bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualizing inhibition of fatty acid synthase through mass spectrometric analysis of mitochondria from melanoma cells
Authors: Zecchin Karina G. , Alberici Luciane C. , Riccio Maria Francesca , Eberlin Marcos N. , Vercesi Aníbal E. , Graner Edgard , Catharino Rodrigo R.
Published: January 2011

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the metabolic enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of the saturated long‐chain fatty acid palmitate. In contrast to most normal cells, FASN is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including cutaneous melanoma, in which its levels of expression are associated with a poor prognosis and depth of invasion. Recently, we have demonstrated the mitochondrial involvement in FASN inhibition‐induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. Herein we compare, via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), free fatty acids (FFA) composition of mitochondria isolated from control (EtOH‐treated cells) and Orlistat‐treated B16‐F10 mouse melanoma cells. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the ESI‐MS data and found to separate the two groups of samples. Mitochondria from control cells showed predominance of six ions, that is, those of m/z 157 (Pelargonic, 9:0), 255 (Palmitic, 16:0), 281 (Oleic, 18:1), 311 (Arachidic, 20:0), 327 (Docosahexaenoic, 22:6) and 339 (Behenic, 22:0). In contrast, FASN inhibition with Orlistat changes significantly mitochondrial FFA composition by reducing synthesis of palmitic acid, and its elongation and unsaturation products, such as arachidic and behenic acids, and oleic acid, respectively. ESI‐MS of mitochondria isolated from Orlistat‐treated cells presented therefore three major ions of m/z 157 (Pelargonic, 9:0), 193 (unknown) and 199 (Lauric, 12:0). These findings demonstrate therefore that FASN inhibition by Orlistat induces significant changes in the FFA composition of mitochondria. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study about the Influence of Carbon Content in the Steel on the Casting Behavior
Authors: Xia G. , Bernhard C. , Ilie S. , Fuerst C.
Published: January 2011

In the casting process of steels with a C‐content ranging from 0.09 to 0.53 mass%, austenite is formed as secondary crystal phase by peritectic reaction between crystal of δ ferrite and residual melt. For unalloyed or micro‐alloyed steels the C‐content or C‐equivalent influences the casting behavior of steel in the mould, such as strand shell growth, crack formation, heat transfer, temperature fluctuation in the copper plate, mould level fluctuation and oscillation marks formation. The negative casting behavior like the uneven strand shell growth, the deep oscillation mark formation, the high mould level fluctuation, the crack formation on the strand surface were found mostly for steel with C‐content or Cp between 0.10–0.13 mass%. The strand shell structure (strand shell growth, mushy zone, δ + γ phase transformation) and shrinkage of the strand shell were simulated depending on the C‐content by means of mathematical simulation. On the basis of the simulation results and of the measured high temperature strength of steel the dependence of stiffness and the irregularity of the shrinkage of strand shell on the C‐content was investigated. It was found that the stiffness and irregularity of the shrinkage of the strand shell reach the maximum value at a C‐content of about 0.12 mass%.
Genome-Wide Studies Reveal That Lin28 Enhances the Translation of Genes Important for Growth and Survival of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Peng Shuping , Chen Ling-Ling , Lei Xin-Xiang , Yang Li , Lin Haifan , Carmichael Gordon G. , Huang Yingqun
Published: January 2011

Lin28 inhibits the expression of let-7 microRNAs but also exhibits let-7-independent functions. Using immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing, we show here that Lin28 preferentially associates with a small subset of cellular mRNAs. Of particular interest are those for ribosomal proteins and metabolic enzymes, the expression levels of which are known to be coupled to cell growth and survival. Polysome profiling and reporter analyses suggest that Lin28 stimulates the translation of many or most of these targets. Moreover, Lin28-responsive elements were found within the coding regions of all target genes tested. Finally, a mutant Lin28 that still binds RNA but fails to interact with RNA helicase A (RHA), acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of Lin28-dependent stimulation of translation. We suggest that Lin28, working in concert with RHA, enhances the translation of genes important for the growth and survival of human embryonic stem cells.
Brief Report: Combined Chemical Treatment Enables Oct4-Induced Reprogramming from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts
Authors: Yuan Xu , Wan Haifeng , Zhao Xiaoyang , Zhu Saiyong , Zhou Qi , Ding Sheng
Published: January 2011

It has been established that exogenous expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc) can reprogram mammalian somatic cells to pluripotent states. Further studies demonstrated that such induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be generated with fewer exogenous transcription factors, facilitated by endogenous expression of reprogramming factors and/or synthetic small molecules. Here, we reported identification of a new small molecule, a protein arginine methyltransferase inhibitor AMI-5, which enabled Oct4-induced reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in combination with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inhibitor A-83-01. The Oct4-induced iPSCs were shown similar to mouse embryonic stem cells with respect to typical pluripotency criteria. More importantly, they were shown to give rise to liveborn pups through tetraploid complementation assays, demonstrating the high quality of full reprogramming induced by this condition. Furthermore, this study suggests that regulation of protein arginine methylation might be involved in the reprogramming process.
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Tumors: When Stem Cells Go Mad
Authors: Mohseny Alexander B. , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W.
Published: January 2011

Sarcomas are nonepithelial, nonhematopoietic malignant tumors that arise from the embryonic mesoderm. Despite their rarity, less than 10% of all cancers, sarcomas are accountable for relatively high morbidity and mortality especially in children and adolescents. Although there are some hereditary conditions predisposing sarcoma, such as the Li-Fraumeni and Retinoblastoma syndrome, the vast majority of these tumors are sporadic. Based on their histological morphology, sarcomas have been divided into a broad spectrum of subtypes recognized in the 2002 WHO classification of tumors. This wide lineage range suggests that sarcomas originate from either many committed different cell types or from a multipotent cell, subsequently driven into a certain lineage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into many cell types needed to create mature structures like vessels, muscle, and bone. These multipotent cells can be isolated from several adult human tissues and massively expanded in culture, making them both of use for research as well as potential beneficial therapeutical agents. For this reason MSCs are being extensively studied, however, concerns have raised about whether they are the putative originating cells of sarcoma and their questionable role in cancer progression. Recent accomplishments in the field have broadened our knowledge of MSCs in relation to sarcoma origin, sarcoma treatment and the safety of MSCs usage in therapeutic settings.
The upstream flow of a wind turbine: blockage effect
Authors: Medici D. , Ivanell S. , Dahlberg J.‐Å. , Alfredsson P. H.
Published: January 2011

The flow upstream a wind turbine is studied in order to investigate blockage effects. We use rotating wind turbine models in a wind tunnel, where velocity measurements have been made both with hot‐wire anemometry up to approximately 4.5 diameters (D) upstream the turbine, as well as laser particle image velocimetry measurements close to the turbine rotor. Also, numerical simulations have been carried out by means of a finite volume code. The measurements show, among other things, that the flow is affected more than 3 D upstream the rotor plane. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractal (fractional) Brownian motion
Authors: Chow Winston C.
Published: January 2011

Fractal Brownian motion, also called fractional Brownian motion (fBm), is a class of stochastic processes characterized by a single parameter called the Hurst parameter, which is a real number between zero and one. fBm becomes ordinary standard Brownian motion when the parameter has the value of one‐half. In this manner, it generalizes ordinary standard Brownian motion. Here, we precisely define fBm, compare it with Brownian motion, and describe its unique mathematical and statistical properties, including fractal behavior. Ideas of how such properties make these stochastic processes useful models of natural or man‐made systems in life are described. We show how to use these processes as unique random noise representations in state equation models of some systems. We finally present statistical state equation estimation techniques where such processes replace traditional Gaussian white noises. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 149–162 DOI: 10.1002/wics.142

This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
A Model of Professional Development for Practicing Genetic Counselors: Adaptation of Communication Skills Training in Oncology
Authors: Dunlop Kate L. , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , Butow Phyllis , Heinrich Paul
Published: January 2011

Ongoing professional development for practicing genetic counselors is critical in maintaining best practice. Communication skills training (CST) workshops for doctors in oncology, utilizing trained actors in role plays, have been implemented for many years to improve patient‐centred communication. This model was adapted to provide professional development in counseling skills for practicing genetic counselors, already highly trained in counseling skills. Detailed evidence based scenarios were developed. Evaluation of participants’ experience and perceived outcomes on practice included surveys immediately post workshops (2002, 2004, 2005, 2008 (×2); n = 88/97), 2–5 years later (2007; n = 21/38) and a focus group (2007; n = 7). All rated workshops as effective training. Aspects highly valued included facilitator feedback, actors rather than role‐playing with peers and being able to stop and try doing things differently. Perceived outcomes included the opportunity to reflect on practice; bring focus to communication; motivation and confidence. The high level of satisfaction is a strong endorsement for ongoing communication skills training in this format as part of professional development.
Reasons for Adult Referrals for Genetic Counseling at a Genetics Center in Izmir, Turkey: Analysis of 8965 Cases over an Eleven‐Year Period
Authors: Cogulu Ozgur , Ozkinay Ferda , Akin Haluk , Onay Huseyin , Karaca Emin , Durmaz Asude Alpman , Durmaz Burak , Aykut Ayca , Pariltay Erhan , Kirbiyik Ozgur , Gunduz Cumhur , Ozkinay Cihangir
Published: January 2011

A limited numbers of published studies evaluate the referral reasons for genetic counseling services in the literature. These studies are focused on prenatal genetic counseling services, in particular, prenatal diagnosis. In order to provide the most effective and helpful genetic counseling services, genetics professionals need adequate knowledge about the profile of individuals referred for these services. In addition, physicians need increased awareness of the nature of genetic issues in order to make appropriate referrals. This study was intended to provide a descriptive analysis of the referral reasons of patients that received genetic counseling at a genetics center in Izmir, Turkey during an 11‐year period. A total of 8965 records generated between 1998 and 2008 from one genetic center (which consists of The Department of Medical Genetics and Division of Pediatric Genetics) were evaluated retrospectively. Of these, 6,258 involved referrals for prenatal reasons, and 2,707 involved referrals for postnatal reasons. Both prenatal and postnatal records were further classified into more specific categories of referral reasons. The most common reason for genetic counseling among the prenatal patients was advanced maternal age (42.0%), followed by high risk results on prenatal biochemical screening tests such as second trimester double test [(serum concentration of alphafetoprotein (AFP), beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (beta‐HCG)], triple test (serum concentration of AFP, beta‐HCG, oestriol) and integrated test (26.5%). The most common indications for postnatal patients were recurrent miscarriages (28.2%) and infertility (19.7%). A significant increase in number of specific categories of referrals for genetic counseling was observed for the last 3 years after the establishment of the Medical Genetics Department. These data provide useful information about the frequency of referrals to the genetics department, and the feasibility of genetic services. Organization of genetic services and systematic procedures for genetic counseling and genetic testing may improve the public's awareness of genetics and ensure a high standard of patient care.
A Pre-Clinical Test Platform for the Functional Evaluation of Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Defects: The Meniscus
Authors: Maher Suzanne A. , Rodeo Scott A. , Potter Hollis G. , Bonassar Lawrence J. , Wright Timothy M. , Warren Russell F.
Published: January 2011

In an attempt to delay the progression of osteoarthritis from an index injury, early intervention via repair of injured musculoskeletal soft tissue has been advocated. Despite the development of a number of scaffolds intended to treat soft tissue defects, information about their functional performance is lacking. The goal of this study was to consolidate a suite of in vitro and in vivo models into a pre-clinical test platform to assess the functional performance of meniscal repair scaffolds. Our objective was to assess the ability of a scaffold (Actifit™; Orteq, UK) to carry load without detrimentally abrading against articular cartilage. Three test modules were used to assess the functional performance of meniscal repair scaffolds. The first module tested the ability of the scaffold to carry load in an in vitro model designed to measure the change in normal contact stress magnitude on the tibial plateau of cadaveric knees after scaffold implantation. The second module assessed the in vitro frictional coefficient of the scaffold against cartilage to assess the likelihood that the scaffold would destructively abrade against articular cartilage in vivo. The third module consisted of an assessment of functional performance in vivo by measuring the structure and composition of articular cartilage across the tibial plateau 12 months after scaffold implantation in an ovine model. In vitro, the scaffold improved contact mechanics relative to a partly meniscectomized knee suggesting that, in vivo, less damage would be seen in the scaffold implanted knees vs. partly meniscectomized knees. However, there was no significant difference in the condition of articular cartilage between the two groups. Moreover, in spite of the high coefficient of friction between the scaffold and articular cartilage, there was no significant damage in the articular cartilage underneath the scaffold. The discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo models was likely influenced by the abundant tissue generated within the scaffold and the unexpected tissue that regenerated within the site of the partial meniscectomy. We are currently augmenting our suite of tests so that we can pre-clinically evaluate the functional performance at time zero and as a function of time after implantation.
Effects of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Parameters on Unsaturated Fatty Acid Yields of Pistacia terebinthus Berries
Authors: Senyay‐Oncel Deniz , Ertas Hasan , Yesil‐Celiktas Ozlem
Published: January 2011

Utilization of renewable resources and development of new processes aimed at converting these materials into value added bio‐products are gaining more emphasis. The scope of this study was to optimize supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) parameters such as pressure, temperature and flow rate for the yields of unsaturated fatty acids from Pistacia terebinthus berries by a Box‐Behnken statistical design. All samples were analyzed for fatty acids by GC‐FID. The most effective variables were pressure (P < 0.005) and flow rate (P ≤ 0.005). Maximizing the evaluative criteria for dependent variables (oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid), optimal conditions were determined to be 240 bar, 60 °C and a flow rate of 16 g/min yielding 51.2% oleic acid, 26.5% linoleic acid and 1.0% linolenic acid. The amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in SFE samples (81.3%) were higher than the hexane (74.3%) and were similar to that of cold press samples (80.1%). High concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids can indicate the utilization of the berries as a major dietary source and demonstrate challenges for industrial application of SFE as a green technology.
Distance from the growth plate and Its relation to the outcome of unicameral bone cyst treatment
Authors: Haidar Saadallah George , Culliford David J. , Gent Edward David , Clarke Nicholas M. P.
Published: January 2011

Background

Interventions to treat unicameral bone cysts vary. Nonetheless, regardless of the intervention modality, the outcome is not certain. The purpose of this study was to determine if the distance between the growth plate and the cyst can be used to predict the outcome of the treatment.

Methods and materials

Retrospectively, we assessed the outcome of 39 interventions in nineteen children that were performed between 1994 and 2003. Seventeen different modalities of treatment were employed. There were three female and sixteen male patients. The average age was 8 years. Nine cysts were in the greater trochanter area, three were in the femoral capital area and seven were in the proximal humerus. According to the cyst's distance from the growth plate, at the intervention time, there were 18 cases within less than 2 cm and 21 cases of more than 2 cm.

Results

Complete healing was achieved in 10 children (employing seven different modalities). In nine of them, the cysts were more than 2 cm away from the growth plate. In one child, the cyst was within less than 2 cm of the growth plate, however, treatment here involved epiphyseodesis.

Discussion

This study confirmed that, regardless of intervention modality, complete healing was not achievable in those cysts that are within less than 2 cm of an active growth plate. Complete healing was possible in those cysts that are more than 2 cm away from the growth plate.

Conclusion

The 2-cm distance from the growth plate could be used as a predictor of treatment outcome of unicameral bone cysts.
Feline Systemic Hypertension
Authors: Stepien Rebecca L
Published: January 2011

Practical relevance The clinical importance of feline hypertension has been recognised for many years and most feline practitioners are quite familiar with this syndrome. Once systemic hypertension is identified, long-term management of the patient is needed to avoid catastrophic (eg, blindness due to retinal detachment) or subtle (eg, accelerated renal damage) target organ damage.

Patient group Feline systemic hypertension is most commonly a complication of renal disease and hyperthyroidism, both diseases of older feline patients. By 15 years of age, the probability of having at least one of these two diseases is high. As well cared for cats are living longer, optimal long-term management of feline hypertension in patients with concurrent diseases is an issue of clinical importance.

Clinical challenges Obtaining accurate blood pressure measurements in patients that are anxious, fractious or just plain uncooperative remains a significant issue in feline medicine, as does confident analysis of results from these patients.

Diagnostics Careful measurement of systolic blood pressure using Doppler or oscillometric techniques in conjunction with evaluation for evidence of hypertensive choroidopathy (funduscopic examination) and hypertensive cardiac changes (thoracic auscultation) are essential to the diagnosis of systemic hypertension in cats. Other diagnostic techniques, including evaluation of renal and thyroid function, are needed to detect the underlying disease condition.

Evidence base Numerous well-designed clinical studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the most appropriate methods of diagnosis and therapy of feline hypertension.
Nonunion of Fracture of Distal Radius: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Justin Koo Siu-Cheong Jeffrey , Sheung-Tung Ho
Published: January 2011

Nonunion of distal radius fracture is uncommon. Promising results in dorsally displaced fractures of distal radius were reported with the use of volar fixed-angle fixation. We report about a 75-year-old woman with nonunion of distal radius, treated successfully by using volar locking compression plate.
Mechanism of Action of Stinging Nettles
Authors: Cummings Alexander J. , Olsen Michael
Published: January 2011

Objective

Inadvertent exposure to the ubiquitous weed, Urtica dioica, called “stinging nettles” produces an immediate stinging and burning sensation on the skin. This investigation evaluates the structural effect that stinging nettle spicules may have on the clinical manifestation of these symptoms. This hypothesis was investigated by exposing murine skin to stinging nettles and then evaluating the skin using electron microscopy. It was hypothesized that the mechanism of action of stinging nettles is both biochemical and mechanical, which may have clinical significance regarding treatment for acute exposure.

Methods

Fresh post-mortem dermis samples from the carcasses of genetically modified hairless mice were brushed under the stem and leaf of a stinging nettle plant, mimicking the clinical method of exposure a patient might experience. Another set of mouse skin samples was obtained but not exposed to the nettles. Both sets of skin samples were imaged with scanning electron microscopy.

Results

The skin samples that were not exposed to nettle leaves were uniform, with occasional striated hairs on the skin surface and no nettle spicules. The skin samples exposed to nettle leaves showed many smooth nettle spicules piercing the skin surface. A few spicules retained their bases, which appear empty of any liquid contents.

Conclusions

The mechanism of action of stinging nettles dermatitis appears to be both biochemical and mechanical. Impalement of spicules into the skin likely accounts for the mechanical irritation in addition to the known adverse chemical effects of stinging nettles. Further investigation of treatment modalities is warranted.
Nutrient intakes and dysglycaemia in populations of West African origin
Authors: Anderson Simon G. , Younger Novie , Heald Adrian H. , Tulloch-Reid Marshall K. , Simukonda Wiyumile P. , Mbanya Jean-Claude , Jackson Maria D. , Balkau Beverley , Sharma Sangita , Tanya Agatha , Forrester Terrence , Wilks Rainford , Cruickshank J. Kennedy
Published: January 2011

Examining the relationship between glucose intolerance and dietary intake in genetically similar populations with different dietary patterns and rates of type 2 diabetes may provide important insights into the role of diet in the pathogenesis of this disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between dietary variables and dysglycaemia/type 2 diabetes among three populations of African origin. The study design consists of a cross-sectional study of men and women of African descent aged 24–74 years from Cameroon (n 1790), Jamaica (n 857) and Manchester, UK (n 258) who were not known to have diabetes. Each participant had anthropometric measurements and underwent a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Habitual dietary intake was estimated with quantitative FFQ, developed specifically for each country. The age-adjusted prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Cameroon was low (1·1 %), but it was higher in Jamaica (11·6 %) and the UK (12·6 %). Adjusted generalised linear and latent mixed models used to obtain OR indicated that each 1·0 % increment in energy from protein, total fat and saturated fats significantly increased the odds of type 2 diabetes by 9 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·16) %, 5 (95 % CI, 1·01, 1·08) % and 16 (95 % CI 1·08, 1·25) %, respectively. A 1 % increase in energy from carbohydrates and a 0·1 unit increment in the PUFA:SFA ratio were associated with significantly reduced odds of type 2 diabetes. The results show independent effects of dietary factors on hyperglycaemia in African origin populations. Whether modifying intake of specific macronutrients helps diabetes prevention needs testing in randomised trials.
La distinction rousseauiste entre volonté de tous et volonté générale : une reconstruction mathématique et ses implications pour la théorie démocratique—ERRATUM
Authors: Dobrescu Radu
Published: January 2011

We regret that the originally published paper (Dobrescu 2009) did not contain the author's proof corrections. We apologize for this oversight and reproduce the entire corrected paper here.
TheSongs of the Sabbath Sacrificeand Biblical Priestly Literature: A Linguistic Reconsideration
Authors: Mizrahi Noam
Published: January 2011

TheSongs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, a liturgical composition whose fragments were discovered among the Dead Sea scrolls, comprises thirteen songs that describe the heavenly temple and the angels who serve in it as priests and whose main ritual duty is to praise and glorify God.1These topics are taken commonly to indicate that theSongswas composed in priestly circles, stems from classical priestly traditions, and reflects a priestly agenda and worldview. Thus, for instance, a priestly provenance of theSongswas entertained by Johann Maier.2Israel Knohl also detected a continuation of priestly traditions and conceptions in theSongs.3The prominent proponent of this view is Rachel Elior, who presented a sweeping synthesis according to which a direct and continuous tradition leads from biblical priestly literature, through sectarian writings from Qumran—and theSongsin particular—toHekhalotliterature. In her view, these texts exhibit numerous thematic, ideological, and terminological affinities that prove that they are parts of a single, well-defined stream of tradition, nurtured by priestly circles.4
“Against the Law: Milton's (Anti?) nomianism inDe Doctrina Christiana”
Authors: Donato Christopher John
Published: January 2011

This essay seeks to put to rest the notion that John Milton was an antinomian, by offering a concise summation of the relevant chapters ofDe doctrina Christianathat discuss his views on the covenants, the law and the gospel, and Christian liberty.1Defining antinomian is a difficult task, as its manifestations throughout history have not been monolithic.2During the seventeenth century in England, two kinds, broadly speaking, existed: 1) doctrinal antinomianism; and 2) licentious antinomianism.
Fichte, Eberhard, and the Psychology of Religion
Authors: Crowe Ben
Published: January 2011

In marked contrast to much of twentieth-century psychology and philosophy, prevailing accounts of affect, emotion, and sentiment in the eighteenth century took these phenomena to be rational and, to a certain extent, cognitive.1Because of a combination of disciplinary diffusion and general lack of physicalist assumptions, accounts of affectivity in the eighteenth century also tended to be quite flexible and nuanced. This is particularly true of an influential stream of Anglo-Scottish and German thought on morality, aesthetics, and the philosophy of religion. Following Shaftesbury, many of the most prominent philosophers of the century regarded affective states and processes as playing a crucial role in accounts of value. In most cases, this tendency was combined with a sort of anti-rationalism, that is, with a tendency to minimize the role of reason in everything from common sense perceptual knowledge to religious belief. Hutcheson's moral sense theory and his well-known and influential criticisms of moral rationalism exemplify this trend.2It is perhaps more pronounced in Lord Kames, who followed the lead of Shaftesbury and Hutcheson in aesthetics, moral theory, philosophy of religion, anthropology, and history.3In Germany, this stream of thought was quite well-received by philosophers both inside and outside the dominant Wolffian tradition.4Particularly important and influential in this respect were Johann Georg Hamann, who drew upon Hutcheson, Hume, and the “Common Sense” school to defend a conception of faith as “sentiment (Empfindung),” and Johann Gottfried Herder, a polymath and philosophical pioneer whose work in psychology, anthropology, history, aesthetics, biblical criticism, and theology consistently stresses the fundamental role of passion, affect, and sensibility in every aspect of human culture.5
SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF MENARCHE IN RURAL POLISH GIRLS USING THE DECISION TREES METHOD
Authors: MATUSIK STANISŁAW , ŁASKA-MIERZEJEWSKA TERESA , CHRZANOWSKA MARIA
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the decision trees method as a research method of multidimensional associations between menarche and socioeconomic variables. The article is based on data collected from the rural area of Choszczno in the West Pomerania district of Poland between 1987 and 2001. Girls were asked about the appearance of first menstruation (a yes/no method). The average menarchal age was estimated by the probit analysis method, using second grade polynomials. The socioeconomic status of the girls' families was determined using five qualitative variables: fathers' and mothers' educational level, source of income, household appliances and the number of children in a family. For classification based on five socioeconomic variables, one of the most effective algorithms CART (Classification and Regression Trees) was used. In 2001 the menarchal age in 66% of examined girls was properly classified, while a higher efficiency of 70% was obtained for girls examined in 1987. The decision trees method enabled the definition of the hierarchy of socioeconomic variables influencing girls' biological development level. The strongest discriminatory power was attributed to the number of children in a family, and the mother's and then father's educational level. Using this method it is possible to detect differences in strength of socioeconomic variables associated with girls' pubescence before 1987 and after 2001 during the transformation of the economic and political systems in Poland. However, the decision trees method is infrequently applied in social sciences and constitutes a novelty; this article proves its usefulness in examining relations between biological processes and a population's living conditions.
CONTRACEPTIVE DECISIONS AND HIV/AIDS CONCERNS AMONG MARRIED COUPLES IN MALAWI
Authors: NTSHEBE OLEOSI
Published: January 2011

This study investigates current contraceptive use among Malawi couples. The data examined are from the 2001 Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP). The aim of the study is to explore whether contraceptive use among married couples is affected by the couple's concerns about HIV/AIDS and couple's age difference. Contraceptive use was found to be associated with the couple's HIV concern and family planning goals. There is no significant association between spousal age difference and contraceptive use. The findings are important for future work on the connection of marital concerns about HIV/AIDS with contraceptive behaviours, especially the use of condoms, and for informing HIV preventive strategies in marriage.
Experimental study on water-wave trapped modes
Authors: COBELLI P. J. , PAGNEUX V. , MAUREL A. , PETITJEANS P.
Published: January 2011

We present an experimental study on the trapped modes occurring around a vertical surface-piercing circular cylinder of radius a placed symmetrically between the parallel walls of a long but finite water waveguide of width 2d. A wavemaker placed near the entrance of the waveguide is used to force an asymmetric perturbation into the guide, and the free-surface deformation field is measured using a global single-shot optical profilometric technique. In this configuration, several values of the aspect ratio a/d were explored for a range of driving frequencies below the waveguide's cutoff. Decomposition of the obtained fields in harmonics of the driving frequency allowed for the isolation of the linear contribution, which was subsequently separated according to the symmetries of the problem. For each of the aspect ratios considered, the spatial structure of the trapped mode was obtained and compared to the theoretical predictions given by a multipole expansion method. The waveguide–obstacle system was further characterized in terms of reflection and transmission coefficients, which led to the construction of resonance curves showing the presence of one or two trapped modes (depending on the value of a/d), a result that is consistent with the theoretical predictions available in the literature. The frequency dependency of the trapped modes with the geometrical parameter a/d was determined from these curves and successfully compared to the theoretical predictions available within the frame of linear wave theory.
Interactions within the turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds number
Authors: GUALA M. , METZGER M. , McKEON B. J.
Published: January 2011

Simultaneous streamwise velocity measurements across the vertical direction obtained in the atmospheric surface layer (Reτ ≃ 5 × 105) under near thermally neutral conditions are used to outline and quantify interactions between the scales of turbulence, from the very-large-scale motions to the dissipative scales. Results from conditioned spectra, joint probability density functions and conditional averages show that the signature of very-large-scale oscillations can be found across the whole wall region and that these scales interact with the near-wall turbulence from the energy-containing eddies to the dissipative scales, most strongly in a layer close to the wall, z+ ≲ 103. The scale separation achievable in the atmospheric surface layer appears to be a key difference from the low-Reynolds-number picture, in which structures attached to the wall are known to extend through the full wall-normal extent of the boundary layer. A phenomenological picture of very-large-scale motions coexisting and interacting with structures from the hairpin paradigm is provided here for the high-Reynolds-number case. In particular, it is inferred that the hairpin-packet conceptual model may not be exhaustively representative of the whole wall region, but only of a near-wall layer of z+ = O(103), where scale interactions are mostly confined.
Leakage from gravity currents in a porous medium. Part 1. A localized sink
Authors: NEUFELD JEROME A. , VELLA DOMINIC , HUPPERT HERBERT E. , LISTER JOHN R.
Published: January 2011

We consider the buoyancy-driven flow of a fluid injected into a semi-infinite porous medium bounded by a horizontal impermeable barrier through which a single localized sink allows leakage of the injected fluid. Our study is motivated by the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is less dense than the ambient water, and the possibility that fissures in the bounding ‘cap’ rock may therefore compromise the long-term storage of CO2. A theoretical model is presented in which the leakage through the sink, or fissure, is driven by the hydrostatic pressure at the sink of the injected buoyant fluid. We determine numerical solutions for the evolution of the gravity current in the porous medium and for the quantity of fluid that escapes through the sink as a function of time. A quantity of considerable interest is the efficiency of storage, which we define as the flux of fluid that is stably stored relative to the amount injected. At the later stages in the evolution of the current, the region near the source and sink reaches a quasi-steady state. We find analytical solutions to this asymptotic state which show that the efficiency of storage decreases to zero like 1/lnt, where t is the time since initiation of the current, and predict a dependence on the properties of the sink in agreement with our numerical results. The implications of this result for the geological sequestration of CO2 are discussed.
Reynolds-number effects and anisotropy in transverse-jet mixing – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: SHAN JERRY W. , DIMOTAKIS PAUL E.
Published: January 2011

In Shan & Dimotakis (2006), the Schmidt number was incorrectly stated as 2800 on p. 60. The correct value, calculated from the diffusivity of rhodamine-6g given in Xu & Yeung (1997) should be 3570. This also affected values in the right-most column of table 1.
Oochoristica chalcidesi n. sp. (Eucestoda: Linstowiidae) from the ocellated skink, Chalcides ocellatus (Forskal, 1775) in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Schuster R.K.
Published: January 2011

Five out of ten ocellated skinks (Chalcides ocellatus) examined in Dubai between 2007 and 2010 were infected with cestodes of the genus Oochoristica. Out of the 36 collected tapeworms seven specimens were used to describe a new species. Oochoristica chalcidesi n. sp. belongs to the group of species with 25 to 35 testes arranged in two clusters. The lobes of the ovary are subdivided into 4–5 lobules in a similar way as O. ubelakeri described from Agama atra in Namibia. Both species differ in the presence of a neck, a lower number of mature segments in O. chalcidesi n. sp. and a different position of the cirrus pouch in relation to the ovary, as well as in the distribution of uterine capsulae in gravid segments.
Safe application of mitomycin C within the nasal cavity
Authors: Gutierrez T , Hopkins C
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To describe a novel technique of delivering mitomycin C safely via endoscopic sinus surgery.

Case report:

Mitomycin C was applied in the median frontal drainage pathway of a 44-year-old woman suffering from recalcitrant chronic frontal sinusitis. The mitomycin C was soaked onto a neurosurgical patty, which was delivered through a nasopharyngeal tube trimmed to ensure delivery directly to the desired area, thus sparing adjacent mucosa.

Conclusions:

Mitomycin C has been suggested to have a useful role in reducing post-operative scarring after endonasal surgery. The long term safety of topical mitomycin C is not yet known, and inadvertent topical application to adjacent mucosa should be avoided. The described technique achieves this in a simple manner, and can be easily applied to other locations.
The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women
Authors: Czajkowski N. , Kendler K. S. , Tambs K. , Røysamb E. , Reichborn-Kjennerud T.
Published: January 2011

Background

To explore the genetic and environmental factors underlying the co-occurrence of lifetime diagnoses of DSM-IV phobia.

Method

Female twins (n=1430) from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed at personal interview for DSM-IV lifetime specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Comorbidity between the phobias were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and polychoric correlations and multivariate twin models were fitted in Mx.

Results

Phenotypic correlations of lifetime phobia diagnoses ranged from 0.55 (agoraphobia and social phobia, OR 10.95) to 0.06 (animal phobia and social phobia, OR 1.21). In the best fitting twin model, which did not include shared environmental factors, heritability estimates for the phobias ranged from 0.43 to 0.63. Comorbidity between the phobias was accounted for by two common liability factors. The first loaded principally on animal phobia and did not influence the complex phobias (agoraphobia and social phobia). The second liability factor strongly influenced the complex phobias, but also loaded weak to moderate on all the other phobias. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by a specific genetic factor, which accounted for 51% of the total and 81% of the genetic variance.

Conclusions

Phobias are highly co-morbid and heritable. Our results suggest that the co-morbidity between phobias is best explained by two distinct liability factors rather than a single factor, as has been assumed in most previous multivariate twin analyses. One of these factors was specific to the simple phobias, while the other was more general. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by disorder specific genetic factors.
Insight in eating disorders: clinical and cognitive correlates
Authors: Konstantakopoulos G. , Tchanturia K. , Surguladze S. A. , David A. S.
Published: January 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to explore the extent of lack of insight and its components in eating disorders (EDs) and to investigate the relationship between insight and clinical and cognitive characteristics in this group.

Method

Seventy-five participants were enrolled in the study: 25 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 15 with bulimia nervosa (BN) and 35 healthy controls (HC). Insight was assessed with a modified version of the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight for EDs (SAI-ED) and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was used to clarify the internal structure of the scale. Neuropsychological tests included the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Brixton Test and a Verbal Fluency Task.

Results

Only a subgroup of AN patients (24%) had severe impairment of insight. Patients with the restricting type of AN (AN-R) had poorer overall insight than patients with the binge-purge type of the disorder (AN-B/P). More of the ED patients displayed a deliberate denial of illness rather than a lack of awareness of the illness. A regression model revealed that only performance in part B of the TMT (TMT-B) was a moderate predictor of insight level. No association was found between insight and other cognitive or clinical variables.

Conclusions

Impaired insight is a significant feature of some ED patients. Insight in EDs seems to be partially dependent on intact mental flexibility.
BECOMING THE SYNTHI-FOU: STOCKHAUSEN AND THE NEW KEYBOARDISM
Authors: Fowler Michael
Published: January 2011

Karlheinz Stockhausen embraced the potential of electronic music to generate new timbres and acoustic typologies early in his career. After first experimenting with magnetic tape in works such as Gesang der Jünglinge (1955) and Kontakte (1958–60), he later embraced other synthesis technologies for the production of large-scale spatial electro-acoustic works such as Sirius (1970) and Oktophonie (1990–91). His interest in technological advances in sound design and sound diffusion also managed to penetrate his highly evolved Klavierstücke.
Show your teeth or not: The role of the mouth and eyes in smiles and its cross-cultural variations
Authors: Liu Chao , Ge Yue , Luo Wen-Bo , Luo Yue-Jia
Published: January 2011

Previous studies with Westerners have found that both the mouth and eyes are crucial in identifying and interpreting smiles. We proposed that Easterners (e.g., Chinese and Japanese) evaluate the role of the mouth and eyes in smiles differently from Westerners. Individuals in collectivistic Eastern society heavily rely on information from the eyes to identify and interpret the meaning of smiles.
Is eye contact the key to the social brain?
Authors: Senju Atsushi , Johnson Mark H.
Published: January 2011

Eye contact plays a critical role in many aspects of face processing, including the processing of smiles. We propose that this is achieved by a subcortical route, which is activated by eye contact and modulates the cortical areas involve in social cognition, including the processing of facial expression. This mechanism could be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
Honest smiles as a costly signal in social exchange
Authors: Centorrino Samuele , Djemai Elodie , Hopfensitz Astrid , Milinski Manfred , Seabright Paul
Published: January 2011

Smiling can be interpreted as a costly signal of future benefits from cooperation between the individual smiling and the individual to whom the smile is directed. The target article by Niedenthal et al. gives little attention to the possible mechanisms by which smiling may have evolved. In our view, there are strong reasons to think that smiling has the key characteristics of a costly signal.
How does perceiving eye direction modulate emotion recognition?
Authors: Conty Laurence , Grèzes Julie , Sander David
Published: January 2011

Niedenthal et al. postulate that eye contact with the expresser of an emotion automatically initiates embodied simulation. Our commentary explores the generality of such an eye contact effect for emotions other than happiness. Based on the appraisal theory of emotion, we propose that embodied simulation may be reinforced by mutual or averted gaze as a function of emotional context.
The dynamic interaction of conceptual and embodied knowledge
Authors: Lakens Daniël , Ruys Kirsten I.
Published: January 2011

We propose the SIMS model can be strengthened by detailing the dynamic interaction between sensorimotor activation and contextual conceptual information. Rapidly activated evaluations and contextual knowledge can guide and constrain embodied simulations. In addition, we stress the potential importance of extending the SIMS model to dynamic social interactions that go beyond the passive observer.
Can we really leave gender out of it? Individual differences and the Simulation of Smiles model
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth , Fragaszy Dorothy
Published: January 2011

Gender differences in face-based emotion recognition, notably differential use of mimicry, may compromise the extent to which the Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model can be generalized to populations besides the adult females on which it has been tested. Much work indicates sex differences in face-based emotion recognition, including smile recognition.
Mimicry and simulation in gesture comprehension
Authors: Alibali Martha W. , Hostetter Autumn B.
Published: January 2011

According to the SIMS model, mimicry and simulation contribute to perceivers' understanding of smiles. We argue that similar mechanisms are involved in comprehending the hand gestures that people produce when speaking. Viewing gestures may elicit overt mimicry, or may evoke corresponding simulations in the minds of addressees. These real or simulated actions contribute to addressees' comprehension of speakers' gestures.
Emotion simulation and expression understanding: A case for time
Authors: Bartlett Marian Stewart
Published: January 2011

Niedenthal et al. present a model for embodied emotion simulation and expression understanding that spans multiple brain systems. This commentary addresses the potential role of time in this model, and its implications for understanding social dysfunction.
“Smile down the phone”: Extending the effects of smiles to vocal social interactions
Authors: Basso Frédéric , Oullier Olivier
Published: January 2011

The SIMS model offers an embodied perspective to cognition and behaviour that can be applied to organizational studies. This model enriches behavioural and brain research conducted by social scientists onemotional work(also known asemotional labour) by including the key role played by body-related aspects in interpersonal exchanges. Nevertheless, one could also study a more vocal aspect to smiling as illustrated by the development of “smile down the phone” strategies in organizations. We propose to gather face-to-face and voice-to-voice interactions in an embodied perspective taking into account Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) theory of conceptual metaphors.
Beyond smiles: The impact of culture and race in embodying and decoding facial expressions
Authors: Caldara Roberto
Published: January 2011

Understanding the very nature of the smile with an integrative approach and a novel model is a fertile ground for a new theoretical vision and insights. However, from this perspective, I challenge the authors to integrate culture and race in their model, because both factors would impact upon the embodying and decoding of facial expressions.