bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1147. Regional Trends in Favipiravir and Steroid Use in the Treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Asai Yusuke , Tsuzuki Shinya , Matsunaga Nobuaki , Ohmagari Norio
Published: December 2022

Background

Two years have passed since the global outbreak of COVID-19 began. Vaccines and many therapeutic agents have now been developed, and treatment is being conducted in accordance with guidelines. In general, it takes a long time for guidelines to be established, as a large amount of clinical data is required. Therefore, in the early and middle stages of an epidemic, treatment is often based on experience at individual centers. This study focuses on two drugs, Favipiravir and Steroid, and investigates how trends in drug use changed in different regions.

Methods

We compared the proportion of drug administered patients in the COVID-19 Registry Japan (COVIREGI-JP). Data from four COVID-19 epidemic waves, from January 2020 to June 2021, were included for the analysis. To compare regional trends, 10 categories were used based on existing classifications. In addition, Tokyo and Osaka were accounted for separately, for a total of 12 regions. Severity of each case was divided into mild, moderate 1, moderate 2 and severe based on the condition on admission, and the proportion of Favipiravir or Steroid administered cases was calculated for moderate 2 and severe cases.

Results

Favipiravir was administered to more than 50-100% of patients in the first wave. Thereafter, it declined nationwide, with sharp falls in Tokyo (34.9%, 16.5% and 4.3%) and Osaka (48.8%, 41.8% and 8.0%). In Hokkaido, on the other hand, 82.4%, 53.7% and 59.8% of the cases still continued to receive Favipiravir.

In the first wave, Steroid was administered to 20-40% of cases. The proportion gradually increased, with 50-80% in the second wave, and 85.5% in Tokyo, 93.4% in Osaka and 90.2% in Hokkaido in the fourth wave, the majority of cases.

Changes over time in the proportions of cases treated with Favipiravir and Steroid in each region.

The top four and middle four panels show the proportion of cases treated with Favipiravir and Steroid, respectively. The lower epi-curve shows the number of COVID-19 cases in Japan.

Conclusion

We confirmed that the more effective treatment was rapidly spreading throughout the country. More information is available in areas with a large number of cases, such as Tokyo and Osaka, and in facilities that see a large number of cases. On the other hand, it may be difficult for smaller facilities or facilities that do not see many COVID-19 cases. Information from registry studies would be useful in making more effective treatments available earlier and more widely. We believe that further use of COVIREGI-JP would promote standardization of treatment.

Disclosures

All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1148. Relationship Between the Duration of Symptoms Before and COVID-19 Disease Outcome After Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
Authors: Hubbard Michael J , Polega James , Haggerty Diana K , Andersen Nicholas A , Simeunovic Gordana
Published: December 2022

Background

Clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies therapy (MAB) for COVID-19 demonstrated the risk reduction of COVID related hospitalization and death of any cause if administered within the first 7 days from the symptom onset. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for MAB within 10 days from the symptom onset. Our objective was to evaluate how duration of symptoms before MAB affects disease outcome following therapy. Figure 1Duration of Symptoms prior to MAB infusion in Clinical Trials

Methods

We evaluated a relationship between symptoms duration prior to MAB and disease outcome following treatment by measuring number of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations and ICU admissions within 14 days and number of deaths within 30 days of MAB. Based on the symptom duration, patients were classified in typical (1-7 days) and late group (8-10 days of symptoms). We evaluated outcomes according to the symptom duration using absolute risk reduction and used Chi-squared tests to assess statistical significance using an alpha of p< 0.05. Figure 2Subject Flow Diagram

Results

From 3898 patients, 3074 (78.9%) were treated within 7 days from the symptom onset. Demographics were similar in both typical and late group. Majority of treated patients in both groups were Non-Hispanic Caucasians suggesting racial and ethnic disparities potentially due to a lack of access to healthcare. All comorbidities were similar or higher in the typical group except for obesity that was more frequent in the late group.

Compared with typical, late group had more ED visits (9.22% vs 7.16% p=0.04) and hospitalizations (4.98% vs 3.68%, p=0.08). Absolute risk of progression to severe disease measured through the number of ICU admissions and deaths was low across the groups, and difference was not statistically significant. Adjusted for demographics and comorbidities, patients from the late group were 1.35 times more likely to seek help in the ED and 1.72 times more likely to get hospitalized. Figure 3Demographics and comorbidities for Typical (patients treated within 7 days from the symptom onset) and Late (patients treated 8-10 days from the symptom onset) group.

Conclusion

Despite FDA EUA allowing for the use of MAB up to 10 days from the symptom’s onset, our real-world findings suggest that patients benefit most when treatment is administered within 7-day from the symptom onset as consistent with clinical trials.

Disclosures

All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1152. Risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 receiving immunomodulator therapy: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hoffmann Chas A , Patrick Adam R , Hutchinson David J , Finoli Lauren M , Guliano Tiffany L , Moffa Matthew A , Shively Nathan R , Walsh Thomas L
Published: December 2022

Background

The case fatality rate of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 is estimated at 13-17% with higher rates in the critically ill (37-45%). Attenuation of the inflammatory cascade has potential to reduce mortality. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who received tocilizumab or baricitinib.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of the first 100 patients that received each medication. Cases were patients with 30-day all-cause mortality from start of immunomodulator, with controls those who received the medication and survived. Patient demographics, laboratory results, vital signs, and clinical management of COVID-19 were evaluated. Inferential statistics were used to analyze risk factors associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. Variables with p < 0.2 on univariate analysis were analyzed via multivariate logistic regression.

Results

From February-September 2021, 194 patients treated with an immunomodulator (97 in each group) were evaluated. Patients who received tocilizumab were less likely to be fully vaccinated (4.1% vs. 19.6%, p = 0.001) and were more likely to require mechanical ventilation at baseline (23.7% vs. 11.3%, p = 0.023). There were no between group differences in remdesivir or dexamethasone use. For the primary outcome, 81 patients (41.8%) experienced 30-day all-cause mortality with no difference between groups (tocilizumab: 46.4% vs. baricitinib: 37.1%; p = 0.19). Variables associated with higher odds for 30-day all-cause mortality in multivariate analysis: age ≥ 65, mechanical ventilation at baseline, and higher daily dexamethasone use. Fully vaccinated patients had lower odds for mortality (Table 1).

Conclusion

In COVID-19 hospitalizations, age ≥ 65, mechanical ventilation at baseline, and higher daily dexamethasone doses were associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. Mortality was lower in patients fully vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated. Use of a specific immunomodulator did not impact mortality.

Disclosures

Thomas L. Walsh, MD, Accelerate Diagnostics: Honoraria.
Suicide in Context
Authors: Granello Darcy Haag , Granello Paul F. , Juhnke Gerald A.
Published: December 2022

There are multiple pathways that young people can take that might lead to a suicide attempt or suicide death. Typically, a complicated interplay of biological, psychological, and social reasons, including pre-existing vulnerabilities, all contribute to individual risk. The student’s environment, including family life, adverse childhood experiences, and other traumas, also plays a role in suicide risk. In the aftermath of a student suicide, it might be tempting to look for a single reason or answer that helps suicide loss survivors as they struggle to make sense of the loss. Ultimately, simplistic answers or triggering events are seldom the cause of an individual’s suicide.
Ontology
Authors: Panaccio Claude
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 outlines Ockham’s ontology. Only individuals are accepted in this ontology, but two basic kinds of individuals are distinguished: substances and qualities. The chapter spells out the principles that govern these two categories of things and explains how material substances are made of form and matter (hylomorphism) and how complex qualities are made of simpler qualities. It then shows that Ockham’s rejection of relations does not prevent him from taking the world to be ordered according to space, time, inherence (of qualities in substances), information (of matter by form), essential similarities, and causation. The last part of the chapter argues that Ockham is committed to accept merely possible beings in his ontology.
The External World
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: December 2022

This chapter guides readers through the first three chapters of Shepherd’s Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, where she shows how her theory of causation can prove there is an external physical world. Shepherd presents this argument as proceeding in three steps, each establishing three separate but related beliefs: our belief in continuously existing objects, our belief that those objects must be “outward,” or external to the mind, and our belief that those objects must be independent of the mind. This chapter examines each of these steps in turn. Along the way, it also considers Shepherd’s objections to Reid regarding primary and secondary qualities, her account of time, her responses to external world skepticism, and the metaphors she uses to express the relationship between external objects and our sensations.
Skepticism and Idealism
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines Shepherd’s responses to the skeptical challenges posed by phenomena such as dreams and insanity. Shepherd aims to show that one need not take such skeptical scenarios seriously, although she also concedes that her arguments fall short of establishing their conclusions with deductive certainty. The chapter also considers her objections to Berkeley’s appeal to dreaming in support of his idealism, as well as her objections to Reid on account of his failure to consider dreaming. Since Shepherd was especially concerned to distinguish her view from the idealism and immaterialism advanced by Berkeley, this chapter also surveys her various other objections to Berkeley.
Vision
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines Shepherd’s solutions to two puzzles about vision in the final essay of Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, as well as her comments elsewhere in the Essays regarding distance perception. Since Shepherd was responding to theories of vision propounded by Berkeley and Reid, the chapter offers overviews of their accounts, of Malebranche’s and Descartes’ geometrical accounts of vision that Berkeley and Reid opposed, and of Shepherd’s criticisms of Berkeley and Reid on vision. The chapter reconstructs how Shepherd herself thinks distance is perceived by sight. It ends with discussions of her solutions to the puzzles of why one sees only one object despite seeing with two eyes (and thus having two retinal images) and why one sees objects as upright despite their inversion in retinal images. Shepherd’s solutions are linked with her endorsement of the causal principles defended in her Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect.
Introduction
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K.
Published: December 2022

This Chapter introduces the topic and fundamental concepts taken up for analysis in the book and builds the case around why an understanding of agglomeration and the regional economy is essential to assess India’s experience with the stated national objectives of balanced development. It sets out the research gaps till date and the relevance of this book for various stakeholders in India and also other developing countries that are facing similar challenges of growth and equity. It outlines the approach taken by the author and the key questions that the book hopes to address.
Economic Diversity at the Region Level
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K.
Published: December 2022

This Chapter provides a detailed analysis of the economic structure of a region and whether sectoral diversity is driven more by size or by the level of skills. A diversity index is constructed to represent the economic structure of the region. An enquiry is then made into whether size and diversity are truly associated and whether measures of diversity and size are interchangeable. The labour matching aspects of agglomeration are examined, followed by a deep dive into the role of skill levels in determining the sectoral mix.
Regional Value Added and Its Determinants
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K.
Published: December 2022

This Chapter focuses on value added at a regional level and examines the differences and determinants across two time periods 2004-05 and 2011-12. Estimates of regional contribution to the net domestic product, covering both organized and unorganized sector output, have been calculated for all NSS regions. A pooled cross sectional regression is carried out to examine how some of the factors outlined in the agglomeration literature including access to finance and skills, that contribute to making regions as engines of growth.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K.
Published: December 2022

This last Chapter of the book summarises and concludes the discussion, emphasizing the implications for theory, practice and policy that arise as a result of the analysis in the various chapters which can influence regional development planning and its implementation. There are specific take-aways and proposed recommendations at the institutional and administrative level which can be of interest to policy makers, bureaucrats, academicians, industrialists and in fact any individual in India and other developing countries, who seeks to understand, improve and influence the trajectory of regional development.
The Politics of Public Monuments in Dublin
Authors: Quin Jack
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines Yeats’s engagement with the politics of Dublin public monuments. The opening recounts his failed efforts to commission a monument to the United Irishman Theobald Wolfe Tone on the corner of St. Stephen’s Green. The following section begins by situating a wider field of Revivalist sculpture writing from the late 1890s to early 1910s within the context of Irish independence movements. Patrick Pearse’s admiration of Oliver Sheppard in a series of articles for An Claidheamh Soluis (The Sword of Light) illustrates the political dimensions of Irish sculptural aesthetics in the period. The middle sections of the chapter trace a competing conception of public sculpture through Yeats’s work with Lady Gregory and Hugh Lane to establish a gallery of modern art in the city, and Yeats’s varied aesthetic responses to the Parnell monument wherein he finds himself at odds with the popular opinion of a changing Ireland. The closing sections consider the mid-career poetry of Yeats on statues and public monuments, “Easter, 1916,” “Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen,” and the turbulent political circumstances of the time.
Federalism and Local Governments
Authors: Saunders Cheryl , Arban Erika
Published: December 2022

In this chapter, the authors focus on the constitutional position of local government in federal systems. It considers whether local government ought to be entrenched in federal constitutions throughout the world. The chapter identifies ways in which the local level of government contributes to desirable federal properties: deepening democratic engagement, engaging more closely with local constituencies, and providing opportunities for innovation and experimentation. But it also identifies challenges in formalising a constitutional role for local government: local government is often territorially small, resource-dependent on other units, and can sit uneasily in a system of shared rule. Unless care is taken, the formalisation of a position for local government can have adverse structural and political effects on the federation. After surveying the spectrum of ways in which cities, and local governments, are constitutionally recognised, the chapter suggests a particular method of formal recognition of local government suited to enhancing the role played in a multi-level federal system. It advances a concept of ‘partnership’ with other levels of government, governed by principles of comity, solidarity, subsidiarity, and equivalence.
Introduction
Authors: Bobić Ana
Published: December 2022

The introduction presents the changes and developments that primacy of EU law more generally, and the introduction of the preliminary reference procedure specifically, created for national judicial hierarchies. Since the start of the European project, the Court of Justice has played a central role in shaping the relationship between the Union and national law, specifically through empowering, and obliging, national judges to hear cases involving EU law brought before them. The principles of direct effect and primacy called into question the previously undisputed supremacy of national constitutions in the national hierarchy of legal norms. These principles, combined with the preliminary reference procedure, undermined the position and influence of national courts entrusted with safeguarding the constitution and its supremacy. The preliminary reference procedure placed a strong emphasis on judicial review as a method of ensuring the effectiveness of EU law. This, in turn, caused a more general decentralization of constitutional review at the national level. The introduction further presents the concept of the judicial triangle that will be used as an analytical tool in the book, to map power relations between the Court of Justice, constitutional courts, and ordinary national courts, which ensue from the developments in jurisprudence of constitutional conflict. The introduction finally sets out the main definitions that will be used throughout the book, the scope of analysis, and the outline of the book.
Strangle a country to change its king’s mind?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter defines the term ‘legitimacy’ in contrast to ‘legality’ in the context of economic warfare. It applies it to ethical dilemmata in relation to trade wars. It refers to classical Augustinian just war theory applying it to economic conflicts in order to test if and how it seems able to ground an ethical analysis of economic sanctions and economic coercion among states. Are trade wars ethically comparable to conventional warfare in its military context? The ethical discourse about those topics in a book about trade war seems unavoidable as international law and economic sanctions are often criticized in a public discourse for being a toothless tiger while hard economic sanctions are frequently criticized in terms of the ethical legitimacy when they produce their debilitating effects harming civilians/non-combatants. Is it fair and legitimate that modern economic warfare against an adversary’s economic potential without armed conflict may have a higher death toll than conventional warfare, mainly harming innocent civilians and employees instead of warlords? Are those responses of the international community not only legally, but ethically appropriate and, therefore, legitimate? Can economic warfare and economic sanctions, therefore, be ethically just and justified? Examples given pro and contra such questions include the Iraq conflict and the related US sanctions and their effects in the late 1990s.
Are sanctions effective? Can trade wars be won?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter outlines the development of modern trade theory, starting with Adam Smith and David Ricardo. It reports the plea for protectionist trade barriers advanced by Friedrich List, inspired by Alexander Hamilton. It shows that the dispute between free traders and protectionists has never ended and is raging today, for example in development policy. It describes the theory of the ‘optimal’ tariff and how it characterizes the trade war unleashed by President Trump. It deals with the problem of whether and how to compensate those who lose through the distributive effects of trade. It shows that since the turn of the century, millions of jobs have been relocated between trading countries. It sketches trade policy until 1945, including the problem of war debt and reparations, the Great Depression, and protectionism between the World Wars. It examines the effectiveness of economic sanctions and sets up a framework for how to plan successful sanctions and trade conflicts. It chronicles Trump’s trade war and concludes that it was economically unsuccessful and politically damaging, but that it had some traits that can be justified, mainly regarding the defence of technologies and infrastructures. The chapter finally looks into the relationship between trade expectations and the causes of war and finds that judging by past experience, there is a potential for armed conflict today.
The Chinese challenge and the disunited West
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter shows how, beginning with the Obama administration, the US government and Congress revised their views and strategy with respect to China, blaming Beijing for acting contrary to the letter and spirit of WTO law and violating other nations’ intellectual property, suppressing minorities, and bullying neighbours. It shows how the European Union gradually arrived at similar conclusions, but still tries to engage in business as usual. The chapter asks whether US allegations against China of systematic economic aggression are correct. According to the definition of economic warfare without armed conflict given in Chapter 2, China’s behaviour is mapped, based on a concept of structural power developed by British social scientist Susan Strange. It is recorded that China’s military footprint is growing, and that China’s economic expansion around the world is rapid, based on the Belt and Road Initiative, massive investment and presence in Africa, and investment in key industries and infrastructures of many Western countries. In addition to that, China’s financial influence is also growing fast, based on newly founded institutions, crediting foreign governments, and a larger role of the Chinese currency in international trade. China is also getting more innovative, but its quest for information and knowledge has a dark side, too: it shuts itself off from the internet, censors any content heavily, and uses cutting-edge technology for surveillance and repression of any people or ethnic minorities it considers to be potentially disobedient. Taking all these developments into consideration, Western democracies should be vigilant.
What is to be done?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter recommends that (1) Western liberal democracies understand that their political, economic, and social systems, built on the freedom of the individual, will have to succeed in a comprehensive competition with more collective, authoritarian, and non-market models. It recommends that (2) the Western model should be reformed, so as to shine again—whereas today it has let down many of its citizens, caused the world financial crisis, and bears features of crony capitalism. The chapter recommends that (3) economic and financial policies should be understood and practised as an integral part of foreign and security policy, and that the structures of government, and the world view and knowledge of politicians, officials, and chief executive officers, must be formed accordingly. It recommends (4) to increase the political effectiveness and military strength of Western Europe and (5) to re-strengthen transatlantic ties, instead of hunting for the futile goal of European strategic autonomy or even sovereignty. It recommends (6) to push reforms of the world economic order and its international institutions, and to uncompromisingly enforce their rules. It recommends (7) to cooperate fairly with China and Russia, wherever possible, and (8) to be prepared for decades of fierce competition, because under the given circumstances, that is the best of all possible worlds.
The Developer’s Dilemma
Authors: Alisjahbana Armida Salsiah , Kim Kyunghoon , Sen Kunal , Sumner Andy , Yusuf Arief
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses the ‘developer’s dilemma’—a tension emerging from the fact that developing countries are simultaneously seeking structural transformation and inclusive growth to raise the incomes of the poor. Simon Kuznets originally hypothesized that structural transformation may have a tendency—in the absence of policy intervention—to put upward pressure on income inequality. However, broad-based economic growth requires steady, or even falling, income inequality to maximize the growth of incomes at the lower end of the distribution. The purpose of our chapter is: (i) to discuss the empirical experience of the developing world in terms of structural transformation and, in doing so, to outline a typology of ‘varieties’ of structural transformation; and (ii) to discuss the structural transformation–inequality relationship and how it may vary under different patterns of structural transformation.
Benign Growth
Authors: Warr Peter , Suphannachart Waleerat
Published: December 2022

Between 1951 and 2017 Thailand’s real gross domestic product per person grew at an average annual rate of 4 per cent. In the process, the structure of the Thai economy changed radically. The output and employment shares of agriculture both contracted, matched by an expansion in the output share of manufacturing and the employment share of services. Structural change contributed to economic growth, as relatively unskilled people moved from low-productivity rural employment to more productive urban and peri-urban employment in industry and services. The social and economic flexibility to undergo this dramatic structural change clearly facilitated the massive reduction in extreme poverty that occurred simultaneously. Thailand’s long-running growth and structural change have strongly promoted inclusive growth, meaning growth that reduces poverty. The Thai data support the Kuznets hypothesis of an inverted-U-shaped medium-term relationship between economic inequality and levels of national income.
The Challenges of Structural Transformation, Inequality Dynamics, and Inclusive Growth in Bangladesh
Authors: Raihan Selim , Khan Sunera Saba
Published: December 2022

Over the past four decades, Bangladesh’s economy has experienced major structural changes. Agriculture’s share of gross domestic product has decreased, while manufacturing and service sectors have grown in importance. These structural changes have been associated with systemic problems such as lack of diversification, poor working conditions, low competitiveness, and a high level of informality, which have hampered progress towards sustainable economic development. Though manufacturing is now the most important component of Bangladesh’s export composition, this is largely due to the rapid growth of the ready-made garments sector, while other sectors have performed poorly. The manufacturing sector must concentrate on extending and diversifying its base in order to become a long-term, inclusive driver of economic growth and job creation. This chapter examines the main policy-induced and systemic challenges to the Bangladesh economy’s structural transition, with the goal of reducing inequalities and promoting inclusive development.
Explaining Variation in Legitimation and Delegitimation Practices
Authors: Bäckstrand Karin , Söderbaum Fredrik
Published: December 2022

This chapter explains variation in discursive, behavioral, and institutional legitimation and delegitimation practices with reference to the nature of the policy field and transnational actor access. Theoretical expectations are probed through a comparison of two intergovernmental global governance institutions during a legitimacy crisis: one operating in the policy field of sustainable development (the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC), the other being a multipurpose regional organization (the African Union). The chapter finds that the institutionally complex nature of the policy field of climate change explains the rich diversity of discursive, institutional, and behavioral legitimation and delegitimation practices in the case of the UNFCCC. In contrast, despite operating in several policy fields, legitimation practices in the African Union are predominantly discursive in nature and dominated by state actors. The high degree of access and openness within the UNFCCC explains variation in (de)legitimation practices. Although the African Union seeks to portray itself as a people-oriented union, the involvement of transnational actors is undermined by a range of exclusionary measures, which explains the limited variation in legitimation and delegitimation in this case.
Audiences of (De)Legitimation in Global Governance
Authors: Bexell Magdalena , Ghassim Farsan , Verhaegen Soetkin
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores the composition of targeted and self-appointed audiences of legitimation and delegitimation related to global governance institutions (GGIs). The study of targeted audiences is important because it reveals whose legitimacy beliefs matter in the eyes of elites. At the same time, there are channels through which self-appointed audiences can make their voices heard, not least in influential social media. An elite survey shows that non-constituent audiences are more commonly targeted than constituent audiences. This is true across GGIs of different policy fields and geographical scope. Targeting the legitimacy beliefs of member state representatives or the general public does not seem to be a main priority for elites. It is much more common for elite respondents to target civil society organizations than to target citizens in member states. In contrast, across GGIs, citizens are more prominent among self-appointed audiences as compared to their relative importance as targeted audiences. Citizens are the dominant self-appointed audience group in legitimacy debates on all GGIs, particularly in legitimacy debates on economic/financial and peace/security-related GGIs and less in the case of sustainable development GGIs.
(De)Legitimation and the Composition of Audiences
Authors: Bexell Magdalena , Bäckstrand Karin
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores how and why the composition of audiences of (de)legitimation varies across two key types of global governance institutions (GGIs), namely intergovernmental and nongovernmental institutions. It does so through a comparative study of the United Nations Framework Conventions for Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), holding the policy field of sustainable development constant. Theoretical expectations on variation across these two types of GGIs relate to institutional set-up, democratic normative structures, and politicization. Factors related to institutional set-up and governance mandates as expected contribute significantly to explaining the composition of audiences of both GGIs, albeit in different ways. Explanations related to global and domestic democratic normative structures have become more central over time for the composition of audiences of the UNFCCC compared to the FSC. Politicization stands out as an important factor for explaining the activation of self-appointed audiences in the case of the UNFCCC. Yet, politicization does not appear to be decisive for who was targeted by the UNFCCC. In comparison, politicization is an important explanation for who is targeted by the FSC, as manifested in its attempts at countering critique.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Kelly
Published: December 2022

The introduction argues that to understand the history of surveillance in the United States it is essential to study literature that positions policing and detection within the slave system. Taking up recent theories of genre that focus on identifying constellations of literary characteristics and examining the functions they fulfill for different historical periods, this book analyzes a multi-genre literature of antebellum surveillance. The narrative genres the book investigates share a thematic concern with the surveillance of racialized bodies and formal experimentation with “modes of detection” (ways of telling a story in which certain information is either rendered visible or kept hidden). The introduction also traces the history of racialized surveillance and sousveillance in the antebellum United States, charting the techniques and technologies employed by state-sanctioned agents such as slave patrollers or slave catchers, as well as non-state-sanctioned, often subversive, sousveillance practiced by enslaved men and women.
Fugitive Slave Narratives as a Literature of Sousveillance
Authors: Ross Kelly
Published: December 2022

The 1820s and 1830s were a transformational period during which US abolition activists demanded immediate emancipation and developed national institutions. This chapter argues that the turn in the 1820s from religious to legalistic antislavery discourse prompted ex-slave narrators and their editors in the 1820s and 1830s to test out different ways to frame their narratives. Slave narratives from these decades increasingly detailed the mechanisms of surveillance within the slave system, as well as the varied and creative ways enslaved people resisted this pervasive surveillance. Narratives from these decades positioned the ex-slave narrator as a spy before the familiar “slave as eyewitness” trope became conventional. When we read slave narratives through this surveillant lens, we can perceive their emphasis on crime and punishment, evidence, and revelation of secrets: the same concerns that would become central to detective fiction a decade later.
Inconspicuous and Conspicuous Detection in Ball and Poe
Authors: Ross Kelly
Published: December 2022

Poe’s detective fiction has typically been viewed through the Eurocentric lens of turn-of-the-twentieth-century genre conventions. This chapter argues that we should instead place these works within the history of US policing and surveillance, which developed to control African Americans. The chapter demonstrates how surveillance migrates from slave narratives to the emerging genre of detective fiction. Poe experiments with two different modes of detection: “conspicuous” and “inconspicuous.” Conspicuous detection deflects attention from systemic crimes by atomizing detection to focus on an individual mastermind’s nonreciprocal surveillance of an individual criminal. Inconspicuous detection, by contrast, rejects the panoptical model of surveillance and reveals the efficacy of covert, cooperative sousveillance to address systemic injustices such as slavery and colonialism. Ultimately, Poe’s engagement with the contest between surveillance and sousveillance led him to create the exemplary conspicuous detective: C. Auguste Dupin, a fantasy of nonreciprocal surveillance.
Medical Work
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores the nature of medical work through the lens of a case study of the history of the medical profession, focusing specifically on the labour of doctors. It begins with an analysis of the emergence of the medical profession and its differentiation from more traditional forms of healthcare. It goes on to explore the role of the Medical Registration Act in providing a basis for the professionalization of medicine, and the contribution which the founding of the NHS in 1946 made to this process. It shows the impact on medical work of the rise of human rights narratives, and how these narratives have been harnessed by neoliberal governments with a view to facilitating drives to depress costs. While it shows that the integration of medical labour within processes of capital accumulation has necessarily constrained the capacity for the former to respond to the problem of ill health, it suggests that recent changes in the legal framework governing the NHS, and the work of the medical profession, have exacerbated this problem. This is so, not least because it has exposed the medical profession to social and economic risks, doing so in a way that has the potential to undermine the autonomy that is integral to their work, and to fostering public trust.
Collective Motion in Active Materials: Model Experiments
Authors: Dauchot Olivier
Published: December 2022

The present chapter is dedicated to the discussion of two experimental systems of polar and dry active materials, namely colloidal rollers and walking grains. When the interactions promote alignment of the velocities, a transition to collective motion is observed from an isotropic dilute fluid, where particles move in all directions, to a long range ordered phase, where particles move coherently in a given direction. Our main goal is to illustrate how model experiments combined with precise theoretical analysis contributed to setting the limit of validity of the canonical Vicsek model. A special effort was made to present the theoretical analysis in a pedagogical way. The chapter concludes with opening perspectives about the non trivial effect of the density, beyond the dilute limit.
Active Field Theories
Authors: Cates Michael E.
Published: December 2022

These notes give an introduction to statistical field theories of active matter. After showing an example of how such theories can be created bottom-up by explicit coarse graining of active particle models, the main approach taken here is top-down: minimal terms are added to well-studied stochastic field theories of passive systems that break time-reversibility and thereby cause nonzero steady-state entropy production. These theories are, so far, rather poorly understood compared to their passive counterparts.
Thomas Wyatt
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: December 2022

Wyatt contributed to a growing fashion for Italianate culture in the court of Henry VIII by translating and imitating the vernacular poetry of Petrarch, primarily his sonnets. These English versions subtly transplant the highly inward lyricism of the Italian poems into an implied world more like that of a Renaissance court with its political tensions and seductive eroticism. Wyatt inflects his Petrarchan models with a new insistence on a fidelity and constancy to resist the pressures of that world, as well as a vindictive anger when such expectations are not met. In his greatest poem, “They flee from me,” the anger is muted enough to allow a uniquely sensuous, dreamlike memory of erotic pleasure and unanswered bafflement at its passing to have their full emotional range.
Philip Sidney
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: December 2022

Gascoigne’s standing as England’s leading poet was growing at his death in 1577 and was sustained for a few years afterward, but was soon eclipsed by the talent and personal charisma of the young Philip Sidney. During the 1580s, attempts by two other poets to write a Petrarchan lyric sequence in English were published, to little effect; Sidney, working in aristocratic privacy, was during this time finishing his self-education as a poet and composing the language’s first proper sonnet sequence in the Petrarchan mode. Its technical virtuosity is matched with a strong narrative drive related to Sidney’s own well-attested connection to the recently married Penelope Devereux Rich, who becomes the “Stella” of Astrophil and Stella. The sequence of individual poems presents a carefully paced story of obsessive desire, first at an intimidated distance, then by degrees more open and sexually aggressive, leading to kissing, expressions of love on both sides, and eventually a direct attempt at seduction. The attempt has an explosive effect on the relationship, in the wake of which Astrophil is definitively banished from Stella’s presence and left expressing his still powerful desire in sonnets of now hopeless Petrarchan isolation.
Afterword
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: December 2022

Placing the dark lady poems where they are delivers the speaker at the end of Shakespeare’s sequence into what Yeats in one of his own sonnets calls “the desolation of reality.” It is arguably the coldest conclusion of any of the Renaissance Petrarchist sequences, though also, arguably, one that was waiting to happen.
Introduction
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This introduction synthesizes theories and histories of populism which has varied both historically and politically, although populist rhetoric is consistent across cultures, eras, and the political spectrum. According to Ernesto Laclau, populism produces “The People” at historical moments where an existing political order fails to make citizens feel invested in it. The People are then positioned against the system and the perceived outsiders who have corrupted it. Representing The People is thus a nebulous task. This chapter traces fluctuations in the phrase “The People” across the Anglophone world, originating in English radical thought and most prominently embodied in the U.S. Constitution. This Enlightenment phase leads to romantic nationalist reconfigurations of it, privileging rootedness and a mythical timeless of The People. This usage of the phrase—common in its continental counterparts like le peuple or Das Volk—finds a receptive audience in fractious Ireland in the nineteenth century, more so than in British or American cultures.
The Populism of the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This chapter traces how The People of Ireland go from being the landed Anglo-Irish caste in the Patriot years of the 1780s to the poor Catholic cottagers of the mid-nineteenth century. The years of Grattan’s Parliament saw an Enlightenment definition of The People that stressed civic duties and land ownership as essential to participation in the res publica. The chapter traces how these criteria enter Ireland in arguments by Wolfe Tone, the Defenders, and Edmund Burke before examining how Daniel O’Connell expanded the definition of The People to include the majority of Catholics, transforming political discourse while paying tribute to the Protestant origins of The People. Though O’Connell was Ireland’s first “Man of the People,” he eschewed some of the antagonistic dynamics of populism, refusing to name any enemies of The People in hopes of reform. The chapter concludes with Young Ireland’s rejection of his methods and their attempts at creating The People, at least in the pages of their journals.
Yeats and The People against Populism
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This chapter follows the complex rhetorical gymnastics W.B. Yeats performed as he tried to balance a populist commitment to national revival with his attraction to the continental avant-garde. An early champion of those he thought of as The People, he argued throughout the 1890s that poets must return to the Irish-speaking cottagers of the West for cultural inspiration. While his enthusiasm for cultural nationalism wanes, a populist lens reveals Yeats’s unique positioning in his middle period: imbibing Nietzsche and Ibsen encourages a valorization of the avant-gardist against the masses, yet he stubbornly advances The People as a positive source in Irish culture. (Conversely, James Joyce, equally enthusiastic about Ibsen, proudly bears the mantle Enemy of the People, his hostility evident in his 1901 essay “Day of the Rabblement.”) Yeats’s middle period desires to be Enemy and Friend of The People simultaneously, and his essays and poetry isolate The People from populism, which he comes to see as a purely middle-class affair. The Playboy riots and Hugh Lane gallery controversy put further pressure on Yeats’s commitments to The People, and by 1913 Yeats comes to see them not as quaint cottagers but rather middle-class Catholics, and even newspaper magnate William Martin Murphy, whose spirit hovers over the poetry of this period, and who is “The People” in several poems. This chapter also explores Maud Gonne’s writings, which repeatedly stage the close relationship between herself and the audience that she always called “The People.”
Governing The People
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This chapter spans the Revolution to the declaration of a Republic. Both Free Staters and Republicans claimed to act on behalf of The People; both deeply distrusted those they thought of as The People. Republican contradictions find voice in Constance Markievicz, who simultaneously expressed the belief in the essential nature of the Irish nation while also advocating socialism. Éamon de Valera cannily deployed populist strategies to return to power, and this chapter explores how his newspaper The Irish Press produced a new version of The People. Ernie O’Malley advanced a radically different form of Republicanism in his memoir On Another Man’s Wound (1936), marking one of the boldest attempts to get close to The People. O’Malley signals that his aesthetic project—informed by similar revolutionary republican challenges met by Mexican muralists like José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera—might be doomed to failure, The People beyond empirical representation. Yet his aesthetic solutions are lasting and contribute a rich representation of The People. In popular discourse, however, populist vocabulary was wearing thin, especially the increasingly hackneyed phrase “the plain people of Ireland.” That such a phrase becomes the direct subject of two writers, Seán Ó’Faoláin and Myles na gCopaleen/Flann O’Brien, signals the weakening of populism’s effectiveness: phrases like “The People” lose their power when scrutinized. For na gCopaleen especially, the regular appearance of “The Plain People of Ireland” in his column Cruiskeen Lawn marks the end of populism’s reign in Ireland.
Fiscalization of the US Federal Government
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P.
Published: December 2022

The second chapter analyses the political and economic history of the pre-Constitution period and the arguments used during the ratification of the Constitution, where the fiscalization process was completed: the federal government was given an independent source of revenue in the form of a virtually unlimited power to tax. It shows that an internal threat was a major force leading to the Philadelphia Convention; the Framers drafted the Constitution which was later ratified by the states. The second part of this chapter unravels the main arguments that were used in favour of fiscalization. The original contribution to this chapter is the demonstration that a threat from the sovereign debt crisis during the post-war economic recession in the mid-1780s was the single-most important impetus for the clause conferring a federal power to tax in the Constitution of 1787. The social unrest in the form of the tax protests of 1786–87 constituted an internal threat for the new union. These tax protests could easily spill over to the other states and it was only because Shays, the leader of the most serious rebellion, was not ‘Cromwell or Caesar’, to use Hamilton’s comparison, that the rebellion was suppressed. This fear over protests united the elites from the states, who formed a coalition in favour of a strong federal government. The federal tax power was viewed as the most important means of preventing such crises from threatening the existence of the union in the future.