bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Moody Simon J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 examines how British policy-makers viewed the arrival of tactical nuclear weapons, employing as a vehicle in the 1950s debate on the relative merits of the opposing strategic theories of ‘graduated deterrence’ and ‘massive retaliation’. It shows how the British government rejected any suggestion to draw distinctions in peacetime between strategic and tactical nuclear weapons because of a strong belief that such an announcement would undermine the overall deterrent effect of nuclear weapons. Gripped by a ‘deterrence habit of mind’, civilian leaders viewed tactical nuclear weapons not as meaningful military tools, but as weapons of escalation whose use would trigger a strategic nuclear exchange between the superpowers. The rejection of any kind of graduated deterrence through the use of tactical nuclear weapons set a precedent in how British policy-makers conceived the utility of tactical nuclear weapons, which would have important consequences in the following debates about NATO strategy.
Conventional Forces and Tactical Nuclear Weapons in NATO Strategy
Authors: Moody Simon J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 analyses how the British deterrence habit of mind manifested in a preference for a ‘pure-deterrence’ strategy for NATO. NATO’s forums were a market for strategic ideas, and competing visions of nuclear warfare reflected the often incompatible preferences of its member states. Bargaining and compromise resulted in significant changes to defensive concepts throughout the Cold War and saw the emergence of two distinct strategies, massive retaliation and flexible response, which provided the conceptual framework for the Army’s thinking about nuclear war. The chapter explores the most important assumptions made about the character of nuclear warfare, the political and military utility of tactical nuclear weapons, and the perceived role of ground forces within NATO’s deterrent posture. It argues that the British reluctance to accept that military organizations could perform a useful function during or after a nuclear exchange set an ominous tone for the Army’s own theorizing about future war.
Nuclear Instruction at the Staff College
Authors: Moody Simon J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 examines how the design and implementation of the curriculum at the Army Staff College, Camberley exposed organizational views about nuclear warfare. The chapter critically evaluates how the Army institutionalized learning on a subject about which very little was known, that was politically sensitive, and that relied ultimately on abstract concepts untested in the crucible of war. It argues that the Staff College proved remarkably absorbent to new ideas and habitually incorporated the most fashionable thinking and latest doctrinal constructs into its syllabus. In this context, the development of the Staff College curriculum reflected the ebb and flow of NATO’s changing strategic concepts, the maturation of BAOR’s nuclear doctrine, and the Army’s perceptions of its own place within national defence policy.
Body Talk
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses Félix Arnaudin’s notes towards a dictionary of the Gascon dialect of the Landes de Gascogne to explore everyday speech about the body. The dialect notes that Arnaudin carefully recorded in quotidian situations draw attention to a body focused on the legs and buttocks, discussed in terms of constant concern about stooping and bending. The language of the body was often violent and obscene, but could also be delicate and specific. Rich metaphors for body parts drew parallels between human exploitation and forestation. This was not a static folk language of the body, swept away by ‘modern’ ideas of the body, but an evolving way of talking about bodily experiences.
Monstrous Bodies
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter turns to the example of werewolf stories, with a particular focus on one storyteller, named Marie Bouzats. It situates Marie’s werewolf stories in a wider shared French culture of shapeshifters and monsters. The chapter argues that werewolf stories were rarely as violent or as extreme as the later popular cultural representations of werewolves in films and literature would be. Instead, stories of shapeshifters express subtle anxieties about boundaries and interpersonal relationships in face-to-face communities. Werewolf stories explore issues of religion, gender, and family, and in the case of the moorlands of Gascony, of changing landscapes.
Exploited Bodies
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyses a tale about an unfortunate fox told by a man named Henri Vidal. While Henri’s tale is similar to other stories of not-so-cunning foxes collected by folklorists across France, it is also a profoundly local story. It makes sense as a kind of fictionalized autobiography of Henri himself, a critique of the system of sharecropping that predominated in the moorlands, and the violence and exploitation that this system encouraged. Through comparison to other tales told by other storytellers, the chapter suggests ways that ordinary workers like Henri used stories to narrate their experiences, and negotiate better lives.
Conclusion
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

The conclusion draws together ideas from the book, suggesting a few key points. First, it draws attention to the cultural agency of ‘exemplars’, or what folklorists have sometimes called ‘star performers’. Singers and storytellers like Henri Vidal, Marie Bouzats, or Catherine Gentes are not just important because they were typical, but because they played leading roles in local cultures. The conclusion argues that such exemplars allow historians to perceive changing cultures of the body which cannot be reduced to the simple advent of a ‘modern’ body. The example of the moorlands of Gascony suggests broader patterns in the history of the body during the period of modernization.
Passions and Reason in the Short Treatise
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: January 2020

In the Short Treatise, Spinoza upholds the epistemological claims advanced in the Treatise on the Emendation, but also provides further developments concerning his theory of error and his account of how passions and knowledge relate to each other. Section 2.2 introduces Spinoza’s account of the passions as inadequate ideas caused by other inadequate ideas. Section 2.3 explains how his rejection of the Cartesian distinction between intellect and will further supports this account. Section 2.4 presents his epistemic remedy for the passions, which consists in the emendation of the inadequate ideas that underpin them. Section 2.5 examines the correspondence between Spinoza and Willem van Blijenbergh and shows how, in this context, Spinoza is forced to confront some crucial worries that emerge from his early ethical position. Section 2.6 argues that Spinoza’s early ethics does not have the conceptual resources required to offer a fully satisfying solution to these worries.
A Passionate Path Towards the Supreme Good in the Theological-Political Treatise
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: January 2020

The Theological-Political Treatise investigates whether the moral teachings contained in the Bible can lead to the Supreme Good. Spinoza seems to introduce the possibility of attaining the Supreme Good (phrased in terms of ‘salvation’) without relying on the innate adequate idea of God but rather on obedience. Section 3.2 investigates how passions can be used to support obedience. Section 3.3 discusses the differences between intellectual salvation and salvation through obedience. Section 3.4 argues that Spinoza defends an instrumentalist account of obedience, according to which someone can be truly virtuous insofar as his practice creates the conditions for the development of the mind’s power of thinking. Section 3.5 implements this instrumentalist reading to explain the sense in which the practice of life taught by Biblical prophets can be considered a genuine means of progressing towards the Supreme Good. Section 3.6 explains why this instrumentalist reading is preferable to various alternative readings.
Conclusion
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: January 2020

This book has defended two main claims. First, Spinoza’s moral philosophy underwent a significant evolution from his early writing (TIE and KV) to the later works (TTP, Ethics, and TP). The outcome of this evolution is that he downplayed his early commitment to the epistemic self-sufficiency of the mind by developing a new account of the relationship between reason and passions. Second, Spinoza’s later account of reason is built on the notion of agreement in nature, which leads to considering rationality the mental expression of the extent to which individuals cooperate with others and agree in nature with the other parts of the causal network in which they operate. This general conclusion stresses the two main consequences of this reading: first concerning the internal reasons that led Spinoza to revise his early views, and second concerning the philosophical achievements that came with this transformation.
Attending to Tragic Messenger Speeches
Authors: Budelmann Felix , van Emde Boas Evert
Published: January 2020

The chapter draws on the psychological as well as everyday notion of ‘attention’ to analyse the experience afforded by tragic messenger speeches. What marks out this experience, it is argued, is that attention shifts dynamically between not just two levels (the world of the play and the performance qua performance) but three: the offstage world of the messenger’s narrative, the messenger and his listeners onstage, and the performance qua performance. An awareness of this dynamic, it is suggested, can be detected in the iconography of messenger scenes on fourth-century pots. Euripides’ Andromache and Medea as well as Sophocles’ Electra serve as case studies for analysing the textual means by which the dramatists prompt ever-shifting patterns of attention, stimulating immersion in the narrative as well as drawing attention to the interactions occurring onstage. The chapter ends by looking to the psychology of attention to ask whether audiences are able to attend simultaneously to different levels or whether different objects of attention are in competition.
Seeing Emotions while Healing the Body and the World as a Whole
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria
Published: January 2020

By analyzing the case of Dr. Auguste Rollier’s sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis in the Swiss village of Leysin, this chapter demonstrates the centrality of images in interwar internationalist practices. Following the blueprint set out by the League of Nations in this period, internationalists advocated for a holistic approach to healing: they linked physical cures with social, and political health; and they associated their attainment with specific visible emotional expressions. Most notably, internationalists created educational and work establishments with the explicit goal of instilling feelings such as “joy,” and they produced, reproduced, and distributed photographs to serve as evidence of their success. The aesthetics and assumptions they inaugurated proved long-lasting and influence international environments to this day.
A University for Feeling the Emotions of Internationalism
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 examines the case of the University Sanatorium of Leysin as a means to explore how internationalists constructed and used spaces to elicit and manage people’s emotions. It devotes particular attention to efforts at creating atmospheres conducive to international cooperation, emphasizing how administrators, doctors, patients, and visitors all contributed to shaping the notion that these could be effective. As demonstrated by the case of a proposed new International University Sanatorium, the ideas and the practices it inaugurated continue to influence a broad range of state and non-state actors in the subsequent decades, and still affect international education to this day.
A Malleable Cityscape
Authors: Vanaik Anish
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 presents the pattern of boom and bust in the property market and connects this to Delhi’s economy as a whole. With a depression of property construction in the 1920s and a boom in the mid-1930s, the Delhi property market was turbulent during this period. Carefully tracking the locations and timing of this pattern of rise and fall reveals the extent to which it was private property development rather than state-directed plans for urban expansion that generated Delhi’s cityscape. Over this period of bust and boom, however, the property market was constituted by new connections between industry, finance, and real estate. Using a database of permission to build created from the the Building Sub-Committee of the Delhi Municipal Committee, this chapter lays out a periodization of the property market. In turn, this had implications for urban space, from the individual house to the neighbourhood and indeed the city as a whole.
Lineages of the Housing Question
Authors: Vanaik Anish
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 studies politics over housing provision which linked the issues of commodification, urban housing, and demography. The issue of housing was raised in a large variety of forms. This chapter tracks these ‘lineages’ of the housing question, from above (directed by various state agencies) and from below (taken up by various agitations). Delhi’s symbolic centrality as capital city and sanitation discourses were two approaches to housing that were rooted in the authoritarian impulses of the colonial state. More broad-based articulations of the housing question can be seen in the struggles of government clerks, the nationalist movement, organizations taking up the caste question, and in battles over rent control. From this formidably diverse set of forces only a fractured politics of housing provision could emerge in Delhi.
Grave Investments
Authors: Vanaik Anish
Published: January 2020

Chapter 7 studies the connection between modes of community formation, the general commodification of urban space, and the specific effects of this on religious places. In a city where profit and loss from urban space was moulding the urban fabric, religious structures were no exception. Effective management of temples and mosques came to require that wealth be generated and accounts be maintained. At the same time, sacral sites were also seen in precisely the opposite manner, as outside of the process of commodification. Indeed, there were numerous efforts, especially at the local level, to prevent illegitimate commodification of religious structures by local managers or owners. Through the 1930s, a resolution was offered by religious collectives that defined themselves against local managers and claimed to operate in the interests of the community as a whole. Abstract space, then, called forth more abstract conceptions of community.
Rethinking Party Reform
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio
Published: January 2020

The functioning of representative democracy crucially depends on political parties that mediate between citizens and the state. It is widely doubted, however, that contemporary parties can still perform this connective role. Taking seriously the ensuing challenges for representative democracy, this book advances a normative account of party reform, drawing on both democratic theory and political science scholarship on parties. Moving beyond purely descriptive or causal-analytical perspectives on party reform, the book clarifies on theoretical grounds why party reform is centrally important for the sustainability of established democracies, and what effective party reforms could look like in an age where most citizens look to parties with scepticism and distrust. In doing so, the book underlines in distinctive fashion why scholars and citizens should care about re-inventing and transforming political parties, resisting widespread tendencies of either declaring parties unreformable or theorizing them out of the picture.
Dissemination
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

This chapter surveys the early dissemination of the nouveau roman in Britain, beginning around 1957. First, the nouveau roman’s main British publisher, Calder & Boyars, is introduced, with consideration of that publisher’s broader activities and ideals; particular attention is paid to its transnational contexts. There is mention too of the nouveau roman’s other British publishers, including Faber and Jonathan Cape. Then the different publishing formats used by Calder & Boyars for the nouveau roman are discussed, with analysis of visual presentation. The chapter then turns to the ways in which Calder & Boyars mediated the nouveau roman in promotional copy and in the search for new audiences; reference here is made to modernism, Existentialism, the notion of the literary ‘classic’, detective fiction, pulp fiction, cinema, theatre, television, and radio. The chapter concludes with two case studies that typify the nouveau roman’s complex status for British readers, first looking at Samuel Beckett’s relation to the nouveau roman, and then narrating Calder & Boyars’s ‘French Week’, in which the publisher organized a British speaking tour for Marguerite Duras, Alain Robbe-Grillet, and Nathalie Sarraute.
Translation and transition
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at the translation of the nouveau roman into English. The modernist precedent in the field of translation is considered. Then the nouveau roman’s various English translators are discussed. The chapter’s main focus is the work of Nathalie Sarraute, which was translated into English by Maria Jolas. Jolas’s central role in the modernist little magazine, transition, is introduced, and her postwar activities are also presented. In particular, the chapter looks at Jolas’s translations of two novels of what is named Sarraute’s ‘aesthetic turn’, Entre la vie et la mort (1968), and Vous les entendez? (1972). Jolas’s translations are shown to emphasize both inter- and intralingualism, as well as a deeper untranslatability that undergirds all translation. The chapter ends by contrasting Jolas’s translations from French with those of Barbara Wright and Samuel Beckett.
New Realism and ‘the times at hand’
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

The chapter opens by considering the contested definitions of realism that often characterize discussions of the novel in the postwar British literary field. The Snow Circle—C. P. Snow, Pamela Hansford Johnson, and William Cooper—is then introduced. Hansford Johnson’s and Cooper’s attacks on the nouveau roman are shown to rehearse the Snovian critique of modernism, as well as to replicate its elisions regarding its own valuation of an opposing realism. Then novels by Rayner Heppenstall (The Connecting Door, and The Woodshed (both 1962)) and Muriel Spark (The Mandelbaum Gate (1965)) are contrasted. Both writers explicitly engage with the nouveau roman in their novels, and value it positively as a form of realism. However, Heppenstall is shown to remain within the frame of reference set down by European high modernism, while Spark sees the nouveau roman as exemplifying something new. The chapter concludes by showing how Spark’s understanding of the nouveau roman’s realism is echoed in the critical statements of a number of other writers, most revealingly B. S. Johnson.
Conclusion
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

The conclusion opens by giving two final, but contrasting examples of novelists of the 1960s–70s who register the impact of the nouveau roman: Gabriel Josipovici and Ann Quin. The power of the nouveau roman as an idea rather than a set of writers or texts is stressed. Then the influence of the nouveau roman in the 2000s is briefly surveyed, with an emphasis on Alain Robbe-Grillet’s importance in the visual arts. Accounts of the nouveau roman are then considered from a number of contemporary novelists, namely Deborah Levy, Tom McCarthy, Ian McEwan, Zadie Smith, and Lars Iyer. The book ends by looking at the nouveau roman’s persisting claims to newness.
Practice-Focused Strategic Ethnography
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

This chapter elaborates on the ways in which teaching and learning regimes in higher education can be investigated. The ethnographic approach, rooted in classical anthropology, is outlined and different flavours of it explored through critical engagement with examples of their application. The limits of ethnography are discussed, and a case is made for a practice-focused, multi-method research methodology to inform change initiatives.
Accomplishing Change in Teaching and Learning Regimes
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 focuses on change processes within their contexts, and how they have been, and can be, addressed. Drawing on vignettes and on well-documented case studies of organizational change in higher education contexts around the world, the chapter considers the forces of stasis and dynamism of the various elements which constitute teaching and learning regimes. The implications for change agents are unpicked and the notion of a practice-focused way of seeing is further elaborated. The chapter elaborates on how the practice sensibility helps practitioners look beyond quotidian events, conflicts, and issues. It helps change agents know where to look and what to look for in relation to the forces that shape practices, and how they might be addressed to enhance processes and outcomes.
Prime numbers
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: January 2020

The Pythagoreans developed many of the ideas related to numbers that have become so familiar to us, including even and odd numbers, square numbers, triangular numbers, and so on. They also discovered that some integers cannot be decomposed into factors. These are called prime numbers and they constitute the building blocks of all the other integers, called composite. This chapter deals with the prime numbers in a general non-technical way, since much of the writing about them is quite specialized. The prime numbers have remarkable properties, many of which are still resistant to being proved. Prime numbers matter deeply to mathematics, not to mention to the progress of human knowledge generally. Pythagoras believed that prime numbers were part of a secret code which, if deciphered, would allow us to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos itself.
Zero
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: January 2020

Numerals are symbols that represent numbers. The most commonly used numerals, which are easy to read after one has learned to use them, are the decimal ones. The principle used to construct them is an efficient one—the position of each digit in the numeral indicates its value as a power of ten. But for such numerals to work this system requires a symbol as a place-holder for a position that has “nothing” in it. That symbol is 0, which makes it possible to differentiate between numbers such as “eleven” (= 11) “one hundred and one” (= 101), and “one thousand and one” (= 1001) without the need for additional numerals. The 0 tells us, simply, that the position is “empty.” This chapter looks at the origin of this extraordinary symbol, which over time became a number like any other, but with peculiar properties. It led to concepts such as negative numbers and the number line, which became crucial to the evolution of mathematics itself.
Form, Creation, Legal Effects
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 has two main aims. First, it provides an overview of the legal rules governing the form, creation, and legal effects of private law orders. Second, it explains these rules, and in particular it explains why they should be understood as part of the ‘general law’ of private law rulings. In substance, this explanation is a sustained critique of the traditional approach of organising and explaining these rules according to their historical origins, that is, according to whether they originated in the Royal Courts or the Chancery Court. Chapter 3 argues that these rules reflect general remedial-law principles, principles that could have easily developed in a unitary legal system. Taken together, these aims are an important part of the book’s broader project of taking seriously the idea of remedies as a legal subject. If remedies are judicial orders, then the rules governing their form, creation, and effects are an important part of remedial law. And if remedial law merits its title, those rules ought to have common foundations.
Defences
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 9 explores remedial defences. It defends three broad arguments. First, the law of remedial defences constitutes a significant, though largely unrecognized, part of remedial law. Second, remedial defences are based on general principles—principles that cut across the historical boundaries between so-called legal and equitable defences. The same defences, and the same governing principles, could easily have developed in a unitary legal system. Third, while the law governing remedial defences appears, in many cases, ripe for reform, the general idea of specifically remedial defences is coherent. In developing these arguments, Chapter 9 distinguishes between substantive and remedial defences, and, within the latter category, between full and partial defences. Examples of full defences (each of which is discussed individually) include limitation periods, absence of formalities, immunities, res judicata, abuse of process, statutory non-actionability, and, in some circumstances, illegality. Examples of partial defences (again, each of which is discussed individually) include adequacy of damages, supervision, personal duties, clean hands, laches, hardship, and public interest.
The Ontology of Rhythm
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 defends a static conception of rhythm, according to which movement is not essential. It investigates the complex ontology of rhythm, setting out the types of entity on which rhythm is founded and their relationships with rhythm itself. No single essential characterization will work, the author argues; rather there is a series of types branching off from simple paradigms. Rhythm in music is characterized in its simplest form by a certain kind of repetitive temporal pattern, which forms the basis for variations and combinations generating the whole range of musical rhythms. For the case of music, though not for rhythms in general, this range is limited (though not constituted) by anthropological constraints concerning pitch, tempo, volume, and complexity.
Rhythm and Popular Music
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: January 2020

Chapter 9 explores how rhythm functions and affects us in popular music, restricting that term to the post-1950s period, and arguing that in such music, measured time becomes a resource for creating fields of energy that empower us as embodied human agents. One typical layer of sound in popular music is what the chapter identifies as “explicit” rhythm: a constant (metrical) layer of percussion that has no precise pitch. In relation to this layer, the rhythmic qualities of all the other layers of sound—vocal/melodic, harmonic, bass-lines, etc.—are heightened, as they emphasize beats that fit in with or pull against the (metric) level emphasized by the percussion. This gives the music a pronounced rhythmic character that appeals to our bodies by providing opportunities to move creatively with the emphases sounded by the different layers of the music. The account is illustrated with the example of Michael Jackson’s “Billie Jean.”
Encoded and Embodied Rhythm
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: January 2020

Chapter 16 defends an unprioritized ontology regarding the subjectivity and objectivity of rhythm, and thus argues against writers such as Christopher Hasty and Nicholas Cook, who prioritize the subjectivity of rhythm as flow. The chapter argues that because rhythm is perceived through the senses as patterned temporality evoking emotional response, it has both objective and subjective qualities according to Lockean criteria. It contends that rhythm evokes emotional responses in the performer and the audience because it retains impulses and motifs of the past while moving toward the future. The author further argues that the intricacy of actual rhythm prevents neither its description in objective form nor its subsequent performance by other skilled performers who are present and listening attentively.
Husserl’s Model of Time-Consciousness, and the Phenomenology of Rhythm
Authors: Jacob Salomé
Published: January 2020

Chapter 18 examines the implications of Husserl’s model of temporal consciousness on the experience of musical rhythm. Any current moment of an experience, according to Husserl, includes three phases: retention (“holding-on” of the just-past), primal-impression (now-point), and protention (anticipation of what-is-just-about-to-come). Husserl’s analysis of time-consciousness is, the author argues, particularly useful in a study of rhythm, although this analysis does not do justice to the full complexity of the phenomenology of rhythm. First, Husserl’s framework, when applied to rhythm, suggests that listeners retain the just-past sounds and anticipate the sounds-to-come in the light of what has been heard. Short-term memory and short-term anticipation should thus be studied in close interaction. Second, Husserl’s model helps to frame a rich embodied phenomenology of rhythm. In bodily interaction with rhythm, one’s experience encompasses the perception of musical rhythm but also a bodily awareness of one’s own movements, where both aspects share the same temporal structure.
Rhythm, Meter, and the Poetics of Abstraction
Authors: David Hall Jason
Published: January 2020

Chapter 21 addresses the neglect of sound and rhythm within literature, arguing that poetry is not more rhythmic than prose. It argues that like works of music and poetry, works of prose have rhythm, to which the pauses, inflections, stresses, and pronunciation of its language all contribute. As such, like poetry, prose literature should be considered musical. While poetry is distinct from prose, in that the former is lineated and the latter is not, this distinction does not result in poetry being more rhythmic. The author reflects on the interpretative demands of attending to rhythm in literature, arguing that rhythm in prose literature is generally worth attending to, for rhythm plays various important roles in prose.
Community of Emotion
Authors: Pandit Mimasha
Published: January 2020

In the second chapter, a similar line of analysis has been used to evaluate the tools of performance in order to reveal the transformation that the space of performance underwent—from being a sphere of entertainment to a forum of hitherto unheard politically empowered voices. A semiotic analysis of the space of performance and the occasion of performance has been done to illustrate the ways and means by which the performance and the spectators were transported to a different level of communion through the incitement of a passionate emotion. Such performances aroused the emotions and passions of the audiences, under the influence of which they tended to move beyond their personal or individual identity and embraced a larger identity of ‘amra’ or ‘us’.
Sources of Growth in India
Authors: Bhandari Laveesh , Kale Sumita
Published: January 2020

Laveesh Bhandari and Sumita Kale study the underlying factors behind the acceleration in India’s economic growth and its puzzling structure. The services sector has been the engine of growth for the economy, with different sub-sectors taking the lead in different time periods as each responded to a policy change such as bank nationalization in the seventies, construction boom in the 2000s, et cetera. However, industrial reforms have not resulted in a sustained high growth due to constraints in land, labour and infrastructure. States have followed diverse trajectories, initial conditions in each leading to differential responses to central reforms. Growth and governance are now crucial for electoral outcomes, making them a focal point for the path ahead.
After Liberalizing Reforms
Authors: Balakrishnan Pulapre , Goyal Ashima
Published: January 2020

Pulapre Balakrishnan and Ashima Goyal point to domestic factors rather than the global economy as the source of the growth slowdown in the last decade. It follows more importance needs to be given to domestic demand and to difficult domestic reforms such as improvements in governance. Since macroeconomic policy has impacted growth, attention to the interaction between the two would also yield dividends. To do so, the inflation forecast targeting regime requires to be flexibly implemented with supportive government action to relieve supply-side restrictions.
Openness and Growth in the Indian Economy
Authors: Sikdar Soumyen
Published: January 2020

Soumyen Sikdar attempts to understand the contribution of external liberalization to post-reform growth performance. Current account openness has reduced the cost of importing intermediate inputs and technical knowledge. The services sector, helped by the telecom revolution, has efficiently exploited the burgeoning global demand for business process services. The demand pull effect has been much weaker for manufacturing, due to persistent domestic inefficiency and serious infrastructural deficiencies in addition to Chinese competition. Agriculture also continues to be hamstrung by supply side constraints in which decline in public investment has played a crucial role. There is a movement up the value ladder in exports, and import composition too has changed for the better, though much scope for improvement remains. There is evidence of total factor productivity growth, particularly in services. But foreign direct investment has failed to effect any major supply side change and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) has failed to bring down the cost of capital significantly or to stimulate stock markets adequately. The need to counter exchange rate volatility due to global risks driven volatility in FPI forced the RBI to take measures that impacted growth adversely. These risks are continuing as we wait for monetary policy to normalize in the major countries. A fact that greatly redounds to the credit of our regulatory framework is that despite its considerable openness the Indian economy could escape the global financial crisis relatively unscathed due to quick and appropriate policy response on many fronts.
Wanted a New Conceptual Framework for Doing Psychology in India
Authors: Vindhya U.
Published: January 2020

Addressing the social inequalities and their influences on behaviour and striving for work towards a change in institutions and systems that perpetuate injustice and inequities implies a commitment to a social justice agenda. It is this commitment and the research and practice it seeks to generate that can be termed as the public psychology perspective. It pursues the quest for social change by an ethic that emphasizes distributive justice and human rights and advocates for policies that maximize the accessibility of resources to the disenfranchised and disempowered sections of society in particular. This chapter focusses on the tenets of the public psychology perspective, drawing on the tradition of critical psychology and covers the efforts currently underway exemplified by this perspective, drawn from the fields of mental health and education.
Religious Behaviour
Authors: Kapur Preeti , Misra Girishwar
Published: January 2020

Adopting a multidisciplinary approach, this chapter shows that religion continues to provide meaning to human life world and is intertwined in daily individual, social, economic, and political activities. The religious beliefs relate to world-views, practices, and identities. Of course, religious practices and meanings do change over a period of time. The diversity and plurality of religious identities present in contemporary India are linked with the presence of two diametrically opposed dimensions of social life, that are, existence of sharing and coexistence as well as devastating violence, hatred, and discrimination. In recent years, the social life in India is characterized by sporadic incidents of communal violence, yet pilgrimages continue to be the social spaces where people of diverse religions and faiths intermingle and maintain peace and harmony.
Identity Discourse
Authors: Singh Purnima , Siddiqui Roomana N.
Published: January 2020

The present chapter provides an understanding of the process of identity construction in a pluralistic society, its contestation, and its implications for intergroup harmony. Identity construction does not occur in a vacuum; there are personal and social factors that play a major role. The process of identity construction may involve negotiations and at times contestations, which provide a context wherein personal and social identities can be understood. The chapter discusses the nature, antecedents, and challenges in identity construction and attempts to delineate how multiple identities can coexist and augur for a harmonious society. The understanding of pluralities of human identity is important for harmony. With multiple identities, the scope for sharing common ground increases and the boundaries between groups become more porous. It is the sharing of spaces between groups that offer an opportunity for intergroup harmony today.
Betrothal
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

While historians have acknowledged the importance of dynastic marriages to political strategy and diplomacy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, little attention has been paid to how individuals were readied for such marriages by their families. The Este-Gonzaga match was a neighbourly one. The close proximity of Ferrara and Mantua and a decade-long betrothal permitted the two families to try to establish familiarity between their betrothed children in order to reap the political fruits that a harmonious marital relationship would provide. This chapter provides an insight into what contemporaries believed to be the foundations for a successful marriage and uncovers the very different journeys towards wedlock of a young, strictly cloistered, aristocratic girl and a mature bachelor prince.
Building a Spousal Relationship
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

As was the case with other politically significant unions, the early years of the marriage of Francesco Gonzaga and Isabella d’Este were dominated by the expectation that the couple would quickly produce an heir. While this pressure was most acutely felt by Isabella, the lack of a son represented a significant source of worry for a ruler who sought to secure a dynastic legacy. This chapter explores the struggle of a newly married couple to develop trust and to become sexually comfortable with each other, a process that proved far from straightforward. Francesco was known for his ribald humour and frank sexuality, while Isabella married with little awareness of what to expect in relation to her duty to bear a son. By piecing together evidence relating to their early relationship, the chapter traces the emotional discomfort the marital partners experienced in the initial stage of their union, the lengths to which Isabella’s parents and members of her own household went to resolve them, and the public scrutiny to which the marchioness was subject in the lead up to the birth of her first child.
Parallel Aspirations
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

The early decades of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) had a dramatic impact on the political landscape of Italy and radically changed the nature of military conflict. This chapter explores the efforts of Francesco Gonzaga and Isabella d’Este to realize their youthful ambitions in a rapidly changing political environment. The marquis wished to make his name as a military strategist and warrior, while his wife aspired to try out her diplomatic talents. Both individuals enjoyed initial success in their respective endeavours, as they worked together effectively, if not entirely harmoniously, to maintain the Gonzaga regime on an even keel during the first French invasion of the Italian peninsula.
Risk-Taking and Risk Management
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the ways in which gender shaped the respective approaches to political decision-making by the marquis and his wife. I argue that while the delegated nature of her authority encouraged Isabella to keep her emotions strictly in check and to be prudent in a diplomatic setting, Francesco was far more erratic. On the one hand, he adopted strategies of temporizing, prevarication, and swift changes of allegiance to hedge his bets politically, seen by contemporaries as intrinsically female vices, on the other, he indulged in reckless and competitive behaviour designed to display his masculine courage and princely disdain for caution. Together the couple evaded the dangers posed by the second French descent and the fall of Milan to Louis XII, but it was Isabella’s prudence that neutralized the ill-considered risk-taking of her husband.
Parenthood and Politics
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

An earlier generation of historians claimed that medieval and early modern parents often withheld love from their children for fear they would die, or treated those who survived as ‘little adults’. Recent research has shown that many mothers and fathers formed close bonds with their offspring, whom they cared for in ways that were entirely age appropriate. The correspondence of Isabella and Francesco shows that children could bring parents closer together and improve a relationship that was initially emotionally quite distant. Through close analysis of archival documentation, this chapter explores how the Gonzaga children were monitored and guided through their infancy and childhood by parents who reacted with delight to their developmental milestones, but also made sure they were rigorously prepared for the dynastic roles they would assume in adulthood.
Years of Crisis
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

The advent of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) coincided with a devastating epidemic, initially dubbed the mal francese by Italians, because it was thought to have been brought to the peninsula with Charles VIII’s invading army. Francesco was an early victim of the Great Pox. This chapter explores the physical and mental anguish associated with a disease from the perspective of an infected individual. The illness ruined Francesco’s military career and compromised the physically robust image of masculinity he had always cultivated. His alternating bouts of hope and despair provide an insight into how elite sufferers, such as he, dealt with the disease. The marquis assumed he would be able to prevail over the affliction, since he had the requisite courage and enough money to secure an effective cure, an attitude that led to his capture by Venetian mercenaries and year-long incarceration in Venice, when he returned to the battlefield while still in an enfeebled state.
A Mind of Her Own
Authors: James Carolyn
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the tensions and strategies at play in the last years of the Gonzaga-Este marriage, when Isabella demanded greater physical mobility and diplomatic autonomy on the grounds that she had proved both her political competence and utter loyalty to Gonzaga interests. But as his illness worsened and undermined the physical virility on which his vision of masculinity so relied, Francesco’s conviction in his status as the dominant partner found expression in a greater desire to be seen publicly to command a wife who had acquired a reputation for wilfulness. The acrimonious divergence of views between the pair about how their marriage ought to work in its mature phase, documented in their correspondence and that of Isabella’s secretary, Capilupi, is analysed here alongside episodes of reconciliation, in which Isabella and Francesco recognized the bonds that still united them. The evidence reveals the emotional complexities of a relationship in its third decade.
Introduction
Authors: Lekan Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces readers to Bernhard Grzimek, the “animal whisperer” who created Germany’s longest-running television program (A Place for Animals, 1956–1987), won an Academy Award for his documentary film Serengeti Shall Not Die, and sensitized a generation of young people to the power of ecological lobbying. Having rebuilt the Frankfurt Zoo and saving its remaining animals from the rubble of World War II, Grzimek transferred the idea of a permanent sanctuary for animals and from human violence to the Serengeti, the site of the earth’s last great animal migrations. It then examines the core chapters’ theme: the mismatch between this conservation quest and land rights struggles during the independence era. Grzimek raised funds, brokered diplomatic favors, and promised thousands of animal-loving tourists to save this “gigantic zoo” from human encroachment. A grand mission to be sure—but one that feared Africans’ own ideas about wildlife control and sidestepped their aspirations for environmental sovereignty.
No Room for Wild Animals
Authors: Lekan Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter shows that Bernhard and his son Michael Grzimek’s quest to save African wildlife began on a simple collecting trip to bring a specimen of the rare Okapia from the former Belgian Congo back to the Frankfurt Zoo. The pair documented this journey in the bestselling book No Room for Wild Animals (1954), which they released as a conservationist documentary by the same name in 1956. In these works, the Grzimeks broke with colonialist images of “exotic” Africa and with Walt Disney studio’s lighthearted animal adventures popular at this time. They presented Central Africa as a region destined to repeat the tragedy of Europe’s urbanization, overpopulation, and “racial degeneration”—which threatened to destroy tropical forests and the integrityof indigenous peoples such as the Mbuti (pygmies). For the Grzimeks, the main goal of the Frankfurt Zoological Society had shifted from specimen maintenance at home to scientific conservation abroad: the protection of wildlife sanctuaries off limits to economic development and local peoples. Such images of “saving” Africa unwittingly repeated old imperialist myths, however, and omitted the Congolese’s own hopes for political autonomy and environmental control right on the brink of decolonization.
Thinking Locally, Acting Globally
Authors: Lekan Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the frictions that emerged as the Grzimeks spoke on behalf of the world’s animals (and peoples) from their situatedness as celebrity scientists in West Germany. No Room for Wild Animals won over most critics and filmgoers because its doomsday portrayals of African endangerment projected European conservative anxieties about the perceived dark side of the “economic miracle” at home: the social dislocations of urbanization, the loss of traditional ways by mindless consumerism, and the pollution of land and water. The film energized discussions about how citizens of the Federal Republic might escape the diseases of civilization by creating their own national parks and outdoor zoos. The Grzimeks’ portrayals of reckless safaris in Africa, however, riled Germany’s conservation-minded hunters, who accused the pair of dramatizing wildlife endangerment to make a profit. Bernhard triumphed over his critics, but the public debates had raised uncomfortable memories of the German imperial origins of Africa’s game reserves and national parks that appeals to “global heritage” never resolved.