bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial Reporting and Financial Crises: The Case for Measuring Financial Instruments at Fair Value in the Financial Statements
Authors: Linsmeier Thomas J
Published: June 2011

SYNOPSIS

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (2010) proposes that all financial instruments be measured at fair value in the financial statements. This commentary provides one Board member's reasoning for supporting this proposal, which is based on (1) evidence that the amortized cost model failed to provide timely information about the deteriorating financial condition of failed banks in the current financial crisis, (2) lessons learned from prior financial crises affecting financial institutions in the United States and Japan, and (3) research evidence indicating that fair value measures are most highly correlated with banks' exposures to interest rate and credit risk—two key risk exposures that have led to bank failures in the three most recent financial crises.
A Comparison of XBRL Filings to Corporate 10-Ks—Evidence from the Voluntary Filing Program
Authors: Bartley Jon , Chen Al Y. S , Taylor Eileen Z
Published: June 2011

SYNOPSIS

eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) has the potential to improve the transparency of financial reports; however, its complexity creates the risk of introducing errors that are a threat to its usefulness. XBRL is a complex technological change in financial reporting of nearly unprecedented scope. Prior to June 2009, the date of the first mandated XBRL filings, the SEC made available a Voluntary Filing Program (VFP) to assist in addressing the difficulties of creating XBRL documents. This study examines errors in the VFP filings, and investigates whether stakeholders used their experience to improve the XBRL technology and processes. Findings indicate a reduction in errors over time, suggesting that the VFP for XBRL was successful. These results support the use of a VFP to identify and solve unanticipated issues and evaluate the feasibility of implementing large-scale technological changes in financial reporting and perhaps comprehensive changes in accounting standards such as the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards.
Business Process Modelling as a Critical Success Factor in Implementing an ERP System
Authors: Štemberger Mojca , Vukšić Vesna , Kovačič Andrej
Published: June 2011

Business Process Modelling as a Critical Success Factor in Implementing an ERP System

Many enterprises are adopting enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems for improving their efficiency and productivity. Although there are tremendous benefits to implementing an ERP system, there are just as many risks. The problem is that many projects of this type are unsuccessful, mostly due to their complexity being underestimated. The purpose of the paper is twofold: (1) to analyse the critical success factors (CFSs) of ERP implementation projects and (2) to propose a framework based on a composite approach to ERP systems implementation. A special emphasis is given to business process modelling, because the key to the successful choice, implementation and usage of an ERP system is the fit of planned processes in an organisation with processes implemented in the solution. The paper also presents some results of empirical investigation in the field of ERP implementation.
The Interaction of Profitability with Solvency: A Simple Model of a Bank
Authors: Marinković Srđan
Published: June 2011

The Interaction of Profitability with Solvency: A Simple Model of a Bank

This paper develops a simple deterministic model to analyze how the profitability of bank operations infuences the solvency of a banking firm. The results imply that the solvency ratio is directly related to the net interest margin (the "bread and butter" of bank profitability) and inversely related to the liquidity ratio. This model has several implications on the design of banking regulations: i) profitability has to be treated as "marginal" solvency, ii) a profitable bank can operate sustainably even with a low level of equity capital; iii) the supervisory framework has to be able to recognize any measure of earnings level, its trends, stability and quality; and finally iv) the frequency of audit trials has to be as high as possible.
Heterosis for Yield and Yield Components in Rice
Authors: Joshi Bal Kumar
Published: June 2011

It is important to know the degree and direction of hybrid vigor for its commercial exploitation. Heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were studied in 14 crosses between rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (improved and landraces) and three wild aborted male sterile parents. These crosses showed marked variations in the expression of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for yield and yield components. Grain yield manifested highly significant heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in five crosses. Heterobeltiosis ranging from –55 to 139% and standard heterosis from –11 to 369% were observed. Highest heterotic effect among the yield components was for panicle number plant-1 followed by spikelet number and panicle length. With appropriate choice of parental lines, it is possible to develop F1 rice hybrid possessing distinct yield superiority over the best-inbred lines.Key words: F1; Heterobeltiosis; Hybrid vigor; Oryza sativa; Standard heterosisDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v4i0.4857Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol. 4&5, 2001/2002Page: 6-12Uploaded date: 8 June, 2011
Plant Spacing: A Key Husbandry Practice for Rainy Season Cabbage Production
Authors: Khatiwada Purushottam P
Published: June 2011

A field experiment was accomplished to establish appropriate plant spacing for summer season cabbage production in the rain fed condition of the high hills of eastern Nepal. The experiment was conducted during the summer of 1997, 1998 and 1999. Five different plant spacings (45- 60-cm, 45- 50-cm, 45- 40-cm, 45- 30-cm and 45- 20-cm) and two varieties, Green Stone and Green Coronet were tested. The interactive effect between variety and spacing was nonsignificant. However, among the tested spacings, head yields were statistically higher at 45- 30- cm and 45- 20-cm plant spacings. There was a positive linear correlation between closer plant spacing and cabbage head yield. The number of unmarketable heads and the lowest head compactness was recorded in 45- 20-cm spacing. Spacing of 45- 30-cm was found more economical. Plant population can be maintained as high as 74,074 number ha-1 by decreasing the spacing from 75- 60-cm to 45- 30-cm for the rainy season cabbage cultivation in high hills. By using this spacing, as high as 35 t ha-1Key words: Cabbage; Hybrid; Plant spacing; Rainy seasonDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v4i0.4869Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol. 4&5, 2001/2002Page: 48-55Uploaded date: 9 June, 2011
Pathogenic Variability in Pigeonpea Wilt Pathogen Fusarium udum Butler in Nepal
Authors: Joshi Sharada
Published: June 2011

Not available.Key words: Pigeonpea Wilt; Pathogen Fusarium; Research CommunicationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v4i0.4872Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol. 4&5, 2001/2002 Page:64-65 Uploaded date: 9 June, 2011
Antibiotic Resistance: A Concern to Veterinary and Human Medicine
Authors: Aryal Sitaram
Published: June 2011

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics occurs even without the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic use exerts a selective pressure to the bacterial flora that help in the emergence and development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are used worldwide both in veterinary and human medicine. The wide spread use of antibiotics in human and animal has raised the concern about the development of resistant and multi resistant bacteria that possess a potential danger to animals and men, as resistance may cause treatment failure. Resistance may be natural or acquired. Acquired resistance is due to transfer of extrachromosomal genetic material (R-plasmids) and is very important. The R-plasmids are spread to other bacterial cells by transformation, transduction, conjugation and transposition. Transmitted antibiotic resistance in disease causing bacteria may cause zoonotic infections and resistant non-infectious bacteria may serve as a reservoir of R- plasmids for the pathogenic organism(s). This paper highlights the mechanism of development of resistance in bacteria and means to minimize it.Key words: Antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Extrachromosomal material; Resistance; R-plasmidsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v4i0.4873Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol. 4&5, 2001/2002Page: 66-70Uploaded date: 9 June, 2011
Classical German Drama on the British Stage: Schiller'sWallensteinat the Chichester Festival
Authors: Guthrie John
Published: June 2011

The steady stream of adaptations of foreign plays for the British stage in recent decades has grown to include those of Germany's greatest classical dramatist, Friedrich Schiller, whose plays have been adapted by the British stage writer Mike Poulton. This article considers Poulton's adaptation of Schiller's Wallenstein, his largest-scale and arguably greatest work for the theatre, against the background of earlier attempts to create a one-part version for the stage. It undertakes a close comparison of the original with the modern English version, showing that Poulton has skilfully simplified, compressed, or transposed elements and sharpened aspects of the play to compensate for the British audience's lack of familiarity with the Thirty Years War. It analyses structure and characterization, language, gesture, and the staging of the Chichester Festival production of the adaptation (2009).
Changing Times: J.O. Francis and the First Welsh National Drama Movement
Authors: von Rothkirch Alyce
Published: June 2011

J.O. Francis was one of the key figures and innovators of the first flowering of Welsh drama in the early twentieth century. Using his play Change (1914), this article seeks to demonstrate how stage realism transformed the Welsh stage and allowed the creation of a literary Welsh drama.
Comparative evaluation of serum folic acid levels in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Sumona B , Sheetal S , Anil M , Suvarna P
Published: June 2011

Objectives: Folic acid is a vitamin which belongs to the B-complex group. It is critical to cellular division and new cell production because it is an essential co-factor in DNA synthesis. Repair and maintenance of periodontal tissue generates a high turnover rate of squamous epithelium. Without folic acid, epithelial cells do not divide properly. Cigarette smoking is one of the factors that affect the folic acid levels. The aim of this study was to compare the serum folic acid levels in patients with chronic periodontal disease in relation to the patients’ smoking habits. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects were included in the study with 30 subjects in each of the following groups, I - patients who have chronic periodontitis and are smokers and II - patients who have chronic periodontitis and are non-smokers. Clinical parameters like gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical gingival attachment levels (CAL) were recorded for all the patients. Blood was collected and tested in the laboratory for folic acid levels using a fully automated serum analyser. The results were statistically analysed. Results: The results suggested that serum folic acid levels of smokers were significantly lower than that of non-smokers (p < 0.05). PI, PD and CAL means were significantly higher in Group I (chronic periodontitis and smokers) than Group II (chronic periodontitis and non-smokers). GI and BOP was lower in smokers. Conclusion: Among patients with periodontal disease the serum folic acid level is lower in smokers compared with non-smokers. Key Words: Chronic periodontitis; folic acid; smoking. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v10i2.7802 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.10 No.2 Apr’11 pp.83-90
Nutritional Profile of Some Tropical Fruits in Bangladesh: Specially Anti-Oxidant Vitamins and Minerals
Authors: Jahan S , Gosh T , Begum M , Saha BK
Published: June 2011

Objective: Fruits and vegetables are important for the daily diet as these contain micronutrients, fiber, potassium, folate, Vitamin C, vegetable proteins, carotenoids and polyphenols, which act as antioxidants within the body as well as bio-functional components. The aim of the study is to establish nutritional profile specially antioxidant vitamins and minerals of tropical fruits in Bangladesh. Methodology: Nutritional composition and physico-chemical properties, such as pH, titratable acidity, moisture, total soluble solid, crude fibre, total carbohydrate, total protein, total fat, total energy, vitamin C, beta-carotene, ash, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium content of ten tropical fruits namely Blackberry, Java apple, Jack fruit, Pineapple, Carambola (Star fruit), Golden apple, Mango, Melon, Monkey jack, Star gooseberry were determined according to standard methods. Results: Results of this study suggest that the tropical fruits of Bangladesh were excellent source of antioxidant vitamins and minerals like vitamin C, beta- carotene, iron, zinc, copper and manganese. These fruits were also good source of potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium but poor source of protein and fat and sodium. Conclusion: Present study strongly suggests that star gooseberry, monkey jack, pineapple and golden apple were antioxidant vitamins and minerals enriched tropical fruits. Key words: Antioxidant vitamins and minerals; micronutrients; tropical fruits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v10i2.7804 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.10 No.2 Apr’11 pp.95-103
Spontaneous extrusion of migrated fish bone in the neck after 48 hours of ingestion
Authors: Jamal S , Irfan M , Nazim N
Published: June 2011

Foreign body in the neck usually will present with acute symptom of odynophagia or dysphagia. Migration of these foreign bodies to the adjacent structures or to the external skin may occur as late complication especially if the initial workup missed to detect their presence. Mostly the migrated foreign bodies were the fish bone as it has sharp ends. Depending on the tract that it made, serious complications may occur. We present a case of migrating fish bone in the neck with spontaneous extrusion without any complication. The foreign body was ingested not more than 48 hours before the extrusion. Key words: Fish bone migratory; neck; spontaneous; extrusion. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v10i2.7809 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.10 No.2 Apr’11 pp.129-132
Usefulness of Light Emitting Diode (LED) fluorescent microscopy as a tool for rapid and effective method for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Khatun Z , Kamal M , Roy CK , Sultana T , Rahman MQ , Azad MBAS , Ahmed ANN
Published: June 2011

Background: Tuberculosis remains world's leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Fluorescence microscopy offers well-described benefits, comparing with brightfield microscopy, for the evaluation sputum smear samples for tuberculosis. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of fluorescence microscopy, using novel Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology as an alternative to the conventional fluorescence microscopy by Auramine stain as well as brightfield microscopy by Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) stain.Objectives: The objective of the study was to see the usefulness of LED fluorescent microscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods: This is a prospective study consisted of 150 sputum samples from the patients of NIDCH, Mohakhali. All samples were stained by auramine and ZN stain at BSMMU and culture was done in Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) media as gold standard at NTRL, Mohakhali.Results: In this study total 66(44%) out of 150 sputum specimens were positive for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by culture. Sensitivity and specificity documented for the different modalities were 95.38% and 94.11%, respectively, for the LED assessment; 68.18% and 90.47%, respectively, for the CFM assessment; and 56.06% and 97.61%, respectively, for brightfield microscopy by ZN stain. The difference in their case detection rate was statistically significant (χ2=119.38, p<0.001).Conclusion: Fluorescence Microscopy (FM) is more sensitive than ZN for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, since FM is more sensitive and rapid, using this method (LED) in clinical laboratories with large specimen numbers is recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v37i1.7792 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2011; 37: 7 -10
Lipid profile in minor thalassemic patients: a historical cohort study
Authors: Hashemieh M , Javadzadeh M , Shirkavand A , Sheibani K
Published: June 2011

Minor beta thalassemia is a disorder without any special symptom which only causes mild anemia. In thalassemic patients accelerated erythropoiesis and enhanced cholesterol consumption have been suggested as the dominant mechanism for low level of lipoproteins. Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and hence, low level of serum lipids can act as a protective factor. Because of the differences between social, economic, cultural conditions, dietary habits and genetics patterns among Iranians with other nations, this survey was conducted to verify these parameters among our thalassemia minor subjects. This study was carried out on 100 thalassemia carriers and 200 normal controls. Blood samples were collected and the biochemical evaluation was performed for measuring serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG, VLD. Descriptive statistical tables, independent t-test, Mann- Whitney and Chi-square were used for analyzing the data. The average values of serum total cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL and VLDL in thalassemia minor subjects were 163.63±34.28, 159.74±157.54, 90.97±23.94, 34.97±8.07 and 73.44±72.43 mg/dl respectively. Moreover, the mean levels of total cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL and VLDL in normal subjects were 192.77±37.27, 155.67±109.58, 123.42±33.57, 38.02±15.6 and 71.57±50.5 mg/dl respectively. The amount of serum total cholesterol and LDL in thalassemia carriers was significantly lower than normal subjects that shows the potential decline of cardiovascular and brain vessels diseases among thalassemia minor subjects compared to control group while other factors between the two groups did not show any significant difference. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v37i1.7795 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2011; 37: 24 - 27
Higher prevalence of Cytomegalovius pp65 antigenemia associated with lower CD4+ T lymphocyte count
Authors: Jahan M , Islam AKMZ , Tabassum S , Islam MN
Published: June 2011

Sixty seven immunocompromised patients were studied prospectively to observe the association of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigenemia with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, a marker of cellular immunity. This study was conducted in three different groups of immunocompromised patients including HIV infected patients, patients with haematological malignancy and kidney transplanted patients. Result of the study indicate that proportion of severely immunocompromised patients having lower cellular immunity (≤200/μl) in all the three groups were comparable and ranged from 44% to 50%. The study also indicated that high prevalence of CMV pp65 antigenemia was associated with lower level of cell mediated immunity (≤200/μl). pp65 antigen was detected in 40% of patients with low immunity in contrast with 20% and 22.72% in the patient with intermediate immunity and in group without gross immune deficiency respectively. Lower level of cellular immunity was also associated with high level of CMV pp65 antigen. This was indicated by 75% patients with low immunity having high level of CMV pp65 antigen. It may perhaps be concluded that CMV infection occurred in a higher rate in immunocompromised patients and this is highly associated with the lower immune status of the immunocompromised patients as well as the level of CMV pp65 is higher in the patients with lower cellular immunity. This perhaps indicate that CMV infection is more severe in patients with low cellular immune response. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v37i1.7796 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2011; 37: 28 - 33
Free Health Camps at 476 Upazillas in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan M , Millat MH , Jahan MU
Published: June 2011

DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v37i1.7798 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2011; 37: 39
Fixed Links and Vague Discourses: About Culture and the Making of Cross-border Regions
Authors: Stöber Birgit
Published: June 2011

It has been en vogue for official bodies to focus on ’culture’ as a strategic factor for the development of spatial entities such as cross-border regions in the making. This focus places high expectations and a strong belief in the power of ’culture’. In this paper I will argue that in region building processes the focus on ’culture’ is often due to an overriding wish to develop an economic well-functioning region. Moreover, it seems like ’culture’ is used as a tool to distract people from a critique of bigger infrastructure projects that such developments entail. In order to strengthen these arguments, the paper will focus on two examples from Northern Europe, the existing Danish-Swedish Øresund link as well as the planned link between Denmark and Germany across the Femernbelt. In the course of the paper, focus will be on central bodies or actors that are taking up the issue of culture within a regional context. Hence, the concept of governance, particularly that of networked governance structures as well co-governance will be briefly discussed. All in all, the paper shows the ’fragmented complexity of agency and the multitude of actors related to region building’ (Paasi 2010:2300).
Le tourisme à Florence, la contribution directe et indirecte à la formation des revenus dans un grande ville
Authors: Charrier Jean Bernard
Published: June 2011

IL TURISMO A FIRENZE

L'autore con molta precisione tenta di spiegare l'importanza economica del turismo a Firenze. L'articolo comincia cori l'esame délie condizioni dello sviluppo del turismo (patrimonio archeologico e artistico ; facilita délie comu- nicazioni ; tradizione turistica) . Segue lo studio délie migrazioni dei turisti, délie possibilità offerte dagli alberghi, délia lunghezza e délia ripartizione stagionale dei soggiorni. L'autore poi prova di calcolare l'ammontare délie spese dei turisti a Firenze. Nella seconda parte sono studiate le conseguenze sull'economia délia città (le aziende artigianali ; commercio d'esportazione e degli articoli di ricami e di biancheria, etc.).

L'autore in conclusione dimostra la vitalità del settore artigianale.
La politique italienne de l'eau et le Mezzogiorno
Authors: Poncet Jean
Published: June 2011

LA POLITICA FTALIANA DELLE ACQUE E IL MEZZOGIORNO

L'autore si propone di studiare le realizzazioni degli organismi responsabili nel settore della acque e del suolo per tutto il Mezzogiorno.

L'articolo comincia con l'esame della situazione prima del 1950 (acqua potabile ; politica di bonifica). Poi sono analizzati i risultati dell'intervento straordinario dello stato : opère per provvedere a l'alimentazione in acqua délie città ; per I'irrigazione ; per la conservazione dei suoli. Vengono successiva- _ mente studiate l'importanza economica délie opère realizzate e la loro riparti- zione régionale.

L'autore présenta nella parte terza l'evolutione della politica délie acque ~ e descrive più esempi di piani di trasformazioni che mettono in relazioni le risorse idrauliche di due o tre regioni. In conclusione l'autore insiste suUa nécessita sociale di intraprendere quei lavori.
Aperçu sur l'étagement des forêts de Haute Provence et des Alpes Maritimes
Authors: Douguedroit Annick
Published: June 2011

Die hohe Provence und die'Sesalpen stellen den Gebirgstyp dar, der sich in den feuchten Gebieten der Mittelmeerzone in Kontakt mit der gemässigten Zone befindet. Sie zeichnen sich durchVorkommenmitteleuropäischen Waldbestandes in den hoheren gebirgs —und subalpinen Lagen aus, oberhalb der unteren Hänge, die von Mittelmeer -und Submittelmeer vegetationseinheiten bewachsen sind. Mit Hilfe dieses Beispiels kann man die charakteristischen Zü'ge des Begriffes der Vegetationstufe und der Aufeinanderfolge dieser Vegetationstufen in Gebir gen mittlerer Breitengrade erklären.
Les populations de l'Ouarsenis central
Authors: Sari Djilali
Published: June 2011

A study of densities (fifty-three to a hundred inhabitants and sometimes more by the kilometer) compared with the scarcity and poorness of eroded and deforested soils in a mediterranean mountain clearly shows the severe overpopulation in the central area of « Ouarsenis ». In the ancient communes and in their «douars» which are, often in the year, cut off from the rest of Algeria, mortality rates which are quite inferior (about 10% ) to the national algerian average can be noted • on the contrary birth rates are quite high (more than 50%). But emigration that has suddenly increased these last years, regularly deprives these areas of their inhabitants, in spite of very high natural crude rate of population growth. Besides, the unemployment of « fellahs » fab out fifty per cent -50% of the male population in the working ages is practically unemployed), the very low rate of « scolarisation »(12% - 38%), the profound isolation of this population are as many charastical features to be found there.
Tendances nouvelles de l'industrialisation dans les Pouilles
Authors: Lieutaud Jacqueline
Published: June 2011

Being a rural and under developed area, Puglia, has known for five years the quickest rate of industrialisation of the Mezzogiomo, thanks to modem infrastructures and financial encouragement from the national planning. The new industrial areas, known as «Aggloméra tin, show a diversified, but geographically and sectorially unbalanced structure, and without any economical complementarity. The foe tories are not foreign, but they come from an industrial decentralisation of the North, more than from a regional planning. 24 255 jobs are not enough to make up for the constant unemployment, but these jobs, together with 990 milliards of lires invested are an important asset for the future of this area.
L'émigration tunisienne en 1972
Authors: Simon G.
Published: June 2011

La Tunisie connaît depuis 1955 un mouvement d'émigration quia pris une certaine ampleur (200 000 émigrés pour une population de 5 millions). Cette étude explique le déclenchement de ce mouvement dont la poursuite est due à plusieurs facteurs : le marché intérieur et extérieur de l'emploi, les aspirations nouvelles des jeunes générations, etc.. Les caractères de ce mouvement ont évolué rapidement depuis une quinzaine d'années : intervention de l'administration, amélioration de la quq- litication professionnelle, départ des familles, développement de l'émigration urbaine, etc.. Les conséquences de cette émigration sont importantes pour l'économie nationale (rentrées de devises) mais l'impact au plan local varie fortement d'une région à l'autre.
Géographie et problèmes municipaux : l'évolution récente de la Commune de Martigues
Authors: Girard Nicole
Published: June 2011

The planning of the industrial area of the "golfe de Fos " shows an important gap between the construction of industrial plans decided and partly financed by the Government, and the equipments necessary for the new population. The Towns situated on the ewst of "Etang de Berre ", are the first to support the consequences of industrialization. Tey have to deal with problems of planning, which are very often too hard for their possibilities. The example of Martigues illustrates the possibilities but also the limits of a town policy confronted with planning problems.
Téhéran : évolution récente d'une métropole .
Authors: Hourcade Bernard
Published: June 2011

Tehran has increased six fold during the last 30 years, and gets now 1/3 of productive investments of Iran. The great rapidity of this growth has wholly transformed the urban structure of this Islamic town, now become an international metropolis. There are now two different capitals whose relations are increasingly slighter : northwards, a rich and brilliant international capital, southwards, a popular industrial town having tightened relations with Iranian provinces. A new but busy middle class is dwelling in the urban core.
Consommation de carburant, trafic routier et activités économiques en Provence -Côte d'Azur
Authors: Vaudour Nicole
Published: June 2011

Le taux de consommation individuelle de carburant, essence-super et gas-* oil, apparaît comme un indice très significatif du niveau économique d'un espace régional. Des enquêtes personnelles ont permis à i 'auteur de chiffrer cet indice sur un échantillon de villes provençales et azuréennes et de discerner, en matière de distri* button, trois types de comportement, suivant 2a taille, l'activité et la localisation des unités urbaines choisies.
Une «cueillette industrielle» : l'alfa en Algérie
Authors: Couderc Raymond
Published: June 2011

« La cueillette de l'alia est une activité accessoire pour l'Algérie, aussi bien en superficie que pour la ma in-d' oeuvre employée et la valeur globale. Elle ne constitue également qu'un appoint pour le cueilleur qui est avant tout un éleveur. Le milieu est mal connu, l'exploitation désordonnée, malgré l'existence de l'O.N. A. L. F. A. Les résultats sont bien décevants et pourtant l'usine de papier de MOSTAGANEM, à peine achevée, a besoin d'importantes quantités de matières premières ; en conséquence, une mécanisation de la cueillette est envisagée, par a 1 1 è 1 e m e nt à d'autres moyens d'intensification. Mais le risque d'éclatement de 1' O.N.A.L.F.A. ne pourrait il pas freiner tous ces progrès ?
Le marché du ciment et son évolution en Tunisie
Authors: Albertos Puebla Juan M.
Published: June 2011

Examen du marché du ciment et de son approvisionnement en Tunisie, où l'on tente de mettre l'accent sur les rapports mutuels et réciproques entre la crois — sance de la vente et la production et croissance économique générale. Le ciment semblant être à la fois moteur et expression du développement.
Argilités ferrugineuses sur la butte de Cuques (Aix-en-Provence)
Authors: Touraine Fernand
Published: June 2011

Sur la surface arasée des calcaires lutétiens de la butte de Cuques, existent de petites poches d'argilites ferrugineuses rouge sang, à illite -montmorillonite, non remarquées à ce jour. Il s'agit certainement des mêmes argil it es connues dans toute l 'Europe occidentale au sommet du Sannoisien.
Etude critique et méthodologique de la délimitation d'une agglomération (Avignon)
Authors: Jeanjean R.
Published: June 2011

La croissance urbaine très rapide des dernières décennies a entraîné des changements pour les concepts traditionnels qui doivent être constamment révisés. Ainsi la notion d'agglomération pose des problèmes précis de délimitation. Dans le cas d'un exemple particulier (l'agglomération d'Avignon -Vaucluse), des critères numériques ont été établis en ce qui concerne le paysage urbain, la situation démographique et les inter-relations urbaines, dans le but de donner une réalité géographique à ce phénomène, une réalité qui ne correspond pas toujours à celle qui est mise en avant par les statisticiens et les urbanistes.
Observations sur l'évolution quaternaire des bassins du Haut Artuby (Préalpes de Castellane)
Authors: Heyraud E. C.
Published: June 2011

The morphological evolution of the Upper Aituhy basins (Prealps of Castellane) brings up two types of problems : on the one hand, the laying out of the watercourses, on the other hand, the digging of these basins, caused by erosion. Some epigenies (particularly the gorges of the Artuby at the South of the village of La Martre) seem to be linked to quaternary neotectonics. As to the clearing away of these basins caused by erosion, it has, essentially, been made during the last two cold periods of the Quaternary.
Evolution démographique récente et développement du tourisme dans la Province d'Alicante (Espagne)
Authors: Dumas Danielle
Published: June 2011

La provincia de Alicante ha conocido desde I960 un crecimiento demo- gra/ico muy fuerte (29,2%). Durante el mismo tiempo se ha desarollado el turismo en la costa. Entre 1960 y 1970 el litoral ha conocido un crecimiento de poblacion muy rapido (48,9%), en relacion con el desarollo del turismo. Pero esta nueva activitad no puede explicar todo el aumento de poblacion de la provincia. Las diferencias comar- cales han aumentadas entre las montaTkjs y las llanuras de la costa odel interior donde se agrupan las ciudades turisticas y industriales y Alicante.
Encroûtements, croûtes et carapaces calcaires dans la région de Madrid
Authors: Vaudour Jean
Published: June 2011

Encroûtements, croûtes et carapaces calcaires dans la région de Madrid. Sut les plateaux semi-arides castillans des accumulations calcaires variées s'observent sur tous les substrats. Elles n'ont qu'un lien indirect avec le climat actuel. Les plus puissantes d'entre elles sont villafranchiennes (croûtes bréchoi'des et multiru- banées du «Paramo») ou fini-miocènes (encroûtements massifs du pediment de Tolède sur migmatites et granodiorites). L'individualisation du calcaire dans les zones de battement de nappes, le ruissellement hypodermique et la sédimentation palustre en milieu semi-endoréique ont joué un rôle aussi important que les processus pédologiques dans leur élaboration.
L'Industrie Italienne du ciment et sa répartition régionale
Authors: Farge P.
Published: June 2011

Studio dell' industria italiana nel 1971 doppo I'essame delle structure e ingenerie si vede l'organizzazione nelloospazzio in c ont r onto alia politica régionale del governo. Si tratta di cercare le nécessita ed i ostacoli alla partizione régionale dell' industria del cemento.
Le tourisme en Algérie
Authors: Widmann M.
Published: June 2011

L'Algérie, riche en hydrocarbures, a opté pour un développement limité du tourisme; elle lui consacre seulement 2% de ses investissements. Elle a établi un zoning touristique en créant des complexes balnéaires dans trois grandes zones bien déterminées, proches des grandes villes. Elle a doté chaque oasis d'un ensemble hôtelier et s'oriente vers un tourisme de masse, international et jeune. Le tourisme d'altitude et le thermalisme répondent aux besoins intérieurs ; mais les taux d'occupation sont faibles, l'apport en devises encore insignifiant. Seuls l'emploi et l'artisa- nat bénéficient de cette activité.
La notion de climax appliquée à la Basse Provence calcaire
Authors: Douguedroit Annick
Published: June 2011

Present distribution of calcareous Basse Provence's landscapes has only been settled at the end of the boreal time and during the atlantic time. The cli' matic climax vegetation, which included «garrigues» were little influenced by men. Since, all of them have been modified in different ways. The highland communities were removed. In decidous forests, high exploitation caused the oaks to prevail. «Garrigues » are now clearer and more spacious. Scattered trees or even few forests is all that remains of the old vegetation.
La région du Lac d'Allos (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). Carte géomorphologique 1/20 000e
Authors: Jorda Maurice
Published: June 2011

La carte géomorphologique Allos 3 (1/20000) est un bon exemple de l'éta- gement des modelés de la haute montagne alpine du Sud. La région constitue, au point de vue litho-structural, bio-climatique et morphogénétique la transition avec les milieux intra-alpins du bassin voisin de l'Ubaye. L'auteur différencie trois domaines bio-morpho-climatiques étages : le domaine de la forêt subalpine où l'action des ravinements et localement de la solifluxion guident la dynamique actuelle ; l'étage alpin inférieur et moyen, très étendu sur la carte et caractérisé par l'importance du modelé glaciaire hérité ; l'étage alpin supérieur essentiellement cryonival mais dont la dynamique actuelle est étroitement conditionnée par les données litho-structurales.
Evolution récente de l'Albufera de Valencia et de ses environs
Authors: Rossello V.M.
Published: June 2011

L' évolution de cette lagune consiste en sa réduction par les rizières et en la réduction de celJes-ci par les terrassements. On mesure à sa juste valeur la si' tuation actuelle à l'aide de la télédétection (cartographie officielle, missions aérien' nés de 1956 et 1967, images de ERTS-1, 1972). Le canal 7 dessine les îlots, sans les matérialiser, par les vasières submergées qui les entourent ; le canal 5 offre une bonne image des rizières (réduites à moins de 16.000 ha), des atterrissements, des indentations et des berges des canaux. Les 917 km2 du bassin versant ont donné lieu à des prévisions discordantes quant à l'avenir de 1 ' Albufera ; il semble cependant qu'on est parvenu à un équilibre depuis une origine probablement flandrienne.
Photo-interprétation et cartographie morpho-pédologique en pays méditerranéens (Argolis, Grèce)
Authors: Lootens-De-Muynck M.-T. , Verheye W.
Published: June 2011

As a result of the combined study of field observations and analytical investigations of aerial photographs it is shown that the direct (tonality, texture) and indirect photographic criteria ( geomorphological factors, vegetation) permit a good identification and delimitation of homogeneous areas which, in mediterranean regions, correspond to well defined morpho-pedological units.
Le haut plateau des Pale di San Martino (Dolomites Italiennes) .Problèmes morphologiques
Authors: Orengo Claudine
Published: June 2011

The table-land of Pale di San Martino (Dolomits-Italy) is a great dolo- mitic synkline wich overhang San Martino di Castrozza. It shows glacial cirques, some times still filled by little residuals glaciers.

The surface of the table-land is strewn by many depressions ; those depressions are explained by the action of overdeepening by the glaciers and by mechanical and chemical action of melting water.
La croupe excavée du Col de Rhodes (Cévennes), un exemple caractéristique de l'évolution du relief des massifs de roches métamorphiques
Authors: Martin C.
Published: June 2011

The study of an exceptional medium scale feature shows the determining structural factors in the geomorphic evolution of metamorphic massifs. It evidences the importance of the relationships between topography, rocks architecture and fracturing.
Un camp charbonnier dans l'Atlas marocain
Authors: Barrou M.
Published: June 2011

Au Maroc, la production du charbon de bois est demeurée vivace parce que profondément insérée dans les structures économico-sociales du pays. A El Ksiba, village du Moyen Atlas, les charbonniers forment une population quelque peu marginale, originaire des régions pauvres du Sud. Ici sont décrites leurs techniques de travail et leur mode de vie du camp en même temps qu'est analysée leur condition sociale ainsi que la crise que subit actuellement leur production.
Entre modernisme et tradition, les Béni Bouzerte en 1976 (Moyen Atlas Oriental - Maroc)
Authors: Tennevin M.
Published: June 2011

Fraction d'une tribu berbère du moyen Atlas, les Béni Bouzerte, éleveurs et cultivateurs, primitivement réfugiés au cœur des montagnes, ont, soit par les armes, soit a prix d'argent, progressivement reconquis la périphérie où ils ont essaimé en plusieurs villages. Des échanges complémentaires et vitaux se sont établis entre les différents sites d'implantation et ce dynamisme traditionnel se poursuit de nos jours. Cependant, l'initiative ne vient plus de l'amont, mais de l'aval où la proximité de la vie moderne a permis une nette amélioration de l'agriculture, de l'élevage et de l'état sanitaire, tandis que les structures tribales sont menacées par un individualisme croissant et que la contagion des progrès est sélective et souvent inconciliable avec certains impératifs écologiques.
Eléments traditionnels et évolution récente dans l'oasis du Dra (Maroc)
Authors: Pletsch Alfred
Published: June 2011

Au cours des dernières années, les oasis de l'Afrique septentrionale ont connu de profonds changements économiques et sociaux. Cependant beaucoup des structures traditionnelle* persistent, comme l'exemple de l'oasis du Draa le prouve. L'évolution sur le plan social se caractérise actuellement par une importante émigration vers le Nord du pays. En même temps, les nomades des Hammadas se sédentarisent en très grand nombre. Avec la construction du barrage Hassan ad Dakhil près de Ouarzazate, qui permettra de nouvelles méthodes de travail et d'irrigation, un changement profond de l'agricultrue et du nomadisme est à attendre dans un proche avenir.
Observations morphologiques, sur le bassin de l'Oued Sejenane (Tunisie Septentrionale)
Authors: Miossec A.
Published: June 2011

The study deals with the drainage basin of the oued Séjenane. Through the description of the land forms of the Mogod's region, some morphological problems may be introduced, which are due to the contrast between the middle part of the course where the oued flows in a mainly swampy plain and a low valley riche in flat areas and alluvial terraces. Whereas the plain of Séjenane seems to have been an area of continuous sedimentation since the <r neogene », during the Quaternary period the low valley registered the main stages of a contrasted morpho-climatic evolution.
La plateforme Moghrébienne : néotectonique et eustatisme sur le littoral de l'Anti-Atlas
Authors: Oliva P.
Published: June 2011

Le littoral de l'Anti-Atlas relie sur 200 km le bassin de Tarfaya au Haut Atlas en longeant le môle stable du Massif d'Ifni. Il est caractérisé par le développement d'un niveau marin, formant rasa, le Moghrébien. Des déformations inégales dues à la phase de gauchissement post-moghrébienne vont déterminer l'évolution de la côte.

Au Sud dlfni, le rejeu de l'accident du Zemmour forme gradins et touches de piano, donnant de pseudo-étagements eustatiques.

Le long du Massif d'Ifni la plateforme est affectée par une simple flexure. Au Nord du Massif le gauchissement, lié à la subsidence du Souss, se poursuit pendant tout le

Quaternaire et s'accompagne d'accumulations dunaires. Les niveaux atteints par les transgressions ultérieures ne dépassent pas celui de la rasa et restent très voisins du niveau des mers actuelles. L 'essentiel de l'évolution récente s'est faite sous régime

continental.
Le recul de la population rurale dans la Province d'Asti
Authors: Lozato Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2011

La population rurale de la province d'Asti est en recul, actuellement elle représente à peine la moitié de la population totale contre plus de 65% en 1951. L'attraction de Turin et de Milan en est la cause principale autant qu'un milieu géographique et agricole difficile. Cependant la région d'Asti et du Monferrat est encore profondément rurale , d'où son originalité au sein du triangle industriel italien.
Formes littorales de corrosion dans les roches carbonatées du Liban. Etude morphologique
Authors: Dalongeville M.
Published: June 2011

Le présent travail a pour but de réaliser un inventaire, une classification et une zonation des formes littorales actuelles en s'appuyant sur une terminologie descriptive aussi précise que possible. Ceci est facilité par le fait que les épisodes holocène et actuel se sont imprimés dans les calcaires et y ont aménagé des trottoirs qui sont des repères étages pratiqués dans le profil du littoral actuel.
Le Causse de Blandas. Présentation d'une carte géomorphologique au 1/25 000
Authors: Ambert M. , Ambert Paul , Coulet Edmond , Fabre Guilhem , Guendon Jean-Louis , Nicod Jean , Orengo Claudine
Published: June 2011

Le Causse de Blandas (Gard) Présente une grande variété de formes karstiques superficielles, dépressions fermées de tailles diverses, dont le poljé de faille de Rogues. Il est séparé du Larzac par le canyon de la Vis, qui commande la majorité des systèmes karstiques depuis la séparation du Causse par rapport aux Cévennes à la fin du Tertiaire. L 'importance des remplissages de poche, dont celui de Coste Plane et les dépôts superficiels (traînées de sables et graviers de quartz et limonites) provenant de plusieurs apports au cours du Tertiaire, témoignent d'une longue évolution géomorphologique. On envisage une topographie déjà évoluée au Pliocène, avec des paléo-percées conséquentes et des reliefs résiduels.

Le creusement du quaternaire du canyon de la Vis a entraîné l'inhibition de l'évolution des formes superficielles et le développement du karst souterrain. La partie Nord du Causse et les versants du canyon de la Vis témoignent d'actions périglaciaires actives au cours du Pleistocene (grèzes litées, etc).
Pollution d'un karst languedocien au nord de Nîmes
Authors: Fabre Guilhem
Published: June 2011

Worn oils and rubbishes pollute a karst situated in the North ofNimes (Eastern Languedoc, South of France). The author describes the place, the dump and the rejection sites, then he proposes a preliminary practical study before exposing the problem of an eventual treatment work. Obviously these two operations must be undertaken by a pluridisciplinary staff.
Essai de bioclimatologie : la Côte d'Azur
Authors: Dauphine Andre , Ghilardi Nicole
Published: June 2011

Cet essai de bioclimatologie touristique a un double objectif: tester quelques indices déjà utilisés, analyser leur pouvoir de différenciation spatiale, puis définir le potentiel climato- touristique de la Côte d'Azur. Les indices de W. H. JERJUNG et de R. CLAUSSE sont satisfaisants; ils mettent en valeur l'avantage de l'avant saison, en mai et juin, et la douceur exceptionnelle à l'est du Var.
Analyse multivariée et structure régionale : transformations socio-économiques récentes dans le Massif Central de l'Est
Authors: E. Ogden Philip
Published: June 2011

Cet article se propose de mettre à jour, pour trois départements orientaux du Massif Central (l'Ardèche, la Lozère, la Haute-Loire) les différences qui se manifestent actuellement dans l'économie et la société, en opérant, pour chaque département, un regroupement simple et clair des cantons. Il illustre l'application, dans un contexte français, d'une méthode très utilisée récemment par les géographes britanniques et américains : l'analyse en composantes principales.
La fabrique diffuse en Emilie-Romagne
Authors: Coulet Lise
Published: June 2011

The recent industrial growth of Emilia Romagna has not only been focused on a certain number of privileged places but has also invested the whole country. The active industrial population whose average is 42% is present in nearly all the communes except in the South West (Piacenza and Parma mountain) and the North (Ferrara plain). Mixed with rural and tertiary activities this population is particularly numerous in the central area which goes from piémont and extends beyond the plain and even in some places beyond the mountain.

The labour carries on its activity in a great number of small and medium-sized industrial plants which never exceed 500 employ ments. The largest industrial plants are themselves scattered and their density is not very different in both small and large communes of the whole country.
Fos-sur-Mer : un espace clé pour la compréhension des changements de la société française
Authors: Beau J.-P. , Ferrier Jean-Paul , Girard Nicole , Richez Joséphine
Published: June 2011

Fos has been the main industrial achievement of the Vie Plan : two synoptic tables in 1974 and in 1977 clearly show the situation of the industrial area both at its very beginning and nowadays, thus allowing us to measure its evolution. But beyond its interest as a document the analysis of Fos enables us to give an interpretation of the policy of national and regional development which throws light on how the french economical system functions and which can be linked to the theory of C. CASTORIADIS about industrial societies.
Sur la place du vent dans l'érosion des milieux arides. L'exemple des lunettes (bourrelets éoliens) de la Tunisie
Authors: Coque Roger
Published: June 2011

En Tunisie, les lunettes caractérisent la région tunisoise et les steppes du Centre-Est, alors qu'on note leur disparition rapide au niveau de la marge saharienne. Toutes se sont édifiées à l'Holocène, mais à des époques diverses selon le jeu des conditions bioclimatiques et des régimes hydriques des dépressions fermées. Les particularités de leur répartition, la nature des processus mis en œuvre et l'observation de phénomènes actuels comparables prouvent que ces constructions héritées se réalisent dans des milieux d'aridité atténuée. Elles sont l'expression de la part décisive que peut y prendre le vent dans le façonnement du relief.