, leaving it for future research to reach a firm conclusion with regard to underlying processes. Based on our findings, it can tentatively be assumed that beginning readers are susceptible to MOPE in lexical decision because of the fact that their word identification is far from automated.
3D modelling of Ti–6Al–4V linear friction welds
Authors: McAndrew Anthony R. , Colegrove Paul A. , Flipo Bertrand C. D. , Bühr Clement
Published: December 2016

Linear friction welding (LFW) is a solid-state joining process that significantly reduces manufacturing costs when fabricating Ti–6Al–4V aircraft components. This article describes the development of a novel 3D LFW process model for joining Ti–6Al–4V. Displacement histories were taken from experiments and used as modelling inputs; herein is the novelty of the approach, which resulted in decreased computational time and memory storage requirements. In general, the models captured the experimental weld phenomena and showed that the thermo-mechanically affected zone and interface temperature are reduced when the workpieces are oscillated along the shorter of the two interface contact dimensions. Moreover, the models showed that unbonded regions occur at the corners of the weld interface, which are eliminated by increasing the burn-off.
Corn‐Ethanol Plant Investment: A Real Options Case Study
Authors: Secor William G. , Boland Michael A.
Published: December 2016

The objective of this article is to describe an investment decision using net present value and real options. A case study describes the data and the corn‐ethanol industry so students can study a cooperative's decision of whether or not to invest in a new corn‐ethanol plant in 2015 Nebraska. An extensive set of information accompanies this case, including spreadsheets with data, computer software code, lesson plans for teaching real options and net present value, and an extensive teaching note.
QCEWAS: automated quality control of results of epigenome-wide association studies
Authors: Van der Most Peter J , Küpers Leanne K , Snieder Harold , Nolte Ilja
Published: December 2016

The increasing popularity of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) has led to the establishment of several large international meta-analysis consortia. However, when using data originating from multiple sources, a thorough and centralized quality control is essential. To facilitate this, we developed the QCEWAS R package. QCEWAS enables automated quality control of results files of EWAS. QCEWAS produces cohort-specific statistics and graphs to interpret the quality of the results files, graphs comparing results of multiple cohorts, as well as cleaned input files ready for meta-analysis.

Availability and Implementation

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/QCEWAS
Feature selection using a one dimensional naïve Bayes’ classifier increases the accuracy of support vector machine classification of CDR3 repertoires
Authors: Cinelli Mattia , Sun , Yuxin , Best Katharine , Heather James M , Reich-Zeliger Shlomit , Shifrut Eric , Friedman Nir , Shawe-Taylor John , Chain Benny
Published: December 2016

Motivation

Somatic DNA recombination, the hallmark of vertebrate adaptive immunity, has the potential to generate a vast diversity of antigen receptor sequences. How this diversity captures antigen specificity remains incompletely understood. In this study we use high throughput sequencing to compare the global changes in T cell receptor β chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3β) sequences following immunization with ovalbumin administered with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) or CFA alone.

Results

The CDR3β sequences were deconstructed into short stretches of overlapping contiguous amino acids. The motifs were ranked according to a one-dimensional Bayesian classifier score comparing their frequency in the repertoires of the two immunization classes. The top ranking motifs were selected and used to create feature vectors which were used to train a support vector machine. The support vector machine achieved high classification scores in a leave-one-out validation test reaching >90% in some cases.

The study describes a novel two-stage classification strategy combining a one-dimensional Bayesian classifier with a support vector machine. Using this approach we demonstrate that the frequency of a small number of linear motifs three amino acids in length can accurately identify a CD4 T cell response to ovalbumin against a background response to the complex mixture of antigens which characterize Complete Freund’s Adjuvant.

Availability and implementation

The sequence data is available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term¼SRP075893. The Decombinator package is available at github.com/innate2adaptive/Decombinator. The R package e1071 is available at the CRAN repository https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/e1071/index.html.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cerebellar anodal tDCS increases implicit visuomotor remapping when strategic re-aiming is suppressed
Authors: Leow Li-Ann , Marinovic Welber , Riek Stephan , Carroll Timothy J
Published: December 2016

The cerebellum is known to be critically involved in sensorimotor adaptation. Changes in cerebellar function alter behaviour when compensating for sensorimotor perturbations, as shown by non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum and studies involving patients with cerebellar degeneration. It is known, 24 however, that behavioural responses to sensorimotor perturbations reflect both explicit processes (such as volitional aiming to one side of a target to counteract a rotation of visual feedback) and implicit, error-driven updating of sensorimotor maps. The contribution of the cerebellum to these explicit and implicit processes remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation to a 30° rotation of visual feedback of hand position during target-reaching, when the capacity to use explicit processes was manipulated by controlling movement preparation times. Explicit re-aiming was suppressed in one condition by requiring subjects to initiate their movements within 300ms of target presentation, and permitted in another condition by requiring subjects to wait approximately 1050ms after target presentation before movement initiation. Similar to previous work, applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; 1.5mA) to the right cerebellum during adaptation resulted in faster compensation for errors imposed by the rotation. After exposure to the rotation, we evaluated implicit remapping in no-feedback trials after providing participants with explicit knowledge that the rotation had been removed. Crucially, movements were more adapted in these no-feedback trials following cerebellar anodal tDCS than after sham stimulation in both long and short preparation groups. This suggests that cerebellar anodal tDCS increased implicit remapping during sensorimotor adaptation irrespective of preparation time constraints. This work shows that the cerebellum is critical in the formation of new visuomotor maps that correct perturbations in sensory feedback, both when explicit processes are suppressed and when allowed during sensorimotor adaptation.
Zebrafish Nanog is not required in embryonic cells
Authors: Gagnon James A. , Obbad Kamal , Schier Alexander F.
Published: December 2016

SUMMARY STATEMENT

The study ofnanogmutants reveals that Nanog is required only for extraembryonic tissue development, not in embryonic cells.

The role of the zebrafish transcription factor Nanog has been controversial. It has been suggested that Nanog is primarily required for the formation of the extraembryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL) and only indirectly regulates gene expression in embryonic cells. By contrast, a more recent study has proposed that Nanog directly regulates transcription in embryonic cells during zygotic genome activation. To clarify the roles of Nanog, we performed a detailed analysis of zebrafishnanogmutants. While zygoticnanogmutants survive to adulthood, maternal-zygotic and maternal mutants exhibit developmental arrest at the blastula stage. In the absence of Nanog, the YSL fails to form and embryonic tissue detaches from the yolk. Zygotic transcription of a subset of embryonic genes is affected innanogmutants but both the YSL and embryonic phenotype can be rescued by providingnanogmRNA in YSL precursors. Notably,nanogmutant cells transplanted into wild-type hosts proliferate and contribute to embryonic tissues from all germ layers. These results indicate that zebrafish Nanog is necessary for YSL formation but is not directly required for embryonic cell differentiation.
The interaction of orientation-specific surround suppression and visual-spatial attention
Authors: Rokem Ariel , Landau Ayelet Nina
Published: December 2016

Orientation selective surround suppression (OSSS) is a reduction in the perceived contrast of a stimulus, which occurs when a collinear grating is placed adjacent to the stimulus. Attention affects performance on many visual tasks, and we asked whether the perceptual effects of OSSS are mitigated through the allocation of voluntary visual-spatial attention. Participants were tested in a contrast discrimination task: at the beginning of each trial, one location on the screen was cued and a subsequent contrast judgment was then more likely (70%) to be performed in that location. Replicating previous results, we found that the point of subjective equality (PSE) was elevated for a collinear, relative to an orthogonal, surround. While the PSE was similar for validly and invalidly cued trials, the just noticeable difference (JND) was larger for invalid cue trials, and for collinear, relative to orthogonal surround, suggesting that while OSSS affects both perceived contrast and sensitivity, voluntary attention affects only perceptual sensitivity. In another experiment no informative cue was provided, and attention was distributed over the entire display. In this case, JND and PSE were shifted depending on the contrast of the distractor, suggesting that OSSS is affected by the allocation of visual-spatial attention, but only under conditions of distributed attention.
Entrepreneurial CSR in the context of a regional family firm: a stakeholder analysis
Authors: Alonso Abel Duarte , Austin Ian
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the extant literature of family firms and corporate social responsibility (CSR), examining the case of West’n Fresh, a regional Western Australian family firm. Moreover, in adopting stakeholder theory (ST) the firm’s involvement in and resulting benefits from CSR are investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

In-depth telephone and face-to-face interviews with three members of the firm, including one of its two owners, were further complemented through onsite observations and secondary data from the firm’s website and media reports.

Findings

Entrepreneurial CSR emerges as a critical element in the family firm’s business philosophy, whereby through innovative practices the ownership is able to create a balance between the firm’s financial objectives and socially responsible initiatives. In particular, the development of food products creates business opportunities while at the same time addresses the needs of different consumer groups, in particular, aged care individuals. These findings have alignments with the four theses of ST; for instance, the recognition of various stakeholder groups by the firm’s ownership, and the initiatives to improve their quality of life clearly suggest associations with normative thesis.

Originality/value

Although the field of family entrepreneurship has grown significantly, many under-researched aspects of this discipline remain. For instance, family business research, including on CSR conducted in Western Australia, a state with a very strong economic significance, and with multiple links to the outside world is very limited.
Defining and measuring corporate social reputations
Authors: Dowling Grahame
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline a theory-based approach to defining the corporate reputation construct.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach taken is to describe how to create a well-formed nominal definition of a construct and then show how this definition is translated into an operational definition that guides the selection of an appropriate measure. New definitions of corporate social reputation and appropriate measures of this construct are provided to illustrate this framework.

Findings

The definitional framework used suggests that many measures of corporate social responsibility and reputation are under specified. Thus, the measures derived from these definitions are poorly constructed. The strengths and weaknesses of three new types of measure of corporate social reputation are reviewed.

Practical implications

For scholars the advantages of creating a well-formed definition are that it will lead to a valid measure of the construct under investigation. This will then help to better interpret what are significant findings and non-findings of empirical research.

Originality/value

This paper is an extension of the author’s previous work on defining the corporate reputation construct. Because what is meant by corporate social responsibility is contested amongst scholars this and related constructs need more precise definition and measurement. This paper offers a theory-based approach to achieve this aim.
Global responsible intergenerational leadership
Authors: Puaschunder Julia
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Global systemic risks of climate change, overindebtedness in the aftermath of the 2008/2009 World Financial Crisis and the need for pension reform in the wake of an aging western world population, currently raise attention for intergenerational fairness. Pressing social dilemmas beyond the control of singular nation states call for corporate social activities to back governmental regulation in crisis mitigation. The purpose of this paper is to promote the idea of intergenerational equity in the corporate world.

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretical description.

Findings

In the given literature on global responsible leadership in the corporate sector and contemporary corporate social responsibility (CSR) models, intergenerational equity appears to have been neglected. While the notion of sustainability has been integrated in CSR models, intergenerational equity has hardly been touched on as for being a more legal case for codifying the triple bottom line.

Practical implications

Advocating for integrating intergenerational equity concerns in CSR models in academia and practice holds untapped advantages of economically influential corporate entities, corporate adaptability and independence from voting cycles.

Social implications

Integrating a temporal dimension in contemporary CSR helps imbuing a longer-term perspective into the corporate world alongside advancing tax ethics and global governance crises prevention.

Originality/value

Future research avenues comprise of investigating situational factors influencing intergenerational leadership in the international arena in order to advance the idea of corporations tackling the most pressing contemporary challenges of mankind.
Microbial profile of food contact surfaces in foodservice establishments
Authors: Djekic Ilija , Kuzmanovic Jelena , Andjelkovic Aleksandra , Saracevic Miroslava , Stojanovic Marija M. , Tomasevic Igor
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the microbial profile of food contact surfaces (FCS) in foodservice industry of Serbia.

Design/methodology/approach

The research covered 21,485 samples collected from 1,085 foodservice establishments during a period of 43 months. Results were deployed in terms of food contact materials, types of FCS and types of foodservice establishments.

Findings

Highest share of results=2 log10 CFU/cm2 were present on plastic surfaces during Autumn, while on ceramic and stainless steel surfaces highest share were observed during the Summer season. Take-away food establishments had the highest share of results=2 log10 CFU/cm2 for both stainless steel and plastic surfaces. Highest share of stainless steel surfaces with microbial load=2 log10 CFU/cm2 were cutlery, dishes and knives. Plastic dishes had the highest share of results=2 log10 CFU/cm2 while cutting boards had the majority of results between 1 log10 CFU/cm2 and 2 log10 CFU/cm2.

Research limitations/implications

Limitations of the research stem from the discussion of the nature of the FCS like porosity and other physical characteristics.

Practical implications

This research has a practical application in terms of establishing process hygiene levels depending on types of food contact materials and types of FCS and seasonal variations.

Originality/value

The findings of this study are worthy, in respect to possible correlation between seasonal variation and process hygiene requirements and can facilitate a better understanding of microbial risks associated with food preparation.
Mainstreaming women into disaster reduction in the built environment
Authors: Ginige Kanchana , Amaratunga Dilanthi , Haigh Richard
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a guideline to mainstream women into disaster reduction in the built environment in Sri Lanka.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on ten in-depth interviews conducted with professionals engaged in disaster risk reduction in the built environment in Sri Lanka. The interviews are complemented by a comprehensive literature review conducted on the impacts of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on women in Sri Lanka, and the country’s status of mainstreaming women into disaster reduction in the built environment.

Findings

The paper presents a guideline for mainstreaming women into disaster reduction in the built environment in Sri Lanka which consists of factors influencing the process, main steps, parties responsible, required resources, required expertise, appropriate stages of development to conduct the process, barriers to the process and how to improve the process.

Originality/value

At present, there are no guidelines which specifically inform how to mainstream women into disaster reduction in the built environment in Sri Lanka. Such guideline is significant to reduce women’s vulnerability to natural disasters and also to tackle disaster vulnerabilities of the built environment in general.
An integrated social response to disasters: the case of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka
Authors: Hettige Siri , Haigh Richard
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The impact of disasters caused by natural hazards on people in affected communities is mediated by a whole range of circumstances such as the intensity of the disaster, type and nature of the community affected and the nature of loss and displacement. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need to adopt a holistic or integrated approach to assessment of the process of disaster recovery, and to develop a multidimensional assessment framework.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is designed as a novel qualitative assessment of the recovery process using qualitative data collection techniques from a sample of communities affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami in Eastern and Southern Sri Lanka.

Findings

The outcomes of the interventions have varied widely depending on such factors as the nature of the community, the nature of the intervention and the mode of delivery for donor support. The surveyed communities are ranked in terms of the nature and extent of recovery.

Practical implications

The indices of recovery developed constitute a convenient tool of measurement of effectiveness and limitations of external interventions. The assessment used is multidimensional and socially inclusive.

Originality/value

The approach adopted is new to post-disaster recovery assessments and is useful for monitoring and evaluation of recovery processes. It also fits into the social accountability model as the assessment is based on community experience with the recovery process.
The Schoolie experience: social identity and disconfirmation
Authors: Kwek Anna , Ross Mitchell
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe experiences of high school graduates attending a significant annual celebratory event (Schoolies) on the Gold Coast, Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

An interpretive, qualitative paradigm informed by social construction ideologies was adopted. Data were collected via in-depth semi-structured interviews.

Findings

Key findings relate to attendees’ notion of excitement and perception of social identity, which was found to encompass both a rite of passage and event exclusivity. Attendees’ sense of identity developed from the unique nature of the event as well as the anticipation of excitement and the actual experience.

Originality/value

This study makes a novel contribution in that it takes an interdisciplinary approach, bringing together the sociological, social psychological, and marketing disciplines in an event management context.
Mobile device use at festivals: opportunities for value creation
Authors: M. Van Winkle Christine , Cairns Amanda , J. MacKay Kelly , A. Halpenny Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand mobile device (MD) use in a festival context. Festivals offer a range of opportunities and activities to use a MD making this context ideal for understanding digital experiences during leisure. The guiding research question asked how do festival attendees use MDs at festivals. The Typology of Human Capability (THC) provided a framework to enhance the understanding of digital experiences at festivals.

Design/methodology/approach

This research involved six festival case studies where semi-structured interviews were conducted with attendees on-site. Interview questions focused on how festival attendees used MDs during the festival. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis guided by the THC.

Findings

On-site interviews with 168 attendees revealed that data support the THC dimensions and constructs (sensing, linking, organizing and performing). This typology advances the understanding of the range of digital customer experiences currently available at festivals.

Research limitations/implications

The addition of context to the THC is recommended to enhance its utility in application. As a limited number of festivals were included, the specific findings may not apply to all festivals but the implications are relevant to a range of festivals.

Practical implications

Operational definitions of the THC constructs within the festival setting were identified and provide opportunities for developing digital experience offerings.

Originality/value

This study provided the first comprehensive examination of MD use in festival contexts and in so doing offered data in support of Korn and Pine’s (2011) THC. The findings reveal opportunities for modifying the THC to increase its applicability in a range of settings.
Mega-event and urban sustainable development
Authors: Liang Ying-Wen , Wang Chih-Hung , Tsaur Sheng-Hshiung , Yen Chang-Hua , Tu Jin-Hua
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact indicators of the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition from the perspective of residents and to investigate the effects of these impacts on the urban sustainability through the perceptions of Taipei residents after the exposition.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a literature review and consulted experts to identify the impact indicators of the exposition. This process resulted in 17 indicators of economic impact, 12 indicators of environmental impact, and 13 indicators of social impact, and the authors developed a 12-dimension/42-indicator mega-event impact measurement scale. Using a survey of 1,628 host residents after the exposition, the authors performed regression analysis to investigate the effects of these impacts on the urban sustainability.

Findings

The results indicated that economic, environmental, and social impacts exerted significant positive effects on urban sustainability. All positive dimensions of economic, environmental, and social impact exerted significant positive effects on urban sustainability, and all negative dimensions exerted nonsignificant effects on urban sustainability.

Originality/value

This study identified the impact indicators of the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition and investigated the effects of these impacts on the urban sustainability. The findings of this study indicated that economic, environmental, and social impacts of the exposition exerted significant positive effects on urban sustainability.
The impact of national cultural values on retail structure
Authors: Dimitrova Boryana V. , Rosenbloom Bert , Andras Trina Larsen
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between national cultural values and retail structure.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a panel data set of 67 countries over the period 1999-2012.

Findings

The results demonstrate that national cultural values, measured with the World Values Survey’s traditional/secular-rational and survival/self-expression dimensions, affect retail structure.

Research limitations/implications

While marketing scholars have examined the relationship between demographic and competitive factors and retail structure, there has been a substantial body of anecdotal evidence showing that national culture can also drive retail structure development. In order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between national culture and retail structure, the authors empirically examine the impact of national cultural values on retail structure.

Originality/value

This study is the first one to empirically examine the impact of national culture on retail structure. The authors thus help advance retail structure research the primary focus of which has been on investigating the impact of demographic and competitive factors on retail structure. This study is especially relevant to international retail managers who coordinate retail operations in multiple countries around the world. These managers need insight into the impact of national cultural values on retail structure in order to devise effective retail strategies for each host market.
The relationship between brand love and actual brand performance
Authors: Zarantonello Lia , Formisano Marcello , Grappi Silvia
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the different relationship that brand love, compared with brand attitude, has with actual brand performance in a cross-national and cross-category context.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical study was conducted in the USA, Russia and Indonesia to develop and validate a short but comprehensive measure of brand love. A brand attitude measure derived from the company’s tracking studies and behavioural measures derived from panel data were used to examine the different relationship of brand love and brand attitude with brand performance.

Findings

The findings show that consumers in the USA, Russia and Indonesia share a similar concept of brand love. They also show that brand love, compared with brand attitude, is more strongly related to growth in behavioural loyalty, whereas brand attitude, compared with brand love, is more strongly related to the brand size in the present.

Research limitations/implications

The paper combines psychological and behavioural data from different sources. Future research may collect both types of data from the same sample of consumers. Besides, the paper uses brand love and brand attitude data related to loyal consumers and users, respectively. Future research may consider both types of consumers simultaneously.

Practical implications

The paper clarifies why brand love measures should be integrated in a company’s brand measurement system, and their specific contribution compared with brand attitude.

Originality/value

This paper is the first that examines brand love in a cross-national and cross-category context and that shows the relationship of brand love vs brand attitude with actual brand performance using company/industry-derived data.
Metasystem pathologies (M-Path) method: phases and procedures
Authors: Katina Polinpapilinho Freeman
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic method for practitioners (owners, operators, designers, and performers) to identify pathologies (aberrations from healthy system function) in complex systems.

Design/methodology/approach

A range of published works, which aim to provide practical and theoretical underpinnings on pathologies, were critiqued with respect to method development. A systematic method with five phases was then developed to help identify and assess existence of pathologies as conditions that negatively impact system performance.

Findings

There is a range of pathological conditions and factors that affect organizational (system) performance. However, there is a lack of supporting methods that can guide practitioners in identification of pathologies that exist in systems under their purview.

Research limitations/implications

The developed method is based on functional aspects of system viability as established in management cybernetics. Management cybernetics articulates functions that must be performed for continued viability of complex organizations. Therefore, the developed method supports practitioners in their responsibilities to effectively identify pathologies and develop corresponding remedies.

Practical implications

The proposed approach articulates a repeatable approach by which an analyst can interact with a system of interest in order to identify, assess existence of, and prioritize pathologies. This research introduces an opportunity to develop sets of feasible and purposeful responses to pathologies.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills an identified need to provide practitioners with an advanced systems thinking-based approach to identify deep systemic issues (pathologies) as an essential step in improving performance of an organization (system).
Factors influencing leadership development in an uncertain environment
Authors: Megheirkouni Majd
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors influencing leadership development (LD). It responds to the following question: what are the factors influencing the phenomenon of LD in the Syrian context.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative research method has been adopted, using face-to-face interviews with leaders in middle and top management.

Findings

The findings revealed that there are two types of factor influencing LD: determinant factors to LD and influencing factors on the application of LD.

Research limitations/implications

Research data has been conducted in an unstable environment because of what is called the Arab Spring, so data were collected only from for-profit sector companies that presented more flexibility for participation than state and non-profit sector organisations.

Practical implications

The paper explored two different types of factors influencing LD: factors influencing the application of LD, and factors determining LD. This helps designers of LD programmes and companies operating in Syrian context to differentiate between these two factors.

Originality/value

The study offers data and interpretation on factors influencing LD in a specific context on which foundation further studies in the Middle Eastern context can be developed.
Integrated corporate social responsibility
Authors: Vitolla Filippo , Rubino Michele , Garzoni Antonello
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand what the determinants for integrated corporate social responsibility (CSR) are and how they lead to different means of integration.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, a research methodology based on the multiple case analysis was chosen. The selection of case studies was based on the combined application of literal and theoretical replication. Within the technique of theoretical replication, maximum variation and criterion methods were used. In order to increase the reliability of the results, a research protocol for data collection was defined by combining two different techniques: semi-structured interviews and content analysis of documents and websites.

Findings

The integration of CSR depends on three factors: the macro-environment, the competitive context and the management philosophy. In particular, management philosophy is the internal variable on which the type of strategic or operational integration depends.

Practical implications

The main managerial implications arising from the empirical analysis can be summarized as follows: first, external conditions influence the CSR management, but the company’s success is tied to the management philosophy; second, innovative business ideas are related to a proactive management approach to CSR; and third the consistency between the management philosophy and the means for managing CSR is fundamental to integrate CSR into strategic management.

Originality/value

The analysis allows to fill the literature gap related to the strategic integration of CSR (driving factors and means of integration).
Shrub encroachment is linked to extirpation of an apex predator
Authors: Gordon Christopher E. , Eldridge David J. , Ripple William J. , Crowther Mathew S. , Moore Ben D. , Letnic Mike
Published: December 2016

The abundance of shrubs has increased throughout Earth's arid lands. This ‘shrub encroachment’ has been linked to livestock grazing, fire‐suppression and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations facilitating shrub recruitment. Apex predators initiate trophic cascades which can influence the abundance of many species across multiple trophic levels within ecosystems. Extirpation of apex predators is linked inextricably to pastoralism, but has not been considered as a factor contributing to shrub encroachment.

Here, we ask if trophic cascades triggered by the extirpation of Australia's largest terrestrial predator, the dingo (Canis dingo), could be a driver of shrub encroachment in the Strzelecki Desert, Australia.

We use aerial photographs spanning a 51‐year period to compare shrub cover between areas where dingoes are historically rare and common. We then quantify contemporary patterns of shrub, shrub seedling and mammal abundances, and use structural equation modelling to compare competing trophic cascade hypotheses to explain how dingoes could influence shrub recruitment. Finally, we track the fate of seedlings of an encroaching shrub, hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa angustissima), during a period optimal for seedling recruitment, and quantify removal rates of hopbush seeds by rodents from enriched seed patches.

Shrub cover was 26–48% greater in areas where dingoes were rare than common. Our structural equation modelling supported the hypothesis that dingo removal facilitates shrub encroachment by triggering a four level trophic cascade. According to this model, increased mesopredator abundance in the absence of dingoes results in suppressed abundance of consumers of shrub seeds and seedlings, rodents and rabbits respectively. In turn, suppressed abundances of rodents and rabbits in the absence of dingoes relaxed a recruitment bottleneck for shrubs. The results of our SEM were supported by results showing that rates of hopbush seedling survival and seed removal were 1·7 times greater and 2·1 times lower in areas where dingoes were rare than common.

Our study provides evidence linking the suppression of an apex predator to the historic encroachment of shrubs. We contend that trophic cascades induced by apex predator extirpation may be an overlooked driver of shrub encroachment.
Disturbing sleep and sleepfulness during recovery from substance dependence in residential rehabilitation settings
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Meadows Robert , Neale Joanne
Published: December 2016

There is evidence that poor sleep mitigates recovery from substance dependence and increases risk of relapse. However, to date research literature is located within biomedical, clinical and psychological paradigms. To complement the extant work, this article offers a sociological exploration of sleep in the context of recovery from dependence on alcohol and/or other drugs. Drawing on qualitative data generated through interviews with 28 men and women living in residential rehabilitation settings in England, we provide a detailed exploration of sleep practices focusing on how these are enacted throughout the night. We offer the concept of ‘sleepfulness’ to suggest that sleep should not be understood simply as being other than awake; rather it involves a myriad of associations between diverse actants – human and non‐human – that come to ‘fill up’, enable and assemble sleep. Together these empirical insights and conceptualisations disturb the ontology of sleep and point to the fulsome dimensions of the category.
The potential of neuroimaging for identifying predictors of adolescent alcohol use initiation and misuse
Authors: O'Halloran Laura , Nymberg Charlotte , Jollans Lee , Garavan Hugh , Whelan Robert
Published: December 2016

Background and Aims

Dysfunction in brain regions underlying impulse control, reward processing and executive function have been associated previously with adolescent alcohol misuse. However, identifying pre‐existing neurobiological risk factors, as distinct from changes arising from early alcohol‐use, is difficult. Here, we outline how neuroimaging data can identify the neural predictors of adolescent alcohol‐use initiation and misuse by using prospective longitudinal studies to follow initially alcohol‐naive individuals over time and by neuroimaging adolescents with inherited risk factors for alcohol misuse.

Method

A comprehensive narrative of the literature regarding neuroimaging studies published between 2010 and 2016 focusing on predictors of adolescent alcohol use initiation and misuse.

Findings

Prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies have identified pre‐existing differences between adolescents who remained alcohol‐naive and those who transitioned subsequently to alcohol use. Both functional and structural grey matter differences were observed in temporal and frontal regions, including reduced brain activity in the superior frontal gyrus and temporal lobe, and thinner temporal cortices of future alcohol users. Interactions between brain function and genetic predispositions have been identified, including significant association found between the Ras protein‐specific guanine nucleotide releasing factor 2 (RASGRF2) gene and reward‐related striatal functioning.

Conclusions

Neuroimaging predictors of alcohol use have shown modest utility to date. Future research should use out‐of‐sample performance as a quantitative measure of a predictor's utility. Neuroimaging data should be combined across multiple modalities, including structural information such as volumetrics and cortical thickness, in conjunction with white‐matter tractography. A number of relevant neurocognitive systems should be assayed; particularly, inhibitory control, reward processing and executive functioning. Combining a rich magnetic resonance imaging data set could permit the generation of neuroimaging risk scores, which could potentially yield targeted interventions.
Evidence of a genomic insertion in intron 2 of SOD1 causing allelic drop‐out during routine diagnostic testing for canine degenerative myelopathy
Authors: Turba M. E. , Loechel R. , Rombolà E. , Gandini G. , Gentilini F.
Published: December 2016

Degenerative myelopathy is a severe and progressive neurodegenerative disease and, in the majority of breeds, is associated with the c.118G>A substitution in exon 2 of the canine superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Our laboratories have been engaged in determining the cause of many discordant findings between the parental and the offspring genotypes found by different laboratories. In both cases, the discordant findings refer to actual heterozygous dogs that had been typed as homozygous for the variant allele. To that aim, the genomic context of the causative variant was investigated in two Hovawart dogs. An insertion of 54 nucleotides composed of a poly‐T stretch and 15 nucleotides containing the duplication of the exon 2–intron 2 junction was found. The insertion was responsible for the partial mismatch of the reverse primer used for a direct sequencing assay. The mismatch hampered the amplification of the corresponding allele and caused an evident drop‐out effect. The insertion is in complete linkage disequilibrium with the c.118G allele. The allele containing the insertion was highly prevalent in Hovawart dogs, accounting for the 26.6% of allele frequency. The insertion was also found in other unrelated breeds such as Rough Collies and Standard Poodles. In conclusion, the study illustrates the importance of correctly designing the primers to avoid inaccurate genotyping of the degenerative myelopathy causative variant in exon 2 of the SOD1 gene.
A Dynamic Model of the Longitudinal Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Supervisor‐Rated Job Performance
Authors: Alessandri Guido , Borgogni Laura , Latham Gary P.
Published: December 2016

Job satisfaction and job performance represent two of the most important and popular constructs investigated in organisational psychology. Issues relating to the nature and significance of their relationship has fascinated organisational researchers since the beginning of this discipline. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the direction of plausible influences between these two constructs by using a dynamic latent difference score model (McArdle, ) and a large sample of employees who were followed for five years (N = 1,004). The findings provided support for a reciprocal model of relationships. Satisfied workers generally demonstrated higher job performance over time than did unsatisfied workers. Job performance, however, is a significant contributor of an individual's satisfaction with their work. The contribution of this study to the literature lies in its use of Latent Difference Score models to more accurately capture the longitudinal dynamics of the relationships between job performance and job satisfaction.
Generalized Semiparametric Varying-Coefficient Model for Longitudinal Data with Applications to Adaptive Treatment Randomizations
Authors: Qi Li , Sun Yanqing , Gilbert Peter B.
Published: December 2016

This article investigates a generalized semiparametric varying-coefficient model for longitudinal data that can flexibly model three types of covariate effects: time-constant effects, time-varying effects, and covariate-varying effects. Different link functions can be selected to provide a rich family of models for longitudinal data. The model assumes that the time-varying effects are unspecified functions of time and the covariate-varying effects are parametric functions of an exposure variable specified up to a finite number of unknown parameters. The estimation procedure is developed using local linear smoothing and profile weighted least squares estimation techniques. Hypothesis testing procedures are developed to test the parametric functions of the covariate-varying effects. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed estimators are established. A working formula for bandwidth selection is discussed and examined through simulations. Our simulation study shows that the proposed methods have satisfactory finite sample performance. The proposed methods are applied to the ACTG 244 clinical trial of HIV infected patients being treated with Zidovudine to examine the effects of antiretroviral treatment switching before and after HIV develops the T215Y/F drug resistance mutation. Our analysis shows benefits of treatment switching to the combination therapies as compared to continuing with ZDV monotherapy before and after developing the 215-mutation.
Virtual forms, actual effects: how amplifying student voice through digital media promotes reflective practice and positions students as pedagogical partners to prospective high school and practicing college teachers
Authors: Cook‐Sather Alison
Published: December 2016

Digital media have unique potential to amplify student voice in both high school teacher preparation and academic development for college faculty. This paper applies narrative analysis to participant descriptions of how three uses of digital media amplify student voice in the context of a single higher education consortium: (1) high school students and prospective high school teachers use email to engage in dialogue as part of a larger project within the consortium's secondary teacher preparation program, (2) undergraduate student consultants use visual mapping technology as a classroom observation tool through one of the consortium's academic development programs for college faculty and (3) graduate and undergraduate students, faculty and staff engaged in pedagogical partnerships within and beyond this consortium use on an online platform to publish reflective essays on their collaborative work. Amplifying student voice through these uses of digital media has the following actual effects: it creates the possibility for exchanges between students and teachers across space and time; it supports the development of reflective practice; and it encourages the embrace of a partnership approach to teaching and learning.
Orchestrating 21st century learning in higher education: A perspective on student voice
Authors: Hämäläinen Raija , Kiili Carita , Smith Blaine E.
Published: December 2016

For universities to meet the 21st‐century learning needs of today's students, it is important they allow students to take an active role in developing pedagogy and sharing their perspective. This paper introduces design‐based research aiming to develop a pedagogic approach to support technology‐enhanced learning practices at the university level with the focus on teacher orchestration of learning activities and student voice. Drawing from the perspectives of teachers and students who participated in a course focused on learning and 21st‐century competencies, four main elements indicating student voice and technology‐enhanced pedagogy are presented: increased interaction among university communities, teacher orchestration, technology and collaborative learning. Enabling and hindering factors related to student voice are presented for each element.