bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Species of Glenanthe Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the North American Interior
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: December 2009

One of the most unusual results of intensive collecting in southern Manitoba in. 1958 was the discovery of this striking representative of a dominantly coastal genus of Ephydridae. It ivas collected at several times but in only the one locality, the Bald Head Hills, a region of active sand dunes in the largely stabilized, spruce-covered area representing the shores of the Pleistocene Lake Agassiz. The species is strikingly different from other species of the genus in its thoracic and wing pattern, hut in structural characters it is fairly typical.
Studies on the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera): II. The Genus Megamelus Fieber (Delphacidae)
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

The occurrence of the genus Megamelus Fieb. in Canada and Alaska is reviewed. Seven species are shown to be present in the area and these are described, the genitalia illustrated and distribution documented: four species are recorded in Canada for the first time. It is shown that previous records of M. notula (Germ.), M. davisi (V-D.) and M. inflatus Metc. in Canada are in error.
Setal Patterns of the Anterior Abdominal Segments of Larvae of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: December 2009

The setal patterns of the anterior abdominal segments of first-instar and older larvae in more than 50 genera representing the six Nearctic subfamilies of Geometridae, have been examined. The significant variations in these patterns have been summarized and a key to the subfamilies is presented. Relationships within the Geometridae are discussed.
Fleas (Siphonaptera) of Manitoba Mammals
Authors: Buckner C. H.
Published: December 2009

A variety of wild and domestic mammals from Manitoba were examined for external parasites, and fleas were recovered from 15 species. A total of 17 species of fleas were collected, of which 10 were first records for Manitoba, one was a subspecies new to the area, and 7 were recorded from new hosts. Orchopeas leucopus and Monopsyllus wagneri were the most abundant species taken from wild animals, being found on the most abundant host, Peromyscus maniculatus. Flea populations reached a peak in late summer, and were found in greater numbers on juvenile than on older hosts, on lactating than on other adults, and on solitary than on gregarious species.
Bionomics of the Aspen Leaf Miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: December 2009

The aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham., has recently become common and very abundant in western North America, and has been authoritatively identified only from trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. Overwintered adults lay eggs on young aspen leaves in spring, and new-generation moths emerge in about two months. Only the single epidermal cell layer is mined on the upper or lower leaf surface, most of the feeding being done by the third-instar larva in about a week. Heavy attack results in defoliation by mid-summer. Activities of breeding populations are affected by temperature (50-55°F. is optimal for copulation, 54-56°F. for feeding, and 52-58°F. for oviposirion) and developmental stage of aspen leaves. Eggs are laid singly near the apex of the leaf and tend to be evenly spaced. Distribution of eggs between leaves tends to be uniform in a particular level of the tree, although more eggs are laid in the lower crown. A female moth can develop more than 40 eggs, but only about 7 are usually laid because of limited opportunities. Mortality in the larval and pupal stages is often high; population decline usually follows mortalities above 70%. Parasitism sometimes plays an important role, but the independence of population changes between broad geographic areas suggests that numbers of P. populiella may be strongly influenced by climatic factors. Population trends and damage can be assessed conveniently for large geographic areas and for specific sites by continuing studies in permanent sample plots. Expected damage may be predicted from estimates of new-generation adult populations. Because inter-tree variation exceeds intra-tree variation, more trees and fewer branches per tree should be taken to increase sampling efficiency. Also, greater precision is attained by the use of the individual leaf surface rather than the leaf as a basic sample unit.
Specificity of a Black Fly, Simulium euryadminiculum Davies, toward its Host, the Common Loon
Authors: Lowther J. K. , Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

The attraction of large numbers of the ornithophilic black fly, Simulium euryadminiculum Davies, to its host, the common loon, Gavia immer (Brünnich), to the place where the loon skin had been washed, and to a dried museum skin of the loon, is described. The fly was not attracted to museum skins of a pied-billed grebe, common merganser and herring gull. The data suggest a system of olfaction in host location, probably involving volatile, air-borne substances. It is possible that the colour or pattern on the head and neck of the loon serves to attract the fly to this area of the host.
Some Nearctic Species of Grammotaulius Kol. (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Grammotaulius Kol. are described from the North-West of the Nearctic region under the names alascensis and subborealis. Some observations on infra-specific variations in interrogationis Zett. are appended.
A Note on Megachile (Sayapis) pugnata pugnata Say in Trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Medler J. T.
Published: December 2009

Records are presented on twenty nests of Megachile pugnata Say obtained from sumac stick trap-nests. These nests were distinctive as, unlike most Megachile nests, the cells were not constructed from pieces of cut leaf. Instead, the cells were made with basal and apical partitions consisting of leaf discs, chewed leaf materials and soil. Each finished nest contained an empty vestibule and had an orifice plug. The sequences of males and females, and the natural enemies of this species were determined by rearings. Females normally preceded males in the sequence of cells. The species was parasitized by Coelioxys alternata Say and Leucospis affinis Say. The mean number of cells in the nests was 3.5. There is one generation a year in Wisconsin.
The Genus Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

The genus Alipumilio, previously known from a single female from the Amazon, is recharacterized. Three new species from Peru and Mexico are described and a key to the four known species is presented.
Relations between Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) and Phytophagous Mites in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman Wm. L. , Herne D. H. G.
Published: December 2009

In peach orchards undisturbed by pesticides and where phytophagous mites were at endemic densities, spring populations of Typhlodromus caudiglans were small and remained so during early summer until phytophagous mites, especially Aculus cornutus, began to increase. T. caudiglans reached maximal densities in September. In such orchards T. caudiglans appears to be an important factor in maintaining Panonychus ulmi at low density levels. On trees where DDT applied the previous year had caused P. ulmi to build up and which could be repopulated by T. caudiglans from neighbouring trees, the predator increased very rapidly but appeared to reach an upper limit of density fixed by intrinsic factors, possibly cannibalism. Under these conditions T. caudiglans could not bring P. ulmi to endemic densities in one season, though it appeared to slow the mite’s rate of increase and to reduce its maximal seasonal density.
The Development of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) on Rangeland in British Columbia, in Relation to Altitude
Authors: Banham F. L. , Handford R. H. , Carson J. H.
Published: December 2009

Knowledge of the approximate rate of nymphal development at different altitudes should be most useful in planning control operations against the clearwinged grasshopper, Carmnula Pellucida( Scudder), on rangelands in the interior of British Columbia. When hatching and development are observed ar any one altitude varying from under 1500 ft. to over 3500 ft., it should he possible on the basis of tGs knowledge to predict the most advantageous time to commence control operations at other altitudes on the same rangeland. Economic damage can be controlled by a single treatment, applied before the nymphs have developed to the fourth instar.
Sterilization of the Carrot Rust Fly by Irradiation With Cesium137
Authors: McClanahan R. J.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies were conducted with the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius), to determine the effect of irradiation on reproduction. Irradiation of 15-day-old pupae with 1.4, 2.8 and 4.3 kiloroentgens did not adversely affect emergence. Treated females caged with normal males laid a few sterile eggs when the treatment was 1.4 kr. but none at the higher doses. Normal females caged with treated males laid a normal complement of eggs, and the per cent hatch was 10, 2 and 0 with treatments of 1.4, 2.8 and 4.3 kr., respectively. When flies of both sexes from pupae treated at 3.0 kr. were mixed with normal flies in a ratio of 6:1, the number of larvae were reduced by 93%.
Effects of Grouping, Pairing, and Mating on the Bionomics of Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Riegert P. W.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) were reared in the laboratory as groups of pairs, as groups in association with mature and immature males, as single pairs, and as groups of unmated females. Females of grouped pairs produced a larger number of eggs per pod and laid a greater total number of eggs that were more viable and hatched at least one day earlier than those of other groupings. Hatchlings of grouped pairs were more robust, 29% reaching the adult stage, whereas only 12% of nymphs from eggs of single pairs reached adulthood. Eleven per cent of the eggs of unmated females were viable, although only one hatchling lived to become an adult. Females of grouped pairs, of single pairs, and of those that were unmated reached their peak egg production in four, five and seven weeks respectively, after becoming adult. Young females matured three days earlier when mated with old males than when mated with males of their own age.
Encore une Eubasilissa himalayenne (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae)
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: December 2009

Eubasilissa rahtkirani n. sp. is here described from the Nepalese Himalayas.
Studies on the Bionomics of Summer Generations in California of the Apple Aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Madsen H. F.
Published: December 2009

Populations of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, on apple were followed from 1959 to 1961, in Northern California. Population trends were generally upwards during early June and downwards through the remainder of the year. In 1959 a second population rise occurred during August. Populations were correlated with growth pattern of the host.

Also of importance in the characteristic decline of the apple aphid during July and August are the emigration of alate forms and predator activity. High temperatures were not thought to be an important mortality factor during the early summer months.
An Unusual New Species of Hoploseius Berlese (Acarina: Blattisociidae) From Mexico
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

All, postembryonic instars of Hoploseius tenuis n. sp. are described and illustrated. This species is numerous in the pores of coniferous bracket fungi where it presumably feeds on the fungus. Discussed are: the relationship of this species to congeners, and the modification of the generic concept; the ontogeny of the body and leg setation, which includes larval, pustlarval and regressive deficiencies, and retardation; and the ontogeny of body elongation and its effect on the positions of setae. The adult morphology and setation of H. tenuis is briefly compared with that of an elongate digamasellid, Longoseius cuniculus Chant.
Reduced Growth Associated with Infestations of Douglas-fir Seedlings by Cinara Species (Homoptera: Aphidae)
Authors: Johnson Norman E.
Published: December 2009

Aphids of the genus Cinara are capable of causing serious growth reduction of Douglas-fir seedlings. Growth of infested seedlings may be only one-fourth to one-half that of uninfested seedlings. The aphids are easily controlled by injecting demeton around the base of the seedling. The presence of ants to clean up excessive honeydew is shown to be beneficial for the aphids.
The Predacious Thrips Haplothrips faurei Hood (Thysanoptera: Phloeothripidae) in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman W. L.
Published: December 2009

Larvae and adults of Haplothrips faurei (Hal.) that prey on the tetranychid mites Panonychus ulmi (Koch) or Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson attacked mainly the eggs. When no eggs were present, they attacked the motile stages of the mites but their growth and oviposition were slowed. Adult thrips that fed on winter eggs of the tetranychids lived only a short time, unless they also had access to peach leaves. The mite Aculus cornutus (Banks) and fresh pollen of Chenopodium album L. were eaten by H. faurei; pollen was less satisfactory than tetranychid eggs for growth and oviposition. Adults lived for long periods on leaf juices alone.

One larva ate an average of 143 summer eggs of P. ulmi during its developmental period of 8 to 10 days at 24 °C. An adult ate an average of 44 eggs per day at 24 °C. when fed ad libitum.

Females did not fly when fully fed and ovipositing, but they did so during the preoviposition period and after a short period of starvation.

Most individuals of all stages of H. faurei were on the twigs, in crevices find other places of concealment on peach trees, bur a greater proportion of individuals were on the leaves of apple and plum. This difference in distribution was attributed to differential effects on behaviour by the glabrous foliage of peach and the pubescent foliage of apple and plum. The presence of H. faurei on twigs complicated population sampling in peach orchards.

The egg was the stage most sensitive to low humidity, but there was no evidence that humidity limited the population in orchards.

H. faurei was usually scarce in spring. Later, its numbers usually increased with those of the mites and it may have retarded growth of the mite populations, but its most obvious effect was the destruction of winter eggs in the fall.
A Synopsis of the ridingsiana Group of the Genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) With a Description of a New Species
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

The ridingsiana group of the genus Euxoa is defined, and the eight constituent species are distinguished by means of a key. Euxoa macrodentata, most closely related to Euxoa cooki McD., is described as new. Euxoa exculta (Sm.) and its nominal subspecies criddlei Sm. are synonymized with Euxoa perpolita (Morr.), and Euxoa perolivalis manitobana McD. is raised to specific rank.
The Spider GenusXysticusC. L. Koch (Araneae: Thomisidae) in Canada
Authors: Turnbull A. L. , Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The 40 known species of the genusXysticusC. L. Koch that occur in Canada are described and illustrated. Keys to both sexes are provided. Three new species,X.ampullatus,X.leechi, andX.winnipegensis, are described, two species,X.lutulentusGertsch andX.nicholsiGertsch, are synonymized with previously described ones, and two,X.ellipticusnew name andX.albonigernew name, are transferred toXysticusfrom another genus.
Some Mites of the Genus Proctolaelaps Berlese (Acarina: Blattisociidae) Associated with Forest Insect Pests
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Hunter Preston E.
Published: December 2009

Six species of Proctolaelaps, found associated with insect pests of pine forests in the southeastern United States, are described and illustrated. These are: P. bickleyi (Bram), P. fiseri Samšinák, P. hystrix (Vitzthum), and three new species, P. dendroctoni, P. dioryctriae, and P. hystricoides. Newly recorded for North America are P. fiseri, P. hystrix, and P. ulmi Hirschmann; distributions for the last two species include British Columbia. Garmania striata Westerboer is synonymized under P. bickleyi; the problem of the lewisi species complex, which includes P. bickleyi, P. lewisi (Garman and McGregor), and P. utahensis (Chant), is noted.

Although the food habits of these and related mites are mostly unstudied, tentative observations indicate that some species are commensals and others are predators of their insect associates. Investigation of such mites and their relationships with forest pests is urged.
Notes on Factors Influencing Diapause in the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

Factors inducing diapause and methods foe breaking diapause in the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), are discussed. The pest was reared continuously in the greenhouse during the winter months (when pupae normally enter diapause) by fluctuating the air temperature from 60 to 65 °F. at night to between 75 and 80 °F. during the day and maintaining the soil temperature (in which the eggs, larvae and pupae were reared) at about 68 °F. Pupae produced by flies kept at constant temperatures entered diapause. Fluctuating the soil temperature (for rearing larvae and pupae) did not markedly influence entry into diapause, but when larvae and pupae were reared at above 72 °F. high mortality occurred. Intensity of diapause in the pupae also depended on the temperature at which the flies were reared, with the shorter period of dormancy occurring when flies were kept at low temperatures. Diapause development proceeded more rapidly at 45-50 °F. than at higher or lower temperatures but proceeded to completion at any temperature from 34 to 70 °F. At above about 72 °F., diapause development appeared to be inhibited. The period for completion of development was about 3-8 months, depending on storage temperatures and on intensity of diapause. Preliminary tests indicated that light intensity is a major factor influencing entry into diapause, and results of tests reported in this paper show that this influence can be offset by temperature.
The Life History and Immature Stages of Synergus pacificus McCracken and Egbert (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: Evans David
Published: December 2009

Synergus pacificus McCracken and Egbert (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is an inquiline of oak gall cynipids in the Pacific Coast area from southern British Columbia to central California. Approximately 1,000 specimens were examined during the course of this study. Descriptions of the egg and larval stages are given, and information on life history and ecology is presented.
TrachyphloeusGermar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North America
Authors: Brown W J.
Published: December 2009

TrachyphloeusGermar, 1817, is judged to be introduced in North America; the two species described from the United States are considered European imports. Consequently, the namesT.davisiBlatchley, 1916, andT.bifoveolatus(Beck), 1817, are considered synonymous, as are the namesT.asperatusBoheman, 1843,Chaetechus setigerHorn, 1876, andT.olivieriBedel, 1883.ChaetechusHorn, 1876, is synonymized withTrachyphloeus.T.aristatus(Gyllenhal), not previously reported from North America, is recorded from Carleton Place, Ontario.
The North American Species in Group VII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Group VII of North American Ips contains I. thomasi, new species, I. borealis Swaine and I. swainei R. Hopping. They are less than 4.0 mm. long and females have the front of the head or at least the vertex smooth and shining, impunctate, or with very fine sparse punctures; males are more coarsely granulate-punctate on the frons. The species are described and a key is given. All breed in Picea in Canada and northern United States.
New Records of Hymenopterous Parasites from California Scolytidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Bushing R. W. , Bright D. E.
Published: December 2009

Parasites of the hymenopterous families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, and Torymidae are listed from many different species of California Scolytidae. A parasite-host list and a host-parasite list are included to facilitate use of the paper. Forty-two records new to North American literature are presented.
Distribution of Attacks by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. on Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.
Authors: Shepherd R. F.
Published: December 2009

The incidence of attacks by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. (= monticolae) was recorded by square-foot quadrats from the total bark surface of 60 lodgepole pine trees, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., according to location on the tree, proximity to branches, and degree of bark roughness. The frequency distribution of attack density was bimodal, but the bimodality was an artifact of sampling from a population having a varying mean density. A log (x + 1) transformation of the data permits the use of parametric tests. Alternative non-area sampling techniques showed that the spatial distribution of attacks within a small area tended toward regularity, probably following the distribution of bark niches. The greatest variance in attack density was associated with height, followed by areas, trees, diameters and aspects. Bark roughness was an important influence of distribution but number of branches was not.
Notes on and Additions to the Trioxys and Binodoxys Species (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) of North America
Authors: Mackauer Manfred
Published: December 2009

The systematic position of the North American species described, originally, in the genus Trioxys Haliday is discussed. The following nine taxa are of genus Trioxys sensu strictu: T. (Trioxys) ameraceris Smith, betulae Marshall, new RECORD, bonnevillensis Smith, exareolatus (Viereck), gahani Smith, ibis Mackauer, NEW RECORD, infrequens Smith, utilis Muesebeck; and T. (Betuloxys) compressicornis Ruthe, NEW RECORD. Six species fall into genus Binodoxys Mackauer: B. carolinensis (Smith), coruscanigrans (Gahan), cupressicola (Gahan), NEW COMB., nearctaphidisN. SP., palmerae (Smith), and rhagii (Ashmead).
Sampling Predator Populations on Apple Trees in Nova Scotia
Authors: Lord F. T.
Published: December 2009

Problems associated with quantitative estimations of mixed populations of several species of predators on apple trees are discussed. The problems arise largely because of the inherently high variability in such populations and because of the mechanical difficulties of counting predators on some basic unit of tree. In this investigation two devices used in sampling are described and their efficiency rated. One, a vacuum sampler, that removed predators from samples of leaf clusters on the tree failed to meet the standards set. The other, called the shaker sampler, tumbled clusters about in a revolving wire screen cage to dislodge predators for counting. The amount of processing with this device to remove practically all predacious specimens was calibrated. When the shaker-sampler technique was applied to studies in two orchards it proved to be practical for quantitative estimation of predator populations per large limb. The error associated with estimations of the density of individual species was usually very high so that pooling of the results for several or all species was required to reduce the variance to an acceptable level.
The Effect of Parasitization by Pimpla turionellae (L.) on the Emergence from the Pupal Case of its Host, Galleria mellonella (L.)
Authors: Loughton B. G.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism of pupae of G. mellonella (L.) by P. turionellae (L.) was found to prevent adult emergence. The effect was manifest within 24 hours of parasitization. Experiments are described which indicated that the source of the factor preventing eclosion of the imago is the developing parasite egg.
Reactions of Male Click Beetles in the Laboratory to Olfactory Pheromones
Authors: Lilly C. E. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: December 2009

Sex attractants were demonstrated in extracts of virgin females from four species, representing three genera, of elaterids. Each attractant was species specific. An olfactometer is described that permitted paper chromatograms of the extracts to be bio-assayed for pheromone activity. RF values of the attractants from the four species are compared.
Color Variation and Significance of Color in Reproduction in the Damselfly, Argia apicalis (Say) (Zygoptera: Coenagriidae)
Authors: Bick George H. , Bick Juanda C.
Published: December 2009

Variation in thoracic color and the role of color in reproduction were studied in the field in one population of the damselfly, Argia apicalis. Mature males and females were individually marked, and observed near noon on 47 consecutive days, and hourly on three. Males occurred in two color phases: bright blue, and gray-black, neither of which could be positively associated with age or mating. Change was not a single step from blue to finally dark or vice versa but often involved intervening changes in both directions with a maximum of eight in 12 days. Dark was the more temporary condition. Females occurred in three color phases: brown, turquoise, gray-black. As with males, no one phase could be positively associated with age or mating, and multi-directional change occurred after sexual maturity.

Dead pinned individuals, modified or not, were presented to living males who: (1) advanced sexually toward motionless models, (2) discriminated intact females from males, (3) reacted sexually more frequently to brown than to the other normal female colors, (4) responded sexually to a female thorax and one wing almost as frequently as to a normal female, (5) accurately discriminated a female thorax and one wing from that of a male. The blue-tipped male abdomen aided but was not indispensable for sex recognition. Dorsal and lateral thoracic color were equally important and elicited male sexual response in their entirety rather than by particular pattern. Sex discrimination broke down when the normal thoracic color was obliterated with paint regardless of its color, but a thorax painted white was an "over-optimal" attraction suggesting the importance of light intensity.
Mating and Oviposition of Damselflies in the Laboratory
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: December 2009

Methods and materials for colonizing damselflies (Ischnura) in the laboratory are described. Adults cease escape behavior in vision-proof cages. Females copulate only after first rejecting several would-be mates in succession and do not begin to oviposit until two to four hours afterwards. Artificial Du Pont sponges provide the best material for egg deposition. Methods of rearing large larval numbers are briefly described.
Competition and Cooperation Among Parasitic Hymenoptera Related to Biological Control
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

Since the earliest days of this century the interactions of parasitic Hymenoptera that attack the same host species have been reported from time to time in connection with studies on the natural enemy fauna of pest insects. These studies indicate that the synchronous attack by two or more parasitic species on an individual of a host population, multiple parasitism, is of little, if any, importance in the economy of that population, whereas the attack by two or more parasitic species on a sequence of a host’s developmental stages and instars, sequential parasitism, may be highly important, especially from the standpoint of host regulation. Since the host-regulating capacity of a parasite species may vary both seasonally and geographically, sequential parasitism is highly conducive to continuity in the conservation of the host’s food supply, the practical measure of regulative parasitism. The cooperative as well as the competitive aspects of sequential parasitism are discussed. The parasite fauna of the black scale,Saissetia oleae(Bernard), is used to exemplify these aspects of parasitism.
Flight and Attack of the Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) in Relation to Felling Date of Logs
Authors: Dyer E. D. A. , Chapman J. A.
Published: December 2009

Log preference of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was studied by flight traps, attack density counts, and forced attacks, on 200 Douglas fir felled over a ten-month period. During heavy spring flights in late May, the beetles attacked logs from the August through January fellings, but not those cut February through May. At the end of the first brood-rearing period, parts of logs protected by plastic sheeting from earlier flights were attacked in this same pattern. Beetles confined on logs at different times attacked in essentially the same way as free beetles. It is concluded that felling date greatly influences subsequent attack. However, there was considerable variability in attack within groups of trees cut the same dates. Furthermore, attack on very short (1- and 3-foot) sections from the February fellings, when the corresponding logs were unattractive, showed that a factor other than time of felling also influenced log attractiveness. Some information was secured on flight and attack of other scolytid beetles in relation to felling date of logs.
A New Species of Ips from Utah, Montana, and Alberta
Authors: Thatcher T. O.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Ips is described and illustrated. This species is allied to I. interrupta and I. hunteri and is found attacking freshly dead or dying limber pine, (Pinus flexilus).
Repositories of Symbiotic Fungus in the Ambrosia Beetle Platypus wilsoni Swaine (Coleoptera: Platypodidae)
Authors: Farris S. H. , Funk A.
Published: December 2009

Stained sections of female adult Platypus wilsoni Swaine showed that the punctures concentrated on the caudal half of the pronotum are fungus pits or mycangia. A fungus resembling Tuberculariella sp. was cultured from this area. Mycangia were not found in male adults.
Notes on the Distribution of Eggs of a Species in the Neodiprion fulviceps Complex (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Stark R. W. , Dahlsten D. L.
Published: December 2009

Egg distribution on a ponderosa pine 14 feet tall of a species of sawfly in the Neodiprion fulviceps complex is presented. Females prefer to oviposit on current year’s foliage. There was no consistency in position of egg cluster on the needle, length of needle, age or size of branch, vertical position in the tree or number of eggs per cluster in needles of different age. Oviposition was highest on south, southeast and east vectors of the tree. Two needles per fascicle were used more often on one-year-old foliage than on current foliage.
Systematic and Biological Notes on the Tribe Platymantispini (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) and the Description of a New Species of Plega from Mexico
Authors: Parker Frank D. , Stange Lionel A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

The status of the genus Plega is discussed and a preliminary survey of the North American species is presented. Plega yucatanae, a new species reared from the cells of Megachile exaltata Smith, is described and compared with its near relatives. The immature stages are described and biological information is given.
Some Factors Influencing the Orientation of the Spider, Frontinella communis (Hentz.), in its Web (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Authors: Pointing P. J.
Published: December 2009

The orientation of mature, female Frontinella communis (Hentz.) on horizontal sheet webs was recorded in the field. Spiders fully exposed to direct solar radiation oriented independently of the sun at ambient air temperatures from 18 to 27 °C., but at higher temperatures, corresponding to web temperatures from 30 to 37 °C., they oriented toward the sun's disk in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The orientation of spiders in shade was independent of the sun's azimuth over the entire range of air temperatures experienced (18 to 34 °C). During light to moderate rainfall spiders oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind and the vertical displacement of the body axis from the typically horizontal position varied directly with rainfall intensity.
New Rhyacophilids and Limnephilids (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae and Limnephilidae)
Authors: Denning D. G.
Published: December 2009

The Rhyacophila coloradensis complex is discussed and a new species, amabilis, is added to the group. Two new species of Rhyacophila are described from California, spinata and ardala. Four new species of Limnephilus are described from California, bucketti, catula, atercus and neoacula; the first three represent interesting variations from described species. Several Limnephilus females are associated with the described males.
The Biology of the Vespidae, Pompilidae, and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) from Trap Nests in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Fye R. E.
Published: December 2009

Uni- and bi-voltine strains of the eumenine wasps, Rygchium leucomelas (Sauss.), Ancistrocerus catskill albophaleratus (Sauss.), A. c. catskill (Sauss.), and A. tigris tigris (Sauss.) occur in the Black Sturgeon Lake region of Ontario. Another eumenine, Symmorphus cristatus cristatus (Sauss.), is univoltine. All the eumenids plug and divide their nests with partitions of clay. Generally, females emerge from cells larger than those of males. A double partition with an intervening space between cells is introduced occasionally in summer-generation nests and frequently in overwintering-generation nests. Generally, individuals of the bivoltine summer generations were predominantly female but overwintering generations were predominantly male.

All eumenine wasps, except S. c. cristatus, provision their nests with lepidopterous larvae. A broad spectrum of prey was utilized but at any given time the female wasp shows considerable fidelity in searching for prey on a given host plant.

Limited parasitism of the eumenids by the genus Chrysis and the ichneumonid genus Ephialtes was observed. The dipteran Amobia distorta Allen was found in nests of A. c. catskill and R. leucomelas.

A single species of pompilid, Dipogon sayi sayi Banks, occupied the trap nests in small numbers. The prey of this wasp consists mainly of spiders in the genus Xysticus.

The sphecids include Passaloecus ithacae Krombein, which was common, an unidentified Pemphredon sp., and Passaloecus mandibularis (Cr.). P. ithacae provisioned mainly with aphids of the genus Cinara; Pemphredon sp. utilized C. abieticola; and P. mandibularis preyed upon a wide range of species including several aphids from deciduous trees.

Partitions in Passaloecus nests were primarily resin but female P. ithacae often incorporated chips of pith. Cell sizes were frequently out of proportion to the volume of prey and the size of the wasp larvae. Limited parasitism by the chrysidid genus Omalus and the ichneumonid genus Poemenia was noted.
A Nearctic Species of Parablastothrix Mercet: (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

Parablastothrix Mercet, which has been known only from the Palearctic, is represented in the Nearctic by Parablastothrix neorctica new species, which is described and figured. The type and allotype of P. nearcticus were reared from a species of Coptodisca Walshm. (Lepidoptera) mining leaves of Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. at Jackson, Mississippi. One paratype was reared from Obrussa sp. (Lepidoptera) at Morgantown, West Virginia, and the other collected in Livingston Co., Michigan.
A Revision of the Eastern Nearctic Species of Rhagio Fabricius (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: December 2009

Three new species are described; two European species, tringarius L. and lineola Fabr., are recorded for the first time; and the previously described species are redefined and new distribution records presented, with a key to the eastern species. Rhagio hirtus Loew is recognized as a good species, R. boscii Macquart and Xylophagus fasciatus Say are synonymized with albicornis Say, and R. intermedius Walker is synonymized with R. vertebratus Say. The three new species are R. dichromaticus from Louisiana, recognized by its extremely dark coloration; R. floridensis from Florida and Georgia, with yellow thorax and distinctively patterned wings; and R. orestes from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which is close to hirtus but separable by the darker thorax and abdomen.
The Effect ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on the Fauna of an Apple Orchard
Authors: Jaques R. P.
Published: December 2009

Plots in a bearing apple orchard were sprayed with formulations ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on five to seven occasions in each of four consecutive seasons. Larvae of the winter moth, eye-spotted bud moth, orchard tent caterpillar, and fall webworm were less numerous on foliage in plots treated withB.thuringiensisthan in the check plot. Numbers of free-living blister mites were reduced by treatment with the bacterium. Other phytophagous mites were not numerous in any of the plots. Injury to fruit by larvae of the codling moth, winter moth, and eye-spotted bud moth and by the miridAtractotomus mali(Meyer) was lower in plots treated with the bacterium. Only three taxa of predacious arthropods were consistently affected by the application ofB.thuringiensis; one was less numerous where the bacterium was applied and two were more numerous.
The Bioassay of Insect Feeding Tokens
Authors: Harris P. , Mohyuddin A. I.
Published: December 2009

The acceptability of host plant extracts on pith, charred filter paper, and an agar diet, and vacuum infiltrated into lettuce leaves was compared on three species of Lepidoptera and two of Coleoptera. The vacuum infiltrated lettuce was eaten by two of the Lepidoptera and it was the only method acceptable to the Coleoptera. The agar diet was eaten by the three Lepidoptera while pith and charred filter paper were acceptable to only two of them. It is concluded that vacuum infiltration of lettuce leaves is a useful method for the bioassay of host plant extracts to determine if they contain insect feeding token substances.
A New Species of Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Sorbus
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: December 2009

The species of aphid described here was collected from Sorbus scopulina Greene near Field, British Columbia. It belongs in the genus Nearctaphis Shaposhnikov, and the subgenus Nearctaphis, closely resembling the type species, Aphis bakeri Cowen, but with fused sclerotic plates on the dorsum of the abdomen in the apterous, as well as in the alate female.
A Second New World Species of Sisyphus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

Sisyphus submonticolus n. sp. is described from Durango, Mexico, and compared to the only other New World species, S. mexicanus Harold.
Community Stability and the Strategy of Biological Control
Authors: Watt K. E. F.
Published: December 2009

Community organization is defined as the mean number of trophic links connecting species of different trophic levels in a community. For the special purposes of this paper, competition is assumed to occur whenever two species are known to eat the same food species. Community stability is defined as the reciprocal of the mean, for all species, of the standard error of logarithms of annual collection sizes. It is thus a measure of stability over time of the species populations in a community. Several authors writing about the relationship between community organization and community stability have insisted that the stability of a complex ecological system increases with the number of avenues by which energy can flow through it. This theory does not seem consistent with the observation that some insect pest species of notorious instability are attacked by a great number of entomophagous species. In this paper we seek additional evidence bearing on the relationship between community organization and stability, using computer analysis of data collected by the Canadian Forest Insect Survey on forest Macrolepidoptera and their food plants. After considering our results, and those of other workers, we postulate the following hypothesis. Stability at any herbivore or carnivore trophic level increases with the number of competitor species at that level, decreases with the number of competitor species that feed upon it, and decreases with the proportion of the environment containing useful food. If this hypothesis is valid, too much competition in the entomophagous trophic level will not allow the species in that level to be instable enough to control an unstable pest. Therefore, the best type of biological control agent is one that has no direct competitor species. Also, the most unstable biological control agents, and hence those capable of controlling an unstable pest, will be polyphagous.
The Identity and Distribution of Species of Phytoseius Ribaga (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Canada,
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: December 2009

Mites of the genus Phytoseius Ribaga largely inhabit plants and are at least partly predacious, feeding on tetranychid, eriophyid, and other mites. They probably also feed on pollen, honeydew, and plant juices, as do other phytoseiids that have been studied (Chant 1959; Dosse 1961; McMurty and Scriven 1964). They are not usually found in soil or humus but occur on many kinds of low growing plants as well as coniferous and deciduous trees. They have been collected on all continents and from the arctic to the tropics.
Fatty Acids of the Virginia Pine Sawfly,Neodiprion prattiDyar
Authors: Schaefer Charles H.
Published: December 2009

Lipids account for approximately eight per cent of the wet weight ofNeodiprion prattilarvae. Fatty acids comprise eighty per cent of the total lipids. Approximately seventy-five per cent of the fatty acids are unsaturated and over seventy per cent have eighteen carbons. Four unknowns were characterized as being polyunsaturates of sixteen and eighteen carbons.
Laboratory and Field Investigations on the Ability of Eggs of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) to Withstand Low Winter Temperatures
Authors: Sullivan C. R.
Published: December 2009

Measurements of the supercooling points of eggs from different latitudes suggest that the cold-hardiness of N. sertifer is increased by the selective pressure of low winter temperatures. In Ontario, the insect is only beginning to experience temperatures capable of influencing population trends, but the selection of a more cold-hardy population may be in progress. It is predicted that this insect will eventually be capable of extendng its range into natural stands of jack pine in the northwestern portion of the province.

Overwintering eggs are inherently able to supercool to about −26 °C., but exposure to certain non-lethal conditioning temperatures increases their cold-hardiness. Increased cold-hardiness apparently is associated with the appearance of glycerol in the eggs. Mortality curves based on supercooling points of eggs exposed to optimal conditioning temperatures are useful in predicting overwintering mortality of eggs that are not protected by snow cover.
Diel Periodicities of Emergence and Oviposition in Riverine Trichoptera
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

Diel periodicities of emergence and oviposition of Trichoptera, observed in the St. Lawrence River at Montreal, Quebec (451/2° N.), in late June and July, are closely similar. They are poorly synchronized but the peak for most species is nocturnal, falling between sunset and solar midnight. Catches in floating traps were used to measure emergence rate. As such catches (of Trichoptera) may contain parous as well as newly emerged females, attempts were made to separate these two components of the catch before analysis, thus providing records for both emergence and oviposition. Oviposition periodicity was studied independently by counting egg-masses on a floating board. Precautions needed for future critical work on emergence are mentioned.
The Relation of Weather to Two Population Declines of the Black-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fernald) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Coastal Alaska
Authors: Schmiege Donald C.
Published: December 2009

Hot, dry weather accompanied the decline of black-headed budworm populations in 1955 and 1965. A study of weather records for southeast Alaska for the period 1945 to 1965 shows that the collapse of high populations occurred in years of unusually warm, dry weather during July. No consistent weather pattern was apparent during the years of population increases. The great reduction in budworm numbers occurred during the larval periods in both 1955 and 1965. No evidence of disease was found in either outbreak.
The Role of Introduced Parasites in the Control of the Winter Moth in Nova Scotia
Authors: Embree D. G.
Published: December 2009

The history of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), a geometrid introduced into Nova Scotia, is reviewed and an assessment is made of two introduced parasites: a tachinid, Cyzenis albicans (Fallen), and an ichneumonid, Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst). Functional response curves of both species are discussed, particularly the atypical S-shaped curve of C. albicans, which demonstrates regulatory properties. Biological control efforts to date have been successful but a virus that appeared in winter moth populations may change initial relationships between the introduced parasites and the host.
Observations on the Mating Behaviour of the Crab Hole Mosquito Deinocerites cancer (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

In Deinocerites, an aberrant offshoot of Culex, the larvae live in water in deep crab holes and the adults also are often found in the burrow. The males have elongate non-plumose antennae and specialized front claws, and often rest on the surface film. In observation cages the males associate with pupae (of either sex) at the surface of the water, hold them lightly with the claws and sense the pupal horns (spiracles) with their antennae. The male perceives the pupa at 1–2 cm. An emerging female elicits a strong response from males up to 15 cm. away; the males fight for possession and mating may be established before the female has fully emerged. The pupal skin continues to attract for several minutes thereafter. Emergence of the adult male was not successfully observed. Probably both pupal attendance and mating response depend on a chemical stimulus, which appears to be non-specific.

The males also make slow exploratory flights near the cage walls, and a mating response may be elicited when their legs touch a resting insect. The response is made to either sex (perhaps more readily to the female) and again is non-specific. The two mating processes are presumably reinforcing, and both seem well adapted to the natural habitat provided the lack of specificity is tolerable.

Several other mosquitoes, all of slow flight and restricted habitat, make similar irregular flights and mate on contact with resting females. Probably this behaviour represents the last phase of mating in more strongly flying (swarming) species, after the sexes are brought together by the auditory response mediated by the plumose antennae. In some mosquitoes the two patterns of behaviour coexist. Assembly at a swarm-marker and recognition in flight must be less necessary in non-dispersing forms in confined habitats, and most of all in Deinocerites. Several other crab hole mosquitoes show convergence or analogies with Deinocerites.

The association with the pupa and the related attraction to the female at emergence find a parallel only in Opifex fuscus; but in Opifex these processes depend not on a chemical stimulus but mainly on vision, as befits an inhabitant of open sunlit pools.