bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Force Sensor Based Tool Condition Monitoring Using a Heterogeneous Ensemble Learning Model
Authors: Wang Guofeng , Yang Yinwei , Li Zhimeng
Published: November 2014

Tool condition monitoring (TCM) plays an important role in improving machining efficiency and guaranteeing workpiece quality. In order to realize reliable recognition of the tool condition, a robust classifier needs to be constructed to depict the relationship between tool wear states and sensory information. However, because of the complexity of the machining process and the uncertainty of the tool wear evolution, it is hard for a single classifier to fit all the collected samples without sacrificing generalization ability. In this paper, heterogeneous ensemble learning is proposed to realize tool condition monitoring in which the support vector machine (SVM), hidden Markov model (HMM) and radius basis function (RBF) are selected as base classifiers and a stacking ensemble strategy is further used to reflect the relationship between the outputs of these base classifiers and tool wear states. Based on the heterogeneous ensemble learning classifier, an online monitoring system is constructed in which the harmonic features are extracted from force signals and a minimal redundancy and maximal relevance (mRMR) algorithm is utilized to select the most prominent features. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a titanium alloy milling experiment was carried out and samples with different tool wear states were collected to build the proposed heterogeneous ensemble learning classifier. Moreover, the homogeneous ensemble learning model and majority voting strategy are also adopted to make a comparison. The analysis and comparison results show that the proposed heterogeneous ensemble learning classifier performs better in both classification accuracy and stability.
Wireless and Simultaneous Detections of Multiple Bio-Molecules in a Single Sensor Using Love Wave Biosensor
Authors: Oh Haekwan , Fu Chen , Kim Kunnyun , Lee Keekeun
Published: November 2014

A Love wave-based biosensor with a 440 MHz center frequency was developed for the simultaneous detection of two different analytes of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) and rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) in a single sensor. The developed biosensor consists of one-port surface acoustic wave (SAW) reflective delay lines on a 41° YX LiNbO3 piezoelectric substrate, a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) waveguide layer, and two different sensitive films. The Love wave biosensor was wirelessly characterized using two antennas and a network analyzer. The binding of the analytes to the sensitive layers induced a large change in the time positions of the original reflection peaks mainly due to the mass loading effect. The assessed time shifts in the reflection peaks were matched well with the predicted values from coupling of mode (COM) modeling. The sensitivities evaluated from the sensitive films were ~15 deg/µg/mL for the rabbit IgG and ~1.8 deg/ng/mL for COMP.
Fibre Tip Sensors for Localised Temperature Sensing Based on Rare Earth-Doped Glass Coatings
Authors: Schartner Erik , Monro Tanya
Published: November 2014

We report the development of a point temperature sensor, based on monitoring upconversion emission from erbium:ytterbium-doped tellurite coatings on the tips of optical fibres. The dip coating technique allows multiple sensors to be fabricated simultaneously, while confining the temperature-sensitive region to a localised region on the end-face of the fibre. The strong response of the rare earth ions to changing temperature allows a resolution of 0.1–0.3 °C to be recorded over the biologically relevant range of temperatures from 23–39 °C.
The Sustainable Use of Water Resources: A Technical Support for Planning. A Case Study
Authors: Torretta Vincenzo
Published: November 2014

The paper presents both the structure and application of a Decision Support System (DSS) for an important river in Brazil—along with the sustainable management of its watershed. This DSS assesses both surface-water quality and riverine microhabitats in terms of future scenarios, taking into account regulation limits and appropriate quality indexes. Our future scenarios consider: (a) population and climate change trends; (b) upgrade of sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants; and (c) withdrawal management from rivers and reservoirs. We use some main types of interrelated models, which can simulate different aspects of the responses of a basin, with respect to different modes of use of the water resource. In particular, the surface-water quality models simulate total phosphorus, BOD, dissolved oxygen concentration and thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria pollution. The riverine microhabitat models apply habitat suitability indexes of autochthonous fish species considering water depth, velocity, bottom substrate and dissolved oxygen. Both models are based on hydrologic and hydraulic models results and both were calibrated using discharge and water quality measurements collected over a 1.5-year monitoring period. Our pre- and post-processing are based on common spreadsheets and the output data are spatially analyzed using GIS software. Examples are also shown of how the DSS can contribute to developing a sustainable use of the basin resources, including a reservoir used to supply drinking water to the capital city (Salvador da Bahia).
Beyond an Input/Output Paradigm for Systems: Design Systems by Intrinsic Geometry
Authors: Resconi Germano , Licata Ignazio
Published: November 2014

Given a stress-free system as a perfect crystal with points or atoms ordered in a three dimensional lattice in the Euclidean reference space, any defect, external force or heterogeneous temperature change in the material connection that induces stress on a previously stress-free configuration changes the equilibrium configuration. A material has stress in a reference which does not agree with the intrinsic geometry of the material in the stress-free state. By stress we mean forces between parts when we separate one part from another (tailing the system), the stress collapses to zero for any part which assumes new configurations. Now the problem is that all the new configurations of the parts are incompatible with each other. This means that close loop in the earlier configuration now is not closed and that the two paths previously joining the same two points now join different points from the same initial point so the final point is path dependent. This phenomenon is formally described by the commutators of derivatives in the new connection of the stress-free parts of the system under the control of external currents. This means that we lose the integrability property of the system and the possibility to generate global coordinates. The incompatible system can be represented by many different local references or Cartan moving Euclidean reference, one for any part of the system that is stress-free. The material under stress when is free assumes an equilibrium configuration or manifold that describes the intrinsic “shape” or geometry of the natural stress—the free state of the material. Therefore, we outline a design system by geometric compensation as a prototypical constructive operation.
A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Paillot Romain
Published: November 2014

Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention. Alongside quarantine procedures, vaccination is widely used to prevent or limit spread of the disease. The panel of EI vaccines commercially available is probably one of the most varied, including whole inactivated virus vaccines, Immuno-Stimulating Complex adjuvanted vaccines (ISCOM and ISCOM-Matrix), a live attenuated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a recombinant poxvirus-vectored vaccine. Several other strategies of vaccination are also evaluated. This systematic review reports the advances of EI vaccines during the last few years as well as some of the mechanisms behind the inefficient or sub-optimal response of horses to vaccination.
L’incandescente beauté de Seirios : Jason vu par Médée dans les Argonautiques d’Apollonios de Rhodes (III, 954-972)
Authors: Kossaifi Christine
Published: November 2014

Pour transcrire l’impatience anxieuse de Médée à l’idée de son premier rendez-vous avec Jason, Apollonios de Rhodes la compare au lever de Seirios, l’étoile principale de la constellation du Grand Chien, «splendide et lumineuse à voir » , mais apportant «une immense calamité pour les troupeaux » (III, 957-959). Cette comparaison éclaire l’état d’esprit de Médée, s’apparente à une oeuvre d’art et atteste des choix littéraires de l’auteur. En effet, elle transcrit l’état physique et psychologique de l’héroïne face à la radiance destructive du beau Jason, se développe en un petit tableau esthétique qui «oriente le regard » à la façon des artistes hellénistiques et s’inscrit dans une réflexion sur l’écriture épique, tant au niveau de la conception du héros que de l’intertextualité stylistique et générique.
Peyerimhoffia jaschhoforum (Diptera, Sciaridae), a new deadwood inhabiting species from Canada
Authors: Deady Rob , Heller Kai , Work Timothy , Venier Lisa
Published: November 2014

A new species of black fungus gnat from Canada, Peyerimhoffia jaschhoforum sp. n., is presented with a description, illustrations, biotope information and a brief discussion of the placement and concept of the genus Peyerimhoffia. P. jaschhoforum is characterized by a unique gonostylar structure where the apex is hollowed but not enclosed and contains a mass of mega setae housed within. P. jaschhoforum was reared from decomposing jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) deadwood using both in-situ and ex-situ photoeclectors. We documented three additional specimens originating from Fennoscandia that resemble P. jaschhoforum but differ based on a broader tegmen, placement of setigerous papillae behind the tegmen and the fused intercoxal area. Based on this, these specimens are assigned to a new subspecies, Peyerimhoffia jaschhoforum fennoscandica ssp. n.
Une chair cinématographique ?
Authors: Chantoiseau Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2014

Résumé Tout semble exclure le « corps amoureux » de l’univers froid et désincarné du cinéaste Robert Bresson (1901-1999). Une analyse attentive révèle toutefois la présence dans son œuvre d’une érotique singulière. Grâce au contrôle absolu de ses acteurs, qu’il appelle ses « modèles », le réalisateur invente un corps amoureux « cinématographiquement parlant ». Ses personnages, avec leur phrasé neutre et automatique, nouent en effet une relation fusionnelle avec la caméra : se donnerait ainsi à entendre, grâce à une esthétique attentive à ses caractéristiques intimes, la voix de cette miraculeuse machine que reste le cinématographe.
Le formalisme contre les formes
Authors: Duval Romain
Published: November 2014

Résumé Le formalisme relève d’une vision unilatérale et dualiste qui lutte contre les formes. La forme est vivante comme désir conscient et inconscient, matière, couleur, rythme, métamorphose, Gestaltung énergétique et érotique au sens de Klee. Ces perspectives semblent échapper à nombre de théoriciens qui la figent dans ses oppositions traditionnelles avec le contenu et la matière. Refoulant l’événement sensible et corporel qu’elle constitue, les uns l’assimilent au formalisme, les autres élaborent un concept d’informe, tous s’avérant incapables de distinguer la forme du formalisme.
Valeurs esthétiques et valeurs artistiques
Authors: Carasco Baranco Matilde
Published: November 2014

Dans un débat récent, D. McIver défend la thèse de l’identification de la valeur artistique et de la valeur esthétique, alors que R. Stecker la conteste, soutenant qu’il existe une valeur artistique non esthétique, et qu’un art dépourvu de toute valeur esthétique est possible. Ma thèse est que nous devons conserver une distinction conceptuelle entre art et esthétique, et que, si la valeur esthétique n’est pas la seule valeur de l’art, elle est néanmoins sa valeur caractéristique. Une conception expérientielle de l’expérience esthétique montre en effet que la valeur esthétique doit toujours être prise en compte pour comprendre une œuvre. L’extension du champ de l’esthétique au-delà des frontières de l’artistique confirme la distinction de ces deux domaines. Cependant, même si cette esthétique élargie s’est construite sur le rejet d’une vision de l’esthétique centrée sur l’art, une conception basique commune de la notion d’esthétique est nécessaire pour éviter des hypothèses qui montrent leur fausseté lorsqu’on les applique aux objets artistiques comme aux objets non artistiques.
L'endurance de l'immanence
Authors: Rambeau Frédéric
Published: November 2014

L’affirmation d’une croyance totalement immanente repose dans la philosophie deleuzienne du cinéma moderne sur la croyance dans les corps et dans leurs potentialités intensives. Mais ces corps désenchaînés de la logique de l’action et des codes de la représentation sont aussitôt assimilés à des images premières, plus proches d’une présence originaire phénoménologique ou d’une pensée chrétienne de la chair que d’une éthique spinoziste et athée. La logique deleuzienne des images, censée porter jusqu’au bout l’affirmation critique d’une immanence absolue, a-t-elle manqué d’endurance ?
Les « crises de nerfs » des ouvrières en France... dans les années 1968 : politisation d'une manifestation genrée de souffrance individuelle ?
Authors: Gallot Fanny
Published: November 2014

Les années 1968 en France sont marquées par l’« insubordination ouvrière » et en particulier par les grèves d’ouvrières contre les conditions de travail. Quelquefois, la lutte se déclenche parce que l’une des ouvrières fait une « crise de nerfs ». Si les manifestations de la souffrance au travail de ce type sont fréquentes dans les années 1968, elles sont bien souvent expliquées par la « nature féminine », selon les directions des entreprises, au moment même où des ergonomes établissent que les « crises de nerfs » sont le symptôme de la surcharge mentale des ouvrières, liée à l’organisation du travail et à sa division sexuée. Ainsi, dans les années 1968, cette manifestation est progressivement politisée par les ouvrières qui peuvent aller jusqu’à faire grève, interrogeant leur assignation de genre et de classe. S’il est moins question de « crises de nerfs » dans les décennies suivantes, la « nature » féminine perdure comme élément d’explication de la nouvelle forme prise par la souffrance au travail, les « troubles musculo-squelettiques ».
Genre gay et souffrance identitaire : le phénomène slam
Authors: Bourseul Vincent
Published: November 2014

Le slam – consommation de drogues par voie intraveineuse dans un cadre sexuel – est apparu dans la communauté gay. Les enjeux identitaires manifestes associés à cette nouvelle pratique sexuelle et d’usage de drogues invitent à penser l’expérience clinique par une approche de genre. L’article propose d’observer et d’interroger la souffrance identitaire et ses déterminants sociaux, inconscients, politiques et historiques grâce à ce que l’auteur définit comme « genre gay ». À la limite des nécessités individuelles de la construction de l’identité viennent s’opposer les enjeux collectifs de la communauté, faisant parfois porter à l’individu le lourd tribut d’une conquête identitaire. La détermination inconsciente du sujet croise à l’identité les enjeux sociaux et culturels de l’individu, qu’il faut examiner dans leurs divergences et leurs chevauchements pour éclairer la compréhension d’un phénomène si spectaculaire que le slam et dégager quelques perspectives cliniques et thérapeutiques.
Building a Foundation for Brief Motivational Interviewing: Communication to Promote Health Literacy and Behavior Change
Authors: Welch Joanne
Published: November 2014

The use of collaborative communication styles such as motivational interviewing promotes patient engagement, health literacy, self-management, and improved outcomes for individuals with chronic illness. Brief motivational interviewing is an adaptation developed for use with medical populations in time-limited encounters. Inpatient nurses caring for individuals with chronic diagnoses may lack knowledge regarding brief motivational interviewing. This evidence-based quality improvement project used an online approach to introduce continuing education regarding brief motivational interviewing within the constraints of the inpatient setting. Nurses on four units in a community hospital completed a web-based learning module in preparation for context-based skills training. A significant increase in knowledge scores, combined with strong positive attitudes prior to and following the module, indicated a reliable foundation for skills training within the practice setting. Nurses’ enhanced ability to recognize the practice of motivational interviewing in scenarios following online education supported the potential value of a hybrid approach to education.

J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2014;45(12):566–572.
Descripción de una nueva especie del género Sogda Lopatin, 1961 para la Península Ibérica (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leiodinae)
Authors: Blanco Villero José M. , Sáez Bolaño José A.
Published: November 2014

Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie del género Sogda Lopatin, 1961 de la península ibérica. Los especímenes de la serie tipo proceden del Saladar de Cordovilla (Albacete) y de Quero (Toledo). Sogda (Trichohydnobius) ibericus n. sp participa de todas las características que caracterizan al género Sogda, pudiendo separarse con claridad de las cinco especies conocidas tomando como base los caracteres morfológicos que se detallan en la discusión. Tanto el Holotipo como los Paratipos han sido depositados en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5BBBE2CF-EA8B-4B0E-893B-2A3AFE865875
Proportioning of Portland cement raws by means of the lime modulus
Authors: Fernández París J. M.
Published: November 2014

Not available
The curing of mixtures of sand, lime and flying ashes, at various temperatures
Authors: Mateos M.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Current state of automation
Authors: Weber P.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Rapid and full chemical analysis of Portland cement and similar products
Authors: Kilkmann J. A.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Alpha- quartz quantitative X ray diffraction analysis
Authors: Sagrera J. L.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Experimental work on the automation of rotary kilns with heat exchangers in gas suspension
Authors: Gortz W.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Chemical and mineralogical composition of the powder in cement kilns
Authors: Sprung S.
Published: November 2014

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The influence of structural changes on the vitrous phase of white Portland cement and on its white content
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: November 2014

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Influence of revibration on the properties of hardened cement and concrete pastes
Authors: Avram C. , Voina N. , Mirsu O.
Published: November 2014

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Vitreous enamels
Authors: Kennedy J. G.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Some applications of electronic microwave analysis to the study of clinker minerals
Authors: Terrier P. , Hornain H. , Socroun G.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Improvements in the application of the Philips PW-1089 vacuum chamber to X ray diffraction quantitative analysis
Authors: Sagrera Moreno J. L.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Application of digital computer control to cement manufacturing
Authors: Hurlbut M. R. , Lippitt D. L. , Rich E. A. E.
Published: November 2014

Not available
Integrated systems of technical information in cement plants
Authors: Reetz J.
Published: November 2014

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5th colloquium of cement plant managers and technicians
Authors: Soria F.
Published: November 2014

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New method for the design calculation of rotary cement kilns
Authors: Ssatarin W. J. , Kisselhoff A. S.
Published: November 2014

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What an engineer ought to know on the nature of additives
Authors: Popovics Sandor
Published: November 2014

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Present state of research on concrete additives in Spain (lETcc)
Authors: Calleja J.
Published: November 2014

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Determination of the proportions of slag and cement or lime in a mix of these materials
Authors: Fulton F. S.
Published: November 2014

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New results and recent studies on concrete flow
Authors: L'Hermite R. , Mamillan M.
Published: November 2014

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Styropor lightweight concrete (continued)
Authors: Hohwiller F. , Köhling K.
Published: November 2014

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On the development of the structure and strength of cement- paste
Authors: Richartz W.
Published: November 2014

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Determination of cement content in sea mortars and concretes: data for the up to date use of the method
Authors: Calleja J. , Del Olmo C.
Published: November 2014

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A comparison of current lime burning methods
Authors: Schwarzkopf F.
Published: November 2014

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The development of structure and strength in cement paste (continued)
Authors: Richartz Werner
Published: November 2014

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A contribution to the determination and influence of bond between limesilicon bricks and mortars
Authors: Thormann Peter
Published: November 2014

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On the expansion of cements and methods to determine it
Authors: Calleja J.
Published: November 2014

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Identification of anhydride and hydrated cement compounds
Authors: Triviño Vázquez F.
Published: November 2014

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Manufacture, properties, utilisation, strength and apparent density of lightweight reinforced concrete
Authors: Weigler H. , Karl S.
Published: November 2014

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Determination of specific surface by Blaine's method in the case of flying ashes and pozzolan cements
Authors: Cebrián J. L. , Pisonero F. Pisonero
Published: November 2014

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Report submitted to the first meeting of the RILEM carbonatation group, held in Paris (CERILH), on March 29, 1971
Authors: Fernández Peña Secades O.
Published: November 2014

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Free lime of cements and expansión in autoclave
Authors: Calleja J. , Del Olmo C.
Published: November 2014

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Plant nematodes in South Africa. 12. Checklist of plant nematodes of the protected areas of the Eastern Cape Province
Authors: Marais Mariette , Swart Antoinette
Published: November 2014

Soil-inhabiting nematodes, including plant-parasitic nematodes, are considered to be the most abundant multicellular organisms in the soil, and of particular interest since they are an integral part of the interlocking chain of nutrient conversions. Because of their abundance and relative susceptibility to both physical and chemical changes, these organisms are used as indicator organisms. The National Collection of Nematodes (NCN) consists of a core collection, the Meloidogyne Collection and the Juan Heyns Collection, which are housed at the Plant Protection Research Institute of the Agricultural Research Council in Pretoria. Vast amounts of biodiversity data are contained in NCN, and the digitising of the collection from 2007 to 2014 yielded unpublished locality information, especially datasets of plant nematodes reported from protected areas of the Eastern Cape. Two hundred and thirty plant nematode species belonging to 36 genera were reported from the Eastern Cape. Of these, only 80 were from protected areas, whilst 163 were from uncultivated areas (outside protected areas) and 148 from cultivated areas. Ten species were described from protected areas, namely Criconemoides silvicola, Meloinema silvicola, Ogma tuberculatum, Paralongidorus cebensis, Paralongidorus hanliae, Scutellonema tsitsikamense, Trichodorus vandenbergae, Xiphinema erriae, Xiphinema ornatizulu and Xiphinema simplex. Only M. silvicola, O. tuberculatum, P. cebensis and S. tsitsikamense were not reported from other provinces, suggesting endemism.Conservation implications: The diversity of nematode fauna is not adequately protected as most nematode biodiversity in the Eastern Cape lies outside protected areas, with only 80 of the 230 plant-feeding nematode species in the province being reported from protected areas.
Impact of elephant on two woody trees, Boscia oleoides and Pappea capensis, in an arid thicket-Nama Karoo mosaic, Greater Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Landman Marietjie , Gaylard Angela , Mendela Thando , Kerley Graham I.H.
Published: November 2014

Despite extensive evidence of the influences of elephant on woody trees in savannah habitats, effects on trees in the succulent thickets of the Eastern Cape are relatively poorly described. Our study investigates the role and intensity of elephant impacts on Pappea capensis and the relatively rare Boscia oleoides in an arid thicket-Nama Karoo mosaic habitat of the Greater Addo Elephant National Park. We show that roughly 19% of the B. oleoides and nearly half of the P. capensis individuals recorded showed signs of elephant impact. Elephant often toppled our study trees, and where these individuals were uprooted, mortalities occurred: B. oleoides ~ 44% of the impacted trees (4 individuals); P. capensis ~ 22% of the impacted trees (29 individuals).Conservation implications: Whilst this study is restricted by limited spatial and temporal replication, P. capensis mortalities caused by elephant occurred at a rate exceeding that of other processes. Our results provide insight into the severity of the measured changes and the need to reduce the impacts. However, it would be critically important to establish the specific driver of elephant–tree interactions before any management intervention is implemented.
Comparison of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol as an optimal sedative for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Samson Sumanth , George Sagiev Koshy , Vinoth B. , Khan Mohd Saif , Akila Bridgitte
Published: November 2014

Context: Midazolam and propofol are effective sedatives for use in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE); however, their utility is limited when used alone. In this regard, dexmedetomidine seems to be a promising sedative. Aims: The aim was to compare the hemodynamic effects and sedation efficacy of these drugs in patients undergoing elective diagnostic UGIE. Settings and Design: Randomized control double-blind study was conducted at a teaching hospital. Subjects and Methods: Patients belonging to ASA Grade I or II, undergoing diagnostic elective UGIE were enrolled in the study and randomized into three groups; Group I received midazolam infusion, Group II received propofol infusion and Group III received dexmedetomidine infusion. Hemodynamic parameters and adverse events were recorded during the procedure (intra-operative period [IOP]). Both patient and endoscopist satisfaction were rated on visual analog scale (0 = no pain/least difficulty to 10 = worst pain/maximum difficulty). Recovery was recorded as time to achieve modified Aldrete score of 10/10. Statistical Analysis: Parametric test analysis of variance was applied to compare the means of three groups of continuous data. Results: Ninety patients were analyzed. Mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in the propofol group at IOP2, IOP4, IOP8, and IOP10 compared with dexmedetomidine and midazolam group. The endoscopist satisfaction level was significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group as compared to propofol and midazolam (60%, 56.7%, 13.3%; P < 0.001). Significantly faster recovery was observed in dexmedetomidine group compared to midazolam and propofol group (7.7 ± 3.9, 18.3 ± 3.8, 12.7 ± 2.9 min; P = 0.001). Conclusions: Use of dexmedetomidine was associated with greater hemodynamic stability and faster recovery when compared to propofol and midazolam.
Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia: A rare cause of diarrhea in adults diagnosed by capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy
Authors: Gupta Varun , Ranjan Piyush , Kumar Mandhir , Sachdeva Munish
Published: November 2014

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) or Waldmann’s disease is a rare protein-losing enteropathy presenting with diarrhea. The etiology and prevalence of PIL remain unknown. <200 cases have been reported in the literature so far. Diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia is difficult as there are no serological or radiological tests available. Small bowel imaging modalities like capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy have increased the chances of diagnosis of PIL due to direct visualization of small bowel. Diagnosis is confirmed by characteristic histopathological finding, which includes dilated intestinal lymphatics with broadened villi of the small bowel. We report a case of a patient with chronic diarrhea who was extensively worked up before he was finally diagnosed to have PIL involving the small bowel by performing balloon enteroscopy-guided biopsy.
A case of non-contiguous gastric and esophageal iatrogenic perforations managed by self-expanding metal stent placement
Authors: Choudhary Narendra Singh , Puri Rajesh , Sud Randhir
Published: November 2014

We describe a case of iatrogenic gastric perforation after sleeve gastrectomy procedure as bariatric surgery. Initially, a covered self-expanding metal stent placement (SEMS) was attempted outside, but it resulted in second iatrogenic perforation at lower esophagus. He improved gradually with drainage, antibiotics, and SEMS placement.
Design and Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Suresh KP , Gajendragad MR , Rahman H
Published: November 2014

Appropriate study design forms the basis of any successful organized research. Irrespective of the underlying rationale of the research question, inappropriate design of an experiment or execution of a study may not give a valid result. As defined, the research should have the following characteristics: it should be undertaken within the framework of a set of philosophies, should have an unbiased objective and a design comprising of methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability. These principles of research clearly emphasize the need for an appropriate study design. The current review focuses on the planning and analysis of an observational study to obtain significant and accurate findings.

How to cite this article

Suresh KP, Gajendragad MR, Rahman H. Design and Analysis of Observational Studies. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2014;5(2):33-39.
Methane sulfonic acid-enhanced formation of molecular clusters of sulfuric acid and dimethyl amine
Authors: Bork N. , Elm J. , Olenius T. , Vehkamäki H.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Over oceans and in coastal regions, methane sulfonic acid (MSA) is present in substantial concentrations in aerosols and in the gas phase. We present an investigation into the effect of MSA on sulfuric acid- and dimethyl amine (DMA)-based cluster formation rates. From systematic conformational scans and well-tested ab initio methods, we optimise the structures of all MSAx (H2SO4)yDMAz clusters where x + y ≤ 3 and z ≤ 2. The resulting thermodynamic data are used in the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code, and the effect of MSA is evaluated by comparing ternary MSA–H2SO4–DMA cluster formation rates to binary H2SO4–DMA cluster formation rates. Within the range of atmospherically relevant MSA concentrations, we find that MSA may increase cluster formation rates by up to 1 order of magnitude, although typically, the increase will be less than 300 % at 258 K, less than 100 % at 278 K and less than 15 % at 298 K. The results are rationalised by a detailed analysis of the main growth paths of the clusters. We find that MSA-enhanced clustering involves clusters containing one MSA molecule, while clusters containing more than one MSA molecule do not contribute significantly to the growth.
DMS gas transfer coefficients from algal blooms in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Bell T. G. , De Bruyn W. , Marandino C. A. , Miller S. D. , Law C. S. , Smith M. J. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Air/sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) fluxes and bulk air/sea gradients were measured over the Southern Ocean in February/March 2012 during the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. The cruise encountered three distinct phytoplankton bloom regions, consisting of two blooms with moderate DMS levels, and a high biomass, dinoflagellate-dominated bloom with high seawater DMS levels (>15 nM). Gas transfer coefficients were considerably scattered at wind speeds above 5 m s−1. Bin averaging the data resulted in a linear relationship between wind speed and mean gas transfer velocity consistent with that previously observed. However, the wind speed-binned gas transfer data distribution at all wind speeds is positively skewed. The flux and seawater DMS distributions were also positively skewed, which suggests that eddy covariance-derived gas transfer velocities are consistently influenced by additional, log-normal noise. A~flux footprint analysis was conducted during a transect into the prevailing wind and through elevated DMS levels in the dinoflagellate bloom. Accounting for the temporal/spatial separation between flux and seawater concentration significantly reduces the scatter in computed transfer velocity. The SOAP gas transfer velocity data shows no obvious modification of the gas transfer-wind speed relationship by biological activity or waves. This study highlights the challenges associated with eddy covariance gas transfer measurements in biologically active and heterogeneous bloom environments.
Connecting the solubility and CCN activation of complex organic aerosols: a theoretical study using the Solubility Basis Set (SBS)
Authors: Riipinen I. , Rastak N. , Pandis S. N.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. We present a theoretical study investigating the cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activation of multicomponent organic mixtures. We modeled these complex mixtures using the solubility basis set (SBS, analogous to the volatility basis set VBS), describing the mixture as a set of surrogate compounds with varying water-solubilities in a given range. We conducted Köhler theory calculations for 144 different mixtures with varying solubility range, number of components, assumption about the organic mixture thermodynamics and the shape of the solubility distribution, yielding approximately 6000 unique CCN-activation points. The results from these comprehensive calculations were compared to three simplifying assumptions about organic aerosol solubility: (1) complete dissolution at the point of activation, (2) combining the aerosol solubility with the molar mass and density into a single hygroscopicity parameter κ, (3) assuming a fixed water-soluble fraction ϵeff. While the complete dissolution was able to reproduce the activation points with a reasonable accuracy only when the majority (70–80%) of the material was dissolved at the point of activation, the single parameter representations of complex mixture solubility were confirmed to be powerful semi-empirical tools for representing the CCN activation of organic aerosol. Depending on the condensed-phase interactions between the organic molecules, material with solubilities larger than about 1–10 g L−1 could be treated as completely soluble in the CCN activation process over particle dry diameters between 20 and 500 nm and supersaturations between 0.03 and 8%. Our results indicate that understanding the details of the solubility distribution in the range of 0.1 to 100 g L−1 is critical for capturing the CCN activation, while resolution outside this solubility range will probably not add much information except in some special cases. The connection of these results to the previous observations of the CCN activation of complex organic mixture aerosols is discussed.
Benefit of depolarization ratio at λ = 1064 nm for the retrieval of the aerosol microphysics from lidar measurements
Authors: Gasteiger J. , Freudenthaler V.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A better quantification of aerosol properties is required for improving the modelling of aerosol effects on weather and climate. This task is methodologically demanding due to the diversity of the microphysical properties of aerosols and the complex relation between their microphysical and optical properties. Advanced lidar systems provide spatially and temporally resolved information on the aerosol optical properties that is sufficient for the retrieval of important aerosol microphysical properties. Recently, the mass concentration of transported volcanic ash, which is relevant for the flight safety of aeroplanes, was retrieved from measurements of such lidar systems in southern Germany. The relative uncertainty of the retrieved mass concentration was on the order of ±50%. The present study investigates improvements of the retrieval accuracy when the capability of measuring the linear depolarization ratio at 1064 nm is added to the lidar setup. The lidar setups under investigation are based on those of MULIS and POLIS of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich (Germany) which measure the linear depolarization ratio at 355 and 532 nm with high accuracy. The improvements are determined by comparing uncertainties from retrievals applied to simulated measurements of this lidar setup with uncertainties obtained when the depolarization at 1064 nm is added to this setup. The simulated measurements are based on real lidar measurements of transported Eyjafjallajökull volcano ash. It is found that additional 1064 nm depolarization measurements significantly reduce the uncertainty of the retrieved mass concentration and effective particle size. This significant improvement in accuracy is the result of the increased sensitivity of the lidar setup to larger particles. The size dependence of the depolarization does not vary strongly with refractive index, thus we expect similar benefits for the retrieval in case of measurements of other volcanic ash compositions and also for transported desert dust. For the retrieval of the single scattering albedo, which is relevant to the radiative transfer in aerosol layers, no significant improvements were found.
Scanning supersaturation CPC applied as a nano-CCN counter for size-resolved analysis of the hygroscopicity and chemical composition of nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Z. B. , Su H. , Wang X. , Ma N. , Wiedensohler A. , Pöschl U. , Cheng Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Chemical composition is essential for understanding the formation and evolution of atmospheric aerosol particles. Due to analytical limitations, however, relatively little information is available for sub-10 nm particles. We present the design of a nano-cloud condensation nuclei counter (nano-CCNC) for measuring size-resolved hygroscopicity and inferring chemical composition of sub-10 nm aerosol particles. We extend the use of counting efficiency spectra from a water-based condensation particle counter (CPC) and link it to the analysis of CCN activation spectra, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of a scanning supersaturation CPC (SS-CPC) as a nano-CCNC. Measurement procedures and data analysis methods are demonstrated through laboratory experiments with monodisperse particles of diameter down to 2.5 nm, where sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sucrose and tungsten oxide can be easily discriminated by different characteristic supersaturations of water droplet formation. The design is not limited to the water CPC, but also applies to CPCs with other working fluids (e.g. butanol, perfluorotributylamine). We suggest that a combination of SS-CPCs with multiple working fluids may provide further insight into the chemical composition of nanoparticles and the role of organic and inorganic compounds in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation and growth.
Infrared and millimetre-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment – Part 2: Large-area sensible and latent heat fluxes
Authors: Ward H. C. , Evans J. G. , Grimmond C. S. B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A millimetre-wave scintillometer was paired with an infrared scintillometer enabling estimation of large-area evaporation across northern Swindon, a suburban area in the UK. Both sensible and latent heat fluxes can be obtained using this technique, as it is able to provide both temperature and humidity structure parameters, offering a major advantage over conventional single-wavelength scintillometry. The first paper of this two-part series presented the measurement theory and results of the structure parameters. In this second paper, heat fluxes are obtained and analysed. These fluxes, estimated using two-wavelength scintillometry over an urban area, are the first of their kind. Source area modelling suggests the scintillometric fluxes are representative of 5–10 km2. For comparison, local-scale (0.05–0.5 km2) fluxes were measured by an eddy covariance station. Similar responses to seasonal changes are evident at the different scales but the energy partitioning varies between source areas. The response to moisture availability is explored using data from two consecutive years with contrasting rainfall patterns (2011–2012). This extensive dataset offers insight into urban surface–atmosphere interactions and demonstrates the potential for two-wavelength scintillometry to deliver fluxes over mixed land cover, typically representative of an area 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than for eddy covariance measurements. Fluxes at this scale are extremely valuable for hydro-meteorological model evaluation and assessment of satellite data products.
Water-saving ground cover rice production system reduces net greenhouse gas fluxes in an annual rice-based cropping system
Authors: Yao Z. , Du Y. , Tao Y. , Zheng X. , Liu C. , Lin S. , Butterbach-Bahl K.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. To safeguard food security and preserve precious water resources, the technology of water-saving ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) is being increasingly adopted for rice cultivation. However, changes in soil water status and temperature under GCRPS may affect soil biogeochemical processes that control the biosphere–atmosphere exchanges of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The overall goal of this study is to better understand how net ecosystem greenhouse gas exchanges (NEGE) and grain yields are affected by GCRPS in an annual rice-based cropping system. Our evaluation was based on measurements of the CH4 and N2O fluxes and soil heterotrophic respiration (CO2 emissions) over a complete year, and the estimated soil carbon sequestration intensity for six different fertilizer treatments for conventional paddy and GCRPS. The fertilizer treatments included urea application and no N fertilization for both conventional paddy (CUN and CNN) and GCRPS (GUN and GNN), and solely chicken manure (GCM) and combined urea and chicken manure applications (GUM) for GCRPS. Averaging across all the fertilizer treatments, GCRPS increased annual N2O emission and grain yield by 40 and 9%, respectively, and decreased annual CH4 emission by 69%, while GCRPS did not affect soil CO2 emissions relative to the conventional paddy. The annual direct emission factors of N2O were 4.01, 0.09 and 0.50% for GUN, GCM and GUM, respectively, and 1.52% for the conventional paddy (CUN). The annual soil carbon sequestration intensity under GCRPS was estimated to be an average of −1.33 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, which is approximately 44% higher than the conventional paddy. The annual NEGE were 10.80–11.02 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the conventional paddy and 3.05–9.37 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the GCRPS, suggesting the potential feasibility of GCRPS in reducing net greenhouse effects from rice cultivation. Using organic fertilizers for GCRPS considerably reduced annual emissions of CH4 and N2O and increased soil carbon sequestration, resulting in the lowest NEGE (3.05–5.00 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1). Accordingly, water-saving GCRPS with organic fertilizer amendments was considered the most promising management regime for simultaneously achieving relatively high grain yield and reduced net greenhouse gas emission.
Effects of seabird nitrogen input on biomass and carbon accumulation after 50 years of primary succession on a young volcanic island, Surtsey
Authors: Leblans N. I. W. , Sigurdsson B. D. , Roefs P. , Thuys R. , Magnússon B. , Janssens I. A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. What happens during primary succession after the first colonizers have occupied a pristine surface largely depends on how they ameliorate living conditions for other species. For vascular plants the onset of soil development and associated increase in nutrient (mainly nitrogen; N) and water availability is especially important. Here, we report the relationship between N accumulation and biomass and ecosystem carbon (C) stocks in a 50-year-old volcanic island, Surtsey, Iceland, where N stocks are still exceptionally low. However, a 28-year-old seagull colony on the island provided nutrient-enriched areas, which enabled us to assess the relationship between N stock and biomass and ecosystem C stocks across a much larger range in N stock. Further, we compared areas on shallow and deep tephra sands as we expected that deep-rooted systems would be more efficient in retaining N. The sparsely vegetated area outside the colony had accumulated 0.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which was ca. 50–60% of the estimated N input rate from wet deposition. This approximates values for systems under low N input and bare dune habitats. The seagulls have added, on average, 47 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which induced a shift from belowground to aboveground in ecosystem N and C stocks and doubled the ecosystem N-use efficiency, determined as the ratio of biomass and C storage per unit N input. Soil depth did not significantly affect total N stocks, which suggests a high N retention potential. Both total ecosystem biomass and C stocks were strongly correlated with N stock inside the colony, which indicated the important role of N during the first steps of primary succession. Inside the colony, the ecosystem biomass C stocks (17–27 ton C ha−1) had reached normal values for grasslands, while the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (4–10 ton C ha−1 were only a fraction of normal grassland values. Thus, it will take a long time until the SOC stock reaches equilibrium with the current primary production, during which conditions for new colonists may change.