bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colorimetry characterization of molecular reorientation transition in thin nematic cells
Authors: Morel M. J. , Bortolozzo U. , Clerc M. G. , Jullien A. , Residori S.
Published: July 2020

The characterization of equilibria and their transition is fundamental in dynamic systems. Experimentally, the characterization of transitions is complex due to time scales separation, the effect of thermal fluctuations, and inherent experimental imperfections. Liquid crystal devices are derived from the manipulation of the molecular reorientation and transition between them by employing external electrical and magnetic fields. Here, we investigate and determine the Fréedericksz transition using hue measurements of the transmitted light in thin nematic liquid crystal cells. Based on birefringent retardation experienced by transmitted light due to molecular reorientation, the color adjustment of the nematic liquid crystal cells under white light illumination is characterized. By monitoring the hue of the transmitted light, the bifurcation diagram is determined. As a function of the voltage frequency, the critical transition voltage is characterized. The critical voltage increases with the applied frequency.
A novel method to make viscoelastic polyacrylamide gels for cell culture and traction force microscopy
Authors: Charrier Elisabeth E. , Pogoda Katarzyna , Li Robin , Park Chan Young , Fredberg Jeffrey J. , Janmey Paul A.
Published: July 2020

Polyacrylamide hydrogels are commonly used in cell biology, notably to cultivate cells on soft surfaces. Polyacrylamide gels are purely elastic and well adapted to cell culture as they are inert and can be conjugated with adhesion proteins. Here, we report a method to make viscoelastic polyacrylamide gels with mechanical properties more closely resembling biological tissues and suitable for cell culture in vitro. We demonstrate that these gels can be used for traction force microscopy experiments. We also show that multiple cell types respond to the viscoelasticity of their substrate and that viscous dissipation has an influence on cell spreading, contractility, and motility. This new material provides new opportunities for investigating how normal or malignant cells sense and respond to viscous dissipation within the extra-cellular matrix.
Fast-current-heating devices to study in situ phase formation in metallic glasses by using high-energy synchrotron radiation
Authors: Orava Jiri , Kosiba Konrad , Han Xiaoliang , Soldatov Ivan , Gutowski Olof , Ivashko Oleh , Dippel Ann-Christin , Zimmermann Martin v. , Rothkirch André , Bednarcik Jozef , Kühn Uta , Siegel Hartmut , Ziller Steffen , Horst Alexander , Peukert Karsten , Voigtländer Ralf , Lindackers Dirk , Kaban Ivan
Published: July 2020

Details of fast-resistive-heating setups, controlled heating ranging from ∼101 K s−1 to ∼103 K s−1, to study in situ phase transformations (on heating and on cooling) in metallic glasses by high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction are discussed. Both setups were designed and custom built at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden) and have been implemented at the P02.1 Powder Diffraction and Total Scattering Beamline and the P21.1 Swedish Materials Science Beamline at PETRA III storage ring, DESY, Hamburg. The devices are interchangeable at both beamlines. Joule heating is triggered automatically and is timed with the incident beam and detector. The crystallization process can be controlled via a feedback circuit by monitoring the change in the time-dependent resistivity and temperature of glasses. Different ambient atmospheres, such as vacuum and inert gases (He and Ar), can be used to control oxidation and cooling. The main focus of these devices is on understanding the crystallization mechanism and kinetics in metallic glasses, which are brittle and for which fast heating gives defined glass–crystal composites with enhanced plasticity. As an example, phase-transformation sequence(s) in a prototyped Cu–Zr-based metallic glass is described on heating, and a crystalline phase beneficial to the plasticity is identified.
Gate tunability of highly efficient spin-to-charge conversion by spin Hall
effect in graphene proximitized with WSe2
Authors: Herling Franz , Safeer C. K. , Ingla-Aynés Josep , Ontoso Nerea , Hueso Luis E. , Casanova Fèlix
Published: July 2020

The proximity effect opens ways to transfer properties from one material into another and is especially important in two-dimensional (2D) materials. In van der Waals heterostructures, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be used to enhance the spin–orbit coupling of graphene leading to the prediction of gate controllable spin-to-charge conversion (SCC). Here, we report for the first time and quantify the spin Hall effect (SHE) in graphene proximitized with WSe2 up to room temperature. Unlike in other graphene/TMD devices, the sole SCC mechanism is the SHE and no Rashba–Edelstein effect is observed. Importantly, we are able to control the SCC by applying a gate voltage. The SCC shows a high efficiency, measured with an unprecedented SCC length larger than 20 nm. These results show the capability of 2D materials to advance toward the implementation of novel spin-based devices and future applications.
Variational approach to KPZ: Fluctuation theorems and large deviation function for entropy production
Authors: Wio Horacio S. , Rodríguez Miguel A. , Gallego Rafael
Published: July 2020

Motivated by the time behavior of the functional arising in the variational approach to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation, and in order to study fluctuation theorems in such a system, we have adapted a path-integral scheme that adequately fits to this kind of study dealing with unstable systems. As the KPZ system has no stationary probability distribution, we show how to proceed for obtaining detailed as well as integral fluctuation theorems. This path-integral methodology, together with the variational approach, in addition to allowing analyze fluctuation theorems, can be exploited to determine a large deviation function for entropy production.
Tunneling between density-of-state tails: Theory and effect on Esaki diodes
Authors: Schenk A. , Sant S.
Published: July 2020

A model for tunneling between conduction and valence band tail states in semiconductors is developed. Localized, lifetime-broadened wave functions originally proposed by Vinogradov [Fiz. Tverd. Tela 13, 3266 (1971)] facilitate the derivation of the microscopic transition rate in a homogeneous electric field of arbitrary orientation. A compact analytical form of the average macroscopic tunnel generation rate is approximately calculated assuming that the Gaussian or exponential band tail represents a ladder of closely spaced single-level densities of states. A fully analytical form yields insight into key quantities like the effective tunnel barrier, the tunneling mass, and the pre-exponential factor in comparison to band-to-band tunneling. Tail-to-tail, tail-to-band, and band-to-band tunneling rates are compared against each other over a broad range of field strengths and characteristic tail energies. The numerical implementation of the model into a commercial device simulator accounts for the inhomogeneous field in pn-junctions and excludes invalid tunnel paths. In the application to a fully characterized InGaAs pin-Esaki diode, all physical processes and parameters that might affect the IV-characteristics are carefully investigated. The value of the bandgap of In0.53Ga0.47As as a function of density, doping, and temperature is revised. It is shown that tail-induced tunneling cannot explain the strong measured valley current of the diode. Besides band-to-band tunneling, zero- and multi-phonon defect-assisted tunneling are the physical mechanisms that allow to reproduce the entire forward characteristics. Whereas tail-to-band tunneling becomes only visible for very large values of the characteristic tail energy in the heavily doped regions, tail-to-tail tunneling remains a completely negligible process.
A new strategy of using dielectric barrier discharge plasma in tubular geometry for surface coating and extension to biomedical application
Authors: Khan Taj M. , Khan Shahab Ud-din , Khan Salah Ud-din , Ahmad Ashfaq , Abbasi Shahab Ahmed
Published: July 2020

There has always been a quest for nanotechnology to develop inexpensive coating methods with the capability of depositing biocompatible nanomaterials on biomedical and surgical tools. In this mini-report, a plasma-based innovative idea of coating a solid surface with antibacterial/antimicrobial nanosilver is floated and experimentally realized. The desired antibacterial nanosilver was obtained from laser ablation and directly entrained in an outflowing plasma jet, excited in the flow of argon at 10 l min−1 using 20 kV/20 kHz. Under these conditions, the jet can protrude 15 mm deeply into ambient air. The quality of the surface coating can be described by sparsely distributed particles or densely agglomerated clusters, controlled by the plasma length and the surface separation. Apart from the coating, plasma interaction leads to the sterilization of the exposed surface. The idea is essentially important to extend and upscale for coating biomedical and surgical devices in a flexible open processing environment.
Redox-inactive samarium(III) acetylacetonate as dopant enabling cation substitution and interfacial passivation for efficient and stable CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yang Yang , Han Dong-Wei , Yang Ying , Yi Si-Wei , Yuan Quan , Zhou Dong-Ying , Feng Lai
Published: July 2020

All-inorganic (CsPbX3) perovskites by replacing the volatile organic components with cesium cations allow extending the long-term thermal stability of perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) vs their organic–inorganic hybrid counterparts. However, the stability of α-CsPbI3 and α-CsPbI2Br still remains to be improved. In this work, we incorporate redox-inactive samarium acetylacetonate [Sm(acac)3] into CsPbI2Br to fabricate CsPbI2Br perovskite thin films. It is evidenced that Sm3+ not only partially substitute the Pb2+ sites to yield slightly contracted perovskite lattice but also modulate the perovskite growth and passivate the NiOx/CsPbI2Br interface. As a result, CsPbI2Br PeSCs based on stoichiometric and optimal Sm(acac)3 doping (0.15 mol. %) of CsPbI2Br show excellent photovoltaic metrics with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.86%. Moreover, the CsPbI2Br PeSCs exhibit enhanced thermal stability upon incorporation of Sm(acac)3, which retains 90% of their original PCE under heating at 85 °C for 200 h.
Simulations of activities, solubilities, transport properties, and nucleation rates for aqueous electrolyte solutions
Authors: Panagiotopoulos Athanassios Z.
Published: July 2020

This article reviews recent molecular simulation studies of “collective” properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions, specifically free energies and activity coefficients, solubilities, nucleation rates of crystals, and transport coefficients. These are important fundamental properties for biology and geoscience, but also relevant for many technological applications. Their determination from molecular-scale calculations requires large systems and long sampling times, as well as specialized sampling algorithms. As a result, such properties have not typically been taken into account during optimization of force field parameters; thus, they provide stringent tests for the transferability and range of applicability of proposed molecular models. There has been significant progress on simulation algorithms to enable the determination of these properties with good statistical uncertainties. Comparisons of simulation results to experimental data reveal deficiencies shared by many commonly used models. Moreover, there appear to exist specific tradeoffs within existing modeling frameworks so that good prediction of some properties is linked to poor prediction for specific other properties. For example, non-polarizable models that utilize full charges on the ions generally fail to predict accurately both activity coefficients and solubilities; the concentration dependence of viscosity and diffusivity for these models is also incorrect. Scaled-charge models improve the dynamic properties and could also perform well for solubilities but fail in the prediction of nucleation rates. Even models that do well at room temperature for some properties generally fail to capture their experimentally observed temperature dependence. The main conclusion from the present review is that qualitatively new physics will need to be incorporated in future models of electrolyte solutions to allow the description of collective properties for broad ranges of concentrations, temperatures, and solvent conditions.
Recent advances in the mitigation of dendrites in lithium-metal batteries
Authors: Hundekar Prateek , Jain Rishabh , Lakhnot Aniruddha S. , Koratkar Nikhil
Published: July 2020

Utilizing lithium (Li) metal as the anode can enable lithium metal battery (LMB) systems to achieve energy densities of up to 1150 Wh Kg−1, approaching that of gasoline. However, the use of Li metal is plagued with a whole host of problems, the most serious of which is the issue of nucleation of Li metal dendrites. These dendrites grow inexorably on charge–discharge cycling, piercing through the battery separator membrane and eventually electrically shorting the battery. This can result in thermal runaway leading to an unacceptable fire hazard. In this review article, we focus on recent advances in mitigating, suppressing, and healing Li metal dendrites in LMBs with liquid electrolytes. We discuss a whole host of exciting approaches including electrolyte engineering, interface engineering, the use of stable Li hosts, homogenizing Li-ion flux, and the physical healing of dendrites using temperature fields. We discuss the pros and cons of these approaches and provide our perspectives for future research directions. In particular, it is important to consider dendrite mitigation in a full-cell setting and with a realistic form factor such as prismatic or cylindrical cells. Given the multifaceted nature of the dendrite challenge, it is unlikely that there is a single magic solution, making it necessary to explore a combination of strategies to work in synergy to make Li metal anodes viable in commercial systems.
Occupational and leisure‐time physical activity decreases the odds of disability in older adults: Prospective study
Authors: Dos Santos Vanessa Ribeiro , Alberto Gobbo Luís
Published: July 2020

Aging decreases physical function which can increase dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) and disability. However, physical activity (PA) may improve physical function and prevent disability in older adults. In addition, it is important to emphasize that research concerning the domains in which PA is practiced and the benefits for physical function of older adults is also important for the elaboration of preventative health measures for this population. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse the association of total PA and PA in different domains and odds of disability in older adults in a 24‐month follow‐up. The study included 211 older adults, aged ≥60 years (72 ± 7 years, 72% women). Handgrip strength was measured using a digital dynamometer, gait speed and chair stand by functional tests. PA and dependence in ADL were self‐reported. Older adults who remained sufficiently active in the occupational (OR:0.11;CI95%:0.01–0.93, OR:0.21;CI95%:0.07–0.69, and OR:0.13;CI95%:0.05–0.34) domain presented protection for high dependence in basic (BADL), instrumental (IADL) and advanced (AADL), respectively, as well as in total ADL (OR:0.25;CI95%:0.07–0.92). Older adults who remained sufficiently active in the leisure‐time exercise (OR:0.28;CI95%:0.11–0.72, OR:0.44;CI95%:0.20–0.93 and OR:0.15;CI95%:0.04–0.49) domain presented protection for high dependence in IADL, AADL and total ADL, respectively. Moreover, older adults who remained sufficiently active in total PA (OR:0.11;CI95%:0.01–0.94, OR:0.30;CI95%:0.11–0.80 and OR:0.21CI95%:0.10–0.46) presented protection for high dependence in BADL, IADL and AADL, respectively, as well as in total ADL (OR:0.28;CI95%:0.09–0.86). The odds of disability are lower in older adults who are sufficiently active, especially in occupational and leisure‐time exercise domains.
Measurement of sensory deficiency in fine touch after stroke during textile fabric stimulation by electroencephalography (EEG)
Authors: Huang Yanhuan , Jiao Jiao , Hu Junyan , Hsing Chihchia , Lai Zhangqi , Yang Yang , Hu Xiaoling
Published: July 2020

Objective

Sensory deficiency of fine touch limits the restoration of motor functions after stroke, and its evaluation was seldom investigated from a neurological perspective. In this study, we investigated the cortical response measured by electroencephalography (EEG) on the fine touch sensory impairment during textile fabric stimulation after stroke.

Approach

Both participants with chronic stroke (n = 12, stroke group) and those unimpaired (n = 15, control group) were recruited. To investigate fine touch during textile fabric stimulations, full brain EEG recordings (64-channel) were used, as well as the touch sensation questionnaires based on the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Evaluation Procedure 5. During the EEG measurement, relative spectral power (RSP) and EEG topography were used to evaluate the neural responses toward the fabric stimuli. In the subjective questionnaire, the fine touch for fabric stimuli was rated and represented by 13 different sensation parameters. The correlation between the fine touch evaluated by the EEG and the questionnaire was also investigated.

Main results

The neural responses of individuals with fine touch impairments after stroke were characterized by a shifted power spectrum to a higher frequency band, enlarged sensory cortical areas and higher RSP intensity (P < 0.05). Asymmetric neural responses were obtained when stimulating different upper limbs for both unimpaired participants and stroke participants (P < 0.05). The fine touch sensation of the stroke participants was impaired even in the unaffected limb. However, as a result of different neural processes, the correlation between the EEG and the questionnaire was weak (r < 0.2).

Significance

EEG RSP was able to capture the varied cortical responses induced by textile fabric fine touch stimulations related to the fine touch sensory impairment after stroke.
Brittle failure of incompressible material in plane strain
Authors: Chanyshev AI , Belousova OE , Lukyashkina OA
Published: July 2020

The stress–strain behavior of rock mass under plane strain is studied in the cases of incompressibility and perfect brittle failure. The characteristics of of differential equations of equilibrium and the relations at them are obtained using the condition of coaxiality of the stress and strain tensors. The boundary problem is formulated for determining the stress–strain behavior in the failure zone of rocks. By way of illustration, the equations of the perfect brittle post-limit deformation of rock mass in the form of a rectangular plate (pillar) under uniform compression are analyzed. It is shown that by monitoring displacement of the side boundary of the plate, it is possible to predict the plate failure.
One-step fabrication of an anti-corrosion superhydrophobic surface on stainless steel
Authors: Zhu Jiyuan , Wu Jianmao
Published: July 2020

A one-step laser-processing method is employed on a common laser making machine to develop superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel. Without any surface modification, the laser-textured substrates obtained superhydrophobicity after kept in sealing bags for 12 days. The average contact angle value of the as-prepared samples is above 150°. The superhydrophoic surfaces possess good self-cleaning and anti-corrosion properties. The facile, cost-effective and eco-friendly method will have great potential in the mass-production of superhydrophobic surfaces.
Experimental strategies to increase ammonia yield in plasma catalysis over LTA and BEA zeolites
Authors: Gorky Fnu , Carreon Moises A , Carreon Maria L
Published: July 2020

Herein we demonstrate the synthesis of ammonia via atmospheric DBD plasma discharge over LTA and BEA zeolites. The presence of the zeolite in the DBD reactor promoted the ammonia formation at low temperature. The zeolites dielectric constant and pore size greatly influenced the ammonia yields. Ammonia yields of 5.31% for zeolite beta and 5.22% for zeolite 5A were observed, which are at least 4 times higher than the yield obtained in the absence of the zeolites.
Conserved Ark1-related kinases function in a TORC2 signaling network
Authors: Alcaide-Gavilán Maria , Lucena Rafael , Banuelos Selene , Kellogg Douglas R.
Published: July 2020

A signaling network that surrounds target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) plays roles in control of cell growth in all eukaryotic cells. Here, we show that conserved Ark1-related kinases are embedded in the TORC2 network, where they could be a key link between the network and endocytosis.
Marginal Mandibular Nerve Mapping Prior to Nonablative Radiofrequency Skin Tightening
Authors: DiBernardo Gabriella A , DiBernardo Barry E , Wu Douglas , Cook Jonathan
Published: July 2020

Background

Aging skin and increased skin laxity is a prevalent concern of patients. Nonsurgical treatments, such as radiofrequency, are increasing in popularity due to decreased pain, downtime, and scarring. ThermiRF (Thermi, Irving, TX) is a subdermal radiofrequency treatment for tightening skin. When applying radiofrequency treatments to the neck, it is important to avoid ablating the marginal mandibular nerve and causing nerve trauma.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to locate and record the position of the marginal mandibular nerve in 72 patients undergoing subdermal radiofrequency skin tightening, to determine how often the nerve correlates to its textbook anatomic position.

Methods

Marginal mandibular nerves were located with a nerve stimulator and marked with the subject in both upright and recumbent positions. Photographs were taken and the nerve position in relation to the mandible was recorded.

Results

The marginal mandibular nerve was in its correct anatomic position above the mandible in 18% of patients. Nerve position did not shift between the upright and recumbent positions. Only 10% of patients had left-right nerve symmetry.

Conclusions

To avoid nerve injuries, nerve mapping prior to nonablative radiofrequency treatment is recommended. The marginal mandibular nerve is not always in its correct anatomic position or symmetric to the opposing side. Its location cannot be assumed from the textbook anatomic position or from a single-side mapping.

Level of Evidence: 4
Prognosis and personalized treatment prediction in TP53-mutant hepatocellular carcinoma: an in silico strategy towards precision oncology
Authors: Yang Chen , Huang Xiaowen , Li Yan , Chen Junfei , Lv Yuanyuan , Dai Shixue
Published: July 2020

TP53 mutation is one of the most common genetic changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is of great clinical significance to tailor specialized prognostication approach and to explore more therapeutic options for TP53-mutant HCCs. In this study, a total of 1135 HCC patients were retrospectively analyzed. We developed a random forest-based prediction model to estimate TP53 mutational status, tackling the problem of limited sample size in TP53-mutant HCCs. A multi-step process was performed to develop robust poor prognosis-associated signature (PPS). Compared with previous established population-based signatures, PPS manifested superior ability to predict survival in TP53-mutant patients. After in silico screening of 2249 drug targets and 1770 compounds, we found that three targets (CANT1, CBFB and PKM) and two agents (irinotecan and YM-155) might have potential therapeutic implications in high-PPS patients. The results of drug targets prediction and compounds prediction complemented each other, presenting a comprehensive view of potential treatment strategy. Overall, our study has not only provided new insights into personalized prognostication approaches, but also thrown light on integrating tailored risk stratification with precision therapy.
Exploring generative deep learning for omics data using log-linear models
Authors: Hess Moritz , Hackenberg Maren , Binder Harald
Published: July 2020

Motivation

Following many successful applications to image data, deep learning is now also increasingly considered for omics data. In particular, generative deep learning not only provides competitive prediction performance, but also allows for uncovering structure by generating synthetic samples. However, exploration and visualization is not as straightforward as with image applications.

Results

We demonstrate how log-linear models, fitted to the generated, synthetic data can be used to extract patterns from omics data, learned by deep generative techniques. Specifically, interactions between latent representations learned by the approaches and generated synthetic data are used to determine sets of joint patterns. Distances of patterns with respect to the distribution of latent representations are then visualized in low-dimensional coordinate systems, e.g. for monitoring training progress. This is illustrated with simulated data and subsequently with cortical single-cell gene expression data. Using different kinds of deep generative techniques, specifically variational autoencoders and deep Boltzmann machines, the proposed approach highlights how the techniques uncover underlying structure. It facilitates the real-world use of such generative deep learning techniques to gain biological insights from omics data.

Availability and implementation

The code for the approach as well as an accompanying Jupyter notebook, which illustrates the application of our approach, is available via the GitHub repository: https://github.com/ssehztirom/Exploring-generative-deep-learning-for-omics-data-by-using-log-linear-models.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The truth is in the detail: predators attack aposematic prey with less aggression than other prey types
Authors: Yamazaki Yuki , Pagani-Núñez Emilio , Sota Teiji , Barnett Craig R A
Published: July 2020

Aposematic organisms are often unprofitable to predators (e.g. because of defensive chemicals) which they advertise with a conspicuous signal (e.g. bright and conspicuous colour signals). Aposematism is thought to reduce predation of prey because the colour signal increases the ability of predators to learn, recognize and remember the prey’s defensive properties. The efficacy of aposematism has been extensively documented in laboratory studies, although its benefits seem to be harder to demonstrate in the field. In this study, we compared the levels of partial and overall predation among four prey types (undefended and cryptic, undefended and warning coloured, defended and cryptic, and aposematic prey). Overall, predation of warning coloured and defended (aposematic) prey was lower than the predation for cryptic and undefended prey; however, it was the same as predation of cryptic and defended prey. Moreover, aposematic prey had higher levels of partial predation (where prey was not wholly consumed by the predator) and lower attack intensities. This suggests that prey were being taste sampled, but also might be better able to survive attacks. Therefore, the benefits of aposematism may lie not only in reducing outright predation, but also in altering a predator’s post-attack behaviour, thus leading to greater escape opportunities and post-attack survival of prey. These results reinforce the importance of examining predation in more detail rather than simply examining attack rates.
Metabolic changes in mouse sperm during capacitation†
Authors: Balbach Melanie , Gervasi Maria Gracia , Hidalgo David Martin , Visconti Pablo E , Levin Lonny R , Buck Jochen
Published: July 2020

Mammalian sperm are stored in the epididymis in a dormant state. Upon ejaculation, they must immediately start producing sufficient energy to maintain motility and support capacitation. While this increased energy demand during capacitation is well established, it remains unclear how mouse sperm modify their metabolism to meet this need. We now show that capacitating mouse sperm enhance glucose uptake, identifying glucose uptake as a functional marker of capacitation. Using an extracellular flux analyzer, we show that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation increase during capacitation. Furthermore, this increase in oxidative phosphorylation is dependent on glycolysis, providing experimental evidence for a link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in mouse sperm.
Age- and sex-related features of atherosclerosis from coronary computed tomography angiography in patients prior to acute coronary syndrome: results from the ICONIC study
Authors: Conte Edoardo , Dwivedi Aeshita , Mushtaq Saima , Pontone Gianluca , Lin Fay Y , Hollenberg Emma J , Lee Sang-Eun , Bax Jeroen , Cademartiri Filippo , Chinnaiyan Kavitha , Chow Benjamin J W , Cury Ricardo C , Feuchtner Gudrun , Hadamitzky Martin , Kim Yong-Jin , Baggiano Andrea , Leipsic Jonathon , Maffei Erica , Marques Hugo , Plank Fabian , Raff Gilbert L , van Rosendael Alexander R , Villines Todd C , Weirich Harald G , Al’Aref Subhi J , Baskaran Lohendran , Cho Iksung , Danad Ibrahim , Han Donghee , Heo Ran , Lee Ji Hyun , Stuijfzand Wijnand J , Gransar Heidi , Lu Yao , Sung Ji Min , Park Hyung-Bok , Al-Mallah Mouaz H , de Araújo Gonçalves Pedro , Berman Daniel S , Budoff Matthew J , Samady Habib , Shaw Leslee J , Stone Peter H , Virmani Renu , Narula Jagat , Min James K , Chang Hyuk-Jae , Andreini Daniele
Published: July 2020

Aims

Although there is increasing evidence supporting coronary atherosclerosis evaluation by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), no data are available on age and sex differences for quantitative plaque features. The aim of this study was to investigate sex and age differences in both qualitative and quantitative atherosclerotic features from CCTA prior to acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods and results

Within the ICONIC study, in which 234 patients with subsequent ACS were propensity matched 1:1 with 234 non-event controls, our current subanalysis included only the ACS cases. Both qualitative and quantitative advance plaque analysis by CCTA were performed by a core laboratory. In 129 cases, culprit lesions identified by invasive coronary angiography at the time of ACS were co-registered to baseline CCTA precursor lesions. The study population was then divided into subgroups according to sex and age (<65 vs. ≥ 65 years old) for analysis. Older patients had higher total plaque volume than younger patients. Within specific subtypes of plaque volume, however, only calcified plaque volume was higher in older patients (135.9 ± 163.7 vs. 63.8 ± 94.2 mm3, P < 0.0001, respectively). Although no sex-related differences were recorded for calcified plaque volume, females had lower fibrous and fibrofatty plaque volume than males (Fibrofatty volume 29.6 ± 44.1 vs. 75.3 ± 98.6 mm3, P = 0.0001, respectively). No sex-related differences in the prevalence of qualitative high-risk plaque features were found, even after separate analyses considering age were performed.

Conclusion

Our data underline the importance of age- and sex-related differences in coronary atherosclerosis presentation, which should be considered during CCTA-based atherosclerosis quantification.
A theoretic approach to the mode of gut microbiome translocation in SIV-infected Asian macaques
Authors: Li Wendy , Ma Zhanshan (Sam)
Published: July 2020

Human gut microbiome could translocate to other tissues, and the relocation triggered by HIV/SIV infection has received increasing attention. However, the underlying mode of this translocation, whether it is deterministic or random (passive) process, is not clear, not to mention quantitative estimation of the relocation probability and rates. Using multi-tissue microbiome datasets collected from SIV-infected macaques, originally reported by Klase et al. (2015), we apply Hubbell's unified neutral theory of biodiversity (UNTB) implemented by Harris et al. (2017) in the form of multi-site neutral (MSN) model to explore the translocation mode and rates of the gut microbiome. We found that (i) The translocation from gastrointestinal tract to tissues was driven by stochastic (neutral) forces as revealed by 100% neutrality-passing rates with MSN testing; (ii) The translocation probability from gastrointestinal tract to tissues is significantly larger than the baseline dispersal rates occurring within gastrointestinal tract (0.234 vs. 0.006 at the phylum level, P< 0.001). (iii) Approximately, 23% of phyla and 55% of genera were migrated from gastrointestinal tract to the tissues (liver and mesenteric lymph nodes). Our findings offer the first interpretation of the microbial translocation mode from gastrointestinal tract to tissues, and the first estimates of the translocation probability and level.
IsXylella fastidiosaa serious threat to European forests?
Authors: Desprez-Loustau Marie-Laure , Balci Yilmaz , Cornara Daniele , Gonthier Paolo , Robin Cécile , Jacques Marie-Agnès
Published: July 2020

The recent emergence of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in Italy, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, has drawn attention to the risks posed by this vector-borne bacterium to important crops in Europe (especially fruit trees and grapevine). Comparatively very little is known on actual and potential impacts of this pathogen in forests, in the native (North American) and introduced (European) regions, respectively. The present review aims to address important questions related to the threat posed by X. fastidiosa to European forests, such as the following: What are the symptoms, hosts and impact of bacterial leaf scorch caused by X. fastidiosa on trees in North America? Which forest tree species have been found infected in the introduction area in Europe? How does X. fastidiosa cause disease in susceptible hosts? Are there any X. fastidiosa genotypes (subspecies and sequence types) specifically associated with forest trees? How is X. fastidiosa transmitted? What are the known and potential vectors for forest trees? How does vector ecology affect disease? Is the distribution of X. fastidiosa, especially the strains associated with trees, restricted by climatic factors? Is disease risk for trees different in forest ecosystems as compared with urban settings? We conclude by pointing to important knowledge gaps related to all these questions and strongly advocate for more research about the Xylella-forest pathosystems, in both North America and Europe.
Age estimation of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) using FT-NIR spectroscopy: feasibility of application to production ageing for management
Authors: Passerotti Michelle S , Helser Thomas E , Benson Irina M , Barnett Beverly K , Ballenger Joseph C , Bubley Walter J , Reichert Marcel J M , Quattro Joseph M
Published: July 2020

Recent application of Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) to predict age in fish otoliths has gained attention among fisheries managers as a potential alternative to costly production ageing of managed species. We assessed the age prediction capability of FT-NIRS scans in whole otoliths from red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, collected from the US Gulf of Mexico and US Atlantic Ocean (South Atlantic). Otoliths were scanned with an FT-NIR spectrometer and resulting spectral signatures were regressed with traditionally estimated ages via partial least squares regression to produce calibration models, which were validated for predictive capability against test sets of otoliths. Calibration models successfully predicted age with R2 ranging 0.94–0.95, mean squared error ≤1.8 years, and bias <0.02 years. Percent agreement between FT-NIRS and traditional ages was lower than within-reader agreement for traditional estimates, but average percent error was similar and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were not significantly different (p ≥ 0.06) between traditional and FT-NIRS predicted ages for optimal calibration models. Ages >31 years were not well predicted, possibly due to light attenuation in the thickest otoliths. Our results suggest that FT-NIRS can improve efficiency in production ageing for fisheries management while maintaining data quality standards.
Boundary feedback control of an anti-stable wave equation
Authors: APKARIAN Pierre , NOLL Dominikus
Published: July 2020

We discuss boundary control of a wave equation with a non-linear anti-damping boundary condition. We design structured finite-dimensional $H_{\infty }$-output feedback controllers that stabilize the infinite-dimensional system exponentially in closed loop. The method is applied to control torsional vibrations in drilling systems with the goal to avoid slip-stick.
Characterization of a Unique γδ T-Cell Subset as a Specific Marker of Cytomegalovirus Infection Severity
Authors: Kaminski Hannah , Ménard Coline , El Hayani Bouchra , Adjibabi And-Nan , Marsères Gabriel , Courant Maxime , Zouine Atika , Pitard Vincent , Garrigue Isabelle , Burrel Sonia , Moreau Jean-François , Couzi Lionel , Visentin Jonathan , Merville Pierre , Déchanet-Merville Julie
Published: July 2020

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major infectious cause of death and disease after transplantation. We have previously demonstrated that the tissue-associated adaptive Vδ2neg γδ T cells are key effectors responding to CMV and associated with recovery, contrasting with their innatelike circulating counterparts, the Vγ9posVδ2pos T cells that respond to phosphoantigens but not to CMV. A third Vγ9negVδ2pos subgroup with adaptive functions has been described in adults. In the current study, we demonstrate that these Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells are also components of the CMV immune response while presenting with distinct characteristics from Vδ2neg γδ T cells. In a cohort of kidney transplant recipients, CMV seropositivity was the unique clinical parameter associated with Vγ9negVδ2pos T-cell expansion and differentiation. Extensive phenotyping demonstrated their substantial cytotoxic potential and activation during acute CMV primary infection or reinfection. In vitro, Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells responded specifically to CMV-infected cells in a T-cell receptor–dependent manner and through strong interferon γ production. Finally, Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells were the only γδ T-cell subset in which expansion was tightly correlated with the severity of CMV disease. To conclude, our results identify a new player in the immune response against CMV and open interesting clinical perspectives for using Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells as an immune marker for CMV disease severity in immunocompromised patients.
Reviving the Principle of Non-Intervention in Cyberspace: The Path Forward
Authors: Moulin Thibault
Published: July 2020

The applicability of existing rules of international law (namely sovereignty or the prohibition to use force) is currently challenged in cyberspace. In contrast, the relevance of the non-intervention principle is accepted by states and raises less questions about the ‘territoriality’ or the ‘militarization’ of cyberspace. At first sight, it thus appears as a convenient source for the regulation of cyberthreats. However, the Nicaragua case also established a stringent test for a foreign interference to qualify as an unlawful intervention. First, it must bear ‘on matters in which each State is permitted, by the principle of State sovereignty to decide freely’ (ie the ‘domaine réservé’). Then, it must involve ‘methods of coercion in regard to such choices’. I contend that both criteria are maladjusted to address cyberthreats and must be reconceptualised. In fact, the domaine réservé describes domains where states are free from international rules. However, few domains, including electoral processes or main economic orientations, are totally isolated from international law. I thus argue that it must be reconceptualised into the so-called ‘domaine privilégié’. It consists of a domain with clear-cut contours, unaffected by the developments of international law, which encompasses the fundamental interests of a state and its population. Then, coercion describes situations where a state is compelled to act, or to refrain from acting, in a certain fashion. This traditional approach is also problematic, and I argue that coercion must be understood in terms of deprivation of control.
The Role of Bank Management in the EU Resolution Regime for NPLs
Authors: Kokkinis Andreas , Miglionico Andrea
Published: July 2020

During the global financial crisis, the growth of non-performing loans (NPLs) was partly a consequence of lack of regulatory oversight and poor bank internal processes. NPLs require intrusive monitoring tools and effective corporate governance is crucial in dealing with the deterioration of loans; however, perverse incentives to delay their recognition leave the process at risk. The EU legislation has adopted a set of regulatory measures to resolve and restructure non-performing exposures. While existing literature approaches NPLs from a regulatory and accounting perspective, this article takes a distinctive corporate governance view in order to conceptualize the NPL problem. The strategies through which senior management and shareholder incentives may undermine regulatory objectives on NPL disclosure are identified and an evidence-based approach to reconsidering and settling these problems is advanced.
Genetic Diversity ofAnopheles coustani(Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaria Transmission Foci in Southern and Central Africa
Authors: Ciubotariu Ilinca I , Jones Christine M , Kobayashi Tamaki , Bobanga Thierry , Muleba Mbanga , Pringle Julia C , Stevenson Jennifer C , Carpi Giovanna , Norris Douglas E
Published: July 2020

Despite ongoing malaria control efforts implemented throughout sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains an enormous public health concern. Current interventions such as indoor residual spraying with insecticides and use of insecticide-treated bed nets are aimed at targeting the key malaria vectors that are primarily endophagic and endophilic. Anopheles coustani s.l., an understudied vector of malaria, is a species previously thought to exhibit mostly zoophilic behavior. Like many of these understudied species, An. coustani has greater anthropophilic tendencies than previously appreciated, is often both endophagic and exophagic, and carries Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The aim of this study was to explore genetic variation of An. coustani mosquitoes and the potential of this species to contribute to malaria parasite transmission in high transmission settings in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Morphologically identified An. coustani specimens that were trapped outdoors in these study sites were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for species identification and bloodmeal sources, and malaria parasite infection was determined by ELISA and qPCR. Fifty An. coustani s.s. specimens were confirmed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences revealed two distinct phylogenetic groups within this relatively small regional collection. Our findings indicate that both An. coustani groups have anthropophilic and exophagic habits and come into frequent contact with P. falciparum, suggesting that this potential alternative malaria vector might elude current vector control measures in northern Zambia and southern DRC.
Analysis of ciliary status via G-protein-coupled receptors localized on primary cilia
Authors: Kobayashi Yuki , Hamamoto Akie , Saito Yumiko
Published: July 2020

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most diverse cell surface receptor family, with more than 800 known GPCRs identified in the human genome. Binding of an extracellular cue to a GPCR results in intracellular G protein activation, after which a sequence of events, can be amplified and optimized by selective binding partners and downstream effectors in spatially discrete cellular environments. Because GPCRs are widely expressed in the body, they help to regulate an incredible range of physiological processes from sensation to growth to hormone responses. Indeed, it is estimated that ∼ 30% of all clinically approved drugs act by binding to GPCRs. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle composed of a microtubule axoneme that extends from the basal body. The ciliary membrane is highly enriched in specific signaling components, allowing the primary cilium to efficiently convey signaling cascades in a highly ordered microenvironment. Recent data demonstrated that a limited number of non-olfactory GPCRs, including somatostatin receptor 3 and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), are selectively localized to cilia on several mammalian cell types including neuronal cells. Utilizing cilia-specific cell biological and molecular biological approaches, evidence has accumulated to support the biological importance of ciliary GPCR signaling followed by cilia structural changes. Thus, cilia are now considered a unique sensory platform for integration of GPCR signaling toward juxtaposed cytoplasmic structures. Herein, we review ciliary GPCRs and focus on a novel role of MCHR1 in ciliary length control that will impact ciliary signaling capacity and neuronal function.
The Reporting of Child Abuse and Neglect in Ireland in an International Context
Authors: Hanly Conor
Published: July 2020

Starting in the early 1990s, reports published over a quarter of a century detailed shocking levels of child abuse and child neglect in Ireland, along with failures by Church and State officials to take effective action. These revelations, supported by international research, made a compelling case for the introduction of some form of mandatory reporting. Yet until 2015, Ireland’s child protection system relied upon the discretion of those who suspected incidents of child abuse. The Children First Act 2015 introduced a new system of mandatory reporting that applies to professionals working in the health, education, childcare and law enforcement fields, a system that became active at the end of 2017. This article reviews the development of the reporting system in Ireland, and analyses the new obligations created by the 2015 Act. The article also analyses some initial figures for 2018, which show a substantial increase in the number of reports of child abuse and neglect made in that year. Additionally, the article argues for the insertion into the new system of some nuance in order that victim autonomy might be better respected.
Impact of Neurosurgical Consultation With 360-Degree Virtual Reality Technology on Patient Engagement and Satisfaction
Authors: Louis Robert , Cagigas Jeanine , Brant-Zawadzki Michael , Ricks Michael
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Virtual Reality (VR) is being applied as a clinical tool to engage and educate patients during their neurosurgery consultation for various skull base and pituitary tumor pathologies.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of VR implementation on patient satisfaction, understanding and comfort level, shared decision making, and surgical conversion using a 2-fold study.

METHODS

Patient feedback was collected after consultations with patient-specific VR renderings by Surgical Theater in a prospective survey study. A retrospective review of 257 new patients was also conducted to determine the impact of VR implementation on surgical conversion and patient outmigration rates.

RESULTS

Patients reported significantly higher ratings for overall satisfaction, understanding of their medical condition and treatment plan, and how well the physician communicated during the VR consultation compared to prior consultation(s). The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) scores for physician communication, hospital rating, and hospital recommendation were 23%, 24%, and 23%, respectively, higher than the national average. A 32% improvement in patient retention and conversion rates resulted from consultations with patient-specific VR models of their lesions (P < .0001).

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that VR is a powerful tool for enhancing patient engagement and education.