bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
America and the Trade Regime: What Went Wrong?
Authors: Goldstein Judith , Gulotty Robert
Published: April 2021

The era of American leadership in the multilateral trading regime has ended. This paper argues that this current antipathy to trade is unsurprising: support for US leadership of the regime has always rested on a precarious balance among domestic interests. To overcome a historic bias in favor of home market production, American leaders created incentives for exporters to organize while creating roadblocks for import-competing firms and their employees. The dominance of the exporters’ voice had a significant influence on the policies the US pursued in the design and execution of the global trade regime. Most importantly, the absence of labor's voice undermined the prospect for “embedded liberalism” and instead resulted in an anemic system of adjustment for job loss at home and limited support for worker interests within the regime. While policymakers’ decision to shift power away from potential “veto” groups may have been necessary for US leadership of the Liberal International Order, this institutional design undermined a robust response to the economic dislocation thought to be a result of globalization. The result was a fracturing of the coalition in support of American leadership in the GATT/WTO regime.
Topological phase in plasma physics
Authors: Parker Jeffrey B.
Published: April 2021

Recent discoveries have demonstrated that matter can be distinguished on the basis of topological considerations, giving rise to the concept of topological phase. Introduced originally in condensed matter physics, the physics of topological phase can also be fruitfully applied to plasmas. Here, the theory of topological phase is introduced, including a discussion of Berry phase, Berry connection, Berry curvature and Chern number. One of the clear physical manifestations of topological phase is the bulk-boundary correspondence, the existence of localized unidirectional modes at the interface between topologically distinct phases. These concepts are illustrated through examples, including the simple magnetized cold plasma. An outlook is provided for future theoretical developments and possible applications.
Reproductive variables of Hypleurochilus fissicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Pisces: Blenniidae) on rocky intertidal zones in the South-western Atlantic
Authors: Delpiani Sergio M. , Bruno Daniel O. , Militelli María I. , Acuña Fabián H. , Díaz de Astarloa Juan M. , González Castro Mariano
Published: April 2021

Hypleurochilus fissicornis is a resident species of the intertidal and subtidal zones of Mar del Plata, Argentina. The specific reproductive biology was studied by means of both microscopic and macroscopic analyses. A total of 212 males and 223 females were analysed. Specimens were dissected and their gonads and livers were removed. The gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes and the condition factor were calculated on a monthly basis. Hypleurochilus fissicornis breeds in rocky intertidal areas, and exhibits low fecundity with benthic eggs and parental care. Size at first maturity (L50) was estimated at 53.66 and 55.83 mm total length for females and males, respectively. The spawning season takes place between December and April.
Thirty-year outcome of anxiety and depressive disorders and personality status: comprehensive evaluation of mixed symptoms and the general neurotic syndrome in the follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Tyrer Helen , Johnson Tony , Yang Min
Published: April 2021

Background

Cohort studies of the long-term outcome of anxiety, depression and personality status rarely join together.

Methods

Two hundred and ten patients recruited with anxiety and depression to a randomised controlled trial between 1983 and 1987 (Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder) were followed up over 30 years. At trial entry personality status was assessed, together with the general neurotic syndrome, a combined diagnosis of mixed anxiety–depression (cothymia) linked to neurotic personality traits. Personality assessment used a procedure allowing conversion of data to the ICD-11 severity classification of personality disorder. After the original trial, seven further assessments were made. Observer and self-ratings of psychopathology and global outcome were also made. The primary outcome at 30 years was the proportion of those with no Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis.

Data were analysed using multilevel repeated measures models that adjusted for age and gender. Missing data were assumed to be missing at random, and the models allowed all subjects to be included in the analysis with missing data automatically handled in the model estimation.

Results

At 30 years, 69% of those with a baseline diagnosis of panic disorder had no DSM diagnosis compared to 37–47% of those with generalised anxiety disorder, dysthymia or mixed symptoms (cothymia) (p= 0.027). Apart from those with no personality dysfunction at entry all patients had worse outcomes after 30 years with regard to total psychopathology, anxiety and depression, social function and global outcome.

Conclusions

The long-term outcome of disorders formerly called ‘neurotic’ is poor with the exception of panic disorder. Personality dysfunction accentuates poor recovery.
The number sense represents (rational) numbers
Authors: Clarke Sam , Beck Jacob
Published: April 2021

On a now orthodox view, humans and many other animals possess a “number sense,” or approximate number system (ANS), that represents number. Recently, this orthodox view has been subject to numerous critiques that question whether the ANS genuinely represents number. We distinguish three lines of critique – the arguments fromcongruency,confounds, andimprecision– and show that none succeed. We then provide positive reasons to think that the ANS genuinely represents numbers, and not just non-numerical confounds or exotic substitutes for number, such as “numerosities” or “quanticals,” as critics propose. In so doing, we raise a neglected question: numbers of what kind? Proponents of the orthodox view have been remarkably coy on this issue. But this is unsatisfactory since the predictions of the orthodox view, including the situations in which the ANS is expected to succeed or fail, turn on the kind(s) of number being represented. In response, we propose that the ANS represents not only natural numbers (e.g., 7), but also non-natural rational numbers (e.g., 3.5). It does not represent irrational numbers (e.g., √2), however, and thereby fails to represent the real numbers more generally. This distances our proposal from existing conjectures, refines our understanding of the ANS, and paves the way for future research.
Functional difficulties and toileting among older adults in Ghana: evidence from the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 1
Authors: Awuviry-Newton Kofi , Wales Kylie , Tavener Meredith , Kowal Paul , Byles Julie
Published: April 2021

Ghana's older population is projected to increase in coming decades and as a result will see increasing care needs. Understanding the functional difficulties older adults experience, and the associated factors, will help identify relevant intervention to assist older adults in meeting their care needs. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of functional difficulties among older adults in Ghana, and examine how the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO-ICF) conceptual framework can relate to toileting difficulty to understand the factors that increase older adults’ care needs. Data were for 5,096 adults aged ⩾50 years from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 1. Difficulties were assessed using self-reported difficulty on 22 functional items, including toileting. Multivariate logistic regression tested associations between toileting and other factors as related to the WHO-ICF conceptual framework. Older adults reported climbing one flight of stairs without resting as a common functional difficulty. Difficulty eating was the item least identified. Toileting difficulty was ranked second among five total activities of daily living difficulties. Age, marital status, self-reported health, memory, bodily pain, short- and far-distance vision, obesity, stroke, chronic lung disease, trust at individual and neighbourhood level, toilet facility type, socialising with co-workers, and public and religious meeting attendance were statistically significantly associated with toileting difficulty in the final parsimonious model. Post-hoc analysis testing interaction revealed that interaction existed between female sex and never married marital status (p = 0.04), and obesity and widowed marital status (p = 0.01), with toileting as the outcome. A significant level of functional difficulty existed among Ghanaian older adults in this sample. Toileting difficulty was associated with factors across different components in the WHO-ICF, emphasising functional, social and environmental factors related to this fundamental human activity.
Overview of information retrieval in a hospital-based health technology assessment center in a Swedish region
Authors: Stadig Ida , Svanberg Therese
Published: April 2021

Objectives

This article aims to provide a brief review of information retrieval and hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) and describe library experiences and working methods at a regional HB-HTA center from the center's inception to the present day.

Methods

For this brief literature review, searches in PubMed and LISTA were conducted to identify studies reporting on HB-HTA and information retrieval. The description of the library's involvement in the HTA center and its working methods is based on the authors’ experience and internal and/or unpublished documents.

Results

Region Västra Götaland is the second largest healthcare region in Sweden and has had a regional HB-HTA center since 2007 (HTA-centrum). Assessments are performed by clinicians supported by HTA methodologists. The medical library at Sahlgrenska University Hospital works closely with HTA-centrum, with one HTA librarian responsible for coordinating the work.

Conclusion

In the literature on HB-HTA, we found limited descriptions of the role librarians and information specialists play in different units. The librarians at HTA-centrum play an important role, not only in literature searching but also in abstract and full-text screening.
A review of implementation frameworks to operationalize health technology assessment recommendations for medical technologies in the Singapore setting
Authors: Segar Vidhya , Ang Priscilla Kailian , Foteff Chris , Ng Kwong
Published: April 2021

Background

Methodologies of health technology assessment (HTA) for medical technologies are well established; yet, operational frameworks that enable appropriate uptake of HTA recommendations into routine clinical practice are lacking. This review aims to identify the key themes needed to guide the planning and implementation of HTA subsidy decisions for medical technologies such as diagnostics, medical devices, and services and to monitor their impact on a complex multipayer healthcare system like Singapore.

Methods

A literature search of implementation frameworks was conducted up to 20 December 2020 and was documented in a flow diagram. A thematic analysis of the evidence base was performed using the Braun and Clark approach to identify key themes, from which an implementation framework suitable for Singapore's healthcare system could be developed.

Results

The searches yielded forty-four articles for review, from which twenty themes were identified. The top ten themes constituted the key themes of implementation essential for local adaptation and were categorized into five domains: implementation strategy, organizational support, stakeholder engagement, information dissemination, and implementation outcomes and evaluation. These domains provide operational guidance to methodically identify gaps to facilitate sustainable implementation of HTA-informed medical technology subsidy decisions.

Conclusion

A robust and adaptable implementation of HTA-informed subsidy decisions is crucial to optimize its intended impact of improving patient outcomes per dollar spent. The key themes of an implementation framework should capture the important aspects of organizational feasibility to ensure successful adoption in a complex multipayer healthcare system like Singapore.
Cognitive Impairment and Length of Stay in Acute Care Hospitals: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Plante Jonathan , Latulippe Karine , Kröger Edeltraut , Giroux Dominique , Marcotte Martine , Nadeau Sacha , Doyle Elizabeth , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: April 2021

Older persons experiencing a longer length of stay (LOS) or delayed discharge (DD) may see a decline in their health and well-being, generating significant costs. This review aimed to identify evidence on the impact of cognitive impairment (CI) on acute care hospital LOS/DD. A scoping review of studies examining the association between CI and LOS/DD was performed. We searched six databases; two reviewers independently screened references until November 2019. A narrative synthesis was used to answer the research question; 58 studies were included of which 33 found a positive association between CI and LOS or DD, 8 studies had mixed results, 3 found an inverse relationship, and 14 showed an indirect link between CI-related syndromes and LOS/DD. Thus, cognitive impairment seemed to be frequently associated with increased LOS/DD. Future research should consider CI together with other risks for LOS/DD and also focus on explaining the association between the two.
Towards a better understanding of adolescent obsessive–compulsive personality traits and obsessive–compulsive symptoms from growth trajectories of perfectionism
Authors: Sametoğlu Selim , Denissen Jaap J.A. , De Clercq Barbara , De Caluwé Elien
Published: April 2021

Although there is increasing attention for the interrelationship between obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), their shared characteristics in terms of childhood trait antecedents remain understudied. Perfectionism may be a viable candidate trait antecedent, given its role in the clinical manifestation of both OCPD and OCD in adulthood, and the evidence that perfectionism reflects a dispositional tendency observable from childhood onwards. However, little is known about childhood trajectories of perfectionism with prospective links to later OCPD versus OCD. Using latent growth curve modeling, this study explored the baseline and growth of childhood perfectionism in 485 community and referred children (55.5% girls, 7.17–14.78 years old, Mage = 10.74, SD = 1.50) across three waves. Adolescent OCPD traits and OCD symptoms were measured in Wave 4. An overall decreasing trend of perfectionism from childhood through adolescence appeared, without inter-individual differences in growth. Individual differences in baseline levels of childhood perfectionism were significant, and equally predicting adolescent OCPD and OCD outcomes. At a more specific level, childhood perfectionism predicted most strongly the rigid perfectionism component of OCPD, and the orderliness/cleanliness/perfectionism and obsession domain of OCD. This demonstrates the value of childhood perfectionism for understanding differential outcomes of adolescent OCPD traits and OCD symptoms.
Polynomial-time approximation algorithms for the antiferromagnetic Ising model on line graphs
Authors: Dyer Martin , Heinrich Marc , Jerrum Mark , Müller Haiko
Published: April 2021

We present a polynomial-time Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for estimating the partition function of the antiferromagnetic Ising model on any line graph. The analysis of the algorithm exploits the ‘winding’ technology devised by McQuillan [CoRR abs/1301.2880 (2013)] and developed by Huang, Lu and Zhang [Proc. 27th Symp. on Disc. Algorithms (SODA16), 514–527]. We show that exact computation of the partition function is #P-hard, even for line graphs, indicating that an approximation algorithm is the best that can be expected. We also show that Glauber dynamics for the Ising model is rapidly mixing on line graphs, an example being the kagome lattice.
Type 2 bridging bronchus with left pulmonary artery sling
Authors: Al-Arnawoot Amna , Kavanagh John , Nguyen Elsie T.
Published: April 2021

Bridging bronchi are the rarest of the major airway anomalies reported in the literature. In this brief report, we present a case of a symptomatic adult male patient presenting with a type 2 bridging bronchus associated with left pulmonary artery sling.
The impact of health warnings for sugar-sweetened beverages on consumer perceptions of advertising
Authors: Hammond David , Acton Rachel B , Goodman Samantha
Published: April 2021

Objective:

In February 2020, San Francisco proposed mandatory health warnings for sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) advertisements. Industry legal challenges stated that the warning would detract from advertisers’ ability to convey their intended message and mislead consumers into believing that SSB cause weight gain regardless of consumption amount, lifestyle or intake of other energy-dense foods.

Design:

Online between-group experiments tested the impact of SSB warnings on advertising outcomes and consumer perceptions. Respondents were randomised to view six SSB print advertisements with or without a health warning (‘Warning’ and ‘No Warning’ condition, respectively). Linear and binary logistic regression models tested differences between groups, including ad recall, brand perceptions and beliefs about SSB health effects.

Setting:

Panelists from the US Nielsen Global Panel.

Participants:

Sixteen to 65-year-old respondents (n 1064).

Results:

Overall, 69·2 % of participants in the ‘Warning’ condition recalled seeing warnings on SSB ads. Compared with the ‘No Warning’ condition, participants in the ‘Warning’ condition who reported noticing the warnings were equally likely to recall the brands featured in the SSB ads and to recall specific attributes of the final ad they viewed. Similarly, no differences were observed between groups in perceptions of SSB, such as perceived taste, or in the prevalence of false beliefs regarding the health effects of SSB and intake of other sugary foods on weight gain.

Conclusions:

Overall, there was no evidence that SSB health warnings detracted from attention to promotional elements in advertisements or that the warnings misled consumers into false beliefs about SSB as the exclusive cause of weight gain.
Children’s measured exposure to food and beverage advertising on television in a regulated environment, May 2011–2019
Authors: Pauzé Elise , Remedios Lauren , Potvin Kent Monique
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To quantify food/beverage advertising on television in Montreal (Quebec), to estimate and characterise children’s exposure and to examine trends over time.

Design:

Television food advertising data were licensed for nineteen food categories and eighteen stations for May 2011, 2016 and 2019. The frequency of advertisements and the average number viewed per child aged 2–11 years overall, by food category and by station type (i.e. youth-appealing (n 3) and generalist (n 15) stations) were determined. The percent change in advertising frequency and exposure between May 2011 and 2019 was calculated.

Setting:

Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Participants:

This study used media data and did not directly involve human participants.

Results:

The total number of television advertisements increased by 11 % between May 2011 (n 41 084) and May 2019 (n 45 406); however, exposure to food/beverage advertisements decreased by 53 %, going from 226 ads/child in May 2011 to 107 ads/child in May 2019. Overall, the most advertised food categories in both May 2011 and 2019 were fast food (29·8 % and 39·2 %, respectively) followed by chocolate (14·2 %) in 2011 and savory snacks (9·7 %) in 2019. In May 2019, children were predominantly exposed to unhealthy food categories such as fast food (41·3 % of exposure), savory snacks (7·5 %), chocolate (5·0 %) and regular soft drinks (4·5 %), and most (89·3 %) of their total exposure occurred on generalist television stations.

Conclusion:

Despite Quebec’s restrictions on commercial advertising directed to children under 13 years, Quebecois children are still frequently exposed to unhealthy food advertising on television. Government should tighten restrictions to protect children from this exposure.
Developing an online food composition database for an Indigenous population in south-western Uganda
Authors: Scarpa Giulia , Berrang-Ford Lea , Bawajeeh Areej O , Twesigomwe Sabastian , Kakwangire Paul , Peters Remco , Beer Sarah , Williams Grace , Zavaleta-Cortijo Carol , Namanya Didacus B , Lwasa Shuaib , Nowembabazi Ester , Kesande Charity , Rippin Holly ,   IHACC Team, Cade Janet E
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To develop an online food composition database of locally consumed foods among an Indigenous population in south-western Uganda.

Design:

Using a community-based approach and collaboration with local nutritionists, we collected a list of foods for inclusion in the database through focus group discussions, an individual dietary survey and markets and shops assessment. The food database was then created using seven steps: identification of foods for inclusion in the database; initial data cleaning and removal of duplicate items; linkage of foods to existing generic food composition tables; mapping and calculation of the nutrient content of recipes and foods; allocating portion sizes and accompanying foods; quality checks with local and international nutritionists; and translation into relevant local languages.

Setting:

Kanungu District, south-western Uganda.

Participants:

Seventy-four participants, 36 Indigenous Batwa and 38 Bakiga, were randomly selected and interviewed to inform the development of a food list prior the construction of the food database.

Results:

We developed an online food database for south-western Uganda including 148 commonly consumed foods complete with values for 120 micronutrients and macronutrients. This was for use with the online dietary assessment tool myfood24. Of the locally reported foods included, 56 % (n 82 items) of the items were already available in the myfood24 database, while 25 % (n 37 items) were found in existing Ugandan and Tanzanian food databases, 18 % (n 27 items) came from generated recipes and 1 % (n 2 items) from food packaging labels.

Conclusion:

Locally relevant food databases are sparse for African Indigenous communities. Here, we created a tool that can be used for assessing food intake and for tracking undernutrition among the communities living in Kanungu District. This will help to develop locally relevant food and nutrition policies.
Obesity in Latin America, a scoping review of public health prevention strategies and an overview of their impact on obesity prevention
Authors: Palacios Cristina , Magnus Marcia , Arrieta Alejandro , Gallardo Héctor , Tapia Roberto , Espinal Carlos
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To describe the strategies implemented in seventeen Latin American countries for obesity prevention and to provide an overview of their impact.

Design:

A thorough search of strategies and their impact was done through an Internet search, governmental webpages, reports and research articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese.

Setting:

Latin America (not including the Caribbean countries).

Participants:

Any.

Results:

The Ministry of Health is the main oversight for obesity prevention, with six countries having a specific structure for this. Regular obesity monitoring occurs in a few countries, and thirteen countries have a national obesity prevention plan. The main regulations being implemented/designed are front-of-package labelling (sixteen countries), school environment (fifteen countries), school nutrition education (nine countries), promotion of physical activity level (nine countries) and sugar-sweetened beverage tax (eight countries). All countries have dietary guidelines. The main community-based programmes being implemented are school meals (seventeen countries), complementary nutrition (eleven countries), nutrition education (fourteen countries), promotion of physical activity (nine countries) and healthy environments (nine countries). Most of these strategies have not been evaluated. The few with positive results have used a coordinated, multi-disciplinary and multi-sector approach, with legislation and executive-level support.

Conclusions:

Important obesity prevention strategies are being implemented in the seventeen Latin American countries included in the present review. However, few have been evaluated to assess their impact on preventing obesity. This information can help assess that actions can be generalised to other countries within the region and can help inform how to prevent obesity in different settings.
“My coupons are like gold”: experiences and perceived outcomes of low-income adults participating in the British Columbia Farmers’ Market Nutrition Coupon Program
Authors: Caron-Roy Stéphanie , Sayed Sayeeda Amber , Milaney Katrina , Lashewicz Bonnie , Dunn Sharlette , O’Hara Heather , Leblanc Peter , Fournier Bonnie , Raine Kim D. , Elliott Charlene , Prowse Rachel J. L. , Olstad Dana Lee
Published: April 2021

Objective:

The British Columbia Farmers’ Market Nutrition Coupon Program (FMNCP) provides low-income households with coupons valued at $21/week for 16 weeks to purchase healthy foods in farmers’ markets. Our objective was to explore FMNCP participants’ experiences of accessing nutritious foods, and perceived program outcomes.

Design:

This study used qualitative description methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with FMNCP participants during the 2019 farmers’ market season. Directed content analysis was used to analyse the data whereby the five domains of Freedman et al’s framework of nutritious food access provided the basis for an initial coding scheme. Data that did not fit within the framework’s domains were coded inductively.

Setting:

One urban and two rural communities in British Columbia, Canada.

Participants:

28 adults who were participating in the FMNCP.

Results:

Three themes emerged: Autonomy and Dignity; Social Connections and Community Building; and Environmental and Programmatic Constraints. Firstly, the program promoted a sense of autonomy and dignity through financial support, increased access to high-quality produce, food-related education and skill development, and mitigating stigma and shame. Secondly, shopping in farmers’ markets increased social connections and fostered a sense of community. Finally, participants experienced limited food variety in rural farmers’ markets, lack of transportation, and challenges with redeeming coupons.

Conclusions:

Participation in the FMNCP facilitated access to nutritious foods and enhanced participants’ diet quality, well-being and health. Strategies such as increasing the amount and duration of subsidies, and expanding programs may help improve participants’ experiences and outcomes of farmers’ market food subsidy programs.
Trends and patterns in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among children and adults by race and/or ethnicity, 2003–2018
Authors: Dai Jane , Soto Mark J , Dunn Caroline G , Bleich Sara N
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has declined steadily. This study uses the latest national data to examine trends in SSB consumption among children and adults by race and/or ethnicity and to document whether long-standing disparities in intake remain.

Design:

Trend analyses of demographic and dietary data measured by 24-h dietary recall from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Setting:

Data from the 2003–2004 through 2017–2018 NHANES survey cycles were analysed in 2020.

Participants:

The study sample included 21 156 children aged 2–19 years and 32 631 adults aged 20+ years.

Results:

From 2003–2004 to 2017–2018, the prevalence of drinking any amount of SSB on a given day declined significantly among all race and/or ethnicity groups for children (non-Hispanic (NH) White: 81·6 % to 72·7 %; NH Black: 83·2 % to 74·8 %, Hispanic: 86·9 % to 77·2 %) and most race and/or ethnicity groups for adults (NH White: 72·3 % to 65·3 %; Hispanic: 84·6 % to 77·8 %). Consumption declined at a higher rate among NH Black and Hispanic children aged 12–19 years compared with their NH White peers; among NH Black children aged 6–11 years, the rate of decline was lower. Despite significant declines in per capita SSB energy consumption from soda and fruit drinks, consumption of sweetened coffee/tea beverages increased among older children and nearly all adults and consumption of sweetened milk beverages increased among NH White and Hispanic children.

Conclusions:

SSB consumption has declined steadily for children and adults of all race and/or ethnicity groups, but disparities persist, and overall intake remains high.
The Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878) as a global humanitarian moment
Authors: Ruprecht Adrian
Published: April 2021

This article explores the global spread of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement to colonial India. By looking at the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–78) and the intense public ferment the events in the Balkans created in Britain, Switzerland, Russia and India, this article illustrates how humanitarian ideas and practices, as well as institutional arrangements for the care for wounded soldiers, were appropriated and shared amongst the different religious internationals and pan-movements from the late 1870s onwards. The Great Eastern Crisis, this article contends, marks a global humanitarian moment. It transformed the initially mainly European and Christian Red Cross into a truly global movement that included non-sovereign colonial India and the Islamic religious international. Far from just being at the receiving end, non-European peoples were crucial in creating global and transnational humanitarianism, global civil society and the world of non-governmental organizations during the last third of the nineteenth century.
“IF YOU DON’T KNOW ME BY NOW…”
Authors: Whitehead Ellen M. , Farrell Allan , Bratter Jenifer L.
Published: April 2021

The racial composition of couples is a salient indicator of race’s impact on mate selection, but how well do those in intimate partnerships know the racial identities of their partners? While prior research has revealed that an individual’s race may be perceived differently than how they identify, most of what is known comes from brief interactions, with less information on established relationships. This study examines whether discrepancies in the reports of a person’s race or ethnicity can be identified even within intimate relationships, as well as which relational, social, and attitudinal factors are predictive of divergent or concordant reports. We draw on the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=3467), a U.S.-based dataset that uniquely provides both the father’s self-reported race and Hispanic origin and the mother’s report of the father’s race and ethnicity. We compare reports of the father’s race/Hispanic origin from both parents to assess the extent of mismatch, and we distinguish between whether mothers view the father’s race as similar to or different from her own. We find roughly 14% of mothers provide a race and Hispanic origin that is inconsistent with the father’s report, with a large share reflecting differences in the self-identified and perceived race of fathers who are reported as Hispanic. Among mismatched reports, mothers are more likely to report a race/ethnicity for the father that matches her own, depressing the number reporting interracial unions. Perceptions of racial homogamy are especially likely when mothers view racial sameness as important to marriage. Further, mismatches are more common in the midst of weak relational ties (i.e. non-marital relationships) and are less common when both parents are college-educated. These findings reveal that intimate unions are a site where race is socially constructed and provide insight into how norms of endogamy manifest within formed relationships.
“THERE IS QUEER INEQUITY, BUT I PICK TO BE HAPPY”
Authors: Ortiz Stephanie M. , Mandala Chad R.
Published: April 2021

As racialized and gendered structures, organizations can reinforce complex inequalities, especially with regard to emotional labor. While the literature on emotional labor is established, little is known about how race and sexual orientation shape feeling rule enforcement. Interviewing staff at university LGBTQ resource centers, we argue that feeling rules have a sexual orientation-based dimension and are experienced and enforced differently based on race. White LGBTQ staff find that they can express anger strategically to bring awareness to issues of race, but do not confront racism in their work for fear of alienating other Whites, which they believe would harm their center. LGBTQ staff of color experience organizational consequences for their anger, which is directed toward the racism they and students of color experience in the university. Lacking the credential of Whiteness (Ray 2019), staff of color find they cannot reach the benchmark set by Whites’ enthusiastic performance of emotional labor. These feeling rules operate in service of what James M. Thomas (2018) calls diversity regimes, which are performances of a benign commitment to racial equality, that retrench racial inequality by failing to redistribute resources along racial lines. By sanctioning anger toward the university—as an institution that reproduces racism—feeling rules have organizational consequences: Whites can advance through compliance and enthusiasm; staff of color are terminated or denied opportunities; and critiques of racism are silenced. While created to address diversity, LGBTQ centers are purposely not structurally positioned to radically shift resources in a way to combat racism, and feeling rules maintain these arrangements while allowing universities to claim a commitment to equality. These findings hold implications for broader concerns of racism, sexual orientation, and inequality within work organizations, especially manifestations of worker control within diversity work.
Varying tillage promotes weed diversity, while a perennial alfalfa–grass mixture promotes weed control in an organic tillage system experiment in Germany
Authors: Grosse Meike , Haase Thorsten , Heß Jürgen
Published: April 2021

In organic farming the control of perennial weed species, in particular Cirsium arvense, can be a major concern for farmers, especially if there is no regulation through perennial forage production. To test whether the stubble cleaner (SC), an enhanced skim plow (PL), is as effective in the control of C. arvense and other weeds as conventional ploughing and perennial forage production, an organic field experiment was established. Three different tillage/crop rotation systems were compared: an SC system and a PL system, both in a cereal-based crop rotation and an additional PL system in a crop rotation that included a perennial alfalfa–grass mixture (PLALF). In the SC system, tillage was carried out solely with the SC, while in the PL and PLALF systems, ploughing was alternated with chiseling. In the fifth year, each main plot was divided into subplots, and seven different cover crop treatments were integrated into each of the three systems. The effects of the three systems and the cover crop treatments on weed cover and density, weed biomass, and weed diversity in the sixth and seventh year of the experiment are the subjects of this paper. The choice of cover crop species was of minor importance for weed control. The PLALF system was generally more effective in controlling C. arvense than the PL and SC systems. No significant differences between the PL and SC systems regarding the control of C. arvense could be identified in four of five assessments. The SC system had significantly higher total weed density than the PLALF and PL systems in both years. However, the differences in weed emergence between the PL and SC systems diminished until the assessment of weed cover and biomass in the main crops, when no significant differences between these two systems (2012) or no differences at all (2013) could be identified. Species richness was not significantly influenced by the tillage/crop rotation system in both years. Evenness and Shannon–Wiener index were significantly higher in the PLALF and PL systems than in the SC system on most assessment dates in 2012. In 2013 there was no clear trend regarding evenness and Shannon-Wiener index probably due to a hoeing operation.. In conclusion, for weed control, the choice of crop rotation was more important than the choice of tillage method, while for the diversity of the weed community, the choice of tillage method was more important than the crop rotation.
Do patients benefit from legislation regulating step therapy?
Authors: Tharp Louis , Rothblatt Zoe
Published: April 2021

Step therapy, also termedfail-first policy, describes a practice of insurance and pharmacy benefit management companies denying reimbursement for a specific treatment until after other treatments have first been found ineffective (i.e. failed). Laws to limit step therapy have been passed in 29 states of the United States. Using extrapolated data on fully insured employees, we find that except for New York and New Mexico, enacted State laws don't apply to even one-third of a state's population. Using the more robust Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) data, which do not include fully insured employees, we find that only 2–10% of a state's population is covered. Advocating for these laws has been an expensive and time-consuming process, likely to become more so for the 21 states without such laws. The laws that have been enacted can be near impossible, to enforce, and loopholes exist. As a result, using KFF data, more than 90% of people in the United States with health insurance may still be unable to access the treatment chosen as most appropriate for them with their physician. Based on these data, we conclude federal step-therapy legislation is needed.
Quad-band hybrid DRA loaded MIMO antenna with DGS for isolation enhancement
Authors: Divya G. , Jagadeesh Babu K. , Madhu R.
Published: April 2021

This article introduces a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) fed with a rhombic ring-shaped tapered feed for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) applications. The proposed hybrid MIMO CDRA resonates at four frequency bands 2.5, 5.09, 6.8, and 9.0 GHz with isolation levels of 22, 34.22, 30.55, and 18.55 dB. Isolation enhancements are achieved by introducing “L” shaped slots on the partial ground plane. Parametric analysis is performed to validate the optimized dimensions of the tapered feed without and with DRA and defected ground structure. Diversity performance is examined by using envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain. The proposed antenna operates in the S, C, and X-bands and is suitable for RF communication mobile broadband services, Wi-Fi, radar, and satellite applications. Good agreement is observed between simulated and measured results.
A Systematic Review of Self-Compassion in Chronic Pain: From Correlation to Efficacy
Authors: Lanzaro Camile , Carvalho Sérgio A. , Lapa Teresa A. , Valentim Ana , Gago Bruno
Published: April 2021

Chronic pain (CP) is a common condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Compassion-related interventions are proving to be advantageous in CP, and self-compassion (SC) is hypothesized to be related with pain regulation physiological processes, as well as with psychological benefits in CP. We aimed to review scientific literature on: 1) Compassion-based psychological interventions and their changes in pain outcomes; and 2) associations between SC and pain-related outcomes. We performed a systematic research in four electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library from inception until April 2020. In Question 1, we included studies involving adult patients with CP who participated in compassion-based psychological interventions. In Question 2, we included studies that examined the associations between SC and pain outcomes in adults with CP. We identified 16 studies. For Question 1, we included seven studies focused on different compassion-based interventions that assessed at least one pain outcome, in a total of 253 participants with CP associated with multiple conditions. For Question 2, we included nine studies, in a total of 1,430 participants, with eight different pain outcomes: Intensity, acceptance, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, disability, distress, pain related coping and anxiety. Considering the high heterogeneity between studies and the poor-quality assessment, we could not draw definitive conclusions on the efficacy of compassion-based interventions nor on the association between SC and pain outcomes. Studies are further discussed in detail. This review can be a starting point for large-scale and high-quality trials in this area as it provides an organized overview of the current literature on this topic.
Major Differences in Regional Climate Impact Between High‐ and Low‐Latitude Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Sjolte Jesper , Adolphi Florian , Guðlaugsdòttir Hera , Muscheler Raimund
Published: April 2021

Major low‐latitude volcanic eruptions cool Earth’s climate, and can lead to a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during winter. However, the question of the climate and circulation impact of Northern Hemisphere high‐latitude eruptions has received less attention. Here we show that, contrary to low‐latitude eruptions, the response to high‐latitude eruptions can be associated with negative NAO both winter and summer. We furthermore demonstrate that also the response to low‐latitude eruptions prevails during summer months, and corroborates previous findings of an extended impact on winter circulation lasting up to 5 years. Our analysis of novel climate field reconstructions supports this extended response, with the addition of showing a positive NAO during summer after low‐latitude eruptions. The differences in the effect of high‐ and low‐latitude eruptions on atmospheric circulation and regional temperature provide important insights for the understanding of past and future climate changes in response to volcanic forcing.
Demons in the North Atlantic: Variability of Deep Ocean Ventilation
Authors: MacGilchrist G. A. , Johnson H. L. , Lique C. , Marshall D. P.
Published: April 2021

Translation of atmospheric forcing variability into the ocean interior via ocean ventilation is an important aspect of transient climate change. On a seasonal timescale in the subtropics, this translation is mediated by a so‐called “Demon” that prevents access to all except late‐winter mixed‐layer water. Here, we use an eddy‐permitting numerical circulation model to investigate a similar process operating on longer (interannual) timescales in the subpolar North Atlantic. We find that variations in atmospheric forcing are mediated in their translation to the ocean interior, with year‐to‐year changes in the late‐winter mixed layer depth being the critical factor. The signature of persistent strong atmospheric forcing driving deep mixed layers is preferentially ventilated to the interior when the forcing is ceased. Susceptibility to this effect depends on the location and density of subduction—with the rate at which newly ventilated water escapes its region of subduction being the crucial factor.
Exact Analytical Solutions for Kinetic Equations Describing Thermochemical Remanence Acquisition for Single‐Domain Grains: Implications for Absolute Paleointensity Determinations
Authors: Shcherbakov V. P. , Lhuillier F. , Sycheva N. K.
Published: April 2021

The magnetic record, preserved by igneous rocks in the form of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) or thermo‐chemical remanent magnetization (TCRM), is essential to reconstruct Earth's absolute paleointensity (API) but strongly depends on the kinetic conditions in which the remanence was acquired. In this paper, we present exact analytical solutions describing the time‐dependent processes of acquisition and thermal demagnetization of various kinds of thermally activated remanences for non‐interacting single‐domain grains with uniaxial shape anisotropy. Our solutions, derived in less‐restrictive conditions than previous studies, are also valid for TCRMs acquired either by growth of grain volume or by increase of the Curie point Tc. We first show that TCRMs by Tc increase and TRMs are of comparable intensity whereas TCRMs by volume growth are significantly less intense. We then model Arai‐Nagata diagrams for assemblies of coercivity‐variable grains and find that all Thellier‐type protocols yield reliable API determinations for TRMs and TCRMs by Tc increase, with the peculiarity of the IZZI protocol to produce small zigzags in the Arai‐Nagata diagram. In contrast, TCRMs by volume growth yield convex Arai‐Nagata diagrams. The most conspicuous kinetic effect is the influence of cooling rate on API determinations due to a ∼5% increase of the remanent magnetization for a 10‐fold increase in cooling time. We show that the situation is problematic when the cooling time of natural samples coincides with the geomagnetic secular‐variation time scales. Natural samples with cooling times sufficient to average out secular variation conversely yield reliable API determinations provided a cooling‐rate correction is applied.
Diversity of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation
Authors: Chen Guosen , Wang Bin
Published: April 2021

Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) profoundly impacts Northern Hemisphere monsoon onsets and breaks, tropical cyclones, and many climate extremes. BSISO exhibits more complex propagation patterns than the dominant eastward propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation. Previous studies have extensively examined the dominant northeastward propagating BSISO mode and its northward component, but this mode only accounts for about half of the total cases. We conducted an objective cluster analysis of the two‐dimensional BSISO propagation and revealed two new forms of BSISO propagation besides the northeastward propagation: the dipolar northward propagation and the eastward expansion. We investigate processes governing the different propagation forms using moisture tendency analysis. We show that the propagation diversity is related to BSISO’s circulation structural asymmetries and the associated moistening processes. The Rossby‐wave component in the background zonal wind shear favors northward propagation while the Kelvin‐wave component favors eastward propagation. The circulation differences are affected by the variation of background states, especially those season‐dependent variations. The results provide insights into the BSISO diversity and potential precursors for foreseeing BSISO propagation.
New Horizons in Electromagnetics in Medicine and Biology
Authors: Ueno Shoogo
Published: April 2021

Forty years of studies on bioelectromagnetics, in our laboratory, are presented to view new horizons in electromagnetics in medicine and biology. The several topics are reviewed and discussed. The review includes transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human brain, imaging of electrical information in the brain based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as impedance MRI and current MRI, cancer therapy using magnetizable beads and pulsed magnetic fields, magnetic control of cell orientation and cell growth, and effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields on iron ion release, and uptake from and into iron cage proteins, ferritins. These techniques are leading medicine and biology into a new horizon through the novel applications of magnetism and electromagnetics.