bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thyroid Dysfunction after Combined therapy for Laryngeal Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Alkan Seyhan , Baylancicek Serdar , Çiftçic Memet , Sozen Esra , Dadaş Burhan
Published: November 2008

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of the thyroid dysfunction in a group of patients treated with laryngectomy and radiotherapy for larynx cancer and to analyze the risk factors related to the development of hypothyroidism.

Study Design

This was a prospective study conducted in a tertiary center hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Thyroid function tests have been applied to 75 patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy preoperatively, before radiotherapy, and postoperatively. Risk factors have been analyzed by carrying out a multivariate analysis.

Results

All the patients were men with the mean age of 59.4 and an average follow‐up of 28.6 months. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 49.3 percent. The average time to detection of hypothyroidism was 6 months after the completion of treatment. Radiotherapy dose, type of laryngectomy, extent of neck dissection, implementation of thyroid lobectomy, and presence of thyroiditis in specimens were risk factors for thyroid dysfunction.

Conclusions

It is important to check the thyroid function periodically in these patients especially with risk factor to obtain early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Parotid Tumors: Fine‐Needle Aspiration and/or Frozen Section
Authors: Zbären Peter , Guélat Dominique , Loosli Heinz , Stauffer Edouard
Published: November 2008

Objective

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the value of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and frozen section (FS) analysis in the assessment of parotid gland tumors.

Study Design

Chart review and cross‐sectional analysis.

Subjects and Methods

FNAC and FS analysis of 110 parotid tumors, 68 malignancies and 42 benign tumors, were analyzed and compared with the final histopathologic diagnosis.

Results

The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of FNAC in detecting malignant tumors were 79 percent, 74 percent, and 88 percent, respectively. On FS analysis, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting malignant tumors were 94 percent, 93 percent, and 95 percent, respectively. The histologic tumor type was correctly diagnosed by FNAC and FS in 27 of 42 (64%) and 39 of 42 (93%) benign tumors, respectively, and in 24 of 68 (35%) and 49 of 68 (72%) malignant neoplasms, respectively.

Conclusion

The current analysis showed a superiority of FS compared with FNAC regarding the diagnosis of malignancy and tumor typing. FNAC alone is not prone to determine the surgical management of parotid malignancies.
Intraoral Sonography–Assisted Resection of T1–2 tongue Cancer for Adequate deep Resection
Authors: Baek Chung‐Hwan , Son Young‐Ik , Jeong Han‐Sin , Chung Man Ki , Park Ki‐Nam , Ko Young‐Hyeh , Kim Hyung‐Jin
Published: November 2008

Objective

To investigate the clinical usefulness of intraoral sonography‐assisted resection for securing adequate deep resection margins in T1–2 tongue cancers.

Study Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Materials and Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with clinical T1–2 tongue cancers were enrolled and their lesions were removed by intraoral sonography‐assisted resection. We then retrospectively collected data from 20 T stage‐matched patients without intraoral sonography‐assisted resection as the control group. All resections were performed with a goal of 15 mm margin. The mucosal and deep safety margins were compared between the two groups.

Results

Intraoral sonography could predict the paraffin‐embedded tumor thickness with an error of 3.16 ± 2.24 mm. The deep safety margins were more adequate for intraoral sonography–assisted resection (9.8 ± 5.2 mm) than for conventional resection (4.0 ± 2.03 mm) (P < 0.001), while the mucosal safety margins were not different

Conclusion

Intraoral sonography‐assisted resection provides a more adequate deep resection margin for early T‐stage tongue cancers.
Systematic Review of Change in Bodily pain after Sinus Surgery
Authors: Chester Alexander C. , Sindwani Raj , Smith Timothy L. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: November 2008

Objectives

To determine whether bodily pain is increased in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and if bodily pain improves following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Methods

All studies reporting results of more than 10 adult patients analyzing the response of bodily pain to ESS were retrieved by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane databases, and additional web‐based sources (from January 1, 1980, to May 1, 2008); by examining bibliographies of retrieved articles; and by contacting investigators in the field.

Results

Of 279 ESS symptom outcome studies, only studies measuring results using the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) quality‐of‐life survey instrument measured bodily pain. Eleven observational ESS studies (1019 patients) reported mean preoperative SF‐36 bodily pain scores at 0.89 SD below general population norms (24% more severe bodily pain than general population norms) and significantly below norms for a population 25 years older. Using a repeated‐measures design, nine of 11 studies noted significant improvement in SF‐36 bodily pain domain scores following ESS, with a moderate‐sized combined effect of 0.55 (95% confidence interval, 0.45–0.64; I2 = 44%) using the fixed‐effects model. This pooled effect corresponded to a mean improvement of 11.8 U on the SF‐36 bodily pain domain scale.

Conclusions

Bodily pain is increased in patients with CRS awaiting ESS, exceeding the normative bodily pain scores of a general normative population 25 years older. Using within‐subject comparisons, a clinically and statistically significant improvement in bodily pain is noted after ESS, an improvement similar to that previously described for fatigue.
Cartilage Tympanoplasty Methods: Proposal of a Classification
Authors: Tos Mirko
Published: November 2008

The 23 known cartilage tympanoplasty methods to reconstruct the eardrum are classified in six main groups. Each method is briefly defined, described, and illustrated:

Group A: Cartilage tympanoplasty with palisades, stripes, and slices. The eardrum is reconstructed by several, various, full‐thickness pieces of cartilage with attached perichondrium on the ear canal side. In this group six different methods are described.

Group B: Cartilage tympanoplasty with foils, thin plates, and thick plates, not covered with the perichondrium. In this group four methods are included.

Group C: Tympanoplasty with cartilage‐perichondrium composite island grafts. The perichondrium flap suspends or fixates the cartilage. In this group four methods are included.

Group D: Tympanoplasty with special total pars tensa cartilage‐perichondrium composite grafts. All three methods are used to close a total perforation, but differ from each. Three special methods are included in this group.

Group E: Cartilage‐perichondrium composite island grafts tympanoplasty for anterior, inferior, and subtotal perforations. Two on‐lay and two underlay methods are included.

Group F: Special cartilage tympanoplasty methods: The cartilage disc is placed under the perforation, the perichondrium onto the denuded eardrum remnant.
Explaining the Myth of Public Sector Reform in South Asia: De-Linking Cause and Effect
Authors: Shafiqul Huque Ahmed
Published: November 2008

The states of South Asia initiated reform in the public sector for various reasons. At times, the impetus for reform came from within the systems while there have also been pressures from powerful external actors. Reform policies in these states neglected comprehensive analyses of the issues and the problems were exacerbated by the inability of the leadership to resist external pressures to guide reforms in certain directions. The policies were based on unrealistic assumptions about the needs and capability of the systems which only contributed to the perpetuation of status quo. Ambitious reforms plans were partially or minimally implemented. In the process, critical aspects were overlooked while power and privilege of influential public bureaucracies and other groups continued to increase. The overdependence of political leadership on a competent and permanent civil service and, in some cases, the military precluded any possibility of meaningful change through reforms. A second problem is the tendency to view administrative reforms as public sector reform. The administrative machinery and personnel constitute an important element of the public sector, but economic, political and social actors and institutions must also be included to make public sector reforms comprehensive. This article argues that public sector reform remains a myth in South Asia due to the neglect of establishing a clear cause and effect relationship in reform policies and formulating strategies without a clear definition of the public sector. Limited progress, however, has been achieved in some areas, but they do not add up to the scale of public sector reform.
Lapides Reclamaeunt: Art and Engineering at Lincoln Cathedral in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Stalley Roger
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the collapse of the crossing tower at Lincoln Cathedral, an event that took place in the 1230s and one that has not been explored in detail before. The absence of previous studies is curious, given the architectural importance of the cathedral and the interest attached to structural failures. Although the circumstances that led to the collapse are far from clear, it is argued that a contributing factor was the lightweight pier design furnished by the master mason of St Hugh's choir. The reconstruction of the crossing was carried out with considerable skill, and the process included the dismantling and subsequent reuse of original masonry. The implications of the collapse have more than local significance, for the events at Lincoln take us to the heart of medieval design, to the supposed empiricism of the architectural process and to the implied assumption that architects learnt from their mistakes. All too often they did not.
‘King Arthur’ and Cadbury Castle, Somerset
Authors: Evans Dai Morgan
Published: November 2008

The major excavations at Cadbury Castle, Somerset, which took place in the 1960s, owed their inspiration in part to the identification of the site as ‘Camelot’, thus forging an association with ‘King Arthur’. John Leland, the sixteenth-century antiquary, was the author of this identification and this paper considers how he might have arrived at this conclusion. Factors identified include the role in Tudor politics of ‘King Arthur’ and of the owners of the site – the Hastings family. Consideration of the evidence of later writers on the site, both national and local, shows their almost total dependence on Leland's original description, but the evidence of the HerefordMappa Mundisuggests a new dimension. It is suggested that the interpretation of the archaeology of the site would benefit from a clearer understanding of John Leland's description and of Tudor and Stuart activity at the site.
‘Particular Thanks and Obligations’: The Communications Made by Women to the Society of Antiquaries between 1776 and 1837, and their Significance
Authors: Catalani Anna , Pearce Susan
Published: November 2008

This paper brings together the evidence bearing on the relationship between the Society of Antiquaries and the women who contributed to it during a significant period when archaeology, through the work of such men as Samuel Lysons and Richard Colt Hoare, was beginning to emerge as a distinct field with its own conceptual and technical systems. It takes its departure from the first substantial appearance by a woman in the Society's publications in 1776, and continues until the accession of a female monarch, Victoria, in 1837, a period of just over sixty years. It explores what women did and what reception they received and assesses the significance of this within the wider processes of the development of an understanding of the past and the shaping of gender relationships through the medium of material culture, in a period that saw fundamental changes in many areas of intellectual and social life, including levels of material consumption and the sentiments surrounding consumerism.
An Inscribed Lead Pendant from Norfolk
Authors: Howlett David
Published: November 2008

This note describes the scene on Side A and offers a reading of the inscription on Side B of a recently discovered lead pendant from Norfolk. The inscription is read as two symmetrical lines of Anglo-Latin verse that contain transcriptions of one word of Greek and two words of Hebrew, both divine names. All the phenomena on Side B are illustrated by close parallels in Insular Latin literature from the seventh century to the tenth and related to the scene on Side A.
A Technique for Distinguishing the Textures of Bricks and Tiles
Authors: Potter John F
Published: November 2008

A simple, relatively non-destructive technique is described which can be used to distinguish between the fabrics and textures of different bricks and tiles. Its use should help to prevent the continued confusion that exists in the identification of different kiln-based clay products in the field
A Miniature Viking-Age Hogback from the Wirral
Authors: Bailey Richard N , Whalley Jenny , Bowden Alan , Tresise Geoffrey
Published: November 2008

A Viking-Age hogback, recently discovered in the Wirral, is the smallest known example of this type of stone monument and forms part of a marked concentration of tenth- and eleventh-century carvings around the beach market at Meols. Its elaborate decoration is not only allusively Christian but visually asserts an identity with Hiberno-Norse groups in north Yorkshire.
The Burlington House Case, 2004–5
Authors: Nurse Bernard
Published: November 2008

The legal basis by which the learned societies occupy Burlington House was the subject of a hearing before the High Court in 2004. No verdict was given because terms of occupation were eventually agreed by all parties in 2005. This paper contains transcriptions, with background notes, of some of the more important and previously unpublished documents presented in evidence on behalf of the societies as part of their case.
The Iron Age Mirror Burial at Pegsdon, Shillington, Bedfordshire: An Interim Account
Authors: Burleigh Gilbert , Megaw Vincent , Ashworth Helen , Spratling Mansel
Published: November 2008

In November 2000 metal detectorists located a decorated copper-alloy mirror, a single silverKnotenfibelbrooch and some pottery sherds at Pegsdon, Shillington, Bedfordshire. Subsequent excavation of the findspot uncovered a Late Iron Age cremation burial pit associated with further pot sherds and a single fragment of calcined bone. The opportunity is taken in this preliminary account to revisit both the occurrence in southern England of the brooch type and to discuss the mirror's decoration in relation to the variation of views as to the British mirror series as a whole, and in particular with regard to other recent mirror discoveries. The burial is discussed in its local context and the possible significance of the topography in relation to the site is highlighted.
Jack of Hilton and the History of the Hearth-Blower
Authors: MacGregor Arthur
Published: November 2008

The resurfacing of a late medieval hearth-blower, first brought to public notice by Robert Plot in 1686 but subsequently seen only infrequently, provides the opportunity for a review of the type. Examples of these anthropomorphic aeolipiles from England, all late medieval in date, are placed in context, both in time – stretching back to the Classical period – and in space. They prove to have been widely distributed in Continental Europe, while related types are known from as far east as the Himalayas. Although latterly limited in application to fanning the flames of a fire, earlier references show an awareness of a range of potential uses in domestic and industrial contexts.
The Disputed Presidential Election of Joan Evans, April 1959
Authors: Tudor-Craig Pamela
Published: November 2008

One evening in early 1959 George Zarnecki and I were walking up Regent Street after a lecture at the Society. We were sharing our dismay at the extraordinary ballot papers we had to hand. Mortimer Wheeler's Presidency was drawing to a close, and the Fellowship had been expecting Joan Evans, Director, to succeed him (fig 1). In those days the Directorship was an apprenticeship for the Presidency, assuring continuity of knowledge and experience in the government of the Society's affairs. But the ballot paper for the forthcoming election had substituted the name of Ian Richmond in her place.
A Land Apart: Environments and Rock Art in Northernmost Bohuslän, Sweden
Authors: Coles John
Published: November 2008

This paper focuses on a distinctive region of granite ridges and forests in the parish of Hogdal, well north of the World Heritage rock art area in Bohuslän. In the later second millennium BC, a wide lake, left by the receding sea, provided the setting here for an arc of rock-carving sites along its shoreline. A second group of sites lies near the entrance to a major fjord to the south. The two areas contain Bronze Age imagery remarkable for its variety of scale, subject and artistry. The paper describes recording and analysis work undertaken in 2006 and 2007, offers commentaries on changing environments, chronology, site conditions and preservation, and provides a discussion of Bronze Age imagery and society.
Making Gold-Mercury Amalgam: the Evidence for Gilding From Southampton
Authors: Bayley Justine , Russel Andy
Published: November 2008

Mercury gilding is a well-known decorative technique that was applied to both silver and a range of copper alloys from the third century AD until the introduction of electroplating in the nineteenth century. The process is well understood but, until recently, there has been no good archaeological evidence for it. Excavations in Southampton have discovered two rather different objects that were used to produce gold-mercury amalgam, the first stage in mercury gilding. One is a block of stone and the other a reused amphora sherd. The stone comes from a ninth-century context, while the amphora sherd's findspot is less well dated: it could have been reused in the late Roman or the Saxon period.
The Ninth-Century Polychrome Decoration at St Mary's Church, Deerhurst
Authors: Gem Richard , Howe Emily , Bryant Richard
Published: November 2008

This paper presents the results of a detailed analysis of surviving paintwork on the chancel arch, the carved animal heads and the figurative panel in the west porch at the Anglo-Saxon church of St Mary, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, UK. The context of the polychromy in relation to the ninth-century fabric of the church is assessed. The detailed results of the technical analysis are presented. The original scheme of painted decoration is described, including the newly discovered plant scroll painted on the arch. The results of the examination are evaluated, setting the polychrome decoration of the ninth-century church into its contemporary context in England and on the Continent, with special regard to both the technical and the artistic aspects.
Royal and Lordly Residence in Scotlandc1050 toc1250: an Historiographical Review and Critical Revision
Authors: Oram Richard D
Published: November 2008

Academic study of eleventh- to thirteenth-century high-status residence in Scotland has been largely bypassed by English debates over origin, function and symbolism. Archaeologists have also been slow to engage with three decades of historical revision of the traditional socioeconomic, cultural and political models upon which their interpretations of royal and lordly residence have drawn. Scottish castle studies concerned with the pre-1250 era continue to be framed by a ‘military architecture’ historio graphical tradition and a view of the castle as an alien artefact imposed on the land by foreign adventurers and a ‘modernizing’ monarchy and native Gaelic nobility. Knowledge and understanding of pre-twelfth-century native high-status sites is rudimentary and derived primarily from often inappropriate analogy with English examples. Discussion of native responses to the imported castle-building culture is founded upon retrospective projection of inappropriate later medieval social and economic models and anachronistic perceptions of military colonialism. Cultural and socio-economic difference is rarely recognized in archaeological modelling and cultural determinism has distorted perceptions of structural form, social status and material values. A programme of interdisciplinary studies focused on specific sites is necessary to provide a corrective to this current situation.
The use of Baleen for Arms, Armour and Heraldic Crests in Medieval Britain
Authors: Moffat Ralph , Spriggs James , O'Connor Sonia
Published: November 2008

The recent identification of whale baleen from a medieval archaeological context in Perth raises the issue of what uses were made of baleen in the medieval period. This note investigates the military uses to which this unusual material was put.
Tapestries once at Chastleton House and Their Influence on the Image of the Tapestries Called Sheldon: A Reassessment
Authors: Turner Hilary L
Published: November 2008

The intentions expressed in William Sheldon's will of 1570 suggest an attempt to introduce tapestry weaving at Barcheston, Warwickshire. Interpreted in the 1920s as resulting in a commercial venture – the only production centre in Elizabethan England – tapestries were attributed to it without documentary evidence, without stylistic comparison with continental work and without study of the records of émigré Flemish weavers settling in London from 1559 onwards. Their presence and more easily available comparative material, in both documentary and tapestry form, combine W question the previous picture, never revised. On re-examination, the historical evidence used to link tapestries found at Chastleton House with Sheldon's enterprise appears weak. Challenging the time-honoured belief that those tapestries should be regarded as key pieces in the Sheldon corpus also calls into question subsequent attributions made by association, and opens the way for a new exploration of the tapestry industry in sixteenth-century England.
John Traherne, FSA and William Buckland's ‘Red Lady’: An Archaeological Perspective
Authors: Weston Russell
Published: November 2008

Previously unpublished correspondence and a re-analysis of events call into question William Buckland's description of his excavation of Paviland Cave in 1823, and illustrate why his interpretation of it changed prior to publication in Reliquiae Diluvianae. Buckland appears to have manipulated the archaeological evidence from Paviland in order to support his ‘Diluvial’ theory. A synthesis of the documentary evidence also illustrates the unrecognized contribution made by John Traherne, FSA and others to the development of Buckland's Paviland story. This paper suggests that modern descriptions and interpretations of Paviland continue to be incorrectly influenced by a reliance on Reliquiae Diluvianae and that the reinterpretation of early archaeological excavations might benefit as much from the application of critical historiographical analyses as from the application of new scientific or theoretical methodologies.
The Secret History of The Mildenhall Treasure
Authors: Hobbs Richard
Published: November 2008

Discovered at the height of the Second World War, the Mildenhall treasure has been a cornerstone of the national collections of the British Museum ever since its acquisition in 1946. But the circumstances behind its discovery have always been problematical. Although it is indisputable that it was found by tractor-worker Gordon Butcher, and then hidden away by Sydney Ford, is there more to the story? Archaeologists such as Tom Lethbridge and Gordon Fowler certainly thought so. A fascinating set of documents in the archives of the British Museum, discussed here for the first time, helps to provide the answers.
Evaluation of body development, fat mass and lipid profile in rats fed with high-PUFA and -MUFA diets, after neonatal malnutrition
Authors: Soares da Costa Carlos Alberto , Alves Erika Gomes , de Paula Lopes Gonzalez Gabrielle , Barbosa Thais Barcellos Côrtes , Carlos Aluana Santana , Lima Verônica Demarco , Nascimento Renata , de Moura Egberto Gaspar , Alves do Nascimento-Saba Celly Cristina
Published: November 2008

Neonatal malnutrition is associated with several features of the metabolic syndrome, later in life. Although the recovery of malnutrition was studied with different high-fat diets, few studies compare the effects of enriched vegetable oil diets, containing PUFA and MUFA, after weaning. Our aim was to evaluate the recovery with soya oil- or rapeseed oil-enriched diet, after malnutrition in rats whose mothers were food restricted (FR) during lactation. Dams were 50 % FR and compared to standard diet-fed dams (control, C). At 21 d, FR offspring had a lower body mass and length. After weaning C and FR offspring were fed a diet containing 7 % soya oil (7 %sC and 7 %sFR), or supplemented with 19 % soya oil (19 %sC or 19 %sFR) or 19 % rapeseed oil (19 %cC or 19 %cFR). The normal animals fed enriched vegetable oil diets had more visceral fat mass, but lower serum TAG and higher HDL-cholesterol. The 19 %FR groups showed significantly less food intake and body development compared to the 7 %sFR, and the same pattern was observed when this group was compared to the C groups. Absolute and relative mass of vital organs and body were lower in the FR groups. Visceral fat depot was lower in 19 %FR than 7 %FR and C groups. Serum glucose, albumin, TAG, cholesterol, leptin and triiodothyronine did not show significant changes. However, 19 %FR groups showed higher HDL-cholesterol and the 19 %sFR group showed lower serum thyroxine. The data suggest that a higher vegetable oil diet in the recovery of neonatal malnutrition ameliorates some features of the metabolic syndrome later in life.
Modern Asian Studies in the Universities of the United Kingdom
Authors: Philips C. H.
Published: November 2008

The launching of this journal of Modern Asian Studies, on the initiative of the Hayter Asian Centres in co-operation with the School of Oriental and African Studies, provides a good opportunity to review the progress being made in these studies in the universities of the United Kingdom. We have nearly reached the half-way stage of a ten-year programme of development which was put forward in the Hayter Committee Report of 1961, and are approaching the new quinquennium in which what has already been started should be consolidated and the new pattern for the future established.
Politics and the Samurai Class Structure in Satsuma, 1858–1868
Authors: Beasley W. G.
Published: November 2008

All historians would agree that one decisive factor in the overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu was the alignment against it in 1867 of several of the great domains (han), and the failure of the Shōgun to rally any comparable support among the rest. In the wider sense the reasons for this are complex, as well as being a matter of some controversy. Nevertheless, the proximate causes are obvious enough. In the anti-Bakufu domains, notably Satsuma and Chōshū, power had fallen into the hands of samurai groups which sought the destruction of the régime. In a number of others, similar groups wielded sufficient influence to prevent the daimyō or his senior officials from giving whole-hearted backing to the Tokugawa. Clearly, therefore, the study of how this came about, that is, of the nature and processes of domain politics, is important to an understanding of the Meiji Restoration.
The Indian Christians—A Study of a Minority
Authors: Beaglehole J. H.
Published: November 2008

Discussion of the minority problem in India has been largely concerned with the relations between the two major communities of Hindu and Muslim, an emphasis justified by the less important part played by non-Muslim minorities in the communal conflict that preceded independence. The Indian Christians repay close study, however, for a number of reasons.
The Tzu-yu tang and Tai Chi t'ao, 1912–1913
Authors: Bernal Martin
Published: November 2008

The Chung-hua min-kuo tzu-yu tang or tzu-yu tangwas named after the Japanese Jiyūtōwhich was conventionally known as the ‘Liberal Party’. However, in both Japanese and Chinese the word Jiyū/tzu-yu retained strong connotations of ‘liberty’ which have been lost by the word ‘Liberal’. It seems best therefore to leave the title untranslated.
Effects of the ‘Green Revolution’ in South and South-East Asia
Authors: Jacoby Erich H.
Published: November 2008

The increasing use of the new high-yielding varieties of cereal seeds during the past decade has undoubtedly brought about immense agricultural and social progress in the developed world. Contrary to all expectations, however, the application of these technological innovations, commonly known today as the ‘green revolution’, has not resulted in similarly favourable developments in the underdeveloped countries, particularly of South Asia, but rather seems to have shaken the economic foundation of their agricultural populations and given rise to unexpected developments. Some observers still maintain that the very momentum of the green revolution will eventually be strong enough to bring about the gradual transformation of agriculture which is an essential precondition for development. Considering the structure of the prevailing agrarian systems, however, it seems more likely that rather than improving rural conditions such a transformation will primarily benefit the already privileged farmers while bypassing the bulk of the rural people and even reducing their chances of gaining a livelihood in agriculture.
Innovation Adoption in Indian Agriculture—the High Yielding Varieties Programme
Authors: Harriss Barbara
Published: November 2008

Whilst reading agricultural economics for the postgraduate Diploma in Agricultural Science at Cambridge University, the author's attention was caught by two reports on recent developments in Indian agriculture. These were the ‘I.A.D.P. Third Report 1965–7’, and the ‘First Evaluation Study of the High Yielding Varieties Programme for 1967–8’. Although the information was generalized and the samples involved biased towards most successful areas, certain trends and conclusions emerged relating to the progress of innovation adoption in simple agricultural communities and the influences at work on the mechanism. Subsequent field work in north-west India provided firstly some of the detail lacked by the All-India statistics and, secondly, some insight into the problems faced by economically progressive districts of relevance to less developed ones.
Japan's Enigmatic Election of 1928
Authors: Havens Thomas R. H.
Published: November 2008

When universal manhood suffrage was promulgated, with much eclat, on 5 May 1925, its friends and its enemies both agreed that this act was a new high-water mark in the thirty-five year history of Japanese parliamentarianism. Of a national population of nearly 40 million in 1890, the first electorate had been carefully confined to 400,000 adult males who met a stiff property test. By the early 1920s inflation, population growth, and eased voting requirements had gradually spread the franchise to some 3 million persons, still a mere fraction of the populace. Then, at a stroke, the universal suffrage law of 1925 gave the vote to males aged twenty-five and older, swelling the pool of electors four-fold to more than 13 million.
The Creation of a Chinese Lineage: The Teng of Ha Tsuen, 1669–1751
Authors: Watson Rubie S.
Published: November 2008

Prior to the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949 the formal apparatus of the Chinese imperial state rarely extended below the hsien, or county level. There was, in effect, ‘local self government’ and in certain parts of China this meant rule by powerful, localized descent groups. While some Chinese patrilineages remained small and politically insignificant, others grew until they resembled petty states. These large lineage organizations, which I prefer to call ‘dominant lineages’, made dependents out of neighbours, controlled market centers, and maintained their own militias and local defence corps. In this paper the formation of one such dominant lineage is described in detail.
Reproducing Inequality: Spirit Cults and Labor Relations in Colonial Eastern India
Authors: Prakash Gyan
Published: November 2008

Understanding how unequal relations are reproduced over time is as significant as comprehending inequality itself. For unequal relations exist only in human practices that reproduce them. More than a play on words, the coupling of production with reproduction in recent anthropological studies highlights processes that provide the basis for production. The necessity of reconstructing practices that reproduce social relations is perhaps nowhere more neglected than in the study of South Asian history. When it comes to explaining how unequal relations between social groups were maintained, the caste system is the perennial favorite. This is particularly so where relations between landlords and landless laborers are concerned. Thus, even Jan Breman's sophisticated and rich study of dependent laborers in South Gujarat points to thejajmanisystem, the institutional form of caste relations in the agrarian context, as the basis for relations between laborers and landlords in the past. While his study illuminates how bonded labor relations can be understood in the light of thejajmanimodel, it fails to explain how these relations were reproduced. Are we to assume that the transactional norms of the caste system, once in place, simply drove laborers and landlords into actions that reproduced bondage?
The Challenge ofGau Mata:British Policy and Religious Change in India, 1880–1916
Authors: Robb Peter
Published: November 2008

That people get the governments they deserve is a saying born out of the expectation of citizens to influence the choice of rulers, or that societies mould states. Perhaps, conversely, when governments are imposed on people, especially by outsiders, they are likely to be more than usually influential. Certainly, in India, social and religious changes are thought to have occurred under British rule. Official records provide much of the evidence for this. Yet British policy and attitudes in this area have not been very fully analysed. This essay is an attempt to start closing the gap, and it is hoped will provide some insight indirectly into how the records were produced and what was seen of social and religious change in the later nineteenth century—both matters ultimately of importance to the understanding of the period. Special attention will be paid to the cow-protection movements between 1880 and 1916.
Taiwan and the Limits of British Power, 1868
Authors: Gordon Leonard H. D.
Published: November 2008

When the treaty system between the western powers and China was firmly established in 1860, a new ‘cooperative’ approach emerged in Great Britain's commercial and diplomatic transactions. British authorities believed that a conciliatory manner would bring greater gain in fostering British commercial and developmental interests in China rather than aggressive demands. The treaty system, they envisioned, would bring stability and reason to what had been an arbitrary and often combative relationship. After nearly a decade of trial under the new system, two disturbing incidents occurred on Taiwan which severely tested the treaty system and the cooperative policy and revealed a limitation of Britain's ability to control the use of force and maintain adherence to established policy by practitioners in the field. Moreover, an early consideration of British predominance on Taiwan came to an end.
Malaya and the International Tin Cartel
Authors: Hillman John
Published: November 2008

Although there has been considerable support for primary commodity agreements in the Third World, the experience of one of the pioneering agreements, the International Tin Restriction Scheme of the 1930s, has been very critically assessed, especially as regards its impact on the largest tin producer, Malaya.
Law and Agrarian Society in India: The Case of Bihar and the Nineteenth-Century Tenancy Debate
Authors: Robb Peter
Published: November 2008

David Washbrook's original treatment of the question of law and society, to which the title of the present paper refers, has not yet stimulated the response which might have been expected. It is a wideranging study; only part of it will be taken up in this paper, namely its arguments about landed property rights in the nineteenth century. Washbrook states that in the first half of the century private property in land remained a ‘pure farce’ in India because of continued state involvement in the economy, excessive revenue demands, the persistence of personal law (as codified), and the weakness of the system of courts. He emphasizes the political implications of the co-option of dominant groups for revenue collection and other purposes of British administration. For the second half of the century, Washbrook proposes an improvement in the position of landed and powerful interests, as the law at last ‘beat back the frontier’ of personal law and disentangled private property rights from family and communal fetters.
The Determination of Land Rent in a Non-capitalist Agriculture: North India, 1860–1930
Authors: Ghosh Jayati
Published: November 2008

Most economic theories of land rent determination relate to capitalist agriculture. This is true also of the theories of Ricardo and Marx, which were formulated primarily in the context of nineteenth-century English agriculture. These theories share two crucial assumption: cultivation solely for profit and free mobility of capital between agriculture and other sectors. In the Ricardian scheme these assumptions enable land rent to be determined as a residual after wages and profits have been simultaneously determined, because capitalist cultivators will pay rent only as a surplus over the socially average rate of profit.
The Material and the Cultural: An Attempt to Transcend the Present Impasse
Authors: Perlin Frank
Published: November 2008

‘The Pontiff has engulfed the Emperor, has joined in his pontifical staff the imperial sword. And the result: both Empire and Church go ill because united in one hand they cease to fear each other’ (Kantorowicz, ‘Dante's Two Suns’, 218).
Law, Legitimacy, and the Hereditary Rights of Tamil Temple Priests
Authors: Good Anthony
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the arguments whereby the Brahman priests of a Hindu temple in the town of Kalugumalai, South India, claim exclusive rights to perform worship in that shrine. For comparison, it also deals briefly with the priests of a much larger temple in the nearby city of Madurai, whose arguments partly contradict those used in Kalugumalai. This discrepancy will be explained by treating both sets of arguments as strategic statements, which legitimize the self-interests of their respective protagonists.
Thai-Japan Monetary Relations at the Start of the Pacific War
Authors: Swan William L.
Published: November 2008

In the wake of their rapid advance into Southeast Asia after 8 December 1941, the Japanese began to implement a new monetary policy in the region to replace the long-established Western financial order that was being swept away. The purpose of this article is to discuss aspects of this monetary policy, in particular how it was carried out in regards to Thailand during the first year of the war, the period during which Thai–Japan wartime relations became established. In the wake of their rapid advance into Southeast Asia after 8 December 1941, the Japanese began to implement a new monetary policy in the region to replace the long-established Western financial order that was being swept away. The purpose of this article is to discuss aspects of this monetary policy, in particular how it was carried out in regards to Thailand during the first year of the war, the period during which Thai-Japan wartime relations became established. With the outbreak of war the most urgent need of the Japanese in their relations with Thailand was to convert that country into a suitable rear area for their campaign in Malaya and for the one upcoming against Burma. To this end the Japanese and Thai governments signedon 8 December an agreement permitting Japanese forces to pass through Thai territory to attack Malaya; but equally important the agreement also stipulated that Thailand would afford the Japanese forces all necessary convenience for their passage through Thailand. This stipulation was the key that opened the way for the Japanese to pursue their plans towards Thailand. By passage, of course, the Japanese did not simply mean the travel of their army through Thai territory to attack Malaya and later Burma (although superficially this is what was implied).
Hard Times in the Kantō: Economic Change and Village Life in Late Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Howell David L.
Published: November 2008

Things were not right in the Kantō region during the early nineteenth century. In his memoirs, Mastsudaira Sadanobu, architect of the Kansei Reforms, lamented the sorry state of the villages in Edo's hinterland:

Much land throughout the Kantō is going to waste for want of cultivators. All the people of some villages have left for Edo, leaving only the headman behind. … Many Kantō villagers are suffering great hardship. Babies are killed, the population has declined, and land has gone to waste.
Canada's Economic Relations with Southeast Asia: Federal–Provincial Dimensions of Policy
Authors: Rudner Martin , McLellan Susan
Published: November 2008

In its reply to the Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Representatives (The Hockin Committee) on Independence and Internationalism (1986), the Government of Canada reiterated its intention to treat the Asia-Pacific as ‘an area of concentration in the National Trade Strategy’ (Canada's International Relations, 1986, p. 60). Within the National Trade Strategy, significant attention is being given to the development of Canada's economic relationship with the countries of Southeast Asia, most notably the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) grouping. The policy mechanisms deployed to promote closer economic and social ties with Southeast Asian countries include those pertaining to international trade and finance, development assistance, transport, immigration and cultural relations.
Hewers and Haulers: A History of Coal Miners and Coal Mining in Malaya
Authors: Kaur Amarjit
Published: November 2008

The history of coal mining in Malaya is synonymous with the history of Malayan Collieries and Batu Arang town since coal was only ever economically mined in this small area in Ulu Selangor. The town of Batu Arang, the Malayan Collieries and the mines left an indelible mark on Malayan history. Previous accounts of the history of coal mining are restricted to mentions in general works on labour and the labour unrest of 1936–37 and 1946–47. This paper outlines the role of coal mining in the Malayan economy in the first half of the twentieth century. It also focuses on the history of labour at the collieries and the significant role that labour played in the development and growth of industrial activism in Malaya.
Sayyid Mumtaz Ali and ‘Huquq un-Niswan’: An Advocate of Women's Rights in Islam in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Minault Gail
Published: November 2008

Sometime in the late 1890s, Sayyid Mumtaz Ali visited Aligarh and happened to show Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan the manuscript of his treatise in defense of women's rights in Islamic law, Huquq un-Niswan. As he began to read it, Sir Sayyid looked shocked. He then opened it to a second place and his face turned red. As he read it at a third place, his hands started to tremble. Finally, he tore up the manuscript and threw it into the wastepaper basket. Fortunately, at that moment a servant arrived to announce lunch, and as Sir Sayyid left his office, Mumtaz Ali snatched his mutilated manuscript from the trash. He waited until after Sir Sayyid's death in 1898, however, to publish Huquq un-Niswan.
Old District Records in Pakistan
Authors: Martin  , Moir Zawahir
Published: November 2008

Imagine you are in a dark and lofty interior. All around you can dimly see huge racks piled high with cloth bundles—blue, red, green and white. In the middle of the space a rickety ladder leads up to another level also filled with racks and bundles, over and above which rises another ladder and another level. If you decide to move you must step carefully between piles of old papers strewn across the floor and, perhaps, small channels of water. If you try to grasp hold of one of the coloured bundles to see what it contains you will be assailed by clouds of gritty dust that catch at your eyes and throat and may even force you to retire quickly from that dark and inhospitable place. Is this a dacoits' hideout or perhaps the cave of Ali Baba? No—as you've certainly guessed by now—it is or could be almost any district record room anywhere in Pakistan.
Curzon and Indian Reform
Authors: Moore Robin J.
Published: November 2008

Lord Curzon was the imperial gatekeeper who opened the way to parliamentary government in India by composing Edwin Montagu's declaration of 20 August 1917. He defined British policy as ‘the increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire’. Curzon himself acknowledged his authorship in an endorsement on his own printed copy of the declaration. On the eve of the War Cabinet's agreement to the declaration he included his proposed key words in a letter to Montagu, a document strangely overlooked in all of the many accounts of the matter. The only Cabinet departure from Curzon's key words was the substitution of ‘progressive’ for ‘fuller’. Montagu questioned the latter term and Curzon proposed the former. There was nothing impromptu about the drafting. For months variations on it had been floated in correspondence between the authorities in India and London. The use and meaning of ‘self-government’ had been widely canvassed. It is generally understood that ‘responsible government’ went beyond ‘self-government’, for in constitutional parlance it must mean a parliamentary system (with a responsible executive), whereas ‘self-government’ might be achievable in non-Westminster forms. The justification for dyarchy, the essence of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, lay in its apparent satisfaction of the declaration's espousal of the principle of responsiblity.
A Quarrel in the Language Family: Agency and Representations of Speech in Mithila
Authors: Burghart Richard
Published: November 2008

I came upon this passage in Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (1927: 1: 1: 19) after having spent a year in the provincial town of Janakpur, documenting the Maithili language of northern Bihar and southeastern Nepal. Many local people encouraged and assisted me in my research, but all told me in good faith that I had come to the wrong place. I should have gone twenty miles to the southeast, where the ‘authentic’ language is spoken. It seems that I had not been alone in having been urged by informants and well-wishers to go somewhere else: either in pursuit of languages that do not exist or being redirected down the road to where the language is really spoken. Unfortunately visa problems prevented me from taking up the advice of friends, yet a cursory reading of the literature on regional and social dialectology would have been enough to turn anyone into a skeptic about what one might have been gained from such a journey. Subjective dialect boundaries do not often register on maps of isoglosses, and the objective methods of linguists usually reveal local perceptions of speech behaviour to be based on stereotypes.