bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actor Networks and Development of Cultural Tourist Destinations
Authors: Ledesma González Oswaldo , Merinero Rodríguez Rafael , Pulido Fernández Juan Ignacio
Published: April 2022

The study analyses the relational structure of the networks of actors of three cultural tourist destinations using social network analysis (SNA). The analytical interest is focused on the degree centrality indicator for socio-centric networks and asymmetrical relationships to obtain the indegree (prestige) and outdegree (influence) of the various actors. The results obtained strengthen three ideas: first, there is a direct relationship between relational dynamics and the development of tourist destinations; second, the relational structure is transformed as tourist destinations evolve; and third, there is a correlation between the number of actors with high centrality and the development of tourist destinations. The study contributes to responding to the demand for literature regarding the need to expand the number of comparative studies that link the relational structure with the development of tourist destinations.
Supply Chain Innovation in the Era of Industry 4.0
Authors: Tiwari Saurabh
Published: April 2022

Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution, has had a profound impact on business, society, and the supply chain. In Industry 4.0, the supply chain will be digitalized, opening up new opportunities for competitive advantage through innovative supply chain designs, processes, and enabling technology. In any industry or supply chain function, changes can occur to enhance the creation of new value for stakeholders in the supply chain by changing processes, current practices within networks, technology, and processes (or a combination of all of these). This chapter finds how supply chain innovation is transformed in the era of Industry 4.0 using the digital transformation based on digital innovation along with developing a framework based on supply chain innovation (consisting of product, process, organizational, technological, and marketing innovation) and Industry 4.0 (digital transformation).
Using Machine Learning to Locate Evidence More Efficiently
Authors: Cawley Michelle A.
Published: April 2022

Evidence that machine learning can assist article selection and minimize manual screening burden for scholarly research has been documented in the peer-reviewed literature for more than 20 years. Despite the robust evidence and continual technological advances, uptake has been slow among research teams. This chapter discusses the benefits of using machine learning (ML) and other automation tools on bibliographic data and argues that academic librarians are well-positioned to partner with research teams around this application of ML. An overview of the automation approaches used at UNC's Health Sciences Library (HSL) is discussed along with detailed accounts of multiple success stories of when HSL librarians partnered with research teams to locate evidence more efficiently. Finally, a discussion of likely barriers and possible solutions to increase uptake of this technology among academic librarians is provided.
Reading Aloud
Authors: Esteves Sandrina , Almeida Ana Patrícia
Published: April 2022

We are not born readers. We learn to read and enjoy reading if our learning and experiences allow it. The school, family, and community have an essential role in promoting reading, contributing to the creation of proficient and motivated readers who share a taste for knowledge. Collaborative practices should therefore be created between teachers, family, and community to promote reading and thus the academic and personal success of students. This was the aim of the Project Já Sei Ler: Leitura em Voz Alta (I Can Read: Reading Aloud), which seeks to operate on three fundamental axes: (1) the promotion of strategies that encourage reading aloud; (2) the development of shared reading habits in the family; and (3) the involvement with the community, leading to an awareness of the importance of reading in the construction of the individual and of future citizens. In this way, this chapter aims to present accounts of the implementation of this intervention project focused on reading, from the school, family, and community.
Relocation Strategy of Production, Global Supply, and Value Chains
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: April 2022

This chapter aims to critically analyze the implications that the national protectionist policies have on the global supply and value chains and the relocation of production. The analysis is based on the assumptions that the global economy is facing the possibility of decoupling of many trade connections and this trend favors deglobalization processes have long been promoted by populism, nationalism, and economic protectionism. It is concluded that global supply, production, and value chains, although being economically efficient, are no longer any more secure under national protectionist policies, and therefore, the relocation of production processes is mainly due to the increase in the level of income and wages of the developing countries that are the destination and which reduce the advantages to relocate.
Green Technology for Synthesis of Biomass Using Phoenix dactylifera for Protection of Aluminum - Mechanistic and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Natarajan Rajamohan , Al Shibli Fatema Said Zahir Said , Al Reasi Khalid Saif Ali , Rahman Shah Md Talha Tanvir , Manivasagan Rajasimman
Published: April 2022

Corrosion is considered as one of the serious challenges that deteriorates the material properties of metals and alloys. In this research study, the inhibition of aluminum in 1M NaOH by Phoenix Dactylifera tree fiber extract was studied in the temperature range 308.15-318.15 K using the standard gravimetric technique. The performance evaluation was monitored using inhibition efficiency (% IE) and the IE increased as the concentration of Phoenix Dactylifera extract increased, reaching 82.55 % at 0.15 mg/ml . An inversely proportional relationship was found to exist between temperature and IE. The corrosion inhibitory effect was fitted with the Langmuir isotherm, with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.950. The inhibitor sorption was confirmed to be spontaneous as Gibbs free energy was reported to be negative. The effectiveness of the green corrosion inhibitor proved to be a potential solution for protection of aluminum under alkaline conditions.
Inhibition Performance of Arachis Hypogaea Extracts on 316L Steel in HCl Solution
Authors: Fajobi Muyiwa , Loto Roland Tolulope
Published: April 2022

The inhibition performance of Arachis hypogaea (AH) surfactant-based oil on 316L steel in 5 M HCl solution was studied by weight loss method. Result showed that AH shielded 316L steel from the severe corrosion effect of of Cl- anions responsible for 316L corrosion in HCl at 0% AH concentration. The optimum inhibition efficiency occurred as 89.72% at 504 h as AH retarded the redox reaction for all other samples of inhibited AH inhibitor concentration. Adsorption of AH onto 316L surface was effective as the regression values moved close to unity with 0.9458, obeying Langmuir isotherm adsorption principle.
Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of 434 Ferritic Stainless Steel in Acid Chloride Media
Authors: Loto Roland Tolulope
Published: April 2022

The pitting corrosion resilience and passivation behaviour of 434 ferritic stainless steel was studied in 1 M H2SO4 solution at 0% to 2% NaCl concentration by potentiostatic technique and optical illustration characterization. Data showed 434 steel underwent metastable pitting activity at the lowest metastable pitting potential and current by reason of the effect of SO42- anions within the electrolyte. Addition and increase in Cl- anion concentration decreased the potential while simultaneously increasing the current value at which metastable pitting occurs till 1% NaCl concentration. The presence of chlorides decreased the passivation range of the steel with regards to Cl- anion concentration compared to the electrolyte without chlorides till 0.5% NaCl concentration. Beyond this concentration no further decrease in the steel’s passivation range was observed despite increase in chloride concentration. Beyond 1% NaCl concentration passivation of the steel completely collapsed signifying threshold chloride concentration for optimal steel utilization on astringent conditions. Potentiostatic data showed variation in chloride concentration from 0.25% to 1% had strong effect on the pitting resistance of 434 steel. Optical images of 434 steel morphology at 0%, 0.25% and 2% NaCl concentration in 1 M H2SO4 solution showed important details. At 0% and 0.25% NaCl concentration, corrosion pits were clearly visible though the dimension and depth of the pits from the electrolyte with 0.25% NaCl concentration were more defined and deeper. At 2% NaCl concentration, corrosion pits were larger and the surface morphology showed severe morphological deterioration by reason of the synergistic action of SO42- and excess Cl- anions.
Comparative Study of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Kenaf Fiber and Different Types of Microparticles
Authors: Sosiati Harini , Fahmi Rozi Muhammad , Budiyantoro Cahyo , Sinin Hamdan
Published: April 2022

Reinforcement of both fibrous and particulate materials can improve composite properties for various applications, such as biomedical applications. The alkali-treated kenaf fibers and (SiO2, bentonite, and CaCO3) microparticles 400 mesh in size reinforce the epoxy matrix for hybrid composites. The bending and impact properties of hybrid composites, as well as their water absorption, are compared. The hybrid composites were prepared in a compression mold using a hand lay-up technique at 100°C for 20 – 50 minutes consisting of 28 vol.% of short kenaf fibers ~5 mm in length, 2 vol.% of each type of microparticle, and 70 vol.% the epoxy resin. The flexural and impact properties of kenaf/silica/epoxy composite indicated the highest flexural strength (58.37±3.9 MPa), flexural modulus (4.68 ± 0.17 MPa), and impact strength (7.49 kJ/m2). The addition of the microparticles reduced water absorption in the composites. The water absorption of kenaf/silica/epoxy composite appeared to be stable for immersion time near 216 hours. Other microparticle-filled composites did not show this pattern. The incorporation of silica microparticles to the kenaf/epoxy composite potentially enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite, with the expectation of using it to be developed for biomedical composite material.
Adsorption and Inhibition Performance of Arachis hypogaea Extracts on 316L Steel in H2SO4 Solution
Authors: Fajobi Muyiwa , Loto Roland Tolulope
Published: April 2022

The inhibitive properties of Arachis hypogaea (AH) on 316L steel in 5 M H2SO4 solution was analysed with weight loss method. The results obtained reveal the inhibitive nature of AH protection with optimum inhibition efficiency of 82.58%, after 504 h. The adsorption behaviour shows the performance of AH is due to the active bonds and functional groups. The regression values obtained was close to unity at 0.9656, obeying Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It also confirms the strong adsorption nature of organic inhibitor compounds as discussed in this research by showing excellent performance of inhibition efficiencies.
Effect of Casting Condition on Ripple Mark and Surface Crack of Roll-Cast Al-Mg Alloy
Authors: Haga Toshio , Okada Tomoya , Watari Hisaki , Nishida Shinichi
Published: April 2022

Effect of casting conditions on ripple mark and surface crack of as-cast Al-4.7%Mg strip was investigated. A vertical type high speed twin roll caster was used. A casting speed was 30 m/min. Casting conditions were tip-shape of a back-dam plate, gap between a roll and the back dam plate and texture on the roll-surface. The texture on the roll-surface was useful to reduce the ripple mark. In bending test conducted to investigate surface crack of as-cast strip, the texture on the roll surface was effective to the reduce the crack. The position of the crack was not coin side with the position of the ripple mark. This result shows that there is no correlation between the ripple mark and the ductility or the strength of as-cast strip. Small roll load was effective to reduce the crack and degree of the ripple mark. Effect of the roll load on the ripple mark was discussed including solidification delay and seepage of Magnesium.
Evaluation of the Use of a Stabilization Device to Improve the Quality of Care in Patients With Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters
Authors: Waterhouse Jennifer , Bandisode Varsha , Brandon Debra , Olson Meredith , Docherty Sharron L.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

This project evaluated the implementation of use of the StatLock stabilization device (Bard Access Systems, Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah) for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in pediatric cardiology patients. The aim was to implement the use of the Stat- Lock device and evaluate its effects on the following 4 outcomes: incidence of dislodgement, infection, catheter dwell time, and the number of catheter replacements. The primary goal was to determine whether the StatLock device offered advantages over tape and sutures.

Methods

A quality improvement design was used to evaluate whether the use of the StatLock stabilization device for PICC securement on 30 pediatric cardiology patients decreased the number of PICC complications compared with 30 historical comparison patients.

Results

The comparison group had a significantly higher number of catheter dislodgements (n = 16; 59.3%) than the StatLock group (n = 8; 30.8%; P =.035). The comparison group did not have a significantly higher number of catheter replacements (n = 16; 59.3%) than the StatLock group (n = 10; 34.5%; P =.10). No significant differences were found in the rate of infection or in the catheter dwell time between the 2 groups (StatLock group, mean ± SD = 33.13 ± 22.71 days; comparison group, mean ± SD = 28.10 ± 24.83 days; P >.20).

Conclusions

Use of the StatLock device resulted in better outcomes when compared with the use of sutures, and it provided a more effective way to stabilize and secure PICCs.
Providing a “Good Death” for Oncology Patients During the Final Hours of Life in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Brennan Caitlin W. , Prince-Paul Maryjo , Wiencek Clareen A.
Published: April 2022

Cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States. Aggressiveness of cancer care continues to rise in parallel with scientific discoveries in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. As a result, patients with cancer often require care in intensive care units (ICUs). Although growth in hospice and palliative care programs has occurred nationwide, access to these programs varies by geographic region and hospital type. Thus, critical care nurses may be caring for patients with cancer during the final hours of life in the ICU without the support of palliative care experts. This article provides an overview of the meaning of the final hours of life for cancer patients and uses principles of a “good death” and the tenets of hospice care to organize recommendations for critical care nurses for providing high quality end-of-life care to patients with cancer in the ICU.
End-of-Life Care Education in Acute and Critical Care
Authors: Grant Marian , Wiencek Clareen , Virani Rose , Uman Gwen , Munevar Carla , Malloy Pam , Ferrell Betty
Published: April 2022

Acute and critical care nurses care for an increasingly aging population in the last stages of life. Unfortunately, many of these nurses do not have adequate education to care for this population. The End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) developed a critical care course, and in 2007 the Archstone Foundation provided a grant to educate critical care nurses in California. From 2007 to 2010, 388 participants completed the course and rated it very effective at improving end-of-life care education in their institution. After completing the national ELNEC-Critical Care train-the-trainer course, these participants taught more than 2900 classes in the ELNEC modules to their colleagues. Participants also revised policies and made system changes in their workplaces to provide better care to dying critical care patients and their families. The ELNEC/Archstone program improved acute and critical care nurses’ end-of-life care education and, ultimately, practice and serves as a model for future educational efforts.
A Vulnerable Population
Authors: Baumhover Nancy C. , May Kathleen M.
Published: April 2022

Families of patients in adult critical care are susceptible to physiological symptoms, emotional distress, persuasion, burden, and postintensive care syndrome—family, as defined by the Society of Critical Care Medicine. The specific aims of this article are to (1) describe the state of science about the concept of vulnerability of families of patients in adult critical care, through analysis and synthesis of relevant literature; (2) explore resources available to reduce or prevent vulnerability of this population; and (3) propose considerations for research with this population. Concept analysis and synthesis strategies support the definition of this concept through review of the literature to describe antecedents, defining characteristics, and consequences of the vulnerability of families of patients in adult critical care. The authors present resources for both families and health care professionals and recommendations for potential collaborative efforts that could reduce risks and promote the health of this vulnerable population.
Design and Deployment of the Latest Generation of High-Performance Invert Emulsion Fluids for a Deepwater Production Project Offshore Guyana
Authors: Jaimes Juan Pablo , Smith Graham Edward , Nguyen Chau Minh , Bouguetta Mario , Gamargo Mauro Elias
Published: April 2022

Depletion of developed fields and increased deepwater drilling activity are becoming more common, resulting in the narrowing of the hydraulic window. When we include the commencement of production in these deepwater fields while drilling operations continue, such as in offshore Guyana, not only do we have the challenges inherent to the deepwater environment, we also face the narrowing of the window due to production startup and continuance while drilling operations are ongoing in the same field.

The challenges faced in offshore Guyana operations during drilling the reservoir section were two-fold. The initial fluid requirement was for a sag-free nonaqueous fluid (NAF) to withstand well conditions with static periods ranging from 4 to 7 days while running completion screens with zero pipe rotation, slow pump rates, and minimal volume buffer to aid mud weight homogenization, due to circulation paths through the annulus and choke line only. With the reservoir fluid re-engineering ongoing to meet zero weight fluctuations, the production of completed wells came online. Because of this, a second fluid requirement was to provide a fluid with zero sag that could reduce the equivalent circulating densities (ECD) as much as possible.

The successful batch drilling of 17 intermediate sections was achieved with a traditional NAF system designed to have low break circulation pressures and excellentholecleaning characteristics. However, this resulted in a drilling fluid that did not suit the conditions in this very challenging reservoir section.

With the focus on sag mitigation, the internal solids structure was redeveloped to provide a sag-free and low-ECD fluid. This was done by re-engineering the fluid's solids structure and changing the emulsion package before completing the conversion to the latest NAF generation. The result of this conversion decreased ECDs by up to 32%. There were no technical issues and use of this novel fluid continued until the successful completion of thedrilling campaign.

Laboratory processes developed to meet the required fluid characteristics allowed a more thorough understanding of the internal solids interaction and their ability to develop fluid structure. Insights were gained into interpreting rheological profiles in relation to better sag mitigation practices.

From the laboratory to the field, this work included the development of a low-ECD fluid and techniques to identify sag-risk fluids while providing the improvements required to deliver and maintain a fluid able to withstand the challenges of deepwater openhole gravel pack in NAF. The greater understanding of a fluid's internal solids structure under ultralow shear-rate viscosities (uLSRV) has led to a change in treatment regimens in all NAF applications, resulting in fewer technical issues, less time circulating, and lower costs during these challenging operations.
Adapting the Technology for the Construction of Taml-1 Level Multilateral Wells at the Novoportovskoye Field for Separate Production Accounting for Each Reservoir
Authors: Alekseev Alexander , Samigullin Linar , Zimoglyad Mikhail , Nagovitsyn Vladimir , Katashov Alexander , Husein Nadir , Bolshakov Viacheslav , Bydzan Andrei , Vasechkin Dmitriy
Published: April 2022

The Novoportovskoye field is characterised by a mainly complex geological structure and the presence of remaining reserves. The situation is further aggravated by significant oil reserves occurring right under massive gas caps. To make HC recovery profitable in such geological settings, new technologies are required.

This paper provides an insight into the case of creating a multilateral well based on a new TAML-1 level completion solution utilising the properties of the impermeable top of one bed and the dynamic quantum PLT to measure production from each formation separately in accordance with existing regulations.
The Interception of a Lost Leg in Brazilian Deep Waters
Authors: Buzza Joseph Eduardo Harbi , França Rafael Lopez , de Macedo Rodrigo Rohlfs
Published: April 2022

Drilling from a tension leg wellhead platform (TLWP) to targets away from the slot creates several challenges and brings many operational risks that are not always easy to predict. The decision to reduce costs with dry completions, wellheads, and deep-water rig day-rates considerably increases drilling complexity. In this scenario, an involuntary sidetrack incident happened while circulating for hole cleaning below the casing shoe. This left a reservoir exposed in the mother well.

This paper shows the decision-making process, the premises, and the directional work up to the interception of the original well. The BHAs used, drilling parameters, planned and actual well path will be discussed. The rotary steerable performance and settings while drilling to intercept the original well and the survey strategy receive special attention. Discussion about the BHA selection after the identification of the incidental sidetrack is also covered.

Having an exposed reservoir made the required trajectory critical. It should be precise but also feasible, including the casing run thereafter. An additional reaming run smoothed the high local doglegs. The conclusion summarizes the complexity of this type of directional drilling operations and the estimated savings in one of the most challenging well drilled in Brazilian deep waters.

There were multiple lessons learned from the operation that can help prevent the situation in future, and sharing this knowledge provides guidelines when facing a similar challenge.
Methodology to Design and Qualify Subsea Flowline Connection Systems to Improve Reliability
Authors: Yeole Parag Suresh , Zilafro Eric , Gupta Abhineet , Cheng Chen
Published: April 2022

The objective of this paper is to present a design and testing methodology to improve subsea connection system reliability by correlating the analysis and experimental data per the latest industry recommended practice.

In most cases, a theoretical approach has been used to establish different load capacities; however, no good method has been established for monitoring critical components of the clamp style connection system to matchthe computer analysis. The result is a lack of confidence for scaling the connector design up or down or extrapolating the load capacity for different offshore scenarios.

To improve on the historical approach, a new method has been developed that applies ASME section VIIIDivision 2 elastic and plastic analysis method to designing the core system capacity of asubsea flowline connector. To have full confidence that the critical components is within ASME code and functional requirements, several strain gauges, and Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs) are used to monitor data under various load cases to give confidence that this critical component of the subsea connector system is within ASME code and functional requirements. A good correlation between qualification physical test data from the data acquisition system (DAQ) and analysis results illustrates the functionality of the critical component of the connection system under different extreme loading cases. This method and process were used on Horizontal, Vertical,and Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)stab type connectors in alignment with API 17R "Recommended Practice (RP) for Flowline Connectors and Jumpers."

The authors present the details of the design, verification, and validation process, and compare the data captured through the DAQ system with the finite element analysis (FEA) results. The satisfactory correlation between numerical methods and physical tests provides reliability in design and validation method to develop and qualify subsea flowline connection systems.
Emerging Solutions in Offshore Green Hydrogen Production and Storage
Authors: Pierozzi Natalia , De Bacco Paolo , Tascino Carmela , Arcangeletti Giorgio , Tucceri Francesco , De Simone Giuseppe , Piazzi Luca , Agogliati Piera
Published: April 2022

To meet the Paris Agreement targets, the world needs to transition to a deeply decarbonized energy system. In addition to energy efficiency gains, this will require greater renewable power generation and electrification, and the scaling of technologies to reduce the carbon footprint.

Hydrogen is recognized to play a key role ensuring renewable power exploitation without overloading the grid and acting as energy storage medium to harmonize continuous power requirements with the intermittency of the renewables.

From a global solutions provider perspective, there is the need to reassess the technological and intellectual portfolio to overcome the new challenges posed by these new scenarios.

In this context, Saipem spent an important effort on designing a safe and efficient offshore green hydrogen production and storage module placed onto offshore facilties.

Looking at the offshore hydrogen value chain, the focus has been dedicated to the sea water treatment, hydrogen production and hydrogen storage building blocks.

A summary of the state of art technologies for hydrogen production and storage is provided. In particular, the rationale behind the technologies choice is explained: reverse osmosis for the sea water treatment, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) for the water electrolysis and Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) for hydrogen storage. In addition, the design basis and main technical and economic outcomes are reported.

A very important topic addressed by the paper is safety: the offshore green hydrogen production and storage module was designed in compliance with international codes and standards, in particular the provisions and designs of safety and loss prevention systems. Some highlights from the safety regulatory framework investigation are provided.

This work adds an important brick in the picture of the new plants required by the energy transition, demonstrating the technical feasibility and constructability of an offshore hydrogen production and storage system.
Review of AI Implementations and Hybrid Data-Physics Modeling for EOR Applications
Authors: Alghamdi Muataz
Published: April 2022

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects are generally considered to be of high cost and risk. Modeling and prediction of performance remains a challenging task. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have the potential to aid in performance optimization of EOR projects that results in increase in hydrocarbon recovery.

The classical approaches to EOR optimization have either relied on the human expertise that utilizes low scale analysis, experience or physics-based reservoir simulation that requires long lead time to build. These are difficult to use to evaluate huge number of possible optimization scenarios. A combined approach of physics-based and data-driven AI models can provide a more efficient way for EOR performance optimization. This paper investigates the active research of deployment of AI in this particular application. Modeling of EOR performance optimization includes data assimilation, model fitting, validation, and testing. EOR performance optimization is investigated using a single- and multi- objective problem approach. The goal of creating the models is to provide a quantitative outcome, and for the model to be continuously updated to reflect actual field data and conditions.

A case study of a steam flooding EOR project in San Joaquin Basin is presented. The project optimization included building combined physics-based and data-driven AI models to maximize production, maximize NPV, and minimize steam injection. Enormous number of possible injection plans were generated to select the best scenario with consideration of field and operator constrains. The modeling was used as a basis in a significant change in the field development strategy. Assessment after plan implementation showed a remarkable incremental gain in production in comparison to expected decline. The research reviews challenges of this type of modelling when it comes to data quality needs, long term implementations, and potential of rapid add up of computing power needs.

Artificial intelligence offers opportunities to improve EOR performance optimization processes. It provides the capability of modeling to perform analysis and provide a fast and actionable plan as well as to predict production forecast. Also, it gives a powerful tool for day-to-day decision making, which is needed in this type of projects. The ever-evolving nature of artificial intelligence techniques hold more promise for improvement, as it can address some of the short comes experienced today.
Applied Condition Monitoring and Digitalization of Turret Mooring Systems
Authors: Minnebo Joerik , Duggal Arun , Kumar Krishna
Published: April 2022

Turret Mooring Systems have a long and successful track record within the floating production industry. Turrets, and other weathervaning mooring systems, provide station-keeping capabilities to a floating facility, and allow for the safe transfer of fluids, utilities, and power, all across a rotational interface. Because the core enabling equipment is unique, industry guidance towards effective Condition Monitoring and Integrity Management of these systems is still largely absent, in comparison to more common aspects of the floating facility, such as the hull, or the riser and anchor leg mooring systems.

Based on the authors’ experiences with engineering, supplying, and supporting operations of these systems, this paper aims to provide practical insight in how these systems and their unique components operate, and how their condition and performance can be assessed through inspection, instrumentation, and analysis. Digitalization of inspection methodologies, advances in instrumentation, and the development of advanced analytics is discussed as enabling technologies to provide additional insight into the condition of components which would normally be difficult to assess by traditional methods.
Downhole Pressure Prediction for Deep Water Gas Reservoirs Using Physics-Based and Machine Learning Models
Authors: He Jincong , Avent Matthew , Muller Mathieu , Bordessa Lauren
Published: April 2022

Pressure measurement from permanent downhole gauges (PDHGs) during extended shut-ins is a key piece of information that is often used for model calibration and reserve estimate in deep-water gas reservoirs. A key challenge in practical operation has been the failure of permanent downhole gauges (PDHGs) within the first few years of operation. To overcome this challenge, innovative modeling solutions have been developed to enable accurate bottom-hole well pressures to be calculated.

Both the physics-based model and machine learning model are developed to predict PDHG pressure and temperature measurement from the wellhead and other measurements during well shut-in events. These models are calibrated and blind-tested with data collected while the PDHG is still functioning. The key to the physics-based model is our model of the gas temperature profile within the wellbore and cool-down rate on shut-in, which has been inspired and validated by independent OLGA transient well simulations. In addition to physics-based models, machine learning (ML) models have also been developed, which directly perform regression on available data.

The physics-based model is shown to be able to predict PDHG pressure and temperature accurately by capturing two key physics. Firstly, on well shut-in, a significant gas density gradient develops, as the wellhead (usually on the ocean floor) cools rapidly, while the bottom-hole temperature remains high. This changing temperature profile along the wellbore path has been accurately captured by a data-driven temperature model in the physics-based model. In addition, the decline of temperature along the wellbore has been observed to depend on the well's production history. With higher/longer production of hot gas through the wellbore and additional heating of wellbore surrounds, a slower cool-down rate is observed. A data-driven decline-curve model is devised within the physics-based model and has been shown to successfully capture this dependency.

Compared to the physics-based model, the machine learning model is much simpler to devised. It also has the flexibility to incorporate new input features other than those that we can physically interpret. Multiple ML models are tested, and the random forest has shown the best performance. The accuracy of the ML model is comparable to that of the physics-based one.

In this work, novel physics-based models and ML models are presented and compared for estimating PDHG measurement from wellhead measurements. The build-up pressures from PDHG during well shut-ins are the principal input for reservoir surveillance, analysis, and optimization (SA&O) activities, including material balance estimates of gas-in-place and reservoir simulation history matching.
Safe Delivery of H2 and CO2 in Offshore Pipeline Systems: Novel Methodology and Tools for Technological Risk Assessment
Authors: Mercuri Andrea , Gianfelici Floriano , Blasioli Giuseppe , Luci Vincenzo , Branduardi Luca , Arcangeletti Giorgio , Aloigi Elvira
Published: April 2022

The transition to a decarbonised energy system requires gathering, transport and distribution over short and long distances of CO2 and H2. For such systems, concerning offshore applications, the track record is very limited or null.

The scope of this paper is to provide an overview of critical safety aspects and knowledge gaps associated with CO2 and H2 offshore pipelines. This will pave the way for a novel methodology to assess technological risk and will open the path for designing the roadmap to develop new tools for the evaluation of the hazards and their consequences.

The starting ground of the novel methodology is the review of the state of art of safety aspects for CO2 and H2 offshore pipeline systems. The paper presents the status of international regulations, applicable tools and methodologies for safety analysis in the new transport scenarios and the available data on fluid release and its consequences (asphyxiation, flammable gas clouds etc). In addition, a specific approach to underwater dispersion modelling is proposed as well as the effort to collect experimental data for validation purpose.

The review of the state of the art revealed that, particularly for the offshore system, safety issues are compounded by limited or no experience, lack of accident statistics on which to base risk assessment, limited availability of experimental data on underwater release and dispersion of the product into the atmosphere, toxicity and impact on health, safety and the environment. Last but not least, international regulations need to improve and reach a sufficient level of definition and coverage of topics has not yet been achieved for engineering to have a solid regulatory footprint.

In order to ensure that subsea pipeline systems meet the safety and environmental requirements of companies, regulations and international standards, this paper proposes a novel methodology to develop a risk assessment process, from the initial phase during design to the operational life of offshore pipeline systems, exploiting and adapting Saipem knowledge of hydrocarbon risk analysis and consequence modelling tools available to date.
Mechanism Analysis and Prediction of Lost Circulation in Igneous Formation: A Case Study from B Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: Li Shaoxuan , Huang Xiaobo , Xiong Yu , Su Kai , Zhu Yongchao
Published: April 2022

Volcanic reservoirs are gradually becoming an important target for exploration and development in Bohai Bay, China. At the same time, the igneous formation is more prone to lost circulation than the conventional sedimentary formation. On the one hand, there is a lack of understanding of the mechanism of drilling fluid leakage in igneous formation; on the other hand, there is a lack of measured data on the leakage pressure of igneous formation. As a result, the risk prompt for well leakage in igneous formation before drilling is insufficient, and there is a lack of targeted plugging measures in case of well leakage during drilling, resulting in the original formation being polluted by mud and even abandoned by the project, which restricts the effectiveness of exploration and development of the oilfield.

In response to the above problems, firstly, innovatively carry out research on the loss mechanism of igneous rock to help drilling engineering professionals formulate specific plugging measures for special lithological formations. Then summarize the igneous rock leakage laws of different lithofacies, and quantitatively evaluate the pressure bearing capacity of different lithofacies. Finally, the fine identification and characterization of pre-drilling igneous facies are carried out based on the difference of seismic reflection characteristics. Comprehensively apply the above research results to quantitatively predict the risk of lost circulation before drilling in B oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin to avoid lost circulation accidents.
Compressible Carbon: Particle Behavior in Drilling Fluids and Field-Scale Deployment
Authors: Petersen Thomas , Wu Qian , Liu Nanjun , O’Donnell Brian J. , Korn Gene , Hewitt Parker , Zhou Changjun
Published: April 2022

Annular pressure buildup (APB) can occur due to an increase in fluid temperature during the production of hot reservoir fluids, geomechanical loading from the surrounding rock formation, and hydraulic connectivity to pressurized reservoirs. In this study, a novel, compressible, carbonaceous fluids additive was deployed and tested for APB mitigation in a well-scale field trial. The additive is shown to appreciably reduce pressure changes in trapped, downhole volumes by increasing the fluid mixture's compressibility and reducing its thermal expansivity. The proposed additive, referred to as compressible carbon, is a granular spongy carbon with an internal porosity that remains closed to fluid ingress. Lab-scale results demonstrate the durability of compressible carbon in high temperature and high pressure environments when immersed in typical drilling fluids. At a loading of 20% by volume, the use of carbon reduced pressure buildup by 30%-50% relative to reference measurements performed in fluids without carbon. Moreover, the particles showed no long-term relaxation while being held at 10,000 psi and 220°F for up to three months, and exhibited only a marginal loss in reversible compressibility over 100s of pressure cycles between 500psi and 13,500psi. Following the material's characterization in the lab, field trial results were collected during the deployment and testing of carbon in two unconventional land wells above the cemented section of the production-by-intermediate annulus. Wireline logging on both wells confirmed minimal fluid losses to the formation and an adequate cement barrier that reached above the outer-lying casing shoes. Field-scale performance of compressible carbon was confirmed by pressuring up on the annuli at surface and comparing the injection volumes to those collected on an offset well without carbon. Although alternate methods of reducing pressure buildup in wells exist, compressible carbon is a versatile new material that provides repeated APB relief across the pressure ranges that are relevant to deepwater wells. To minimize the risk of first application in deepwater wells, successful deployment and expected performance were demonstrated in two unconventional land wells, paving the way for subsequent applications offshore.
Mechanistic Study of Non Acid Chemistries in the Inhibition of Calcium Naphthenates
Authors: Vargas Jonathan
Published: April 2022

The formation of oilfield calcium naphthenate deposits poses detrimental challenges for flow assurance with occurring blockage of surface equipment, scaling at the wellbore, buildup of calcium naphthenate deposits in water separators, entrapped oil in sludge's, and requiring lengthy periods of shutdown for costly removal in offshore and onshore fields. Oil field treatment of calcium naphthenate deposition is traditionally treated with the use of acid, most commonly acetic acid along with formic acid, glycolic acid, HCl, and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid. Interfacially active chemistries provide an alternative approach to acid chemistries to mitigate the formation of calcium naphthenates with lower treatment rates, non-corrosive properties, and pH independence. This contribution presents the evaluation of three non-acid chemistries as calcium naphthenate inhibitors using a two-step process to select the best performing chemistry and understand the mechanism of inhibition to treat and prevent oilfield calcium naphthenates. Results revealed two mechanistic forms of inhibition, surface active and complexation inhibition with the latter contributing to greater calcium naphthenate inhibition.
A Modal Approach for Holistic Hull Structure Monitoring from Strain Gauges Measurements and Structural Analysis
Authors: Sireta François-Xavier , Storhaug Gaute
Published: April 2022

In this paper, a general method is presented which combines strain gauges’ data with 3D Finite Elements analysis of a hull structure, allowing the complete reconstruction of the structural response everywhere in the structure, based on the measurements from only a few sensors.

By using sensors, one is getting rid of all the usual assumptions on wave loads and structural response which are made in standard desktop analyses. Usually, the main drawback of using sensors is that only a limited number of them can be used so in most current implementations, the structural response is only monitored in a few selected areas. The new method developed here allows to rebuild the response everywhere from just a few sensors measurements.

The method is based on earlier works using a conversion matrix approach and a linear decomposition of the structural response on a base of a few modes. The measured time series at the strain gauges are then used to reconstruct the linear combination of modal responses which gives at those locations the same values on the 3D FE model as measured.

The modes are defined as the response of the structure on selected load cases and a specific methodology is developed for the selection of those modes since their selection is fully dependent on the number and location of the strain gauges in the hull.

The method is also used to automatically derive an optimized strain gauges’ setup by looking at correlations between strain gauges’ measurements in numerical simulations.

The method is validated numerically by simulating measurements in an analysis and using them to reconstruct the complete response. Then actual strain gauges’ measurements on a hull are used to validate the method on a real case. Both fatigue damages and extreme stress values are compared, and it is found that on a real case, the fatigue damage and extreme stresses can be predicted with good accuracy in most of the hull structure based on less than 8 strain gauges’ measurements.

From that new insight, an optimized inspection and maintenance plan can be developed and updated throughout the life of the structure, leading to safer and more cost-effective operations.

Another key benefit to operators is the possibility to keep track of the remaining life of the structure and being able to demonstrate it, which is crucial when it comes to selling or redeploying an asset.

The method has been used by DNV on commercial projects for various offshore structures including flare towers, MOPU platforms and sloating structures.
On Strain Ageing Testing Methods for Reeled Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Mukhamejanov Radmir Ershatovich , Pyshmintsev Igor Yurievich , Khramkov Evgeniy Vladimirovich , Akhatov Iskander Shaukatovich , Sergeichev Ivan Valerievich
Published: April 2022

The pipeline design standard DNVGL-ST-F101 requires performing the reeling simulation tests with subsequent strain ageing evaluation. The experimental methods for evaluation of strain ageing of low-carbon microalloyed steels upon reel-laying process were analyzed and compared for API X60 and X65 grades seamless line pipes with outer diameters 355.6mm and 219.1mm, respectively. The strain ageing tests were performed using the full-thickness segments of the pipes and pipe samples by small-scale reeling (SSR) and full-scale reeling (FSR) simulation, respectively. The finite element modeling is performed in order to analyze the distribution of stress and strain within both test specimens.

Firstly, the difference in stress-strain behavior between the preliminarily aged small-scale full-thickness segments and full-scale pipe samples was experimentally observed. Finite element analysis and experimental data showed the non-uniform stress and strain distribution in the gauge length of the segments samples with increasing global strain. Calculations of stress triaxiality showed the significant difference in the stress state of the segments and the pipe samples which lead to different growth of yield strength of the material after strain ageing. Therefore, the present work attempts to turn attention to the interchangeability problem of the strain ageing methods using FSR and SSR simulation as the qualification tests of the reel-laid pipes and study of the pipe material behavior.
Waterflooding Optimization Under Constraints on Oil and Gas Reservoir Using Modified NPV Gradient
Authors: Barroso Neto Emanuel Pereira , Cuéllar Sánchez William Humberto , Rodrigues Miranda Marco Emílio , Pimienta Braulio Gutierrez , Munerato Fernando Perin , Barroso Jonathan Bastos , Fortaleza Eugênio Libório Feitosa
Published: April 2022

In this article, we present a production optimization strategy for a reservoir which has both oil and gas production. To perform such production optimization, we maximize the Net Present Value (NPV) with a sequence of short-term optimization of a Modified NPV. The search for the optimal solution is made through a Stochastic Simplex Approximated Gradient. This strategy of breaking the global optimization into a sequence local optimization makes the computational cost increases linearly with the time instead of exponentially as the global optimization problem does. Other advantages of the technique are a significant increase in NPV, and a strong cash flow on the beginning of reservoir production life.