bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Advanced Imaging in Gasserian Neurolysis in Head and Neck Cancer with Skull Base Invasion
Authors: Mahawar Bablesh , Mahawar Vivek
Published: November 2019

Introduction A 46-year-old female with a postoperated case of carcinoma left upper alveolus diagnosed in March 2018, with recurrence, was presented to the hospital. She had lancinating pain around left facial pain, which gradually increased over 10 months. On numerical rating scale, her pain was 9 on 10. Her chief complaint was continuous dull pain above and below the left eye, with sudden, brief, paroxysmal episodes of intolerable burning and stabbing type of pain. This episodic pain lasted for 30 to 40 seconds. On examination, she had left III, V, and VI nerve palsy with ptosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of face and brain revealed an enhancing infiltrative mass in left maxillary sinus extending to base of skull. Clinical diagnosis of left-sided painful trigeminal neuropathy in ophthalmic and maxillary (V1 and V2) division was made.

Aim This study was aimed to relieve patient’s pain and improve her quality of life.

Materials and Methods Gasserian neurolysis was successfully completed under computed tomography (CT) guidance because of the distortion of skull base anatomy using a 22-G, 10-cm long spinal needle directed towards foramen ovale (FO) from a lateral approach.

Conclusion CT-guided identification of foramen ovale can be labeled as a novel method of locating FO for precise percutaneous techniques to the trigeminal ganglion in advanced head and neck cancers.
Synchronous Endometrial Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor and Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Menkiti Felix E. , Ezejiofor Ifeoma F. , Chiemeka Michael E. , Osakwe Chukwudi R.
Published: November 2019

Synchronous cancers account for 0.7 to 1.8% of all gynecologic malignancies. Although synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers are well reported in the literature, they are largely synchronous endometrioid cancers; no reported case of synchronous endometrial malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (MMMT) and ovarian serous carcinoma is seen. We therefore report a case of synchronous endometrial MMMT and ovarian serous carcinoma in a 60-year-old Nigerian female.
Vascular variations in abdomen, face and neck in a single cadaver
Authors: Pal Dolan Champa , Baral Karabi , Sarkar Jayanta , Ray Koushik
Published: November 2019

During Routine dissection at Bankura Sammilani Medical College, multiple vascular variations were detected in a cadaver of 60 years aged female. Variation in formation of hepatic portal vein was present as union of splenic vein with the common trunk formed by Superior mesenteric vein & Inferior mesenteric vein. Second variations were in unilateral facial vessels, where the right facial artery terminated as superior labial artery and the right common facial vein drained into the External jugular vein. Knowledge of variant anatomy of hepatic portal vein is essential for surgical and interventional procedures because large visceral territory drained by inferior mesenteric vein. Knowledge of Facial vessels is important for maxillofacial surgeries.
Accessory head of biceps brachii muscle in North Indian cadavers
Authors: Gindha Gurbachan Singh , Sharma Anand Kumar , Munjal Ratesh Kumar
Published: November 2019

Background and aims : The biceps brachii is the large muscle of flexor compartment of arm. Normally it arises by two heads (long head and short head) and gets insertion in two parts (tendinous part and aponeurotic parts). The biceps brachii muscle is well known for variation in its origin. These variations can cause compression of brachial artery and median nerve which may pass deep to the accessory head of biceps brachii muscle, and can create problems for surgeons. So the surgeons should keep in mind such variations of biceps brachii muscle. The present study is to find out the variations in the origin of biceps brachii muscle. Material and methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy of Gian Sagar Medical College, Ramnagar, Rajpura district Patiala (Punjab). In this study 32 human cadaveric limbs which were embalmed and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution were used and these limbs were dissected and variations in origin of the biceps brachii muscle were noted. Results : Out of 32 limbs, 3 limbs (9.38%) were having three heads of biceps brachii muscle in its origin. The variations were found in the right limbs only. Conclusions : The knowledge of accessory head of biceps brachii muscle is important for the surgeons and troumatologists because there can be iatrogenic injury to the third head of biceps brachii muscle.
Duplication in the formation of median nerve - a case report
Authors: Mehta Gyata , Mokhasi Varsha
Published: November 2019

The median nerve is formed in the axilla by fusion of the two roots from the lateral and medial cords. The present case report describes an anomalous presentation of double formation of median nerve and its relation with axillary and brachial arteries. The median nerve was formed in two stages at different levels, first in the axilla and then in the upper arm by receiving double contribution from the lateral root of the lateral cord, which fuse with the medial root of the medial cord to form the median nerve. The formation took place medial to the axillary artery in the axilla and antero-medial to the brachial artery in the arm. Such anatomical variations and their relation with the arteries are important for the surgeons and anesthesiologists and of great academic interest to the anatomists.
A study on histology of fetal liver
Authors: A. Jaiswal , DN Sinha , AK Singh
Published: November 2019

Background and aims : Background and aims : The liver during fetogenesis does not follow classical lobular pattern. Normal histology of the fetal liver at various stages of development was studied to get insight into the morphology of fetal liver and special function it performs in fetal life. Method: Dissection of 29 normal human fetuses was done and histological findings of liver were noted with respect to the age of fetus. The histology of fetal liver was studied using H & E stain and important features of fetal liver were studied. Result: Fetal liver histology is different from adult liver. Unlike adult liver, fetal liver shows hepatocytes arranged in sheets predominantly with cordlike pattern at places. The sinusoids are dilated and filled with hemopoietic cells, which could be appreciated at different stages of fetal development. The Kupffer cells were also noticed in fetal liver. Conclusion: The present study will be helpful in understanding the normal histology of fetal liver and add to the existing knowledge regarding development of fetal liver.
Axillary arch muscle- a case report
Authors: Sachdeva Kanika , Lalit Monika , Mahajan Anupama , Delmotra Poonam
Published: November 2019

Anomalous muscles donot usually cause symptoms but are of academic interest. Axillary arch is a variable muscular slip encountered in axilla. Purpose of the present study was to report a rare case of axillary arch muscle. Knowledge of this muscle variation and the possibility of finding it during axillary procedures are crucial for lymph node staging, lymphaedenectomy and for differential diagnosis in compressive pathologies of axillary vessels and brachial plexus. During routine dissection of left axilla in a 60-year old male cadaver, an anomalous muscular slip was encountered. The slip was extending between latissimus dorsi muscle to coracoid process, deltoid muscle, fascia covering biceps and coracobrachialis and was confirmed as axillary arch muscle. The embryological basis, genetics and clinical implications have been discussed. This rare variation will be of interest not only to anatomists but also for clinicians and surgeons dealing with this area.
A histological study of uterus in reproductive and postmenopausal women
Authors: Dutta Malamoni , Talukdar K L
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: The "Uterus" or "Womb" is a part of the female reproductive tract that receives the fertilized ovum from the oviduct, provides the bed for implantation and establishes the vascular connections necessary for sustenance of the embryo throughout its development. Due to increasing rate of infertility, the reproductive organs are gaining importance. The aim of the study is to ascertain that the research work could be utilized for investigation and guidance for management of infertility cases. The knowledge of normal histological architecture of the uterus will be of help to isolate any pathological changes. Materials and methods: Ten samples each from reproductive and postmenopausal women were collected from fresh unembalmed human cadavers. The slides were prepared using the standard laboratory procedure. Stress was given on the structure of endometrium, cervical mucosa and squamocolumnar junction. Endometrial and cervical mucosal thickness were measured in both groups. Results: Significant differences of histological architecture were noted between the two groups. The average endometrial thickness as measured by micrometer scale was 4.29 mm and 1.64 mm in reproductive and post-menopausal women respectively. The average cervical mucosal thickness was 2.76 mm and 1.55 mm in reproductive and postmenopausal women respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of the normal histological structure of the uterus is of prime importance to have the basic knowledge of various pathological entities.
Complete occipitalization of atlas vertebra with other congenital malformations
- a rare variation
Authors: Verma Poonam , Mahajan Anupama ,   Seema
Published: November 2019

Occipitalization of the atlas vertebra or atlantooccipital fusion represents the most cephaled blocked vertebra found in the vertebral column. It is defined as the congenital bony fusion of the atlas vertebra to the base of the occipital bone of the skull. Out of the sixty skulls studied in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, we come across a dry adult human skull with the total synostosis of the whole atlas vertebra with the occipital bone of the skull. The awareness of this anatomical variation in the patients showing abnormalities of the neck region can help the neurosurgeons, radiologists anaesthetologists andorthopaedic surgeons to reach at a correct diagnosis.
Craniorachischisis - a case report
Authors: Rao N. Ratnakar
Published: November 2019

Craniorachischisis is an extreme example of anencephaly and spina bifida. It is an example for defective neural groove closure. A female dead fetus delivered by caesarian section in Malla Reddy Medical College, Hyderabad found to have features of craniorachischisis. There was complete absence of calvaria and brain; the entire vertebral column was open on the posterior side with spinal nerves seen outside. On dissection, all thoracic and abdominal organs were found to be normal. Since infant organs are in high demand for pediatric transplantation, laws must be framed to use the normal organs from these cases of neural tube defects.
Morphological study of the sensory nerve which induces jaw opening reflex
Authors: Shimotakahara Rie , Mine Kazuharu , Ogata Shigemitsu
Published: November 2019

Background and objectives: An anatomical site in the oral cavity can be used to trigger the jaw opening reflex in patients with pseudobulbar palsy who have difficulty opening the mouth. The site is located at the midpoint between the palatoglossal arch and pterygomandibular fold and medial to the retromolar pad. However, previous findings on the nerves innervating this particular area are inconsistent. Therefore, in this study, we carefully investigated the sensory nerves that innervate the area near the trigger point of the jaw opening reflex. Materials and methods: For the morphological investigation of sensory innervation in this area, in this study we exposed the cranial nerves in 26 halves of cadaver head and observed their distribution in soft tissue. Results: In all cases, several nerve fibers diverged anteroinferiorly from the lingual nerve located between its junction with the chorda tympani nerve and the junction with the communicating branch of the submandibular ganglion. These nerve fibers, thought to be the facial branches of the lingual nerve, innervated the mucosa in the vicinity of the palatoglossal arch, retromolar pad, and the lingual gingiva of the last molar which were near to the trigger point of the jaw opening reflex. Conclusion: The results suggest that the sensory nerve that induces the jaw opening reflex appears to be the branches to isthmus of fauces diverged from the lingual nerve.
Gross anatomical study of recurrent artery of Huebner
Authors: Narayanan Sunitha
Published: November 2019

Background: Cerebral aneurysms frequently occur in the arterial complex composed of Anterior Cerebral Artery, Anterior Communicating Artery and Recurrent Artery of Huebner. Due to the anatomical variations in the origin and course of the Recurrent Artery of Huebner, surgical interventions in the anterior portion of circle of Willis can be complicated by obstruction or vascular damage to Recurrent Artery of Huebner, caused by improper clip placement. Objectives: To study the variations in the origin, number, course & termination of Recurrent artery of Huebner. Also the distance of origin of the Recurrent artery from the junction of Pre and Postcommunicating segment of Anterior Cerebral Artery was noted. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in 60 randomly selected brain specimens fixed in 10% formalin for 10 days in the Department of Anatomy. The Recurrent Artery was then carefully dissected and observations were made. Photographs were taken to document the observations. Results: The Recurrent artery of Huebner arose most frequently from the junction of Pre and Postcommunicating segment of Anterior Cerebral Artery (59.2%) and next frequently from the Postcommunicating segment of Anterior Cerebral Artery within 1mm from the junction of Pre and Postcommunicating segment of Anterior Cerebral Artery. It coursed more commonly anterior to the Precommunicating segment of Anterior Cerebral Artery in 80% cases. The artery terminated in the lateral part of anterior perforated substance in 96.7% of the specimens. Conclusions: The Recurrent artery should be routinely identified during clipping of the aneurysm of the Anterior Communicating Artery to prevent postoperative neurological deficit.
Variations in the branching pattern of brachial, ulnar and radial arteries
Authors: Mutalik Ashwini , Hanji Chandrashekhar , Kolagi Sanjeev I , Rairam GB
Published: November 2019

During routine dissection of a cadaver alloted to the undergraduate students in the department of anatomy in SN Medical College, Bagalkot, the authors found multiple variations in the branching pattern of brachial, ulnar and radial arteries. There was high division of brachial artery into ulnar and radial arteries. The profunda brachii originated from brachial artery as usual while superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries originated from ulnar artery. The radial artery gave origin to common interosseous artery which further divided into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. All the three arteries i.e. brachial, ulnar and radial were considered as superficial arteries as they were superficial throughout the course. These observations of vascular anomalies are of clinical significance to vascular and plastic surgeons.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic evaluation of intracranial tumors in adults
Authors: Duara Bijit Kumar , Choudhury Pradipta Ray , Gopinath Ganesan
Published: November 2019

Background and Aims: There is a lot of scope for Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy as a tool in diagnosing brain tumors in conjunction with conventional Magnetic Resonance sequences. It is considered to be a non invasive way to get the neurochemistry which will predict the histopathological diagnosis thereby preventing unnecessary surgery and associated morbidity. Here, a Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic imaging study of intra cranial tumors in adults was undertaken to assess the diagnostic usefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in brain tumors. Materials & Methods: In the present study, 40 cases of brain tumors were included, among which 25 were male and rest were female with mean age 45 years. Results: The pathological 'H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) spectra for various types of brain tumor were studied and tabulated. Conclusion: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is a noninvasive, cost effective and easily repeatable when compared to the conventional brain biopsy procedure. Therefore brain tumor MR imaging should always complemented with dedicated spectroscopy sequences to deal with diagnostic dilemmas and improve patient treatment.
Role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in head and neck neoplasms with histopathological correlation
Authors: Devi Junu , Talukdar Kunja Lal
Published: November 2019

Background : Fine needle aspiration cytology is a simple, quick,inexpensive and minimally invasive technique used to diagnose head and neck neoplasms commonly originated from cervical lymph node, thyroid, parotid and other salivary glands. In this study a correlation was done between cytology and histopathology whenever surgical specimens were available. Aim : To assess the frequency of various benign and malignant neoplasms in different age groups and to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity of fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) in head and neck neoplasms. Materials and method : The study was conducted between September 2011 to August 2013 and total 249 cases of head and neck neoplasms were analysed. Patients between 1 to 80 years were included in the study. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnosis was correlated with histopathology whenever possible. Results: Out of 249 head and neck neoplasms 55.42% were from lymph node, 19.28% were from salivary gland, 14.86% were from thyroid gland, 1.20% were nasal mass, 9.24% from other sites (skin and soft tissue). M:F was 1.4:1. Most commonly affected age group was 51-60 years. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was most commonly encountered neoplastic lesion. Overall sensitivity, specificity oflme needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) were 97.92% and 91.67% respectively. Conclusion : Fine needle aspiration cytology is a highly sensitive, specific and has a definite role in diagnosing most of the head and neck neoplasms.
A complete duplication of the right and a segmental duplication of the left great saphenous vein - a case report
Authors: Mahajan Mehandi V , Devi Durga , R. Kalpana
Published: November 2019

Abnormalities of the lower limb veins lead to venous disorders such as obstructive or the ones associated with venous insufficiency. Varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis and ulcers are the common disorders. As many variations are noted in veins in comparison to arteries, the present case report expresses the need for a detailed evaluation of the veins of the lower limb. During the routine dissection of a 65 year old male cadaver, a complete duplication of the Great Saphenous vein (GSV) was noted from the medial malleolus of the tibia till the saphenofemoral junction in the right lower limb and a segmental duplication was noted in the thigh region of left lower limb. Such findings would be of great value to surgeons, orthopaedicians and interventional radiologists as iatrogenic varicosity can be prevented and for cardiovascular surgeons who can use the duplicated vein as vascular grafts in cases of Ischemia and arterial blocks.
A rare variation of formation of median nerve - a case report.
Authors: S. Monica Diana , Subramanian Ramesh Kumar , S. Senthil Kumar
Published: November 2019

Many variations have been reported regarding formation of the brachial plexus and its branches. Here the authors report a rare variation pertaining to lateral cord of median nerve. During routine dissection, at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, in the department of anatomy, in a male cadaver in the right upper limb, the authors found an additional lateral root from lateral cord joining the medial root to form the median nerve. Musculocutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis muscle instead it gave a direct branch to the muscle. Nerve supply to biceps and brachialis were of normal pattern. The musculo cutaneous nerve communicated with the median nerve before supplying other muscles. Median nerve was medial throughout the arm but about 7 cm above the level of medial epicondyle it crossed the brachial artery from medial to lateral. Morphometry of the nerves were studied by measurements. Knowledge of these variations and measurements will be helpful during surgical and anaesthetic procedures in the axilla.
Anatomical variation of middle concha and its clinical correlates: a study among patients attending North Bengal Medical College
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Raktim , Biswas Romy , Bhattacherjee Sharmistha , Kabiraj Sankar Prasad , Gupta lndrajit
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Lateral nasal wall of each nasal cavity provides the final common pathway of drainage of the muco-ciliary clearance of frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal air cells. Anatomical variant like Concha Bullosa may obstruct the muco­ ciliary clearance thmugh osteomeatal complex and cause rhino sinusitis. The objectives were to find out the anatomical variation of middle concha and its clinical correlates with variation of middle concha. Methods: The present study was a descriptive, hospital based cross sectional study carried out in the outpatient departments of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital among 15 years and above patients. Coronal CT scan of paranasal sinus and orbit region was done. Data was collected with the help of semi structured predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Results: Of the 44 study patients, 15.9% had Concha Bullosa, 11.36% had paradoxical middle concha. Dimensions of right and left concha were also studied. 77.3%, 59.1% and 47.7% had sneezing, rhinorrhoea and headache respectively. Conclusion: The harmony of mucociliary clearance and obstruction free osteomeatal complex is the key factor for ventilation and drainage of maxillary, fmntal and anterior ethmoidal air cells.
Morphology and morphometry of mental foramen in adult human mandibles of
North Indian population
Authors: Verma Poonam ,   Seema
Published: November 2019

Background and aim : Mental foramen is an oval or circular opening present on the anterior surface of mandible through which the mental nerve and vessels exit It forms an intportant landmark for human mandible for both invasive and noninvasive procedures. Its position vary according to the age and race. The aim of the study is to provide data on morphology and morphometry of mental foramen. Materials and Methods : The present study was done on ninety dried adult human mandibles of unknown age and sex. Incidences and shapes of the mental and accessory mental foramen were observed. Size and the distances from the various landmarks were noted with the help of digital Vernier calipers. Results: Mental forantina were found bilaterally in all (100%) the mandibles. Accessory mental foramina were found in five mandibles (5.5%) on right side and three mandibles (3.3%) on left side. Shape of the mental foramina was predominantly rounded. Average size of mental and accessory mental foramina was 2.56 mm and 1 mm respectively. The position of the mental foramina below the apex of second premolar , between the first and second premolar and between the second premolar and first molar and below the apex of first premolar tooth were 64.4%, 21.1%, 8.8% and 5.5% respectively. The average distance of the accessory mental forantina from the mental foramen was 0.66 mm and average location was below the first molar tooth. Conclusion: All these findings can supplement useful data for population diversities and can help the surgeons, anatomists, orthodontists and paleoanthropologists to carry out their procedures successfully.
High bifurcation of common carotid artery and origin of thyrolingual trunk - a rare case report
Authors: Biswas Sudipa , Sharma Suranjali , Ghosh Sanjib Kumar , Chakraborty Soumya
Published: November 2019

In this rare case, found during routine dissection of head and neck in North Bengal Medical College on the right side of the neck, common carotid artery bifurcated at a higher level than usual and 1.25 cm below the bifurcation, gave a common origin of lingual and superior thyroid artery from its medial side (thyorolingual trunk). No such anomaly was noted on the left side. This type of combination of variations has important clinical implications.
Absence of both fissures in a right lung: a case report
Authors: Supadevi S. , Subramanian Ramesh Kumar , Kesavi D.
Published: November 2019

The right lung has two fissures which separate the lung into three lobes. They are the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure and the lobes are superior, middle and the inferior lobes respectively arranged from the apex of the lung to the base. In the present case, during routine dissection the right lung was observed to have complete absence of both oblique fissure and horizontal fissure and there was no lobar pattern. The lung pleural membrane was continuous from the apex to the base. Hilum structures were arranged normally. Left lung was completely normal with no variation. Variation of anatomy of lung fissures is important in case of diagnosis of lung pathologies and in the modality of treatment for segmental resection of lung.
Apert syndrome: a case report
Authors: A. Barman , BC Dutta , JK Sarkar
Published: November 2019

Apert syndrome was described as a triad of craniosynostosis, syndactyly and maxillary hypoplasia. The incidence of Apert syndrome is approximately one in 50,000 births. A three year old boy was brought with a history of facial, hand and feet deformities to the Pediatrics out patient department. On examination, he had symmetric syndactyly of the hands and feet. He also had craniosynostosis with deformed skull. This patient also exhibited midface hypoplasia, exophthahnia, ocular hypertelorism and high arch palate. Crowding of the teeth, malocclusion with anterior open bite is also found. The X-ray of the hand and feet showed skeletal fusion of phalanges (complex syndactyly). The case represents a rare condition where there is a mutation in the FGFR2 gene causing Apert syndrome.
Ossification of superior transverse scapular ligament - a case report
Authors: Bara Dibya Prabha , Pradhan Swagatika , Biswal Rajashree , Mohapatra Chinmayi
Published: November 2019

Superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL), a small ligament which bridges over the suprascapular notch bears enormous stress during shoulder movements. This causes the ligament to ossifY thereby compressing the suprascapular nerve which passes beneath it. The ossification can occur partially or cnmpletely. Different shape of ossified STSL also affects the rate of compression of the nerve. Knowledge of ossified STSL may be helpful for radiologists, neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons in dealing with patients of suprascapular nerve entrapment.
Study of palmar dermatoglyphic pattern in syndactyly patients
Authors: Dofe M Y , Meshram M M
Published: November 2019

Background and aims : Syndactyly is congential fusion between fingers which may vary from simple fusion of skin to fusion betweeo bony componeots of fingers. The aim of this study was to find out the range of dermatoglyphic abnormalities io syndactyly patient because of close association between underlying tissue (derived from mesoderm) and overlying epidermis (derived from ectoderm) duriog embryogenesis of hand. Materials and methods : Present study was carried out io 20 patients with congenital syndactyly of fingers. The authors evaluated fingertip patterns, axial triradius, palmar pattern, flexion creases, a-b ridge count, digital triradii and pattern intensity. Results : Remarkable dermatoglyphic variations were observed io syndactylous hands, which were rare io normal hands. Conclusion : There are certain specific associations between anomalous hands and dermatoglyphic patterns indicating that underlying mesenchyme influences the development of epidermis derived from ectoderm and so the ridge pattern.
Unilateral open lip schizencephaly: a case report
Authors: Baruah Prabahita , Choudhury Pradipta Ray , Sarda Prashant
Published: November 2019

Schizencephaly is a rare malformation of the central nervous system defined as a gray matter-lined cleft filled with cerebrospinal fluid that extends from the pial surface to the ventricle. We present a case of a 16 year old male patient with intractable epilepsy where Computed Tomography scan revealed a grey matter lined cleft on the right cortical surface communicating with ipsilateral lateral ventricle.
Comparative study of cephalic index in North Indian and South Indian students
Authors: Rathnakar Pretty , Bannur B M
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Cephalic Index is an important parameter for deciding the race and sex of an individual. The present study was undertaken to calculate the Cephalic Index in North Indian and South Indian medical students and to compare Cephalic Index among them. Materials and methods : Ninety nine North Indian and 177 South Indian students were taken for the present study. Maximum head breadth and maximum head length were measured with spreading calipers and Cephalic Index was determined. Result: The mean Cephalic Index in study group was 76.65. In North Indian students, mean Cephalic Index was 74.44. In South Indian students, mean Cephalic Index was 77.71. Dolicocephalic type of head shape predominated among North Indian students, whereas mesocephalic type was predominant in South Indian students. Conclusion: Significant gender difference and geographical variation was observed in the present study. The result of the present study will be of atmost importance in Foreosic Medicine, Anthropology and in Genetics.
An anatomical study of descent of testes in fetal cadavers of perinatal period
Authors: Bordoloi Rashmi Rekha , Deka Roonmoni , Talukdar Kunjalal
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Undescended testes or Cryptorchidism is a common congenital anomaly of male gonad. In this condition one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum as the process of descent may get arrested at any point along its normal path. It is a common condition occurring in 1 in 500 individuals. Undescended testis carries a risk of developing seminoma and is prone to injury. Undescended testis also fails to produce mature spermatozoa leading to infertility. Materials and methods: Hundred perinatal human cadavers were collected and meticulously dissected. Results: Undescended testes were found in 30% cases. In 50% cases, left testis descended earlier than the right. Bilateral undescended testes (70%) were more common than unilateral (30%). Unilateral undescended testis was more common on right side (55.5%). Undescended testes were found in the abdomen in 19.61% of cases. In 50.98% of cases, they were located in the ingoina1region and in the remaining 29.41% of cases, they were found in the subinguinal position. Conclusion : The primary management of cryptorchidism is surgery which is called orchipexy and is usually performed in infancy. When the undescended testis is in the inguinal canal, hormone therapy is sometimes attempted and occasionally successful. Therefore through early diagnosis and surgical interventions, the undescended testes can be replaced to the scrotum that will ensure optimal fertility in adulthood and a considerable lessened risk of testicular carcinoma.
Duplication of cystic artery: a case report
Authors: Mitra Satyajit , Gogoi Alakesh
Published: November 2019

The cystic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the gallbladder and cystic duct. It usually arises from the right hepatic artery as a single branch, but cases with double cystic artery has also been reported from time to time. During a routine dissection class, the authors found a case in which two cystic arteries originated from the right hepatic artery to supply the two surfaces of gallbladder separately. As the extrahepatic biliary region is the most usual site of surgical intervention, the reporting of any form of variation in this region becomes a necessity.
A review of anatomy of lower end of esophagus
Authors: Anitha V , A. Antoine Berty
Published: November 2019

The lower end of esophagus of 60 patients (40 males and 20 females) was viewed during the endoscopic examination of gastro intestinal tract (GIT) by using a gastroscope. The relationship between hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) remains controversial. In hiatus hernia, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is displaced from the crural diaphragm into the chest, which reduces basal LES pressure and results in GERD. Sliding hiatal hernia in which the cardiac end of stomach, herniates through the hiatus is most common. The endoscopic examination depends upon the reliable anatomical landmarks that can be utilized in all patients to document the location of oesophageogastric junction (OGJ). The criteria for locating the OGJ must be reliable for making a reasonably practical decision during the endoscopy that will serve to enhance the proper diagnosis both by direct inspection and biopsy sampling.
Do the cervical spinal canal dimensions predict pre-myelopathic changes of cervical spinal cord? - a magnetic resonance image study
Authors: Nair Smitha S , Lakshmi A S , B. Ushadevi K , Gupta A K
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: The cervical region is the most mobile portion of the spinal column and it is here that the earliest disc degenerations are encountered. Hence it is of great interest to neurologists and neurosurgeons. Degenerative arthritic changes in the cervical spine secondary to ageing may result in bony and soft tissue overgrowth causing encroachment on the cervical spinal canal resulting in cervical canal stenosis. This may predispose to compressive myelopathy. The study aims to determine the predictability of myelopathy based on the dimensions of spinal canal at the cervical region. Materials and methods: The study included 600 patients who underwent MRI scan of cervical spine in the Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chithra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It included patients of different age groups of both sexes who were classified into six groups. T1 weighted axial images were obtained using spin echo sequence. The axial slices were made at the mid vertebral levels from C2-C7 vertebrae. The anteroposterior diameters of spinal canal in axial images at mid cervical vertebral levels from C2-C7 were measured. Analysis of data was done by mean, standard deviation, independent sample t test, ANOVA and Chi­ square test. Results: The mean anteroposterior diameter of the canal at different cervical vertebral levels decreases as age advances. Tbe premyelopathic changes were more in males which may be attributed to change in canal shape. Conclusion: Cervical spinal canal dimensions are useful to predict premyelopathic changes of cervical spinal cord.
Harlequin ichthyosis - a rare genetic disorder : a case report
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Dutta B C , Pal Sudipta
Published: November 2019

Harlequin lchthyosis(HI) is a type of genodermatosis. It is a rare and fatal genetic disease. Life expectancy in an affected infant is only a few days. The defect lies in mutation of ABCA12 gene. The barrier action of skin is severely compromised making the infant prone to infections and dehydration. Present treatment protocol consists mainly of conservative and supportive therapies. The authors report this case as it is a rare disease. The main purpose of this report is to create awareness about the disease and discuss the genetic factors along with micro anatomy of skin ultimately leading to this condition.
Incidence of furcate umbilical cord
Authors: Anas Khan Mohd , N. Sinha D , AK Singh , Deepa Deopa , Richa Niranjan
Published: November 2019

Background : Placenta along with its umbilical cord is a vital organ for maintaining pregnancy and promoting normal foetal development. Foetal outcome can be adversely influenced by pathological changes in placenta and also by the variation in the site of attachment of umbilical cord. Aims and Objectives : To study the incidence of furcate umbilical cord insertion over placental chorionic plate in normal full term pregnancy. Materials and methods : This study was conducted in the department of Anatomy Government Medical College Haldwani. 100 freshly delivered placentae were collected from Dr. Sushila Tiwari Government hospital Haldwani. The sample was further categorized according to the parity of mother into two groups primipara (n=39) and multipara (n=61). Placentae included in the study were obtained from full term pregnancy without any complication like diabetes, hypertension etc. Results : The incidence of furcate umbilical cord in the present study was 2.6% in primipara group and 3.3% in multipara group. Conclusion : Variation in the site of insertion of umbilical cord are thought to result from process known as "Trophotropism" in which the chorionic frondosum or the early placenta migrates with advancing gestation to ensure better blood supply from more richly vascularised area. The overall incidence of furcate cord in this study is 3%. We have noticed one furcate cord (2.6%) in primipara group (n=39) and two furcate cords (3.3%) in multipara group (n=61). The neonates delivered were perfectly healthy without any evidence of congenital anomalies.
A study on occurrence of third trochanter in the femora in northern Tamil Nadu region
Authors: Muthukumaravel N , Manjunath K. Y
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: The third trochanter is defined as the osseous tubercule in the superior part of the gluteal tuberosity. The occurrence of third trochanter might have been due to the consequence of the relative strengthening of gluteus maximus muscle in human beings. The present study was undertaken on the femora of northern Tamil Nadu region with the aim to determine the frequency of third trochanter of femur in this region and to compare it with occurrence in other series. Material and methods: The study was carried out on a collection of 153 dried adult femora of unknown age and sex available at the departments of Anatomy of Annapoorana Medical College and Vinayaka Mission's Homeopathy Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Results: Out of total 153 femora studied, the presence of third trochanter was noticed in 21 femora (13.72%). Out of these 15.71% were femora of the right side and 12.04% were of the left side. The average length and breadth of the third trochanters were 19.80±5.22 mm and 7.63±1.75 mm respectively Conclusion: The occurrence of the third trochanter was considerably higher among right femora than the femora of the left side. The average length of the third trochanters was found to be more on the right side and average width was more on the left side. This may be due to functional difference between the right and left gluteus maximii muscles.
Gantzer muscles; a study on 50 cadaveric upper limbs
Authors: Bajpe Roshni , R. Tarakeshwari , R. Shubha
Published: November 2019

Background : Gantzer muscle is the name given to the additional head of Flexor Digitorum Profudus (FDP) or Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL). It connects the superficial flexors and deep flexors of forearm. It sometimes may be related to Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN) and Ulnar artery causing Compressive Neuropathy or Vascular symptoms. Aim: To assess incidence of Gantzer muscle in South Indian population, its morphology and clinical significance. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 50 upper limbs dissected by first year M.B.B.S students. Results : Nine upper limbs showed the presence of Gantzer muscle, three belonged to the right and six belonged to the left. Observations : Additional heads were associated as follows: From FDP-2 and from FPL-7. Innervation was either from Median nerve, Anterior Interosseous nerve or Ulnar nerve. Superficially median nerve was related, deep relations were Ulnar artery and Anterior Interosseous nerve. In one case, Median nerve and artery were related superficially. Conclusion: Gantzer muscle is important clinically as a cause of vascular or nerve compression.
Accessory head of flexor digiti minimi: a case study
Authors: Vanguri Sailabala , Manasa Bethi
Published: November 2019

Flexor digiti minimi is a muscle of hypothenar eminence. It flexes the little finger at metacarpo­ phalangeal joint. During routine Anatomical dissection, an extra muscle was noticed in the flexor compartment of right forearm of a male cadaver. The identified muscle took origin from medial aspect of the Palmaris longus tendon just proximal to the wrist joint. When traced distally this muscle joined the fibers of the Flexor digiti minimi, and finally got inserted to palmar aspect of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit. In its course, the muscle crossed median nerve and Ulnar artery. Because of this reason, this variation has the potential to cause compression of the structures mentioned above and is of interest to clinicians.
A cadaveric study on the buccal branch of facial nerve - origin and its relation pattern to the parotid duct
Authors: AK Sapna , K. Jayasree
Published: November 2019

Background : The knowledge of anatomy of facial nerve and its terminal branches is important for the successful outcome in facial surgeries. The buccal branch of facial nerve due to its characteristic variations in origin and diverse relationship with the parotid duct can be easily injured during parotid duct surgery, parotidectomy or face lift operations. An operating surgeon would find it helpful if the course of buccal branch especially in relation to parotid duct is studied Aim : To describe the origin, course and number of buccal branches of facial nerve and its pattern of relation with the parotid duct. Materials & Methods : The study was done in 100 cadaveric cranial halves including fetuses. The buccal branch was observed for its origin and course. The relationship of buccal branch to the parotid duct was noted and classified accordingly. Results: Buccal branch originated from the lower trunk of facial nerve in 68 % and from the upper trunk in 28% while the two trunks contributed to the origin in 4%. The buccal branch passed inferior to parotid duct in 41% and superior to duct in 25%. In 28%, buccal branch formed a plexus over the duct along with other branches. In 6%, there were two branches, one passed superior and the other passed inferior to the parotid duct. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding the variations of buccal branch of facial nerve can be a surgeon's guide during facial surgeries.
Accessory head of sternocleidomastoid-a case report
Authors: Barma Saranya Deb , Rabha Gunamani , Talukdar Kunjalal
Published: November 2019

As many important nerves emerge from the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM), it is important to know the morphological anatomy of sternocleidomastoid for surgical as well as radiological purpose. During routine dissection of head and neck for student demonstration, an accessory head of sternocleidomastoid was found arising from the superior surface of the middle third of the clavicle on the right side of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid is a key landmark as it divides the neck into anterior and lateral regions (anterior and posterior triangles respectively. Morphological variations arise due to the complexity of sequential development of any region. SCM is an important surgical landmark for clinicians. A well versed knowledge of its variations can avoid diagnostic and surgical complications.
A rare variation of mandibular nerve and an unusual course of lingual nerve - a case report
Authors: Anitha E , Maheswari K
Published: November 2019

Mandibular nerve is a branch of Trigeminal nerve which gives off Lingual, Inferior alveolar, Auriculotemporal, Buccal branch and motor branches to muscles of mastication. Anatomical variations related to mandibular nerve and its branches are of great importance to Oral maxillofacial surgeons and Dentists. During routine cadaveric dissection of infratemporal fossa of an adult male in the Institute of Anatomy, Madurai Medical College, variations in the branching pattern of mandibular nerve and an unusual course of lingual nerve were found on the left side. Such anatomical variations of mandibular nerve and its branches are of clinical significance during dental procedures and maxillofacial surgeries.
Morphological variation of the kidneys with its pathological relevance
Authors: K. Anupama , Shariff Shameem , Shailaja Shetty
Published: November 2019

Kidneys are bean shaped organs with the length of 11cms, breadth of 6cms and thickness of 3cms in antero­ posterior dimension. Variations in morphology of the kidneys are either congenital or acquired. The present paper deals with two cases with abnormal morphology. During routine dissection of abdomen for the under graduate students in MVJ Medical College, Bengaluru, it was found that there were kidneys with morphological variations in two cadavers. Both these specintens were analysed morphologically and sent for histopathological examination. The specinten No: 1 was a case of Ask Upmark kidney and Specinten No: 2 was a case of Granular contracted kidney. Morphological changes in kidney could be congenital or acquired. It is usually associated with various pathologies of kidneys. The pathogenesis is controversial attributed to vesicoureteric reflux with intrarenal reflux or localised developmental arrest, arteriolar nephrosclerosis and glomerulonephritis. The morphology and histopathology of the cases have been discussed.
An unusual variation in the anterior communicating artery of the circle of Willis in the human brain - a case report
Authors: Karim Farheen A , Sarma J D , Talukdar K L
Published: November 2019

This report highlights an unusual variation of Anterior communicating artery of the circle of Willis found during dissection for studying circle of Willis. The brain was carefully extracted out of the skull so that arteries forming the circle of Willis do not get tom. The circle of Willis was identified in the interpeduncular cistern. Fine dissection was done to identify any variations. In this specimen there were double anterior communicating arteries joined in the midline by a short longitudinal segment of artery. Length and external diameters of both the Anterior communicating arteries were measured using Vernier calipers. Also, a medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner) was seen originating from the right anterior cerebral artery just between the junctions of the proximal and distal Anterior communicating arteries with the right Anterior cerebral artery. Knowledge of this variation is valuable to neurosurgeons in planning surgical treatment and has clinical significance in relation to stroke.