bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Cytoxazone and (+)‐epi‐Cytoxazone.
Authors: Milicevic Selena , Matovic Radomir , Saicic Radomir N.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles in Complementary Micropores of SBA‐15.
Authors: Yuranov Igor , Kiwi‐Minsker Lioubov , Buffat Philippe , Renken Albert
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pr6O11 Single‐Crystal Nanotubes from a Molten‐Salt Synthetic Method.
Authors: Wang Xun , Zhuang Jing , Li Yadong
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Hexahydro‐ and Octahydropyrido[1,2‐c]pyrimidine Derivatives with an Arylpiperazine Moiety as Ligands for 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A Receptors. Part 2.
Authors: Herold F. , Kleps J. , Nowak G. , Maj M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coal Oxidation at Low Temperatures: Oxygen Consumption, Oxidation Products, Reaction Mechanism and Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Wang Haihui , Dlugogorski Bogdan Z. , Kennedy Eric M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Synthetic Developments in the Nitro to Carbonyl Conversion (Nef Reaction)
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Petrini Marino
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Friedel‐Crafts Acylation and Related Reactions Catalyzed by Heteropoly Acids
Authors: Kozhevnikov I. V.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The New Science of Protein Mimetics
Authors: Goodman Murray , Cai Weibo , Kinberger Garth A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Syntheses of Vancomycin
Authors: Thoresen Lars H. , Burgess Kevin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Eleutherobin: Synthesis, Structure—Activity Relationship, and Pharmacophore
Authors: Diederichsen Ulf
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Metal Complexes in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Moberg Christina , Belda Oscar , Hallman Kristina , Stranne Robert , Svensson Mats , Vasse Jean‐Luc , Wondimagegn Tebikie , Zalubovskis Raivis
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Routes to Fluorinated Organic Derivatives by Nickel Mediated C—F Activation of Heteroaromatics
Authors: Braun Thomas , Perutz Robin N.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organometallic Complexes with 1,2‐Dichalcogenolate‐o‐carboranes
Authors: Jin Guo‐Xin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydride Transfer in Gaseous Ion—Molecule Complexes Formed from Protonated Alkylbenzenes
Authors: Kuck D. , Matthias C. , Anlauf S. , Bredenkoetter B. , Weniger K.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Besson Michele , Pinel Catherine
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemical Routes to Cyclophanes Involving Decarbonylation Reactions and Related Process
Authors: Shinmyozu Teruo , Nogita Rika , Akita Motoko , Lim Chultack
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemistry of Allenes
Authors: Shimizu Toshio
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Single Electron Transfer (SET) Induced Fragmentation Reactions
Authors: Albini Angelo , Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemical Generation of Glycosyl Radicals and Its Applications in Carbohydrate Synthesis
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in the Formation of Carbon—Carbon Bond Reactions Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins
Authors: Tagliatesta Pietro , Floris Barbara , Galloni Pierluca
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments on Hydride Iridium Triisopropylphosphine Complexes: [IrH2(NC‐Me)3(P(iPr)3)]BF4 as Hydrogenation Catalyst
Authors: Oro Luis A. , Sola Eduardo , Navarro Janeth
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Chemistry of Acylpolysilanes
Authors: Naka Akinobu , Ishikawa Mitsuo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pauson—Khand Reaction of Enynes Bearing exo—Olefin and Its Application to Total Synthesis of Lycopodium Alkaloid, Magellanine
Authors: Ishizaki Miyuki , Hoshino Osamu
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Developments of New Catalytic Borylation Reactions Directed Towards Fine Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exploration into Potential Functionality of Hydroxylamine‐Based Compounds and Development of Novel Synthetic Processes
Authors: Ishikawa Teruhiko , Kudoh Takayuki , Saito Seiki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Methods for Architectures of Glyco‐materials
Authors: Kadokawa Jun‐ichi , Shoda Shin‐ichiro
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalyst Systems Based on Immobilized Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins
Authors: Solovieva A. B. , Timashev S. F.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Analogues of the Active Sites of Iron—Sulfur Proteins
Authors: Rao P. Venkateswara , Holm R. H.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Design of Functional DNA‐Binding Proteins Based on Zinc Finger Domains
Authors: Jantz Derek , Amann Barbara T. , Gatto Gregory J. Jr. , Berg Jeremy M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metallothioneins: Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, and Copper Thiolates and Selenolates Mimicking Protein Active Site Features — Structural Aspects and Biological Implications
Authors: Henkel Gerald , Krebs Bernt
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Analogues of Cysteinate‐Ligated Non‐Heme Iron and Non‐Corrinoid Cobalt Enzymes
Authors: Kovacs Julie A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Models for Non‐Heme Carboxylate‐Bridged Diiron Metalloproteins: Strategies and Tactics
Authors: Tshuva Edit Y. , Lippard Stephen J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Analogues and Reaction Systems Relevant to the Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxotransferases
Authors: Enemark John H. , Cooney J. Jon A. , Wang Jun‐Jieh , Holm R. H.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Current Progress in the Asymmetric Aldol Addition Reaction
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Oiarbide Mikel , Garcia Jesus M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design of Chiral Dimesogens Containing Cholesteryl Groups; Formation of New Molecular Organizations and Their Application to Molecular Photonics
Authors: Mallia V. Ajay , Tamaoki Nobuyuki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Models for the Manganese Catalases
Authors: Wu Amy J. , Penner‐Hahn James E. , Pecoraro Vincent L.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactivity of Dioxygen—Copper Systems
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth A. , Tolman William B.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation and Insertion of the Nitrogenase Iron‐Molybdenum Cofactor
Authors: Dos Santos Patricia C. , Dean Dennis R. , Hu Yilin , Ribbe Markus W.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dihydropteridine Reductase Deficiency in Man: From Biology to Treatment
Authors: Ponzone Alberto , Spada Marco , Ferraris Silvio , Dianzani Irma , de Sanctis Luisa
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Environmental Performance Review and Cost Analysis of MSW Landfilling by Baling‐Wrapping Technology versus Conventional System
Authors: Baldasano J. M. , Gasso S. , Perez C.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenazine Natural Products: Biosynthesis, Synthetic Analogues, and Biological Activity
Authors: Laursen Jane Buus , Nielsen John
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Recognition of Aspartic Acids by Chiral Ligand Exchange Potentiometry
Authors: Zhou Yanxiu , Yu Bin , Levon Kalle , Nagaoka Tsutomu
Published: April 2004

Enantioselective resolution is realized by combining potentiometry with ligand exchange (CE) in a new method called chiral ligand exchange potentiometry (CLEP). A chiral selector, N‐carbobenzoxy‐L‐aspartic acid (N‐CBZ‐L‐Asp), preferentially recognizes D‐aspartic acid (D‐Asp) and undergoes ligand exchange with the enantiomeric labile coordination complexes of [Cu(II)(D‐Asp)2] or [Cu(II)(L‐Asp)2] to form a diastereoisomeric complex [(D‐Asp)Cu(II)(N‐CBZ‐L‐Asp)] (a) or [(L‐Asp)Cu(II)(N‐CBZ‐L‐Asp)] (b). Considerable stereoselectivity occurs in the formation of these diastereoisomeric complexes, and their net charges were −2 (a) and 0 (b), respectively, resulting in different Nernst factor (electrode slope), thus enabling chiral D‐Asp to be distinguished by potentiometry without any pre‐ or postseparation processes.
Potentiometric Stripping of Arsenic(III) Using a Wall‐Jet Flow Cell and Gold(III) Solution as Chemical Reoxidant
Authors: Muñoz Emma , Palmero Susana
Published: April 2004

In the proposed method As(III) is determined with a wall‐jet flow cell by means of potentiostatic co‐deposition of Au(III) and As(III) at a glassy‐carbon electrode and subsequent chemical stripping with Au(III). Factors affecting sensitivity and precision including acidity, Au(III) concentration, electrodeposition potential and flow rate were optimized. Optimum determination of As(III) in solutions containing 160 mg L−1 and 1.2 M hydrochloric acid was accomplished with an electrolysis potential of −0.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a flow rate of 0.59 mL min−1. Different linear concentration ranges were achieved under these conditions with good precision and relative standard deviations between 6–9%. The detection limit obtained after 120 s of electrolysis was 0.55 μg L−1.
Evidence for semantic learning in profound amnesia: An investigation with patient H.M.
Authors: O'Kane Gail , Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Corkin Suzanne
Published: April 2004

Until recently, it seemed unlikely that any semantic knowledge could be acquired following extensive bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes (MTL). Although recent studies have demonstrated some semantic learning in amnesic patients, questions remain regarding the limits of this capacity and the extent to which it relies on those patients' residual MTL function. The present study examined whether detailed, semantic memory could be acquired by a patient with no functioning hippocampus. We used cued recall and forced‐choice recognition tasks to investigate whether the patient H.M. had acquired knowledge of people who became famous after the onset of his amnesia. Results revealed that, with first names provided as cues, he was able to recall the corresponding famous last name for 12 of 35 postoperatively famous personalities. This number nearly doubled when semantic cues were added, suggesting that his knowledge of the names was not limited to perceptual information, but was incorporated in a semantic network capable of supporting explicit recall. In forced‐choice recognition, H.M. discriminated 87% of postmorbid famous names from foils. Critically, he was able to provide uniquely identifying semantic facts for one‐third of these recognized names, describing John Glenn, for example, as “the first rocketeer” and Lee Harvey Oswald as a man who “assassinated the president.” Although H.M.'s semantic learning was clearly impaired, the results provide robust, unambiguous evidence that some new semantic learning can be supported by structures beyond the hippocampus proper. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marked species and age‐dependent differences in cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of wild‐living rodents
Authors: Amrein Irmgard , Slomianka Lutz , Poletaeva Inga I. , Bologova Natasha V. , Lipp Hans‐Peter
Published: April 2004

Variations in the extent of adult neurogenesis and natural and experimental factors controlling it have been described in laboratory animals. The wide range of variation seen even within a species, the mouse, raises the question as to which rates of neurogenesis can be expected in natural populations. Answering this question is important to evaluate the functional significance of adult neurogenesis under natural conditions and to define the factors controlling it. To address this issue, we investigated four species of wild‐living rodents and outbred laboratory mice using markers for proliferating cells, Ki‐67, and developing neurons, doublecortin and NeuroD. We found about four times as many Ki‐67‐positive cells per mm3 granule cell layer in two wood mouse species (Muridae; Apodemus spp.) than in bank and pine voles (Arvicolidae; Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus subterraneus). Laboratory mice show proliferation rates between wood mice and voles. Markers for developing neurons, NeuroD and doublecortin, reflect the findings of proliferation activity. Hippocampal cell proliferation decreases dramatically with age in wild‐living species. The onset of the downregulation varies among species. It occurs late in the life span of the yellow‐necked wood mouse. In aged animals, the number of proliferating cells per mm3 granule cell layer is reduced to 19% of the adult value. Downregulation occurs early in pine voles, in which cell proliferation in adult animals is reduced to 33% of juvenile values. Proliferation and age‐dependent changes along the deep border of the alveus and angular bundle follow those of the dentate gyrus. We conclude that cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus vary significantly among wild‐living rodents, and that they are downregulated with age, but at species‐specific time points. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐level Newton–Krylov–Schwarz algorithm for unsteady non‐linear radiation diffusion problem
Authors: Ovtchinnikov Serguei , Cai Xiao‐Chuan
Published: April 2004

In this paper, we present a parallel Newton–Krylov–Schwarz (NKS)‐based non‐linearly implicit algorithm for the numerical solution of the unsteady non‐linear multimaterial radiation diffusion problem in two‐dimensional space. A robust solver technology is required for handling the high non‐linearity and large jumps in material coefficients typically associated with simulations of radiation diffusion phenomena. We show numerically that NKS converges well even with rather large inflow flux boundary conditions. We observe that the approach is non‐linearly scalable, but not linearly scalable in terms of iteration numbers. However, CPU time is more important than the iteration numbers, and our numerical experiments show that the algorithm is CPU‐time‐scalable even without a coarse space given that the mesh is fine enough. This makes the algorithm potentially more attractive than multilevel methods, especially on unstructured grids, where course grids are often not easy to construct. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and electroluminescence properties of fluorene containing arylamine oligomer
Authors: Li Tingxi , Yamamoto Takashi , Lan Hsing‐Lin , Kido Junhi
Published: April 2004

We synthesized a blue fluorescent fluorene containing arylamine oligomer, bis(9,9,9′,9′‐tetra‐n‐octyl‐2,2′‐difluorenyl‐7‐yl)phenylamine (DFPA), and investigated its electroluminescence (EL) properties. Organic EL devices with a structure of glass/indium‐tin oxide/acid‐doped poly(thiophene) derivative/DFPA/aluminum complex (BAlq)/cesium‐doped macrocyclic compound/Al were fabricated. The device exhibited blue emission, peaking at 432 nm, from the DFPA layer. The maximum luminance of 1800 cd/m2 and an external quantum efficiency of 1.5% were observed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered silicate/epoxy nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal A.
Published: April 2004

Novel epoxy‐clay nanocomposites have been prepared by epoxy and organoclays. Polyoxypropylene triamine (Jeffamine T‐403), primary polyethertriamine (Jeffamine T‐5000) and three types of polyoxypropylene diamine (Jeffamine D‐230, D‐400, D‐2000) with different molecular weight were used to treat Na‐montmorillonite (MMT) to form organoclays. The preparation involves the ion exchange of Na+ in MMT with the organic ammonium group in Jeffamine compounds. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the intercalation of these organic moieties to form Jeffamine‐MMT intercalates. Jeffamine D‐230 was used as a swelling agent for the organoclay and curing agent. It was established that the d001 spacing of MMT in epoxy‐clay nanocomposites depends on the silicate modification. Although XRD data did not show any apparent order of the clay layers in the T5000‐MMT/epoxy nanocomposite, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of multiplets with an average size of 5 nm and the average spacing between multiplets falls in the range of 100 Å. The multiplets clustered into mineral rich domains with an average size of 140 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the absence of mineral aggregate. Nanocomposites exhibit significant increase in thermal stability in comparison to the original epoxy. The effect of the organoclay on the hardness and toughness properties of crosslinked polymer matrix was studied. The hardness of all the resulting materials was enhanced with the inclusion of organoclay. A three‐fold increase in the energy required for breaking the test specimen was found for T5000‐MMT/epoxy containing 7 wt% of organoclay as compared to that of pure epoxy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real time monitoring of drug metabolic enzyme response inside human hepatoma GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells by means of electrochemical impedance measurement
Authors: Kobayashi Masaaki , Sugihara Nobuhiro , Ise Hirohiko , Omasa Takeshi , Negishi Naoki
Published: April 2004

Cytochrome P‐450s (CYPs) are important biopolymers for the maintenance of cellular function. If metabolic activity of the CYP in the cells can be estimated, so can the function of metabolism, which is closer to the organism. In this research, the method of measuring the drug metabolic activity inside the cell by making use of an electrochemical technique was examined. Human hepatoma GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells of which the cytochrome P‐4503A4 (CYP3A4) drug metabolic activity is found to be the same as that of primary hepatocytes were used in the experiment. The GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells were cultured on an indium‐tin oxide (ITO) electrode until they became confluent. Substrate testosterone and inhibitor ketoconazole of CYP3A4 were exposed to cells cultured on an ITO electrode, and the reaction was observed by noting the electrochemical impedance measurement. Impedance was decomposed into the resistance component and the reactance component, and each was examined in detail. As a result, according to testosterone concentration change, there was a remarkable time change in the reactance component. A similar impedance measurement was done by using human hepatoma HepG2 cells in which the drug metabolic activity had extremely decreased. Nevertheless, no time change in the reactance component that was noticed in GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells was observed. Next, the amount of metabolite in the solution after impedance measurement was measured by means of liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectroscopy (LC‐MS/MS). In the experiment with GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells, a testosterone concentration‐dependent correlation was observed between the reactance component change and the amount of metabolite. But, in the impedance measurement by ketoconazole, the change in reactance components was not observed in either the GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells or the HepG2 cells. Ketoconazole and the heme iron in CYP3A4 effect the coordination bond, but ketoconazole was not metabolized by CYP3A4. It was confirmed that the time change in the reactance component which was caused by the testosterone was detected neither in the cells that take up the substrate, nor in the coordination bond between the CYP enzyme and the drug. Therefore, the time change in the remarkable reactance component observed by this electrochemical impedance measurement is dependent on drug metabolic activity. An electrochemical drug metabolic activity measuring method with the human hepatoma GS‐3A4‐HepG2 cells was able to be established. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melting process of poly(butylene terephthalate) analyzed by temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Righetti M. C. , Di Lorenzo M. L.
Published: April 2004

This article contains a detailed analysis of the melting process of poly(butylene terephthalate) performed by means of temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry at various temperature‐modulation frequencies. The modulation period largely affects the apparent reversing specific heat capacity (cp), but not the total cp. An interpretation based on the analysis of the latent heat involved in the process is proposed. In addition, a detailed examination of the modulated heat‐flow‐rate curves is presented. The finding is that the melting process of poly(butylene terephthalate) is the sum of simultaneous events of the melting of small and defective crystals and their immediate recrystallization into more stable structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2191–2201, 2004
Risk‐based approach for assessing the effectiveness of flow management in controlling cyanobacterial blooms in rivers
Authors: Maier Holger R. , Kingston Greer B. , Clark Timothy , Frazer Ainslie , Sanderson Andrew
Published: April 2004

Cyanobacterial blooms present significant water quality problems worldwide. Flow management is considered to be one of the most promising approaches for combating the cyanobacterial bloom problem in rivers. In this paper, a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of flow management strategies in reducing the risk of cyanobacterial blooms is developed and applied to the River Murray at Morgan, South Australia. As stratification has been shown to be a necessary condition for significant growth of certain cyanobacteria species, the method uses estimates of the probability that stratification events of various durations will occur in conjunction with estimates of population growth during stratified conditions to determine the probability that blooms of various magnitudes will occur. The results of the case study indicate that the probability that blooms of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis exceeding 15 000 cells/ml will occur in any given year under summer entitlement flow conditions is 11.7%, which is in excellent agreement with results obtained using a Poisson–Bayesian approach applied to 17 years of historical data of cell densities of Anabaena circinalis at the study site. The results obtained also indicate that increasing inflows into South Australia by 10 000 Ml/day, which is the maximum achievable increase given current operational constraints, would not have a significant impact on the occurrence of blooms exceeding 15 000 cells/ml. An additional flow of 19 900 Ml/day into South Australia would be required to reduce the probability of occurrence of blooms exceeding 15 000 cells/ml to 0.01%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusive fluxes and equilibrium processes in relation to phosphorus dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River
Authors: James William F. , Barko John W.
Published: April 2004

We examined total suspended solids (TSS) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) above naturally impounded Lake Pepin between 1994 and 1996, with attention to P loadings which may be contributing to impaired water quality conditions. The Minnesota River, located 97 km upstream of Lake Pepin, accounted for most of the annual and summer TSS and total P load while the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant, located 80 km upstream of Lake Pepin, accounted for much of the annual soluble reactive P (SRP) loading to the UMR. Lake Pepin retained 80% and 13% of the TSS and total P load, respectively, during the summer period. However, the lake was a source of SRP during the same period, exporting up to 130% of the summer SRP load it received. Diffusive P flux from profundal sediments averaged 7.5 mg m−2 d−1 during the summer, accounting for 41% of the net SRP export from the lake. Recently deposited sediments in Lake Pepin (originating primarily from the Minnesota River) also exhibited a high equilibrium P concentration (EPC=0.155 mg l−1) and linear adsorption coefficient (Kd=1043 l kg−1). Application of these P equilibrium characteristics to TSS loads entering the system resulted in a calculated potential P desorption flux from TSS of 2.0 mg m−2 d−1 during the summer. Potential P desorption flux to the system was driven by dilution of SRP concentrations in the Mississippi River below the EPC by SRP‐deficient inflows of the St Croix River, located 16 km upstream of the lake. P desorption was, thus, an important additional internal P flux that is not commonly included in P budgets of riverine systems. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of vaginal pH and papanicolaou smear results to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Minkoff Howard , Grunebaum Amos , Feldman Joseph , Cummings Marinella , McCormack William M.
Published: April 2004

Prematurity is a major cause of perinatal morbidity. Studies have implicated components of the vaginal flora in the etiology of some cases of preterm birth. Current scoring systems do not include factors which directly reflect the vaginal flora. Since Papanicolaou smears and the vaginal pH may be affected by the vaginal flora and are easy tests to perform, we studied their relationship to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome.

Among 231 patients, those with a vaginal pH ⩾ 4.4 were significantly more likely to carry Trichomonas vaginalis (P < 0.03); Bacteroides species (P < 0.01), and Mycoplasma hominis (P < 0.001), and to have premature rupture of the membranes (P < 0.01), and preterm rupture of the membranes (P < 0.05). Patients with atypia reported on Papanicolaou smear more frequently carried M. hominis (P < 0.01), and had premature rupture of the membranes (P < 0.01). Although the high sensitivity and negative predictive value of those tests may make them useful additions to current scoring systems, their low specificity prevents them from being independent predictors of risk.
Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: A randomized double blind study
Authors: Weitz Claire , Khouzami Victor , Maxwell Keith , Johnson John W.C.
Published: April 2004

Twenty‐five patients whose pregnancies were complicated by chronic hypertension were entered in a double‐blind study and randomly allocated to treatment with methyldopa (Aldomet) or placebo. Thirteen patients were in the treatment group and 12 in the placebo group. The two groups showed no significant difference in demographic and pretreatment laboratory profiles. Methyldopa‐treated patients registering in the first trimester had a significant reduction in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the second and third trimesters (P < 0.025). No significant differences in birth weight (BW), ponderal index (PI) were found when results were corrected for gestational age (GA), race, and sex. The mean GA was significantly prolonged in the methyldopa‐treated group by 10.3 days (P < 0.05). The frequency of superimposed pre‐eclampsia was similar in both groups (33.3% vs. 38.4%). However, 75% of the superimposed pre‐eclampsia occurred antepartum in the placebo group, while 80% of the methyldopa‐treated group developed superimposed pre‐eclampsia intrapartum. The results of this small study suggest that the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy may reduce MAP and possibly delay the occurrence of superimposed pre‐eclampsia and thus afford a prolongation of the pregnancy.
Pregnancy termination: Results of a community‐based study in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Olukoya A.A.
Published: April 2004

A community survey in the Shomolu area of Lagos Nigeria showed the incidence of induced abortion to be 5.6%. Most of the abortions were carried out under medical supervision, using a combination of methods. Reasons for the abortions suggest that many were carried out on pregnancies that could have been prevented.
Laparoscopic evaluation of the tuboperitoneal factor in infertile Nigerian women
Authors: Otolorin E.O. , Ojengbede O. , Falase A.O.
Published: April 2004

Laparoscopy has become the most important investigative tool for the evaluation of tubal disease in developed countries of the world. In this report of 218 diagnostic laparoscopies performed on infertile Nigerian women, bilateral tubal occlusion was found in 35.3% and unilateral occlusion in 9.6%. Pelvic adhesions were present in 55.0% out of which 25.2% and 21.1% were moderate or severe, respectively. Endometriosis and uterine fibroids were present in 1.4% and 26.6% of patients, respectively. The implications of these findings for management of tubal disease in Nigerian women is discussed.
Is maternal alkalosis harmful to the fetus?
Authors: Sachs B.P. , Brown R.S. , Yeh J. , Acker D. , Niaraki M.
Published: April 2004

Normal pregnancy is characterized by a compensated respiratory alkalosis. The effect of maternal alkalosis on the fetus is less well understood than the more common problem of maternal acidosis. We present a case of maternal alkalosis, complicated by bronchial asthma, in which the fetus was stillborn. The pathophysiology of this condition is discussed with data to support the potential harm of maternal alkalosis in pregnancies complicated by a fetus with borderline reserve. In such instances, the fetus should be carefully monitored and consideration might be given to therapy such as the use of acetozolomide, discouraging hyperventilation by the mother and even early delivery of the fetus.
The effects of maternal age and parity on birthweight: a population‐based study in New York City
Authors: MacLeod S. , Kiely J.L.
Published: April 2004

New York City birth certificates for single‐tons born from September 1–December 31, 1981 (N = 36 056) were analyzed using multivariate regression techniques. The effects of maternal age and parity on birthweight were assessed. There was a significant progression of birthweight with advancing age. Birthweight similarly increased from parity 1 to parity 3, but dropped markedly in the higher parity groups. On stratification by gestational age, we found that age and parity influence birthweight by affecting fetal growth rather than the length of pregnancy.
Multiple pregnancy in the Maltese population
Authors: Savona‐Ventura C. , Grech E.S.
Published: April 2004

This study analyses the multiple birth statistics for the Maltese Islands since 1959. Hospital twin births delivering during the period of 1983–1985 are analysed for a number of variables. The incidence of multiple pregnancy for the Maltese Islands appears to have decreased slightly since 1959 with an overall rate of 10.21 per 1000 maternities. The ratio of dizygotic to monozygotic twinning was computed to be 1.64. Patients with multiple pregnancies are shown to be generally elderly and multiparous. The pregnancy outcome is more likely to be complicated by an operative delivery, while the infant is more likely to be premature and of low birth weight. The perinatal mortality rate for multiple pregnancies is markedly in excess of that for singleton births.
Effectiveness of indomethacin (indocid) suppositories as post‐episiotomy analgesia
Authors: Odigie E.A.
Published: April 2004

A double‐blind, randomised placebo‐controlled study was carried out to assess the efficacy of indometacin suppositories as a post‐episiotomy analgesic. Thirty patients received 2 × 100 mg indometacin suppositories, and 30 patients received placebo suppositories within 15 min of an episiotomy repair operation. Local infiltration of the episiotomy incision was performed using 20 ml of 0.5% lignocaine in every case. Subjective symptoms of pain were evaluated 15, 30, 60 and 90 min post‐episiotomy repair. Average numbers of hours as lying in patients after delivery is 4 h. None of the patients who received indometacin complained of post‐episiotomy pain; whereas the patients on placebo manifested varying degrees of pain.
Ultrasonographic identification and measurement of the human fetal pancreas in utero
Authors: Hata K. , Hata T. , Kitao M.
Published: April 2004

One hundred seventy ultrasonographic examinations, done to identify and measure the fetal pancreas in utero, were performed on 78 women with regular menstrual cycle, at 20–41 weeks of gestation. The pancreas, which could be identified after 20 weeks of gestation was measured in 38.4% at 36–39 weeks and 80.0% at 20–23 weeks gestation. The length of the fetal pancreas from the head to tail (FP‐L) correlated well with the gestational age (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). The normal sonographic characteristics of the fetal pancreas are discussed.
Effect of some recent analgesics on labor pain and maternal and fetal blood gases and pH
Authors: Wahab S.A. , Askalani A.H. , Amar R.A. , Ramadan M.E. , Neweigy S.B. , Saleh A.A.
Published: April 2004

This study attempts to determine the analgesic properties of nalbuphine, pentazocine and butorphanol during labor and their potential effects on maternal and fetal blood gases and pH. Butorphanol analgesia was superior to either nalbuphine or pentazocine in relieving labor pain. The studied analgesics caused significant maternal respiratory acidosis and fetal metabolic acidosis. These acidotic changes were most marked with pentazocine, moderate with nalbuphine and minimal with butorphanol.
The development and use of a standard symphysial‐fundal height growth curve in the prediction of small for gestational age neonates
Authors: Azziz R. , Smith S. , Fabro S.
Published: April 2004

The symphysial‐fundal height (SF) measurement has been routinely used in obstetrics, although its value in the prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants remains controversial. A retrospective study was performed in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the SF distance and establish guidelines for its use. Local neonatal birthweight distribution and SF growth curves were developed. Eighty‐six percent of 28 SGA infants demonstrated one measurement under — 1 S.D. of the mean SF growth curve as did 36% of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. Seventy‐five percent of SGA infants subsequently demonstrated a second measurement below — 1 S.D. of the mean curve, 90% prior to 36 weeks. Only 16% of AGA exhibited such a SF growth pattern. A protocol for maximizing the use of this inexpensive and easily obtained parameter is proposed.
Termination of second trimester pregnancy with laminaria and intramuscular 15‐methyl PGF2α or 16‐phenoxy‐ω‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor PGE2 methylsulfonylamide. A randomized multicenter study
Authors: Bygdeman M.
Published: April 2004

The present study included 592 second trimester healthy informed patients admitted to the participating hospitals for termination of pregnancy. In each patient one medium size laminaria tent was introduced into the cervical canal. The laminaria was withdrawn 12 h later and the patients were randomly allocated to either intramuscular injections of 15‐methyl‐PGF2α (Prostin 15M), 0.25 mg every second hour, or 16‐phenoxy‐ω‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide (Nalodor), 0.5 mg every fourth hour. Both treatment schedules were equally effective. The success rate was 95.6% and 94.5% for the E and F analogs, respectively, within 24 h of prostaglandin treatment. The mean duration of prostaglandin treatment was for Nalodor 10.8 h and for Prostin 15M 11.3 h. The mean total dose given of the two analogs was 1.85 mg and 1.65 mg, respectively. With the E analog, the frequency of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly lower than with the F analog. With the former compound, 83.2% had no episodes of diarrhea and 58.9% no vomiting. The mean number of episodes of vomiting and diarrhea per patient was for the E analog 1.0 and 0.4, respectively. The corresponding figures for the F analog were 2.3 episodes of vomiting and 2.2 episodes of diarrhea per patient. Only in three patients (0.5%) cervical laceration was found. It may be concluded that intramuscular administration of either analog after pretreatment with laminaria would appear to be more effective than other methods presently in use for termination of second trimester pregnancy. The simplicity of the therapy is of practical importance and may result in a decreased risk of serious complications. With the E analog gastrointestinal side effects are only sightly more common than previously found with hypertonic saline administered intra‐amniotically.
Cytocidal effects of hematoporphyrin derivative and argon dye laser on human gynecologic tumor cells in vitro
Authors: Sekiya S. , Kubota K. , Kasai T. , Iwasaki H. , Yamauchi K. , Takamizawa H. , Tenjin Y
Published: April 2004

Antitumor effects of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) plus argon dye laser were examined using various human gynecologic tumor cells in vitro. Irradiation alone with argon dye laser showed no effect on the DNA synthesis of cells. Treatment of the cells with HpD inhibited the DNA synthesis depending on the concentration and the exposure time. Photoradiation by argon dye laser following treatment of the cells with HpD 40 μg/ml for 2 h killed more than 80% of cells when the cells were irradiated for more than 3 min. Prominent degenerative changes of the cytoplasm and the nucleus appeared within 1 h after photoradiation. These changes were confirmed by morphology and DNA histogram. There were no differences of sensitivity to photoradiation among the three histologically different kinds of cells lines used.
Umbilical velocimetry in normal pregnancy
Authors: Dor N. , Shtern M.
Published: April 2004

Five hundred ninety‐six normal pregnancies were evaluated with continuous Doppler to determine the changes in velocimetry between 17 and 42 weeks gestation. The waveform was identified by its characteristic sharp systolic rise and slow diastolic decay; plotting the S/D ratio as a function of the gestational age reveals a progressive decline in the S/D ratio as gestation progresses. A significant drop occurred around 30 weeks when the mean S/D ratio dropped from 3 (29 weeks) to 2.6 (31 weeks) reflecting decreased placental resistance.
Incidental tuberculous endometritis in premenstrual curettings from infertile women in Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Gini P.C. , Ikerionwu S.E.
Published: April 2004

A total of 4700 specimens of premenstrual endometrial curettings from infertile women were reviewed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Ten cases of tuberculous endometritis were found, giving a prevalence of 0.2%. The significance of this low prevalence is discussed. It is suggested that more deliberate efforts should be made to search for genital tuberulosis in infertile women in developing countries.
Pattern of primary gynecological malignancies as seen in a tertiary hospital situated in the Rivers State of Nigeria
Authors: Briggs N.D. , Katchy K.C.
Published: April 2004

Between January 1984 and December 1987, out of a total gynecological admission of 1706 patients at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, 72 had primary cancers of the female genital organs (excluding malignant trophoblastic diseases). Of those, 53 had cervical, 10 ovarian, 6 endometrial and 3, vulval cancers. There were no cases of vaginal or fallopian tubal cancers. Ovarian cancer was the commonest gynecological cancer before the age of 40 while cervical cancer was commonest after 40. Germ cell tumors of the ovary were frequent. Patients with endometrial cancer reported early to hospital for treatment but those with other types of cancers generally reported late. On account of late arrival to hospital, inadequate medical facilities and a high defaulting rate, the outcome of treatment was very poor. Since evidence exists to the effect that cervical cancer may be sexually transmitted, a plea is made for the promotion of the widespread use of condoms in order to reduce the prevalence of invasive carcinoma of the cervix in developing countries.
Spontaneous splenic rupture in early pregnancy
Authors: Nanda S. , Gulati N. , Sangwan K.
Published: April 2004

Spontaneous rupture of a normal spleen is a rare entity. We report a case of spontaneous rupture during early pregnancy. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy was suspected preoperatively, but on exploration a splenic rupture was detected and splenectomy performed.
How accurate is maternal height measurement in Africa?
Authors: Dujardin B. , Clarysse G. , Mentens H. , De Schampheleire I. , Kulker R.
Published: April 2004

Maternal height is one of the risk parameters for dystocia that is often used in antenatal clinics which are organized by health centers and dispensaries in developing countries. In this paper, the results of an analysis on the reliability of height measurements in four African countries: Benin, the Congo, Senegal and Zaire are presented. Different causes appear to reduce this reliability: attraction to round numbers, assignment of some standard size, and in one situation an overrecording (probably intentional) of an at‐risk woman. Different solutions are being suggested, and the importance of assessing the quality of risk factor measurement in improving the efficacy of the risk approach strategy is stressed.
Practising homelessness: a typology approach to young people's daily routines
Authors: Mallett Shelley , Rosenthal Doreen , Myers Paul , Milburn Norweeta , Rotheram‐Borus Mary Jane
Published: April 2004

In a study exploring the relationship between typology and risk, we investigated the daily routines of a heterogeneous sample of young men and women from two sites who had been homeless for varying periods (N=1289). Cluster analysis yielded four groups—‘Partnered’, ‘Socially engaged’, ‘Service connected‐harm avoidant’, and ‘Transgressive’—based on where and with whom they congregated and slept during the day and night and how they spent most of their time. Although the patterns of responses differed between the groups, there was overlap in the extent of engagement in specific activities, including risk practices. Interpretation of the impact of homeless young people's engagement in risk practices needs to take account of the interaction between their harmful and non‐harmful practices.
Organization of telomeric nucleosomes: atomic force microscopy imaging and theoretical modeling
Authors: Mechelli Rosella , Anselmi Claudio , Cacchione Stefano , De Santis Pasquale , Savino Maria
Published: April 2004

Telomeric chromatin has peculiar features with respect to bulk chromatin, which are not fully clarified to date. Nucleosomal arrays, reconstituted on fragments of human telomeric DNA and on tandemly repeated tetramers of 5S rDNA, have been investigated at single‐molecule level by atomic force microscopy and Monte Carlo simulations. A satisfactory correlation emerges between experimental and theoretical internucleosomal distance distributions. However, in the case of telomeric nucleosomal arrays containing two nucleosomes, we found significant differences. Our results show that sequence features of DNA are significant in the basic chromatin organization, but are not the only determinant.
Neocarzinostatin naphthoate synthase: an unique iterative type I PKS from neocarzinostatin producer Streptomyces carzinostaticus
Authors: Sthapit Basundhara , Oh Tae-Jin , Lamichhane Rajan , Liou Kwangkyoung , Lee Hei Chan , Kim Chun-Gyu , Sohng Jae Kyung
Published: April 2004

Enediyne antibiotics are known for their potent antitumor activities. One such enediyne, neocarzinostatin (NCS), consists of a 1:1 complex of non‐peptide chromophore (1a), and peptide apoprotein. The structurally diverse non‐peptide chromophore is responsible for its biological activity. One of its structural components, the naphthoic acid moiety (2,7‐dihydroxy‐5‐methyl‐1‐naphthoic acid, 1d) is synthesized by a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway through condensing six intact acetate units. The 5.45 kb iterative type I PKS, neocarzinostatin naphthoate synthase (NNS), responsible for naphthoic acid moiety biosynthesis, shares sequence homology with 6‐methyl salicylic acid synthase of fungi and orsellinic acid synthases (AviM and CalO5) of Streptomyces origin. Cultures of S. lividans TK24 and S. coelicolor YU105 containing plasmids with NNS were able to produce 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐1‐naphthoic acid (2a), a key intermediate of naphthoic acid moiety in NCS. In addition to 2a, a novel product, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐naphthoic acid (2d) was isolated. This is the first report of a bacterial iterative type I PKS from an enediyne producer which enables the biosynthesis of bicyclic aromatic compounds.
Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ccc2 mutant by a putative P1B‐ATPase from Brassica napus supports a copper‐transporting function
Authors: Southron Jennafer L. , Basu Urmila , Taylor Gregory J.
Published: April 2004

Copper transport across membranes plays an important role in plant growth and survival. P1B‐type ATPases participate in transmembrane transport of copper in various organisms. A Brassica napus cDNA (BnRAN1) encoding a putative Cu2+‐ATPase was cloned in this study. A complementation assay demonstrated that the protein encoded by this cDNA could functionally replace Ccc2p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cu2+‐ATPase, rescuing growth of ccc2 mutant under iron‐limited conditions. Our results suggest that this rescue likely resulted from restoration of copper delivery, mediated by BnRAN1, to Fet3p. This study is amongst the first to demonstrate that a putative plant P1B‐ATPase is functional and to examine its substrate specificity.
Ursolic acid, an antagonist for transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1
Authors: Murakami Shigeru , Takashima Hajime , Sato-Watanabe Mariko , Chonan Sumi , Yamamoto Koji , Saitoh Masako , Saito Shiuji , Yoshimura Hiromitsu , Sugawara Koko , Yang Junshan , Gao Nannan , Zhang Xinggao
Published: April 2004

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a multifunctional cytokine which is involved in extracellular matrix modulation, has a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of fibrotic diseases. We now report the effects of ursolic acid on TGF‐β1 receptor binding and TGF‐β1‐induced cellular functions in vitro. Ursolic acid inhibited [125I]‐TGF‐β1 receptor binding to Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with an IC50 value of 6.9 ± 0.8 μM. Ursolic acid dose‐dependently recovered reduced proliferation of Minc Mv1Lu cells in the presence of 5 nM of TGF‐β1 and attenuated TGF‐β1‐induced collagen synthesis and production in human fibroblasts. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that ursolic acid may interact with the hydrophobic region of the dimeric interface and thereby inhibit the binding of TGF‐β1 to its receptor. All these findings taken together show that ursolic acid functions as an antagonist for TGF‐β1. This is the first report to show that a small molecule can inhibit TGF‐β1 receptor binding and influence functions of TGF‐β1.