bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐wise, Other‐wise, Streetwise (SOS) training, an intervention to prevent victimization in dual‐diagnosis patients: results from a randomized clinical trial
Authors: de Waal Marleen M. , Dekker Jack J. M. , Kikkert Martijn J. , Christ Carolien , Chmielewska Jaga , Staats Monique W. M. , van den Brink Wim , Goudriaan Anna E.
Published: November 2018

Background and Aims

Patients with co‐occurring substance use and other mental disorders are vulnerable to crime victimization, yet no evidence‐based preventive interventions exist. Our aim was to test the efficacy of a new intervention, Self‐wise, Other‐wise, Streetwise training (SOS training), to prevent victimization in these dual‐diagnosis patients as an add‐on to care as usual.

Design

Multi‐site single‐blind parallel randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Three sites within one psychiatric service in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Participants

Adult in‐patients and out‐patients with dual diagnosis (n = 250), who were predominantly male (70.4%), aged on average 42.1 years, and diagnosed with 3.7 DSM‐IV disorders.

Intervention and comparator

Care as usual, consisting of pharmacotherapy combined with individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy and/or supportive counselling (n = 125) was compared with care as usual plus SOS training: a 6‐week, 12‐session manualized group training focused on enhancing emotion regulation skills, conflict resolution skills and street skills (n = 125).

Measurements

Victimization was assessed with the Safety Monitor, the Dutch equivalent of the International Crime Victims Survey, in a face‐to‐face assessment. The primary outcome measure was treatment response (yes/no), with ‘yes’ defined as reporting at least a 50% reduction in the number of past‐year victimization incidents at the 14‐month follow‐up compared with baseline. Analyses were performed according to the intention‐to‐treat principle.

Findings

The proportion of participants achieving treatment response for total victimization was 54.0% in the control group and 67.6% in the experimental group, a significant difference [odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–3.11, P = 0.042]. Treatment response for violent victimization was achieved by 68.7% of the control group and 79.3% of the experimental group (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.91–3.34, P = 0.092). With a Bayes factor of 2.26, this result was inconclusive.

Conclusions

Among dual‐diagnosis patients, care as usual plus Self‐wise, Other‐wise, Streetwise training was more effective in preventing victimization than care as usual alone.
Compliance with ecological momentary assessment protocols in substance users: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Jones Andrew , Remmerswaal Danielle , Verveer Ilse , Robinson Eric , Franken Ingmar H. A. , Wen Cheng K. Fred , Field Matt
Published: November 2018

Background and Aims

While there are considerable benefits to Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), poor compliance with assessment protocols has been identified as a limitation, particularly in substance users. Our aim was to identify the pooled compliance rate of EMA studies in substance users and examine variables that may influence compliance with EMA protocols, such as the length and frequency of assessments.

Design

A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of all possible studies (randomized controlled trials and longitudinal) which incorporated EMA protocols, examining substance use.

Setting

Studies took place from 1998 to 2017, in numerous countries world‐wide.

Participants

One hundred and twenty‐six studies were identified, contributing a total of 19 431 participants (52.32% male, mean age = 28.86).

Measurements

Compliance data, the proportion of responses to the study protocol, were extracted from each study alongside prompt frequency, total length of assessment period, substance use population and device used to administer EMA prompts.

Findings

The pooled compliance rate across all studies was 75.06% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 72.37%, 77.65%]. There was no evidence that compliance rates were significantly associated with prompt frequency [Q(3) = 7.35, P = 0.061], length of assessment period [Q(2) = 2.40, P = 0.301], substance type [Q(3) = 6.30, P = 0.098] or device administration [Q(4) = 4.28, P = 0.369]. However, dependent samples (69.80%) had lower compliance rates than non‐dependent samples [76.02%; Q(1) = 4.13, P = 0.042].

Conclusions

The pooled compliance rate for Ecological Momentary Assessment studies in substance‐using populations from 1998 to 2017 was lower than the recommended rate of 80%, and was not associated with frequency or duration of assessments.
Changes over time in marijuana use, deviant behavior and preference for risky behavior among US adolescents from 2002 to 2014: testing the moderating effect of gender and age
Authors: Moss Shadiya L. , Santaella‐Tenorio Julian , Mauro Pia M. , Keyes Katherine M. , Martins Silvia S.
Published: November 2018

Background and aims

Among adolescents, risk preference and deviant behaviors are associated with marijuana use, which exhibit substantial historical trends. We examined (1) trends, (2) effect modification by sex and age, (3) associations of marijuana use with deviant behaviors and risk preferences and (4) differences by sex, age and year.

Design

Adjusted logistic and relative risk regression models, using data from the 2002–14 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, annual cross‐sectional surveys of US households.

Setting

United States.

Participants

A nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 12–17 years (n = 230 452).

Measurements

We estimated associations between past‐year marijuana use [self‐reported using computer‐assisted personal interviewing/audio computer‐assisted self‐interviewing (CAPI/ACASI)], deviant behavior (i.e. selling drugs; stealing; attacking someone) and risk preference (i.e. getting a kick; testing oneself).

Findings

Marijuana use, deviant behaviors and risk preferences declined among adolescents from 2002 to 2014. There were no significant sex or age differences in the decline of marijuana use over time. There were sex [sold drugs: β = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75, 1.04] and age (attacked someone: β = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.42) differences in the prevalence of deviant behaviors, and trends over time differed by sex and age for attacking someone.

Conclusions

While marijuana use, deviant behavior and risk preferences among US adolescents declined from 2002 to 2014, associations have remained stable, with marijuana use positively associated with deviant behaviors and risk preferences.
Impacts of recent climate change on terrestrial flora and fauna: Some emerging Australian examples
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A. , Rymer Paul D. , Byrne Margaret , Ruthrof Katinka X. , Whinam Jennie , McGeoch Melodie , Bergstrom Dana M. , Guerin Greg R. , Sparrow Ben , Joseph Leo , Hill Sarah J. , Andrew Nigel R. , Camac James , Bell Nicholas , Riegler Markus , Gardner Janet L. , Williams Stephen E.
Published: November 2018

The effects of anthropogenic climate change on biodiversity are well known for some high‐profile Australian marine systems, including coral bleaching and kelp forest devastation. Less well‐published are the impacts of climate change being observed in terrestrial ecosystems, although ecological models have predicted substantial changes are likely. Detecting and attributing terrestrial changes to anthropogenic factors is difficult due to the ecological importance of extreme conditions, the noisy nature of short‐term data collected with limited resources, and complexities introduced by biotic interactions. Here, we provide a suite of case studies that have considered possible impacts of anthropogenic climate change on Australian terrestrial systems. Our intention is to provide a diverse collection of stories illustrating how Australian flora and fauna are likely responding to direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic climate change. We aim to raise awareness rather than be comprehensive. We include case studies covering canopy dieback in forests, compositional shifts in vegetation, positive feedbacks between climate, vegetation and disturbance regimes, local extinctions in plants, size changes in birds, phenological shifts in reproduction and shifting biotic interactions that threaten communities and endangered species. Some of these changes are direct and clear cut, others are indirect and less clearly connected to climate change; however, all are important in providing insights into the future state of terrestrial ecosystems. We also highlight some of the management issues relevant to conserving terrestrial communities and ecosystems in the face of anthropogenic climate change.
Stem diameter growth rates in a fire‐prone savanna correlate with photosynthetic rate and branch‐scale biomass allocation, but not specific leaf area
Authors: Wright Ian J. , Cooke Julia , Cernusak Lucas A. , Hutley Lindsay B. , Scalon Marina C. , Tozer Wade C. , Lehmann Caroline E. R.
Published: November 2018

Plant growth rates strongly determine ecosystem productivity and are a central element of plant ecological strategies. For laboratory and glasshouse‐grown seedlings, specific leaf area (SLA; ratio of leaf area to mass) is a key driver of interspecific variation in growth rate (GR). Consequently, SLA is often assumed to drive GR variation in field‐grown adult plants. However, there is an increasing evidence that this is not the general case. This suggests that GR – SLA relationships (and perhaps those for other traits) may vary depending on the age or size of the plants being studied. Here we investigated GR – trait relationships and their size dependence among 17 woody species from an open‐canopy, fire‐prone savanna in northern Australia. We tested the predictions that SLA and stem diameter growth rate would be positively correlated in saplings but unrelated in adults while, in both age classes, faster‐GR species would have higher light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat), higher leaf nutrient concentrations, higher branch‐scale biomass allocation to leaf versus stem tissues and lower wood density (WD). SLA showed no relationship to stem diameter GR, even in saplings, and the same was true of leaf N and P concentrations, and WD. However, branch‐scale leaf:stem allocation was strongly related to GR in both age groups, as was Asat. Together, these two traits accounted for up to 80% of interspecific variation in adult GR, and 41% of sapling GR. Asat is rarely measured in field‐based GR studies, and this is the first report of branch‐scale leaf:stem allocation (analogous to a benefit:cost ratio) in relation to plant growth rate. Our results suggest that we may yet find general trait‐drivers of field growth rates, but SLA will not be one.
Ripping the Heart out of Ancoats: Collective Action to Defend Infrastructures of Social Reproduction against Gentrification
Authors: Luke Nikki , Kaika Maria
Published: November 2018

The article exposes attacks on infrastructures of social reproduction as a prime gentrification strategy, but also as an effective focal point for community resistance. We exemplify this through the conflict over Ancoats Dispensary, a Victorian hospital at the heart of one of the UK's most deprived communities in East Manchester, which faced demolition following the 2000 New Islington Regeneration Plan. Using ethnographic and archival data we show how 200 years of community struggles for healthcare became catalytic for establishing Ancoats’ working class identity and how Ancoats Dispensary became the spatial/material and symbolic infrastructure for community continuity. The building's socially embedded history became key for articulating anti‐gentrification struggles as its planned demolition was seen as a symbolic demolition of the community itself. Local citizens formed the Ancoats Dispensary Trust and utilised tactics from historical struggles and entrepreneurial strategies to envision an alternative future in the defence of social reproduction infrastructures.
NIRS cerebral patterns in healthy late preterm and term infants are gender‐ and gestational age‐dependent
Authors: Grometto Alice , Pluchinotta Francesca , Gazzolo Francesca , Strozzi Maria Chiara , Gazzolo Diego
Published: November 2018

Aim

Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been proposed to provide reliable information concerning brain oximetry and tissue activation level in the perinatal period. We aimed to investigate whether NIRS brain patterns in healthy preterm (PT) and term (T) infants were gender‐ and gestational age (GA)‐dependent.

Methods

We conducted an observational study in 74 newborns, from consecutive singleton pregnancies, of whom 37 were born at term (male: n = 19 female: n = 18) and 37 (male: n = 18 female: n = 19) were PT. Cerebral oximetry (crSO2) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE), were recorded on the 5th day from birth.

Results

crSO2 was significantly higher and cFTOE lower (p < 0.001, for both) in the PT female than male group. At term, crSO2 was significantly higher and cFTOE lower (p < 0.001, for both) in males. crSO2 (male: R = 0.84, p < 0.001; female: R = 0.74, p < 0.001) and cFTOE (male: R = 0.72, p < 0.001; female: R = 0.72, p < 0.001) in male and female groups correlated positively with GA at recording.

Conclusion

Different brain oximetry between males and females in PT a T infants, may suggest that in the perinatal period brain development is gender‐ and time‐dependent. Data support the use of NIRS as a feasible tool for non‐invasive cerebral monitoring.
β‐carotene attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation via inhibition of the NF‐κB, JAK2/STAT3 and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages
Authors: Li Ruonan , Hong Pan , Zheng Xin
Published: November 2018

β‐carotene is one of the most abundant carotenoids, has potential anti‐inflammatory effect, it has been reported that β‐carotene could suppress LPS‐induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) translocation, but the more detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the anti‐inflammatory action of β‐carotene remain to be fully understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of β‐carotene on the activation of JAK2/STAT3, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling pathway induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Cells were treated with different concentrations of β‐carotene for 3 hr after LPS treatment for 24 hr. The mRNA expression and the release of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were evaluated by RT‐PCR and ELISA, and the level of signaling proteins of JAK2/STAT3, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. The results showed that β‐carotene significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) LPS‐induced release of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α and their mRNA expression. LPS‐induced JAK2/STAT3, IκB/NF‐κB p65, JNK/p38 MAPK signal activation were significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) by β‐carotene in a dose‐dependent manner. In conclusion, β‐carotene could attenuate LPS‐induced inflammation via inhibition of the NF‐κB, JAK2/STAT3, and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages.
Risk factors affecting outcome of unrelated cord blood transplantation for children with familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Furtado‐Silva Juliana Montibeller , Paviglianiti Annalisa , Ruggeri Annalisa , Boelens Jaap Jan , Veys Paul , Ahmari Ali Abdallah , Zecca Marco , Locatelli Franco , Michel Gerard , Volt Fernanda , Kenzey Chantal , Sedlacek Petr , Rao Kanchan , Lankester Arjan , Gluckman Eliane , Rocha Vanderson ,   Eurocord/ Monacord, Cord Blood Committee of Cellular Therapy, Immunobiology and Inborn Errors Working Parties of the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group
Published: November 2018

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is still the only available curative option for Familial Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH). Most studies report outcomes after bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. We analysed the outcomes of 118 children with FHLH undergoing single‐unit umbilical cord blood transplantation performed from 1996 to 2014. Myeloablative conditioning regimen was given to 90% of the patients, and was mostly busulfan‐based (n = 81, 76%), including anti‐thymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab (n = 102, 86%). The cumulative incidence of Day 60 neutrophil engraftment was 85%; and that of non‐relapse mortality and acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) was 21% and 33% at 100 days, respectively. The 6‐year cumulative incidence of chronic GvHD was 17% and the 6‐year probability of overall survival was 55%. In multivariate analysis, children receiving a graft with a total nucleated cell dose greater than 9·9 × 107/kg had a better overall survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 0·49, 95% CI: 0·27–0·88, P = 0·02). Degree of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) matching was associated with improved disease‐free survival (5/6 vs. 6/6 HR: 2·11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·01–4·4, P = 0·05 and ≤4/6 vs. 6/6, HR: 2·82, CI: 1·27–6·23, P = 0·01). Umbilical cord blood transplantation with a high cell dose and good HLA match is a suitable alternative option to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with FHLH who lack a HLA‐matched donor.
Long non‐coding RNA Linc00518 promotes paclitaxel resistance of the human prostate cancer by sequestering miR‐216b‐5p
Authors: He Junhui , Sun Mingchong , Geng Huaizhen , Tian Sujian
Published: November 2018

Background Information

To characterise Linc00518 expression in prostate cancer and elucidate the potential mechanistic involvement in paclitaxel resistance, the relative expression of Linc00518 and miR‐216b‐5p was determined by real‐time PCR. The regulatory effect of miR‐216b‐5p on either Linc00518 or GATA6 was interrogated with luciferase reporter assay. The endogenous GATA6 protein was analysed by Western blotting. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay and IC50 of paclitaxel was calculated through cell counting.

Results

Linc00518 was highly expressed in prostate tumour both in vivo and in vitro. High level of Linc00518 transcripts associated with paclitaxel resistance. Linc00518 competitively inhibited miR‐216b‐5p through sponging mechanism. Linc00518 deficiency compromised the paclitaxel resistance in the acquired resistance cell lines.

Conclusions and Significance

We demonstrated that overexpression of Linc00518 contributed to the paclitaxel resistance in prostate cancer via sequestering miR‐216b‐5p.
Care maps and care plans for children with medical complexity
Authors: Adams Sherri , Nicholas David , Mahant Sanjay , Weiser Natalie , Kanani Ronik , Boydell Katherine , Cohen Eyal
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The support of families in the care of children with medical complexity (CMC) requires the integration of health care providers' (HCPs') medical knowledge and family experience. Care plans largely represent HCP information, and care maps demonstrate the family experience. Understanding the intersection between a care plan and a care map is critical, as it may provide solutions to the widely recognized tension between HCP‐directed care and patient‐ and family‐centered care (PFCC).

Method

This study used qualitative methods to explore the experience and usefulness of care maps. Parents of CMC who already had a care plan, created care maps (n = 15). Subsequent interviews with parents (n = 15) and HCPs (n = 30) of CMC regarding both care maps and care plans were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Data analysis exploring the relationship and utility of care plans and care maps revealed six primary themes related to using care plans and care maps that were grouped into two primary categories: (a) utility of care plans and maps; and (b) intersection of care plans and care maps.

Discussion

Care plans and care maps were identified as valuable complementary documents. Their integration offers context about family experience and respects the parents' experiential wisdom in a standard patient care document, thus promoting improved understanding and integration of the family experience into care decision making.
Prehabilitation prior to kidney transplantation: Results from a pilot study
Authors: McAdams‐DeMarco Mara A. , Ying Hao , Van Pilsum Rasmussen Sarah , Schrack Jennifer , Haugen Christine E. , Chu Nadia M. , González Fernández Marlís , Desai Niraj , Walston Jeremy D. , Segev Dorry L.
Published: November 2018

Prehabilitation is the process of enhancing preoperative functional capacity to improve tolerance for the upcoming stressor; it was associated with improved postoperative outcomes in a handful of studies, but never evaluated in transplantation. Kidney transplant (KT) candidates may be uniquely suited for prehabilitation because they experience a profound loss of functional capacity while waiting years on dialysis. To better understand the feasibility and effectiveness of prehabilitation in KT, we conducted a pilot study of center‐based prehabilitation for candidates; this intervention consisted of weekly physical therapy sessions at an outpatient center with at‐home exercises. We enrolled 24 participants; 18 participated in prehabilitation (75% of enrolled; 17% of eligible). 61% were male, 72% were African American, and mean age = 52 (SD = 12.9); 71% of participants had lower‐extremity impairment, and 31% were frail. By 2 months of prehabilitation, participants improved their physical activity by 64% (P = 0.004) based on accelerometry. Participants reported high satisfaction. Among 5 prehabilitation participants who received KT during the study, length of stay was shorter than for age‐, sex‐, and race‐matched control (5 vs 10 days; RR = 0.69; 95% CI:0.50‐0.94; P = 0.02). These pilot study findings suggest that prehabilitation is feasible in pretransplant patients and may potentially be a strategy to improve post‐KT outcomes.
Robot‐assisted laparoscopic vs laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in renal transplantation: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Chen Rao , Li Tengfang , Peng Longkai
Published: November 2018

Background

Currently, the robot‐assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (RDN) technique is used for live donor nephrectomy. Does it provide sufficient safety and benefits for living donors? We conducted a meta‐analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of RDN compared with the laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN).

Material and methods

Eligible studies were retrieved and screened from electronic databases from 1999 onward: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Relevant parameters were explored using Review Manager V5.3 and included operative time, warm ischemia time, estimated blood loss, and length of hospital stay.

Results

Compared with RDN, LDN had shorter operative time (min; weighted mean difference (WMD): −0.53; 95% CI: [−0.85, 0.20]; P = 0.001) and warm ischemia time (second; WMD: −55.01; 95% CI: [−71.56, 38.45]; P < 0.00001) and less estimated blood loss (mL; WMD: −28.30, 95% CI: [−46.37, 10.24], P = 0.002). The pooled analysis of postoperative pain showed lower visual analog scale (VAS) scores for RDN compared with LDN (WMD:1.28, P < 0.00001). We also observed that length of hospital stay, postoperative serum creatinine (SCr) in donors, postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of recipients and postoperative complications for donors were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusion

As long as RDN is practiced proficiently, it is believed that RDN is a feasible alternative to LDN.
Plasmacytoma of thyroid clinically and morphologically mimicking primary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Gochhait Debasis , Govindarajalou Ramkumar , Kar Rakhee , Rangarajan Vidhyalakshmi , Dehuri Priyadarshini , Dubashi Biswajit
Published: November 2018

Plasma cell neoplasms of thyroid are very rarely reported on cytology. Most of these tumors are secondary to systemic involvement by multiple myeloma.
Unnecessary abdominal interventions in patients with hereditary angioedema
Authors: Hahn Janina , Hoess Alisa , Friedrich Daniel Thomas , Mayer Benjamin , Schauf Lucia , Hoffmann Thomas K. , Greve Jens
Published: November 2018

Background

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder that leads to recurrent development of mucosal and dermal swelling. It is mediated by bradykinin, and can affect virtually any part of the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, the extremities, and the laryngeal and pharyngeal regions. Safe and potent drugs are available for acute and prophylactic treatment of HAE. Owing to its unspecific symptoms and unique manifestations, HAE is often misdiagnosed and treated incorrectly. Abdominal edema in particular can resemble appendicitis or cholecystitis, and is therefore often treated with unnecessary surgical procedures. We performed a questionnaire study to quantify this issue.

Patients and Methods

We designed questionnaires for HAE patients and probands without HAE. The patient‐control ratio was chosen at 1 : 2.

Results

Compared with the general population, HAE patients are subject to a significantly greater number of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Our study showed that the HAE patients were 2.5 times more likely to undergo abdominal surgery (including gynecological and urological procedures) than the individuals without HAE (p = 0.007). The number of operations per patient correlated with the period (number of years) between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis (correlation coefficient 0.511; Spearman). Furthermore, twice as many appendectomies were performed on HAE patients (18.9 % vs. 37.7 %). Our results also showed that the HAE patients were 2.3 times more likely to undergo a gastroscopy than the control group without HAE (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Patients with rare diseases such as HAE not only suffer from the effects of the disease itself. The conditions are often misdiagnosed for years owing to the general lack of knowledge about such diseases and unspecific manifestations. This leads not only to erroneous and ineffective treatment, but also to needless invasive diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures. It is therefore important to increase the general knowledge and awareness of orphan diseases such as HAE with a view to improving diagnosis and treatment, minimizing the patients’ suffering and enhancing their quality of life.
ROUND GIVING: A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON SUGGESTED DONATION AMOUNTS IN PUBLIC‐TELEVISION FUNDRAISING
Authors: Reiley David , Samek Anya
Published: November 2018

Direct‐mail fundraisers commonly provide a set of suggested donation amounts to potential donors, in addition to a write‐in option. Standard economic models of charitable fundraising do not predict an impact of suggested amounts on charitable giving. However, our field experiments on direct‐mail solicitations to over 10,000 members of a public television station tell a different story. We find that changing one of the suggested amounts in an ask string from $100 to $95 reduces the number of gifts greater than or equal to $90 by more than 30%. This contrasts with our finding that in three independent comparisons, increasing the entire vector of suggested amounts by 20%–40% reduces the probability of giving by approximately 15%, with little effect on the average size of the gift. Both manipulations lead to a larger proportion of write‐in donations, even as they reduce the number of total gifts. We propose a simple behavioral theory to explain the data: many donors prefer to give round numbers, and donors incur a cognitive cost when choosing to give a nonsuggested amount. (JEL C9, H4)
A new species of Rosenscheldia (Dothideomycetes) from Brazil
Authors: Custódio Fábio A. , Firmino André L. , Pereira Olinto L.
Published: November 2018

A fungus forming black stromata with several immersed ascomata was found associated with living branches of Protium warmingianum (Burseraceae) in the Mata da Biologia, city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species differs from all five species found on literature and is fully described, illustrated and compared with the other species described in the genus. This is the first species of Rosenscheldia found on burseraceae hosts in Brazil and the first species on the host genus Protium.
A novel tool for time‐locking study plans to results
Authors: Mazor Matan , Mazor Noam , Mukamel Roy
Published: November 2018

Often researchers wish to mark an objective line between study plans that were specified before data acquisition and decisions that were made following data exploration. Contrary to common perception, registering study plans to an online platform prior to data collection does not by itself provide such an objective distinction, even when the registration is time‐stamped. Here, we adapt a method from the field of cryptography to allow encoding of study plans and predictions within random aspects of the data acquisition process. Doing so introduces a causal link between the preregistered content and objective attributes of the acquired data, such as the timing and location of brain activations. This guarantees that the preregistered plans and predictions are indeed specified prior to data collection. Our time‐locking system does not depend on any external party and can be performed entirely in‐lab. We provide code for easy implementation and a detailed example from the field of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
Synchronization and maintenance of circadian timing in the mammalian clockwork
Authors: Maywood Elizabeth S.
Published: November 2018

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal circadian pacemaker in mammals. Cells in the SCN contain cell‐autonomous transcriptional‐translational feedback loops, which are synchronised to each other and thereby provide a coherent output to direct synchrony of peripheral clocks located in the brain and body. A major difference between these peripheral clocks and the SCN is the requirement for intercellular coupling mechanisms, which confer robustness, stability and amplitude to the system. There has been remarkable progress to our understanding of the intra‐ and inter‐cellular mechanisms of the SCN circuitry over the last ~20 years, which has come hand‐in‐hand with the development of new technologies to measure and manipulate the clock.
Interaction between interferon regulatory factor 6 and glycine receptor beta shows a protective effect on developing nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Wu Di , Wang Mei , Wang Xingang , Zhang Yong‐Biao , Song Tao , Yin Ningbei , Zhao Zhenmin
Published: November 2018

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein‐coding regions of genes which were previously reported to be associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip, with or without palate involvement (NSCL/P), were investigated. Twelve candidate loci [platelet‐derived growth factor C (PDGFC), platelet‐derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), glycine receptor alpha 2 (GLRA2), glycine receptor beta (GLRB), ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 4 (ABCA4), MAF bZIP transcription factor B (MAFB), interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), CCDC26 long non‐coding RNA (CCDC26), paired box 7 (PAX7), ventral anterior homeobox 1 (VAX1), and netrin 1 (NTN1)] covering 1.5 Mbp were sequenced in 136 NSCL/P patients and 54 healthy controls. Twenty‐five genomic variants identified were further validated in another 400 NSCL/P and 200 controls. Two SNPs in IRF6 showed a protective effect against the development of NSCL/P (rs12405750, OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.41–0.69; and rs2235371, OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.43–0.71). The missense variant, rs2235371, alters the conserved amino acid valine to isoleucine at codon 274 (V274I). We observed that SNPs at IRF6 (rs2235371 and rs12405750) and GLRB (rs73856838 and rs72685584) show consistent interaction effects. The association between the missense SNP rs2235371 in gene IRF6 and NSCL/P suggests that this SNP may play an important role as a risk factor for NSCL/P in the Han Chinese populations. The marginal signal near 4q31 detected in previous genome‐wide association studies might be caused by an interaction between the IRF6 and GLRB genes. This interaction needs to be further validated by experimentation in follow‐up studies.
Using mixed stock analysis to assess source populations for at‐sea bycaught juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the north‐west Atlantic
Authors: Stewart Kelly R. , LaCasella Erin L. , Jensen Michael P. , Epperly Sheryan P. , Haas Heather L. , Stokes Lesley W. , Dutton Peter H.
Published: November 2018

Assessments of fisheries by‐catch on marine megafauna are important for developing effective management strategies. For sea turtles, impacts may be evident in nesting population trends, but generally only after a lag, as turtles are slow to mature. We examined 850 loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) by‐catch samples collected over 14 years throughout the western North Atlantic to identify source nesting populations. We identified proportions of turtles from 19 distinct management units (MUs), using mitochondrial DNA and mixed stock analysis, considering population size. We found a significant split in the distribution of small versus large loggerheads to the north and south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (latitude 35°N). North of Cape Hatteras, large turtles came from south‐east Florida (SEFL; 44% ± 15%) and the northern United States (33% ± 16%) MUs, while south of Cape Hatteras, the major contributors were Central East Florida (52% ± 20%) and south‐east Florida (SEFL; 41% ± 20%). Small turtles in the north came from Central East Florida (64% ± 14%), and in the south, south‐east Florida had the highest representation (56% ± 25%). There was little contribution from Mediterranean and Cape Verde populations, indicating low risk from western North Atlantic by‐catch to MUs in the Mediterranean. Understanding where threats may impact source populations is important, particularly for larger size turtles, as these individuals have the highest reproductive value. These findings allow more informed threat assessments to be conducted for loggerhead turtles considering spatial and demographic structure.
Benthivorous fish bioturbation reduces methane emissions, but increases total greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Oliveira Junior Ernandes S. , Temmink Ralph J. M. , Buhler Beatriz F. , Souza Renata M. , Resende Nathália , Spanings Tom , Muniz Claumir C. , Lamers Leon P. M. , Kosten Sarian
Published: November 2018

Globally, aquatic systems face increasing challenges with respect to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, eutrophication and strongly altered fish community composition. Although it is known that benthivorous fish can influence sediment and water column biogeochemistry, studies showing causal relationships are largely lacking.

Here, we used a mesocosm approach with Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to unravel the effects of bioturbation on GHG and nutrient dynamics. We hypothesised that fish bioturbation decreases methane (CH4) emissions and increases carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by increased sediment oxygenation. Additionally, lower phosphorus (P) mobilisation was expected due to increased binding to ferric iron (Fe3+).

We found that benthivorous fish increased water turbidity, and reduced CH4 diffusion to the atmosphere by 33%, and ebullition by 67%, probably because of sediment oxygenation. Simultaneously, however, CO2 emissions increased due to higher aerobic decomposition, leading to higher overall GHG emissions. In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not find indications of bioturbation affecting P mobilisation from the sediment, probably because P binding was already high in the control treatment as a result of high porewater Fe:P ratios.

We conclude that bioturbation by fish has strong effects on GHG emissions as a result of higher overall decomposition rates offsetting reduced CH4 emissions. Depending on porewater Fe:P ratios, benthivorous fish may additionally reduce P mobilisation.
The role of phytoplankton in the diet of the bladderwort Utricularia australis R.Br. (Lentibulariaceae)
Authors: Ellwood Neil T. W. , Congestri Roberta , Ceschin Simona
Published: November 2018

It is becoming more apparent that the aquatic carnivorous plants Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) can capture and utilise a wide range of small aquatic organisms. Although they can take up nutrients directly from the water by rootless shoots, much of their overall nutrition comes from prey caught in their traps. Most of the early literature was focused mainly on animal prey, hence the term carnivorous to describe Utricularia spp., but more recently the contribution of other microorganisms and detritus to their diet is being realised. Specifically, the importance of the phytoplankton in traps as prey is proving interesting. However, most investigations have focused on the trap communities with few comparisons to phytoplankton as potential prey, which could reveal the occurrence of feeding selectivity.

The eurytopic species Utricularia australis was surveyed across 12 sites in central Italy in lentic waterbodies ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic. Phytoplankton communities outside the traps were composed of 135 taxa from 21 orders belonging to eight phyla and the algal community in the traps comprised 124 taxa from 17 orders belonging to eight phyla, recorded from all sampling sites. Among the 12 sites phytoplankton communities were highly diverse; however, communities inside and outside the traps at each site were very similar. This similarity indicated that feeding was not selective.

Algal movements are not able to elicit a trap response, yet around 70% of the traps contained phytoplankton only (no animal prey). Therefore, regular spontaneous trap firing, known to occur in U. australis, is thought to be responsible for the similarities in trap and plankton algal communities.

At two sites, a Euglenophyte (Lepocinclis sp.) and a Cryptophyte (Chilomonas sp.) proliferated, which were otherwise very rare in the phytoplankton community. This is indicative of favourable growth conditions in the traps and possibly of commensal relationships. It seems that the diet requirements of U. australis are met by having a highly varied prey spectrum.
Beyond the Last Glacial Maximum: Island endemism is best explained by long‐lasting archipelago configurations
Authors: Norder Sietze J. , Proios Konstantinos , Whittaker Robert J. , Alonso María R. , Borges Paulo A. V. , Borregaard Michael K. , Cowie Robert H. , Florens F. B. Vincent , de Frias Martins António M. , Ibáñez Miguel , Kissling W. Daniel , de Nascimento Lea , Otto Rüdiger , Parent Christine E. , Rigal François , Warren Ben H. , Fernández‐Palacios José María , van Loon E. Emiel , Triantis Kostas A. , Rijsdijk Kenneth F.
Published: November 2018

Aim

To quantify the influence of past archipelago configuration on present‐day insular biodiversity patterns, and to compare the role of long‐lasting archipelago configurations over the Pleistocene to configurations of short duration such as at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present‐day.

Location

53 volcanic oceanic islands from 12 archipelagos worldwide—Azores, Canary Islands, Cook Islands, Galápagos, Gulf of Guinea, Hawaii, Madeira, Mascarenes, Pitcairn, Revillagigedo, Samoan Islands and Tristan da Cunha.

Time period

The last 800 kyr, representing the nine most recent glacial–interglacial cycles.

Major taxa studied

Land snails and angiosperms.

Methods

Species richness data for land snails and angiosperms were compiled from existing literature and species checklists. We reconstructed archipelago configurations at the following sea levels: the present‐day high interglacial sea level, the intermediate sea levels that are representative of the Pleistocene and the low sea levels of the LGM. We fitted two alternative linear mixed models for each archipelago configuration using the number of single‐island endemic, multiple‐island endemic and (non‐endemic) native species as a response. Model performance was assessed based on the goodness‐of‐fit of the full model, the variance explained by archipelago configuration and model parsimony.

Results

Single‐island endemic richness in both taxonomic groups was best explained by intermediate palaeo‐configuration (positively by area change, and negatively by palaeo‐connectedness), whereas non‐endemic native species richness was poorly explained by palaeo‐configuration. Single‐island endemic richness was better explained by intermediate archipelago configurations than by the archipelago configurations of the LGM or present‐day.

Main conclusions

Archipelago configurations at intermediate sea levels—which are representative of the Pleistocene—have left a stronger imprint on single‐island endemic richness patterns on volcanic oceanic islands than extreme archipelago configurations that persisted for only a few thousand years (such as the LGM). In understanding ecological and evolutionary dynamics of insular biota it is essential to consider longer‐lasting environmental conditions, rather than extreme situations alone.
Climate seasonality as an essential predictor of global fire activity
Authors: Saha Michael V. , Scanlon Todd M. , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: November 2018

Aim

Fire is a globally important disturbance that affects nearly all vegetated biomes. Previous regional studies have suggested that the predictable seasonal pattern of a climatic time series, or seasonality, might aid in the prediction of average fire activity, but it is not known whether these findings are applicable globally. Here, we investigate how seasonality can be used to explain variations in fire activity on a global scale.

Location

Global, 60° S–60° N.

Time period

Data averaged over the period 1999–2015.

Methods

We describe a method to partition a periodic seasonal cycle into two seasons and define conceptually simple temporal metrics that describe spatial variability in seasonality. We explore the usefulness of these metrics in explaining global fire activity using the average monthly time series of precipitation and temperature and a flexible machine learning procedure (random forests).

Results

A simple model that uses only precipitation and temperature amplitude and synchrony between wet and warm seasons correctly predicts 66% of the variability in global fire activity, substantially more than a model with mean annual temperature and precipitation. A more complex model that includes all nine metrics predicts 87% of variability in global fire activity.

Main conclusions

This study shows that seasonality of temperature and precipitation can be used to predict multi‐year average fire activity in a globally relevant way. The mechanisms highlighted in our work could be used to improve global fire models and enhance their ability to represent the spatial patterns of fire activity. Our method might also be useful in hindcasting historical fire using reanalysis or predicting future fire regimes using coarse output from climate models.
High frequency of getting out of bed in patients with Alzheimer's disease monitored by non‐wearable actigraphy
Authors: Higami Yoko , Yamakawa Miyae , Shigenobu Kazue , Kamide Kei , Makimoto Kiyoko
Published: November 2018

Aim

Sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease have not been systematically evaluated, because sleep monitoring has proved difficult. Our goal was to quantitatively characterize sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

The present study was a cross‐sectional descriptive study, carried out in dementia care units in Japan. Participants were 63 patients with Alzheimer's disease (mean age 77.6 ± 8.0 years) with severe behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. A non‐wearable actigraphy device placed under patient mattresses was used to measure sleep parameters: sleep time, time in bed, number of wakings and number of times they left the bed. Cut‐off points for sleep parameters were based on the interquartile range of the data.

Results

Median nocturnal sleep time was 6.2 h (interquartile range 2.7 h). Median frequency of waking was eight times (5)/night. Median frequency of leaving the bed was five times (6), with a maximum of 31/night. We identified three types of sleep disturbance: frequent bed leaving, short sleep time and excessive sleep time. Multiple linear regression showed that duration of dementia was a significant predictor of frequent bed leaving at night (P = 0.042).

Conclusions

Frequent bed leaving at night reflects severe sleep deprivation in patients with mild‐to‐severe Alzheimer's disease. Safety measures are required to prevent accidents related to sleep disturbances, regardless of dementia severity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 130–134.
Mud and metal; the impact of historical mining on the estuaries of SW England, UK
Authors: Pirrie Duncan , Shail Robin K.
Published: November 2018

Visitors and residents alike enjoy the countryside and coast of SW England because of the stunning landscapes and natural environment. Many will also be aware, largely through the industrial archaeological record and world heritage site designation, of the historical importance of mining in this region. Separate mineralization episodes, primarily during the Permian and Triassic, led to the formation of a world‐class polymetallic ore field, with major deposits of not only tin (Sn) and copper (Cu), but also iron (Fe), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W) and silver (Ag), along with minor occurrences of less common metals such as uranium (U), antimony (Sb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), bismuth (Bi) and gold (Au). Mining of alluvial deposits commenced in the Bronze Age, with hard rock mining commencing by the late thirteenth century and continuing intermittently, as metal prices rose and fell, to the present day. With hard rock mining, came the processing or ‘dressing’ of ores during which they were crushed so that minerals of interest could be recovered. The wastes from this process—mine tailings—were historically released into rivers and transported towards the coast as man‐made sediments. Deposition occurred in many of the estuaries around SW England, which consequently preserve a record of the development and historical impact of mining.
Utility valuation of health states for haemophilia and related complications in Europe and in the United States
Authors: Hoxer Christina S. , Zak Marek , Benmedjahed Khadra , Lambert Jérémy
Published: November 2018

Introduction

There is currently a paucity of health utility data describing the consequences of haemophilia and related complications.

Aim

To quantify the impact of distinct stages of severity of haemophilia and disease‐related complications on health‐related quality of life, expressed as health utilities in Europe and the United States.

Methods

Nine health state descriptions were developed based on literature review and interviews with haematologists and haemophilia patients. Three descriptions characterized the impact of mild, moderate and severe haemophilia without inhibitors. Six descriptions characterized disease‐related complications added to the moderate haemophilia description (arthroscopic synovectomy, prosthetic joint replacement, chronic pain, spontaneous bleed, traumatic bleed and end‐stage joint disease). Time trade‐off (TTO) interviews were conducted with 100 adults from the general public in the UK, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States. Mean TTO‐derived utility values were expressed on a scale from 0 (death) to 1 (full health).

Results

Utility values obtained for the health states corresponding to mild (0.73‐0.86), moderate (0.68‐0.76) and severe (0.64‐0.71) haemophilia followed the increase in severity. The addition of a complication to the “moderate” state leads to a decrease in the associated utility value. The most severe disutility (0.23‐0.36) across all countries was associated with the burden of end‐stage joint disease.

Conclusions

This study underlines the value that the French, Italian, German, Swedish, United States and UK populations ascribe to the avoidance of disease progression in haemophilia without inhibitors. Improved treatment options hold a potential for important benefits to haemophilia patients.