bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EDUCATING RURAL COMMUNITY LEADERS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: Mancl Karen
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Providing adequate wastewater treatment facilities for the citizens in small rural communities in the United States can cost millions of dollars. An educational program has been developed and conducted in Ohio to teach local officials about wastewater treatment alternatives. The five‐session workshop covers wastewater treatment principles, needs assessment, system management, and resource gathering. The knowledge and skills gained by the 96 community leaders who participated in six workshops were measured using a pretest/pest test and surveys conducted during the workshops. From 25 percent to 100 percent of the participants increased their knowledge of treatment systems, alternatives, and relative costs. From 23 percent to 84 percent applied new skills, such as conducting a sanitary survey or examining treatment systems. The pretest also revealed previous knowledge of the participants in the areas of system maintenance and consultant qualifications.
MEASURING DROUGHT IMPACTS: THE ILLINOIS CASE1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. , Easterling William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Drought is an interaction between physical processes and human activities. This study quantified the impacts of precipitation deficiencies on streamflow, reservoirs, and shallow ground water supplies. An in‐depth analysis of newspaper accounts of droughts between paired cities, one in drought and one not in drought, were used to measure the differences in the types of drought impacts, and in the time of onset of impacts as related to developing precipitation deficiencies. Precipitation deficiencies related to the onset and the magnitude of surface water supply adjustments, and to shallow ground water problems, were established. Thus, monitoring and prediction of the onset and magnitude of drought problems can now be done from readily available data on precipitation deficiencies. Newspapers were found to be reliable indicators for the timing of drought impacts and adjustments as precipitation deficiency develops. A review of local and state adjustments during two recent droughts revealed most decision makers lacked information and experience in dealing with drought.
WATERSHED MODELS AND THEIR APPLICABILITY TO CONJUNCTIVE USE MANAGEMENT1
Authors: El‐Kadi Aly I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Techniques employed to simulate infiltration and subsurface ground‐water flow were examined for a number of available watershed models. The large number of processes that these models simulate prohibits detailed analysis of subsurface flow, due to excessive computer and data requirements. Such models emphasize surface flow and include only that portion of water lost to the subsurface and the portion returned to the stream as baseflow. Problems were examined in adopting conjunctive use models, which allow the coordinated exploitation and management of both surface and ground‐water resources. The application of conjunctive use models in water resources management is expected to increase dramatically over the next decade.
THE RHIZOSPHERE ECOLOGY OF SUBMERSED MACROPHYTES1
Authors: Gunnison Douglas , Barko John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This article, based on a review of the literature, examines several aspects of the rhizosphere ecology of submersed macrophytes. These include the role of the rhizosphere microflora in affecting plant growth through influences on nutrient availability and production of plant growth regulating compounds. Interactions between components of the sediment microflora and plant roots are considered in relation to plant nitrition and growth. Possible applications of this information to the management of submersed macrophytes are considered.
ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN BED SEDIMENTS OF THE SAN JOAQUIN RIVER, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Gilliom Robert J. , Clifton Daphne G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bed sediments of the San Joaquin River and its tributaries were sampled during October 7–11, 1985, and analyzed for organochiorine pesticide residues in order to determine their areal distribution and to evaluate and prioritize needs for further study. Residues of DDD, DDE, DDT, and dieldrin are widespread in the fine‐grained bed sediments of the San Joaquin River and its tributaries despite little or no use of these pesticides for more than 15 years. The San Joaquin River has among the highest bed‐sediment concentrations of DDD, DDE, DDT, and dieldrin residues of major rivers in the United States. Concentrations of all four pesticides were correlated with each other and with the amount of organic carbon and fine‐grained particles in the bed sediments. The highest concentrations occurred in bed sediments of westside tributary streams. Potential tributary loads of DDD, DDE, DDT, and dieldrin to the San Joaquin River were computed from bed‐sediment concentrations and data on streamfiow and suspended‐sediment concentration in order to identify the general magnitude of differences between streams and to determine study priorities. The estimated loads indicate that the most important sources of residues during the study period were Salt Slough because of a high load of fine sediment, and Newman Wasteway, Orestimba Creek, and Hospital Creek because of high bed‐sediment concentrations. Generally, the highest estimated loads of DDD, DDE, DDT, and dieldrin were in Orestimba and Hospital Creeks.
TRENDS IN FRESHWATER INFLOW TO SAN FRANCISCO BAY FROM TUE SACRAMENTO‐SAN JOAQUIN DELTA1
Authors: Fox J. P. , Mongan T R. , Miller William J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Outflow from the Sacramento‐San Joaquin river system (Delta outflow) provides about 90 percent of the freshwater flow to San Francisco Bay. Because this river system also supplies most of the water used in California, some believed that annual freshwater flow to the Bay had declined by as much as 50 to 60 percent as water use increased. Consequently, we studied trends in actual Delta outflow and precipitation for the period 1921 to 1986, which is when Delta outflow data are available. We found that there has been no decrease in the annual Delta outflow over this period. In fact, a statistically significant increase in annual Delta outflow of 87 cfa/yr has occurred during the period 1921 to 1986. One reason that Delta outflow has increased is because precipitation has increased faster than water use. Other contributing factors include increased runoff from land use changes, water imports from other areas, and the redistribution of ground water. In addition, statistically significant seasonal trends in Delta outflow were found. Over the period 1921–1986 Delta outflow decreased in April and May and increased from July through November. Changes in other months were not statistically significant. These seasonal changes result primarily from the operation of upstream flood control and water development projects, which store water in the spring and release it in the summer and fall. These seasonal changes are also influenced by a climatic shift that has decreased spring snowmelt runoff and increased late summer through winter precipitation.
GENERALIZED LOW‐FLOW FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIPS FOR UNGAGED SITES IN MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Vogel Richard M. , Kroll Charles N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regional hydrologic procedures such as generalized least squares regression and streamflow record augmentation have been advocated for obtaining estimates of both flood‐flow and low‐flow statistics at ungaged sites. While such procedures are extremely useful in regional flood‐flow studies, no evaluation of their merit in regional low‐flow estimation has been made using actual streamflow data. This study develops generalized regional regression equations for estimating the d‐day, T‐year low‐flow discharge, Qd, t, at ungaged sites in Massachusetts where d = 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. A two‐parameter lognormal distribution is fit to sequences of annual minimum d‐day low‐flows and the estimated parameters of the lognormal distribution are then related to two drainage basin characteristics: drainage area and relief. The resulting models are general, simple to use, and about as precise as most previous models that only provide estimates of a single statistic such as Q7,10. Comparisons are provided of the impact of using ordinary least squares regression, generalized least squares regression, and streamflow record augmentation procedures to fit regional low‐flow frequency models in Massachusetts.
WATER USE REDUCTIONS FROM RETROFIHNG INDOOR WATER FIXTURES1
Authors: Whitcomb John B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A water use model was developed to estimate water savings from installation of low‐flow showerheads and toilet displacement devices in residential housing. The model measures household water use in per capita terms with adjustments for age of occupants, household income, if occupants responsible for direct payment of water bill, and type of water fixtures. Detailed data on 308 single family residences involved with a pilot retrofit program in the Seattle, Washington, area were analyzed. We estimated per capita indoor water use to decline by 6.4 and 2.1 percent from complete installation of low‐flow showerheads and toilet displacement devices, respectively.
A FAST ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATICALLY COMPUTING STRAHLER STREAM ORDER1
Authors: Lanfear Kenneth J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An efficient algorithm was developed to determine Strahler stream order for segments of stream networks represented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The algorithm correctly assigns Strahler stream order in topologically complex situations such as braided streams and multiple drainage outlets. Execution time varies nearly linearly with the number of stream segments in the network. This technique is expected to be particularly useful for studying the topology of dense stream networks derived from digital elevation model data.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFLUENCE OF SOIL FROST ON INFILTRATION AND EROSION OF SAGEBRUSH RANGELANDS1
Authors: Blackburn Wilbert H. , Pierson Frederick B. , Seyfried Mark S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Soil infiltration capacity and interrill erosion are significantly influenced by soil frost on western rangelands which are characterized by cold winters and numerous freeze‐thaw cycles. However, little is known about the variable influence of this phenomenon. Infiltration and interrill erosion were measured within a sagebrush‐grass plant community during the winter, spring, and summer of 1989. Significant spatial and temporal differences in infiltration capacity and interrill erosion were found for shrub coppice dune and dune interspace soils. Infiltration was generally higher for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils throughout the year. Infiltration capacity for both soils was lowest early in the year when the soil was frozen or saturated, then increased as the soil dried in the spring and summer. Interrill erosion was consistently lower for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils. Erosion from interspace soils was greatest during a 19‐day period in late winter characterized by diurnal freeze‐thaw cycles, saturated surface soil conditions, and soil slaking.
ADOPTION OF WATER‐SAVING PRACTICES BY IRRIGATORS IN THE HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Kromm David E. , White Stephen E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The High Plains has been viewed as an immense garden because of its highly productive agricultural system based on irrigation. But there is concern that the aquifers are being depleted and that the region may be returning to its natural state of a vast shortgrass prairie. Efforts to avoid this scenario and to ensure continued survival of the integrated agribusiness economy focus on conserving water in irrigation. This paper examines the adoption of 39 water‐saving practices for ten counties in Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas. The frequency of adoption was estimated from a survey of 709 irrigators, and the variance was found primarily to be a function of location and secondarily to be influenced by number of wells, type of irrigation system, depth to water, age, and education. Locational differences remained strong even when the influence of secondary factors were controlled.
AN ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS WITH LANDSAT MSS DIGITAL DATA1
Authors: Ritchie Jerry C. , Cooper Charles M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Algorithms for Landsat MSS digital data are needed to reduce the necessity of calibrating each Landsat scene if these data are to be useful in monitoring programs for surface suspended sediments. In this study digital data were extracted from 16 Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes collected between March 1987 and August 1988 over Enid Reservoir in North Central Mississippi. These data were converted to radiance and reflectance data for comparison with field measurements of surface suspended sediment concentrations. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 168 mg/1 during the study with only four greater than 100 mg/l. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were used to relate the surface suspended sediment concentrations with radiance and reflectance. Reflectance in MSS band 2 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and MSS band 3 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) were best related to the surface suspended sediment concentrations with coefficients of determination accounting for 71 percent and 68 percent of the variation in the data, respectively. Regressions with radiance data accounted for 36 percent (band 2) or less of the variation. Logarithmic transformations of either reflectance or sediment concentrations increase the coefficients of determination for MSS band 2 reflectance data to 81 percent. Regressions between the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances and concentrations also accounted for 80 percent of the variation. An equation

Loge SS (mg/l) = 9.21R½+ 2.71R½2 + 8.45,

where S is surface suspended sediment concentrations and R1/2 is the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances, provided the best fit to the data with a coefficient of determination of 0.82. This equation is essentially the same as an algorithm proposed by Topliss et at. (1990), for estimating surface suspended sediment concentrations in Canadian coastal waters. These equations for Enid Reservoir and Canadian waters suggest that it may be possible to develop an algorithm for widespread use for estimating surface suspended sediments.
LAKE AND RWER QUALITY FOR RECREATION MANAGEMENT AND CONTINGENT VALUATION1
Authors: Lant Christopher L. , Mullens Jo Beth
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Accurate valuation of recreational lakes and rivers in contingent valuation (CV) studies requires that the definition of the environmental good being sold meets the requirements of correspondence, proximity, and familiarity. The concept of ‘water quality’ normally used fails to meet these requirements. This paper offers a broader concept of “lake/river quality” ‐ a collection of physical, ecological, and aesthetic characteristics that create the opportunity for recreation, scenic enjoyment, and fish and wildlife propagation ‐ that better describes the characteristics that recreationists value in lakes and rivers. The concept therefore better meets CV requirements and should be the basis for defining environmental improvements and declines to be hypothetically sold in CV surveys.
WATER SUPPLY COSTS FOR SMALL PRIVATE UTILITIES1
Authors: Male James W. , Moriarty John B. , Stevens Thomas H. , Willis Cleve E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the cost of water supply for small and mid‐sized private water utilities. An econometric approach was employed in which data on utility costs and characteristics were used to estimate a total water supply cost function from which average and marginal costs were derived. The results suggest that although average and marginal costs decline with output, the rate of decline rapidly approaches zero, and unit costs therefore appear to remain relatively constant over a wide range of output. Implications of the results for pricing policy are examined.
MODERATE TIMBER HARVESTING INCREASES WATER YIELDS FROM AN ARIZONA MIXED CONIFER WATERSHED1
Authors: Gottfried Gerald J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A paired watershed design was used to evaluate the effects of a management prescription which included patch clearcutting, group selection, and singletree selection harvesting on water yield improvement. The harvest created 63 openings, averaging 0.5 ha in size over 13 percent of the watershed area. Stand density was reduced by 34 percent to 30 m2/ha. Average annual streamflow for the initial eight‐year period since treatment increased significantly by about 45 percent, or 44 mm, mostly because of increased winter runoff. A greater proportion of the snowmelt‐generated streamflow occurred earlier in the spring, while annual peak flows were increased by an average of 65 percent, or about 28.42 1/s/km2. Maximum snow water equivalents remained unchanged. The primary causes of the increases were reduced evapotranspiration and increased snow accumulation in the openings; however, it appears that the partially cut stand contributed to the increases.
OPTIMIZATION OF MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIR SYSTEM OPERATION1
Authors: Mohan S. , Keskar Jayant B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The goal programming approach for multipurpose reservoir operation has been proposed and applied to the Bhadra reservoir system, having irrigation and hydropower production as dual purposes, in India. The objective of the model is to satisfy sequentially a series of operating criteria. Two goal programming models, one with the objective function as minimizing the deviations from storage targets and the other with the objective function as minimizing the deviations from release targets, have been formulated and applied to the reservoir system under study. The results proved that the model with release targets is preferred over the model with storage targets for determining operational policies for multipurpose reservoir system.
APPLICATION OF CROP YIELD FUNCTIONS IN RESERVOIR OPERATION1
Authors: Dariane A. B. , Hughes T C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A model is developed for real‐time operation of an irrigation reservoir with the objective of maximizing the value of multiple crop yields during a growing season. The model employs monthly additive and product forms of crop yield functions for dry matter and grain crops, respectively. The resulting nonlinear optimization model uses a log transform to reduce nonlinearities in the model. An application of the proposed model is compared to a common operating rule used in simulation models. The proposed model results were better in terms of net benefits from crop yields. The model uses GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) language. It requires an IBM‐compatible microcomputer and is suitable for use by a reservoir manager.
A RAWLSIAN EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA1
Authors: Sampath R. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper critically evaluates the nature of irrigation distribution in India using the Rawlsian criterion of equity in dis. tribution and estimates the performance of different states in India according to the Rawlsian notion of fairness in distribution. It is found that there is considerable inequality across farm‐size groups in the distribution of irrigated areas in general and canal irrigated areas in particular, and that there are wide interstate differences in the levels of this inequality. Further, it is found that switching over to a Rawlsian based distribution of canal irrigation will help in reducing the levels of inequality in overall irrigation distribution in all states.
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CHANGED CLIMATES ON HEAVY RAINFALL FREQUENCIES IN TIlE MIDWEST1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. , Huff Floyd A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An important question posed by potential future shifts in climate relates to possible shifts in heavy rainfall events (intensity and/or frequency) used to design hydraulic structures. Heavy rain events were defined as those producing amounts having average recurrence intervals of two years or longer for a specific storm period at a given location. Estimates of such heavy rainfall shifts in the humid continental climate of the midwest were derived by using spatial and temporal analogs. Comparisons in areas of relatively warm, wet conditions were made with those having measurably cooler, drier average conditions. The spatial‐temporal analogs provided comparative differences in precipitation and temperature similar to the magnitude of changes obtained from GCM estimates. Spatial analogs/analyses indicated 10 to 15 percent increases in the frequency distribution of rain events having recurrence intervals of 5 to 50 years. Two periods of notably drier and warmer conditions during the past 90 years revealed 5 to 15 percent decreases in the number of 2‐ to 10‐year heavy rain events. The suppression percentages showed a strong tendency to increase with increasing recurrence interval from 2 to 10 years.
ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1
Authors: Edwards Kenneth B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30‐hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded.

The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10−5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.
A RISK‐BASED MODEL FOR DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANNING1
Authors: Moreau David H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A risk‐based model is presented for determining action levels in real‐time operation of public water supplies under drought conditions. The model, applicable to surface water supplies, is built around the almost universally adopted structure for drought management, a sequence of increasingly stringent measures to reduce demand. Action levels are determined by finding minimum storage levels that will satisfy a prescribed set of probability constraints over the remainder of a drawdown‐refill cycle. Results are presented for the City of Raleigh, NC.
GROUND WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS OF SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTWE1
Authors: Setia Parveen , Piper Steven
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the intermedia movement of pesticides applied under various land management systems already in place, or to be implemented, under the Conservation Reserve and Conservation Compliance programs is presented. The simulation modeling approach followed in this analysis consists of a mathematical programming model and leaching/surface runoff, Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) models. Special care was taken to ensure that the physical model was sensitive to the chemical characteristics of individual pesticides and the important physical changes brought about by different agricultural practices. Results show that, although these programs as now planned, increase farm income and achieve soil conservation goals, they may adversely affect ground water quality. Also, depending on soil and location characteristics, there are tradeoffs between surface and ground water quality implications. Hence, if these programs are to address water quality problems, the recommended practices must be evaluated for their impact on water quality, particularly in potentially vulnerable areas.
VALUE OF WATER IN IRRIGATED CROP PRODUCTION USING DERIVED DEMAND FUNCTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER IRRIGATION DISTRICT1
Authors: Kulshreshtha Suren N. , Tewari Devi D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water abundance has led most North American societies to use water freely without priorizing its use. As water scarcity becomes reality in the southern part of Saskatchewan, planners and managers of water require information about the value of water in irrigation, as well as in alternative uses. In this study, the value of water to the producer in irrigation is developed both for the short and long run. The basis of this imputation is a derived demand function for water using linear programming. Water demand was bound to be inelastic at lower prices, and highly elastic at higher prices. The short‐run value of water varied between $0.44 and $127.82 (1986 dollars) per acre‐foot for different levels of product prices. However, the long‐run value was estimated between zero and $1.59 per acre‐foot of water.
CONSIDERATIONS OF SCALE IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND DATA ANALYSIS1
Authors: Loftis Jim C. , McBride Graham B. , Ellis Julian C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An assumption of scale is inherent in any environmental monitoring exercise. The temporal or spatial scale of interest defines the statistical model which would be most appropriate for a given system and thus affects both sampling design and data analysis. Two monitoring objectives which are strongly tied to scale are the estimation of average conditions and the evaluation of trends. For both of these objectives, the time or spatial scale of interest strongly influences whether a given set of observations should be regarded as independent or serially correlated and affects the importance of serial correlation in choosing statistical methods. In particular serial correlation has a much different effect on the estimation of long‐term means than it does on the estimation of specific‐period means. For estimating trends, a distinction between serial correlation and trend is scale dependent. An explicit consideration of scale in monitoring system design and data analysis is, therefore, most important for producing meaningful statistical information.
FIELD TESTING OF AN ICE‐PRESERVING WINTER LAKE AERATION SYSTEM1
Authors: Ellis Christopher R. , Stefan Heinz G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Artificial aeration is used to prevent winter fish kills due to oxygen depletion in ice‐covered lakes. Conventional aeration by air bubble plumes and other techniques usually mixes the water column and produces hazardous open water in the ice cover. A non‐mixing winter lake aeration system which creates a fish refuge was designed and field tested to oxygenate the water and maintain water temperature stratification in a lake such that no open water is created. The system uses a cascade aerator and has a design discharge and dissolved oxygen input rate of 85 1/s and 70 kg/d, respectively. Aerated water is discharged near mid‐depth with minimum disturbance of the ambient water through a specially designed diffuser. The system was tested in a shallow 3 m deep lake of 17 ha surface area during two winters and was found to perform as expected. Significant photosynthetic production of dissolved oxygen under the ice‐cover was also observed during snow‐free periods.
HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CLEARCUTTING AND STRIPCUTTING LOBLOLLY PINE IN THE COASTAL PLAIN1
Authors: Ursic S. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Harvesting 29‐year‐old loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) plantations on six small catchments in the Coastal Plain of west Tennessee caused variable but generally minor increases of storm‐flow volumes during the four years following harvest. The increases were primarily associated with decreases of rainfall interception rather than with soil disturbance. Harvesting had no effect on stormflow volumes in six nearby catchments of 37‐year‐old loblolly pine to which the same treatments were applied. Postharvest increases of flow‐weighted sediment concentrations averaged higher for the catchments with greater flows at both locations. During the fourth through eighth years after harvest, average sediment concentrations for harvested catchments at each location approximated closely the base rate of 62 mg L‐1previously defined for undisturbed pine types. Thus, relatively minor postharvest increases of stormflow volumes in the six 29‐year‐old plantations and increases of sediment concentrations in all 12 catchments were limited to about four years. Nevertheless, because of potential channel erosion, the findings confirm the need to extend stream management zones well up into drainages with intermittent and ephemeral flows wherever water quality is a concern. Despite certain undesirable effects of logging (baring of mineral soil, decreased weight and depth of forest floor, increased soil bulk density), the results demonstrate the high resilience developed by pine planted on severely eroded sites in the southern Coastal Plain.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLAY MANAGER: A TOOL FOR WATER QUALITY DATA INTEGRATION1
Authors: Samuels William B. , Taylor Phillip L. , Evenhouse Paul B. , Bondelid Timothy R. , Eggers Paul C. , Hanson Sue A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Environmental Display Manager, EDM, is a development system on an IBM 3090 mainframe at the U.S. EPA National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EDM provides mapping, display, analysis support, and information management capabilities to workstations located across the United States, and connected to EPA through federal, state, academic, and private communications networks. Through interactive software, EDM can quickly support analyses, create maps and graphics, and generate reports that integrate millions of pieces of environmental data. The concept of EDM is to provide easy access to environmental information, to provide automated environmental analyses and reports, and then to provide data, graphics, images, text, and documents that can be used by numerous output devices, software packages, and computers.

The mapping cumponent works with an electronic version of the 54,000 7.5 minute quad sheets of the U.S. Geological Survey. The software also works with a hydrographic data base of the surface waters of the United States. With the maps, a user can look at the rivers in any state, can zoom in on a small pond, and can overlay and identify particular features such as industrial waste dischargers and factories. The hydrography allows routing for modeling programs, identification of upstream and downstream components, and linkage of environmental features associated with surface waters. Alternatively, users can query data based on latitude/longitude, city name, EPA permit number, state agency and station code, river name or number, and river cataloging unit. The maps can be overlaid with roads and environmental sites such as: municipal and industrial dischargers, Superfund sites, public drinking water supplies, water quality monitoring stations, stream gages, and city locations. Retrievals from related systems can be performed for selected sites creating graphics showing water quality trends, discharge monitoring reports, and permit discharge limits.
ASSESSING THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF STREAMFLOW ON RECREATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW1
Authors: Brown Thomas C. , Taylor Jonathan G. , Shelby Bo
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A variety of methods have been used to learn about the relation between streamfiow and recreation quality. Regardless of method, nearly all studies found a similar nonlinear relation of recreation to flow, with quality increasing with flow to a point, and then decreasing for further increases in flow. Points of minimum, optimum, and maximum flow differ across rivers and activities. Knowledge of the effects of streamflow on recreation, for the variety of relevant activities and skill levels, is an important ingredient in the determination of wise streamflow policies.
EFFECT OF PRICE STRUCTURE ON RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND1
Authors: Stevens T H. , Miller Jonathan , Willis Cleve
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Little is known about how different types of municipal water rate structures influence residential water use. Conventional wisdom suggests that increasing block rate structures promote conservation, but analysis of data from 85 Massachusetts communities does not support this view.
PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AND ASSIMILATORY CAPACITY OF TWO LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY FRESHWATER WETLAND SOILS1
Authors: Masscheleyn P H. , Pardue J. H. , DeLaune R. D. , Patrick W. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus fluxes and water quality functions of a bottomland hardwood and freshwater marsh wetland soil were compared. The effect of soil physicochemical conditions, phosphorus loading rate, and diffusive exchange between soils and the overlying food water column on phosphorus release and retention were studied. The predominantly mineral swamp forest soil displayed greater phosphorus sorption potential than the organic freshwater marsh soil. Moreover, due to its low bulk density (0.11 g cm−3), the freshwater marsh soil surface area required for phosphorus retention is very large compared to the bottomland hardwood wetland soil. For both wetlands, soil redox status affected P release and assimilatory capacity. The more reducing the soils, the smaller their phosphorus retention capacity (greater their release). Phosphorus removal from the overlying water column into the wetland soils followed a first‐order kinetic model. Under similar hydrological conditions, phosphorus was found to diffuse 1.2 times faster to the bottom. land hardwood soil than in the freshwater marsh soil. Results indicate that while the bottomland hardwood wetland soil will serve as a sink for phosphorus entering such wetland, phosphorus will be released and exported from the freshwater marsh soil into adjacent ecosystems.
SENSORY RESEARCH FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SECONDARY MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS1
Authors: Bruvold William H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Individuals naturally engage in sensory evaluation of water quality during daily consumption. Efforts to ensure that all consumers receive high quality water must attend to sensory evaluation; otherwise individuals can obtain repeated evidence of compromised quality that reduces confidence in public purveyors and regulating agencies. Sensory quality is currently regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) by promulgation of secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) governing taste and odor in drinking water. Efforts to establish new SMCLs for identified organic contaminants has been thwarted by a lack of research data even though standardized methods for sensory evaluation presently exist. The present paper recommends a broad based national research program designed to produce odor detection thresholds, flavor detection thresholds, flavor acceptability functions, flavor recognition thresholds, and flavor intensity functions for each current contaminant of concern which will provide a substantial basis for the desired SMCLs, and offer an unprecedented comparative evaluation of currently standardized sensory evaluation procedures.
MULTICRITERIA PROGRAMMING OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR RURAL AREAS1
Authors: Roy Bernard , Slowiñski Roman , Treichel Wiktor
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to present a multicriteria methodology for decision aid at the stage of programming a water supply system (WSS) for a rural area. The programming stage is an intermediate one between planning and designing water supply facilities, and can be decomposed into two problems: (a) setting up a priority order of water users, taking into account socio‐economic criteria; and (b) choosing the best technical variant of the WSS. Among the criteria considered for the latter problem, there is a criterion of distance between the socio‐economic priorities of users and the precedence orders of users according to the technical programming, which plays a coordinating role between problems (a) and (b). All steps of the presented methodology are illustrated by a real case study.
INTERACTIVE MULTIOBJECTIVE ANALYSIS EMBEDDING THE DECISION MAKER'S IMPLICIT PREFERENCE FUNCTION1
Authors: Bogardi Janos J. , Duckstein Lucien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two simple interactive techniques are developed and illustrated by means of two different real‐life examples in Thailand. The first technique, Evolutionary Sequential Multiobjective Problem Solving (ESEMOPS), is an open‐ended algorithm designed for planning problems with discrete alternatives. ESEMOPS helps the decision making group (DMG) develop progressively a preference function over the alternatives. The algorithm follows an evolutionary “breeding” strategy to generate a small set of good alternative solutions. This heuristic search, which does not guarantee that the adopted ‘satisfactum’ is an efficient solution leads to plausible results when applied to the planning of the Mae Khlong‐Chao Phraya interbasin water transfer and irrigation system. The second algorithm, Search Beam Method (SBM) is essentially a series of one‐dimensional searches for an efficient point along a “beam” passing through a goal point. Repeated search towards displayed goal points is leading to a set of quasi non‐dominated solutions. SBM is illustrated by the Ubol Ratana reservoir control problem with the two conflicting objectives of energy generation and irrigation water supply. Neither ESEMOPS nor SBM require that weights, utilities, or pairwise tradeoffs be assessed. These features have been very much appreciated by a real DMG presented with the two techniques.
COMPUTER ASSISTED NEGOTIATION OF MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCES CONFLICTS1
Authors: Thiessen Ernest M. , Loucks Daniel P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Since the early 1970s, a large volume of literature has accumulated related to multiobjective water resources management problems. A relatively small portion of this specifically addresses the negotiation process required when there are multiple decision makers with conflicting objectives. This paper focuses on that process and describes a computer program designed to assist such negotiation processes. This interactive computer assisted negotiation support system is called ICANS.

ICANS is designed for dynamic, multi‐issue, multi‐party negotiation problems. Based on information provided in confidence by each party via an interactive graphical interface, the program can help determine if there exist any possible alternatives that are equivalent or even preferred to each party's decision in the absence of a negotiated agreement. If such alternatives exist, through a series of iterations in which each party's input data, assumptions, and preferences may change, ICANS can assist the parties in their search for a mutually acceptable and preferred agreement.

A simple example illustrates the data requirements and the use of ICANS in negotiation experiments.
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT RULES DERWED WITH THE AID OF MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Laabs Hartmut , Schultz Gert A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The determination of optimum reservoir operating rules for reservoirs with multiple conflicting objectives is still a difficult task ‐ despite many publications in this field. In this paper a three‐step Multi Objective Decision Making (MODM) method is presented, the emphasis of which is placed on the necessity to make the work easy for the decision maker, which many MODM techniques fail to achieve. The method is applied to the development of a compromise optimum operating rule for a multi‐purpose reservoir. In the first step of the method stochastic DP is chosen which is combined with the “weighting method” allowing combination of various objectives into one objective function. By systematically varying the weights for the objectives a large number of pareto optimum reservoir operating rules is generated. In the second step of the method the performance of all these operating rules is tested with the aid of a model simulating reservoir operation. The results are statistically analyzed and the reliabilities for attaining the various objectives are computed. The third step of the model applies another MODM technique which allows the decision maker ‐ in a computer dialog ‐ to select his optimum reservoir operating rule from the large number of pareto optimum solutions generated in step 1. Here he can specify his preferences for the various objectives. For this purpose two alternative MODM techniques are offered: Compromise Programming and the SEMOPS method. Their performance is shown along with the generation and selection of operating rules for the multi‐objective Wupper reservoir system in Germany.
MULTI‐OBJECTIVE RESERVOIR OPERATION INCLUDING TURBIDITY CONTROL1
Authors: Ikebuchi Shuichi , Kojiri Toshiharu
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The operational problems of a reservoir are expressed by three coordinates: space, time stage, and objective. The operational procedure is formulated using dynamic programming as a multi‐objective problem. After comparing the scalar and the vector optimization, the scalar optimization technique is applied to turbidity analysis in a reservoir.
A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL TO WATER QUALITY INDEX: FUZZY CLUSTERING ANALYSIS1
Authors: Kung Hsiang‐te , Ying Long‐gen , Liu You‐Ci
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A general methodology for fuzzy clustering analysis is developed and illustrated with a case study of water quality evaluation for Dianshan Lake, Shanghai, China. Fuzzy clustering analysis may be used whenever a composite classification of water quality incorporates multiple parameters. In such cases, the technique may be used as a complement or an alternative to comprehensive assessment. In fuzzy clustering analysis, the classification is determined by a fuzzy relation. After a fuzzy similarity matrix has been established and the fuzzy relation stabilized, a dynamic clustering chart can be developed. Given a suitable threshold, the appropriate classification is worked out. The methodology is relatively simple, and the results can be interpreted to provide valuable information to support decision making and to aid water quality management.
IMPACT OF SURFACE COAL MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS – GROUND‐WATER CHEMISTRY1
Authors: Bonta J. V. , Amerman C. R. , Dick W. A. , Harlukowicz T J. , Razem A. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of surface mining and reclamation on ground‐water chemistry in three saturated zones in each of three small East‐Central Ohio water‐sheds. The extensive disturbances of mining and reclamation: (1) caused more changes in constituent concentrations in the upper zone than in lower zones, most of which were statistically significant increases (many were “drastic”); (2) affected ground‐water chemistry in lower zones ‐ those that were not physically disturbed; (3) tended to increase the frequency of exceedance of regulated constituents in all saturated zones; and (4) affected the chemistry of surface baseflow water at the watershed outlets. Several constituents were still changing at the end of the project within all sites and zones.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STREAMBED SEDIMENT IN THE UPPER ILLINOIS RWER BASIN1
Authors: Colman John A. , Sanzolone Richard F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Geochemistry of fine‐fraction streambed sediments collected from the upper illinois River basin was surveyed in the fall of 1987 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water‐Quality Assessment pilot projects. The survey included 567 samples analyzed for 46 elements. Three distinctive distribution patterns were found for seven U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants surveyed, as well as for boron and phosphorus: (1) enrichment of elements in the Chicago urban area and in streams draining the urban area relative to rural areas, (2) enrichment in main stems relative to tributaries, and (3) enrichment in low‐order streams at high‐population‐density sites relative to low‐population‐density sites. Significant differences in background concentrations, as measured by samples from low‐order streams, were observed among five subbasins in the study area. Uncertain geochemical correspondence between low‐order, background sites and high‐order, generally metal enriched sites prevented determination of background levels that would be appropriate for high‐order sites. The within‐sample ratio of enriched elements was variable within the Chicago area but was constant in the Illinois River downstream from Chicago. Element ratios imply a composite fine‐fraction sediment in the Illinois River of 35–40 percent Des Plaines River origin and 60–65 percent Kankakee River origin.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH1
Authors: Wilson Bruce N. , Brown J. William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A generalized unit hydrograph method is developed and evaluated for ungaged watersheds. A key component in this method is the value of a dimensionless storage coefficient. Procedures to estimate this coefficient are given using calibrated values from 142 rainfall‐runoff events gaged in watershed located mainly in the Eastern US. Only limited success was obtained in predicting this storage coefficient. Thirty‐seven, independent rainfall‐runoff events were used to test the proposed technique. The generalized unit hydrograph predicted the observed runoff hydrographs fairly well with considerable improvement in accuracy over the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph. Approximately one‐half of test storms had percent errors in predicted peak flow rates that were less than 34 percent compared to percent error of 88 percent with the SCS method.
HYDRAULIC MODELING SUPPORT FOR CONFLICT ANALYSIS: THE MANAYUNK CANAL REVISITED1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Traver Robert G. , Rao Jayaram N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a study which used a standard, hydraulic computer model to generate detailed design information to support conflict analysis of a water resource use issue. As an extension of previous studies, the conflict analysis in this case included several scenarios for stability analysis ‐ all of which reached the conclusion that compromising, shared access to the water resources available would result in the most benefits to society. This expected equilibrium outcome was found to maximize benefit‐cost estimates.
APPLICATION OF MODERN ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS TO A LARGE WATER RESOURCE STUDY1
Authors: Albert Richard C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Modem management concepts were used to increase the efficiency and productivity of a large and complex water resource study conducted on two Delaware River components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The study analyzed the hydraulics of a 120 mile reach of the river using Rhodamine WT dye injected under medium‐flow, low‐flow steady‐state, and low‐flow‐surge wave flow conditions. The study benefited from a decentralized management structure that used informal teams to attain quality control objectives, to overcome study difficulties, to secure substantial interagency cooperation, and to maximize limited financial and staffing resources.
USE OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL IN A BASIN‐WIDE WATER ALLOCATION PROCEEDING1
Authors: Dolan Larry S. , DeLuca Denise K
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation developed a hydrologic model to help analyze the effects of allocating water for consumptive and instream uses in the upper Missouri River basin of Montana. The model, a PC‐based FORTRAN program, uses a mass‐balance approach to compute monthly streamflows, reservoir operations, hydropower production, and irrigation and municipal water uses throughout the 54,000 square mile basin for a 59‐year base period. Simulation results are presented as monthly mean and percentile‐exceedence values. The model was run for baseline conditions and six hypothetical water‐allocation alternatives. Results were used by staff resource area specialists to assess potential impacts to water quantity and distribution, water rights, water quality, stream channel form, fisheries, wildlife, recreation, hydropower production, and economics. These analyses were presented to the public and the decision‐making board in an environmental impact statement (EIS). Though, in many instances, the model did not allow for detailed, site‐specific analyses, the model was an important tool and its simulation results formed the hydrologic basis for the EIS.