bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomical study of the innervation of glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joint capsules: implications for image-guided intervention
Authors: Tran John , Peng Philip W H , Agur Anne M R
Published: January 2019

Background and objectives

In 2011, chronic shoulder joint pain was reported by 18.7 million Americans. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation has emerged as an alternative intervention to manage chronic shoulder joint pain. To optimize the effectiveness of shoulder denervation, it requires a detailed understanding of the nerve supply to the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints relative to landmarks visible with image guidance. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to determine the origin, course, relationships to bony landmarks, and frequency of articular branches innervating the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints.

Methods

Fifteen cadaveric specimens were meticulously dissected. The origin, course, and termination of articular branches supplying the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints were documented. The frequency of each branch was determined and used to generate a frequency map that included their relationships to bony and soft tissue landmarks.

Results

In all specimens, the posterosuperior quadrant of the glenohumeral joint was supplied by suprascapular nerve; posteroinferior by posterior division of axillary nerve; anterosuperior by superior nerve to subscapularis; and anteroinferior by main trunk of axillary nerve. Less frequent innervation was found from lateral pectoral nerve and posterior cord. The acromioclavicular joint was found to be innervated by the lateral pectoral and acromial branch of suprascapular nerves in all specimens. Bony and soft tissue landmarks were identified to localize each nerve.

Conclusions

The frequency map of the articular branches supplying the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints, as well as their relationship to bony and soft tissue landmarks, provide an anatomical foundation to develop novel shoulder denervation and perioperative pain management protocols.
Novel protective role for MAP kinase phosphatase 2 in inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Schroeder Juliane , Ross Kirsty , McIntosh Kathryn , Jabber Shilan , Woods Stuart , Crowe Jenny , Patterson Kane Janet , Alexander James , Lawrence Catherine , Plevin Robin
Published: January 2019

Objectives

We have previously shown mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 (MKP-2) to be a key regulator of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. In the study presented here, we investigated the role of MKP-2 in inflammatory arthritis with a particular focus on neutrophils.

Methods

To achieve this, we subjected MKP-2 deficient and wild type mice to collagen antibody induced arthritis, an innate model of arthritis, and determined disease pathology. To further our investigation, we depleted neutrophils in a prophylactic and therapeutic fashion. Last, we used chemotaxis assays to analyse the impact of MKP-2 deletion on neutrophil migration.

Results

MKP-2-/-mice showed a significant increase in disease pathology linked to elevated levels of proarthritic cytokines and chemokines TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 in comparison to wild type controls. This phenotype is prevented or abolished after administration of neutrophil depleting antibody prior or after onset of disease, respectively. While MCP-1 levels were not affected, neutrophil depletion diminished TNF-α and reduced IL-6, thus linking these cytokines to neutrophils. In vivo imaging showed that MKP-2-/-mice had an increased influx of neutrophils into affected joints, which was higher and potentially prolonged than in wild type animals. Furthermore, using chemotaxis assays we revealed that MKP-2 deficient neutrophils migrate faster towards a Leukotriene B4 gradient. This process correlated with a reduced phosphorylation of ERK in MKP-2-/-neutrophils.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show a protective role for MKP-2 in inflammatory arthritis.
Peripheral disease contributes significantly to the level of disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: de Winter Janneke J , Paramarta Jacqueline E , de Jong Henriëtte M , van de Sande Marleen G , Baeten Dominique L
Published: January 2019

Objective

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) can encompass axial, peripheral and extra-articular disease manifestations. Patients are classified as axial or peripheral SpA depending on the presence or absence of current back pain, independently of the other disease manifestations. Therefore, we aimed to assess the percentage of patients with axial SpA with peripheral disease and how this peripheral disease contributes to the overall disease activity.

Methods

Prevalence and disease activity of peripheral disease manifestations were assessed in a real-life observational cohort of 314 patients with the clinical diagnosis of SpA and fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) criteria.

Results

Of the 314 patients fulfilling the ASAS criteria, 230 fulfilled the axial and 84 the peripheral SpA criteria. Of the 230 patients with axial SpA, 49% had purely axial disease without peripheral disease manifestations whereas 51% had combined axial (back pain) and peripheral (arthritis, enthesitis and/or dactylitis) disease. The latter group had the highest disease activity in comparison with pure axial SpA as well as with peripheral SpA.

Conclusion

Half of the patients classified as axial SpA according to the ASAS criteria also have peripheral disease manifestations such as arthritis, enthesitis and/or dactylitis. These peripheral disease manifestations contribute significantly to overall disease activity.
Dead space ventilation promotes alveolar hypocapnia reducing surfactant secretion by altering mitochondrial function
Authors: Kiefmann Martina , Tank Sascha , Tritt Marc-Oliver , Keller Paula , Heckel Kai , Schulte-Uentrop Leonie , Olotu Cynthia , Schrepfer Sonja , Goetz Alwin E , Kiefmann Rainer
Published: January 2019

Background

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary perfusion failure increases physiologic dead space ventilation (VD/VT), leading to a decline of the alveolar CO2 concentration [CO2]iA. Although it has been shown that alveolar hypocapnia contributes to formation of atelectasis and surfactant depletion, a typical complication in ARDS, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated so far.

Methods

In isolated perfused rat lungs, cytosolic or mitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt or [Ca2+]mito, respectively) of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), surfactant secretion and the projected area of alveoli were quantified by real-time fluorescence or bright-field imaging (n=3–7 per group). In ventilated White New Zealand rabbits, the left pulmonary artery was ligated and the size of subpleural alveoli was measured by intravital microscopy (n=4 per group). Surfactant secretion was determined in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by western blot.

Results

Low [CO2]iA decreased [Ca2+]cyt and increased [Ca2+]mito in AECs, leading to reduction of Ca2+-dependent surfactant secretion, and alveolar ventilation in situ. Mitochondrial inhibition by ruthenium red or rotenone blocked these responses indicating that mitochondria are key players in CO2 sensing. Furthermore, ligature of the pulmonary artery of rabbits decreased alveolar ventilation, surfactant secretion and lung compliance in vivo. Addition of 5% CO2 to the inspiratory gas inhibited these responses.

Conclusions

Accordingly, we provide evidence that alveolar hypocapnia leads to a Ca2+ shift from the cytosol into mitochondria. The subsequent decline of [Ca2+]cyt reduces surfactant secretion and thus regional ventilation in lung regions with high VD/VT. Additionally, the regional hypoventilation provoked by perfusion failure can be inhibited by inspiratory CO2 application.
Compost bacteria provide antifungal activity against grey mold andAlternariarot on bell pepper fruit
Authors: Luo Meiqing , Purdy Hannah , Avis Tyler J.
Published: January 2019

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit are susceptible to various molds, including grey mold and Alternaria rot. In this work, antagonistic bacteria isolated from disease-suppressive composts were assessed for their ability to reduce the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Persoon and Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler as well as to suppress grey mold and Alternaria rot on bell pepper. Results showed that different bacterial antagonists reduced mycelial growth of B. cinerea and A. alternata by up to 49% and 53%, respectively. The bacteria provided inhibition of grey mold, reducing incidence and severity by as much as 43% and 67%, respectively. The isolates also provided strong inhibitory effects against Alternaria rot, decreasing incidence and severity by as much as 77% and 80%, respectively. Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter spp. were particularly suppressive to Alternaria rot. Results of this study suggest antagonistic bacteria may represent a potential method for controlling fruit rot of bell pepper.
Radial Artery Versus Right Internal Thoracic Artery Versus Saphenous Vein as the Second Conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Network Meta‐Analysis of Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Gaudino Mario , Lorusso Roberto , Rahouma Mohamed , Abouarab Ahmed , Tam Derrick Y. , Spadaccio Cristiano , Saint‐Hilary Gaëlle , Leonard Jeremy , Iannaccone Mario , D'Ascenzo Fabrizio , Di Franco Antonino , Soletti Giovanni , Kamel Mohamed K. , Lau Christopher , Girardi Leonard N. , Schwann Thomas A. , Benedetto Umberto , Taggart David P. , Fremes Stephen E.
Published: January 2019

Background

There remains uncertainty regarding the second‐best conduit after the internal thoracic artery in coronary artery bypass grafting. Few studies directly compared the clinical results of the radial artery (
RA
), right internal thoracic artery (
RITA
), and saphenous vein (
SV
). No network meta‐analysis has compared these 3 strategies.

Methods and Results

MEDLINE
and
EMBASE
were searched for adjusted observational studies and randomized controlled trials comparing the
RA
,
SV
, and/or
RITA
as the second conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting. The primary end point was all‐cause long‐term mortality. Secondary end points were operative mortality, perioperative stroke, perioperative myocardial infarction, and deep sternal wound infection (
DSWI
). Pairwise and network meta‐analyses were performed. A total of 149 902 patients (4 randomized, 31 observational studies) were included (
RA
, 16 201,
SV
, 112 018,
RITA,
21 683). At
NMA
, the use of
SV
was associated with higher long‐term mortality compared with the
RA
(incidence rate ratio, 1.23; 95%
CI
, 1.12–1.34) and
RITA
(incidence rate ratio, 1.26; 95%
CI
, 1.17–1.35). The risk of
DSWI
for
SV
was similar to
RA
but lower than
RITA
(odds ratio, 0.71; 95%
CI
, 0.55–0.91). There were no differences for any outcome between
RITA
and
RA
, although
DSWI
trended higher with
RITA
(odds ratio, 1.39; 95%
CI
, 0.92–2.1). The risk of
DSWI
in bilateral internal thoracic artery studies was higher when the skeletonization technique was not used.

Conclusions

The use of the
RA
or the
RITA
is associated with a similar and statistically significant long‐term clinical benefit compared with the
SV
. There are no differences in operative risk or complications between the 2 arterial conduits, but
DSWI
remains a concern with bilateral
ITA
when skeletonization is not used.
Development of a Shock‐Wave Catheter Ablation System for Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias: Validation Study in Pigs In Vivo
Authors: Morosawa Susumu , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Hirano Michinori , Amamizu Hirokazu , Uzuka Hironori , Ohyama Kazuma , Hasebe Yuhi , Nakano Makoto , Fukuda Koji , Takayama Kazuyoshi , Shimokawa Hiroaki
Published: January 2019

Background

Although radiofrequency catheter ablation is the current state‐of‐the‐art treatment for ventricular tachyarrhythmias, it has limited success for several reasons, including insufficient lesion depth, prolonged inflammation with subsequent recurrence, and thromboembolisms due to myoendocardial thermal injury. Because shock waves can be applied to deep lesions without heat, we have been developing a shock‐wave catheter ablation (
SWCA
) system to overcome these fundamental limitations of radiofrequency catheter ablation. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of our
SWCA
system for clinical application to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmia.

Methods and Results

In 33 pigs, we examined
SWCA
in vivo for the following 4 protocols. First, in an epicardial substrate model (n=8), endocardial
SWCA
significantly decreased the sensing threshold (pre‐ versus postablation: 11.4±3.8 versus 6.8±3.6
mV
;
P
<0.05) and increased the pacing threshold (pre‐ versus postablation: 1.6±0.8 versus 2.0±1.1 V;
P
<0.05), whereas endocardial radiofrequency catheter ablation failed to do so. Second, in a myocardial infarction model (n=3), epicardial
SWCA
of the border zone of the infarcted lesion was as effective as ablation of the normal myocardium. Third, in a coronary artery application model (n=10), direct application of shock waves to the epicardial coronary arteries caused no adverse effects in either the acute or chronic phase. Fourth, with an epicardial approach (n=8), we found that 90 shots per site provided an ideal therapeutic condition to create deep lesions with less superficial damage.

Conclusions

These results indicate that our new
SWCA
system is effective and safe for treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with deep arrhythmogenic substrates.
A Multilevel Analysis of Coaches’ Paternalistic Leadership on Burnout in Taiwanese Athletes
Authors: Chang Chia-Ming , Huang Hsiu-Chin , Huang Fang-Ming , Hsieh Huey-Hong
Published: January 2019

Using multilevel analysis, this study examined a cross-level effect of paternalistic leadership and team cohesion on athletes’ burnout. We called 900 athletes from 28 colleges to participate in this survey, with a return rate of 85.2% and found that paternalistic leadership of coaches had a cross level effect across schools on athletes’ burnout. Based on these findings, we propose recommendations for coaches and school administrators.
Total joint replacement in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Davies Peter SE , Graham Simon M , Maqungo Sithombo , Harrison William J
Published: January 2019

Outcomes of arthroplasty in sub-Saharan Africa are not widely reported. To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to explore this topic. Scopus, EMBASE, Medline and PubMed databases were searched, utilising MeSH headings and Boolean search strategies. All papers from South Africa were excluded. Twelve papers reporting 606 total hip replacements (THRs) and 763 total knee replacements (TKRs) were included. Avascular necrosis was the most common indication for THR, whereas osteoarthritis was the main indication for TKR. HIV prevalence of up to 33% was seen. Improvements were seen in patient-reported outcome measures in both THR and TKR. The dislocation rate in THR was 1.6%. The deep infection rate was 1.6% for TKRs and 0.5% for THRs. Positive results were reported, with comparable complications to high-income countries. However, there is likely to be significant reporting bias and the introduction of mandatory registries would enable more accurate monitoring across the region.
Clinico-epidemiological profile and predictors of outcome in children with diphtheria: a study from northern India
Authors: Dash Nabaneeta , Verma Sanjay , Jayashree Muralidharan , Kumar Rakesh , Vaidya Pankaj C , Singh Meenu
Published: January 2019

Diphtheria, a vaccine preventable disease in children, is still being reported from India. Details of 99 children with a clinical diagnosis of diphtheria admitted to a paediatric tertiary care teaching and referral hospital between January 2008 and December 2015 were collected retrospectively and analysed. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of the study group was 7.0 years (IQR = 5.0–8.0 years). Nearly two-thirds were unimmunised. Clinical features included fever (97%), dysphagia (82%), sore throat (67%), bull neck (54%), stridor (40%), neuropathy (27%) and nasal discharge (14%). Throat swab for Albert stain was positive in only 21% of cases and C. diphtheriae was isolated in only 28%. Complications included airway compromise (61.7%) followed by myocarditis (35.4%), acute kidney injury (22.3%), thrombocytopenia (25.3%) and neuropathy (27.3%). In all, 66% survived, 23% died and 11% opted for discontinuity of care owing to unfavourable prognoses. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, shorter duration of symptoms before presentation to our hospital was an independent predictor of unfavourable outcome (adjusted odds ratio = 0.88, 95% confidence interval = 0.79–0.99, P = 0.03).
What Happened to Re-Visioning Community College Leadership? A 25-Year Retrospective
Authors: Eddy Pamela L. , Khwaja Tehmina
Published: January 2019

Purpose: This research sought to determine if the gendered discourse on community college leadership has changed since Amey and Twombly published their analysis of community college literature in 1992. Argument: More women now lead 2-year colleges than ever before, and conceptions of leadership have evolved over time; but has the language used to discuss gender and leadership in leading community college journals changed as well? This research entailed a discourse analysis of 148 journal articles published between 1990 and 2015 to identify gendered language in literature focusing on community college leadership. The language used in the scholarly examination of leadership is a reflection of the ground realities of the community college setting and provides insight into the persisting gendered constructions of leadership at 2-year colleges. Conclusion: Four main findings emerged from this research. First, masculine-normed leadership approaches remain unquestioned in the literature. Second, participatory leadership rhetoric emerged as a trend at the turn of the century. Third, women do the bulk of the writing about women leaders. Finally, ideal worker norms still prevail. The roots of authoritative leadership retain a strong hold in community colleges and intentional actions are required to achieve real change in constructions of leadership.
Assessing the interaction of air from a jet diffuser on a thermal plume in a room using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry
Authors: Xu Yukun , Wang Xin , Huang Chen , Du Guangyao , Zhang Yujie
Published: January 2019

Traditional design of airflow distributions in large spaces does not consider the interference of thermal plumes on jets. In order to quantitatively describe the indoor environment, it is first necessary to quantify how the airflow gets distributed. In this study, a two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) system for measuring a wide indoor flow field was established. A total of 24 sub-regions (each with a size of 400 mm × 350 mm) were accurately measured in an unmanned room, and the overall cross-sectional flow field was obtained by splicing. Uncertainty analysis proved the rationality of this experimental method. According to the damage extent of the jet structure introduced by the thermal plume, two groups were divided, i.e. Groups A and B. The distribution of velocity fields, trajectories and velocity attenuation of jet centerlines, and velocity magnitude profiles at nozzle and head levels were compared and analyzed in detail. Through this investigation, detailed information of indoor air flow in large spaces can be effectively characterized, which can be useful to help understand the indoor physics and validate CFD models.

Practical application: The key to creating a comfortable and healthy indoor thermal environment is the rational design of the airflow distribution. This paper proposes a method for quantitatively describing the airflow distribution in an enclosed space. The equation of the non-dimensional velocity attenuation of jet centerlines is obtained by using advanced technology (PIV), which provides theoretical basis and useful reference for the design of airflow distribution.
Reparation Compulsion: Theorizing the pitfalls of guilt-driven labor
Authors: Gerard Nathan
Published: January 2019

This paper critically examines the approach to studying and intervening in organizations that derives from the work of Melanie Klein. It proposes that Klein’s emphasis on reparation, while clearly valuable for effecting change, can also induce undue guilt that stymies employee subjectivity and damages the organization. The term “reparation compulsion” is offered to capture this particular dynamic. Defined as the incessant drive to atone for guilt, reparation compulsion has both individual and collective correlates that together constitute a unique and hitherto unexplored organizational pathology. Two vignettes are used to demonstrate the limits of reparation in a work setting before turning to Menzies’ classic case study of a nursing service, which is revisited in light of the pitfalls of guilt-driven labor. Together, these illustrations revise and expand upon Menzies’ concept of social defense, placing reparation compulsion at the core of a newfound “depressive” social defense system that has direct repercussions for those working in the caring professions, and particularly those afflicted with “compassion fatigue.” Specifically, the argument is made that compassion fatigue is not just an unfortunate side effect of caring, but constitutive of an organization in which repairing others requires a chronic disrepair of the self. The paper concludes with discussing the implications for the psychoanalytic study of organizations.
Exploring the Organizational Proliferation of New Technologies: An Affective Actor-Network Theory
Authors: Sage Daniel , Vitry Chloé , Dainty Andrew
Published: January 2019

In this paper we explore the role of affective encounters between human and non-human bodies in the proliferation of new technologies within and across work organizations. Our exploration challenges not only the long-standing rationalism within studies of technological innovation but the anthropocentrism of burgeoning studies of technology, innovation and affect. Responding to these proclivities, we propose and elaborate an affective Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as an alternative analytical approach by cross-fertilizing ANT concepts with Deleuze’s reading of the affective philosophy of Spinoza. Our approach is elaborated further with the technological innovation of zero-carbon homes in the United Kingdom. Affective ANT is proposed to explain the profound role of affects in the circulation of technologies and of technologies in the circulation of affects. This theory contributes by challenging: studies of affect, innovation and technology to examine the significance of relational human affects in the proliferation of new technologies; organizational studies to consider the interplay of human and technical affects; and Deleuzo-Spinozian organizational studies to conceptualize how affects are organized to serve managerial interests and agendas, such as technological innovation.
Mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for children: single-center 10 years’ experience
Authors: Fouilloux Virginie , Gran Célia , Ghez Olivier , Chenu Caroline , El Louali Fedoua , Kreitmann Bernard , Le Bel Stéphane
Published: January 2019

Objectives:

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has become a gold standard in treatment of severe refractory circulatory and/or pulmonary failure. Those procedures require gathering of competences and material. Therefore, they are conducted in a limited number of reference centers. Emergent need for such treatments induces either hazardous transfers or a mobile pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation team able to remote implantation and transportation. The aim of this work is not to focus on pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcomes or indications, which have been extensively discussed in the literature. This study would like to detail the implementation, safety, and feasibility, even in a middle-size pediatric cardiac surgery reference center.

Patients:

This is a retrospective analysis of a series of patients initiated on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a peripheral center and transferred to a reference center. The data were collected from 10 consecutive years: from 2006 to 2016.

Results:

A total of 57 pediatric patients with a median weight of 6.00 (3.2-14.5) kg and median age of 2.89 (0.11-37.63) months were cannulated in peripheral center and transported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We did not experience any adverse event during transport. The outcomes were comparable to our literature-reported on-site extracorporeal membrane oxygenation series with 42 patients (74%) weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and a 30-day survival of 60%. Neither patient’s age nor weight, indication for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or length of transport, was statistically significant in terms of outcomes.

Conclusion:

Offsite extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implantation and ground or air transport for pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation appeared to be safe when performed by a dedicated and experienced team, even within a mid-size center.
Whatever happened to the North East? Reflections on the end of regionalism in England
Authors: Shaw Keith , Robinson Fred
Published: January 2019

Governance in the English regions has been undermined and weakened by recent structural changes. Although well established during the New Labour era, the regional level of governance in England did not survive the post-2010 process of institutional churn shaped by economic austerity and central government’s aversion to the regional level. This has subsequently led to rescaling to the sub-regional level and the introduction of devolution ‘deals’ involving new combined authorities with elected mayors. This article looks at the experience of North East England, where regional structures have been broken up and the region disempowered by such changes. It reviews what has happened to governance in the North East over the past 20 years and discusses why the dismantling of regional governance matters. While the region’s external relationships with central government are problematic, it is also argued that governance problems within the region are no less important and need reforming. Longitudinal research indicates that organisations providing public services in the North East have continued to be characterised by inadequate accountability, unrepresentative governance and lack of transparency. The combined effects of the devolutionary consequences of Brexit and the ineffectiveness of small-scale ‘devo-deal’ interventions mean that the ‘Regionalist case’ in England will need to be refashioned and restated. The article concludes by considering the case for reintroducing regional-level governance and points to ways of bolstering the accountability and effectiveness of this level of sub-national governance.
How serious is a devolved data deficit? A Welsh perspective
Authors: Crawley Andrew , Munday Max , Roberts Annette
Published: January 2019

Over the last decade the UK has seen greater fiscal devolution with both Wales and Scotland gaining additional powers. However, to date, such devolution has not been sufficiently accompanied by an increase in the production of more local economic data to assist policymaking choices. The paper considers this issue by first exploring, in general, the availability of local economic data with a focus on Input–Output tables and trade statistics. The case of Wales is then used to explore the problems associated with the lack of local economic data. The paper suggests that not providing the means to assess how fiscal policy might impact economic performance could present a particularly serious challenge for devolved governments. The conclusions discuss how a devolved data deficit might be overcome in a cost-effective manner.
The social life of data points: Antecedents of digital technologies
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: January 2019

Recent technological advances such as microprocessors and random-access memory have had a significant role in gathering, storing and processing digital data, but the basic principles underpinning such data management were established in the century preceding the digital revolution. This paper maps the emergence of those older technologies to show that the logic and imperative for the surveillance potential of more recent digital technologies was laid down in a pre-digital age. The paper focuses on the development of the data point from its use in punch cards in the late 19th century through its manipulation in ideas about correlation to its collection via self-completion questionnaires. Some ways in which medicine and psychology have taken up and deployed the technology of data points are used as illustrative exemplars. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of data points in defining human identity.
Exhuming the ancestors: A reassessment of Fabian’s critique of allochronism
Authors: Rosa Frederico D
Published: January 2019

The article critically reassesses Joahnnes Fabian’s contention that anthropology reveals, in its history, an overall tendency to create in discourse a temporal distance between the observer and the observed—as between the West and the rest—that contradicts ethnography’s basic epistemological condition of sharing the same time. The article sustains that the overbearing attitude of actively searching the “faults” of classical anthropology, while not admitting the legitimacy of its vistas, generates historiographic distortions that strongly affect the way anthropologists relate themselves, both politically and heuristically, with their discipline’s past. The article explores, first, the ways in which the language-centered components of the Americanist tradition may contradict Fabian’s thesis; secondly, it identifies comparable uses of the vernacular record in other anthropological traditions; and finally, it addresses the ethical and intellectual predicaments of rejecting pre-colonial studies.
Mechanical and degradation properties of small-diameter vascular grafts in an in vitro biomimetic environment
Authors: Li Xiangshun , Zhao Huijing
Published: January 2019

Small-diameter vascular grafts may fail after implantation due to various reasons from mechanical and biological aspects. In order to evaluate the mechanical durability of small-diameter vascular grafts after implantation, an artificial vascular biomimetic environment that can simulate body temperature, the liquid environment outside the vessel, and continuous blood flow and pulsatile pressure was constructed. This device can be used as a “pre-test” prior to animal experiments to explore the changes of mechanical and degradation properties in the long-term in vivo environment. At the same time, braided tube-reinforced silk fibroin/poly (l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) small-diameter vascular grafts were fabricated and tested under the biomimetic environment. Mechanical changes, including tensile properties, suture retention strength, compliance, and degradation behavior of the braided tube-reinforced poly (l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone)/silk fibroin small-diameter vascular grafts were explored over various periods of time in the biomimetic environment. The results shown that under a period of testing in the in vitro biomimetic environment, the comprehensive mechanical properties (including tensile properties, suture retention strength, estimated-bursting pressure, and compliance) of small-diameter vascular grafts exhibited varying degrees of changes but that there was no obvious degradation behavior in the short term.
Biofabrication of three-dimensional cellular structures based on gelatin methacrylate–alginate interpenetrating network hydrogel
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Srikumar , Zhang Zhengyi , Xu Changxue
Published: January 2019

Hydrogels have been widely used as extracellular matrix materials in various three-dimensional bioprinting applications. However, they possess limitations such as insufficient mechanical integrity and strength, especially in the vascular applications requiring suture retention and tolerance of systemic intraluminal pressure. Interpenetrating network hydrogels are unique mixtures of two separate hydrogels with enhanced properties. This paper has demonstrated the fabrication of three-dimensional cellular constructs based on gelatin methacrylate–alginate interpenetrating network hydrogels using a microgel-assisted bioprinting method. Filament formation was investigated in terms of the filament diameter under different nozzle speed and dispensing pressure, and a phase diagram to identify the optimal conditions for continuous and uniform filaments was prepared. Three-dimensional hollow cellular constructs were fabricated and the cell viability was 75% after 24-hour incubation. The post-printing properties were characterized including mechanical properties, degradation and swelling properties, and pore size. The interpenetrating network hydrogels with different concentrations were compared with their individual components. It is found that the interpenetrating network hydrogels exhibit stronger mechanical properties, faster degradation and larger pore sizes than their individual components.
Experimental investigation of dwell time characteristics in high-pressure double-solenoid-valve fuel injection system
Authors: Xu Dan , Yang Qing , An Xiaodong , Sun Baigang , Wu Dongwei , Zhang Zhihao
Published: January 2019

The double-solenoid-valve fuel injection system consists of an electronic unit pump and an electronic injector. It can realize the separate control of fuel supply and injection and has the advantages of adjusting pressure by cycle and flexible controlling of the injection rate. The interval angle between the pilot and main injection directly affects the action degree and the characteristics of two adjacent injections, affecting engine performance. This work realizes multiple injection processes on the test platform of a high-pressure double-solenoid-valve fuel injection system, with maximum injection pressure reaching 200 MPa. In this study, the interval between driven current signal of pilot injection termination and that of main injection initiation is defined as the signal interval (DT1), whereas the interval between pilot injection termination and main injection initiation is defined as the injection interval (DT2). The differences between the signal and the injection intervals are calculated, and the variation rule of the difference with respect to the signal interval is analyzed. Results show that the variation rule of the difference with the signal interval first decreases, then increases, and finally decreases. The variation rule of the delay angle from the start of needle movement to the start of fuel injection is found to be the root cause of this rule. The influence of the injection pressure on needle deformation and fuel flow rate of the nozzle results in the variation rule. In addition, the influence of the cam speed, temperature, and pipe length on the difference between the signal and injection interval is determined. This research provides guidance for an optimal control strategy of the fuel injection process.
A generational analysis of Chinese workers responding to social dislocation
Authors: Sommer Brandon
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the way in which China’s ‘Harmonious Society Project’ and industrial transformation have intersected in a particular way in Guangdong Province, China, revealing both the consequences and opportunities it poses for migrant industrial workers. Elaborating on Mannheim’s generational analysis and using interview data from 37 migrant industrial workers, I seek to show that worker strategies, based on policy and market opportunities, can be understood as fragmented strategies of generations reacting to the transforming political economy. Findings demonstrate that this inter-generational perspective provides tools to grapple with how migrant industrial workers form alliances and negotiate obstacles taking divergent strategies to cope with industrial transformation.
Modelling Animal Interactive Rhythms in Communication
Authors: Ravignani Andrea , de Reus Koen
Published: January 2019

Time is one crucial dimension conveying information in animal communication. Evolution has shaped animals’ nervous systems to produce signals with temporal properties fitting their socio-ecological niches. Many quantitative models of mechanisms underlying rhythmic behaviour exist, spanning insects, crustaceans, birds, amphibians, and mammals. However, these computational and mathematical models are often presented in isolation. Here, we provide an overview of the main mathematical models employed in the study of animal rhythmic communication among conspecifics. After presenting basic definitions and mathematical formalisms, we discuss each individual model. These computational models are then compared using simulated data to uncover similarities and key differences in the underlying mechanisms found across species. Our review of the empirical literature is admittedly limited. We stress the need of using comparative computer simulations – both before and after animal experiments – to better understand animal timing in interaction. We hope this article will serve as a potential first step towards a common computational framework to describe temporal interactions in animals, including humans.
Research on tribological characteristics of bevel gear after shot blasting based on 85-pellets model
Authors: Mo Shuai , Feng Zhanyong , Jin Guoguang , Zhang Ting , Ma Shuai , Shang Xinyu , Houjoh Haruo
Published: January 2019

High-speed overloading puts forward very strict requirements on the bending strength of spiral bevel gears, and shot blasting is a technological process method to increase gear bending fatigue strength significantly. During the process of shot blasting, a large number of tiny pellets bombard metal target material surface at very high speed in order to let the target material form plastic deformation and form strengthened layer at the same time. As the bombarded target, the microstructure of gear surface spiral bevel gear is inevitably changed. This paper aims at revealing how the shot peened surface microstructure of the spiral bevel gear affects lubrication of gear and establishes a reasonable microstructure description model of the shot blasting surface of the spiral bevel gear, revealing the tribological characteristics of spiral bevel gears after shot blasting treatment based on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory. Also, comparative research is carried out on a variety of lubrication characteristics of the microstructure surface.
Adverse events reported by anxious school refusing adolescents receiving cognitive behavioral therapy with and without fluoxetine
Authors: Melvin Glenn A , Finnin Linda , Taffe John , Dudley Amanda L , Klimkeit Ester I , Gordon Michael S , Tonge Bruce
Published: January 2019

Background:

Investigating adverse events associated with antidepressant treatments in adolescents is important given the concerns about increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior in this age group. The aim of this study is to investigate adverse and serious adverse events associated with the treatment of anxiety (cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-only, CBT-plus-placebo, and CBT-plus-fluoxetine) in anxious school-refusing adolescents.

Methods:

A side-effect symptom checklist was completed by participants prior to commencing treatment and during treatment (weekly/fortnightly).

Results:

CBT-plus-fluoxetine was well tolerated and not associated with higher levels of adverse events than the other treatments. Adverse events in all groups decreased over time, and the only adverse event distinct to fluoxetine was nausea. Baseline anxiety predicted higher levels of adverse events. There was one suicide attempt in the CBT-plus-placebo group but no statistically significant difference in suicide attempts between groups. Participants with a comorbid depressive disorder were more likely to report self-injury ideation but not suicidal ideation compared with those who did not have comorbid depressive disorder. Frequency of suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury was significantly lower in the CBT-plus-fluoxetine group compared with the CBT-only group. Frequency of self-injury ideation was significantly lower in the CBT-plus-fluoxetine group compared with both other groups.

Conclusions:

Overall, the treatments were well tolerated and fluoxetine plus CBT appeared to be protective against suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, and self-injury ideation in this sample.
Long-term condition evaluation for stay cable systems using dead load–induced cable forces
Authors: Ren Yuan , Xu Xiang , Huang Qiao , Zhao Dan-Yang , Yang Juan
Published: January 2019

To ensure the safety of cable-stayed bridges, a long-term condition evaluation method has been proposed based on dead load–induced cable forces. To extract dead load–induced cable forces under random vehicle loadings, a novel approach is first developed by integrating influence lines with monitoring data. Then, based on the extracted dead load–induced cable forces, the evaluation algorithm for stay cable systems is presented. In the assessment algorithm, uniform and non-uniform characteristics are taken into account. Finally, the Third Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, a typical large span cable-stayed bridge, is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. As a result, the maximum relative error in extraction of dead load–induced cable forces accounts for 4.78% within the studied five stay cables. The precision of the extraction method is acceptable for practical applications since the relative error is less than 5%. Moreover, the bridge is continuously assessed using the dead load–induced cable forces for 5 years. Eliminating the influence of vehicle loadings, the condition of the bridge gradually degrades with time but still remains in good condition. The study not only provides a long-term condition evaluation method for stay cable systems but a dead load–induced extraction approach under random vehicle loadings, which will help bridge owners know well the condition of bridges to make appropriate maintenance decisions.
Comfort-enhanced vibration control for delayed active suspensions using relaxed inequalities
Authors: Wang Gang , Chen Haihong , Zhou Zhijin
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a comfort-enhanced vibration control design approach for vehicle active suspensions with control delay. By introducing some novel relaxed inequalities, a less conservative bounded real lemma is derived such that the suspension system is asymptotically stable and has an enhanced vibration attenuation performance in the presence of road disturbance and control delay. In the control design, an augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is proposed to enlarge the degree of freedom of design. A suitable controller can be obtained via a sufficient condition with linear matrix inequality constraints. Compared with the previous methods based on frequently used inequalities and the traditional Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, the proposed controller can provide better comfort performance for different control delays. Finally, the advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated using numerical examples.
An analysis of noise pollution emitted by moving MF285 Tractor using different mixtures of biodiesel, bioethanol and diesel through artificial intelligence
Authors: Ghaderi Mohammad , Javadikia Hossein , Naderloo Leila , Mostafaei Mostafa , Rabbani Hekmat
Published: January 2019

In the present study, the noise pollution from different compositions of biodiesel, bioethanol, and diesel fuels in MF285 Tractor was studied in the second and third gears from two positions: driver and bystander, at 1000 and 1600 r/min, and running on 10 different fuel levels. For data analysis, the ANFIS network, neural network, and response surface methodology were applied. Comparing the means of noise pollution at different levels demonstrated that the B25E6D69 fuel, made up of 25% biodiesel and 6% bioethanol, had the lowest noise pollution. The lowest noise pollution was at 1000 r/min. Although the noise pollution emitted in the third gear was a little more than that emitted in the second gear. All the resultant models, laid by response surface methodology, neural network, and ANFIS had excellent results. Considering the statistical criteria, the best models with high correlation coefficients and low mean square errors were ANFIS, response surface methodology, and artificial neural network models, respectively.
Writing around violence: Representing organized crime in Kingston, Jamaica
Authors: Jaffe Rivke
Published: January 2019

Ethnographies of Latin American and Caribbean gangs tend to emphasize the violent practices of these social groups. My own research in Kingston, Jamaica, on criminal leaders known as ‘dons’, analyzed their entanglement with the Jamaican state and studied how their relations with inner-city residents resemble citizenship relations. While dons are undoubtedly directly associated with Jamaica’s high homicide levels, they also provide social welfare and public order, and my work has focused principally on this relatively non-violent side of donmanship. In this article, I reflect on the factors underlying this particular representational emphasis, which has sometimes led to accusations of my ‘romanticizing the dons’. Assessing these various factors, the article considers whether it is ethically justifiable and epistemologically sound to produce ethnographies of violent actors without dwelling in detail on their acts of violence. Given the skew in studies of criminal organizations, and of inner-city life, toward extensive description of and analytical attention to violence, I propose that producing ethnographic narratives that decenter it is in fact justifiable. In addition, studying criminal organizations through less common frameworks can open new avenues of exploration that may be obscured if we continue to satisfy popular and academic expectations of the centrality of violence.
Regulation by visibility: New forms of global social governance
Authors: Drubel Julia
Published: January 2019

Nation states, networks and international organisations provide huge amounts of quantified information on all fields of international politics. This is done in an effort to regulate them. Besides the increase of numbers, recently, pictures emerge as visual practices of regulations. Parts of the political effort of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to abolish forced labour build a valuable example. The ILO publishes both estimates on forced labour and Global Reports. In addition, illustrated narrations on how a person is trapped in forced labour are provided at its website. Hence, the decent work discourse on regulating forced labour as a Core Labour Standard (CLS) no longer exclusively draws on texts, but increasingly includes image representations. Thus, the article asks how quantitative knowledge on forced labour is produced and visualised as a mode of regulative governance. In order to understand the content of the ILO’s discursive regulative governance, its strategic alignment and to infer on its possible strengths or weaknesses, discursive and pictographic practices are made accessible.