bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Fundamentalism’ and ‘fundamentalist’ semantically considered: Their lexical origins, early polysemy, and pejoration
Authors: Hale Frederick
Published: November 2013

The words fundamentalist (as both a noun and an adjective) and fundamentalism were coined in 1920 within the Northern Baptist Convention when that and other American Protestant denominations were experiencing theological turmoil due to the advance of theological modernism. It is argued in the present article that both terms initially had positive meanings when used by defenders of orthodoxy. However, within weeks of their birth both were criticised by less conservative Christians. Like many other theological terms they underwent semantic change – in this case pejoration and lexical extension. Moreover, by 1923 ‘fundamentalist’ had been extended into political journalism to refer to strict adherents of one ideology or another. The greatest change, however, and one that fixed these neologisms in the public mind in both North America and the United Kingdom, came with the widely published ‘Scopes monkey trial’ of 1925, when the association of ‘fundamentalists’ and ‘fundamentalism’ with anti-intellectualism and obscurantism reached its apogee.Die terme fundamentalis (as ’n selfstandige sowel as byvoeglike naamwoord) en fundamentalisme het binne die Noordelike Baptiste-tradisie ontstaan toe hulle en ander Amerikaanse Protestantse denominasies onrus op teologiese gebied beleef het as gevolg van die opkoms van teologiese modernisme. Die betoog in hierdie artikel is dat albei hierdie terme aanvanklik positiewe betekenis gehad het toe dit deur die beskermers van die ortodoksie gebruik is. Albei terme is egter binne weke na hulle ontstaan deur minder konserwatiewe Christene gekritiseer. Soos vele ander teologiese terme, het hierdie woorde ook semantiese veranderinge ondergaan, in hierdie geval met ongunstige betekenis en leksikale uitbreiding. Boonop is die term fundamentalis teen 1923 ook in die politieke joernalistiek gebruik om na die rigiede navolging van een of ander ideologie te verwys. Die grootste verandering, en een wat hierdie neologismes algemeen in Noord-Amerika sowel as in die Verenigde Koninkryk gevestig het, het egter gekom met die wyd gepubliseerde ‘Scopes monkey trial’ in 1925 toe die assosiasie van fundamentalis en fudamentalisme met anti-intellektualisme en verkramptheid ’n hoogtepunt bereik het.
Healthcare Access and Health Beliefs of the Indigenous Peoples in Remote Amazonian Peru
Authors: Brierley Charlotte K. , Suarez Nicolas , Arora Gitanjli , Graham Devon
Published: November 2013

Little is published about the health issues of traditional communities in the remote Peruvian Amazon. This study assessed healthcare access, health perceptions, and beliefs of the indigenous population along the Ampiyacu and Yaguasyacu rivers in north-eastern Peru. One hundred and seventy-nine adult inhabitants of 10 remote settlements attending health clinics were interviewed during a medical services trip in April 2012. Demographics, health status, access to healthcare, health education, sanitation, alcohol use, and smoke exposure were recorded. Our findings indicate that poverty, household overcrowding, and poor sanitation remain commonplace in this group. Furthermore, there are poor levels of health education and on-going barriers to accessing healthcare. Healthcare access and health education remain poor in the remote Peruvian Amazon. This combined with poverty and its sequelae render this population vulnerable to disease.
Old‐Age Government Transfers and the Crowding Out of Private Gifts: The 70 and Above Program for the Rural Elderly in Mexico
Authors: Amuedo‐Dorantes Catalina , Juarez Laura
Published: November 2013

We estimate the crowding out of private transfers caused by 70 y Más –a public assistance program for the rural elderly in Mexico for whom family support is an important source of income. Using data from the Mexican Income and Expenditure Survey and a triple difference approach, we find that the program crowds out private gifts by 37%, and it does so mostly by reducing the probability of receiving domestic remittances. As a result, the nonlabor income of beneficiaries increases by less than their government transfers. Thus, by reducing their private support to the elderly, domestic donors are dampening the effect of the program, although not completely neutralizing it.
Comparison between Acetal Resin and Cobalt-Chromium Removable Partial Denture Clasp Retention: An in vitro Study
Authors: Mohamed Tarek , Baraka Osama Abdulmoneam , Badawy Magdy Mostafa
Published: November 2013

Statement of problem

The retention qualities of acetal resin clasps are questionable.

Purpose

To asses the initial retention and after cycling for 1,200 cycles of acetal resin clasps as compared to cobalt-chromium clasps.

Materials and methods

Extracted maxillary first premolars and molars were collected. Each tooth was embedded in acrylic block up to the cementoenamel junction. On each block, partial denture model consisted of Akers clasp, minor connector, cobalt-chromium horizontal plate representing the denture base, and a vertical arm on the horizontal plate was constructed. Models were divided into four groups (five each). Group I had acetal resin clasps on premolars. Group II had cobalt-chromium clasps on premolars. Group III had acetal resin clasps on molars. Group IV had cobalt-chromium clasps on molars. Akers clasps were designed to utilize 0.01 inch undercut. Each model was connected to the universal testing machine through the vertical arm. The model was placed in artificial saliva and a tensile load was applied to measure the initial retention. Then retention was measured after cycling for 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000 and 1,200 cycles. One-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test was used to test the effect of groups and cycling on tensile load required for clasp dislodgment.

Results

Groups I and III showed no change in retention on cycling up to 1,200 cycles. Group I showed significantly higher retention than group III. Groups II and IV showed significant reduction in retention upon cycling more than 800 cycles. In spite of this reduction in retention, it is still higher than that in groups I and III.

Conclusion

Cobalt-chromium clasps showed higher retention than acetal resin clasps despite the deformation encountered in the former. Acetal resin clasps showed more retention qualities on premolar teeth than that on molar teeth.

Clinical implications

Acetal resin clasps can be used to retain Kennedy's class III partial denture. However, when used on molar teeth, it is recommended to increase the thickness of the retentive clasp arm or to use a deeper undercut.

How to cite this article

Mohamed T, Baraka OA, Badawy MM. Comparison between Acetal Resin and Cobalt-Chromium Removable Partial Denture Clasp Retention: An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(2):50-56.
Rehabilitation of Severely Worn Dentition and Partial Edentulism by Fixed and Removable Prostheses: A Clinical Report
Authors: Kamble Vaibhav Deorao
Published: November 2013

The esthetic and functional rehabilitation of severely worn dentition and partial edentulism is probably one of the most intellectually and technically demanding tasks faced by the restorative dentist. The severe wear of teeth and missing teeth has multiple implications in relation to loss of anterior guidance, reduction of vertical dimension and disfigurement of the occlusal plane. Hence, restoring vertical dimension without compromising occlusal, functional and esthetic requirements is utmost essential for long-term success. This clinical report describes the rehabilitation of patient with severely worn dentition and missing posterior teeth using the integration of fixed and removable prostheses. This case reports improvement in phonetics and occlusions with esthetic enhancement by restoring sufficient interocclusal space.

How to cite this article

Kamble VD. Rehabilitation of Severely Worn Dentition and Partial Edentulism by Fixed and Removable Prostheses: A Clinical Report. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(2):57-61.
Sectional Denture for Microstomia Patient: A Clinical Report
Authors: Basavanna Jayaprakash Mugur , Raikhy Amisha
Published: November 2013

An abnormally small oral orifice is referred to as microstomia, although the intraoral structures may be of normal size. Making impression in microstomia patients is often cumbersome. Prosthetic rehabilitation of microstomia patients present difficulties at all stages, right from preliminary impressions to insertion of prostheses. To rehabilitate a patient with microstomia successfully, the methods and designs incorporated in the fabrication of prosthesis have to be modified to achieve favorable esthetics, mastication and retention. This clinical report describes the method of fabrication of sectional denture for completely edentulous patient with microstomia resulting from scleroderma with modified primary impression procedure without using tray and also method of fabricating a sectional complete denture. Fabricating the denture in two pieces enable the patient to insert and remove the denture with ease.

How to cite this article

Basavanna JM, Raikhy A. Sectional Denture for Microstomia Patient: A Clinical Report. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(2):62-67.
Guided Tissue Regeneration Principle with Inserts of PerioGlas in Endodontic Surgery: Two Case Reports
Authors: Wankhade Sattyam V , Lokade Jyoti , Chandak Monaj , Lanjewar Anuja
Published: November 2013

Most periapical radiolucent lesions associated with infections of the root canal system heal uneventfully after endodontic treatment. However, some cases may require periradicular surgery in order to remove pathologic tissue from the periapical region and simultaneously eliminate any source of infection that could not be removed by orthograde root canal treatment. With an adequate technique, surgery can address these issues, although it may be insufficient in some situations. This report describes the healing process after surgery in two cases with a 12 months follow-up. In these cases, apicoectomy was followed by retrograde sealing with Super EBA (Harry J. Bosworth Company, Illinois, USA). The bone defect was filled with PerioGlas (NovaBone, Austin, TX, USA) and covered with a resorbable Guidor membrane (Sunstar, Foster Ave, Chicago, USA). No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. After 24 months of follow-up, the patient showed no clinical signs or symptoms associated with the lesion and radiographic examination showed progressive resolution of radiolucency.

How to cite this article

Lokade J, Wankhade S, Chandak M, Lanjewar A. Guided Tissue Regeneration Principle with Inserts of PerioGlas in Endodontic Surgery: Two Case Reports. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(2):72-77.
Impact of biomass burning on haze pollution in the Yangtze River Delta, China: a case study in summer 2011
Authors: Cheng Z. , Wang S. , Fu X. , Watson J. G. , Jiang J. , Fu Q. , Chen C. , Xu B. , Yu J. , Chow J. C. , Hao J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Open biomass burning is an important source of air pollution in China and globally. Joint observations of air pollution were conducted in five cities (Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Nanjing) of the Yangtze River Delta, and a heavy haze episode with visibility 2.9–9.8 km was observed from 28 May to 6 June 2011. The contribution of biomass burning was quantified using both ambient monitoring data and the WRF/CMAQ model simulation. It was found that the average and maximum daily PM2.5 concentrations during the episode were 82 μg m−3 and 144 μg m−3, respectively. Weather pattern analysis indicated that a stagnant process enhanced the accumulation of air pollutants, while the following precipitation process scavenged the pollution. Daily minimum mixing depth during the stagnant period was below 50 m. Both observation data and CMAQ model simulation indicated that biomass open burning contributed 37% of PM2.5, 70% of organic carbon and 61% of elemental carbon. Satellite-detected fire spots, back-trajectory analysis and air model simulation can be integrated to identify the locations where the biomasses are burned. The results also suggest that the impact of biomass open burning is regional, due to the substantial inter-province transport of air pollutants. These findings would improve the understanding of not only heavy haze and air pollution episodes, but also the emissions of such open fires.
Ecosystem function and services provided by the deep sea
Authors: Thurber A. R. , Sweetman A. K. , Narayanaswamy B. E. , Jones D. O. B. , Ingels J. , Hansman R. L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The deep sea is often viewed as a vast, dark, remote, and inhospitable environment, yet the deep ocean and seafloor are crucial to our lives through the services and provisions that they provide. Our understanding of how the deep sea functions remains limited, but when treated synoptically, a diversity of provisioning, regulating and cultural services become apparent. The biological pump transports carbon from the atmosphere into deep-ocean water masses which are separated over prolonged periods, reducing the impact of anthropogenic carbon release. Microbial oxidation of methane keeps another potent greenhouse gas out of the atmosphere while trapping carbon in authigenic carbonates. Nutrient regeneration by all faunal size classes provides the elements necessary to fuel surface productivity and fisheries, and microbial processes detoxify a diversity of compounds. Each of these processes occur on a very small scale, yet considering the vast area over which they occur they become important for the global functioning of the ocean. The deep sea also provides a diversity of resources, including fish stocks, enormous bioprospecting potential, and elements and energy reserves that are currently being extracted and will be increasingly important in the near future. Society benefits from the intrigue and mystery, the strange life forms, and the great unknown which has acted as a muse for inspiration and imagination since near the beginning of civilization. While many functions occur on the scale of microns to meters and time scales up to years, the derived services that result are only useful after centuries of integrated activity. This vast dark habitat, that covers the majority of the globe, harbors processes that directly impact humans in a diversity of ways, however the same traits that differentiate it from terrestrial or shallow marine systems also result in a greater need for integrated spatial and temporal understanding as it experiences increased use by society.
Comparison of floating chamber and eddy covariance measurements of lake greenhouse gas fluxes
Authors: Podgrajsek E. , Sahlée E. , Bastviken D. , Holst J. , Lindroth A. , Tranvik L. , Rutgersson A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from lakes may have a large impact on the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Traditionally lake fluxes have been measured using the floating chambers (FC) technique, however, several recent studies use the eddy covariance (EC) method. We present simultaneous flux measurements using both methods at the lake Tämnaren in Sweden during field campaigns in 2011 and 2012. Only very few similar studies exist. For CO2 flux, the two methods agree relatively well during some periods, but deviate substantially at other times. The large discrepancies might be caused by heterogeneity of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2w) in the EC flux footprint. The methods agree better for CH4 fluxes, it is, however, clear that short-term discontinuous FC measurements are likely to miss important high flux events.
HAF/SILICA/NANOCLAY “TERNARY” MASTERBATCH AND HAF/SILICA BINARY MASTERBATCH FROM FRESH NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
Authors: Krishnan Sasidharan , Alex Rosamma , Kurian Thomas
Published: November 2013

A process for production of carbon black/silica/nanoclay ternary filler masterbatch from fresh natural rubber (NR) latex was standardized. The fillers, nanoclay, carbon black, and silica were incorporated in fresh NR latex by a modified coagulation process. The latex, mixed with filler dispersions, coagulated immediately on addition of acids. The coagulum containing fillers was dried at 70 °C in an air oven to get the latex filler masterbatch, which was further processed in the conventional way. The masterbatch compounds containing only silica/carbon black showed a higher level of vulcanization as compared with the corresponding dry mixes. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness, increased with the proportion of nanoclay in the mixes up to 5 phr, and with a greater amount, the change was only marginal. Lower tan delta values were observed for all of the masterbatches containing nanoclay in the ranges of 3 to 10 phr compared with the control dry mix containing 25/25 carbon black/silica. The improvement in mechanical properties and dynamic properties shown by the masterbatches over the conventional mill-mixed compounds was attributed to factors related to filler dispersion, as evidenced from the data from dispersion analyzer images, X-ray diffractograms, and a higher level of vulcanization.
Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis in Comparative Perspective: Illuminating Key Differences between the Civil, Common, and Chinese Legal Traditions
Authors: Head John W.
Published: November 2013

In commissioning and promulgating his famous Digest—part of his sixth-century legal compilation known as the Corpus Juris Civilis—the Emperor Justinian helped ensure that continental European law would be horizontal, written, scholarly, and historical. The Digest, drawing from classical Roman law, lay dormant for several centuries following Justinian's reign but then reemerged in the eleventh century to confirm those four characteristics. Significantly, it is that very combination of four characteristics that sharply distinguishes continental European law from both traditional Chinese law and English common law.
A multiple indicators and multiple causes model for valuation
Authors: Ambrosio Flores L. , Iglesias Martinez L. , Marin Ferrer C. , Pascual Gallego V. , Serrano Bermejo A.
Published: November 2013

Value assessment (valuation) of certain real properties is commonly required for a variety of purposes. In this article an approach to define an estimator of the value of a real property, with good statistical properties is proposed. This estimator reaches a consensus between the various available methods. The estimator proposed uses all available information optimally, including the information which value indicators contain on the effect of contextual factors, and this furnishes it with a greater relative efficiency with regard to alternative estimators. It is also shown how the proposed approach is more general and flexible than the usual hedonic approach. The approach is illustrated using data on agricultural real properties and the relative efficiency of the compromise estimator is assessed using this same data.
Optimization of an aroma sensor for assessing grape quality for wine making
Authors: Gutiérrez A. , Burgos J.A. , Garcerá C. , Zarzo M. , Ruiz M.L. , Moltó E.
Published: November 2013

Control of the raw material has considerable influence on final wine quality. The objective of this work was to develop a sensor capable of assessing grape juice quality in the cellar. Sensor response was compared with conventional chemical analysis using multivariate data techniques. The aroma sensor array is composed of 14 metal oxide sensors (MOS) gas transducers plus a temperature and a relative humidity sensor. This work showed that the sensor could detect rotten flavours in grape juice.
Short communication. Zebrafish embryo development can be reversibly arrested at the MBT [mid blastula transition] stage by exposure to a water temperature of 16 deg C
Authors: Francisco Simão M. , Perez Camps M. , García-Ximénez F.
Published: November 2013

Germline chimaerism (intra or interspecific) is a technique of great potential in aquaculture. It allows specimens to be obtained that produce gametes whose origins lie in the cells of the donor organism. Chimaerism is usually performed at the mid blastula transition (MBT) stage since this is the last in which embryonic cells remain completely totipotent. Zebrafish are photoperiodic in their egg-laying behaviour and show rapid embryonic development. For chimaerism to be successful, it is of interest to establish the maximum time over which embryonic development can be reversibly arrested. This paper reports the effect on survival of subjecting zebrafish embryos at different stages of development to a water temperature of 16 deg C for different lengths of time. The maximum exposure time after which these embryos were able to resume development following low-temperature-induced developmental arrest became shorter as the embryonic stage exposed became earlier. At the MBT stage, the maximum safe exposure time was 2 h; longer exposure times led to problems in development and survival.
Microsatellite variation in potato landraces from the island of La Palma
Authors: Ruiz de Galarreta J. I. , Barandalla, L. , Lorenzo R. , Gonzalez J. , Rios D. J. , Ritter E.
Published: November 2013

Nineteen microsatellite markers were used to fingerprint a set of 19 potato landraces from the island of La Palma (Canary Islands). These landraces represent relicts of early introductions from South America, although most are commonly cultivated by local farmers. The SSR primers detected 62 polymorphisms, 13 of which were present in all landraces. Several accession- and group-specific markers were detected. Jaccard similarity coefficients were estimated from the molecular data and UPGMA cluster analysis was performed. Some cultivars with related common names clustered together. In some cases, e.g., for the ‘Conejera’ landrace, the molecular patterns were discrepant with previous species assignments, suggesting the need for a more detailed morphological and comparative study of these accessions
Short term negative effect of oxalic acid in Apis mellifera iberiensis
Authors: Martín-Hernández R. , Higes M. , Pérez J.L. , Nozal M.J. , Gómez L. , Meana A.
Published: November 2013

The toxic effect of oxalic acid (OA) on Apis mellifera iberiensis was studied using field and laboratory assays. Bee deaths were higher in OA treated hives than in control hives. Pathological repercussions of topical application of 10% OA were observed in different internal honeybee organs. After 24 h, there were severe alterations in the ventricular epithelial layer while by 48 h there was clearly seen degeneration of the rectal epithelium. Irreversible lesions appeared at 48 h in different bee organs with increased cellular damage after 72 h. Indications are that the effect of the OA continues after initial contact and causes permanent lesions in digestive and excretory organs. Tissue distribution of the acid in different bee organs, after topical administration, suggests that some of the acid is ingested, in some way, by the bee.
Ground cover by three crops cultivated on marginal lands in Southwestern Nigeria and implications for soil erosion
Authors: Salako F.K. , Olowokere F.A. , Tian G. , Kirchhof G. , Osiname O.
Published: November 2013

Resource-poor farmers in developing nations cultivate marginal lands, thereby exacerbating the problem of soil degradation through poor plant growth and ground coverage. An assessment of ground cover under such a practice will provide a guideline for soil conservation. Ground cover by leguminous cover crops (e.g., Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides and Vigna unguiculata), associated with yam, maize and rice was measured in three different experiments in southwestern Nigeria using beaded-string method while leaf area was measured using a flat-bed scanner. The leaf area was used in obtaining equivalent of ground cover fraction from the leaf area index. Ground cover by yam was
The risk assessment index in grape powdery mildew control decisions and the effect of temperature and humidity on conidial germination of Erysiphe necator
Authors: Bendek C.E. , Campbell P.A. , Torres R. , Donoso A. , Latorre B.A.
Published: November 2013

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a major disease of grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in Chile. Severe outbreaks have occurred recently despite the use of strict fungicide programs to control it. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the infection risk assessment index (RAI), to predict conditions for E. necator infection, and to study the effect of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and free moisture (FM) on conidial germination and disease development. Conidial germination was affected by T, RH, and FM. There were significant (p
Short communication. Forage and nutritive value of the pruning residues (leaves plus summer lateral shoots) of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars at grape harvest and two post-harvest dates
Authors: Kok D. , Ates E. , Korkutal I. , Bahar E.
Published: November 2013

The annual pruning of vineyards produces shoot and leaf residues that have traditionally been fed to sheep and goats. The aim of this work was to determine the forage and nutritive values of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves plus summer lateral shoots at grape harvest and two post-harvest dates. The study cultivars were Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc and Sémillon, all grafted onto 5BB rootstocks. The leaves and summer lateral shoots were removed at the same time from each cultivar at three dates: grape harvest, 15 days post-harvest, and 30 days postharvest. No significant differences were seen between the cultivars in terms of their mean crude protein (CP) (45.44-46.33 g/kg), crude fibre (CF) (37.12-37.50%), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (324.63-324.87 g/kg), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (247.44-249.44 g/kg), potassium (2.11-2.14 g/kg), calcium (3.85-3.95 g/kg) or iron (0.037-0.038 g/kg) contents at any of the three sampling dates. The highest fresh matter (1,765.33 kg/ha) and dry matter (DM) yields (610.67 kg/ha) were obtained from Sauvignon Blanc. The fresh matter yield, DM yield, CP, CF, NDF and ADF contents on the different sampling dates all differed significantly. The maximum fresh matter yield (1,925.33 kg/ha), DM yield (634.67 kg/ha) and CP content (61.67 g/kg) were recorded at grape harvest. The potassium, calcium and iron contents ranged from 2.11-2.15, 3.86-3.92 and 0.036-0.038 g/kg respectively at all stages. The leaves plus summer lateral shoots of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc and Sémillon grapevine cultivars can be beneficially fed to sheep, goats and cattle in some viticultural regions of Turkey and other parts of the world.
Short communication. Low dietary sodium content affects the digestibility of nutrients and fattening performance in growing rabbits
Authors: Chamorro S. , Gómez-Conde M. S. , Carabaño R. , Blas J. C.
Published: November 2013

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a reduction in dietary sodium content on performance and nutrient digestibility, in rabbits weaned at 25 days of age. Two diets with the same composition and only differing in the supply of sodium chloride content (0.5 or 0%) were used. A reduction on the dietary sodium content from 2.7 to 0.6 g kg–1 DM decreased the ileal and faecal apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and the ileal apparent digestibility of every amino acid studied with the exception of the phenylalanine, and reduced daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. These results indicate that a reduction of the dietary sodium content up to 0.6 g kg–1 DM results excessive and insufficient to assure a correct absorption of nutrients and to maintain the growth performance in growing rabbit.
Cloning and expression of porcine CD163: its use for characterization of monoclonal antibodies to porcine CD163 and development of an ELISA to measure soluble CD163 in biological fluids
Authors: Pérez C. , Ezquerra A. , Ortuño E. , Gómez N. , García-Briones M. , Martínez de la Riva P. , Alonso F. , Revilla C. , Domínguez J.
Published: November 2013

CD163 is a member of the family of proteins with scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains, whose expression is restricted to monocytes and macrophages. It functions as a receptor for haemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes and it has also been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Treatment of monocytes/macrophages with phorbol esters, LPS or cross-linking of Fc gamma receptors, causes shedding of CD163 from cell surface by a protease-dependent mechanism. The level of soluble CD163 (sCD163) in serum and other body fluids has been considered a useful marker of macrophage activation. In addition, porcine CD163 has been shown to play a role in the infection of monocytes/macrophages by the African swine fever virus. The porcine CD163 cDNA has been cloned, and expressed in transfected CHO cells. Clones of CHO cells stably expressing porcine CD163 have been used for the characterization of three new mAbs against porcine CD163. Using two of these mAbs, that bind to different epitopes on CD163 molecule, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) has been developed to measure levels of sCD163 in porcine sera and biological fluids. The assay was calibrated using lysates of CD163 transfectants, showing a sensitivity of 10E5 cells/mL, that allowed to detect sCD163 in sera and in culture supernatants of activated alveolar macrophages. This assay can be a useful method of monitoring the degree of activation of macrophages in a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases of swine.
Response to selection from using identified genes and quadratic indices in two-traits breeding goals
Authors: Avendaño S. , Visscher P.M. , Villanueva B.
Published: November 2013

Benefits from the use of optimised selection for maximising genetic gain while constraining the rate of inbreeding were evaluated through stochastic simulation for scenarios where the breeding goal includes two negatively correlated traits. One of the traits was controlled only by polygenes and had a heritability of 0.3 while the other trait was controlled by an identified additive biallelic QTL (with an initial allele frequency of 0.15) and by polygenes and had a polygenic heritability of 0.1. Optimised selection was compared to standard truncation selection both when the information on the QTL was used and when it was ignored. Extra gains in the breeding goal were observed throughout the 10 simulated generations from the combined use of optimised contributions and QTL information although, as expected, this scheme was not the most effective for improving individual traits. By generation ten, the gain in the aggregate breeding value with optimised selection was about 12% higher than with truncation selection. Optimised selection allowed extra polygenic responses in both traits but these extra responses were negative for the trait under mixed inheritance. The use of the QTL allowed not only positive gains in the trait with the lowest heritability, but also avoided the loss of the favourable allele. The effect of selecting for the QTL on each trait depended on its relative weight in the selection index and not exclusively on the inheritance model.
Zur Elektronenstruktur metallorganischer Komplexe der ƒ -Elemente, 81. Berechnung der Normalschwingungen von La(η5-C5H5)3(NCCH3)2 auf der Basis der Dichtefunktionaltheorie sowie vibronische Kopplungen und Auffindung weiterer rein elektronischer Absorptions- und Lumineszenzüberg¨ange bei [La(η5-C5H5)3(NCCH3)2:Nd3+] / Electronic Structures of Organometallic Complexes of f Elements, 81. Calculation of the Normal Modes of La(η5-C5H5)3(NCCH3)2 on the Basis of Density Functional Theory as well as Vibronic Couplings and Identification of Further Purely Electronic Absorption and Luminescence Transitions of [La(η5-C5H5)3(NCCH3)2:Nd3+]
Authors: Amberger Hanns-Dieter , Reddmann Hauke
Published: November 2013

The planned model calculations of normal modes of pseudo-trigonal-bipyramidal LaCp3(NCCH3)2 (Cp = η5-C5H5-) (1) adopting density functional theory (DFT), and using the molecular structure as suggested by X-ray investigations, did not converge. Alternatively, DFT calculations assuming molecular C3h symmetry were performed. Unfortunately, these calculations did not reproduce the experimentally derived frequencies of the skeletal modes very well, including a wrong energetic sequence of the four previously unambiguously assigned (close lying) Raman-active ν(La-Cp) skeletal modes. The same presumably also holds for DFT calculations made for LaCp3 · NCCH3 (2) and base-free LaCp3 (3), assuming molecular C3 and C3h symmetry, respectively. In order to check whether the calculated incorrect sequence is produced by the five-membered Cp rings, a DFT calculation also has been performed for the hypothetical model complex [La(η6-C6H6)3]3+ (4) of D3 symmetry. A closer examination of the vibronic sidebands of the hypersensitive absorption transition 4I9/2 → 4G5/2 of [LaCp3(NCCH3)2:Nd3+] (5) showed that first of all, totally symmetric intraligand and not skeletal vibrations are coupling as it was the case for [LaCp3(NCCH3)2:Ln3+] (Ln = Pr, Sm). Applying this result to the vibronic sidebands of some purely electronic crystal field (CF) transitions, which are hampered by strong binary combination vibrations, the energies of these CF levels could be determined. The CF state 1Γ8 of the ground multiplet 4I9/2 of [LaCp3(NCCH3)2:Nd3+], which previously could not be detected by absorption measurements, could be derived from the luminescence transition 4F3/2 → 4I9/2. Considering these additional assignments, the goodness of the fit increased from 32.3 to 29.9 cm-1 for 61 assignments
Darstellung, strukturelle und spektroskopische Charakterisierung eines Pentaiodids [Rb(12-Krone-4)2]I5 / Preparation, Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of a Pentaiodide [Rb(12-Crown-4)2]I5
Authors: Edis Zehra , Bloukh Samir Haj
Published: November 2013

Dark-green crystals of [Rb(12-crown-4)2]I5 were obtained by the reaction of stoichiometric amounts of RbI, I2 and 12-crown-4 from an ethanol=methanol solution (monoclinic space group P21=n with Z = 4, a = 8:9200(10), b = 24:069(2), c = 13:9950(10) Å and β = 91:984(9)°). The crystal structure contains one independent formula unit consisting of the polyiodide and the cation. The anionic part of the structure is an isolated, V-shaped pentaiodide I5
-. The cation is a sandwich complex with two 12-crown-4-molecules surrounding the alkali metal atom
In Search of the True Structure of the Sodium Chromium Alum II: Crystal Growth and Structure of the Double Salt NaCr(SO4)2(H2O)6·(CH3OH)0.6(2)· (H2O)1.5(5)
Authors: Rees-Isele Luitgard , Winkler Hans-Peter , Keller Egbert
Published: November 2013

Attempts to crystallize the sodium chromium alum, NaCr(SO4)2(H2O)12, from water=methanol solutions at temperatures around 281 K yielded crystals of the title compound instead. Their monoclinic structure can be described as a centered rectangular array of linear {1
∞}[Na(SO4)2]3- rods aligned parallel to [001] with vicinal rods held together by columns of isolated [Cr(H2O)6]3+ complexes. The structure forms channels parallel to [001] which are occupied by methanol and water molecules with atomic site occupancy factors of 1/5 and less. Various attempts to crystallize the compound or the sodium chromium alum from purely aqueous solutions remained unsuccessful
Synthesis of a Tri(gold)boride Complex (Cy3P)B[AuP(o-Tol)3]3
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Blumenthal M. Annette , Kraus Florian
Published: November 2013

A tri(gold)boride of the formula B[AuP(o-Tol)3]3 (2) is generated in the reaction of the silylated phosphine borane Cy3PBH2SiMe3 with the tri(gold)oxonium tetrafluoroborate [(o-Tol)3PAu]3O+ BF4
- and isolated as its stable 1 : 1 complex with tricyclohexylphosphine: Cy3PB[AuP(o-Tol)3]3. The composition of the product has been confirmed by elemental analyses and mass spectrometry. Solution NMR data of 2 indicate a molecular structure with C3ν symmetry which has been confirmed by MP2 calculations for the model system H3PB(AuPH3)3. The compound is a rare case of a trimetallated boride which is isolobal with the simple phosphineborane Cy3PBH3. With reagents bearing less bulky substituents (R3 = iPr3, MePh2, Ph3), the reactions proceed to salts with the tetra-aurated cations [Cy3PB(AuPR3)4]+
Magnesium-rich Intermetallics RE3RuMg7 (RE=Y, Nd, Dy, Ho) – Rows of Condensed Ru@RE6/2 Octahedra in Magnesium Matrices
Authors: Kersting Marcel , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Schwickert Christian , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: November 2013

The magnesium-rich intermetallic phases RE3RuMg7 (RE=Y, Nd, Dy, Ho) have been synthesized from the elements in sealed niobium ampoules and subsequently characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. The structure of the dysprosium compound was refined on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Ti6Sn5 type, P63=mmc, a=1019.1(2), c=606.76(9) pm, wR2=0.0159, 439 F2 values, 19 variables. The Mg3 site shows a small degree of Mg3=Dy mixing, leading to the composition Dy3:03RuMg6:97 for the investigated crystal. The striking structural motifs in the Dy3RuMg7 structure are rows of face-sharing Ru@Dy6 octahedra and corner-sharing Mg2@Mg8Dy4 icosahedra. The rows of octahedra form a hexagonal rod-packing, and each rod is enrolled by six rows of the condensed icosahedra. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements of Dy3RuMg7 show Curie-Weiss behavior with an experimental magnetic moment of 10.66(1) µB per Dy atom. Antiferromagnetic ordering is detected at TN =27.5(5) K. The 5 K isotherm shows a metamagnetic transition at a critical field of HC =40 kOe
Características das mineralizações auríferas no grupo Serra do Itaberaba, Guarulhos-SP
Authors: Beljavski Paulo , Garda Gianna Maria , Juliani Caetano
Published: November 2013

A seqüência metavulcano-sedimentar do Grupo Serra do ltaberaba encerra várias ocorrências de ouro, das quais a de Tapera Grande é a melhor conhecida. Os principais tipos de mineralizações auríferas podem ser agrupados como: a) singenético, stratabound, com o ouro disseminado nas rochas metavulcanoclásticas básicas e intermediárias e nos metaexalitos (metacherts com sulfetos e turmalinitos) e b) epigenético, associados a veios de quartzo sulfetados, superimposto ao anterior ou geneticamente vinculados às zonas de cizalhamento. O primeiro tipo é caracterizado pela assembléia pirrotita e pirita com calcopirita subordinada e pela granulação muito fina do ouro livre, enquanto que no segundo tipo o ouro ocorre associado à calcopirita, covelina e calcosina, mas de modo subordinado, pois é mais comum sob a forma livre. Análises químicas revelaram que os teores de cobre, chumbo, zinco e prata são mais elevados nos minérios do tipo epigenético, enquanto no tipo singenético tem-se a presença de paládio e altos teores de tungstênio. Diferentemente do que comumente ocorre em depósitos similares, o arsênio não foi detectado em teores significativos.
O "estado de arte" dos depósitos de turbiditos
Authors: Pires Fernando Alves
Published: November 2013

Este trabalho faz uma revisão dos conhecimentos sobre depósitos de turbiditos, principalmente aqueles relacionados às seqüências de leques submarinos. São discutidos os trabalhos mais recentes, que abordam a classificação de fácies, os padrões geomórficos e os sistemas deposicionais desses depósitos.
Maternal and Neonatal Factors Influencing Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight in Oman: A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Islam M Mazharul , Al-Thihli Khalid , Abdellatif Mohamed
Published: November 2013

Background: Preterm births (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) - the two distinct adverse pregnancy outcomes - are the major determinants of perinatal survival and development. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of LBW and PTB and identify the maternal and neonatal risk factors influencing them.
Methods: Data for the study come from a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted at the maternity ward of Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) in Oman during the period between November 2011 and February 2012. Data on 534 singleton live births that occurred during the study period were extracted from hospital record. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression model were used for data analysis.
Results: The incidence of PTB and LBW were observed to be 9.7% and 13.7% respectively. Half (51.8%) of the LBW babies were PTB and 48.2% of the LBW babies were of term births. Differences and similarities were noted for the risk profile for PTB and LBW. Risk factors specific to PTB were maternal age, previous pregnancy loss, and infant’s length, while birth interval, maternal weight and BMI during pregnancy, and gestational age were the risk factors unique to LBW. ANC visit, infant’s gender, Apgar score, and head circumference of infants were the common significant risk factors influencing both LBW and PTB.
Conclusions: The incidence of PTB and LBW are moderately high in Oman. They are associated with different risk factors. A greater understanding and modification of identified risk factors would help reduce the incidence of PTB and LBW in Oman.
Association of Socio-demographic Attributes with Mothers Knowledge regarding Childhood Diarrhea
Authors: Akter Jesmin , Ahmed Kazi Rumana , Chowdhury Hasina Akhter , Hossain Sharmin , Ara Begum Rowshan
Published: November 2013

Background: Childhood diarrheal diseases have a major impact on morbidity and mortality and these deaths are due to dehydration and mismanagement or delayed management of the disease. The mothers’ knowledge in management of diarrhea is likely related to its mortality and morbidity. The study aimed to determine the association between socio demographic attributes and mother’s knowledge on childhood diarrhea.
Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional analytic study, 170 mothers who had at least one child aged below five years old were selected purposively from the out-patient department of ICDDR,B, Dhaka. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by face to face interview. The level of knowledge was categorized as poor, average and good. Univariate and bivariate analysis were done with level of significance P<0.05.
Results: The mean age of the respondents was 27 (SD=±5.6) years. Among them 46.5% were educated up to primary level and 47% had average monthly income between 5001 and 10000 taka. In the case of accessibility to mass media, 20% were found who never watch TV, 75.9% participants were found who never listen to radio, and 87.6% were found who never read newspaper. Despite the level of average knowledge was 59.5% but the proportion of the level of good knowledge was 17% among the respondents. Socio-demographic characteristics such as age, education and income (p<0.001) were significantly associated with mothers knowledge.
Conclusion: The mothers had inadequate knowledge about diarrhea and their socio-demographic parameters are strongly associated with mother’s knowledge regarding diarrhea.
Determination of Aggregation Numbers of Bile Salt Micelles with the Depression of the Solution Freezing Point
Authors: Poša Mihalj , Popovic Kosta
Published: November 2013

The special geometry of the steroid skeleton causes formation of bile acid anion micelles with small aggregation numbers, in contrast to aliphatic amphiphiles. Relative to the tendency to reduce membrane toxicity, pharmacological investigations of bile acids are mainly concerned with their oxo derivatives. Since micelles of these bile acids have been insufficiently studied, the objective of this work is the determination of aggregation numbers of corresponding micelle monomers. The aggregation numbers were determined using the freezing point depression of the solutions by applying the appropriate equations of Debye-Hückel, Guggenheim and Gibbs-Duhems, and using pNa data measured with a Na-selective electrode. Depending on the structure of the bile acid anion, the values obtained for the aggregation numbers were in the range from 2.09 to 3.44. The increase in number of oxo groups in the molecule is accompanied by a decrease in hydrophobicity of the convex side of the steroid skeleton of the bile acid anion, resulting in a lower aggregation number.
Amidoalkyl Naphthols: Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) Catalyzed One-Pot, Multi-Component Synthesis
Authors: Kadam Vinay S. , Khanvilkar Priyanka R. , Patel Arun L.
Published: November 2013

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was found as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols from aromatic aldehydes, β-naphthol and acetamide/benzamide under solvent free condition at 80o C. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectra. The advantages of the new method were good yields, short reaction times, simple work-up, inexpensive and easily available catalyst and economical due to absence of solvent. Therefore, this method could be an attractive alternative to existing methods for the synthesis of biologically important amidoalkyl naphthols.
Caractérisation du fonctionnement des aquifères de socle dans la région de Ouagadougou à partir d’une étude de la qualité chimique des eaux
Authors: Ouandaogo-Yameogo Suzanne , Blavoux Bernard , Nikiema Julien , Savadogo Alain Nindaoua
Published: November 2013

Une partie de l’alimentation en eau potable de Ouagadougou provient d’environ 1 800 puits traditionnels et 100 forages plus profonds de 40 à 65 m en moyenne. Une étude hydrochimique a été menée pour mieux connaître la qualité de la ressource en eau captée. Ses résultats permettent de proposer un modèle conceptuel du fonctionnement des aquifères dans la région de Ouagadougou, en contexte de socle cristallin.

La ville connaît un climat de type soudano-sahélien avec une saison des pluies de juin à septembre et une saison sèche d’octobre à mai. Les précipitations moyennes sont de l’ordre de 700 mm. La géologie du secteur d’étude est constituée de formations de socle cristallin comportant une épaisse couverture d’altérites de 30 m environ. On y distingue, d’une part, l’aquifère supérieur libre de la cuirasse latéritique, capté par les puits et, d’autre part, isolé à son toit par des altérites argileuses, l’aquifère inférieur, souvent captif, constitué par les arènes grenues et le socle cristallin fissuré ou fracturé sous-jacent. Ce second aquifère est capté par les forages.

L’eau des forages profonds présente un faciès bicarbonaté calcique et magnésien alors que celle captée par les puits présente un faciès chloruré et nitraté à tendance sodique. Le processus dominant dans l’aquifère inférieur est l’hydrolyse des silicates, alors que l’aquifère supérieur est fortement influencé par des apports superficiels. Dans ce cas, la minéralisation de la matière organique anthropique favorise la dissolution des silicates. Deux paramètres facilement mesurables sur le terrain, la conductivité électrique et l’alcalinité de l’eau, permettent de juger de ce phénomène.

Les teneurs en nitrates dépassent les normes de l’OMS dans près de 60 % des 1 800 puits répertoriés. Le traitement statistique des concentrations mesurées en fonction de la distance séparant les différents ouvrages met en évidence l’hétérogénéité du milieu et le caractère localisé de l’influence des apports anthropiques. Cela confirme le concept d’une hydrodynamique en milieu discontinu caractéristique des zones de socle. Les variations saisonnières des teneurs en nitrates dans les puits indiquent un phénomène de pluvio-lessivage des sols durant la saison humide. Les teneurs en isotopes stables de l’eau (18O/2H) permettent de distinguer les puits, marqués par des phénomènes d’évaporation, des forages, dont les teneurs sont proches des teneurs moyennes pluriannuelles des pluies de pleine mousson. Ces observations valident un processus de recharge hétérogène et sélective. Elles indiquent deux types de recharge : l’une s’effectue directement à travers le manteau d’altération et l’autre de manière retardée à partir de mares et marigots soumis à des phénomènes d’évaporation.