bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract P3138: The Regulatory Role Of Sirtuin 6 In Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Yang , Enrick Molly , Gadd James , Juguilon Cody , Clark Alyssa , Yin Liya
Published: November 2022

Introduction:
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized by impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation. These impairments are seen in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but detailed mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), an important member of the Sirtuin family, has been implicated in obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases. Sirt6 protects EC from premature senescence, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis by sustaining high eNOS levels and preserving cell replication. Sirt6 was reported to regulate endothelial dilation in atherosclerosis in Sirt6 heterozygous mice, but how Sirt6 regulates coronary microvascular function remains to be determined.

Methods:
Sirt6 knockout and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a diet high in fat and sugar (HFHS) for six months, and blood lipid and glucose were measured. Coronary arteries were isolated, and endothelial-dependent vasodilation (EDD) was assessed using myography (DMT). Echocardiography and treadmill exercise exertion tests were performed to evaluate cardiac function. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured by doppler. Cardiac fibrosis was detected using trichrome staining, and molecular pathways were elucidated via gene and protein analysis.

Results:
Our preliminary data show that Sirt6 was downregulated in diabetes. The EDD of coronary arterioles was impaired, and the mediator of coronary vasodilation switched from NO to H
2
O
2
in the Sirt6 knockout mice. Compared to the WT mice, myocardial blood flow is decreased, ejection fraction (EF) was not changed, the running distance was reduced, and E/E’ ratio was increased in Sirt6 knockout mice. The Sirt6 targeted proteins were identified.

Conclusions:
Sirt6 regulated coronary microvascular function, and ablation of Sirt6 caused CMD and diastolic dysfunction. Further genetic profiling will elucidate the pathways and mechanisms converging with Sirt6 to regulate microvascular function.
How Communication Impacts the Right to Health: COVID-19 Seen Through a Lens of Vulnerability
Authors: Affonso Timothy
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global community in a sudden and unpredictable manner. As such, it becomes essential that States engage in immediate effective communication of public health messaging to ensure that persons are aware of the ways in which they can protect themselves from contracting the virus. In this vein, guidance has been offered to States on how to effectively engage in public health communication strategies by the international human rights regime which sets out the standards for right to health. These standards recognize that the right to health includes a dimension for health communication. However, the vulnerabilities, which exist in some groups in society, make generic health communication ineffective in achieving the goal of protection from COVID-19. Furthermore, the pandemic highlighted the lack of compliance by States with their right to health obligations. It is this disconnect between the de jure human rights obligations and the de facto compliance by States with those obligations that will be explored in this paper. The paper will set out the different formulations of the right to health in specific international human rights treaties and compare the text of the treaties with the actual health messaging initiatives by States during the pandemic. There will also be an identification of ways in which States may more appropriately tailor their communications strategies to align with the international standards for the right to health. This exercise will highlight the connection between effective public health communication and improved health outcomes for the public and the important role the international human rights framework plays in this paradigm. The paper will demonstrate the need for a tailored approach to health communication when dealing with socially vulnerable groups using the guidance which can be offered by the international human rights treaties in realizing the right to health for the public.
Body Models of Law Enforcement Officers for Cruiser Cab Accommodation Simulation
Authors: Hsiao Hongwei , Kau Tsui Ying , Whisler Richard , Zwiener Joyce
Published: November 2022

Objectives

This study developed multivariate law enforcement officer (LEO) body models for digital simulation of LEO accommodation in police cruiser cabs.

Background

Anthropometrically accurate digital LEO body models, representing the United States LEOs, for computerized LEO cruiser interface simulations are lacking.

Methods

Twenty body dimensions (with and without gear combined) of 756 male and 218 female LEOs were collected through a stratified national survey using a data collection trailer that traveled across the US. A multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach was used to develop digital LEO body models.

Results

Fifteen men and 15 women representing unique body size and shape composition of the LEO population were identified. A combined set of 24 male and female models (removal of 6 redundant models for which female and male models overlapped) is suggested.

Conclusions

A set of 24 digital LEO body models in 3-dimensional form, along with their anthropometric measurements, were developed to facilitate LEO cruiser cab design.

Application

Digital modeling software developers can use the models and their anthropometric data to build digital avatars for simulated evaluation of LEO cruiser cab configuration, console communication-equipment fitting, and cruiser ingress/egress access arrangement. LEO vehicle and equipment designers also can use eight key body dimensions (i.e., stature, buttock-popliteal length, eye height sitting, knee height sitting, shoulder-grip length, popliteal height, sitting height, and body weight) of the body models to recruit 24 human subjects to physically evaluate their vehicle prototypes for improved vehicle and equipment design.
Changes in household debt due to COVID-19 and mental health concerns among adults in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Nigatu Yeshambel T , Elton-Marshall Tara , Hamilton Hayley A
Published: November 2022

Background:

Canadian households experienced unexpected changes in their economic well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The extent of the impact of the pandemic on household debt and its effect on health and mental health remains unknown.

Aim:

The aim of the study was to examine the associations of change in household debt due to COVID-19 with serious psychological distress (SPD) and general health measures.

Methods:

Data were from the 2020 Monitor study, a repeated cross-sectional survey of adults 18 years and older in Ontario, Canada. The 2020 cycle employed a web-based panel survey of 3,033 adults. The survey included measures of change in household debt due to the COVID-19 pandemic, mental and general health. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated from logistic regression models accounting for sociodemographic factors.

Results:

Overall, 17.5% of respondents reported that their household debt increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Such an increase in household debt was significantly associated with SPD (OR = 2.92, 95% CI, 2.05–4.16), fair/poor mental health (OR = 2.02, 95% CI, 1.59–2.56), frequent mental distress days (OR = 1.80, 95% CI, 1.31–2.48), fair/poor general health (OR = 1.93, 95% CI, 1.47–2.52), and suicidal ideation (OR = 3.71, 95% CI, 2.41–5.70) after adjusting for potential confounders including education, income and employment.

Conclusions:

Household debt during the COVID-19 pandemic is an important determinant of health. Individuals who reported an increase in household debt due to COVID-19 were more likely to report serious mental health concerns including suicidal ideation. This suggests that debt-related interventions may be needed to alleviate the adverse effects of indebtedness on health.
COVID-19 in South Carolina: Experiences Using Facebook as a Self-Organizing Tool for Grassroots Advocacy, Education, and Social Support
Authors: Gareau Sarah , Bailey Jill , Halberstadt Elizabeth S. , James Tiffany , Kenison Kelli , Robb Sara Wagner , Rolke Laura , Taylor Chris , Wagner Peggy
Published: November 2022

This retrospective case study describes our experiences, processes, and lessons learned using social media for pandemic response. Our team created and maintained a large Facebook group, and we used this platform to support grassroots advocacy, public health messaging, and health equity during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina. The Facebook group was initially formed to urge local and state leaders to implement a stay-at-home order, but we recognized a continued need for our virtual space. Group leaders performed tasks including data tracking/reporting and content review/approval. Initial advocacy successes included the stay-at-home order, efforts to limit transmission, and social/mental health support. As the Delta variant emerged, we posted vaccine education and access information and supported school mitigation, including a successful litigation effort that led to a mask requirement on school buses. With the Omicron variant, our group’s focus shifted to educating about immune evasion, transmissibility, and individual protection. This included updates on mask use, antigen testing, vaccine boosters, treatment, data reports, and vaccines. Throughout the pandemic, we addressed health equity, especially for those identifying as disabled. We learned that virtual communities could support each other and improve public health, even when disinformation was present and elected officials emphasized politics over science.
A Bourdieusian Latent Class Analysis of Cultural, Arts, Heritage and Sports Activities in the UK Representative Understanding Society Dataset
Authors: Walker Emma S , Fancourt Daisy , Bu Feifei , McMunn Anne
Published: November 2022

To Bourdieu, interaction with culture has symbolic power and drives the manifestation of social stratification. Many have adapted his theory and methodology, developing new models of cultural engagement. Here, to further integrate these theoretical and methodological approaches, Bourdieu’s tools were used to operationalise and interpret a Latent Class Analysis of cultural engagement in the Understanding Society dataset. Six classes of increasing engagement were established, and were increasingly correlated with youth, capital and social advantage. However, some qualitative differences in engagement were also seen. The classes also varied by which characteristics correlated with membership. For example, economic capital was associated with sports engagement, while advantaged social position was associated with broad-scale engagement. Overall, this analysis combined Bourdieusian theory with contemporary methodology in the largest representative UK dataset and highlights the broader relevance of cultural engagement patterns in indicating (and possibly generating) status, identity, capital and social position.
The Effect of Schedule Thinning on Student Behavior During the Caught Being Good Game
Authors: Bohan Clare , Smyth Sinéad
Published: November 2022

The Caught Being Good Game (CBGG) is a classroom management intervention which is described as a variation of the classic Good Behavior Game (GBG). It is based on the principle of positive reinforcement, such that teams of students can earn points for following the class rules during the game. Points are awarded by the teacher at different intervals during the game and these intervals were the focus of the current study. We aimed to determine if the CBGG is effective with an initially dense schedule of reinforcement which is progressively thinned. The efficacy of the CBGG in targeting academic engagement and disruptive behavior was demonstrated for one primary school class and for two target students in that class. The game remained effective when the reinforcement schedule was thinned from 2 minutes, up to 5 minutes. This has potential implications for teacher time saving while playing the game.
Estimating the Number of Teachers of Students With Visual Impairments in the United States
Authors: Savaiano Mackenzie E. , Shanahan Bazis Pamela , Hebert Michael , Rodgers Derek B. , Bosilevac Madison , Leutzinger Bridget , Thompson Madison
Published: November 2022

Introduction and Methods

We do not have an accurate count of the number of teachers of students with visual impairments working in the field, and it is a difficult number to estimate. As part of a national survey, states were contacted to estimate how many teachers of students with visual impairments are working in the United States and compared to the estimate developed by the National Plan for Training Personnel to Serve Children with Blindness and Low Vision (NPTP) in 2000.

Results and Discussion

The estimate calculated from this process is very similar to the estimate from NPTP (2000), indicating that there are roughly the same number of teachers of students with visual impairments in the field now as there were 20 years ago.
An Observational Study of Lunchroom Interactions Among Secondary Students With Visual Impairments and Their Peers
Authors: Travers Hilary E. , Carter Erik W.
Published: November 2022

Introduction: This study examined the naturally occurring social interactions of adolescents with visual impairments during lunch. Methods: We observed nine middle and high school students with visual impairments during multiple lunch periods (i.e., 44 total observations). We used interval recording (15 s observe, 15 s record) to collect data on our three primary variables: social interactions, social engagement, and proximity to others. We also took notes on quality of interaction (i.e., degree of reciprocity, appropriateness of content, affect of students and their peers, response relevance). Results: Students sat in close proximity to peers without disabilities for more than half of the observed lunch periods. However, students interacted with another person during only one-third of lunch periods. Interactions were more common with peers than with adults. Moreover, students without an additional cognitive impairment had higher quality and more frequent interactions with peers than adults; the opposite was true for students who had cognitive impairments in addition to visual impairments. Discussion: The findings of this study demonstrate that some students with visual impairments are very socially engaged during lunch, while others, namely those with additional cognitive impairments, have infrequent or low-quality interactions with peers during lunch. Implications for Practitioners: This study should prompt educators to consider the cafeteria as a context for supporting peer interaction and social skill development.
Treatment of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Palate and Reconstruction of Defect With Nasoseptal Flap: A Clinical Case and Review of Literature
Authors: Chang Yu-Lin , Lin Chien-Fu , Ho Nien-Hsuan
Published: November 2022

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant tumor arising from the salivary glands. While surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ACC of the palate, adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered in high-risk cases. Oronasal fistula, a complication of palatal surgery, may cause speech disturbance and food regurgitation; the nasoseptal flap is a potential option to repair this defect as it is readily available and reliable. Here, we present a case of locally advanced ACC of the palate in a patient who underwent endoscopic-assisted transoral tumor excision with nasoseptal flap reconstruction postoperative chemoradiotherapy.
Professionals in Brazil, Students in the United States: Brazilian Women at Teachers College
Authors: Warde Mirian J. , Rocha Ana Cristina Santos Matos
Published: November 2022

Background/Context:

The article is part of a line of historical studies on training and improvement travels of Brazilian educators to foreign institutions. These studies have recently increased with the introduction of transnational history approaches.

Purpose:

This article discusses the training travels of seven Brazilian women, carried out centrally in the 1920s, and the impacts of these trips on their professional careers. Among these women were five teachers and two nurses.

Research Design:

Through historiographical research, personal and institutional documents are the primary sources to reconstruct their professional and intellectual trajectories. Documents from the institutions involved, particularly from Teachers College, Columbia University, were used, and documents belonging to personal collections, such as diaries, letters, and notebooks.

Conclusions:

The article gathers the intellectual impressions of the seven Brazilian women provoked by their teachers, colleagues, and experiences in the United States, especially the appropriations they made of their experiences abroad and at Teachers College in particular.
The Influence of Educators, Followers of John Dewey’s Educational Thought, in the Chilean School System: Irma Salas, Amanda Labarca, and Darío Salas
Authors: Escudero Jaime Caiceo
Published: November 2022

Background/Context: This article discusses the influence and legacy of three Chilean educators in the country’s schooling system during the first half of the 20th century. Focus of Study: Based on the changes that Darío Salas, Irma Salas, and Amanda Labarca promoted in the Latin American country, it explores how the ideas of their teacher John Dewey spread through Chile and endure to this day as part of the national curriculum. The article also debates the impact of cultural exchange between the United States and Chile since the influence in their country extended to social issues, such as the fight for gender equality, the creation of associations, and the improvement of civic engagement participation. Research Design: The study corresponded to historical research and was carried out in Chile based on the bibliographic background of the educators themselves and what the author himself has deepened about them for several years, that is, primary and secondary sources were investigated. Conclusion: The shifts towards secular education, the new experiential methodology, and the universal access to education were the main reforms achieved by the Chilean educators once they held leading positions in the education sector.
Using Technology to Coach Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families in the Behavior Intervention Plan Process: Embedding Funds of Knowledge
Authors: Matute-Chavarria Monique , Cuba Melissa J. , Lavin Carlos E. , Katz Sarah , Brown Monica R. , Aborishade Ayodele P.
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic made the use of technology across K-12 schools mandatory and ubiquitous. This sudden shift in teaching and learning highlighted educational disparities and created service disruptions for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students with disabilities. One disruption, in particular, is the provision of behavioral interventions for CLD students with emotional and behavioral needs while learning at home. Unfortunately, families are often not equipped with the skills and knowledge to implement these interventions, and CLD families need coaching that is responsive to their cultural and linguistic needs. Therefore, in this article, we describe a process that includes (a) funds of knowledge as a framework to challenge teacher perceptions of CLD families by highlighting their cultural and cognitive resources, (b) family coaching using funds of knowledge framework and online tools, (c) key components prior to behavior intervention plan (BIP) development, and (d) a step-by-step description of how the BIP can be developed and implemented at home with CLD families using this coaching model.
A new algorithmic imaginary
Authors: Schulz Christian
Published: November 2022

The algorithmic imaginary as a theoretical concept has received increasing attention in recent years as it aims at users’ appropriation of algorithmic processes operating in opacity. But the concept originally only starts from the users’ point of view, while the processes on the platforms’ side are largely left out. In contrast, this paper argues that what is true for users is also valid for algorithmic processes and the designers behind. On the one hand, the algorithm imagines users’ future behavior via machine learning, which is supposed to predict all their future actions. On the other hand, the designers anticipate different actions that could potentially performed by users with every new implementation of features such as social media feeds. In order to bring into view this permanently reciprocal interplay coupled to the imaginary, in which not only the users are involved, I will argue for a more comprehensive and theoretically precise algorithmic imaginary referring to the theory of Cornelius Castoriadis. In such a perspective, an important contribution can be formulated for a theory of social media platforms that goes beyond praxeocentrism or structural determinism.
Imaginative policy surveys in divided societies: Feasibility, effect and perceived legitimacy
Authors: Garry John , Pow James , Stevenson Clifford , Stone Peter
Published: November 2022

We suggest a new democratic decision-making (or recommendation-making) device for divided societies that may be added to the democratic toolkit. Imaginative Policy Surveys in divided societies seek to combine the advantages of conventional attitude surveys (ability to generalise to the wider population) with some of the advantages of deliberative mini-publics (citizens learn about policy options and consider the perspective of members of the ethno-national out-group). Imaginative Policy Surveys consist of a conventional survey design with two added features: videos providing information and arguments and an imagined policy dialogue with an out-group member. We test the feasibility, effect and perceived legitimacy of Imaginative Policy Surveys in the deeply divided context of Northern Ireland, drawing on evidence from two experiments. We conclude that Imaginative Policy Surveys in divided societies are feasible, have a slight positive pro-compromise effect, and are perceived to be a legitimate decision-making mechanism to an equal extent by rival ethno-national groups.
Black Cohosh Herbal Extract and Hematologic Alterations in B6C3F1/N Mice
Authors: Cora Michelle
Published: November 2022

Black cohosh is a readily available dietary supplement currently marketed as a remedy for dysmenorrhea and menopausal symptoms and is one of the top-selling herbal supplements in the United States. Black cohosh extract (BCE) was nominated to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences due to its widespread use and lack of animal toxicity studies. Results of the NTP BCE subchronic mouse toxicity study revealed a dose-dependent, non-regenerative decrease in the erythron with an increase in the mean corpuscular volume (macrocytosis). Howell-Jolly bodies, or micronuclei, were significantly increased. These particular changes indicated an ineffective erythropoiesis consistent with a condition known as megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is due to disruptions in DNA synthesis during hematopoiesis and can be a result of an inherited or drug-induced disorder or a consequence of folate or cobalamin deficiency. Subsequent mouse studies revealed hematological and biochemical changes that were consistent with a functional cobalamin deficiency. This article will review basic mechanisms and laboratory features of megaloblastic anemia. The results of our studies including morphological abnormalities of the erythron and biomarkers of folate and cobalamin deficiencies, as well as hepatic microarray gene changes, are also discussed.
Pasturing dairy infrastructures in Northeastern Turkey: Pasture-cheesemaking, dairy technosciences and the Kars Kaşar Cheese
Authors: Tatari M Fatih
Published: November 2022

This article investigates the infrastructures of dairy farming and artisanal cheesemaking in rural Kars, Northeastern Turkey. Based on my 18-month ethnographic research on dairy farming and dairy sciences of pasture-cheeses of Kars, I conceptualize these dairy infrastructures as the material web of relations, which makes dairy production possible through sociotechnical practices of obtaining milk in pastures and crafting it into cheeses. The national food safety regulations (and its underlying Pasteurian technosciences) prioritize industrial dairy infrastructures at the expense of “unsafe” dairy production in pastures. I focus on an unlikely collaboration between scientists and small dairy farmers in the design and implementation of the Kars Kaşar Cheese geographical indication, which has altered dairy infrastructures in rural Kars in the last 10 years through practices of, what I call, “pasturing.” By analyzing how pastures appear in the milk and cheese, I argue that practices of pasturing the kaşar cheese challenge the industrial dairy infrastructures by prioritizing pasture-milk in the spatial arrangements across pastures and dairies, as well as by calibrating dairy craft and technosciences to sense pastures in the everyday life of dairy farming and cheesemaking.
The origins and development of physician anaesthesiology training in Papua New Guinea: From colonial days to the current era
Authors: Loughnan Terence E , Wake Pauline B , Aigeeleng Harry , Cooper Michael G
Published: November 2022

Papua New Guinea is a Pacific country that remains an enigma to the world at large. Despite massive geographical challenges due to mountainous terrain, remote islands, poverty, and with 80% of the population of over eight million living in rural villages, Papua New Guinea has managed to develop national medical and postgraduate specialty training. The first recorded anaesthetic was administered in Papua New Guinea in 1880 and the first anaesthetist trained in 1968. The University of Papua New Guinea graduated its first diploma in anaesthesia candidate in 1986 and its first master of medicine candidate in anaesthesiology in 1991. As of December 2021, there have been 82 diplomas and 40 masters of medicine awarded. We review the factors and influences bearing on the development of physician anaesthesia training in Papua New Guinea over this period. Many of the people involved have contributed information used in this article.
Trends and Characteristics of Incidents in China Civil Aviation: 1994–2020
Authors: He Peng , Sun Ruishan
Published: November 2022

Safety is of great importance to the sustainable development of air transportation. Because aviation accidents rarely occur, the traditional indexes based on fatal accidents and fatality could not provide enough information for accident prevention and continuous safety improvement. This paper collected data on 6,357 incidents in China civil aviation from 1994 to 2020. Afterward, a whole picture was drawn to reflect the detailed safety situation by analyzing the characteristics and trend of incidents. From 1994 to 2008, the annual number of incidents in China civil aviation remained relatively stable. After 2008, the number of incidents exhibited an obvious growth trend, but the incidents per million flight hours remained stable. From the direct cause of incidents, operator and mechanic are no longer the leading causes. Presently, 63.4% of incidents are caused by environmental factors, showing an increasing trend. From the operation phase, most incidents occurred during the cruise phase (29.8%), followed by the approach phase (19.4%), and the take-off phase (16.0%). In addition, there have been many incidents that occurred during uncertain phase. From the typical incidents, bird strikes and lightning strikes account for 43.8% and 6.7% of the total incidents, respectively, showing an annually ascending trend. Engine shutdown accounts for 9.4% but the number exhibits a descending trend. As an important index of safety, the trend and characteristics of incidents can specifically reflect the safety situation of the aviation industry, and provide a reference for accident prevention and continuous safety improvement.
Infection following CF-LVAD exchange for non-infectious indications: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sukhavasi Amrita , Blazoski Cameron M. , Maynes Elizabeth J. , Wood Chelsey T , Weber Matthew P , O’Malley Thomas J , Rajapreeyal Indranee , Massey H Todd , Tchantchaleishvili Vakhtang
Published: November 2022

Introduction:

Patients on continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) often require CF-LVAD exchange. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of infection following CF-LVAD exchange performed for non-infectious indications.

Methods:

An electronic literature search was performed to identify all studies of patients undergoing CF-LVAD exchange for pump thrombosis or device malfunction. Of 2,698 articles identified, 6 studies with 81 total patients met the inclusion criteria. Cohort-level data were pooled for meta-analysis.

Results:

Mean patient age was 60 years (95% CI: 41–78), and 74% were male (95% CI: 61–84). Pump thrombosis was the most common indication for exchange in 70% of patients (95% CI: 47–86). Other indications were driveline fracture and electrical malfunction in 21% (95% CI: 5–56) and 12% (95% CI: 4–33) of patients, respectively. Prior to exchange, 95% of patients were on HeartMate II (HM2) LVADs (95% CI: 86–98) and average duration of support for these patients was 27.1 months (95% CI: 9.3–44.8). The majority were placed on a HM2 following exchange (88% (95% CI: 45–98)) versus HM3 (12% (95% CI: 2–55)). Follow-up was an average of 16.4 months (95% CI: 6.8–26.0). Following exchange, 16 of 81 patients developed infection, with pooled mean incidence of 24% (95% CI: 14–38). 30-day mortality was 14% (95% CI: 7–26). Survival at follow-up was 65% (95% CI: 52–76).

Conclusions:

Infection following CF-LVAD exchange can occur at rates higher than those observed with primary implantation; therefore, effective strategies need to implemented early and consistently to help lower infections rates and help improve outcomes following exchange.
Our Two Climate Crises Challenge: Short-Run Emergency Direct Climate Cooling and Long-Run GHG Removal and Ecological Regeneration
Authors: Baiman Ron
Published: November 2022

We are facing both a short-term emergency cooling crisis and a long-term greenhouse gas (GHG) draw down planetary ecological crisis. We must address both. The first requires emergency direct cooling, or temporary “triage” or a “tourniquet, for our bleeding planet.” The second requires rapid GHG emissions reductions and draw down and natural planetary regeneration that realistically will take at least a few decades and may take a century or more. Conflating the challenge and opportunity of the second crisis with a response to the first crisis will not produce a rapid and credible global response to the second crisis because of structural economic inequity and fossil fuel dependency that is deeply embedded in the current global economy. Realistically, we need emergency direct climate cooling to address the first crisis and a long-term binding global cap and trade emissions trading system to address the second. The Florin proposal that conditions Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) direct climate cooling on credible GHG emissions and draw down is a step in the right direction, but omits other direct climate cooling methods and effectively makes the deployment of SAI contingent on a global emissions trading system (ETS) that may not be possible before the deployment of SAI becomes necessary. Rather than conflating our two climate crises, or conditioning the solution of the first on a solution to the second, we need to address both on an emergency basis by putting all options on the table as called for in the Healthy Planet Action Coalition (HPAC) proposal.

JEL Classification: Q54, Q55, Q56, Q57, Q58
A Typology of Informal Housing in the United States: Lessons for Planners
Authors: Herbert Claire W. , Durst Noah J. , Nevárez Martínez Deyanira
Published: November 2022

Recent research has documented the prevalence of informal housing across urban and suburban contexts in the United States. While there have been some efforts to theorize across cases, there has been little to no work to connect theory to on-the-ground occurrences to offer clear lessons for planners. This article begins to fill this gap. Analyzing across existing research, we create a typology of informal housing in the United States: infill, subdivision, repurposing of private property, and occupation of public space. Then, we identify five common features that drive their production, use, and conditions. Finally, we offer important takeaways for planners and practitioners.
Palliative Care Utilization Among Hospitalized Patients With Common Chronic Conditions in the United States
Authors: Rashid Muhammad , Warriach Haider J , Lawson Claire , Alkhouli Mohamad , Van Spall Harriette G. C. , Khan Safi U , Khan M Shahzab , Mohamed Mohamed O , Khan Muhammad Zia , Shoaib Ahmad , Diwan Masroor , Gosh Raktim , Bhatt Deepak L. , Mamas Mamas A.
Published: November 2022

Objective: Limited data exist around the receipt of palliative care (PC) in patients hospitalized with common chronic conditions. We studied the independent predictors, temporal trends in rates of PC utilization in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of common chronic diseases. Methods: Population-based cohort study of all hospitalizations with an acute exacerbation of heart disease (HD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cancer (CA), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD). Patients aged ≥18 years or older between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017, referred for inpatient PC were extracted from the National Inpatient Sample. Poisson regression analyses were used to estimate temporal trends. Results: Between 2004 and 2017, of 91,877,531 hospitalizations, 55.2%, 13.9%, 17.2%, and 13.8% hospitalizations were related to HD, CVA, CA, and CLRD, respectively. There was a temporal increase in the uptake of PC across all disease groups. Age-adjusted estimated rates of PC per 100,000 hospitalizations/year were highest for CA (2308 (95% CI 2249–2366) to 10,794 (95% CI 10,652–10,936)), whereas the CLRD cohort had the lowest rates of PC referrals (255 (95% CI 231–278) to 1882 (95% CI 1821–1943)) between 2004 and 2017, respectively. In the subgroup analysis of patients who died during hospitalization, the CVA group had the highest uptake of PC per 100,000 hospitalizations/year (4979 (95% CI 4918–5040)) followed by CA (4241 (95% CI 4189–4292)), HD (3250 (95% CI 3211–3289)) and CLRD (3248 (95% CI 3162–3405)). Conclusion: PC service utilization is increasing but remains disparate, particularly in patients that die during hospital admission from common chronic conditions. These findings highlight the need to develop a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach to improve access to PC services in these patients.
Staring Spells: An Age-based Approach Toward Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Goenka Ajay , Reyes Irma , Fonseca Laura D. , George Monica C. , Stolfi Adrienne , Kumar Gogi
Published: November 2022

Evaluations to rule out epileptic vs nonepileptic staring spells may entail unnecessary evaluations that can be costly and time consuming. Our study aims to identify common etiologies for staring spells across 3 different pediatric age groups and to propose an age-based clinical guidance to help determine which patients warrant further workup. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective chart analysis of 1496 patients aged 0.0-17.9 years presenting with confirmed staring spell diagnosis from January 2011 to January 2021. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on their age: 0.0-2.9, 3.0-12.9, and 13.0-17.9 years. Patient information collected included demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and final diagnosis. Multilevel likelihood ratios and a receiver operating characteristic curve were determined using 8 of the 11 clinical variables. A total of 1142 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included for the final analysis. The most common final diagnosis was attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (35%), followed by normal behavior (33%). Generalized and focal epilepsy were diagnosed in 8% and 4% of the patients, respectively. In the 0.0-2.9-year age group, normal behavior was the final diagnosis in 72% patients. In the 3.0-12.9-year and 13.0-17.9-year age groups, ADHD was the most frequent final diagnosis in 46% and 60%, respectively. Overall, ADHD and normal behaviors remain the most common final diagnoses. Multilevel likelihood ratios can be used to develop an age-based guidance to differentiate between epileptic and nonepileptic staring spell diagnoses.
Realist and Historicist Modes of Critique in Critical Sociology
Authors: Desan Mathieu Hikaru
Published: November 2022

There are two distinct modes of critique operative in Bourdieu’s ‘critical sociology’. Bourdieu sometimes engages in what I call the realist mode of critique. This is premised on the idea that naïve experience of the social world dissimulates real relations of domination, which critique then reveals. At other times, Bourdieu engages in what I call the historicist mode of critique, which denaturalizes the doxic experience of the social order by demonstrating its arbitrary character. Whereas realist critique claims that the social world really is other than it appears, historicist critique suggests that it could be otherwise. This tension between the two modes of critique is not unique to Bourdieu, but also present in the Polanyian literature and in the Western Marxist tradition. By distinguishing between the two modes of critique, my aim is to clarify an oft-implicit division that cuts across different critical traditions in the social sciences.
Education-Occupation Linkage in the Highly-Educated Workforce: Patterns and Sources of Difference by Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Lu Yao , Li Xiaoguang , Elbers Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The present study investigates education-to-occupation linkage by race/ethnicity in the increasingly diverse educated workforce of the United States. We use a recently introduced linkage approach and identify two dimensions of linkage between educational credentials and occupation (vertical and horizontal linkage). Using data from the 2014 –2018 American Community Survey, we find notable differences in the total strength of education-occupation linkage by race/ethnicity. Highly-educated Black workers experience weaker vertical and horizontal linkage than their white counterparts; this is also true for Hispanic workers, though to a lesser extent. Ethnoracial differences in vertical linkage are stronger and more consistent than those in horizontal linkage. We decompose group differences in linkage strength and find that differences in occupational distributions and the composition-invariant structural component account for a large part of the overall difference in linkage strength. Separate analyses by degree levels show that, while the linkage is generally stronger for advanced degree holders than bachelor’s degree holders, ethnoracial differences remain similar between the two groups of highly-educated workers.
Research on composite braking control strategy of battery electric vehicle based on road surface recognition
Authors: Liang Cang , Zheng Zhu’An
Published: November 2022

Concerning the issue of low energy recovery in composite braking of battery electric vehicles, a composite braking control strategy based on road recognition is proposed. The structure of the composite braking system of electric vehicles is analyzed, and the road surface identifier is designed by fuzzy algorithm to track the peak adhesion coefficient of the road surface to obtain the maximum brake braking force. In addition, fuzzy inference is used to modify the proportional coefficient of the motor braking force to the total braking force so as to maximize the energy recovery, and CRUISE and MATLAB are used for joint simulation analysis. The results show that the proposed control strategy not only ensures the safety and stability of the vehicle braking, but also has larger motor braking torque, smaller braking distance and shorter braking time. Under New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), the battery state of charge ( SOC) values are increased by 3.66%, 1.89%, and 0.85% respectively, and the energy recovery is increased by 169.7, 633.2, and 37.1 kJ respectively.
Robust extended state estimation for nonlinear complex networks with colored noise
Authors: Shi Weiguo , Dong Yanfei , Li Yanzhou , He Wei
Published: November 2022

In this article, a robust extended state Kalman filter estimation algorithm for nonlinear complex networks is designed, fully considering the state coupling and colored noise among system nodes. The innovative measurement information subtraction method at adjacent moments deals with colored noise, making it more in line to meet engineering requirements. The states information of system nodes is redundant, and the collected data are processed by the quantizer, which greatly reduces the impact of network bandwidth constraints. Based on the bounds of the dynamic change rate of the nonlinear function rather than the bounds of the procedure itself, the upper bound of the error covariance is obtained, and real-time gain optimization is realized. Finally, the rationality and accuracy of the estimator are verified by simulation. According to the control variable method, the effects of the quantization density and quantization level of the quantizer on the stability of system are briefly demonstrated.
Concomitant coracoid base fracture and acromioclavicular joint disruption: A series of patients treated with a clavicle hook plate and review of the literature
Authors: Wignadasan Warran , Al-Obaedi Ossama , Chambers Alastair , Lee Marcus , Rajesparan Kannan , Rashid Abbas
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Concomitant acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) disruptions with coracoid base fractures are rare high energy injuries. The management of these injuries can be challenging. The aim of this study is to assess the functional and radiographic outcomes of a retrospective case series of patients presenting with concomitant ACJ and coracoid base injuries managed with a clavicle hook plate with subsequent hardware removal at a later stage.

Methods

Six patients were identified for inclusion in the study. Radiographic and clinical data were available which allowed for collection of demographic information as well as classification of the fractures. Telephone consultation with patients allowed for collection of functional scores which included the Oxford shoulder score (OSS), QuickDASH (Q-DASH), Euroqol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and the SF-12 score.

Results

All patients were male with a mean age of 39.8 years and a median follow-up period of 34 months. All patients underwent a successful operative procedure with a median time to union of 3.75 months. Good functional outcomes were reported by all patients: mean OSS 45.0, mean Q-DASH 4.8, mean EQ-VAS 82.8 and encouraging SF-12 scores (mean PCS 56.0, mean MCS 56.4).

Conclusion

The use of a lateral clavicle hook plate can achieve good healing and functional outcomes when managing patients with acromioclavicular joint disruptions associated with a coracoid base fracture.
No Representation Without Compensation: The Effect of Interest Groups on Legislators’ Policy Area Focus
Authors: Huwyler Oliver , Turner-Zwinkels Tomas , Bailer Stefanie
Published: November 2022

Interest groups seek to influence parliamentarians’ actions by establishing exchange relationships. We scrutinize the role of exchange by investigating how interest groups impact parliamentarians’ use of individual parliamentary instruments such as questions, motions, and bills. We utilize a new longitudinal dataset (2000–2015) with 524 Swiss parliamentarians, their 6342 formal ties to interest groups (i.e., board seats), and a variety of 23,750 parliamentary instruments across 15 policy areas. This enables us to show that interest groups systematically relate to parliamentarians’ use of parliamentary instruments in the respective policy areas in which they operate—even when parliamentarians’ time-invariant (fixed effects) and time-variant personal affinities (occupation, committee membership) to the policy area are accounted for. Personal affinities heavily moderate interest groups’ impact on their board members’ parliamentary activities. Moreover, once formal ties end, the impact of interest groups also wanes. These findings have implications for our understanding of how interest groups foster representation in legislatures.
Culture and Explicitness of Persuasion: Linguistic Evidence From a 51-Year Corpus-Based Cross-Cultural Comparison of the United Nations General Debate Speeches Across 55 Countries (1970-2020)
Authors: Shen Lin
Published: November 2022

The explicitness of expression or persuasion has been a critical subject of study in cross-cultural studies. The majority of cross-cultural comparisons in this respect, however, have been based on questionnaires and surveys. This study seeks to diversify the methods and validate the results with a corpus-based register analytical approach. Based on the United Nations General Debate Corpus (UNGDC) that comprises comparable multi-cultural speeches, a diachronic comparison (1970-2020) is made between the 2518 speeches (altogether 7,090,221 tokens) of 55 cultures from the East (East, South, and Southeast Asia) and the West (European Union, North America, and Australia) on the dimension ‘explicitness of persuasion’, a synthesized variable operationalized with 6 linguistic features, with the register analytical framework of Multi-Dimensional Analysis (MDA). The potential impacts of the political contexts on the cross-cultural gap in persuasion explicitness are tentatively discussed with the case studies on China and the United States. The results reveal significant difference between the exemplars from the East and the West on the overtness of persuasion, and the gap is generally narrowing down over the 51 years. The quantitative results provide political-setting linguistic evidence for the relevant findings of Hall, Hofstede, and Inglehart & Welzel, and the narrowing gap between cultures from the East and the West in the explicitness of expression points to an open and dynamic view of cultures. This study may offer implications for further research on the cultural styles of political persuasion.