bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational Belief
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2023

Rationality is a goal-oriented notion. At least as a starter, we can say that questions concerning your rationality are questions concerning how effectively you are pursuing your goals. More exactly, this is a starter insofar as the questions are ones concerning a full-blooded notion of rationality. In a weak sense, you are rational simply because you are capable of being rational or irrational in the full-blooded sense. Being rational in the weak sense contrasts with being arational; stones, buildings, and artichokes are arational, whereas you are not. Being rational in the full-blooded sense contrasts with being irrational, and it is this notion of rationality that is goal-oriented.
“A Wall Between Them Up to Heaven”: Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth E
Published: November 2023

During the first half of the eighteenth century, Anglo-Americans struggled to resolve a number of unsettling issues. The use of paper money as a circulating medium, growing power in the assemblies, and the popularity of evangelical revivalism were among the items that initiated heated public debates. Such conflicts provide evidence of the sort of turmoil often used as proof of the process of “modernization” at work.1 But those and other disputes also prompted colonists to articulate assumptions about value and to reveal the depth of differences among themselves as they attempted to evaluate social, economic, and political change. By comparing the writings of two complex personalities, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, clues emerge that illustrate how values contributed to divisions in the colonies and shaped the attitudes of individuals caught in the vortex of cultural disruption.
“To Begin the World Over Again”: :Foreign Policy and the Birth of the Republic, 1776–1788
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

We have every opportunity and every encouragement before us, to form the noblest, and purest constitution on the face of the earth,” revolutionary pamphleteer Tom Paine wrote in late 1775. Paine’s words came at a time when the American colonists in their struggle with Great Britain suffered military defeat and economic distress. They were bitterly divided between those who sought independence and those who preferred accommodation. Only thirty-seven years old when he arrived in the United States in 1774, Paine had been a corset maker and minor British government functionary. His best-selling pamphlet Common Sense made an impassioned appeal for independence. It was “absurd,” he insisted, for a “continent to be perpetually governed by an island.” A declaration of independence would gain for America assistance from England’s enemies, France and Spain. It would secure for an independent America peace and prosperity. The colonists had been dragged into Europe’s wars by their connection with England. Without such ties, there would be no cause for European hostility. Freed of British restrictions, commerce would “secure us the peace and friendship of all Europe because it is in the interest of all Europe to have America as a free port.”
“None Who Can Make Us Afraid”: The New Republic in a Hostile World, 1789–1801
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

George Washington’s 1796 musings about a United States so powerful that none could “make us afraid” reflected the fear that gripped the nation throughout the turbulent 1790s, a time of dire threats from without and bitter divisions within. They also put into words the first president’s vision of an American empire invulnerable to such dangers. If the United States could avoid war for a generation, he reasoned, the growth in population and resources combined with its favorable geographic location would enable it “in a just cause, to bid defiance to any power on earth.” Washington and his successor, John Adams, set important precedents in the management of foreign and national security policy. Conciliatory at the brink of war, they managed to avert hostilities with and wring important concessions from both England and France. They consolidated control of the western territories awarded in the 1783 peace treaty with Britain, laying a firm foundation for what Washington called the “future Grandeur of this rising Empire.” The Federalists’ conduct of U.S. foreign policy significantly shaped the new nation’s institutions and political culture. Through skillful diplomacy and great good fortune, the United States emerged from a tumultuous decade much stronger than at the start.
The War of 1898, the New Empire, and the Dawn of the American Century, 1893–1901
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

The great transformation in U.S. foreign relations that began in the Gilded Age culminated in the 1890s. During that tumultuous decade, the pace of diplomatic activity quickened. Americans took greater notice of events abroad and more vigorously asserted themselves in defense of perceived interests. The war with Spain in 1898 and the acquisition of overseas colonies have often been viewed as accidents of history, departures from tradition, “the great aberration,” in historian Samuel Flagg Bemis’s words, “empire by default,” according to a more recent writer.1 In fact, the United States in going to war with Spain acted much more purposefully than such interpretations allow. To be sure, the nation broke precedent by acquiring overseas colonies with no intention of admitting them as states. At the same time, in its aims, its methods, and the rhetoric used to justify it, the expansionism of the 1890s followed logically from earlier patterns, built on established precedents, and gave structure to the blueprint drawn up by James G. Blaine in the previous decade.
Involvement Without Commitment, 1921–1931
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

Often dismissed as an isolationist backwater, the era of the 1920s in fact defies simple explanation. It lacks an overarching theme and a dominant, Wilson-like figure. United States foreign policy derived from numerous complex and sometimes conflicting pressures, producing a bundle of seeming contradictions. The United States was without question the world’s top economic power, but it lacked commensurate military power and was not always inclined or able to use its economic might effectively. Republican officials went far beyond their predecessors in terms of involvement in world problems.
Coexistence and Crises, 1953–1961
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

On March 6, 1953, the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party announced with “profound sorrow” that Joseph Stalin was dead. Citizens of the USSR must have greeted the news with a mixture of relief and anxiety. Editorialists in the United States expressed undisguised joy at the demise of the “murderer of millions” but permitted themselves only a glimmer of hope. The great struggle of the century would continue, they averred. Stalin’s successors could be as bad or worse. The world might be plunged into an “era of darkest uncertainty.” In fact, Stalin’s death, along with the development of nuclear weapons with destructive capacity too awful to contemplate, changed the Cold War fundamentally in the 1950s. The conflict shifted to new battlegrounds, took new forms, and required new weapons. New leaders on both sides struggled to cope with a more complex and, in some ways, more menacing world. While speaking of peaceful coexistence, they lurched from crisis to crisis. The end of the decade brought simultaneously major steps toward substantive negotiations and one of the most dangerous periods of the postwar era.
Stellarator and Heliotron Devices
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

This monograph describes plasma physics for magnetic confinement of high temperature plasmas in nonaxisymmetric toroidal magnetic fields or stellarators. The techniques are aimed at controlling nuclear fusion for continuous energy production. While the focus is on the nonaxisymmetric toroidal field, or heliotron, developed at Kyoto University, the physics applies equally to other stellarators and axisymmetric tokamaks. The author covers all aspects of magnetic confinement, formation of magnetic surfaces, magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and stability, single charged particle confinement, neoclassical transport and plasma heating. He also reviews recent experiments and the prospects for the next generation of devices.
Design Principles Of Coil Systems In The Stellarator And Heliotron
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

The possibility that a magnetic bottle of the toroidal configuration (or a geometry topologically identical to the donut) may confine a high-temperature plasma makes a detailed investigation of the toroidal magnetic configuration important. The practical utilization of magnetic fields for plasma confinement depends on the solution of a number of problems. In the first place, it is necessary to determine precisely which properties of the magnetic field are responsible for stable confinement of individual charged particles and plasmas. Investigations of the confinement of individual charged particles (in chapter 6) and of the conditions necessary for the existence and stability of megnetohydrodynamic equilibrium (in chapters 4 and 5) have shown that the confinement properties of the magnetic field depend on the geometry of the magnetic lines of force and the spatial variation of the field intensity B = IBI. These considerations lead to a detailed investigation of the structures of coils capable of producing favorable magnetic lines of force. Although the field intensity Bis a local quantity, the lines of force are integral characteristics of the magnetic field Band the analysis becomes more complicated.
Neoclassical Transport In The Stellarator And Heliotron
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

In neoclassical diffusion theory, the essential mechanism is the existence of a trapped particle with a velocity component perpendicular to the magnetic surfaces due to VB drift motion. From this point of view, neoclassical diffusion exists even in straight stellarators with perfect helical symmetry. Here, neoclassical transport is first introduced for a straight stellarator in section 7.2. We note the similarity between the tokamak with axisymmetry and the straight stellarator with helical symmetry.
The Steady-State Fusion Reactor
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

First, we discuss the condition for ignition based on the global power balance in section 9.2. In magnetically confined ignited plasmas, heating by neutral beam injection (NBI) or by a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic wave is replaced by heating due to high-energy charged particles produced by fusion reactions. In deuterium (D) and tritium (T) plasmas, the behavior of alpha particles is the most important issue, as shown in section 9.3. When the heating due to alpha particles, or alpha heating, exceeds the overall energy loss, net energy production is possible by the D-T fusion reaction in the ignited plasma. A total fusion energy, including neutrons, of the order of 3 GW is typically expected in the fusion reactor of the near future.
Discourse and the Construction Of Society
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

This is a paperback reprint of a book published in 1989. Lincoln explores the ways in which myth, ritual, and classification hold human societies together - and how, in times of crisis, they can be used to take a society apart and reconstruct it.
Introduction
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

The studies that follow pursue the question of how certain specific modes of discourse-myth, ritual, and classification-can be, and have been, employed as effective instruments not only for the replication of established social forms (this much is well known), but more broadly for the construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of society itself. Before we can turn to this topic, however, there is another that must be treated: No consideration of discourse is complete that does not also take account of force. Together, discourse and force are the chief means whereby social borders, hierarchies, institutional formations, and habituated patterns of behavior are both maintained and modified.
Competing Uses of the Future in the Present
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

Thus far, in considering the sociopolitical instrumentality of mythic dis course, we have limited ourselves to stories that are told in the past tense. Yet there are other myths, and extremely important ones, that are set not in the past but in the future, a mythic future that-like the mythic past-enters discourse in the present always and only for reasons of the present. What is more, such myths may well be (and have often been) contested territory as competing segments of society seek to appropriate them and turn them to their own interests, be those interests the preservation of the status quo or the reconstruction of society in some radically new form. As a case in point consider a common eschatological image that occurs, inter alia, in three Iranian accounts of the world’s end. According to the first, “This also is said: ‘The earth becomes flat, without a crown and without a seat. There are no mountain peaks or hollows, nor are up and down preserved’ “ (Greater Bundahishn 34.33).
Ritual, Rebellion, Resistance: Rethinking the Swazi Ncwala
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

Like myth, ritual is best understood as an authoritative mode of symbolic discourse and a powerful instrument for the evocation of those sentiments (affinity and estrangement) out of which society is constructed. The differences between the two, although hardly negligible, are in large measure a matter of genre, ritual discourse being primarily gestural and dramatic; mythic discourse, verbal and narrative. I hope I have shown that the politics of myth are considerably more complex than is generally recognized; now the time has come to turn our attention to ritual.
The Levirate Widow
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney
Published: November 2023

The third kind of dependent woman in the mishnaic system is the levirate widow. When a woman’s husband dies without male issue, Scripture re quires her to marry her husband’s brother in the hope that the union will produce a surrogate son and heir to the dead brother, so that his name “may not be blotted out in Israel” (Deut. 25:6). This consideration is so compel ling as to override Scripture’s explicit directive forbidding a man in normal circumstances to marry his brother’s widow (Lev. 18:16).159 Like the minor daughter and the wife, then, the levirate widow is defined by her relation ship to a man who has an exclusive claim on her biological function; and, as with those other women, the sexuality factor diminishes her personhood. For just as the daughter’s sexuality belongs to her father and the wife’s to her husband, so the levirate widow is the sexual property of the levir; and, as with the first two women, the levirate widow’s potential as a brood mare reduces her to the status of chattel when this function is paramount in the minds of the sages.
The Autonomous Woman
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney
Published: November 2023

Women defined as autonomous in mishnaic law comprise three subclasses: the emancipated daughter, the divorcee, and the widow. These three groups (explained in chap. 1) form mirror images of the three dependent subclasses discussed in chapters 2 through 4: the minor daughter’s counterpart is the unmarried woman, whose coming of age at twelve and one-half years automatically emancipates her from her father’s jurisdiction; the divorcee counterpart of the wife-is released from her husband’s authority by receiving his writ of divorce; and the levirate widow’s counterpart, the normal widow, escapes control by her husband’s brother because her husband produced an heir before he died.
The Anomaly Of Woman In The Mishnah
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney
Published: November 2023

The law of women’s status forms one well-defined part of a larger system of jurisprudence, the totality of mishnaic law. So in analyzing the rules that govern women, we need to consider how well the law of women, in form and in substance, meshes with the mishnaic system as a whole. How far do the sages succeed in integrating women into their blueprint for the ideal Israelite way? And how well does their treatment of women fit the general method of the Mishnah? To set these questions in context, we shall briefly review our major findings and their significance.
A Kingdom without a King
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

Abdullah’s assassination sent Jerusalem into a frenzy. Police and troops of the Royal Guard went berserk in the Old City, firing indiscriminately into the crowds and rioting through the streets. Dozens were injured; the numbers killed are unknown. The commander of the guards regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Habis al-Majali, assisted Shaykh Muhammad al-Shanqiti in wrapping Abdullah’s body in one of the mosque carpets to be carried first to a hospital and then, when death was confirmed, by car to Qalandia to be put on an airplane for Amman. Al-Majali’s absence coupled with the wounding of Police ChiefRadi ‘Innab meant that troops at the Haram al-Sharif were without their two senior officers, thereby fueling the confusion. In any event, the area was cordoned off, and up to five hundred people were herded into the Armenian Quarter and then back into the open space around the mosque for interrogation. Ahmad al-Khalil, governor of Arab Jerusalem, clamped a curfew over the Old City, sealed traffic at the Mandelbaum Gate, and declared martial law. Sam Cooke, a British brigadier stationed in Ramallah, was appointed military governor in his capacity as the senior Arab Legion officer on the West Bank.
The Kingdom Unraveled
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

Ironically, Glubb’s ouster did not signal Hussein’s consolidation of power at the top of the Jordanian pyramid. By mid-March, the paroxysm of nationalist praise for Hussein’s “personal coup”1 had died down, and the old political tests returned with a vengeance. Only this time, the traditional centers of influence-palace, government, and army-faced challenges from newcomers who believed that the future of a Glubbless Jordan was theirs. To the political opposition and to the ambitious nationalists in the Arab Legion, Glubb’s dismissal was as much their victory as Hussein’s, and over the subsequent months they proceeded to chip away inexorably at the edifice of the state. This year was not Hussein’s finest. With mild understatement, he himself called it a year of “uneasy experiment.”2 Although at times he showed signs of the maturity that helped him weather the Baghdad Pact riots, more often than not the king wavered, ceding almost indifferently the political initiative to men and ideas that were fundamentally at odds with the Hashemites’ core principles. With no clear lead from their sovereign, the “king’s men” drifted apart from the palace, or perhaps more accurately,
American Indian Ethnic Renewal
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

Does activism matter? American Indian Ethnic Renewal looks at this question and explores the meaning of activism for Native American individual ethnic identification.
Deconstructing Ethnicity
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

The model of ethnic renewal put forth in the last two chapters has outlined the ways in which individuals and communities construct and reconstruct their identities and cultures. This constructionist approach to understanding ethnicity is part of an ongoing dialogue within. the social sciences about the nature of individual and collective ethnicity. It is an attempt to make sense of the failures of earlier models and to codify and extend emerging understandings. According to this view, ethnicity is constructed out of the material of language, religion, culture, appearance, ancestry, or regionality.
American Indian Population Growth: Changing Patterns of Indian Ethnic Identification
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

The dramatic growth of the American Indian population reflected in the census data presented in the Introduction constitutes a demographic puzzle. How can we account for the rapid increase in the number of American Indians during the post-World War II period, particularly since 1960? This increase in the number of Americans claiming an Indian race and Indian ancestry represents an opportunity for those interested in understanding not only American Indian ethnicity but ethnic identification and ethnic boundaries in general. By examining historical changes in the size and composition of the Indian population, we can obtain a preliminary and evocative overview of the structure and dynamics of American Indian ethnicity. By trying to uncover the reasons for the increase in the American Indian population, we can gain insight into what leads to individual ethnic identification, what forces are at work in the construction and reconstruction of ethnic groups, and ultimately, how to describe the causes and character of American Indian ethnic renewal.
Red Power: Reforging Identity and Culture
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

The Alcatraz occupation represented a turning point in American Indian protest and a defining moment in the evolution of American Indian ethnicity. Alcatraz heralded the beginning of the Red Power movement, a period of greatly increased American Indian activism by mostly larger-than-tribal groups and organizations often with urban origins, expressing grievances ranging from issues affecting Native Americans in general to problems confronting all Indian tribes to issues specific to particular tribes. The occupation of Alcatraz and the activist movement it launched energized and transformed American Indian ethnicity. American Indian ancestry became a valued part of personal identity and a basis for self-identification and group solidarity. The movement’s identification of common Indian problems and rights reaffirmed Native Americans’ shared history, values, and meaning and provided a symbolic base from which to appeal to constituents, recruit participants, build organization, and plan and launch protest actions.
The Problematics of American Indian Ethnicity
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

The Red Power period of American Indian activism was an important force in the renewal of American Indian ethnicity, inspiring a resurgence in American Indian self-identification, kindling a renaissance of native culture, and speeding a reform of federal Indian policy. By spotlighting Indian grievances, empowering Indian groups and individuals, and challenging prevailing definitions and evaluations of Indian rights and efficacy, Red Power redefined and revitalized Indianness. The road to self-renewal was an exhilarating journey, one marked by celebration and by tragedy as well. Like all great transformations, the legacy of Red Power for American Indian ethnicity involved much that was constructive, inspirational, and empowering for native individuals and communities.
The Dilemmas of Domesticity: Possession and Devotional Experience Among Urban Smarta Women
Authors: Hancock Mary E
Published: November 2023

The introductory essay to this volume suggests that by tracing marriage’s margins or boundaries we are enabled to better discern what is central to marriage and, taking this notion a step further, to see that inversions of and resistance to normative versions of marriage may be read as “diagnostic indicators” of the complex relations of knowledge and power that support claims about the meaning of Hindu marriage.1 In this essay I engage the center periphery dynamic, and its ambiguities, through a discussion of the interpenetrations of bhakti(religious devotion) and spirit possession in several Smarta Brahman households. Bhakti,an umbrella term for a variety of ecstatic devotional forms dating from the seventh century c.E., has often been viewed as a critique “from below” of the formalism of Hindu orthodoxy and the accompanying structural inequalities of caste.2 I would like to argue here for a more complicated and nuanced approach to the “resistance” often attributed to bhakti.
Abandoning Shame: Mira and the Margins of Marriage
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: November 2023

Mira Bai is undoubtedly the most famous woman saint in the history of north Indian devotionalism (bhakti).Mira’s story-or, rather, some version of it-is known to people of all ages and from all tiers of society. It has been passed down through generations orally and recently in small religious pamphlets, in schoolbooks, and even in the colorful comic books of which children and Indologists are so fond. My interest in Mira has been limited to the narrative tradition familiar to Rajasthani Rajput women, particularly aristocratic women, among whom I have done extensive fieldwork. Many of the women I interviewed mentioned Mira as one of the women they most admired. Their admiration made sense to me: Mira was a Rajput princess in Mewar, the area in which I based my research. Moreover, she is an illustrious ancestor in a culture that venerates ancestors. Mira, however, has little in common with the other women frequently mentioned as admirable: while the others behaved in a manner consistent with Rajput normative codes, Mira did not. Thus while many Rajput women are quick to claim her as a member of their community and to celebrate her character, they also tend to believe she really was on rather bad behavior. Their commentary on Mira’s story reveals ambivalence about a great woman who acted shamelessly.
Blake; or, the Huts of America by Martin Delany
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

On one of those exciting occasions, during a contest for the Presidency of the United States, a number of gentlemen met in the city of Baltimore. They were few in number, and appeared little concerned about the affairs of the general government. Though men of intelligence, their time and attention appeared to be entirely absorbed in an adventure of self interest. They met for the purpose of completing arrangements for refitting the old ship ‘Merchantman,’ which then lay in the harbor near Fell’s Point. Colonel Stephen Franks, Major James Armsted, Captain Richard Paul and Captain George Royer, composed those who represented the American side-Captain Juan Garcia and Captain Jose Castello, those of Cuban interest. Here a conversation ensued upon what seemed a point of vital importance to the company; it related to the place best suited for the completion of their arrangements.
Violence in Fantasy: The Fiction of William Wells Brown
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

Men do not love those who remind them of their sins-unless they have a mind to repent-and the mulatto child’s face is a standing accusation against him who is master and father to the child. What is still worse, perhaps, such a child is a constant offense to the wife. She hates its very presence, and when a slaveholding woman hates, she wants not means to give that hate telling effect. As I see it, it is through the process of making artistic forms-plays, poems, novels-out of one’s experiences that one becomes a writer, and it is through this process, this struggle, that the writer helps give meaning to the experience of the group. ART as William Wells Brown defined it for himself had little or no significance unless it was related to life and the struggle for black liberation. As he created his plays, short stories, and novels, Brown drew heavily from his experiences as a slave, protesting against the injustices and barbarities of the peculiar institution. Like Frederick Douglass’ The Heroic Slave and Martin Delany’s Blake, Brown’s fiction had a definite political purpose. His abolitionism was quite obvious in his art. Commenting on Brown’s novel Clotel; or the President’s Daughter (1853), the Boston Liberator pointed out that there was much in it “calculated to intensify the moral indignation of the world Violence in the Black Imagination against slavery.” In a review of Brown’s play The Escape, or a Leap for Freedom (1858), the Auburn (New York) Daily Advertiser praised the drama as “a masterly refutation of all apologies for slavery. “2 But Brown’s creative expressions represented more than abolitionist tracts. In a crucial sense, his fiction was profoundly personal: It offered him a way to deal with the painful and vexing dilemmas he had experienced in his past and could not forget after his escape to the North. Thus his life and his fantasy graded into each other in his fiction, and this fusion served a need Brown deeply felt. In his imagination he was able to act out his rage and frustration as well as the violence he wished to bring down on his oppressors.
Fundamentalism and the Control of Women
Authors: Brown Karen Mccarthy
Published: November 2023

Religious fundamentalism is very difficult to define; yet many of us—scholars and journalists in particular—think we know it when we see it. For those attuned to gender as a category of analysis, a stab of recognition is often occasioned by the presence of high degrees of religiously sanctioned control of women. In conservative religious movements around the world, women are veiled or otherwise covered; confined to the home or in some other way strictly limited in their access to the public sphere; prohibited from testifying in a court of law, owning property, or initiating divorce; and they are very often denied the authority to make their own reproductive choices.
Uncovering Lives
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

Psychobiography is often attacked by critics who feel that it trivialises complex adult personalities, `explaining the large deeds of great individuals,’ as George Will wrote, `by some slight the individual suffered at a tender age - say, 7, when his mother took away a lollipop.’ Yet, as Alan Elms argues in Uncovering Lives, in the hands of a skilled practictioner, psychobiography can rival the very best traditional biography in the insights it offers. In presenting his case Elms offers his own vivid psychological portraits of prominent personality theorists (Freud, Jung, Allport, Skinner), imaginative writers (including Isaac Asimov, Jack Williamson, L. Frank Baum, and Vladimir Nabokov), and political figures (such as George Bush, Jimmy Carter, and Saddam Hussein).
The Psychologist as Biographer
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

Homo sapiens is the biographical animal. Humans differ from other creatures not only in anticipating their group and individual future but in reviewing and recounting their personal past-and in being fascinated by the personal pasts of other humans. Even in cultures where formal biography has remained undeveloped, details of individual life history are shared and spread by gossip, rumor, and personal confession. In our culture, the biographical impulse still operates much of the time at this informal level. But a tradition of formal biography has evolved as well, beginning with Plutarch’s Parallel Lives. In this tradition, the biographer studies an individual’s life and prepares an orderly account of it.
L. Frank Baum
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

At An Age when my daughters were old enough for “chapter books” but still young enough to enjoy being read to, I read them the first Oz book: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum. They loved it, so I read them the second Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz. After that they went on to read Baum’s other twelve Oz books by themselves. I had read The Wonderful Wizard of Oz once before, when I was ten. Rereading it as an adult, I found its menaces and delights both fresh and familiar. Though my memories were heavily overlaid with repeated viewings of the film version, the book was still back there somewhere in my brain. The 1939 Wizard of Oz with Judy Garland is one of the best movies ever made from a book, but I was pleased to encounter again all the details of character and place and plot that the movie left out.
God of Abraham
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

This cogently argued and richly illustrated book rejects the dichotomy between the God of Abraham and the God of the philosophers to argue that the two are one. In God of Abraham, one of our leading philosophers of religion shows how human values can illuminate our idea of God and how the monotheistic idea of God in turn illuminates our moral, social, cultural, aesthetic, and even ritual understanding. Throughout Goodman draws on a wealth of traditional, philosophical, historical, and anthropological materials, and particularly on a wide range of Jewish sources. He demonstrates how an adequate understanding of the interplay of values with monotheism dissolves many of the longstanding problems of natural theology and ethics and guides us toward a genuinely humanistic moral and social philosophy.
The Logic of Monotheism
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

In common usage the name of God, like most philosophically interesting words, bears a variety of senses, some contradictory to others, some incoherent in themselves. But a Socratic process, threshing these usages against one another, can winnow out a coherent idea of divinity. Elementally, what is meant is something extraordinary, in which strong feelings and powerful energies are vested—powerful values. For energies here are values. Gods are the creators of nature or culture, the manifest or hidden causes, sources, essences, or identities of events. They are the authors of our traits, the springs of human motives and intentions, governing powers of the interests that direct the salient happenings in our lives.
The Doable Good: The Individual and the Community
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

Our last chapter examined some of the characteristics we might expect in prescriptions deserving to be thought of as God’s, although we made no pretense of deducing such imperatives a priori but made constant reference to the Torah’s articulation of the commands we are urged to hold constantly before our eyes. Now I want to reverse the fields and work somewhat more inductively, surveying the tradition to discover what it contains that we can think of as expressing God’s will. This takes us out of the realm of theory and into the domain of what Aristotle called the doable good, where principles are concretized in practice. Our work here is not simply descriptive. For the canon as we receive it accommodates the ideal of Perfection to a wide variety of circumstances and preserves the resultant crystallizations not merely archivally, as insects in the amber of time, but by subtly reworking them into the living fabric of normative practice.
Ethical Monism and Ethical Pluralism
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

Monotheism demands an integration of our ethical values and is itself sustained by that integration. But does it make us ethical monists, reducing all goods to a single aim? Or does it tolerate a plurality of aims in each of us and a diversity of styles in us all? Does it set up a competition between all our activities and some single highest good? Or does it foster an integration, in which activities retain their intrinsic value? In this chapter I want to consider two models of ethical integration—the pluralism of Saadiah and the ethical monism of Maimonides—and to argue that the apparent disparity between the two is overdrawn and the idea that they cannot be reconciled is illusory: the integration called for by monotheism does not immolate but preserves and presupposes the intrinsic worth of the activities that the good life integrates.
A Historical Framework for Social Epidemiology
Authors: Berkman Lisa F , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: November 2023

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations (Susser 1973). Ever since John Graunt (1662) counted deaths in county parishes in England in the seventeenth century, social variations in morbidity and mortality have been observed. Early studies often centered on the ill effects of poverty, poor housing conditions, and work environments. By the nineteenth century, physicians such as Villerme (1830) and Virchow (1848) refined observations identifying social class and work conditions as crucial determinants of health and disease (Rosen 1963). Durkheim wrote eloquently about another profound social experience, that of social integration and how it was related to patterns of mortality, especially suicide (1897). So, in many ways, the idea that social conditions influence health is not new. Social epidemiology, however, is.
Socioeconomic Position
Authors: Lynch John , Kaplan George
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the socioeconomic position of individuals and populations and their health is well established—the socioeconomically better-off doing better on most measures of health status. Indeed, this direct association between socioeconomic position, measured in various ways, and health status has been recognized for centuries (Antonovsky 1967). In medieval Europe, for example, Paracelsus noted unusually high rates of disease in miners (1567). By the 19th century, systematic investigations were being conducted by Villermé into the relationship between rent levels of areas and mortality in Paris (Susser et al. 1985).
Depression and Medical Illness
Authors: Carney Robert M , Freedland Kenneth E
Published: November 2023

Depression is an ambiguous term that can refer to an individual symptom (dysphoric mood), a syndrome, or any of several disorders. Dysphoric mood is a normal response to loss and other adverse circumstances. Thus, it is usually not regarded as clinically significant unless other depressive symptoms are also present. Syndromal depression is an unpleasant mood state involving multiple depressive symptoms are also present.
Health and Social Policy
Authors: Heymann S Jody
Published: November 2023

The evidentiary base for social determinants of health has grown increasingly strong. The evidence shows that people living in poverty have poorer health, even when controlling for exposure to other known risk factors for disease (VanLoon et al. 1995; Fiscella and Franks 1997; Montgomery et al. 1996; Issler et al. 1996; Starfield 1992; Wise and Meyers 1988).
Greek Reflexive Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The usual G reflexive pronouns are combinations of the personal pronouns with the intensive cxiJT{x; ‘same, self’ (itself of obscure and disputed origin). In Hom. they are still uncompounded, as eµo’i cxvrwi, ao’i cxvrwi, eo’i cxvrwi. The later Ionic forms in Hdt., such as eµEwvrov, started with the dat.sg. ewvrwi from “eocxvrwi from fo’i cxvrwi. The Att. forms, eµcxvrov, 11€CXVTOV or IJCXVTOV, ECXVTOV or CXVTOV, would seem to be most simply explained as starting from the acc. sg. forms eµ’cxv­ rov, 11€ CXVTOV, E CXVTOV. But if instead they are properly eµetVTOV and so on, to which some late forms like ef:trov point, they will rather have started with the dat.sg. fo’i cxvrwi like the Ion. forms, corresponding to the latter in the same phonetic relation as Att.· f:tv p to Ion. wv p (both from o ow p).
Conjugation - Eventive Verbs
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Non-Finite Forms. The parent speech formed active and middle participles to eventive STEMS. Thus, since they are built to the same stem, the present and imperfect tenses do not form separate participles; but every primary and secondary stem-causative, desiderative, and the rest-might have its own participle: 1. Active participles, formed with the suffix “-ont-/-tJt-, whose formation is discussed in detail in 554-6. This is very widely attested in IE languages, including Hitt.; its absence from Celtic, where it is attested only in non-verbal forms (for example car(a)eH /kape/ ‘friend’), is striking. 2. Middle participles, formed with the suffixes “-meno-, “-mno- (560), simple thematics. They are much less widely attested than the active participles, being wholly absent in Celtic, Slavic, and Germanic, and the formation is found in Italic and Anatolian only in fugitive and disputed remnants. a. Infinitives (551-3) did not exist as such in PIE, nor gerunds. Nominactionis based on roots belonging to a number of different stems could enter into a variety of relationships with other nouns (as in NE his departure for France or the expectation of arrival and so on). But as in the case of English nominaactionis, as exemplified by reject, rejection; expect, expectation; respect, respect; conflict, conflict, and so on, there was to begin with no paradigmatic system.
The Present Classes in Latin The Latin Conjugations
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The familiar classification of L verbs in four conjugations is based on the infinitive only. Except for most of the verbs in the first conjugation there is no uniformity in the perfect stem or the participle within a given conjugation. Perfects in -vf or -uf, reduplicated perfects (with and without the reduplication intact), and root aorists occur in all four conjugations; and perfect stems based on the saorists occur in all but the first. Verbs of the first, second, and fourth conj. reflect “-ye/o- stems (456, 460), often added to some earlier stem. Those of the third conjugation represent the thematic presents, both simple and formed with other thematic suffixes, including some (the capio subvariety) in “-f/o- (479.6; 481). The peculiarities of the ‘irregular verbs’ (482-96) are mostly relics of athematic inflection.
Non-Finite Forms Infinitives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The infinitive is in origin a case form of a verbal noun which has become a fixture of the verb system, substituting under certain circumstances for a finite (person-marked) verb. While the use of verbal nouns as absolutes in this way may have begun in the parent speech, no particular set of forms was standard. By contrast, in most attested IE languages, including Sanskrit (from the Epic period on), G, and L, the range of infinitive forms and the formal relationships they bear to finite stems are to a large extent predictable. But the systems seen in these languages are only the end points of an evolution which is no more than well underway in the Rigveda, which therefore provides a window on history. In the absence of the Vedic information we would simply have said that the regular Skt. infin. in -tum (as seen in gantum ‘to go’ and janitum ‘to beget’) and the L supine in -tum continued a PIE form of absolute verbal noun. More or less simple statements could be made about all other infinitive forms, the only hint of a more complex story being the lack of agreement from group to group. The evidence provided by the Rigveda makes it unnecessary to speculate on why this is: its 700-odd forms that may be confidently taken as infinitives are made from a variety of noun stems and cases, amounting to thirty-five different types in all.
Introduction: The Convergence of Productivity, Its Significance, and Its Varied Connotations
Authors: Baumol William J , Nelson Richard R , Wolff Edward N
Published: November 2023

This collection of essays reviews the current state of knowledge of the convergence hypothesis, which asserts that at least a fairly restricted set of countries, the members of the “convergence club,” are undergoing a process that brings their levels of productivity and living standards increasingly close to one another. The book summarizes the available empirical information and contributes a considerable amount of new evidence. It examines the patterns exhibited by individual industries in particular countries as well as the behavior of the aggregate economies of those countries and their manufacturing sectors. It reports evidence, old and new, on the influences underlying the degree of convergence that appears in fact to have occurred. It studies the role that convergence has played and promises to play in the future of the newly industrialized countries and the less developed countries. There are separate investigations of performance in earlier periods, notably that of the United States, and analytic comparisons with the record after World War II. The chapters are about equally divided in focusing on two different convergence concepts to which we will refer, respectively, as homogenization and catch-up. The first refers to a state ofaffairs in which most of the countries in some specified group constantly grow closer to one another in terms of per-capita incomes and other pertinent variables. The second concept refers to the case in which laggard countries narrow the distance separating them from the leading economy. More will be said shortly about the distinction between the two orientations.
Explaining the Economic Performance of Nations, 1820–1989
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to establish how Western countries became rich and to understand why the rest of the world is poorer. I first measure the extent ofreal-income disparities to see how they have changed since 1820. I examine the causal role of quantifiable factors—natural resources, raw labor, human capital, and physical capital—and speculate on their interaction with demographic change, the growth and diffusion of technology, the growth of international trade and capital flows, and changes in economic structure. There are also deeper and less tangible layers of causality related to the character of basic institutions, the degree of social conflict, the international order, ideology, and the nature of economic policy. These underlie, interact with, and complement the “proximate” causality.
The Erosion of U.S. Technological Leadership as a Factor in Postwar Economic Convergence
Authors: Nelson Richard R , Wright Gavin
Published: November 2023

The surge of research and writing on convergence in recent years has been motivated, in part, by a sharpening awareness of how rapidly other countries have been catching up to the United States, the clear twentieth-century world leader in productivity and technology (Figure 5-1). This chapter, certainly, was so motivated. We are concerned with two big questions. Where did the large lead come from, in the first place? And what have been the essential forces behind its erosion?
Childrearing, Training, and Education
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Socializing the young is, ultimately, the parents’ or guardians’ responsibility. But this has never stopped moralists from providing books and poems of advice on what it means to be a well-brought-up child or youth and on how parents can achieve this desirable end. Manuals of childrearing in the medieval period were as spiced with proverbs as is Polonius’s advice to Laertes; no doubt, Shakespeare was familiar with this pervasive literature. Because London’s population was continually being replenished with recruits from the countryside and because its urban elite turned over rather quickly, the market for books on deportment and on rearing children for success in an urban environment was very good. London had few established elite households where the young could learn manners. Young people who aspired to success in London, either as merchants and craftsmen or as servants, needed to know the polite behavior that would make them acceptable in wealthy households. Parents with ambitions for their children also needed to know how to instruct. Thus the socialization of children and young people into polite society occupied an important segment of medieval London culture.
Relationships Between Masters and Apprentices
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The story of Walter Prata, a thoroughly disreputable apprentice, gives a clear picture of the division of labor in a medium-size shop and of the relationship between the master and his apprentices. Walter was apprenticed in 1400 to John Lincoln, a liveried goldsmith. Being, perhaps, fourteen at the time, Walter was the youngest apprentice in the establishment. The two others, Henry Goldsmith and William Fannt, completed their apprenticeship a year after Walter joined the household but continued to work in Lincoln’s shop as bachelors. Lincoln took in another apprentice as well, John Lannden, so that the business consisted of himself, two experienced workers, and two apprentices. The two apprentices lived with the master, as did Fannt, who occupied a separate chamber. They all took their meals together.