bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing of Protective Organic Coatings on Metals: Comparison of Salt Spray and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Deflorian F , Rossi S , Fedrizzi L , Bonora PL
Published: February 2009

Both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the salt spray chamber are very popular techniques for testing the protective properties of organic coatings. It is common that the results obtained by the two methods often show significant differences and it is difficult to compare the performances.

This paper discusses some experimental results obtained on polyester-coated galvanized steel, analyzing the data dispersion of 36 identical samples tested both with EIS and salt spray. The morphology of degradation is very different because blisters develop in the salt spray chamber, but not in immersion. In order to quantify the degradation in the salt spray test, we propose a blister index (BI); the data dispersion of BI and the data dispersion of the parameters obtained by EIS are compared and discussed. A mechanism is proposed: only the double-layer capacitance can be compared with the development of blisters in the salt spray chamber while the barrier properties of the coating measured by EIS follow a completely different behavior.
Ultrasonic Attenuation and Velocity in Pearlitic Rail Steel During Fatigue Using Longitudinal Wave Probing
Authors: Kenderian S , Berndt TP , Green RE , Boro Djordjevic B
Published: February 2009

A computer-controlled narrowband ultrasonic pulser/receiver system was used to determine changes in the coefficient of attenuation and the acoustic velocity in pearlitic steel specimens during reverse bending fatigue. The specimens were interrogated through their length, in a direction normal to the loading and crack formation planes, using longitudinal wave bursts at 5 MHz. The ultrasonic data are compared with microscopic observations of microcracks in the fatigue-damaged zone and the fractured surfaces. The pattern in which attenuation evolves with respect to fatigue life is found to be sensitive to the onset of microcracks but appears to be unaffected by the magnitude of fatigue load, number of cracks causing failure, prior low-load fatigue history, or the hardness of the specimen. The change in velocity is found to be more pronounced during the early stages of fatigue than during the more advanced stages. It appears to be insensitive to microcracks but sensitive to stress accumulation and dislocation pileup.
Precision of the Performance of the En Core® Sampler to Store Low Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Sorini SS , Schabron JF , Rovani JF
Published: February 2009

Soil sampling and storage practices for volatile organic analysis must be designed to minimize loss of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from samples. The En Core® sampler is designed to collect and store soil samples in a manner that minimizes loss of contaminants due to volatilization and/or biodegradation. ASTM D 6418, Standard Practice for Using the Disposable En Core® Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis, describes the use of the En Core® sampler to collect and store a soil sample for volatile organic analysis.

To support the ASTM practice, a study was performed to estimate the precision of the performance of the En Core® devices to store soil samples spiked with low concentrations (<200 µg/kg) of VOCs. Data generated in the precision validation study show good precision of the performance of the samplers to store soil samples containing low concentrations of a variety of VOCs.
Determining Minimum Ignition Energies and Quenching Distances of Difficult-To-Ignite Compounds
Authors: Dean Smith N , Mitchell WA , Tufts MW
Published: February 2009

Difficulties experienced using ASTM Method E 582-88 for determination of minimum ignition energies of compounds more difficult to ignite than simple hydrocarbons are described along with remedies for overcoming those difficulties. Minimum ignition energies and associated quenching distances are reported for four hydrofluorocarbon compounds using a modified Method E 582-88 apparatus and procedure.
Assessing Testing Bias in Two Walkway-Safety Tribometers
Authors: Smith RH
Published: February 2009

A recent paper reported repeatability and bias test results for the variable incidence tribometer (VIT) and for the portable inclineable articulated strut slip tester (PIAST). These two tribometers approximate initial pedestrian heel-contact during walking, a critical consideration when attempting to quantify walkway slip resistance in a representative manner. Horizontal/vertical force-ratio settings on the tribometers were compared to measured ratios detected by a force plate. When these detected ratios were assessed mathematically by standard statistical methods, both tribometers displayed a high degree of repeatability and a low degree of bias. However, when assessed by graphical means, both tribometers exhibited patterns of indicated bias. An effort is made to identify the sources of the indicated bias. Results of the VIT analysis are consistent with its indicated bias being related to the influences of inertial forces. The PIAST appears systematically affected by the presence of elastomeric friction in its testing regime. Under elastomeric friction conditions, the ratio of the friction force developed divided by the applied normal force decreases as the applied normal forces increase. Under these conditions, the applied normal force and developed friction force are not directly proportional. The relevance of such conditions to pedestrian ambulation is discussed.
Application of Stress Relaxation Test Methodology for Predicting Creep Life of a Large Steam Turbine Rotor Steel (1CrMoV)
Authors: Bose SC , Singh K , Jayaraman G
Published: February 2009

The technique proposed here adopts short-term stress relaxation testing (SRT) to determine the metallurgical life of 1CrMoV large rotor steel. SRT has been performed at two temperature levels of 550°C and 600°C, on samples taken from the core region of a large rotor. At 550°C, five initial prestrains ranging from 0.2–1.0% strain were applied, while at 600°C, the specimens were relaxed from 0.6% and 0.8% prestrains. All test durations were kept between 4 to 5 h. To validate the results, a few conventional creep tests have been conducted at same temperature levels and at different stresses. The initial data, stress versus time, were converted into stress versus inelastic strain rate and the creep life was predicted with the help of the Monkman-Grant relationship (ˊεs × tr) = C), where the value of the constant C is taken from experimental creep data. The comparison of creep life, predicted through SRT, with the actual creep data revealed that they were agreeing extremely well at higher test temperature, i.e. 600°C. The computed SRT data have delivered higher activation energy (600 kJ mol−1) than conventional creep testing (344 kJ mol−1). Detailed SEM and TEM studies revealed that degradation and/or development of microstructures had taken place and was commensurable to long-term creep exposure. Therefore, the methodology has the capacity to assess the inherent creep strength of any material.
Historical Overview of Femoral Intramedullary Nailing
Authors: Seligson D
Published: February 2009

The use of intramedullary splints to stabilize fractures and non-unions is discussed. A brief history is given and recent developments are presented.
Nondestructive Evaluation of In-Service Toughness Degradation for Cr-Mo-V Steam Turbine Rotor Steel
Authors: Kimura K , Inukai T , Saito K , Kashiwaya H
Published: February 2009

Embrittlement was investigated for five retired and three laboratory-aged steam turbine rotors by sampling Charpy V-notch test coupons and testing them. A nondestructive evaluation method of toughness degradation was discussed.

The investigation has revealed that Cr-Mo-V rotor steel becomes embrittled by phosphorus segregation at the grain boundaries over a long period of use at high temperatures. The phosphorus-enhanced toughness degradation can be nondestructively detected by the electrochemical polarization (ECP) test.

An approximate formula to evaluate the degraded fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) of a specific Cr-Mo-V rotor was established that included the nondestructive information of the ECP minimum current density, grain size, and data given from the fabrication record. The nondestructive estimation procedure for the ductile fibrosity percentage versus the temperature curve for the specific rotor is also presented.
Elasto-Plastic Fracture Characterization of Paving Materials at Low Temperatures
Authors: Mahboub K
Published: February 2009

A methodology for characterization of low-temperature fracture behavior of paving mixtures is presented. The critical elasto-plastic energy release rate, the JIc parameter, is adopted as the fracture criterion. The methodology permits the study of fracture in plasticized sulfur (Sulphlex) and asphaltic paving mixtures. To accommodate special fracture characteristics of pavement materials, certain modifications to the standard ASTM fracture testing procedures are proposed. The rationale for these modifications is also discussed. Approximate values of KIc, KQ, are correlated to the JQ measurements, which are a provisional representation of JIc, and results are compared with theoretical predictions. Tearing modulus is also investigated. The overall results of this study indicate that the JQ parameter can be effectively utilized for characterization of thermal cracking susceptibility of pavement materials.
Dynamic Loading: A New Microhardness Test Method
Authors: Weiler WW
Published: February 2009

A new non-destructive microhardness test method has been developed to measure the microhardness of surface layers, coatings, and homogeneous material using ultra-low loads in the range of (0.025 to 1 N) 2.5 to 100 gf. The method is based on the use of a conventional Vickers indentor that is coupled to a displacement measuring device. An HVL (Vickers Hardness under Load) number is computed from the indentor displacement under load. The test load is applied step-wise up to full nominal test load, yielding a microhardness number at each load increment. Through the use of appropriate computer software, hardness versus load, hardness versus indentation depth, and indentation depth versus load profiles can be generated. The method also provides information regarding creep and elastic recovery properties of the specimen. Because the hardness number is computed from the indentor displacement under load, special operator skills in the optical measurement of the diagonals of the indentation area are not required.
Measuring the Stress Intensity Factor for Propagating Cracks with Strain Gages
Authors: Dally JW , Sanford RJ
Published: February 2009

A new method for measuring the K value of a straight crack propagating in an isotropic plate is presented. A row of strain gages is placed at a constant distance above the crack line, and each gage is oriented to eliminate the second (B0) term in a three-term representation of the strains. The method of analysis then provides a solution with three-parameter accuracy. Both static and dynamic analyses were performed, and the differences between the two were found to be small for crack velocities less than 0.3cR. The method was demonstrated with an experiment on 4340 alloy steel, and results for K at a crack velocity of 656 m/s were obtained.
Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of the Mechanical Performance of a Gas-Fired Ceramic Radiant Tube at Steady-State
Authors: Segall AE , Hellmann JR , Strzepa P
Published: February 2009

Thermal profiles determined on instrumented silicon carbide radiant tubes were used to quantify thermoelastic stress distributions during steady-state operation at temperatures up to 1260°C. Tube failure probabilities were calculated using finite-element analysis incorporating Weibull strength data compiled on tubular sections at high temperature. Results indicate the significance of the axial and radial temperature gradients on the thermoelastic stresses and failure probabilities as well as the viability of a reaction bonded silicon carbide material for radiant tube applications up to 1260°C.
Behavior of Rubber-Based Elastomeric Construction Adhesive in Wood Joints
Authors: Pellicane PJ
Published: February 2009

Eight generically similar (i.e., rubber base) commercial elastomeric construction adhesives were evaluated to determine the differences in strength and load-slip behavior when wood joints were subjected to lateral (shear) loading. Eighteen joints were made with each of the eight adhesive brands. Ten of these specimens were exposed for various lengths of time (1 to 80 days) to temperatures of 150°F (65°C), before equilibrating to room temperature, then testing. The remaining eight specimens made with each adhesive were used as a control.

Analysis of the control group indicated that not all adhesives of a common chemical base could be considered to behave similarly under lateral loading. At 0.003 inch (0.0762 mm) slip, five of the adhesives carried statistically indistinguishable mean loads which were greater than the other three adhesives, which also showed insignificant differences. At 0.015 inch (0.381 mm) slip, six of the adhesives could not be demonstrated to have different mean load-carrying levels. The remaining two adhesives were similar and significantly inferior.

The results indicated that at low slip levels (0.003 inch), no statistically significant differences in load level was identifiable between treated and control specimens for any of the adhesives. At a significantly higher slip level (0.015 inch), two of the adhesives showed marginally significant differences at the 0.05 level of probability.

When load level was plotted versus duration of exposure to elevated temperature, no relationship between the parameter could be found at either 0.003 or 0.015 inch slip. Therefore, for the elastomeric construction adhesives studied, the issue of whether or not the joints will be exposed to elevated temperatures, not the length of time of exposure, will be more critical.
J
Ic Data Analysis Methods with a “Negative Crack Growth” Correction Procedure
Authors: Rosenthal YA , Tobler RL , Purtscher PT
Published: February 2009

It often occurs in J-R testing that some of the initial crack extension (Δa) data points have anomalous negative values. ASTM Methods E 813-87 and E 813-81, however, do not specify any procedures for treating such data. We propose a procedure for data analysis which utilizes the negative Δa values and is consistent with ASTM E 813-87. The proposed correction procedure is illustrated using a data set for austenitic steel; also, JIc values obtained using ASTM E 813-87 are compared to those obtained from its predecessor E 813-81.
Nondestructive Testing (Metallurgy and Materials Science)
Authors: Leon-Salamanca
Published: February 2009

Nondestructive testing (NDT) has become one of the multidisciplinary fields in increasinf demand in all industrial environments. Nondestructive Testing covers the conventional and special techniques that have been developed through the years. The book includes visual, radiological, ultrasonic, magnetic, electrical, and penetrant, as well as special methods, in that sequence. while the author's descriptions are brief, they are sufficiently detailed to provide pertinent facts concerning the governing physical properties being measured. Also included is a section on acceptance standards, explaining the ways in which NDT is useful. This section details the necessity, in every instance, for an expert to make the ultimate decision as to the acceptance or rejection of specific criteria. Also, a wide variety of setups and techniques is briefly outlined along with pertinent standards from around the world.
Influence of Test Methodology on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Engineering Plastics
Authors: Clark TR , Hertzberg RW , Manson JA
Published: February 2009

The effect of mean stress on the fatigue threshold in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate was investigated using both low and high constant R-ratio (Rc), constant Kmean (Kmeanc), and constant Kmax (Kmaxc) threshold testing procedures. While ΔKth for commercial PMMA under Rc = 0.1 conditions was found to be 0.35 MPa√m, no threshold condition was obtained during the Kmaxc procedure for ΔK as low as 0.1 MPa√m due to the high mean stress which exists in the latter test procedure. Similar results were obtained for two other PMMA resins. Creep tests conducted at room temperature on PMMA clearly demonstrated the synergistic relation which exists between fatigue and creep induced damage during the Kmaxc test procedure. Kmaxc experiments also confirmed the beneficial mean stress effect in polycarbonate, while high temperature testing (65°C) revealed that this mean stress effect can be almost entirely suppressed. Finally, it was shown that a K-gradient as high as −0.2 mm−1 can be used to decrease test time and material required for the determination of ΔKth; this gradient compares favorably with the ASTM maximum recommended value of −0.08 mm−1, established for metals.
Use of X-Ray Diffraction for Measuring Recrystallization of Low Carbon Steels for Tin Plate Application
Authors: Liao KC
Published: February 2009

An X-ray diffraction technique has been investigated as an alternative to the conventional Rockwell (R) superficial scale 30T hardness testing to evaluate the applicability of tin mill products. Cold-rolled low carbon steels for T-4 and T-5 tin plate applications were heat treated in a salt pot at temperatures ranging from 627 to 677°C for times between 1 and 120 s to simulate various continuous annealing cycles. X-ray diffraction patterns of the 211 line were obtained, and conventional R 30T hardness measurements were made on the cold reduced and annealed specimens. Test results show that an X-ray line broadening parameter can be established for monitoring the progress of recrystallization in the annealed steel.
Influence of Contact Angles on the Leakage of Latex Condoms
Authors: Davis GB , Schroeder LW
Published: February 2009

This study consists of an investigation of the contact angle properties of latex after fabrication into condoms. The angles were determined with various fluids such as hot and cold water, citric acid solution, and bovine serum. All trends indicate that the biological situation is more wetting (i.e., lower contact angles) than water at room temperature. The findings on the contact angle properties were applied to studying the sensitivity of a water leakage test, as described in ASTM D 3492, used by manufacturers and others. A variation of this test is used by FDA field laboratories. This test involves filling the condom with 300 cm3 of water and visually examining it for leaks. The equations that predict the conditions whereby water will pass through a small hole in the condom include contact angles as parameters. This study indicates that use of a surfactant solution instead of water in the current test may make it far more effective in determining the presence of very small holes in condoms.
Impact Energy/Specimen Thickness Relationship for Two Turbine Steels
Authors: Bashu SA
Published: February 2009

A steam turbine rotor and blading steel manufactured to chemical composition per ASTM A470, Class 8, and AISI Class 422, respectively, were impact load tested at room temperature in the hardened and tempered, as well as in the annealed, condition with a view to correlate energy levels with specimen thickness. The V-notch Charpy impact specimens used for this purpose included the standard size of 10 by 10 mm and various sub-sizes permitted by ASTM Standard A 370. Results indicate that the impact energy reduced linearly with the decreasing size of the specimen in two regimes, suggesting that two different mechanisms are operating in the fracture initiation for the corresponding specimen thickness ranges. It is, however, established that the energy levels obtained with the lowest thickness specimens (2.5 mm) correlate to the standard energy levels by a multiplying factor of 3 to 4 for all materials except the hardened-and-tempered blading steel, for which the multiplying factor is found to be around 2. A brief account of the fractographic features of both steels for 10, 5, and 2.5 mm thick impact specimens is presented. The relationship obtained between impact energy and specimen thickness is expected to be useful for estimating the impact toughness of service components and assessing their condition, since limitations in component size and/or codes and statutory regulations sometimes preclude removal of large amounts of material for making standard V-notch Charpy specimens.
Characterization of the Effects of Large Unloading Cycles on the Ductile Tearing Toughness of HSLA Steel
Authors: Joyce JA
Published: February 2009

This paper describes part of an ongoing project to study the effects of interactions between intense fatigue cycling and ductile tearing on the fatigue crack growth rate demonstrated by structural steels. Earlier work has utilized a cyclic J integral approach to characterize the cyclic crack growth rate and a relatively standard J-resistance curve approach to characterize the material ductile tearing toughness. This work has shown that a relatively simple superposition can be used to predict specimen life when a combination of tensile fatigue cycling and ductile tearing is applied. The results are far from perfect but seem to offer a scheme which is conservative and hence much more desirable than an LEFM approach which invariably gives nonconservative life estimates.

This new work looks at the effect of complete unloadings and of complete crack opening displacement reversals on the subsequent ductile tearing toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance. Initial data show that the effect of a complete unloading cycle can be predicted using the baseline cycle J crack growth rate data of the test material. A complete COD reversal, however, produces a much greater crack growth step than would be predicted using an extrapolation of the standard cyclic J method. To account for this effect a cyclic J resistance curve is developed and compared with the measured data. Fractographic SEM work is also used to support the unloading compliance measurements and the use of a ductile tearing procedure to predict the crack growth during these intense compression cycles.
Probability, Confidence, and Sample Size in Fatigue Testing
Authors: Parida N , Das SK , Gope PC , Mohanty ON
Published: February 2009

The sample size necessary for a statistically significant life test has been determined, and a comparison of actual and predicted lives has been made for a desired probability of survival with a given confidence level, statistical error, and coefficient of variation at different stress levels. This approach has been used for cases where data follow a log-normal distribution. On the basis of this approximation, it is possible to estimate the lower tolerance limit using a minimum number of samples. It has also been concluded that, whatever the sample size, the estimate always results in some error, R0, which mainly depends on confidence level, probability of survival, and stress level, and that, beyond a specified sample size, fatigue life estimation is independent of sample size.
Durability Assessment Based on Initial Material Quality
Authors: Magnusen PE , Hinkle AJ , Kaiser WT , Bucci RJ , Rolf RL
Published: February 2009

New U.S. Air Force durability design philosophies are aimed at minimizing evolution and growth of structural cracks to sizes affecting readiness and life cycle repair costs. Durability design requires attention to material quality and manufacturing quality, since both can be sources of in-service cracking problems. Improvement in the quality of Al-Zn-Cu-Mg, 7050 alloy, thick plate through reductions in microporosity has been correlated with increased smooth-coupon fatigue lives. Consequently, in commercial production, the smooth fatigue test is now employed as a lot release test to warrant initial metal quality. This work is aimed at translating results of smooth fatigue quality-screening tests to aircraft component performance in the context of new durability methodologies. For this purpose, a fracture mechanics analysis is used to convert the smooth coupon lifetimes to an equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) distribution, which then becomes the starting point for probabilistic crack growth assessment in a component. The EIFS distribution back-extrapolated from life data is shown to be in good agreement with the distribution of crack initiating microflaws determined by more labor-intensive post-test fractography. Consequently, the fracture mechanics back-calculation enables cost-effective conversion of coupon lifetimes, a simple measurement, into a “material characteristic,” initial flaw size population, which can then be utilized analytically for durability design trade studies. A hypothetical component study performed in this manner for materials of varying initial quality is used to demonstrate how material quality differentiated at the coupon level can be translated into a performance advantage under representative in-service loading conditions.
A Simplified Method for Determining Relaxation Time and Electrical Resistivity from Eddy-Current Decay Measurements
Authors: Richards GL , Hartwig KT
Published: February 2009

A simple method of calculating the relaxation time (τ) from a direct-current eddy-current decay signal is developed. The solution for τ: τ=Δtln[V1−V2V2−V3] requires only that the three voltage (V)-time (t) sets be separated by equal time intervals (Δt), and be within the simple exponential region of the decay curve. The result is useful for electrical resistivity measurements taken by the eddy-current decay method.
AIDS and Intravenous Drug Use: Future Directions for Community-Based Prevention Research
Authors: McGlone FB
Published: February 2009

The scope of this book has clearly defined the problem and, by dissemination of information, will educate the community regarding the characteristics of AIDS. It is hoped that the information herein will help to point the way to community AIDS prevention. The book would seem to be useful especially for students, field workers, and general interest readers. The information provided does not represent new research but presents new ideas as a result of a survey of existing knowledge. The monograph is factual and presents very useful information regarding the relationship of AIDS and substance abuse to social problems. It presents a balanced viewpoint with very little editorial material. The factual information presented will, it is to be hoped, lead to an increase in education and prevention. The book is well written and well organized. It is clear and concise. It points out the tremendous challenge that AIDS presents and stresses the urgency for AIDS pervention initiatives.
Predicting the Durability of Paving Bricks
Authors: Winslow D
Published: February 2009

The pore size distributions of approximately 110 bricks removed from existing pavements were measured using mercury intrusion. These distributions were used to calculate a Durability Factor using the method of Maage. This Durability Factor was then correlated with the observed durability performance of the pavements. It was found that all bricks with a Durability Factor greater than 90 exhibited no freeze/thaw durability problems. Further, with very few exceptions, all bricks with a Durability Factor less than 90 were suffering freeze/thaw failures. This procedure is both more accurate and faster for selecting potentially durable bricks than the current use of absorption measurements.
A New Method for Burst Testing of Low Strength Materials
Authors: Goodwin FE , Nguyen-Duy P
Published: February 2009

A new technique for burst testing of low strength materials has been developed. A viscous organosilicate compound with rheopectic flow characteristics is compressed inside a hollow cylinder of the material to be tested. The compressive load is transmitted using a conventional tensile testing machine. The technique allows easy measurement of critical burst values and also intermediate values of tangential and radial stresses which provide further insight into the behavior of the test material near its bursting load.
What Constitutes a Reference Material and How Is It Certified?
Authors: Ridsdale PD , Meeres RP
Published: February 2009

There has been much discussion in recent years regarding the definitions of Reference Material (RM) and Certified Reference Material (CRM). The authors give their interpretations of the definitions given in the Guides published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as applied to the metals analysis laboratory.

The objective of the paper is to help users of RMs make their own assessment of the status of an RM by a critical evaluation of the certificate, or other document, which is issued by the certifying body. Information is also given regarding the procedures generally in use by producers of CRMs for the metals industry to ensure the accuracy and precision of the CRM.

The certification procedure includes the planning of the project, the selection of participating laboratories, and the issue of detailed instructions for the certification analysis. Procedures for the technical and statistical evaluation of the results are also discussed, together with the resolution of any discrepancies between the results obtained in different laboratories.

The authors' views are based on many years of experience in the preparation of CRMs for the metals industry, both on a U.K. national basis and more recently on a European basis.
Defect Preventions: Use of Simple Statistical Tools
Authors: Kowalewski MJ
Published: February 2009

Victor Kane has written this book for those with enough basic math to calculate mean, median, range, and standard deviation. His is a text on statistical thinking, not statistical theory, intended for managers, engineers, quality specialist, and students. Case studies and problems are given at the end of each chapter.
Development of Methodology for Qualifying Safety Critical A286 Threaded Fasteners
Authors: Hsieh C , Hendrickson J , Bamford R
Published: February 2009

Nondestructive inspection and proof test are the principal flaw screening methods used to ensure the integrity of fracture critical fasteners. However, because of the limitations of various nondestructive inspection methods and the simplicity of the proof test, the latter method has been identified as a preferred method for flaw screening of fasteners.

A test program was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to experimentally determine the cyclic fatigue life of pre-cracked A286 stainless steel fasteners which just survived a proof test to a prescribed fraction of their ultimate tensile strength.

The functional dependency of the cyclic fatigue life of a fastener on the fatigue stress (mean and alternating stresses), fastener size, material tensile strength, and proof load was formulated using the NASA/FLAGRO computer program. It was found that proof load has the strongest effect on fatigue life, while the mean stress has the least effect. The fastener size only has a minor effect, but the alternating stress range has a strong influence on the fatigue life of fasteners. Limited experimental verification of the hypothesized functional relationship is provided in this program for the effect of proof load and fastener size in addition to the analytic verification.
The Influence of Friction on the Compliance and Crack Work Rate of an End Notched Flexure Specimen
Authors: Gradin PA , Gustafson CG , Hojo M
Published: February 2009

The influence of friction on the compliance and crack work release rate of an end notched flexure (ENF) specimen is investigated. The analysis includes asymmetric ENF configurations (i.e., when the crack is not on the specimen center line).

The contact problem (i.e., the problem of determining the contact stress distribution between the cracked parts of the specimen) is solved using the assumption that Euler beam theory is applicable (i.e., transverse shear is not accounted for) and that friction is fully developed whenever acting. The numerical results from an analysis carried out on a realistic specimen geometry indicate that for this model the friction has a minor influence on both the compliance and the crack work rate.
Concise Encyclopedia of Building and Construction Materials
Authors: Donaldson B
Published: February 2009

This is a good refernce book for very technical information on buliding material. I am not sure who the audience is except that it must be very broad. Since the emphasis is quite technical, I assume the audience is manufacturers, materials scientist, and laboratory testing people. This is a book which would be of great interest to architects or specifiers.
Prediction of the Strength of Ceramic Tubular Components: Part I—Analysis
Authors: Jadaan OM , Shelleman DL , Conway JC , Mecholsky JJ , Tressler RE
Published: February 2009

The objective of this paper is to develop the analytical background for test methodologies that will enable accurate prediction of the strength distribution of ceramic tubular components from the strength distributions of simple specimens. Four simple specimen configurations and two tubular configurations were selected for this purpose. The simple specimen configurations were (1) four-point bend, (2) C-ring tested in compression, (3) C-ring tested in tension, and (4) O-ring tested in diametral compression. In addition, a short tube tested by axially compressing rubber inside the tube and a long tube subjected to internal pressure were analyzed. These specimen configurations were for the most part selected in a tubular shape in order to simulate the shape of tubular structural components. The prediction of the strength distribution of one specimen from that of another was based on Weibull statistical theory. Effective volume and area expressions, necessary for failure prediction, were derived for these specimen configurations.
Effects of Microcracks and Artificial Surface Cracks on Fracture Ductility of a Torsional Prestrained Specimen
Authors: Makabe C , Kaneshiro H , Itokazu M
Published: February 2009

The diminution of fracture ductility of smooth specimens and small cracked specimens on surfaces subjected to torsional prestrains was investigated. For smooth specimens, the transition of tensile fracture ductility after a critical torsional prestrain is independent of the existence of microcracks and attributed to the embrittlement of the layers of the specimen surfaces due to the formation of anisotropic helical structures. For cracked specimens, the degree of fracture ductility depends on the crack area and the magnitude of torsional prestrain. Where torsional prestrain is lower than a critical value, the surface crack starts in the direction close to the maximum shear stress, and ductility is somewhat lost from virgin state. If the torsional prestrain exceeds a critical value, the specimen is broken in a brittle manner, and the crack extension shows a helical pattern. This behavior is due to the embrittlement of the specimen surface layer.
Condom Inflation Testing: Strain Distribution During Test
Authors: Gerofi JP , Shelley GA
Published: February 2009

The quality of condoms has assumed greater importance with the spread of AIDS. Many national standards have incorporated an inflation test, which stretches a substantial portion of the condom. This test has been found useful in monitoring condom quality in storage, and also indicates quality of new condoms. The spatial strain pattern as a function of volume is discussed and related to the pattern of condom breakage found in use. It is concluded that the closed end of the condom remains unstrained until the condom volume is substantial. Additional tests on the closed end of the condom, or changes in the method of evaluation of the existing test, would increase the value of the test.
Change in Mass of Copper Coupons as a Measure of Severity of Environments in Accelerated Aging Tests for Electrical Contacts
Authors: Sproles ES
Published: February 2009

A round-robin study of two coupon cleaning methods as implemented by five different laboratories has been completed. The results show that measuring the change in mass of copper coupons is an effective and practical technique for quantifying the reactivity of test chamber environments. Since the coupon cleaning and preparation method appears to affect the gravimetric data, a well defined and consistent method is required to obtain useful results.
Static and Impact Flexural Properties of Common Wire Nails
Authors: Loferski JR , McLain TE
Published: February 2009

To implement yield theory into design specifications for engineered nailed connections, some practical estimates of nail yield strength and other properties are needed. This short-term study sampled 1170 nails in five sizes from four locations in the United States. Twelve different manufacturers were represented in the sample. All nails were tested in centerpoint bending and their mechanical properties were determined. MIBANT angle, commonly used for quality control in the pallet nail industry, was also measured.

The results showed that: (a) The pennyweight system of classification is inadequate for identifying nail properties for engineering purposes. (b) Nail yield stress decreases as diameter increases, but elastic modulus is reasonably constant. (c) Variation in yield stress between manufacturers is less than 13% coefficient of variation (COV) for any one size nail, which is generally much greater than the variation found for samples from an individual manufacturer. (d) A normalized MIBANT angle may provide a way to insure a minimal level of nail quality for engineering purposes, but additional research is needed.
Direct Measurements of Displacements in the Inner Roller Span of Four-Point-Bending Creep Tests
Authors: Fett T , Keller K , Martin G , Rosenfelder O
Published: February 2009

Creep tests on ceramic materials are often performed in four-point-bending. With conventional procedures of evaluating such tests a number of assumptions must be made to allow the calculation of the displacements in the inner roller span—the range of the constant bending moment—from displacement measurements containing the part between the outer and the inner rollers where the bending moment changes linearly from zero to its maximum value. A test apparatus is described that allows direct measurements in the interesting part of the bending specimen. Creep curves obtained with different methods are compared.
Glossary (German/English, English/German) of Specialized Plastics Testing Terminology
Authors: Meraw LJ
Published: February 2009

DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, plays an important role within CEN/CENELEC (European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), which develops standards and works towards European harmonization. European Community (EC) standards coupled with the entire realm of testing and certification are of prime interest to U.S. manufacturers desiring access to the EC market.

This specialized two-part glossary (German/English and English/ German) of plastics testing terminology has been developed to benefit those involved in the processes of harmonization and mutual recognition of standards and specifications.
Physical Acoustics: Vol. 18
Authors: Sachse W
Published: February 2009

It has been known for the more than a beam of light striking a material generates vibrations and acoustic waves in it. The common focus of this book is a review of the physics, measurement techniques and applications of recent developments of this phenomenon. Today, pulsed or modulated beams of lights or other radiations incident on a specimen are used to excite thermal or acoustic waves in the materials. In photothermal measurements the signals are detected by a sensor at the surface of the material, while in photoacoustic measurements the signals are detected by a sensitive microphone in the gas surrounding a specimen. The analysis of such thermally generated signals can be used to investigate the nature of the source, the material in the region of the source, or the material between the source and detector.
Time-Saver Standards for Building Types: 3rd Edition
Authors: Chusid M
Published: February 2009

The 1st Edition of Time-Saver Standards for Building Types has been an important part of my professional library since its publication in 1973. As stated in its preface: “It is intended to give basic design criteria for each major type of building. It will give those unfamiliar with a specific building type a talking or working knowledge of its functions, organization, and major components.” Over the years, I have referred to Time-Saver frequently for planning and design guidelines for building types such as gymnasiums, airport terminals, and police stations. But as the 1st Edition is now 17 years old and much of it is based on other even older versions of Time-Saver Standards, I have begunto find the book inadequate for contemporary design practice.The past two decades have been a period of profound change for building planning and design. Many building requirements have changed and entire new categories of buildings have evolved. It was with enthusiasm that I looked forward to the 3rd Edition; which the publisher promised would be “revised, expanded, and completely brought up to date.” I am greatly disappointed with the result. While the 3rd Edition has been expanded to approximately 1400 pages, nearly a third more than the 1st Edition, little of the original material has been revised and the updating has been insufficient.
A Cantilever-Type Bend Test Technique for Formability Analysis of Strip/Plate Metals
Authors: Selçuk A , Rawlings RD
Published: February 2009

The minimum bend radius-to-thickness ratio (R/t), determined by the conventional 90° bend test for strip materials, has been found insensitive to changes in formability of Cu-Be-Co alloys with thermo-mechanical treatment. In an attempt to improve the 90° bend tests, an alternating-current potential drop (ACPD) measurement technique was incorporated. The ACPD modification was successful in monitoring the onset of crack formation under laboratory conditions, but it is considered unsuitable for more widespread use such as in quality control.

A new cantilever-type bend test apparatus has been designed and used to measure the maximum bend angle, θM, at which the sample cracks during bending in angular rotation up to 135°. The reproducibility of the apparatus was good and the sensitivity such that changes in θM as small as 3 to 4° could be detected. The θM value was found to be dependent on sample thickness. However, a thickness correction procedure, which was developed from an analytical model, allowed a corrected maximum bending angle, θCM, to be easily calculated. The θCM data have been successfully used to investigate the effect on bendability of thermo-mechanical treatment of Cu-Be-Co alloys and of both testing orientation and thermo-mechanical treatment on Al-Mg-Mn alloys. Results from Al-Mg-Mn alloys have shown that the apparatus is capable of testing samples with thicknesses up to 5 mm.
Fatigue Predictions for Components under Biaxial Reversed Loading
Authors: Lee Y-L , Chiang YJ
Published: February 2009

Fatigue failure under out-of-phase loading is a fairly common type of damage mode. For the reliable design of mechanical components under such loading, there is a strong need for the development of a compatible fatigue life prediction criterion. Many multiaxial fatigue theories have been developed since the early 1900s, and most of them are limited to proportional loading cases. Although some can be extended for out-of-phase loading, additional work must be done for general applicability. In this paper, data are correlated using an empirically modified approach which attempts to be more general. Modified from Findley's formula, this approach incorporates three mathematical expressions for the effects of out-of-phase loading, mean bending stress, and mean torsional stress on fatigue behavior. The reliability of this approach is evaluated by comparing analytically predicted results with experimental data from various publications.
An Assessment of the Effects of Treatment, Time, and Heat on the Removal of Erasable Pen Marks from Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabrics
Authors: Moore MA , Eddleman VL
Published: February 2009

This study investigated the removal of marks made by “erasable” marking pens on cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics. Data obtained from color difference measurements were analyzed using analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) procedures. Results indicated that removal of pen marks was easier from the cotton/polyester fabrics than from the 100% cotton fabrics. The most effective treatment for removal of marks for all fabric types was laundering, instead of following pen manufacturers' instructions. Best results were achieved by removing the marks 48 h after application as compared to 24 h or six weeks.
Thermal Shock and Thermal Fatigue Testing
Authors: Yuen JL , Walter RJ
Published: February 2009

A method is described for rapidly screening candidate materials used in severe thermal shock applications. The method involves electron beam heating the surface of specimens using a thermal flux equal to that experienced during actual service operation. Two methods of electron beam radiation are described. In one method, the electron beam is swept across a narrow path with the specimen translated across the beam. In the second method, the specimen remained stationary while the electron beam was repeatedly rastered over a square-shaped area. Similarity of thermal shock damage produced on rocket engine turbine blades during thermal shock tests and during engine firings indicates that computer-controlled electron beam radiation can be used for determining thermal shock resistance of turbine blade materials.
International Advances in Nondestructive Testing, Volume 15
Authors: McKee CW
Published: February 2009

This volume contains an interesting variety of papers on recent advances in nondestructive testing as well as comments of general interest on present problems. One of the latter points out the difficulties resulting from the differences in terminology between that used by the physicists who design nondestructive tests and that by the technicians who perform them. The conclusion was that the scientists should work directly with the technicians and discuss the testing procedures with them. Another paper of general interest made a comparison of the NDE professional and the M.D., stating that the former got less respect, although individuals in each profession must “understand and diagnose physical systems that vary in structure, material and function from one test to another.”
Powder Testing Guide: Methods of Measuring the Physical Properties of Bulk Powders
Authors: Merks JW
Published: February 2009

The scope of this guide is confined to dry solids with a top size of 3 mm and with limited amounts of moisture. Electrical and thermal properties that affect fire and explosion hazards are not addressed. The author reviews many tools and techniques to measure physical properties that affect flow characteristics of bulk solids and that may cause problems during storage, transport and transfer. The author discusses in detail the wide range of test methods used to measure the flow and handling properties of bulk solids.
Test Apparatus for Simulating Interactive Loads on Metal Plate Wood Connections
Authors: Wolfe RW , Hall M , Lyles DA
Published: February 2009

A method was needed to test metal plate connector joints in combined tension and bending. This required the development of special test grips as well as test and analytical procedures. This paper discusses the design and evaluation of an apparatus for testing metal plate connector joints in nominal 2 by 4 in. (standard 38 by 89 mm) lumber. This apparatus can be easily fabricated and adapted to several testing machines.