bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Henry Selby Hele-Shaw LLD, DSc, EngD, FRS, WhSch (1854-1941): Engineer, inventor and educationist
Authors: Carruthers Jane
Published: March 2010

H.S. Hele-Shaw (1854–1941) was one of the most outstanding engineering scientists of his generation and an eminent figure in engineering education during the late-19th and early-20th centuries. His work in hydrodynamics (the Hele-Shaw cell and Hele-Shaw pump) and his important contribution to the successful development of high-speed aircraft (his variable pitch airscrew), continues to be relevant today. In 1922, as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, he introduced the National Certificate scheme in Britain. It is not well known that Hele-Shaw spent two years in South Africa (1904–1905) attached to the Transvaal Technical Institute, a forerunner of the University of the Witwatersrand. One of only three Fellows of the Royal Society of London in southern Africa in 1905, he was a founder Council member of the Royal Society of South Africa and one of the hosts of the 1905 visit to southern Africa by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the time he spent in South Africa and to contextualise it within the larger perspective of his engineering career.
COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND SIMULATED RESPONSES TO MASS SELECTION IN A DIPLOID, CROSS-FERTILIZED SPECIES
Authors: CHOO T. M. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

Computer simulation was used to study the relative effectiveness of mass selection under additive and complete dominance genetic models and the accuracy of the mathematical formulae for predicting mean response and variance of response to selection. Four selection regimes were simulated over 30 cycles and embodied a high (5%) or a low (25%) selection intensity and a high (0.6) or a low (0.2) heritability. Mass selection was most effective under the high selection intensity, high heritability regime and least effective under the low selection intensity, low heritability regime. The greatest gains occurred in the early cycles of mass selection and were higher in the complete dominance model than in the additive model, but the amount of gain per cycle decreased at a faster rate under the complete dominance model. Predicted gain under the additive model was in good agreement with simulated gain, but, under the complete dominance model, predicted gain overestimated the simulated gain, probably due to the build-up of genetic disequilibrium during selection. Selection responses deviated more from the mean response under the high selection intensity, low heritability regime than under the other regimes. The predicted variance of response to selection appeared to be in good agreement with the simulated variance in every selection regime.
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF APPLE FRUITS. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AND WITHIN PEEL, CORTEX AND WHOLE FRUIT SAMPLES
Authors: WEBSTER D. H.
Published: March 2010

High and significant correlations between composition of apple cortex samples (Cs) of several cultivars and composition of whole fruit samples (Ws) suggest that reliable estimates of Cs composition can be calculated from Ws composition and vice versa. Regression equations for estimating 25 variates are tabulated. Correlations between composition of peel samples and composition of Cs or Ws, with the exception of the ratios (K + Mg)/Ca and K/Ca, were low. Many correlations involving composition of whole fruit samples may be interpreted as consequences of translocation pathways into apple fruit. The quantity of K/apple was highly correlated with the quantity of Mg/apple (+0.96).
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF, AND RESIDUE DECLINATION VALUES FOR DICHLORPROP, FENOPROP AND NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID USED TO CONTROL PREHARVEST DROP OF McINTOSH APPLES
Authors: LOONEY N. E. , COCHRANE W. P.
Published: March 2010

Dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid] sprays, at concentrations of 20–40 ppm, provided generally satisfactory protection against preharvest drop of McIntosh apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) in each of three seasons. The protection was comparable to that provided by 10–20 ppm fenoprop (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid) and frequently superior to 20 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). An examination of residue levels in fruits harvested 2 h to 10 days after spraying showed that dichlorprop is quite persistent whereas NAA residues decline rapidly in fruits on the tree.
SOLUBLE PROTEINS AND ENZYMES IN THE SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF VIRUS-INFECTED TOBACCO LEAF
Authors: EL-MELEIGI M. A. , SHEEN S. J. , LOWE R. H.
Published: March 2010

Leaves of bright tobacco NC 95 infected with tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were fractionated into subcellular fractions for protein quantitation and enzyme assay. Both viruses increased soluble proteins in the nuclear, chloroplastic and ribosomal fractions, whereas TMV infection lowered cytoplasmic protein content. Leaves infected with TVMV significantly increased total soluble proteins. Virus infection enhanced peroxidase activity in the cytoplasm but decreased activity in the chloroplastic and mitochondrial fractions. Polyphenol-oxidase concentrated in the chloroplast and its activity were not altered by virus infection. Ribosomal fraction was rich in protease in both virus-infected leaves. In the chloroplasts, protease increased in activity in the TMV-infected leaves but maintained a level as low as the control in leaves showing TVMV symptom. The accumulation of soluble proteins in the TVMV-infected leaves is possibly, in part, attributed to a low concentration of protease.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEEDING DATE AND SEEDING RATE ON SEED YIELD AND GROWTH CHARACTERS OF FIVE GENOTYPES OF Brassica napus
Authors: DEGENHARDT D. F. , KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of seeding date and seeding rate on the agronomic characteristics of five genotypes of Brassica napus L. were studied for 2 yr at two locations in western Canada. Seeding date had a highly significant effect on seed yield, days to first flower, last flower, and maturity of first pod, and no significant effect on flowering period and seed formation period. Generally, the latest seeding date, at all seeding rates and for all genotypes, resulted in the lowest seed yield and the fewest days to first flower, last flower, and maturity of first pod. Seeding rate has a significant effect on days to last flower, maturity of first pod, and seed formation period, but no significant effect on seed sield, first flower and flowering period. Generally, the highest seeding rate at all seeding dates and for all genotypes resulted in the fewest days to last flower and maturity of first pod, and shortest seed formation period.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE, BEAN YIELD AND OTHER CHARACTERS IN FIELD-GROWN CULTIVARS OF SOYBEAN
Authors: BUTTERY B. R. , BUZZELL R. I. , FINDLAY W. I.
Published: March 2010

In field experiments with young spaced plants of 48 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars, derived lines tended to have higher rates of apparent photosynthesis (PA) than their parent lines over 3 yr of tests using the 14CO2 method. For 2 yr in which chlorophyll and specific leaf weight (SLW) were also measured, a significant number of derived lines had higher PA, chlorophyll and SLW than their parent lines. With 12 cultivars of similar maturity, grown as row-crop tests for 4 yr, PA and leaf percent N were correlated with each other during August (pod-filling period) but not during July (flowering period). August PA and leaf percent N were correlated with bean yield, but July values were not. Chlorophyll and SLW were correlated with each other in July and in August; each was correlated with PA in July but not in August. Although July measurements of leaf characters were not correlated with bean yield, July and August values were correlated for PA and for chlorophyll. The correlations observed among the characters in different sampling periods are discussed in relation to possibilities for selection.
QUALITY, YIELD, AND SEED WEIGHT OF GREEN FIELD PEAS UNDER CONDITIONS OF APPLIED SHADE
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to evaluate the effects of light intensity on the quality and yield of the green field pea (Pisum sativum L.) ’Triumph’. The treatments included a control with no shading (80 klx) and shading with one (31 klx) or two (9 klx) layers of screen material for a 3-wk period before maturity. Shading resulted in a significant decrease in seed weight and yield and a significant increase in protein content of the seed. The effect of shading on viscosity of the cooked samples was quadratic, implying that viscosity only decreased at very high levels of shading. Shading also tended to reduce loss of green color in the seed cotyledons.
AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR SUMMER FALLOW IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: LINDWALL C. W. , ANDERSON D. T.
Published: March 2010

Eight summer-fallow methods for spring wheat production were compared in terms of weed control, crop residue conservation, soil erodibility, moisture conservation, NO3-N of the soil, and wheat yield on a clay loam soil from 1968 to 1976. Repeated applications of herbicides were as effective as tillage for controlling weeds during the summer-fallow season. Crop residue and soil moisture conservation were greatest when weeds were controlled with herbicides instead of tillage. Chemical fallows conserved 67% of the original crop residue compared with 43% of bladed fallows. Wheat yields from treatments involving little or no tillage during the fallow season were consistently greater than those from conventionally tilled treatments. The chemical fallow treatment with one tillage operation in the fall of the fallow season generally produced the highest yields. Although differences were small, there was some evidence, in terms of soil NO3-N levels and protein content of wheat, that wheat grown on chemical fallow may require additional nitrogen to improve moisture utilization and give maximum yields.
EFFECT OF SEED SIZE ON GERMINATION, SEEDLING VIGOR, ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF BIRD’S-FOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus L.)
Authors: McKERSIE B. D. , TOMES D. T. , YAMAMOTO S.
Published: March 2010

Seed viability, seedling vigor, and field establishment were measured on five seed sizes from five commercial, Certified seed lots of bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L. ’Leo’). Viability as determined by percent germination at 20 °C varied among seed lots and among seed sizes, but a consistent relationship between viability and seed size was not observed. Similarly, speed of germination did not vary in response to seed size but did vary among lots. Within a seed lot, seedling length after 7 days growth varied in response to seed size; the larger seeds produced longer seedlings. However, this relationship was not observed among seed lots because seed lots with the highest average seed weight did not produce the longest seedlings. The seedling vigor ranking on the basis of electrolyte leakage differed if leakage was expressed relative to seed weight or the seed number. Leakage per 100 seeds was significantly and negatively correlated with percent germination, but not with seedling length or field establishment. On the other hand, leakage per gram of seed was significantly and negatively correlated with percent germination, seedling length, and field establishment. The larger seed sizes within a lot tended to have improved field establishment, so field establishment was highly correlated with seedling length (r = 0.76). Electrolyte leakage per gram of seed, and percentage germination were also significantly correlated with establishment (r = − 0.59 and 0.45, respectively). Germination potential and ability of the seedling to elongate rapidly are related to the field establishment of bird’s-foot trefoil. Germination potential was primarily influenced by the seed lot, whereas the ability to elongate was influenced by seed size (within a seed lot).
CLONAL VARIATIONS IN THE WATER RELATIONS OF RED OSIER DOGWOOD DURING COLD ACCLIMATION
Authors: BRAY ELIZABETH A. , PARSONS LAWRENCE R.
Published: March 2010

The water relations of six climatic races of red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) were followed during cold acclimation in St. Paul, Minnesota in the fall of 1977. The following year, a similar study was completed on three of the climatic races. The clones originated from Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho and North Dakota. By November, differences in rates of acclimation could be distinguished. Races could be divided into two groups: Oregon, Idaho and Montana became hardy to between − 25 and − 30 °C and Alaska, North Dakota and Washington became hardy to between − 37 and − 42 °C. After the initial frost, daytime stomatal resistance increased first in Alaska and then in Washington, Montana and North Dakota, but not in Idaho and Oregon. Differences among the races could be distinguished by this trait. The remaining water relations parameters measured did not show differences among the races. Stem water content of all clones decreased into mid-October when they reached a similar water content of approximately 1 g H2O/g dry weight. Midday leaf xylem pressure potential of all clones increased during acclimation. Relative water content of the stems decreased during acclimation but later increased. The water relations parameters of the outdoor acclimation process were very similar to those reported for growth chamber studies.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 50. Hypochoeris radicata L.
Authors: AARSSEN LONNIE W.
Published: March 2010

This paper provides a summary of biological data on Hypochoeris radicata L. (spotted cat’s-ear). This weed is naturalized in Canada on both the west and east coasts but is common only on Vancouver Island, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and the adjacent mainland of British Columbia. It is adapted to a wide range of habitats such as lawns, fields and along roadsides. The species is commonly mistaken for dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), fall hawkbit (Leontodon autumnalis L.) or Hypochoeris glabra L. due to the close resemblance of their bright yellow flowers. This last species is the only other member of the genus occurring in Canada and it hybridizes readily in nature with H. radicata. Several herbicides can be used to control H. radicata.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELL SIZE, YIELD, AND SUCROSE CONCENTRATION OF THE SUGARBEET ROOT
Authors: DONEY DEVON L. , WYSE ROGER E. , THEURER J. CLAIR
Published: March 2010

Increased root yields of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) have generally been accompanied by decreases in sucrose percentage. Plant breeders have been unable to break this negative relationship. Cell size and cell number were measured microscopically from stained root cross sections. Two separate tests with genotypes typifying a wide range of genetic variation in sucrose percentage indicated an inverse relationship between sucrose percentage and cell size; i.e., high-sucrose genotypes had small cells and low-sucrose genotypes had large cells. In most cases, this relationship offers a reasonable explanation of the effects of nitrogen, polyploidy, ring number, ring density, and past selection methods on yield and sucrose percentage. Genetic differences in cell size and cell division rate were detected in young plants (3- to 4-wk-old seedlings).
CLARKE INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Clarke is a new cultivar of intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan. There are no visual characters that distinguish Clarke from other cultivars of intermediate wheatgrass. Clarke’s main attributes are drought tolerance, winterhardiness, and high seed yield.
FLAVORVEE SWEET CORN
Authors: KERR E. A.
Published: March 2010

Flavorvee is a very attractive, late sweet corn developed at the Ontario Horticultural Experiment Station. It has 14 to 18 rows with exceptionally high eating quality and holding ability. It is suitable for shipping, roadside market, and home garden.
AN EVALUATION OF SEED GROWTH IN SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT
Authors: HOUSLEY T. L. , KIRLEIS A. W. , OHM H. W. , PATTERSON F. L.
Published: March 2010

Four cultivars and five lines of soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) representing Arthur and Knox types and Arthur by Knox types were grown in the field. The rate of duration of dry matter, carbohydrate and protein accumulation during seed maturation, the weight of the seed at 10 days post-anthesis and the weight of 200 seeds at maturity were measured in seeds from the central spikelet. The Arthur types (Arthur, Oasis, Beau) had relative and maximal rates of dry matter, carbohydrate and protein accumulation that were greater than the Knox types (Monon, 65256, 65309). The duration over which dry weight, carbohydrates and protein accumulated in the seeds was consistently longer in the Knox types. The rate and duration of dry matter, carbohydrate and protein accumulation in the Arthur by Knox types (6413, 71586 and 72483) were more similar to the Arthur types. Ranking each cultivar or line with regard to the measured parameters of seed growth favored the Arthur types with the following ranking from the seeds that were the greatest sinks to those that were the poorest: 71586, Arthur, Beau, 72483, Oasis, 6413, Monon, 65309 and 65256.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN, TEMPERATURE, GROWTH STAGE AND DURATION OF MOISTURE STRESS ON YIELD COMPONENTS AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , DAVIDSON H. R. , WINKLEMAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

Manitou spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at combinations of three day/night temperatures (27/12 °C, 22/12 °C and 17/12 °C), three levels of fertilizer nitrogen (58, 116 and 174 kg N/ha), and three moisture stresses, nominally −0.3, −15 and −40 bars. All plants were initially grown at −0.3 bars; one moisture treatment was carried through to maturity at this water potential while the remainder were stressed at −15 or −40 bars from either (i) four-tiller, (ii) boot, or (iii) late flowering stage, to maturity. Under the conditions of this experiment, temperature was the most important factor affecting yield and protein, and moisture stress the least important. Yields were equal at 17 and 22 °C, but greater than at 27 °C. Protein was equal at 17 and 22 °C and less than at 27 °C. Yield increased with nitrogen fertility except at the highest temperature or when high moisture stress was applied from the boot stage. Plants grown under high moisture stress through the boot stage (i.e., stressed from tillering or boot) gave yield increases when fertilized with 116 kg N/ha, but 174 kg N/ha depressed yield of plants stressed from boot stage to maturity. Yields of plants stressed from tillering were generally greater than yields of plants stressed from boot stage, indicating that the plant has the ability to adapt to early stress. In contrast to findings in a simulated irrigation study, moisture stress during the boot stage depressed rather than enhanced seed set. Optimal temperature for spikelet development was near 22 °C. The growth stage most critical to the determination of number of seeds developed was boot stage and that for kernel weight was at or after anthesis. The effect of temperature or protein was independent of nitrogen or moisture level. High moisture stress during boot stage increased protein even at the lowest nitrogen level, but stress from late flowering rarely increased protein. The effect of nitrogen on protein was mainly direct while temperature and moisture acted mainly by influencing yield. The direct effect of nitrogen on protein was twice as great as temperature effect and 15 times that of moisture.
INHERITANCE OF CYCLIC HYDROXAMATES IN Zea mays L.
Authors: DUNN G. M. , LONG B. J. , ROUTLEY D. G.
Published: March 2010

Hydroxamic acids have been implicated in the resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to both fungi and insects. In this study, five selected crosses were used among the four inbreds BxBx, bxbx, B49 and B37 to study inheritance of hydroxamates. Hydroxamate concentration in the parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations for each cross was estimated by a rapid procedure based upon the colorimetric reaction of hydroxamates with FeCl3. Components of variance and estimates of heritability were obtained by the procedures of Warner (1952). F2 and backcross data indicated that concentration of hydroxamates is controlled monogenically in the cross bxbx × BxBx and polygenically in the crosses bxbx × B49 and bxbx × B37. Estimates of gene number using the Castle-Wright formula indicated that hydroxamate concentration is conditioned in B49 and B37 by five and two loci, respectively. The addition of BxBx to either B49 or B37 increased the frequency of genotypes in F2 with a high concentration of hydroxamates. Additive genetic variance was the most important component of the phenotypic variance and resulted in estimates of heritability from 0.64 to 0.79. However, the dominance component of variance was considerably higher for crosses involving BxBx than for the crosses bxbx × B49 and bxbx × B37.
EFFECTS OF DURATIONS OF 32 °C AND 20 °C POSTHARVEST BULB TREATMENTS ON EARLY FORCING OF IDEAL IRIS
Authors: DOSS R. P.
Published: March 2010

The effect of the duration of an initial 32 °C and a subsequent 20 °C storage treatment on the performance of greenhouse-forced Ideal iris was investigated. Bulbs from several size categories and from several harvest dates were used with the goal of finding an optimal set of postharvest storage conditions for early forcing. Flowering percentage increased and the length of time required for glasshouse forcing decreased with longer storage (up to 5 wk) at 32 °C. With increasing duration of storage at 20 °C (up to 6 wk) the time required for glasshouse forcing decreased, whereas flowering percentage was influenced only slightly. A near optimal combination for early forcing of 10–11 cm circumference bulbs harvested after 1 Aug., was 4 wk of storage at 32 °C followed by 2 wk at 20 °C and 6 wk at 10 °C. The Dutch treatment for early forcing was unsatisfactory for use with Washington-grown bulbs.
THE EFFECT OF DAYLENGTH AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF SHIELDED AERIAL STEMS OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS
Authors: CORDUKES W. E. , WILLIAMS C. J.
Published: March 2010

Stems of 18 cultivars of Poa pratensis L. were shielded and grown in different environments to measure the effects of daylength and temperature with the object of determining the usefulness of this technique for cultivar selection. The four growth environments were: long days, low temperature (LDLT): long days, high temperature (LDHT); short days, low temperature (SDLT); short days, high temperature (SDHT). The mean growth period in the LDLT, LDHT and the SDLT environments was 123 days, but growth ceased in the SDHT regime after 78 days. Daylength and temperature significantly affected growth; cultivars that produced long stems had many nodes and a short upper leaf blade while short-stemmed cultivars had few buds and a long upper leaf blade. These distinct growth traits were stable and can thus be used in cultivar selection. Discriminant analyses assigned the cultivars to three groupings: group A cultivars originated from northern environments while group C cultivars were of southern origin. Group B cultivars were found at locations intermediate to those of A and C. Canadian cultivar performance for turf was closely allied to the three groupings.
CARROT YIELD INCREASES AFTER CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN ORGANIC SOIL
Authors: VRAIN T. C. , FOURNIER Y. , CRETE R.
Published: March 2010

In root-knot nematode-infested soil, post-treatment effects of nematicides on duration of acceptable yields of marketable carrots (Daucus carota L.) and on nematode population dynamics were determined. These studies included a comparison of the efficacy of granular nematicides and soil fumigants. Surviving nematodes multiplied and caused unacceptable losses 2 yr after fumigation. Fumigation with Telone, D.D. or Vorlex gave the best nematode control and the highest marketable yield. Oxamyl, aldicarb and fosthietan gave a significant protection of carrots at doses of 3 and 6 kg a.i./ha. Bunema, phenamiphos and carbofuran were the least effective.
ESTON LENTIL
Authors: SLINKARD A. E.
Published: March 2010

Eston is the second lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar licensed in Canada. It is the result of line selection from U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Introduction 179307 from Turkey. Eston is a small-seeded (Persian type) lentil with yellow cotyledons. It is higher yielding than either Commercial Chilean or the Laird cultivar. Eston is shorter than Commercial Chilean or Laird and maturity is similar to Commercial Chilean, but earlier than Laird.
POLLEN CONTAMINATION OF BROMEGRASS (Bromus inermis Leyss.) IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: DUNN G. M. , LEA H. Z.
Published: March 2010

Contamination of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) by wind-blown pollen was measured in the greenhouse using a homozygous recessive virescent mutant as the female parent. Pollen distribution was enhanced by manual shaking of male parents and by use of a fan. In previous tests, the mutant produced less than 0.005% normal green seedlings upon selfing. In this trial, green seedlings averaged 81.1, 40.8, 13.1, 6.9 and 1.1% among the progenies of the mutant when it was grown at 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 7.5 m, respectively, from normal green parents. We conclude that satisfactory spatial isolation of several groups of bromegrass clones for breeding can be readily obtained in a greenhouse.
SALTOL, A SALT-TOLERANT RED FESCUE
Authors: CORDUKES W. E.
Published: March 2010

Saltol, a native salt-tolerant selection of Festuca rubra L., is described. In the laboratory, it showed high tolerance to foliar road salt treatments. In the field it has been a good seed producer and provided a satisfactory lawn turf over a 5-yr test period.
VEEBRITE AND BASKETVEE TOMATOES
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Veebrite and Basketvee are firm, crack-resistant, mid-season hand-pick tomatoes introduced for processing into juice or ketchup, and for fresh market. Both cultivars are generally similar in plant habit and fruit characteristics but Basketvee has larger fruit size.
PLANT EPIDERMAL SECTIONS AND IMPRINTS USING CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES
Authors: WILSON CHARI.KS L. , PUSEY P. LAWRENCE , OTTO BRIAN E.
Published: March 2010

Plant surfaces were attached to microscope slides with cyanoacrylate adhesives. After 3 min the unattached tissue was removed leaving epidermal sections and imprints of extreme clarity on the slide.
NORDEL, A NEW BRIGHT TOBACCO CULTIVAR
Authors: PANDEYA R. S. , WHITE F. H.
Published: March 2010

Nordel is a flue-cured tobacco cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Delhi, Ontario. The cultivar has agronomic characteristics very similar to Virginia 115. It has better tolerance to black root rot and weatherfleck diseases. Nordel produces cured leaf of superior chemical, physical and grade characteristics with preferential buyers’ rating compared to Virginia 115. It was licensed in 1979 and was grown in 1980 as the first crop on approximately 33% of the flue-cured tobacco acreage.
EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF IRRIGATED SOFT WHITE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

The soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Dirkwin and Fielder, and the hard red spring wheat cultivar Neepawa were grown under irrigation for 2 yr. Plots were harvested at seven kernel moisture contents (KMC) in the 45–15% moisture range. Material was dried in the field (windrowed) or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 50 °C after threshing. Yield, test weight, 100-kernel weight, grain N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Yield and grain N content were not affected by cutting time or drying method. Test weight of artificially dried material increased as cutting was delayed until lower KMC values were reached. In the windrowed treatment, test weight of Neepawa changed very little with cutting time, while that of Dirkwin and Fielder increased to a maximum at 25% KMC. The 1000-kernel weights of the cultivars increased as KMC fell in one of the two years. Falling number was constant for all cutting times in the windrowed treatment, but increased linearly as KMC at harvest fell in the artifically dried treatment. Commercial grades in the windrowed material had reached maximum by 35% KMC in all three cultivars. In the artificially dried material, maximum grades were not obtained unless cutting was delayed until KMC values of 20% or less were reached. Material cut at higher KMC levels lost grade due to the presence of immature kernels and to low test weight.
VOMITOXIN AND ZEARALENONE PRODUCTION BY Fusarium graminearum FROM WINTER WHEAT AND BARLEY IN ONTARIO
Authors: NEISH G. A. , COHEN HUGUETTE
Published: March 2010

Nine Fusarium graminearum isolates were obtained from vomitoxin-contaminated 1980 crop winter wheat or barley from southwestern Ontario and tested for in vitro vomitoxin and zearalenone production. All isolates produced both toxins on one or more moist, autoclaved grains with quantifiable levels of the toxins varying from 0.1 to 6.8 ppm for vomitoxin and 0.4 to 90.6 ppm for zearalenone.
SORGHUM AND BARLEY IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: GRAIN YIELD RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER
Authors: HOBBS E. H. , KROGMAN K. K.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal water requirements of irrigated grain sorghum, the interaction between water use and applied N fertilizer, and the comparative water use efficiences of sorghum and barley were determined in southern Alberta over a 3-yr period. Peak daily water use of 6 mm for sorghum was 1 mm lower than that determined previously for barley. Seasonal water use (500 mm) was 20% greater than for barley because of sorghum’s longer growing season. Under adequate irrigation, both sorghum and barley responded linearly to applied N up to 80 kg/ha, but when water was restricted, sorghum showed less response than barley. Water-use efficiency (kg of grain/m3 of water used) decreased for both crops with increasing water availability but maximum yields were achieved under irrigation. When sorghum was favored with a long, warm growing season, it produced as much grain (6900 kg/ha) and used water as efficiently (1.25 kg/m3) as did barley.
BARLEY CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF HORDEIN PROTEINS II. CATALOGUE OF ELECTROPHOREGRAM FORMULAE FOR CANADIAN-GROWN BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: MARCHYLO B. A. , LABERGE D. E.
Published: March 2010

Hordein proteins, extracted from 62 Canadian-grown two- and six-rowed barley cultivars and six American-grown six-rowed barley cultivars, were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at acid pH. Band mobilities were shown to be reproducible within ± 0.005 relative mobility units. Hordein electrophoregram formulae were determined and catalogued for the 68 barley cultivars analyzed. Twenty-five of the cultivars produced unique electrophoregram formulae. The remaining 43 cultivars were divided into 17 groups, each containing between two and eight indistinguishable cultivars. Further analysis of electrophoregram formulae for Canadian-grown barley cultivars revealed that the majority of malting barley cultivars were distinguishable from feed barley cultivars. The usefulness of the acidic PAGE procedure for the identification of Canadian-grown barley cultivars is evaluated.
EFFECT OF DIQUAT, PARAQUAT AND GLYPHOSATE ON PREHARVEST DRYING OF WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

Three chemicals, each applied at two rates, were evaluated for use as preharvest desiccants in Neepawa wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) over 3 yr. Diquat and paraquat were tested at rates of 0.2 and 0.4 kg/ha, while glyphosate was applied at 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha. The rates of drying of the grain and straw in desiccant-treated plots were compared with those of untreated standing and windrowed controls. Precipitation differed during the sampling period in each year, but did not influence the effectiveness of the desiccants. Rate of drying of both grain and straw was highest in the windrowed treatment. None of the chemical desiccants, applied when grain moisture content was 43% or less, reduced grain or straw moisture faster than the untreated standing control in any of the 3 yr.
INTERPRETATION DES RELATIONS ENTRE LE CLIMAT ET LA SURVIE À L’HIVER DE LA LUZERNE PAR L’ANALYSE DES CORRELATIONS
Authors: OUELLET C. E. , DESJARDINS R. L.
Published: March 2010

The relationships between climatic data for the whole year (May to April) and the winter survival of alfalfa were examined with the use of simple correlation analysis for 48 station-years in Eastern Canada. It was found that the winter period is most critical. The most important meteorological factors are low soil temperatures, high air temperatures, lack of snow cover and rain during periods without snow cover. The vegetative growth and the hardening periods were found to be of equal importance. The most limiting factors during the growth period are: low soil temperatures from April to June and high temperatures during July and August, low insolation and excess rain. During the hardening period high soil temperatures and abnormal precipitation are most important. This analysis over a whole year should help in the development of a model for predicting annual damages and in planning research on alfalfa survival.
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION, PRECEDED BY TERBACIL, ON GROWTH, LEAF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION, AND YIELD OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.
Authors: SMAGULA JOHN M. , ISMAIL AMR A.
Published: March 2010

Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) (2.2 kg/ha) and five fertilizer rates (0, 45, 90, 135 or 180 kg N/ha in a 1:1:1 ratio) were applied pre-emergence to commercial lowbush blueberry fields at five locations. Leaf analysis indicated that N, P, and K concentration increased with increasing fertilizer rates; however, Mg concentrations decreased at rates higher than 45 kg N/ha. Stem length and branching increased linearly with increasing fertility rates. Although fruit bud formation was unaffected, yield was reduced by all fertilizer treatments.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.:51. Prunus virginiana L. and P. serotina Ehrh.
Authors: MULLIGAN GERALD A. , MUNRO DEREK B.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information on Prunus virginiana L. and P. serotina Ehrh., and a key to native Prunus growing in Canada are presented. The two Prunus species treated here are native to Canada and ingestion of plant material, other than ripe fruit, by livestock or people may lead to hydrocyanic acid poisoning.
OAC WINTRI WINTER TRITICALE
Authors: POYSA V. W. , KNOBLAUCH C. J. , REINBERGS R.
Published: March 2010

OAC Wintri is the first winter hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) licensed for sale in Canada. It is a tall, high-yielding cultivar with good resistance to mildew, leaf rust, and septoria. It is well-adapted to growing conditions in Ontario, Quebec and Eastern Canada. It was licensed on 15 July 1980. Breeder seed of OAC Wintri is maintained by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
ALADIN FABABEAN
Authors: McVETTY P. B. E. , EVANS L. E. , FURGAL J. F.
Published: March 2010

Aladin is a new cultivar of fababcan (Vicia faba ssp. minor) arising from a single plant selection of an introduction obtained from Czechoslovakia in 1972.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SHAPE OF CORN LEAVES
Authors: SANDERSON J.B. , DAYNARD T.B. , TOLLENAAR M.
Published: March 2010

A mathematical model has been developed to predict leaf width at any distance from the tip of a corn leaf using maximum length, maximum width and two experimentally derived constants in a modified sine equation. The equation can be used to predict leaf width or leaf area for crop-modelling studies.
EFFECT OF AWNS ON DRYING RATE OF WINDROWED AND STANDING WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

The effect of awns on drying rate of windrowed and standing wheat was studied utilizing the closely related cultivars Manitou (awnless) and Napayo (awned) for 3 yr. Grain moisture samples were taken starting at windrowing (35–40% moisture) and continued every 1–2 days until 10–15% moisture was reached. No differences were detected in drying rate of the two cultivars in either the windrowed or standing treatments in any of the 3 yr. Tetrazolium dye movement in excised Napayo spikes indicated a cessation of water movement to the awns by 34% kernel moisture.
FIELD EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN PEAS SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW PHOTOSYNTHETIC CO2 EXCHANGE
Authors: MAHON J. D.
Published: March 2010

Six genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum L.), selected for either high or low CO2 exchange rate per unit leaf area (CER) on the basis of field measurements, were grown in field plots during 1978 and 1979. During two growing seasons, CER was determined in leaves of different physiological age at several times of the day and season. Dry weights, leaf areas and node numbers were determined 4, 7 and 10 wk after planting, and again after pod ripening. C2H2 reduction by detached roots was measured 5, 6, 8 and 9 wk after planting. Despite the large variability in CER with years, leaf numbers, and times of measurement, the mean CER of the three genotypes selected for high rates was always greater than that of the low selected group. CER was significantly correlated with growth per unit leaf area (E) and the high to low group ratios averaged 1.4 for CER and 1.3 for E. C2H2 reduction on an equivalent leaf area basis was not different in the two groups. On a land area basis, the low CER group had a significantly greater leaf area index which compensated for the decreased CER, and estimates of total CO2 exchange, growth and C2H2 reduction were similar in the two groups. Total aboveground dry matter and seed yields were greater in the low CER group, but harvest index was generally greater in those genotypes selected for high CER.
ISOLATION OF INDEPENDENT GENE PAIRS AT TWO LOCI FOR SEED COAT COLOR IN Brassica juncea
Authors: VERA C. L. , WOODS D. L.
Published: March 2010

The presence of two independent dominant gene pairs controlling seed coat color in B. juncea has been confirmed. Two different types of lines, homozygous dominant at one locus and homozygous recessive at the other (R1R1r2r2 and r1r1R2R2), were produced.
EVALUATION OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING STALK QUALITY IN SHORT-SEASON CORN GENOTYPES
Authors: TWUMASI-AFRIYIE S. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Several quantitative methods of stalk quality evaluation were assessed to determine which of them would be effective in predicting field stalk lodging performance in corn. Measurements that gave the highest negative correlation with field stalk lodging and were also effective in detecting differences in lodging resistance levels of the hybrids were stalk crushing strength, rind puncture, stalk breaking force, weight of 5.1-cm stalk sections and stalk sugar content. The rind puncture method came closest to meeting all the desired criteria for the best stalk lodging resistance indicator by being simple to determine, highly correlated with stalk lodging and consistent in effectively distinguishing between the lodging resistance levels of the hybrids under both high and low lodging conditions. Relationships of the various stalk lodging characteristics with grain yield suggested that stalk strength can be improved without affecting grain yield.
SEEDLING GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF FLAX, BUCKWHEAT, SUNFLOWER AND FIELD PEA AFTER PRESEEDING MAGNETIC TREATMENT
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Dry seeds of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were given brief magnetic exposure prior to germination. Seed of high and low germination potential were grown in petri dishes at 10 and 20 °C. A small number of seed lots produced earlier and more vigorous seedling growth as a result of magnetic treatment, but the differences were small and inconsistent. In the field, there were no improvements in yield from magnetic seed treatment in three out of four years. In one year there was a significant increase in yield for sunflower.
INFLUENCE OF SIMULATED SPRING FROST ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: McKENZIE J. S. , FARIS D. G. , PAUW R. M. DE
Published: March 2010

Three spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were planted at four seeding dates to evaluate the effect of a simulated frost at the two-leaf stage on growth and yield. A portable field freezing chamber was used to subject the plants to a − 5.6 °C stress. The frost caused 49, 64 and 68% injury to the leaves and delayed heading by 2.4, 1.4 and 2.4 days in Gait, Atlas and Olli, respectively. Frost also reduced the number of tillers per plant, ripe heads per plant and plants per plot in all cultivars. Although the late-maturing cultivar Galt had the most leaf frost resistance, the average 13.8% yield reduction within all three cultivars, owing to the freezing stress, was not significantly different between any of the cultivars. Complete defoliation by clipping resulted in no further reduction in yield than that which occurred from partial defoliation by freezing. Delayed seeding resulted in an 8.6% reduction in yield. Frost reduced the yield of early seeded cultivars by 9.8% and late-seeded cultivars by 17.1%.
FORAGE LEGUME YIELDS AND NEMATODE POPULATION BEHAVIOR IN MICROPLOTS INFESTED WITH Paratylenchus projectus
Authors: TOWNSHEND J. L. , POTTER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Yield reductions were minimal in forage legumes grown in field microplots infested with the pin nematode Paratylenchus projectus. Decreased forage production of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover resulted from reduced second and third cuts. During 2.5 yr, nematode numbers decreased under alfalfa, but increased under white clover. Under red clover and birdsfoot trefoil, nematode numbers increased in the first season and either remained static or declined thereafter. Unlike other nematodes in northern climates, populations of the pin nematode did not decrease appreciably over winter under favorable hosts.
COILING OF ALFALFA PODS IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE AGAINST SEED CHALCIDS
Authors: SMALL ERNEST , BROOKES BRENDA S.
Published: March 2010

A nusery of diverse alfalfa populations was attacked by the seed chalcid Bruchophagus roddi Gussakovsky, with 397 of a sample of 30 821 pods possessing emergent adults. Infestation increased as spiraling of the pod decreased. Legume coiling in alfalfa is an indication of the relative parentage of ssp. sativa, which has highly coiled pods, and of ssp. falcata which has uncoiled pods. Resistance of coiled pods to chalcid infestation could reflect any of several of the differences between these subspecies. A hypothesis is presented arguing that resistance is due to pod coiling per se. Alfalfa seeds develop on the ventral portion of the pod, close to the central axis of coiled pods. Coiling may be protective as it tends to make the ventral portion of the pod, and hence the developing seeds, inaccessible to the chalcid’s short ovipositor.
RELATIONSHIP OF SUPERCOOLING TO COLD HARDINESS AND THE NORTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL CULTIVATED AND NATIVE Prunus SPECIES AND HYBRIDS
Authors: QUAMME H. A. , LAYNE R. E. C. , RONALD W. G.
Published: March 2010

Twig pieces from 13 Prunus species and seven interspecific hybrids were collected during mid-winter, preconditioned to induce maximum cold hardiness and subjected to freeze tests and exotherm analysis. The collection included representative cultivars of Prunus species cultivated in Canada for their fruit and/or ornamental value, i.e., apricot, cherry, peach and plum, and native Prunus. The flower buds were more susceptible to freeze injury than leaf buds, bark and xylem in almost all taxa. Leaf buds and stem xylem were the most susceptible of the vegetative tissues. A low temperature (LT) exotherm was detected in the stem of each taxon and was closely related to xylem injury. This suggested that freeze injury to the xylem is avoided by deep supercooling. Exotherm analysis and ice nucleation tests on seven taxa suggested that flower buds also avoid injury by deep supercooling. Bark and leaf bud injury were not consistantly related to the LT stem exotherm. The temperatures at which injury occurred to the most susceptible tissues were closely related to the average annual minimum isotherm temperature at the northern limit of distribution of those taxa for which the northern distribution was known. The degree of deep supercooling may be the factor limiting northern commercial production of the cultivated taxa or the northern geographical distribution of the native species in which flower buds and/or xylem were the most susceptible tissue. Interspecific hybrids of the hardy P. besseyi Bailey with more winter tender P. persica (L.) Batsch, P. armeniaca L., P. salicina Lindl. and P. tomentosa Thunb. appeared to be intermediate in hardiness between the parental species or equal to the hardiness of the more hardy parent. A second backcross of P. tenella Batsch to P. persica was considerably more hardy than any of the known peach cultivars.
EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE NUTRITION ON THE OSTRICH FERN (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Authors: PRANGE R. K. , ORMROD D. P.
Published: March 2010

Plants were grown in controlled environments at 24/18 °C or 18/12 °C light/dark temperatures with 8, 16 or 32 meq/L nitrate or ammonium concentrations in a complete nutrient solution applied twice weekly to perlite rooting medium. Frond length was not affected by any of the treatments. Ammonium nutrition, compared with nitrate, reduced frond fresh and dry weights, water use, frond water potential, frond diffusive conductance and foliar concentrations of Ca and carbohydrates. Ammonium N increased the foliar concentration of inorganic NH4+, organic N, total N, P, K, and Mn. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution had no significant effect on dry weight, but increased foliar concentrations of N (inorganic and organic) and decreased fresh weight, fronds per plant, water use, frond diffusive conductance and foliar concentrations of Mn. The higher temperature decreased frond dry weight and foliar carbohydrate concentrations but increased frond number in the first emergence and foliar concentrations of several nutrients.
CARMAN TRITICALE
Authors: GUSTAFSON J. P. , LARTER E. N. , FREUHM M. , ZILLINSKY F. J.
Published: March 2010

Carman is a new cultivar of spring triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) which was developed from a cooperative program involving the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico. It is higher yielding than either Rosner or Welsh, cultivars previously licensed in Canada.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MEASURING ROOT STRENGTH IN CORN (Zea mays L.)
Authors: DONOVAN L. S. , JUI P. , KLOEK M. , NICHOLLS C. F.
Published: March 2010

The construction and use of equipment to measure the force required to pull a plant vertically from the ground as an index of corn root strength is described. Results from measurements of six inbreds in 2 yr demonstrated the efficiency of the method and identified significant differences in root strength among inbreds.
MINUET WEIGELA
Authors: SVEJDA FELICITAS
Published: March 2010

Minuet is a hardy, attractive, dwarf, freely flowering, Weigela florida cultivar.