bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animals and Theme in Ceremony
Authors: Beidler Peter G
Published: November 2023

To understand the nature of Tayo’s development it is necessary that we recognize Silko’s representation of the white man’s attitude toward animal life. As ranchers, for example, white men raise stupid Herefords that are ill­ adapted to desert terrain and available food supplies, then fence and corral them so that they cannot run free. The white ranchers do not know, as Tayo’s uncle Josiah does, that “cattle are like any living thing. If you separate them from the land for too long, keep them in barns and corrals, they lose something” (p. 74). The white ranchers’ initial response to the hardier and more adaptable Mexican cattle is to make sport of destroying them: “They rode massive powerful roping horses that were capable of jerking down a steer running full speed, knocking the animal unconscious and frequently injuring or killing it” (p. 212).
Blue Medicine
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

This Pueblo medicine leads Tayo to a more arcane healer, Old Betonie, the contemporary Navajo/Mexican breed. Betonie also is known by hazel eyes, and he lives above the Gallup dump in an ancient hogan dug halfway (again, fusional) into the foothill. Betonie collects times and places, calendars and phone books, from his travels among Indians all over America: “all the names in them. Keeping track of things” (C 121). “All these things have stories alive in them,” Betonie claims. Tayo recognizes calendar pictures from 1939 and 1940, predating his war sickness.
What Should Constitutions Say? Secession and Beyond
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

Thus far I have been dealing with the problems that call for a democratic constitution, with methods for achieving constitutional agreements, and with sources of constitutional principles. I have said very little about the substance of a democratic constitution—about what, specifically, belongs in a founding document. What rights should a constitution protect? How should we go about answering that question? In this chapter I attempt to make some progress on that issue, mostly by discussing a problem that seems exotic but that contains a number of general lessons: the status of the right to secede. The old Soviet constitution created a right to secede. The United States Constitution does not. Although some secessionists in the American South, invoking state sovereignty, claimed to find an implicit right to secede in the founding document, it was more common to invoke an extratextual “right to secede” said to be enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. In any case, no serious scholar or politician now argues that a right to secede exists under United States constitutional law.
Democracy and Rights: The Nondelegation Canons
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

The United States Constitution, like many others, seems to contain an interesting doctrine specifically designed to ensure democratic self-government. Article 1, section 1, of the Constitution vests “legislative power” in a “Congress of the United States” and not in anyone else. According to “the nondelegation doctrine,” the national legislature is not permitted to give, or to delegate, its lawmaking powers to any other institution. One of the most important questions in contemporary constitutional law is whether, and in what sense, the nondelegation doctrine still lives.
Social and Economic Rights? Lessons from South Africa
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

I have argued that the anticaste principle captures an important part of a democratic constitution’s commitment to equality; but I have also said that the principle does not exhaust the meaning of equality as a constitutional ideal. Should a democratic constitution also try to ensure that people will not live in desperate conditions? Should it create rights against starvation or homelessness? The answers to these questions point toward what might well be the most striking difference between constitutional rights in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and constitutional rights in the current period. Before the twentieth century, democratic constitutions made no mention of rights to food, shelter, and health care. In more recent times, rights of this kind are usually protected in the most explicit terms. A remarkable feature of international opinion—indeed a near consensus—is that socioeconomic rights deserve constitutional protection. The principal exception to the consensus is the United States, where most people think that such rights do not belong in a constitution.
Review of von Neumann 1931: The formalist’s way of founding mathematics (1932g)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to Gödel 1932g, as well as to related items, can be found on page 196, immediately preceding 1931a.]The formalist’s goal in providing a foundation for mathematics is, as the author explains, to vindicate classical mathematics while taking into account the doubts raised about it by the intuitionists. In criticizing transfinite (existential) modes of inference-of which a very instructive example is given-the formalist thus concurs with the intuitionist. Yet he directs his attention to the fact that these modes of inference attain a thoroughly finitary meaning if they are viewed, not as methods of contentual thinking, but as a procedure for deriving formulas according to certain conventions, since the formulas and the operations carried out with them do, after all, have a finitary character. In describing the procedures of classical mathematics, formalism in large part adopts the work of the logicist school. However, since formalism regards these procedures not as contentually evident methods of proof but merely as a “formula game”, it faces the problem of demonstrating the utility of this “game” for science. This is supposed to be done by our showing that every numerical formula verifiable (calculable) in finitely many steps that can be derived according to the rules of the game by which classical mathematics is played must turn out to be correct when actually calculated. The applicability of classical mathematics to shortening the computation of arithmetical expressions would thereby be demonstrated, and it is in just this sense that classical mathematics is applied to experience. The proof of the fact described above amounts to the proof of consistency, which therefore is the central problem. It must, of course, be carried out by means of contentually unobjectionable (that is, intuitionistic) methods. The basic features of the method employed for consistency proofs are described, and in conclusion it is pointed out that up to now consistency proofs have been successfully carried out only for certain restricted subsystems of classical mathematics.
Review of Klein 1932 : On a decomposition theorem in the theory of abstract connectives (1932j)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In connection with an earlier work (1931), the author defines “lattice”

to mean a domain of individuals in which two commutative and associative operations.
Introductory note to 1932k, 1934e and 1936b
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Church had some quite novel ideas for “a system of mathematical logic free of some of the complications entailed by Bertrand Russell’s theory of types, and [which] would at the same time avoid the well known paradoxes ... by weakening the classical principle of reductio ad absurdum.” To this end he described a formal system in 1992. Finding that he had not succeeded there in avoiding a modified form of the Russell paradox, he made some changes in 1933.
the algebra of logic with special reference to Whitehead and Russell’s Principia mathematica (1932m)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Two new axiom systems for the calculus of classes (propositional calculus) are specified. The first employs addition (a+ b) and complementation (a’) as primitive notions, and, in addition to the commutativity and associativity of+, requires only the following two axioms:
Introductory note to 1933
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

William Tuthill Parry presented a deviant propositional calculus of the sort now called relevance logic, in which a conditional formula failed to be valid if its consequent contained a new letter. Gödel’s remarks are here reported. In the discussion someone (evidently Hahn) wondered how many truth values are needed in modeling Heyting’s intuitionistic propositional calculus. Gödel answered the question a few months after the colloquium and thus before this publication of it; see Gödel 1992.
Über Unabhangigkeitsbeweise im Aussagenkalkiil (1999a)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Laf3t sich jeder Unabhiin.gigkeitsbeweis innerhalb des Aussagenkalkiils mit Hilfe von endlichen Modellen (Matrizen1) fiihren? Diese von Hahn aufgeworfene Frage ist zu verneinen. Z. B. ist die Aussage p :::> ∼∼p von folgenden drei Axiomen:
On independence proofs in the propositional calculus (1933a)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Can every independence proof for a formula of the propositional calculus be carried out by means of finite models (matrices1 )? This question, raised by Hahn, is to be answered in the negative. For example, the proposition p :::) ∼∼p is independent of the following three axioms:
Review of Kalmar 1933: On the satisfiability of those first-order expressions that in normal form contain two adjacent universal quantifiers (1933l)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This work presents a solution of the decision problem for the case cited in the title, one that does not differ essentially from that sketched by the reviewer in his 1992a. By a procedure given by W. Ackermann in his 1928a, page 647, for the case of one universal quantifier, the problem is first reduced to the corresponding one for expressions of the form.
Review of Hahn 1932: Real functions (1933m)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The same author’s Theorie der reellen Funktionen [1921], long out of print, appears here in a revised version that is completely new, with respect to both content and form of presentation. The chapters of the present first volume (the theory of set functions being reserved for a second volume) contain a far more detailed treatment than those in the earlier book, in accordance with the new results obtained in the interim, and a new chapter on analytic sets has been added. The proofs are given with a rigor and attention to detail that probably have hardly an equal in the textbooks of mathematics and are not far removed from complete “formalization” (in the sense of, say, Principia mathematica). At the same time, the number of explicitly formulated theorems is so large that the proof of each one of them can be kept comparatively brief by appeal to the theorems preceding it. (Proofs only rarely exceed half a page and are usually substantially shorter.) A further characteristic feature of the book is the principle, followed throughout, of making do with the fewest assumptions and therefore also of formulating everything as abstractly as possible.
Introductory note to 1936
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

A technical overview of all three papers, as well as a detailed discussion of the role the Menger colloquium played in the development of economic theory, is given in Weintraub 1989, pages 5- 12. Briefly, Weintraub notes that Gustav Cassel, following Walras, had formulated non-linear systems of equations in which demand quantities of goods were expressed as functions of their prices. Schlesinger had then inverted this relationship, formulating a system of equations in which demand prices were expressed as functions of the quantities of goods produced. Wald, in turn, investigated conditions under which Schlesinger’s equations would have unique solutions. In this context, Gödel’s remark may be viewed not as chiding Wald for having neglected the role of income, but as suggesting a generalization of Wald’s investigations to systems in which factor prices were included. Weintraub, however, quoting Lionel McKenzie, notes (footnote 11, pages 10-11) that, although Walras’ original equations had included factor prices as arguments, there is, contrary to Gödel’s suggestions, no obvious way to formulate a meaningful system of inverse equations involving factor prices if there is more than one consumer.
A remark about the relationship between relativity theory and idealistic philosophy (1949a)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

One of the most interesting aspects of relativity theory for the philosophical-minded consists in the fact that it gave new and surprising in sights into the nature of time, of that mysterious and seemingly self contradictory being which, on the other hand, seems to form the basis of the world’s and our own existence. The very starting point of special relativity theory consists in the discovery of a new and very astonishing property of time, namely the relativity of simultaneity, which to a large extent implies that of succession. The assertion that the events A and B are simultaneous (and, for a large class of pairs of events, also the assertion that A happened before B) loses its objective meaning, in so far as another observer, with the same claim to correctness, can assert that A and B are not simultaneous (or that B happened before A).
Time
Authors: Lindow John
Published: November 2023

Religions of the world experience and encode time in various ways: as a linear progression, as a never-ending set of cycles, as a process of degeneration, and so forth. We are most used to a linear system, since it characterizes our Judeo-Christian tradition, which sees a clear progression from the creation of the world through a long present leading to a last time, a day of judgment, an end of history.
The Hidden History of The Tibetan Book of the Dead
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

In 1927, Oxford University Press published the first western-language translation of a collection of Tibetan funerary texts (the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo) under the title The Tibetan Book of the Dead. Since that time, the work has established a powerful hold on the western popular imagination, and is now considered a classic of spiritual literature. Over the years, The Tibetan Book of the Dead has inspired numerous commentaries, an illustrated edition, a play, a video series, and even an opera. Translators, scholars, and popular devotees of the book have claimed to explain its esoteric ideas and reveal its hidden meaning. Few, however, have uttered a word about its history. Bryan J. Cuevas seeks to fill this gap in our knowledge by offering the first comprehensive historical study of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo, and by grounding it firmly in the context of Tibetan history and culture. He begins by discussing the many ways the texts have been understood (and misunderstood) by westerners, beginning with its first editor, the Oxford-educated anthropologist Walter Y. Evans-Wentz, and continuing through the present day. The remarkable fame of the book in the west, Cuevas argues, is strikingly disproportionate to how the original Tibetan texts were perceived in their own country. Cuevas tells the story of how The Tibetan Book of the Dead was compiled in Tibet, of the lives of those who preserved and transmitted it, and explores the history of the rituals through which the life of the dead is imagined in Tibetan society. This book provides not only a fascinating look at a popular and enduring spiritual work, but also a much-needed corrective to the proliferation of ahistorical scholarship surrounding The Tibetan Book of the Dead.
The Knights of the Cape
Authors: Palma Ricardo
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of June 5, 1541, 12 Spaniards, all of whom had been rewarded by the king for their exploits during the conquest of Peru, were gathered together at the home of Pedro de San Millan. The house that sheltered them consisted of a parlor and five other rooms, leaving a large plot of ground on which to build. Six leather armchairs, an oak bench, and a grimy table flush against the wall were the only furniture in the parlor. Hence the house, like the attire of those who lived there, revealed from a mile away one of those sorts of poverty that rubs elbows with beggary. And this was in fact the case.
The Magistrate’s Ears
Authors: Palma Ricardo
Published: November 2023

The imperial town of Potosi was, in the middle of the sixteenth century, the place to which fortune hunters chose to flock. This explains why, five years after the discovery of its rich mines, the town’s population numbered over 25,000 souls. “A mining town,” the proverb goes, “is a lustful, lawless town.” And never was a proverb more apt than in the case of Potosi during the first two centuries of the conquest.
Friar Martin’s Mice
Authors: Palma Ricardo
Published: November 2023

With this couplet there ends an account of virtues and miracles that circulated as a broadsheet in Lima around the year 1840, on the occasion of the celebration, in our capital of religion and culture, of solemn ceremonies honoring the beatification of Friar Martin de Porres. This holy man was born in Lima on December 9, 1579, the natural son of the Spaniard don Juan de Porres, a knight of the Order of Alcantara, and a slave woman from Panama. While Martincito was still a youngster, his father took him to Guayaquil, where he learned to read and write in a school whose schoolmaster made liberal use of the rod. Two or three years later his father returned with him to Lima and set him to learning the useful occupation of barber and bloodletter, in the shop of a barber on the callede Malambo.
Between Garibaldi ... and Me
Authors: Palma Ricardo
Published: November 2023

Around the year 1865 I was the guest in Le Havre of Luis Cisneros, who held the post of consul of Peru there. Almost every Sunday we had a visitor, an old man 70 years old, who had lunch with us and entertained us with his talk of America and the war of Independence. His name was Monsieur Fysquet, and he had a modest post in Le Havre, I don’t remember whether it was as a security guard or in the harbor master’s office.
David Hackett Souter
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

When the first President Bush chose David Hackett Souter for the Supreme Court in 1990, the slender New Englander with the shy demeanor and ambiguous past was quickly dubbed a "stealth candidate". Determined to avoid a repeat of the firestorm surrounding President Reagan's nomination of the controversial Robert Bork, Bush opted for Souter, who had, remarkably, produced only one law review article in his legal career. Souter, an obscure but well-respected New Hampshire conservative, seemed unlikely to arouse the kind of passionate opposition that defined the Bork confirmation process. And, indeed, Souter was accepted onto the Court with little fuss. Today, fifteen years into his tenure, Souter remains as enigmatic and unpredictable as ever, a mystery even to avid Court watchers. Who is David Hackett Souter and what will be his legacy on the Supreme Court? Sifting through Souter's opinions, papers of the Justice's contemporaries and other relevant records and interviews, esteemed Supreme Court biographer Tinsley Yarbrough here gives us the real David Souter, crafting a fascinating account of one of the heretofore most elusive Justices in the history of the Court. Though Souter's record on legal issues was generally conservative before his arrival on the Court, his mixed views caused some concern among both the left and the right during the appointment process. His reclusive lifestyle and frugality added to his mystique, making him even more difficult to peg. His penchant for solitude and his seemingly narrow circle of close friends convinced some that the middle-aged bachelor was out of touch with the sort of "real world" problems the nation's highest court regularly confronts. Court watchers soon realized--to their delight or dismay--that President Bush's "stealth" justice was a traditional New England Republican deeply tied to the party's historic roots in the union and civil rights--in stark contrast to most Reagan-Bush I appointees. On the bench, Souter has embraced a flexible, evolving, and highly pragmatic judicial style that embraces a high regard for precedent--even liberal decisions of the Warren and Burger Courts with which he may have personally disagreed. Even more significantly, Souter has become a regular and very effective critic of the set of rulings via which his ostensible political brethren--Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas--have abandoned precedent to assert their conservative vision. Ultimately, Yarbrough contends, Souter has become the principal Rehnquist Court opponent of the originalist, text-bound jurisprudence that many of the more conservative Justices profess to champion.
An Outpost of Progress
Authors: conrad joseph
Published: November 2023

There were two white men in charge of the trading station. Kayerts, the chief, was short and fat; Carlier, the assistant, was tall, with a large head and a very broad trunk perched upon a long pair of thin legs. The third man on the staff was a Sierra Leone nigger, who maintained that his name was Henry Price. However, for some reason or other, the natives down the river had given him the name of Makola, and it stuck to him through all his wanderings about the country.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Authors: Stowe Harriet Beecher
Published: November 2023

The utter inefficiency of the law to protect the slave in any respect has been shown. But it is claimed that, precisely because the law affords the slave no protection, therefore public opinion is the more strenuous in his behalf.

Nothing more frequently strikes the eye, in running over judicial proceedings in the Courts of slave States, than announcements of the utter inutility of the law to rectify some glaring injustice towards this unhappy race, coupled with congratulatory remarks on that beneficent state of public sentiment which is to supply entirely this acknowledged deficiency of the law.
“The Age of the Sestina”
Authors: Caplan David
Published: November 2023

in july 1937, elizabeth bishop published her recently completed poem, “A Miracle for Breakfast.” I quote it in full: At six o’clock we were waiting for coffee, waiting for coffee and the charitable crumb That was going to be served from a certain balcony, —like kings of old, or like a miracle. It was still dark. One foot of the sun steadied itself on a long ripple in the river. The first ferry of the day had just crossed the river. It was so cold we hoped that the coffee would be very hot, seeing that the sunn was not going to warm us; and that the crumb would be a loaf each, buttered, by a miracle. At seven a man stepped out on the balcony. He stood for a minute alone on the balcony looking over our heads towards the river. A servant handed him the makings of the miracle, consisting of one lone cup of coffee and one roll, which he proceeded to crumb, his head, so to speak, in the clouds—along with the sun.
Why Not the Heroic Couplet?
Authors: Caplan David
Published: November 2023

One of the [English major] requirements was a course in the eighteenth century. I hated the very idea of the eighteenth century, with all those smug men writing tight little couplets and being so dead keen on reason. So I’d skipped it. Set in the mid-1790s, the years immediately preceding both the Irish Rebellion and the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, Eavan Boland’s aptly titled “The Death of Reason” (1994) depicts the eighteenth century’s fiery passing. Flames overtake a catalogue of the century’s gentle arts and delicate goods, “the curve and pout / of supple dancing and the couplet rhyming”: And the dictates of reason and the blended sensibility of tact and proportion—yes the eighteenth century ends here as her hem scorches and the satin decoration catches fire. She is burning down. As a house might. As a candle will. She is ash and tallow. It is over.
Letters
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: November 2023

Seventy-six letters by Samson Occom provide a remarkable window onto Occom’s personal and public lives, including his family relationships and friendships, as well as his position within indigenous, domestic, and transatlantic networks of religious and political aﬃliation. More than in any other genre of his writing, in his letters we hear the voice of Samson Occom across a full expressive range: he is aﬀectionate, humorous, sorrowful, searching, earnest, honest, critical, righteously indignant, sarcastic, and contemptuous. To his close friends and mentors, Occom confesses vulnerabilities, hurts, and disappointments and expresses a deep and personal faith. He wrote to Eleazar Wheelock on the eve of his departure for England, December 6, 1765:
‘Fragment Of A ‘Fantastic Story, Anterior To The ‘Eighteenth ‘Dynasty
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

The Berlin Papyrus No. 3 includes the fragments of two works: a philosophical dialogue between an Egyptian and his soul, and a fantastic story. It appears that the story began at line 156, and it occupied the last thirty-six lines of the manuscript as it exists at present (11. 156-191); it is impossible to estimate exactly what is missing from the end; all that can be said now is that the lines with which the narrative opens were anciently effaced. A second edition of the text has been given in phototype by Alan H. Gardiner, Die Erziihlung des Sinuhe und die Hirtengischichte, in vol. iv. of Hieratische Texten des Mittleren Reiches by Erman, folio, Leipzig, 1909, pl. xvi, xvii. It was translated for the first time into French by Maspero, itudes igyptiennes, vol. i, p. 73 et seq., then into German by Erman, Aus den Papyrus der Koniglichen Museen, 1899, pp. 20-30, and by Alan H. Gardiner, Die Erziihlung des Sinuhe und die Hirtengeschichte, pp. 14, 15. Now behold, as I went down to the marsh which adjoins that wadi, I saw there a woman who had not the appearance of a mortal; my hair rose up when I perceived her tresses, by the variety of their colour. I could make nothing of that which she spake to me, so much had the terror of her penetrated my limbs.
Sterne and Irregular Oratory
Authors: Lamb Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Laurence Sterne has always been considered the least rulebound of the British eighteenth-century novelists, and his Tristram Shandy is generally cited as the most eccentric production within the already varied collection of narrative types of eighteenth-century fiction. The common method of assimilating his work to the new province of novel writing is to assume that the digressions, apostrophes, typographical outrages and zany time scheme that make it so unaccountable are the result of a thoroughgoing parody of the conventions of realism established during the previous decade by Richardson and Fielding.
Brown v. Board of Education
Authors: Klarman Michael J
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1951, black students at segregated Moton High School in Prince Edward County, Virginia, commenced a strike against over-crowding and other unequal conditions in their school. This sort of youthful black militancy, though it was not uncommon in the postwar South, was a stunning departure from white expectations of black subservience in rural Southside, Virginia. Local leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People initially tried to discourage the protest because Prince Edward County seemed like such an inhospitable environment in which to challenge Jim Crow education. When the students would not be dissuaded, however, the association’s lawyers agreed to sponsor a law-suit, but only on the condition that the students and their parents directly attack segregation, which had not been their initial intention. This lawsuit became one of the five consolidated cases that became known to history as Brown v. Board of Education.
Looking At Sterling A. Brown’s South: An Introduction
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

From their humble beginnings with Lucy Terry’s earliest poem to Rita Dove’s Pulitzer Prize–winning verse and Toni Morrison’s Nobel Prize–winning prose, African American letters have laid claim, either implicitly or explicitly, to the same Enlightenment values and ideals shaping the founding documents of the American Republic: freedom, equality, justice, and, above all, universal personhood. Indeed, in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century contexts, where letters and the literary tradition often served as the demarcation between human and animal, free and slave, subject and object, the very assertion of literary ability was the assertion of being, citizenship, and democratic inclusion.1 Thus a poor eighteenth-century black woman’s chronicle of her community in Deerfield, Massachusetts, and a contemporary black woman’s epic tale of slavery’s (and emancipation’s) trauma may serve as bookends to a tradition shaped by the African American struggle for full democratic access.
“Bus Station”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

The bus for Macon was due to leave at 2:45 P.M. I had been unable to get a cab; Frank finally picked me up and by driving his Pontiac like a red ball through hell through all the back streets and alleys, he had got me to the depot at 2:43. The station was white, new and cheaply imposing. I ran up the steep incline to the colored entrance, swung through the glass door with its chromium bars, and wove through a crowd of folks to the barred off ticket window. There were two lines ahead of me, one of Negro employees of the company, and the other of passengers. A lanky, ruddy-faced clerk was taking his time, cashing the checks of the employees. When the fellow abreast of me came up, the clerk scrutinized him with gimlet eyes. “What’s the matter, James?” “I been sick, Mr. Doyle. That’s the reason I didn’t make much time. I had to lay off two days.” Doyle grunted suspiciously, looked at the back of the check, and paid out a few dollars. The white woman waited on the last customer before me, and then was long gone. I don’t know why; maybe it was because I had a suit and a tie and was smoking a cigarette. But she turned away as I got there, and rushed to the white folks’ window which we could see through the office.
“Roommate”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

The director of the Negro USO at Columbus, Ga., had called up the Y.M.C.A. and arranged for me to get a room. The old decaying shambles of a building seemed deserted. There was a dim light over the counter, but nobody to check me in. I waited awhile, then started exploring. One door led to a pitch-dark, damp smelling hole; I learned the next morning with a postponed scare, that the swimming pool, full of green water, was just a few yards from where I had groped in the blackness. Finally, the old man who was in charge came in. As we mounted the steps he told me that he was really looking out for me, that my room had a bath. We climbed the shaky stairs, and then he knocked on a door. I heard a grumbling “Who’s there?” and a click. Through the transom I saw a light come on. I was surprised at having a roommate; I was more surprised when he flung the door open and stood there. He was a little old fellow, reddish bronze, with walrus moustaches, looking mean and mad. He resented being aroused from his sleep. From his looks and speech I suspected that he was a down-home farmer, but he was wearing the latest style jockey shirts and shorts. He looked funny standing there, a bandylegged little old farmer, caricaturing the magazine advertisements.
“Return Of The Native”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

When I got out of the car that had brought me there from Baton Rouge, Gus and Abe and Alan ran down to the gate to greet me. They all talked at once: Abe about the hunting I had missed, Alan about his new family, and Gus about the gatherings and sports that had been his welcome home. The yard was full of children of all sizes and ages. Near the porch, in barrel-stave swings and comfortable chairs, on benches, on the steps, were the grown-ups, and every now and then another would appear out of the rambling old house. I asked Gus later how many of his kinsfolk had been at this gathering; he was never certain, but counted up near to forty. All close relations were there except two sisters and their families. The clan had gathered because Gus, the second son, the junior, had come home. Over a score of years ago, a tall, green youngster, their hope, he had left Frilot Cove for Tuskegee. He returned home after his graduation, but had been away now for over fifteen years. Most of the relatives, his young nieces and nephews and cousins, he had of course never seen, but they had heard all about him. The youngsters tumbling around and yelling, the older sisters and brothers and cousins and in-laws chattering away, were mostly fair in complexion; nearly all of them would have been taken for white; some were olive-colored, some blonde, one in-law was a fiery red-head. A few were light tan—French, Spanish looking; only two were what could be called brownskin: Gus’s stepmother, Indian-like, with coal-black straight hair, and Abe’s wife, a recent addition to the family. Gus himself looks like a Frenchman.
The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Leading historian of the early church, Bart Ehrman offers the first comprehensive account of the newly discovered Gospel of Judas, revealing what this legendary lost gospel contains and why it is so important for our understanding of Christianity. Ehrman describes how he first saw the Gospel of Judas--surprisingly, in a small room above a pizza parlor in a Swiss town near Lake Geneva--and he recounts the fascinating story of where and how this ancient papyrus document was discovered, how it moved around among antiquities dealers in Egypt, the United States, and Switzerland, and how it came to be restored and translated. More important, Ehrman gives the reader a complete and clear account of what the book teaches and he shows how it relates to other Gospel texts--both those inside the New Testament and those outside of it, most notably, the Gnostic texts of early Christianity. Finally, he describes what we now can say about the historical Judas himself as well as his relationship with Jesus, suggesting that one needs to read between the lines of the early Gospels to see exactly what Judas did and why he did it. The Gospel of Judas presents an entirely new view of Jesus, his disciples, and the man who allegedly betrayed him. It raises many questions and Bart Ehrman provides illuminating and authoritative answers, in a book that will interest anyone curious about the New Testament, the life of Jesus, and the history of Christianity after his death.
Sentiment without Tears
Authors: Hochman Barbara
Published: November 2023

Uncle Tom’s Cabin was an unprecedented success when first published in 1852, but by the 1860s interest in the book had diminished; it was infrequently reprinted either during the war or the postwar years (Winship; Parfait). Stowe’s novel gained a new lease on life in the 1880s and especially the 1890s, however; new editions appeared, and there is good evidence for saying that the book was, once again, widely read.1 This essay explores the renewed appeal of Uncle Tom’s Cabin for commentators, editors, publishers, and other readers of this period. The essay also addresses two methodological issues: How can attention to the paratextual materials of individual editions (prefaces, introductions, illustrations) serve as a basis for general claims about the way a text was read and used at a particular historical moment? To what extent can we see the comments and editorial choices of literary professionals as evidence of culturally typical reading practices and as factors in shaping the responses of others?
Fair
Authors: Ray Robert B
Published: November 2023

By bringing the sights of the world to normal people in provincial towns, the 1904 World’s Fair (or, as Tootie properly calls it, the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition) functions as a metaphor for Hollywood’s idealized image of itself.
Garland
Authors: Ray Robert B
Published: November 2023

Judy Garland represents the extreme case of extradiegetic knowledge affecting the response to a star’s performance. Almost everyone now encountering Meet Me in St. Louis for the first time has some awareness of what happened to her: the calamitous marriages, the persistent addictions, the increasingly mannered performances, the premature death. She had the misfortune to live through the studio system’s own cycles: the all-powerful maturity that determined her roles and exacerbated her anxieties, and the abrupt senescence that left her unprotected. Garland’s image was unmoored to any central, stable personality: hence the wigs, the fluctuating weight, the constructed features, edited and revised over and over again by a long stream of uncredited contributors.
Halloween
Authors: Ray Robert B
Published: November 2023

Some of the Halloween sequence’s production history has become common knowledge: how Benson’s version had immediately struck Minnelli (“The scene was the reason I wanted to do the picture”); how he labored over its execution, requiring late hours of the children, especially Margaret O’Brien; and finally, how producer Arthur Freed wanted to cut it because “[i]t’s the only scene that doesn’t have anything to do with the plot.” (Freed ran the film without the Halloween sequence and blithely changed his mind: “It’s not the same picture,” he admitted. “Let’s put it back.”) As with Tootie’s other big moment, in the snow, the Halloween sequence represents a shift in register: when the camera comes upon the bonfire, the movie changes tone, becoming suddenly intense and mysterious.
Ketchup
Authors: Ray Robert B
Published: November 2023

Meet Me in St. Louis portrays ketchup making as a communal, oral practice (the Smiths don’t follow a written recipe), whose results issue from trial and error or family tradition. As such, it represents the kind of activity transformed by what Walter Benjamin called “mechanical reproduction,” or by what Taylor and Ford termed “standardization.” As Benjamin noted, a photograph can be reproduced endlessly, without modification, and Ford’s Model T’s were identical, made to an exact plan. Soon after Meet Me in St. Louis’s time, Heinz ketchup would become the same ketchup, no matter where you bought it. The great celebrant of this kind of mechanical reproduction was Andy Warhol: What’s great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca- Cola, and you know the President drinks Coke, Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and just think, you can drink Coke, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.
Questions (Irrational Enlargement)
Authors: Ray Robert B
Published: November 2023

Who lives at 5134 Kensington Avenue? What case did Mr. Smith lose? What did Grandpa do for a living? What happened to Grandma? What song would the characters sing if they didn’t live in St. Louis? When Tootie cuts her lip, the doctor asks, “What is it this time, Tootie?” What was it the last time? What is Lon’s major at Princeton? What is the unoccupied horse and carriage doing on Kensington Avenue during the Halloween sequence? What is Mr. Braukoff reading when Tootie knocks on his door? What was in the bag that Esther accidentally drops from the trolley? Where did John Truitt find a tuxedo?.
Window Dressers
Authors: Ray Robert B
Published: November 2023

Although that roster betrays an obvious surrealist connection, the origins of window dressing date back to the mid-nineteenth century and the confluence of the museum, world’s fair, and department store. Aristide Bouciaut’s Bon Marché, the first department store, opened in Paris in 1852, only a year after London’s Crystal Palace Exhibition. Although its rival Le Louvre arrived three years later, this marketing innovation accelerated only when Bouciaut hired M. A. Laplance and Gustave Eiffel to build a store that would occupy an entire block. Eiffel had been involved with the 1867 Exposition; another Parisian fair, the Universal Exposition of 1889, which commissioned the tower bearing his name, would ensure his immortality. That fair would also inspire Frantz Jourdain, the architect of yet another major Parisian store, La Samaritaine, itself influenced by Zola’s fictional Au Bonheur des Dames. Zola’s famous opening describes the young provincial Denise standing awestruck before the store’s windows, “displaying symphonies of window-dressing . . . an orgy of colours.” Like the museum and world expositions, the department store depended on displaying merchandise in a style that Rosalind Williams has called “the chaotic-exotic”: “syncretism, anachronism, illogicality, flamboyance, childishness . . . an attempt to express visions of distant places in concrete terms.” With its mixture of 1940s slang and Victorian sets, its stuffed rooms and sudden plot turns, its child’s perspective on the world, Meet Me in St. Louis resembles a series of carefully designed shop windows.
The Decree On Ecumenism, Unitatis Redintegratio
Authors: Morerod Charles
Published: November 2023

In order to grasp some understanding of Unitatis redintegratio’s continuity with tradition, one might of course consider how Church unity has been understood for two millennia. That would be too broad for our purpose. The ecumenical question is actually rather recent. First of all, the consciousness of a somehow permanent division, after both the Eastern schism of 1054 and the Reformation of the sixteenth century, appeared only some time after the divisions themselves. Such a consciousness was certainly clear by the end of the sixteenth century: From then on to be a Christian has implied belonging to one particular denomination.
The Decree On The Instruments Of Social Communication, Inter Mirifica
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: November 2023

ȁThe original language of Christianity is translation.” So I was told by a missionary priest in Nigeria. The language of Judaism is Hebrew, and the language of Islam is Arabic. But what is the language of Christianity? While Catholicism has a particular, although now attenuated, attachment to Latin, the language of Christianity is the language most appropriate to communicating the gospel of Jesus Christ. This understanding is reflected also in Inter mirifica, the Decree on the Instruments of Social Communication. The new curial dicastery called for by the decree is called the Pontifical Council for Social Communication. Some have remarked that “social communication” is an awkward construction. Isn’t all communication, by definition, social? When the council adopted the decree, it was suggested that the document was something of a departure from earlier magisterial texts. The Church has always emphasized that human beings are by nature social, but the social groups that received attention were the family, work associations, national societies, and so on. The media “instruments” discussed by the decree, it was said, are creating something new: a communications society. Many years later, after the “digital revolution” began to take off in the 1990s, people would speak of this communications society as “the global village.”One could argue that Inter mirifica was prescient in anticipating this development. There is some evidence in the text itself to support that argument.
Deliverance: An Allegory of the Sunbelt
Authors: Nystrom Derek
Published: November 2023

It is not too much to say that Deliverance’s narrative is literally generated by the Sunbelt. The film opens with Lewis Medlock’s (Burt Reynolds) harangue about how the Cahulawassee River that he and his friends are planning to canoe, “the last wild, untamed, unpolluted, unfucked up river in the South,” is soon to be dammed up to power “more air conditioners” for the “smug little suburb[s].” Lewis’s speech is meant to trivialize what is being gained (air conditioning) by comparing it to what is being destroyed (hitherto untouched Nature). But the role air conditioning played in the rapid and disproportionate growth in economic and political power experienced by the South after World War II was far from trivial. More than one historian has described air conditioning as the “most critical technological innovation” in the Sunbelt’s industrial and demographic boom. When the 1970 census revealed that the 1960s was the first decade since the Civil War during which more people migrated to the South than emigrated from it, the New York Times dubbed it “the air-conditioned census.” Key Sunbelt political and business figures similarly emphasized the importance of air conditioning to this regional growth. Houston mayor Fred Hofheinz went so far as to proclaim that “without air conditioning, Houston would not have been built— it just wouldn’t exist,” while Frank Trippett argued that Sunbelt cities such as Atlanta—the urban area from which Deliverance’s canoers hail—”could never have mushroomed so prosperously without air conditioning.”
English Tyranny Versus American Liberty: Bearing Arms in Revolutionary America
Authors: Cornell Saul
Published: November 2023

In June of 1768 John Hancock’s schooner Liberty returned to Boston from the Portuguese port of Madeira with its cargo hold laden with wine. Crown officials were eager to make an example of Hancock, whose penchant for smuggling was well known. After inspectors confirmed their suspicions that the appropriate duties had not been paid, customs officials seized the ship. Making an example of the Liberty proved to be a grievous error in judgment. “The popularity of her owner, the name of the sloop,” and a “general aversion” to customs officials and “parliamentary taxation” worked to “inflame the minds of the people.” Hancock was a particularly poor choice to single out for prosecution since he was also an influential member of Boston’s branch of the “Sons of Liberty,” the group that had sprung up in cities and towns across America during the Stamp Act tax protests three years earlier. An angry crowd soon assembled on Hancock’s wharf to protest the seizure.