bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machinery of state control: History of cinema censor board in Nepal
Authors: Maharjan Harsha Man
Published: February 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v4i1.5818 Bodhi 2010 4(1): 168-190
Global audiences, local images: The question of exoticization in Slumdog Millionaire
Authors: Lamsal Tika
Published: February 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v4i1.5820 Bodhi 2010 4(1): 198-209
Resistance to ideologies: A study of Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener”
Authors: Thapa Bal Bahadur
Published: February 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v4i1.5822 Bodhi 2010 4(1): 223-232
High-Performance Single and Polycrystal-Based Pyroelectric Smart Materials for Energy Harvesting from Pavements
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Batra Ashok K. , Meseret Sima , Cain Jacob
Published: February 2012

Energy-harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) technology allows for capturing unused ambient energy—such as solar, thermal, strain, and vibration—and converting the energy to a usable form. The goal of this study was to determine whether the possibility of capturing thermal energy derived from natural heating of pavements, storing the energy, and using it as an alternative power source for other devices. In this study, pyroelectric materials were used as the energy harvester. A change in temperature creates current flows in pyroelectric material. Single and polycrystal-based materials and a polycrystalline composite material based on ordinary portland cement with carbon nanofibers have been used as pyroelectric smart materials. Smart material based on portland cement can capture ambient thermal energy from pavements. When carbon nanofibers are added, the cement-based composite acts as a pyroelectric material. Addition of carbon nanofibers increases the pyroelectric properties of cement. Simulation of the energy-harvesting capacity of the materials with available pavement temperature data indicates that pyroelectric energy harvesting is an attractive and feasible method. Laboratory tests indicate that smart materials can produce enough electricity from traffic vibrations to power wireless bridge sensors. Simple material such as portland cement can be used to capture heat energy from pavements, which can be stored in capacitors for use as power sources to other sensor electronics.
Optimal Location of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles in a Neighborhood in Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Frade Inês , Ribeiro Anabela , Gonçalves Gonçalo , Antunes António Pais
Published: February 2012

Growing concerns about environmental issues have led to the consideration of alternatives to current mobility. Electric mobility is one such alternative that is receiving a great deal of attention in Europe. In particular, a new legal framework for the introduction of an electric mobility system in Portugal has recently been set up by the government. A key issue in this system is recharging the batteries and, consequently, the location of charging stations. This paper presents a study on the location of electric-vehicle charging stations for an area of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal, characterized with a strong concentration of population and employment. This type of area is appropriate for slow charging because vehicles stay parked for several hours within a 24-h period. The methodology used here is based on a maximal covering model to optimize the demand covered within an acceptable level of service and to define the number and capacity of the stations to be installed. The results clearly indicate that this methodology can be useful in the future planning of electric mobility systems.
Evolution of the Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet
Authors: Paul Binny M. , Kockelman Kara M. , Musti Sashank
Published: February 2012

With environmental degradation and energy security as serious concerns, it is important to anticipate how vehicle ownership and usage patterns can change under different policies and contexts. This work ascertains the acquisition, disposal, and use patterns of personal vehicles of a synthetic population over time and relies on microsimulation to anticipate fleet composition, usage, and greenhouse gas emissions under different settings. Twenty-five-year simulations predict the highest market share for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and smart cars and the greatest reductions in carbon emissions under an increased gasoline price ($7/gal). Results under a “feebate” policy scenario (where fees apply to low-fuel-economy vehicles, and rebates rise with fuel economies above a threshold) indicated a shift toward fuel-efficient vehicles but with vehicle miles traveled (VMT) rising, thanks to lower driving costs. Excepting the low PHEV price and feebate policy simulations, all other scenarios predicted a lower fleet VMT value. The high-density scenario (job and household densities quadrupled) resulted in the lowest vehicle ownership levels and lower VMT values and emissions. The low-PHEV-price scenario resulted in higher shares of PHEVs but negligible impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. Adoption and widespread use of plug-in vehicles will depend on marketing, competitive pricing, government incentives, reliable driving-range reports, and charging infrastructure. Though just 29% of survey respondents stated support for a (specific) feebate policy, 35% indicated an interest in purchasing a PHEV if it cost just $6,000 more than its gasoline counterpart.
Estimating Additional Mass Transit Needed to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Regional Passenger Transport in Japan
Authors: Ito Kei , Kato Hirokazu , Shibahara Naoki , Hayashi Yoshitsugu
Published: February 2012

This study aims to estimate the necessary scale of additional mass transit on trunk lines to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from regional passenger transport in Japan. First, a local transport region is defined as an area within which most daily transport is conducted. In each region, the target of CO2 emissions from local passenger transport activities in 2050 is set to 20% of those emissions in 2000. The amount of CO2 exhaust from local passenger transport can be estimated on the basis of technological innovation; thus, the amount of reduction needed to achieve the target can be calculated. Second, changes in CO2 emissions from the introduction of a mass transit system are evaluated, considering their reduction from replacing private vehicles and the emissions from constructing and operating the mass transit system. For this purpose, life-cycle assessment is applied. The total amount of CO2 emissions from infrastructure construction, vehicle production, and operation from mass transit is calculated. The transport density of each route is estimated with population density in a densely inhabited district of each local transport region. The transit system that emits the least CO2 per passenger kilometer is selected. The extent of new services needed to achieve the CO2 reduction target is calculated. A series of calculations provides the lengths of additional mass transit routes required to reduce traffic volumes sufficiently to achieve the CO2 reduction target for local passenger transport by 2050.
Network Stratification Method by Travel Time Variation
Authors: Richardson James K. , Smith Brian L. , Fontaine Michael D. , Turner Shawn M.
Published: February 2012

There is a need for fair and statistically valid assessments of traveler information data services. For measurement of the accuracy of a traveler information service, ground truth data must be collected and compared with the data service being evaluated. Past assessments of data quality have typically used floating-car runs or travel time estimates derived from loop detector speed data to determine ground truth benchmarks. Newer approaches such as measurement of travel time from Bluetooth samples can provide statistically valid sample sizes. However, determining the minimum sample size before data collection is critical to minimize data collection costs and maximize accuracy of ground truth data. An analysis of travel time data from Houston, Texas, is presented. The distribution of travel time variance is explored and a method for network stratification with a classification model is developed. The method can be applied to classify freeway links based on the travel time coefficient of variation. The method will help engineers in determining which links in a network to test and in estimating the minimum sample size per link.
Centrality Characteristics of Road Network Patterns of Traffic Analysis Zones
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Xuesong , Zeng Peng , Chen Xiaohong
Published: February 2012

Road network patterns can affect traffic performance, travel behavior, and traffic safety. Thus, a deep understanding of the properties of different network patterns can provide useful guidance for design and improvement of road systems. The aim of this study is to build a relationship between graphical and topological features of road network patterns of traffic analysis zones (TAZ) and, on the basis of this relationship, to offer a measure that can quantitatively distinguish different graphical pattern types. Toward this goal, a topological analysis measure, centrality, is applied to investigate road network patterns metrically at the TAZ level. First, 662 TAZ road networks are classified according to the graphical features of the networks; then different graphical features are calculated for centrality indices including network degree centrality, network betweenness centrality, and network closeness centrality. It is concluded that the network betweenness centrality is the best measure to distinguish and describe various TAZ road network patterns. Finally, the problem of how to assign a road that happens to be on the border of two adjacent TAZs is studied. A measure that can quantitatively describe and represent different road network patterns is offered. This measure could be useful for further evaluation of the possible effects of TAZ road network patterns on transportation.
Automated Quality Assurance Methodology for Archived Transit Data from Automatic Vehicle Location and Passenger Counting Systems
Authors: Saavedra Marian , Hellinga Bruce , Casello Jeffrey
Published: February 2012

Automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger counting (APC) systems are powerful tools for transit agencies to archive large, detailed data sets for transit operations. Ensuring data quality is an important first step to exploiting these data sets. An automated quality assurance methodology is presented to identify unreliable archived AVL-APC data for exclusion from further operational analyses. The approach is based on observed or expected pattern limitations of travel and passenger activity, which are derived from archived data. Stop-level tests identify suspect data, which are then flagged at the trip level. A methodology case study is presented for AVL-APC data from Grand River Transit in the region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
A War within a War: A World War II Buffalo Soldier's Story
Authors: Black Helen K. , Thompson William H.
Published: February 2012

Most accounts of World War II that address the service of black soldiers were written by White officers, and often excluded, limited, or misreported African-American soldiers' contributions. This article chronicles an African-American elder's (William H. Thompson) memories of the war in his own words. We use the case of one “Buffalo Soldier” to explore core experiences of African American men during the Second World War and its aftermath. A key finding of our paper is that Mr. Thompson's narrative 1) reveals how elderly African-American veterans interpret and understand experiences of racism and war and, 2) acknowledges that DuBois' “double consciousness” persists as a function of self-protection and as a progressive Black masculinity.
Patterns of Male Victimization in Intimate Relationships: A Pilot Comparison of Academic and Media Reports
Authors: Chaudhuri Tanni
Published: February 2012

This paper compares the academic literature and media reports on male violent victimization in intimate relationships, an under-researched topic. In addition to existing scholarly studies, data for the media reports come from a student-generated purposive sample of 38 news reports on male victimization. A careful analysis of both resources reveals some convergent and divergent themes on male victimization as well as some new trends and patterns. Currently, media reports offer an excess of information than the scholarly literature. Overall, the media-academic partnership can be promising in providing a fuller understanding of male victimization in intimate relationships.
Medical Treatment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Rinke Anja , Michl Patrick , Gress Thomas
Published: February 2012

Treatment of the clinically and prognostically heterogeneous neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) should be based on a multidisciplinary approach, including surgical, interventional, medical and nuclear medicine-based therapeutic options. Medical therapies include somatostatin analogues, interferon-a, mTOR inhibitors, multikinase inhibitors and systemic chemotherapy. For the selection of the appropriate medical treatment the hormonal activity, primary tumor localization, tumor grading and growth behaviour as well as the extent of the disease must be considered. Somatostatin analogues are mainly indicated in hormonally active tumors for symptomatic relief, but antiproliferative effects have also been demonstrated, especially in well-differentiated intestinal NET. The efficacy of everolimus and sunitinib in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) has been demonstrated in large placebo-controlled clinical trials. pNETs are also chemosensitive. Streptozocin-based chemotherapeutic regimens are regarded as current standard of care. Temozolomide in combination with capecitabine is an alternative that has shown promising results that need to be confirmed in larger trials. Currently, no comparative studies and no molecular markers are established that predict the response to medical treatment. Therefore the choice of treatment for each pNET patient is based on individual parameters taking into account the patient’s preference, expected side effects and established response criteria such as proliferation rate and tumor load. Platin-based chemotherapy is still the standard treatment for poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Clearly, there is an unmet need for new systemic treatment options in patients with extrapancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Experimental Investigation on NOx Reduction by Primary Measures in Biomass Combustion: Straw, Peat, Sewage Sludge, Forest Residues and Wood Pellets
Authors: Houshfar Ehsan , Løvås Terese , Skreiberg Øyvind
Published: February 2012

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the NOx formation and reduction by primary measures for five types of biomass (straw, peat, sewage sludge, forest residues/Grot, and wood pellets) and their mixtures. To minimize the NOx level in biomass-fired boilers, combustion experiments were performed in a laboratory scale multifuel fixed grate reactor using staged air combustion. Flue gas was extracted to measure final levels of CO, CO2, CxHy, O2, NO, NO2, N2O, and other species. The fuel gas compositions between the first and second stage were also monitored. The experiments showed good combustion quality with very low concentrations of unburnt species in the flue gas. Under optimum conditions, a NOx reduction of 50–80% was achieved, where the highest reduction represents the case with the highest fuel-N content. The NOx emission levels were very sensitive to the primary excess air ratio and an optimum value for primary excess air ratio was seen at about 0.9. Conversion of fuel nitrogen to NOx showed great dependency on the initial fuel-N content, where the blend with the highest nitrogen content had lowest conversion rate. Between 1–25% of the fuel-N content is converted to NOx depending on the fuel blend and excess air ratio. Sewage sludge is suggested as a favorable fuel to be blended with straw. It resulted in a higher NOx reduction and low fuel-N conversion to NOx. Tops and branches did not show desirable NOx reduction and made the combustion also more unstable. N2O emissions were very low, typically below 5 ppm at 11% O2 in the dry flue gas, except for mixtures with high nitrogen content, where values up to 20 ppm were observed. The presented results are part of a larger study on problematic fuels, also considering ash content and corrosive compounds which have been discussed elsewhere.
Lipid Peroxidative Damage on Cisplatin Exposure and Alterations in Antioxidant Defense System in Rat Kidneys: A Possible Protective Effect of Selenium
Authors: Ognjanović Branka I. , Djordjević Nataša Z. , Matić Miloš M. , Obradović Jasmina M. , Mladenović Jelena M. , Štajn Andraš Š. , Saičić Zorica S.
Published: February 2012

Cisplatin (Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CP) is an important chemotherapeutic agent, useful in the treatment of several cancers, but with several side effects such as nephrotoxicity. The present study investigated the possible protective effect of selenium (Se) against CP-induced oxidative stress in the rat kidneys. Male Wistar albino rats were injected with a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg CP/kg b.m., i.p.) and selenium (6 mg Se/kg b.m, as Na2SeO3, i.p.), alone or in combination. The obtained results showed that CP increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, suggesting the CP-induced oxidative stress, while Se treatment reversed this change to control values. Acute intoxication of rats with CP was followed by statistically significant decreased activity of antioxidant defense enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Treatment with Se reversed CP-induced alterations of antioxidant defense enzyme activities and significantly prevented the CP-induced kidney damage.
Thin Hydrogel Films for Optical Biosensor Applications
Authors: Mateescu Anca , Wang Yi , Dostalek Jakub , Jonas Ulrich
Published: February 2012

Hydrogel materials consisting of water-swollen polymer networks exhibit a large number of specific properties highly attractive for a variety of optical biosensor applications. This properties profile embraces the aqueous swelling medium as the basis of biocompatibility, non-fouling behavior, and being not cell toxic, while providing high optical quality and transparency. The present review focuses on some of the most interesting aspects of surface-attached hydrogel films as active binding matrices in optical biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance and optical waveguide mode spectroscopy. In particular, the chemical nature, specific properties, and applications of such hydrogel surface architectures for highly sensitive affinity biosensors based on evanescent wave optics are discussed. The specific class of responsive hydrogel systems, which can change their physical state in response to externally applied stimuli, have found large interest as sophisticated materials that provide a complex behavior to hydrogel-based sensing devices.
Surface Plasmon Excitation and Localization by Metal-Coated Axicon Prism
Authors: Ono Atsushi , Sano Hiroki , Inami Wataru , Kawata Yoshimasa
Published: February 2012

Collimated Gaussian beams are efficiently localized at the apex of a metal-coated axicon prism by surface plasmon excitations. We observed the light scattered at the apex and the light reflected by the prism. Intense scattered light was observed with the radial polarization incidence. Further, each incidence of the radial, azimuthal, and linear polarizations provided field distributions of bright and dark intensities in the reflected images according to the surface plasmon excitation. We have demonstrated that surface plasmon waves are excited at the sides of the prism in the Kretschmann configuration and that they converge to its apex.
Multicomponent Synthesis of 3,6-Dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-2-thiones
Authors: Kruithof Art , Ploeger Marten L. , Janssen Elwin , Helliwell Madeleine , Kanter Frans J. J. de , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: February 2012

Non-fused 3,6-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-2-thiones constitute a so far rather unexplored class of compounds, with the latest report dating back more than two decades. Thiazine-2-thiones contain an endocyclic dithiocarbamate group, which is often found in pesticides, in substrates for radical chemistry and in synthetic intermediates towards thioureas and amidines. We now report the multicomponent reaction (MCR) of in situ-generated 1-azadienes with carbon disulfide. With this reaction, a one-step protocol towards the potentially interesting 3,6-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-2-thiones was established and a small library was synthesized.
SUSTAINABILITY OF MECHANISATION IN THE NIGERIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY / MECHANIZACIJOS TVARUMAS NIGERIJOS STATYBŲ SEKTORIUJE
Authors: Idoro Godwin Iroroakpo
Published: February 2012

The study evaluates the level of mechanisation and its sustainability, the relationship between mechanisation and its sustainability and between mechanisation and project outcome. To achieve these, a field survey involving a sample of eighty projects was conducted with the aid of questionnaires. Data were collected on the production methods adopted in excavation and concreting, whether or not the use of plant for the operations were sustainable and the initial and actual delivery time and cost of the projects sampled. The data were analysed using ranking, mean, t-test and Spearman correlation test. The study reveals that the levels of mechanisation and sustainability of mechanisation in the two operations are slightly above average. It also reveals that the level of sustainability of mechanisation has significant influence the level of mechanisation while of mechanisation has significant influence on quality standards and productivity. The study concludes that there is a strong need for measures that will improve the level of mechanisation and its sustainability in the industry and recommend the introduction of plant mobilisation fund by clients, incentives on importation of construction plant and an effective and functional lease market for construction plant as some of the measures that will improve mechanised construction. Santrauka Tyrime vertinamas mechanizacijos lygis ir tvarumas, taip pat ryšys tarp mechanizacijos ir jos tvarumo bei tarp mechanizacijos ir projekto rezultatų. Įvertinti pasirinkta 80 projektų imtis ir atlikta anketinė apklausa. Buvo renkami duomenys apie kasimo ir betono liejimo darbų metodus, apie tai, ar įrangos naudojimas darbams buvo tvarus, taip pat apie pradinį ir realų darbų atlikimo laiką bei imčiai atrinktų projektų kainą. Duomenys analizuoti naudojant rangavimo, vidurkių, t testo metodus ir Spearmano koreliacijos testą. Tyrimas rodo, kad dviejų minėtų darbų atveju mechanizacijos ir mechanizacijos tvarumo lygiai šiek tiek viršija vidurkį. Jis taip pat rodo, kad mechanizacijos tvarumo lygis daro nemažą įtaką mechanizacijos lygiui, o mechanizacija daro reikšmingą įtaką kokybės standartams ir našumui. Tyrime daroma išvada, kad labai reikia priemonių, kurios pagerins sektoriaus mechanizacijos lygį ir tvarumą, bei rekomenduojamos kelios mechanizuotą statybą pagerinsiančios priemonės: klientams įsteigti įrangos mobilizacijos fondą, skatinti statybų įrangos importą ir sukurti efektyvią bei funkcionuojančią statybos įrangos nuomos rinką.
REVIEW ON WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE HONG KONG CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: USE OF SPECTRAL AND BISPECTRAL METHODS / ATLIEKŲ TVARKYMO SISTEMŲ HONKONGO STATYBŲ SEKTORIUJE APŽVALGA: SPEKTRINIO IR BISPEKTRINIO METODŲ TAIKYMAS
Authors: Tam Vivian W. Y. , Le Khoa N. , Zeng S. X.
Published: February 2012

The Hong Kong government has implemented various measures to reduce waste, including a waste disposal ordinance, a green manager scheme, a waste reduction framework plan, a pilot concrete recycling plant, waste management systems and a landfill charging scheme. However, there are difficulties in implementing the waste management systems for contractors. This paper examines the existing implementation of waste management systems in the Hong Kong construction industry. Major sources of construction waste, awareness to install environment-friendly activities, benefits, difficulties and recommendations in the implementation of waste management systems are discussed. Questionnaire survey and structured interviews are conducted. Power spectra and bispectra of the survey data are introduced to assess the implementation of the existing waste management systems. It is found that formwork and temporary hoardings are the major sources of construction waste. Improving environmental performance is ranked as the least project scope for construction projects. “Propose methods for reducing waste” is the major benefit gained. However, “Lack of well-known effective waste management methods” is the major difficulty encountered by organisations. “Use of metal formwork”, “Use of prefabricated building components” and “Use of non-timber hoarding” are the recommended methods to improve the existing implementation of waste management systems. Santrauka Honkongo valdžia įdiegė įvairių priemonių atliekų kiekiui mažinti, įskaitant atliekų šalinimo potvarkį, žaliojo tvarkytojo planą, bendrąjį atliekų mažinimo planą, bandomąją betono perdirbimo gamyklą, atliekų tvarkymo sistemas ir sąvartyno mokesčių planą. Tačiau diegiant atliekų tvarkymo sistemas rangovams kyla sunkumų. Šiame darbe nagrinėjamos Honkongo statybų sektoriuje jau diegiamos atliekų tvarkymo sistemos. Aptariami pagrindiniai statybinių atliekų šaltiniai, žinios apie galimą aplinkai nekenksmingą veiklą, taip pat atliekų tvarkymo sistemų diegimo nauda, sunkumai ir rekomendacijos. Atliekamos anketinės apklausos ir nustatytos struktūros pokalbiai. Pasitelkus per apklausas surinktų duomenų galios spektrus ir bispektrus, įvertinamas esamų atliekų tvarkymo sistemų diegimas. Nustatoma, kad pagrindiniai statybinių atliekų šaltiniai – klojiniai ir laikinos tvoros. Aplinkosaugos charakteristikų gerinimas statybos projektuose laikomas mažiausia projekto dalimi. Pagrindinė gauta nauda – siūlomi atliekų kiekio mažinimo metodai. Tačiau didžiausias organizacijoms kylantis sunkumas – žinomų efektyvių atliekų tvarkymo metodų stoka. Gerinant šiuo metu diegiamas atliekų tvarkymo sistemas, rekomenduojama taikyti tokius metodus: metalinius klojinius, surenkamuosius statinių elementus ir laikinas tvoras ne iš medžio.
VIBRATION OF A CRACKED CANTILEVER BEAM UNDER MOVING MASS LOAD / ĮTRŪKUSIOS GEMBINĖS SIJOS VIRPESIAI VEIKIANT JUDANČIA MASĖS APKROVA
Authors: Reis Murat , Pala Yaşar
Published: February 2012

This study is devoted to the investigation of the vibration of a cracked cantilever beam under moving mass load. The present formulation contains inertial, centripetal and Coriolis forces that depend on mass and the velocity of the moving load. The existence of crack induces a local flexibility which is a function of the crack depth, thereby changing its vibration behavior and the eigen-values of the system. The response of the system is obtained in terms of Duhamel integral. The differential equation which involves complicated terms on the right side is solved via an iterative procedure. It has been shown that the centripetal and Coriolis forces make an effect to decrease the deformations on the beam since the deformed beam remains concave during the passage of the moving load. It has also been detected that the previous solutions for the case of moving constant force had several mistakes. The results are exemplified for various values of the variables.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami įtrūkusios gembinės sijos, kurią veikia judančios masės apkrova, virpesiai. Šiuo atveju veikia inercinės, įcentrinės ir Koriolio jėgos, kurios priklauso nuo judančios apkrovos masės ir judėjimo greičio. Įtrūkis sukelia vietinį sijos lankstumą, kuris priklauso nuo įtrūkio gylio, tokiu būdu keičia virpesių pobūdį ir sistemos reikšmes. Sistemos atsakas nustatomas taikant Duhamelo integralą. Diferencialinė lygtis, kurios dešinėje pusėje yra sudėtingos sąlygos, sprendžiama taikant iteracijas. Nustatyta, kad įcentrinė ir Koriolio jėgos sumažina sijos deformacijas, nes deformuota sija išlieka išsigaubusi, kai per ją juda masės apkrova. Taip pat nustatyta, kad ankstesniuose sprendimuose judančios nekintamos masės apkrovų atvejais buvo keletas klaidų. Kaip pavyzdžiai pateikiami rezultatai esant skirtingoms kintamųjų reikšmėms.
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS TO INCREASE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS / ARCHITEKTŪROS SPRENDINIAI, DIDINANTYS ENERGINĮ PASTATŲ EFEKTYVUMĄ
Authors: Parasonis Josifas , Keizikas Andrius , Endriukaitytė Audronė , Kalibatienė Diana
Published: February 2012

While designing the volume of a building, architectural solutions can be employed to achieve greater energy efficiency for the entire lifecycle of the building. However, currently this possibility is not sufficiently utilised. The paper provides a comparative analysis of architectural solutions, presenting the ones that not only allow for a reduction in energy losses through the external envelope of a building considering the local climatic conditions; but also make it possible to increase the use of energy from renewable resources. Santrauka Projektuojant pastatų tūrius yra galimybė, pasitelkus architektūrinius sprendinius, pasiekti didesnį energinį efektyvumą viso jų gyvavimo laikotarpiu, tačiau šiuo metu tuo naudojamasi nepakankamai. Darbe atlikta architektūrinių sprendinių lyginamoji analizė, kurios metu pristatomi sprendimai, leidžiantys sumažinti energijos, prarandamos per pastato išorės atitvaras, kiekį atsižvelgiant į vietos klimato sąlygas, bei padidinti pastato suvartojamos energijos kiekį naudojant atsinaujinančiųjų šaltinių energiją.
La Chine, puissance verte ? (introduction)
Authors: Merckaert Jean
Published: February 2012

Résumé Nul espoir de relever les défis écologiques sans la future première puissance mondiale. Mais la Chine, qui s’impose déjà dans la course aux technologies vertes, pourrait y être forcée par l’ampleur des problèmes environnementaux que provoque son modèle de développement.
Écologie : la Chine prend-elle tout le monde de vitesse?
Authors: Maréchal Jean-Paul
Published: February 2012

Résumé À eux seuls, la Chine et les États-Unis consomment le budget carbone dont dispose la planète… Mais Pékin commence à engranger les fruits de son pari sur la croissance verte. Et voit monter une contestation sociale sur fond de désastres écologiques qui devrait l’obliger à bouger.
La Chine verte défie les entrepreneurs français
Authors: Leclerc du Sablon Jacques
Published: February 2012

Résumé Séduire les marchés verts chinois est un pari difficile, dans un pays qui hérite d’une culture éloignée de la modernité dispendieuse. Un éclairage de la Chambre de commerce et d’industrie française en Chine.
Dépendance, sortir du carcan réglementaire
Authors: Vézignol Patricia
Published: February 2012

Résumé Davantage que le travail auprès de personnes en fin de vie, c’est la profusion de normes contraignantes qui serait à l’origine du malaise des personnels soignants. Pour cette directrice d’établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes, il faut entrer en désobéissance, avec raison.
Sociologie de l'institution
Authors: Chauvel Jeanne
Published: February 2012

Résumé Jacques Lagroye et Michel Offerlé (dir.), Sociologie de l’institution , Belin, 2011, 400 p., 25 €
L'Égypte de Tahrir. Anatomie d'une révolution
Authors: Urfer Sylvain
Published: February 2012

Résumé Claude Guibal et Tangi Salaün, L’Égypte de Tahrir. Anatomie d’une révolution , Seuil, 2011, 250 p., 16,50 €
Le christianisme face au défi des armes nucléaires
Authors: Godinot Étienne
Published: February 2012

Résumé Jean-Marie Muller, Le christianisme face au défi des armes nucléaires, Golias, 2011, 85 p., 9 €
Les nouveaux collectifs citoyens. Pratiques et perspectives
Authors: Godinot Étienne
Published: February 2012

Résumé Ivan Maltcheff, Les nouveaux collectifs citoyens . Pratiques et perspectives , Yves Michel, 2011, 172 p., 11 €
J'ai demandé un rapport
Authors: Laurent Henri
Published: February 2012

Résumé Mathias Roux, J’ai demandé un rapport , Flammarion, 2011, 122 p., 8 €
La signalisation de la qualité chez les petites coopératives agricoles françaises
Authors: Magrini Marie-Benoît , Fares M’hand , Filippi Maryline
Published: February 2012

Cet article propose de caractériser les déterminants du choix de signalisation par les petites coopératives de la qualité de leurs produits, à travers l’adoption d’un signe officiel et/ou d’une marque. Les estimations économétriques menées sur l’ensemble des données nationales permettent d’attester d’effets attendus du secteur d’activité, de la structure organisationnelle et du nombre d’adhérents. Elles mettent en avant des résultats originaux concernant l’influence du champ géographique d’exportation et l’importance du circuit de distribution. En particulier, il ressort que le secteur d’activité et le marché d’exportation sont des déterminants majeurs du choix d’une stratégie de surimposition d’une marque et d’un signe officiel.
Les Missions de Police routière de la Sûreté du Québec : entre politique publique, logique territoriale et contraintes économiques
Authors: Carnis Laurent
Published: February 2012

La mise en œuvre d’une politique publique de sécurité routière nécessite l’activation de certains relais, dont fait partie l’organisation policière. Les agences policières sont en charge de missions différentes allant du déploiement de contrôles policiers aux mesures éducatives. Ces missions constituent un mandat, que leur a confié l’autorité politique. Ces missions et les modalités de leurs interventions peuvent être redéfinies selon l’évolution de l’environnement dans lequel elles interviennent. Elles dépendent aussi de contraintes organisationnelles internes. Ces considérations expliquent la mobilisation du modèle de PORTER pour traduire l’évolution des missions de police routière de la Sûreté du Québec.
Intégration Est-Ouest dans l'Union Européenne : un état des lieux
Authors: Festoc-Louis Frédérique , Roudaut Nolwenn
Published: February 2012

Le développement accéléré des relations commerciales entre l’Europe de l’Ouest et l’Europe de l’Est a permis une très forte intégration entre ces deux blocs, si bien qu’il semble pertinent de se demander aujourd’hui si le processus de rattrapage n’est pas achevé. Cet article utilise un modèle de gravitation afin d’évaluer le commerce « théorique » entre l’UE-15 et les nouveaux États membres (NEM), et de le comparer aux flux réels. L’équation gravitationnelle est estimée en données de panel sur la période 1990-2005, en utilisant la méthode des variables instrumentales de HAUSMAN-TAYLOR (1981). Les principaux résultats indiquent que les NEM sont parvenus à combler une part importante de leur retard dans les échanges ; qu’à l’Ouest, l’Allemagne est le pays le plus intégré avec l’Europe de l’Est ; et qu’à l’Est, les pays d’Europe Centrale ont davantage rattrapé leur retard que les autres.
Production et diffusion de l'innovation dans les régions satellites : l'exemple du Québec
Authors: Doloreux David , Guillaume Régis , Shearmur Richard
Published: February 2012

L’objectif de cet article vise à vérifier s’il existe des dynamiques d’innovation idiosyncratiques au sein des régions satellites. Il s’agit, d’une part, de vérifier s’il est possible d’isoler des différences entre les régions satellites en matière d’innovation, et d’autre part, d’examiner l’existence de processus spécifiques à ces régions (par rapport aux régions périphériques). Le matériel empirique utilisé est constitué d’une enquête auprès d’entreprises québécoises de service à forte intensité de connaissances. Les régions à l’étude sont la Mauricie, l’Estrie, Chaudière-Appalaches et le Centre-du-Québec.
La question du franchissement des Alpes : un enjeu de la gouvernance territoriale en Europe
Authors: Klein Olivier , Sutto Lisa
Published: February 2012

Dans les deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses initiatives ont vu le jour à l’échelle des Alpes dans le domaine spécifique des politiques de transport, mais aussi dans des contextes politiques plus larges, comme la Convention alpine par exemple. Aujourd’hui, la plupart de ces initiatives traversent une phase problématique et d’hésitations, y compris le processus d’élaboration d’une politique nouvelle et « pan-alpine » pour la gestion des flux de trafic, qui semblait être l’un des projets les plus avancés et prometteurs. Après avoir retracé le processus de définition de cette politique, l’article s’interroge sur son avenir en analysant les différents modèles de gouvernance territoriale sous-jacents aux choix politiques. A travers l’exemple de l’espace alpin des transports, on verra que, derrière les alternatives politiques débattues au nom du développement durable, c’est le choix d’un modèle de gouvernance territoriale, plus ou moins intégrée et plus ou moins déconcentrée, qui se dessine en Europe.
Foi et raison scientifique
Authors: Capelle Philippe
Published: February 2012

Résumé À l’occasion du 10 e anniversaire de l’encyclique Fides et ratio de Jean-Paul II, le pape Benoît XVI vient de faire l’ apologie catholique de la raison dans son rôle à penser l’articulation entre foi chrétienne et philosophie. Jean-Paul II avait déjà regretté la faiblesse de la rationalité philosophique dans les débats actuels. Benoît XVI mentionne un « glissement » moderne dans l’épistémologie et la mise en pratique de la science à l’heure actuelle. Il se caractérise par une déconnexion entre science et éthique, et à la limitation de l’usage de la raison à la seule expérimentation. La science a tort, selon lui, de ne chercher aujourd’hui que le « gain facile ». Poursuivant son débat avec J. Habermas, le pape met en garde non la science elle-même, mais son gauchissement lorsqu’elle ne vise que le gain, ce que les questions éthiques autour des cellules souches illustrent, hélas, de nos jours. La science ne peut elle-même produire des principes éthiques. Elle a besoin pour cela de la philosophie et de la théologie. Le rôle de l’Université est, comme à l’époque médiévale, majeur au service de cette tâche. En ce sens, la foi chrétienne ne s’adresse pas uniquement aux chrétiens, contrairement aux options de J. Rawls. Benoît XVI continue donc de promouvoir interaction et circularité entre théologie et philosophie, et entre foi et raison.
Vladimir Jankélévitch. Les paradoxes d'une éthique résistante
Authors: Schwab Françoise
Published: February 2012

Résumé Quête morale et réflexion métaphysique sont les deux axes de la pensée de V. Jankélévitch. La morale est don généreux. Elle oblige à prendre parti sur les questions frontières. Chaque acte est irréfragable. La Shoah a fracturé la pensée de Jankélévitch, qui s’est élevé contre l’extermination jusqu’à rompre avec l’Allemagne. La morale est le préalable du questionnement philosophique. Si nécessaire, elle se fait refus absolu dans l’exercice de la vertu de courage, même si l’on met sa vie en péril, même si l’on en devient « impur ». C’est une question de moment favorable au cœur du débat interne et déchirant entre le bien et le mal. La capacité de s’indigner est un moteur puissant de l’action morale, quitte à rejeter les fausses morales. Le pardon est le commandement suprême de cette morale, mais Jankélévitch maintient qu’on ne pardonne pas aux bourreaux parce que l’amour serait plus fort que le mal : pas de banalisation des atrocités. Il est prescrit aux vivants de ne pas se défausser de leur responsabilité vis-à-vis des régimes politiques.
An Approach for Analysing Interactions within Virtual Learning Communities
Authors: Repetto Manuela
Published: February 2012

The model is organised in five categories and about thirty indicators and it can be applied through the development of a coding scheme, a self-assessment questionnaire for learners, and an assessment grid for tutors. Triangulation of data obtained from these tools and integration of them with ethnographic analysis make this approach for analysing interactions a reliable means to allow assessment and self-regulation of learners, while exploring the nature of learning within virtual learning environments (VLEs).
Building a Framework for an English Language Course in an LMS with SCORM Compliant Learning Objects and Activities
Authors: Arcos Francisco , Ortega Pablo
Published: February 2012

The human mind needs order to understand anything and, in this respect, standards are essential because they impose order on the world. More specifically, standards are bringing great new benefits to the e-learning realm. For instance, by adhering to standards, courseware builders can construct components completely independent of the management systems under which they are intended to run—that’s interoperability. There is a tough struggle nowadays to find the most appropriate specification for learning content and to assure it is fully operative across the existing LMSs (Learning Management Systems) in the market. In that authors view, SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) is coming afloat, outplaying most —if not all— its competitors. For that reason, the authors have been using SCORM learning objects to manage their course in Moodle for their students of English at the University of Alicante, obtaining so far satisfactory results. The authors’ purpose in this article is twofold: on the one hand, they give an account of the problems they have met using SCORM in Moodle and how they have solved them. On the other, they explain the guiding aims of their Language Blend, which broadly said are the following: to set up a standard in language learning by means of a framework, wherein e-learning and in-person lectures merge strategically so that the benefits of both are enhanced.
MobiGlam
Authors: Meawad Fatma , Stubbs Geneen
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the principles underpinning the design and the development of a framework, MobiGlam, which supports ubiquitous and scalable access to learning activities. The framework allows full end to end interconnectivity among open source virtual learning environments (VLEs) and Java-enabled mobile devices. Through this framework, interoperability and adaptivity techniques are combined to address the technical, pedagogical, and institutional challenges of mobile learning. The discussed framework achieved a level of flexibility and simplicity that resulted in a wide acceptance of the framework institutionally, allowing its use in various real world settings.
The Design of Learning Materials within Small Scale Projects
Authors: Hammond Michael , Hu Jie
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the design of learning materials in the context of small scale projects within higher education. It describes the enduring appeal of instructional material and its growing use following the take up of virtual learning environments (VLEs) / learning platforms in teaching and learning. It suggests that action research approaches may be of value in the design of instructional material as they offer systematic, formative feedback at an early stage in the design process and prioritise user participation. A case study is provided of a broadly action research approach to the design of instructional material to support academic reading skills at one university. The case exemplifies the strengths of action research but also highlights the tensions and difficulties, in particular that of securing the engagement of stakeholders. The implications for further research are brought out.
SOA-Frameworks for Modular Virtual Learning Environments
Authors: Paulsson Fredrik , Berglund Mikael
Published: February 2012

A general SOA framework for Virtual Learning Environments, based on the VWE Learning Object Taxonomy, is suggested in this chapter. Five basic and general services are suggested for implementation of modular Virtual Learning Environments. The design of the service framework was tested by implementation in two prototypes, using two different approaches where a Java-RMI based implementation was compared to a Web Service (SOAP) based implementation. By implementing the VWE Learning Object Taxonomy and the VWE SOA framework, the prototypes showed that a level of modularity, similar to the level of modularity of Learning Objects, could be achieved for the Virtual Learning Environment as well. Using the VWE Learning Object Taxonomy, this was accomplished by including the learning content and the Virtual Learning Environment into the same conceptual space. The comparison of the prototypes showed that the Web Service approach was preferred in favor of the Java-RMI approach. This was mainly due to platform neutrality and the use of the http-protocol. The study was supplemented by an analysis of the two approaches in relation to a third, REST-based approach.
Supporting Virtual Collaborative Learning using Collaboration Scripts and Content Schemes
Authors: Kopp Birgitta , Mandl Heinz
Published: February 2012

Collaborative learning is used as a key principle in several approaches for designing virtual learning environments (e.g. CTGV, 2000). This is due to the fact that collaboration seems to foster individual knowledge acquisition (Lou, Abrami, Spence, Poulsen, Chambers, & d’Apollonia, 1996), improve knowledge application (De Corte, 2003), and increase social competencies. But collaborative learning is not always successful (Salomon & Globerson, 1989). Virtual learning places great and varied demands on collaboration, which means that learners often do not know how to collaborate adequately. In such cases, it is necessary to provide support. This chapter focuses specifically on two structuring methods, namely collaboration scripts and content schemes. To gain further insight into the topic, the authors will first describe the technical aspects of virtual collaborative learning. In the second section, the authors will depict the learning processes and outcomes of collaboration. Thirdly, they will discuss the theory and research on the structuring methods. The chapter ends with conclusions and practical implications.
CSCL Techniques in Collaborative Virtual Environments
Authors: Tsiatsos Thrasyvoulos , Konstantinidis Andreas , Terzidou Theodouli , Ioannidis Lazaros , Tseloudi Chrysanthi
Published: February 2012

This chapter reviews and compares the most promising collaborative virtual environment platforms, which have been used or proposed for supporting educational activities in terms of their potential to support collaborative e-learning. The most promising environment according to the results of this review is Second Life. Second Life is further examined by validating the platform’s features, philosophy and policies against some basic design principles for collaborative virtual learning environments in order to better assess its design adequacy for online learning. Furthermore, the chapter will present the features that the authors have implemented within the Second Life platform, in order to facilitate both the jigsaw and fishbowl collaborative e-learning techniques. Finally, the authors will present a case study concerning the evaluation of Second Life by undergraduate students in order to assess its potential to support these collaborative e-learning techniques.