bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language and Indian Film Audiences
Authors: Chitrapu Sunitha
Published: January 2013

This chapter makes a case for political economy and audience studies to complement each other, using Indian film audiences as an illustration. From a historical point of view, linguistic diversity has played an important role in state formation and politics on the one hand, and in the sphere of media and culture, including Indian film production, on the other. The reception literature on Indian film audiences reveals that films in the local languages hold great attraction for speakers of these languages; however, expensive and slick productions in languages other than the mother tongue do sometimes manage to capture audiences as well. Further, the language of a film determines its territorial site of viewing and therefore the extent of revenues that can be earned by that film; additionally, class acts as another mediator of film consumption. Film audiences in states with larger linguistic populations have access to a different set of films from the one accessible to film audiences in states with smaller linguistic populations. Fleshing out these connections, the present chapter raises questions that are of interest to audience research. If political economy directs audience studies toward considering the influence of regulations, policies, and the economics of production and distribution on film viewers' taste cultures, the messy realities and contradictions uncovered in audience ethnography can challenge political economy to incorporate social and cultural theories in order to modify its tendencies toward economic determinism.
Watching Telenovelas in Brazil
Authors: La Pastina Antonio C.
Published: January 2013

Telenovelas in Brazil are, undisputedly, still the most popular form of entertainment. Even after almost 50 years of daily broadcasting and radical changes in media technologies that challenged the dominant media producers, a Globo network telenovela can still gather over 30% of the audience on a daily basis. Why have telenovelas managed to capture and hold the imagination of so many viewers in that country? On the basis of a range of qualitative reception and ethnographic studies that began to be produced both in Brazil and abroad in the early 1980s, and on the basis of my own ethnographic work, it seems that Brazilians have relied on telenovelas to maintain a sense of connection to the nation, to grasp and understand new urban middle‐class trends, and to question normative ideas and structures in their day‐to‐day lives. On a less optimistic note, this chapter also argues that telenovelas, unintentionally, have reinforced a rural–urban divide in Brazil.
Counting, and Accounting for, Online Audiences
Authors: Bermejo Fernando
Published: January 2013

Audiences rarely define themselves. Rather, they can be considered to be the product of research procedures implemented by media/advertising industries and by academics. In spite of the evolving nature of these research procedures – which is due to methodological variations, market competition, and paradigmatic disputes – there existed in past decades a certain degree of consensus on how to count, and how to account for, media audiences. This fragile consensus has been challenged in recent years as a result of the prominence achieved by online media. In consequence, the media/advertising industries have had to reconsider measurement procedures in order to adapt to the characteristics of online media and audiences, and even the very nature and necessity of measurement has been questioned. In turn, academic researchers have had to reconsider their conceptualization of audiences, to the point of putting into question the very idea of the audience. The present chapter examines this dual attempt at reformulating the ways in which audiences are counted and accounted for in the context of online media.
Studying Online News Audiences
Authors: Chung Deborah S.
Published: January 2013

The exponential growth of thousands of online newspapers and millions of online news consumers is evidence that online news publications are a critical source of information. Online news sites have evolved over the past several years in content and form, and many have developed into serious publications incorporating innovative storytelling techniques and providing various methods of audience engagement. While research examining the evolving form of news online exists, very little is known about the audiences who visit the sites of these publications. How are online news audiences using interactive tools? How has the relationship between traditional information senders and receivers changed? This chapter surveys the major trends taking place in the world of online news publications and the latter's efforts to engage their audiences, as news organizations struggle to re‐evaluate their traditional roles and practices in the online climate. This chapter's discussion includes, as part of news production, the integration of interactive features, the emergence of blogs, citizen journalism, and other social tools such as Twitter and Delicious.
Tracing the Course of Reality TV Effects Research
Authors: Nabi Robin L. , So Jiyeon , de los Santos Theresa
Published: January 2013

This chapter overviews the history of reality‐based TV research, starting with efforts to define the genre and understand why people watch such programming, with particular attention to issues of voyeurism and desire for fame. The discussion then turns to research on the effect of reality TV consumption, which has progressed primarily through the lenses of cultivation theory, social cognitive theory, and perceived realism. Given the general focus on the negative effects of reality TV consumption, the chapter goes on to examine the possible benefits of watching reality TV, such as enhancing learning, coping potential, and cooperative behavior. The chapter concludes with some consideration of the health implications of watching reality TV programming, including desire for cosmetic surgery enhancements and motivation for healthy living.
Callous/Malice
Authors: Leone Ron , Paradise Angela
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the complex relationship between exposure to media violence, aggression, and desensitization across various effects dimensions, from physiological and cognitive to affective and behavioral. The impact of contextual factors of media violence is explored, supported by a discussion of Leone's work on “ratings creep.” Susceptibility to media violence is also discussed, informed by Paradise's videogame research dealing with trait aggression and playing style. The authors conclude that the relationship between exposure to media violence, aggression, and desensitization is not linear. Short‐term increases in responsiveness to violent media – suggesting aggression‐causing effects – can cede to decreased responses – indicative of a desensitization effect – over time. It is this pattern, the authors assert, that is most likely to guide future research into these phenomena.
Media Use, Scholastic Achievement, and Attention Span
Authors: Comstock George
Published: January 2013

Since the introduction of television, concern has mounted about the potential influence of television and other media on children's scholastic achievement. Can television and other media forms interfere in the development of skills necessary for successful test scores, grades, and other measures of academic achievement? Or, conversely, can media facilitate the development of such skills? In the current chapter, the research evidence pertaining to these questions is reviewed, exploring such related issues as whether television contributes to a diminished attention span, declines in fantasy play, imagination or creativity, or displaces time that could be spent with homework or other educational opportunities.
The Effects Of Internet Communication On Adolescents' Psychological Development
Authors: Peter Jochen , Valkenburg Patti M.
Published: January 2013

In this chapter, we discuss both the appeal and psychosocial consequences of different types of Internet communication, such as instant messaging and social network sites. We identify five characteristics of Internet communication that may explain both the attraction of Internet communication for adolescents, as well as its potential positive and negative consequences. Next, we review the research that has addressed some opportunities (i.e., friendship formation and quality) and risks (i.e., cyberbullying; relationships with online strangers) of the Internet for psychosocial development. We end by outlining shortcomings of existing research and make some suggestions for future research1.
The impact of media policy on children's media exposure
Authors: Jordan Amy B.
Published: January 2013

Children's media policy is designed with two primary goals: first, to increase children's access to beneficial content; and second, to decrease their exposure to harmful content. This chapter explores the principles on which US children's media policy has been established. It then outlines current US media policies that address content deemed to be detrimental to children (including junk food advertising and violent content) and seek to improve access to media technology and educational content that is considered beneficial to children (such as E‐Rate and the Children's Television Act). In addition to reviewing media policies, the chapter considers research on the implementation and impact of the policies, including the abject failure of the V‐chip legislation and the ongoing discourse about privacy protection. The chapter concludes by arguing the need for a more deliberate use of effects research in the development and evaluation of children's media policy.
Betting on YouTube Futures (for New Media Writing and Publishing)
Authors: Juhasz Alexandra
Published: January 2013

The work of media scholar, artist, and activist Alexandra Juhasz directly addresses many of the concerns that Lovink and Rossiter raise in the previous two chapters. In this chapter, Juhasz repurposes blog posts about her undergraduate media studies course and “video‐book”
Learning from YouTube
to consider the future of new media scholarship: how academics might write and publish about and in new media. By moving her writing from screen to page, the chapter itself enacts the concerns of circulation, vernacular, standards, and publication at the heart of new media studies projects and the work of writing about them. Juhasz demonstrates and discusses how academic styles, methods, and audiences can adapt in ways that are productive and dynamic. The changing roles that control, knowledge, and reflexivity play for YouTube, Juhasz's course, and digital culture more generally are central frames for the chapter, as Juhasz thinks through what her own experience teaching with and writing about YouTube suggests for the future of digital humanities.
How To Have Social Media In An Invisible Pandemic1
Authors: Cartwright Lisa
Published: January 2013

This essay examines the use of social media as platforms for public education about pandemics, focusing on the case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Lisa Cartwright considers the 2009 H1N1 outbreak and its designation as a pandemic by organizations like the World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, comparing the public social media management of this pandemic to the media campaigns mounted to address previous outbreaks and pandemics. Using the example of hepatitis C (HCV), a pandemic of long duration managed without the same sensibility of urgency and crisis that marked the H1N1 campaigns, Cartwright analyzes the ways in which notions oftemporalityinform the pandemic concept, considering the mediation of HCV against the example of the heavy mediation of H1N1 in campaigns which were both market‐oriented and driven by anxiety about pandemic futurity. This approach is particularly troubling in that it tends to miss pandemics like hepatitis C with a tendency to manifest slowly and imperceptibly, with an invisible but massive presence that is compounded by public health inattention. It is proposed that the chronicity of the hepatitis C virus does not match the the temporality of social media, which is immediate and fast, and of health communication, which is also organized around immediacy and emergence, and also futurity and potential emergency. Cartwright argues that we need to examine and rethink the social mediation of pandemics with attention to the respective temporal and visual conditions of the lives of viruses and their pandemics. More generally, a critique is put forth of the approach in public health characterized as pandemic futurity in which pandemic announcement serves as pandemic prevention, and anticipatory disease surveillance techniques inform the social mediation of designated outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.
Fear and Hope
Authors: Spry Damien
Published: January 2013

Mobile media are increasingly ubiquitous in the lives of children and young people worldwide. In this chapter, Damien Spry uses case studies from Japan and Australia to examine moral panics and regulatory responses to “children”s use of mobile media. Emphasizing the politicization of young people's mobile media use, he argues that “childhood” and “new media” are discursive sites where the hopes and fears about future generations are powerfully expressed and negotiated. While there is a great deal of public discourse about children and mobile media, Spry notes the relative absence of young people's voices from this discourse, and questions how their voices might be more audible in the debates that affect them.
Entwicklung eines Hochleistungsverbundträgersystems für den Ingenieurholzbau
Authors: Rautenstrauch Karl , Kästner Martin , Jahreis Markus , Hädicke Wolfram
Published: January 2013

Anspruchsvolle, weitgespannte Ingenieurholzkonstruktionen werden seit über 100 Jahren überwiegend unter Verwendung von Brettschichtholz realisiert. Durch Weiterentwicklung dieses homogenisierten Holzwerkstoffproduktes zu einem hybriden Hochleistungsbauteil können dem natürlichen Roh‐ bzw. Baustoff Holz weitere Anwendungsfelder erschlossen werden. Hierzu zählen insbesondere Leichtbaustrukturen mit gesteigerten Anforderungen hinsichtlich aufnehmbarer Lasten, größerer Spannweiten und/oder reduzierter Bauhöhe im Hoch‐, Industrie‐ und Straßenbrückenbau. Wesentliche Optimierungen der Biegetragfähigkeit und der Biegesteifigkeit können durch Verstärkung der Trägerrandbereiche mittels Hochleistungswerkstoffen erreicht werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden innovative Konstruktionsansätze zur Herstellung hocheffizienter Hybridbauteile unter Verwendung von Holz als Hauptbaustoff, polymergebundenen mineralischen Deckschichten zur Druckzonenverstärkung sowie kohlefaser‐ resp. glasfaser‐ oder stahlverstärkten Furnierschichtholzlamellen zur Zugzonenverstärkung vorgestellt. Zusätzliche Verstärkungselemente steigern die Schubtragfähigkeit oder verbessern die Aufnahme der Querpressungen an den Auflagern.

Development of a high‐performance hybrid beam system for timber engineering

For over 100 years demanding long‐span constructions in timber engineering are mainly built using glulam. The further development of this homogenized engineered wood product into a hybrid high‐performance component creates new fields of application for wood as a natural raw and building material. This particularly includes lightweight constructions with increased demands in terms of load‐bearing capacity, longer spans and/or reduced height for building, industrial and bridge construction. Significant improvements of the flexural strength and stiffness can be achieved by reinforcements of the beam's edge zones using high‐performance materials. This article presents innovative construction approaches for the production of a highly efficient hybrid system made of wood as main material. The compression zone is reinforced by a layer of polymer concrete. The tension zone is strengthened either with CFRP‐, GFRP‐ or steel‐reinforced lamellas made of laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Additional reinforcing elements increase the shear resistance or improve the transverse load‐carrying capacity of the bearings.
Formholzrohre – Stand der Forschung und Anwendungen
Authors: Haller Peer , Putzger Robert , Wehsener Jörg , Hartig Jens
Published: January 2013

Dieser Beitrag vermittelt eine Übersicht über den Stand der Forschung zu Formholzrohren. Zu deren Herstellung werden Bohlen unter Hitze bis auf die Hälfte ihres Volumens verdichtet, in dünne Streifen aufgetrennt und zu einer Platte verleimt, dergestalt dass die Verdichtung quer zur Faser und in der Ebene der Platte verläuft. Anschließend wird diese bedampft und zu einem Rohr umgeformt, wobei man sich das Rückerinnerungsvermögen des verdichteten Holzes zunutze macht. Wahlweise können die Rohre später mit technischen Fasern verstärkt werden. Der Vorteil besteht darin, dass Profile verglichen mit Vollquerschnitten bei gleichem Materialeinsatz größere Flächenmomente und Tragfähigkeiten erreichen. Dieser Beitrag stellt Versuchsergebnisse zum Tragverhalten von Formholzrohren bei Druck, Torsion und Biegung sowie zu deren Dauerhaftigkeit vor. Es wird gezeigt, dass äußerliche Verstärkungen aus Glas‐ oder Kohlefasern und Kunstharzen die Tragfähigkeit, Duktilität, Dimensionsstabilität und Dauerhaftigkeit erhöhen. Ferner wird die Umweltleistung des Formholzrohres am Beispiel einer Stütze mit Ausführungen in Stahl und Stahlbeton verglichen. Letztlich werden potenzielle Anwendungen als Stütze, Mast oder Rohrleitung aufgezeigt. Eine erste Realisierung – der Schaft einer Windkraftanlage – wird kurz vorgestellt.

Moulded wooden tubes – State of research and potential for application

This contribution gives an overview of the state of research on circular moulded wooden tubes with optional fibre reinforcement. Moulded wooden tubes are produced by forming of panels, which were densified previously to about one half of the initial volume transverse to grain. The resulting hollow sections have higher load‐bearing capacities compared to solid sections of the same material volume due to the larger moments of inertia. This paper shows results of experimental investigations regarding the load‐bearing behaviour of wooden tubes under compression, bending and torsion as well as the durability. Fibre reinforcements of glass or carbon and epoxy resin on the outer surface of the tubes increase the load‐bearing capacities, the ductility and the durability. Moreover, ecological aspects of wooden tubes compared to steel and steel‐reinforced concrete are pointed out. Finally, possible applications are addressed. A prototype of a wind energy plant with a shaft of wooden tubes is briefly presented.
Neue Lager für die Wuppertaler Schwebebahn
Authors: Kauschke Wolfgang
Published: January 2013

Der Neubau der Wuppertaler Schwebebahn war Anlass für umfangreiche Versuche an runden bewehrten Elastomerlagern und an Druckstücken für Punktkipplager. Die wichtigsten allgemein interessierenden Ergebnisse der Versuche sind:

– Die Rückstellmomente von bewehrten Elastomerlagern wurden bislang erheblich unterschätzt.

– Der Einfluss der plastischen Verformung auf das Rückstellmoment von stählernen Druckstücken ist vernachlässigbar.

Es wird über einen Teil der durchgeführten Versuche und deren Auswertung berichtet.

New bearings for the overhead railway in Wuppertal – Part 1: compression‐tension‐bearing

The reconstruction of the overhead railway in Wuppertal was the occasion for extensive testing on circular laminated elastomeric bearings as well as on pressure pieces for point rocker bearings. The most important results of the tests are as follows:

– up to now the restoring moments of laminated elastomeric bearings are considerably underestimated

– the influence of plastic deformation on the restoring moments of steel point rocker bearings is negligible.

The following report describes a part of the conducted tests and the analysis.
Vorgefertigte Holzfassadenelemente in der energetischen Modernisierung
Authors: Ott Stephan , Loebus Stefan , Winter Stefan
Published: January 2013

Die Vorfertigung, eine im Neubau im Holzbau gängige Praxis, benötigt die Implementierung neuer Methoden, wenn sie auf die Modernisierung von Bestandsbauten übertragen wird. Daran forscht seit 2008 ein internationales Konsortium in den Projekten TES EnergyFacade und smartTES. Die TES‐Fassadenelemente für die energetische Modernisierung der Gebäudehülle aus vorgefertigten Holzelementen werden seither in mehreren Demonstrationsvorhaben in ihrer Anwendbarkeit erprobt, zudem werden Lösungen für spezifische Problemstellungen entwickelt. Der erste Schritt war die Definition eines integrativen Arbeitsprozesses von der Planung, dem digitalen Aufmaß, über die Vorfertigung zur Montage. Im Besonderen galt es den Verbindungs‐ und Anschlusspunkt der Fassadenelemente hinsichtlich des Montage‐ und Tragverhaltens zu entwickeln. Weitere Lösungen betreffen den Brandschutz, das thermisch‐hygrische Verhalten unter besonderen Klimabedingungen, die Integration konstruktiver und anlagentechnischer Komponenten, den Umgang mit bestehenden Bautypen und der ökologischen Qualität im Rahmen der Nachhaltigkeit. In diesem Beitrag wird die praktische Anwendung am Beispiel der Modernisierung eines sechsgeschossigen Mehrfamilienhauses im Detail erläutert.

Prefabricated wooden façade elements for energy efficient retrofit

Prefabrication, a well‐known concept in new timber construction – still needs the implementation of new methods in order to be applied in refurbishment projects. TES Energy Façade and the follow‐up smartTES, two international research consortia, work on this idea since 2008. Since then the TES façade elements for energy efficient retrofit of the building envelope with prefabricated timber‐based elements are demonstrated in several projects. A first milestone was the definition of an integrated work process starting from planning, digital survey, prefabrication and assembly. A key feature was the development of the joints of façade elements for certain assembly routines and structural properties. Further solutions are dealing with fire safety, thermal and moisture behavior in specific climate conditions, the integration of other components and building services, the adaption to existing building types, and the ecologic quality for sustainability. This report shows the application of TES in a refurbishment of a six storey dwelling.
Dauerhaftigkeit polymergetränkter AR‐Glas‐Bewehrungen in Beton – Materialauswahl und Lebensdauerprognose
Authors: Büttner Till , Raupach Michael
Published: January 2013

Die bei Textilbetonbauteilen üblicherweise zum Einsatz kommenden Bewehrungen bestehen entweder aus Carbon oder AR‐Glas. Aufgrund des Preises und der Verfügbarkeit am Markt hat AR‐Glas gegenüber Carbon im Bereich des Neubaus allerdings eine deutlich größere Verbreitung am Markt. Trotz der chemischen Modifikation zur Verbesserung der Alkalibeständigkeit von AR‐Gläsern gegenüber E‐Glas kann bei AR‐Gläsern ein nennenswerter Festigkeitsverlust infolge der Alkalität des Betons innerhalb der üblichen Lebensdauer eines Bauwerks festgestellt werden. Eine Möglichkeit, den langfristigen Festigkeitsverlust zu reduzieren, ist der Aufbau einer Diffusionsbarriere um die einzelnen Rovings durch eine polymere Tränkung. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung werden mögliche Tränkungsmaterialien sowie die Auswirkungen dieser auf die Dauerhaftigkeit der textilen Bewehrungen anhand von Versuchen bewertet. Weiterhin werden ein Modell zur Prognose des langfristigen Festigkeitsverlustes polymermodifizierter Bewehrungen sowie Ergebnisse von Parameterstudien vorgestellt.

Durability of polymer‐impregnated AR‐glass in textile reinforced concrete – material selection and long‐term predictions

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) represents a new and innovative building material, in which the reinforced is made out of technical textiles. Technical textiles are made out of AR‐glass or carbon. Even when glass is considered to be alkali‐resistant (AR), the AR‐glass reinforcement shows a certain loss of tensile strength over the live time of a building member. This loss of strength is mainly caused by an alkaline attack of the glass network due to the high alkalinity of the pore solution of concrete. Due to the requirements of the load‐bearing capacity as well as the handling during the production of TRC building members, the reinforcement structures used meanwhile are mainly impregnated with polymers. Depending on the type of polymer, the polymer‐impregnation cannot only increase the load‐bearing capacity but can also decrease the loss of strength of AR‐glass due to a build‐up of a diffusion barrier around the reinforcement. In this paper different polymers, which can be used to impregnate the reinforcement, as well as their influence on the durability are presented. In addition a model, which can be used to predict the long term loss of strength of polymer‐impregnated AR‐glass is presented. Besides the model, results of parameter studies are shown.
Eine neue Bühne für den denkmalgeschützten Theatersaal
Authors: Herrmann Andreas , Dietz Markus , Lerner Bettina , Kalmbach Renate
Published: January 2013

Die Baumaßnahme Neu‐ und Umbau des Theaters Heidelberg wurde auf einem innerstädtischen Baufeld realisiert, welches im Osten und Westen durch die Theater‐ bzw. Friedrichstraße, im Norden durch die direkt angrenzenden Nachbargebäude und im Süden durch einen öffentlichen Fußgängerweg begrenzt ist. Vor Beginn der eigentlichen Baumaßnahme wurden die nicht denkmalgeschützten Theaterbauten auf diesem Baufeld abgerissen. Die Bestandsgebäude entlang der Theaterstraße sowie das Gebäude Friedrichstraße 5 blieben erhalten und werden weiterhin für das Theater genutzt.

A new stage for the listed hall of a theater

The building plot for the new construction and remodeling of Heidelberg's theater is located in the inner city area. It is bordered by adjacent buildings on its northern side, by the two streets Theaterstraße and Friedrichstraße on its eastern and western side and a public walkway on its southern side. Before starting the new construction, the not listed parts of the existing theater had to be demolished. The remaining parts along Theaterstraße and Friedrichstraße have been conserved for the continued use of the theater.
Towards building a multi‐datacenter infrastructure for massive remote sensing image processing
Authors: Zhang Wanfeng , Wang Lizhe , Liu Dingsheng , Song Weijing , Ma Yan , Liu Peng , Chen Dan
Published: January 2013

Earth observation applications are now facing the challenges of managing and processing massive data sets from multiple sources from large‐scale distributed data centers (DCs). To solve this research problem, this paper presents an infrastructure of multiple data centers (MDC) for managing and processing massive remote sensing images. The proposed system is built on both groups of distributed DCs/clusters, which are equipped with DC or cluster resource manager. Access security and information service are introduced to support this architecture of MDC. We collaboratively organized the algorithm, and data belonged to the MDC in the manner of workflow. In practice, we succeeded in working out the concrete problems regarding procedures in processing applications collaboratively and transfer the massive remote sensing dataset fast and with stable cross‐MDC. On the basis of the previously mentioned research work, we will investigate the platform integration of MDC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observing the effect of interprocess communication in auto controlled ant colony optimization‐based scheduling on computational grid
Authors: Tiwari Pawan Kumar , Vidyarthi Deo Prakash
Published: January 2013

Computational grids allow the sharing of geographically distributed computational resources in an efficient, reliable, and secure manner. Grid is still in its infancy, and there are many problems associated with the computational grid, namely job scheduling, resource management, information service, information security, routing, fault tolerance, and many more. Scheduling of jobs on grid nodes is an NP‐class problem warranting for heuristic and meta‐heuristic solution approach. In the proposed work, a meta‐heuristic technique, auto controlled ant colony optimization, has been applied to solve this problem. The work observes the effect of interprocess communication in process to optimize turnaround time of the job. The proposed model has been simulated in Matlab. For the different scenarios in computational grid, results have been analyzed. Result of the proposed model is compared with another meta‐heuristic technique genetic algorithm that has been applied for the same purpose. It is found that auto controlled ant colony optimization not only gives better solution in comparison to genetic algorithm, but also converges faster because initial solution itself is good because of constructive and decision‐based policy adapted by the former. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2012.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Efficient and Reliable Catalyst System Using Hemilabile Aphos for B‐Alkyl Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction with Alkenyl Halides
Authors: Ye Ning , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: January 2013

The 9‐methoxy‐9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐based B‐alkyl Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction (the 9‐MeO‐9‐BBN variant) has been efficiently performed by using the catalyst consisting of Pd(OAc)2 and a hemilabile P,O‐ligand, Aphos‐Y, under mild reaction conditions (K3PO4·3H2O, THF/H2O, room. temp.). For applications in the total synthesis of structurally complex natural products, the Johnson protocol commonly uses two ligands (dppf and Ph3As) and two organic solvents (THF and DMF). In contrast, the new version reported here employs one ligand (Aphos‐Y) and one organic solvent (THF). Moreover, the broad substrate scope and the excellent functional group tolerance of the Pd(OAc)2–Aphos‐Y catalyst have been demonstrated, providing a reliable and simple synthetic tool for fragment coupling in total synthesis through formation of a C(sp3)–C(sp2) bond.
8. Samoan Cultural Heritage Management and Further Perspectives
Authors: Martinsson‐Wallin Helene , Nord Moa
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Cultural Heritage in Samoa

“E mana'o i le vao, ae, fefe i le aitu” [We Want the Forest, Yet Fear the Spirits] is a Samoan proverb used by Malama Meleisea (1980:21) to describe the contradiction between the development and culture in Samoa. As chiefdom and family based society the oral traditions are very important and intimately tied to titles/genealogies and land. Archaeology dealing with the past material remains is a young science, which has mainly developed in the Pacific area, since the 1950's and onwards by non‐Polynesians (Emory et al. 1959; Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961; Gifford 1951; Gifford and Shutler 1956; Kirch 2000). Prior to the archaeological research, traditional history comprising of genealogies, legends and mythology provided the evidences/explanations for origin, migration and structure of the past and contemporary societies. To be an orator chief (tulafale) who handles the “high” language well, and are careful custodians of the honorifics (fa'alupega) gives high status in the society.
A Radiocarbon Sequence for Samoan Prehistory and the Pulemelei Mound
Authors: Wallin Paul , Martinsson‐Wallin Helene , Clark Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT In this paper we examine radiocarbon dates from Samoan archaeological sites using the fourfold division of Samoan prehistory established by Green (2002). The context of dating samples was assessed to recognize potentially “reliable” determinations in the Samoan 14C corpus. Radiocarbon dates associated with earth and stone structures were identified to one of four phases of construction/use to develop a chronology for the emergence and use of domestic and monumental architecture. The 17 radiocarbon determinations from the Pulemelei mound site were used to generate a local prehistoric sequence for the Letolo area. In general the results parallel the prehistoric sequence for Samoa, but the chronology of the Pulemelei mound demonstrates that monumental architecture in West Polynesia can have a complicated developmental history spanning several centuries.
Birds on the rim: a unique Lapita carinated vessel in its wider context
Authors: BEDFORD STUART , SPRIGGS MATTHEW
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT This paper describes a decorated carinated vessel excavated at the Teouma Lapita site, on the south coast of Efate, central Vanuatu. The vessel contained human bones and, following reconstruction, was found to have had four modelled birds on its rim. The incidence and dating of other burial pot assemblages is examined to place the find in a wider context within the Island Pacific.
Ateliers of basalt. Basalt industries of Tafuna (AS‐31–150) and Pava'ia'i (AS‐31–170), Tutuila Island, American Samoa
Authors: ISHIMURA TOMO , ADDISON DAVID J.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT We examine two basalt industry sites, one at Tafuna and one at Pava'ia'i, located on a Holocene lava and pyroclastic plain, several kilometers from potential adze‐quality‐basalt quarries. Statistical analyses of flakes from two discrete ‘workshops’ are used to reconstruct the adze production process at each site. The results show that while the Pava'ia'i site was a production site for adzes, the Tafuna site was both a production and reproduction site for adzes and scrapers. This suggests that the basalt‐tool production system was diverse and multi‐dimensional.
Exploiting diversity: plant exploitation and occupation in the interior of New Guinea during the Pleistocene
Authors: DENHAM TIM
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Over the last 30 years, successive researchers have portrayed occupation in the highlands of New Guinea during the Pleistocene, or prior to the advent of agriculture, to have been based on hunting and the exploitation of seasonally‐producing high‐altitude Pandanus spp. (karuka in pidgin). The reporting of high‐altitude Pandanus dating to c. 31–30,000 uncal. BP from the Kosipe Mission site (Owen Stanley Range, Papua New Guinea) has breathed new life into this scenario. However, such portrayals are based on long‐held and simplistic assumptions regarding Pandanus phenology, vegetation history and resource availability in the highlands during the Pleistocene. I advance an alternative interpretation which highlights the spatial and temporal variability in the seasonality of Pandanus production, the persistence of mixed Castanopsis‐Lithocarpus lower montane forest on the lower slopes and floors of some highland valleys during the Pleistocene, the resultant variability in abundance and diversity of plant food resources across space and through time, and the highly variable food procurement strategies adopted by people inhabiting the interior of New Guinea during the Pleistocene.
Berberass: marine resource specialisation and environmental change in Torres Strait during the past 4000 years
Authors: CROUCH JOE , McNIVEN IAN J. , DAVID BRUNO , ROWE CASSANDRA , WEISLER MARSHALL
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Excavations at Badu 19 midden on the islet of Berberass in western Torres Strait have revealed a 4000 year antiquity for dugong hunting and finfishing, with major increases in intensities of site and regional land use and marine exploitation after 2600 years ago. We model the nature of late Holocene coastal resource specialisation and intensification in relation to changing demography and marine resource availability.
An upland agricultural residence on Rapa Nui: Occupation of a hare oka (18–473G) in the Vaitea Region
Authors: STEVENSON CHRISTOPHER M. , LADEFOGED THEGN N. , HAOA SONIA
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Beginning in the early 14th century, Rapanui agriculturalists established remote field systems in the upland regions of Easter Island. The excavation of a hare oka, or circular house, reveals that many of the fields were tended by task‐groups of two or three persons living in small dwellings. The use of the house over four centuries was followed by abandonment in the late 17th or early 18th century. These dates correlate with the chronology established by earlier excavations in the uplands and argue for a broad regional withdrawal near, or at the time of, chiefdom collapse.
Clothing and modern human behaviour: prehistoric Tasmania as a case study
Authors: GILLIGAN IAN
Published: January 2013

A general model is outlined showing how the prehistoric development of clothing for thermal reasons may be relevant to the emergence of modern human behaviour. A distinction is drawn between simple and complex clothing, with the latter leading to repercussions that can ultimately became decoupled from thermal contingencies. Archaeological correlates of complex clothing can be linked to attributes of modern human behaviour, some but not all of which made a transient appearance in late Pleistocene Tasmania. Cave sites in the southwest of the island have yielded bone tools and distinctive stone scraper tools, along with evidence for the targeting of prey species and parietal artworks in some caves. Thermal conditions in late Pleistocene Tasmania approached the known limits of human cold tolerance, necessitating the use of clothing. The archaeological record is reviewed in relation to likely technological and other correlates of the manufacture of clothing. It is argued that thermal parameters were a significant aspect of the human response to climate change in Tasmania. These developments invite comparison with those witnessed outside the region during the Upper and late Middle Pleistocene, particularly in northern middle latitudes and also in Africa, where they are interpreted as indicating the emergence of modern human behaviour.
Characterising volcanic glass sources in the Banks Islands, Vanuatu
Authors: REEPMEYER CHRISTIAN
Published: January 2013

In 2006 volcanic glass deposits on Vanua Lava and Gaua Islands were re‐visited and systematically sampled. Twenty‐nine source samples were analysed using EDXA‐SEM and LA‐ICP‐MS with a focus on detecting possible intrasource variation. The results show both Banks Islands deposits are readily distinguishable from each other and from other sources in the region and their chemical compositions are highly homogenous. Surface survey of other prospective areas established that these two are the only volcanic glass sources in the Banks Islands.
Koey Ngurtai: the emergence of a ritual domain in Western Torres Strait
Authors: DAVID BRUNO , McNIVEN IAN J. , CROUCH JOE , BADULGAL MURA , SKELLY ROBERT , BARKER BRYCE , COURTNEY KRIS , HEWITT GEOFFREY ,   CORPORATION COMMITTEE
Published: January 2013

Koey Ngurtai is a small, uninhabited island located midway between the residential islands of Badu and Mabuyag in western Torres Strait. In 2003 and 2004, 100% surveys of the islet revealed 166 cultural sites. Fifty archaeological excavations were undertaken, revealing a rich history of islet use culminating with the emergence of Koey Ngurtai as a ritual centre after 550–700 cal BP, and a proliferation of ritual structures focused on dugong hunting magic after 350–550 cal BP. Shortly after the arrival of colonial powers in Torres Strait in the 1870s, including pearl shelling and missionary activity, Koey Ngurtai's ritual status was again transformed. This paper reports on these archaeological investigations and historicises Koey Ngurtai as a ritual land‐and‐seascape.
A new test of the sex of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton
Authors: DURBAND ARTHUR C. , RAYNER DANIEL R.T. , WESTAWAY MICHAEL
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT The Lake Mungo 3 skeleton has been the subject of controversy since its discovery in 1974. Brown (2000) has alleged that the sex of this individual cannot be determined from the available evidence, since the skeleton lacks the most diagnostic areas of the skull and pelvis. In an effort to reexamine the sex diagnosis of Lake Mungo 3 our team collected an exhaustive battery of postcranial measurements from the skeleton. These measurements are compared to a number of Australian samples of known sex, both from the Pleistocene as well as the Holocene. In all, approximately 55 postcranial measurements are used for these comparisons. Many of the measurements sampled for Lake Mungo 3 fall at the extreme high end of the Holocene male sample, sometimes beyond the observed Holocene male range, and likewise fall well outside the Holocene female range. Lake Mungo 3 is also very similar in size to ‘robust’ Pleistocene and early Holocene males and larger than a known Pleistocene female. These results support the assignment of male sex to Lake Mungo 3. However, they also lead us to question the attribution of Lake Mungo 3 to a ‘gracile’ category amongst early Australians.
The mark of Ancient Java is on none of them
Authors: WESTAWAY MICHAEL C. , GROVES COLIN P.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT The mark of Ancient Java refers to the persistence of Homo erectus traits from Javan populations in fossil Homo sapiens Australian crania. This paper argues that hybridization of these two species is unlikely, first because the evidence for chronological overlap is very weak and second because phylogenetic analysis (cladistics and splits network) incorporating the earliest fossils of modern humans from Africa and the Levant indicate no close genetic relationship between a Ngandong‐like population from Java and 26 late Pleistocene Australian fossils from the Willandra Lakes.
The archaeology of Mungo and the Willandra Lakes: looking back, looking forward
Authors: ALLEN HARRY , HOLDAWAY SIMON
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Reviewing archaeological research in the Willandra Lakes area over the past forty years shows a number of methodological and conceptual problems. One of these is the use of ethnographic models of Aboriginal behaviour to organise the archaeological data. Such models privilege spatial over temporal relationships and minimise the extent of archaeological changes over time. Of research to date, it is Bowler's correlations of archaeological and hydrographic changes since the Late Pleistocene which best match the limited archaeological data available. A comparison of the Pleistocene archaeology from the Willandra Lakes and Tasmania reveals time‐averaged records that are amenable to the analysis of patterns of mobility and material use, but not of functionally defined sites nor of typologically defined artefact assemblages. The periodicity and intensity of human occupation of the Willandra Lakes can be studied using large samples of stone artefacts drawn from wide areas, allied with a strategy of dating of land units based on multiple C14 and Optical dates. Such a strategy requires the reconsideration of the relationships between behaviour, function, space and time and a reformulation of much of our existing knowledge of the archaeology of Pleistocene Australia.
Savanna anthropogenesis in the Mariana Islands, Micronesia: re‐interpreting the palaeoenvironmental data
Authors: HUNTER‐ANDERSON ROSALIND L.
Published: January 2013

This paper argues that human actions had nothing to do with creating tropical Pacific island savannas, which likely arose during the Pleistocene, and that geographic factors such as soils, climate, and fire are responsible for their distribution and persistence in the Holocene. Palaeontological observations from the southern Mariana Islands, including charcoal particles, pollen, and spores in palaeosediments from Guam and Saipan, cited by archaeologists as evidence for human‐caused savannas, are re‐interpreted as a natural outcome of geo‐climatic conditions. Archaeological and ethnographic findings, past climate proxies, and field studies in soil science are also brought to bear on the issue. The data and arguments presented in favor of natural causation of the Marianas savannas motivate a re‐examination of proposals that purport to explain the presence of savannas elsewhere in the tropical Pacific. Implications for future research are drawn.
Another burning question: hunter‐gatherer exploitation of Macrozamia spp.
Authors: ASMUSSEN BRIT
Published: January 2013

Macrozamia seeds have long been considered an important economic resource to Australian hunter‐gatherers. As a result of limited ecological data during the 1970's‐1980's, seed production in Macrozamia spp. has been conceptualised as low yield and irregular, but easily stimulated through pyrogenic manipulation to produce high yield, regular resource gluts. This paper reviews and synthesises ecological data on Macrozamia ecology and seed production collated over the last few decades to argue that current archaeological conceptions of Macrozamia seed production and reproductive responses to fire are flawed, and to further consider how these resources were used in the past.
Change or Decay? An interpretation of late Holocene archaeological evidence from the Hamersley Plateau, Western Australia
Authors: MARWICK BEN
Published: January 2013

Data collected from the Hamersley Plateau over the last four decades are examined for patterns in the archaeological record. Data relating to the timing of the archaeological appearance of backed artefacts, seed‐grinding technology and rock art are currently too few to indicate major cultural changes with certainty. Increases in numbers of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites on the Hamersley Plateau are evident in the late Holocene. This can be interpreted as a pattern of cultural change or natural decay in datable material. I conclude that taphonomic bias is the most important variable in the distribution of the radiocarbon date sample from the Hamersley Plateau. That said, further accumulation of dates and data may show archaeological changes in the Hamersley Plateau that represent local expressions of broader trends in the Australian semi‐arid and arid zones.
Aboriginal Settlement during the LGM at Brockman, Pilbara Region, Western Australia
Authors: SLACK MICHAEL , FILLIOS MELANIE , FULLAGAR RICHARD
Published: January 2013

This paper describes the results and implications of recent excavations on the Hamersley Iron Brockman 4 tenement, near Tom Price, Western Australia. Results concentrate on two rock shelters with Aboriginal occupation starting at least 32,000 years ago and extending throughout the Last Glacial period. Preliminary observations are proposed concerning the nature of Aboriginal foraging patterns as displayed in the flaked stone and faunal records for the Brockman region.
Dampier Archipelago petroglyphs: archaeology, scientific values and National Heritage Listing
Authors: McDONALD JO , VETH PETER
Published: January 2013

In 2007 the Dampier Archipelago petroglyph province was included on the National Heritage List. This paper outlines the process of determining the province's scientific values. We briefly describe our findings, which are based on all existing site data lodged with regulatory authorities. We synthesize published and unpublished systematic survey and rock art recording data collected over three decades for research and environmental impact assessment. Based on this synthesis we provide the first thorough analysis and contextualisation of petroglyph sites across the Archipelago. We compare this art province with other art style provinces in the Pilbara.