bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Level of Farmers’ Knowledge About the Risks of Pesticides on the Environment in Samarra District / Salah Al-Din Governorate
Authors: Hasan Yasmen Hatem , Shada Maha Saeed
Published: July 2024

The research aims to determine the level of farmers’ knowledge of the risks of pesticides on the environment in Samarra District/Salah al-Din Governorate. And to determine the correlation between the level of farmers’ knowledge of the risks of pesticides on the environment and each of the personal factors (age, educational attainment, size of the cultivated area, number of years of pesticide use, sources of information)., the trend towards training). And arranging the research areas according to the level of farmers’ knowledge in descending order. And identifying the problems that farmers in the Samarra District suffer from when using pesticides. The research included all farmers in the Samarra District, who numbered (413) farmers, and a random sample was taken from them at a rate of (10%). Thus, increasing sources of information increases farmers’ knowledge about the harmful effects of pesticides. The research sample became (41) farmers. The results showed that the general level of knowledge about the use of agricultural pesticides among the respondents is average and tends to decrease, and that increasing sources of information increases farmers’ knowledge about the harmful effects of pesticides, due to the high percentage of those with an average level of knowledge and the presence of a percentage of those with a low level of knowledge among the respondents regarding the use of pesticides. This requires that the Agricultural Extension Service, represented by the Agricultural Division in the Samarra District and the Extension Department in the Governorate’s Agriculture Directorate, work to disseminate knowledge and modern methods regarding the issue of the use of agricultural pesticides, their harms, and methods of reducing their harms, and to pay attention to training farmers in the Samarra District by introducing them to training courses. In the areas of pesticide damage, focusing on areas in which information has been shown to be weak.
Measuring the Profitability Efficiency of Broiler Breeding Projects in Iraq (Baghdad Governorate)
Authors: Mahmood Zahra Hadi
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to assess the efficiency of the stochastic profit boundaries and identify the main economic and social factors affecting the profits of the governorate of Baghdad’s broiler chickens. The model’s parameters were assessed based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method and using border programmer 4.1. The study used the initial data from field sources collected randomly from 64 of the 550 total projects, representing 11.64%. To determine the relationship between total profit and input prices, averages were taken (total production of feeds, cabling, medicines, vaccines, water, and electricity), and social factors such as age, experience, and education were included in the inefficiency model. The estimated coefficients gave the expected sign, which was significant at a 5% level, except for water and electricity variables, which were non-significant. The results revealed that broiler chicken breeders in a given area achieved an average profit efficiency of 76.53%, enabling breeders to increase their profits by 23.47% to achieve optimal efficiency. The results of the Pareto analysis also indicated that the most critical problems facing broiler breeders are importing large quantities of frozen chicken meat and selling it at low prices, as well as the high prices of production requirements, especially feed. Accordingly, breeders must develop their productive abilities in managing inputs to maximize profit efficiency.
Biodegradation of Antibiotics by Immobilized Trichoderma Active Compounds and Biochar
Authors: Jassim Dunia Hussein , Hameed Al-Shammari Rana Hadi
Published: July 2024

Antibiotics are released into the wastewater daily, most of these antibiotics are also used in the hospital setting thus there is a need to come up with efficient and eco-friendly methods for treating the sewage resulting from treatment. This investigation was intended to separate the fungi from an exceptionally contaminated in a plain water treatment plant situated in Medical City / Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Aspergillus terraces and q Trichoderma viride, of only two, isolate fungi that were able to tolerate antibiotics. The top three common differentials between the percentage of higher strain manufacturers were tetracycline azithromycin ciprofloxacin at increasing concentrations (5; 10; 15, and From the high values of tolerance index found in the highest concentration of 20 ppm for all antibiotics, T. viride was focused on as a treatment agent during biodegradation T. viride was cultured in a mineral enriched liquid culture medium for two weeks at the temperature of 25±2ºC which yielded 20 active compounds were determined using GC-MS and used to evaluate the biodegradation of different antibiotics one strain at a time in flasks containing dry wet T. vivid bio mas(2 As a control, a heated T. viride biomass (killed) controlled flask was added to test the activity of dried T. viride wet biomass and stability against antibiotic action on pathogens causing bovine mastitis. Third-day samples showed removal efficiency percent ranging from 1-5%, fifth-day samples had the percentage of removal reaching 20 – 40 % and on the seventh day, the efficiency of removal was over 90 – 100%. Also, the biomass weight of T.virides increased on their seventh day reaching a maximum value of 4 g. Importantly, many mechanisms are involved in the bioremediation of organic pollutants including sorption and degradation., and 90- 100% on the seventh day. In addition, there was an increase in the biomass weight of T.viride on the seventh day, reaching up to 4 grams. Bioremediation of organic pollutants is achieved by many mechanisms like sorption and degradation, an experiment was conducted within 24 hours. the experiment included four treatments at a concentration of 10 ppm for each antibiotic: the first treatment included 6% Agar agar only, the second treatment included 6% Agar agar and 2g of Biochar, the third treatment included 6% Agar agar with a 1:1 volume of T. viride crude ethyl extract, and the fourth treatment included 6% Agar agar with 2g Biochar and a 1:1 volume of T. viride crude ethyl extract. After 24 hours, 5ml of each sample was tested by HPLC to calculate the removal percentage range. the HPLC results showed that the removal percentages of TR-1 1-3%, TR-2 25-30%, TR-3 65-70%, and TR-4 had the highest removal percentages of 90% for AZI, 90.7% for CIP, and 100% for TET. This study demonstrates a simple, low-cost, and promising method that can be easily applied with high removal efficiency, fast biodegradation rate, easy separation ability, and long-term stability.
Assessment of the Toxicity Effects of Inhalation Exposure to Kerosene and Naphtha Fumes on some Liver and Kidney Parameters in Rats
Authors: Kadum Aya Ammar , Al-Hakkak Zaid Makki
Published: July 2024

Exposure to petroleum compounds and vapours has been shown to have harmful effects on many different organs and systems of the body, especially the liver. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of kerosene & naphtha vapours on some liver and kidney parameters in rats. Twenty male Wistar albino rats were used in the study; the rats were separated into four groups, each with five rats: three for testing and one for control. Using an altered nose-inhalation exposure approach, rats were exposed to kerosene vapours for six hours daily for 15, 30 and 45 days. The study measured the parameters of blood in rats after they were sacrificed. The study revealed a significant rise (P≥0.01) in the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (A.S.T.), alkaline phosphatase (A.L.P.), and alanine aminotransferase catalase (A.L.T.) in rats exposed to kerosene and naphtha fumes for 15, 30, and 45 days, as compared to the control group. The findings also indicated a statistically significant (P≥0.01) increase in the serum bilirubin levels of rats exposed to kerosene and naphtha fumes for 15, 30, and 45 days compared to the control group. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase (p≥0.05) in serum creatinine and serum urea levels in rats exposed to kerosene and naphtha fumes for 25, 30, and 45 days compared to the control group. Additionally, the study demonstrated a significant increase (p≥0.05) in serum creatinine levels in rats exposed to kerosene fumes for 45 days compared to rats exposed for 15 and 30 days. It may be concluded that the liver parameters were negatively impacted by inhaling fumes containing Kerosene and naphtha.
Using O. aureus and C. zillii as Bio Indicators in the Marsh of Dalmaj Southern Iraq
Authors: Jabbar Sattar Nadhim , Abed Alasady Raid Kadhim
Published: July 2024

Due to of ongoing industries, humans cause water pollution and discharge of sewage into the water, which have contributed to the decline in the number of animals in the Dalmaj Marsh, which is home to thousands of species. Metals for instance mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead pose a significant danger to public health and other animals such as fish, leading to carcinogenicity and renal failure. We can deduce that O. aureus acts as a highly efficient bio-indicator for heavy metals, including Pb, Mg, Cr, and Cd, in comparison to C. zillii. These metals also have impact on water quality and can interact with environmental variables, so in the current study we used procedures approved by the World Health Organization to evaluate concentrations of Lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury in some fish species namely C. zillii and Oreochromis aureus as vital indicators of environmental pollution and monitoring environmental pollution in general to preserve biodiversity in the marsh of Dalmaj located in Al-Diwaniyah town area/Iraq from the period of August 2023 to January 2024. A difference in the concentrations of heavyweight metals accumulated in fish parts during all months of the study has been indicated, and all metals levels were within the internationally permissible limits. In addition, there was a slight increase in some heavy elements in the two studied types of fish species found in the Dalmaj marsh from one month to another. Our findings provide crucial basic data that reflects the quality of water in the Dalmaj Marsh. We recommend conducting more studies every year to screen heavy metal effluence in the waters of the Marsh of Dalmaj.
Theoretical Determination of Lead Availability and Speciation in Laboratory-Prepared Groundwater
Authors: Tawfiq Jebril Nadia Mahmoud , Al-Mamoori Noor Hadi Obaid , Hussain Alhussainy Oras Abdulsayed Mahdi , Saeed Sadeq Farah Mohammed , Alkareem Hawraa Abd , Razzak AL-Taee Sara Ali
Published: July 2024

Geochemical equilibrium models are useful tools for predicting metal solubility and speciation prior to appropriate decisions on remediation possibilities. Therefore, for lead (Pb) bioremediation purposes from artificial groundwater are critical to predicting its availability and speciation. This study assesses to predict the solubility and speciation of Pb in laboratory-prepared groundwater under the change in pH, and calcium, phosphate, and humic acid effects using thermodynamic calculation (MINTEQ program). In the results, lead availability declined with an increase in pH, calcium, phosphate, and humic acid of AGW. Rendering to the MINTEQ program, lead binds to some cations exit fewer free ions accessible in AGW such as Pb(SO4)2, PbCl+, HA1-Pb, FA1-Pb, FA2-Pb, and HA2-Pb. It is suggested that pH in AGW is maintained at low pH intended for the best obtainability of lead and remediation possibilities.
Biodegradation of Difenoconazole Using Fungal-Bacterial Consortia
Authors: Wared Musa Hassan Abdul , Abass Mohammed Hamza , Al-Farttoosy Alaa Hassan
Published: July 2024

Pesticides are used all over the world in agricultural operations to reduce the damage of pests and to improve the productivity of agricultural crops. The excessive use of these chemical compounds has led to the deterioration of soil and increase the level of pollution of water and air resources. Moreover, the continuous use and non-target toxicity of pesticides has become a major concern to the agricultural ecosystem that directly hinders the productivity of agricultural products. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify fungal and bacterial species with the ability to biodegrade fungicide via conducting preliminary tests to find out which of them have the ability to grow in a treated medium with a fungicide Difenoconazole, which belongs to the group of the pesticides Triazoles. The fungi and bacteria that succeeded in growing were as follow Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Bacillus cereus S1 and Bacillus cereus S2 were identified by extracting their genomic DNA and applying the primers ITS and 16s rRNA for both examined fungi and bacteria, respectively. The fungi were laboratory adapted to multiple concentrations reaching the highest concentration of 550 mgL-1, while bacteria reached 1200 mgL-1 laboratory to break down the pesticide. The results of the combinations tested as the B. cereus S1 and B. cereus S2 were the fastest growing in the liquid medium PDB at the concentration of 325 mgL-1. While the combination A. flavus and B. cereus S1 had the highest biodegrading ability at the same concentration, which led to the disappearance of the pesticide Difenoconazole turbidity in the liquid medium as a result of its consumption by fungal and bacterial isolates. As for the treatment of the pesticide in the solid PDA medium to know its effect on the growth of fungi and the formation of spores, the results revealed that fungal isolates increase their vegetative growth when the concentration increases, the production of fungal spores decreases, and indicates the ability of the fungi to use the pesticide as an energy source.
Heavy Metal Maps of Gypsiferous Soil and Its Assessment Using Geomatic and Pollution Indices in Baiji City
Authors: Ahmed Hayyood Ezzulddin M. , Khalaf Ayad Abdullah , Obiad Mijbil M.
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to evaluate the contamination of gypsiferous soil with heavy metals in the areas surrounding the Baiji oil refinery in Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. 56 soil samples were obtained from the surface layer of soil (0–20) cm, distributed randomly over the area of the study is 85.24 km2. Soil samples were prepared, and the total heavy metal content was estimated using an X-ray fluorescence device. The study included the estimation of 11 heavy elements (Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Mo, Pb, Zn, and Mn) and compared them with international standard and calculated the following pollution indicators: Contamination Factor (CF) and Geological Accumulation Index (Igeo) and the degree of contamination (CD), the Numero pollution index (PIn), the enrichment factor (EF), and the environmental potential risk index (PERI). The results of the study indicated that the contamination factor (CF) for all sites was highly polluted with nickel and molybdenum, high to significant with chromium, and moderate for the rest of the elements. As for Igeo, its results indicated that all sites were moderately to highly polluted with the elements molybdenum, nickel, and chromium and not polluted with the rest of the elements. While the CD results indicate that all sites were highly polluted, as the same is true for the rest of the indicators. We conclude from the above that all sites were highly polluted with the element’s chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. As for the elements (Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, As, Pb, Zn, and Mn), they varied in degree of contamination from severe to no contamination based on the standard used in the evaluation. As for the cadmium element, it did not appear in any of the measured samples.
The Effect of Biological and Physicochemical Factors on the Water Quality of the Al-Warar System in the City of Ramadi, Western Iraq
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Hadeel Mahmoud , Yassin Hanaa Abdullatif , Mahdi Al-Tamimi Abdul-Nasir Abdulla
Published: July 2024

Background: Surface water bodies are essential sources of water for human consumption, residential use, agriculture, industrial operations, as well as for aquatic life and ecosystems. Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected from 4 sites of the Al-Warar water system, west of Ramadi, during the summer and winter seasons from October 2022 until July 2023; bacteriological and physicochemical parameters were analyzed for water samples also isolation and identification of bacteria. Results: Ranged values of Temperture, pH, turbidity, Chloride, TDS, Sodium, EC, TH, sulphate, DO, BOD, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and FC during winter season and summer were 12°C, 7.2-7.6, 5.5-10.5 NTU, 167-274 (mg L-1) 975-1331 (mg L-1), 140-208 (mg L-1), 1453-1996 (μS/cm), 129-155(mg L-1), 388-597(mg L-1), 4-8 (mg L-1), 8.5-15.5(mg L-1), 1-3 (mg L-1), 2.80-10.70(mg L-1), 0.05-0.14(mg L-1), and 3.19-5.83 (colony per ml), respectively. The corresponding values during the summer season were 33°C, 7.6-7.8, 6-12NTU, 232-288 (mg L-1), 1062-1518 (mg L-1), 165-225 (mg L-1), 1960-2705 (μS/cm), 127-145 (mg L-1), 416-686 (mg L-1), 5.8-7.9 (mg L-1), 9-14 (mg L-1), 0.35-1.70 (mg L-1), 0.66-0.81 (mg L-1), 0.14-1.27 (mg L-1), and 5.10-14.11 (colony per ml), respectively. The highest rate of coliform bacteria was recorded throughout the study period in the summer, and the lowest rate was recorded during the winter, where (5) species of the Enterobacteriaceae family were diagnosed with different percentages: Escherichia coli 37% and then Klebsiella pneumonia at 25%. Enterobacter closes at a rate of 15%, then Enterobacter ludwigii at a rate of 13%, then Aeromonas veronica at a rate of 10%. Escherichia coli bacteria also dominated all study sites, indicating microbial contamination of Al-Warar water system.
The Effect of Vegetation Cover on Air Temperature Data for Weather Stations Intended for Agricultural Purposes
Authors: Jasim Maysam Alaa , Abdulkareem Asraa Kahtan
Published: July 2024

According to what is stated in the scientific literature, vegetation cover affects air temperatures in the areas in which it is found and works to reduce them through the processes of evaporation and transpiration, whether from the plant itself or wet surfaces within a specific area. Knowing the exact extent of the effect helps in choosing the most appropriate places to install stations for agricultural monitoring to be truly representative of the agricultural reality, and also helps in knowing the most appropriate safety for planting vegetation within cities. We chose two stations that were installed for agricultural purposes in agricultural areas within the city of Baghdad: Abu Ghraib station (A) in Abu Ghraib district and Al-Rashidiya station (B) in Rashidiya district. The monthly average air temperature for stations A and B was obtained from the Agricultural Meteorological Center of the Ministry of Agriculture for a period of 5 years (2018–2022). The results of this research showed, in general, that station (A) recorded values very close to (B), and in some periods, (B) recorded values higher than (A), and it was not recorded that (A) was higher except in a few months., and statistical analysis of the data shows that the highest difference between them was (1.48) in May 2018, and the lowest difference between them was (0.01). In September 2022, to study the effect of vegetation on temperature, the Natural Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was created and NDVI circular maps were made around each station, the first case with a radius of 10/km with an area of (315)/km2 and the second case with a radius of 2/km. With an area of (12.56)/km2. In both areas, no clear effect of vegetation on the temperatures recorded by the two stations was observed, despite the abundance of plants, water bodies, and barren lands surrounding the station. It was found that the most noticeable effect was the vegetation cover closest to the station at a distance ranging from 150 to 200 meters, and this was clearly shown in (A).
Environmental Method of Distilling Gasoline Based on ASTM D86: A Comparative Study
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Mohammed Al-Khafaj Hussain Abed , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Turaihi Ahmed S.
Published: July 2024

According to ASTM D86, the traditional device used for distilling petroleum products under atmospheric pressure has significant adverse environmental consequences and affects workers in different petroleum companies. The process of distillation measurement commences upon the initial application of heat to the lower region of the distillation flask. The fuel vapor ascends from the distillation flask and traverses the condensation bath as the distillate undergoes heating and initiates the boiling process. The receiving cylinder collects condensate. Distillation properties are critical for both automobiles and aircraft, affecting ignition initiation, warm-up, and the tendency for steam to rise at high operating temperatures. The results of the study revealed a significant disparity in the acquired values, hence suggesting an absence of accuracy in the traditional apparatus employed for the analysis of gasoline samples. On another hand, using the automatic device, we can notice that all the results were close. Due to the utilization of a precise and eco-friendly apparatus, together with the presence of all necessary safety measures, this approach is deemed secure and devoid of any detrimental effects on the well-being of personnel. Furthermore, the automatic device is considered environmentally friendly and free of harm to the health of laboratory workers.
Reviewing on Risks of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Exposure on the Environment in Oil and Gas Field
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz , Mohammed Al-Khafaj Hussain Abed , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Turaihi Ahmed S.
Published: July 2024

The hazards associated with Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) encompass the possibility of absorption, ingestion, and external exposure in situations where there is a substantial collection of scales. TENORM and/or NORM are generated when fluids (Oil and natural gas) extracted from reservoirs introduce sulphates into the environment’s atmosphere. The term “Diffuse NORM” is the recognized categorization in certain states, such as North Dakota. Smaller atoms including radium-226 as well as radium-228 can be accommodated within larger compounds like barium, calcium, and strontium sulphates. These smaller atoms can then be transported through the fluids produced by these compounds. 222Rn is a radioactive inert gas that can be found in different amounts in natural gas and oil deposits. Without the presence of natural gas (NG), 222Rn is distributed between the (light) hydrocarbon (NGL) and/or aqueous phase. When generated alongside oil and gas, 222Rn typically accompanies the gas flow. There are other potential sources of exposure, such as equipment decontamination, transportation of waste and contaminated devices, and general maintenance. Comparable levels of exposure can also arise during the process of decommissioning facilities utilized for the production of oil and gas, as well as for waste treatment. The primary external source of gamma rays for oil workers in the sector comes from the short-lived descendants of 226Ra and 228Ra, which are present in scale, sludge, and sand. Additionally, one of the most crucial methods to prevent the entry of pollutants into the environment or human bodies is through the use of containment measures. Radioactive material is differentiated from radioactive pollution when it is confined within its specified enclosure. A location is deemed “contaminated” when the presence of radioactive elements may be detected beyond a containment area.
Determination of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Blood Samples of some Farmers at Al-Diwaniyah Governorate/Iraq
Authors: Ghazi Abdullah Muhammad , Marhoon Khitam Abbas
Published: July 2024

Heavy metals are one of the reasons that cause many diseases in humans. Using an atomic spectrometer, we measured heavy metals (cu, Hg, zn, cd, bp) in blood samples collected from farmers in the districts and districts of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. The results showed that all samples collected contained concentrations higher than the permissible limit. The main reason for this increase is attributed to contamination of the food chain with insect pests, chemical fertilizers, and wastewater.
Study of Heavy Metals in the Bottom Ash that is Left Over from Burning Medical Waste at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Jabbar Ahmed Thamer , Marhoon Khitam Abbas
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the amounts of barium, silver, lead, and chromium in the ash from medical incinerators at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital and to provide an estimate of the heavy elements produced by these incinerators. At a concentration of 12.50 mg/kg, the results showed that silver was the lowest and barium the highest. Medical waste at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital is typically incinerated, which can be harmful to both humans and the environment. The study’s results show that the current methods of medical waste disposal at Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital in Diwaniyah Governorate are harmful to both humans and the environment.
Beltanol Sorption Modelling in the Soil Column using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique
Authors: Bader Fatima Chaseb , Al-Farttoosy Alaa Hassan
Published: July 2024

The Fungicide adsorption process is a major factor that results in failure of pest control. The results revealed that Beltanol sorption is subjected to first order reaction soil sorption, achieving a rate constant 0.013 min-1. This reaction revealed that Beltanol behaviour is not influenced by soil factors. The Kd of Beltanol was 0.152 mL g-1, resulting in less distribution under soil column condition. The Beltanol power function was not linear fitting well, scoring 0.788. Thomas model was estimated KTh = 0.0189 mL g-1 min -1, this indicating that model was fitting to express on its less mobility in the soil. In general, plants can receive a reasonable amount of protection from Beltanol due to its sluggish rate of dissipation.
Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Drought Characteristics in Iraq Using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)
Authors: Muter Sara Ali , Al-Timimi Yaseen K. , Al-Jiboori Monim H.
Published: July 2024

Drought refers to a complex natural disaster that causes serious environmental, social, and economic impacts worldwide. Considering the severe impact of drought on Iraq, it is very important to identify the effects of drought in different sectors. This paper points to examine the drought levels in Iraq utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. The objective of this study was to analysis the spatial and temporal extent and characteristics of drought events in Iraq using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is widely used in soil and agricultural drought research. Therefore, long-term monthly rainfall records from 38 rainfall measurement stations across Iraq for period (1980–2021) were used for the study. Based on SPI, drought characteristics were analyzed after dividing Iraq into three regions North, Middle and South regions. The results indicate that droughts are more frequent and severe in northern Iraq. The severity of observed drought events increases over time in both severity and duration, from normal to moderate to extreme drought. The maximum SPI severity was 135 in Duhook station, the maximum duration was 10 months, and the intensity was -3.05. Also, The classification analysis showed that the proportion of moderate drought was 80% and most of the dry years belonged to the moderate drought category, while severe drought and extreme drought were 19% and 8% respectively out of the total dry years. According to SPI analysis, the results showed that all stations experienced drought in 1998, 2012, 2018 and 2021. The results of the SPI analysis show that the country has been facing frequent, irregular and recurrent droughts for the past 42 years. The driest year was 2021, the most severe drought ever experienced across Iraq. The results of this study will help planners develop informed water resources policies and will also be useful for predictive systems that provide advance warning.
A Green Approach by Employing Two Bacterial Strains(Streptococcus thermophilus) and (Bacillus coagulans) to Reduce Graphene Oxide
Authors: Abbas Abtisam Jasim , Ghazzay Ali A. , Walli Hazim A.
Published: July 2024

Unprecedentedly, an eco-friendly green approach is used to reduce graphene oxide via two bacterial strains (Streptococcus thermophilus and Bacillus coagulans). Bionanotechnology and microbial reduction of GO are considered safe for the environment, cheap, easy, and green. The UV-visible spectroscopy of rGO nanoparticles revealed a prominent absorption peak at 260 nm attributed to redshift. SEM scan revealed a wavy fold and semispherical nanoparticles distributed unevenly with sharp edges and dimensions ranging between (22-28nm). The peaks of oxygen functional groups were reduced in the FTIR spectra; thus a minor peak was detected at wavelength 3050 indicates there is a minor degradation or aggregation of rGO. X-ray diffraction measurements exhibited sharp signals, which indicates a crystal shape of rGO and the diffraction peak appears at 2θ = 28.21° corresponded to a d-spacing roughly 0.31nm. Finally, AFM images exhibited the roughness of rGO nanoparticles. Current results revealed the fruitful bacterial reduction of GO by the exclusion of water molecules and efficient oxygen groups from the graphene oxide interlayer.
Study the Air Pollution in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital During the Operation and Extinguishing of the Medical Incinerator
Authors: Jabbar Ahmed Thamer , Marhoon Khitam Abbas
Published: July 2024

The current study was conducted to evaluate the air quality inside the Diwaniyah General Teaching Hospital, as well as during the operation of the medical incinerator. This multi-function air quality monitor was used to measure formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM0.1, PM10), temperature, relative humidity results.
A Huge Dust Storm Influenced Air Quality on 16 May 2022 in Baghdad City, Iraq; Tracked Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Meteorological Data
Authors: Attiya Ali A. , Jones Brian G.
Published: July 2024

Intense weather events can impact air quality in Iraq. Atmospheric pollution has stand out as an important hazard factor influencing the well-being of the people and health in the latest years. In May 2022, various parts of Iraq experienced an intense dust storm, causing extensive air quality deterioration. Massive dust storms passed over much of Middle East and Iraq, including Baghdad city in May 2022 and reduced the visibility range to below 100 m for some hours producing severe environmental, social and health impacts. Using remote sensing and surface meteorological station data, we examine the synoptic surface weather conditions, characteristics transport and sources of dust, and related influences on air quality through this dust event above Baghdad on 16 May 2022. The concentrations of PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and PM10 (<10 μm) have took by chosen ambient air pollution observing station in Iraq and remote sensing data. The maximum values of PM2.5 (498 μg/m3) were observed in the capital city of Baghdad by US Embassy, Iraq, while concentrations of PM10 in Baghdad ranged from 1000-5000 μg/m3, this means higher the standard air quality concentrations in Iraq (50 μg/m3) hourly. The backward pathways of air masses refer to the possible dust source areas created by Saharan and Desert regions of Syria and then crossed over northwest Iraq. It then travelled towards central and southern Iraq. The pathways of dust event was agreed with the satellite images from CALIPSO and MODIS platforms and the satellite of NAPPS model revealed that the rose of dust event to higher than 8 kilometres in the dust storm. Many cities of Iraq exposed the extreme dust activity because of the north-west winds (Shamal wind) created via air pressure lows and air cold masses above northwest Iraq. NAAPS Aerosol Model show the high concentrations of dust and dust plume travelled over the Syrian - Iraqi borders before progressively moving through the northwest, central, east, and south regions of Iraq before reaching the north shore of the Arabian Gulf.
Seasonal Abundance of Aphids on Apple Cultivars and Their Chemical Control
Authors: Ahmed Faten M. , Al-khazraji Hind I.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted out in one of the apple orchards in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, which is planted with local apple cultivars Kofi, Sharabi and Al-Rahbi, to study the population densities of the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi) and the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) and to evaluate some chemical pesticides to combat them. The results indicated the appearance of the first green apple aphid A. pomi. It was at the end of October on the Kofi cultivar, and the first appearance of A. pomi on the Sharabi and Al-Rahbi cultivars was in the second week of December, and the highest infection rate was in the first week of May with a population density of 59.10, 50.65 and 16.25 nymphs. /leaf and 5.82, 6.22 and 1.48 adults/leaf and respectively for the three above-mentioned cultivars, while the first appearance of the rosy apple aphid D. plantaginea was in the first week of March on the Kofi cultivar, while the first appearance of D. plantaginea on the Sharabi and Al-Rahbi cultivars It was in the third week of March, and the peak infestation reached in the fourth week of April, with a population density of 81.89 and 60.59 nymphs/leaf and 9.88 and 7.16 8 adults/leaf for both the Kofi and Sharabi cultivars, respectively, and for the Al-Rahbi cultivar, the first appearance was in the week. The third of April, with a rate of 8.24 nymphs/leaf and 0.97 adults/leaf. The results indicated that the Kofi apple trees were the most susceptible to infection compared to the rest of the cultivars, while the Al-Rahbi cultivar was the most resistant to aphid infestation. The results of evaluating the effectiveness of the pesticides Arando, Nestor and Oxymatrine in reducing the population density of the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi) and the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) also indicated that the pesticide Arando was superior to the rest of the pesticides in combating the insect A. pomi and the relative effectiveness rate reached 72.39% compared to the two pesticides Nestor and Oxymatrine. Oxymatrine, the relative effectiveness of which reached 63.32 and 58.20%, respectively. As for the relative effectiveness of the pesticides on D. plantaginea, it reached an average of 85.77, 88.23, and 94.36% for Oxymatrine, Arando, and Nestor, respectively. Nestor was superior to the rest of the pesticides in Control of D. plantaginea insect.
Evaluating some Safe Compounds’ Fatal Concentrations Against Culex pipiens molestus Forskal Mosquito Larvae in their Third Instar
Authors: Yaseen Aulfat T. , Mustafa Muneef A.
Published: July 2024

The toxicity of various compounds was investigated in this study using Culex p. larvae in their third instar. A mosquito’s third instar larvae were fatally affected by a concentration of 40 ppm of thymol on the fifth day of the experiment, with a 100% rate of fatalities However, the second day of treatment, 100% of the larvae died from Ethyl salicylate (80 ppm). The dose of Sulphamic acid (500 ppm) administered on the sixth day of treatment killed almost all of the treated larvae. The larvae died completely on the fifth day of the study due to the 800 ppm concentration of Dihydroxy toluene (DHT). A concentration of 1000 parts per million (Sulfanilamide) resulted in a full death of the larvae on the seventh day of the study. The inhibition of egg-laying action of compounds solutions. the concentrations used to kill third-instar mosquito larvae had the effect of completely preventing egg-laying at all concentrations. To obtain the concentrations at which female mosquitoes could lay eggs, the concentrations utilized in the experiment to kill the third instar of mosquitoes were lowered.
The Effect of some Herbicides and Spraying Periods on the Growth and Weeds of a Soybean Crop (Glycin max L.)
Authors: Sakar J. Jauhar , Al-Mafrajy A. S. H.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq for the 2022-2023 agricultural season in the fields of the Agricultural Research Station in Erbil / Ain Kawa Governorate on 5/28/2022. With the aim of knowing the effect of the herbicides (imazethapyr and the mixture of bentazone + Calant Super) and the recommended quantities for each of these pesticides and the spraying periods of these pesticides, which included four periods (two weeks, four weeks, six weeks and eight weeks) after the germination of the soybean crop of the Shaima variety). The experiment was applied according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) as a global experiment with three replications, and the results showed that the weed-free treatment was superior to the rest of the pesticide treatments because control was used throughout the growing season and for all the studied weed characteristics, which included the percentage of control, the dry weight of the bush, and the weed index. As for the periods, Spraying: The two spraying periods were superior, two weeks after germination and four weeks. As for the dry weight characteristic of the bush, the two spraying periods were superior after four weeks and six weeks. As for the bush index characteristic, the two spraying periods were superior after six weeks and four weeks after germination. As for the effect of herbicide treatments on the characteristics of vegetative growth (plant height, number of branches, plant-1, leaf area), the treatment without weeds was superior in the characteristics of plant height and number of branches. Plant-1. As for the protective area characteristic, the pesticide mixture treatment (pentazone) was superior. + Callant Super. As for the effect of spraying periods on the characteristics of vegetative growth, the spray treatment after six weeks was superior in terms of plant height. As for the characteristics of leaf area and number of branches. Plant-1, the spray treatment after four weeks was superior and achieved the highest average.
The Effect of Spraying Iron, Zinc and Copper Nanoparticles on the Components of the Crop of Two Cultivars of Bread Wheat
Authors: Hamagharib Rojbayany Salam Naji , Aziz Aljoburi Jasim Mohammed
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to find out the effect of some micro-nanomaterials by spraying on two types of bread wheat (Fayyad cultivar V1) and (Dijla Al-Khair cultivar V2 late growth) using the Randomized complete block design with three replications that included the use of micro-nanomaterial fertilizer elements (iron), (zinc) and (copper) separately and in combination with Some of them, as the Fayyad cultivar surpassed significantly in the qualification of the number of tillers on the Dijla cultivar without any significant differences between them in the qualities of the height of the plant, the weight of 1000 grains, the harvest index and the economic yield, as the Fayyad cultivar gave the highest Maen for the first three qualities, while the economic yield gave the Dijla cultivar the highest Maen for the trait without any significant differences between the two species, while the biological yield gave the Dijla cultivar the highest Maen for the trait compared to the Fayyad cultivar without any significant difference. As for the effect of fertilizer additions, the results indicated that there were significant differences between the Maens of the studied qualities (number of tillers m-2), (height of the plant cm), (weight of 1000 grains), (grain yield ton hectare-1), (biological yield) and (harvest index), as the treatment (T9) was superior, which included (iron + zinc +copper) at the expense of other additives and gave the highest values of (767.17) plant tillers-2, (97.867) plant cm-1, (7.891) ton hectar-1, (23.533) ton hectar-1 respectively and that the control treatment (T1) gave the lowest values.
First Record of Endophytic fungi Thielavia basicola Isolated from Xerophyte Plants Suaeda aegyptiaca in Basra, Iraq
Authors: Awad Lina K. , Fayyadh Mohammed A.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted with the aim of isolating endophytic fungi from the xerophyte plant Suaeda aegyptiaca. In this study, Thielavia basicola was isolated from the stem of the plant S. aegyptiaca spread in Basrah city, fungus was identified basis on its morphological features and molecular based on amplification of the ITS gene region and the nucleotide sequence of the fungus was deposited in the Genebank under the accession number MT277121.1. The metabolites of the fungal filtrate T. basicola were identified using by GC-MS technology and the results showed that this fungus produces 40 compounds as extracellular secondary metabolites, the most important of which are 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- and Tributylacetylcitrate and N-Hexadecanoic acid. This is the first study in which T. basicola is isolated from S. aegyptiaca from desert in Iraq.
The Toxicity and Repellent Activities of some Commercial Products Against Apricot Aphids, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy)
Authors: Abbas Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi , Salim Hussein Ali , Abdullah Alhadithy Osama Taha Hammadi
Published: July 2024

The present study was carried out in 2023 at the Directorate of Diyala Agriculture’s plant pathology laboratory to assess the commercial products, which included spinosad, nimbecidine, oxymatrine, and the bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in addition to alphacypermethrin pesticide with three concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% against adults of Hyalopterus pruni under controlled conditions. Two tests were performed, one to evaluate the expulsion rate and another to evaluate the mortality rate. Oxymatrine recorded the highest increase in the repellency percentages of adults at 82.2% and 91.1% after 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, and the bacteria recorded 97.7% after 10 minutes, whereas spinosad 20% recorded the highest repellency at 93.3% after 5 minutes, the bacteria 20% and 30% recorded 100.0% after 10 minutes, and the bacteria 30% recorded 93.3% after 15 minutes. Oxymatrine recorded higher percentages of mortality (82.2% after 24 hours) and spinosad recorded 55.5% after 48 hours, whereas oxymatrine 20% and spinosad 30% recorded the highest mortality of 90.0% and 73.3% after 24 and 48 hours, respectively.
Growth and Flowering Response of Carnation (Dianthus Chinensis L.) to Application of Phytonutrient “Disper Complex”
Authors: Mohammad Saeed Abdul Kareem A. J. , Ahmed Marir Ekhlas Meteab
Published: July 2024

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding the phytonutrient “Disper Complex” either spraying or adding it as a drench to the soil, on vegetative and flowering growth qualities of carnation (Dianthus Chinensis L.). The experiment was carried out in the lath house of the Horticulture and Landscaping Department Research Station for the year 2020-2021. The experiment included six treatments: (T1) 0 (without application), (T2) 0.75 g L-1 foliar spray, (T3) 1.5 g L-1 foliar spray, (T4) 3 g L-1 foliar spray, (T5) 0.3 g L-1 adding to the soil as a drench, and (T6) 0.6 g L-1 adding to the soil as a drench. Phytonutrient was sprayed and also added to the soil as a drench three times at two-week Intervals between each other, the first spray and adding was carried out a month after the transplanting process. The experiment was carried out by using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental unit included six pots, one plant in each. The results were as follows: Foliar spraying of phytonutrient “Disper Complex” with a concentration of 3 g L-1 surpassed on increasing plant height (19.25 cm), number of branches (8.92 branch plant-1), number of leaves (44.70 leaf plant-1), leaf area (199.81 cm2), leaves relative chlorophyll content (42.47 SPAD) and number of flowers (7.83 flower plant-1), followed by adding plant nutrient as a drench to the soil at 0.6 g l-1 compared with control treatment. There were no significant effects of plant nutrients on main stem diameter, flower diameter, and Flowering date.
Evaluating Effectiveness of Some Inert Dusts and Chemical Pesticides in Tribolium castaneum Coleoptera: Tenebrindae Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Kadhim Al-Musawi Alaa Ahmed
Published: July 2024

The toxicity of three types of inert dusts was tested by mixing them: kaolinite, silica and zeolite against adults of the red rust beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrindae) using four concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 40 dust/kg wheat seeds, and each concentration had three replicates. The experiment was carried out in an incubator at a constant temperature and relative humidity in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) hours of treatment under a probability level of (0.01), with a significant difference. The highest percentage of mortality T.castaneum at a concentration of) 40 (grams within) 72 (hours was 100% compared to) 48 and 24 (at the same concentration, 93.00 and 83.00%, respectively. The germination percentage and root length were also tested using four concentrations as shown above, and the highest germination percentage was %65.17 at the (5) grams concentration, which was a significant difference from the germination percentage of wheat grains of 10, 40, and 20g, which amounted to 58.75, 52.25, and 54.00%, respectively. While the highest percentage for the control treatment at all concentrations was 93%, and the lowest for the silica treatment was 0.00 at a concentration of 40 grams. The highest average root length for the kaolin treatment was 2.50 cm, which differed significantly from the zeolite and silica treatment, amounting to (1.80 and 0.50) cm, respectively. The results of the study also brought to light that different concentrations of the chemical pesticide, Viperidicide, were used against T. castaneum, using three concentrations: 2.5, 5, 7.5 g/emulsion/kg wheat seeds, and each concentration had three replicates. The experiment was carried out on the mortality rate under laboratory conditions in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) hours of treatment under a probability level of (0.01), and with a significant difference, the highest percentage of mortality of T. castaneum at the concentration of 7.5 cm within (72) hours was 100% compared to (48 and 24) at the same concentration of 63.00 and 90.00% respectively. Besides, the root length was tested using three concentrations as shown. above. The highest average root length of Viperidicide pesticide was 2.03 cm at a concentration of 7.5 cm, compared to the lowest at a concentration of 5 and 2.5 cm, 1.86 and 1.50 cm for each, respectively. The germination rate was 100%.