bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking how we work with Acker's theory of gendered organizations: An abductive approach for feminist empirical research
Authors: Bates Trudy
Published: December 2021

In this article I demonstrate the methodological value of working abductively with Joan Acker's theory of gendered organizations, as an approach for feminist empirical research. Although the value of Acker's theory is acknowledged, I note it is most frequently used to legitimize the idea that organizations are gendered, not to test whether they are. Few use her theory fully or as it was originally intended. Fewer still have questioned it. This, I argue, contributes to the stagnation of her ideas and results in blindness toward, or disregard for, data that does not support her theory. To realize the analytical potential of Acker's theory, I call for future studies to work abductively with data unaccounted for in the expectations and predictions set by Acker, while operationalizing her five‐dimensional framework in its entirety. Abduction is about discovering new concepts, ideas, and explanations by working with surprising phenomena or data that cannot be explained by pre‐existing knowledge. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, I draw upon a qualitative case study of one atypical Australian trade union. I outline the creative process of drawing inferences to best explain anomalous observations using other theoretical resources in the gender studies field, which together with Acker, constitute a plausible explanation for questions that arose during analysis. This analysis not only surfaces how masculine power is maintained by having women in leadership positions, who serve as “role models” while quieting “others,” but that women and men cooperated as a “team” to support a feminine public impression of the union that was knowingly contradicted in private, indicating a more “truthful” performance.
Exploring the domestic division of labor when both parents are involuntarily working from home: The effects of the UK COVID pandemic
Authors: Garcia Reece
Published: December 2021

As part of the UK's response to the COVID pandemic many co‐habiting parents simultaneously began working from home, often involuntarily, potentially disrupting established divisions of domestic labor. Through 30 qualitative interviews with 15 heterosexual dual‐earning parents, this article explores the extent and nature of changes in respective labor allocations following the transition to home working. The data reveals that both women and men increased their time spent on domestic labor, though typically men's changes were insufficient to overturn pre‐existing unequal divisions, and women were more likely to reduce their employment hours to “better” balance caring and housework responsibilities. Men were also likely to see their increased domestic contributions as temporary during these exceptional circumstances with evidence of couples “doing” gender. Where partners did transition toward greater egalitarianism, men were actively taking ownership of new unpaid tasks and adapting their (gendered) familial identities as their work and family roles changed.
Improving Groundwater Model Calibration with Repeat Microgravity Measurements
Authors: Kennedy Jeffrey R. , Wildermuth Libby , Knight Jacob E. , Larsen Joshua
Published: December 2021

Groundwater‐flow models depend on hydraulic head and flux observations for evaluation and calibration. A different type of observation—change in storage measured using repeat microgravity—can also be used for parameter estimation by simulating the expected change in gravity from a groundwater model and including the observation misfit in the objective function. The method is demonstrated using new software linked to MODFLOW input and output files and field data from the vicinity of the All American Canal in southeast California, USA. Over a 10‐year period following lining of the previously highly permeable canal with concrete, gravity decreased by over 100 μGal (equivalent to about 2.5 m of free‐standing water) at some locations as seepage decreased and the remnant groundwater mound dissipated into the aquifer or was removed by groundwater pumping. Simulated gravity from a MODFLOW model closely matched observations, and repeat microgravity data proved useful for constraining both hydraulic conductivity and specific yield estimates. Specific yield estimated using the infinite‐horizontal slab approximation agreed well with model‐derived values, and the departure from the linear, flat‐water‐table approximation was small, less than 2%, despite relatively large and dynamic water‐table slope. First‐order second‐moment parameter uncertainty analysis shows reduction in uncertainty for all hydraulic conductivity and specific yield parameter estimates with the addition of repeat microgravity data, as compared to drawdown data alone.
Switch/sucrose‐non‐fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex (SMARCA4, SMARCA2, INI1/SMARCB1)‐deficient colorectal carcinomas are strongly associated with microsatellite instability: an incidence study in 4508 colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Ahadi Mahsa S , Fuchs Talia L , Clarkson Adele , Sheen Amy , Sioson Loretta , Chou Angela , Gill Anthony J
Published: December 2021

Aims

Loss of expression of mammalian switch/sucrose‐non‐fermentable (SWI/SNF) [BRG1/BRM‐associated factor (BAF)] complex subunits, including SMARCA4, SMARCA2 and INI1/SMARCB1 (termed SWI/SNF complex deficiency), has been reported in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) but its frequency and clinical significance are uncertain.

Methods and results

We performed immunohistochemistry for SMARCA4, SMARCA2 and SMARCB1 on 4508 consecutive resected CRCs. Loss of SMARCA4 expression was found in 13 cases (0.3%), loss of SMARCA2 expression was found in 59 cases (1.3%), and loss of SMARCB1 expression was found in 21 cases (0.4%). Some CRCs showed loss of expression of more than one subunit, so that 84 CRCs (1.7%) were deficient for at least one component. SWI/SNF complex deficiency was associated with higher grade, a right‐sided location, mismatch repair deficiency, and BRAF V600E mutation (P < 0.05); 5.8% of mismatch repair‐deficient (MMRd) cases and 5.4% of BRAF V600E‐mutant cases were SWI/SNF complex‐deficient, as compared with 0.9% and 0.4% of mismatch repair‐proficient and BRAF‐wild‐type cases (P < 0.001). Any loss of SMARCB1 expression and global loss of SMARCA2 expression were associated with statistically significant worse overall survival, whereas SMARCA4‐deficient cases showed a trend only towards poor overall survival (P = 0.121). In multivariate analysis, any loss of SMARCA4 expression and global loss of SMARCA2 expression were associated with worse survival [odds ratio (OR) 3.33, P = 0.019; and OR 3.39, P < 0.001]. Of particular note, among the subgroup of cases that were MMRd and BRAF V600E‐mutated (otherwise considered to be a good prognostic group), loss of SMARCA4 expression was associated with much worse median survival (10.5 months versus 110.9 months; P = 0.003).

Conclusions

SWI/SNF complex deficiency is rare in CRC but is enriched in MMRd cases. Identifying these cases has morphological associations and prognostic significance, and in the future may have potential therapeutic implications.
Women’s experiences of restrictive interventions within inpatient mental health services: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Scholes Amy , Price Owen , Berry Katherine
Published: December 2021

Restrictive interventions (RI), such as physical restraint, seclusion, and rapid tranquilization, can have negative psychological effects on service users; however, there has been little investigation regarding their effects on women. The aim of this paper was to explore women’s experiences of RI within UK inpatient mental health services. Twenty women accessing inpatient mental health services participated in semi‐structured interviews. Using thematic analysis (TA), three primary themes were reported from women’s experiences: (1) powerlessness, (2) dehumanization, and (3) relationships and communication. Clinical recommendations included ensuring gender‐awareness and trauma‐informed care training is mandatory for all mental health staff, for RI training to include awareness of gender differences, and for policies to be reviewed with regard to women being invasively searched and ensuring sanitary products are safely available for women within seclusion. Directions for future research include investigating the experiences of RI for women from minority ethnic groups and exploring important moderators and mediators in the relationship between RI and re‐traumatization for women.
Domains of delirium severity in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Authors: Schulman‐Green Dena , Hshieh Tammy , Adamis Dimitrios , Avidan Michael S. , Blazer Dan G. , Fick Donna M. , Oh Esther , Morandi Alessandro , Price Catherine , Verghese Joe , Schmitt Eva M. , Jones Richard N. , Inouye Sharon K. ,   For the BASIL Study Group
Published: December 2021

Background

The ability to rate delirium severity is key to providing optimal care for persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). Such ratings would allow clinicians to assess response to treatment, recovery time and prognosis, nursing burden and staffing needs, and to provide nuanced, appropriate patient‐centered care. Given the lack of existing tools, we defined content domains for a new delirium severity instrument for use in individuals with mild to moderate ADRD, the DEL‐S‐AD.

Methods

We built upon our previous study in which we created a content domain framework to inform development of a general delirium severity instrument, the DEL‐S. We engaged a new expert panel to discuss issues of measurement in delirium and dementia and to determine which content domains from the prior framework were useful in characterizing delirium severity in ADRD. We also asked panelists to identify new domains. Our panel included eight interdisciplinary members with expertise in delirium and dementia. Panelists participated in two rounds of review followed by two surveys over 2 months.

Results

Panelists endorsed the same content domains as for general delirium severity, including Cognitive, Level of Consciousness, Inattention, Psychiatric‐Behavioral, Emotional Dysregulation, Psychomotor Features, and Functional; however, they excluded six of the original subdomains which they considered unhelpful in the context of ADRD: cognitive impairment; anxiety; fear/sense of unease; depression; gait/walking; and incontinence. Debated measurement challenges included assessment at one point in time versus over time, accounting for differences in clinical settings, and accurate assessment of symptoms related to delirium versus dementia.

Conclusions

By capturing a range of characteristics of delirium severity potentially present in patients with ADRD, a population that may already have attention, functional, and emotional changes at baseline, the DEL‐S‐AD provides a novel rating tool that will be useful for clinical and research purposes to improve patient care.
Prospective assessment of dementia on transitions in homeboundness using multistate Markov models
Authors: Ornstein Katherine A. , Liu Shelley H. , Husain Mohammed , Ankuda Claire K. , Bollens‐Lund Evan , Kelley Amy S. , Garrido Melissa M.
Published: December 2021

Background

One in 20 older adults in the United States is homebound and rarely/never leaves home. Although being homebound decreases the quality of the lived experience of individuals with serious illnesses, little is known about the frequency or likelihood of transitions in or out of homebound status. The objective of this study was to characterize the probability of transitions to and from homebound status among older adults and examine the relationship between dementia status and homebound transitions.

Methods

Using 2011–2018 data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally representative longitudinal study of aging in the United States, we identified 6375 community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries. Homebound status (independent, semi‐homebound (leaving home but with difficulty or help), homebound (rarely or never leaving home), nursing home resident, dead) was assessed annually via self‐report. Transition probabilities across states were assessed using a multistate Markov model.

Results

Less than half of homebound individuals remain homebound (probability = 41.5% [95% CI: 39.2%, 43.5%]) after 1 year. One out of four dies (24% [22.3%, 26.0%]) and there is a low probability (3.2% [2.5%, 4.1%]) of transition to a nursing home. Dementia status was associated with increased risk of progression from independence to homebound status (HR: 1.83 [1.01, 3.34]). Dementia was consistently associated with increased probabilities of transitions to death including a two‐fold increased hazards of progression from homebound to death (HR: 2.18 [1.69, 2.81]). Homebound individuals with dementia have a 34.2% [25.8%, 48.1%] probability of death in 5 years, compared with 17.4% [13.7%, 24.3%] among those without dementia.

Discussion

Dementia is associated with greater risk of transitioning across homebound states. There is a greater need to support home‐based care for patients with dementia, especially as the ongoing COVID pandemic has raised concerns about the need to invest in alternative models to nursing home care.
The Optimal Inflation Rate with Discount Factor Heterogeneity
Authors: LEPETIT ANTOINE
Published: December 2021

I show that adding an overlapping generations structure to the canonical New Keynesian model can generate an optimal inflation rate that is significantly positive. In a baseline calibration of the model, the optimal inflation target is comprised between 0.8% and 3.2% in annual terms. In this framework, deviations from long‐run price stability are optimal because the rate at which firms discount future profit flows naturally differs from the rate at which the planner discounts future utility flows.
The Social Value of Information: A Test of a Beauty and Nonbeauty Contest
Authors: LUSTENBERGER THOMAS , ROSSI ENZO
Published: December 2021

We demonstrate how the precision of public and private information can be measured and their welfare implications can be assessed. To this end, we develop and apply a procedure to test welfare results from a beauty and nonbeauty contest model based on survey forecasts of interest rates in a large country sample over an extended period of time. In most countries, interest rate forecasts are unbiased. In half of the countries, a higher precision of public information regarding interest rates increases welfare. This applies in particular to small open and emerging market economies. During forward guidance, public information is less precise than private information. On average, forecasters place greater weight on public than private information and rapidly correct errors contained in private information, while errors in public information last over the whole forecast horizon.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate by formulas in patients with cirrhosis: An unreliable procedure
Authors: González‐Alayón Carlos , Porrini Esteban , Luis‐Lima Sergio , Negrín‐Mena Natalia , Moreno Miguel , Morales‐Arráez Dalia , González‐Rinne Federico , Díaz‐Martín Laura , Gaspari Flavio , González‐Delgado Alejandra , Ferrer‐Moure Carmen , Ortiz‐Arduán Alberto , Hernandez‐Guerra Manuel
Published: December 2021

Background & Aims

In cirrhosis, the reliability of formulas that estimate renal function, either those specifically developed in this population or the classic equations, has not been properly quantified. We studied the agreement between estimated (eGFR) and measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) in cirrhosis.

Methods

Renal function was estimated with 56 formulas including specific equations: Glomerular Filtration Rate Assessment in Liver Disease (GRAIL), Royal Free Hospital Cirrhosis (RFHC) and Mindikoglu‐eGFR, and measured with a gold standard procedure; plasma clearance of iohexol using dried blood spots sampling in a group of cirrhotics. The agreement eGFR‐mGFR was evaluated with specific tests: total deviation index (TDI), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and coverage probability (CP). We defined acceptable agreement as values: TDI < 10%, CCC ≥ 0.9 and CP > 90%.

Results

A total of 146 patients (age 65 ± 9 years, 81% male) were evaluated; 61 (42%) Child A, 67 (46%) Child B and 18 (12%) Child C. Median MELD‐Na was 14 (9‐15). The agreement between eGFR and mGFR was poor: TDI averaged was of 73% (90% of the estimations ranged from ±73% of mGFR); CCC averaged was 0.7 indicating low concordance and CP averaged 22% indicating that 78% of the estimations have an error > 10%. Specific formulas showed also poor agreement: TDI was 82%, 70% and 37% for the GRAIL, RFHC and Mindikoglu equations, respectively.

Conclusions

Overall, formulas poorly estimated renal function in cirrhotic patients. Specific formulas designed for cirrhosis did not outperform classic equations. eGFR must be considered with caution in cirrhotic patients.
Bounded reflectivism and epistemic identity
Authors: Byrd Nick
Published: December 2021

Reflectivists consider reflective reasoning crucial for good judgment and action. Anti‐reflectivists deny that reflection delivers what reflectivists seek. Alas, the evidence is mixed. So, does reflection confer normative value or not? This paper argues for a middle way: reflection can confer normative value, but its ability to do this is bound by factors such as what we might callepistemic identity: an identity that involves particular beliefs—for example, religious and political identities. We may reflectively defend our identities’ beliefs rather than reflect open‐mindedly to adopt whatever beliefs cohere with the best arguments and evidence. Thisbounded reflectivismis explicated with an algorithmic model of reflection synthesized from philosophy and science that yields testable predictions, psychometric implications, and realistic metaphilosophical suggestions—for example, overcoming motivated reflection may require embracing epistemic identity rather than veiling it (à la Rawls 1971). So bounded reflectivism should be preferred to views offering anything less.
Increasing Incidence of mucormycosis in Spanish inpatients from 1997 to 2018
Authors: Parra Fariñas Raúl , Alonso‐Sardón Montserrat , Velasco‐Tirado Virginia , Pérez Inmaculada Galindo , Carbonell Cristina , Álvarez Artero Elisa , Romero‐Alegría Ángela , Pardo‐Lledías Javier , Belhassen‐García Moncef
Published: December 2021

Background

Mucormycosis is a worldwide angio‐invasive fungal infection that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. A few European studies have focused on the epidemiology.

Methodology

A retrospective longitudinal descriptive study was performed with inpatients diagnosed with mucormycosis (ICD‐9‐CM, code 117.7, cases 1997‐2015; and ICD‐10, code B46, cases 2016‐2018; along with length of hospital stay) in Spanish public hospitals between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2018. Data were obtained from the Minimum Basic Data Set (CMBD in Spanish).

Principal findings

A total of 962 patients were recorded; 665 were men. The mean age (±SD) was 55 ± 18.8 years. The annual incidence rate increased from 0.74 to 1.24 cases per million person‐years. The lethality rate was 31.3%. Renal failure (41.6%) and haematological malignancy (36.3%) were the main factors involved.

Conclusions

Mucormycosis is a rare infectious disease in Spain, but it has had a significantly increased incidence in the last two decades. Being an adult male and having diabetes, neoplasm or renal failure are the main factors associated. High mortality is usually associated mainly with haematological malignancy and renal failure. CMBD studies could be an efficient tool for assessing changes in the epidemiology of mucormycosis.
The interplay between math anxiety and working memory on math performance: a longitudinal study
Authors: Pellizzoni Sandra , Cargnelutti Elisa , Cuder Alessandro , Passolunghi Maria Chiara
Published: December 2021

Mathematical skills are essential to mastering everyday activities, making professional choices, and exercising citizenship in a numerate society. There is extensive evidence of the relationship between math anxiety (MA) and working memory (WM) influencing
math attainment. Studies have mainly considered adult samples, however, leaving primary school children almost unexplored. This study is a first attempt to examine how the complex interplay between MA and WM affects math achievement from a developmental perspective. A total of 148 third graders were assessed with WM, general anxiety (GA), MA, and math tasks. Anxiety and WM were assessed at the beginning of the school year when children started attending grade 3, while math achievement was tested twice at the start of grades 3 and 4. The findings seem to confirm that GA has both a direct and an indirect effect (mediated by WM) on math performance in third and fourth graders. MA has a direct effect on math performance in grade 4, but only an indirect effect in grade 3, suggesting MA has a developmental trajectory, becoming stronger over time. The implications in the educational setting are discussed, pointing to the importance of a combined intervention on MA and WM.
Novelty exposure induces stronger sensorimotor representations during a manual adaptation task
Authors: Ruitenberg Marit F. L. , Koppelmans Vincent , Seidler Rachael D. , Schomaker Judith
Published: December 2021

Active exploration of novel spatial environments enhances memory for subsequently presented explicit, declarative information in humans. These effects have been attributed to novelty promoting dopamine release via mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in the brain. As procedural motor learning has been linked to dopamine as well, we predict that novelty effects extend to this domain. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined whether spatial novelty exploration benefits subsequent sensorimotor adaptation. Participants explored either two different virtual environments (i.e., novelty condition; n = 210) or two identical environments (i.e., familiar condition; n = 253). They then performed a manual adaptation task in which they had to adapt joystick movements to a visual perturbation. We assessed the rate of adaptation following the introduction of this perturbation, and the rate of deadaptation following its removal. While results showed reliable adaptation patterns and similar adaptation rates across both conditions, individuals in the novelty condition showed slower deadaptation. This suggests that exposure to spatial novelty induced stronger sensorimotor representations during adaptation, potentially through novelty‐induced dopaminergic effects in mesocortical and/or nigrostriatal pathways. Novelty exposure may be employed to promote motor learning on tasks that require precision movements in altered sensory contexts, for example, in astronauts moving in microgravity or patients with impaired motor processing.
Fake Dispositional Sentences: Manley and Wasserman's Misstep
Authors: Choi Sungho
Published: December 2021

Manley and Wasserman's PROP account of dispositions has been influential in the recent debate about the nature of dispositions. In this paper, I will bring under scrutiny one crucial step in Manley and Wasserman's reasoning leading to the PROP account. The step is one where they abandon what they call ‘MOST’, the idea that x is disposed to M when C iff x would M in most cases where C obtains. I will argue below, however, that this step is invalid.
Public health nursing education in Ireland and Norway: A comparative analysis
Authors: Mulcahy Helen , Leahy‐Warren Patricia , Laholt Hilde , Philpott Lloyd Frank , Bergvoll Lise‐Marie , Clancy Anne
Published: December 2021

Background

Public health, primary health care, and nursing are founding principles of public health nursing. Thus, the underpinning curriculum needs to reflect these core principles. Public health nursing educators sought to delve deeper into curricula and training of public health nurse (PHNs) in Ireland and Norway

Objective

To compare PHNs’ educational training in Ireland and Norway through a collaborative process

Design

This study used a descriptive comparative design

Sample

A panel of expert educators (the authors) compared national Public health nursing education strategies, guidelines, and curricula used to train PHN students

Results

Four core categories emerged from the analysis: general characteristics, theoretical and empirical knowledge base for PHNs practice, applying theory to clinical practice, and professional/ethical dimensions for practice. Results revealed more similarities than differences in both countries’ educational models. The central difference related to the specialist role in Norway versus the generalist role in Ireland

Conclusions

Workforce requirements drive the delivery of Public Health Nursing programs and educational curricula. However, it is imperative that educators evaluate their curricula in terms of fitness and practice, not just purpose.
Postnatal exposure to ambient temperature and rapid weight gain among infants delivered at term gestations: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Dionicio López Carlos Francisco , Alterman Neora , Calderon‐Margalit Ronit , Hauzer Michael , Kloog Itai , Raz Raanan
Published: December 2021

Background

The global prevalence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically recently. Previous studies found an association between rapid infant weight gain and childhood overweight. Evidence suggests that exposure to high ambient air temperatures during prenatal life and during adulthood is associated with birthweight and obesity respectively.

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine whether exposure to high ambient temperatures during infancy is associated with rapid infant weight gain in Israel.

Methods

This is a population‐based historical cohort study using data from the Israeli national public network of maternal and child health clinics between 2008 and 2013. We assessed exposure to ambient temperature in the first year of life using a high‐resolution hybrid spatio‐temporal model and calculated annual mean and minimum temperatures for each infant based on daily mean and minimum temperatures at the community clinic location. We defined rapid infant weight gain as a World Health Organization weight z‐score difference >0.67 between birthweight and weight at age one year. We estimated these associations using log‐linear and general additive models and adjusted for population group, district, maternal age, parental education, parity, sex, gestational age, birthweight, calendar year and calendar month of birth.

Results

The study population included 217,310 singleton‐term infants. Adjusted models demonstrated a positive association between ambient temperature exposure and rapid infant weight gain. Compared to the third quintile of minimum temperature, infants exposed to the first and second quintile had an adjusted relative risk of 0.98 (95% CI 0.96, 1.00) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98), respectively, while those exposed to the fourth and fifth quintiles had an adjusted relative risk of 1.06 (95% CI 1.04, 1.07) and 1.02 (95% CI 1.00, 1.04) respectively. The associations with mean temperature were similar but slightly weaker.

Conclusions

Exposure to higher ambient temperatures, of emerging importance in the climate change era, is associated with rapid infant weight gain in Israel. Future studies should use additional exposure, covariate, and outcome data to analyse the nature and the source of this association in more detail.
Extreme heat and its association with social disparities in the risk of spontaneous preterm birth
Authors: Cushing Lara , Morello‐Frosch Rachel , Hubbard Alan
Published: December 2021

Background

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. Prior studies associate high temperature with preterm birth.

Objectives

We tested the hypotheses that acute exposure to extreme heat was associated with higher risk of live spontaneous preterm birth (≥20 and <37 completed weeks), and that risks were higher among people of colour and neighbourhoods with heat‐trapping landcover or concentrated racialised economic disadvantage.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of people giving birth between 2007 and 2011 in Harris County, Texas (Houston metropolitan area) (n = 198,013). Exposures were daily ambient apparent temperature (ATmax in 5°C increments) and dry‐bulb temperatures (Tmax and Tmin >historical [1971–2000] summertime 99th percentile) up to a week prior for each day of pregnancy. Survival analysis controlled for individual‐level risk factors, secular and seasonal trends. We considered race/ethnicity, heat‐trapping neighbourhood landcover and Index of Concentration at the Extremes as effect modifiers.

Results

The frequency of preterm birth was 10.3%. A quarter (26.8%) of people were exposed to ATmax ≥40°C, and 22.8% were exposed to Tmax and Tmin >99th percentile while at risk. The preterm birth rate among the exposed was 8.9%. In multivariable models, the risk of preterm birth was 15% higher following extremely hot days (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.30) for ATmax ≥40°C vs. <20°C; HR 1.15 (95% CI 1.02, 1.28) for Tmax and Tmin >99th percentile). Censoring at earlier gestational ages suggested stronger associations earlier in pregnancy. The risk difference associated with extreme heat was higher in neighbourhoods of concentrated racialised economic disadvantage.

Conclusions

Ambient heat was associated with spontaneous preterm birth, with stronger associations earlier in pregnancy and in racially and economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods, suggesting climate change may worsen existing social inequities in preterm birth rates.
Semantic parafoveal processing in natural reading: Insight from fixation‐related potentials & eye movements
Authors: Antúnez Martín , Milligan Sara , Hernández‐Cabrera Juan Andrés , Barber Horacio A. , Schotter Elizabeth R.
Published: December 2021

Prior research suggests that we may access the meaning of parafoveal words during reading. We explored how semantic‐plausibility parafoveal processing takes place in natural reading through the co‐registration of eye movements (EM) and fixation‐related potentials (FRPs), using the boundary paradigm. We replicated previous evidence of semantic parafoveal processing from highly controlled reading situations, extending their findings to more ecologically valid reading scenarios. Additionally, and exploring the time‐course of plausibility preview effects, we found distinct but complementary evidence from EM and FRPs measures. FRPs measures, showing a different trend than EM evidence, revealed that plausibility preview effects may be long‐lasting. We highlight the importance of a co‐registration set‐up in ecologically valid scenarios to disentangle the mechanisms related to semantic‐plausibility parafoveal processing.
The impact of learning new meaning on the previously learned meaning of L2 ambiguous words: The role of semantic similarity
Authors: Zhang Yuanyue , Yang Xuefeng , Liang Lijuan , Chen Baoguo
Published: December 2021

Previous study has found that previously learned meaning affects the learning of new meaning for known second language (L2) words. However, it is not clear whether learning a new meaning also affects the previously learned meaning and whether this effect is modulated by the semantic similarity between them. The current study aimed to explore this issue using event‐related potential technique. A word learning task was used, in which Chinese‐English bilinguals were required to learn a new meaning that was semantically related or unrelated to the previously learned meaning of familiar L2 words and judge the semantic relatedness between the trained word and a probe word in the same trial. The results showed that both the N400 and late‐positive component (LPC) amplitudes for probe words in the unrelated new meaning condition were significantly different from the unlearned condition, which suggests learning new meaning interferes with accessing the previously learned meaning. Moreover, significantly less positive LPC was found in the unrelated new meaning condition relative to the related new meaning condition, showing a mediation of semantic similarity in the perturbation effect. We conclude that learning L2 new meaning has a backward interference effect on accessing the previously learned meaning and this effect is modulated by semantic similarity. These findings provide supporting evidence for the interaction mechanism of learning the multiple meanings of L2 ambiguous words.
Lake level controls the recurrence of giant stromatolite facies
Authors: Ingalls Miquela , Fetrow Anne C. , Snell Kathryn E. , Frantz Carie M. , Trower Elizabeth J.
Published: December 2021

Stromatolites have often served as a diagnostic carbonate facies for deep‐time palaeoclimatic and geobiological studies because they may form under favourable environmental conditions for microbially mediated carbonate production. ‘Giant’ (<5 m) stromatolites occur in the Laney Member of the Eocene Green River Formation in the Vermillion Creek section of the Sand Wash Basin (north‐west Colorado, USA). Giant stromatolite growth was hypothesized to have been promoted by both availability of large substrates as nucleation sites and physicochemical factors, including increased calcium carbonate mineral saturation states due to the generally warmer Eocene climate and a dynamic period in Lake Gosiute’s hydrological balance. Depositional horizons of giant stromatolites were observed at two distinct stratigraphic levels, which demonstrated that the formation of the giant morphotype was not a unique occurrence, and provided an opportunity to examine both onset and cessation of stromatolite development. Coincident increases in carbonate clumped isotope‐derived temperatures, the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of lake water (δ18Ow), carbonate mineral saturation states (Ω) estimated by ooid size, and salinity estimated by ostracod assemblages demonstrated that formation of giant stromatolites was facilitated by lake level drawdown. Decreased lake levels: (i) promoted carbonate precipitation; and (ii) positioned benthic microbial communities within the photic zone. Field and petrographic analyses revealed that the giants preserved micritic laminations, ‘trapped and bound’ grains, and aragonite fans, interpreted as reflecting contributions from both microbially mediated and abiotic carbonate mineral precipitation. Field and microscopic sedimentological and stable isotope data indicated that giant stromatolite growth ceased as a result of subaerial exposure of mounds during lake level lows. Although microbial mediation of carbonate chemistry was seemingly important for initiation of stromatolite growth, this work demonstrated that stromatolite macromorphology was dominantly controlled by availability of large substrates, lake level and resultant solute chemistry, i.e. increased Ω.
Determining T and B Cell development by TREC/KREC analysis in primary immunodeficiency patients and healthy controls
Authors: Şentürk Gizem , Ng Yuk Yin , Eltan Sevgi Bilgiç , Başer Dilek , Ogulur Ismail , Altındirek Didem , Fırtına Sinem , Yılmaz Hülya , Kocamış Burcu , Kıykım Ayça , Camcıoğlu Yıldız , Ar Muhlis Cem , Sudutan Tuğçe , Beken Serdar , Temel Şehime G. , Alanay Yasemin , Karakoc‐Aydiner Elif , Barış Safa , Özen Ahmet , Özbek Uğur , Sayitoğlu Müge , Hatırnaz Ng Özden
Published: December 2021

T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and kappa‐deleting excision circles (KRECs) are DNA fragments potentially indicative of T and B cell development, respectively. Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are a subset of peripheral cells that may also represent thymic function. Here, we investigated TREC/KREC copy numbers by quantitative real‐time PCR in the peripheral blood of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs, n = 145) and that of healthy controls (HCs, n = 86) and assessed the correlation between RTEs and TREC copy numbers. We found that TREC copy numbers were significantly lower in children and adults with PIDs (P < .0001 and P < .002, respectively) as compared with their respective age‐matched HCs. A moderate correlation was observed between TREC copies and RTE numbers among children with PID (r = .5114, P < .01), whereas no significant correlation was detected between RTE values and TREC content in the HCs (r = .0205, P = .9208). Additionally, we determined TREC and KREC copy numbers in DNA isolated from the Guthrie cards of 200 newborns and showed that this method is applicable to DNA isolated from both peripheral blood samples and dried blood spots, with the two sample types showing comparable TREC and KREC values. We further showed that RTE values are not always reliable markers of T cell output. Although additional confirmatory studies with larger cohorts are needed, our results provide thresholds for TREC/KREC copy numbers for different age groups.
Applying Evolutionary Economic Geography beyond case studies in the Global North: Regional diversification in Vietnam
Authors: Breul Moritz , Pruß Fabio
Published: December 2021

Hitherto, the path‐dependent understanding of regional diversification in Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) has drawn largely on insights into industrialized countries. However, in the past few decades several regions in the Global South have undergone rapid structural transformations despite starting out with unfavourable regional asset bases. This raises the question as to whether the strong emphasis on endogenous capabilities in EEG also provides a sound theoretical framework for explaining these tremendous diversification dynamics. This paper therefore aims to re‐evaluate the wider validity of the path‐dependent conceptualization of regional diversification in the context of a lower‐middle income economy. To this end, we analyse the diversification of Vietnamese regions between 2006 and 2015. In order to take into account context‐specific conditions that characterize Vietnam's economy, we add the role of foreign‐owned firms and state‐owned enterprises to the conceptualization of regional diversification processes. While the role of relatedness holds true for Vietnam, the presence of foreign‐owned firms allowed Vietnamese regions to break away from path dependency and diversify to unrelated industries. The findings highlight that only by adapting the analysis to context‐specific conditions are we able to understand how regional diversification takes place across different settings.
Explaining differences in one teacher’s instruction across multiple tracked fifth‐grade classes
Authors: Webel Corey , Conner Kimberly A. , Sheffel Christina
Published: December 2021

In this article, we describe the case of “Keri,” a fifth‐grade teacher who had completed an Elementary Mathematics Specialist (EMS) certification program. Drawn from a larger study investigating the knowledge, beliefs, and practices of EMSs, Keri's case was unique in that she was teaching mathematics to four classes in a departmentalized structure, where students were placed into different classes according to perceived mathematics ability. Observations from the larger study revealed that Keri's instructional practices did not align with her reported beliefs and knowledge. To explore this deviation, we conducted a case study where we observed Keri's instruction across multiple classes and used interviews to explore reasons for Keri's instructional decisions in terms of her perceived professional obligations. We found that Keri did employ practices that were aligned with her reported beliefs and knowledge such as pressing students for mathematical justifications, but only in her “higher ability” classes. Interview data suggested that Keri's decisions were driven by a strong obligation to individual students, overriding other obligations. We describe implications of these findings, including the limitations of teacher assessments and surveys as proxies for teaching quality, and discuss recommendations for approaches to teacher development that account for teachers’ perceived obligations.
The politics of vaccine hesitancy in the United States
Authors: Cao Jian , Ramirez Christina M. , Alvarez R. Michael
Published: December 2021

Objective

Why are Americans COVID‐19 vaccine hesitant? We test social science hypotheses for vaccine hesitancy, focusing on partisanship, trust in institutions, and social‐demographic characteristics of registered voters.

Methods

We use survey data from a representative sample of American registered voters collected in November 2020 to study vaccine hesitancy, and the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, at a point in time before the vaccine was available and hence show underlying responses based on beliefs and not on clinical trial data. We use multivariate logistic regression models to test hypotheses on vaccine hesitancy.

Results

We find that consistently similar groups of people tend to be vaccine hesitant. Specifically, black voters, those between the ages of 45 and 64, female voters, voters without college degrees, voters not worried about the spread of COVID‐19, and voters who are concerned about government and the CDC's handling of the COVID‐19 pandemic, were vaccine hesitant. We also provide intriguing results showing the nuanced reasons that the vaccine hesitant provide.

Conclusions

Our analysis allows us to establish important baseline information from a social science perspective on vaccine hesitancy at a crucial time, right before COVID‐19 vaccines were beginning to be made available to adult Americans. What emerges from our analysis is a nuanced perspective on vaccine hesitancy in the United States, from this important point in the history of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Gender ‘Translation’ And Distributed Gender: Evidence From The Norwegian DP And Language Mixing*
Authors: Åfarli Tor Anders , Nygård Mari , Riksem Brita Ramsevik
Published: December 2021

Taking as our point of departure an important distinction between gender as a semantic/conceptual property and gender as a formal morphological property, we argue, assuming a broadly Distributed Morphology/exoskeletal theoretical approach, that formal gender languages, for gender to be visible to the inflectional system, exploit a mechanism that translates semantic/conceptual gender into formal gender by valuing an unvalued formal gender feature. We propose that even though all formal gender features on the DP spine are initially unvalued, only the lowest locus of the unvalued gender feature is valued by the translation mechanism. Subsequent gender agreement is accomplished by probe – goal valuing. Next, we inquire about the exact locus of the lowest formal gender feature. We argue first that gender in the Norwegian DP is a formal feature on an already existing functional head. Then, based on Norwegian – English language mixing, we argue that the lowest locus of the formal gender feature may vary depending on the size of the non‐gender chunk mixed from English. In other words, there is no designated functional head where the lowest gender feature is always generated, and the formal unvalued gender feature at any functional head can in principle be the lowest formal gender feature.
Description of HLA‐DRB1*14:02:09, a novel HLA allele identified in a Colombian donor
Authors: Hernández David Guillermo , Camacho Ramírez Nathalie , Mosquera Martínez Melissa , Cendales Paola Andrea , Camacho Bernardo Armando
Published: December 2021

HLA‐DRB1*14:02:09 differs from HLA‐DRB1*14:02:01:02 by a single nucleotide substitution in codon 169 of exon 3.
Phospholipase Dε interacts with autophagy‐related protein 8 and promotes autophagy in Arabidopsis response to nitrogen deficiency
Authors: Yao Shuaibing , Peng Shuming , Wang Xuemin
Published: December 2021

Autophagy delivers cellular cargoes for degradation and plays an important role in nutrient recycling under nutrient limitation. A critical component in autophagy is the lipidation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to autophagy‐related protein 8 (ATG8) to form ATG8‐PE. Here we show that phospholipase Dε (PLDε) in Arabidopsis cells interacts with ATG8 and hydrolyzes ATG8‐PE conjugates. In response to nitrogen deficiency, the transcript and protein levels of PLDε increase and additionally, an increasing amount of PLDε became associated with intracellular membranes compared with its primary plasma membrane association under sufficient nitrogen in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLDε‐knockout (KO) plants have a lower number, whereas PLDε‐overexpressing (OE) plants have a higher number of autophagosomes than that in wild‐type plants during nitrogen starvation. The level of ATG8‐PE is lower in PLDε‐KO, but higher in PLDε‐OE plants than in wild‐type plants. PLDε‐KO and PLDε‐OE Arabidopsis seedlings display accelerated and delayed leaf senescence, respectively, during nitrogen limitation. The results suggest that PLDε promotes autophagy in the plant response to nitrogen deficiency. The multifaceted effects of PLDε activity and interaction with ATG8 on autophagic processes are discussed.
Tracking the ancestry of known and ‘ghost’ homeologous subgenomes in model grass Brachypodium polyploids
Authors: Sancho Rubén , Inda Luis A. , Díaz‐Pérez Antonio , Des Marais David L. , Gordon Sean , Vogel John P. , Lusinska Joanna , Hasterok Robert , Contreras‐Moreira Bruno , Catalán Pilar
Published: December 2021

Unraveling the evolution of plant polyploids is a challenge when their diploid progenitor species are extinct or unknown or when genome sequences of known progenitors are unavailable. Existing subgenome identification methods cannot adequately infer the homeologous genomes that are present in the allopolyploids if they do not take into account the potential existence of unknown progenitors. We addressed this challenge in the widely distributed dysploid grass genus Brachypodium, which is a model genus for temperate cereals and biofuel grasses. We used a transcriptome‐based phylogeny and newly designed subgenome detection algorithms coupled with a comparative chromosome barcoding analysis. Our phylogenomic subgenome detection pipeline was validated in Triticum allopolyploids, which have known progenitor genomes, and then used to infer the identities of three subgenomes derived from extant diploid species and four subgenomes derived from unknown diploid progenitors (ghost subgenomes) in six Brachypodium polyploids (B. mexicanum, B. boissieri, B. retusum, B. phoenicoides, B. rupestre and B. hybridum), of which five contain undescribed homeologous subgenomes. The existence of the seven Brachypodium progenitor genomes in the polyploids was confirmed by their karyotypic barcode profiles. Comparative phylogenomics of nuclear versus plastid trees allowed us to formulate hypothetical homoploid hybridizations and allo‐ and autopolyploidization scenarios that could have generated the six Brachypodium polyploids.