bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sharia on non-muslims: should they follow?
Authors: Fadhilah Hasna Azmi , Mahara Fitri
Published: May 2018

Since 2001, the Aceh provincial administration and legislative council have approved the Qanun Jinayat (behavior-governing bylaw) that obliges public in Aceh to follow sharia, the Islamic legal code. While it has been widely accepted by Aceh Muslims, the sharia implementation on non-muslim has sparked a huge debate. To understand the public opinion on this issue, we conducted face-to-face interviews and surveyed more than two hundreds fifty people in Aceh Tengah about their views following the case of Buddhists who were caned for violating sharia law. From the research that we did, our findings reveal that Acehnese people have different opinion on this. A half our respondents, including the non-Muslims do not see sharia law as a burden for them to live in Aceh. While the others, such as human rights activists and non-governmental organizations reported that this law enactment has prompted human rights abuses. Looking at the divisive views, the national and Aceh government are suggested to take further action to avoid more confusion among Acehnese people and religious conflict in the future. Keywords: Sharia Law, Aceh, Non-MuslimsSejak tahun 2001, pemerintah provinsi dan dewan legislatif Aceh telah menyetujui pemberlakuan Qanun Jinayat (peraturan perundang-undangan) yang mewajibkan masyarakat di Aceh untuk mengikuti syariah, kode hukum Islam. Meskipun telah diterima secara luas oleh Muslim Aceh, implementasi syariah bagi non-Muslim telah memicu perdebatan besar. Untuk memahami opini publik mengenai masalah ini, kami melakukan wawancara tatap muka dan mensurvei lebih dari dua ratus lima puluh orang di Aceh Tengah mengenai pandangan mereka menyusul kasus seorang penganut Buddha yang dicambuk karena melanggar hukum syariah. Dari penelitian yang kami lakukan, temuan kami mengungkapkan bahwa orang Aceh memiliki pendapat yang berbeda-beda mengenai hal ini. Setengah responden kami, termasuk non-Muslim, tidak melihat hukum syariah sebagai beban bagi mereka untuk tinggal di Aceh. Sementara yang lainnya, seperti aktivis Hak Asasi Manusia dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat melaporkan bahwa undang-undang ini telah menyebabkan pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia. Melihat pandangan yang terpecah seperti ini, pemerintah pusat dan Aceh disarankan untuk mengambil tindakan lebih lanjut untuk menghindari kebingungan masyarakat Aceh dan konflik agama di masa depan.Kata kunci: Hukum Syariah, Aceh, Non-Muslim
Perkembangan dan Tantangan Sosial Kehidupan Perempuan Salafi di Kalimantan Selatan
Authors: Tarwiyah Siti
Published: May 2018

One important aspect of the Salafi movement is their view of women's position. This purification movement attempts to restore the female khittah as the very symbolic early era of the Islamic Prophethood. Bringing women back into the house, wearing burkas and long robes, a very strict muhrim system, and full adherence to husbands and total sacrifice to the family. This paper attempts to show how the lives of Salafi women in South Kalimantan, especially with regards to their positions and roles in the family and social environment. In the early part, it will be shown how the women became acquainted with Salafism, and then involved, struggle to defend Salafi ideology that is puritanical, asocial and typical Arabism amid pessimism of South Kalimantan society, including how the conflict they encounter in the big family, dilemma in carrying out career and conflict at work. In the end, this article also showa how effort of Salafi women reconcile the conflicts while building social relationships with their surroundings. On the other hand, they keep trying to maintain the purified ideology they believe to be true, behind the burka and the cloak covering their bodies.Keywords: Salafi Women, Burka, Ideology, Banjarmasin Salah satu faham penting dalam gerakan Salafi adalah ideologi mereka tentang posisi perempuan. Gerakan purifikasi ini mencoba mengembalikan khittah perempuan seperti era awal kenabian yang sangat simbolik. Membawa para wanita kembali ke dalam rumah, mengenakan burka dan jubah, sistem muhrim yang sangat ketat, dan ketaatan penuh terhadap suami dan pengorbanan total terhadap keluarga. Tulisan ini mencoba menunjukkan, bagaimana kehidupan perempuan perempuan Salafi di Kalimantan Selatan, terutama berkaitan dengan posisi dan peran mereka dalam keluarga dan lingkungan sosial.Pada bagian awal, akan diperlihatkan bagaimana perempuan-perempuan tersebut berkenalan dengan Salafisme, lalu kemudian melibatkan diri, turut membangun dan ikut berjuang mempertahankan ideologi Salafi yang puritan, asosial dan khas Arabisme di tengah pesimisme masyarakat Kalimantan Selatan, ter­masuk didalamnya bagaimana konflik yang mereka temui dalam keluar­ga besar, dilema dalam menjalankan karir dan konflik dalam pekerjaan.Di bagian akhir, akan ditunjukkan pula bagaimana usaha para wanita Salafi da­lam merekonsiliasi konflik sekaligus membangun hubungan sosial dengan lingkungan sekitarnya, sementara di sisi lain tetap berusaha meme­lihara ideologi purifikasi yang mereka yakini benar, dibalik burka dan jubah yang meliputi mereka.Kata Kunci: Perempuan Wanita Salafi, Burka, Ideologi, Banjar­masin
Tradisi Islam, Tradisi Arab dan Tradisi Jawa: Membaca Karya dan Pemikiran K.H. Ahmad ar-Rifai Kalisalak
Authors: Iswanto Agus
Published: May 2018

This article reviews the book of philological research on one of the works of a Javanese ulama, namely K.H. Ahmad ar-Rifai Kalisalak. The work is entitled nazam Tarekat. Aside from being a philological research, which aims to present the text edition of the manuscript of ar-Rifai, this book also examines the context surrounding the author's life and the social function of the text. This book is an example for the research that combines the study of philology and Islamic studies in a research project. This book emphasizes the rich intellectual traditions of the author, Ahmad ar-Rifai, which includes Islamic traditions, Arabic poetry and Javanese poetry. These three traditions, in Gadamer hermeneutic terms, merge to produce a work of the nazam Tarekat. The work of this book can also be an important proof of the contextualization strategy of Islamic preacing in Muslim Nusantara society.Keywords: philology, Indonesian Islamic intellectual tradition, hermeneutic, Ahmad ar-Rifai    Artikel ini mengulas buku yang berupa hasil penelitian filologis tentang salah satu karya dari seorang ulama Jawa, yakni K.H. Ahmad ar-Rifai Kalisalak. Karya tersebut berjudul nazam Tarekat. Selain sebagai sebuah penelitian filologis, yang tujuannya menyajikan edisi teks dari naskah karya ar-Rifai, buku ini juga mengulas konteks yang melingkupi kehidupan sang pengarang dan fungsi sosial dari teks yang dikaji. Buku ini menjadi contoh untuk hasil penelitian yang memadu­kan kajian filologis dan kajian Islam dalam satu proyek penelitian. Buku ini menegaskan tentang kekayaan tradisi intelektual yang dimiliki sang pengarang, Ahmad ar-Rifai, yang meliputi tradisi Islam, tradisi puisi Arab dan puisi Jawa. Ketiga tradisi tersebut, dalam istilah hermeneutik Gadamer, melebur sehingga menghasilkan sebuah karya nazam Tarekat. Karya Buku ini juga dapat menjadi bukti penting tentang strategi kontekstualisasi ajaran Islam dalam masyarakat Muslim Nusantara.Kata kunci: filologi, tradisi intelektual Islam Indonesia, herme­neutik, Ahmad ar-Rifai
Irene Morra, Verse Drama in England, 1900–2015: Art, Modernity and the National Stage
Authors: Berry Sarah
Published: May 2018

Irene Morra’s Verse Drama in England, 1900–2015 offers an overdue reassessment of English verse drama of the twentieth century, considers the role of verse drama in post-war constructions of English national identity, and provides a history of its staging and performance.
World Literature without Goethe: On Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Labour Camp Memoirs The Mute’s Soliloquy
Authors: Niekerk Carl
Published: May 2018

This essay offers a critical reevaluation of the concept “world literature” based on a reading of a series of deliberations in Pramoedya penal colony memoirs The Mute’s Soliloquy (Indonesian 1995 and 1997/English version 1999), in particular concerning German literature and history. In order to work with literature in a global context, one needs to do justice to the material conditions under which literature originates and is being read; it also needs to be acknowledged that “literature” is a modern Western invention that has no precise equivalent in many other cultures. The essay argues against a Herderian-Goethean view of “world literature” as an accumulation of the qualitative accomplishments and values of a specific cultural community. It also problematizes the category of “understanding other cultures” in the reception of a text. Instead, it argues that “literature” can travel in many different directions and take on a variety of functions. Pramoedya’s deliberations emphasize the importance of literature as memory work, with the understanding that the memories and real-life experiences contained in literature can differ widely, depending on the circumstances of a text’s reception. Only if we recognize the specific temporal and spatial circumstances under which texts emerge and are read, in particular also non-canonical texts, can we start to think about the object perceived as “literature” as not only fostering a sense of difference, but also as having the potential to reflect on what humanity has in common.
Out with the Old, in with the New
Authors: Kinna Ruth
Published: May 2018

This chapter outlines the idea of 'classical anarchism'. It presents a historiography of anarchism to illustrate the ways that assessments of Kropotkin's work have helped shape and articulate the classical idea. The argument is that the representational position that Kropotkin has assumed as a classical anarchist rests on a set of interrelated ideas about science. Kropotkin is a particularly good vehicle for these arguments because his work contains a wealth of scientific tropes. The chapter looks closely at the idea of evolution and at the role that the theory of mutual aid played in the 1960s in establishing Kropotkin's theoretical respectability and his reputation as an advocate gradualist non-violent change.
Introduction to Part 3
Authors: Kinna Ruth
Published: May 2018

As Kropotkin’s exile advanced, he developed the ideas he had set out in the 1880s to challenge the cultural prejudices that dismissed anarchist organising as unviable. Publishing some of his best known work during this period, notably Mutual Aid. A Factor of Evolution, The Conquest of Bread...
The Revolution Will Not Be Historicised
Authors: Kinna Ruth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Kropotkin's theory of revolution. It argues that his understanding of revolution was consistent and explores this by looking at his essay The Spirit of Revolt. The chapter shows how the ideas expressed here underpinned Kropotkin's approach to political violence and his efforts to build a mass movement. Kropotkin continually reviewed the prospects for revolution and his judgment balanced the rise of militant labour activism against the influence of social democracy, the fracturing of the Second International and the pull of jingoism. Kropotkin remained committed to revolutionary transformation but became concerned that the urban proletariat was becoming increasingly divorced from rural labour struggles and locked into the logic of inter-state competition. This analysis of West European politics explained his decision to support the Entente in 1914, his calls for Russia to continue with war after the revolution and his rejection of Bolshevism.
Spelling Scots
Authors: Bann Jennifer , Corbett John
Published: May 2018

This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the spelling system of Older and Modern Scots, illustrating how this orthographic system has developed partly in response to historical shifts in pronunciation, and partly as a result of social and political change.
Spelling Scots acts not only as a wide-ranging reference book to the changing orthography of Scots, but also as an outline of the active interventions in the practices that have guided Scots spelling. The book shows how canonical writers of poetry and fiction in Scots from 1700 to the present day have blended convention and innovation in presenting Scots in literary texts, and it explores the influence of key writers such as Ramsay, Fergusson, Burns, Scott, Hogg and Stevenson. Introducing an innovative method of tracing the use of key spelling variants in a corpus of Scots writing, the book discusses the implication of this method for promoting wider literacy in Scots.
Spelling Scots should be a standard reference volume for all institutions where literature in Scots is studied. It draws on the authors' current research project, the Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing.
Older Scots Vowels
Authors: Bann Jennifer , Corbett John
Published: May 2018

If the consonants of Older Scots present us with a relatively uncomplicated orthographic system, the Older Scots vowels are a different matter. The geographical and chronological variations we find among different accents of Scots are largely a matter of differing vowel sounds: vowels change more than consonants do, over space and time. In this chapter, we consider why vowels are generally less stable than consonants, sketch out the major systemic changes in the vowel system over the Older Scots period, and explore how the variable and changing systems of pronunciation mapped onto the Older Scots vowel graphemes. The most thorough discussion of this topic is in Aitken and Macafee (2002), and this chapter largely offers a synopsis of the much more extensive descriptions found there. A briefer account is given in Smith (2012: 29–33). Other relevant studies that have informed the content of this chapter include Aitken (1977), Johnston (1997a), Lass (1999) and Macafee and Aitken (consonant
The Development of Modern Scots Orthography
Authors: Bann Jennifer , Corbett John
Published: May 2018

The later Older Scots period is marked by a language shift that saw a drastic reduction in the domains in which Scots was written. The corresponding shift towards the norms of written standard English was probably not always the result of a conscious choice on the part of Scottish writers. It is unlikely that many of those few who were literate during the Older Scots period actually thought of themselves as writing ‘Scots’ as such – it is more likely that, if they considered the issue at all, they would have considered themselves literate in the vernacular, or non-Latin, language they spoke, in the same way as a literate Englishman might also write in the vernacular tongue.
A kingdom of horror
Authors: Walker Johnny
Published: May 2018

This chapter, as a means of closure, will reflect briefly on the key issues that have been addressed over the last six chapters, before considering some of the directions that the study of British horror cinema could – or, indeed, should – take in the future. It is hoped that this chapter will provide a springboard for further scholarship that will be as dynamic as the films themselves.
Introduction: Modernism and Affect
Authors: Taylor Julie
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter discusses the role of affect, emotion, and sentiment in modernism and modernist literary criticism. Challenging the assumption that modernism represents a flight from feeling, the chapter suggests that modernist affect should be recognised as various and complex. The introduction traces the origins and key insights of theory’s “affective turn” at the end of the twentieth century, discussing the relationships between affect theory and poststructuralism and the distinctions between “affect” and “emotion.” While emphasising the diversity of contemporary theories of affect, materiality, and embodiment, the introduction outlines the distinctions between the two most significant strands of affect theory – Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s queer revival of Silvan S. Tomkins’s psychobiology and Brian Massumi’s Deleuzian reading of Spinoza and Bergson.
The Trauma of Form: Death Drive as Affect in À la recherche du temps perdu
Authors: McLaughlan Robbie
Published: May 2018

This chapter brings contemporary Deleuzian understandings of affect into dialogue with those found in Freud. Arguing that Freud’s theorising of affect in many ways underpins the psychoanalytic project, the chapter suggests that, when seen through a Freudian lens, the sensory “planes of immanence” or perpetual becomings celebrated in contemporary affect theory resemble the repetition compulsion of trauma. The death drive is made explicit when we are confronted with the molecular, atomised or becoming and is manifested in the act of artistic creation. Following Derrida’s reading of Freud in The Postcard, the chapter formulates a psychoanalytic theory of the uncanny and traumatic affects of writing in relation to Proust’s À la recherche du temps perdu, a text that makes manifest thanatos as a source of affect.
The Line that Binds: Climbing Narratives, Ropework and Epistolary Practice
Authors: Garrington Abbie
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the physical and emotional intimacies of both epistolary practice and the rope belay of mountaineering as affective “binding lines,” examples of the body’s “webbed relations”. These two activities are brought together in the figures of Virginia Woolf and the mountaineer and letter-writer George Mallory, as both climbing and epistolary practice are figured as forms of textual and somatic contact in which brain, body, and world are intertwined. The chapter explores the connection between these two tactile and reciprocal acts – and the connections produced between a letter-writing woman and the climbers she observes – in Woolf’s late, Alpine story ‘The Symbol’.
The Amplification of Affect: Tension, Intensity and Form in Modern Dance
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Duffy Michelle
Published: May 2018

In Chapter 5 affect is considered as corporeal tension and intensity in two modernist works by the Ballets Russes, Léonide Massine’s Parade (1917) and Vaslav Nijinsky’s L’après-midi d’un faune (1912). Following Massumi’s theory of affect as an autonomous intensity and Susan Langer’s similarly transcorporeal notion of a “continuum of feeling,” the chapter explores forms of dance in which affect is grounded in the material gestures of the body and located in the tensions required to create these abstract forms. Feeling was not suppressed in avant-garde dance but rather depersonalised and de-psychologised, following a different logic from the model of emotion as self-expression that dominated classical ballet in the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Backman Rogers Anna
Published: May 2018

American independent cinema is certainly a cinema in crisis, but it is also a cinema of crisis. A great deal of useful scholarship has been carried out on the notion of independence and the definition of indie cinema as a hybrid industry (‘indiewood’). This study partakes of that conversation, but from the perspective of the aesthetics and poetics of crisis that figure or visualise notions of ambiguity and the in-between. The cinema of crisis delineated here is one that explores the difficulty or impossibility of progression through extended moments of liminality and threshold. In a cinema of crisis, the concept of a plot is subservient to the investigation of what it means to exist in a moment of threshold within the context of a rite of passage; this moment may usher in transformation, or it may lead to stasis and not offer any form of resolution. What the viewer sees on screen are bodies that may halt, falter, freeze and become-surface, or evolve, mutate, dissolve and merge: these are bodies in crisis because they are either atrophying or becoming-other.
‘[O]ur precious art’: Katherine Mansfield, Virginia Woolf and the Gift Economy
Authors: Simpson Kathryn
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers a new approach to understanding the relationship between Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf by exploring their exchanges through the concept of gift-giving. Drawing on the work of their contemporary, Marcel Mauss, Simpson argues that the gift is fundamentally ambivalent: it is both generous and selfish, and it creates a personal bond but at the same time offers a challenge, demanding response and reciprocation. Acts of gifting and generosity – including praise, letters, conversation and, as Simpson argues, Mansfield’s idea for a story that later became Woolf’s ‘Kew Gardens’ – illuminate the power dynamic that existed between them, which constantly shifted from affinity to rivalry and envy.
Mansfield eats Dickens
Authors: Hollington Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Katherine Mansfield's remark that ‘we all, as writers, to a certain extent, absorb each other when we love . . . Anatole France would say we eat each other’ to explore her devotion to Charles Dickens throughout her life and her absorption of ‘essential aspects of his humour’. It reveals that Mansfield’s enchantment with Dickens produced two effects of influence: first, ‘the presence of numerous Dickensian stylistic devices in her writing’, particularly their ‘many shared satiric emphases, especially their critiques of the societies in which they lived’, and second the revival of Dickens’ reputation in the interwar period. Hollington argues that in her capacity as a reviewer and through her connections to modernist magazines Mansfield ‘did as much as she could to reaffirm Dickens as a consummate artist both of tragedy and comedy’.
Interlocutors? Men Authoring Women’s History in the 1890s
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: May 2018

This chapter juxtaposes Fawwaz’s use of female biography with selected works by male contemporaries that include biographies or mention of famous women. These comprise a treatise on marriage by Hamza Fathallah; a translation of a French history of ancient Egypt focusing on women, authored by Georges Paturet and translated by ‘Ali Jalal; a history of pre-Islamic women by Habib al-Zayyat al-Dimashqi; and a marriage and conduct manual for young men, by Husayn Fawzi. They all differ markedly from Fawwaz’s dictionary, in emphasis and subject choice. It is fascinating that several Arab male intellectuals of the late 19th century wrote on the ancient history of women in the region, but what kinds of messages did their works yield?
Conclusion: A World of Women, Feminist History and the Importance of the Feminine Signature
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion assesses the overall agenda and force of Fawwaz’s biographical dictionary, and its contribution to the study of collective biography as a cross-societal feminist project. It also recaps the findings of each chapter and especially the divergences between Fawwaz’s practice and the historical works by the male authors analysed earlier. It ends by considering the different usages or significance of hijab in Fawwaz’s work as contrasted with the other authors considered here.
Screen Fantasies: Tie-ins and the Short Story
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores short-story film fictions, tie-ins fan magazines stories and novelettes. It considers how they addressed and represented female spectators, particularly through the genre of romance. Such stories offered a range of different forms of screen fantasy that encouraged an active, intermedial readership. Film magazines in particular provided platforms for consuming fiction in which women were exposed to a diversity of forms of female representations, within the fictions themselves but also within the wider context of the reading material. Offering female readers escapist and aspirational models of womanhood through romance and adventure genre tropes, the tie-in short story constitutes a textual element that cannot be read in isolation from the intermedial framework of the magazine as a whole. Fiction was one tool amidst a range of content across the magazine articulating ideas and images of modern femininity. Magazine content created star images through representations of cosmetics, dress, domestic labour and public and private life, in advertising, interviews and images. The chapter will argue that varied models of womanhood could be tried out and tested through fictional forms positioned amidst these intersecting discourses, positing female identities as a form of masquerade, tied to the image of the female star.
Film Talk: C. A. Lejeune and the Female Film Critic
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how early film criticism evolved as a distinct branch of women’s interwar ‘film talk’ through writers such as Iris Barry and Dilys Powell, taking C. A. Lejeune as a central case study. It explores Lejeune’s early writing in her The Manchester Guardian column from 1922 to 1928 and early work for the Observer. The chapter looks at developments and trends in her writing, considering how her columns produced a journalistic mode of film talk coloured specifically by debates and concerns about gender. This is read through Lejeune’s specific discussions about notions of women’s cinema, women and stardom, and female spectatorship. Gender shaped and shadowed much of her critical discourse, not only through the gendered associations of the topics she discussed – especially stardom – but through her approach to negotiating her own gender identity as a professional film critic, and the experimentation she enacted with crafting and refining her journalistic voice as a distinctly film-based writer. The chapter explores the stylistic strategies of Lejeune’s column writing, examining her use of literary techniques and fictional frameworks as a way to turn her attention far more explicitly to the topic of women and cinema.
Introduction
Authors: Marlow L.
Published: May 2018

The Introduction discusses the manuscript of Naṣīḥat al-mulūk and its history, the copyist’s attribution of the mirror for princes to al-Māwardī and the history of this attribution, and the arguments advanced by modern scholars for and against al-Māwardī’s authorship. Drawing on earlier studies, the Introduction takes Naṣīḥat al-mulūk to be a product of tenth-century eastern Iran, and sketches the geographical, cultural and intellectual milieu in which the book seems likely to have been written – a milieu shaped by a cosmopolitan literary culture, and the intellectual outlooks of the philosopher Abū Zayd al-Balkhī and the Muʿtazlite theologian Abū l-Qāsim al-Kaʿbī al Balkhī. The Introduction also discusses the several discourses and genres with which Naṣīḥat al-mulūk interacts.
Kingship and Governance: Concepts and Terminology
Authors: Marlow L.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reads Naṣīḥat al-mulūk as a product of the distinctive political-social milieu of the Oxus regions in the first half of the tenth century. Concentrating on the themes of kingship and governance, it provides translations of passages from the mirror, and discusses them in conjunction with cultural and intellectual discourses prevalent in Pseudo-Māwardī’s environment. The chapter presents Pseudo-Māwardī’s portrayal of an ordered cosmos that reflected the wisdom of its Creator, and identifies principles, such as welfare or well-being (ṣalāḥ, maṣlaḥa) and the optimal (al-aṣlaḥ), that recur in Pseudo-Māwardī’s presentation of this order. It also treats Pseudo-Māwardī’s discussions of concepts and practices associated with social relationships, such as khidma (‘service’) and iḥsān (‘kindness’, ‘beneficence’). The chapter situates Pseudo-Māwardī’s treatment of kingship and governance in the context of a decentralised polity dependent on co-operation and maintained through ties of loyalty and obligation. It finds Pseudo-Māwardī’s use of titles, such as malik (‘king’), consistent with practices in the Samanid domains in the first half of the tenth century.
Religion and the Samanid Amirs
Authors: Marlow L.
Published: May 2018

To situate Naṣīḥat al-mulūk in the religious culture of the tenth-century Samanid domains, this chapters explores the orientations and practices of the Samanid amirs from the later ninth century onwards. It portrays the proclivities towards austerity (zuhd) and religious devotion (ʿibāda) of the earlier amirs, especially the generation of Naṣr I and his brothers, the memory of whose conduct significantly shaped Pseudo-Māwardī’s conception of good governance. The chapter presents the efforts of this generation of amirs to develop mutually supportive relations with the religious scholars, and their active participation in the public religious sphere, in, for example, the hearing and transmission of ḥadīth and participation in the funerary rites of prominent scholars. It treats the social prominence and economic means of religious scholars and renunciants, whose support and co-operation Pseudo-Māwardī urges the king to cultivate. The chapter concludes with a discussion of religious developments during the reign of Naṣr II.
Lyrics of Life
Authors: Keshavarz Fatemeh
Published: May 2018

Lyrics of Life: Sa’di on Love, Cosmopolitanism, and care of the Self is an accessible study of the lyrical, humorous, and social and education aspects of classical Persian poetry through the ghazals of Sa’di of Shiraz (d.1291) the poet, traveller, and ethicist. In six chapters and on epilogue, the author focuses on Sa’di’s worldly wisdom, his cosmopolitan perspectives, his sense of humour, his ethical legacy, and the lyrical quality that has made his work immune to the ravishes of time. The study provides hundreds of verses in English translation in order to enable the reader to experience Sa’di’s poetic art first hand. The discussions emphasize the relation between this poetry and lived experience, the central communicative role of poetry in the medieval Muslim world and the elegance of the poetic language as a social tool for ethical and political education. At the same time, it describes, in fine details, the lyrical strategies that the poet used in order to keep his poetry fresh, lyrical, humorous and entertaining.
‘The Empire of the Imagination’: The Association of Ideas in Hume’s Social Philosophy
Authors: Susato Ryu
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the philosophical foundations of Hume’s social and political philosophy. Hume scholars have discussed his theory of association of ideas as a purely philosophical one. As many eighteenth-century critics were acutely aware, however, this theory must been considered an aspect of Epicureanism; one which allegedly undermines the spiritual aspect of human reason and virtues by transforming them into the mere consequences of habit and custom. What differentiates Hume’s associationist theory from more materialistic versions lies in the former’s emphasis on the psychological (not physiological) explanation of the workings of imagination. This is closely related to his defence of moral causes and his criticism of natural causes in the essay ‘Of National Characters’, which was to influence William Godwin. Although Duncan Forbes claims that Hume lost interest in his associationist theory after the Treatise, Hume in fact maintained a strong interest in this theory throughout his writings because the workings of imagination were the keystone for Hume in his continual investigations of the cultural diversity of human institutions.
Taming ‘the Tyranny of Priests’: Hume’s Advocacy of Religious Establishments
Authors: Susato Ryu
Published: May 2018

For Hume, how to cope with the possible eruption of religious and political frenzies is one of the most crucial issues. He criticises any types of false religion throughout his writings, while supporting religious establishments as a way to tame ‘the tyranny of priests’ or the priestcraft. This chapter traces the origins of Hume’s essay ‘Of Superstition and Enthusiasm’ and demonstrates that his criticism of the clergy and his arguments concerning religious establishments were much influenced by Mandeville and Shaftesbury’s discussions. Although Hume’s endorsement of religious establishment in his History of England has been cited as evidence for the view that he became more conservative with his advancing age, this chapter provides a more coherent and consistent understanding of his criticism of the clergy and practical solution for religious strife. This chapter also delineates how Hume’s ironical defence of Erastianism differs from the position of Voltaire and other thinkers, and how Adam Smith sophisticated Humean countermeasures against false religion, despite their alleged and seeming dissimilarities in religious policy.
Ngāti Tūmatauenga and the Kilties: New Zealand’s Ethnic Military Traditions
Authors: Brosnahan Seán
Published: May 2018

This chapter address the relative influence of both Scottish and Maori traditions on the development of New Zealand’s military forces before, during and after the First World War. Although New Zealand's Scots formed military units that drew on Scotland's proud martial heritage, there was an alternative warrior tradition from New Zealand's indigenous Maori that also fed in to the evolving identity of New Zealand's armed forces. This chapter examines the waxing and waning of the two warrior traditions, from armed conflicts in New Zealand during the colonial period, through two world wars abroad, and into the present day. It concludes that while Scottish military traditions still resonate in New Zealand, the Maori strand has proven more enduring in shaping the country's distinctive modern military identity.
Charter Interpretation and Application
Authors: Himsworth C. M. G.
Published: May 2018

The monitoring procedures (including, in particular, the resulting reports and recommendations) discussed in chapter 4 have produced a rich ‘jurisprudence’ which, along with that produced by judicial interpretation, is discussed in chapter 5. A particular focus is on what is identified as a tendency for the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities to ‘overreach’ by extending their monitoring beyond the scope of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, as more strictly defined.
General Conclusions
Authors: Himsworth C. M. G.
Published: May 2018

This final chapter traces the European Charter of Local Self-Government’s trajectory over its thirty years. It was born in times of post-War European enthusiasm for co-operation between states; benefited greatly from its relevance to the post-1989 transformation of Central and Eastern Europe and to the process of admission to European Union membership; but now faces a more uncertain future (along with the Council of Europe) in the newer configuration of Europe and increasing stresses and strains between states.
Borowczyk as Pornographer
Authors: Mazierska Ewa
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Borowczyk’s representation of sex and the erotic body. It argues that by becoming a pornographer the director chose a career path which placed him in conflict with the two dominant ideologies in Poland: Catholicism and state socialism; hence he treated both of them in contempt. Yet, something blocks the erotic pleasure of the viewers of Borowczyk’s films; the sexual acts take place behind the curtains or other objects blocking our access to vision, such as pieces of furniture. Another specificity of his films is engaging in a discourse about the relationship between body and mind. In Borowczyk’s films we observe a reversal between the spiritual and the corporeal – the spirit is thrown from the pedestal, the body is upgraded.
Queering Masculinity in Yugoslav Socialist Realist Films
Authors: Jovanović Nebojša
Published: May 2018

The chapter analyzes queer male bodies in the Yugoslav socialist realist cinema, from the late 1940s to the early 1950s, in order to challenge the views that relegate cinema of that period to the handmaiden of the totalitarian ideology. In order to elaborate my point, I explore the corporeal dimension of the queer representations of masculinity in the three films from the first decade of Yugoslav cinema. Život je naš (Life is Ours, Gustav Gavrin, 1948) raises the issue of the rendering the blurry zone between homosexuality and homosociality, Crveni cvet (Red Flower, Gustav Gavrin, 1953) boasts the very first case of gender cross-dressing in Yugoslav cinema, whereas Bakonja fra Brne (Monk Brne’s Pupilii, Fedor Hanžeković, 1954) features the first protagonist who is unmistakably coded as a homosexual. The queering of these films substantially questions the scholarly narratives that posit the notion that the Yugoslav filmmakers were in cahoots with the socialist ideologues in the joint project of degrading the homosexuality as such.
Reflecting on Reflections: Cinema’s Complex Mirror Shots
Authors: Hanich Julian
Published: May 2018

This chapter investigates the effects mirrors in films can have on the composition of a filmic image, the staging of a scene and the viewing activities of spectators. It discusses four such effects. (1) So-called ‘complex mirror shots’ can modify how spectators look onto the picture as a flat composition by way of a quasi-transformation of the screen shape. (2) They can function as a magnetizing frame-within-the-frame that channels the viewer’s look into the anterior depth of the mirror. (3) By referring spectators to off-screen space and thus making them look beyond the image into its lateral and posterior depth, some specific examples also allow for an intricately layered experience of perception and imagination, challenging and complicating efforts to “read” the image. (4) Finally, mirrors may be a source of spatial complication and can even lead to a full-blown disorientation regarding the status of the image, thus transforming the way viewers understand, problematize and look at the filmic image as such.
Cinematographic Indeterminacy According to Peter Tscherkassky: Coming Attractions
Authors: Blümlinger Christa
Published: May 2018

Avant-gardes have been interested, ever since the 1920s, in the leftovers – that which is usually kept out of representation because it is considered too blurry, lacking in focus, ‘faulty’. Starting from an analysis of Peter Tscherkassky’s Coming Attractions (2010), this essay assesses the value of that which is, in the cinema, deemed too blurry, while also pointing to the import that certain aesthetic theories (from Jean-François Lyotard to Tom Gunning) have granted it. How and why does Tscherkassky, in his use of found footage, seek to reveal the formless as well the photographic code (the black and the white)? In doing so, he draws near to what John Cage called ‘silencing’: not silence, but the withdrawal of some of the sounds attributed to the musical event
(Re)visioning Celluloid: Aesthetics of Contact in Materialist Film
Authors: Knowles Kim
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses contemporary approaches to analogue film, building towards a new theory of materialist film in the context of philosophical perspectives on ‘new materialism’ by writers such as Jane Bennett, Rosi Braidotti and Timothy Morton. It frames materialist interventions such as burying film and using body fluids on the surface of the filmstrip as a political gesture that forges a new ethically conscious relationship to the world. Reflecting on Peter Gidal’s critique of representation in his ‘Theory and Definition of Structural/Materialist Film’ (1975), I argue that the politics of representation manifests differently in contemporary materialist work by drawing attention to a new aesthetics of contact.
Introduction: What Is Ethics?
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J. , Rasmussen Douglas B.
Published: May 2018

Ethics is a concern for all of us. Though this is evident, what is it that constitutes this concern? There are two basic pre-theoretical approaches to theorizing about ethics: what are called “the template of respect,” which results from the necessarily interpersonal character of human life, and “the template of responsibility,” which results from the existential fact that we must make something of our lives. These templates describe the basic orientations of ethical theorists as they approach their thinking about ethics. As pre-theoretical orientations, they represent divergent paths in how to begin reflection on ethics. This chapter outlines these templates and discusses the insights behind each and how utilitarianism and deontology seem to fall within the template of respect and so-called virtue ethics within the template of responsibility. It is then shown how a turn to the template of responsibility and a form of perfectionist theory in ethics can provide both completeness and stability in ethics.
Because
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J. , Rasmussen Douglas B.
Published: May 2018

This chapter responds to J. L. Mackie’s challenge to show just what there is in reality that supports claims about what is valuable and obligatory. It seeks to explain the relationship between a moral fact and a non-moral one and to consider the charge that perfectionism of any form commits the so-called naturalistic fallacy. In so doing, five ways of understanding the supposed gap between what is and what is valuable—that is, the ontological, logical, semantic, epistemological, and motivational gaps—are considered (along with some of the views of David Hume, G. E. Moore, Simon Blackburn, and Stephen Darwall). It is argued that individualistic perfectionism, which is grounded in a life-based, non-reductionist naturalistic account of teleology (which is in certain ways like that of Philippa Foot’s), does not commit any fallacy and that it can meet Mackie’s challenge.
Recognition in the Arabic Narrative Tradition
Authors: Kennedy Philip F.
Published: May 2018

The recognition scene is a feature of narrative that has shown extraordinary resilience in literary history and transformative power in works of literature. The evidence lies in its robust survival and reinventions from antiquity to the present time. It thrives in most traditions of storytelling, and across all narrative media, from primitive oral folklore to the most sophisticated contemporary novels and films. In quality it ranges from the artistically sublime to rude cliche. The recognition scene has several key features: in its commonest form, it gives resolving shape to the plot of a story, very often providing ‘the sense of an ending’, and stands for narrative knowledge and enlightenment. It can carry – within a relatively circumscribed moment – the signature of an entire narrative. It is the part of a story that is emblematic of the whole and can thus act as the very token and sterling stamp of fiction, even though it exists in tales that are both imagined and real. In its most classic form, the recognition scene is clearly both a theme and a structuring device – what we learn from and through it – can bring closure to a narrative.
A Cognitive Reading of the Qurʾanic Story of Joseph
Authors: Kennedy Philip F.
Published: May 2018

We find in the Qurʾan and the life of Muaammad one of the most fascinating relationship constructs between a text and its contextual psychology in literature; at its crux is the fundamental question: is anagnorisis commensurate with the disclosure of certain truth, which would seem a natural Islamic reflex given that this is revelation, or can a surplus of doubt be sustained with, and after, anagnorisis? This chapter, inspired by in-depth readings of various medieval tafsīr (or exegetical) works, is written following the incremental method of Islamic exegesis; this allows us to explore the cognitive nuances and details of the narrative as they develop through the surah – they are the constitutive elements of what, epistemologically speaking, is tantamount to a complex organic whole.
‘A funny thing laughter, what’s it for?’: Humour and Form in Lessing’s Fiction
Authors: Collins Cornelius
Published: May 2018

The notion of Lessing, as Joan Didion once wrote, as a ‘didactic’ writer implies that her writing cannot be funny. But if the radical otherness of her outlook as a former colonial subject prevents some readers from laughing, Lessing’s use of humour, as a dialogic modality, brings awareness to problems otherwise denied or unrecognized. In her early fiction, humour takes on a conventional, social-realist function, drawing on the novel’s historical connections to the genre of satire. The limits of novelistic satire become apparent in The Golden Notebook (1962), however, and, from this impasse, Lessing’s humour moves towards an alternative, therapeutic mode in order to engage with such emerging concerns as ecological catastrophe and social collapse. After explicitly reconsidering the rhetorical value of humour in The Four-Gated City (1969) and the short story ‘A Report on the Threatened City’ (1971), Lessing incorporates enigmatically humorous moments into The Summer Before the Dark (1973) and The Memoirs of a Survivor (1974). As these works take greater distance from the Western novel tradition, they embrace the subtly dialogic method of the Sufi teaching story, which informs the absurd but instructive anecdotes of colonial Rhodesia in Lessing’s 1985 lecture,‘Prisons We Choose to Live Inside.’
Lessing’s Interruptions
Authors: Sperlinger Tom
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers the first substantial exploration of Doris Lessing’s typescripts, showing how they complicate commonly-held views that she wrote too quickly and edited too little. It reads several sections that Lessing inserted or substantially re-wrote in the typescripts for two of her novels, The Summer Before the Dark (1973) and The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980). The chapter argues that such interruptions are critical for a reading of Lessing’s creative process, but also in understanding how individuals in her work witness - and narrate - historical change.
Constitutional reform processes
Authors: Strzelecka Ewa K. , Parejo María Angustias
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses the constitutional reform processes that have taken place in the MENA countries since the social uprisings in 2011.
The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the constitutional reform processes in order to offer key insights into these processes and to propose a typology of the dynamics of constitutional reform, and its scope in the MENA region. The aspects for analysis include procedures, consensus and dissent during the course of the constitutional process, and the content of the constitutional reforms. The emphasis is placed on the most important elements of the processes of constitutional change and of the content of the new constitutions, while paying particular attention to aspects related with the power of heads of state, the most frequently-debated reforms and the advancement of gender equality and women’s rights.
The authors conclude that constitutional processes are relevant, but not determinant for democratic change, with the exception of Tunisia. The scope of the constitutional amendments has been limited and has perpetuated the dominance of the authoritarian rulers. Many of the constitutional reforms after the Arab Spring have been the product of strategies for survival by the respective regimes and were promoted ‘top-down’ through a process that, in many countries, excluded the revolutionary movements and opposition groups that were not loyal to the regime.