bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREPUBIC AND TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE PROSTATE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Zohil Alberto Mosca , Castellano M. Cecilia
Published: May 2005

A comparative study was conducted in ten dogs with signs of prostatic disease in order to evaluate the usefulness of the prepubic and transrectal ultrasonography for the examination of the prostate gland and for prostate biopsy guidance. Both techniques were adequate to identify the prostate gland and prostatic urethra. Transrectal ultrasound found 5 occurrencies of parenchymal echogenicity changes whereas the prepubic technique found only 2. Lesions in the cranial prostatic margin (two dogs) were detected only by prepubic ultrasound. Lesions of the caudal prostatic margin (six dogs), prostatic urethra disruption (two dogs) and prostatic capsule abnormalities (five dogs) were only recognized by the transrectal approach. Prepubic ultrasonography was useful for biopsy guidance of cranial prostatic lesions and transrectal ultrasonography was a good means for biopsy guidance of caudal lesions.
MONITORING THE PROGRESSION OF TARSAL OSSIFICATION WITH ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND RADIOGRAPHY IN THREE IMMATURE FOALS
Authors: Ruohoniemi Mirja , Hildén Leena , Salo Leila , Tulamo Riitta‐Mari
Published: May 2005

Repeated ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations of both tarsi were performed on three immature foals at individually adjusted times to monitor the progression of ossification. The first examination was performed soon after birth, and all foals were found to have incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones. Two of the foals were monitored until ossification of the small tarsal bones was complete. The rate of ossification varied, and it seemed to be affected by the general health of the foal and by its weight‐bearing. In two foals the pattern of ossification was markedly irregular and several ossifying foci were often found within the bones. Ultrasonography was found to be a practical method for monitoring the changes in the outline and echogenity of the bones in the distal tarsal area. Radiography confirmed the ultrasonographic findings and was necessary for evaluating the internal structure of the bones.
99mTc‐METHOXY‐ISOBUTYL‐ISONITRILE (SESTAMIBI) IMAGING OF MALIGNANT CANINE LYMPHOMA
Authors: Steyn Phillip F. , Ogilvie Gregory
Published: May 2005

Technetium‐99m methoxy‐isobutyl‐isonitrile (sestamibi) imaging of malignant canine lymphoma was performed in thirteen dogs 1 hour after intravenous injection of99mTc‐sestamibi at 13 MBq (0.35 mCi) per kilogram body weight. Abnormal tracer uptake was visualized in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and mesenteric, inguinal, popliteal, sternal, cranial cervical and mandibular lymph nodes. Radiopharmaceutical uptake was also noted in a nasal mass. One large neoplastic renal mass did not have demonstrable sestamibi uptake. Other regions had no significant difference in the target:background ratios when compared with values from normal dogs (P> 0.05).99mTc‐sestamibi can be used to image malignant lymphoma, and has potential applications in the management of patients to document response to treatment and to stage of extent of disease.
TREATMENT OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA IN 7 DOGS UTILIZING131I
Authors: Adams William H. , Walker Michael A. , Daniel Gregory B. , Petersen Mark G. , Legendre Alfred M.
Published: May 2005

Seven dogs with thyroid gland carcinoma were treated with131I and hormone suppressive therapy either alone (3 dogs) or in combination with surgery (3 dogs) or137Cs teletherapy and chemotherapy (1 dog). Empirically chosen doses of 75 to 137 mCi of131I were given orally (2 dogs) and intravenously (5 dogs). Adverse effects were limited to acute, transient bone marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia. Nominal objective reduction in tumor volume or size and number of pulmonary metastases was observed in 4 dogs treated with131I and thyroxine. Of these 4 dogs, 2 had stable disease for periods of 4 and 12 months while a third dog had stable disease for 27 months following two131I treatments at 3 month intervals. The fourth dog had progressive disease. Two dogs with mediastinal metastases showed reduction in localization of99mTc pertechnetate and radioiodine following 2 and 3 treatments using131I. It appears that relatively high doses of131I can be used safely for the treatment of canine thyroid tumors and that further investigation can be justified to define its efficacy.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS IN DOGS
Authors: Thomas William B. , Wheeler Simon J. , Kramer Robert , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance images of twenty‐five dogs with histopathologically confirmed primary brain tumors were evaluated. A lesion was visible in each dog. Meningiomas were extra‐axial lesions that enhanced markedly withj gadolinium‐DTPA. Glimas were Characteized by intra‐axial location, significant mass effect and surrounding edema, and variable enhancement patterns. Choroid plexus tumors and pituitary tumors were differentiated by their location and marked enbancement. Prediction of general typeof tumor was correct in 24 of 25 dogs.
COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHY, MYELOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE EVALUATION OF CANINE VERTEBRAL AND SPINAL CORD TUMORS IN SIXTEEN DOGS
Authors: Drost Wm. Tod , Love Nancy E. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic, myelographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies from sixteen dogs with histologically diagnosed vertebral or spinal cord neoplasia (seventeen lesions) were retrospectively evaluated. Radiographs were compared with CT images to evaluate vertebral bony changes (bone production, lysis or both). Myelographic and CT images were evaluated to separate lesions into one of three categories, extradural, intradural/extramedullary, or intramedullary. These findings were compared to histologic tumor type from surgical or necropsy samples. Histologically, seven lesions were vertebral tumors and were classified as extradural lesions; ten lesions were spinal cord tumors of which eight were classified as intradural/extramedullary and two as intramedullary. Using CT, the amount of bony change associated with extradural lesions was greater than or equal to the amount of bony change visualized using radiographs. Myelography more correctly differentiated between intradural/ extramedullary and intramedullary lesions than did CT, although three open diagnoses detracted from the CT results. This study suggests that when evaluating extradural lesions, the amount of bony change was better visualized using CT than survey radiographs. Myelography was better when compared to CT for classifying spinal cord lesions, however, standardization of the CT imaging protocol may help determine the specific clinical indications for using CT in dogs with suspected vertebral or spinal cord tumors.
ARACHNOID CYST IN CEREBELLAR PONTINE AREA OF A CAT‐DIAGNOSIS BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: Milner Rowan J. , Engela Jean , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: May 2005

A male Persian cat with epileptiform convulsions was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. A space occupying lesion filled with cerebrospinal fluid, believed to be a caudal fossa arachnoid cyst, was found. This condition, which has not been previously described in the cat, was thought to be an incidental finding in the subject of this report.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND 2‐D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN EIGHTEEN CATS EXPERIMENTALLY EXPOSED TO D. ZMMZTZS VIA MOSQUITO BITES
Authors: Selcer B.A. , Newell S.M. , Mansour A.E. , Mccall J.W.
Published: May 2005

Eighteen cats were exposed to Dirofikria immitis infected mosquitoes. Thoracic radiography was performed prior to exposure and at 5, 7, and 9 month intervals following exposure. Immunologic testing for adult heartworm antigen was performed on days 168,195,210,224,237,254 and 271 post infection. Necropsies were performed on all cats. Adult heartworms were found in 61% of the exposed cats. Radiographic findings in heartworm positive cats included bronchointerstitial lung disease, lobar pulmonary arterial enlargement and pulmonary hyperinflation. In most heartworm positive cats, lobar arterial enlargement resolved as the disease progressed while pulmonary hyperinflation progressively became more common. Pulmonary patterns in heartworm positive cats remained abnormal throughoutthe study while abnormal pulmonary patterns resolved in over 50% of the heartworm negative cats. Cardiomegaly was seen in less than 50% of the cats with adult heartworms at necropsy. This study suggests that the radiographic appearance of heartworm disease is variable and radiographic changes are dependent on the time post infection at which cats are evaluated. Echocardiographic examinations were randomly performed on 16 of 18 cats. Heartworms were identified in 7 cats. No false positive identifications were made. Persistent pulmonary disease accompanied by resolving vascular disease in heartworm cats with pulmonary hyperinflation may be difficult to distinguish from cats with feline allergic lung disease. Echocardiograms may be helpful in identifying adult heartworms in cats in which the radiographic signs or immunodiagnostic data are insufficient to provide a diagnosis.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CANINE GASTRIC NEOPLASIA IN 13 PATIENTS
Authors: Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Hauser Beat , Arnold Pierre
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic findings in 13 canine patients with histopathologically proven gastric tumors were reviewed. The echogenicity of gastric wall lesions was variable and independent of the type of tumor. All dogs had an increase in gastric wall thickness and in only one dog was the wall layering intact. Regional lymph node involvement was a common finding, but abnormalities within the liver were seen in only one patient. Gastric neoplasia was observed most commonly in middle‐aged and old, medium‐ to large‐sized dogs. Carcinoma was the most common tumor found. In this study, with a limited number of animals and limited tumor types, it appeared that thickening of the gastric wall, accompanied by loss of gastric wall layering and enlargement of regional lymph nodes were ultrasonographic signs likely to be found with gastric neoplasia. In this limited study the histologic type of gastric tumor could not be predicted on the basis of the ultrasound examination.
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF UMBILICAL SONOGRAPHY IN CALVES
Authors: O'Brien Robert T. , Forrest Lisa J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of diagnostic ultrasound for the detection of umbilical defects in calves. The medical records of 25 calves having undergone an ultrasound examination and for which a final diagnosis was available were reviewed retrospectively. Ultrasound was accurate (p = 0.05) for the diagnosis of umbilical defects in calves. Overall sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.83) were similar. Ultrasound was a better predictor of abnormal (PV' = 0.94) than normal PV‐ = 0.71) structures. Ultrasound was a good predictor (p < 0.05) of disease and normalcy in all umbilical region subdivisions except the umbilical vein (p = 0.16). Specificity was greater than sensitivity in all areas except the umbilical stalk. Sensitivity was lowest (0.50) for detection of umbilical herniae and lesions in the umbilical vein. When multiple umbilical areas were affected, ultrasound identified all lesions in 4 of 7 calves. Criteria determined to be subjectively useful in the sonographic diagnosis of infection in umbilical remnants were gas andlor echogenic fluid in the lumen and a thickened, hypoechoic wall.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF EGG RETENTION AND PERITONITIS IN TWO GREEN IGUANAS (IGUANA IGUANA)
Authors: Love Nancy E. , Douglass James P. , Lewbart Gregory , Stoskopf Michael
Published: May 2005

The radiographic technique and radiographic and sonographic findings in two green iguanas with egg retention and peritonitis are described. Neither radiography nor ultrasound provided for identification of free eggs within the coelomic structure secondary to presumed oviduct rupture. Gravidity and coelomic effusion were confirmed by both radiography and ultrasound. Radiography and ultrasound are valuable tools in the diagnosis of egg retention and peritonitis in the green iguana.
RADIOTHERAPY OF CANINE NON‐TONSILLAR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: LaDue‐Miller Tracy , Price G. Sylvester , Page Rodney L. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The records of 14 dogs treated with megavoltage radiation for non‐tonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed to determine the efficacy of this treatment modality. Total radiation dose was either 48 or 57 Gray (Gy), while dose per fraction was either 3.0 or 4.0 Gy. Median disease free interval and survival were 365 and 450 days, respectively. Median disease free interval was shorter in dogs older than nine years (210 days) as compared with dogs less than or equal to nine years old (470 days), (p < .005). Median survival was shorter in dogs older than nine years (315 days) as compared with dogs less than or equal to nine years old (1080 days), (p < 0.02). Weight, stage, anatomic subsite, intraoral location, duration of disease, prior surgery, and number of radiation fractions did not appear to influence disease free interval or survival. Data presented herein suggest that survival in dogs with non‐tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma receiving megavoltage radiation may be longer than that achieved with orthovoltage radiation or surgery. Megavoltage radiation appears to be an effective treatment for non‐tonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs. Further study is needed to determine the optimal time‐dose sched‐ule.
APPARENT WALL THICKENING IN FLUID FILLED VERSUS AIR FILLED TYMPANIC BULLA IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William J. , Wisner Erik R. , Seibert J.A.
Published: May 2005

A series of CT imaging experiments was performed to test the hypothesis that when the tympanic bulla is filled with fluid there would be a false impression of bulla wall thickening. CT images were obtained before and after introduction of water in the tympanic bulla of a fresh canine cadaver. Images were acquired using different mA settings, slice thicknesses, reconstruction algorithms, and displayed at different window widths. The wall of the fluid filled bulla appeared thicker than that of the air filled bulla. This artifact was also demonstrated on a phantom composed of a thin (0.5 mm) and a thick (5 mm) piece of aluminum imaged in air and water. The effect was more apparent when images were acquired as thick slices (>5 mm), reconstructed with a soft tissue algorithm, or displayed with a narrow window (<250 CT numbers). The radiologist must be aware of this artifact when interpreting CT images of the tympanic bullae.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF INFLAMMATORY POLYPS IN THREE CATS
Authors: Seitz Susan E. , Losonsky John M. , Marretta Sandra Manfra
Published: May 2005

This report describes the use of computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the inner ear, tympanic bullae, nasopharyngeal area, and external ear canals of three cats. All cats presented for evaluation of upper respiratory signs or chronic ear infection. Nasopharyngeal masses were present in two cats, and a mass in the external ear canal was present in the third cat. In all three cats, CT was able to define the extent of osseous bulla involvement, which was confirmed at surgery. Computed tomography also defined the extent of the polyp in the nasopharyngeal area in two cats, and in the external ear canal in one cat. Surgical removal of the polyps was accomplished with a combined oral approach and ventral bulla osteotomy in cats 1 and 2. The polyp was removed from cat 3 using a combination of ventral bulla osteotomy and excision of the mass through the external ear canal. Microscopic examination confirmed all masses as nasopharyngeal (inflammatory) polyps.
USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO DIAGNOSE SINUSITIS IN A GOAT
Authors: Barrington George M. , Tucker Russell L.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic examination proved incapable of determining the extent and severity of chronic sinusitis in a goat. Computed tomography was subsequently used to clearly define the nature and extent of the lesion.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS IN FOUR DOGS
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , WRIGLEY Robert H. , Simpson Kenneth W. , Hijfte Myra Forster‐van , Garden Oliver A. , Smyth J. Brian A. , Rutgers H. Carolien , White Robert N.
Published: May 2005

Ante mortem diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis was determined ultrasonographically in four dogs. In each dog the thrombus was visible in two‐dimensional, grey‐scale images of the portal vein obtained through a right intercostal window. Duplex‐Doppler measurements and color‐Doppler images provided information about the effects of thrombosis on portal blood flow. Reduced portal blood flow compatible with portal hypertension was detected in three dogs. A hypercoagulable state was probably involved in the pathogenesis of portal vein thrombosis in two dogs, one with pancreatitis and gastrointestinal blood loss and another with protein‐losing nephropathy and probable immune‐mediated anemia. The third dog had chronic ehrlichiosis; thrombosis was probably secondary to vasculitis. The remaining dog had thrombosis secondary to invasion of the portal vein by a recurrent duodenal neoplasm. This dog was euthanized because the tumor was considered inoperable. The dog with pancreatitis developed acute portal hypertension due to obstruction of the portal vein by the thrombus and was euthanized. The dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy and ehrlichiosis were treated medically and recovered. Although portal vein thrombosis is uncommon, this complication should be considered in dogs with a variety of abdominal or systemic disorders. Ultrasonography is a practical method for diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis and detection of the underlying cause.
FELINE HYPERTHYROIDISM: EFFICACY OF TREATMENT USING VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR RADIOIODINE DOSE CALCULATION
Authors: Forrest Lisa J. , Baty Catherine J. , Metcalf Michael R. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 80 cats with thyroid scintigraphy using technetium pertechnetate. These cats were subsequently treated with radioiodine using a modified fixed dose method based on the volume of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue calculated from the pertechnetate scans. The medical records and thyroid scintigrams were evaluated retrospectively. Follow‐up was obtained on the cats to evaluate treatment success. Several parameters were evaluated in an attempt to identify a difference between treatment success and failure. Cats that failed to become euthyroid after one dose of radioiodine had a significantly higher pretreatment serum thyroxine level, had a significantly larger volume of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue on scintigrams, and cats receiving oral versus intravenous radioiodine were over represented. Based on our results we conclude: 1) the administration of a dose of radioiodine based solely on the volume of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue as estimated from the pertechnetate scan may be inadequate for those patients with extremely elevated serum thyroxine levels or large thyroid glands, and 2) oral administration of radioiodine is not recommended for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.
A REVIEW OF EQUINE RENAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Matthews Hilary K. , Toal Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Radiography has a limited role in the evaluation of the kidneys in foals and adult horses. Ultrasonography is the current method of choice for structural evaluation of the kidneys in horses as it provides additional information to standard serum chemistry and urinalysis evaluation. A variety of structural abnormalities have been identified in diseased equine kidneys with the use of ultrasound. Ultrasound guided renal biopsy is the preferred method for performing renal biopsy in the horse. The use of Duplex Doppler ultrasound may allow for the characterization of regional hemodynamics of the equine kidneys, but is currently an untapped method for evaluation of equine renal hemodynamics.

Radionuclide methods including scintigraphy and quantitative renal function measurement can be used to provide further information about equine renal function. Scintigraphy can provide structural and possibly functional information. Quantitative methods using radiopharmaceuticals can provide precise measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal blood flow. This method is especially helpful in identifying acute renal failure and in guiding response to treatment.

All equine renal imaging techniques should be a supplement to the physical examination and standard laboratory tests. Additional diagnostic aids such as urinary tract endoscopy should also be considered in horses with hematuria, hydroureter, and suspected calculi. Taken together, all these modalities provide a through evaluation of the equine renal system and provide a basis for the clinician to select treatment options and provide prognostic information to the owner.
RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THORACIC CONFORMATION AND THE RISK OF GASTRIC DILATATION‐VOLVULUS IN DOGS
Authors: Glickman Larry , Emerick Tim , Glickman Nita , Glickman Seth , Lantz Gary , Pérez Cynthia , Schellenberg Diana , Widmer William , Yi Qi‐long
Published: May 2005

To test the hypothesis that breeds of dogs with a deeper and narrower thorax have an increased risk of gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV), thoracie depth, width, and length were measured for 437 dogs of 17 different breeds using radiographs on file at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine for the period of 1977 to 1993. These data were applied to risk estimates of GDV that were generated from a separate case control study using the Veterinary Medical Data Base. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to relate the mean thoracie measurements and the ideal, adult body size of the breeds to the risk of each breed developing GDV. When the risk of GDV was evaluated as a function of the mean thoracie depth/width ratio alone, or as a function of the thoracie depth/width ratio plus ideal adult breed weight, 37% (p = 0.022), respectively, of the variability in GDV risk was explained. These findings support the hypothesis tested and suggest that selective breeding can be used to decrease a breed's risk of GDV over time.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF OCULAR AND ORBITAL DISEASE IN 5 DOGS AND A CAT
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Ring Rachel D. , Ward Daniel A. , Adams William H.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired in five dogs and one cat with ocular and orbital disease. MR images were obtained in the dorsal or oblique dorsal, and oblique sagittal planes. Pathologic changes identified in MR images included inflammatory lesions, cystic structures, and neoplasms. All abnormalities were readily apparent in TI‐weighted images. MR findings in affected animals were often similar in signal intensity, location, and growth pattern to those found in people with comparable diseases. Although no MR changes were considered pathognomonic for a given disease, MR imaging provided detailed information on the homogeneity, extent and invasiveness of the lesions.
COMPARISON OF THE RESISTIVE INDEX TO CLINICAL PARAMETERS IN DOGS WITH RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Morrow Karen L. , Salman Mowafak D. , Lappin Michael R. , Wrigley Robert
Published: May 2005

The resistive index (RI) is a measurement of arteriole vascular resistance and is obtained by pulsed‐wave Doppler interrogation. The diagnostic potential of the renal resistive index (RI) was retrospectively investigated in 142 kidneys from 81 dogs. The resistive index of each kidney was compared to clinical laboratory parameters, clinical diagnoses, and sonographic findings. The mean renal resistive index (RI) for 22 normal kidneys was 0.61 (standard deviation = 0.06). An elevation in the mean renal RI (>0.70) was found for the clinical diagnoses of acute renal failure and congenital dysplasia. When a RI of greater than 0.70 was considered abnormal, the sensitivity and specificity of the RI in determining normal vs, abnormal kidneys were 38% and 96% respectively.
HEPATIC ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH CANINE SURPERFICIAL NECROLYTIC DERMATITIS
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Barthez Paul Y. , Ortega Theresa M. , Davis Corrine R.
Published: May 2005

A unique, “honeycomb” pattern was found on ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver of 5 dogs with canine superficial necrolytic dermatitis (hepatocutaneous syndrome). This pattern consisted of variably‐sized, hypoechoic regions measuring 0.5–1.5 cm in diameter surrounded by highly echogenic borders. Histologically, the hypoechoic regions corresponded to distinct regenerative nodules bounded by severely vacuolated (fat‐laden) hepatocytes, numerous bile ductules, and a network of reticulin and fine collagen fibers representing remnants of collapsed hepatic lobules. While certain features of the architectural disruption were characteristic of cirrhosis, the lesion lacked the extensive fibrosis and reduced liver size usually associated with chronic cirrhosis. To our knowledge, this hepatic ultrasonographic pattern has only been seen with canine superficial necrolytic dermatitis. Therefore, it appears to be pathognomonic in a dog with questinable skin lesions. A liver biopsy is required to confirm the unique histopathologic features of the hepatopathy found in this syndrome.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE, FELINE AND EQUINE TONGUE: NORMAL FINDINGS AND CASE HISTORY REPORTS
Authors: Solano Mauricio , Penninck Dominique G.
Published: May 2005

A submental approach using a 5, 7.5 and 10 MHz mechanical sectorial transducers was used to evaluate the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal and abnormal canine, feline and equine tongue. Seven normal animals were used to characterize the in vivo normal ultrasonographic appearance of the oropharynx. Consistently seen anatomical landmarks included the lingual parenchyma, lingual artery, soft and hard palate interfaces, mandible, basihyoid bone and sublingual musculature. Seven fresh canine, feline and equine cadavers were dissected to confirm the ultrasonographic findings. Seven animals with signs of ptyalism, dysphagia, halitosis and visible lingual lesions were also studied. A foreign body and abscesses secondary to a penetrating wound were detected in a horse. Ultrasound guidance aided surgical dissection, removal of the foreign body and intraoperative drainage of the abscesses. Ultrasound provided valuable non‐invasive documentation of the architecture, size and margins of six lingual neoplasms. Ultrasonographic monitoring of the response to the treatment of lingual lesions may be beneficial in the management of patients.
QUANTITATIVE HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY WITH DECONVOLUTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR THE MEASUREMETN OF HEPATIC FUNCTION IN DOGS
Authors: Bahr Anne , Daniel Gregory B. , DeNovo Robert , Young Karen , Merryman Joyce L.
Published: May 2005

A nuclear medicine procedure that has been used for quantification of hepatocyte function in man is applied and validated in the dog. This procedure employs deconvolutional analysis of liver and heart time activity curves obtained following peripheral intravenous injection of hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical. The deconvolutional analysis simulates a bolus injection of the radiopharmaceutical into the afferent blood supple of the liver which permits the calculation of the hepatic extraction fraction. Hepatic extraction fraction is a measure of hepatocyte function. In this report, the deconvolutional analysis via fast Fourier transformations and subsequent calculation of hepatic extraction fraction is validated by direct afferent intravascular ijection of99mTc‐mebrofenin. The hepatic extraction fraction determined via deconvolutional analysis was found to be the same as the first pass hepatic extraction fraction determined via deconvolutional analysis was found to be the same as the first pass hepatic extraction fraction determined by direct mesenteric (portal) vein injection. The same results can be obtained in a sedated animal, making the technique clinically applicable. Thus hepatic extraction fraction, obtained from a perlpheral intravenous injection of99mTc‐mebrofenin, can provide a quatitative measure of hepatocyte function from a non‐invasive procedure. The quantitative ability to measure hepatocyte function has potential in many clinical and research situations.
THE LITERATURE OF VETERINARY IMAGING: THE ANALYSIS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
Authors: Raw Mary‐Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

250 veterinarians, including 143(57.7%) non‐radiologists, replied to a questionnaire on current literature of veterinary imaging. Veterinary Readiology & Ultrasound was considered the best overall journal, being chosen as first choice by 51.6% respondents. It was also judged to have the best photographic reproduction. No book was chosen as first choice by more than 18.4%. Three, Textbook of Diagnostic Radiology, Thrall; Diagnostic Radiology of the Dog & Cat, Kealy and Thoracic Radiography of the Dog & Cat, Suter & Lord, were chosen by 18.4%, 16.8% and 13.2% respondents respectively. Clinically orientated papers and review articles were the preferred contents of journlas. Experience of colleagues and journals were adjudged the best source of information on diagnostic imaging. Differences in results between radiologists and non‐radiologists were not great and geographic differences were few. Of the 112 respondents who had published papers on veterinary imaging, 30 (26.4%) were non‐radiologists.
EFFECTS OF LOW‐LEVEL EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND CONCERNS FOR VETERINARY WORKERS*
Authors: Widmer William R. , Shaw Stanley M. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The issue of biological effects caused by low‐level exposure to ionizing radiation (0.1Sv/yr or 10 rem) is a concern of veterinary radiologists, clinicians and radiotherapists. Cellular damge from ionizing radiation is mediated by injury to DNA, some of which can be repaired. The most important harmful effects attributed to low‐level exposure are carcinogenesis and mutation. Ionizing radiation may also cause embryonic and fetal damage, life span shortening and cataractogenesis. The estimated excess risk of mortality for all human cancers is 0.8% (800 deaths per 100,000) per 0.10 Sv of acute exposure; at low dose‐rates, risk is presumed to be less. Ionizing radiation increases the frequencey of spontaneous genic and chromosomal mutations in man and animals. Studies of atomic bomb survivors imply that at least 1 Sv would be needed to double the spontaneous mutation rate for acute exposure to low‐LET radiation. However, the doubling dose for chronic, low‐level exposure may be 4 Sv or more. The human embryo and fetus are sensitive to excessive doses of ionizing radiation, with mental retardation the main concern in the low dose range. Paradoxically, there is scientific evidence that in some instances, chronic low‐level exposure to ionizing radiation causes a beneficial or hormonic effect. For veterinary workers, occupational exposures appear to be well below the maximum permissible dose limit and the risk or probability of harmful effects is low if stringent radiation safety practices are maintained.
COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND SURGICAL FINDINGS IN NINE LARGE‐BREED DOGS WITH LUMBOSACRAL STENOSIS
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Sorjonen Donald C. , Simpson Stephen T. , Coates Joan R. , Lenz Stephen D. , Hathcock John T. , Agee Michelle W. , Bartels Jan E.
Published: May 2005

In a three‐year prospective study, computed tomographic (CT) and surgical findings were compared for nine large breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. Surgically‐excised tissue was examined histologically in seven dogs and additional necropsy evaluation was performed in one dog. The CT abnormalities observed at sites of confirmed cauda equina compression were: loss of epidural fat, increased soft tissue opacity, bulging of the intervertebral disc margin, spondylosis, thecal sac displacement, narrowed intervertebral foramen, narrowed vertebral canal, thickened articular process, articular process subluxation, articular process osteophyte, and telescoped sacral lamina. The CT characteristics of lumbosacral degenerative disease and discospondylitis were similar to those described in humans. In three dogs, CT findings at the site of cauda equina compression were consistent with congenital or developmental spinal stenosis, but the method of surgical exposure precluded confirmation. Epidural fibrosis (eight dogs) and multi‐level CT abnormalities (six dogs) were identified but the cause(s) and significance were unknown.
LOW FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF CRANIAL VAULT MENINGIOMAS IN 13 DOGS
Authors: Hathcock John T.
Published: May 2005

Meningiomas are common intracranial masses in the dog, and surgical or radiation treatment of meningiomas depends on accurate identification and location. In this review of 13 patients with confirmed meningioma, low field magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of cranial vault meningiomas included increased signal intensity on T2‐weighted images, decreased signal intensity on T1‐weighted images, and marked contrast enhancement that was usually nonhomogeneous and well‐defined. Mass effect and edema were usually present. Cyst formation and meningeal enhancement were also found in some patients. Low field magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the meningiomas in these patients were similar to those magnetic resonance imaging findings reported in humans and the few reports pertaining to animals.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CANINE INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA IN NORMAL STIFLES AND AFTER NOTCHPLASTY IN STABLE AND UNSTABLE STIFLES
Authors: Fitch Randall B. , Hathcock John T. , Montgomery Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

The role of the intercondylar fossa in cranial cruciate ligament injury has gained notable attention in humans and it's role is now being questioned in animals. Controversy exists regarding the accuracy of radiographs and computed tomography (CT) in evaluating the intercondylar fossa. This study compared radiographic and CT evaluation with gross evaluation of the intercondylar fossa. Six greyhounds were evaluated before notchplasty, immediately after notchplasty and 6 months after notchplasty in stable and unstable stifles. A fossa width index was used for comparison because it negates the effects of patient size and radiographic magnification. The fossa width index is calculated by dividing the width of the intercondylar fossa by the total condylar width.

The fossa width indices of dogs determined from radiographs and CT were not significantly different before notchplasty except for the cranial fossa width indices which were more inconsistent and tended to underestimate the size when compared to gross measurements. At six months, both stable and unstable stifles had refilling of the notchplasty, but the unstable stifles had significantly greater refilling resulting in no significant enlargement in intercondylar fossa size as compared to the prenotchplasty size. Osteophytes that occurred within the intercondylar fossa were less radiopaque and more easily visualized by computed tomography. Computed tomography provided several advantages, including clearer visualization of the intercondylar fossa, avoiding superimposition of the intercondylar fossa by caudal thigh muscles or tuber ischii and the ability to analyze the cranial and caudal components of the intercondylar fossa separately.
HEMANGIOMA OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN A COLT
Authors: Gelatt Kathleen J. , Neuwirth Lisa , Hawkins Dan L. , Woodard J. Carroll
Published: May 2005

A yearling Thoroughbred colt was admitted to the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine with severe, progressive lameness of the left forelimb. A centrally located expansile lytic lesion involving approximately 40% of the distal phalanx with a large associated vascular channel was identified by radiography. Increased vascular phase pooling, increased soft tissue phase uptake, and a photopenic area on bone phase images corresponding to the lytic lesion within the left distal phalanx were identified by vascular, soft tissue, and bone phases of a three phase bone scan, respectively. Contrast medium accumulation and disappearance in dilated vessels within the lesion was apparent angiographically. The colt was euthanized and the histologic diagnosis was hemangioma of the distal phalanx with a pathologic fracture.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN DOGS: RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

The aims of this study were to determine if accurate diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunt was possible using two dimensional, grey‐scale ultrasonography, duplex‐Doppler, and color‐flow Doppler ultrasonography in combination, and to determine if dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts have increased or variable mean portal blood flow velocity. Eighty‐two dogs with clinical and/or clinicopathologic signs compatible with portosystemic shunting were examined prospectively. Diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunt was subsequently confirmed in 38 of these dogs using operative mesenteric portography: 14(37%) dogs had an intrahepatic shunt and 24(63%) had an extrahepatic shunt. Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 98%, and accuracy of 94%. Ultrasonographic signs in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts included small liver, reduced visibility of intrahepatic portal vessels, and anomalous blood vessel draining into the caudal vena cava. Correct determination of intra ‐ versus extrahepatic shunt was made ultrasonographically in 35/38 (92%) dogs. Increased and/or variable portal blood flow velocity was present in 21/30 (70%) dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. In one dog with an intrahepatic shunt the ultrasonographic diagnosis was based partly on finding increased mean portal blood flow velocity because the shunting vessel was not visible. Detection of the shunting vessel and placement of duplex‐Doppler sample volumes were facilitated by use of color‐flow Doppler. Two‐dimensional, grey‐scale ultrasonography alone is sufficient to detect most intrahepatic and extrahepatic shunts; sensitivity is increased by additional use of duplex‐Doppler and color‐flow Doppler. Increased and/or variable portal blood flow velocity occurs in the majority of dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF URETHRAL TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA IN TEN DOGS
Authors: Hanson Jennifer A , Tidwell Amy S.
Published: May 2005

The mucosal margin of the urethra is best assessed by positive contrast urethrography, but ultrasonography offers complementary information such as urethral wall thickness and size of medial iliac lymph nodes. Ultrasonography of the urethra is quick, noninvasive and does not require sedation or general anesthesia. In patients with complete urethral obstruction, ultrasonography may be the only way to image the urethra. Twelve dogs which were presented to Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine with clinical signs referable to the urinary bladder, urethra or vagina were examined ultrasonographically. Seven were neutered females and five were neutered males. Each dog had a hyperechoic, nonshadowing line at the epithelial surface of the proximal urethra. In the seven female patients and one of the males, the urethral wall was also thick and hypoechoic to surrounding tissue. In the other males, the urethral epithelial changes were at the level of the prostate, and the limits of the urethra were not visible. In six dogs, the urethral change was the only abnormality seen, while in six, bladder wall, bladder luminal and/or prostatic parenchymal changes were also detected. Three patients had hydronephrosis, and one had enlarged medial iliac lyumph nodes. Biopsies were obtained via suction with urinary catheterization (n = 6), exploratory celiotomy (n = 3), urethroscopy (n = 2), or at post‐mortem (n = 1). A histopathologic diagnosis of urethral transitional cell carcinoma was obtained in ten dogs. The ultrasonographic appearance was not pathognomonic for transitional cell carcinoma, as one dog with transitional cell dysplasia and one dog with severe ulcerative and necrosupperative cystitis and urethral stricture had similar findings.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES DURING WALLERIAN DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION FOLLOWING TRANSECTION
Authors: Hudson J.A. , Steiss J.E. , Braund K.G. , Toivio‐Kinnucan M.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography was performed on sciatic, tibial and/or peroneal nerves and interosseous muscles in 7 dogs using a ultrasound machine with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. A tibial nerve was transected near the distal aspect of the bellies of the gastroenemius muscle. Serial neurologic examinations, electromyography, and ultrasonography were performed before and after surgery. Dogs were euthanized at variable intervals and histopathology performed on nerve samples. In sagittal images, normal nerves had hyperechoic walls with multiple internal linear echoes. In transverse images, the nerves were round or oval hyperechoic structures with internal punctate echoes. After transection, the proximal stump was consistently seen whereas the distal stump and nerve were harder to identify. Neuromas were present in all 5 dogs followed beyond 2 days and appeared as hypoechoic bulbous swellings most apparent at 3 weeks after surgery. Only 1 dog developed a neuroma large enough to be considered of potential clinical significance. Four dogs were followed beyond 2 months. Regeneration was evidenced by a steady growth of nerve with an irregular outline (2 dogs) or by a knobby connection between the proximal and distal stumps (1 dog). Regeneration was not detected in 1 dog.
ASSESSMENT OF OVARIAN CHANGES AROUND OVULATION IN BITCHES BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY, LAPAROSCOPY AND HORMONAL ASSAYS
Authors: Silva Lúcia D.M. , Onclin Karine , Verstegen John P.
Published: May 2005

To identify the time characteristics of ovulation, 5 bitches were evaluated during heat by ultrasonography, laparoscopy and hormonal assay. Blood collections for progesterone and oestradiol 17‐β assys and ultrasonography were performed every day and laparoscopy every other day. At ultrasonography, ovaries appeared as anechoic structures about 5 days before the estimated LH peak and gradually increased in size. The greatest changes were observed between days 2 and 4 post‐LH peak: echogenicity varied greatly from one animal to another and from one day to the following going from totally anechoic to mixed hypo and hyperechogenicity. Then from day 6, ovaries always appeared as hypoechoic structures assimilated to corpora lutea. At laproscopy, small follicies were seen as early as day 10 before the LH peak. Their size slowly increased to become large protubering follicies around the day of LH peak (day 0). At day 1, corpra luta were observed for the first time and were present in all animals by day 5. During that period preceeding day 5, some ovaries had both corpora lutea and follicies clearly visible on their surface. In one animal, haemorrhagic foci were observed at day 3. Neither ultrasonography, nor laparoscopy allowed precise determination of the time of ovulation. Indeed, follicle collapses was never observed, but changes in echogenicity and in the appearance of the ovaries observed by laparoscopy, suggested that ovulation occurred between days 2 and 4 when progestrone concentrations were 12.6 ± 6.2 and 32.1 ± 10.9 nmol/L, respectively.
RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL, METACARPAL AND METATARSAL TUMORS, AND PODODERMATITIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Voges Andra K. , Neuwirth Lisa , Thompson James P. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Fifty‐two of digital, metacarpal or metatarsal canine tumors and 48 pododermatitis lesions were reviewed retrospectively. The tumors were divided into 42 malignant neoplasms, 6 benign neoplasms and 4 non‐neoplastic tumor‐like growths. The distribution and radiographic changes of the lesions associated with the tumors and inflammation were compared. Pododermatitis and benign processes could not be radiographically differentiated from malignant neoplasms of the foot; however, lesions exhibiting osteolysis were more likely (p < 0.05) to be associated with malignant neoplasms.
GASTRIC EMPTYING OF SOLID RADIOPAQUE MARKERS IN HEALTHY DOGS
Authors: Allan Frazer J. , Guilford W. Grant , Robertson Ian D. , Jones Boyd R.
Published: May 2005

The gastric emptying of 1.5 mm diameter (small) and 5.0 mm diameter (large) radiopaque markers (BIPS) was assessed in 20 dogs. The markers were fed to the dogs in a test meal and abdominal radiographs were made hourly thereafter. Studies were repeated three times in each dog. The variation between two veterinarians interpreting the radiographs was low. The sex, age and day of the study did not have a significant effect on the lag phase or the time taken to empty 25%, 50% and 75% of the markers (T25, T50and T75respectively). There was a weak but significant positive correlation between the body weight and T50. There was no significant difference in gastric emptying parameters between the large and small markers.

The mean gastric emptying versus time curve of the small markers on day one was chosen to represent the reference curve for healthy dogs. The lag phase of the small markers on day one was 2.45 ± 2.04 hours, the T25was 4.85 ± 2.15 hours, the T50was 6.05 ± 2.99 hours and the T75was 8.32 ± 2.72 hours (mean ± SD).
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF BRAIN INFARCTION IN SEVEN DOGS
Authors: Thomas William B. , Sorjonen Donald C. , Scheuler Ronald O. , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in seven dogs with histopathologically‐confirmed brain infarcts. The infarcts were non‐hemorrhagic in four dogs and hemorrhagic in three dogs. Six dogs had single infarcts involving the cerebrum and one dog had multiple infarcts involving the cerebrum and brain stem. Non‐hemorrhagic infarcts were typically wedge‐shaped, hypointense on T1‐weighted images, hyperintense on T2‐weighted images, and did not enhance with gadolinium‐DTPA. Hemorrhagic infarcts had mixed intensity on T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, with variable patterns of enhancement.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF A NORMAL VARIANT OF THE CANINE TENTORIUM CEREBELLI OSSEUM
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Berry Clifford R. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

A nine‐year‐old German Shepherd dog presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at North Carolina State University with an eleven‐day history of progressive depression, lethargy, inability to walk, blindness and intermittent vomiting. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain was unremarkable; however, bilateral regions of low photon absorption were noted within the tentorium cerebelli osseum. Mean CT numbers of −47.9 Hounsfield units (HU) and −26.4 HU were recorded within the left and right areas, respectively. These areas most likely represent diploë and are presumably a normal variant of the canine skull. A possible explanation for this finding includes a developmental variant where the medial and lateral plates of the tentorium cerebelli osseum fail to fuse, thus leaving a space for diploë accumulation. Use of various combinations of CT windows and numbers can be valuable for characterizing such variants.