bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job Related Motivational Factors among Malaysian Employees
Authors: Manshor Amat Taap , Abdullah Adilah
Published: August 2011

This study identified job-related motivational factors among Malaysian employees in several telecommunication companies. Responses were obtained from 1,179 employees at all levels up to senior managers and six different functional divisions, sales and marketing, human resources, finance, technical, information, technology, and support division. All employees were asked to rate the importance of Kovach's 10 job-motivational factors. These factors were good wages, job security, opportunity for career growth in the organization, good working conditions, interesting work, company loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, full appreciation of work done, sympathetic help with personal problems, and feeling of being involved in the organization. The top five factors employees identified as motivating them in their jobs were good wages, job security, company loyalty to employees, good working conditions, and full appreciation for work done. Findings were in accordance with Kovach for U.S. employees, in which the top motivational factors were good wages and job security.
Comparison of Two Exercise Programs on General Well-Being of College Students
Authors: Bass Martha A. , Enochs Wendy K. , DiBrezzo Ro
Published: August 2011

Responses to life stressors are associated with negative behaviors that may increase risk for illness and injury. The effect of high intensity exercise in reducing reactivity to psychological stress has been well documented among older people. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of weight-training versus aerobic dance on psychological stress in college students. 45 students participated in a weight-training course, 35 students participated in aerobic dance classes, and 34 students served as a control group. The Survey of Recent Life Experiences was used to appraise stressfulness of current experiences before and after exercise intervention. On immediate retest after 8 wk. of weight-training perceived stress was significantly reduced when compared with an 8-wk. aerobic dance program, but there were no significant differences between the control group and the weight-training group or the aerobic dance group. These results suggest that a regular routine of low intensity exercise such as weight-training may reduce perceived stress on an immediate test.
Data-Dependent Analyses in Psychological Research
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

A data-dependent analysis assumes that all the information available to a researcher is contained within the observed data. Data-dependent methods for the analysis of experimental designs are shown to provide significant advantages over conventional techniques such as an F test. Two versions of three data-dependent methods based on permutations of the data are described and compared. One version utilizes ordinary least squares regression, and the other version utilizes least absolute deviations regression to analyze experimental designs. Analyses of an unbalanced two-way experimental design illustrate the differences among the six data-dependent approaches and the classical ordinary least squares F test, which depends on the assumptions of normality, homogeneity, and independence.
Castration Anxiety and Phobias
Authors: Cogan Rosemary , Larrabee Linda K. , Wyatt Ian M. , Ontiberoz Amanda , Waters Stephanie K. , Werner Mitzi L. , Miller Andrea L. , Lovelady Adrianne C. , Hurt Tilmon J. , Hardin Edward D. , Gonzalez Patricia M.
Published: August 2011

Based on Freud's case study of “Little Hans,” the authors tested the hypothesis that men with phobias would score higher on castration anxiety than men without phobias. College men with either average or high scores on the Fears Scale of the MMPI–2 ( n = 10 men in each group) responded to the Thematic Apperception Test, which was scored for castration anxiety. Men with high scores on the Fears Scale had higher scores on castration anxiety than men with average scores on the Fears Scale. The findings are consistent with Freud's hypothesis about phobias.
Effects of Leaders' and Evaluators' Sex on Sex-Role Stereotyping of Charismatic Leaders
Authors: Grinnell James P.
Published: August 2011

This study extends research on sex and leadership by examining the relation between evaluators' and leaders' sex and the sex-role stereotyping of charismatic leaders. A total of 219 students (110 men and 109 women) from a large northeastern university rated charismatic leaders depicted in vignettes using the revised Bem Sex-Role Inventory; overall, the leaders were rated higher on masculinity than femininity. Analysis by sex of evaluator and leader showed masculinity was higher in all cases except when male charismatic leaders were evaluated by women. In this case, the results support an androgynous view, i.e., high on both masculinity and femininity.
An Evaluation of the Organizational Learning Survey
Authors: Chakrabarty Subhra , Rogé Joseph N.
Published: August 2011

A mail survey of a national random sample of 2,000 marketing managers was conducted. The data provided by 221 respondents were analyzed to assess the unidimensionality of the 21-item 1997 Organizational Learning Survey developed by Goh and Richards. A confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL 8.30 did not support the unidimensionality of the 21-item survey; however, unidimensionality was established for most of the dimensions. Managerial implications and directions for research were suggested.
Sibling Effects, Environmental Influences, and School Dropout
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Relations were examined between sibling variables, environmental influences, and the likelihood of dropping out of school. Data were collected from Australian adolescents (4,096 boys, 4,570 girls). Findings indicated that, after taking into account measures of distal contexts and proximal learning settings, sibling variables continued to have small but significant associations with adolescents' school dropout behavior.
Reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among 8-Yr.-Olds
Authors: Robbins Mandy , Francis Leslie J. , Williams Naomi
Published: August 2011

The Francis Scale of Attitude. Toward Christianity was completed by 78 8-yr.-olds (40 boys and 38 girls) whose data support reliability measured as the internal consistency of the scale for this young sample.
Treating Boys with Low School Achievement and Behavior Problems: Comparison of Two Kinds of Intervention
Authors: Ellas Luciana Carla Dos Santos , Marturano Edna Maria , De Almeida Motta Ana Maria , Giurlani Alessandra Gaspar
Published: August 2011

Children with low school achievement frequently have behavior problems and interpersonal difficulties that pose a risk for psychosocial maladjustment. 39 boys were assessed and randomly assigned to one of two group treatment conditions: (a) interpersonal cognitive problem-solving for whom training was provided through oral and written language activities that met children's social and academic needs and (b) a language workshop, during which only academic difficulties were treated. Parents of children in both groups received group attention. Posttreatment assessments indicated that boys in both conditions showed significant improvements on school achievement and behavior problems, as they were measured by behavior scales reported by mothers and by an academic achievement test. Children in the problem-solving group improved significantly more than the other group on most measures. These results suggest that work with interpersonal cognitive problem-solving skills combined with reading and writing activities is a useful means to produce improvements in child behavior and school achievement.
Birth Order among Homosexual Men
Authors: Zucker Kenneth J. , Blanchard Ray , Siegelman Marvin
Published: August 2011

Nicolosi and Byrd in 2002 summarized empirical research on birth order and sexual orientation in men, which research has documented that homosexual men have a later birth order than heterosexual men. They did not, however, note a more refined analysis of an earlier null finding by Siegelman. This 1998 reanalysis by Blanchard, Zucker, Siegelman, Dickey, and Klassen also confirmed the later birth order of homosexual men.
Research on Psychological Testing Supervision Using the Holloway (1995) Method: A Critique of DeCato (2002)
Authors: Knauss Linda K.
Published: August 2011

DeCato (2002) conducted a brief quantitative study of the supervision process in psychological testing based on a method developed by Holloway in 1995. The study demonstrated the utility of the method but had many shortcomings limiting generalizability of outcomes. A brief critique of the DeCato research with suggestions to address the use of this method in researching child and adolescent testing supervision is undertaken.
Hostile Attribution in Perceived Justification of Workplace Aggression
Authors: Homant Robert J. , Kennedy Daniel B.
Published: August 2011

A 10-item Hostile Attribution Scale was developed to test the hypothesis that hostile attribution is predictive of support for aggression in frustrating workplace situations in which a supervisor's motivation is ambiguous. The Hostile Attribution Scale showed good test-retest reliability (.80), but weak internal consistency (alpha = .60). For one workplace scenario (Steve), hostile attribution predicted aggression in the ambiguous but not the definite version of the scenario. For the other scenario (Dan), however, hostile attribution in both the ambiguous and definite versions was equally predictive of aggression. Ambiguous situations are the most problematic for generating workplace aggression so research should focus on individual differences in hostile attributions.
Perception of Men's Personal Qualities and Prospect of Employment as a Function of Facial Hair
Authors: De Souza Altay Alves Lino , Baião Vera Baumgarten Ulyssea , Otta Emma
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the contribution of men's facial hair to impression formation. Participants evaluated photographs of one of four versions of a man—clean shaven, mustached, goateed, or bearded—on a 7-point scale. In Study 1, participants were 106 Brazilian undergraduates (68 men and 38 women). Beardedness was associated with older age, greater responsibility, and leftist political ideas. In Study 2, respondents were 50 Brazilian personnel managers (28 men and 22 women) who made hiring decisions at different companies in the city of São Paulo. Personnel managers clearly preferred clean shaven over bearded, mustached, or goateed men as prospective employees. In a hiring situation for a conservative occupation, a man who signals disposition to conform to rules may be preferred by personnel managers over another who signals nonconformity.
King and Miles' Equity Sensitivity Instrument: A Cross-Cultural Validation
Authors: Mintu-Wimsatt Alma
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relation between equity sensitivity and negotiators' cooperative behaviors King and Miles' Equity Sensitivity Instrument was translated into Spanish and administered to 50 Mexican industrial exporters. Cronbach alpha was .86. Correlations between equity sensitivity scores and negotiators' perceptions of their own cooperative behaviors ranged from .36 to .71.
A Test of the ABC Model Underlying Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Authors: Ziegler Daniel J. , Leslie Yvonne M.
Published: August 2011

The ABC model underlying Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy predicts that people who think more irrationally should respond to daily stressors or hassles differently than do people who think less irrationally. This study tested this aspect of the ABC model. 192 college students were administered the Survey of Personal Beliefs and the Hassles Scale to measure irrational thinking and daily hassles, respectively. Students who scored higher on overall irrational thinking reported a significantly higher frequency of hassles than did those who scored lower on overall irrational thinking, while students who scored higher on awfulizing and low frustration tolerance reported a significantly greater intensity of hassles than did those who scored lower on awfulizing and low frustration tolerance. This indicates support for the ABC model, especially Ellis's construct of irrational beliefs central to this model.
Social Desirability of Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scales
Authors: Rattazzi Anna Maria Manganelli , Volpato Chlara
Published: August 2011

The present paper analyzes the relation between the measurement of subtle and blatant prejudice proposed by Pettigrew and Meertens in 1995 and the tendency to give socially desirable responses. It also tests whether items that measure subtle prejudice are judged as more socially desirable than those that measure blatant prejudice. Data were obtained from two groups, one of 497 Italian high school students and one of 77 university students. In the first case, the analysis concerns the relation between the prejudice scores and scores on a shortened form of Marlowe and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale. In the second case, we analyzed the social desirability judgments expressed on single items of the Pettigrew and Meertens scales. Analyses indicate that (1) neither Subtle nor Blatant Prejudice scores correlate with the tendency to give socially desirable responses and (2) when the items of the two prejudice scales are placed in order on the social desirability continuum, with very few exceptions the Blatant Prejudice items are situated at the not socially acceptable pole and Subtle Prejudice items at the socially acceptable pole.
Personality and Executive Functioning as Risk Factors in Recidivists
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Freeston Andrew , Pottier Derek , Kosmyna Robert
Published: August 2011

The classification of an inmate population at a maximum security jail in Canada was undertaken to study factors correlated with recidivism. A total of 12 recidivists and 12 nonrecidivists were classified according to their index offenses, and a Criminal Record search was completed to verify their statements. A total of 15 non-offenders who had also undergone a criminal record check were included as controls. All participants were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-168, Violence Risk Scale-Experimental Version, Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups on scores for the Hypochondriasis, Psychopathic Deviate, and Hypomania scales of the MMPI-168. Significant differences were noted for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task and the Violence Risk Scale. Discriminant analysis of the recidivists and nonrecidivists correctly classified at a 91.3% level.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory in South Africa
Authors: Mji Andile , Kiviet Agnes M.
Published: August 2011

The psychometric properties of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory are reported, based on responses of 200 (88 men and 112 women) elementary science teachers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Previous factor analytic studies of this inventory have identified a two-factor solution but this has not been investigated in a South African context. The reliability estimated as internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was .87. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation indicated a two-factor solution accounting for 38.1% of variance, with Cronbach alphas of .92 and .73 for the Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Belief subscale (Factor 1) and the Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy subscale (Factor 2), respectively. Principal components analysis of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory yielded two conceptually meaningful components, similar to those reported in literature. Although one item did not meet the conditions for acceptance, this inventory may be useful in understanding science teachers' efficacy beliefs in South Africa. These particular findings are preliminary but hopeful Studies using confirmatory analysis to address the cross-national invariance of this inventory are needed.
Self-Reported Alcohol Use and Sexual Behaviors of Adolescents
Authors: Dunn Michael S. , Bartee R. Todd , Perko Michael A.
Published: August 2011

Research has demonstrated a relation between alcohol use and engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors. Alcohol use, especially binge drinking, has been linked to a host of problems including high-risk sexual behavior, date rape, and academic problems. As such, the purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive profile of alcohol consumption among adolescents and to examine the relations of alcohol use (lifetime, current, binge) with sexual activity variables (sexual initiation, multiple sex partners, condom use, and pregnancy) among adolescents completing the 1993–1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Analysis showed alcohol use was associated with high-risk sexual activity. Binge drinking had stronger relations with sexual activity variables than lifetime use and current use of alcohol. This result is of particular concern, in that binge drinking has been implicated in many problem behaviors. As such, it is of great importance to intervene in the high-risk practices of adolescents before problems occur.
Reliability and Construct Validity for Scale of Rejection of Christianity
Authors: Robbins Mandy , Francis Leslie J. , Bradford Amanda
Published: August 2011

A sample of 16 male and 30 female undergraduates completed the Greer and Francis Scale of Rejection of Christianity. The data support the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the scale for this sample.
Sex Differences in Infant-Mother Attachment
Authors: Williams Sue W. , Blunk Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2011

A sex difference in security of infant attachment was found in a sample of 52 infant-mother dyads. The infants were enrolled in early care and education programs within a predominantly small-town geographic area in the southwest. Security of attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation procedure. Male infants (76%) were significantly more likely to be securely attached than female infants (39%). No other variables related to the infants' early care and education experience or mothers' age, race, marital status, and education were significantly associated with infants' attachment status.
Buying Books Online: Follow-up
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 72 undergraduates, purchasing books online was predicted by their computer/Internet skills.
Correlations for Perceived Family Environmental Factors with Substance Use among Adolescents in South Africa
Authors: Madu S. N. , Matla M. P.
Published: August 2011

Perceived family environmental factors were used to predict self-reported use of substances (drugs or alcohol) among adolescents in South Africa. 435 high school students (ages 15 to 19 years, M = 17.2 yr., SD = 1.34) answered a questionnaire which included questions on demographic variables, the Family Environmental Scale, and questions on substances used (drugs or alcohol). Logistic regression analysis indicated that scores on family conflict and low family moral-religious emphasis were significantly associated with drug use (57.9% of the variance was accounted for) and use of alcohol (62.3% of the variance was accounted for). Programmes for the reduction of substance use among adolescents should include activities designed to reduce family conflict and strengthen family moral-religious emphasis.
Nations' Rated Individualism and Suicide and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Individualism ratings for 27 nations were not associated with suicide or homicide rates after controls for per capita gross domestic product.
A Randomized Trial of Individual Tutoring for Elementary School Children with Reading and Behavior Difficulties
Authors: Strayhorn Joseph M. , Bickel Donna DiPrima
Published: August 2011

Children in Grades K-5, selected for reading and behavior problems, received individual tutoring in a program which aimed to detail a hierarchy of reading skills, locate the point on the hierarchy at which each child should work, and provide enthusiastic social reinforcement for successes. Children were randomly assigned to higher or lower frequency tutoring (one 45-min. session every 1.6 days vs every 8.3 days). The higher frequency group progressed significantly faster in reading than the lower frequency group. Both groups progressed much faster during the time of the intervention than they had before tutoring. Before tutoring, both groups had progressed at about 0.5 grade per year; during tutoring, the higher frequency group progressed at 1.5 grade per year and the lower frequency group at 1.1 grade per year. The subsets of children with verbal ability scores one or two standard deviations below the population mean, as assessed on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, still progressed at average rates of 1.2 grade per year during tutoring. The amount of work students accomplished on a sounding and blending drill predicted reading progress. The intervention cost an average of $1,156 per student per year.
Attendance Probabilities of Participants in a Human Experiment
Authors: Fienup Daniel M , Dixon Mark R.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated how different prompting strategies affected the attendance probabilities of 60 undergraduate students participating in an experiment. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: no prompt, phone-message prompt, or phone-voice prompt. Analysis showed that participants in the no-prompt condition attended the study at a rate of 50%. Participants who received a phone-message prompt attended at a rate of 55%, while participants who received a phone-voice prompt attended at a rate of 100%.
Psychological Correlates of Optimism in College Students
Authors: Montgomery R. L. , Haemmerlie F. M. , Ray D. M.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed optimism held by 300 college students at a mid-western university using Scheier and Carver's Life Orientation Test. Optimism ratings were compared to measures of psychological functioning. Analysis showed that optimism was significantly associated with all of the adjustment measures (social, academic, personal, and goal commitment) assessed with Baker and Siryk's Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire, higher self-esteem measured with Rosenberg's Self-esteem scale, and with lower ratings of loneliness as assessed with the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale.
Development and Validation of an Altruism Scale for Adults
Authors: Lee Dong Y. , Lee Jee Y. , Kang Chul H.
Published: August 2011

A new self-report scale, the Altruism Scale for Adults, of 28 items was developed. 14 items were from the Altruism subscale of Wrightsman's Philosophies of Human Nature Scale, and the other 14 items were newly constructed. The scale, anchored by 1: true or 2: false, was administered to 592 Korean men and women in eight subgroups. Cronbach alpha internal consistency was .89, and test-retest reliabilities ( n = 52) over 1 and 5 wk. were .90 and .80, respectively. Campbell and Fiske's 1959 multitrait-multimethod analysis showed satisfactory convergent and discriminant validities. Overall results were promising for use of the scale in research and for practical purposes.
Collective Self-Esteem Data from Four Ethnic Groups
Authors: Ahlering Robert
Published: August 2011

Collective self-esteem data were collected from 365 White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic undergraduates. Analyses of variance and intercorrelation matrixes were computed for each component of the scale. Asian and Hispanic groups showed higher scores on the Identity subscale than did the White and Black groups. In general the subscales were highly intercorrelated with the exception of the Identity component. Researchers should focus on the Identity component given its variation across groups and greater independence from the other subscales.
Descriptive Profile of Sex and Psychiatric Diagnosis among Rural and Peri-Urban Clinic Attenders in South Africa
Authors: Pillay A. L. , Sargent C.
Published: August 2011

Of 1,232 patients receiving psychiatric medication in outlying areas of South Africa more than half had diagnoses of schizophrenia. Significantly more men than women had substance-induced psychosis, while significantly more women had depressive and anxiety disorders.
PC versus Macintosh Users
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 78 university undergraduates, Macintosh users spent less time online than PC users and had more anxiety about computers.
Religious Coping, Drinking Motivation, and Sex
Authors: Daugherty Timothy K. , McLarty Linda M.
Published: August 2011

The relations for religious coping with types of drinking motivation were examined in 178 college students. Participants completed the Ways of Religious Coping Scale and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire. As expected, correlations suggested that amount of alcohol used as well as social and enhancement motives for using were negatively related to religious coping scores. These relations were more clearly evident among women than among men. Coping motivation for alcohol use and religious coping were not significantly correlated.
The Modified Stroop Paradigm as a Measure of Selective Attention towards Pain-Related Information in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Roelofs Jeffrey , Peters Madelon L. , Vlaeyen Johan W. S.
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed, by means of a modified Stroop paradigm, whether highly fearful patients with chronic low back pain pay selective attention to words related to movement and injury. Two groups of patients (High Fear and Low Fear) were included based on their scores on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), a measure of fear of movement or (re)injury. A control group was recruited by means of advertisement in a local newspaper. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to examine whether highly fearful pain patients pay more selective attention to movement and injury words, compared to patients with low pain-related fear and controls. The results from the present study do not support the proposition that highly fearful patients with chronic low back pain selectively pay attention to words related to injury and movement. Limitations of the modified Stroop paradigm are discussed as well as the need for the application of alternative methods such as the dot-probe paradigm.
European-Ness and Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide)
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A measure of European-ness was not associated with suicide or homicide rates in a sample of 23 European nations in 1970.
The Big Four: Personality in Dogs
Authors: Wahlgren Kristina , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 264 dogs, the four dimensions of personality identified were friendly, active, obedient, and emotional. The dogs' personalities were associated with weight and purebred versus mixed breed.
Self-Esteem Norms for Irish Young People
Authors: Gabhainn S. Nic , Mullan E.
Published: August 2011

Self-esteem scores from the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale collected from a large sample of Irish young people are presented as norms for this population.
Poetry Writing and Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Lowe Geoff , Beckett Joanne , Lowe Gillian
Published: August 2011

17 healthy students provided saliva samples for Immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) assay before and after sessions of either writing poetry or reading magazines (control). Levels of s-IgA increased after the poetry-writing sessions but not after reading.
Field-Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style in Solving Dynamics Problems
Authors: Wang Li-Jun , Wang Xin , Ren Ming-Zhang
Published: August 2011

251 senior middle school (Grade 11) students were tested on the Chinese Group Embedded Figures Test and Dynamic Problems Test. A 2 (cognitive style) × 2 (sex) analysis of variance indicated a nonsignificant effect with respect to cognitive style in solving easier Dynamics problems but a main significant effect in solving complex Dynamics problems. Multiple comparisons (post hoc t tests) indicated that cognitive style is a significant factor among boys but not girls. The difference between Field-independent students and Field-dependent students in solving complex Dynamics problems may be that the former students more easily form a clear map of motion than the latter students.
Coping Strategies and Health Symptoms among Women and Men in a Downsizing Organisation
Authors: Torkelson Eva , Muhonen Tuija
Published: August 2011

This study examined how women and men cope with stress during a period of organizational change and how the coping strategies are related to health. Questionnaire responses were obtained from 98 female and male administrators of health care service working in a Swedish governmental County Council during a period of downsizing. In line with earlier studies, the results showed women to be more likely than men to endorse the emotion-focused strategies of Seeking Social Support and Focus on and Venting of Emotions. Contrary to earlier studies the men did not report using problem-focused strategies more frequently than the women. The results of a regression analysis indicated that the reported use of problem-focused strategies did not contribute significantly to the explained variance in health. Instead, the emotion-focused strategy Denial explained a significant proportion of variance in the health problems. No sex differences in reported health problems were found.
Strengths and Barriers in Conducting Research among Older Adults with HIV
Authors: Vance David
Published: August 2011

Interviews and field notes from a qualitative study of older adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) were analyzed to identify barriers and strengths to studying this population. Self-selection bias, recruiting people with high HIV-related stigma, and test-savvy individuals were potential barriers to research.
Defining Projective Techniques: Finding Common Ground for Discourse
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

In 2000 Lilienfeld, Wood, and Garb defined projective tests in a traditional yet loose manner. When a more precise and exclusive definition is furnished, two classes of responses indicative of deviancy can be logically derived. It is suggested that a focused review of the literature yields consistent relations between psychopathology and two response types, falsifications and misrepresentations. This provides common ground for recognizing a circumscribed core of valid predictors across projective techniques.
Dangerous Activities by Children in Grocery Carts: Is Adult Supervision Important?
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: August 2011

Systematic observations of 231 children (infancy to 5 years) and the 231 adults accompanying them were made in 29 supermarkets in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The objective of the study was to describe the influence of two indices of adult supervision in supermarkets on children's activities in shopping carts. Adult supervision was measured by whether the adult ever lost sight of the child and whether the adult was 10 feet or more from the child at any time during a shopping trip. 23% of the children stood on the ends or sides of carts; 49% climbed or tried to climb out of carts. Adults lost sight of a child, whether in or outside the cart, a mean of 3.3 times and were 10 feet away 2.7 times during an average shopping trip. Logistic regression showed that a child rather than an adult pushing a shopping cart through the store was the strongest factor related to standing on ends or sides of carts. Pushing by a child was more likely to occur when adult monitoring was low and when children were older. Climbing out was predicted by the number of times an adult was > 10 feet away, older children, and a child being in the cart basket as opposed to outside the cart or in the child safety seat.
Scales Measuring Psychosocial Antecedents of Coital Initiation among Adolescents in a Rural Southern State
Authors: Nagy Stephen , Watts Graham F. , Nagy M. Christine
Published: August 2011

The psychometric properties of psychosexual scales designed to examine intentions toward sexual intercourse were examined. Participants from 22 schools in central Alabama provided data on demographics, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions toward sexual intercourse. Theoretical constructs from Theory of Reasoned Action and Social Cognitive Theory guided the development of items assessing psychosocial aspects of sexual intercourse. Findings indicated that approximately half of the conceptual items (13 items) loaded on four factors. The four scales were (a) Coital Intentions, (b) Attitudes toward Negative Sexual Outcomes, (c) Social Norms toward Premature Sex, and (d) Self-efficacy of Sexual Refusal Skills. These factors showed adequate independence and explained 46% of the variance in the data. Cronbach alpha ranged from .69 to .78. Scales show acceptable evidence for evaluation; however, additional research from other geographical districts and other ethnic groups is needed to confirm their generalizability.
Rating of Vocational Interests under Matching and Nonmatching Conditions
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether high school students were better able to assess their scores on an interest inventory when the self-ratings were either matched or unmatched with the interest categories in an interest inventory. Students (N = 329) completed the Career Interest Test and a survey containing the same seven interest dimensions (Outdoor, Practical, Scientific, Creative, Business, Office, and People Contact). At the same time they completed four ratings of interests in the Data, Ideas, People, and Things work-task dimensions. Findings indicated higher convergent validities for matching self-ratings. The median correlation for matching categories was .52 and for unmatched categories was .21. Results supported the validity of self-ratings and the use of matched categories for the assessment of interests.
Patterns of Searching for Information on the World Wide Web: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fujihara Nobuhiko , Miura Asako
Published: August 2011

The influences of task type on search of the World Wide Web using search engines without limitation of search domain were investigated. 9 graduate and undergraduate students studying psychology (1 woman and 8 men, M age = 25.0 yr., SD = 2.1) participated. Their performance to manipulate the search engines on a closed task with only one answer were compared with their performance on an open task with several possible answers. Analysis showed that the number of actions was larger for the closed task ( M = 91) than for the open task ( M = 46.1). Behaviors such as selection of keywords (averages were 7.9% of all actions for the closed task and 16.7% for the open task) and pressing of the browser's back button (averages were 40.3% of all actions for the closed task and 29.6% for the open task) were also different. On the other hand, behaviors such as selection of hyperlinks, pressing of the home button, and number of browsed pages were similar for both tasks. Search behaviors were influenced by task type when the students searched for information without limitation placed on the information sources.
Comparing Learning Environments in U.S. Military Officer Educational Settings: A Field Test
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Turek David E. , Jones Kenneth D.
Published: August 2011

U.S. Army field grade officers who had attended two military schools evaluated two learning environments. For a majority of variables studied, the subjects reported higher satisfaction with institutional support at Fort Leavenworth as opposed to the other site. Satisfaction with that institutional report was strongly related to satisfaction with lodging used (hotels), quality of instruction, and the culture of an active duty installation. Most of the subjects (72–82%) expressed a preference for attending the Command and General Staff College course at Fort Leavenworth, if given a choice.
Relationship between Wais—R Intelligence and the Five-Factor Model of Personality in a Normal Elderly Sample
Authors: Saggino Aristide , Balsamo Michela
Published: August 2011

The present study examined associations between Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R) scores and the five-factor model of personality, as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Both tests were administered to a nonclinical sample of 100 Italian subjects 75 years and older. Analysis showed that the NEO-PI–R Openness to Experience domain was a weak but the best predictor of the three WAIS–R intelligence scores (Total, Verbal, and Performance). Were such a relationship confirmed by further investigations, Openness could be interpreted as a factor which might mitigate intellectual impoverishment which accompanies the normal aging process.
Psychological Profile in Patients with Stages I and II Breast Cancer: Associations of Psychological Profile with Tumor Biological Prognosticators
Authors: Lilja Åsa , Smith Gudmund , Malmström Per , Salford Leif G. , Idvall Ingrid , Horstman Vibeke
Published: August 2011

We have earlier shown that breast cancer patients with moderately or well differentiated tumors seem to be able to inhibit stress evoked from anger in a successful manner, while those with poorer prognosis do not. We now report a study with an enlarged group of patients, investigating associations between tumor biological factors and psychological profile. 129 patients with Stages I and II breast cancer undergoing adjuvant radiation therapy were interviewed and tested with three projective personality tests assessing attitude to aggression and coping with stress and anxiety. Creative functioning was also tested. Patients with Stage I (smaller) tumors reported a “fighting spirit” attitude toward the disease, but they also showed depressive reaction patterns. Moreover, if the patient could successfully avoid or inhibit the stress evoked from perceiving an aggressive motif in the picture shown in the aggression test, the tumor biological situation was better. Patients who did not inhibit stress reactions on the aggression test and also on the anxiety test had a poorer tumor biological situation. Surprisingly, low speed of tumor cell proliferation (DNA S-phase fraction) correlared with high scores on the creativity test. Successful denial or inhibition of stress evoked by aggression combined with a creative, flexible attitude was associated with a better tumor biological situation.
Bortner Type A Scores and Basic Emotions: Aggression, Distrustful, Depression, and Gregarious
Authors: Čatipović-Veselica Katija
Published: August 2011

We examined the correlations between scores on Bonner's scale and measures of aggression, distrustful, gregarious, and depression in 1,084 employees. Prospectively over 2 yr. we investigated the relationship of Type A behavior with cardiac mortality. Subjects classified as Type A had higher mean ratings on measures of aggression and distrustful than did persons classified as Type B. Mortality was lower in patients classified as reporting Type A behavior (12%) than in the patients classified as reporting Type B behavior (22%).
Four-Component Model for Counseling Clients with Traumatic Childhood Abuse
Authors: Edwards Carla , Dunham Douglas N. , Ries Anthony
Published: August 2011

To treat the effects of traumatic childhood abuse effectively, we propose a model which incorporates information from neurophysiological, psychoeducational, cognitive, and social work literature. The four components of the model reflect the broad range of explanations for pathology posed by researchers and also support the breadth of interventions available for use with survivors of childhood abuse. The model relies on individualized assessment and treatment related to the physiological response to abuse, faulty learning, cognitive and psychological problems, and social effects of abuse. This model contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive framework complementary to many theoretical orientations, is useful across the helping disciplines, and appropriate in multidisciplinary settings.
A Prescribed Employee Fitness Program and Job-Related Attitudes
Authors: Prien Kristin O. , Prien Erich P.
Published: August 2011

A prescribed physical fitness exercise program was initiated in a small furniture manufacturing plant. The present purpose was to investigate the effect of an intervention to change employees' attitudes and sense of well-being. The objective was to evaluate the changes in employees' attitudes (well-being) attributable to the exercise program. The method of evaluation was the survey administered to a treatment ( n = 22) and a mixed ( n = 30) control group. A multidimensional attitude survey questionnaire was administered to assess effects over a 6-mo. period. While some changes in job attitudes were observed for the treatment group, those were not the expected changes. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed.
Reliability and Factor Structure of the Sport Anxiety Questionnaire in Fifth- and Sixth-Grade Children
Authors: Storch Eric A.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 178 children, the Sport Anxiety Questionnaire showed acceptable internal consistency and homogeneity.
Associations among Job Satisfaction, Optimism, Pessimism, and Psychosomatic Symptoms for Employees in the Government Sector in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Mashaan Owaied S.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined associations among job satisfaction and optimism, pessimism, and psychosomatic symptoms in a sample of 718 Kuwaiti employees (350 men and 368 women). Men scored significantly higher than women on both the scales of Job Satisfaction and Optimism, while women scored significantly higher than men on both scales for Pessimism and Psychosomatic Symptoms. Job satisfaction scores correlated significantly and positively with Optimism scores and negatively with Pessimism scores. There was also a significant negative correlation between scores on Optimism and Pessimism, and a significant negative correlation between scores on Optimism and Psychosomatic symptoms. Results were discussed within the Kuwaiti context.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CXVII. Who's Who in American Psychology: A Citation Study of Introductory Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Hoefer M. Lyn , Warnick Erin , Knapp Terry J.
Published: August 2011

The author indexes of 15 introductory psychology textbooks were surveyed to identify the authorities cited most frequently. The five names cited most often in descending order were Freud, Bandura, Skinner, Piaget, and James. Differences from earlier comparable citation studies are discussed.
Fusion or Confusion in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: O'Connor Kieron , Aardema Frederick
Published: August 2011

Inferential confusion occurs when a person mistakes an imagined possibility for a real probability and might account for some types of thought-action and other fusions reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Inferential confusion could account for the ego-dystonic nature of obsessions and their recurrent nature, since the person acts “as if” an imagined aversive inference is probable and tries unsuccessfully to modify this imaginary probability in reality. The clinical implications of the inferential confusion model focus primarily on the role of the imagination in obsessive-compulsive disorder rather than on cognitive beliefs.
Loneliness and Health-Related Variables in Early Adolescents: An Extension
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to extend knowledge about loneliness and health-related variables. In classrooms, 135 early adolescents responded to measures of loneliness, symptom patterns, and perceived health status. Statistically significant correlations were found for loneliness scores with ratings for symptom patterns (.44) and with ratings for perceived health status (−.46).
Characteristics of Readmitted Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Baron Kaye , Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

This study examined sociodemographic, diagnostic, psychological, and episode-based variables in a sample of 130 psychiatric patients admitted to treatment at least twice in a 6-yr. period. Short length of initial hospitalization ( r = -.30, p <.01) and younger age on initial admission ( r = -.20, p <.05) were significantly correlated with frequent hospital admissions. Scores on four of the subscales of the WAIS-R were significantly correlated with readmission, confirming that patients who have fewer cognitive resources are at risk of frequent admissions. A multiple regression analysis combining variables to predict readmission accounted for only 12% of the common variance ( r128 = .34, p <.01), however, indicating that a prediction equation with these variables has limited clinical utility.
Flirting and Energetic Arousal
Authors: Downey Jerrold L. , Christensen Larry
Published: August 2011

76 college students were administered a self-reported energy scale and a flirtation inventory. Analysis indicated a significant relationship such that low scores on energy level were associated with low flirtation related activities, as well as low self-ratings on attractiveness and other variables.
Pilot Study Comparing Market Orientation Culture of Businesses and Schools of Business
Authors: Harmon Harry A. , Webster Robert L. , Hammond Kevin L.
Published: August 2011

A market orientation culture has been described as one that blends an organization's commitment to customer value with a process of continuously creating superior value for customers. Developing such a culture is further described as (1) obtaining information about customers, competitors, and markets, (2) examining the gathered information from a total organizational perspective, (3) deciding how to deliver superior customer value, and (4) implementing actions to provide value to customers. A market orientation culture focuses on the customer, identifies issues in the competitive environment, and coordinates all functional areas to achieve organizational objectives. Research has found businesses with higher market orientation are more successful in achieving organizational objectives. The measurement of market orientation within businesses has been empirically tested and validated. However, empirical research on market orientation in nonprofit organizations such as universities has not been examined. This study investigated market orientation within the university setting specifically Schools of Business Administration, and compared these data with previously published data within the business sector. Data for comparative purposes were collected via a national survey. Hypothesis testing was conducted. Results indicated significantly lower market orientation culture within the schools of business as reported by AACSB Business School Deans vis-à-vis managers of business enterprises.
Sex Differences in Recall of Real or Nonsense Words
Authors: Kimura Doreen , Seal Brooke N.
Published: August 2011

Women perform better than men on tests of verbal memory, but the nature of this advantage has not been precisely established. To examine whether phonemic memory is a factor in the female advantage, we presented, along with other verbal memory tasks, one containing nonsense words. Overall, there was the expected female advantage. However, an examination of the individual tests showed female superiority in recall of the real words but not the nonsense words.
A Brief Introduction to Unified Test Theory
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: August 2011

This article introduces McDonald's unified treatment of test theory, which merges the major contributions of Spearman (True Score Theory and Common Factor Theory) with aspects of Item Response Theory. The fundamentals are first presented, followed by elaboration of selected aspects of the treatment. An SAS program is given that estimates relevant parameters.