bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful eradication of a non‐indigenous marine bivalve from a subtidal soft‐sediment environment
Authors: Hopkins Grant A. , Forrest Barrie M. , Jiang Weimin , Gardner Jonathan P. A.
Published: January 2011

1. Biofouling, the accumulation of biological growth on submerged surfaces such vessel hulls and artificial structures, is an important transport pathway that can facilitate the establishment of marine non‐indigenous species in new locations. Despite efforts to develop effective tools to eradicate newly established populations before they become widespread and beyond control, eradication successes are scarce in the marine environment. This paper describes a dredge‐based eradication of the brown musselPerna pernafrom a deep (c.44 m) soft‐sediment habitat in central New Zealand, following the discovery of this species amongst biofouling organisms physically removed (i.e. defouled) from a drilling rig.

2. We evaluated the efficacy of dredging in removingP. pernaand other target species, and determined whether a density‐based eradication success criterion had been achieved. The catchability coefficient (q) of the defouled material was estimated using catch data, and the dredge efficiency (E) was determined. Initial and remaining mussel densities were then calculated using estimates ofE. The reliability of these estimates was tested by simulations.

3. A total of 227 dredge tows coveringc.94% of a 12·6 ha target area were undertaken, and an estimated 35 tonnes of material defouled from the rig was dredged from the seabed and disposed of in a landfill.

4. Estimates ofqandEwere 0·0054 and 0·30 (respectively) and mussel densities at the completion of the eradication programme were estimated to bec.0·5 m−2, well below the success criterion of 10 m−2. From our simulations, it was estimated that 71 dredge tows would be required to remove 50% of the initial population, whilst 232 dredge tows would be needed to achieve a 90% reduction in population size.

5. Synthesis and applications.The eradication of non‐indigenous bivalves from a relatively deep (>40 m) soft‐sediment environment is unprecedented and highlights that, with appropriate tools and other resources, eradication is feasible even in challenging circumstances. Where complete elimination of a pest is not feasible, alternative density‐based success criteria can be developed that, if achieved, can effectively mitigate risks. This study highlights the need for further development of both vector treatment options and pest eradication tools, and improved policy surrounding in‐water defouling in the coastal environment.
Pleistocene origin and population history of a neoendemic alpine butterfly
Authors: SCHOVILLE SEAN. D. , STUCKEY MATTHEW , RODERICK GEORGE K.
Published: January 2011

Alpine environments underwent dramatic transformation during glacial–interglacial cycles, with the consequence that geographical, ecological and demographic changes of alpine populations provided the opportunity for formation of neoendemic species. Several biogeographical models have been proposed to account for the unique history of alpine populations, with different expectations of genetic divergence and speciation. The expanding alpine archipelago model proposes that alpine populations expand spatially and demographically during glacial events, dispersing between mountain ranges. Under this model, alpine populations are unlikely to diverge in isolation due to substantial interpopulation gene flow. In contrast, the alpine archipelago refuge model proposes that gene flow during glacial phases is limited and populations expand demographically during interglacial phases, increasing genetic isolation and the likelihood of speciation. We assess these models by reconstructing the evolutionary history ofColias behrii, a morphologically and ecologically distinct alpine butterfly restricted to the California Sierra Nevada.C. behriiexhibits very low genetic diversity at mitochondrial and nuclear loci, limited population structure and evidence of population expansion.C. behriiand Rocky MountainC. meadiishare identical mitochondrial haplotypes, while in contrast, nuclear data indicate common ancestry betweenC. behriiand Cascades RangeColias pelidne. The conflict in gene genealogies may be a result of recent expansion in North AmericanColias,but an isolation with migration analysis indicates that genetic patterns inC. behriimight result from differential introgression following hybridization. Based on the timing of population expansion and gene flow between mountain ranges, the expanding alpine archipelago model is supported inC. behrii.
Progesterone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Levels in Blood of Boer Goats During Puerperium Out‐of‐Season in a Mild Climate Region
Authors: Djuricic D , Filipovic N , Dobranic T , Lipar M , Prvanovic N , Turk R , Gracner D , Stanin D , Folnozic I , Samardzija M
Published: January 2011

Contents

The aims of this study were to compare insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and progesterone concentrations as indicators of cycle activity in the blood of Boer goats during puerperium out‐of‐season in mild climate conditions and to investigate the influence of parity and litter size on the concentration of IGF‐I and progesterone in serum during the study period. Twenty Boer (8 primiparous and 12 pluriparous) goats were examined in this study. Blood samples were taken every 4 days starting on the 3rd day and up to the 40th day of puerperium. IGF‐I and progesterone (P4) blood levels were determined using radio immune assay (RIA). Results indicated cyclic ovarian activity outside the breeding season in 18 of 20 Boer goats. IGF‐I levels in blood sera followed oestrus and cyclic ovarian activity. IGF‐I concentrations correlated significantly with P4 concentrations. The IGF‐I peak preceded the P4 peak by approximately 8 days in cycling goats. IGF‐I and P4 blood levels were not influenced by parity or litter size. Changes in blood serum P4 and IGF‐I concentrations levels during puerperal period can assist in the evaluation of reproductive status of goats.
Management of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The importance of psychosocial and medication treatments
Authors: Vance Alasdair , Winther Jo , Rennie Kelly
Published: January 2011

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessment and treatment in children and adolescents is complex. Key biological and psychosocial risk factors need to be identified and treated because of their potential mediating interaction that affect the onset, progression, and psychosocial and medication treatment response of core ADHD symptoms and common associated co‐morbid conditions. Both psychosocial and medication treatments, alone and in combination, have been shown to reduce the core ADHD symptoms and those of its key co‐morbid disorders. Yet, to date, the potential synergism between targeted and specific medication and psychosocial treatments remains poorly understood and under‐researched. Interestingly, recent positron emission tomography findings emphasise the importance of contextual salience and positive reinforcement strategies for stimulant medication, the primary medication treatment for ADHD, to have its effect. This is not surprising, given recent epigenetic models of gene–environment interaction that are revolutionising our understanding of developmental disorders like ADHD. This annotation briefly outlines the emerging evidence that supports the role of psychosocial treatment alongside medication treatment in the management of ADHD. Future significant clinical directions are noted.
Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour
Authors: Gray Peter H , Flenady Vicki J , Charles Bruce G , Steer Peter A ,   on behalf of the Caffeine Collaborative Study Group
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To compare two dosing regimens for caffeine citrate for neonates born less than 30 weeks gestation in terms of development, temperament and behaviour.

Methods:  A multi‐centre, randomised, controlled trial design was undertaken. A total of 287 infants with apnoea of prematurity or in the peri‐extubation period were randomised to receive one of two dosage regimens (20 vs. 5 mg/kg/day). The main outcome measure was cognitive development at 1 year of age on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Secondary outcome measures included neonatal morbidity, death and disability, temperament at 1 year and behaviour at 2 years of age.

Results:  Data on the primary outcome were available for 190 survivors at 12 months corrected for prematurity. A significantly greater mean general quotient was found in the high‐dose group (mean (standard deviation), 98.0 (13.8) vs. 93.6 (16.5), P= 0.048). On omission of two infants for whom cognitive assessment was not possible because of disability while the mean general quotient remained higher for infants in the high‐dose group, this was no longer statistically significant (P= 0.075). There was a non‐significant trend for benefit in the high‐dose caffeine group for death or major disability, 15.4% versus 24.2%; relative risk 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.49–1.14). No differences in the mean values between the two groups were shown for temperament and behaviour.

Conclusions:  Caffeine citrate with a dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg/day did not result in adverse outcomes for development, temperament and behaviour. The borderline benefit in cognition with high‐dose caffeine needs further investigation.
Vitamin D, innate immunity and outcomes in community acquired pneumonia
Authors: LEOW LEONG , SIMPSON TALIA , CURSONS RAY , KARALUS NOEL , HANCOX ROBERT J.
Published: January 2011

Background and objective:  Vitamin D regulates the production of the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and beta‐defensin‐2, which play an important role in the innate immune response to infection. We hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency would be associated with lower levels of these peptides and worse outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia.

Methods:  Associations between mortality and serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, cathelicidin and beta‐defensin‐2 were investigated in a prospective cohort of 112 patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia during winter.

Results:  Severe 25‐hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) was common in this population (15%) and was associated with a higher 30‐day mortality compared with patients with sufficient 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (>50 nmol/L) (odds ratio 12.7, 95% confidence interval: 2.2–73.3, P = 0.004). These associations were not explained by differences in age, comorbidities, or the severity of the acute illness. Neither cathelicidin nor beta‐defensin‐2 levels predicted mortality, although there was a trend towards increased mortality with lower cathelicidin (P = 0.053). Neither cathelicidin nor beta‐defensin‐2 levels correlated with 25‐hydroxyvitamin D.

Conclusions:  25‐hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia during winter. Contrary to our hypothesis, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with levels of cathelicidin or beta‐defensin‐2.
The origin of frequency dependence of respiratory resistance: An airflow simulation study using a 4D pulmonary lobule model
Authors: KITAOKA HIROKO
Published: January 2011

Background and objective:  The origin of frequency dependence of respiratory resistance has been explained by ventilation inhomogeneity; however, it is unclear which components in the respiratory system generate the frequency dependence. The author constructed a 4D pulmonary lobule model and analysed relationships between airflow rate, pressure and airway resistance by the use of computational fluid dynamics.

Methods:  The lobule model contained bifurcated bronchioles with two adjacent acini in which deformable inter‐acinar septa and alveolar duct walls were designed. Constrictive conditions of respective bronchioles were designed, too. 4D finite element models for computational fluid dynamics were generated and airflow simulations were performed under moving boundary conditions of the arbitrary Lagrangean‐Eulerean method. From the simulation results, airway resistances for various conditions were calculated.

Results:  Tissue resistance emerged under the condition of different acinar pressures caused by unequal airway resistances. If the inter‐acinar septum was shifted so as to cancel the pressure difference, the acinar pressures were equal in spite of unequal airway resistances, and hence, tissue resistances did not emerge. Therefore, the tissue resistance in the former case is thought to be an index of alveolar pressure inequality (which could be cancelled by mechanical interaction of lung parenchyma), rather than a material property of the tissue itself.

Conclusions:  Inequality of alveolar pressure decreases as the input oscillatory frequency increases. Therefore, frequency dependence of the respiratory resistance should be regarded as a conditional index of the alveolar pressure inequality caused by heterogeneous changes in the intra‐pulmonary airway and/or the lung parenchyma.
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: six degrees of haemostasis
Authors: Louie Michael K. , Deane Leslie A. , Kaplan Adam G. , Lee Hak J. , Box Geoffrey N. , Abraham Jose Benito A. , Borin James F. , Khan Farhan , McDougall Elspeth M. , Clayman Ralph V.
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is a technically challenging procedure that many urologists do not perform due to the possibility of excess bleeding, increased warm ischemia of the kidney, and difficulty with laparoscopic suturing. This study analyzes one method of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy that allows a surgeon increased confidence of haemostasis and urinary tract closure while maintaining a short warm ischemia time.

OBJECTIVE

• To describe six steps for haemostasis and collecting system closure (‘six degrees of haemostasis’) that are reproducible and that minimize the two most concerning complications of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: haemorrhage and urine leakage.

METHODS

• A retrospective study of 23 consecutive laparoscopic partial nephrectomy cases performed by a single surgeon between 2005 and 2008 using the ‘six degrees of haemostasis’ was carried out.

RESULTS

• There were no cases of intraoperative, postoperative or delayed bleeding.

• There were no cases of urine leakage.

CONCLUSION

• The ‘six degrees of haemostasis’ technique for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy described in the present study provides a reliable and reproducible method to reassure the surgeon of haemostasis and provide a decreased risk of urine leakage.
Medical therapy for calculus disease
Authors: Singh Shrawan K. , Agarwal Mayank Mohan , Sharma Sumit
Published: January 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Current knowledge on the subject of “medical stone management” is available in fractionated form. This study is a comprehensive and critical review of the literature and provides up‐to‐date information on the subject in concise and precise manner. The study highlights the role of medical therapy in various aspects of stone management, i.e. clearance of existing calculi by medical dissolution and facilitating expulsion, and prevention of recurrence.

Urolithiasis is a common problem with a high recurrence rate. Medical therapy directed to relieve agonizing pain, expulsion of stone, dissolution of uric acid and cystine stone and prevention of recurrence. NSAIDs are superior to opioids for renoureteral colic because their use doesn’t induce vomiting and there is lesser requirement of rescue analgesia. In randomized trials, anticholinergics were not found to be beneficial. Alpha blockers, particularly tamsulosin, reduce pain and facilitate expulsion of stone and fragments of stone following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy. Potassium citrate helps in chemodissolution of uric acid and cystine stones and is useful in prevention of stone recurrence in general and in those who have undergone SWL or percutaneious nephrolithotomy. Other measures for prevention of stone recurrence include fluid and dietary therapy, counteracting underlying metabolic abnormalities using suitable medications, phytotheurapeutic agents and probiotics. Once the role of nanobacteria is established in genesis of urinary stones, anti‐nanobacteria therapy holds the promise of opening new horizons for prevention of urinary stones.
Market Size and Firm Location in a Service Industry
Authors: Kurata Hiroshi , Ohkawa Takao , Okamura Makoto
Published: January 2011

This paper investigates the welfare effects of firm location in a service industry. We consider the situation where firms determine their locations in either of two regions with a difference in market size. From the viewpoint of the consumers' welfare, there are too few firms in the large market and too many in the small market. However, from the viewpoint of the producers' and social welfare, the opposite is true. Further, an increase in the difference in market size is unambiguously unfavorable for the producers. On the other hand, such an increase is favorable for the consumers and the economy as a whole.
The Structure of the American Economy
Authors: Fisher Eric O'N. , Marshall Kathryn G.
Published: January 2011

We explore the relationship between input–output accounts and the national revenue function. The generalized inverse of an economy's technology matrix carries information relating changes in endowments with changes in outputs; its transpose relates output prices and factor prices. Our primary theoretical contribution is to derive an economy's revenue function for an arbitrary Leontief technology. Our main empirical contribution is to compute the national revenue function for the American economy in 2003 and to describe its properties. We implement our ideas using two different models: one where all factors are mobile and another with sector‐specific capital.
Growth and Crisis in Transition: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Coricelli Fabrizio , Maurel Mathilde
Published: January 2011

The paper provides an empirical analysis of the growth performance of transition countries in a comparative perspective, separating episodes of crises from those of growth. Performance is measured by the output response following recessions, by the capacity to rebound, as well as the depth and length of the crisis rather than average rates of growth that aggregate periods of recessions and periods of growth. Results highlight that the post‐recession performance in Central and Eastern Europe resembles that of emerging and developing countries in the aftermath of banking and financial crises, often following significant liberalizations. In contrast, the post‐crisis performance of CIS countries resembles the output response observed during episodes of civil wars, and remains significantly different from the normal response of an average market country. Moreover, performance depends on economic reforms and especially on the complementarities among different reforms.
Fractional Integration of Nominal Exchange Rates: Evidence from CEECs in the Light of EMU Enlargement
Authors: Barros Carlos P. , Gil‐Alana Luis , Matousek Roman
Published: January 2011

This paper uses fractional integration models to describe the long‐run dependence of nominal exchange rates in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). The analysis is validated using nonparametric, semiparametric and parametric techniques. From comparing the results across the three approaches, it was clear that mean reversion takes places only for the euro exchange rates in Bulgaria, Estonia, and Slovenia. Other exchange rates based on the euro also display mean reversion with the parametric methods. For the US dollar rates, the unit‐root null hypothesis cannot be rejected in any single country, indicating that shocks affecting the exchange rates against the US dollar are of a permanent nature, while those directed against the euro are less persistent, and tend sometimes to disappear in the long run. Policy implications are derived.
‘What I Want and What You Want’: Children's Thinking about Competing Personal Preferences
Authors: Komolova Masha , Wainryb Cecilia
Published: January 2011

This study examined how children reason about competing personal preferences. Seventy‐two participants (mean ages 5 years 5 months, 10 years 4 months, and 17 years 7 months) considered three hypothetical scenarios in which a protagonist's personal preference was in conflict with her or his friend's personal preference. Scenarios varied in the relative weightiness of each character's desires. Whereas 5‐ and 10‐year‐olds prioritized the friend's preference across scenarios, 17‐year‐olds affirmed the character's prerogative to act according to her or his own preference except when the friend's preference was weightier. Nevertheless, regardless of age, participants generally reasoned about these situations in terms of autonomy and friendship rather than as moral obligations. The findings contribute to our understanding of how children of different ages work out the boundaries of the personal.
Insurance And Damages For Loss Of The Breadwinner–‐a Problem Of Statutory Interpretation
Authors: Unger J.
Published: January 2011

How should the courts apply a statute to new circumstances which were not contemplated by the legislator? Whatever is done will amount to judicial law‐making, but the decision may well depend on whether this is frankly admitted or whether it is pretended that it was the legislator who provided the solution which has to be spelt out of the words of the statute which in the process will acquire a fresh and possibly unsuspected significance.
FRUSTRATED CONTRACTS AND LEGAL FICTIONS
Authors: Trakman Leon E.
Published: January 2011

“Someone says to me: ‘Show the children a game.’ I teach them gaming with dice, and the other says, ‘I didn't mean that sort of game.’ Must the exclusion of the game with dice have come before his mind when he gave the order?” (Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 33, trans., (1953)).
Look Back in Unger: A Retrospective Appraisal of Law in Modern Society
Authors: Duxbury Neil T.
Published: January 2011

Law in Modern Society: Toward A Criticism of Social Theory. By Roberto Mangabeira Unger.
British Labour Relations in the 1980s: Learning to Live with the Law
Authors: Simpson Bob
Published: January 2011

Labour Law and Industrial Relations: Building on Kahn‐Freund. Edited by Wedderburn, Lewis and Clark

Kahn‐Freund's Labour and the Law. 3rd edition by Davies and Freedland.

Labour Law: Text and Materials. 2nd edition. By Davies and Freedland.
ETHICS AND LEGAL EDUCATION: TICKS, CROSSES, AND QUESTION‐MARKS
Authors: Brownsword Roger
Published: January 2011

Utility and Rights. Edited by R. G. Frey.
PRACTICE MADE PERFECT?
Authors: Beyleveld Deryck , Brownsword Roger
Published: January 2011

Law's Empire by Ronald Dworkin.
The MP's Complaints Service
Authors: Rowlings Richard
Published: January 2011

Over the last year, [X], your Member of Parliament, has tried to help thousands of people with their problems, who have either been to see him at his surgeries, come to the House of Commons, written or telephoned him.

Local Conservative Party Pamphlet, 1986.
A Philosophy of Provocation?
Authors: Leigh L. H.
Published: January 2011

Jeremy Horder, Provocation and Responsibility Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, pp xvi and 208 pp, hb £25.00.
Casting Light on Dracula: Studies in Law and Culture
Authors: Aristodemou Maria
Published: January 2011

June M. Guines, Contested Culture: The Image, the Voice, and the Law
The birth of a united Europe: on why the EU has generated a ‘non‐emotional’ identity
Authors: GUIBERNAU MONTSERRAT
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT. In several respects, the European Union (EU) represents both a novel system of quasi‐supranational governance and a novel form of political community or polity. But it is also a relatively fragile construction: it remains a community still in the making with an incipient sense of identity, within which powerful forces are at work. This article has three main aims. Firstly, to analyse the reasons and key ideas that prompted a selected elite to construct a set of institutions and treaties destined to unite European nations in such a way that the mere idea of a ‘civil war’ among them would become impossible. Secondly, to examine the specific top‐down processes that led to the emergence of a united Europe and the subsequent emergence of the EU, thus emphasising the constant distance between the elites and the masses in the development of the European project. Finally, to explain why the EU has generated what I call a ‘non‐emotional’ identity, radically different from the emotionally charged and still prevailing national identities present in its member states.
Discovery of the first τ Sco analogues: HD66665 and HD63425
Authors: Petit V. , Massa D. L. , Marcolino W. L. F. , Wade G. A. , Ignace R.
Published: January 2011

The B0.2 V magnetic star τ Sco stands out from the larger population of massive OB stars due to its high X-ray activity, peculiar wind diagnostics and highly complex magnetic field. This Letter presents the discovery of the first two τ Sco analogues – HD 66665 and HD 63425, identified by the striking similarity of their ultraviolet (UV) spectra to that of τ Sco. ESPaDOnS spectropolarimetric observations were secured by the Magnetism in Massive Stars CFHT Large Program, in order to characterize the stellar and magnetic properties of these stars. cmfgen modelling of optical ESPaDOnS spectra and archived IUE UV spectra showed that these stars have stellar parameters similar to those of τ Sco. A magnetic field of similar surface strength is found on both stars, reinforcing the connection between the presence of a magnetic field and wind peculiarities. However, additional phase-resolved observations will be required in order to assess the potential complexity of the magnetic fields and verify if the wind anomalies are linked to this property.
Public engagement with water conservation in London
Authors: Doron Ud , Teh Tse‐Hui , Haklay Muki , Bell Sarah
Published: January 2011

Understanding water demand and consumers' capacity for change is essential in underpinning water demand management and water efficiency programmes. This paper presents the outcomes of a qualitative study, which used discussion groups relating to water infrastructure with environmentally aware citizens in five London boroughs in the Lower Lea River Basin. The results showed a subtle interaction between users, water and technology. Users are generally unaware of their own water consumption. Individual perceptions of changes in water behaviour are constrained by habit and lack of knowledge about what changes can be made and how. Knowledge of environmental information was described as the inspiration behind making any changes. The paper concludes that access to information about water resources, infrastructure and conservation measures should be enhanced because although information sources are abundant, participants claimed they were inaccessible without considerable effort. Finally, an emphasis should also be put on helping the public form a more substantial part in environmental decisions.
Three littoral staphylinid species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) new to Vietnam
Authors: LEE Dae‐Hyun , NGUYEN Thi Thu Anh , NGUYEN Tri Tien , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: January 2011

Three littoral staphylinid species, Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire), C. rufescens Sharp and Remus corallicola (Fairmaire), are reported for the first time in Vietnam. Illustrations of habitus and line drawings of aedeagus with descriptions are provided.
Temperature dependence of the resistance switching effect studied on the metal/YBa2Cu3O6+x planar junctions
Authors: Tomasek Milan , Plecenik Tomas , Truchly Martin , Noskovic Jaroslav , Roch Tomas , Zahoran Miroslav , Chromik Stefan , Spankova Mariana , Kus Peter , Plecenik Andrej
Published: January 2011

The resistive switching (RS) effect observed in capacitorlike metal/insulator/metal junctions belongs to the most promising candidates for next generation of memory cell technology. It is based on a sudden change of the junction resistance caused by an electric field applied to the metal electrodes. The aim of this work was to study this effect on the structure metal/YBCO6/YBCO7, where YBCO7 is a metallic phase and YBCO6 is an insulator phase that arises spontaneously by outdiffusion of oxygen from a few nanometers wide YBCO surface layer. Oriented YBa2Cu3O7 thin films were prepared by the method of magnetron sputtering and consequently planar structures with metal-YBCO junction were made by the means of the optical lithography, ion etching, and vacuum evaporation. On these junctions, the authors have studied the temperature dependence of the RS effect with I-V and dI/dV-V transport measurements down to liquid He temperature. They have determined the temperature dependence of the RS effect threshold voltage in the temperature range 100–300 K and showed that this dependency is compatible with common idea of oxygen ion migration under electric field within the YBCO surface layer.
Inflammatory Mitochondria
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: January 2011

Reactive oxygen species generated by mitochondria can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Synchronize Your Watches
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: January 2011

Cyanobacteral circadian clock components are directly coupled to the metabolic status of the cell through interactions with adenine nucleotides.
Currents for GPCRs
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: January 2011

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor exhibits voltage-dependent gating currents that may enhance neurotransmitter release at cholinergic synapses.
Computer Scientists Learn from Flies
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: January 2011

Modeling of development in the fruit fly yields an algorithm useful in designing wireless communication networks.
Differences in the association between sickness absence and long-term sub-optimal health by occupational position: a 14-year follow-up in the GAZEL cohort
Authors: Ferrie Jane E , Kivimäki Mika , Westerlund Hugo , Head Jenny , Melchior Maria , Singh-Manoux Archana , Zins Marie , Goldberg Marcel , Alexanderson Kristina , Vahtera Jussi
Published: January 2011

Objectives

Although sickness absence is a strong predictor of health, whether this association varies by occupational position has rarely been examined. The aim of this study was to investigate overall and diagnosis-specific sickness absence as a predictor of future long-term sub-optimal health by occupational position.

Methods

This was a prospective occupational cohort study of 15 320 employees (73% men) aged 37–51. Sickness absences (1990–1992), included in 13 diagnostic categories, were examined by occupational position in relation to self-rated health measured annually during 1993–2006.

Results

60% of employees in higher occupational positions and 22% in lower positions had no sickness absence. Conversely, 9.5% of employees in higher positions and 40% in lower positions had over 30 sick-leave days. Repeated-measures logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and chronic disease showed employees with over 30 days absence, compared to those with no absence, had approximately double the risk of sub-optimal health over the 14-year follow-up in all occupational positions. 1–30 days sick-leave was associated with greater odds of sub-optimal health in the high (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.27 to 1.72) and intermediate (1.29; 1.15 to 1.45) but not lower occupational positions (1.06; 0.82 to 1.38). Differences by occupational position in the association between sickness absence in 13 specific diagnostic categories and sub-optimal health over the ensuing 14 years were limited to stronger associations observed with cancer and mental disorders in the higher occupational positions.

Conclusions

The association between sickness absence of more than 30 days over 3 years and future long-term self-rated health appears to differ little by occupational position.
Sediment transport by tidal currents and implications for slope stability: Fraser River delta, British Columbia
Authors: Kostaschuk R. A. , Luternauer J. L. , Barrie J. V. , Leblond P. H. , Von Deichmann L. Werth
Published: January 2011

Tidal currents on the sandy, southern slope of Fraser River delta have generated dunes with heights of 0.5–3.5 m and lengths of 11–108 m. Dune geometry and migration measurements indicate net sediment transport to the northwest in the direction of flood tidal currents. Two current meters moored in the dune field showed greater frequencies of occurrence and higher mean current speeds in the flood direction compared with the ebb. Predictions from two bed-material load models indicate sediment transport is overwhelmingly dominated by flood currents. There is no obvious source of sand to replace sediment transported in the dune field, suggesting net erosion of the surface. A previous analysis of bathymetric data also shows recent erosion of the lower slope and overall slope steepening. These patterns of erosion could lead to slope failure and damage to coastal structures.
Ankylosaurian tail clubs of middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian age from western North America, with description of a tiny club from Alberta and discussion of tail orientation and tail club function
Authors: Coombs Jr. Walter P.
Published: January 2011

There are numerous undescribed tail clubs of diverse morphologies that may be assigned to Euoplocephalus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora, Ankylosauridae) of middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian age. Among these is an exceptionally small club, the smallest so far described from North America. Most, but not all, clubs can be placed into one of three shape categories: round, bluntly pointed, or elongate. Much of this diversity is ontogenetic or individual, but some of it may be taxonomic. Caudal structure restricts lateral, and especially vertical, tail flexibility. Analysis of hindlimb length, tail length, and downward angle of the tail from the hips suggests that the tail was normally carried and swung just above the ground, and was used primarily defensively, for striking at the metatarsals of an attacking theropod. Intraspecific, agonistic functions are possible, but improbable.
sPhysicochemical conditions of fluid–wall rock interaction at amphibolite-facies conditions in two Archean hydrothermal gold deposits in the Mt. York District, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia
Authors: Neumayr P. , Ridley J.R. , Groves D.I.
Published: January 2011

Synamphibolite facies Archean gold mineralization in the Mt. York District, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, is hosted in metamorphosed banded iron formation (Main Hill–Breccia Hill prospect), amphibolites, and ultramafic schists (Zakanaka prospect). Mineralization at Main Hill occurs in quartz breccias with sulfide matrices and in altered wall rock adjacent to quartz–biotite–amphibole ± clinopyroxene veins. Alteration associated with quartz veins is zoned, with biotite—pyrrhotite vein selvedges and a distal calcic-amphibole, arsenopyrite–lôllingite zone. Hydrothermal biotite and actinolite have highest Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios where associated with abundant sulfarsenides in the distal alteratin zone. Whole-rock geochemical analyses and calculated metasomatic reactions indicate the addition of K, Al, S, As, Au, Ag, and Ni during hydrothermal alteration. Mineralization at Zakanaka is characterized by a broad wall rock alteration halo of biotite–amphibole, and zoned quartz–calc silicate veins proximal to ore. Wall rock adjacent to the veins contains pyrrhotite, pyrite, and gold. The alteration is explained by K-metasomatism distal to mineralization and K and Ca metasomatism proximal to mineralization. Balanced metasomatic reactions and mass-balance calculations indicate addition of K and depletion of Na, Ca, Mg, and Fe in distal alteration zones and addition of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ti in proximal zones. Gold precipitation at both prospects occurred through loss of S, and possibly As, from the ore fluid during sulfidation reactions with Fe-rich amphiboles and biotites to form Mg-enriched equivalents and sulfarsenides. Changes in the oxidation state of the ore fluid may have enhanced gold precipitation, though pH changes are unlikely to have been important. The controls on mineralization are thus similar to those at many lower temperature, mesothermal deposits. The lack of consistently increasing Mg ratios of calc-silicate phases with increasing intensity of alteration and sulfidation at Main Hill may be the result of coupled substitutions in amphiboles and biotites during infiltration of a fluid with high-S, but low-As, activities.
Discerning asthenospheric, lithospheric, and crustal influences on the geochemistry of Quaternary basalts from the Iskut–Unuk rivers area, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Cousens Brian L. , Bevier Mary Lou
Published: January 2011

Pleistocene- to Holocene-age basaltic rocks of the Iskut–Unuk rivers volcanic field, at the southern terminus of the Stikine Volcanic Belt in the northern Canadian Cordillera, provide information on the geochemical composition of the underlying mantle and processes that have modified parental magmas. Basaltic rocks from four of the six eruptive centres are moderately evolved (MgO = 5.7–6.8%) alkaline basalts with chondrite-normalized La/Sm = 1.6–1.8, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70336–0.70361, εNd = +4.4 to +5.9, and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.07–19.22. The small range of isotopic compositions and incompatible element ratios imply a common "depleted" mantle source for the basalts, similar to the sources of enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts from northwest Pacific spreading centres or alkali olivine basalts from the western Yukon. Positive Ba and negative Nb anomalies that increase in size with increasing SiO2 and 87Sr/86Sr indicate that the basalts are contaminated by Mesozoic-age, arc-related, Stikine Terrane crust or lithospheric mantle through which the magmas passed. Lavas from a fifth volcanic centre, Cinder Mountain, have undergone greater amounts of fractional crystallization and are relatively enriched in incompatible elements, but are isotopically identical to least-contaminated Iskut–Unuk rivers basalts. Iskut–Unuk rivers lavas share many of the geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks from other Stikine Belt and Anahim Belt centres, as well as alkali olivine basalts from the Fort Selkirk volcanic centres of the western Yukon.
CIPHER SYSTEMS BASED ON CONTROLLED EXACT CHAOTIC MAPS
Authors: KANSO ALI
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we present a class of chaotic clock-controlled cipher systems based on two exact chaotic maps, where each map is capable of generating exact chaotic time series of the logistic map. This class is designed in such a way that one map controls the iterations of the second map. The suggested technique results in generating orbits possessing long cycle length and high level of security from the two periodic exact maps. In the first part of this paper, two keystream generators based on two exact chaotic logistic maps are suggested for use in cryptographic applications. The necessary conditions to generate orbits with guaranteed long enough cycle length are established. Furthermore, the generated keystreams are demonstrated to possess excellent randomness properties. In the second part, we suggest a clock-controlled encryption scheme related to Baptista's scheme and based on two exact chaotic logistic maps. This technique results in increasing the size of the key space, and hence may increase the security level against some existing cryptanalytic attacks. Furthermore, it leads to reducing the size of the ciphertext file and propably increasing the encryption speed.
Estimation of the Parameters of the Reversed Generalized Logistic Distribution with Progressive Censoring Data
Authors: Abo-Eleneen Z. A. , Nigm E. M.
Published: January 2011

The reversed generalized logistic (RGL) distributions are very useful classes
of densities as they posses a wide range of indices of skewness and kurtosis.
This paper considers the estimation problem for the parameters of the RGL
distribution based on progressive Type II censoring. The maximum likelihood
method for RGL distribution yields equations that have to be solved
numerically, even when the complete sample is available. By approximating
the likelihood equations, we obtain explicit estimators which are in approximation
to the MLEs. Using these approximate estimators as starting values,
we obtain the MLEs using iterative method. We examine numerically MLEs
estimators and the approximate estimators and show that the approximation
provides estimators that are almost as efficient as MLEs. Also we show
that the value of the MLEs decreases as the value of the shape parameter increases.
An exact confidence interval and an exact joint confidence region for
the parameters are constructed. Numerical example is presented in the methods
proposed in this paper.
Experimentally Approaching the ICU: Monitoring Outcome‐Based Responses in the Two‐Hit Mouse Model of Posttraumatic Sepsis
Authors: Drechsler Susanne , Weixelbaumer Katrin M. , Redl Heinz , van Griensven Martijn , Bahrami Soheyl , Osuchowski Marcin F.
Published: January 2011

To simulate and monitor the evolution of posttraumatic sepsis in mice, we combined a two‐hit model of trauma/hemorrhage (TH) followed by polymicrobial sepsis with repetitive blood sampling. Anesthetized mice underwent femur fracture/sublethal hemorrhage and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 48 h later. To monitor outcome‐dependent changes in circulating cells/biomarkers, mice were sampled daily (facial vein) for 7 days and retrospectively divided into either dead (DIE) or surviving (SUR) by post‐CLP day 7. Prior to CLP, AST was 3‐fold higher in DIE, while all other post‐TH changes were similar between groups. There was a significant post‐CLP intergroup separation. In SUR, RBC and Hb were lower, platelets and neutrophils higher, and lymphocytes mixed compared to DIE. In DIE, all organ function markers except glucose (decrease) were few folds higher compared to SUR. In summary, the combination of daily monitoring with an adequate two‐hit model simulates the ICU setting, allows insight into outcome‐based responses, and can identify biomarkers indicative of death in the acute posttraumatic sepsis in mice.
Stability and Bifurcation of a Class of Discrete‐Time Cohen‐Grossberg Neural Networks with Delays
Authors: Liu Qiming , Xu Rui , Wang Zhiping
Published: January 2011

A class of discrete‐time Cohen‐Grossberg neural networks with delays is investigated in this paper. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations, the asymptotical stability of the null solution and the existence of Neimark‐Sacker bifurcations are
discussed. By applying the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem, the direction of the Neimark‐Sacker bifurcation and the stability of bifurcating periodic solutions are obtained. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the obtained results.
Buffer Planning for IP Placement Using Sliced-LFF
Authors: He Ou , Dong Sheqin , Bian Jinian , Goto Satoshi
Published: January 2011

IP cores are widely used in modern SOC designs. Hierarchical design has been employed for the growing design complexity, which stimulates the need for fixed-outline floorplanning. Meanwhile, buffer insertion is usually adopted to meet the timing requirement. In this paper, buffer insertion is considered with a fixed-outline constraint using Less Flexibility First (LFF) algorithm. Compared with Simulated Annealing (SA), our work is able to distinguish geometric differences between two floorplan candidates, even if they have the same topological structure. This is helpful to get a better result for buffer planning since buffer insertion is quite sensitive to a geometric change. We also extend the previous LFF to a more robust version called Sliced-LFF to improve buffer planning. Moreover, a 2-staged LFF framework and a post-greedy procedure are introduced based on our net-classing strategy and finally achieve a significant improvement on the success rate of buffer insertion (40.7% and 37.1% in different feature sizes). Moreover, our work is much faster than SA, since it is deterministic without iterations.
CD8+T-Cell Responses before and after Structured Treatment Interruption in Ugandan Adults Who Initiated ART with CD4+T Cells <200 Cell/μL: The DART Trial STI Substudy
Authors: Serwanga Jennifer , Mugaba Susan , Betty Auma , Pimego Edward , Walker Sarah , Munderi Paula , Gilks Charles , Gotch Frances , Grosskurth Heiner , Kaleebu Pontiano
Published: January 2011

Objective. To better understand attributes of ART-associated HIV-induced T-cell responses that might be therapeutically harnessed.Methods. CD8+T-cell responses were evaluated in some HIV-1 chronically infected participants of the fixed duration STI substudy of the DART trial. Magnitudes, breadths, and functionality of IFN-γ and Perforin responses were compared in STI (n=42) and continuous treatment (CT) (n=46) before and after a single STI cycle when the DART STI trial was stopped early due to inferior clinical outcome in STI participants.Results. STI and CT had comparable magnitudes and breadths of monofunctional CD8+IFNγ+and CD8+Perforin+responses. However, STI was associated with significant decline in breadth of bi-functional (CD8+IFNγ+Perforin+) responses;P=.02, Mann-Whitney test.Conclusions. STI in individuals initiated onto ART at <200 CD4+T-cell counts/μl significantly reduced occurrence of bifunctional CD8+IFNγ+/Perforin+responses. These data add to others that found no evidence to support STI as a strategy to improve HIV-specific immunity during ART.
Multiple Genetic Loci Modulate Lung Adenocarcinoma Clinical Staging
Authors: Frullanti Elisa , Galvan Antonella , Falvella Felicia S. , Manenti Giacomo , Colombo Francesca , Vannelli Alberto , Incarbone Matteo , Alloisio Marco , Nosotti Mario , Santambrogio Luigi , Gonzalez-Neira Anna , Pastorino Ugo , Dragani Tommaso A.
Published: January 2011

Purpose: The main prognostic factor of lung cancer patient outcome is clinical stage, a parameter of tumor aggressiveness. Our study was conducted to test whether germ line variations modulate individual differences in clinical stage.

Experimental Design: We conducted a case-only genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a 620,901 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array in a first series of 600 lung adenocarcinoma (ADCA) patients and in a replication series of 317 lung ADCA patients.

Results: GWAS identified 54 putatively associated SNPs, 3 of which were confirmed in the replication series. Joint analysis of the two series pointed to 22 statistically associated (P < 0.01) genetic variants that together explained about 20% of the phenotypic variation in clinical staging (P < 2 × 10−16) and showed a statistically significant difference in overall survival (P = 8.0 × 10−8). The strongest statistical association was observed at rs10278557 (P = 1.1 × 10−5), located in the mesenchyme homeobox 2 (MEOX2) gene.

Conclusion: These data point to the role of germ line variations involving multiple loci in modulating clinical stage and, therefore, prognosis in lung ADCA patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2410–6. ©2011 AACR.