bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Double Edge of Common Interest
Authors: Stark Tobias H. , Flache Andreas
Published: December 2011

How can we reduce ethnic friendship segregation in ethnically heterogeneous schools? The Common Ingroup Identity Model suggests that interethnic friendships are promoted by those intervention programs that focus on the interests students have in common. The authors argue that the outcome of these common interest interventions may crucially depend on sufficient consensus in participants’ opinions regarding the shared interest. Such an intervention may backfire and increase ethnic segregation if participants from different ethnic groups have different opinions about the common interest. The authors test their argument analyzing the dynamics of friendship networks and opinions in 48 school classes with an actor-based stochastic model. Their findings suggest that salient common interests in ethnically mixed school classes can indeed reduce ethnic segregation. However, they also found that friendship selection on the basis of similar opinions can foster ethnic segregation. This occurred when ethnicity was correlated with the opinions that students held regarding the salient interest, even when these students did not prefer intra-ethnic friendship per se.
Rapid measurement of cotton fiber maturity and fineness by image analysis microscopy using the Cottonscope®
Authors: Rodgers James , Delhom Christopher , Fortier Chanel , Thibodeaux Devron
Published: December 2011

Two of the important cotton fiber quality and processing parameters are fiber maturity and fineness. Fiber maturity is the degree of development of the fiber’s secondary wall, and fiber fineness is a measure of the fiber’s linear density and can be expressed as mass per unit length. A well-known method for fiber maturity and fineness is a cross-section image analysis and microscopy measurement. In general, typical cross-section image analysis and microscopy methods for fiber maturity and fineness can be slow and tedious to perform. Much interest has been shown in improved and rapid routine measurements of fiber maturity and fineness in the laboratory. The Cottonscope® is a new small footprint instrument for measuring fiber maturity and fineness, consisting of a longitudinal measurement of weighted fiber snippets in water using polarized light microscopy and image analysis. A program was implemented to assess the potential and capabilities of the Cottonscope to measure cotton lint maturity and fineness and to determine the major operational impacts on the Cottonscope results. The measurement was fast and easy to perform. The major operational impact on the Cottonscope results was environmental conditions (room temperature and relative humidity), and its impact was a concern for fineness only. Very good method agreement was observed between the Cottonscope and image analysis and microscopy method for maturity and fineness, with moderate coefficients of determination, R2s, and low residuals. Recommended operational protocols for routine Cottonscope measurements were developed.
On being a Catholic theologian
Authors: D’Costa Gavin
Published: December 2011

D’Costa argues that all theology is tradition specific, working with particular rules in its procedures and particular authorities that determine its substantive conclusions. This is demonstrated by outlining what might be termed ‘Roman Catholic theology’, defined as being basically prayerful, intellectually rigorous, communally tested and accountable reflection upon the three sources of authority that feed theology: Scripture, tradition and magisterium. D’Costa elaborates on each of these three to bring out the contours and interrelationships. He argues that, in this approach, the Bible cannot exist without tradition and magisterium, and the last two cannot exist without the Bible.
Reanimating sacrifice?
Authors: Platten Stephen
Published: December 2011

The language of sacrifice in relation to the Eucharist has had a controversial history in Christian theology. This article suggests that it remains an important and central concept in the Church’s eucharistic rites. It contends that we need to hold in creative tension the concepts of memorial and sacrifice as a way of understanding Anglican thought on this subject. Using the language of the ARCIC documents and by reference to Sarah Coakley, it argues for a confidence in sacrificial language that is rooted in the Anglican tradition, embraces ecumenical insights and is renewed for theology and worship.
In the contact zone: W. G. Sebald and the ethnographic imagination
Authors: Long J. J.
Published: December 2011

In this essay, I address the question of Sebald’s interactions with ethnography from three interlinked perspectives. I begin by analysing Sebald’s reading of ethnographic texts in the 1970s and 1980s, using his own annotated copies of works by Claude Lévi-Strauss and Norbert Elias, and then situate this reading within the context of Sebald’s professional life during the same period. I go on to examine the comments on ethnography and related forms of representation that occur in Sebald’s literary criticism of the 1980s. These imply a critique of many of ethnography’s central practices: the ‘salvage paradigm’, the participant observer, and the effects of power produced by representing an unfamiliar Other to a metropolitan audience. I close by tracing the transformations of ethnographic discourse in ‘Max Ferber’ (the last story of Die Ausgewanderten / The Emigrants ( DA/TE)) and in The Rings of Saturn ( RS), and show that Sebald’s prose involves a partial adoption and partial critique of ethnographic representation.
The carved wooden angels of East Anglia: Travelogue 1974
Authors: Sebald W. G.
Published: December 2011

In 1974 W. G. Sebald wrote a travelogue for the educated German reader, proposing a circular tour of discovery around East Anglia. He recommends places to experience and gives advice on where to stay overnight. For the modern reader, who knows Sebald’s literary works, the interesting thing is to work out what motivates his attraction and to note the places to which he will return 20 years later in Die Ringe des Saturn.
Searching for Well-Being
Authors: Fachin Dina
Published: December 2011

A Zapotec community from the Valle Central of Oaxaca, Mexico, has recently employed video technology as a tool to disseminate knowledge about local projects of economic development and to foster cultural awareness among community members. A study drawing on the literature on the sociopolitical relevance of community video making in the context of the globalization of cultures sheds light on the way traditional practices, pedagogical values, and local notions of time and place inform the Zapotec documentary Ben rguil guialznak/Buscando bienestar/Searching for Wellbeing. This video shows that the accommodation of different cultural contributions continues to be a strategy of survival for indigenous peoples.

Una comunidad zapoteca del Valle Central de Oaxaca, en México, recientemente empleó el vídeo como herramienta para difundir información sobre proyectos de desarrollo económico locales y fomentar una consciencia cultural entre los miembros de la comunidad. Este estudio, con base en teorías sobre la relevancia socio-política del vídeo comunitario en el contexto de la globalización cultural, explora las formas en las que se expresan prácticas tradicionales, valores pedagógicos, y nociones locales de tiempo y lugar en el documental zapoteco Ben rguil guialznak/Buscando bienestar/Searching for Wellbeing. Este vídeo muestra que el acomodo de distintos aportes culturales sigue siendo una estrategia de supervivencia para los pueblos indígenas.
Unsedated Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Insertion
Authors: Steed Helen , Barrett Diane , Emm Colin , Lycett Wendy , O'Toole Stephanie , Evans Kevin , Hearing Stephen D.
Published: December 2011

Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube insertion is an uncomfortable procedure that has traditionally required sedation. In some patients, PEG tube insertion can be postponed or is not possible due to the risk of sedation. This article is a retrospective case series of 10 patients who have undergone unsedated peroral PEG tube insertion in the past 4 years at Stafford Hospital in the United Kingdom. Methods: Between 2006 and 2010, 10 patients who were identified by the nutrition team as needing a PEG tube underwent unsedated peroral PEG tube insertion. Patients were given pharyngeal anesthesia (lidocaine 1%), and the PEG tubes were inserted using the push‐pull technique and local anesthesia. The procedures were performed without complications. Results: Those patients who were able to respond stated they would be willing to have the procedure performed again using this method. It was acceptable to them and not as unpleasant as they had expected. Conclusions: This case series demonstrates that gastroenterology units without specialized equipment are able to safely insert PEGs in patients who are at increased risk for intravenous sedation.
Systemic Arginine Depletion After a Murine Model of Surgery or Trauma
Authors: Pribis John P. , Zhu Xinmei , Vodovotz Yoram , Ochoa Juan B.
Published: December 2011

Background: Arginine metabolism and availability after surgery or trauma (ST) is an important modulator of immune responses. Arginine levels are significantly depleted in human trauma patients. Diets containing arginine administered to surgery patients have restored immune function. We hypothesized an arginase‐dependent depletion of arginine in a murine model of ST. In addition, we hypothesized a systemic arginase release in human trauma patients. Methods: Male mice were anesthetized and a laparotomy with bowel manipulation was used as a model of ST. Plasma was collected after ST for analysis of arginase activity and arginine, ornithine, and citrulline. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in plasma were measured after ST. Also, arginase activity was determined in human plasma from 4 healthy controls and 8 trauma patients. Results: Arginase activity increased maximally at 2–4 hours after ST, and arginine was significantly reduced after ST. Citrulline was significantly decreased at 8 and 12 hours after ST. Plasma AST and ALT did not significantly vary from control mice after ST. In addition, on day 1 after intensive care unit admission, human trauma patients exhibited a significant increase in arginase activity. Conclusions: The biological consequences of arginine depletion remain incompletely understood. These data are consistent with data showing that patients given arginine‐containing diets experience reduced morbidity. Understanding of arginine metabolism after ST may lead to therapies aimed at improving clinical outcome after ST.
Simple Acid‐Base Tutorial
Authors: Ayers Phil , Dixon Carman
Published: December 2011

The nutrition support practitioner is confronted with numerous metabolic abnormalities in the daily care of patients. An understanding of the basic principles of acid‐base balance, along with the ability to recognize common causes of the various disorders, enhances the clinician's ability to provide specialized nutrition support. The basic metabolic and respiratory disorders, along with common causes, are reviewed in this tutorial.
The Mediated and Moderated Effects of Family Support on Child Maltreatment
Authors: Martin Anne , Gardner Margo , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne
Published: December 2011

Previous research has linked parents’ social support to decreased child maltreatment, but questions remain surrounding the mechanisms explaining this association. Furthermore, it is unclear whether this association applies to support provided by family alone (and not friends), and whether it is moderated by the presence of neighborhood violence. Based on a sample of parents of children aged 3 to 15 years in Chicago, the authors find that parents’ family support is associated with a lower risk of child maltreatment. This association is partly mediated by reduced parental depression, but only in neighborhoods with average or high levels of violence. In neighborhoods with low levels of violence, the inverse association between family support and maltreatment is equally strong, but it is not mediated by reduced depression.
Probation in France: Some things old, some things new, some things borrowed, and often blue
Authors: Herzog-Evans Martine
Published: December 2011

French prison based probation services merged with their community based counterparts in 1999. This reform was aimed at placing the service under the wing of prison services and to reduce the influence of the judiciary. Despite still adhering to their rehabilitative goals and to a one-to-one pre-Martinson type of supervision, French probation services have long abandoned social work. Their exceptionally heavy caseload, a prevailing prison thinking, their newly acquired judicial work and managerialism explain this evolution. French probation services present an odd mix of old traits, insularism, and denial of recent scientific progress, with penal transferring, modern management and frenetic law reforming. All this has generated an identity crisis along with work-related stress.
Probation in the Republic of Korea: A compressed journey to public protection
Authors: Gough Dennis
Published: December 2011

In 2009 the South Korean probation and parole service celebrated its 20th year. This short review details the rapid organizational expansion and cultural change within South Korea’s probation and parole service. It highlights how policy transfer and the politicization of crime is currently shaping the work of probation officers into what can be described as a compressed journey into an organization dominated by its public protection remit.
Impact of cell salvage during cardiac surgery on the thrombelastomeric coagulation profile: a pilot study
Authors: Campbell J , Holland C , Richens D , Skinner H
Published: December 2011

Intraoperative cell salvage of the cardiopulmonary bypass residual volume can dilute platelets and coagulation factors. This is a report of a randomised control trial of 20 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Residual cardiopulmonary bypass volume was processed and transfused after surgery in the cell salvage group and the residual volume was transfused unprocessed in the control group. The coagulation profile was measured using the Rotem® thrombelastometry system. Mean (SD) maximum clot firmness after surgery was 52.8 (5.4) mm in the cell salvage group compared to 57.2 (5.0) mm in the control group (p=0.04). Clot formation time was prolonged after surgery by 39 (27) s in the cell saver group compared to 19 (17) s in the control group (p=0.045). Platelet count was reduced after surgery by 96 (32) x 109.L−1 in the cell saver group and 70 (19) x 109.L−1 in the control group (p=0.03). Blood volume in the chest drains 4 hours after surgery was similar in both groups. There was a strong association between clot formation time after surgery and blood loss (R = 0.68, p=0.001). The increase in blood loss was 4.1 ml for every one-second increase in clot formation time (95% CI 1.9 - 6.4, p=0.001). Cell salvage of the residual cardiopulmonary bypass volume reduced platelet numbers and prolonged clot formation time and maximum clot firmness was less in this group.
Using observation as a data collection method to help understand patient and professional roles and actions in palliative care settings
Authors: Walshe Catherine , Ewing Gail , Griffiths Jane
Published: December 2011

Background:

Observational research methods are important for understanding people’s actions, roles and behaviour. However, these techniques are underused generally in healthcare research, including research in the palliative care field.

Aim:

The aim in this paper is to place qualitative observational data collection methods in their methodological context and provide an overview of issues to consider when using observation as a method of data collection. This paper discusses practical considerations when conducting palliative care research using observation.

Findings:

Observational data collection methods span research paradigms, and qualitative approaches contribute by their focus on ‘natural’ settings which allow the explanation of social processes and phenomena. In particular, they can facilitate understanding of what people do and how these can alter in response to situations and over time, especially where people find their own practice difficult to articulate. Observational studies can be challenging to carry out: we focus on the potentially problematic areas of sampling, consent and ethics, data collection and recording, data management and analysis.

Conclusion:

Qualitative observational data collection methods can contribute to theoretical and conceptual development and the explanation of social processes in palliative care. In particular this contribution to understanding care structures and processes should improve understanding of patients’ experiences of their care journey and thus impact on care outcomes.
Transnational Advocacy
Authors: Gilson Julie
Published: December 2011

There are many examples today of transnational advocacy groups, and much scholarship to identify how their growing presence contributes to understanding new and complex forms of global governance. This article seeks to present a corrective to the general trend to regard the “transnational” as a specific site of political engagement, and instead it draws principally on the work of Henri Lefebvre and scholarship from Human Geography to find ways to examine transnational advocacy as the ongoing process resulting from intersecting and diverse experiences of individuals and groups. In so doing, it aims further to redefine the spatiality of activism, by questioning how advocates determine the physical borders within which they function alongside those cognitive borders to which they attach themselves, and how those very borders are constantly redefined by their interactions. Using illustrative examples from Asia, this article proposes the need to rethink the transnational along three intersecting dimensions.
Hope and Recovery From Substance Abuse for Female Drug Offenders in Taiwan
Authors: Law Fang Mei , Guo Gwo Jen
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to fulfill a twofold purpose. First, based on the hope theory framework and previous research, a 16-session hope-based substance abuse treatment program to help female drug abusers achieve a better recovery was developed. Second, ANCOVA was used to test the effectiveness of this treatment model. The participants were 40 female drug offenders who were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The 20 experimental group participants received 16 sessions of hope-based substance abuse treatment whereas the 20 control group members were put on the waiting list for another term of treatment. The results indicated that the members of the two groups had significant differences in their posttest scores for recovery goal setting and pursuing, pathway controlling, adequate energy, knowledge of the changing process, ability to cope, adequate cognition, emotion regulation, and self-esteem.
Disabling Incarceration: Connecting Disability to Divergent Confinements in the USA
Authors: Ben-Moshe Liat
Published: December 2011

This article suggests the merits of conceptualizing incarceration as including institutionalization in a wide variety of enclosed settings, including prisons, jails, institutions for the intellectually disabled, treatment centers, and psychiatric hospitals. Such formulations conceptualize incarceration as a continuum and a multi-faceted phenomenon. This article will highlight the importance of moving beyond analogies between criminalization, institutionalization and psychiatrization to discuss the intersection of these phenomena, by highlighting several social science perspectives that have integrated these spheres already; taking up an analysis of the political economy of incarceration; and re-examining the reality of prisoners with disabilities in the growing prison machine. Lastly, I propose a re-examination of the forces of trans-incarceration, the move from one carceral edifice such as a psychiatric hospital to another such as a jail. I will demonstrate the ways in which engaging in such intersectional analysis changes the lens from which disability and incarceration are conceptualized and analyzed.
Older Adults’ Self-Management of Daily Symptoms
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Neiberg Rebecca H. , Lang Wei , Nguyen Ha , Altizer Kathryn , Stoller Eleanor P. , Bell Ronny A. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: December 2011

Objectives: To describe older adults’ use of complementary therapies, self-care practices, and medical care to treat daily symptoms and to delineate gender, ethnic, age, and education differences. Method: A total of 200 African American and White participants (age 65+) selected using a site-based procedure complete a baseline interview and up to six sets of three daily follow-up interviews at monthly intervals. The percent of older adults using a therapy and the frequency with which therapies are used are considered. Results: The use of complementary therapies to treat daily symptoms, though important, is substantially less than the use of self-care practices and medical care. Participants differed by age, ethnicity, and education in the use of therapies. Discussion: In considering the percentage of individuals who use a therapy and the frequency with which therapies are used, this analysis adds a new dimension to understanding how older adults manage daily symptoms. Older adults are selective in their use of health self-management.
Correlates of Intimate Partner Physical Violence Among Young Reproductive Age Women in Mysore, India
Authors: Madhivanan Purnima , Krupp Karl , Reingold Arthur
Published: December 2011

Few studies have examined intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) in south India. This article examines the frequency and correlates of IPPV among 898 young married women from urban, rural, and periurban areas of Mysore, India. Most (69.2%) of the participants were Hindus and 28.7% were Muslims. Overall, 50% of participants reported some type of IPPV. Factors that were independently associated with IPPV included being younger than 18 years at the time of marriage, contributing some household income, having anal sex, reporting sexual violence, and having a sex partner who drinks alcohol and smokes cigarettes. Women with skilled occupation were at reduced odds of experiencing IPPV compared with women who did not work. These findings suggest that IPPV is highly prevalent in this setting and that additional interventions are needed to reduce morbidity particularly among young women. These data also suggest that more studies are needed among men who perpetrate IPPV in south India.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Incontinence in Chinese Women
Authors: Ge Jing , Yang Peng , Zhang Yi , Li Xinyu , Wang Quanyi , Lu Yongxian
Published: December 2011

To estimate the current prevalence rate of urinary incontinence (UI) and to identify risk factors in Chinese women, we conducted a population-based survey in 3058 women in Beijing, China, in 2009. The prevalence rate of UI was estimated to be 22.1%, with stress UI (12.9%) being more prevalent than urgency UI (1.7%) and mixed UI (7.5%). The prevalence rates of UI, urgency UI, and mixed UI increased with age, with the highest recorded in participants aged ≥70 years. However, stress UI was most commonly seen in participants aged 50 to 69 years. Risk factors for UI included aging, lower education background, older age of menarche, menstrual disorder, pregnancy history, episiotomy, chronic pelvic pain, gynecological disease, other chronic diseases, constipation, fecal incontinence, lower daily water intake, and frequency of high protein intake. UI is a common disorder in Chinese women, and many risk factors are able to affect the development of UI.
Salient Latent Constructs Underlying Smoking Initiation and Continuous Use by Student-Smokers of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
Authors: Turkson Anthony J. , Wang Xiang J. , Gobah Freeman F. K.
Published: December 2011

The factor analysis model was used to parsimoniously reduce the number of variables that influence smoking among students to salient factors that cut across continents, race, and sociocultural settings among university students in China. Stratified random sampling and snowball techniques were employed to obtain the sample. A Likert-type questionnaire was used to collect data. The results revealed that of the 39 variables identified to influence smoking, 34 were retained and regrouped in terms of common features they share into 13 salient factors that accounted for 58% of variances in the original variables. The predominant hidden construct was influence by association. The other 12 factors were labeled and ordered as follows: emotional needs, family history, addiction, peer pressure, lack of full realization of the consequences of their action as regards the expense of smoking, social needs, advertisement, psychological needs, self-image, environmental factors, ineffective policies, and underestimation of health risks. Irrespective of regional demarcations, factors that influence smoking initiation and continuous use are same.
HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Its Association With Socioeconomic Status Among Women
Authors: Kobeissi Loulou , El Kak Faysal H. , Khawaja Marwan , Khoshnood Kaveh
Published: December 2011

This article assesses the association of women’s HIV/AIDS knowledge of transmission and prevention with socioeconomic status (SES). Data from the 2004 Lebanese PAPFAM (Pan-Arab Project for Family Health) survey were used. The survey was based on a representative household sample (n = 5532 households; n = 3315 women) of ever-married women aged 15 to 55 years. Adjusted analysis revolved around multivariate logistic regression models. 18% of women were knowledgeable of HIV/AIDS transmission methods and 21% of prevention methods. Income and education were significantly related to women’s transmission and prevention knowledge. Significant differences were also found by region and media exposure. Women in the richest income quintile were 4 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.43-6.42) more likely to be knowledgeable than those in the poorest. Women with the highest education were 2.57 times more likely (95% CI = 1.98-3.34) to be knowledgeable than those with elementary education or less. These results suggest the need for incorporating contextual regional and population differences for more effective HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns in Lebanon.
Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight in an Indian Urban Setting
Authors: Negandhi Preeti H. , Negandhi Himanshu N. , Zodpey Sanjay P. , Ughade Suresh N. , Biranjan Jagdambaprasad R.
Published: December 2011

This study explores the risk factors for low birth weight (LBW) in an urban Indian setting by using a nested case-control design. Information on potential risk factors was sought from 384 pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic, and they were followed until birth. Based on birth weight, the babies of these women were categorized as cases or controls. Bivariate analyses between each risk factor and birth weight showed an unadjusted significant association ( P < .05) for maternal age ≤20 years, antenatal clinic registration after the first trimester, ≤5 antenatal visits, and <80% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for calories and proteins. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an adjusted significant association for calorie intake <80% RDA ( P < .048), low zinc intake ( P < .001), and ≤5 antenatal visits ( P < .001). This study emphasizes the continuing importance of timely and regular antenatal visits and intake of appropriate amount of calories. The role of zinc as a risk factor for LBW warrants further research.
Frequent Use of Emergency Departments in Saudi Public Hospitals
Authors: Alghanim Saad A. , Alomar Badran A.
Published: December 2011

This study aims to determine the prevalence, factors and reasons associated with the frequent use of public emergency departments (EDs) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study employed a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from adult patients on aspects such as demographic characteristics, accessibility, and health-related factors. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the issue. The results indicated that about 30% of respondents were considered as “frequent users” of the EDs. Males, older patients, those living closer to EDs, and patients who had chronic illnesses or were hospitalized in the past year were more likely to use EDs frequently. Moreover, the study found that patients who were labeled as “frequent users” of the EDs were also frequent users of “other” health care facilities. Health decision makers should facilitate primary health centers with necessary resources that fulfill the patients’ health needs and reduce the burden on EDs.
Restraint of body movement potentially reduces peak SPL in western contemporary popular singing
Authors: Turner Gemma , Kenny Dianna T.
Published: December 2011

In western contemporary popular (WCP) singing, body movement is integral to overall stage performance. However, singers are often directed to stand still while singing during recording sessions or music theatre productions. No assessment has been undertaken by sound engineers or directors to determine whether singers can produce the same sound levels under conditions of voluntary movement restraint. The aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of body movement restraint on sound pressure levels (SPL) in WCP singing. Six professional WCP singers sang a section of a song in two performance modes: first with the directive to perform as they normally would on a stage and then when directed to stand still during their performance. The recordings were analysed for SPL and the results of the two conditions were compared. There was a significant reduction in the SPL recorded by the singers both statistically and acoustically in the ‘non-movement’ condition. This result suggests that restraint of movement during WCP singing is associated with reduced peaks in SPL. Possible reasons for this reduction include the inhibition of respiratory mechanisms for subglottal pressure production and interference with sensorimotor feedback mechanisms such as the autophonic response.
A finite element–based numerical tool for Ni47Ti44Nb9 SMA structures design: Application to tightening rings
Authors: Piotrowski B , Ben Zineb T , Patoor E , Eberhardt A
Published: December 2011

This paper deals with the design of Ni47Ti44Nb9 shape memory alloy (SMA) tightening components. The tightening of an SMA ring on an elastic pipe is analyzed using the finite element code ABAQUS® and a UMAT subroutine developed by the authors to model the specific behavior of Ni47Ti44Nb9 SMA. Main features of the thermomechanical model implemented in this UMAT routine are briefly recalled. Numerical predictions are validated using experimental tightening pressures obtained on a test bed developed in this work. The validation strategy is documented and the results for different ring thicknesses are presented. This finite element tool is then applied to a parametric study of the influence of ridges on the tightening pressure. Eventually, geometrical defects like out of roundness are considered.
Advances in Measurement for Universal Screening and Individual Progress Monitoring of Young Children
Authors: Greenwood Charles R. , Carta Judith J. , McConnell Scott
Published: December 2011

In the last two and half decades, much has been learned about conceptualizing and developing measures for use by practitioners designed to inform their intervention decision making, such as when a child would benefit from receiving additional instructional support (universal screening) and whether the child is responding positively to the intervention when delivered (progress monitoring). The authors describe these developments, related issues continuing to face the field, and what is needed in terms of measures, access, and usability in future practice, research, and development.
Knowing What to Teach Provides a Roadmap for Early Literacy Intervention
Authors: Goldstein Howard
Published: December 2011

Promoting literacy development was not a priority for early childhood special educators 25 years ago. The turn of the century gave rise to a scientific basis of reading that outlined what skills need to be taught to facilitate literacy achievement. Steady progress has been made in moving early childhood education to teaching the skills that are needed to prevent reading disabilities, with particular attention to at-risk populations. The big challenge in the next 25 years will be to develop effective procedures for teaching those skills to children with intellectual and other developmental disabilities. Meeting this challenge will have far reaching implications for preparing all students to participate in our highly literate world.
Children’s Play
Authors: Lifter Karin , Mason Emanuel J. , Barton Erin E.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to raise the profile of play so that it is an important domain of concern for serving children with delays and disabilities, just as are the other five domains specified in federal law. A rationale for the integration of the behavioral perspective and the constructivist perspective is presented to contribute clarity to what play is and how it is used. Definitions are offered of what play is, how play is learned, and what individuals in the field have learned about play within each perspective. Critical future directions for research are discussed.
General Motors’ Approach to Managing Driver Workload
Authors: Geisler Scott P. , Tengler Steve
Published: December 2011

This article provides a short overview of driver workload, including some background on guidelines from the Alliance of Automotive Manufacturers. In addition, a brief review of General Motors’ processes to assess driver workload and verify secondary systems and features for communication, navigation, and/or interactive information and data on some current features are included.
Cross-Racial Measurement Equivalence of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory Factors Among Low-Income Young African American and Non-Latino White Children
Authors: Butler Ashley M.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the cross-racial measurement equivalence of the three Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory Intensity Scale factors, found by Stern and Johnson: Oppositional Defiant Behavior, Attention Difficulties, and Conduct Problems. Cross-racial measurement equivalence was examined between 278 low-income African American and 119 non-Latino White children aged 3 to 6 years. Results did not support configural equivalence of the three subscales between groups. Exploratory factor analyses conducted separately for each racial group showed support for a single factor structure in both groups. Convergent validity of the Intensity Scale was found separately for both groups. Findings suggest the three Intensity Scale factors should not be used to screen or compare treatment outcomes of specific externalizing behavior problems among community samples that include low-income non-Latino White and African American preschoolers.
A Novel Approach to Teaching Scientific Reasoning to Future Journalists
Authors: Mauldin Robert F.
Published: December 2011

A novel approach to teaching scientific reasoning and writing to science journalism students, as presented here, shows considerable promise. First, the pedagogical approach and a description of seven types of common episodes in the experimental testing of models are outlined. Then, a rubric for evaluating the quality of reasoning is presented. Science writers can use this scheme to identify patterns in scientific reasoning as they interview practicing scientists and write press releases.
Poststructuralism against poststructuralism: Actor-network theory, organizations and economic markets
Authors: Roberts John Michael
Published: December 2011

In recent years, actor-network theory (ANT) has become an increasingly influential theoretical framework through which to analyse economic markets and organizations. Indeed, with its emphasis on the power of social and natural concrete ‘things’ to become contingently enrolled in different networks, many argue that ANT successfully draws attention to the complex intermeshing of new technologies and social actors in organizations and markets across spatial divides from the local to the global. This article argues, however, that within its own method of abstraction and research methodology, ANT separates ‘concrete’ and ‘contingent’ economic markets and organizations from their abstract, necessary and virtual capitalist form. This means that ANT will tend to over-identify with how concrete-contingent actor-networks are performed in empirical economic markets and organizations at the expense of analysing how such empirical contexts are also internally mediated through abstract capitalist processes such as that of surplus value extraction. This, in turn, creates a number of difficulties in how ANT investigates economic markets and organizations. These critical points are made by recourse to the Marxist poststructuralism of Deleuze and Guattari as well as through conventional Marxist ideas.
Experiences of persons with early-onset dementia in everyday life: A qualitative study
Authors: Johannessen Aud , Möller Anders
Published: December 2011

Background:

The small number of existing studies confirms that people with early-onset dementia (EOD) need special assistance from the beginning and as the disease progresses. There is a need to develop services to respond to the specific needs of persons with EOD.

Aim:

To find out how people experience living with early-onset dementia, and to assess the implications for practice and the development of further services.

Method:

Grounded theory, a qualitative method, with interviews of 20 informants (aged 54–67 years; 12 of them men) during 2010–2011.

Findings:

One category, the process toward a dementia diagnosis, covered two subcategories; describing changes and being diagnosed. Another category fighting for dignity describes how the informants try to maintain their quality of life, covering two subcategories; intrapsychic challenges and s ocial challenges.

Conclusion:

Health services should give persons with EOD the ability to maintain contact with society and their voices should not be overlooked.
Networking to Leadership in Higher Education
Authors: Baltodano Josefina Castillo , Carlson Susan , Jackson Leah Witcher , Mitchell Wanda
Published: December 2011

The Problem.

Women continue to be underrepresented in the leadership of higher education, a particularly pressing problem given the aging of college presidents and growing numbers of women students.

The Solution.

The American Council on Education and its Office of Women in Higher Education (OWHE) provide leadership training and support to thousands of women interested in leadership in higher education through a state-based, volunteer network; women of color summits and training; and national and regional leadership forums. The primary purpose of this article is to highlight the structure of these OWHE-supported leadership development programs and networks.

The Stakeholders.

These leadership development programs provide solutions for higher education institutions seeking to provide leadership training for their women leaders. The programs, structures, and strategies highlighted offer a model for consideration by HRD and leadership development professionals charged with diversifying leadership in other professions, business, and industry.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Success at the Summer Paralympics
Authors: Buts Caroline , Bois Cind Du , Heyndels Bruno , Jegers Marc
Published: December 2011

For the first time, the determinants of a country’s success at the Paralympic Games are studied, using data from four editions, starting in 1996. By means of a tobit panel, the authors find that gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, population, having many participants per million inhabitants, being a former communist country, hosting the Paralympics, being a former host, and surface are positively related to success as measured by the (weighted) number of medals won. Deviations from the ideal temperature to practice sports negatively affect Paralympic success.
Disentangling Victim Gender and Capital Punishment
Authors: Phillips Scott , Haas Laura Potter , Coverdill James E.
Published: December 2011

For decades, scholars have documented disparities in the administration of capital punishment. Yet explanations remain largely elusive. One area in which the shift from documentation to explanation has occurred is victim gender. Williams, Demuth, and Holcomb (2007) demonstrate that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed on behalf of women and girls because such victims are more apt to be sexually degraded. We ask the next logical question: Why does sexual degradation lead to the ultimate state sanction? Is it simply because such cases are so horrific? Or are more subtle causal mechanisms at play? Our findings indicate that the relationship between sexual degradation and the District Attorney’s decision to seek the death penalty is fully explained by media coverage. The role of the media suggests that scholars who hope to explain disparities in capital punishment must consider the interplay between case attributes and broader social institutions.
Fabrication and thickness regulation of graphene film electrode by a facile drying method
Authors: Ma Bin , Su Jingyang , Quan Xie , Yu Hongtao , Zhao Huimin
Published: December 2011

A graphene film on a titanium substrate was fabricated via facile drying of a graphene suspension on the titanium wafer at 50 °C for 12 h. The graphene film thickness could be modulated conveniently by changing the volume of the graphene suspension. The graphene nanosheets were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The graphene/titanium electrode as prepared displayed stable electrochemical properties as revealed by cyclic voltammetry measurements.
Privacy, Property or Propriety: The Case of “Pretty Portraits” in Late Nineteenth-century America
Authors: Lake Jessica
Published: December 2011

The advent of the photographic camera in the mid-nineteenth century enabled the “likeness” of an individual to be lifted with relative ease from its possessor and rendered with uncanny precision upon material. This fracturing of the subject into transportable, reproducible objects threatened a novel kind of harm, especially for women. This article brings new research to bear on the origins of the American “right to privacy” (such as the Federal 1888 “Bill to Protect Ladies”), arguing that the foundational 1890 article by Warren and Brandeis was but one of numerous attempts to remedy the unauthorized circulation of women’s photographic portraits. The gendered nature of this “right” means it must also be contextualized within women’s history and the broader struggle for equal citizenship. The “right to privacy” cannot simply be dismissed as a purely conservative doctrine invoking feminine modesty. In its demands for the legal recognition of those pictured as active subjects, rather than “pretty” objects, as individuals rather than nameless faces, as possessors of valuable property, rather than as valuable possessions in themselves, I argue that the “right to privacy” challenged the masculine prerogative of copyright law and pushed back against the reduction of women to silent, compliant images that was occurring on an industrial scale, in the late nineteenth century.
LPS from Neisseria meningitidis is crucial for inducing monocyte- and microparticle-associated tissue factor activity but not for tissue factor expression
Authors: Øvstebø Reidun , Aass Hans C Dalsbotten , Haug Kari Bente Foss , Trøseid Anne-Marie Siebke , Gopinathan Unni , Kierulf Peter , Berg Jens P , Brandtzaeg Petter , Henriksson Carola E
Published: December 2011

Neisseria meningitidis causes sepsis with coagulopathy. The present study evaluated the tissue factor (TF)-inducing capacity of bacterial LPS in different presentation forms, i.e. membrane-bound LPS versus purified LPS, and of non-LPS components of N. meningitidis. By using a wild-type N. meningitidis, a mutant N. meningitidis lacking LPS (LPS-deficient N. meningitidis), purified LPS from N. meningitidis and Escherichia coli, we measured TF-expression and TF-activity on human monocytes and microparticles (MPs). The effect of TF-modulators, such as phosphatidylserine (PS), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and recombinant IL-10 (rhIL-10) was investigated. In plasmas from meningococcal patients, fibrinopeptide A (FPA), LPS and IL-10 were quantified. Monocytes and MPs exposed to purified LPS or wild-type N. meningitidis had much higher TF-activity than monocytes and MPs exposed to LPS-deficient N. meningitidis (clot formation assay). Incubation with wild-type N. meningitidis, but also LPS-deficient N. meningitidis, resulted in TF-expression on monocytes (flow cytometry, qRT-PCR). Increased cellular TF-activity is associated with coincident surface-exposure of PS and the number of monocytes positive for both PS and TF was significantly higher for monocytes exposed to wild-type N. meningitidis (7.6%) compared with monocytes exposed to LPS-deficient N. meningitidis (1.8%). Treatment with rhIL-10 reduced monocyte- and MP-associated TF-activity, the number of monocytes positive for both TF and PS, and microvesiculation. Patients with meningococcal septicemia had significantly higher levels of LPS, FPA and IL-10 than patients with distinct meningitis. Our results indicate that LPS from N. meningitidis is crucial for inducing TF-activity, but not for monocyte- and MP-associated TF-expression. TF-activity seems to require coincident expression of TF and PS on monocytes, and LPS induces such double-positive monocytes.
The burden of allergic rhinitis and asthma
Authors: Ozdoganoglu Tunis , Songu Murat
Published: December 2011

Asthma and allergic rhinitis are common health problems that cause major illness and disability worldwide. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is estimated to range from 10% to 20% in the USA and Europe. Multiple factors contribute to the wide range of reported prevalence rates. These include type of prevalence rate reported (current or cumulative), study selection criteria, age of participants, differences in survey methods, varied geographic locations and socioeconomic status, any of which are significant enough to confound direct comparison between studies. There is no standard set of diagnostic criteria for allergic rhinitis. In most studies, the criteria for diagnosis are based on the subject’s reporting, solely by questionnaire and rarely confirmed by skin testing. In addition, most studies focus on hay fever, leaving perennial allergic rhinitis underestimated. Sinus imaging is generally not performed and, therefore, rhinosinusitis not differentiated. Some investigators report ‘current’ prevalence while others report ‘cumulative’ or ‘lifetime’ prevalence. Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that asthma and rhinitis often coexist in the same patients. The prevalence of asthma is <2% in subjects without rhinitis while it varies from 10% to 40% in patients with rhinitis. Furthermore, the majority of patients with asthma experience rhinitis, which is a factor in the risk for asthma. Despite recognition that allergic rhinitis and asthma are global health problems, there are insufficient epidemiologic data and more data are needed with regard to their etiologic risk factors and natural history. This aim of this review is to enable the reader to discuss prevalence, risk factors and prognosis of allergic rhinitis and asthma.