bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DEPENDENCE OF GERMINATION ON PHOTOPERIOD, LIGHT QUALITY, AND TEMPERATURE, IN CHENOPODIUM SPP.
Authors: Cumming Bruce G.
Published: August 2008

In Chenopodium botrys, darkness was suboptimal for germination at all temperatures. At low to intermediate temperatures (10 to 20 °C) short photoperiods were optimal while longer ones were supraoptimal. At high temperatures (25° to 35 °C) extremely long photoperiods were optimal and all shorter ones were suboptimal. There was less germination in light of low than high red to far-red (R/FR) spectral energy ratios, particularly in long photoperiods. Decreasing the R/FR ratio for the terminal 30 minutes of daily photoperiods restricted germination considerably in short but not in extreme long photoperiods (18 and 20 hours). It is postulated that sub- and supra-optimal amounts of phytochrome-Pfrwere produced, respectively, in the sub- and supra-optimal photoperiods, which resulted in less germination; further, that the temperature-induced responses may be due to a lower optimum requirement for Pfrat low than at higher temperatures and, or, a faster rate of dark reversion of Pfrto Prmay occur with increase in temperature. This provides a correlative scheme similar to that postulated for floral initiation of C. rubrum, whether optimum response is in short or long photoperiods.Ambiphotoperiodism, resembling the response previously shown in C. rubrum floral initiation, occurred in C. botrys germination. This may be indicative of endogenously controlled rhythms interacting with the phytochrome system.Several Chenopodium spp. germinated more in darkness than in long photoperiods of low R/FR ratio. Indirect evidence suggests that there may be formation of phytochrome-Pfrin darkness, sufficient to promote germination.On the basis of laboratory tests with Chenopodium spp. two ecologically significant phenomena are postulated. Firstly, there may be restriction of germination in areas shaded by green plants. There was more germination in light with R/FR ratios similar to that of sunlight (1.3) than sunlight transmitted through green vegetation (0.70 to 0.12). Secondly, stages of incomplete germination of seeds, in which there is rupture of the testa and loss of previous light requirements, may be of adaptive value, particularly under arid conditions. Seeds with incomplete germination remained viable for prolonged periods, whether kept moist or dried, but germinated very rapidly when transferred to optimum conditions.
FOREST GROWTH AND GLACIAL CHRONOLOGY IN EASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, AND THEIR RELATION TO RECENT CLIMATIC TRENDS
Authors: Bray J. R. , Struik G. J.
Published: August 2008

Recent activity of Yoho Glacier was determined by botanical and geological dating techniques and from published accounts. Tree growth in four forests adjacent to the end moraine was measured by increment borings of 200 Picea engelmannii. Drawings of increment cores were made in the field, to avoid differential shrinkage with storage. From these drawings, tree growth was calculated in trunk basal area per decade.Corroborating data from three trees indicated that maximum advance of the Yoho Glacier was in 1844. Ice recession increased from 8 m/yr in the mid 1800's to 59 m/yr in 1951–1960 with the greatest rate of increase after 1900. Recession in 1961–1962 was rapid (121 m/yr) because of the warm summer of 1961 and topographic conditions. Total recession 1844–1962 was 2.4 km (ca. 40% of the distance to the Wapta Icefield). Total volume of the lower four-fifths of Yoho Glacier was 7.0 × 106 m3 in 1844, 6.5 × 106 m3 in 1897, and 1.1 × 106 m3 in 1961, for a volume loss of about 85%.Tree ecesis periods for six surfaces of known age ranged from 20 to 43 years (mean 28).The influence of Yoho Glacier in decreasing forest growth was mainly limited to less than 5 meters of the ice margin except in the decade of maximum advance when the influence extended to 30 m. There was no statistical difference in relative trunk growth toward or away from the glacier.Total tree growth was higher from 1581 to 1680, 1761 to 1790, 1851 to 1870, and 1901 to i960 with lower growth intervening. Total growth was positively related to world temperature and sunspot activity and negatively related to world precipitation and glacial activity.Records of glacial activity in Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon from 1580 to 1960 showed that two intervals, 1711 to 1724 and 1835 to 1849, contained over one-half of the glacial advances. These intervals followed the two lowest periods of solar activity (1645–1715; 1798–1833) since 1610. Periods of high solar activity showed glacial retreat or stagnation. These results support the solar radiation climatic hypothesis.Résumés of forest growth, glacial activity, climatic regime, and solar activity for 1580–1960 and 800–1950 gave further evidence of a close relation between solar activity and climate. The use of solar activity data in predicting climatic trends and glacial activity was discussed.
EFFECTS OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS ON TOBACCO ROOTS
Authors: Macdowall F. D. H.
Published: August 2008

The nonionic surfactant Tween 20, when present in culture media at 0.001%, occasionally stimulated growth and (or) nicotine synthesis of isolated roots of N. rustica and whole plants of N. tabacum. It was also found to stimulate root respiration and the succinoxidase activity of root mitochondrial fractions. Its effects were compared with those of its metabolically active ingredients oleate and laurate and with those of an assumed metabolically inert surfactant Triton X-100. Tween 20 showed both types of effects, the toxicity and respiratory stimulation being characteristic of oleate–laurate, and the growth stimulation being also produced by Triton X-100. No oleate deficiency in the tissues was evident, since neither oleate nor biotin stimulated growth. Modes of action are briefly discussed and the use of 0.001% nonionic surfactant in culture media is recommended.
A COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND FALLOUT RADIOACTIVITY IN ONTARIO SOILS UNDER PINE
Authors: Gorham Eville
Published: August 2008

Radioactive fallout is strongly concentrated in the organic litter layers of pinewood soils, which exhibit gross beta-activities as high as or higher than those of living pine needles. Radioactivity of the ash from litter layers sampled in the spring of 1962, after resumption of thermonuclear weapon testing by the U.S.S.R., was about 12 times that exhibited during the early months of 1961, and about 30 times the natural beta-activity before worldwide thermonuclear fallout. Mineral soils sampled during these same periods generally showed relatively slight differences in ash activity.Leaf litter from angiosperm trees was more highly radioactive than litter from gymnosperm trees, on both the ash and dry weight basis.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY: APICAL ABORTION
Authors: Barker W. G. , Collins W. B.
Published: August 2008

The semicultivated lowbush blueberry is fire-pruned on a 3- to 4-year cycle. In spring, vegetative growth is accomplished through the development of an axillary bud on an aerial shoot. In a fire-pruned area, the growth is delayed in both its initiation and termination by as much as a month and arises either from axillary buds on the unburned below-ground portions of the aerial stems, or from rhizome seated buds. Shoot growth is terminated by the abortion of the apical meristem and the death of the proximal portions of the axis. Evidence is presented suggesting that the death of the apex is not triggered by an appropriate photoperiod. Further, although it is inherently controlled, it does not follow the production of a specified quantity (relative to clone) of leaf nor vegetative tissue and is not related to the development of a specified (per clone) leaf photosynthetic area. Finally, there is a strong indication that the death of the shoot is speeded by the presence of a high level of auxin.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MASSALONGIA AND GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: August 2008

The systematic position of the genus Massalongia and the closely related genera Koerberia, Vestergrenopsis, and Placynthium in the family Peltigeraceae including lichens with hemiangiocarpic apothecia is discussed. The ontogeny of a hemiangiocarpic apothecium is described briefly. A key for the determination of the genera is provided.A general survey is given for the morphology and anatomy of the genus Massalongia. The two species, M. carnosa and M. microphylliza, are described in detail. The new combination M. microphylliza is made.
STUDY OF THE GENUS KOERBERIA
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: August 2008

A diagnosis of the lichen genus Koerberia is given. The two species of the genus, K. biformis and K. sonomensis, are described in detail. One new combination, Koerberia sonomensis is made.
A STUDY OF THE GENUS VESTERGRENOPSIS
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: August 2008

The lichen genus Vestergrenopsis is retained separately from Pannaria on account of the presence of hemiangiocarpic apothecia. A diagnosis for the genus and a detailed description of V. isidiata are given. V. elaeina is characterized briefly.
STUDIES ON SLIME ACCUMULATIONS IN PULP AND PAPER MILLS: VI. ISOLATION OF THERMOPHILIC AND THERMOTOLERANT FUNGI FROM PAPER MILLS
Authors: Eveleigh D. E. , Brewer D.
Published: August 2008

Thermotolerant fungi have been found in slimes at temperatures of 38 to 52 °C in paper mills in Eastern Canada. The growth of some of these isolates on malt agar plates maintained at temperatures of 10 to 65 °C has been examined. Optimum temperatures varied between 30 and 50 °C, depending upon the species. Thiamine deficiency was noted in Trichosporon capitatum and Mycelium sterilium. The requirement of T. capitatum for this vitamin could be met by incorporating the thiazole and pyrimidine moieties together in the medium.
A NEW GENUS OF THE LOPHIACEAE
Authors: Darker Grant D.
Published: August 2008

A new genus, Ostreola, is established for two species of the Lophiaceae. The genus is similar to Mytilidion Duby but differs from the latter in the possession of muriform spores. O. consociata on Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and O. sessilis on Pinus strobus L. are described from Quebec.
INHERITANCE OF CRINKLE, VARIEGATION, AND ALBINISM IN SWEET CHERRY
Authors: Kerr E. A.
Published: August 2008

Crinkle and variegation are virus-like leaf abnormalities that have occurred on Black Tartarian and Bing, and on Hedelfingen respectively. Albinism has also frequently occurred in progeny of these varieties. Reciprocal crosses were made between these varieties, and is populations of Hedelfingen × Black Tartarian and Hedelfingen × Bing were grown for 10 years. Crinkle and variegation are determined primarily by single recessive genes. Black Tartarian and Bing are each heterozygous for the crinkle gene and Hedelfingen is heterozygous for the variegation gene. When homozygous, the gene for variegation produces a severe form of variegation which is lethal during the first year of growth. Black Tartarian, Bing, and Hedelfingen are each heterozygous for a gene for albinism. The variability of crinkle and variegation, both as to severity and proportion of seedlings affected, indicates that modifying genes are present in these varieties. It is concluded that symptoms appear in a tree that is heterozygous for one of these genes when a further mutation of that gene occurs.
LEAF SPOT OF BANANAS CAUSED BY MYCOSPHAERELLA MUSICOLA: ASSOCIATED ASCOMYCETOUS FUNGI
Authors: Stover R. H.
Published: August 2008

In addition to perithecia, spermagonia, and sporodochia of Mycosphaerella nmsicola Leach (Cercospora musac Zimm.), perithecia of M. minima Stahel, Leptosphaeria sp., Micronectridla sp. and Didymella sp. are present in banana leaf spots in Honduras. All of these fungi discharge ascospores from both surfaces of wet leaf spots. Discharges of M. musicola and Didymella are most abundant from June through December whereas ascospores of Micronectriella are abundant from January to June. Ascospores of M. minima and especially Leptosphaeria are abundant at all times. The two-celled ascospores of M. musicola, M. minima, and Didymella are readily identified by size, shape, and type of germination. M. musicola perithecia can be readily distinguished in non-sectioned lactophenol-cleared leaf tissue by the dark thick walls of the ostiole and periderm. M. minima and Micronectriella can produce ascospores in siugle-ascospore cultures. The latter also produces Fusarium macroconidia. Micronectriella sp. is present in young healthy leaves and is considered a banana leaf inhabitant. Perithecia of all species are more abundant in areas of mass leaf spot infection than in single, scattered spots.
THE CULTURAL CHARACTERS, STRUCTURE OF THE FRUIT BODY, AND TYPE OF INTERFERTILITY OF CERRENA UNICOLOR (BULL. EX FR.) MURR.
Authors: Westhuizen G. C. A. van der
Published: August 2008

The cultural characters and morphology and construction of the fruit body of Cerrena unicolor (Bull, ex Fr.) Murr. are described. In the cultures and in the fruit bodies clamp connections are present on thin-walled as well as thick-walled hyphae. Pairings between cultures derived from single spores showed the bipolar type of interfertility. Conspecificity of some of the collections studied was confirmed by means of the "Buller phenomenon". Cerrena unicolor differs from type species of the genera Coriolus Quel., Lenzites Fr., Trametes Fr., and Daedalea Fr., to which it has been referred, in the morphology of the hyphae. It differs further from the type species of the first three genera by possessing the bipolar type of interfertility and from the type species of the fourth by possessing extracellular oxidase.
PATHWAYS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND AMIDES IN LEAVES
Authors: Bidwell R. G. S.
Published: August 2008

C14-labelled substrates were supplied to leaves, and the labelling patterns in derived amino acids were examined. A new technique is described for the ninhydrin decarboxylation of amino acids separated on paper chromatograms, making use of the Dynacon electrometer. Succinate-1,4-C14, succinate-2,3-C14, pyruvate-1-C14, pyruvate-2-C14, pyruvate-3-C14, C14O2, and glutamate-1-C14were supplied to wheat leaves, and the total C14and carboxyl-C14in alanine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, and glutamine were determined. The results indicated that the amino acids and amides were formed mainly from the corresponding Krebs cycle intermediates. Carbon entered the Krebs cycle mainly by decarboxylation of pyruvate, but partly by its carboxylation. Extensive cycling did not occur. Various other suggested pathways, including the conversion of succinate to glutamic acid via succinic semialdehyde and γ-aminobutyrate followed by carboxylation, did not occur.When glucose-UL-C14was supplied to pea or bean seedlings, the labelling pattern in alanine and glutamine indicated their derivation from glucose via glycolysis and Krebs cycle pathways. However, the pattern in asparagine indicated that it may have been formed from products of glyoxalate cycle.
ROSELLINIA LIMONIISPORA: THE EFFECT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMIN AND VARIOUS SUGAR SOURCES UPON PERITHECIAL PRODUCTION IN PURE CULTURE
Authors: Hayman David S.
Published: August 2008

A nutritional study of Rosellinia limoniispora, a Pyrenomycete, was made on natural and defined media to ascertain some of the factors influencing the production of perithecia in pure culture. The importance of the vitamins biotin and thiamin was determined, together with the effects of different sugars tested singly and in combination. Dextrose was the best single sugar source for fruiting, but a medium containing a combination of four or five sugars produced most perithecia in as short a period of time as any other medium except 2% malt extract. On the latter the fruiting time was distinctly shorter than on any other medium and the number of perithecia formed was still high.
NECTAR PRODUCTION AND ITS RELATION TO FRUITSET IN THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: Wood G. W. , Wood F. A.
Published: August 2008

The relationship between nectar production and fruitset of blueberry is not significantly strong. Measurements of nectar volume and weight of nectar sugar were not correlated with fruitset, while nectar concentration showed a significant relationship [Formula: see text] in only 1 year out of 3. Constituent nectar sugars were not involved in the relative attractiveness to pollinators of the various blueberry clones studied or between blueberry and other plants in bloom at the same time. Pollinator attraction is inversely related to age of bloom.
THE EFFECT OF FLASHING LIGHT SUPPLEMENTED BY CONTINUOUS RED AND FAR-RED LIGHT ON THE GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L. IN THE PRESENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: Chua S. E. , Dickson M. H.
Published: August 2008

The growth rates of Lemna minor were studied under conditions of flashing light of varied durations interacted with continuous illumination of low-intensity far-red and red light, and growth regulators (0.645 p.p.m. kinetin, and 25 p.p.m. IAA). It was found that the growth rate was progressively reduced with decreasing light exposure from continuous illumination to alternating periods of 1-minute intermittency, after which it increased rapidly. The growth rate per unit of light was the most rapid at 0.01-second light period under 1:3 ratio of light to dark. Under 1:1 ratio of light to dark interacted with red and far-red light, kinetin, and IAA, the photosynthetic rate of Lemna was reduced by far-red but improved by the red light. Kinetin increased the growth rate but IAA inhibited the photosynthetic rate as the number of flashes increased. The IKI test showed that under flashing light old and young fronds stored starch but under continuous illumination, only the older fronds stored starch.
NOTES ON THE GENUS ALCHEMILLA IN SOUTHEASTERN CANADA
Authors: Bradshaw Margaret E. , Dansereau Pierre , Valentine D. H.
Published: August 2008

An account is given of seminatural communities in the Gaspé Peninsula in which Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. is abundant. Evidence is brought forward to show that this species (a segregate of the apomictic complex Alchemilla vulgaris) has been introduced at some period since 1930. It is now completely naturalized. The bearing of this fact on the status of Alchemilla species in North America and in some European areas is briefly considered.
SURVIVAL OF FUNGI IN SOIL EXPOSED TO GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Johnson Leander F. , Osborne T. S.
Published: August 2008

Samples of soil were exposed to gamma radiation from a Co60 source. By a modified soil-plate technique fungi were isolated from the radiation-treated soils and compared to those isolated from untreated soils. At intensities of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 kr, 2.53, 0.67, 0.10, and 0.04%, respectively, of the viable propagules of fungi survived. Twenty-eight species of fungi survived soil irradiation of 250 kr or more, many of which were not isolated from untreated soil. Prior gamma irradiation of soil samples enabled isolation of certain fungi that occur in soils in low numbers and that are not ordinarily found on conventional dilution or soil plates. Most of the members of the Moniliaceae, comprising a large portion of the soil fungal population, were killed by radiation, but the Dematiaceae generally were more resistant. It was found that resistance of certain fungal spores in soil to high intensity radiation is related to growth rates of mycelium in pure culture under sublethal levels of continuous radiation. The mycelium of three resistant fungi, which originally survived high doses of radiation, grew better under chronic irradiation than did two susceptible fungi, which were killed by high doses of soil irradiation.
REVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE RHYTHMIC EXUDATION OF SAP BY TOBACCO ROOTS
Authors: Macdowall F. D. H.
Published: August 2008

The exudation of sap from the decapitated stem by solution-cultured root systems of tobacco was measured continuously under constant conditions. The nicotine content of the sap was analyzed as an indicator of solute originating in the root cells. The typical, persistent endogenous rhythm of exudative activity was observed in both volume and nicotine content of sap. The rhythmic control was independent of respiration and of ionic changes designed to influence permeability, but it was reversibly affected by actinomycin D, which implicates DNA function. The removal of potassium or oxygen from the culture solution or the addition of cyanide to it caused a brief transient stimulatory response in exudative rate. Continued anaerobiosis reversibly stimulated exudation in a massive final cycle. These observations support the concept that exudation is a passive phenomenon, of solute leakage and osmosis, dependent on active salt accumulation.
VIABILITY OF LYOPHILIZED ALGAE
Authors: Holm-Hansen Osmund
Published: August 2008

Numerous species of blue-green, green, and yellow-green algae, isolated from various habitats in Wisconsin and in the Antarctic, were tested for their ability to survive freeze-drying. Most of the species from the Antarctic survived, whereas many of the species from Wisconsin did not survive the lyophilization procedure. Addition of organic adjuvants to the algal suspensions resulted in greater survival for most of the green algae, but had little or no effect on survival of blue-green algae. Three different methods of drying frozen algal samples are described.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: XIII. THE EFFECT OF STEM RUST ON PURINES IN WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Shaw Michael , Srivastava B. I. Sahai
Published: August 2008

The purines were precipitated from alcohol extracts of Little Club wheat with copper oxide or absorbed from perchloric acid extracts with Norit A. Guanine, adenine, and an unidentified purine were isolated from seedlings germinated in darkness and from the tops of young plants grown in the greenhouse. Adenine and the unidentified purine were present in much larger amounts than guanine. The concentrations of adenine and the unidentified purine in the first seedling leaves were increased approximately four- and five-fold by infection with Puccinia graminis tritici Erikss. and Henn. No evidence was obtained for the presence of any purine or purine-like substance in uninfected or infected leaves which would delay senescence in detached leaves as do kinetin, benzimidazole, and purine-like substances present in coconut endosperm.
MELAMPSORA INFECTION OF PINE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Molnar A. C. , Sivak B.
Published: August 2008

A rust fungus, discovered infecting ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) at Telkwa, B.C. in 1960 and reported to be the European pine twist rust, Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr., is shown to be the native rust M. albertensis Arth., which was previously thought to have Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) as its only coniferous host. Four other pines are shown to be susceptible to the rust: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.), red pine (P. resinosa Ait.), and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.).Melampsora occidentalis Jacks. was shown to be able to infect ponderosa and lodgepole pines as well as its previously known host, Douglas fir.Only current year's germinants or current year's shoots of very young pines appeared susceptible to these rusts.These are the first records of a species of Uredinales infecting two coniferous genera and it is suggested that other examples may be found by closer observation of younger age classes of hosts.The rust is not considered a special hazard to pine in British Columbia at the present time.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HOLOCENE PALEOECOLOGY OF WESTCENTRAL CANADA: I. THE RIDING MOUNTAIN AREA
Authors: Ritchie J. C.
Published: August 2008

The results of pollen analysis of three sections of lake sediment, sampled in the Riding Mountain area of Manitoba, suggest a tentative division of each into four zones. The lower, interpreted as representing a closed white spruce forest, is followed by an apparently treeless episode tentatively interpreted as a grassland phase; this is followed by a zone which suggests indirectly the prevalence of deciduous forests, possibly dominated by poplar, birch, and oak. The development of the mixed boreal forest, which prevails today, is marked by a rise in the spruce and alder curves. The suggestion that the sections are post-Valders in age is corroborated to some extent by a carbon-14 age measurement of 9570 years from a sample of spruce wood excavated from the bottom of a filled-in kettle in the vicinity; associated gyttja yielded a pollen spectrum very similar to the I zones of the diagrams.
EFFECT OF BENZOIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES ON PLANT METABOLISM: 8. EFFECT OF CHLOROBENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVES ON THE NITROGEN METABOLISM OF STARVED AND SUCROSE-FED ETIOLATED BARLEY LEAVES
Authors: Naguib M. I.
Published: August 2008

Six-day-old etiolated barley leaves were kept for 24 hours in culture media containing different concentrations of o-, m-, and p-chlorobenzoic acids, in presence or absence of sucrose. CO2 output and sucrose uptake were markedly depressed while the nitrogen excretion was enhanced in presence of 0.01 M concentration of these substances. The three derivatives caused the hydrolysis of a part of the amide nitrogen to ammonia and (or) the proteins to peptides depending on the concentrations of the chemical and position of substitution. The possible explanations of the observed facts are discussed.
ALGAL INHIBITION BY YELLOW ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORBING SUBSTANCES FROM FUCUS VESICULOSUS
Authors: McLachlan J. , Craigie J. S.
Published: August 2008

The yellow extracellular phenolic substances produced by Fucus vesiculosus were found to be toxic to all unicellular algae examined. Concentrations which completely inhibited growth varied from approximately 25 μg/ml for Monochrysis lutheri to more than 150 μg/ml for Porphyridium sp. The toxicity appeared to result from cellular lysis rather than a deficiency of trace metals or vitamins. After fractionation on a charcoal column, only the ethanolic eluate was found to be markedly toxic. Concentrations of 100 μg/ml of the aqueous eluate caused almost no inhibition of growth of Monochrysis. The toxic factor was largely destroyed by autoclaving. It could be passed through an ultrafilter of 24A pore size, and was active both in acidic and alkaline media. It is suggested that this excretory product from Fucus may have ecological significance.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF MEIOSIS IN THE FUNGUS CYATHUS
Authors: Lu Benjamin C. , Brodie Harold J.
Published: August 2008

Young fruit bodies of Cyathus olla Pers. (Nidulariaceae) were collected, fixed, and squashed using a special spreading technique. Meiosis in a young developing basidium is found to be similar to that of higher organisms. Chromosomes in the expanded state are relatively large. The chromosome number is larger than has been reported for most members of the Basidiomycetes.
OBSERVATIONS ON PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI
Authors: Royle D. J. , Hickman C. J.
Published: August 2008

Observations were made on an isolate of Phytophthora cinnamomi from highbush blueberry in comparison with other isolates of the fungus, including the type culture. In most of the isolates, sex organs developed in abundance in pure culture on oat grains. An interesting feature was the occurrence of bicellular antheridia in approximately equal numbers with unicellular types. Sex organs were not produced in dual culture with P. cryptogea.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE MICROFLORA OF A SLIME ACCUMULATION IN A PAPER MILL
Authors: Eveleigh D. E. , Brewer D.
Published: August 2008

The nutrition of microorganisms isolated from an accumulation of slime has been examined. A number of the fungi and bacteria had an absolute requirement for one or more vitamins. The growth rates of others were markedly stimulated by low concentrations of biotin. In general, both mono- and disaccharides were readily utilized by the isolates. Geotrichum candidum, Candida reukaufii, and Sporotrichum sp. were unable to utilize nitrate nitrogen and several bacteria required amino acids.
TWO FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEAD-ARM DISEASE OF GRAPES
Authors: Chamberlain G. C. , Willison R. S. , Townshend J. L. , Ronde J. H. de
Published: August 2008

Whereas Cryptosporella viticola (Reddick) Shear (Phomopsis vilicola Sacc.) has long been recognized as the causal agent of the dead-arm disease of grapes, pycnidia of Physalospora obtusa (Schw.) Cke. (Sphaeropsis malorum Peck.) have also been found in lesions on trunks, canes, and tendrils. Both fungi were isolated in about equal proportions, either alone or together, from lesions on trunks and stubs. On the other hand, P. vilicola, but not S. malorum, was isolated from a few lesions on current season shoots and the foliage. Both fungi were capable of infecting freshly cut stubs artificially inoculated with spore suspensions and could be re-isolated from the resulting lesions. The significance of S. malorum in the etiology of the dead-arm disease is at present uncertain.
PROTEIN METABOLISM AND RESPIRATION IN ATTACHED AND DETACHED PRIMARY WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Hellebust J. A. , Bidwell R. G. S.
Published: August 2008

Attached and detached wheat leaves were supplied with C14O2 for a short period in light. They were then kept for 20 hours in the dark followed by 20 hours in light in air. Samples were taken at the beginning and end of each period and analyzed for protein nitrogen; and for amounts and total activities of respired carbon, soluble sugars, and amino acids and of protein amino acids.Similar patterns of protein metabolism were found in the two sets of leaves. The estimated protein amino acid turnover rates were somewhat higher in the detached than in the attached leaves but this may have been due to greater participation of soluble compounds which could not be translocated in detached leaves. There was a rapid synthesis of amides in the detached leaves during the light period, but this occurred at the expense of soluble sugars and supplied nitrogen salts rather than from protein breakdown products.Some contribution was made to respired CO2 by proteins during a period when protein turnover as well as a net decrease in proteins took place. During senescence, protein degradation contributed a considerable amount of carbon to respiration, but no protein turnover took place.
STRONTIUM-90 AND CESIUM-137 IN CANADIAN CEREAL GRAINS 1957–1960
Authors: Grummitt W. E.
Published: August 2008

The concentration of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in Canadian wheat is reported for the years 1957 to 1960. Some results are included for flour, bran, barley, and wheat from earlier years. Sampling was done through a national network to obtain as representative results as possible.The specific activity, i.e. strontium-90/mg stable strontium, in various parts of the wheat kernel has been used to study the uptake of strontium by the plant. For wheat grown under conditions of high fallout, more than 40% of the strontium-90 in the cereal grain was absorbed through the husk. A comparison of cesium-137 in wheat with fallout rate showed negligible (less than 5%) uptake from soil.
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI IN A SUBTROPICAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Roth Jr. F. J. , Orpurt P. A. , Ahearn D. G.
Published: August 2008

Fungi amenable to culture were obtained from coastal and oceanic waters collected in the northwestern subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Eulittoral samples uniformly demonstrated relatively high mold populations of diverse speciation. Samples obtained more distant from land and in deep waters showed a greater than 10-fold decrease in average population density and about a 50% reduction in the number of species. A similar phenomenon was noted with progression into abyssal regions. The deepest sample from which Deuteromycetes were isolated was obtained at a depth of 4450 meters. An analysis of the data suggests that two species, Aureobasidium pullulans and Dendryphiella arenaria, are normal inhabitants of the marine environment.
NET CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE RATES IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE, LIGHT INTENSITY, LEAF AREA INDEX, AND AGE OF PLANT
Authors: Ormrod Douglas P.
Published: August 2008

Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris were grown under controlled conditions for 10 to 60 days and then transferred to light intensities of from 0 to 12,000 ft-c at temperatures of 4 to 38 °C for measurement of net carbon dioxide exchange by means of an infrared analyzer. The net carbon dioxide exchange was not markedly influenced by temperature at higher light intensities, particularly with older plants and the greater planting density, but was strikingly influenced by temperature in darkness or low light intensity. The leaf area index affected the rate at which the maximum net carbon dioxide exchange rates were attained. The compensation point increased with aging and with denser planting. The net assimilation decreased at the onset of fruiting. Several features of the experimental method are discussed.
GENERIC CORRELATIONS AND CONCEPTS: CLATHRIDIUM (= GRIPHOSPHAERIA) AND SEIMATOSPORIUM (= SPOROCADUS)
Authors: Shoemaker R. A. , Müller Emil
Published: August 2008

The type of Clathridium Berlese, Clathridium massarinum (Sacc.) Berlese, produces perithecia bearing unitunicate asci that have a pulvillus and amyloid ring and that contain hyalodictyospores. Cultures from ascospores established for the first time the connection with the conidial state, Seimatosporium ribisalpini (Fautrey) n. comb. The triseptate, fusoid to clavate conidia are pigmented in the central or upper three cells, without or with an apical and a basal oblique seta, and are borne on annellophores that are solitary, aggregated in acervuli, or in irregular pycnidia. The type species of Griphosphaeria von Höhnel has perithecia, asci, and annellophores like those of Clathridium massarinum with which, as Clathridium corticola (Fuckel) n. comb., it is congeneric. The species are distinguished by differences in ascospore size and septation, and in conidium size and presence or absence of setae. Seimatosporium lichenicola (Corda) n. comb, is proposed for Clathridium corticola stat. conid., which is the type of Sporocadus Corda.
GENETICS OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI: IX. HETEROCARYOSIS AND THE PARASEXUAL CYCLE IN PENICILLIUM ITALICUM AND PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM
Authors: Strømnaes Ø , Garber E. D. , Beraha L.
Published: August 2008

Ten nutritionally deficient strains of Penicillium italicum with mutant colors were involved in 13 heterocaryons. Three heterocaryons yielded diploid strains. Not all possible genotypes were present among the segregants from the diploids. One case of presumptive linkage was detected. Seven nutritionally deficient strains of P. digitatum with mutant colors were involved in five combinations to obtain heterocaryons. Heterocaryosis could not be definitely demonstrated in this species.
GENETICS OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI: VIRULENCE OF COLOR AND NUTRITIONALLY DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF PENICILLIUM ITALICUM AND PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM
Authors: Beraha L. , Garber E. D. , Strømnaes Ø.
Published: August 2008

Prototrophic color and auxotrophic mutants of Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum, causal agents of citrus fruit rot, were obtained by irradiating conidia with ultraviolet light. Avirulent mutants caused a necrosis but not an obvious rot at the site of inoculation in orange rind. Avirulence was not necessarily associated with a specific alteration in the color of sporulating colonies or with the tested nutritional requirements. Supplementing necrotic lesions with the compounds required by the avirulent auxotrophic mutants enhanced growth but did not cause an obvious rot. Although heterocaryons of P. italicum involving avirulent auxotrophic strains were weakly virulent, the corresponding diploid strains were as virulent as the haploid prototrophic parental strain. Prototrophic segregants from the diploid strains were virulent. Avirulence was not related to the inability of the avirulent mutants to grow at the site of inoculation. It is probable that more than one locus may be responsible for the loss of virulence.
A CLARIFICATION OF CIRSIUM FOLIOSUM AND CIRSIUM DRUMMONDII
Authors: Moore R. J. , Frankton C.
Published: August 2008

The morphology and distribution of Cirsium foliosum (Hook.) DC. and C. drummondii T. & G. are described. The chromosome number of both species is 2n = 34. The range of both species lies almost entirely in western Canada, extending into the northwestern United States only to approximately 43° N. Many authors have misinterpreted these species, placing C. drummondii and several other species in synonymy of C. foliosum. It is held that C. foliosum is distinct from all other taxa.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION FROM WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES
Authors: Williams P. G. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: August 2008

Ungerminated uredospores of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henn. race 15B were disrupted in a buffered sucrose serum albumin solution, using a "Teflon" pestle homogenizer and glass beads 80 μ in diameter. A particulate fraction was sedimented between 2000 and 30,000 × g and its oxidation of Krebs' cycle acids measured manometrically. Endogenous respiration of washed preparations was low or negligible. Oxygen uptake was observed with succinate (40 to 60 μl/hour mg protein), α-ketoglutarate, malate, citrate, and isocitrate (10 to 30 μl/hour mg protein) but not with fumarate or pyruvate. Succinate oxidation was sensitive to heat, cyanide, and malonate.Aspects of the extraction procedure were examined for effects on yield and activity. Serum albumin in the grinding medium, very low grinding speed, and short grinding time favored high activity per mg protein. Glass beads increased the yield with the "Teflon" pestle while an all-glass homogenizer gave preparations of low activity.Oxidatively active particle suspensions reduced Janus green B and were shown by electron microscopy to consist of vesicles and some mitochondria.
THALASSIOMYCETES: IV. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF ASCOSPORES OF THE GENUS LULWORTHIA
Authors: Meyers Samuel P. , Kamp Katherine M. , Johnson Robert F. , Shaffer David L.
Published: August 2008

A statistical study of the genus Lulworthia, a large and widespread marine Ascomycete with characteristic filiform spores, has revealed significant variability in spores of the medial range group, i.e., > 100–<500 μ. Analyses of several thousand single spores, from a total of nine uniclonal isolates, have shown highly significant F values. The use of ascospore length for accurate differentiation of species in this genus is questioned. A reduction of the currently recognized nine species and two varieties in the medial range group to a single composite heterogenous species, or species complex, is discussed and proposed.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF LEAVES WITH LOCALIZED VIRUS INFECTIONS: MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY IN TMV-INFECTED NICOTIANA GLUTINOSA L.
Authors: Weintraub M. , Ragetli H. W. J. , Dwurazna M. M.
Published: August 2008

An increase in the number of mitochondria in leaf tissues of Nicotiana glutinosa soon after inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus was indicated by examination of ultrathin sections, and verified by nitrogen assays of mitochondrial preparations. The succinoxidase activity of mitochondria from locally infected tissues was much higher than that of mitochondria from healthy tissues. Enzyme activity continued at increased levels until the terminal stages of infection, when low succinoxidase activity accompanied degenerative changes in the mitochondria. An early effect of localized virus infection appears to be an increase in the number of mitochondria, and therefore an increase in total enzyme per infected cell. This explains, at least in part, the overall increase in respiration of locally infected tissues previously observed.
CYTOTAXONOMY OF THE SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF THE GENUS ELYMUS IN CANADA AND NEIGHBORING AREAS
Authors: Bowden Wray M.
Published: August 2008

A cytotaxonomic treatment is given for 12 native species, 2 introduced species, and 3 natural interspecific hybrids of the genus Elymus L. that occur in Canada. Five of the native Elymus species and an additional natural interspecific hybrid are found in Alaska. Eleven of the native species, one introduced species, and two of the natural interspecific hybrids are present in the mainland United States. Some additional native species and natural interspecific hybrids of Elymus from the mainland United States are treated briefly.Nomenclatural proposals include: Elymusglaucus Buckl. var. virescens (Piper) Bowden; E. ×uclueletensis Bowden (E. mollis Trin. f. mollis × E. glaucus Buckl. var. glaucus); E. × aleuticus Hultén (pro sp.) (E. mollis Trin. f. mollis × E. hirsutus Presl); E. canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) Bowden f. wiegandii and f. calvescens (Fern.) Bowden; E. ×maltei Bowden nm. maltei, nm. simulans Bowden, nm. churchii Bowden, and nm. brownii Bowden (E. virginicus L. × E. canadensis L.); E. virginicus L. var. jenkinsii Bowden; E. hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fern.) Bowden; E.piperi Bowden; E. innovatus Beal subsp. innovatus var. glabratus Bowden; and E. triticoides Buckl. var. pacificus (Gould) Bowden. Hystrixpatula Moench is here treated as Elymushystrix L.Voucher specimens are cited for the following chromosome number determinations:(1) diploid, 2n = 14: Elymusjunceus.(2) tetraploid, 2n = 28: Elymus canadensis var. canadensis, E. canadensis var. wiegandii f. wiegandii, E. diversiglumis, E. glaucus var. glaucus, E. glaucus var. virescens, E. hirsutus, E, hystrix var. hystrix, E. hystrix var. bigelovianus, E. innovatus subsp. innovatus var. innovatus, E. × maltei nm. maltei, E. riparius, E. sibiricus, E. villosus f. villosus, E. virginicus var. virginicus f. virginicus, and E. virginicus var. submuticus.Earlier literature reports (based on voucher specimens) are given for the following:(1) tetraploid, 2n = 28: Elymus mollis (two subsp. and three forms), E. piperi, and E. × vancouverensis nm. crescentianus.(2) hexaploid, 2n = 42: Elymus × vancouverensis nm. vancouverensis, and E. × vancouverensis nm. californicus.(3) octoploid, 2n = 56: Elymus arenarius, E. innovatus subsp. velutinus, and E. piperi.
STUDIES OF NATURAL HYBRIDS IN AMELANCHIER
Authors: Cruise James E.
Published: August 2008

Eight populations of Amelanchier growing in the Delaware River valley regions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania were analyzed, using the techniques of the hybrid index. No barriers to hybridization were found in the populations of A. arborea and A. laevis, and of A. canadensis and A. laevis, and a complete range of plants intermediate between these two sets of parental extremes were analyzed. These species are homoploid, with 2N = 68. In contrast, no plants were found which are intermediate between A. canadensis and A. arborea on the basis of morphologic characters. Consideration is given to the significance of ecological and temporal barriers to gene flow. The suggestion is made that A. canadensis, A. arborea, and A. laevis be considered as one variable co-specific complex under the earliest valid epithet, A. canadensis (L.) Medic. (1793).
MYCOSPHAERELLA CONVALLARIA SP. NOV. THE CAUSE OF LILY OF THE VALLEY LEAF BLOTCH
Authors: McKeen W. E. , Zimmer R. C.
Published: August 2008

Mycosphaerella convallaria sp. nov., the perfect stage of Ascochyta majalis Massalongo and the cause of lily of the valley leaf blotch, is described. It overwinters in the perfect stage and the ascospores are released after a wet period during May or June. Two to four cycles of the imperfect stage may be completed during the summer months.
PROVENANCE DIFFERENCES IN THE STRATIFICATION REQUIREMENTS OF WHITE PINE
Authors: Fowler D. P. , Dwight T. W.
Published: August 2008

White pine seeds from 11 provenances were subjected to seven periods of stratification, ranging from 0 to 60 days, and were subsequently germinated. Highly significant differences were found between the provenances in response to stratification. Seeds from northern sources were found to require considerably less stratification than seeds from southern sources. Highly significant correlations were found between average germination of seeds from the different provenances and the latitude and mean January temperature of their origins, for the stratification periods tested.
AGHAETOMIUM, A NEW GENUS OF ASCOMYCETES
Authors: Rai J. N. , Tewari J. P. , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2008

A new genus of Ascomycetes, Achaetomium, with three species, A. globosum (type species), A. strumarium, and A. luteum, has been described from Indian soils. The new genus is characterized by the presence of ostiolate ascocarps devoid of hairy adornment and with wall made up of loosely interwoven hyphae, fascicled early-deliquescing asci, and dark one-celled ascospores. The new genus cannot adequately be placed in a known family.
PARASITIC FUNGI OF THE QUEEN ELIZABETH ISLANDS
Authors: Savile D. B. O. , Parmelee J. A.
Published: August 2008

Fifty-six species, subspecies, and varieties of parasites are recorded from 23 locations, most from Isachsen in Ellef Ringnes I., Jacobsen-McGill Base in western Axel Heiberg I., and Hazen Camp in northern Ellesmere I. Previously published reports are assembled. Climatology and biogeography, as they relate to the fungi, are briefly discussed. Puccinia poae-nemoralis ssp. hyparctica Savile, Ustilentyloma pleuropogonis Savile (sp. et gen. nov., Ustilaginaceae), and Mycosphaerella oxyriae Savile are named. Clasterosporium caricinum and Columnophora rhytismatis are newly reported from the arctic.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF TWO TYPES OF NUCLEOLAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN IN ROOT MERISTEMATIC CELLS OF VICIA FABA
Authors: Chouinard L. A.
Published: August 2008

In Helly-fixed root meristematic cells of Viciafaba, the toluidine blue – molybdate staining procedure reveals the existence within the interphase nucleus of two metachromatically distinct types of nucleolar ribonucleoprotein. The ribonucleoprotein of the first type stains bluish-green and is associated with the nucleolar matrix. The ribonucleoprotein of the second type takes on a bright purple color and is present inside the nucleolar vacuoles. Evidence is presented suggesting that, during interphase, the nucleolus is the site of active synthesis and of accumulation inside its vacuoles of the second type of ribonucleoprotein.
THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE-6-T AND GLYCINE-2-T BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KUHN
Authors: King Myrna K. , Isaac P. K.
Published: August 2008

The uptake of glucose-6-T and glycine-2-T by Rhizoctonia solani can be followed autoradiographically using a stripping film technique. In the young mycelium the nutrient is absorbed uniformly over the surface of the hyphae, but in older hyphae the uptake is unevenly distributed and related to the density of the cytoplasm. Competitive feeding experiments suggest that ribose, sucrose, and glycine enter the hypha by pathways other than that followed by the hexoses, glucose, mannose, galactose, and fructose, and that glycine enters by the same route as alanine, serine, and sodium glutamate. The effect of metabolic inhibitors on glucose uptake is the same as that found in mammalian tissue culture cells, and the distribution of radioactivity in the hyphae in the presence of dinitrophenol is consistent with the hypothesis that the uptake of glucose proceeds by a two-step process.
CRITICAL TAXA OF GRASSES WITH NORTH AMERICAN AND EASTERN ASIATIC DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Koyama Tetsuo , Kawano Shoichi
Published: August 2008

Taxonomy and distribution of grasses with the North American and eastern Asiatic distribution have been discussed in detail with brief comments on their history. Morphological comparison of the corresponding taxa was correlated with cytological data, and the distribution was discussed with particular emphasis on the related ecological evidence. The new combinations proposed are: Schizachne purpurascens ssp. callosa, Brachyelytrum erectum ssp. erectum var. glabratum, B. erectum ssp. japonicum, Muhlenbergia frondosa ssp. ramosa, M. tenuiflora ssp. curviaristata, Glyceria acutiflora ssp. japonica, Festuca subulata ssp. japonica, Torreyochloa pallida ssp. pallida var. Fernaldii, T. pallida ssp. natans, T. pallida ssp. natans var. viridis, and Beckmannia Syzigachne ssp. baicalensis.