bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Multidisciplinary Approaches in the Criminal Justice System: A Study of the Handling of Gender-Based Crime
Authors: Abrari Ahmad , Aisyah Siti
Published: February 2025

Gender-based crimes, such as sexual violence, domestic violence, and exploitation of women and children, are complex issues that require multidisciplinary handling. In Indonesia, although Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning the Crime of Sexual Violence (UU TPKS) has been adopted as a step forward, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as limited understanding of law enforcement officials regarding gender issues and lack of collaboration with other disciplines such as psychology and sociology. The dominance of patriarchal culture and a judicial system focused on formal legal procedures often ignores the social and psychological needs of victims. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving various professions, such as psychologists, social workers, and human rights activists, is needed to ensure the protection and recovery of victims in a comprehensive manner. A criminal justice system that is more responsive to the needs of victims can be achieved by improving coordination between agencies and strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officials through gender-based training. This study uses descriptive-analytical methods to evaluate the challenges and opportunities of implementing this approach, relying on secondary data from regulations, government agency reports and NGOs. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide recommendations to strengthen judicial policies and practices that are fairer and more inclusive
Service Quality Management in Passport Issuance at Class I TPI Immigration Office Surabaya
Authors: Laksmi I Gusti Ayu Dini Riarti Laretna , Mustofa Amirul , Widyawati Widyawati
Published: February 2025

This study aims to evaluate the quality management of services in the passport issuance process at the Class I Immigration Office TPI Surabaya. High-quality and efficient services are essential to meet the public’s needs for travel documents, particularly passports. However, despite being regulated by strict standards, service implementation occasionally encounters obstacles that may impact applicants' experiences. This research focuses on how service management quality at the Surabaya Immigration Office affects applicant satisfaction and effectiveness in achieving the expected service standards. The method used in this study is qualitative. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with immigration officers and direct observation of the service process in the field. The study results indicate that the management of passport issuance services at the Class I Immigration Office TPI Surabaya is quite effective, with various indicators showing high achievements. Service process effectiveness reached 85%, while service speed was at 90%, demonstrating good service standards despite occasional technical issues. Resource use efficiency was recorded at 88%, reflecting the optimization of technology to reduce manual workload. Officer responsiveness scored 92%, while the quality of interaction between officers and applicants reached 93%, indicating friendly and professional service that enhances public satisfaction. Based on these findings, it is concluded that, overall, the Class I Immigration Office TPI Surabaya has successfully met public expectations in passport issuance services. Recommendations include increasing service capacity through technology optimization, expanding officer training, and educating applicants about required documents and digital systems to improve future service effectiveness
Development of Mathematics Learning Media Based on Augmented Reality and Unity 3D
Authors: Fauzi Moch. , Ridho'i Mohammad
Published: February 2025

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of the use of augmented Reality-based learning media (AR) in improving students ' understanding of abstract mathematical concepts. By utilizing AR and Unity3D Technology, students are provided with a more interactive and visual learning experience through 3D objects that enable a clearer understanding of concepts. The results showed that AR-based learning media is effective in helping students understand difficult math materials, increasing their motivation, and involvement in learning. In addition, positive perceptions from teachers and students regarding the use of AR were also revealed, where this medium is considered to be able to facilitate teaching and make students more interested and active in learning. However, the study also found some challenges, such as limited devices that can support AR applications optimally and difficulties in integrating AR with existing curricula. This research suggests further development in technology and infrastructure to improve the effectiveness of the use of AR-based learning media in the future.
The Role of Technology in Pluralism and Multicultural Learning During the Pandemic Era for Islamic Elementary School Students.
Authors: Mukhlisoh Mukhlisoh
Published: February 2025

The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of pluralism and multicultural learning in the pandemic era for students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) in Cirebon Regency, West Java. The research method used is qualitative-descriptive with data collection techniques from observations, interviews, and documentation studies that focus on the themes of pluralism education, multicultural education, and online learning for MI students. The findings reveal that the practice of learning pluralism and multiculturalism in the pandemic era is carried out by integrated Islamic and social studies teachers. Learning practices are carried out with special characteristics that are different from elementary schools, namely online learning guided by Islamic values ​​(Al Quran and Hadith). The values ​​taught are not about tolerance (tasamuh), mutual cooperation, and respect for others where the concepts of pluralism and multiculturalism are packaged in such a way that students can understand them from a religious point of view. The conclusion is that pluralism and multicultural education during the pandemic is very dependent on technology such as online learning models and learning applications. The selection of the right learning method refers to the theory of technology-based learning that can support pluralism and multicultural learning. In addition, it is very important to understand the 2022 curriculum so that learning in the new school year can quickly adapt to the pandemic situation and the students themselves. The results of this study serve as input for educational institutions, especially teachers in relevant fields of science to improve learning models in supporting educational goals in Indonesia
Digital Transformation in Human Resource Management: Challenges and Opportunities for Modern Organizations
Authors: Eprianto Idel , Djunaedi  , Mulyanto Takim , Sumarno Sumarno
Published: February 2025

Digital transformation in human resource management has become a major factor in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of HR management in the modern era. Along with the rapid development of technology, many organizations have begun to turn to digital systems to handle various HR functions, such as recruitment, training, payroll, and performance management. This research aims to analyze the impact of digital transformation in HR management, focusing on the challenges faced by organizations and the opportunities that can be utilized to improve HR management. The method used is a literature study and qualitative analysis of various secondary sources, including scientific articles and industry reports. The results show that the application of digital technology in HR provides significant benefits, such as increased operational efficiency, reduced administrative costs, and more accurate and measurable data-based performance management. Technologies such as cloud-based systems, artificial intelligence (AI) for recruitment, and analytics platforms provide opportunities for organizations to make faster, evidence-based decisions However, digital transformation also presents challenges, including resistance to changes in organizational culture, data security and privacy concerns, and digital skills gaps among employees. The implications of this research suggest that organizations must provide adequate technology training, overcome cultural barriers and ensure personal data protection in order to harness the full potential of digital transformation. Organizations that successfully manage these challenges will gain a competitive advantage, create a more efficient work environment and improve the overall employee experience.
Leadership Strategies to Achieve Organization with Superior Performance
Authors: David David , Riyadi Selamet , Lestari Setyani Dwi , Saputro Adi , Muhdaliha Eryco
Published: February 2025

Effective leadership strategies play a crucial role in achieving superior organizational performance. Leadership approaches such as transformational, visionary, and participative leadership contribute to enhancing productivity, efficiency, and overall organizational success. This study explores the relationship between leadership strategies and organizational performance, emphasizing how effective leadership can foster a positive work environment, drive employee motivation, and support strategic decision-making. Strong leadership is essential in navigating dynamic business challenges, ensuring adaptability, and promoting sustainable growth. The findings suggest that organizations should prioritize leadership development programs and adopt strategic leadership models to optimize performance. Additionally, fostering a culture of innovation, collaboration, and continuous improvement can further enhance organizational effectiveness. This study highlights the importance of leadership as a key factor in organizational success and provides insights into how leadership strategies can be effectively implemented to achieve long-term competitive advantage. Future research may explore additional factors influencing organizational performance, such as corporate culture and technological advancements.
The Impact of Economic Nationalism Policies on Global Cooperation: A Case Study of The Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Somad Abdul , Fatmawati Fatmawati
Published: February 2025

This study analyzes the impact of Indonesia's economic nationalism policy on global cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic. By implementing policies such as import restrictions, domestic sector incentives, and local product promotion, Indonesia aims to protect the national economy and reduce dependence on foreign products. Although these policies help strengthen the domestic economy, their impact on international trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI) is quite significant. The decline in FDI in 2020 and tensions with trading partners related to protectionist policies are major challenges for Indonesia's global economic cooperation. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through literature studies and analysis of government policy documents, as well as secondary data from scientific articles and international reports. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia's economic nationalism policy provides short-term benefits for economic stability, but poses risks to international competitiveness and long-term economic cooperation.
Evaluation of routine blood sugar screening Program as an effort to prevent Diabetes in the community
Authors: Hutapea Dwight Mahaputera Marulitua , Hutapea Kimberley Maharani Maulibulung
Published: February 2025

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of routine blood sugar screening programs in early detection of diabetes and preventing long-term complications in the community. This screening Program has proven effective in detecting cases of diabetes at an early stage, but the level of community participation still needs to be improved. Factors such as people's knowledge of diabetes, accessibility of health services, and social and economic conditions influence participation in the program. In addition, the challenges faced include limited infrastructure, a shortage of trained medical personnel, and the cost of screening which is an obstacle for some communities. Although this screening encourages positive behavioral changes, such as healthy eating and exercise, ongoing support through education and supervision is needed to ensure long-term changes. The study recommends improving access and quality of services, as well as health policies that support the sustainability and expansion of routine blood sugar screening programs.
The Impact Of CSR Programs On Local Economic Development: A Beneficiary Community Perspective
Authors: Andhayani Atik , Fadilah Hafid , Chin Jacky
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak program Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) terhadap pembangunan ekonomi lokal dari perspektif komunitas penerima manfaat. Fenomena yang mendasari penelitian ini adalah semakin banyaknya perusahaan yang melaksanakan program CSR sebagai upaya untuk berkontribusi terhadap pembangunan sosial-ekonomi, namun dampaknya terhadap komunitas lokal sering kali belum sepenuhnya terukur atau dirasakan secara merata. Banyak program CSR yang diimplementasikan tanpa mempertimbangkan kebutuhan spesifik komunitas yang terlibat, yang dapat mengakibatkan ketidakefektifan dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Gap penelitian ini terletak pada kurangnya studi yang secara mendalam mengeksplorasi bagaimana pelaksanaan program CSR memengaruhi kondisi ekonomi lokal, khususnya dari sudut pandang penerima manfaat yang langsung terlibat dalam program tersebut. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan desain deskriptif-eksploratif, penelitian ini mengumpulkan data dari 150 responden yang terlibat dalam pelatihan keterampilan, bantuan modal usaha, dan peningkatan infrastruktur di wilayah penelitian. Data diperoleh melalui survei, wawancara semi-terstruktur, dan studi dokumentasi terkait pelaksanaan program CSR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program CSR memberikan dampak positif terhadap peningkatan pendapatan, penciptaan lapangan kerja, dan kualitas hidup masyarakat, meskipun terdapat tantangan dalam implementasi, seperti kurangnya sosialisasi dan ketidaksesuaian bantuan dengan kebutuhan lokal. Temuan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan rekomendasi bagi perusahaan dan pemangku kepentingan untuk merancang program CSR yang lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan, dengan memperhatikan kebutuhan spesifik masyarakat yang terlibat.
Estimated Rice Sales at Perum Bulog Sub Divre Medan using the Double Exponential Smoothing Method
Authors: Windy Esti Andari  , Diyah Nurhayati
Published: February 2025

The estimated rice sales at Perum Bulog Sub Divre Medan is crucial information in planning and managing rice supplies. In this study, we apply the Double Exponential Smoothing forecasting method to estimate rice sales at Perum Bulog Sub Divre Medan. This approach allows us to identify complex sales patterns and generate accurate forecasts to aid in informed decision making. We use historical rice sales data to train a forecasting model and evaluate its performance. Experimental results show that the Double Exponential Smoothing method can provide reliable estimates of rice sales, with a satisfactory level of accuracy. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of inventory management and operational planning of Perum Bulog Sub Divre Medan.
STAD Type Cooperative Learning Style to Improve Students' Mathematical Abilities
Authors: Rizqa Noviana Putri  , Airlangga Kaivalya
Published: February 2025

The application of the STAD type cooperative learning method (Student Teams-Achievement Divisions) is a relevant strategy in efforts to improve students' mathematical abilities. In this research, we examine the effectiveness of using the STAD type cooperative learning style in improving students' mathematical abilities. This approach involves dividing students into small teams to encourage collaboration, joint problem solving, and knowledge exchange. We evaluated the impact of implementing this learning model on students' mathematical abilities and gained insight into effective learning strategies in the context of improving mathematics achievement.
A Comparative Analysis of Quantum Computing and Classical Computing in Solving Linear Algebra Problems
Authors: Andrea Montemurro  , Marco F. Durante  , Silvia Giordano
Published: February 2025

Quantum computing offers promising alternatives to classical approaches for solving complex linear algebra problems. This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of quantum algorithms versus classical algorithms in solving systems of linear equations and matrix operations. Through simulation and analysis, we demonstrate that while quantum computing holds advantages in specific problem sets, classical computing remains efficient for general applications. These findings highlight the current limitations and potential of quantum computing.
Optimization Algorithms for Solving Non-linear Problems in Natural Resource Management
Authors: Muhammad syahrizal ibnu jihad  , Yuliana Dwi Hapsari  , Satrio tegar wicaksono
Published: February 2025

Natural resource management involves complex decision-making processes that often result in non-linear optimization problems. This study explores the application of genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to manage resources like water and forest reserves more efficiently. We compare the effectiveness of these algorithms in achieving sustainable utilization while minimizing environmental impact. The results show that GA outperforms PSO in forest management scenarios, while PSO is more suitable for water resource distribution.
Protest Movements and Political Changes in ‘Managed Democracies’: A Study of Umbrella Movement, 2014 in Hong Kong
Authors: Akbar Aneela , Jawad Safia , Shah Mian Raza
Published: February 2025

The second decade of the 21st century can truly be called an era of protests and social movements. These movements emerged equally in both democratic and non-democratic states. Hong Kong, the semi-autonomous region of China was jolted by one such movement called the Umbrella Movement. Though the movement had long historical roots, perhaps the immediate reason for its emergence was the controversy surrounding the election to the office of the Chief Executive. Tens of thousands of people occupied the central parts of the city center for more than two months. Though people bore all kinds of hardships and troubles but could not achieve anything at the end. This paper is about the causes for the emergence and ultimate failure of the Umbrella Movement, launched in the year 2014 to preserve the autonomous status of Hong Kong.
Addressing The Issue of Brain Drain in Developing Countries: How Can the Outflow of Skilled Individuals Be Transformed into A Beneficial Acquisition Of Knowledge?
Authors: Izan Khan
Published: February 2025

The term "brain drain" refers to the worldwide dispersion of medical professionals who seek improved living and working conditions, higher standards of living, enhanced employment opportunities, access to advanced technologies, and more politically stable environments.The problem is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the global consequences of health professionals migrating abroad in search of better opportunities, both inside their own country and internationally, and the effect that this migration has on the healthcare systems of poorer nations.What are the motivations behind individuals with exceptional talents choosing to emigrate from their own country and go to another? What specific effects do these migrations have on the education sector?What measures can be employed to promote migration from less developed countries to more developed countries? The objective of this article is to tackle obstacles, raise awareness about important matters, and offer remedies to promote the involvement of immigrant health professionals in utilizing their knowledge, abilities, and innovative capabilities to contribute to the economic advancement of their respective nations.
Fabrication of Ketoconazole Nanoformulation Using Extra Virgin Olive Oil: A Comparative Pharmacokinetic and Stability Study
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Khan Mir Azam , Ur Rehman Maqsood , Khan Jahangir , Abdullah  , Shah Kifayat Ullah , Ur Rahman Aziz
Published: February 2025

Ketoconazole belongs to the class II drugs of the biopharmaceutical classification system and has low solubility issues. In the market, the available drug ketoconazole is 200-400 mg and is associated with low solubility. To cope with these issues nanoemulsion is formulated. During the fabrication of the nanoemulsion, olive oil was used as a lipid, tween 80 as a surfactant, and PEG 600 as a co-surfactant. By changing these ratios of surfactants and co-surfactants, formulations with different particle sizes and polydispersity index were obtained. The optimized lipid-based nanoparticles obtained have a particle size of 50.29 nm, polydispersity index of 0.377, and Zeta potential -17.2 mv. They have an entrapment efficiency of 78% and a drug loading capacity of 3.97%. Further characterization through the FTIR study showed that there is no interaction between drug excipients. The scanning electron microscopy showed white patches, which also confirmed nanoparticles formation. The XRD analysis showed that the drug changed from crystalline to amorphous form. The in vitro study was conducted, and the nanoformulation showed better bioavailability than the marketed one. A statistical model was applied to the in vitro study. The stability study was conducted at different temperatures, and the formulation was found stable at refrigerated, room, and hot temperatures. The in vivo antifungal study proved that nanoformulation has a better recovery rate as compared to the marketed one. The similarity index was 69.3, and the peaks of nanoformulation were above the marketed one in terms of release kinetics. It is concluded from the study that nanoformulation was better in terms of recovery, release, and cost than the marketed drug.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Medication Practices Among Adults of District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Baig Fajar , Baig Arsalan , Khanam Surrya , Khan Naveed
Published: February 2025

Self-medication is using any drug or medicine to treat illness without the physician’s advice. In the present study, we aimed to assess self-medication practices among the general population of District Nowshera, Pakistan. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2021 and January 2022. A well-structured interview questionnaire was designed, and data were collected from 400 random participants through face-to-face interviews. The overall prevalence rate of self-medication was found to be 96.8 percent. Headache and flu were reported as the most common complaints for self-medication practice. Knowledge about medicines was the frequently reported reason for self-medication practice, while home remedies, antibiotics, and multivitamins were the leading medicines. Direct purchase from pharmacies was the main source of availability of the drugs for self-medication. In conclusion, we report a high prevalence of self-medication practices and suggest that proper education and awareness about drug use, along with strict monitoring of drug sales, are required to help minimize self-medication practices in the general population.
Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections During COVID-19 Pandemic in Mardan Division
Authors: Abrar Tamanna , Ali Shahid , Fahad Shah , Ali Pir Asmat , Afshan  , Gul Sajjad , Akbar Aizaz , Naeem Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are multifactorial diseases due to several pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites. But bacteria are the primary pathogen that causes UTIs. One of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections in the community is urinary tract infection. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic at various hospitals and laboratories of the Mardan Division from December 2020 to November 2021. Mid-stream urine was collected as samples from patients with UTI. Whole samples were injected into MacConkey and Blood agar, and then the urease, catalase, and indole analyses were performed to identify gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The CLSI was followed while doing culture sensitivity tests for various antibiotics. Determining the prevalence of UTIs was the study's main objective; next, the most effective antibiotic for uropathogenic bacteria was investigated. Twenty-two percent of the samples, or 117/531, were positive for UTIs. Of them, 64.9% of the samples collected are from the female community. The medium to older demographic has the highest chance of UTI in the age distribution. After 117 isolates had been obtained, the most abundant urinary tract infectious microorganisms detected were E. Col (62.4%) and Klebsiella spp. (11.1%), and Pseudomonas (7.7%). According to antibiotic susceptibility testing, the most resistant medications include gentamicin and meropenem. Nevertheless, the most sensitive antibiotics include ciprofloxacin and meropenem. The current study concludes that urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe multi-pathogenic issue that is prevalent in the Mardan Division.
Computational Identification of New Inhibitors for 3C-Like Protease: A Potential Drug Target in Coronavirus
Authors: Numan Muhammad Numan , Ajmal Amar , Iqra Iqra Akbar , Mubassir Shah Syed Mubassir Shah , Ali Arif
Published: February 2025

SARS CoV-2 is a single-strand RNA, positive sense and enveloped beta coronavirus that causes respiratory, nervous, hepatic, and human gastrointestinal diseases. Due to the presence of spike glycoprotein, it appears crown or corona-like. SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious and has caused more deaths and infections. Old-age people and immune-compromised patients face the greatest risk of death. The main protease (Mpro), also known as the 3CL pro, is responsible for virus replication.  Because it differs from human proteases, the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be an attractive target for drugs.  The process of developing a new drug is difficult, time-consuming, expensive, and usually takes more than ten years and billions of dollars. On the other hand, computer-aided techniques have accelerated the process of drugs. The present study aims to identify new inhibitors for the Main protease. The South African natural compound database containing 1012 compounds was docked against the Main protease. The compound with a good docking binding energy score was simulated for a total of 100 ns, and the result was compared with the control compound. The compound SANC00361 had a binding energy score of -7.30 Kcal/mol. The compound SANC00361 was found to be more stable as compared to the control compound. The identified compound SANC00361 may possess the potential to inhibit the Mpro of SARS CoV-2 and can be helpful in treating SARS CoV-2-associated infections.
Evaluation of Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Different Known Anti-Leishmanial Natural Products
Authors: Wazir Naila , Khan Huma , Samreen Saleem Samreen , Naeem Muhammad , Ullah Nazif
Published: February 2025

Toxins are harmful substances that can cause visible or invisible damage to organisms or illness if absorbed, inhaled, or taken through the skin [1]. Genotoxicity is the term used to describe the characteristics of chemical agents that damage a cell's genetic information, possibly resulting in mutations that cause cancer. Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. This research aimed to determine the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of plant extracts from Cannabis sativa, Digera muricata, and Saccharum spontaneum. It was hypothesized that the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of these plant extracts increase with concentration. Extracts were prepared in ethanol and evaluated for toxicity. Human red blood cells (RBCs) were used to evaluate cytotoxicity, while the Allium cepa test was performed to assess genotoxicity. Cytotoxicity results showed varying levels of RBC toxicity: D. muricata at 1000 μg/mL (16.438%), C. sativa at 1000 μg/mL (34.017%), and S. spontaneum at 1000 μg/mL (16.169%), indicating higher toxicity at increased doses. Genotoxicity results indicated that D. muricata caused the highest mitotic phase arrest at higher concentrations, predominantly affecting prophase and metaphase stages. Chromosomal aberrations included breaks, bridges, sticky chromosomes, abnormal spindle fibers, and irregular chromosomal arrangements during metaphase. Among the plants tested, C. sativa was slightly more genotoxic compared to D. muricata and S. spontaneum. Root length inhibition assays supported the cytotoxicity results, with D. muricata being the most effective, followed by C. sativa and S. spontaneum. Overall, the extracts exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Further in-vivo testing and isolation of toxic compounds are recommended.
Understanding Past and Predicting Future Climate Changing Scenarios through Tree Rings in Oak Forest Region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Alam Tabasum , Shafiq Muhammad , Rashid Wajid , Qasim Muhammad
Published: February 2025

The Earth's climate system exhibits variability in temperature and rainfall, among other factors. However, existing weather station and satellite observations are too short or sparse to capture this variability fully. To address this limitation, we used tree rings to archive information about past environmental conditions. Tree rings are formed based on various physical, biochemical, and environmental conditions present during the year they were formed, making them a valuable tool for understanding long-term climate variability. They provide a detailed record of environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and drought, over the lifetime of the tree. This information can be used to reconstruct historical climate patterns and understand how they have changed over time. Tree rings are formed when a tree grows a new layer of wood each year. Various environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, drought, and sunlight, can influence the width and characteristics of these rings. The study focused on understanding past and predicting future climate-changing scenarios in the mountainous by using the most common and straightforward measurement of the width of the annual ring, which reflects variability in the factors responsible for annual growth. The rainfall pattern and temperature fluctuations in the region have been found to exhibit a complex relationship. The rainfall pattern has shown variations, and the temperature has experienced increases during specific periods. We observed an increase in the frequency of droughts and flooding events in the study area. Tree rings from Malam Jabba showed the highest rainfall decline in the late 1990s, while an increase was observed in Miandam, Kalam, and its upper mountains. Similarly, we noted moderate to extreme droughts in the years 1918 to 1935, and then in the years 1960 to 1965, 1987, and then with some intervals, i.e., 2014 to 2018, both in lower and upper Swat regions. The analysis of tree rings has revealed a significant positive trend in the magnitude of maximum annual and seasonal temperatures in both the upper and lower regions of Swat, particularly during the late winter and early summer periods. This trend was observed to be most pronounced during the 1950s and 1960s.
Potential of Silver Nanoparticles in Phytoremediation of Wastewater and Their Effects on Growth Parameters of Brassica campestris L.
Authors: Ahmad Asif , Anwar Natasha , Nasim Sahar Nasim , Shah Sania , Asad Sehrish , Sirajuddin  , Haleemullah  , Malak Shahzad , Shah Mohib
Published: February 2025

Innovative solutions that should be researched include using nanoparticles and plants to regenerate heavy metal-polluted water and soil effectively. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized and characterized from Dryopteris filix were employed in phytoremediation. Wastewater was collected from sewage water canals on the boundaries of Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Garden Campus. There were 19 distinct physicochemical properties assessed. Hydroponic research was used to explore the effect of silver nanoparticles on plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, phytohormones, primary and secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, CAT and POD, and chromium (Cr) accumulation in Brassica campestris L. In addition to the Cr-polluted medium supplemented with 50 mgL−1 of AgNPs, seedlings were cultivated in wastewater. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (SPECTRO AAS-4000) was utilized to examine chromium in plant tissues. AgNPs improved plant growth and increased photosynthetic pigments, mitigating the stress of Cr and wastewater, while Cr and wastewater significantly reduced the development of seedlings. Plant growth, secondary metabolites, and phytohormones were all suppressed by chromium at a concentration of 50 mg L−1. Production of phenol, flavonoids, indole acetic acid, protein, and sugar was increased, whereas oxidative stress was decreased in seedlings exposed to AgNPs. Chromium increased in wastewater application (131.4 & 82.2 mg kg-1), whereas it dropped in AgNP application (104.6 & 82.2 mgkg-1) in B. campestris root and shoot. These findings show that using the correct concentration of AgNPs can help plants remove heavy metals from polluted water through nano-phytoremediation.
Distribution Pattern of Mutations Causing β-Thalassemia in Districts Swabi and Mansehra, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Naveed , Haq Ihteshamul , Ghafoor Sajid Ul
Published: February 2025

The present study analyzed 100 alleles from 50 unrelated families from Districts Swabi and Mansehra through ARMS PCR for the nine most common mutations in the gene for β-globin (HBB), reported in Pakistan. In general, 89% of alleles were completely characterized, and 11% remained uncharacterized. More specifically, in samples collected from Swabi, 08% of mutations remained uncharacterized, and 92% were characterized entirely, while in samples from Mansehra, 86% of the total alleles were characterized, and 14% remained uncharacterized. Overall, the IVSI-5 (G>C), with a frequency of 33%, was identified as the most prevalent, while IVSI-1 (G>A), with a frequency of 0.0%, was the least prevalent allele. The frameshift codons 8/9 (+G) [also known as FSC- 8/9 (+G)] and Cd (codons) 41/42 (-TTCT) alleles were observed to be the second and third most common alleles, respectively. The 619 bp deletion accounted for nine percent of the total alleles investigated. In Mansehra, the IVSI-5 (G>C) was found to be the most predominant allele. The same allele was observed as the second most common allele in Swabi, where the FSC- 8/9 (+G) was found to be the most prevalent type. The FSC- 8/9 (+G) was the second most common mutation in Mansehra. These variations in mutation rates could be attributed to the small sample size or possibly to the different genetic backgrounds of these two regions.
Writing on Skin and Bone
Authors: Parsons Katelin Marit
Published: February 2025

The article explores the material culture of the first stages of writing in premodern Iceland, arguing for the importance of repurposed writing surfaces in supporting beginner literacy. The article compares a biographical account of a self-taught writer, Jón Jónsson Therkelsen (1774–1805), with poetry composed in the 1660s by Stefán Ólafsson of Vallanes (c. 1618–1688), who taught his children to read and write. While the practice of writing on bleached horse bones is well-known from nineteenth-century accounts of self-educated children, Stefán’s poetry demonstrates that use of bone slates was not limited to socially disadvantaged or self-educated children. Stefán’s poems depict writing on animal jawbones as an exercise for those learning to control their pen and form letters correctly, and his poems provide evidence that bones were deliberately supplied by educators for use as reusable writing slates. Also described in Stefán Ólafsson’s poetry is the use of calfskin for children’s writing, a practice that has left enduring material traces in the margins of surviving vellum manuscripts. Vellum became increasingly scarce in the later seventeenth century and was no longer available for beginner writers by Therkelsen’s day. Recycled vellum nevertheless played a role in the process of becoming a writer many decades after paper had become the dominant material for manuscript production.
Defining the Human
Authors: White Tiffany Nicole
Published: February 2025

This article focuses on depictions of skin(s) – fleshy objects used to cover the human body that are representative of a state of being or a specific identity. In contrast to the traditional interpretation, connecting skin-wearing with mythological or sha­manistic shapeshifting, I connect the literary use of skins donned by monstrous figures in the Old Icelandic corpus to the animal skin garments that were fashioned for Adam and Eve after their expulsion from Paradise. This important detail of the protoplasts’ new clothing within the widely-disseminated story of the fall of man has been overlooked as a literary topic of any substance in the field of Old Norse-Icelandic literature, although it has recently received attention in neighboring fields, under­lining its wider literary importance in the Middle Ages. The allegorical mean­ing attached to the garments by Late Antique and medieval theologians – that of shame and animality – provides a fruitful avenue through which to interpret further de­pictions of humans in animal skins in Old Icelandic literature. This symbolism sur­round­ing the human-in-animal allows for a reading of a human-animal hybridity, while also underlining the negative connotations that come with bestial behavior, thus distinguishing man from beast. Non-human behavior and appearance can be tied to the corruption of humanity as a result of original sin. These reflections clarify the task of defining what is not or should not be the paragon of humanity.
This study focuses on two examples. The first is the trolls of the Hrafnistumannsögur. There are four sagas in total, Ketils saga hængs, Gríms saga loðinkinna, Örvar-Odds saga, and Áns saga bogsveigis. Each saga presents (a) troll-ish figure(s) wearing animal skin clothing, using the same terminology for the clothing that is used to describe Adam and Eve’s garments. The second focus of this study is on later medieval depic­tions of humans donning an animal skin in order to “turn” into wolves (were-wolves, if you must), stories that provide fertile material with which to inter­pret the Chris­tian rhetoric of the animality of humans after the fall of man. These depictions are found in medieval Romance or sagas from nearby genres that are heavily in­fluenced by the Romance genre, such as Völsunga saga, Ála flekks saga, Tíodels saga, and Marie de France’s Strengleikar. These two examples of skin-wearing re­present a medi­e­val Icelandic mindset that grapples with the separation of humans from other ani­mals, what that means, what the consequences of crossing over from humanity to ani­mality are, and finally, how to define the human by identifying the animal.
Renal Vision Advanced Kidney Disease Detection Using Attention-Powered Ensemble CNNs
Authors: Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar  , Kashif Iqbal  , Muhammad Shoaib Abid
Published: February 2025

The kidneys eliminate waste, pollutants, and unnecessary water from the bloodstream, which helps to sustain general health. Impaired kidney functioning can have solemn effects for someone's health. Machine learning (ML) approaches have revealed to be operative tools for enlightening clinical decision-making and reducing ambiguity. However, current approaches for detecting kidney disease are frequently imprecise because to biological characteristic constraints. This study delivers a progressive machine learning model that forecasts renal illness by combining preprocessing procedures, hyper parameter optimization, feature selection and Machine Learning algorithms. To improve detection accuracy, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used in aggregation with an attention mechanism. The model identifies kidney anomalies, for example cysts, stones, and cancers, as markers of renal illness. The model was validated using k-fold cross-validation, and the dataset contained around 4000 photos (1000 in each class). The suggested CNN with concentration model has a remarkable accuracy of 99.87% in diagnosing various kidney disease kinds. This version simplifies the language and simplifies the process while leaving the important elements intact.
Unlocking Confidence: The Psychological Empowerment of Women through Education
Authors: Umar Daraz  , Adnan Khan  , Farman Ali  , Muhammad Ijaz khan  , Zakir Hussain
Published: February 2025

This research delves into the transformative influence of education on women's psychological empowerment in District Swat, Pakistan. A phenomenological study design was adopted to explore the lived experiences of 30 educated women from different walks of life. The impact of education from different perspectives has been observed through the thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and group discussions. Accordingly, it is revealed that education has positively affected confidence level, critical thinking, self-efficacy, financial independence, social engagements, resilience as a quality of mind, emotional well-being empowering one in relationships, and the dismantling of gender stereotypes. With critical thinking being observed, women can ask questions to genuinely be part of society’s progress. Education affects self-efficacy, which leads to decision-making for personal and societal development. Breakdown of constraints, financial independence, and holistic empowerment are what education provides. Education leads to engagement in social and community activities and provides personal fulfillment and resilience in life. In District Swat, education creates a platform that breaks gender stereotypes and gives women enough confidence to take up active roles, changing society using advocacy and leadership. The study explains that women’s education should be given a higher priority in policy, and critical life operational skills and sources of economic empowerment should be inculcated. Based on thesis recommendations, education that will eventually result in a more resilient, equitable, and inclusive society is strengthened through supportive environments and mentorship programs in District Swat, Pakistan.
Association of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction with Vestibular Insufficiency Among Health Science University Students
Authors: Muhammad Umer Atif  , Sidra Zafar  , Rabia Iqbal  , Ghina Ijaz  , Tamknat Ilyas
Published: February 2025

This study aims to find out the relationship of temporomandibular disorder with vestibular insufficiency. To Study the relationship of ear and balance symptoms in TMD patients such as headache, dizziness, aural fullness, tinnitus, facial pain, postural sway and dysfunction. To evaluate that the association of these two variables (if positive) have any impact on the quality of life of patients with dizziness. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the sample of 126 students of different university population. Individuals of age 18 to 27 years were included who have temporomandibular disorder symptoms and individuals with any systemic disease or trauma were excluded. Fonseca’s questionnaire was used to assess the temporomandibular disorder and then two tests were performed. The one-minute full open mouth test to evaluate the degree of temporomandibular dysfunction either it is mild moderate or severe and stabile-metric test to evaluate the relationship of temporomandibular dysfunction with vestibular insufficiency. Then to analyze the study by SPSS, chi-square was applied. Results showed that p<0.05, value of p is less than value of α so that means null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is proved. There is strong association between temporomandibular disorder and vestibular insufficiency but usually people ignore their symptoms due to lack of awareness.
Secure Medical Data Transmission: An Adversarial Neural Cryptography-Based Steganography Technique with Digital Signature and LSB Replacement
Authors: Gulfam Ahmad  , Fatima Gulzar  , Hina Riaz
Published: February 2025

It is difficult to secure sensitive healthcare data in light of current technological advancements. Protecting medical material, including patient privacy, is one of the most important concerns with medical information security. In order to safeguard confidentiality, integrity, and availability, security measures must be put in place as medical information becomes increasingly accessible. Recently, image steganography was suggested as an additional data security measure for medical information. This study describes a data-hiding strategy for DICOM medical images. In order to maintain confidentiality, we encrypt and hide the RGB patient image within the Region of Non-Interest (RONI) of the medical image using Adversarial Neural Cryptography with SHA-256 (ANC-SHA-256). Before embedding, we encrypt the RGB patient picture using ANC-SHA-256 to guarantee anonymity. To verify the integrity and authenticity of medical images, we use a secure hash technique with 256 bits (SHA-256) to create a digital signature from the data associated with the DICOM file. Using a variety of medical datasets, such as MRI, CT, X-ray, and ultrasound cover images, several tests were carried out to evaluate visual quality. As a patient-concealed image, the LFW dataset was used. In terms of visual quality metrics, such as the PSNR average of 67.55, the NCC average of 0.9959, the SSIM average of 0.9887, the UQI average of 0.9859, and the APE average of 3.83, the suggested approach works well. In six medical evaluation categories, it performs better than the state-of-the-art methods in these visual quality metrics (PSNR, MSE, and SSIM). Additionally, the suggested approach provides excellent visual quality while withstanding geometrical threats like cropping, rotation, and scaling, as well as physical changes and histogram analysis. Lastly, its high attaining security ratio of 99% during remote transmission of Electronic Patient Records (EPR) via the Internet makes it especially effective in telemedicine applications, protecting patient privacy and data integrity.
Transforming ESL Teaching: Exploring the Potential of AI-Powered Tools in Supporting Teachers in the Classroom
Authors: Mutahira Bukhari  , Dr. Mudasar Jahan  , Mahnoor Ghani Sheikh
Published: February 2025

This qualitative study explores the experiences and perceptions of English as a Second Language (ESL) instructors in higher education institutions in Pakistan regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered tools in language instruction. Aiming to address the research gap in the literature on AI integration in ESL instruction in Pakistan, this study examines the current integration of AI, identifies potential applications to enhance instructor performance and student learning outcomes, and explores the challenges and limitations associated with AI integration. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 ESL instructors, analyzed using thematic analysis, the study reveals that ESL instructors are increasingly interested in leveraging AI-powered tools to support language instruction, but face significant challenges in integrating them into their teaching practices. The findings highlight key benefits of AI integration, including enhanced student engagement, improved feedback, and increased efficiency in grading and assessment, as well as significant challenges, such as limited access to AI-powered tools, inadequate training and support, and concerns about the reliability and validity of AI-generated feedback