bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic of Red Pine Plantation Management in Wisconsin
Authors: de Naurois Marie , Buongiorno Joseph
Published: August 2019

It is more economical to manage red pine plantations in Wisconsin for pulpwood and sawlog combined rather than for pulpwood only, even on low quality sites. The most important factor influencing the economics of a plantation is land quality. On lands of site index 45 new plantations are unlikely to be economical, regardless of management regime. Lands of site index 60 to 75 have real rates of return of 4 to 5.5% per year and soil expectation values of $125 to $350 per acre at 3% interest. Planting densities of 8 by 8 ft followed by heavy thinnings at long intervals and short rotations are best, but rotations may be increased considerably with only small effects on the economics of the plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 3:118-123, Sept. 1986.
Fuelwood Cooperatives: Their Role and Development in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Siebert Stephen F. , Lassoie James P. , Lapping Mark B.
Published: August 2019

Characteristics of and requirements for successful establishment and operation of fuelwood cooperatives were assessed by evaluating nine currently or recently operating New England fuelwood cooperatives. Three types of cooperatives were identified—consumer, processing, and producer. The importance of maximizing local member-patron participation in all facets of cooperative action and of restricting government and professional forestry involvement to educational and forestry assistance are illustrated. Churches are identified as a potential source of assistance in attempts to establish and operate fuelwood cooperatives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:137-139, Dec. 1986.
Effects of Limestone Gravel on Selected Chemical Properties of Road Runoff and Streamflow
Authors: Helvey J. David , Kochenderfer James N.
Published: August 2019

Limestone gravel applied to two logging roads built in acidic soil on the Fernow Experimental Forest significantly increased the concentration of calcium as well as the levels of alkalinity, specific conductance, and pH of road runoff water. However, a heavy gravel application to 5 km of road adjacent to a naturally acidic stream near Thomas, West Virginia, caused insignificant changes in the chemical characteristics of that stream. The application of these results to the practical problem of decreasing stream acidity is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:23-25, March 1987.
Sampling for Pulpwood and Sawtimber Stumpage Value in Appalachian Hardwood Stands
Authors: Wiant Harry V.
Published: August 2019

An example from an Appalachian hardwood stand indicates that little or no time should be spent sampling low-value pulpwood when estimating total stumpage value of many forests. North. J. Appl. For.4:36, Mar. 1987.
Picking Early Winners Among White Pine Progeny
Authors: Kuser John E. , Hunt Clyde M. , Maynard Charles A. , Morrow Daniel F. , Raymond Sherwood R. , Reynolds Mary K.
Published: August 2019

After four seasons of field growth, height differences among seedlings from various seedlots of improved eastern white pine are highly significant at plantations in Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and New York. Survival varies from 53% to 83%, and plantation mean heights vary from 47 cm to 100 cm. Rank correlations of mean heights of seedlots at the five plantations are all positive and 8 of 10 are significant, indicating stability of performance. Two major trends show: (1) trees of a few seedlots are taller at all plantations, while those from Lake States and two Quebec seedlots grow relatively slowly wherever tested; and (2) trees of northern origin are more often taller at northern plantations, and those of central origin are taller at central plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:66-69, June 1987.
Prior Information Reduces the Error in Timber Sale Appraisals
Authors: Burk Thomas E. , Ek Alan R.
Published: August 2019

A simple procedure based on empirical Bayesian estimation concepts is presented as a means of reducing the error in timber sale appraisals. An estimator is developed that combines information from previous appraisals of similar sales with the estimate for the subject sale. Examples and guidelines for using the technique along with a description of the basis of the approach are also presented. North. J. Appl. For. 4:85-87, June 1987.
Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands in New York's Adirondack Mountains
Authors: Temple Thomas J. , Nyland Ralph D. , Craul Philip J.
Published: August 2019

Prediction equations are presented for total standing volume and periodic annual increment among unevenaged stands in New York's Adirondacks. These use stand basal area, plus selected physical site and vegetal characteristics of the stand. Few plots located across a range of community types or soil series differed significantly in volume increment, suggesting that neither the community type nor soil series provides a reliable basis for forest site productivity classification. Hardwoods grow better than conifers on the deeper less podzolized soils, and individual species or species groups grow differently from one community type to another. Yet, the superior growth of one tends to compensate for the mediocre performance of others within some community types, resulting in similar levels of total stand growth between communities. Findings indicate which species to favor in marking different stands for periodic treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 4:136-139, Sept. 1987.
Oak Stump Sprouting on Dry Sites in Northern Lower Michigan
Authors: Lynch Ann M. , Bassett John R.
Published: August 2019

In clearcut portions of 37 stands, stumps from northern red, northern pin, and white oak trees, averaging about 65 years old when felled, were measured to relate sprouting to stump diameter, estimated dbh, slope position, aspect, site index, and parent tree (stump) age. At least one vigorous sprout was produced by 80 and 77% of northern red and northern pin oak stumps, respectively, and sprouting was independent of stump diameter. In contrast, 54% of white oak stumps produced at least one vigorous sprout, and sprouting was related to stump diameter. Northern red and northern pin oaks sprouted least frequently on lower slopes, whereas white oaks sprouted least frequently on midslope positions. White oak sprouting was also less frequent on south-and west-facing slopes. Sprouting of white and northern pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 oak stumps per acre produced at least one vigorous sprout. North. J. Appl. For. 4:142-145, Sept. 1987.
Lake States Wood Product Production and Consumption: Trends and Perspectives
Authors: Gray Gerald J. , Ellefson Paul V. , Lothner David C.
Published: August 2019

Estimates of primary and secondary wood product production and consumption are presented for the Lake States (Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota). The region's major wood product sector, the paper and board industry, is focusing increasingly on the production of high-quality papers. Current exports to other regions total 1.5 to 2 million tons and are expected to rise, but the region has a considerable dependence on imports of woodpulp and softwood residue. Hard-wood lumber production and consumption in the region are nearly balanced, but between 1 and 1.5 bbf of softwood lumber are imported each year. More than 500 million ft³ of softwood plywood are also shipped unto the region each year from outside producers. Largely due to the dramatic increase in structural particleboard (i.e., primarily waferboard and oriented strand board) in the early 1980s, the region exports more than 1.3 billion ft² of particleboard annually. Greater cooperation between the states holds significant opportunity for increasing investment in the region's forest products sector and better utilizing its forest resources. North. J. Appl. For. 4:193-197, December 1987.
Impact of Looper Defoliation: A Case Study in West Virginia
Authors: Etgen Robert J. , Hicks Ray R.
Published: August 2019

In 1984, measurements of site and stand conditions and tree mortality were taken from 141 tenth-acre plots located within stands defoliated by loopers from 1981-1983, including 35 undefoliated control plots. Mortality due to loopers was expanded to the total defoliation area (1 million ac in 1981, 100 thousand in 1982, and 35 thousand in 1983). Loss due to mortality amounted to 2.3 billion board feet (bbf) of sawtimber and 4.2 million cords (cd) of pulpwood, with a total estimated stumpage value of about 345 million dollars. North. J. Appl. For. 4:201-204, December 1987.
Adjusting for Possible Edge Effect Bias in Point and Plot Sampling
Authors: Arvanitis Loukas G. , Fowler Gary W.
Published: August 2019

A tree-concentric procedure to adjust for edge effect in horizontal point and fixed-area circular plot sampling is reviewed. This procedure yields unbiased estimates and is relatively easy to apply in the field. The procedure is developed for rectangular forest areas and circular plots, but can be modified to handle other shaped forest areas or plots. An example is discussed in detail, and tables are included to facilitate use of the procedure. Guidelines are provided as to when edge effect bias should be eliminated. North. J. Appl. For. 4:213-216, December 1987.
Soil Disturbance by Logging in New England̶Review and Management Recommendations
Authors: Martin C. Wayne
Published: August 2019

The extent and magnitude of soil disturbance caused by mechanized, whole-tree harvesting was studied on a central hardwood site in Connecticut, a northern hardwood site in New Hampshire, and a spruce-fir site in Maine. Twenty-nine percent of the soil surface at the central hardwood site was undisturbed, but only 8% on the other sites was undisturbed. Mineral soil was exposed on 8 to 18% of soil surfaces after cutting, with wheel ruts more than 30 cm deep occupying less than 3%. Mechanized whole-tree harvesting causes a greater proportion of soil disturbance than other harvesting systems and will affect advanced and subsequent regeneration to a greater degree. If deep rutting occurs on wet soils, equipment should be moved until drier conditions prevail; winter logging and conversion from wheel to track vehicles may be options for reducing impact. Skid trails should follow the land contours. Travel routes should be predetermined to reduce the surface area being compacted. Practices that expose infertile mineral soil should be minimized.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:30-34, March 1988.
Black Walnut Seed Sources for Planting in Vermont
Authors: Waite Carl E. , DeHayes Donald H. , Turner Terry L. , Brynn David J. , Baron William A.
Published: August 2019

The growth, phenology, and susceptibility to winter injury of 82 black walnut provenances were compared in a northwestern Vermont provenance test plantation. After seven growing seasons, provenances from MI, central OH, northern IN, and PA exhibit the best combination of growth, budbreak, and winter hardiness characteristics and are recommended for planting in Vermont's Champlain and Connecticut river valleys. Provenances from MI appear to be particularly well-suited to the environment of Vermont's Champlain Valley, as exemplified by a provenance from Volinia, MI which is 26% taller than the plantation average and among the latest to begin growth in spring. Despite fast growth, provenances from KY, IL, and VA do not appear suitable for planting in Vermont because of their relatively early budbreak and high susceptibility to winter injury. Provenances from the Great Plains are not recommended for planting in Vermont due to their relatively slow growth rate and early budbreak.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:40-45, March 1988
Culvert Sizes Needed for Small Drainage Areas in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Helvey J. David , Kochenderfer James N.
Published: August 2019

Within the central Appalachians, peak discharge from small watersheds (54 to 96 ac) was well correlated with drainage area for recurrence intervals of 10, 20, and 50 years. Culvert sizes to carry the expected flow rates are tabulated for standard conditions where (1) the water surface at the culvert inlet is the same elevation as the top of the pipe, (2) the outlet is not submerged, and (3) the culvert slope is at least 2%. Culvert sizes are presented for drainage areas in the Central Appalachians between 10 and 200 ac, and the results are tested for applicability in the Northeast. This limited test indicated that required culvert size for forested watersheds increases with latitude north of the central Appalachians. North. J. Appl. For. 5:123-127, June 1988.
Structure and Funding of State-Level Forestry Cost-Share Programs
Authors: Bullard Steven H. , Straka Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

State cost-share programs have become a popular means of encouraging forest management activities on private nonindustrial lands. Programs have been started in 13 states, most with extensive forest industries and high percentages of private nonindustrial land ownership. Cost-shares are a direct economic incentive and are used to encourage such specific practices as reforestation after harvest. Although the need for forestry cost-share programs has been questioned in the past, accomplishments have been high and programs have been effective in increasing reforestation on private lands. North. J. Appl. For. 5:132-135, June 1988.
Effects of Daylength and Fertilizer Regimes on Growth of Different Families of Containerized Northern Red Oak
Authors: Houston Daniel B. , Joehlin Kenneth A.
Published: August 2019

The effects of two soil mixes, three fertilizer regimes, and two day-lengths on growth in containers of four half-sib families of northern red oak seedlings were studied. Maximum growth over 15 wk was produced using 3 fertilizations per week with a modified Ingestad solution, a peat-vermiculite (or perlite) soil mix (1:1:1), and an 18-hr daylength. The effect of families was significant (0.01 level) for most variables studied. North. J. Appl. For. 5:153-155, June 1988.
Silver Maple Seed Sources for Increased Biomass Production
Authors: Kopp Richard F. , Geyer Wayne A. , Lovett William R.
Published: August 2019

Silver maple shows promise for use in short-rotation intensive culture energy plantings. A seed source study composed of trees from 26 midwest locations was established in south-central Nebraska in 1979 to determine where silver maple seed should be collected for use in the central Great Plains. Trees were evaluated for survival, height growth, and number of dominant stems per tree during their seventh growing season. Sources from eastern Nebraska, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and northwest Missouri generally exhibited the greatest survival, height growth, and number of dominant stems. Height growth appears to be under stronger genetic control than stem number, suggesting that selection for height should take priority when selecting trees for biomass production. Geographic trends related to survival and height growth, but not stem number, were observed. Environmental or geographic factors that are strong predictors of seed source performance could not be identified. Planting the most locally produced seed is advisable for the central Plains. North. J. Appl. For. 5:180-184, Sept. 1988.
STEMS Model Projection Capability with Incomplete Tree List Input Data
Authors: Randall Bryan L. , Ek Alan R. , Hahn Jerold T. , Buchman Roland G.
Published: August 2019

Projections were made using the STEMS individual tree based stand growth model for plots in red pine, maple-birch, and aspen cover types for periods up to 50 years. Effects of incomplete tree list input data on plots in the form of small tree censorship (omission of small trees) and tree list aggregation (by size class) were examined by comparing projections made for complete plot tree lists (controls) with projections made after these tree lists were censored and aggregated (treatments). Basal area and number of trees estimates proved highly sensitive to censorship, while volume estimates were much less sensitive. Augmentation of censored distributions by an “average” small tree distribution for the cover type resulted in significant improvement of these estimates. Projection model capability using input data aggregated by size class depended on the degree of aggregation. For some types of aggregation, for example by 2-in. dbh classes, the STEMS model retains much of its predictive utility. North. J. Appl. For. 5:190-194, Sept. 1988.
Northern Exports of Softwood Products, 1980-85
Authors: Granskog James E.
Published: August 2019

Assessment of export opportunities for softwood products from the North has been hampered by a lack of information describing foreign sales from the region. This article describes the value and volume of softwood products exported from the northern United States for 1980 through 1985. Roundwood products—mostly spruce logs from Maine and Vermont—are the largest northern softwood export. Canada, the principal market, accounted for 86% of all shipments over the 6-year period. Compilation of regional export data provides a basis for identifying opportunities for selected products in specific markets. North. J. Appl. For. 5:215-219, Sept. 1988.
Site Index Curves for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Jack Steven B. , Nowak Christopher A.
Published: August 2019

Polymorphic site index curves were developed for Norway spruce growing in unthinned, old-field plantations in the Allegheny Plateau region of central New York (reference age is 50 years at breast height). Stem analysis data were collected from 151 dominant and codominant trees representing a single but wide-spread soil catena (Bath - Lordstown - Mardin - Volusia; approx. 2.7 million ac). Site index curves at 10-ft intervals for breast height ages 10 to 50 years are furnished for field estimation. For more precise estimates, a table of site index values by 2-ft heights and 2-year ages is provided. North. J. Appl. For. 5:251-254, December 1988.
The Communication and Diffusion of NIPF Management Strategies
Authors: West Patrick C. , Fly J. Mark , Blahna Dale J. , Carpenter Eugene M.
Published: August 2019

Personal contact is more effective than targeted mailings or mass media in transmitting specific NIPF management advice, and in gaining adoption of that advice by NIPF owners, based on a survey of 220 NIPF owners in northern Lower Michigan. Interpersonal influence by friends, neighbors, and relatives was equally important as contact with professional foresters as a source of NIPF management advice. Peer influence was a significant source of advice about timber management and timber harvesting. This advice had about as much effect on adoption as advice given by private sector foresters, and a greater effect than advice given by state or federal forestry professionals. These findings suggest that investment in communications strategies should emphasize programs of targeted personal contact. However, recognizing the importance of lay peer influence implies that foresters should contact opinion leaders in the community first, and gain their approval so that informal influence among friends and neighbors of NIPF will be as positive as possible. North. J. Appl. For. 5:265-270, December 1988.
Yield of White Pine Plantations in Ohio
Authors: Dale Martin E. , Lutz David E. , Bailey Herman J.
Published: August 2019

Yield equations are presented for white pine plantations established in the residual soils region of southern and eastern Ohio. Estimates of board-foot and cubic-foot volume, as well as tons of wood (either dry or green with or without bark), are given by site, age, and initial spacing. The results indicate that white pine, when established on suitable sites, produces rapid growth and high yields in comparison to other native species in Ohio.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:51-56, June 1989.
Douglas-Fir from New Mexico More Outstanding than Other Sources Studied in Maryland
Authors: Genys John B.
Published: August 2019

Douglas-fir, represented by different seed sources from its natural range, has been studied in two research plantations in Maryland. In the Piedmont Plateau, 24 populations at age 5 varied in foliage turning brown (0% to 22%) which was associated with the longitude (r = 0.61) and the altitude (r = -0.48) of the seed source. At age 12 they varied in survival (6% to 94%), in height (0.9 m to 1.9 m), and in attraction for use as Christmas trees (0% to 19%), all inversely correlated with the northern latitude. In the Appalachian region, 20 sources at age 19 varied in survival (13% to 81%) and in height (1.5 m to 4.2 m), which was inversely correlated to the western longitude, and directly correlated with the altitude of the seed source. In both plantations, the most outstanding populations in survival, height, and attraction for use as Christmas trees were the two sources from Otero County, NM. North. J. Appl. For. 6:56-59, June 1989.
Cavity Trees in Sawtimber-Size Oak Stands in Central Massachusetts
Authors: Healy William M. , Brooks Robert T. , DeGraaf Richard M.
Published: August 2019

Animals that use cavities in trees are an important component of hardwood ecosystems, but reserving cavity trees is often perceived as an impact on timber production. Cavities occurred in 4% of the live trees in even-aged, saw-timber-size oak stands with no previous silvicultural treatment. Cavity trees accounted for 8% of the total live tree basal area and occurred in all tree quality and diameter classes. Dead trees were well distributed by diameter class. On the average, unthinned stands had about 2.9 times as many cavity trees and 1.8 times as many dead trees per ha as thinned stands. It is possible to conduct thinnings that both improve stand quality and retain cavity trees because 89% of the rough cull, and 63% of the rotten cull trees did not contain cavities.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:61-65, June 1989.
The Incidence of Sapstreak Disease of Sugar Maple in Menominee County, Wisconsin, and Its Relationship to Wounds and Season of Logging
Authors: Mielke Manfred E. , Charette David A.
Published: August 2019

Stands of sugar maple along a 0.5 chain-wide strip on both sides of 6.1 rules of major skid and haul roads logged in 1977-1982 were examined for sapstreak disease caused by Ceratocystis coerulescens. There were an average of 0.89 wounded sugar maple per chain (0.1 ac) of roadside. Sapstreak was found in 4.8% (21 of 431) of the wounded sugar maples. Only one tree per 21.2 chains (2.1 ac) of roadside was found to have sapstreak. No significant differences (P = 0.51) existed in the incidence of sapstreak in stands logged during frozen versus non-frozen conditions. Losses amounted to between $41 and $82 per acre of roadside.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:65-67, June 1989.
New Estimates of Central and Eastern U.S. Hardwood Lumber Production
Authors: Luppold William G. , Dempsey Gilbert P.
Published: August 2019

New estimates of hardwood lumber production are higher than the widely used production statistics released by the U.S. Department of Commerce. These estimates were developed through use of Forest Service timber product output studies, state tax records, and state level sawmill surveys. The analysis also indicates that hardwood lumber production was higher in 1986 than at any time during the last 20 years and that hardwood lumber production is increasing in the northern regions relative to the southern regions. Because of underreporting, the returns from management investments in quality northern forest sites could be undervalued. This undervaluation could discourage forest investment and, ironically, could result in even higher long-term prices.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:120-123, September 1989.
High-Vacuum Pumping Effects on Maple Sap Sugar Yield
Authors: Kelley John W. , Staats Lewis J.
Published: August 2019

Some maple producers are reluctant to take advantage of high-vacuum pumping to increase yields of sugar maple sap in their closed-tubing sap collection systems. They believe that only sap of significantly lower sugar content will be obtained. During 1985 and 1986, at Lake Placid, NY, sap collected from sugar maple trees subjected to three levels of vacuum pumping (10-, 15-, and 20-in. Hg) was compared to sap obtained by gravity flow. In most instances the higher levels of vacuum resulted in significantly higher sap volumes with no significant decrease in sap sugar content. Application of 15-in. Hg pumped vacuum at the taphole in a well-maintained tubing system should result in a significant increase in syrup production.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:126-129, September 1989.
Timber Availability in Northcentral Pennsylvania—The Next Hundred Years
Authors: Strauss Charles H. , Lord Roger G.
Published: August 2019

Timber availability was forecast over a 100-year period for Pennsylvania's most valuable hardwood region using the USDA Forest Service FORPLAN model. The eight-county region was found to have a sawtimber production capability that could more than triple during the next 60 years. Age class distributions would also become more balanced, thereby tempering cyclical harvest patterns.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:133-137, September 1989.
Data Gap in Growth and Investment Projections of Black Walnut Plantations
Authors: Bliss John C. , Martin A. Jeff
Published: August 2019

The popularity of black walnut as a plantation species has grown tremendously in the past three decades. A comparison of several recent plantation walnut growth and investment projections shows the limited empirical data upon which they are built, and the resulting disparity in the projections. Furthering our knowledge of walnut culture and investment opportunities will require a commitment to long-term empirical research that is currently lacking.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:169-171, December 1989.
Growth Intercept Methods for Predicting Site Index in Red Pine Plantations in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. , Duncan Charles A.
Published: August 2019

Growth intercept (GI) techniques were evaluated for estimating site quality in red pine stands planted on old-field sites in the unglaciated Western and Central Allegheny Plateau regions of Ohio. Correlations between height growth of trees below breast height (BH) and height growth above BH were not statistically significant. Site index estimates were made using age at BH and height from BH to the growing tip. Three-year and 5-year growth beginning three internodes above the BH annual increment and 10-year growth beginning one internode above BH were more significantly correlated with height than were intercepts beginning at BH. In equations developed for predicting site index, 3-, 5-, and 10-year intercepts in combination with age accounted for 64 to 80% of the variation in tree heights. Combining thickness of the A soil horizon with GI and age statistically increased the variation accounted for in the 3- and 5-year GI equations; however, for field use, the improvement in accuracy was not sufficient to justify making the additional soil measurement. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):27-30, March 1990.
Minnesota's Private Forest Management Assistance Program: An Evaluation of Aspen Timber Sale Assistance
Authors: Henly Rusell K. , Ellefson Paul V. , Baughman Melvin J.
Published: August 2019

State and federal expenditures for Minnesota's private forest management (PFM) program approached $1.9 million in 1987. Nearly 15,000 landowners received PFM assistance in 1986. Seven paired harvests were studied to determine the cost-effectiveness of PFM forester assistance on aspen harvests. PFM forester assistance was found to have little effect on physical harvest conditions (e.g., regeneration and soil impacts) but did result in significantly higher stumpage prices received by landowners. On average, assistance costs exceeded incremental tax returns by $19.70/ac; assisted landowners received a net incremental return of $16.25/ac. Thus, public costs exceeded private landowner returns by $3 45/ac. Increasing the advisory role of PFM foresters while reducing their provision of on-site technical assistance could reduce program costs, as could imposition of larger assistance fees. Cost-effectiveness could be different for other assistance and timber types. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):31-34, March 1990.
Regeneration after Strip Cutting and Block Clearcutting in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Hornbeck James W.
Published: August 2019

Regeneration was studied during the first 10 years after clearcutting on two sites in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire. One site was a 12-ha block clearcut; the other was a 36-ha progressive strip cut harvested in three phases using 25-m wide strips which approximated one tree height. Permanent plots on each site were measured at intervals of 1 to 4 years. Changes in the density and biomass of the major commercial species and their primary noncommercial competitors are presented. At 10 years after clearcutting, yellow birch was the most common tree on the block clearcut; sugar maple was most numerous on the strip cut. Pin cherry dominated the biomass on the block clearcut and the strips first cut (1970), but yellow birch and sugar maple biomass was greater on the strips cut later (1972 and 1974). North. J. Appl. For. 7:65-68, June 1990.
Regional Greenweight Biomass Equations for the Northeast
Authors: Barrett James , Jastrembski John
Published: August 2019

Total stem green-weight biomass equations are given for four northeastern softwood species and ten northeastern hardwood species groups. Data, compiled from studies conducted in New York, New Hampshire, Michigan, Ohio, and two independent studies in West Virginia, suggest that for some data sets there were regional differences for species group. The regional differences may reflect differences in stem form, site quality, and moisture content of the trees due to soil moisture and seasonal variation in data collection analysis. North. J. Appl. For. 7:187-189, December 1990.
Damage to Residual Trees after Cable Logging in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Fairweather Stephen E.
Published: August 2019

Damage to residual trees after cable logging was observed in two northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania. In the first stand, primarily red maple and black cherry, only 8% (by basal area) sustained major damage. Felling was the major source of damage, as the amount due to yarding was negligible. The second stand, a mix of red maple, red oak, and black birch, sustained 10% major damage. The results were similar to observations made in West Virginia, and support the effort to use cable yarding for partial cuts in hardwood stands. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):15-17
An Improved Canopy Access Technique
Authors: Tucker Gabriel F. , Powell John R.
Published: August 2019

Several canopy access techniques are reviewed including a preferred method that is presented in detail. Included is a description for devising the necessary equipment and step-by-step instruction for its use. The technique was developed for use with sugar maple with a crown base 12 to 16 m above the ground. A combination of mountaineering, hunting, and fishing equipment and techniques is employed to propel an initial line into the canopy and rig the tree so that a rope can be ascended. Based on several years of development and testing, the technique is assessed with regard to possible variations and other techniques. The method should be most useful for practitioners and researchers working in the crowns of mature, stand-grown hardwood tree species like those found in the northeastern and midwestern North America. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):29-32.
Effects of Sulfometuron on the Emergence and Growth of Seeded Northern Red Oak, White Ash, and White Pine
Authors: McCormick Larry H. , Allen David H. , Groninger John W. , Bowersox Todd W.
Published: August 2019

Sulfometuron (Oust®) and glyphosate (Roundup®) were applied separately and as tank mixes to plots direct seeded with northern red oak, white ash, and white pine. Treatments included applications of glyphosate, sulfometuron (low and high rate), sulfometuron (low and high rate) + glyphosate, and an untreated control. Results after 2 years showed no effect of sulfometuron at either rate on the emergence of northern red oak and white ash. Emergence of white pine was reduced by both rates of sulfometuron alone or in combination with glyphosate. Sulfometuron at the higher rate alone or in combination with glyphosate reduced the height growth of northern red oak and white ash, and increased first-year mortality of northern red oak. Height growth and first-year survival of white pine was not affected by either rate of sulfometuron. Glyphosate alone or in combination with sulfometuron at the lower rate had no adverse effect on the emergence or seedling growth of northern red oak, white ash, or white pine. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):9-11
The Availability of Fuelwood from Vermont's Nonindustrial Private Forest Lands (NIPF)
Authors: Lindsay John J. , Gilbert Alphonse H.
Published: August 2019

Vermont's nonindustrial, private forest lands (NIPF) have the potential of supplying 3.3 million cords of fuelwood annually to the Northeast energy market. Annual commercial production levels during the energy crisis of the early 1980s, however, only reached 660,000 cords; 342,000 cords came from NIPF. An additional 340,000 cords were cut and consumed by NIPF owners. Low stumpage prices, landowner self-consumption, adverse esthetic impacts, and low stumpage volumes restricted the actual amount of NIPF wood sold to the region's commercial energy market. Fuelwood harvest in Vermont was associated with large parcel sizes (>100 ac), the landowner's personal use of fuelwood, and the existence of a forest management plan. Even under these conditions, the percentage of NIPF owners willing to sell to the commercial market remained small (25%). If fuelwood is to establish itself as a reliable energy resource in the Northeast, large ownerships must be protected from subdivision and fuelwood stumpage prices must increase dramatically. North J. Appl. For 8(2):57-59
Improved Site Index Curves for Young Red Pine Plantations in the Northern Lake States
Authors: Jones Elizabeth A. , Reed David D.
Published: August 2019

Potential site productivity (site index) functions have generally been developed from data where stands are 20 years of age or more. A segmented regression technique was applied to existing site index curves to aid in predicting heights at ages less than 20 years. This approach is illustrated with young red pine data from the Lake States and shows improvement in height prediction at young ages. With this approach, existing site curves for older trees are not changed and can continue to be used without altering their results for older stands. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):59-63
Survival, Development Time, and Pupal Weights of Larvae of Gypsy Moth Reared on Foliage of Common Trees of the Upper Great Lakes Region
Authors: Roden David B. , Surgeoner Gordon A.
Published: August 2019

Survival, development time, and pupal weights of larvae were determined for gypsy moth reared on foliage of red oak, sugar maple, white birch, trembling aspen, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and balsam fir. Mortality was >50% on sugar maple and balsam fir, 35% on jack pine, and ≤15% on the other species. Female larvae developed significantly faster on trembling aspen foliage (29 days at 21°C) than on that of other species. Larvae reared on foliage of trembling aspen, white birch, or a mixture of foliage of either species and that of other species produced larger pupae than did other foliage combinations. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):126-128.
Does Larval Dispersal Cause the Expansion of Gypsy Moth Outbreaks?
Authors: Liehold Andrew M. , McManus Michael L.
Published: August 2019

Pest managers often suggest that gypsy moth outbreaks spread from one area to another. An example of this concept is the so-called "focal area" theory. Under this theory, outbreaks start in small, specific areas (foci) and expand out into larger, concentric zones about this area in successive years. The hypothesized mechanism for this expansion is dispersal of first instar larvae. A simple simulation model was developed to describe the role of dispersal and biomodal density-dependent mortality in the spatial dynamics of gypsy moth densities. Using this model, it was impossible to explain large-scale expansion of outbreaks from foci. Thus, dispersal is an unlikely cause of the commonly observed expansion of defoliated areas. Instead, we hypothesize that these patterns are caused by the spatial distribution of resistant tree stands and that, on a regional scale, spatially separate populations operate largely independently of one another. This conclusion suggests that suppressing populations in one area is unlikely to have an affect on the development of outbreaks in adjacent areas. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):95-98.
Postharvest Assessment of Vermont's Acceptable Silvicultural Management Practices and Water Quality Impacts
Authors: Brynn David J. , Clausen John C.
Published: August 2019

Seventy-eight recently completed timber harvesting operations in Vermont were evaluated for Acceptable Management Practice (AMP) compliance, soil erosion extent, and water quality impacts using a systematic, one-day examination of each site. Evaluations of water quality impacts and soil erosion were conducted on the portions of the transportation network and streams that could be most heavily affected by the timber harvesting operation. Increased stream sedimentation was observed on 46% of the operations with streams. Woody debris impacts occurred on 65% of the operations with streams. AMP compliance was over 90% for protective strip maintenance and stream avoidance, but soil erosion control practices on truck roads and skid trails commonly failed to meet AMP recommendations. Soil erosion was very limited on truck roads, skid trails, and log landings. Although the Vermont operations often only partially complied with the AMPs, minimal soil erosion and water quality impacts were observed. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):140-144.
The Occurrence of Oak Reproduction After Clearcut Harvesting on the Hoosier National Forest
Authors: George David W. , Fischer Burnell C.
Published: August 2019

The quantity of oak regeneration after clearcutting upland hardwood stands is frequently described as adequate on poor quality sites, sparse on medium quality sites, and almost absent on good quality sites. The specific objective of this study was to quantify the occurrence of the largest oak tree (LOT) distributed across a range of site qualities, defined by aspect and slope position, on the Hoosier National Forest, Indiana. Data were collected in 74 clearcut stands, 5 to 17 years of age, using 1,801 0.01-ac plots. Data collected on each plot included species, crown class, height, and stem origin. Average annual height growth of the LOTs was approximately 2.0 ft/yr for dominant stems, 1.5 ft/yr for co-dominant stems, and 0.4 ft/yr for suppressed stems. A LOT was present on 56% of the plots. The site classification approach used described a quantitative gradient of the occurrence of LOTs by aspect code and slope position. The percentage of plots with a LOT increased from lower to upper slope positions and from a northeast to southwest aspect. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):144-146.
Silvicultural Influence on Heartwood Discoloration in Sugar Maple
Authors: Erickson Michael D. , Mroz Glenn D. , Reed David D.
Published: August 2019

The impacts of diameter limit and selection system cutting on the extent of heartwood discoloration in sugar maple were found to be similar for trees of similar sizes. Heartwood discoloration is thought to be triggered by injury to the stem. The extent of discoloration is more likely due to damage to the residual stand and the frequency of disturbance than it is to the choice of diameter limit versus selection harvests. In either system, it is unlikely that heartwood discoloration can be eliminated from the stand. The extent of discoloration is heavily dependent on tree size, probably due to the greater likelihood of injury occurring sometime in the life of older trees. The economic impact of heartwood discoloration is greater in stands harvested under the selection system simply due to the fact that larger trees were maintained in the stand for longer periods of time. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):27-29.
Sampling Unit, Spatial Distribution of Trees, and Precision
Authors: Reich Robin M. , Arvanitis Loukas G.
Published: August 2019

The relationship between plot size and sample variance as affected by the spatial patterns of trees, volume, and basal area is reported. This information is useful for practicing foresters in determining the best combination of sample size, plot area, or basal area factor in forest surveys. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):3-6.
Effects of Tree Shelters on Northern Red Oak Seedlings Planted in Harvested Forest Openings
Authors: Minter William F. , Myers Richard K. , Fischer Burnell C.
Published: August 2019

Planting has been considered to be one solution to the problem of inadequate natural oak regeneration following harvesting in the Central Hardwood Region. Two types of tree shelters were used in two separate 3-year studies to determine their effects on the growth and survival of northern red oak seedlings planted in recently harvested forest openings, and to characterize shelter influence on microenvironmental factors. Sheltered seedlings planted in both trials exhibited significantly greater 3-year height growth as compared to the controls. There were no significant differences in survival rates. Relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations were increased significantly inside both types of shelters, while there were no differences between shelter exterior and interior daytime temperatures. Interior light intensities differed for the two shelter types and varied according to vertical location within shelters. Recommendations are given for using tree shelters as a possible means for improving oak planting success in recently harvested forest openings. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):58-63.
What Is the Sustainable Harvest of Red Pine in Michigan?
Authors: Marty Robert , Potter-Witter Karen
Published: August 2019

Red pine harvests have been increasing rapidly in Michigan, to a current level of 17 million ft³ per year. How large an annual harvest can the Michigan red pine resource sustain? Three different estimates indicate that, if all red pine on commercial forestland were available for harvest, then an annual harvest of 30 million ft³ could be sustained during the near term. And even larger harvests can be supported 10 or 20 years hence, when larger acreages of pine will mature. However, the actual planned harvests on public forests, and the harvests likely to be available from other lands, appear to be significantly less than the potential harvest and less than current utilization levels. This results from the fact that some red pine has been reserved from harvest, both on private and public land. Although increasing harvests of red pine will be available in Michigan for the next 3 or 4 decades, the planting of red pine has declined drastically over the last 20 years. Planting must be significantly increased or management intensified if the resource base is to be maintained. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):94-97.
Cutting Activity on West Virginia Timberlands
Authors: Birch Thomas W. , Gansner David A. , Arner Stanford L. , Widmann Richard H.
Published: August 2019

A recently completed forest inventory and woodland owner survey have given us insight into contemporary cutting activities in West Virginia. About one-third of the private woodland owners have harvested timber from their holdings at some time in the past and they control two-thirds of the private timberland. Although timber harvesting has increased in recent years, it remains a concentrated activity. Remeasured plot data show that only 24% of the timberland had cutting disturbance between the last two inventories. Four-fifths of the cutting took place on one-tenth of the timberland. The timber resource is ripe for more cutting, landowner attitudes have changed to favor increased harvesting, and recent government initiatives support a climate for timber development. There is no denying that physical supplies of timber and landowner intentions reveal a potential opportunity for significant expansion in wood use. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):146-148.
Optimal Bucking of Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Pickens James B. , Lee Andrew , Lyon Gary W.
Published: August 2019

This paper describes the development and application of a bucking (cross-cutting) optimization modal developed for use with northern hardwood species The modal evaluates feasible bucking solutions using computer log grading and scaling procedures that closely reflect industry-established rules. Optimal solutions are found using dynamic programming. A study of 166 trees bucked in Michigan indicates that the gross delivered values of optimal solutions are 39-55% higher than those chosen by the buckers. Possible approaches to improve value recovery during bucking are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):149-152.
Lipid Transfer Proteins (AaLTP3 and AaLTP4) Are Involved in Sesquiterpene Lactone Secretion from Glandular Trichomes in Artemisia annua
Authors: Adhikari Prakash Babu , Han Jung Yeon , Ahn Chang Ho , Choi Yong Eui
Published: August 2019

In Artemisia annua plants, glandular trichomes (GTs) are responsible for the biosynthesis and secretion of sesquiterpene lactones including artemisinin/arteannuin B. Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in plants bind and carry lipid molecules across the cell membrane and are also known as secretary proteins. Interestingly, the transcripts of LTP genes are exceptionally abundant in the GTs of A. annua. In the present study, we isolated two trichome-specific LTP genes (AaLTP3 and AaLTP4) from a Korean ecotype of A. annua. AaLTP3 was expressed abundantly in shoots, whereas AaLTP4 was expressed in flowers. The GUS signal driven by the AaLTP3 or AaLTP4 promoter in transgenic A. annua plants revealed that the AaLTP3 promoter was active on hair-like non-GTs and that the AaLTP4 promoter was active on GTs. Analysis of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) fluorescence fused with the AaLTP3 or AaLTP4 protein in transgenic tobacco revealed that ECFP florescence was very bright on secreted lipids of long GTs. Moreover, the florescence was also bright on the head cells of short trichomes and their secreted granules. Immunoblotting analysis of GT exudates in petioles of A. annua revealed a strong positive signal against the AaLTP4 antibody. Overexpression of AaLTP3 or AaLTP4 in transgenic A. annua plants resulted in enhanced production of sesquiterpene lactones (arteannuin B, artemisinin, dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid) compared with those of wild type. The present study shows that LTP genes (AaLTP3 or AaLTP4) play important roles in the sequestration and secretion of lipids in GTs of A. annua, which is useful for the enhanced production of sesquiterpene lactones by genetic engineering.