bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of healing and readiness for prosthetic fitting after transtibial amputation: Integrative literature review
Authors: Day Jonathan D. , Dionne Carol P. , James Shirley , Wang Hongwu
Published: July 2022

Background:

Healing after an amputation is a critical step in the recovery process. Delayed wound healing can lead to deconditioning and flexion contractures which reduce a patient's ability to use a prosthesis, ambulate independently, and return to community participation. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to determine the evidence-based physiological factors, comorbidities, postoperative management, and outcome measures associated with healing after transtibial amputation and address how these factors clinically guide readiness for prosthetic intervention.

Methods:

Authors completed Google Scholar searches to identify the most effective search terms to locate salient publications. Authors also completed literature searches of Ovid MEDLINE and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, and Other Nonindexed Citations and Daily <1946 to August 6, 2020>; Embase Classic + Embase <1947 to August 6, 2020>; and CINAHL Complete <1946 to August 6, 2020> databases using the following search terms: “transtibial,” “trans-tibial,” “below knee,” “BKA,” “amputation,” amputation stump,” “amputee,” “wound healing,” and “heal/s/ed/ing.” The authors decided to include all levels of evidence to capture the maximum number of articles related to the determinants of healing and readiness for prosthetic fitting after transtibial amputation.

Results:

The searches identified 2067 potential articles for review, and after removing articles not relevant to the topic, authors completed full-text assessment on 20 articles. These included review and synthesis on three randomized controlled trials and 12 cohort studies.

Conclusion:

Preamputation assessment is most critical in patients who present with a longer list of comorbidities and suboptimal physiologic factors known to predict wound complications. Clinical judgment is most subjective when determining the degree of healing over time. Readiness for prosthetic treatment need not wait for complete healing of the residuum. Future research is needed to assess transcutaneous oxygen profusion along with other noninvasive measures of blood flow and perfusion as a more objective way to track progression of healing over time. This objective methodology would quantify healing, reduce subjectivity, and promote research to compare different enhanced recovery after surgery protocols for their impact on healing after amputation.
How to Do an Electrophysiological Study of Myoclonus
Authors: Vial Felipe , Merchant Shabbir Hussain I. , McGurrin Patrick , Hallett Mark
Published: July 2022

Diagnosing and characterizing myoclonus can be challenging. Many authors agree on the need to complement the clinical findings with an electrophysiological study to characterize the movements. Besides helping to rule out other movements that may look like myoclonus, electrophysiology can help localize the source of the movement. This article aims to serve as a practical manual on how to do a myoclonus study. For this purpose, the authors combine their experience with available evidence. The authors provide detailed descriptions of recording poly-electromyography, combining electroencephalography and electromyography, Bereitschaftspotentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, and startle techniques. The authors discuss analysis considerations for these data and provide a simplified algorithm for their interpretation. Finally, the authors discuss some factors that they believe have hindered the broader use of these useful techniques.
Taxonomy of the anaerobic gut fungi (Neocallimastigomycota): a review of classification criteria and description of current taxa
Authors: Hanafy Radwa A. , Dagar Sumit S. , Griffith Gareth W. , Pratt Carrie J. , Youssef Noha H. , Elshahed Mostafa S.
Published: July 2022

Members of the anaerobic gut fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) reside in the rumen and alimentary tract of larger mammalian and some reptilian, marsupial and avian herbivores. The recent decade has witnessed a significant expansion in the number of described Neocallimastigomycota genera and species. However, the difficulties associated with the isolation and maintenance of Neocallimastigomycota strains has greatly complicated comparative studies to resolve inter- and intra-genus relationships. Here, we provide an updated outline of Neocallimastigomycota taxonomy. We critically evaluate various morphological, microscopic and phylogenetic traits previously and currently utilized in Neocallimastigomycota taxonomy, and provide an updated key for quick characterization of all genera. We then synthesize data from taxa description manuscripts, prior comparative efforts and molecular sequence data to present an updated list of Neocallimastigomycota genera and species, with an emphasis on resolving relationships and identifying synonymy between recent and historic strains. We supplement data from published manuscripts with information and illustrations from strains in the authors’ collections. Twenty genera and 36 species are recognized, but the status of 10 species in the genera Caecomyces, Piromyces, Anaeromyces and Cyllamyces remains uncertain due to the unavailability of culture and conferre (cf.) strains, lack of sequence data, and/or inadequacy of available microscopic and phenotypic data. Six cases of synonymy are identified in the genera Neocallimastix and Caecomyces, and two names in the genus Piromyces are rejected based on apparent misclassification.
Impaired neuromodulator crosstalk delays vigilance-dependent astroglia Ca2+activation in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Lim Eunice Y. , Salinas Angelica , Ye Liang , Yang Yongjie , Paukert Martin
Published: July 2022

Degeneration in neuronal nuclei producing the neuromodulators acetylcholine and norepinephrine is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therapeutic interventions that increase acetylcholine in brain ameliorate AD symptoms in human patients, and augmenting norepinephrine restores cognitive function in mouse models of AD as well as Down Syndrome, the most frequent cause of early onset AD. A prominent cellular target of noradrenergic and potentially cholinergic signaling during states of heightened vigilance are astroglia and recent studies indicate that astroglia Ca2+dynamics in awake mice contribute to optimal cognitive performance. Here we tested the hypothesis that vigilance-dependent Ca2+signaling in mouse primary visual cortex astrocytes is altered in mouse models of AD and provide mechanistic insight into upstream neuromodulator signaling that shapes astrocyte Ca2+dynamics in healthy and AD conditions. In two mouse models of AD (APPswe/PSEN1dE9 andAppNL-FKI), we consistently observed delayed and less coordinated astrocyte Ca2+elevations in response to locomotion, a well-controlled behavioral paradigm triggering widespread Ca2+activation in astroglia throughout the brain. Combining pharmacological and genetic manipulations, we found that noradrenergic signaling to astrocytes was facilitated by cholinergic signaling, but this neuromodulator crosstalk was impaired inAppNL-Fmice. Pharmacological facilitation of norepinephrine release rescued delayed and less coordinated astrocyte Ca2+activation inAppNL-Fmice and suggests that astrocytes preserve a functional reserve that can be recruited even during late-stage disease. Our findings of delayed and less coordinated astroglia Ca2+activation predict impaired noradrenergic signaling and may contribute to the cognitive decline in AD.
Utilizing artificial intelligence system to build the digital structural proteome of reef-building corals
Authors: Zhu Yunchi , Liao Xin , Han Tingyu , Chen J.-Y. , He Chunpeng , Lu Zuhong
Published: July 2022

Reef-building corals play an important role in the marine ecosystem, and analyzing their proteomes from a structural perspective will exert positive effects on exploring their biology. Here we integrated mass spectrometry with newly published ColabFold to obtain digital structural proteomes of dominant reef-building corals. 8,382 proteins co-expressed in A. muricata, M. foliosa and P. verrucosa were identified, then 8,166 of them got predicted structures after around 4,060 GPU hours of computation. The resulting dataset covers 83.6% of residues with a confident prediction, while 25.9% have very high confidence. Our work provides insight-worthy predictions for coral research, confirms the reliability of ColabFold in practice, and is expected to be a reference case in the impending high-throughput era of structural proteomics.
Understanding consumers' post-consumption behaviors in C2C social commerce: the role of functional and relational customer orientation
Authors: Leung Wilson K.S. , Chang Man Kit , Cheung Man Lai , Shi Si
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Social commerce (s-commerce) is an online business model combining commercial and social features. Vendors may engage in a business-oriented relationship with customers and/or establish a personal relationship with customers. The role performed by the vendors may not match customer expectations and needs, resulting in low repurchase intention. Drawing on role theory in the context of customer orientation, this study integrates functional customer orientation (FCO) and relational customer orientation (RCO) with the expectation–confirmation model (ECM) to propose a theoretical framework for explaining customers' post-consumption behaviors. This study also examines how product-specific attributes moderate the effect of FCO and RCO on customer satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

This study analyzed 273 survey responses from WeChat users by using PLS-SEM.

Findings

The results confirmed that the confirmation of customer expectations positively affected FCO and RCO. Additionally, FCO and RCO had different effects on customer satisfaction, depending on product type and brand awareness, and their effects on customers' post-consumption behaviors also varied.

Research limitations/implications

The findings suggest that both business and social roles are important to customers in C2C s-commerce. This study also demonstrates product characteristics moderating the effectiveness of customer orientation on customer satisfaction.

Practical implications

This study provides empirical support for vendors and platform developers to implement appropriate selling strategies and manage customer expectations in C2C s-commerce.

Originality/value

This study is the first to incorporate FCO and RCO into the ECM theoretical framework to obtain new insights into vendors' selling approaches in C2C s-commerce, thus contributing to the marketing literature.
What makes firms vulnerable to the Russia–Ukraine crisis?
Authors: Abbassi Wajih , Kumari Vineeta , Pandey Dharen Kumar
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This study examines the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the constituent firms of the leading stock market indices of the G7 countries to provide insights into the vulnerability of firms to war events.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employs the event study method on a sample of 531 firms covering the period from 02 March 2021 to 08 March 2022 and conducts a cross-sectional analysis of cumulative abnormal returns and country- and firm-specific variables.

Findings

Risk exposure and trade dependence trigger invasion-generated negative abnormal returns. The authors demonstrate that stock prices are fragile to geopolitical risks and trade dependence. Consistent with previous literature, the authors find evidence of a size anomaly and high risk associated with a higher book-to-market ratio.

Research limitations/implications

This study has implications for policymakers identifying the firm-specific variables driving event-induced returns. While providing insights into the geographical diversification of funds, this study shows the heterogeneous characteristics of firms operating in these countries.

Originality/value

Previous studies on the Russia–Ukraine war have been limited to analyzing the behavior of leading stock market indices without examining firm-level variations triggered by the war. This study fills this gap and contributes to the growing literature on the Russia–Ukraine crisis in two ways: first, it provides firm-level evidence from the G7 countries in addition to how global stock market indices have reacted to the invasion and second, it uses cross-sectional analysis to provide evidence of the characteristics that make firms resilient to wars.

Highlights

We are the first to report firm-level evidence of the Russia–Ukraine war effects

Firms in France and the United States are unaffected

Stock prices are fragile to geopolitical risks and considerable dependence on trade

Higher book-to-market exposes the firms to the risk of exogenous shocks

Smaller firms outperform large firms in the G7 stock markets
Additively manufactured foamed polylactic acid for lightweight structures
Authors: Yousefi Kanani Armin , Rennie Allan E.W. , Abd Rahim Shayfull Zamree Bin
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This study aims to make foamed polylactic acid (PLA) structures with different densities by varying deposition temperatures using the material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing process.

Design/methodology/approach

The extrusion multiplier (EM) was calibrated for each deposition temperature to control foaming expansion. Material density was determined using extruded cubes with the optimal EM value for each deposition temperature. The influence of deposition temperature on the tensile, compression and flexure characteristics of the foamable filament was studied experimentally.

Findings

The foaming expansion ratio, the consistency of the raster width and the raster gap significantly affect the surface roughness of the printed samples. Regardless of the loading conditions, the maximum stiffness and yield strength were achieved at a deposition temperature of 200°C when the PLA specimens had no foam. When the maximum foaming occurred (220°C deposition temperature), the stiffness and yield strength of the PLA specimens were significantly reduced.

Practical implications

The obvious benefit of using foamed materials is that they are lighter and consume less material than bulky polymers. Injection or compression moulding is the most commonly used method for creating foamed products. However, these technologies require tooling to fabricate complicated parts, which may be costly and time-consuming. Conversely, the MEX process can produce extremely complex parts with less tooling expense, reduction in energy use and optimised material consumption.

Originality/value

This study investigates the possibility of stiff, lightweight structures with low fractions of interconnected porosity using foamable filament.
Beyond garden design: A review of outdoor occupation in hospital and residential care settings for people with dementia
Authors: Ng Lorraine , Oliver Eliza , Laver Kate
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Access to outdoor space is widely recommended for people with dementia. However, there is limited information on the occupations of people with dementia within these spaces. We sought to review the research literature to identify the occupations of people with dementia in outdoor spaces in residential aged care and/or hospitals and report on features that support occupational participation as well as the benefits of occupational participation in these spaces.

Methods

Scoping review. We searched electronic databases involving health, design, and horticulture literature. Studies were included if they involved people with dementia and considered occupations within gardens or garden‐like spaces of hospitals, subacute rehabilitation facilities, or residential aged care.

Results

We identified 19 articles meeting the review criteria. Outdoor spaces for people with dementia varied in design and supported a range of occupations with the most common being social occupations, gardening, and physical activities. Quantitative studies suggested that benefits of outdoor occupations for people with dementia were improvements in activity participation, social connection, mood, agitation, light exposure, and sleep. Qualitative studies supported these findings and identified additional perceived benefits such as engagement, maintaining identity, health, and reduced levels of distress. Benefits were also reported for families and staff.

Conclusions

Current literature shows that many occupations can be done outside and that these are beneficial for people with dementia. Despite the wide range of benefits, multiple studies reported that outdoor spaces remain under‐utilised. More work is required to design spaces for occupational engagement, support access to outdoor spaces, and promote occupational participation.
Differential expression of miR‐1249‐3p and miR‐34b‐5p between vulnerable and resilient phenotypes of cocaine addiction
Authors: Domingo‐Rodriguez Laura , Cabana‐Domínguez Judit , Fernàndez‐Castillo Noèlia , Cormand Bru , Martín‐García Elena , Maldonado Rafael
Published: July 2022

Cocaine addiction is a complex brain disorder involving long‐term alterations that lead to loss of control over drug seeking. The transition from recreational use to pathological consumption is different in each individual, depending on the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetic mechanisms are ideal candidates to study psychiatric disorders triggered by these interactions, maintaining persistent malfunctions in specific brain regions. Here we aim to study brain‐region‐specific epigenetic signatures following exposure to cocaine in a mouse model of addiction to this drug. Extreme subpopulations of vulnerable and resilient phenotypes were selected to identify miRNA signatures for differential vulnerability to cocaine addiction. We used an operant model of intravenous cocaine self‐administration to evaluate addictive‐like behaviour in rodents based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition criteria to diagnose substance use disorders. After cocaine self‐administration, we performed miRNA profiling to compare two extreme subpopulations of mice classified as resilient and vulnerable to cocaine addiction. We found that mmu‐miR‐34b‐5p was downregulated in the nucleus accumbens of vulnerable mice with high motivation for cocaine. On the other hand, mmu‐miR‐1249‐3p was downregulated on vulnerable mice with high levels of motor disinhibition. The elucidation of the epigenetic profile related to vulnerability to cocaine addiction is expected to help find novel biomarkers that could facilitate the interventions to battle this devastating disorder.
Expression of chemerin in intestinal mucosa of calves with comparable expression level with other antimicrobial proteins
Authors: Suzuki Yutaka , Kubota Kanako , Haga Satoshi , Hayashi Hideaki , Oishi Mutsumi , Miura Hiroto , Roh Sanggun , Koike Satoshi , Kobayashi Yasuo
Published: July 2022

Neonatal calves are highly susceptible to infectious disorders including diarrhea. Therefore, epithelial innate immunity, including antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs), is important during the early stage of their lives. Chemerin, a multifunctional protein that was originally identified as a chemokine, possesses a potent antimicrobial activity. The present study investigated the expression levels of chemerin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of growing calves. Chemerin and its coding gene, retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), were highly expressed in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared with other parts of the GI tract. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that chemerin‐producing cells were localized in the crypt of the intestinal mucosa. Finally, the expression level of RARRES2 was higher compared with those of other major AMPs in duodenum, although it was lower compared with that of enteric β‐defensin but mostly higher than those of other AMPs in jejunum and ileum at various ages in calves. The expression levels of RARRES2 were not influenced by the age of calves in duodenum and jejunum, whereas a higher expression level of RARRES2 in ileum was observed in younger calves. This study revealed that chemerin is produced in the small intestine of calves and has the potential to contribute to the gut epithelial barrier system.
“Neither it had social work components nor experiential”: Students' perspectives of online fieldwork practice during COVID‐19 in India
Authors: Negi Dandub Palzor , E P Abdul Azeez
Published: July 2022

This paper explores social work students' perspectives of online fieldwork practice that emerged due to sudden disruption in field placement as a result of the outbreak of COVID‐19 in India. We have recruited and interviewed 32 Master's students from five north‐Indian universities to participate in the research. The study's findings highlight ill‐equipped agencies lacking social work components in online/virtual field placement. Also, ethical dilemmas in working virtually, disconnectedness from the field, and superficial supervision were experienced by the students. The study result implies the urgent need to develop and innovate a pedagogical approach to deal with uncertainties and crises like the COVID‐19.
Multiwave validation sampling for error‐prone electronic health records
Authors: Shepherd Bryan E. , Han Kyunghee , Chen Tong , Bian Aihua , Pugh Shannon , Duda Stephany N. , Lumley Thomas , Heerman William J. , Shaw Pamela A.
Published: July 2022

Electronic health record (EHR) data are increasingly used for biomedical research, but these data have recognized data quality challenges. Data validation is necessary to use EHR data with confidence, but limited resources typically make complete data validation impossible. Using EHR data, we illustrate prospective, multiwave, two‐phase validation sampling to estimate the association between maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the risks of her child developing obesity or asthma. The optimal validation sampling design depends on the unknown efficient influence functions of regression coefficients of interest. In the first wave of our multiwave validation design, we estimate the influence function using the unvalidated (phase 1) data to determine our validation sample; then in subsequent waves, we re‐estimate the influence function using validated (phase 2) data and update our sampling. For efficiency, estimation combines obesity and asthma sampling frames while calibrating sampling weights using generalized raking. We validated 996 of 10,335 mother‐child EHR dyads in six sampling waves. Estimated associations between childhood obesity/asthma and maternal weight gain, as well as other covariates, are compared to naïve estimates that only use unvalidated data. In some cases, estimates markedly differ, underscoring the importance of efficient validation sampling to obtain accurate estimates incorporating validated data.
Non‐surgical mechanical therapy of peri‐implantitis with or without repeated adjunctive diode laser application. A 6‐month double‐blinded randomized clinical trial
Authors: Roccuzzo Andrea , Klossner Sabrina , Stähli Alexandra , Imber Jean‐Claude , Eick Sigrun , Sculean Anton , Salvi Giovanni E.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

The objective of this study is to investigate the outcomes following non‐surgical therapy of peri‐implantitis (PI) with or without adjunctive diode laser application.

Materials and methods

A double‐blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in 25 subjects with 25 implants diagnosed with PI. Following curettage of granulation tissue, test implants (T) were treated with adjunctive application of a diode laser for 90 s (settings: 810 nm, 2.5 W, 50 Hz, 10 ms), while at control implants (C) non‐activated adjunctive diode laser was applied. The entire treatment procedure was performed at days 0 (i.e., baseline), 7 and 14. The primary outcome measure was change in mean pocket probing depth (PPD). Clinical and microbiological outcomes, as well as host‐derived inflammatory markers were evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months, while radiographic outcomes were assessed at baseline and at the 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

No statistically significant differences with respect to baseline patient characteristic were observed. After 6 months, both test and control implants yielded statistically significant PPD changes compared with baseline (T: 1.28 and C: 1.47 mm) but without statistically significant difference between groups (p = .381). No statistically significant changes in peri‐implant marginal bone levels were detected (p = .936). No statistically significant differences between test and control implants were observed with respect to microbiological and host‐derived parameters (p > .05). At the 6‐month follow‐up, treatment success was observed in 41.7% (n = 5) of test and 46.2% (n = 6) of control patients, respectively (p = .821).

Conclusion

Repeated adjunctive application of diode laser in the non‐surgical management of PI failed to provide significant benefits compared with mechanical instrumentation alone.
Prevalence of repeat faecal immunochemical testing in symptomatic patients attending primary care
Authors: Johnstone Mark S. , MacLeod Campbell , Digby Jayne , Al‐Azzawi Yassir , Pang Grace , Watson Angus J. M. , Strachan Judith , Mowat Craig , McSorley Stephen T.
Published: July 2022

Aim

The faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for faecal haemoglobin (f‐Hb) helps determine the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and has been integrated into symptomatic referral pathways. ‘Safety netting’ advice includes considering referral for persistent symptoms, but no published data exists on repeated FITs. We aimed to examine the prevalence of serial FITs in primary care and CRC risk in these patients.

Method

A multicentre, retrospective, observational study was conducted of patients with two or more consecutive f‐Hb results within a year from three Scottish Health Boards which utilize FIT in primary care. Cancer registry data ensured identification of CRC cases.

Results

Overall, 135 396 FIT results were reviewed, of which 12 359 were serial results reported within 12 months (9.1%), derived from 5761 patients. Of these, 42 (0.7%) were diagnosed with CRC. A total of 3487 (60.5%) patients had two f‐Hb < 10 μg/g, 944 (16.4%) had f‐Hb ≥ 10 μg/g followed by <10 μg/g, 704 (12.2%) f‐Hb < 10 μg/g followed by ≥10 μg/g and 626 (10.9%) had two f‐Hb ≥ 10 μg/g. The CRC rate in each group was 0.1%, 0.4%, 1.4% and 4.0%, respectively. Seven hundred and thirty four patients submitted more than two FITs within a year. The likelihood of one or more f‐Hb ≥ 10 μg/g rose from 40.4% with two samples to 100% with six, while the CRC rate fell from 0.8% to 0%.

Conclusion

Serial FITs within a year account for 9.1% of all results in our Boards. CRC prevalence amongst symptomatic patients with serial FIT is lower than in single‐FIT cohorts. Performing two FITs within a year for patients with persistent symptoms effectively acts as a safety net, while performing more than two within this timeframe is unlikely to be beneficial.
Traction‐assisted underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumor
Authors: Okagawa Yutaka , Fujii Ryoji , Sumiyoshi Tetsuya
Published: July 2022

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Validation of the Family Fear of Deportation Scale for youth
Authors: Cox Ronald B. , Lin Hua , Cartagena Maritza Jireh Leon , Greder Kimberly A. , Larzelere Robert E. , Washburn Isaac J. , Sahbaz Sumeyra
Published: July 2022

Objective

This study reports on the psychometric properties of a new instrument to assess family fear of deportation in two versions (binary and polytomous response options).

Background

The impact of fear of deportation extends beyond foreign‐born youth to U.S. citizen children in families with unauthorized members, and negatively affects their academic achievement and their physical, mental, and behavioral health. A measure assessing levels of fear of deportation among youth is lacking.

Methods

Participants were first‐ and second‐generation Latino immigrant youth (N = 145 in Study 1 and N = 107 in Study 2). Item response theory (IRT), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation analysis, and reliability tests were used to assess the scale's psychometric properties.

Results

The results supported a five‐item binary version and a six‐item polytomous version of the scale. Both demonstrated excellent model fit, good reliability, and criterion validity.

Conclusions

The six‐item polytomous version is slightly more parsimonious than the five‐item binary version scale, has better internal consistency, and captures a modestly wider range of the construct. The binary version may be preferable for immigrant youth who prefer straightforward response options.

Implications

Researchers and practitioners can use either version of the Family Fear of Deportation Scale with confidence to assess deportation‐related fear among Latino immigrant youth.
Immune check‐point inhibitor‐related pneumonitis: acute lung injury with rapid progression and organising pneumonia with less severe clinical disease
Authors: Imran Saira , Golden Andrew , Feinstein Marc , Plodkowski Andrew , Bodd Francis , Rekhtman Natasha , Travis William D , Stover Diane E , Sauter Jennifer L
Published: July 2022

Aims

To improve understanding of the pathology of immune check‐point inhibitor (ICI)‐related pneumonitis, clinical, radiographic and histopathological features and outcomes were investigated in a cohort of patients who were treatment‐naive before receiving ICI inhibition, who underwent lung biopsy, and in whom other potential causes of lung injury were excluded.

Methods

Patients were retrospectively identified via searches of institutional pathology and clinical records. Patients treated with other modalities for cancer and patients with lung infections or other aetiologies that could cause pneumonitis were excluded. Clinical records were reviewed by pulmonologists. Imaging studies at presentation and follow‐up were reviewed by a thoracic radiologist. Pathology was reviewed by thoracic pathologists.

Results

Six patients with ICI‐related pneumonitis were identified. Two patients presented with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, diffuse ground glass opacities (GGOs) on chest computed tomography (CT) and acute lung injury (ALI) pattern on transbronchial lung biopsies and had fatal outcomes, despite treatment. The remaining four patients presented with less severe symptoms, predominantly consolidations and patchy ground glass and part solid opacities on chest CT, organising pneumonia (OP) or chronic interstitial inflammation histologically, and showed favourable responses to treatment and remission within months.

Conclusions

This study highlights two radiological–pathological patterns of ICI‐related pneumonitis with different behaviour: (1) severe respiratory symptoms and diffuse GGOs on imaging correlating with ALI pattern histologically and poor prognosis; and (2) mild respiratory symptoms and consolidations or patchy subsolid opacities on imaging correlating histologically with OP or chronic interstitial inflammation and good outcomes.
Potential of point of care tests for newborn screening for sickle cell disease: Evaluation of HemotypeSC™ and sickle SCAN® in Tanzania
Authors: Christopher Heavenlight , Josephat Emmanuel , Kaywanga Frida , Saul Sephord , Mshana Irene , Kunambi Peter , Nasser Ahlam , Chamba Clara , Makani Julie , Nkya Siana
Published: July 2022

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an important cause of <5 mortality. In Tanzania, it is estimated up to 11 000 children are born with SCD annually, making this the fifth country with the highest SCD annual births worldwide. The biggest challenge of expanding the service of newborn screening for SCD as the national health intervention in Tanzania is due to the high cost of the currently used assays and lack of rapid screening methods. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of point‐of‐care tests for SCD diagnosis in newborns.

Aim

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of HemotypeSC™ and sickle SCAN® in diagnosing SCD in newborns.

Methods

Diagnostic accuracy of HemotypeSC™ and sickle SCAN® were evaluated in comparison to isoelectric focusing as a confirmatory method.

Results

A total of 706 newborns were enrolled in the study. The sensitivity and specificity of HemotypeSC in detecting Hb SS, Hb AS and Hb AA phonotypes was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of sickle SCAN® in detecting Hb SS, Hb AS and Hb AA phenotypes were 100%, 97% and 100% respectively.

Conclusion

Both POC tests displayed high accuracy in detecting SCD, we believe the introduction of either of these tests in health facilities will help in the early detection and management of SCD. In addition, the margin of cost per test is relatively affordable (1.4$ per test for HemotypeSC™ and 4.75$ for sickle SCAN®).
Spot the Difference: Differentiated Co‐operation and Differentiated Integration in the European Union
Authors: Klose Stephan , Perot Elie , Temizisler Sevgi
Published: July 2022

The concept of differentiated integration (DI) has spawned a wide‐ranging research agenda that has significantly advanced scholarly understanding of the complex and often uneven process of European integration. Discussions about DI have suffered, however, from conceptual stretching as DI has been applied to an increasing number of EU policy areas, including those that function on the basis of intergovernmental co‐operation rather than supranational integration. To address this problem, we propose to distinguish between DI and differentiated co‐operation (DC) as two subtypes of differentiation, depending on whether such a phenomenon occurs in a policy area that operates along the lines of integration or co‐operation respectively. We illustrate the usefulness of this conceptualization by applying it to the cases of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). We conclude by highlighting avenues for further research that the distinction between DI and DC suggests.
Residential building flood damage: Insights on processes and implications for risk assessments
Authors: Paulik Ryan , Wild Alec , Zorn Conrad , Wotherspoon Liam
Published: July 2022

Flood damage assessments provide critical insights on processes controlling building damage and loss. Here, we present a novel damage assessment approach to develop an empirical residential building damage database from five flood events in New Zealand. Object‐level damage data was collected for flood hazard and building characteristics, along with relative building component and sub‐components damage ratios. A Random Forest Model and Spearman's Rank correlation test were applied to analyse damage data variable importance and monotonic relationships. Model and test results reveal flood inundation depth above first finished floor level is highly important and strongly correlated with total building damage ratios while flow velocity is important for structure component damage. Internal finishes components contribute highly to total building damage ratios as higher value sub‐component materials are susceptible to direct damage from water contact and indirect damage during repair. The empirical damage data has several implications for damage model development due to the limited heterogeneity of flood hazard intensities and building attributes observed. Extending empirical damage data with synthetic damage data in future would support development of more representative object‐specific damage models to evaluate direct tangible damages for local contexts.
Hand hygiene practices in Caribbean and Latin American countries: An integrative review
Authors: Delva Sabianca , Marseille Beatrice , Foronda Cynthia L. , Solomon A’ Yanna , Pfaff Teresa , Baptiste Diana‐Lyn
Published: July 2022

Aim and objective

To explore what is known about knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that influence hand hygiene practices in in low‐ and middle‐income Caribbean and Latin American countries.

Background

With the emergence of infectious diseases such as the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, handwashing is key to preventing communicable diseases as they disproportionately affect populations in low‐income countries. While hand hygiene is known to be the single most effective method for avoiding the transmission of infection, little is known about the beliefs and practices of individuals in these regions.

Methods

Following PRISMA 2020 Checklist, an integrative review of studies published from 2008–2020 was conducted (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses). Whittemore and Knafl's method was used to review the literature. Six databases were searched, and the Johns Hopkins Evidence Based Rating Scale was used for study appraisal.

Results

The review yielded 18 studies conducted across Latin America. Poor handwashing practices are influenced by various factors including inadequate education and training, cultural beliefs, lack of resources and substandard government regulations. Communicable diseases and other diarrheal illnesses were highly prevalent, especially after a major disease outbreak.

Conclusion

Future post‐disaster campaigns aimed at improving hand hygiene and handwashing practices should focus on beliefs and attitudes to affect behaviour change since there was a higher disease susceptibility during those times. Barriers to proper hand hygiene include false attitudes such as, washing hands only after touching bodily fluids/patient contact or not washing hands at all after open defecation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Researchers working with populations in Latin America and the Caribbean should partner with local community health workers to improve compliance to recommended hand hygiene practices.
The “teacher” and martial arts: A psychobiographical analysis of Jack Ma as a business change agent
Authors: Yueyu Shu , Xia Xie , Xinyu Zhang , Wucheng Li , Yang Xiao , Shuyi Liao , Runzhi Wei , Zeyu Wang , Jiyuan Zhang
Published: July 2022

Objective

Scholars have conducted in‐depth research on social change agents, but there are few collaborative studies in this realm between sociology and psychology. From the perspective of psychobiography, this before study uses Jung's Analytical Psychology as a theoretical framework to explore Jack Ma's influence on business change, thereby revealing the deep motivation behind Jack Ma's sudden retirement and choice to be a teacher.

Method

This study has collected primary and secondary data about Jack Ma. QSR Nvivo 11.0 was used to encode the text based on video transcription, and then the data were analyzed. This study refers to the key factors of growth and follows the primary indicators of psychological saliency to sort out the data and find out what has special psychological significance, and then conducts three coding processes.

Results

This study found that the teacher complex and the martial arts complex are the breakthrough points to understand the business innovator Jack Ma.

Conclusion

Jack Ma shapes the image of ordinary teachers through his image management strategy, conceals his deep internal martial arts complex, and balances the displayed martial arts personality mask. He has achieved great success in business innovator, while drawing on his internal personality conflicts to his advantage.
Marine gastropods at higher trophic level show stronger tolerance to ocean acidification
Authors: Hu Nan , Brönmark Christer , Bourdeau Paul E. , Hollander Johan
Published: July 2022

Climate change and anthropogenic activities are producing a range of new selection pressures, both abiotic and biotic, on marine organisms. Although it is known that climate change can differentially affect fitness‐related traits at different trophic levels of the food web, it is not clear if different trophic levels will respond via phenotypic plasticity in the form of maintenance of phenotypes in the face of abiotic and biotic environmental stress similarly. To answer this question, we combined a mesocosm experiment (120 days) using a food web comprising three gastropod species from two trophic levels (grazers and meso‐predators) and a meta‐analysis including 38 studies to address whether different trophic levels exhibit similar phenotypic responses to abiotic and biotic variables. Abiotic (ocean acidification) and biotic (predation) stress significantly influenced body mass, shell mass, shell thickness and shell strength in both grazers and meso‐predators in the mesocosm experiment, with the magnitude of OA effects greater on the meso‐predator than the grazers; a result supported by the meta‐analysis. In contrast, both mesocosm experiment and meta‐analysis found that predation risk induced stronger responses in shell morphology for grazers compared to meso‐predators. Together, our findings indicate that higher trophic level species are better able to maintain aspects of their phenotype under OA, suggesting that they may show greater tolerance to climate change effects in general, while lower trophic levels express higher levels of plastic inducible defences to maintain function when under threat of predation. By using marine snails as a model, our study provides new knowledge for understanding how changing environmental conditions may alter biological interactions, and increases our understanding of how climate change may affect ecological communities in which gastropods play a key role.
Neural correlates of N‐back task performance and proposal for corresponding neuromodulation targets in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Mencarelli Lucia , Romanella Sara M. , Di Lorenzo Giorgio , Demchenko Ilya , Bhat Venkat , Rossi Simone , Santarnecchi Emiliano
Published: July 2022

Aim

Working memory (WM) deficit represents the most common cognitive impairment in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, making the identification of its neural substrates a crucial step towards the conceptualization of restorative interventions. We present a meta‐analysis focusing on neural activations associated with the most commonly used task to measure WM, the N‐back task, in patients with schizophrenia, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Showing qualitative similarities and differences in WM processing between patients and healthy controls, we propose possible targets for cognitive enhancement approaches.

Methods

Selected studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, were analyzed through the activation likelihood estimate statistical framework, with subsequent generation of disorder‐specific N‐back activation maps.

Results

Despite similar WM deficits shared across all disorders, results highlighted different brain activation patterns for each disorder compared with healthy controls. In general, results showed brain activity in frontal, parietal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions; however, reduced engagement of specific nodes of the fronto‐parietal network emerged in patients compared with healthy controls. In particular, neither bipolar nor depressive disorders showed detectable activations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, while their parietal activation patterns were lateralized to the left and right hemispheres, respectively. On the other hand, patients with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder showed a lack of activation in the left parietal lobe, whereas patients with schizophrenia showed lower activity over the left prefrontal cortex.

Conclusion

These results, together with biophysical modeling, were then used to discuss the design of future disorder‐specific cognitive enhancement interventions based on noninvasive brain stimulation.
Sustained zeaxanthin‐dependent thermal dissipation is induced by desiccation and low temperatures in the fern Polypodium virginianum
Authors: Putzier Catherine C. , Polich Sidney B. , Verhoeven Amy S.
Published: July 2022

Desiccation and low temperatures inhibit photosynthetic carbon reduction and, in combination with light, result in severe oxidative stress, thus, tolerant organisms must utilize enhanced photoprotective mechanisms to prevent damaging reactions from occurring. We sought to characterize the desiccation tolerance of the fern Polypodium virginianum and to assess the role of the xanthophyll cycle and sustained forms of thermal dissipation in its response to desiccation, as well as to low temperatures during winter. Our results demonstrate that P. virginianum is desiccation‐tolerant and that it increases its utilization of sustained forms of zexanthin (Z)‐dependent thermal dissipation in response to desiccation and low temperatures during winter. Experiments with detached fronds were conducted in dark and natural light conditions and demonstrated that some dark‐formation of Z occurs in this species. In addition, desiccation in the light resulted in more pronounced declines in maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and higher Z levels than desiccation in the dark, indicating a substantial fraction of the sustained reduction in Fv/Fm is due to Z‐dependent sustained dissipation. Recovery from desiccation and from low temperatures exhibited biphasic kinetics with a more rapid phase (1–4 h), which was accompanied by an increase in minimal fluorescence yield (Fo) but no change in Z, and a slower phase (up to 24 h) correlating with reconversion of Z to violaxanthin. These data suggest that two mechanisms of sustained thermal dissipation occur in response to desiccation and low temperatures, possibly corresponding to sustained forms of the energy‐dependent and zeaxanthin‐dependent mechanisms of dynamic thermal dissipation.
Mars is a mirror – Understanding the Pahrump Hills mudstones from a perspective of Earth analogues
Authors: Schieber Juergen , Bohacs Kevin M. , Coleman Max , Bish David , Reed Mark H , Thompson Lucy , Rapin William , Yawar Zalmai
Published: July 2022

Mudstone‐dominated lacustrine strata in the Pahrump Hills area of Gale Crater, Mars, have the most extensive data set of physical and geochemical observations yet collected. Although sparse by Earth standards, a source‐to‐sink portrayal of the sedimentary system that differs substantially from previous work has been extracted by integrating sedimentology, stratigraphy, mineral and elemental analyses, geochemical modelling, laboratory experiments and Earth analogues in a sequence‐stratigraphic and palaeogeographical framework. Approximately 3.5 Ga, these 15 m thick strata contain five facies that range from fine to coarse detrital mudstone with abundant sediment‐incorporative evaporite pseudomorphs. The section is dominated by first‐cycle grains of minimally weathered primary igneous minerals but with four distinct compositions. Bedding in the mudstones comprises planar‐parallel beds, current ripples and wave‐induced structures, with common and widespread truncation. The absence of primary desiccation and synaeresis cracks is probably due to minimal clay‐mineral content, as supported by laboratory experiments. Evaporite minerals formed on and within detrital muds shortly after accumulation by evapoconcentration and cooling. The succession contains 16 parasequences in five depositional sequences with all the sequence‐stratigraphic elements known from terrestrial strata. Two of the sequence boundaries are unconformities that record significant shifts in the behaviour and palaeogeographical configuration of the fluvio‐lacustrine system. This contrasts with the previous view that all facies are genetically related. Most of the variability in rock composition can be attributed to stratigraphic changes in provenance that integrate changing drainage basin configurations, type of exposed bedrock and changes in weathering regime. These strata are interpreted as evaporative lake deposits that accumulated in an underfilled lake basin with closed surface hydrography but through‐flowing groundwater. Lake waters were saline to hypersaline, and lake levels, shorelines and salinities fluctuated greatly at various temporal scales.