bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early–Middle Ordovician brachiopod dispersal patterns in South China
Authors: ZHAN Renbin , JIN Jisuo
Published: June 2013

Paleobiogeographic patterns of the brachiopod faunas before and during the first radiation of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) in South China at 6 different localities from the upper Jiangnan Slope to the vast area of the Upper Yangtze Platform show several interesting features. First, the initial brachiopod diversity acme was accompanied by both high origination and extinction rates. Second, no significant changes took place in the taxonomic composition and paleobiogeographic pattern of the brachiopod fauna during the radiation at 5 of the 6 localities studied except the near shore locality, where the first brachiopod radiation was much later than at other localities and was marked by a dramatic increase in endemic constituents. Third, orthides were the predominant brachiopod group during the radiation, and regional brachiopod taxa played a significant role in defining the paleobiogeographic pattern of the radiation. Fourth, the first brachiopod radiation was associated with 3 major pulses of onshore migration from the upper Jiangnan Slope through the central Upper Yangtze Platform to the near shore settings of the platform, with the middle pulse being the most significant. Finally, paleogeographic dispersal took place in both onshore and offshore directions, although the onshore expansion was more prominent; several key brachiopods, such as Paralenorthis, Nocturnellia, Protoskenidioides, Nereidella, Euorthisina and Yangtzeella, first appeared on the upper Jiangnan Slope and later formed distinct, and taxonomically diverse, communities on the Upper Yangtze Platform. The paleogeographic dispersal of brachiopods is considered to be closely related to the tectonic evolution of the Qianzhong Arch.
Bang for the Buck? An Evaluation of theRoads to RecoveryProgram
Authors: Nagpal Monica , Kortt Michael A. , Dollery Brian
Published: June 2013

The Roads to Recovery (R2R) Program is an Australian Government policy which has provided billions of dollars to local government for local roads investment and maintenance. The R2R Program is controversial insofar as it may be unconstitutional and it may not have delivered “value for money”. This article evaluates the R2R Program taking into account evidence from the Australian National Audit Office ReportManagement of the AusLink Roads to Recovery Program. This Report found that local government had engaged in “revenue‐shifting” by substituting Commonwealth funds for its own hypothecated expenditure on local roads. This had partly undermined the intended benefits of the R2R Program.
Welfare Reform and At‐Risk Mothers' Labour Supply
Authors: Ho Christine
Published: June 2013

We analyse the impact of the early 1990s welfare waivers and the 1996 TANF reform in the United States on at‐risk mothers' labour supply behaviour using the PSID. We find that whereas the welfare waivers had limited impacts on at‐risk mothers, the TANF reform played an important role in encouraging those mothers to increase their labour supply at the intensive margin.
Public Redistribution and Inequality in a Period of Fiscal Consolidation: A Decomposition Analysis for Canada in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Joanis Marcelin , Rodriguez Edgard
Published: June 2013

This article documents the evolution of income inequality during Canada's major fiscal consolidation of the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s, one of the most spectacular fiscal turnarounds in recent economic history. Our main objective is to understand why overall market income inequality rose between 1986 and 1996, while that of disposable income did not. To analyse this question, we use data from the Survey of Consumer Finances and two distinct decomposition methodologies. Our results show that both the automatic stabilisation effect of transfer programmes and the rise in personal income taxes explain the performance of the Canadian tax and transfer system in offsetting market income inequality growth during the fiscal consolidation decade. Canada's fiscal consolidation episode, which placed more weight on rising taxes than on cuts in transfer programmes, was thus an inequality reducing factor.
A Micro‐Analysis of Labour Market Flexibility
Authors: Byford Martin C.
Published: June 2013

This article employs an elementary bargaining model to characterise the consequences of increasing labour market flexibility. In the model a policy change relaxes a non‐wage minimum condition of employment. The policy change has ambiguous effects on the share of the surplus that accrues to workers and may leave workers worse off. Moreover, where a worker is on the minimum wage, total welfare may be reduced as workers seek to circumvent the minimum wage by sacrificing non‐wage conditions of employment. The results add to our understanding of the motivation and composition of groups, such as labour unions, opposed to labour market reforms. Moreover, they imply that it may be welfare enhancing to retain rigid labour market conditions for workers on, or close to, the minimum wage.
Impact of the leaf minerCameraria ohridella(Lepidoptera:Gracillariidae) and bleeding canker disease on horse‐chestnut: direct effects and interaction
Authors: Straw Nigel A. , Williams David T.
Published: June 2013

The leaf minerCameraria ohridellaand bleeding canker disease (BCD) are invasive organisms causing severe damage to horse‐chestnut trees inEurope.

Their impact and potential interaction were investigated by monitoring infestation and disease symptoms on 193European horse‐chestnutsAesculus hippocastanumL. and 46 red horse‐chestnutsAesculus carneaJ. Zeyh. over a 10‐year period from 2002 to 2012.

Cameraria ohridelladamaged up to 75% of the total leaf area ofA. hippocastanum, but it had no influence on stem radial growth or general tree condition.Aesculus carneawas rarely attacked and only when growing close to heavily infestedA. hippocastanum.

BCD, in contrast, was responsible for the death or removal of 11% ofA. hippocastanumand 27% ofA. carnea, and surviving trees showed a decrease in growth rate and decline in crown density.

Cameraria ohridellawas more abundant on largerA. hippocastanum, whereasBCDwas more prevalent amongst young, fast‐growingA. hippocastanum, which resulted in a partial separation of the moth and disease between trees and habitats, as well as in the wider environment.

Trees with higher rates of leaf miner damage generally had a lower incidence ofBCDand there was no evidence thatC. ohridellaeither facilitated the spread of the disease or accentuated its impact.
Forecasting Multivariate Road Traffic Flows Using Bayesian Dynamic Graphical Models, Splines and Other Traffic Variables
Authors: Anacleto Osvaldo , Queen Catriona , Albers Casper J.
Published: June 2013

Traffic flow data are routinely collected for many networks worldwide. These invariably large data sets can be used as part of a traffic management system, for which good traffic flow forecasting models are crucial. The linear multiregression dynamic model (LMDM) has been shown to be promising for forecasting flows, accommodating multivariate flow time series, while being a computationally simple model to use. While statistical flow forecasting models usually base their forecasts on flow data alone, data for other traffic variables are also routinely collected. This paper shows how cubic splines can be used to incorporate extra variables into the LMDM in order to enhance flow forecasts. Cubic splines are also introduced into the LMDM to parsimoniously accommodate the daily cycle exhibited by traffic flows.

The proposed methodology allows the LMDM to provide more accurate forecasts when forecasting flows in a real high‐dimensional traffic data set. The resulting extended LMDM can deal with some important traffic modelling issues not usually considered in flow forecasting models. Additionally, the model can be implemented in a real‐time environment, a crucial requirement for traffic management systems designed to support decisions and actions to alleviate congestion and keep traffic flowing.
Meta‐analysis and review on the changes of tear function and corneal sensitivity in diabetic patients
Authors: Lv Hongbin , Li Ailing , Zhang Xibo , Xu Mei , Qiao Yu , Zhang Junhui , Yu Ling
Published: June 2013

To perform a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of tear function in diabetic and non‐diabetic patients. Research related to tear function in diabetic and non‐diabetic patients was gathered using PubMed, EBSCO, OVID. Two reviewers independently conducted the literature search. The quality assessment and the data extraction were performed in accordance with exclusion criteria and cross‐checking. RevMan 5.1.7 software was used for the meta‐analysis. The tear film break‐up time was studied in eight articles with a total of 1449 samples. Through a random‐effects model analysis, the combined weighted mean difference (WMD) was −4.44 [−5.87, −3.01]. The time in diabetic patients was shorter than that in the non‐diabetic group (p < 0.00001). The basal tear secretion test was studied in seven articles with a total of 949 samples. The combined WMD was −3.96 [−5.70, −2.23], and the difference between the diabetic group and control group was statistically significant (p < 0.00001). The total tear secretion test was studied in five articles with a total of 921 samples. The combined WMD was −3.96 [−7.43, −0.50]. The difference between the diabetic and control groups was statistically significant (p = 0.03). The corneal sensitivity was compared in eight studies with a total of 976 samples. Through a random‐effects model analysis, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was −5.14 [−6.99, −3.29]. The corneal sensitivity was lower in diabetic patients than the control group (p < 0.00001). Our study suggests that the tear functions are worse in diabetic patients compared with the control group. Moreover, patients with PDR are more predisposed to impaired tear functions.
Impact of low versus high fluidic settings on the efficacy and safety of phacoemulsification
Authors: Schriefl Sabine M. , Stifter Eva , Menapace Rupert
Published: June 2013

Purpose:  To compare intraoperative efficiency and postoperative outcomes of cataract surgery with low and high fluidic settings.

Methods:  In this prospective, randomized, single‐blinded study, 114 eyes of 57 patients were operated with low fluidic settings for one eye (group I) and high fluidic settings for the other eye (group II). Efficiency was judged as metred surgery time, effective phacoemulsification time (EPT) and the amount of balanced salt solution used. Visual outcome and endothelial cell count were determined 1 week and 18 months postoperatively.

Results:  The overall effective phacoemulsification energy was statistically significantly lower (p = 0.003) in group II than in group I. Conquest of the nuclei was achieved with about two‐thirds of the energy needed in group I, with 6.59 ± 4.79 effective ultrasound energy compared with 3.99 ± 3.18 (p = 0.001). Overall, about 12% more solution was used in group II than in group I. Median visual acuity was 1.0 for both groups 18 months after surgery. The mean endothelial cell loss was 5.0% in eyes in group I compared with 6.3% in eyes in group II (p > 0.5).

Conclusion:  Switching from low fluidic settings with a conventional coaxial 20G phacoemulsification tip to higher fluidic settings with a microcoaxial phaco tip statistically significantly decreases EPT. As only marginally more solution was used with the higher aspiration flow, occlusion must be accomplished more often with high than with low fluidics. Aspiration of the quadrants was therefore more efficient with high fluidic settings. The enhanced pump speed did not result in more tissue damage.
Novel ‘heavy’ dyes for retinal membrane staining during macular surgery: multicenter clinical assessment
Authors: Veckeneer Marc , Mohr Andreas , Alharthi Essam , Azad Rajvardhan , Bashshur Ziad F. , Bertelli Enrico , Bejjani Riad A. , Bouassida Brahim , Bourla Dan , Crespo Iñigo Corcóstegui , Fahed Charbel , Fayyad Faisal , Mura Marco , Nawrocki Jerzy , Rivett Kelvin , Scharioth Gabor B. , Shkvorchenko Dmitry O. , Szurman Peter , Van Wijck Hein , Wong Ian Y. , Wong David S. H. , Frank Johannes , Oellerich Silke , Bruinsma Marieke , Melles Gerrit R. J.
Published: June 2013

Purpose:  To evaluate the feasibility of two novel ‘heavy’ dye solutions for staining the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and epiretinal membranes (ERMs), without the need for a prior fluid‐air exchange, during macular surgery.

Methods:  In this prospective nonrandomized multicenter cohort study, the high molecular weight dyes ILM‐Blue™ [0.025% brilliant blue G, 4% polyethylene glycol (PEG)] and MembraneBlue‐Dual™ (0.15% trypan blue, 0.025% brilliant blue G, 4% PEG) were randomly used in vitrectomy surgeries for macular disease in 127 eyes of 127 patients. Dye enhanced membrane visualization of the ILM and ERMs, ‘ease of membrane peeling’, visually detectable perioperative retinal damage, postoperative best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), dye remnants and other unexpected clinical events were documented by 21 surgeons.

Results:  All surgeries were uneventful, and a clear bluish staining, facilitating the identification, delineation and removal of the ILM and ERMs, was reported in all but five cases. None of the surgeries required a fluid‐air exchange to assist the dye application. BCVA at 1 month after surgery improved in 83% of the eyes in the MembraneBlue‐Dual™ group and in 88% in the ILM‐Blue™ group. No dye remnants were detected by ophthalmoscopy, and no retinal adverse effects related to the surgery or use of the dyes were observed.

Conclusion:  The ‘heavy’ dye solutions ILM‐Blue™ and MembraneBlue‐Dual™ can be injected into a fluid‐filled vitreous cavity and may facilitate staining and removal of the ILM and/or ERMs in macular surgery without an additional fluid‐air exchange.
Effect of body position on electrocardiographic recordings in dogs
Authors: Stern JA , Hinchcliff KW , Constable PD
Published: June 2013

Objective

To determine whether body position (standing vs right lateral recumbency) altered the quality of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and value ofECGvariables in dogs when theECGwas recorded using American Heart Association guidelines for frequency response.

Design

Crossover study using a convenience sample.

Methods

ECGswere recorded twice in 65 sled dogs in random order with each dog standing or placed in right lateral recumbency. LeadIIand three semi‐orthogonal leads (I,aVF, andV10) were recorded and muscle tremor artefact was assessed.

Results

LeadII ECGsobtained from dogs in right lateral recumbency had less muscle tremor artefact and consequently a shorterQRSduration thanECGsobtained with the dogs standing. TheP,Q,RandSwave amplitudes differed in selected leads and the mean electrical axis was shifted 20° to the right when dogs were in right lateral recumbency.

Conclusions

Right lateral recumbency improves the quality ofECGrecording in dogs by decreasing muscle tremor artefact, alters the amplitude ofP,RandSwaves in specific leads and results in a rightward shift in the mean electrical axis, relative to standing.
How Social Safety Net Programs Affect Family Economic Well‐Being, Family Functioning, and Children's Development
Authors: Gassman‐Pines Anna , Hill Zoelene
Published: June 2013

Following changes to federal cash assistance programs in 1996, low‐income families now rely on a set of social programs: the Earned Income Tax Credit, food assistance, publicly funded health insurance, and child‐care subsidies. In this review, we present evidence on the effects of these programs on families' economic circumstances, families' psychological well‐being and functioning, and children's developmental outcomes. Social safety net programs improve families' economic circumstances, thereby achieving their primary goal. Few studies have examined impacts on children's developmental outcomes but overall, programs improve children's academic, behavioral, and physical well‐being. Even fewer studies have examined impacts on parents' psychological well‐being or family functioning, leaving gaps in the literature. The review concludes with discussions of the Great Recession and whether effects found during stronger economic times generalize to the most recent economic crisis, and with a discussion of social safety net policies in countries outside the United States.
Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of fine needle aspiration cytology in 20 patients
Authors: Takagi N. , Hirokawa M. , Nobuoka Y. , Higuchi M. , Kuma S. , Miyauchi A.
Published: June 2013

Background

A diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSV‐PTC) is a rare variant and reports describing the cytological findings are few.

Patients and Methods

We studied 24 cytological samples from thyroid fine needle aspirates of 20 patients with DSV‐PTC. The specimens were taken from 14 non‐nodular lesions and 10 nodules.

Results

All aspirates taken from both non‐nodular lesions and nodules had sufficient cellularity. The carcinoma cells frequently (70–100%) appeared as solid cell balls and hollow balls, and showed a hobnail pattern, squamous differentiation, septate cytoplasmic vacuoles and large unilocular vacuoles. Most of the carcinoma cells seem to be taken from the lumen of dilated lymph vessels. Ground glass nuclear chromatin, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and grooved nuclei were infrequent (50% or less). In the background, a large number of lymphocytes and abundant psammoma bodies were almost always seen.

Conclusions

Cytological findings of DSV‐PTC are as follows: (1) solid cell balls and/or hollow balls containing lymphocytes; (2) hobnail cells; (3) septate cytoplasmic vacuoles; (4) large unilocular vacuoles; (5) squamous differentiation; (6) abundant psammoma bodies; (7) lymphocytic background; and (8) the absence or relative lack of characteristic nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. When DSV‐PTC is suspected by ultrasound examination, the aspiration cytology from a non‐nodular area of the thyroid can led us to the diagnosis of the variant.
Extracting knowledge from web communities and linked data for case‐based reasoning systems
Authors: Sauer Christian Severin , Roth‐Berghofer Thomas
Published: June 2013

Web communities and the Web 2.0 provide a huge amount of experiences and there has been a growing availability of Linked (Open) Data. Making experiences and data available as knowledge to be used in case‐based reasoning (CBR) systems is a current research effort. The process of extracting such knowledge from the diverse data types used in web communities, to transform data obtained from Linked Data sources, and then formalising it for CBR, is not an easy task. In this paper, we present a prototype, the Knowledge Extraction Workbench (KEWo), which supports the knowledge engineer in this task. We integrated the KEWo into the open‐source case‐based reasoning tool myCBR Workbench. We provide details on the abilities of the KEWo to extract vocabularies from Linked Data sources and generate taxonomies from Linked Data as well as from web community data in the form of semi‐structured texts.
Implications of mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle in the development and treatment of obesity
Authors: Thrush A. Brianne , Dent Robert , McPherson Ruth , Harper Mary‐Ellen
Published: June 2013

Understanding the metabolic factors that contribute to obesity development and weight loss success are critical for combating obesity and obesity‐related disorders. This review provides an overview of energy metabolism with a particular focus on mitochondrial function in health and in obesity. Mitochondrial proton leak contributes significantly to whole body energy expenditure and the potential role of energy uncoupling in weight loss success is discussed. We provide evidence to support the hypothesis that differences in energy efficiency are important regulators of body weight and weight loss success.
Mixed mode stress intensity factors for elliptical subsurface cracks in an elastic half‐space subjected to a uniform normal loading
Authors: Ghajar R. , Alizadeh K. J.
Published: June 2013

An elliptical subsurface crack under normal loading may experience mixed fracture modes due to the non‐symmetrical geometry. This paper investigates the coupling of the modes of elliptical subsurface cracks subjected to a uniform normal loading. First, a three‐dimensional finite element model of a crack in an infinite space has been developed and validated. Then, by moving the crack close to surface, mixed mode SIFs have been calculated for a wide range of elliptical subsurface cracks under uniform normal loading. Cracks with aspect ratios of 0.2–1.0 and ratios of crack depth to crack length from 0.05 to infinity have been investigated through 50 finite element analyses. In this range, KII/KI and KIII/KI ratios increase up to 68.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Three equations for mode I, II and III SIFs have been obtained by fitting to the finite element results. These equations can be used efficiently as reference SIFs for extracting the weight functions.
Spatial heterogeneity of diatom silicification and growth in a eutrophic reservoir
Authors: Znachor Petr , Visocká Veronika , Nedoma Jiří , Rychtecký Pavel
Published: June 2013

Diatoms are one of the most important phytoplankton groups. As they grow, diatoms use silicon to produce a siliceous frustule, which protects the cell. During April–November 2011, at 1–3 week intervals, we estimated diatom silicification rates at two distinct sites along the longitudinal profile of the canyon‐shaped eutrophic Římov Reservoir (Czech Republic): (i) a nutrient‐depleted lacustrine zone near the dam and (ii) a nutrient‐rich transition zone upstream near the river inflow.

Diatom silicification was estimated using the 24‐h in situ incubation of natural phytoplankton assemblage with a fluorophore 2‐(4‐pyridyl)‐5‐{[4‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl‐aminocarbamoyl)methoxy]phenyl}oxazole (PDMPO) which fluorescently stains the newly synthesised diatom frustules.

Diatoms contributed an average c. 40% to the total phytoplankton biovolume in the lacustrine zone, but only c. 20% in the transition zone where a cyanobacterial bloom developed during summer. Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis were the most abundant diatom species, while Aulacoseira italica, Nitzschia acicularis, Synedra acus and Stephanodiscus sp. were less important. Silicification rates of all diatom species were significantly higher in the transition zone than at the dam.

The intensity of PDMPO fluorescence per diatom cell was tightly related to the growth rates of three diatom species calculated from changes in cell counts during the incubation. The PDMPO technique can thus be used as a proxy for diatom growth.

Growth rates of the two most abundant diatom species were positively correlated with daily light exposure but not with nutrient concentrations.
The expression of MC4Rs in D1R neurons regulates food intake and locomotor sensitization to cocaine
Authors: Cui H. , Lutter M.
Published: June 2013

While it is known that mice lacking melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) expression develop hyperphagia resulting in early‐onset obesity, the specific neural circuits that mediate this process remain unclear. Here, we report that selective restoration of MC4R expression within dopamine‐1 receptor‐expressing neurons [MC4R/dopamine 1 receptor (D1R) mice] partially blunts the severe obesity seen in MC4R‐null mice by decreasing meal size, but not meal frequency, in the dark cycle. We also report that both acute cocaine‐induced anorexia and the development of locomotor sensitization to repeated administration of cocaine are blunted in MC4R‐null mice and normalized in MC4R/D1R mice. Neuronal retrograde tracing identifies the lateral hypothalamic area as the primary target of MC4R‐expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Biochemical studies in the ventral striatum show that phosphorylation of DARPP‐32Thr‐34 and GluR1Ser‐845 is diminished in MC4R‐null mice after chronic cocaine administration but rescued in MC4R/D1R mice. These findings highlight a physiological role of MC4R‐mediated signaling within D1R neurons in the long‐term regulation of energy balance and behavioral responses to cocaine.
The Paschal Mystery andCatholic Education
Authors: D'Souza Mario O.
Published: June 2013

The paschal mystery holds a place of prominence in the lives of Catholics, both theologically and pastorally. Given its prominent theological and ecclesial place since the Second Vatican Council, this article examines the place and role of the paschal mystery for Catholic education. With the move from a ‘classicist world view to historical mindedness,’ the thought of Bernard Lonergan is employed – particularly his understanding of the person assubjectand hislaw of the cross– as a means to frame the relationship between the paschal mystery and Catholic education.
The captive guest: spider webs of hospitality among the Nuosu of Southwest China
Authors: SWANCUTT KATHERINE
Published: June 2013

An unstable mode of hospitality underpins an important ethnographic finding among the Nuosu of Southwest China: namely the notion that each person ‘hosts’ his or her own soul, which takes the form of a ‘soul‐spider’ residing on the outer surface of the human body. Famous for their slaveholding practices, which were disbanded by the Chinese in 1956‐7, the Nuosu nowadays take ‘captive guests’, to underscore lineage rankings within their spidery cosmology. Exploring the captive position of outsiders – including anthropologists – to the Nuosu home, the paper gives a case study of an ‘inhospitable’ dispute between a shaman and his employer at an ethnological institute. Showing why every host wishes to prevent the captive guest from ever reciprocating his or her hospitality, the paper introduces the Nuosu ‘spider‐slave complex’, which entails gathering the fullness of life through attachments to the lineage, captive guests, and the person's own soul‐spider.

Les matériaux ethnographiques recueillis auprès des Nuosu du Sud‐ouest de la Chine font apparaître un mode d’hospitalité instable : l’idée que chaque personne « héberge » son âme, sous la forme d’une « araignée de l’âme » résidant sur la surface externe du corps humain. Connus pour leurs pratiques esclavagistes abolies par les Chinois en 1956‐57, les Nuosu prennent aujourd’hui des « invités captifs » pour souligner les positions des lignages dans leur cosmologie arachnide. En réfléchissant à la captivité des étrangers, y compris les anthropologues, dans la maison nuosu, l’article présente le cas d’une controverse « inhospitalière » entre un chaman et son employeur dans un institut d’ethnologie. En montrant pourquoi les hôtes veulent toujours empêcher leurs invités captifs de leur rendre leur hospitalité, l’auteure décrit le « complexe esclave‐araignée » des Nuosu, qui implique que la plénitude de la vie s’obtient par des rattachements à son lignage, aux invités captifs, et à sa propre araignée de l’âme.
The poisoner and the parasite: cosmoeconomics, fear, and hospitality among Dechen Tibetans
Authors: COL GIOVANNI DA
Published: June 2013

Since the early twentieth century, travellers and explorers of the Tibetan‐speaking world have reported a host of beliefs concerning the existence of households of mysterious poisoners allegedly killing their guests and visitors. Hitherto, no one has explained the phenomenon. This paper examines the role of poisons in Tibetans' social life and imagination by exploring the interface between cosmology, the economies of fortune, and hospitality in Northwest Yunnan, a Sino‐Tibetan border region where fears of poisoning proliferate against a background of tourist development following its nomination as China's official ‘Shangri‐la’. By unfolding the figure of the parasite, this paper argues that poisoning fears disclose the profound anxieties underlying the cosmography of the flows of fortune and vitality mobilized in the constitution of ritual kinship and relatedness in hospitality settings. Poisoning fears draw on the traumatic events in which the flows of one's reproductive energies are imagined to be parasitized or ultimately severed.

Depuis le début du vingtième siècle, les voyageurs et les explorateurs des régions de langue tibétaine rapportent d'innombrables croyances sur l'existence de maisons où de mystérieux empoisonneurs assassineraient invités et visiteurs. Personne n'a encore pu expliquer ce phénomène. L'auteur étudie ici le rôle des poisons dans la vie sociale et l'imagination des Tibétains, en explorant l'interface entre cosmologie, économie de la chance et hospitalité dans le nord‐ouest du Yunnan, une région frontalière sino‐tibétaine où la crainte de l'empoisonnement prolifère dans un contexte de développement touristique faisant suite à la désignation de la région comme « Shangri‐la » officiel de la Chine. En dévoilant la figure du parasite, l'article avance que les craintes d'empoisonnement révèlent les angoisses profondes qui sous‐tendent la cosmographie des flux de la fortune et de la vitalité, mobilisés dans la constitution de la parenté rituelle et de l'apparentement dans le cadre de l'hospitalité. La crainte de l'empoisonnement s'appuie sur les événements traumatisants par lesquels on imagine que le flux des énergies reproductives de l'individu peut être parasité, voire interrompu.
Pleasures that differentiate: transformational bodies among the Tupinambá of Olivença (Atlantic coast, Brazil)
Authors: DE MATOS VIEGAS SUSANA
Published: June 2013

In this article I propose an ethnographic analysis of change and continuity as a transformational process lived in the body by the Tupinambá of Olivença (Brazil). This perspective provides an alternative to the models of either acculturation or ethnic resurgence that currently pervade approaches to indigenous people such as the Tupinambá, who were settled on the Brazilian Atlantic coast, by missionaries, in the seventeenth century. The ethnographic analysis suggests that in the Tupinambá case, transformational ethnic processes partially depend on corporeal dispositions towards drinking manioc beer. The argument is informed by multiple comparisons with reference to Americanist debates about Amazonian studies as well as to sixteenth‐century ethnological sources about the Tupi of the Atlantic coast.

L'auteure propose ici une analyse ethnographique du changement et de la continuité en tant que processus transformationnel physique vécu par les Tupinambá d'Olivença, au Brésil. Ce point de vue constitue une alternative aux modèles d'acculturation ou de résurgence ethnique qui envahissent aujourd'hui l'approche des peuples autochtones tels que les Tupinambá, sédentarisés sur la côte atlantique du Brésil par les missionnaires au XVIIèmesiècle. L'analyse ethnographique suggère que dans le cas des Tupinambá, les processus ethniques transformationnels dépendent en partie d'une disposition physique à la consommation de bière de manioc. Cet argument est étayé par de nombreuses comparaisons faisant référence aux débats des américanistes sur les études amazoniennes et sur des sources ethnologiques du XVIèmesiècle relatives aux Tupi de la côte atlantique.
Between preferences: marriage and mobility among Danish Pakistani youth
Authors: RYTTER MIKKEL
Published: June 2013

International literature shows that second‐generation Pakistanis in the United Kingdom to a large extent marry spouses from the extended family in Pakistan. A similar picture was also recently to be found in Denmark. However, strict Danish legislation on family reunification introduced in 2002 and an increasing number of local love marriages have changed the overall picture. This article discusses how the new marriage preferences affect common notions of family relatedness, and suggests that young couples' decision to engage in a love marriage constitutes an act of symbolic mobility. Ultimately, Danish Pakistanis are split between the marriage preferences set up by their families, the Danish nation‐state, and themselves. In this respect, marriage not only is about entering adulthood and deciding one's future, but also constitutes a process where notions of identity and belonging are negotiated within local and transnational families.

De nombreuses publications internationales montrent que les Pakistanais de deuxième génération au Royaume‐Uni se marient souvent au sein de leur famille élargie au Pakistan. Un constat semblable a aussi été dressé récemment pour le Danemark, mais la rigueur de la législation sur le regroupement familial votée en 2002 dans ce dernier pays et le nombre croissant de mariages d'amour locaux sont venus changer la donne. L'article décrit les conséquences des nouvelles préférences matrimoniales sur les conceptions habituelles de liens de parenté et suggère que la décision des jeunes couples de contracter un mariage d'amour constitue un acte de mobilité symbolique. En fin de compte, les jeunes Pakistanais du Danemark sont partagés entre les préférences matrimoniales établies par leur famille, l'État‐nation danois et eux‐mêmes. Le mariage n'est pas seulement un passage à l'âge adulte et une décision sur son propre avenir: il constitue aussi un processus au fil duquel les notions d'identité et d'appartenance se négocient au sein des familles locales aussi bien que transnationales.
Islamic reflexivity and the uncritical subject
Authors: TAMBAR KABIR
Published: June 2013

This essay examines the politics of reflexive discourse in the contemporary Muslim world, interrogating the social, affective, and material mediation of its expression. I focus on Turkey's Alevi community, for whom the encounter with modern reflexive media has proved deeply ambivalent. If available genres of public reflexive discourse enable Alevi participation in national public debate, such discursive media also sustain a disciplinary impetus, in which certain genres of argument and forms of subjectivity are valued as critical in contrast to others that are deemed to be insufficiently detached or excessively impassioned. The boundary between the critical and the uncritical, I argue, represents an ideological partition, a condition of social intelligibility, and an institutionally enforced limit to viable subjectivity. Interrogating this partitioning, I thematize a particular understanding of the politics of reflexive discourse, in which existing institutional architectures motivate the production of certain kinds of reflexive subjects at the expense of others, by disciplining affective potentials, moral sensibilities, and modes of historical consciousness.

Le présent essai étudie la politique du discours réflexif dans le monde musulman contemporain, en interrogeant la médiation sociale, affective et matérielle de son expression. Il se concentre sur la communauté alévie de Turquie, dont la rencontre avec les médias réflexifs modernes s'avère profondément ambivalente. Bien que les genres de discours réflexif public disponibles permettent aux Alévis de participer au débat public national, ils sont aussi porteurs d'une dynamique disciplinaire en cela que certains genres d'arguments et certaines formes de subjectivités seraient préférables car estimés critiques là ou d'autres sont jugés trop peu détachés ou excessivement passionnées. La limite entre critique et non critique représente, selon l'auteur, une ligne de partage idéologique, une condition d'intelligibilité sociale et une limite imposée par les institutions à une subjectivité viable. En interrogeant ce cloisonnement, l'auteur explore une compréhension particulière de la politique du discours réflexif dans laquelle les architectures institutionnelles existantes motivent la production de certains types de sujets réflectifs au détriment des autres, en disciplinant les potentiels affectifs, les sensibilités morales et les modes de conscience historique.
Deadwood and paternalism: rationalizing casual labour in an Indian company town
Authors: Sanchez Andrew
Published: June 2013

This article is based upon ethnographic research in the Indian company town of Jamshedpur, in the Tata Motors and Telcon companies. I relate the local shift towards casual labour since the 1990s to managerial discourses that rationalize this development. I argue that whilst flexible accumulation may represent a global transformation of employment regimes, the local implementation of this process relies upon a discursive continuity with the past. Referencing a historical language of cultural poverty, predominantly Bengali managers in Jamshedpur continue to claim paternal authority over their mainly Bihari employees, despite no longer fulfilling their traditional ‘parental’ roles vis‐à‐vis the provision of permanent employment. In the latter sections of the article, I discuss the managerial spectre of inefficient permanent workers; ‘deadwood’ whom it is perceived that casualization can prune from the workforce. I argue that whilst permanent employees may exhibit less commitment to the work process than their casual counterparts, their presence on the shop‐floor suggests continuity with the company town ideal and forestalls resistance among casual workers. Far from disembedding labour from social relations, neoliberal employment regimes in Jamshedpur exploit company town paternalism and cultural prejudices.
Clear Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Histologic, Immunohistologic, and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: REQUENA L. , SÁNCHEZ M. , REQUENA I. , ALEGRE V. , SÁNCHEZ YUS E.
Published: June 2013

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) usually show a standard histopathologic picture only varying with regard to their degree of differentiation. The authors describe a case of clear cell SCC that was studied by light and electron microscopy. The clear cells showed an empty cytoplasm that was periodic acid‐Schiff and alcian blue negative. By electron microscopy these cytoplasms consisted of empty spaces and were not surrounded by membranes, which would be consistent with lipid vacuoles. The differential diagnosis of this uncommon variant of SCC requires consideration of other clear cell tumors.
Adjuncts to Scalp Reduction Surgery: Intraoperative Tissue Expanders and Hyaluronidase
Authors: LANDSMAN LARRY , MANDY STEPHEN H.
Published: June 2013

Scalp reduction has become an important part of the cosmetic surgeon's armamentarium in the treatment of male pattern alopecia. Recently, the use of two‐stage tissue expansion has been advocated for scalp reduction. Intraoperative tissue expansion obviates many of the disadvantages of delayed expansion and increases the yield of excised scalp by 20–30% over standard reduction techniques in the 20 patients studied. The addition of hyaluronidase to the local anesthetic facilitates its diffusion, enhancing anesthesia and the ease of dissection. Therefore, the use of intraoperative tissue expansion and the addition of hyaluronidase to the local anesthetic are two separate adjuncts to scalp reduction surgery.
Complications of Flaps
Authors: SALASCHE STUART J. , GRABSKI WILLIAM J.
Published: June 2013

Flaps are susceptible to the same complications as side‐to‐side closures. However, as the blood supply to a flap is more precarious, the complication may have a more dire effect. This article catalogues the various acute complications with an emphasis on early recognition. and management.
Subcilial Sliding Skin‐Muscle Flap Repair of Anterior Lamella Lower Eyelid Defects
Authors: KHAN JEMSHED A.
Published: June 2013

Defects, of the anterior lamella of the lower eyelid are common following Mohs micrographic surgery. Often, such defects are repaired with free skin grafts. The author reviews the treatment of such defects utilizing a single subcilial incision to develop a sliding blepharo‐plasty‐type flap, which is advanced medially or laterally, as needed, into the defect. Larger defects may require Putterman's modified Tenzel flap. Final lid function, position, and cosmesis were superior to the results expected from free skin grafts alone in four of the author's five cases. Indications, limitations, modifications, technical aspects, benefits and potential pitfalls of reconstructive subcilial flaps are discussed.
Ear Reconstruction with Local Flaps
Authors: MELLETTE J. RAMSEY
Published: June 2013

Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of the external ear can be simplified by a regional approach utilizing commonly known principles and techniques of surgical repair. Reconstructive options are herein offered in a step‐by‐step fashion.
Forehead Reconstruction
Authors: SIEGLE RONALD J.
Published: June 2013

Guidelines for forehead reconstruction include maintaining or re‐establishing normal boundaries, preserving nerve function, and maximizing scar camouflage. The interrelationships of anatomy, function, and principles of tissue movement which are critical to optimal reconstructive planning will be presented.
Recurrence Rates of Treated Basal Cell Carcinomas: Part 1: Overview
Authors: SILVERMAN MARK K. , KOPF ALFRED W. , GRIN CARON M. , BART ROBERT S. , LEVENSTEIN MARCIA J.
Published: June 2013

This is the first article in a series reviewing the extensive experience of the Oncology Section of the Skin and Cancer Unit, from 1955 through 1982, with 5755 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) treated by curettage‐electrodesiccation, surgical excision, or x‐ray therapy. Recurrence rates were calculated by three methods for each of the treatment modalities: 1) by the raw recurrence rate method; 2) by the “strict” 5‐year recurrence rate method; and 3) by a modification of the life‐table method. Our analyses show that the last method best approximates the true recurrence rate. Primary (previously untreated) BCCs had a 5‐year recurrence rate of 10.6% (standard error 0.6%), and previously treated BCCs had a rate of 15.4% (standard error 1.3%) (P =.0002). The greatest risk for recurrence of treated primary BCCs occured 1 to 4 years after therapy. It is concluded that recurrence rates of primary BCCs should be reported separately from those of previously treated BCCs and that the modified life‐table method is best suited to calculate 5‐year recurrence rates.
Power Drills to Fenestrate Exposed Bone to Stimulate Wound Healing
Authors: LATENSER JOHN , SNOW STEPHEN N. , MOHS FREDERIC E. , WELTMAN ROBERT , HRUZA GEORGE
Published: June 2013

Power drills can be used to stimulate the formation of granulation tissue over exposed cortical bone. These tools allow for the rapid fenestration and selective abrasion of large areas of exposed bone; fenestration and abrasion create the multiple bleeding points essential for the production of granulation tissue. The granulation tissue thus produced is allowed to grow out through the holes to cover bone. This procedure can be performed in an outpatient setting, usually without the need for either local or general anesthesia; it is particularly useful for patients considered to be poor risks for general anesthesia. Healing by granulation tissue is a somewhat slow process, but it has a high success rate, causes few complications, and produces very good cosmetic results. Two cases illustrate the method of fenestration of exposed cranial bone to stimulate granulation tissue. Specific instructions describe the needed care of exposed bone.
Cryotherapy in the Treatment of Condylomata Acuminata: A Controlled Study of 64 Patients
Authors: DAMSTRA ROBERT J. , VAN VLOTEN WILLEM A.
Published: June 2013

A clinical controlled study is presented for the treatment of condylomata acuminata with cryotherapy in 64 patients. Condylomata resolved in 83% within 4 weeks and 96% after 6 weeks by using cryotherapy. The results were significantly better compared with the control group of 70 patients (13% and 45% after 4 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively). Other therapeutic modalities are reviewed. Cryotherapy is an elegant and effective method for the treatment of condylomata acuminata without discomfort to the patient.
Prediction of Subclinical Tumor Infiltration in Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: BREUNINGER HELMUT , DIETZ KLAUS
Published: June 2013

Two thousand‐sixteen basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were documented in terms of age, anatomic location, tumor diameter, initial excision depth, safety margin, histologic type, and the position of tumor outgrowths as determined by three‐dimensional histologic study of the tumor margins in paraffin sections (micrographic surgery). The extent of each subsequent excision was recorded until tumor‐free tissue was reached. The results showed that BCCs have a highly irregular infiltration pattern and a predilection for small, fingerlike outgrowths whose bases occupy 1–30 degrees of the tumor circumference. When superficial extension was expressed mathematically, the resulting exponential functions varied highly significantly (P = .001) according to histologic tumor type and diameter. The resulting curves permitted very precise prediction of the probability of tumor‐positive margins (ie, subtotal excision), depending on the safety margin, histologic tumor type, and tumor diameter. For example, the probability of tumor‐positive margins after excision of a BCC up to 10 mm in diameter is 30% with a safety margin of 2 mm, 16% with a safety margin of 3 mm, and 5% with a safety margin of 5 mm. The probability of tumor‐positive margins for fibrosing primary BCCs 10–20 mm in diameter is 48, 34, and 18% with safety margins of 2, 3, and 5 mm, respectively. Recurrent tumors have a significantly higher probability of positive margins (P = .001) than primary ones. Anatomic location and tumor age affect subclinical extension only indirectly.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cutaneous Neoplasms: Clinicopathologic Correlation
Authors: ZEMTSOV ALEXANDER , LORIG RONALD , NG THIAN C. , XUE MIN , BAILIN PHILIP L. , BERGFELD WILMA F. , LARSON KAREN , YETMAN RANDALL
Published: June 2013

Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported to be clinically useful, in selected cases, in patients with melanocytic skin lesions. This report describes good resolution, clinically useful MRI scans of squamous cell carcinoma, dermatofibroma, and primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. The tumor depth measured by MRI was in excellent correlation with Breslow's depth measurements, indicating that MRI is probably the radiologic technique of choice for preoperative evaluation of the extent and depth of primary and recurrent skin tumors. This report also provides the authors’recommendations for obtaining optimal MRI images of cutaneous lesions.
Nasalis Myocutaneous Sliding Flap: Repair of Nasal Supratip Defects
Authors: CONSTANTINE VICTOR S.
Published: June 2013

The nasalis myocutaneous sliding flap (“nasalis flap”) is an axial island flap based on the branch of the angular artery that supplies the nasalis muscle. The technique for performing this flap for the repair of defects up to 1.5 cm in diameter on the supratip area of the nose is described in detail. Twenty‐four cases with supratip defects following Mohs surgery repaired with the nasalis flap are reported. Flap survival was 100% and final cosmetic results were excellent. It is concluded that the nasalis flap should always be considered for the repair of defects of the supratip area of the nose.
Surgical Anatomy of the Nail Unit
Authors: DITRE CHÉRIE M. , HOWE NATHAN R.
Published: June 2013

A gross anatomic exploration of the nail unit was performed. The characteristic gross components of the nail unit and its relationship to the digital anatomy are described and presented in detail. Each segment of the nail unit is illustrated both photographically and with artistic illustration. It is our intention that through a simple gross dissection the nail structural unit may be better understood.