bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Efficient, Effective Scientific Writing
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B.
Published: October 2024

Enhancing efficiency with scientific writing is an important skill for every person with a career in academia who has substantial and competing time demands related to their professional duties and responsibilities. This chapter presents strategies and approaches that can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of scientific writing. The suggestions described include considerations before writing, such as having a thorough understanding of the topic and the ability to crystallize the main message of the report; approaches for overcoming procrastination; how authors can find their “writing zone”; strategies to help overcome writer’s block; practical approaches to efficient writing, such as avoiding duplication of effort; and suggestions for developing a method for managing and tracking source materials.
Responding to Journal Decision Letters and Reviewers’ Comments
Authors: Rivara Frederick P.
Published: October 2024

Authors generally receive 1 of 4 types of decisions from journal editors about a submitted manuscript: reject; revise and resubmit; accept if revised; and accept as is. However, few authors receive training in how to respond to decision letters about their manuscripts. This chapter provides suggestions for how authors should respond to the decisions and comments they receive from journal editors about a submitted manuscript. As the chapter emphasizes, when the journal invites authors to resubmit a revised manuscript, all comments from peer reviewers and editors should be addressed in detail, with either the requested changes made or a thoughtful explanation of why the requested changes were not made in response to a particular comment or suggestion. The chapter also provides a detailed recommended approach for responding to comments from reviewers and editors and includes examples of language authors may consider in responses to help ensure effective and professional communication.
Legal Issues in Biomedical Publication
Authors: Thornton Joseph P.
Published: October 2024

Publishing in a biomedical journal is akin to entering into a contract and has important legal and ethical implications, and authors should understand and fully perform the commitments made as part of this agreement and as indicated in manuscript submission systems and authorship forms. This chapter addresses aspects of authorship from a legal perspective. As this chapter explains, authors should be aware that journals offer them various options regarding copyright assignment or retention and publication licenses and models for public access or open access. Authors are also expected to cooperate with journals to address postpublication concerns, questions, or errors, and provide consent forms to protect patients’ rights to privacy in publication along with proper permission to reuse copyrighted material. Definitions and discussions about other legal issues in scientific publishing also are included in the chapter, including defamation, libel, privacy, and liability.
Preprints, Preprint Servers, and Biomedical Publication
Authors: Curfman Gregory D.
Published: October 2024

A preprint is a manuscript that is posted on a preprint server before it undergoes peer review and publication by a journal. This chapter reviews the development of preprints and preprint servers. Preprints enable researchers to share, comment, and receive feedback on their work prior to journal publication and allow documentation of the provenance of ideas and research. A potential concern in clinical research is the posting of unvetted material that could be misleading and possibly harmful to patients, and caution in their use is advised. Authors who post preprints of their research are advised to commit to submitting their manuscripts to peer-reviewed journals, revising these manuscripts to address concerns about content and quality, and attempting to achieve timely publication in peer-reviewed journals. In addition, researchers should review journal policies about preprints and notify the journal if their manuscript has been posted as a preprint.
Living with Giants
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the transition of Judea and its environs from Persian to Greek rule during the reign of Alexander and his immediate successors. It then follows, after the fracturing of Alexander’s empire, the conditions of the region under Ptolemaic rule and the increasing Hellenization of Judea’s elite; the eventually successful attempts by the Seleucid king Antiochus III to gain control of Palestine; the measures Antiochus took to help the region recover; and the role of the high priest Simon II in governing on Antiochus’s behalf. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Hellenism, its inroads into Judea during this period, and the ways in which Hellenization would be compatible or incompatible with ongoing Jewish practice.
Heirs of Phinehas
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter documents the consolidation of power and establishment of political and economic independence for Judea under John Hyrcanus I and the energetic expansionist policies pursued under his sons, Judah Aristobulus I and Alexander Jannaeus. It examines the rise of sectarian/partisan groups within Judaism, particularly the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes, as well as the roles these groups played in both the stabilization of, and resistance to, continued rule by members of the Hasmonean dynasty. The chapter concludes with an account of the reign of Queen Salome Alexandra and the civil strife that erupted between her two sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, inviting Roman intervention and sowing the seeds for incorporation into the Roman empire. The Psalms of Solomon are considered as an ancient informant’s perspective on these developments.
Under the Eagle’s Wings
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the complex dynamics of Judea, Samaria, and Galilee under direct Roman rule, beginning with governance under the early prefects through the temporary restoration of a client monarchy under Agrippa I to the period of the later procurators under whom conditions rapidly deteriorated, hostilities erupted, and the regions were propelled on a collision course with the unstoppable force of Vespasian, Titus, and their legions. Several revolutionary movements, including the peaceful but no less political movement led by Jesus of Nazareth, are explored against this background. A spectrum of factors contributing to the outbreak of hostilities against Rome are examined and the course of the revolt itself, from the massacre of several cohorts under Cestius Gallus to the relentless reprisals of Vespasian and Titus, reconstructed.
Sixties British Pop, Outside In
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Downtown, 1956–1965—the first volume of Sixties British Pop, Outside In—describes the rise of London’s music and recording industries through the stories of those who gave Britain a significant voice in transatlantic pop culture. After the domestic success of artists such as Lonnie Donegan, Cliff Richard, and Helen Shapiro, the Beatles led an international wave that included groups such as the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, and the Animals and singers such as Petula Clark, Tom Jones, and Cilla Black. Supporting them, a community of musicians, producers, music directors, engineers, songwriters, publishers, promoters, and journalists created songs and recordings, organized concerts, and wrote about music that reflected the optimism of an audience eager for new material. This book relates this world to the Bulge Generation in the UK (and Baby Boomers in America) and to the technologies and English behaviors that shaped this music culture.
Behind the Stars
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Behind many a singer was a band. Cliff Richard had the Shadows, the Wildcats backed Marty Wilde, and Joe Brown had the Bruvvers. Some, such as Nero and the Gladiators, resorted to costumes. Johnny Kidd and the Pirates hung a picture of a galleon behind them, while Screaming Lord Sutch wore buffalo horns attached to a motorcycle helmet and a leopard-skin coat when he performed with his band, the Savages. As the fifties ended, Lord Rockingham’s XI, Jack Good’s house band, had its own instrumental hit, and as the sixties began, the Shadows scored a string of instrumental successes. Billy Fury’s band, the Tornados, however, would score one of the biggest hits of 1962 when independent producer Joe Meek recorded them celebrating the launch of the first telecommunications satellite, Telstar.
Northwest Passage
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

With the success of the Beatles, London’s music, recording, and press industries turned their attention to England’s northwest. In the linked cities of Manchester and Liverpool, fans had been crowding venues like the Cavern Club, the Iron Door, the Twisted Wheel, and the Oasis Club to hear bands and to dance. In Liverpool, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas, and the Searchers were among those entertaining most nights of the week. In Manchester, Freddie and the Dreamers mocked the Shadows while the Hollies brought their vocal harmonies to the mix. As they created northern pop-music culture, they infused their shows and music with humor, joy, and sex.
Consuming the Beatles
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Britain’s cultural environment in the 1960s shaped the Bulge Generation’s thirst for independence, with music forming an important part of individual identity. In the wake of the Cuban missile crisis (October 1962) and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (November 1963), American Baby Boomers were also emotionally and hormonally ready to redefine their world. Contemporaneous opinion saw the Beatles’ “aura of unacceptability to the adult world” as empowering them to exploit adolescent anxiety. The Beatles’ appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show (February 1964) capped a stunning month that saw the British band dominating American record charts followed by the creation of the film A Hard Day’s Night and its soundtrack (July 1964) and their embarkation on a world tour. In the process, they collaborated with the media to reduce themselves to marketable icons.
Northern Waves
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

The Beatles’ success whetted the American appetite for other British and particularly northern musicians. New US magazines (e.g., Datebook) and television programs (e.g., Shindig!) joined existing publications (e.g., Hit Parader) and broadcasts (e.g., The Ed Sullivan Show) in catering to adolescents. Liverpool groups like Gerry and the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas, the Searchers, and others embarked on national and international tours. The demand, however, also resurrected the career of Freddie and the Dreamers even as the Hollies and Dave Berry found their success limited to the UK. In contrast, the Animals would proved the most successful northern performers of the era with their electric versions of American blues, rhythm-and-blues, and folk.
An Independents Movement
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Magnetic tape recording allowed small, independent studios and producers to play a role in pop culture. In the United States, Sam Phillips had discovered and initially recorded Elvis Presley in his studio. In London’s Holland Park neighborhood, Dave Clark worked with engineer Adrian Kerridge in Lansdowne Studios to create his double-tracked soundscapes. Joe Meek (who had built Lansdowne) set up his own RGM Sound across town, where he recorded the Tornados and Johnny Leyton and in 1964 the Honeycombs. Mickie Most preferred De Lane Lea Studios in Soho, which was where he had produced hits for the Animals and the Nashville Teens. Not every independent producer working in London, however, was English. Shel Talmy had arrived from Los Angeles at precisely the moment when British pop was about to explode. At IBC Studios, his clients would include the Kinks.
Women
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

As access to oral contraceptives (1961) gave women greater control over their bodies and lives, designer Mary Quant produced clothes (the “Look”) and Vidal Sassoon created a hair style (the “Shape”) reflecting this new-found involvement in the world outside the home. Women musicians were also part of this redefinition of feminity. Beryl Marsden, Cilla Black, Lulu, and Sandie Shaw each mapped out roles in a male-dominated industry; however, they met with resistance from an unexpected source. Women managers, such as Marion Massey (Lulu) and Eve Taylor (Shaw) both advocated for their clients and perpetuated many of the cultural stereotypes that had shaped them. Similarly, male managers often failed to maximize the potentials of their female clients, as seen in the cases of Millie Small and Marianne Faithfull.
Modifications
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Mod culture identified with Black America, embraced its music, and imitated its style. Leaving school and having income, Mods signified their membership in this community with Italian and French clothing, amphetamines, scooters, and music, including rhythm-and-blues and Jamaican ska. Art student Peter Townshend was a keen observer of Mod culture and brought what he learned at Ealing Art College to his performances with Roger Daltrey and John Entwistle, first as the Detours and then as the Who. Among the ideas he brought from art school, he applied Gustav Metzger’s idea of autodestructive art to smashing guitars. Pete Meaden marketed them as a Mod band, renaming them the High Numbers and producing a failed single. When that failed, Kit Lambert convinced Chris Stamp to join him in managing the band that again called itself the Who. To capture their sound, Lambert engaged American independent producer Shel Talmy to record them.
Uncommon Folk
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

The heterogeneity of urban audiences included some who rejected the glitz of pop culture for the perceived authenticity of folk music. Singers with Irish associations such as the Bachelors and the Clancy Brothers had transatlantic fans. Davey Graham and Bert Jansch, guitarists with Scottish associations, brought a sophistication to the music that critics described as folk baroque. Others, such as the Springfields, offered polished versions of American and other folk styles. Meanwhile, with Bob Dylan dominating the American folk market, the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, and others experimented with folk-like material. When songwriters Geoff Stephens and Peter Eden heard Donovan Leitch, for example, they procured a publishing contract for him and a series of spots on Ready Steady Go! Soon, however, the Beatles and the Byrds were bringing rock ’n’ roll aesthetics to music that critics would call folk rock.
Televising the Feminine
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Petula Clark had pioneered television hosting, which helped bring her to national prominence. Dusty Springfield too had television experience but met resistance from men as she attempted to assert control over her programs. The most successful woman on television, Cilla Black maintained a comfortable rapport with the camera while negotiating control over her image. One of the most important programming innovations of the decade, the Eurovision Song Contest, aimed to underscore the postwar cultural integration of Europe. Britain chose artists and music on the bases of what viewers preferred and what the BBC thought would appeal to competition judges. Sandie Shaw won in 1967 (despite almost being pulled because of her involvement in a divorce case), Cliff Richard placed second the next year in a controversial decision, and Lulu tied in 1969. The process, however, denied artists involvement in the selection process.
Electric Faeries
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Although the sixties embraced all things modern, nostalgia for a world before the sparkle of modern technology persisted. Some musicians drew on both the near and the distant past for inspiration, adapting old ideas to the present, often with humor as a component. The Scaffold resurrected a bawdy ballad for modern consumption; and a television presenter brought one-man band street musician Don Partridge—the Inter Galactic Lord of the Wide Open Spaces—into the studio. When Bob Dylan explored the roots of Americana from his Hudson Valley retreat, British artists such as Manfred Mann reinterpreted his material for pop audiences with his approval. In Britain, Donovan Leitch looked to worlds populated by fairies and informed by Celtic myth as he painted stories about London neighborhoods and acquaintances, even as the Establishment oppressed the counterculture he represented.
Transatlantic Routes
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

By the late sixties, improvements in concert amplification meant that musicians could play to larger audiences, while eight-track decks expanded options for studio recording. Amplification allowed Jethro Tull to shift their sound from blues to progressive pop and changed the sound of Jon Lord’s organ and his interactions with guitarist Ritchie Blackmore in the band Deep Purple. The best-known proponents of this scene, Led Zeppelin used electronics to build on blues forms. In the same era, Steve Winwood left the Spencer Davis Group to form Traffic as a tight R&B group with Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, and Chris Wood. When Cream disbanded, however, Eric Clapton and Winwood began exploring musical ideas to form Blind Faith. Labelled a supergroup, huge concerts with amplification problems and hyped expectations, however, doomed their venture.
New Territory
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

In June 1965, London’s counterculture discovered themselves at “Poets of the World/Poets of Our Time.” This gathering of poets, authors, celebrities, and dignitaries filled the Royal Albert Hall and learned that they were not alone. For that audience, progressive pop was adding layers of complexity to both music and lyrics as production crews created sophisticated recordings. With Pink Floyd, Syd Barrett channeled his psychedelic experiences into extended astronomic musical tableaux until drug use incapacitated him and bandmates Richard Wright, Nick Mason, and Roger Waters replaced him with David Gilmore. In Canterbury, in London, and on the beaches of the French Riviera, Soft Machine performed jazz-inspired improvisations for dancers and behind a Pablo Picasso play. And King Crimson created imaginary spaces as Robert Fripp, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, and Michael Giles blended electronic sounds and jazz.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins by recounting how the author became interested in value recruitment and some of his travels and experiences conducting the research. In doing so, the chapter introduces the two case studies discussed in the book and makes the argument for why values are important for the study of political attitudes and communication. The chapter also describes why scholarship stresses the importance of values in social and political life, and it highlights some of the puzzling and contradictory findings in values research. The case is made that although values are enduring individual dispositions, their relationship to politics can change with the political context, including the communication context. It is suggested that attending to how values are recruited by communicators can help make sense of some of the inconsistencies in the research record.
Yellowstone Experiments
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes experiments that explore the psychological impact of value recruitment rhetoric. It studies how the tactics identified during interviews on snowmobiling in Yellowstone National Park affect respondents’ perceptions about the relevance and priority of different values with regard to the winter use issue and ultimately their opinions about permitting snowmobiling in Yellowstone. Among other findings, it is shown that even ardent snowmobilers can wrest the environmentalist mantle from snowmobile opponents. The chapter shows that institutional role assignment rhetoric, wielded by both sides (but especially snowmobile opponents), can significantly influence individual judgments about the role of the national parks system and corresponding opinions about winter use policy. For example, value recruitment can affect whether snowmobiling is judged consistent with the park’s mission.
Conclusion
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter reiterates the theoretical claims on behalf of value recruitment and summarizes the evidence presented to support the claim that value recruitment is ubiquitous in politics. It shows that although value recruitment has been a vital part of the intelligent design and winter use controversies, it can be found at the heart of many other issues, including gun control and abortion, and features prominently in electoral campaigning. The chapter maintains that value recruitment must be appreciated to understand fully the strategies and tactics of political entrepreneurs as well as the sources and dynamics of mass political attitudes. The chapter offers a frank assessment of the limitations of the evidence presented in the book and discusses potential future directions in value recruitment research.
Contesting Home, Claiming Antifascism, and Confronting the West
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

Chapter 6 explores key aspects of The Invisible Visor. It addresses the question of a German “Heimat” and where to find it, in East or West Germany. The Invisible Visor’s “Detjen Narrative” is explained as an idealized depiction of the first decades of East Germany, in effect, an origin myth, which had its equivalent in West Germany, too. The chapter also discusses the claims and reality of antifascism in East Germany. Focusing on the legacies and memories of Nazism and World War II as well, it details the antagonistic yet complicated relationship of East Germany with both West Germany and the West in general. The chapter also addresses Visor’s massive evasion of the Holocaust, which it sets in the context of the history of deliberate forgetting and memory in both East and West Germany, with particular attention to film and television.
Chaucerian in Training, 1913–23
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter
Published: October 2024

Tolkien’s early work on Chaucer, from 1913 to 1925, began with his undergraduate student essay “The Language of Chaucer” and included note-taking from the Oxford University English lectures “Chaucer and His Contemporaries” as well as his undergraduate notebook on Troilus and Criseyde. His first job at the Oxford English Dictionary acquainted him with a range of Chaucer editions. Early reviews in the Times Literary Supplement and The Year’s Work in English Studies show his expert knowledge of Chaucer when he was a member of the English department at Leeds University. Frequently, this early work shows an interest in topics that would continue to draw Tolkien’s close attention in later years. Sometimes, it also anticipates aspects of his fiction.
The Reeve’s Tale, 1928–44
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter
Published: October 2024

Tolkien’s fascination with the dialect humour of the Reeve’s Tale began while he was editing his Clarendon Chaucer, and it culminated in a 70-page paper for the Philological Society, “Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve’s Tale”. In 1939 he was asked by the Poet Laureate to dress up as Chaucer and recite the Reeve’s Tale for the Oxford Summer Diversions; for this, he produced as a programme an experimental edition which he believed restored the poet’s original fourteenth-century language. He expanded this edition with a glossary and “Chaucerian Grammar” as a text for teaching Navy cadets in 1944. We reproduce these items here, with additional commentary.
Syphilis
Authors: Davis Arielle P.
Published: October 2024

Syphilis is an ancient but still clinically relevant disease. There has been a resurgence of syphilis, particularly in high-income countries and among men who have sex with men. Invasion of the central nervous system occurs early in the course of the bacterial spirochete infection. Neurosyphilis may manifest at any stage of syphilis. Early forms of neurosyphilis include meningitis and meningovascular disease while late forms include general paresis and tabes dorsalis. Neurocognitive effects of syphilis may be seen in symptomatic neurosyphilis, but some evidence suggests a prior history of syphilis or asymptomatic neurosyphilis may also incur risk of cognitive dysfunction.
Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy of Childhood
Authors: Suntornlohanakul Rabporn , Yeh E. Ann
Published: October 2024

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANEC) is a rare central nervous system disorder characterized clinically by encephalopathy, fever, and seizures. Mortality ranges from 5 percent to 14 percent of cases. Characteristic neuroimaging abnormalities are seen in the thalamus and pons but may also include the basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and periventricular white matter. It most frequently occurs in association with influenza virus but has been described in association with multiple other viruses and some bacteria. A mutation in the RANBP2 gene is seen in a proportion of ANEC cases. Poor cognitive outcomes have been reported in ANEC, although more research on long-term outcomes is needed.
The Silesian Wars
Authors: Otte T. G.
Published: October 2024

The Seven Years’ War tested the military system created by Frederick II and his predecessors to near-destruction. It survived, and in doing so it confirmed a new continental, indeed global, dynamic in great power politics. This chapter examines the build-up to the First Silesian War (1740–2) in its German and wider European context, the attempts by the emperor Charles VI to secure succession to the imperial title in the female line, and subsequent emergence of a rival claimant to that title. It takes the reader through the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8), the decision by Frederick II of Prussia to exploit the succession crisis for his own ends, the conquest of the rich province of Silesia, and the subsequent two Austro-Prussian contests (1744–5 and 1756–63) up to the eve of the battle of Leuthen.
Finding her Story
Authors: Moreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 introduces Balthild’s life story as a slave who married King Clovis II, had sons who became kings, and who ended her life in retirement at the convent of Chelles, a favored royal residence. Balthild must have loved the spot because she chose Chelles as the place to found a convent. The chapter discusses the authorship of the earliest, Merovingian Vita Balthildis, and its author’s decision to place emphasis on her origins as a slave. While lost to historical record, the chapter reconstructs what Balthild’s childhood could have been like using modern archaeological studies of childhood in Anglo-Saxon England.
Carmen in Diaspora
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

Carmen in Diaspora explores why the Carmen story, which originally appeared in Prosper Mérimée’s eponymous 1845 novella and came to prominence through Georges Bizet’s 1875 opera, has proven such fertile material for popular recreations in African diasporic settings. Carmen’s source texts not only suggest nineteenth-century French negotiations of blackness via the Romani community to which the title figure belongs but also provide provocative frameworks through which to examine conceptions of Black womanhood and self-determination in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Through analyses of Mérimée and Bizet; the Harlem Renaissance novels The Blacker the Berry (1929), Banjo (1929), and Romance in Marseille (2020); the US movie musicals Carmen Jones (1954) and Carmen: A Hip Hopera (2001); the Senegalese and South African feature films Karmen Geï (2001) and U-Carmen eKhayelitsha (2005), respectively; and the Cuban-set stage musical Carmen la Cubana (2016), Carmen in Diaspora examines how these works illuminate the cultural currents of the nineteenth-century European context in which the character was born and allow creators, performers, and audiences to interrogate social categories, particularly gender, race, and sexuality, in contemporary Europe, North America, Africa, and the Caribbean. It is an adaptation study that emphasizes connections formed through the transposition rather than imposition of European culture as it considers how artists have brought—and continue to bring—new energy, vision, and life to the story of opera’s most famous character.
“The Queen of Havana”
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

Drawing on performance ethnography, cultural history, and critical reception, Chapter 5 examines how the musical play Carmen la Cubana—conceived by British director Christopher Renshaw and written by Renshaw, Cuban playwright Norge Espinosa Mendoza, and British dramatist Stephen Clark—adapts Prosper Mérimée, Georges Bizet, and Oscar Hammerstein while celebrating Cuban culture and contending with its racial entanglements. From the outset, the musical reverses the cultural hierarchies of its French predecessors, with Afro-Caribbean music and spirituality taking center stage and European-identified culture assuming a supporting role. The story aligns Carmen’s destiny with that of Cuban revolutionary heroes Fidel Castro and Che Guevara and grounds the character in Afro-Cuban culture. In contrast with previous versions, the character’s embrace of love and defiance is represented as central to a large-scale political project rather than disruptive to it. Carmen la Cubana’s reign as the queen of Havana is nonetheless abbreviated, however. This familiar outcome can be traced not only to the legacy of the Carmen myth but also to the history of race in Cuba, particularly the practice of negotiating desire and freedom through the bodies and culture of people of color. Just as the nineteenth-century Spain of Mérimée’s imagination cannot accommodate the persistent refusal of an outspoken Romani woman, so, it would seem, Carmen la Cubana ultimately becomes expendable when she resists subsuming her life within the larger political project of Cuban statehood.
Epilogue
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

After briefly reviewing how women performers in the book’s case studies influenced the development of the Carmen productions in which they starred, the Epilogue considers how two recent women-led versions of Bizet’s opera illustrate its continued vitality and adaptability. Directed by Sara E. Widzer, Opera Orlando’s 2021 Carmen transposed the story to 1960s Haiti and featured dialogue in Haitian Kreyòl. The company notably partnered with the local Greater Haitian American Chamber of Commerce and Haitian linguist Dr. Jean-Élie Gilles on the effort. Helmed by mezzo-soprano Denyce Graves, the 2022 Minnesota Opera–Glimmerglass Festival co-production retained the work’s Spanish setting but restored dialogue that deepened the characterization of José. Graves’s production also featured inclusive casting and styling that honored the legacy of Carmen while increasing its resonance with contemporary life. The Epilogue closes by asserting that this proliferation of new productions—with more on the horizon and many of them also directed by women—speaks to the rich histories and boundless possibilities of both Mérimée and Bizet’s title character and the Romani and Black women through whom her story has been recounted.
Britten and Pears: The Beauty and Nobility of Human Love
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

Britten’s War Requiem, as shall be argued in Part II, suggests that despite humanity’s errors and sufferings, human love remains beautiful and noble. Throughout his career, Britten connected these ideas with his deep and lasting love for singer Peter Pears, with whom he shared a thirty-nine-year artistic, domestic, and romantic partnership. This chapter studies that love against the background of Britain’s persecution of homosexuals, showing how the two men manifested their love’s integrity in a series of works that Britten wrote for Pears, usually playing the piano as Pears sang. It studies portions of Illuminations (1939), Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo (1940), Holly Sonnets of John Donne (1945), and Winter Words (1953).
Reconciliation: Aldeburgh, Wolfenden, Coventry
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

Reconciliation is a central theme of the War Requiem. This chapter studies this theme in Britten’s career leading up to that work, showing Britten seeking his own reconciliation with a Britain that had oppressed and marginalized him. First, Britten and Pears founded the Aldeburgh Festival in their own hometown as a musical offering to the nation, which endures to this day. In this context the chapter studies two works performed there: Canticle I and the opera Albert Herring. Meanwhile, the Wolfenden Commission recommended the decriminalization of same-sex acts between men, a recommendation that was not turned into law until 1967, but which immediately altered the social climate. Finally, this chapter examines the history of commissions for the rededication of Coventry Cathedral in 1962.
Use Psychological Theory, Don’t Let It Use You
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

Foisting a psychological theory onto the subject of a psychobiography is a fatal mistake. Instead, theory should open up, not close down; provide new questions, not easy answers; complicate, not simplify; generate possibilities, not reductions. No one theory should be thought of as the exclusive way of understanding a subject. William James noted, “[N]either the whole of truth nor the whole of good is revealed to any single observer, although each observer gains a partial superiority of insight from the particular position in which he [or she] stands.” Hence psychobiographers can draw fertile concepts from the body of psychological theory and use them as the information about the subject seems to indicate their applicability. A particular trap is psychiatric diagnosis because it simplifies people when we want to gain access to their complexity. Individuals looked at in this chapter include Gandhi, Lincoln, Ingmar Bergman, and anti-Apartheid activists Albertina Nontsikelelo Sisulu and Ruth Heloise First.
Executing Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the main themes of the book in relation to a short study by the author of the relationship between two brothers: psychologist and philosopher William James and novelist Henry James. It presents a short psychobiographical essay on the two brothers and interweaves comments about executing psychobiography. The essay explores the intimate, troubled, loving, conflicted connection between William and Henry. The focus is on three episodes in their lives. Henry attempted to buy a house, told William, and then became troubled, even tearful, when William gave him advice. William offered Henry advice on Henry’s writings, brilliant but critical advice, and again Henry was upset. Late in life, Henry developed a psychiatric illness that included depression and anorexia, and he turned to William and William’s wife for help. The chapter explicates the author’s process in writing this essay on the James brothers.
Between Here and There
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

Between Here and There is the first history of the creation of modern US-Mexico migration patterns narrated from multiple geographic and institutional sites. This book analyzes the interplay between the US and Mexican governments, civic organizations, and migrants on both sides of the border and offers a revisionist and comprehensive view of Mexican migration as it was established in the early twentieth century and reproduced throughout the century as a socioeconomic system that reached from Texas borderlands to western agricultural regions like California as well as to Midwestern farming and industrial areas. The book illustrates how large-scale migration became entrenched in the socioeconomic fabric of the United States and Mexico. Mexican migration operates through an interconnected transnational migrant economy made up of self-reinforcing local economic logics, information diffusion, and locally based transnational social networks. From central Mexico, the book expands across the United States and back to Mexico to show how the migrant economy spread and reacted to the political and economic crisis in the 1930s. In the 1930s, migrants fought for recognition in both societies. Those who returned to Mexico used an expansive vision to lay claim to citizenship and land there. Those who stayed in the United States joined efforts to lay claim to better pay, working conditions, and rights from the New Deal state, creating a base for later organizing. These dynamics shaped the establishment of the Bracero Program that brought in more than four million workers and has continued to frame large-scale Mexican migration until today.
Navigating the Borderlands
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

A transnational and borderland, rather than a local or frontier, perspective highlights the connections that allowed the Mexican people not only to survive but to organize. Through their actions, Mexicans created an infrastructure of brokers and associational networks that sustained their communities and guided them as they made their way through both Mexico and the United States. As families developed strategies for navigating immigration controls, they pushed back on those who sought to control their movement and labor in small and large ways. They relied upon the continual flow of information to find jobs and to keep moving. While organizing and strikes were not the most common forms of resistance, they were not rare either. The same system of circular migration and flow of information that tied communities together facilitated the spread of labor organizing across the borderlands.
Patent Trolls and the Demise of the Injunction
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

The widely held narrative of “patent failure” has relied on the view that patent litigation is dominated by opportunistic infringement claims brought by non-practicing entities, described pejoratively as “patent trolls.” This view has gained widespread adoption in the scholarly literature and has influenced courts’ application of the Supreme Court’s 2006 decision in eBay v. MercExchange, which has significantly limited the availability of injunctive relief for patent owners against adjudicated infringers. Closer examination of the evidence shows varying estimates of the percentage of infringement litigation brought by non-practicing entities, heterogeneity in the business functions provided by non-practicing entities, and ambiguous evidence concerning the economic effects of non-practicing entities in the tech ecosystem.
Mobilizing Music in Wartime British Film
Authors: Wiebe Heather
Published: October 2024

Mobilizing Music in Wartime British Film traces a preoccupation with art music and total war that animates 1940s British films. From acclaimed films such as The Red Shoes and Brief Encounter to experimental documentaries, colonial propaganda films, and largely forgotten melodramas, music was persistently given a central role in the action. These films are driven by questions around the efficacy of art music, not just in the conventional sense of uplift or morale-building, but as a sonic force acting on bodies, minds, and materials—as a resource to be mobilized or demobilized. Their elaborations of these questions have much to tell us about World War Two Britain, but they also speak to issues around the efficacy of music more broadly, and to more contemporary pressures on the arts to be useful and productive. In their concerns with music and wartime life away from the battlefront, these films offer insight into the affective experience of war—not just as violence and trauma, but also as everyday boredom and melancholy, as loneliness, helplessness, and disappointment. Most of all, they show how music was used to test the limits of “total war,” and to conceptualize its new reach into all corners of life.
“A Classic of the Masses”
Authors: Wiebe Heather
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the popularity of Richard Addinsell’s Warsaw Concerto in wartime Britain in order to excavate a middlebrow “concert industry,” its overlaps with film, and the critical anxieties it spawned. One of the musicians most associated with this work was the Australian pianist Eileen Joyce, who embodied an ideal of social and cultural mobility but also a type of populism widely held in suspicion. Turning to the audiences who embraced Joyce and the Warsaw Concerto, and to the film Dangerous Moonlight for which the concerto was written, the chapter traces a reflexivity about the issues of commodifying and mechanizing emotion that so worried its critics, suggesting how the Warsaw Concerto might cast light on the compressed space of feeling in wartime.
Democracy’s Shadow
Authors: Keum Tae-Yeoun
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers the problem of populism in Plato’s political thought. Strictly speaking, to discuss populism in the context of the age of Plato is an anachronism. Yet efforts to define the notoriously elusive term “populism” have often coalesced around an opposition between populism and constitutional democracy, where the former represents a special, derivative kind of subversion of the latter. Such a broadly construed tension between a more orthodox form of democracy and its populist counterpart has an important precedent in ancient Athenian political discourse leading up to the age of Plato. In fact, ancient Athenian political thinkers had developed a comparable concept of a kind of shadow democracy that, while parasitic on democracy, ultimately undermined democratic ends. The chapter recasts Plato as a participant in the political tradition devoted to imagining such a tension between democracy and its inversion.
“Naked” Speech in Late Republican Rome
Authors: Goodman Rob
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on Cicero and his contemporaries to offer evidence for the existence and distinctiveness of populist rhetoric in the late Roman republic. In contrast to the claim of an “ideological monotony” in the republic, this chapter argues we can trace the outlines not only of a popularis ideology, but of a popularis style—a style grounded in key assumptions about the relationship between orator and audience. Cicero characterizes the speech of his popularis adversaries as “naked,” casting it as lacking in artifice and control. That assessment, however polemical, points to a recognizable difference in the rhetorical styles on offer to the Roman public. The chapter argues that Cicero conceived of stylistic diversity as a means by which the orator demonstrated responsiveness to the audience. For the populares, by contrast, unaffected speech signaled that the speaker’s identification with the people was so complete that no accommodation was required.
Democracy, Plutocracy, and the Populist Cry of Pain
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: October 2024

As this chapter shows, plutocracy and populism are phenomena endemic to electoral democracy and not in any way peculiar to representative government. As contemporary democracies succumb to plutocratic usurpation, populism has re-emerged as a powerful political force. However, while right-wing populism has done nothing to ameliorate the problem of inequality, it remains to be seen whether more inclusive, egalitarian populist movements will gain the momentum necessary to propel a reversal. Thus far, progressive movements have proven much less effective than have right-wing ones. But, the chapter contends, one should not give up on populism as such: if properly understood, it is the necessary vehicle for realizing the effective reform of contemporary democracy. The chapter specifies criteria to distinguish right-wing from progressive populism and, drawing on Machiavelli, sketches the kinds of institutional reforms that progressive populist movements should pursue in efforts to counteract economic and political inequality.
Fans as Critics and Material Culture Makers
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4 examines how teenage girls interacted with popular music within the relative privacy of their fan club communities. Contextualizing this examination in the history of music criticism, it considers the female fans of Frank Sinatra as music critics. Both in commercial fan magazines such as Modern Screen and in Frank Sinatra fan club journals, teenage girls recorded their opinions on cultural topics using many different formats, including traditional review-based music criticism, but also original poetry, essays, and artwork. In Frank Sinatra fan clubs, fans even developed their own unique ways of recording elements of Sinatra’s musical style in prose.
Looking for Sowbugs
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Most people in the developed world pay little attention to biology and nature. Humans live a sheltered existence. When they do “interact” with nature, it is typically at a zoo or park or in breathtakingly beautiful movies and television series. The setting is nearly always an exotic location (e.g., the Kalahari Desert, the Antarctic), subconsciously reinforcing the concept that biology happens somewhere else. Yet, humans are animals too, and are still part of the natural world. Nature is all around and on and in them. Psychologists have noted the benefits of interacting with nature. E.O. Wilson referred to it as “biophilia.” Increasing the appreciation of our place in nature is a desirable goal.
Supermarket Systematics
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Supermarkets contain a wide variety of foods, and those foods are organisms, living or previously living. In fact, a supermarket is a great place to learn about biology. The vegetables, fruits, and fungi demonstrate the key features of those organisms, such as the stems, roots, leaves, fruits, and flowers. The meat section includes organs and tissues that are similar to those of humans. It also includes fish, fowl, and invertebrates (e.g., lobsters, clams, crabs). Even better, at the supermarket, we can take things home and examine them close up and even take them apart before cooking and eating them.
Blunt Tars
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

The 1760s were miserable years for Bristol’s working poor. Jobs were few and food was scarce. Wealthy merchants offered charity, but they required those receiving alms to wear badges indicating their indigency. The poor responded by stealing. As a result, merchants installed lighting around the docks, increased funding for the police, and expanded the use of work-houses to curb vagrancy. African workers were especially vulnerable. Authorities arrested African beggars, dispatched them to overseas plantations, and even threatened to use their bodies for medical experiments. Sailors fought back against frequent ill treatment. In 1768 they took collective action against their bosses, engaging in violent strikes. When merchants met sailor wage demands, the sailors abandoned striking coal heavers and performed scab labor. Like upwardly mobile merchants, sailors aspired to achieve greater individual economic freedom, and they were willing to do whatever it took to realize that goal.