bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulation characteristics by thermal ablation therapy in cancer patients
Authors: Yang Wuwei , Wang Wei , Liu Bing , Zhu Baorang , Li Jing , Xu Debao , Ni Yanli , Bai Li , Liu Guangxian
Published: January 2018

Aim

Thermal ablation therapy has recently emerged as a promising noninvasive treatment modality for localized solid malignancies. Except its direct tumor‐cell‐killing effect on local tumor tissues, the immunomodulatory effect has also long been noticed which too has substantial effect on clinical outcome, but it is complicated. Though much has been investigated and rich evidences have been achieved, the fundamental state and profile of immunomodulation by thermal ablation in cancer patients, its exact mechanism, especially the systematic mechanism, and its effect on antitumor immunity remain unclear.

Methods

In this study, we dynamically monitored the immunomodulation by thermal ablation through combined analysis of peripheral lymphocyte populations, functional T cell subtype Th1 (CD3+CD4+IFN‐r+), Th2 (CD3+CD4+IL‐4+), Tc1 (CD3+CD8+IFN‐r+), Tc2 (CD3+CD8+IL‐4+) and mRNA expression of several immune‐active and ‐suppressive molecules including CD25, CD28, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4, programmed cell death protein 1, Foxp3, transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) and interleukin (IL‐10) in 16 cancer patients.

Results

The results show that local cancer thermal ablation modulated the cellular immunity characterized by obviously downregulation of regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytotoxicity T cells followed by CD4, CD8 and suppressor T cells (Ts), but upregulation of natural killer (NK) cells and mRNA expression of TGF‐β and IL‐10, suggesting a slight inhibition of the cellular immunity which may affect antitumor immunity.

Conclusions

We suggest a further immunomodulation therapy after thermal therapy for recovering a Th1‐ and Tc1‐dominant immune response for pursuing a better long‐term antitumor immunity.
Parental education and family income affect birthweight, early longitudinal growth and body mass index development differently
Authors: Bramsved Rebecka , Regber Susann , Novak Daniel , Mehlig Kirsten , Lissner Lauren , Mårild Staffan
Published: January 2018

Aim

This study investigated the effects of two parental socio‐economic characteristics, education and income, on growth and risk of obesity in children from birth to 8 years of age.

Methods

Longitudinal growth data and national register‐based information on socio‐economic characteristics were available for 3,030 Swedish children. The development of body mass index (BMI) and height was compared in groups dichotomised by parental education and income.

Results

Low parental education was associated with a higher BMI from 4 years of age, independent of income, immigrant background, maternal BMI and smoking during pregnancy. Low family income was associated with a lower birthweight, but did not independently predict BMI development. At 8 years of age, children from less educated families had a three times higher risk of obesity, independent of parental income. Children whose parents had fewer years of education but high income had significantly higher height than all other children.

Conclusion

Parental education protected against childhood obesity, even after adjusting for income and other important parental characteristics. Income‐related differences in height, despite similar BMIs, raise questions about body composition and metabolic risk profiles. The dominant role of education underscores the value of health literacy initiatives for the parents of young children.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in 122 refractory Crohn's disease patients: a multicentre experience
Authors: Wils P. , Bouhnik Y. , Michetti P. , Flourie B. , Brixi H. , Bourrier A. , Allez M. , Duclos B. , Serrero M. , Buisson A. , Amiot A. , Fumery M. , Roblin X. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Filippi J. , Bouguen G. , Abitbol V. , Coffin B. , Simon M. , Laharie D. , Pariente B. ,   Groupe d'Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID)
Published: January 2018

Background

Long‐term outcome of ustekinumab in Crohn's disease (CD) has not been evaluated.

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab and identify the predictive factors of ustekinumab failure‐free persistence in a cohort of anti‐TNF refractory CD patients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective multicentre cohort study including all consecutive CD patients who began subcutaneous ustekinumab and presented a clinical response (defined as a significant improvement of CD‐related clinical symptoms assessed by the patient's physician leading to continued ustekinumab) during the first year of treatment. Primary outcome was treatment failure defined as withdrawal of treatment due to loss of response, intolerance or need for surgery.

Results

Eighty‐eight of the 122 (72%) CD patients beginning ustekinumab from March 2011 to December 2014, responded to ustekinumab and were followed up until November 2016. Median time on ustekinumab was 26.6 (13.4‐34.4) months. Forty‐seven patients (54%) continued ustekinumab with a clinical response and 38 (43%) stopped treatment (32 for failure, five for remission and one for pregnancy). Endoscopic response was observed in 82% of patients with endoscopic evaluation and mucosal healing in 39%. Ustekinumab failure‐free persistence rates were 78% at 12 months, 66% at 24 months and 55% at 36 months. No predictive factor of ustekinumab failure‐free persistence was identified. One severe adverse event was observed (anal adenocarcinoma).

Conclusion

In this cohort of refractory CD patients receiving long‐term ustekinumab therapy, more than 50% of patients continued ustekinumab treatment with no loss of response, intolerance or surgery and with a good safety profile.
Incarcerated obturator hernia treated using a hybrid laparoscopic and anterior preperitoneal approach: A case report
Authors: Yamazaki Yuta , Otowa Yasunori , Kusano Shunsuke , Nakajima Koichi , Satake Shinsuke , Yamasaki Yoshisada
Published: January 2018

Obturator hernia (OH) is a rare cause of bowel obstruction. Although several surgical approaches, including the laparoscopic approach, have been reported to date, a standard approach for treating OH has not been established. A 101‐year‐old woman who presented with constipation and vomiting was admitted to our hospital. CT revealed an incarcerated small bowel within the left obturator foramen, and a diagnosis of left‐sided incarcerated OH with small bowel ileus was made. With the patient under general anesthesia, exploratory laparoscopy was performed; we identified an OH with an incarcerated small bowel, which was judged viable after hernia reduction. We repaired the hernia using an anterior preperitoneal approach under laparoscopic assistance and placed a prosthetic mesh over the obturator foramen. The patient recovered with no postoperative complications and was discharged on postoperative day 4. A hybrid laparoscopic and anterior preperitoneal approach is safe and effective for treating an incarcerated OH in an elderly patient.
Colonic ischemia developed after laparoscopic colectomy for rectosigmoid cancer with focal infrarenal aortic stenosis
Authors: Ikeda Atsuyo , Takahashi Hidekazu , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Haraguchi Naotsugu , Hata Taishi , Matsuda Chu , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki
Published: January 2018

A 69‐year‐old woman with focal infrarenal aortic stenosis was diagnosed with rectosigmoid cancer. Because radical resection for colon cancer required dissection of vessels that supplied blood flow to the legs, revascularization by aortic stent placement was performed before the colectomy. We subsequently performed laparoscopic low anterior resection without any complications. Two and a half years after colectomy, however, the patient developed colonic ischemia due to thrombosis of the dilated marginal artery that served as a collateral artery before stenting. We performed laparoscopic partial colectomy, including the resection of the dilated marginal artery filled with thrombus. An abnormally dilated ex‐collateral artery was thought to have caused vessel occlusion, presumably due to an imbalance in blood flow and vascular diameter.
Evaluation of three hormonal protocols for anovulatory lactating cows under regulations restricting the use of estrogenic compounds
Authors: Yu Guang‐Min , Wu Yue , Wang Xian‐Long , Zhao Shuan , Maeda Teruo , Zeng Shen‐Ming
Published: January 2018

When European Union regulations restricted the use of estrogenic compounds in food‐producing animals, refined hormonal protocols were no longer applicable for anovulatory cows. However, Ovsynch and its adaptations are routinely and uniformly applied to all cows regardless of ovarian function. To evaluate their efficacy on anovulatory cows, 143, 147 and 144 anovulatory cows received Ovsynch, Presynch and G6G protocols, respectively. In comparison, 150 cyclic cows were bred without using a synchronized protocol. Results showed that cows in the Presynch group had luteolysis responding to the last prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) injection greater than the Ovsynch group. The serous progesterone levels at the first gonadotropin‐releasing hormone of Ovsych and the last PGF2α injection was greater in the G6G group than the other two hormonal treatment groups. Concentrations of Ca2+ and total protein in cervical mucus in all three hormone‐treated groups before artificial insemination (AI) were significantly different from the controls. The G6G group obtained a greater pregnancy rate compared with Ovsynch and Presynch, but significantly less than the controls. For open cows in the Ovsynch group, estrus rate within 24 days after the first AI was significantly less than the controls. In conclusion, the G6G treatment resulted to better reproductive performance in anovulatory cows.
The effect of transport on the quality of rabbit meat
Authors: Składanowska‐Baryza Joanna , Ludwiczak Agnieszka , Pruszyńska‐Oszmałek Ewa , Kołodziejski Paweł , Bykowska Marta , Stanisz Marek
Published: January 2018

The analyzed material included 40 hybrid rabbits slaughtered at the age of 90 days. The control group was transported directly after weaning, while the transport group was transported directly prior to slaughter. The experiment was designed to assess the transport stress, carcass and meat quality implications, taking into account the muscle type and sex. The transported animals were characterized by a higher level of blood cortisol, glucose and triglycerides (P < 0.0001), and a lower level of insulin (P < 0.0001) compared to the control group. In the presented study the time post‐mortem affected the pH decline in both rabbit groups (P < 0.0001). The lightness, redness and yellowness of rabbit meat were affected by the transport (P < 0.0001, P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001). The percentage of free water and its share in the total water was higher for the non‐transported rabbits compared to the transported ones (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the meat from the control group was characterized by greater plasticity compared to the transport group (P = 0.003). The chemical composition of rabbit meat was not changed by the effect of transport (P = 0.643–0.979). To conclude, the quality traits of meat from the transported hybrid rabbits clearly indicated the development of dark firm and dry‐like lower quality of meat.
Effects of different rearing systems on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and serum biochemical parameters of Chaohu ducks
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Ah Kan Razafindrabe Richard‐Hermann , Chen Kaikai , Zhao Xiaohui , Yang Lei , Wang Li , Chen Xingyong , Jin Sihua , Geng Zhaoyu
Published: January 2018

This study was conducted using a total of 360 22‐day‐old Chaohu ducks to evaluate the effect of rearing system on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and serum parameters of male and female Chaohu ducks. The birds were divided and raised in separate pens according to sex and rearing system, with three replicate pens of 30 male or 30 female ducks per pen for each rearing system. The rearing systems consisted of a floor rearing system (FRS) and a net rearing system (NRS). Results showed that ducks raised in NRS had better growth performance, whereas, ducks raised in FRS exhibited better carcass traits and meat color, and lower intramuscular fat. For the serum parameters, NRS significantly decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol content, and enhanced total protein and triacylglycerol contents. Male ducks had lower abdominal fat percentage, and higher growth performance and shear force, but there were no other significant differences between sexes. No rearing system × sex interaction was observed in the present study, revealing that rearing system had the same effect on both sexes. In conclusion, NRS was beneficial to the growth performance of Chaohu ducks, whereas this system had some negative effects on carcass traits, meat quality and serum profiles.
An innovative vegetation survey design in Mediterranean cliffs shows evidence of higher tolerance of specialized rock plants to rock climbing activity
Authors: March‐Salas Martí , Moreno‐Moya Miguel , Palomar Gemma , Tejero‐Ibarra Pablo , Haeuser Emily , Pertierra Luis R.
Published: January 2018

Questions

Is rock climbing pressure, together with microtopographic conditions, disturbing cliff plant cover and composition? What are the climbing impacts on rock specialist and non‐specialist species? Can a case‐control approach, not previously implemented in cliff environments, offer additional value for actual and long‐term ecological research?

Location

Chulilla, Levante coast, Spain.

Methods

We surveyed in situ nine rock climbing routes in order to examine differences in plant species richness and vegetation cover between unclimbed and climbed transects. To evaluate the effect of rock climbing on vegetation, we implemented a case‐control methodology using the two zones immediately adjacent to common climbing routes as control points (i.e. unclimbed transects). Three quadrats of 3 m × 3 m were established at different cliff heights. All identified species were categorized as either specialized rock species or non‐specialized rock species based on their habitat preferences from literature. Non‐specialized rock species were further differentiated as either moderately associated with rocky environments or strict generalists. The rock climbing impact on each group of species was analysed using LMM.

Results

Our results provide evidence of the effects of rock climbing on a Mediterranean cliff, which has received little attention so far. Significantly fewer generalist species were present on climbed compared to unclimbed transects, while specialized and moderately specialized rock species were not significantly affected by rock climbing intensity. Furthermore, while rock‐specific and moderately specialized species could cope with microsite heterogeneity, areas with fewer cracks had significantly negative effects on generalist species.

Conclusions

Moderate rock climbing activity on cliff environments might not reduce the presence of specialized rock‐dwelling species; however, this activity inherently impacts the biodiversity of cliff ecosystems due to its large effect on generalist species. We recommend that future conservation studies account for the degree of species dependence on rocky habitats to better understand rock‐climbing impacts in these singular ecosystems. According to our experience, the implementation of an adjacent case‐control survey design for monitoring cliff vegetation can help improve and unify methodology for such studies, as this is still an underdeveloped field.
Availability of Paracetamol Sold Over the Counter in Europe: A Descriptive Cross‐Sectional International Survey of Pack Size Restriction
Authors: Morthorst Britt Reuter , Erlangsen Annette , Nordentoft Merete , Hawton Keith , Hoegberg Lotte Christine Groth , Dalhoff Kim Peder
Published: January 2018

Due to the risk of hepatotoxicity when excessive amounts of paracetamol are consumed, Poisons Information Centers (PICs) frequently receive paracetamol‐related enquiries. This study examined how widely pack size restrictions of paracetamol sold over the counter have been implemented in Europe and also availability of paracetamol through non‐pharmacy outlets and their possible associations with frequency of poisoning enquiries. A cross‐sectional European multi‐centre questionnaire study was performed using a questionnaire to identify the extent and nature of paracetamol pack size restrictions, non‐pharmacy outlet sales and the frequency of paracetamol‐related enquiries to PICs. In total, 21 European countries participated. All PICs provided telephone hotline services. In 14 (67%) countries, pack size restrictions had been implemented in pharmacies (range: 8–30 g). No significant difference (median difference 0.7%, p‐value = 0.36) was found when comparing median frequencies of paracetamol‐related enquiries in countries with pack size restriction to countries without restrictions. A significantly lower median frequency of paracetamol‐related enquiries was found in countries without non‐pharmacy outlet sales compared to those with such sales (median difference 2.2%, p = 0.02). Pack size restrictions on pharmacy sales of paracetamol have been implemented in two‐thirds of examined countries. There was no difference in the proportion of paracetamol‐related enquiries to PICs among countries with and without pack size restrictions. However, a lower rate of paracetamol‐related enquiries was noted in countries where paracetamol was not available in non‐pharmacy outlets.
The dissociative post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subtype: A treatment outcome cohort study in veterans with PTSD
Authors: Haagen Joris F. G. , van Rijn Allison , Knipscheer Jeroen W. , van der Aa Niels , Kleber Rolf J.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Dissociation is a prevalent phenomenon among veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that may interfere with the effectiveness of treatment. This study aimed to replicate findings of a dissociative PTSD subtype, to identify corresponding patterns in coping style, symptom type, and symptom severity, and to investigate its impact on post‐traumatic symptom improvement.

Methods

Latent profile analysis (LPA) was applied to baseline data from 330 predominantly (97%) male treatment‐seeking veterans (mean age 39.5 years) with a probable PTSD. Multinomial logistic models were used to identify predictors of dissociative PTSD. Eighty veterans with PTSD that commenced with psychotherapy were invited for a follow‐up measure after 6 months. The majority (n = 64, 80% response rate) completed the follow‐up measure. Changes in post‐traumatic stress between baseline and follow‐up were explored as a continuous distal outcome.

Results

Latent profile analysis revealed four distinct patient profiles: ‘low’ (12.9%), ‘moderate’ (33.2%), ‘severe’ (45.1%), and ‘dissociative’ (8.8%) PTSD. The dissociative PTSD profile was characterized by more severe pathology levels, though not post‐traumatic reactions symptom severity. Veterans with dissociative PTSD benefitted equally from PTSD treatment as veterans with non‐dissociative PTSD with similar symptom severity.

Conclusions

Within a sample of veterans with PTSD, a subsample of severely dissociative veterans was identified, characterized by elevated severity levels on pathology dimensions. The dissociative PTSD subtype did not negatively impact PTSD treatment.

Practitioner points

The present findings confirmed the existence of a distinct subgroup veterans that fit the description of dissociative PTSD.

Patients with dissociative PTSD subtype symptoms uniquely differed from patients with non‐dissociative PTSD in the severity of several psychopathology dimensions.

Dissociative and non‐dissociative PTSD patients with similar post‐traumatic severity levels showed similar levels of improvement after PTSD treatment.

The observational design and small sample size caution interpretation of the treatment outcome data.

The IES‐R questionnaire does not assess all PTSD DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria (14 of 17), although it is considered a valid measure for an indication of PTSD.
The Emotional Resources Group: Provisional outcome data for a pilot six‐session emotion regulation programme for secondary care
Authors: Bacon Thomas , Doughty Caitriona , Summers Andrew , Wiffen Benjamin , Stanley Zoe , McAlpine Susan
Published: January 2018

Objective

To examine the effectiveness of a new, six‐session emotion regulation group intervention designed for the secondary care setting: The Emotional Resources Group (ERG).

Method

In this pilot study, participants were recruited by referral from secondary care mental health services. Forty‐seven individuals participated in the study. Participants who attended the ERG were compared on measures of emotion regulation, well‐being, and self‐efficacy, pre‐ and post‐intervention.

Results

Intent‐to‐treat analyses indicated highly statistically significant improvements in measures of emotion regulation, well‐being, and self‐efficacy, accompanied by large effect sizes. In addition, improvements in emotion regulation produced good rates of both reliable and clinically significant change.

Conclusions

The ERG may be an effective, brief intervention to improve emotion regulation in the secondary care setting, worthy of further evaluation.

Practitioner points

Clinical implications

Emotion regulation may be an appropriate treatment target to improve well‐being and self‐efficacy in a transdiagnostic population.

The ERG may be effective as a brief emotion regulation intervention for secondary care mental health settings.

Outcomes of the ERG appear to be equivalent to other more intensive group‐based emotion regulation interventions.

The ERG's tailored design may be responsible for positive outcomes.

Limitations

There was a small sample size.

There was no control group.

There was no follow‐up data.
Bridging molecular genetics and participatory research: how access and benefit‐sharing stimulate interdisciplinary research for tropical biology and conservation
Authors: van Zonneveld Maarten , Loo Judy , Maselli Silvana , Madrid Julio Javier , Echeverria José Luis
Published: January 2018

Molecular genetics research can benefit efforts to conserve the genetic diversity of tropical plant species. Clear and efficient procedures are needed to access DNA samples, while respecting tropical countries’ and local communities’ rights on genetic resource usage. The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit‐Sharing, which took effect in 2014, provides an opportunity to establish such procedures. However, scientists are concerned that its emphasis on monetary gains restricts research focused on scientific, societal, and environmental benefits. Despite much political and scientific debate, few concrete cases have demonstrated the practical functioning of the Nagoya Protocol. This paper describes the first application of the Protocol in Guatemala, where it was used to grant permission to a non‐commercial study on gene flow in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) populations in the Maya Biosphere Reserve of Petén. On the basis of this study, we discuss five strategies to enhance the application of molecular genetics to conservation biology under the Nagoya Protocol: (1) generate short and standardized procedures; (2) enable science communication; (3) cultivate a common understanding between users, providers, and potential beneficiaries; (4) involve local research and practitioner organizations; and (5) integrate participatory research. Positive societal views on the application of molecular genetics to conservation biology generate further support for work in this discipline and promote adoption of research results for the conservation of genetic diversity of tropical plant species.
Bilingualism Narrows Socioeconomic Disparities in Executive Functions and Self‐Regulatory Behaviors During Early Childhood: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hartanto Andree , Toh Wei X. , Yang Hwajin
Published: January 2018

Socioeconomic status (SES) and bilingualism have been shown to influence executive functioning during early childhood. Less is known, however, about how the two factors interact within an individual. By analyzing a nationally representative sample of approximately 18,200 children who were tracked from ages 5 to 7 across four waves, both higher SES and bilingualism were found to account for greater performance on the inhibition and shifting aspects of executive functions (EF) and self‐regulatory behaviors in classroom. However, only SES reliably predicted verbal working memory. Furthermore, bilingualism moderated the effects of SES by ameliorating the detrimental consequences of low‐SES on EF and self‐regulatory behaviors. These findings underscore bilingualism's power to enrich executive functioning and self‐regulatory behaviors, especially among underprivileged children.
A Route to Safety: Using Bus Boarding Data to Identify Roles for Transport Providers within Contextual Safeguarding Systems
Authors: Firmin Carlene , Abbott Matthew
Published: January 2018

During adolescence, risk to young people's safety shifts from familial to community contexts. Contextual safeguarding has emerged in response to this dynamic; by providing a conceptual framework through which to incorporate extra‐familial contexts (and those who manage them) into traditionally family focused child protection systems. This paper uses Geographic Information System mapping techniques to explore the extent to which bus boarding data could be used to: target protective interventions in public spaces; evidence routes where young people may be vulnerable; and build local area problem profiles. In doing so it provides foundational evidence for including transport providers in contextual safeguarding systems.
Stem cell therapy in refractory perineal Crohn's disease: long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Wainstein C. , Quera R. , Fluxá D. , Kronberg U. , Conejero A. , López‐Köstner F. , Jofre C. , Zarate A. J.
Published: January 2018

Aim

To describe the long‐term outcomes of adipose‐mesenchymal stem cells, platelet‐rich plasma and endorectal advancement flaps in patients with perineal Crohn's disease.

Method

This was a single‐centre, prospective, observational pilot study performed between March 2013 and December 2016. The study included adult patients diagnosed with perianal Crohn's disease (with complex perianal fistulas) refractory to previous surgical and/or biological treatment. Patients underwent surgical treatment in two stages. Stage 1 consisted of fistula mapping, drainage, seton placement and lipoaspiration to obtain adipose‐mesenchymal stem cells. In stage 2 the setons were removed and the fistula tract was debrided. A small endorectal advancement flap was created, with closure of the previous internal fistula opening. Then, 100–120 million adipose‐mesenchymal stem cells mixed with platelet‐rich plasma were injected into the internal fistula opening and fistula tract.

Results

The study included nine patients (seven women), with a median age of 36 years (range 23–57 years). Eleven fistula tracks were treated, of which two were pouch–vaginal fistulas. The median follow‐up period was 31 months (range 21–37 months). At the end of the follow‐up period, 10/11 (91%) fistulas were completely healed and 1/11 (9%) was partially healed. At the end of this period, there was no evidence of fistula relapse or adverse reactions in any patients. The Perianal Disease Activity Index and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores significantly improved after the procedure.

Conclusion

Combined therapy with adipose‐mesenchymal stem cells, platelet‐rich plasma and endorectal advancement flaps yielded good results in patients with refractory perineal Crohn's disease.
The Emergence of Organizing Structure in Conceptual Representation
Authors: Lake Brenden M. , Lawrence Neil D. , Tenenbaum Joshua B.
Published: January 2018

Both scientists and children make important structural discoveries, yet their computational underpinnings are not well understood. Structure discovery has previously been formalized as probabilistic inference about the right structural form—where form could be a tree, ring, chain, grid, etc. (Kemp & Tenenbaum, 2008). Although this approach can learn intuitive organizations, including a tree for animals and a ring for the color circle, it assumes a strong inductive bias that considers only these particular forms, and each form is explicitly provided as initial knowledge. Here we introduce a new computational model of how organizing structure can be discovered, utilizing a broad hypothesis space with a preference for sparse connectivity. Given that the inductive bias is more general, the model's initial knowledge shows little qualitative resemblance to some of the discoveries it supports. As a consequence, the model can also learn complex structures for domains that lack intuitive description, as well as predict human property induction judgments without explicit structural forms. By allowing form to emerge from sparsity, our approach clarifies how both the richness and flexibility of human conceptual organization can coexist.
Developing Pharmacogenomic Reports: Insights from Patients and Clinicians
Authors: Jones Laney K. , Kulchak Rahm Alanna , Gionfriddo Michael R. , Williams Janet L. , Fan Audrey L. , Pulk Rebecca A. , Wright Eric A. , Williams Marc S.
Published: January 2018

Increasingly, for a variety of indications, patients have their genomes sequenced and actionable results returned. A subset of returned results is pharmacogenomic (PGx) variants involved in the metabolism or action of medications. Although the impact of these variants on health is well‐documented, little research exists on how to communicate these findings to patients and clinicians. We conducted semistructured interviews with end users to understand how best to communicate PGx results. Overall, patients and clinicians had similar opinions regarding report content, delivery, and application. Unique concerns specific to each stakeholder group were also expressed. Patients wanted an easy‐to‐understand individualized report that clinicians utilized to guide their care. Clinicians wanted reports that were easy‐to‐use, actionable, and integrated into their workflow. Implementation of these reports in a clinical setting will allow for broader user feedback and iterative improvement.
Do estuaries with different fishing activity have different fish assemblages and populations?
Authors: Astles K. L. , McLeod J.
Published: January 2018

Commercial and recreational fishing have impacts on fish assemblages and populations, but does their combined fishing pressure result in different fish assemblages in estuaries with only one type of fishing activity? This pilot study tested the model that estuaries with only one type of fishing activity have fewer impacts on fish assemblages and populations than estuaries with more than one type because the fishing pressure in the latter will be greater and results in different fish assemblages and taxa. Fish assemblages and populations, including diversity, abundance and size, did not significantly differ despite exposure to different fishing activities. Detecting differences in fish assemblages in estuaries associated with different fishing activities is difficult as smaller scale spatial and temporal factors have a significant influence on the patterns observed. This highlights the importance of paying close attention to the design of sampling programmes. The nested design of this study enabled identification of where greater effort is required to increase the capacity to detect differences. Recommendations for future studies are provided.
Cost‐effectiveness analyses of anti‐hepatitis C virus treatments using quality of life scoring among patients with chronic liver disease in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan
Authors: Kaishima Terumi , Akita Tomoyuki , Ohisa Masayuki , Sakamune Kazuaki , Kurisu Akemi , Sugiyama Aya , Aikata Hiroshi , Chayama Kazuaki , Tanaka Junko
Published: January 2018

Aim

We estimated the cost‐effectiveness of direct‐acting antiviral treatment (DAA) compared to triple therapy (simeprevir, pegylated interferon‐α [Peg‐IFN], and ribavirin [RBV]) (scenario 1), Peg‐IFN + RBV (scenario 2), and non‐antiviral therapy (scenario 3).

Methods

Cost‐effectiveness was evaluated as incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) using direct costs and indirect costs, which included loss of wages during the patient's lifetime due to early death caused by viral hepatitis infection. Quality of life (QOL) scores were determined by EQ‐5D‐3L questionnaire survey on 200 HCV patients in Hiroshima.

Results

The QOL scores for chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma were estimated as 0.871, 0.774, and 0.780, respectively. The follow‐up period that the ICER of scenario 1 becomes shortest (cost <¥6 million) was 25 years after treatment in men and women who started treatment at the age of 20–60. In contrast, those of scenarios 2 and 3 was 10 years after treatment in patients who started treatment at age <80 years. Based on the sensitivity analysis in scenario 1, the most significant factor affecting the value of ICER is the QOL score after sustained virologic response (SVR), followed by the SVR rate of DAA or follow‐up period.

Conclusions

Direct‐acting antiviral treatment was estimated to be cost‐effective from 10 to 25 years after treatment, depending on the SVR rate of the drugs and the age of onset of treatment. In order to increase the cost‐effectiveness of DAA treatment, measures or effort to improve the QOL score of patients after SVR are necessary.
Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir combination therapy for genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients complicated with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Arai Taeang , Atsukawa Masanori , Tsubota Akihito , Ikegami Tadashi , Shimada Noritomo , Kato Keizo , Abe Hiroshi , Okubo Tomomi , Itokawa Norio , Kondo Chisa , Mikami Shigeru , Asano Toru , Chuganji Yoshimichi , Matsuzaki Yasushi , Toyoda Hidenori , Kumada Takashi , Iio Etsuko , Tanaka Yasuhito , Iwakiri Katsuhiko
Published: January 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to clarify the effects and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (OBT/PTV/r) therapy in genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients with non‐dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

This retrospective, multicenter study of 12‐week OBT/PTV/r therapy included genotype 1b patients with non‐dialysis CKD. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Virologic responses and treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in patients with CKD were compared with those in patients without CKD.

Results

Two hundred and thirty‐five patients with a median age of 67 years (range, 27–89 years) were enrolled, consisting of 181 patients without CKD and 54 patients with CKD. Overall, the rates of rapid virologic response (RVR), end of treatment response (ETR), and sustained virologic response (SVR) were 78.7%, 98.7%, and 98.7%, respectively. Among the 181 non‐CKD patients, the rates were 77.3% (140/181), 98.9% (179/181), and 98.9% (179/181), respectively. Among the 54 CKD patients, the rates were 83.3% (45/54), 98.1% (53/54), and 98.1% (53/54), respectively. There were no significant differences in the virologic response rates between the two groups (P = 0.449 for RVR, 0.545 for ETR, and 0.545 for SVR). In the CKD group, the eGFR level did not significantly change throughout the treatment period. There was no significant difference in the incidence of TEAEs or treatment discontinuation due to TEAEs between the two groups.

Conclusion

The present study showed that the effects and safety of OBV/PTV/r therapy in genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients with non‐dialysis CKD were not inferior to those in patients without CKD.
Phase evolution and chemical durability of Zr1‐xCexO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) ceramics
Authors: Ding Yi , Long Xinggui , Peng Shuming , Tan Zhaoyi , Zhang Dong , Lu Xirui
Published: January 2018

Ce‐doped zirconia ceramics with general stoichiometry of Zr1‐xCexO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been obtained by substitution of Ce4+ for Zr4+ in ZrO2. The phase and microstructure evolutions of the ceramics were investigated, and the effects of composition, temperature, and pH value on the chemical durability of the ceramics were also studied. The results show that the phase transformation from monoclinic to tetragonal takes place at about x = 0.2, and from tetragonal to cubic at about x = 0.6. It is found that the increase in Ce content and/or sinter temperature promote the phase transformation. The leaching studies show that the normalized leaching rates of Ce (LRCe) increase with increasing Ce content. Moreover, LRCe in acid solution are higher than those in neutral and alkaline solution. After 42 days, LRCe is 10−5 ~ 10−7 g m−2 d−1 under all different leaching conditions, exhibiting their excellent chemical durability.
The effect of BaTiO3 addition on the dielectric constant of Si3N4 ceramics
Authors: Liang Hanqin , Xia Yongfeng , Zuo Kaihui , Yao Dongxu , Yin Jinwei , Zeng Yuping
Published: January 2018

Si3N4 ceramics with different BaTiO3 contents have been fabricated by pressureless sintering in a N2 atmosphere at 1680°C for 2 h. Al2O3 and Nd2O3 were used as sintering additives to promote the densification of Si3N4 ceramics. The effect of BaTiO3 addition on the densification, mechanical properties, phase compositions, microstructure, and dielectric properties of Si3N4 ceramics was investigated. The relative density and flexural strength of Si3N4 ceramics increased with the addition of BaTiO3 up to 15 wt% and then decreased, while the dielectric constant increased continuously as the BaTiO3 contents increased. The dielectric constant of Si3N4 ceramics can be tailored in the range from 8.42 to 12.96 by the addition of 5 wt%‐20 wt% BaTiO3. Meanwhile, these Si3N4 ceramics all had flexural strength higher than 500 MPa.
Syntactic complexity in L2 writing: Individual pathways and emerging group trends
Authors: Bulté Bram , Housen Alex
Published: January 2018

The present study aims to contribute to a fuller understanding of how the L2 production of L2 learners varies over time in terms of syntactic complexity by analyzing a substantive number of English L2 writing samples (n = 11) produced by a sizable group of learners (n = 10) over a relatively long period of time (19 months), using a judicious selection of quantitative measures of syntactic complexity. The focus is on synchronic and diachronic variation, both within and across learners. Our analyses show that whereas development over time is relatively regular at the group level, individual developmental paths are characterized by a high degree of variability and often deviate from the mean group trends.
Sugar intake by type (added vs. naturally occurring) and physical form (liquid vs. solid) and its varying association with children's body weight, NHANES 2009–2014
Authors: Welsh J. A. , Wang Y. , Figueroa J. , Brumme C.
Published: January 2018

Background

Sugars and their primary dietary sources (milk, fruits, sweetened foods and beverages) are associated, in different ways, with a range of health outcomes, including obesity. The contribution made to total sugar intake and how the different types and forms of sugar associate with body weight is unclear.

Objective

To describe sugar consumption and examine its association with weight status among U.S. children by sugar type [added {AS} vs. naturally occurring {NOS}] and form (solid vs. liquid).

Design

Cross‐sectional dietary data (2 24‐h recalls) from children 2–19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2014 (n = 8136) were used to estimate the amount of each type and form of sugar by age and weight status. Linear regression models tested trends and the multivariate adjusted association between the different sugars and weight status.

Results

Mean total sugar, AS, and NOS was 118.1 g [25.3% total energy {TE}], 71.5 g (14.8% TE), 46.7 g (10.5% TE), respectively. AS in sugar‐sweetened (non‐dairy) beverages and NOS in juices contributed 6.9% and 2.4% of TE, respectively. Only %TE from AS (controlled for potential demographic, lifestyle confounders) was associated with change in body mass index z‐score (BMIz) [AS in beverages: BMIz β + 0.01 {95% CI: 0.002, 0.03}; AS in foods: BMIz β − 0.03 {95% CI: −0.04, −0.02}].

Conclusion

Dietary sugars, most of which are AS, are a major contributor of calories in the diets of U.S. children. Only AS in non‐dairy sources were associated with weight although the direction differed by the form consumed. AS in beverages were associated positively and those in foods were associated inversely with children's weight status.
Dynamic pricing, quality investment, and replenishment model for perishable items
Authors: Feng Lin
Published: January 2018

The deterioration of perishable items results not only in direct quantitative losses, but also in qualitative losses, which would reduce the customer acceptability. To maintain or improve the quality level, sellers usually invest in functionality, aesthetics, safety or any other attributes. In addition to quality, price also plays a critical role in influencing the purchase choice of consumers and the profit of a firm. Most inventory management models for perishables are restricted to physical quantity deterioration and do not address joint dynamic pricing and quality investment strategies. This paper studies an optimal replenishment model with dynamic pricing and quality investment for perishable products, where the quality and physical quantity deteriorate simultaneously. The demand rate is decreasing in sales price and increasing in quality level. A dynamic optimization model is proposed to maximize the total profit per unit time and solved on the basis of Pontryagin's maximum principle. The optimal joint dynamic pricing, quality investment, and replenishment policy is obtained. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis on the key system parameters are presented to illustrate the validity of the theoretical results. Some managerial implications for the pricing and quality investment for the perishables are provided.
Polymer‐derived ceramic adsorbent for pollutant removal from water
Authors: Zeydanli Damla , Akman Suleyman , Vakifahmetoglu Cekdar
Published: January 2018

Polymer‐derived ceramic components (SiOC, sample W) were produced from preceramic polymer mixture and a catalyst. After curing and pyrolysis, some of the samples etched by hydrofluoric acid to obtain carbonaceous SiOC (C‐rich SiOC, sample W‐HF). W and W‐HF were tested as an adsorbent material to remove both heavy‐metal ions (Cr (III), Pb (III), and Cd (II)) and cationic dyes (Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB), and Crystal Violet (CV)) from aqueous solutions. HF‐treated high surface area SiOC samples had quite high adsorption affinity for cationic dyes. According the Langmuir isotherm model the maximum dye uptake values were found to be around to 50 mg/g for sample W, whereas those for sample W‐HF ranged from 104 to 186 mg/g. Regeneration studies were conducted both by heat treatment and leaching, high recovery yields (always above 97%) of MB adsorption were obtained.
Species distribution models for Peruvian plantcutter improve with consideration of biotic interactions
Authors: Atauchi P. Joser , Peterson A. Townsend , Flanagan Jeremy
Published: January 2018

Biotic interactions have been controversial in distributional ecology, mainly in regards to whether they have effects over broad extents, with the negative view known as the Eltonian noise hypothesis (ENH). In this study, we evaluated the ENH forPhytotoma raimondii,a restricted‐range Peruvian endemic bird species: we developed models based on 1) only abiotic conditions, 2) only host plant distributions, and 3) both abiotic conditions and host plant distributions; models were evaluated with partial receiver operating characteristic test and Akaike information criteria metrics. We rejected the ENH for this case: biotic interactions improved the model. The frequency with which exceptions to the ENH are detected has important implications for distributional ecology and methods for estimating distributions of species.
Asset specificity and conditional accounting conservatism
Authors: Li Qingyuan , Xu Li
Published: January 2018

Asset specificity, the redeployability of an asset to alternative uses, is a key determinant of an asset's resale value. Asset specificity has a direct impact on a firm's ongoing fair value determination, bankruptcy risk, liquidation value, and abandonment option. We document a significant negative association between asset specificity and conditional conservatism. Further tests reveal that this inverse relation manifests as bad news being less quickly incorporated in earnings as asset specificity increases. We find no difference in the extent to which good news is delayed in earnings for firms conditional on asset specificity. In addition, the documented association is stronger when asset specificity arises from lower within‐industry acquisition activity. The association is also more pronounced for firms that are in less competitive industries, have institutional investors, have limited access to the public debt market, and/or have more unsecured debt. Our findings are noteworthy for regulators and researchers given the recent interest in the determinants of conservatism.
Quality of life with ablation or medical therapy for ventricular arrhythmias: A substudy of VANISH
Authors: Gula Lorne J. , Doucette Steve , Leong‐Sit Peter , Tang Anthony S.L. , Parkash Ratika , Sarrazin Jean‐Francois , Thibault Bernard , Essebag Vidal , Tung Stanley K. , Deyell Marc W. , Raymond Jean‐Marc , Lane Chris , Nery Pablo B. , Veenhuyzen George D. , Redfearn Damian P. , Healey Jeffrey S. , Roux Jean‐Francois , Giddens Karen , Sapp John L.
Published: January 2018

Background/objective

We compared health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients randomized to escalated therapy and those randomized to ablation for ventricular tachycardia in the VANISH trial.

Methods

HRQoL was assessed among VANISH patients at baseline and 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up visits. Four validated instruments were used: the SF‐36, the implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) Concerns questionnaire (ICDC), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ‐5D). Linear mixed‐effects modeling was used for repeated measures with SF‐36, HADS, ICDC, and EQ‐5D as dependent variables. In a second model, treatment was subdivided by amiodarone use prior to enrollment.

Results

HRQoL did not differ significantly between those randomized to ablation or escalated therapy. On subgroup analysis, improvement in SF‐36 measures was seen at 6 months in the ablation group for social functioning (63.5–69.3, P = 0.03) and energy/fatigue (43.0–47.9, P = 0.01). ICDC measures showed a reduction in ICD concern in the ablation group at 6 months (10.4–8.7, P = 0.01) and a reduction in ICD concern in the escalated therapy group at 6 months (10.9–9.4, P = 0.04). EQ‐5D measures showed a significant improvement in overall health in ablation patients at 6 months (63.4–67.3, P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Patients in the VANISH study randomized to ablation did not have a significant change in quality of life outcomes compared to those randomized to escalated therapy. Some subgroup findings were significant, as those randomized to ablation showed persistent improvement in SF‐36 energy/fatigue and ICD concern, and transient improvement in SF‐36 social functioning and EQ‐5D overall health.