bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Bioassays for the Determination of Simvastatin’s Osteogenic Activity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Back Lara Steiner , Manso Isabella Schönhofen , Sordi Mariane Beatriz , Magrin Gabriel Leonardo , Aragonês Águedo , Magini Ricardo de Souza , Gruber Reinhard , Cruz Ariadne Cristiane Cabral
Published: February 2025

Objective: Osteogenic differentiation is a complex process, and its analysis requires several biomarkers. Allied with this, there are no standardized bioassays to monitor the activity of simvastatin in osteogenesis in vitro. Therefore, identifying the most efficient and sensitive bioassays may enhance the quality of in vitro studies, bridging the gap with in vivo findings, saving time and resources, and benefiting the community. This systematic review aimed to determine the most efficient bioassay for simvastatin’s osteogenic activity in vitro, in terms of sensitivity. Materials and Methods: In vitro studies evaluating undifferentiated mesenchymal cells treated with simvastatin were considered eligible. References were selected in a two-phase process. Electronic databases and the grey literature were screened up to September 2023. The Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Certainty in cumulative evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Data were analyzed considering extracellular matrix mineralization, alkaline phosphatase, and the expression of potential target genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), collagen type I, Runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Results: Fourteen studies were included. A “probably low” or a “definitely low” risk of bias was assigned to the included studies. The simvastatin concentration ranged from 0.1 nM to 10 µM. Considering a minimum 4-fold increase, simvastatin caused robust mineralization of the extracellular matrix in four studies (4.0-, 4.4-, 5.0-, and 39.5-fold). Moreover, simvastatin substantially increased BMP-2 expression in mesenchymal cells in three studies (4-, 11-, and 19-fold). Conclusion: Therefore, mineralization of the extracellular matrix and BMP-2 expression in mesenchymal cells are the most efficient bioassays for determining the osteogenic activity of simvastatin in vitro (high certainty level). These findings provide a standardized approach that can enhance the reliability and comparability of in vitro studies, bridging the gap with in vivo research and optimizing resources in the field of bone regeneration.
Geometry, Morphology, Physical Properties and Structure of Sea Ice Ridges During the Transition Period from First-Year to Second-Year in the Summer 2023 and 2024
Authors: Pliss Alexandra , Høyland Knut Vilhelm , Leira Bernt Johan
Published: February 2025

Summer processes in sea ice and their influence on the ridge action of structures in industrial areas are still rarely studied but of high interest. This article analyses data from two expeditions, the multidisciplinary GoNorth 2023 in the Arctic and the NPI Fram Strait 2024 cruise, combined with detailed analysis along the ridge keel and calculation of limit stress on vertical structures. The ice ridges were investigated by drilling cross-sections and sampling cores for temperature, salinity and density measurements. The keel depth ranged from 3.0 m to 4.8 m and the sail height ranged from 0.3 m to 0.9 m. The mean density and salinity of the ridge samples in 2023 were 899 kg/m3 and 2.2 ppt, respectively, and the mean salinity in 2024 was 2.0 ppt. The average constant temperature in the keel was −1.7 °C in 2023 and −1.6 °C in 2024. The upper limit of the strength of ridged ice on a vertical structure of 7.2 m in width ranged from 3.1 to 4.1 MPa. These results contribute to the knowledge of summer consolidation processes and are useful for statistical analysis of ice ridge loads exerted on offshore structures by drifting ice ridges.
Dellon Decompression Using WALANT: A Safe and Effective Approach for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Tusheva Sofija , Georgieva Gordana , Srbov Blagoja , Paljoskovska Jordanova Savetka , Jovanovska Katerina , Azmanova Mladenovska Stefania , Memeti Muamet , Aleksovski Darko , Mileska Krzhaloska Biljana , Pejkova Sofija
Published: February 2025

Background: Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) is revolutionizing surgery by providing a bloodless field without tourniquet use, reducing risks, costs, and enhancing patient comfort. While extensively used in hand surgery, its application in foot and ankle procedures, particularly for high-risk patients with diabetic neuropathy and peripheral artery disease (PAD), remains underexplored. This study evaluates the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of WALANT for tarsal tunnel decompression in such patients. Methods: Between March 2022 and April 2024, 32 patients with diabetic neuropathy and PAD underwent Dellon decompression of the tarsal tunnel. Five received spinal anesthesia with a tourniquet, while 27 underwent WALANT. Outcomes assessed included operative time, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores, posterior tibial artery blood flow (via Doppler ultrasonography), and complications. Data were collected preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at six and nine months. Results: WALANT reduced operative time (40 ± 8 min vs. 65 ± 10 min) and required fewer personnel (four vs. six). VAS scores improved significantly in the WALANT group (from 8.65 ± 0.84 preoperatively to 1.21 ± 0.24 at nine months). Posterior tibial artery blood flow also showed superior improvements with WALANT (5.30 ± 0.65 cm3/s vs. 2.50 ± 0.45 cm3/s). Minor wound healing delays were noted in two WALANT cases; no major complications occurred. Conclusion: WALANT offers a safe, efficient alternative to spinal anesthesia for tarsal tunnel decompression in high-risk patients, minimizing ischemic risks, enhancing vascular outcomes, and reducing postoperative pain.
A Review of Biochar from Biomass and Its Interaction with Microbes: Enhancing Soil Quality and Crop Yield in Brassica Cultivation
Authors: Jatuwong Kritsana , Aiduang Worawoot , Kiatsiriroat Tanongkiat , Kamopas Wassana , Lumyong Saisamorn
Published: February 2025

Biochar, produced from biomass, has become recognized as a sustainable soil amendment that has the potential to improve soil quality and agricultural production. This review focuses on production processes and properties of biochar derived from different types of biomass, including the synergistic interactions between biochar and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their influence on overall soil quality and crop production, particularly in cultivation of Brassica crops. It additionally addresses the potential benefits and limitations of biochar and microbial application. Biomass is a renewable and abundant resource and can be converted through pyrolysis into biochar, which has high porosity, abundant surface functionalities, and the capacity to retain nutrients. These characteristics provide optimal conditions for beneficial microbial communities that increase nutrient cycling, reduce pathogens, and improve soil structure. The information indicates that the use of biochar in Brassica crops can result in improved plant growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and stress mitigation. This review includes information about biochar properties such as pH, elemental composition, ash content, and yield, which can be affected by the different types of biomass used as well as pyrolysis conditions like temperature. Understanding these variables is essential for optimizing biochar for agricultural use. Moreover, the information on the limitations of biochar and microbes emphasizes the importance of their benefits with potential constraints. Therefore, sustainable agriculture methods can possibly be achieved by integrating biochar with microbial management measurements, resulting in higher productivity and adaptability in Brassica or other plant crop cultivation systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of biochar’s role in supporting sustainable Brassica farming and its potential to address contemporary agricultural challenges.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cobalt Complexes Ligated by N-Methyl(bis(diphenylphosphino)amine)
Authors: Wang Mélaine , Jourdain Isabelle , Knorr Michael , Strohmann Carsten , Schmidt Annika
Published: February 2025

The reaction of the short-bite bis(diphosphino)amine ligand Ph2PN(Me)PPh2 (Medppa) with an equimolar amount of [Co2(CO)8] in toluene solution yielded the diphosphane-bridged complex bis(µ2-carbonyl)(µ-bis(diphenylphosphino)methylamine)-tetracarbonyl-dicobalt(0) (Co—Co) · 0.5 toluene, [Co2(CO)6(µ-Medppa)] 1. Using a 3:1 ratio, the ion-pair complex [Co(CO)(η2-Medppa)2][Co(CO)4] 2 was formed. The ionic intermediate [Co(CO)2(η2-Medppa)(η1-Medppa)][Co(CO)4] 3 was spectroscopically observed during the stoichiometric reaction involving [Co2(CO)8] and 2 eq. Medppa. Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized using IR and NMR spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-ray analysis performed at 100 K.
Three Isomeric Dioctyl Derivatives of 2,7-Dithienyl[1]benzo-thieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene: Synthesis, Optical, Thermal, and Semiconductor Properties
Authors: Levkov Lev L. , Surin Nikolay M. , Borshchev Oleg V. , Titova Yaroslava O. , Dubinets Nikita O. , Svidchenko Evgeniya A. , Shaposhnik Polina A. , Trul Askold A. , Umarov Akmal Z. , Anokhin Denis V. , Rosenthal Martin , Ivanov Dimitri A. , Ivanov Victor V. , Ponomarenko Sergey A.
Published: February 2025

Organic semiconductor materials are interesting due to their application in various organic electronics devices. [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) is a widely used building block for the creation of such materials. In this work, three novel solution-processable regioisomeric derivatives of BTBT—2,7-bis(3-octylthiophene-2-yl)BTBT (1), 2,7-bis(4-octylthiophene-2-yl)BTBT (2), and 2,7-bis(5-octylthiophene-2-yl)BTBT (3)—were synthesized and investigated. Their optoelectronic properties were characterized experimentally by ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorimetry, and cyclic voltammetry and studied theoretically by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory calculations. Their thermal properties were investigated by a thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and in situ small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. It was shown that the introduction of alkyl substituents at different positions (3, 4, or 5) of thiophene moieties attached to a BTBT fragment significantly influences the optoelectronic properties, thermal stability, and phase behavior of the materials. Thin films of each compound were obtained by drop-casting, spin-coating and doctor blade techniques and used as active layers for organic field-effect transistors. All the OFETs exhibited p-channel characteristics under ambient conditions, while compound 3 showed the best electrical performance with a charge carrier mobility up to 1.1 cm2·V−1s−1 and current on/off ratio above 107.
Synthesis of Submicron-Sized TiB2 Powders by Reaction of TiC, B4C, and Ca in Molten CaCl2
Authors: Wang Ya-Long , Zhang Guo-Hua
Published: February 2025

Submicron-sized TiB2 powders (300 nm–1 μm) were prepared by the reaction of TiC, B4C, and Ca assisted by molten CaCl2. The optimal reaction procedure (1200 °C and 25 wt.% CaCl2 + 25 wt.% Ca) was obtained by exploring the effects of the boronization reaction temperature and the addition of an amount of CaCl2. It was found that the introduction of CaCl2 not only promoted the reaction but also effectively inhibited the volatilization of excess Ca. Furthermore, SEM images of the products showed that the morphology and particle size of TiB2 were inherited from the carbothermal reduction product TiC, which was dominated by the “template/growth” mechanism. The process of the boronization reaction was that B atoms migrated from B4C and replaced the C atoms in the lattice of TiC.
Effects of High Temperature and High Pressure on the Photoluminescence of CdTe Quantum Dots: Implication for the High-Temperature Resistance Application of Nano-Stress Sensing Materials
Authors: Wang Jundiao , Bao Ke , Liu Yue , Mao Feihong , Ren Peirong
Published: February 2025

Nano-sized quantum dots (QDs) have the potential for the application of stress sensing materials based on their pressure-sensitive photoluminescence (PL) properties, while the influence of a more realistic loading environment on the PL characteristics of QDs under a high-temperature environment remains to be further studied. Herein, we studied the PL response of CdTe QDs under repetitive loading–unloading conditions under high-temperature coupling to explore the stability of its high temperature stress sensing potential. The results show that the CdTe QDs with size of 3.2 nm can detect pressure in the range of 0–5.4 GPa, and the pressure sensitivity coefficient of PL emission peak energy (EPL) is about 0.054 eV/GPa. Moreover, the relationship between EPL and pressure of CdTe QDs is not sensitive to high temperature and repeated loading, which meets the stability requirements of the sensing function required for stress sensing materials under high temperature. However, the disappearance of PL intensity caused by spontaneous growth as well as the ligand instability of QDs induced by high temperature/high pressure affects the availability of EPL, which has a great influence on the application of CdTe QDs as high-temperature-resistant nano-stress sensing materials. The research provides the mechanical luminescence response mechanism of CdTe QDs under high-temperature/high-pressure coupling conditions, which provides experimental support for the design of high-temperature/high-pressure-resistant QD structures.
Improving Biodegradable Mg-Zn(-Ca) Alloys by Surface Treatment via Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
Authors: Vertaľ Jakub , Kajánek Daniel , Kubásek Jiří , Minárik Peter
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the influence of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) preparation time on the degradation resistance of Mg-1Zn (Z1) and Mg-1Zn-0.4Ca (ZX10) alloys, with comparisons to pure Mg and commercial Mg-4Y-3RE-0.4Zr (WE43). PEO layers were formed with varying preparation times (5, 10, and 15 min) and analyzed for microstructure, morphology, and corrosion resistance. The results indicated that PEO layers with a 10 min preparation time had the most homogeneous structure and optimal corrosion resistance. Prolonged PEO preparation times increased pore density, crack formation, and layer thickness while also promoting layer degradation during extended immersion in 0.9% NaCl corrosive media. The dissolution of phosphates from PEO layers contributes to the formation of a protective corrosion layer, enhancing long-term resistance. These findings demonstrate that low-alloyed, biocompatible Mg-Zn(-Ca) alloys can achieve corrosion resistance comparable to high-performance WE43 alloys through appropriate surface treatment.
A Comparison of the Resistance- and Capacitance-Based Sensing of Geopolymer and Cement Composites with Graphite Filler Under Compression
Authors: Rovnaník Pavel , Kusák Ivo , Schmid Pavel , Bayer Patrik
Published: February 2025

Aluminosilicate binders, such as Portland cement or geopolymers, are generally considered electrical insulators. In order to decrease their electrical resistance, electrically conductive fillers are added. This brings new application possibilities, such as the self-sensing and self-monitoring of smart structures. In this study, three different aluminosilicate composites with the same amount of fine graphite filler (6% with respect to the basic aluminosilicate raw material) were tested for resistance- and capacitance-based self-sensing properties. Portland cement and two geopolymer binders were used as the basic matrices for the conductive composites. The composites were tested for self-sensing properties in repeated compression in the elastic area, static mechanical properties, and microstructure using scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results showed that alkali-activated materials are less stiff than Portland cement composite; however, they provide better self-sensing properties, regardless of the measured electrical parameters. The highest capacitance-based gauge factor 74.5 was achieved with the blended slag/fly ash geopolymer composite, whereas the cement composite showed very poor sensitivity, with a gauge factor of 10.2. The study showed a new possibility of self-sensing based on the measurement of capacitance, which is suitable for geopolymers and alkali-activated composites; however, in the case of cement composites, it is very limited.
Effect of Electropulsing Current Density on the Strength–Ductility Synergy of Extruded Mg-6Al-1Zn Alloy
Authors: Ma Dong , Xu Chunjie , Lu Yaohan , Sui Shang , Tian Jun , Zeng Fanhong , Remennik Sergei , Shechtman Dan , Zhang Zhongming , Guo Can , Qi Yuanshen
Published: February 2025

The difficulty in enhancing both tensile strength and ductility is limiting the development of high-performance Mg alloys. The “plastic deformation + electropulsing (EP) treatment” is an effective process for modifying the microstructure and enhancing the mechanical properties of metals. In this work, the influence of the current density of EP treatment on the microstructure and tensile property evolution of the as-extruded Mg-6Al-1Zn alloy was systematically investigated. The microstructure of the as-extruded sample was predominantly composed of an α-Mg matrix and a minor quantity of the β-Mg17Al12 phase on grain boundaries. After EP treatments, the microstructure underwent recrystallization, resulting in the formation of fine recrystallized grains. Meanwhile, the distribution and volume fraction of the β-Mg17Al12 phase demonstrated minor changes. After the 60 cycles of EP with a current density of 1050 A·mm−2 for a duration of 60 s, the tensile strength and elongation of the as-extruded Mg-6Al-1Zn alloy improved from 260 ± 2.6 MPa and 22 ± 1.3% to 319 ± 3.6 MPa and 23 ± 1.1%, respectively. The results prove the effectiveness of EP treatment in tailoring recrystallization via changing current density.
Characterization of the Microstructure and Interfacial Morphology of Magnetic Pulse Welded Steel/Al Tubes
Authors: Hu Tianhan , Li Bolong , Wu Tianhai , Pan Hua , Ding Kai , Gao Yulai
Published: February 2025

Facing the global energy crisis and increasingly stringent environmental protection regulations, automotive lightweighting has become a core issue for the sustainable development of the automotive industry. In particular, the qualified combination of steel and aluminum alloy has become a promising development direction to achieve the aim of lightweight design. As an innovative solid-phase welding technique, magnetic pulse welding (MPW) exhibits unique advantages in joining these dissimilar metals. The 6061 Al alloy and 20# steel tubes were joined by the MPW technique in this study. The microstructure and interface morphology of the MPW steel/Al tube were characterized using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an electro-probe microanalyzer (EPMA). The microstructure in the region adjacent to the interface was similar to that of the base metals (BMs). The element transition zone could be observed at the interface. The thickness of the transition layer was approximately 6 μm. The transition layer did not possess high hardness and brittleness like the Fe–Al binary IMC layer. Therefore, the interface bonding quality and long-term stability of the MPW steel/Al joint were relatively good. The welded joint interface could be divided into three zones: the bonded zone in the center and unbonded zones on both sides. In particular, an obvious wavy interface with gradually increased amplitude was detected in the bonded zone. The interaction between the reflected wave and the welding collision point could promote the initiation of the wavy interface. In addition, the formation of the wavy interface depended on the impact velocity and angle of the MPW process. The qualified mechanical properties of the joint could be attributed to the formation of the wavy interface. The microhardness at the interface was higher than that on both sides, owing to work hardening, at approximately 226 HV.
Improving Reliability of 1 Selector-1 ReRAM Crossbar Arrays Through Hybrid Switching Methods
Authors: Seo Hyun Kyu , Yang Min Kyu
Published: February 2025

In this study, an innovative switching approach is explored to improve the reliability of 1 Selector-1 ReRAM (1S1R) devices, integrated into a 4K crossbar array (CBA). The key innovation is the use of DC sweeping for set operations and AC single-pulse resetting to minimize device stress and prevent breakdown. The selector, based on a GeSeTe ovonic threshold switching (OTS) element, demonstrated excellent endurance (>1012 cycles), fast switching (<100 ns), and high device-to-device uniformity (<5% variability). The ReRAM, constructed with Pt/LiNbOx/W, exhibited robust bipolar resistive switching, multi-bit capability, and endurance exceeding 1012 cycles. The integrated 1S1R CBA demonstrated reliable retention and low variability in operation, showing potential for high-performance, high-density memory applications.
Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement’s Effects on the Impact Toughness of Martensitic Ultra-High-Strength Steels as a Function of the Cathodic Charging Time
Authors: Villalobos Julio C. , Bedolla-Jacuinde Arnoldo , Torres-Islas Álvaro , Velasco-Plascencia Melina , Villanueva Heriberto , Rojas Hugo , Del-Pozo Adrian
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of two martensitic ultra-high-strength steel (M-UHSS) grades, focusing on their impact toughness and microhardness behavior following different durations of hydrogen cathodic charging (1, 2, and 4 h). While some mechanisms, such as the interaction between microstructural defects and hydrogen, are well established, the effects of hydrogen on the absorbed energy during impact tests or at high strain rates have been less studied. This study correlates the microstructural characteristics, Charpy-V absorbed energy, and microhardness with fractographic analysis to assess the HE susceptibility. The results show a decrease in both microhardness and toughness after one hour of charging, with the reductions ranging from 32% to 40%. However, as the charging time increased, both properties exhibited an increase, attributed to the interaction of hydrogen and its saturation on the steel’s surface. Fractographic analysis reveals a morphological change from brittle fracture to brittle fracture with localized plastic zones, driven by the interaction of hydrogen with the trapping sites within the steel. Permeability tests are conducted to quantify the hydrogen concentration, diffusion coefficients, and trapping sites. The results indicate significant hydrogen embrittlement in both steels, driven by hydrogen diffusion and accumulation in the entrapment zones, leading to increased brittleness over time. This study provides insights into the micromechanisms influencing mechanical properties and fracture behavior under hydrogen exposure.
Effect of Macro Fibers on Chloride Permeability and Damage of Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression
Authors: Li Zengyao , Yang Yongqiang , Wang Yihan , Wang Wenqiang , Zhang Bailin
Published: February 2025

In many offshore structures, structural components are often subjected to compressive forces and seawater corrosion. Therefore, understanding their resistance to chloride ion-induced corrosion under compression is crucial. This study investigates the effects of macro polypropylene fibers and macro steel fibers on the chloride permeability and damage of concrete under uniaxial compression. Ultrasonic testing is performed before and after the uniaxial compression test to assess the damage to concrete specimens at different stress levels. Simultaneously, the Rapid Chloride Migration test is conducted on the specimens subjected to various compressive stress levels. The results reveal that the chloride permeability of concrete is influenced by the stress level after uniaxial compression. Additionally, a threshold phenomenon is observed in the chloride permeability: after reaching the threshold stress level, the chloride diffusion coefficient increases significantly. Compared with plain concrete, incorporating macro fibers raises the threshold stress level for chloride ion penetration. Furthermore, this threshold stress level increases with higher fiber content. The variation in ultrasonic velocity with stress level is also found to be an effective indicator for evaluating the chloride permeability of concrete under uniaxial compression. Moreover, a prediction model for the chloride permeability of FRC (fiber reinforced concrete) is proposed based on the results.
Optimization of Dissolution Parameters for GH4738 Scrap via Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Liu Guiqun , Fang Xinyu , Zhang Xiaoli , Lv Guanglei
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to optimize the electrochemical dissolution process of GH4738 scrap, a Ni-based superalloy, to achieve a high dissolution rate with minimal energy consumption. Using the Plackett–Burman design, we identified four key factors from a pool of eight candidates that significantly influence both the dissolution rate and energy consumption: current density, NiCl2 concentration, electrolysis time, and H2SO4 concentration. The steepest ascent method was then applied to define a region that minimized energy consumption while maximizing the dissolution rate. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the central point for further analysis, providing valuable insights for optimizing the dissolution parameters. The study demonstrated that increasing the NiCl2 concentration reduced the breakdown potential, and at an H2SO4 concentration of 1.5 mol/L, high dissolution efficiency was achieved with minimal energy consumption. The interactions among the parameters significantly affected the dissolution performance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the significant influence of these parameters on the dissolution behavior of Ni-based superalloys. This research contributes to the understanding of GH4738 scrap dissolution and provides a systematic approach for optimizing the process, which is crucial for efficient material recovery and laboratory sustainability.
Multi-Perspective Characterization of a Performance of a Barrel Drill Made of Tungsten Carbide Composite
Authors: Rychlik Kazimierz , Bramowicz Mirosław , Kulesza Sławomir
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the results of an estimation of the structural and roughness parameters of the outer surface layers of a barrel drill made of cobalt matrix sintered tungsten carbide samples (WC-Co) made by sintering and subjected to finishing by grinding. In order to evaluate the geometric and functional structure of the surface, profilometric measurements were carried out at different scan lengths. The geometric structure of the studied surfaces was characterized by the roughness parameters Ra, Rq, and Rz, while the functional structure was determined by the reduced profile heights Rpk, Rk, Rvk and the material ratios Mr1 and Mr2 determined by the Abbott-Firestone curves. Multiscale analysis of the dependence of the roughness and functional parameters on the measurement lengths was carried out using the root mean square (RMS) method, from which monofractal structures of the surface profile variations were found. Consistency of the fractal dimensions estimated for the drill bit might be due to its finer finishing.
High-Level Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based Aptasensor to Increase Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection Sensitivity
Authors: Niu Lujun , Sun Qiren , Wei Shijia , Gong Dixiang , Wang Enhui , Chen Yan , Xia Lu , Liu Xingyu , Tu Langping , Shao Long , Li Hongfei , Zuo Jing
Published: February 2025

Boosting the accuracy and speed of cancer detection is highly desirous in tumor detection, and sensors capable of detecting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have great application prospects in this field. A highly sensitive sensor is constructed based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with heavily rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as energy donors and polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) as energy acceptors. This sensor detects the fluctuations in CEA molecules via luminescence quenching and recovery resulting from a competitive binding assay between CEA and PDA NPs. The high-level-doped design of UCNPs (i.e., NaYF4@NaYbF4:1%Tm@NaYF4) is beneficial, providing upconversion luminescence intensity that is more than 10 times higher than that of the conventional low-level-doped UCNPs (i.e., NaYF4@NaYF4:20%Yb, 0.2%Tm@NaYF4). The sensor exhibits impressive sensitivity. Specifically, in diluted fetal bovine serum, the detection limit reaches 0.013 ng/mL in the range of 0–1.5 ng/mL (S/N = 3), while the detection limit is 1.38 ng/mL in the range of 1.5–250 ng/mL (S/N = 3). This method has great potential for future applications in the rapid and early diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Study on Mechanism of Mechanical Property Enhancement of Expansive Soil by Alkali-Activated Slag
Authors: Shen Quan , Wang Chaohui , Yan Yuan , Yi Shiyuan , Teng Ke , Li Chaojun
Published: February 2025

Expansive soil poses significant challenges for engineering due to its susceptibility to swelling and shrinkage. This study aims to explore effective methods for improving its mechanical properties using single alkaline activators, single slag, and their combination. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and analyze curing mechanisms through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that all three treatments enhance soil strength, with the combination of alkali-activated slag being the most effective, followed by the single alkaline activator and single slag. Optimal dosages were determined as 15% for the activator and slag individually and 15% activator combined with 20% slag, yielding the densest structure and highest UCS. The activator’s modulus of 1.5 was found to be optimal, and strength improved further with extended curing time. A microscopic analysis revealed that alkaline activation formed gel-like substances and dense needle-like structures, while slag generated CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2. The combination produces a synergistic effect, creating substantial amounts of C-S-H, C-A-S-H gel, and dense needle-like structures, which enhance soil compactness and strength by binding particles and filling voids. These findings provide insights into the curing mechanisms and offer practical solutions for improving expansive soil in engineering applications.
Fluorapatite Glass-Ceramics in Dentistry: Synthesis, Properties, Forming Technology, Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Li Chengli , Wang Gaoqi , Wang Shouren , Shen Wei , Zhang Yujun , Kang Junfeng , Xiao Zhen
Published: February 2025

Fluorapatite glass-ceramics (FGC) have been widely used in dental ceramics due to their excellent aesthetic properties and biocompatibility. In recent years, new synthesis methods, forming technologies, and the continuous optimization of performance attributes have driven the application of FGC in dental veneers, coatings, composites, and other restorations. This review summarizes the current research and applications of this material in the dental field and looks forward to its future optimization directions. The article focuses on five aspects: the development of preparation techniques for FGC; advances in their application in dental restoration shaping technologies; the performance advantages and limitations of these materials as dental materials; the current application status in veneers, coatings, composites, and other restorations; as well as the challenges in the current applications and prospects. In addition, additive manufacturing technology shows extremely broad application potential in FGC molding and applications. This review is hoped to provide strong guidance for the further application of FGC in the dental field, promoting the integration of related research and industry upgrades better to meet the needs of clinical practice and patients.
A Study of Redox Properties of Ceria and Fe-Ceria Solid Materials Through Small Molecules Catalytic Oxidation
Authors: Balzarotti Riccardo , Basso Peressut Andrea , Garbarino Gabriella , Spennati Elena , Basbus Juan Felipe , Carpanese Maria Paola , Latorrata Saverio , Cristiani Cinzia , Finocchio Elisabetta
Published: February 2025

This work presents a study of the redox properties of CeO2 particles with (FeCeHS) and without (CeHS) Fe2O3 impregnation, as possible innovative catalysts for oxidation and combustion reactions as well as CO2 activation. The topic, therefore, is part of a broader analysis of environmental catalysis, which aims to reduce the emissions of polluting substances and improve the exploitation of energy resources, with consequent progress in the eco-friendly field. Different laboratory techniques (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-Vis), and Fourier Transform–Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies) point out that iron oxide is deposited on the surface of ceria, which maintains its lattice structure, although the particle morphology is slightly changed. Methanol and ethanol adsorption and conversion were evaluated on these catalysts by Temperature Programmed Surface Reaction (TPSR) and by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy of the probe redox properties, evidencing the formation of surface oxidized intermediates and combustion products. The FeCeHS catalyst demonstrates, in our reaction conditions, a good combustion activity in total oxidation of oxygenated molecules, hindering the formation of formaldehyde from methanol and reducing the quantity of CO produced by the partial oxidation reaction. A cooperative effect is suggested by the mixture of these two metals in the oxidation process.
Temperature-Dependent Model of Rutting Behavior for Connected Layer Mixtures in Flexible Base Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Shang Kangning , Wan Chenguang , Guo Mengyu , Zhou Chuanrong , Jiang Yingjun , Ren Jiaolong
Published: February 2025

The flexible base asphalt pavement is characterized by its excellent performance. A critical component of this structure is the connected layer, which links the surface layer to the flexible base. This layer is located in an area of high-pressure stress distribution within the pavement. The risk of rutting is heightened in the connected layer due to the effects of loads and temperature fluctuations. However, existing studies have not established a correlation between temperature and rutting prediction models for connected layer materials. Therefore, this study aims to accurately characterize the temperature dependence of the rutting behavior of these materials. Firstly, variations in dynamic stability and rutting deformation of connected layer mixtures were investigated under different temperatures and asphalt binder types. Subsequently, a temperature-dependent model of rutting behavior was developed, highlighting the influence of varying temperatures and asphalt binder types. The proposed temperature-dependent rutting model addresses the limitations of traditional models, which fail to accurately describe the rutting behavior of materials under complex working conditions, and provides a scientific basis for optimizing asphalt pavement design and enhancing rutting performance.
Condition-Based Maintenance for Degradation-Aware Control Systems in Continuous Manufacturing
Authors: Alsaedi Faisal , Masoud Sara
Published: February 2025

To enhance maintenance endeavors, it is imperative to gain a deep understanding of system degradation. In systems with degradation-aware control, observing degradation becomes particularly challenging. Even with sensors, such controllers continuously mitigate deviations to ensure the system operates within optimal limits. Here, we propose a framework explicitly tailored for degradation-aware control systems, built upon two main components: (1) degradation modeling to estimate and track hidden degradation over time and (2) a Long Short-Term Memory Autoencoder-Degradation Stage Detector (A-LSTMA-DSD) to define alarm and failure thresholds for enabling condition-based maintenance. In degradation modeling, the framework utilizes actuator measurements to model hidden degradation. Next, an A-LSTMA-DSD model is developed to flag anomalies, based on which alarm and failure thresholds are assigned. These dynamic thresholds are defined to ensure sufficient time for addressing maintenance requirements. Working with real data from a boiler unit in an oil refinery and focusing on steam leakages, our proposed framework successfully identified all failures and on average triggered alarm and failure thresholds 15 and 8 days in advance of failures, respectively. In addition to triggering these thresholds, our system outperforms baseline models, such as CNN, LSTM, ANN, ARIMA, and Facebook Profit, in identifying failures by 60% and 95%, respectively.
On the Existence Theorems of Equilibrium and Quasi-Equilibrium Problems in Different Spaces
Authors: Farajzadeh Ali , Ghobadi Mahmood , Yao Jen-Chih
Published: February 2025

In this article, the solvability of the equilibrium problem (EP), Minty equilibrium problem (MEP), and quasi-equilibrium problem (QEP) by using the notions of cyclically monotone and cyclically antimonotone in the setting of topological vector spaces and metric spaces is investigated. Also, the concepts transfer lower continuity, transfer weakly lower continuity, lower semicontinuity, from above, and sequentially weakly lower semicontinous which are weaker notions than the lower semicontinuity for establishing the existence results for EP and QEP, and the other forms of them are applied. Moreover, by using the famous results for the minimum points of a function, some existence theorems, by using the triangle property, of solutions for EP and QEP are given when the domains of bifunctions are compact and not compact. The results of this paper can be viewed as new versions of the corresponding published results with new and mild assumptions.
TMF Attenuates Cognitive Impairment and Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multi-Omics Analysis
Authors: Liu Yonglin , Xu Xi , Wu Xiaoming , Yang Guodong , Luo Jiaxin , Liang Xinli , Chen Jie , Li Yiguang
Published: February 2025

The rising prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents derived from natural sources. Among flavonoids, 3′,4′,5,7-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF), a structural analog of luteolin, has gained attention for its favorable pharmacokinetics and potential neuroprotective properties. Despite the significant neuroprotective effects and favorable pharmacokinetics of TMF, its efficacy and mechanism of action in AD remain unclear. This study explored TMF’s pharmacological effects in AD models, highlighting its ability to improve memory and cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. TMF reduced Aβ plaques, NFTs formation, and glial activation while suppressing neuroinflammation through the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Further analysis in LPS-induced BV2 cells revealed TMF’s ability to reduce microglial activation. These findings highlight the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of TMF, suggesting its potential as a treatment for AD.
Preparation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Peptides from Yellowfin Tuna Pancreas Using Moderate Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: Peng Pai , Yu Hui , Xian Meiting , Qu Caiye , Guo Zhiqiang , Li Shuyi , Zhu Zhenzhou , Xiao Juan
Published: February 2025

Bioactive peptides represent a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by maintaining cholinergic system homeostasis through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This study focused on extracting AChE inhibitory peptides from yellowfin tuna pancreas using moderate ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis (MUE). Firstly, papain and MUE stood out from five enzymes and four enzymatic hydrolysis methods, respectively, by comparing the degree of hydrolysis and AChE inhibitory activity of different pancreatic protein hydrolysates. Subsequently, the optimal MUE conditions were obtained by single-factor, Plackett–Burman, and response surface methodologies. The pancreatic protein hydrolysate prepared under optimal MUE conditions was then purified by ultrafiltration followed by RP-HPLC, from which a novel AChE inhibitory peptide (LLDF) was identified by LC-MS/MS and virtual screening. LLDF effectively inhibited AChE activity by a competitive inhibition mechanism, with an IC50 of 18.44 ± 0.24 μM. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation revealed that LLDF bound robustly to the active site of AChE via hydrogen bonds. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the valuable use of yellowfin tuna pancreas and introduced a new viewpoint on the potential therapeutic advantages of AChE inhibitory peptides for future AD treatment.
Bi-Objective Optimization of Techno-Economic and Environmental Performance for Membrane-Based CO2 Capture via Single-Stage Membrane Separation
Authors: Hara Nobuo , Taniguchi Satoshi , Yamaki Takehiro , Nguyen Thuy T. H. , Kataoka Sho
Published: February 2025

Various factors need to be considered in process design optimization to implement the complex processes of CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Here, bi-objective optimization of single-stage CO2 membrane separation was performed for two evaluation indexes: cost and CO2 emissions. During optimization, the process flow configuration was fixed, the membrane performance was set under the condition of the Robeson upper bound, and the membrane area and operating conditions were set as variables. Bi-objective optimization was performed using an original algorithm that combines the adaptive design of experiments, machine learning, a genetic algorithm, and Bayesian optimization. Five case studies with different product CO2 purities in the constraint were analyzed. Pareto solutions were superior for case studies with lower product CO2 purities. The set of Pareto solutions revealed opposite directions for optimization: either (1) increase the membrane area to reduce CO2 emissions but increase costs or (2) increase power consumption and reduce costs but increase CO2 emissions. The implemented bi-objective optimization approach is promising for evaluating the membrane CO2 capture process and the individual processes of CCUS.
Loose Polyester Nanofiltration Membrane Designed with Hydroxyl-Ammonium for Efficient Dye/Salt Separation
Authors: Ma Nan , Li Guiliang , Liu Yang , Zhou Shenghua , Liu Fu
Published: February 2025

Efficient dye/salt separation poses a great challenge to nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology in the desalting sector of the dye synthesis industry. In this study, we fabricated a novel loose polyester NF membrane via an interfacial polymerization method using “hydroxyl-ammonium” biquaternary diethanolamine (MDET) and trimesoyl chloride. The molecular design of MDET provides a loose crosslinking network, showing high rejection of dyes and the passage of monovalent salt/divalent salt ions in the dye solution, exhibiting exceptional filtration efficiency with high selectivity. Furthermore, the membrane exhibits excellent operational stability for over 100 h, demonstrating superior antifouling properties and high resistance to chlorine. This study provides new insights into the role of dyes and mono- and divalent ions in desalination processes related to the dye synthesis industry.
Research Progress on Fatigue Damage and Surface Strengthening Technology of Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Li Weiming , Wang Shaoqing , Yang Xiao , Duan Hongbo , Wang Yimeng , Yang Zhong
Published: February 2025

As advanced structural materials, titanium alloys have found extensive applications in aerospace, medical devices, and precision electronics industries, serving as critical components for achieving lightweight designs in high-end equipment. In aerospace applications, titanium alloy components are frequently subjected to complex thermo-mechanical loading conditions involving varying temperature levels and multiaxial stress states, which may induce progressive fatigue damage accumulation and ultimately lead to premature fracture failures. This study conducts a systematic investigation into the fatigue damage mechanisms of aerospace-grade titanium alloys under service conditions, with particular emphasis on elucidating the synergistic effects of microstructural characteristics, surface integrity parameters, and operational temperature variations on fatigue behavior. Through comprehensive analysis, the research reveals that surface modification techniques, including shot peening (SP), ultrasonic surface polling process (USRP), and laser shock peening (LSP), significantly enhance fatigue performance through two primary mechanisms: (1) the generated residual compressive stress fields effectively inhibit crack initiation and retard propagation rates; (2) improved surface integrity characteristics, such as reduced roughness and work-hardened layers, contribute to enhanced oxidation resistance thereby preserving structural integrity.
Simulation of Agglomeration Processes Using Stochastic Processes—Case of Limited Space in a Box
Authors: Vollath Dieter
Published: February 2025

Any application of nanoparticles is influenced by the unavoidable tendency of these particles to agglomerate. As a result, one obtains a more or less broad distribution of agglomerate sizes. This may influence the properties significantly. Looking at agglomeration processes, one has to distinguish two different phenomena: the generally discussed problem, where each particle has the chance to combine with any other particle, or the case, where an agglomeration is possible only with direct neighbors. The latter case, which is the subject of this study, is observed when the particles are stored in a box. In contrast to conventional analyses, the calculations for this paper are based on Markov chain Monte Carlo calculations. This paper describes the formation and development of these agglomerates and the resulting distributions. For an improved depiction of the results, a new quantity derived from entropy, the ‘integral entropy’, was developed. This quantity allows efficient visualization of the development of the agglomerates as a function of the iteration steps resulting from these calculations; additionally, applying the integral reduces the statistical scattering of the results. Furthermore, different mechanisms and interaction parameters were assumed and compared. The results were analyzed to show progress that depends on the number of iteration steps. An important result of these calculations is the distribution of agglomerate sizes and the number of agglomerates as a function of the number of iterations. The calculations are based on different assumptions on the agglomeration and arrangements of the particles.