bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layer- and Cell Type-Specific Response Properties of Gustatory Cortex Neurons in Awake Mice
Authors: Dikecligil Gulce Nazli , Graham Dustin M. , Park Il Memming , Fontanini Alfredo
Published: November 2020

Studies in visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices have revealed that different cell types as well as neurons located in different laminae display distinct stimulus response profiles. The extent to which these layer and cell type-specific distinctions generalize to gustatory cortex (GC) remains unknown. In this study, we performed extracellular recordings in adult female mice to monitor the activity of putative pyramidal and inhibitory neurons located in deep and superficial layers of GC. Awake, head-restrained mice were trained to lick different tastants (sucrose, salt, citric acid, quinine, and water) from a lick spout. We found that deep layer neurons show higher baseline firing rates (FRs) in GC with deep-layer inhibitory neurons displaying highest FRs at baseline and following the stimulus. GC's activity shows robust modulations before animals' contact with tastants, and this phenomenon is most prevalent in deep-layer inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, we show that licking activity strongly shapes the spiking pattern of GC pyramidal neurons, eliciting phase-locked spiking across trials and tastants. We demonstrate that there is a greater percentage of taste-coding neurons in deep versus superficial layers with chemosensitive neurons across all categories showing similar breadth of tuning, but different decoding performance. Lastly, we provide evidence for functional convergence in GC, with neurons that can show prestimulus activity, licking-related rhythmicity and taste responses. Overall, our results demonstrate that baseline and stimulus-evoked firing profiles of GC neurons and their processing schemes change as a function of cortical layer and cell type in awake mice.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSensory cortical areas show a laminar structure, with each layer composed of distinct cell types embedded in different circuits. While studies in other primary sensory areas have elucidated that pyramidal and inhibitory neurons belonging to distinct layers show distinct response properties, whether and how response properties of gustatory cortex (GC) neurons change as a function of their laminar position and cell type remains uninvestigated. Here, we show that there are several notable differences in baseline, prestimulus, and stimulus-evoked response profiles of pyramidal and inhibitory neurons belonging to deep and superficial layers of GC.
What are Systematic Reviews?
Authors: Nunn Jack , Chang Steven
Published: November 2020

Systematic reviews are a type of review that uses repeatable analytical methods to collect secondary data and analyse it. Systematic reviews are a type of evidence synthesis which formulate research questions that are broad or narrow in scope, and identify and synthesize data that directly relate to the systematic review question. While some people might associate ‘systematic review’ with 'meta-analysis', there are multiple kinds of review which can be defined as ‘systematic’ which do not involve a meta-analysis. Some systematic reviews critically appraise research studies, and synthesize findings qualitatively or quantitatively. Systematic reviews are often designed to provide an exhaustive summary of current evidence relevant to a research question. For example, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are an important way of informing evidence-based medicine, and a review of existing studies is often quicker and cheaper than embarking on a new study. While systematic reviews are often applied in the biomedical or healthcare context, they can be used in other areas where an assessment of a precisely defined subject would be helpful. Systematic reviews may examine clinical tests, public health interventions, environmental interventions, social interventions, adverse effects, qualitative evidence syntheses, methodological reviews, policy reviews, and economic evaluations. An understanding of systematic reviews and how to implement them in practice is highly recommended for professionals involved in the delivery of health care, public health and public policy.
Development of green MMT-modified hemicelluloses based nanocomposite film with enhanced functional and barrier properties
Authors: Haafiz Kassim M. , Taiwo Owolabi F. A. , Razak Nadhilah , Rokiah Hashim , Hazwan Hussin M. , Rawi Nurul Fazita M. , Khalil H. P. S. Abdul
Published: November 2020

A biocomposite was successfully prepared by blending montmorillonite (MMT)/hemicellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) through solution casting. The composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results displayed good compatibility between the mixtures of the blended MMT/hemicellulose and CMC due to the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. There was an improvement in the thermal analysis through their thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties (tensile strength and tensile modulus),and water vapor permeability (WVP). The best values of tensile strength and tensile modulus of 47.5 MPa and 2.62 MPa, respectively, were obtained from 60H-40CMC-MMT nanocomposite films. The results showed that the mixture of the blended MMT/hemicelluloses and CMC produced a robust nanocomposite film with improved physical and mechanical properties, demonstrating that it is a promising candidate for green packaging applications.
Heat transfer and physical-mechanical properties analysis of particleboard produced with ZnO nanoparticles addition
Authors: Silva Luana Cristal Lirya , Lima Felipe Oliveira , Chahud Eduardo , Christoforo André L. , Lahr Francisco A. Rocco , Favarim Higor Rogério , de Campos Cristiane Inácio
Published: November 2020

The use of particleboards (PB) has increased quickly as an alternative engineered wood product mainly due to its having a better ratio of resistance to weight and more elimination of wood defects, such as the presence of knots. Although the panel industry has been constantly growing, innovations are still necessary to improve the final product. The use of metallic oxide nanoparticles on the wood-based panels has the potential to increase the heat transfer process and improve the physico-mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in PB, correlating the physical and mechanical properties of the panel with the heat transfer process at 180 °C. The results were compared with the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2013) and the European standard EN 312 (2010), as well with works found in literature. The results showed a homogenous heat distribution during the pressing, which improved physical properties, decreasing the 24h swelling from 22.2% to 14.9% and the 24 h absorption from 30.29% to 21.0%. Besides that, MOR values was increased from 11.3 MPa to 14.5 MPa and the MOE from 1880 MPa to 2510 MPa.
The effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of Phyllostachys pubescens
Authors: Guan Xin , Yin Haining , Chen Bowen , Zhu Yan , Liu Xueshen , Lin Jinguo
Published: November 2020

To reveal the effects of vascular bundle and sheath-node tissues on mechanical strength, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) was investigated via compression, bending, and tension tests. Quantitative analysis was applied on vascular bundle and sheath-node tissues using a mosaicking technique and Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software. Based on the analysis of internode and node specimens, it was found that 1) there was a significant difference between the tissues proportion and mechanical strength. A high tissues proportion resulted in a high compression strength, tension strength, and modulus of rupture, but a low modulus of elasticity. 2) There was no significant correlation between the tissues proportion and failure modes. 3) The presence of a bamboo node decreased the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and tension strength, but it did not affect the compression strength. 4) A bamboo node increased the likelihood of brash tension failure in the bending test and splintering tension failure in the tension test, but decreased the probability of splitting failure in the compression test. 5) The effects of bamboo node on strength were due to the irregular sheath-node and undifferentiated vascular bundles.
Effect of pH on hemicellulose extraction and physicochemical characteristics of solids during hydrothermal pretreatment of eucalyptus
Authors: Yang Zeguang , Cao Liming , Li Yan , Zhang Min , Zeng Fanyan , Yao Shuangquan
Published: November 2020

The effects of pH on residual solids (RS), total dissolved solids (TDS), carbohydrates, and lignin in eucalyptus during hydrothermal pretreatment were studied. The balance between RS and TDS was obtained at pH 4.0 in hydrothermal pretreatment with pre-adjustment pH. The yield of hemicellulose increased, and oligosaccharides dominated. Hemicellulose had the highest dissolution rate, and cellulose and lignin had the lowest dissolution rate at pH 4.0. The crystallinity index (CrI) and structural transformation of lignin was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) with or without pretreatment. The CrI at pH 4.0 was 64.2% higher than that with the traditional hydrothermal pretreatment (62.1%). The β-O-4 bonds, OMe, and phenylcoumarane of lignin were protected. The highest hemicellulose extraction and minimal physicochemical structural changes were obtained at pH 4.0.
The corrective effect of chromium and zinc citrates on NO-synthase activity of erythrocytes in rats with streptozotocin diabetes
Authors:   Andrei Krupynskyi Lviv Medical Academy, 70 Doroshenko str., Lviv, 79007, Ukraine, Slivinska O. , Iskra R. ,   Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, 38 V. Stus str., Lviv, 79034, Ukraine
Published: November 2020

The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of chromium and zinc citrates on the NO-synthase (NOS) activity of erythrocytes in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. In three series of investigations rats were divided into four groups (I — control, II, III and IV — experimental) each one containing 7 animals. During four weeks, in the first series of investigations chromium citrate was added with water to the main diet of animals in III and IV groups in amounts of 10 and 25 μg Cr3+/kg of body weight; in the second series, zinc citrate was added in amounts of 20 and 50 mg Zn2+/kg of body weight respectively. In the third series, the animals of III group received chromium citrate in amount 25 μg Cr3+/kg of body weight and zinc citrate in amount 50 mg Zn2+/kg of body weight with water. The rats of II experimental group in all series received clean water with no citrates added. A month later, in animals of all experimental groups on the background of a 24-hour fasting an experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in amounts of 45 mg/kg of body weight with the previous injection of nicotinamide. Diabetes occurred on the third day. Animals with a glucose concentration of 14 mmol/L were used for the experiment. The material for the investigation was the blood of rats, in which the concentration of glucose and the relative count of glycosylated hemoglobin were determined, in erythrocytes — NO-synthase activity: general, inducible and constitutive. As a result of the conducted research, it has been found that under streptozotocin induced experimental diabetes in erythrocytes of rats of experimental group II in both series of investigations the activity of general and inducible NOS increased, while the activity of the constitutive NOS did not change compared with the animals of the control group. The introduction of chromium and zinc citrates into the animals’ diet in the above mentioned doses led to the decrease in the activity of the general and inducible NOS compared with the animals of group II with streptozotocin diabetes, indicating a positive effect of the studied microelements on NOS activity in erythrocytes of rats. Thus, the use of chromium and zinc citrates in the diet of rats with diabetes has a normalizing effect on the state of NOS activity, what can reduce the harmful influence of hyperglycemia on the development of oxidative and nitrosative stress.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF ACTIVITIES RELATED WITH HIGH-RISK OBJECTS
Authors:   Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine, Andreitsev V.V.
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to an actual topic on the economic and environmental risk of activities related to high risk objects. Such topic has not been practically investigated in domestic economic and legal science. The scientific article contains the key words related to the economic and ecological risk of the mentioned activity, substantiates its scientific and practical relevance in the context of legal support in the conditions of sustainable socio-economic development, as well as guaranteeing the ecological and overall safety of activities related to the high-risk objects. The author notes the research of scientists who have developed problems of economic, commercial, industrial, economic risk, in particular its legal aspects: Prof. A.G. Bobkova, prof. O.V. Bigniak, prof. O.M. Vinnik, prof. I.F. Koval, prof. V.L. Musiyaka, prof. V.V. Reznikova, prof. N.O. Saniakhmetova, prof. R.O. Stephanchuk and others. These scientists have revealed character and peculiarities of risks in economic activity. Some of them have also focused attention on the establishment of legislative restrictions on environmental safety of production, compliance with safety requirements for life and health of people. The author also points out the scientific works on legal environmental risk, highlights peculiarities of its legal nature. The article thoroughly and comprehensively presents the main results of the study, analyzes laws and other normative acts of Ukraine, the United Nations Conventions and documents of the European Union. This allowed the author to conclude on the presence of economic and environmental risk in terms of its adverse effects on the environment, life and health of the population. Based on the analysis of theoretical sources, evaluation of the domestic legislation, the author proposes the definition of economic and environmental risk, as a formal legal basis for the emergence of obligations of economic entities to eliminate the risk in the event of this risk, eliminate its consequences. He also proposes to introduce appropriate amendments to the Article 16 of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Economic Code of Ukraine, regarding the establishment of additional security guarantees for the security of economic activity related to high-risk objects.
The impact of digitalization on social development
Authors:   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine, Нrytsenko Andrii , Burlai Tetiana ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine
Published: November 2020

The article shows the place of digitalization in the natural transition from the industrial-market to the information-network economy. The authors clarify the structure of relations that determine the mechanism of interaction of technical and technological processes of digitalization and socio-economic relations, and note the complexity of the reflexive interaction of the technical, technological and socio-economic components of societal development. The objective foundations and modern features of the processes of dissemination of information, communication and digital technologies, manifested at the societal level, are revealed. The dualistic nature of digitalization development is revealed: the introduction of the latest technologies not only opens up additional opportunities for business, governments and people, but also generates significant problems, challenges and risks, forming the so-called "digital gap". It is emphasized that in the social dimension, the most characteristic of such gaps is the difference in opportunities for access to digital technologies, which potentially leads to unfair distribution of benefits and increased inequality in society. The main social risks caused by the processes of digitalization at the micro and macro levels are identified. The dynamics of digitalization processes and their impact on social development in a global and national context are comprehensively characterized. Shown various national management strategies, formulated as responses to the challenges of digital development and with a focus on minimizing the social risks associated with them. The modern approaches of the European Union to regulating the impact of digitalization on social development and employment are revealed, including those related to the adoption in 2010 of the Digital Agenda for Europe, the construction of the European Digital Single Market and the implementation of the European Gigabit Society Strategy until 2025. Proposed a few corrections in the mechanisms of Ukraine’s national policy regarding the anticipation and regulation of the social consequences of digitalization, in particular, in the context of the Strategy for the digital transformation of the social sphere of Ukraine presented in September 2020.
Political cycles in the conditions of formation of the information network society
Authors:   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine, Podliesna Vasylyna
Published: November 2020

In the cyclical dynamics of the capitalist world system, politics and economics are closely intertwined, which is manifested in the development of political business cycles of individual countries, as well as in the development of cyclical political and economic processes in the long run on a global scale. The development of political business cycles is due to the influence of interrelated factors - competition of political forces, economic expectations and political preferences of voters. The immanent to the capitalist world-system deep internal contradictions lead to a variety of forms of long-term socio-economic cycles, including such a form as political cycles of a global nature. In the modern conditions of transition from the industrial-market system to the information-network society, the factors continue to exist and the contradictions emerge that both lead to the development of political cycles. Technical and technological transformations that contribute to the formation of information and network society, are strengthening the possibilities of ideological and propaganda activities that affect the cyclical political and economic processes. In such conditions, political cycles are becoming more and more emergent, which is largely due to the influence of social networks, computer games, and "new media" on people's political preferences and their political activity. The cyclical processes of establishing economic and political hegemony in the capitalist world system determine the dominance of the political cycles of leading countries over those of less developed countries. Improving production and dissemination technologies enhances the ability of leading countries to influence the political cycles of less developed countries, and the use of "soft power" is becoming an increasingly important tool of geopolitical struggle in the process of deployment of long-term global political cycles.
Abusive Head Trauma in Day Care Centers
Authors: Rey-Salmon Caroline , de Boissieu Paul , Teglas Jean-Paul , Adamsbaum Catherine
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND:

Abusive head trauma (AHT) warrants particular attention in terms of prevention. One of the key questions asked is how often AHT occurs in infant day care centers compared with private parental or nonparental homes. To investigate this, we studied the caretaking arrangement and child’s location at the time of injury in a cohort of cases involving AHT from the courts.

METHODS:

This multicenter retrospective study covering an 18-year period included all medical and court records of 323 children (2.5 months to 3 years) with AHT, confirmed by the authors acting as medical experts. All markers for abuse and forensic written reports were analyzed by using a standardized data collection tool. The usual child care arrangement and the child’s location at the time of injury were noted. The percentage of day care centers found in the study was compared to the expected rate in the French population (19.5%) by using the χ2 test.

RESULTS:

In 317 AHT cases (98.5%), the assault occurred in a private home (4 in other indoor settings and 1 with missing data). In only 1 case, shaking occurred in a day care center when the nurse was alone with the infant for a few minutes. In 317 cases (98.5%), the usual child care arrangement was by a single adult in charge of 1 or more children.

CONCLUSIONS:

The fact that AHT is an unusual occurrence in day care centers could help social service agencies make decisions in terms of prevention. Recent government policies regarding stay-at-home orders during a pandemic have given this issue new relevance.
The Variety of Legal Traditions in the Judicial Practice of Yekaterinoslav Region in the last quarter of the 19th century
Authors: Posunko Olha
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the description of regional features of the judicial system of Yekaterinoslav province (1783–1796) and Novorossiysk province (1796–1802). The source of the study consists of two groups of materials. The first group is the documents of the highest judicial and administrative institutions of the province. The second group is represented by the county level of judicial institutions. On the basis of the analysis carried out, separate territories of the mentioned administrative-territorial units, which had legal specifics, were singled out. The first region is the lands of the former Hetmanate, which in the form of Kremenchuk, Poltava districts became part of the governorship in 1783. According to the decree of 1777, the use of the norms of "Little Russian law" was allowed here which was based on the Lithuanian Statute of 1588 and the Magdeburg Law. The documents are often instructed specifically on these legal documents; use of their special terminology; subordination of their norms with the customary right of Ukrainians of these territories. The second region are the northeastern provinces of the governorate (in 1783 Bakhmut, Sloviansk, Donetsk) which bordered on Slobidska Ukraine and the lands of the Don troops. The peculiarity of the cases from this corner of the governorship is the appeal exclusively to the Russian imperial legislation. Since the landowners involved the Don Cossacks to land conflicts there these clashes were more aggressive, court proceedings were more complicated. Also, the settlements which were inhabited by the Dons were distinguished by other principles of organization of social life, have specific family relations, which was reflected in the types of crimes. During the period of the existence of the Novorossiysk province (1796–1802), its provincial institutions were audits for cases sent from the Crimea. Immediately in 1783–1784, in order to stabilize the situation, the division into six kaimancies (provinces), which were divided into cadillics (counties), continued to operate there. They were judged, respectively, by the Caimakans and the Kadia. Criminal cases were considered at the courts of the imperial standard, and then they were sent to the Revolutionary Courts of Novorossiysk. Here we note the lack of understanding from the side of Russian bureaucracy of local traditions. The customs of marriage-family, inheritance law have often been ignored by general courts. It is concluded that the named administrative-territorial units in their size could not be a homogeneous field of implementation of the 1775 reform. The polyethnic composition of the population, the local traditions power could not be ignored until then and was forced to consider them in the organization of the judicial system and legal proceedings.
The Yedinoverie Church in the Dnipro Ukraine in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church (the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries)
Authors: Dianova Natalia
Published: November 2020

In the presented scientific article, an attempt was made to study the origins of the origin of the Yedinoverie Church in the Dnipro Ukraine, the main stages of its development in the 19th and early 20th centuries and the definition of a place of common faith in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church. Historical conditions and peculiarities of the emergence of uniformity are analyzed as a form of compromise between the Old Believers and the official Orthodox Church. The role of the Slavonic and Kherson Archbishop Nikifor (Feotoki) in the origin of the common religion and the reaction of the Holy Synod to its actions is examined. The process of creating Yedinoverie Church and the dynamics of its development in different regions of the Dnipro Ukraine is studied. In the context of the topic under consideration, scientific and interest documents are published and archived, which give an opportunity to consider certain aspects of the activities of the clergymen of the faith Edinoverie Church. The attitude of soviet power and the official Orthodox Church to the unity of faith at various stages of the period under investigation is considered. The main criteria of pressure on the Old Believers to join them in the Yedinoverie Church are clarified. It is noted that the activities of the Russian government did not bring the desired results and the number of co-religionists did not increase significantly. The reasons were the unwillingness of the Old Believers to change their spiritual priorities and the disappointment in the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. With time, already in the first half of the XX century, the Yedinoverie Church, fulfilling its mission of associating schismatics with official Orthodoxy, became an integral part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Its church temples and monasteries gradually changed their status to Orthodox.
Higher and Secondary Agricultural School of Ukraine during the late Stalinism: the Realities of Existence and Functioning
Authors: Nikilev Oleksandr
Published: November 2020

The state and activity of higher are illuminated those middle educational establishments of Ukraine of agrarian profile on providing of necessities of agricultural industry in the conditions of her post-war renewal at the last years of guidance by the state of Joseph Stalin. It is educed that a limit circle of researches is from this range of problems. The practically unlit is remained by functioning of higher and middle agricultural establishments in those not simple terms. On the basis of original sources, majority from that first entered to turnover, a role and place of these educational establishments are analyses in the system of looks of guidance of the state, system of subordination and state them material and technical and educational base, approaches of the state in relation to her renewal. The everyday terms of life of students and teaching staff are shown, activity of guidance of educational establishment on providing of their proper functioning in those terms. Marked, that without regard to slow renewal of material base, the state determined increase plans of set of contingent, not taking into account the requirement of republic in the workers of certain profiles. Especially minimum was preparation of specialists of economic professions. It is underlined, that following of guidance of the state in the waterway of pre-war stereotypes in relation to forming of agricultural industry defined specialists and orientation on the old system of preparation after narrow specialties with numerous specializations in a middle them, that satisfied the necessities of different sort of research organizations and establishments well, but negatively affected providing of agriculture. It is educed that geography of placing of agricultural institutions of higher learning did not take into account the territorial changes of republic, that took place as a result wars, that determined serious disproportions in the provision of specialists of her different regions. Central organs distributed considerable part of graduating students of institutions of higher learning of Ukraine for her limits. It is set that in Ukraine in absentia preparation at higher agricultural school was in the embryonic state, and in middle – it did not exist in general. Realizable a government events on her revival small affected efficiency of in absentia agricultural education, as touched only quantitative side of business and did not touch organizational, financial questions, material base, socio-economic problems related to the studies of students. Marked, that without regard to changes that took place at active higher and middle agricultural school in a post-war period, she was orientated neither qualitatively, nor in number on satisfaction of growing necessities of industry on the increase of intellectualization of processes of guidance by an of a collective farm production, attendant him spheres.
Teaching Activity of Maxym Kovalevsky in Paris in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Authors: Kasianenko Yuliia
Published: November 2020

The article deals with the teaching activities of M. M Kovalevsky in such institutions of higher education in France as the Free College of Social Sciences, the Higher School of Social Sciences and the Russian Higher School of Social Sciences. Some specific features of scientific activity in different educational institutions were singled out. The attention was paid to the results of the merger of scientific work by M. Kovalevsky with management activity in the Russian high school of social sciences in Paris. The features of teaching lectures to famous scientists are shown. On the basis of available sources, the places of university studies and their subjects are specified. Particular attention is paid to the way of dissemination of scientific works by M. M. Kovalevsky in the form of lecture collections, separate books, reports of conferences, etc. The listed main works that are related to the scientific work of a scientist from 1889 to 1905. Teaching М. М. Kovalevsky in the summits of the capital of France analyzed with the involvement of memoirs of his colleagues, students and friends.
Conflict Interaction between the Zaporozhian Population and Russian Military Personnel in Kodak and Stara Samar Ferriages in 1730–1760
Authors: Repan Oleh
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the article is to analyze the conflicts of Russian soldiers with the Zaporozhian population in Kodatsky and Starosamarsky ferriage and to identify the causes of conflict.Methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, biographical, historical-genetic. In general, research is based on microhistory.The main results. Control over the ferriage brought appreciable profits to the Zaporozhian Cossacks. The ferriages, including Kodatsky and Starosamarsky, were under the strict control of the specifically appointed officials of the Kosh of Nova Zaporozhian Sich. These two ferriages were operated by the Kodatsky special manager – "shafar", and the control over the Starosamarsky ferriage was carried out by persons, authorized of the Kodatsky shafar. At the time of Nova Sich in the strategically important points of territory of the Zaporozhian Cossacks were established fortified points, which also located the Russian garrisons. Often such fortifications were formed at the intersection of roads, in important communication nodes. Russian officers, in breach of the law, are making efforts to control cash revenues from ferriage. Most of the conflicts are connected with the Starosamarsky ferriage, where there was a powerful Russian fortification with a significant garrison. In the Kodatsky ferriage, where the Russians had a small Kodatsky redoubt with a small garrison on the left bank of the Dnipro, the number of conflicts was much smaller. Zaporozhian Kish and the local Cossack administration counteracted of such actions through appeals to the top Russian leadership, the transfer of the crossing points to another place and force confrontation directly on the ferriage. Concise conclusions. The basis of the conflicts, in my opinion, were two reasons. First reasons is a common desire of man to money, and Russian soldiers behaved trivially. The second reason is their perception of oneself in Zaporozhian territories. Despite the declarative recognition of the rights of the Cossacks, Russian military, as soon as they have the power advantage for this, demonstrate disregard for these rights. They feel themselves higher than the Cossacks, the representatives and leaders of the power of the empire, so it is obvious for them, what they may quite reward themselves with the extra money seized from the local population. At the same time, the strength of the Cossacks returns Russian military to respect for the rights of others. Practical meaning.The results of the research can be used to study the wider problem of interaction between the Ukrainian Cossacks and Russian military in the middle of the XVII – XVIII centuries.Originality: for the first time systematically described and analyzed the interaction of the Zaporozhian population and Russian military on the Starosamarsky and Kodatsky ferriages in the days of Nova Sich.Scientific novelty: the causes of conflicts and key aspects of mutual perception Ukrainian Cossacks and Russian military are determined.Type of article: empirical.
Syntactic functions of the inessive of II infinitive in the Veps language: dynamics of development
Authors: Kosheleva Maria V.
Published: November 2020

Introduction. The feature of the Baltic-Finnish languages is a system of infinitives and infinitive constructions. The article analyzes the syntactic roles of the inessive of the II infinitive, which according to the Baltic-Finnish syntax classification is considered an adverbial construction that characterizes the verb predicate.
Materials and Methods. The analysis is performed using comparative and descriptive methods. The article uses the language dialect material and material of the Veps literary language that has been developing for 30 years, and which writing began to revive in 1989.
Results and Discussion. Semantically the inessive of II infinitive has two main functions: temporal and final. The first one indicates an action that occurs at the same time with the action represented by the main finite verb. The second function indicates the purpose of the action represented by the main verb. At the same time, the final function is purely Vepsian.
Conclusion. Modern Vepsian syntax is the result of development that was caused by the loss of traditional Baltic-Finnish features and taking of some significant features because of the influence of the Russian language.
First record of Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae) from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Regio Luiz Eduardo Mendonça , Pontes Jorge Antônio Lourenço
Published: November 2020

We present the first record of Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) from the state of Rio de Janeiro. We collected this species on 25 July 2018 in Pedra Branca State Park, municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The new record is approximately 214 km from the nearest previously location in the municipality of Ilhabela, state of São Paulo. The specimen was deposited in the Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). This record is part of a study on snakes in the park and expands the distribution of D. variegata to the Rio de Janeiro state.
Система кондиціювання повітря на основі випарного охолодження і відкритого абсорбційного циклу
Authors: Дем'яненко Ю.І. , Дорошенко О.В. , Гоголь М.І.
Published: November 2020

У наш час дефіцит енергії і охорона навколишнього середовища змушують господарників і проектувальників систем кондиціювання до пошуку інших, непарокомпресійних джерел холодопостачання. В статті запропонована система кондиціювання повітря, яка використовує природну нерівноважність атмосферного повітря – психрометричну різницю температур. Проаналізовані процеси прямого та непрямого випарного охолодження повітря стосовно досягнення комфортної зони. На h,d- діаграмі показано, що в результаті прямого випарного охолодження можна досягти області комфорту. Відмічено, що визначальний вплив на ефективність процесу випарного охолодження має вологовміст повітря на вході в апарат. В регіонах, де він високий, вирішальну роль відіграє попереднє осушення повітря. Запропонована альтернативна установка кондиціювання повітря на основі випарного охолодження і попереднього осушення повітря, завдяки чому збільшується психрометрична різниця температур повітря та стає можливим вийти в комфортну зону без застосування парокомпресійного холодильного циклу. Осушення повітря відбувається в абсорбері розчином бромістого літію, для регенерації якого використовується тепло, що виробляється сонячними колекторами. З огляду на те, що в процесі абсорбції температура абсорбенту зростає, в схемі передбачено відведення теплоти абсорбції водою, попередньо охолодженою в градирні. Поставлено задачу досягти після установки стану повітря, близького до температури точки роси,  збільшивши таким чином її холодопродуктивність. При цьому слід забезпечити зменшення габаритів установки та витрат енергії на переміщення контактуючих потоків повітря, води та розчину абсорбенту. Всі тепломасообмінні апарати в установці виконані за поперечною схемою на основі регулярної насадки. Такий підхід дозволив мінімізувати аеродинамічний опір апаратів та їх габарити. Розроблена схема сонячної системи кондиціювання повітря (ССКП) запропонована для кондиціювання одного із супермаркетів
Wrangel Island Toponymy Motivated by Zoology Vocabulary
Authors:   Ural State Medical University, Kostylev Yuri S.
Published: November 2020

The paper deals with the names of geographical objects of Wrangel Island motivated by zoology vocabulary. These lexical units may refer to various species and groups of animals, characteristic features of their appearance and behavior, or include notions and terms of material culture related to hunting, animal breeding, and nature conservation. The study builds on specialized toponymic guides, memoirs and essays, cartographic materials, as well as materials of an interview with the deputy director for environmental protection of the Wrangel Island State Nature Reserve, G. Fedorov. An analysis of the selected material allows us to trace several phases of the island’s development over the rather short (about 150 years) history of its exploration, captured in toponymy as a major element of spiritual culture. Interestingly enough, a relatively large number (19%) of toponyms are motivated by zoology vocabulary, which is explained by the importance of the animal world for Wrangel Island. Moreover, the choice of specific vocabulary from this sphere is associated with the nature of human activity on the island. The island history falls into three periods, each having specific source vocabulary for place naming: 1) discovery and initial inspection of the territory; 2) hunting and fishing development; 3) reserve foundation and environmental activities. The distributional prevalence of motivating tokens speaks not only of the time the name was created or of the nominator’s occupation but also points to the objective features of the island’s animal world and the diversity of its fauna. The analysis of the presented data leads to conclude that toponymy serves both as an illustration and as a direct source of unique historical information related to specific parts of the studied area.
On the Origin of Russian-Language Hydronyms of the Shchugor River Basin
Authors:   Yugyd Va National Park, Belyaev Andrey G. , Shubnitsina Elena I. ,   Yugyd Va National Park
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the history of the hydronyms Shchugor, Patok, Glubnik, Torgovaya, Volokovka, Pyatidyrka, and Semidyrka, i.e. the names of the Shchugor River and its several tributaries of the first and second orders. Presently, these names mostly have a “Russian” phonetic appearance, however, their historical variants suggest that some of them may be a result of semantic adaptation of pre-Russian names. The authors suggest that the hydronyms Pyatidyrka and Semidyrka originated from Nenets names with a composite determinant -dyrma, expressing recurrence and place of action. In other examples, there is a parallel coexistence of several similar versions of one hydronym belonging to different languages, cf.: Russian Torgovaya, Komi-Zyryan Törgövöy-yu, Nenets Menyaylava. This can be regarded as a testimony to the past and current contacts of the Russian population with indigenous peoples — speakers of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages. In some cases, the older pre-Russian form of a hydronym might be missing, i.e. replaced by a Russian-language variant without any trace of the substrate name. For example, the Komi-Zyryan hydronym Pyzhenyuts (from Komi-Zyryan pyzh ‘boat,’ literally “River on which boats can sail”) was replaced in the Old Russian period by the name Padun and, later, by the name Patok, both of the latter hydronyms being originally Russian. The article also analyzes native Russian names for which the most probable motivation can be established based on geographic data. Incidentally, the traditional interpretation of the name of the river Glubnik as “deep river” or “river with deep places” is called into question, since such an interpretation does not correspond to physical and geographical features of the river, the authors interpret the name as “River flowing from the depths of the taiga.” All linguistic observations and etymological interpretations of hydronyms presented in the article are based on the analysis of a large array of cartographic sources of the 16th–20th centuries; finally examples are given of the distortion of the spelling of the hydronyms of the Shchugorsk area of the Urals on the maps of various times.
Arran and the Neighbouring Countries in the Parthanian Text of the 3rd Century Trilingual Inscription at Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (ŠКZ)
Authors:   Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS, Alikberov Alikber К. , Mudrak Oleg А. ,   Institute of Linguistics of the RAS,   National Research University, Higher School of Economics
Published: November 2020

The paper continues the discussion about the historical onomastics of Caucasian Albania. The previous article named “Historical Names Albania, Aluank, and Alan in Cross-Cultural Communication” established the existence of a common etymological source of the names Albania, Aluank, and Alans. The present study focuses on toponyms of the western part of the Persian (Sasanian) empire mentioned in the Parthian part of the trilingual inscription on the rock of Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (ŠKZ) near Persepolis (Iran), dating ca. 260–262 CE. The authors propose a corrected reading of the Parthian text of the ŠKZ inscription based on a detailed analysis of the script and existing knowledge about the historical phonology of the Parthian language. They introduce a revised phonetic transcription of the Parthian names for Media, Adiabene, and Caucasian Albania. Particularly interesting is the case of the historical toponym Arran corresponding to (the Caucasian) Albania/Aluank and opposed to the attributing element Alan which appears in the name of the “Gate of the Alans” in the same inscription. The authors explain the reasons for the emergence of the confusing word Ardan in the Parthian text. The graphical difference between the forms Arran and Alan and their cooccurrence within the same text may point to the different etymologies of these words. In this vein, the authors examine the use of the reflexes of the first term in the written languages of Transcaucasia showing the questionability of its Iranian origin and proposing an alternative interpretation based on North Caucasian languages.
Geographic Names of Flintshire, Wales. Review of the book: Owen H. W., & Gruffydd, K. L. Place-names in Flintshire. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2017. 272 p.
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the RAS, Falileyev Alexander I.
Published: November 2020

The new book on the toponymy of Flintshire is notable in several respects, including the scope of the study that goes well beyond the geographical borders of this county. This review addresses the virtues and the shortcomings of the publication. Two academic monographs, several books for a wider audience, and a number of articles had already been devoted to Flintshire’s geographical names. A new study is considered against this background and includes an analysis of the book, its features, and the evaluation of the authors’ contribution to the study of the toponymy of North East Wales. The book covers 801 geographical names of 753 places in Flintshire (Welsh Sir y Fflint) before the administrative reform of 1994. Given that 62% of the toponyms under study (including those that disappeared from modern maps) are Welsh, the review focuses on the analysis of this set of data, with attention to chronological layers and the etymologies of some geographical names, as well as their translation into English. The author points out that the English layer of Flintshire’s toponymy deserves a more detailed coverage. The layout of the data in this work makes it possible to express some considerations regarding the general trends observed in the toponymic studies of Wales.
Old Believers’ Personal Names in a Foreign Language Environment. Review of the book: Ziółkowska-Mówka, M. (2018). System antroponimiczny staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce [Anthroponymic System of Old Believers Living in Poland]. Toruń: Eikon. 469 s.
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies of the RAS, Plotnikova Anna A.
Published: November 2020

The article provides an overview of the book Anthroponymic System of Old Believers Living in Poland by the Polish researcher M. Ziółkowska-Mówka. This 5-chapter book includes an outline of the history of the Old Believer’ movement and its general features (Chapter 1), a description of the language situation of Old Believers living in Poland (Chapter 2), an analysis of their personal names (Chapter 3), a study of Old Believers’ surnames, Russian and Polish (Chapter 4), present-day unofficial anthroponyms, including historical and modern nicknames (chapter 5). An extensive appendix contains a list of Old Believers’ names (male and female), a list of “additional definitions” used in the 19th century, modern surnames and a list of modern nicknames. The review notes the importance of the collected corpus of Russian names and surnames in Poland and gives high account of the comprehensive analysis of the material (principles of selection of Old Believers’ personal names from documents and oral narratives; phonetic and morphological analysis of names, surnames and nicknames; motivation for nicknames pointing at different characteristics of people and their speech and referring to other anthroponyms). Synchronic and diachronic analysis of Old Believers’ names and surnames reveals a picture of historical and modern language processes against the sociolinguistic background of Old Believers’ interaction with non-Slavic and non-Old Belief communities. Of particular value to the study is the analysis of Polish and German names (which are also involved in Old Believers’ naming in various aspects), as it emphasizes the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural nature of the entire peer-reviewed work.