bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic differences in multimorbidity after accounting for social-economic factors, findings from The Health Survey for England
Authors: Ng Fat Linda , Patil Priyanka , Mindell Jennifer S , Manikam Logan , Scholes Shaun
Published: August 2023

Background

Social-economic factors and health behaviours may be driving variation in ethnic health inequalities in multimorbidity including among distinct ethnic groups.

Methods

Using the cross-sectional nationally representative Health Surveys for England 2011–18 (N = 54 438, aged 16+), we performed multivariable logistic regression on the odds of having general multimorbidity (≥2 longstanding conditions) by ethnicity [British White (reference group), White Irish, Other White, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, African, Caribbean, White mixed, Other Mixed], adjusting for age, sex, education, area deprivation, obesity, smoking status and survey year. This was repeated for cardiovascular multimorbidity (N = 37 148, aged 40+: having ≥2 of the following: self-reported diabetes, hypertension, heart attack or stroke) and multiple cardiometabolic risk biomarkers (HbA1c ≥6.5%, raised blood pressure, total cholesterol ≥5mmol/L).

Results

Twenty percent of adults had general multimorbidity. In fully adjusted models, compared with the White British majority, Other White [odds ratio (OR) = 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.74], Chinese (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.36–0.93) and African adults (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.42–0.69), had lower odds of general multimorbidity. Among adults aged 40+, Pakistani (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 0.97–1.66; P = 0.080) and Bangladeshi (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.16–2.65) had increased odds, and African adults had decreased odds (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.83) of general multimorbidity. Risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity was higher among Indian (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 2.56–4.28), Pakistani (OR = 3.48, 95% CI 2.52–4.80), Bangladeshi (OR = 3.67, 95% CI 1.98–6.78), African (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.05–2.47), Caribbean (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.59–2.99) and White mixed (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.14–3.44) adults. Indian adults were also at risk of having multiple cardiometabolic risk biomarkers.

Conclusion

Ethnic inequalities in multimorbidity are independent of social-economic factors. Ethnic minority groups are particularly at risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity, which may be exacerbated by poorer management of cardiometabolic risk requiring further investigation.
Does previous sickness absence affect work participation after vocational labour market training? A difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach
Authors: Salonen Laura , Solovieva Svetlana , Kauhanen Antti , Hartikainen Elli , Viikari-Juntura Eira , Leinonen Taina
Published: August 2023

Background

Reduced work ability is relatively common among job seekers and it can hinder future labour market attachment. A commonly used measure to increase employability is the use of active labour market programmes. While vocational labour market training (LMT) has been shown to be an effective way to increase work participation among job seekers, there is still uncertainty about how LMT works in different population groups, for example, among persons with a work disability history.

Methods

We used nationally representative Finnish register data on 16 062 LMT participants in 2008–2015 aged 25–59 with a history of sickness absence (SA) and propensity score matched participants without such history. For matching, we used information on sociodemographic and work-related factors. We used difference-in-differences analysis to investigate the differential changes in work participation before and after LMT between those with and those without SA history.

Results

Having a history of SA was associated with a lower gain in work participation after LMT, but the magnitude varied by sex, employment history and follow-up time. In women, having a history of SA contributed to 3.9–6.2 percentage points smaller increase in work participation 1–3 years after LMT, depending on the employment history. In men, the corresponding numbers were 2.0–4.3 percentage points. The results were more pronounced if the SA was due to mental disorders.

Conclusions

The results indicate that work disability, especially due to mental disorders, can hamper work participation after LMT and should be considered when planning employment-enhancing measures for job seekers.
Exploring missed opportunities for influenza vaccination and influenza vaccine co-administration patterns among Italian older adults: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Domnich Alexander , Orsi Andrea , Ogliastro Matilde , Trombetta Carlo-Simone , Scarpaleggia Marianna , Ceccaroli Chiara , Amadio Carla , Raffo Anna , Berisso Luca , Yakubovich Alla , Zappa Giacomo , Amicizia Daniela , Panatto Donatella , Icardi Giancarlo
Published: August 2023

Background

Missed opportunities constitute a main driver of suboptimal seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) coverage in older adults. Vaccine co-administration is a way to reduce these missed opportunities. In this study, we quantified missed opportunities for SIV, identified some of their socio-structural correlates and documented SIV co-administration patterns.

Methods

In this registry-based retrospective cohort study, we verified the SIV status of all subjects aged ≥65 years who received at least one dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), pneumococcal or herpes zoster vaccines during the 2022/23 influenza season. The frequency of concomitant same-day administration of SIV with other target vaccines was also assessed.

Results

Among 41 112, 5482 and 3432 older adults who received ≥1 dose of COVID-19, pneumococcal and herpes zoster vaccines, missed opportunities for SIV accounted for 23.3%, 5.0% and 13.2%, respectively. Younger, male and foreign-born individuals were generally more prone to missing SIV. The co-administration of SIV with other recommended vaccines was relatively low, being 11.0%, 53.1% and 17.1% in COVID-19, pneumococcal and herpes zoster cohorts, respectively.

Conclusions

A sizeable proportion of older adults who received other recommended vaccines during the last influenza season did not receive SIV. This share of missed opportunities, which are subject to some social inequalities, may be addressed by increasing vaccine co-administration rates and implementing tailored health promotion interventions.
Influence of cyclic di-GMP metabolism to T3SS expression, biofilm formation and symbiosis efficiency in Mesorhizobium japonicum MAFF303099
Authors: Escobar Mariel R , Lepek Viviana C , Basile Laura A
Published: August 2023

A link between the T3SS and inhibition of swimming motility by the transcriptional regulator TtsI in Mesorhizobium japonicum MAFF303099 has been previously reported. Here, we show that mutants in T3SS components display impaired biofilm formation capacity, indicating that a functional T3SS, or at least pili formation, is required for this process. As a first approach to the cdiG regulation network in this bacterium, we started a study of the second messenger cdiG by overexpressing or by deleting some genes encoding cdiG metabolizing enzymes. Overexpression of two putative PDEs as well as deletion of various DGCs led to reduced biofilm formation on glass tubes. Mutation of dgc9509 also affected negatively the nodulation and symbiosis efficiency on Lotus plants, which can be related to the observed reduction in adhesion to plant roots. Results from transcriptional nopX- and ttsI-promoter-lacZ fusions suggested that cdiG negatively regulates T3SS expression in M. japonicum MAFF303099.
Control Beliefs Mediate the Within-Person Relationship Between Everyday Activity Volition and Daily Subjective Age
Authors: Zhang Shenghao , Neupert Shevaun D
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Appraisal and interpretation of personal experiences resulting from interaction with situational contexts might play an important role in shaping subjective age at the within-person level, but it is unclear how this process unfolds. We propose that older adults evaluate situational contexts and reflect on their general psychological resources when determining their subjective age, and tested this proposal with volition of daily activities as a proxy for appraisal of situational contexts and control beliefs as a proxy for psychological resources. We hypothesize that appraising daily activities one engaged in as obligatory would deplete one’s perceived control and concomitantly make one feel older.

Methods

Older adults (n = 116) ranging in age from 60 to 90 (M = 64.84) completed a 9-day daily diary study online, resulting in 743 total days. Participants reported their sociodemographic characteristics on Day 1 and major daily activities, volition of every reported activity, felt age, and control beliefs on Days 2–9.

Results

On days when older adults felt that activities they engaged in were of their own volition, they also felt more in control. A lower-level mediation result suggested that within-person control beliefs mediated the relationship between volition of daily activities and subjective age.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that older adults evaluate situational contexts and reflect on their control beliefs as a general psychological resource when determining their subjective age. These findings show the important role psychological resources play in determining subjective age from a within-person perspective and extended the within-person process proposed in previous theoretical models.
Newton optimization and the Hessian matrix in scale-separation waveform inversion problems with reflected and transmitted waves
Authors: Aaker Ole Edvard , Raknes Espen Birger , Pedersen Ørjan , Arntsen Børge
Published: August 2023

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is often utilized for determining the medium parameters of the Earth by minimizing the misfit between observed and modelled waves. The conventional formulation of FWI is well suited to utilize transmitted waves to determine long-to-intermediate wavelength properties of the medium. Hovewer, the penetration depth of transmitted waves may be limited for a given acquisition. As a remedy, reflection waveform inversion (RWI) exploits the kinematic information in reflected waves to retrieve these long-wavelength properties, particularly below the maximum illumination depth of transmitted waves. Previous works have demonstrated the benefits of utilizing both transmitted and reflected waves, thereby considering a reconciliation of conventional FWI and RWI. One such formulation is known as joint full waveform inversion (JFWI), where reflected and transmitted waves are separately compared in the misfit functional. A disadvantage of gradient-based optimization schemes in RWI and JFWI is the presence of strong crosstalk due to mapping of reflected data residuals along the entire reflection wavepaths. Because RWI and JFWI require frequent least-squares migration, we are incentivized to determine well-focused search directions that allow large movements between the migration steps. Thus, we propose an improvement to RWI and JFWI by utilizing Newton methods to directly account for crosstalk between parameters. The crosstalk effects are described by the second-order sensitivities of the misfit functional, i.e. the Hessian matrix. We adopt the adjoint-state method to compute the first- and second order sensitivities of the misfit functional for any of these waveform inversion procedures in a unified framework and for arbitrary misfit functionals. Furthermore, we conceptually study the Hessian matrix in least-squares based full-, reflection- and joint full waveform inversion from a data-domain point of view. Synthetic examples and a three-dimensional field data example demonstrate that the truncated Gauss-Newton method is effective in attenuating artefacts due to crosstalk between spatially separated variables, thus substantially improving the spatial focusing of the search directions.
Monitoring seismicity triggered by geothermal site shutdown with a surface DAS array at Brady Hot Springs
Authors: Lv Hao , Zeng Xiangfang , Chi Benxin , Zhang Gongbo , Thurber Clifford
Published: August 2023

Seismicity induced by fluid injection including wastewater injection, hydrofracking and enhanced geothermal system (EGS) site production draws public attention. Dense arrays have been deployed to improve monitoring capability. In 2016 March, the PoroTomo experiment deployed an 8.6-km-long fibre-optic cable for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) in the geothermal field at Brady Hot Springs, Nevada, covering an area of 1.5 by 0.5 km. The goal was to assess an integrated technology for characterizing and monitoring temporal changes in the rock mechanical properties of an EGS reservoir in three dimensions. We applied a neural network designed for earthquake detection called ADE-Net2 to the DAS data set to detect seismic events in continuous records. We were able to detect a total of 90 earthquakes, which included 21 events that had not been reported by a previous template-matching study. Additionally, we were able to successfully detect almost all of the active source signals, with only seven events being missed. We used the STA/LTA (short-/long-term average) method to pick arrivals and a clustering method to remove outliers. We initially tried a standard event location algorithm, but the low signal-to-noise ratio resulted in significant picking uncertainty that is up to ∼0.5 s, leading to large location uncertainty. Therefore, we developed a new location method based on the similarity between the theoretical traveltime curve and picked moveout. A grid search scheme was adopted to find the optimal point at which the traveltime curve is most similar to the picked one. Most newly detected earthquakes locate southwest of the DAS array, where five earthquakes were reported by a local seismic network. The plant began shutting down at 19:15 UTC on the March 13, and most earthquakes occurred on the March 14, indicating a relationship between the seismicity and the pressure changes caused by the shutdown of the plant. The pressure changes at epicentres obtained from a simplified model range from 71 to 157 kPa, exceeding a typical earthquake trigger threshold of 10 kPa.
A nodally bound-preserving finite element method
Authors: Barrenechea Gabriel R , Georgoulis Emmanuil H , Pryer Tristan , Veeser Andreas
Published: August 2023

This work proposes a nonlinear finite element method whose nodal values preserve bounds known for the exact solution. The discrete problem involves a nonlinear projection operator mapping arbitrary nodal values into bound-preserving ones and seeks the numerical solution in the range of this projection. As the projection is not injective, a stabilisation based upon the complementary projection is added in order to restore well-posedness. Within the framework of elliptic problems, the discrete problem may be viewed as a reformulation of a discrete obstacle problem, incorporating the inequality constraints through Lipschitz projections. The derivation of the proposed method is exemplified for linear and nonlinear reaction-diffusion problems. Near-best approximation results in suitable norms are established. In particular, we prove that, in the linear case, the numerical solution is the best approximation in the energy norm among all nodally bound-preserving finite element functions. A series of numerical experiments for such problems showcase the good behaviour of the proposed bound-preserving finite element method.
Prevention vs treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Klareskog Lars , Alfredsson Lars
Published: August 2023

Whether a yet chronic and not curable disease like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be subject to prevention or whether available resources should be focused on treatment is a classical dilemma. Similar to the case in most other chronic diseases, the focus in research as well as in clinical practice has been on the treatment of established diseases, resulting in drugs that are efficient in eliminating most joint damage but not able to cure the disease or stop needs for continuous treatment of the disease. Less effort has been spent on identifying and implementing ways to prevent the disease. We argue in this review that knowledge concerning the longitudinal evolvement of the major, ‘seropositive’ subset of RA has now come to a stage where prevention should be a large part of the research agenda and that we should prepare for prevention as part of clinical practice in RA. We describe briefly the knowledge basis for broad public health-based prevention as well as for a ‘precision prevention’ strategy. In the latter, individuals at high risk for RA will be identified, monitored, and ultimately provided with advice on how to change lifestyle/environment or be given treatment with drugs able to delay and ultimately stop the development of RA. Whether this potential of precision prevention for RA will change the broader clinical practice will depend on whether specific and long-lasting interference with disease-inducing immunity, ultimately ‘tolerance therapy’, will become a reality.
Does Labour Law Trust Workers? Questioning Underlying Assumptions Behind Managerial Prerogatives
Authors: De Stefano Valerio , Durri Ilda , Stylogiannis Charalampos , Wouters Mathias
Published: August 2023

This article explores the relationship between modern labour law, trust-based management, and collective labour relations. It begins by examining the historical origins of labour law, which was established to give employers the means to govern their workforce, based on the assumption that workers were untrustworthy. We argue that this notion still persists, albeit in a refined form, and that advancements in technology can exacerbate the negative consequences of managerial prerogatives. The article highlights the need to re-examine the extent of managerial prerogatives and provides several examples of businesses that have adopted trust-based models of organization, leading to positive outcomes. However, the study cautions that trust-based models can be used as a guise for employers to retain greater control over their employees and emphasizes the critical role of collective labour relations in ensuring true trust. The article concludes by arguing that policymakers must challenge the hierarchy-centred model of the employment contract and promote practices that reinforce social dialogue and collective voice in order to reap the benefits of trust-based business practices. This study sheds light on the need to re-evaluate the current employment landscape and consider alternative models that prioritize trust, autonomy, and social dialogue in the workplace.
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency Is a Risk Factor for Pediatric Sepsis: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Hao Dan , Guo Ling , Wang Qian , Ito Misa , Huang Bin , Mineo Chieko , Shaul Philip W , Li Xiang-An
Published: August 2023

Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy had been strongly recommended for pediatric sepsis (grade 1A). However, the recommendation was changed to grade 2C in 2020 due to weak evidence. About 32.8% of patients with pediatric septic develop relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI). But whether GC therapy should be determined by RAI status is controversial. This study utilized 21-day-old SF1CreSRBIfl/fl mice as the first pediatric RAI mouse model to assess the pathogenesis of RAI and evaluate GC therapy. RAI mice exhibited a substantially higher mortality rate in cecal ligation and puncture and cecal slurry–induced sepsis. These mice featured persistent inflammatory responses and were effectively rescued by GC therapy. RNA sequencing analysis revealed persistent inflammatory responses in RAI mice, caused by transcriptional dysregulation of AP-1 and NF-κB, and cytokine-induced secondary inflammatory response. Our findings support a precision medicine approach to guide GC therapy for pediatric patients based on the status of RAI.
The rule of reason and the fundamentals against more presumption-based illegality legal standards: highlights on CADE’s decisions on digital economy issues
Authors: da Silva Oliveira Neto Dario , Augusto de Oliveira Cruz Filho Otávio , Cordeiro Macedo Alexandre
Published: August 2023

This article advocates against more presumption-based illegality legal standards. The focus is on the Rule of Reason analysis, which is in line with CADE’s case laws for analysing unilateral conducts, distinguishing between restraints with an anti-competitive effect (or resulting in conduct likely to cause such injury) that are harmful to the consumer, and restraints stimulating competition that are in the consumer’s best interest. In this sense, the article recalls some basic concepts, such as market power, dominant position, concentration indexes, and its interactions, since the recent discussions appear to have forgotten its basics. Moreover, a brief analysis of CADE’s procedures and the Brazilian Competition system, especially the analyses of unilateral conduct cases, is made in order to present a background for the readers. At the end, we report three digital antitrust cases judged by Cade to demonstrate the steps used by the authority in order to reach a decision on the case. In a nutshell, CADE has not shifted the analysis of unilateral conduct from the use of the rule of reason to a more presumption-based illegality approach.
Investigation of the inhibitory effect and mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against Streptococcus suis sortase A
Authors: Lou Fei , Huang Hui , Li Yaping , Yang Shuo , Shi Yangqian
Published: August 2023

Aims

Streptococcus suis seriously harms people and animals, and importantly, causes great economic losses in the pig industry. Similar to most Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, sortase A (SrtA) of S. suis can mediate the anchoring of a variety of virulence factors that contain specific sorting sequences to the surface of the bacterial cell wall envelope and participate in pathogenicity. The purpose of this study is to clarify the molecular mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibiting S. suis SrtA and provide more evidence for the development of novel anti-S. suis infections drugs.

Methods and results

Through the SrtA substrate cleavage experiment, we found that the main component of green tea, EGCG, can effectively inhibit the enzyme activity of S. suis SrtA. Further, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to clarify the molecular mechanism of its inhibitory effect, demonstrating that EGCG mainly interacts with amino acids at 113 and 115 to exert its inhibitory function. It was previously found that EGCG can inhibit the growth of S. suis and reduce the activity of suilysin and inhibit its expression. Our research reveals a new function of EGCG in S. suis infection.

Conclusions

Our research proves that EGCG can effectively inhibit the transpeptidase activity of SrtA. We also clarify the accompanying molecular mechanism, providing more sufficient evidence for the use of EGCG as a potential lead compound against S. suis infection.
Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 byBacillus aryabhattaithrough conversion of double bond in terminal furan
Authors: Tang Xi , Cai Yi-Fan , Yu Xiao-Mei , Zhou Wen-Wen
Published: August 2023

Aims

This study aimed to screen a bacterial strain with high detoxifying capability for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), verify its biotransformation efficiency, and detoxification process.

Methods and results

A total of 350 samples collected from different environmental niche were screened using coumarin as the sole carbon source. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect residues of AFB1, and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on the isolated strain with the highest AFB1 removal ratio for identification. The detoxified products of this strain were tested for toxicity in Escherichia coli as well as LO2, Caco-2, and HaCaT human cell lines. HPLC-MS was applied to further confirm the AFB1 removal and detoxification process.

Conclusions

We identified a strain from plant leaf designated as DT with high AFB1-detoxifying ability that is highly homologous to Bacillus aryabhattai. The optimum detoxification conditions of this strain were 37°C and pH 8.0, resulting in 82.92% removal ratio of 2 μg mL−1 AFB1 in 72 h. The detoxified products were nontoxic for E. coli and significantly less toxic for the LO2, Caco-2, and HaCaT human cell lines. HPLC-MS analysis also confirmed the significant drop of the AFB1 characteristic peak. Two possible metabolic products, C19H15O8 (m/z 371) and C19H19O8 (m/z 375), were observed by mass spectrometry. Potential biotransformation pathway was based on the cleavage of double bond in the terminal furan of AFB1. These generated components had different chemical structures with AFB1, manifesting that the attenuation of AFB1 toxicity would be attributed to the destruction of lactone structure of AFB1 during the conversion process.
ANGPTL3 negatively regulates IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation by inhibiting the IL1R1-associated signaling complex assembly
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Zi-tong , Wan Shi-yuan , Yang Jing , Wei Yu-juan , Chen Hui-jing , Zhou Wan-zhu , Song Qiu-yi , Niu Shu-xuan , Zheng Ling , Huang Kun
Published: August 2023

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced signaling is one of the most important pathways in regulating inflammation and immunity. The assembly of the receptor complex, consisting of the ligand IL-1β, the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) type 1 (IL1R1), and the IL-1R accessory protein (IL1RAP), initiates this signaling. However, how the IL1R1-associated complex is regulated remains elusive. Angiopoietin like 3 (ANGPTL3), a key inhibitor of plasma triglyceride clearance, is mainly expressed in the liver and exists in both intracellular and extracellular secreted forms. Currently, ANGPTL3 has emerged as a highly promising drug target for hypertriglyceridemia and associated cardiovascular diseases. However, most studies have focused on the secreted form of ANGPTL3, while its intracellular role is still largely unknown. Here, we report that intracellular ANGPTL3 acts as a negative regulator of IL-1β-triggered signaling. Overexpression of ANGPTL3 inhibited IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation and the transcription of inflammatory genes in HepG2, THP1, and HEK293T cells, while knockdown or knockout of ANGPTL3 resulted in opposite effects. Mechanistically, ANGPTL3 interacted with IL1R1 and IL1RAP through its intracellular C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain and disrupted the assembly of the IL1R1-associated complex. Taken together, our study reveals a novel role for ANGPTL3 in inflammation, whereby it inhibits the physiological interaction between IL1R1 and IL1RAP to maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis in the liver.
The Dark Side of Artificial Intelligence: The Possible Risk of Falsifying Images for Scientific Articles
Authors: Zecca Piero Antonio , Marcella Reguzzoni , Andrea Brambilla , Marina Protasoni , Marina Borgese , Mario Raspanti
Published: August 2023

This article explores the potential risks associated with using artificial intelligence (AI)-generated images in the field of microscopy. It discusses the current state-of-the-art AI-based image-generation techniques and their limitations. It investigates the potential risks associated with the illegal use of AI-generated images, including their use in creating falsified scientific data and the consequences of such misuse. The article concludes by exploring possible solutions to mitigate these risks, such as implementing robust authentication methods and developing ethical guidelines for using and disseminating AI-generated images in the field of microscopy. Additionally, the article also presents the results of a survey involving 101 professionals, showing that the recognition of authentic and entirely AI-generated images is performed well. But, the detection of hybrid images could be improved.
Real-Time Measurements of Oral Mucosal Carbon Dioxide (POMCO2) Reveals an Inverse Correlation With Blood Pressure in a Porcine Model of Coagulopathic Junctional Hemorrhage
Authors: Abel Biebele , Gerling Kimberly A , Mares John A , Hutzler Justin , Pierskalla Irvin , Hays Jim , Propper Brandon , White Joseph M , Burmeister David M
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Shock states that occur during, for example, profound hemorrhage can cause global tissue hypoperfusion leading to organ failure. There is an unmet need for a reliable marker of tissue perfusion during hemorrhage that can be followed longitudinally. Herein, we investigated whether longitudinal POMCO2 tracks changes in hemodynamics in a swine model of coagulopathic uncontrolled junctional hemorrhage.

Materials and Methods

Female Yorkshire-crossbreed swine (n = 7, 68.1 ± 0.7 kg) were anesthetized and instrumented for continuous measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Coagulopathy was induced by the exchange of 50 to 60% of blood volume with 6% Hetastarch over 30 minutes to target a hematocrit of <15%. A 4.5-mm arteriotomy was made in the right common femoral artery with 30 seconds of free bleeding. POMCO2 was continuously measured from baseline through hemodilution, hemorrhage, and a subsequent 3-h intensive care unit period. Rotational thromboelastometry and blood gases were measured.

Results

POMCO2 and MAP showed no significant changes during the hemodilution phase of the experiment, which produced coagulopathy evidenced by prolonged clot formation times. However, POMCO2 increased because of the uncontrolled hemorrhage by 11.3 ± 3.1 mmHg and was inversely correlated with the drop (17.9 ± 5.9 mmHg) in MAP (Y = −0.4122*X + 2.649, P = .02, r2 = 0.686). In contrast, lactate did not significantly correlate with the changes in MAP (P = .35) or POMCO2 (P = .37).

Conclusions

Despite the logical appeal of measuring noninvasive tissue CO2 measurement as a surrogate for gastrointestinal perfusion, prior studies have only reported snapshots of this readout. The present investigation shows real-time longitudinal measurement of POMCO2 to confirm that MAP inversely correlates to POMCO2 in the face of coagulopathy. The simplicity of measuring POMCO2 in real time can provide an additional practical option for military or civilian medics to monitor trends in hypoperfusion during hemorrhagic shock.
On the origin of optical and IR emission lines in star-forming galaxies
Authors: Martínez-Paredes Mariela , Bruzual Gustavo , Morisset Christophe , Kim Minsun , Meléndez Marcio , Binette Luc
Published: August 2023

Combining the cloudy photoionization code with updated stellar population synthesis results, we simultaneously model the MIR $\rm{[Ne {}{\small III}]}/\rm{[Ne {}{\small II}]}$ versus $\rm{[O {}{\small IV}]}/\rm{[Ne {}{\small III}]}$, the MIR-FIR $\rm{[Ne {}{\small III}]}/\rm{[Ne {}{\small II}]}$ versus $\rm{[O {}{\small IV}]}/\rm{[O {}{\small III}]}$ and the classical BPT diagnostic diagrams. We focus on the properties of optically classified H ii galaxies that lie in the normal star forming zone in the MIR diagnostic diagram. We find that a small fraction of our models lie in this zone, but most of them correspond to the lowest explored metallicity, Z*  =  0.0002, at age ∼1 Gyr. This value of Z* is, by far, lower than the values derived for these galaxies from optical emission lines, suggesting that the far-UV emission produced by post-AGB stars (a.k.a. HOLMES, hot low-mass evolved stars) is NOT the source of ionization. Instead, shock models can easily reproduce this part of the MIR diagram. We suggest that it is likely that some of these galaxies have been misclassified and that in them, shocks, produced by a weak AGN-outflow, could be an important source of ionization. Using a subset of our models, we derive a new demarcation line for the maximal contribution of retired galaxies in the BPT diagram. This demarcation line allows for a larger contamination from the neighbouring AGN-dominated region. Considering the importance of disentangling the different ionizing mechanisms in weak or deeply obscured systems, new observational efforts to classify galaxies both in the optical and IR are required to better constrain this kind of models and understand their evolutionary paths.
A colourful analysis: Probing the eclipse of the black hole and central engine in NGC 6814 using X-ray colour–colour grids
Authors: Pottie B , Gallo L C , Gonzalez A G , Miller J M
Published: August 2023

Eclipsing of the X-ray emitting region in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is a potentially powerful probe to examine the AGN environment and absorber properties. Here, we study the eclipse data from the 2016 XMM–Newton observation of NGC 6814 using a colour–colour analysis. Colours (i.e. hardness ratios) can provide the advantage of better time resolution over spectral analysis alone. Colour–colour grids are constructed to examine the effects of different parameters on the observed spectral variability during the eclipse. Consistent with previous spectral analysis, the variations are dominated by changes in the column density and covering fraction of the absorber. However, during maximum eclipse the behaviour of the absorber changes. Just after ingress, the eclipse is described by changes in column density and covering fraction, but prior to egress, the variations are dominated by changes in column density alone. Simulations are carried out to consider possible absorber geometries that might produce this behaviour. The behaviour is inconsistent with a single homogeneous cloud, but simulations suggest that multiple clouds, perhaps embedded in a highly ionized halo, could reproduce the results. In addition, we determine the orbital covering factor (fraction of orbital path-length) based on evidence of several eclipses in the 2016; 64-d Swift light curve. We estimate that ∼2–4 per cent of the orbit is covered by obscuring clouds and that the distribution of clouds is not isotropic.
Are we surprised to find SMBHs with JWST at z ≥ 9?
Authors: Schneider Raffaella , Valiante Rosa , Trinca Alessandro , Graziani Luca , Volonteri Marta , Maiolino Roberto
Published: August 2023

JWST is unveiling for the first time accreting black holes (BHs) with masses of 106 − 107 M⊙ at z > 4, with the most distant residing in GNz11 at z = 10.6. Are we really surprised to find them in the nuclei of z ≃ 5 − 11 galaxies? Here we predict the properties of 4 < z < 11 BHs and their host galaxies considering an Eddington-limited (EL) and a super-Eddington (SE) BH accretion scenario, using the Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT) semi-analytical model. We calculate the transmitted spectral energy distribution of CAT synthetic candidates, representative of the BH/galaxy properties of GNz11. We also examine the possibility that the z = 8.7 galaxy CEERS-1019 could host an active BH. We find that the luminosity of high-z JWST detected BHs are better reproduced by the SE model, where BHs descend from efficiently growing light and heavy seeds. Conversely, the host galaxy stellar masses are better matched in the EL model, in which all the systems detectable with JWST surveys JADES and CEERS descend from heavy BH seeds. We support the interpretation that the central point source of GNz11 could be powered by a SE (λEdd ≃ 2 − 3) accreting BH with mass 1.5 × 106 M⊙, while the emission from CEERS-1019 is dominated by the host galaxy; if it harbours an active BH, we find it to have a mass of MBH ≃ 107 M⊙, and to be accreting at sub-Eddington rates (λEdd ≃ 0.5).
Opacities of dense gas tracers in galactic massive star-forming regions
Authors: Liu Shu , Wang Junzhi , Li Fei , Wu Jingwen , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Li Di , Tang Ningyu , Zuo Pei
Published: August 2023

Optical depths of dense molecular gas are commonly used in Galactic and extragalactic studies to constrain the dense gas mass of the clouds or galaxies. The optical depths are often obtained based on spatially unresolved data, especially in galaxies, which may affect the reliability of such measurements. We examine such effects in spatially resolved Galactic massive star-forming regions. Using the 10-m SMT telescope, we mapped HCN and H13CN 3–2, HCO+, and H13CO+ 3–2 towards 51 Galactic massive star-forming regions, 30 of which resulted in robust determination of spatially resolved optical depths. Conspicuous spatial variations of optical depths have been detected within each source. We first obtained opacities for each position and calculated an optical-thick line intensity-weighted average, then averaged all the spectra and derived a single opacity for each region. The two were found to agree extremely well, with a linear least square correlation coefficient of 0.997 for the whole sample.
Jellyfish galaxies with the IllustrisTNG simulations - No enhanced population-wide star formation according to TNG50
Authors: Göller Junia , Joshi Gandhali D , Rohr Eric , Zinger Elad , Pillepich Annalisa
Published: August 2023

Due to ram-pressure stripping (RPS), jellyfish galaxies are thought to lose large amounts, if not all, of their interstellar medium. Nevertheless, some, but not all, observations suggest that jellyfish galaxies exhibit enhanced star formation compared to control samples, even in their ram pressure-stripped tails. We use the TNG50 cosmological gravity + magnetohydrodynamical simulation, with an average spatial resolution of 50–200 pc in the star-forming regions of galaxies, to quantify the star formation activity and star formation rates (SFRs) of more than 700 jellyfish galaxies at z = 0–1 with stellar masses $10^{8.3-10.8} \ {\rm M}_\odot$ in hosts with mass $10^{10.5-14.3} \ {\rm M}_\odot$. We extract their global SFRs, the SFRs within their main stellar body versus within the tails, and we follow the evolution of the star formation along their individual evolutionary tracks. We compare the findings for jellyfish galaxies to those of diversely constructed control samples, including against satellite and field galaxies with matched redshift, stellar mass, gas fraction, and host halo mass. According to TNG50, star formation and RPS can indeed occur simultaneously within any given galaxy, and frequently do so. Moreover, star formation can also take place within the ram pressure-stripped tails, even though the latter is typically subdominant. However, TNG50 does not predict elevated population-wide SFRs in jellyfish compared to analogue satellite galaxies with the same stellar mass or gas fraction. Simulated jellyfish galaxies do undergo bursts of elevated star formation along their history but, at least according to TNG50, these do not translate into a population-wide enhancement at any given epoch.
Anisotropic strange stars in the spotlight: unveiling constraints through observational data
Authors: Das H C , Lopes Luiz L
Published: August 2023

Motivated by the recent suggestions that very massive pulsar (PSR J0952−0607) and very light compact object (HESS J1731−347) exist, in this article, we revisit the possibility of such objects being strange stars instead of the standard hadronic neutron stars. We study the possible presence of local anisotropy and how it affects the macroscopic properties of strange stars and compare our results with the recent constraints presented in the literature. We found that the presence of anisotropy increases the maximum mass, the radius of the canonical star, and its tidal deformability for positive values of λBL and the opposite for negative values. We also show that although we cannot rule out the possibility of very compact objects being standard hadronic neutron stars, strange stars easily fulfill most of the observational constraints.
A joint investigation of Saturn’s deep zonal flow via its gravitational field and Ohmic dissipation
Authors: Yuan Longhui , Kong Dali
Published: August 2023

The Cassini Grand Finale provided a unique opportunity to study Saturn’s deep zonal flow. In this paper, we present a comprehensive deep zonal flow model for Saturn using a joint inversion of observed gravity and zonal flow-induced Ohmic dissipation in the semi-conducting region, under the assumption that the planet’s cloud-level wind is limited to a shallow weather layer. Our model unveils a strong equatorially symmetric zonal flow (O(100) m s−1) and a weaker antisymmetric zonal flow (O(1) m s−1) beneath the cloud-level winds. Furthermore, we show that the maximum depth of the deep zonal flow is around 7800 km, surpassing previous results derived from gravity alone and with the assumption that the rapid cloud-level winds extend deep into the planet’s interior. The meridional profile of the deep zonal flow differs significantly from the cloud-level zonal winds and predicts a strong westward zonal flow in the region with latitude around ±23°, where the observed cloud-top winds remain eastward. We also demonstrate that the zonal flow inside and outside the tangent cylinder exhibits significant differences in speed and scale. Moreover, our findings suggest that the coupling between the deep zonal flow and cloud-level winds varies across latitudes, with the shallow-wind model applicable to polar regions within the tangent cylinder and the deep-wind model more relevant to equatorial regions outside the tangent cylinder. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for the planet’s deep zonal flow in future studies of Saturn’s atmospheric dynamics.
A case study for measuring the relativistic dipole of a galaxy cross-correlation with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
Authors: Bonvin Camille , Lepori Francesca , Schulz Sebastian , Tutusaus Isaac , Adamek Julian , Fosalba Pablo
Published: August 2023

The data on spectroscopic galaxy clustering collected by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) will allow the significant detection of subtle features in the galaxy two-point correlation in redshift space, beyond the ‘standard’ redshift-space distortions. Here, we present an independent assessment of the detectability of the relativistic dipole in the cross-correlation of two populations of galaxies if they would be selected from the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) of DESI. We build synthetic galaxy catalogues with the characteristics of the BGS using the light cone of a relativistic N-body simulation. Exploring different ways of splitting the populations of galaxies we find that with an unequal split with more bright galaxies than faint galaxies the detectability is significantly boosted, reaching 19σ in the redshift bin 0.2 ≲ z ≲ 0.3 and expected to be even higher at lower redshift. Moreover, we find that the measured dipole agrees very well with the prediction of relativistic effects from linear theory down to separations of ∼ 30 Mpc h−1.
Multiphase condensation in cluster haloes: interplay of cooling, buoyancy, and mixing
Authors: Mohapatra Rajsekhar , Sharma Prateek , Federrath Christoph , Quataert Eliot
Published: August 2023

Gas in the central regions of cool-core clusters and other massive haloes has a short cooling time (≲1 Gyr). Theoretical models predict that this gas is susceptible to multiphase condensation, in which cold gas is expected to condense out of the hot phase if the ratio of the thermal instability growth time-scale (tti) to the free-fall time (tff) is tti/tff ≲ 10. The turbulent mixing time tmix is another important time-scale: if tmix is short enough, the fluctuations are mixed before they can cool. In this study, we perform high-resolution (5122 × 768–10242 × 1536 resolution elements) hydrodynamic simulations of turbulence in a stratified medium, including radiative cooling of the gas. We explore the parameter space of tti/tff and tti/tmix relevant to galaxy and cluster haloes. We also study the effect of the steepness of the entropy profile, the strength of turbulent forcing and the nature of turbulent forcing (natural mixture versus compressive modes) on multiphase gas condensation. We find that larger values of tti/tff or tti/tmix generally imply stability against multiphase gas condensation, whereas larger density fluctuations (e.g. due to compressible turbulence) promote multiphase gas condensation. We propose a new criterion min (tti/min (tmix, tff)) ≲ c2 × exp (c1σs) for when the halo becomes multiphase, where σs denotes the amplitude of logarithmic density fluctuations and c1 ≃ 6, c2 ≃ 1.8 from an empirical fit to our results.
Partially ionized two-fluid shocks with collisional and radiative ionization and recombination – multilevel hydrogen model
Authors: Snow B , Druett M K , Hillier A
Published: August 2023

Explosive phenomena are known to trigger a wealth of shocks in warm plasma environments, including the solar chromosphere and molecular clouds where the medium consists of both ionized and neutral species. Partial ionization is critical in determining the behaviour of shocks, since the ions and neutrals locally decouple, allowing for substructure to exist within the shock. Accurately modelling partially ionized shocks requires careful treatment of the ionized and neutral species, and their interactions. Here we study a partially ionized switch-off slow-mode shock using a multilevel hydrogen model with both collisional and radiative ionization and recombination rates that are implemented into the two-fluid (PIP) code, and study physical parameters that are typical of the solar chromosphere. The multilevel hydrogen model differs significantly from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solutions due to the macroscopic thermal energy loss during collisional ionization. In particular, the plasma temperature both post-shock and within the finite-width is significantly cooler that the post-shock MHD temperature. Furthermore, in the mid to lower chromosphere, shocks feature far greater compression than their single-fluid MHD analogues. The decreased temperature and increased compression reveal the importance of non-equilibrium ionized in the thermal evolution of shocks in partially ionized media. Since partially ionized shocks are not accurately described by the Rankine-Hugoniot shock jump conditions, it may be incorrect to use these to infer properties of lower atmospheric shocks.
Elentári:a massive proto-supercluster at
z ∼ 3.3 in the cosmos field
Authors: Forrest Ben , Lemaux Brian C , Shah Ekta , Staab Priti , McConachie Ian , Cucciati Olga , Gal Roy R , Hung Denise , Lubin Lori M , Cassarà Letizia P , Cassata Paolo , Chang Wenjun , Cooper M C , Decarli Roberto , Gomez Percy , Gururajan Gayathri , Hathi Nimish , Kashino Daichi , Marchesini Danilo , Marsan Z Cemile , McDonald Michael , Muzzin Adam , Shen Lu , Stawinski Stephanie Urbano , Talia Margherita , Vergani Daniela , Wilson Gillian , Zamorani Giovanni
Published: August 2023

Motivated by spectroscopic confirmation of three overdense regions in the COSMOS field at z ∼ 3.35, we analyse the uniquely deep multiwavelength photometry and extensive spectroscopy available in the field to identify any further related structure. We construct a three-dimensional density map using the Voronoi tesselation Monte Carlo method and find additional regions of significant overdensity. Here, we present and examine a set of six overdense structures at 3.20 < z < 3.45 in the COSMOS field, the most well-characterized of which, PCl J0959 + 0235, has 80 spectroscopically confirmed members and an estimated mass of 1.35 × 1015 M⊙, and is modelled to virialize at z ∼ 1.5−2.0. These structures contain 10 overdense peaks with >5σ overdensity separated by up to 70 cMpc, suggestive of a proto-supercluster similar to the Hyperion system at z ∼ 2.45. Upcoming photometric surveys with JWST such as COSMOS-Web, and further spectroscopic follow-up will enable more extensive analysis of the evolutionary effects that such an environment may have on its component galaxies at these early times.