bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to Nonmetropolitan County Change in Washington: 1980-1983
Authors: Cook Annabel Kirschner
Published: October 2014

Predicting change in nonmetropolitan areas is not as easy as it once was. For many decades, the less urban areas of the country lost population to the more urban areas. Until the early 1970s it was assumed that this was a long-term trend that would continue. In 1973, however, the county population estimates contained some surprises. Nonmetropolitan counties of the nation were growing more rapidly than metropolitan counties. County population estimates later in the decade and in the 1980 Census confirmed the trend. Explanation of this trend was the subject of much research, but by 1979 the strength and longevity of the turnaround was being questioned. For the early part of the 1980s, those doubts are proving to be true. Nonmetropolitan areas of the nation once again are growing more slowly than metropolitan areas. Past and present county growth patterns are described, county migration rates for the period 1980-1983 are examined, and several variables which past research has pointed to as possible factors in the turnaround are related to the net migration rates of nonmetropolitan counties for the same period.
The Development of Agriculture in a Gold Rush Region
Authors: Dilsaver Lary M.
Published: October 2014

From 1848 to 1920 agriculture in the Sierra Nevada foothills was affected by complex relationships between agriculture and mining and between the foothills region and the rest of California. During the gold rush, agriculture existed at the sufferance of mining, offering support products but no competition for land, labor, or water. When the rush ended, agriculture gained legal land rights and access to mining's infrastructure and resources. Spatially disparate development then occurred, centering on transport links to extra-regional markets. After 1900, however, product competition from the Central Valley intensified the effects of the region's spatial disadvantages and suspended agricultural development well short of earlier optimistic projections.
The Evolution of Land Use in Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park
Authors: Dilsaver Lary M.
Published: October 2014

The most impressive grove of giant sequoias is that known as Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park. It has been an area of contention by various land users for more than 130 years. After initial exploration of the region, a utopian colony filed on the land in order to log the big trees. They were stopped by the creation of Sequoia National Park. Thereafter for some forty years, uncontrolled efforts to encourage park visitors led to ecological disruption. The past half century had seen a wide variety of efforts and schemes aimed at removing visitor facilities, rerouting roads, decreasing traffic, and reforesting the grove. Most efforts have been unsuccessful.
An Inventory and Evaluation of Natural Areas in San Diego County
Authors: Pryde Philip R.
Published: October 2014

There presently exists neither an easily accessible, comprehensive inventory of preserved natural areas in San Diego County, nor any evaluation of their preservation status. This paper inventories and evaluates sixty-three public and private preserves. Each is assigned an "integrity code," indicating the level and efficacy of their protection. Thirty-two preserves fall into the most highly preserved category (Type A) and comprise 16 percent of the total area of the county, but represent only about 2 percent of the area west of the desert. Many de facto protected areas exist that could be upgraded into defensible Type A preserves.
The Introduction and Diffusion of the African Honeybee in South America
Authors: Kent Robert B.
Published: October 2014

In 1956 scientists introduced the African honeybee, Apis mellifera scutellata , into Brazil in an effort to improve honeybee genetic stock in that country. Almost immediately the bee escaped from captivity, hybridized with existing honeybee populations, and began diffusing over the South American continent. The bee diffused rapidly, eliminating existing honeybee populations through aggression, competitive advantage in resource exploitation, greater reproductive capacity, and gene flow. By the mid-1980s, the hybrid bee had spread over much of the continent, but some areas, notably south of 34 degrees south latitude, remained free of the hybrid because of its inability to adapt to environmental conditions, especially the cooler temperatures, found there. With the probable arrival of this hybrid honeybee in northern Mexico and the southern United States within the next five years, it behooves North Americans to study carefully the South American experience in order to better understand and prepare for the arrival of this bee in North America.
The Usefulness of an Index of Soil Productivity in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Gersmehl Philip J.
Published: October 2014

An unambiguous ranking of soils in terms of their "innate productivity" would be of great value to landowners, tax assessors, planners, and others interested in wise stewardship of our land resources. Unfortunately, different crops have different soil requirements, and therefore the ranking of soils in terms of their productivity for one crop may differ from the ranking for another crop. A map that summarizes the correlations among yields of locally important crops can be valuable in identifying regions based on an implicit ranking of soils in terms of their "productivity," "suitability," or "erodibility." This paper is a regional extension and elaboration of a previously published national map of this kind. Within the Pacific Northwest, only the Palouse has yield relationships that allow easy implementation of policies such as the Conservation Reserve Program and other provisions of the 1985 Food Security Act. In other parts of the region, additional funds will be needed to deal with the complexity of local soil geographies and crop production systems.
Powell’s Vision of Arid Land Settlement Reexamined: Owens Valley, California
Authors: Sauder Robert A.
Published: October 2014

John Wesley Powell’s Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States (1878) xpressed the concern that the nation’s public land laws were being used in the arid West to the advantage of monopolistic and fraudulent practices. Hence Powell included a series of proposals which he believed would foster bona fide settlement of the region. Although it is widely recognized that Powell’s recommendations for arid land settlement were prophetic, this study of two sample townships in Owens Valley suggests that the applicability of his proposals is linked to the environmental attributes of particular places, and that they therefore could have borne some revision. Infact, it was the refinements to his original proposals that emerged from Powell’s Irrigation Survey a decade later which were eventually incorporated into law.
Three Development Models for Alaska’s Agricultural Industry
Authors: Lewis Carol E. , Pearson Roger W.
Published: October 2014

Since statehood was achieved in 1959, three general models of development have characterized Alaska’s agricultural industry. The first, a hands-off model, is exemplified by potato and vegetable production. The second, hands-on model, is illustrated by small grain and red meat production and depends on substantial state government funding. A moderate support model, illustrated by dairying, has had modest but long-sustained investment from federal and state governments and the private sector. The least successful has been the hands-on model. The other models have provided modest but stable growth within the state’s agricultural industry.
A Case Study of Rom Gypsy Residential Mobility in the United States
Authors: Nemeth David J.
Published: October 2014

The residential mobility of Rom Gypsies in the United States remains a neglected study. This case study of one Rom Gypsy nuclear family covers their moves over a 22-year period (1968–1990) and offers insights into the frequency and distances of their moves, characteristics of their housing and neighborhood in Los Angeles, their decision-to-move process, and changes in their residential mobility through time. The research draws primarily from personal field notes. Distinctive Rom Gypsy means of livelihood and cultural traditions, interacting with broad national or regional economic and social trends, provide the context for understanding the mobility of the Rom Gypsy family studied and, by implication, the mobility of other members of this ethnic minority group.
Rural Residential Settlement in Douglas County, Oregon
Authors: Johnson Peter C.
Published: October 2014

A characteristic settlement structure exists in rural portions of nonmetropolitan counties throughout the United States. These development forms represent a locally varying synthesis of urban and rural settlement components. Spatially, they define settlement configurations described as rural residential marchlands. The configuration of the marchland in Douglas County, Oregon, has been shaped by local physical and environmental factors. Agriculture has been revitalized and made more diverse in the county’s marchland of thriving residential land use.
Nonmetropolitan Employment Change in the Pacific Coast Region, 1970–1989
Authors: Kale Steven R. , Bernert Joseph A.
Published: October 2014

This paper analyzes nonmetropolitan employment changes in the Pacific Coast Region from 1970 to 1989. Unpublished data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis are used to examine regional employment changes according to nonmetropolitan proximity to metropolitan areas, by socioeconomic specialization of nonmetropolitan areas, and at the county level. Throughout much of the 1970s, the region’s nonmetropolitan counties gained employment faster than its metropolitan areas, but during the 1980s this trend was reversed. Destination retirement counties experienced the highest rates of growth during the 1970s and 1980s, while resource-dependent counties had the slowest growth.
Defense Withdrawal Planning in Nevada
Authors: Loomis David
Published: October 2014

Nevada has been the subject of military land use proposals due to its abundant federally owned acreage, sparse backcountry population, and favorable climate. Prior to the Engle Act of 1958, military requests for land withdrawals in Nevada were approved routinely within the executive branch. The Engle Act requires congressional approval of military withdrawals and, through the congressional hearing process, provides for public review of military land use decisions. Although the National Environmental Policy Act strengthened public review, no provision has been made for citizen involvement in the early phases of planning. Consequently, both public and military positions on land use proposals are hardened by the time formal public participation occurs. Delays in military land withdrawals and public alienation have resulted.
Errors in the Perceived Location and Character of San José, California
Authors: Holstrom Marcia , Schwarz David
Published: October 2014

This study examines some perceptions of the character and location of San José, the nation’s eleventh-largest city and the central city for a county of one and a half million residents. A survey questionnaire, completed in 1990 by 713 university and college students at a dozen schools, was the basis for our findings on spatial variations in familiarity with the city. Errors in the perceived location and character of the city varied in ways consistent with earlier findings on place perception. The low level of familiarity with the characteristics of the place is a source of consternation to local booster organizations and to those who think that the nation should be more familiar with San José’s role as the anchor of the large and nationally vital Silicon Valley concentration of high technology research and manufacturing.
Technological Change and Household Food Supply in a West African Maritime Economy
Authors: Krabacher Thomas S.
Published: October 2014

Fishing has been an integral element of the economy of Sierra Leone’s Sherbro Coast for at least the past 500 years, and during the present century it has become the dominant economic activity for most communities throughout the region. Two principal types of fishing are practiced. In the traditional mostly subsistence type, small crews of one to three fishermen in dugout canoes use a variety of hook-and-line techniques to exploit a broad range of marine species and habitats. In the more recently evolved, capital-intensive, market-oriented type crews of ten to twelve in what are locally referred to as “Ghana boats,” with outboard motors, use commercially manufactured nylon ring nets to catch two main species. The two types of fishing are associated with different ethnic groups. Ghana boat fishing has brought with it larger households and dietary changes. The shift toward commodity production of fish parallels shifts toward commercial cashcropping in agriculture. In many agrarian societies this shift has been accompanied by long-term declining food security and deterioration of local diets. This has not been the case in the maritime economy of the Sherbro Coast.
Twentieth-Century Precipitation Variability and Directional Vegetation Change in Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Shelton M.l. , Bahre Conrad J.
Published: October 2014

The quantity and timing of precipitation in southeastern Arizona from 1898 to 1989 is examined for evidence linking changes in available moisture to observed directional vegetation changes. A small decrease in annual precipitation since 1943 is due largely to a decrease in winter precipitation. No appreciable change is evident in monthly precipitation during this century. Consecutive, non-overlapping epochs of 5, 10, 15, and 20 years identify 1904–1923 as the wettest period, and a period of significant annual precipitation variability. The driest epoch, 1945–1964, is characterized by surprisingly limited annual precipitation variability. Short-term changes in vegetation cover, species density, and species composition have occurred during this century, but there is no conclusive evidence that brief episodes of relative precipitation abundance or deficiency are responsible for long-term directional vegetation changes in southeastern Arizona.
Carl O. Sauer’s Uses of Geography’s Past
Authors: Speth William W.
Published: October 2014

Carl Sauer’s experience of family and school in the “Missouri Rhineland” conditioned him to look retrospectively upon reality. When he became a geographer, he conceptualized the earth and humanity in historical terms. After Sauer moved to California, historical knowing and thinking became the unshakable foundation of his kind of geography. By endorsing a process-oriented view of geography, he became entangled in the German-derived “two cultures debate” in which historical knowledge competed against natural-scientific knowledge. Sauer henceforth used the past of the discipline—its classical figures, achievements, and ideas—to promulgate a time-dependent view of his field, to instruct his disciples in the intellectual heritage of geography, and to memorialize events and personalities from earlier times. Typically, these uses of disciplinary history were complexly combined in a single utterance. Sauer drew heavily upon the “monuments” of geography’s past and thus created and tirelessly justified a distinctive culture of historical geography that conflicted with a series of received American geographies. In published and unpublished form, he challenged throughout his later life the naturalistic, synchronistic, and mechanistic perspectives that arose in American geography.
The Roe Herring Fishery in British Columbia
Authors: Brown Robert C. , Joyce Ian T.
Published: October 2014

Both biological and economic overexploitation of resource stocks have been a characteristic of fisheries throughout the world since at least World War II. The roe herring fishery of the west coast of Canada demonstrates the difficulties involved in rational management of fish resources. An excess of capacity in the fishery, accentuated by high market prices for roe, has in the past had serious negative impacts on herring stocks. Management measures have tended to be reactive and have the effect of reducing fleet efficiency with negative economic consequences for the operation of both individual vessels and the fleet. However, from a biological perspective, they have been fairly successful. The resource appears to be healthy, and the fishery in the 1990s is a very sane one compared to that of the 1970s.
Hub and Spoke: Deregulation, Spatial Restructuring, and Applied Economic Geography in Banking
Authors: Rodrigue Christine M. , Oliver Virginia L.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this paper is to relate the spatial structure of banking service networks to the dominant arenas of perceived competition among banking institutions. Of interest here is the contrast between the spatially redundant networks developed by banks in “branching states” under the tight regulations of the late 1920s through early 1980s, and the hierarchicalized networks developing in response to deregulation since then. Information on institutional perceptions of competitive arenas and appropriate spatial responses was taken from 24 trade journals searched from 1980 through June 1993. A second purpose of the paper is to suggest applications for geographical analysis in rapidly changing industries, such as banking, based on Area Location Systems’ work in providing Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analytic applications.
Afforestation, Fire, and Vegetation Management in the East Bay Hills of the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Rowntree Lester B.
Published: October 2014

The East Bay hills were transformed by human action from open grassland and oak woodland to dense forests of pine, eucalyptus, and other exotic tree and shrub species within a 50-year period beginning in the 1880s. Because this artificial forest is both within and also adjacent to the developed urban area, it has created an enormous fire hazard with catastrophic potential. In September 1923, over five hundred homes were destroyed when a wildfire devastated north Berkeley, and the October 1991 fire (over three thousand structures destroyed) was an unparalleled disaster. Yet this hazardous situation is not unique to the Berkeley-Oakland hills, for similar afforested landscapes are widespread in coastal California. In fact, some professionals call the 1991 catastrophe the “fire of the future,” underscoring the prevalence of these conditions and the inevitability of a major conflagration.

Managing the vegetation in this urban/wildland interface is now a major issue in East Bay communities. Vastamounts of public resources are consumed by meetings, workshops, reports, plant removal, and fire prevention activities. But the issue is not a simple one, because there is little agreement on the actual role played by vegetation in a large fire, nor is there consensus on how to manage the extant afforested landscape to reduce the fire hazard. In this paper, I examine the historical afforestation of the Berkeley-Oakland hills, the link between this exotic vegetation and past fires, and, finally, the complexities of managing vegetation to reduce this fire hazard.
Transpacific Discovery 1993: The Transportation and Communications Sector in China
Authors: Richards John B.
Published: October 2014

This paper argues from a summary of the state of development of the transportation and communications sector in China that investment in and reform of the circulation system can of itself maintain the stability of the Communist regime for many years. Reform of the transportation and communication sector will require reform of the political culture, but the regime must find a way in any case to relinquish economic control in order to maintain or enhance its popular legitimacy. Probably the best way for it to do this is to sustain substantial investment in the circulation sector, as such investment can offer a high return on capital, provide readily sensible improvements in the daily lives of the people, and allow gradual reform to take the place of unruly protest and its violent suppression.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Tropical Agroecological Development, with Honduran Examples
Authors: Wilvert Calvin
Published: October 2014

Historically, much agricultural development in the Third World has been by large, foreign governmental organizations. Their top-down, bureaucratic approach has typically encouraged the adoption of machinery and chemicals. This North American development model has proved inappropriate for small, impoverished farmers, especially those working on steep slopes. For these farmers, a more successful model, often promoted by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), is bottom-up and labor intensive, emphasizing conservation and the use of cover crops. Such agroecological techniques have enabled some very small Honduran farmers to increase yields substantially and to reduce both the fallow period and the use of fire.
Unimpaired and Regulated Discharge in the Sacramento River Basin, California
Authors: Shelton M. L.
Published: October 2014

Storage of winter runoff in 43 dams and reservoirs is the cornerstone of the water redistribution system in the Sacramento River Basin. Reservoir storage supplies nearly one-half of the surface water used by agriculture and urban areas in California. Analysis of regulated and unimpaired discharge for the Sacramento River reveals the extent to which water storage and diversions alter both the discharge quantity and regime. Average annual regulated discharge is smaller and less variable than average annual unimpaired discharge, but the differences are not statistically significant. Average monthly regulated discharge peaks two months earlier than unimpaired discharge. Differences between mean monthly unimpaired and regulated discharge for April through October are statistically significant, monthly regulated discharge variability is greater, and the differences in monthly variability are statistically significant for four of these months.
The Distributions of Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis in the United States: Implications and Recommendations
Authors: Osborn Alan Rice
Published: October 2014

Coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are sometimes fatal diseases caused by unusual dimorphic soil fungi. The former is endemic in the Southwest, the latter in the east and central United States. This analysis indicates that there are significant areas of overlap in their distributions. Since both cause flu-like symptoms, and since there is a significant probability that tests for one will not detect the other, this has important implications both for patients and for medical personnel, who may be exposed to extremely virulent disease cultures. It is recommended that physicians whose patients live or travel in the overlap regions, and who suspect a patient may be infected with either disease, test for both.
The Railroad Stations of Central California
Authors: Steiner Rodney
Published: October 2014

Forty-two structures built as passenger depots in California’s San Joaquin Valley region have survived the decline of railroad travel that began more than 70 years ago. At least as many depots have vanished and further attrition seems likely. Current stations fall into three functional categories with several subtypes: railroad, including active Amtrak stops and other railroad activities; recycle, including civic, retail, and other; and idle. Depots of the other railroad activities type and some of the recycle types, as well as the idle group, are seen as being especially vulnerable. Amtrak is viewed as a semi-stable force for station preservation. Depot conversion to non-railroad uses, the principal means of preservation, is examined as to the circumstances attending the recycling process, including the nature of stations and their settings, funding sources, and entrepreneurship.
The Recurrence of Large Boulder Movement in Small Watersheds of the Anza Borrego Desert, California
Authors: Clarke Anthony Orr , Hansen Carl L.
Published: October 2014

Once in the channel of a small drainage basin, large boulders may remain stationary for long periods of time and become more or less permanent features of the channel’s geometry. A large boulder’s stability results from its high mass and consequent high tractive competence, coupled with the region’s sparse rainfall and the typically low stream flow regime associated with the small catchment area. Boulders in three small drainage basins in the Anza Borrego Desert, California were studied. The critical velocity of water flow required to initiate boulder movement on the channel floor, and the associated competent stream discharge and precipitation intensity required to produce this threshold, were computed. This study shows that rainfall intensities required to produce a flow of water sufficient to move large boulders in small drainage basins must approach or in some cases exceed the probable maximum precipitation. Given that the required precipitation intensities needed to produce stream flows capable of moving larger boulders in small desert drainage basins is extremely infrequent, these channel boulders must therefore be stable and persistent features in the present arid environment.
Geomorphology of a Dry Valley: Adrian Pass, Lahontan Basin, Nevada
Authors: King Guy
Published: October 2014

Adrian Pass is a dry valley that cuts across the present drainage divide separating the lower Carson and Walker River Basins. Previous studies of Adrian Pass have postulated that it is an abandoned channel of the Walker River. The evidence presented in this study suggests that Adrian Pass was formed by Quaternary lake overflow and was occupied by the Walker River for relatively brief periods. A landform chronology for Adrian Pass is developed using evidence that includes paleochannel deposits, comparison of the Post-Lake Lahontan history of Walker Lake with that of the Carson Desert, and Lake Lahontan shorelines in the Walker Basin. A historical analogue for Adrian Pass is Mud Lake Slough, which divides Pyramid Lake and Winnemucca Lake Basins. The Quaternary history of Adrian Pass, which has been affected by multiple events of both lake overflow discharge and river diversion, demonstrates how complex closed-basin hydrological changes can be through time.
Implications of the Worldwide Distribution of Shigellosis
Authors: Dagodag W. Tim
Published: October 2014

Shigellosis, or bacillary dysentery, ranks among the major gastrointestinal diseases afflicting the world’s population. Shigellosis is an acute enteric disease that is attributed to one of four species— S. dysenteriae, S.flexneri, S. boydii , and S. sonnei . Biomedical literature was reviewed to identify the predominant species occurring in a country. Confirmation of the predominant species verified the belief that the level of economic development affects species distribution. Other findings that bear on the variability of pathogenicity include the manner in which the organism is transmitted, the role of malnutrition, and emerging antibiotic resistance.
The Var Region: A Microcosm of French Agricultural Modernization
Authors: Karabenick Edward
Published: October 2014

This article explores the dynamics of French agricultural modernization with a focus on the Var region of southeastern France. The Var has experienced the full impact of post-World War II French agricultural reforms that were largely stimulated by the emergence of European economic integration. The gradual abandonment of protective tariffs that accompanied integration confronted France with competitive forces that demanded radically different government policies. The reforms that followed have created legislation to phase out sharecropping, introduced a retirement program for senior fanners, established a liberal farm purchasing program for young farmers, and developed a strategy to reduce farm fragmentation. The results have been widespread and profound: the near extinction of small farms and the small farmer class, a rapid increase of mechanization, improvement of crop quality and yield, significant increase of farm size, and progress in consolidation of fragmented farms.
Shifting River Management Toward Salmon Restoration in the Columbia River Basin
Authors: Mullens Jo Beth
Published: October 2014

The Columbia River Basin is the site of a conflict over two resources in the Pacific Northwest: hydroelectricity and Pacific salmon. The construction of hydroelectric facilities and subsequent modification of flows to accommodate demands for electricity have resulted in the precipitous decline of salmon in the Columbia. Once abundant in Northwest rivers and streams, Pacific salmon now are threatened. Since 1981, one of the primary institutions working toward salmon restoration, the Pacific Northwest Power Planning Council, has attempted to balance these two resources in conflict. This paper provides an examination of the Council’s attempt to shift river operations toward salmon restoration through a key measure called the Water Budget. Factors that impacted the Council’s ability to shift priorities in the Columbia toward salmon restoration while accommodating the Northwest’s demand for hydroelectric power will be examined as well as the costs and benefits associated with the changes.
Settlement History and Tourism Development in Two Arizona Mountain Communities
Authors: Lew Alan A. , Wilkerson Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2014

Five factors are examined to explain the tourism development process of two mountain communities in northern Arizona. These factors include the historical settlement and associated attitudes of each community, the development of transportation routes within the region, physical attractions in and around each community, the availability of undeveloped land, and recent tourism advertising and promotional efforts. These factors are identified as influencing the divergent tourism development paths of the communities of Heber-Overgaard and Pinetop-Lakeside. Both had been Mormon lumber towns in the late 1880s. Due to advantages with each of these five factors, Pinetop-Lakeside today is a major summer and winter recreation and tourism destination, while Heber-Overgaard is taking a sustainable development approach to maintain its traditional small-town atmosphere in the face of a declining lumber industry and pressure to diversify its economy.
Sierra Nevada Uplift—: When Did it Occur?
Authors: Schaffer Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2014

For at least a century, geoscientists believed that the world’s great ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, have experienced major uplift in late-Cenozoic time. In 1898, Ransome first proposed a method to quantify the Sierra’s timing and amount of uplift, and concluded that it was in late-Cenozoic time. Since then many other geoscientists, using diverse methods, have reached the same conclusion. The author evaluated each method and found each problematic. To determine when major uplift occurred, he used three independent methods based on verifiable, datable field relations, and all showed that little or no uplift has occurred in the second half of the Cenozoic era. One method suggests that none has occurred over the past 60 million years. Suitable tectonics capable of raising the range occurred during the Mesozoic era, the most recent occurring in the late Cretaceous. Because methods used to indicate late-Cenozoic uplift in the Sierra Nevada have been used in other ranges, their uplift histories too require re-evaluation.
Creating and Recreating an Ideal: The Role of Historic Landscapes in a Rapidly Changing Urban Area
Authors: Works Martha Adrienne
Published: October 2014

Rapid urban growth in early 20 th -century Portland, Oregon, resulted in development of a series of upscale residential areas surrounding downtown which were inspired, in part, by the City Beautiful ideals in fashion at the time. These historic landscapes are acquiring new meaning as Portland experiences another epoch of rapid growth in the late 20 th century. This paper focuses on the Laurelhurst neighborhood in Portland and examines the transformation of this property from forest, to farm, to exclusive development, to declining inner city; and finally, at present, to a revived and gentrified neighborhood that serves as a model for local neo-traditional developments. The symbolic and material change represented by this process underscores the variable ways people construct and reconstruct meaning in landscapes and the ways in which late 20 th -century developers are drawing on early 20 th -century ideals to sell neo-traditional landscapes.
Employment in Boom Towns of the Ecuador Amazon
Authors: Brown Lawrence A. , Ryder Roy
Published: October 2014

Field observations reveal parallel functional distributions of establishments in the Amazon frontier towns of Ecuador and Brazil regardless of variations in population, date of origin, or hinterland economies. Multiple small-scale commercial units clearly outnumber service and manufacturing establishments while finance, transportation, and construction are poorly represented. Statistical analysis of Ecuadorean census employment data confirms the modest nature of most commercial establishments, which have few employees per unit but provide invaluable supplementary income in a situation of scarce formal employment. Some oil revenues have trickled down from the national government to expand state agencies in Amazon provincial capitals, creating significant employment in the service sector, but there still are not enough jobs to absorb the labor force. Like other Latin American urban centers, Amazon towns offer scarce formal employment, and household income must be augmented with informal commercial and service activities. Limited employment opportunities in Amazon provincial capitals, however, have not deterred younger, educated in-migrants who are disenchanted with pioneer agriculture and abandon neighboring rural communities.
Statutes of Liberty: Migration and Urbanism in the Borderlands
Authors: Mains Susan P.
Published: October 2014

The US-Mexico border is a contested symbol of coalescing cultures, political tensions, and legal negotiations that frame the relationship between the two countries. In this paper I focus on the implementation of, and challenges to, recent immigration policies in California. Through an analysis of media coverage and Operation Gatekeeper in San Diego County, I illustrate the means by which discussions of safety, legality, and mobility have infused efforts to bound and challenge distinct notions of “US,” “Mexican,” and immigrant identities and spaces. In particular, the increased presence of US Border Patrol agents and the introduction of surveillance technologies has resulted in a border landscape that has been viewed by some groups as providing a safe space for US citizens, while others see these changes to the social and physical landscape as intimidating and discriminatory. In particular, I argue that contradictory uses of surveillance and transportation technology suggest that the border is less a symbol of separation and fixity than an icon of mobility, and as such, points to the significance of the border as a process of journeying across and within cultures.
Hydroclimate Heterogeneity in the Upper Deschutes River Basin
Authors: Shelton M. L.
Published: October 2014

The Upper Deschutes Basin displays significant climatic, topographic, biotic, and pedolgic variability that contrasts markedly with the regular streamflow. Increasing demands on the quantity and quality of local and regional water supplies emphasize the importance of understanding the watershed’s hydroclimatic variability. Dividing the watershed into four units maximizing landscape homogeneity within each area provides a framework for analyzing hydroclimatic differences. Modeled monthly runoff for 108 months accurately estimates the total watershed monthly average runoff and standard deviation. Sector comparisons reveal greater diversity than suggested by either precipitation or runoff amounts. The Wickiup sector is clearly the dominant hydroclimatic component. The Little Deschutes sector is the largest, but it accounts for only 22 percent of the precipitation and 23 percent of the runoff. Differences in moisture exchange processes among the sectors reveal that évapotranspiration consumes 40 percent of precipitation in the Wickiup sector but 69 percent in Little Deschutes. The annual moisture deficit in the Benham Falls sector is 188 mm, or 9 times greater than the annual deficit in the Wickiup sector. Hydroclimatic variability represents a major challenge for land and water resource development in the watershed.
A Comparison of Attitudes and Knowledge about the Endangered Species Act
Authors: Hackel Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2014

Enacted in 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) has had its renewal hampered by political considerations since 1993. To give greater insight into public opinion concerning various aspects of the ESA, three groups—Audubon Society members, students, and hunters—were surveyed. In general, expected differences among the groups did not emerge as strongly as expected. All those surveyed favor ESA renewal, though with modification, and they all favor compensation for economic impacts. All groups possess moderate knowledge of the ESA, although hunters are significantly more knowledgeable on specific issues. It appears that few survey respondents have a depth of knowledge that will allow them to influence the political process as it produces the next version of ESA.
Old Traditions, New Lifestyles: The Emergence of a Cal-Ital Landscape
Authors: Helzer Jennifer J.
Published: October 2014

Italian immigrants have long been associated with the development of northern California’s wine industry. Pioneering Italian-American grape growers and viticulturalists successfully adapted old-world winemaking traditions to new lands in many places in northern California. Historically, family-run wineries built their reputations on producing wines closely linked to Italian styles. The popularity of Mediterranean cuisines and cultures has revived interest in Italian grapes such as Sangiovese and Barbera and the production of wines from classic Italian varieties. Today’s northern California winescapes are dotted with Italian surnames that not only suggest traditional roots of pioneering viticulturalists, but also highlight the recent emergence of a new Cal-ltal landscape. Efforts to introduce consumers to Italian-style wines have led to the reinvention and cultural packaging of Italian ethnic landscape signatures and Italian immigrant heritage. My findings suggest that promotion of the Cal-Ital theme is shaping local and regional identity.
Water Supply and Climate Change in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon
Authors: Shelton M.L. , Fridirici Roxane
Published: October 2014

Climate change is expected to alter the time and space characteristics of the global hydrologic cycle and to impact regional water supplies. The Upper Deschutes Basin is in one of Oregon’s fastest growing regions, and the increasing population is straining regional water resources. Surface water is fully allocated and increased groundwater use will require careful management to offset seasonal or long-term declines in aquifers or the depletion of stream flow. While altered temperature and precipitation accompanying global change are both concerns, the watershed is more sensitive to changes in precipitation than in temperature. Watershed climate simulation reveals a 25 percent increase in mean monthly runoff, and extremely high monthly runoff is four times more frequent. These changes indicate an increased risk of winter floods, greater spring and summer runoff, and a shift in the occurrence of the minimum runoff month to earlier in the year. Increased potential evapotranspiration, a decrease in the amount of precipitation stored as snow, and changes in the amount and timing of runoff will constrain water development options for humans, agriculture, and regional fisheries. Water restrictions will magnify water-use conflicts in the watershed and increase the risk of regional economic discord.
Flooding and Fragmentation: How Physical Features Structure Political Conflict Over Flood Control in California’s Pajaro Valley
Authors: Warner Keith Douglass
Published: October 2014

The Pajaro River on California’s Central Coast has flooded repeatedly over the past 40 years, causing millions of dollars of flood damages. The original levee system, expanded and rebuilt in 1949 by the U.S. Army, was designed based on insufficient hydrologic data, and local efforts to reconstruct it and maintain the flood channel have been tangled up in inter-jurisdictional discord. The chief political boundaries between the four counties in the watershed are based on physical features: the river itself and the mountains created by the San Andreas Fault. The four counties in the watershed all have different stakes in flood protection and different geographies of taxation, hobbling efforts to prevent further flooding. The unusual geography of the watershed resists efforts to structure an equitable taxation scheme, further illustrating the problem of managing rivers that serve as political boundaries. Efforts to build consensus about taxation schemes within the basin will likely be more successful if they focus on the ecosystem services provided to the upstream counties by flood control measures in the downstream counties.
Essay: Our Intellectual Heritage from the End of the First and the Beginning of the Second Millennia
Authors: Lynch Donald F.
Published: October 2014

A thousand revolutions of the earth around the sun is but a brief time, given the presumed history of both the earth and solar system. Mentally and scientifically, however, we find this time span to be of enormous length without realizing how we in our minds and most of the inhabitants of the earth today in their way of living still remain in the world of a thousand years ago. Exploration then, as today, was a search for knowledge, for mastery of the earth’s resources, as well as a means of worshiping God’s Creation. I try in this brief presentation to explore what of the world of a thousand years ago remains our heritage today, both in our understanding of the world in which we live and of the questions we ask, and in the mental approach we use. We ask today the same questions, we have today the same disputes, and we travel the same age-old physical and mental routes. Although we may use different words, our modern approaches to the search for knowledge would contain few surprises to the scholars of a thousand years ago, although the results they might find both astounding and iniquitous.
Mexican Farm Labor Networks and Population Increase in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: McGlade Michael S.
Published: October 2014

As in many areas of the United States, there has been a rapid increase in the Hispanic population of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The largest contributors to this growth are in-migration from Mexico and California. In general, the areas with the highest population shares of Hispanic origin are in irrigated rural counties. However, the greatest part of the total Hispanic population increase has been in cities, largely consisting of people of Mexican origin. The urban areas experiencing the most rapid growth are near areas of significant, labor-intensive agriculture. Farm labor networks in urban fringe areas tap primarily into rural Mexican communities and the Southwest, bringing mostly people with low levels of human capital. A significant sorting of socioeconomic status is found in metropolitan areas far removed from areas of labor-intensive agriculture, where proportionately smaller Hispanic populations tend to have superior English skills, greater academic achievement, and lower levels of poverty. These metropolitan areas, including Spokane, the Puget Sound, and Eugene, have seen only limited transfers of rural-based poverty. The Mexican-origin population expansion in urban areas, because of its sheer size, is evidence that there are many people moving directly from Mexico to Pacific Northwest cities, circumventing rural residence and farm employment entirely.
The Trouble with Preservation, or, Getting Back to the Wrong Term for Wilderness Protection: A Case Study at Point Reyes National Seashore
Authors: Watt Laura A.
Published: October 2014

How “untrammeled” must a wilderness be at the time it is designated as such? Should the intent behind designating wilderness areas be to protect existing areas that meet the official definition, or to create new ones through management actions? This question is explored by looking at the historical evolution of the Philip Burton Wilderness Area in Point Reyes National Seashore, which gradually has been transformed from a dairy ranching landscape to an apparently pristine wilderness. In the process, the history of human habitation and use of the area has been downplayed or overlooked. This case raises questions about the interplay between considerations of ecological functioning, recreation demands, and simple aesthetics in defining managed wilderness. It also suggests that new terminology for wilderness protection that differentiates between varying degrees of previous human use could help to avoid the erasure of history from preserved natural areas.
Regional Dependence on Tourism: The Significance of Seasonality
Authors: Gibson Lay James , Evans Bryant
Published: October 2014

Seasonal swings in employment and income flows can have significant implications for the economic health of regions. Resource-based industries such as forestry, agriculture, and outdoor recreation are notorious for being highly seasonal and for underutilizing both human resources and hard infrastructure during periods of the year. The development of a ski area housed within an Indian Reservation in east-central Arizona has helped reduce seasonal swings in demand for locally available goods by enhancing opportunities for winter tourism. This paper looks at winter tourism in general and skiing-driven tourism in particular. It also underscores the role and importance of the ski area on the region’s economy as well as how it is connected to the close but generally under appreciated relationship that exists between the Indian and non-Indian communities. Findings indicate that additional investments in the ski area would likely leverage existing investments and support income growth throughout the region. These findings are intended to inform policy makers who are asked to increase public investment in the ski resort.
Confounding Water Policy: Voter Representation and Choice in Tucson, Arizona
Authors: Azary Irisita , Cohen Michael J.
Published: October 2014

The first, long-awaited deliveries of Colorado River water to Tucson, Arizona, in the early 1990s resulted in millions of dollars worth of damage to homes and generated thousands of claims and complaints. In 1995, voters decisively rejected decades of planning by local and state water agencies and approved a citizen-sponsored initiative that prohibited the city from delivering Colorado River water for 5 years. A challenge was defeated in 1997, but voters reversed themselves in 1999. Support for the prohibition of Central Arizona Project (CAP) water in 1995 was strongly correlated with those areas that received initial delivery of Colorado River water, which is particularly notable since close to 40 percent of those affected were ineligible to vote. The response of voters near a groundwater Superfund site, however, showed support for CAP.