bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elektronenspektren und Elektronenstruktur von 9,9'‐Dianthryl
Authors: Schneider F. , Lippert E.
Published: August 2023

9,9'‐Dianthryl zeigt eine Verschiebung und Strukturänderung seiner Fluoreszenzbande in Abhängigkeit von der Polarität und Viskosität des Lösungsmittels, die für einen derartigen Kohlenwasserstoff anomal ist. Dieses Verhalten kann durch die Annahme eines intramolekularen Ladungsüberganges und einer Verdrillung im angeregten Zustand erklärt werden.
ESR‐Untersuchung von Protonenübertragungsreaktionen des kurzlebigen Radikals HOOC‐CH‐CH2‐COOH in wäßriger Lösung
Authors: Fischer H. , Hellwege K.‐H. , Lehnig M.
Published: August 2023

Bei der Reaktion von Hydroxylradikalen mit Bernsteinsäure in wäßriger Lösung entstehen kurzlebige Radikale vom Typ HOOC‐CH‐CH2‐COOH, deren ESR‐Spektren vom pH‐Wert und der Bernsteinsäurekonzentration abhängen. Dies wird dadurch erklärt, daß die verschiedenen Dissoziationsformen der Radikale durch Protonenübertragung mit Bernsteinsäuremolekeln rasch und reversibel ineinander übergehen. Die quantitative Auswertung der Spektren liefert die kinetischen Konstanten der Einzelreaktionen.
Zusammenhang zwischen Struktur und Schmelzverhalten bei Einkristallen aus Copolymeren des Poly‐3,3‐bischlormethyloxacyclobutans (Penton)
Authors: Hinrichsen G. , Fischer E. W. , Wegner G.
Published: August 2023

Die physikalischen Kenngrößen von Einkristallen aus drei Copolymeren des Poly‐3,3‐bischlormethyloxacyclobutans (Penton) wurden mit Hilfe der Differentialkalorimetrie, der Röntgenographie und der Mikroskopie untersucht. Die durch Phenoxylierung von Penton in Lösung hergestellten Copolymeren zeigen das bei kristallisierenden Copolymeren übliche Verhalten. Bei Copolymeren, die durch Phenoxylierung der amorphen Grenzflächen von Penton‐Einkristallen hergestellt wurden, verbleiben Gitterkonstanten, Schmelzenthalpie und Schmelzpunkt unabhängig vom Comonomergehalt. Copolymere aus BCMO und THF zeigen eine starke Erniedrigung des Schmelzpunktes; Gitterkonstanten und Schmelzenthalpie bleiben jedoch konstant. Überraschenderweise nimmt die „Güte”︁ und Regelmäßigkeit der aus Lösung gewonnenen Einkristalle sogar mit steigendem THF‐Gehalt zu.
Absorptionsmessungen an Polymeren im fernen IR‐Gebiet
Authors: Frischkorn H. , Amrhein E.
Published: August 2023

Mit einem Michelson‐Interferometer wurden die Absorptionsspektren von Polyäthylen und Polyoxymethylen im Bereich von 500 cm−1bis 10 cm−1gemessen. Proben mit unterschiedlichem Kristallanteil zeigen ein Ansteigen der Absorption mit zunehmender Fehlordnung („fehlordnungsinduzierte Absorption”︁). Durch Bestrahlen und Chlorieren von Polyäthylen wurde versucht, diesen Effekt zu verstärken.
Messung der dielektrischen Größen von Hochpolymeren mit quasi‐optischen Methoden im Bereich von 30 bis 300 GHz (10 bis 1 mm Wellenlänge)
Authors: Zeil Werner , Sistig Eberhard , Frank Werner , Hoffmann Volker
Published: August 2023

Mit Hilfe von Freiraumwellen haben wir die dielektrischen Eigenschaften einiger Hochpolymerer im Frequenzbereich von 30 bis 300 GHz (1 bis 10 mm Wellenlänge) untersucht. ϵ′ wurde aus Messungen der Reflexionseigenschaften und ϵ″ aus Messungen der Reflexions‐ und der Transmissionseigenschaften bestimmt. Bei Substanzen mit polaren Gruppen beobachteten wir ein Ansteigen des tan δ mit steigender Frequenz.
Energiesparende Reizelektrodensysteme für die Organstimulation
Authors: Schaldach M. , Blaser R. , Thull R.
Published: August 2023

Am Modellfall kugelförmiger Stimulationselektroden lassen sich die minimale Stimulationsenergie und das Verhältnis von ohmschen und Polarisationsverlusten angeben. Die Optimierung erfordert eine Anpassung des Radius an den Abstand zur nächsten erregbaren Zellmembran bei gleichzeitiger Verringerung der Polarisationsverluste und unter Vermeidung von Gewebeschädigung durch elektrochemische Reaktionen. Durch Deckschichtelektroden und Stromdichtetransformations‐Elektroden wurde eine erhebliche Verminderung des Energieverbrauchs erzielt, die eine Verlängerung der Betriebszeit implantierbarer Herzschrittmacher um 20‐30 % erwarten läßt.
Sensoren für Lactat und Glucose
Authors: Mindt W. , Racine Ph. , Schläpfer P.
Published: August 2023

Es wird anhand von zwei Beispielen über eine Gruppe von elektrochemisch‐enzymatischen Sensoren berichtet, in denen der Ablauf eines mit der Enzymreaktion gekoppelten Redoxprozesses amperometrisch bestimmt wird. Der Sensor besteht aus einer Platinelektrode, die mit einer dünnen Schicht eines Enzyms bedeckt und von der Meßprobe durch eine semipermeable Membran getrennt ist. Es werden die Bedingungen diskutiert, unter denen optimale Eigenschaften von Linearität, Stabilität und Ansprechzeit erhalten werden. Ferner wird der Einfluß von in physiologischen Flüssigkeiten vorhandenen Stoffen untersucht, die mit der Meßmethode interferieren.
Reflexionsspektroskopische Untersuchungen der elektrolytischen Metallabscheidung auf Zinkoxid
Authors: Kolb D. M.
Published: August 2023

Mit Hilfe der differentiellen Reflexionsspektroskopie wird die elektrolytische Abscheidung von Metallatomen auf ZnO untersucht. Dabei wird die relative Reflexionsänderung ΔR/Rder Halbleiterelektrode insitugemessen.

Aufgrund der großen Unterschiede in den optischen Eigenschaften des gebildeten Films (Metallatome) und des Substrates (Halbleiter) kann man bereits bei einer Monoschichtbedeckung Reflexionsänderungen ΔR/Rin der Größenordnung von Prozenten erhalten. Dies ermöglicht den Nachweis von Metalladsorbaten bereits bei niedrigen Bedeckungsgraden (θ ε 0,1) und unabhängig von anderen Reaktionen. wie z. B. H2‐Entwicklung oder O2‐Reduktion, die einen Nachweis mittels Strommessung sehr erschweren.

Mit der oben beschriebenen Technik wird der Mechanismus der Zinkabscheidung auf ZnO genauer studiert. Es zeigt sich, daß die Abscheidungsspannung den größten Einfluß auf die Struktur des abgeschiedenen Films ausübt und der Übergang von nichtmetallischen zu metallischen Eigenschaften mit wachsender Filmdicke verfolgt werden kann.
A model of industry 4.0 and a circular economy for green logistics and a sustainable supply chain
Authors: Luu Thanh Van , Chromjaková Felicita , Nguyen Hong Quan
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study was to investigate a hybrid framework for Industry 4.0 and a circular economy for logistics and supply chains with an environmentally‐friendly and sustainable basis. Data were collected from universities, companies, and civil service departments. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was applied to evaluate and validate hypotheses. Key findings comprise (a) confirmation of a predominant direct relationship between Industry 4.0 and adopting a circular economy for green logistics and a sustainable supply chain, which stimulates strategic change; and (b) deliberation about current strategic awareness and operations occurs, giving rise to the promulgation and implementation of state authority policies, and advancements in modern logistics and supply chain programs at universities. Since the analysis concentrated on logistical and supply chain matters, investigation of other variables would be required for other industrial activities such as manufacturing.
A Review of Factors Affecting Gasifier Performance
Authors: Pathak Ashutosh Kumar , Dhaigude Nilesh Dhananjay , Sahu Gajanan , Chauhan Vishal , Saha Sujan , Datta Sudipta , Singh Rupesh Kumar , Sahu Arti , Chavan Prakash Dhondhiram
Published: August 2023

The Physico‐chemical characteristics are inherent properties of fuel and their behaviour changes in different gasification conditions. The critical properties of the coal impede the gasifier's performance, and hence, a proper study is needed to develop and further enhance the gasification systems. A proper assessment of factors influencing gasifier performance and their optimization enables to select, alter, and adjust the conditions. The present paper reviews the effect of important coal properties and gasifier operating conditions on gasification performance parameters. Further, the suitability of gasifiers (moving bed, fluidized bed, and entrained flow) according to the physico‐chemical properties of fuel along with proper operating parameters has also been studied.
Applied behavior analysis interventions for autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Murillo‐Candelas Erika , Cragin Casey
Published: August 2023

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been considered the gold standard intervention for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for over 60 years. ABA, as a therapeutic intervention, dates to the 1960s and first appeared in studies conducted by Ole Ivar Lovaas. ABA gained the attention of many practitioners in 1987 when Lovaas reported children who received 40 hours or more of ABA treatment per week had significantly better outcomes than children who received 10 hours or less of ABA treatment per week after 2 or more years of intervention (Lovaas, 1987). Lovaas and his team of trained student therapists used interventions informed by behaviorism to target self‐stimulatory behaviors, play skills, and expressive language skills among other targeted goals and found that 47% of children in the experimental group achieved a normal score for intellectual and educational functions compared to 2% of children in the control group (Lovaas, 1987).
Quantum Chemical Analysis of the Correlation between Electrode Potential and Redox Center of Li‐Insertion Materials: Olivine, Layered and Spinel Structures, and Aqua‐Complexes
Authors: Ariyoshi Kingo , Nishimura Kohei , Kitagawa Daichi
Published: August 2023

Li‐insertion materials employed as electrode materials in Li‐ion batteries undergo solid‐state redox reactions wherein ions within a solid matrix are oxidized and reduced, in contrast to the conventional redox reactions of ions in solution. However, owing to the lack of a comprehensive theory for solid‐state redox reactions, the electrode potential of Li‐insertion materials remains unexplained from a theoretical standpoint. This limitation impedes the rational design of positive and negative electrodes with higher and lower potentials, respectively. This study employs the DV‐Xα method to calculate the electronic structures of various Li‐insertion materials and transition‐metal aqua‐complexes associated with the redox reaction to shed light on the corresponding solid‐state redox potentials. Notably, the transition‐metal ion is identified as the redox center in olivine materials and aqua‐complexes, which exhibit similar electrode potentials, whereas the oxide ion is identified as the redox center in layered and spinel oxide materials, which show significant differences in electrode potential compared with olivine materials. These findings imply a correlation between the electrode potential and redox center in Li‐insertion materials. The results of this study reveal that the electrode potential of Li‐insertion materials is determined by their redox center rather than their constituent elements.
Evolution and innovations in animation: A comprehensive review and future directions
Authors: Wang Xudong , Zhong Weiyi
Published: August 2023

In this article, we offer an in‐depth exploration of the history, advancements, and innovations in the field of animation. From the roots of traditional hand‐drawn animation to the contemporary realm of computer‐generated imagery, the article outlines the progression of techniques and technologies that have revolutionized the industry. This study meticulously examines the transformative impact of emerging trends such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence on the development and application of animation. A significant focus is placed on the societal implications of animation, investigating its pervasive influence in fields as diverse as education, advertising, and entertainment. The use of animation as a pedagogical tool, a marketing strategy, and a medium for storytelling has not only redefined these sectors but has also reshaped audience expectations and experiences. In forecasting the future of animation, the article identifies and analyzes potential technologies and trends poised to push the boundaries of the field. This includes examining challenges such as the ethical considerations of AI and the technical constraints of VR and AR. By providing a comprehensive overview of past developments and future possibilities, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on the continually evolving landscape of animation.
Photophysical Properties of Boron‐Based Chromophores as Effective Moieties in TADF Devices: A Computational Study**
Authors: Ulukan Pelin , Monari Antonio , Catak Saron
Published: August 2023

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have shown great potential in the design of organic metal‐free optoelectronic devices and materials and, therefore, are the subject of intense investigations. This contribution presents the effects of various parameters on the photophysical properties of a series of boron‐based TADF emitters. These include torsion angle, the changes in the electronic density, energy gap between the first excited singlet (S1) and the first excited triplet states (T1), oscillator strength (f) and spin‐orbit coupling (SOC). Through a comprehensive structural analysis, we first show the most favorable conformation of the ground state of donor (D) and acceptor (A) moieties that are popular in TADF emitters. Further, the properties of the excited state manifolds are obtained with Tamm‐Dancoff Approximation (TDA), thus rationalizing their optical and photophysical properties. Globally, our results settle the basis for the rationalization of the effects of different parameters on reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) probabilities, which is the rate‐limiting step for TADF, thus favoring the rational design of novel highly efficient TADF materials with strong triplet exciton harvesting.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a form of human–wildlife conflict: Why and how nondomesticated species should be incorporated into AMR guidance
Authors: Mitchell Jessica
Published: August 2023

The challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to receive significant global attention as common infections become increasingly resistant to the drugs used to treat them. Once an infectious microbe has developed a mechanism of resistance, it can cause longer, more damaging infections which are more costly, time‐consuming, and sometimes impossible to treat. Such impacts occur across the health of humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Thus, AMR is considered a One Health issue. However, current narratives on AMR focus on humans, food‐producing animals, crops, and their immediate environments. Very little attention is given to wildlife in terms of the impact of AMR on their health, nor their role in the evolution and spread of AMR. This article (1) discusses an absence of wildlife in current AMR guidance, (2) suggests how this absence of wildlife could limit understanding of, and action on, AMR, (3) proposes that considering AMR as a form of human–wildlife conflict could enable AMR guidance to better incorporate wildlife into action planning and create a truly One Health approach to tackle AMR.
Grazing in the dark: A behavioural adjustment in a population of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula
Authors: Mariani Simone , Pinedo Susana , Jordana Esther , Cefalì Maria Elena , Torras Xavier , Bagur Bendito Marina , Verdura Jana , Ballesteros Enric
Published: August 2023

In Mediterranean rocky shores, the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula is often associated with communities dominated by encrusting corallines, devoid of fleshy algae. While it is commonly known as a diurnal herbivore, this species also migrates at night from hidden to more exposed habitats. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence of an adjustment to a predominant nocturnal behaviour in a population of A. lixula. Sea urchin densities changed from nearly zero during daytime to more than 16 urchins m−2 at night in treatment plots where the sea urchins were removed. We suggest that the observed behaviour was triggered by our experimental manipulations and was a response to the presence of dead conspecifics and small predatory fishes attracted by the urchin culling. Further research is needed to assess whether our findings can be generalised to the behaviour of A. lixula in areas where sea urchins are under strong pressure from diurnal predators. In these cases, it is important to perform sea urchin density counts at night to avoid misleading assessments about the herbivore pressure in a littoral area.
Mapping suitable habitats for globally endangered raptors in Kenya: Integrating climate factors and conservation planning
Authors: Ngila Peggy Mutheu , Chiawo David Odhiambo , Owuor Margaret Awuor , Wasonga Vivian Oliver , Mugo Jane Wangui
Published: August 2023

Raptors face global threats like electrocution, collisions, and habitat fragmentation. Many species remain understudied, and their distribution patterns are unknown. Understanding their current and future distribution is crucial for conservation. Protecting these top predators requires knowledge of their spatial distribution and environmental influences. This study addresses knowledge gaps in raptor habitats and distributions in Kenya, considering current and future climate changes. Using species distribution models and occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, we evaluated suitable habitats for four endangered Kenyan raptor species: Martial eagle, Secretarybird, Bateleur, and Steppe Eagle. We assessed the impact of climatic predictors on their distribution, considering two climate change scenarios for 2020–2040. Our findings reveal that raptor distribution in Kenya is predominantly concentrated in the southwestern region, extending into the central region of the country. The most significant predictors of raptor species distribution varied for each species, with Steppe eagle and Secretarybird being highly influenced by precipitation during the warmest quarter, Martial eagle being influenced by mean temperature during the driest quarter, and Bateleur being primarily influenced by precipitation during the coldest quarter. When projecting our model into the climate change scenarios for 2020–2040, all species except the Bateleur exhibited a negative range shift. The results of our study suggest that climate change may have adverse impacts on the raptor species examined. In light of these findings, we recommend implementing targeted monitoring and conducting surveys in accordance with our current model predictions. Specifically, our focus should be on monitoring areas that exhibit the highest climate suitability, as these areas are likely to undergo significant shifts in the near future. By conducting regular monitoring and engaging in further research, we can enhance our understanding of these raptor species and gather valuable data to improve the accuracy and reliability of our model predictions.
Effect of fuchsin fixation of pollen on DNA barcode recovery
Authors: Streicher Melanie B. , Johnson Steven D. , Willows‐Munro Sandi
Published: August 2023

Pollen grains attached to insects are a valuable source of ecological information which can be used to reconstruct visitation networks. Morphological pollen identification relies on light microscopy with pollen usually stained and mounted in fuchsin jelly, which is also used to remove pollen from the bodies of insects. Pollen embedded in fuchsin jelly could potentially be used for DNA barcoding and metabarcoding (large‐scale taxonomic identification of complex mixed samples) and thus provide additional information for pollination networks. In this study, we determine whether fuchsin‐embedded pollen can be used for downstream molecular applications. We evaluate the quality of plant barcode (ITS) sequences amplified from DNA extracted from both fresh (untreated) pollen, and pollen which had been embedded in fuchsin jelly. We show that the addition of fuchsin to DNA extraction does not impact DNA barcode sequence quality during short‐term storage. DNA extractions from both untreated and fuchsin‐treated pollen produced reliable barcode sequences of high quality. Our findings suggest that pollen which has been collected, stained, and embedded in fuchsin jelly for preliminary microscopy work can be used within several days for downstream genetic analysis, though the quality of DNA from pollen stored in fuchsin jelly for extended periods is yet to be established.
Minimally invasive power sources for implantable electronics
Authors: Xu Ming , Liu Yuheng , Yang Kai , Li Shaoyin , Wang Manman , Wang Jianan , Yang Dong , Shkunov Maxim , Silva S. Ravi P. , Castro Fernando A. , Zhao Yunlong
Published: August 2023

As implantable medical electronics (IMEs) developed for healthcare monitoring and biomedical therapy are extensively explored and deployed clinically, the demand for non‐invasive implantable biomedical electronics is rapidly surging. Current rigid and bulky implantable microelectronic power sources are prone to immune rejection and incision, or cannot provide enough energy for long‐term use, which greatly limits the development of miniaturized implantable medical devices. Herein, a comprehensive review of the historical development of IMEs and the applicable miniaturized power sources along with their advantages and limitations is given. Despite recent advances in microfabrication techniques, biocompatible materials have facilitated the development of IMEs system toward non‐invasive, ultra‐flexible, bioresorbable, wireless and multifunctional, progress in the development of minimally invasive power sources in implantable systems has remained limited. Here three promising minimally invasive power sources summarized, including energy storage devices (biodegradable primary batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors), human body energy harvesters (nanogenerators and biofuel cells) and wireless power transfer (far‐field radiofrequency radiation, near‐field wireless power transfer, ultrasonic and photovoltaic power transfer). The energy storage and energy harvesting mechanism, configurational design, material selection, output power and in vivo applications are also discussed. It is expected to give a comprehensive understanding of the minimally invasive power sources driven IMEs system for painless health monitoring and biomedical therapy with long‐term stable functions.
How brain ‘cleaners’ fail: Mechanisms and therapeutic value of microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ni Junjun , Xie Zhen , Quan Zhenzhen , Meng Jie , Qing Hong
Published: August 2023

Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the brain, where they primarily function in the clearance of dead cells and the removal of un‐ or misfolded proteins. The impaired activity of receptors or proteins involved in phagocytosis can result in enhanced inflammation and neurodegeneration. RNA‐seq and genome‐wide association studies have linked multiple phagocytosis‐related genes to neurodegenerative diseases, while the knockout of such genes has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against neurodegeneration in animal models. The failure of microglial phagocytosis influences AD‐linked pathologies, including amyloid β accumulation, tau propagation, neuroinflammation, and infection. However, a precise understanding of microglia‐mediated phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in microglial phagocytosis in AD across a wide range of pre‐clinical, post‐mortem, ex vivo, and clinical studies and review the current limitations regarding the detection of microglia phagocytosis in AD. Finally, we discuss the rationale of targeting microglial phagocytosis as a therapeutic strategy for preventing AD or slowing its progression.
Safety Assurance of Autonomous Systems using Machine Learning: An Industrial Case Study and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Zeller Marc
Published: August 2023

In order to assess AI/ML‐based autonomous systems in terms of safety, it is not sufficient to assess the system w.r.t. potential failures that could lead to hazards (e.g., as proposed by standards such as IEC 61508, ARP 4761, etc.). Also, functional weaknesses/insufficiencies of the used algorithms according to Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) standard ISO 21448 must be considered. In this paper, we present an approach for the safety assessment of systems incorporating AI/ML models using a Model‐based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and a Model‐based Safety Assurance (MBSA) approach. Therefore, we introduce with Component Fault and Deficiency Trees (CFDTs) an extension of the model‐based Component Fault Tree (CFT) methodology. Thereby, we are able to describe cause‐effect relationships between individual failures and functional insufficiencies as well as system hazards and assess if all risks are mitigated. In this paper, we apply our approach to an industrial case study of a self‐driving toy vehicle (the PANORover) and present our lessons learnt.
Modeling & Simulation SPICE: Assessing the Capability of Credible Simulation Processes
Authors: Eichenseer Frank , Heinkel Hans‐Martin , Benedikt Martin , Ahmann Maurizio , Holzner Michael , Stadler Christoph
Published: August 2023

While systems or products are becoming increasingly complex and new technologies emerge to manage this growing complexity, the potential of virtualized or simulation‐based product development is not yet fully exploited. This is mainly due to the fact that simulation results are still not trusted enough. Therefore, this paper outlines a possible approach to derive and ensure required levels of modeling and simulation credibility from the criticality of a simulation task. Furthermore, a framework is presented for assessing the implementation of a credible simulation process. This framework is based on an existing process reference model, ensuring modeling and simulation credibility, and on a process assessment model, which has proven itself in the German automotive industry in the assessment of process capability. Finally, the introduction to this framework is demonstrated using an example from the automotive domain, i.e., the simulation‐based safety approval for the virtual testing of an Automated Lane Keeping System.
Enterprise Digital Transformation using a Sociotechnical System Approach
Authors: Cardoso Joana L F P , Rhodes Donna H , Rebentisch Eric
Published: August 2023

Digital transformation is gaining increased attention due to its potential to change the way companies operate and unveil new business strategies. In consideration of the fact that digital transformations occur under specific sociotechnical environments and with particular intentions, success highly depends on the ability of companies to explicitly characterize their sociotechnical context and intended transformation. This paper sheds some light on how companies might approach digital transformation efforts through an enterprise‐level sociotechnical system approach that centers on digital twins and model‐based methods. Research findings and intervention strategies are derived from observations and interviews on ongoing projects, supplemented by findings from the literature. Core systems engineering analysis methods such as Concept of Operations analyses are part of such strategies given their potential to accelerate the sociotechnical system redesign cycle and generate actionable decisions toward digital transformation. A sociotechnical system analysis framework intended to guide organizations in developing their strategic approaches for adopting digital twins as transformation strategy is also shared. This framework and the entire paper assert the importance of taking a sociotechnical system perspective in defining, designing, and implementing a digital transformation.
Integration of Cameo Systems Modeler with Simulink for Co‐Orbital Engagement Mission Engineering
Authors: Rangel Diego , Pavalkis Saulius , Yakimenko Oleg
Published: August 2023

Testing the suitability of tactics for never‐used complex systems in a brand‐new warfare domain and forecasting the impact of these new tactics on system's requirements and design is challenging. The Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach seems to be the key to dealing with such complexity. However, to be truly effective this approach requires integration of the descriptive and physics‐based models. This integration results in an executable MBSE model that enables realistic mission analysis of system architecture prior to physically prototyping it. An executable model should significantly improve and enhance the feasibility of analysis of any mission during the early design phases. This paper aims to enhance the fidelity of a system model developed in the Cameo Systems Modeler by integrating it with a high‐fidelity dynamic model developed in the MATLAB/Simulink development environment. Specifically, this paper deals with a two‐satellite co‐orbital engagement mission and walks through all steps of the integration process. The paper also provides an example of mission analysis and reshaping the design space based on the results produced by running the developed integrated executable model.
Think Like an Ecosystem: Transitioning Waste Streams to Value Streams
Authors: Lewark Rae , Lyle Allison , Carroll Kristina , Medina Casey
Published: August 2023

To meet the material demands of the future, transitioning waste streams to value streams is a vital step in ecological and economic sustainability. Linear production design disposes of resources before their optimal value have been realized and loses recyclable resources to waste streams. The economic infrastructure of the planet needs to be reimagined to meet human and ecological needs. The development and implementation of circular systems is key to the creation of sustainable global production. Through the analysis of the copper used in medical devices, we illustrate considerations systems engineers can take to close the waste‐resource gap. Developing wasteless design mimics the resiliency seen in ecosystems and accelerates the evolution of the global economy to meet the needs of companies, the environment, and humankind.
An Evaluation of the Boeing Diamond Process Model's Effectiveness for T‐7A Red Hawk Development
Authors: Wilson Grace , Newcamp Jeffrey
Published: August 2023

The Boeing‐Saab built T‐7A Red Hawk advanced trainer aircraft being built for the United States Air Force represents a systems engineering breakthrough because it was developed through a digital effort. This aircraft will replace the aging T‐38 Talon fleet, providing increased capability and safety for future pilot trainees. Its creation was indubitably the result of persistent systems engineering efforts and a dedication to digital development. This study analyzed how Boeing engineers created their own version of the systems engineering vee process model to advance the design process of the T‐7A physically and digitally. Their “Boeing Diamond” process methodology of top‐down system design utilized a digital engineering process and modern computer techniques. They emphasized the importance of maintainability to expand lifecycle utilization and lower system costs. Based on a literature review of the T‐7A Red Hawk and other aircraft, a comparison was drawn between the Boeing Diamond systems engineering design processes and the vee model to determine which could provide greater benefits. Through analysis, this study demonstrated that the T‐7A processes used encouraged engineers to adapt to the digital world. The study results indicated that the Boeing Diamond process for modeling and digital design supported an efficient approach to the development of the T‐7A Red Hawk and is applicable to other major weapon systems or capital equipment. This research recommends further study of the Boeing Diamond model and incorporation of its elements into traditional systems engineering models and other organizations.
The MBSE competence at the German Aerospace Center
Authors: Boggero Luca , Chojnacki Adrian , Bussemaker Jasper , Bartels Julian , Quantius Dominik , Nagel Björn
Published: August 2023

Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is gaining more and more popularity among different practitioners in academia, research centers and industries, due to all its claimed advantages, e.g. in terms of improved collaboration and communication between system developer teams, increased traceability, and possibility of reusing models. Different MBSE approaches and tools are in use since several years also at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), where research is addressed in multiple domains: aeronautics, space, energy, transport, security and digitalization. However, all the current MBSE initiatives at the DLR are focused within single domains, while an increased interoperability of MBSE approaches and tools across the different DLR domains would greatly improve engineering processes and knowledge of the whole DLR. The research described in this paper therefore addresses the recent activities performed to identity which MSBE approaches and tools are currently in use in the different research domains of the DLR. In this context, a great part of the MBSE competence spread among the entire organization is collected and assessed, showing that DLR is very active in MBSE‐related research performed in different domains.
LEAPing Ahead – The Space Development Agency's Method for Planning for the Future
Authors: Kleinwaks Howard , Butterfield Michael C. , Rich Matthew , Turner J. F.
Published: August 2023

The Space Development Agency (SDA) is a constructive disruptor within the Department of Defense, tasked with rapidly acquiring and delivering space‐based capabilities. SDA delivers dozens of satellites on two‐year cycles and this pace requires defined processes to ensure that the technology exists to support the required capabilities. SDA has developed a process called List, Evaluate, Achieve, Procure (LEAP) which is used to identify technologies that require additional development resources to meet both current Warfighter needs and those that will occur in the future. This paper provides an illustrative example of SDA applying the LEAP process to the development of SDA's optical communications terminals, demonstrating how it is used to identify critical technologies to be supported through investment opportunities that augment the system acquisitions.
Children's after school club on Systems Thinking and Sustainability
Authors: D'Souza Adriana
Published: August 2023

Systems thinking is deemed to be a key competence to systems engineering professionals and other professionals. Systems thinking is for all ages and can help solve world problems. This author believes and has demonstrated in this paper that you can start as early as primary school with children aged 7‐8 years old. The paper provides the details of a club run in the summer term (last term of the year) of a year 2 of primary school in the UK in a way that it can be re‐used widely. There were 8 sessions held focused on Sustainability around the school with the use of the systems thinking habits. The sessions were well attended and enjoyed by the students. These sessions can be extended further if needed or make it more concise as per the curriculum in the school implementing the club.
Verification and Validation Test Framework Using a Model‐Based Systems Engineering Approach
Authors: Ramirez Clara , Thompson Amy
Published: August 2023

This paper describes a test framework for verification and validation (V&V) planning and execution using a model‐based system engineering (MBSE) approach that is suitable for large‐scale cyber‐physical systems. The test framework (TF) is defined using the systems modeling language (SysML) and an MBSE tool and describes and links to external test plans, test procedures, and other relevant test documents. This test framework approach includes the following considerations: level of abstraction of systems for testing, multiple types of testing across the development lifecycle, design vs. system V&V approaches, verification vs. validation, and the use of test patterns, instances, inheritance, and libraries. The libraries contain distinct types of tests to maximize model element reuse. An example is provided that illustrates the application of this V&V Test Framework (V&VTF) to a lubrication system. This method demonstrates that the proposed V&VTF is desirable as part of Systems Engineering metamorphosis to support an organization's digital transformation.
A CASE STUDY ON MIGRATING TOWARDS FUNCTIONALLY SAFE ZONAL ARCHITECTURE USING MBSE
Authors: Surjekar Neha Nikesh , Patwardhan Yutika , Konduju Vinaykumar
Published: August 2023

The increasing market demands in recent times are driving complexity in machines and their control architectures. To satisfy these demands, their architecture needs frequent updates and upgrades which in turn require significant efforts from architects. This paper presents a case study on architecture migration in automotive industry using Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) which will lend a helping hand in successfully rearchitecting any complex system.

The Automotive industry is currently undergoing a massive transformation towards software defined vehicles driven by Connected, Autonomous, Shared and Electrification (C.A.S.E). This is possible only with the support of a robust and flexible vehicle Electrical and Electronics (EE) architecture. Taking the C.A.S.E driven transformation into consideration, the present domain control architecture is migrating towards zonal architecture. This paper presents RAZA (Rearchitecting Approach for Zonal Architecture) which is based on the INCOSE defined technical process and ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015 Systems and software engineering — System life cycle processes.
Systems Engineering Isn't Scary for Agile Practitioners
Authors: Wozniak Michael
Published: August 2023

Traditional Systems Engineering artifacts and terminology have a negative connotation in some companies and industries that use Agile development. This paper aims to show that the terms and concepts typically associated with traditional systems engineering are not scary for Agile software development. They can, and should, be tailored and utilized during the Agile development process. Many times, terminology and lack of understanding lead to Agile practitioners shying away from what are considered traditional Systems Engineering artifacts such as requirements, architectures designs, documented interfaces, verification, gate reviews, etc. Agile actually already employs many of these artifacts and concepts but simply uses a different terminology when referring to them.

This paper helps advance the mindset that traditional Systems Engineering terms, concepts, and artifacts are not something to avoid in Agile by providing alternative ways to describe and think about them in an Agile setting.
Prediction of tsunami of resistance to some antibiotics is not far‐fetched which used during COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hosseini Mandana , Ahmed Hamad Mohammed , Mohseni Golazin , Salamy Shakiba , Dehghan Tarzjani Shabnam , Taati Moghadam Majid
Published: August 2023

One of the most tragic events in recent history was the COVID‐19 outbreak, which has caused thousands of deaths. A variety of drugs were prescribed to improve the condition of patients, including antiparasitic, antiviral, antibiotics, and anti‐inflammatory medicines. It must be understood, however, that COVID‐19 is like a tip of an iceberg on the ocean, and the consequences of overuse of antibiotics are like the body of a mountain under water whose greatness has not yet been determined for humanity, and additional study is needed to understand them. History of the war between microbes and antimicrobial agents has shown that microbes are intelligent organisms that win over antimicrobial agents over time through many acquired or inherent mechanisms. The key terms containing “COVID‐19,” “Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2,” “SARS‐CoV2,” “Antibiotic Resistance,” “Coronavirus,” “Pandemic,” “Antibiotics,” and “Antimicrobial Resistance” were used for searching in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in an increased prescription of antibiotics. Infections caused by secondary or co‐bacterial infections or beneficial bacteria in the body can be increased as a result of this amount of antibiotic prescription and exposure to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance will likely pose a major problem in the future, especially for last resort antibiotics. In order to address the antibiotic resistance crisis, it is imperative that researchers, farmers, veterinarians, physicians, public and policymakers, pharmacists, other health and environmental professionals, and others collaborate during and beyond this pandemic.
Reversing the denomination effect in tipping contexts
Authors: Zenkić Jay , Lei Jing , Millet Kobe , Rotman Jeff D.
Published: August 2023

American consumers tip $36bn annually, predominantly using small sums of cash. Yet, little is known about how the denominations of cash affect tipping behavior. In contrast to existing findings on the spending of different denominations (i.e., the denomination effect), we posit that consumers are less likely to tip smaller (vs. larger) denominations (e.g., $1 in 4 × 25¢ coins vs. a $1 banknote) to the same total value. We term this the “denomination‐tipping” effect and predict that it occurs because it is more embarrassing to tip with smaller denominations than larger denominations. Consistent with this prediction, we find across one field study and four online studies (N = 1402) that consumers are less likely to tip smaller (vs. larger) denominations, and that this “denomination‐tipping” effect is mediated by feelings of embarrassment regarding tipping smaller denominations. Our findings add to the literature on how cash denomination affects consumers' usage of money in the context of tipping, and we provide practical guidance on how service providers can minimize the adverse impact of smaller denominations on tips to their service staff.
Histological characterization of the human masticatory oral mucosa. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Ibáñez‐Cortés Miguel , Martín‐Piedra Miguel Ángel , Blanco‐Elices Cristina , García‐García Óscar Darío , España‐López Antonio , Fernández‐Valadés Ricardo , Sánchez‐Quevedo María del Carmen , Alaminos Miguel , Chato‐Astrain Jesús , Garzón Ingrid
Published: August 2023

Background

Histology of human oral mucosa is closely related with its function and anatomical location, and a proper characterization of the human masticatory oral mucosa could be very useful in periodontal pathology.

Objective

In the present work, we have carried out a comprehensive study in order to determine the main histological features of parakeratinized (POM) and orthokeratinized (OOM) masticatory human oral mucosa using light and electron microscopy.

Methods

To perform this, we have used several histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to detect key markets at the epithelial, basement membrane and connective tissue levels.

Results

Our results demonstrated that POM and OOM share many histological similarities, as expected. However, important differences were observed at the epithelial layer of POM, that was significantly thicker than the epithelial layer found in OOM, especially due to a higher number of cells at the stratum spinosum. The expression pattern of CK10 and filaggrin revealed intense signal expression in OOM as compared to POM. Collagen and proteoglycans were more abundant in OOM stroma than in POM. No differences were found for blood vessels and basement membrane.

Conclusion

These results may contribute to a better understanding of the pathological conditions affecting the human masticatory oral mucosa. In addition, these findings could be useful for the generation of different types of oral mucosa by tissue engineering techniques.

Research highlights

Microscopical features of parakeratinized and orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa showed important differences at both, epithelial and stromal levels.

Parakeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa exert thicker epithelial layer, especially, at the stratum spinosum in comparison to orthokeratinized human oral mucosa.

Cytokeratin 10 and filaggrin human epithelial markers were intensively expressed in orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa in comparison to parakeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa.

At the stromal level, orthokeratinized masticatory human oral mucosa exhibit higher levels of collagen and proteoglycans than parakeratinized masticatory oral mucosa.

The deep knowledge of histological features of masticatory oral mucosa could lead to a better understanding of oral mucosa pathology and advanced treatments.
Bowel preparation efficacy and safety of compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder combined with linaclotide for colonoscopy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yang Jing , Wei Qian , Xiang Zhixiong , Wu Dangyan , Lin Zhuoying
Published: August 2023

Background and Aim

Adequate bowel preparation is essential for colonoscopy, which is important for detecting colon polyps and preventing colorectal cancer. Linaclotide is approved for irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation (IBS‐C) symptoms. The main objective of this study was to explore the quality of bowel preparation by low‐volume compound polyethylene glycol (PEG) combined with linaclotide.

Methods

A total of 266 patients who underwent colonoscopy in Shangrao People's Hospital from June 2021 to June 2022 were randomized to 1 of 3 split PEG regimens: 4LPEG, 2LPEG, and 2LPEG + L (linaclotide). The primary end point was adequate bowel preparation (Boston Bowel Preparation Scale [BBPS] total score of ≥6, with each of three colonic segments subscores ≥2). Secondary outcomes were polyp detection rates and the incidence of adverse reactions.

Results

Over 12 months, 266 subjects were randomized into 2LPEG (n = 12), 4LPEG (n = 112), or 2LPEG + L (n = 142). There were no significant differences between the 4LPEG and 2LPEG + L groups in achieving adequate bowel preparation (P > 0.05). The mean BBPS score of the total colon, left hemi‐colon, right hemi‐colon, and transverse in the 2LPEG + L group was higher than that in the 2LPEG group (P < 0.001). Patient's sleeping quality and the incidence of adverse reactions of 2LPEG + L group were compatible with 2LPEG group, but it was significantly lower than that in 4LPEG group. There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of colon polyps between each group.

Conclusion

The quality of bowel preparation of the compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder combined with linaclotide is approximately the same as that of 4LPEG, and it can reduce the adverse reactions in the process of bowel preparation, and its intestinal cleansing effect is also better than that of 2LPEG.