bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Del posto dialettometrico che spetta ai punti galloitalici Aidone, Sperlinga e San Fratello nel sistema della rete dell'AIS
Authors: Goebl Hans
Published: August 2016

La rete dell’atlante italo-svizzero AIS comprende sette isole linguistiche tra cui tre sono di natu- ra alloglotta (relative cioè al greco ed all’albanese) mentre cinque sono di origine romanza. In tre delle isole linguistiche romanze, tutte ubicate in Sicilia, si parlano ancora dialetti galloitalici: si tratta delle località di Aidone (P.-AIS 865), San Fratello (P.-AIS 817) e Sperlinga (P.-AIS 836). è ben risaputo che l’origine storica di queste isole risale all’Alto Medioevo (XII–XIII secoli) e che la patria dei rispettivi coloni alto-medievali si trovava nella zona di contatto situata tra il Piemonte meridionale, la Liguria settentrionale e la contigua Emilia occidentale.Nel corso della dialettometrizzazione della totalità dei dati dell’AIS – svoltasi a Salisburgo negli anni 2005–2009 – si è presentata l’opportunità di esaminare, tramite tutti gli strumenti dialettometrici attualmente a disposizione, tanto la posizione (quantitativa relazionale) dei dialetti galloitalici delle suddette tre località nella rete dell’AIS, quanto quella di alcuni dialetti siciliani limitrofi.I risultati delle rispettive analisi sono molto sfumati e dimostrano chiaramente la comples- sità dell’inserzione delle parlate galloitaliche nel diasistema siciliano: vengono presentati tra- mite 16 carte dialettometriche a colore, ciascuna delle quali è accompagnata di appositi spiega- zioni e commenti dialettometrici e linguistici.
Textes privés des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : problèmes et chances d'une édition
Authors: Ernst Gerhard
Published: August 2016

L’auteur discute d’abord les critères qui l’ont guidé dans le choix des textes pour l’édition sur CD-Rom qu’il a publiée avec Barbara Wolf de « Textes privés des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles » : origine sociale modeste des auteurs ; faible degré de scolarisation ; caractère privé des textes. Il discute ensuite les éventuelles conséquences linguistiques (intralinguistiques ou univer- selles) de cette ‘privauté’. Parmi les phénomènes s’écartant de la norme linguistique du temps, il essaie de distinguer les traits idiosyncratiques d’un auteur des éventuels traits com- muns aux textes d’auteurs peu lettrés (‘semicolti’) dans le domaine de l’orthographe, de la syntaxe (y compris la cohésion textuelle), et du lexique. Ce recueil de textes devrait donner une base matérielle aux futures recherches sur la diachronie du français non-standard, le français des peu lettrés dans sa variabilité régionale, sociale et situationnelle mais aussi aux discussions sur le caractère universel ou non de certains des phénomènes discutés.
Traduction de la particule de mise en relief slovène tudi en français: cas de disparitions surprenantes
Authors: Oven Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

La présente contribution se propose d'analyser les cas de disparitions de la particule de mise en relief slovène tudi dans les traductions françaises. Dans le corpus choisi (le roman Alamut de V. Bartol et sa traduction française), nous avons constaté la non-traduction de la particule slovène dans presque un tiers des cas. Le lexème tudi est caractérisé par deux fonctions : la mise en relief et la connexion. Sur le plan sémantique, il renferme un sème minimal, à savoir l'addition. L'analyse des exemples présentant des cas de non-traduction de la particule slovène tudi en français a abouti aux conclusions suivantes: il y a non-traduction quand le contexte immédiat inclut un autre élément exprimant déjà l'addition. La réintroduction du lexème aussi (l'équivalent le plus fréquent de la particule tudi) s'avère être redondante, sans pour autant, dans la grande majorité des cas, affecter l'acceptabilité, voire la grammaticalité de la phrase. Le rajout du lexème aussi rend la phrase agrammaticale dans seulement deux cas de figure : quand l'addition exprime l'élément terminal d'une liste et quand le contexte minimal renferme déjà une autre particule de mise en relief (sl. tudi že - fr. * aussi déjà). D'un point de vue contrastif, nous constatons que tudi et aussi assument les deux mêmes fonctions (mise en relief et connexion) dans les deux langues, avec néanmoins une différence majeure au niveau de la combinatoire : alors que la particule slovène tudi assure la mise en relief et/ou la connexion, le lexème aussi, lui, ne peut être que moyen de mise en relief et de connexion. Le français évite toute forme de redondance sémantique, tout en excluant la redondance fonctionnelle, alors que le slovène permet ces cas de figure.
Abrir, cerrar, subir y bajar: la productividad de los verbos de movimiento como elementos constitutivos de locuciones idiomáticas en españo
Authors: Serradilla Castaño Ana
Published: August 2016

En este trabajo se estudian los valores metafóricos de las locuciones formadas por abrir, cerrar, bajar y subir: abrir la mano, cerrar el grifo, bajarse los pantalones, subirse a la parra... Se presenta una abundante documentación y se analiza la capacidad de cada uno de los verbos que constituyen estas expresiones para utilizarse de forma figurada. Se llama también la atención sobre el hecho de que los verbos seleccionados participan en estructuras de este tipo desde antiguo y todavía hoy siguen siendo productivos en la creación de frases hechas debido a la existencia de metáforas universales ("arriba" es positivo mientras que "abajo" es negativo). Asimismo, se presta atención al significado de cada uno de estos verbos y a sus posibilidades combinatorias; también se centra el interés en la rentabilidad de estos verbos para participar en expresiones figuradas. Se cierra el artículo con un estudio comparativo entre la situación del español y la de otras lenguas y se insiste en la presencia de expresiones figuradas formadas por los mismos verbos, como corresponde a la existencia de metáforas de carácter universal que funcionan en lenguas de tipología diferente.
O manj pogosti vrsti leksikalnih spojenk iz imen in samostalnikov
Authors: Cacchiani Silvia
Published: August 2016

V italijanščini v zadnjem času opažamo nenehen porast rabe manj pogoste vrste leksikalnih spojenk iz lastnih imen in samostalnikov. čeprav so spojenke v službi poimenovalne in opisne funkcije (v smislu Andersona 2007), so tvorjene znotraj nesistemske morfologije, pri čemer posebej pomembno vlogo igrata pomenska koncepta, katerih nosilka je vsaka od izhodiščnih besed. Razumevanje spojenk iz lastnih imen in samostalnikov je odvisno od razvezovalčeve neposredne ali posredne izkušnje z dano zunajjezikovno resničnostjo. Pomembno je, da spojenke nastajajo iz potrebe po relevantnosti (Sperber/Wilson 1990) in kažejo različne stopnje morfotaktične in morfosemantčne transparentnosti (Thornton 1986; Dressler 1987, 1999), zaradi katere si jih je moč zapomniti (Lehrer 2003). V pričujočem članku se vprašanja spojenk iz imen in samostalnikov lotevamo v okviru teorije naravnosti (Thornton 1986; Dressler etal. 1987; Dressler 1999). V nadaljevanju bomo videli, da, čeprav spojenke niso tvorjene na podlagi gramatikalnih pravil, vseeno lahko v skladu z načelom jasne prepoznavnosti /ang. salience/ (Dressler 1987) za najbolj prototipične primere ugotovimo nekaj splošno veljavnih teženj in smernic. Omejili smo se na morfosintaktično transparentne spojenke in podali tipologijo italijanskih manj pogostih spojenk iz imen in samostalnikov, ki delujejo kot poimenovalne enote. Naš namen je bil na eni strani zamejiti kategorijo, na drugi pa ovrednotiti že obstoječe tipologije. Čeprav se zavedamo kontinuuma morfotaktične transparentnosti znotraj prototipiske kategorije zunajsistemskih besednih krajšav, smo se rahlo oddaljili od pristopa Ronnenberger-Siboldove (2006) in predlagali, da bi razlikovali med spojenkami (ang. blends) na eni strani in zloženimi krni (ang. clipped compounds) na drugi. Na ravni morfosemantične transparentnosti in konceptualne motiviranosti se opiramo na koncepte kognitivne slovnice, kognitivne teorije metafore in teorij konceptualnega spajanja (cf. Lakoff/Johnson 1980; Langacker 1987; Ruiz de Mendoza 1998, 2000; Kemmer 2003), kar nam bo služilo za oblikovanje nekaterih uvodnih opažanj glede specifičnih podvrst in spojenk iz osebnih imen, kakršne najdemo še zlasti v časopisnem in medijskem jeziku (npr. Berluscotti < Berlusconi + Bertinotti, Berlingotti < Berlinguer + Bertinotti). Analiza pokaže, da zaenkrat še ne moremo govoriti niti o aplikaciji niti o razširitvi obstoječih shematskih vzorcev.
The relation between prototypical and marginal morphology : the case of reduplicative constructions
Authors: Schwaiger Thomas
Published: August 2016

The article investigates a paradigm case of a borderline phenomenon in linguistic analysis: constructions in which linguistic material is meaningfully iterated (or repeated) and their relation to prototypical and marginal areas of morphology. The fuzzy state of affairs prevailing in this research area is described and a survey of relevant and irrelevant iteration phenomena is undertaken. The discussion finally narrowing in on morphological reduplication, the data dealt with (mostly) come from the typologically oriented Graz Database on Reduplication (gdr). In light of certain data encountered there (i.e. reduplicative imperatives and a pragmatically emphatic vowel copying construction), the morphological process of reduplication is further differentiated, the general term reduplicative construction (Moravcsik 1978) thereby being endowed with a special meaning subsuming both prototypical and marginal instances of the process under scrutiny, couching the investigation into a morphological framework along lines similar to those proposed by Zwicky/Pullum (1987) and Dressler (2000). The study concludes with a tentative general picture of repetition phenomena in language in which grammaticalization theory can comprehensively account for such constructions that linguistically range from discourse to morphology. Finally, the potential benefit of the present approach for any typological undertaking in the realm of the reduplication process is highlighted.
Measuring morphological canonicity
Authors: Walther Géraldine
Published: August 2016

The question of regularity within morphological paradigms has been formerly addressed within approaches falling in the scope of Canonical Typology (Corbett 2003). The aim of this paper is to provide a means for assessing the notion of morphological canonicity through original measures developed within our new morphological framework PARSLI. In particular, we introduce original measures for non-canonical phenomena such as heteroclisis, deponency, defectiveness and overabundance. We introduce PARSLI a new model for inflectional morphology using an inferential-realisational approach (Matthews 1974; Zwicky 1985; Anderson 1992). Our model precisely provides a formal representation of the lexicon/grammar interface. It relies on a formal definition of a lexical entry and a complete formal apparatus for computing all relevant form realisation rules for each lexeme, including stem formation rules. Realisation rules themselves may be expressed through any suitable realisation-based formalism (e.g. PFM or Network Morphology). We introduce several formal innovations such as inflection zones, that constitute partitions of given inflection classes. They are in particular used in modelling heteroclisis.
From verbal prefixes to direction/result markers in Romance
Authors: Cordin Patrizia
Published: August 2016

In this paper I analyze verb-locative constructions in Romance. Even though not allowed in standard Romance languages, which have maintained and codified the classical Latin prefix system, these constructions are widely attested in non standard varieties, that are scarcely (or not at all) regularized. In this paper I deal in particular with a northern Italian variety, Trentino, where locatives, combining with some classes of verbs (unaccusative verbs and transitive activity verbs) can express not only concrete direction and metaphorical direction, but also aspect (the result of an activity or the progress of a process); in other words, they can express an abstract, more grammaticalized feature of direction. In fact, Trentino verb-locative constructions can express a specific phase of the development of an event, often the result (end-point) of an activity, or the start-point, or the progress, or the intensity of the activity itself. I argue that in Trentino (and in other similar dialectal varieties) locatives can function as grammatical markers both for arguments (in combination with motion verbs) and for aspect (in combination with verbs involving the feature of an abstract path). In a more general context, I note that locatives in combination of verbs function as goal/result markers in those varieties that tend to spell out markers of functional elements, frequently generating a repetition (doubling) of the same feature. Finally, I compare Romance and Germanic constructions, noting that diachronic, grammatical and typological differences (with particular reference to Talmy's distinction between verb-framed languages and satellite languages) confirm the independence of Romance verb-locative constructions.
Moroccan Arabic borrowed circumfix from Berber: investigating morphological categories in a language contact situation
Authors: Zellou Georgia
Published: August 2016

Moroccan Arabic (MA) has a derivational noun circumfix /ta-...-t/ that is borrowed from the neighboring Berber languages. This circumfix is highly productive on native MA noun stems but not productive on borrowed Berber stems (which are rare in MA). This pattern of productivity is taken to be evidence in support of direct borrowing of morphology (c.f. Steinkruger and Seifart 2009) and against a theory where borrowed morphology enters a language as part of unanalyzed complex forms which later spread to native stems (c.f. Thomason and Kaufman 1988; Thomason 2001); furthermore, it challenges the principle of a "borrowability hierarchy" (c.f. Haugen 1950) where lexical morphemes are borrowed before grammatical morphemes. Additionally, the prefixal portion of the MA circumfix, ta-, is a complex (presumably unanalyzed) form from the Berber /t-/ feminine + /a-/ absolute state. Moreover, the morpheme in MA has been borrowed as a derivational morpheme while the primary functions of the donor morphemes in Berber are inflectional. This case of a borrowed circumfix is examined as an instance which does not conform to traditional typologies of language change through contact patterns and how the boundaries between morphological categories (i.e. inflectional/derivational) are transformed in a language contact situation.
Creative competence in borrowings : words of Japanese origin in Slovene
Authors: Shigemori Bučar Chikako
Published: August 2016

Japanese has no category of gender or number. Nouns as well as adjectives have no inflection. The phonological construction of words is syllabic and there is no stress accent but pitch accent. Five vowels have short and long opposition. On the other hand, Slovene has categories of number and gender. Nouns are inflected according to six cases. Phonologically, all nouns carry a stress accent. In this paper, the gender and number assignment to loanwords of Japanese origin in Slovene is discussed on the basis of the morphology and phonology of the source and recipient languages. Assignment rules have certain morphological and semantic foundations. The relative competence of the speakers of the recipient language, Slovene, is particularly noticeable when activating the categories and rules that are specific to their own language. The integration of loanwords may be observed through the additional derivation of adjectives and nouns within the framework of the recipient language.
Derivation in a word-based morphology: on the origin of Old English verbs of perception, cognition and emotion
Authors: E. Díaz Vera Javier
Published: August 2016

In this paper I describe the process of grammaticalization of Old English causative verbs through the analysis of some of the different strategies for the expression of causation in three different lexical domains: PHYSICAL PERCEPTION, COGNITION and EMOTION. The etymological analysis of these verbs indicates that, in the case of the three lexical domains under scrutiny, causation was lexicalized and conceptualized as forced movement or change of an external (as in the case of verbs of FEELING; e.g. OE hieran 'to hear') or internal (i.e. verbs of COGNITION and some EMOTION verbs; e.g. OE gemynan 'to remember' and OE hiertan 'to encourage') part of the body.
Qu'est-ce que le slovène et le français ont en commun?: les articles défini et indéfini
Authors: Smolej Mojca
Published: August 2016

On peut distinguer deux principaux groupes d'actualisateurs textuels: les actualisateurs généraux et les actualisateurs spécifiques. Le premier groupe comprend les déterminants définis et indéfinis, tandis que le second est constitué des noms propres, des locutions substantivales, des pronoms et des numéraux. Le slovène standard exprime le défini, entre autres, grâce à la forme définie de l'adjectif (dans les locutions figées, après les adjectifs démonstratifs et possessifs, quand il s'agit d'évoquer une particularité déjà connue ou évoquée, etc.). De leur côté, les substantifs sont en principe toujours définis. Cependant, si nous analysons l'expression du défini et de l'indéfini dans la langue parlée spontanée (par exemple, des locuteurs de Ljubljana), nous pouvons remarquer que cette dernière se différencie souvent de la langue standard par la présence généralisée des actualisateurs généraux, autrement dit des déterminants définis et indéfinis. L'analyse précise de textes variés montre ainsi que la langue parlée spontanée des locuteurs donnés exprime le plus souvent le défini et l'indéfini à l'aide d'actualisateurs généraux, ce qui, d'une certaine manière, la rapproche des langues romanes et germaniques où l'expression du défini et de l'indéfini est déjà codifiée dans le système de la langue standard.
Jan radimský. Les composés italiens actuels.
Authors: Perko Gregor
Published: August 2016

Le travail de Jan Radimský, qui s’est donné pour objectif d’étudier les tendances récentes de la composition en italien, s’inscrit bien dans la thématique du présent numéro consacré aux frontières externes et internes de la morphologie. Bien que la composition constitue un des modes « centraux » de formation de mots, elle n’a, en ce qui concerne les langues romanes, jamais joui du même intérêt que la dérivation. Les raisons en sont multiples et ne sauraient être imputables à une « productivité » peu élevée des procédés de composition: comme le montre d’ailleurs l’analyse de J. Radimský, la disponibilité de la plupart des procédés de composition ne fait aucun doute et les composés néologiques recensés par les dictionnaires sont nombreux. Les raisons de ce relatif désintérêt résident plutôt dans l’hétérogénéité de ce mode de for- mation qu’il est difficile de décrire par une seule composante linguistique. Peut-on cerner les procédés de composition par des règles morphologiques ou bien relèvent-ils de la syntaxe? Quelle y est la place de la composante lexicale et de la notion de « figement »? Les mots composés doivent-ils être considérés comme des unités construites, selon la définition qu’en a donnée Danielle Corbin, ou bien s’agit-il simplement d’unités lexicales complexes?
Dany Amiot, Walter de Mulder, Estelle Moline et Dejan Stosic (éds.). Ars Grammatica. Hommages à Nelly Flaux. Bern: Peter Lang. 2011. 430 pp.
Authors: Perko Gregor
Published: August 2016

Le titre de ce recueil, publié en hommage à Nelly Flaux, est doublement évocateur : il rappelle, d’un côté, le domaine auquel Nelly Flaux a consacré plus de quarante ans de travail scientifique et universitaire et, de l’autre, le centre de recherche, Grammatica (EA 4521), qu’elle a créé à l’Université d’Arras en 1996. Grammatica est devenu l’un des centres les plus dynamiques de France dont les grands axes de recherche restent la syntaxe, la sémantique et l’analyse du discours. Le nombre de journées d’études ou de colloques organisés et d’ouvrages publiés ou dirigés par les membres du centre n’est que le signe le plus visible de ce dynamisme.
Pression lexicale et contraintes phonologiques dans la dérivation en -aie du français
Authors: Roché Michel
Published: August 2016

La dérivation en -aie (chênaie, roseraie, châtaigneraie...) suit normalement le schéma : N de plante + -aie --> N de collectif. Quelques dérivés présents dans les dictionnaires, cependant, s'écartent de cette configuration : cerisaie au lieu de ceriseraie, joncheraie à côté de jonchaie, etc. Ils sont beaucoup plus nombreux, proportionnellement, parmi ceux qu'on peut recueillir sur la Toile. On a mis en évidence deux séries de facteurs, tantôt convergents tantôt antagonistes, qui expliquent ces écarts : (i) l'influence de la série dérivationnelle dans laquelle le dérivé est destiné à s'intégrer (un " effet de rime " tend à substituer à la finale phonologiquement " pauvre " -aie la finale plus " riche " -eraie, déjà surreprésentée à cause du grand nombre de noms d'arbres en -ier parmi les bases des dérivations antérieures) ; (ii) des contraintes de " bonne formation " - contraintes de taille, contraintes dissimilatives - qui conduisent à modifier le thème fourni par la base afin qu'il constitue un radical phonologiquement plus satisfaisant. Le corpus révèle également un grand nombre de dérivés construits sur des thèmes " savants " (bétulaie, lariçaie, suberaie...), bien que le suffixe appartienne lui-même au versant " populaire " de la dérivation ; ce qui conduit à remettre en cause le principe de correspondance univoque entre les cases de l'espace thématique d'un lexème et celles de son paradigme dérivationnel. Ces observations relativisent fortement la notion de " Règle de Construction des Lexèmes " au profit d'un système de contraintes d'ordre lexical ou morphophonologique.
Island morphology : morphology's interactions in the study of stem patterns
Authors: Camilleri Maris
Published: August 2016

The paper discusses the notion of morphological complexity, with a focus on stem patterns. Stem patterns, creating stem-based inflectional classes, are morphological constructs which come about as a result of observing the patterns rendered by the stem-form alternations (or stem splits (Baerman/Corbett forthcoming)), which one extracts after the formation of word-forms within paradigms. Stem-based inflectional class formation constitutes one aspect in the analysis of non-canonical paradigms, which also include affix-based inflectional classes, syncretism, defectiveness, and overabundance Corbett 2005, 2007, 2009; Baerman, Brown and Corbett 2005; Thornton 2010). While these non-canonical instances are in themselves interesting to observe, it is even more intriguing to be able to see what interactions can arise, which at times do not seem to be the result of something exterior to morphology proper. Through data taken from Maltese verbal paradigms the phenomenon of stem-based inflectional classes will be explored, which will exhibit how internal to the paradigm there exists a complex system in itself, which is based on the distinct organisation of different conflated morphosyntactic features which come about via syncretism. These patterns should illustrate a paradigm-internal morphological phenomenon that is irrelevant to the syntax, where while morphology borders with it, there need not be any interaction at this interface. At the same time, it will also be shown how at times, the border with phonology is blurred, where while the phonology may often try to build bridges that interface with the morphological island, the island's internal forces that drive its autonomy may deem to be more superior than the phonology's strive to impose its interacting requirements, which render some interesting morphophonological mismatches as a result.
Reformulation dans le discours de traduction et interprétation: étude d'un corpus français-slovène
Authors: Šumrada Simona
Published: August 2016

Lʼarticle se situe dans la problématique de reprises discursives. Lʼétude est basée sur les opérations de reformulation dans deux modalités (oral, écrit) et deux langues (français, slovène). Le travail repose sur lʼhypothèse selon laquelle le passage dʼune langue et dʼun mode à lʼautre sera lié à un glissement de lʼexplicite, perceptible dans le changement du nombre de reformulations intralinguales, le nombre et la nature des marqueurs de reformulation ainsi que les changements au niveau des relations sémantiques entre le segment reformulant et le segment reformulé. Lʼarticle se structure de la façon suivante: la première partie abordera la notion de reformulation, quʼelle ait ou non un caractère paraphrastique. Par la suite, nous donnerons un précis sur le corpus, composé de trois volets sʼélevant à 64 800 occurrences de mots: transcriptions des débats parlementaires français tenus au Parlement Européen, leurs traductions écrites et les transcriptions de lʼinterprétation simultanée en slovène. Dʼaprès les résultats le taux des structures reformulatives employé dans le discours dʼorigine est réduit dans le volet des traductions et encore moins élevé dans le volet des interprétations, ce qui nʼest pas surprenant du fait des contraintes de temps et dʼeffort cognitif. Mais sous cette apparente réduction se cachent les fréquences élevées des structures reformulatives nouvelles par rapport au discours dʼorigine, soulignant dʼautres aspects. Chez les traducteurs on observe le glissement vers plus dʼexplicite surtout au plan textuel, au moyen de marqueurs de reformulation. Chez les interprètes, par contre, ce glissement sʼopère plutôt au niveau idéationnel, qui concerne la représentation du monde et sʼobserve à travers le taux élevé des élaborations.
Les particules slovènes et leurs équivalents français à l'écrit et à l'oral: cas du lexème slovène tudi et de son équivalent français aussi
Authors: Oven Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

La présente contribution s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une étude contrastive sur les particules dans les langues slovène et française en y examinant le cas du lexème slovène tudi et de son équivalent français le plus fréquent aussi. Nous nous pencherons sur les caractéristiques de aussi à l'écrit et à l'oral pour les comparer à celles du lexème slovène tudi. Nous nous proposerons d'abord, à partir d'un corpus écrit, de comparer le fonctionnement du lexème slovène tudi et celui de son équivalent français aussi pour en extraire les similitudes et surtout les divergences sur le plan sémantique, syntaxique et pragmatique. En nous appuyant sur ces divergences à l'écrit, nous procéderons ensuite, à partir d'un corpus oral, à l'analyse du fonctionnement de aussi dans à l'oral pour y constater un éventuel décalage entre l'emploi de aussi à l'écrit et à l'oral. Nous mettrons enfin en évidence un plus grand parallélisme entre le slovène écrit et le français parlé dans le cas de l'étude contrastive de tudi et de aussi.
Moving beyond T/V pronouns of power and solidarity in interaction : Persian agreement mismatch construction
Authors: Nanbakhsh Golnaz
Published: August 2016

Research on Persian pronominal address forms (to the intimate "you" represented as "T" after French tu and šoma the deferential "you" similar to French vous represented as "V", historically plural but now also used as singular) has been limited to questionnaire data with a simplistic analytical model of T/V distinction. This paper documents the communicative strategies indexed by agreement mismatch construction (e. g. the mixed šoma pronoun use with the second person singular verbal agreement). The qualitative analysis is based on a corpus of interactional data and open-ended interviews to explain variations observed in the Persian pronominal address system. Strategic use of agreement mismatch construction suggests that politeness in address forms could be based on interlocutors stancetaking in negotiating relationships.
About forensic phonetics
Authors: Hollien Harry
Published: August 2016

This article sets forth the goals and content of Forensic Phonetics and its major elements. Considered are 1) the processing and analysis of spoken utterances, 2) enhancement of speech intelligibility (re: surveillance and other recordings), 3) authentication of recordings, 4) speaker identification, and 5) detection of deception, intoxication, and emotions in speech. Stress in speech, and the psychological stress evaluation systems that some individuals attempt to use as lie detectors also will be considered.
Key word analysis of discourses in Slovene speech : differences and similarities
Authors: Kosem Iztok , Verdonik Darinka
Published: August 2016

One of the aspects of speech that remains under-researched is the internal variety of speech, i.e. the differences and similarities between different types of speech. This paper aims to contribute to this research by making the comparison between different discourses of Slovene spontaneous speech, focusing on the use of vocabulary. The key word analysis (Scott, 1997), conducted on a million‑word corpus of spoken Slovene, was used to identify lexical items and groups of lexical items typical of a particular spoken discourse, or common to different types of spoken discourse. The results indicate that the presence or absence of a particular word class in the key word list can be a good indicator of a type of spoken discourse, or discourses.
Codification of the spoken language : an example of contemporary Slovene
Authors: Tivadar Hotimir
Published: August 2016

The Slovene language is often presented as a national element. Even in the 19th century, which saw the Spring of Nations and the United Slovenia project, the Slovene language was a constitutive element of the Slovene nation. In the meantime, the Slovene language was positioning itself as an all-Slovene language, trying to be supra-regional. By the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Slovene written language had stabilized, while at the same time the spoken language had only begun to assert itself. During this time, the prevailing principle was to "speak the way the language is written." In the mid-20th century, the theoretical idea of a literary language that is based on the central Slovene-speech (i.e. the speech of Ljubljana) came to dominate. In the third millennium, the question is whether a regionally-defined speech can be used as the basis for a Standard language. Another central question is what this "suitable" regionally-conditioned speech would be like. The principle of how important, decision-wise, the centre of a nation is, when it comes to questions of linguistic norms, may seem very attractive and, to a certain extent, logical. However, even examples of historically and linguistically comparable languages do not support the theory of creating the norm for the Standard Slovene language, based on the contemporary speech of Ljubljana, as claimed by Toporišič in Slovenska slovnica and, later, in Slovenski pravopis. Within Slovenia, the Standard Slovene language is tied to written language, which has proven, in the past, to be a suitable way of setting the norm. Regressing back to the principles of standardising a language, based on regional variants, would be unproductive, would introduce needless discord, and would cause problems with everyday, public communication. Contemporary research of actual speech, a portion of which is also presented within this article, confirms the all-Slovene and regionally-independent character of the Slovene Standard language.
Words of foreign origin in political discourse
Authors: Zorčič Sabina
Published: August 2016

The paper discusses the use of words of foreign origin in Slovenian political discourse. At the outset, this usage is broken down into four groups: the first contains specific phrases and terminology inherent to the political domain; the second contains words of foreign origin generally present in the Slovene language (because of their high frequency of nonexclusivistic use, these words are not of interest to the scope of this investigation); the third contains various words of foreign origin used as affectional packaging for messages with the aim of stimulating the desired interpretation (framing reality); the fourth group, which is the most interesting for our research, is made up of words of foreign origin which could have a marker: + marked, + not necessary, + unwanted, but only if we accept the logic of purism. All the words in this group could be replaced - without any loss of meaning - with their Slovene equivalents. The speakerʼs motivation for using the foreign word is crucial to our discussion. In the framework of Pierre Bourdieuʼs poststructural theory as well as Austinʼs and Searleʼs speech act theory, statistical data is analysed to observe how usage frequency varies in correlation with selected factors which manifest the speakerʼs habitus. We argue that words of foreign origin represent symbolic cultural capital, a kind of added value which functions as credit and as such is an important form of the accumulation of capital.
Criteria for public speech planning : characteristics of language learning
Authors: Petek Tomaž
Published: August 2016

Public speaking is understood as monological discourse production, directed at a wider or narrower public or group of people. The theoretical part of this article introduces the characteristics of effective public speaking; criteria were designed for the preparation of a public speech, and four main sections defined, i.e. a) construction of public speech (consideration of text type characteristics, appropriateness of the topic and selection of content, appropriateness of the mode of topic development, formation of a meaningful, comprehensible and integrated text); b) integral mode of public speech (fluent, natural and free speaking, clear diction); c) verbal language (social genre, selection of words consistent with the speech, grammatical correctness, correct pronunciation, formal constructions, formal [dynamic] accent), non-verbal language (auditory non-verbal speech cues, visual non-verbal speech cues). The fulfilment of these criteria was tested in practice, namely on second and third year undergraduate students (prospective teachers) (N = 211). On the whole, all the average marks of third year students were better than those of the second year students. The most common difficulty facing the students was fluent, natural and free speaking as well as appropriate topic development, whereas the most successfully fulfilled criteria were those of appropriate topic selection and consideration of text type characteristics.
Le paradoxe du linguiste
Authors: Vitez Primož
Published: August 2016

Le linguiste, dans sa volonté explicite de s'imposer comme sujet scientifique et de décrire objectivement la langue comme un objet qui lui est extérieur, est paradoxal, parce que, du fait même qu'il est habité de sa langue, il se trouve nécessairement dans l'impossibilité de remplir la tâche qu'il se propose. Le paradoxe du linguiste consiste donc en cela que, si on se permet de paraphraser l'observation de Labov, « les faits de la langue s'étudient selon la vision de tel ou tel linguiste individuel, alors que le linguiste n'existe que par son expérience personnelle des faits linguistiques ». Cela signifie très simplement que le linguiste, en tant que descripteur d'une langue, n'est opératif qu'à l'intérieur de son objet d'analyse. La crédibilité de l'analyste dépend entièrement de la position éthique qu'il prendra vis-à-vis de sa recherche.
Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Fonética y fonología.
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: August 2016

El libro titulado Fonética y Fonología, dirigido por José Manuel Blecua, director de la Real Academia Española, es el tercer volumen de la Nueva Gramática de la Lengua Española, realizada por las veintidós Academias de la Lengua Española y di- rigida por Ignacio Bosque. El volumen Fonética y Fonología se compone de un libro de 532 páginas que complementa el DVD Las voces del español. Tiempo y espacio y fue realizado por investigadores de reconocido prestigio de diferentes universidades en el ámbito internacional. El volumen está destinado a estudiantes del segundo ciclo de la carrera de Letras o del doctorado y a profesores de educación media (según el propio director: »está a un nivel de un segundo ciclo de carrera, o docto- rado. Puede servir para la Enseñanza Media«1). Sin duda alguna será de una gran utilidad también para los investigadores de la lengua española y los profesores en la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera.
Christian Fandrych, Maria Thurmair: Textsorten im Deutschen. Linguistische Analysen aus sprachdidaktischer Sicht.
Authors: Bračič Stojan
Published: August 2016

Das vorliegende Buch ist eine didaktisch orientierte texgrammatische Untersu- chung, die anhand eines nach unterschiedlichen Kriterien ausgewählten Korpus die speziﬁsche Anwendung sprachlicher Mittel in zwanzig Textsorten der deutschen Gegenwartssprache analysiert. Dem Vorwort und dem einführenden theoretischen Kapitel mit Angaben zur Konzeption und zum Ansatz der Studie folgen zwanzig Kapitel zu je einer Textsorte. Im abschließenden Kapitel werden linguistische und didaktische Erträge und Perspektiven zusammengefasst. Am Schluss stehen ein repräsentatives Literaturverzeichnis und ein Stichwortregister, das in Kombination mit dem übersichtlich gegliederten Inhaltsverzeichnis die Suche nach einschlägigen Themen erleichtert. Die einzelnen Kapitel weisen einen einheitlichen Aufbau auf. Ausgegangen wird von der Kommunikationssituation und der Textfunktion, um über die Analyse der jeweiligen Textsortenstruktur zu den textsortenspeziﬁschen sprachlichen Merkmalen überzugehen. Angewandt wird eine Top-down-Perspektive, die die Verwendung von speziﬁschen sprachlichen Mitteln aus ihrer Einbettung in die übergeordneten Kategorien Tätigkeitsbereich und Kommunikationsintention ableitet. Die traditionelle Auﬀassung von Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit wird außerdem durch die Unterscheidung von medialer und konzeptioneller Mündlichkeit bzw. Schriftlichkeit diﬀe- renziert („Nähesprache“ und „Distanzsprache“) (17), was in den Analysen als eines der entscheidenden Kriterien für die Beurteilung der Angemessenheit der Sprachverwendung berücksichtigt wird. Dabei wird auch den Kombinationsvarianten Rechnung getragen, die durch neue elektronische Medien entstehen. Eingangs wird bei jeder für die Analyse ausgewählten Textsorte auch angeführt, welche Textsorten als verwandt betrachtet werden können bzw. welche Abgrenzungskriterien dabei gelten (z.B. Arztfragebogen vs. Formular). Es wird auf die funktionale Bündelung von Text- sorten aufgrund unterschiedlicher Merkmale hingewiesen. So stellen die ausgewählten zwanzig Textsorten keine geschlossene Textsortenreihe dar, sondern ein oﬀenes System, das im Hinblick auf Übergangsphänomene, unter Anwendung der praktizierten Analysemethode, zu weiteren Forschungen anregt.
Summer precipitation reconstructed quantitatively using a Mid Holocene δ13C common millet record from Guanzhong Basin, China
Authors: Yang Qing , Li Xiaoqiang , Zhou Xinying , Zhao Keliang , Sun Nan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In order to produce quantitative Holocene precipitation reconstructions for particular geographical areas, explicit proxies and accurate dating controls are required. The fossilized seeds of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) are found throughout the sedimentary strata of northern China, and are highly suited to the production of accurate quantitative Holocene precipitation reconstructions: their isotopic carbon composition (δ13C) gives a measure of the precipitation required during the growing season, and allows these seeds to be dated. We therefore used a robust regression function, as part of a systematic study of the δ13C of common millet, to produce a quantitative reconstruction of Mid Holocene summer precipitation in the Guanzhong Basin. Our results showed that summer precipitation from 7.7–3.4 ka BP was 240–477 mm, with a mean of 354 mm, i.e. ~ 50 mm or 17 % higher than present levels. Maximal mean summer precipitation peaked at 414 mm, ~ 109 mm (or 36 %) higher than today, occurring during 6.4–5.5 ka BP; this is when the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) was at its peak. As the δ13C-based precipitation record can reliably indicate EASM intensity during the Holocene, this work can provide a reliable proxy for further research into the detailed processes, and precise mechanisms, of the EASM.
Gravel threshold of motion: a state function of sediment transport
disequilibrium?
Authors: Johnson Joel P. L.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In most sediment transport models, a threshold variable dictates the shear stress at which non-negligible bedload transport begins. Previous work has demonstrated that nondimensional transport thresholds (τc*) vary with many factors related not only to grain size and shape, but also with characteristics of the local bed surface and sediment transport rate (qs). I propose a new model in which qs-dependent τc*, notated as τc(qs)*, evolves as a power-law function of net erosion or deposition. In the model, net entrainment is assumed to progressively remove more mobile particles while leaving behind more stable grains, gradually increasing τc(qs)* and reducing transport rates. Net deposition tends to fill in topographic lows, progressively leading to less stable distributions of surface grains, decreasing τc(qs)* and increasing transport rates. Model parameters are calibrated based on laboratory flume experiments that explore transport disequilibrium. The τc(qs)* equation is then incorporated into a simple morphodynamic model. The evolution of τc(qs)* is a negative feedback on morphologic change, while also allowing reaches to equilibrate to sediment supply at different slopes. Finally, τc(qs)* is interpreted to be an important but nonunique state variable for morphodynamics, in a manner consistent with state variables such as temperature in thermodynamics.
Understanding Hydrologic Variability across Europe through Catchment Classification
Authors: Kuentz Anna , Arheimer Berit , Hundecha Yeshewatesfa , Wagener Thorsten
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This study contributes to better understanding the physical controls on spatial patterns of pan-European flow signatures – taking advantage of large open datasets for catchment classification and comparative hydrology. We explored similarities in 16 flow signatures and 35 catchment descriptors across entire Europe. A database of catchment descriptors and selected flow signatures was compiled for 35 215 catchments and 1366 river gauges across Europe. Correlation analyses and stepwise regressions were used to identify the best explanatory variables for each signature resulting in a total of 480 regression models to predict signatures for similar catchments. Catchments were clustered and analyzed for similarities in flow signature values, physiography and for the combination of the two. From the statistical analysis, we found: (i) about 400 statistically significant correlations between flow signatures and physiography; (ii) a 15 to 33 % (depending on the classification used) improvement in regression model skills using catchment classification vs. the full domain; and (iii) 12 out of 16 flow signatures to be mainly controlled by climatic characteristics, while topography was the main control for flashiness of flow and low flow magnitude, and geology for the flashiness of flow. Classifying catchments based on flow signatures or on physiographic characteristics led to very different spatial patterns, but a classification and regression tree (CART) allowed us to predict flow signatures-based classes according to catchment physiographic characteristics with an average percentage of 60 % of correctly classified catchments in each class. As a result, we show that Europe can be divided into ten classes with both similar flow signatures and physiography. We noted the importance of separating energy-limited catchments from moisture-limited catchment to understand catchment behavior. For improved understanding, we interpreted characteristics in hydrographs, flow signatures, physiography and geographical location to define dominant flow-generating processes. We found that rainfall response, snow-melt, evapotranspiration, damping, storage capacity, and human alterations could explain the hydrologic variability across Europe. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these empirical results for predictions in ungauged basins across Europe and for dynamic modelling at the continental scale.
An Offline-Online WebGIS Android Application for Fast Data Acquisition of Landslide Hazard and Risk
Authors: Olyazadeh Roya , Sudmeier-Rieux Karen , Jaboyedoff Michel , Derron Marc-Henri , Devkota Sanjaya
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Regional landslide assessments and mapping have been effectively pursued by research institutions, national and local governments, NGOs and different stakeholders for some time; and a wide range of methodologies and technologies are proposed consequently. Land-use mapping and hazard event inventories are mostly created by remote sensing data, resulting in complications subject to accessibility and terrain. However, landslide data acquisition for the field navigation can magnify the accuracy of database and analysis. Analysing hazard patterns and triggering factors can take advantage of Open Source web and mobile GIS tools for an improved ground-truthing of critical areas. This paper reviews implementation of a secure mobile-map application called ROOMA (Rapid Offline-Online Mapping Application) for the fast data collection of landslide hazard and risk. This prototype assists for quick creation of landslide inventory maps by collecting information on the type, feature, volume, date and pattern of the landslide using Open Source web-GIS technologies for instance Leaflet maps, Cordova, GeoServer, Postgis and Postgres database. This application comprises of Leaflet map coupled with satellite images as base layer, drawing tools, geolocation (using GPS and Internet), photo mapping and events clustering. All the features and information are recorded into a Geojson file in an offline version (Android) and consequently uploaded to the online mode (using all browsers) with the availability of internet. Finally, the events can be accessed and edited after approval by an administrator and then be visualized by general public. ROOMA was tested for the collection of landslides in post-earthquake Nepal and can be applied as well for all other events and hazards such as floods, avalanches, etc.