bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract 266: Cardiac Arrest in the Intensive Care Unit: A Preventable Problem
Authors: Moskowitz Ari , Berg Katherine M , Grossestreuer Anne V , Cocchi Michael N , Sarge Jennifer , Williams Donna , O’Donoghue Sharon , Sarge Todd , Yang Jesse X , Chase Maureen , Donnino Michael W
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Cardiac arrest occurring in the ICU is a relatively common and highly morbid event. Due to continuous monitoring, low nurse-to-patient ratios and close proximity of the physician team, ICU arrests are often considered an inevitable result of the underlying disease process. We sought to explore the preventability of ICU arrests and identify targets for future intervention.

Methods:
This was a single center, prospective study. For each ICU arrest occurring between 8/2017-3/2018, the clinical team (attending physician, trainee[s] and bedside nurse) were surveyed regarding arrest preventability. An expert team of critical care physicians and nurses also reviewed each arrest, providing a score from 0 (not at all preventable) to 5 (completely preventable). Median preventability scores were calculated and themes of preventability identified.

Results:
We reviewed 39 ICU arrests. Each was reviewed by a median of 7 (6, 8) expert reviewers and 88/159 (55%) surveys were returned. The median preventability rating was 1 (IQR: 0, 2) in the prospective surveys and 1 (0, 2.5) in the expert review. In the expert review, there were 10 (26%) arrests with a median score of >2. Common themes included inadequate response to worsening shock, delays in intubation, failure to obtain help from the senior physician and use of narcotics/anxiolytics for agitation without recognizing or addressing clinical worsening (see Figure). When asked, ‘did you observe/were you informed of any clinical changes preceding the cardiac arrest?’—nurses and trainees responded affirmatively in 74% and 79% of cases, compared to 46% of cases for attending physicians (p=0.03).

Conclusions:
Cardiac arrests in the ICU may be preventable. Nurses and trainees indicated awareness of acute deterioration more often than attending physicians, highlighting an opportunity for improvement. Several clinical themes of preventability were identified which may help inform future data-driven interventions.
Abstract 271: Discrimination Performance of a Non-Invasive and Single-Channel Electroencephalography-Based Brain Cell Viability for Comparing High vs. Low Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; A Porcine Cardiac Arrest Experimental Study
Authors: Choi Dong Sun , Shin Sang Do , Kim Tae Han , Hong Ki Jeong , Kim Hee Chan , Kim Hee Jin , Song Gyeong Jun , Song Sung Wook , Lee Eui Jung , Lee Seon Yeong , Lee Yu Seong , Park Jin Hyung
Published: July 2021

Background:
Maintenance of brain cell viability is the most important goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cardiac arrest. We have developed an non-invasive and single-channel EEG-based Brain Resuscitation Index (EBRI) that can be used to measure the brain cell viability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) CPR can be distinguished using the EBRI.

Methods:
A random case-crossover experimental animal study using porcine cardiac arrest model was performed. After 1 minute of untreated ventricular fibrillation, HQ-CPR (compression depth 5 cm and compression rate 100 per min) and LQ-CPR (compression depth 3 cm and compression rate 60 per min) were alternated every 50 seconds and repeated 10 cycles overall for five pigs. The computing formula of the EBRI was developed to predict the end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) value using a single-channel EEG signals attached to forehead. The EEG signals were continuously measured and calculated simultaneously with the EBRI. Receiver operating characteristic of the area under the curve (ROC-AUC) was used to compare the discrimination power of HQ-CPR versus LQ-CPR. We compared the ROC-AUCs of two EBRI models reflecting time lags )o seconds to 16 seconds) between CPR change (HQ to LQ or LQ to HQ) and measurement of EBRI) comparing with ETCO2 itself.

Results:
Demographics of vital signs and hemodynamic parameters were significantly different between HQ- versus LQ-CPR. (Table 1) The ETCO2 and various models of EBRI with different time lags were concordantly displayed according to HQ- and LQ-CPR alteration in Figure 1. When comparing the AUC-ROC of EBRI models with various time lags for HQ-CPR versus LQ-CPR, the EBRI with 8 seconds time lag model showed the highest value; 0.86 (0,86-0,87). The AUC-ROC of ETCO2 itself showed 0.67 (0.66-0.68).

Conclusion:
A non-invasive and single-channel EEG-based brain resuscitation index than ETCO2 showed the higher performance for discriminating high-and low-quality CPR in a case-crossover animal study. Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Quality, Electroencephalography, Cell Viability
Abstract 312: Abnormal Computerized Tomography of the Brain Immediately After Return of Spontaneous Circulation is Not Associated With Death Following Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Farley Paige , Guyette Francis X , Kessler Adam , Robinett Adam , Rushton William , Siler Patrick , Thomas Jarred J , Booth James S , Garrigan April , Kurz Michael C
Published: July 2021

Study Objectives:
Many post-resuscitation programs routinely utilize immediate computerized tomography of the brain (CT head) following return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) to inform initiation of targeted temperature management (TTM) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We sought to compare the association of abnormal immediate CT head with clinical outcome.

Methods:
Included were consecutive adults with non-traumatic OHCA treated from 2010 to 2018 by two comprehensive post-resuscitation programs. We combined comparable, prospective OHCA registries of clinical and demographic data at each site with a retrospective, structured chart review to abstract results of CT head performed prior to TTM initiation. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated the association between abnormal immediate CT head and death adjusting for age, sex, race, witnessed arrest, shockable initial rhythm, and site.

Results:
Among 172 patients with OHCA, characteristics were median age 60 years (IQR 50-69), male 62.7%, African-American 52.3%, witnessed arrest 85.4%, and shockable initial rhythm 31.3%. CT Head in these subjects was abnormal in 27.9% of cases, specifically demonstrating hypoxic edema in 22.0%. In adjusted models, death was associated with greater age (adjusted OR 1.03 95% CI 1.01-1.06), non-shockable initial rhythm (adjusted OR 3.82 95% CI 1.64-8.95), and longer total time pulseless (adjusted OR 1.02 95% CI 1.01-1.06). In contrast, hypoxic edema or other abnormal CT head readings were not associated with death.

Conclusion:
In this dual-site pilot investigation abnormal findings on immediate CT head following ROSC were not associated with death. Caution should be used when utilizing this imaging modality to inform treatment decisions following OHCA.
Abstract 323: A Peptide Inhibitor of PTEN Improves Mouse Survival After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Zhu Xiangdong , Li Jing , Wang Huashan , Lee Chunpei , Zhu Zhiyi , Vanden Hoek Terry
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Prior works from our laboratory found that cooling protection after cardiac arrest is mediated by enhanced Akt activation and in cardiomyocyte the cooling protection can be reproduced using PTEN chemical inhibitor. The current study extend these works by designing a cell-permeable peptide, TAT-PTEN9c, which is more specific for PTEN.

Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that TAT-PTEN9c interferes with endogenous PTEN binding to cell membrane adaptor resulting in increased Akt activation, enhanced glucose utilization and improved mouse survival after cardiac arrest.

Methods:
Mouse cardiomyocytes were isolated from 1-3 day old mouse pups. Western blot was used to determine the efficacy of TAT-PTEN9c for Akt activation. The effect of TAT-PTEN9c on mouse survival after cardiac arrest was determined in a mouse model. TAT-PTEN9c (7.5 mg/kg) was given intravenously (IV) after CPR. As a measure of impaired glucose utilization, sorbitol content in heart and brain was determined by a fluorescence assay of NADH formation using sorbitol dehydrogenase and NAD
+
.

Results:
TAT-PTEN9c peptide enhanced Akt activation in mouse cardiomyocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Akt phosphorylation was observed at 1 μM and further increased with 10 μM TAT-PTEN9c. TAT-PTEN9c blocked the binding of endogenous PTEN to MAGI2 in a co-immunoprecipitation assay, while TAT-PTEN3a control had no inhibitory effect. In a mouse model of cardiac arrest, survival was significantly increased in the TAT-PTEN9c treated group compared to saline controls at 4 h (10/15, 67% vs. 6/15, 40%,
P
< 0.05) after CPR. TAT-PTEN9c improved MAP at both R30 min and R2h. The treated mice had increased Akt phosphorylation at R15 min in both heart and brain tissues with significantly decreased sorbitol content and reduced release of taurine and glutamate into blood, suggesting improved metabolic recovery and glucose utilization.

Conclusion:
TAT-PTEN9c can be used after CPR in a mouse SCA model to rapidly enhance Akt activation and decrease glucose shunting to the polyol pathway in critical organs, preventing osmotic injury and early cardiovascular collapse and death.
Abstract 328: Hemodynamic Comparison of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats to Their Lean Littermates After Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Balzer Claudius , Baudenbacher Franz , Salzman Michele M , Cleveland William J , Eagle Susan , Riess Matthias L
Published: July 2021

Patients with metabolic syndrome are at higher risk for cardiac arrest (CA), and also have worse neurologic outcome after CA related to their comorbidities (e.g., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM]). Using Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats as a new and relevant model with common comorbidities for CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), we hypothesized that T2DM is associated with a lower chance for return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and/or a worse outcome regarding heart function after asphyxial CA compared to their lean littermates. Two groups of rats (8 ZDF, 7 lean) were monitored for 37±2 weeks. The rats were anesthetized and intubated; heart rate was monitored by subcutaneous ECG needles. Femoral artery and vein were cannulated for continuous blood pressure measurement and delivery of fluids and medications, respectively. Before ventilation was stopped to initiate asphyxial CA, rocuronium was given. After 8 minutes of CA, ventilation was re-initiated with FiO
2
1.0, epinephrine and sodium-bicarbonate were administered, and pneumatic chest compression were started with 200 compressions per minute. Chest compressions were stopped when a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg was achieved. During 4 hours of observation, vital parameters were closely monitored, blood gases were measured, and ejection fraction (EF %) was assessed with ultrasound. Data are mean ± SD. Statistics: Unpaired student’s t-test (two-tailed), α.05. At baseline, ZDF rats showed significantly higher blood glucose levels (504±52 vs 174±14 mg/dl) compared to their lean littermates. All ZDF and lean rats achieved ROSC, and measurements taken directly after ROSC and after the first hour showed no relevant differences. After four hours, there was no difference in heart rate between ZDF and lean rats. However, diabetic rats had a significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure (142±24vs. 107±19 mmHg) and ejection fraction (42±16%vs 20±8%) compared to their lean littermates. The hypothesis that ROSC-rate in diabetic rats would be lower could not be proven. Conversely, the ZDF rats showed a significantly higher blood pressure related to an increased EF%. Further analysis in this study will focus on the impact of T2DM on cardiac and neurological ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Abstract 330: LDK378 Attenuates Macro and Microcirculation in a Sepsis Rat Model Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture
Authors: Ge Weiwei , Yang Zhengfei , Hu Qiaohua , Liu Xuefen , Ling Qin , Bradley Jennifer , Peberdy Mary Ann , Ornato Joseph , Tang Wanchun
Published: July 2021

Background:
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by severe infections. Myocardial dysfunction has been associated with increased mortality in septic patients. Previous studies have demonstrated that LDK378, a second-generation ALK inhibitor, is a potential anti-inflammatory mediator. We investigated the effects of LDK378 on macro and microcirculation in a rat model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced sepsis.

Hypothesis:
LDK378 attenuates the deleterious effects of sepsis on macro- and micro- circulation in CLP induced septic rats.

Method:
Fifteen male rats weighing between 450-550g were randomized into three groups: Sham, CLP, and CLP+LDK378. Our rat sepsis model was induced by 50% cecum ligation and two punctures with a 20-gauge needle. LDK378 (20mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneal (IP) to animals at 0h, 24h and 48 hours after CLP operation in the CLP+LDK378 group. Cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP); sublingual microcirculation including perfused small vessel density (PVD) and microcirculatory flow index (MFI) were measured at 6h, 30h and 54h after CLP.

Results:
Significant reduction in CO, MAP, MFI and PVD were observed in both CLP and CLP+LDK378 groups at 6h, 30h and 54h. However, the levels of CO, MAP, MFI and PVD reduction were significantly better in the CLP+LDK378 group when compared with the CLP group at 30h and 54h after CLP.

Conclusion:
LDK378 attenuates macro and microcirculation parameters in our rat model of sepsis.
Abstract 360: Association Between Door-To-Balloon Time on Mortality in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Kumar Anirudh , Huded Chetan P , Johnson Michael J , Menon Venu , Ellis Stephen G , Kapadia Samir R , Khot Umesh N
Published: July 2021

Background:
Door-to-balloon-time (D2BT) is a national hospital metric for quality of care among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) but STEMI patients with cardiac arrest (CA) are excluded from D2BT public reporting metrics. The association of D2BT with mortality in STEMI patients with cardiac arrest (CA) in the contemporary era of rapid primary PCI is unknown. We assessed the association of D2BT and outcomes in patients with STEMI+CA.

Methods:
We reviewed consecutive cases of STEMI and CA, defined as loss of pulse requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or defibrillation, treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at our center from 1/1/11-12/31/16.We assessed characteristics and outcomes among these patients by quartile of D2BT (Q1: 21-82 minutes, Q2: 83-106 minutes, Q3: 109-139 minutes, Q4: 141-489 minutes).

Results:
We identified 145 patients with STEMI+CA. Increasing quartiles of D2BT were associated with higher proportion of female sex (p=0.040), Caucasian race (p=0.001), and dyslipidemia (p=0.008). The use of guideline-directed medical therapy prior to PCI (aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, and anticoagulant) and the occurrence of in-hospital post-PCI adverse events were similar between groups. We observed a trend toward increased in-hospital mortality associated with increasing D2BT (Q1: 8.3%, Q2: 10.8%, Q3: 19.4%, Q4: 22.2%, p=0.059, Figure).

Conclusion:
D2BT is associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with STEMI+CA. Efforts should be made to implement systems of care to reduce disparities in D2BT among appropriate patients within this population.
Abstract 362: Early Signs of Life as a Prognostic Factor for Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Debaty Guillaume , Nicol Mathilde , Aubert Romain , Clape Cyriel , Bouzat Pierre , Durand Michel , Vanzetto Gerald , Chavanon Olivier , Hutin Alice , Chouhied Tahar , Labarère José , Lamhaut Lionel
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
After 20 to 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), cardiac arrest is considered as refractory (RCA). For RCA, extracorporeal CPR (ECPR) is one of the only treatments with a potential benefit on survival. Presence of gasping during CPR has been shown to be strongly associated with a favorable outcome. To our knowledge, signs of life during CPR (such as gasping, movements, pupillary response) has not been studied in the specific context of RCA treated with ECPR.

Hypothesis:
We assessed the relationship between survival with favorable neurologic outcomes and presence of early signs of life during or before CPR in RCA treated with ECPR.

Methods:
We carried out a multicenter observational study of patients with out-of-hospital RCA treated with ECPR in 3 cities in France. Primary outcome was favorable neurologic outcome at 30 days defined as CPC score ≤ 2. Signs of life were defined as gasping or recovery of normal breathing, any pupillary response or any movements during CPR. Patient selection for ECPR was decided according to french guidelines criteria such as initial rhythm, no-flow duration, expected transport time and EtCO2 > 10 mmHg. A logistic regression analysis was performed.
P
-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results:
Overall, 437 patients treated with ECPR were included with 71 (16%) patients with CPC ≤ 2 at 30 days. Signs of life were observed in 261 (59%) patients, with 136 (31%) patients presenting gasping or respiratory movement, 155 (35%) a pupillary response, and 49 (11%) movements during CPR. Overall 63/261 (24.1%) patients with signs life survived with favorable neurologic outcome vs. 8/176 (4.5%) without signs of life, p<0.0001. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with favorable outcome were: signs of life during CPR (OR 11.0, 95%CI 3.7-32.5; p<0.001), first recorded rhythm VF/VT (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.3-8.9; P=0.011), low-flow duration per min (OR 0.99, 95%CI 0.98-1.00; p=0.032).

Conclusions:
These results highlight the importance of signs of life before or during CPR on neurological outcomes for RCA treated with ECPR. These results could help select patients with good chance of survival in whom we should not give up resuscitation efforts too soon.
A Struggle for Institutionalization: the Tunisian Assemblée des Répresentants du Peuple and the Dominance of Consensus-Oriented Politics
Authors: Bahri Chahd , Völkel Jan Claudius
Published: July 2021

This article is part of the Special Issue “Parliaments in the Middle East and North Africa: A Struggle for Relevance.” Tunisia’s parliament has undergone a remarkable internal transformation process since 2011, from a formerly mostly irrelevant institution to an influential locus of policy-making. This successful progress notwithstanding, the parliament’s transformation to a democratic assembly has not been fully concluded yet. A main challenge is that the legislature still shows a number of characteristics of an “authoritarian parliament”: besides a lack of staff and financial resources, the continuous dominance of personal kinship over institutionalized power structures remains particularly problematic.

While private networks of individual decision-makers were perceived as crucial for Tunisia’s stability during the turbulent post-revolution years, they concomitantly contain the risk for a resurrection of former authoritarian structures. The article thus traces the Tunisian parliament’s major transformation steps from a former irrelevant legislature to a consolidated, influential assembly, and points out the still existing challenges.
Crosslinguistic Image Schema Differential Hypothesis Clarifies Non-Prototypical and Polysemous Spatial Preposition ‘on’ for L2 Learners
Authors: Taferner Robert H. , Yamada Jun
Published: July 2021

A key question for linguistics involves how to determine and account for expressions of non-prototypical spatial relationships between languages. To address this issue, Crosslinguistic Image Schema Differential (CISD) hypothesis is introduced to examine various uses of the English preposition on produced by L2 (second language) learners. Data collection consisted of a grammar test designed to elicit and measure participants’ knowledge of the English preposition on by completing cloze sentences in English, translating these sentences into the L1 (first language), and then drawing visual images of the sentences presented as redescriptions of perceptual events, i.e., image schemas. The most remarkable findings were that two space-relational types (‘encirclement with contact’ and ‘at an edge’) and one image schema (‘concave surface’) were almost completely lacking in the Japanese learners of English (JLEs) who participated in this study. This investigation indicates that simple explicit explanations are possible utilizing the CISD hypothesis.
Metaphoric Conceptual Pathways
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: July 2021

When we are engaged in metaphorical conceptualization online, we create and comprehend a metaphorical contextual meaning through an expression with a more basic, literal meaning. How does this process happen? I cannot answer this question as a psychologist or psycholinguist would; I attempt to answer it from the perspective of a cognitive linguist, and ask: What are the specific figurative devices (metaphors and metonymies) that the process requires in an act of metaphorical conceptualization? I propose that there is not a single device on a single level of conceptualization but several such devices on several levels participating in every act of metaphor use. Furthermore, I suggest that the participating devices constitute conceptual hierarchies that are different for correlation-based and resemblance-based metaphors. I call such hierarchies of figurative devices “metaphoric conceptual pathways.” Finally, I contend that these conceptual pathways emerge in and are shaped by several different context types.
Child and Children in a Corpus of American Fiction: Contrasting Semantic Preferences and Their Experiential Motivations
Authors: Newman John
Published: July 2021

This study investigates the nature of the semantic differences between collexemes of singular child and plural children in a corpus of American fiction. Collexemes in three specific syntactic slots are investigated: adjectives in the attributive position, nouns grammatically possessed by child’s and children’s, and present participial forms of verbs in the position immediately to the right of child/children. The approach relies on Distinctive Collexeme Analysis to establish statistically significant differences, revealing a surprising variety of semantic distinctions not usually acknowledged in discussions of the singularity vs. plurality of count nouns. Finally, an attempt is made to relate the key findings to broader cognitive and behavioural realities.
On the Gradable Nature of the Search Domain: A Study of Degree Modifiers and the Scalar Semantics of Finnish Spatial Grams
Authors: Huumo Tuomas
Published: July 2021

Degree modifiers (DM) are intensifying words that typically modify adjectives or adverbs. Some DMs (e.g., ‘rather’, ‘very’) indicate an open scale, which is unbounded and has no maximal or minimal boundaries, others (e.g., ‘quite’, ‘almost’) a closed scale, which has either or both. In Finnish, many spatial grams, i.e., adpositions and adverbs, accept DMs. Such grams have a scalar meaning, which the DM then elaborates. I analyze three groups of grams: 1) topological luona ‘at; by’, lähellä ‘near’, and kaukana ‘far’; 2) directional kohti ‘towards’ and ohi ‘past’; and 3) targeting keskellä ‘in the middle of’. I argue that the scalar meaning of the grams may relate 1) to the distance between Figure and Ground; 2) to the direction of Figure’s motion or orientation with respect to Ground; 3) to the precision of Figure’s location at (or deviation from) a targeting point specified with respect to Ground. Most of the grams accept only closed-scale DMs, while some accept open-scale DMs, and yet others both. The compatibility of closed-scale DMs with most of the grams indicates that the search domain of the grams is typically bounded and has at least a maximal-degree boundary and often also a minimal-degree boundary.
Tanaididae (Crustacea, Tanaidacea, Tanaidomorpha, Tanaidoidea) on a Floating Dock, West Beach, Adelaide, South Australia: Introduced or Indigenous?
Authors: TAIT VALERIE K. , CONLAN KATHLEEN E. , DITTMANN SABINE
Published: July 2021

Floating artificial structures provide sites for fouling communities and favourable habitat for the establishment of non-indigenous species. Two species of Tanaididae dominated crustacean biota in a one year time-series sampling of macroalgae on the floating dock at the West Beach boat ramp, Adelaide, South Australia. This paper provides identifications for these two species and discusses inter- and intra-species variability considering the available body of morphological and molecular information. We have given one species a new species designation, Tanais adelaidensis n. sp. The other has a 655 nucleotide CO1 sequence matching that of Hexapleomera sasuke Tanabe & Kakui, 2019 collected in Japan, also matching a shorter CO1 sequence for a described Zeuxo Templeton, 1840 species from the Eastern Mediterranean. This work underlines the utility and need for detailed morphological and molecular data to resolve the taxonomy and biogeography of fouling and holdfast community tanaids, particularly those that have the demonstrated potential for a history of transport between geographically distant sites.
A new species of Metendothenia Diakonoff, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Thailand
Authors: PINKAEW NANTASAK , MUADSUB SOPITA
Published: July 2021

Metendothenia chanthaboonica sp. nov. is described as new to science. Illustrations of the adult and genitalia are provided. The new taxon increases the number of described Metendothenia species to 16 worldwide, with four recorded from Thailand.
3. Why Ritualized Behavior?
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: July 2021

Ritualized behavior, intuitively recognizable by its stereotypy, rigidity, repetition, and apparent lack of rational motivation, is found in a variety of life conditions, customs, and everyday practices: in cultural rituals, whether religious or non-religious; in many children’s complicated routines; in the pathology of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD); in normal adults around certain stages of the life-cycle, birthing in particular. Combining evidence from evolutionary anthropology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging, we propose an explanation of ritualized behavior in terms of an evolved Precaution System geared to the detection of and reaction to inferred threats to fitness. This system, distinct from fear-systems geared to respond to manifest danger, includes a repertoire of clues for potential danger as well as a repertoire of species-typical precautions. In OCD pathology, this system does not supply a negative feedback to the appraisal of potential threats, resulting in doubts about the proper performance of precautions, and repetition of action. Also, anxiety levels focus the attention on low-level gestural units of behavior rather than on the goal-related higher-level units normally used in parsing the action-flow. Normally automatized actions are submitted to cognitive control. This “swamps” working memory, an effect of which is a temporary relief from intrusions but also their long-term strengthening. Normal activation of this Precaution System explains intrusions and ritual behaviors in normal adults. Gradual calibration of the system occurs through childhood rituals. Cultural mimicry of this system’s normal input makes cultural rituals attention-grabbing and compelling. A number of empirical predictions follow from this synthetic model.
7. The Ideal of Integrated Social Science
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: July 2021

Why is most cultural anthropology largely irrelevant? The voice of that particular field in broader academic discussions is almost inaudible, its scholars are no longer among the recognizable and important public intellectuals of the day, and its contribution to public debates is close to nonexistent. This last feature is all the more troubling, as the subject matter of cultural anthropology would seem to place it at the center of crucial social debates. Although I will substantiate this rather harsh diagnosis, the point of this chapter is less to offer a jeremiad than to propose an etiology and perhaps a cure for the current predicament of cultural anthropology. My diagnosis is that this is a largely self-inflected condition. What is clear is that a vast domain is open to cultural anthropological investigation, provided that the practitioners accept substantive re-tooling and discard old fetishes. If slogans are needed, an integrated study of culture should proclaim the great values of reductionism, the ambition to understand the causal processes underpinning behaviors; opportunism, the use of whatever tools and findings get us closer to that goal; and revisionism, a deliberate indifference to disciplinary creeds and traditions. The integrated view of human culture—what some may call a “vertical integration” in the field—will allow cultural anthropology to return to the highly ambitious set of questions it should have addressed all along.
Understanding the Impacts of Land Surface and PBL Observations on the Terrestrial and Atmospheric Legs of Land–Atmosphere Coupling
Authors: Lawston-Parker Patricia , Santanello Joseph A. , Kumar Sujay V.
Published: July 2021

Accurately representing land–atmosphere (LA) interactions and coupling in NWP systems remains a challenge. New observations, incorporated into models via assimilation or calibration, hold the promise of improved forecast skill, but erroneous model coupling can hinder the benefits of such activities. To better understand model representation of coupled interactions and feedbacks, this study demonstrates a novel framework for coupled calibration of the single column model (SCM) capability of the NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) system coupled to NASA’s Land Information System (LIS). The local land–atmosphere coupling (LoCo) process chain paradigm is used to assess the processes and connections revealed by calibration experiments. Two summer case studies in the U.S. Southern Great Plains are simulated in which LSM parameters are calibrated to diurnal observations of LoCo process chain components including 2-m temperature, 2-m humidity, surface fluxes (Bowen ratio), and PBL height. Results show a wide range of soil moisture and hydraulic parameter solutions depending on which LA variable (i.e., observation) is used for calibration, highlighting that improvement in either soil hydraulic parameters or initial soil moisture when not in tandem with the other can provide undesirable results. Overall, this work demonstrates that a process chain calibration approach can be used to assess LA connections, feedbacks, strengths, and deficiencies in coupled models, as well as quantify the potential impact of new sources of observations of land–PBL variables on coupled prediction.
Hymec: Surface Precipitation Type Estimation at the German Weather Service
Authors: Steinert Jörg , Tracksdorf Patrick , Heizenreder Dirk
Published: July 2021

The analysis and forecast of precipitation characteristics is a key task for national meteorological services for providing high-quality weather forecasts and warnings. Beside the precipitation amount, the precipitation type is essential to describe and evaluate the recent, ongoing, and future weather situations. This paper introduces a new surface-based hybrid hydrometeor classification algorithm. The presented method combines polarimetric radar observations at radar beam height from the C-band dual-polarization weather radar network of the German Weather Service [Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)] with corrected thermodynamical profiles of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output and extrapolates the hydrometeor classes at radar beam height to a height of 2 m above ground level (AGL). The implemented technique parameterizes the microphysical processes in the lower troposphere based on the appropriate thermodynamical profile that the hydrometeors have to pass along their way from the radar beam height to the surface. Due to errors in NWP output, the NWP vertical profiles of temperature and humidity are adjusted by using several types of surface stations with high spatial and temporal resolution. Verification results show considerable improvements in the hydrometeor classification near the ground compared to the radar sweep height. After an additional positive in-house evaluation, the presented method is integrated into DWD’s operational environment. The topic of this paper is to describe the processing steps for the computation of the near-surface precipitation type. In addition, example cases and a verification study complement the explanations.
P-type α-Fe2O3 hexagonal nanosheets: Synthesis and aniline-sensing performance
Authors: Zhu Hang , Zhang Hehan , Yang Tianye , Zhou Liming , Wang He , Li Sirui , Lan Yubin
Published: July 2021

The unique α-Fe2O3 hexagonal nanosheets have been successfully prepared through a facile solvothermal method with subsequent calcining process. The as-synthesized α-Fe2O3 sample exhibits p-type conductive performance. The gas sensitivities of the as-fabricated Fe2O3 nanosheets-based sensor are comprehensively studied and show good gas-sensing performance toward aniline. Furthermore, the aniline-sensing mechanism is investigated and the origin of the p-type conductivities is also discussed.
Genetic mapping and QTL analysis for peanut smut resistance
Authors: de Blas Francisco J. , Bruno Cecilia I. , Arias Renee S. , Ballén-Taborda Carolina , Mamani Eva , Oddino Claudio , Rosso Melina , Costero Beatriz P. , Bressano Marina , Soave Juan H. , Soave Sara J. , Buteler Mario I. , Seijo J. Guillermo , Massa Alicia N.
Published: July 2021

Background

Peanut smut is a disease caused by the fungusThecaphora freziiCarranza & Lindquist to which most commercial cultivars in South America are highly susceptible. It is responsible for severely decreased yield and no effective chemical treatment is available to date. However, smut resistance has been identified in wildArachisspecies and further transferred to peanut elite cultivars. To identify the genome regions conferring smut resistance within a tetraploid genetic background, this study evaluated a RIL population {susceptibleArachis hypogaea subsp. hypogaea(JS17304-7-B) × resistant synthetic amphidiploid (JS1806) [A. correntina(K 11905) × A. cardenasii(KSSc 36015)] × A. batizocoi(K 9484)4×} segregating for the trait.

Results

A SNP based genetic map arranged into 21 linkage groups belonging to the 20 peanut chromosomes was constructed with 1819 markers, spanning a genetic distance of 2531.81 cM. Two consistent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identifiedqSmIA08andqSmIA02/B02, located on chromosome A08 and A02/B02, respectively. The QTLqSmIA08at 15.20 cM/5.03 Mbp explained 17.53% of the phenotypic variance, whileqSmIA02/B02at 4.0 cM/3.56 Mbp explained 9.06% of the phenotypic variance. The combined genotypic effects of both QTLs reduced smut incidence by 57% and were stable over the 3 years of evaluation. The genome regions containing the QTLs are rich in genes encoding proteins involved in plant defense, providing new insights into the genetic architecture of peanut smut resistance.

Conclusions

A major QTL and a minor QTL identified in this study provide new insights into the genetic architecture of peanut smut resistance that may aid in breeding new varieties resistant to peanut smut.
Genetic relationships and identification of core germplasm among rice photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines
Authors: Zhang Xianwen , He Qiang , Zhang Wuhan , Shu Fu , Wang Weiping , He Zhizhou , Xiong Hairong , Peng Junhua , Deng Huafeng
Published: July 2021

Background

Harnessing heterosis is one of the major approaches to increase rice yield and has made a great contribution to food security. The identification and selection of outstanding parental genotypes especially among male sterile lines is a key step for exploiting heterosis. Two-line hybrid system is based on the discovery and application of photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic sensitive male sterile (PTGMS) materials. The development of wide-range of male sterile lines from a common gene pool leads to a narrower genetic diversity, which is vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress. Hence, it is valuable to ascertain the genetic background of PTGMS lines and to understand their relationships in order to select and design a future breeding strategy.

Results

A collection of 118 male sterile rice lines and 13 conventional breeding lines from the major rice growing regions of China was evaluated and screened against the photosensitive (pms3) and temperature sensitive male sterility (tms5) genes. The total gene pool was divided into four major populations as P1 possessing the pms3, P2 possessing tms5, P3 possessing both pms3 and tms5 genes, and P4 containing conventional breeding lines without any male sterility allele. The high genetic purity was revealed by homozygous alleles in all populations. The population admixture, principle components and the phylogenetic analysis revealed the close relations of P2 and P3 with P4. The population differentiation analysis showed that P1 has the highest differentiation coefficient. The lines from P1 were observed as the ancestors of other three populations in a phylogenetic tree, while the lines in P2 and P3 showed a close genetic relation with conventional lines. A core collection of top 10% lines with maximum within and among populations genetic diversity was constructed for future research and breeding efforts.

Conclusion

The low genetic diversity and close genetic relationship among PTGMS lines in P2, P3 and P4 populations suggest a selection sweep and they might result from a backcrossing with common ancestors including the pure lines of P1. The core collection from PTGMS panel updated with new diverse germplasm will serve best for further two-line hybrid breeding.
Hundred most cited articles in perioperative neurocognitive disorder: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Mi Xinning , Wang Xiaoxiao , Yang Ning , Han Yongzheng , Li Yue , Liu Taotao , Han Dengyang , Yuan Yi , Cao Yiyun , Shi Chengmei , Guo Xiangyang , Zhou Yang , Li Zhengqian
Published: July 2021

Background

In line with aging populations and increased application of anesthesia and surgery, perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) has received growing attention worldwide. Considerable researches into PND are being conducted; however, the quantity and quality of such researches have not been reported. Through a retrospective bibliometric analysis, this study aims to identify and characterize the top 100 cited publications on PND.

Methods

We searched the Web of Science database to find the top 100 cited articles focusing on PND. We collected bibliographic information, including year of publication, country of origin, article type, published journal, citation count, and authorship. To determine changes with time, we compared older and newest articles.

Results

The top 100 cited articles were published between 1955 and 2016; the number of citations ranged from 111 to 1248. The United States had the most published papers; clinical trial was the most common article type. The specialty journals of Anesthesiology and Anesthesia & Analgesia were the two most cited journals. Newest articles had a comparable number of citations to older articles, but the former had higher annual citation rates, greater funding disclosures, more focus on basic research, and more open access publications.

Conclusions

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the most cited articles and highlights the increasing attention on PND. High-quality clinical trials with a greater journal impact factor receive more citations. However, there has been a growth in the number of basic science studies as an area of research with respect to the pathogenesis of PND.
Digital health interventions for healthy ageing: a qualitative user evaluation and ethical assessment
Authors: Ienca Marcello , Schneble Christophe , Kressig Reto W. , Wangmo Tenzin
Published: July 2021

Background

Digital health technologies are being increasingly developed with the aim of allowing older adults to maintain functional independence throughout the old age, a process known as healthy ageing. Such digital health technologies for healthy ageing are expected to mitigate the socio-economic effects of population ageing and improve the quality of life of older people. However, little is known regarding the views and needs of older people regarding these technologies.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the views, needs and perceptions of community-dwelling older adults regarding the use of digital health technologies for healthy ageing.

Method

Face-to-face, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with community-dwelling older adults (median age 79.6 years). The interview process involved both abstract reflections and practical demonstrations. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to inductive content analysis.

Results

Three main themes and twelve sub-themes addressing our study aim resulted from the data obtained. The main themes revolved around favorable views and perceptions on technology-assisted living, usability evaluations and ethical considerations.

Conclusions

Our study reveals a generally positive attitude towards digital health technologies as participants believed digital tools could positively contribute to improving their overall wellbeing, especially if designed in a patient-centered manner. Safety concerns and ethical issues related to privacy, empowerment and lack of human contact were also addressed by participants as key considerations.
Significant decline of HPV 6 infection and genital warts despite low HPV vaccination coverage in young women in Germany: a long-term prospective, cohort data analysis
Authors: Denecke Agnieszka , Iftner Thomas , Iftner Angelika , Riedle Sebastian , Ocak Marion , Luyten Alexander , Üye Isak , Tunc Kübra , Petry Karl Ulrich
Published: July 2021

Background

The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has resulted in a remarkable decline of genital warts in women and men, but in Germany historical rates of vaccination are relatively low. We report long-term surveillance data on changes in HPV 6 and HPV 11 infection and the prevalence of genital warts in young women in the Wolfsburg HPV epidemiological study (WOLVES).

Methods

Women born in 1983/84, 1988/89, and 1993/94 participated in four cohorts between 2009/10 and 2014/15. Quadrivalent vaccination coverage and prevalence of HPV 6/11 infection and genital warts are reported for participants aged 19–22 years and 24–27 years at the time of sample collection. Statistical analyses were done to compare similarly aged participants using 2 × 2 contingency tables (Röhmel-Mansmann unconditional exact test; two-side alpha of 0.05).

Results

A total of 2456 women were recruited. Between 2010 and 2015, there was a statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of HPV 6 infection among women aged 24–27 years (2.1% versus 0.0%; P < 0.0001) and women aged 19–22 years (2.0% versus 0.0%; P = 0.0056). There was no significant decline in HPV 11 infection. In total, 52 of 2341 participants were diagnosed with genital warts. There was a statistically significant drop in the risk of developing genital warts in women aged 24–27 years between 2010 and 2015 (4.7% versus 1.7%, respectively; P = 0.0018). The overall risk of developing genital warts in women aged 19–27 years decreased from 3.1% in 2010 to 1.2% in 2015 (P = 0.0022).

Conclusions

An increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a decreased prevalence of genital warts in young women. A protective effect greater than herd immunity alone was seen despite low vaccination rates. Quadrivalent vaccine had a protective effect on genital HPV 6 infection and an almost fully protective effect on the development of genital warts in the youngest population.
Extreme ecchymoses in a migraine patient using concomitant treatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antibodies and fish oil supplements: a case report
Authors: Cullum C. K. , Olsen M. K. , Kocadag H. B. , Ashina M. , Amin F. M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Erenumab, a monoclonal antibody against the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, is registered for migraine prevention. Compared to other conventional migraine prevention medicines (i.e. topiramate, betablockers and amitriptyline) erenumab has better tolerability. Impaired hemostasis has not been reported previously. Here, we report the first case of an increased tendency to bruise in a migraine patient treated with erenumab.

Case presentation

A 41-year old female migraine patient was treated with erenumab for 12 months, which led to a significant reduction of headache and migraine days. Three months after treatment start, she experienced increased tendency to bruise leading to extreme ecchymosis after 4 months treatment. Platelet counts and aggregation, thromboelastography, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were all normal. Thorough interview revealed intake of fish oil supplements for many years prior to treatment. The increased tendency to bruise subsided after discontinuation of fish oil supplements.

Conclusion

The combination of fish oil supplements and erenumab may cause increased tendency to bruise. Erenumab has no effect on the platelets per se but may cause impaired wound healing by suppression of CGRP. Thus, small and unnoticeable bruises may be aggravated instead in patients with tendency to bruise caused by for instance fish oil supplements.
CD36 promotes vasculogenic mimicry in melanoma by mediating adhesion to the extracellular matrix
Authors: Martini Carmela , DeNichilo Mark , King Danielle P. , Cockshell Michaelia P. , Ebert Brenton , Dale Brian , Ebert Lisa M. , Woods Anthony , Bonder Claudine S.
Published: July 2021

Background

The formation of blood vessels within solid tumors directly contributes to cancer growth and metastasis. Until recently, tumor vasculature was thought to occur exclusively via endothelial cell (EC) lined structures (i.e. angiogenesis), but a second source of tumor vasculature arises from the cancer cells themselves, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM). While it is generally understood that the function of VM vessels is the same as that of EC-lined vessels (i.e. to supply oxygen and nutrients to the proliferating cancer cells), the molecular mechanisms underpinning VM are yet to be fully elucidated.

Methods

Human VM-competent melanoma cell lines were examined for their VM potential using the in vitro angiogenesis assays (Matrigel), together with inhibition studies using small interfering RNA and blocking monoclonal antibodies. Invasion assays and adhesion assays were used to examine cancer cell function.

Results

Herein we demonstrate that CD36, a cell surface glycoprotein known to promote angiogenesis by ECs, also supports VM formation by human melanoma cancer cells. In silico analysis of CD36 expression within the melanoma cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas suggests that melanoma patients with high expression of CD36 have a poorer clinical outcome. Using in vitro ‘angiogenesis’ assays and CD36-knockdown approaches, we reveal that CD36 supports VM formation by human melanoma cells as well as adhesion to, and invasion through, a cancer derived extracellular matrix substrate. Interestingly, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a ligand for CD36 on ECs that inhibits angiogenesis, has no effect on VM formation. Further investigation revealed a role for laminin, but not collagen or fibronectin, as ligands for CD36 expressing melanoma cells.

Conclusions

Taken together, this study suggests that CD36 is a novel regulator of VM by melanoma cancer cells that is facilitated, at least in part, via integrin-α3 and laminin. Unlike angiogenesis, VM is not perturbed by the presence of TSP-1, thus providing new information on differences between these two processes of tumor vascularization which may be exploited to combat cancer progression.