bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase Shifts in the Circadian Rhythm in Plasma Concentrations of Melatonin in Rams Induced by a 1-Hour Light Pulse
Authors: Maeda K.-I. , Lincoln G.A.
Published: March 2007

The effect of a 1-hr light pulse, given at night, on the timing of the circadian rhythm in the plasma concentration of melatonin was examined in Soay rams to investigate the mechanisms involved in determining the duration of the nocturnal peak in melatonin secretion. Animals (n = 8) were housed under short days (LD 8:16) or long days (LD 16:8) and received a light pulse at various times of night. They were released into constant dim red light (DD) on day 1. Blood samples were collected hourly for 30 hr from 1000 hr on day 3, and the plasma concentration of melatonin was determined by radioimmunoassay to assess the timing of the melatonin peak. Control animals (n = 8) were maintained under the same conditions but received no light pulse.

Under short days, a light pulse given early in the night caused a phase delay in the melatonin peak, and a light pulse given in the late night caused a phase advance. The mean duration of the melatonin peak was slightly reduced following a light pulse in the early or late night, and slightly increased following a pulse given near the middle of the night. Under long days, both light-pulse treatments given at night caused a phase delay in the melatonin peak, but there was no significant change in duration of the melatonin peak. The duration of the melatonin peak at day 3 under DD in the control animals was similar for all treatments, regardless of the previous entraining photoperiod (mean duration: 12.6-14.8 hr) and was similar to that under short days (14.6 hr), but was significantly longer than that under long days (8.2 hr).

Information on the phase response curve in the Soay ram and on the period of the circadian oscillator governing the melatonin rhythm (c 23.0 hr under DD) predicts a close phase relationship between the end of the light phase and the onset of the melatonin peak as observed under normal 24- hr LD cycles. The current results also indicate that light acts to entrain the circadian rhythm influencing the onset and offset of melatonin secretion, and thus dictates the duration of the melatonin peak.
Circadian Locomotor Rhythms, but Not Photoperiodic Responses, Survive Surgical Isolation of the SCN in Hamsters
Authors: Hakim Harvey , DeBernardo Angela Philpot , Silver Rae
Published: March 2007

Surgical isolation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) within a hypothalamic island is reported to produce loss of circadian rhythmicity. The results have been interpreted to indicate that SCN efferents are necessary for the expression of circadian rhythms. It is not clear, however, whether the loss of circadian rhythms in behavioral responses following SCN isolation is attributable to transection of efferents, to loss of cells within the island, or to gliosis produced by the knife cut. To explore this issue, we examined locomotor activity and gonadal state of male golden hamsters housed in constant darkness (DD, with a dim red light for maintenance) for at least 10 weeks following isolation of the SCN from the rest of the brain by cuts by means of a Halasz wire microknife. Brain sections were immunocytochemically stained for the peptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), vasopressin (VP) or neurophysin II (NP II), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) to localize the SCN and to assess its viability, and for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to delimit the border of the knife cut. Experimental animals with VIP and VP/NP II immunoreactivity in the SCN within the island retained free-running locomotor rhythms following transection of SCN efferents. Animals with cuts that failed to sever SCN efferents, and sham-operated animals (in which the Halasz knife was lowered but not rotated), also maintained circadian rhythmicity. Hamsters sustaining severe damage to the SCN showed disrupted locomotor activity. In those hamsters that retained circadian locomotor rhythmicity following SCN isolation, gonads failed to regress in DD, demonstrating the absence of an appropriate photoperiodic response. The results suggest a multiplicity of SCN coupling mechanisms in the control of circadian rhythms.
Double-Pulse Experiments with Nonphotic and Photic Phase-Shifting Stimuli
Authors: Mrosovsky N.
Published: March 2007

Three-hour pulses of novelty-induced wheel running in the early to middle subjective day of golden hamsters produced phase advances of 2-3 hr. This phase shifting could be almost totally abolished by a light pulse following within 3 hr of the exercise pulse. When light pulses occurred about 8 hr after the exercise pulses, the phase-advancing effects of the latter were enhanced. Consideration of the amplitude of the phase response curve (PRC) for light pulses alone, in the test paradigms used here, showed that nonphotic and photic phase shifts did not combine additively. Antagonistic and synergistic interactions between photic and nonphotic shifts may have to be taken into account if it transpires that exercise in people can be used to assist adjustment to new schedules after crossing time zones, or in shiftwork.
The Same Photoperiodic Clock May Control Induction and Maintenance of Diapause in the Spider Mite Tetranchus urticae
Authors: Koveos D.S. , Kroon A. , Veerman A.
Published: March 2007

In the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, both diapause induction (which takes place during the larval and nymphal stages) and diapause maintenance (in the adult female) are under photoperiodic control. The question of whether or not the same photoperiodic clock is involved in both photoperiodic reactions was investigated in eight strains of the spider mite, originating from different localities in Europe. The methods employed consisted of (1) determination of the relative importance of the photophase and scotophase in the two photoperiodic reactions; (2) comparison of photoperiodic response curves for diapause induction and diapause maintenance; and (3) determination of the effect of light breaks on the capacity of long nights to maintain diapause, and comparison with the effect of light breaks in diapause induction experiments.
The Timing of Defecation within the Sleep-Wake Cycle of Humans during Temporal Isolation
Authors: Aschoff Jürgen
Published: March 2007

Data were collected from 14 human subjects who lived singly in an isolation unit without temporal cues. The subjects used buttons to signal the times when they woke up, took a meal, defecated, and retired. Under these conditions, the "free-running" circadian rhythms (e.g., the sleep-wake cycles and the rhythm of body temperature) remained internally synchronized in 7 subjects (mean circadian period = 24.47 hr); in the remaining 7 subjects the sleep-wake cycle lengthened beyond 28 hr, desynchronizing from the rhythm of body temperature (internal desynchronization; mean sleep-wake cycle = 33.45 hr). In all subjects, the interval from wake-up to defecation increased with the duration of wake time (α); on average, the interval varied proportionally with α. Furthermore, the interval from the last main meal (dinner) to defecation the following day was proportional to the sleep-wake cycle—either that which included dinner but preceded the defecation, or that which followed the dinner but included the defecation. It is concluded that a lengthening of the sleep-wake cycle (and of the wake time) results in a slowing down of the processes of digestion and evacuation of the bowels, in parallel with an apparent reduction of total energy expenditure.
Light-Induced Phase Shifts in Onset and Offset of Running-Wheel Activity in the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Meijer Johanna H. , De Vries Martinus J.
Published: March 2007

The effects of light pulses on activity onset and offset were assessed in intergeniculate leaflet- and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus-lesioned Syrian hamsters with a precise onset and offset of circadian wheel-running activity. Light pulses applied to animals in constant darkness during the early subjective night induced phase delays in both activity onset and offset, while light pulses during the late subjective night induced phase advances in the onset and offset of activity. Despite the fact that the direction of onset and offset shifts were similar, differences were found in the magnitude of light-induced phase shifts. Steady state phase delays were larger in the activity onset, while steady state phase advances were largest in the offset of activity. We found phase delays and phase advances within one cycle after the presentation of a light pulse in both activity onset and offset. Differences in magnitude of these immediate phase shifts in activity onset and offset resulted in a compression of activity time for a number of cycles following a light pulse. Similar results were obtained in a selected group of intact animals indicating that intergeniculate leaflet- and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus-lesioned hamsters provide a good model to investigate the effects of light on circadian onset and offset of running-wheel activity.
Seasonal Variation in Human Illumination Exposure at Two Different Latitudes
Authors: Cole Roger J. , Kripke Daniel F. , Wisbey Joyce , Mason William J. , Gruen William , Hauri Peter J. , Juarez Silvia
Published: March 2007

The authors measured ambient illumination exposure in healthy volun teers in San Diego, California (latitude 32° 43' N, n = 30), and Rochester, Minne sota (latitude 44° 1'N, n = 24), during each of the four quarters of the year, which were centered on the solstices and equinoxes. Subjects wore photosensors on their wrists and lapels (or foreheads while in bed) 24 h per day for an average of 5-6 days per quarter. The maximum of the two illumination readings was stored each minute. Annual average time spent per day in outdoor illumination (≥ 1000 lux) was significantly higher in San Diego than it was in Rochester (p <.04). Daily durations of illumination at or exceeding thresholds of 1,10,100,1000, and 10,000 lux were highly seasonal in the sample as a whole (p < .01 at 1 lux, p < .0001 at other thresholds). Seasonal variation in outdoor illumination was far more pronounced in Rochester than it was in San Diego (interaction p < .001) but remained significant in San Diego ( p ≤ .03). Seasonal variation in indoor illumi nation was generally similar in the two cities. The median Rochester subject experienced illumination ≥ 1000 lux for 2 h 23 min per day during summer and 23 min per day during winter. The corresponding times in San Diego were 2 h 10 min and 1 h 20 min. Neither age nor gender predicted illumination duration at any level. Both season and geographic location strongly influenced human illumination exposure, and behavior (choice of indoor vs. outdoor environment) was the most important mediating factor.
Urban Planning in the New South
Authors: Silver Christopher
Published: March 2007

Historiography of urban planning in the South has been hindered by the erroneous assumption that the region did not take the city development process seriously until the post-World War II period. Recent additions to the urban literature of the New South suggest, however, that its planning legacy can be traced back to the early I 900s and that it was a tremendously fertile groundfor prominent national planning consultants. Although distinctive regional traits influenced the planning style in southern cities, New South urban planning conformed to the mainstream of the emerging profession. In many respects, particularly over the past three decades, the South has been an innovator in planning, although planning history literature has yet to address carefully many of these emerging trends.
Normative Ethics in Planning
Authors: Howe Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Normative ethics provide guidelines for deciding what makes right acts right. Planners who have written explicitly about ethics have taken a wide variety of approaches-descriptive, analytical, and normative. Normative approaches in planning have been shaped by the dispute in philosophy between two major approaches to ethics. Utilitarianism focuses on the goodness of consequences in deciding what is right. Deontological approaches focus on rules, rights, and actions that are right in themselves. Because neither of these approaches is fully satisfactory by itself; others have been developed that attempt to deal with particular weaknesses. Rule-utilitarianism and intuitionism are discussed here. Either could be thought of as the approach that underlies professional codes of ethics.
Sustainability, Feminist Visions, and the Utopian Tradition
Authors: Spain Daphne
Published: March 2007

This article examines the similarities between sustainable and feminist ideal communities as successors to the utopian tradition. Its purpose is to place feminism and sustainability in a historic context within the profession and to acknowledge the importance of utopian visions. Utopian, feminist, and sustainable visions of the future all include an emphasis on the noneconomic components of quality of life, the collectivization of domestic tasks, the influence of design on social structure, and an anti-urban/suburban bias. Most important, they all share the belief that it is possible to change cities by imagining a more equitable future.
Enmeshment in the American Family
Authors: Jones Dorothy M.
Published: March 2007

The central thesis of this article is that the ideology and structure of the U.S. family generates excessive parental dependence on children for validation; self-esteem; and, in some cases, intimacy and that this dependence is the cornerstone of enmeshed parent-child relationships. The article concludes with a discussion of alternative approaches to child rearing. The empirical base for the analysis is the author's clinical experience and in-depth life-history interviews with 48 Caucasian men and women of diverse ages and classes.
Feminization of Poverty and African-American Families: Illusions and Realities
Authors: Franklin Donna L.
Published: March 2007

The term feminization of poverty was coined to capture the increasing rates of poverty among mother-only families. More recently, it has been used to draw attention to the failure of men to provide support for their former wives by emphasizing the enforcement of child-support legislation. The focus on this legislation has overlooked the needs of the most vulnerable families. By using the case of African-American families, this article presents a more comprehensive approach to addressing the poverty of single mothers that will bridge the racial and class divisions among women.
The Role of Working-Class Women in a Changing Economy
Authors: Zippay Allison
Published: March 2007

This article examines shifts in the economic roles of working-class women in married-couple households during the 1980s. It reviews aggregate economic data from that decade and presents the results of a case study of 102 blue-collar families who experienced changes in employment and earnings because of a recession brought on by the loss of manufacturing jobs. The study found that as jobs in the goods- producing sector declined and the earnings of the blue-collar men dropped, the employment rates for the women rose, and the women assumed a stronger economic role in their families.
Women, Poverty, and Welfare Reform: A Challenge to Social Workers
Authors: Swigonski Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Social workers can work more effectively for welfare reform by building on an analytical framework that includes compassion and justice. This framework is based on an understanding of the lives of mothers with low or no incomes and an examination of the distribution of income and wealth within the context of a comprehensive definition of welfare.
Health: Elderly Rural Women's Conceptions
Authors: DePoy Elizabeth , Butler Sandra S.
Published: March 2007

The study presented here examined how 218 elderly rural women defined and sought to maintain their health and examined the extent to which social networks, age, endurance, adaptation, and proactivity are related to health. It found that the respondents viewed health as the absence of illness and considered giving and productivity essential to their health.
Still Caught in a Trap: The Continued Povertization of Women
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jacki A. , Gomez Todd R.
Published: March 2007

Structural decreases in access to services and income make women increasingly vulnerable to poverty. Guided by liberal feminist-structural theory, this article reviews three social constraints that uniquely contribute to women's poverty: the confines on the family system, the conditions ofwomen's work world, and the design of support systems. It then examines antipoverty programs in the United States and abroad and presents recommendations for social work practice.
Feminist Community Organizing on a College Campus
Authors: Martell Diane , Avitabile Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates the application and evaluation of feminist community organizing principles by a college women's center during a conservative backlash: the early to mid-1990s. It describes how the students organized around the issue of sexual assault on their campus, analyzes the power of the backlash to hinder organizing efforts, and discusses why feminist community organizing is important for women.
Minimizing Negative Experiences
Authors: DUNHAM KATHERINE , SENN CHARLENE Y.
Published: March 2007

Women who have experienced abuse in intimate relationships often omit information about the abuse when disclosing to others. Data describing this phenomenon have been anecdotal and concerned only with disclosures to clinicians and social scientists. This study documented the prevalence of minimization in disclosures to friends and relatives and explored factors that might predict minimization. The results revealed that 36.1% of women who disclosed abuse to friends and relatives omitted information. A stepwise logistic regression indicated increased severity of abuse, more accepting attitudes toward physical abuse, and delayed disclosure were each positively associated with minimization. We tentatively suggest that this phenomenon can be viewed as an attempt to manage confidants' reactions to disclosure of abuse and enhance the likelihood of social support. Whether providing an incomplete picture of the situation serves to facilitate or undermine the quality of social support received is an empirical question that must be explored.
Date Rape Prevalence Among Female High School Students in a Rural Midwestern State During 1993, 1995, and 1997
Authors: SCHUBOT DAVID B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of date rape among a statewide, random sample of female high school students. A date rape item was included on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire administered to random samples of South Dakota high school students during 1993, 1995, and 1997. The prevalence of date rape among female high school students in the three statewide samples ranged from 11.8% to 14.9%. Due to measurement limitations, these results are likely to underestimate the prevalence of date rape in the study population.
Rough Justice
Authors: BARON STEPHEN W. , FORDE DAVID R. , KENNEDY LESLIE W.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the conflict management styles of homeless male street youth and young males from the general population. Findings indicate that street youths are more likely to demand reparation from people they perceive have harmed them and are more willing to use aggression to settle disputes. They also hold subcultural values that leave them more likely to become upset and use aggression in disputes. These youth are less influenced by conflict intensity when compared to males from the general population and are more sensitive to attacks by equals. In contrast, the behavior of young males from the general population is not predicted by cultural values that support violence. Instead, males from the general population require intense conflict before they become upset, demand reparation, and use aggression to settle disputes. Findings are discussed in terms of the expectations that actors in different structural locations bring to social interactions.
Correlates of Formal and Informal Support Seeking in Sexual Assault Victims
Authors: ULLMAN SARAH E. , FILIPAS HENRIETTA H.
Published: March 2007

Correlates of service seeking were examined in a sample of 323 sexual assault victims. Several barriers to disclosure to different formal support providers were explored to determine whether victim characteristics, assault variables, and postassault experiences differentiated those women who sought formal assistance from those seeking informal support only. As expected, victims of stranger rapes with more injury were more likely to seek support from formal service providers. Victims seeking formal assistance reported receiving more negative social reactions when disclosing their assaults than victims soliciting support from informal social network members only. Frequency of receipt of positive social reactions did not differ as a function of disclosing to formal support providers or informal sources only, with the exception of tangible aid, which was more commonly provided by formal support sources. Implications for encouraging help seeking by victims and reducing negative social reactions of formal support providers are given.
Theoretical Note
Authors: HARRIS GRANT T. , HILTON N. ZOE
Published: March 2007

In research on the correlates of interpersonal violence, moderate and small associations are ubiquitous. This note demonstrates that such effects can be the result of a very small minority exhibiting extreme values and high association on the correlated variables. Empirical and theoretical implications of this possibility are discussed.
Objective Ratings of Assault Safety as Predictors of PTSD
Authors: CASCARDI MICHELE , RIGGS DAVID S. , HEARST-IKEDA DIANA , FOA EDNA B.
Published: March 2007

Pre-trauma beliefs about the safety of the world and one's own invulnerability are thought to influence post-trauma reactions. The current study examined whether two trauma characteristics that are hypothesized to relate to perceptions of safety, assault location and assailant identity, predict the rate and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female rape victims. It also attempted to reduce the confound of assault brutality. Results indicated that women assaulted in locations rated as safe had significantly more severe overall PTSD symptoms than women assaulted in dangerous locations. However, contrary to our prediction, women assaulted by dangerous assailants reported significantly more severe PTSD symptoms than women assaulted by assailants rated as safe. Assault brutality and violation of safety expectations may represent two distinct aspects of the assault, both influencing the severity of posttrauma reactions.
Beliefs Among Professionals About Rates of False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: EVERSON MARK D. , BOAT BARBARA W. , BOURG SHERRIE , ROBERTSON KEVIN R.
Published: March 2007

A total of 244 judges, law enforcement officers, mental health practitioners, and child protection service (CPS) workers were surveyed to explore their beliefs about the frequency with which children lie or fail to tell the truth when they allege sexual abuse. Results indicated that judges and law enforcement officers were significantly more skeptical of children's reports than were mental health and CPS workers. Although age, gender, and years of experience did not appear to affect beliefs about credibility, those professionals who dealt with more cases of child sexual abuse in the previous year were significantly more likely to believe the reports of children than were professionals who worked with fewer cases. Significant differences also were found among professional groups on whether children never or frequently lie about sexual abuse. Finally, across all groups, reports of sexual abuse made by female adolescents were viewed as significantly less believable than other groups of children. The implications of these findings for professionals are discussed.
The Impact of Elements of Self-Defense and Objective Versus Subjective Instructions on Jurors' Verdicts for Battered Women Defendants
Authors: FOLLINGSTAD DIANE R. , SHILLINGLAW REGINA D. , DeHART DANA D. , KLEINFELTER KATHRYN J.
Published: March 2007

Battered woman defendants' claims of self-defense have often been viewed as not fitting the classic definition of self-defense. Vignettes of a legal case varied the explicitness of the threat made to the woman by her partner before she killed him, whether she had the opportunity to retreat, and objective versus subjective instructions by the judge. College students (N = 399) chose a verdict, identified variables that influenced their verdicts, and completed attitudinal measures. The opportunity for retreat increased the probability of a guilty verdict by 5 times. Objective juror instructions increased the odds of a guilty verdict by almost 2 times. Explicitness versus implicitness of the threat did not affect verdict choice nor did attitudes of mock jurors. Verdict choice was more influenced by details about the abuse than personal traits of the husband or wife or reports from authorities.
Inpatient and Postdischarge Aggression in Mentally Disordered Offenders
Authors: HEILBRUN KIRK , HART STEPHEN D. , HARE ROBERT D. , GUSTAFSON DAVID , NUNEZ CATHERINE , WHITE ADAM J.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has indicated that psychopathy, as measured by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist is related to violent behavior, recidivism, and career criminality in nonpsychotic, correctional populations. However, the present study is among only a few to investigate the relationship between psychopathy and violence in mentally disordered offenders. Participants (N = 218) were administered the PCL following admission to an inpatient forensic hospital. Significant correlations between the PCL total scores and both nonphysical and physical aggression during the first 2 months of hospitalization were observed. The PCL total scores were also significantly correlated with postdischarge arrests for offenses against persons but not for offenses against property. Both age and PCL total score were significantly related to the total number of aggressive incidents during the first 2 months of hospitalization, but only the PCL total was significantly related to frequency of seclusion or restraint during this period. Results suggest that psychopathy may serve as a risk factor for mentally disordered offenders for certain kinds of aggression.
Adult Attachment
Authors: ROCHE DIANE N. , RUNTZ MARSHA G. , HUNTER MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the nature of the relationship between child sexual abuse, adult attachment style as measured by the Relationship Questionnaire, and psychological adjustment as measured by the Trauma Symptom Inventory. Participants were 307 female university students, including 85 women with a history of child sexual abuse. Results indicated that a history of child sexual abuse predicted both psychological adjustment and adult attachment style, and that adult attachment style predicted psychological adjustment. In addition, a mediational model in which attachment mediates between child sexual abuse and later psychological adjustment was supported. Results are discussed in terms of implications for conducting therapy with child sexual abuse survivors.
Buying Dental Benefits
Authors: Dolatowski Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Offering dental benefits as part of the larger benefits package is a good idea for a number of reasons. They are popular and are economical in their own right because they help prevent problems with oral health that are expensive to treat. Whether you are renewing or replacing a dental plan or preparing to offer one for the first time, this article presents statistics supporting your decision to offer dental benefits, questions you should ask your current or prospective insurer or insurance broker and a review of available dental plans. Running a popular dental benefits program requires balancing the needs of your business with the wants of its employees. Knowing what to ask and how to communicate your company’s wishes makes it that much more likely your dental insurance will do what it is meant to do: attract good employees and help them preserve their oral health, keeping them on the job in tip-top shape.
CBR Minisurvey
Authors: Bohl Don L.
Published: March 2007

A decade ago they were referred to as "gold-collar." Today, the preferred term is "hot talent." Call them what you will, but the fact of the matter is these employees are in great demand and companies are doing whatever it takes to attract them. "These workers' technical know-how is as important to corporate performance as a star actor's charisma is to a movie's box-office success," says the author. In spite of companies' dramatic gestures of piling on bonuses, offering frequent salary increases, as well as a host of other special perks meant to attract them, companies are still literally "begging" for these workers. Interpreting the data from a special CBR hot talent survey completed in January 1999, the author explains: who is in demand and why the demand exists; how critical skills are being compensated by the firms that want and need their talents; and how other employees are reacting to these workers "hot" status.
Assuring Retirement Benefit Plan Compliance
Authors: Buckley Michelle H.
Published: March 2007

Qualified retirement plans are an important part of a comprehensive employee benefits package to recruit and retain the best talent. However, they present significant challenges in their proper administration to ensure compliance with labor and tax law. A comprehensive program of selfmonitoring is an important instrument for ensuring that qualified retirement plans achieve their ultimate purpose—to reward, motivate and attract valuable human talent in the most costeffective manner possible. Such a self-monitoring program should create a system of checks that will provide for the continual verification and reconciliation of critical data, as well as the assurance that all plan documents are complete, accurate and timely. The self-monitoring program should minimize the opportunity for error in the administration of the plan by focusing on the following areas: investment management, participant data, eligibility, contributions, forfeitures, distributions, compensation, investment oversights and loans.
Pay Prooram Effectiveness
Authors: Risher Howard
Published: March 2007

Despite high levels of interest in changing compensation programs to link pay with results, this exclusive Compensation & Benefits Review survey of a broad cross-section of employers found that most companies have not changed the way they manage their pay programs. This article reports the results of the survey, which was conducted during the summer of 1999 and focused on the steps taken by companies to ensure that their pay programs are effective. Because the control of payroll costs has long been an organizational priority, one goal of the survey was to learn if organizations have adopted new ways to evaluate pay systems. Another goal was to determine if pay systems are being managed as a tool. The last decade has seen a high level of interest in measuring and improving system performance and in benchmarking best practices in other organizations. A final goal of the survey was to discover if those practices have been applied to the management of compensation systems.
HIV-1 Infection In The Correctional Setting
Authors: Vlahov David
Published: March 2007

HIV infection is a major public health problem in prisons and jails. In several correctional systems, AIDS has become the leading cause of death. Seroprevalence estimates for different systems in the United States and Europe range form 0 percent to 18 percent among inmates entering prison, indicating geographic variation. Reported HIV rates are higher among females compared to males, among inmates over 25 years, and among racial/ethnic minorities. The major established risk behavior for HIV infection among prison inmates is a history of pre-incarceration intravenous drug use. The prison and jail setting provides an opportunity to educate, counsel, test, and treat individuals at risk for HIV infection who otherwise might have a very limited access to care. Services to this population must be voluntary and confidential.
The Epidemiology Of HIV/AIDS In The New York State Correctional System
Authors: Morse Dale L.
Published: March 2007

HIV infection, AIDS, and associated conditions have become the pre-eminent health care issues in correctional facilities. In the New York State correctional system alone, there have been over 1,100 cases of AIDS among inmates and up to 10,000 current inmates may be infected with HIV. The extent and characteristics of the HIV epidemic among New York State inmates are presented and used as a reference for discussions of the implications of the epidemic on the criminal justice system.
Some Effects Of Extreme Overcrowding In Peruvian Prisons*
Authors: Zampa Fred
Published: March 2007

This paper is the result of study of men's and women's prisons conducted throughout Peru during the summer of 1989. Due to political upheaval, increased drug law enforcement, and bureaucratic inflexibility, overcrowding in several Peruvian prisons greatly surpasses the crowding in U.S. prisons. In Peru, prison overcrowding has led to the abandonment of goals for imprisonment, increased stress on staff members, and a lack of prison security. The Peruvian experience thus provides several lessons for prison systems in the United States.
Why Not Community Service?
Authors: Caputo Gail A.
Published: March 2007

Though considered an intermediate sanction, community service is hardly ever used as such in the United States. Especially for low-level property offenders who move in and out of the system repeatedly, com munity service can be a viable and beneficial correctional option. New York City has experimented with using community service as a replace ment to jail sentences through the Community Service Sentencing Project. This paper presents evidence from research conducted at the Vera Institute of Justice that points to the value of community service for the recidivist property offender. Based upon analysis of several sets of data two main findings are discussed. First, rates of completion are favorable, in that they are consistent with the program's recent past and exceed con tractual goals despite the change to a more criminally active group of offenders under supervision. Second, representatives of community agen cies have favorable views of the offenders, the sanction, and the work performed; communities benefit from the work; and many offenders con sider the program a fair and just punishment that helps them in various ways.
Resistance, Persistence, and Change: the Transformation of the Catholic Church in Poland
Authors: Osa Maryjane
Published: March 2007

Christian social doctrine... is a doctrine of the most important non-religious sociological structures which are erected upon independent foundation, or, to use its own language, of its relation with the most powerful social forces of the `world.' If we admit that the State and Society, together with innumerable other forces, are still the main formative powers of civilization, then the ultimate problem may be stated thus: How can the Church harmonize with these main forces in such a way that together they will form a unity of civilization?

Ernst Troeltsch (1911)
The "Home Bag": A Must for Lactation Consultants on the Go
Authors: Hatcher Sherry
Published: March 2007

The "home bag" is a tool for lactation consultations away from the office. The "home bag" consists of a large bag which houses a notebook and supplies. It organizes paperwork and supplies in a useful, compact, and por-table manner. Almost any consultation away from the office can be handled with the "home bag," an electric breast pump, and a map.
Breastfeeding and Mothering One-handed
Authors: Thomson Vicki M.
Published: March 2007

This case study describes how a mother with a congenital below-elbow limb absence manages breastfeeding and child care. Information for the case study was gained from direct observation, detailed interviews, and the subject's written reflections. Literature review revealed that, worldwide, many women have upper limb deficiencies. Such deficits may occur congenitally from teratogens or other causes, or they may occur as a result of disease or trauma. In spite of recent technological advances, prostheses are restricted in their efficiency and are not frequently used. Support from others is a critical factor in enabling those with limb deficiencies to achieve an optimal quality of life, including during childbearing and childrearing. No published data to assist breastfeeding mothers with limb deficiencies was revealed. Specific practices are mentioned that promote self-confidence and capability with breastfeeding and fulfilling children's needs.
The Effects of In-Hospital Lactation Education on Breastfeeding Practice
Authors: Schy Deborah S. , Maglaya Catherine Folker , Mendelson Sherri G. , Race Kathryn E.H. , Ludwig-Beymer Patti
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of an in-hospital lactation education session on breastfeeding duration and satisfaction among postpartum women was investigated. In equal number, a total of 150 women were randomly assigned to a standardized curriculum (experimental group) or a routine-care control group. No differences were found between the groups regarding breastfeeding duration, mother's satisfaction level, or her perceived support. Item-scale analyses, however, were promising (a=0. 77) and a preliminary factor analysis suggested three underlying subscales: professional encouragement, satisfaction, and familial relationships. Based on a stepwise, multiple regression analysis three variables were related to length of breastfeeding experience, that is, level of satisfaction, educational level of the mother, and expected length of breastfeeding. Implications of these results toward lactation education programs and further scale development are discussed.
The Effect of Sequential and Simultaneous Breast Pumping on Milk Volume and Prolactin Levels: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Aldag Jean C. , Chatterton Robert T.
Published: March 2007

Mothers who must express milk for a prolonged period frequently report that milk volumes decrease. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of having a sample of lactating mothers of preterm infants follow a specific breast pumping protocol, express milk mechanically for six weeks, and have a subsample consent to venipuncture. This pilot study compared the effects of pumping breasts sequentially or simultaneously on milk volume and prolactin levels in mothers of preterm infants. Nine lactating mothers were randomly assigned to a sequential single or simultaneous double electric breast pumping system. Prolactin levels were examined in four mothers on days 21 and 42 postpartum. The sequential single and simultaneous double groups had mean baseline prolactin levels of 50.8 ng/ml and 40.6 ng/ml, respectively on day 21, and 26.6 ng/ml and 34.5 ng/ml, respectively, on day 42 postpartum. At 9 and 12 weeks postpartum mothers were queried about their lactational status. The results suggested that milk yield may be maintained or increased with frequent use of the simultaneous double pumping system. Further study is needed to confirm results of this pilot study.
Do Labor Medications Affect Breastfeeding?
Authors: Walker Marsha
Published: March 2007

Do labor medications affect breastfeeding? Few studies examine breastfeeding as an outcome of labor medication. While parents may be told that labor medications and epidurals have no effect on newborns, the literature reports significant neurobehavioral effects of these medications on the newborn and the mother-infant relationship.
A Breastfeeding Drop-In Center Survey Evaluation
Authors: Pastore Marian Tomm , Nelson Alison
Published: March 2007

A survey evaluated a Breastfeeding Drop-In Center's (BDC) provision of "hands-on" professional breastfeeding help and support in a community setting. Results from telephone interviews using a pretested 29-item open and closed-ended questionnaire with a sample of 57 BDC clients showed: (1) 81% were breastfeeding at 4 months, (2) 51% were exclusively or primarily breastfeeding at 4 months, (3) 50% breastfed to or beyond their intended duration, (4) return to work/school was the main factor in weaning, (5) wanting reassurance, crying/fussy baby and poor latch were the most common reasons for attending the BDC, and (6) 95% said their problems were completely or partially resolved after visiting the BDC, with crying/fussy baby and difficulties latching as problems sometimes not resolved. These results suggest the BDC is an effective community breastfeeding support strategy.
The Anticarcinogenic Conjugated Fatty Acid, 9c, 11t-18:2, in Human Milk: Confirmation of Its Presence
Authors: Jensen Robert G. , Lammi-Keefe Carol J. , Hill Dennis W. , Kind Albert J. , Henderson Robin
Published: March 2007

The concentration of the anticarcinogenic fatty acid, 9c, lIt-1 8:2, in human milk was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The mean concentration of 20 samples from 5 women taken at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days was: 0.18% + 0.02; range, 0.14-0.28%. Identity was confirmed by GLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Conjugated isomers other than 9c, 1 lt-18:2 were not detected. The amounts were not changed by supplementation of the maternal diet with fish oil beginning on day 1 after the milk sample was taken.
Patient with Insufficient Glandular Tissue Experiences Milk Supply Increase Attributed to Progesterone Treatment for Luteal Phase Defect
Authors: Bodley Vicki , Powers Diane
Published: March 2007

A case report is presented on the experience of a mother diagnosed with insufficient glandular tissue at 3 months postpartum with her first child who then went on to breastfeed her second child (fifth pregnancy) without supplementation of any kind. The mother had difficulty becoming pregnant and maintaining a pregnancy. She was diagnosed with a luteal phase defect and was thus treated with natural progesterone during her fifth pregnancy. The authors speculate that this treatment may have stimulated the development of her mammary alveolar cells, allowing lactation to progress normally.
Emotion Work, Commitment, and the Authentication of the Self
Authors: WOLKOMIR MICHELLE
Published: March 2007

Whereas previous research on support groups focuses on cognitive aspects of the self-redefinition process central to support group success, this ethnographic study of gay and ex-gay Christian men examines the importance of emotion in the support group process. By analyzing the emotion work done within these groups, we learn how support groups can create and maintain the member commitment necessary for individual transformation and support group success. Specifically, the author shows how members are (1) recruited through an emotional promise, (2) taught emotion management strategies that make participation initially tolerable and later rewarding, (3) encouraged to share emotions that build collective identity, and (4) lead to authenticate new self-meanings via emotional experience. The implications of this study for understanding how emotion work affects recruitment and participation in social movement organizations are also discussed.
For Fun and Profit
Authors: Herrmann Gretchen M. , Soiffer Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Garage sales are to be found in virtually all American communities, conducted and attended by a complete cross section of the populace. After discussing the evolution of the garage sale, its transformation and institutionalization, this article presents elaborated typologies of modes of garage sale participation. Roughly ranked by degree of economic rationality, the typologies demonstrate the complexity and contradiction of modes of garage sale participation. The garage sale is born of affluence, the rise of disposable consumer goods. But, it is argued, the garage sale and other forms of informal economic activity constitute survival strategies utilized by an ever-widening range of participants spurred by long-term economic crises.
Entering Male Prostitution
Authors: Luckenbill David F.
Published: March 2007

This article uses open-ended interview data to analyze the process of entry into male prostitution. Such entry proceeds through two stages, first initial and then regular involvement. Two paths to initial involvement are identified: defensive involvement, in which boys first turn to prostitution as a solution to a desperate living and financial situation, and adventurous involvement, in which youths who are relatively better off agree to sexual relations for payment in order to earn extra money and sometimes to obtain sexual satisfaction. Whereas the first group generally move to regular involvement in prostitution shortly after their first sale, those who turn to prostitution adventurously tend to move into regular involvement mpnths or years after their first sale in response to a vanety of life-situation contingencies.
“COOLING OUT” MEN IN SINGLES BARS AND NIGHTCLUBS
Authors: SNOW DAVID A. , ROBINSON CHERYLON , McCALL PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to advance understanding of the interactional survival strategies of women in public places by examining the manner in which they fend off men and parry their advances in singles bars and nightclubs. The strategies employed are conceptualized as variants of the “cooling out” process initially outlined by Goffman (1952). Three sets of strategic practices associated with actual or anticipated cooling-out encounters are identified and elaborated. The data are based on participant observation in nine different nightclubs and drinking establishments, conversational interviews with patrons and employees, and postobservational, semistructured interviews with 33 other individuals. The article concludes with a number of observations regarding both the factors underlying the female-to-male cooling-out process and the relationship between that process, gender role behavior, public order, and the self.
STIGMA AND THE MORAL CAREERS OF EX-MENTAL PATIENTS LIVING IN BOARD AND CARE
Authors: SHAW LINDA L.
Published: March 2007

Based on extensive observation and interviewing in a board and care setting, the author suggests some problems of adjustments to such living arrangements for the chronically mentally ill. The article concentrates on explicating the chronically ill person's typology of individuals living in board and care as a member's perspective of self and others. In turn, this typology reflects ways in which the chronically mentally ill come to terms with the “career” of the stigma of mental illness.
PASSING MOMENTS
Authors: WOLFINGER NICHOLAS H.
Published: March 2007

Pedestrian interaction is inherently complex yet observably ordered. For order to be possible, people must behave like competent pedestrians and must expect copresent others to act accordingly. Although many researchers have examined pedestrian behavior, few have considered exactly how pedestrians develop and sustain the expectation that others will indeed behave like competent pedestrians. Using ethnographic data, the author shows how these expectations emerge in the specific practices that comprise pedestrian behavior. Various researchers have attributed pedestrian order to the existence of a tacit contract between users of public space. The author's findings extend the implications of this work by explicating the social and collaborative processes by which users of public space come to trust each other to act like competent pedestrians.