bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La investigación en políticas públicas: ¿ingeniería social, argumentación o experimentación democrática?
Authors: Roth D. André-Noël
Published: October 2017

El análisis de política, como campo de investigación científica que pretende aportar mayor racionalidad, efectividad y democracia a los procesos de formación, decisión e implementación de políticas públicas, se ha desarrollado a partir de mediados del siglo pasado. En este lapso, las llamadas “ciencias de la política” (policy sciences) pasaron por importantes desarrollos que permiten hoy señalar, por lo menos, tres grandes perspectivas de análisis: una perspectiva tradicional basada en los datos y las evidencias, una segunda perspectiva llamada cognitivista que toma en consideración el papel de las ideas y, por última, una perspectiva post-empiricista que pretende democratizar el análisis de políticas. Proponemos al lector una síntesis de estas perspectivas (Roth, 2014) y concluimos señalando algunas pistas para repensar la democracia y sus instituciones desde el análisis de políticas públicas.
Camponesas, feminismos e lutas atuais: resistência e potência na construção de epistemologias do Sul
Authors: Lima Márcia María Tait
Published: October 2017

Este trabalho é dedicado a refletir sobre a resistência ao atual modelo de agricultura industrial em discursos e manifestações de mulheres camponesas, organizadas em grupos e movimentos sociais na Argentina e no Brasil. Entre as principais referências disciplinares aplicadas no trabalho estão: os Estudos Sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia e suas interfaces com os Estudos de Gênero e Feminismo. O trabalho com os materiais obtidos na pesquisa de campo teve como objetivo estabelecer um diálogo entre os discursos das mulheres camponesas e as referências teóricas a partir de uma perspectiva parcial ou de conhecimento situado. Para a pesquisa de campo foram realizadas entrevistas e momentos de observação participante com visitas a localidades urbanas e rurais dos dois países durante os anos de 2010 e 2011. Como parte dos resultados, infere-se que a ação coletiva dessas mulheres promove uma síntese singular de valores e ética presentes no pensamento feminista e ambientalista, construindo uma epistemologia e uma crítica potentes ao modelo de agricultura industrial hegemônico.
As políticas de desenvolvimento territorial rural na América latina: uma hibridação das fontes e da implementação
Authors: Sabourin Eric Pierre , Massardier Gilles , Sotomayor Octavio
Published: October 2017

O artigo propõe examinar a emergência e disseminação regional das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento territorial rural –DTR– na América Latina. Formula a hipótese da existência e difusão de um modelo latino-americano específico de política de DTR. A metodologia baseia–se na aplicação de uma matriz de análise comum do “policy making” aos programas de DTR em vários países e do exame da sua aplicação em quatro países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Uruguai. O trabalho conclui na existência de um mecanismo de hibridação tanto das referências teórico-metodológicas como das modalidades de difusão regional e de implementação nacional das políticas de DTR.
Introducción
Authors: Espinosa Betty , Roth André-Noël , Waters William F.
Published: October 2017

Esta revista pretende ser un foro abierto a investigadores y a profesionales para el debate en el campo de las políticas públicas, así como para la difusión y discusión de las ideas y prácticas de acciónpública que privilegian la participación y la deliberación como instrumentos de construcción de una sociedad democrática, respetuosa de los derechos del hombre y la naturaleza, que apela a principios de justicia.
Analyzing Public Policy
Authors: Vieira Silva Juan Guillermo
Published: October 2017

El libro Analyzing Public Policy de Peter John es tal vez el primer libro de texto, eminentemente teórico, en alcanzar ese cometido, ubicándose unos pasos más adelante de los textos básicos tradicionales, pues logra dar cuenta del avance teórico de la ciencia política orientado a explicar las políticas públicas, y lo pone en discusión con los enfoques sintéticos desarrollados al interior del campo de las políticas públicas.
Los artistas del pasacalle y el ensayo de la cultura en Villa El Salvador, Perú
Authors: Odria Carlos
Published: October 2017

Este artículo investiga las formaciones de parentesco y mutualidad desarrolladas por jóvenes activistas en Villa El Salvador (VES), un distrito pobre ubicado en los límites urbanos de la ciudad deLima, Perú. La investigación se centra en las sesiones de práctica de “tambores” y artes circenses llevadas a cabo semanalmente por organizaciones culturales que buscan efectuar una transformaciónpolítica en VES. Partiendo de una conceptualización del parentesco como práctica cimentada en la “mutualidad del ser” (Sahlins 2011) se busca mostrar como la acción rítmica coordinada que sustenta cada uno de estos ensayos musicales emerge como estrategia política para cimentar lazos de afinidad basados en la creatividad grupal y el esfuerzo cooperativo. Como se verá, la práctica de tambores se ha convertido en una técnica de acción comunitaria que no solo refuerza sino además genera relaciones de parentesco por medio de la sincronización de cuerpos en sinergia.
Low intensity shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction: 6 months followup results
Authors: Korneyev Igor A , Telegin Ivan V , Davydov Ivan V , Matveev Artem V , Rubanov Dmitrij V , Al-Shukri Salman H
Published: October 2017

Introduction. Low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a novel promising method of treatment for men with erectile dysfunction (ED). The efficacy of ESWT is not clearly determined and need further investigation. Aim of the study: To investigate 6 months followup efficacy and safety results from ESWT trial in patients with ED. Patients and methods. This open-label, longitudinal observational study investigated 6 months followup results in 19 men (mean age = 59.5 years) with organic ED (including 6 (32%) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 6 (32%) patients after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy) treated with 5-session weekly ESWT protocol using DornierAries delivery system (7500 shock waves, 1500 each session, 4 Hz). Information about adverse events was recorded. Effectiveness was assessed according to the International Index of Erectile Function and Sexual Health Inventory for Men after the 5th ESWT session and also in 1, 3 and 6 months. Results. No patient reported treatment-related adverse events. In 12 (63%), 11 (57%), 11 (57%) and 9 (47%) patients IIEF increased after the 5th ESWT session (also in 2 (33%) men with ED caused by radical prostatectomy), and in 1, 3, 6 months after treatment respectively, so the mean IIEF score in the group has become higher (p = 0.003, p = 0.050, p = 0.022, р > 0.1 respectively) as well as the IIEF general satisfaction domain score (p = 0.006 и p = 0.014, р = 0.011 и p = 0.028, respectively). Mean SHIM score growth was significantly higher after the 5th ESWT session only (р = 0.020), also in patients with diabetic ED (р = 0.041). Individual variability of both IIEF and SHIM scores after treatment was high, with IIEF lower in patients with advanced age (р = 0.015). Conclusions. In 6 months followup ESWT was safe in all and effective in many patients with ED. High individual variability of treatment efficacy needs further evaluation. (For citation: Korneyev IA, Telegin IV, Davydov IV, et al. Low intensity shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction: 6 months followup results. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2017;7(3):5-13. doi: 10.17816/uroved735-13).
A study on factors related to readership of scientific articles
Authors: Xu Tony , Khalili Shayan , Deng Cynthia
Published: October 2017

This paper analyzes the relationship between the number of Twitter and Mendeley readers with the article’s subject, publisher, journal, and title length. It also looks at which country has the greatest number of readers to see if researchers can garner more visibility by publishing an article relevant to issues in those countries. The purpose of this report is to help researchers improve the visibility and impact value of their research.

The data was gathered from 550,000 scientific research papers published between January 1st and July 1st of 2016. Python’s built-in JSON library was used to extract the number of Twitter and Mendeley readers, as well as the article count for each factor. The correlation between readers per article and each factor was then visualized using bubble graphs, linear regression models, and scatter plots. This paper concludes that the length of the title is the strongest factor affecting readership. In particular, titles with lengths between 51 and 90 characters have the greatest number of readers. Moreover, articles relevant to issues in countries with a higher GDP have the highest overall readership. On the other hand, the publisher and the journal did not have a significant effect on readership, while the subject of the article had a moderate effect on readership.
Elliptic Fourier Analysis in the Study of the Male Genitalia to Discriminate Three Macrolophus Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Jauset A. M. , Edo-Tena E. , Parés-Casanova P. M. , Castañé C. , Agustí N. , Alomar O.
Published: October 2017

Within the genus Macrolophus (Heteroptera: Miridae), the species M. costalis (Fieber), M. melanotoma (Costa) and M. pygmaeus (Rambur) are present in the Mediterranean region on a wide variety of plant species. While M. costalis can easily be separated from the other two by the black tip at the scutellum, M. pygmaeus and M. melanotoma are cryptic species, extremely similar to one another in external traits, which have resulted in misidentifications. M. pygmaeus is an efficient biological control agent, both in greenhouse and field crops. The misidentification of these cryptic species could limit the effectiveness of biological control programs. Although morphology of the left paramere of the male genitalia has been used as a character for identification of these two cryptic species, there is controversy on the reliability of this character as a taxonomic tool for these species. Using geometric morphometric techniques, which are a powerful approach in detecting slight shape variations, the left parameres from these three Macrolophus species were compared. The paramere of M. costalis was larger and had a different shape than that of M. melanotoma and M. pygmaeus; however, no differences in size or shape were found between the left paramere of M. melanotoma and that of M. pygmaeus. Therefore, our results confirm that this character is too similar and it cannot be used to discriminate between these two cryptic species.
Numerical Investigation on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Supercritical Liquefied Natural Gas in an Airfoil Fin Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger
Authors: Zhao Zhongchao , Zhao Kai , Jia Dandan , Jiang Pengpeng , Shen Rendong
Published: October 2017

As a new kind of highly compact and efficient micro-channel heat exchanger, printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is a promising candidate satisfying the heat exchange requirements of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporization at low and high pressure. The effects of airfoil fin arrangement on heat transfer an flow resistance were numerically investigated using supercritical liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a working fluid. The thermal properties of supercritical LNG were tested by utilizing a REFPROF software database. Numerical simulation was performed using FLUENT. The inlet temperature of supercritical LNG was 121 K,and its pressure was 10.5MPa. The reference mass flow rate of LNG was set 1.22 g/s for the vertical pitch Lv = 1.67 mm and the staggered pitch Ls = 0 mm, with the Reynolds number of about 3750. The SST k-ω model with enhanced wall treatment was selected by comparing with the experimental data. The airfoil fin PCHE had better thermal-hydraulic performance than that of the straight channel PCHE. Moreover, the airfoil fins with staggered arrangement displayed better thermal performance than that of the fins with parallel arrangement. The thermal-hydraulic performance of airfoil fin PCHE was improved with increasing Ls and Lv. Moreover, Lv  affected on the Nusselt number and pressure drop of airfoil fin PCHE more obviously. In conclusion, a sparser staggered arrangement of fins showed a better thermal-hydraulic performance in airfoil fin PCHE.
The Impact of External Shading Design on the Building Energy Consumption
Authors: Eskandari Hamid , Saedvandi Mehdi , Mahdavinejad Mohammadjavad
Published: October 2017

In this paper, the effect of an exterior shading element (Iwan) on energy consumption in four different climatic regions, and for different geographical directions, has been investigated numerically and experimentally. By applying different materials and techniques and creating various elements and spaces, architects make hard climatic conditions more tolerable for residents. Iwan is one of the cooling elements which is used in different forms and dimensions in the Islamic architecture. In the present research, Iwan has been introduced as a climatic element in traditional and contemporary architectures and its role in reducing the energy consumption in buildings has been studied. In this respect, first, the thermal loads of a building without Iwan are computed by means of EnergyPlus software. Then, four different forms of Iwan are added to the above-mentioned structure along the four principal geographical directions, and the effect of Iwan on the reduction of thermal loads is analyzed for four different climates. Finally, the design parameters of Iwan, in terms of depth and form, that can help reduce the thermal loads in different climatic conditions are presented. The results show that the best position for using an Iwan is the south direction and the use of Iwan in temperate & humid, hot & humid, cold & mountainous and hot & dry climates could reduce the energy consumption in buildings by 32%, 26%, 14%, and 29%, respectively.
Simulating the Effects of Agricultural Management on Water Quality Dynamics in Rice Paddies for Sustainable Rice Production—Model Development and Validation
Authors: Choi Soon-Kun , Jeong Jaehak , Kim Min-Kyeong
Published: October 2017

The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model is widely used for evaluating agricultural conservation efforts and their effects on soil and water. A key component of APEX application in Korea is simulating water quality impacts of rice paddies because rice agriculture claims the largest cropland area in the country. In this study, a computational module called APEX-Paddy is developed to simulate water quality with considering pertinent paddy management practices such as puddling, flood irrigation management. Data collected at two experimental paddy sites in Korea were used to calibrate and validate the model. Results indicate that APEX-Paddy performs well in predicting runoff discharge rate and nitrogen yield while the original APEX highly overestimates runoff rates and nitrogen yields on large storm events. With APEX-Paddy, simulated and observed flow and mineral nitrogen yield (QN) are found to be highly correlated after calibration (Nash & Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) = 0.87 and Percent Bias (PBIAS) = −14.6% for flow; NSE = 0.68 and PBIAS = 2.1% for QN). Consequently, the APEX-Paddy showed a greater accuracy in flow and QN prediction than the original APEX modeling practice using the SCS-CN method.
A Logic Framework for Non-Conscious Reasoning
Authors: Lara-Rosano Felipe
Published: October 2017

Human non-conscious reasoning is one of the most successful procedures developed to solve everyday problems in an efficient way. This is why the field of artificial intelligence should analyze, formalize and emulate the multiple ways of non-conscious reasoning with the purpose of applying them in knowledge based systems, neurocomputers and similar devices for aiding people in the problem-solving process. In this paper, a framework for those non-conscious ways of reasoning is presented based on object-oriented representations, fuzzy sets and multivalued logic.
Influence of the Salt Bath Agitation and Austempering Temperature on the Microstructure of Austempered Ductile Iron
Authors: Čatipović Nikša , Živković Dražen , Dadić Zvonimir , Viceić Marin
Published: October 2017

In this paper the influence of austempering temperature and salt bath agitation on the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the ferritic ductile iron were studied. 17 samples had been subjected to different heat treatment parameters. Different microstructures were recorded upon the completion of the tests. From the obtained micro images, it is obvious that both the austempering temperature and salt bath agitation affect the final microstructure of the austempered ductile iron. Lower austempering temperatures and salt bath agitation produce more ausferrite in the microstructure, hence the harder and tougher phases are present. This was confirmed with hardness and toughness test of the 17 heat-treated samples. Lower austempering temperatures give more ausferrite phase and therefore higher hardness, but hardness decreases with increasing austempering temperatures. Toughness rises with rising austempering temperatures, but drops significantly with temperatures above 395°C because of the final microstructure.
Label Free Biosensor Methods in Detection of Food Pathogens and Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Radhakrishnan Rajeswaran , Poltronieri Palmiro
Published: October 2017

Food pathogens contaminate food products that allow their growth on the shelf and also under refrigerated conditions. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to lower the limit of detection (LOD) of the method used and to obtain the results within hours to few days. Biosensor methods exploit the available technologies to individuate and provide an approximate quantification of the bacteria present in a sample. The main bottleneck of these methods depend on the aspecific binding to the surfaces and on a change in sensitivity when bacteria are in a complex food matrix in respect to bacteria in a liquid food sample. In this review we introduce Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), new advancements in SPR techniques, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), as label-free biosensing technologies for the detection of L. monocytogenes in foods. The application of the two methods has made possible the detection of L. monocytogenes with LOD of 1 log CFU/mL. Further advancement are envisaged through the combination of biosensor methods with immunoseparation of bacteria from larger volumes.
Tinjauan Konseptual Mikro-Makro Daya Saing dan Strategi Pembangunan Pertanian
Authors: Saptana NFN
Published: October 2017

English
Policy makers and economists are interested in competitiveness concept and try to implement in the economic development. Competitiveness has several perspectives, i.e. economic perspective, business, and politic. Competitivess could also be reviewed in a micro perspective (company level) and macro perspective (national level). This paper examines the competitiveness concept in terms of micro and macro perspectives. The micro perspective would be useful in agricultural development, especially in crop selection and in endeavor to change comparative to competitive advantages. The macro perspective should be useful to improve national competitiveness trough various fiscal policies of real sector. The study revealed that several agricultural commodities have competitive and comparative advantages, but the competitiveness susceptible to external fluctuation. The changes from comparative to competitive advantage require government intervention to control market distortion and to reduce the high transaction cost economy. Meanwhile, the changes from competitiveness at company level to competitiveness at national level need an integrated macro economic policies and micro economic activities.  

Indonesian
Pakar ekonomi dan pengambil kebijakan telah memberikan perhatian besar terhadap konsep daya saing dan mencoba mengoperasionalkan dalam pembangunan ekonomi. Konsep daya saing dimaknai dari berbagai perspektif, antara lain perspektif ekonomi, bisnis, dan politik (kebijakan). Di samping itu, ada yang memaknai dalam perspektif mikro (perusahaan) dan perspektif makro (nasional). Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji konsep daya saing dalam perspektif ekonomi baik mikro maupun makro.  Kajian dari perspektif mikro diharapkan berguna dalam pembangunan pertanian terutama untuk menentukan pilihan komoditas dan upaya mewujudkan keunggulan komperatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif. Sementara itu, dari kajian dalam perspektif makro diharapkan berguna membangun daya saing nasional melalui berbagai kebijakan makro terutama melalui kebijakan fiskal di sektor riil.  Secara mikro beberapa komoditas pertanian Indonesia mempunyai keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif, namun keunggulan yang dimiliki rentan terhadap gejolak eksternal. Untuk mewujudkan keunggulan komparatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif diperlukan adanya kebijakan pemerintah yang ditujukan untuk menghilangkan adanya distorsi pasar dan menekan tingginya biaya transaksi. Sementara itu, untuk mewujudkan daya saing di tingkat mikro (perusahaan) menjadi daya saing di tingkat makro (nasional) diperlukan adanya keterpaduan antara kebijakan makro dan kegiatan ekonomi mikro.
Pendekatan Skala Ekivalensi untuk Mengukur Kemiskinan
Authors: Susilowati Sri Hery
Published: October 2017

English
Consumption calculation to measure the level of poverty in Indonesia was based on the average of expenditure per capita approach. The approach did not consider the age’s composition of household members. With such approach, the calculation of poverty level should not provide accurate figures and need to be evaluated. The equivalent scale approach to measure the level of poverty was used by considering the household member’s age composition.  The result of poverty calculation using the equivalent scale approach gave the level of poverty at a more proportionate level compared to the average expenditure per capita approach.  The main problem in applying the equivalent scale approach to calculate the level of poverty in Indonesia is the lack of equivalent scale formula suitable for Indonesian consumption household pattern.

Indonesian
Penghitungan pengeluaran per kapita untuk menghitung penduduk miskin di Indonesia yang selama ini hanya didasarkan pada rata-rata pengeluaran per kapita dan tidak memperhatikan komposisi umur anggota rumah tangga. Dengan pendekatan tersebut hasil perhitungan kemiskinan kurang mencerminkan angka kemiskinan secara akurat. Untuk itu penetapan kemiskinan dengan metode rata-rata pengeluaran per kapita seperti yang dilakukan BPS hingga saat ini perlu dievaluasi. Hasil perhitungan kemiskinan dengan pendekatan skala ekivalensi diketahui menghasilkan angka kemiskinan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan metode rata-rata pengeluaran per kapita. Pendekatan skala ekivalensi sebagai alternatif metode menghitung kemiskinan diperkirakan akan menghasilkan angka kemiskinan yang lebih proporsional dibandingkan dengan metode rata-rata pendapatan per kapita. Kendala penerapan skala ekivalensi untuk menetapkan angka kemiskinan di Indonesia terutama belum tersedianya formula skala ekivalensi yang tepat sesuai dengan pola konsumsi anggota rumah tangga di Indonesia.
Peran Kelompok Tani dalam Penerapan Teknologi Pertanian
Authors: Nuryanti Sri , Swastika Dewa Ketut Sadra
Published: October 2017

English
This paper describes roles of farmers’ groups in agricultural technology application. A farmers’ group is defined as a group of farmers informally consolidate themselves based on their common goals in farming activities. Initial spirit of establishing a farmers’ group is to strengthen farmers’ bargaining position, especially in terms of collective purchasing of farm inputs and selling their agricultural products efficiently. Indonesia has a long experience in formation of farmers’ groups since Mass Intensification (BIMAS) and Special Intensification (INSUS) were launched in 1970s-1980s. Currently, most of farmers groups in Indonesia are not formed by farmers themselves, but they are mostly formed as a response to the government program that requires farmers to become members of a farmers’ group. Most of government support for farmers, such as distribution of subsidized fertilizer, agricultural extension, subsidized farm credits and other programs are distributed to farmers’ group or farmers’ groups association. Introduction and promotion of a new technology is also delivered through farmers’ groups. Thus, the roles of a farmers’ group are not only as the means of distributing government assistance and extension services, but also as the agent for new technology adoption.

 

Indonesian
Makalah ini merupakan tinjauan (review) dari berbagai literatur dan hasil penelitian terdahulu, ditujukan untuk mendeskripsikan peran kelompok tani dalam penerapan teknologi pertanian. Kelompok tani didefinisikan sebagai sekelompok petani yang secara informal mengkonsolidasi diri berdasarkan kepentingan bersama dalam berusahatani. Semangat awal pembentukan kelompok tani adalah untuk memperkuat posisi tawar, terutama dalam pengadaan sarana produksi dan pemasaran hasil secara kolektif. Indonesia mempunyai pengalaman panjang pembentukan kelompok tani, sejak diluncurkannya program BIMAS, INSUS dan Supra Insus di era 1970-an dan 1980-an. Saat ini kebanyakan kelompok tani di Indonesia tidak lagi dibentuk atas inisiatif petani dalam memperkuat diri, melainkan kebanyakan merupakan respon dari program-program pemerintah yang mengharuskan petani berkelompok. Umumnya program-program bantuan pemerintah seperti: penyaluran pupuk bersudsidi, penyuluhan teknologi pertanian, kredit usahatani bersubsidi, dan program-program lain disalurkan melalui kelompok tani atau gabungan kelompok tani (Gapoktan). Petani yang ingin mendapat teknologi baru dan berbagai program bantuan pemerintah harus menjadi anggota kelompok atau anggota Gapoktan. Dengan demikian, peran kelompok tani tidak hanya sebagai media untuk menyalurkan bantuan-bantuan pemerintah, tetapi juga sebagai agen penerapan teknologi baru.
Delandreformisasi sebagai Gejala Anti Landreform di Indonesia: Karakter, Penyebab dan Upaya untuk Pengendaliannya
Authors: Syahyuti NFN
Published: October 2017

English
Since Indonesia’s independence up to the reform era, land reform is acknowledged but it has not been effectively implemented. However, there is also an inverse process called as de-land-reform with its objectives inconsistently with the ideal purposes of land reform. It seems as the natural symptoms due to social-economic political environment and inside condition of the farmers themselves. De-land-reform process gets no attention, so far, and no serious efforts to cope with it. De-land-reform consists of selling farmers’ land, land fragmentation such that it does not achieve scale of economy, and uncontrollable land conversion. This is due to social-economic political pressures, and community’s social-culture. It needs common awareness as an initial phase of control, but, unfortunately, the government, community, and observers do not pay attention to this process.

 

Indonesian
Semenjak Indonesia merdeka sampai era reformasi, landreform yang telah menjadi perhatian semua pihak, tidak pernah efektif diimplementasikan secara memuaskan. Pada waktu yang bersamaan, berlangsung proses sebaliknya, atau berupa ”delandreformisasi”, yakni suatu kondisi yang bergerak ke arah yang berlawanan dari upaya-upaya landreformisasi, atau secara lebih luas berlawanan dengan tujuan ideal reforma agraria. Hal ini tampak seperti gejala yang alamiah yang didorong oleh lingkungan sosial ekonomi politik maupun dari dalam diri petani sendiri. Proses delandreformisasi selama ini tidak diperhatikan, sehingga belum ada upaya yang serius untuk menanganinya. Beberapa bentuk utama delandreformisasi adalah penjualan lahan oleh petani, fragmentasi lahan sehingga menjadi tidak ekonomis, dan konversi lahan yang sulit dikendalikan. Penyebabnya datang dari berbagai sisi baik karena tekanan ekonomi dan politik, serta sosiokultural masyarakat. Sebagai langkah awal untuk pengendaliannya, dibutuhkan kesadaran bersama bahwa ini suatu proses yang esensial namun selama ini luput  diperhatikan baik dari kalangan pemerintah, masyarakat maupun pengamat.
Pembangunan Pertanian pada Era Otonomi Daerah: Kebijakan dan Implementasi
Authors: Mayrowani Henny
Published: October 2017

English
Regional autonomy gives more authority to the regional governments, namely those regencies and municipalities, to take the initiative in designing and developing a locally specific policy. It includes in conducting agricultural development in each region. The regional authorities in policy implementation have both positive and the negative impacts on agricultural development. Most of the regional governments’ regulations are designed to improve regional government revenues. Most regional government officials think that agricultural development is costly, but it takes a long time to return the investment. This is why issues of importance of agriculture are less attractive to the regional policymakers, especially in supporting agricultural business and extension. The positive impacts of regional autonomy can be observed in some regional governments successfully develop regional agricultural policy but not supported through the regional regulations.

 

Indonesian
Kebijakan otonomi daerah memberi kebebasan kepada daerah untuk mengambil inisiatif dalam mendesain dan mengembangkan kebijakan lokal secara spesifik. Kewenangan di bidang pertanian merupakan kewenangan yang dilimpahkan pada kabupaten/kota. Besarnya kewenangan dalam pelaksana kebijakan daerah memberikan dampak positif dan negatif terhadap pengembangan pertanian. Sebagian besar Perda dibuat dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan Pemerintah Daerah. Pembangunan pertanian dianggap oleh sebagian birokrasi dan legislator lokal sebagai bidang yang cost-center yang membutuhkan investasi besar namun return-nya cukup lama. Hal ini yang menyebabkan mengapa isu pentingnya pembangunan pertanian kurang menarik perhatian bagi sebagian besar pembuat kebijakan daerah. Kecenderungan umum menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pemerintah daerah kurang berpihak pada kegiatan yang terkait dengan pembangunan pertanian terutama dalam perbaikan iklim usaha dan penyuluhan. Hal ini  merupakan dampak negatif kebijakan otonomi daerah terhadap sektor pertanian. Namun dampak positif dari kebijakan otda terlihat dari beberapa Pemerintah Daerah yang telah berhasil mengembangkan pertanian daerah dan mengimplementasikan beberapa kebijakan daerah yang tidak diterbitkan dalam Peraturan Daerah.
Menyoroti Sejarah Perkembangan Undang-Undang tentang Air Pengairan dan Sumber Daya Air
Authors: Pasandaran Effendi
Published: October 2017

English
From the viewpoint of historical perspective Indonesia has experienced three generations of water law namely Algemeen Water Reglement (general water law), year 1936, Law No 11 of 1974 and Law No 7 Year 2004 on water resources. The purpose of this paper is to study factors considered as the drivers of the emergence of each generation of law. The analysis of historical context identified the dominant factors. The three generations of law are driven by various factors in response to the emerging political interests. In the first, ethical politics, development of hydraulic technology, and the interest to support agricultural export commodity are important driving factors. In the second, green revolution technologies, and the political interest to achieve rice self- sufficiency are dominant factors while that of  the  third is influenced  by politics of bureaucracy  in the aftermath of economic crisis of 1998, economic liberalization as  condition for the World Bank loan, and global political pressure to implement integrated water resources management. By the cancelation of the third generation of law Indonesia is stepping toward the fourth generation of law which has to be prepared in accountable manner based on the principles of good water governance.

 

Indonesian
Dari perspektif sejarah, Indonesia telah mengalami tiga generasi undang-undang yang terkait dengan air, yaitu Algemene Water Reglement tahun 1936, Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan, dan UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Tulisan ini bertujuan mempelajari faktor-faktor penyebab munculnya undang-undang pada setiap generasi dan mengusulkan langkah-langkah kebijakan untuk mempersiapkan undang-undang generasi keempat. Berdasarkan konteks sejarah diidentifikasi faktor-faktor dominan yang menjadi pemicu munculnya undang-undang pemicu. Ketiga generasi undang-undang tersebut dipicu oleh berbagai faktor sebagai respons terhadap  berbagai kepentingan politik yang muncul. Pada generasi pertama, politik etika, perkembangan teknologi hidrolika, dan kepentingan ekspor komoditas pertanian merupakan faktor-faktor pemicu. Pada generasi kedua, teknologi revolusi hijau dan kepentingan politik mencapai swasembada beras merupakan faktor dominan, sedangkan undang-undang generasi ketiga dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan birokrasi politik pasca krisis ekonomi tahun 1998, liberalisasi ekonomi sebagai persyaratan bantuan Bank Dunia, dan tekanan politik global untuk melaksanakan pengelolaan sumber daya air terpadu. Dengan dibatalkannya undang-undang generasi ketiga, Indonesia memerlukan undang-undang generasi keempat yang perlu disiapkan dengan lebih bertanggung jawab  dan didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip tata kelola air yang baik.
Tinjauan Konseptual Makro-Mikro Pemasaran dan Implikasinya bagi Pembangunan Pertanian
Authors: Saptana NFN , Saliem Handewi Purwati
Published: October 2017

English
Economists are interested in the marketing concept try to apply it in agricultural development. Marketing concept has several aspects, i.e. economy, business, and policy. Some people interpret marketing concept in terms of macro aspect (national level) and micro aspect (firm level). This paper proposes to examine marketing concept in term of macro and micro levels. Examining the marketing aspect at macro level will be useful to increase the marketing efficiency of agricultural commodity at regional or national level. It will also improve marketing efficiency in supply chain of agricultural commodity. Reviews on empirical studies indicate that some agricultural commodities have low marketing efficiency causing low competitiveness in the domestic and global markets. Enhancing marketing efficiency requires government intervention intended to reduce market distortion and high transaction cost in the supply chain of agricultural commodity. To achieve marketing efficiency of agricultural commodity, it is necessary to integrate macro-economic policy and micro-economic activities in the supply chain of agricultural commodity.

 

Indonesian
Pakar ekonomi dan pemasaran telah memberikan perhatian besar terhadap konsep pemasaran dan mencoba menerapkannya dalam pembangunan pertanian. Konsep pemasaran dimaknai dari berbagai perspektif, antara lain perspektif ekonomi, bisnis, dan kebijakan. Di samping itu, ada yang memaknai pemasaran dari perspektif makro dan perspektif mikro. Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji konsep pemasaran dalam perspektif ekonomi baik makro maupun mikro. Kajian dari perspektif makro diharapkan berguna meningkatkan efisiensi pemasaran suatu komoditas pertanian dalam suatu wilayah atau nasional. Sementara itu, dari kajian dalam perspektif mikro diharapkan berguna dalam upaya meningkatkan efisiensi dalam rantai pasok dan pengelolaan rantai nilai suatu komoditas. Secara mikro beberapa pelaku usaha rantai pasok komoditas pertanian Indonesia mempunyai efisiensi yang rendah, sehingga kalah bersaing di pasar domestik dan global. Untuk mewujudkan sistem pemasaran yang efisien diperlukan adanya kebijakan pemerintah yang ditujukan untuk menghilangkan adanya distorsi pasar dan menekan tingginya biaya transaksi pada sistem pemasaran komoditas pertanian. Sementara itu, untuk mewujudkan efisiensi pemasaran di tingkat mikro (pelaku usaha) menjadi efisiensi di tingkat makro (nasional) diperlukan adanya keterpaduan antara kebijakan makro terkait sistem distribusi dan pemasaran komoditas pertanian dan kegiatan usaha ekonomi mikro dalam rantai pasok komoditas pertanian.
Comparative Analysis of Partial Structures of a Peat Humic and Fulvic Acid Using One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Hertkorn N. , Permin A. , Perminova I. , Kovalevskii D. , Yudov M. , Petrosyan V. , Kettrup A.
Published: October 2017

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) resonance integrals obtained from one‐dimensional NMR spectra provide semiquantitative contents of humic constituents with limited resolution in structural detail. When supplemented by connectivity information available from homo‐ and heteronuclear two‐dimensional NMR spectra a more reliable assignment of humic substructures becomes available. This is demonstrated with a comparative one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR analysis of a fulvic and a humic acid obtained from Eriophorum peat. An example of a detailed analysis of the proton chemical shift region normally attributed to carbohydrates shows substantial contributions from amino acids, amino and desoxy sugars, and highly oxidized aliphatic chains of intermediate length. The very good resolution of structural detail by a combined analysis of all NMR spectra shows that the effect of the fractionation procedure on the composition and chemical structure of humic materials is very significant. The comparison of the partial structures comprising humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) of the peat humic materials studied indicates that FA is diagenetically downstream of HA, favoring the biopolymer degradation (BD) model of humification.
Characterization of High‐Tannin Fractions from Humus by Carbon‐13 Cross‐Polarization and Magic‐Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Lorenz Klaus , Preston Caroline M.
Published: October 2017

Condensed tannins can be found in various parts of many plants. Unlike lignin there has been little study of their fate as they enter the soil organic matter pool and their influence on nutrient cycling, especially through their protein‐binding properties. We extracted and characterized tannin‐rich fractions from humus collected in 1998 from a black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton et al.] forest in Canada where a previous study (1995) showed high levels (3.8% by weight) of condensed tannins. A reference tannin purified from black spruce needles was characterized by solution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a pure procyanidin with mainly cis stereochemistry and an average chain length of four to five units. The colorimetric proanthocyanidin (PA) assay, standardized against the black spruce tannin, showed that both extracted humus fractions had higher tannin contents than the original humus (2.84% and 11.17% vs. 0.08%), and accounted for 32% of humus tannin content. Consistent with the results from the chemical assay, the aqueous fraction showed higher tannin signals in the 13C cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectrum than the emulsified one. As both tannin‐rich humus fractions were depleted in N and high in structures derived from lignin and cutin, they did not have properties consistent with recalcitrant tannin–protein complexes proposed as a mechanism for N sequestration in humus. Further studies are needed to establish if tannin–protein structures in humus can be detected or isolated, or if tannins contribute to forest management problems observed in these ecosystems by binding to and slowing down the activity of soil enzymes.
Formation of Heteroaromatic Nitrogen after Prolonged Humification of Vascular Plant Remains as Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Knicker H. , Hatcher P.G. , González‐Vila F.J.
Published: October 2017

In the search for the mechanisms involved in the immobilization of organic nitrogen in humified remains of vascular plants, the efforts of the present investigation were directed toward the examination of the transformation of nitrogenous compounds during the peat and coal stage by means of solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. While accumulation of heteroaromatic‐N is not detected in most of the studied peat layers, a clear shoulder in the chemical shift region of pyrrole‐ or indole‐N is observed in the solid‐state 15N NMR spectrum of material from the deepest (and thus oldest) peat layer underlying the sapropel from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda (10000 years). This points to the assumption that transformation of nitrogen occurs between an advanced stage of peatification and an early stage of coalification. The observed sudden alteration in nitrogen functionality indicates that continuous accumulation of newly synthesized or selectively preserved biogenic structures is not responsible for the presence of heteroaromatic‐N in these fossilized deposits. It seems rather likely that abiotic conditions, occurring during advanced sediment maturation, have an effect on the observed N transformation. With increasing coalification, pyrrole‐type‐N becomes the dominant form in the macromolecular coal network. Pyridine‐type‐N was only detected in a coal of anthracite rank.
A Novel Technique for the Pre‐Concentration and Extraction of Inositol Hexakisphosphate from Soil Extracts with Determination by Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Turner Benjamin L. , McKelvie Ian D.
Published: October 2017

Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is often the dominant form of soil organic phosphorus (P), but is rarely investigated because of the analytical difficulties encountered in its extraction, separation, and detection in environmental samples. In particular, recent advances in the study of soil organic P with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been of limited use for the study of IP6, because the technique does not discriminate between IP6 and other forms of P. This was addressed by developing a novel analytical procedure using the retentive properties of gel‐filtration gels for IP6, which allows the combined selective extraction and pre‐concentration of IP6 from soil extracts with determination by 31P NMR. While the technique is still in the developmental stage, the results demonstrate that the gel does not interfere with 31P NMR analysis and retains IP6 to concentrations well above those required to give clear spectral signals. The technique has considerable potential for application to the study of IP6 in soil extracts and water samples and, with development, could help to answer fundamental questions regarding the dynamics of organic P in the environment.
Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Fluxes in a Soybean Field Irrigated with Swine Effluent
Authors: Sharpe R. R. , Harper L. A.
Published: October 2017

In the United States, swine (Sus scrofa) operations produce more than 14 Tg of manure each year. About 30% of this manure is stored in anaerobic lagoons before application to land. While land application of manure supplies nutrients for crop production, it may lead to gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Our objectives were to quantify gaseous fluxes of NH3 and N2O from effluent applications under field conditions. Three applications of swine effluent were applied to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Brim’] and gaseous fluxes were determined from gas concentration profiles and the flux‐gradient gas transport technique. About 12% of ammonium (NH4–N) in the effluent was lost through drift or secondary volatilization of NH3 during irrigation. An additional 23% was volatilized within 48 h of application. Under conditions of low windspeed and with the wind blowing from the lagoon to the field, atmospheric concentrations of NH3 increased and the crop absorbed NH3 at the rate of 1.2 kg NH3 ha−1 d−1, which was 22 to 33% of the NH3 emitted from the lagoon during these periods. Nitrous oxide emissions were low before effluent applications (0.016 g N2O–N ha−1 d−1) and increased to 25 to 38 g N2O–N ha−1 d−1 after irrigation. Total N2O emissions during the measurement period were 4.1 kg N2O–N ha−1, which was about 1.5% of total N applied. The large losses of NH3 and N2O illustrate the difficulty of basing effluent irrigation schedules on N concentrations and that NH3 emissions can significantly contribute to N enrichment of the environment.
Molecular Weight of Dissolved Organic Matter–Napropamide Complex Transported through Soil Columns
Authors: Williams C. F. , Letey J. , Farmer W. J.
Published: October 2017

Soil‐derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been shown to form stable complexes with the herbicide napropamide [2‐(α‐naphthoxy‐N,N‐diethylpropionamide] capable of enhancing the transport of napropamide through soil columns. Two soils, one containing sewage sludge–derived organic matter (SS) and the other having only natural organic matter (NoSS) were treated with napropamide and allowed to dry to promote complex formation. Soil columns were prepared by packing a 10‐cm layer of untreated, dry, sieved soil followed by an overlying 5‐cm layer of napropamide‐treated soil. Columns were irrigated and the effluent collected and placed in dialysis chambers. After equilibration napropamide concentrations were determined on both sides of the membrane and complex and quantified based on the amount of napropamide unable to cross the membrane. It was found that for the SS soil 7% and for the NoSS 2.4% of the applied napropamide underwent facilitated transport. In addition, most of the complex transported through the columns had a molecular weight between 500 and 1000 Daltons (Da). The solutions from the SS soil were also found to have formed at least two distinct complexes that were resolved after passing through the untreated soil layer. The results obtained were in agreement with other published results and the techniques used offer a way to separate and concentrate DOM complexes from column effluents for further characterization.
Fate and Efficacy of Polyacrylamide Applied in Furrow Irrigation
Authors: Lentz Rodrick D. , Sojka Robert E. , Mackey Bruce E.
Published: October 2017

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to 400000 irrigated hectares annually in the USA to control irrigation‐induced erosion, yet the fate of dissolved PAM applied in irrigation water is not well documented. We determined the fate of PAM added to furrow streams under two treatments: Initial‐10, 10 mg L−1 PAM product applied only during the initial hours of the irrigation, and Cont‐1, 1.0 mg L−1 PAM product applied continuously during the entire irrigation. The study measured PAM concentrations in 167‐m‐long PAM‐treated furrow streams and along a 530‐m tail ditch that received this runoff. Soil was Portneuf silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) with 1.5% slope. Samples were taken at three times during the irrigations, both during and after PAM application. Polyacrylamide was adsorbed to soil and removed from solution as the streams traversed the soil‐lined channels. The removal rate increased with stream sediment concentration. Stream sediment concentrations were higher when PAM concentrations were <2 mg L−1 a.i., for early irrigations, and when untreated tributary flows combined with the stream. In these cases, PAM concentration decreased to undetectable levels over the flow lengths used in this study. When inflows contained >6 mg L−1 PAM a.i., stream sediment concentrations were minimal and PAM concentrations did not change down the furrow, though they decreased to undetectable levels within 0.5 h after application ceased. One percent of applied PAM was lost in tail‐ditch runoff. This loss could have been eliminated by treating only the furrow advance or not treating the last two irrigations.