bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Revision of some Trichomycterinæ based on material preserved in the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Tcheenavin Dr. V. V.
Published: August 2010

The distinctions between the genera Scleronema Eigenmann and Trichomycterus Valenciennes can hardly be considered as of generic importance; however, the name Scleronema is retained here till further material is investigated.

Three species of Scleronema are revised, Scleronema operculatum Eigenmann, Scleronema minutum (Boulenger). and Sleronema angustirostris The distinctions between the two species are apparently due to the difference in size of specimens described, but as the types of Scleronema operculatum could not be examined no conclusion on the existence of this species is made.

The generic name of Hatcheria Eigenmann is considered as synonymous with Trichomycterus Valenciennes; the name of Trichomycterus areolatus Valenciennes synonymous with Trichomycterus maculatus Valenciennes; the name of Trichomycterus burmeisteri Berg synonymous with Trichomycterus macrae Girard.

The change of the name of Trichomycterus Valenciennes for Pygidium Meyen, proposed by Eigenmann, is not adopted here for the reason that the name of Trichomycterus Valenciennes is a well‐established name, is not a nomen preocupatum, as Eigenmann imagined, and also as the name of Pygidium has been used by Meyen for a quite different fish which has no common features with Trichomycterus. Features used by taxonomists for the species of the genus Trichomycterus are revised.

A detailed description of Trichomycterus rivulatus based on a study of 387 specimens in 62 series is given. Ten formerly described species are considered as names or synonyms of Trichomycterus rivulatus. These are:–Trichomycterus incse Valenciennes; Trichomycterus gracilis Valenciennes; Trichomycterus barbatula Valenciennes; Trichomycterus pictus Castelnau; Trichomycterus eigenmanni Boulenger; Trichomycterus pæyanus Cope; Pygidium oroyæ Eigenmann & Eigenmann; Pygidium quechuorum Steindachner; Pygidium tiraque Fowler; Pygidium atochæ Allen.

The types of variation of Trichomycterus rivulatus are described and discussed.
The Elaterid Population of Mid‐ and West Wales
Authors: Jones J. R. Erichsen
Published: August 2010

This paper is based on the examination and identification of all the larva and adult Elateridæ occurring in soil samples taken from 1871 fields in the Mid‐ and West Wales province. All the species found are listed, together with some additional species discovered by general collecting in the Aberystwyth district.

The most important Elateridæ are Agriotes obscurus, A. lineatus, A. sputator and Corymbites cupreus. Athous larvæ are not particularly common, and only 15 fields were noted in which the population of Athous larvæ exceeded 100,000 per acre. In isolated instances Corymbites tessellatus, a small species of Corymbites of uncertain identity, and Cryptohypnus riparius occurred in numbers sufficient to constitute a possible danger to crops.

There is little definite relation between the total Elaterid population and the altitude of the land sampled; considering the province as a whole there is an indefinite tendency for the population to rise with increase in altitude. Its composition changes with elevation, particularly in fields over 1000 ft., where the relative proportion of the population made up by the three common species of Agriotes drops from the 95·4 per cent. characteristic of lowland fields to 62·8 per cent. In such fields Agriotes is extensively replaced by species of Corymbites, particularly C. cupreus; in a high proportion of fields over 1000 ft. and in many fields with an altitude of 600–1000 ft. cupreus is probably an important pest.

Of the three common species of Agriotes, obscurus is generally the most abundant and sputator the least, as far as can be gathered from records of adult beetles occurring in the soil samples. Obscurus is the dominant species at all altitudes, particularly in high ground, while sputator appears to be a lowland species, becoming rare in fields over 600 ft. and absent above 1000 ft.

The average total Elaterid population for the area is 218,800 per acre. 117 fields with populations of 600,000 to 999,000 were recorded, and only 28 with populations of 1,000,000 and above. There is some evidence suggesting that with increase in the total population there is a tendency for Agriotes to form an increasing proportion of the population to the exclusion of other species, and also some evidence suggesting that fields of high population tend to be grouped together.
23. Keys to the Ethiopian Tachinidæ.—I. Phasiinæ.
Authors: Emden F. I. van
Published: August 2010

The Ethiopian species of the Tachinid subfamily Phasiinæ sensu Mesnil are revised and keyed, the result being a reduction of the number of species and subspecies from 101 to 80, including six species described as new. Two of the latter belong to new genera.
The Corixidæ of the Faeroe Islands, with Observations on the Geo‐graphical Distribution of Corixidæ in Neighbouring parts of the World
Authors: Brown E. S.
Published: August 2010

Extensive collections of Corixidæ from the Faeroes have produced only Corixa carinata and C. wollastoni; it is suggested for various reasons that these are the only species which exist there. The collections have been analysed in order to investigate ecological factors which affect the fauna.

The specimens differ from British specimens of the same species in being considerably smaller, but in little else.

The sex‐ratio in the collections is surprisingly low. The adult‐nymph ratios indicate that the majority of nymphs become adult by the second half of October.

Stagnant pools produce far more Corixidæ than other types of water‐body; the composition of the Corixid fauna in these pools is dependent upon the amount of vegetation, and to a less extent upon altitude; hydrogen‐ion concentration in the islands does not vary within wide limits, and has little or no effect.

The origin of the Corixid fauna is discussed and the conclusion is reached that the two species are a relict fauna which survived the Glacial era in the islands and that they did not subsequently reach the islands by immigration.

The Corixid fauna is very limited; the paucity of species is due not to adverse climatic or other conditions existing in the islands at the present day, but to extermination during the Glacial era of any other species which may have existed before it, and their inability to re‐colonize it since by migration; this opinion is borne out by comparison with the Corixid fauna of other islands and countries.
A New Ophryoscolecid Ciliate, Entodinium insolitum, sp. n., from the Indian Rhinoceros
Authors: Watson John M.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the structural features of a new ciliate, Entodinium insolitum, sp. n., from the alimentary canal of the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). It is represented by two forms, namely, E. insolitum forma insolitum and E. insolitum forma uncinatum. The material was obtained from a diarrhœic stool, but it is considered to be improbable that the presence of the ciliate was in any way responsible for the condition of the host.

The new ciliate is unique in being the first species of Entodinium to be recorded from the Perissodactyla. The possibility of cross‐infection of the rhinoceros from some other ungulate is discussed and dismissed.

The site of infection is not known, but is probably the colon or cæcum.

The resemblance and possible relationship of E. insolitum are discussed.
Notes on some Specimens of the British Otter
Authors: Tetley H. , Fraser F. C.
Published: August 2010

Mr. Tetley, who died on September 26, 1944, had been working on various British Mammals, and the notes and measurements detailed below were being prepared for publication at the time of his death. It is considered that the data will be of value to future workers and should, therefore, be put on record, especially as some of the specimens concerned are no longer available for examination, having been lost as a result of enemy action.
A Monograph of the Slug Mite—Riccardoella limacum (Schrank.).
Authors: TURK FRANK A. , PHILLIPS STELLA‐MARIS
Published: August 2010

The history of the classification of the mite is set forth and the chief authorities with those of their works which deal with this species are given.

The synonymy of Riccardoella limacum (Schrank), R. oudemansi Sig Thor, and R. jenynsi Sig Thor, the first name having priority, is proved. The last name is shown to refer, most probably, to the male, whilst the original description under the first name was given to the appearance of the animal prior to ecdysis or in certain conditions of the environment.

The various stages in the life‐history are described, some for the first time, and the deutonymph is shown to be the nympha generans stage whilst the fully adult form is in process of disappearing from the life cycle.

The processes of the whole life‐history are given, as far as is at present known, and the female is shown to be oviparous and viviparous whilst some overwintering larvae are shown to remain in the dry skin of the female.

The internal anatomy, as far as it has been possible to make it out, is described and several new variations for acari of this group are recorded, the most important of which is the possibly primitive nature of the respiratory system in the larva which, it is suggested, is possibly representative of the primitive acarine type. The chromosome number is given and compared with what is at present known of this in other species of acari.

The general biology of the mite together with a list of its known hosts, geographical distribution, habits, reaction to light, heat and humidity are all described and discussed. The food of the mite about which, hitherto, there has been much vagueness and disagreement, is shown to be the mucus of the host. In this connection the rôle of intracellular symbiotic Haplosporidia in supplying vitamins of the B group is suggested and the presence of these in the egg is noted.

The case recorded by Oldham (1931) of some effects of a mite on Arianta arbustorum is discussed and criticised and it is shown to be highly improbable that the mite was R. limacum.

The phylogeny of the Ereynetidae is dealt with briefly and the relationship of the genus Riccardoella to others in this family set forth in a tentative scheme which takes account, too, of the singular likenesses between R. crassipes and the larval form of R. limacum.

Some of the methods used in these investigations and observations, both successful and unsuccessful, are described.
The Lachrymal Apparatus in Lizards and Snakes.—I. The Brille, the Orbital Glands, Lachrymal Canaliculi and Origin of the Lachrymal Duct.
Authors: Bellairs A. D'A. , Boyd J. D.
Published: August 2010

1. The nature of the brille or tertiary spectacle in lizards and snakes is discussed.

2. The morphology and relations of the orbital glands, conjunctival or subbrillar space and lachrymal duct system were investigated in ten different species of lizards, two of amphisbaenids, and fifteen of snakes.

3. In all lizards, except one anguimorphine form, Pygopus, not examined by us, and in Sphenodon, the Harderian gland discharges by separate ductules into the conjunctival or sub‐brillar space, on the deep surface of the nictitating membrane when this is present. The lachrymal duct always arises by two puncta and canaliculi from the conjunctival space on the deep aspect of the lower lid. This relationship is not influenced by the replacement of the lids by a brille, and it is suggested that this was the condition in the primitive ancestors of the Rynchocephalia and the Lacertilia.

4. In the two amphisbaenids studied, Trogonophis weigmanni and Amphisbaena fuliginosa, a well developed sub‐brillar space is present. The lachrymal duct arises from this by a short wide communication, and the Harderian gland discharges both into the sub‐brillar space and into the lachrymal duct. With regard to the structures studied, these reptiles exhibit greater ophidian than lacertilian affinities.

5. In snakes varying relationships are found between the Harderian ducts, the sub‐brillar space and the lachrymal canaliculus. In the more primitive types (e. g. Constrictor, Cylindrophis) the Harderian gland discharges directly into the sub‐brillar space as well as into the lachrymal duct. In “typical” snakes (e. g. colubrines and vipers), the Harderian gland discharges by a single duct into the upper end of the lachrymal duct only, and has no direct communcation with the sub‐brillar space. The lachrymal punctum is minute, and the lachrymal canaliculus enters the dilated lachrymal duct in a peculiar and characteristic manner.

6. The lizard, Pygopus, not examined by us, shows conditions which may be regarded as representing a transitional stage between those in typical lizards and in snakes. Here the Harderian gland discharges into the lower of the two lachrymal canaliculi, and not into the sub‐brillar space.

7. These findings are discussed in the light of current theories of ophidian phylogeny; the hypothesis of the origin of snakes from burrowing ancestors in particular is considered.
On the Present Status of the Elephant Seal in South Georgia.
Authors: Hamilton J. E.
Published: August 2010

The southern species of Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina L.) has a circum‐polar, subantarctic distribution and it is almost certain that by far the largest focus of population is found in South Georgia where there is an enormous herd.
New Larval Mites—Addenda.
Authors: Radford. Charles D.
Published: August 2010

The raising by Brennan, 1946 (J. Parasit., 32, 2, 132) of the genus Chatia (type species Chatia setosa Brennan, 1946) has revealed a close similarity with Hannemania ochotona Radford, 1942 (Parasitology, 34, 72) and Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1946, 116, 585 which calls for clarification.
On the Functions and Mode of Action of the Nematocysts of Hydra.
Authors: Ewer. R. F. , Fox H. Munro
Published: August 2010

(1) The threshold for discharge in response to mechanical stimulation of the stenoteles and desmonemes of Hydra is lowered by food extracts, in the same way as has been shown by Pantin to occur in sea anemones.

(2) The tentacles are attached during locomotion by discharge of the atrichous isorhizas. Food extracts have the effect of inhibiting the discharge of this type of nematocyst. The duration of mechanical stimulation necessary to bring about discharge is greater for atrichous isorhizas than for stenoteles.

(3) The holotrichous isorhizas have only been found to be discharged when stimulated by animals which are not normally eaten by Hydra and evoke no feeding reaction. Their threshold is unaffected by food extracts. Their function is concluded to be defensive.

(4) Normal feeding and locomotion in Hydra are described, and the relation of the reactions of the nematocysts to chemical and mechanical stimuli in their normal functions is discussed.

My thanks are due to Professor H. Munro Fox, F.R.S. in whose laboratory this work was carried out, to Dr. C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S., for helpful discussions and advice, and to Messrs. George Newnes Ltd., for permission to reproduce fig. 1.
A Study of Cirripedes associated with Corals in the Collection of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.
Authors: Kolosváry Gabriel
Published: August 2010

1. New form: Creusia spinulosa forma tredecima, n. f.

2. “Nomen novum”: Creusia spinulosa forma quarta, n. n.

3. New localities for species:

Singapore …Balanus quadrivittatus, Creusia spinulosa forma secunda, forma pallida, forma tredecima, Pyrgoma orbicellae and conjugatum.

Bellevue Isl …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida.

Philippines …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida.

Wellington Isl …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida.

Viti Isl …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida and Pyrgoma orbicellae.

Sandwich Isl …Pyrgoma crenatum.

4. New Cirripedes and coral associations:

Balanus quadrivittatus…Merulina ampliata.

Tetraclita costata…Montipora cf. foliosa.

Creusia spinulosa forma secunda…Eumadrepora abrotanoides.

Creusia spinulosa forma pallida…Pavona frondifera, Lobophyllia corymbosa, Stylophora pistillata and Acropora cuneata.

Creusia spinulosa f. arcuata…Pavona crassa.

Creusia spinulosa f. tredecima…Tridacophyllia lactuca.

Pyrgoma crenatum…Favia speciosa.

(Creusia, sp. juv…Pavona decussata.)

(Pyrgoma, sp. indet …Coeloria rustica.)

The above are founded from Balanus 4 species, from Tetraclita2 species, from Creusia 8, and from Pyrgoma7 species.
Some Observations on the Variations in the Camouflage Devices used by Cyclosa insulana (Costa)
Authors: Marson J. Eric
Published: August 2010

It is evident that there is a variation in the types of devices used by Cyclosa insulana Costa as camouflage devices in its web. There are also considerable variations in the stages of development through which these devices pass. Comparison of figures 1 and 4 indicate that the stages passed through by the adult spider after its web has been destroyed, recapitulate those passed through during the original development. It appears therefore that the following four statements are correct.

The white webbing devices i.e., the central platform and the diametrical or radial line are used as camouflage devices by young stages of this species.

The devices of the fully developed spider is the device which is composed of insect and other debris only, i.e., the central pad, the diametrical line of insect and other debris, and the diametrical line of pellets.

Intermediate between these two extremes there are other stages in which there is a gradual increase in the amount of insect and other debris, and a gradual organization of this debris into the final device form. This introduction of foreign matter is often accompanied by the introduction of a central maze of spiral ribbons, but in some cases this is absent. When introduced the amount of white ribbon decreases as the amount of debris increases. Concentric loops of white webbing are at times introduced before the final device is formed.

The young stages of Cyclosa insulana Costa obtain considerable protection from the confusion effect of the central white platform as when they remain stationary they are very inconspicuous. As the abdomen of the spider darkens the efficiency of this protection would be reduced, but the addition of debris, and its orientation into certain device forms, maintains the efficiency at all stages of the spider's development.
On the Mechanical Working of the Head of Bony Fishes
Authors: Tchernavin V. V.
Published: August 2010

When a typical bony fish catches and swallóws its prey, not only are the jaws involved, but also all the complex structure known as “the head,” which, and gill arches, the heart and ventral aorta. When the bony fish swalows its prey, the pharyngo‐oral cavity is greatly expanded in all three dimensions: the anterior vertebrae and neurocranium are turned upwards; the shoulder girdle is turned downwards and pulled backwards; and the heart, main blood vessels and gills are drawn aside from the path of any food passing through the mouth and pharynx.
The Nesting Activities of the Swallow.
Authors: Puciiox R. D.
Published: August 2010

Five nests of Hirundo r. rustica were watched for a total of 639 hours in a prisoner‐of‐war camp in Bavaria.

A short list of calls or notes was made.

Male and female worked equally hard in building the nest except for the lining which was principally made by the female.

Incubation was by the female only. It began with the laying of the first egg.

A method of recording the average percentage of daytime incubation day by day was devised. The average daytime percentage incubation at the one nest observed at this stage was found to vary in accordance with a mathematical formula Y=a‐|‐bx|cx2|dx3 where Y is the percentage of daytime incubation on any given day and x is the interval in days since the laying of the first egg. This formula was adopted as the most convenient means of describing the data observed.

Brooding of the chicks was by the female only. It lasted for six to nine days and decreased regularly from day to day.

Both sexes fed the chicks in the nest, the work being shared unequally at one nest (principally by the male) and equally at the other two nests observed at this stage.

In fine weather the feeding rate tended to increase arithmetically day by day. Bad weather exerted a limiting effect on the feeding rate.

In many details striking discrepancies were found between our records and those of other observers. The behaviour of the swallow during the nesting season appears to be widely variable. Further work, on swallows marked by means of coloured rings, would doubtless elucidate many points of uncertainty.
The Parasitic Fauna of Vertebrates in certain Canadian Fresh Waters, with some remarks on their Ecology, Structure and Importance.
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie
Published: August 2010

An illustrated account is given of the parasitic fauna of vertebrates in certain lakes and streams in Eastern Canada. The general ecology of each area is described briefly. The Entozoa and Ectozoa of the vertebrates examined are listed. Some morphological features of some of the parasites are briefly noted and some general considerations concerning their nomenclature are presented.

The presence of the Haplosporidian, Ichthyosporidium sp., in speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, is reported for the first time in Canada. The developmental stages observed are described and illustrated.

Variation as observed in certain of the Entozoa is considered. Size variations from host to host are noted, also morphological variations as seen among the Trematoda. Echinorhynchus lateralis is considered, both in regard to positional variations shown by the cement glands of the male and to the disparity in numbers of the sexes when large numbers are examined. Some observations on its period of survival, and of its eggs, outside the host are given.

The effects of various Protozoa and Helminthes on their hosts are described. The economic significance of the parasites of the freshwater fishes examined is discussed.
A new Central Mediterranean Subspecies of Field Mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus Linn.), and notes on Surrounding Forms.
Authors: Harrison David L.
Published: August 2010

A series of seventeen examples of A. sylvaticus was collected by Mr. P. A. Clancey, M.B.O.U., between 22. xi. 1944 and 24. iii. 1945 from the Po valley plains of Emilia, North Italy. The localities from which the specimens were obtained were Faenza, Forli and Bagnacavallo. These were so distinctively pale in colour that I was led to compare them with a hundred and six Field Mice in my own collection and sixty‐two in the British Museum collection, from neighbouring regions, as follows: Apulia, S. Italy 49, Switzerland 16, South and S.E. France 29, Yugoslavia 28 and Gt. Britain 54.
Report of the Pathologist for the Year 1940.
Authors: Hamerton Brevet‐Col. A. E. , Rewell R. E.
Published: August 2010

During the year under consideration the Society's Collection has increased greatly in size, the stock of animals having been built up very much from the reduced numbers kept during the late war. Particular mention must be made of the large collections brought in by Mr. Frost in July and by Messrs. Tanner and Webb in October. In addition to these, many smaller collections and individual animals have been sent in by such friends of the Society as Mr. Cansdale from the Gold Coast and Mr. Mitchell from Nyasaland. Table 1 shows the number of animals in stock on December 31st, 1945, and December 31st, 1946, with the increase in stock for each type.
Report of the honorary parasitologist for 1946,
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: August 2010

During 1946, the number of specimens of animal faeces examined microscopically and reported upon for detection of Entozoa was 56. Repeat examinations were frequently made, most of which are not included in this number. Concentration methods and washing of samples for worms were usually done. Forty‐two mammals, one Python, also were examined, many from collections newly arrived from Africa. In the list of Entozoa and the hosts harbouring them, the popular name of the host is given where it occurs for the first time.
The anatomical basis of swimming in Whales.
Authors: PARRY D. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The swimming movement of whales involves a vertical oscillation of the tail and a simultaneous, independent, adjustment of the angle of the flukes.

The centres of rotation of the tail and flukes are determined by characteristics of the axial skeleton and associated ligaments.

The axial musculature is simplified to give power rather than versatility. The bulk of the epiaxial musculature is inserted into the tail by two series of long tendons and causes upward flexion; a special branch of this muscle is exclusively concerned with upward flexion of the flukes. The hypoaxial musculature is incompletely divided into two parts, one flexing the tail downwards and one flexing the flukes downwards.

No support is given by the anatomy to the sculling theory or the circularly polarized wave theory of the swimming movement.
The life‐history and anatomy of Lepinotus patruelis Pearman (Psocoptera–Atropidae)
Authors: FINLAYSON L. H.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An outline of the life history of Lepinotus patruelis Pearman, (Atropidae) is given. The method of antennal growth differs from that of other psoeids described in that new segments are added to the flagellum at each moult.

The anatomy of L. patruelis was investigated and the following points of particular interest are recorded:–

Pigment (melanin?) granules are deposited in certain regions of the ectoderm including the wall of the stomodaeum.

The midgut is the region of both food storage and digestion.

The ends of the four Malpighian tubes are attached to the heart.

The heart is very small, consisting of only a single chamber. There are two groups of pericardial cells near the heart and several others along the aorta.

There are two pairs of labial glands, called here the basophile and acidophile labial glands, whose ducts fuse below the sub‐oesophageal ganglion to form a common median duct. The basophile glands are dorsal but do not vary in position as they do in Hyperetes.

The reproductive organs of the female consist of two ovaries with five polytrophic ovarioles, two lateral oviducts, a common oviduct and a vagina with a papilla on its dorsal wall from which runs a very narrow duct to a sac‐like spermatheca. The two spermathecal “maculae” of Pearman have been shown to be the clusters of papilla bearing the individual openings of the cells of the two spermathecal glands.

The reproductive organs of the male consist of two pyriform testes, two vasa deferentia, two large bipartite glandular seminal vesicles (or accessory glands) and a median ejaculatory duct with a terminal penis which is probably invaginated in the resting condition. The external genitalia of the male are adapted for gripping the papilla on which opens the spermathecal duct of the female, and the penis has a shallow concave tip which fits against the papilla. Spermatophores are complex structures which are injected in liquid form through the very narrow spermathecal duct and solidify in the spermatheca. Sperms remain stored in the spermatophores until fertilization.

As first suggested by Snodgrass (1905), the Psocoptera are probably closely allied to the Anoplura. This theory is supported by similarities between the labial glands, the heart and pericardial cells and the male and female reproductive organs of the two groups.
A note on some epithelial structures in Microchiroptera
Authors: HARRISON D. L. , DAVIES D. V.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An epithelial pad in the vestibule of the mouth of N. noctula close to the angle is described. Its most characteristic feature is the abundance of fatty substances contained within its cells.

The possible functions of this pad are discussed.

The odoriferous glands in the head and neck region of N. noctula are described minutely, as are also the gular sac and associated glands in Cheiromeles torquatus.

The literature concerning the tegumentary gland in the bat is briefly reviewed.
On Apus: its rediscovery in Britain, nomenclature and habits
Authors: FOX H. MUNRO
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Until 1948 Triops cancriformis (Bosc) had only been recorded five times in Britain, namely in 1738, 1816, about 1830, in 1907 and 1935. It has been found again in 1947 and 1948 in the same Hampshire pool from which it was recorded in 1935; it seems thus to be endemie.

A historical account is given of the two best‐known species of Notostraca, Triops cancriformis (Bosc) and Lepidurus apus (L.).

It is proposed to suppress the Linnaean genus Monoculus.

In Triops, as in Daphnia, the amount of haemoglobin in the blood is inversely proportional to the oxygen content of the water in which the animal lives.

Triops swims up to the water surface in response to a stimulus of oxygen deficiency more often when its blood is poor than when it is rich in haemoglobin.

The paired eyes of Triops are in continual movement, like the eye of Daphnia and the eyes of crayfish. The trembling movement may assist the animals to perceive objects in the surroundings.
A West African Earthworm, Hippopera nigeriae, belonging to a new Family Hippoperidae.
Authors: TAYLOR Axaus G.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A brief account is given of some unusual anatomical features of a West African earthworm, Hippopera nigeriae, belonging to a new family, Hippoperidae. These features include (a) two pairs of male genital pores in the clitellar segments; (b) a pair of vitelline or nutritive glands whose yolk‐cells pass by means of yolk duets into a pair of large sacs; these sacs are connected with the female reproductive system and function as spermathecae; (c) an extensive closed cavity called a “clitellar pouch”, which covers the floor and, at its widest, extends up the lateral walls of the clitellum.
Haemogregarina tuatarae sp. n., from the New Zealand Rhynchocephalian Sphenodon punctatus (Gray).
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL
Published: August 2010

Haemogregarina tuatarae sp. n., is described from seven of 35 examples of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Gray), parasitized material being obtained from Stephen and Middle Trio Islands, Cook Strait. The species is differentiated from Haemogregarina lygosomarum Doré, the only reptilian haemogregarine previously described from New Zealand, chiefly on the grounds of gametocyte morphology, and its systematic position is discussed. All the smears studied are characterized by an exceedingly low parasite rate and a relative abundance of phagocytosed forms, these features being interpreted as probably indicative of old or chronic infections.
Hypertrophy of sebaceous glands on the snout as a secondary male sexual character in the Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris.
Authors: REWELL R. E.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A relatively bare, raised area appears on the dorsum of the snout, of the male Capybara as maturity approaches. It consists of greatly hypertrophied sebaceous glands, the largest of which open directly onto the surface. Possibly it serves as a scent organ to attract the female.
The Harvest‐spider Nelima silvatica (Simon) in Great Britain
Authors: Brown D. G. , Sankey J. H. P.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The male organ of British and continental Nelima silvatica (Simon) and of N. doriae (Canestrini) is compared. That of the British examples is found to be identical with the continental species, but differs considerably from that of N. doriae. External characters of British N. silvatica are compared with those of N. doriae and with the British species of Leiobunum. The habitats and range of N. silvatica in the British Isles are discussed. It is shown to be the dominant species on Skokholm Island.
Observations on the cranial anatomy of Anniella, and a comparison with that of other burrowing lizards
Authors: Bellairs A. d'A.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

 Some features of the cranial anatomy, including the chondrocranium, of the burrowing lizard Anniella pulchra are described, mainly from serial sections.

 The skull shows marked elongation of the temporal region, reduction of the orbits, loss of the temporal arcades and obliteration of the parieto‐occipital angle, so that the skull contours are streamlined.

 The cranial kinesis is thought to be mainly of the mesokinetic type.

 Basitrabecular processes, menisci and small epipterygoids are present. The parietal bones possess extensive downgrowths which partly enclose the cranial cavity on either side.

 The chondrocranium shows great reduction in the orbito‐temporal region. A low interorbital septum, narrow planum supraseptale and taeniae marginales are present. There are no pila metoptica or pila accessoria and the taeniae mediales are represented only by embryonic rudiments. There are no discrete optic foramina, the optic nerves passing back to the chiasma above the trabecula communis.

 The eyes are small but can hardly be regarded as degenerate; eyelids, nictitating membrane, lachrymal canaliculi and retractor bulbi muscles are present.

 The tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity and Eustachian tubes are absent. The columella is massive with a small extra‐columella.

 Conditions in Anniella are compared with those in other burrowing lizards, especially with Anguis fragilis, the skinks Nessia sp., and Acontias meleagris, and amphisbaenids. The main structural features associated with burrowing adaptation in lizards are described.

 In spite of marked burrowing specialization, the cranial anatomy of Anniella resembles that of more typical Sauria in many important respects, and lacks aberrant features such as are present in amphisbaenids.
Recherches sur le télencéphale des Rhinoceridae
Authors: Friant Par le Docteur Madeleine
Published: August 2010

SOMMAIRE.

 Consídérations zoologiques préliminaires.‐II. Travaux antérieurs sur le télencéphale des Rhinoceridae. Matériaux d'étude.–III. Les dimensions et la forme du télencéphale.–IV. Le rhinencéphale.–V. Le neopallium.–VI. Le. moule endocrâien des Rhinoceridae fossiles.–VII. Conclusions.
On the liver and gall‐bladder of the Giraffe
Authors: Cave A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The constitution of the Giraffe liver is described and figured for adult and neonatal stages: caudate and Spigelian lobes are shown to be constant topographical features.

 The visceral surface of the adult and the neonatal liver is figured for the first time.

 A gall‐bladder is present during foetal life but normally undergoes physiological involution, being absent from the postnatal animal.

 The presence of a gall‐bladder in the postnatal Giraffe is always of the nature of a congenital anomaly; two additional instances are reported.
The metamorphosis of the jaws and their muscles in the Toad, Bufo regularis Reuss, correlated with the changes in the animal's feeding habits
Authors: Sedra Shokralla N.
Published: August 2010

In the tadpoles of Bufo regularis it has been found that:

 A commissura quadrato‐cranialis anterior and an ascending process are present; both of these structures are of common occurrence in all other Salientia and help in joining the quadrate to the skull.

 There is no larval otic process (a primitive character), but instead there is a fibrous ligament, the quadrato‐otic ligament.

 The processus muscularis quadrati is attached to the lamina orbitonasalis by a bridge of cartilage which is here called the “commissura quadrato‐orbitalis”.

 The infrarostral cartilage and Meckel's cartilage are connected by a cartilaginous bar, which is here called the “commissura intramandibularis”.

 The suprarostral cartilage consists of a median and two lateral lobes. This is a primitive character.

 There is neither a M. l. m. anterior lateralis (as in Ascaphus truei), nor a M. l. m. subexternus (as in Bufo bufo).

 The M. l. m. externus consists of two separate parts, anterior and posterior, the former is inserted on the lower jaw, the latter on the suprarostral cartilage.

 The M. mandibulo‐labialis is inserted on the lower lip only, and has no connection to the upper lip.

 The important changes which take place during metamorphosis are:

 All three larval processes joining the quadrate to the skull break down and disappear.

 The otic process develops exclusively from the posterior half of the quadrate.

 The pseudo‐basal process develops as an outgrowth from the anteroventral surface of the auditory capsule.

 A quadrate bone develops on the articular part of the quadrate cartilage and fuses with the quadratojugal, which develops on the ligamentum cornu quadratum laterale.

 The M. mandibulo‐labialis fuses with the M. intermandibularis posterior.

 The two parts of the M. l. m. externus fuse with each other.

 The MM. orbitohyoideus, suspensoriohyoideus and the suspensorioquadrato‐, and hyo‐angularis fuse and give rise to the M. depressor mandibulae.

 The MM. l. m. posterior superficialis and profundus remain separate throughout life.

 The M. l. m. anterior lateralis is differentiated from the M. l. m. anterior articularis late during metamorphosis.

 The jaw muscles show a drop in their absolute lengths as well as in volume during metamorphosis, after which they begin to grow again.

 The lower jaw keeps on increasing in length until the adult condition is attained.
The blood supply of the mesonephros of the sheep
Authors: Davies J.
Published: August 2010

The extrinsic and intrinsic blood vessels of the mesonephros in the sheep have been studied with special reference to the so‐called “giant glomerulus”. The latter is precocious in its development as compared with the Malpighian bodies caudal to it. The angioblastic preglomerular tissue is the important factor in determining the shape and vascular connexions of the Malpighian bodies. The latter vary greatly in size and shape, possess multiple efferent vessels and show a marked degree of linkage and fusion together. The tubules are surrounded by a plexus of sinusoidal veins in which feature the mesonephros differs fundamentally from the metanephros.

The early vessels of the metanephros and the origin of the renal and spermatic arteries are briefly discussed.
A gynandromorph Sarcophaga Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with notes on the sexual dimorphism of that genus
Authors: Thomas H. T.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes an interesting specimen of a Sarcophagid fly (probably Sarcophaga albiceps Mg.) which displays intersexual characters. Apart from the terminalia, the fly exhibits male characters; in the terminalia itself male and female sclerites can be recognized; the internal generative organs of both sexes are also present.

This specimen appears to support the view that the pregenital plate (synsternite 7–8) of calypterate cyclorrhaphous Diptera is composed of two sclerites: sternites 7 and 8. It also seems to indicate that tergites 7 and 8 are absent in the higher Diptera.
Some anomalous blood vessels in the rabbit.
Authors: HERIOT JOAN E. , WESTON SYLVIA M.
Published: August 2010

The presence of an anomalous left azygos vein in a rabbit is described and the origin of the azygos and hemiazygos veins discussed, with reference to the possible origin of this anomaly. In another specimen an abnormal development of the systemic arches is described and the probable origin of the anomaly discussed.
Birds' nests as a sòurce of domestic pests.
Authors: WOODROFFE G. E. , SOUTHGATE B. J.
Published: August 2010

A number of stored product and domestic insect pests have been recorded from birds' nests.

Nests of five species of house‐nesting birds were examined during the first three months of 1950. The composition of the nests is given.

An extensive insect fauna was found, including, in particular, clothes moths, house moths and carpet beetles.

The mite fauna included species found on stored products.

The nature of the environment provided by a sparrow's nest is discussed. Three successive phases are recognizable, characterized respectively by (i) ectoparasites of birds, (ii) a fauna of stored products pests and their predators, and (iii) a humus fauna. The second phase is the one chiefly studied in this paper.

While the complete fauna showed considerable variation from one nest to another, the dominant species formed a distinct group which was normally present in every nest. This group consisted of the moths, Tinaea columbariella and Hofmannophila pseudospretella, the beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, and the mites. Mealia pteronyssina. Glycyphagus domesticus and Acaropsis docta.
The feeding habits of certain chironomid larvae (subfamily Tendipedinae).
Authors: WALSHE BARBARA M.
Published: August 2010

The nature of the food and the feeding mechanisms of various chironomid larvae with different modes of life have been studied by observing their feeding behaviour in the laboratory and their gut contents in nature and under experimental conditions.

Of Tendipes (=Chironomus) larvae, only T. plumosus employs a filter‐feeding mechanism with a salivary net spun across the lumen of its tube anterior to the body. Other larvae of the plumosus‐group (e. g. T. dorsalis), although identical in larval morphological characters, feed only on organic matter in the mud. The possession of the unique and complicated feeding behaviour should be regarded as grounds for retaining T. plumosus as a species distinct from the others resembling it in larval characters, some of which are doubtfully valid.

Tendipes larvae of the thummi and bathophilus types have no filter‐feeding mechanism but also ingest the mud; this is true too of mud‐living Tanytarsini, e. g. Micropsectra, Tanytarsus (Tanytarsus), Sergentia.

Larvae of Tanytarsus (Rheotanytarsus) are filter‐feeders making use of the natural flow of a stream to bring them suspended particles which form their food. The filtratory salivary net is slung between spreading arms built by the larva at the entrance to its tube.

Larvae with portable cases (e. g. Stempellina, Lauterborniella) feed on particles of algae or detritus in the vicinity.

Chironomid larvae mining in aquatic plants employ a filter mechanism for obtaining their phytoplanktonic food. Like Tendipes plumosus larvae, they spin a salivary net across the lumen of their burrows but, unlike them, turn round after having spun the net so that, while driving a water current through the burrow and thereby catching phytoplankton, the net is posterior in the. The net is also a much deeper cone than that of T. plamousus.

Three genera of filter‐feeding leaf‐miners were studied: Endochironomus and Pentapedilum. The genera show certain constand differences in the details of their feeding behaviour for instance in the shape of the net, method of its construction, defaecation behaviour, and extent to which filter‐feeding is obligatory. These differences are described.

The rhythm of the feeding behaviour is not conditioned by the amount of plankton being caught in the net. The length of time spent in irrigating during each feeding cycle is, however, negatively correlated with the rate of undulatory body movement during irrigation. The larvae only defaccate whilst feeding: the length of interval between successive defaecations is proportional to the amount of food eaten.

The possible origins of the various filter‐feeding mechanisms in Tendipedinae are discussed.
The external genitalia of the female chimpanzec; with observations on the mammary apparatus.
Authors: HILL W. C. OSMAN
Published: August 2010

Summary and Conclusion.

The female external geiiitalia of the cliirnpaiizer have been decribed and figured in more detail (especialy with reference to the morphology the ditoris) than hit'herto.

Stages are considered at, different pcriocls of the post ‐1iitta1 life history.

The mammary gland has been discussed at different, phases of tthe life history.

Comparisons are niade with the external genitalia of other Priniate's, both human and subhuman and the morphology of the cliboris cornpred with that, of the penis at different ages.

Conclusions are drawn relative to the early differeatiation of Anthropo‐pifh)ecun from the generalized anthropoid ape‐stock of the Miocene. in which a generalized mammalian phallus was probably the rule—which condition is retained by the femde chimpanzee. whereas i t has been consitlernbly departed from hy the male.
Studies on a lernacid copepod, Cardiodectes anchorellae* Brian and Gray.
Authors: GNANAMUTHU C. P.
Published: August 2010

1. The frequency of infection, the attachment and the dependence of the parasite on the host as well as the respiratory and osmotic relations of the parasite with the surrounding medium are briefly noted.

2. The various divisions of the body and the appendages are described.

3. An account of the structure of the body wall, the gut, the vascular and nervous systems, and the reproductive organs is given.

4. Larvae belonging to the first and second chalimus stages are described and compared with the larvae of other lernaeids as regards suspension.
Studies on the Trypanosomes of New Zealand Fish.
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL , PORTER ANNIE
Published: August 2010

The following trypanosomes of New Zealand marine fish are described in this account, and their relationships discussed:–

Trypanosoma heptatreti Laird, 1948 (host: Heptatretus cirrhatus).

Trypanosoma gargantua sp. n. (host: Raja nasuta).

Trypanosoma coelorhynchi sp. n. (hosts: Coelorhynchus australis; Physiculus bachus).

Trypanosoma caulopsettae sp. n. (hosts: Caulopsetta scapha; Rhombosolea plebeia).

Trypanosoma tripterygium sp. n. (hosts: Tripterygium carium; Tripterygium medium).

Trypanosoma congiopodi sp. n, (host: Congiopodus leucopaecilus).

Trypanosoma parapercis sp. n. (host: Parapercis colias).

Heptatretus cirrhatus is the first member of the Agnatha to be recorded as a host for trypanosomes. while Trypanosoma gargantua sp. 11. becomes the largest known representative of its genus. It appears that New Zealand fresh water fish are not parasitized by trypanosomes, probably because of the absence of suitable leech vectors.
The nasal cavities of the Toad Hemipipa carvalhoi Mir. ‐Rib. and other Pipidae.
Authors: PATERSON NELLIE F. , HINDLE EDWARD
Published: August 2010

1. The results of a microscopical study of the nasal cavities of Hemipipa carvalhoi when compared with observations on Pipa, Hymenochirus and Xenopus reveal significant similarities between the latter genus and Hemipipa.

2. It is considered that a recessus olfactorius, similar to that described by Helling (1938) in other Salientia, is present in the Pipidae. The “Nebenhöhle” of Xenopus (Föske, 1934) and the “lateral nasal canal” of Pipa (Bancroft, 1895) cannot, therefore, be homologous with the recessus olfactorius as Helling maintains, and the opinion is expressed that they represent the cavum medium of other forms.

3. The cavum medium (Bancroft's “lateral nasal canal”) consists of anterior and posterior parts, the latter being further subdivided into dorsal‐lateral, ventro‐lateral and medial recesses.

4. The “nasal canal” of Pipa (Bancroft, 1895) is considered to be comparable to the infundibulum of other Salientia.

5. The cavum inferius is divisible into a medial organ of Jacobson and a more lateral part, which Föske (1934) termed the “Mündungszone” of Jacobson's organ, but which herein is compared to the recessus lateralis.

6. The suggestion is made that the thin‐walled, posterior sac, usually regarded as the homologue of the recessus lateralis, may be a diverticulum of the latter, the arrangement of the cavum inferius resembling that of Bombina variegata (Slabbert, 1945).

7. The nasal cavities in the Pipidae are remarkable in that they are mainly lined by sensory epithelium, the presence of which is rather inexplicable unless it be used for olfactory perception when the animal is submerged.

8. Föske's suggestion (1934) that the thin‐walled diverticula of the cavum medium of Xenopus function as accessory pulsating sacs has been examined, but it is concluded that movements of skeletal elements are probably more effective in maintaining the flow of water through the nasal cavities. It is thought that the nasolacrimal duct may be of importance in Xenopus as an inlet for water bathing the sensory epithelium of the cavum medium.