bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study about the quality of the services provided by a technology laboratory
Authors: Da Silva Marcelo Benetti Correa , Pagnussat Daniel Tregnano , Bebber Suélen , Milan Gabriel Sperandio , Dal Soglio Aline
Published: August 2018

The aim of this research was to investigate how customers of a technological control laboratory of civil construction materials perceive the quality of the services delivered by the laboratory, specifically, what concerns the service of ceramic brick and concrete blocks breaking. The SERVQUAL scale was used as reference for the application of a survey and, by means of an Exploratory Factor Analyses, the dimensions and attributes that comprehend this service were evaluated. As a result, 20 attributes grouped in three dimensions Responsiveness, Assurance and Reliability) were found, what has resulted in an explained variance of 77.621%and that characterize these dimensions as a modified SERVQUAL scale. From the results, it was possible to identify the existing discrepancies in service quality, since all gaps between the expectations and perceptions of services have resulted in negative values. The developed study is relevant by bringing contributions concerning the quality assessment of ceramic brick and concreate block breaking services provided by a technology laboratory. The assessment to the results can add value in the customer service and, consequently, empowering the increase of satisfaction.
Acreditação como ferramenta de competitividade: um estudo comparativo entre hospitais da rede particular com e sem certificação
Authors: Gerônimo Maycon Da Silva , Moreira Ana Valeria Gomes , Oliveira Ricardo Daher , Cutrim Rialberth Matos , Santos II Adailton Batista
Published: August 2018

Este estudo busca comparar hospitais com e sem certificação hospitalar e demonstrar a importância da certificação para o processo de qualidade do hospital. Tendo um foco comparativo a gerar dados qualitativos a ser realizado na cidade de São Luís, utilizando o Programa de Certificação das Empresas de saúde, cuja base dos questionamentos é o manual de acreditação da ONA, usado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Governo Federal. O instrumento de coleta dos dados foi o check-list de auditoria, onde os resultados foram contabilizados através da análise dos requisitos (liderança, estratégia e planos, clientes, pessoas, processos e resultados) que possibilitaram analisar, avaliar, classificar cada item. As principais conclusões constatam os benefícios que tem o hospital com do sem certificação, demonstrando a importância de controlar os processos, desenvolver e treinar os colaboradores, ter uma visão estratégica e buscar a satisfação dos clientes através do serviço de qualidade.
THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS OF THE POLICE AS A GUARANTEE OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL IN THE PROCESSES OF MIGRATION CONTROL
Authors: Tomaszycki Krzysztof
Published: August 2018

In the era of increased migration flows within the European Union the system of control and management of the united Europe’s borders changes in a considerable way. The control over travelling individuals requires the use of modern technologies on the one hand, and trained staff, on the other. In order to meet these requirements institutions that ae responsible for conducting research in the migration control processes must implement the quality management system, in accordance with the Council Framework Decision 2009/905/JHA on Accreditation of forensic service providers carrying out laboratory activities, and in compliance with the PN EN ISO/EC 17025 standard. The aforementioned quality management system requires the research institutions to undertake a number of actions to maintain the whole system as well as to conduct research at the highest level of quality. This paper presents the conditions for obtaining the accreditation as well as a view of entities taking part in complying with the laws on migration control.
SAFETY SPEED RULE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Żołna Małgorzata Maria
Published: August 2018

This article considers an important issue, very often appearing in the case law (judicial decisions) and doctrine, namely the principle of safety speed rule, according to which the driver is obliged to drive at a speed ensuring control over the vehicle, take into account the driving conditions and to drive in an non-intrusive way for other drivers. Both exceeding the speed allowed in a given area, as well as driving a vehicle at a speed clearly hindering the movement of other road users is connected with imposing a penalty ticket and penalty points on the driver of the vehicle. The article provides an analysis of the provisions of the Road Traffic Law, justification of the Provincial Administrative Court in Szczecin, as well as the accident in which the driver significantly exceeded the allowed speed, which led to the road accident where the second driver died on the spot.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMES WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
Authors: Olesiuk-Okomska Magda
Published: August 2018

Although in international law responsibility traditionally had belonged to states, along with involvement of individuals in conflicts between states and committing by them crimes on a massive scale, a need to criminalize such acts and to bring offenders guilty of the most serious violations of international law to justice - arose. Establishment of international criminal courts resulted from the need to fulfill internationally the idea of justice. Development of international criminal courts reflects differences in inter alia attitude towards ratione materiae of particular courts and tribunals. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss international crimes within the jurisdiction of international criminal courts and tribunals. A typology of international criminal courts was indicated and the most important courts and tribunals were presented in detail. The paper discusses subject jurisdiction of International Military Court in Nuremberg and International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokio, the first international courts established to bring war criminals to justice; as well as the subject jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, the only permanent court in international criminal court system, having universal jurisdiction. Four categories of the most serious crimes of international concern were considered, and doubts concerning subject jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, as well as its functioning in general, were signalized.
Validation Study of Histamine Test for the Determination of Histamine in Selected Fish Products
Authors: Shimoji Kazuhiko , Bakke Mikio , Hungerford James M , Mireles DeWitt Christina A , Köse Sevim
Published: August 2018

Background: Since prescribed limits for histamine in fish have been set by various regulatory bodies around the world, the rapid, specific and easy determination of histamine is in high demand. Objective: The enzymatic histamine assay developed by Kikkoman Biochemifa Co. was validated. Methods: Fresh and frozen raw tuna, canned tuna in oil and water, and anchovy fish sauce were used for the validation study under the specific guidelines of the AOAC Research Institute Performance Tested MethodSM (PTM) program. Results: Good linearity (R2 > 0.9997) for histamine standard solutions, recovery rates (90.3–125.2%), and repeatability precisions (RSDr < 10%) were shown for all spiked tested matrixes. The claimed LOQ values, 20 and 10 mg/kg for solid fish and 160 and 80 mg/kg for fish sauce using a 1 and 2 cm optical path length spectrophotometer, respectively, were validated. The cross-reactivity test showed no positive interference of other biogenic amines, except for agmatine and putrescine. Moreover, no inhibition was confirmed among the 12 biogenic amines. Stability data supported the shelf life (42 months at 4°C), lot-to-lot consistency was demonstrated, and the method was shown to be robust. Independent laboratory testing using canned tuna in oil demonstrated that the recovery ranged from 93.5 to 124.7%, and the RSDr at all spike levels was <20%. Conclusions: The simple and rapid enzymatic histamine assay method has been successfully validated. Highlights: This histamine quantitative assay kit was qualified for PTM certification No. 041802.
Synopsis of the knowledge on the Brazilian estuarine fishes
Authors: Vilar Ciro Colodetti , Joyeux Jean Christophe
Published: August 2018

A substantial amount of information on the Brazilian estuarine fishes has been collected, but is still largely fragmented into different sources. This study presents a summary of the available knowledge on the biodiversity of estuarine fishes in Brazil, a brief analysis of the historical development of estuarine ichthyology and identifies current research gaps in the country. A total of 796 fish species were inventoried, representing about 2.3% of current valid fish species and about 17.6% of the Brazilian fish fauna. Data evidenced the existence of large coastal stretches inadequately sampled and a lack of human resources and infrastructure in parts of the coast. Large gaps in basic knowledge about the biology and ecology of the species were also detected. Reducing these deficiencies is of utmost importance for the study, documentation and conservation of the Brazilian biodiversity.
Thalidomide promotes degradation of SALL4, a transcription factor implicated in Duane Radial Ray syndrome
Authors: Donovan Katherine A , An Jian , Nowak Radosław P , Yuan Jingting C , Fink Emma C , Berry Bethany C , Ebert Benjamin L , Fischer Eric S
Published: August 2018

In historical attempts to treat morning sickness, use of the drug thalidomide led to the birth of thousands of children with severe birth defects. Despite their teratogenicity, thalidomide and related IMiD drugs are now a mainstay of cancer treatment; however, the molecular basis underlying the pleiotropic biology and characteristic birth defects remains unknown. Here we show that IMiDs disrupt a broad transcriptional network through induced degradation of several C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, including SALL4, a member of the spalt-like family of developmental transcription factors. Strikingly, heterozygous loss of function mutations in SALL4 result in a human developmental condition that phenocopies thalidomide-induced birth defects such as absence of thumbs, phocomelia, defects in ear and eye development, and congenital heart disease. We find that thalidomide induces degradation of SALL4 exclusively in humans, primates, and rabbits, but not in rodents or fish, providing a mechanistic link for the species-specific pathogenesis of thalidomide syndrome.
The dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor teneligliptin enhances brown adipose tissue function, thereby preventing obesity in mice
Authors: Takeda Kenichiro , Sawazaki Honami , Takahashi Haruya , Yeh Yu‐Sheng , Jheng Huei‐Fen , Nomura Wataru , Ara Takeshi , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Seno Shigeto , Osato Naoki , Matsuda Hideo , Kawada Teruo , Goto Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2018

To clarify the effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor on whole‐body energy metabolism, we treated mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) with teneligliptin, a clinically available DPP‐4 inhibitor. Teneligliptin significantly prevented HFD‐induced obesity and obesity‐associated metabolic disorders. It also increased oxygen consumption rate and upregulated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), suggesting that it enhances BAT function. Soluble DPP‐4 inhibited β‐adrenoreceptor‐stimulated UCP1 expression in primary adipocytes, and this inhibition was prevented in the presence of teneligliptin, or an extracellular signal‐related kinase inhibitor. These results indicate that soluble DPP‐4 inhibits β‐adrenoreceptor‐stimulated UCP1 induction and that chronic DPP‐4 inhibitor treatment may prevent obesity through the activation of BAT function.
Novel ASK1 inhibitor AGI‐1067 improves AGE‐induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting MKKs/p38 MAPK and NF‐κB apoptotic signaling
Authors: Liu Zhongwei , Zheng Shixiang , Wang Xi , Qiu Chuan , Guo Yan
Published: August 2018

Heart failure has been identified as one of the clinical manifestations of diabetic cardiovascular complications. Excessive myocardium apoptosis characterizes cardiac dysfunctions, which are correlated with an increased level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In this study, we investigated the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the involvements of apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (MKKs)/p38 MAPK and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) pathways in AGE‐induced apoptosis‐mediated cardiac dysfunctions. The antioxidant and therapeutic effects of a novel ASK1 inhibitor, AGI‐1067, were also studied. Myocardium and isolated primary myocytes were exposed to AGEs and treated with AGI‐1067. Invasive hemodynamic and echocardiographic assessments were used to evaluate the cardiac functions. ROS formation was evaluated by dihydroethidium fluorescence staining. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay was used to detect the apoptotic cells. ASK1 and NADPH activities were determined by kinase assays. The association between ASK1 and thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) was assessed by immunoprecipitation. Western blotting was used to evaluate the phosphorylation and expression levels of proteins. Our results showed that AGE exposure significantly activated ASK1/MKKs/p38 MAPK, which led to increased cardiac apoptosis and cardiac impairments. AGI‐1067 administration inhibited the activation of MKKs/p38 MAPK by inhibiting the disassociation of ASK1 and Trx1, which suppressed the AGE‐induced myocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the NF‐κB activation as well as the ROS generation was inhibited. As a result, cardiac functions were improved. Our findings suggested that AGI‐1067 recovered AGE‐induced cardiac dysfunction by blocking both ASK1/MKKs/p38 and NF‐κB apoptotic signaling pathways.
Reversible Flat to Rippling Phase Transition in Fe Containing Layered Battery Electrode Materials
Authors: Chen Xi , Hwang Sooyeon , Chisnell Robin , Wang Yichao , Wu Fan , Kim Sooran , Lynn Jeffrey W. , Su Dong , Li Xin
Published: August 2018

Layered sodium transition metal oxides of NaTMO2 (TM = 3d transition metal) show unique capability to mix different compositions of Fe to the TM layer, a phenomenon that does not exist in LiTMO2. Here, a novel spontaneous TM layer rippling in the sodium ion battery cathode materials is reported, revealed by in situ X‐ray diffraction, Cs‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory simulation, where the softening and distortion of FeO6 octahedra collectively drives the flat TM planes into rippled ones with inhomogeneous interlayer distance at high voltage. In such a rippling phase, charge and discharge of Na ions take different evolution pathways, resulting in an unusual hysteresis voltage loop. Importantly, upon discharge beyond a certain Na composition, the rippling TM layer will go back to flat, giving the reversibility of such structural evolution in the following cycles.
3D Spatiotemporal Mechanical Microenvironment: A Hydrogel‐Based Platform for Guiding Stem Cell Fate
Authors: Ma Yufei , Lin Min , Huang Guoyou , Li Yuhui , Wang Shuqi , Bai Guiqin , Lu Tian Jian , Xu Feng
Published: August 2018

Stem cells hold great promise for widespread biomedical applications, for which stem cell fate needs to be well tailored. Besides biochemical cues, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that spatiotemporal biophysical cues (especially mechanical cues) imposed by cell microenvironments also critically impact on the stem cell fate. As such, various biomaterials, especially hydrogels due to their tunable physicochemical properties and advanced fabrication approaches, are developed to spatiotemporally manipulate biophysical cues in vitro so as to recapitulate the 3D mechanical microenvironment where stem cells reside in vivo. Here, the main mechanical cues that stem cells experience in their native microenvironment are summarized. Then, recent advances in the design of hydrogel materials with spatiotemporally tunable mechanical properties for engineering 3D the spatiotemporal mechanical microenvironment of stem cells are highlighted. These in vitro engineered spatiotemporal mechanical microenvironments are crucial for guiding stem cell fate and their potential biomedical applications are subsequently discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are presented.
Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier: The Role of Nanomaterials in Treating Neurological Diseases
Authors: Furtado Denzil , Björnmalm Mattias , Ayton Scott , Bush Ashley I. , Kempe Kristian , Caruso Frank
Published: August 2018

Therapies directed toward the central nervous system remain difficult to translate into improved clinical outcomes. This is largely due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), arguably the most tightly regulated interface in the human body, which routinely excludes most therapeutics. Advances in the engineering of nanomaterials and their application in biomedicine (i.e., nanomedicine) are enabling new strategies that have the potential to help improve our understanding and treatment of neurological diseases. Herein, the various mechanisms by which therapeutics can be delivered to the brain are examined and key challenges facing translation of this research from benchtop to bedside are highlighted. Following a contextual overview of the BBB anatomy and physiology in both healthy and diseased states, relevant therapeutic strategies for bypassing and crossing the BBB are discussed. The focus here is especially on nanomaterial‐based drug delivery systems and the potential of these to overcome the biological challenges imposed by the BBB. Finally, disease‐targeting strategies and clearance mechanisms are explored. The objective is to provide the diverse range of researchers active in the field (e.g., material scientists, chemists, engineers, neuroscientists, and clinicians) with an easily accessible guide to the key opportunities and challenges currently facing the nanomaterial‐mediated treatment of neurological diseases.
Flexible Electronics Based on Micro/Nanostructured Paper
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Lina , Cui Kang , Ge Shenguang , Cheng Xin , Yan Mei , Yu Jinghua , Liu Hong
Published: August 2018

Over the past several years, a new surge of interest in paper electronics has arisen due to the numerous merits of simple micro/nanostructured substrates. Herein, the latest advances and principal issues in the design and fabrication of paper‐based flexible electronics are highlighted. Following an introduction of the fascinating properties of paper matrixes, the construction of paper substrates from diverse functional materials for flexible electronics and their underlying principles are described. Then, notable progress related to the development of versatile electronic devices is discussed. Finally, future opportunities and the remaining challenges are examined. It is envisioned that more design concepts, working principles, and advanced papermaking techniques will be developed in the near future for the advanced functionalization of paper, paving the way for the mass production and commercial applications of flexible paper‐based electronic devices.
Binary Cooperative Prodrug Nanoparticles Improve Immunotherapy by Synergistically Modulating Immune Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Feng Bing , Zhou Fangyuan , Hou Bo , Wang Dangge , Wang Tingting , Fu Yuanlei , Ma Yuting , Yu Haijun , Li Yaping
Published: August 2018

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is promising for clinical treatment of various malignant tumors. However, checkpoint blockade immunotherapy suffers from a low response rate due to insufficient tumor immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). In this study, a tumor‐microenvironment‐activatable binary cooperative prodrug nanoparticle (BCPN) is rationally designed to improve immunotherapy by synergistically modulating the immune tumor microenvironment. BCPN is purely constructed from a tumor acidity and reduction dual‐responsive oxaliplatin (OXA) prodrug for triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) and eliciting antitumor immunity, and a reduction‐activatable homodimer of NLG919 for inactivating indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1, which is a key regulator for ITM. Upon tumor‐acidity‐triggered cleavage of the poly(ethylene glycol) shell, PN shows negative to positive charge switch for enhanced tumor accumulation and deep penetration. OXA and NLG919 are then activated in the tumor cells via glutathione‐mediated reduction. It is demonstrate that activated OXA promotes intratumoral accumulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by triggering ICD of cancer cells. Meanwhile, NLG919 downregulates IDO‐1‐mediated immunosuppression and suppresses regulatory T cells. Most importantly, PN shows much higher efficiency than free OXA or the combination of free OXA and NLG919 to regress tumor growth and prevent metastasis of mouse models of both breast and colorectal cancer.
Flame‐based synthesis and in situ functionalization of palladium alloy nanoparticles
Authors: Konda Shailesh , Mohammadi Mohammad Moein , Buchner Raymond D. , Lin Haiqing , Swihart Mark T.
Published: August 2018

Flame‐driven synthesis and functionalization of palladium‐containing nanoparticles is demonstrated using a high temperature reducing jet (HTRJ) process that decouples flame chemistry from particle formation chemistry and provides a reducing environment that enables synthesis of metal nanoparticles from low‐cost aqueous precursors. Nanoparticles with controlled palladium, copper, and silver content were synthesized and functionalized with amine‐containing ligands using both in situ and ex situ approaches. For in situ functionalization, octylamine was sprayed into the quench section of the HTRJ reactor to cap the nanoparticles in the gas phase. For the ex situ approach, the “bare” nanopowders were heated in various amines (hexylamine, octylamine, and oleylamine) to form stable dispersions. Use of oleylamine at high temperature allowed modification of the nanoparticle size and shape while maintaining the alloy composition. These in situ and ex situ functionalization methods provide flexibility to tailor particles for specific applications such as electrocatalysis or hydrogen purification. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3826–3834, 2018
In vivo characterization of white matter pathology in premanifest huntington's disease
Authors: Zhang Jiaying , Gregory Sarah , Scahill Rachael I. , Durr Alexandra , Thomas David L. , Lehericy Stéphane , Rees Geraint , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Zhang Hui ,   the TrackOn‐HD investigators
Published: August 2018

Objective

Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic, fully penetrant neurodegenerative disorder, providing an ideal model for understanding brain changes occurring in the years prior to disease onset. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies show widespread white matter disorganization in the early premanifest stages (pre‐HD). However, although DTI has proved informative, it provides only limited information about underlying changes in tissue properties. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for characterizing axonal pathology more specifically, providing metrics that separately quantify axonal density and axonal organization. Here, we provide the first in vivo characterization of white matter pathology in pre‐HD using NODDI.

Methods

Diffusion‐weighted MRI data that support DTI and NODDI were acquired from 38 pre‐HD and 45 control participants. Using whole‐brain and region‐of‐interest analyses, NODDI metrics were compared between groups and correlated with clinical scores of disease progression. Whole‐brain changes in DTI metrics were also examined.

Results

The pre‐HD group displayed widespread reductions in axonal density compared with control participants; this correlated with measures of clinical disease progression in the body and genu of the corpus callosum. There was also evidence in the pre‐HD group of increased coherence of axonal packing in the white matter surrounding the basal ganglia.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that reduced axonal density is one of the major factors underlying white matter pathology in pre‐HD, coupled with altered local organization in areas surrounding the basal ganglia. NODDI metrics show promise in providing more specific information about the biological processes underlying HD and neurodegeneration per se. Ann Neurol 2018;84:497–504
Detektieren mit Nanopipetten im eingeschränkten Raum: von einzelnen Molekülen über Nanopartikel hin zu der Zelle
Authors: Yu Ru‐Jia , Ying Yi‐Lun , Gao Rui , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: August 2018

Nanopipetten bieten eine geeignete Methode, um elektrochemische, optische und massenspektrometrische Messungen auf der Nanoebene durchzuführen. Durch ihre Anwendung konnten die Dynamiken und Eigenschaften einzelner Moleküle und Partikel aufgedeckt werden. Darüber hinaus wurden neue, auf Nanopipetten basierende Detektionsmechanismen eingesetzt, die detaillierte Informationen auf Einzelzellebene mit hoher zeitlicher‐ und räumlicher Auflösung liefern konnten. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Nanopipetten. Zusammenfassend beschreiben wir ihre vielseitigen Anwendungsbereiche für die Analyse von Einzelproben und geben einen Einblick in fortgeschrittene Anwendungen für Nanopipetten.
How Water Accelerates Bivalent Ion Diffusion at the Electrolyte/Electrode Interface
Authors: Wang Fei , Sun Wei , Shadike Zulipiya , Hu Enyuan , Ji Xiao , Gao Tao , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Xu Kang , Wang Chunsheng
Published: August 2018

The effect of H2O in electrolytes and in electrode lattices on the thermodynamics and kinetics of reversible multivalent‐ion intercalation chemistry based on a model platform of layered VOPO4 has been investigated. The presence of H2O at the electrolyte/electrode interface plays a key role in assisting Zn2+ diffusion from electrolyte to the surface, while H2O in the lattice structure alters the working potential. More importantly, a dynamic equilibrium between bulk electrode and electrolyte is eventually reached for H2O transport during the charge/discharge cycles, with the water activity serving as the key parameter determining the direction of water movement and the cycling stability.
Hochkonversion von Reduktionsmitteln
Authors: Syroeshkin Mikhail A. , Kuriakose Febin , Saverina Evgeniya A. , Timofeeva Vladislava A. , Egorov Mikhail P. , Alabugin Igor V.
Published: August 2018

Die zahlreichen Anwendungen der Photonen‐Hochkonversion – d. h. der Umwandlung von Photonen mit niedriger Energie in Photonen mit hoher Energie – werfen die Frage nach der Möglichkeit einer “Elektronen‐Hochkonversion” auf. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir, wie das Reduktionspotential durch Nutzung der Gibbs‐Energie exergonischer chemischer Reaktionen gesteigert werden kann. Die Elektronen(Reduktionsmittel)‐Hochkonversion kann dabei bis zu 20–25 kcal mol−1 zusätzliches Redoxpotential erzeugen und somit unter milden Bedingungen starke Reduktionsmittel bereitstellen. Wir werden die beiden gebräuchlichen Arten Elektronen‐hochkonvertierender Systeme vorstellen: dissoziativ (basierend auf unimolekularen Fragmentierungen) und assoziativ (basierend auf der bimolekularen Bildung von Drei‐Elektronen‐Bindungen). Der mögliche Nutzen der Hochkonversion von Reduktionsmitteln umfasst Redoxkettenreaktionen in elektrokatalytischen Prozessen, Photoredoxkaskaden, das Design von Peroxid‐basierten Medikamenten, die Glühwürmchen‐Lumineszenz sowie die reduktive Reparatur von DNA‐Photoschäden.
Air‐Stable Lithium Spheres Produced by Electrochemical Plating
Authors: Yang Tingting , Jia Peng , Liu Qiunan , Zhang Liqiang , Du Congcong , Chen Jingzhao , Ye Hongjun , Li Xiaomei , Li Yanshuai , Shen Tongde , Tang Yongfu , Huang Jianyu
Published: August 2018

Lithium metal is an ideal anode for next‐generation lithium batteries owing to its very high theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mAh g−1but very reactive upon exposure to ambient air, rendering it difficult to handle and transport. Air‐stable lithium spheres (ASLSs) were produced by electrochemical plating under CO2atmosphere inside an advanced aberration‐corrected environmental transmission electron microscope. The ASLSs exhibit a core–shell structure with a Li core and a Li2CO3shell. In ambient air, the ASLSs do not react with moisture and maintain their core–shell structures. Furthermore, the ASLSs can be used as anodes in lithium‐ion batteries, and they exhibit similar electrochemical behavior to metallic Li, indicating that the surface Li2CO3layer is a good Li+ion conductor. The air stability of the ASLSs is attributed to the surface Li2CO3layer, which is barely soluble in water and does not react with oxygen and nitrogen in air at room temperature, thus passivating the Li core.
Photoredox Catalytic Organic Transformations using Heterogeneous Carbon Nitrides
Authors: Savateev Aleksandr , Ghosh Indrajit , König Burkhard , Antonietti Markus
Published: August 2018

Photoredox catalysis comprising homogeneous transition‐metal‐based systems, organic dyes, and semiconductors, has become a universal tool to catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions with high selectivity and under mild conditions using visible light irradiation. This Minireview summarizes recent progress in photoredox catalysis mediated by heterogeneous carbon nitride materials such as mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐CN), polymeric carbon nitride, and potassium poly(heptazine imides) (K‐PHI). Because of the high thermal, chemical, and photostability of these materials, as well as favorable conduction and valence band positions, carbon nitrides expand the reaction range of photocatalysis to many novel reactions, such as photocatalytic activation of elemental sulfur to furnish a convenient chemical route to organosulfur compounds.
Direct Conversion of Syngas into Methyl Acetate, Ethanol, and Ethylene by Relay Catalysis via the Intermediate Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Zhou Wei , Kang Jincan , Cheng Kang , He Shun , Shi Jiaqing , Zhou Cheng , Zhang Qinghong , Chen Junchao , Peng Luming , Chen Mingshu , Wang Ye
Published: August 2018

Selective conversion of syngas (CO/H2) into C2+oxygenates is a highly attractive but challenging target. Herein, we report the direct conversion of syngas into methyl acetate (MA) by relay catalysis. MA can be formed at a lower temperature (ca. 473 K) using Cu‐Zn‐Al oxide/H‐ZSM‐5 and zeolite mordenite (H‐MOR) catalysts separated by quartz wool (denoted as Cu‐Zn‐Al/H‐ZSM‐5|H‐MOR) and also at higher temperatures (603–643 K) without significant deactivation using spinel‐structured ZnAl2O4|H‐MOR. The selectivity of MA and acetic acid (AA) reaches 87 % at a CO conversion of 11 % at 643 K. Dimethyl ether (DME) is the key intermediate and the carbonylation of DME results in MA with high selectivity. We found that the relay catalysis using ZnAl2O4|H‐MOR|ZnAl2O4gives ethanol as the major product, while ethylene is formed with a layer‐by‐layer ZnAl2O4|H‐MOR|ZnAl2O4|H‐MOR combination. Close proximity between ZnAl2O4and H‐MOR increases ethylene selectivity to 65 %.
Reprogramming Human Siderocalin To Neutralize Petrobactin, the Essential Iron Scavenger of Anthrax Bacillus
Authors: Dauner Martin , Eichinger Andreas , Lücking Genia , Scherer Siegfried , Skerra Arne
Published: August 2018

Bacillus anthracis owes its pronounced virulence—apart from specific toxins—to a twofold import mechanism for FeIII ions. This pathogenic bacterium secretes the siderophores bacillibactin (BB) and petrobactin (PB), of which only BB is neutralized by human siderocalin, an abundant lipocalin in plasma. We describe its reshaping via combinatorial protein design to bind PB⋅FeIII instead of BB⋅FeIII, and with even higher affinity (KD≈20 pm). X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the resulting “petrocalin” in complex with PB⋅GaIII reveals a positively charged ligand pocket while the extended butterfly‐like conformation of the bound PB provides a rationale for the missing recognition by the natural siderocalin. In microbiological studies, a combination of petrocalin and siderocalin effectively suppressed the growth of a BB+/PB+ strain of Bacillus cereus under iron‐limiting culture conditions. Thus, our reprogrammed lipocalin may offer novel treatment options for devastating infections caused by B. anthracis.
Palladium nanoparticle‐decorated magnetic pomegranate peel‐derived porous carbon nanocomposite as an excellent catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Habibi Zahra
Published: August 2018

Porous carbon (PC) material was prepared from the carbonization of pomegranate peel waste. Subsequently, magnetically separable Fe3O4@PC was synthesized from Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated on PC by the co‐precipitation method of iron ions. Finally, Fe3O4@PC was successfully decorated with palladium nanoparticles in a simple route by reducing H2PdCl4 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, which was used as both surfactant and reducing agent. Additionally, the effect of temperature on the carbonization process was studied. The Pd/Fe3O4@PC nanocomposite was used as an efficient and heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions in an environmentally friendly medium.
Guideline Implementation: Team Communication
Authors: Link Terri
Published: August 2018

The perioperative environment is fast paced and complex. Competing responsibilities, noise and distractions, and reluctance of team members to speak up when they are aware of a potential patient safety issue are all barriers to effective communication in the perioperative setting. Communication breakdowns among health care providers can lead to medical errors and patient harm. Accurate and complete communication about the patient and the patient's care can contribute to improved efficiency, better patient outcomes, and fewer adverse events. The new AORN “Guideline for team communication” provides guidance on using standardized processes and tools to improve the quality of team communication. The key points address hand overs between phases of perioperative care; a briefing to share the surgical plan; a time out to verify the correct patient, procedure, site, and side; and a debriefing to discuss what was learned and how to improve. Perioperative RNs should review the complete guideline for additional information and for guidance when writing and updating policies and procedures.
Perioperative Care of the Patient With Acoustic Neuroma
Authors: Oster Kristen A.
Published: August 2018

Acoustic neuromas, also known as vestibular schwannomas, are slow‐growing, benign tumors that develop on the eighth cranial nerve. Common signs and symptoms of an acoustic neuroma include hearing loss and balance disturbances. A physical examination, a hearing evaluation, and diagnostic imaging assist in the diagnosis of an acoustic neuroma. Patients with a confirmed tumor have three treatment options: observation, stereotactic radiosurgery, and surgical removal. Complications include cerebrospinal fluid leakage, damage to ancillary brain structures, facial nerve damage, and bleeding or vascular injury. This article focuses on the surgical removal of an acoustic neuroma and the role of the perioperative nurse in the perioperative care of the patient.
Using systematic conservation planning to establish management priorities for freshwater salmon conservation, Matanuska‐Susitna Basin, AK, USA
Authors: Witt Andrew , Hammill Edd
Published: August 2018

The Alaskan Matanuska‐Susitna Basin (MSB) provides habitat for all five Pacific salmon species, and their large seasonal spawning runs are important both ecologically and economically. However, the encroachment of human development through urbanization and extractive industries poses a serious risk to salmon habitat in the MSB.

Using systematic conservation planning techniques, different methods of incorporating anthropogenic risks were assessed to determine how to conserve salmon habitat in the area cost‐effectively.

The consequences of four distinct conservation scenarios were quantified: no consideration either of urbanization or extractive industries (‘Risk ignored’ scenario); accounting for the risk of urbanization, and avoiding conservation in all areas rich in fossil fuels (‘Urbanization accounted, all extraction avoided’ scenario); accounting for urbanization and oil and gas development, but avoiding conservation in coal‐rich areas (‘Urbanization accounted, coal areas avoided’ scenario); and accounting for all anthropogenic risks to habitat, and allowing conservation in oil, gas, or coal‐rich areas (‘All risks accounted’ scenario). To compare conservation success and resilience, the impacts of these risks were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The final cost of each solution was then divided by the number of conservation targets met to determine a return on investment.

Results from scenarios that avoided all extractive activities, or only coal, suggest that conservation targets cannot be met simply by avoiding areas rich in fossil fuels, and these scenarios resulted in lower returns on investment than those in which risks from extraction were incorporated into the solution.

By developing a method for setting priorities that are economically based, this study provides a method for local managers and conservation groups to identify conservation opportunities in MSB river basins.
Hyperspectral satellite imagery detection of ancient raw material sources: Soft‐stone vessel production at Aqir al‐Shamoos (Oman)
Authors: Sivitskis Alexander J. , Harrower Michael J. , David‐Cuny Hélène , Dumitru Ioana A. , Nathan Smiti , Wiig Frances , Viete Daniel R. , Lewis Kevin W. , Taylor Avary Rhys , Dollarhide Eli N. , Zaitchik Benjamin , Al‐Jabri Suleiman , Livi Kenneth J. T. , Braun Alexander
Published: August 2018

Soft‐stone vessels (made of the rock chloritite, which is comprised of the mineral chlorite) are an important component of the material culture record of ancient southeast Arabia. Given the prevalence of soft‐stone vessels in domestic and funerary contexts, and the natural geological occurrence of chloritite in the region, archaeologists have long suspected that soft‐stone vessels could have been produced in United Arab Emirates (UAE) or Oman. However, over many decades of research very few pieces of worked raw material or unfinished vessel fragments have been recovered in Arabia. This changed dramatically in 2015 with the discovery of the Iron Age village of Aqir al‐Shamoos where thousands of raw, worked, and unfinished pieces attest to soft‐stone vessel manufacture. Aqir al‐Shamoos continues to yield new insights regarding soft‐stone vessel production, but the source of raw material used to craft these objects initially remained unknown as no natural chloritite deposits had been found in the immediate vicinity of the site. We present results of hyperspectral satellite imagery target detection used to search for natural surface occurrences of chloritite near Aqir al‐Shamoos. Despite limitations in carbonate and phyllosilicate mineral discrimination, field survey of the satellite detection results revealed chloritite outcrops in the ophiolite formation mountains 1.4 km northwest of Aqir al‐Shamoos near the newly discovered archaeological site of ‘Waby al‐Zady. Reflectance spectroscopy (0.35–2.5 μm) of material from multiple chloritite sources indicates that chloritite from ‘Waby al‐Zady is spectrally very similar to material at Aqir al‐Shamoos but quite different in comparison with material from other locations. These findings indicate that: (1) hyperspectral satellite imagery target detection can be useful for chloritite prospection, (2) ‘Waby al‐Zady (or somewhere very nearby) was probably the source of chloritite used at Aqir al‐Shamoos, and (3) chloritite reflection spectra may be useful for distinguishing chloritite from different sources.
Examining Reservoirs in Potable Reuse, Part 1: Groundwater Recharge and Surface Water Augmentation
Authors: Pecson Brian M. , Trussell R. Shane , Triolo Sarah C. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: August 2018

Comparing groundwater recharge and surface water augmentation provides insight into public health protection in indirect potable reuse.
Vorbild Spannbeton: Glasträger nach Eurocode 2
Authors: Engelmann Michael , Weller Bernhard
Published: August 2018

Glas und Beton teilen wesentliche Materialeigenschaften: Sie ertragen hohen Druck, erreichen im Vergleich dazu jedoch geringe Zugfestigkeiten und versagen – unangekündigt – spröde. Daher ist es sinnvoll, Träger aus beiderlei Material analog zu konstruieren und die Kenntnisse aus dem Betonbau mittels einer Analogiebetrachtung auf den Konstruktiven Glasbau zu übertragen. Dafür wird zunächst im historischen Kontext ein Bezug zwischen Franz Dischinger und dem modernen Glasbau hergestellt. Anschließend erfolgt ein Vergleich wesentlicher Material‐ und Konstruktionseigenschaften sowie die Vorstellung ausgeführter Bau‐ und Forschungsprojekte, welche zeigen, dass eine analoge Behandlung und Bezeichnung von Glaskonstruktionen nach Grundsätzen des Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbaus möglich und sinnvoll ist. Zudem werden „Spannglasträger“ vorgestellt, welche eine vorgespannte Stahlbewehrung enthalten, um einem Biegezugriss entgegenzuwirken, die Tragkonstruktion gezielt zu überhöhen und die Resttragfähigkeit sicherzustellen. Darüber hinaus werden Problemstellungen wie der Spannkraftverlust oder die Machbarkeit solcher Konstruktionen angesprochen. Damit wird es möglich, aus dem langjährig erprobten Wissensschatz des Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbaus zu schöpfen und trageffiziente Glaskonstruktionen zu gestalten.
Carbon monoxide conversion with Clostridium aceticum
Authors: Mayer Alexander , Schädler Torben , Trunz Sascha , Stelzer Thomas , Weuster‐Botz Dirk
Published: August 2018

Carbon monoxide concentrations in syngas are often high, but tolerance toward CO varies a lot between homoacetogenic bacteria. Analysis of the autotrophic potential revealed that the first isolated acetogenic bacterium Clostridium aceticum was able to use CO as sole carbon and energy source for chemolithoautotrophic carbon fixation but simultaneously showed little tolerance to high CO concentrations. Not yet reported, autotrophic ethanol production by
C. aceticum was discovered with CO as a substrate in batch processes. Growth rates estimated in batch processes at varying CO partial pressures were used to identify the CO inhibition kinetics of
C. aceticum, using a substrate inhibition model.
C. aceticum shows a strong CO inhibition with an optimum CO partial pressure of only 5.4 mbar in the gas phase at cell dry weight concentrations of up to 0.5 g·L
−1. At optimum conditions, growth and acetate formation rates were estimated to be 0.24 hr
−1 and 0.52 g·g
−1·hr
−1, respectively. Syngas fermentation at high partial pressures of up to 280 mbar CO in the inlet gas phase was enabled by applying a continuously operated stirred‐tank bioreactor with submerged membranes with total cell retention. Around 70% CO conversion was achieved continuously in the membrane bioreactor with strongly CO inhibited
C. aceticum resulting in space‐time yields of up to 0.85 g·L
−1·hr
−1 acetate.
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis with novel somatic KIT mutation K509I and association with tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Otani Iris M. , Carroll Ryan W. , Yager Phoebe , Kroshinsky Daniela , Murphy Sarah , Hornick Jason L. , Akin Cem , Castells Mariana , Walter Jolan E.
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical Message

Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) is a rare but potentially fatal condition when diagnosis and targeted treatments are delayed. This case illustrates the life‐threatening complications in DCM and reviews the currently available treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mastocytosis with somatic K509I mutation and concomitant tuberous sclerosis.
Carbon Nanofibers Grown on Carbon Felt as a Reinforced Current Collector for High‐Performance Lithium−Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yan Xinxiu , Chen Tao , Wang Lei , Li Xiang , Wang Hao , Deng Bangwei , Wei Zhikai , Qu Meizhen
Published: August 2018

Lithium−sulfur (Li−S) batteries have attracted much attention, owing to their high theoretical energy density. Many studies have focused on improving areal sulfur loading by using carbonaceous current collectors. However, low sulfur utilization and polysulfide diffusion could be more severe. Herein, we introduce a reinforced current collector consisting of carbon felt (CF) decorated with carbon nanofibers (CNFs), prepared by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CF@CNFs skeleton shows a large specific surface area for well‐dispersed active materials, highly conductive network with faster electronic/ionic transport, and a micro‐/mesoporous structure for spatial confinement on polysulfides. As a result, the cells with CF@CNFs current collectors exhibit a high specific capacity, superior cycling stability, and a good rate capacity. This work will provide a promising choice for designing novel current collectors toward high‐performance, high sulfur‐loading Li−S batteries.
Hierarchical Frameworks of Metal–Organic Cages with Axial Ferroelectric Anisotropy
Authors: Yadav Ashok , Kulkarni Priyangi , Praveenkumar Balu , Steiner Alexander , Boomishankar Ramamoorthy
Published: August 2018

Designing molecular crystals with switchable dipoles for ferroelectric applications is challenging and often serendipitous. Herein, we show a systematic approach toward hierarchical 1D, 2D and 3D frameworks that are assembled through successive linkage of metal–organic cages [Cu6(H2O)12(TPTA)8]12+ with chloride ions. Their ferroelectric properties are due to the displacement of channel‐bound nitrate counterions and solvated water molecules relative to the framework of cages. Ferroelectric measurements of crystals of discrete and 1D‐framework assemblies showed axial ferroelectric anisotropy with high remnant polarisation. Both, the reversible formation of cage‐connected networks and the observation of ferroelectric anisotropic behaviour are rare among metal–ligand cage assemblies.
Breast cancer biomarkers in clinical testing: analysis of a UK national external quality assessment scheme for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation database containing results from 199 300 patients
Authors: Dodson Andrew , Parry Suzanne , Ibrahim Merdol , Bartlett John MS , Pinder Sarah , Dowsett Mitch , Miller Keith
Published: August 2018

We describe a collated data set of results from clinical testing of breast cancers carried out between 2009 and 2016 in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. More than 199 000 patient biomarker data sets, together with clinicopathological parameters were collected. Our analyses focused on human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER2), oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), with the aim of the study being to provide robust confirmatory evidence on known associations in these biomarkers and to uncover new data on previously undescribed or unconfirmed associations, thus strengthening the evidence‐base in clinical breast cancer testing. Overall, 13.1% of tumours were HER2‐positive; 10.6% in ER‐positive tumours, and 25.5% in ER‐negative tumours. Higher rates of HER2 positivity were significantly associated with patient age <56 years versus age ≥56 years, symptomatic versus screen‐detected tumours, testing of involved axillary node versus primary breast cancer, invasive ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified) versus other histological types, higher histological grade, increasing tumour size, increasing nodal involvement, ER‐negative versus ER‐positive tumour status, PR‐negative versus PR‐positive tumour status. Where ER status was known, 82.7% of tumours were ER‐positive; 80.9% in women age <56 years, and 83.6% in those age ≥56 years (ER‐positive cut‐off ≥1.0% positive tumour cells or equivalent). Where PR status was known, 64.9% of tumours were PR‐positive; 65.8% in women age <56 years, and 64.4% in women age ≥56 years (PR‐positive cut off ≥10.0% or equivalent). These analyses of clinical test results provide contemporary benchmarking data for HER2, ER and PR positive rates.