bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dead or alive — Old empty shells do not prompt false‐positive results in environmental DNA surveys targeting the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.)
Authors: Rasmussen Jes Jessen , Andersen Liselotte Wesley , Johnsen Trine Just , Thaulow Jens , d'Auriac Marc Anglès , Thomsen Søren Nøhr , Hesselsøe Martin
Published: August 2021

Environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples is increasingly used to detect the presence and distribution of species in aquatic ecosystems. However, before implementing eDNA in monitoring programmes, various species‐specific sampling or analytical issues remain to be resolved in order to minimize frequencies of false‐positive and ‐negative results. For example, empty shells from freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) contain extractable DNA (chemical extraction from ground‐up shells) suggesting a risk of false‐positive samples at stream sites with extinct populations but with empty shell material remaining.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether empty and naturally degrading shells from M. margaritifera can cause false‐positive eDNA signals in water samples.

Water samples were collected from outdoor stream channels (in Lemming, Denmark) with living freshwater pearl mussels or empty shell material (density ~10 individuals m−2) during a 3‐week experimental period. Living freshwater pearl mussels were collected from Hemgravs stream in Sweden and transported to Denmark according to permissions granted by the Swedish and Danish authorities.

All water samples from stream channels containing empty shells were negative for eDNA indicating that eDNA traces in stream water are most likely to originate from living individuals located upstream of the sampling site. Water samples collected from stream channels containing living individuals of M. margaritifera were consistently positive for eDNA except for one sample (interpreted as a false negative).

The study shows that positive eDNA signals for freshwater pearl mussels most likely reflect the presence of living individuals. Consequently, we suggest that eDNA should be used to locate remaining population fragments of M. margaritifera in deep and turbulent streams, providing a platform for faster and more efficient decision making when launching investigative and mitigation initiatives.
Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: A population‐based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Lei Shaoyuan , Zheng Rongshou , Zhang Siwei , Wang Shaoming , Chen Ru , Sun Kexin , Zeng Hongmei , Zhou Jiachen , Wei Wenqiang
Published: August 2021

Background

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide but has patterns and trends which vary in different countries. This study aimed to evaluate the global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality and analyze its temporal trends for breast cancer prevention and control.

Methods

Breast cancer incidence and mortality data in 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN online database. Continued data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Time Trends, the International Agency for Research on cancer mortality and China National Central Cancer Registry were used to analyze the time trends from 2000 to 2015 through Joinpoint regression, and annual average percent changes of breast cancer incidence and mortality were calculated. Association between Human Development Index and breast cancer incidence and mortality were estimated by linear regression.

Results

There were approximately 2.3 million new breast cancer cases and 685,000 breast cancer deaths worldwide in 2020. Its incidence and mortality varied among countries, with the age‐standardized incidence ranging from the highest of 112.3 per 100,000 population in Belgium to the lowest of 35.8 per 100,000 population in Iran, and the age‐standardized mortality from the highest of 41.0 per 100,000 population in Fiji to the lowest of 6.4 per 100,000 population in South Korea. The peak age of breast cancer in some Asian and African countries were over 10 years earlier than in European or American countries. As for the trends of breast cancer, the age‐standardized incidence rates significantly increased in China and South Korea but decreased in the United States of America (USA) during 2000‐2012. Meanwhile, the age‐standardized mortality rates significantly increased in China and South Korea but decreased in the United Kingdom, the USA, and Australia during 2000 and 2015.

Conclusions

The global burden of breast cancer is rising fast and varies greatly among countries. The incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer increased rapidly in China and South Korea but decreased in the USA. Increased health awareness, effective prevention strategies, and improved access to medical treatment are extremely important to curb the snowballing breast cancer burden, especially in the most affected countries.
Can digital innovation be helpful to counselling and psychotherapy in low‐ and middle‐income countries? The case of Ghana
Authors: Okyere‐Twum Ernest
Published: August 2021

The delivery of psychotherapy and counselling through digital innovation has become an expanding medium, reaching many patients. Today, technological knowledge is crucial for every profession and sector, especially in this era of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

The aim of this study was to review and synthesise key literature on how technologically mediated therapy (TMT) can be used to address the challenges around mental health and well‐being within low‐ and middle‐income countries like Ghana.

This is a narrative literature review that analysed literature pertaining to mental health and well‐being in Ghana. Two hundred and twenty‐three (223) articles were consulted. Of these, 70 articles were retained to respond to the aim of the review. The selection and extraction of data were based on the following criteria—the quality of reportage, the robustness of study design and the reliability and validity of data collected.

Research shows that TMT offers an effective alternative approach in dealing with mental health and well‐being challenges. Instead of the traditional face‐to‐face intervention, TMT has the capacity to reach a greater proportion of a population, ensure the dissemination of large amounts of health information and support the mental health workforce. These were chosen as key themes and discussed in line with key literature that addresses the review's objective.

In summary, TMT has the capacity to meet Ghana's mental health needs. Implementing the findings will require, amongst other things, the ethical responsibility of counsellors and psychotherapists to safeguard confidential information shared by patients.
B4GALNT2 Controls Sda and SLex Antigen Biosynthesis in Healthy and Cancer Human Colon
Authors: Groux‐Degroote Sophie , Vicogne Dorothée , Cogez Virginie , Schulz Céline , Harduin‐Lepers Anne
Published: August 2021

The Sda carbohydrate antigen and the corresponding biosynthetic enzyme B4GALNT2 are primarily expressed in human normal colonic mucosa and are down‐regulated to variable degrees in colon cancer. On the other hand, the tumor associated antigen SLex is not detected in the healthy colon and is upregulated in colon cancer. High level of B4GALNT2 gene expression appears to be a good marker of prognosis in colon cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating these carbohydrate antigens’ expression are still poorly understood. We review here the most recent progress made towards understanding this balanced expression of blood group carbohydrate epitopes Sda and SLex. In particular in recent years, we have attained a better understanding of genetic and epigenetic regulation of the B4GALNT2 gene and of the subcellular fate of B4GALNT2 isoforms.
Rituximab‐induced acute lympholysis and pancytopenia after COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Leung Victoria S. , Lin Yuankai
Published: August 2021

Rituximab and COVID‐19 vaccine can cause massive hyperacute depletion of B cells and plasma cells, as well as subsequent cytokine release syndrome, coagulopathy, and pancytopenia. These effects differ from the adverse effects that have been reported for rituximab, and new guidelines regarding the timing of rituximab infusion and vaccination are urgently needed.
Favipiravir‐induced nephrotoxicity in a patient with COVID‐19: A case report
Authors: Abdelbary Asmaa A. , Alharafsheh Ahmad E. , Ahmed Afif , Nashwan Abdulqadir J.
Published: August 2021

This report describes a case of 45 years old male patient who tested positive for COVID‐19 presented to the emergency department on March 2021 complaining of fever, cough, runny nose, and shortness of breath. The patient denied any history of nausea or diarrhea who has eventually developed favipiravir‐induced nephrotoxicity.
Progressive abdominal pain in a 63‐year‐old man
Authors: Zdanyte Monika , Witzel Katja , Rath Dominik , Grözinger Gerd , Kreißelmeier Klaus‐Peter , Hoffmann Rüdiger , Gawaz Meinrad
Published: August 2021

50%–60% of patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia suffer from concomitant cardiovascular disease. We therefore suggest an extensive diagnostic screening to detect coronary artery and peripheral arterial disease in these patients.
Intestinal stenosis of Garré following emergency ventral hernia repair
Authors: Padgett Bethany , Gurung Deborah , Seretis Charalampos , Selvam Lourdusamy
Published: August 2021

Intestinal stenosis of Garré can occur as a result of prolonged ischemia after all types of hernia surgery.
Cesarean section scar pregnancy: Challenges in choosing treatment approach
Authors: Ahmed Huda Elfadil Faki , Bako Abdulmalik
Published: August 2021

Choosing a treatment approach of Cesarean section scar pregnancy is challenging and requires making women aware of material risks inherent in the different approaches that they perceive as having potential impact on their live or quality of life.
Bilateral juxtapapillary choroidal neovascularization secondary to Birdshot chorioretinopathy—case report
Authors: Vidas Pauk Sania , Vukojević Nenad , Jandroković Sonja , Kalauz Miro , Tomić Martina , Masnec Sanja , Škegro Ivan , Mrazovac Zimak Danijela
Published: August 2021

Central vision loss, photopsia, floaters, and macular edema in a highly myopic patient can easily be misinterpreted as high myopia complications. In atypical cases, detailed examination and a thorough diagnostic workup are required to establish the proper diagnosis, which is often beyond the scope of diagnoses initially considered.
Non‐traumatic myositis ossificans of the Right masseter muscle: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sharifi Reza , Kamali Hakim Lotfollah , Hasani Mehraban Saeed , Asadi Amirali
Published: August 2021

Myositis ossificans (MO) is a rare disease in which ossification develops in the muscle or soft tissue. MO traumatica is recognized by ossification of the soft tissues after acute or repetitive trauma, burns, or surgical procedures. It usually involves the extremity muscles. In the head and neck region, the masseter is most commonly involved in MO traumatica. Surgical resection of the ossified tissue has been the most commonly used treatment for this disorder, with a high postoperative recurrence rate. We report a case of non‐traumatic MO of the Masseter muscle with different size round calcifications and to review the literature reported data about MO traumatica involving the masseter muscle.
Non‐dissecting large thoracic aortic aneurysm leading to chronic aortic insufficiency presenting as acute heart failure
Authors: Bae Ju Young , Teng Catherine , Hussein Khalil I. , Steinhardt Meyer J. , Howes Christopher
Published: August 2021

Large, non‐dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) up to 13 cm in size are typically found in elderly patients with non‐specific respiratory symptoms yet must be detected quickly due to their mortality risk. We present a 31‐year‐old man with exertional dyspnea secondary to aortic insufficiency from a 9.4 cm TAA.
Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and Hepatitis C—a case report and literature review
Authors: Adil Mohammad , Jensen‐Fangel Søren , Gammelgaard Lise , Petersen Thor
Published: August 2021

Tractopathy lesions in the spinal cord associated with HCV infection, which normalized on MRI after antiviral treatment, are described. These specific MRI findings can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of secondary causes of transverse myelitis.
Developmental outcomes in a child with corpus callosum abnormalities and congenital heart disease after Cuevas Medek Exercises: A case report
Authors: Ramires de Oliveira Gabriela , Fabris Vidal Marcelo
Published: August 2021

Cuevas Medek Exercises (CME) stimulate active exercises, minimize handlings, and harness scientific parameters to promote neuroplasticity, shifting paradigms in pediatric rehabilitation. Distinct CME protocols had positive outcomes in a child with corpus callosum abnormalities and comorbidities indicating its potential as a research topic and in treating developmental motor delays.
Thrombocytopenia secondary to acute appendicitis: A case report
Authors: Poudel Deechit , Poudel Diptee , Bhatta Naveen Chandra , Sharma Deepak
Published: August 2021

Thrombocytopenia is a rare but possible complication of appendicitis and, if severe, might be a contraindication to appendectomy.
Recurrent pneumonia with persistent peripheral eosinophilia: Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Authors: Wolfley Graey , Essien Francis , Untisz John
Published: August 2021

Although ICEP is an exceptionally rare disease, it is potentially overlooked and misdiagnosed. This case highlights the importance of peripheral eosinophilia in raising suspicion for ICEP. Without treatment, majority of patients fail to improve.
Left atrial intramural hematoma after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Takaki Jun , Yoshinaga Takashi , Nishigawa Kosaku , Okamoto Ken , Fukui Toshihiro
Published: August 2021

Left atrial intramural hematoma is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. The combination treatment with surgery and interventional therapy is one of therapeutic options.
Nano‐MOF‐5 (Zn) Derived Porous Carbon as Support Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Nivetha Ravi , Gothandapani Kannan , Raghavan Vimala , Van Le Quyet , Pitchaimuthu Sudhagar , Muthuramamoorty Muthumareeswaran , Pandiaraj Saravanan , Alodhayb Abdullah , Kwan Jeong Soon , Nirmala Grace Andrews
Published: August 2021

The design of an efficient electrocatalyst with controlled morphology and structural characteristics remain a challenging task for advanced electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein a simple method is utilized to improve the HER activity by introducing Fe/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles supported on highly porous carbon (PC) viz. one step carbonization of Nano‐MOF‐5(Zn) as precursor (metal organic framework). The as prepared Nano MOF‐5(Zn), Fe/Pt−PC and PC derived from MOF were characterized by various techniques like X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, BET (nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The developed Fe−Pt/PC exhibits an optimal HER performance with low overpotential (85.4 mV) and a Tafel slope of 42.4 mV dec−1. The electrochemical results show that the developed material provides a viable approach for developing inexpensive Pt‐based catalyst for HER.
Acid‐Base and Anion Binding Properties of Tetrafluorinated 1,3‐Benzodiazole, 1,2,3‐Benzotriazole and 2,1,3‐Benzoselenadiazole
Authors: Parman Elisabeth , Lõkov Märt , Järviste Robert , Tshepelevitsh Sofja , Semenov Nikolay A. , Chulanova Elena A. , Salnikov Georgy E. , Prima Darya O. , Slizhov Yuri G. , Leito Ivo , Zibarev Andrey V.
Published: August 2021

The influence of fluorination on the acid‐base properties and the capacity of structurally related 6–5 bicyclic compounds – 1,3‐benzodiazole 1, 1,2,3‐benzotriazole 2 and 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole 3 to σ‐hole interactions, i. e. hydrogen (1 and 2) and chalcogen (3) bondings, is studied experimentally and computationally. The tetrafluorination increases the Brønsted acidity of the diazole and triazole scaffolds and the Lewis acidity of selenadiazole scaffold decreases the basicity. Increased Brønsted acidity facilitates anion binding via the formation of hydrogen bonds; particularly, tetrafluorinated derivative of 1 (compound 4) binds Cl−. Increased Lewis acidity of tetrafluorinated derivative of 3 (compound 10), however, is not enough for binding with Cl− and F− via chalcogen bonds in contrast to previously studied Te analog of 10. It is suggested that the maximum positive values of molecular electrostatic potential at the σ‐holes, VS,max, can be a reasonable metric for design and synthesis of new anion receptors with selenadiazole‐diazole/triazole hybrids as a special target. Related chlorinated compounds are also discussed.
Analysis of Radiation‐Induced Changes in Cell Cycle and DNA Damage of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Multi‐Color Flow Cytometry
Authors: Majumdar Debajyoti , Pietras Eric M. , Pawar Snehalata A.
Published: August 2021

Exposure of bone marrow to genotoxic stress such as ionizing radiation (IR) results in a rapid decline of peripheral blood cells and stimulates entry of the normally quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the cell cycle to reconstitute the hematopoietic system. While several protocols have employed flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow cells to study changes in specific cell populations with respect to cell cycle proliferation and/or expression of γ‐H2AX, a marker of DNA damage, these parameters were examined in separate panels. Here, we describe a flow cytometry‐based method specifically designed to examine cell cycle distribution using Ki‐67 and FXCycle violet in combination with γ‐H2AX in HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) within the same sample. This method is very useful, particularly in studies involving genotoxic stresses such as IR, which substantially reduce the absolute numbers of HSCs and HPCs available for staining. Additionally, we describe several important considerations for the analysis of markers of HSCs in irradiated versus unirradiated samples. Examples include the use of fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls, the gating strategy for markers whose expression is typically impacted by IR such as Sca1, tips for staining of intracellular antigens like Ki67, and ensuring the detection of signal from at least 500 events in each gate to ensure robustness of the results. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Immunostaining protocol for bone marrow mononuclear cells using a multi‐fluorophore panel
Long‐term development of species richness in a central European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest affected by windthrow—Support for the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?
Authors: Meyer Peter , Schmidt Marcus , Feldmann Eike , Willig Jürgen , Larkin Robert
Published: August 2021

On the basis of long‐term surveys of permanent plots and traps, we examined the communities of saproxylic beetles, fungi, herbs, and trees on an untreated 22 ha large beech forest windthrow and asked whether the results lend support to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). We studied species richness and the similarity of community composition. Additionally, we grouped species by their frequency trend over time to successional model types to examine whether, corresponding to the IDH, the diversity of these groups explained peak richness at intermediate intervals after the disturbance. In line with the IDH, species richness showed a hump‐backed temporal course for alpha and gamma diversity. We found evidence for a linear succession directly after the disturbance. This, however, did not continue, and in all species groups, a partial recovery of the initial community was observed. In the case of fungi, herbs, and trees, but not for saproxylic beetles, alpha diversity was driven by the diversity of the successional model types. Our results underline that the mechanisms driving species richness after disturbances are more complex than the IDH suggests and that these mechanisms vary with species group. We assumed that, besides competition, legacy effects, facilitation, habitat heterogeneity, and random saturation of the species pool are important. In case of trees and herbs, we found indications for strong legacy and competition effects. For fungi and beetles, substrate heterogeneity and microclimate were assumed to be important. We concluded that disturbances contribute to increasing species richness not only by reducing the effectiveness of competitors but also by increasing the amount and diversity of resources, as well as their rate of change over time.
Writing mathematical ecology: A guide for authors and readers
Authors: Shoemaker Lauren G. , Walter Jonathan A. , Gherardi Laureano A. , DeSiervo Melissa H. , Wisnoski Nathan I.
Published: August 2021

Mathematical techniques have a long and rich history in ecology, often serving as a virtual laboratory to test hypotheses, generate novel predictions, and investigate underlying ecological mechanisms. Recently, novel simulation techniques, advances in computing power, and numerical methods for implementing statistical models have significantly advanced our ability to integrate empirical and theoretical ecology. However, a divide still remains between mathematical and empirical studies, their readership, and integration into the broader literature. Because insights from mathematical ecology are far more general than the techniques employed, limitations in communicating mathematical advances to a broad spectrum of ecologists have arguably hindered ecology's progress, particularly in confronting theoretical predictions with empirical experiments and data. Here, we present a guide for both authors and readers of mathematical ecology, with the aim of increasing the accessibility of mathematical ecology for a broad group of ecologists. We provide a list of best practices when both writing and reading mathematical ecology, incorporating examples from this Special Feature of Ecosphere. This guide complements current guides for writing science, focusing specifically on effective communication of mathematics.
Influences of land use and ecological variables on trematode prevalence and intensity at the salt marsh‐upland ecotone
Authors: Gehman Alyssa‐Lois M. , Mahaffey Morgan , Byers James E.
Published: August 2021

Human‐altered shorelines make up approximately 14% of the coastline in the United States, with consequences for marsh ecosystems ranging from altered physical and biological variables, to direct loss of intertidal marsh habitat, to diminished land–sea connectivity. Trophically transmitted parasites that require connectivity between upland host species and marsh host species to complete their complex lifecycles could be particularly sensitive to the effects of shoreline alterations. They can additionally respond to gradients in natural physical and biological factors, including the host communities, that are often sharp at the land–sea ecotone. Across 27 salt marshes over 45 km, we evaluated the effects of environmental variables and three types of land use (undeveloped; single‐house adjacent to the marsh with small‐scale shoreline armoring; and single‐house adjacent to the marsh without shoreline armoring), on infection prevalence and intensity of the trematode Microphallus basodactylophallus in its second intermediate crab host, Minuca pugnax. The first intermediate hosts of M. basodactylophallus are Hydrobiid snail species that are obligate marsh residents, while the definitive hosts are terrestrial rodents and raccoons. Thus, trematode transmission must depend on cross‐boundary movement by the definitive hosts. We found that although there was a trend of lower infection prevalence at undeveloped forested sites, there was no significant effect of adjacent land development on infection prevalence or intensity. Instead host, biotic and abiotic factors were correlated with infection; namely, larger M. pugnax had higher prevalence and intensity of M. basodactylophallus, and higher soil moisture and lower density of the ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) were associated with increased M. basodactylophallus prevalence. The small, indirect influence of upland development suggests that movement of definite hosts across the ecotone may be largely unaffected. Further, the robust trematode levels signify the ecosystem and the species interactions, upon which its complex lifecycle depends, are largely intact.
Time‐varying trend models for forecasting inflation in Australia
Authors: Guo Na , Zhang Bo , Cross Jamie L.
Published: August 2021

We investigate whether a class of trend models, which decompose a time series into an underlying trend and transitory component, with various error term structures can improve upon the forecast performance of commonly used time series models when forecasting consumer price index (CPI) inflation in Australia. The main result is that trend models tend to provide more accurate point and density forecasts at medium to long forecasting horizons compared with conventional autoregressive and Phillips curve models. The best medium‐term point forecasts come from a trend model with stochastic volatility in the transitory component and that with a moving average component, whereas long‐run point forecasts are better made by trend models with stochastic volatilities and a moving average component. In a full sample study, we also find that trend models can capture various dynamics in periods of significance to the Australian economy which conventional models cannot. This includes the dramatic reduction in inflation when the RBA adopted inflation targeting, a one‐off 10% Goods and Services Tax inflationary episode in 2000, and then gradually decline in inflation since 2014.
Spatial beta‐convergence forecasting models: Evidence from municipal homicide rates in Colombia
Authors: Santos‐Marquez Felipe
Published: August 2021

The forecasting power of different methods is tested utilizing crime data for 1120 inland municipalities in Colombia. Using data from 2003 to 2018, five different forecasting methods are used: ETS, ARIMA, STAR, a classical beta convergence based model, and a spatial beta convergence model. First, it is shown that overall municipal crime disparities are steadily decreasing over time. This indicates that convergence and spatial effects are pivotal for the study of the dynamics of crime in Colombian municipalities. Time series cross‐validation for 4‐year ahead forecasts is implemented to assess the accuracy of all models. It is found that the STAR and the beta models have the lowest root mean squared errors. Therefore, as time goes by, space appears to play a more important role in the evolution of homicide rates. The paper concludes with some policy implications in terms of spatial effects and the mitigation of crime.
Influence of fermentation time on proximate composition and microbial loads of Enset, (Ensete ventricosum), sampled from two different agroecological districts
Authors: Desta Derese Tamiru , Kelikay Gezhagn Nigusse , Zekwos Meskelu , Eshete Mesfin , Reda Hailu Hailemariam , Alemayehu Fikadu Reta , Zula Aemiro Tadesse
Published: August 2021

In southern Ethiopian households, kocho is one of the staple foods which can be kept longer and fermented naturally using locally prepared pits, but evidence about the influences of fermentation of kocho at a different time and agroecology on proximate compositions and microbial loads are limited. Fermented kocho samples at different fermentation times were collected from highland and midland districts of Sidama region of Ethiopia. The standard procedure of AOAC (2005) method was followed. Four microbiological load analyses were conducted. Factorial analysis using JMP 13 was conducted. Across the fermentation time, total carbohydrate, ash, crude protein, and crude fat ranged 36%–40%, 1.9%–3.2%, 3%–4.3%, and 0.1%–0.3%, respectively. The highest total ash content was observed in week one of fermentation both in midland and highland samples. However, in midland, the increment of fermentation time showed a reduction of total ash percentage. Crude protein and fat were observed similar both in midland and highland (p > .05). The titrable acidity of Kocho varied from 0.16% to 0.22%. It was shown that it increased in the first three months of fermentation. It was also found to be increased as the fermentation time is increasing. Aerobic mesophilic, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and mold were highly observed in Kocho as compared to Enterobacteriaceae. The loads varied across the fermentation time. Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and mold count of Kocho decreased with increased fermentation time. In conclusion, agroecology did not affect crude protein percentage as the fermentation time is increased. However, it was shown that fermentation increases protein and fat percentages. The increment of the acidic contents may also suppress the microbial growth for better food safety of kocho products.
Evidence for glutamine synthetase function in mouse spinal cord oligodendrocytes
Authors: Ben Haim Lucile , Schirmer Lucas , Zulji Amel , Sabeur Khalida , Tiret Brice , Ribon Matthieu , Chang Sandra , Lamers Wouter H. , Boillée Séverine , Chaumeil Myriam M. , Rowitch David H.
Published: August 2021

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme that metabolizes glutamate into glutamine. While GS is highly enriched in astrocytes, expression in other glial lineages has been noted. Using a combination of reporter mice and cell type‐specific markers, we show that GS is expressed in myelinating oligodendrocytes (OL) but not oligodendrocyte progenitor cells of the mouse and human ventral spinal cord. To investigate the role of GS in mature OL, we used a conditional knockout (cKO) approach to selectively delete GS‐encoding gene (Glul) in OL, which caused a significant decrease in glutamine levels on mouse spinal cord extracts. GS cKO mice (CNP‐cre+:Glulfl/fl) showed no differences in motor neuron numbers, size or axon density; OL differentiation and myelination in the ventral spinal cord was normal up to 6 months of age. Interestingly, GS cKO mice showed a transient and specific decrease in peak force while locomotion and motor coordination remained unaffected. Last, GS expression in OL was increased in chronic pathological conditions in both mouse and humans. We found a disease‐stage dependent increase of OL expressing GS in the ventral spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, we showed that GLUL transcripts levels were increased in OL in leukocortical tissue from multiple sclerosis but not control patients. These findings provide evidence towards OL‐encoded GS function in spinal cord sensorimotor axis, which is dysregulated in chronic neurological diseases.
Physical activity and disordered eating behaviours: Are Caribbean adolescents at risk?
Authors: Harrison Abigail N. , Rocke Kern D. , James Bateman Caryl , Bateman Andre , Chang Susan M.
Published: August 2021

Excessive physical activity (PA) has been linked to increased risk for disordered eating behaviours and eating disorders. This study investigates the relationship between PA and disordered eating behaviours and attitudes (DEBAs) among Jamaican adolescents. This cross‐sectional study included 521 adolescents, 12–19 years. Anthropometric measurements were collected, and adolescents completed questionnaires on disordered eating behaviours (EAT‐26), physical activity, self‐esteem and affect. Associations were assessed using sex‐specific mixed‐effect linear and logistic regression models. Participants reported exercising an average of 3 days per week. Adolescents who exercised for a longer duration had greater odds of having elevated EAT‐26 scores (at least 1 hour‐OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.03, 4.06; p = .042), while a higher exercise frequency among males (3–5 days per week) was protective against DEBAs (OR 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16, 0.88; p = .025). Female adolescents reported higher prevalence of elevated EAT‐26 scores than males (p < .01). Increased negative affect increased odds of an elevated EAT‐26 score. Exercise duration and frequency play a role in disordered eating behaviours in Jamaican adolescents and vary by gender. Our findings have implications for weight management interventions and policies, encouraging healthcare providers to monitor PA levels as well as negative affect in adolescents who display disordered eating behaviours.
Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: An analysis of the effects of remission status and comorbidity on mother‐infant emotional availability in the perinatal period
Authors: Aran Pavitra , Lewis Andrew , Watson Stuart , Galbally Megan
Published: August 2021

Background

The effects of maternal depression on mother‐infant relationship quality likely vary according to depression heterogeneity. We investigated the effects of different presentations of major depression on mother‐infant emotional availability (EA).

Methods

Data were obtained from 115 mother‐infant dyads from a longitudinal pregnancy cohort. Disorders, symptoms, and antidepressant use were assessed in pregnancy and postpartum, and EA was observed 6‐month postpartum. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM‐5. A series of multivariate analyses of covariance analyses' examining the effects of disorder on EA were conducted.

Results

After controlling for maternal age, antidepressant use, and postpartum depressive symptoms, MDD accounted for 20% of the variance in EA. In the MDD/GAD group, 93% of interactions were rated as emotionally unavailable, nearly threefold the comparison group rate.

Conclusions

Findings demonstrate that different presentations of major depression are associated with observed differences in mother‐infant EA.
What Sources Are Natural Resource Managers Using to Make Decisions?
Authors: Barrett Kyle , Rodriguez Shari L.
Published: August 2021

Natural resource management is more effective when it includes collaboration among numerous stakeholders who bring multiple perspectives to the decision‐making process. In particular, many individuals and organizations (e.g., The Wildlife Society) have advocated for decisions to be science‐based as a means for improving management outcomes. But there has been little research evaluating the sources, science‐based or otherwise, used by natural resource agencies to support decision‐making at the state‐level within the United States. We surveyed state natural resource agency personnel in all 50 states to assess the sources of information used to make management decisions and the factors that influenced selection of the sources. Approximately 60% of respondents reported using ≥3 different source types when making recommendations. Existing management plans, the peer‐reviewed scientific literature, and expert opinion were the most frequently used sources. Perception of source relevance was the most frequent predictor of source use, and the number of management plans a manager had previously written positively predicted the use of management plans, expert opinion, and personal experiences. Ninety percent of respondents reported that increased use of the peer‐reviewed literature would or might improve management recommendations. Aspects of academic and agency cultures influenced which articles or journals were used to make recommendations. Our findings indicate managers support the use of peer‐reviewed literature as an important component of management decision‐making; however, if the goal is to improve the flow of information between scientists and managers, researchers should publish in journals that are readily accessible to managers and present results in a way that clearly articulates relevance to management decisions. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Efficacy of Povidone‐Iodine Nasal Irrigation Solution After Sinonasal Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Wu Po‐Hsuan , Cheng Ping‐Chia , Chang Chih‐Ming , Lo Wu‐Chia , Cheng Po‐Wen
Published: August 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the efficacy of postoperative nasal irrigation with povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) solution in patients undergoing sinonasal surgery.

Study Design

Single‐blind, randomized controlled study.

Methods

This is a prospective, single‐blind, randomized controlled study. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and hypertrophic inferior turbinates who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and inferior turbinate reduction were enrolled in the study. Patients were evaluated using the Taiwanese version of the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (TWSNOT‐22), rhinomanometry, endoscopic examination, and bacterial cultures. One week after the operation, patients were randomly assigned to either a 0.1% PVP‐I nasal irrigation group or a control (normal saline) irrigation group. We then compared the two groups' results to illustrate the effects of nasal irrigation with PVP‐I solution following sinonasal surgery.

Results

Of the 55 patients that completed the study, 27 patients were in the PVP‐I group and 28 were in the control group. In both groups, the TWSNOT‐22 scores, Lund‐Kennedy endoscopic scores, and total nasal resistance (TNR) all revealed significant improvements at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative measurements (all, P < .05). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in TWSNOT‐22, endoscopic, or TNR scores 3 months after the operation (all, P > .05).

Conclusions

A dilute 0.1% PVP‐I nasal irrigation as a postoperative care modality after sinonasal surgery did not provide additional benefit compared with normal saline irrigation.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 132:1148–1152, 2022
Defect Management and Multi‐Mode Optoelectronic Manipulations via Photo‐Thermochromism in Smart Windows
Authors: Wu Xiao , Lin Jinfeng , Xu Ze , Zhao Chunlin , Lin Cong , Wang Huajing , Lin Tengfei , Zheng Xinghua , Sa Baisheng , Zhang Qiwei , Wang Ke , Sun Zhimei , Zhai Jiwei
Published: August 2021

Smart windows with adjustable transmittance via physical stimuli are eagerly desired for sorts of energy‐saving lighting systems. However, reciprocal trade‐off relationship such as high transparency and coloration/discoloration ability exists in smart windows, not conducive to optical‐electrical coupling and leap in performance. Substituting for common composites utilized in smart windows, here, single transparent ceramic‐based smart windows are reported through composition design and defect management strategies to regulate the optoelectronic performances and break off the contradictions between optical transmittance, photo‐thermochromism and electrical conductivity. By first principles calculations and precisely tuning Er3+, Ba2+, Sr2+ concentrations in non‐stoichiometric Er‐doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3‐(Ba, Sr)TiO3, the fabricated ceramics exhibit brilliant transparency and multi‐mode dramatical and reversible modulations of pellucidity, photoluminescence intensity, along with conductivity (over fivefold variation), enabling prominent optoelectronic information storage and modulating capacity in vivid potential applications, such as easy‐readout/erasable optical memorizers, photo‐memristors and anti‐counterfeiting displays.
Can the SO2 emission trading system promote urban emission reduction?
Authors: Yang Siying , Sun Wenxuan , Wu Zhouyi , He Yang
Published: August 2021

Preliminary explorations have been conducted on the SO2 emission trading system (ETS) in China, but existing studies have paid little attention to the system's emission reduction effect and the effect mechanism. Based on panel data of Chinese cities, this paper empirically examines the influence and mechanism of the SO2 ETS on urban SO2 emission. In addition, considering the role of government in local environmental governance, this paper also examines synergies between government environmental regulations and the SO2 ETS. The SO2 ETS significantly suppresses urban SO2 emission, but under more extreme levels of urban SO2 pollution, this emission reduction effect gradually weakens until it is no longer significant. The implementation of more stringent environmental regulations by local governments strengthens the emission reduction effect. The analysis of intermediary effects shows that the SO2 ETS promotes the reduction of urban SO2 emission by stimulating green technological innovation, promoting industrial structure adjustment, and channeling investment towards green assets, with the latter intermediary effect being stronger than the former two. This paper affirms the important role of ETSs in the development of the green economy and provides an empirical basis for countries to introduce market mechanisms to solve environmental challenges and leverage the role of government environmental regulation.
Compounded with hemoglobin Port Phillip and ‐α4.2 or ‐‐SEA deletions were identified in Chinese population
Authors: Du Li , Bao Xiuqin , Qin Danqing , Wang Jicheng , Yao Cuize , Liang Jie , Chen Jianhong , Yin Aihua
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Although over 1000 hemoglobin (Hb) variants were identified so far, Hb Port Phillip compound with α‐thalassemia deletion had no reported before.

Methods

Two patients and the associated families from Guangdong province in China were recruited. Hematological parameters were determined by blood routine examination and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Genotyping was performed by Gap‐PCR and Sanger sequencing.

Results

One patient was diagnosed as Hb Port Phillip, while her daughter was compounded with ‐α4.2 deletion, with normal Hb level (150 g/L), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 108.4 fl and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (30.5 pg). Another patient was diagnosed as compound Hb Port Phillip and ‐‐SEA deletion. This proband presented with more severe α‐thalassemia trait than the patient compounded with ‐α4.2 deletion, with hemoglobin 80 g/L, MCV 61.7 fl, and MCH 18.7 pg.

Conclusion

Here we first time identified two patients compound with Hb Port Phillip and ‐α4.2 and ‐‐SEA deletions, respectively, which had never been reported. Our study widens the genotypes of hemoglobinopathy and provides reference for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis in this population.
Highly accelerated magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging for in vivo transcranial ultrasound focus localization: A comparison of three reconstruction methods
Authors: Qiao Yangzi , Li Yanbin , Leng Qingpu , Zhou Hui , Long Xiaojing , Lee Jo , Chen Yadong , Liu Xin , Zheng Hairong , Zou Chao
Published: August 2021

Magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging (MR‐ARFI) is a promising tool for transcranial neurosurgery planning and monitoring. However, the ultrasound dose during ARFI is quite high due to the high intensity required and the repetitive ultrasound sonication. To reduce the ultrasound deposition and prevent unwanted neurological effects, undersampling in k‐space data acquisition is adopted in the current study. Three reconstruction methods, keyhole, k‐space hybrid and temporal differences (TED) compressed sensing, the latter two of which were initially proposed for MR thermometry, were applied to the in vivo transcranial focus localization based on MR‐ARFI data in a retrospective way. The accuracies of the three methods were compared with the results from the fully sampled data as reference. The results showed that the keyhole method tended to smooth the displacement map and underestimate the peak displacement. The K‐space hybrid method was better at recovering the displacement map and was robust to the undersampling pattern, while the TED method was more time efficient under a higher image resolution. For an image of a lower resolution, the K‐space hybrid and TED methods were comparable in terms of accuracy when a high undersampling rate was applied. The results reported here facilitate the choice of appropriate undersampled reconstruction methods in transcranial focal localization based on MR‐ARFI.
Accessibility tools and resources: A reminder to create inclusive content
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: August 2021

When you're creating social media graphics, downloadable lead magnets, new academic program pages for your website, and email newsletters, are you keeping accessibility in mind? I certainly hope so. It's not only required by federal law for many colleges and universities, but it's simply the right thing to do — and will most likely lead to a better experience for all, not just for students with disabilities.
Legally compliant diversity initiatives can eliminate bias in hiring
Authors: Dalessandro Dina
Published: August 2021

As institutions continue to evaluate and grow their diversity, equity, and inclusion plans, it is imperative to consider how both overt and unconscious bias may affect the hiring and recruitment process of staff and faculty members.
Is the Nagoya Protocol designed to conserve biodiversity?
Authors: Sirakaya Aysegul
Published: August 2021

Societal Impact Statement

We have entered a monumental era in terms of realizing the impact of biodiversity loss on our everyday lives. We suffer from the consequences of biodiversity loss due to overexploitation of natural resources as we continue failing to restore biodiversity. One of the major consequences of biodiversity loss is the emergence of global pandemics. We are in urgent need of realizing the full potential of all of the international legal instruments on creating incentives for biodiversity conservation. Access and benefit‐sharing or ABS is an international legal framework implemented with the hopes that it would provide such incentives. Therefore, a legal analysis on whether ABS is designed to achieve biodiversity conservation is of crucial importance in achieving international conservation targets.

The international ABS regime was put in place with the hope that it would aid the international community in conserving biodiversity and thereby attaining its international conservation targets.

This paper conducts an empirical analysis of all of the relevant documents generated during the negotiations of the Nagoya Protocol, the major international legal instrument on ABS, to determine whether the design of the regulatory mechanisms do indeed lead to creating such incentives for conservation.

Throughout the negotiations for the Nagoya Protocol, many suggestions were made by the Parties and relevant stakeholders regarding how ABS would result in creating incentives for biodiversity conservation. While some presuppose that benefit‐sharing will inherently result in biodiversity conservation, others specify some economic incentives which would then generate such incentive that would result in governments directing the received benefits into conservation activities.

The paper then moves on to analysing the adopted text of the Nagoya Protocol with the aim of mapping the obligations of Parties to channel benefits into conservation. It is concluded that the design of the Nagoya Protocol does not intrinsically lead to biodiversity conservation but benefit‐sharing is a tool that can be directed towards biodiversity conservation.