bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron ionization mass spectrometry of some 1‐and 2‐alkylimidazoles and 1,3‐dialkylimidazole iodides
Authors: Sala Alberto , Ferrario Francesco , Rizzi Emanuele , Catinella Silvia , Traldi Pietro
Published: May 2005

The mass spectrometric beheviour of four differently substituted imidazoles and three 1,3 disubstituted imidazole iodides are discussed in detail with the aid of metastable‐ion data, daughter‐ion spectra, deuterium‐labelling experiments and comparison with model compounds. The results thus obtained indicate the presence of molecular species in an open, distonic ion structure and seem to exclude the occurrence of ring enlargement reactions that have been proposed in the literature.
Stabilization of cycloalkyl carbanions in the gas phase
Authors: Peerboom Renée A. L. , Rademaker Geert Jan , de Koning Leo J. , Nibbering Nico M. M.
Published: May 2005

The gas‐phase proton affinities of five cycloalkyl carbanions and five other hydrocarbon anions have been determined by a desilylation method with use of a Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The determined proton affinites of the cycloalkyl carbonions and the electron affinities of the corresponding cycloalkyl radicals given in parenthesis are: 1708(49), 1757(−41), 1750(−38), 1750(−38) and 1739(−40)kJ mol−1, for cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, respectively. The results indicate that, except for the cyclopropyl carbanion, the cycloalkyl carbanions are significantly destab‐lized relative to the methyl anion. This destabilization is accounted for by the electron‐releasing effect of the alkyl groups. Furthermore, it is recognized that this destabilization is partially compensated by a stabilizing effect associated with the polarizability of the alkyl groups. Yet, this polarizability seems to be less effective in the rigid cycloalkyl carbanions than in the acyclic alkyl carbanions probably due to the anisotropic character of the polarizability effect. In contrast to its homologues, the cyclopropyl carbanion appears to be strongly stabilized relative to the methyl anion, from which it may be concluded that the alkyl electron‐releasing destabilization effect is superseded by a stabilization caused by a significant enhancement of the s‐character of the lone‐pair orbital of the carbanion which promotes the electronegativity of the atom accommadating the negative charge.
Detection of plasticers in skin and glandular extracts of the green tree frog Litoria splendida
Authors: Stone David J. M. , Blumenthal Thomas , Bowie John H. , Tyler Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Skin and glandular secretions of the green tree frog Litora splendida contain a mixture of the plasticers di‐octyl phthalate and di‐octyl adipate. The fast‐atom bombardment mass spwectra of the plasticers are described.
Investigation of complexes between some glycopeptide antibiotics and bacterial cell‐wall analogues by electrospray‐ and capillary zone electrophoresis/electrospray‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Hamdan Mahmoud , Curcuruto Ornella , Modugno Enza Di
Published: May 2005

Complexation in aqueous solutions between vancomycin, ristocetin A, teicoplanin and two bacterial cell‐wall analogues, Ac2‐L‐Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala (tripeptide) and Ac‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala (dipeptide) has been examined by positiveion electrospray mass spectrometry (ES‐MS) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)/ES‐MS. The ES‐MS data demonstrate that as well as complexes between monomeric antibiotics and either peptide, the investigated solutions contained complexes ranging from the simple homodimer of the antibiotic to a more complex association giving ions of the type [2(antibiotic)+3(tripeptide)+3H]3+. The same data also demonstrate that the homodimers of the investigated antibiotics are significantly suppressed in the presence of the tripeptide. The use of CZE/ES‐MS made it evident that the complexes between the antibiotic and the tripeptide were present in the solution prior to their introduction into the ion source. The two sets of data are compared with existing UV difference spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance data on complexation and dimerization.
The identification of in vitro metabolites of bupropion using ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Taylor Lester C. E. , Singh Rominder , Chang Sai Y. , Johnson Robert L. , Schwartz Jae
Published: May 2005

We have identified in vitro metabolites of bupropion (Wellbutrin®) from incubations with human liver S9 fraction and human liver microsomes based on molecular weight information from full scan experiments using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer capable of multi‐stage operation (LC/MSn). Preliminary experiments have shown that this instrument provides comparable sensitivity to conventional LC‐coupled triple quadrupole instruments for metabolic studies, while allowing detailed structural studies using MSn experiments and routine on‐line coupling with high performance liquid chromatography via an external atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The LC/MS analysis of human S9 showed the presence of three isomeric monohydroxylated metabolites of bupropion. These were further characterized in a series of MS/MS experiments which gave characteristic spectra for the three isomers. A minor dihydroxylated species was also identified in the human S9 sample and further characterized in a series of MSn experiments. Detailed structural information was generated by the use of on‐line LC/MSn type experiments. We have followed the fragmentation pathways of several molecular ion species in a series of sequential LC/MSn experiments, extending as far as MS6 with scan cycle times of less than 1.5 s. Such experiments have provided insights into the structure of specific fragment ions. Additional metabolic products were identified in the rat liver microsomes incubation sample.
Analysis of enzymatic DNA sequencing reactions by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Shaler Thomas A. , Becker Christopher H. , Tan Yuping , Wickham Juanita N. , Wu Kuang Jen
Published: May 2005

The products from base‐specific, dideoxy‐nucleotide chain‐termination DNA sequencing reactions catalyzed by the modified T7 DNA polymerase have been analyzed by using the technique of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Preliminary experiments were performed to determine detection limits for a synthetic mixture of mixed‐base single‐stranded DNA which contained a 14‐mer, a 21‐mer, and a 41‐mer; acceptable spectra, showing peaks for each component, were obtainable for samples that contained as little as 5 fmol per component. Initial sequencing reactions were therefore carried out on 2‐pmol amounts of a short synthetic template that was 45 nucleotides in length, employing 2 pmol of 12‐mer as the primer strand. This provided readable sequence information out to the 19th base past the primer. Using a 21‐mer primer, nearly the entire sequence of the template could be read.
Quantitative analysis of cytokinins by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Prinsen Els , Redig Pascale , Van Onckelen Henri A. , Van Dongen Walter , Esmans Eddy L.
Published: May 2005

A methodology was developed for the analysis of cytokinins from plant tissue using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in combination with HPLC. A detection limit of 1 pmol zeatin‐riboside injected on‐column was achieved under multiple reaction monitoring conditions. Linearity was observed within a concentration range of 1–100 pmol injected on‐column. In view of the analysis of a considerable amount of samples, the chromatographic conditions were selected which were a compromise between speed of analysis and resolution. This approach, in combination with multiple reaction monitoring, allowed the analysis of up to 150 samples a day, and quantitation of 16 different cytokinins per sample.
Effect of gas phase composition on chromium segregation in NiOCr2O3 solid solutions
Authors: Hirschwald W. , Sikora I. , Stolze F.
Published: May 2005

The SIMS method was applied to determine the near‐surface segregation profiles of Cr in Cr‐doped NiO single crystals annealed at 1353 K in air and in argon. The decrease of oxygen partial pressure in the gas atmosphere favours surface segregation of Cr. Furthermore, the enrichment factor increases when the Cr bulk concentration decreases. The present research indicates a dynamic state of the surface layer of oxide crystals which may vary as a result of changes in gas composition.
Application of environmental electron spectroscopy to AES of bulk ceramics
Authors: Ohlendorf G. , Koch W. , Kempter V. , Borchardt G.
Published: May 2005

Auger spectra from highly samples (Al2O3, Si3N4) are collected in a gaseous environment. It is demonstrated that the build‐up of negative surface charge can be reduced considerably under suitable conditions. It is proposed that the decharging of the surface is initiated by Auger neutralization of the ions formed in the gaseous environment in collisions with the primary keV electrons.
Estimation of depth profiles from inelastic backgrounds in XPS. I. General relationships
Authors: Aminov Kamil L. , Jørgensen Jørgen S. , Pedersen J. Boiden
Published: May 2005

The accuracy by which an unknown concentration profile can be found by analysis of XPS spectra is investigated theoretically by analytical and numerical techniques. The problem of determining the profile is reformulated as an optimization problem. By use of analytical techniques we obtain qualitative statements about the depth resolution and we derive fundamental relationships between the different parameters that indicate their relative importance. In order to illustrate the various dependencies of the variability of the model parameters, we derive analytical expressions for the standard errors of the model parameters for two simple models: a dalta layer and an exponentially decreasing profile. Furthermore, the complete probability distribution of the model parameters for a rectangular model is investigated numerically.
Deconvolution of narrow boron SIMS depth profiles in Si and SiGe
Authors: Herzel Frank , Ehwald Karl‐Ernst , Heinemann Bernd , Krüger Dietmar , Kurps Rainer , Röpke Wilfried , Zeindl Hans‐Peter
Published: May 2005

We present results on deconvolution of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)‐grown boron profiles in Si and SiGe that are of crucial importance for Si/SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). They are based on the assumptions of linearity and homogeneity of the measurement. We determine experimentally the physical limits of these assumptions by investigating sequences of boron spikes in Si and SiGe. The deconvolution is performed by Fourier transformation into the k‐domain, preceded by a physically motivated least‐squares fitting of the measurement data. In this way, the high‐frequency noise contributions are eliminated to a great extent without producing a systematic broadening. The numerical evaluation of the SIMS profiles is extremely fast in comparison to forward techniques and the numerical error is shown to be small. We discuss the deconvoluted SIMS profiles of MBE‐grown boron spikes in Si and SiGe after annealing. Our method is suited to give information about the dopant outdiffusion from th SiGe layer in the case of HBTs.
Adhesion of ceramics to Inconel 600 under various chemical conditions
Authors: Alstrup N. C. , Langvad N. , Chorkendorff I.
Published: May 2005

Two types of catalytic ceramic coating for steam reforming were adhered to the surface of an Ni‐based alloy, Inconel 600, by sintering at high temperatures (1000°C) in atmospheric air. The interfaces were subsequently investiagated with AES, SAM and depth profiling after being submitted to a direct‐pull test to obtain a measure of the adhesion strength. It was found that the adhesion of the Mg‐rich coating was caused mainly by diffusion of Mg from the ceramic into the Cr2O3 scale of the metal substrate. After reduction in H2 (activation of the Ni catalyst), a substantial drop in the adhesion strength was found. This was caused by metallization of Ni‐rich islands in the interface zone formed on the metal during sintering. These findings suggest that firing temperature with lower oxygen partial pressure (during sintering) will lead to a more stable adhesion strength. The other, Al‐rich coating had a much weaker adhesion strength compared to the Mg‐rich coating.
Angular distribution of elastically backscattered electrons
Authors: Sjöstrand N. G.
Published: May 2005

The angular distribution of electrons that are elastically backscattered from a surface has been studied by a method similar to the Sn method in reactor physics. The electrons were assumed to have a normal incidence on the plane surface of a semi‐infinite medium. Calculations were performed on aluminium, copper and gold at 1 keV electron energy. The differential cross‐sections were taken in analytical form from the literature. It was found that at least 48 directional cosines are needed for good accuracy. The results for the albedo and the reflected angular distribution were compared to Monte Carlo calculations with very good agreement. The albedo as a function of λi/λtr for gold has also been calculated.
Extraction of the true Auger lineshape of graphite and diamond from experimental data using fast Fourier transformation
Authors: Steiner A. , Falke U.
Published: May 2005

In order to obtain reliable information from measured Auger peaks concerning the chemical state, it is necessary to extract the true lineshape from experimental data. To achieve this, a method involving a background correction using the Bethe formula followed by a correction of the Auger electron inelastic interactions using fast Fourier transformation is described. With this procedure one obtains the true Auger lineshape on a flat background, enabling normalization of the peaks to the same area and a correction of different intensities due to diverse primary beam currents, the channeltron response or physical influences of the sample. The described method has been applied to spectra obtained from three different forms of carbon.
The effect of thermal stabilizers on the UV stability of PVC pipe formulations
Authors: Fletcher Charles W. , Dieckmann Dale
Published: May 2005

Tests of effects of various stabilizers on UV stability of polyvinyl chloride pipe, using both accelerated and long‐term outdoor exposures, found: organotins, antimonies, ester tins, and mixed metal tins perform similarly and acceptably; at increased stabilizer use levels the organotins, ester tins, and mixed metal tins were acceptable; accelerated UV testing is generally useful for determining the relative performance of PVC additives; and addition of titanium dioxide improved weatherability.
Fatigue testing of PVC pipe fittings
Authors: Edwards D. B. , Lehman B. , Cohen R. M.
Published: May 2005

The fatigue resistance of 6 inch Schedule 40 PVC solvent‐bonded pipe fittings was investigated. It has often been assumed that the performance of PVC fittings is comparable to that of the corresponding pipe. The results of this study indicate that the fatigue performance of PVC fittings is much lower than that of the pipe. Several fittings were exposed to a repetitive surge cycle of 90 to 180 psig at a rate of 0.111 hertz. Failures of several tees occurred between 13,000 and 16,000 cycles, much sooner than the predicted lifetime of pipe under these conditions.
Injection blow molding PVC containers
Authors: Abramo Ralph J.
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses product design, tool design, tooling, processing parameters, and machine and tool maintenance for injection blowmolding PVC containers. Product design details geometric shapes, engraving, and sharp area definition. Tool design offers pros and cons of temperature control core rods vs. conventional core rods. Tooling defines types of steel to inhibit rust. Processing parameters detail times, pressures, and temperatures to inhibit polymer breakdown that causes material burning. Machine and tool maintenance defines preventative maintenance for both, for longevity.
Formulating technology for rigid cellular PVC sheet
Authors: Szamborski Gene , Pfennig Jean‐Louis
Published: May 2005

Rigid vinyl can be considered as a highly versatile thermoplastic, finding its way into many different applications. Vinyl's capacity for innovation is virtually limitless, thanks in part to advances in formulation additives, which have enlarged vinyl's processing and end‐use performance capabilities. The importance of formulating is particularly evident in rigid cellular PVC, which can be extruded into a variety of shapes, such as profile, pipe, and sheet, all made with less PVC than their solid counterparts. The sheet application can be especially challenging, and it has been made the subject of this paper. The various types of extrusion processes, formulations, and uses for rigid cellular PVC sheet that are found in North America and Europe are compared. The effect of certain types of formulation ingredients on sheet density, surface, and impact strength is described. Reference is made to coextrusion of solid/cellular PVC layers as an economically feasible approach to handling industrial regrind PVC.
An element‐specific X‐ray fluorescence scanner for thin‐layer chromatograms
Authors: Houpt P. M.
Published: May 2005

An instrument is described which permits thin‐layer chromatograms to be scanned in a commercial X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. The detection of phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and iodine has been investigated, but the application of the instrument is not restricted to these elements, for which lower limits of detection of about 2 μg were found.
X‐ray emission intensities of radioisotopes produced by neutron activation
Authors: Negi B. S. , Sadasivan S.
Published: May 2005

The emission intensities of K X‐rays from a number of activation products have been calculated from the known absolute γ intensities, K capture data and internal conversion coefficients of the radionuclides and the fluorescence yields of the daughter products. The calculated X‐ray intensities of a few isotopes are compared with those experimentally reported. The X‐ray spectrometry of activation products could usefully supplement the γ‐ray spectrometry in the instrumental neutron activation analysis and in such cases the data presented here will be of value.
Recent developments in detectors for process control x‐ray sensors
Authors: Carr‐Brion K. G.
Published: May 2005

The paper reviews recent developments in energy‐dispersive X‐ray detectors and attempts to assess their relevance to industrial process control requirements.
Structure of electrodeposited films of cobalt and nickel: Fourier analysis of the EXAFS of the x‐ray K‐absorption edges
Authors: Sinha Benu , Nigam Amar Nath
Published: May 2005

Using a 30‐cm bent crystal transmission spectrograph in Canchois geometry, the x‐ray K‐absorption edges of cobalt and nickel were recorded using both pure metal foils and electrodeposited films on a copper foil substrate. For nickel, electrodeposition was also done in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field of 52 G in order to obtain a magnetized film. This film revealed only a slightly different EXAFS spectrum. A chemically plated amorphous film of nickel containing 8% phosphorus was also studied. All the EXAFS were subjected to Fourier transform analysis, which revealed how the nearest neighbouring atom distances change in different films compared with those in pure metal foils.
Electron backscattering coefficient for the ‘film‐substrate’ solid system
Authors: Kazakov S. V. , Konnikov S. G. , Tretyakov V. V.
Published: May 2005

The analytical expression for the total backscattering coefficient of a double‐layer solid system was obtained by the Niedrig combined model. Calculated results are given for the backscattering of a bulk target, free film and film on substrate at normal incidence, and also for a double‐layer structure at oblique incidence. These results are compared with experimental data and Monte Carlo calculations taken from the literature.
X‐ray depth distribution function, ϕ(ρz), for thin spheres
Authors: Zreiba Nuri A. , Kelly Thomas F.
Published: May 2005

Sub‐micron spheres of pure materials prepared by electrohydrodynamic atomization were used to determine experimentally the x‐ray distribution function, ϕ(ρz), for spheres using a dedicated HB501 scanning transmission electron microscope at 100 keV. The materials chosen were W, Pd, Ni, V and Al thin spheres. ϕ(ρz) was measured experimentally using a tracer technique. The thin film tracers used were Ir, Ag, Cr, Cu and SiO2, respectively. ϕ(ρz) for the above materials was also calculated using a Monte Carlo trajectory simulation modeled for the tracer technique. The experimental tracer ϕ(ρz) results show a pronounced scatter, especially for large‐diameter spheres. Local variations in the tracer film thicknesses appear to be the reason for such scatter. The trends in the experimental and Monte Carlo results, however, are simple and show a strong dependence on the atomic number of the target material. A general expression for ϕ(ρz) for thin spheres is presented which fits the experimental tracer results. The Monte Carlo results agree well with the fitted data for elements of low atomic number and/or small‐size spheres. For elements of higher atomic number (Pd and W), however, the Monte Carlo ϕ(ρz) curves peak too early with mass thickness. This problem may be due to inadequacies of the scattering cross‐section models used in the analysis.
Quantitative x‐ray fluorescence analysis of Fe—Al and Cu—Fe binary alloys using selective excitation
Authors: Ladisich W. , Wobrauschek P.
Published: May 2005

Three excitation modes for Fe—Al binary alloys were compared using an energy‐dispersive spectrometer system. A set‐up with an appropriate secondary target to achieve selective excitation of aluminium proved to be a good solution for the determination of aluminium with a precision of ±0.2 at.% Al for concentrations between 40 and 60 at.% and an extrapolated lower limit of detection (LLD) of 0.04 wt.% (0.08 at.%) for Al in Fe. Experimental data were compared with theoretical calculations and showed good agreement. The geometry of the irradiation chamber improved the peak‐to‐background ratio due to polarization effects. The method was also applied for the analysis of Cu—Fe binary alloys with low Fe concentrations (1 at.%) with similarly good results, and an extrapolated LLD in the ppm range for Fe in Cu. A non‐destructive analysis was required as the samples were needed for Mössbauer spectrometric experiments in later investigations.
Influence of in‐sample scattering of fluorescent radiation on line shapes of Si(Li) detectors in XRF studies
Authors: Kis‐Varga M. , Végh J.
Published: May 2005

The line‐shape degradation due to Compton scattering of fluorescent radiation was studied in thick, low‐atomic‐number samples. The Compton shelf/photopeak area ratios for elements from Y to I were determined from leastsquares fits. Compton contributions are given as a function of sample thickness for annular‐shaped Am‐241 isotope excitation in the usual XRF geometry. Measurements were also performed with collimated point source and tube excitation. The measured Compton shelves of fluorescent lines were compared with the values obtained from simulation by the SHAPE program package of Fernández and Sumini.
A new type of methylamine oxidase: The sole oxidase produced during growth of Sporobolomyces albo‐rubescens on primary alkylamines
Authors: Sherlock Lesley A. , Large Peter J. , Whitaker Richard G.
Published: May 2005

Under conditions known to separate methylamine oxidase from benzylamine oxidase in other yeast strains, only a single oxidase could be detected in Sporobolomyces albo‐rubescens. This occurred irrespective of whether methylamine or n‐butylamine was the nitrogen source for growth. The oxidase did not attack benzylamine. It was concluded that this organism can only produce a methylamine oxidase. The enzyme was purified to 90% homogeneity and found to have properties significantly a methylamine oxidases previously characterised. It lost only 40% of its activity in 30 min at 45°C, whereas methylamine oxidase previously described had half‐lives of from 2 to 9 min at 45°C. It showed also a lower activity with short chain 1‐aminoalkanes and a higher activity with longer chain 1‐aminoalkanes than other methylamine oxidases, and had a significantly smaller subunit molecular weight (57 000 compared with 80 000).
Synergistic effects of weak‐acid preservatives and pH on the growth of Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Authors: Cole M. B. , Keenan M. H. J.
Published: May 2005

In completely randomised factorial experiments, individual and synergistic effects of pH, benzoic acid and sorbic acid on the growth rate of the yeast Zygosaccharomyes bailii were determined, and expressed in polynomial equations. Synergism between benzoic and sorbic acid was pH dependent. A distinct effect of the anionic form of benzoic acid on doubling time was demonstrated by experiments in which concentrations of benzoic acid and benzoate were varied. The resultant polynomial equation showed that both species act synergistically.
Alcoholic fermentation by ‘non‐fermentative’ yeasts
Authors: Van Dijken Johannes P. , Van Den Bosch Eduard , Hermans John J. , De Miranda Lennart Rodrigues , Scheffers W. Alexander
Published: May 2005

All type strains of ‘non‐fermentative’ yeasts, available in the culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, were reinvestigated for their capacity to ferment glucose in the classical Durham tube test. Although visible gas production was absent, nearly all strains produced significant amounts of ethanol under the test conditions. Under conditions of oxygen‐limited growth, even strong alcoholic fermentation may occur in a number of yeasts hitherto considered as non‐fermentative. Thus, shake‐flask cultures of Hansenula nonfermentans and Candida silvae fermented more than half of the available sugar to ethanol. It is concluded that the taxonomic test for fermentation capacity, which relies on detection of gas formation in Durham tubes, is not reliable for a physiological classification of yeasts as fermentative and non‐fermentative species.
Cloning and sequencing of the PHO80 gene and CEN15 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Toh‐E Akio , Shimauchi Toshitsugu
Published: May 2005

The PHO80 gene, which is one of the regulatory genes exerting negative control in the pho system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was cloned. The 1·8 kb DNA fragment carrying the PHO80 gene was sequenced and one open reading frame large enough to encode 293 amino acids was found in the sequence. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+‐RNA isolated from cells grown under repressed and derepressed conditions revealed that (i) the size of the PHO80 message was around 1·4 kb, (ii) the expression of the PHO80 gene was not affected by the presence or absence or absence of inorganic phosphate in the medium, and (iii) the expression of the PHO80 gene was not affected by pho2, pho4, pho81, or by pho80 itself. a centromere sequence was found downstream of the PHO80 coding region.
Sequence of a 7·8 kb segment on the left arm of yeast chromosome XI reveals four open reading frames, including the CAP1 gene, an intron‐containing gene and a gene encoding a homolog to the mammalian UOG‐1 gene
Authors: Boyer Jeanne , Pascolo Steve , Richard Guy‐Franck , Dujon Bernard
Published: May 2005

We report here the DNA sequence of a segment of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extending over 7·8 kb. The segment contains four long open reading frames, YKL150, YKL153, YKL155 and YKL156, YKL155 corresponds to the CAP1 gene. YKL153 contains an intron and shows an extremely biased codon usage suggestive of a highly expressed protein. YKL156 is a homolog to UOG‐1, an open reading frame associated with the cDNA clone of the mammalian growth/differentiation factor 1. YKL150 reveals common motifs to both the RNA polymerase II elongation factor of Drosophila melanogaster and to the yeast PPR2 gene product.
Molecular cloning of the GTP‐cyclohydrolase structural gene RIB1 of Pichia guilliermondii involved in riboflavin biosynthesis
Authors: Liauta‐Teglivets O. , Hasslacher M. , Boretskii Iu. R. , Kohlwein S. D. , Shavlovskii G. M.
Published: May 2005

The structural gene of GTP‐cyclohydrolase, involved in riboflavin biosynthesis, was cloned from a Pichia guilliermondii genomic library. A 1855 bp genomic DNA fragment complementing the riboflavin auxotrophies of an Escherichia coli ribA mutant, defective in GTP‐cyclohydrolase II, and a P. guilliermondii rib1 mutant was isolated and sequenced. An open reading frame with the potential to encode a protein of 344 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38 711 Da was detected. The P. guilliermondii enzyme shows a high degree of homology to GTP‐cyclohydrolases type II from E. coli and Baccillus subtilis and to GTP‐cyclohydrolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functional GTP‐cyclohydrolase from P. guilliermondii may consist of four identical subunits. The sequence of the RIB1 gene of P. guilliermondii was submitted to the EMBL sequence database and is accessible under Accession Number Z49093.
IV. Yeast sequencing reports. New open reading frames, one of which is similar to the nifV gene of Azotobacter vinelandii, Found on a 12·5 kbp fragment of chromosome IV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Verhasselt Peter , Voet Marleen , Volckaert Guido
Published: May 2005

The nucleotide sequence of a 12·5 kbp segment of the left arm of chromosome IV is described. Five open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids were detected, all of which are completely confined to the 12·5 kbp region. Two ORFs (D1271 and D1286) correspond to previously sequenced genes (PPH22 and VMA1 or TFP1, respectively). ORF D1298 shows the characteristics of α‐isopropylmalate and homocitrate synthase genes and is similar to the nifV gene of Azotobacter vinelandii. Two more ORFs have no apparent homologue in the data libraries. Conversely, two smaller ORFs of 25 and 85 amino acids encoding the ribosomal protein YL41A and an ATPase inhibitor, respectively, were detected. Although a substantial part of the 12·5 kbp fragment apparently lacks protein‐coding characteristics, no other elements, such as tRNA genes or transposons, were found.

The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper will appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the Accession Number X83276.
XV. Yeast sequencing reports. A 29·425 kb segment on the left arm of yeast chromosome XV contains more than twice as many unknown as known open reading frames
Authors: Zumstein Emmanuelle , Pearson Bruce M. , Kalogeropoulos Angelos , Schweizer Michael
Published: May 2005

The nucleotide sequence of a 29·425 kb fragment localized on the left arm of chromosome XV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined. The sequence contains 13 open reading frames (ORFs) of which four encode the known genes ADH1, COQ3, MSH2 and RCF4. Predictions are made concerning the functions of the unknown ORFs. Some of the ORFs contain sequences similar to expressed sequences tags (EST) found in the database made available by TIGR. In particular, the highly expressed ADH1 gene is represented in this database by no less than 20 EST sequences. Two ARS sequences and a putative functional GCN4 motif have also been detected. One ORF (O0953) containing nine putative transmembrane segments is similar to a hypothetical membrane protein of Arabidopsis thaliana. Characteristic features of the other ORFs include ATP/GTP binding sites, a fungal Zn(2)‐Cys(6) binuclear centre, an endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence, a β‐transducin repeat signature and in two instances, good similarity to the prokaryotic lipoprotein signal peptide motif. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X83121.
[Hg2(μ‐bpe)(μ‐OAc)2(μ‐SCN)2]n, a New Two‐Dimensional Coordination Polymer Involving Three Simultaneously Bridging Ligands: 1,2‐Bis(4‐pyridyle)ethene, Acetate, and Thiocyanate
Authors: Morsali Ali , Yilmaz Veysel T. , Kazak Canan
Published: May 2005

A new mercury(II) complex of 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyle)ethene (bpe) with anionic acetate and thiocyanate ligands has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The single crystal X‐ray analysis shows that the complex is a two‐dimensional polymer with simultaneously bridging 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyle)ethane, acetate and thiocyanate ligands and basic repeating dimeric [Hg2(μ‐bpe)(μ‐OAc)2(μ‐SCN)2] units. The two‐dimensional system forms a three‐dimensional network by packing via π‐π stacking interactions.
A Coordination Polymer from HAMTTO with Silver(I) (HAMTTO = 4‐Amino‐6‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐thione‐5‐one)
Authors: Ghassemzadeh Mitra , Adhami Forough , Taeb Abas , Heravi Majid M. , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: May 2005

The reaction of 4‐amino‐6‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐thione‐5‐one, HAMTTO, with silver (I) nitrate in methanol led under deprotonation to the polymeric compound [(AMTTO)Ag]n. The coordination polymer {[Ag(HAMTTO)]ClO4}n (1) is synthesized from the reaction of the latter polymeric compound with perchloric acid. Both compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies on compound 1 showed that HAMTTO acts as a bidentate ligand and chelates the silver atom via its hydrazine nitrogen atom and its sulfur atom. Crystal data for 1 at −90 °C: space group P21, Z = 2, a = 629.3(1), b = 748.7(1), c = 1071.7(1) pm, β = 98.28(1)°, R1 = 0.0533.
Aurivillius Phases in the Bi4Ti3O12/BiFeO3 System: Thermal Behaviour and Crystal Structure
Authors: Krzhizhanovskaya M. , Filatov S. , Gusarov V. , Paufler P. , Bubnova R. , Morozov M. , Meyer D. C.
Published: May 2005

Four compounds of the Bi4Ti3O12/BiFeO3 system with the formula Bi2Bin−1(Ti,Fe)nO3n+3, n = 3, 4, 4.5 and 6 were studied using high‐temperature X‐ray powder diffraction and differential thermoanalysis methods. The crystal structure of the n = 6 phase was refined by the Rietveld method. An unusual behaviour of thermal expansion attributed to an orthorhombic‐to‐tetragonal transformation was revealed. For all the compounds, the lattice parameter c vs temperature T dependence has three regions in the range of T = 20 –750 °C interpreted as (1) expansion of the initial orthorhombic phase, (2) a pronounced structure reconstruction to the tetragonal phase, (3) an expansion of the tetragonal phase.

The crystal structure of Bi7Ti3Fe3O21 based on 6‐layer‐perovskite blocks is proposed from X‐ray powder diffraction data. The Rietveld refinement of the structure in the orthorhombic space group F2mm with lattice parameters a = 5.4699(3), b = 5.4924(3), c = 57.551(3) Å (Rp = 9.4, Rwp = 11.9, Rexp = 4.7, RB = 4.4 %) shows that a distorted 6‐layer model fits the data of Bi7Ti3Fe3O21.
Pancreatic apudomas
Authors: Bloom S. R. , Polak J. M. , Welbourn R. B.
Published: May 2005

Pancreatic apudomas are not common but are frequently curable. Thus, it is important for every clinician to be fully aware of the varied clinical syndromes that suggest their presence. The availability of specific radioimmunoassays has made confirmation of the diagnosis relatively simple. Advances in the techniques for staining the different cell types have led to the recognition that many of these tumors are mixed, and that the general term “pancreatic apudoma” is appropriate. Pancreatic endocrine tumors, as examples of “nature's experiments,” have yielded considerable insight into the possible physiologic effects of the various peptides they produce. It is to be hoped that further study of tumors such as the somatostatinoma and PPoma may yield further information about these enigmatic compounds.
WILLIAM III'S MILITARY AND POLITICAL CAREER IN NEO-ROMAN CONTEXT, 1672–1702
Authors: LEVILLAIN CHARLES-EDOUARD
Published: May 2005

William III's military and political career was marked by a sustained tension between his obsessive struggle against France and the fear caused by his accession to enhanced titles of power. Crucial to William's shift from stadholderate to kingship was his assumption of emergency powers in 1672 to defend his country against French invasion. Throughout his stadholderate (1672–1702), he came to be seen by his Dutch republican opponents as a Roman dictator intent on using military power to break the harmony of the constitution, while Orangist propaganda tried to present the rule of the One as the best remedy to the recurrent danger of civil war and anarchy. Spurred by the Ryswick treaty of September 1697 and fuelled by a deeply engrained tradition of resistance to any expanded military establishment, the standing army debates of 1697–9 came as an effort to understand a major political controversy in the light of the history of republican Rome. The political theorists of the New Country Party strove to reassert the superiority of civil over military power by showing how the decay of the Roman Republic had been caused by a departure from the civic militia paradigm and a drift towards military monarchy which fostered the growth of tyranny. It was thought that England's commitment to a prolonged war effort would entail a similar process and imperil the age-old balance between king and parliament. The contention of this article is that the standing army debates of 1697–9 can be construed as an encounter between Dutch and English neo-Romanism, crystallizing in the controversial figure of William. An overall view of William's military and political career and the search for elements of continuity in his supporters' and his opponents' arguments will serve to look at the role of historicism in the construction of a late seventeenth-century Anglo-Dutch ideological space.
REVELATION AND THE REVOLUTION OF 1688–1689
Authors: JOHNSTON WARREN
Published: May 2005

The tendency to draw a sharp line of demarcation between pre- and post-1660 England has long been standard historical practice. This separation is especially evident in the study of apocalyptic thought, which is accepted as important to understanding the history of early and mid-seventeenth-century England: despite the efforts of some scholars to trace its subsequent developments, the presence of eschatological language and belief in the later seventeenth century is most often relegated to the radical margins and lunatic fringes of English society. This article demonstrates that apocalyptic convictions were not dismissed from mainstream relevance after 1660. Using the Revolution of 1688–9 as a case-study, it demonstrates that hopes and predictions of eschatological fulfilment were present among nonconformists and Church of England proponents alike. In their works are found apocalyptic celebrations of the events of 1688 and 1689, and also the continued concern with issues that had dominated domestic religious and political discourse for the previous three decades.
POLITENESS AND WHIGGISM, 1688–1732
Authors: PELTONEN MARKKU
Published: May 2005

This article re-examines the role of civility and politeness in the writings of whig authors from 1688 to 1732. It argues that politeness was not an exclusively whig concept. Nor was there any unanimity amongst the whigs about its meaning. Politeness was a hotly debated topic in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, but differences in its interpretations did not follow party lines. The notions of politeness formulated by whig authors after 1688 differed from each other as much as they differed from those framed by non-whigs. The article also reconsiders the account that the whig theorists used their analysis of politeness to defend the commercial values of post-1688 England and Britain. Again, there was no agreement on this amongst the whigs. Some of them explicitly denied the putative link between commerce and politeness, some of them were not interested in it, and even those who argued for it still interpreted politeness in its traditional courtly terms rather than in post-courtly urban terms.
MODERNITY, INTERNATIONALIZATION, AND WAR IN THE HISTORY OF MODERN CHINA
Authors: MITTER RANA
Published: May 2005

Twenty years ago, the study of modern China in the west was heavily focused on rural China. It used the rise to power of the Chinese Communist Party as its overarching narrative, and treated the communist victory of 1949 as a watershed. This review surveys several recent trends in the writing of Chinese history in the west which have challenged these models. Among the changes of emphasis in the field that are noted are: a new interest in China's place in global history, urban history, and the history of consumption; a rethinking of the significance of nationalism and imperialism; warfare as a vehicle of sociocultural change; and a reinterpretation of Chinese modernity that stresses the similarities, as well as the differences, between the Chinese Communist Party and its predecessors, the Nationalists, and also stresses continuities as well as changes across the ‘barrier’ date of 1949. The review highlights areas of interest to non-specialists in Chinese history, and concentrates on studies of the Republican period (1912–49) published since the 1990s, although it also covers work covering topics in the late imperial and early People's Republic periods.
THE RAGE OF PARLIAMENTS: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1690–1715
Authors: JACKSON CLARE
Published: May 2005

The history of parliament: the House of Commons, 1690–1715. Edited by Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley, and D. W. Hayton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 5 vols. i: Introductory survey (pp. xvi+958 and CD-ROM); ii: Constituencies (pp. xvi+945); iii: Members A–F (pp. xvi+1,134); iv: Members G–N (pp. xvi+1,052); v: Members O–Z (pp. xvi+962). ISBN 0-521-77221-4. £250.00 (introductory price); thereafter £300.00.

The publication of these five volumes represents the eighth contribution to the History of Parliament Trust's record of the House of Commons that now extends to twenty-eight volumes containing nearly twenty million words in over 20,000 pages. According to the Trust's chairman, Ted Rowlands MP, completing these volumes that cover the period 1690–1715 ‘has been a thirty-year odyssey’ (i, p. xi) successively directed by Eveline Cruickshanks and David Hayton as editors and Stuart Handley as associate editor. Their appearance completes the Trust's history of the Commons during the ‘long eighteenth century’ from Charles II's restoration in 1660 to George IV's death in 1820, whilst the periods 1384–1421 and 1509–1603 are covered in previously published volumes. In 1998, all the information contained in the twenty-three extant volumes was incorporated into a single text-file CD-ROM with various electronic search functions. Compiled by a team of fourteen distinguished contributors, the format of the volumes here reviewed follows that of earlier publications by the Trust. The first comprises a masterful ‘introductory survey’ by Hayton that extends to over 500 pages with twenty-seven appendices and confers coherence on the other volumes by enumerating the diverse range of constituency customs, election procedures, membership, organization, and activities characteristic of the Commons between 1690 and 1715. The second contains detailed profiles of the 317 English, Welsh, and Scottish constituencies, whilst the remaining three supply biographical entries of the 1,982 Members who sat in the Commons during this period.
The Development and Preliminary Testing of a Scale to Measure the Latent and Manifest Benefits of Employment
Authors: Muller Juanita J. , Creed Peter A. , Waters Lea E. , Machin M. Anthony
Published: May 2005

Abstract. Theorists have argued the importance of the latent and manifest benefits of employment and their relationship with psychological well-being. However, no one scale has been devised that adequately and reliably measures all five latent and one manifest benefit together. The aims of this study were to develop such a scale that would satisfy standards for psychometric adequacy, and to present evidence for its validity. In the scale development phase, in-depth interviews with 33 unemployed adults and comments from labor market experts were used in the item generation process. In Study 1, 307 unemployed adults were surveyed, and item analysis, interitem and item-total correlations and factor analysis were used to reduce the item pool to a 36-item scale, with six homogeneous and reliable subscales. In Study 2, 250 unemployed adults were surveyed and the scale was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and tested for associations with psychological distress, neuroticism, and various demographic variables. As a result, a reliable and valid 36-item Latent and Manifest Benefits (LAMB) scale was developed. Implications for use in research are discussed.
Strong biological controls on Sr/Ca ratios in aragonitic marine bivalve shells
Authors: Gillikin David Paul , Lorrain Anne , Navez Jacques , Taylor James W. , André Luc , Keppens Eddy , Baeyens Willy , Dehairs Frank
Published: May 2005

It is well known that skeletal remains of carbonate secreting organisms can provide a wealth of information about past environments. Sr/Ca ratios have been successfully used as a temperature proxy in corals and sclerosponges. Previous work on aragonitic bivalve shells has not been conclusive but suggests a major control of growth rate on Sr/Ca ratios. As many studies have used bivalve growth rates to determine temperature, we tested if Sr/Ca ratios could predict temperature through its relationship with growth rate. Shells from the two species of clams from the same family (veneroidea) studied here, Saxidomus giganteus and Mercenaria mercenaria, show vastly different seasonal Sr/Ca profiles. A strong relationship between average annual Sr/Ca ratios and annual growth rate was found in S. giganteus shells from both Washington (R2 = 0.87) and Alaska (R2 = 0.64), USA, but not in M. mercenaria shells from North Carolina, USA. Furthermore, the Sr/Ca–growth rate relationship was also evident upon a more detailed inspection of subannual growth rates in S. giganteus (R2 = 0.73). Although there were significant positive correlations between Sr/Ca ratios and temperature in S. giganteus shells, the correlations were weak (0.09 < R2 < 0.27), and thus Sr/Ca ratios cannot be used as a reliable temperature proxy in these species of aragonitic bivalves. It is clear from this study that Sr/Ca ratios are not under thermodynamic control in either clam species, since thermodynamics predict a negative correlation between Sr/Ca ratios and temperature in aragonite. This points toward dominance of biological processes in the regulation of Sr2+. This is also reflected by the largely differing Sr/Ca partition coefficients (DSr) in these shells (DSr ≈ 0.25), when compared to inorganic, coral, and sclerosponge studies (DSr ≈ 1), all of which show a negative dependence of Sr/Ca on temperature. We suggest that caution be taken when using Sr/Ca in any biogenic aragonite as a temperature proxy when the DSr greatly deviates from one, as this indicates the dominance of biological controls on Sr/Ca ratios.