bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromatographic elution process design space development for the purification of saponins in Panax notoginseng extract using a probability‐based approach
Authors: Chen Teng , Gong Xingchu , Chen Huali , Zhang Ying , Qu Haibin
Published: November 2015

A Monte Carlo method was used to develop the design space of a chromatographic elution process for the purification of saponins in Panax notoginseng extract. During this process, saponin recovery ratios, saponin purity, and elution productivity are determined as process critical quality attributes, and ethanol concentration, elution rate, and elution volume are identified as critical process parameters. Quadratic equations between process critical quality attributes and critical process parameters were established using response surface methodology. Then probability‐based design space was computed by calculating the prediction errors using Monte Carlo simulations. The influences of calculation parameters on computation results were investigated. The optimized calculation condition was as follows: calculation step length of 0.02, simulation times of 10 000, and a significance level value of 0.15 for adding or removing terms in a stepwise regression. Recommended normal operation region is located in ethanol concentration of 65.0–70.0%, elution rate of 1.7–2.0 bed volumes (BV)/h and elution volume of 3.0–3.6 BV. Verification experiments were carried out and the experimental values were in a good agreement with the predicted values. The application of present method is promising to develop a probability‐based design space for other botanical drug manufacturing process.
Application of linear pH gradients for the modeling of ion exchange chromatography: Separation of monoclonal antibody monomer from aggregates
Authors: Kluters Simon , Wittkopp Felix , Jöhnck Matthias , Frech Christian
Published: November 2015

The mobile phase pH is a key parameter of every ion exchange chromatography process. However, mechanistic insights into the pH influence on the ion exchange chromatography equilibrium are rare. This work describes a mechanistic model capturing salt and pH influence in ion exchange chromatography. The pH dependence of the characteristic protein charge and the equilibrium constant is introduced to the steric mass action model based on a protein net charge model considering the number of amino acids interacting with the stationary phase. This allows the description of the adsorption equilibrium of the chromatographed proteins as a function of pH. The model parameters were determined for a monoclonal antibody monomer, dimer, and a higher aggregated species based on a manageable set of pH gradient experiments. Without further modification of the model parameters the transfer to salt gradient elution at fixed pH is demonstrated. A lumped rate model was used to predict the separation of the monoclonal antibody monomer/aggregate mixture in pH gradient elution and for a pH step elution procedure—also at increased protein loadings up to 48 g/L packed resin. The presented model combines both salt and pH influence and may be useful for the development and deeper understanding of an ion exchange chromatography separation.
Numerical methods for nanophotonics: standard problems and future challenges
Authors: Gallinet Benjamin , Butet Jérémy , Martin Olivier J. F.
Published: November 2015

Nanoscale photonic systems involve a broad variety of light–matter interaction regimes beyond the diffraction limit and have opened the path for a variety of application opportunities in sensing, solid‐state lighting, light harvesting, and optical signal processing. The need for numerical modeling is central for the understanding, control, and design of plasmonic and photonic nanostructures. Recently, the increasing sophistication of nanophotonic systems and processes, ranging from simple plasmonic nanostructures to multiscale and complex photonic devices, has been calling for highly efficient numerical simulation tools. This article reviews the state of the art in numerical methods for nanophotonics and describes which method is the best suited for specific problems. The widespread approaches derived from classical electrodynamics such as finite differences in time domain, finite elements, surface integral, volume integral, and hybrid methods are reviewed and illustrated by application examples. Their potential for efficient simulation of nanophotonic systems, such as those involving light propagation, localization, scattering, or multiphysical systems is assessed. The numerical modeling of complex systems including nonlinearity, nonlocal and quantum effects as well as new materials such as graphene is discussed in the perspective of actual and future challenges for computational nanophotonics.

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Thermo‐Induced Double Phase Transition Behavior of Physically Cross‐Linked Hydrogels Based on Oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates
Authors: Xia Mengge , Cheng Yanhua , Theato Patrick , Zhu Meifang
Published: November 2015

Double thermosensitive clay/P(MEO2MA‐co‐POEGMA) nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels are prepared by in situ free radical polymerization of 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA) in the presence of physical cross‐linker clay. The temperature‐induced phase transition behavior of NC hydrogels is investigated by turbidity, temperature dependent nuclear magnetic resonance, and variable temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 2D infrared analysis is employed to study the sequential order of changes of all groups in NC hydrogels during the heating and cooling process. The obtained novel clay/P(MEO2MA‐co‐POEGMA) NC hydrogels exhibit an unusual thermally induced multistep aggregation process and successively undergo three consecutive microstructural changes: “loose clay/polymer microaggregation ↔ homogeneous network structure ↔ dense clay/polymer macroaggregation.” Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy measurements show similar results of the NC nanogel at the same temperature regions, confirming the three consecutive microstructural changes. This new generation of thermosensitive hydrogel offers promising potential for applications as smart devices, biomedical materials, and drug carriers.

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How Do Price Perceptions of Different Brand Types Affect Shopping Value and Store Loyalty?
Authors: Diallo Mbaye Fall , Coutelle‐Brillet Patricia , Rivière Arnaud , Zielke Stephan
Published: November 2015

This research investigates the relationships among price perceptions for different brand types (national brands, standard store brands, regional store brands, organic store brands), shopping value dimensions (quality, price, social, and emotion value), and store loyalty (retention and word of mouth (WOM)). A comprehensive model depicts determinants of customer store loyalty. Using structural equation modeling, the model test includes 671 consumers intercepted during shopping trips. The data analysis yields several surprising results. In particular, low product price perceptions do not necessarily signal negative store quality evaluations. Shopping value dimensions influence store retention loyalty and WOM behavior differently. Furthermore, different brand types exert distinct effects on the value creation process. Favorable prices for national and standard store brands have comparable positive effects on store price value and emotional value creation; appealing prices of regional store brands instead reduce the emotional value of the store, and low prices for organic store brand products significantly increase social value creation.
The chemopreventive activity of butyrate‐containing structured lipids in experimental rat hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Heidor Renato , de Conti Aline , Ortega Juliana F. , Furtado Kelly S. , Silva Roberta C. , Tavares Paulo E. L. M. , Purgatto Eduardo , Ract Juliana N. R. , de Paiva Sérgio A. R. , Gioielli Luiz A. , Pogribny Igor P. , Moreno Fernando S.
Published: November 2015

Scope

Emerging evidence indicates that the use of bioactive food components is a promising strategy to prevent the development of liver cancer. The goal of this study was to examine the chemopreventive effect of butyrate‐containing structured lipids (STLs) produced by an enzymatic interesterification of tributyrin and flaxseed oil on rat hepatocarcinogenesis.

Methods and results

Male Wistar rats were subjected to a classic “resistant hepatocyte” model of liver carcinogenesis and treated with STLs, tributyrin or flaxseed oil during the initial phases of hepatocarcinogenesis. Treatment with STLs and tributyrin strongly inhibited the development of preneoplastic liver lesions. The chemopreventive activity of tributyrin was associated with the induction of apoptosis and reduction of the expression of major activated hepatocarcinogenesis‐related oncogenes. Treatment with STLs caused substantially greater inhibitory effects than tributyrin on oncogene expression.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that the tumor‐suppressing activity of butyrate‐containing STLs is associated with its ability to prevent and inhibit activation of major hepatocarcinogenesis‐related oncogenes. Enrichment of histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 at the promoter of Myc and Ccnd1 genes may be related to the inhibitory effect on oncogene expression in the livers of STL‐treated rats.
Nurses’ Role in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Management in People with Inflammatory Arthritis: A European Perspective
Authors: Primdahl Jette , Ferreira Ricardo J. O. , Garcia‐Diaz Silvia , Ndosi Mwidimi , Palmer Deborah , van Eijk‐Hustings Yvonne
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Cardiovascular risk (CVR) assessment and management in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) is recommended but European nurses’ involvement in this role has not been well studied.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to explore European nurses’ role in assessing and managing CVR, in order to suggest topics for practice development and research in this area regarding persons with IA.

Methods

We searched Embase, Cinahl, Cochrane, PsycInfo and PubMed databases and included European articles from the past ten years if they described how nurses assess and/or manage CVR. In addition to the systematic review, we provided case studies from five different countries to illustrate national guidelines and nurses’ role regarding CVR assessment and management in patients with IA.

Results

Thirty‐three articles were included. We found that trained nurses were undertaking CVR assessment and management in different settings and groups of patients. The assessments include blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, glucose and lipid‐profile, adherence to medication and behavioural risk factors (unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol and smoking). Different tools were used to calculate patients’ risk. Risk management differed from brief advice to long‐term follow‐up. Nurses tended to take a holistic and individually tailored approach. Clinical examples of inclusion of rheumatology nurses in these tasks were scarce.

Conclusion

Nurses undertake CVR assessment, communication and management in different types of patients. This is considered to be a highly relevant task for rheumatology nursing, especially in patients with IA. Further studies are needed to assess patients’ perspective, effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of nurse‐led CVR. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on one‐dimensional consolidation of layered structured soils
Authors: Xie Kang‐He , Xia Chang‐Qing , An Ran , Ying Hong‐Wei , Wu Hao
Published: November 2015

The governing equations for one‐dimensional consolidation of layered structured soils under time‐dependent loading are established. Using simplified k‐σ′ and mv‐σ′ models, n‐layered structured soils are transformed into (n + 1) or (n + 2)‐layered soils in which the thickness of upper and lower layers are gradually changing. The approximate solutions for the governing equations are then obtained under two types of boundary conditions, and the computer program is developed. Based on the solutions and computer program, the consolidation behavior of layered structured soils with soft interlayer is studied. It is shown that the permeability and compressibility of the soft interlayer have the greatest influences on the rate of settlement and rate of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical and experimental characterization of a FEM element assembly for the simulation of very compliant knitted mesh
Authors: Valentini Pier Paolo , Falcone Michele , Marotta Emanule , Pennestrì Ettore , Salvini Pietro
Published: November 2015

The paper deals with the description, development and validation of an equivalent FEM element assembly suitable for the simulation of very compliant knitted meshes, like those used in elastic coatings, deployable antennas, medical applications and similar. The assembly is based on a network of lumped springs able to reproduce the orthotropic behaviour of the mesh when stretched along two directions. The parameters of the model have been identified by experimental tests using a dedicated biaxial testing device. The effectiveness of the modelling technique has been validated under two test settings, providing in‐plane or out‐of‐plane displacements. For deformations up to 50%, the differences observed between experiments and numerical results are bounded below 6%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
POD‐based model reduction with empirical interpolation applied to nonlinear elasticity
Authors: Radermacher Annika , Reese Stefanie
Published: November 2015

The constantly rising demands on finite element simulations yield numerical models with increasing number of degrees‐of‐freedom. Due to nonlinearity, be it in the material model or of geometrical nature, the computational effort increases even further. For these reasons, it is today still not possible to run such complex simulations in real time parallel to, for example, an experiment or an application. Model reduction techniques such as the proper orthogonal decomposition method have been developed to reduce the computational effort while maintaining high accuracy. Nonetheless, this approach shows a limited reduction in computational time for nonlinear problems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to overcome this limitation by using an additional empirical interpolation. The concept of the so‐called discrete empirical interpolation method is translated to problems of solid mechanics with soft nonlinear elasticity and large deformations. The key point of the presented method is a further reduction of the nonlinear term by an empirical interpolation based on a small number of interpolation indices. The method is implemented into the finite element method in two different ways, and it is extended by using different solution strategies including a numerical as well as a quasi‐Newton tangent. The new method is successfully applied to two numerical examples concerning hyperelastic as well as viscoelastic material behavior. Using the extended discrete empirical interpolation method combined with a quasi‐Newton tangent enables reductions in computational time of factor 10 with respect to the proper orthogonal decomposition method without empirical interpolation. Negligibly, orders of error can be reached. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasensitive PbS‐Quantum‐Dot Photodetectors for Visible–Near‐Infrared Light Through Surface Atomic‐Ligand Exchange
Authors: Mi Longfei , Yu Yongqiang , Wang Hui , Zhang Yan , Yao Xudong , Chang Yajing , Wang Xiaoming , Jiang Yang
Published: November 2015

A surface atomic‐ligand exchange method is applied the first time in the construction of photodetectors (PDs) based on PbS quantum dots (QDs) for ultrasensitivity. The device thus produces a high photosensitivity to visible and near‐infrared light with a photoresponsivity up to 7.5 × 103 A W−1 and a high stability in air. In particular, these PbS‐QD‐based PDs show the capability of following a pulse light with a frequency up to 100 kHz well at a relatively fast response time/recovery time of ≈4/40 μs, much faster than most previous QD‐based PDs. The short response time is attributed to modification for the surface of the PbS‐QDs by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide treatment, which effectively improves the contact between the QDs and the Au electrodes, leading to extracting a high carrier mobility (≈0.142 cm2 V−1 s−1). These findings show the great potential of PbS‐QDs as high‐speed nano‐photodetectors, and, more importantly, demonstrate the importance of the surface atomic‐ligand exchange method in the construction of QD‐based devices.
Proteome effects of antipsychotic drugs: Learning from preclinical models
Authors: Carboni Lucia , Domenici Enrico
Published: November 2015

Proteome‐wide expression analyses are performed in the brain of schizophrenia patients to understand the biological basis of the disease and discover molecular paths for new clinical interventions. A major issue with postmortem analysis is the lack of tools to discern molecular modulation related to the disease from dysregulation due to medications. We review available proteome‐wide analysis of antipsychotic treatment in rodents, highlighting shared dysregulated pathways that may contribute to an extended view of molecular processes underlying their pharmacological activity. Fourteen proteomic studies conducted with typical and atypical antipsychotic treatments were examined; hypothesis‐based approaches are also briefly discussed. Treatment with antipsychotics mainly affects proteins belonging to metabolic pathways involved in energy generation, both in glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, suggesting antipsychotics‐induced impairments in metabolism. Nevertheless, schizophrenic patients show impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunctions independent of therapy. Other antipsychotics‐induced changes shared by different studies implicate cytoskeletal and synaptic function proteins. The mechanism can be related to the reorganization of dendritic spines resulting from neural plasticity events induced by treatments affecting neurotransmitter circuitry. However, metabolic and plasticity pathways activated by antipsychotics can also play an authentic role in the etiopathological basis of schizophrenia.
Quantitative MS analysis of therapeutic mAbs and their glycosylation for pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Cong Yuting , Zhang Zhang , Zhang Shen , Hu Lianghai , Gu Jingkai
Published: November 2015

Therapeutic mAbs play an important role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Due to their complexity, comprehensive evaluation of their pharmacokinetics has yet to be fully achieved. It is crucial to develop sensitive, accurate, reliable, and reproducible methods for quantitation of mAbs in complex samples. In addition, it is also important to evaluate the PTMs which can affect their safety and/or effectiveness. MS‐based methods provide an emerging approach for quantitation of proteins and their modification forms. In this review, we give a brief overview of quantification analysis of mAbs in complex biological samples and the characterization of N‐glycosylation by biological MS.
Review on Greener and Safer Synthesis of Nitro Compounds
Authors: Badgujar Dilip M. , Talawar Mahadev B. , Mahulikar Pramod P.
Published: November 2015

The review describes the recent developments in the green synthetic methods of nitro compounds involving environmentally benign approaches such as, use of solid‐supported reagents, microwave‐assisted reactions, ionic liquids, ultrasound assisted nitration reactions, gas phase nitration and vapor phase nitration.
The Effect of RDX Crystal Defect Structure on Mechanical Response of a Polymer‐Bonded Explosive
Authors: Bouma Richard H. B. , van der Heijden Antoine E. D. M.
Published: November 2015

An explosive composition, derived from AFX‐757, was systematically varied by using three different qualities of Class I RDX. The effect of internal defect structure of the RDX crystal on the shock sensitivity of a polymer bonded explosive is generally accepted (Doherty and Watt, 2008). Here the response to a mechanical non‐shock stimulus is studied using an explosion‐driven deformation test as well as the ballistic impact chamber. No correlation between RDX crystal quality and deformation sensitivity is observed. The DDT behavior (Deflagration to Detonation Transition) of the three plastic bonded explosives, although similar in composition, is distinct regarding the rate of diameter increase in the explosion‐driven deformation test. Recovered polymer bonded explosive from the explosion‐driven deformation test responds equally fast or slower in the ballistic impact chamber. Based on our experimental results the shear rate threshold as a single parameter describing mechanical sensitivity is challenged, and preference is given to the development of an ignition criterion based on inter‐granular sliding friction under the action of a normal pressure.
On the energetic criterion for destructive clustering of metallic nanoparticles in chalcogenide and oxide glassy matrices
Authors: Shpotyuk Oleh , Shpotyuk Mykhaylo , Cebulski Józef
Published: November 2015

The principal difference in the origin of high‐order optical nonlinearities caused by metallic nanoparticles embedded destructively in oxide‐ and chalcogenide‐type glassy matrices is justified from the viewpoint of a chemical‐bond approach. The numerical χ‐criterion is introduced to describe this difference in terms of energetic barrier between the mean molar bond energies character for inner chemical interaction of destructed components of a host glassy matrix and guest implanted atoms such as Cu, Ag, and Au. It is confirmed that destructive clustering of metallic nanoparticles is possible in hard dielectric media like oxide glasses possessing a strong negative χ‐criterion.
Self‐consistent hybridization expansions for static properties of the Anderson impurity model
Authors: Hamad Ignacio J. , Roura‐Bas Pablo , Aligia Armando A. , Anda Enrique V.
Published: November 2015

Building an effective Hamiltonian utilizing a projector‐operator procedure, we derive an approximation based on a self‐consistent hybridization expansion to study the ground state properties of the Anderson impurity model. We applied the approximation to the general case of finite Coulomb repulsion U, extending previous work with the same formalism in the infinite‐U case. The ground state energy and their related zero temperature properties are accurately obtained in the case in which U is large enough, but still finite, as compared with the rest of energy scales involved in the model. The results for the valence of the impurity are compared with exact results that we obtain from equations derived using the Bethe ansatz and with a perturbative approach. The magnetization and magnetic susceptibility is also compared with Bethe ansatz results. In order to do this comparison, we also show how to regularize the Bethe ansatz integral equations necessary to calculate the impurity valence, for arbitrary values of the parameters.
Effect of external pressure on the normal and superconducting properties of high‐ cuprates
Authors: Sidorov K. A. , Gavrichkov V. A. , Nikolaev S. V. , Pchelkina Z. V. , Ovchinnikov S. G.
Published: November 2015

The pressure effects on the normal state electronic structure, the superexchange interaction, and the critical temperature of d‐type superconductivity mediated by magnetic pairing have been studied within the multielectron hybrid scheme LDA+GTB that takes into account electron correlations in planes. We have found the changes of the multiband p–d model parameters at 3% compression of different symmetry: (i) hydrostatic, (ii) along the c‐axis, and (iii) in a–b plane. We have studied the changes of the Fermi surface under external pressure for different hole doping concentration x. In general, this effect is too small except two critical concentrations and where the Lifshitz transitions occur with the change of the Fermi surface topology. In the vicinity of the critical concentration, we have found the giant change of the Fermi surface area up to 100% related to the pressure‐induced Lifshitz transition. The effects of pressure on the antiferromagnetic coupling J and the mean‐field value of are obtained in a good agreement to experimental data.
Stable p‐type conductivity in B and N co‐doped ZnO epitaxial thin film
Authors: Sahu Rajib , Gholap Hari Bhau , Mounika Gandi , Dileep Krishnan , Vishal Badri , Ghara Somnath , Datta Ranjan
Published: November 2015

We report on the observation of stable p‐type conductivity in B and N co‐doped epitaxial ZnO thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Films grown at higher oxygen partial pressure (∼10−1 Torr) shows p‐type conductivity with a carrier concentration of ∼3 × 1016 cm−3. This p‐type conductivity is associated with the significant decrease in defect emission peaks due to the vacancy oxygen (VO) and Schottky type‐I native defects compared to films grown at low oxygen partial pressure (∼10−5 Torr). The p‐type conductivity is explained with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculation considering off‐stoichiometric BN1 + x in the ZnO lattice.
Ichnology and palaeobiology of Phoebichnus trochoides from the Middle Jurassic of north‐east England
Authors: Evans Jillian N. , McIlroy Duncan
Published: November 2015

Phoebichnus trochoides is a large, radiating trace fossil most commonly found in shallow marine siliciclastic deposits. The structure consists of a central boss from which extend numerous, lined, radiating burrows which have an active fill. Serial grinding and modelling techniques allow the full three‐dimensional morphology of Phoebichnus trochoides to be constructed for the first time. Three‐dimensional models of the trace fossil demonstrate that the central zone is composed of stacked disc‐shaped layers. The structure is inferred to result from collapse of sediment below a surficial cone created by the trace‐maker from excavated sediment produced during burrowing. The fill of the radial burrows is herein determined to be composed of angle of repose laminae that are inclined towards the central zone rather than the meniscate backfill documented in the ichnogeneric diagnosis and all subsequent descriptions. The structure of the fill resulted from the trace‐making organism filling its burrows from a dwelling position close to the central boss, probably with material excavated from other parts of the burrow system. This study also reports for the first time subtle conical structures above the radial galleries that are inferred to result from collapse cone feeding. The new fully three‐dimensional data set created of the burrow and the near‐burrow environment allows for a new palaeobiological understanding of the burrow, which suggests that a crustacean trace‐maker is most likely.
Transient Thermal‐Stress Analysis of Steel Slag Pots: Impact of the Solidifying‐Slag Layer on Heat Transfer and Wear
Authors: Neacşu Ioana Adina , Scheichl Bernhard , Rojacz Harald , Vorlaufer Georg , Varga Markus , Schmid Herbert , Heiss Josef
Published: November 2015

The containers used for steel slag transportation to the recycling depot undergo high‐temperature gradients and often deform plastically. Also, parts of the thereby solidified slag adhere to the pot walls, causing demolding problems and wear. A thorough finite‐element analysis of the heat transfer, initiated by filling the pots and essentially driven by radiation, and the thermal stresses is performed. Due to periodic fill‐in and discharge, these are assumed to admit a quasi‐stationary state referring to the pot temperature before their emptying. The so obtained results aid optimizing the pot shape and the transport process in terms of minimizing maintenance and anti‐adhesive cladding. A layer of solidified slag is found to exist throughout the transport process. Although the phase change occurs almost instantaneously at a liquid–solid interface, the “mushy zone” is considered in the accompanying analytical study of the associated Stefan‐type problem. Good correlations of the predicted temperatures to the measured ones and the resultant surface damaging are obtained.
Tragverhalten von Stahlkassettenprofilen mit direkt oder indirekt befestigter Außenschale
Authors: Misiek Thomas , Käpplein Saskia
Published: November 2015

Stahlkassettenprofile sind ein gängiges raumabschließendes Bauelement. Sie dienen als Innenschale von zweischaligen wärmegedämmten Wandkonstruktionen und werden mit einer vorgesetzten Außenschale kombiniert. Das Tragverhalten und die Tragfähigkeit der Stahlkassettenprofile hängen stark von der Stabilisierung der schmalen Gurte im Bereich der Außenschale ab. Sowohl der Abstand der Verbindungen als auch die Biegesteifigkeit und Schubsteifigkeit der Außenschale sind maßgebende Parameter. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die grundsätzlichen Wandkonstruktionen mit Stahlkassettenprofilen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die jeweils zugehörigen mechanischen Modelle für winddruckbelastete Systeme werden identifiziert. Basierend auf Vergleichsberechnungen mittels Finite‐Elemente‐Berechnungen werden die Grundlagen für überarbeitete Bemessungsmodelle eingeführt und erläutert.

Load‐bearing behaviour of liner tray walls with directly or indirectly fixed outer façades. Liner trays are a common thin‐walled building component for building envelope. They are used as inner layer of double layer walls with thermal insulation and combined with an outer façade layer. The load‐bearing behaviour and capacity of the liner trays strongly depends on the stabilisation of the narrow flanges adjacent to the outer façade layer. Both distance of connections and bending stiffness and shear stiffness of the outer layer are relevant parameters. The paper presents and discusses the principal types of wall constructions using linear trays. The corresponding mechanical models for systems under wind pressure loading are identified. Comparative calculations are done using a Finite‐Element‐Model. Basic principles for a revised design model are introduced and explained.
Verbindungen von Sandwichelementen unter kombinierter Längs‐ und Querkraftbeanspruchung
Authors: Kilian Katrin , Lange Jörg , Naujoks Bernd
Published: November 2015

Sandwichelemente werden über Verbindungsmittel, meist selbstbohrende Schrauben, an eine Unterkonstruktion montiert. Diese raumabschließenden Bauteile sind sowohl Beanspruchungen senkrecht zur Elementebene als auch durch Belastungen in der Ebene ausgesetzt, z. B. durch das Eigengewicht der Wandelemente. Über die Verbindungsmittel werden Längszugkräfte und Querkräfte vom Bauteil in die Unterkonstruktion weitergeleitet. Für die kombinierte Beanspruchung von Längs‐ und Querkräften liegen zurzeit noch keine experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen zur Tragfähigkeit der Verbindung vor. Anhand von Versuchen und einem mechanischen Modell wird das Tragverhalten von längs‐ und querkraftbeanspruchten Verbindungen von Sandwichelementen im Folgenden analysiert.

Fastenings of sandwich panels under combined longitudinal and shear load. Sandwich panels are mounted by fasteners, usually self‐drilling screws, to a substructure. These space‐enclosing components are stressed perpendicularly to the panel surface and in wall‐elements by loads in their plane (by self‐weight). The tensile and transverse forces are transmitted from the panel into the substructure by fasteners. Up to now the interaction of longitudinal and transverse forces in the connection has not been assessed by any experimental or theoretical study. On the basis of experiments and a mechanical model the structural behavior of fasteners of sandwich panels loaded by longitudinal and transverse forces will be analyzed in the following.
Architektonisch qualitätvolle Sandwichfassaden für den Büro‐ und Verwaltungsbau
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Fritzsche Nicole , Wiegand Alexander , Floerke Paul
Published: November 2015

Im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Forschungsvorhabens FOSTA P977 “Architektonisch qualitätvolle Sandwichfassaden“ [5] wurden die Grundlagen einer architektonisch ansprechenden Systembauweise für Fassaden aus Sandwichelementen mit neuartiger Befestigungstechnik gelegt.

Durch die Entwicklung geeigneter Verbindungstechniken konnte das große Anwendungspotential der Sandwichbauweise im Geschossbau herausgearbeitet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt daher besonders die technisch‐architektonischen Ergebnisse auf, die zur Schaffung von Fassaden im Geschossbau mit hoher architektonischer Qualität und sozio‐kultureller Akzeptanz führen.

High quality sandwich‐panel envelope‐systems for office and multi‐storey buildings. As part of the interdisciplinary research project FOSTA P977 “Architecturally high quality Sandwich‐panel Envelope‐systems” [5], the fundamentals of an architecturally appealing prefabricated system for façades of sandwich panels with a new assembly technology was to be developed.

Through the development of suitable connection technologies the huge potential of sandwich constructions in multi‐storey buildings could be obtained. The abstract at hand therefore shows especially technical‐architectural results, which lead to the development of envelope systems for office‐ and multi‐storey buildings with high architectural quality and socio‐cultural acceptance.
Krukenberg Tumors of Gastric Origin: The Rationale of Surgical Resection and Perioperative Treatments in a Multicenter Western Experience
Authors: Rosa Fausto , Marrelli Daniele , Morgagni Paolo , Cipollari Chiara , Vittimberga Giovanni , Framarini Massimo , Cozzaglio Luca , Pedrazzani Corrado , Berardi Stefano , Baiocchi Gian Luca , Roviello Franco , Portolani Nazario , de Manzoni Giovanni , Costamagna Guido , Doglietto Giovanni Battista , Pacelli Fabio
Published: November 2015

Background

In case of Krukenberg tumor (KT) of gastric origin it is controversial and debated whether radical surgery in case of synchronous KT or metastasectomy in case of metachronous ones is associated with additional benefits. Role of perioperative treatments is unclear.

Methods

Among 2515 female patients who were diagnosed with gastric cancer between January 1990 and December 2012 from 9 Italian centers, 63 presented simultaneously or developed KT as recurrence.

Results

Thirty patients presented with synchronous KT, while 33 developed metachronous ovarian metastases during follow‐up. The differences between the two groups were analyzed and compared. The median age of 63 patients was 48.0 years (range 31–71). Resection was possible in 53 patients (20 synchronous and 33 metachronous). Twelve patients in the synchronous group and 15 patients of the metachronous group underwent hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy after resection of KT. All of them underwent adjuvant chemotherapy after KT resection. The median survival for all population was 23 months (95 % confidence interval, 7–39 months). The median survival time in the metachronous group was 36 months, which was significantly longer than that in the synchronous group, 17 months, p < 0.0001.

Conclusions

KT remains a clinical challenge for gastric cancer therapy. The extent of disease and feasibility of removal of the metastatic lesion must be carefully evaluated prior to surgery to define the patients group who could benefit most from a resection associated with perioperative treatments.
From Novice to Seasoned Practitioner: a Qualitative Investigation of Genetic Counselor Professional Development
Authors: Zahm Kimberly Wehner , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Martyr Meredith A. , LeRoy Bonnie S.
Published: November 2015

Research on genetic counselor professional development would characterize typical developmental processes, inform training and supervision, and promote life‐long development opportunities. To date, however no studies have comprehensively examined this phenomenon. The aims of this study were to investigate the nature of professional development for genetic counselors (processes, influences, and outcomes) and whether professional development varies across experience levels. Thirty‐four genetic counselors participated in semi‐structured telephone interviews exploring their perspectives on their professional development. Participants were sampled from three levels of post‐degree genetic counseling experience: novice (0–5 years), experienced (6–14 years), and seasoned (>15 years). Using modified Consensual Qualitative Research and grounded theory methods, themes, domains, and categories were extracted from the data. The themes reflect genetic counselors’ evolving perceptions of their professional development and its relationship to: (a) being a clinician, (b) their professional identity, and (c) the field itself. Across experience levels, prevalent influences on professional development were interpersonal (e.g., experiences with patients, genetic counseling colleagues) and involved professional and personal life events. Common developmental experiences included greater confidence and less anxiety over time, being less information‐driven and more emotion‐focused with patients, delivering “bad news” to patients remains challenging, and individuals’ professional development experiences parallel genetic counseling's development as a field. With a few noteworthy exceptions, professional development was similar across experience levels. A preliminary model of genetic counselor professional development is proposed suggesting development occurs in a non‐linear fashion throughout the professional lifespan. Each component of the model mutually influences the others, and there are positive and negative avenues of development.
Comparative dental microwear of ruminant and perissodactyl molars: Implications for paleodietary analysis of rare and extinct ungulate clades
Authors: Mihlbachler Matthew C. , Campbell Daniel , Ayoub Michael , Chen Charlotte , Ghani Ishrat
Published: November 2015

Dental microwear analyses of ungulates and other large herbivores rely on correlations of diet and microwear among extant ungulates, primarily ruminants. Microwear is considered a ‘taxon-free’ method of paleodietary analysis. The properties of food are associated with causality of microwear, but the possibility that heritable properties of the consumer (tooth morphologies, masticatory dynamics, enamel mechanical properties, digestive physiologies) may introduce bias is not considered. Using an observer blind method of light microscopy, we examined the distribution of microwear features on the molars of eight species of ruminants and perissodactyls. Grazing and browsing ruminants had statistically different numbers of scratches forming discrete data clusters. Perissodactyls differ in the numbers of scratches and pits but without discrete browser and grazer clusters. Microwear features were distributed homogeneously across ruminant molars and strongly predictive of diet from the labial edge of the molar to the lingual edge. Microwear was heterogeneously distributed across perissodactyl molars with more pits on the labial edge and more scratches on the lingual edge. In perissodactyls, microwear sampled from the labial edge was strongly predictive of diet, while microwear sampled from other areas were not. Discriminant function analyses of microwear assigned individual molars to diets (browser and grazer) and clades (ruminant and perissodactyl) with similar success (70–73%) indicating that phylogeny and diet influence microwear equally. Rhino microwear was more sensitive to clade membership while other perissodactyl microwear was more sensitive to diet. Although it is not clear what heritable variables may phylogenetically bias dental microwear, extant ruminants may not be appropriate models for the microwear of other large herbivores.
Comparison of distortion product otoacoustic emissions and pure tone audiometry in occupational screening for auditory deficit due to noise exposure
Authors: Wooles N , Mulheran M , Bray P , Brewster M , Banerjee A R
Published: November 2015

Objective:

To examine whether distortion product otoacoustic emissions can serve as a replacement for pure tone audiometry in longitudinal screening for occupational noise exposure related auditory deficit.

Methods:

A retrospective review was conducted of pure tone audiometry and distortion product otoacoustic emission data obtained sequentially during mandatory screening of brickyard workers (n = 16). Individual pure tone audiometry thresholds were compared with distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes, and a correlation of these measurements was conducted.

Results:

Pure tone audiometry threshold elevation was identified in 13 out of 16 workers. When distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes were compared with pure tone audiometry thresholds at matched frequencies, no evidence of a robust relationship was apparent. Seven out of 16 workers had substantial distortion product otoacoustic emissions with elevated pure tone audiometry thresholds.

Conclusion:

No clinically relevant predictive relationship between distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude and pure tone audiometry threshold was apparent. These results do not support the replacement of pure tone audiometry with distortion product otoacoustic emissions in screening. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions at frequencies associated with elevated pure tone audiometry thresholds are evidence of intact outer hair cell function, suggesting that sites distinct from these contribute to auditory deficit following ototrauma.
Missing links: testing the completeness of host-parasite checklists
Authors: POULIN ROBERT , BESSON ANNE A. , MORIN MATHIEU B. , RANDHAWA HASEEB S.
Published: November 2015

Host-parasite checklists are essential resources in ecological parasitology, and are regularly used as sources of data in comparative studies of parasite species richness across host species, or of host specificity among parasite species. However, checklists are only useful datasets if they are relatively complete, that is, close to capturing all host–parasite associations occurring in a particular region. Here, we use three approaches to assess the completeness of 25 checklists of metazoan parasites in vertebrate hosts from various geographic regions. First, treating checklists as interaction networks between a set of parasite species and a set of host species, we identify networks with a greater connectance (proportion of realized host–parasite associations) than expected for their size. Second, assuming that the cumulative rise over time in the number of known host–parasite associations in a region tends toward an asymptote as their discovery progresses, we attempt to extrapolate the estimated total number of existing associations. Third, we test for a positive correlation between the number of published reports mentioning an association and the time since its first record, which is expected because observing and reporting host–parasite associations are frequency-dependent processes. Overall, no checklist fared well in all three tests, and only three of 25 passed two of the tests. These results suggest that most checklists, despite being useful syntheses of regional host–parasite associations, cannot be used as reliable sources of data for comparative analyses.
The mystery of atonement and Swinburne's reparation theory
Authors: HYUN ALEXANDER
Published: November 2015

Traditional Christianity holds that Jesus Christ somehow helps to bring about our salvation. A ‘theory of atonement’ is a theory about how he does this. One influential and elegant theory of atonement is Richard Swinburne's reparation theory. In this article, I contend that this theory fails to satisfy an important condition of adequacy on theories of atonement that has been overlooked in the literature. I first argue that in order to be plausible, a theory of atonement must not imply that failure to believe in the correct theory of atonement greatly hinders one from being benefited by Christ's salvific work. I then argue that reparation theory does have this problematic implication.
Biodiversity and metacommunity structure of animals along altitudinal gradients in tropical montane forests
Authors: Willig Michael R. , Presley Steven J.
Published: November 2015

The study of altitudinal gradients has made enduring contributions to the theoretical and empirical bases of modern biology. Unfortunately, the persistence of these systems and the species that compose them is threatened by land-use change at lower altitudes and by climate change throughout the gradients, but especially at higher altitudes. In this review, we focus on two broad themes that are inspired by altitudinal variation in tropical montane regions: (1) dimensions of biodiversity and (2) metacommunity structure. Species richness generally decreased with increasing altitude, although not always in a linear fashion. Mid-altitudinal peaks in richness were less common than monotonic declines, and altitudinal increases in richness were restricted to amphibian faunas. Moreover, gradients of biodiversity differed among dimensions (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional) as well as among faunas (bats, rodents, birds) in the tropical Andes, suggesting that species richness is not a good surrogate for dimensions that reflect differences in the function or evolutionary history of species. Tropical montane metacommunities evinced a variety of structures, including nested (bats), Clementsian (rodents, bats, gastropods), quasi-Clementsian (reptiles, amphibians, passerines) and quasi-Gleasonian (gastropods) patterns. Nonetheless, compositional changes were always associated with the ecotones between rain forest and cloud forest, regardless of fauna.
Examination of the Chicago Multiscale Depression Inventory and Initial Validation of a Positive Scale
Authors: Ukueberuwa Dede M. , Arnett Peter A.
Published: November 2015

The Chicago Multiscale Depression Inventory (CMDI) was developed to improve accuracy in measuring depression symptoms in individuals with non-psychiatric medical illness. Earlier psychometric evaluation of the CMDI has emphasized properties of items that measure negative affect and experience. In this study, we provide an initial evaluation of an outcome scale of positive items that are also included within the CMDI but have previously been excluded from calculation of the total score. Psychometric data for the CMDI negative and positive item subscales were determined in healthy adults and patients with multiple sclerosis. Analysis included measurements of factor structure, reliability, and validity in comparison with other established measures of depression and affect. Study findings indicate that in healthy and patient samples, the CMDI Positive scale has very good reliability and validity. The Positive scale score also appears to predict depression symptoms beyond the negative item scale scores. The CMDI Positive scale could be a valuable clinical and research tool. Inclusion of the Positive scale in the CMDI total score appears to improve the measure by further capturing symptoms of affect and experience that are important to diagnosis of depression and are not covered by the negative scales alone. (JINS, 2016, 22, 76–82)
Economic and hydrological impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Eastern Nile River Basin
Authors: Nigatu Getachew , Dinar Ariel
Published: November 2015

We propose an ‘allocate-and-trade’ institution to manage the eastern Nile River Basin for Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt as the basin faces a new reality of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). We find that a social planner could increase the region's economic welfare by assigning water rights to the riparian states. An alternative intrabasin water rights arrangement and trade could achieve more than 95 per cent of the welfare created by the social planner. GERD will change both the economic benefits and hydrological positions of the riparian countries. Economic benefits from alternative water use would be sufficient to make riparian countries better off compared with the status quo. Furthermore, riparian countries could raise more than US$680 m annually for protecting and conserving the natural resources of the region.