bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D coupled tearing-thermal evolution in solar current sheets
Authors: Sen Samrat , Jenkins Jack , Keppens Rony
Published: September 2023

Context.The tearing instability plays a major role in the disruption of current sheets, whereas thermal modes can be responsible for condensation phenomena (forming prominences and coronal rain) in the solar atmosphere. However, how current sheets made unstable by combined tearing and thermal instability evolve within the solar atmosphere has received limited attention to date.

Aims.We numerically explore a combined tearing and thermal instability that causes the break up of an idealized current sheet in the solar atmosphere. The thermal component leads to the formation of localized, cool condensations within an otherwise 3D reconnecting magnetic topology.

Methods.We constructed a 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a force-free current sheet under solar atmospheric conditions that incorporates the non-adiabatic influence of background heating, optically thin radiative energy loss, and magnetic-field-aligned thermal conduction with the open source codeMPI-AMRVAC. Multiple levels of adaptive mesh refinement reveal the self-consistent development of finer-scale condensation structures within the evolving system.

Results.The instability in the current sheet is triggered by magnetic field perturbations concentrated around the current sheet plane, and subsequent tearing modes develop. This in turn drives thermal runaway associated with the thermal instability of the system. We find subsequent, localized cool plasma condensations that form under the prevailing low plasma-βconditions, and demonstrate that the density and temperature of these condensed structures are similar to more quiescent coronal condensations. Synthetic counterparts at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and optical wavelengths show the formation of plasmoids (in EUV) and coronal condensations similar to prominences and coronal rain blobs in the vicinity of the reconnecting sheet.

Conclusions.Our simulations imply that 3D reconnection in solar current sheets may well present an almost unavoidable multi-thermal aspect that forms during their coupled tearing-thermal evolution.
The Development Status and Prospect of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered Tram
Authors: Liu Xiang , Wu Yacong
Published: September 2023

The problem of energy and environmental pollution is a huge challenge for the development of contemporary society. Hydrogen energy has emerged as a prominent area of current research to address this issue. Researchers have found that applying hydrogen fuel cells to trams can solve the problem, but the feasibility of this technology has yet to be analyzed. Herein, this paper explores the power system and commercial feasibility of hydrogen-fueled trams regarding their technical issues, security assessment, and cost estimation. It is found that compared with traditional trams, hydrogen energy trams have the advantages of high energy utilization and long driving range and achieve zero emission in the operation process. At the same time, with the continuous development of technology, issues related to the safety of hydrogen use will be verified, and the cost will be further reduced with the development of low-platinum fuel cell catalysts and Type IV hydrogen storage tanks. The feasibility of hydrogen-fueled trams has been confirmed as multiple trains have rolled off the assembly line, and with the determination of relevant industry norms, it will definitely be widely used.
Biochar in Carbon Capture and Soil Remediation
Authors: Zhang Xinyu
Published: September 2023

Global greenhouse gas emissions are growing year after year. Although there is a temporary drop in 2021, the general trend is upward. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions are a critical goal. By evaluating the relevant literature, this research investigates the function of carbon capture systems, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. Carbon capture is a method of capturing carbon dioxide emissions at the source or straight from the air. Carbon dioxide emissions are either removed or converted into usable goods. Carbon capture technology is one of the most essential techniques of achieving zero carbon emissions. Biochar is one of the most commonly utilized because of its porous nature and capacity to absorb more substances. Biochar is primarily utilized for carbon sequestration and soil remediation. When biochar is changed using a mix of physical, chemical, and physical-chemical processes, its adsorption capability is considerably increased. The ease with which biochar may be made makes it simpler to encourage its usage. It is critical for lowering carbon dioxide levels in the natural environment.
Analysis for Decarbonization Pathways for Shipping
Authors: Chen Ruikan
Published: September 2023

As regulations and goals for reducing carbon emissions in shipping become increasingly clear, decarbonization will become the top priority for the development of shipping industry in the coming decades. Currently, the main source of CO2 emissions from marine engines comes from the combustion of fossil fuels, while the operation of merchant ships typically requires striking a balance between equipment investment costs and the efficiency of CO2 emissions reduction. Thus, choosing a more suitable approach for ships is a hot topic of concern. This article summarizes three decarbonization methods, including reduction of energy consumption by speed reduction and air lubrication, using low-carbon and carbon-free fuels to substitute conventional marine fuels, and carbon capture. These methods are analysed for their technical feasibility, decarbonization capacity, safety, economy, and technical readiness. To achieve the short-term CO2 emissions reduction goal, there are various technologies to be applied, individually or in combination. Carbon-free fuels internal combustion engines can meet the long-term goal and its fuel cells will be the ultimate choice for net-zero scenario.
The research status of several technologies capable of integrating wastewater treatment with carbon capture
Authors: Zhu Pengyu
Published: September 2023

Since the Paris Agreement was proposed, many industries need to make efforts to save energy and reduce emissions. It is understood that the sewage treatment industry accounts for about 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and with the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization in some countries, the total sewage treatment capacity will further increase. This will also lead to a further increase in the industry's greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating global climate change. Therefore, the sewage treatment industry needs to make technical changes, but under the premise of not affecting the effect and efficiency of sewage treatment. Under such basic requirements, technologies that combine sewage treatment with carbon capture have gradually emerged in recent years. This review selects 3 technologies, including microbial electrosynthesis (MES), constructed wetland and microalgae cultivation, with good development prospects in this area, then summarizes their carbon capture principles and capabilities, sewage treatment principles and capabilities, research status in recent years, and current problems, in order to provide some ideas for the carbon emission reduction plan of the sewage treatment industry.
How Does Nuclear Wastewater Discharge Affect Fishery and Marine Environment: A Case Study of Japan
Authors: Liu Zijian
Published: September 2023

With the increasing use of nuclear energy, human lives have benefited from a variety of aspects since nuclear energy can produce carbon-free electricity. Nevertheless, governments must be cautious about the waste nuclear energy produces for it’s extremely harmful to the environment and has detrimental impacts on human health. Since the nuclear water at the Fukushima plant was released in the following years after 2011, both Japan and its neighboring countries were seriously affected. Some other coastal areas also have varying degrees of pollution depending on the ocean current. The extent of the impact of nuclear wastewater namely the affected areas and the diffusion of elements in nuclear wastewater will be shown in the paper. Additionally, this paper will analyze and elaborate on how nuclear wastewater can affect the marine environment due to the structure of the marine environment and the properties of nuclear wastewater. Lastly, the impact of nuclear wastewater on the fishery in Japan and neighboring countries will be discussed by showing data from relevant research papers. This paper will focus on the impact of nuclear wastewater on the marine environment and the vicinity fishing industry.
Current Problems and Countermeasures of Soil Pollution Management
Authors: Yuan Xichun
Published: September 2023

Soil is a crucial component of the ecosystem and a vital resource for its healthy development. Soil pollution is caused by physiological toxic substances or excess plant nutrients, leading to a deterioration of soil properties and physiological dysfunction in plants. Soil pollution takes various forms, such as chemical, physical, and biological. Based on the primary biological entities involved in the remediation of polluted soil, there are three types of remediation methods: microbial, phytoremediation, and animal-mediated remediation. Among these, microbial and phytoremediation are the most widely used. The remediation of contaminated soil is a complex process involving many factors. The use of a single remediation technique is inevitably constrained and can affect the effectiveness of the remediation. Therefore, the remediation of polluted soil must take into account multiple factors and use a combination of several remediation techniques to develop a comprehensive remediation technique that adapts to the site's soil pollution conditions and conditions, combining the advantages of multiple methods to achieve the ultimate goal of completely restoring the polluted soil.
Tout savoir sur les mutations germinales chez les vertébrés
Authors: Jordan Bertrand
Published: September 2023

Mutations in the germline are an essential component of evolution. Current DNA sequencing systems allow quantification of these mutations through full genome sequencing of father/mother/child trios. A recent paper reports such a large-scale study spanning 68 vertebrate species, and establishes important features of the mutation process.
Vers un consentement plus éclairé
Authors: Gozlan Diane , Mathieu Marion , de Montgolfier Sandrine , Morillon Lucie , Demaret Béatrice , Pierrart Carole , Fourmy Chantal Aubert , Lamarche Dominique , Koulikoff Frédérique , Nowak Frédérique , Zucker Jean-Michel , Malen Jean-Pierre , Avram Flore , Panchal Maï , Lanta Marie , Prouvost Marie-France , Maizeroi Myriam , Tronel Vincent , Mathieu Flavie
Published: September 2023

Trop souvent, les notices d’information proposées dans le cadre de recherches cliniques se réduisent à des documents réglementaires difficilement compréhensibles. Pourtant, les personnes concernées doivent avoir accès à une information transparente et loyale. Ces considérations ont motivé la création d’un groupe de travail pluridisciplinaire, piloté par le Collège des relecteurs de l’Inserm, associant les acteurs impliqués dans l’élaboration, l’évaluation et l’utilisation de ces notices d’information. Un ensemble de textes, pictogrammes et illustrations, adaptés aux personnes concernées, validés et facilement utilisables via une application a été créé. Une phase pilote, dans le cadre du plan France médecine génomique 2025, a permis de générer des notices simplifiées pour les examens génétiques. Dans cet article, nous présentons le travail réalisé par le groupe de travail « Notices d’information » afin de répondre à la demande sociétale d’être acteur de son parcours de soin et de contribuer à une recherche plus éthique et responsable.
Je mène donc tu suis
Authors: Emery Gregory
Published: September 2023

Lors du développement et de la cicatrisation, les cellules se déplacent souvent par un processus de « migration cellulaire collective ». Un procédé identique est employé par les cellules de certaines tumeurs cancéreuses lors de la formation de métastases. Un remarquable modèle d’étude de la migration cellulaire collective est celui de l’étude du groupe (cluster) de cellules de bordure de la drosophile, qui permet d’observer et de manipuler une migration collective dans son environnement naturel. Cette revue décrit la machinerie moléculaire qui permet à ce groupe de cellules de migrer directionnellement, en se concentrant sur les mécanismes permettant aux cellules de détecter et réagir aux chimioattractants et d’organiser le groupe en cellulesleaderset suiveuses.
Das virtuelle ILD-Board – Erfahrungen aus einem Pilotprojekt
Authors: Hauber Roman , Kreuter Michael , Dinkel Julien , Schön Franziska , Hellmann Andreas , Behr Jürgen
Published: September 2023

Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen sind mit hoher Morbidität und Mortalität assoziiert. Um eine bestmögliche Behandlung zu ermöglichen, ist eine zügige Diagnostik in einem qualifizierten Zentrum erforderlich. Entfernung und Organisation führen jedoch zu relevanten Verzögerungen. Wir haben ein digitales System pilotiert, das solche Verzögerungen zur Unterstützung niedergelassener Pneumologen minimieren soll. Das „virtuelle ILD-Board“ führt zu einer deutlich schnelleren Diagnostik für die Patienten. Das Tool ist daher eine mögliche Unterstützung für den niedergelassenen Pneumologen. Die Standardisierung erhöht die Patientensicherheit durch Sicherstellung der interdisziplinären Begutachtung und leistet somit einen relevanten Beitrag zum Management und zur leitliniengerechten Versorgung der interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen.
Erarbeitung von Modellen pflegeorientierter Wie-derbelebungsteams zur effizienten Ressourcenverteilung
Authors: Rameis Stephan
Published: September 2023

Bei einem innerklinischen Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand handeln Spezialteams schnell und kompetent, um Überlebenschancen zu verbessern. Die Pflege kann helfen, die kritischen Abläufe effizienter zu gestalten. Dieser Beitrag zeigt dies anhand der Modelle „Nursing Teamleader“ und „Scribe Nurse“ und fragt nach deren Umsetzbarkeit in Österreich. Die zugrunde liegende Arbeit hat beim Thieme intensiv-Pflegepreis 2022 den 2. Platz belegt.
Die Mobile psychiatrische Rehabilitation als zentraler Baustein in
der Versorgung schwer psychisch kranker Menschen
Authors: Konrad Michael , Gühne Uta
Published: September 2023

Hintergrund

Der Zugang zu rehabilitativen Komplexleistungen in den stationären
Einrichtungen der medizinischen Rehabilitation ist nahezu ausschließlich
psychosomatisch und leicht psychisch erkrankten sowie
abhängigkeitserkrankten Personen vorbehalten 1. Schwer psychisch erkrankte Menschen werden auf die
medizinisch-berufliche Komplexleistung der Rehabilitationseinrichtung für
psychisch Kranke (RPK) verwiesen, für die sie jedoch meist nicht die
Aufnahmevoraussetzungen erfüllen. Selbst bei der ambulanten RPK-Leistung
wird die Teilnahme an täglich mindestens vier bis acht Stunden Therapiezeit
an fünf bis sechs Tagen in der Woche vorausgesetzt. Gemeindepsychiatrische
Leistungen erhalten sie in der Regel in unterstützten Wohnformen der
Eingliederungshilfe, in denen im Jahr 2019 mehr als 200.000 Menschen mit seelischer
Behinderung erfasst wurden 2. Ambulante
Komplexleistungen der medizinischen Rehabilitation im Anschluss an die
stationäre oder stationsäquivalente (StäB) Akutbehandlung
sind sozialrechtlich bisher nicht erschlossen.
Macrophage Ferroptosis Promotes MMP2/9 Overexpression Induced by Hemin in Hemorrhagic Plaque
Authors: Li Bicheng , Lu Minqiao , Wang Hui , Sheng Siqi , Guo Shuyuan , Li Jia , Tian Ye
Published: September 2023

Background Intra-plaque hemorrhage (IPH) leads to rapid plaque progression and instability through upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation. Hemoglobin-derived hemin during IPH promotes plaque instability. We investigated whether hemin affects MMP overexpression in macrophages and explored the underlying mechanisms.

Material and Methods In vivo, hemorrhagic plaque models were established in rabbits and ApoE−/− mice. Ferrostatin-1 was used to inhibit ferroptosis. Plaque size, collagen, and MMP2/9 levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, H&E, Sirius Red, and Masson staining. In vitro, mouse peritoneal macrophages were extracted. Western blot and ELISA were used to measure MMP2/9 levels. Bioinformatics analysis investigated the association between MMPs and ferroptosis pathway genes. Macrophage ferroptosis was assessed by evaluating cell viability, lipid reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial ultrastructure, iron content, and COX2 levels after pretreatment with cell death inhibitors. Hemin's impact on ferroptosis and MMP expression was studied using Ferrostatin-1 and SB202190.

Results In the rabbit hemorrhagic plaques, hemin deposition and overexpression of MMP2/9 were observed, particularly in macrophage-enriched regions. In vitro, hemin induced ferroptosis and MMP2/9 expression in macrophages. Ferrostatin-1 and SB202190 inhibited hemin-induced MMP2/9 overexpression. Ferrostatin-1 inhibited p38 phosphorylation in macrophages. Ferostatin-1 inhibits macrophage ferroptosis, reduces MMP2/9 levels in plaques, and stabilizes the hemorrhagic plaques.

Conclusion Our results suggested that hemin-induced macrophage ferroptosis promotes p38 pathway activation and MMP2/9 overexpression, which may play a crucial role in increasing hemorrhagic plaque vulnerability. These findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic plaques and suggest that targeting macrophage ferroptosis may be a promising strategy for stabilizing vulnerable plaque.
Nocturnal Polysomnography without Technical Supervision in the Diagnosis of Respiratory Sleep Disorders, Diagnostic Performance of Home and Sleep Laboratory Studies
Authors: Angellotti María Florencia , Grandval Sofía , Palma Ileana , Giovini Vanina , Jaritos Verónica , Diaz-Lapasini Gastón , Carnevale Denise , Nogueira Juan Facundo
Published: September 2023

Introduction Unattended Polysomnography (type 2 PSG) is a procedure for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Published evidence on its performance and efficacy is limited. Available studies reveal a high rate of lost records that could limit its application.

Objective To assess the efficacy of type 2 PSG and the rate of studies that must be repeated due to critical loss of signals.

Methods prospective, descriptive study. Adult patients with suspected SDB were included. Unattended PSG was performed using portable equipment. 75 patients were connected at home and another 75 in the laboratory, without subsequent monitoring. Records were evaluated to determine the percentage of the night with adequate quality for each of the signals, considered as an evaluable signal for = 70% of the total recording time (TRT). The need to repeat the studies was also estimated. Results: 150 patients were recruited; 44% women; age 57.3 ± 15.4 years; BMI 29.4 ± 6.5. EEG and EOG signals were adequate in 149 records. Flow signal by pressure cannula was adequate in 146 and by thermistor in 67.8%. In only one study the signal of both effort bands were inadequate. Oximetry was lost in 4 cases. Ten tracings (6%) met the criteria for repetition; 8 hospital and 2 home.

Conclusions Acceptable records were obtained in most unattended PSG studies, both at home and in the sleep laboratory. The rate of repetition of studies due to loss of signal was 6%, with failure in SaO2 or in flow signals being the main cause of the indication.
Sleep Medicine Knowledge Among Graduating Medical Students in Lebanon During an Economic and Political Crisis: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Aoun Raissa , Zibara Victor , Costanian Christy , Attarian Hrayr P. , Bahous Sola Aoun
Published: September 2023

Objectives Sleep disorders are prevalent and underrecognized during both economic and political crises. They are a major reason for poor overall health and decreased quality of life. Sleep medicine education is limited at most medical schools, resulting in limited awareness of this important aspect of healthcare. The aim of the study is to assess sleep medicine knowledge of graduating medical students in Lebanon and to assess their readiness to tackle sleep health issues in a country during an unprecedented crisis.

Methods Final-year medical students at 7 medical schools in Lebanon were invited to fill a survey between January 2020 and March 2021. The Assessment of Sleep Knowledge in Medical Education survey was used to assess their knowledge in sleep medicine. The curriculum organizers at the medical schools were also surveyed. Student's t-test was used for analysis.

Results 158 and 58 students completed the survey during 2020 and 2021, with a mean overall score on sleep knowledge of was 17.5 and 15.9 /30, respectively. There was no difference in mean knowledge scores by gender, age, American versus European medical school systems, and between medical schools that included sleep medicine in their curriculum versus those that did not.

Conclusions Presence of sleep medicine education in the curriculum was associated with higher scores on ASKME among graduating Lebanese medical students. Given the low response rate, however, this descriptive pilot data could be used as a launching pad for a larger study, with a more representative sample, for generalizable results.
Detailed studies of the processes in low energy H irradiation of Li and Li-compound surfaces
Authors: Krstic P. S. , Ostrowski E. T. , Dwivedi S. , Abe S. , Maan A. , van Duin A. C. T. , Koel B. E.
Published: September 2023

We have used a combination of pico-to-nano temporal/spatial scale computational physics and chemistry modeling of plasma–material interfaces in the tokamak fusion plasma edges to unravel the evolving characteristics, not readily accessible by empirical means, of lithium-, oxygen-, and hydrogen-containing materials of plasma-facing components under irradiation by hydrogen and its isotopes. In the present calculation, amorphous lithium compound surfaces containing oxygen, Li2O, and LiOH were irradiated by 1–100 eV particles at incident angles on the surface ranging from perpendicular to almost grazing angles. Consequential surface processes, reflection, retention, and sputtering were studied at “the same footing” and compared to earlier results from amorphous Li and LiH surfaces. The critical role of charging dynamics of lithium, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms in the surface chemistry during hydrogen-fuel irradiation was found to drive the kinetics and dynamics of these surfaces in unexpected ways that ultimately could have profound effects on fusion plasma confinement behavior and surface erosion.
A new flexible electrostatic generator using dielectric fluid
Authors: Yang Ruisen , Yang Meng , Fan Peng , Lu Tongqing , Wang Tiejun
Published: September 2023

A new design of a flexible and compact electrostatic generator with dielectric fluid is presented in this work. The generator utilizes the flow of dielectric fluid between two dielectric films to change the capacitance and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. We fabricate a dielectric fluid generator (DFG) and build up an experimental setup to investigate the performance of energy harvesting. We use an optimal triangular electromechanical cycle and achieve a maximum energy harvesting power of 1.83 mW with a device that the length of the longest side is 15 cm. The power density is 35.2 μW g−1, and the conversion efficiency is 17.8%. The parameters of the DFG, including the initial voltage, the applied force, and the mechanical loading time, are studied. As a demonstration, we use the DFG to harvest electrical energy from hand tapping to power LEDs. The DFG is flexible and compact, which is promising for harvesting energy from human movements.
Design and analysis of the power-trigonometric function-shaped flexure hinges
Authors: Li Jiabiao , Zhao Yang , Wu Qingwen , Yu Peng , Zhang Kai , Mao Along
Published: September 2023

In this paper, a generalized flexure hinge model, that is, power-trigonometric function-shaped flexure hinges (PTFHs), is proposed. The power function and trigonometric function in the curve function are changed, which obtains different notch types of flexure hinges to meet the needs of flexure hinges in different scenarios. For the flexure hinge model, the notch curve equation of the hinge is presented first, and the influence of the degree of power function, degree of trigonometric function, and other parameters on the structure of the curve is analyzed. Then, the compliance and rotation precision equations of the flexure hinge are derived based on Castigliano’s second theorem. Both equations are verified using the finite element method and achieve errors of less than 8.5%. Then, based on the flexure hinge equation, the influence of the size parameters on the compliance and rotation precision of the hinge is analyzed, and a new comparison method is proposed. Parameter β is defined to analyze the influence of five parameters on β. Through the comparison of PTFHs and three commonly used flexure hinges, the results prove that the proposed PTFHs have better comprehensive performance. Then, the flexure hinge is statically analyzed. Finally, a test system for flexure hinges is established to verify the performance of the model.
A vital sign signal noise suppression method for wearable piezoelectric devices
Authors: Xin Yi , Liu Hongyan , Hou Tianyuan , Song Xuefeng , Tong Junye , Cui Meng , Li Meina , Zhai Jingjie
Published: September 2023

This paper tackles the problem of noise suppression during vital sign signal monitoring. Physiological signal monitoring is a significant and promising medical monitoring method, and wearable medical monitoring devices based on piezoelectric polymer sensors are a trending way for their advantages of being flexible in the shape, portable to use, and comfortable to wear. However, this raises the question that the measured signal contains much more noise components. To avoid the following shortcoming of low signal to noise ratio (SNR), a noise suppression method based on improved wavelet threshold and empirical mode decomposition combined with singular value decomposition (SVD) screening the intrinsic mode function (IMF) components is proposed. A wavelet transform is first used under the combination of hard and soft thresholds to focus the target range in the low-frequency region where the energy of the physiological signal is concentrated. Then, a complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition is used to decompose the signal effectively, which can resist the influence of random noises. Meanwhile, a SVD decomposition procedure was used to filter out the lower correlated IMF components to retain the validity of the original signal. We verified the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulated and measured experiments as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm compared with other physiological signal denoising algorithms through SNR filtering results, power spectrum distribution, and other perspectives. The results proved that the proposed method could effectively remove more detailed noise and improve the SNR of the signal efficiently, which is more conducive to the demand for auxiliary medical diagnosis in the future.
Go with the flow: Rheological requirements for direct ink write printability
Authors: Wei Peiran , Cipriani Ciera , Hsieh Chia-Min , Kamani Krutarth , Rogers Simon , Pentzer Emily
Published: September 2023

The rapid development of additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving innovations in both industry and academia. Direct ink writing (DIW), an extrusion-based 3D printing technology, can build 3D structures through the deposition of custom-made inks and produce devices with complex architectures, excellent mechanical properties, and enhanced functionalities. A paste-like ink is the key to successful printing. However, as new ink compositions have emerged, the rheological requirements of inks have not been well connected to printability, or the ability of a printed object to maintain its shape and support the weight of subsequent layers. In this review, we provide an overview of the rheological properties of successful DIW inks and propose a classification system based on ink composition. Factors influencing the rheology of different types of ink are discussed, and we propose a framework for describing ink printability using measures of rheology and print resolution. Furthermore, evolving techniques, including computational studies, high-throughput rheological measurements, machine learning, and materiomics, are discussed to illustrate the future directions of feedstock development for DIW. The goals of this review are to assess our current understanding of the relationship between rheological properties and printability, to point out specific challenges and opportunities for development, to provide guidelines to those interested in multi-material DIW, and to pave the way for more efficient, intelligent approaches for DIW ink development.
Trap characterization of high-growth-rate laser-assisted MOCVD GaN
Authors: Li Wenbo , Zhang Yuxuan , Chen Zhaoying , Zhao Hongping , Ringel Steven A. , Arehart Aaron R.
Published: September 2023

A detailed study comparing defect incorporation between laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown GaN and conventional low- and high-growth-rate MOCVD GaN was conducted. Using deep-level transient and optical spectroscopy, traps throughout the bandgap were characterized where traps were found at EC-0.25 eV, EC-0.57 eV, EC-0.72 eV, EC-0.9 eV, EC-1.35 eV, EC-2.6 eV, and EC-3.28 eV in all three samples. This indicates no new traps were observed in the laser-assisted MOCVD GaN sample. Overall, the trap concentrations in the laser-assisted MOCVD sample were ∼2× higher than the optimal low-growth-rate sample, but this is primarily due to the increase in gallium vacancy EC-2.6 eV and carbon-related EC-3.28 eV trap concentrations. The EC-0.9 eV trap concentration was ∼2× higher in the laser-assisted sample, so proton irradiation experiments were conducted to identify the physical source of this level. The results indicated this was a native point defect likely related to gallium interstitials. Overall, this study shows that the laser-assisted MOCVD growth method is promising for future thick, high-quality GaN epilayers after further growth optimizations.
Evaluating the impact of green bonds on renewable energy investment to promote sustainable development in China
Authors: Xu Li , Solangi Yasir Ahmed
Published: September 2023

The rapid development of renewable energy (RE) has become a crucial strategy to mitigate climate change and promote sustainable development. However, financing RE projects is often challenging due to high upfront costs, complex regulatory frameworks, and lack of access to capital. Green bonds have emerged as a promising tool for financing RE projects and promoting sustainable development. This study evaluates the impact of green bonds on RE investment in China using a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and a fuzzy weighted aggregates sum product assessment (WASPAS) method. The study identifies six factors, 18 sub-factors, and six investment strategies through extensive literature works. The FAHP method is used to evaluate various factors and sub-factors, while the fuzzy weighted aggregates sum product assessment (FWASPAS) method is employed to identify the key strategies for green bonds implementation in RE projects. The FAHP analysis finds that the financial impact of green bonds is the most significant factor with financial feasibility and cost of capital being the most important sub-factors in this category. The environmental, regulatory, and market are the most important sub-factors. The FWASPAS method indicates that green bonds can have significant impact on lowering the cost of capital, improving investor confidence, and supporting project certification of RE projects.
Ultra-short-term forecasting of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) integrating all-sky images and historical sequences
Authors: Zuo Hui-Min , Qiu Jun , Li Fang-Fang
Published: September 2023

Accurate minute solar forecasts play an increasingly crucial role in achieving optimal intra-day power grid dispatch. However, continuous changes in cloud distribution and coverage pose a challenge to solar forecasting. This study presents a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model to predict the future 10-min global horizontal irradiance (GHI) integrating all-sky image (ASI) and GHI sequences as input. The CNN is used to extract the sky features from ASI and a fully connected layer is used to extract historical GHI information. The resulting temporary information outputs are then merged and forwarded to the LSTM for forecasting the GHI values for the next 10 min. Compared to CNN solar radiation forecasting models, incorporating GHI into the forecasting process leads to an improvement of 18% in the accuracy of forecasting GHI values for the next 10 min. This improvement can be attributed to the inclusion of historical GHI sequences and regression via LSTM. The historical GHI contains valuable meteorological information such as aerosol optical thickness. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows that the 1-lagged input length of the GHI and ASI sequence yields the most accurate forecasts. The advantages of CNN-LSTM facilitate power system stability and economic operation. Codes of the CNN-LSTM model in the public domain are available online on the GitHub repository https://github.com/zoey0919/CNN-LSTM-for-GHI-forecasting.
Spectral analysis of DNA superhelical dynamics from molecular minicircle simulations
Authors: Curuksu Jeremy D.
Published: September 2023

Torsional and bending deformations of DNA molecules often occur in vivo and are important for biological functions. DNA “under stress” is a conformational state, which is by far the most frequent state during DNA–protein and gene regulation. In DNA minicircles of length <100 base pairs (bp), the combined effect of torsional and bending stresses can cause local unusual conformations, with certain base pair steps often absorbing most of the stress, leaving other steps close to their relaxed conformation. To better understand the superhelical dynamics of DNA under stress, molecular simulations of 94 bp minicircles with different torsional linking numbers were interpreted using Fourier analyses and principal component analyses. Sharp localized bends of nearly 90° in the helical axis were observed, which in turn decreased fluctuations of the rotational register and helped redistribute the torsional stress into writhe, i.e., superhelical turn up to 360°. In these kinked minicircles, only two-thirds of the DNA molecule bends and writhes and the remaining segment stays close to straight and preserves a conformational flexibility typical of canonical B-DNA (bending of 39° ± 17° distributed parsimoniously across 36 bp), which was confirmed and visualized by principal component analysis. These results confirm that stressed DNA molecules are highly heterogeneous along their sequence, with segments designed to locally store and release stress so that nearby segments can stay relaxed.
Efficiently spatial field localization enabled second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation in an etchless LiNbO3 layer by guided resonant quasi-bound states in the continuum
Authors: Cai Shijie , Zong Shu , Liu Xiaoshan , Liu Guiqiang , Chen Juan , Liu Zhengqi
Published: September 2023

High-Q resonances on metasurfaces have yielded a feasible approach for nonlinear frequency conversion in recent years. In this work, we propose a highly efficient nonlinear metasurface based on an etchless lithium niobate (LiNbO3) layer by combining periodic silicon nanodisks. These nanodisks introduce two kinds of capabilities for achieving ultra-sharp spectral lineshapes owing to the high-Q resonances of bound states in the continuum and simultaneously attain a significantly enhanced spatial field localization within the LiNbO3 cavity owing to guided resonant behaviors. This distinctive mode engineering yielded a total efficiency of conversion of 2.8% in the second-harmonic generation and 1% for sum-frequency generation when the peak intensity of the fundamental pump was as low as 1 MW/cm2. Our method eliminates challenges to the manufacture of etched LiNbO3 thin films and allows for the efficient conversion of frequency. It is suitable for various applications, such as integrated, nonlinear nanophotonic chips, and high-speed communication.
Nonreciprocal microwave responses in Nb/Au/NbSe2 Josephson junctions
Authors: Tian Wanghao , Zhang Huili , Zhang Duo , Shao Weihua
Published: September 2023

The nonreciprocal Josephson junction, the Josephson diode, opens a door for superconducting circuit technology. Here, we report on nonreciprocal behaviors in Nb/Au/NbSe2 Josephson junctions. The strong asymmetry could be seen in the current–voltage characteristics, which most likely arises from time symmetry breaking due to Abrikosov vortices, indicated by an asymmetric Fraunhofer pattern. The nonreciprocal microwave responses are systematically investigated compared to a numerical simulation based on a resistively and capacitively shunted junction model, which could well capture the asymmetric behaviors and rule out some artifacts such as other parasitic Josephson-like structures. Based on the nonreciprocal microwave responses, we put forward a proposal for a switchable Josephson diode controlled by an external microwave, which might provide an opportunity for next-generation microwave-related superconducting circuits.
Parasitic AlxOyNz surface defects on high-temperature annealed AlN and their role in hillock formation
Authors: Peters Lukas , Meyer Tobias , Margenfeld Christoph , Spende Hendrik , Waag Andreas
Published: September 2023

High quality AlN buffer layers on sapphire wafers are a prerequisite for further improving UV LEDs. In addition, AlN templates with low screw-dislocation density might be interesting for future power electronic devices. High-temperature annealing (HTA) has proven to be a viable route to improve the crystallinity of sputtered or thin metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) AlN layers. In this work, the influence of two different pretreatment conditions prior to the MOVPE regrowth on HTA AlN templates was analyzed. AFM studies found a hillock density of roughly 106 cm−2 in regrown AlN, whereby such hillocks could no longer be observed after introducing harsher bake conditions. The origin of the observed hillock defects was clarified by using different TEM-related measurement techniques. Based on the TEM and AFM findings, a double-spiral enhanced growth mode that emits concentric surface steps on top of γ-AlON islands is suggested as a underlying mechanism for hillock formation.
Effect of radial, concentric scratches on a steady state heat transfer through a fin of aluminum alloy 6061
Authors: Yadav Nidhi , Charhate Shrikant , Kamble Amol
Published: September 2023

The steady state heat transfer performance of the engine cylinder fin is investigated using ANSYS’s Workbench for understanding the effect of micro-scratches. The investigation was carried to incorporate new kinds of manufacturing techniques that will help for improving the performance and save the cost. The performance was improved with number of radial or concentric scratches due to the increase in surface area exposed for convective heat transfer. The tip temperature was decreased from 791.86 °C to 728.26 °C for 480 radial scratches, while the heat flux was increased from 4.5697 × 106 to 5.0317 × 106 W/m2. In the case of concentric scratches, the tip temperature was reduced to 589.47 °C and the heat flux was enhanced to 9.8531 × 106 W/m2 for 150 concentric scratches. The concentric pattern reduced temperature drastically, while the maximum heat flux is uplifted due to the high exposure of the fresh convective surface area upon the scratching normal to the direction of heat flow. For maintaining the safety temperature and improved heat dissipation, the non-conventional manufacturing process can be adopted to reduce the cost of fin and, most importantly, the fin length.
Energy conversion and storage in functional dielectrics
Authors: Wang Hong , Hao Jianhua , Wang Qing
Published: September 2023

Functional dielectrics are a group of materials possessing interesting electro-active behaviors, such as variable permittivity, high breakdown strength, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity, resulting from their capacity to generate and respond to electric fields in a nonlinear manner. These properties make them highly desirable for energy conversion and storage applications.
Diurnal and nocturnal tree species selection by koalas demonstrates individual preferences in a peri-urban landscape
Authors: Taggart Patrick L. , Sloggett Brie K. , Madani George , Phalen David , Cullen Dympna , Madden Kylie , Wilmott Lachlan
Published: September 2023

In New South Wales, legislation governing land clearing and development as it relates to koala conservation acts to prevent the destruction of habitat containing key tree species used by koalas. The identification of these key tree species is therefore critical to koala conservation. We aimed to compile a list of tree species used by koalas within the Wollondilly Shire region and investigate tree-use preferences. We radio-collared one female and four male koalas and tracked their movements over a period of 107–195 days. We conducted surveys within each koala’s home range to quantify the relative availability of each tree species, which we compared with their relative frequency of use. Koalas used 19 different tree species (17 during day, 12 during night), despite over 32 species being available. Eight species were preferentially used by one or more koalas; these were Eucalyptuts bosistoana, E. longifolia, E. puncata, E. crebra, E. globoidea, E. pilularis, E. tereticornis and Angophora floribunda. Two species were avoided: Corymbia gummifera and Acacia decurrens. Koalas consistently used larger trees relative to their availability, and we found a general but non-significant trend towards the use of larger trees at night compared with during the day. To achieve koala conservation, it will be necessary to preserve habitat patches comprising a diverse mixture of tree species and sizes, particularly trees >35 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), and to appropriately revegetate land with these criteria in mind.
Factors Assessing Science’s Self-Presentation model and their effect on conservatives’ and liberals’ support for funding science
Authors: Ophir Yotam , Walter Dror , Jamieson Patrick E. , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: September 2023

A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of responses to 13 questions from a 2022 national probability sample of 1,154 US adults supported the existence of five factors that we argue assess perceptions of Factors Assessing Science’s Self-Presentation (FASS). These factors also predict support for increasing federal funding of science and, separately, supporting federal funding of basic research. Each of the factors reflects perceptions of a key facet of scientists’ self-presentation, science/scientists’ adherence to professed norms, or science’s benefits: specifically, that scientists are Credible, Prudent, and Unbiased and that science is Self-Correcting and Beneficial. The FASS model explained 40.6% of the variance in support for increasing federal funding for science and 33.7% in support for basic research. For both dependent variables, conservatives were less likely to be supportive when they perceived that science/scientists fail to overcome biases. The interactions between political ideology and both Prudence and Beneficial, however, were significant only when predicting Basic Research support. In that case, there were no differences between conservatives and liberals when perceptions of benefit were low, but when high, liberals’ perception of benefit had a stronger association with support for funding than conservatives’. Among those perceiving that scientists lack prudence, liberals were more likely to support funding basic research than conservatives, but the difference disappeared when perceptions of prudence were very high. The factors could serve as across-time indicators of the public’s assessment of the state of science.
TNFα increases the degradation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 by the Lon protease to support proinflammatory genes
Authors: Boutagy Nabil E. , Fowler Joseph W. , Grabinska Kariona A. , Cardone Rebecca , Sun Qiushi , Vazquez Kyla R. , Whalen Michael B. , Zhu Xiaolong , Chakraborty Raja , Martin Kathleen A. , Simons Michael , Romanoski Casey E. , Kibbey Richard G. , Sessa William C.
Published: September 2023

The endothelium is a major target of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Exposure of endothelial cells (EC) to proinflammatory stimuli leads to an increase in mitochondrial metabolism; however, the function and regulation of elevated mitochondrial metabolism in EC in response to proinflammatory cytokines remain unclear. Studies using high-resolution metabolomics and
13
C-glucose and
13
C-glutamine labeling flux techniques showed that pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (PDH) and oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) flux are elevated in human umbilical vein ECs in response to overnight (16 h) treatment with TNFα (10 ng/mL). Mechanistic studies indicated that TNFα mediated these metabolic changes via mitochondrial-specific protein degradation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4, inhibitor of PDH) by the Lon protease via an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Using RNA sequencing following siRNA-mediated knockdown of the catalytically active subunit of PDH, PDHE1α (
PDHA1
gene), we show that PDH flux controls the transcription of approximately one-third of the genes that are up-regulated by TNFα stimulation. Notably, TNFα-induced PDH flux regulates a unique signature of proinflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines) but not inducible adhesion molecules. Metabolomics and ChIP sequencing for acetylated modification on lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27ac) showed that TNFα-induced PDH flux promotes histone acetylation of specific gene loci via citrate accumulation and ATP-citrate lyase–mediated generation of acetyl CoA. Together, these results uncover a mechanism by which TNFα signaling increases oxidative TCA flux of glucose to support TNFα-induced gene transcription through extramitochondrial acetyl CoA generation and histone acetylation.
Cooperative regulation of coupled oncoprotein synthesis and stability in triple-negative breast cancer by EGFR and CDK12/13
Authors: Ang Hazel X. , Sutiman Natalia , Deng Xinyue L. , Liu Annie , Cerda-Smith Christian G. , Hutchinson Haley M. , Kim Holly , Bartelt Luke C. , Chen Qiang , Barrera Alejandro , Lin Jiaxing , Sheng Zhecheng , McDowell Ian C. , Reddy Timothy E. , Nicchitta Christopher V. , Wood Kris C.
Published: September 2023

Evidence has long suggested that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may play a prominent role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) pathogenesis, but clinical trials of EGFR inhibitors have yielded disappointing results. Using a candidate drug screen, we identified that inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 12 and 13 (CDK12/13) dramatically sensitizes diverse models of TNBC to EGFR blockade. This combination therapy drives cell death through the 4E-BP1-dependent suppression of the translation and translation-linked turnover of driver oncoproteins, including MYC. A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identified the CCR4-NOT complex as a major determinant of sensitivity to the combination therapy whose loss renders 4E-BP1 unresponsive to drug-induced dephosphorylation, thereby rescuing MYC translational suppression and promoting MYC stability. The central roles of CCR4-NOT and 4E-BP1 in response to the combination therapy were further underscored by the observation of CNOT1 loss and rescue of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in TNBC cells that naturally evolved therapy resistance. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of CDK12/13 reveals a long-proposed EGFR dependence in TNBC that functions through the cooperative regulation of translation-coupled oncoprotein stability.