bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Da inteligibilidade téorica à racionalidade ética em Levinas
Authors: Alves Marcos Alexandre
Published: January 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2015v14n2p353

O texto indaga acerca do núcleo das confrontações do pensamento contemporâneo, para mostrar qual é o lugar que corresponde, nesse contexto, à Levinas. Neste sentido, mostraremos, em primeiro lugar, o motivo principal pelo qual, tem-se produzido, nos últimos anos, uma revalorização do pensamento de Levinas, a saber, a virada ética contemporânea; em segundo lugar, ilustraremos uma das noções básicas da proposta filosófica levinasiana, que se encontra em íntima relação com os problemas que o pensamento contemporâneo tem desenvolvido: racionalidade ética como abertura à diferença não indiferente – alteridade.
Elevação (Erhörung) e cultivo (Züchtung) na filosofia de Nietzsche
Authors: Meireles Ildenilson
Published: January 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2015v14n2p367O artigo apresenta as variáveis de uma noção bastante cara à filosofia nietzschiana, a noção de cultivo ou seleção (Züchtung), na medida em que se articula ao projeto mais geral de elevação do homem, como podemos ver em Além de Bem e Mal. Consideramos que essa noção é de importância capital para uma melhor compreensão do pensamento de Nietzsche sobre a cultura superior, principalmente pelo aspecto mais propositivo que ela alcança nos seus últimos escritos. A partir disso, a hipótese a ser desenvolvida nesse texto é de que o constante uso dessa noção na filosofia de Nietzsche, especialmente nos últimos escritos, abre a possibilidade de considerar uma mudança substancial em seu pensamento sobre a cultura, concebida não mais como tarefa histórico-universal, mas como tarefa voltada exclusivamente aos indivíduos de exceção. Nossa argumentação se orienta basicamente pela aposta de que Nietzsche, ao tratar do cultivo de determinadas virtudes, não faz outra coisa senão considerar o futuro do homem para além da velha moral.
Retrospective Review of Arteriovenous Fistula Success Rate in a Multi-ethnic Asian Population
Authors: Thant Kyi Z. , Quah Kevin , Ng Tze K. , Ho Pei
Published: January 2016

Background

Native vein arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the recommended first-line vascular access in hemodialysis patients. Despite this, AVFs are plagued with unfavorable maturation rates. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the AVF success rate and to identify any significant associating factors.

Methodology

Demographic and clinical data of all AVFs created from January 2011 to June 2013 at a single center with a multi-ethnic Asian population, were reviewed. The primary outcome was AVF successfully used for hemodialysis (FUSH) at 6 months. Secondary endpoints were the overall FUSH and actual maturation time of the AVFs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with AVF success.

Results

A total of 375 fistulas were created during the study period (110 radiocephalic, 176 brachiocephalic, 89 brachiobasilic). The mean age was 59.4 ± 12.6 years and 42.9% were females. Seventy-one percent of patients had diabetes, 32.5% had ischemic heart disease and 10.7% had peripheral vascular disease. 246/375 (65.6%) AVFs FUSH by 6 months, and the average AVF maturation time was 16.1 ± 10.7 weeks. Of the 246 AVFs, 11% required secondary procedure to assist their success. Univariate analysis showed that gender (p = 0.035), age (p = 0.018), vein size on pre-operative vein mapping (p = 0.004) and operating surgeon (p = 0.021) were significant factors associated with AVF success. On multivariate analysis, age, pre-operative vein size and operating surgeon were significantly associated with fistula success.

Conclusions

Reasonable FUSH rates can be achieved in the study patients. Patient age, pre-operative vein mapping size and operating surgeon were shown to influence AVF success rate.
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Leads to Catheter Malposition during PICC Port Placement
Authors: Konstantinou Evangelos A. , Sapsakos Theodoros D. Mariolis , Katsoulas Theodoros A. , Velecheris Dimitrios , Tsitsimelis Dimitrios , Bonatsos Gerasimos
Published: January 2016

Introduction

We present a case of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) port placement where the catheter had been malpositioned to the persistent left superior vena cava.

Methods

Despite the obvious elevation of the P-wave signaling proximity of the catheter tip to the sinus node, the catheter was not in the desired location within the superior vena cava or the right atrium, because of the presence of a persistent left superior vena cava. Computed tomography was used in order to locate the catheter.

Results

The catheter was located in the persistent left superior vena cava.

Conclusions

Malpositioning of the catheter in the persistent left superior vena cava occurs in 0.3%–0.5% of patents. The catheter was subsequently removed.
Attitude of Saudi Arabian adults towards consanguineous marriage
Authors: Alharbi Omar A. , Al-Shaia Walaa A. , Al-Hamam Abdulaziz A. , Al-Marzoug Hala M. , Ahmed Anwar E. , Bagha Muhammed
Published: January 2016

Background: Research on the attitudes of Saudi adults towards consanguinity is scarce. The study aimed to explore the attitudes towards consanguinity and its associations with socio-demographic characteristics in a sample of Saudi adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 386 outpatient waiting-area attendees at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City-Riyadh were included. Participants were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics, attitude towards consanguinity and the reasons behind this. Results: The positive attitude towards consanguinity among the study respondents was 48.1% with 95% confidence interval (42.91–53.33%). Social and traditional culture (59.9%) were found to be the predominant reasons for favoring consanguinity in Saudi Arabia. Evidence against a positive attitude towards consanguinity was noted in respondents who received medical information about consanguinity versus those who had not received medical information (42.3% vs. 57%, p-value = 0.008). According to the multivariate logistic model, the odds of a positive attitude towards consanguinity were 2 times higher for males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.147, 4.290) and 4.1 times higher in respondents in consanguineous marriages (aOR: 4.1; 95% CI: 2.350, 7.156). The odds of a positive attitude towards consanguinity were 50% less in respondents who received health information on consanguinity compared to those who had not received health information about consanguinity (aOR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.253, 0.863). Conclusion: One in every two Saudi adults favors consanguinity however, Saudi men and women differ in their attitudes towards consanguinity. Receiving health information on consanguinity was associated with a negative attitude towards this practice.
Headache in a high school student – a reminder of fundamental principles of clinical medicine and common pitfalls of cognition
Authors: Afghan Zakira , Hussain Abid , Asim Muhammad
Published: January 2016

Primary headache disorders account for the majority of the cases of headache. Nevertheless, the primary objective of a physician, when encountered with a patient with headache is to rule out a secondary cause the headache. This entails a search for specific associated red-flag symptoms or signs that may indicate a serious condition, as well as a heightened suspicion of and evaluation for a don't miss diagnosis.

We present a case of a high-school student whose first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was a headache due to cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis, initially misdiagnosed as tension-headache and ‘ophthalmoplegic migraine’ (now known as ‘recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy’). The patient made a complete neurological and radiological recovery after systemic anticoagulation and treatment of SLE. An analysis of the clinical errors and cognitive biases leading to delayed referral to hospital is presented. We highlight the fact that adherence to the fundamental principles of clinical medicine and enhancement of cognitive awareness is required to reduce diagnostic errors.
Cortex-sparing infarction in triple cervical artery dissection following chiropractic neck manipulation
Authors: Melikyan Gayane , Kamran Saadat , Akhtar Naveed , Deleu Dirk , Miyares Francisco Ruiz
Published: January 2016

Background: Multivessel cervical dissection with cortical sparing is exceptional in clinical practice. Case presentation: A 55-year-old man presented with acute-onset neck pain with associated sudden onset right-sided hemiparesis and dysphasia after chiropractic manipulation for chronic neck pain. Results and Discussion: Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral internal carotid artery dissection and left extracranial vertebral artery dissection with bilateral anterior cerebral artery territory infarctions and large cortical-sparing left middle cerebral artery infarction. This suggests the presence of functionally patent and interconnecting leptomeningeal anastomoses between cerebral arteries, which may provide sufficient blood flow to salvage penumbral regions when a supplying artery is occluded. Conclusion: Chiropractic cervical manipulation can result in catastrophic vascular lesions preventable if these practices are limited to highly specialized personnel under very specific situations.
Assessment of Blood Glucose and Electrolytes during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients of Pakistan
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Haseeb Abdul , Khan Mohammad Hassaan , Khetpal Akash , Saad Muhammad , Arshad Mohammad Hussham , Dar Mudassir Iqbal , Hasan Najya , Rafiq Rafia , Sherwani Maryam , Abbas Haider , Sultan Ayesha , Inam Maha
Published: January 2016

INTRODUCTION: Perioperative hyperglycemia has been shown to be related to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), both diabetic and non-diabetic. Blood electrolytes, like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride play a very important role in the normal functioning of the body and can lead to a variety of clinical disorders if they become deficient. A minimal number of studies have been conducted on the simultaneous perioperative changes in both blood glucose and electrolyte levels during CPB in Pakistan. Therefore, our aim is to record and compare the changes in blood glucose and electrolyte levels during CPB in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

MATERIALS & METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study conducted on 200 patients who underwent CABG with CPB, from October 2014 to March 2015. The patients were recruited from the Cardiac Surgery Ward, Civil Hospital Karachi after they complied with the inclusion criteria. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the trend of the changes perioperatively for the two groups.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference in changes in blood glucose between the two groups (P = 0.62). The only significant difference detected between the two groups was for PaCO2 (P = 0.001). Besides, further analysis revealed insignificant group differences for the trend changes in other blood electrolytes (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Our findings highlighted that there is no significant difference in blood electrolytes changes and the increase in blood glucose levels between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Pilonidal Sinus Operations Performed Under Local Anesthesia versus the General Anesthesia: Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Rahmani Nasrin , Gholipour Baradari Afshin , Heydari Yazdi Seyed Mohammad-Javad , Firouzian Abolfazl , Hashemi Seyyed Abbas , Fazli Mehran , Sadeghian Iman
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDS: Various methods were defined to prepare patients for the pilonidal sinus surgery including local, spinal, and general anesthesia. But there is no powerful evidence to differ these procedures. Therefore, in the current study, we compared local and general anesthesia in the pilonidal sinus surgery.

METHODS & MATERIAL: in this clinical trial (IRCT201312031786N5) study 60 patients with the pilonidal sinus disease divided to two groups of local anesthesia versus general anesthesia. For local anesthesia we used 6ml of 2% lidocaine with an epinephrine (1:200,000), 6ml of 0.5% bupivacaine, 1ml fentanyl (50μg/ml), 1ml clonidine (75μg/ml) and for general anesthesia fentanyl 1.5 μg.kg-1, thiopental 3-5 mg.kg-1, followed by the trachea intubation facilitated by atracurim 0.5 mg.kg-1 with maintenance of isoflurane 1-3% in nitrous oxygen 70% and oxygen 30%. The student t-test and Chi-square test were applied to evaluate the differences.

RESULTS: there were 30 patients with the mean age of 27.43±8.42 years in local anesthesia group and 30 cases with the mean age of 27.5±8.44 years underwent general anesthesia. The recovery time was significantly lower in the local anesthesia group (P=0.000). The oxygen saturation of the general anesthesia group was significantly higher at 1 and 20 minutes after the operation. The average of pain score was significantly higher in general anesthesia group at 3h and 6h after surgery (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in post-operative complications and hospital length of stay.

CONCLUSION: this investigation revealed that local anesthesia has decreased pain during 48 hours after the surgery, shorter recovery time, and the less consumption of painkillers. So, we concluded that we can consider local anesthesia as a good alternative for the general anesthesia in the pilonidal sinus surgery.
Short Run Effects of Bleaker Prospects for Oligopolistic Producers of a Non-renewable Resource
Authors: Grimsrud Kristine , Rosendahl Knut Einar , Storrøsten Halvor B. , Tsygankova Marina
Published: January 2016

In a non-renewable resource market with imperfect competition, both the resource rent and the current market influence large resource owners’ optimal supply. New information regarding future market conditions that affect the resource rent will consequently impact current supply. Bleaker demand prospects tend to accelerate resource extraction. We show, however, that it may slow down early extraction by producers with sufficiently large reserves and thus small resource rents. The reason is that the supply from such producers is driven more by current market considerations than concern about resource scarcity. As producers with relatively smaller reserves accelerate their supply in response to bleaker demand prospects, producers with sufficiently large reserves will reduce their current supply. The surge in shale gas production will reduce residual demand facing suppliers to the European gas market. We demonstrate the effects of this in a numerical model.

Most gas producers accelerate their supply while Russia reduces its supply slightly and thus loses market shares even before the additional gas enters the market.
Why Wind Is Not Coal: On the Economics of Electricity Generation
Authors: Hirth Lion , Ueckerdt Falko , Edenhofer Ottmar
Published: January 2016

Electricity is a paradoxical economic good: it is highly homogeneous and heterogeneous at the same time. Electricity prices vary dramatically between moments in time, between location, and according to lead-time between contract and delivery. This three-dimensional heterogeneity has implication for the economic assessment of power generation technologies: different technologies, such as coal-fired plants and wind turbines, produce electricity that has, on average, a different economic value. Several tools that are used to evaluate generators in practice ignore these value differences, including “levelized electricity costs”, “grid parity”, and simple macroeconomic models. This paper provides a rigorous and general discussion of heterogeneity and its implications for the economic assessment of electricity generating technologies. It shows that these tools are biased, specifically, they tend to favor wind and solar power over dispatchable generators where these renewable generators have a high market share. A literature review shows that, at a wind market share of 30-40%, the value of a megawatt-hour of electricity from a wind turbine can be 20-50% lower than the value of one megawatt-hour as demanded by consumers. We introduce “System LCOE” as one way of comparing generation technologies economically.
NOVÝ VÝSKYT MENILITOVÉHO SOUVRSTVÍ U DŘEVOHOSTIC
Authors: Kropáč Kamil , Dolníček Zdeněk , Přichystal Antonín , Lehotský Tomáš , Koštuříková Tamara , Jakubál Jiří
Published: January 2016

The Menilite Formation is an important lithostratigraphic member of the Krosno-menilite Unit in the Carpathian Flysch Belt. The rocks of the Menilite Formation occur as small bodies also within Sub-Silesian Unit on the geological map sheet 25-13 Přerov. In this paper, we present new occurrence of chert layers of the Menilite Formation at ground elevation 275 which is situated 1.2 km easternlyof the village Dřevohostice. The rock body is formed of layers of laminated gray-white to gray-brown menilite chert interlayered by thin interpositions of weathered gray-green non-calcareous claystones. The menilite cherts consist of brownish-yellow and gray opal laminae with limonite and chalcedony streaks. Opal laminae have thickness mostly in range of 1–10 mm. Rock matrix is cut by numerous veins formed by opal and chalcedony which originated during at least two diff erent events. Menilite cherts sporadicallyenclose small siliceous chalcedony geodes. Claystones have pelitic texture with a clotted inner structure and contain siliceous sponge spicules and other non-specified microfossils (probably planktonic diatoms). The cherty layers documented in a dug probe have WNW–ESE direction with inclination to SSW under the angle of 25°. The sediments were folded during the overthrust of the Sub-Silesian Nappe on the Carpathian Foredeep in the Karpatian and during subsequent late-tectonic rotations towards NW.
NÁLEZ HLINÍKEM BOHATÝCH SPINELIDŮ A KORUNDU VE STRUSKÁCH PO TAVBĚ STŘÍBRNÝCH RUD ZE STŘÍBRNÝCH HOR NA HAVLÍČKOBRODSKU
Authors: Janíčková Kateřina , Dolníček Zdeněk
Published: January 2016

This work deals with the unique association formed by spinelides and corundum in historical slag after smelting of silver ore from the site Stříbrné Hory in the Havlíčkův Brod Ore District. To study these phases, polarizing microscope and electron microprobe (WDX and EDX) were used. The slag consists primarily of glass and residual quartz, which also contained sillimanite needles. During smelting the quartz and sillimanite have been partially melted and aluminium-rich spinelides crystallized in the surrounding glass. Euhedral crystals of spinelides range 5 to 25 μm in size and are composed predominantly of hercynite (55–58 mol. %), to a lesser extent gahnite (21–24 mol. %), spinel (18–24 mol. %) and galaxite (4–5 mol. %). Corundum probably originated during the smelting from secondary mullite at temperatures around 1 300 °C. Corundum together with glass form a paramorphosis aft er sillimanite aggregate.
STRUSKY PO TAVBĚ POLYMETALICKÝCH RUD Z LOKALITY ČEJKOV-TRSOV (PELHŘIMOVSKÝ RUDNÍ REVÍR)
Authors: Kapusta Jaroslav , Dolníček Zdeněk , Malý Karel
Published: January 2016

Slags after smelting of polymetallic ores occur at the locality Čejkov-Trsov which represents medieval smelting site and lies approximately 1 030 m SE from the center of the Čejkov village. Samples collected during archaeological excavation were obtained from the Museum Vysočiny Jihlava. Bulk chemical analyses show that studied slags are dominated by SiO2-FeO-Al2O3 oxides (sum of these three components is 75.27–88.81 wt. %). Unusual are high barium (up to 9.2 wt. % of Ba) and lead contents (up to 15.0 wt. % of Pb) as well as low zinc contents (230–3780 ppm). All samples except one are generally CaO poor (an exception is sample CT4 containing 6.03 wt. % CaO) which probably refl ect lack of CaO – based additives. Light microscopy and EDS analyses on an electron microprobe proved following phases: spinelides, olivine, feldspars, pyroxene, glass and quartz. Spinelides are the most variable in their composition ranging from almost pure magnetite (92 mol. % of magnetite, 5 mol. % of spinel and 3 mol. % of galaxite) to spinel-rich hercynite (50 mol. % of hercynite, 45 mol. % of spinel and 5 mol. % of magnetite). Olivine is represented by fayalite (89–90 mol. % Fa, 5–7 mol. % Te, 4–5 mol. % Fo). Newly formed feldspars are present in all studied samples and contain up to 22.8 wt. % of BaO (44–50 mol. % of orthoclase, 40–47 mol. % of celsiane and 9–11 mol. % of albite). Ca-Fe pyroxene (Fs52Wo38En11–Fs51Wo37En13) was formed probably due to high enough temperature and a sufficient CaO content. Cracked quartz grains are present within all samples. They were more or less corroded by a slag melt.
ZEMĚTŘESENÍ V HOSTĚRADICÍCH V ČERVNU 2014
Authors: Pazdírková Jana , Zedník Jan , Prachař Ivan , Krumlová Hana , Zacherle Pavel
Published: January 2016

Southern Moravia – a southeastern part of the Czech Republic at the contact of the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathian Foredeep – is one of the regions with the lowest seismic activity in the Czech Republic. Reports on historical earthquakes in this area are sporadic and poorly evidenced, many of the messages are in fact observations of earthquakes originating mainly in Austria. Instrumental seismic monitoring in southern Moravia commenced in 1995. Thereafter only three local earthquakes were observed – magnitude 2.5 event near Hostěradice in 2000, perhaps induced event near Uhřice in 2003 with magnitude of 0.7 and magnitude 1.4 earthquake near Božice in 2006.A sequence of four weak earthquakes in June 2014 is only the fourth occurrence of earthquakes in southern Moravia since the beginning of instrumental measurements. Events originated near Hostěradice (SE margin of the Bohemian Massif), 40 km southwest of Brno. The strongest event reaching local magnitude of 2.0 occurred on June 1, 2014 at 00:43 UTC. It was felt by people close to the epicentre with a macroseismic intensity 4 European Macroseismic Scale EMS-98. A temporary seismic station was immediately installed in the epicentral area. The station recorded two of four shocks and helped to confi rm a focus position of the sequence: 48.95° N 16.24° E, depth 3 km.In 2014 a review of historical earthquakes in this region was conducted using new catalogues of historical earthquakes in neighboring countries in order to avoid confusion between local and regional phenomena. Some new information sources were found. In any case, historical earthquakes in this region are very rare and most of them are poorly substantiated.
Subsidios gubernamentales para riesgos de precios: el caso de los productores de maíz amarillo en México
Authors: Echánove Huacuja Flavia
Published: January 2016

Las fluctuaciones de los precios internacionales de los granos constituyen un riesgo que afecta negativamente tanto a productores como a compradores de esos bienes. Para proteger a estos agentes de dicho riesgo, el gobierno de México implementó desde hace una década un programa de subsidios cuya creciente importancia lo sitúa entre los tres más relevantes pilares de la actual política agrícola de ese país. Aquí analizamos las características y vulnerabilidades de dicho programa, así como sus efectos en productores y empresas, particularmente en el caso del maíz. Se concluye que la debilidad del programa obedece a su dependencia de variables inestables y que es regresivo dado que apoya mayoritariamente a consorcios alimentarios y grandes productores. La necesidad de reorientar esos recursos hacia programas más prioritarios e inclusivos es también materia de análisis.
La utilidad de estudios de larga duración para el análisis del impacto del regadío sobre la organización social. El caso de las sociedades de drenaje y diques de Holanda llamados waterschappen
Authors: Palerm Viqueira Jacinta
Published: January 2016

Se presenta propuesta de nexo entre legislación favorable a las organizaciones de auto-gobierno y existencia de organizaciones sólidas; se presenta caracterización instituciones de auto-gobierno heterárquicas y jerárquicas; se presentan la capacidad de negociación y resistencia al Estado. Con estas herramientas se explora para el caso de Holanda la historia de la gestión de sistemas de control del agua, el marco jurídico para las organizaciones de auto-gobierno y  la relación de las organizaciones con el Estado. Se muestra la burocratización y profesionalización de la administración de los sistemas de control del agua, así como la consolidación o unificación de organizaciones con el propósito de lograr economías de escala.
Análisis del proceso de difusión espacial del fútbol profesional en Chile
Authors: Barra Vieira Pablo , Maturana Miranda Francisco
Published: January 2016

El fútbol es considerado el deporte más popular a escala mundial, y en su modalidad profesional es capaz de generar entusiasmo y sentimientos de progreso en cada ciudad que forma parte. Pero ¿cómo se propaga esta actividad en el espacio? En el presente artículo, se analiza el proceso de difusión espacial del fútbol profesional en Chile, utilizando los criterios de propagación más comunes: por proximidad geográfica y  jerarquía urbana. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir del año de adopción por parte de las ciudades, su población en ese instante, su localización geográfica y su distancia con respecto a la ciudad emisora. A través del tiempo, el fútbol profesional chileno se ha propagado espacialmente mediante un patrón guiado por la distancia y la cercanía al foco emisor, producto del poder institucional reflejado en la Asociación Central de Fútbol (ACF), el ente que decidía cuáles eran las ciudades que ingresaban a la actividad profesional, hasta inicios de la década de los años ochenta.
As escolas entre as lógicas competitiva e colaborativa: modos de regulação globais num contexto local português
Authors: Batista Susana
Published: January 2016

No quadro das mudanças verificadas nos modos de regulação dos sistemas nacionais de ensino durante as últimas três décadas, este artigo procura discutir o conceito de “quase-mercado” educativo e a sua aplicação a um contexto local português. Um primeiro exame das interdependências entre escolas (públicas e privadas) desse contexto destaca, por um lado, alguns aspetos relacionados com a “lógica competitiva”; por outro, mostra a sua estreita imbricação com outros modos de regulação, nomeadamente os de caráter voluntário e horizontal, decorrentes de uma “lógica colaborativa”.
“Eu sou os olhos dela”: as babás nas imagens, na praça ou uma etnografia do olhar
Authors: Silveira Liane
Published: January 2016

Este artigo é a descrição do percurso da pesquisa etnográfica do meu interesse sociológico pelo universo das babás. A partir da perspectiva das babás, pretende-se compreender uma parcela da dinâmica que movimenta o universo da maternidade. Ênfase é dada ao trabalho de campo que foi realizado principalmente numa praça em um bairro da Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro. Lida-se, portanto, com famílias em geral e, especificamente, com famílias de camadas médias e elites cariocas. Mas, porque as babás estão e transitam por vários locais, a observação etnográfica se estendeu a diversos espaços da cidade, marcando a vocação etnográfica do estudo.
Delinquência juvenil feminina a várias vozes: contributos para a construção de uma tipologia de percursos transgressivos
Authors: Duarte Vera
Published: January 2016

Em resposta ao predomínio masculino nos estudos sobre delinquência juvenil, este artigo explora uma das suas faces invisíveis, aquela que é praticada por raparigas. Discutindo a “história única” que se tem construído sobre a delinquência juvenil feminina, apresentam-se resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada no âmbito de uma tese de doutoramento, sobre experiências e significados da transgressão nos percursos de vida de raparigas em cumprimento de medidas tutelares educativas em Portugal. A elaboração de retratos sociológicos, a partir da análise dos processos individuais e das entrevistas realizadas, permitiu traçar perfis de percursos transgressivos que mostram a heterogeneidade da delinquência feminina e (re)colocam as jovens como sujeitos sociais.
Modes of explanation
Authors: Pires Rui Pena
Published: January 2016

There is no single or complete mode of explanation. The sociological analysis is improved with the pragmatic combination of different modes of explanation, which must be selected and combined according to the properties of the processes in analysis, the objetives of the explanation and the degree of knowledge about these processes. Functional and causal analysis are both useful and legitimate modes of explanation, as well is their possible combination, provided we take into account their limitations and conditions of applicability.
Revisitando o calcanhar de Aquiles metodológico das ciências sociais no Brasil
Authors: Neiva Pedro
Published: January 2016

Nesse artigo, fazemos uma avaliação sobre o uso de dados e métodos quantitativos nas revistas brasileiras de ciências sociais no período de 1997 a 2012. Verificamos que houve um aumento expressivo na utilização de técnicas estatísticas “avançadas”. Porém, o quadro geral não mudou substancialmente: a proporção de autores “quantitativistas” continua sendo amplamente minoritária, vis-a-vis os “não quantitativistas”. Identificamos que a área de formação, a instituição de origem, o nível de qualificação da revista, o fato de o artigo ter sido elaborado em parceria e a participação em cursos específicos parecem influenciar na escolha de uma abordagem quantitativa. Já o gênero dos autores não parece estar associado a tal opção metodológica.
Homogamy, global and educational distance between spouses
Authors: Azevedo Alda Botelho
Published: January 2016

This article analyzes whether the process of recognition, validation and certification of competences (RVCC) can be a part of an attempt for an adult to converge his education level to the spouse’s. Taking as a starting point the theoretical framework on the spouse choice and homogamy, 289 questionnaires were applied to adults in the RVCC process, in Lisbon, during 2009. The school and family formation trajectories were reconstructed to analyze the global and educational distance between spouses. Data analysis showed that despite the prevalence of homogamy in the studied population, the presence of atypical cases emphasized the relevance of the study of heterogamy. When there is a difference in the educational level of the spouses, the adult in the RVCC process will approach his spouse. In the homogamic couples, the RVCC process brings out the schooling of the female population, the so called educational hypogamy.
Revealing an outward-facing open conformational state in a CLC Cl–/H+ exchange transporter
Authors: Khantwal Chandra M , Abraham Sherwin J , Han Wei , Jiang Tao , Chavan Tanmay S , Cheng Ricky C , Elvington Shelley M , Liu Corey W , Mathews Irimpan I , Stein Richard A , Mchaourab Hassane S , Tajkhorshid Emad , Maduke Merritt
Published: January 2016

CLC secondary active transporters exchange Cl- for H+. Crystal structures have suggested that the conformational change from occluded to outward-facing states is unusually simple, involving only the rotation of a conserved glutamate (Gluex) upon its protonation. Using 19F NMR, we show that as [H+] is increased to protonate Gluex and enrich the outward-facing state, a residue ~20 Å away from Gluex, near the subunit interface, moves from buried to solvent-exposed. Consistent with functional relevance of this motion, constriction via inter-subunit cross-linking reduces transport. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the cross-link dampens extracellular gate-opening motions. In support of this model, mutations that decrease steric contact between Helix N (part of the extracellular gate) and Helix P (at the subunit interface) remove the inhibitory effect of the cross-link. Together, these results demonstrate the formation of a previously uncharacterized 'outward-facing open' state, and highlight the relevance of global structural changes in CLC function.
Reliability study of high-κ La2O3/HfO2 and HfO2/La2O3 stacking layers on n-In0.53Ga0.47As metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor
Authors: Chu Chung-Ming , Lin Yueh-Chin , Lee Wei-I , Dee Chang Fu , Wong Yuen-Yee , Majlis Burhanuddin Yeop , Salleh Muhamad Mat , Yap Seong Ling , Chang Edward Yi
Published: January 2016

This study investigates the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics of La2O3/HfO2 and HfO2/La2O3 stacking layers on an n-In0.53Ga0.47As metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor. Both designs improved the reliability compared with a single layer of HfO2. The TDDB followed the thermochemical E model. The current transportation mechanism changed from thermionic emission to Frenkel–Poole emission because of the traps creation under voltage stress. Both designs resulted in similar lifespans and voltage accelerating factors. However, the La2O3/HfO2 design had a longer lifespan because of the lower interface trap density and insertion of the HfO2 diffusion barrier layer between La2O3 and n-In0.53Ga0.47As. The oxide stacks exhibited excellent reliability and achieved a lifespan of 28.4 years.
Evaluation of complex conductivity in a circularly polarized field by terahertz time-domain reflection spectroscopy with a phase shifter
Authors: Morimoto Tomohide , Yamashita Genki , Nagai Masaya , Ashida Masaaki
Published: January 2016

We propose a smart technique for directly evaluating complex conductivity in a circularly polarized field with no polarimeter by time-domain reflection spectroscopy using a terahertz (THz) phase shifter and a polarized beam splitter. We performed THz time-domain spectroscopy on a doped InSb wafer under a magnetic field with a δ-phase shifter based on parallel metal waveguides. Despite the π/2 phase shifter with low accuracy, we obtained the conductivity spectrum shifted by cyclotron frequency while maintaining a Drude-like spectral shape. This technique paves the way for new magneto-optical spectroscopy methods.
Evaluation method of threshold voltage shift of SiC MOSFETs under negative gate bias using n-type SiC MOS capacitors
Authors: Ohashi Teruyuki , Iijima Ryosuke
Published: January 2016

A novel method for estimating threshold voltage shifts of n-channel SiC MOSFETs under negative gate bias stresses has been proposed. In the proposed method, n-type SiC MOS capacitors were utilized instead of n-channel SiC MOSFETs. The n-type SiC MOS capacitors were exposed to ultraviolet light to generate holes around the gate region at the SiC surfaces. By applying negative gate voltage under this condition, inversion layers of the holes were formed, and negative gate bias stress was applied to the gate oxides of the n-type SiC MOS capacitors. By this method, we investigated the tendency of flat band voltage shifts in SiC MOS capacitors depending on the gate oxide forming condition, and it was confirmed that the tendency is in accord with that of threshold voltage shifts in SiC MOSFETs obtained by the conventional method.
Examination of phonon deformation potentials for accurate strain measurements in silicon–germanium alloys with the whole composition range by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Kosemura Daisuke , Yamamoto Shotaro , Takeuchi Kazuma , Usuda Koji , Ogura Atsushi
Published: January 2016

The phonon deformation potentials (PDPs), p and q, of Si1−

x
Ge
x
with the whole range of the Ge concentration x were examined in detail in pursuit of accurate strain measurements by Raman spectroscopy. An oil-immersion Raman technique was adopted to extract the PDPs of Si1−

x
Ge
x
, in which a complex sample preparation process or a stress-introduction device is not necessary. The strain-shift coefficients b
LO and b
TO, which can be calculated using the obtained PDPs, were compared with the values in the literature, and we suggested which values were best for application to accurate strain measurements. Ab initio calculation was also performed to understand the behavior of the PDPs throughout the whole range of x in Si1−

x
Ge
x
.
Ring structures formed inside voids in SiO2 layer on Si(100) during thermal decomposition
Authors: Enta Yoshiharu , Osanai Shodai , Yoshida Taichi
Published: January 2016

Ring structures inside voids in the SiO2 layer on a Si(100) substrate, which are concentrically formed by repeating thermal annealing in vacuum, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that slight exposure of the surface to volatile organic compounds during a cooling process significantly affects the formation of the ring structures. This result clearly shows that the key to ring-structure formation is surface adsorption of carbon atoms, which probably suppresses surface migration of silicon atoms. Our research provides a novel technique for the fabrication of nanostructured semiconductors for such applications as quantum effect devices.
Antenna of silver nanoparticles mounted on a flexible polymer substrate constructed using inkjet print technology
Authors: Matyas Jiri , Munster Lukas , Olejnik Robert , Vlcek Karel , Slobodian Petr , Krcmar Petr , Urbanek Pavel , Kuritka Ivo
Published: January 2016

This article describes the construction of an antenna that operates at frequencies of 1.07, 1.5, and 2.49 GHz and that is fabricated on a flexible polymer substrate using inkjet printing technology. In particular, this article is focused on the preparation and characterization of an antenna starting from the ink formulation for printing a homogeneous, electrically conductive layer using silver nanoparticles. The diameter of the prepared silver nanoparticles ranges from 50 to 200 nm. The inkjet printing technology on flexible polymer substrates offers a wide range of applications where there are high demands for flexibility. In combination with the polymer substrate, inkjet printing enables the production of more complex shapes and curves for antennas that are widely applicable not only in wearable electronic devices but also in plastic cases for portable communication devices.
Luminescence and scintillation properties of La- and La,Ag-doped CsPbCl3 single crystals
Authors: Watanabe Kei , Koshimizu Masanori , Yanagida Takayuki , Fujimoto Yutaka , Asai Keisuke
Published: January 2016

We analyzed the luminescence and scintillation properties of CsPbCl3 single crystals. La and Ag were chosen as the dopants, although Ag proved to have little effect on the scintillation properties. In the photoluminescence spectra, in addition to the free exciton band at 425 nm, an additional band was observed at 440 nm at low temperatures for the La-doped crystals. The scintillation spectrum of the undoped crystal was composed of the free exciton band and a broad band at 600 nm, which is ascribed to lattice defects. The La doping strongly suppressed both the broad band and the slow scintillation component, which is ascribed to the emission at lattice defects.
Who was that masked man?
Authors: Garber Daniel
Published: July 2002

Stephen Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Pp. xx+499. ISBN 0-19-823994-7. £25.00.

Stephen Gaukroger's new biography of Descartes is a major accomplishment. Gaukroger offers the reader an overview of Descartes' life and works, with healthy doses of intellectual background thrown in for good measure. It should have a major impact on Cartesian studies, both within the history of philosophy and within the history of science.
Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite
Authors: SNOBELEN STEPHEN D.
Published: July 2002

There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: the same
came to Jesus by night…

John 3: 1–2

A lady asked the famous Lord Shaftesbury what religion he was of. He answered the religion of
wise men. She asked, what was that? He answered, wise men never tell.

Diary of Viscount Percival (1730), i, 113

NEWTON AS HERETIC

Isaac Newton was a heretic. But like Nicodemus, the secret disciple of Jesus, he never made
a public declaration of his private faith – which the orthodox would have deemed extremely
radical. He hid his faith so well that scholars are still unravelling his personal beliefs. His
one-time follower William Whiston attributed his policy of silence to simple, human fear
and there must be some truth in this. Every day as a public figure (Lucasian Professor,
Warden – then Master – of the Mint, President of the Royal Society) and as the figurehead
of British natural philosophy, Newton must have felt the tension of outwardly conforming
to the Anglican Church, while inwardly denying much of its faith and practice. He was
restricted by heresy laws, religious tests and the formidable opposition of public opinion.
Heretics were seen as religiously subversive, socially dangerous and even morally debased.
Moreover, the positions he enjoyed were dependent on public manifestations of religious
and social orderliness. Sir Isaac had a lot to lose. Yet he knew the scriptural injunctions
against hiding one's light under a bushel. Newton the believer was thus faced with the need
to develop a modus vivendi whereby he could work within legal and social structures,
while fulfilling the command to shine in a dark world. This paper recovers and assesses his
strategies for reconciling these conflicting dynamics and, in so doing, will shed light on
both the nature of Newton's faith and his agenda for natural philosophy.
Attitude Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty
Authors: NADEAU RICHARD , MARTIN PIERRE , BLAIS ANDRÉ
Published: July 2002

How do people make decisions when they have to choose between unknown futures? Do they simply rely on anticipated costs and benefits or do they use some other criteria to assess their options? And what determines the criteria they use to make such decisions? This article explores the way voters take sides when they are faced with a fundamental political choice. Using data from a survey of voting intentions conducted prior to the 1995 referendum on sovereignty in Quebec, we find that attitude towards risk-taking influences political choice indirectly, as it affects the relative weights given to different decision criteria. Individuals who usually accept risk more readily tend to choose entirely on the basis of anticipated costs and benefits, but individuals who are more reluctant to take risks give almost as much weight to the perceived possibility of a ‘worst outcome’. Our analysis suggests that attitude towards risk-taking had a modest but significant impact on individual choice, and thus was a contributing factor in the outcome of the Quebec referendum.
Electoral Engineering and Cross-National Turnout Differences: What Role for Compulsory Voting?
Authors: FRANKLIN MARK N.
Published: July 2002

Low electoral turnout is often considered to be bad for democracy, whether inherently or because it calls legitimacy into question or because low turnout implies lack of representation of certain groups and inegalitarian policies. Yet there would appear to be a straightforward cure for low turnout: make voting compulsory. Of the twenty-five countries in the International Almanac of Electoral History for which Katz has collected institutional data, four have compulsory voting. Turnout in these countries averages 89 per cent, as compared to 75 per cent in the other twenty-one countries.
ADMITTING ACQUITTALS AS SIMILAR FACT EVIDENCE OF GUILT
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: July 2002

AN accused is charged with rape. He will claim that the complainant consented. The Crown can prove that on four previous occasions that selfsame accused has been tried on other counts of rape, but on all but one of them has been acquitted. The trial judge rules that, had the accused been convicted of all four earlier rapes, such evidence would have been admissible at the fifth trial under the similar fact evidence principles enunciated by the House of Lords in D.P.P. v. P [1991] 2 A.C. 447. The single earlier conviction, however, standing alone, does not qualify as admissible similar fact evidence. These, in essence, were the facts confronting the House of Lords in R. v. Z [2000] 3 W.L.R. 117, the general question for the House being: despite three of Z’s previous trials having resulted in acquittals, was the Crown entitled to lead evidence of all four earlier incidents, including testimony from the three complainants whose allegations had failed to persuade juries in the past?
ON THE ACCURACY OF SURFACE SPLINE APPROXIMATION AND INTERPOLATION TO BUMP FUNCTIONS
Authors: Bejancu Aurelian
Published: July 2002

Let $\sOm$ be the closure of a bounded open set in $\mathbb{R}^d$, and, for a sufficiently large integer $\kappa$, let $f\in C^\kappa(\sOm)$ be a real-valued ‘bump’ function, i.e. $\supp(f)\subset\textint(\sOm)$. First, for each $h>0$, we construct a surface spline function $\sigma_h$ whose centres are the vertices of the grid $\mathcal{V}_h=\sOm\cap h\zd$, such that $\sigma_h$ approximates $f$ uniformly over $\sOm$ with the maximal asymptotic accuracy rate for $h\rightarrow0$. Second, if $\ell_1,\ell_2,\dots,\ell_n$ are the Lagrange functions for surface spline interpolation on the grid $\mathcal{V}_h$, we prove that $\max_{x\in\sOm}\sum_{j=1}^n\ell_j^2(x)$ is bounded above independently of the mesh-size $h$. An interesting consequence of these two results for the case of interpolation on $\mathcal{V}_h$ to the values of a bump data function $f$ is obtained by means of the Lebesgue inequality.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 41A05; 41A15; 41A25; 41A63
Statistical literature for participatory on-farm research
Authors: Riley J. , Alexander C. J.
Published: July 2002

A review is presented of available documents containing statistical methodology for participatory on-farm research. Further needs in this area of work are commented upon.
A note on exponentially harmonic
morphisms
Authors: Loubeau Eric , Montaldo Stefano
Published: July 2002

We
prove that exponentially harmonic morphisms are precisely the Riemannian
submersions with minimal fibres.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 58E20.
A property of univalent functions in
A_{p}
Authors: Walsh David
Published: July 2002

The univalent functions in the diagonal
Besov space A_{p}, where 1
2, for which the
area of the complement of the image of the unit disc is
zero.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 30C99, 46E35.
A note on tightness
Authors: SALEH MOHAMMAD
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this note is to prove a results of Jain and López-Permouth under a weaker conditions replacing R-weak injectivity by R-tightness and even getting a simpler proof.
THE DEATH OF BOB SMILLIE, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, AND THE

ECLIPSE OF THE INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY
Authors: BUCHANAN TOM
Published: July 2002

Bob Smillie, a volunteer with the Independent Labour Party

(I.L.P.) contingent in

the Spanish Civil War, died while held prisoner by the Republican

side in Valencia in June 1937.

His death, officially due to appendicitis, has been consistently

treated as suspicious, not least by his

comrade-in-arms George Orwell in Homage to Catalonia. This

article re-examines the

circumstances surrounding Smillie's death, using the

papers of the I.L.P. businessman David

Murray who was in Spain attempting to secure his release. Murray accepted

the ‘official version’

of Smillie's death by natural causes – and defended it doggedly

within I.L.P. circles – despite those

who advanced views to the contrary. The article examines Murray's

evidence in reaching his

conclusions, and concludes that the I.L.P.'s response to

Smillie's death reveals much about its

precarious position within British politics in the late 1930s.