bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why is there no agrarian capitalism in Nigeria?
Authors: WILLIAMS GAVIN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
It is widely assumed that the development of commodity production in agriculture will necessarily lead to the displacement of peasant producers by more strictly capitalist forms of production. I argue that no such transition can be assumed in general, nor can it be shown to be occurring in Nigeria. The first section identifies the various ways in which the peasantry are said to be transformed along capitalist lines. The second section examines conditions under which agrarian capitalism has been established, both in Europe and in Africa. It discusses attempts by governments and capitalists to subordinate peasant producers in Africa to their direction. The third section examines attempts to establish plantations, capitalist farms and state farms in Nigeria and considers what light evidence of inequalities among peasant households sheds on the possible emergence of capitalist producers from among the peasantry. It discusses whether rural development projects are likely to transform peasant production along capitalist lines and/or subordinate peasants to the requirements of capital and the state. I conclude that state support has provided niches for capitalist farming, but that Nigerian agriculture is not being transformed along capitalist lines and that both capital and the state have found it difficult to subordinate peasant producers to their direction
The Philosophy of Shared Poverty: rethinkingAgricultural Involutionand the Culture of Geertz
Authors: HAMMAR LAWRENCE
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses, and comprehensively rejects, Geertz’ concept of ‘involution’ as applied to the historical sociology of rural development in Indonesia. Geertz’ analysis is outlined, together with the criticisms it has occasioned; the paper then moves to a consideration of central methodological issues in the involution debate. It concludes with a critique of Geertz’ use of the concept of Culture as confusing rather than clarifying the issues at stake.
Measures of Schooling: Registers, Standards and the Construction of the Subject
Authors: PATERSON FIONA M. S.
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper looks at the institutional construction of individual pupil identity within state authorised elementary schooling in 19th century Scotland. It argues that in the 1850s and 1860s an official priority of social order began to give way to the importance of a concern with individual achievement. The pre‐conditions for this discursive shift can be found in the institutionalisation of school registers and individual written examinations. The definition of what was to be considered as individual achievement was constrained by the class specificity of the operation of these mechanisms.
The Issue of Alternatives and History of the Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture
Authors: DANILOV VIKTOR
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A Soviet historian reconsiders the history of the collectivisation of Soviet agriculture in the context of today's Perestroika. His focus is on alternatives developed during the 1920s, under NEP. Detailed discussion is provided of Lenin's conception of the role of cooperation in socialist construction, A. V. Chayanov's analysis of ‘cooperative collectivisation’, and (using newly‐opened archives) the position of Bukharin and his followers. The article concludes with a critique of forms of collectivisation pursued after abandonment of the original goals of the first Five Year Plan in 1929.
Norbert Elias: A Milestone in Historical Psycho‐Sociology The Making of the Social Person
Authors: NIESTROJ BRIGITTE H.E.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The originality of Elias's perspective and the significance of the subject he has chosen in his main works The Civilizing Process and The Court Society will be evaluated and explained in the light of the history and rediscovery of his work in West Germany and of some roots of the psycho‐sociological historical approach. The paper begins with an intellectual‐biographical note, introduces the crucial aspects of Elias's main work, offers a critical debate and concludes with a historical‐intellectual rooting of the investigation.
Humanism, Patronage and the Question of Women's Artistic Genius in the Italian Renaissance
Authors: SYDIE R.A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Women have generally been excluded from the ranks of artistic genius in western art. Several authors have pointed to the structural constraints that have prevented women from breaching the ranks of the Great. (Greer 1979; Sutherland Harris and Nochlin 1976; Broude and Garrard 1982; Peterson and Wilson 1976; Fine 1978; Nochlin 1973). To structural constraints, must be added the development, use and elaboration of the concept of genius itself as an important impediment for women. The initial formulation of the concept of artistic genius in fifteenth century Italy provided the foundation for the subsequent gendered conception of artistic genius. An investigation of the humanists’ development of the concept, and its use by the new men of power in fifteenth century Italy, provides an example of the manner in which the symbolic creation of everyday life was appropriated by a particular social strata in response to, and in the refinement of, changed power relations among men, that resulted in adverse consequences for women.

The focus of this study is two‐fold; first an examination of the development of the concept of artistic genius as an important part of the symbolic legitimation of the power and status of a distinct social group. Secondly, an examination of the manner in which the formulation of the concept provided the basic framework for the later gendered approach to the practice and evaluation of art in western societies.
Britain's Colonial Emergencies and the Invisible Nationalists
Authors: FUREDI FRANK
Published: October 2006

Abstract
From the perspective of imperial propaganda Britain's colonial emergencies of the forties and fifties have straightforward, even self‐evident explanations. In the case of Malaya the state of emergency declared in June 1948 was a response to an international communist plot designed to seize power. In Kenya, an underground conspiracy of tribal extremists necessitated the implementation of emergency powers in October 1952 and the intervention of the British military. In British Guiana, the October 1953 state of emergency was essential to prevent a communist‐inspired reign of terror and sabotage.1

More objective researchers and journalists have questioned the familiar justification for Britain's colonial emergencies.2 However, controversy persists, not simply about the interpretation of these events but about the basic facts.3 This is not surprising, because a study of the available files in the Public Records Office shows that the relationship between the colonial emergencies and their purported causes is far from straightforward. While imperial propaganda projected a sense of single‐minded clarity, behind the scenes the leading experts of the Colonial Office were uncertain and deeply disturbed by events that they did not entirely comprehend. Nevertheless, despite their lack of a clear understanding of the situation in the affected colonies, the Colonial administration fully supported a military response. Indeed a study of the emergencies in Malaya, Kenya and British Guiana reveals a common pattern in the response of the British government and helps to place each of these conflicts in a wider perspective.
Dutchman Ghosts and the History Mystery: Ritual, Colonizer, and Colonized Interpretations of the 1763 Berbice Slave Rebellion
Authors: WILLIAMS BRACKETTE F.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In colonial orders the most impoverished and least powerful subordinates had few opportunities to store their images of the past in forms traditionally used by historians. In this essay I explore historical interpretations of the 1763 Berbice slave rebellion presented in three rituals, the majority of whose participants are impoverished residents of rural Guyanese communities. I contrast the issues addressed in these images with those addressed in accounts of the rebellion presented in colonial and post‐colonial accounts written by the colonizers and the colonized. The focus of my description and analysis is the relation between historical accounts and the social identities of those who produce them.
Making Algeria French and Unmaking French Algeria
Authors: PROCHASKA DAVID
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Where the French tended to view the historical saga of Algérie Jrançaise through such categories as colonisation and raise en valeur, here the making of colonial Algeria is viewed as a classic case of settler colonialism, and the formation of a distinctive colonial society and culture by the First World War is stressed. Where the Algerians tend to view Algérie algerienne as the successful result of an unbroken tradition of resistance to the French throughout the colonial period, here the unmaking of Algérie Jrançaise is presented in a manner which illuminates the historically contingent nature of Algerian nationalism by tracing over time the multiple and divergent strands of which it was composed. In telling this colonial tale from a postcolonial perspective, description is privileged as much as analysis, individuals as much as issues, by scrutinizing the inhabitants of the latter‐day Hippo of Augustine, a town the French called Bone and the Algerians call Annaba, and beginning with a young Albert Camus…
Export Agriculture and Development Path: Independent Farming in Comparative Perspective
Authors: FONT MAURICIO A.
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper compares ‘regions of “recent settlement’ (Australia, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand) and Argentina to help assess the conditions under which export oriented agrarian regions and societies adopt a development path oriented to industrialization, focusing on the 1860s through the 1930s. The paper surveys the available literature to trace how agricultural export sector expansion shaped land tenure, class formation, and agrarian political participation in these societies. It sketches the class alliances and related structural conditions shaping the development path adopted. The regions of recent settlement tended to share a pattern of agrarian social structure and mobilization characterized by a high incidence of family operated farms, relatively little landlord predominance, strong farmer mobilization, and a class alliance and polity adhering to a consensus on industrialization and basic policies. Argentina represents a contrasting case in which landlords prevailed. The paper contributes to broader theoretical debate by relating the impact of export agriculture to the internal organization of the export sector.
The Western European Marriage Pattern in Historical Perspective: A Response to David Levine
Authors: SECCOMBE WALLY
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In ‘Recombinant Family Formation Strategies’(JHS vol. 2 #2) David Levine endeavoured to place the Demographic Transition in northwestern Europe in historical perspective, taking issue with the ahistorical abstraction of the mainstream modernization accounts of the transition. While in complete agreement with this objective, I thought there was a certain vagueness at the heart of Levine's bold synopsis. In this response, I have endeavoured to sketch in a few of the missing links, focusing on the Western European pattern of late and non‐universal marriage. When did this distinctive nuptial regime first emerge and become generalized? How is it to be explained? What contribution, if any, did late marriage make to the advent of industrial capitalism in northwestern Europe? And what happened to the pattern in the population boom after 1750?
A Perspective on British History and the Treatment of Quebec
Authors: LAWSON PHILIP
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This essay explores the way British history has dealt with the Conquest of Quebec and its aftermath, 1760–74, over the last seventy‐five years or so. The first part of the essay is an analysis of why accounts of the Conquest and the passage of the Quebec Act used to play a central role in any history of Hanoverian Britain, prior to the Second World War; then, conversely, how these same events barely warrant a mention in present day texts and monographs. The second part of the essay offers three previously neglected themes through which the debate about Quebec's importance to the cause of Hanoverian studies might be revivified and some corrections to current misconceptions about these events initiated.
Swedish Feminism, 1835–1945: A Conservative Revolution
Authors: LINDHOLM MARIKA
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalysis of the early Swedish women's movement shows that its accomplishments were shaped more by structural and political changes under way in Sweden at the time, than by specific feminist demands. My claim is that the gains of Swedish feminists largely accrued from efforts on the part of political state leaders to incorporate women as a constituent group during a period of increasing class conflict. Many of the Swedish social reforms which promoted gender equality were derived from the goals of politicians to modulate class tensions and increase their political base of support. This helps account for the fact that the gains won, while considerable, often had little to do with the project of the feminist movement.
Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire
Authors: KEARNEY MICHAEL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Peoples that span national borders are ambiguous in that they in some ways partake of both nations and in other ways partake of neither. This paper analyzes how the boundary ‐ the power to impose difference ‐ of the United States and Mexico is being eroded by transnational developments causing the structure of the nation‐states to become problematic. To the degree that anthropology is an official discipline predicated on the distinction between Self and the alien Other which it presumes to represent, the deterioration of the borders and boundaries of the nation‐state have serious implications for its epistemology and legitimacy and its power of representation of transnational communities and of difference in general. Furthermore, as national distinctions decline ethnicity emerges as a consciousness of difference.
The Foundations of European Industrialization: From the Perspective of the World*
Authors: O'BRIEN PATRICK KARL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article explores and engages with debates concerning the relation between internal and external ‘Development’ amongst nations. Types, trajectories, and patterns of economic growth and social structuring are investigated. Centering modes of trading and fiscal linkage and flow, the author concludes that ‘a perspective from Europe’, rather than a narrower ‘British’ view, has wider implications for the rest of the world.
Centralisation and Local Autonomy: The Experience of English Prisons 1820–1877
Authors: FORSYTHE BILL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article examines English prisons in the light of debates among historians about centralisation in the nineteenth century. The author argues that central state influence over prisons grew substantially from the 1830s onwards and that this was in line with the general view of administrative change advanced by such diverse writers as David Roberts and Philip Corrigan. However, the establishment of a central command structure under the 1877 Prisons Act was an extreme outcome which can only in part be explained by reference to general trends between 1820 and 1877. The takeover was also the result of manoeuvres by highly placed civil servants, intense pressure from particular interest groups, and guarantees given by the Conservative Party leadership to such groups.
Michel Foucault, Body Politics and the Rise and Expansion of Modern Anatomy*
Authors: RUPP JAN C.C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The New Science and the arts flourished vigorously in the seventeenth century Netherlands. Of special importance were the anatomical theatres in Leiden. Delft and Amsterdam. These theatres were important cultural centres in the sense that they were centres of arts and sciences, meeting places for artists and scientists, and places with a public function.

What role did anatomy played in the rise and expansion of modern science. Many scholars assume that religion, and more generally speaking, morality, was strongly opposed to anatomy, but then it is difficult to explain how anatomy and anatomical theatres could be of such central significance. It is Michel Foucault's thesis, however, that there was no hindrance by religion and morality, but an antagonism between two medical discourses, the clinical (life) and the anatomical (death). This thesis is tested by exploring anatomy practices and regulations in early‐modern Italy. Holland. England and France. The results indicate that, not only antagonism between medical discourses, but also conflicting opinions on teaching and the conditions for scientific progress, and. most of all, the interest taken by government in anatomy, played a part. The question as to whether moral standards were a hindrance to the advance of science, was primarily dependent on body politics.
‘To Teach Them How to Live’ The Politics of Public Health from Tuberculosis to AIDS
Authors: SEARS ALAN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The AIDS crisis has aroused considerable interest in the critical examination of public health. Much of this work has come from the perspective of ‘cultural analysis’, combining postmodernist theories with the politics of radical pluralism’. This work constitutes a rejection of Marxist state theory, and indeed has directed attention away from the state as an object of inquiry. This article is a response to ‘cultural analysis’, which uses an historical examination of public health in Canada to shows the ways in which it has been oriented around the state, reflecting the character and limits of social policy.
Richard Oastler, Factory Legislation and the Working‐Class Family
Authors: CREIGHTON COLIN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article argues that much recent writing on the development of the ideology of domesticity within the working class and the role in this of struggles for protective legislation suffers from undue neglect of class interests in the construction of family life. As a contribution to a fuller account of the interaction of class and gender concerns, a case study is presented of the analysis of the family, gender and laissez‐faire capitalism contained in the writing of Richard Oastler, a leading figure in the British Ten Hours Movement of the 1830s and 1840s.
‘The State’: A Comment on Abrams, Denis and Sayer
Authors: MARSDEN RICHARD
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper answers the question,‘what is the state?’as posed in Abrams (1988) and Denis (1989), by examining Sayer's (1987) realist reconception of ‘relations of production’ and their ‘ideal superstructures’. It suggests that Sayer's alternative to ‘traditional’ marxism warrants a reappraisal of the relationship between Marx and Foucault. It concludes that ‘civil society’ and ‘the state’ are Janus‐faces of production relations, generated by Foucault's ‘disciplinary practices’.
Images of Nature and Culture in British and French Representations of Caste
Authors: WHITEHEAD JUDY
Published: October 2006

Abstract: This paper compares British and French representations of caste in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a formative period in the development of sociology and social anthropology in the two countries. The concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘culture’ in the two sociological traditions are examined with respect to their analyses of caste. The two discourses are also analyzed in relation to their respective colonial histories and national political cultures during this epoch.1
Poverty and Polygyny as Political Protest: The Waldensians and Mormons.
Authors: EMIGH REBECCA JEAN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper examines Waldensianism and Mormonism, two very different religious movements, separated by time, space, cultural, and economic conditions. The sources are a mixture of secondary and published primary sources, including church documents both in translation and the original language, and personal writings, such as diaries and letters. The treatment of these sources is not unusual, rather the contribution of this paper is a synthetic theoretical analysis of these movements in terms of the practical consequences of action.

Both movements were coherent attempts to address contemporary social issues; neither was principally illogical nor irrational, nor comprised primarily of socially disconnected individuals. These movements were neither apolitical nor solely comprised of pure political action. Instead, both became political protest movements, in addition to being religious movements, because the symbolic content of the movement was interwoven with contemporary politics: the movements’ ideological critiques implicated the larger political structure which attempted to prevent ideological change. These religious struggles were processes, becoming political movements because ideological change implied political action.
Law and Discipline in Nineteenth Century English State Formation: The Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1866 and 1869
Authors: OGBORN MILES
Published: October 2006

Abstract
It is argued that a consideration of the relationship between ‘discipline’(discourses and practices of normalisation) and ‘law’(discourses of abstract, universal rights and duties and their application in concrete situations) is necessary to an understanding of nineteenth century state formation. A discussion of this relationship in relation to the public health movement concludes that it is a fundamentally ambiguous one: their articulation is productive of interventionist programmes but it also introduces irreducible and irresolvable tensions. This understanding of the relationship is then used to consider the Contagious Diseases Acts (1864, 1866 and 1869), showing how it shaped the construction of an arena for intervention, the Acts’ apparatus, and the conflicts to which the Acts were subject.
The Colonization Perspective in Israeli Sociology: Internal and External Comparisons
Authors: RAM URI
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Though the characterization of Zionism as a colonial project is probably as old as the Zionist movement, as a specific scholarly sociological perspective in Israeli academia it was formulated only lately, in the wake of the Six Day War of 1967 This article outlines the contours of this new perspective, its theoretical assumptions and its political implications. It examines the historical circumstances which propelled its emergence, and than discerns two distinct sub‐trends in it: Weberian and Marxist Throughout are explored three distinct comparative issues: a comparison of the colonization perspective to other perspectives in Israeli sociology especially the ‘dualist perspective’: a comparison of the case of Israel with other colonization cases. such as the U.S.A.: and a comparison of the two sub‐trends in the perspective itself to each other.
State and Nation in Medieval France
Authors: LLOBERA JOSEP R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The modernist theory of the nation is criticised for being unable to explain the existence of the idea of the nation and of national sentiments in the medieval period. By focusing on the central role played by the monarchy in the making of the French state in the Middle Ages it is possible to show the legitimating importance of French language and of French culture in that period. Furthermore, the appearance of the idea of France as an ‘imagined community’, even if it was only shared by a small minority of people, proves that by the end of the Middle Ages there was a clear sense of national identity.
Versions of the Pastoral: Poverty and the Poor in English Fiction from the 1840s to the 1950s
Authors: KUMAR KRISHAN
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Fictional treatment of the poor has varied with changing perceptions of their position and role in English society. In part these perceptions have been affected by the social locations of the writers. But this essay argues that a major determinant of the treatment of the poor has been the inheritance of a pastoral tradition of viewing them. Writers have largely worked within this tradition. Only in the 1930s was a determined attempt made to break out of it. This failed, and after the war fiction gradually abandoned its efforts to deal with the poor, preferring to leave that to the newer media of film and television.
The Gavilleros of the East: Social Banditry as Political Practice in the Dominican Sugar Region, 1900–1924
Authors: FRANKS JULIE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This essay explores 'social banditry’ as a form of political practice in relation to distinct regimes of power; regional, national, and imperialist. The eastern region of the Dominican Republic experienced a rapid rise of land values and conversion of peasant smallholdings into sugar cane lields at the start of the twentieth century. Roving bands of ‘outlaws’ called ‘gavilleros’ appeared almost immediately, and came under increasing, and different, scrutiny during the years 1916–1924, when United States Marines occupied the Republic. This essay considers the political and social dimensions of gavillero conduct as it was transformed‐and transformed itself‐during the first quarter of the twentieth century.
Paradoxes of Modernization: The new agrarian question and the peasant movement in Mexico
Authors: GARCÍA DE LEÓN ANTONIO
Published: October 2006

The clauses of this [social] contract are so determined by the nature of the act that the slightest modification would make them vain and ineffective; so that, although they have perhaps never been formally set forth, they are everywhere the same and everywhere tacitly admitted and recognized, until, on the violation of the social compact, each regains his original rights and resumes his natural liberty, while losing the conventional liberty in favour of which he renounced it.
On Fox‐hunting and Angling: Norbert Elias and the ‘Sportisation’ Process
Authors: FRANKLIN ADRIAN
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines Norbert Elias's thesis on the ‘sportisation process’ in the light of two hunting sports, fox‐hunting and angling. While this analysis of fox‐hunting is found unconvincing, his approach proves particularly useful in analysing the development of modern angling. The paper argues that Elias's thesis is too broadly applied and requires a more detailed analysis of the social milieu and culture of the players involved in changing and unchanging codes of play. In addition, it argues that the relevant differences between fox‐hunting and angling can only be fully explained through the analysis of changing relations between humans and animals/nature.
Transcending the Nation‐State?: The European Commission and the (Re)‐Discovery of Europe
Authors: SHORE CHRIS
Published: October 2006

Abstract: This article examines the process of European integration from a cultural perspective. Taking up questions posed by social scientists and European Community (EC) officials concerning the possibility of transcending nation‐state and nationalism in Europe, it explores the European Commission's attempts to do this, particularly through the EC's campaigns and initiatives for forging a sense of European identity and culture at the level of popular consciousness. Following Hobsbawn and Ranger, I argue that the history of EC cultural politics provides an interesting case study of invented traditions and manufactured heritage. The political implications and problems of using culture as a vehicle for nation‐building at a pan‐European level are analysed. The article concludes with a critical appraisal of the concept of European identity and questions whether the EC's project for constructing a post‐nationalist political order in Europe is feasible or politically desirable.
Historicizing ‘the PostcoloniaT from Nineteenth‐Century Peru
Authors: THURNER MARK
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper deploys an Andean case to suggest that Latin America's nineteenth‐century histories may usefully intervene in contemporary discussions of colonialism and the postcolonial. Such an intervention potentially pluralizes the ‘abstract singularity’ or ‘universal historicism’ of much contemporary postcolonial discourse produced from diasporic‐metropolitan, South Asianist. and Africanist perspectives. The proposed move also brings history, particularly history thought from the predicament or location of subaltern Latin America, to the center of post‐universal discussions that link postcolonialities to subaltern(ist) perspectives.
The Man of Hobbes: Masculinity and Wartime Necessity
Authors: JAMIESON RUTH
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The primary focus of this article is on the wartime (1939–1945) necessity of the British Army intervening into the personal lives of soldiers in order to maximise military effectiveness. Analysis of administrative discourse on masculinity suggests that the Army was only too well aware of the fact that men approximated the exemplary masculinity of the combat soldier to greatly varying degrees and that, in practice the Army worked not only to achieve a division of labour among servicemen which reflected a range of military masculinities, but also to find a means of dealing with the fears and anxieties of all men which often centred on death or marital infidelity. It suggests that the necessity of such state intervention into the private lives of soldiers was contingent on men's emotional investment in the both the gender order and the particular relations of trust which bound them to it.
Science, Power, Bodies: The Mobilization of Nature as State Formation
Authors: CARROLL PATRICK
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper brings together recently developed perspectives in science studies and the historical sociology of state formation. It focuses on how scientific and government practices together construct the relationalities, identities, natures, and material environments of the bodies that constitute the modern state. The paper argues that the modern state is an effect of these practices, a techno‐scientific political formation in which political government and scientific practice are woven together in a heterogeneous yet definitive network.
Social Medicine and the New Society: Medicine and Scientific Humanism in mid‐Twentieth Century Britain
Authors: PORTER DOROTHY
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The essay examines how the academic discipline of social medicine was founded in Britain in the 1940s as a political mission. The original conception of social medicine was built upon a collection of beliefs about the nature of science and medicine which were shared by various branches of the profession who identified with diverse social values. The synthesis of ideas that created the discipline, however, were integrated into a specifically left‐wing philosophy of social reform. This medicine of society for society emerged from the politics of science, ethics and society in the Second World War. As an expression of scientific humanism social medicine aimed to fulfil the ethical dictates of the modern evolutionary synthesis and be part of the rising tide of corporate welfarism. The paper concentrates on how its intellectual founder, John Ryle, believed this could be achieved by changing clinical medicine into a new discipline of holistic socio‐biology of health and disease.
‘Where's the Beef?‘: Cattle Killing, Rations Policy and First Nations ‘Criminality’ in Southern Alberta, 1892–1895
Authors: SATZEWICH VIC
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper analyzes cattle killing by First Nations in Southern Alberta in the 1890s in light of different theoretical approaches to the issue of First Nations crime. This paper suggests that this form of criminal behaviour was not a result of cultural differences or cultural misunderstandings between First Nations and Europeans. Rather, this type of First Nations criminality was rooted in material circumstances characterized by extreme hunger, and was reflective of a process of resistance to state policies. The crime of cattle killing was, in part, a political act that was part of Treaty Seven First Nations efforts to oppose and change the Department of Indian Affairs rations policy.
Removals and Resistance: Rural Communities in Lydenburg, South Africa, 1940–1961
Authors: SCHIRMER STEFAN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
After 1948, the National Party government implemented coercive policies to remove African landowners and rent tenants from ‘white’ fanning districts and resettle them in black ‘reserves. This paper focuses on the different responses within and among four communities in the Lydenburg district of the eastern Transvaal (now Mpumalanga Province). It shows how Africans were more than mere victims of these policies but responded actively to the policies of the state which had to take account of their actions. The responses to removals of members of each community were shaped by the histories which had given rise to their distinctive identities and their relations to the wiser agrarian and industrial economies of South Africa. Communities themselves were divided between chiefs and followers, between richer and poorer farmers, and between those involved in nationalist politics and those who focused rather on immediate, local interests. Responses to removals and among and within communities were complex and ambiguous and cannot simply be understood in terms of the distinction between ‘resistance’ and ‘collaboration’. Present state policies, which seek to remedy the injustices of the past, need to be sensitive to the divisions among rural communities and the complex reasons for people's different responses to past removals.
Chinese Femininity and Social Control: Gender‐Role Socialization and the State
Authors: ZHAN HEYING JENNY
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper employs four classics of women's instructive literature and legal cases from late imperial China to analyze (1) the formation and development of Chinese femininity, and (2) the connection between gender‐role socialization and the social control of women. I conclude that neither Chinese culture nor Confucianism is sufficient to explain Chinese women's subordination. The Chinese patrimonial state, with its centralized propaganda and coercive legal control, also played an active part in forming Chinese notions of femininity and enforcing women's subordinate status.
MSc in Atomic Collisions in Solids—the Anatomy of an Inter‐University Modular Course
Authors: Carter G. , Grant W. A.
Published: October 2006

An account of the collaborative development of an MSc course in a multi‐disciplinary area of study (atomic collisions in solids) combining features of pure and applied physics and technology is given. The philosophy and aims of this course, which is operated jointly by the Universities of Salford and Sussex, the teaching and learning strategies adopted and the methodology of assessment are discussed, together with the problems and rewards of undertaking such a venture.
Computers in Military Training
Authors: Miles Roger
Published: October 2006

The Armed Services have a wide range of computer applications to training, the largest single use being in computer based simulators. There are strong interests in CAL for advanced technical training and the testing and record‐keeping aspects of computer managed learning. National Programme funds have supported some new activities and facilitated progress with others. The extensive American applications suggest several interesting lines for future British development but there are important differences between the two countries. CAL in the Armed Services is firmly embedded in a systems approach to training development.
A Critical Appraisal of Modular Courses and Their Relevance to the British System of Higher Education
Authors: Quinn T F J
Published: October 2006

A review is given of a typical North American modular course system of which the author has had personal experience, both at the undergraduate and the postgraduate level. Some of the advantages and limitations of the North American modular system are discussed, with special reference to the possibilities for modifying that system to suit British higher education. A brief review of the limited amount of modularization which has already taken place in British higher education is also given. It is shown that the modular system can provide both the flexibility and the breadth in the training of graduates required for the interdisciplinary situations in which they are typically required to function in the world outside of the educational environment. It is further shown that the system can only hope to be successful provided (i) it is introduced on a university‐wide (or possibly, even a nation‐wide) basis and (ii) that the principle of continuous assessment is universally accepted. Suggestions are made regarding the first steps which could be taken towards modularization of the present system.
Film Perception Under Ordinary Viewing Conditions
Authors: Hegarty Seamus F
Published: October 2006

Little work has been done on the cognitive processes involved in ordinary film‐viewing. There are both practical and theoretical obstacles in the way of such work. This study seeks to circumvent both kinds of obstacle in an investigation of some determinants of film perception.

After viewing a film a sample of children completed questionnaires which gave information on their grasp of the film's content, on matching variables, and on design factors. In this way it was possible to examine patterns in the grasp of content and relate them to variables such as sex and experience of the cinema.
Discrimination Training and Micro teaching: Implications for Teaching Practice
Authors: Hargie Owen D W , Maidment Paul
Published: October 2006

Teaching practice has for a long time occupied a central role in teacher training. Yet questions remain as to the efficacy of this technique. This paper examines the practical training of teachers, taking into account recent research which has been conducted in microteaching. The conclusion made is that perhaps we should re‐examine some of the assumptions normally associated with regard to student practice, and focus more attention on the discrimination training elements involved.
The Mediation of Three‐Dimensional Visualization for Isolinal Graphics
Authors: Dutton R
Published: October 2006

In order to understand many topics within subjects such as chemistry, geology, meteorology, biology and geography, students are required to read two‐dimensional graphics as three‐dimensional forms. In geography this is true for the whole range of isolinal graphics, including particularly contour maps. The most effective techniques to mediate the learner's visualization of the hidden quality of depth are possibly those which employ the isolinal code itself in some enhanced form. A school‐based experimental investigation concerned with contour maps is described. The results, together with those of some other related investigations point to the probable value of models, stereograms, anaglyphs and other stereoscopic presentations in the teaching of three‐dimensional subjects.
Extracting an Education from a Course of Instruction
Authors: Shaw M L G , Thomas L F
Published: October 2006

Instruction is a valid and useful aspect of education, although for meaningful and valued learning to take place there must be some reorganization of the material by the learner. Psychological tools which have been offered to the learner in the past to bring into his awareness the structure of his models and his model‐building facilities have been on the whole unhelpful. The repertory grid is one such tool which with the new methods of computer analysis developed by the authors has been transformed into a sensitive instrument that allows an individual to form a model of any topic he wishes in terms of his personal constructs. The computer programs FOCUS, PEGASUS, MINUS, CORE, SOCIOGRIDS and ARGUS are briefly described.
Mathematical Attitudes of Some Polytechnic Students
Authors: Shannon A G , Clark B E
Published: October 2006

This is an investigation in which semantic differentials are used to study differences in attitudes of some first‐year polytechnic students towards ways of learning mathematics according to the field of study or level of ability of the students. Of particular interest to educational technologists are the attitudes towards audio‐visual aids and individualized instruction. Irrespective of the generalizability of the results, the research is seen as suggesting a methodology for partial course evaluation with minimum interference in the instructional process.
The Influence of an In‐Service Course in Educational Technology on the Attitudes of Teachers
Authors: Moss G D
Published: October 2006

A list of 57 aims was prepared relevant to a course on educational technology for in‐service teachers. This list was presented to 50 ex‐students, all of whom were in‐service teachers, and to colleagues of these ex‐students who had not taken an in‐service course in educational technology. All of the teachers were invited to rank the stated aims in terms of importance and the results from non‐students and ex‐students were compared and discussed. The results showed that while all teachers rated good design and teaching strategy as being more important than audio‐visual aids, ex‐students of an in‐service educational technology course were more positive in their assertions and rated additional aspects of educational technology above audio‐visual aids in importance.
Visual‐Tutorial System for Teaching Media Utilization
Authors: Butler Lucius
Published: October 2006

An alternative format for the basic media utilization course at the University of Hawaii was developed on an individualized self‐paced, self‐instructional basis. The course, Media Practician, was offered to undergraduate students in a federally‐funded Alternative Teacher Education Program (ATEP). The Visual‐Tutorial (V‐T) learning system was designed to teach both theory and skills related to effective classroom utilization of audio‐visual media materials and equipment to pre‐service elementary school teachers during their third and fourth years of training.

The underlying learning psychology utilized by this visual‐tutorial system is related to the self‐pacing, individualized, self‐instructional, programmed learning systems found in programmed texts, teaching machines and computer‐based learning (Butler 1970).
Study Strategies, Orientations and ‘Personal Meaningfulness’ in Higher Education
Authors: Ford Nigel
Published: October 2006

Recent research into student learning has identified learning strategies and study attitudes which, it is argued, may in certain cases imply a student's relative preoccupation with relatively extrinsic factors and a short‐term and limited valuing of information and ideas learned. Possible links are proposed between such cognitive and affective processes and the nature of the resultant learning. In particular, it is possible that such strategies and attitudes are detrimentally linked with the important but neglected educational outcomes of personal acceptance, valuing and consequently potential application, of what is learned.
FlexiStudy—An Open Learning System for Further and Adult Education
Authors: Sacks H
Published: October 2006

FlexiStudy is an ‘open’ learning system designed for mature students who want to follow non‐degree level courses. It overcomes four of the five main administrative constraints identified by Coffey (1977) and eases several of the educational constraints he considered. In September 1979 FlexiStudy was offered by at least 15 further education and adult colleges in England, with nearly 900 total enrolments. This paper deals with its development, present operation and future prospects.
Building a Springboard: regionalization within the Microelectronics in Schools and Colleges Development Programme
Authors: McMahon H F , Anderson J S A
Published: October 2006

The Departments of Education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland have indicated that the recently launched Development Programme in Microelectronics in Schools and Colleges is to be structured along lines ‘comparable’ to NDPCAL, the National Development Programme in Computer Assisted Learning (Department of Education and Science, 1979). This paper considers some of the possible consequences of this intention. Drawing upon the reports and evaluation studies of NDPCAL, their own personal experience within NDPCAL and the theories of innovation of Donald Schon, the authors identify ‘regionalization’ within the Microelectronics in Education Programme as the key to its long‐term success. Alternative approaches to the development of regional infrastructures for the support of the innovation are explored and a proposal is made for the establishment, within the new Programme, of ‘regionalization’ projects.
Teaching Through Video: an experiment with student speech therapists
Authors: McConkey Roy , O'Connor Mary
Published: October 2006

The training of speech therapists, although increasingly centred within polytechnics and universities, still retains a strong commitment to developing the students’ clinical skills. However, this places heavy demands on the expertise of the course tutors. It is argued that a series of video programmes based on Borg's minicourse model could help to resolve some of these problems. A description of one specific course is presented along with reports of its evaluation in terms of information retained, the students’ opinions, changes in their approach to clients and improvement in the clients.

Although these courses require a high initial investment of staff time to produce, they offer many advantages thereafter, especially in integrating theory with practice.
Looking for a Change: an analysis of the findings of the Nuffield Group for Research and Innovation in Higher Education
Authors: Hewton Eric
Published: October 2006

Between 1972 and 1976 a project funded by the Nuffield Foundation enabled a small group of researchers to visit all universities in the United Kingdom and some polytechnics in search of curriculum innovation. Over four years the Group reported, in a series of newsletters, current problems in undergraduate education and some of the solutions being sought to overcome them. This paper analyses these reports and draws some conclusions as to the kinds of changes taking place at the time, the possible reasons for them and the organizational barriers which obstruct innovation. The findings, although related to higher education, are also of interest and relevance to other sectors.
Author Languages for Computer‐Based Learning
Authors: Barker P G , Singh R
Published: October 2006

Author languages provide a means to facilitate the development of courseware material for use in computer‐based instructional systems. In this paper the role of an author language is explained and some examples of those currently available on small, medium and large computers are briefly described. Particular emphasis is given to exploring the author's interface with these systems. Future developments in author languages are likely to be significantly influenced by current trends in microelectronics, telecommunications, video and information storage technology. In view of this, three important problems need to be discussed: author language evaluation, system integration and the dissemination of courseware materials. Each of these topics is briefly considered.