bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Nuevo objeto mapuche? Notas histórico-antropológicas en torno a un diseño contemporáneo de objetos mapuche
Authors: Labra Mocarquer Ricardo
Published: August 2024

En este artículo presento algunas consideraciones históricas, políticas y culturales en torno al proceso que ha ido conformando las condiciones de posibilidad para que ciertos objetos se asocien al mundo mapuche durante el siglo XX y XXI. Mediante una revisión de múltiples archivos bibliográficos, audiovisuales y etnográficos, realizo una lectura que, al poner énfasis en la cultura material, permite esbozar una trayectoria de acomodos y disputas en torno a las definiciones de “objeto mapuche”, trayectoria cuyos componentes provendrán de agencias mapuche, no-mapuche, y su respectiva interdigitación. Planteo la persistencia de ciertas exigencias coloniales que operan de forma particularmente tenaz sobre el mundo material, especialmente aquellas asociadas a los conceptos de “ancestralidad” y “autenticidad”. Propondré que hacia la transición al presente siglo es posible identificar, al menos, cuatro formas de producción de materialidades mapuche que dialogan de forma diferencial con los conceptos señalados, análisis cuyo afán antes que clasificatorio es presentado como insumo para reflexionar en torno a las diversas posibilidades y consecuencias de ejercicios de Diseño en torno a los mundos indígenas en general, y mapuche en particular. Evaluaré ciertas epistemologías y metodologías que la disciplina del Diseño moviliza actualmente, ejemplificando con diseños reales y verosímiles cercanos al mundo mapuche. Finalizó introduciendo el concepto de Diseño cosmopolítico como posible lugar desde donde materializar diferencia cultural cuyos preceptos pueden no acomodarse del todo a la razón occidental con pretensión universal.
Ética y tecnología: Reflexiones sobre un uso responsable y transformador en América Latina.
Authors: Calderón Leyton Elya
Published: August 2024

Este artículo se basa en el análisis entre la relación entre ética y tecnología en América Latina, enfatizando la importancia del uso responsable de la tecnología y la participación ciudadana en su desarrollo y regulación. El objetivo es reflexionar de cómo podemos promover un uso responsable y transformador de la tecnología en América Latina, considerando los aspectos éticos, la inclusión digital y la participación ciudadana. Además, no se puede desconocer el hecho que el mundo ha cambiado y que la tecnología ha transformado profundamente nuestra sociedad. Por eso, es relevante abordar los temas como la conexión entre ética y tecnología, la inclusión digital y la participación ciudadana, y los desafíos éticos en el uso de la tecnología. En relación con la problemática expuesta, cabe finalmente abordar estos desafíos y utilizar la tecnología de manera crítica, responsable y orientada a la transformación social.
Tecnologia, política social e a estratégia nacional de governança digital no contexto brasileiro
Authors: Hillesheim Jaime , Edivane de Jesus  , Marchi Jerusa
Published: August 2024

No presente artigo, a intensificação do uso de tecnologias para a estruturação e implementação de políticas sociais ganha centralidade. Nessa direção, os manuscritos estão organizados de forma a apresentar, num primeiro momento, alguns pressupostos teóricos sobre o conceito de tecnologia que subsidiam a análise apresentada na sequência e que dizem respeito aos processos da chamada transformação digital em O Brasil, considerado uma estratégia nacional em nenhum contexto dá “modernização” do Estado. Para dar mais concretude à análise, em outra seção, toma-se como referência empírica a problematização da mediação dos recursos tecnológicos para o acesso às políticas previdenciárias e assistenciais brasileiras, cujas propostas alteraram completamente as formas de atenção à população usuária dos dois serviços nessas áreas e aos processos de trabalho que implementam essas políticas. Esta é uma síntese baseada em estudos que temos realizado no campo de uma pesquisa que aborda a relação entre tecnologia e política social, implementada por um grupo de pesquisadores de três universidades públicas brasileiras.
Lenguaje inclusivo: vademécum lingüístico
Authors: Palma Alejandra Gabriela , Arellano Nicolás , Celi María Alejandra , Chimenti María de los Ángeles , De los Ríos Marisol , Ayelén Stetie Noelia
Published: August 2024

ste trabajo presenta los principales debates y reflexiones que giran en torno al uso del lenguaje inclusivo en la Argentina. Si bien el lenguaje inclusivo es un fenómeno que viene gestándose desde hace tiempo en nuestra lengua, en los últimos años adquirió mayor relevancia y pasó a ser centro de discusiones educativas, lingüísticas y sociales. Mientras numerosos colectivos y actores sociales abogan por su uso generalizado, varias instituciones y figuras públicas se posicionan en contra. Debido a esto, nos proponemos despejar dudas y creencias acerca del lenguaje en general y las distintas lenguas particulares como medios de comunicación y configuración de la identidad y como espacios de lucha por el sentido. Con este fin, abordamos la temática desde múltiples aspectos –gramatical, discursivo, político, psicológico–, ya que creemos que el lenguaje inclusivo es un fenómeno complejo que necesita un abordaje multidisciplinario para poder comprenderse cabalmente. Así, en primer lugar, definimos qué se entiende por lenguaje inclusivo y cuáles son las estrategias propuestas y sus usos, para luego exponer dónde y cómo surgieron, y cómo se posicionan los principales actores sociales e institucionales. A su vez, mostramos cómo dicho fenómeno incide en el procesamiento lingüístico, describimos cómo contrasta con el uso del masculino genérico, y realizamos un breve repaso por las investigaciones que, en distintas lenguas, muestran que el uso del masculino “universal” no produce efectos genéricos sino específicos. Finalmente, damos lugar a algunas experiencias particulares sobre cómo impacta el uso del lenguaje inclusivo en la vida de quienes habitan por los márgenes de la norma hétero masculina.
Conocimiento cultural de juegos de azar latinoamericanos: una herramienta para desarrollar el razonamiento estadístico en el aula
Authors: Huencho Anahí , Chandía Eugenio , Vásquez Claudia
Published: August 2024

Los juegos de azar de los pueblos indígenas de Latinoamérica gozan de larga data. Utilizados con un propósito lúdico y para tomar decisiones en situaciones de incerteza, son una fuente de conocimiento cultural para el desarrollo del razonamiento estadístico. Este estudio propone una alternativa de desarrollo curricular y de enseñanza que vincula el conocimiento cultural sobre los juegos de azar de pueblos indígenas y el razonamiento estadístico esperado curricularmente, en el marco de una dupla pedagógica establecida por un profesor de matemática y un sabio cultural. Mediante un análisis del contenido en la modelación de las actividades, estudiamos la valoración de la propuesta. Los resultados muestran que los profesores atienden a la equi-probabilidad de los sucesos dejando de lado la complejidad del artefacto matemático cultural, mientras que los sabios culturales estiman los límites y alcances de los procesos para hacerlos coherentes con las prácticas locales.
Things, Place, Self
Authors: Zhang Yunshuang
Published: August 2024

Through the dual keywords—I 文房 and “four friends” (siyou 四友)—this essay examines the inextricable interrelationship among material things, a place, and the self that was initiated during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Song literati displayed unprecedented interest in scholarly things, particularly four specific things in the studio—the writing brush, inkstone, paper, and ink. Through literary representations, this article investigates the changing nature of the literati’s relation to these “four things” in the studio. Rather than framing their bond as the ruler and ministers or the owner and his possessions, from the early Northern Song to the Southern Song, writers transformed their relationship to these four things gradually to that between friends and peers, or from pure ownership to an imaginary friendship, and in turn, these four things supported the construction of both the personal studio and the collective identity of the new elites in the Song. This transformation from “four things” or “four treasures” to “four friends” represented a distinctive model of the observation and conception of material things that Song scholars developed, which provided intriguing insights into the relationship between humans and things in premodern China.
Vilification of Sultan Meḥmed II
Authors: Turan Ebru
Published: August 2024

Dürr-i meknūn (The hidden pearl) is one of the best-known and most frequently cited but least studied works of fifteenth-century Ottoman literature. An anonymously written encyclopedic work in Turkish, it covers a wide range of subjects, starting with the creation and ending with the day of judgment. Although no fifteenth-century copy has survived, the Dürr displays a close ideological and intertextual relationship with other well-known fifteenth-century Ottoman works that were the building blocks of an indigenous Ottoman religious, historical, political, and apocalyptic literature on which later generations relied. This article critically reviews the Dürr by situating it against the backdrop of the political context of the 1460s and early 1470s, informed by Sultan Meḥmed II’s imperial policies seeking to unite the Islamic world under one rule and by the dire crusade threat menacing the Ottoman empire posed by Venice and its allies in 1472–73. I argue that the work was composed by a member of the scholarly elite to criticize Meḥmed’s imperial ambitions and, most notably, his designs to conquer the Mamluk sultanate, which the Dürr identifies as a disastrous endeavor that would lead to the conquest of Islam by the Christians.
Hitherto Unknown Arabic Manuscript of Thābit b. Qurra’s Version of the Almagest
Authors: Van Dalen Benno , Rezvani Pouyan , Löhr Nadine , Boehm Maurizio
Published: August 2024

Until recently, only two Arabic translations of Ptolemy’s Almagest were thought to have survived, one by al-Ḥajjāj made under the caliph al-Maʾmūn and one by Isḥāq b. Ḥunayn, later revised by Thābit b. Qurra, prepared in the second half of the third/ninth century. In the 2010s, a third Arabic version of the Almagest, authored by Thābit b. Qurra alone, was first shown by Dirk Grupe to be extant in a partial Latin translation in a Dresden manuscript, and then in an Arabic manuscript in Jaipur that breaks off after chapter VI.2. We introduce here a second manuscript of this Thābit version, extant in the Khuda Bakhsh Library in Patna, which is around four centuries older than the Jaipur manuscript, was copied from a manuscript by the hand of al-Bīrūnī, and extends the text till the middle of Book VIII. After a general introduction, we provide a detailed description of this manuscript.
Review of Leaving Iberia: Islamic Law and Christian Conquest in North West Africa
Authors: Echevarria Ana
Published: August 2024

Leaving Iberia: Islamic Law and Christian Conquest in North West Africa. By Jocelyn Hendrickson. Harvard Series in Islamic Law, vol. 9. Har- vard: Program in Islamic Law, Harvard Law SchooL, 2021. Pp. xii + 417. $50, £43.95, €45.95. [Distributed by Harvard University Press].
Review of Quranic Arabic: From Its Hijazi Origins to Its Classical Reading Traditions
Authors: Laher Suheil
Published: August 2024

Quranic Arabic: From Its Hijazi Origins to Its Classical Reading Traditions. By MariJn van Putten. Leiden: Brill, 2022. Pp. xxi + 351. $149 (cloth); open access.
Contextually Based Civics Learning Tool Development to Improve Student Learning Outcomes of Stkip YPUP
Authors: Angriawan Tri , Tolla Ismail , Haling Abdul
Published: August 2024

This study aims to produce valid contextual-based civic education learning tools based on the assessment of validators. The subjects of this research were students and lecturers at STKIP YPUP Makassar's health and recreation physical education. The research and development procedure used is the 4-D (Four-D) model, namely Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The data collection techniques used were test techniques and observation techniques. The research instrument used the Learning Device Validation Sheet. The data analysis technique was carried out by analyzing the validity level. The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develop contextual-based civic education learning tools to improve student learning outcomes. The results of the validation test showed that the semester learning plan, textbooks, learner activity sheets, and several research questionnaires were declared very valid based on expert assessments. The significance of this study lies in its potential to enhance student engagement and motivation in civics education, thereby improving overall learning outcomes. The findings of this research have significant implications for educational practice, suggesting that contextual-based learning tools can be a valuable addition to traditional teaching methods. The main conclusions of this research are that contextual-based learning tools are effective in improving student learning outcomes and that their development should be prioritized to enhance the quality of education.
Radon Risk Awareness among Undergraduate Students of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
Authors: Margaret Asere Adeola
Published: August 2024

The study was conducted to assess the knowledge of undergraduate students of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko (AAUA), Ondo State, Nigeria, about radon risk and possible impediment they might face for radon testing. One hundred students were randomly sampled from six Faculties in the University. A descriptive research design of survey type was used and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the students. Three research questions raised were solved using descriptive statistics. The survey found that 88% of the responders were not aware that high radon exposure could cause lung cancer and 94% does not believe in the health effect of radon. Concerning radon testing, 8% knew that radon could be detected, 12% had knowledgeable awareness of how to test for radon, and 8% possesses information about where to procure radon test kits. Insufficient knowledge of radon risk exist among the undergraduate students of AAUA. More awareness through media and lectures is therefore recommended for members of the  University community.
Assessment of Plant Growth Promoters on Growth Characteristics, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties in Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Saxena Prateek , Verma V. K. , Siddiqui M.Z. , Singh Tripti , Siddiqui Amreen , Patel Avnish
Published: August 2024

The present investigation was carried out during Rabi season of 2022-23 at Students' Instructional Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The experiment was designed with two factors, viz. wheat varieties (DBW-187 and PBW-723) in the main plots and plant growth promoters (PGPs) viz., micronutrients (Zn, Fe, B, Cu) @ 0.5%, nitrobenzene @ 3 ml l-1, gibberellic acid @ 2 ml l-1, seaweed extract liquid @ 625 ml ha-1, seaweed extract solid @ 25 kg ha-1, UPL Macarena (Fermented extract nutrient 15%) @ 625 ml ha-1, Humesol (humic acid 18 %, fulvic acid 15 %) @ 1250 ml ha-1, and Amino Booster G (30 % amino acid solution) @ 5 ml l-1 were selected in sub-plots. These treatments were compared with a control treatment. The experiment was laid out in a Split Plot Design and replicated three times. The results revealed that significant variations were noticed in different treatments. The wheat variety DBW-187 exhibited superior growth and yield attributes, with a grain yield of 4601.8 kg ha-1, surpassing other variety. Among plant growth promoters the blend of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, B, Cu) @ 0.5% foliar spray at tillering stage resulted in the significant maximum plant height (86.55 cm), crop growth rate (0.243 g m-2 day-1), at 45 to 90 DAS, number of tillers (425.13 m-2) at maturity, grain yield (4572.17 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7072.20 kg ha-1). The gibberellic acid @ 2ml l-1 and seaweed extract liquid @ 625 ml ha-1 also showed significant results.
Determinants of Latrine Utilization in Rural Marakwet East, Kenya: A Study on Sanitation Practices
Authors: Cheserek Patrick , Odongo Alfred Owino , Muchiri Joseph
Published: August 2024

Background: A study on sanitation practices is an important contribution to the understanding of public health issues related to sanitation in rural areas. This study highlights key factors that influence the use of latrines, such as household size, education level, and the type of latrine available. These insights are crucial for designing effective public health interventions
Aims: The aim of the study was to identify factors influencing latrine utilization among the rural communities in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya.
Study Design:  A community based cross-sectional study was employed with a quantitative data collection approach using a standard questionnaire and an observational checklist in the month of December 2023.The sample entailed 423 households in Marakwet East.
Methodology: Purposive sampling was used to select Marakwet East due to high number of diarrheal cases compared to other three sub counties. Moreover random sampling was chosen as it allows making generalization on a specific population without bias. Collection of data was through a pretested standardized questionnaires. Chi square test was used to determine the statistical relationship between variables and latrine utilization. Logistic regression was done to determine the effects of variables on utilization of latrine among the respondents.
Results: The multivariable analysis revealed that household size of 1 to 3 persons, education level of the respondent, number of years since construction of the latrine and cleaning toilet were significantly associated with latrine utilization. Cumulatively, the Logistic regression model explained 41.2% of variation on latrine utilization.
Conclusion: The study concluded that latrine utilization is influenced by various variables. The study recommends multi-sectorial approach in designing and implementing community led total sanitation. Sensitization campaigns to change the myths and misconceptions should be developed to enhance sanitation. Moreover, the community to be involved in coming up with a cost-effective latrine design and culture-abiding ways that nurture ownership and sustainability.
Genetic Variability Studies for Growth, Yield and Quality Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Germplasm under North Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India
Authors: D. Basavaraj, , Naik Palthe Vasudev , Mallikarjun Ningdalli , R. P. Jayaprakash Narayan, , S. Muniswamy,
Published: August 2024

An experiment was carried out at College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur under north eastern dry zone of Karnataka, India during late-kharif season of 2022-23 by using twenty-five tomato genotypes to study the variability, heritability and genetic advance for growth, yield and quality traits. Analysis of variance revealed that significant variability was observed among the genotypes of tomato for all character’s studied. Genetic variability revealed that a lot of variation was observed among the genotypes studied. In general, the lowest difference in phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation indicated lowest environmental influence in controlling the expression of the traits. Based on genetic variability studies, high PCV and GCV and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant, number of locules per fruit and titrable acidity, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit   yield per hectare indicating the existence of wider genetic variability for these traits in the germplasm under study.
Impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstration (CFLD) on Production and Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Shivalik Foot Hills of District Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Koushal Sanjay , Singh Bhim , Devi Okram Ricky , Laishram Bibek , Sarma Hridesh Harsha
Published: August 2024

One of the major rabi pulse crops grown mostly in the country's north is chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Its cultivation begins at 0 in Jammu. However, it is transplanted at 0 in Srinagar. Massive 11 Mha have been planted, yielding zero in total productivity. The yield, to 11 M tons, was 1028 kg/ha. After six years, an attempt was undertaken as part of the ongoing NFSM to combine many strategies for pulse productivity and production, which would result in productivity per unit area. By starting to perform Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) across the nation through KVKs and outscaling agricultural innovations through FLDs, ICAR may take a significant step in the right direction and highlight the unique advantages and value of technology on farmers' fields. The yield that was displayed and the real possible yield based on chickpeas are contrasted using the technological gap. The average extension gap was 692 kg/ha; the maximum was 762 kg/ha in 2019–20 and the minimum was 611 kg/ha in 2021–2022. These data further emphasize the necessity of educating farmers via a variety of channels to encourage the adoption of improved agricultural production technologies in order to reverse the extension gap and it can be concluded that integrated crop management technology in chickpea has been found more productive, profitable.
Impact of Small Scale Mechanical Rice Transplanters on the Yield, Economics of Rice System in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: S Kiran Kumar , K Bhagya Lakshmi , S Neelaveni , S Anusha , V Hari Kumar , B Suneeta , Ch Balakrishna
Published: August 2024

Rice is a principal food crop for about half of the population in the world. In India the rice cultivation area has declined due to many reasons labor scarcity, climate change, inapt market price, increased cost of cultivation, yield stabilization. At present, to meet the increased demand, to the growing population it is apparent to increase the area under rice crop with low manpower is needed. In wet transplanting, Mechanized System Rice Intensification (MSRI) planting technology was demonstrated by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amadalavalasa to popularize in the farmer fields. As part of the demonstrations, the production and economic parameters in Paddy transplanted with MSRI and manual planting methods were compared for two years from 2022 and 2023 during kharif. The results revealed that, the higher number of productive tillers 16 & 20 per hill and yield 6000 & 6975 kg ha-1 were recorded with the MSRI planting when compared to the Manual planting method 11 & 13 productive tillers per hill and 5600 kg & 6252 kg ha-1 respectively in both the years of the study. An economic point of view in MSRI planting recorded lower cost of cultivation (Rs. 52570 & Rs.55875 ha-1), higher net returns (Rs. 69500 & Rs. 92981 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.3:1 & 2.66:1) respectively, compared to the manual planting in both the years.
A Systematic Assessment of Digital Apps for Quality Content on Health and Nutritional Aspects of Infants
Authors: Samanta  , Malik Poonam , Yadav Poonam
Published: August 2024

Internet websites and parenting apps have become popular resources for guiding parents on their children's health and nutrition. Parents frequently turn to the internet for information, support, and guidance, mainly relying on search engines and social media to find answers to their parenting questions. Parenting apps, in particular, are gaining popularity as they offer convenient information on child health and nutrition. First-time parents often feel anxious and uncertain about their new responsibilities. Parenting apps provide them with the knowledge and support needed to build their confidence in caring for their baby. Infant parenting apps are an invaluable resource for young parents in India, offering convenient access to information, support, and tools that help them navigate the challenges of raising their first baby with greater ease and confidence. The primary objective of this study was to systematically analyze infant parenting apps for the information they provide about infant health and nutrition. To analyze various infant parenting apps, 40 apps available for free download on the Google Play Store were downloaded and installed on an Android phone. Each app was used and individually assessed by the researcher for its content and quality based on various criteria using a self-structured schedule. The majority of the apps lacked relevant information about infant health and nutrition. The information provided was insufficient and not easily understandable for parents of infants. Additionally, the information was available only in English. The findings of this unique analysis highlight that the information provided in the available apps is insufficient and lacks credibility. These apps do not cater to the needs of Indian parents.  There is a strong need for an app for Indian parenting conditions.
Seasonal and diurnal variations in foF2 trends
Authors: Danilov Alexey
Published: April 2015

Median values of the F2 layer critical frequencies observed at ionospheric stations Slough, Juliusruh, and Rome are analyzed in detail. Long‐term trends in foF2, k(fo), for the period 1985–2009 are found using the method described earlier by authors. The dependence of the trend value k(fo) on local time and month of the year is studied. For all three stations, similar seasonal and diurnal behaviors of k(fo) are obtained. The maximum values of the negative trends in foF2 fall on the noon period of the day (1000–1600 LT). In the seasonal behavior, two maxima of the absolute value of k(fo) (at the end of winter and beginning of spring and middle of fall) are observed. The absolute values of the trends are small in the summer months. Possible relation to trends in thermospheric parameters which follow from the obtained conclusions on variations in the foF2 trends are discussed. Arguments are presented in favor of a decrease in the atomic oxygen concentration due to an increase in the eddy diffusion as the main cause of negative foF2 trends. It is shown that a negative trend in the atomic oxygen concentration on the order of 10% per decade is able to explain the negative trend in foF2 in winter. Three possible causes of the difference in foF2 and hmF2 trends obtained by different authors are formulated and discussed. They are the following: the use of the entire series of data and the absence of the allowance for diurnal and seasonal variations in the trends.
Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden‐Julian oscillation: Linking hindcast fidelity to simulated diabatic heating and moistening
Authors: Klingaman Nicholas P. , Woolnough Steven J. , Jiang Xianan , Waliser Duane , Xavier Prince K. , Petch Jon , Caian Mihaela , Hannay Cecile , Kim Daehyun , Ma Hsi‐Yen , Merryfield William J. , Miyakawa Tomoki , Pritchard Mike , Ridout James A. , Roehrig Romain , Shindo Eiki , Vitart Frederic , Wang Hailan , Cavanaugh Nicholas R. , Mapes Brian E. , Shelly Ann , Zhang Guang J.
Published: April 2015

Many theories for the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) focus on diabatic processes, particularly the evolution of vertical heating and moistening. Poor MJO performance in weather and climate models is often blamed on biases in these processes and their interactions with the large‐scale circulation. We introduce one of the three components of a model evaluation project, which aims to connect MJO fidelity in models to their representations of several physical processes, focusing on diabatic heating and moistening. This component consists of 20 day hindcasts, initialized daily during two MJO events in winter 2009–2010. The 13 models exhibit a range of skill: several have accurate forecasts to 20 days lead, while others perform similarly to statistical models (8–11 days). Models that maintain the observed MJO amplitude accurately predict propagation, but not vice versa. We find no link between hindcast fidelity and the precipitation‐moisture relationship, in contrast to other recent studies. There is also no relationship between models' performance and the evolution of their diabatic heating profiles with rain rate. A more robust association emerges between models' fidelity and net moistening: the highest‐skill models show a clear transition from low‐level moistening for light rainfall to midlevel moistening at moderate rainfall and upper level moistening for heavy rainfall. The midlevel moistening, arising from both dynamics and physics, may be most important. Accurately representing many processes may be necessary but not sufficient for capturing the MJO, which suggests that models fail to predict the MJO for a broad range of reasons and limits the possibility of finding a panacea.
Seasonal climatology of CO2 across North America from aircraft measurements in the NOAA/ESRL Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network
Authors: Sweeney Colm , Karion Anna , Wolter Sonja , Newberger Timothy , Guenther Doug , Higgs Jack A. , Andrews Arlyn Elyzabeth , Lang Patricia M. , Neff Don , Dlugokencky Edward , Miller John B. , Montzka Stephen A. , Miller Ben R. , Masarie Ken Alan , Biraud Sebastien Christophe , Novelli Paul C. , Crotwell Molly , Crotwell Andrew M. , Thoning Kirk , Tans Pieter P.
Published: April 2015

Seasonal spatial and temporal gradients for the CO2 mole fraction over North America are examined by creating a climatology from data collected 2004–2013 by the NOAA/ESRL Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network Aircraft Program relative to trends observed for CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory. The data analyzed are from measurements of air samples collected in specially fabricated flask packages at frequencies of days to months at 22 sites over continental North America and shipped back to Boulder, Colorado, for analysis. These measurements are calibrated relative to the CO2 World Meteorological Organization mole fraction scale. The climatologies of CO2 are compared to climatologies of CO, CH4, SF6, N2O (which are also measured from this sampling program), and winds to understand the dominant transport and chemical and biological processes driving changes in the spatial and temporal mole fractions of CO2 as air passes over continental North America. The measurements show that air masses coming off the Pacific on the west coast of North America are relatively homogeneous with altitude. As air masses flow eastward, the lower section from the surface to 4000 m above sea level (masl) becomes distinctly different from the 4000–8000 masl section of the column. This is due in part to the extent of the planetary boundary layer, which is directly impacted by continental sources and sinks, and to the vertical gradient in west‐to‐east wind speeds. The slowdown and southerly shift in winds at most sites during summer months amplify the summertime drawdown relative to what might be expected from local fluxes. This influence counteracts the dilution of summer time CO2 drawdown (known as the “rectifier effect”) as well as changes the surface influence “footprint” for each site. An early start to the summertime drawdown, a pronounced seasonal cycle in the column mean (500 to 8000 masl), and small vertical gradients in CO2, CO, CH4, SF6, and N2O at high‐latitude western sites such as Poker Flat, Alaska, suggest recent influence of transport from southern latitudes and not local processes. This transport pathway provides a significant contribution to the large seasonal cycle observed in the high latitudes at all altitudes sampled. A sampling analysis of the NOAA/ESRL CarbonTracker model suggests that the average sampling resolution of 22 days is sufficient to get a robust estimate of mean seasonal cycle of CO2 during this 10 year period but insufficient to detect interannual variability in emissions over North America.
Validation of TES ammonia observations at the single pixel scale in the San Joaquin Valley during DISCOVER‐AQ
Authors: Sun Kang , Cady‐Pereira Karen , Miller David J. , Tao Lei , Zondlo Mark A. , Nowak John B. , Neuman J. A. , Mikoviny Tomas , Müller Markus , Wisthaler Armin , Scarino Amy J. , Hostetler Chris A.
Published: April 2015

Ammonia measurements from a vehicle‐based, mobile open‐path sensor and those from aircraft were compared with Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) NH3 columns at the pixel scale during the NASA Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality field experiment. Spatial and temporal mismatches were reduced by having the mobile laboratory sample in the same areas as the TES footprints. To examine how large heterogeneities in the NH3 surface mixing ratios may affect validation, a detailed spatial survey was performed within a single TES footprint around the overpass time. The TES total NH3 column above a single footprint showed excellent agreement with the in situ total column constructed from surface measurements with a difference of 2% (within the combined measurement uncertainties). The comparison was then extended to a TES transect of nine footprints where aircraft data (5–80 ppbv) were available in a narrow spatiotemporal window (<10 km, <1 h). The TES total NH3 columns above the nine footprints agreed to within 6% of the in situ total columns derived from the aircraft‐based measurements. Finally, to examine how TES captures surface spatial gradients at the interpixel scale, ground‐based, mobile measurements were performed directly underneath a TES transect, covering nine footprints within ±1.5 h of the overpass. The TES total columns were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.82) with the median NH3 mixing ratios measured at the surface. These results provide the first in situ validation of the TES total NH3 column product, and the methodology is applicable to other satellite observations of short‐lived species at the pixel scale.
Analysis of a seeder‐feeder and freezing drizzle event
Authors: Fernández‐González S. , Valero F. , Sánchez J. L. , Gascón E. , López L. , García‐Ortega E. , Merino A.
Published: April 2015

Surface icing can cause dramatic consequences on human activities. What is more, numerical weather prediction models are not very accurate in determining freezing drizzle, which creates uncertainty when forecasting this type of weather phenomenon. Therefore, it is essential to improve the forecast accuracy of these models for such phenomena to mitigate risks caused by unforeseen freezing drizzle events. On 5 February 2012, an episode of freezing drizzle took place in the Guadarrama Mountains, at the center of the Iberian Peninsula. This episode was preceded by weak snowfall. After the freezing drizzle, moderate snowfall was recorded in the study area. This event was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Through this analysis, we identified the meteorological factors at both synoptic scale and mesoscale that caused this episode. Wind perpendicular to an orographic barrier‐generated updrafts and retention of moisture upwind, which caused orographic clouds to appear on the north side of the Guadarrama Mountains. Atmospheric stability prevented cloud formation at midlevels at the time of the freezing drizzle, which maintained cloud top temperatures warmer than −15°C during the episode. The entrance of moisture and instability at midlevels caused cloud top temperatures substantially colder than −15°C, which coincided with snow in the mountain range. Cloud top temperature and thickness control the efficiency of the glaciation process, thereby determining the type of precipitation at the surface. Freezing drizzle risk and in‐cloud icing algorithms were developed with the aim of predicting similar events in the study area, which could mitigate impacts on human activities.
Estimating trends and seasonality in Australian monthly lightning flash counts
Authors: Bates Bryson C. , Chandler Richard E. , Dowdy Andrew J.
Published: April 2015

We present the results of a statistical analysis of lightning characteristics in mainland Australia for the period from approximately 1988 to 2012, based on monthly lightning flash count (LFC) series obtained from a network of 19 Comité Internationale des Grands Réseaux Electriques, 500 Hz peak transmission filter circuit sensors. The temporal structures of the series are examined in terms of detecting and characterizing seasonal cycles, long‐term trends, and changes in seasonality over time. A generalized additive modeling approach is used to ensure that the estimated structures are determined by the data, rather than by the constraints of any assumed mathematical form for the trends and seasonal cycle. Results indicate strong seasonality at all sites, the presence of long‐term trends at 16 sites, and interactions between trend and seasonality (corresponding to changes in seasonality over time) at 13 sites. The most systematic change corresponds to a progressive deepening of the seasonal cycle (i.e., an ongoing decline in winter lightning flash counts) and is most noticeable across southern Australia (south of 30°S). These results are consistent with previous analyses that have detected decreasing atmospheric instability during the austral winter since the mid‐1970s. This is associated with increasing mean sea level pressure and declining rainfall.
The equivalent slab thickness of Mars' ionosphere: Implications for thermospheric temperature
Authors: Mendillo M. , Narvaez C. , Lawler G. , Kofman W. , Mouginot J. , Morgan D. , Gurnett D.
Published: April 2015

The total electron content (TEC) of a planetary ionosphere is dominated by plasma near and above the height of maximum electron density (Nmax). The ratio TEC/Nmax represents the thickness (τ) of a TEC slab of uniform density (Nmax). For a photochemical ionosphere, τ relates to the scale height (H = kT/mg) of the ionized neutral gas as τ ~ 4 × H. Derived temperatures refer to ~160 km in thermosphere height—below the asymptotic temperature of the exosphere. The MARSIS instrument on Mars Express has produced data sets of TEC and Nmax. We used them to form τ patterns versus solar zenith angle and solar cycle phase. For daytime (SZA < 90°) conditions, <τ > day ~ 50 km, decreasing rapidly for solar zenith angle (SZA) > 90° to < τ > night ~ 25 km. These correspond to Tn values of 250°K and 125°K. Using Mars Global Surveyor data, τ patterns show a mild dependence upon the solar EUV flux proxy F10.7, with ΔTn(°K) ~ 0.3° per unit change in F10.7 at Mars.
Evidence for a wide and gently dipping Main Himalayan Thrust in western Bhutan
Authors: Le Roux‐Mallouf Romain , Godard Vincent , Cattin Rodolphe , Ferry Matthieu , Gyeltshen Jampel , Ritz Jean‐François , Drupka Dowchu , Guillou Valéry , Arnold M. , Aumaître G. , Bourlès D. L. , Keddadouche K.
Published: April 2015

The Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) is the source of great earthquakes that have been documented along the range. Its geometry is a key parameter that influences accommodation of tectonic loading and earthquake magnitudes along the Himalayan Arc. Although seismic images are available for both the western and the central part of the range, this geometry remains poorly constrained for the Bhutanese Himalayas. Here we address this issue using a 10Be cosmogenic nuclides denudation transect across western Bhutan. We observe a wide low denudation rate domain between 50 km and 110 km from the front followed by a strong northward increase. Using a joint inversion of denudation rates, GPS data, and Holocene uplift rates, we interpret this pattern as a consequence of a flat‐ramp transition along the MHT. Compared to central Nepal and Sikkim, this location of the ramp suggests a wider décollement, with implications for greater seismogenic potential of the MHT in western Bhutan.
Localization and delocalization of deformation in a bimineralic material
Authors: Jammes Suzon , Lavier Luc L. , Reber Jacqueline E.
Published: April 2015

We investigate how localization and delocalization of deformation occurs in a bimineralic material composed of a strong plagioclase and a weaker quartz phase. We perform numerical, meter‐scale shear experiments in which we vary the temperature and the ratio of the two mineral phases. Three micromechanical deformation fields are identified according to the mechanical behavior of the minerals at play (brittle or ductile when both phases are in the brittle or ductile regime, respectively, and semibrittle when one phase is in the brittle and the other in the ductile regime). Besides these micromechanical deformation fields, we identify three deformation types characterizing the degree of localization (type I: localized shear zone, type II: localized anastomosing shear zone, and type III: delocalized shear zone). Type I is expected in the brittle deformation field. In the semibrittle field, all deformation types can be observed depending on the amount of weak phase present. In the ductile field, deformation is dependent on the strength ratio between the two phases. For a low strength ratio, deformation of type III is always observed. For high‐strength ratios, deformation of type II can be observed for a moderate amount of weak phase. A small amount of weak phase (<10%) reverses the mechanical behavior of the strong phase and leads to the formation of a narrow anastomosing shear zone (type II) where fully ductile (type III) behavior is expected. This highlights the importance of a bimineralic material for the deformation localization and overall large‐scale deformation processes.
Estimation of the time series of the meridional heat transport across 15°N in the Pacific Ocean from Argo and satellite data
Authors: Yang Tingting , Xu Yongsheng
Published: April 2015

The time series of the net meridional heat transport (MHT) at 15°N in the Pacific Ocean from 2003 to 2012 is estimated by combining the Argo profiles with the satellite altimeter and scatterometer data. The estimate is validated against the climatological ocean data and the ECCO2 products, and is demonstrated to be reasonable. The MHT has a high degree of variability with a temporal mean of 0.70 ± 0.31 PW, which is concentrated in the upper 800 dbar. The time series of the MHT and Ekman temperature transport have a significant annual cycle which peaks near April and December, whereas the time series of the geostrophic temperature transport have a subannual cycle. The results are consistent with previous estimates and lower than the ECCO2 estimate, which may mainly be caused by the different data sources and processings. The correlation between the air‐sea flux and MHT is 0.50 with a 3 month delay. This report describes the first such attempt at a continuous transport of heat at 15°N in the Pacific Ocean from in situ observations.
Epilepsy, cognitive deficits and neuroanatomy in males with ZDHHC9 mutations
Authors: Baker Kate , Astle Duncan E. , Scerif Gaia , Barnes Jessica , Smith Jennie , Moffat Georgina , Gillard Jonathan , Baldeweg Torsten , Raymond F. Lucy
Published: April 2015

Objective

Systematic investigation of individuals with intellectual disability after genetic diagnosis can illuminate specific phenotypes and mechanisms relevant to common neurodevelopmental disorders. We report the neurological, cognitive and neuroanatomical characteristics of nine males from three families with loss‐of‐function mutations in ZDHHC9 (OMIM #300799).

Methods

All known cases of X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID) due to ZDHHC9 mutation in the United Kingdom were invited to participate in a study of neurocognitive and neuroimaging phenotypes.

Results

Seven out of nine males with ZDHHC9 mutations had been diagnosed with epilepsy, exceeding epilepsy risk in XLID comparison subjects (P = 0.01). Seizure histories and EEG features amongst ZDHHC9 mutation cases shared characteristics with rolandic epilepsy (RE). Specific cognitive deficits differentiated males with ZDHHC9 mutations from XLID comparison subjects and converged with reported linguistic and nonlinguistic deficits in idiopathic RE: impaired oromotor control, reduced verbal fluency, and impaired inhibitory control on visual attention tasks. Consistent neuroanatomical abnormalities included thalamic and striatal volume reductions and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum.

Interpretation

Mutations in ZDHHC9 are associated with susceptibility to focal seizures and specific cognitive impairments intersecting with the RE spectrum. Neurocognitive deficits are accompanied by consistent abnormalities of subcortical structures and inter‐hemispheric connectivity. The biochemical, cellular and network‐level mechanisms responsible for the ZDHHC9‐associated neurocognitive phenotype may be relevant to cognitive outcomes in RE.
Bone as a Structural Material
Authors: Zimmermann Elizabeth A. , Ritchie Robert O.
Published: April 2015

As one of the most important natural materials, cortical bone is a composite material comprising assemblies of tropocollagen molecules and nanoscale hydroxyapatite mineral crystals, forming an extremely tough, yet lightweight, adaptive and multi‐functional material. Bone has evolved to provide structural support to organisms, and therefore its mechanical properties are vital physiologically. Like many mineralized tissues, bone can resist deformation and fracture from the nature of its hierarchical structure, which spans molecular to macroscopic length‐scales. In fact, bone derives its fracture resistance with a multitude of deformation and toughening mechanisms that are active at most of these dimensions. It is shown that bone's strength and ductility originate primarily at the scale of the nano to submicrometer structure of its mineralized collagen fibrils and fibers, whereas bone toughness is additionally generated at much larger, micro‐ to near‐millimeter, scales from crack‐tip shielding associated with interactions between the crack path and the microstructure. It is further shown how the effectiveness with which bone's structural features can resist fracture at small to large length‐scales can become degraded by biological factors such as aging and disease, which affect such features as the collagen cross‐linking environment, the homogeneity of mineralization, and the density of the osteonal structures.
Efficient and Stable TiO2:Pt–Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Composite Photoelectrodes for Visible Light Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Azarpira Anahita , Lublow Michael , Steigert Alexander , Bogdanoff Peter , Greiner Dieter , Kaufmann Christian A. , Krüger Martin , Gernert Ullrich , van de Krol Roel , Fischer Anna , Schedel‐Niedrig Thomas
Published: April 2015

Novel thin film composite photocathodes based on device‐grade Cu(In,Ga)Se2 chalcopyrite thin film absorbers and transparent conductive oxide Pt‐implemented TiO2 layers on top are presented for an efficient and stable solar‐driven hydrogen evolution. Thin films of phase‐pure anatase TiO2 are implemented with varying Pt‐concentrations in order to optimize simultaneously i) conductivity of the films, ii) electrocatalytic activity, and iii) light‐guidance toward the chalcopyrite. Thereby, high incident‐photon‐to‐current‐efficiencies of more than 80% can be achieved over the full visible light range. In acidic electrolyte (pH 0.3), the most efficient Pt‐implemented TiO2–Cu(In,Ga)Se2 composite electrodes reveal i) photocurrent densities up to 38 mA cm−2 in the saturation region (−0.4 V RHE, reversible hydrogen electrode), ii) 15 mA cm−2 at the thermodynamic potential for H2‐evolution (0 V RHE), and iii) an anodic onset potential shift for the hydrogen evolution (+0.23 V RHE). It is shown that the gradual increase of the Pt‐concentration within the TiO2 layers passes through an efficiency‐ and stability‐maximum of the device (5 vol% of Pt precursor solution). At this maximum, optimized light‐incoupling into the device‐grade chalcopyrite light‐absorber as well as electron conductance properties within the surface layer are achieved while no degradation are observed over more than 24 h of operation.