bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of polysaccharides-crude extract from Candida sp. OCL1 on hematological parameters of Aeromonas hydrophila- infected catfish (Pangasius pangasius)
Authors: Hayati R L , Prihanto A A
Published: June 2020

Fishery processing waste is an environmental problem. Fish waste, such as the head of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus), is underutilized and has a low economic value, even though the waste can be re-processed. The Pangasius pangasius is an important economic fish species in Indonesia. The production usually decreased due to the infection of the bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila. To overcome the infection, the addition of immunostimulant agents is a substantial effort. One of the well-known agents is β-glucan, which can be found in the yeast cell wall. This experiment evaluated the effect of polysaccharides-crude extract from Candida sp. OCL1 (PCEC) with four different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) on nonspecific immune parameters of catfish P. pangasius. Results indicated that diet supplementation with PCEC gave a non-significant difference (P > 0.05) in all blood cells parameter (total white blood cell, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, macrophage) and phagocytosis of macrophage activity on day 0. PCEC diet was significant (P < 0.05) affected all hematological parameters. We conclude that the PCEC diet in the feed improves the non-specific immune system of Catfish (P. pangasius).
Growth patterns and condition factor of fish live in Kuala Gigieng waters of Aceh Besar as the basic for sustainable fisheries development
Authors: Dewiyanti I , Aminah S , Helmahera A , Nurfadillah N , Defira C N
Published: June 2020

Information on the growth pattern and condition factor is crucial for fisheries management. Hence, the objectives of the present study were to determine the growth patterns and condition factor of three fishes species dominated and harvested in Kuala Gigieng waters, Aceh Besar. The observation was carried out from April to May 2019, and the determination of sampling location was conducted using the random stratified sampling method, which was thought to represent Kuala Gigieng waters. There were three repetitions in each sampling location (station). Based on the results of the study, three dominant fishes species harvested in the Kuala Gigieng waters were belanak (Mugil cephalus), kerong-kerong (Terapon jarbua), and bolo-bolo (Atherinomorus lacunosus) as many as 48, 35, and 54 individuals, respectively. The growth pattern in all three fishes were negative allometric (b<3), which means that the increase in fish body length was faster than the fish body weight. The results also showed the correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.716 to 0.852. A high correlation coefficient indicated a close relationship between weight gain and length. The value of the condition factor of the three fishes based on the relative weight value (Wr) was above 100, meant that adequate food availability or low predator density and showed the condition of Kuala Gigieng waters was still in balance environmental condition. Generally, the condition of the Kuala Gigeng waters was relatively good and it could support fish growth as well.
Morphometric comparison of Osteochilus spilurus (Bleeker 1851) from Bangka and Belitung Island, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan A , Hariati A M , Kurniawan A , Darmawan A , Wiadnya D G R
Published: June 2020

Osteochilus spilurusis a low economic value freshwater fish in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Malay Peninsula. The trade for consuming identified in Belitung island. There is no study-related to their morphological characters of the Bangka and Belitung islands. In this paper,O. Spiluruswas investigated the character adaptations in different exploitation and geography separately by morphometrics and landmarks.O. spilurusfrom Bangka and Belitung island found to have a significant difference in eight morphometric characters: head length, head depth, snout length, pre-ventral length, body depth at anal, caudal pundacleqa depth, dorsal base length, and anal base length. Symmetry and Asymmetry Geometric Data (SAGE) analysis found individual variation significantly. Morphometric changes that are not accompanied by meristic changes indicate a different process of adaptation to the environment due to the isolation of thousands of years of habitat.
Environmental factors associated with decomposition of organic materials and nutrients availability in the water and sediment of Setail River, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
Authors: Perwira I Y , Ulinuha D , Al Zamzami I M , Ahmad F H , Kifly M T H , Wulandari N
Published: June 2020

This study was aimed to know the environmental factors influencing the decomposition of organic materials and nutrient availability in the water and sediment of Setail River. The sediment sample was collected from five locations (SR1, SR2, SR3, SR4, and SR5). The water sample was analyzed for total organic matter (TOM), ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH. The sediment sample was analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and total bacterial number. The results showed that the decomposition of organic materials in the water was influenced by several environmental factors, such as DO and COD. The organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total bacterial number in the sediment might also affect the amount of organic materials and nutrients in the water. It was suggested that decomposition of organic materials in the Setail River seemed to be related to the ammonification and nitrification process.
Black soldier fly larvae as nutrient-rich diets for ornamental fish
Authors: Sinansari S , Fahmi M R
Published: June 2020

This study aims to investigate maggot cultivation and application as an alternative feed for ornamental fish. Maggot or black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva is one alternative feed that meets the requirements as a source of protein. Research Center for Ornamental Fish Cultivation (BRBIH) of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries has successfully developed maggot as an alternative raw material for protein sources. Maggot or black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva is one alternative feed that meets the requirements as a source of protein. Besides functioning as a source of protein in fish diet, maggot can be cultivated according to the desired size. Live maggot and maggot flour as feed have been given to both ornamental fish and fish to be used for food. Thus, the use of BSF as an alternative source of protein can reduce production costs in the fishing industry without reducing its quality.
Study on fluorescence spectra: characteristics of broiler and pig blood
Authors: Juniawan A , Suprapto  , Efendi M H , Retnowati R , Kurniawan F
Published: June 2020

The fluorescence method has been used for identification of blood disease and blood type of human because of specific characteristics. In this research, we observed the fluorescence characteristics of broiler and pig blood. The blood of broiler and pig were obtained from the local slaughterhouse in Surabaya. Each blood was measured directly using fluorescence spectrophotometer. All experiments were conducted at wavelength of 200 nm to 800 nm with scan speed of 500 nm/min and SlitEx/Em of 10nm/10nm. Fluorescence characteristic of the blood samples was shown from these excitation and emission peaks. From investigation, the broiler bloods have fluorescence spectra at 350.5 nm for excitation and 349.7 and 698.0 nm for emission. Meanwhile, the fluorescence characteristic of pig blood was appeared at 311.0 nm and 309.0; 622.0 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The results showed that between broiler and pig blood have significant different fluorescence characteristic.
Technical study on fish cooling refrigerator using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) fuel generator on fishing vessel
Authors: Sunardi  , Kadhafi M , Khulwatu M , Rahman M A , Sulkhani E
Published: June 2020

Fish is an important commodity with high economic value, and is a source of protein with affordable prices and abundant quantities. Proteins from fresh fish are essential nutrients for growth and as constituents of the cells. Yet, fish is one of the most perishable foods due to its composition. Many efforts have been done to maintain the freshness of fish. This research was aimed to improve fish handling in fishing vessel by inventing a refrigerator cooling system with an LPG fuel generator as a power source. The use of LPG was based on the availability of natural gas that is still abundant, environmentally friendly and cheaper than fuel. The calculation of refrigeration heat load was carried out by applying the formula that is available in heat transfer theory. Since the refrigeration heat load obtained was 1,533 Watt for all fish storage of fishing vessel, then the type and capacity of generator was easily determined. Application of LPG-fuel generator for refrigeration use in fishing vessel was economically competitive with 22.75% lower operating costs. Finally, re-arrangement was carried out by adjusting layout of fishing vessel for application of LPG-fuel generators to operate refrigerator.
Effect of different acetic acid concentration on physicochemical characteristics of gelatin from starry trigger fish skin (Abalistes stellaris)
Authors: Muyasyaroh H , Jaziri A A
Published: June 2020

Starry trigger fish skin (Abalistes stellaris) is generally considered as waste from fish processing industry, especially in the traditional smoked fish industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different acid concentrations, used in the immersion process, on the physicochemical characteristics of starry trigger fish skin gelatin. Various concentration of acetic acid (0.2 M; 0.4 M; and 0.6 M) was applied during the gelatin soaking process. The experiment was done in triplicate. The extraction process was carried out for 4 hours at temperature of 55°C. The results showed that different concentration of acetic acid used in the soaking process had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the water, protein, and ash contents, yield, viscosity, gel strength, gelling point, and melting point. The results showed that the higher concentration of acetic acid used during the soaking process would affect the physical and chemical characteristics of gelatin from starry trigger fish skin (Abalistes stellaris).
Effect of salt, sugar and water addition on consumer preferences of terasi
Authors: Wulandari F C , Sari H N A , Desrianty N A , Prihanto A A
Published: June 2020

Terasi is one of the fermented shrimp or fish products that undergo the process of mixing additional ingredients such as salt, sugar, and water, which then left in a few days in a closed state so that the fermentation process occurs. Terasi usually produced traditionally by spontaneous fermentation, i.e., fermented without the addition of bacterial culture. Terasi produced using Acetes sp. shrimp which was obtained from Tuban. A descriptive method was used. Consumer preferences were determined using a Hedonic test and the determination of the best treatment was analyzed using the De Garmo calculation method. The results showed that consumer-preferred terasi with the addition of 15% salt, 10% sugar, and 50% water. The characteristics of terasi produced included more compact texture and more savory taste.
Development of Tilapia cultivation strategy based local economy: case study in Wonogiri, Central Java.)
Authors: Wati L A , Harahab N , Riniwati H , Utami T N
Published: June 2020

Tilapia is one of the fish that can be cultivated on unproductive land. Tilapia is one of the fisheries commodities favoured by the people. This research intends to describe and analyse the strategies for tilapia cultivation development based local economy. Research methods used quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. The results of this research indicated that some of the steps taken by cultivators have so far been less than optimal, so that it greatly influences the local economy of the community. Some steps that need to be considered from the perspective of financial analysts and non-financial analysis. The economic analysis explains that if there is an increase in production costs is a significant effect on income. From a non-financial perspective, farmers need to optimum utilize government support for maintaining a product and service quality.
Evaluation of the Social Sustainability of Infrastructure Projects: A Case Study of Urban Road Improvement in Southern Chile
Authors: González D , Henríquez B , Sierra L
Published: June 2020

The concept of sustainability in civil works projects has been addressed mainly from economic and environmental perspectives. However, by definition, a holistic view must incorporate the social component. It is fundamental to understand the social interactions related to the life cycle of a civil work; otherwise harmonic coexistence is not promoted and risks a conflict between the community and the institutions responsible. Here, a case study is presented that analyses the contribution of an urban road improvement project to social sustainability in an area of a city with high traffic and renovation. The study is divided into two parts: first, the conceptual structure that relates the social criteria and the stakeholders involved in each stage of the life cycle of the project is established. Then, the indicators and thresholds are determined according to the implementation context. The methodology is based on semi-structured interviews with the stakeholders, a document review and surveys with the community. From this work, socially critical stakeholders and the dominant stages of the life cycle are identified. The construction of bicycle lanes and road safety stand out as important criteria that contribute to long-term social sustainability, while others such as citizen participation and identity and culture are opportunities for improvement in the early stages of development.
Optimization of Natural Lighting Design for Visual Comfort in Modular Classrooms: Temuco Case
Authors: Callejas L , Pereira L , Reyes A , Torres P , Piderit B
Published: June 2020

The emergency situations generated by the earthquakes in Chile have revealed the country’s lack of preparation to face these kinds of disasters. Many educational buildings were destroyed by these natural events. In response, a system of modular schools was implemented. Although these have been a temporary fast solution, they have not met the needs that a classroom demands.

This article focuses on studying daylighting strategies to achieve the visual comfort of students, as many investigations indicate that this is one of the key environmental factors in their wellbeing and performance. The article also focuses on achieving a correct distribution of horizontal illuminance by implementing design strategies, looking to achieve uniformity inside classrooms, avoiding annoying glare points. The implementation of these strategies fosters the use of daylight in order to reduce the energy consumption of artificial lights and generate optimal conditions for students to perform their school activities.

The studied classroom is a modular prototype located in Temuco, Chile, and the evaluated strategies were defined based on the “Guía de Eficiencia Energética para Establecimientos Educacionales (Energy Efficiency Guide for Educational Facilities or GEEEduc)”. These were evaluated independently in order to compare, starting from the results obtained from computer simulations, the compliance of the lighting comfort standards set out in said guide, focusing on the light uniformity and illuminance level indicators. The strategies with the best results were later evaluated in detail, ultimately reaching the case with the best performance.

The study proved there are several ways to respond to the presented need, allowing concluding from a set of evaluated strategies, which one of them better serves the required standards. Likewise, implementing strategies of the “GEEEduc” as well as its indicators, results in a practical application of this guideline, allowing the identification of potential errors and good options for future applications.
Promoting the Circular Economy of Concrete Through Innovation in Asphalt Pavements
Authors: Calabi-Floody A , Letelier V , Valdes G , Sanchez-Alonso E
Published: June 2020

The circular economy is seeking to maximize the use of resources and reduceing the consumption of raw materials as well as waste generation. In a circular economy, the producer takes responsibility, directly or indirectly, for the waste generated by the production process and for their products at the end of their life cycle. This concept is being integrated in most countries to achieve an environmental and economic balance. This paper presents a work in which this concept is used, where the waste generated in a concrete research project (waste aggregates) were drawn on asphalt mixtures. This project consisted of using the fine aggregates as a total or partial replacement of raw aggregates to manufacture asphalt mixtures. These fine aggregates are generated in the production process of high-quality recycled concrete aggregates. In this research, an IV-A 12 semi-dense gradation size and a CA-24 asphalt binder were used, where four different percentages of natural aggregate replacement were evaluated (0%, 25%, 75% and 100%). These asphalt mixtures were evaluated in their compliance of Chilean standards, as well as their performance in different properties such as cracking and water sensitivity. The results obtained show that the mixtures with total replacement of raw aggregates can be used, since they fulfill the Chilean standards. However, taking into account the water sensitivity results, the percentage of suitable replacement would be 50% for the same binder content. According to the cracking results, it is noted that increasing the replacement content of the aggregates in the mixture increases the fracture resistance compared to the conventional hot mix asphalt.
Evaluation of Waste Generation in a Housing Construction Work to Develop Improvements in its Final Disposal
Authors: Cabrera H , Figueroa J , Avila J , Méndez K , López C , López B
Published: June 2020

Construction is one of the productive sectors that generates the greatest environmental impact, on the one hand, there are high demands for raw materials and energy required for production, and on the other hand the large amount of solid waste is generated. In Chile, construction waste management is becoming a problem mainly due to the lack of planning for proper final waste management, wasting potentially reusable, recyclable or recoverable material. Knowing how to manage construction and demolition waste contributes to improving quality and production in construction work as well as maintain a responsible attitude towards the environment. This research study seeks to evaluate waste generation in a residential building work, to deliver proposals for improvements in the final disposal of these, through the creation of a methodology to quantify the waste production. In conclusion, submitting proposals for improvements for the implementation of a waste management system helps to achieve an activity within the construction sector, whose main objective is to contribute to a more sustainable construction through an adequate final disposal of waste generated in the construction process.
Impact of the Secondary Steel Circular Economy Model on Resource Use and the Environmental Impact of Steel Production in Chile
Authors: López C , Peña C , Muñoz E
Published: June 2020

The circular economy is a closed loop minimizing materials, energy and environmental deterioration without restricting economic growth or social and technical progress. Steel is considered an emblematic case of the circular economy given its high capacity for recycling and reutilization, in addition to its reparability, extending its useful life. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of secondary steel production on resource extraction and the environmental impact on steel production in Chile, as a circular economy model. The assessment was carried out through Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies. The MFA considered national steel supply for 2015 from the EW-MFA framework, while the LCA was done using primary data from the secondary steel industry in Chile for the same period. Primary steel flows in Chile enter the system through imports (62%), followed by domestic production of steel rods and profiles (27%). Residual steel flow for 2015 was established at 1 Mt, which would allow secondary steel production to grow up to 78%. This would allow for domestic extraction used (DEU) to be reduced and for efficiency in the production of steel rods and profiles to be improved. In parallel, issues such as abiotic depletion, eutrophication, acidification and climate change demonstrate decreases of 59%, 50%, 46% y 45% respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that increased secondary steel production in Chile generates environmental benefits, raises efficiency and reduces domestic resource demand, significantly improving environmental performance in the industry.
Composting with Industrial and Domiciliary Ashes in Temuco, Chile
Authors: Curaqueo G , Riquelme P , Carmona E , Pérez-San Martín A , González A
Published: June 2020

Chilean urban areas generate around 3.12 Mton year−1 of organic residues. Besides, power plants near to these urban areas produce mainly about 0.42 Mton year−1 associated to ashes. Both residues contribute to the introduction of pollutants in a liquid and solid phase into the natural environment. This study proposes the composting process of organic/inorganic domiciliary residues and industrial ashes which involves minimizing the volume of residues to be disposed, incorporating the circular economy concept. Composting is a biological decomposition process of organic waste by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organisms under controlled aerobic conditions and its use is considering a good strategy for his simplicity, low cost, and environment-friendly process. Their final product is considered a natural alternative to chemical fertilizers for use in agriculture, gardening and plant nurseries. In this context, the main goal of this research was to study the incorporation of industrial and domiciliary ashes to domiciliary organic residues. The experimental procedure consisted of bioreactors of 22.5 L with the addition of mass fractions of 0, 5 and 10% of ashes. During the experiment, pH, temperature, humidity, and weight were controlled. After composting, the physic-chemical parameters and maturity degree (NCh2880) of the final product were evaluated. The results showed that all reactors loss weight between 30.0% and 70.4%, which agrees with data reported in the scientific literature. The reactors reached a temperature higher than 55 °C evidencing the thermophile phase. During composting, values of pH oscillated between 5 and 7. However, humidity values showed high variability, increasing with the higher dose of ashes assayed. Compost with the addition of domiciliary ashes could not meet physic-chemical parameters fixed in NCh2880. Only the treatment which a 5% of industrial ashes was added to the composting process evidenced acceptable physic-chemical parameters and maturity degree, corresponding to a class B compost.
Detection of Anomalous Pollution Sensors Using Deep Learning Strategies
Authors: Peralta B M , Soria R , Berres S , Caro L , Mellado A , Schiappacasse N
Published: June 2020

In recent years, the pollution problem has gained great importance due to its socioeconomic implications for people regarding health or logistic issues. The pollution level classically is measured with specialized expensive detectors located in some few locations. In the case of Temuco city there are three such centralized pollution monitoring stations. An alternative approach for measuring the pollution level of cities makes use of inexpensive pollution sensors located on public transportation vehicles. Nonetheless, a drawback of this approach is that these inexpensive sensors can be sensitive to noise, vehicle movement, human intervention or technical failures. Therefore, it is relevant to be able to automatically detect inaccurate or failing sensors as they are multiple and cannot be submitted frequently to a technical revision. In this work, we propose a method to automatically detect these anomalous sensors by an unsupervised deep learning approach using autoencoders. This work is part of an ongoing project where massive data are not still available. In this context, the simulated output of mobile pollution sensors is generated by a time series model that systematically inserts outlier measurements. Our results indicate that the proposed detection method is able to reliably reproduce the data generated and to detect the simulated outliers with an accuracy of over 95%.

A post-publication change was made to this article on 3 Jul 2020 to correct an author name.
Urban Rules and Morphology Analysis as Support to Solar Performance in Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil
Authors: Moscarelli F , Tibério Cardoso G
Published: June 2020

The expansion and densification of cities should be planned to ensure minimum health conditions for buildings. In this sense, this study is interested in the right to solar access for buildings using the analysis of solar envelope to propose urban forms that guarantee this right. The study is in the exploratory phase, and it is applied to the city of Passo Fundo, Brazil. The study started from an analysis of the pre-existing morphological structure, and the solar envelope was generated using the Ladybug tool plugins for Grasshopper and Diva applications in Rhinoceros software. The results showed that the pre-existing urban form has low solar performance, evidencing the need to review construction rules according to the pattern and positioning of lots. Thus, it is expected to be counterbalanced by the revision of urban rules, proposing subsidies for the reformulation and adequacy, or creation of new legislation.
Rainwater harvesting system using alternative energy sources in climate change scenarios in the State of Parana – Brazil
Authors: Tsuneto L , Virgens Filho J
Published: June 2020

The aim of the research was to evaluate a rainwater harvesting system for a single-family residence considering the current climate scenario and simulate it in different scenarios of possible climate changes projected towards the end of the century according to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report to see if it will be influenced. The system was simulated for eight localities of the State of Parana, south of Brazil and for the climate scenarios simulations was used the PGECLIMA_R software. The system was composed by a reservoir dimensioned by the Azevedo Neto method mentioned in the Brazilian Rainwater Regulation (NBR 15527), and a water tank. It also had a hydraulic pump that was powered by photovoltaic solar energy. A series of 31 years of daily precipitation and solar radiation data was used to perform the calculation of the reservoir and solar photovoltaic system respectively. All localities showed the need of increase in the size of the reservoir until the end of the century to supply the non-potable water demand of the residence. This was evidenced by the rise of annual simulated rainfall regime. About the photovoltaic energy system, all localities showed that there is no need to change the number of panels to supply the energy demand from the hydraulic pump until the year of 2100.
Sustainable Building Certification in Chile
Authors: Goijberg N , Madrid H
Published: June 2020

Members of the Chilean Chamber of Construction CChC, participated in the conferences called “Green Building Challenge, GBC” 1998-2001, and then 2001 in the foundation of the “International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment – iiSBE” to create a common methodology to assess the environmental performance of buildings GBTool/SBTool. CChC representatives participated in the Board of iiSBE and its International Framework Committee IFC with members from many countries that held meetings every 6 months 1999-2008 in several countries including Chile 2001 with the first local seminar on sustainable building. The Chilean GBC Team participated in world and regional iiSBE Conferences in Canada 1998, Netherlands 2000, Norway 2002 and Japan 2005, with buildings in Chile assessed with the GB/SBTool and conferences in Brazil 2004, Finland 2010, Brazil 2016 and Hong Kong 2017. The CChC signed in 2001 an “Agreement of Collaboration” with the Ministries of Public Works MOP and Housing and Urban Development MINVU, with the objective to develop sustainable buildings. In January 2008 the Instituto de la Construcción (Construction Institute) created a Committee of Certification of the Environmental Quality of Buildings, initially formed by 7 and later by 20 institutions; the activities were to review national and international methodologies of certifications and comparing their requirements; review 165 variables possible to assess and its weightings, considering local variables for our climate zones of the country, classification of buildings for public use in Chile, its sizes and characteristics. And finally the segment of buildings to be initially certified. In June 2014, by and agreement between CChC, MOP, Chilean Institute of Architects and Building Institute, it was created the national system Certificación Edificio Sustentable, CES (Sustainable Building Certification) for buildings of public use (everything but housing); the Ministry of Energy and MINVU joined later the board of CES. To date, 30 buildings have been certified, 81 have been pre-certified, and 153 buildings are in process.
Energy Management Through Optimal Logistics Planning. Case Study of a Power Electrical Distribution Company in Southern Chile
Authors: Lagos D , Mancilla R , Leal P , Fox F
Published: June 2020

Climate change is a real fact. The increase in temperatures, the change in rain cycles, the generation of more extreme seasons and natural disasters at a global and local level, are examples of its effects. In the electricity environment, the interruption of supply caused by extreme weather events is increasingly frequent; while electricity distribution companies in Chile are required by law to maintain the electric service constantly, guaranteeing the service quality and the quality of life of their customers. The adequate fulfillment of this legal mandate, require attend opportunely the client’s energy supply, before any eventuality. Consequently, electric companies must assign repair units to guarantee this objective. However, this process involves the assignment and displacement of these units in vehicles. This allocation, without efficient planning, involve an excessive consumption of resources such as fuel and other inputs that affect the environment. This leads to having to review the logistics processes and establish mechanisms to promote sustainable development, looking for tools that provide data to support and improve the evaluation process of alternatives for friendly building and architectural structures, which help to improve the environment and mitigate visual pollution, as well as the use of less polluting alternative energies (wind or solar energy, for example) that allow the direct supply of electrical energy. Therefore, this study seeks to present mechanisms to determine an optimal allocation of repair units to minimize the amount of contamination in the operational process and, in turn, establish a reference value, which can be used as a complementary element in the evaluation of the use of new non-polluting electrical technologies.
The Delimitation of Green Areas in Urban Spaces Based on Ecological Principles: The case of Praia do Forte, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Achermann J , Gomes L
Published: June 2020

The relationship between humankind and nature occurs in every inhabited place of the planet since the beginning of human history. Current societies tend to deny nature, which is gradually replaced by an artificial landscape created by man. In urban areas this transition from natural to artificial creates impacts on the environment and its ability to recompose its cycles and natural elements. Particularly in countries such as Brazil, which have experienced rapid urban growth in a short period of time and lacks integration between urban development policies and environmental preservation policies. Therefore, this paper aims to propose criteria for the delimitation of green areas based on ecological principal of limit and adapted to the reality of Brazil, contributing to the maintenance of biodiversity and environmental services of ecosystems in urban spaces. To demonstrate its practical effects, the proposed green area delimitation criteria were applied to Praia do Forte, an urban area located in the northeast of Brazil, in the municipality of Mata de São João, in state of Bahia. This locality it was a former fishing village that gradually became one of the main tourist real estate complexes of the state Bahia. During its expansion process Praia do Forte lost significant amounts of green areas, although its image is closely linked to nature preservation. As result it was found that Praia do Forte should increase the amount of preserved green areas by 227 hectares for having a ecosystem of high biological value. The priority should be to create new green areas between the two main conservation units of the site - the Sapiranga reserve and the Klaus Peters park.
Towards a Sustainable and Harmonized Education in the Mapuche Context
Authors: Pino M Del , Berres S
Published: June 2020

The intercultural education in the Mapuche context has been generating many criticisms in the Chilean context. One of the main criticisms is that intercultural education programs have been imposed by the State, but do not respond to the educational needs or requirements of indigenous communities. Moreover, these programs have not been built in collaboration with the indigenous communities themselves. In this sense, a mayor question remains: what is actually meant by “interculturality” by the Mapuche people themselves, as they state that they are already intercultural because they know both their language (mapuzungun) and the official language of Chile (Castilian) and have forcibly accepted the institutionality and western rationality in Chile. In this context, it is worth asking how “interculturality” can contribute to a sustainable development of education in the Mapuche context. Since “sustainable development”, as implemented in “interculturality programs”, has a western epistemic base, it tends to lead to a homogenization of the knowledge and its further development. Therefore, if we want to think of education for sustainable development in a hypothetical and ideal way, then we should establish a broader or expanded epistemology that covers both language and action of indigenous epistemologies such as “balance” and “harmony” with the land, the rivers, the lakes, the forests, the people, the peoples and the cosmos; we observe that parts of the western epistemologies are aligning to that “balance” with the aim to valorise and recognize the importance of life in “community”. Thus, from the above, there emerges the need to rescue territorial and sociocultural components, which show epistemic and epistemological categories, from both western and indigenous rationalities, in order to generate an education in the framework of “sustainable development”, which can establish a dialogue of educational knowledge between the indigenous and the Chilean western context.
Animitas in the Araucanía: Mourning and Tragedies Crystallized in the Public Space
Authors: Mellado A
Published: June 2020

The animita is installed in the public space unrelated to any formal or institutional regulation, it is incorporated into the citizen’s traffic at the specific place where a tragedy has occurred; or where a violent or accidental death has occurred (murders or children murders, suicides, accidents to pedestrians, delinquents or travellers). The blood spilled together with candles lighted by the mourners, demarcates the point of orientation for the soul of the deceased and it will be the place where a new animita, (temple house), or whatever the constructive imaginary on a small scale permits. It is there where life and death give way to the ineffable; where the deceased becomes a Popular Saint through favours granted, and, thanks to them, he or she will be able to atone for his or her sins and conclude their mission, abruptly truncated in life. The animitas are incorporated into the urban or rural architectural scene, presenting themselves as areas for devotion and indirectly as a reminder of the fragility of life. Because they’re part of communal heritage and take place as social warrens, they represent a challenge for the architectural planning of the city and its road connectivity networks. The tension between the practices of the mortuary rite of the past and the present warns us about the challenges to think and reflect on the new intelligent city, which must dialogue in a respectful and sustainable way with its secular manifestations and its roots in cultural identity in southern Chile.
Living and Building in Nature. In search of an Ethical and Ecological Architectural Education in La Araucanía Region, Chile
Authors: Perez P , Eyquem M
Published: June 2020

To establish a new school of architecture today, in Araucanía (a region in Chile that embodies a global heritage for its conserved original nature and cultures), proposes the challenge of re-contextualizing the architectural practice and teaching. This article seeks to account for the particular process of re-contextualization, from the pedagogical experience in “Introduction to Architecture” of the Universidad Catolica de Temuco. The Experience was articulated around two questions: 1) How can we approach an architecture that is more sensitive to nature? 2) What can we learn from the vision that the local cultures have about man, space, and nature? To approach these questions, we have proposed an experiential methodology focused on promoting a multimodal and holistic education through living and working in nature, and a transcultural dialogue with the local cultures through building together. The method proposes the direct experience of the natural and spatial factors, from which, a sensitive and subtle measure of space emerges, materialized in physical signs on the site. In this way, students learn to design from awareness, appreciation, and care of the natural context. This article summarizes the field experiences of the class and its learning outcomes, according to the perspective of its participants. It proposes the possibility of a new approach for the Architecture-Nature relationship, and the search for new learning methodologies, which emphasizes the training of professionals with a deep ecological and ethical sensitivity, relevant to an ecologically and culturally sensitive Territory. This article seeks to be an invitation to a more ethical, humane, and sustainable education.
A Citizen-Defined Vision for the City’s Future. A New Contribution to the Discourse of Citizen Participation in Piura, Peru
Authors: Schroeder S
Published: June 2020

Many urban projects have shown that there is a lack of exchanges between the different communal actors. Inhabitants are poorly informed about urban development and are not included in it. In managing current challenges in urban development, a balance must be struck between common sense approaches and local needs. Therefore, the active participation of target groups is an important prerequisite for the success and sustainability of projects and programs. To address this gap in urban development in the city of Piura, Peru, an urban vision was developed along with many Piurans. A discursive space was created that invites to formulate ideas about urban development with which it is possible to collect, value and promote local knowledge of the citizen about places, challenges and opportunities of urban planning as well as their creativity to achieve the empowerment of the population and boost new bottom-up activities. Based on 600 ideas, a first version of the urban vision was developed. The vision is meant to serve as a participatory counterpart to the official plans of the city: a constructive contribution to the discussion, which reveals the weaknesses of public programs and shows the power in the ideas of citizens.
Social Sustainability in the Use of Public Space
Authors: Quiroga S , Cayuqueo P
Published: June 2020

Public space is a bone of contention between different groups that try to impose their own values and interests. Both the way of devising the pattern of roads and their names, monuments, architectural works, and the uses and transits given to all these elements, result in a subjective construction that when imposed unilaterally or in a context of plurality consensus, give rise to social conflict or sustainability in relations, exchanges and coexistence within the “polis”. A review of the manner in which the public space of the city of Temuco has been organized can provide an intimation for, on one hand, understanding the conflicts arising therein, and, on another, thinking of social sustainability solutions to those conflicts where interacting groups can identify with and feel represented by that public space.
Effects on the Compressive Strength and Thermal Conductivity of Mass Concrete by the Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Mussel Shell Particulate
Authors: Figueroa J , Fuentealba M , Ponce R , Zúñiga M
Published: June 2020

The behaviour of mussel shell particulate as fine aggregate for mass concrete has been analysed. The shells were washed and mechanically crushed to obtain a particle size similar to that of the natural aggregate (fine) to be replaced, which was dried at 140 °C. The Faury-Joisel method was used to design the H-35(95)-20-6 structural mass concrete sample, with 0%, 10%, 30% and 60% replacements of fine aggregate by mussel shell particulates, performing compressive strength and thermal conductivity analyses at 7 and 28 days. The results indicate that in order to maintain the compressive strength of H-35(95)-20-6 structural mass concrete, the replacement percentage should not exceed 40%. On the other hand, as the mussel shell particulates in the concrete increase, the thermal conductivity decreases, turning into a material with a tendency to increase thermal insulation, which would help to improve the new demands on energy saving and efficiency in households, if used as coating. Hence, it can be concluded that it is feasible to replace fine aggregate with mussel shell particulate matter, which would be useful in increasing the recycling of this residue and in reducing its natural exploitation.
Comparative Economic Sustainability of Commonly used Flat Roofs in Portugal
Authors: Ribas D , Curado A , Cachim P
Published: June 2020

The construction of new buildings as well as its retrofitting processes should be ruled by sustainability concepts considered since the design and project phases. The materials and the construction processes used at each stage have a direct influence on the sustainability of the final solution at all parts of the “before use” stage of a building life cycle, namely: “pre-construction”, “product” and “construction process”. The aim of this paper is to compare three different construction solutions for flat roofs, commonly used in Portuguese buildings regarding their economical sustainability. All the solutions have the same functional equivalent, i.e. they are designed to have similar thermal, acoustical and fire protection performance. In order to evaluate the economical sustainability of the different construction solutions, the EcoSust methodology, based on the European standards framework, will be applied. According to this methodology the result of the economic performance is expressed in monetary units and the result of the sustainability performance by an index of economical sustainability (A+, A, B, C, D, E).
Determining the Degree of Reliability of Energy Simulation Based on a Model of Organizational Capacity and Maturity
Authors: Bugueño W , Lobos D
Published: June 2020

The maturity and capacity of a business are parameters that are directly associated to its quality and experience. In the specialized field of energy performance, these parameters are a determining factor on the reliability of results. In Chile, a lack of codes, standards or norms on energy simulation, it is of vital importance to have a system that is precise in its predictions. This study is centered on determining the level of uncertainty by analyzing different specialized firms in this field, taking into account their level of experience and internal capacities.

We analyzed 32 consulting firms in function of their capacities and experience through a matrix of organizational capacity and maturity adapted to the energy efficiency field. To do this, we proposed the following elements of analysis: type of system used for simulation (static-dynamic), qualification of the staff in charge of each study, certification in national or international standards related to the specialty, use of internal work protocols and the existence of a quality assurance system for their processes.

It can be expected that the level of reliability increases with firm maturity due to the ponderation that is assigned to each level. At the same time good performance is assured when there exist objective procedures that sustain internal capacities in such a way that the highest levels of predictability are achieved in an optimized atmosphere complemented with quality assurance systems.

This tool can serve as a reference for firms in the project design phase, in such way that they can determine the confidence level of a simulation in function of the specialist’s quality and experience.
Double Skin Facade Buildings: Configurations and Technologies in Brazil
Authors: Márcio de Salles T , Mela D
Published: June 2020

Among the possibilities of intelligent buildings facades, Double Skin has been used more frequently in the construction industry. The application of this type of facade in tropical climate countries such as Brazil is recent. This indicates the need for further research on the subject, mainly to establish guidelines for achieving better quality of buildings that incorporate such technological solution, as well as for the well-being of end-users. The objective of this paper is to characterize double skin facades and how they are being used in the Brazilian context. The methodology included literature review to identify the types of second skin being used in these facades in Brazil, and multiple case studies to identify and analyse their configurations. Results pointed out that the characteristics and configurations of the systems are like the classification of double skin facades used in countries with mild climates. However, its main function in the Brazilian context is to serve as an element for shadowing and protection of the building. Due to the lack of information related to this type of facade in the Brazilian architecture, this research expands the possibilities and stimulates other evaluations on the theme. It is believed that more in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of this system will contribute to guidelines for designing double skin facades in hot climates.