bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reverse osmosis application in the recycling of zinc from the electroplating shop wastewater
Authors: Porębski Tadeusz , Tomzik Sławomir , Ratajczak Włodzimierz , Talma-Piwowar Marzena , Koprowski Adam
Published: May 2008

Reverse osmosis application in the recycling of zinc from the electroplating shop wastewater

The paper reveals the results of the research on the reverse osmosis recovery of zinc from galvanic electroplating. The pilot plant tests were performed in an electroplating shop. Raw washings were concentrated with a spiral wound 2.5x40" module with a composite polymeric membrane.

The research tests have proved that the proposed RO process enables successful concentration of the nonferrous metal in raw washings. The retentate of the RO process has contained about 96% of the metal previously wasted in washings discharged to the environment. The retentate can be recycled to the mother electroplating process. The permeate of the RO process can be recycled to the washing system of the electroplating shop.
Removal of organic dye in the hybrid photocatalysis/membrane processes system
Authors: Grzechulska-Damszel Joanna , Morawski Antoni
Published: May 2008

Removal of organic dye in the hybrid photocatalysis/membrane processes system

The removal of azo dye Acid Red 18 in hybrid photocatalysis/membrane processes systems was investigated. The photocatalytic reactions were conducted in the reactor with photocatalyst suspended in the solution. The reaction solution was recirculated through the ultrafiltration system. A commercially available titanium dioxide (Aeroxide® P25, Degussa, Germany) was used as a photocatalyst. The solution after the photocatalytic/UF reaction was applied as the feed for the membrane distillation process. The changes of various parameters, including the concentration of the dye, pH and the conductivity of the solution, TOC and TDS content were analyzed during the process.

It was found that azo dye Acid Red 18 could be successfully decolourised in the hybrid photocatalysis/UF system. The catalyst particles were retained in the feed solution by means of the ultrafiltration membrane so the obtained permeate was free of TiO2. The application of ultrafiltration together with the photocatalytic process results in the separation of photocatalyst from the treated solution but does not give the complete removal of organic matter from the reaction mixture. Membrane distillation applied with the permeate after the photocatalysis/UF process as a feed gives a complete separation of TOC from the treated solution and the obtained product is practically pure water.
Extraction of Palladium(II) Ions from Chloride Solutions with Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Cyphos®IL101
Authors: Cieszyńska Anna , Regel-Rosocka Magdalena , Wiśniewski Maciej
Published: May 2008

Extraction of Palladium(II) Ions from Chloride Solutions with Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Cyphos®IL101

The extraction of palladium(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions of various concentrations in the presence of different amounts of sodium chloride with phosphonium ionic liquid Cyphos®IL101 in toluene was investigated. The extraction of Pd(II) is very effective. The percentage extraction of Pd(II) from 0.1 mol dm- 3 HCl solution amounts to 97% with Cyphos®IL101. Both the increase in HCl concentration and the presence of NaCl have a negative influence on the extraction. The extent of extraction from 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl solution in the presence of 0.5 mol dm-3 NaCl is about 80% and from 3 mol dm-3 HCl is lower and amounts to 56%. The extraction of Pd(II) from aqueous 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl and from 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl in the presence of 0.5 mol dm-3 NaCl with this phosphonium ionic liquid is rapid and the equilibrium is achieved after 1 - 2 minutes. The extraction of Pd(II) from aqueous 3 mol dm-3 HCl is slower and the equilibrium is achieved after 5 - 6 minutes.
Epoxidation of 1-buten-3-ol under atmospheric pressure over the Ti-Beta catalyst
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka , Wajzberg Joanna
Published: May 2008

Epoxidation of 1-buten-3-ol under atmospheric pressure over the Ti-Beta catalyst

The results of 1-buten-3-ol (1B3O) epoxidation with 30% hydrogen peroxide over the Ti-Beta catalyst were presented. The studies were performed under the atmospheric pressure and at the presence of methanol as a solvent. There was examined the influence of the following parameters: the temperature (0 - 60°C), the molar ratio of 1B3O/H2O2 (1:1 - 5:1), methanol concentration (5 - 90 wt%), the Ti-Beta catalyst concentration (0.1 - 5.0 wt%) and the reaction time (0.5 - 5.0 h). The optimal parameters were determined by using the following functions: the selectivity of the transformation to 1,2-epoxy-3-butanol (1,2E3B) in relation to 1B3O consumed, the selectivity of the transformation to organic compounds in relation to hydrogen peroxide consumed, the conversions of 1B3O and hydrogen peroxide. The main product of epoxidation was 1,2-epoxy-3-butanol, epoxide having several applications.
Utilization of poultry droppings in mineral-organic fertilizers
Authors: Hoffmann Krystyna , Lewandowska Barbara , Borowiec Magdalena , Hoffmann Józef
Published: May 2008

Utilization of poultry droppings in mineral-organic fertilizers

The results of physicochemical analyses of raw and composted turkey droppings and those of germination tests carried out using the droppings are presented. On the basis of the results formulas for microelement mineral-organic fertilizers have been developed and fertilizer rates have been determined for winter wheat.
The effect of hard coal ashes on the amount and quality of maize yield
Authors: Antonkiewicz Jacek
Published: May 2008

The effect of hard coal ashes on the amount and quality of maize yield

The research was conducted in 2003 - 2005 as a pot experiment on mineral soil to which ash doses of between 13.33 g and 800.0 g · pot-1 were supplied in proportions corresponding to the amounts of between 10 and 600 t · ha-1. The investigations aimed at learning the effect of diversified ash doses upon the content, ionic relations and the uptake of Mg, Ca, Na and P by maize. Macroelement concentrations in maize were diversified depending on the object and the plant part, fluctuating from 1.52 - 7.49 g Mg; 3.79 - 11.01 g Ca; 8.07 - 23.86 g K; 0.17 - 1.52 g Na; 1.23 - 3.16 g P · kg-1 d.m. It was found that with the growing ash dose the contents of Mg, Ca, K and Na in maize were increasing systematically, whereas P concentrations were decreasing. Magnesium and potassium content in maize aboveground parts met the requirements for a good quality fodder. The level of calcium, sodium and phosphorus in maize did not remain within the optimal range. A systematic increase in Mg uptake but a decline in P absorption by the aboveground parts were registered in maize in effect of growing ash doses.
Utilization of used contact masses from the oxidation state of sulfur(IV) oxide to sulfur(VI) oxide
Authors: Trypuć Mieczysław , Mazurek Krzysztof , Kiełkowska Urszula , Drużyński Sebastian
Published: May 2008

Utilization of used contact masses from the oxidation state of sulfur(IV) oxide to sulfur(VI) oxide

The research was conducted to determine the influence of the urea concentration in the leaching solutions on the efficiency of recovery of vanadium and iron compounds from the used vanadium catalyst from the node of oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
Fuel fractions obtained in the recycling of plastics
Authors: Sokołowski J. , Rokicki G. , Marczewski M. , Krajewska J.
Published: May 2008

Fuel fractions obtained in the recycling of plastics

The decomposition of mixtures of polystyrene, polyethylene, and motor oil was studied at 470 - 510°C in a flow-through setup supplied with a fluidized bed reactor and a cascade of receivers. The aim of the work was to determine the role of the fluidized bed in the reactor, in the process of degradation of plastics in the cases where it was only a carrier of heat for the endothermal process of pyrolysis or it was both a carrier of heat and a catalytic bed for the process. The effect of the catalyst granulation and of the method of the organization of work in the reactor on the yield of the process and on the composition of the products obtained, was also studied.

In the cases where Al2 O3 of granulation 0.2 mm was used as a fluidized bed catalyst the liquid products of the decomposition of the polymers contained mainly alkyl-aromatic derivatives of styrene, benzene and alkane hydrocarbons. If nano-Al2 O3 was used as a catalyst and it was introduced into the reactor with a stream of raw materials, the obtained products were solids, composed mostly of styrene and alkene hydrocarbons.
Impact of sewage sludge and composts prepared from sewage sludge on the content and uptake of macronutrients by straw of miscanthus sacchariflorus
Authors: Iżewska Anna , Krzywy Edward , Balcer Krzysztof
Published: May 2008

Impact of sewage sludge and composts prepared from sewage sludge on the content and uptake of macronutrients by straw of miscanthus sacchariflorus

The pot experiment was set up under the conditions of the hall of vegetation in 2002. The municipal sewage sludge and composts produced with the GWDA method in 2001 based on municipal sewage sludge with the 30% addition of structuring materials, in conversion to the dry matter, were used in the experiment. The pot experiment was set up with the split-split-plot method in three repetitions. The objects of the first factor were the doses of sewage sludge and composts (1 dose = 13 g, 2 dose = 26 g, 3 dose = 39 g, 4 dose = 52 g of dry matter in relation to the soil weight in the pot), the objects of the second factor were the types of organic fertilization (sewage sludge, 0,5-year compost prepared from sewage sludge, 1,5-year compost prepared from sewage sludge), objects of the third factor were the variants with and without nitrogen and potassium fertilization in the rates of 0.27 g N and 0.26 g K per pot. The experiment was conducted in Kick-Brauckmann's pots of 9 dm3 capacity in which 8 kg of soil were placed. The test plant cultivated in the experiment was Miscanthus sachariflorus. Seedlings of Miscanthus were planted in the first year of the experiment. The obtained results show that the content of macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in straw of Miscanthus sachariflorus was not dependent on the type of organic fertilizers used in the experiment. However, supplemental nitrogen-potassium fertilization significantly increases the content of potassium in the test plant in all three years of research and nitrogen in the second year.

The conducted research shows that the uptake of macronutrients depended on the dry matter yield quantity and the content of a given element in the yield. Within three years the straw of Miscanthus sacchariflorus took up the most of potassium - 11.63 g from the pot and the least of magnesium 1.20 g from the pot. The amount of the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium by the biomass of Miscanthus sacchariflorus from the pot on the objects fertilized with organic fertilizers was the highest in the second year of the research, which was a result of mineralization of the applied fertilizers.
Impact of manure and organic fertilizers on the quantity and content yield of heavy metals in spring rape
Authors: Krzywy Edward , Iżewska Anna
Published: May 2008

Impact of manure and organic fertilizers on the quantity and content yield of heavy metals in spring rape

The pot experiment was set up with the split plot method in three repetitions in 2006. The objects of the first factor were the doses of manure and organic fertilizers to the soil in conversion to the brought in nitrogen (85 and 170 kg N·ha-1), the objects of the second factor were the types of fertilizers: manure, sewage sludge and the composts prepared from sewage sludge. The soil used in an experiment was supplied from The Agricultural Experimental Station in Lipnik. The soil was taken from the arable layer, it has the granulometric composition of the light loamy sand.

The content of available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium formed on medium level, the pHKCl of the soil amounted to 5.13. The soil was characterized by 00 contamination of trace elements, which means that it contained the natural content of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. Spring rape var. Licosmos was the test plant.

The aim of the research was the assessment of the influence of manure, sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge on yield quantity of seeds and straw and the content of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc in spring rape.

The conducted research shows that fertilizers brought into the soil (manure, sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge) as well as two levels of fertilizing had a significant influence on the yield of the seeds and straw of spring rape. Manure, sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge played less significant influence on the decreasing or excessive increasing of heavy metals concentration in the seeds of spring rape. The double dose of fertilizers caused higher accumulation of heavy metals in the test plant. The straw of spring rape should be treated as a source of organic matter and the main nutrients for the soil. The highest concentration of copper, manganese, nickel and zinc in the straw of spring rape was noticed after the application of sewage sludge and of cadmium and lead after the application of compost prepared from sewage sludge.
Solid inorganic peroxy compounds in environmental protection
Authors: Walawska Barbara , Gluzińska Joanna , Miksch Korneliusz , Turek-Szytow Jolanta
Published: May 2008

Solid inorganic peroxy compounds in environmental protection

The paper presents a solid inorganic peroxy compounds description (calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide and sodium percarbonate) focused on the properties and environmental application, particularly for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenols in soil environment. Modern technological processes require the use of compounds that are safe for the environment, non-toxic, easily degradable to the products, which themselves have no adverse environmental effect. Peroxides, as the chemical compounds, produce an effect on the enzymatic activity of the environment into which they are introduced. A good indicator of the activity of soil, bottom sediment or activated sludge, may be the dehydrogenase activity, which is a reflection of the general physiological state of microorganisms. Peroxides can be applied both in a pure form, as well as in mixtures with certain other groups of compounds. To enhance their efficiency they can be mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium carrying compounds.
Characteristic of physicochemical properties of Pd/MgO catalysts used in the hydrodechlorination process with CCI4
Authors: Góralski Jacek , Szczepaniak Bożena , Grams Jacek , Maniukiewicz Waldemar , Paryjczak Tadeusz
Published: May 2008

Characteristic of physicochemical properties of Pd/MgO catalysts used in the hydrodechlorination process with CCI4

The aim of this paper was to investigate the physicochemical properties of palladium catalyst containing basic support MgO which was used in hydrodechlorination reaction with carbon tetrachloride. In order to characterize the investigated sample the catalyst was put to tests of XRD, TOF - SIMS, TG-DTA-MS and TPRH2 measurements, activity tests were also performed. The XRD and TPR results demonstrated the presence of PdOxCly species whose decomposition takes place above 700°C. The calcination of the Pd/MgO catalyst at 700°C resulted in the transformation of PdOxCly to PdO.
Potassium multiphosphates for food processing
Authors: Cichy Barbara , Folek Stanisław , Makała Halina
Published: May 2008

Potassium multiphosphates for food processing

The paper discusses the results of research on the preparation of food grade potassium di- and triphosphates and the application thereof as multiphosphate ingredients of functional additives for meat processing. The research on the process of potassium multiphosphate manufacture was performed with the use of equipment corresponding to that used on an industrial scale, facilitating thereby the transfer of the process conditions to a commercial level. The aim of the work was to obtain potassium di- and triphosphate products readily soluble in water and NaCl solutions, determination of optimum parameters of the manufacturing processes, and an application of the products obtained along with sodium multiphosphates in functional phosphate additives for selected meat products. The research presented here is part of an on-going project.
The influence of a hard coal type on the degree of sulphur dioxide removal
Authors: Marcewicz-Kuba Agnieszka , Olszewska Danuta
Published: May 2008

The influence of a hard coal type on the degree of sulphur dioxide removal

In this paper the authors have studied the properties of zeolite and montmorillonite doped with the nickel and cobalt cations in the removal of SO2 from the combustion gases process based on the DESONOX method. Burning coal from the hard coal from the Silesian Coal Basin mine "Julian" and the Lubelskie Coal Basin mine "Bogdanka" with supports only - did not show any reduction of the SO2 emission in the combustion gases.
Evaluation of colloidal silica obtained via the co-precipitation method using octane as an organic phase
Authors: Jesionowski Teofil , Tepper Beata , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej
Published: May 2008

Evaluation of colloidal silica obtained via the co-precipitation method using octane as an organic phase

The studies were conducted on the production of silica from emulsion systems by co-precipitation from solutions of sodium metasilicate and hydrochloric acid and octane were used as an organic medium. The obtained products were subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical analysis in order to define their dispersive and morphological properties. Particle diameters and polydispersity were determined by the NIBS (non-invasive back scattering) method while the shape and morphology of the particles were established using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to determine the adsorptive properties of the obtained monodisperse silicas, isotherms of nitrogen adsorption/desorption on their surfaces were determined. Using the isotherms, also the specific surface area, the diameter and the volume of the pores were established. In order to define the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the products, profiles of wettability and of sedimentation in water were examined. The obtained products were well wettable with water and an increase in their weight depended on the amount of the applied surfactants. The particles of the precipitated silicas manifested a defined, spherical shape and showed a relatively low polydispersity.
Studies on the recrystalization of nanocrystalline metals
Authors: Lendzion-Bieluń Zofia , Gleń Marta
Published: May 2008

Studies on the recrystalization of nanocrystalline metals

The influence of the promoters such as CaO, Al2O3 and K2O on the specific surface area of the nanocrystalline cobalt was determined. The recrystalization process of the nanocrystalline cobalt was determined and compared with the examinations conducted on the iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. The triply promoted nanocrystalline obtained cobalt after the annealing process, has got greater specific surface area than the triply promoted iron.
Environmental management concepts supported by information technology
Authors: Hoffmann Julia , Radosiński Edward
Published: May 2008

Environmental management concepts supported by information technology

The genesis and development of environmental management concepts are presented. An overview of the current environmental management ideas, programmes and systems, including Sustainable Development, Responsible Care, Cleaner Production, environmental management based on ISO 14000, and EMAS is provided. Selected computer-aided tools and techniques for improving the quality of environmental management are proposed.
The effect of sewage sludge composts and potato pulp on uptaking of macroelements by the grain and straw of the spring triticale
Authors: Krzywy Józefa , Krzywy Edward , Krzywy-Gawrońska Ewa , Rozmarynowska Monika
Published: May 2008

The effect of sewage sludge composts and potato pulp on uptaking of macroelements by the grain and straw of the spring triticale

Taking into consideration the acid pH soil, high content of potassium in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus and the insignificant quantity of heavy metals in the potato pulp and the slight alkaline pH soil as well, high amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in relation to potassium in the municipal sewage sludge, the experiment was carried out in order to define the effect of composts from these waste on uptaking macroelements by the grain and the straw of the Wanad variety spring triticale.

The vegetative - pot experiment was carried out on the brown incomplete soil of the slight acid pH (pHKCl 6,1), of the granulometric composition of slight loam (V complex), an average content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium and a high content of magnesium.

The obtained results show that the grain and the straw of spring trticale took distinctly more macroelements under the influence the fertilization of the composts with the municipal sewage sludge (30%) and the potato pulp (30%) in comparison with the composts with the 60% participation of the potato pulp. The supplementary mineral fertilization which was used against in comparison to composts, increased uptaking the macroelements by the tested plant. The double dose of composts and mineral fertilizers visibly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cooper, magnesium and sulphur absorbance by the grain and the straw of spring trticale in comparison with the series with a single dose of composts and a supplementary mineral fertilization.
The morphological and dispersive characterization of commercial titanium dioxides
Authors: Jesionowski Teofil , Siwińska-Stefańska Katarzyna , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Sójka-Ledakowicz Jadwiga , Koprowska Joanna , Lewartowska Joanna
Published: May 2008

The morphological and dispersive characterization of commercial titanium dioxides

The physicochemical and dispersive characterizations were conducted on the selected commercial titanium dioxides produced by, Z. Ch. POLICE, S. A. The dispersive properties were defined in detail by an analysis of particle size distribution and polydispersity index. Moreover, the microscope studies were executed to evaluate the surface morphology of the studied TiO2 forms. The profiles of titanium dioxides sedimentation in water were determined and the specific surface areas were defined by the BET method.
Granulated organic and mineral fertilizers: Technology and utility properties
Authors: Rosik-Dulewska Czesława , Robak Jolanta , Głowala Katarzyna
Published: May 2008

Granulated organic and mineral fertilizers: Technology and utility properties

This work presents the selected aspects of a technological concept for the production of organic and mineral fertilizers from communal sludge stabilized with volatile ash, by using two methods of granulation: coating and pressure. The presented concept is the effect of optimization, taking into account an interference of a number of factors exerted onto the fertilizing values and the mechanical strength of the final products. The fertilizers (contain ash from brown coal) obtained according to that method are characterized by a sufficient (according to law) content of organic matter (35,73% w/w), total nitrogen (1,70% w/w), phosphorus P2 O5 (3,62% w/w) and after the modification, also potassium K2O (8,43% w/w). The mechanical properties are better for the granulates, prepared by using pressure granulation (15,1 kG/cm2) and allow for their transportation, storage and application.
The influence of fluorine on municipal sewage biological treatment
Authors: Gluzińska Joanna , Legutko Marian
Published: May 2008

The influence of fluorine on municipal sewage biological treatment

The authors examined the influence of fluorine as a factor disrupting the processes of municipal sewage biological treatment. Sodium fluoride was introduced to a municipal plant sewage treated in an oxygen zone, acting as a simulator of uncontrolled industrial sewage discharge. The influence of fluoride ion concentration and the duration of sewage treatment on its biological purification processes were examined. Also, the dependencies of the direction of changes in inorganic nitrogen connections, phosphorus concentration, COD and fluorine on the initial fluorine compound content in the purified sewage were determined. Research samples of the municipal sewage were drawn at the opening of the oxygen zone in a typical municipal sewage treatment plant (RLM > 100 000) employing intensified biogenic substance removal.
Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases
Authors: Ćwikła-Bundyra Wiesława
Published: May 2008

Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases

Nitrogen oxide conversion to nitrogen over Pt/Al2 O3, Pd/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3 catalysts was investigated. The results of the catalytic activity investigations, with the iso-x method, showed that NO reduction by methane occurs at a reasonable rate at the temperature range 200-500°C. Alumina-supported Pd, Pt and Rh catalysts have been compared for the selective reduction of NO to N2. All the catalysts showed good activity in NO reduction by methane, giving around 80 - 90% N2 production. At moderate temperatures Pt is the most active catalyst for the removal of NO.
Uncommon applications of statistical methods of the design of experiments in chemical technology and environment protection
Authors: Lewandowski Grzegorz , Ćwirko Jan
Published: May 2008

Uncommon applications of statistical methods of the design of experiments in chemical technology and environment protection

The review of literature related to the applications of statistic methods of design of experiments in chemical technology and environment protection was presented in the work. The research that consists of two stages: a stage of choosing the best variables describing an experimental object and a stage of proper experimental investigation, seems particularly interesting.

An interesting example of an application of statistical strategies in environmental protection is the optimization of photoactivity of TiO2/SiO2 mixture, received by a sol-gel technique. TiO2, due to its specific feature, was applied in the photocatalytic methods of removing toxic compounds from water and air. In the experiments there were used two designs - the fractional factorial design 25-1 (as the elimination one) and the central composite design (as the proper one). Following the data analysis from the elimination plan two variables were eliminated, which helped to simplify the research object.

Among other uncommon applications of the design of experiments: the optimization of the conditions for the extraction of natural pigments used in dyeing food, the production of fatty acid methyl esters used as diesel oil substitutes (biodiesel) and the optimization of a supercritical fluid extraction methodology for the analysis of castor oil, should be mentioned.
Controlled release fertilizers
Authors: Lubkowski Krzysztof , Grzmil Barbara
Published: May 2008

Controlled release fertilizers

The efficiency of nitrogen assimilation by plants is rather low and this is a serious problem in view of environmental protection. Improvement of nitrogen absorption can be carried out through the developing, producing and applying the controlled release fertilizers. Biodegradable chitosan has been proposed as an alternative material in the production of controlled release fertilizers.
A model of the meat waste management
Authors: Kowalski Zygmunt , Krupa-Żuczek Kinga
Published: May 2008

A model of the meat waste management

The European Union produces about 18 million tons of waste from meat industry per year. The real danger of the BSE disease caused a necessity of looking for a new alternative solution of meat waste management. The proposed solution of meat industry waste management would create meat production waste free with the use of the cleaner production method. Cleaner production includes: pollution prevention, reduction of the source, recovery of materials and energy (for example: the recovery of blood plasma and protein hydrolisate from bone sludge) and their recycling. The thermal processing of meat industrial waste (bone sludge, meat-bone meal and odour) is anticipated, too. Ashes from meat calcining have the phosphorus content close to its concentration, of the typical phosphoric raw materials. That confirmed the possibility of using such ashes as the substitute of phosphoric raw materials. The target model of waste free meat waste management included the results of the implemented and current research.
The influence of ozonation on the activated carbon adsorption of phenol and humic acid
Authors: Seredyńska-Sobecka Bożena , Tomaszewska Maria
Published: May 2008

The influence of ozonation on the activated carbon adsorption of phenol and humic acid

To study the influence of ozonation on the activated carbon adsorption, a model solution containing approximately 8 mg/dm3 of humic acid and approximately 1 mg/dm3 of phenol has been ozonated, and then adsorption kintetics and adsorption isotherm experiments have been performed. The applied ozone doses ranged from 1 to 3 mg O3/dm3, and a contact time was 1 min. In the adsorption experiments, the commercial activated carbon CWZ-30 (Gryfskand Sp. z o.o., Hajnówka, Poland) has been used. Phenol adsorption under equilibrium conditions was determined by the Freundlich isotherm equation, and the modified Freudlich isotherm equation has been employed for the determination of humic acid equilibrium adsorption. The applied oxidation conditions resulted in color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and UV254 absorbance removal, by 4 - 13%, 3 - 6%, 3 - 7%, respectively. After ozonation, phenol concentration decreased by 6 - 23%. These changes in the model solution did not affect the humic acid adsorption, however, they deteriorated phenol adsorption.
Preparation methods of calcium sulphate and urea adduct
Authors: Malinowski Przemysław , Biskupski Andrzej , Głowiński Józef
Published: May 2008

Preparation methods of calcium sulphate and urea adduct

The paper presents the results of laboratory studies on the preparation of calcium sulphate and urea adduct by: grinding, compacting and mixing in the presence of physical water. A method for the measurement of urea conversion into the adduct form, which is based on the difference in solubility of free urea and the adduct bound urea CaSO4·4CO(NH2)2 in n-butanol, was developed. Mixing the reagents in the presence of physical water produced the best results. High urea conversion into the adduct form, over 85%, in the prepared samples indicates that this method can be successfully used to get CaSO4·4CO(NH2)2 adduct.
Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification
Authors: Bedyk Tomasz , Nowicki Lech , Stolarek Paweł , Ledakowicz Stanisław
Published: May 2008

Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification

A method of monitoring sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification was proposed. Samples of sludge were pyrolysed in Ar and gasified in CO2 in a thermobalance. The evolved gases were analysed on the calibrated MS, the samples of sludge and solid residues at different stages of the processes were subjected to elemental analysis. The identification and the quantitative characterisation of chemical reactions were performed, based on the DTG and MS profiles.
Modelling of the gas combustion process
Authors: Baczyńska Teresa , Głowiński Józef , Hałat Adam
Published: May 2008

Modelling of the gas combustion process

This paper reports on a procedure which leads to the assessment of the KG values without the need of determining the maximal rate of pressure rise by experiments. A simulation is proposed of the combustion process in its simplest form, i.e. one-dimensional propagation of the flame. Such simulation enables the burning velocity Su to be assessed. Knowing the Su values for different compositions of the flammable mixture makes it possible to determine the Su, max value. Once the correlation between Su,max and KG has been established, this will enable us to assign an appropriate value of KG to that of the maximal burning velocity. An example of such a correlation is given. It refers to flammable mixtures of a comparatively low burning velocity.
The temperature and moisture distribution of rapeseeds in a fixed bed during microwave-vacuum drying on a semi-technical scale
Authors: Łupińska Anita , Kozioł Antoni , Łupinski Michał , Araszkiewicz Michał
Published: May 2008

The temperature and moisture distribution of rapeseeds in a fixed bed during microwave-vacuum drying on a semi-technical scale

A research into microwave vacuum drying of rapeseeds in a fixed bed on a semi-technical scale was done. The temperature and moisture distribution for a different value of microwave power and pressure were determined. The economic analysis of the drying processes, description of equipment and measurement methodology were presented, too.
Investigations of selected properties of pharmacologically active compounds by chromatographic and potentiometric methods on the chrysin example
Authors: Pusz Janusz , Zapała Wojciech , Papciak Bogdan
Published: May 2008

Investigations of selected properties of pharmacologically active compounds by chromatographic and potentiometric methods on the chrysin example

The RP-TLC method was used to determine the dissociation constant of chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) in methanol-aqueous (1:1 v/v) solutions. In this method the pK value was quantified on the basis of retention data and a retention model. The accuracy of determining the model parameters was analysed using the following statistical criteria: the sum of the squared differences between the experimental and theoretical data, approximation of standard deviation, and the Fisher test. Besides, in this work the potentiometric method was used. Investigations were carried out at ionic strength I=0.1 at T= 298 K. The dissociation constant were determined using the Rossotti method as well as the numerical method based on the procedures of non-linear curve fitting using Microsoft Excel Solver and the user-defined function. It has been found that the differences in the evaluated pK values were relatively small and did not exceed 1.2%.
Hydrophobization of fine solids presented on the example of limestone powder
Authors: Vogt Elżbieta
Published: May 2008

Hydrophobization of fine solids presented on the example of limestone powder

The work proposes a new method of hydrophobization of limestone powder from stearic acid vapour or stearic acid ether solution. The obtained product is characterised by all properties typical of water-resistant materials. The evaluation of these properties has been carried out according to Polish Standard PN-G-11020 and analysed with research methods originally used for powder technique.
Search for the possibility of utilizing the differences in complex-forming capacities of alkylimidazoles for selective extraction of some metal ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Radzymińska-Lenarcik Elżbieta
Published: May 2008

Search for the possibility of utilizing the differences in complex-forming capacities of alkylimidazoles for selective extraction of some metal ions from aqueous solutions

Alkyl substituents in position 1 of the imidazole ring distinctly affect the hydrophobic properties of the molecule and strengthen its basicity. Hence, 1-alkylimidazoles have been used as extractants of a number of metal ions. Again, a methyl substituent in position 2 of the imidazole ring raises by an order of magnitude the basicity. At the same time, the substituent impedes the formation of the 2-alkylimidazole complexes with metal ions due to the steric effect.

By the substitution of alkyl groups in position 1 or 2 of the imidazole ring it is possible to program the extraction properties of extractants and to control the selectivity of extraction.
A New Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble (Paeonio Banaticae-Quercetum Cerridis Kevey Ass. Nova)
Authors: Kevey Balázs
Published: May 2008

A New Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble (Paeonio Banaticae-Quercetum CerridisKevey Ass. Nova)

In this paper a relic and edaphic (azonal) forest association new to science (Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis) is described and characterized. This association is compared by traditional phytosociological methods to associations with which it is in physical contact in the Eastern Mecsek Hills (Southwest Hungary). Stands ofPaeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridisoccur on steep slopes with southern exposition between 280-640 m. The forest soil contains a large amount of rocks and rubble, and is slowly drifting. The microclimate of the forest is conducive to the survival of many species with submediterranean distribution. One of them is the endemicPaeonia banaticawhose largest populations occur in this forest type. The new association is placed in the allianceQuercion farnettoI. Horvat 1954 and suballianceQuercenion farnettoKevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005.
Diversity of Dry Grasslands in the Považský Inovec MTS (slovakia) - A Numerical Analysis
Authors: Michálková Daniela
Published: May 2008

Diversity of Dry Grasslands in the Považský Inovec MTS (slovakia) - A Numerical Analysis

The paper reveals a numerical and ecological analysis of 128 published relevés of xerothermic vegetation of the Považský Inovec Mts. Four associations have been recognised:Festuco valesiacae-Stipetum capillataeSillinger 1930,Festuco pallentis-Caricetum humilisSillinger 1930 corr. Gutermann et Mucina 1993,Poo badensis-Festucetum pallentisKlika 1931 corr. Zólyomi 1966 nom. invers. propos. andMinuartio setaceae-Seslerietum coeruleaeKlika 1931 nom. mut. propos. Through the numerical methods, the study reconsiders the conception of the dry grassland associations, which are traditionally used in phytocoenological literature. It also defines the indication taxa group of the associations and characterises their environmental conditions. Major environmental gradients influencing the vegetation were interpreted using average Ellenberg indication values. Finally, the classification within the higher vegetation units, the nomenclature of the associations and the environmental threats are discussed.
To the Validation of Some Syntaxa of the Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea from the Western Carpathians Published in Hacquetia 2006, 5/1: 37-71
Authors: Šibík Jozef , Kliment Ján , Jarolímek Ivan , Dúbravcová Zuzana , Bělohlávková Radmila , Paclová Libuše
Published: May 2008

To the Validation of Some Syntaxa of the Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea from the Western Carpathians Published in Hacquetia 2006, 5/1: 37-71
Viola Pyrenaica Ramond Ex Dc in the Northern Part of the Dinaric Mountains (The Plateaus of Trnovski Gozd and Nanos, Slovenia)
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Peljhan Jernej
Published: May 2008

Viola PyrenaicaRamond Ex Dc in the Northern Part of the Dinaric Mountains (The Plateaus of Trnovski Gozd and Nanos, Slovenia)

The article describes new localities of a south-European montane speciesViola pyrenaicain the Julian Alps and in the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus (the northern part of the Dinaric mountains). It has been established that in the localities known so far in Slovenia, the species grows on similar sites as elsewhere in the Alps and other mountain ranges of the Balkan Peninsula, above all on overgrown screes, stony grasslands, on forest edges, in light forests on stony ground and in tall herb communities on calcareous bedrock in the submontane, montane and subalpine belt (450 to 1600 m a.s.l.). The floristic composition of the communities in which it grows is presented in four tables. On the Trnovski gozd plateau it was found in various successional stages of abandoned pastures or grasslands of the associationGenisto sericeae-Seslerietum kalnikensisand in open coppice stands of hop hornbeam and flowering ash, which are classified into the associationSeslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae.
Sand-Dune Vegetation of Igneada Coast in the Thracian Part of Turkey
Authors: Kavgaci Ali
Published: May 2008

Sand-Dune Vegetation of Igneada Coast in the Thracian Part of Turkey

Igneada is located in the northwest part of Turkey on the Black Sea coast and it is also near the national border between Turkey and Bulgaria. The Igneada region was accepted as one of the most important plant areas of Turkey. In this work, a study was made on the phytosociological structure of Igneada sand dune vegetation, which is the one of the important components of the richness in the region. At the end of the assessment of the data, 3 communities were defined. These communities areOtantho-Leymetum sabulosi, Medicago rigidula-Cionura erectabasal community and meadow behind the sand dune. The part of the sand dune closest to the sea has width of 30 m, ascends with a specific inclination and has no vegetation coverage. Behind this part,Otantho-Leymetum sabulosioccurs at places where the sand dune has an unstable structure. TheMedicago rigidula-Cionura erectabasal community appears behindOtantho-Leymetum sabulosiand the sand dune has a stable structure at these areas. Behind these communities, another vegetation belt occurs, formed by the species that are cosmopolite or characteristic for meadow vegetation.
Probability of Exercise of Option
Authors: Stolorz Beata
Published: May 2008

Probability of Exercise of Option

To estimate the risk the investors take when investing their money in stocks or stock options one must study if the option is exercised or not. From the point of view of a call option writer, especially those uncovered, one should study the probability of the exercise of option by a holder. The method presented in the paper enables to estimate risk connected with investment in options. In the assessment of risk that is born when investing money in stocks or options it is interesting whether the option will be exercised or not. From the writers' point of view, particularly those without coverage, it could be necessary to analyse probability of the exercise of options by buyers. The described method allows to assess at any time of call option duration whether the investor can be certain of the result of their investment. It can be applied also for the option strategies. In the paper the author has attempted to estimate the risk of call option and to estimate the probability of profit achievement in the case of long strangle option application. Investors using option strategies are able to do preliminary analysis of options and to minimize risk of their investment through choosing a proper date and price of exercise.
Relationships Between Banks and Insurers Vis-á-Vis Globalisation Processes and Social Reforms in Poland
Authors: Krasowska-Marczyk Małgorzata
Published: May 2008

Relationships Between Banks and Insurers Vis-á-Vis Globalisation Processes and Social Reforms in Poland

The aim of the article is an attempt to present tendencies and prospects of bank-insurance relationship development in Poland in the period of globalization and social insurance reforms. The evolution and financial system structure as well as the spheres of operation of the banking and insurance sectors, supported by examples are presented on the background of the current situation in Poland and European trends. The influence of social reforms as a factor determining creating banks-insurance companies structure (OFE market) is taken into consideration in the analysis.
The Effects of Flat Covers on Overwintering and Nutritional Value of Leeks
Authors: Kołota Eugeniusz , Adamczewska-Sowińska Katarzyna
Published: May 2008

The Effects of Flat Covers on Overwintering and Nutritional Value of Leeks

In a field study conducted in 2003-2005 leek cv. Kenton F1 planted in June was harvested in November or after overwintering in a field conditions. During the winter season plants were covered by perforated clear polyethylene film (PE) with 50 holes per 1 m2 or non-woven polypropylene agrotextile (30 g·m-2), which were removed just before the Ist and IInd term of harvest conducted at the end of March or April. The application of both tested covers considerably increased the winter hardiness of plants in comparison to non covered control. They provided the similar protection against frost damage in early spring harvest, while for delayed one to the end of April, more beneficial cover was found to be agrotextile material. Plants harvested in spring season contained lower amounts of dry matter, total sugar and vitamin C, and higher level of reducing sugar and nitrates. During the IInd term of spring harvest there was observed a decrease of dry matter and vitamin C and some increment of nitrates content in leeks in comparison to that conducted at the end of March.
Effects of Age and Cold Storage of Transplants on the Growth and Quality of Broccoli Heads
Authors: Grabowska Aneta , Kunicki Edward , Libik Andrzej
Published: May 2008

Effects of Age and Cold Storage of Transplants on the Growth and Quality of Broccoli Heads

In the two-factor field experiment conducted in 2002-2004 the effect of transplant age and the time of storage on the yield of broccoli cv. ‘Lord F1’ was investigated. Transplants were stored in freon cold room without access to light at +2°C and a relative air humidity of 80-85%. Both investigated factors had no significant effect on crop acceleration. Plants obtained from 4-week old transplants gained marketable yield significantly higher than plants obtained from 10-week old transplants. Significantly higher yield was obtained from transplants stored in a cooling room as compared to non-stored transplants. No univocal effect of the transplant age on the percentage of hollow stems was demonstrated.
The Effect of Maturity Stage on Nutritional Value of Leek, Zucchini and Kohlrabi
Authors: Biesiada Anita , Kołota Eugeniusz , Adamczewska-sowińska Katarzyna
Published: May 2008

The Effect of Maturity Stage on Nutritional Value of Leek, Zucchini and Kohlrabi

Three field experiments were established in 1996-2003 in order to determine the effects of term of harvest and stage of maturity on biological value of leek, zucchini and kohlrabi. The results of experiments showed that delay the harvest date associated with considerable increment of crop yield caused the enhancement of dry matter, total and reducing sugars in leek and kohlrabi. In zucchini the fruits of smaller size contained higher amounts of dry matter and similar sugars like more developed. Advanced term of harvest appeared to be favourable for vitamin C, phosphorus and potassium content in vegetables. Changes in magnesium and calcium concentration under influence of the stage of maturity were highly dependent on plant species. Plants of kohlrabi and leeks harvested at later stage of maturity contained lower level of nitrates, but in zucchini there was observed the increment of this compound in fruits of a bigger size at harvest.
Effect of Lupin Extract and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield Quality of Celeriac
Authors: Barczak Bożena , Majcherczak Edward , Kozera Wojciech
Published: May 2008

Effect of Lupin Extract and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield Quality of Celeriac

The results of a study on possibilities of utilization of lupin extract are presented. The extract was a waste material from the de-bittering process of bitter lupin seeds and might affect yield and chemical composition of celeriac. Type of nitrogen fertilizer (pure ammonium nitrate or its form supplemented with molybdenum and magnesium) was another factor tested. The study, based on field experiments, was conducted in the years 1999-2001. It was found that fertilization with ammonium nitrate, and especially with its form enriched in magnesium and molybdenum, was a factor significantly affecting yield of celeriac. After use of lupin seed extract slight increase in yield and total nitrogen content as well as evident reduction in nitrates content in celeriac were observed. Average decrease in content of this nitrogen form in roots and leaves was 14.8% and 29.6%, respectively, as compared to control. Tested factors did not influence significantly potassium and sodium contents in leaves and roots of celeriac.