bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Starvation and the refeeding syndrome — food for thought
Authors: Hollis Gregory , Holdgate Anna
Published: August 2010

The refeeding syndrome is an uncommon multisystem disorder which may occur when feeding is reintroduced following a period of starvation. It may be rapidly fatal due to cardiorespiratory failure or neurological complications. A large number of patients presenting to an emergency department may be at risk, including those with anorexia nervosa, chronic alcoholism and malnutrition.

Prevention involves recognition of the syndrome and identification of patients at risk. It is important to be aware of the usual clinical vital signs of a starved patient. Management, which may require admission to an intensive care unit, consists of regular electrolyte monitoring, careful attention to fluids, slow introduction of carbohydrate loading and thiamine supplementation. As depletion of phosphate stores plays a central role in the refeeding syndrome, treatment also includes phosphate replacement.
Best practice in bed management
Authors: Thomson Graeme
Published: August 2010

During 1997/98, the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services will fund lead hospitals to develop models of best practice in bed management under the National Demonstration Hospitals Project Phase 2. The author was a member of the Steering Committee for the project and this paper is a summary of the elements of best practice identified at participating hospitals. This may aid those involved in bed management to develop their systems along best practice lines.
Gamma hydroxy butyrate overdose
Authors: Ragg Michael
Published: August 2010

A 17 year old girl who ingested possibly as little as 7ml of gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) presented to the emergency department deeply unconscious. Ambulance personnel had found her to be hypotensive with a bradycardia. Despite the fact that this drug may cause hypotension, seizures, bradyarrhythmias and coma, it is not a scheduled drug in this country.
Evolution and quality assurance of the primary examination of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
Authors: Rosengarten Pamela , Kelly Anne‐Maree
Published: August 2010

The primary examination of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine is an important part of the College's training and examination structure. It is seen by many doctors undertaking a career in emergency medicine as a considerable hurdle in their training program. This paper describes the evolution of the primary examination and explains the measures that have been instituted to ensure that the examination is consistent, relevant, fair and objective.
Victorian nurses demonstrate concordance in the application of the National Triage Scale
Authors: Dilley Stuart J , Standen Pat
Published: August 2010

Objectives

This paper assesses the level of uniformity among Victorian public hospital triage nurses in utilising the National Triage Scale and compares triage agreement between nurses working in similar hospitals and with similar triage experience.

Method

One hundred and eighty eight Victorian triage nurses triaged 20 case scenarios to one of the five National Triage Scale categories and completed data relevant to their site of practice.

Results

Fifteen patients were each triaged to four different triage categories. Seventeen patients had more than 90% of responses in the modal category plus one adjacent category. Kappa statistics confirmed fair inter‐rater agreement for all nurses and within each subgroup.

Conclusions

Agreement among Victoria's triaging personnel appears reasonable, although there is room for improvement. Future training should adopt a statewide or nationwide approach.
The emergency management of facial fractures
Authors: Lowe Bevan , Brown Anthony
Published: August 2010

Facial fractures are a common presentation to the emergency department. Mortality directly due to facial injuries is rare but may occur as the result of airway compromise or less commonly, torrential haemorrhage. Accurate diagnosis is required to avoid immediate and long term morbidity. Radiological assessment is an important adjunct to clinical examination, in particular where significant soft‐tissue swelling or distorted facial anatomy make this difficult. This article provides an overview and approach to the assessment and management of facial fractures.
Risk management strategies using seasonal climate forecasting in irrigated cotton production: a tale of stochastic dominance *
Authors: Ritchie John W. , Abawi G. Yahya , Dutta Sunil C. , Harris Trevor R. , Bange Michael
Published: August 2010

Decision‐making in agriculture is carried out in an uncertain environment with farmers often seeking information to reduce risk. As a result of the extreme variability of rainfall and stream‐flows in north‐eastern Australia, water supplies for irrigated agriculture are a limiting factor and a source of risk. The present study examined the use of seasonal climate forecasting (SCF) when calculating planting areas for irrigated cotton in the northern Murray Darling Basin. Results show that minimising risk by adjusting plant areas in response to SCF can lead to significant gains in gross margin returns. However, how farmers respond to SCF is dependent on several other factors including irrigators’ attitude towards risk.
Household Debt and Credit: Economic Issues and Data Problems
Authors: Bertola Giuseppe , Hochguertel Stefan
Published: August 2010

We survey contributions to the analysis of household liabilities, highlighting relevant theoretical aspects and outlining how data sources may support empirical testing and measurement efforts. Specifically, we classify aspects of household debt, discussing the theoretical and policy relevance of heterogeneity across individual and country dimensions. Aiming to illustrate conceptual and measurement issues, we refer to the approaches and results of some recent relevant country‐specific work on administrative and survey data, and we argue that research in this area would greatly benefit from availability of appropriately classified household liabilities data and of cross‐country institutional information.
Property, Identity, and Macroeconomy in the Prehispanic Southwest
Authors: BAYMAN JAMES M. , SULLIVAN ALAN P.
Published: August 2010

Archaeology provides a compelling perspective on the evolution of property rights and macroeconomy in precapitalist societies that lacked systems of writing. Most interpretations of macroeconomy in the Prehispanic Southwest have focused on interaction networks that emanated from “heartlands” where intensive agriculturalists were aggregated in towns along major streams. Although archaeologists are aware of communities in “hinterland” territories, they rarely consider their political economies. As a remedy, we apply common‐pool‐resource (CPR) theory to investigate hypothesized linkages between property rights and social identity in two hinterlands in Arizona: the Papagueria and the Grand Canyon. Our analyses indicate, first, that from circa C.E. 850 to C.E. 1350, local communities negotiated their social identities in a macroeconomy of fluctuating resource values and, second, that incentives for privatizing peripheral territories intensified in some areas during periods of economic competition. These findings underscore the critical role of archaeology in modeling property rights in precapitalist societies.
Two Exhibitions Resignify Aboriginality and Photographyin Australia's Visual Lexicon
Authors: Thorner Sabra
Published: August 2010

Photography has long been central to the construction of Aboriginal peoples in the Australian national imaginary. In the last 20 years, the social role of photography has shifted: from origins in scopic regimes that racialized and dispossessed Aboriginal peoples to an era of contemporary reappropriation, recontextualizing colonial archives, and producing new Indigenous high art photography. Photographs are no longer stable, visible testimony of Indigenous peoples' presumed imminent decline or innate savagery but are, rather, colonial objectifications now available for resignification as evidence of kinship networks, land claims, and local knowledge systems. In July 2006, two exhibitions were spearheading these important transitions. “Colliding Worlds” opened at Melbourne Museum, and “Michael Riley: Sights Unseen” premiered at the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) in Canberra. Together, these exhibitions destabilize historical legacies of the visual in Australia's national imaginary, resignifying photography as a medium of new knowledge production, aesthetic expression, and social change.
Cultural Models and Fertility Timing among Cherokee and White Youth in Appalachia: Beyond the Mode
Authors: Brown Ryan A. , Hruschka Daniel J. , Worthman Carol M.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Much anthropological research and theory concerns how group differences in behavior, subjective experience, and ways of seeing the world (i.e., cultural differences) are created and maintained. Both within and outside the United States, there are dramatic group differences in fertility. In the United States, American Indian groups exhibit some of the highest and earliest fertility. We used ethnographic data as well as structured card‐sort and questionnaire data to compare cultural models of childbearing among Cherokee and white youth in Appalachia. The critical difference between Cherokee and white youth was not a modal difference in ideal ages for first childbirth but, rather, the degree of latitude for the timing of having children vis‐à‐vis other major life events. Group differences in modal norms are often posited as the critical axis of group distinction. In many cases, group differences in the intrapopulation variability among multiple norms may play a more critical role.
The Moral Economy of Tobacco
Authors: Griffith David
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  Even faced with overwhelming evidence that tobacco threatens human health, along with economic developments undermining their status as independent producers, North Carolina tobacco farmers view tobacco production in ways congruent with a moral economy. A shift from independent to contract production of tobacco and the dismantling of government price supports have challenged this moral economy, converting tobacco producers into a quasi–working class dependent on tobacco companies while leading to fewer tobacco farms and an increase in the average tobacco farm's size. These changes signal a shift away from a moral economy of tobacco, although moral‐economic dimensions remain. Producers today emphasize different moral dimensions of economic behavior, such as producing quality human beings, than during earlier eras, when moral‐economic actors pressed for state intervention in economic crises. Moral‐economic principles are not restricted to either non‐Western or historical peoples but, rather, influence economic production and ideology in advanced capitalist settings today.
How Do Real Indians Fish? Neoliberal Multiculturalism and Contested Indigeneities in the Colorado Delta
Authors: Muehlmann Shaylih
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT There has been a growing interest in anthropology regarding how certain political conditions set the stage for “articulations” between indigenous movements and environmental actors and discourses. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how these same conditions can suppress demands for indigenous rights. In this article, I argue that the pairing of neoliberalism and multiculturalism in contemporary Mexico has created political fields in which ethnic difference has been foregrounded as a way of denying certain rights to marginalized groups. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in northern Mexico, I analyze how the arguments of a group of Cucapá for fishing rights in the Colorado Delta have been constrained within these political circumstances. I argue that cultural difference has been leveraged by the Mexican federal government and local NGOs to prevent the redistribution of environmental resources among vulnerable groups such as the Cucapá.
Bodyscapes, Biology, and Heteronormativity
Authors: Geller Pamela L.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  The term bodyscape encourages thinking about representation of bodies at multiple scales—from different bodies as they move through space to the microlandscape of individual bodily differences. A hegemonic bodyscape's representations tend to idealize and essentialize bodies’ differences to reinforce normative ideas about a society's socioeconomic organization. But, a dominant bodyscape is never absolute. Bodyscapes that depart from or subvert hegemonic representations may simultaneously exist. In Western society, the biomedical bodyscape predominates in scientific understandings of bodily difference. Its representation of sex differences conveys heteronormative notions about gender and sexuality. Because the biomedical bodyscape frames studies of ancient bodies, investigators need recognize how their considerations of labor divisions, familial organization, and reproduction may situate modern (hetero)sexist representations deep within antiquity. To innovate analyses of socioeconomic relations, queer theory allows scholars to interrogate human nature. Doing so produces alternative bodyscapes that represent the diversity of past peoples’ social and sexual lives. [Keywords: bodyscape, heteronormativity, queer theory, bioarchaeology, paleoanthropology]
Anthropology Faculty Job Market Report. Gendered Dimensions of Applied Work Environments: COSWA Survey Report. Doing Anthropology Well?: Panels and Proposals
Authors: Terry‐Sharp Kathleen , Brondo Keri Vacanti , Bennett Linda A , Winslow Deborah
Published: August 2010

“Anthropology Faculty Job Market Report,” by Kathleen Terry‐Sharp

“Gendered Dimensions of Applied Work Environments: COSWA Survey Report,” by Keri Vacanti Brondo and Linda A Bennett

“Doing Anthropology Well?: Panels and Proposals,” by Deborah Winslow
Chromosome Replication Related to Cell Division and Increase in Cell Mass In Synchronized Cultures of Nelsseria Meningitidis
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Synchronous growth of Neisseria meningitidis Strain M1 was obtained after release from prolonged chloramphenicol inhibition. Chromosome replication was examined by enumerating mutants induced with nitrosoguanidine in successive samples from the cultures and correlated with cell division as measured by colony‐forming units, and with growth as evaluated by increase in absorbancy. A transformable (genetically competent) variant of the test strain was compared with a non transformable (genetically incompetent) one. The two variants have been found to differ with regard to chromosome replication, presumably by having different origin and direction of replication. The experiments indicate that cell division in both variants starts when the same, definite region or locus on the chromosome is replicated. This region seems to be located close to the origin (or terminus) of replication postulated for the non transformable variant. The rate of increase in absorbancy is abruptly approximately doubled 5–7 minutes after the start of cell division, whereas it is constant during the division cycle. The sudden enhancement of the rate does not occur when the density of the population is higher than corresponding to about A = 0.600, although growth continues at higher densities. Some implications of these findings have been discussed.
EXAMINATION OF FIMBRIATION OF SOME GRAM‐NEGATIVE RODS WITH AND WITHOUT TWITCHING AND GLIDING MOTILITY
Authors: HENRICHSEN JøRGEN , BLOM JENS
Published: August 2010

Negatively stained preparations of 30 different strains of gram‐negative rods representing 20 different taxa were examined in the electron microscope. Thirteen of the strains studied exhibited twitching and six of the strains exhibited gliding motility. Additionally, non‐twitching substrains of two of the twitching strains and a non‐gliding substrain of one of the gliding strains were examined. A variety of cultural media, preparations for negative staining and negative stains were used. It was found that all strains with twitching motility possessed fimbriae, the diameter of which was approximately 50 Å in all but one strain; the fimbriae of this strain had a diameter of approximately 40 Å. The fimbriae were judged to be of polar origin in all cases where the origin could be determined with certainty. On none of the strains without twitching motility could fimbriae be demonstrated. Only one of the six strains with gliding motility possessed fimbriae.
INFECTION OF MICROTUS ARVALIS (COMMON VOLE) WITH MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS
Authors: JESPERSEN ANDR.
Published: August 2010

The aim of the study has been to ascertain whether Microtus arvalis (common vole) is strongly susceptible to M. bovis but resistant to M. tuberculosis, as is the case with other members of the vole family, or whether it is susceptible to both species as demonstrated by Robert Koch. Groups of common voles have been injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with varying doses of finely dispersed suspensions of a virulent strain of M. bovis or M. tuberculosis. M. bovis multiplies strongly in the vole organism and a dose as small as 8 viable units provokes a progressive infection with rapid fatal outcome. Autopsy shows considerable processes at the site of injection and in the lymph glands. Tubercles are observed quite frequently in the lungs, but seldom in the liver, spleen and kidneys. The organs contain a large number of tubercle bacilli, the caseous lymph glands enormous numbers. In contrast, the virulence of M. tuberculosis is low. None of the doses used, the highest being 6 times 106 viable units, provokes progressive infection in the animals injected subcutaneously and only in a few of those injected intraperitoneally. The macroscopical findings are inconsiderable, and it is characteristic of the M. tuberculosis infection that the lymph glands are seldom enlarged and have become caseous in exceptional cases only. The number of bacteria in the organs is small, except in the few animals in which the infection becomes progressive. The conclusion drawn from the experiment is that Microtus arvalis is susceptible to M. bovis but strongly resistant to M. tuberculosis, and in this respect resembles other members of the vole family examined hitherto.
RUBELLA IN ICELAND
Authors: TÓMASSON HARALDUR Ó. , ÖGMUNDSDÓTTIR HELGA M.
Published: August 2010

Rubella has been a notifiable disease in Iceland since 1888. In this century rubella epidemics of increasing size have occurred at intervals of 5–10 years. The disease has spread throughout the country. About 75 per cent of the patients were below 15 years of age at the time of the last two epidemics. Females account for 51–61 per cent of the reported cases. In this first study of the sero‐epidemiology of rubella in Iceland, epidemiological data and blood samples were collected from 1464 women from 13 locations. The group of 1464 women was further divided into 12 age‐groups (range 5–49 years), so as to make correlations with the last six epidemics. The immunity status was determined by measuring HI‐antibodies in serum. 67.8 per cent of the sera were positive (HI‐titre >20). 81.1 per cent of women of child‐bearing age (16–42 ys.) were seropositive. Two of the age‐groups have gone through only one epidemic ′63‐′64. Children who were then 1–3 ys. old have an immunity ratio of 46.1 per cent, this ratio being 73.3 per cent in the case of children who had attained school age. The immunity ratio is slightly lower among subjects from rural districts than among those from urban districts. Most of the women have caught the disease at the time of the first or second epidemic to occur in their lifetime. 11.6 per cent of persons giving a positive history were seronegative, 52.1 per cent of seropositive subjects gave a positive history. According to population statistics and the serological results it is estimated that appr. 1 out of 7 cases was reported in the epidemic ′63‐′64.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS DONNÉ: INTERACTION WITH VAGINAL EPITHELIUM IN HUMAN TRICHOMONIASIS
Authors: NIELSEN MORTEN H. , NIELSEN RUTH
Published: August 2010

Light and electron microscopic examination of portio biopsies from eleven patients with trichomoniasis vaginalis revealed in four patients clusters of cells of T. vaginalis (T. vag.) which were attached to the vaginal mucosa. The minimum gap between adjacent trichomonad cells was the size of gap junctions (2 nm). Cells of T. vag. invaded superficially located epithelial cells but did not penetrate to the deeper cell layers of the epithelium. The latter, however, were frequently infiltrated with neutrophilic granulocytes. Contact between cells of T. vag. and neutrophils was not observed. Trichomonads which were attached to epithelial cells contained a dense network of cytoplasmic microfilaments in the part of the cell which came into contact with the epithelium. The remaining part contained the organelles nomally seen in T. vag.. Endocytotic cell activity of amoeboid T. vag. occurred from the free cell surface only. A cell coat on the cell membrane—formed by bristles—was confined mainly to pinocytotic invaginations. Glycogen granules which were absent from the larger part of the epithelium were densely packed in the trichomonad cells. The findings in this study indicate that the interaction between the cells of T. vag. and the vaginal epithelium takes place primarily at a distance probably by means of substances released into the vaginal fluid, and secondly by a direct cell contact mechanism.
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA IN SMALL RODENTS FROM NORWAY, SWEDEN AND FINLAND
Authors: KAPPERUD GEORG
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) among small rodents and shrews (Soricidae) from Norway, Sweden and Finand. During a period of one year beginning in the autumn of 1973, animals from seven localities were examined. Twenty‐four strains of Y.e. were isolated from 551 small rodents. Isolations were made from six of the seven localities and from six of the nine small rodent species examined. Pooled faeces samples from 397 animals yielded 12 strains. Faeces from 154 small rodents were separately investigated: Twelve (8 per cent) of these animals harboured Y.e. No isolations were made from 52 shrews. Most of the strains showed antigenic relationship to O‐serotypes previously reported from untreated drinking water in Norway. Two strains were antigenically related to O‐serotype 3 but differed biochemically from the strains found in man and swine. The results indicate that Y.e. has a widespread distribution among small rodents in Norway, Sweden and Finland.
APPLICATION OF THE PASSIVE HAEMOLYSIS TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RUBELLA VIRUS ANTIBODIES
Authors: SKAUG K. , ØRSTAVIK I. , ULSTRUP J. C.
Published: August 2010

A passive haemolysis test for the determination of antibodies against rubella virus haemagglutinin is presented. According to this method, the principle of radial immunodiffusion technique is applied. Rubella haemagglutinin‐coated chick erythrocytes in the agarose gel were lysed by the diffusing positive sera in the presence of complement at 37° C. The passive haemolysis test was compared with the conventional haemagglutination inhibition method, and the diameter of the haemolysis zones was shown to be a direct measure of the quantity of antibody added to the well. A plot of the log (HI titre) against the zone diameter gives a straight line. There is no need to remove nonspecific haemagglutination inhibitors. However, all serum samples must be inactivated at 56° C for 30 minutes before testing. Tests of 200 serum samples from healthy women showed a good correlation between the haemagglutination inhibition titre and the antibody titre determined by the passive haemolysis technique. Twenty‐one samples with a haemagglutination inhibition titre less than 10 were also negative in the passive haemolysis test. With the exception of one, all sera with a positive haemagglutination inhibition titre showed a positive haemolysis reaction. The method was found to be as specific and as sensitive as the haemagglutination inhibition test. In addition, the technique is rapid and simple for quantitative studies of antibodies against rubella virus.
COMMON ENTEROBACTERIAL ANTIGEN IN YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Authors: MÆLAND J. A. , DIGRANES A.
Published: August 2010

Production of the common enterobacterial antigen (CA) by strains of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. e.) serotypes 3 and 9 (Winblad), by strains of 5 different Y. e. serogroups (Wauters) and various other bacteria was examined. Antibody against CA was raised by immunization of rabbits with E. coli O 14. Extract prepared from S. typhimurium was used for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes with CA. Absorption and haemagglutination inhibition experiments showed that CA could be detected in heat extracts from all Y.e. strains examined, and in that from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. CA was not detected in extracts from Pasteurella multocida, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti‐CA antibodies could not be demonstrated in serum from rabbits immunized with Y.e. bacteria, but were demonstrated in serum from rabbits immunized with a CA‐containing fraction of the Y.e. extract. The possibility of participation of anti‐CA antibody in indirect haemagglutination tests for detection of antibody to Y.e. O antigens is emphasized.
PURINE METABOLISM IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: JYSSUM SIDSEL , JYSSUM KAARE
Published: August 2010

Radioactive hypoxanthine and adenine were readily incorporated into the nucleic acids (RNA + DNA) of the prototrophic strain M1 of Neisseria meningitidis with labelling of the purine bases adenine and guanine. Contrary to this, adenine was incorporated into the nucleic acids with labelling of adenine only in the purine mutant 6‐1c which requires adenine and guanine for growth. Guanine was in both strains incorporated into the nucleic acids with labelling of the purine base guanine only. Crude meningococcal extracts from the prototrophic strain M1 and strain 6‐1b requiring histidine, proline, adenine and guanine for growth (his pro A G) were found to have activities corresponding to adenylosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.4), adenylosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.2.), inosine 5′‐phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.14) and guanosine 5′‐phosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.5.2). This last enzyme was active also with (NH4)2SO4 as amino donor. No activity corresponding to guanosine 5′‐phosphate reductase (EC 1.6.6.8) could be demonstrated in either strain. The findings show that the mutant strains 6‐1b and 6‐1c are both blocked between aminoimidiazolcarboxamide ribonucleotide (AICA‐R) and inosine 5′‐phosphate (IMP). Transformation experiments with mutants requiring adenine and guanine for growth indicate that the negative property of these mutants is due to a lesion in one genetic locus or at least in loci that are very closely linked.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF GRAM‐NEGATIVE RODS USING A THREE‐TUBE METHOD COMBINED WITH A DICHOTOMIC KEY
Authors: LASSEN JÖRGEN
Published: August 2010

A three‐tube method combined with a dichotomic key is presented which will identify virtually all Enterobacteriaceae as well as a number of other frequently encountered Gram‐negative rods at a genus or species level within 20 hours following the primary isolation. The method is shown to be reliable and simple, saving processing time and material.
PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE INDEPENDENT OXIDATION OF L‐MALATE IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

In cell free extract from Neisseria meningitidis an enzyme has been found which catalyses the oxidation of L‐malate to oxaloacetate in the absence of pyridine nucleotides, using ferricyanide as electron acceptor. The enzyme was found to be particle‐bound, as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Activity corresponding to this enzyme was demonstrated in extracts from all strains tested of selected Neisseria species. In contrast to the large differences in NAD‐linked malate dehydrogenase activity among the species, the interspecies variation of the pyridine nucleotide independent oxidation of malate was not sufficiently distinct to be useful for classification purposes.
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA IN BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA L.) FROM NORWAY
Authors: Kapperud Georg , Jonsson Bror
Published: August 2010

In this pilot study, 20 brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from one area in Western Norway were investigated for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.). Three strains were isolated from three of these trout. All strains were classified as Y.e. on the basis of biochemical properties. One of the strains showed antigenic relationship to Y.e. O‐serotype 17. A second strain was antigenically related both to Y.e. and Y. pseudotuberculosis: Agglutination against Y.e. O‐antisera 4–33, 18, and 21, was obtained and against Y. pseudotuberculosis O‐antiserum II B. The third culture was not agglutinated by our sera. The biochemical properties of the strains are presented. The capability of fish to spread Y.e. is discussed.
STREPTOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGE 12/12‐BORNE HYALURONIDASE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION AS A LYASE (EC 4.2.99.1) BY MEANS OF STREPTOCOCCAL HYALURONIC ACID AND PURIFIED BACTERIOPHAGE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Niemann H. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Kjems E. , Mansa B. , Stirm S.
Published: August 2010

Hyaluronic acid was obtained from filtrates of heat‐killed cultures of Streptococcus pyogenes group A, strain K56, by simple ethanol precipitation and treatment with an adsorbent. The hyaluronic acid is pure as judged from chemical and sedimentation analyses. Particles of streptococcal bacteriophage 12/12 were isolated from phage‐lysed group A streptococci by polyethylene glycol precipitation and isopycnic centrifugation. Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations showed a typical Bradley group B virus with a long, flexible, cross‐striated tail and a knob‐ or star‐like structure at the distal tip of the tail. The hyaluronic acid is depolymerized upon incubation with the phage 12/12 virions. After extensive digestion, a mixture of at least four oligosaccharides is formed, the two smallest of which are a tetra‐ and and octasaccharide terminating in reducing N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine. The tetrasaccharide shows an absorption maximum at 231.5 nm with a molar extinction coefficient ε= 4820 litres X mole‐1 X cm‐1, and it is therefore concluded that the bacteriophage‐borne hyaluronidase catalyses a β‐elimination. Accordingly it is classified as a hyaluronate lyase (EC 4.2.99.1).
USE OF PREFORMED CAVITIES IN RABBITS FOR THE QUANTITATION OF LEUKOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS CAUSED BY BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Sveen Kjell , Hofstad Tor
Published: August 2010

Wound chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits proved suitable for measurements of leukocyte chemotaxis. Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the chambers the sixth day after implantation was followed by a marked increase of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the wound chamber fluid, the number of which was dependent on the time after application of LPS. Up to a certain amount of LPS, the concentration of leukocytes in the chamber fluid was dose‐dependent. The histopathological appearance of the granulation tissue lining the chamber wall one day after the injection of LPS from Veillonella revealed aggregation of blood cells plugging the lumina of small vessels and many eosinophilic leukocytes.
TUBERCULIN SHOCK IN RED MICE AND CF1 MICE IMMUNIZED WITH STRAINS OF BCG ORMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Jespersen Andr.
Published: August 2010

Groups of red mice and CF1 mice immunized intravenously with varying doses of a weak and a strong strain of BCG and a strain ofM. tuberculosiswere challenged 3–4 weeks later with 2 or 0.5 mg of purified tuberculin injected intravenously. The shock sensitivity of the animals in the individual groups was evaluated on the basis of the number of deaths and the survival times after challenge. In the red mice, the strain ofM. tuberculosisinduced a significantly greater sensitivity than the BCG strains. The strong strain of BCG induced a slightly greater sensitivity than the weak strain, but the difference was not significant. The CF1 mice were more sensitive to tuberculin shock than the red mice, but any difference in the sensitivity of the animals in the individual groups immunized with the three strains could not be demonstrated.
THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES ON THE INHIBITION OF LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION CAUSED BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Authors: Grov A.
Published: August 2010

Specific antibodies to the various antigenic determinants of staphylococcal peptidoglycan are tested for neutralization of the inhibiting effect of peptidoglycan on leucocyte migration. Antibodies to the C‐terminal D‐Ala‐D‐Ala group of pentapeptides and to the C‐terminal of the glycine bridge showed high neutralizing effect, whereas that of antibodies to the tetrapeptide and to the glycan chain was negligible. The observed neutralization by antibodies against the outermost parts of peptide chains may be due to the inhibition of contact between peptidoglycan and cells.
TRANSFORMATION OF TWITCHING STRAINS OF STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS
Authors: Henriksen S. D. , Eriksen Jorunn
Published: August 2010

Ninety‐five strains of S. sanguis, 90 of which were twitching, were screened for competence in transformation with DNA from the “Challis” strain. Seventy‐two strains, 68 of sero‐group H and 4 of the provisional group 10043, were competent. Fourteen of the competent strains and all strains which appeared to be incompetent were tested with DNA from 3 other strains. The 14 competent strains were transformed by all the 3 DNAs. One of the apparently incompetent strains was transformed by autologous DNA only. Among 8 reference strains (including ATCC 10557, Type II of Washburn et al.) 5 were competent. Three of these did not show spreading or twitching. Among 16 non‐spreading strains of alphahaemolytic streptococci which did not possess either the H or the 10043 group antigen, only one showed competence. The results indicate that twitching mobility is not a prerequisite for competence.
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTEROTOXIN FROM CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A
Authors: GRANUM PER EINAR , SKJELKVÅLE REIDAR
Published: August 2010

Enterotoxin from Clostridium perfringens type A has been purified. The enterotoxin was shown to be heat‐labile, but re‐activation of heat treated enterotoxin did occur down to an activity of 15 per cent of the native enterotoxin. The molecular weight was shown to be 34,000 by ultracentrifugation, and the molecular weight did not change significantly after treatment with 0.1 M β‐mercaptoethanol and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. It was concluded that the enterotoxin consists of one single polypeptide chain. The enterotoxin did not lose any activity after treatment with iodoacetic acid and iodoacetamide, but a complete loss of activity was observed after succinylation.
K ANTIGEN DETERMINATION OFESCHERICHIA COLIBY COUNTER‐CURRENT IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS (CIE)
Authors: SEMJEN G. , ØRSKOV I. , ØRSKOV F.
Published: August 2010

The application of the counter‐current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for determination ofE. coliacidic polysaccharide K antigen is described. The most appropriate dilutions of antigens and antisera were established after examination of six different K antigens with homologous OK antisera. According to this result all test strains for acidic polysaccharide K antigens,i.e.K1 to K57, K62, K74, K82, K83, K84, K92, K93, K94, K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100, were examined and OK antisera suitable for the CIE test were selected. The following reciprocal cross‐reactions were found: K2 and K62; K7 and K56; K12 and K82; K13, K20 and K23; K18 and K22; K16 and K97, and K53 and K93. The CIE method is now used as a routine test in our laboratory.
EFFECTS OF AMPICILLIN ON INTRACELLULAR LEVELS OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IN BACTERIAL CULTURES RELATED TO ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: THORE A. , NILSSON L. , Höjer H. , ANSÉHN S. , BRÖTE L.
Published: August 2010

Short time effects of ampicillin on viability and levels of intracellular ATP were studied in bacterial cultures and a close relationship between intracellular ATP levels and viability was demonstrated. The connection between the effects observed and MIC values is discussed. The possibility of using the phenomenon for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing was studied in clinical isolates incubated for 2 hours followed by luciferase assay of intracellular ATP. A positive correlation was demonstrated between ampicillin‐induced decreases in intracellular ATP and inhibitory zone diameters, as measured by the agar diffusion technique.
MICROBIAL AGGREGATE CONTAMINATION OF WATER LINES IN DENTAL EQUIPMENT AND ITS CONTROL
Authors: KELSTRUP J. , FUNDER‐NIELSEN T. D. , THEILADE J.
Published: August 2010

Water from some dental clinics has been examined and found to be discoloured, badly tasting and with a foul odour. Moreover, brown or black flakes were often present in tap water, as well as in the water lines of dental equipment. Examination by phase‐contrast and electron microscope showed the flakes to consist of aggregated fungi and bacteria, and similar structures were found in a layer on the inner surfaces of the clinics water tubes and pipes. The ultrastructure of some aggregating microorganisms, including fungal hyphae and sheath‐forming and stalked bacteria, was studied in detail, and several modes of aggregation were suggested. Cultivation of contaminated water samples revealed the presence of filamentous fungi, including Cladosporium and Cephalosporium, and of non‐fluorescent Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, and Moraxella (?). Removal of microorganisms from the walls of the tubing was effectively accomplished by rinsing with the non‐corrosive solution of 4 per cent Tween 80, coloured with Ponceau 4 R.
T‐TYPING OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS: RESTRICTION OF THE NUMBER OF IMPLIED M TYPES IN EACH T‐PATTERN BY TESTS FOR OPACITY FACTOR AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE GLYCOHYDROLASE
Authors: Ivarsson Ragnhild , Christensen Poul
Published: August 2010

117 group A streptococci, consecutively isolated from routine throat swab cultures, were T‐typed and further characterized according to their enzyme reactions. The results of typing with two different commercial kits of anti‐T sera showed good agreement. 89 per cent of the. strains were typable by either of these kits. 68 per cent of the strains were OF‐positive and 95 per cent NADse‐positive. With T‐typing alone, 22 per cent of the strains showed agglutination patterns implying only one M type each. When considered together, the T‐typing and enzyme reactions made it possible to implicate one M type only for each of 45 per cent of the strains. In a further 34 per cent of the strains, the possible M type of each strain was restricted to four types. However, these findings were hampered by the fact that the T patterns of a number of more seldom met group A streptococci have not been investigated adequately.
BALKAN (ENDEMIC) NEPHROPATHY AND FOODBORN OCHRATOXIN A: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF FOODSTUFFS
Authors: Krogh P. , Hald B. , Pleština R. , Čeović S.
Published: August 2010

Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan endemic nephropathy. A preliminary survey of homeproduced foodstuffs in areas of Yugoslavia revealed that contamination with ochratoxin A is more frequent in an area where Balkan endemic nephropathy is prevalent (endemic area) than in an area where this disease is absent. This indicates higher exposure to foodborn ochratoxin A in the endemic area. Thus further evidence is provided supporting the hypothesis that ochratoxin A is a disease determinant of Balkan endemic nephropathy.
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING OF BACTERIA IN CLINICAL SPECIMENS USING ACRIDINE ORANGE BUFFERED AT LOW pH
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Myhre Erling
Published: August 2010

Optimal conditions for acridine orange staining of air dried and methanol fixed bacteria on glass slides were studied. The pH of the staining buffer did not influence the fluorescence of an S. aureus and an E. coli strain at dye concentrations of 25–50 mg per litre. 81 bacterial strains representing 15 different species were stained with acridine orange under standard conditions, all strains showing orange fluorescence. The pH of the buffer influenced markedly the staining patterns of human cells and tissue materials, as represented by smears of peripheral blood, buccal scrapings, urethral secretions and tracheal exudates. The fluorescence obtained ranged from low intensity green at low pH values to bright orange at neutral and alkaline pH. This variability indicated a possibility of designing conditions for a differential staining method for the detection of bacteria in clinical specimens. The differential staining effect with a low pH in the buffer was confirmed on smears of buccal scrapings, cerebrospinal fluid samples and urethral secretions, showing orange fluorescence of the bacteria present and green‐to‐yellow fluorescence of background material, cells and tissue debris.
INTERACTION OF HYDROXYAPATITE AND PROTEIN‐COATED HYDROXYAPATITE WITH STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS
Authors: RÖLLA GUNNAR , ROBRISH STANLEY A. , BOWEN WILLIAM H.
Published: August 2010

The present study showed that S. mutans and S. sanguis behaved like negatively‐charged par‐ ticles in their interaction with hydroxyapatite in vitro. Phosphate in the system inhibited bacterial uptake by apatite, whereas calcium increased the uptake. A layer of acidic protein inhibited the uptake of bacteria by hydroxyapatite. The opposite was true when a basic protein was first adsorbed to the apatite. A saliva film on the apatite decreased the uptake of bacteria, supporting the view that acidic proteins are selectively adsorbed by hydroxyapatite from saliva. The results indicate clearly that electrostatic forces may be involved in bacterial interaction with tooth surfaces.
TREATMENT OF MYCOPLASMA HYORRHINIS CONTAMINATED TISSUE CULTURES WITH A MIXTURE OF ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: ULRICH K. , BRLAND P.
Published: August 2010

Results obtained using a combination of antibiotics to control mycoplasmas in tissue cultures are described. Cell strains and established cell lines from several mammalian species grown in tissue culture were found to be highly contaminated with M. hyorrhinis. Cultures were treated with a mixture of three antibiotics consisting of gentamicin, tetracycline and chlor‐ amphenicol, and since that time tests for mycoplasmas in the treated cultures have consistently yielded negative results. Apart from a transient cytostatic effect on the cells during the treatment, no apparent unwanted effects were observed. The mixture of three antibiotics appeared to be superior to trèatment with antibiotics singly or combinations of two antibiotics.
SMALL SPHERICAL VIRUSES IN FAECES FROM GASTROENTERITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Kjeldsberg Elisabeth́
Published: August 2010

Faecal samples from 238 patients with gastroenteritis were examined by direct electron micro‐ scopy using grids with thin carbon film. Of these samples 18 were found to contain Norwalk agent‐like particles, calicivirus, astrovirus and parvovirus‐like particles. Immune electron micro‐ scopy was performed on a serum pair and faeces from one of the patients with astrovirus. An antibody response was demonstrated, suggesting that the virus was the etiological agent of the infection.
LETHALITY FOR MICE AND CHICK EMBRYOS, PYROGENICITY IN RABBITS AND ABILITY TO GELATE LYSATE FROM AMOEBOCYTES OF LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS BY LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM BACTEROIDES, FUSOBACTERIUM AND VEILLONELLA
Authors: SVEEN KJELL , HOFSTAD TOR , MILNER KELSEY C.
Published: August 2010

Phenol‐water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Veillonella, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were lethal for mice and 11‐days‐old chick embryos, pyrogenic in rabbits, and gelated Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Mouse lethality was considerably enhanced by actinomycin‐D. In all test systems the endotoxin activity of Veillonella and Fusobacterium LPS was comparable to that of LPS from Salmonella enteritidis, which was included as a reference endotoxin. The endotoxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was very low. While nanograms of the Veillonella and Fusobacterium LPS killed the chick embryos and gelated the Limulus lysates, microgram amounts of the Bacteroides LPS were needed to give positive reaction in the same test systems. As much as 74 μg of the most active B. fragilis LPS were required to give a typical biphasic fever response in rabbits. A significant correlation was found between all test results (r = 0.90‐0.98, p < 0.001).
ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF COAGULASE‐NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI WITH EMPHASIS ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS
Authors: HOVELIUS BIRGITTA , MåRDH PER‐ANDERS
Published: August 2010

This study concerns the diagnosis of coagulase‐negative staphylococci, with special emphasis on novobiocin‐resistant species, viz S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii and S. xylosus. Disc diffusion tests for novobiocin were found useful in the differential diagnosis of coagulase‐negative staphylococci isolated from urine specimens, but not from pus and blood cultures. We report on the resistance of S. saprophyticus to nalidixic acid and the use of this characteristic in the diagnosis of coagulase‐negative staphylococci known to be novobiocin‐sensitive, but which have subsequently acquired resistance to novobiocin. The results of different tests for betalactamase production in S. saprophyticus are presented. “Clover leaf” tests suggested such a productio in about half of the strains studied, while no strain produced betalactamase as indicated by tests using chromogenic cephalosporin or benzylpenicillin in capillary tube tests.‐The failure of tests for nitrate reduction, glucose consumption and of cultures of urine on MacConkey's agar in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus, is documented. The concept “significant bacteriuria” in the diagnosis of S. saprophyticus infections of the urinary tract above the bladder neck is also considered.
BACTERIURIA AND RENAL INFECTION IN KIDNEY‐TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: THOMSEN OLE FRØKJÉR , HANSEN HANS ERIK
Published: August 2010

In 64 patients who had undergone renal transplantation, later on followed by bilateral nephrectomy, bacterial growth culture was performed from the original kidneys. The presence of bacteria in the nephrectomy specimens was compared with the occurrence of significant bacteriuria before transplantation and in the period between transplantation, and nephrectomy. Bacteria could be cultured from the nephrectomy specimens of 18 (28.1 per cent) of the patients, almost exclusively confined to cases of obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy and congenital renal disease. Before transplantation, bacteriuria had been recorded in 34.4 per cent of the patients, most frequently in the three groups of diseases just mentioned. Between the transplantation and nephrectomy, bacteriuria occurred in 75.0 per cent of the patients. Patients with E. coliuria before transplantation were particularly liable to have E. coliuria also after the transplantation and to E. coli in the nephrectomy specimens, whereas patients in whom E. coliuria did not occur until in the post‐transplantation period were less susceptible to E. coli infection involving the kidneys. Probably the presence of bacteria in the nephrectomy specimens is related to the primary disease rather than to immunosuppressive and antibiotic agents administered in the post‐transplantation period.