bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GeoCapabilities in Geography Education
Authors: Béneker Tine , Lambert David
Published: May 2024

GeoCapabilities is an international approach to understanding the spirit, purposes, and potentials of geography as a curriculum subject mainly in primary and secondary education. The GeoCapabilities approach is concerned with identifying and promoting the development of geography’s distinctive contribution to the school curriculum as it is enacted by thousands of teachers in various contexts and settings. GeoCapabilities stresses geography’s principal object of study—broadly stated as the Earth as the home of humankind—as highly significant, not in any sense to prescribe one version of the good life but in a way that allows for plurality in helping young people comprehend the “ways of the world”: the economic, environmental, political, and sociocultural processes that result in the worlds we experience. Thus, with whose knowledge do teachers and students need to be engaged? What agency do teachers play in making content and pedagogic selections (what to teach and how)? How do we help vision future curriculum scenarios that take seriously issues of empowerment, equity, and justice? The GeoCapabilities project evolved over a period of ten years from its pilot stage (GeoCap1, funded by the US National Science Foundation) through its main EU-funded conceptual phase (2013–2017 GeoCap 2: 539079-LLP-2013-1-UK-COMENIUS-CMP) to its final applications phase (2018–2022 GeoCap 3: 2018-1-UK01-KA201-048104). This article begins with a discussion of the capabilities approach, drawing out some of the significant theoretical aspects that have resonated with subject specialists with an interest in school teaching as an educational practice (theme 1). Theme 2 then describes in some more depth the concept of GeoCapabilities as it was developed through the official project and through the writings of associates and others internationally. One of the key concerns, the knowledge questions that guide curriculum decisions, is covered in theme 3 and this is followed by a focus on what we call the “three futures heuristic” that the GeoCapabilities project advocates as a productive means to vision future curriculum enactment (theme 4). A key question in GeoCapabilities concerns the agency of teachers and the possibility of “curriculum making,” opened up in theme 5. This is followed by a consideration of the project’s international impact (theme 6) and an overview of some practical outcomes that have been reported in the academic and professional literature (theme 7). Theme 8 overviews ways in which the principles and tools emerging from GeoCapabilities have been applied in the sub-field of young people’s geographies, and in theme 9 “spin-off” developments are identified.
A peculiar foreign body ingestion in 2-year-old girl complicated by esophageal perforation: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Albarrak Danah , Alrajhi Suliman , Naeem Mohammed
Published: May 2024

Foreign body ingestion is a common pediatric gastrointestinal emergency, which should be suspected in all patients who present with signs of airway obstruction or upper GI bleeding, especially if it developed after the child was left unwitnessed for a while. The most common foreign bodies identified in the literature are button batteries or coins. Early identification and management of suspected foreign body ingestion is crucial as it can lead to devastating complications including bleeding, fistula formation, perforation, mediastinitis, or abscess. Here we report a case of a peculiar foreign body ingestion resulting in esophageal perforation in a 2-year-old girl.
Jewish Migration in Literature and the Visual Arts
Authors: Almog Yael
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers a cultural history of Jewish migration and Diaspora since the beginning of the twentieth century. The examination focuses on literary and artistic alternate histories that pertain to the demography of the global Jewish population. The chapter investigates the role of literature and art in ascribing dynamic political meanings to Jewish Diaspora in accordance with historical affairs. The chapter opens with an overview of theories by Jewish thinkers that problematize the binary opposition of Diaspora to homeland and challenge the view of territorial belonging to one place as a main characteristic of contemporary Judaism. The chapter’s second part examines literary and artistic projects that portray alternate histories of Jewish migration and statehood. Literature and art have the power of imagining realities that subvert the political state of affairs. Cultural artifacts that depict a “road not taken” in the history of Zionism expose the contingencies that have determined Jewish relocation particularly since the beginning of the twentieth century.
Traditional Dance, Seasonal Rituals, and Ethnochoreology in Serbia
Authors: Rakočević Selena
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers an analytical overview of theoretical interpretations of the role of traditional dance within seasonal ritual events in Serbia and the former Yugoslavia by ethnochoreologists from the early twentieth century to the present. It traces how local as well as global transformations in cultural, historical, sociopolitical, economic, and intellectual terms have profoundly influenced the shifts in theoretical readings of calendrical-cycle folklore in which ritual and dance intersect. The scholarly narratives that address calendrical ritual-dance events range from traditional and religious folklore interpretations to the positivism and universalism of previous ethnographic research and, more recently, critical and reflexive explications informed by cultural theory. The discussion is based in part on field research experience in Serbia since the early 1990s. It focuses on how the scholarly narratives of ethnographic events have evolved—from the seminal work of the 1930s to the ideological post-1945 period and into the twenty-first century.
Assessments of Suicide Risk
Authors: Stolberg Ronald A. , Bongar Bruce , Thach Tina
Published: May 2024

The assessment of suicide risk remains one of the most important, complex, and difficult tasks performed by clinicians. Because suicide is one of the few fatal consequences of a psychiatric illness, accurate assessment of suicide risk is essential. This chapter presents the assessment of suicide risk from a clinically balanced and research-informed standpoint. The optimal risk assessment integrates a sound clinical interview with actuarial instruments providing supplementary or clarifying information. In recognition of the methodological and clinical difficulties in predicting suicide, the core of this chapter focuses on the collection of critical data and decision points in the clinical formulation, detection, and documentation of imminent and elevated risk in the usual and customary populations seen in professional psychological practice. The chapter emphasizes more general personality, clinical, and legal issues regarding the formulation of a standard of care for adult clinical populations.
Personality Assessment in High-Risk Employment Contexts
Authors: Front Chris M. , Ones Deniz S. , Butcher James N.
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the considerations necessary when conducting pre-employment psychological screening assessments for high-risk, public safety occupations. Emphasis is given to “select-out” procedures designed to either rule out or identify disqualifying psychological conditions and maladaptive traits. Considerations common to such psychological assessments for all high-risk occupations are explicated, with emphasis on the identification and management of response distortion and the use of multimethod assessment procedures that include the collection and review of collateral records and the administration of psychological tests with demonstrated utility and normative data for the occupation of interest. Test selection issues and the merits of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 are discussed. The chapter then discusses the psychological assessment issues that are specific to three high-risk occupations: airline pilots, air traffic controllers, and police officers. The normative personality characteristics for each of those occupational groups are discussed, and descriptions of effective assessment programs are provided.
Calcium Homeostasis in Dopaminergic Neurons
Authors: Frank Anika K. , Boumhaouad Siham , Fanourakis Stavros , Sulzer David , Mosharov Eugene
Published: May 2024

Neuronal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis must be tightly controlled due to its involvement in physiological processes including neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and cell survival. Intracellular calcium flux is shaped by the combined action of cytoplasmic Ca2+-binding proteins and ion pumps, channels and exchangers on the plasma membrane, and intracellular organelles. Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, which possess unique morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular properties, are particularly reliant on mitochondria for energy production and buffering of chronically elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+. An intricate balance between cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ transients, ATP production, and catecholamine metabolism allows DAergic neurons to adjust neurotransmitter release based on previous activity. Dysregulation of these mechanisms may lead to the accumulation of free cytosolic catecholamines and mitochondrial oxidative damage, which predisposes neurons to additional stress. Here, we review mechanisms that regulate Ca2+ turnover in DAergic neurons under normal conditions and in the context of Parkinson’s disease.
Adorno and Marx
Authors: Baumann Charlotte
Published: May 2024

While a Marxist himself, Adorno argues that the analysis of the capitalist system cannot carry its analytic and critical clout unless it is accompanied by a keen interest in system-induced suffering. His insight into the conceptual system of capitalism thus takes Adorno in the opposite direction to his students, Backhaus and Reichelt, who founded the New Reading of Marx. They analyzed capitalist concepts and their systematic connections. However, Adorno reflects on the oppressive nature of systems and the difference that still exists between concepts and the human beings they refer to. In doing so, Adorno develops an unusual critique of capitalism—and indeed of more traditional Marxism—that both draws on Marx and bears similarities to anti-oppressive reasoning.
The Link Between Dissociation and Religious/Spiritual Experiences
Authors: Maraldi Everton de Oliveira
Published: May 2024

Dissociation encompasses a wide range of normal to pathological alterations in the usual sense of identity and state of consciousness, from depersonalization/derealization symptoms to psychogenic amnesia and trance. Since the late nineteenth-century, dissociation has been regarded as an important psychological mechanism underlying diverse spiritual or religious experiences, from spirit mediumship to ecstatic or mystical states. However, distinguishing healthy spiritual experiences from dissociative disorders can be challenging. In this chapter, I review and critically examine the literature on the link between dissociation and religious/spiritual experiences. I begin by briefly outlining the theoretical controversies surrounding the etiology of dissociation, more specifically, the debate between the trauma and fantasy models, which bears implications for the link with spiritual experiences. In a second moment, I review and discuss the most relevant findings bearing on this link, and their implications for differential diagnosis issues. I present and explore three hypotheses to account for the evidence: (i) dissociation is a universal psychobiological response to trauma underlying different spiritual experiences, (ii) spiritual experiences involve dissociative processes which differ from trauma-related dissociation, and (iii) spiritual and dissociative experiences are socio-historical constructs rather than universal, recurring phenomena. I discuss the extant findings in favor of each hypothesis, as well as the methodological strengths and shortcomings of the available studies. I conclude by arguing that the etiology of dissociative experiences cannot be understood solely in terms of post-traumatic stress reactions, and that religious/spiritual practices and beliefs should be considered in a comprehensive theory of dissociation.
EMDR
Authors: McMullen Stacey , Lee C. W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter reviews the evidence for EMDR treatment efficacy. It begins with the disorders where there is substantial evidence supporting treatment efficacy. In these disorders (PTSD, depression, and phobias) there have been sufficient randomized controlled trials to conduct meta-analyses. It then considers evidence for the efficacy of EMDR for disorders where there have been two or more randomized controlled trials but not a sufficient number of trials to conduct a meta-analysis. This section examines the evidence for pain, panic disorder, OCD, performance anxiety, substance abuse disorders, and perinatal care. In the following section those conditions for which there is only one randomized controlled trial are discussed. The chapter concludes with comments on what the literature offers in terms of economic benefits of providing EMDR, efficacy of EMDR delivered over the Internet, and the state of the evidence in terms of the contribution of eye movements and other bilateral stimulation in EMDR.
Healthcare and Medical Work
Authors: Collier-Freed Anne , Kaiser Denis
Published: May 2024

Adventists promote a philosophy of health that sees an interconnected relationship between body, mind, and spirit. Through the influence of Ellen G. White, John Harvey Kellogg, and others, Adventists have perceived the need to cultivate personal well-being, to care for the sick, and to educate others how to improve their health and to prevent diseases. Starting with Battle Creek Sanitarium, they have founded multiple medical institutions all around the globe to achieve these goals. In the United States, the Adventist healthcare networks are among the largest nonprofit health systems in the country. Adventists have contributed to creative innovations in nursing education, chaplaincy training, preventative medicine programs, vaccines and antibiotics, surgical and medical advances, and health foods. The chapter illustrates the integration of faith and therapeutics with the examples of the extensive contributions of Harry W. Miller and Ruth J. Temple in the twentieth century.
The Development of Adventist Missiology
Authors: Wogu Chigemezi N.
Published: May 2024

There have been several developments in Seventh-day Adventist missiology. This chapter engages Adventist mission from a perspective of continuity, change, and rupture. From a shut-door mission mindset, the Adventist denomination shifted its mission thinking to a worldwide cross-cultural mission engagement. This progression touches aspects and elements of mission theological themes such as eschatology and ecclesiology. In mission praxis, strategic and practical changes have pushed Adventist missiological thinking to adjusting to new difficulties and openings in today’s world. It is in charting these developments that the chapter shows how a close-minded group that emerged in 1844 became a global missionary phenomenon. The trajectory outlined in this chapter reveals that Adventism’s aim to become a church for all nations, tribes, tongues, and peoples is more vocalized and realized in its mission praxis.
Adventists in Australia and the Pacific
Authors: Jackson Wendy
Published: May 2024

This chapter briefly explores the development, expansion, and current state of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Pacific. Adventists quickly established a presence in Australia and New Zealand that now provides a base for mission in the wider Pacific. Polynesia and Melanesia, however, presented considerable challenges to Adventist missionaries. A failure to adequately contextualize and adapt strategies of mission was a significant factor in the slow progress of Adventism in Polynesia. Much faster membership growth occurred in Melanesia, where schools became the opening wedge for mission and more contextualized strategies were adopted. The church’s Adventist Development and Relief Agency is strongly involved in community development projects throughout the Pacific.
Adventist Views of Inspiration and the Biblical Canon
Authors: Kaiser Denis
Published: May 2024

Seventh-day Adventists stress that the Bible is the normative source for theology. They believe that the Bible teaches the continuation of the New Testament spiritual gifts, including the prophetic gift, beyond the apostolic period and in a manifestation of that prophetic gift in the experience and ministry of the church’s cofounder Ellen G. White. In her view of divine inspiration, the Holy Spirit operates in multiple ways and an incarnational manner, assisting the inspired individual to communicate the message but leaving a certain freedom to the person in clothing those thoughts in human language. Adventists have been, and still are, committed to a closed biblical canon and perceived her prophetic gift as having the function of pointing people to the Bible. Her enriching thoughts on the Bible have caused some Adventists, however, to ascribe to her a more authoritative role in biblical interpretation and theology.
Doctrine of God
Authors: Peckham John C.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the doctrine of God from a Seventh-day Adventist perspective. In brief, Adventist theology understands God as the unique Creator of all, the Trinity of love who alone is worthy of worship. First, this chapter introduces an Adventist approach to the doctrine of God and situates the discussion against the background of Adventist history. Then it addresses the God-world relationship, highlighting the Adventist understanding of God as utterly distinct from creation, freely creating the world while also freely engaging in real relationship with the world. After this, the chapter moves to a discussion of particular divine attributes, explaining that Adventist theology affirms that God is self-existent, eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, and omnibenevolent, immutable (in a qualified sense), and voluntarily passible in relation to the world. The chapter concludes with brief discussions of the problem of evil and the Trinity doctrine.
American Buddhism and Healthcare
Authors: Salguero C. Pierce
Published: May 2024

Mindfulness and other therapeutic meditations have increasingly been researched scientifically, lauded in the mainstream media, and broadly popularized and adopted across US society. All of this attention to meditation has tended to overshadow the wide range of other practices that American Buddhists engage with in pursuit of health and well-being. This chapter begins to address that lacuna by providing an introduction to the complete spectrum of Buddhist healing practices currently being used by American Buddhists. It introduces data from recent interviews with thirty-six Buddhist healers based in the United States—clerics, lay meditation teachers and sangha leaders, traditional medicine practitioners, and healthcare industry professionals who actively promote Buddhist therapies and practice them with clients or patients. The author gives both a summary of the data collected as well as an analysis of four distinct “positionalities” that emerge from the interviewees’ responses.
American Buddhist Chaplaincy Supervision
Authors: Gauthier Jitsujo T.
Published: May 2024

Buddhist chaplaincy is calling people into an identity to confront suffering as it is in the world today. Supervision is a term that has been studied significantly within theistic traditions, predominately Christianity. It has not been written about specifically in terms of Buddhist chaplaincy or Buddhist chaplaincy education. This chapter will explore supervision in Buddhist chaplaincy education by outlining what Buddhist chaplains do, their location within the North American landscape, how they are educated, directions in which chaplaincy is headed, and will end by presenting a theory of Buddhist supervision for chaplaincy education. Questions like who supervises and what is being supervised will be examined by utilizing the Buddha’s conversation with Ānanda in the Mahaparinirvana Sutra as a framework to support the work of Buddhist chaplains.
American Buddhist Education and Pedagogy
Authors: Simmer-Brown Judith
Published: May 2024

This chapter surveys diverse currents in American Buddhist education ranging from children’s Sunday schools, teacher training programs, textual study institutes, entire universities, and elementary schools. Adopting the metaphor of currents of a river, the chapter acknowledges that American Buddhist communities have had a diversity of needs, perspectives, and contexts that have shaped their educational initiatives. This chapter traces themes and trends of these initiatives, identifying five related currents—acculturation, authentification, transmission, professionalization, and social transformation—following the arc from congregational or monastic focus to broader educational visions serving a larger society of laypeople and non-Buddhists in the United States. The chapter demonstrates the innovative and constantly changing ways in which Buddhism is influencing and is being influenced by American society.
The Medical Anthropology of Tattooing, Past and Present
Authors: Smetana Michael , Lynn Christopher D. , Samadelli Marco
Published: May 2024

This chapter reviews the medical anthropology of tattooing from prehistoric to modern applications. The tattooing found on the 5,300-year-old Tyrolean frozen mummy called the “Iceman” is among the earliest evidence there is that tattooing was used to treat illness—notably, it may have alleviated the pain the Iceman likely suffered from arthrosis, biliary calculi, Lyme disease, or the prolonged use of the bow. Radiological studies have highlighted the direct relationship between lesion and cure, and the multispectral photography technique used to map the Iceman’s tattoos illuminated marks not otherwise visible. The chapter examines the cross-cultural use of tattooing for therapeutic and medical purposes, recent studies of how tattooing may prime the body’s healthy immune and endocrine responses, and dermatological and behavioral risk studies associated with tattooing. Finally, it advocates for newer research perspectives that consider tattooing forms as diverse, prosocial cultural practices with the potential to heal.
An Introduction to Artificial Cranial Vault Modifications
Authors: Tiesler Vera
Published: May 2024

The shaping of the infant cranial vaults counts worldwide as one of the most rooted, widespread, and, at the same time, diversified body tradition in the human past. Cranial modification was performed mainly by female kin on their newborns, babies, and toddlers, a time in infant development during which the cranium is still malleable. Head shaping has been practiced cross-culturally by means of massage, constriction, or the use of rigid compression devices. Portrayed in ancient head imagery, described in historical sources, or interpreted as part of the skeletal registry, cranial modifications are informative about collective trends in physical embodiment, techniques, instruments, and enacted traditions. The noticeable and visible outcome of the practice and its behavioral components have led to broader discussions of beauty ideals, corporeity, their roles in upbringing, ethnogenesis, status, and gender.
Body Modification
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: May 2024

Body modifications are intimately associated with the self-constitution of humans in social groups. The documented history of body modifications almost certainly postdates the beginning of the practices involved, which might have employed more perishable materials and less clearly specialized tools. This chapter explores the ways body modifications work to create distinctive, literally marked, forms of human subjectivity, including age and gender distinctions. Drawing on the rich history of body modification in Mesoamerica, the way that body modifications are elevated in significance through ritualization, and the consequent semiotic power gained by body modifications, is proposed as part of a general framework for thinking through body modification.
One Mark at a Time
Authors: Krutak Lars
Published: May 2024

For millennia tattooing practices, the embodied process of inserting indelible pigments beneath the skin, have been commonplace among many Indigenous peoples. As a visual system of knowledge transmission, these enduring cultural expressions were invented to communicate where human groups came from, what territory they belonged to, and who their ancestors were. Tattooing also conveyed personal and ontological information regarding social status, achievement, medicine, and relationships with nonhuman beings. Based on ethnographic records spanning the mid-nineteenth to the early twenty-first centuries and fieldwork conducted over the past two decades, this chapter offers a primer on Indigenous tattooing practices, reviewing their significance and meanings. Methods, tools, tattoo products, practitioners, and the religious implications of Indigenous skin marking are addressed to elucidate the meaning behind tattoos, the status of Indigenous tattooists in their respective communities, and the role that nonhuman entities (i.e. spirits, ancestors) played in shaping a tattooed person’s sense of self.
Vacha
Authors: Devy G. N.
Published: May 2024

This article recounts how the Museum of Voice, “Vacha,” representing the cultural production of the Indigenous and curated entirely by them, evolved from its very inception to the final shape it has now acquired. The concept emerged in the mid-1990s. It started receiving social acceptance by the turn of the century and found its physical form some fifteen years ago. Since then, curation has been continuously evolving through the collective participation of the Adivasi—Indigenous—communities in India. Vacha is located in Gujarat. It has the largest collection of Adivasi “art” in its galleries, as well as resource literature on Indian tribes in its library. “Vacha” and the Adivasi Academy have received generous media attention in India, the United States, and Europe. The entire project has taken shape without any significant or steady funding support from any government or foundation. In this sense, it is self-made and is a notable expression of Adivasi “gaze.”
Mountain Exceptionalism Perceived and Defined
Authors: Kreutzmann Hermann
Published: May 2024

Varying geographical definitions treated mountains as exceptional spaces and exclusive areas in the course of transforming academic debates. Early explorers identified mountain exceptionalism by observing that certain communities expressed their respect in ritual practices and defining them as places of worship. Early expeditions tried to reach the ‘third pole’, exploring elevational extremities and orographic variegations. Alexander von Humboldt introduced a comparative perspective across continents and disciplines, collecting available data and interpreting visible features and hidden phenomena. The second half of the nineteenth century was instrumental in classifying mountains as separate entities, seeking explanations for mountain exceptionalism embedded in perceptions of environmental determinism and cultural backwardness. Recent attempts to define mountains incorporated familiar orographic features from natural sciences’ toolbox, while humanities and social sciences are emphasizing historical exchange relations and rural lifestyles, communication and mobility patterns, power structures and exclusion, external interference and development activities.
Airborne LiDAR in Mountain Archaeology
Authors: Lozić Edisa , Štular Benjamin
Published: May 2024

Airborne LiDAR, or airborne Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technique that measures, among other things, the terrain elevation. In the past two decades, it has become an indispensable component of landscape archaeology, especially for archaeological prospection. However, it is still infrequently used in mountain archaeology. This is especially true in the high mountains, where technical challenges make its use difficult. We can anticipate more successful applications in the future due to the ever-improving quality of data. At present, the greatest untapped potential of LiDAR data for mountain archaeology, we argue, lies in ‘deep’ interpretation or analysis of archaeological features in their landscape context. This approach is illustrated by the case study Vodotočnik (Slovenia). We used this high-mountain pasture to test the hypothesis for site location choice, which was put forward by experienced mountain archaeologists. Based on the results of six distinct geomorphometric analyses, we reinterpreted the site and demonstrated the benefits of LiDAR data for modelling landscape context at the scale of individual buildings and activity areas.
Geophysical Prospection in Mountain Archaeology
Authors: Ullrich Burkart , de Neef Wieke
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the use of geophysical survey methods for archaeological prospection in mountain landscapes. Geophysical prospection, initially used as an approach for geological and mineral exploration in mountain areas, increasingly becomes a component also in smaller-scale archaeological studies of past human activity. As the archaeology of mountain landscapes is closely related to the exploration of natural resources, geophysical methods can thus provide unique perspectives by integrating different scales of research. These include large-scale topics such as landscape-formation processes and the effects of natural disasters, as well as site-oriented studies of settlements, functional zones, and symbolic places. As the applications and scales of geophysical research are wide-ranging, the chapter first discusses the technical requirements and distinctive characteristics of geophysical methods with regard to their use in mountainous regions. It focuses on the most commonly used methods in archaeological prospection—magnetometry, resistivity and ground-penetrating radar, but also discusses complementary methods. The second part of the chapter highlights the variety of applications of geophysical survey techniques in mountain archaeology, illustrated with case studies from mountain ranges across the globe. This section is structured along four broad research topics: landscape processes; resource extraction and mining; human occupation including seasonal camps, defensive structures, symbolic places, and caves; and prospection in ice and permafrost. Rather than providing instructions on a ‘best practice’ of geophysical surveys in the mountains, we aim to present the versatility of geophysical applications within archaeological research of steep and remote terrain.
The Earliest Peopling of the Rocky and Andes Mountains
Authors: Pitblado Bonnie L. , Rademaker Kurt
Published: May 2024

The American Cordillera comprises a system of mountains stretching nearly 15,000 kilometres from the Alaska and Brooks Ranges in the north to the southernmost tip of South America at Tierra del Fuego. In a rather real way, the Cordillera constitutes a backbone for the Western Hemisphere. Within the American Cordillera, the North American Rocky Mountains and South American Andes contain some of the earliest widely accepted sites in the hemisphere and played an important role in the initial peopling of the Americas. Recent research in the Rockies and Andes focusses on the development of physiological and genetic adaptations to high elevation, the time frames of initial and intensified residential occupation of highlands, the nature of connections between early highland and lowland sites, and potential use of the American Cordillera as an early migration corridor. Such research reveals a very early (Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene) command of high-altitude landscapes and their resources and highly flexible settlement and mobility strategies.
Asyndetic Conditional Clauses in Brahui
Authors: Kobayashi Masato , Ali Liaquat
Published: May 2024

While most Dravidian languages form conditional clauses using conditional participles or conjunctions, Brahui frequently employs asyndetic conditionals, which lack conditional participles, conjunctions, and a special pitch pattern. Our study of a Brahui corpus, which consists of novels and folktales, reveals that past, subjunctive, imperfect, and past conditional verbs appear in the protasis, each signalling different types of supposition. Since asyndeton is a normal way of expressing ‘and’ and ‘then’ in Brahui, the tense or mood of the verb in the protasis is the sole marker of the asyndetic conditional clauses, with conditional interpretation arising from pragmatic inference. This chapter also compares Brahui conditionals with those in two related Dravidian languages, Kuṛux and Malto, as well as Balochi. It highlights that asyndetic conditionals are found in languages that permit asyndeton and suggests the possibility that Brahui asyndetic conditionals have developed as an areal feature.
“Scare Away the Dark”
Authors: Wright Trudi
Published: May 2024

Inspired by the lyrics of Passenger’s “Scare Away the Dark,” in 2015 the author delivered a lecture for first-year college students that asked the vocational question, “What Brings You Joy?” The author’s answer had two parts: being in community with others and singing. That day the author nervously opened her mouth and led a room of 500 students, faculty, and administrators through a set of “ohs,” made famous in Passenger’s song. That opportunity to lead her academic community in song changed the trajectory of her teaching career. It crystalized the potential of shared song (something she had taken for granted as a life-long musician) as a community builder and powerful pedagogical tool. This chapter investigates how community singing impacts gatherings ranging from large academic assemblies to small classroom lectures in ways that facilitate the skillful teaching of music’s historical and cultural significance and communicates its capacity to bring people together.
Spectacle and Empire
Authors: McGuire Charles Edward
Published: May 2024

This chapter will examine the tradition of mass performances of Handel’s music in London, from the 1784 Westminster Abbey Handel Commemorations to the Handel Festivals at the Crystal Palace (1857–1926), and how they created an imagined, patriotic community. William Weber has called these performances a political emblem, and Howard Smither long identified them with a sense of Victorian progress. They are also an example of community singing, in that the imagined group created through them was less about performance than an assertion of nationality and aesthetic. Indeed, the Victorian progress identified by contemporaries was both audible in volume and visual in presentation. Investigating contemporary London festival documents such as reviews, publicity materials, and programs reveals that festival planners and enthusiasts used a plethora of visual metaphors to justify large-scale performances of Handel’s music, all engaged in the cultural work of creating tangible manifestations of the imagined community. These included military metaphors (the choir and orchestra as a “massed army,” and Handel as a “Napoleon” who deserved an “empire”) and architectural metaphors (the Crystal Palace as a Roman coliseum or Gothic cathedral). Frequently, these visual metaphors reveal a desire by contemporary writers to identify Handel with contemporary visual aesthetics, including the sublime. Creating a single, singing community from multiple choirs to perform this spectacular, visual Handel became a nationalistic and imperialistic exercise; festival organizers claimed that no other nation understood Handel like the English, and that no other contemporary country could mount an adequate performance of his music.
Music, Emotion, and Asylum
Authors: Davidson Jane W. , Leske Benjamin P. , Krause Amanda E.
Published: May 2024

Fostering group singing as a means of improving social connectivity within socially marginalized groups is now a well-established and widely reported practice. Investigating well-being related aspects of how such choirs function internally and in interaction with the broader community, this chapter purposefully expands the scope of the existing discourse on music and well-being. It emphasizes the powerful role of emotion in a choir’s expansion and growth and explores the singing group as a forum—a conceptual, specifically musical, emotional, and physical refuge—within which to build confidence and express voice. Two case study choirs are presented: a chorus of same-sex-attracted and gender-diverse young adults, and a community choir for older people. Interview data highlight the importance of in-group and community-focused experiences and the potential for such choirs to affirm personal and social experiences and provide opportunities for growth.
New Firebombs in Old Bottles
Authors: Payerhin Marek
Published: May 2024

Community singing is often employed in conjunction with political action. Several chapters in this section explore protest repertoires that have been used both to support specific actions and to represent political perspectives. Protest songs often communicate information beyond their lyrics. In some cases, they carry a long history of association accumulated through repeated use in varied political circumstances. Protest songs can also rely on genre signifiers to convey additional meaning. Whether or not a protest song is sung collectively in a given context, it can always be understood to represent collective sentiment. An act of protest can also be embodied in the singing of non-political songs for countercultural purposes. While collective singing is often employed to build peace, it can also cement hatred and provoke violence. Chapters in this section consider a global spectrum of political uses for collective song.
“Some Old Remembered Song”
Authors: Hicks Glen W.
Published: May 2024

Collective singing takes place in geographically situated communities under diverse circumstances. While participants always live and work near one another, their reasons for singing together vary widely. Sometimes they share religious, political, or professional identities, while sometimes they come together out of mutual affection for the singing tradition itself. Place-based community singing is often adjunct to another activity, such as dancing or watching sports. In all cases, however, the repertoire serves to signify group identity for both participants and observers, and the act of singing is often of political significance. The chapters in this section explore a variety of themes and should be read in conversation with chapters located in other parts of the volume.
Economics of the Environment in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Otrachshenko Vladimir , Popova Olga
Published: May 2024

For a long time, the environment in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the former Soviet Union (FSU) was treated as given and overexploited. Several decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, the CEE and FSU countries continue to experience many environmental challenges that threaten the region’s sustainable development, from pollution and climate change to water and energy security. Starting from an overview of the environmental practices in this region under communism, this chapter presents the most prominent conceptual approaches used to explain the environment-economy relationship in the CEE and FSU countries. It then discusses empirical research on environmental challenges and their socioeconomic consequences. The chapter concludes by underscoring the urgent directions in academic research and environmental policymaking necessary to take for the region’s sustainable development.
Concepts Institutionalized
Authors: Boldyrev Ivan
Published: May 2024

How is a mathematized social science integrated into the landscape of decision-making? What were the correspondences between the formalisms and imaginaries of economics, the practices of planning, and institutional configurations? This chapter begins to elucidate these questions by drawing on the history of Soviet mathematical economics and by using Foucauldian idea of a dispositive, understood as an assemblage of heterogenous elements in which epistemic and political aspects reinforce each other. The chapter discusses two major dispositives—input-output modeling and the theory of optimal planning. It demonstrates how the application of mathematical ideas has been accompanied—and partly constituted—by the institutional reconfiguration of expertise and policy.
Modern Islam and Reform in the Late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Gunasti Susan
Published: May 2024

This chapter is a selective survey of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire with a particular focus on Islamic modernism in Istanbul. It covers a couple of views of reform, the new Muslim press, and reforms of the Meșîhat (the office of the şeyhülislam) and medreses (institutions of Islamic learning). Some of the contours of modern Islam emerge, such as the emphasis on institutions, the engagement with the public, and the impact of the West. Islam provided an important source of legitimization in the earlier and later periods of the empire, but changing global and domestic politics changed the state’s relationship to Islamic institutions. In order to examine some of the changes related to Islam in the late Ottoman period, this chapter focuses on Istanbul because of the central role it played in the religious landscape. In addition to its limited geographic focus, this chapter only looks at modernism—just one of several facets of modern Islam.
Between Science and Supernatural Power
Authors: Shmushko Kai
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores tea and its role in the lives and practices of Chinese Buddhist practitioners within Taiwan. The general framework of inquiry treats materials as essential actors in lived Buddhism, inquiring into the ways that Buddhist actors interact, affect, and are affected by materials, taking tea as an example. The chapter begins by discussing the genealogy of tea and its intrinsic historical relationship with Buddhism in China. The following sections present several contemporary case studies of Buddhist communities engaging with tea in Taiwan. Analyzing these examples in light of the specific sociopolitical context of Buddhism in Taiwan, the chapter concludes by situating tea-related practices in Buddhism on a scale with two poles: a scientific approach to tea and a supernatural one.
Buddhist “Magic” and Buddhist Modernism
Authors: Mahadev Neena
Published: May 2024

Based on comparative anthropological fieldwork observations in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the United States, this chapter examines the lived experience of prēta or “hungry ghosts” in Asian Buddhist lifeworlds. The chapter parses out and defines the spectrum of “modernist” and “vernacular” orientations to Buddhism, and it suggests how these concepts can be useful for a nuanced study of religion, specifically for how Buddhists conceive of, experience, and live with, ghosts. The ethnographic case studies illuminate how prēta relate to Buddhist concepts like karma, craving (taṇhā), compassion (karuna), and enlightenment (nirvāṇa). These ideas play out in ritual practices that involve symbolically and substantively feeding and sharing karmic merit with known ancestral ghosts and unknown orphaned ghosts. The ethnographic case studies illustrate how a variety of social actors—from monks, to Buddhist laity, to ritual adepts and divining spirit mediums, to deities, and to prēta—are all intricately linked under the authority of the Buddha, the Buddha’s teachings, and the Dharmic cosmos. Spirit possession—whereby a person is “porous,” permeable and vulnerable to spirits—is a vernacular Buddhist phenomenon. Ethnography in urban Singapore, and in rural Sri Lanka, demonstrates how ancestral prēta, deities, and female deity mediums reinforce filiality and relatedness between the living and the dead. Rather that requiring “exorcism,” ancestral prēta can create intricate healing links that connect laypeople, deities, mediums, to the sacred power of the Buddha—a meritorious relationality that in turn allows the prēta to gain good karma and become reincarnated in better future lifetimes.
Stories of Lived Buddhism in Sanskrit Literature
Authors: Muldoon-Hules Karen
Published: May 2024

Scholars of South Asian Buddhism have traditionally depended on archaeology, art history, epigraphy, and textual studies, with a heavy reliance on canonical texts. In recent years, narrative literature, once considered relatively insignificant, has become an important focus of study because it offers important evidence for Buddhism for the first millennium ce. A long-overlooked collection of Buddhist narratives, the Avadānaśataka, yields some significant information on Buddhist practices and gender ratios. Fully a third of this collection is devoted to monks and nuns who become arhats. The seventh chapter, in particular, displays an unusual focus on lay donations made to a stūpa dedicated to the Buddha Vipaśyīn, suggesting such a stūpa may have been located at or near the redaction site for this collection.
Bounded Rationality
Authors: Chen Shu-Heng
Published: May 2024

This chapter follows the introductory chapter and serves as a fundamental step in agent-based modelling (ABM), focusing on the concept of bounded rationality (BR). As a nonstandard review of this otherwise hoary subject, this chapter argues that bounded rationality is a natural and inherent aspect of ABM, making ABM a sufficient framework to justify the concept. To do so, we distinguish ABM from the conventional equation-based modelling (EBM) and use the mirroring principle to argue that it is easier to have perfect rationality in a bounded model like EBM but not an unbounded model like ABM. The connection between ABM and bounded rationality is illustrated using two canonical kinds of ABM, namely, evolutionary computation and cellular automata. Apart from the mirroring principle, through the introduction of several other key principles, including the modularity principle and the entropy maximization principle, we advocate the idea that bounded rationality, while motivated from multiple perspectives such as behavioural economics, biology, psychology, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and physics, can be further advanced through ABM. ABM provides a cohesive framework for interdisciplinary discourse among these fields.
Exploring the Integration of Agent-Based Modelling, Process Mining, and Business Process Management through a Text Analytics–Based Literature Review
Authors: Bukhsh Faiza , Govers Ruben , Bemthuis Rob , Iacob Maria
Published: May 2024

Agent-based modelling and business process management are two interrelated yet distinct concepts. To explore the relationship between these two fields, we conducted a systematic literature review to investigate existing methods and identify research gaps in the integration of agent-based modelling, process mining, and business process management. Our search yielded 359 research papers, which were evaluated using predefined criteria and quality measures. This resulted in a final selection of forty-two papers. Our findings reveal several research gaps, including the need for enhanced validation methods, the modelling of complex agents and environments, and the integration of process mining and business process management with emerging technologies. Existing agent-based approaches within process mining and business process management have paved the way for identifying the validation methods for performance evaluation. The addressed research gaps primarily concern validation before delving deeper into specific research topics. These include improved validation methods, modelling of complex agents and environments, and a preliminary exploration of integrating process mining and business process management with emerging technologies.