bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective Study Testing a Simplified Paclitaxel Premedication Regimen in Patients with Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Barroso-Sousa Romualdo , Vaz-Luis Ines , Di Meglio Antonio , Hu Jiani , Li Tianyu , Rees Rebecca , Sinclair Natalie , Milisits Lindsey , Leone Jose Pablo , Constantine Michael , Faggen Meredith , Briccetti Frederick , Block Caroline , Partridge Ann , Burstein Harold , Waks Adrienne G. , Tayob Nabihah , Trippa Lorenzo , Tolaney Sara M. , Hassett Michael J. , Winer Eric P. , Lin Nancy U.
Published: September 2021

Background

In early trials, hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel were common, thus prompting the administration of antihistamines and corticosteroids before every paclitaxel dose. We tested the safety of omitting corticosteroids after cycle 2 during the paclitaxel portion of the dose-dense (DD) doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide (AC)–paclitaxel regimen.

Patients, Materials, and Methods

In this prospective, single-arm study, patients who completed four cycles of DD-AC for stage I–III breast cancer received paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 every 2 weeks for four cycles. Patients received a standard premedication protocol containing dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and a histamine H2 blocker prior to the first two paclitaxel cycles. Dexamethasone was omitted in cycles three and four if there were no HSRs in previous cycles. We estimated the rate of grade 3–4 HSRs.

Results

Among 127 patients enrolled, 125 received more than one dose of protocol therapy and are included in the analysis. Fourteen (11.2%; 90% confidence interval, 6.9%–20.0%) patients had any-grade HSRs, for a total of 22 (4.5%; 3.1%–6.4%) HSRs over 486 paclitaxel cycles. Any-grade HSRs occurred in 1.6% (0.3%–5.0%), 6.5% (3.3%–11.3%), 7.4% (3.9%–12.5%), and 2.6% (0.7%–6.6%) of patients after paclitaxel cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Dexamethasone use was decreased by 92.8% in cycles 3 and 4. Only one patient experienced grade 3 HSR in cycles 3 or 4, for a rate of grade 3/4 HSR 0.4% (0.02%–2.0%) (1/237 paclitaxel infusions). That patient had grade 2 HSR during cycle 2, and the subsequent grade 3 event occurred despite usual dexamethasone premedication. A sensitivity analysis restricted to patients not known to have received dexamethasone in cycles 3 and 4 found that any-grade HSRs occurred in 2.7% (3/111; 0.7%–6.8%) and 0.9% (1/109; 0.05%–4.3%) of patients in cycle 3 and 4, respectively.

Conclusion

Corticosteroid premedication can be safely omitted in cycles 3 and 4 of dose-dense paclitaxel if HSRs are not observed during cycles 1 and 2.

Implications for Practice

Because of the potential for hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel, corticosteroids are routinely prescribed prior to each dose, on an indefinite basis. This prospective study, including 125 patients treated with 486 paclitaxel cycles, demonstrates that corticosteroids can be safely omitted in future cycles if HSRs did not occur during cycles 1 and 2 of paclitaxel and that this strategy reduces the use of corticosteroids in cycles 3 and 4 by 92.8% relative to current standard of care.
Compressive fatigue response and reliability analysis of thermoplastic composite with low‐velocity impact damage
Authors: Chen Jiwei , Yao Weixing , Lin Hanyu
Published: September 2021

Thermoplastic composite has attracted more and more attentions for its higher fracture toughness and better damage tolerance than thermosetting composites. AS4/PEEK laminate is a representative thermoplastic composite, which has been widely used in the fabrication of fuselages and aircraft wings. In this paper, low‐velocity impact tests had been carried out on AS4/PEEK laminates. Different impact energy levels were selected for forming impact dent with depth of 1 mm for the three stacking sequences: [0/0/‐45/90/45/0/0/45/90/‐45/0]S, [0/0/45/90/‐45/0/45/90/‐45/0]S, and [45/‐45/0/45/90/‐45/0/45/‐45/0]S, which were 25.5, 21.0, and 20.0 J successively. Then, compression–compression fatigue tests with stress ratio of 10 and frequency of 10 Hz were used to obtain the residual fatigue life and damage propagation. It was found that significant local buckling appeared around the impact dent, which extended perpendicular to the loading direction during the compressive fatigue loading. The increase of the transverse dimension of local buckling could be divided into three stages. The experimental results indicated that a joint Weibull distribution could be used to describe the residual compressive fatigue life of the impacted laminates. This paper assumed an equal rank relationship between the residual strength and fatigue life, and the B‐basis value of fatigue stress was calculated to ensure the reliability of the impacted AS4/PEEK laminates, which were 0.53, 0.50, and 0.53 (normalized by residual compressive stress) at 106 cycles for the three kinds of laminates mentioned earlier.
Predicting neonatal outcomes in infants with giant omphalocele using prenatal magnetic resonance imaging calculated observed‐to‐expected fetal lung volumes
Authors: Danzer Enrico , Edgar J. Christopher , Eppley Elizabeth , Goldshore Matthew A. , Chotzoglou Etze , Herkert Lisa M. , Oliver Edward R. , Rintoul Natalie E. , Panitch Howard , Adzick N. Scott , Hedrick Holly L. , Victoria Teresa
Published: September 2021

Objective

To examine the association between prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based observed/expected total lung volume (O/E TLV) and outcome in neonates with giant omphalocele (GO).

Methods

Between 06/2004 and 12/2019, 67 cases with isolated GO underwent prenatal and postnatal care at our institution. MRI‐based O/E TLVs were calculated based on normative data from Meyers and from Rypens and correlated with postnatal survival and morbidities. O/E TLV scores were grouped based on severity into <25% (severe), between 25% and 50% (moderate), and >50% (mild) for risk stratification.

Results

O/E TLV was calculated for all patients according to Meyers nomograms and for 49 patients according to Rypens nomograms. Survival for GO neonates with severe, moderate, and mild pulmonary hypoplasia based on Meyers O/E TLV categories was 60%, 92%, and 96%, respectively (p = 0.04). There was a significant inverse association between Meyers O/E TLV and risk of neonatal morbidities (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed with Rypens O/E TLV, but associations were less often significant likely related to the smaller sample size.

Conclusion

Neonatal outcomes are related to fetal lung size in isolated GO. Assessment of Meyers O/E TLV allows identification of GO fetuses at greatest risk for complications secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia.
Backbone flexibility on conjugated polymer's crystallization behavior and thin film mechanical stability
Authors: Qian Zhiyuan , Galuska Luke A. , Ma Guorong , McNutt William W. , Zhang Song , Mei Jianguo , Gu Xiaodan
Published: September 2021

Extensive efforts have been made to develop flexible electronics with conjugated polymers that are intrinsically stretchable and soft. We recently systematically investigated the influence of conjugation break spacers (CBS) on the thermomechanical properties of a series n‐type naphthalene diimide‐based conjugated polymer and found that CBS can significantly reduce chain rigidity, melting point, as well as glass transition temperature. In the current work, we further examined the influence of CBS on the crystallization behaviors of PNDI‐C3 to C6, including isothermal crystallization kinetics, crystal polymorphism and subsequently time‐dependent modulus, in a holistic approach using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray scattering, polarized optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and pseudo‐free‐standing tensile test. Results demonstrate that increasing the length of CBS increases the crystallization half‐time by 1 order of magnitude from PNDI‐C3 to PNDI‐C6 from approximately 103 to 104 s. The crystallization rate shows a bimodal dependence on the temperature due to the presence of different polymorphs. In addition, crystallization significantly affects the mechanical response, a stiffening in the modulus of nearly three times is observed for PNDI‐C5 when annealed at room temperature for 12 h. Crystallization kinetic is also influenced by molecular weight (MW). Higher MW PNDI‐C3 crystallizes slower. In addition, an odd–even effect was observed below 50°C, odd‐number PNDI‐Cxs (C3 and C5) crystallize slower than the adjacent even‐numbered PNDI‐Cxs (C4 and C6). Our work provides an insight to design flexible electronics by systematically tuning the mechanical properties through control of polymer crystallization by tuning backbone rigidity.
Growing rights consciousness of the marginalised and the reshuffling of the landlord–tenant power relationship: Examining a country park‐induced displacement in Shanghai
Authors: Zhu Jin , He Shenjing , Hao Jinwei
Published: September 2021

Informal settlements are often subject to government‐led demolitions and clearances. In contemporary China, the removal of such settlements often necessitates negotiations between governments and landlords who are hard to dislocate, as exemplified in ‘Nail Households’ literature, whereas migrant tenants, if any, can be easily evicted without appropriate compensation. Our case study, however, presents evidence contrary to this. Migrant tenants proactively defended their rights and demanded compensation from their landlords. Drawing upon the lens of rights consciousness, this paper examines how the presumably marginalised migrant tenants were able to successfully defend their rights and interests. We found that (i) social capital accumulation, stigmatisation, the exclusion of planning participation and the transfer of clearance responsibility through two rounds of ‘state retreats’ reinforced the rights consciousness of migrant tenants and served to consolidate their bargaining power, contributing to a reshuffling of the landlord–tenant power position. (ii) The landlords, incentivised by attractive compensation packages, were brought into a temporary and fragile alliance with government agencies to secure the dislocation of the migrant tenants. The landlords thus took responsibility for the clearance from government agencies, whereas the local state was able to tactfully avoid any government–tenant confrontations. Although the tenants were able to secure adequate compensation from their landlords, the overall situation brought an end to the social support that existed in migrant enclaves and thus hampered their upward social mobility. This study revisits the understanding of the reshuffling of the landlord–tenant power relationship, albeit contingent and transient, against the backdrop of changing state–society relations.
Spousal absence and well‐being: Evidence from China's internal migration
Authors: Guo Lijia , Iacovou Maria , Huang Jiashun
Published: September 2021

This study analyses the linkage between spousal absence and the well‐being and health of married individuals who are “left‐behind” by a spouse who has migrated away from home for work purposes. As the influence of spousal absence on individual well‐being is underinvestigated, this study contributes to the existing literature by examining the effects for men and women in both rural and urban areas and further explores which group of population may be the most disadvantaged. The analysis is based on data from a nationally representative household‐based survey in China. The sample includes 26,355 married individuals, and 1,066 individuals are the left‐behind spouses. The empirical results show that spousal absence is significantly and negatively associated with well‐being of the left‐behind married men and women. An investigation into the interaction effects reveals that the negative influence of spousal absence is particularly problematic for individuals who have not received education.
Robust stability and stabilization conditions for uncertain switched positive systems under mode‐dependent dwell‐time constraints
Authors: Li Shuo , Xiang Zhengrong , Zhang Junfeng
Published: September 2021

The article addresses the problems of robust stability and stabilization in exponential sense for uncertain switched positive systems (SPSs) under mode‐dependent dwell‐time constraints including mode‐dependent constant dwell time (MDCDT) constraint, mode‐dependent minimum dwell time (MDMDT) constraint, and mode‐dependent ranged dwell time (MDRDT) constraint. At first, the mixed time‐varying delay case is studied, and sufficient conditions of robust stability and stabilization in exponential sense are provided for uncertain SPSs with MDMDT, MDCDT, and MDRDT constraints, respectively. Next, the robust stability and stabilization issues are also studied for SPSs in delay‐free case. With mode‐dependent dwell‐time constraints, a new discretized linear copositive Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional technique is introduced in this article. Meanwhile, for some specific situations, the proposed conditions of robust stability and stabilization can be degenerated into the ones for SPSs in mode‐independent dwell‐time constraint case and in non‐uncertainty case, respectively. At last, we give five examples to explain the importance and effectiveness of the results.
VDES R‐Mode performance analysis and experimental results
Authors: Wirsing Markus , Dammann Armin , Raulefs Ronald
Published: September 2021

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have become an essential part of maritime navigation, in particular to improve situational awareness and vessel traffic management. The dependence on GNSS creates vulnerability for maritime shipping. Driven by this vulnerability, the desire for a backup system for maritime navigation has been emerging. The VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) standard provides communication capabilities for maritime applications. VDES is currently being revised. As part of this revision, VDES will be extended by ranging and navigation functionalities, called R‐Mode, as an alternative for maritime navigation. In this paper, we address system design aspects and evaluate the positioning performance of VDES R‐Mode. We derive estimation theory bounds on the accuracy of VDES R‐Mode distance and velocity. In a case study, we discuss and evaluate the benefit of satellite links to complement VDES R‐Mode positioning. Furthermore, we introduce a Kalman filter for position and velocity tracking, which we apply to experimental data. We describe an experiment we conducted at Lake Ammer, southwest of Munich, and evaluate the VDES R‐Mode positioning performance for this setup. Our experimental results show that VDES R‐Mode is capable of achieving a 95th‐percentile horizontal position error of 22 m. Thus, VDES R‐Mode is a promising approach for a maritime backup system that can meet the IALA accuracy requirements.
Honeycomb‐like hierarchical porous silicon composites with dual protection for ultrastable Li‐ion battery anodes
Authors: Peng Xudong , Xiong Cheng , Lin Yanke , Zhao Chen , Zhao Tianshou
Published: September 2021

Silicon offers a high theoretical specific capacity for anodic lithium storage. However, its applications are hindered by the electrode instability caused by the sharp volume change, and the limited rate performance resulted from the insulating property. Herein, we introduce a facile and fast method of preparing honeycomb‐like silicon‐based anodes (MXene‐Si@C) with porous structure using MXene and carbon‐coated silicon. The dual protection from both the surface coating and as‐formed interlayered vacant spaces ameliorate the volume expansion of the silicon and thus reinforce the mechanical stability of the electrode. In addition, the highly conducting MXene and the surface carbon coating form a hierarchical and consecutive electron‐conducting network with evidently reduced resistance. With this proposed composite, a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.73% and high capacity retention of 82.4% after 300 cycles at 1 A/g can be achieved even with an areal loading around 1.5 mg/cm2. Coupled with an NCM523 cathode, the proof‐of‐concept full cell delivers a high capacity of 164.2 mAh/g with an extremely high energy density of 574 Wh/kg (based on the mass of the electrode materials) at 0.2 C and an excellent cyclability at 0.5 C of 100 cycles with decent capacity retention (80.28%).
Incorporation of hydrogen‐bonding units into polymeric semiconductors toward boosting charge mobility, intrinsic stretchability, and self‐healing ability
Authors: Yu Xiaobo , Li Cheng , Gao Chenying , Zhang Xisha , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing
Published: September 2021

The soft nature has endowed conjugated polymers with promising applications in a wide range of field‐effect transistor (FET) based flexible electronics. With unremitting efforts on revealing the molecular structure–property relationships, numerous novel conjugated polymers with high mobility and excellent mechanical property have been developed in the past decades. Incorporating hydrogen‐bonding (H‐bonding) units into semiconducting polymers is one of the most successful strategies for designing high‐performance semiconducting materials. In this review, we aim to highlight the roles of H‐bonding units in the performances of polymeric FETs from three aspects. These include (i) charge mobility enhancement for semiconducting polymers after incorporation of H‐bonding units into the side chains, (ii) the effects of H‐bonding units on the stretchability of conjugated polymers, and (iii) the improvement of self‐healing properties of conjugated polymers containing dynamic hydrogen bonds due to the H‐bonding units in the side chains or conjugated backbones.
Nickel Sulfide Microrockets as Self‐Propelled Energy Storage Devices to Power Electronic Circuits “On‐Demand”
Authors: Urso Mario , Iffelsberger Christian , Mayorga‐Martinez Carmen C. , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2021

Miniaturized energy storage devices are essential to power the growing number and variety of microelectronic technologies. Here, a concept of self‐propelled microscale energy storage elements that can move, reach, and power electronic circuits is reported. Microrockets consisting of a nickel sulfide (NiS) outer layer and a Pt inner layer are prepared by template‐assisted electrodeposition, and designed to store energy through NiS‐mediated redox reactions and propel via the Pt‐catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 fuel. Scanning electrochemical microscopy allows visualizing and studying the energy storage ability of a single microrocket, revealing its pseudocapacitive nature. This proves the great potential of such technique in the field of micro/nanomotors. On‐demand delivery of energy storage units to electronic circuits has been demonstrated by releasing microrockets on an interdigitated array electrode as an example of electronic circuit. Owing to their self‐propulsion ability, they reach the active area of the electrode and, in principle, power its functions. These autonomously moving energy storage devices will be employed for next‐generation electronics to store and deliver energy in previously inaccessible locations.
Synthesis of Nanocapsules Based on Biosynthesized Nickel Nanoparticles and Potato Starch: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activity
Authors: Hashem Amr H. , Al Abboud Mohamed A. , Alawlaqi Mohamed M. , Abdelghany Tarek M. , Hasanin Mohamed
Published: September 2021

Biogenic fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) by fungi becomes
a promising protocol due to effective and environmentally friendly bioprocess. The capsulation of nanoparticles into biopolymer has received considerable attention owing to improve stability. The nickel nanoparticles (Ni‐NPs) are synthesized using Penicillium chrysogenum and capsulated into potato starch to produce nanocapsules (Ni‐NPs@st) for enhancing their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Physicochemical properties of Ni‐NPs and Ni‐NPs@st are carried out using UV‐vis, FTIR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results reveal that Ni‐NPs@st has antimicrobial activity more than Ni‐NPs against Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC605, Candida albicans ATCC90028, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 14116, Aspergillus niger RCMB 02724, and A. fumigatus RCMB 02568. Moderate antioxidant activity is recorded using Ni‐NPs@st and Ni‐NPs with IC50 60 and 97 µg mL−1, respectively, in contrast to IC50 (7 µg mL−1) of ascorbic acid. Cytotoxicity test of Ni‐NPs@st and Ni‐NPs against Vero cell line indicated that IC50 of Ni‐NPs@st and Ni‐NPs is 204 and 238 µg mL−1, respectively. Likewise, moderate anticancer activity of Ni‐NPs@st and Ni‐NPs toward cancerous cell lines MCF7 is observed with IC50 118 and 217 µg mL−1, respectively. This study shows prospective biological activities for Ni‐NPs@st nanocapsule which can be treat the chronic infections.
Vertical cracking at girder ends during post‐tensioning of prefabricated prestress concrete bridge T‐girders
Authors: Jia Junfeng , Zhang Kaidi , Wu Suiwen , Xiong Tianxiang , Bai Yulei , Li Weifeng
Published: September 2021

Prefabricated post‐tensioned pre‐stress concrete (PC) T‐girder is one of the common structural forms for bridge superstructure to achieve better quality control, higher construction speed and lower downtime to the transportation system. However, vertical cracks are frequently observed at the web of girder ends after prestress is applied, which could impose an adverse effect on the durability of girders when exposed to aggressive environment. In this paper, the mechanism of this cracking pattern and corresponding countermeasures were investigated by a numerical study as well as practical engineering applications. To begin with, a nonlinear three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model was developed to simulate a typical PC T‐girder in the platform of ABAQUS. The model was loaded based on the sequence of post‐tensioning. It was found that the vertical crack pattern is caused by the large friction resistance and bond strength at the contact surface between the girder and supporting steel pedestal as well as the stress concentration at the girder ends due to the cambering effect of girder during the application of prestress. In addition, a practical method was proposed to control this crack pattern by introducing an isolation cushion made of a thin wood piece to the bottom of girder end. The reliability of this method was verified by numerical analysis and engineering practice. Therefore, it can be used to control vertical cracks at the ends of prefabricated post‐tensioned PC bridge T‐girders during construction.
A Bridge to Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Zhai Li , Tang Ye , Zhang Yan , Huang Sha‐Hua , Zhu Lili , Hong Ran
Published: September 2021

The construction of a structurally rigid architecture with chiral complexity, necessary to enhance the interaction with binding sites of drug targets, has been adapted as an intriguing approach in drug development. In the past few years, we have been interested in the synthesis of biologically significant and bridged alkaloids via novel synthetic methods and strategies based on recognition of the privileged pattern. Therefore, nitroso‐ene and aza‐Wacker cyclizations were elevated for the first time to construct bridged alkaloids, such as hosieine A, kopsone, melinonine‐E and strychnoxanthine. Mechanistic investigations, including computational calculations for nitroso‐ene reaction and deuterated experiments for aza‐Wacker reaction, enable us to gain more insights into the chemical reactivity and selectivity of specific functional groups in developing viable synthetic methods.
Effect of aromatase inhibitors on sex differentiation and embryonic development in chicks
Authors: Abdulateef Salwan M. , Majid Ahmad A. , Al‐Bayer Mohammed A. , Shawkat Srwd S. , Tatar Ahmad , Mohammed Thafer T. , Abdulateef Firas M. , Al‐Ani Mohammed Q.
Published: September 2021

Background

Sexual differentiation can occur after exposure to aromatase into the left gonad at 6.5 days of incubation. Aromatase inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens by a process called aromatization.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo exposure to the aromatase inhibitor from tomato and garlic extract on sexual differentiation and embryonic development in chicken embryos.

Methods

Three hundred eggs divided into five groups: Control 1 (CO; no injection); control 2 distilled water, DW; 0.1 ml/egg); garlic extract (GAR; 0.1 mg/egg); tomato extract (TOM; 0.1 mg/egg); and garlic and tomato extract mixed (ATM, 0.1 ml/egg). The solution was prepared and injected into the albumin from the thin end of the eggs on day five by using a 1 ml syringe with a 23‐gauge needle. The embryonic test (embryo/egg weight) conducted at 7, 14 and 17 days of incubation. After hatching, feather sexing conducted to determine the initial male. Chicks sex was later confirmed on day 42 by an optical microscope lens.

Results

The results revealed that there was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in embryonic growth traits in all experimental treatments as compared to control treatments. There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the percentage of hatchability for all experimental treatments compared to control treatments and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in chick quality including one‐day‐old chick length and body weight. All experimental treatments showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the male‐to‐female ratio compared to control treatments.

Conclusions

The effect of in ovo exposure to aromatase inhibitors stimulated female‐to‐male sex reversal and improved embryonic development.
Unilateral extramural ureteral ectopia in a cat: Ultrasonographic and computed tomography findings
Authors: Brzozowska Magdalena , Marzec Magdalena , Czerski Albert , Kiełbowicz Zdzisław , Lodzinska Joanna
Published: September 2021

A 6‐months‐old male intact Maine Coon cat presented for investigation of urinary incontinence and a palpable mass in the right cranial abdomen. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) revealed marked right hydronephrosis and hydroureter and raised a suspicion of ureteral ectopia, but the exact location of the ureterovesical junction was not visualised. Abdominal CT was performed and provided excellent information about opening of the ureter and confirmed the diagnosis of right extramural ureteral ectopia. The patient underwent ureteronephrectomy and recovered without complications. No urinary incontinence was detected after surgery. The patient continues to do well and remains free from clinical signs up to date. This is the first case report describing the use of CT and US in diagnosis of a rare anomaly of ureteral ectopia in a cat. It also highlights the important role of diagnostic imaging modalities in investigating and treatment planning of ectopic ureters in feline patients.
English Political Writings 1711–1714
Authors: Swift Jonathan
Published: September 2021

The years 1711 to 1714 saw some of Swift's most brilliant and powerful political pamphleteering. Writing for the Tory government, he did more to settle the fate of parties and the nation than any literary figure, before or since. This volume collects together major defences of the government's position, including The Conduct of the Allies and The Publick Spirit of the Whigs, vigorous attacks on his opponents, short satirical broadsides, and brief contributions to periodicals. It also includes some little known work not present in previous editions of Swift. This is the first fully annotated edition of these works. A comprehensive introduction, drawing on contemporary literary and historical scholarship, is supported by detailed explanatory notes on each text. It is also the first edition to identify and collate all relevant contemporary editions and provide a full account of the textual history of each work.
Parodies, Hoaxes, Mock Treatises
Authors: Swift Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Swift's parodies are among his most fascinating works, but perhaps require most explication for the modern reader. Valerie Rumbold brings a new depth and detail to the editing of Swift's Bickerstaff papers, 'Polite Conversation', 'Directions to Servants' and other works on language and conduct. Highlights include a fresh investigation of the political and print contexts of the Bickerstaff papers, full commentaries on such smaller works as 'A Modest Defence of Punning' and 'On Barbarous Denominations in Ireland', identification and explanation of many additional sayings in 'Polite Conversation', and a detailed contextualisation of 'Directions to Servants' in contemporary domestic theory and practice. A substantial thematic Introduction is supplemented by an individual headnote and full annotation to each work. The Textual Introduction explores the publishing strategies adopted by Swift and his booksellers, and a separate Textual Account of each work presents and discusses changes in the texts over time.
High-intensity laser-driven secondary radiation sources using the ZEUS 45 TW laser system at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Lasers of the Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre
Authors: Clark E. L. , Grigoriadis A. , Petrakis S. , Tazes I. , Andrianaki G. , Skoulakis A. , Orphanos Y. , Kaselouris E. , Fitilis I. , Chatzakis J. , Bakarezos E. , Dimitriou V. , Benis E. P. , Papadogiannis N. A. , Tatarakis M.
Published: September 2021

The rapid development of high-intensity laser-generated particle and photon secondary sources has attracted widespread interest during the last 20 years not only due to fundamental science research but also because of the important applications of this developing technology. For instance, the generation of relativistic particle beams, betatron-type coherent X-ray radiation and high harmonic generation have attracted interest from various fields of science and technology owing to their diverse applications in biomedical, material science, energy, space, and security applications. In the field of biomedical applications in particular, laser-driven particle beams as well as laser-driven X-ray sources are a promising field of study. This article looks at the research being performed at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Lasers (IPPL) of the Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre. The recent installation of the ZEUS 45 TW laser system developed at IPPL offers unique opportunities for research in laser-driven particle and X-ray sources. This article provides information about the facility and describes initial experiments performed for establishing the baseline platforms for secondary plasma sources.
Legal Documents as Means of Financial Abstraction: How Bankers’ Lawyers Constructed Swaps and Changed Finance
Authors: Cornut St-Pierre Pascale
Published: September 2021

Finance rests on a process of abstraction, based on various material devices that have been studied by economic sociologists in recent years. The fact that many of those devices are legal in nature has not attracted much attention, even though financial instruments are typically embodied in legal documents. This paper argues that interactions involving legal documents shape both financial markets and their regulation, by specifying the contextual elements that will be deemed relevant in interpreting financial commitments. It takes as a case study the emergence of swaps since the 1980s. Through their work in standardizing, commenting, and litigating swaps contracts, bankers’ lawyers were able to recast obligations between banks and their clients in more abstract terms, discarding all references to specific business projects. Such abstraction simultaneously allowed the spectacular development of swaps markets, their positioning on the fringes of regulations, and the strengthening of bankers’ prerogatives against their clients.
Modifiable factors of 20-year blood pressure trajectories among normotensives and their associations with hypertension : a prospective study
Authors: Zhang Xiaofan , Ouyang Yifei , Huang Feifei , Zhang Jiguo , Su Chang , Jia Xiaofang , Du Wenwen , Li Li , Bai Jing , Zhang Bing , Wang Zhihong , Du Shufa , Wang Huijun
Published: September 2021

Little is known about the impact of modifiable risk factors on blood pressure (BP) trajectories and their associations with hypertension (HTN). We aimed to identify BP trajectories in normotensive Chinese adults and explore their influencing factors and associations with HTN. We used data from 3436 adults with at least four BP measurements between 1989 and 2018 in the China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing cohort study. We measured BP using mercury sphygmomanometers with appropriate cuff sizes in all surveys. We used group-based trajectory modelling to identify BP trajectories between 1989 and 2009 and multiple logistic and Cox regression models to analyse their influencing factors and associations with HTN in 2011–2018. We identified five systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories, ‘Low-increasing (LI)’, ‘Low–stable (LS)’, ‘Moderate-increasing (MI)’, ‘High-stable (HS)’ and ‘Moderate-decreasing (MD)’, and four diastolic blood pressure (DBP) trajectories classified as ‘Low-increasing (LI)’, ‘Moderate–stable (MS)’, ‘Low-stable (LS)’ and ‘High-increasing (HI)’. People with higher physical activity (PA) levels and lower waist circumferences (WC) were less likely to be in the SBP LI, MI, HS and MD groups (P < 0·05). People with higher fruit and vegetable intakes, lower WCs and salt intakes and higher PA levels were less likely to be in the DBP LI, MS and HI groups (P < 0·05). Participants in the SBP HS group (hazard ratio (HR) 2·01) or the DBP LI, MS and HI groups (HR 1·38, 1·40, 1·71, respectively) had higher risks of HTN (P < 0·05). This study suggests that BP monitoring is necessary to prevent HTN in the Chinese population.
Weight management behaviours mediate the relationship between weight cycling, BMI and diet quality among US Army Soldiers
Authors: Allen Jillian T. , Jayne Julianna , Karl J. Philip , McGraw Susan M. , O’Connor Kristie , DiChiara Adam , Cole Renee E.
Published: September 2021

Weight cycling is prevalent in sports/professions with body composition standards, and has been associated with weight management behaviours that may contribute to suboptimal diet quality and weight gain. US Army Soldiers may be at increased risk of weight cycling relative to civilians due to mandated body composition standards. However, the relationship between weight cycling, weight management behaviours, BMI and diet quality among Soldiers is unknown. In this cross-sectional study, 575 Soldiers (89 % enlisted, 90 % male, 23 ± 4 years) at Army installations at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, AK, Joint-Base Lewis McChord, WA, and Fort Campbell, KY completed questionnaires on food frequency, health-related behaviours and history of weight cycling (≥ 3 weight fluctuations ≥ 5 % body weight). Weight cycling was reported by 33 % of Soldiers. Those who reported weight cycling reported higher BMI (27 ± 4v. 25 ± 3 kg/m2,P< 0·001) and higher prevalence of engaging in weight management behaviours prior to body weight screening but did not report lower dietary quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) scores 59 ± 10v59 ± 11,P= 0·46) relative to those who did not report weight cycling. Results of mediation analyses suggested that weight cycling may affect BMI both directly (c’= 1·19, 95 % CI: 0·62, 1·75) and indirectly (ab= 0·45, 95 % CI: 0·19, 0·75), and HEI scores indirectly (ab= 0·69, 95 % CI: 0·20, 1·35) through the adoption of weight management behaviours. Weight cycling is common in Soldiers and is associated with higher BMI and higher prevalence of engaging in weight management behaviours that mediate associations between weight cycling, BMI and diet quality.
Olfactory dysfunction amongst children and adolescents with laboratory confirmed coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review
Authors: Saniasiaya J , Kulasegarah J , Narayanan P
Published: September 2021

Background

Despite the rapidly emerging reports of olfactory dysfunction amongst adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019, cases involving children and adolescents are scarcely reported. The literature was reviewed to elucidate olfactory dysfunction amongst children and adolescents with coronavirus disease 2019.

Methods

A search of the literature published from 1 December 2019 to 30 April 2021 was conducted using four databases, based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The search was performed over one month (May 2021).

Results

Only 9 articles were identified, with a total of 316 laboratory confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 positive children and adolescents, of whom 156 reported olfactory dysfunction. Four studies reported olfactory dysfunction based on subjective tests; four studies carried out objective assessment. Most studies reported on olfaction recovery.

Conclusion

The literature review revealed an olfactory dysfunction rate of 49 per cent amongst children and adolescents with coronavirus disease 2019. Persistence of olfactory dysfunction was reported in 7.1 per cent of the patients. Further studies involving objective measures need to be carried out in children and adolescents with coronavirus disease 2019.
Family involvement with care homes following placement of a relative living with dementia: a review
Authors: Hayward Janine K. , Gould Charlotte , Palluotto Emma , Kitson Emily C. , Spector Aimee
Published: September 2021

This review updated a previous review [Gaugler JE (2005) Family involvement in residential long-term care: a synthesis and critical review. Aging and Mental Health9, 105–118] and focused on dementia. Fourteen years of development in family involvement with care homes following placement of a relative was explored. The review aimed to investigate two questions: (1) What types of involvement do families have with care homes following placement of people living with dementia? (2) Which factors influence family involvement with care homes? PsycINFO, MEDLINE and CINAHL Plus were searched for publications between January 2005 and December 2018. Thirty-three papers representing 30 studies were included. Papers were appraised using a quality rating tool designed for use with mixed study designs. Studies were of a reasonable quality though some weaknesses included single-site samples, high attrition rates and poor reporting. Twenty-eight papers highlighted types of involvement including collaboration, family–staff relationship development, decision making and visiting. Twenty-five papers pertained to factors influencing involvement, which included outcome of care quality evaluation, wish for recognition and sense of integration into the care team. Type of family involvement has changed over time with increased emphasis on families’ desire for partnership, to be active rather than passive advocates, and to focus on care monitoring and evaluation. Seven themes of family involvement activities are featured and a non-linear process is proposed. When compared to patient and family-centred care principles, an analysis of family involvement types found good fit overall and potential for framework improvements. Over 30 diverse factors influence inter-family variation in the level and nature of family involvement. Consideration of these factors and resolution of the gaps in evidence, including intergenerational and cultural concerns, can improve care home facilitation of family participation. This dementia-specific review is a comprehensive timely complement to Gaugler's seminal work about older adults in care.
Borderless Heat Hazards With Bordered Impacts
Authors: Brimicombe Chloe , Di Napoli Claudia , Cornforth Rosalind , Pappenberger Florian , Petty Celia , Cloke Hannah L.
Published: September 2021

Heatwaves are increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity due to climate change. They are associated with high mortality rates and cross‐sectional impacts including a reduction in crop yield and power outages. Here we demonstrate that there are large deficiencies in reporting of heatwave impacts in international disasters databases, international organization reports, and climate bulletins. We characterize the distribution of heat stress across the world focusing on August in the Northern Hemisphere, when notably heatwaves have taken place (i.e., 2003, 2010, and 2020) for the last 20 years using the ERA5‐HEAT reanalysis of the Universal Thermal Comfort Index and establish heat stress has grown larger in extent, more so during a heatwave. Comparison of heat stress against the emergency events impacts database and climate reports reveals underreporting of heatwave‐related impacts. This work suggests an internationally agreed protocol should be put in place for impact reporting by organizations and national government, facilitating implementation of preparedness measures, and early warning systems.
Forecast: 8 Million Energy Jobs Created by Meeting Paris Agreement
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: September 2021

Quickly switching to renewables will create 5 million more jobs by 2050 than sticking to fossil fuels will, according to projections.
Inferring the Main Drivers of SARS‐CoV‐2 Global Transmissibility by Feature Selection Methods
Authors: Djordjevic Marko , Salom Igor , Markovic Sofija , Rodic Andjela , Milicevic Ognjen , Djordjevic Magdalena
Published: September 2021

Identifying the main environmental drivers of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmissibility in the population is crucial for understanding current and potential future outbursts of COVID‐19 and other infectious diseases. To address this problem, we concentrate on the basic reproduction number R0, which is not sensitive to testing coverage and represents transmissibility in an absence of social distancing and in a completely susceptible population. While many variables may potentially influence R0, a high correlation between these variables may obscure the result interpretation. Consequently, we combine Principal Component Analysis with feature selection methods from several regression‐based approaches to identify the main demographic and meteorological drivers behind R0. We robustly obtain that country's wealth/development (GDP per capita or Human Development Index) is the most important R0 predictor at the global level, probably being a good proxy for the overall contact frequency in a population. This main effect is modulated by built‐up area per capita (crowdedness in indoor space), onset of infection (likely related to increased awareness of infection risks), net migration, unhealthy living lifestyle/conditions including pollution, seasonality, and possibly BCG vaccination prevalence. Also, we argue that several variables that significantly correlate with transmissibility do not directly influence R0 or affect it differently than suggested by naïve analysis.
Ionospheric and Thermospheric Contributions in TIMED/GUVI O 135.6 nm Radiances
Authors: Zhang Yongliang , Paxton Larry J. , Schaefer Robert
Published: September 2021

We developed an empirically determined, data‐driven method to extract the ionospheric and thermospheric contributions in the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) 135.6 nm radiances on dayside to improve the O/N2 product. The technique assumes a reference dayside ratio of 130.4 and 135.6 nm radiances versus solar zenith angle (SZA) established from geomagnetically quiet observations and a fixed night side 130.4–135.6 nm radiance ratio of 1.2. The method effectively separates the ionospheric and thermospheric contributions in the observed 135.6 nm radiance. This not only improves the estimation of the thermospheric O/N2 ratio, (an important space weather parameter), by removing the ionospheric contribution in the GUVI 135.6 nm radiance data, but also provides the ionospheric signature in the 135.6 nm radiance. Comparison between GUVI ionospheric 135.6 nm radiances due to O+ and electron radiative recombination with coincident GPS TEC data shows a similar morphology of equatorial arcs, such as the arc latitude separation and nonmigrating tidal signature, confirming that the method is reliable. When there are no equatorial arcs, the ionospheric contribution is low, also consistent with low TEC data. This method can be applied to DMSP/SSUSI and other far ultraviolet data with simultaneous disk 130.4 and 135.6 nm measurements.
Paleoenvironmental Significance of Magnetofossils in Pelagic Sediments in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Before and After the Eocene/Oligocene Boundary
Authors: Lu Yang , Wang Dunfan , Jiang Xiaodong , Lin Zhiyong , Yang Yiping , Liu Qingsong
Published: September 2021

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), sensitive to redox status, leave fossil bacterial magnetite (magnetofossils) in sediments. The relative contents of cuboctahedral, elongated prismatic, and bullet‐shaped magnetofossils archive changes in redox conditions, which indicate paleoenvironmental variations. The Eocene‐Oligocene transition (EOT) is a turning point in the Cenozoic climate evolution from greenhouse to icehouse. Global cooling, Antarctic glaciation, and/or a new tectonic structure modified the global ocean and atmosphere circulation mode. In the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (EEPO), the organic matter and aeolian supply, which are important for the proliferation of MTB, did not vary synchronously. Here, we study the magnetic particles and environmental magnetism characteristics of samples from EEPO to test the hypothesis that magnetofossil assemblages respond to the dramatic paleoclimatic changes across the EOT. Results show that the abundances of all kinds of magnetic particles are significantly decreased with the reduction of aeolian supply after the EOT. However, the relative abundance of magnetofossils and the proportion of bullet‐shaped ones both increased. Simultaneously, organic matter input was enhanced as indicated by (a) similar productivity but decreased organic carbon consumption and (b) the increased mass accumulation rates of total organic carbon after the EOT. The enhanced organic matter flux increased redox gradient in pelagic sediment, which together with sufficient iron from aeolian particles, supported the metabolism of MTB, especially those synthesizing bullet‐shaped magnetofossils. Therefore, the magnetofossils in the EEPO vary synchronously with the evolution of paleoenvironment before and after the EOT, which thus supports the use of magnetofossil as an effective proxy archiving paleoenvironment.
Tungsten disulfide thin films via electrodeposition from a single source precursor
Authors: Thomas Shibin , Greenacre Victoria K. , Smith Danielle E. , Noori Yasir J. , Abdelazim Nema M. , Hector Andrew L. , de Groot C. H. (Kees) , Levason William , Bartlett Philip N. , Reid Gillian
Published: September 2021

[NEt4]2[WS2Cl4], which incorporates the required 1 : 2 W : S ratio, is an effective single source precursor for the electro-deposition of WS2 thin films from a CH2Cl2 electrolyte, avoiding the need for a proton source.
Behavior of implanted Xe, Kr and Ar in nanodiamonds and thin graphene stacks: experiment and modeling
Authors: Shiryaev Andrey A. , Trigub Alexander L. , Voronina Ekaterina N. , Kvashnina Kristina O. , Bukhovets Valentin L.
Published: September 2021

Implantation and subsequent behaviour of heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe) in few-layer graphene sheets and in nanodiamonds are studied both using computational methods and experimentally using X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Core level shifts as indicators of Cr chemistry on hydroxylated α-Al2O3(0001): a combined photoemission and first-principles study
Authors: Messaykeh Maya , Chenot Stéphane , David Pascal , Cabailh Gregory , Jupille Jacques , Koltsov Alexey , Lagarde Pierre , Trcera Nicolas , Goniakowski Jacek , Lazzari Rémi
Published: September 2021

Core level photoemission combined with atomistic simulations of chemical shifts evidences a chemical reaction between Cr and residual OH groups at the Al2O3(000) surface.
Ethanol steam reforming on Rh: microkinetic analyses on the complex reaction network
Authors: Gu Tangjie , Zhu Wen , Yang Bo
Published: September 2021

Reaction networks were generated for ethanol steam reforming to CO and CO2. After the pruning of the networks, the preferred reaction pathways of the CO and CO2 production on Rh(111) were identified and detailed kinetic information was analyzed.