bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing nursing practice: redefining the theoretical and practical integration of knowledge
Authors: Christensen Martin
Published: February 2011

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to offer an alternative knowing‐how knowing‐that framework of nursing knowledge, which in the past has been accepted as the provenance of advanced practice.

Background.  The concept of advancing practice is central to the development of nursing practice and has been seen to take on many different forms depending on its use in context. To many it has become synonymous with the work of the advanced or expert practitioner; others have viewed it as a process of continuing professional development and skills acquisition. Moreover, it is becoming closely linked with practice development. However, there is much discussion as to what constitutes the knowledge necessary for advancing and advanced practice, and it has been suggested that theoretical and practical knowledge form the cornerstone of advanced knowledge.

Design.  The design of this article takes a discursive approach as to the meaning and integration of knowledge within the context of advancing nursing practice.

Method.  A thematic analysis of the current discourse relating to knowledge integration models in an advancing and advanced practice arena was used to identify concurrent themes relating to the knowing‐how knowing‐that framework which commonly used to classify the knowledge necessary for advanced nursing practice.

Conclusion.  There is a dichotomy as to what constitutes knowledge for advanced and advancing practice. Several authors have offered a variety of differing models, yet it is the application and integration of theoretical and practical knowledge that defines and develops the advancement of nursing practice. An alternative framework offered here may allow differences in the way that nursing knowledge important for advancing practice is perceived, developed and coordinated.

Relevance to clinical practice.  What has inevitably been neglected is that there are various other variables which when transposed into the existing knowing‐how knowing‐that framework allows for advanced knowledge to be better defined. One of the more notable variables is pattern recognition, which became the focus of Benner’s work on expert practice. Therefore, if this is included into the knowing‐how knowing‐that framework, the knowing‐how becomes the knowledge that contributes to advancing and advanced practice and the knowing‐that becomes the governing action based on a deeper understanding of the problem or issue.
A quasi‐experimental investigation into the efficacy of a suicide education programme for second‐year student nurses in Taiwan
Authors: Sun Fan‐Ko , Long Ann , Huang Xuan‐Yi , Chiang Chun‐Ying
Published: February 2011

Aim.  This study was designed to investigate the learning outcomes of a suicide education programme for second‐year student nurses in Taiwan.

Background.  Research demonstrates that nurses’ attitudes impact on the care provided to suicidal patients. However, evidence is sparse on promoting positive caring attitudes in nurses towards suicidal patients.

Design.  A quasi‐experiment.

Method.  The total sample group (n = 174) comprised second‐year student nurses. Some (n = 95) were randomly allocated to an experimental group who attended a four‐hour suicidal education programme and others (n = 79) comprised a control group who did not attend the programme. All participants were given a questionnaire before and after the programme in 2008. The questionnaire contained 30 items and was divided into five categories. They were (1) the acceptability of suicidal behaviours, (2) morality and mental illness, (3) professional role and care, (4) communication and attention and (5) beliefs.

Results.  Results demonstrated that the experimental group had higher scores on all five categories of the questionnaire than the control group did. Participants in the experimental group held more positive attitudes towards the acceptance of suicidal behaviours and were non‐judgmental in their morality. Further, they showed more positive attitudes towards the provision of professional care and believed that people who attempt suicide are communicating their psychic pain. Moreover, participants in the experimental group held more positive beliefs about people who attempt suicide than the control group did.

Conclusion.  This suicide education programme raised student nurses’ awareness about the phenomenon of suicide and promoted positive caring attitudes towards people who attempt suicide and hence their nursing care.

Relevance to clinical practice.  A four‐hour suicide education programme can promote positive caring attitudes towards people who attempt suicide and may have an affirmative influence on the nursing care provided to suicidal patients.
A comparison of postnatal depression and related factors between Chinese new mothers and fathers
Authors: Mao Qing , Zhu Li‐xia , Su Xiao‐yin
Published: February 2011

Aims.  This study aims to examine the differences in the prevalence of depression and related factors between new mothers and fathers during the postnatal period.

Background.  Although the transition to motherhood and postnatal depression has been extensively studied, few studies compared maternal and paternal psychological health during the postnatal period.

Design.  A cross‐sectional design was used.

Methods.  A total of 376 pairs of new parents participated in this study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Social Support Rating Scale were used to measure depression, perceived stress and social support, respectively. We performed paired t‐test and multiple regression to analyse the data.

Results.  No significant difference in the prevalence of postnatal depression was found between the new mothers and fathers (14·9 vs. 12·5%). Fathers experienced similar stress levels as mothers did, while they received lower level of social support than mothers. Perceived stress, social support and partner’s Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score were significantly associated with depression for both mothers and fathers. Less sleeping time of infant and a tense relationship between mothers and mother‐in‐law were related to mothers’ depression. The preference for a male baby was associated with fathers’ depression.

Conclusion.  Both new mothers and fathers experienced postnatal depression in China.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Clinical nurses should pay attention to psychological health among new parents during postnatal period. Perinatal services, such as antenatal and postnatal education and counselling, should also be provided for fathers.
Functional analysis of epigenetic regulation of tandem RhopH1/clag genes reveals a role in Plasmodium falciparum growth
Authors: Comeaux Christy A. , Coleman Bradley I. , Bei Amy K. , Whitehurst Nicole , Duraisingh Manoj T.
Published: February 2011

The Plasmodium RhopH complex is a high molecular weight antigenic complex consisting of three subunits – RhopH1/clag, RhopH2 and RhopH3 – located in the rhoptry secretory organelles of the invasive merozoite. In Plasmodium falciparum RhopH1/clag is encoded by one of five clag genes. Two highly similar paralogous genes, clag 3.1 and clag 3.2, are mutually exclusively expressed. Here we show clonal switching from the clag 3.2 to the clag 3.1 paralogue in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecitation studies suggest that silencing of either clag 3 paralogue is associated with the enrichment of specific histone modifications associated with heterochromatin. We were able to disrupt the clag 3.2 gene, with a drug cassette inserted into the clag 3.2 locus being readily silenced in a position‐dependent and sequence‐independent manner. Activation of this drug cassette by drug selection results in parasites with the clag 3.1 locus silenced and lack full‐length clag 3.1 or 3.2 transcripts. These clag 3‐null parasites demonstrate a significant growth inhibition compared with wild‐type parasites, providing the first genetic evidence for a role for these proteins in efficient parasite proliferation. Epigenetic regulation of these chromosomally proximal members of a multigene family provides a mechanism for both immune evasion and functional diversification.
Sphingosine 1‐Phosphate Receptor Modulator FTY720 Suppresses Rat Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis
Authors: Zhang Z.‐Y. , Zug C. , Schluesener H. J.
Published: February 2011

Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of male sex accessory glands and is characterized by a cellular and humoral prostate‐specific autoimmune response associated with inflammatory mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration. EAP shares important clinical and immunological features with human chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined the pattern of pathological changes during rat EAP development, regarding the cellular responses and infiltration into the prostate gland, and therapeutic effect of FTY720, a modulator of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors which has shown promising protective effects in animal models and clinical trials of several autoimmune diseases. Significant accumulations of total MNCs, pan‐T cells and CD8+ cells were observed in prostatic stroma as early as 11 days after autoimmune induction. However, accumulation of reactive macrophages became significant 4 days later. After reaching the maximal level at Day 16, the accumulations of all the different cell populations fell back rapidly and returned to normal level by Day 35. Suppressive FTY720 significantly reduced inflammatory infiltration of different immune cell populations and tissue disruption in prostate of EAP rats. Our results therefore suggest that FTY720 might be a potential candidate for treatment of inflammatory prostatitis.
The Impact of Early Viral Infections and Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease on Immune Reconstitution Following Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Olkinuora H. , von Willebrand E. , Kantele J. M. , Vainio O. , Talvensaari K. , Saarinen‐Pihkala U. , Siitonen S. , Vettenranta K.
Published: February 2011

Viral infections and graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) render an impact on both the clinical and immunological recovery following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We studied the recuperation of the immune defence after transplant in the paediatric setting and assessed the impact of early (<100 days post‐HSCT) viral [cytomegalovirus (CMV), Ebstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and adenovirus] reactivations/infections and GVHD. Fifty‐one paediatric recipients of HSCT were enrolled. T cell recovery was evaluated on lymphocyte subpopulations using flow cytometry and functionally by measuring T cell excision circles (TRECs) and through the analysis of T lymphocyte responses to mitogens. B cell recovery was studied by flow cytometry and functionally by ELISPOT. Acute and mild chronic GVHD allowed for a brisk recovery of both cellular and humoral immunity while moderate to severe chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) associated with a significant, tampering effect on the immunological recovery after transplant. In the former group, the early viral reactivations/infections seemingly linked with a delayed recovery of T lymphocytes and low TRECs values. Moderate to severe cGVHD appears to associate with an impaired immunological recovery after HSCT. Early viral infections linked with prolonged T cell immunodeficiency and thymic dysfunction may be indicative of the presence of subclinical GVHD.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Fusion Protein Vaccine Consisting of Antigen Ag85B and HspX against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice
Authors: Li Q. , Yu H. , Zhang Y. , Wang B. , Jiang W. , Da Z. , Xian Q. , Wang Y. , Liu X. , Zhu B.
Published: February 2011

Subunit vaccines have the potential advantage to boost Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG)‐primed immunity in adults. However, most candidates are antigens highly expressed in replicating bacilli but not in dormant or persisting bacilli, which exist during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We constructed M. tuberculosis fusion protein Ag85B‐Mpt64190–198‐HspX (AMH) and Ag85B‐Mpt64190–198‐Mtb8.4 (AMM), which consist of Ag85B, the 190–198 peptide of Mpt64, HspX (Rv2031c) and Mtb8.4 (Rv1174c), respectively. AMH and/or AMM were mixed with adjuvants composed of dimethyl‐dioctyldecyl ammonium bromide and BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid (DDA‐BCG PSN) to construct subunit vaccines. Mice were immunized thrice with Ag85B, AMH and AMM vaccines and the immunogenicity of the fusion protein vaccines was determined. Then, mice were primed with BCG and boosted twice with Ag85B, AMH, AMM and AMM + AMH vaccines, respectively, followed by challenging with M. tuberculosis virulent strain H37Rv, and the immune responses and protective effects were measured. It was found that mice immunized with AMH vaccine generated high levels of antigen‐specific cell‐mediated responses. Compared with the group injected only with BCG, the mice boosted with AMM, AMH and AMM + AMH produced higher levels of Ag85B‐specific IgG1 and IgG2a and IFN‐γ‐secreting T cells upon Ag85B and Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation. It is interesting that only mice boosted with AMM + AMH had significantly lower bacterial count in the lungs than those receiving BCG, whereas mice boosted with AMH or AMM did not. The results suggest that AMH consisting of HspX, the antigen highly expressed in dormant bacilli, could be combined with antigens from replicating bacilli to enhance BCG primed immunity so as to provide better protection against both growing and non‐growing bacteria that occur during the infection process.
Dengue transmission in the Asia‐Pacific region: impact of climate change and socio‐environmental factors
Authors: Banu Shahera , Hu Wenbiao , Hurst Cameron , Tong Shilu
Published: February 2011

Objective  To review the scientific evidence about the impact of climate change and socio‐environmental factors on dengue transmission, particularly in the Asia‐Pacific region.

Methods  Search of the published literature on PubMed, ISI web of Knowledge and Google Scholar. Articles were included if an association between climate or socio‐environmental factors and dengue transmission was assessed in any country of the Asia‐Pacific region.

Results  Twenty‐two studies met the inclusion criteria. The weight of the evidence indicates that global climate change is likely to affect the seasonal and geographical distribution of dengue fever (DF) in the Asia‐Pacific region. However, empirical evidence linking DF to climate change is inconsistent across geographical locations and absent in some countries where dengue is endemic.

Conclusion  Even though climate change may play an increasing role in the transmission of DF, no clear evidence shows that such impact has already occurred. More research is needed across countries to better understand the relationship between climate change and dengue transmission. Future research should also consider and adjust for the influence of important socio‐environmental factors in the assessment of the climate change‐related effects on dengue transmission.
Use of multivariate statistics to separate allelopathic and competitive factors influencing weed suppression ability in winter wheat
Authors: BERTHOLDSSON N‐O
Published: February 2011

Bertholdsson N‐O (2011). Use of multivariate statistics to separate allelopathic and competitive factors influencing weed suppression ability in winter wheat. Weed Research51, 273–283.

There is an increasing interest in an integrated, less herbicide‐dependent approach to weed management, based on combinations of cultivation practices and competitive crops. More competitive cultivars are essential to this approach and breeders need to know how to breed such. It is known that early vigour and extensive early season vegetative growth are important traits. The questions are, which is most efficient to use in breeding and if allelopathy should be bred for? Weed suppressive ability (WSA) of 12 winter wheat, two rye and two triticale cultivars was studied in a 2‐year field trial with natural weeds and under‐sown Apera spica‐venti and rapeseed (Brassica napus). Crop biomass, shoot length, straw length and plantlet root length and root weight were analysed. Biomass growth in autumn and spring was studied in weed‐free plots using multispectral analysis. Grain yield, winter hardiness and maturity data were collected from official variety tests in Sweden. Allelopathic activity was assessed with use of a bioassay. Factor analysis showed that early season crop biomass and allelopathy were two traits explaining most of the variance in weed biomass. It was predicted by partial least square regression models that weed biomass could be reduced by 60%, if both crop biomass and allelopathy are improved to the levels of triticale. An improvement of allelopathy alone should reduce weed biomass by 18–28%. The factor analysis and multivariate models showed that WSA could be improved without a negative trade‐off in grain yield or winter hardiness.
The role of catechin and epicatechin in chemical defense against damping‐off fungi of current‐year Fagus crenata seedlings in natural forest
Authors: Yamaji K. , Ichihara Y.
Published: February 2011

Current‐year Fagus crenata seedlings survive damping‐off in the forest‐edge plot compared to those in the closed‐stand plot. Greater illumination found in the forest‐edge plot is likely to influence the defense of seedlings against pathogenic attack, by increasing the amount of phenolic compounds and forming periderm. This study aimed to clarify the chemical defense system by (i) isolation of antifungal compounds from seedling hypocotyls in the forest‐edge plot, (ii) quantification of antifungal compounds in hypocotyls in the forest‐edge and closed‐stand plots, (iii) estimation of their antifungal activities against Cylindrocarpon sp. and Colletotrichum dematium and (iv) clarification of localization of phenolics in the hypocotyl tissues. Catechin and epicatechin were isolated as antifungal compounds showing inhibition of microconidia germination of Cylindrocarpon sp. and mycelial growth of Cylindrocarpon sp. and C. dematium. In the beginning of July when damping‐off was the most severe in the closed‐stand plot, the total amount of catechin and epicatechin in the forest‐edge seedlings was approximately three times greater than that in the closed‐stand seedlings. Flavan‐3‐ols, including catechin and epicatechin, were distributed mainly in the epidermal tissue on June 1 and in cortical tissues on June 15 and July 6, all from plants harvested from the forest‐edge plot. We conclude that F. crenata could survive damping‐off through chemical defense via catechin and epicatechin production and its distribution in seedling hypocotyls.
Isolation and application of chromosome 6 specific microsatellite markers for detection of QTL for milk‐production traits in cattle
Authors: Kühn Ch. , Weikard R. , Goldammer T. , Grupe S. , Olsaker I. , Schwerin M.
Published: February 2011

Basic techniques for generation of chromosome fragment specific markers providing a prerequisite for high resolution mapping were developed. QTL detection for milk production traits on bovine chromosome 6 was performed in five German HF half sib families according to a granddaughter design. Testing 11 informative chromosome 6 markers locus order was established. For each son and marker locus the inherited paternal allele was determined and mean BVs for milk production traits of those sons receiving the alternative paternal alleles were determined. Significant differences could be detected in 3 families. There is indication for at least two QTL with different effects in the vicinity, but probably not within the casein locus itself.

Isolierung und Nutzung chromosomen‐spezifischer Mikrosatellitenmarker für den Nachweis von QTL für Milchleistungsmerkmale heim Rind

Grundlegende Techniken für die Erzeugung boviner chromosomenfragmentspezifischer Marker, die eine Voraussetzung für die Feinkartierung von Merkmalen darstellen, wurden entwickelt. Eine Untersuchung auf QTL für Milchleistungsmerkmale auf Chromosom 6 wurde in 5 HF Halbgeschwisterfamilien entsprechend einem Granddaughter‐Design durchgeführt. für 11 in das Projekt einbezogene Marker des Chromosoms 6 wurde die Anordnung auf dem Chromosom bestimmt. Bei jedem Sohn wurde an jedem Markerlocus das Allel bestimmt, welches er vom Vater ererbt hatte. Nachfolgend wurden die mittleren Zuchtwerte der Gruppe von Söhnen mit den alternativen Vater‐Allelen verglichen. In drei der untersuchten Familien konnten signifikante Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dai mindestens zwei QTL mit unterschiedlichen Effekten in der Nachbarschaft, aber vermutlich nicht innerhalb des Kasein‐Locus auf dem bovinen Chromosom 6 vorhanden sind.
Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straws from different varieties and accessions of chickpea
Authors: Kafilzadeh F. , Maleki E.
Published: February 2011

Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straw from four different varieties of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were studied. Kinetics of fermentation of straws from 19 different accessions of chickpea was also evaluated using gas production technique. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the yield of straw [from 1041 to 1174 kg dry matter (DM)/ha] from different varieties. The proportion of seed/straw from different varieties varied from 0.61 to 0.93. Crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre content of straw ranged from 28.1 to 35.8, 598.6 to 645.4 and 459.2 to 473.4 g/kg DM respectively. Organic matter digestibility was different (p < 0.05) among varieties and varied from 471.4 to 535.5 g/kg DM. Potential gas production (A), the rate constants (c and d) and lag times of straws from different chickpea varieties were not different (p > 0.05). However, the rate constants (c and d) and lag times were different (p < 0.05) among accessions. Potential gas production (A) differed (p < 0.05) approximately twofold among different accessions. The results emphasized that in any evaluation of chickpea varieties or accessions, where straw of this legume seed is used as an animal feed, not only seed yield but also yield and quality of straw should be taken into consideration.
Chitosan Reduces Bacterial Spot Severity and Acts in Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Tomato Plants
Authors: Coqueiro Danila Souza Oliveira , Maraschin Marcelo , Piero Robson Marcelo Di
Published: February 2011

Chitosan has recently shown potential for the control of plant diseases and can act as an elicitor in the induction of defence mechanisms. This study was made to assess the effect of chitosan on bacterial spot control caused by Xanthomonas gardneri in tomato plants. The chitosans used were commercial (Ccom), low molecular weight (Clmw) and medium molecular weight (Cmmw). Chitosans provided disease protection of up to 56%, with best results from Clmw at 3 mg/ml, applied 3 days prior to bacterial inoculation. The spectrophotometric profile of tomato plants that were treated with Clmw showed an increase of absorbance between wavelengths 280 and 300 mm, indicating that the polysaccharide may have induced the plants into synthesizing different compounds as a response to X. gardneri. The analysis of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids supported the results obtained in spectrophotometric scanning, showing a significant increase of those metabolites 3 days after inoculation. Therefore, chitosan has the capability of controlling bacterial spot in tomato plants, which is thought to be attributable to the induction of defence mechanisms in the plant.
Genetic effects and heterosis of the fibre colour and quality of brown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Feng Hong‐Jie , Sun Jun‐Ling , Wang Jie , Jia Ying‐Hua , Zhang Xin‐Yu , Pang Bao‐Ying , Sun Jie , Du Xiong‐Ming
Published: February 2011

With 1 figure and 8 tables

The genetic effects and heterosis of the colour and quality of brown fibres were analysed in this paper through the complete 5 × 5 diallel crossing among two brown cotton cultivars and three white cotton cultivars in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Parents and F1 were arranged in a randomized block design in three locations. The results showed that the inheritability for all the traits has exceeded 50%, with significant dominance effect at the 0.01 level. The additive effect of fibre colour, lint percentage, elongation and strength was also significant at the 0.01 level, reaching 85.6%, 29.7%, 16.1% and 19.1%, respectively. The ratio of residual variance of lint percentage and fibre qualities was 29.5 – 45.9%, that of colour was only 1.1%. Fibre colour had significant negative correlation with lint percentage, fibre length, uniformity, elongation and strength. The mid‐parent heterosis of fibre colour was negative, which was −0.7%; those of lint percentage, fibre length, uniformity and strength were 3.5%, 4.2%, 1.7% and 2.6%, respectively, reaching the significant level. The simple correlation coefficient between heterosis of fibre length and strength and SSR genetic distance was 0.718 and 0.724, respectively, with a significant level. For the heterosis utilizing, the fibre quality of F1 could be predicted via the mean value of the fibre qualities of parents or the SSR genetic difference among varieties (lines). Selection among the early hybrid generations was suggested. Regional planning could be applied to improve lint percentage and fibre qualities by taking advantage of environmental variation.
A new gene for hybrid sterility from a cross between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima
Authors: Li F. , Liu F. H. , Morinaga D. , Zhao Z.
Published: February 2011

With 4 figures and 2 tables

Oryza glaberrima is a valuable and potential source of useful genes of interest for rice improvement. However, hybrid sterility between O. sativa and O. glaberrima is a main reproduction barrier when favourable traits/genes are transferred from O. glaberrima to O. sativa. Understanding of the nature of hybrid sterility is critical and will contribute to overcome this problem. In this study, a new gene from O. glaberrima was mapped as a Mendelian factor controlling hybrid sterility in an advanced backcross population derived from one accession of O. glaberrima as a donor parent and ‘Danjing 5’ (a japonica cultivar from Liaoning) as recurrent parent. Sterile plants as female parent from F1 were observed after six backcrosses. The BC6F1 population containing 47 plants was screened with 142 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers on all 12 chromosomes to analyse the pollen fertility. As a result, one locus qSS‐2 on chromosome 2 was distinct from all previously reported ones. A new locus designated as S36(t) was identified and mapped to interval between two SSRs RM208 (0.5 centiMorgans, cM) and RM482 (0.8 cM) on rice chromosome 2.
Hospital nurses' work environment, quality of care provided and career plans
Authors: Hinno S. , Partanen P. , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen K.
Published: February 2011

HINNO S., PARTANEN P. & VEHVILÄINEN‐JULKUNEN K. (2011) Hospital nurses' work environment, quality of care provided and career plans. International Nursing Review58, 255–262

Background:  In several European countries, the availability of qualified nurses is insufficient to meet current healthcare requirements. Nurses are highly dissatisfied with the rising demands of the healthcare environment and increasingly considering leaving their jobs.

Aim:  The study aims to investigate the relationships between the characteristics of hospital nurses' work environment and the quality of care provided, and furthermore to examine Dutch nurses' career plans.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional, questionnaire survey of registered nurses (n = 334) working in the academic and district hospitals was conducted in 2005/2006. Previously validated questionnaires translated into the participants' language were used. Factor and regression analysis were used for data analysis.

Results:  Overall, nurses rated their work environment rather favourably. Five work environment characteristics were identified: support for professional development, adequate staffing, nursing competence, supportive management and teamwork. Significant relationships were found between nurses' perceptions of their work environment characteristics and quality of care provided and nurses' career plans. When work environment characteristics were evaluated to be better, nurse‐assessed quality of care also increased and intentions to leave current job decreased linearly.

Conclusions:  Study findings suggest that nurses' perceptions of their work environment are important for nurse outcomes in hospital settings. Further research is needed to explore the predictive ability of the work environment for nurse, patient and organizational outcomes in hospitals.
The Poverty of Social Control: Explaining Power in the Historical Sociology of the Welfare State
Authors: van Krieken Robert
Published: February 2011

The concept ‘social control’ has been criticised from a variety of quarters in recent years, particularly by historians and historical sociologists. However, it remains in common usage in sociological studies of welfare, deviance and social control. This paper shows, first, how this reliance on the concept of social control is rooted in a wider-ranging argument in social and political theory concerning the liberal-democratic fusion between the state and civil society, and that the lack of resolution of this argument is the foundation of the persistence of the concept social control in other areas of social inquiry, despite its repeated ‘falsification’. Second, the paper highlights the main arguments against the use of ‘social control’ in explaining social order, in particular the misunderstanding of class, culture and power which its use encourages, and the paper will conclude with a discussion of alternative ways of conceptualising the operation of power in contemporary societies.
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data in the Longitudinal Study of Household Allocations
Authors: Laurie Heather , Sullivan Oriel
Published: February 2011

The paper examines some of the technical and epistemological questions raised by the debate on linking qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.1 For illustrative purposes, we discuss a qualitative research project on the distribution of resources within households currently being conducted by the British Household Panel Study at the University of Essex. Initially, we provide a general background to the current research, moving on to examine some of the methodological problems which emerge and the epistemological questions which they raise. These include the general issue of classification; the difficulties of defining the analytical boundaries of households; the particular problems associated with using households as longitudinal units of analysis; and the relationship between actors' accounts and the conceptual categories which we use to describe behaviour. We suggest that the tendency to see qualitative and quantitative methodologies as mutually exclusive and antagonistic paradigms is a misleading representation of the reality of social research practice, and argue for the importance of maintaining a qualitative component in the BHPS in order to understand the complex processes involved in the intra-household distribution of resources.
The HIT List and other Horror Stories: Sex Roles and School Transfer
Authors: Delamont Sara
Published: February 2011

A collection of scarey stories told to pupils facing transfer to secondary school is analysed. Five major themes can be found in the stories, which are discussed and explicated. Boys and girls hear and tell different stories, while males and females feature in contrasting roles in them. An analysis focusing on the messages about sex roles in secondary school transmitted by these stories is presented.
“The Holy Rollers Are Invading Our Territory”: Southern Baptist Missionaries and the Early Years of Pentecostalism in Brazil
Authors: PREMACK LAURA
Published: February 2011

Beginning with the often overlooked fact that the establishment of one of the largest Pentecostal churches in the world, Brazil's Assembléia de Deus (Assembly of God), was not the result of missionary activity by the U.S.‐based Assemblies of God, this paper makes creative use of Southern Baptist missionary sources to examine the first twenty‐five years of Pentecostalism in Brazil. Considering not only what the first Pentecostal missionaries did but also what they did not do, it suggests the following reasons for the extraordinary growth of the emergent movement: early Pentecostals had neither the funds nor the theological need to focus on education; their personal class affiliations did not incline them to privilege efforts to evangelise the upper classes; there was no strong female Pentecostal missionary presence; and the Pentecostals were able to “poach” from the Baptists' “flock.” The paper concludes that greater attention needs to be paid to the specific historical circumstances of Pentecostal growth in Brazil, especially during the decade of the 1930s.
Predicting bilingual Spanish–English children's phonological awareness abilities from their preschool English and Spanish oral language
Authors: Scarpino Shelley E. , Lawrence Frank R. , Davison Megan D. , Hammer Carol S.
Published: February 2011

This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between oral language abilities and phonological awareness in 85 typically developing, Spanish–English preschool children (average age in preschool was 3 years, 9 months). Receptive language skills in Spanish and English were assessed in the autumn and spring during the children's 2 years in Head Start for a total of four measurement occasions. Phonological awareness was assessed during the spring of children's kindergarten year. Results indicated that English receptive vocabulary at the end of preschool predicted English phonological awareness abilities in kindergarten, whereas Spanish vocabulary was observed to have a negative predictive relationship with children's English phonological awareness abilities. However, after controlling for English vocabulary, Spanish vocabulary no longer had an effect on English phonological awareness. Broad receptive language abilities in English and Spanish did not predict later English phonological awareness skills.
The Recuperation of Participatory Arts Practices
Authors: Clements Paul
Published: February 2011

Creative participation in the arts is a complex and abstract concept that bridges the gap between cultural production and its consumption. It is highly contextual and defined through a range of discourses besides aesthetics that concern access and inclusion, cultural identity, socio‐political rights, collective working, transformation and emancipation as advocated by community arts philosophy and praxis. These ideas are theoretically explored and critically evaluated in practice through three popular visual arts events in which the general public engaged and performed, demonstrating varying degrees of active involvement and dialogue. They also highlight the recuperation of radical cultural activism and communality where participation has become associated with spectacle and the co‐option of self‐determined thinking and resistance. Such cases are of obvious interest to community arts educators, particularly their value, the terms of participatory engagement and the extent to which radical non‐authoritarian and collective practices have been appropriated by cults of individuality and celebrity.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor activation stimulates hepatic lipid oxidation and restores hepatic signalling alteration induced by a high‐fat diet in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Svegliati‐Baroni Gianluca , Saccomanno Stefania , Rychlicki Chiara , Agostinelli Laura , De Minicis Samuele , Candelaresi Cinzia , Faraci Graziella , Pacetti Deborah , Vivarelli Marco , Nicolini Daniele , Garelli Paolo , Casini Alessandro , Manco Melania , Mingrone Geltrude , Risaliti Andrea , Frega Giuseppe N. , Benedetti Antonio , Gastaldelli Amalia
Published: February 2011

Background/Aims: High‐fat dietary intake and low physical activity lead to insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent studies have shown an effect of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) on hepatic glucose metabolism, although GLP‐1 receptors (GLP‐1r) have not been found in human livers. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of hepatic GLP‐1r and the effect of exenatide, a GLP‐1 analogue, on hepatic signalling.

Methods: The expression of GLP‐1r was evaluated in human liver biopsies and in the livers of high‐fat diet‐treated rats. The effect of exenatide (100 nM) was evaluated in hepatic cells of rats fed 3 months with the high‐fat diet.

Results: GLP‐1r is expressed in human hepatocytes, although reduced in patients with NASH. Similarly, in rats with NASH resulted from 3 months of the high‐fat diet, we found a decreased expression of GLP‐1r and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and reduced peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) activity. Incubation of hepatocytes with exenatide increased PPARγ expression, which also exerted an insulin‐sensitizing action by reducing JNK phosphorylation. Moreover, exenatide increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity, Akt and AMPK phosphorylation and determined a PKA‐dependent increase of PPARα activity.

Conclusions: GLP‐1 has a direct effect on hepatocytes, by activating genes involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation and insulin sensitivity. GLP‐1 analogues could be a promising treatment approach to improve hepatic insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD/NASH.
The Study of Adolescent Identity Formation 2000–2010: A Review of Longitudinal Research
Authors: Meeus Wim
Published: February 2011

Longitudinal research into personal and ethnic identity has expanded considerably in the first decade of the present century. The longitudinal studies have shown that personal identity develops progressively during adolescence, but also that many individuals do not change identity, especially ethnic identity. Researchers have found rank‐order stability of personal identity to be larger in adulthood than in adolescence and stability of ethnic identity to be larger in middle and late than early adolescence. Personal identity appears to progress in adulthood, as well. Adolescents with a mature identity typically show high levels of adjustment and a positive personality profile, live in warm families, and perform well at school. There is little evidence for developmental order, however, and studies instead have mainly found covariation over time between identity and the other developmental processes. The present review demonstrates that the dimensional approach to the study of identity formation can be very successful. It allows for combined variable and person‐centered analyses, and for empirically generated and replicable statuses. Theoretically, the review suggests that identity formation is a less dynamic process than commonly assumed, that the identity status continuum has the order diffusion (D)→moratorium (M)→foreclosure (F)→achievement (A), that adolescents may follow two distinct sets of identity transitions on this continuum: D→F (or EC: early closure, an alternative label for foreclosure)→A or D→M→C (closure, a subtype of early closure)→A, that present identity status research offers multiple ways to study continuity of identity, and that there is no empirical proof for the assumption that exploration precedes commitment in the process of identity formation. Additionally, narrative identity research became highly visible between 2000 and 2010. The studies into narrative identity have shown that continuity of identity and coherence of the life story both grow in adolescence. Suggestions for future research are outlined.
Judgment and Decision Making in Adolescence
Authors: Albert Dustin , Steinberg Laurence
Published: February 2011

In this article, we review the most important findings to have emerged during the past 10 years in the study of judgment and decision making (JDM) in adolescence and look ahead to possible new directions in this burgeoning area of research. Three inter‐related shifts in research emphasis are of particular importance and serve to organize this review. First, research grounded in normative models of JDM has moved beyond the study of age differences in risk perception and toward a dynamic account of the factors predicting adolescent decisions. Second, the field has seen widespread adoption of dual‐process models of cognitive development that describe 2 relatively independent modes of information processing, typically contrasting an analytic (cold) system with an experiential (hot) one. Finally, there has been an increase in attention to the social, emotional, and self‐regulatory factors that influence JDM. This shift in focus reflects the growing influence of findings from developmental neuroscience, which describe a pattern of structural and functional maturation that may set the stage for a heightened propensity to make risky decisions in adolescence.
Insights on Adolescence From a Life Course Perspective
Authors: Johnson Monica Kirkpatrick , Crosnoe Robert , Elder Glen H.
Published: February 2011

In this essay, we argue that viewing adolescence within the full life course will improve our understanding of both adolescence itself and the life course more generally. Such an approach makes explicit how adolescence is linked to developmental processes in the years both before and after adolescence in ways that are shaped by broader patterns of social change. We highlight insights from research over the past decade that illustrate the kinds of life course questions about adolescence that need to be posed in the next decade, focusing on connections between adolescence and the 2 life stages that border it: childhood and young adulthood. Although life course themes cut across the many different topics that adolescence scholars typically study, we draw our examples from 3 specific substantive areas—educational success, puberty, and problem behavior.
Background on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: February 2011

This article provides an overview of the structure and evolution of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and a short introduction to its use by scholars to analyze a diversity of puzzles. It then addresses the relationship of IAD to a more complex framework for the analysis of social‐ecological systems and concludes with a short discussion of future challenges facing IAD scholars.
The Role of Cross‐Scale Institutional Linkages in Common Pool Resource Management: Assessing Interstate River Compacts*
Authors: Heikkila Tanya , Schlager Edella , Davis Mark W.
Published: February 2011

This article extends the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework's seminal research on common pool resource (CPR) management in new directions by exploring how the design principles of robust and enduring CPR management, initially proposed by Elinor Ostrom in 1990, can be used to measure and assess cross‐scale institutional linkages. This study examines data from 14 interstate river basin compacts in the western United States to identify the types of linkages established in these interstate settings, the factors that contribute to the emergence of diverse types of linkages around these shared resources, and how different types of linkages perform. Using Ostrom's CPR design principles to operationalize and measure linkages, the study shows that diverse types of cross‐scale linkages were created under the 14 interstate compacts, with linkages related to monitoring found to be particularly prevalent. The types and diversity of linkages can largely be explained by the conditions under which compacts emerged and the water management issues states jointly face. In applying the evaluative criteria operationalized by the CPR design principles, this research further shows that the monitoring and collective choice linkages created by compacts tend to be of higher quality, while enforcement and conflict resolution linkages appeared to be of the lowest quality. In addition to developing the IAD literature on CPR management, these findings offer critical insights for assessing the capacity of interstate river basin compacts in the western United States to manage shared resources successfully, as well as insights for what types of institutional investments may be needed for enhanced resource governance.
Biological Ancestries, Kinship Connections, and Projected Identities in Four Central Anatolian Settlements: Insights from Culturally Contextualized Genetic Anthropology
Authors: Gokcumen Ömer , Gultekin Timur , Alakoc Yesim Dogan , Tug Aysim , Gulec Erksin , Schurr Theodore G.
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT  Previous population genetics studies in Turkey failed to delineate recent historical and social factors that shaped Anatolian cultural and genetic diversity at the local level. To address this shortcoming, we conducted focused ethnohistorical fieldwork and screened biological samples collected from the Yuksekyer region for mitochondrial, Y chromosome, and autosomal markers and then analyzed the data within an ethnohistorical context. Our results revealed that, at the village level, paternal genetic diversity is structured among settlements, whereas maternal genetic diversity is distributed more homogenously, reflecting the strong patrilineal cultural traditions that transcend larger ethnic and religious structures. Local ancestries and origin myths, rather than ethnic or religious affiliations, delineate the social boundaries and projected identities among the villages. Therefore, we conclude that broad, ethnicity‐based sampling is inadequate to capture the genetic signatures of recent social and historical dynamics, which have had a profound influence on contemporary genetic and cultural regional diversity.
Nature/Culture/Seawater
Authors: Helmreich Stefan
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT  Seawater has occupied an ambiguous place in anthropological categories of “nature” and “culture.” Seawater as nature appears as potentiality of form and uncontainable flux; it moves faster than culture—with culture frequently figured through land‐based metaphors—even as culture seeks to channel water's (nature's) flow. Seawater as culture manifests as a medium of pleasure, sustenance, travel, disaster. I argue that, although seawater's qualities in early anthropology were portrayed impressionistically, today technical, scientific descriptions of water's form prevail. For example, processes of globalization—which may also be called “oceanization”—are often described as “currents,”“flows,” and “circulations.” Examining sea‐set ethnography, maritime anthropologies, and contemporary social theory, I propose that seawater has operated as a “theory machine” for generating insights about human cultural organization. I develop this argument with ethnography from the Sargasso Sea and in the Sea Islands. I conclude with a critique of appeals to water's form in social theory.