bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can changes in social contact (frequency and mode) mitigate low mood before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic? The I‐CONECT project
Authors: Wu Chao‐Yi , Mattek Nora , Wild Katherine , Miller Lyndsey M. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Silbert Lisa C. , Dodge Hiroko H.
Published: December 2021

Background/Objectives

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) global outbreak allowed a natural experiment to observe how older adults changed social patterns and how it affected their emotional well‐being. We studied the frequency and modes of social contact and their effects on older adults' mood before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

Phone‐based surveys were administered weekly before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Setting

Participants were recruited from Portland, Oregon, and Detroit, Michigan.

Participants

Older adults ≥75 years old (n = 155, age = 81.0 ± 4.5, 72.3% women) were included in a randomized controlled trial, the Internet‐Based Conversational Engagement Clinical Trial (I‐CONECT).

Measurements

Low mood was self‐reported as feeling downhearted or blue for three or more days in the past week. Social contact was self‐reported by the amount of time spent in interactions, with whom (family, friends, others), and via which modes (in‐person, phone/video call, text/email/letter).

Results

A total of 5525 weeks of data were derived from 155 participants. Before the COVID‐19 pandemic, average social interaction time spent in‐person, on phone/video call, and via text/email/letter was 406, 141, and 68 min/week, respectively. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, time spent in‐person was reduced by 135 min/week, while time spent via phone/video call and writing increased by 33 and 26 mins/week, respectively. In‐person family contact was associated with less low mood regardless of the pandemic (odds ratio = 0.92, p < 0.05). There was a COVID‐19 × text/email/letter with friends interaction (odds ratio = 0.77, p = 0.03), suggesting that during the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase of 1 h of writing with friends per week was associated with a 23% decrease in the likelihood of experiencing low mood.

Conclusion

The lost in‐person time relating to COVID‐19 restrictions tended to be partially compensated for with increased calls and writing time, although overall social interaction time decreased. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, at least two types of social interactions (writing to friends and in‐person family time) showed promise for mitigating low mood for older adults with limited social resources.
G protein‐coupled receptor interactions and modification of signalling involving the ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a
Authors: Ringuet Mitchell Ty , Furness John Barton , Furness Sebastian George Barton
Published: December 2021

The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) is intriguing because of its potential as a therapeutic target and its diverse molecular interactions. Initial studies of the receptor focused on the potential therapeutic ability for growth hormone (GH) release to reduce wasting in aging individuals, as well as food intake regulation for treatment of cachexia. Known roles of GHSR1a now extend to regulation of neurogenesis, learning and memory, gastrointestinal motility, glucose/lipid metabolism, the cardiovascular system, neuronal protection, motivational salience, and hedonic feeding. Ghrelin, the endogenous agonist of GHSR1a, is primarily located in the stomach and is absent from the central nervous system (CNS), including the spinal cord. However, ghrelin in the circulation does have access to a small number of CNS sites, including the arcuate nucleus, which is important in feeding control. At some sites, such as at somatotrophs, GHSR1a has high constitutive activity. Typically, ghrelin‐dependent and constitutive GHSR1a activation occurs via Gαq/11 pathways. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that GHSR1a heterodimerises with multiple G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), including dopamine D1 and D2, serotonin 2C, orexin, oxytocin and melanocortin 3 receptors (MCR3), as well as the MCR3 accessory protein, MRAP2, providing possible mechanisms for its many physiological effects. In all cases, the receptor interaction changes downstream signalling and the responses to receptor agonists. This review discusses the signalling mechanisms of GHSR1a alone and in combination with other GPCRs, and explores the physiological consequences of GHSR1a coupling with other GPCRs.
Frequency and risk factors for naturally occurring Cushing's syndrome in dogs attendingUKprimary‐care practices
Authors: Schofield I. , Brodbelt D. C. , Niessen S. J. M. , Church D. B. , Geddes R. F. , O'Neill D. G.
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To estimate the frequency and risk factors for Cushing's syndrome in dogs under UK primary veterinary care.

Materials and Methods

Dogs with Cushing's syndrome were identified by searching electronic patient records of primary‐care veterinary practices. Pre‐existing and incident cases of Cushing's syndrome during 2016 were included to estimate the 1‐year period prevalence. Incident cases were used to estimate the annual incidence and to identify demographic risk factors for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs, through multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Analysis included 970 pre‐existing and 557 incident cases of Cushing's syndrome from a population of 905,544 dogs. The estimated 1‐year period prevalence for Cushing's syndrome in dogs under veterinary care was 0.17% (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.18) and incidence was 0.06% (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.07). In multivariable logistic regression modelling, the Bichon frise (odds ratio=6.17, 95% confidence interval 4.22 to 9.00), Border terrier (5.40, 95% confidence interval 3.66 to 7.97) and Miniature schnauzer (3.05, 95% confidence interval 1.67 to 5.57) had the highest odds of Cushing's syndrome. The Golden retriever (0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.06 to 0.98) and Labrador retriever (0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.54) were the most protected breeds. Increasing age, bodyweight greater than the breed‐sex mean and being insured also showed increased odds of Cushing's syndrome.

Clinical Significance

As Cushing's syndrome is predominately diagnosed and managed in primary‐care practice, this study provides valuable new information of its epidemiology in this setting. Demographics reported are supportive of previous work and additional novel associations identified, such as the Border terrier, could enhance the index of suspicion for veterinarians.
The first steps toward a global pandemic: Reconstructing the demographic history of parasite host switches in its native range
Authors: Techer Maeva A. , Roberts John M. K. , Cartwright Reed A. , Mikheyev Alexander S.
Published: December 2021

Host switching allows parasites to expand their niches. However, successful switching may require suites of adaptations and also may decrease performance on the old host. As a result, reductions in gene flow accompany many host switches, driving speciation. Because host switches tend to be rapid, it is difficult to study them in real‐time, and their demographic parameters remain poorly understood. As a result, fundamental factors that control subsequent parasite evolution, such as the size of the switching population or the extent of immigration from the original host, remain largely unknown. To shed light on the host switching process, we explored how host switches occur in independent host shifts by two ectoparasitic honey bee mites (Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni). Both switched to the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) after being brought into contact with their ancestral host (Apis cerana), ~70 and ~12 years ago, respectively. Varroa destructor subsequently caused worldwide collapses of honey bee populations. Using whole‐genome sequencing on 63 mites collected in their native ranges from both the ancestral and novel hosts, we were able to reconstruct the known temporal dynamics of the switch. We further found multiple previously undiscovered mitochondrial lineages on the novel host, along with the genetic equivalent of tens of individuals that were involved in the initial host switch. Despite being greatly reduced, some gene flow remains between mites adapted to different hosts. Our findings suggest that while reproductive isolation may facilitate the fixation of traits beneficial for exploiting the new host, ongoing genetic exchange may allow genetic amelioration of inbreeding effects.
Semi‐quantitative metabarcoding reveals how climate shapes arthropod community assembly along elevation gradients on Hawaii Island
Authors: Lim Jun Ying , Patiño Jairo , Noriyuki Suzuki , Cayetano Luis , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Krehenwinkel Henrik
Published: December 2021

Spatial variation in climatic conditions along elevation gradients provides an important backdrop by which communities assemble and diversify. Lowland habitats tend to be connected through time, whereas highlands can be continuously or periodically isolated, conditions that have been hypothesized to promote high levels of species endemism. This tendency is expected to be accentuated among taxa that show niche conservatism within a given climatic envelope. While species distribution modeling approaches have allowed extensive exploration of niche conservatism among target taxa, a broad understanding of the phenomenon requires sampling of entire communities. Species‐rich groups such as arthropods are ideal case studies for understanding ecological and biodiversity dynamics along elevational gradients given their important functional role in many ecosystems, but community‐level studies have been limited due to their tremendous diversity. Here, we develop a novel semi‐quantitative metabarcoding approach that combines specimen counts and size‐sorting to characterize arthropod community‐level diversity patterns along elevational transects on two different volcanoes of the island of Hawai‘i. We found that arthropod communities between the two transects became increasingly distinct compositionally at higher elevations. Resistance surface approaches suggest that climatic differences between sampling localities are an important driver in shaping beta‐diversity patterns, though the relative importance of climate varies across taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, the climatic niche position of OTUs between transects was highly correlated, suggesting that climatic filters shape the colonization between adjacent volcanoes. Taken together, our results highlight climatic niche conservatism as an important factor shaping ecological assembly along elevational gradients and suggest topographic complexity as an important driver of diversification.
Incidence, risk factors and mortality of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with influenza: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shi Changcheng , Shan Qiyuan , Xia Junbo , Wang Liusheng , Wang Linling , Qiu Lei , Xie Yaping , Lin Nengming , Wang Limin
Published: December 2021

Background

An increasing number of cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) complicating influenza have been described. We performed a meta‐analysis to estimate the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of IPA in patients with influenza.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases from their inception to 31 August 2021 for eligible studies. Data on the incidence and risk factors of and mortality due to IPA in influenza patients were pooled using a random‐effects model. Sensitivity analyses restricted to severe influenza requiring intensive care unit (ICU) support and multiple subgroup analyses were performed.

Results

Fourteen studies involving 6024 hospitalised patients with influenza were included. IPA was estimated to occur in 10% of influenza patients, with a mortality rate of 52%. Similar incidence (11%) and mortality (54%) estimates for IPA were observed in the sensitivity analysis including severe cases requiring ICU support. Subgroup analysis by geographical location showed a similar IPA rate between European (10%) and non‐European (11%) studies. The IPA rate in the subset of nine studies using the modified AspICU criteria was 13%. Most subgroup analyses showed ≥50% mortality in IPA patients. Several predictors for IPA susceptibility were identified, including male sex, smoking history, chronic lung disease, influenza A (H1N1), severe conditions requiring supportive therapy, corticosteroid use before admission, solid organ transplant and haematological malignancy.

Conclusions

The IPA is common in individuals with severe influenza, and the prognosis is particularly poor. Influenza patients, especially those with high‐risk factors, should be thoroughly screened for IPA.
Recent developments in the understanding of PIN polarity
Authors: Marhava Petra
Published: December 2021

Polar localization of PIN‐FORMED proteins (PINs) at the plasma membrane is essential for plant development as they direct the transport of phytohormone auxin between cells. PIN polar localization to certain sides of a given cell is dynamic, strictly regulated and provides directionality to auxin flow. Signals that act upstream to control subcellular PIN localization modulate auxin distribution, thereby regulating diverse aspects of plant development. Here I summarize the current understanding of mechanisms by which PIN polarity is established, maintained and rearranged to provide a glimpse into the complexity of PIN polarity.
Factors that influence the emotional impact of memory problems in older adults: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Hill Nikki L. , Bratlee‐Whitaker Emily , Wion Rachel K. , Madrigal Caroline , Bhargava Sakshi , Mogle Jacqueline
Published: December 2021

Background

Associations among psychological health and memory concerns in older adults are well‐established, but much of this research is quantitative.

Objectives

This study examined how memory problems influence emotional well‐being in older adults without dementia, and whether this differs by cognitive status and current depressive or anxiety symptoms.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive design was used to examine our research questions. Community‐dwelling older adults without dementia (n = 49, Mage = 74.5[10.1], 63% women) completed a cognitive assessment, questionnaires and two semi‐structured interviews. Content analysis was used to code and categorise the transcribed interview data, then identify themes within and across participant groups.

Results

Five themes described the influence of memory problems on emotional well‐being: Evoking Emotions, Fearing Future, Undermining Self, Normalising Problems and Adjusting Thinking. Memory problems' impact on emotional well‐being varied by current anxiety symptoms, characteristics of the problem and personal experience with dementia.

Conclusion

The emotional impact of memory problems tended to differ by affective symptoms, not cognitive status. Older adults who report memory concerns without objective evidence of impairment may be at risk for negative impacts to mental health and well‐being.

Implications for practice

Cognitive screening guidelines should consider best practices for responding to memory concerns when cognitive testing results are normal.
A rare case of a solid odontogenic keratocyst of the mandible
Authors: Allsobrook Olive F. L. , Hankinson Paul M. , Levene Adam P. , Sharma Valmiki , Rae Alexander , Brierley Daniel J.
Published: December 2021

Aim

To introduce the reader to the rare solid odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) that is different from the classic OKC and may mimic other entities.

Case report

We discuss a solid OKC occurring in the body of the mandible of a 59‐year‐old female, which was treated with a local excision.

Discussion

The clinical, radiological and histological findings are discussed alongside the pertinent literature.

Conclusion

Awareness of the solid OKC should ensure appropriate work‐up and management of this rare entity.
Sly‐miR159 regulates fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis in tomato
Authors: Zhao Panpan , Wang Fengpan , Deng Yinjiao , Zhong Fanjia , Tian Peng , Lin Dongbo , Deng Juhui , Zhang Yongxia , Huang Tengbo
Published: December 2021

Fruit morphology is an important agronomical trait of many crops. Here, we identify Sly‐miR159 as an important regulator of fruit morphology in tomato, a model species of fleshy‐fruit development. We show that Sly‐miR159 functions through its target SlGAMYB2 to control fruit growth. Suppression of Sly‐miR159 and overexpression of SlGAMYB2 result in larger fruits with a reduced length/width ratio, while loss of function of SlGAMYB2 leads to the formation of smaller and more elongated fruits. Gibberellin (GA) is a major phytohormone that regulates fruit development in tomato. We show the Sly‐miR159‐SlGAMYB2 pathway controls fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis. In particular, we demonstrate that Sly‐miR159 promotes GA biosynthesis largely through the direct repression of the GA biosynthetic gene SlGA3ox2 by SlGAMYB2. Together, our findings reveal the action of Sly‐miR159 on GA biosynthesis as a previously unidentified mechanism that controls fruit morphology in tomato. Modulating this pathway may have potential applications in tomato breeding for manipulating fruit growth and facilitating the process of fruit improvement.
UV‐B Irradiation Results in Inhibition of Hypocotyl Elongation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Decreased Endoreduplication Mediated by miR5642
Authors: Dukowic‐Schulze Stefanie , Harvey Allison , Garcia Nelson , Chen Changbin , Gardner Gary
Published: December 2021

UV‐B as a component of natural solar radiation can induce damage and morphological development in plants. The UV‐B response from germination and early development in seedlings is still largely unknown, with most studies focused on older, light‐exposed seedlings. We used fluence response curves measuring hypocotyl length after UV‐B exposure coupled with RNA‐seq and sRNA‐seq evaluation of the early seedling response in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified miR5642 as a potential novel key regulator of UV‐B responses. miR5642 is a noncanonical miRNA predicted to target previously known and unknown components involved in hypocotyl growth inhibition. These include (i) SMAX1, a signal transmitter for seedling germination and growth; (ii) ZAT1, an uncharacterized transcription factor; and (iii) membrane pores and transporters (VHA‐E1, VHA‐E3, EPSIN‐LIKE and PIP1.4) implicated in cell elongation. In addition, HY5 and HYH, two homologous and redundant transcription factors involved in seedling photomorphogenesis, may interact with these newly identified components. Interestingly, UV‐B–induced DNA photodimer formation seems to be the direct trigger leading to inhibition of hypocotyl growth through a combination of cellular decisions including cell cycle arrest, reduced endoreduplication and reduced cell elongation, and this inhibition appears to be modulated by miR5642 target genes.
A Basic Technique for Guiding Evidence‐Informed Problem Solving
Authors: Abrams Harold C.
Published: December 2021

To help guide certain problem‐solving efforts in a timely and relevant manner, public agencies should consider the use of simple multiplicative component models. Such models involve basic algebra, arithmetic, practical logic, and straightforward cross‐tabulations and tables. Two actual case examples are presented. Additional diverse applications are briefly discussed to illustrate the potential value of this tool to guide a number of evidence‐informed efforts.
Commonalities and specificities of dynamic capabilities: a mixed methods study of UK high‐tech SMEs
Authors: Senaratne Chaminda , Wang Catherine L. , Sarma Meera
Published: December 2021

This study aims to examine the commonalities of dynamic capabilities (DCs) across firms and identify their idiosyncratic practices within firms – an under‐researched area within the strategic management and related innovation management literature. Although the existing research has attempted to identify commonalities of DCs across firms, there is hardly any research on specific practices within firms identified under those commonalities. We address this critical research problem to understand how firms can develop and deploy idiosyncratic practices of DCs but also align such firm‐specific practices with common best practices of DCs across firms. Based on a mixed methods study, we first conceptualize and empirically examine the commonalities of DCs across firms using quantitative survey data from 113 UK high‐tech SMEs. This is followed by identifying specificities of developing and applying DCs within firms based on qualitative interview data from 20 UK high‐tech SMEs. Our findings reveal that the commonalities of DCs are manifested in two components: absorptive capability and transformative capability, and that these two capabilities are embedded in specific practices within firms. Therefore, this study contributes to the understanding of how DCs are developed and deployed in the specific context of firms but also aligned with ‘best practices’ of DCs across firms.
Effect of ovarian follicular wave pattern and endocrine characteristics on pregnancy outcome in cows
Authors: Sood Pankaj , Sarma Haladhar Dev , Kadwad Vijay B. , Kumar Sunil
Published: December 2021

The effect of two (2W) versus three (3W) wave patterns of follicular dynamics and concurrent endocrine milieu of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol 17‐β (E2) and progesterone (P4) were investigated during one interoestrous interval (IEI) before insemination, on ensuing pregnancy, in 70 lactating Jersey crossbred cows. The findings were evaluated for between [included all (overall) 2W‐O and 3W‐O cows] and within [after separating pregnant (P) and non‐pregnant (NP) cows in 2W and 3W] wave patterns. The propensity of two (58.6%, n = 41) and three (41.4%, n = 29) wave patterns was similar (p = .15). The IEI, shorter by 2.6 days for 2W‐O versus 3W‐O (p < .0009), predicted wave pattern as 100% 2W‐O cows had IEI of ≤21 days, present only in 27.6% 3W‐O cows (p < .0001). The ovulatory follicle persisted for a significantly shorter duration for 3W‐O versus 2W‐O cows. The average FSH, LH, E2 and P4 concentrations during the IEI did not differ for between and within the wave patterns. Pregnancy rate (%) of 58.6 versus 41.4 (p = .15) for 2W‐O versus 3W‐O and 56.1‐P versus 43.9‐NP (p = .44) for within 2W was similar, but tended to differ for within the 3W pattern (69.0‐P versus 31.0‐NP, p = .06). The pregnancy outcome was influenced by the age of ovulatory follicle for between the wave patterns and by follicular count as well as FSH surge concentration for within the wave patterns. A shorter luteal phase reduced the pregnancy outcome, a novel finding of the present study.
Correlates of children's sympathy: Recognition and regulation of sadness and anger
Authors: Galarneau Emma , Colasante Tyler , Speidel Ruth , Malti Tina
Published: December 2021

Emotion recognition and emotion regulation have been implicated as promising correlates of sympathy. However, their relative and joint contributions to sympathy in different periods of childhood remain unclear. Moreover, researchers have not explored the relative importance of recognizing and regulating distinct distress‐related emotions, such as sadness and anger, for sympathy. The objective of the current paper was to gain a deeper understanding of which underlying emotion‐related factors are most implicated in sympathy and when in childhood they are most predictive. With an ethnically diverse sample of 4‐ and 8‐yearolds (N = 300, n = 150 in each age group; 50% female), this study tested sadness and anger recognition and regulation, and interactions thereof, as predictors of sympathy. Better sadness and anger regulation independently predicted higher levels of sympathy in 4‐ and 8‐year‐olds, albeit sadness regulation was a more robust predictor of sympathy in 4‐year‐olds. Better sadness recognition was associated with higher sympathy in 8‐year‐olds who also had better sadness regulation. Results underscore the importance of emotion regulation for sympathy, particularly in early childhood. The findings also tentatively suggest that the correlates of sympathy may become more nuanced in middle childhood, with emotion‐specific recognition and regulation capacities employed in concert.
The power of slowness: Governmentalities of Olle walking in South Korea
Authors: Choi Myung‐Ae
Published: December 2021

The idea and related practices of slowness have received global attention, as these have been viewed as reactions to and critiques of this “go‐faster” world. Celebration of slowness has been especially prominent in South Korea, which experienced an accelerated transition to a post‐industrial society. In line with recent power‐sensitive studies of slowness, this paper develops a governmentality approach that examines how slowness shapes particular bodily behaviours. Drawing on recent work on rhythmanalysis and governmentalities, this study examines how slowness is enrolled and enacts the rhythmic governing of “Olle” walking – the South Korean countryside walking experience. It specifically relates the analysis to the site‐specific experience of accelerated modernisation, where the legacy of state‐led industrial development persists in the prevailing neoliberal capitalism. First, it examines the ways in which slow rhythm is involved in walking practice, deploying and reproducing a specific rhythm, body, and the mode of biopower. It then looks at several ways through which the emerging slow rhythm of Olle walking and the fast rhythm of everyday life are negotiated. This paper argues that slow walking can serve as an affirmative mode of rhythmic governing that fosters care of the self and the environment.
Protein electrophoresis of non‐traditional species: A review
Authors: Cray Carolyn
Published: December 2021

EPH has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in companion animals while providing an opportunity to characterize globulinemias, including paraproteinemia. In EPH of non‐traditional species, these same applications are important, but the primary use is to gauge the acute‐phase and humoral immune responses. This includes the valid quantitation of albumin as well as the examination of fractions reflective of increases in acute‐phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Agarose gel EPH and, more recently, capillary zone EPH have been applied to samples from these species. Performing these analyses provides special challenges in the placement of fraction delimits, generation of RIs, and interpretation of results. Recommended as part of routine bloodwork, EPH can also provide key results that are helpful in clinical and field‐based health assessments as well as in prognostication.
A novel ion conducting route besides the central pore in an inherited mutant of G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel
Authors: Chen I‐Shan , Eldstrom Jodene , Fedida David , Kubo Yoshihiro
Published: December 2021

G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK; Kir3.x) channels play important physiological roles in various organs. Some of the disease‐associated mutations of GIRK channels are known to induce loss of K+ selectivity but their structural changes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the abnormal ion selectivity of inherited GIRK mutants. By the two‐electrode voltage‐clamp analysis of GIRK mutants heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, we observed that Kir3.2 G156S permeates Li+ better than Rb+, while T154del or L173R of Kir3.2 and T158A of Kir3.4 permeate Rb+ better than Li+, suggesting a unique conformational change in the G156S mutant. Applications of blockers of the selectivity filter (SF) pathway, Ba2+ or Tertiapin‐Q (TPN‐Q), remarkably increased the Li+‐selectivity of Kir3.2 G156S but did not alter those of the other mutants. In single‐channel recordings of Kir3.2 G156S expressed in mouse fibroblasts, two types of events were observed, one attributable to a TPN‐Q‐sensitive K+ current and the second a TPN‐Q‐resistant Li+ current. The results show that a novel Li+‐permeable and blocker‐resistant pathway exists in G156S in addition to the SF pathway. Mutations in the pore helix, S148F and T151A also induced high Li+ permeation. Our results demonstrate that the mechanism underlying the loss of K+ selectivity of Kir3.2 G156S involves formation of a novel ion permeation pathway besides the SF pathway, which allows permeation of various species of cations.

Key points

G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK; Kir3.x) channels play important roles in controlling excitation of cells in various organs, such as the brain and the heart.

Some of the disease‐associated mutations of GIRK channels are known to induce loss of K+ selectivity but their structural changes remain unclear.

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the abnormal ion selectivity of inherited mutants of Kir3.2 and Kir3.4.

Here we show that a novel Na+, Li+‐permeable and blocker‐resistant pathway exists in an inherited mutant, Kir3.2 G156S, in addition to the conventional ion conducting pathway formed by the selectivity filter (SF).

Our results demonstrate that the mechanism underlying the loss of K+ selectivity of Kir3.2 G156S involves formation of a novel ion permeation pathway besides the SF pathway, which allows permeation of various species of cations.
Understanding the Perceptions of Master Coach Developers in the National Coaching Certification Program
Authors: Kloos Kate , Edwards Jonathon
Published: December 2021

The National Coaching Certification Program is an adult education program in Canada that provides education to individuals engaging in sport coaching. In this program, certification is achieved through a successful evaluation. This research examines the perceptions of master coach developers, leaders of coach education in Canada, specifically exploring what factors contribute to them feeling confident and competent in leading National Coaching Certification Program evaluations. Ten master coach developers from across Canada were interviewed, and the following themes were identified: opportunity to engage, connection with participants, and perceptions of evaluation tools and processes. Constructivist grounded theory guided the research, supporting the development of the theory of evaluation leadership in the National Coaching Certification Program. This theory describes the impact of focusing on relationship, process, preparation, and practice on the perceived competence and confidence of program leaders in adult learning.
Gluteal Central Activation in Females With Patellofemoral Pain: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Glaviano Neal R. , Norte Grant E.
Published: December 2021

Context: Lesser hip muscle strength is commonly observed in females with patellofemoral pain (PFP) compared with females without PFP and is associated with poor subjective function and single-leg squat (SLS) biomechanics. Hip muscle weakness is theorized to be related to PFP, suggesting centrally mediated muscle inhibition may influence the observed weakness. The central activation ratio (CAR) is a common metric used to quantify muscle inhibition via burst superimposition. However, gluteal inhibition has yet to be evaluated using this approach in females with PFP. The study objectives are to (1) describe gluteal activation in the context of subjective function, hip strength, and squatting biomechanics and (2) examine the relationship of gluteal activation with subjective function and squatting biomechanics in females with PFP. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Seven females with PFP (age = 22.8 [3.6] y; mass = 69.4 [18.0] kg; height = 1.67 [0.05] m, duration of pain = 6–96 mo) completed this study. Subjective function was assessed with the Anterior Knee Pain Scale, while fear-avoidance beliefs were assessed with the Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire physical activity and work subscales. Biomechanical function was assessed with peak hip and knee angles and moments in the sagittal and frontal planes during SLS. Gluteus medius (GMed) and gluteus maximus (GMax) activation were assessed with the CAR. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and relationships between variables were assessed with Spearman rho correlations. Results: The CAR of GMed and GMax was 90.5% (8.1%) and 84.0% (6.3%), respectively. Lesser GMed CAR was strongly associated with greater hip adduction during SLS (ρ = −.775, P = .02) and greater fear-avoidance beliefs—physical activity subscale (ρ = −.764, P = .018). Conclusion: We found a wide range in GMed and GMax activation across females with PFP. Lesser GMed activation was associated with greater hip adduction during SLS and fear of physical activity, suggesting that gluteal inhibition should be assessed in patients with PFP.
Technology-Enhanced Learning Physical Education? A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Sargent Julia , Calderón Antonio
Published: December 2021

Purpose: In this review, the three components of pedagogy (i.e., teaching, learning, curriculum) were used to critically investigate what is argued to be “enhanced” by digital technology. Method: Using a critical methodology, an answer was sought to the question, “What aspect(s) of pedagogy is claimed to be enhanced by the use of digital technology in PE?” The final set of papers are presented in terms of the claimed technological enhancement in teaching, learning, and curriculum. Findings: Interestingly, technology enhancements are presented most prevalently in terms of “enhancing student learning” in areas such as health or motivational variables. Technology was mainly used as a substitute for the teacher and not transformative of teaching and learning. Discussion/Conclusion: A critical analysis regarding what is done in the “name of PE.” This paper concludes by presenting suggestions on how to move the field forward and to debate the roles of digital technology in PE.
Examining Physical Activity for Individuals With Disabilities Through a Social Justice Lens
Authors: Block Martin E. , Fines Abby
Published: December 2021

Many individuals with disabilities are not physically active. Part of inactivity can be explained by the person’s disability. However, inactivity also may be the result of inequities, attitudes, and misconceptions by physical activity (PA) providers that makes it difficult for those with disabilities to successfully participate in sport, recreation, and fitness pursuits. The purpose of this paper is to examine disability through a social justice lens with specific reference to PA. Concepts of ableism, social justice, and how disability is defined will be explored with specific examples from PA. We conclude with suggestions on how to make PA providers aware of ableism, their biases, and how they define and view disability. This awareness will hopefully lead to changes in the willingness of PA providers to welcome those with disabilities into their programs and provide accommodations so that people with disabilities will be able to access PA.
Martian water escape and internal waves
Authors: Yiğit Erdal
Published: December 2021

Lower atmospheric processes are vital for assessing water loss from Mars
Interactomes in the era of deep learning
Authors: Pereira Joana , Schwede Torsten
Published: December 2021

Deep learning provides an atomic snapshot of the yeast protein interactome
SARS-CoV-2 Genome Sequences, Including One with an ORF7a Deletion, Obtained from Patients in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Mizanur , Rahim Rummana , Hasan Abu , Kawai Naoko , Moonga Lavel Chinyama , Sugi Tatsuki , Hayashida Kyoko , Yamagishi Junya
Published: December 2021

Genomic sequences from a complete SARS-CoV-2 open reading frame (ORF) were obtained from 24 patients diagnosed in May 2020 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. All sequences belonged to clade 20A or 20B, and none were variants of concern. Interestingly, one sequence showed a 161-nucleotide deletion in ORF7a.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Halophilic Bacterium,
Halomonas
sp. Strain NyZ770, from Mariana Trench Sediment
Authors: Lai Xinting , Xu Ying
Published: December 2021

Halomonas
sp. strain NyZ770 is a bacterium that was isolated from Mariana Trench sediment. Here, the complete genome sequence of this strain is reported. The genome was sequenced with the Illumina NovaSeq and Pacific Biosciences Sequel sequencing platforms and consists of a single chromosome of 4,024,853 bp, with a G+C content of 60.21%.
Physical Properties and Internal Structure of the Central Region of the Moon
Authors: Kuskov O. L. , Kronrod E. V. , Matsumoto K. , Kronrod V. A.
Published: December 2021

One of the pivoting problems of the geochemistry and geophysics of the Moon is the structure of its central region, i.e., its core and adjacent transition layer located at the boundary between the solid mantle and liquid or partially molten core. The chemical composition of the mantle and the internal structure of the central region of the Moon were simulated based on the joint inversion of seismic, selenophysical, and geochemical parameters that are not directly interrelated. The solution of the inverse problem is based on the Bayesian approach and the use of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm in combination with the method of Gibbs free energy minimization. The results show that the radius of the Moon’s central region is about 500–550 km. The thickness of the transition layer and the radii of the outer and inner cores relatively weakly depend on the composition models of the bulk silicate Moon with different contents of refractory oxides. The silicate portion of the Moon is enriched in FeO (12–13 wt %, FeO ~ 1.5 × BSE) and depleted in MgO (Mg# 79–81) relative to the bulk composition of the silicate Earth (BSE), which is in conflict with the possibility of the formation of the Moon from the Earth’s primitive mantle and does not find an adequate explanation in the current canonical and non-canonical models of the origin of the Moon. SiO2 concentrations in all zones of the lunar mantle vary insignificantly and amount to 52–53 wt %, and the predominant mineral of the upper mantle is low-Ca orthopyroxene but not olivine. With respect to Al2O3, the lunar mantle is stratified, with a Al2O3 content higher in the lower mantle than in all overlying shells. The partially molten transition layer surrounding the core is about 200–250 km thick. The radii of the solid inner core are within 50–250 km, and the most probable radii of the liquid outer core are ~300–350 km. The physical characteristics of the lunar core are compared with experimental measurements of the density and speed of sound of liquid Fe(Ni)–S–C–Si alloys. If the seismic model of the liquid outer core with VP = 4100 ± 200 m/s (Weber et al., 2011) is reasonably reliable, then this uncertainty range is in the best agreement with the VP values of 3900–4100 m/s of liquid Fe(Ni)–S alloys, with sulfur content up to ~10 wt % and a density of 6200–7000 kg/m3, as well as with the inverted values of density and velocity of the outer core. The VP values of liquid Fe–Ni–C and Fe–N–Si alloys at 5 GPa exceed seismic estimates of the speed of sound of the outer lunar core, which indicates that carbon and silicon can hardly be dominant light elements of the lunar core. The inner Fe(Ni) core (possibly with an insignificant content of light elements: sulfur and carbon) is presumably solid and has a density of 7500–7700 kg/m3. The difference in density between the inner and outer cores Δρ ~ 500–1000 kg/m3 can be explained by the difference in their composition.
Shared decision making in athletes with cardiovascular disease: what we can learn from a masters athlete
Authors: Patel Roshan , Pallikadavath Susil , Graham-Brown Matthew P M , Singh Anvesha
Published: December 2021

A 75-year-old male cyclist began suffering from palpitations on exertion. Symptoms terminated spontaneously with cessation of physical activity. The episodes caused significant distress with an impact on physical performance and quality of life. An echocardiogram showed a dilated left atrium, and an exercise ECG demonstrated that episodes of atrial fibrillation developed when his ventricular rate was above 140 beats per minute. Rate control could not be offered due to a history of sinus bradycardia nor rhythm control due to low likelihood of success. Anticoagulant therapy was commenced but discontinued at patient request as he considered risks to outweigh benefits given his desire to continue cycling. Management of athletes with atrial fibrillation is based on guidelines for the general population; however, treatment goals for athletes may differ. Shared decision making is essential to allow patients to make informed decisions about their care, accepting that individuals view treatment risks and benefits differently.
Certolizumab-induced lichenoid eruption in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kunadia Anuj , Shulman Kenneth , Sami Naveed
Published: December 2021

Certolizumab is a monoclonal antibody against tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) commonly used in rheumatologic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Skin rashes are an uncommon side effect with few cases of lichenoid drug eruption reported in the literature. We describe a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who presented 6 weeks after initiating certolizumab pegol. Physical examination showed pink-to-violaceous papules on her upper and lower extremities. Biopsy confirmed a lichenoid drug eruption. The medication was discontinued and she was treated with topical steroids and a calcineurin inhibitor, with resolution of her lesions. Clinicians should be cognizant of such adverse reactions to TNF-α inhibitors and keep drug-induced lichenoid eruptions on the differential. Lichenoid eruptions induced by certolizumab pegol may affect the skin and/or mucous membranes. While most cases occur within weeks to months of starting therapy, eruptions may occur years after treatment initiation, underscoring the importance of a thorough review of medications.
Asymptomatic idiopathic intracranial hypertension post female to male gender transition
Authors: Ronan Geoffrey Peter , Sweeney Brian
Published: December 2021

A 23- year-man post female to male (FTM) gender transition was found to have bilateral papilloedema at a routine optician visit. The patient was referred on for formal ophthalmological and neurological assessments. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed the presence of bilateral papilloedema. The patient was entirely asymptomatic and had no medical history. He took testosterone intramuscularly once per month. Neurological examination was otherwise normal. Investigations including routine blood panels, CT brain, MRI brain and cerebral MR venogram were all normal. Lumbar puncture yielded cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) normal in appearance but demonstrated raised intracranial pressure. In the absence of other causative aetiologies a diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was made. Treatment was commenced with acetazolamide and the patient was discharged with outpatient ophthalmological and neurological follow-up.
Stent graft in abdominal aortic aneurysm collapsed suddenly after thoracic endovascular aortic repair
Authors: Takagi Sho , Goto Yoshihiro , Yanagisawa Junji , Nakasu Akio
Published: December 2021

Stent graft collapse due to aortic dissection is an extremely rare event. Although endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) are increasingly being performed, various complications can occur. We report a case of collapse of a stent graft, which was used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) after TEVAR for thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). A 72-year-old man with a 77 mm AAA and 60 mm TAA underwent EVAR and a TEVAR 2 months later, respectively. CT performed after the TEVAR showed thoracic aorta dissection with associated AAA stent graft collapse. The graft collapsed was due to superior mesenteric artery obstruction. An emergency TEVAR was performed, and the procedure improved the collapsed graft; however, the endoleak of the AAA stent graft persisted. The AAA expanded over several days, warranting an open repair. Our case provides an insight into the cautionary indications for endovascular therapy.
Participants’ experiences of engagement in community-centred mental health and psychosocial support programmes in conflict-affected communities within sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Alford Cleothia Caroline , Otake Yuko
Published: December 2021

Background

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experienced a burden of organised violence within 18 low-income and middle-income countries and hosted over 33 million displaced persons in 2019. Community-centred mental health and psychosocial support (cc-MHPSS) programmes may provide insights to address the psychosocial well-being of conflict-affected individuals, though literature is mixed on community impact. This review aimed to synthesise qualitative evidence to understand the kind of experiences conflict-affected participants have and how these experiences occur during cc-MHPSS programme engagement in SSA.

Methods

We searched Global Health, MEDLINE, Psychological Information Database, Embase Classic+Embase, Social Policy and Practice, Web of Science, Africa-Wide Information, PubMed and Global Index Medicus databases. Eligible publications qualitatively reported on conflict-affected participants’ experiences of engagement in cc-MHPSS programmes. Data were extracted to summarise publication characteristics. The results were synthesised using a thematic synthesis analysis.

Results

The search yielded 953 records, of which 20 publications were included in the review. Included publications were located in Rwanda (n=8), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (n=3), Mozambique (n=3), Sierra Leone (n=1), Ghana (n=1), Uganda (n=1), Zimbabwe (n=1) and South Sudan (n=1); one publication included three countries (Sierra Leone, Liberia and Uganda). Findings include the themes of (1) the experience of change in time and space, and (2) the sharing and silence of participants’ experiences. Findings demonstrate that elements transferred by participants from a cc-MHPSS programme to a natural community, and vice versa, contribute to participants’ healing. Elements’ transfer, or non-transfer, was often related to participants’ disclosure, or non-disclosure, of experiences.

Discussion

Findings suggest that there are elements from a cc-MHPSS programme and a wider community which aid participant engagement and work therapeutically. More rigorous research is needed concerning how participants experience change during cc-MHPSS programme engagement in proximity to their relationship with the wider community.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020197300.