bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration target site selection by a resurrected human endogenous retrovirus
Authors: Brady Troy , Lee Young Nam , Ronen Keshet , Malani Nirav , Berry Charles C. , Bieniasz Paul D. , Bushman Frederic D.
Published: March 2009

At least 8% of the human genome was formed by integration of retroviral DNA sequences. Here we analyze the forces directing the accumulation of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) by comparing de novo HERV integration targeting with the distribution of fixed HERV elements in the human genome. All known genomic HERVs are inactive due to mutation, but we were able to study integration targeting using a reconstituted consensus HERV-K (designated HERV-KCon). We found that HERV-KConintegrated preferentially in transcription units, in gene-rich regions, and near features associated with active transcription units and associated regulatory regions. In contrast, genomic HERV-K proviruses are found preferentially outside transcription units. The minority of genomic HERVKs present inside transcription units are in opposite transcriptional orientation relative to the host gene, the orientation predicted to be minimally disruptive to host mRNA synthesis, but de novo HERV-KConintegration within transcription units showed no orientation bias. We also found that the youngest HERV-K elements in the human genome showed a distribution intermediate between de novo HERV-KConintegration sites and older fixed HERV-Ks. These findings indicate that accumulation of HERVs in the human germline is a two-step process: integration targeting biases direct initial accumulation, then purifying selection leads to loss of proviruses disrupting gene function.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the AVR‐Pia locus from a Japanese field isolate of Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: MIKI SHINSUKE , MATSUI KOTARO , KITO HIDEKI , OTSUKA KEISUKE , ASHIZAWA TAKETO , YASUDA NOBUKO , FUKIYA SATORU , SATO JUNKO , HIRAYAE KAZUYUKI , FUJITA YOSHIKATSU , NAKAJIMA TOSHIHIKO , TOMITA FUSAO , SONE TERUO
Published: March 2009

In order to clone and analyse the avirulence gene AVR‐Pia from Japanese field isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, a mutant of the M. oryzae strain Ina168 was isolated. This mutant, which was named Ina168m95‐1, gained virulence towards the rice cultivar Aichi‐asahi, which contains the resistance gene Pia. A DNA fragment (named PM01) that was deleted in the mutant and that co‐segregated with avirulence towards Aichi‐asahi was isolated. Three cosmid clones that included the regions that flanked PM01 were isolated from a genomic DNA library. One of these clones (46F3) complemented the mutant phenotype, which indicated clearly that this clone contained the avirulence gene AVR‐Pia. Clone 46F3 contained insertions of transposable elements. The 46F3 insert was divided into fragments I–VI, and these were cloned individually into a hygromycin‐resistant vector for the transformation of the mutant Ina168m95‐1. An inoculation assay of the transformants revealed that fragment V (3.5 kb) contained AVR‐Pia. By deletion analysis of fragment V, AVR‐Pia was localized to an 1199‐bp DNA fragment, which included a 255‐bp open reading frame with weak homology to a bacterial cytochrome‐c‐like protein. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of this region revealed that this DNA sequence co‐segregated with the AVR‐Pia locus in a genetic map that was constructed using Chinese isolates.
CXCR4 mediates the homing of B cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells to the bone marrow via activation of p38MAPK
Authors: Juarez Julius G. , Thien Marilyn , Dela Pena Aileen , Baraz Rana , Bradstock Kenneth F. , Bendall Linda J.
Published: March 2009

The mechanisms regulating the migration of leukaemic cells between the blood and bone marrow compartments remain obscure, but are of fundamental importance for the dissemination of the disease. This study investigated the in vivo homing of human B cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cells to the femoral bone marrow of non‐obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. It was demonstrated that patient ALL cells use the chemokine axis, chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4)/ chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12), to home to the femoral marrow. CXCL12‐mediated signalling through p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) was required for optimal homing. In contrast, the homing of normal peripheral blood CD34+ cells and the cytokine‐dependent CD34+ cell line Mo7e was independent of p38MAPK, consistent with the dependence of these cells, as well as normal CD34+ CD19+ B cell progenitors, on PI‐3K/AKT signalling. Altogether, our data provide clarification of the direct role of CXCL12 in the bone marrow homing of ALL cells and demonstrate unique signalling molecule usage that may have therapeutic implications for this disease.
Translational Mini-Review Series on Vaccines for HIV: T lymphocyte trafficking and vaccine-elicited mucosal immunity
Authors: Kaufman D R , Barouch D H
Published: March 2009

Many pathogens use mucosal surfaces to enter and propagate within the host, making particularly desirable vaccines that target immune responses specifically to mucosal compartments. The majority of mucosal vaccine design strategies to date have been empirical in nature. However, an emerging body of basic immunological knowledge is providing new insights into the regulation of tissue-specific lymphocyte trafficking and differentiation. These insights afford the opportunity for the rational design of vaccines that focus immune responses at mucosal surfaces. Mucosal cellular immunity may prove critical for protection in the context of HIV infection, and thus there has been considerable interest in developing vaccines that target HIV-specific cellular immune responses to the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa. However, the optimal strategies for eliciting mucosal cellular immune responses through vaccination remain to be determined. Here, we review both recent vaccine studies and emerging paradigms from the basic immunological literature that are relevant to the elicitation of potent and protective mucosal cellular immune memory. Increasing the synergy between these avenues of research may afford new opportunities for mucosal vaccine design.
Evaluation of an inexpensive calcium absorption index in healthy older men and women
Authors: Ceglia Lisa , Abrams Steven A. , Harris Susan S. , Rasmussen Helen M. , Dallal Gerard E. , Dawson‐Hughes Bess
Published: March 2009

Objective  Calcium absorption is an important determinant of calcium retention and bone metabolism. However, most methods of measuring calcium absorption, including the well‐established dual stable isotope method, are costly and cumbersome to implement. We evaluated whether an oral calcium tolerance test (OCTT), which involves measuring calcium excretion in a fasting 2‐h urine collection and two 2‐h collections following an oral calcium dose, may be a useful index of calcium absorption in older adults consuming a fixed calcium intake of 30 mmol/day.

Design  After a 10‐day metabolic diet containing 30 mmol/day of calcium, subjects had calcium absorption measured using the dual stable isotope method and the OCTT.

Participants  Eleven healthy subjects aged 54–74 years.

Measurements  Fractional calcium absorption (FCA), calcium excretion in a fasting 2‐h urine collection and two 2‐h collections in response to a 10‐mmol calcium dose (total intake 30 mmol/day).

Results  Calcium excretion from several combinations of the urine collections was examined in relation to FCA. The most predictive of FCA was calcium excretion 4 h following the calcium dose. This measure was significantly correlated with FCA (r = 0·735, P = 0·010), fitting 54% of the variability in FCA.

Conclusion  Urinary calcium excretion during the 4 h after a 10‐mmol calcium dose is a useful index of calcium absorption among older adults consuming recommended calcium intakes. This test is inexpensive, easy to implement and potentially useful in large clinical studies.
Trophic relationships and ecosystem characteristics in a newly‐impounded man‐made lake in Thailand
Authors: THAPANAND T. , JUTAGATEE T. , WONGRAT P. , LEKCHOLAYUT T. , MEKSUMPUN C. , JANEKITKARN S. , RODLOI A. , MOREAU J. , WONGRAT L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  The trophic dynamics of a newly‐impounded south east Asian reservoir, Pasak Jolasid, Thailand, monitored from its creation, were constructed using ecopath, a mass‐balanced model. The trophic levels (TLs) of 36 ecological groups varied between 1.0 and 3.2. The majority of fish biomass was at the second TL, where the fishery is concentrated. Some food resources (benthic organisms and zooplankton) were not fully used, whereas phytoplankton and benthic algae were important components of the food web, which is based on phytoplankton and detritus. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of ecological maturity of the ecosystem and possible fishery management of this multi‐purpose reservoir.
High microsatellite genetic variability of the stone loach, Barbatula barbatula, in anthropogenically disturbed watercourses
Authors: KNAPEN D. , KNAEPKENS G. , BERVOETS L. , VERHEYEN E. , EENS M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  Genetic variation within and among stone loach, Barbatula barbatula L., populations inhabiting anthropogenically degraded watercourses in Flanders (northern part of Belgium) was assessed using five microsatellite markers. High levels of genetic diversity were observed at all sampling sites, (MNA: 6.2–11.2; HO: 0.64–0.75; HE: 0.67–0.85). Estimates of the effective population size varied between 1535 and 3021 individuals and there were no indications of recent severe bottlenecks. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among sites belonging to different river systems and drainage basins. These results suggest human activities, such as pollution and river engineering, have not impacted significantly on genetic variability in the stone loach populations investigated. It is possible that this lack of genetic erosion may be attributed to species‐specific characteristics such as pollution tolerance and ecological flexibility.
How does corticosterone affect parental behaviour and reproductive success? A study of prolactin in black‐legged kittiwakes
Authors: Angelier Frédéric , Clément‐Chastel Céline , Welcker Jorg , Gabrielsen Geir Wing , Chastel Olivier
Published: March 2009

An emergency life‐history stage is expressed in breeding vertebrates when the immediate survival is threatened by poor energetic conditions (i.e. allostatic overload). This emergency life‐history stage shifts energy investment away from reproduction and redirects it toward immediate survival.

In birds, this emergency life‐history stage is promoted by a release of the stress hormone corticosterone. However, how corticosterone reduces the expression of parental cares remains to be clarified. One hypothesis is that the release of corticosterone may also affect prolactin levels, a pituitary hormone widely involved in regulating parental behaviours.

We tested this hypothesis by experimentally increasing corticosterone levels of chick‐rearing black‐legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) over a 2‐day period and by monitoring prolactin levels over an 8‐day period. We also investigated whether this hormonal manipulation affected nest attendance, the motivation to come back to the nest after a short‐term stress and breeding success.

Corticosterone treatment resulted in a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels during the first 2 days, which returned to pre‐treatment values at day 3. This short‐term corticosterone increase was accompanied by a 30% decrease in prolactin levels. Prolactin levels were reduced in a progressive and persistent manner and did not return to their initial levels when corticosterone levels returned to pre‐treatment levels. Moreover, although corticosterone levels had returned to pre‐treatment values, low prolactin levels were associated with a reduced nest attendance and a greater latency to come back to the nest after a short‐term stress. This hormonal treatment also significantly reduced breeding success.

This experimental treatment strongly supports the idea that the secretion of these two hormones might be mechanistically linked. Thus, we showed that even a relatively short‐term increase in corticosterone levels can durably affect plasma prolactin levels. Therefore, the well‐established suppressive action of corticosterone on parental behaviour is probably mediated and reinforced through an effect on prolactin levels. This study highlights the need to consider the potential synergistic effects of these two hormones when studying on the hormonal basis of parental decisions.
Reappraising the role of plant nutrients as mediators of interactions between root‐ and foliar‐feeding insects
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Hawes Cathy , Karley Alison J.
Published: March 2009

There is increasing evidence that many above‐ground and below‐ground processes are tightly linked through plant‐mediated mechanisms, including indirect interactions between foliar and root herbivores underpinned by changes in host plant chemistry (e.g. defensive or nutritional status). To date, studies addressing interactions involving nutritional mechanisms have relied on rudimentary chemical measurements (e.g. total/soluble nitrogen), overlooking other nutrients such as minerals and specific amino acids.

This study investigated how the nutrient composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare) responded to separate and simultaneous attack by root‐feeding wireworms (Agriotes spp.) and foliar‐feeding aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) after short and long exposures to herbivory, and determined whether the two insects indirectly interacted with each other.

Wireworms significantly reduced total plant mass and leaf dry mass by up to 25%, but had little impact on nutritional chemistry compared with aphids. Aphids did not affect plant growth but caused significant reductions in most leaf minerals: nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). In contrast, aphids increased root mineral concentrations: N, S, Ca and potassium (K). Aphid‐induced changes occurred in both short and long exposure experiments, with the exception of leaf Ca, and root N and K which were only significantly affected in the short exposure experiment.

Above‐ground and below‐ground herbivory had several interactive (often reversible) effects on plant nutrients. For example, wireworms strengthened the aphid‐driven increases in root S by 35% after short exposure, but reduced aphid‐induced increases by 10% after longer exposure.

There was evidence for positive bi‐directional interactions between above‐ground and below‐ground herbivores, with wireworms promoting aphid numbers by 30% and aphids increasing wireworm mass by 25%.

Contrary to previous mechanistic explanations, below‐ground herbivory had little impact on foliar amino acid concentrations, whereas aphids caused significant (approximately 50%) reductions in essential amino acids. However, after longer exposure to wireworm herbivory, aphid‐driven reductions in essential amino acids were attenuated. Aphids caused significant increases in root mineral concentrations (especially root S) which potentially promoted wireworm performance.

The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of current hypotheses of above‐ground × below‐ground herbivore interactions. In particular, examining specific plant nutrients could be critical to understanding conditional outcomes of insect × plant interactions.
α1‐antitrypsin prevents polymorphonuclear leucocyte‐elastase effects on spermatozoa quality
Authors: Leßig J. , Arnhold J. , Glander H.‐J.
Published: March 2009

Elevated levels of polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN)‐derived elastase, which is suggested as marker for inflammations in the male genital tract, correlate well with spermatozoa deterioration. PMN elastase caused a time‐ and concentration‐dependent (up to a elastase concentration of 0.5 μg/mL) externalization of phosphatidylserine and intercalation of propidium iodide on human spermatozoa. There are apparently a limited number of target sites for elastase on spermatozoa surface, because the further enhancement of elastase amount did not fasten alterations in spermatozoa parameters. Analysis of flow cytometry data revealed that most spermatozoa were in a necrotic state after an exposure with elastase for 22 h. Some apoptotic cells were only detected at shorter incubation periods. Seminal plasma prevented in a concentration‐dependent manner the PMN elastase‐mediated loss of vitality of spermatozoa. We detected by blotting techniques large amounts of α1‐antitrypsin in seminal plasma. This antiproteinase is known to inactivate elastase at inflammatory sites. Increasing concentrations of α1‐antitrypsin prevented gradually spermatozoa deterioration induced by elastase. Thus, α1‐antitrypsin contributes to an efficient protease/antiproteinase balance in seminal plasma. A disturbed balance will promote the development of chronic inflammations which can also be the reason for male infertility problems.
Role of RNA‐binding proteins in mammalian spermatogenesis
Authors: Paronetto Maria Paola , Sette Claudio
Published: March 2009

Spermatogenesis is a cell differentiation programme that allows a normally dividing diploid cell to become haploid and to acquire the morphological characteristics required to reach and to fertilize the female gamete. Many of the steps involved in this differentiation programme necessitate profound modifications of the genome, rendering it unable to play its template role for the synthesis of mRNAs. Therefore, de novo transcription is not a continuous process during germ cell differentiation and many mRNAs need to be synthesized and stored at specific times to be available during the transcriptionally inactive stages of spermatogenesis. Germ cells express high levels of RNA‐binding proteins that assist these post‐transcriptional events. The generation of mouse knockout models has highlighted the essential role played by many of these RNA‐binding proteins for the correct progress of spermatogenesis and for the formation of a fertile male gamete. Herein, we review the major findings on the role of RNA‐binding proteins in mammalian spermatogenesis.
Signalling Pathway Mediated by CXCR7, an Alternative Chemokine Receptor for Stromal‐Cell Derived Factor‐1α, in AtT20 Mouse Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone‐Secreting Pituitary Adenoma Cells
Authors: Yoshida D. , Nomura R. , Teramoto A.
Published: March 2009

Stromal cell‐derived factor (SDF)‐1 and its receptor, CXCR4, have been identified in both neurones and glia of many brain areas. Previous studies have mainly focused on the role of SDF‐1 and CXCR4 in modulating the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis and their possible involvement in the development of pituitary adenomas. An alternative SDF‐1 receptor, CXCR7, has recently been identified, but it has not been studied in the context of pituitary adenomas. The present study aimed to investigate the distribution and function of CXCR7 in pituitary adenomas. The expression of CXCR7, normalised to β‐actin, was assessed by tissue microarray analysis of 62 adenomas, including 23 growth hormone (GH)‐producing adenomas, 22 nonfunctioning adenomas, seven prolactin (PRL)‐producing adenomas, six adrenocorticotrophic hormone‐producing adenomas and four thyroid‐stimulating hormone‐producing adenomas. In vitro functional studies used RNA interference (RNAi) and cDNA microarray analysis to evaluate the CXCR7 signalling pathway in AtT‐20 mouse pituitary adenoma cells treated with recombinant mouse SDF‐1α and transfected with RNAi against Cxcr7 or control RNAi. In tissue microarray analysis, prominent expression of CXCR7 was observed in GH‐producing adenomas and PRL‐producing adenomas, and in macroadenomas (P < 0.05). Intracellular signalling via CXCR7 up‐regulated Bub1, Cdc29 and Ccnb1, and down‐regulated Asns, Gpt, Pycr1, Cars and Dars. The present study demonstrates that the SDF‐1α/CXCR7 signalling pathway regulates genes involved in cell cycle control, amino acid metabolism and ligase activity, which comprise targets that are distinct from those of CXCR4.
Monitoring oral health and dental attendance in an outpatient psychiatric population
Authors: PERSSON K. , AXTELIUS B. , SÖDERFELDT B. , ÖSTMAN M.
Published: March 2009

Impaired mental health has been associated with an increased need for dental care. Population surveys have indicated that people with enduring mental health problems make less frequent planned visits to the dentist and report a greater number of missing teeth than the general population. The study aims to examine oral health status, attendance to dental care, and medication in an outpatient psychiatric sample. A descriptive study combining a structured interview with a visual oral examination carried out in 113 outpatients under psychiatric care. Dental health was described in terms of sound, missing and/or filled teeth, and showed a relation between these categories and types of psychiatric diagnosis, age and numbers of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs. Oral hygiene was found to be more neglected among men and in patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The need of dental treatment was widespread, although regular dental visits were commonly reported. In order to maintain good oral health, regular dental check‐ups should be encouraged for patients under psychiatric care. Further studies are required to reveal contributory causes for/to decreased oral health. The difficulty such individuals have in maintaining additional self‐efficacy raises questions about the necessity for oral health interventions in outpatient psychiatric services.
A study of stigmatized attitudes towards people with mental health problems among health professionals
Authors: RAO H. , MAHADEVAPPA H. , PILLAY P. , SESSAY M. , ABRAHAM A. , LUTY J.
Published: March 2009

The project aimed to assess stigmatized attitudes among health professionals directed towards patients with mental health problems. The Attitude to Mental Illness Questionnaire was used to assess participants' attitudes towards fictitious patients from a secure forensic hospital and patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Participants were health professionals from acute and mental health settings. In total, 108 completed questionnaires were received. Participants had highly stigmatized attitudes towards patients from a forensic hospital and those with active substance use disorders. Attitudes were less stigmatized to people with substance use disorders who were recovering in remission. This suggested that health professionals have stigmatized attitudes towards an illness such as schizophrenia and this is worse towards patients from a secure hospital. The manner in which patients with substance use disorder are presented can have a significant effect on stigmatized attitudes by health professionals.
Molecular and immunological characterization of Babesia gibsoni and Babesia microti heat shock protein‐70
Authors: TERKAWI M. ALAA , ABOGE G. , JIA H. , GOO Y.‐K. , OOKA H. , YAMAGISHI J. , NISHIKAWA Y. , YOKOYAMA N. , IGARASHI I. , KAWAZU S.‐I. , FUJISAKI K. , XUAN X.
Published: March 2009

Serological immunoscreening was used to identify a gene encoding heat shock protein‐70 from Babesia gibsoni (BgHSP‐70) that showed high homology with HSP‐70s from other apicomplexan parasites. This gene corresponded to a full‐length cDNA containing an open reading frame of 1968 bp predicted to result in a 70‐kDa mature protein consisting of 656 amino acids. Analysis of the expression levels of BgHSP‐70 indicated elevated transcription from cultured parasites incubated at 40°C for 1 h, but not at 30°C. Interestingly, antiserum raised against recombinant BgHSP‐70 protein reacted specifically not only with a 70‐kDa protein of B. gibsoni but also with a corresponding native protein of B. microti (BmHSP‐70), indicating the high degree of conservation of this protein. The BmHSP‐70 gene was then isolated and characterized and the immunoprotective properties of recombinant BgHSP‐70 (rBgHSP‐70) and rBmHSP‐70 were compared in vitro and in vivo. Both proteins had potent mitogenic effects on murine and canine mononuclear cells as evidenced by high proliferative responses and IFN‐γ production after stimulation. Immunization regimes in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using rBgHSP‐70 and rBmHSP‐70 elicited high antibody levels, with concurrent significant reductions in peripheral parasitaemias. Taken together, these results emphasize the potential of HSP‐70s as a molecular adjuvant vaccine.
Recasting the role of the surgeon in Uganda: a proposal to maximize the impact of surgery on public health
Authors: Luboga Samuel , Galukande Moses , Ozgediz Doruk
Published: March 2009

A growing body of recent evidence supports the essential role of surgical services in improving population health in low‐income countries. Nonetheless, access to surgical services in Uganda, as in many low income countries, is severely limited, largely due to constraints in human resources, infrastructure and supplies. To maximize the impact of surgical services on population health in the context of Uganda’s limited surgical workforce, we propose a ‘recasting’ of the role of the surgeon. Traditionally, the surgeon has played primarily a clinical role in patient care. The demands and isolation of this role have limited the ability of the surgeon to tackle health systems issues related to surgery. Now, the clinical and educational role played by surgeons must be redefined, and the surgeon must also assume a greater role in leadership, management and public health advocacy by documenting the unmet need for surgery and the resources required to improve access to care. Policy and incentives for specialist surgeons to spend amounts of time apportioned to these roles should be developed and supported by health care institutions. Political leadership and commitment will be critical to realizing this ideal. Such a model may be applicable to other countries seeking to maximize the impact of surgical services on population health.
Cattle, other domestic animal ownership, and distance between dwelling structures are associated with reduced risk of recurrent Plasmodium falciparum infection in southern Zambia
Authors: Bulterys Philip L. , Mharakurwa Sungano , Thuma Philip E.
Published: March 2009

Objectives  To examine the associations between household Plasmodium falciparum infection and a number of factors including domestic animal ownership, potential mosquito breeding sites, indoor darkness, density of people, distance between dwelling structures, and insecticide‐treated bed net use.

Methods  Analyses were based on data collected from a household survey conducted in Macha, Zambia. Thirty‐four households with recurrent malaria infection in 2005–2008 were selected as case households and compared with 37 control households with no malaria infection randomly selected from the same geographic area. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with household P. falciparum infection.

Results  In multivariate analysis, cattle ownership was associated with reduced risk of P. falciparum infection (adjusted odds ratio = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.05–0.69), as was increased distance between dwelling structures (aOR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.07–0.98). Ownership of the highest category of cattle, goats, dogs, or cats dramatically reduced the risk of P. falciparum infection (aOR = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.03–0.56).

Conclusion  Domestic animal, in particular cattle, ownership and greater distance between dwelling structures were associated with reduced risk of recurrent P. falciparum infection at the household level. These factors should be further investigated as supplemental measures for malaria control in rural African settings.
GENETIC STUDY: Do genetic and individual risk factors moderate the efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy? Drinking outcomes with an emerging adult sample
Authors: Feldstein Ewing Sarah W. , LaChance Heather A. , Bryan Angela , Hutchison Kent E.
Published: March 2009

Research indicates that motivational enhancement therapy (MET) helps catalyze reductions in problem drinking among emerging adults. However, moderators of this intervention remain relatively unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to test whether a single session of MET increased motivation to reduce drinking and drinking outcomes; and (2) to examine whether genetic dopamine D4 receptor L (DRD4 L) and individual personality risk factors (impulsivity and novelty seeking) moderated the effects of the MET. These hypotheses were evaluated by randomly assigning a sample of emerging adult problem drinkers (n = 67) to receive a single session of MET or alcohol education. Follow‐up data indicated that only individuals who were low in impulsivity, novelty seeking and/or who had the short DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats genotype evidenced differentially increased behavior change (taking steps toward reducing drinking) following the MET.
Two Unusual Anti‐E Sera
Authors: DARNBOROUGH J.
Published: March 2009

Two anti‐E sera are described both consistently giving a negative indirect anti‐globulin reaction. One of these is a further example of a probable naturally occurring Rh antibody.

Deux sérums anti‐E sont décrits, qui donnent constamment une réaction d'antiglobdine indirecte négative. L'un d'eux paraît être un nouvel exemple d'anticorps Rh naturel.

Zwei Anti‐E‐Seren, welche im indirekten Anti‐Globulin‐Test nicht reagieren, werden beschrieben. Bei einem dieser Antiköper handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um ein weiteres Exemplar der sehr seltenen natürlichen Rh‐Antikörper.
Detection of Incomplete Platelet Antibodies by means of the Indirect Anti‐Human Globulin Test
Authors: JAEGER‐DRAAFSEL E. , WIEGMAN D. , VAN LOGHEM J. J.
Published: March 2009

The application of the indirect anti‐human globulin test to the detection of incomplete platelet antibodies is described. It was found that out of 159 sera with platelet antibodies, more than 50% contained only the incomplete variety.

The clinical importance of these platelet antibodies, complete and incomplete, in regard to blood transfusion and the aetiology of idiopathic thrombopenia is still unknown.

Description d'une technique de test anti‐globuline destinée à mettre en évidence les anticorps anti‐plaquettaires incomplets.

Parmi 940 sérums examinés par cette technique se trouvéent 159 sérums avec des anticorps antiplaquettaires, dont 74 ne contenaient que des anticorps incomplets.

Le rôle que les anticorps antiplaquettaires, aussi bien complets qu'incomplets, peuvent jouer dans la transfusion sanguine et dans la pathogénie des thrombopénies idiopathiques n'est toujours pas éclairci.

Eine modifizierte indirekte Antiglobulin‐Methode zum Nachweis von inkompletten Plättchenantikörpern wird beschrieben. Unter 940 Patientenseren wurden 60 Seren mit kompletten, 74 Seren mit inkompletten sowie 25 Seren mit kompletten und inkompletten Antikörpern gefunden. Die Bedeutung der kompletten und inkompletten Plättchenantikörper bei Bluttransfusionen und bei der Pathogenese der idiopathischen Thrombopenie ist nach wie vor unklar.
The Properdin System
Authors: ISLIKER H. C.
Published: March 2009

Le système bactéricide de la properdine comprend 6 facteurs: la properdine ‐ les 4 constituants du complement et des ions de magnésium. La properdine humaine est une euglobuline de poids moléculaire très élevé et ne représente pas plus de 0.03 pour cent des protéines sériques totales. Elle peut être absorbée sur un polysaccharide insoluble préparé de levure et enrichie 3000 à 7000 fois.

Le taux sanguin de properdine est sujet à des variations considérables sous l'influence de diverses conditions expérimentales et pathologiques: une irradiation totale diminue le taux de properdine; c'est le cas également lorsque des chiens sont atteints de choc hémorrhagique.

Une injection intraveineuse de zymosan réduit considérablement la teneur de properdine. Elle réapparaît rapidement et atteint après quelques jours des valeurs 2 à 3 fois supérieures aux taux normaux.

En général l'activité bactéricide des sérums est parallèle aux titres de properdine.

La properdine diffère d'un anticorps en ce qu'elle intervient immédiaternem en cas d'invasions bactérielles et en ce que son action n'est pas spécifique.

Das Properdinsystem umfaβt 6 Faktoren: Properdin (ein hoch‐molekulares Euglobulin), die vier Komponenten des Komplements und Magnesiumionen. Beim Menschen wird der Properdingehalt auf hochstens 0.03 % des Gesamtserumeiweißes geschätzt. Properdin 1äßt sich durch Adsorption an ein unlösliches Polysaccharid der Hefe 3000–7000 fach anreichern.

Der Properdintiter des Serums ist starken Schwankungen unter‐worfen: Ganzkörperbestrahlung und hämorrhagischer Schock führen zu einem signifikanten Abfall des Properdinspiegels.

Intravenöse Verabreichung von Zymosan führt zu einer Verminderung des Properdins, das sich aber rasch nachbildet und nach wenigen Tagen auf das 2–3 fache des Normalwertes ansteigt. Im allgemeinen geht die Bakterizidie des Serums dem Properdingehalt parallel.

Properdin unterscheidet sich von einem Antikörper durch das unmittelbare Einsetzen seiner Wirkung nach bakteriellen Infektionen und dadurch, daß seine Wirkung nicht spezifisch ist.
The MNS, Kell, Lewis and Duffy Blood Groups of the Thais
Authors: PHANSOMBOON Somsak
Published: March 2009

Basé sur 208 observations la distribution des groupes sanguins MNS, Kell, Lewis et Duffy sont données chez les Thai.

Die Verteilungszahlen der Blutgruppen MNS, Kell, Lewis und Duffy bei den Thai sind auf Grund von 208 Untersuchungen zusammengestellt.
A Further “Albumin” Auto‐Agglutinating Serum
Authors: WEINER W. , HALLUM Jean L.
Published: March 2009

A further “albumin” auto‐agglutinating serum is described occurring in a pregnant woman. The investigation showed that the property is acquired and can be transmitted through the placenta and disappears spontaneously after this placental transmission from the serum of the baby.

Un nouvel exemple de sérum «auto‐agglutinant en albumine» a été trouvé chez une femme enceinte. Il a été démontré dans ce cas que la propriété d'auto‐agglutination était acquise; elle fut transmise à l'enfant par le placenta et disparut à la suite spontanément de son sérum.

Bei einer Schwangeren wurde ein weiteres Exemplar der Seren aufgefunden, welcbe Autoagglutination der in Rinderalbumin suspendierten Erythrozyten auszulösen vermögen. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Eigenschaft durch die Plazenta auf das Kind übertragen wird und dort später spontan verschwindet.
Immunologic Studies on Leukocytes*
Authors: BRITTINGHAM T. E.
Published: March 2009

From the experiments briefly summarized and from the pioneering studies of Dausset4, Doan5, Goudsmit and van Loghem7, Miescher9, Moeschlin10 and Tullis11, it is concluded that the human white blood cell is an effective antigen, and therefore a fertile object of immunologic study.

De ses expériences résumées brièvement, ainsi que des études de Dausset4, Doan5, Goudsmit et van Loghem7, Miescher 9, Moeschlin10 et Tullis11 l'auteur conclut que le leucocyte humain est un antigène efficace, et qu'il constitue par conséquent un objet rémunératif d'étude immunologique.

Auf Grund eigener experimenteller Erfahrungen sowie auf Grund der Pionierarbeiten von Dausset4, Doan5, Goudsmit und van Loghem7, Miescher9, Moeschlin10 und Tullis11, ist anzunehmen, daß die menschlichen Leukozyten wirksame Antigene darstellen. Sie bilden ein lohnendes Objekt für immunologische Studien.
Élimination de certains chocs transfusionnels par l'utilisation de sang appauvri en leucocytes*
Authors: DAUSSET J. , FONSECA A. , BRECY H.
Published: March 2009

Chez une malade dans le sérum de laquelle existait une puissante leuco‐agglutinine et qui présentait à chaque transfusion des chocs violents ont été entreprises des expériences de transfusion des diffé‐rents éléments du sang. Aucun choc n'a suivi I'injection du plasma, du plasma riche en plaquettes, du sang appauvri en leucocytes. Un choc a été observé chaque fois que les leucocytes en nombre suffisant ont été injectés.

Ces résultats ont conduit à n'utiliser chez cette malade que du sang préalablement appauvri en leucocytes. Depuis lors aucun choc n'a plus été enregistré.

Une technique de préparation du sang appauvri en leucocytes est présentée.

In a patient whose serum contained a potent leuko‐agglutinin and who suffered severe shock at every blood transfusion, experiments were undertaken with various elements of blood. The injection of plasma, of plasma rich in platelets, and of blood with a reduced leukocyte content did not cause any shock, but shock occurred whenever sufficient leukocytes were given.

Following these results, the patient was treated only with blood from which most leukocytes had been removed, and from then on no shock was observed any more.

The technique used for removing the leukocytes is described in detail.

Bei einer Patientin, deren Serum ein hochtitriges Leukozytenagglutinin enthielt, und die Lei jeder Vollbluttransfusion mit einem schweren Schock reagierte, wurden versuchsweise die verschiedenen Zellelemente des Blutes getrennt transfundiert. Die Transfusion von Plasma, plättchenreichem Plasma und leukozytenarmem Blut wurde von der Patientin reaktionslos ertragen. Jedesmal, wenn eine genügende Anzahl Leukozyten transfundiert wurde, reagierte die Patientin mit einem mehr oder minder schweren Schock.

Diese Beobachtung veranlaßte uns, dieser Patientin nurmehr leukozytenarme Erythrozytenaufschwemmungen zu transfundieren, welche von ihr bisher stets reaktionslos ertragen wurden.

Eine Technik zur Herstellung von leukozytenarmen Erythrozytenaufschwemmungen wird beschrieben.
An Animal Assay Method for the Measurement of Post‐Transfusion Survival of Stored Blood*
Authors: DONOHUE Dennis M. , FINCH Clement A.
Published: March 2009

A method is described of measuring post transfusion survival of stored blood in the rabbit. Results with blood stored in acid‐citrate‐dextrose and with an experimental preservative have been shown to be comparable to those in man. The harmful effects of plastic bags were also detected by rabbit testing. On the basis of these correlated studies, the rabbit assay is suggested as a suitable method for determination of the viability of stored blood.

Le temps de survie d'érythrocytes transfusés chez le lapin a été déterminé par une méthode de marquage aux isotopes. Les courbes de survie d'érythrocytes frais ou conservés pendant divers espaces de temps en solution ACD, avec ou sans l'addition d'adénosine, sont semblables à celles obtenues dans des expériences analogues chez l'homme. Avec cette méthode, il a été Bgalement possible de démontrer que les érythrocytes peuvent btre endommagés lorsqu'ils sont conservés dans certains matériels plastiques. Les expériences décrites dans ce travail montrent que pour étudier la survie de sang conservé, on peut aussi bien se servir du lapin que de l'homme.

Eine Isotopenmethode zur Bestimmung der Überlebenszeit von transfundierten Kaninchenerythrozyten wird beschrieben. Frisches und über verschieden lange Zeiten in ACD‐Lösung mit und ohne Adenosinzusatz konserviertes Kaninchenblut zeigte beim Transfusionsversuch an Kaninchen ahnliche Abbaukurven, wie sie von Versuchen am Menschen her bekannt sind. Im weiteren gelang es mit dieser Versuchsanordnung, schadigende Einflüsse von gewissen Kunststoffbehätern auf die darin konservierten Erythrozyten zu erfassen. Es ist deswegen anzunehmen, daβ der Transfusionsversuch am Kaninchen bei Studien über die Vollblutkonservierung die Überlebenszeitbestimmung am Menschen in vielen Fällen erfolgreich zu ersetaen vermag.
Studies on Eluates from Rhesus and Human A0 Red Cells
Authors: CELANO Marino J. , LEVINE Philip , LANGE Stanley
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the more ready demonstration of weakly reactive agglutinable factors on the surface of the red cells with the use of eluates. In this manner, B‐like substances were demonstrated in each of three samples of rhesus bloods and the A factor in two human bloods of subtype A,. Accordingly, the Landsteiner rule of reciprocal relationship of agglutinogens in the red cells and agglutinins in the serum holds not only for A0 bloods but also for rhesus bloods.

Il s'agit dans ce travail de la mise en évidence d'agglutinogènes trés faibles des érythrocytes par la méthode d'élution (démonstration de l'agglutinine correspondante dans l'éluat). De cette façon il a été possible de démontrer des substances semblables au facteur B dans trois échantillons de sang de rhésus, et le facteur A dans deux échantillons de sang de rhésus, et le facteur A dans deux échantillons de sang humain du sous‐groupe A. Du fait pue, d'autre part, le sérum de Macacus rhésus ne contient que de l'anti‐A et le sérum humain de sous‐groupe A0, que de l'anti‐B, la loi de Landsteiner sur l'exclusion réciproque d'agglutinogbnes et d'agglutinines correspondantes se trouve vérifiée à nouveau.

Mit Hilfe des Elutionsversuches gelingt es oft leichter als mit anderen Methoden, schwache Erythrozytenantigene nachzuweisen. Es gelang ad diese Weise, bei drei Rhesus‐Affen B‐ähnliche Erythrozytenantigene zu erfassen. Die Elutionstechnik ermoglichte im weiteren den Nachweis der A‐Eigenschaft an den Erythrozyten von zwei A0‐Individuen. In beiden Fillen wurde die Landsteiner'sche Regel des reziproken Verhaltens der Erythrozytenantigene und Serumagglutinine bestatigt.
Gamma Globulin Groups (Gm) of Mothers and Their New‐Born Infants
Authors: BRÖNNESTAM R. , NILSSON S. B.
Published: March 2009

Venous blood from 74 mothers and umbilical cord blood from their new‐born infants was tested for Gm groups.

In at least 73 of the 74 cases the Gm groups of the infants were identical with those of the mothers.

In one case a non‐arthritic agglutinating factor, which disappeared on heating at 63° C., was observed in the mother but not in the infant.

Le sang véneux de 74 mères et le sang du cordon ombilical de leurs nouveaux‐nés ont été examinés pour les groupes Gm. Dans 73 cas au moins les résultats furent identiques chez la mère et l'enfant. Dans un cas un facteur agglutinant non‐arthritique, détruit par chauffage à 63°, fut trouvé chez la mère mais pas chez l'enfant.

Die Gm‐Serumgruppen wurden gleichzeitig im Venenblut von 74 Müttern und im Nabelschnurblut ihrer neugeborenen Kinder bestimmt. In 73 der 74 Fälle stimmten die Gm‐Gruppen der Kinder mit derjenigen der Mutter überein. In einem Fall wurde bei der Mutter, nicht aber beim Kind ein «unspezifischer» Agglutinationsfaktor gefunden, welcher durch Erwärmung des Serums auf 63° eliminiert werden konnte.
Bx— A New Sub‐Group of the Blood Group B
Authors: YOKOYAMA M. , STACEY S. M. , DUNSFORD I.
Published: March 2009

Bx, a new allele at the ABO locus, is described. The blood is characterized by the cells grouping as O and the serum grouping as B, showing the necessity for serum grouping as a routine. Experimental evidence shows that the red cells of Bx people contain very little B antigen, but the serum and saliva contain B substances. Consideration is given to the possible explanations, absence of genes responsible for the agglutinogens in the red cells, but not for the saliva or serum antigens, or alternatively, a suppressor gene (or genes) preventing the expression of the genes in so far as the red cells are concerned. Landsteiner's Law and the findings on these bloods are discussed.

Bx, un nouvel allèle dans le système ABO, est décrit. Dans les sangs en question, les globules donnent les réactions du group O, tandis que le sérum donne celles du groupe B, ce qui démontre à nouveau l'importance du groupage du sérum comme contrôle de routine. Les individus du groupe Bx éxaminés ont très peu d'antigène B dans leurs globules, mais des quantités normales du même dans leur sérum et leur salive. Les deux explications possibles de ces caractéristiques sont discutées: absence de gènes déterminant la présence de la substance B dans les globules, mais pas dans le sérum et la salive, ou bien gènes suppresseurs empêchant l'expression des gènes pour la substance B dans les érythrocytes. La loi de Landsteiner dans ses rapports avec les résultats décrits est discutée.

Bx, ein neues Allel des ABO‐Blutgruppensystems, wird beschrieben. Diese «neue» Gruppeneigenschaft ist dadurch charakterisiert, daß in den Erythrozyten die B‐Eigenschaft nicht ohne weiteres nachzuweisen ist, während Isoagglutinine Anti‐B fehlen. Bx‐Erythrozyten enthalten nur sehr geringe Mengen B‐Antigen. Das Serum sowie der Speichel solcher Individuen enthalten hingegen normale Mengen B‐Substanz. Die Bx,‐Eigenschaft beruht entweder auf dem Fehlen von Genen, welche die phänotypische Ausprägung der Erythrozyten‐antigene, nicht aber der Sekretorenantigene fördernd beeinflussen, oder auf der Wirkung eines oder mehrerer Gene, welche die normale Ausprägung der Erythrozytenantigene hemmen. Die Bedeutung der vorliegenden Befunde hinsichtlich der Landsteiner'schen Regel wird diskutiert.
Mg, a New Blood Group Antigen in the MNS System*
Authors: ALLEN FRED H. , CORCORAN1 PATRICIA A. , KENTON HAROLD B. , BREARE NANCY
Published: March 2009

(1) A new blood group antigen, Mg, is described. (2) It is a rare antigen, which appears to be allelic to M and N. (3) It is a possible rare cause of false exclusions of paternity. (4) The antibody which identifies the new antigen is abundant and potent.

1. Un nouvel agglutinogéne des globules rouges, Mg, est décrit.

2. Il s'agit d'un facteur rare, apparemment un allèle de M et de N.

3. Le facteur pourrait causer, en de rares occasions, une fausse exclusion de paternité.

4. L'anticorps qui permet de reconnaitre ce facteur est fréquent et fort.

Ein neues seltenes Bhtgruppenantigen Mg wird beschrieben. Es handelt sich offenbar um ein Allel der Gene M und N. In seltenen Ausnahmefällen könnte das Antigen Mg zu falschen Vaterschafts‐ausschlüssen Anlaß geben. Gesunde Individuen enthalten in ihrem Serum nicht selten den diesem Antigen entsprechenden Antikörper.
Elution of Anti‐U from SS and as Cells*
Authors: HACKEL EMANUEL
Published: March 2009

Des éluats obtenus de globules rouges de type SS et ss traités au sérum anti‐U réagissent uniformément avec des globules SS et ss. Ceci montre que le sérum anti‐U contient un anticorps de spécificité combinée avec anti‐Ss et non pas des anticorps anti‐S et anti‐s.

Anti‐U Eluate von SS und ss Erythrozyten reagierten gleichmäßig mit SS und ss Erythrozyten. Die Unmöglichkeit, die Anti‐S‐Komponente von der Anti‐s‐Komponente der Anti‐U‐Seren zu trennen, spricht dafür, daß diese Seren eine einzige Antikörperart mit der Spezifität Anti‐Ss enthalten.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn Caused by Anti‐Jkb
Authors: Kornstad Leif , Halvorsen Knut
Published: March 2009

The presence of anti‐Jkb in the serum of a woman causing mild haemolytic disease of the newborn in two children is reported. The woman had never received a transfusion or injection of blood. Her serum also contains anti‐S, but this is probably naturally occurring, as the husband and the children are S negative.

Dans le sérum d'une femme dont deux enfants étaient atteints, peu gravement, de maladie hémolytique du nouveau‐né, des anticorps anti‐Jkb furent démontrés. Cette femme n'avait jamais eu de transfusions ou d'injections de sang. Son sérum contenait, en outre, de l'anti‐S, qui était probablement d'origine naturelle, puisque le mari et les enfants étaient S négatifs.

Bei einer Mutter von zwei Kindern mit einer milden Form von Morbus haemolyticus neonatorum wurde ein inkompletter Anti‐Jkb‐Antikörper gefunden. Diese Frau hatte früher weder Bluttransfusionen noch Blutinjektionen erhalten. Ihr Serum enthielt zusätzlich Anti‐S‐Antikörper. Der Ehemann und die beiden Kinder waren S‐negativ.