bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous Image Compression Techniques with the Shannon-Fano Algorithm
Authors: Fathahillah Fathahillah , Zain Satria Gunawan , Rismawati Rismawati
Published: February 2022

Compression is a field that needed at this time where increasingly high-tech digital and computing makes it possible to process data in a size that is large enough like multimedia. Compression needed to keep pressing the storage media consumption of data and information stored on computer media. The Shannon-Fano compression algorithm is one of the well-known compression algorithms and is useful in saving data storage space. Shannon-Fano compression algorithms can be performed on text and digital images. In this study applying the Shannon-Fano method to homogeneous digital images using applications created with the MATLAB Program. The product of this research will be tested using several images taken using a webcam. The product tested to find out whether the coding used is correct or has errors. The product will be successful if it can reduce the size of the compressed image from the original image. Homogeneous images that have tested using the Shannon-Fano image compression application have an average compression ratio value of 52%. The size of the compression results reaches half of the original image. The Shannon-Fano compression algorithm detects the number of times that characters appear in each experiment, then the coding of the frequency of characters appearing in binary numbers.
Transisi Kehidupan Ekonomi Masyarakat Wisata Kampung Topeng, Tlogowaru, Malang
Authors: Aqidah Waqi'atul
Published: February 2022

Desaku Menanti program from Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs has been implemented by Malang City Social Service in the form of the development tourism village the named is Wisata Kampung Topeng in Tlogowaru, Malang City. This tourism village is realized as an effort to empower homeless people, such as beggars, buskers, and scavengers. These fostered residents are given variety of facilities and social assistance to meet their primary needs. Society is given guidance and assistance in the form of training and funding business. This research uses qualitative method which type is phenomenological research. Determination of research location uses a purposive area method, in Baran Hamlet, Tlogowaru Village, Kedungkandang, Malang City. The research subjects were determined by purposive sampling, Malang City Social Service and Kampung Topeng Tourism Community. Data collection in this study uses interview, observation, and document. Analysis data used by researcher consist of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. This community economic empowerment program as intended to improve community welfare and support economic activities of society. In the process of empowerment, the community face economic transition. Various jobs and efforts the have do to improve a better quality of life. The community is able to be more productive in encouraging and more rational in consumption activities. In addition, the ability of the community to prioritize needs appears in better financial management.

 

Key Words: Economic Transition, Empowerment, and Tourism
Determinants of Superpower Economic Growth
Authors: Arifin Nur Rachmat , Hikmiyah Hawa’ Hidayatul , Hariyanto
Published: February 2022

Countries in various parts of the world make economic growth the initial goal of achieving a country, one indicator used to view economic growth and one of which is the increase in Gross Domestic Product. GDP is the total value of the production of goods or services in a country for one year. This study aims to see what are the factors that influence the economic growth of the superpowers with exports, inflation, and exchange rates, and unemployment as the independent variable and GDP as the dependent variable. This research uses secondary data in the form of a combination of cross-sectional data and time series (panel data). The analytical method used is a panel data regression with a flat model model, covering six countries, namely America, China, India, Korea, Japan, and Thailand during the period 1991-2019. The results show that the Export variable, Exchange Rate, has a significant effect on GDP. Meanwhile, two independent variables, namely inflation, unemployment, did not have a significant effect on the dependent variable.

Keyword: Export Superpower, Inflation, Exchange Rate, Unemployment
GIS techniques to analyze factors associated with crash occurrence
Authors: Sagar Shraddha , Stamatiadis Nikiforos
Published: February 2022

Fatality rates in Kentucky have been higher than the national average for the past decade. Prior research postulated that the region’s unique socioeconomic conditions could provide a compelling explanation of the higher cash rates of the southeast in the US. This study examines the relationship between safety and socioeconomic characteristics using an extensive spatial analysis of crashes in Kentucky. Quasi-induced exposure technique was utilized to determine the crash propensity of different driver groups. Through a series of GIS techniques and spatial analysis, the relative accident involvement ratios were calculated for each group of drivers. The findings of the study concur with the previous findings between driving behavior and demographic factors such as age and gender. The study also attempted to explain the regional disparities in crash occurrence across the state in terms of economic status. The study concluded that the drivers residing in the Appalachian regions have a higher propensity to cause a crash, regardless of the age and gender of the driver. The findings of the study can be used to identify high risk counties for the Safety Circuit Rider (SCR) program in Kentucky.
Gambaran Perilaku Pekerja Dalam Mengurangi Paparan Debu Di Gudang Semen Conch Kota Baubau
Authors:   Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin, Muhusari La Ode
Published: February 2022

The cement industry is one of the industries that growing rapidly, this are related to the total production capacity of cement factories which are spread in various regions of the archipelago reaching 27 million tons per year. Lung disease due to industrial dust has symptoms and signs that are similar to other lung diseases that are not caused by dust in the work environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavior of workers in reducing dust exposure in Baubau Conch cement warehouse. This type of research is a quantitative study with a descriptive approach to describing the behavior of workers in reducing dust exposure in Baubau conch cement wareho use. The number of samples in this study is the population chosen as the sample. The technique of determining the sample by using total sampling, so that the total sample of 20 respondents. Data obtained using questionnaires and observations, then processed using SPSS version 22. Analysis of the data used is univariate analysis.The results of this study indicate that of the 20 respondents studied, respondents who included sufficient knowledge were 15 (75.0%), and less than 5 (25.0%), positive attitudes were 19 (95.0%) and negative ones were 1 (5.0%) and Fair Action as many as 8 (40.0%), and less than 12 (60.0%).The conclusion of this study is that there is sufficient knowledge and a positive attitude towards reducing dust exposure, but the actions that workers have are still lacking in reducing dust exposure. It is recommended for cement transport workers to wear Personal Protective Equipment that meets the requirements while working so as to prevent diseases that can arise due to exposure to cement dust.
INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN A COMMUNITY HOSPITAL, CENTRAL THAILAND
Authors: Wittayatechakul Patcharapol , Hanyos Paniti , Rangsin Ram , Sakboonyarat Boonsub
Published: February 2022

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the ocular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in both developed and developing countries. At present, epidemiological data of DR and the risk factors among patients with T2D especially in Thai community hospitals have been limited.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2020 to determine the incidence and risk factors of DR among patients with T2D visiting Tha Wung Hospital, Lop Buri Province, central Thailand. DR was determined according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes in E113 presented in medical records. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to obtain the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the factors related to DR.

Results: A total of 2007 patients with T2D were enrolled in the present study. During the study period, participants (5.3%) had a diagnosis of DR; the incidence rate was 0.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI; 0.7-1.1). The independent risk factors for DR included HbA1c ≥8% (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 4.7, 95% CI; 2.5-8.7), urine albumin 3+ (AHR = 2.4, 95% CI; 1.1-5.3), urine albumin 4+ (AHR = 20.3, 95% CI; 2.7-150.9), and a longer distance between residential area (AHR= 1.3, 95% CI; 1.2-1.4).

Conclusion: Patients with T2D should be encouraged to reach their glycemic control indicated by HbA1c level. Additionally, effective health interventions should be conducted to contribute appropriate access to diabetic care for patients residing in remote areas.
The Effect of Planning on Accuracy in Verbal Agreement in L2 Oral Performance
Authors: Qi Hongbo
Published: February 2022

Accuracy is widely recognized as one of the main dimensions in evaluating task-based oral performance. Indicators of accuracy vary in the literature of the effects of pre-task planning on the oral production. Enlightened by previous studies in pre-task planning and third-person singular -s, this article intends to find out whether the rate of suppliance of thematic verbal agreement increases as a result of pre-task planning, and whether the rate of suppliance of thematic verbal agreement in third-person singular -s increases as a result of pre-task planning. A case study is carried on one subject who makes oral descriptions of a same graph which shows the number of people at London underground station from 6:00 to 22:00 on two separate occasions. The results of this study show that pre-task planning may have significant effect on accuracy of L2 oral output in thematic verbal agreement as a whole, but it may not affect L2 learners in their use of third-person singular -s.

 
The Impact of State Ownership on the Productivity of China’s Agri-food Firms
Authors: Lin Gan , Takahashi Yoshifumi , Nomura Hisako , Yabe Mitsuyasu
Published: February 2022

This study examines the effects of state ownership on the productivity distribution of different quantiles of China’s agri-food firms based on data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database between 1998 and 2013. Using panel quantile regression, this study finds that the contribution of state ownership to productivity varies across different quantiles of the productivity distribution. State ownership inhibits total factor productivity (TFP) of firms with low-level productivity but has no effect on TFP for firms with medium- and high-level productivity. Regions play a moderating role on the state ownership-productivity link. Regional economic development alleviates the inhibition of state-owned capital on the TFP of firms with low- and high-level productivity.
Optimizing Field Performance of Axial Flow Rotary Combine With Single Rotor and Snap Roll Header for Maize Harvesting
Authors: Chandel Rupinder , Thakur Surinder Singh
Published: February 2022

To study the effect of operational factors on combine performance, a maize combine with snap roll header was tested at feed rates levels of 69.94 Mg h-1, 85.48 Mg h-1, 124.33 Mg h-1 and moisture content levels of 24.45%, 26.03%, 28.90% respectively. Pre harvest losses increased from 1 to 4% as the maize crop were sun dried from a grain moisture level of 28.90% to 24.45% because the ear shank became weak with decrease in moisture content. The shelling efficiency varied from 96.81% to 98.13%, cleaning efficiency varied from 95.20% to 95.80%, minimum grain damage obtained was 2.1% and minimum total loss obtained was 9.96%. The optimum values of feed rate and moisture content (w.b.) were 85.48 Mg h-1 (forward speed of 1.10 km h-1) and 26.03%, respectively. The corresponding data obtained for shelling efficiency, cleaning efficiency, grain damage and total loss by combine were 98.13%, 95.80%, 2.10% and 10.23%, respectively. The energy involved in maize harvesting for maize dehusker cum sheller and maize combine with snap roll header were 2152.26 and 2633.25 MJ ha-1, respectively. The Solar energy is crucial for gaining optimum moisture for maize harvesting and reducing losses. Maize with low global warming potential is a viable energy crop and leftover corn stover is also a viable alternative to fossil fuels which can be used for bioethanol, silage production and also as domestic fuel in rural, hilly areas. However optimum harvesting stage is crucial to minimize energy involved during maize harvesting, grain storage and alternative uses.
Climate Change Impacts on Livestock Production and Possible Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Developing Countries: A Review
Authors: Prasad Rahul Ravneel , Dean Mohseen Riaz Ud , Alungo Bradley
Published: February 2022

Livestock production is an essential component of food security in developing countries across the globe. Apart from providing food, livestock production offers smallholder farmers a wide range of benefits, such as income, employment, and fuel. However, as human populations in developing countries increase, the demand for livestock production will also increase. At the same time, the world is experiencing rapid global warming, and climate change is expected to affect livestock production in multiple ways. This review paper aims to present insights on some livestock production areas, particularly beef and dairy, that are affected by climate change and will discuss possible adaptation and mitigation strategies for developing countries to adapt to and mitigate the impacts.
Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of different and novel heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary file systems at the intracanal temperature
Authors: Güneç Hüseyin Gürkan , Keskin Neslihan Büşra , Haznedaroğlu Faruk
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of different heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary systems at intracanal temperature. 
Methodology: A total of 90 OneCurve (Micro-Mega, Besançon, France), VDW.ROTATE (VDW Dental, Munich, Germany), Typhoon (Clinician’s Choice, New Milford, CT, USA), HyFlex EDM (Coltene/Whaledent AG, Altstatten, Switzerland), and EndoArt Gold and Blue (Inci Dental, Istanbul, Turkey) (n = 15) rotary files (#25/0.06) were tested at intracanal temperature (35.5 ℃) using a dynamic model in a stainless-steel artificial canal with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature, and 2 mm radius of curvature. Testing was conducted until fracturing, at which time the device stopped automatically, and the number of rotations was calculated as seconds. Lengths of fractured parts were measured using a digital caliper. One-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test was used to compare the groups. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation was performed to confirm the types of fracture.
Results: EndoArt Blue group had a significantly higher mean time to fracture in all groups, followed by the HyFlex EDM, VDW.ROTATE, OneCurve, EndoArt Gold, and Typhoon. In addition, the HyFlex EDM and VDW.ROTATE groups had no significant differences between each other and were significantly better than the others. No significant differences were found between the OneCurve, EndoArt Gold, and Typhoon groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: This is the first study in the literature for EndoArt NiTi files and the second study for VDW.ROTATE that evaluated cyclic fatigue resistance. Novel EndoArt Blue files exhibited significantly greater cyclic fatigue resistance than the other NiTi files.
 
How to cite this article: Güneç HG, Keskin NB, Haznedaroğlu F. Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of different and novel heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary file systems at intracanal temperature. Int Dent Res 2021;11(3):158-64. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no3.4
 
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
The evaluation of panoramic, periapical, and cephalometric radiographic errors in dentistry
Authors: Titiz Serap , Evirgen Şehrazat
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of working days and hours on panoramic and periapical radiographic errors and investigate the association between patient-induced cephalometric radiographic errors and skeletal malocclusions.

Methodology: Obtained from archives of Manisa Dental Health Center, 1402 periapical, 1329 panoramic, and 309 cephalometric radiographs were investigated retrospectively between January-June 2018, and the radiographic errors were determined. Periapical, panoramic, and total errors were grouped according to the number of radiographs, day intensity, and acquisition date and time for each day. Cephalometric radiographs were not included to determine the effects of working hours and days on radiographic errors since the radiographs were taken over the weekend. Patient-induced cephalometric radiographic errors were investigated under the classification of skeletal malocclusions. The independent sample t-test was used to investigate the average range difference between two independent groups for normally distributed variables. However, in situations where the assumption of normality was not met, the Mann-Whitney U test was performed.

Results: Total errors were mostly detected on Tuesday (p=0.035). Errors of panoramic and periapical radiographs acquired in the afternoon were higher than those of the radiographs acquired before noon only on Monday (p=0.024, p=0.035). The most common errors observed in periapical radiographs were the positioning errors (23.9%) and cone cut (17.3%), respectively. The most common errors observed in panoramic radiographs were chin tipped high (17.00%), and head turned to one side (9.9%), respectively. Among Class I, II, and III malocclusions, open lips were observed as the most frequent cephalometric radiographic errors (28.6, 15.4, and 16.1%, respectively).

Conclusion: The percentage of radiographic errors increases with the intense workload. An anatomical structure may lead to patient-induced cephalometric radiographic errors.

 

How to cite this article: Titiz S, Evirgen Ş. The evaluation of panoramic, periapical, and cephalometric radiographic errors in dentistry. Int Dent Res 2021;11(3):185-94. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no3.8

 

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Voice vs. Silence
Authors: N. N.
Published: February 2022

A cluster of arrays “provid[ing] principles of order within the unstructured simultaneity of everyday-worlds”* in Egypt and Tunisia in 2016, forming part of the two countries’ “culture” during the In 2016 project’s target year.

*H. U. Gumbrecht, In 1926: Living at the Edge of Time (1997), 443.
Water supply and infrastructure
Authors: Selkur Rita Dashe
Published: February 2022

The paper is to serve as a source of awareness that access to water is a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living. Water is important because it is the key to human survival and has numerous functions. Its importance cannot be over emphasized as it helps in regulating temperature and other bodily functions such as breathing, sweating, digestion in the body system. In daily life, water is used for drinking, washing, cooking, flushing of waste and aids in digestion. The state of the infrastructure in providing good water is also considered while the challenges are deliberated upon.
Prevention of trans-boundary environmental impact: legal framework and challenges of implementation
Authors: Akpoghome Theresa U. , Akpoghome Godwin U.
Published: February 2022

Trans-boundary environmental impact occurs where development projects in one country or state have extra-territorial effect on neighbouring state and this aspect of environmental law falls squarely within the purview of international environmental law. This paper examines the prevention of trans-boundary environmental impact, legal framework and challenges of implementation in Nigeria and generally. The paper adopts a doctrinal approach. The paper discusses trans-boundary environmental impact and its origin in Nigeria. The paper notes that the first trans-boundary environmental impact in Nigeria happened in 1988 and prior to that there was no substantive environmental legislation in place. The paper evaluates the existing domestic and international legal frameworks and discovers that the substantive domestic law in Nigeria, lacks the necessary impetus to address environmental impact of a trans-boundary nature. The paper further finds that the international framework are not complemented by strong, substantive international law. Some of these treaties are married by vague language and weak enforcement mechanisms. The paper notes that there are several challenges preventing implementation of trans-boundary EIA and includes cost of trans-boundary EIA, limited access to document in the affected areas and unwillingness of the public to participate with an activity in another state. The paper recommends that the existing legal frameworks both at the national and international fora should be supported by strong substantive laws to enable implementation and concludes that the challenges can be overcome by specifying the parameters for determining the significance of effects, encourage public participation and dispute resolution mechanisms. Key Words: Environment, Assessment, Impact, Prevention, Challenges, Implementation
The human right to a satisfactory environment and the role of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Lugard Sunday Bontur
Published: February 2022

Every legally recognized right requires a system for its realization or enforcement. This raises the need for institutions that help in their implementation. The African Court exists as a link between the objectives of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and their realization. In the context of environmental right to a satisfactory environment, the Court alongside its subregional courts, have fared commendably well in their purposive interpretation of the right, though there are still unanswered question regarding the contours of the right. Even though not too many cases have come up for determination based on the article 24 claims, the few reviewed here give credence to the pursuit of the goal of achieving a sustainably clean environment on the continent.
RAPEX – Behördliche Produktinformation im europäischen Verwaltungsverbund
Authors: Freihoff Lisa
Published: February 2022

There is a multitude of different regulations for official information on products at European level. Against the background of the Europe-wide product safety network, this work examines the rapid alert information system RAPEX in the European administrative network.

In a detailed analysis, the tension between the fundamental rights of economic operators and fundamental rights of the recipients of information is addressed. In particular, problems in the handling of RAPEX are critically examined and it is shown that restrictions of entrepreneurial freedom cannot be justified per se. Furthermore, the paper points out deficits in legal protection that have to be closed de lege ferenda.

The author is a lawyer and advises domestic and foreign companies on product compliance.
Realizácia outdoorovej edukácie vo vybraných krajinách zapojených do Outward Bound International
Authors: Kancír Ján , Šolcová Sofia
Published: February 2022

V edukačnom prostredí väčšiny vyspelých krajín sa v ostatných dekádach čoraz intenzívnejšie uplatňuje koncepcia outdoorovej edukácie. Pobyt vo vonkajšom prostredí je jednou z dôležitých podmienok zdravého rozvoja dieťaťa. Má veľký význam pre jeho telesný, kognitívny, sociálny, emocionálny vývin a taktiež prispieva k rozvoju jeho kľúčových kompetencií. Outdoorové aktivity majú nezastupiteľnú úlohu vo výchove a vzdelávaní dieťaťa. Pomáhajú mu porozumieť okolitému svetu, ktorý je reálnym priestorom jeho súčasnej i budúcej existencie. Z tohto hľadiska outdoorové vzdelávanie disponuje edukačným potenciálom, ktorý je nenahraditeľný pri optimalizácii komplexného rozvoja osobnosti žiaka. Cieľom predkladanej štúdie je poukázať na osobitosti outdoorovej edukácie, historický kontext, súčasnosť a budúcnosť jej uplatnenia v edukačnej praxi u nás i v zahraničí. V prvej časti sa venujeme filozofickým východiskám, teórii a praxi experienciálneho učenia. Nasleduje analytická komparácia realizácie outdoorovej edukácie vo vybraných krajinách. Tieto krajiny sú súčasťou svetovo etablovanej organizácie Outward Bound International zameranej (práve?) na outdoorovú edukáciu. Komparácia je spracovaná na báze analýzy informačných zdrojov z plno-textových databáz Proquest, Scopus, Web of science a ďalších. Boli využité literárne metódy, analýza pedagogických dokumentov a literárnych zdrojov našej i zahraničnej proveniencie. V závere ponúkame stručné zhrnutie predmetnej problematiky v podobe prehľadnej tabuľky. Súčasťou štúdie sú aj návrhy na uplatnenie pozitívnych zmien v edukačnej praxi na Slovensku.
Tematika výchovy v přírodě v díle Jaroslava Foglara pohledem pedagogických pracovníků
Authors: Macků Richard , Němec Jiří , Jirásek Ivo
Published: February 2022

Texty Jaroslava Foglara zasáhly několik generací čtenářů a opakovaně pod­nítily i zájem odborné veřejnosti. Dílčí výsledky, které popisujeme v tomto příspěvku, jsou součástí komplexního dotazníkového šetření (n = 1 174) s cílem popsat míru ovlivnění dílem J. Foglara; zejména jsme zjišťovali, které aspekty díla respondenti nej­více oceňovali a které z nich následně aplikovali v reálném životě. Celkem se jednalo o 15 možných oblastí, z nichž jsme do analýzy pro tuto studii vybrali čtyři, které se nejvíce dotýkají tématu „výchova v přírodě“ – pobyt v přírodě a táboření, emotivní vnímání popisů přírody a krajiny, skupinovou soudržnost a celostní seberozvoj. Zjis­tili jsme, že respondenti s pedagogickou zkušeností významněji aplikují jednotlivé as­pekty Foglarova díla. Toto poznání jsme identifikovali jak u respondentů z řad profesionálních pedagogů, tak i dobrovolných instruktorů, vedoucích a lektorů. Nejzásadnějším způsobem dílo J. Foglara ovlivnilo skauty, a to i přes skutečnost, že žádný z textů ani jiných prvků Foglarova výchovného systému nemá své zastoupení v oficiálním výchovném programu Junáka.
El desafío de Lévinas
Authors: García-Baró Miguel
Published: February 2022

-
Escritura y entrelineas de la alteridad (Prólogos lévinasianos)
Authors: Moreno Márquez César
Published: February 2022

-
Escritura y crítica: nuevas teorías literarias
Authors: Camarero Jesús
Published: February 2022

-
El intertexto del lector: un análisis desde la perspectiva de la enseñanza de la Literatura
Authors: Mendoza Fillola Antonio
Published: February 2022

-
Harold Bloom: El canon occidental. (Barcelona: Anagrama, 1995, 588 páginas)
Authors: Abad Francisco
Published: February 2022

-
Dos imágenes del laberinto: Borges y Gabriel Ferrater
Authors: Besa Camprubí Josep
Published: February 2022

-
Sobre Deleuze: pensar en infinitivo
Authors: Forastieri-Braschi Eduardo
Published: February 2022

-
La homología estructural en las adaptaciones cinematográficas
Authors: García Templado José
Published: February 2022

-
Evolución de la igualdad desde la Constitución de 1978: del patriarcado fuerte hacia la igualdad de género
Authors: Lousada Arochena José Fernando
Published: February 2022

The study analyzes the evolution of the Spanish legal system in matters of equality between women and men since the 1978 Constitution. For this purpose, the different theoretical models of legal systems are made explicit in order to treat equality of women and men: strong patriarchy, which corresponds to a sexist right; moderate patriarchy, which corresponds to a male right built on comparative-based equality laws (classical equality laws); and gender equality, built on equality laws based on overcoming prejudices associated with sex (modern equality laws). On this conceptual taxonomy, in Spain it is verified that the Constitution of 1978 allowed the overcoming of the strong patriarchy, progressively evolving towards gender equality, not yet achieved, but tended to be sought thanks to the transversal equality laws issued in this 21st century.

El estudio analiza la evolución del ordenamiento jurídico español en materia de igualdad de mujeres y hombres desde la Constitución de 1978. A estos efectos, se explicitan, con carácter previo, los distintos modelos teóricos de ordenamientos jurídicos en orden al tratamiento dado a la igualdad de mujeres y hombres: patriarcado fuerte, que se corresponde con un derecho machista; patriarcado moderado, que se corresponde con un derecho masculino construido sobre leyes de igualdad basadas en la comparativa (leyes de igualdad clásicas); e igualdad de género, construida sobre leyes de igualdad basadas en la superación de los prejuicios asociados al sexo (leyes de igualdad modernas). Sobre esta taxonomía conceptual, en España se comprueba que la Constitución de 1978 permitió la superación del patriarcado fuerte, evolucionando progresivamente hacia la igualdad de género, todavía no conseguida, pero tendencialmente buscada gracias a las leyes de igualdad transversales dictadas en este Siglo XXI.
Chair Piment de Gisèle Pineau : au-delà de la vengeance, surmonter l’impardonnable
Authors: Ndiaye Christiane
Published: February 2022

The question of vengeance appears in a particularly striking fashion in one of Gisèle Pineau’s many novels, Chair Piment, published in 2002. At the centre of the story is Mina, a young Guadeloupan woman living in exile in Paris and haunted by the ghost of her sister Rosalia who was killed in a fire 20 years earlier. Waiting in the wings is Suzon, whom the reader slowly discovers is harbouring a vengeful passion that will push her to exert a “supernatural retaliation”on the entire family of Mina’s father Melchior for his having abandoned her years earlier. Drawing from sociocriticism and the poetics of genre, this analysis will look at the language and discourse used in this somewhat fantastic treatment of the theme of vengeance. Amid this passionate melodrama lurk questions that provoke a discourse that is at times didactic, suggesting, as in fairy tales, that there is a right and a wrong path to follow. It is not vengeance that will cure the evils of the past but the magic of the spoken word.
L’enfant dans les récits de vengeance pour la jeunesse en Afrique francophone
Authors: Attikpoé Kodjo
Published: February 2022

Vengeance, a permanent feature of anthropology, affects all ages. If in real life we observe ordinary forms of meanness among children, narratives of vengeance portray the child in a much more complex light. This article studies two sides of the figure of the child in Francophone African children’s literature: the vengeful child and the child who is a victim of vengeance. Even children are sensitive to injustice and humiliation: the wrongs they experience provoke in them the memory of a suffering that renders their thirst for vengeance unchanging. Depending on the context or circumstances, the vengeful child can appear either noble or tragic. Yet, sometimes the child himself becomes the victim of a collective vengeance. In this case, the work poses the complex question of forgiveness.
Revenge, Coloniality, and Hegelian Justice: Experiencing Geopolitics in Sub-Saharan Fiction
Authors: Uwe Christian
Published: February 2022

In his Outlines of a Philosophy of Right, Hegel contends that revenge is just in its content but wrong in its form. In other words, it is justified in its pursuit of recognition but wrong in resorting to acts of subjective will instead of mediation through state justice, which, he argues, is founded in a rational and objective expression of collective will. While Hegel’s argument may hold in cases of conflicts between individual subjects, it is harder to sustain when the wrong is committed by supra-individual entities (States, financial institutions) particularly in (neo)colonial contexts. In light of this asymmetrical complication, I seek to revisit the conception of justice associated with the Hegelian idea of the State. I do so by looking at four contemporary francophone novels in which episodes of individual revenge are construed as provocative indices that allow me to uncover the wrong in its asymmetrical setting, that is, to see and analyze offense as the personal, individual and intimately lived effect of a (geo)political wrong inflicted by (neo)colonialism. Ultimately, the assumption of State rationality is significantly qualified due to the influence of capitalist market forces and national sentiment.
La biographie comme atelier commun. À propos d’Être ici est une splendeur de Marie Darrieussecq
Authors: Hambursin Olivier
Published: February 2022

Standing apart from the rest of Marie Darrieussecq’s work, Being Here is Everything (2016) is, to date, the only ‘biography’ written by this author. It recounts the short life of a German painter, Paula M. Becker (1876 - 1907), whose work was largely unknown in France when this book was published. This text takes its place within a very broad contemporary literary movement – as everyone knows, ‘a fair number of today’s novelists grapple with that uncertain and unstable construct which is the story of a life’ and make it into a major ‘literary genre in the publishing landscape’ (Tadié & Cerquiglini, 339-340). Yet it stands out, in our view, thanks to the different possible levels of reading that it offers. Studying the details of Paula Becker’s life that are selected here, the words chosen and the construction of the text, makes it possible to show that Being Here is Everything also constitutes for the author an opportunity to dig down into themes and topics previously addressed in her fiction, such as feminism, the importance of travelling and of geography, the question of death and what remains after death, thus, as it were, turning certain features of this biography into mirrors. But this story also turns out to be - perhaps more than anything else - a fascinating locus of interrogation and reflection where the great questions arising in the polymorphous genre that is contemporary biography are worked through. It is such avenues that this article sets out to explore.
Mené, Mené, Thecel, Upharsin : textes, images et énigmes chez Rembrandt et Butor
Authors: Josephy Rebecca
Published: February 2022

In the first part of the article, I examine Rembrandt’s Belshazzar’s Feast in light of Butor’s interpretation of Rembrandt’s sight/blindness paradox. In the second part of the article, I then outline the numerous ways in which Belshazzar’s Feast flourishes in Butor’s own L’Emploi du temps. While numerous researchers have highlighted the importance of biblical intertextualities in this novel – Cain and Abel, Babel, the Apocalypse – Belshazzar’s Feast has been largely overlooked, despite being central to the text. Through a detailed analysis of both Rembrandt and Butor’s representations of Belshazzar’s Feast, I argue that, for both artists, the traditional distinctions between text and image blur when the mysterious and divine letters in this biblical scene cease to necessarily form words.
A Study of Variant Anatomy of Gonadal Arteries in 40 Adult Males: A Cross-sectional Cadaveric Study
Authors: Prasad Muthu , Jothi Karpaga , Rani Bharathi
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The surgeons are witnessing an ever-increasing range of operative procedures with increasing levels of complexity in the abdominal cavity. So, the anatomy of blood vessels of abdominal cavity has assumed much more importance. Knowledge of variations in the gonadal artery is essential during renal and gonadal surgery as these variations may influence the blood flow to the kidney and gonads and cause some pathological conditions such as varicocoele and gonadal atrophy. Aim: To assess the prevalence of variations in origin and course of the gonadal arteries and to discuss their clinical significance. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional cadaveric study was done in 40 human cadavers which were well embalmed and allotted for under graduate teaching in the Department of Anatomy, Madurai Medical College Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, from the year June 2010 to May 2015. The human cadavers were numbered serially from 1-40. The routine dissection of abdomen was done. The origin and course of the gonadal arteries were traced. Variations in number, origin and course of the gonadal arteries were noted. The incidence of gonadal artery arising from the renal artery was calculated. Prevalence of variant origin of gonadal artery from renal artery was noted. Software of MacBook pages was used to gather the data. Categorical data were presented as mean and percentage. Results: In the present study, in 36 cadavers (90%) the gonadal artery was normal in source of origin, and took normal course in 39 cadavers (97.5%). In the remaining cadavers different variations were observed. The variations found in this study include the gonadal arteries arising from the renal artery 4 (10%) cadavers and according with course arching of left gonadal artery over the left renal vein seen in 1 (2.5%) cadaver. In the current study, the vertebral level of origin of the artery ranged from the intervertebral disc of first and second lumbar vertebra to upper 1/3rd of the third lumbar vertebra on the right-side and between upper 1/3rd of first lumbar to lower 1/3rd of third vertebra on the left-side. Conclusion: During surgical and diagnostic interventions at the level of renal, gonadal and para aortic vessels arterial variations are clinically important to avoid risk of haemorrhage, ischaemia of particular organs. Those arterial variations are not only unilateral but also bilateral associations of vascular anomaly must be considered.
Substituent Effect on the Infrared Spectra of Thiazolyl Styryl Ketone
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Ramkumar S. , Arulmani R.
Published: February 2022

A series of p-substituted thiazolyl styryl ketones were synthesized by the Claisen -Schmidt condensation of various substituted benzaldehydes with 5-acetyl-2,4-dimethyl thiazole. The IR spectra for all the chalcones were recorded and effect of substituent on the carbonyl and C=N stretching frequencies  are analyzed.
Impact of Marketing Information System (MIS) on Prices Realization of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) in High Altitude and Tribal (HAT) Zone of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Kumar Ch. Satish , Ravi Kumar K. Nirmal , Raju Paul K. Solmon , Gopal P. V. Sathya , Rao V. Srinivasa
Published: February 2022

This study mainly focused on impact of MIS on prices realization of selected minor forest produce (MFP) viz., honey (Apis dorsata), hill broom (Thysanolaena maxima), Naramamidi bark (Litsea deccanensis), Seeded Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Marking nut (Semecarpus anacardium) and Myrobalan (Terminalia chebula).  Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique was employed to analyse impact of market information on price realization of MFP. Primary data was collected from 360 farmer respondents from HAT zone in Andhra Pradesh state. The Probit regression results indicated that considered variables has positive  significant association and influenced to access market information in the study viz., experience, frequency of visit to Girijan Primary Co-operative Marketing Society (GPCMS), access to mobile phone, education and trainings on the importance of MIS in accessing market information from GPCMS and Primary Procurement Centres (PPCs). Access to market information by the tribal farmers revealed significant impact (P<0.001) on treated, as the impact indicator (prices) is higher for them compared to untreated. The treated were significantly benefited from market information by 15.19 per cent for honey, 37.95 per cent for hill broom and 89.16 per cent for Naramamidi bark, 60.27 per cent for seeded tamarind, 115.45 per cent for Marking nut and 133.34 per cent for myrobalan.
College of SPEAR Graduate Studies Students Ethical Decision Making: A Foundation for a Potential-Edifice Strategy
Authors: Hendely Adlawan A. , Stephen Fadare A. , Mirian Aman P. , Dina Gumanoy A.
Published: February 2022

This descriptive-normative study assessed the graduate studies students’ extent of ethical decision-making practices and the various ethical decision-making frameworks. The respondents of this study were the Master of Science in Physical Education students enrolled in the College of Sports, Physical Education, and Recreation program in Mindanao State University, Marawi with a total of 95 respondents. The principal instrument was a verified researcher-created questionnaire. Weighted mean ranking and frequency were used to treat the data. Graduate studies students used diverse ethical decision-making frameworks, according to the research. Ethical decision-making frameworks, charity principles, moral language theory, and stewardship principles were deemed problematic. The researchers concluded that the graduate studies students possess the necessary knowledge and understanding in the practice of their ethical duties and responsibilities along with the various ethical decision-making frameworks. When realized, the proposed formulation Potential-Edifice Strategy can effectively improve the extent of ethical decision-making practices of graduate studies students.
Perceptions and Factors Influencing Teaching and Learning in Kyela Secondary Schools in Tanzania
Authors: Edson Vitalis , C. K. Shawa Magreth
Published: February 2022

Understanding teachers' and students’ perceptions are very crucial in exploring the factors that influence teaching and learning in secondary schools. This study was conducted in Kyela and specifically, it intended to (1) assessed teachers’ perceptions of quality student learning environments and (2) examine the extent to which teaching and learning contexts influence student learning. The study adopted a mixed approach to research using a concurrent- triangulation design with a sample of 148 participants selected through purposive and simple random sampling procedures. The data collection involved the use of questionnaires, semi-structured interview schedules, and focus group discussions. The analysis of data involved the use of SPSS to generate frequencies and percentages for quantitative data, and the use of content analysis for qualitative data. The findings revealed that teachers had varying perceptions on quality learning environment and factors that influence student learning including committed teachers, availability of teaching and learning materials, and good leadership. The findings showed further than 83.2% and 58% of students and teachers respectively, had a belief that the main purpose of teaching and learning is to help a student to pass examinations, thus teachers should complete the contents stipulated in the syllabus before examinations. Similarly, the findings suggested that factors such as limited Inservice-training to teachers lead to ineffective student learning as most of the teachers remain conservative to teacher-centred approaches. It is concluded that students' learning can be affected by the contexts in which an idea is taught as well as by students' and teachers’ perceptions and attitudes on teaching and learning processes.
BCG Correlation with Latent Tuberculosis Can Lead to Spurious Correlation with Reduced COVID-19 Mortality
Authors: Raham Tareef Fadhil
Published: February 2022

Background: Many factors have been suggested to confound coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) studies, and BCG studies have been criticized for not adjusting for many confounders. We conducted this study to analyze the presumed effectiveness of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine in decreasing the COVID-19 mortality rate, and to answer the question of whether this is confounded by latent tuberculosis (LTB) prevalence.

Materials and Methods: We chose sixty-nine malaria-free countries with different BCG vaccination policies. TB prevalence was considered as a proxy for LTB. The BCG, TB prevalence, and COVID-19 mortality data are publically available. Contingency coefficients (C.C.) and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to assess the relationship between TB prevalence and BCG status, and identify cutoff points in each BCG group category. A stem–leaf plot was also used to explore the data’s apparent behavior concerning COVID-19 in relation to the BCG groups.

Results: TB prevalence was significantly associated with BCG status. There was a highly significant association according to (C.C.)  between TB prevalence and BCG group categories. Countries not implementing BCG vaccinations had low TB prevalence, and vice versa (p value = 0.000). ROC analyses indicating that BCG group is significantly associated with corresponding TB prevalence.

Conclusions: BCG country status has a highly significant relationship with TB prevalence. This can  confound BCG and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity studies. In the absence of a correlation ,this can lead to a spurious correlation between BCG and reduced COVID-19 mortality or morbidity.
Effect of Antioxidants, Culture Conditions and Frequency of Subculture to Control Phenols during in vitro Culture of Phalaenopsis Hybrid Cultivar ORIANA
Authors: Madhuri Gandamalla , Kumar Palai Siddharth , Tripathy Pradyumna , Beura Sashikala
Published: February 2022

The present study was conducted to control phenols in the media during in vitro cultures using flower stalk explants of Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar Oriana. MS medium + BAP (1.00 ppm) + NAA (0.50 ppm) + 3% sucrose (w/v) was used commonly for all the treatment. Results revealed that inclusion of 500 ppm citric acid in the media, rinsing the explants with citric acid 500 ppm for 20 minutes before inoculation, keeping culture in dark for 20 days and sub-culturing at 4, 6 and 8 days after inoculation were found to be significantly reducing the browning intensity (very low browning) in medium. The explants remained green even after 4th week of culture with significantly minimum percentage of blackening of cultures (10.00%), minimum percentage of dead cultures (20.00%) and maximum percentage of cultures survived (80.00%).Inclusion of 500 ppm citric acid in the media, rinsing of explant with citric acid 500 ppm for 20 minutes before inoculation, incubating the culture in dark for 20 days and subculturing at an interval of 4, 6, and 8 day after inoculation in case of flower stalk explants were observed to control phenols in the media during in vitro cultures of Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar Oriana.
worked quartz vein at Cnoc Dubh, Uig parish, Isle of Lewis, Western Isles
Authors: Ballin Torben Bjarke
Published: February 2022

In 2002, an examination was carried out of a small quartz vein at the knoll of Cnoc Dubh, a few hundred metres from the southern shores of Loch Ceann Hulabhig on the Isle of Lewis (NGR: NB 2318 2998). The vein proved to have been worked in prehistoric time, defining it as a quarry, and it was measured, photographed and characterized. In the present paper, the Cnoc Dubh quartz quarry is presented in detail, to allow comparison with other lithic quarries, and it is attempted to define attributes diagnostic of prehistoric exploitation, and to schematically describe the 'mining operations' by which the quartz was procured. As part of this process,quartz quarrying is compared to the procurement of other lithic and stone raw materials, mainly drawing on research from Scandinavia, Australia and the USA, and the location of quartz quarries in relation to prehistoric settlements is discussed. The average distance between quartz sources and Neolithic–Bronze Age sites on Lewis is then used to discuss ownership of, and access to, prehistoric quartz sources, as well as the possible exchange of quartz.