bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophages induce neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells via BMP6‐IL6 Loop
Authors: Lee Geun Taek , Kwon Seok Joo , Lee Jae‐Ho , Jeon Seong Soo , Jang Kee Taek , Choi Han Yong , Lee Hyun Moo , Kim Wun‐Jae , Lee Dong Hyeon , Kim Isaac Yi
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND

Frequently associated with hormone refractory prostate cancer are neuroendocrine cells. Because these cells do not express androgen receptors and are castration‐resistant, further understanding the mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer cells may yield novel intervention methods in hormone refractory prostate cancer. In this regard, the present study investigated the effect of macrophages on prostate cancer NED.

METHODS

THP‐1 and LNCaP or RAW264.7 and TRAMP‐C2 cell line co‐cultures were used to investigate NED–macrophage interactions. Also interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) knockout mice and macrophage‐depleted mice were used to test NED in vivo.

RESULTS

We found that co‐culturing with THP‐1 human monocytic cell line and RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line led to the NED of LNCaP and TRAMP‐C2 prostate cancer cells, respectively. Specifically, the conditioned media of activated macrophages stimulated the expression of parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP), a marker of NED, in both LNCaP and TRAMP‐C2 cells. Mechanistically, bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6) derived from prostate cancer cells increased the expression of IL‐6 in macrophages. Subsequently, IL‐6 induced the NED of prostate cancer cells. When this feedback loop was disrupted with neutralizing antibodies to either BMP‐6 or IL‐6, NED was no longer observed. In human prostate cancer tissues, neuroendocrine cells frequently co‐localized with macrophages and BMP‐6. In mice, the removal of IL‐6 or macrophages blocked the BMP‐6‐induced NED of prostate cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, we propose that BMP‐6 secreted by prostate cancer cells induces IL‐6 expression in macrophages; IL‐6, in turn, stimulates the NED of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 71:1525–1537, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanodevices: Location of Biomarkers and Reagents within Agarose Beads of a Programmable Nano‐bio‐chip (Small 5/2011)
Authors: Jokerst Jesse V. , Chou Jie , Camp James P. , Wong Jorge , Lennart Alexis , Pollard Amanda A. , Floriano Pierre N. , Christodoulides Nicolaos , Simmons Glennon W. , Zhou Yanjie , Ali Mehnaaz F. , McDevitt John T.
Published: March 2011

The slow development of cost‐effective medical microdevices with strong analytical performance characteristics is due to a lack of selective and efficient analyte capture and signaling. The recently developed programmable nano‐bio‐chip (PNBC) is a flexible detection device with analytical behavior rivaling established macroscopic methods. The PNBC system employs ≈300 μm‐diameter bead sensors composed of agarose “nanonets” that populate a microelectromechanical support structure with integrated microfluidic elements. The beads are an efficient and selective protein‐capture medium suitable for the analysis of complex fluid samples. Microscopy and computational studies probe the 3D interior of the beads. The relative contributions that the capture and detection of moieties, analyte size, and bead porosity make to signal distribution and intensity are reported. Agarose pore sizes ranging from 45 to 620 nm are examined and those near 140 nm provide optimal transport characteristics for rapid (<15 min) tests. The system exhibits efficient (99.5%) detection of bead‐bound analyte along with low (≈2%) nonspecific immobilization of the detection probe for carcinoembryonic antigen assay. Furthermore, the role analyte dimensions play in signal distribution is explored, and enhanced methods for assay building that consider the unique features of biomarker size are offered.
Mercury transfer in a subtropical coastal lagoon food web (SE Gulf of California) under two contrasting climatic conditions
Authors: Jara‐Marini Martin E. , Soto‐Jiménez Martín F. , Páez‐Osuna Federico
Published: March 2011

Mercury (Hg) transference through an established and defined food web from an urbanized subtropical coastal lagoon (SE Gulf of California) was examined by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope and Hg analyses. Concentrations of Hg in seawater (0.045–0.078 μg L−1), predominantly incorporated to the particulate fraction (60% of total), were lower than those found in highly contaminated coastal areas around the world (0.18–16 μg L−1). Although levels of Hg available for the biota (e.g., associated to the reactive and pyrite fractions; 0.11–0.15 μg g−1) were within of effects range‐low (ER‐L, 0.15–0.71 μg g−1) these concentrations represented from 46.6 to 67.0% of the total Hg pool that may be transferred through food web. The sequence of bio‐accumulation of Hg in studied species was according with their functional guild: tertiary consumer (0.85–1.15 μg g−1) > secondary consumers (0.084–0.168 μg g−1) > primary consumers (0.014–0.160 μg g−1) > primary producers (0.016–0.056 μg g−1). Hg concentrations increased for each successive trophic position estimate through δ15N isotopic values, although these relationships showed differences between dry and rainy seasons (R2 = 0.37 and R2 = 0.39 between δ15N vs. Hg in organisms, respectively). We concluded that Hg is being positively transferred (biomagnification factor >1) through the studied food web probably enhanced by the favorable environmental conditions for Hg‐methylation (e.g., fine sediments rich in organic matter, and environmental conditions changes of the redox, pH, and temperature) found in this urbanized coastal water, however, the study of processes methlylation and biomagnifcation of Hg need further investigations. © 2011Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Physiological, anatomical, biochemical, and cytogenetic effects of thiamethoxam treatment on Allium cepa (amaryllidaceae) L.
Authors: Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin , Yalçin Emine , Türkmen Zafer , Yapar Kürşad , Sağir Saffet
Published: March 2011

n the present study, toxic effects of active substance thiamethoxam of the insecticide Eforia were investigated on Allium cepa L. For this aim, we used the germination percentage, root length, weight gain, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, frequency of micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and mitotic index (MI) as indicators of toxicity. Also, the changes in the root anatomy of A. cepa seeds treated with thiamethoxam were examined. The seeds in all the treatment groups were treated with three different doses (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) of thiamethoxam for 72 h. The results showed that there were significant alterations in the germination percentage, root length, weight gain, MDA level, MN, CAs, and MI frequency depending on application dose in the seeds exposed to thiamethoxam compared to control group. Thiamethoxam treatments significantly reduced the germination percentage, root length, and weight gain in all the treatment groups (P < 0.05). But, it caused an increase in MN and CAs formation (P < 0.05). It was also found that thiamethoxam has a mito‐depressive action on mitosis, and the MI was decreased depending on the dose of applied‐thiamethoxam (P < 0.05). About 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg doses of thiamethoxam significantly enhanced the lipid peroxidation and caused an increase in MDA levels at each dose treatment (P < 0.05). Some anatomical damages such as necrotic cell death, unclear vascular tissue, unclear epidermis layer, cell deformation, and unusual form of cell nucleus were observed by using light micrographs. Each dose of thiamethoxam caused severe toxic effects on A. cepa cells, and the maximum toxic effect was observed at the dose level of 500 mg/kg. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Necrosis and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in rats exposed to 3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenol
Authors: Yue Zhuo , She Rui‐Ping , Bao Hui‐Hui , Tian Jijing , Yu Pin , Zhu Jinfeng , Chang Lingling , Ding Ye , Sun Quan
Published: March 2011

The 3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenol (4‐nitro‐m‐cresol; PNMC) exists in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), and is also one of the degradation products of insecticide fenitrothion. To assess potential nephrotoxicity of PNMC, male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were subcutaneously dosed with PNMC at 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days. No significant changes were detected in body weights and relative weights of kidneys by the treatment of PNMC. However, the extent of cellular necrosis was found to be severe in renal tubular epithelial cells of PNMC‐treated rats. In addition, PNMC exposure significantly increased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyle transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells compared to the control in renal tubule of PNMC‐treated rats. Moreover, immunohistochemical results indicated that significant decrease in the B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) expressions andincrease in the Bcl‐2 associated × protein (Bax) expression were detected in PNMC‐treated rats. The ratio of Bcl‐2/Bax was also reduced significantly at PNMC‐treated rats dosed at 10 or 100 mg kg−1. Furthermore, the significant increase of FAS (CD95/APO‐1) expression was found in the groups dosed at 10 or 100 mg kg−1 of PNMC. The expression of Caspase‐3 was higher in PNMC‐treated rats, compared to the control group. Our results indicated that activation of mitochondria and Caspase‐3 protease may contribute to the PNMC‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that PNMC could cause both necrosis and apoptosis resulting in cell death of renal epithelium cells and could induce renal toxicity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Drug delivery from structured porous inorganic materials
Authors: Arruebo Manuel
Published: March 2011

Structured porous inorganic materials show high chemical and mechanical stability under an array of physiological conditions. Their hydrophilic character and porous structure can in principle be tailored to control the diffusion rate of an adsorbed or encapsulated drug, gene, or protein. This organized porosity has been used to achieve a sustained, controlled, or pulsed release in drug delivery applications. Their large surface areas together with their large pore volumes have been used to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their low density allows them to float in the gastrointestinal tract and prolong the gastric retention of oral drugs. In addition, their easy surface functionalization allows their grafting with bioadhesive and targeting moieties, and their interior pore volume protects biological payloads from physiological degradation. Some of those porous inorganic materials can be synthesized or microfabricated to form deposits thus acting as drug reservoirs. Finally, diffusion‐controlling porous membranes or coatings of those materials can be tailored with specific pore sizes to control drug release in eluting devices. Current research is focused on designingondemandtargeted drug delivery systems using those inorganic porous materials as reservoirs together with triggering systems on their pore entrances to be externally activated to release the encapsulated therapeutic moiety. All of the previous scenarios will be overviewed to demonstrate the numerous possibilities of structured porous inorganic materials in drug delivery applications.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2012, 4:16–30. doi: 10.1002/wnan.132

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
Continuity of care in community treatment
Authors: Test Mary Ann
Published: March 2011

The topic of continuity of care is most familiar to professionals through a series of cliches which describes its absence.
The role of the hospital in treating the chronically disabled
Authors: Diamond Ronald J.
Published: March 2011

The psychiatric hospital is one element of any comprehensive mental health system; its use must be considered within the context of what alternative resources are available in the community.
How the training in community living program helps patients work
Authors: Knoedler William H.
Published: March 2011

Although the chronically mentally ill are notoriously resistant to work rehabilitation efforts, certain treatment approaches have been developed that maximize patient participation in employment activities.
Staff burn‐out: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Authors: Mendel Werner M.
Published: March 2011

Staff burn‐out, a major problem in the delivery of health care to chronic mental patients, is injurious to patients, personnel, and organizations.
Consultation to residential facilities
Authors: Peterson Carolyn L.
Published: March 2011

We must build bridges–not walls–between the mental health system and the providers of residential community care.
New trends in consultation
Authors: Rogawski Alexander S.
Published: March 2011

In response to changed conditions in the mental health field, the emphasis in consultation has shifted from primary to tertiary prevention, and the role of the consultant is freer, more flexible, and more participating.
The impact of law on psychiatric hospitalization: Onslaught or imperative reform?
Authors: Brooks Alexander D.
Published: March 2011

Psychiatrists should recognize that involuntary civil commitment is not exclusively a medical matter. The decision to hospitalize is primarily a social decision that incorporates medical considerations.
Malpractice in psychiatry
Authors: Halleck Seymour L.
Published: March 2011

As compared to other aspects of legal control that can be imposed on psychiatric practice, malpractice law is not oppressive.
Conclusion
Authors: Halleek Seymour L.
Published: March 2011

Concluding remarks are presented.
Short Term Earthquake Forecasts at Koyna, India
Authors: Gupta Harsh , Shashidhar D. , Mallika K. , Purnachandra Rao N. , Srinagesh D. , Satyanarayana H.V.S. , Saha Satish , Naik R.T.B.
Published: March 2011

Earthquake activity is monitored in real time at the Koyna reservoir in western India, beginning from August 2005 and successful short term forecasts have been made of M ~ 4 earthquakes. The basis of these forecasts is the observation of nucleation that precedes such earthquakes. Here we report that a total of 29 earthquakes in the magnitude range of 3.5 to 5.1 occurred in the region during the period of August 2005 through May 2010. These earthquakes could broadly be put in three zones. Zone-A has been most active accounting for 18 earthquakes, while 5 earthquakes in Zone-B and 6 in Zone-C have occurred. Earthquakes in Zone-A are preceded by well defined nucleation, while it is not the case with zones B and C. This indicates the complexity of the earthquakes processes and the fact that even in a small seismically active area of only 20 km x 30 km earthquake forecast is difficult.
Playa Sediments of the Didwana Lake, Rajasthan: A New Environment for Surficial-type Uranium Mineralisation in India
Authors: Kumar K. Ramesh , Pande Dheeraj , Misra Arpan , Nanda L. K.
Published: March 2011

The Didwana playa, the second largest playa in the eastern part of the Thar desert, is 5.6 km long and 2.4 km wide and supports commercial salt production. The thickness of lake sediment package is reported to be 20 m and comprises fine grained clays and silts, with abundant calcite, gypsum, and halite,associated with hypersaline water. Isolated hills of graphitic phyllite and quartzite are seen on the western side of the lake. During the course of investigations for uranium in surficial environment of semi-arid terrain of Rajasthan, ground water sampling defined a NE-SW trending uranium halo encompassing the Didwana playa. Subsequent sampling of unlined dug wells, up to water table in central part of the playa, indicated uranium values up to 190 ppm and 2072 ppb in lake sediments and brine respectively. These values are of the order of 21 ppm and 192 ppb towards the southwestern periphery of the lake. The average uranium content, as inferred from 12 samples in the central part of the lake, is around 60 ppm over a thickness of 5 m. It appears that the uranium is loosely bonded to the sediments in amorphous form and is, hence, easily leachable. Samples of brine (n=10), from both the central and southwestern portions of the lake, analysed high (1,67,500-3,00,000 mg/l) TDS, HCO3 – (1128-8395 mg/l), and SO4 (30,536-88,000 mg/l). These are of alkaline (pH: 7.2-9.3) and reducing (Eh: -200 to -340 mV) nature. Under these Eh-pH conditions below the groundwater table, and for such uranium bearing groundwater, precipitation of primary uranium is expected. It is, therefore, modelled that uranium in lake sediment package above water table is concentrated by evaporation process and by chemical reduction below the water table.

As the sampling is so far confined to zones above water table, the above possibility is still to be examined. Features like high intrinsic uranium in lake (playa) sediments as well as groundwater, the alkaline and reducing nature of groundwater, which may facilitate precipitation of primary uranium below water table, and the large extent of the lake sediments (10 sq km x 20 m thickness) make the Didwana Lake, a potential candidate for hosting a surficial-type uranium occurrence of significance, for which samples below water table need to be generated. These studies are expected to establish the lake sediment environment in semi-arid tracts of Rajasthan as a new target horizon for locating surficial-type uranium mineralisation in India.
First Report of Eudialyte Occurrence from the Sushina Hill Region, Purulia District, West Bengal
Authors: Chakrabarty Aniket , Pruseth Kamal L. , Sen Amit Kumar
Published: March 2011

Eudialyte is a group of hydrated silicate minerals essentially consisting of Na and Zr with a very complex crystal structure, and generally associated with alkaline rocks. The complexity of the eudialyte structure can be understood from the fact that Na alone exist in five distinct sites and extensive solid solubility can occur in almost all cation sites, sometimes one element occupying multiple sites to the extent of exclusion of other elements. Structurally, eudialyte can be represented as Nal5[M1]6[M2]3Zr3[M3](Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3X2 (Johnsen and Grice, 1999), where M1 and M2 sites are occupied by Ca, Mn and Fe, M3 by Nb and X by OH, Cl and F. In addition, cations like Al, Hf, W, Ta, Sr, Ba and various REEs get incorporated into the eudialyte structure by substitution, and additional site vacancies even may develop in order to maintain electrical neutrality. Eudialyte, approximately of the composition Na9Ca8Mn3Nb(Zr,Ce)3Si25O73(OH)2, has hydrothermally replaced albite in the nepheline syenite gneiss exposed south of the Sushina hill of Purulia district, West Bengal. The eudialyte contains ≈2.25 atom% Zr and 0.75 atom% Nb. In addition to eudialyte in nepheline syenite, an unknown Na-Zr silicate (NZS) has also replaced the albite crystals. The NZS contains ≈ 7 atom% Zr with a possible empirical formula of Na12Zr11Si36O95(OH)10. Surface exposures of these rocks are limited at Sushina hill, yet a detailed and systematic investigation on this enigmatic rock is warranted for they may turn out to be a resource for Zr.
2-D Electrical Imaging in Some Geotechnical Investigation of Madhupur Clays, Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir A.S.M. Shamaun , Hossain Delwar , Abdullah Rashed
Published: March 2011

Electrical imaging or electrical tomography is a survey technique suitable for the investigation of areas of shallow complex geology, where the use of other electrical and electromagnetic techniques is less effective. An electrical image has been delineated at a site located in front of the Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 16 soil samples were collected from two boreholes located on the image line and geotechnical parameters such as unit weight, water content, grain size, plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index were measured in the laboratory. These geotechnical parameters were compared with the measured electrical resistivity.
Comparative Study on the Photodegradation of Indigo Caramine Dye using Commercial TiO2 and Natural Rutile
Authors: Sajan C.P. , Basavalingu B. , Ananda S. , Byrappa K.
Published: March 2011

The photocatalytic degradation of Indigo Caramine dye using commercial TiO2 and fine grained natural rutile has been carried out. The commercial TiO2 and natural rutile were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infra red spectroscopy (FTIR). The study on the photodegradation of Indigo Caramine dye using commercial TiO2 and natural rutile were investigated both under Solar and UV irradiation. The degradation of Indigo Caramine dye was checked by the following parameters like Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), %T, irradiation time and duration. In both cases using commercial TiO2 and natural rutile, the COD of the dye solution was reduced from 288 mg/L to less than 20 mg/L, and similarly the %T was increased from 76% to 97% and the percentage decomposition upto 97% within the irradiation duration of 3.5 hrs. The preliminary results obtained on the photodegradation of Indigo Caramine dye are highly encouraging and further work is being carried out for the use of the natural rutile or anatase sources for the other organic decomposition and treatment of industrial effluents.
Intrauterine inflammation, insufficient to induce parturition, still evokes fetal and neonatal brain injury
Authors: Elovitz Michal A. , Brown Amy G. , Breen Kelsey , Anton Lauren , Maubert Monique , Burd Irina
Published: March 2011

Exposure to prenatal inflammation is a known risk factor for long term neurobehavioral disorders including cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, and autism. Models of systemic inflammation during pregnancy have demonstrated an association with an immune response an adverse neurobehavioral outcomes for the exposed fetus. Yet, the most common route for an inflammatory exposure to a fetus is from intrauterine inflammation as occurs with chorioamnionitis. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of intrauterine inflammation on fetal and neonatal brain development and to determine if the gestational age of exposure altered the maternal or fetal response to inflammation.

CD‐1 timed pregnant mice on embryonic day 15 (E15) and E18.5 were utilized for this study. Dams were randomized to receive intrauterine infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/dam) or normal saline. Different experimental groups were used to assess both acute and long‐term outcomes. For each gestational age and each treatment group, fetal brains, amniotic fluid, maternal serum and placentas were collected 6 h after intrauterine infusion. Rates of preterm birth, maternal morbidity and litter size were assessed. IL6 levels were assayed in maternal serum and amniotic fluid.

An immune response was determined in the fetal brains and placentas by QPCR. Cortical cultures were performed to assess for fetal neuronal injury. Gene expression changes in postnatal day 7 brains from exposed and unexposed pups were determined.

In the preterm period, low dose LPS resulted in a 30% preterm birth rate. Litter sizes were not different between the groups at either gestational age. IL6 levels were not significantly increased in maternal serum at either gestational time period. Low dose LPS increased IL6 levels in the amniotic fluid from exposed dams in the term but not preterm period. Regardless of gestational age of exposure, low dose intrauterine LPS activated an immune response in the placenta and fetal brain. Exposure to intrauterine LPS significantly decreased dendritic counts in cortical cultures from both the preterm and term period. Exposure to intrauterine inflammation altered gene expression patterns in the postnatal brain; this effect was dependent on gestational age of exposure.

In conclusion, intrauterine inflammation, even in the absence of preterm parturition, can evoke fetal brain injury as evidence by alterations in cytokine expression and neuronal injury. Despite an absent or limited maternal immune response in low dose intrauterine inflammation, the immune system in the placenta is activated which is likely sufficient to induce a fetal immune response and subsequent brain injury. Changes in the fetal brain lead to changes in gene expression patterns into the neonatal period. Subclinical intrauterine inflammation can lead to fetal brain injury and is likely to be mechanistically associated with long term adverse outcomes for exposed offspring.
Late Acheulean hominins at the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5e transition in north-central India
Authors: Haslam Michael , Roberts Richard G. , Shipton Ceri , Pal J.N. , Fenwick Jacqueline L. , Ditchfield Peter , Boivin Nicole , Dubey A.K. , Gupta M.C. , Petraglia Michael
Published: March 2011

Single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating was applied to Late Quaternary sediments at two sites in the Middle Son Valley, Madhya Pradesh, India. Designated Bamburi 1 and Patpara, these sites contain Late Acheulean stone tool assemblages, which we associate with non-modern hominins. Age determinations of 140–120 ka place the formation of these sites at around the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6–5 transition, placing them among the youngest Acheulean sites in the world. We present here the geochronology and sedimentological setting of these sites, and consider potential implications of Late Pleistocene archaic habitation in north-central India for the initial dispersal of modern humans across South Asia.
European Desires and National Bedrooms? Negotiating “Normalcy” in Postsocialist Poland
Authors: Keinz Anika
Published: March 2011

Only a few years ago rights of sexual minorities in Poland caused not only national controversies over what democracy means, but also gained international attention, visible in demonstrations in front of embassies in Berlin and London, wide media coverage, and protest letters to the Polish prime minister by the Helsinki Foundation of Human Rights as well as Amnesty International and the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). Several Polish politicians were repeatedly cautioned for their extreme conservative stance on homosexual issues and homophobic remarks as well as criticized for the prohibitions of the so-calledMarsz Równości(Equality March), the Polish version of the Christopher Street Day (usually known as Gay Pride Parade) as being against the standards of democracy and human rights. Finally, and in particular as a reaction to the various remarks of Polish politicians, a resolution against homophobia was submitted to the European Parliament in January 2006 and passed in June 2006. Despite the resolution, the then Polish minister of education, Roman Giertych (League of Polish Families, or LPR), caused another great stir at the European Union (EU) conference of ministers of education in Heidelberg, Germany, on March 1, 2007, when he stated that brochures on sexuality education published by the Council of Europe that contained information on homosexuality and homosexual relations were to be prohibited in Polish schools. In the same speech, he rebuked societies that allowed abortion on social grounds and called abortion a “legal crime” and a “new form of barbarism.”
Winged Men and the Cast of Dice: Anti–Finalism and Radical Materialism in Guillaume Lamy
Authors: Lucchese Filippo Del
Published: March 2011

The controversy over teleology raged in the early modern period with particular intensity. In this paper, I will show that Guillaume Lamy represents a “radical” current of antifinalism, devoid of weakness, and far from compromise with his adversaries. This antifinalism makes of Lamy not so much a sincere supporter of the unknowability of God’s ends, as scholars have maintained — in other words, a proto–fideist — but rather a radical Lucretian materialist, whose aim is to openly distance himself equally from the partial Cartesian rejection of final causes and from the sugar–coated Epicureanism of the Gassendists.
Ideas, Interests, and Politics in the Case of Belgian Corn Law Repeal, 1834–1873
Authors: Van Dijck Maarten , Truyts Tom
Published: March 2011

Economic interests, ideas, and politics have been put forward as explanations for the Repeal of the British Corn Laws. This article evaluates these competing explanations using the case of the Belgian Corn Laws between 1834 and 1873. A detailed quantitative analysis assesses the success of party affiliation and personal and constituency economic interests in predicting representatives' voting behavior. These factors prove to be insufficient to explain the shift towards free trade. This article then moves on to a qualitative analysis, which points to the importance of political strategy and ideas in the liberalization of corn tariffs.
Why was America's First Bank Aborted?
Authors: Goldberg Dror
Published: March 2011

In 1686 the leadership of Massachusetts became involved in the first operational bank scheme in America. In 1688 this note-issuing bank was mysteriously aborted at an advanced stage. I suggest a new, simple explanation for the bank's demise. The bank's notes were supposed to be backed mostly by private land in Massachusetts, but a new royal governor invalidated all the land titles. This episode demonstrates the importance of clearly defined and enforced property rights for the development of financial institutions.

“After showing him an Indian deed for land, he said that their hand was no more worth than a scratch with a bear's paw, undervaluing all my titles, though everyway legal under our former charter government.”1

Joseph Lynde
Crucifixion and Burial
Authors: Cook John Granger
Published: March 2011

This essay examines the contention that Joseph of Arimathaea buried Jesus—in light of what one can know from Greco-Roman culture about the disposal of the bodies of crucified individuals. A survey of the statutes governing the burial of criminals and governing the prosecution of those accused of seditious activity indicates that provincial officials had a choice when confronted with the need to dispose of the bodies of the condemned. Greco-Roman texts show that in certain cases the bodies of the crucified were left to decompose in place. In other cases, the crucified bodies were buried.
Paul's Mosaic Ascent: An Interpretation of 2 Corinthians 12.7–9
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: March 2011

This essay offers a reading of 2 Cor 12.7–9 in light of a rabbinic story of Moses' ascent to heaven (b. Šabb.88b-89a). After an exploration of Moses in 2 Corinthians the author argues that vv. 7–9, like vv. 2–4, constitute an ascent report (vv. 2–4). This ascent report, it is maintained, is structurally parallel to Moses' heavenly ascent inb. Šabb.88b-89a. Early traditions of Moses' ascent to heaven and dominance over angels suggest that Paul knew a form of the Mosaic ascent, and parodied it to highlight his weakness and paradoxical authority in vv. 7–9.
A Non-combat Myth in Revelation 12
Authors: Pataki András Dávid
Published: March 2011

The presentation of Jesus in his appearance in Rev 12.5 includes his birth and his ascension, but it does not mention his death, despite its important role elsewhere in the book. The present study, after surveying some typical explanations of this lack, suggests a twofold solution. First, the comparison of the christophanies in the Apocalypse reveals a characteristic sequence in their description into which the messianic appearance in ch. 12 fits well. Second, the fact that John sharply separates the depiction of the satanic intent to kill the Messiah from Jesus' death contributes to the Christology of Revelation. The protagonist of the book is unequivocally superior both to the devil and to all popular mythical figures who must face the forces of chaos.
Doing Qualitative Research on Suicide in a Developing Country
Authors: Mugisha James , Knizek Birthe Loa , Kinyanda Eugene , Hjelmeland Heidi
Published: March 2011

Background: This article describes and discusses the challenges faced by researchers who conducted a qualitative interview study on attitudes toward suicide among the Baganda, Uganda. Many of the challenges addressed in this article have not been described earlier in suicide research conducted in the developing world. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore attitudes and cultural responses toward suicide among the Baganda, Uganda. Methods: Data were collected and analyzed using grounded theory. A total of 28 focus group discussions and 30 key informant interviews were conducted. Results: The findings of this study are organized under two broad categories: community access challenges and expectation challenges. Community access challenges entailed cultural, legal, rapport, informed consent, language, and other research process related issues that could hinder effective access to the study respondents. Expectation challenges concerned how to deal with the immediate and strategic needs of the study communities. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that culturally sensitive approaches to data collection can reduce ethical challenges and, through innovative approaches, practical challenges faced during data collection can be minimized.
Thermochronological history of an orogen‐passive margin system: An example from northern Mozambique
Authors: Emmel B. , Kumar R. , Ueda K. , Jacobs J. , Daszinnies M. C. , Thomas R. J. , Matola R.
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we present a conceptual model to describe the post‐Pan‐African (<∼500 Ma) basement cooling pattern for NE Mozambique. The cooling history is derived from combined low‐temperature thermochronological dating methods comprising titanite, zircon and apatite fission track data. After Pan‐African orogenesis (∼620–530 Ma) the Precambrian basement was subject to extensional tectonics and a relatively slow Lower Ordovician to Recent cooling with rates of ∼2.2°C to 0.1°C Myr−1. Basement rock cooling was mainly a response to Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic rifting between northern Mozambique and East Gondwana during the opening of the Rovuma and Mozambique sedimentary basins. Meanwhile, different dynamic margin and basin types evolved along the eastern and southern continental margins of NE Mozambique. During the Late Carboniferous–Triassic an intracontinental rift opened between NE Mozambique and East Antarctica, and the fastest denudation was focused along the present southern continental margin. Since the Middle Jurassic, tectonic denudation along the Rovuma margin was localized in a narrow zone, some 30 km wide, associated with erosion along strike‐slip faults. In contrast, the Jurassic‐Cretaceous opening and ocean crust formation in the Mozambique Basin were accompanied with an unusually uniform Late Cretaceous cooling pattern over a large area (∼150,000 km2) of the basin hinterland. This pattern can be explained by isostatic and erosional response to magmatic underplating or differential stretching, whereby the old Pan‐African lithospheric structure appears to have important controls on later events.
Temperature dependence of the water retention curve for dry soils
Authors: Schneider M. , Goss K.‐U.
Published: March 2011

Water retention curves (WRCs) are equivalent to water adsorption isotherms that display the soil water content as a function of water activity in the pore space. The use of water activity implies that pure (unbound) water at the given temperature is considered to be a reference state. In this study we measured the temperature dependence of WRCs for nine European soils under dry conditions (i.e., water activity < 90% relative humidity (RH), matrix tension <−1.5 MPa). The results show a significant temperature dependence of the WRCs. The absolute value of the adsorption enthalpy of water, , which reflects this temperature dependence, increased with decreasing water content and thus deviated from the condensation enthalpy of a pure (unbound) water phase, . These results are explained by the following facts: under increasingly drier conditions the interactions between water molecules and the mineral surfaces become more and more dominant because the sorbed water film becomes very thin. These interactions between water and minerals are stronger than those between pure water molecules. The observed temperature dependence of WRCs varied only a little between the studied soils. Therefore, the average equation, , derived from our experimental data may serve as a good approximation of for soils in general and thus allow the temperature extrapolation of WRCs (in the dry region down to 30% RH) between 5°C and 40°C without the need for additional experimental information.
Secondary ion counting for surface-sensitive chemical analysis of organic compounds using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy with cluster ion impact ionization
Authors: Hirata K. , Saitoh Y. , Chiba A. , Yamada K. , Takahashi Y. , Narumi K.
Published: March 2011

We report suitable secondary ion (SI) counting for surface-sensitive chemical analysis of organic compounds using time-of-flight (TOF) SI mass spectroscopy, based on considerably higher emission yields of SIs induced by cluster ion impact ionization. A SI counting system for a TOF SI mass spectrometer was developed using a fast digital storage oscilloscope, which allows us to perform various types of analysis as all the signal pulses constituting TOF SI mass spectra can be recorded digitally in the system. Effects of the SI counting strategy on SI mass spectra were investigated for C8 and C60 cluster ion impacts on an organically contaminated silicon wafer and on polytetrafluoroethylene targets by comparing TOF SI mass spectra obtained from the same recorded signals with different SI counting procedures. Our results show that the use of a counting system, which can cope with high SI yields, is necessary for quantitative analysis of SI mass spectra obtained under high SI yield per impact conditions, including the case of cluster ion impacts on organic compounds.
Computational study on structural modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electron irradiation
Authors: Yasuda Masaaki , Mimura Ryosuke , Kawata Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiko
Published: March 2011

Molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to investigate structural modifications of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electron irradiation. Electron irradiation effects are introduced by the Monte Carlo method using an elastic collision cross section. We demonstrate the applicability of the method to the analysis of structural modifications with electron beam such as cutting, shrinking, and bending. The behavior of the carbon atoms in the nanotube during the structural modification is revealed. The simulation results also show the variation of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes by electron irradiation.
On quantum network coding
Authors: Jain Avinash , Franceschetti Massimo , Meyer David A.
Published: March 2011

We study the problem of error-free multiple unicast over directed acyclic networks in a quantum setting. We provide a new information-theoretic proof of the known result that network coding does not achieve a larger quantum information flow than what can be achieved by routing for two-pair communication on the butterfly network. We then consider a k-pair multiple unicast problem and for all k ⩾ 2 we show that there exists a family of networks where quantum network coding achieves k-times larger quantum information flow than what can be achieved by routing. Finally, we specify a graph-theoretic sufficient condition for the quantum information flow of any multiple unicast problem to be bounded by the capacity of any sparsest multicut of the network.
Growth rate dependent trap density in polythiophene-fullerene solar cells and its implications
Authors: Nalwa Kanwar S. , Mahadevapuram Rakesh C. , Chaudhary Sumit
Published: March 2011

To understand the effect of processing conditions such as spin coating speed and drying rate on the density of defects; poly(3-hexylthiophene):fullerene-derivative solar cells A, B, and C were fabricated with solvent drying times of ∼40 min, 7 min, and 1 min, respectively. We show that slowest grown device A has one order of magnitude less subband gap traps than device C. The open circuit voltage and its light intensity dependence was strongly affected by interfacial recombination of carriers at subgap defect states. The losses due to trap-assisted recombination can even dominate over bimolecular recombination, depending on the density of defect states
SiO
2
/
Si
interfaces on high-index surfaces: Re-evaluation of trap densities and characterization of bonding structures
Authors: Ogata Shoichi , Ohno Shinya , Tanaka Masatoshi , Mori Takahiro , Horikawa Tsuyoshi , Yasuda Tetsuji
Published: March 2011

Interface trap densities, Dit, at the thermally oxidized Si surfaces were investigated for the (001), (111), (110), (120), (331), and (113) orientations. The oxides were formed by dry or wet oxidation in the temperature range of 700–950 °C. Dit took a maximum not only on the (111) surfaces but also on (110). Low Dit values were obtained on wet-oxidized high-index surfaces. Correlation between Dit and the interface anisotropy observed by reflectance difference spectroscopy suggests preferential oxidation of the Si atoms with the (111)-like bonding geometry on the (113) surfaces.
Microstructures corresponding to multilevel resistances of In3Sb1Te2 phase-change memory
Authors: Kim Yong In , Kim Eun Tae , Lee Jeong Yong , Kim Yong Tae
Published: March 2011

The origin of multilevel resistances of In3Sb1Te2 (IST) phase-change random access memory cell has been investigated with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The HR-TEM indicates that the microstructure of IST in the programming volume changes from amorphous to InSb and amorphous at the first state, and InSb and InTe at the second state, and IST at the third state, which are fairly consistent with four different levels of resistance. The resistance difference between the amorphous and the IST is about four orders of magnitude.
Anomalous Curie temperature behavior of A-site Gd-doped BaTiO3 ceramics: The influence of strain
Authors: Ben Liubin , Sinclair Derek C.
Published: March 2011

The influence of A-site Gd3+ doping on the c/a ratio, cell volume and Curie temperature (Tc) of ferroelectric BaTiO3 according to the titanium vacancy mechanism, viz., Ba1−xGdxTi1−x/4O3 has been investigated and compared to that of La3+-doping. The c/a ratio and cell volume of Gd-doped samples are larger than the equivalent La-doped samples and Tc decreases at a rate of only ∼8 °C/at. % for Gd3+ substitution compared to ∼24 °C/at. % for La3+ substitution. These trends are opposite to that expected based on ionic-radii and tolerance factor arguments. This anomalous behavior is attributed to an ion-size mismatch (cation variance) effect on the A-site between the Ba2+ and Gd3+ ions that induces local strain in the lattice that suppresses the reduction in the c/a ratio and cell volume, and as a consequence in the rate of decrease in Tc.
Self-renewal induced efficiently, safely, and effective therapeutically with one regulatable gene in a human somatic progenitor cell
Authors: Kim Kwang S. , Lee Hong J. , Jeong Han S. , Li Jianxue , Teng Yang D. , Sidman Richard L. , Snyder Evan Y. , Kim Seung U.
Published: March 2011

In the field of induced potency and fate reprogramming, it remains unclear what the best starting cell might be and to what extent a cell need be transported back to a more primitive state for translational purposes. Reprogramming a committed cell back to pluripotence to then instruct it toward a particular specialized cell type is demanding and may increase risks of neoplasia and undesired cell types. Precursor/progenitor cells from the organ of therapeutic concern typically lack only one critical attribute—the capacity for sustained self-renewal. We speculated that this could be induced in a regulatable manner such that cells proliferate only in vitro and differentiate in vivo without the need for promoting pluripotence or specifying lineage identity. As proof-of-concept, we generated and tested the efficiency, safety, engraftability, and therapeutic utility of “induced conditional self-renewing progenitor (ICSP) cells” derived from the human central nervous system (CNS); we conditionally induced self-renewal efficiently within neural progenitors solely by introducing v-
myc
tightly regulated by a tetracycline (Tet)-
on
gene expression system. Tet in the culture medium activated
myc
transcription and translation, allowing efficient expansion of homogeneous, clonal, karyotypically normal human CNS precursors ex vivo; in vivo, where Tet was absent,
myc
was not expressed, and self-renewal was entirely inactivated (as was tumorigenic potential). Cell proliferation ceased, and differentiation into electrophysiologically active neurons and other CNS cell types in vivo ensued upon transplantation into rats, both during development and after adult injury—with functional improvement and without neoplasia, overgrowth, deformation, emergence of non-neural cell types, phenotypic or genomic instability, or need for immunosuppression. This strategy of inducing self-renewal might be applied to progenitors from other organs and may prove to be a safe, effective, efficient, and practical method for optimizing insights gained from the ability to reprogram cells.
Patient Autonomy versus Risk Management: A Case Study of Change in a High Security Forensic Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Urheim Ragnar , Rypdal Knut , Palmstierna Tom , Mykletun Arnstein
Published: March 2011

Increased attention to the civil rights of general psychiatric patients has been an issue for over 30 years. Similar processes in forensic settings have been slower, because of safety and security needs. This paper explores the development of patient autonomy, as well as rates of violence and escape incidents, in a Norwegian high-security forensic psychiatric ward over an 18-year period. A historical documentary method was applied using quantitative and qualitative data. Multiple sources were analyzed, including focus group interviews among current and former staff, reviewing of official documents and staff notes, and examination of records of violent incidents and escapes. Several indicators of increased patient autonomy were found. These were paralleled by more dynamic and individualized routines for treatment and managing risk, new laws, and changed staff characteristics over the study period. Violent incidents decreased, and frequency of escape has remained low. We conclude that maintaining security is compatible with increased patient autonomy and a more normalized everyday life in forensic settings. We infer that changes in patient-staff interactions, related to implementation of relational and dynamic security, may have influenced the process toward increased patient autonomy.
Institutional Aggression as a Predictor of Violent Recidivism: Implications for Parole Decision Making
Authors: Mooney JessicaL. , Daffern Michael
Published: March 2011

Assessing risk for future violence in incarcerated offenders is a complex task, one which members of parole boards routinely undertake when they consider the suitability of an offender for release. Among the factors shown to influence parole board decision making is institutional aggression. However, several factors complicate the use of institutional aggression as a proxy for violent behavior following release. This includes environmental influences that may promote or suppress aggression during incarceration, and the process of adaptation to imprisonment that is characteristic of those who are imprisoned for extended periods. Furthermore, the extant research exploring the link between institutional aggression and post-release recidivism has produced varied results. This literature review examines the factors shown to impact on parole release decisions, how the decision-making process has evolved over time, and the use of violence risk assessment approaches to this task. The link between aggressive behavior in custody and aggression within the community is explored, along with the implications this holds for parole decision making and violence risk assessment in incarcerated offenders. The emergent Offence Paralleling Behaviour framework is introduced here as a method that may support the risk assessment process and guide the identification and monitoring of relevant violence risk-related behavior in custody.