bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaesthesia and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine, Second Edition
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

Many patients come to the Accident and Emergency department in pain or with conditions requiring local or general anaesthesia. Close co-operation between the staff of the Anaesthesia and Accident and Emergency departments is vital if anaesthesia and analgesia are to be dealt with efficiently and safely. This new edition of Anaesthesia and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine has been extensively revised throughout, especially with regard to resuscitation techniques. It provides a concise guide to anaesthesia and pain relief in Emergency Medicine. Throughout, the emphasis is on the practical management of problems, giving clear instructions about the treatment of common conditions. * Features the new 1997 European Resuscitation Council Guidelines * Some new sections included * Revised throughout The book is written for staff working in an Accident and Emergency department, but will also be of interest to those training in anaesthesia Reviews of first edition: 'The authors are to be congratulated on their efforts in producing a worthwhile addition to the trauma anesthesia literature...' (Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 1995) 'The book contains an enormous assortment of very valuable information, nearly all of it in a very clear and concisely presented manner'. (Today's Anaesthetist, 1994) 'The information this book contains will benefit all staff involved in emergency medicine' ( Journal of the British Association for Immediate Care, 1994)
Problems encountered during general anaesthesia
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

All problems occurring during anaesthesia must be managed logically and systematically. Assessment and treatment of priorities as airway, breathing, and circulation (‘ABC’) is fundamental to safe practice. The response to a problem partly depends upon the experience of the anaethetist. It is important to have adequate trained assistance and to summon senior help quickly. Careful preoperative assessment often predicts potential difficulties. In the event of a problem, it is important to communicate with the patient, their carers, and other staff afterwards. In some circumstances, it is essential to inform the patient’s general practitioner of the situation.
Sedation
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

The combination of sedation and analgesic drugs is potentially hazardous and should only be used by doctors trained in the management of unconscious patients. Monitoring and resuscitation equipment must be available when sedation is given. Patients who have received sedation should recover in a properly staffed and equipped area. It is unusual for severe agitation to respond to sedation alone. Before using drugs to calm such a patient a diagnosis should be made. Consider hypoxaemia, hypoglycaemia, urinary retention, or cerebral problems such as a head injury.
Local anaesthetic nerve blocks: local infiltration of the skin
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

Suturing lacerations Minor surgical procedures (e.g. excision of cyst) Supplementing a nerve block Cleaning and debriding wounds Venous cannulation, using 1 per cent lignocaine administered subcutaneously is less painful than with 18, 20 or 22 Guage cannulae alone.
Nerve blocks of the upper limb
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

Brachial plexus block can be used for surgery or manipulation of a fracture and/or dislocation in one upper limb (bilateral block is not recommended). It can also be used to produce vasodilatation of the upper limb after intra-arterial injection of irritants. It is useful when either the use of a tourniquet is contraindicated or it would need releasing during the procedure. It provides better postoperative pain relief than IVRA. There are three approaches to the brachial plexus: axillary, subclavian perivascular, and interscalene. Plasma local anaesthetic levels are similar with all three techniques.
Design issues for randomized trials
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we describe the main design issues specific to randomized trials; these include issues of trial philosophy as well as the choices to be made concerning the number of arms, the number and timing of randomizations and the choice of control arm. The chapter ends with a section on the practical methodology of randomization.
Epidemiology of presenile dementia
Authors: Harvey Richard J
Published: October 2023

Epidemiology is the study of disease in relation to populations. In the field of dementia epidemiological research is concerned with estimating the frequency of disease, its severity, and with identifying potential risk factors. Accurate epidemiological data on dementia is needed in many areas of science and health care. Within basic scientific research, estimates of frequency place findings in context of the importance of the disease, and guide funding priorities and decisions. Moreover, data on risk factors generate hypotheses relating to causes and mechanisms prompting new research questions.
Historical perspective
Authors: Rettig Richard A
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the ethical issues associated with the provision of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in their historical context as defined by the public policy issues of the day. The two therapies of dialysis and kidney transplantation raised the dilemma of how clinicians and the broader society should respond to the existence of life-saving treatments whose costs placed them beyond the reach of nearly all individuals. How should one act in a clinically, ethically, socially, and politically defensible way to affirm such fundamental societal values as saving lives when it is technically possible to do so but scarcity imposes limits on what can be done (Calabresi and Bobbitt, 1978.
Economic issues in nephrology practice: Ethical dilemmas
Authors: Bennett William M
Published: October 2023

On some positions, cowardice asks the question, is it expedient? And then expedience comes along and asks the question-is it politic? Vanity asks the question-is it popular? Conscience asks the question is it right? There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe nor politic nor popular-but he must do it because conscience tells him it is right. (Martin Luther King, Jr. 1968).
Evidence-based health care: what roles for patients?
Authors: Entwistle Vikki , O’Donnell Máire
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we explore the roles that patients and consumers might play in evidence-based health care. Evidence-based health care may be criticized by some for appearing paternalistic but it has potential to incorporate greater patient and consumer involvement.
Patient-centredness in medicine
Authors: Stewart Moira , Brown Judith Belle
Published: October 2023

This chapter will present the patient-centred clinical method of which one component is particularly congruent with the concepts of shared decision making and patient choice—the component of finding common ground. The chapter begins with an account of concepts which have influenced the need for and articulation of the patient-centred clinical method. Next, the method itself is described. This is followed by a literature review of the studies of health benefits accruing from patient-centred approaches. Finally, emerging research issues are covered.
Shared decision making: the principles and the competences
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Charles Cathy
Published: October 2023

Identifying, describing, and comparing different approaches to treatment decision making is an issue of interest to a surprisingly diverse range of health related disciplines, including medicine, nursing, bio-ethics, medical sociology, and health economics (Brody et al. 1984; Mishler 1984; Beisecker and Beisecker 1990; Emanuel and Emanuel 1992; Llewelyn and Hopkins 1993; Deber 1994; Ong et al. 1995; Quill and Cassel 1995; Deber et al. 1996; Quill and Brody 1996; Charles et al. 1997 1998 1999; Coulter 1997; Williams and Calnan 1991; Degner et al. 1997; Lupton 1997; Gafni et al. 1998; Gwyn and Elwyn 1999).
Towards a new health economics?
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel
Published: October 2023

This final chapter draws out some of the implications from each of the preceding chapters for the future of health economics, as it is applied to the issue of distributing health care. This chapter is loosely organized around the preceding eight chapters of the book. But rather than summarizing these chapters, we aim to provide material which enables us to suggest future directions for health economists. This agenda is largely driven by our own interests in the issue of how health care should be distributed in publicly funded health care systems, but, even in this sub-set of health economics, our suggestions are far from being exhaustive-they simply represent our own views about where priority should lie, and readers are of course free to disagree with us.
The anthropology of hysteria
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J , Santhanam Radhika
Published: October 2023

Hysteria in its various guises has been a staple of anthropological studies of illness and healing. This is both because of the dramatic and colourful performances associated with many hysterical conditions and because of their obvious links with cultural beliefs and practices. A cross-cultural comparative perspective has much to offer researchers and clinicians approaching the problem of hysteria.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of conversion hysteria
Authors: Temple Nick
Published: October 2023

The history of hysteria is closely tied to the beginnings of psychotherapy and psycho- analysis. Patients with hysteria were the first patients Freud treated, at the outset with hypnosis and then with psychotherapy, and this work led to the development of the original principles of psychoanalysis. It is useful to examine the history to clarify the present status of psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of conversion hysteria and to recognize the radical changes in the therapeutic methods employed by modern psychodynamic therapy from those of early psychoanalysis.
The progestogen-only pill
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

As its name suggests, this type of pill contains no oestrogen, and it is thus completely different from the combined pill. Its old name, the ‘mini-pill’, unfortunately implies that it is merely some kind of low-dose combined pill, but this is certainly not true. In this book, we shall instead refer to the progestogen-only pill as the POP. Far too little use is at present being made of the POP, because few women, or even their doctors, know anything about it. In actual fact is a very useful method of contraception, especially when there is some reason why a woman cannot, or does not, want to take oestrogen.
Emergency contraception: not only for the morning after
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

The idea of trying to shut the stable door after the horse has gone has been around since ancient times. Various methods have been suggested, including jumping several times immediately after sex, in an attempt to dislodge the sperm, and douching with various mixtures, some quite extraordinary: American students in the 1960s are even said to have used Coca Cola. However, since sperm reach the womb within seconds of ejaculation, none of these methods can prevent pregnancy. ‘We were having such a lovely evening, and I realized he really was a great guy. I had planned to wait at least a few more months, to be sure, but I was sure already. I hoped he would use something, but he didn’t.’
Undifferentiated Arthritis
Authors: Southwood Taunton R , Kimura Yukiko
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the clinical features of the variety of arthritides classified under the heading of Undifferentiated Arthritis. The differing clinical courses of this disease and the impact on prognosis, as well as predictors of outcome, are discussed. One of the greatest challenges in clinical medicine is to discern relev- ant disease patterns in a morass of clinical and laboratory features. It becomes even more difficult if recognition of new patterns requires a shift away from traditional diagnostic or classification paradigms.
The Russian Revolution
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: October 2023

The Russian Revolution had a decisive impact on the history of the twentieth century. Now, following the collapse of the Soviet regime and the opening of its archives, it is possible to step back and see the full picture. In this classic work, the author incorporates data from archives that were previously inaccessible not only to Western but also to Soviet historians, as well as drawing on important recent Russian publications such as the memoirs of one of the great survivors of Soviet politics, Vyacheslav Molotov. Impeccable in its scholarship and objectivity, the book tells a gripping story of a Marxist revolution that was intended to transform the world, visited enormous suffering on the Russian people, and, like the French Revolution before it, ended up by devouring its own children. In a concluding section that will be of great interest to scholars in the field as well as the general reader, the author treats the Stalinist Great Purges as the last act of the drama of the Russian Revolution.
The First World War
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

The tragic slaughter of the trenches is imprinted on modern memory; but it is more difficult to grasp the wider extent and significance of the First World War. This book gives a clear chronological account of the campaigns on the Western and Eastern Fronts and then moves on to investigate areas that many studies ignore - the war poets, the diplomacy of war aims and peace moves, logistics, and ‘the experience of the war’. It was soon seen that `war has nothing to do with chivalry any more’, but it was harder to say what the First World War was fought for, or what the combatants gained. Professor Robbins approaches this problem from two angles: he analyses the complex political and diplomatic background to the alliances between the Great Powers; he also explores the mood of Europe between 1914 and 1918 by examining the experience of war from the different standpoints of the nations and individuals caught up in it.
Vietnam at War
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

The Vietnam War tends to conjure up images of American soldiers battling an elusive enemy in thick jungle, the thudding of helicopters overhead. But there were in fact many Vietnam wars - an anticolonial war with France, a cold war turned hot with the United States, a civil war between North and South Vietnam and among the southern Vietnamese, a revolutionary war of ideas over what should guide Vietnamese society into its postcolonial future, and finally a war of memories after the official end of hostilities with the fall of Saigon in 1975. This book looks at how the Vietnamese themselves experienced all of these conflicts, showing how the wars for Vietnam were rooted in fundamentally conflicting visions of what an independent Vietnam should mean that in many ways remain unresolved to this day. Drawing upon twenty years of research, Mark Philip Bradley examines the thinking and the behaviour of the key wartime decision-makers in Hanoi and Saigon, while at the same time exploring how ordinary Vietnamese, northerners and southerners, men and women, soldiers and civilians, urban elites and rural peasants, radicals and conservatives, came to understand the thirty years of bloody warfare that unfolded around them - and how they made sense of its aftermath.
Blessed Days Of Anaesthesia
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

Among all the great discoveries and inventions of the nineteenth century, few offer us a more fascinating insight into Victorian society than the discovery of anaesthesia. Now considered to be one of the greatest inventions for humanity since the printing press, anaesthesia offered pain-free operations, childbirth with reduced suffering, and instant access to the world beyond consciousness. And yet, upon its introduction, Victorian medics, moralists, clergymen, and scientists, were plunged into turmoil. This vivid and engaging account of the early days of anaesthesia unravels some key moments in medical history: from Humphry Davy’ s early experiments with nitrous oxide and the dramas that drove the discovery of ether anaesthesia in America, to the outrage provoked by Queen Victoria’ s use of chloroform during the birth of Prince Leopold. And there are grisly ones too: frequent deaths, and even notorious murders. Interweaved throughout the story, a fascinating social change is revealed. For anaesthesia caused the Victorians to rethink concepts of pain, sexuality, and the links between mind and body. From this turmoil, a profound change in attitudes began to be realised, as the view that physical suffering could, and should, be prevented permeated through society, most tellingly at first in prisons and schools where pain was used as a method of social control. In this way, the discovery of anaesthesia left not only a medical and scientific legacy that changed the world, but a compassionate one too.
Women, Sex, And Suffering
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

‘ Inever was better or got through a confinement so comfortably, I feel proud to be the pioneer to less suffering for poor, weak womankind,’ enthused Fanny Longfellow, wife of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who inhaled ether during the birth of her daughter Fanny, on 7 April 1847. Fanny was the first mother to use ether in childbirth in the USA-she had struggled to find a physician willing to administer it. Eventually Nathan Keep, Dean of Dentistry at Harvard University, agreed to help. Keep had used ether successfully in dental surgery and Henry Longfellow visited him to discuss its potential use in childbirth.
The Restoration Army 1660–1702
Authors: Childs John
Published: October 2023

On the return of Charles II to England in May 1660, four British armies existed. The core of the New Model Army under General George Monck was quartered in and around London; Sir William Lockhart commanded a brigade of the New Model Army in Dunkirk and Mardyke; Charles II’s army of exiled Irish and royalists was also billeted in Dunkirk; and there remained the Cromwellian garrison in Ireland. Charles and his lord chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon, viewed the New Model Army in all its guises as a potential threat to the restored monarchy and set about its demolition. Between September and Christmas1660, the New Model Army was disbanded at a cost of £835,819.
The Most Southern Place On Earth
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

The Mississippi Delta, an alluvial basin bordered on the Mississippi River, 150 miles at its widest extent, is said to begin ‘in the lobby of the Peabody Hotel in Memphis and end on Catfish Row in Vicksburg.” Ironically, the Delta’s greatest economic days were in the post-Civil War period when its rich land was fully exploited for cotton cultivation. It is a region of contrasts, with wealthy pleasure-loving planters controlling its wealth and nearly two-thirds of its population poor blacks. It reacted most strongly against the racial changes of the 1950s and 1960s and was a leading centre of the White Citizens Councils’ resistance to desegregation. Cobb breaks new ground in describing the economic development of the Delta since the 1930s. The Federal Government provided the money for this revival, but Cobb shows how these funds went almost exclusively to the wealthy, established planters, since the appropriations were funnelled through Mississippi’s reactionary congressmen. Further, the Civil Rights revolution has brought the vote to Delta blacks but has kept economic power still in control of the planters. The Delta is a region with a rich cultural heritage. It is the subject of William Faulkner’s and Eudora Welty’s fiction; it fostered such writers as Shelby Foote. Willie Moris, Walker Percy, Elizabeth Spencer; a great heritage of black blues singers comes from the region, among them Muddy Waters and B.B. King. Cobb’s book is a cultural history that explores the political, economic, social, and cultural heritage of the region, accounts for its uniqueness, and criticizes its parochialism and racism.
The Road Back
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

The forces for change have proved powerful. Persuaded by the special pleading of influential coalitions, shocked by highly publicized murder cases, and pressured by constituents whose cities have been overrun by legions of homeless squatters, state legislators have moved to make involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill easier. Mayors and city councils have used executive action to get mentally ill people off the streets. Policymakers, law enforcement officials, and citizens ‘ action groups have insisted that government coercion be extended through new and creative means such as outpatient commitment.
Does Legal Reform Make a Difference?
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

Obviously, legislators, bureaucrats, and the public expect the new laws regarding involuntary commitment and mentally ill criminals to change individual behavior and to improve public safety. But do the new laws actually work? Frequently, lawmakers enact statutes without any evidence that the new laws will bring about the desired changes. This may be because they are unaware of existing information that might help them make decisions or because no informative research exists. Sometimes policymakers simply ignore useful information if it does not fit neatly into their agenda. Consequently, legal initiatives may not work in the manner intended or they may have unexpected side effects.
Land and Society around Strokestown
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Peasants and landlords of-the nineteenth century lived in an economy of arrears. Nearly everywhere in the Old World debt was as intrinsic a pan of the tenant-farmer’s life as the smell of manure or the fickle weather. But debt, being man-made, was often the source of great bitterness and conflict. In the peasant nostalgia of Ireland, the weight of debt was always thought to have been lighter on all previous generations and the penalties for default far more devastating than they used to be. Arrears of all kinds, outstanding pledges and “fines,” promises of labor, crop shares, or grazing rights between neighbors and kin were not only expected and tolerated as an unavoidable necessity of life but formed an important bond within the townland community: a concrete expression of belonging and of adherence to traditional codes of conduct. But money debts in the cash-poor countryside divided both classes and cultures.
Liverpool and the Celtic Sea
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Liverpool was a much less distant magnet than America, exerting its pull not on the minds of prospective emigrants but on their bodies, drawing them into its domain whether they wished to be there or not and taking its toll on each of them whether they stayed or merely passed through. By 1848 it was as intrinsic to the great emigration from Ireland as the potato or the failing land system itself. At least two of every three emigrants from Ireland during the 1830s and 1840s passed through Liverpool whether their ultimate destination was Manchester, London, New York, Quebec, or the Antipodes. To their number were added the bulk of Scots, Welsh, and English migrants into the North and the midlands, including the many unfortunates swept out of the poorhouses and prisons in the great “shovelling out of paupers” that followed the reform of the Poor Law. And behind these, already, were growing numbers of westward migrants from the continent transshipping from North Sea, Baltic, and even Mediterranean ports as Liverpool began to corner the market on the Atlantic passenger trade.
Conclusion: What Judges Can Do to Improve Prisons and Jails
Authors: Dilulio John J
Published: October 2023

In 1971 an Alabama inmate filed a lawsuit charging that six inmates had died in the state prison hospital because of improper treatment. The following year, Federal District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., ordered major changes in Alabama’s prison health system. As a result of Judge Johnson’s intervention, the state’s prison health system improved somewhat.
“Playing for Time”
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Jefferson was keenly aware of the interests at stake in the Louisiana crisis. To prevent the France of Napoleon from becoming the successor of Spain in the Mississippi valley formed at once his clear and compelling reason of state. Even so, he was not prepared to accept all the consequences this necessity might dictate.
The Great Powers and the Cable Crisis, 1900-1913
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

After the crises of the turn of the century, the attitude of the great powers towards communications changed perceptibly. No longer could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers. Every great power needed its own communications, independent of others, with those parts of the world where it had vital interests. Some succeeded better than others, as Table 6.1 shows. Let us now consider the major participants in the cable-laying boom of the first decade of this century: Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany. As usual, the British were first.
Evolutionary Theory Since Darwin
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

Our understanding of evolution is built on a Darwinian tripod of three fundamental observations: (1) living organisms are units of organization that reproduce; (2) individuals differ from one another, and some of their differences are inherited, and (3) in a population, individuals enjoy differing degrees of reproductive success based at least in part on these heritable differences. This differential reproduction is what is meant by natural selection.
Getting from Genes to Behavior
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

It is often said that there is no more sterile exercise than attempting to attribute particular behaviors to either heredity or environment. The effort is indeed without point or merit for most of the behavior of vertebrates. What is astonishing, however, is the frequency with which the presumption of which “either nature or nurture” recurs and the forms it takes. Virtually every account of sociobiology in “science” sections of the popular press is reduced to this simplistic notion, but one does not have to search far to find serious scholars who have unwittingly garroted themselves on the same clothesline.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Volition, Learning, and Language
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

More than a century has passed since the publication of The Origin of Species, and the full implications of the Darwinian revolution are still being absorbed. The vast majority of persons who have acquainted themselves with the evidence understand that earth’s great variety of plants and animals, including Homo sapiens, is the result of slow but ongoing processes of organic change. Evolution, as exhibited by morphological differences between species, is readily accepted by most educated people, if not through firsthand examination of the data then through a comfortable acceptance of the conclusions of those who have examined it.
Decisions, Decisions!
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

The single most important feature in the evolution of the mammalian brain has been the elaboration of new tissue—the neocortex—over phylogenetically more ancient structures—the limbic system and hypothalamus. The human cerebral cortex is a mantle of nerve cells that envelops the rest of the brain; it is what one would see if the skull were transparent. The neocortex made its first appearance as a relatively small bit of tissue in certain reptiles, but it is only in mammals, and particularly in pirimates, that it has become a major part of the brain. Interestingly, the neocortex, almost like hair, is a peculiarly mammalian innovation. Although birds, like mammals, have relatively large brains, their cortical tissue is not homologous to the neocortex of mammals, and the main visual and motor pathways have evolved in somewhat different ways. The cortex of birds has its mammalian counterpart in a struc-ture called the corpus striatum or basal ganglia, which in mammals are primarily involved in organizing motor commands to the muscles. Whatever common functions are provided by the mammalian and the avian cortex therefore represent examples of convergent evolution.
Epilogue—Concerning “Biological Reductionism”
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

It has become fashionable to dismiss evolutionary thinking as “biological reductionism” (see, for example, the quotation from Marvin Harris in the previous chapter). The underlying premise is that cultural anthropology and sociology deal with complex levels of organization that exhibit emergent properties, and the concepts appropriate for description and analysis at lower levels are inadequate when applied to the social sciences. Attributing behavior to genes is therefore seen as an inappropriate effort at reductionism.
Actions Without Precedent
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

As president-elect, Abraham Lincoln faced the secession of several states from the Union he was soon supposed to govern. He proved ill-prepared to address the challenge with a unifying explanation of the country’s national identity. In the previous decade, he had thought constantly of the freedoms and rights denied to slaves. There had been little necessity for thinking about salutary assertions of government power. On the way to Washington for his inauguration, Lincoln betrayed his inexperience in formulating his verbal defenses of government authority.
Numbers and Definitions
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

Most military arrests of civilians did not involve torture or prejudice against an ethnic group, but historians nevertheless generally regard them as a dark chapter in the history of the Lincoln administration. How dark a chapter is a question best answered by showing how many victims were arrested. Scholars have differed in their estimates, but no historian or commentator ever maintained that the number was trifling. No one has put the figure below ten thousand. Most have put it higher than that. In the years immediately following the war, the estimate stood at its highest. As it turns out, that high estimate appears as near as any to being correct.
The Revival of International Law
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

After the war, Major George B. Davis reflected, “The Federal Government ... succeeded in placing in the field armies of unexampled size, composed in great part of men taken from civil pursuits, most of whom were unfamiliar with military affairs and so unacquainted with the usages of war. These armies were carrying on hostile operations of every kind, over a wide area, and questions of considerable intricacy and difficulty were constantly arising which required for their decision a knowledge of international law which was not always possessed by those to whom these questions were submitted for decision.
Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Joskow Paull
Published: October 2023

A meeting to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of “The Nature of the Firm” could not take place at a more appropriate time. Theoretical and empirical research into the kinds of issues raised by Professor Coase in his 1937 paper has increased substantially in recent years. It is a good time to take stock of where we are, how we got here, and where we are going in this area. I have been asked to do two things in this paper. First, to discuss the theoretical research that has had an important influence on my own thinking and research on issues related to the nature of the firm. I will use this opportunity to reminisce about my own intellectual enlightenment to provide a historical survey of the conceptual developments that I feel have been of most importance. Second, to review recent empirical research that has been stimulated by this theoretical work. Since my recent research interests in this area have focused primarily on issues associated with the structure of vertical relationships, and, in particular, the role of asset specificity, transactions costs, and incomplete contracts, it is this strand of the literature that I will focus on here.
Linking Arms Together
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

Robert Williams attempts to write Indians back into Indian law by developing a greater appreciation for the contributions of American Indian legal visions and demonstrating how ancient treaty visions can speak to the modern, multicultural age. Williams maintains there is an important need for a more complete account of the legal visions of the American Indians. In this work, he examines the Indians’ role in the history of legal traditions which have determined Indian rights in the USA, including the Indian conceptions of justice, their traditions, and practices. Doing so is essential to protecting Indian tribalism’s survival under US law. In addition, understanding how the American Indian legal traditions have worked to help perpetuate Indian tribalism might also assist in beginning to understand how US law may achieve racial justice more generally.
Crimes of Writing
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

Crimes of Writings examines questions surrounding subjectivity, authenticity, and writing. First, Stewart examines cases of forgery, literary imposture, pornography and graffiti, and the development, from the early eighteenth century onward, of the laws articulating such crimes. Second, she uses `crimes of writing' to connote the ways in which such practices are in fact inversions or negations of cultural rules. Finally, she claims that crimes of writing are delineated by law because they specifically undermine the status of the Law itself.
The Nature Of Mathematics
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships. As a theoretical discipline, mathematics explores the possible relationships among abstractions without concern for whether those abstractions have counterparts in the real world. The abstractions can be anything from strings of numbers to geometric figures to sets of equations. In addressing, say, "Does the interval between prime numbers form a pattern?" as a theoretical question, mathematicians are interested only in finding a pattern or proving that there is none, but not in what use such knowledge might have.
Effective Learning And Teaching
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Cognitive research is revealing that even with what is taken to be good instruction, many students, including academically talented ones, understand less than we think they do. With determination, students taking an examination are commonly able to identify what they have been told or what they have read; careful probing, however, often shows that their understanding is limited or distorted, if not altogether wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Bender Thomas
Published: October 2023

We in the United States have been so captured by the tradition of Anglo American academic pastoralism that we forget how much more common has been the tradition that associates universities with great cities. The revival of cities and the revival of learning under the aegis of the university in medieval Europe were coincident, and since then the city and the university have shared more of a common history than we usually recognize. Although some of America’s greatest universities are closely identified with great cities-two of them, the University of Chicago and New York University, taking their names from their host cities-our inclination is to idealize the rural campus. (Indeed, the word campus in its modern meaning was first used in the eighteenth century to describe the greensward surrounding the newly built Nassau Hall at Princeton.)
Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

Jean de Lattre de Tassigny was a contemporary of the American general, George S. Patton, and of the Britisher, Bernard Montgomery. There was a remarkable coincidence in the careers of these three men. They were about the same age, and they had graduated from their country’s military academies within a two-year span —Montgomery from Sandhurst in 1908, Patton from West Point in 1909, and de Lattre from Saint Cyr in 1910. Each ran into serious trouble as cadets. De Lattre encountered a problem with an instructor and graduated after his class. Montgomery had a severe disciplinary problem, which almost led to his expulsion, and he too spent some extra months as a gentleman-cadet. Patton failed plebe mathematics at West Point and took the “five-year course” instead of the normal four-year one. Each was an outstanding athlete at his service academy. All of these officers had brilliant careers in World War I. Each was seriously wounded —de Lattre and Montgomery in the chest, Patton in the thigh —and each received a high decoration for personal valor.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

In the major regulated industries, each posted rate schedule or contract specifies a tariff that indicates the total charge payable by the customer for services provided. The prices (per unit) embodied in tariffs often depend on some aspect of the quantity of services or the rate at which they are purchased. The same feature is seen in many unregulated industries, usually in the form of quantity discounts, rebates, or credits toward subsequent purchases.

The way in which the quantity purchased affects the total charge takes many different forms. For example:

Railroad tariffs specify charges based on the weight, volume, and distance of each shipment. For instance, discounts on the charge per mile per hundred weight are offered for full-car shipments and for long-distance shipments. In other transport industries such as trucking, airlines, and parcel delivery the rates depend also on the speed of delivery or the time of the day, week, or season.
Single-Parameter Disaggregated Models
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

The basic principles of nonlinear pricing described in Part I rely on the demand profile to summarize the minimal data required to construct an optimal price schedule. This chapter presents a parallel exposition using explicit models of customers’ preferences or demand behaviors. In these models, individual customers or market segments are characterized by parameters indicating their types, and their benefits or demands are estimated directly as functions of these parameters. Disaggregated models of this sort are frequently used in econometric studies to represent how customers’ demands are affected by various characteristics, such as income and socio-demographic category for residential customers, or line of business and production rate for commercial customers.
Genre
Authors: Bauman Richard
Published: October 2023

A conventionalized discourse type. The term has traditionally been employed in a primarily classificatory sense to designate a literary or folkloric or general discursive category, such as sonnet, legend, oration, or greeting; but recent perspectives have been oriented more toward communicative practice than typology, viewing genre as an orienting framework for the production and interpretation of discourse. Classification has been a concern of literary and rhetorical theory since classical antiquity and has figured prominently in philologically oriented studies of literary history, with an emphasis throughout on the culturally valorized, canonically sanctioned forms of literature: tragedy, comedy, epic, lyric, and such more-modern forms as the novel. The philological focus of FOLKLORE study, beginning in the late eighteenth century, in turn gave genre a prominent place as an organizing concept in that field of inquiry. Here, too, the emphasis has been on classic genres: Marchen, legend, ballad, lyric folksong, PROVERB, and RIDDLE. (See also Folktale; Oral Poetry; Song.) Genre and classification have been central preoccupations in folklore, shaping frameworks for the collection, archiving, teaching, and scholarly study of folklore.
Food
Authors: Goode Judith
Published: October 2023

Essential for human biological survival, food is also a cultural domain that is often elaborated into complex systems of meaning. Claude Levi-Strauss remarked that food is not only good to eat but “good to think.” Food is both physically manipulated to feed us and intellectually manipulated to refer meta-phorically to important aspects of existence. The unique, incorporative nature of eating (assimilating) makes food an important sacred and social symbol. Relationships between a group and its gods, as well as between members of the community, are manifested in events of food sharing and exchange. Relationships between competing and conflicting class and ethnic groups are often symbolized in food preferences and avoidances. Food items themselves can be used to mark an individual’s status as well as the boundaries of an ethnic or class group. However, other more complex levels of food manipulation (dishes, meal structures, and cycles) are also used to transmit social and cultural messages. Finally, eating events themselves can be major communicative events reserved for transmitting basic messages about social roles and relationships.
Drama Performance
Authors: Schechner Richard
Published: October 2023

When asked to define theater, John Cage answered, “I would simply say that theater is something which engages both the eye and the ear. . . . The reason I want to make my definition of theater that simple is so one could view everyday life itself as theater.” Cage says the one who looks is the one who “sees theater.” But the theatrical frame could also be defined by the maker of the event: anything I do that I call theater is theater. This is the attitude of many performance artists. Both these definitional stances are extremely inclusive. By contrast the most conservative definitions apply rigorous aesthetid structural criteria to events, as Aristotle does when defining tragedy: “A tragedy is the imitation of an action with enough magnitude to be complete in itself; in language pleasurably embellished . . . ; performed, not merely recited; with incidents arousing pity and fear in order to effect a catharsis of such emotions.” Elegant as these kinds of definitions are, they cause trouble when frozen into rules that artists must comply with. From the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, Western dramaturgy was hobbled by restrictive interpretations of Aristotle’s description of Attic theater.
Pain, Profit, and Paternalism
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

THE war only interrupted the demographic and economic take-off in the South Carolina backcountry. With direct threats subsiding after 1761, economic growth resumed with a new vigor even in the upper Savannah River basin, where the dislocations of the war had been great. The economy of the west was bolstered in part by wartime expenditures, but mainly by the tremendous migration of small farmers into the area. Surprisingly, older, peacetime connections to the Cherokees were not completely cut off by this stream. In the modernizing Savannah River backcountry, for instance, a growing mixed farming and commercial economy blended with older business pursuits and many of the trunk roads along which wagoners carried the produce of the new colonial communities still had spurs among the Cherokees.
Noisiel-sur-Marne and the Ville Industrielle in France
Authors: Garner John S
Published: October 2023

When Tony Garnier arrived in Paris from Lyon in 1889 to complete his studies in architecture, he would have been attracted to the great Exposition then occupying the Champs de Mars and spilling over to the grounds of Les lnvalides. From the upper platform of Eiffel’s tower, which had been criticized for being “a work more American in character than European” because of its exposed structure of wrought iron, Gamier could have surveyed the vast array of exhibits and pavilions that stretched below. Much of the foreground south of the tower was occupied by the gargantuan Galerie des Machines, a building that sheltered sixty-three thousand square meters of exhibition space and contained everything from steam locomotives to a single-cylinder internal combustion engine. Because the exposition marked the centennial of the French Revolution, special emphasis was placed on social advancement and a part of the exposition was given over to a section entitled “social economy.” In stark contrast to the monumental buildings of iron that occupied the midway were a cluster of small frame and masonry houses that lay in the distance.
Earle S. Draper and the Company Town in the American South
Authors: Crawford Margaret
Published: October 2023

In 1917, when Earle S. Draper (Fig. 5.1) opened his office in Charlotte, North Carolina, he became the South’s first resident city planner. Two years earlier, his employer, the Cambridge, Massachusetts, planner John Nolen, had dispatched the young landscape architect to supervise his operations in the South, where Draper quickly saw the professional opportunities the growing economy of the New South offered planners. After failing to convince Nolen to expand the Charlotte office, Draper decided to strike out on his own.1 His appearance in the South coincided with a major expansion in the Southern cotton textile industry. The wartime boom spurred rapidly developing production as the industry spread across the Piedmont, the foothills stretching from southern Virginia through the Carolinas to Georgia and eastern Alabama. Charlotte’s central location in this region made it the hub of the industry, and mill owners were among Draper’s first clients. Despite the growing profits generated by new mills and the expansion of the industry, the mill village had become a site of increasing social and cultural conflict. Mill owners hoped that Draper’s planning expertise could produce a new type of mill village, one that would reconcile their economic aims with growing local criticism of village conditions and the continuing restlessness of the mill workers.
Beyond Individualism
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

Jack Crittenden examines the debate in political theory about the true conception of human nature. On the one hand is the concept of the liberal self which is self-contained, atomistic, even selfish; on the other hand is the notion of the communitarian self which is socially situated and defined in part by one's community. Crittenden argues that neither view is acceptable and draws on recent psychological research to develop a theory of `compound individuality'. The compound individual retains the liberal emphasis on personal autonomy, without the association of autonomy with self-sufficiency. Crittenden concludes by reflecting on what kinds of political institutions will invite commitment and reflection from `compound individuals'.
The Movement and The Sixties
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

This is a broad history of the various reform and radical groups of the 1960s who went under the name of the Movement. It demonstrates what profound influence the Movement had upon the period and the reasons why it fragmented and disappeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This is the first major interpretative history of this subject.