bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exclusion Diets in Functional Dyspepsia
Authors: Popa Stefan Lucian , Dumitrascu Dinu Iuliu , Pop Cristina , Surdea-Blaga Teodora , Ismaiel Abdulrahman , Chiarioni Giuseppe , Dumitrascu Dan Lucian , Brata Vlad Dumitru , Grad Simona
Published: May 2022

Functional dyspepsia represents one of the most common and prevalent disorders of the brain–gut interaction, with a large number of widespread risk factors being identified. With an intricate pathogenesis and symptomatology, it heavily impacts the quality of life and, due to the limited efficacy of traditional pharmacological agents, patients are likely to seek other medical and non-medical solutions to their problem. Over the last few years, significant research in this domain has emphasized the importance of various psychological therapies and nutritional recommendations. Nevertheless, a correlation has been established between functional dyspepsia and food intolerances, with more and more patients adopting different kinds of exclusion diets, leading to weight loss, restrictive eating behaviour and an imbalanced nutritional state, further negatively impacting their quality of life. Thus, in this systematic review, we aimed at analysing the impact and efficiency of certain exclusion diets undertook by patients, more precisely, the gluten-free diet and the low-FODMAP diet.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives Associated to Cobalamin-Dependent Metabolism and Transcobalamins’ Synthesis in Solid Cancers
Authors: Lacombe Valentin , Lenaers Guy , Urbanski Geoffrey
Published: May 2022

Cobalamin or vitamin B12 (B12) is a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, two enzymes implicated in key pathways for cell proliferation: methylation, purine synthesis, succinylation and ATP production. Ensuring these functions in cancer cells therefore requires important cobalamin needs and its uptake through the transcobalamin II receptor (TCII-R). Thus, both the TCII-R and the cobalamin-dependent metabolic pathways constitute promising therapeutic targets to inhibit cancer development. However, the link between cobalamin and solid cancers is not limited to cellular metabolism, as it also involves the circulating transcobalamins I and II (TCI or haptocorrin and TCII) carrier proteins, encoded by TCN1 and TCN2, respectively. In this respect, elevations of B12, TCI and TCII concentrations in plasma are associated with cancer onset and relapse, and with the presence of metastases and worse prognosis. In addition, TCN1 and TCN2 overexpressions are associated with chemoresistance and a proliferative phenotype, respectively. Here we review the involvement of cobalamin and transcobalamins in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and as potential therapeutic targets. We further detail the relationship between cobalamin-dependent metabolic pathways in cancer cells and the transcobalamins’ abundancies in plasma and tumors, to ultimately hypothesize screening and therapeutic strategies linking these aspects.
Dietary Alpha-Ketoglutarate Partially Abolishes Adverse Changes in the Small Intestine after Gastric Bypass Surgery in a Rat Model
Authors: Iwaniak Paulina , Tomaszewska Ewa , Muszyński Siemowit , Marszałek-Grabska Marta , Pierzynowski Stefan Grzegorz , Dobrowolski Piotr
Published: May 2022

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is one of the key metabolites that play a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery is a life-saving procedure, but it carries many gastrointestinal side effects. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of dietary AKG on the structure, integrity, and absorption surface of the small intestine after bariatric surgery. Male 7-week-old Sprague Dowley rats underwent gastric bypass surgery, after which they received AKG, 0.2 g/kg body weight/day, administered in drinking water for 6 weeks. Changes in small intestinal morphology, including histomorphometric parameters of enteric plexuses, immunolocalization of claudin 3, MarvelD3, occludin and zonula ocludens 1 in the intestinal mucosa, and selected hormones, were evaluated. Proliferation, mucosal and submucosal thickness, number of intestinal villi and Paneth cells, and depth of crypts were increased; however, crypt activity, the absorption surface, the expression of claudin 3, MarvelD3, occludin and zonula ocludens 1 in the intestinal epithelium were decreased after gastric bypass surgery. Alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation partially improved intestinal structural parameters and epithelial integrity in rats undergoing this surgical procedure. Dietary AKG can abolish adverse functional changes in the intestinal mucosa, enteric nervous system, hormonal response, and maintenance of the intestinal barrier that occurred after gastric bypass surgery.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are Present in Amniotic Fluid and Show Specific Patterns Dependent on Gestational Age
Authors: Jantscher-Krenn Evelyn , von Schirnding Lara , Trötzmüller Martin , Köfeler Harald , Kurtovic Una , Fluhr Herbert , Müller Andreas , Bagci Soyhan
Published: May 2022

(1) Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are already found in maternal circulation in early pregnancy, changing with gestational age. HMOs are also present in cord blood and amniotic fluid (AF). We aimed to assess HMO profiles in AF over the course of gestation. (2) Methods: AF was collected during diagnostic amniocentesis, fetal surgery, or C-section from 77 women with a gestational age of ranging from 14.3 to 40.9 weeks. Samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. (3) Results: We found lactose and up to 16 HMO structures in all AF samples investigated, starting at 14 weeks of gestation. Overall, 3′-sialyllactose (3′SL) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL) were the most abundant HMOs. Individual and total HMO concentrations were significantly positively correlated with gestational age. HMO composition also changed between early, mid- and late pregnancy, with relative concentrations of 3′SL significantly decreasing (44%, 25%, 24%) and 2′FL increasing (7%, 13%, 21%), respectively. (4) Conclusion: Our study shows that HMOs are already present in AF early in pregnancy. This demonstrates extensive contact of the fetus with a broad variety of HMOs, suggesting roles for HMOs in fetal tissue development during the time course of pregnancy.
Experimental Hybridization in Leishmania: Tools for the Study of Genetic Exchange
Authors: Ferreira Tiago R. , Sacks David L.
Published: May 2022

Despite major advances over the last decade in our understanding of Leishmania reproductive strategies, the sexual cycle in Leishmania has defied direct observation and remains poorly investigated due to experimental constraints. Here, we summarize the findings and conclusions drawn from genetic analysis of experimental hybrids generated in sand flies and highlight the recent advances in generating hybrids in vitro. The ability to hybridize between culture forms of different species and strains of Leishmania should invite more intensive investigation of the mechanisms underlying genetic exchange and provide a rich source of recombinant parasites for future genetic analyses.
Perindopril/Ambrosin Combination Mitigates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice: Crosstalk between Toll-Like Receptor 4, the Pro-Inflammatory Pathways, and SIRT1/PPAR-γ Signaling
Authors: Kabel Ahmed M. , Atef Aliaa , Borg Hany M. , El-Sheikh Azza A. K. , Al Khabbaz Hana J. , Arab Hany H. , Estfanous Remon S.
Published: May 2022

Colitis is one of the inflammatory states that affect the intestinal wall and may even predispose to malignancy due to chronic irritation. Although the etiology of colitis is not yet fully explored, a combination of genetic and environmental factors is strongly incriminated. Perindopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used for the management of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. Ambrosin is a sesquiterpene lactone that was proven to have beneficial effects in disorders characterized by inflammatory nature. The objective of this study is to make a comparison between the effects of perindopril or ambrosin on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and to explore the effect of their combination. The present findings indicate that each ambrosin or perindopril alone or in combination is able to ameliorate oxidative stress and suppress the proinflammatory pathways in the colonic tissues of DSS-treated mice via mechanisms related to toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling and modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/sirtuin-1 levels. In addition, each ambrosin or perindopril alone or in combination inhibits apoptosis and augments the mediators of autophagy in DSS-treated mice. These effects are reflected in the amelioration of the histopathological and electron microscopic changes in the colonic tissues. Interestingly, the most remarkable effects are those encountered with the perindopril/ambrosin combination compared to the groups treated with each of these agents alone. In conclusion, the perindopril/ambrosin combination might represent an effective modality for mitigation of the pathogenic events and the clinical sequelae of colitis.
Structural Modifications and Biological Activities of Natural α- and β-Cembrenediol: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Xu Kuo , Du Xinying , Ren Xia , Li XiuXue , Li Hui , Fu Xianjun , Wei Xiaoyi
Published: May 2022

As one of the most characteristic ingredients of glandular trichome secretions from Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco), natural cembrenediols, namely, (1S,2E,4S,6R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (α-cembrenediol/α-CBD) and its C-4 epimer (β-cembrenediol/β-CBD), have attracted considerable attention for their potent antitumor, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and other activities. Many researchers are committed to exploring the possibility of utilizing these two cembrenediols and their derivatives both in human medicine and in agricultural fungicides. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to provide a comprehensive summary of the chemical modifications and bioactivities of α- and β-CBD from their discovery to the present day; the review highlights their potential medicinal value for humans. The extensive references from 1962 to 2022 provided herein were systematically gathered from the SciFinder, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. We expect this review to assist in providing practical ideas for future drug development based on α- and β-CBD and in further facilitating the utilization of the tobacco cembrenediols.
Identification of Immune Subtypes of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma to Predict Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response
Authors: Ling Chen , Zhou Xiuman , Gao Yanfeng , Sui Xinghua
Published: May 2022

A low response rate limits the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which requires the precise characterization of heterogeneous tumor microenvironments. This study aimed to identify the molecular features and tumor microenvironment compositions of EAC to facilitate patient stratification and provide novel strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we performed consensus molecular subtyping with nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) using EAC data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified two distinct subtypes with significant prognostic differences and differences in tumor microenvironments. The findings were further validated in independent EAC cohorts and potential response to ICI therapy was estimated using Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) and SubMap methods. Our findings suggest that EAC patients of subtype 2 with low levels of cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), and MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment may benefit from PD-1 blockade therapy, while patients of subtype 1 are more responsive to chemotherapy or combination therapy. These findings might improve our understanding of immunotherapy efficacy and be useful in the development of new strategies to better guide immunotherapy and targeted therapy in the treatment of EAC.
Renal Artery Catheterization for Microcapsules’ Targeted Delivery to the Mouse Kidney
Authors: Gusliakova Olga I. , Prikhozhdenko Ekaterina S. , Plastun Valentina O. , Mayorova Oksana A. , Shushunova Natalia A. , Abdurashitov Arkady S. , Kulikov Oleg A. , Abakumov Maxim A. , Gorin Dmitry A. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Sindeeva Olga A.
Published: May 2022

The problem of reducing the side effects associated with drug distribution throughout the body in the treatment of various kidney diseases can be solved by effective targeted drug delivery. The method described herein involves injection of a drug encapsulated in polyelectrolyte capsules to achieve prolonged local release and long-term capillary retention of several hours while these capsules are administered via the renal artery. The proposed method does not imply disruption (puncture) of the renal artery or aorta and is suitable for long-term chronic experiments on mice. In this study, we compared how capsule size and dosage affect the target kidney blood flow. It has been established that an increase in the diameter of microcapsules by 29% (from 3.1 to 4.0 μm) requires a decrease in their concentration by at least 50% with the same suspension volume. The photoacoustic method, along with laser speckle contrast imaging, was shown to be useful for monitoring blood flow and selecting a safe dose. Capsules contribute to a longer retention of a macromolecular substance in the target kidney compared to its free form due to mechanical retention in capillaries and slow impregnation into surrounding tissues during the first 1–3 h, which was shown by fluorescence tomography and microscopy. At the same time, the ability of capillaries to perform almost complete “self-cleaning” from capsular shells during the first 12 h leads to the preservation of organ tissues in a normal state. The proposed strategy, which combines endovascular surgery and the injection of polymer microcapsules containing the active substance, can be successfully used to treat a wide range of nephropathies.
Soil Microbial Legacy Overrides the Responses of a Dominant Grass and Nitrogen-Cycling Functional Microbes in Grassland Soil to Nitrogen Addition
Authors: Zhang Minghui , Li Xueli , Xing Fu , Li Zhuo , Liu Xiaowei , Li Yanan
Published: May 2022

Both atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and soil microbial legacy (SML) can affect plant performance, the activity of soil N-cycling functional microbes and the relative abundance of N-cycling functional genes (NCFGs). In the grassland vegetation successional process, how the interaction of SML and N deposition affects the performance of dominant grass and NCFGs remains unclear. Therefore, we planted Leymus chinensis, a dominant grass in the Songnen grassland, in the soil taken from the early, medium, late, and stable successional stages. We subjected the plants to soil sterilization and N addition treatments and measured the plant traits and NCFG abundances (i.e., nifH, AOB amoA, nirS, and nirK). Our results showed the biomass and ramet number of L. chinensis in sterilized soil were significantly higher than those in non-sterilized soil, indicating that SML negatively affects the growth of L. chinensis. However, N addition increased the plant biomass and the AOB amoA gene abundance only in sterilized soils, implying that SML overrode the N addition effects because SML buffered the effects of increasing soil N availability on NCFGs. Therefore, we emphasize the potential role of SML in assessing the effects of N deposition on dominant plant performance and NCFGs in the grassland vegetation succession.
Angiopteris cochinchinensis de Vriese Ameliorates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Src Inhibition
Authors: Jang Won Young , Lee Hwa Pyoung , Kim Seung A , Huang Lei , Yoon Ji Hye , Shin Chae Yun , Mitra Ankita , Kim Han Gyung , Cho Jae Youl
Published: May 2022

Growing demand for treatment options against acute lung injury (ALI) emphasizes studies on plant extracts harboring anti-inflammatory effects. According to GC-MS analysis, Angiopteris cochinchinensis de Vriese consists of various flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, in this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of an extract of Angiopteris cochinchinensis de Vriese (Ac-EE) were assessed using RAW264.6 murine macrophages and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model. Ac-EE reduced the nitric oxide production in murine macrophages increased by LPS induction. Moreover, protective effects of Ac-EE on lung tissue were demonstrated by shrinkage of edema and lung injury. Reduced neutrophil infiltration and formation of hyaline membranes were also detected in lung tissues after H&E staining. Semiquantitative RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and ELISA showed that Ac-EE inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators, including iNOS and COX-2, and cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. An Ac-EE-mediated anti-inflammatory response was derived from inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, which was evaluated by luciferase reporter assay and Western blotting analysis. A cellular thermal shift assay revealed that the prime target of Ac-EE in alleviating inflammation was Src. With its direct binding with Src, Angiopteris cochinchinensis de Vriese significantly mitigates lung injury, showing possibilities of its potential as an effective botanical drug.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Homeodomain Leucine Zipper Subfamily IV (HD-ZIP IV) Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L.
Authors: Ma Gang , Zelman Alice Kira , Apicella Peter V. , Berkowitz Gerald
Published: May 2022

The plant-specific homeodomain zipper family (HD-ZIP) of transcription factors plays central roles in regulating plant development and environmental resistance. HD-ZIP transcription factors IV (HDZ IV) have been involved primarily in the regulation of epidermal structure development, such as stomata and trichomes. In our study, we identified nine HDZ IV-encoding genes in Cannabis sativa L. by conducting a computational analysis of cannabis genome resources. Our analysis suggests that these genes putatively encode proteins that have all the conserved domains of HDZ IV transcription factors. The phylogenetic analysis of HDZ IV gene family members of cannabis, rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis further implies that they might have followed distinct evolutionary paths after divergence from a common ancestor. All the identified cannabis HDZ IV gene promoter sequences have multiple regulation motifs, such as light- and hormone-responsive elements. Furthermore, experimental evidence shows that different HDZ IV genes have different expression patterns in root, stem, leaf, and flower tissues. Four genes were primarily expressed in flowers, and the expression of CsHDG5 (XP_030501222.1) was also correlated with flower maturity. Fifty-nine genes were predicted as targets of HDZ IV transcription factors. Some of these genes play central roles in pathogen response, flower development, and brassinosteroid signaling. A subcellular localization assay indicated that one gene of this family is localized in the Arabidopsis protoplast nucleus. Taken together, our work lays fundamental groundwork to illuminate the function of cannabis HDZ IV genes and their possible future uses in increasing cannabis trichome morphogenesis and secondary metabolite production.
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Membranes for Water Treatment
Authors: Tang Yixuan , Cai Zhengwei , Sun Xiaoxia , Chong Chuanmei , Yan Xinfei , Li Mingdi , Xu Jia
Published: May 2022

Water purification and water desalination via membrane technology are generally deemed as reliable supplementaries for abundant potable water. Electrospun nanofiber-based membranes (ENMs), benefitting from characteristics such as a higher specific surface area, higher porosity, lower thickness, and possession of attracted broad attention, has allowed it to evolve into a promising candidate rapidly. Here, great attention is placed on the current status of ENMs with two categories according to the roles of electrospun nanofiber layers: (i) nanofiber layer serving as a selective layer, (ii) nanofiber layer serving as supporting substrate. For the nanofiber layer’s role as a selective layer, this work presents the structures and properties of conventional ENMs and mixed matrix ENMs. Fabricating parameters and adjusting approaches such as polymer and cosolvent, inorganic and organic incorporation and surface modification are demonstrated in detail. It is crucial to have a matched selective layer for nanofiber layers acting as a supporting layer. The various selective layers fabricated on the nanofiber layer are put forward in this paper. The fabrication approaches include inorganic deposition, polymer coating, and interfacial polymerization. Lastly, future perspectives and the main challenges in the field concerning the use of ENMs for water treatment are discussed. It is expected that the progress of ENMs will promote the prosperity and utilization of various industries such as water treatment, environmental protection, healthcare, and energy storage.
Core/Shell Pigments with Polyaniline Shell: Optical and Physical–Technical Properties
Authors: Pugacheva Tatyana A. , Malkov Georgiy V. , Ilyin Alexander A. , Indeikin Eugene A. , Kurbatov Vladimir G.
Published: May 2022

Core/shell pigments allow for the combination of the active anti-corrosion effect of the shell and the barrier effect of the core. This makes it possible to obtain anti-corrosion pigments, with a high—protective effect and low toxicity. Thus, the need for a comprehensive study of the properties of these pigments grows more urgent, before their application to paints and varnishes. The hiding power of core/shell pigments comes close to the one of pure polyaniline (PANi), when the PANi content in the pigment reaches 50 wt.%, with sulfuric and phosphoric acids used as dopants. This paper, also, shows that the blackness value of core/shell pigments with 10 wt.% PANi is around 35 and constant; for pure PANi, their blackness value is 40. When PANi content is 5 wt.%, kaolin-based pigment shows the lowest blackness, which happens due to a generally higher whiteness of kaolin. However, when the PANi content surpasses 10 wt.%, there seems to be no influence on the blackness of the core/shell pigments. The core/shell pigment with a 20 wt.% PANi is, optically, identical to a black-iron-oxide pigment. An increase in the PANi content of the core/shell pigment leads to an increase in the oil absorption of the samples. It was found that the dispersion process would be the most energy efficient for core/shell pigments, containing kaolin and talc as a core.
Mechanical Behavior of Foam-Filled Bamboo Composite Tubes under Axial Compression
Authors: Wei Yang , Tang Shuaifeng , Chen Si , Wang Qiudong , Wang Jiaqing
Published: May 2022

In this paper, a new type of polyurethane foam-filled bamboo composite tube is proposed. Axial compression tests were carried out on unfilled and polyurethane foam-filled bamboo composite tubes. The effects of the foam filler, diameter (50 and 100 mm) and number of winding layers (10, 15 and 20 layers) on the failure mode and energy absorption capacity of the tubes were studied. The test results showed that the failure mode of the unfilled tube was buckling failure, while that of the foam-filled tube was pressure-bearing failure, and the latter was more abrupt. The foam filler enhanced the stability of the wall of the unfilled tube. The interaction between them further increased the bearing capacity of the foam-filled tube and showed a higher platform load at a later stage. In terms of the absorbed energy, specific absorbed energy and average crush load, not all foam-filled tubes were superior to unfilled tubes. However, reducing the height of the bamboo composite tube and increasing the number of winding layers of the bamboo composite tube can effectively increase the positive effect of the foam filler on energy absorption.
Effects of Differing Monomer Compositions on Properties of P(3HB-co-4HB) Synthesized by Aneurinibacillus sp. H1 for Various Applications
Authors: Pospisilova Aneta , Vodicka Juraj , Trudicova Monika , Juglova Zuzana , Smilek Jiri , Mencik Premysl , Masilko Jiri , Slaninova Eva , Melcova Veronika , Kalina Michal , Obruca Stanislav , Sedlacek Petr
Published: May 2022

Films prepared from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) copolymers produced by Aneurinibacillus sp. H1 using an automatic film applicator were homogeneous and had a defined thickness, which allowed a detailed study of physicochemical properties. Their properties were compared with those of a poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) homopolymer film prepared by the same procedure, which proved to be significantly more crystalline by DSC and XRD. Structural differences between samples had a major impact on their properties. With increasing 4-hydroxybutyrate content, the ductility and release rate of the model hydrophilic active ingredient increased significantly. Other observed properties, such as the release of the hydrophobic active substance, the contact angle with water and ethylene glycol, or the surface morphology and roughness, were also affected by the composition. The identified properties predetermine these copolymers for wide use in areas such as biomedicine or smart biodegradable packaging for food or cosmetics. The big advantage is the possibility of fine-tuning properties simply by changing the fermentation conditions.
Terahertz Spectral Properties of PEO-Based Anti-Adhesion Films Cross-Linked by Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Bark Hyeon Sang , Maeng Inhee , Kim Jin Un , Kim Kyoung Dong , Na Jae Hun , Min Junki , Byun Jungsup , Song Yongkeun , Cha Byung-youl , Oh Seung Jae , Ji Young Bin
Published: May 2022

We investigated the spectral property changes in anti-adhesion films, which were cross-linked and surface-modified through electron beam irradiation, using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Polyethylene oxide (PEO), which is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was the main component of these anti-adhesion films being manufactured for testing. The terahertz characteristics of the films were affected by the porosity generated during the freeze-drying and compression processes of sample preparation, and this was confirmed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. An anti-adhesion polymer film made without porosity was measured by using the THz-TDS method, and it was confirmed that the refractive index and absorption coefficient were dependent on the crosslinking state. To our knowledge, this is the first experiment on the feasibility of monitoring cross-linking states using terahertz waves. The THz-TDS method has potential as a useful nondestructive technique for polymer inspection and analysis.
5-Fluorouracil-Loaded Folic-Acid-Fabricated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Cargo
Authors: Ullah Shafi , Azad Abul Kalam , Nawaz Asif , Shah Kifayat Ullah , Iqbal Muhammad , Albadrani Ghadeer M. , Al-Joufi Fakhria A. , Sayed Amany A. , Abdel-Daim Mohamed M.
Published: May 2022

Nanoparticles play a vital role in cancer treatment to deliver or direct the drug to the malignant cell, avoiding the attacking of normal cells. The aim of the study is to formulate folic-acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles for colon cancer. Chitosan was successfully conjugated with folic acid to produce a folic acid–chitosan conjugate. The folate-modified chitosan was loaded with 5-FU using the ionic gelation method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug contents, entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency, and in vitro release study. The cytotoxicity study of the formulated nanoparticles was also investigated. The conjugation of folic acid with chitosan was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The obtained nanoparticles were monodispersed nanoparticles with a suitable average size and a positive surface charge. The size and zeta potential and PDI of the CS-5FU-NPs were 208 ± 15, 26 ± 2, and +20 ± 2, respectively, and those of the FA-CS-5FU-NPs were 235 ± 12 and +20 ± 2, respectively, which are in the acceptable ranges. The drug contents’ % yield and the %EE of folate-decorated NPs were 53 ± 1.8% and 59 ± 2%, respectively. The in vitro release of the FA-CS-5FU-NPs and CS-5FU-NPs was in the range of 10.08 ± 0.45 to 96.57 ± 0.09% and 6 ± 0.31 to 91.44 ± 0.21, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was enhanced in the presence of folic acid. The presence of folic acid in nanoparticles shows much higher cytotoxicity as compared to simple chitosan nanoparticles. The folate-modified nanoparticles provide a potential way to enhance the targeting of tumor cells.
Anion Exchange Affinity-Based Controllable Surface Imprinting Synthesis of Ultrathin Imprinted Films for Protein Recognition
Authors: Song Renyuan , Yu Xiaofeng , Liu Muxin , Hu Xiaoling , Zhu Shengqing
Published: May 2022

Anion exchange affinity-based controllable surface imprinting is an effective approach to overcome low imprinting efficiency and high non-specific binding capacity. The template proteins were first immobilized on the anchored tetraalkylammonium groups of the nanoparticles via anion exchange affinity-based interactions, enabling monolayer sorption using a low template concentration. The combined use of surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated polymerization to precisely control the imprinted film thickness, allowing the formation of homogeneous binding cavities, and the construction of effective binding sites resulted in a low non-specific binding capacity and high imprinting efficiency. The obtained imprinted films benefited from the anion exchange mechanism, exhibiting a higher imprinting factor and faster binding rate than the reference material. Binding tests revealed that the binding strength and selective recognition properties could be tuned to a certain extent by adjusting the NaCl concentration. Additionally, in contrast to the harsh template elution conditions of the covalent immobilization approach, over 80% of the template molecules were readily removed from the imprinted films using supersonic elution with an aqueous mixture of NaCl and HAc. Introducing template immobilization by anion exchange interactions to the synthesis of imprinted materials may provide a new approach for effective biomacromolecular imprinting.
Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials: Alternative for Encapsulation Process Enhancement
Authors: Razura-Carmona Francisco Fabián , Perez-Larios Alejandro , Sáyago-Ayerdi Sonia Guadalupe , Herrera-Martínez Mayra , Sánchez-Burgos Jorge Alberto
Published: May 2022

In recent years, interest in the development of nanometric materials with specific characteristics has grown; however, there are few scientific contributions that associate encapsulation methodologies and matrices with the particle objective (metabolic directions, type of administration, biological impact, and biocompatibility). This review focuses on describing the benefits and disadvantages of different techniques for designing custom particles and alternatives for the biofunctionalization nanomaterials regarding the biological impact of a nanomaterial with potential use in foods known as nutraceuticals. The study of optical properties, physicochemical factors, and characteristics such as rheological can predict its stability in the application matrix; however, not only should the characterization of a nanocomposite with applications in food be considered, but also the biological impact that it may present.
Thermogravimetric Study on Peat Catalytic Pyrolysis for Potential Hydrocarbon Generation
Authors: Khelkhal Mohammed A. , Lapuk Semen E. , Buzyurov Aleksey V. , Krapivnitskaya Tatiana O. , Peskov Nikolay Yu. , Denisenko Andrey N. , Vakhin Alexey V.
Published: May 2022

Peat has attracted considerable interest as a potential source of alternative fuel in terms of improving hydrocarbons production and satisfying market demand. The next decade is likely to witness a raise in its exploitation. Nevertheless, the characteristics of peat pyrolysis process, via which many experts expect a considerable generation of hydrocarbons, have not been dealt with in depth. In the present study we have applied thermal analysis combined with isoconversional and model methods for clarifying the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the process of generating hydrocarbons from peat via pyrolysis in the absence and presence of iron tallates as a catalytic agent. The obtained results showed a positive effect of the opted catalyst on the process of peat pyrolysis. It has been shown that the catalyst is able to reduce the energy of activation of peat pyrolysis process. Moreover, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of complex formation values have been found lower in the presence of iron tallates for all the applied isoconversional methods (Friedman and KAS). The evidence from the present study points toward the beneficial effect generated from the utilization of iron tallates in the processes of hydrocarbons generation from peat for improving energy production in the future.
Effect of Bacillus Additives on Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Community during the Ensiling Process of Whole-Plant Corn Silage
Authors: Guo Xiaojun , Guo Wei , Yang Ming , Sun Yuelong , Wang Yujing , Yan Yan , Zhu Baocheng
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a complex Bacillus subtilis additive on the fermentation quality and bacterial community during the ensiling process of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS). The pH values of WPCS treated with the B. subtilis inoculant decreased faster than those of the control without inoculant, and significantly higher contents of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) were observed. After 45 days of ensiling, the LA contents reached 7.95% (w/w). In the treatment group, the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents decreased significantly compared to the control, and the degradation rates of the NDF and ADF were 26.52% and 27.34% after 45 days, respectively. The deoxynivalenol (DON) content in the treatment group decreased to 205.67 μg/kg, which was significantly lower than the content of 382.51 μg/kg in the control group. The results indicated the positive effect of the B. subtilis inoculant in improving WPCS fermentation, especially in terms of degrading linocellulose and removing DON. The analysis of the bacterial community indicated that the B. subtilis inoculant resulted in an increased abundance of Lactobacillus, which contributed to the enhancement of LA production. The increased abundance of Bacillus possibly played a role in the degradation of NDF and ADF and the reduction in DON. Therefore, the complex B. subtilis additive could be used for the production of high-quality WPCS.
TTINJAUAN PENANGANAN SAMPAH DI PASAR TRADISIONAL CIROYOM
Authors: Karmini Mimin , Budiman Arif , Kahar Kahar
Published: May 2022

Salah satu tempat yang menghasilkan sampah cukup banyak yaitu dari sektor perdagangan terutama pasar. Pasar Ciroyom menghasilkan timbulan sampah 22 m³/hari apabila diestimasikan timbulan sampah sampah perpedagang di pasar Ciroyom mencapai 24,1 liter/orang/hari, ditambah lagi penanganan sampah yang tidak berjalan lancar mengakibatkan sampah menumpuk dan pasar terlihat kumuh. Tujuan penelitian  mengetahui gambaran penanganan sampah pada tahap pewadahan, pengumpulan sementara dan pengangkutan, serta gambaran persyaratan sarana dan prasarana. Penelitian bersifat deskriftif dengan metode survei menggunakan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Populasinya adalah seluruh pedagang berjumlah 914 orang dan seluruh petugas sampah yang menangani sampah sejumlah 15 orang.  Besar sampel pedagang sebanyak  90 orang dan 15 orang petugas sampah,  Alat pengumpul data menggunakan lembar observasi dan kuesioner. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara observasi dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan  analisis univariat dengan menggunakan analisis tabel selanjutnya dipresentasekan.  Hasil: penanganan sampah  pada tahap pewadahan 83,33% tidak memenuhi syarat,   tahap pengumpulan 66,66% tidak memenuhi syarat,  tahap pengangkutan tidak memenuhi syarat sebesar  42,85 %. Sarana penanganan sampah pada tahap  pewadahan, tidak memenuhi syarat sebesar 80%, sarana pada tahap pengumpulan  tidak memenuhi sebesar  60%, dan sarana pada tahap pengangkutan sebesar 75 % tidak memenuhi syarat. Pengetahuan petugas sampah di Pasar Ciroyom Kota Bandung Tahun 2021: kategori baik 3 orang (20%,) kategori cukup 9 orang (60%), dan kategori kurang 3 orang (20%).  Saran: Bagi pengelola pasar perlu pengadaan tempat sampah organik dan anorganik dengan warna berbeda, Pengadaan APD (Alat Pelindung Diri) untuk petugas sampah, perlu kerjasama dengan pihak Puskesmas atau Dinkes Kesehatan setempat  terkait dengan sosialisasi atau penyuluhan tentang penanganan sampah di Pasar,  pedagang harus melakukan pemilahan  sampah organik dan anorganik, tempat sampah organik sebaiknya dilapis dengan kantong plastik. Pedagang harus  menjaga kebersihan lingkungan terutama setelah selesai berjualan. Petugas sampah harus mendukung dan mengikuti peraturan yang telah dibuat oleh pengelola pasar terutama tentang menjaga kebersihan lingkungan, petugas sampah harus melakukan  pemilahan antara sampah organik dan
تكنولوجيا المعلومات كقاعدة لترقية المنتجات المالية
Authors: Ghozzazi Omar
Published: May 2022

لقد أصبح من الأمر البديهي أن يرتبط مفهوم التنمية بالتطور المعاصر لتقنيات المعلومات والاتصالات (NTIC)، وهذا لما تقدمه هذه من تسهيلات لتطوير وترقية الصناعة بمختلف فروعها (خدمية وسلعية). في هذا الصدد، أضحت تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات مرتبطة بتطور المجتمعات في عصرنا الحاضر، وتعد الوسيلة الأكثر أهمية لنقل المجتمعات النامية إلى مجتمعات أكثر تطورا، فهي تساهم بطريقة مباشرة في بناء مجتمع يعتمد على خدمات معلوماتية إلكترونية ذات صلة مباشرة بخدمات الاتصال والإنتاج والمالية، وعليه، يبرز سؤال مهم يتمحور في ما إذا كانت تكنولوجيا المعلومات تقدم للمصارف القدرة على تحسين مشتوى خدماتها، وتخطي المراحل التقليدية للتسيير، والانتقال بذلك إلى مسار معرفي يستند على مواكبة التغيرات البيئية، وذلك من خلال الالتحاق بركب الاقتصاد الرقمي.
استثمار وتنمية الابداع لدى الأصول البشرية
Authors: Bouziane Othman
Published: May 2022

تهدف هذه المقالة إلى تحديد طبيعة الإبداع القابل للتحول إلى حلول فنية تمكن المنظمات الاقتصادية من اكتساب ميزات تنافسية جديدة من خلال الإبداع وخصائص الأصول البشرية المبدعة، تنمية المهارات الابتكارية والإبداعية، تفعيل واستثمار الحلول الابداعية، قياس إنتاجية الإبداع.
ملامح الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر في بعض البلدان المغاربية
Authors: Kouidri Mohamed
Published: May 2022

يشكل الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، أفضل ما هو متاح من مصادر التمويل الخارجية، إذ في الوقت الذي يتعاظم حجمه، أخذت كافة الأشكال لتدفق رؤوس الأموال إلى البلدان النامية في التراجع، ذلك لما يمكن أن يساهم به في زيادة معدلات النمو، ونقل التكنولوجيا، وترقية أداء العنصر البشري، ودعم القدرات التنافسية للبلدان المضيفة.

نتناول من خلال هذه الورقة، اتجاهات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر عالميا وعربيا، إضافة إلى تحليل مناخ الاستثمار في بعض البلدان المغاربية، من خلال بعض المؤشرات الدولية.
ENTERPRISE INFORMATION PORTALS VS. ENTERPRISE KNOWLEDGE PORTALS
Authors: Maaradj Houari , Rezig Kamel
Published: May 2022

On appelle "portail d'entreprise" une plate-forme intranetdonnant accès à des données de l'entreprise ainsi qu'à desressources du système d'information regroupées au sein d'uneinterface unique.Le portail d'entreprise est ainsi la porte d'entrée vers les données dusystème d'information de l'entreprise pour l'ensemble du personnelet éventuellement les partenaires. L'enjeu du portail est de chercherà centrer l'utilisateur au sein du système d'information.Ce article a pour principal objectif de dresser un panoramacomplet et équilibré des technologies de portail d'informationd'entreprise et de gestion de la connaissance, tout en montrant enquoi celles-ci sont susceptibles de renforcer la productivité etd'accélérer l'innovation dans l'entreprise. Hummingbird espère ainsivous aider à identifier un grand nombre des technologies qui soustendent la gestion de la connaissance, tout en vous procurant un maximum d'éléments d'appréciation pour appuyer votre processusdécisionnel.
الدور الاقتصادي لتدفقات رؤوس الأموال الدولية (دراسة حالة دول شرق آسيا)
Authors: Ramdani Laala
Published: May 2022

يهدف المقال إلى البحث عن الدور الاقتصادي لتدفقات رؤوس الأموال الدولية في دول شرق آسيا، وذلك من خلال طرح إشكالية ما هي الأسباب الرئيسية لتدفقات رؤوس الأموال الدولية وما أثرها الاقتصادي على الدول الناشئة
البطالة والتشغيل، مفاهيم أساسية
Authors: Bekhti Farid
Published: May 2022

يهدف المقال إلى دراسة ظاهرة البطالة وفق مفاهيم أساسية، بالتطرق إلى حالة الجزائر التي لجأت بعد الاستقلال إلى مجموعة من الاصلاحات، والتي كانت تهدف في مجملها إلى النهوض بالاقتصاد الوطني الذي كان حينذاك هشا في جميع معالمه، وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة كبح هذا التطور الكبير للبطالة عن طريق تعميق الاصلاحات الهيكلية أي الوصول بالاقتصاد إلى المستوى التوازني والذي يتحقق فيه التشغيل الكامل
برنامج الحماية الجنائية للبيانات الشخصية في معاملات التجارة الالكترونية
Authors: Benchouhra Choul
Published: May 2022

من أهم المخاوف التي تعترض نمو التجارة الالكترونية، وقيام نظام متقن لها ومتداول هو كيفية حماية بيانات هذه التجارة، فقد ضاعفت تقنية الانترنت المخاطر التي تعترض المعاملة التجارية بالاضافة إلى أنها جعلت من النصوص القانونية التقليدية قليلة الفعالية، وهو ما أكد الدعوة إلى ضرورة تحديث القواعد القائمة لكي تتلائم النصوص القانونية مع الظاهرة المستحدثة في النشاط التجاري، ولئلا تكون آلية معاملات التجارة الالكترونية وسيلة للانتقاص من الكرامة الانسانية والحياة الخاصة.
دور القطاع غير الرسمي في مواجهة البطالة بالجزائر
Authors: Belarbi Abdelkader
Published: May 2022

يرى المحللون المهتمون بالقطاع غير الرسمي أن هذا الأخير يتمتع بحيوية كبيرة تؤهله لأن يكون أداة حيوية لسد باب البطالة خاصة في أواسط الكثير من العاطلين الشباب، فاتباع مقاربة تحليلية تأتي إشكالية الدراسة لاقتراح إدماج هذا الأخير في قالب الرسمية كاستراتيجية لتخفيف من البطالة النوعية، فهل أن مساهمة هذا الأخير ستكون كفيلة لخفض نسب البطالة حت يدرج في قالب الرسمية؟
التغيير التنظيمي وأثره على أداء الموارد البشرية
Authors: Allaoui Abdelfattah
Published: May 2022

إن عملية إحداث التغيير التنظيمي وتطبيقه ونجاحه يعتمد بالدرجة الأولى على اتجاهات العاملين نحوه، حيث أن هناك تأثيرات متباينة للتغيير التنظيمي على الأداء وتتوقف هذه التأثيرات على درجة تقبل التطورات الجديدة، وكذلك درجة مقاومة التغيير من طرف العاملين، فالتغيير التنظيمي يسعى إلى مساعدة العنصر البشري بصفة خاصة والمؤسسة بصفة عامة لتكون أكثر كفاءة.
المراجعة البيئية للمؤسسات كأداة لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة
Authors: Rouani Bouhafs
Published: May 2022

يهدف هذا المقال إلى إبراز مصطلح المراجعة البيئية للمؤسسات باعتباره مصطلحا جديدا في أدبيات المحاسبة، ومدى اعتماده كأداة لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة،، وذلك بواسطة مراجعة بيئية شاملة للمؤسسات الاقتصادية باعتبارها وسيلة عملية وفعالة لتقييم السياسات البيئية للمؤسسات الاقتصادية، وإدخال البعد البيئي في السلوك الإداري والثقافة التنظيمية للمؤسسات العمومية والخاصة.
الإدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائية في جانبي العرض والطلب
Authors: Farah Rachid
Published: May 2022

لقد نتج عن زيادة السكان في القرن الحالي، زيادة الطلب على المياه، وهو ما انعكس في مشكلتين أساسيتين، نتجت الأولى من زيادة الضغوط على الموارد المائية السطحية والجوفية لتأمين مصادر جديدة للمياه، وتمثلت الثانية في ارتفاع حجم مياه الصرف الصحي والزراعي والصناعي، ومن ثم طرح هذه المياه في الأوساط الطبيعية . وبالتالي فهناك مشكلتان : مشكلة كمية وتتمثل في محدودية الموارد المائية، ومشكلة نوعية وهي متمثلة في تلوث الأوساط المائية . ومن الضروري بمكان الربط بين هاتين المشكلتين، وذلك عند وضع خطط السياسات المائية واستراتيجيات إدارتها
التحليل الإحصائي ونمذجة سوق العمل في الجزائر
Authors: Belarbi Abdelkader , Khadir Oussama
Published: May 2022

أمام خضوع سوق العمل الجزائري لمختلف صدمات العرض والطلب وتحامل جلّ الجهود الرامية لفك شفرة الشغل من خلال جملة مبادرات هدفها تحسين المؤشرات الماكرو-اقتصادية وترشيد الإنفاق وضبط معدلات النمو الديمغرافي وتعديل نسب التضخم... واعتماد جملة من الأجهزة والاستراتجيات أقل ما يقال عنها أنها لا تزال هزيلة غير قادرة على كبح زحف بطالة الشباب فتقدر نسبتها ب 74 % للفئة الأقل من 30 سنة و 80 % لتلك الفئة الأقل من 40 سنة... فأمام التحديات هل سيكون بمقدور القائمين على سوق العمل إيجاد معادلة مناسبة سامحة بتوفير مناصب الشغل بالقدر الكافي السامح بامتصاص البطالة خاصة المتعلق منها بالشباب المؤهل؟
جدوى الاصلاح الجبائي في جذب الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر -دراسة حالة دول الانتقال الأوروبية
Authors: Kaddouri Noreddine
Published: May 2022

يعتبر الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر احد ابرز وأهم أشكال تدفقات رؤوس الأموال الدولية نظرا لما يحققه من فوائد للدول المضيفة وللمستثمر الأجنبي على حد السواء مقارنة بالأشكال الأخرى للتدفقات، وقد دأبت الدراسات على تحديد العوامل المستقطبة للاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر والتي على أساسها يتم رسم السياسات الاقتصادية الكلية للدول الراغبة في جذب هذا النوع من الاستثمار . ويعتبر النظام الجبائي من بين العوامل التي شغلت حيزا مهما في الجهود المبذولة لتحفيز الاستثمار الأجنبي، ويرجع ذلك للعلاقة الاقتصادية القائمة بين الضريبة والاستثمار رغم الجدل القائم حول جدوى استخدام هذا النوع من الحوافز
الطفل المتمدرس والتنشئة الإلكترونية للأسرة الحضرية: أيّ علاقة؟
Authors: Saifi Mohammed Badr al-Din
Published: May 2022

يعتبر موضوع (التنشئة الإلكترونية=الرقمية) من المواضيع الرهان التي تستدعي البحث العلمي والكشف السوسيولوجي، على اعتبار أهمية الظاهرة الرقمية في التطبيع الاجتماعي في العملية التنشئوية الإلكترونية للطفل وتفاعله مع العالم الرقمي أكثر من تفاعله مع محيطه الاجتماعي والأسري، خاصة في ظل غياب الرقابة والمرافقة الأسرية، وعليه تتأكد جدوى هذه الدراسة في الكشف والوصف للظاهرة من زاوية (ميكرو سوسيولوجية)، تنطلق باتجاه الإجابة عن تساؤلات سوسيو- فهمية لواقع الطفل المتمدرس بفهم واقع التنشئة الرقمية الإلكترونية لأسرته، ومدى تجاوزها للتحديات والعوائق الراهنة للعولمة في مختلف مجالات التنشئة الإلكترونية:( القانوني، المعرفي، البيئي، الوطني، الأخلاقي)، بهدف الكشف عن واقع التكوين الرقمي والوعي الذاتي بأهمية التنشئة الإلكترونية وتحدياتها.ورصد نطاق التأزم أو التفوّق بين الفاعل الأسري ومدى مطابقته لأهداف مجالات التنشئة الإلكترونية. واستنادا للبناء العملياتي بتوظيف تقنيات الاستمارة بالمقابلة، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي المقارن مع "أسلوب التقرير الذاتي" لمعرفة آراء المبحوثين واتجاه النطاق للتنشئوي للأسرة، أفادت الدراسة في نتائجها نطاق رقمي أسري "مؤزم" في المجال الوطني والقانوني و"مفوق" بامتياز في المجال الأخلاقي والعلمي.
الحماية الشخصية للطفل على شبكة الانترنت من معياري السلامة والأمن
Authors: Bourzegue Kamel , Berkouk Yamine
Published: May 2022

خلفت الإنترنت آثارا سلبية على مستخدميها من الاطفال والشباب نتيجة لوجود استخدامات سلبية للشبكة، وما سبق ذكره في النصوص القانونية والابحاث والدراسات  من وجود خصائص لمرحلة الطفولة والشباب ربما ساهمت في تسهيل وقوع الشباب في مخاطر الإستخدامات السلبية للشبكة.

    وقد تنوعت آثار شبكة الإنترنت السلبية على الشباب العربي إلى آثار عقدية وأخلاقية ونفسية واجتماعية واقتصادية وصحية وإجرامية ، وعليه سنحاول من خلال دراستنا ان نتطرق إلى أهم  معيارين يمكن أن يقدما مساهمة في حماية الطفل هما " السلامة والأمن "، من خلال ما تم تحليله لبرامج وقائية وعمليات تحسيسية وإرشادية لمتخصصين ميدانيين ورجال الأمن، وبذلك محاولة تفسير الآليات القانونية والالكترونية التي يجب على الأسرة التشبع بها ومعرفتها لحماية أطفالهم من الوقوع في مشاكل من شأنها ان تؤثر على التنشئة الاجتماعية لهم انطلاقا من الإشكالية التالية : كيف تكون الحماية الشخصية للطفل على الشبكة العنكبوتية ؟ وماهي آليات السلامة والأمن المعتمدة  من طرف الأسرة والمؤسسة ؟
أثر العاب الفيديو والرسوم المتحركة المباشرة على السلوك لدى الطفل مقاربة انثروبولوجية للموروث الإنساني وتكنولوجيا الأنترنت
Authors: Bachira Allia , Benarfa Ibrahim
Published: May 2022

انتشرت التكنولوجيا في الأونة الاخيرة انتشارا رهيبا، ولم تعد مقتصرة على الأغنياء أو طبقات اجتماعية بعينها، فلا تكاد تخلو قرية أو حي أو شارع في مدينة كبيرة من صالات الألعاب الالكترونية ومقاهي الأنترنت، وأغلبية روادها من  فئة الأطفال ما دون 16 سنة، على اختلاف انتماءاتهم الجغرافية وفروقاتهم الطبقية، ساهم هذا الانتشار في تكوين تنشئة اجتماعية جديدة غريبة على الأسرة والمجتمع حيث أصبح الأطفال يبحثون عن السبل المثلى لتقليد شخصيات الأبطال الالكترونية التي يقومون بتقمص أدوارها، وخرجت بهم من دائرة المعقول والمعلوم إلى استعمال الأنا الخفي، وإبراز القدرات والطموحات والأحلام الغير معلنة والتي وجدوا في العالم الإلكتروني والأنترنت ملاذا لتحقيقها. وكذا لكسر شهوة الحواجز الطبيعية في حياتهم اليومية، خصوصا في المجتمعات النامية التي تبحث عن موارد العيش والاستمرار فقط وليس التطور ومحاولة تحسين الواقع المعيشي.