bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Enzymatic and Heterogeneous Catalysis for One‐Pot Production of Fructose from Glucose
Authors: Sun Jiankui , Li Helong , Huang Hongzhi , Wang Bo , Xiao Ling‐Ping , Song Guoyong
Published: February 2018

The search for efficient routes for the production of fructose from biomass‐derived glucose is of great interest and importance, as fructose is a highly attractive substrate in the conversion of cellulosic biomass into biofuels and chemicals. In this study, a one‐pot, multistep procedure involving enzyme‐catalyzed oxidation of glucose at C2 and Ni/C‐catalyzed hydrogenation of d‐glucosone at C1 selectively gives fructose in 77 % yield. Starting from upstream substrates such as α‐cellulose and starch, fructose was also generated with similar efficiency and selectivity by the combination of enzymatic and heterogeneous catalysis. This method constitutes a new means of preparing fructose from biomass‐derived substrates in an efficient fashion.
Genetic variations on SETD5 underlying autistic conditions
Authors: Fernandes Isabella R. , Cruz Ana C.P. , Ferrasa Adriano , Phan Dylan , Herai Roberto H. , Muotri Alysson R.
Published: February 2018

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the number of identified ASD‐related genes have increased in recent years. The SETD5 gene encodes a SET‐containing‐domain 5 protein, a likely reader enzyme. Genetic evidences suggest that SETD5 malfunction contributes to ASD phenotype, such as on intellectual disability (ID) and facial dysmorphism. In this review, we mapped the clinical phenotypes of individuals carrying mutations on the SETD5 gene that are associated with ASD and other chromatinopathies (mutation in epigenetic modifiers that leads to the development of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD). After a detailed systematic literature review and analysis of public disease‐related databank, we found so far 42 individuals carrying mutations on the SETD5 gene, with 23.8% presenting autistic‐like features. Furthermore, most of mutations occurred between positions 9,480,000–9,500,000 bp on chromosome 3 (3p25.3) at the SETD5 gene locus. In all males, mutations in SETD5 presented high penetrance, while in females the clinical phenotype seems more variable with two reported cases showing normal female carriers and not presenting ASD or any ID‐like symptoms. At the molecular level, SETD5 interacts with proteins of PAF1C and N‐CoR complexes, leading to a possible involvement with chromatin modification pathway, which plays important roles for brain development. Together, we propose that mutations on the SETD5 gene could lead to a new syndromic condition in males, which is linked to 3p25 syndrome, and can leads to ASD‐related intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 500–518, 2018
Synthesis and Reactivity of Cytotoxic Platinum(II) Complexes of Bidentate Oximes – A Step towards the Functionalization of Bioactive Complexes
Authors: Belli Dell'Amico Daniela , Colalillo Marialuigia , Dalla Via Lisa , Dell'Acqua Martina , García‐Argáez Aída N. , Hyeraci Mariafrancesca , Labella Luca , Marchetti Fabio , Samaritani Simona
Published: February 2018

Two new platinum(II) complexes bearing triphenylphosphine and bidentate oxime ligands [Pt(Cl)(PPh3){(κ2‐N,O)‐(1{C(R)=N(OH)‐2(O)C10H6})}] (R = H, Me) were synthesized in good yields from trans‐[PtCl(µ‐Cl)(PPh3)]2. The structure of [Pt(Cl)(PPh3){(κ2‐N,O)‐(1{CH=N(OH)‐2(O)C10H6})}] was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both complexes showed good antiproliferative properties in vitro against HeLa, A2780, and A2780cis cancer cell lines. They reacted cleanly with alkylating agents in the presence of aqueous bases under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions to afford the corresponding O‐alkylation products [Pt(Cl)(PPh3){(κ2‐N,O)‐(1{HC=N(OR′)‐2(O)C10H6})}] [R′ = CH2CH2Cl, CH2Ph, (CH2)4Br] in good yields.
Smartphones & microfluidics: Marriage for the future
Authors: Hárendarčíková Lenka , Petr Jan
Published: February 2018

Smartphones have become widely recognized as a very interesting detection and controlling tool in microfluidics. They are portable devices with built‐in cameras and internal microprocessors which carry out image processing. In this case, the external computers are not needed and phones can provide fast and accurate results. Moreover, the connectivity of smartphones gives the possibility to share and provide real‐time results when needed, whether in health diagnostics, environmental monitoring, immunoassays or food safety. Undoubtedly, the marriage of smartphones and microfluidics has a brilliant future in building low cost and easily operable systems for analysis in the field, realizing the idea of people's “smartlife”. The aim of this review is to present and summarize the main advantages and disadvantages of the use of smartphones as well as to take a closer look at some novel achievements published during the last couple of years. In the next paragraphs, readers will find specific uses of a combination of smartphones and microfluidics such as water analysis, health analysis (virus and bacteria detection), and measurement of physical properties or smartphone liquid control in polymer devices.
Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir treatment of decompensated liver disease or post‐liver transplant hepatitis C virus recurrence in patients with advanced liver disease/cirrhosis in a real‐world cohort
Authors: Kwo Paul , Fried Michael W. , Reddy K. Rajender , Soldevila‐Pico Consuelo , Khemichian Saro , Darling Jama , Zamor Phillippe J. , Napoli Andrew A. , Anduze‐Faris Beatrice , Brown Robert S.
Published: February 2018

We report the findings of an early access program providing treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection (any genotype) with daclatasvir and sofosbuvir with/without ribavirin to patients with Child‐Pugh class C cirrhosis or prior liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C virus infection and advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis. Patients had <12‐month life expectancies per the local investigator. Patients received daclatasvir 60 mg and sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily, with/without ribavirin, for 24 weeks. Sustained virologic response (SVR) at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12) was measured. Assessments adhered to local standards. One patient (prior Child‐Pugh class C who improved to class B) enrolled by exemption was included in the overall data but not the class C cohort efficacy/safety data. Of the 77 treated patients, including 62 liver transplant recipients (genotype 1, n = 43, 69%; genotype 3, n = 16, 26%) and 14 patients with Child‐Pugh class C cirrhosis (genotype 1, n = 4, 29%; genotype 3, n = 10, 71%), 63 (82%) completed treatment. SVR12 rates by modified intention‐to‐treat analysis (excluding nonvirologic failures lost to follow‐up and withdrawal [consent/no reason]) in the overall, liver transplant, and Child‐Pugh class C cohorts were 84% (n = 64/76), 90% (n = 56/62), and 62% (n = 8/13), respectively. Rates increased to 96% (n = 64/67), 97% (n = 56/58), and 89% (n = 8/9), respectively, in patients with available virologic data (including early discontinuations); 22/23 patients with genotype 3 (96%) achieved SVR12. Single cases of virologic nonresponse and relapse (both in liver transplant recipients with genotype 1) and viral breakthrough (Child‐Pugh class C; genotype 3) occurred. Six patients died, 10 had adverse events leading to discontinuation, and 30 experienced serious adverse events. Conclusion: Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir, with/without ribavirin, provided high SVR12 rates and was generally well tolerated in patients with life‐threatening disease and high unmet needs. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:354‐363)
HIV risks and needs related to the Sustainable Development Goals among female sex workers who were commercially sexually exploited as children in Lesotho
Authors: Grosso Ashley , Busch Shianne , Mothopeng Tampose , Sweitzer Stephanie , Nkonyana John , Mpooa Nkomile , Taruberekera Noah , Baral Stefan
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) about gender equality; decent work; and peace, justice, and strong institutions include a focus on eradicating trafficking and sexual exploitation of and violence against women and children. In Lesotho, 86% of women have experienced gender‐based violence. In addition, overall HIV prevalence is among the highest globally, and higher among adolescent girls than boys. Moreover, nearly three quarters of female sex workers (FSW) are estimated to be living with HIV in Lesotho. In this context, sexually exploited children may be particularly vulnerable to violence and HIV acquisition risks. This study's objective is to examine the prevalence and correlates of experiencing sexual exploitation as a child among FSW in Lesotho.

Methods

FSW (≥18 years) recruited through respondent‐driven sampling in Maseru and Maputsoe from February to September 2014 completed HIV and syphilis testing and an interviewer‐administered survey, including a question about the age at which they started providing sex for money. This study examined correlates of experiencing sexual exploitation as a child (<18 years) through multivariable logistic regression analyses for each city, controlling for current age.

Results

Across both cities, 20.0% (142/710) of participants were sexually exploited as children. Among them, 65.5% (93/142) tested positive for HIV and 31.0% (44/142) for syphilis, which was similar to those who started selling sex as adults, after adjusting for current age. Participants who experienced child sexual exploitation were more likely to have been forced to have sex before age 18 than those who started selling sex as adults (Maseru‐adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.52, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.61 to 7.66, p = 0.002; Maputsoe‐aOR: 4.39, 95% CI: 1.22 to 15.75, p = 0.023). In Maseru, participants who were sexually exploited as children were more likely to avoid carrying condoms to prevent trouble with police (aOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.50 to 6.75, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Risk determinants for HIV and violence among sexually exploited children can be studied retrospectively through research with adult FSW. Further research working directly with sexually exploited children will improve understanding of their needs. Preventing commercial sexual exploitation of children and addressing the social and healthcare needs of those who are exploited are necessary to fully achieve SDGs 5, 8 and 16 and an AIDS‐Free Generation.
The stuff that dreams are made of: HIV‐positive adolescents’ aspirations for development
Authors: Hodes Rebecca , Doubt Jenny , Toska Elona , Vale Beth , Zungu Nompumelelo , Cluver Lucie
Published: February 2018

Background

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) commit to strengthening collaborations between governments and civil society. Adolescents are among the key target populations for global development initiatives, but research studies and programmes rarely include their direct perspectives on how to promote health and wellbeing. This article explores how both the methods and the findings of participatory research provide insights into adolescents’ aspirations across the domains of health and social development. It investigates how adolescents conceive of health and social services as interconnected, and how this reflects the multisectoral objectives of the SDGs.

Methods

This research was conducted within a longitudinal, mixed‐methods study of HIV‐positive adolescents (n = 80 qualitative participants, n = 1060 quantitative interviews). Between November 2013 and February 2014, a participatory exercise – the “dream clinic” – was piloted with 25 adolescents in South Africa's Eastern Cape. Key themes were identified based on the insights shared by participants, and through visual and thematic analysis. These findings were explored through a second participatory exercise, “Yummy or crummy? You are the Mzantsi Wakho masterchef !,” conducted in January 2016. Findings are described in relation to emerging quantitative results.

Results

Mixed methods explored associations between access to food, medicines, clean water and sanitation in HIV‐positive adolescents’ aspirations for development. The exercises produced practicable recommendations for innovations in development, based on associations between healthcare, food security, clean water and sanitation, while illustrating the value of partnership and collaboration (the objective of SDG17). Findings capture strong interlinkages between SDGs 2, 3 and 6 – confirming the importance of specific SDGs for HIV‐positive adolescents. Study results informed the objectives of South Africa's National and Adolescent and Youth Health Policy (2017).

Conclusions

Participatory research may be used to leverage the perspectives and experiences of adolescents. The methods described here provide potential for co‐design and implementation of developmental initiatives to fulfil the ambitious mandate of the SDGs. They may also create new opportunities to strengthen the engagement of adolescents in policy and programming.
Equity of child and adolescent treatment, continuity of care and mortality, according to age and gender among enrollees in a large HIV programme in Tanzania
Authors: Chaudhury Sumona , Hertzmark Ellen , Muya Aisa , Sando David , Ulenga Nzovu , Machumi Lameck , Spiegelman Donna , Fawzi Wafaie W
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Global scale up of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) has led to expansion of HIV treatment and prevention across sub‐Saharan Africa. However, age and gender‐specific disparities persist leading to failures in fulfillment of Sustainability Development Goals, including SDG3 (achieving healthy lives and wellbeing for all, at all ages) and SDG5 (gender equality). We assessed ART initiation and adherence, loss to follow‐up, all‐cause death and early death, according to SDG3 and SDG5 indicators among a cohort of HIV‐infected children and adolescents enrolled in care in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania

Methods

SDG3 indicators included young (<5 years) and older paediatric children (5 to <10 years), early adolescent (10 to <15 years) and late adolescent (15 to <20 years) age group divisions and the SDG5 indicator was gender. Associations of age group and gender with ART initiation, loss to follow‐up and all‐cause death, were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression and with adherence, using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with the Poisson distribution. Associations of age group and gender with early death were analysed, using log‐Poisson regression with empirical variance.

Results

A total of 18,315 enrollees with at least one clinic visit were included in this cohort study. Of these 7238 (40%) were young paediatric , 4169 (23%) older paediatric, 2922 (16%) early adolescent and 3986 (22%) late adolescent patients at enrolment. Just over half of paediatric and early adolescents and around four fifths of the late adolescents were female. Young paediatric patients were at greater risk of early death, being almost twice as likely to die within 90 days. Males were at greater risk of early death once initiated on ART (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.09, 1.66)), while females in late adolescence were at greatest risk of late death (HR 2.44 [1.60, 3.74] <0.01). Late adolescents demonstrated greater non‐engagement in care (RR 1.21 (95% CI 1.16, 1.26)). Among both males and females, early paediatric and late adolescent groups experienced significantly greater loss to follow‐up.

Conclusion

These findings highlight equity concerns critical to the fulfillment of SDG3 and SDG5 within services for children and adolescents living with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. Young paediatric and late adolescent age groups were at increased risk of late diagnosis, early death, delayed treatment initiation and loss of continuity of care. Males were more likely to die earlier. Special attention to SDG3 and SDG5 disparities for children and adolescents living with HIV will be critical for fulfillment of the 2030 SDG agenda.
Micellar Properties of Surface Active Ionic Liquid Lauryl Isoquinolinium Bromide and Anionic Polyelectrolyte Poly(Acrylic Acid Sodium Salt) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Pal Amalendu , Maan Ritu
Published: February 2018

The complex formation between anionic polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) [NaPAA] and surface active ionic liquid (SAIL) lauryl isoquinolinium bromide [C12iQuin][Br] in aqueous media has been investigated by surface tension, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and conductance. The self‐assembled structures have been characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and turbidity measurements. A range of surface parameters have been calculated from tensiometric measurements including critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γcmc), surface pressure at the interface (Πcmc), minimum area occupied at air–solvent interface (Amin), adsorption efficiency (pC20), and surface tension at the CMC (γcmc). The thermodynamic parameters, i.e., standard enthalpy of micellization , standard free energy of micellization (), and standard entropy of micellization () have also been evaluated. Four different stages of transitions, corresponding to the progressive formation of NaPAA–[C12iQuin][Br] complex (C1), critical aggregation concentration (CAC), critical saturation concentration (C3) and CMC have been observed owing to strong electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The results obtained from DLS and turbidity measurements show that size of the aggregates first decreases and then increases in the presence of polyelectrolyte. The binding isotherms obtained using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) show the concentration dependence as well as the highly cooperative nature of interactions corresponding to formation of polyelectrolyte–SAIL complexes.
Investigation of stone‐hard‐soil formation from AC corrosion of cathodically protected pipeline
Authors: Junker Andreas , Belmonte Louise J. , Kioupis Nick , Vendelbo Nielsen Lars , Møller Per
Published: February 2018

A stone‐hard‐soil structure was observed on a metallic pipeline under cathodic protection and subject to alternating current corrosion at a coating defect. Using X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, ion‐chromatography and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, the stone‐hard‐soil was characterized as being enriched in NaCl. Local alkalization following the cathode reactions caused precipitation of calcite, believed to be partly responsible for the stability of the structure. Very close to the corrosion site at the epicenter, calcite and quartz was depleted, possibly owing to an extremely high pH. Formation of cement‐like minerals and corrosion products is observed.
Passive film properties of Z3CN20.09M duplex stainless steel aged for different times
Authors: You Ye , Chen Yuefeng , Yang Bin
Published: February 2018

The protectiveness and characterization of the passive film formed on Z3CN20.09M duplex stainless steel aged for different times were investigated by using electrochemical measurements and surface analysis method. The thermal aging causes the spinodal decomposition of the ferrite phase in the steel, resulting in the decrease of localized corrosion resistance. The increased aging time causes a thicker, dispersive, and lower resistance passive film formed on the surface of the steel based on EIS and Mott–Schottky (MS) analysis. The Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that Cr is enriched in the inner layer of the passive films with a reduced content, decreasing the compactness and homogeneity of the passive films.
Behaviour of S31400 and S32205 steels in HCl‐ and H2S‐containing gas atmospheres under a low oxygen partial pressure between 480 and 680 °C
Authors: Schmid Alexander , Mori Gregor , Haubner Roland , Weil Matthias , Hönig Stefan
Published: February 2018

The effects of gaseous hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide on the high‐temperature corrosion of the austenitic SS. S31400 and the duplex steel S32205 were investigated in an atmosphere without molecular O2. The testing gas atmosphere consisted of 3.8 vol% HCl, 1.9 vol% CO2, 0.3 vol% CO, 2.8 vol% H2, 0.02 vol% H2S, bal. N2. It showed a similar composition, which is present in the thermal cracking of anthropogenic resources. Tests were performed between 480 and 680 °C for 1, 3 and 10 days. Mass loss measurements were done for all experiments. After the reaction times the samples showed non‐adherent and porous layers of corrosion products, which were investigated by SEM/EDX and XRD. Metallographic cross sections of the corroded samples were prepared by water‐free polishing to investigate the microstructure of the corrosion products. Both materials formed large chromium sulphide crystals on top of a chromium oxide layer and a chlorine‐containing layer beneath the oxide. The ferrite phase of the duplex steel is selectively attacked, while the austenite phase remained without severe corrosion. Steel S31400 showed a uniform corrosion.
Passivity of alloy 31 in green‐death solution
Authors: Lee Jun‐Seob , Radnik Jörg , Bäßler Ralph
Published: February 2018

The passivation behavior of alloy 31 was investigated as a function of passivation potential in a green‐death solution at 40 °C. The alloy 31 surface is in a stable passive state during cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. In potentiostatic polarization of alloy 31, passive current density increases with an increase in the passivation potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott–Schottky (M–S) analysis showed that a more defective n‐type semiconductive passive film forms as the potential increases. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that passive film consists of mainly chromium and minor iron and nickel oxides. The increase of the applied potential is considered to be a reason for the change in passive film stability.
Properties and performance of spin‐on‐glass coatings for the corrosion protection of stainless steels in chloride media
Authors: Lampert Felix , Jensen Annemette H. , Din Rameez U. , Gonzalez‐Garcia Yaiza , Møller Per
Published: February 2018

Spin‐on‐glass deposition was investigated as viable alternative to increase the durability and performance of 316L steel in chloride environment. The buildup of a detrimental interface oxide was prevented by non‐oxidative thermal curing of the coatings, which leads to a transformation to an inorganic, SiO2‐like material. The degree of polymerization was found dependent on the curing temperature; however, even curing at the maximum investigated curing temperature of 800 °C led to still incomplete transformation, showing less SiO2‐like character with respect to thermally grown oxide or fused silica. Electrochemical analysis by cyclic polarization indicated that the coatings behave as imperfect barrier coatings, which may enhance the passive properties of the substrates; however, there is still some statistical scatter in the quality of the coatings. While there is a tendency for an increase of the upper limit of the breakdown potential, there is also a decrease of the lower limit. It was found that such lower quality coatings showed, in association with substrate defects, unevenly distributed coating flaws, which may act as initiation points of pitting corrosion and decrease the corrosion resistance of coated substrates. Further, the films showed instability in aqueous environment due to imperfect polymerization.
Intelligent Monte Carlo: A New Paradigm for Inverse Polymerization Engineering
Authors: Mohammadi Yousef , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Penlidis Alexander , Jabbari Esmaiel , Zinck Philippe , Stadler Florian J. , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: February 2018

Traditional computational methods simulate the microstructure of polymer chains from input reaction conditions, but a need exists for predicting optimum reaction conditions in a computationally demanding multivariable space leading to the synthesis of predesigned microstructures and architectures. Herein, the intelligent Monte Carlo (IMC) approach, able to predict optimum reaction conditions for synthesizing copolymers with predefined, complex microstructures as input is introduced. This is rendered possible by a combination of kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation with artificial intelligence concepts, which enables a reasonably enhanced convergence to optimum reactions conditions. Chain shuttling polymerization is chosen as a first test case due to its complexity and the intricate multiblock microstructures that are formed; whose tailoring requires multiple parameters. The IMC approach locates optimum reaction conditions for the synthesis of olefinic multiblock copolymers with specific microstructures. This approach provides a new platform for identifying complex reaction conditions to “produce” and “tailor‐make” materials with precisely predefined microstructures and facilitates the development of meaningful structure‐property relationships.
Quantifying intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An essential issue for in vitro assays
Authors: Rodriguez Deisy Carolina , Ocampo Marisol , Salazar Luz Mary , Patarroyo Manuel Alfonso
Published: February 2018

Many studies about intracellular microorganisms which are important regarding diseases affecting public health have been focused on the recognition of host–pathogen interactions, thereby ascertaining the mechanisms by which the pathogen invades a cell and makes it become its host. Such knowledge enables understanding the immunological response triggered by these interactions for obtaining useful information for developing vaccines and drugs. Quantitative cell infection assay protocols are indispensable regarding studies involving Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which takes the lives of more than 2 million people worldwide every year; however, sometimes these are limited by the pathogen's slow growth. Concerning such limitation, a detailed review is presented here regarding the different methods for quantifying and differentiating an intracellular pathogen, the importance of mycobacteria aggregate dissociation and multiplicity of infection (MOI) in infection assays. The methods’ differences, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed regarding intra and extracellular bacteria (on cell surface) differentiation, current problems are outlined, as are the solutions provided using fluorophores and projections made concerning quantitative infection assays.
A closer look at the antibiotic‐resistant bacterial community found in urban wastewater treatment systems
Authors: Tehrani Amir H. , Gilbride Kimberley A.
Published: February 2018

The conventional biological treatment process can provide a favorable environment for the maintenance and dissemination of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and the antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) they carry. This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to determine the role they play in the dissemination of ARGs. Bacterial isolates resistant to tetracycline were collected, and tested against eight antibiotics to determine their resistance profiles and the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. It was found that bacteria resistant to tetracycline were more likely to display resistance to multiple antibiotics compared to those isolates that were not tetracycline resistant. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the tetracycline resistance determinants present within the bacterial communities of the WWTPs and receiving waters, and it was found that ARGs may not be released from the treatment process. Identification of isolates showed that there was a large diversity of species in both the tetracycline‐resistant and tetracycline‐sensitive populations and that the two groups were significantly different in composition. Antibiotic resistance profiles of each population showed that a large diversity of resistance patterns existed within genera suggesting that transmission of ARG may progress by both horizontal gene and vertical proliferation.
Fishermen's Historical Knowledge Leads to a Re-Evaluation of Redfish Catch
Authors: Duplisea Daniel E.
Published: February 2018

A series of interviews with Canadian redfish Sebastes spp. fishing industry participants active in the 1980s and 1990s was conducted to determine how fish were caught, how much was caught (reported landings, unreported landings, and discards), and the sizes of fish caught during that time. Indicators of total fish catch derived from these interviews showed that reported catch may have underestimated catch by a factor of 2 or more. The proportion of small fish landed may also have been underestimated by a factor of 150–200. The re-examination of catches from interviews with fishermen can provide a useful context for interpreting population model abundance estimates for this stock. This interpretation can have implications for present-day stock assessment and fishery advice.
Efficacy of Otoliths and First Dorsal Spines for Preliminary Age and Growth Determination in Atlantic Tripletails
Authors: Parr Russell T. , Bringolf Robert B. , Jennings Cecil A.
Published: February 2018

The Atlantic Tripletail Lobotes surinamensis is a popular sport fish for which age and growth data are scarce in general and nonexistent for Georgia (GA), USA, waters. These data are necessary to ensure that management regulations are adequate to protect this species, especially given its popularity as a sport fish. We evaluated whether otoliths and spines were suitable for determining the estimated age (hereafter, “age”) and growth rates of Atlantic Tripletails, and we ascertained whether one method was more accurate than the other. Atlantic Tripletails were sampled by angling and trawling during March 30–August 10, 2009, and March 14–August 6, 2010, in nearshore GA waters of the Atlantic Ocean. During the study, 243 Atlantic Tripletails were captured and sampled for aging structures. Sagittal otoliths and the first dorsal spine were removed from each fish and used to estimate the age and growth rate. Mean differences in TL at age for spine and otolith data were evaluated with ANOVA. Estimated ages for males and females ranged from 1 to 5 years based on otoliths and spines. Both otolith and spine mean TLs at ages 1 and 2 were significantly different from each other as well as all other age-classes, whereas mean TLs for ages 3–5 were not significantly different. Differences in Atlantic Tripletail TL among the otolith- and spine-derived age-classes were not significant. Each method used to age Atlantic Tripletails had advantages and disadvantages. Otoliths had higher initial reader agreement than spines, although agreement between the structures was 84.1%. However, otoliths require sacrifice of the fish, whereas a spine can be taken without sacrificing the fish. The lack of concrete life history data and population estimates suggests that when feasible, nonlethal aging methods would be preferred over lethal methods to ensure the survival of Atlantic Tripletail populations.
Limited accuracy of transurethral and periurethral intrasphincteric injections of cellular suspension
Authors: Burdzinska Anna , Dybowski Bartosz , Zarychta‐Wiśniewska Weronika , Kulesza Agnieszka , Hawryluk Jakub , Graczyk‐Jarzynka Agnieszka , Kaupa Patryk , Gajewski Zdzislaw , Paczek Leszek
Published: February 2018

Aims

The efficacy of cell therapy in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is lower than expected. The aim of this study was to determine the injection accuracy rate both with transurethral and periurethral route.

Methods

Autologous intraurethral cell transplantation was performed in female goats. The cells were injected either periurethrally (PERI group, two depots/animal, n = 8) or transurethrally (TRANS group, eight depots/animal, n = 11). Transurethral injections were performed under endoscopic guidance. The number and distribution of cell depots in urethras were analyzed in the three‐step protocol: 1) screening of whole explants by in vivo imaging system; 2) systematic microscopic analysis of raw 10 μm cross‐sections; 3) immunohistochemistry. As control, four urethras collected 1 day after transurethral transplantation were used. Episodes of cell suspension leakages after needle withdrawal were noted.

Results

In all experimental animals depots were identified in the urethral wall 28 days after transplantation. The mean percentage of depots located in the urethral wall in relation to all performed injections amounted to 68.7% and 67.0% for PERI and TRANS groups, respectively. The mean proportions of depots which were identified in external urethral sphincter (EUS) amounted 18.8% and 17.1%, respectively. Suspension leakage was observed in 19% of transurethral injections.

Conclusions

Although majority of cell depots were administrated accurately into the urethral wall, the precise delivery of cells into EUS is limited regardless of injection method. The insufficient accuracy of cell delivery into EUS and cell suspension leakage can contribute to the low efficacy of cell therapy in human patients with SUI.
Flame retardant and thermal decomposition mechanism of poly(butylene terephthalate)/DOPO‐HQ composites
Authors: He Min , Zhang Daohai , Zhao Wan , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie
Published: February 2018

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/10‐(2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐10H‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide(DOPO‐HQ) composites with poly(ethylene– butylacrylate–glycidylmethacrylate) (PTW) as a compatibilizer were prepared by the twin‐screw extruder. The flame retardant and thermal decomposition mechanism of the PBT/DOPO‐HQ flame retardant composites was investigated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL94), cone calorimetric test, thermogravimetric analysis, laser micro‐Raman spectrometer (LRS), thermogravimetric analysis‐Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and TG‐differential scanning calorimetry of the PBT/DOPO‐HQ flame retardant composites were carried out. The LOI results showed that the LOI value PBT/DOPO‐HQ flame retardant composites with PTW compatibilizer is higher than PBT/DOPO‐HQ flame retardant composites without PTW compatibilizer. The PBT/PTW/DOPO‐HQ (20%) flame retardant composites achieved UL‐94 V‐0 classification, but only addition of 20% DOO‐HQ to PBT just achieved vertical burning test (UL94) V‐2 classification with serious flammable dripping. What's more, the mechanical properties of PBT/DOPO‐HQ flame retardant composites were studied. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:974–985, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Low band gap conductive copolymer of thiophene with p‐phenylenediamine and its magnetic nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization and biosensing activity
Authors: Rouhi Mona , Lakouraj Moslem Mansour , Baghayeri Mehdi
Published: February 2018

Thiophene and p‐phenylenediamine were utilized as monomers to prepare low band gap copolymer and nanocomposites with core–shell construction by a simple in situ emulsion polymerization. Different devices such as Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used for characterizing the copolymer and nanocomposites. Band gaps were estimated from Cyclic voltammetry to be 2.1 − 1.7 eV for copolymers and nanocomposite. The results that obtained by measuring the conductivity with Four‐probe method illustrated that the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites is considerably higher than the copolymer which is dependent on the Fe content and doping degree. The nanocomposites showed superparamagnetic behavior with high‐saturated magnetization (Ms = 10–16 emu/g). The direct electrochemistry of myoglobin (Mb) entrapped in the Nafion film on a glassy carbon electrode modified with synthesized nanocomposite had been investigated in this paper. Cyclic voltammetric results showed that a pair of well‐defined quasi‐reversible redox peaks appeared in the pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution, which was ascribed to the direct electron transfer of Mb heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couples. Also, the antioxidant activity of new nanocomposites was measured by using 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1034–1042, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Castor oil‐based polyurethane/silica nanocomposites: Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Wang Chengshuang , Xu Feng , He Meng , Ding Liang , Li Shuiping , Wei Jun
Published: February 2018

As a reinforcing filler, nano‐silica was modified using silane coupling agents (KH560 and KH570). The effects of nano‐silica loadings on the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of castor oil‐based PU nanocomposites were studied. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the relatively homogeneous dispersion of nano‐silica in the PU matrix. After the addition of different nano‐silica, a significant nano‐silica reinforcement effect on castor oil‐based PU matrix was found. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the PU nanocomposites were increased with the increment of different nano‐silica content. When compared with neat PU, PU/silica nanocomposites with 12 wt% SiO2, KH560‐SiO2 and KH570‐SiO2 loading exhibited 222, 230, and 87% improvement in tensile strength, and 182, 182, and 88% increment in Young's modulus, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal stability of PU nanocomposites was slightly improved with the incorporation of KH570‐SiO2. At 12% SiO2, KH560‐SiO2, and KH570‐SiO2 loading, the residue of PU nanocomposites at 600°C were increased from 3.4 to 12.7, 13.1, and 10.6%, respectively. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1800–E1806, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Organic/inorganic dual network formed by epoxy and cement
Authors: Zhang Guoliang , Zhu Zengyu , Ma Chunfeng , Zhang Guangzhao
Published: February 2018

Organics generally does not form network with inorganics because of their poor compatibility. Here, we report organic/inorganic dual network (DN) formed by epoxy and high alumina cement. In the presence of water, the cement quickly forms inorganic network via hydration followed by the gradual curing of epoxy yielding the organic network interpenetrating with the former. Such DN has improved mechanical properties either at early or final stage in comparison with the cement or epoxy after curing. It also exhibits high bonding strength with concrete so that it can be used to repair concrete cracks and blocking water leakage. The novel organic/inorganic DN is expected to find applications in constructional and geotechnical engineering. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2490–E2496, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of MgO whiskers on thermal behavior and mechanical properties of injection molded poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Wen Wei , Lu Yaoting , Qin Xiaopeng , Luo Binghong , Zhou Changren
Published: February 2018

Poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) composites containing various content of MgO whiskers (MgO‐Ws) and surface grafted MgO whiskers (g‐MgO‐Ws) were prepared by injection molding technique. The g‐MgO‐Ws showed better dispersion in the matrix and improved interface compatibility with the matrix compared with the MgO‐Ws, which was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) of the MgO‐Ws/PLLA and g‐MgO‐Ws/PLLA composites revealed that the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLLA were improved by the introduction of MgO‐Ws and g‐MgO‐Ws, but the thermogravimetric measurements showed that the thermal stability of the PLLA matrix decreased by the addition of the whiskers. The tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the resulting composites were systematically studied, and the g‐MgO‐Ws/PLLA composite exhibited remarkably higher tensile strength, modulus, and toughness than those of the pure PLLA and MgO‐Ws/PLLA composite. The highest tensile strength of 62.9 ± 3.2 MPa, tensile modulus of 1,222.3 ± 25.2 MPa, and fracture energy of 459.1 ± 24.3 J/m2 were obtained for the g‐MgO‐Ws/PLLA composite with 2.5% whiskers content, which were 30.8%, 13.7%, and 105.5% higher than those of PLLA matrix, respectively. Loading the whiskers with appropriate content can also improve the flexural and impact properties of the PLLA matrix. The highest impact strength, flexural modulus, and flexural strength were obtained for the g‐MgO‐Ws/PLLA composite with 1% whiskers content. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1807–E1820, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Impulse oscillometry at preschool age is a strong predictor of lung function by flow‐volume spirometry in adolescence
Authors: Lauhkonen Eero , Riikonen Riikka , Törmänen Sari , Koponen Petri , Nuolivirta Kirsi , Helminen Merja , Toikka Jyri , Korppi Matti
Published: February 2018

Background

The transition from early childhood wheezing to persistent asthma is linked to lung function impairment over time. Little is known how the methods used to study lung function at different ages correlate longitudinally.

Methods

Sixty‐four children with a history of hospitalization for bronchiolitis before 6 months of age were prospectively studied with impulse oscillometry (IOS) at the mean age of 6.3 years and these preschool IOS results were compared with flow‐volume spirometry (FVS) measurements at mean age of 11.4 years.

Results

The baseline respiratory system resistance at 5 Hz (Rrs5) showed a modest statistically significant correlation with all baseline FVS parameters except FVC. The post‐bronchodilator (post‐BD) Rrs5 showed a modest statistically significant correlation with post‐BD FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. The bronchodilator‐induced decrease in Rrs5 showed a modest statistically significant correlation with the percent increase in FEV1. Baseline and post‐BD respiratory reactance at 5 Hz (Xrs5) showed a modest statistically significant correlation with baseline and post‐BD FVS parameters except post‐BD FEV1/FVC, respectively, and post‐BD Xrs5 showed a strong correlation with post‐BD FVC (ρ = 0.61) and post‐BD FEV1 (ρ = 0.59). In adjusted linear regression, preschool Xrs5 remained as a statistically significant independent predictor of FVS parameters in adolescence; the one‐unit decrease in the Z‐score of preschool post‐BD Xrs5 predicted 9.6% lower post‐BD FEV1, 9.3% lower post‐BD FVC, and 9.7% lower post‐BD MEF50 when expressed as %‐predicted parameters.

Conclusion

Persistent post‐BD small airway impairment in children with a history of bronchiolitis detected with IOS at preschool age predicted FVS results measured in early adolescence.
Reducing sample size by tightening test conditions
Authors: Klauenberg Katy , Kramer Rainer , Kroner Corinna , Rose Jürgen , Elster Clemens
Published: February 2018

The inspection of measurement devices according to statistical sampling plans allows conclusions to be drawn about the reliability of a whole population of devices. However, confirming high reliability levels requires large sample sizes and is thus expensive or even infeasible. For example, a reliability of 99.5% can only be guaranteed with 90% confidence by inspecting each item in a population of 280 (see ISO 2859‐2).

When reliability is judged by not exceeding a certain threshold, this research provides a convenient solution allowing considerably more efficient sampling plans. Under certain distributional assumptions, in particular, we have proved that if 100q% of a population meets a tighter threshold Δ/γ, then at least 100p% of the population meets threshold Δ(with p>q, γ>1). The importance and effect of different distributional assumptions are demonstrated and relevant scenarios for the parameters (p,q,γ) presented. Verifying that a smaller portion of devices comply requires smaller sample sizes. Costs may thus decrease when more stringent specifications are verified.

For example, up to 98% of utility meters in Germany are required to measure correctly at inspections, to ensure a reliability of 95% in the future. Instead of applying costly sampling plans to meters in use to demonstrate these high reliability levels, this research enables the sample size to be reduced, eg, by half.
Narrow‐band imaging thoracoscopy in pleural amyloidosis
Authors: Kanno Yuki , Furuya Naoki , Okamoto Mariko , Noguchi Akira , Inoue Takeo , Mineshita Masamichi
Published: February 2018

We report the case of a 68‐year‐old male non‐smoker suffering from shortness of breath for 1 year. He was referred to our institution for a definitive diagnosis. Both chest X‐ray and computed tomography scans showed bilateral hydrothorax with no pleural thickening. We performed flexi‐rigid thoracoscopic pleural biopsy on the right side with a single port under local anaesthesia. Multiple white nodules were seen in parietal and visceral pleura, and these nodules were small and flat under white light. Narrow‐band imaging demonstrated pathognostic findings on parietal pleura. Irregular dilative vessels were seen around these nodules. Subsequently, we performed parietal pleural biopsy for these nodules. Pathological examination with haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed eosinophilic matrix material depositions present in the pleural parenchyma and the vessel wall. These depositions were positive for Congo red stain and showed apple‐green birefringence under polarized light. These findings were compatible with pleural amyloidosis.
A Stand Out Prediction for 2018
Authors: Miles Jack
Published: February 2018

As is customary across the marketing and research content‐sphere at the start of the year, we are awash with predictions as to what the next year will hold. The predictions predictably include the rise of innovative technologies, the death of traditional thinking and the importance of GDPR.
Tuning the Optoelectronic Properties of Naphtho‐Dithiophene‐Based A‐D‐A Type Small Donor Molecules for Bulk Hetero‐Junction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Eliason Bertil , Mahr Muhammad Shabir , Iqbal Javed
Published: February 2018

Four acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A−D‐A) type small molecules using naphtho‐dithiophene as central building block, trithiophene as π‐bridges, malononitrile and 2‐Thioxo‐thiazolidin‐4‐one as end acceptor groups were designed by using density functional theory (DFT) and investigated as donor materials for organic solar cells (OSCs). The effects of end acceptor groups on absorption, charge transport, morphology, energy level and photovoltaic properties of the molecules were investigated and compared with reference molecule (R1= NDTP‐CNCOO). These designed molecules showed relatively low HOMO levels of −5.46 to −5.56 eV, strong absorption between 440–650 nm by using chloroform as solvent. The designed donor molecules have an excellent electron mobility from 0.0161 to 0.0201 V, hole mobility from 0.0275 to 0.0307 V and open circuit voltage (Voc) from 1.76 to 1.86 V. This study revealed that the designed donor materials are suitable and recommended for high performance organic solar cell devices.
An Easy Scalable Approach to HMF Employing DMC as Reaction Media: Reaction Optimization and Comparative Environmental Assessment
Authors: Musolino Manuele , Andraos John , Aricò Fabio
Published: February 2018

In this work, bio‐based platform molecule 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was synthesised under mild conditions (90 °C) from D‐fructose using as media a mixture of dimethyl carbonate:tetraethyl ammonium bromide (DMC:TEAB). This solvent system resulted in a efficient production of HMF in the presence of both Amberlyst‐15 (heterogeneous catalyst) and BF3O(Et)2 (homogeneous catalyst). HMF was recovered from the reaction mixture with or without minimal work‐up. It is noteworthy that this synthetic approach provided high yielding product also when performed in a large‐scale. Quick reduction of HMF to the related 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan was also conducted to further confirm the proposed procedure. Besides, the materials efficiency metrics of the optimized DMC‐based synthetic approach have been compared to alternative syntheses for HMF reported in the literature. This latter study takes into consideration synthetic routes that employ D‐fructose as substrate, easy accessible catalysts and report detailed procedures and evidence of the isolation of HMF.