bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specification Error and Negatively Correlated Disturbances in "Parallel" Simultaneous-Equation Models
Authors: Gillespie Michael W. , Fox John
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to explain negatively correlated disturbances in "parallel" simultaneous-equation models in which each equation contains essentially the same variables as the others but is written for a different position of the social system under study. The two general methodological explanations presented are: random error in the measures of the endogenous variables and upward bias in the calculation of the (positively signed) reciprocal effects. We show how upward bias in the calculation of these effects can be produced by the following types of specification error: failure to control for random error in the measures of the exogenous variables, the omission of the "cross-effects " of the exogenous variables, the omission of correlated parallel common causes, and contamination of the measures of the exogenous variables b y the endogenous variables. We illustrate the consequences of these last four types of specification error through the analysis of contrived data
On Interaction Effects Involving Block Variables
Authors: MARSDEN PETER V.
Published: March 2007

The problem of estimating interaction effects involving unmeasured block variables determined by observed indicator variables is discussed. It is shown that interaction effects involving block variables can be estimated using currently available software. In the case in which a block variable interacts with an observed variable, the multiplicative identity for the unobserved interaction term reduces to a linear combination of cross-products of the measured variable and constituents of the block variable. In this case the model can be estimated via nonlinear regression, or via LISREL with equality restrictions. The former technique can also be used to estimate models in which two or more unobserved block variables interact with one another; in this case, nonlinear combinations of cross-products involving constituent variables constitute the unobserved interaction term. Numerical illustration of the proposed procedures is given, as applied to a problem involving the effects of socioeconomic variables on job satisfaction, conditional on the level of an unmeasured complexity-of-work block variable.
Normalization Issues in Latent Variable Modeling
Authors: WILLIAMS RICHARD , THOMSON ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

Structural equation models with latent variables have been popular in the social sciences for some time. Recently such models have been used to make comparisons between groups, within dyads, and across time. However, possible problems with establishing meaningful metrics for unobservable variables in such situations are not universally known and acknowledged. It is shown that, when parameter comparisons are a central focus of the research, the method used to determine the metric of the latent variables (known as normalization) can dramatically and arbitrarily affect conclusions reached. The most commonly proposed solution to this problem, placing equality constraints on corresponding indicator coefficients, is discussed and critiqued. We argue that, in many cases, this approach is both statistically sound and substantively meaningful. We also note that there are several potential problems with this technique that should not be overlooked. Solutions and guidelines for dealing with each of these difficulties are presented.
Finding Transformations for Regression Using the ACE Algorithm
Authors: DE VEAUX RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

The ACE algorithm of Breiman and Friedman (1985) estimates the transformations giving rise to the maximal multiple correlation of a response and a set of predictor variables. A study of these transformations can give the data analyst insight into the relationships between these variables. Using the methodology of Box and Cox (1964), we show how to find familiar closed form approximations for the optimal ACE transformations. This can lead to substantially improved empirical models for social phenomena.
Peer Group Influence
Authors: FRIEDKIN NOAH E. , COOK KAREN S.
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates three models of peer group influence on opinions. Two of these models are eliminated on theoretical and empirical grounds. The surviving model is consistent with the seminal work of French (1956) on social influence processes and provides theoretical foundations for the convention of measuring interpersonal effects with the mean opinion of an individual's set of peers. The model clearly points out the danger of reifying the mean of peers' opinions. Whether or not there is a group norm, the mean of peers' opinions must be viewed strictly as an analytical construction that may be employed to estimate the magnitude of pressures toward uniformity in a peer group.
Adding Social Structure to Diffusion Models
Authors: STRANG DAVID
Published: March 2007

Most diffusion models make the implausible assumption that diffusion is unstructured by relationships within the population of interest. This article proposes methods for incorporating a priori notions about social structure into analysis. Diffusion is modeled within an event history framework where the individual's rate of adoption is a function of prior adoptions by related actors. Two diffusion models are suggested: an epidemic model where adoption rates vary with the number of prior adoptions, and a salience model where adoption rates vary with time since the last event. This approach is illustrated in an examination of the decolonization of British and French colonies. Diffusion is shown to occur within regions rather than within empires or the world system as a whole.
The Analysis of Mobility Regimes
Authors: CHANT DAVID , WESTERN MARK
Published: March 2007

A topological model of a mobility regime is a mapping of the cells in a two-way cross-classification of data into a number of coherent sets of cells or density levels. Such density levels identify cells in the table that are characterized by similar tendencies to association or dissociation between pairs of origin and destination categories. This article demonstrates how to automate categorical model fitting of such data within the SAS statistical package. We discuss two substantive examples: U.S. male intergenerational occupational mobility: and a new account of intergenerational class mobility in Australia, that draws on contemporary neo-Marxist theorizing about class structures in capitalist societies.
No-Opinion Filters and Attitude Measurement Reliability
Authors: McCLENDON McKEE J. , ALWIN DUANE F.
Published: March 2007

Many survey researchers believe that the quality of answers to attitude questions may be improved by using no-opinion filters to remove those responses that are not based on true opinions. The authors investigate whether reliability, one aspect of data quality, is greater for filtered questions. Split-ballot experiments from two telephone surveys of the Akron, Ohio metropolitan area are used to estimate the effect of filtered questions on the reliability of items from Srole's anomia scale, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, and a scale of attitudes toward lawyers. There is no evidence that filtered questions improve reliability, and in the case of self-esteem, reliability may be reduced on the filtered form.
The Log-Logistic Rate Model
Authors: BRÜEDERL JOSEF , DIEKMANN ANDREAS
Published: March 2007

The log-logistic distribution is a widely used model in event history analysis. It is well-known that the log-logistic model is able to model social processes with monotonically decreasing, as well as nonmonotonic, reversed U-type hazard rates. In this article two three-parameter generalizations of the log-logistic model are introduced. These generalizations are very flexible in describing a great variety of processes with reversed U-type hazard rates. In addition, the first generalized model allows for separating upward rate shifts (intensity effects) from horizontal rate shifts (timing effects). With the second model it is possible to model immunity, that is, allow for the fact that some persons might not have an event at all. The usefulness of these models will be illustrated by an application to demographic data from the United States and Germany: The effects of education on marriage rates are analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the proposed hazard rate models and certain social diffusion processes is investigated.
The Nature of the Forbid/Allow Asymmetry
Authors: HOLLEMAN BREGJE
Published: March 2007

As the verbs forbid and allow are considered each other's counterparts, one would expect the answers to questions worded with forbid or allow to be each other's opposites. Research shows that this is not the case. Use of these verbs in surveys causes a wording effect known as the forbid/allow asymmetry. Findings do not reveal, however, where the asymmetry originates: during the stage of attitude localization or during the mapping of the attitude onto one of the response options. In this article, a correlational design was used. Two experiments were carried out focusing on the congenericity of forbid and allow, one on attitudes toward environmental issues and a replication on attitudes concerning ethnic groups. Results of both experiments show that forbid and allow questions are congeneric; that is, they measure the same attitude. Answers to forbid/allow questions reflect similar attitudes that are expressed differently on the answering scales due to the use of both verbs. In addition, the explanation of the effect focusing on the answering behavior of indifferent respondents is discussed and explored.
Transformative rituals among Hindu women in the Telugu region
Authors: Rao N. Sudhakar
Published: March 2007

Popular Hinduism in rural India abounds with many village and domestic rituals. In the latter category, puberty, pregnancy and death rituals appear very prominent among the womenfolk of the Telugu region. Of these, the death ritual, the worship of a deceased married woman whose husband is still alive, is especially important because it exemplifies the dominant theme of these rituals honouring fertility. Though generally considered inferior to men, women in these rituals receive reverence and status elevation as either symbolic or real deities. An attempt is made in this paper to describe and analyse these recurring rituals with the help of Dumont's concepts of hierarchy, encompassing contrariness and gender complementarity. The paper also focuses on the cultural basis and the mechanisms involved in female status elevation within the overall context of male domination. Female status elevation in the rituals does not alleviate female subordination in everyday life, as the sexuality and generative power of women ultimately remain under the control of men. These rituals also reflect the social structural features of south Indian society, and the complementarity between matri- and patrifiliation.
The study of industrial labour in post-colonial India—The formal sector: An introductory review
Authors: Breman Jan
Published: March 2007

In post-colonial India labour came to be closely associated with industrial work. The agrarian-rural mode of production would come to an end soon to be replaced by large- scale enterprises making use of modern technology and situated in urban localities. The drift of labour from the countryside towards middle- and large-sized cities seemed to herald the approaching transformation towards the type of society that had emerged in the developed part of the world. Employment in the organised sector of the urban economy, although absorbing only a minor portion of the total workforce outside agriculture, became the main focus of studies on work and labour.

According to strongly held views the quality of labour left much to be desired and this became a major argument in explaining the low productivity in industry. The Indian worker, rooted in traditional structure and culture was blamed for his—the notion of gender was practically absent—lack of commitment. The growth of India's industrial proletariat was by and large an urban phenomenon. The profile of the emerging workforce is discussed in terms of caste and class, skill formation and employment modalities. Trade unions were instrumental in raising wages, improving conditions of work and dignifying industrial work through labour legislation. But again, this all remained the prerogative of a small segment of industrial workers who found a niche in the formal sector economy.
“Fact” and “Value” in the Thought of Peter Winch
Authors: Brandon William P.
Published: March 2007

Collingwood's... descendants... will be engaged in conceptual analysis not unlike other modern forms of conceptual analysis but not so isolated, in principle and in practice, from the panorama of the human past, from the rich diversity of contemporary cultures, and from the perplexities of individual experience in art, religion, the privacies of thought, and the publicity of action. They will search out the a priori elements in experience and the empirical genesis of thought. They may try, although they will surely fail, to make the scope of philosophy as wide as life itself, and this attempt would at least be not unwelcome in a time when some of the descendants of Socrates try, although they too will fail, to make the scope of philosophy as narrow as an academic department.

Louis O. Mink
Resources, Capacities, and Ownership
Authors: SHAPIRO IAN
Published: March 2007

Though the Earth, and all inferior Creatures be common to all Men, yet every Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. The Labour of his Body, and the Work of his hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the State that Nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his Labour with, and joyned it to something that is his own, and thereby makes it his Property. It being by him removed from the common state Nature placed it in, hath by his labour something annexed to it, that excludes the common right of other Men. For this Labour being the unquestionable Property of the Labourer, no Man but he can have a right to what that is once joyned to, at least where there is enough, and as good left in common for others.

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, section 27
“Our Complicated System”
Authors: READ JAMES H.
Published: March 2007

It has been remarked that there is a tendency in all Governments to an augmentation of power at the expense of liberty. But the remark as usually understood does not appear to me well founded.... It is a melancholy reflection that liberty should be equally exposed to danger whether the Government have too much or too little power, and that the line which divides the extremes should be so inaccurately drawn by experience.

Madison, letter to Jefferson, October 17, 1788
Source Orientation in Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: SUNDAR S. SHYAM , NASS CLIFFORD
Published: March 2007

When individuals apply social rules and social expectations while working on a computer, are they directly interacting with the computer as an independent social actor or source (the CAS model), or are they orienting to an unseen programmer or imagined person in another room (the CAM model)? Two studies provide critical tests of these competing models. In Study 1, all participants were exposed to an identical interaction with computers. In one condition, participants were told that they were dealing with computers; in another, they were told that they were interacting with the software programmers. Consistent with the CAS model, there were significant differences between the two conditions. Study 2 performed a constructive replication of Study 1 by replacing the programmer with a hypothetical networker. Again, differences between the two conditions provide evidence that people respond to the computer as an independent source of information.
Disciplining the Workforce
Authors: MARTIN CHRISTOPHER R. , OSHAGAN HAYG
Published: March 2007

What do the news media identify as the problems, causes, and remedies when a corporate giant threatens two communities with an industrial plant closing that will displace thousands of workers? This article analyzes the narrative frames of national television and print news coverage following a December 1991 announcement by General Motors that it would close either its Arlington, Texas, or Willow Run, Michigan, assembly plant. The analysis extends through the eventual shutdown of the Willow Run plant, which affected more than 4,000 workers, and the continuing downsizing of the Arlington plant. News story texts commonly invoked a frame that suggests citizens have no choice but to adapt to difficult but necessary business decisions. The news stories ignored or discredited any democratic public action that challenged or offered alternatives to the plant closing and downsizing.
USES AND MISUSES OF GRATIFICATIONS RESEARCH
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN ALLEN , ROSENFELD LAWRENCE B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of self-reported media usage and fandom on perceived gratifications provided by each of eight media: books, magazines, films, television, newspapers, radio, recorded music, and friends. Subjects indicated the amount they used each medium, had positive or negative affect for it, and the extent to which each was perceived as providing ten gratifications. Results indicated that seven groups of subjects—high, moderate and low users, high moderate and low fans, and the results from an earlier investigation by Elliott and Quattlebaum—did not differ in their perception of each medium's ability to provide specific gratifications. Also, each medium appeared to have an image related to its functions that was independent of both individual use and attitude. The consistency of these images among the seven groups suggested that what prior researchers referred to as “audience needs” may be no more than “audience agreement” based on common learned responses.
Media Exposure and Beliefs About Science and Technology
Authors: ELLIOTT WILLIAM R. , ROSENBERG WILLIAM L.
Published: March 2007

This study uses a media dependency theory approach for investigating the effect of exposure to media science information on people's beliefs about science and technology. The results of a commonality analysis of social locator, public affairs media use, and exposure to media science information indicate that feeling competent about handling scientific information and being enthusiastic about scientific and technological advances are most strongly related to exposure to media science information, while beliefs about specific science and technology issues (disarmament, the need to maintain scientific and technical superiority for national security reasons) depend more on social location and public affairs media exposure.
Response Scale Ambiguity as a Moderator of the Choice Shift
Authors: BOSTER FRANKLIN J. , HALE JEROLD L.
Published: March 2007

The vast majority of choice shift inquiry employs choice dilemma (CD) items. In the main, responses to CD items are scaled by asking participants to report the odds of the risky response being successful before they would attempt it. Recent research challenges the validity of the odds scale. This article reports the results of two experiments that demonstrate that response scale ambiguity influences the interpretation of choice shift processes. Specifically, response scale ambiguity moderates the impact of social comparison and persuasive arguments processes. The former is more potent when the ambiguous odds scale is used, whereas the latter exerts a stronger impact when the less ambiguous Likert scale is employed.
Cross-Level Challenges for Communication Research
Authors: PRICE VINCENT , RITCHIE L. DAVID , EULAU HEINZ
Published: March 2007

The articles appearing in this special issue illustrate both the opportunities and the difficulties involved in cross-level communication theory and research.1 They highlight many of the key concepts and questions that surface in discussions of levels of analysis, and extend our thinking about several topical domains within the field by exploring cross-level relationships. The articles also present a variety of arguments, criticisms, and often conflicting suggestions. In short, these essays faithfully reflect the complexities and confusions that attend efforts to close what has been termed “the micro-macro gap” (Eulau, 1986, chap. 3).

In this epilogue, we offer our own reflections on some of the issues raised and positions taken in the articles. Because the notion of crossing levels in research implicates both our methods of inquiry and the structure of our theories in various ways, our outline is twofold. First, we discuss some basic conceptual and methodological considerations for cross-level research. Next we turn to matters of theory construction, discussing more generally the ways in which communication researchers can achieve better cross-level theory and research. Along the way, we hope to illustrate some key points of convergence among the articles.
The Content of Physician and Elderly Patient Interaction in the Medical Primary Care Encounter
Authors: ADELMAN RONALD D. , GREENE MICHELE G. , CHARON RITA , FRIEDMANN ERIKA
Published: March 2007

To examine the content of physician-elderly patient medical primary care encounters, audiotapes of 66 routine follow-up general medical visits were analyzed. Using the Multi-dimensional Interaction Analysis system, coders determined which content areas were discussed, which interactive participant initiated the discussion, and the quality of physician responsiveness in the different content areas. As hypothesized, physicians initiated discussion of the majority of subjects. Both physicians and patients were most likely to initiate discussion of medical topics. Physicians were more responsive to those topics that they initiated compared to the topics that older patients initiated. Implications of the research for physicians and elderly patients are discussed.
All Countries Not Created Equal to Be News
Authors: CHANG TSAN-KUO
Published: March 2007

Against the backdrop of the world system perspective, the purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to propose a new conceptual approach identifying the determinants that may affect the structure and process of foreign and international news flow and coverage in the global setting, and (b) within this framework, to determine the content (what is covered) and form (how it is covered) of Reuters' coverage of a major world event for a better understanding of why countries become news the way they do. This study argues that all countries are not created equal to be news in international communication. For those countries in the core zone of the world system, their chances of being in the news are higher than those in the semiperipheral and peripheral strata. Nations in the other two zones will have to go through several filters before they make it to the news.
Third-Person Perception and Children
Authors: HENRIKSEN LISA , FLORA JUNE A.
Published: March 2007

Results of two studies provide the first evidence of third-person effect among children. In Study 1 (a survey of 571 seventh-grade students), children believed that cigarette advertisements influenced others more than themselves (third-person perception). Moreover, when children compared themselves with peers, the discrepancy between self and others was larger than when children compared themselves with their best friends (social distance corollary). In Study 2, children from Grades 4, 6, and 8 (n = 666) watched a 10-minute video portraying either cigarette or anti-smoking advertisements. Regardless of which video they watched, children believed that cigarette ads have greater influence on others than on themselves. The opposite was true for anti-smoking advertisements, however. Children believed that anti-smoking ads have greater influence on themselves than others (a reverse third-person perception). Children did not perceive uniformly greater impact of persuasive messages on people other than themselves. Instead, children's judgments of media influence were consistently self-serving. These findings corroborate a theory that third-person perception is the product of a superiority bias—the tendency to see ourselves as better, or better off, than others.
Reducing Recidivism in Driving While Disqualified
Authors: BAKKER LEON W. , HUDSON STEPHEN M. , WARD TONY
Published: March 2007

Driving while disqualified, that is, during a period of license revocation, represents a serious and recurrent social problem: About 54% of convicted individuals are reconvicted in the ensuing 6 years. This article briefly outlines a relapse-prevention cognitive-behavioral treatment program for offenders convicted of driving while disqualified. Results indicate that the 144 treated offenders were reconvicted of further violations of license revocation at a significantly lower rate than offenders in a matched comparison group. Although no difference was found for subsequent drunk-driving convictions, it appears that the program may have reduced other subsequent criminal offending. In addition, there were significant pre-to posttreatment changes on a number of relevant social competency variables. These results provide support for the efficacy of a relapse-prevention approach to this group of offenders and for identification of disqualified drivers as a distinct subgroup of driving offenders.
Psychological Issues in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: POYTHRESS NORMAN G.
Published: March 2007

A sample of circuit court judges in Michigan responded to a survey investigating their attitudes concerning mental health/behavioral sciences expert testimony on a variety of criminal justice issues. The purpose of the survey was to explore the common assumption that judges have a preference for expert testimony from medically trained witnesses. The pattern of admissibility ratings obtained yielded modest support for this assumption; psychiatrists received the highest ratings among six professional groups, and medical groups received higher ratings than did nonmedical groups. However, other planned and post-hoc comparisons indicated that the importance of the medical/nonmedical distinction was moderated somewhat by other factors. In particular, some of the findings were consistent with the alternative hypothesis that judges' admissibility ratings may be influence by considerations of the proposed witness's demonstrable training and clinical experience in psychopathology, regardless of his or her having a medical/nonmedical degree. Alternative explanations for the data were discussed, and suggestions for future research are indicated.
Restitution Outcome and Probationers' Assessments of Restitution
Authors: VAN VOORHIS PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

This article reports the impact of Kohlberg's moral development stages on probationers' receptivity to the intents of financial restitution. Effects of these perceptions and their interactions with moral development on restitution outcome are also presented. Indepth interviews furnished data needed to diagnose moral development and construct ratings of offenders' perceptions. Compliance data were extracted from probation records and interviews with probation officers. Results suggest that low maturity offenders were more likely to identify with deterrent and instrumental intents; high maturity offenders oriented to reparative and rehabilitative intents. Among the offenders as a whole, adherence to notions of reparation and concern for the victim facilitated compliance, whereas perceptions of restitution as lenient and a good deal had adverse impacts. Orientations distinguishing low maturity successes from failures were dysfunctional ones (e.g., restitution is a good deal, lenient, or an inconvenience). An orientation to reparation distinguished high maturity successes from failures.
Work Environment Correlates of Staff Stress in a Youth Detention Facility
Authors: DEMBO RICHARD , DERTKE MAX
Published: March 2007

We intensively interviewed 53 staff members of a state-operated regional children's detention center, located in a large, metropolitan, southern city. The center houses both delinquent and status offender youths, incarcerated on a variety of charges ranging from truancy to homicide. Staff stress was related to key features of their work environment. Concern about detainee acting out behavior, the perceived frequency of detainee “problem” behavior while in the facility, and the felt need for substance abuse services for detainees and better educational/recreational programs related positively to staff stress. Implications of these findings for developing a more realistic view of the nature and impact of the detention center experience for both detainees and staff are drawn.
Some Psychometrics of Judicial Decision Making
Authors: ANDREWS D. A. , ROBBLEE MARY ANNE , SAUNDERS RON , HUARTSON KIM , ROBINSON DAVID , KIESSLING JERRY J. , WEST DON
Published: March 2007

The number, variety, and complexity of factors that govern judicial discretion have made it difficult for legal practitioners, social science researchers, convicted offenders and their victims, and the general public to understand sentencing practices. The development of a standardized and quantitative summary of high-consensus aggravating and mitigating circumstances is an explicitly psychometric approach to this general problem in discretionary law. A Sentencing Factors Inventory (SFI) was scored with high levels of interrater agreement from probation files and, in a separate sample, from court observations. Systematic evaluations and extensions of the SFI approach to judicial discretion are indicated with particular attention to matters of social validity.
Developments in the Classification Process
Authors: LEVINSON ROBERT B.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly, classification in corrections is recognized as a series of procedures that result in inmates being sorted into management- and program-relevant groups. Internal classification is a more recent refinement of this process. A number of different methods have been devised for systematically categorizing (and differentially housing) a single institution's prisoner population. This article discusses the advantages gained by conceptualizing a single institution as being a “mini-correctional system.” Data are reported (from both federal and state prison systems) that indicate reductions in both the seriousness and frequency of disruptive inmate behavior subsequent to the implementation of an internal classification approach; postrelease information is also presented.
Validity of the Lie Detector
Authors: FUREDY JOHN J. , HESLEGRAVE RONALD J.
Published: March 2007

The profession of polygraphy uses physiological measures to improve the detection of deception. The science most relevant for assessing the utility of these measures is that of psychophysiology. This article examines the validity of polygraphy from the perspective of the science of psychophysiology, which employs physiological measures to study and differentiate psychological processes. The focus is on the version practiced currently by most members of the American Polygraph Association, the “control question technique” (CQT). A brief consideration of some critical terms is followed by a description of CQT polygraphy, and then by a review of the literature. We conclude that as a scientific tool, CQT polygraphy is of questionable validity, although it is probably a better-than-chance detector of guilt.
The Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation (Cast-MR)
Authors: EVERINGTON CAROLINE T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument for the assessment of competence to stand trial in criminal defendants with mental retardation. Three experiments were conducted on the instrument developed, Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation (CAST-MR). Experiment 1 consisted of three pilot testings with mentally retarded group home residents, Experiment 2 an expert appraisal process and readability analysis, and Experiment 3 a field testing with four groups of criminal defendants in five sites. Three forms of reliability-internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater-and three forms of validity-content, construct, and criterion-related-were investigated. The results of the reliability and validity analyses indicate that the CAST-MR may be a valid and reliable instrument for assessment of competence to stand trial in criminal defendants with mental retardation.
Cognitive Mediators of Aggression
Authors: WELSH WAYNE N. , GORDON ARTHUR
Published: March 2007

Although theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that cognitions play a significant role in shaping aggressive responses, causal relations between cognitions and other predictors of aggression (e.g., past behavior, arousal, personality traits) are unclear. This study attempted to predict aggression in an experimental setting, using the Ajzen-Fishbein Theory of Reasoned Action. Fifty-one patients in a federal forensic hospital role-played aggressive behavior. Independent measures included cognitive components of the Ajzen-Fishbein model (attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and intention); personality measures of aggressiveness; self-report measures of anger and arousal; and indices of past behavior collected from archival data. Results from path analysis and multiple regressions suggested that (a) cognitive variables only partially mediated aggressive behavior; (b) arousal and trait anger exerted significant effects on aggression, independent of the cognitive components of the Ajzen-Fishbein model. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Application of the Megargee MMPI Typology to Apopulation of Defendants Referred for Psychiatric Evaluation
Authors: WROBEL THOMAS A. , CALOVINI PAUL K. , MARTIN THOMAS O.
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 449 male and 111 female defendants referred for presentence psychiatric evaluation were classified using the system developed by Megargee and Bohn in 1977. The distribution of groups for each sex was compared with the results obtained by Megargee and Bohn and other researchers as well as with each other. The male groups differed on variables of age and type of referral. Female group distribution differed in all cases. Results are discussed in terms of the more prevalent violent groups among the male sample and higher prevalence of more benign types among the females.
Job Experience and Perceived Job Stress among Police, Correctional, and Probation/Parole Officers
Authors: PATTERSON BERNIE L.
Published: March 2007

A survey of nearly 4,500 police, correctional, and probation and parole officers provided a unique opportunity for cross-occupational comparisons of perceived job stress among criminal justice personnel. The questionnaire included a modified version of Spielberger's Police Stress Survey. Results revealed that police and probation/parole officers demonstrated an apparent curvilinear relationship between time on the job and perceived stress. However, the trend was more linear when only line officers of both groups were considered. Correctional officers, as a group, did not show a curvilinear pattern, although line correctional officers did. The reasons for these patterns are discussed.
Criminal Justice Implications of the Macho Personality Constellation
Authors: ZAITCHIK MATT C. , MOSHER DONALD L.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines a script theory of macho personality and discusses its potential forensic application in the understanding of criminal behavior, the prediction of future dangerousness, and the treatment of male offenders. The macho personality constellation consists of the view of violence as manly, the view of danger as exciting, callous sexuality toward women, and toughness as self-control. Research using the Hypermasculinity Inventory, developed to operationalize the macho personality construct, indicates that macho men are more likely to act violently toward other men, to act violently and callously toward women, and to seek out dangerous situations. Potential areas of criminal justice application include substance abuse, rape and sexual assault, sexual harassment, gang violence, “lust” murders, and abuse of women and children in general.
Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment on Sex Offender Recidivism
Authors: MARQUES JANICE K. , DAY DAVID M. , NELSON CRAIG , WEST MARY ANN
Published: March 2007

Preliminary results from a longitudinal study of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment with sex offenders are presented. The study's research design includes three groups: a treatment group, a volunteer control group (those who volunteered for but did not receive treatment), and a nonvolunteer control group (subjects who refused the opportunity for treatment). Although the treatment group had the lowest reoffense rates for both sex and other violent crimes, main effects analyses did not yield conclusive results regarding the program's effectiveness. The results highlight the importance of including appropriate comparison groups, managing attrition from both treatment and methodological standpoints, examining sex and other violent offenses separately as outcome variables, employing tests with adequate statistical power, and analyzing data while taking into account time at risk for reoffense.
Comparisons Between Sexual and Nonsexual Rapist Subtypes
Authors: BARBAREE HOWARD E. , SETO MICHAEL C. , SERIN RALPH C. , AMOS NANCY L. , PRESTON DENISE L.
Published: March 2007

Sixty incarcerated rapists were subtyped according to the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology as either “nonsexual” (i.e., the opportunistic and vindictive subtypes) or “sexual” (i.e., the nonsadistic and sadistic subtypes). Subjects were then tested using the circumferential penile plethysmograph, assessing their erectile responses to verbal descriptions of consenting sex and rape. Additionally, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised was scored for each subject, and institutional files were summarized and coded. The index offenses committed by the nonsexual subtypes were more violent and resulted in greater victim damage; the offenses of the men in the nonsexual subtypes were more likely to be impulsive; the men in the sexual subtypes were more socially isolated at the time of the offense. Relative sexual arousal to rape descriptions was greater among the sexual subtypes than among the nonsexual subtypes. These results are discussed in terms of two separate cognitive-behavioral processes leading to rape.
The Implementation of an Intensive Aftercare Program for Serious Juvenile Offenders
Authors: GOODSTEIN LYNNE , SONTHEIMER HENRY
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a study of the implementation of an intensive aftercare probation (IAP) program developed in Philadelphia. In addition to presenting program design and standards, the article discusses issues involved in effecting a successful innovation. These include (a) the transition from the old to the new model of supervision, (b) evolution of the IAP's mission and philosophy, (c) applications of the evolved model, (d) unanticipated conditions affecting program operations, and (e) client responses to the IAP program. The program experienced difficulties in several areas. A critical period occurred in which there was a breakdown in service delivery, officers apparently had difficulty understanding and adjusting to the new organizational norms implicit in the program's mission, and program goals and philosophy were not articulated clearly by program planners. Nevertheless, over the course of the implementation period, a successful model incorporating social control and rehabilitative elements was developed and stabilized.
Predicting Prison Misconducts
Authors: GENDREAU PAUL , GOGGIN CLAIRE E. , LAW MOIRA A.
Published: March 2007

A meta-analysis was conducted on 39 studies that generated 695 correlations with prison misconducts. Predictors of prison misconducts were grouped into 16 domains as follows: (a) personal characteristics ( n = 9), (b) situational factors ( n = 3), and (c) actuarial measures of antisocial personality and risk ( n = 4). Personal and situational variables were similar in their ability to predict prison misconduct. Within these two categories, antisocial attitudes and behavior (e.g., companions, prison adjustment), criminal history, and institutional factors were the strongest predictors. Among actuarial measures, an interview-based risk protocol produced the highest correlations with prison misconducts. The prediction of violent misconducts was associated with greater effect sizes than nonviolent misconducts. Despite the limitations of the database, several recommendations for assessing prison misconducts appear warranted.
Female Victims of Partner Versus Nonpartner Violence
Authors: BYRNE CHRISTINA A. , KILPATRICK DEAN G. , HOWLEY SUSAN S. , BEATTY DAVID
Published: March 2007

A sample of 284 female victims of physical or sexual assault reported on their experiences with the criminal justice system (CJS). Women were categorized into one of two groups based on their relationship with the perpetrator: partner assault victims and nonpartner assault victims. Compared to nonpartner assault victims, victims of assault by an intimate partner were consistently less likely to report satisfaction with professionals involved in the CJS as well as with the CJS in general. Some differences also emerged regarding specific experiences with these professionals and the criminal justice process. In addition, strength of statutory protection of crime victims' rights was analyzed in relation to the experiences of partner violence victims. Group differences emerged in states weak in protection of crime victims rights but not in strong protection states. Findings suggest specific needs of female victims of partner violence must be taken into account more fully by the CJS.
Elite Structure and Attitudes
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Delbecq Andre L. , Filley Alan C. , Huber George P.
Published: March 2007

The decision to adopt innovative proposals is typically made by the organizational elite. A review of the literature suggests three categories of independent variables related to the adoption behavior of elites: innovation proneness, adoption potential, and problem severity. Innovation proneness refers to the degree to which various characteristics of the elite facilitate the acceptance of change-size, differentiation, integration, formalization, security, accountability, resources, and perceived innovativeness. Adoption potential is concerned with the degree to which various attributes of the proposal facilitate the elite's acceptance-fragility, flexibility, confidence, administrative complexity, communicability, source legitimacy, and so on. Problem severity refers to the degree of tension within the elite that emanates from the issue area to which the proposal is addressed. Data were collected in a field setting from 33 elites; their adoption behavior was then analyzed in light of the a priori propositions presented. Results of this analysis and their implications are discussed.
Organization and Explanation
Authors: Sederberg Peter C.
Published: March 2007

At the core of most research programs lies a suggestive metaphor systematized into a model and then developed into an empirically testable theory. In organizational theory, machine, organic, and dramatic metaphors have abounded; however, the concerns of these metaphors may be subsumed by conceiving of organizations as explanatory structures. The suggestiveness of this new metaphor is illustrated by demonstrating how it represents fundamental organizational characteristics, serves as a basis for a typology, and isolates certain forms and processes of change. The explanatory metaphor discourages the tendency to hypostatize organizations into concrete entities and emphasizes their nature as verbal and nonverbal behavioral arrangements.
TVA's Old and New Grass Roots
Authors: Couto Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Philip Selznick's examination of cooptation reinterpreted the idealized reputation of TVA's grassroots administration as the ordinary pursuit of organizational needs. This article examines cooptation in TVA since Selznick's study including a new round of cooptation related to reforms beginning in 1977. This later look at cooptation shows it to be a changing balance of coopted groups, an agency's leadership, and an agency's political environment. This dynamic concept emphasizes cooptation as a changing process of participation and representation rather than a stable, enduring outcome of bureaucratic process. This is consistent with Selznick's conclusion, although the history of coopted groups makes clearer that the principal function of cooptation, for the agency and the coopted groups, is to legitimate an agency's leadership. In addition, this history suggests two important caveats to Selznick's findings. First, coopted groups, under certain conditions, may acquire real power over an agency; second, cooptation may be a satisfactory and effective form of participation at times for some relatively powerless groups.
Public, Private and Hybrid Organizations
Authors: Emmert Mark A. , Crow Michael M.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an empirical examination of the role of publicness in explaining organization-level phenomena. Analysis of data from 250 public, private and mixed, or hybrid, R&D laboratories indicates that there are clear distinctions between organizations based on sector affiliation. These differences center around levels of administrative intensity, funding patterns and complexity, governmental influences on goals, and the nature of the products produced by the laboratories. A dimensional approach, grounded in political economy-based organization theory, is applied in the analysis. Findings indicate that such approaches help explain publicness through the identification of specific, empirically identifiable dimensions of publicness.
Legislative Parameters for Designing Alternative Delivery Systems
Authors: Becker Fred W.
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the properiety political seasibility of relying upon private organizations as alternative means to deliver public goods and services. The central thesis is that this propriety and seasiblity can best be determined by examining separately the broad functional areas of governmental activity. The argument is that legislative tolerances for relying upon private organizations for some of these functional categories should be lower than for others, depending upon such factors as the degree of coerciveness required for the functions's accomplihshment and the extent that the function is perceived as being critical to the safety and security of society. The proposal will be that these tolernces should form a hierarchy and constitute the parameters within which alternative delivey systems are designed.
Alternative Mechanisms for Multiorganizational Implementation
Authors: O'Toole Laurence J.
Published: March 2007

The implementation of wastewater treatment policy in American municipalities provides a particularly useful context for the exploration of important issues in implementation research. Recent developments at the national level have stimulated the innovation of capital-intensive privatization in this sector. How this structure for implementation compares with alternatives, especially the conventional federally grant-funded route, is a question that can be explored through the use of implementation theory and can in turn help clarify and advance that theory. For instance, although top-down implementation research suggests the importance of hierarchically integrated structures for implementation success, this study shows that integration can be induced without hierarchy (as capital-intensive privatization) and that hierarchically managed structures (like the grant setting) may lack integrative capacity. Empirical research provides evidence for theoretically derived expectations that privatization can assist implementation processes in this field without sacrificing clean water output. Theoretical and practical implications of the analysis are sketched.