bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salmonella typhimuriumcontamination of processed broiler chickens after a subclinical infection
Authors: Knivett V. A.
Published: May 2009

A subclinical infection ofSalmonella typhimuriumin a broiler flock was investigated and attempts were made to eradicate the infection by treatment with furazolidone. One-quarter of the chickens were still infected after they had been through the processing plant. Washing in heavily chlorinated water reduced the number of contaminated carcasses. Infected chickens were also found in four other companion flocks on the same farm.
Protective isolation in a burns unit: the use of plastic isolators and air curtains
Authors: Lowbury E. J. L. , Babb J. R. , Ford Pamela M.
Published: May 2009

The use of plastic isolators and of an ‘air curtain’ isolator for protection of patients against infection was studied in a burns unit.

Preliminary bacteriological tests showed that very few airborne bacteria gained access to a plastic ventilated isolator; even when the filter and pre-filter were removed from the air inflow, settle-plate counts inside the isolator were much lower than those in the open ward, but the difference was smaller in tests made with an Anderson air sampler, which showed also that fewer large bacteria-carrying particles appeared inside the isolator than outside it. An open-topped isolator allowed virtually free access of bacteria from ambient air. The numbers of airborne bacteria inside an air curtain were appreciably lower than the counts of airborne bacteria in the open ward, but not as low as those in the plastic ventilated isolator.

Controlled trials of isolators were made on patients with fresh burns of 4–30 % of the body surface; the patients were given no topical chemoprophylaxis against Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacilli. Patients treated in plastic isolators showed a significantly lower incidence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa than those treated in the open ward; this protective effect was shown by isolators with or without filters or with an open top. Ventilated isolators, which protected patients against personal contact and airborne infection, gave a limited protection against multi-resistant ‘hospital’ strains of Staph. aureus, but no such protection was given by an open-topped isolator, which protected only against personal contact infection, or by air curtains, which protected only against airborne infection; the air curtain gave no protection against Ps. aeruginosa, and there was no evidence of protection by any isolator against Proteus spp. and coliform bacilli.

Both the controlled trials and evidence from the bacteriology of air, hands, fomites and rectal and nasal swabs taken on admission and later, supported the view that Ps. aeruginosa is transferred mainly by personal contact, Staph. aureus probably by air as well as by contact and coliform bacilli mainly by self infection with faecal flora, many of which are first acquired from the hospital environment in food or on fomites.

The use of plastic isolators is cumbersome, and of limited value except in the control of infection with Ps. aeruginosa. For this reason and because of the effectiveness of topical chemoprophylaxis such isolators are unlikely to have more than an occasional use in the treatment of burns. Though air curtains greatly reduce airborne contamination, their use in a burns unit does not appear to protect patients against infection when the alternative (and, for Ps. aeruginosa, more important) routes of contamination by personal contact and fomites are left open.
The influence of pH of the culture medium on the sensitivity ofMycoplasma gallisepticumantigens for use in certain serological tests
Authors: Bradbury Janet M. , Jordan F. T. W.
Published: May 2009

Mycoplasma gallisepticumantigens were prepared from organisms cultured in broth medium with glucose. The influence of period of growth, pH of the medium and duration of incubation at low pH (5·0) on the sensitivity of these antigens was determined in certain tests. The most sensitive antigen for the serum plate test was harvested after no more than 8 hr. incubation at pH 5·0. Sensitivity in serum plate, haemagglutination and gel diffusion tests was impaired if organisms were incubated at pH 5·0 for long periods. Antigens prepared from buffered broth medium were found to be at least as sensitive as those from unbuffered medium for the haemagglutination and gel precipitation tests, but considerably less so for the serum plate test.
Study of an attenuated strain of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus II. Removal of the spread factor by further passaging in tissue culture
Authors: O'Reilly K. J.
Published: May 2009

The propensity of an attenuated strain of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus to spread from vaccinated cats affected with intercurrent feline respiratory disease to unvaccinated in-contact cats was eradicated by further passaging of the vaccine virus in tissue culture. No virus was recovered from, and no antibody was found in the sentinel cats in contact with seven vaccinated animals. Thus, a further 27 passages of the vaccine virus in tissue culture has eliminated the spread factor.
Water-borne typhoid fever caused by an unusual Vi-phage type in Edinburgh
Authors: Conn Nancy K. , Heymann C. S. , Jamieson A. , McWilliam Joan M. , Scott T. G.
Published: May 2009

Investigation of a small series of cases of typhoid fever infected in a river between 1963 and 1970 revealed that all were caused by a single source, a carrier of a rare phage type of Salmonella typhi. The contamination of the river resulted from an incorrect sewage connexion with a surface water drain outfall into the river.
Biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae as a test for the evaluation of isolation systems
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Speltie T. M. , Vossen J. M.
Published: May 2009

Arguments in favour of biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae excreted in the faeces of isolated patients, as a method of investigating the efficiency of the isolation procedures, are presented as well as a technical outline of the procedure. The study included three kidney transplantation patients, five acute myeloid leukaemia patients and four healthy persons as controls.

The results show, apart from new colonizations during isolation, a difference in the mean number of contaminations and colonizations with different Enterobacteriaceae biotypes. It is concluded from these results, that the isolation procedures were not completely effective and that the AML patients studied had a decreased colonization resistance of their digestive tract. This was less evident in the kidney transplant group.
Comparison of membrane filtration and multiple tube methods for the enumeration of coliform organisms in water
Authors:   Public Health Laboratory Service
Published: May 2009

The membrane methods described in Report 71 on the bacteriological examination of water supplies (Report, 1969) for the enumeration of coliform organisms and Escherichia coli in waters, together with a glutamate membrane method, were compared with the glutamate multiple tube method recommended in Report 71 and an incubation procedure similar to that used for membranes with the first 4 hr. at 30°C., and with MacConkey broth in multiple tubes. Although there were some differences between individual laboratories, the combined results from all participating laboratories showed that standard and extended membrane methods gave significantly higher results than the glutamate tube method for coliform organisms in both chlorinated and unchlorinated waters, but significantly lower results for Esch. coli with chlorinated waters and equivocal results with unchlorinated waters. Extended membranes gave higher results than glutamate tubes in larger proportions of samples than did standard membranes. Although transport membranes did not do so well as standard membrane methods, the results were usually in agreement with glutamate tubes except for Esch. coli in chlorinated waters. The glutamate membranes were unsatisfactory. Preliminary incubation of glutamate at 30° C. made little difference to the results.
Identification of the immunoglobulin class active in the Rose Bengal plate test for bovine brucellosis
Authors: Corbel M. J.
Published: May 2009

The antibodies active in the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) for bovine brucellosis have been studied. The results of fractionation experiments showed that RBPT activity was associated with fractions containing immunoglobulin of the IgG1class; other immunoglobulin classes were inactive in this respect although active in other tests. These results were confirmed by inhibition tests with specific antisera and by elution of the antibody from agglutinated RBPT antigen.

The major proportion of the serum complement-fixing activity was also present in the IgG1fraction and it is suggested that the RBPT and CF reactions are probably mediated by the same antibodies.
Aminoadamantane-resistant strains of influenza A2 virus
Authors: Oxford J. S. , Potter C. W.
Published: May 2009

After one passage of influenza A2/Singapore/l/57 virus in mice treated with 150 mg./kg./day of aminoadamantane, a partially drug-resistant strain of virus was detected in 1 of 12 mice. The isolation rate of aminoadamantane-resistant viruses increased to 8 after three passages in drug-treated mice. Some virus strains showed a 500-fold increase in resistance to aminoadamantane and to the structurally related compounds α-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine and 2-adamantanamine sulphate. No aminoadamantane-resistant viruses were detected after passage of influenza four times in mice treated with lower (15 or 1·5 mg./kg./day) concentrations of aminoadamantane. Aminoadamantane had no detectable effect on the development of lung lesions in mice infected with the drug-resistant influenza strain, whereas lung lesions were reduced in aminoadamantane treated mice infected with a control strain of influenza A2/Singapore virus. No differences were detected in the buoyant density in caesium chloride, morphology or serology between control and aminoadamantane-resistant strains of virus. These drug-resistant influenza viruses may be useful for detailed studies of the mode of action of aminoadamantane.
Dysentery in general practice: a study of cases and their contacts in Enfield and an epidemiological comparison with salmonellosis
Authors: Thomas Mair E. M. , Tillett Hilary E.
Published: May 2009

During a laboratory study of diarrhoea in a large urban area during the years 1953–68, 5319 Sonne dysentery infections in 2620 households and six cases of Flexner dysentery in five households were confirmed. The annual incidence per 10,000 population fluctuated between 2 and 31 with an average of 12.

Shigella sonnei was found in 10% of new cases of diarrhoea investigated. Plural infections were found in 58% of the households studied and 30% of all contacts examined were shown to be infected. Among these contacts the infection rate was higher for children (42%) than adults (20%), and higher for adult females (24%) than males (16%). The duration of infection was under 2 weeks in nearly half the index cases followed up and longer than 2 months in only 3%, Intermittent excretion was observed in 15%. Repeated Sonne dysentery infection and illness was observed after intervals as short as 5 months. Antibiotic sensitivity was recorded after 1955 and colicine typing after 1960. Changes in antibiotic sensitivity were noted. Children of primary-school age were most susceptible to Sonne dysentery, but symptoms in ill cases were as severe in adults as in children. During years of high incidence cases were concentrated within a small number of primary schools.

Sh. sonnei infections were compared with salmonella infections studied concurrently. Sonne dysentery was a winter disease and most cases were under 11 years old, and case-to-case infection was the usual means of spread. Salmonellosis was prevalent in summer and affected nearly as many adults as children, often persons sharing an article of food. It was more prolonged and severe than Sonne dysentery, but less infectious. In all these respects S. typhimurium occupied an intermediate place between Sonne dysentery and ‘other salmonellas’.
Common colds in Antarctica
Authors: Allen T. R.
Published: May 2009

Recent studies have established that the occurrence of common cold epidemics amongst men in Antarctica shows a pattern similar to that seen in other isolated communities such as Tristan da Cunha (Cameron & Moore, 1968; Shibli, Gooch, Lewis & Tyrrell, 1971). Colds occur during relief periods when ships and aircraft call, and disappear during the months of winter isolation, but no statistical analysis of the incidence of such colds is available.
An outbreak of common colds at an Antarctic base after seventeen weeks of complete isolation
Authors: Allen T. R. , Bradburne A. F. , Stott E. J. , Goodwin C. S. , Tyrrell D. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Six of 12 men wintering at an isolated Antarctic base sequentially developed symptoms and signs of a common cold after 17 weeks of complete isolation. Examination of specimens taken from the men in relation to the outbreak has not revealed a causative agent.
Neutralization of TRIC organisms by antibody: enhancement by antisera prepared against immunoglobulins
Authors: Blyth W. A. , Taverne Janice
Published: May 2009

The neutralizing activities of fowl, rabbit and mouse antisera prepared against TRIC agents were enhanced, in some cases over a 100-fold, by the addition of antiserum against the appropriate IgG. Significant non-specific inactivation of the organisms was observed in the absence of antiserum against TRIC agents, in reaction mixtures containing normal serum and antiserum against IgG. Since the extent of this inactivation showed a prozone, control tests with dilutions of normal serum equivalent to the full range of dilutions of the antiserum tested are necessary to show that enhancement of neutralization is specific.
Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: lack of evidence indicating the influence of contaminated classrooms on spread of the disease
Authors: Klauber Melville R. , Angulo Juan J.
Published: May 2009

Space-time interaction analysis was applied to data from 101 elementary school children who contracted variola minor during an epidemic in Bragança Paulista County, Brazil. One school had two and the other three shifts of students occupying the same classrooms each day. There was no evidence found for excessive numbers of cases to occur among unvaccinated students occupying the same desks or seated near the desks occupied by cases occurring during another shift. Only three cases occurred among the 31 unvaccinated students occupying desks of students with variola from other shifts. Only one of these three subsequent cases occurred at a time interval suggestive of transmission. For the three models tested there was no evidence of space-time interaction between time of onset of the disease and location of desk for pairs of students from different shifts.
The persistence of mycoplasmas in the urogenital tract of men in the Antarctic
Authors: Holmes M. J. , Furr Patricia M. , Taylor-Robinson D.
Published: May 2009

A series of meatal swabs, taken from 17 men over a period of 17 months during their tour at an Antarctic base was examined for mycoplasmas. The number of organisms isolated never exceeded 104and not every specimen from each man yielded mycoplasmas. Nevertheless,Mycoplasma hominiswas isolated from 71% and T-mycoplasmas from 59% of the men at some time during their stay.M. hominispersisted in the presence of serum IHA antibody titres of 1/64. Three subjects yielded onlyM. hominisand one only T-mycoplasmas.

Six men had already spent a year at the base when the study began and myco-plasmas were still being isolated from some of them at the end of a 31 month period of isolation. The persistence of mycoplasmas in the male genital tract can therefore be independent of sexual contact. Two modes of persistence are suggested; either a few men act as carriers and reinfect the others by contaminating their environment, or as seems more likely, most men have chronic infections.
Corynebacterium pyogenes and bovine abortion
Authors: Hinton M.
Published: May 2009

In the examination of bovine fetal material it was found that there was a significant increase in the proportion of mixed infections identified as the time between abortion and the collection of the samples increased. Examination of paired serum samples from abortions from which only Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated revealed evidence of active infection in two-thirds, suggesting that C. pyogenes may have been acting as a primary abortifacient in these cases.
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in the West of Scotland, 1967–72
Authors: Reid D. , Bell Eleanor J. , Grist N. R. , Taylor J. C. , Ellis Jean R.
Published: May 2009

Outbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis have occurred among workers in shipyards and other industrial concerns in the West of Scotland in 1956, 1967 and 1971–72. In the most recent episode 220 persons were known to be affected and those mainly involved were shipyard personnel working on the open decks of ships under construction; only a few non-industrial workers were affected. As in previous outbreaks adenovirus type 8 was shown to be the causal organism. It is likely that spread of the virus was probably facilitated in some of the patients by such procedures as first aid measures to remove foreign bodies from the eye. A survey of the family contacts of those affected in 1971–72 revealed that only 2% were secondarily infected. This was probably due to propaganda measures to discourage the use of communal face towels, etc.

Despite close virological surveillance over a period of 6 years of patients attending opthalmic clinics in the West of Scotland, there is as yet no clue to the whereabouts of adenovirus type 8 during interepidemic periods. It is suggested that travellers might be responsible for the introduction of the infection into an area.
Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji V. The 1971–73 dengue epidemic
Authors: Maguire T. , Miles J. A. R. , Macnamara F. N. , Wilkinson P. J. , Austin F. J. , Mataika J. U.
Published: May 2009

A dengue epidemic due to type 2 virus involving some 3,400 cases began in Fiji early in 1971, had a peak during May, June and July, and cases have continued to occur with a low incidence during 1972 and 1973. Many of the notified cases showed classical dengue fever symptoms and there were no confirmed cases of haemorrhagic fever. A serological survey indicated that there had been at least 20,000 subclinical infections. It is probable that the virus was introduced to Fiji either through the port of Lautoka or Nadi international airport in February 1971. The normal travel patterns of residents must have spread the virus to all the more accessible localities but, with the exception of Rotuma, it caused infections only in areas where Aedes aegypti was available as a vector. There was no evidence that pre-existing dengue type 1 serum antibody gave any protection during this epidemic.
Use of single radial immunodiffusion test for serological studies in volunteers inoculated with live attenuated influenza virus
Authors: Molyneux M. E. , Beare A. S. , Callow K. , Schild G. C.
Published: May 2009

Pre- and post-vaccination serum samples from 278 volunteers, who were given live influenza vaccines, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial immunodiffusion tests (SRDT) for antibody to influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus envelope antigens. Those with high antibody titres detected in both tests were less frequently infected, and 85% of the 159 infected showed rises by HI and 70% by SRDT. Similarly, 69 pairs were tested for antibody to Hong Kong (N2) neuraminidase by neuraminidase inhibition test (NI) and by SRD tests. Those with high titres in both tests resisted infection and those who were infected showed a rise in antibody detected both by NI and SRD tests. In general, SRDT was less sensitive than HI and NI in detecting antibody and antibody rises, but in some volunteers it did detect antibody rises which were not detected by conventional tests. Because of its simplicity and speed it appeared to be of use in evaluating such vaccines.
A controlled trial of inactivated monovalent influenza A vaccines in general practice
Authors: Mair Hélène J. , Sansome D. A. W. , Tillett Hilary E.
Published: May 2009

A trial of influenza A vaccines in general practice is described. Five hundred and seven subjects were vaccinated with either inactivated monovalent A/Hong Kong vaccine, A/England vaccine or influenza B vaccine as control. Local reactions were noted in 24% and general reactions in 12% of patients. Antibody titres in serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) tests in 465 subjects. The influenza vaccines produced substantial increases in both homologous and heterologous antibodies as measured by the HI test and a comparatively poor response as measured by the CF test. Although clinical influenza was confirmed in only a few cases, there was serological evidence of significant subclinical infection in the control group.
The role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine petechial fever
Authors: Snodgrass D. R. , Karstad L. H. , Cooper J. E.
Published: May 2009

After experimental inoculation of Cytoecetes ondiri, the agent of bovine petechial fever (BPF), multiplication occurred in impala, bushbuck, Thomson's gazelles and wildebeest, as shown by infectivity studies and clinical findings. Similar attempts to infect one eland failed.

As a sequel to this, blood and spleen samples were collected from four species of wild ruminants in an area where BPF was endemic. Isolations of C. ondiri were made from three of five bushbuck, but not from any other species.
Serologic evidence of the postoperative persistence of hydatid cysts in man
Authors: Matossian R. M. , Araj G. F.
Published: May 2009

The sensitivity of the haemagglutination, complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent hydatid disease is presented. In the first, diagnostic titres were obtained in 90%, 80% and 96% of 50 patients with hepatic and 64%, 60% and 68% of 25 patients with pulmonary cysts, respectively. In the postoperative study of 62 patients, elevated titres of HA, CF and IFA antibodies in 30 led to the presumptive diagnosis of recurrent disease, confirmed later by radiological and surgical follow-ups. In the 32 others the proportion of positive reactors was 29%, 6% and 28% in HA, CF and IFA tests. These patients had no detectable cysts. This indicates that in post-operative patients a negative CF test may be of a better prognostic value in indicating absence of cysts than the HA and IFA tests.
A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins
Authors: Brady Margaret I. , Furminger I. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Influenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point.
An appraisal of sewage pollution along a section of the Natal coast after the introduction of submarine outfalls
Authors: Livingstone D. J.
Published: May 2009

A bacteriological survey on the distribution and occurrence of coliforms and pathogenic indicators of pollution within the surf-zone and near-shore waters along a section of the Natal coast before the use of submarine outfalls was reported previously. In that report more than half the beaches in the region were found to be of Class IV or III quality. After the submarine outfalls became operational, ten further sampling runs were made. A considerable improvement in the sea-water quality was apparent, most of the beaches being regraded to Class II or I, notably in the bathing areas.
A study of bacteria contaminating refrigerated cooked chicken; their spoilage potential and possible origin
Authors: Toule Gillian , Murphy Olive
Published: May 2009

Cooked chicken was allowed to spoil in a normal kitchen refrigerator (variable temperature) and at a standard4 °C. After 10 days' storage, bacteria were isolated from the chicken. It was found that the numbers oforganisms at variable refrigeration temperature were tenfold higher than those at a uniform 4 °C. In an attempt to find the sources of contamination, swabs were made of different areas of the kitchen. Many of the bacteria isolated from the spoiled chicken, were also isolated from the kitchen environment.

When pure cultures of organisms isolated from spoiled chicken were inoculated into sterile cooked chicken and held at 4 °C, the main spoilage organisms were found to bePseudomonas putidaandAeromonas hydrophila, which were also isolated from the refrigerator where the chickens were stored in the kitchen.

Aeromonas hydrophilawas found in significantly high numbers on plates, cutting knives, chopping boards and cold water taps.
Frequencies of pneumococcal types causing serious infections in patients admitted to the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, 1969–77
Authors: Turk D. C.
Published: May 2009

During a 7½ year period pneumococci were isolated from body fluids of 124 patients at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford – 72 with pneumonia, 26 with meningitis and 26 with other serious infections. Eighty-one (65%) of the patients were over 50, and 33 (27%) were over 70 years old. Of the 124 pneumococcal strains 104 (84%), including 23 (79%) of those from patients who died, belonged to types included in the vaccines successfully used in South Africa and in Papua New Guinea. The relative frequencies of types in the Oxford series and in a larger British series agreed closely with those found in a recent survey of 3644 bacteraemic pneumococcal infections in 10 American cities. Any polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine licensed for use in the United States is thus likely to be relevant to the situation in Britain.
The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. I. Physical measurements and bench tests
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Mackintosh C. A.
Published: May 2009

Eleven fabrics selected to provide a representative range of yarns and weaves have been examined microscopically and subjected to a series of tests. The observations were directed towards assessing the potential ability of each fabric to resist penetration by particles, such as skin scales, which might carry micro-organisms. The number, size and shape of pores penetrating through the material were estimated and the penetration of test dusts assessed in several ways. While, generally, the relative merits of the fabrics are similar whatever test or measurement is considered there are a number of significant exceptions which reflect peculiarities of the test system or of a fabric. Comparison with the results of dispersal experiments with volunteers wearing garments made of the fabrics is made in a following paper.
A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin
Authors: Small R. G. , Sharp J. C. M.
Published: May 2009

Salmonella dublin is primarily adapted to bovines and is a relatively rare cause of human illness. An outbreak is described in which it was estimated that at least 700 persons were infected from milk which had not been subjected to heat treatment. Although the organism was isolated from retail samples of milk, investigations at the dairy farm were inconclusive and a number of questions are posed. Attention is drawn to the value of inter-disciplinary cooperation in the investigation of the outbreak.
Immunofluorescent study of the spore antigens of proteolyticstrains ofClostridium botulinum
Authors: Princewill T. J. T.
Published: May 2009

By means of the spore fluorescent antibody technique, 31 strains ofClostridium botulinumtypes A (18 strains), B (10 strains) and F (3 strains) were found to belong to the same homogeneous group irrespective of their toxigenic types. Some strains of this species also cross-reacted with certain strains ofClostridium sporogenestypes I, II and III andClostridium histolyticumtype II. By spore antigenic analysis it was found thatClostridium parabotulinumcontained two components designated L and M, the former describing species specificity; the latter was the cross-reacting component shared by some strains ofClostridium sporogenesandClostridium histolyticum. Following this, a scheme showing the distribution of spore antigenic components among various species ofClostridiumwas given.
Tanapox. A serological survey of the lower Tana River valley
Authors: Axford J. S. , Downie A. W.
Published: May 2009

summary

Sera collected from the indigenous population of the Tana River valley during the Tana River Expedition in 1976 were examined for neutralizing antibody to Tanapox virus. Antibody was found in 9·2% of the population in infected areas. This result and the presence of antibody in four children indicated that infection had continued to occur in the area since the 1962 outbreak.
Immunogenicity of boiled compared with formalized leptospiral vaccines in rabbits, hamsters and humans
Authors: Adler B. , Faine S.
Published: May 2009

Leptospires (Leptospira interrogausserovarpomona) grown in chemically defined medium were immunogenic when given intradermally in humans if the leptospires were killed with formalin but not if they were boiled. Boiled leptospires were immunogenic for rabbits and hamsters and protected hamsters from challenge infection. On the other hand, boiled leptospires of thebiflexacomplex, serovarpatoc, did retain some immunogenicity in humans, but the antisera did not protect hamsters against challenge with serovar pomona.
A survey ofPlesiomonas shigelloidesfrom aquatic environments, domestic animals, pets and humans
Authors: Arai Teruyoshi , Ikejima Nobuyuki , Itoh Takeshi , Sakai Senzo , Shimada Toshio , Sakazaki Riichi
Published: May 2009

We conducted a survey during the period from 1974 to 1976, to determine the distribution ofPlesiomonas shigelloidesin human faeces, the intestinal contents of cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, cats, fresh water fish, and river water and sludge from wet riverbeds in the vicinity of Tokyo. Isolation of the organisms was performed by using Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and deoxycholate-hydrogensulphide-lactose (DHL) agar plates.

P. shigelloideswas isolated from 3 (0·0078%) of 38454 healthy Tokyoites, 37 (3·8%) of 967 dogs, 40 (10·3%) of 389 cats, 25 (10·2%) of 246 fresh water fish, 64 (12·8%) of 497 river water samples, and 2 of 19 (10·5%) sludge samples.

Of 302 strains isolated, from dogs, cats, fresh water fish, river water and healthy carriers, 196 were typed to 50 serovars. Most of the serovars were found to be similar to strains isolated from patients with gastroenteritis due toP. shigelloides.
Protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous HI antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons
Authors: Pyhälä R.
Published: May 2009

A split-product influenza A vaccine which contained an influenza B strain (B/Hong Kong/8/73) and two influenza A strains, antigenically identical with A/Fort Dix/741/76 (HswlNl) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), was offered to personnel of the CPHL. Changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. During the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza A infections (2·6%) among the vaccinees. This is one eighth of the corresponding infection rate (22%) in the general population estimated on the basis of other indices.

The vaccinees' antibody response was strongly influenced by the age of the individual subjects. During the trial period the decrease in the antibody titres slowed down. The geometric mean titres of homologous HI antibodies were still substantially higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. This also applied to heterologous antibodies against H1N1 viruses in persons born between 1926 and 1952. In participants born after 1952, the vaccine was not able to evoke these antibodies, and in participants born in or before 1925 the boosting effect was poor.
Genetical relationship between R plasmids derived fromSalmonellaandEscherichia coliobtained from a pig farm, and its epidemiological significance
Authors: Ishiguro Naotaka , Goto Jun , Sato Gihei
Published: May 2009

A total of 475Salmonellastrains belonging to 5 serovars, isolated from a pig farm which had been heavily contaminated withSalmonellafor the past 2 years were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and detection of R plasmids. Thirty-threeEscherichia coliisolates from the same farm were also examined in a similar way.

Out of 475 strains 348 (73·2%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics such as tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulfadimethoxine (Su), chloramphenicol (Cm) and kanamycin (Km), and 247 (85·2%) out of 290 strains belonging to 3 serovars examined harboured conjugative R plasmids. There was no change in the pattern of drug resistance during this survey nor any variation in the pattern of resistance of R plasmids, whatever the serovar. The antibiogram pattern Tc Sm Su, mainlyS. typhimurium, was common amongSalmonellastrains. Among the transferred resistance patterns, the thermosensitive R plasmids conferring the Te marker detected in this study were Fi-, and belonged to incompatibility group H1, whereas the R plasmids conferring Sm Su resistances which coexisted in the same host were Fi+, and compatible with the reference R plasmids tested. The la plasmid conferring Cm resistance alone was isolated fromS. anatumand the FII plasmid conferring Sm Km resistances was also isolated fromS. typhimurium. In contrast, the 33E. colistrains examined were resistant to three or five antibiotics and most of the resistance markers were located on conjugative R plasmids. la plasmids conferring Cm resistance alone or FIT plasmids conferring Cm or Km markers were common in theE. colistrains. H1 and H2 plasmids conferring multiple resistance markers were also found in them. The genetic properties of R plasmids derived fromSalmonellaorE. coilstrains are compared, and the potential spread of R plasmids between strains ofSalmonella andE. coliis discussed.
Studies on the enterotoxigenicity of environmentalEscherichia coli, belonging to serotypes normally considered enterotoxigenic
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Wilson M. W. , Shooter R. A. , O'Farrell S. M.
Published: May 2009

Fifteen strains ofEscherichia coliwhich had been collected in previous studies from animals and meat were studied.

They belonged to serotypes considered enterotoxigenic and were examined for the production of the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. Only one of these strains (O8. Hnt) isolated from a Cheshire produced heat-labile enterotoxin. Another strain (O8.H9) isolated from a cowpat in another part of Cheshire gave results suggesting production of small amounts of the heat-stable enterotoxin. The ecological aspects of these results are discussed.
Technique for the cultural examination of urine using a single plate (the Macba plate)
Authors: Naylor G. R. E.
Published: May 2009

This technique for the cultural examination of urine provides, within 24 hours, using a single Petri dish, the colonial appearance of any bacteria present on MacConkey agar and on blood agar, a rough colony count of the bacteria present, their sensitivity to four chemotherapeutic agents, isolated colonies from which further sensitivity tests can be done if necessary and the opportunity to scrutinize contaminating organisms that, even thought present in only small numbers, may be of help in diagnostic problems.
Antibiotic-resistantEscherichia coliin market pigs in 1956–1979: the emergence of organisms with plasmid-borne trimethoprim resistance
Authors: Smith H. Williams
Published: May 2009

Surveys conducted since 1956 on the antibiotic resistance of theEscherichia coliin faecal specimens from pigs entering Chelmsford Market have revealed that despite the implementation of the Swann Report in 1971 pigs are still an enormous reservior of tetracycline-resistantE. coliwith conjugative ability.

Increasingly large amounts ofE. coliresistant to streptomycin and sulphonamides were found in specimens examined in recent years unitl in 1979 the amounts present approached those of tetracycline-resistant organisms.

E. coliresistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, neomycin, furazolidone or spectinomycin were present, usually in low concentration, in a considerable proportion of the specimens at each yearly examination but the concentration and incidence of these organisms showed no obvious sign of increasing with time. Much of this resistance, except to furazolidone, was of the transferable type.

Until 1979 the incidence of faecal specimens containing trimethoprim-resistantE. coliwas very low. It increased significantly in that year, most of the resistance being plasmid-, or possibly transposon-determined.

The result of surveys performed in a Cambridgeshire market in 1978 and 1979, which showed that a high proportion of faecal specimens contained low concentrations of trimethoprim-resistantE. coli, in general resembled those of the corresponding Chelmsford surveys, suggesting that all the Chelmsford surveys may have accurately reflected the position in the national pig herd.
The relation between dose and mortality for Salmonella dublin
Authors: Reid D. B. W. , MacLeod D. R. E.
Published: May 2009

The mortality patterns obtained with S. dublin injected intraperitoneally in both control and immunized mice could be described fairly well by curves of a simple Poisson type, based upon the assumption that the receipt of one or more organisms of a type capable of growing in the host resulted in death, and that both vaccination and passive protection simply reduced the proportion of this type.
Studies in the epidemiology of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits: II. Field experiments, August–November 1950, and the first epizootic of myxomatosis in the riverine plain of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Myers K.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of experiments designed to study the spread of myxomatosis in populations of rabbits living under natural conditions on a number of sites in the Eastern Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia. In five different trials the disease spread from inoculated rabbits, but failed to gain momentum and died down within a few weeks of its introduction.

In December 1950, when the disease was persisting at low incidence on one test site and seemed to have died out in the others, an epizootic broke out in the neighbourhood which spread, in a few months, over the greater part of south-eastern Australia. The only factor, apart from climatic ones, which could account for this sudden change in the activity of the disease was the development of large populations of two rabbit-feeding mosquitoes, Anopheles annulipes and Culex annulirostris. A close correlation was demonstrated, on the flats bordering the Murray River, between the distribution of these insects and myxomatosis activity.

The author is indebted to Mr F. N. Ratcliffe, officer-in-charge, Mr J. le G. Brereton, Mr J. Calaby, and Dr R. Mykytowycz, all of the Wildlife Survey Section, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, for assistance given during the course of the work and to Mr Ratcliffe, and Prof. F. Fenner of the Australian National University, for guidance in the presentation of the results.
The incorporation of radioactive phosphorus in the influenza virus and its distribution in serologically active virus fractions
Authors: Hoyle L. , Jolles B. , Mitchell R. G.
Published: May 2009

1. When the D.S.P. strain of influenza virus A is grown in eggs into which 100 μc. of radioactive inorganic phosphate has been introduced the virus incorporates32P into its structure.

2. Some 20–25% of the virus32P is found in the virus phospholipid; the remainder is combined with the virus protein and is probably present in the virus nucleic acid.

3. When the virus is disintegrated by ether treatment with the liberation of separate red-cell agglutinating and complement-fixing ‘soluble antigen’ particles the non-lipid32P is found to be associated with the soluble antigen fraction and not with the haemagglutinin.

4. It is suggested that the complement-fixing soluble antigen is a nucleoprotein while the haemagglutinin is a phosphorus-free protein.
The bacteriology of dehydrated fish: III. Observations and experiments made during small-scale commercial production
Authors: Shewan J. M.
Published: May 2009

The present communication completes the series of war-time studies (Shewan, 1945, 1953) on the dehydration of fish, and is concerned with certain aspects of the bacteriology of the small-scale commercial production of dehydrated fish (herring, kipper, fresh and smoked cod), carried out in the summers of 1944 and 1945 by the Ministry of Food in a factory at Aberdeen. During these commercial trials, samples of fish were taken each day for a routine bacterial count and examined for the presence of food-poisoning pathogens. Several other tests were made from time to time in order to elucidate special points, such as the adequacy of the cooking procedure and the occasional incidence of high bacterial counts. The following is a summary and review of these results; with some recommendations for future production.
Studies in the epidemiology of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits: III. Observations on two succeeding epizootics in australian wild rabbits on the riverine plain of south-eastern Australia 1951–1953
Authors: Myers K. , Marshall I. D. , Fenner Frank
Published: May 2009

Field observations on myxomatosis in wild rabbit populations of the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia, extending between August 1951 and March 1953, were reported. General observations on vector abundance and disease incidence were made over a large area. Detailed analysis of the population counts, age structure and immune status of the rabbit population, and the occurrence of insect vectors, were made at one site, Lake Urana.

The case-mortality rate in the first epizootic was in the neighbourhood of 99·8%, whereas in the second epizootic it was about 90 %, and many more chronically sick rabbits were observed in the later outbreaks. The virulence of eight strains of virus recovered from mosquitoes at Lake Urana in December 1952 and four strains recovered at Corowa at the same time was found to be somewhat reduced when they were compared with the original standard laboratory strain of virus. It is thought that this attenuation is the major reason for the observed change in the case-mortality rates.

The mosquitoes, Anopheles annulipes and Culex annulirostris were by far the most important insect vectors of myxomatosis in this region.

Thanks are due to Messrs F. N. Ratcliffe, B. V. Fennessy, and H. J. Frith of the Wildlife Survey Section of C.S.I.R.O. for helpful discussion and assistance during the field work and in the preparation of the paper. The technical assistance in the field of Messrs C. S. Hale and K. L. S. Harley is gratefully acknowledged, as is the generous help afforded by the landholders of Lake Urana, especially Mr J. Muldoon, and by Mr W. Quirk, rabbit inspector.
Non-pulmonary tuberculosis caused by the bovine type of tubercle bacillus in children in Eire
Authors: Mushatt Cecil
Published: May 2009

1. The types of strains of tubercle bacilli isolated from fifty cases of non-pulmonary tuberculosis in children, 0–14 years of age, in Eire have been determined. In cervical gland disease ten (71·4%) out of fourteen strains were bovine, in bone and joint disease four (18·2%) out of twenty-two were bovine and in meningitis three (25%) out of twelve were bovine. Only two cases of primary abdominal tuberculosis were examined. Both yielded human strains.

2. The difficulties in assessing the true significance of the results recorded are briefly discussed.

3. The technique used and some bacteriological observations made are described.
The reduction of the carcinogenic and dermatitic activity of shale oil recovered from the peritoneal cavities of injected mice
Authors: Twort J. M. , Lyth R.
Published: May 2009

1. A carcinogenic Persian spindle grade oil recovered after 4 days from the peritoneal cavities of injected rabbits showed indications of reduced carcinogenic activity for the skins of mice.

2. The activity of a carcinogenic shale oil recovered after 7 days from the peritoneal cavities of injected mice was found to be considerably reduced. The reduction in refractive index and potency of the recovered shale oil showed an obvious parallel to that resulting from certain chemical treatments, namely, treatment of the oil with a certain quantity of sulphuric acid or extraction with alcohol.
An experimental investigation on the action of Coramine
Authors: Myers G. Norman
Published: May 2009

1. Coramine increases the sensitivity of the central nervous system, particularly the centres situated in the medulla.

2. In large doses, Coramine increases the activity of the spinal cord, producing muscular twitchings of the limbs and body which, when severe, take on the character of convulsive movements.

3. There is a wide margin of safety between the therapeutic and lethal doses.

4. Lethal doses produce convulsions and respiratory failure owing to the involvement of the muscles of respiration.

5. Coramine acts as a powerful respiratory stimulant and is able to over-come the depressant effects of morphine on the respiratory centre in the medulla.

6. Small doses of Coramine raise the blood pressure which is due to a peripheral vasoconstriction. This is partly due to a stimulating effect of the drug on the medulla and to some extent to a peripheral action on either the vasoconstrictor nerves or the arterial muscle. Slightly larger but moderate doses sometimes cause a primary relaxation of the arterioles lasting a few seconds, which may cause a small short-lived fall in blood pressure which is never serious in the normal animal. The rise in blood pressure may last ¼–2 hr., according to the dosage employed.

7. Small amounts of Coramine may increase the amplitude and stroke volume of the heart. This effect was never constant. Larger but moderate doses always produced a diminution in cardiac stroke volume with a decrease in cardiac output. The same effect is seen when large doses are employed. This appears to be the cause of the prolonged lowering of the blood pressure following the administration of large doses of Coramine.

8. Coramine dilates the coronary vessels of the myocardium producing an increase in coronary flow.

9. Coramine lowers the pressure in the right auricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery.

10. Coramine has no effect upon intestinal movements except, when large doses are employed, it causes a slight diminution in the amplitude of the movements with a small increase in muscular tone.