bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La genèse du recrutement de 1918 en Afrique noire française
Authors: Michel Marc
Published: December 2013

In 1918, France requested of her African territories their greatest recruiting effort since the beginning of the war : 47.000 men from French West Africa and about ten thousand from French Equatorial Africa. Actually, the decision taken by Clemenceau, on December 17th 1917, concerned all the French colonies and aimed at finding a solution to the desperate lack of manpower facing France at the end of 1917. It materialized, upon the advice of General Mangin, inspite of the meagre credit done by High Command to the military value of African troops and inspite of the promise made by the former Cabinet to Governor General Van Vollenhoven. But Clemenceau was determined to break down the old animosity of colonial circles, in French West Africa as well as in Algeria, against the recruiting of native troops. And yet it was Clemenceau's policy, decided on January 14th 1918, to lay the responsibility of this new levy upon the African deputy, Blaise Diagne, which was the cause of the most active opposition : protests from upper commercial quarters, the résignation of Van Vollenhoven and even criticism from Mangin. The " Diagne Mission " and the several decrees of January 14th, allowing financial, juridical and social compensations to the people, apparently constituted gestures of good will too compromising for the future not to extend to Africa the debate on military service and the native status opened in Algeria in 1908. These efforts apparently raised a pledge to the claims of the " Young Senegalese " making up the folio wers of Blaise Diagne and Galandou Diouf. Criticism rendered harmless by the spectacular enlisting, the first " opportunity for assimilation " thus presented itself.
Slave Trade, Commercial Organization and Industrial Growth in Eighteenth-Century Nantes
Authors: Boulle Pierre H.
Published: December 2013

The slave trade was one of the important motors of economic concentration in the eighteenth century. One thesis would even have it that, in England, this commerce was closely tied to the Industrial Revolution. Gaston Martin has suggested a similar pattern in the case of Nantes, the first slave-trading port of France, around which a true industrial revolution is supposed to have taken place, thanks to the armateurs' economic concentration. Hence, the case of Nantes may reveal something about French economie transformation and its limits in the eighteenth century.

Such a concentration, based on a rational organization of commerce, took place within Nantes' slave-trading oligarchy between 1730 and 1755. There, unlike in other ports, the effect of this concentration was not dissipated through heavy non-commercial investments. Rather, accumulated capital was used to expand the trade's impact, especially through investments in local industries (mostly textiles), the character of which was remarkably modem (quantity replaced quality ; a modem financial structure was adopted ; labor problems and competition arose). However, the Seven Years' War interrupted the Atlantic trade. Nantes, over-specialized, suffered more than other ports. Traditional investments having regained their the postwar period saw the old slave-trading families replaced by more cautious and less specialized armateurs. Furthermore, the era being characterized by lower profits, less risk capital was available to industry. The port's industrial growth was stopped and modernization not pursued.

Thus, the Seven Years' War is a turning point for Nantes' economy. The fragility and isolation of the latter may be fundamental causes of the city's failure to industrialize, but these weaknesses had been overcome earlier. Therefore, the French fleet's powerlessness to protect the merchant navy was an important factor in the French eighteenth-century failure to keep up with England in the industrial realm.
La fièvre jaune à Grand-Bassam (1899-1903)
Authors: Wondji Christophe
Published: December 2013

Après avoir été la ville des résidents de la Côte de l'Or française, Grand-Bassam devint la capitale de la jeune colonie de Côte d'Ivoire en 1893. Située sur le cordon littoral, à l'endroit où la lagune Ebrié touche à l'embouchure de la Comoé, la ville présentait les avantages incontestables d'un débouché naturel. A la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle, de fréquentes épidémies de fièvre jaune devaient troubler la quiétude des administrateurs et des colons de cette ville, au moment même où le commerce du bois et de l'huile de palme commençait à donner des résultats encourageants. Devant les échecs enregistrés dans la lutte contre la fièvre jaune, les autorités coloniales mirent souvent en cause l'insalubrité naturelle de Grand-Bassam, oubliant que leurs maigres moyens techniques et financiers pouvaient aussi expliquer la répétition de ces épidémies. Elles décidèrent donc de transférer la capitale à Bingerville, mais se heurtèrent à l'opposition énergique des commerçants lorsqu'elles voulurent procéder au transfert des installations commerciales. Grand-Bassam n'était donc plus la capitale politique et administrative de la Côte d'Ivoire, mais demeurait encore le centre des affaires. C'était le commencement d'un processus qui allait vider la ville de sa substance au profit des autres postes de la lagune Ebrié, et d'Abidjan en particulier.
Des Bassignots dans le commerce avec l'Inde au XVIIIe siècle — La maison Michaux et Cie (1786-1793)
Authors: Dillemann Louis
Published: December 2013

Parmi les sociétés privées françaises qui commercèrent avec l'Inde dans le dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle, l'une modeste, fut fondée par Etienne Michaux, avocat à Paris mais originaire du Bassigny (pays situé entre la Champagne et la Lorraine), avec des fonds fournis en grande partie par des habitants de cette région. Tant que dura le privilège de la Compagnie des Indes, É. Michaux dut avoir Ostende comme port d'attache avec un représentant anglais, Thomas Blake, et un vaisseau sous pavillon impérial, la Comtesse de Trautmannsdorff. Il avait ouvert un comptoir à Pondichéry. Après un premier voyage aux bénéfices incertains, il décida de vendre le tiers et plus tard la moitié de son affaire à la puissante « Société maritime » gérée par Senn, Bidermann et Rabaud. En même temps il prenait des parts sur le Pondichéry et le Trajan, et participa à la construction du Superbe. Il fut en relations suivies avec des banquiers et des assureurs de Londres ou avec des commerçants de Calcutta. En 1793 les Anglais s'emparèrent des trois vaisseaux en cours de navigation sous pavillon français, ruinant l'entreprise dont les participants s'engagèrent dans d'interminables procès.
Honfleur et la traite des Noirs au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Mettas Jean
Published: December 2013

Honfleur devint, à la veille de la Révolution, lorsque la traite française atteignit son apogée, le cinquième port négrier du royaume par le nombre de ses armements. Voilà qui à soi seul justifiait une étude particulière. Mais Honfleur sut aussi affirmer son originalité : par les initiatives d'un de ses armateurs, qui négocia au milieu du siècle, premier du genre, un contrat d'affrètement avec les Anglais de Sierra Leone ; par les régions d'Afrique fréquentées — haute Guinée et Gabon — , certes peu accueillantes, mais où la concurrence était moins forte pour de nouveaux venus.
The Volume of the North-American Slave-Carrying Trade from Africa, 1761-1810
Authors: Anstey Roger
Published: December 2013

Although calculations by the present writer, and published elsewhere, do not seek to raise Curtin's national totals in the years 1761-1810 by more than 11 %, an exception must be made for the North American slave-carrying trade. Quite good lists for the 1760's, and less good evidence for the subsequent two decades, enable us to project decennial export totals of 40,300, 35,900 and 17,800 respectively. For the ensuing twenty years the evidence is hardly satisfactory but projections from partial U.S. import data, calculations and from known Cuban imports enable us to justify a figure of 200,940 for the two decades, making 294,900 in ail, as against Curtin's figure of 166,900.
Comments on Richardson and Boulle and the « Williams Thesis »
Authors: Engerman Stanley L.
Published: December 2013

A partir des articles de Richardson. et de Boulle l'auteur propose une réflexion sur les divers liens qui peuvent exister entre la traite des Noirs et le développement économique de l'Angleterre et la France. Considérer un schéma selon lequel les conditions qui ont amené une croissance économique soutenue ont permis l'essor d'une traite fructueuse serait plus constructif, semble-t-il, que de soutenir la thèse inverse, comme l'a fait Williams.
La reprise des relations entre la France et le Canada après 1850
Authors: Portes Jacques
Published: December 2013

Avant 1850 la France et le Canada ne sont reliés que par quelques contacts privés ; or brusquement les relations entre les deux pays reprennent une force nouvelle. En 1855 un navire de guerre français la Capricieuse va à Québec où un consulat est créé en 1858, et le commerce semble se développer. Cela est dû à la volonté commune de promouvoir le commerce international et à la redécouverte par certains Français des Canadiens français, eux-mêmes avides de culture française. Mais la France n'a pas de politique canadienne — elle veut éviter tout ce qui pourrait éveiller le moindre soupçon britannique — ; et les structures économiques des deux pays sont très différentes (le commerce franco-canadien n'atteint jamais 2 % de leurs échanges). Aussi les relations officielles, tout en étant définitives, restent bien minimes. Par contre une minorité de Français, comme Rameau de Saint-Père, se passionnent pour le Canada français qui leur semble refléter une image du passé ou un exemple de survivance à méditer. Si la reprise des relations entre les deux pays est incontestable elle est aussi ambiguë et faible, mais une base est créée pour les liens futurs.
La Reprise de Terre-Neuve par les Français en 1762
Authors: Cerbelaud Salagnac Georges
Published: December 2013

Entre la chute de Montréal (8 septembre 1760) et le traité de Paris (10 février 1763), le Cour de France se mit dans l'esprit de reprendre possession de Terre-Neuve, « en vue d'opérations futures contre le Canada ». Le commandement de l'expédition fut confiée au capitaine de vaisseau chevalier de Ternay et le commandement des troupes au colonel comte d'Hausson ville. La division navale quitta Brest le 8 mai 1762 et Saint-Jean-de-Terre-Neuve tombait sans coup férir le 27 juin aux mains des Français. On avait compté sans la réaction foudroyante des Anglais. Le gouverneur général sir Jeffery Amherst réunit incontinent toutes les forces disponibles en Nouvelle-Angleterre et les jeta sur Terre-Neuve. Craignant d'être bloquée dans le port de Saint-Jean, la petite escadre de M. de Ternay s'échappa le 15 septembre, et M. d'Hausson ville ne put que rendre le dernier fort aux Anglais le 18. Il n'en reste pas moins que cette extraordinaire équipée valut peut-être à la France de conserver au moins en Amérique du Nord les îles Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
L'Afrique coloniale française et la crise de 1930 : crise structurelle et genèse du Rapport d'ensemble
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: December 2013

La crise de 1930 fut ressentie en Afrique par un renversement de tendance précoce et durable (1928-1935) : malaise commercial, effondrement des investissements privés et crise bancaire. Néanmoins, les phénomènes économiques stricto sensu de la crise mondiale furent relativement atténués : le crédit colonial, quasi inexistant, n'eut guère d'incidence. La politique protectionniste mise en place depuis 1928 fonctionna comme un volant régulateur de la conjoncture, aussi bien pour la France (le « repli sur l'empire ») que pour les firmes coloniales, qui bénéficièrent dans l'ensemble d'une amélioration des termes de l'échange. En revanche, le résultat fut, sur place, une mutation économique profonde des ressorts de l'impérialisme français : condamnation de 1' « économie de traite » traditionnelle, proche du pillage ; essor des cultures de plantation ; prise en charge de l'outillage d'infrastructure par le secteur public métropolitain, provoquant la mise en place du cycle infernal de l'aide et de l'endettement. D'où une crise sociale interne profonde correspondant à la mise en place de 1' « échange inégal » : paupérisation des campagnes, amorce de l'afflux migratoire urbain, enfin affirmation d'une différenciation en classes sociales avec, d'une part, une catégorie limitée de « nantis » autochtones et, d'autre part, la détérioration relative du sort des travailleurs indigènes (le « prix réel salarial » s'effondre par rapport au manœuvre français). Le tout aboutit sur le plan international, au reflux accéléré des profits vers le centre métropolitain et révèle l'émergence des traits caractéristiques du sous-développement contemporain.
Une Approche des exportations de français de 1919 à 1930. Substitutions et concurrences
Authors: Debeir Jean-Claude
Published: December 2013

Exports of French money were gradually prohibited during the First World War, culminating in an Act of April 3, 1918. In spite of constant lobbying by the business interests, the Act was not repealed until January 10, 1928. Notwithstanding such prohibitions, capital was exported again after 1921, once war time accounts were settled. However, two important and lasting changes occurred at the time : short term crédits, which represented a small part of the capital before 1914, were the larger portion now, because non-repatriation of profits made in the export trade were being fed back into the System ; the trend towards less developed countries, as of pre-war time, was now switched to the main financial centres. Three stages can be noticed. From 1919 to 1926, due to post-war difficulties and reconstruction problems, although France was once again capable of exporting money, economically speaking (so the statistical tables show and authoritative sources say), most of the capital went to refunding war debts. The second period started in December 1926, when the Franc rate of exchange was steady : exchange control by the Banque de France allowed for a growing money export to 1928. Then in 1929-1930, the third period, capital flow was in the opposite direction : with a steady currency, France drew foreign capital seeking for safety ; however the modest returns on the continental investments induced prospecting overseas : an early " falling back " on the colonies.
Le Maroc et la crise
Authors: Gallissot René
Published: December 2013

The dépression has been late in affecting Morocco and hits it particularly by causing a slump in the exportation of phosphates and by halting the spéculative boom (harbour equipment, construction) of a young colony which nevertheless is maintaining, indeed enlarging its industrial employment sector. The main resuit of the world crisis is the uncovering of the weakness of an economy based on crédit ; on the one hand the debts, even if highly exaggerated, of the settlers who are protesting loudly in order to retain their hold over politics and finance, disregarding the Moroccan national movement and the approach of the Popular Front ; on the other hand, the lack of equilibrium in the Protectorate's budget becoming obvious when phosphates takings drop and the burden of the public debt increases. Thus the colonial regime is bearing down on the Moroccans, through taxation, while the state of agriculture is bad and the ravages of typhus and hunger are re-appearing. The essence of the crisis lies in the impoverishing of rural land and in unemployment ; the urban flow gives birth to shanty-towns ; the squalid spread of Casablanca is displacing the centre of gravity in Morocco ; 1934 reveals social transformations through awakening, political confrontations and the birth of a working class.
Contribution à l'étude de l'endettement de la colonisation agricole au Maroc
Authors: Oved Georges
Published: December 2013

The rural policy in Morocco, after Lyautey's dëparture, consisted in bringing settlers, most of whom lacked agricultural experience and financial means. However, these settlers actually found great credit facilities with their Mutual Societies — considerably supported by the Government — as well as with traders. Two reasons account for the slackening of colonization after the early thirties : falling priées and little demand. The Great Depression reveals the importance of the settler's debt. Between 1930 and 1934, the settlers, enfeebled as they were by their inner dissensions, had to face harrying from their creditors, the traders» The latter, through constant pressure upon the Government, managed to have their debts settled by means of Treasury loans. From 1934 onwards, the settlers acted jointly and in a more demanding way, and the traders were ready to help them. The pressure from both sides induced the Government to revise their policy concerning the settlers' debts, naturally at the expense of the tax-payers. The relationship between traders and settlers needs to be replaced in the general context of the defence of their privileges, as they both had to face the simultaneous rise of Moroccan nationalism and of its potential ally : the French Left.
La Grande Dépression vue et vécue par une société d'import-export en A.O.F. Peyrissac. (1924-1939)
Authors: Robin Régis
Published: December 2013

In 1908 the Anciens Établissements Charles Peyrissac became a joint-stock company. This family export-import firm dealt mostly in tropical produce : rubber first, then groundnuts. With a turn-over amounting to over half of S.C.O.A.'s (120 millions as opposed to 226), exporting 1/20 of F.W.A.'s products, the company seemed destined to a great future. The original profit rates, exceptional for the post-war period, illustrate this situation : 115 % in 1922, 60 % in 1924. As of 1926, these rates began to drop and this trend, strengthened by the 1929 dépression, was not to reverse itself until 1935-1936. Faced with the crisis, the company directors found themselves utterly helpless, as shown in their statements to the Board of Directors for the 1933 fînancial year : " we must bear in mind that this crisis will come to an end one day : the sooner the better ". Neither the drastic cuts in capital, nor the appeal for state protection were enough to remedy the situation ; the company was on the verge of bankruptcy. It was only thanks to the expansion of groundnut production in Senegal and Sudan, due to improved market-prices of raw materials, that the comeback was gradually effected. Unsettled by the depression, the company lost all its chances of becoming one of the " giants " of West African trade ; its turnover now only amounted 1/6 of that of S.C.O.A. Moroever, the crisis has allowed Baron de Nervo's firm (USINOR) to play a leading part on the Boàrd of Directors. The Peyrissac dynasty lost its ruling place in the company.
Mouvements commerciaux et évolution de la Guinée française de 1928 à 1938 : l'essor de la spécialisation bananière
Authors: Trentadue Michel
Published: December 2013

La crise économique de 1929 se marque en Guinée française par une chute commerciale sensible dès 1928. Le fond de la crise est atteint en 1931 et 1932. Le retour à la normale ne s'amorce réellement qu'en 1934. Deux éléments se détachent de ce mouvement commercial, indices des transformations économiques de la colonie. La production aurifère est favorisée par l'accroissement de la demande en or de la métropole. La production bananière connaît une progression tout aussi notable. Cette culture est au début du siècle un élément de reconversion après la chute du caoutchouc. La culture bananière se développe au cours de la crise, grâce aux subventions publiques (à l'échelon de la métropole et à celui de la colonie), et grâce à une législation sociale favorable aux planteurs, aux dépens de la main-d'œuvre africaine. Le « secteur moderne » de l'économie guinéenne sort renforcé de la crise.
La Crise des années 30 et ses répercussions sur la colonisation française en Tunisie
Authors: Poncet Jean
Published: December 2013

La crise des années 30 a mis un terme à l'expansion foncière de la colonisation dans les campagnes de Tunisie. C'est l'abandon de la politique suivie jusqu'alors, qui consistait à installer des colons français, devenant des exploitants « modernes », sur une superficie globale de plusieurs centaines de milliers d'ha ; à leur procurer surtout des moyens financiers et matériels (facilités de crédit et avances) qui faisaient d'eux, en temps de prospérité (décennie 1920-30), l'une des bases de l'expansion du capitalisme bancaire et industriel en Tunisie. L'effondrement des cours des principaux produits agricoles (vin, blé, huile) faillit entraîner la faillite d'un très grand nombre de ces exploitants lourdement endettés. Les mesures « d'assainissement » et de consolidation prises à cette occasion peuvent être considérées moins comme une politique de défense des colons eux-mêmes que comme une des manifestations typiques de ce que deviendra le capitalisme monopoliste d'État. En Tunisie, la crise des années 30 précipite aussi l'apparition du sous-développement en tant que tel ; elle condamne à terme le colonialisme français traditionnel.
La Société guinéenne dans la crise de 1930 : fiscalité et pouvoir d'achat
Authors: Trentadue Michel
Published: December 2013

At the time of the Great Depression, Guinean society was integrated into a colonial framework. The country's traditional authorities were driven to co-operate with the colonial powers, in return for the maintenance of certain privileges. Besides, direct taxation brought into this society the mechanics of market economy. Now, what was the efîect of the economic crisis ? A relative evaluation of the Guinean people's available funds allows us to determine the actual gravity of the situation. Such an evaluation is possible if three facts are taken into account : taxation of the Africans ; price paid to the Africans for their exports ; and actual export value of these products. Three essential phases can be traced. From 1928 to 1932 the Guineans suffer a decrease in their financial possibilities accompanied by a parallel increase in the émigration movement and imprisonment for non-payment of taxes. From 1932 to 1935, at the height of the crisis, the monetary balance is on the negative side. This means the sale of the most valuable possessions and the reappearance of domestic slavery, emphasising extreme poverty. After 1935 the crisis resolves itself very gradually ; the hardships of the Guineans abate even more slowly, with significant regional gradations.
La Détention du capitaine Dreyfus à l'île du Diable d'après les archives de l'Administration pénitentiaire
Authors: Menier Marie-Antoinette
Published: December 2013

L'histoire de la captivité du capitaine Dreyfus à l'île du Diable du 14 avril 1895 au 5 juin 1899 n'a pas tenté les historiens. A l'aide de documents jusqu'ici inédits, l'auteur tente de rendre compte de la vie quotidienne du déporté et des actions et réactions de la haute et petite administration. Sous l'empire d'une triple hantise : enlèvement, évasion, suicide du condamné, celles-ci transformeront la peine de déportation en un régime carcéral sans faille auquel la raison d'un innocent faillit succomber.
La Politique fasciste à l'égard de l'Afrique du Nord : l'épée de l'Islam et la revendication sur la Tunisie
Authors: Rainero Romain
Published: December 2013

L'histoire de la politique fasciste de revendication coloniale de l'entre-deux-guerres reste à écrire presque entièrement ; ses phases et ses vicissitudes dans le contexte de la position internationale de l'Italie fasciste ont très peu intéressé les historiens italiens ou autres. Même l'élément le plus dramatique de cette revendication, la Tunisie, a attiré peu d'historiens ou de chercheurs. Pourtant l'examen de ce problème à partir des archives gouvernementales italiennes peut donner de la politique étrangère du fascisme une nouvelle vision, qui confirme des conclusions déjà acquises quant à son caractère épisodique mais qui l'accable quant à l'instabilité de ses choix fondamentaux mêmes. Dans cette histoire, une place de premier plan est occupée par les accords Laval-Mussolini du 7 janvier 1935. Leurs aspects obscurs et leur négociation accélérée en font un chef-d'œuvre d'ambiguïté, dans lequel les deux parties en cause se leurrent réciproquement et en définitive signent un traité public et un accord secret destinés, non pas à rétablir l'harmonie entre les deux pays, mais au contraire à augmenter les feux des polémiques dès le lendemain de leur signature. Quant à l'objet de ces accords, la Tunisie, les vicissitudes du mouvement nationaliste d'alors, avec un Néo-Destour hors la loi et Habib Bourguiba en prison, lui évitèrent d'entrer directement dans le jeu des ambitions italiennes et de subir la séduction du fascisme avec lequel le nationalisme tunisien se trouvait bien souvent d'accord dans sa critique du colonialisme français.
Les Vingt premières années de l'action sanitaire en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Domergue Danielle
Published: December 2013

To further colonization by improving the health of the population, such was French policy in the Ivory Coast between 1904 and 1925. During the first ten years, emphasis was laid on equipment. Though partly impeded by the First World War, this effort succeeded after all in getting the main mechanism of the health service into action by 1925. From the beginning, the struggle against the various diseases turned out to be a hard task, due to the colony's climatic conditions which favoured contagion. The efficiency of the health services varied according to the section of the population in consideration. Europeans and their staff, with complaints of a social character, formed a majority in the wards, whereas other people suffered from epidemies, smallpox in particular, and endémie diseases. Difficult to approach, this fraction of the population did not fully benefit from the " Native Médical Assistance Services ". Only after 1925 their good effects were to be felt.
Aspects de la politique indigène des Boers du Nord du Vaal (Transvaal, République Sud- Africaine) de 1838 à 1877 : sécurité des Blancs et utilisation des populations locales
Authors: Videcoq Patrick
Published: December 2013

L'attitude adoptée entre 1838 et 1877 par les Boers du Transvaal sur la question de leur sécurité et de l'utilisation des populations locales s'inspirait directement de la politique menée dès le XVIIe siècle par les Hollandais du Cap ; le Grand Trek ne l'influença que vers davantage de rigueur. La politique de refus des indigènes qui triompha de 1838 à 1852 mettait l'accent sur l'isolement total des tribus et l'exploitation sans limite des individus isolés. Avec la reconnaissance de l'indépendance de la République Sud-Africaine une attitude plus réaliste s'imposa alors et persista jusqu'en 1870. Largement due aux nécessités du développement économique du pays et à ses besoins en main-d'œuvre, elle se caractérisa par une recherche inten sive des travailleurs indigènes sans que se relâchât pour autant la sévère dont les populations locales étaient l'objet. Les années 1870-77 furent des années d'incertitude ; la libéralisation tentée par le président Burgers fut interrompue par la dure guerre qu'il fallut mener contre le chef pedi Sekukuni. Ainsi, en 1877, la politique indigène boer demeurait au Transvaal pleine de contradictions.
Origines de la domestication en Afrique du Nord et au Sahara
Authors: Camps Gabriel
Published: December 2013

The problem of the origins of animal domestication in North Africa is considered here in relation to the development of industrial cultures producing ceramics and usually qualified as neolithic. The author does not believe in a preneolithic domestication of the maned moufflon (Ammotragus lervia) by the Capsians. These are two cases, not of domestication, but rather of selective hunting. In the Sahara-Sudanese neolithic period, the domestication of oxen, probably preceded by that of sheep and goats, is amply illustrated by cave art which reveals a well-developed pastoral society, similar to that of the Fulani. A transhumance between the plains (to-day the erg of Admer and the Tenere of Teffassesset) and the highlands of Tassili n'Ajjer is suggested by the stylistic unity of animal sculpture in hard rock — idols which the shepherds probably carried with them the length of their travels and which one finds in the two aforementioned regions. In the northern Sahara and on the Saharian Atlas (neolithic in the Capsian tradition) the domestic animal that one finds most often in the oldest paintings is the ram of the race Ovis longipes. It is often depicted in religious scènes (ram with sphère). A scene of capture and taming of a Bos primigenius (Tiout) and the appearance of cows with developed udders lend support to the theory of ancient domestication of horned animals. Stock farming during the Mediterranean neolithic period (Tell and the coast) is less well documented because of the absence of ancient cave paintings ; nevertheless, sheep, goats and pigs are very frequently found in the most ancient neolithic sites.
Anglo-Saxon attitudes : a personal note about Sierra Leone Studies
Authors: Hargreaves John D.
Published: December 2013

Cet article décrit la modification du rôle de la revue Sierra Leone Studies dans les études africaines, revue fondée par le gouvernement de cette colonie en 1918 et ranimée sous la direction de l'auteur en 1953. J'ai suggéré quelques comparaisons avec la série B du Bulletin de l'IFAN auquel Raymond Mauny a été si associé.
18F, 11C and 68Ga in small animal PET imaging
Authors: Muellauer J. , Willimayer R. , Goertzen A. L. , Wanek T. , Langer O. , Birkfellner W. , Kuntner C.
Published: December 2013

Aim: The partial volume effect (PVE) significantly affects quantitative accuracy in PET. In this study we used a micro-hollow sphere phantom filled with 18F, 11C or 68Ga to evaluate different partial volume correction methods (PVC). Additionally, phantom data were applied on rat brain scans to evaluate PVC methods on in vivo datasets. Methods: The four spheres (7.81, 6.17, 5.02, 3.90 mm inner diameter) and the background region were filled to give sphere-to-background (sph/bg) activity ratios of 20 : 1, 10 : 1, 5 : 1 and 2 : 1. Two different acquisition and reconstruction protocols and three radionuclides were evaluated using a small animal PET scanner. From the obtained images the recovery coefficients (RC) and contrast recovery coefficients (CRC) for the different sph/bg ratios were calculated. Three methods for PVC were evaluated: a RC based, a CRC based and a volume of interest (VOI) based method. The most suitable PVC methods were applied to in vivo rat brain data. Results: RCs were shown to be dependent on the radionuclide used, with the highest values for 18F, followed by 11C and 68Ga. The calculated mean CRCs were generally lower than the corresponding mean RCs. Application of the different PVC methods to rat brain data led to a strong increase in time-activity curves for the smallest brain region (entorhinal cortex), whereas the lowest increase was obtained for the largest brain region (cerebellum). Conclusion: This study was able to show the importance and impact of PVE and the limitations of several PVC methods when performing quantitative measurements in small structures.
Longitudinal Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life Scores in Brazilian Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients (Brazpd): Socio-Economic Status Not a Barrier
Authors: Grincenkov Fabiane Rossi dos Santos , Fernandes Natália , Chaoubah Alfredo , da Silva Fernandes Neimar , Bastos Kleyton , Lopes Antonio Alberto , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Finkelstein Fredric O. , Pecoits–Filho Roberto , Divino–Filho José Carolino , Bastos Marcus Gomes
Published: December 2013

Background and Objectives

A large proportion of the patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) in Brazil have low levels of education and family income. The present study assessed whether education level and family income are associated with baseline and longitudinal changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores during the first year of PD therapy.

Methods

We evaluated 1624 incident patients from the Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis Multicenter Study (BRAZPD) at baseline, and 486 of them after 12 months. The SF-36 was used to determine HRQOL and the Karnofsky index (KI), physical performance.

Results

At baseline, patients received high KI scores compared with scores on the SF-36. The means of the mental and physical components at baseline and after 12 months were 39.9 ± 10.5 compared with 38.7 ± 11.7 and 41.8 ± 9.6 compared with 40.7 ± 9.8 respectively, which were not statistically different. A multivariate regression analysis showed that age, sex, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were predictors of the mental component (respectively, β = 0.12, p < 0.001; β = 0.11, p < 0.001; β = –0.08, β = 0.007; and β = –0.07, p = 0.007) and that age, sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hemoglobin, glucose, and creatinine were predictors of the physical component (respectively, β = –0.28, p < 0.001; β = 0.06, p = 0.009; β = –0.09, p = 0.002; β = –0.09, p = 0.001; β = 0.07, p = 0.004; β = –0.05, p = 0.040; and β = 0.05, p = 0.040). Education level and family income were not significantly associated with HRQOL (mental and physical components) in the multivariate regression.

Conclusions

The results indicate that, as predictors, family income and education level have no impact on HRQOL, supporting the idea that socio-economic status should not be a barrier to the selection of PD as a treatment modality in Brazil.
Metabolic Implications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Góes Cassiana Regina , Berbel Marina Nogueira , Balbi Andre Luis , Ponce Daniela
Published: December 2013

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a treatment for selected acute kidney injury patients (AKI), but little is known about its metabolic implications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the metabolic implications of glucose absorption, sodium removal, protein loss into the dialysate, and catabolism in AKI patients undergoing high-volume PD and to identify risk factors associated with those metabolic effects.

Methods

A prospective cohort study over 18 consecutive months evaluated 208 sessions of high-volume PD performed in 31 AKI patients. One session of high-volume PD lasted 24 hours. Repeated-measures analysis was performed, and correlations were calculated using the Spearman test for continuous variables and generalized linear models for categorical variables.

Results

Glucose absorption remained at approximately 35.3% ± 10.5% per session. Protein loss measured 4.2 ± 6.1 g daily, with higher values initially, which declined significantly after 2 sessions. Nitrogen balance (NB) was initially negative, but stabilized at approximately zero after 3 sessions. Glucose uptake was positively correlated with the Acute Tubular Necrosis Individual Severity Score [ATNISS ( r = 0.21, p = 0.0036)], C-reactive protein ( r = 0.26, p = 0.0167), protein loss ( r = 0.36, p < 0.0001), and sodium removal ( r = 0.24, p = 0.002). Protein loss was positively correlated with sodium removal ( r = 0.22, p = 0.0085) and gastrointestinal disease ( p = 0.0004). Sodium removal was positively correlated with serum sodium ( r = 0.21, p = 0.0064), ATNISS ( r = 0.15, p = 0.0411), urea nitrogen appearance [UNA ( r = 0.24, p = 0.0019)], and fluid overload as an indication for dialysis ( p < 0.0001). Urea nitrogen appearance was positively correlated with the indication for dialysis (electrolyte disturbances: p = 0.0287) and negatively correlated with nephrotoxic AKI ( p < 0.0001). Nitrogen balance was negatively correlated with UNA ( r = –0.389, p < 0.0001) and ischemic AKI ( p = 0.0047).

Conclusions

High-volume PD did not increase hypercatabolism in AKI patients, and protein loss and glucose uptake remained constant during treatment. Those parameters were influenced by the clinical condition of the patients, including the cause of AKI, inflammation, and comorbidities—factors that should be known before the prescription of dialysis and nutrition, thus avoiding metabolic complications such as hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and worsening catabolism.
Infrastructure Requirements for an Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis Program
Authors: Ghaffari Arshia , Kumar Vijay , Guest Steven
Published: December 2013

Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease nearing dialysis but without pre-established access almost uniformly initiate dialysis with a temporary central venous catheter. These catheters are associated with high rates of infection and flow disturbances, requiring removal and subsequent replacement. Many of these patients might be candidates for peritoneal dialysis (PD), but because of the absence of prior catheter placement, the default initial modality is hemodialysis. Recent reports, however, have demonstrated the feasibility of initiating PD urgently despite the late referral for access placement. Urgent-start PD clinical pathways require a unique infrastructure and treatment approach. This article reviews the salient features required to establish an urgent-start PD program.
An Easy Gateway to Electrical Engineering Contents on an Institutional Repository
Authors: Pavani Ana M B , Temporão Guilherme P
Published: December 2013

This work presents an overview of digital contents created in the different areas of a Brazilian Institution of Higher Learning and a solution that was implemented to make it easy to access items in Electrical Engineering â?? a significant part of it. Characteristics of the collection (types and numbers of contents) and the compliance to international standards and best practices are addressed too.
Real-time Augmented Reality Demo Platform for Exploring Consumer Emotional Responses with Shopping Applications
Authors: Stoyanova Jasmina , Gonçalves Ricardo , Brito Pedro Quelhas , Coelho Antoniio
Published: December 2013

The present-day revival of Augmented reality (AR) technology has led to its vast expansion in various applications. In marketing, the hunt for more inventive and intriguing approaches for immersive consumer experiences has endorsed the implementation of AR in multiple brand advertising campaigns, specifically for improved product display. The engaging potential of this technology is established in the fusion between computer-generated data and the physical world as seen by the user, where 3D registration and real time interaction are inseparable parts of this system. Alternatively, impressions from user experiences serve as a principal instrument in the evaluation process of the effectiveness of interactive systems. In order to get deeper insight into consumersâ?? reflections from a real-time AR shopping experience, we present a demo platform for the purchase of sneakers, focusing on usersâ?? behavior and more precisely on their perceptions, emotions, personal preferences before, during and after use of the platform. To fully evaluate and compare consumer experiences with the main AR platform, two other shopping systems were designed: a marker-based and a static one. Consecutively, we aim at defining a system of metrics for measuring shopping experiences with AR, as well as at establishing a ground base for subsequent marketing research in the field. Motivated by the large application of the technology and aiming at understanding the impact of AR on consumer psychology, the application will assist in exploring the antecedents of consumer purchase intentions.
Learning by Experimentation: The Calculatora Estatística Visual
Authors: Machado Liliane S , Moraes Ronei M , Soares Elaine AMG
Published: December 2013

Learning from experimentation is the basis of the pedagogical theory called Constructivism. The system Calculadora Estatística is a Web-based tool to reinforce learning of statistical techniques, developed by the application of that theory. From a study about human-computer interaction, its newest version, the Calculadora Estatística Visual, was designed with visual programming features to provide an iconic and flowchart-based interface that allow users visualizing the steps necessary to perform a statistical analysis. It is composed by an interface that works on a statistical package to check users requests in order to guarantee the correctness of the statistical operations sequence.
Simulator of Dynamical Systems and PID Control based on Java Language
Authors: Brito Palma Luis , Costa Cruz João , Sousa Gil Paulo , Vieira Coito Fernando
Published: December 2013

In this paper, a Java-based simulator of dynamical systems and PID control is presented. This simulator implements linear low-order process models, open-loop architecture and closed-loop architecture with a PID linear feedback controller. The main contribution is a Java application that can be used by the instructor / user in a blended learning environment to teach / learn the basic notions of dynamical systems behavior, some notions of systems stability, perform time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis, and also analyze the effect of PID control in the closed-loop system.
Let's Use Haptics!
Authors: Quintas Manuel Rodrigues , Restivo Maria Teresa , Rodrigues José , Ubaldo Pedro
Published: December 2013

The concept and the use of haptic devices need to be disseminated and they should become familiar among young people. At present haptics are used in many everyday tasks in different fields.

Additionally, their use in interaction with virtual reality applications simulating real systems sense of touch will increase the usersâ?? realism and immersion and, consequently, they will contribute to improve the intrinsic knowledge to the simulationsâ?? goals.

However, haptics are associated with expensive equipment and usually they offer several degrees of freedom. The objective of this work is to make their cost not much more expensive than a â??specialâ? mouse by offering a low cost solution with just one degree of freedom (1DOF) useful in many simple cases.

Additionally, it is also an objective of this work the development of simple virtual reality systems requiring interactions only requiring one degree of freedom.

A low cost, single-axis force-feedback haptic device of 1 degree of freedom has been developed. For evaluating the interest of this prototype a â??Spring Constantâ? application was built and used as a demonstrator. The complete system - the haptic interacting with the â??Spring Constantâ? - will be described in the present work.
A Sensitive Remote Experiment for Small Scale Groundwater Flow Problems
Authors: Marques José Couto
Published: December 2013

Seepage or groundwater flow is an important topic in Civil and Mining Engineering curricula. A laboratory setup has been developed for small scale studies of seepage in embankment dams and other geotechnical structures for use in the context of a Soil Mechanics course. Numerical simulations have been prepared as a complement to the experimental setup. Remote access to the equipment has been made available via an IP camera. Student feedback about this sensitive remote experiment has been very positive.
Multimedia Tools to Learn About Nanoparticles Characterization
Authors: Rasteiro Maria Graça , Cardoso Alberto , Gomes Rita , Santos Tiago
Published: December 2013

This work presents the production of multimedia tools for distance learning about nanoparticles characterization. The module is fundamentally based on hypermedia contents and can be included in a course delivered in an e- or b-learning format. Hypermedia can include several interactive multimedia contents such as interactive video, hypertext, photos, audio, animations or computer graphics, which can be combined among them. In this work the objective was to develop an interactive video to explain the nanoparticles characterization using dynamic light scattering. This option allows the user to choose the better strategy to learn about the measuring technique, since the video is prepared for interaction and offers the access to complementary information using different hypermedia contents. These aspects are particularly important for lifelong learning courses, dedicated to users already in the job market, for whom the access to real laboratories can be more difficult and restricted.
Augmented Chemical Reactions: 3D Interaction Methods for Chemistry
Authors: Maier Patrick , Klinker Gudrun
Published: December 2013

Supporting chemistry students in learning and researchers in developing and understanding new chemical molecules is a task that is not that easy. Computer applications try to support the users by visualizing chemical properties and spatial relations. Thus far, there mostly exist applications that are controlled by using ordinary input devices as mice and keyboards. But these input devices have one problem: they always try to map a lower degree of freedom to 6-dimensional movements for the location and the orientation of the virtual molecules. Augmented Chemical Reactions is an application that uses Augmented Reality to visualize and interact with the virtual molecules in a direct way. With the introduced 3D interaction methods, the work of students and researchers is tried to be simplified to concentrate on the actual task.
Providing Automated Holistic Process and Knowledge Assistance during Software Modernization
Authors: Grambow Gregor , Oberhauser Roy , Reichert Manfred
Published: December 2013

Software modernization remains a difficult, highly intellectual, labor-intensive, collaborative, and risky undertaking involving software engineers interacting in knowledge-centric processes. While many tools and several methodologies are available, current modernization projects lack adequate automated and systematic operational process support. This chapter provides an introduction to the topic of automated process and knowledge assistance for software modernization, giving background information on related work in this area, and then expounds on various problems. To address these, a holistic solution approach and guidance framework called the Context-Aware Software Engineering Environment Event-Driven Framework (CoSEEEK) is described, which can support developers on software modernization projects, addressing such aspects as process dynamicity, extrinsic processes, process exception handling, coordination, quality assurance, and knowledge provisioning. Subsequently, future research directions are discussed and a conclusion is drawn.
IBUPROFEN
Authors: Fernández-Ropero María , Pérez-Castillo Ricardo , Piattini Mario
Published: December 2013

Organizations are increasingly choosing process-oriented organizational designs as a source to achieve competitive advantages. Business process models represent the sequence of tasks that an organization carries out. However, organizations must cope with quality problems of business process models (e.g., lack of understandability, maintainability, reusability, etc.). These problems are compounded when business process models are mined by reverse engineering (e.g., from information systems that support them), owing to the semantics loss that it involves. Refactoring techniques are commonly used to reduce these problems through changing their internal structure without altering their external behavior. Although several refactoring operators exist in the literature, there are no refactoring techniques especially developed for models obtained by reverse engineering and their special features. For this reason, this chapter presents IBUPROFEN, a refactoring technique (and supporting tool) for business process models obtained by reverse engineering. Moreover, a case study is conducted to determine how the refactoring operator's order influences the understanding and modification of business process models. The case study reveals there is a clear influence in these quality features in terms of the size and separability of the models under study, and therefore, refactoring operators do not satisfy the commutative property among them.