bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying the Nuclear Structure of the (

70172Yb102

) Deformed Nucleus using (IBM-1) and (GVMI) Models
Authors: Al-Fahdawi Saad Hameed , Aobaid Ali Kalaf
Published: March 2021

In this research, some properties of the nuclear structure of even-even

70

172

Y

b

102

deformed nucleus were studied with dynamic symmetry SU (3). The energy levels E (L), excited energy levels (Eγ
), and electric quadrupole moment(QL
) were calculated using a set of parameters in the calculation to obtain a match with the practical values available using the first interacting boson model. IBM-1 and generalized variable moment of inertia (GVMI) model, The calculated results are in good agreement with the available practical values, especially, the values calculated according to the GVMI program. The phenomenon of band intersection, and back bending were also studied, the results showed no effect of the moment of inertia on the shape of the nucleus under consideration, because the back bending phenomenon was not occur.
An analytical approach to symmetry breaking in multipole RF-traps
Authors: Marchenay M , Pedregosa-Gutierrez J , Knoop M , Houssin M , Champenois C
Published: March 2021

Radio-frequency (RF) linear multipole traps have been shown to be very sensitive to mis-positioning of their electrodes, which results in a symmetry breaking and leads to extra local minima in the trapping potential as shown in Pedregosa-Gutierrez et al (2018 J. Mod. Opt.
65 529) disturbing the operation of the trap. In this work, we analytically describe the RF-potential of a realistic octupole trap by including lower order terms to the well-established equation for a perfectly symmetric octupole trap. We describe the geometry by a combination of identified defects, characterized by simple analytical expressions. A complete equation is proposed for a trap with any electrode deviation relying on a combination of the simple cases where the defects are taken individually. Our approach is validated by comparison between analytical and numerical results for defect sizes up to 4% of the trap radius. As described in Pedregosa-Gutierrez et al (2018 Rev. Sci. Instrum.
89 123101), an independent fine-tuning of the amplitude of the RF voltage applied on each electrode can be used to mitigate the geometrical defects of a realistic trap. In a different way than in Pedregosa-Gutierrez et al (2018 Rev. Sci. Instrum.
89 123101), the knowledge of an analytical equation for the potential allows to design the set of RF-voltages required for this compensation, based on the experimental measurement of the ion positions in the trap, without information concerning the exact position of each electrode, and with a small number of iterations. The requirements, performances and limitations of this protocol are discussed via comparison of numerical simulations and analytical results.
Dynamic and thermodynamic modulations of the convectively coupled equatorial waves by the MJO
Authors: Zhu Yan , Li Tim
Published: March 2021

The convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs), including the Kelvin, mixed-Rossby gravity (MRG), eastward inertio-gravity (EIG), and westward inertio-gravity (WIG) waves, are dominant synoptic-scale waves in the tropics. In this study, the modulation of the CCEWs by the MJO is examined with observational data from 1985–2005 over the Indian Ocean (IO), Maritime Continent (MC), and Western Pacific (WP). We find that the MRG wave is strengthened (weakened) to the west (east) of the MJO convection. In contrast, the Kelvin, WIG and EIG waves are mostly strengthened over the MJO convective center. As MJO modulates the background vertical wind shear and moisture fields, a further analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship between the background dynamic and thermodynamic field changes and the wave intensity change. A significant negative correlation between the MJO-scale vertical wind shear and the MRG intensity variation suggests that the MRG wave is primarily modulated by the dynamic field. The intensity changes of the WIG and EIG waves are significantly correlated to the MJO moisture field. The Kelvin wave, which has both quasi-geostrophic and gravity wave nature, is modulated by both the MJO-scale vertical wind shear and specific humidity.
Isotherm measurements of high-pressure metal hydrides for hydrogen compressors
Authors: Smith D Barton , Bowman Robert C , Anovitz Lawrence M , Corgnale Claudio , Sulic Martin
Published: March 2021

Hydrogen absorption and desorption isotherms have been measured for several metal hydride alloys identified as possible candidates in the high-pressure (i.e. >80 MPa) stage of a two-stage hydrogen compressor. The isotherms were obtained using two independent Sieverts volumetric test systems built specifically for measuring hydrogen absorption and desorption parameters from 0.10 to 100 MPa. The results obtained enabled us to identify the alloy Ti0.8Zr0.2Fe1.6V0.4 as the most viable of the candidates investigated for use in the high-pressure stage of a prototype two-stage 80+ MPa compressor, as it produced the highest desorption pressures at moderate temperatures. Issues and challenges in determining reliable isotherms at pressures >50 MPa are also described.
Functional long non-coding and circular RNAs in zebrafish
Authors: Ranjan Gyan , Sehgal Paras , Sharma Disha , Scaria Vinod , Sivasubbu Sridhar
Published: March 2021

The utility of model organisms to understand the function of a novel transcript/genes has allowed us to delineate their molecular mechanisms in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Organisms such as zebrafish have contributed a lot in the field of developmental and disease biology. Attributable to advancement and deep transcriptomics, many new transcript isoforms and non-coding RNAs such as long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified and cataloged in multiple databases and many more are yet to be identified. Various methods and tools have been utilized to identify lncRNAs/circRNAs in zebrafish using deep sequencing of transcriptomes as templates. Functional analysis of a few candidates such as tie1-AS, ECAL1 and CDR1as in zebrafish provides a prospective outline to approach other known or novel lncRNA/circRNA. New genetic alteration tools like TALENS and CRISPRs have helped in probing for the molecular function of lncRNA/circRNA in zebrafish. Further latest improvements in experimental and computational techniques offer the identification of lncRNA/circRNA counterparts in humans and zebrafish thereby allowing easy modeling and analysis of function at cellular level.
Discussion on the development direction of hydropower in China
Authors: Bin Duan
Published: March 2021

Hydropower is the second largest conventional energy resource in China. It is a renewable energy with mature technology, flexible operation, cleanliness and low carbon. A hydropower project has flood control, a water supply, navigation, irrigation and other comprehensive utilization functions. The new era in China is guided by the new energy-security strategy of ‘four revolutions and one cooperation’ and the new development concept of ‘innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing’. According to the dual nature of water and electricity, this paper deepens the basic understanding of hydropower from the experience of the world, the difficult problems of hydropower in China and the long-term development of hydropower enterprises. The future direction of hydropower development is explored from the following aspects: high-quality development of follow-up hydropower projects, innovative utilization of existing hydropower value, creative pursuit of hydropower-benefit growth and high-level promotion of hydropower international cooperation.
MENSAdb: a thorough structural analysis of membrane protein dimers
Authors: Matos-Filipe Pedro , Preto António J , Koukos Panagiotis I , Mourão Joana , Bonvin Alexandre M J J , Moreira Irina S
Published: March 2021

Membrane proteins (MPs) are key players in a variety of different cellular processes and constitute the target of around 60% of all Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs. Despite their importance, there is still a massive lack of relevant structural, biochemical and mechanistic information mainly due to their localization within the lipid bilayer. To help fulfil this gap, we developed the MEmbrane protein dimer Novel Structure Analyser database (MENSAdb). This interactive web application summarizes the evolutionary and physicochemical properties of dimeric MPs to expand the available knowledge on the fundamental principles underlying their formation. Currently, MENSAdb contains features of 167 unique MPs (63% homo- and 37% heterodimers) and brings insights into the conservation of residues, accessible solvent area descriptors, average B-factors, intermolecular contacts at 2.5 Å and 4.0 Å distance cut-offs, hydrophobic contacts, hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, π–π stacking, T-stacking and cation–π interactions. The regular update and organization of all these data into a unique platform will allow a broad community of researchers to collect and analyse a large number of features efficiently, thus facilitating their use in the development of prediction models associated with MPs.

Database URL: http://www.moreiralab.com/resources/mensadb.
Machine learning and applications in microbiology
Authors: Goodswen Stephen J , Barratt Joel L N , Kennedy Paul J , Kaufer Alexa , Calarco Larissa , Ellis John T
Published: March 2021

To understand the intricacies of microorganisms at the molecular level requires making sense of copious volumes of data such that it may now be humanly impossible to detect insightful data patterns without an artificial intelligence application called machine learning. Applying machine learning to address biological problems is expected to grow at an unprecedented rate, yet it is perceived by the uninitiated as a mysterious and daunting entity entrusted to the domain of mathematicians and computer scientists. The aim of this review is to identify key points required to start the journey of becoming an effective machine learning practitioner. These key points are further reinforced with an evaluation of how machine learning has been applied so far in a broad scope of real-life microbiology examples. This includes predicting drug targets or vaccine candidates, diagnosing microorganisms causing infectious diseases, classifying drug resistance against antimicrobial medicines, predicting disease outbreaks and exploring microbial interactions. Our hope is to inspire microbiologists and other related researchers to join the emerging machine learning revolution.
Using environmental variation to optimize aerial surveys of harbour seals
Authors: Galatius Anders , Engbo Søs Gerster , Teilmann Jonas , Beest Floris M van
Published: March 2021

Harbour seals are surveyed aerially when they haul-out to moult in August. The proportion of the population hauled out throughout the year is related to temporal, environmental, and meteorological variables. Thus, monitoring is conducted under predefined ranges of conditions. Effects of variation within these ranges are rarely reviewed. We used linear models to assess effects of time, date and weather on the difference between counts predicted by a population growth model and observed counts, based on a 30-year time-series. Our top-ranked model explained 34.4% of the variance. Survey date and its interaction with survey year were the most important variables, with higher counts earlier in August, particularly early in the time series, where surveys may not have been timed optimally to capture the peak in the moult. Cloud cover, wind speed, temperature, and interactions between these were of lesser importance; there were fewer seals on land during cloudy, windy days and on clear, warm days. These effects of weather are likely related to temperature regulation. Power analyses suggested that correction for survey conditions would allow detection of a one percentage point annual change in population growth rate with 80% power 4 years sooner than without taking survey conditions into account.
Information and communications technology use among young female sex workers participating in a randomised human immunodeficiency virus prevention trial in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Kasujja Francis X , Mutabazi Hillary , Muhanguzi Eva , Seeley Janet , King Rachel
Published: March 2021

Background

This study was conducted to determine the level and feasibility of use of information and communication technology (ICT) and social media for research and service delivery among young female sex workers (YFSWs) in Kampala, Uganda.

Methods

We analysed baseline data from 234 YFSWs in Kampala ages 15–24 y participating in a randomized controlled trial testing a cognitive behavioural human immunodeficiency virus prevention intervention.

Results

Mobile phone ownership (68.3%) and short message service use (64.9%) were moderate and significantly lower in the 15- to 19-y age group. Computer use experience and internet access were low.

Conclusions

We believe that the feasibility of ICT and social media-driven interventions among YFSWs is limited.
Performance Characteristics of Refined LC–FLD and HILIC–MS/MS Methods for the Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shrimp, Whelk, and Crab
Authors: Dean Karl J , Hatfield Robert G , Turner Andrew D
Published: March 2021

Background

Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) toxins have been reported in non-bivalve shellfish species, including crustaceans and gastropods. Routine surveillance of these species is currently conducted in parts of England. To date, detection methods have not been validated for these matrices. Validation is required to ensure the test is fit for purpose, to give greater confidence in any results generated and ultimately facilitates accreditation.

Objective

The aim was to test and validate two independent PSP toxin detection methods previously validated for bivalve shellfish matrices, for applicability to commercial non-bivalve species of interest.

Methods

Matrices were shrimp (Crangon crangon), common whelk (Buccinum undatum), and edible crab (Cancer pagurus). The two methods assessed were the pre-column oxidation high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection AOAC 2005.06 Official Method of analysis and an internationally validated hydrophilic interaction chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. Brown and white crab meat were assessed separately.

Results

A refined extraction protocol was implemented with an increased solvent to sample ratio. The same extraction protocol was utilized for both methods, allowing both methods to be run simultaneously. Method sensitivity, recovery, repeatability, and method uncertainty were characterized in all matrix/toxin combinations. Overall, both methods performed similarly to that previously reported in bivalve mollusks. Acceptability of the majority of toxin/matrix combinations was evidenced through comparison of method performance characteristics against specific performance criteria, including Horwitz ratio values.

Conclusions

Both PSP toxin detection methods were found to provide acceptable performance for the monitoring of shrimp, whelk, and crab species.

Highlights

Two PSP toxin detection methods have been single-laboratory validated successfully for three non-bivalve shellfish species.
Autonomous Weapons and the Responsibility Gap in light of the Mens Rea of the War Crime of Attacking Civilians in the ICC Statute
Authors: Bo Marta
Published: March 2021

Within the broader context of the problems raised by the interaction between humans and machines in weaponry and targeting, this paper deals with the specific issue of the mens rea required to establish responsibility for the war crime of indiscriminate attacks, in the context of attacks performed with semi-autonomous weapons or with the support of artificial intelligence (AI) in targeting decision-making. The author presents the difficulties that are determined by the interaction between humans and machines, and highlights that an interpretation that would allow for risk-taking mental elements such as dolus eventualis and recklessness in the framework of the war crime of attacking civilians would be better able to capture the criminality of the conduct of the person who knowingly accepts the risk of killing civilians as part of an AI-powered attack where the result of hitting the civilian target is one of the possible outcomes. However, the article indicates that this construction can be employed only in specific circumstances, since in most scenarios even these lowered mens rea requirements would not be met. In most human-machine teaming scenarios, lower types of intent such as dolus eventualis would still be insufficient for the ascription of criminal responsibility for such indiscriminate attacks against civilians. This is because of the specific risks posed by the integration of autonomy in the targeting process and the resulting changes to the cognitive environment in which human agents operate, which significantly affect specific components of mens rea standards.
Pathways of Representation in Network Governance: Evidence from Multi-Jurisdictional Disasters
Authors: Steelman Toddi , Nowell Branda , Velez Anne-Lise , Scott Ryan
Published: March 2021

Governance systems reconcile diverse interests to enable collective decision-making and action. Questions related to representation in the governance of networks are addressed in the literature; underexplored is the empirical variation in governance arrangements and pathways of representation. Complex, multi-jurisdictional disasters provide a robust theoretical and empirical context in which to investigate network governance pathways due to the tensions between democratic principles of representation and the need for timely, expert-informed response actions. In this article, we address three questions related to network governance, representation, and complex disasters: what governance structures allow for a representation of diverse interests? What governance structures provide a perception of voice to key affected parties? And where do we see variation in the kinds of structures that give voice to these entities? Using an inductive, grounded theory approach along with mixed methods that include case studies, interviews, and archival data in the form ICS 209 incident reports, we provide evidence from 10 of the most jurisdictionally complex wildfires that took place in 2017. In doing so, we introduce the distinction between macro and micro structures of network governance for understanding more precisely the pathways by which representation occurs and how representation functions in disaster networks. There is no singular normative goal when we think about network governance and representation in disasters; rather there are competing contingencies that emerge out of complex contexts. We propose four key propositions to guide further work in this arena.
A Sense of No Future in an Uncertain Present: Altruism and Risk-Seeking among Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Authors: El-Bialy Nora , Aranda Elisa Fraile , Nicklisch Andreas , Saleh Lamis , Voigt Stefan
Published: March 2021

An unprecedented number of refugees from Syria have sought refuge in both the Middle East and Europe since the beginning of the civil war in Syria in 2011. We analyse the level of altruism and risk-seeking among Syrian civil war victims in Jordan. Our participants are university students who interact with both Jordanians and other Syrians. We find systematic variations in the revealed levels of altruism and their willingness to accept risk among Syrian refugees: feeling as if having no future coincides with both more egoistic and more risk-seeking behaviour. Refugees’ behavioural responses and their sense of no future correlate with their current personal living experiences. Our findings suggest that both the sense of no future and the accompanying behavioural responses are primarily associated with their current living conditions rather than with experiences directly related to the civil war in Syria.
Determined by Mode? Representation and Measurement Effects in a Dual-Mode Statewide Survey
Authors: Shino Enrijeta , Martinez Michael D , Binder Michael
Published: March 2021

With the increasing usage of dual-mode data collection, researchers of public opinion have shown considerable interest in understanding response differences across different interview modes. Are mode effects an outcome of representation or measurement differences across modes? We conducted a dual-mode survey (web and telephone) using Florida’s voter file as the sampling frame, randomly assigning registered voters into one mode versus the other. Having a priori information about the respondents allows us to gauge whether and how sample composition differences may be driven by mode effects, and whether mode affects estimated models of political behavior. Survey mode effects are still significant for issue voting even when sampling design is similar for both modes.
The First Episode of Psychosis
Authors: Broussard Beth , Compton Michael T.
Published: March 2021

Now in its second edition, The First Episode of Psychosis is the ideal book for young people and their families experiencing the frightening and confusing initial episode of psychosis, which often occurs during late adolescence or early adulthood. The updated edition includes information on specialized early intervention services, going back to school and work, and the latest treatments and medicines. The book covers a range of topics essential for young people and families facing the challenges of psychosis. Topics covered include early warning signs, symptoms, types of primary psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder, evaluation, treatment, and healthy lifestyle choices. Worksheets helps readers to track and better understand their own experiences, and to openly communicate with care providers. An extensive glossary clarifies the dizzying array of terms used by medical professionals. Optimistic, practical, and recovery-oriented, The First Episode of Psychosis will help young people and their families take an active, informed role in their care as they take steps towards achieving their goals.
Reconstruction of the Origin of a Neo-Y Sex Chromosome and Its Evolution in the Spotted Knifejaw,Oplegnathus punctatus
Authors: Li Ming , Zhang Rui , Fan Guangyi , Xu Wenteng , Zhou Qian , Wang Lei , Li Wensheng , Pang Zunfang , Yu Mengjun , Liu Qun , Liu Xin , Schartl Manfred , Chen Songlin
Published: March 2021

Sex chromosomes are a peculiar constituent of the genome because the evolutionary forces that fix the primary sex-determining gene cause genic degeneration and accumulation of junk DNA in the heterogametic partner. One of the most spectacular phenomena in sex chromosome evolution is the occurrence of neo-Y chromosomes, which lead to X1X2Y sex-determining systems. Such neo-sex chromosomes are critical for understanding the processes of sex chromosome evolution because they rejuvenate their total gene content. We assembled the male and female genomes at the chromosome level of the spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus), which has a cytogenetically recognized neo-Y chromosome. The full assembly and annotation of all three sex chromosomes allowed us to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Contrary to other neo-Y chromosomes, the fusion to X2 is quite ancient, estimated at 48 Ma. Despite its old age and being even older in the X1 homologous region which carries a huge inversion that occurred as early as 55–48 Ma, genetic degeneration of the neo-Y appears to be only moderate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that sex chromosomes harbor 87 genes, which may serve important functions in the testis. The accumulation of such male-beneficial genes, a large inversion on the X1 homologous region and fusion to X2 appear to be the main drivers of neo-Y evolution in the spotted knifejaw. The availability of high-quality assemblies of the neo-Y and both X chromosomes make this fish an ideal model for a better understanding of the variability of sex determination mechanisms and of sex chromosome evolution.
SIRT3 consolidates heterochromatin and counteracts senescence
Authors: Diao Zhiqing , Ji Qianzhao , Wu Zeming , Zhang Weiqi , Cai Yusheng , Wang Zehua , Hu Jianli , Liu Zunpeng , Wang Qiaoran , Bi Shijia , Huang Daoyuan , Ji Zhejun , Liu Guang-Hui , Wang Si , Song Moshi , Qu Jing
Published: March 2021

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase linked to a broad range of physiological and pathological processes, including aging and aging-related diseases. However, the role of SIRT3 in regulating human stem cell homeostasis remains unclear. Here we found that SIRT3 expression was downregulated in senescent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated depletion of SIRT3 led to compromised nuclear integrity, loss of heterochromatin and accelerated senescence in hMSCs. Further analysis indicated that SIRT3 interacted with nuclear envelope proteins and heterochromatin-associated proteins. SIRT3 deficiency resulted in the detachment of genomic lamina-associated domains (LADs) from the nuclear lamina, increased chromatin accessibility and aberrant repetitive sequence transcription. The re-introduction of SIRT3 rescued the disorganized heterochromatin and the senescence phenotypes. Taken together, our study reveals a novel role for SIRT3 in stabilizing heterochromatin and counteracting hMSC senescence, providing new potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate aging-related diseases.
Identifying evidence of the effectiveness of photovoice: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the international healthcare literature
Authors: Halvorsrud Kristoffer , Eylem Ozlem , Mooney Roisin , Haarmans Maria , Bhui Kamaldeep
Published: March 2021

Background

Photovoice (PV) was conceptualized in the early 1990s to engage community members in capturing/communicating their lived experience narratives through photography. However, no meta-analyses in health research have assessed whether PV achieves its purported effects.

Methods

We carried forward any relevant references from a previous review identifying PV studies before 2008 and searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 2008 up until October 2019. We included both published and grey literature, in any population or context. We assessed quality with the Effective Public Health Practice Project’s (EPHPP) tool and pooled studies using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Twenty-eight studies were included, showing significant post-treatment effects only for health knowledge (SMD, 95% CIs = 0.41, 0.09 to 0.73, n = 16) and community functions (SMD, 95% CIs = 0.22, 0.03 to 0.40, n = 4). Strong heterogeneity was indicated for health knowledge, potentially explained by a larger effect in ethnic minority populations. There was insufficient follow-up data for health knowledge, while in follow-up for community functions the post-treatment effect was lost.

Conclusions

PV’s post-treatment effect on health knowledge did not translate into positive health behaviours or physical and mental health outcomes, longer-term community functions, or health service outcomes.
Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Reduced Beneficial Microorganism Associations in Roots of Foot-Rot-Affected Citrus Trees
Authors: Yang Chuanyu , Ancona Veronica
Published: March 2021

Root endophytes have been shown to influence plant growth and plant responses to pathogens. Phytophthora spp. are important pathogens of citrus that cause foot rot and fibrous root decline. We hypothesize that foot rot infection by Phytophthora spp. can result in changes of the endophytic microbial community in citrus roots. Therefore, the endophytic (including bacterial and fungal) microbiome of roots from Phytophthora foot-rot-affected and healthy citrus trees were analyzed by Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA and internal transcribed spacer amplicons. Results indicate that the composition and structure of the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities were changed in roots of foot-rot-affected citrus trees. The populations of bacterial genera Asteroleplasma, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces were decreased in foot-rot-affected trees. Also, the relative abundance of Exophiala pisciphila and Glomeraceae spp. was significantly decreased in citrus roots. Pseudomonas and Streptomyces spp. are considered beneficial bacteria and E. pisciphila and Glomeraceae spp. are dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, respectively, which are involved in citrus health and growth. This study provides a baseline to continue investigating the interactions between the citrus host, Phytophthora spp., and beneficial microbes.
Emotional Hazards of Nurses' Work
Authors: Boyle Deborah A. , Steinheiser Marlene M.
Published: March 2021

Stress in nurses is multifocal, pervasive, and persistent. They practice in a contemporary heath care environment characterized by rapid change, the ongoing integration of novel technologies, and interpersonal challenges. Relationships with patients and families pose unique dilemmas related to witnessing anguish and trauma over time. Interventions are needed to counter the affective demands of nurse caregiving. To this end, national initiatives have been proposed to outline general work setting enhancements promoting well-being. Stressor-specific interventions have also been identified. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the macro (organizational) recommendations for change and a micro (practice setting) blueprint of potential interventions to promote nurse well-being.
Superoxide Dismutase Gene Polymorphism is Associated With Ischemic Stroke Risk in the China Dali Region Han Population
Authors: Yang Xitong , Yang Sulian , Xu Hongyang , Liu Dan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Guangming
Published: March 2021

Background:

Stroke is a serious cardiovascular disease, a major cause of disability and death in both developed and developing countries. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and play a key role in the antioxidant response. This study explored the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SOD genes and the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) in the Chinese Han population of Dali City.

Methods:

For this case-control study, the authors enrolled 144 patients who had an IS and 128 healthy controls. The SNPs rs17880487 and rs80265967 of the SOD1 gene, rs4880 and rs2842960 of the SOD2 gene, and rs2695232 and rs7655372 of the SOD3 gene were detected through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction. Genotypes and allele frequencies of the 2 groups were compared. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, and environmental factors were corrected with multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results:

Rs7655372 of SOD3 was associated with a significantly increased risk of IS. Moreover, the A and GA genotypes of SNP rs7655372 were associated with increased risk of IS, whereas the A and GA genotypes were risk factors for IS. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the rs7655372 GA genotype is the independent risk factor for IS.

Conclusion:

The SOD3 gene rs7655372 locus polymorphism is a risk factor for IS in the Dali region.
Neurologists’ Diagnostic Accuracy and Interspecialties’ Diagnostic Concordance of Acute Vertigo
Authors: Lourenço Rosa José , Melancia Diana , Godinho Filipe , Barros Ariana , Fernandes Andreia , Ferro Margarida , Machado Manuel , Sequeira Marta , Vaz Soraia , Dias Margarida , Manita Manuel
Published: March 2021

Background:

Acute vertigo (AV) is often a challenging condition. Because of its multiple causes, patients are frequently observed by neurologists and physicians from other areas of specialites, particularly Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT). We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of AV in patients observed by Neurology and other medical specialties.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective cross-sectional study with the selection of all patients with AV observed by Neurology at the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary center in 2019, regarding demographic data, imaging studies, diagnosis by Neurology and ENT at the ED, and diagnosis after ED discharge by different medical specialties.

Results:

In all, 54 patients were selected, 28 (52%) of them were women. The mean age was 59.96±14.88 years; 48% had a history of AV and 89% underwent imaging studies (computed tomography scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging scan). The most frequent diagnosis established by Neurology was benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, followed by vestibular neuronitis; 28 patients were also observed by ENT with an overall concordance rate of diagnosis of 39%. After ED discharge, most patients were observed at the Balance Disorders Outpatient Clinic. Diagnosis by Neurology at the ED was not significantly different from observation by other medical specialties after ED discharge regarding the distinction between peripheral and central causes of AV (κ=0.840, 95% confidence interval: 0.740 to 0.941, P<0.005).

Conclusions:

Neurologists can effectively differentiate central and peripheral causes of AV at the ED. Patients with AV should be primarily evaluated by Neurology at the ED, avoiding redundant observations and allowing faster patient management.
Evaluation of extreme sub-daily precipitation in high-resolution global climate model simulations
Authors: Wehner Michael , Lee Jiwoo , Risser Mark , Ullrich Paul , Gleckler Peter , Collins William D.
Published: March 2021

We examine the resolution dependence of errors in extreme sub-daily precipitation in available high-resolution climate models. We find that simulated extreme precipitation increases as horizontal resolution increases but that appropriately constructed model skill metrics do not significantly change. We find little evidence that simulated extreme winter or summer storm processes significantly improve with the resolution because the model performance changes identified are consistent with expectations from scale dependence arguments alone. We also discuss the implications of these scale-dependent limitations on the interpretation of simulated extreme precipitation.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes and implications for flash flood risks’.
Integrated Transcriptomic and Neuroimaging Brain Model Decodes Biological Mechanisms in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Adewale Quadri , Khan Ahmed F , Carbonell Felix , Iturria-Medina Yasser ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2021

Both healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are characterized by concurrent alterations in several biological factors. However, generative brain models of aging and AD are limited in incorporating the measures of these biological factors at different spatial resolutions. Here, we propose a personalized bottom-up spatiotemporal brain model which accounts for the direct interplay between hundreds of RNA transcripts and multiple macroscopic neuroimaging modalities (PET, MRI). In normal elderly and AD participants, the model identifies top genes modulating tau and amyloid-β burdens, vascular flow, glucose metabolism, functional activity, and atrophy to drive cognitive decline. The results also revealed that AD and healthy aging share specific biological mechanisms, even though AD is a separate entity with considerably more altered pathways. Overall, this personalized model offers novel insights into the multiscale alterations in the elderly brain, with important implications for identifying effective genetic targets for extending healthy aging and treating AD progression.

Highlights

- A multiscale model integrating gene expression and neuroimaging identifies causal genes driving healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease progression.

- The specific neuroimaging modalities modulated by the causal genes are revealed.

- Healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease share specific biological pathways even though Alzheimer’s disease has more altered pathways.
HYPER: Group testing via hypergraph factorization applied to COVID-19
Authors: Hong David , Dey Rounak , Lin Xihong , Cleary Brian , Dobriban Edgar
Published: March 2021

Large scale screening is a critical tool in the life sciences, but is often limited by reagents, samples, or cost. An important challenge in screening has recently manifested in the ongoing effort to achieve widespread testing for individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the face of substantial resource constraints. Group testing methods utilize constrained testing resources more efficiently by pooling specimens together, potentially allowing larger populations to be screened with fewer tests. A key challenge in group testing is to design an effective pooling strategy. The global nature of the ongoing pandemic calls for something simple (to aid implementation) and flexible (to tailor for settings with differing needs) that remains efficient. Here we propose HYPER, a new group testing method based on hypergraph factorizations. We provide theoretical characterizations under a general statistical model, and exhaustively evaluate HYPER and proposed alternatives for SARS-CoV-2 screening under realistic simulations of epidemic spread and within-host viral kinetics. We demonstrate that HYPER performs at least as well as other methods in scenarios that are well-suited to each method, while outperforming those methods across a broad range of resource-constrained environments, being more flexible and simple in design, and taking no expertise to implement. An online tool to implement these designs in the lab is available at http://hyper.covid19-analysis.org.
Genetics of symptom remission in outpatients with COVID-19
Authors: Dubé Marie-Pierre , Lemaçon Audrey , Barhdadi Amina , Perreault Louis-Philippe Lemieux , Oussaïd Essaïd , Asselin Géraldine , Provost Sylvie , Sun Maxine , Sandoval Johanna , Legault Marc-André , Mongrain Ian , Dubois Anick , Valois Diane , Dedelis Emma , Lousky Jennifer , Choi Julie , Goulet Elisabeth , Savard Christiane , Chicoine Lea-Mei , Cossette Mariève , Chabot-Blanchet Malorie , Guertin Marie-Claude , de Denus Simon , Bouabdallaoui Nadia , Marchand Richard , Bassevitch Zohar , Nozza Anna , Gaudet Daniel , L’Allier Philippe L , Hussin Julie , Boivin Guy , Busseuil David , Tardif Jean-Claude
Published: March 2021

We conducted a genome-wide association study of time to remission of COVID-19 symptoms in 1723 outpatients with at least one risk factor for disease severity from the COLCORONA clinical trial. We found a significant association at 5p13.3 (rs1173773; P = 4.94 × 10−8) near the natriuretic peptide receptor 3 gene (NPR3). By day 15 of the study, 44%, 54% and 59% of participants with 0, 1, or 2 copies of the effect allele respectively, had symptom remission. In 851 participants not treated with colchicine (placebo), there was a significant association at 9q33.1 (rs62575331; P = 2.95 × 10−8) in interaction with colchicine (P = 1.19 × 10−5) without impact on risk of hospitalisations, highlighting a possibly shared mechanistic pathway. By day 15 of the study, 46%, 62% and 64% of those with 0, 1, or 2 copies of the effect allele respectively, had symptom remission. The findings need to be replicated and could contribute to the biological understanding of COVID-19 symptom remission.
Clinical outcome evaluations and CBT response prediction in Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: van As Daniël , Okkersen Kees , Bassez Guillaume , Schoser Benedikt , Lochmüller Hanns , Glennon Jeffrey C. , Knoop Hans , van Engelen Baziel G.M. , ’t Hoen Peter A.C.
Published: March 2021

Background

The European OPTIMISTIC clinical trial has demonstrated a significant, yet heterogenous effect of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients. One of its remaining aims was the assessment of efficacy and adequacy of clinical outcome measures, including the relatively novel primary trial outcome, the DM1-Activ-c questionnaire.

Objectives

Assessment of the relationship between the Rasch-built DM1-Activ-c questionnaire and 26 commonly used clinical outcome measurements. Identification of variables associated with CBT response in DM1 patients.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of the to date largest clinical trial in DM1 (OPTIMISTIC), comprising of 255 genetically confirmed DM1 patients randomized to either standard care or CBT with optionally graded exercise therapy. Correlations of 27 different outcome measures were calculated at baseline (cross-sectional) and of their respective intervention induced changes (longitudinal). Bootstrap enhanced Elastic-Net (BeEN) regression was validated and implemented to select variables associated with CBT response.

Results

In cross-sectional data, DM1-Activ-c correlated significantly with the majority of other outcome measures, including Six Minute Walk Test and Myotonic Dystrophy Health Index. Fewer and weaker significant longitudinal correlations were observed. Nine variables potentially associated with CBT response were identified, including measures of disease severity, executive cognitive functioning and perceived social support.

Conclusions

The DM1-Activ-c questionnaire appears to be a well suited cross-sectional instrument to assess a variety of clinically relevant dimensions in DM1. Yet, apathy and experienced social support measures were less well captured. CBT response was heterogenous, requiring careful selection of outcome measures for different disease aspects.
Reducing COVID-19 Airborne Transmission Risks on Public Transportation Buses: An Empirical Study on Aerosol Dispersion and Control
Authors: Edwards Nathan J. , Widrick Rebecca , Wilmes Justin , Breisch Ben , Gerschefske Mike , Sullivan Jon , Potember Richard , Espinoza-Calvio Angelica
Published: March 2021

This study is one of the first COVID-19 related bus studies to fully characterize cough aerosol dispersion and control in the highly turbulent real-world environment of driving regular bus routes on both a school bus and a transit bus. While several other bus studies have been conducted, they were limited to clinical contact tracing, simulation, or partial characterization of aerosol transmission in the passenger areas with constraint conditions. When considering the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other highly infectious airborne diseases, ground based public transportation systems are high-risk environments for airborne transmission particularly since social distancing of six feet is not practical on most buses. This study demonstrates that wearing of masks reduced the overall particle count released into the bus by an average of 50% or more depending on mask quality and reduced the dispersion distance by several feet. The study also demonstrates an 84.36% reduction in aerosol particles and an 80.28% reduction in the mean aerosol residence time for some test cases. We conducted 84 experimental runs using nebulized 10% sodium chloride and a mechanical exhalation simulator that resulted in 78.3 million data points and 124 miles of on-the-road testing. Our study not only captures the dispersion patterns using 28 networked particle counters, as well as quantifies the effectiveness of using on-board fans, opening of various windows, use of face coverings or masks, and the use of the transit bus HVAC system. This work also provides empirical observations of aerosol dispersion in a real-world turbulent air environment, which are remarkably different than many existing fluid dynamics simulations, and also offers substantial discussion on the implications for inclement weather conditions, driver safety, retrofit applications to improve bus air quality, and operational considerations for public transportation organizations.
Prenatal and Childhood Adverse Events and Child Brain Morphology: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Hidalgo Andrea P. Cortes , Delaney Scott W. , Kourtalidi Stavroula A. , Neumann Alexander , Zou Runyu , Muetzel Ryan L. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Tiemeier Henning , White Tonya
Published: March 2021

Background

Prenatal and childhood adverse events have been shown to be related to children’s cognitive and psychological development. However, the influence of early-life adversities on child brain morphology is not well understood and most studies are based on small samples and often examine only one adversity. Thus, the goal of our study is to examine the relationship between cumulative exposures to prenatal and childhood adversities and brain morphology in a large population-based study.

Methods

Participants included 2,993 children in whom prenatal adversities were reported by mothers at 20-25 weeks of pregnancy and the child’s lifetime exposure to adversities was reported by mothers when the children were 10 years-of-age. The total brain, grey and white matter volumes and the volume of the cerebellum, amygdala and hippocampus were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging when children were 10 years old.

Results

In total, 36% of children had mothers who were exposed to at least one adversity during pregnancy and 35% of children were exposed to adversities in childhood. In our study sample, the cumulative number of prenatal adversities was not related to any brain outcome. In contrast, per each additional childhood adverse event, the total brain volume was 0.07 standard deviations smaller (SE = 0.02, p = 0.001), with differences in both grey and white matter volumes. Childhood adversities were not related to the amygdala or hippocampal volumes. Additionally, the link between childhood events and the preadolescent brain was not modified by prenatal events and was not explained by maternal psychopathology.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that childhood adversities, but not prenatal adverse events, are associated with smaller global brain volumes in preadolescence. Notably, this is the first large population-based study to prospectively assess the association between the cumulative number of prenatal adversities and the preadolescent brain morphology. The study findings extend the evidence from high-risk samples, providing support for a link between cumulative childhood adverse events and brain morphology in children from the general population.
Early genomic detection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Tosta Stephane , Giovanetti Marta , Brandão Nardy Vanessa , de Oliveira da Silva Luciana Reboredo , Gómez Marcela Kelly Astete , Lima Jaqueline Gomes , Cardoso Cristiane Wanderley , Silva Tarcisio Oliveira , São Pedro Leal de Souza Marcia , Dia Pedro H. Presta , Fonseca Vagner , Lourenço José , Alcantara Luiz Carlos Junior , Pereira Felicidade , Leal Arabela
Published: March 2021

Tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is crucial to inform public health efforts and control the ongoing pandemic. Here, we report genetic evidence for circulation of the P.1 variant in Northeast Brazil. We advocate for increased active surveillance to ensure adequate control of this variant throughout the country.

Article Summary Line

Active genomic surveillance of SARS- CoV-2 suspected cases from recent travelers reveals the circulation of the P1 variant of concern in Bahia state, Northeast Brazil.