bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Kurikulum Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Desrani Ayu , Aflah Zamani Dzaki
Published: August 2021

Purpose- this study aims tofind out and analyze the appropriate curriculum in Arabic learning during the covid-19 pandemic, where at this time the covid-19 pandemic is increasing and its spread is growing rapidly, so it becomes a challenge for a teacher to overcome the learning so that it continues as it should. , including learning Arabic.

 

Design/Methodology/Approach- This study used a qualitative approach with a library research method that used books and other literatures as the main object. This research was analyzed descriptively on the content to provide a clear, objective, systematic, analytical and critical description and description of the appropriate Arabic language learning curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

Findings- 4 basics in the development of the Arabic language learning curriculum during the pandemic: 1) the preparation of learning objectives must be adapted to the circumstances of students and socialized to parents to work together to achieve these goals. 2) the content or material content is designed in such a way as to get students to lead to higher order thinking skills. 3) During the learning process the teacher is required to be as creative as possible to guide learning, the use of appropriate methods and media is very influential. 4) evaluation based on project is highly recommended to avoid the possibility of students cheating on each other.

Research Limitation/Implications- This study cannot cover all in detail about Arabic language skills, because in essence during the current COVID-19 pandemic, teachers need more ways in which subject matter can be conveyed properly to students. However, this study can provide a comprehensive picture of the needs of Arabic language teachers in teaching, one of which is the use of learning technology.
Eksperimentasi Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dalam Pembelajaran Nahwu di Kelas X SMA
Authors: Fauzi Muhammad Sya'dullah
Published: August 2021

This study aims to find out how the application of the problem based learning (PBL), and the learning outcomes of Nahwu students; and to know the effect of the problem based learning model on Nahwu results at Wahid Hasyim Sleman High School. This type of research is Experimental Research with comparative data. The subject of this research is class X Mipa 1 as an experimental class and class X IPS as a control class. The results of this study indicate that the average experimental class students before applying the PBL learning model is 74. While the average control class students before being given treatment is 72. The average experimental class students after applying the PBL is 85, and the average control class after being given a treatment of 74. From the results of the T test analysis obtained a significance value of 0,000. That is, the PBL is influential in improving student Nahwu learning outcomes. This shows that the class given a PBL model on average is bigger than the class applied in the conventional learning model. The difference is significant. That is, the PBL model is influential in improving the learning outcomes of Nahwu.
Konstruksi Epistimologi Kurikulum Pendidikanbahasa Arab Perspektif Mahmud Kamil An-Naqoh
Authors: R Tolinggi Syindi Oktaviani
Published: August 2021

Didalam penyusunan kurikulum, haruslah memperhatikan landasan epistimologi dengan melihat beberapa gagasan pakar pendidikan bahasa Arab mengenai hal tersebut, di antaranya adalah gagasan Mahmud Kamil An-Naqoh. Artikel ini merupakan penelitian library research yang bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang epistimologi kurikulum bahasa Arab perspektif Mahmud Kamil An-Naqoh. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kajian pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan ada empat dasar yang menjadi landasan menyusunan kurikulum bahasa Arab perspektif Mahmud Kamil An-Naqoh, yaitu: (1) dasar linguistik/al-lughawiyyah, (2) dasar sosial-budaya/aṡ-ṡaqāfiyyah, (3) dasar psikologi/an-nafsiyyah, dan (4) dasar edukatif/at-tarbawiyyah. Akan tetapi dari ke empat pembagian tersebut, Mahmud Kamil An-Naqoh masih membaginya lagi menjadi lima bagian, yaitu: (1) pengalaman dan praktik bahasa/al-khibroh al-lughawiyah wa al-mumārosah, (2) sifat bahasa Arab/ṭobī`atu al-lughah al-`Arabiyah, (3) sosial budaya Arab/aṡ-ṡaqōfah al-`Arabiyah, (4) sifat pembelajar bahasa (peserta didik)/ṭobī`atu al-muta`allimin lilughah, dan (5) sifat pengajaran bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Asing/ṭobī`atu `amaliyatu ta`lim al-`Arabiyah bi`itibārohā lughah ajnabiyah. Sehingga dari dasar epistimologi tersebut terumuslah lima komponen kurikulum menurut Mahmud Kamil An-Naqoh, yaitu: (1) tujuan/al-ahdāf, (2) isi/materi/al-muhtawā, (3) metode/aṭ-ṭuruqu, (4) panduan pengajar/guru bahasa Arab/dalīlu mu`allim al-lughah al-`Arabiyah, dan (5) evaluasi/at-taqwīm.

Kata Kunci: Epistimologi, Kurikulum, Bahasa Arab
لترقية مهارة الكتابة Chain Image Description باستخدام وسيلة التعليم (TAI) Team Assisted Individualization فعالية طريقة
Authors: Ni’mah Khoirotun , Junaedi Junaedi
Published: August 2021

writing skills are one of the most difficult language skills for students, this is because students must be able to choose the right diction and master the complex rules of Arabic grammar to be able to compose Arabic sentences properly and express what in their mind in writing. The team Assisted Indivualization method is one of the methods that emphasizes cooperative learning, while the ChainImage Description media is one of the learning media thatcan stimulate students to think and describe an object. Therefore, this study discuss the  Team Asissted Individualization method using Chain Image Description media to improve writing skills. This study uses quantitative methods. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation and tests. The population in tihis study were student’s of MTs DarulUlum Waru Sidoarjo, while the sample was class 7A. The effertiveness in the application of the Team Assisted Individualization method using Chain Image Description media with the results of T-Count=16 from the results of the analysis using the T-Test. And from here itcan be seen that T-Count is greater than the T-Table and this shows that the hypothesis HO is rejected and the hyphotesis Ha is accepted.
Gestión tecnológica de las empresas de servicios públicos domiciliarios en Riohacha, Colombia
Authors: López-Juvinao Danny Daniel , Mendoza-Fernández Darcy Luz , Salas-Solano Edwin Alberto
Published: August 2021

El artículo tuvo como objetivo describir la gestión tecnológica de las empresas de servicios públicos domiciliarios de Riohacha, Colombia. La investigación fue de enfoque positivista, cuantitativo y de carácter descriptivo. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 20 directivos de las empresas de servicios públicos domiciliarios (Electricaribe, Asaa, Interaseo y Gases de la Guajira). Los resultados mostraron como los directivos no se encontraban interesados en la gestión tecnológica, principalmente al mostrar valores neutros o negativos en indicadores como: capacitar, implantar, aprender e integración de proceso/producto. Se concluyó que la gestión tecnológica se encuentra implementada de forma deficiente en la búsqueda de la competitividad en el mercado en el cual se desempeñan, debido a fallas en elementos esenciales para la implementación del proceso. Se recomienda motivar a los directivos a entender la importancia del proceso como primer paso para su implementación exitosa.
Las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en el fortalecimiento del pensamiento físico matemático
Authors: Vergel-Ortega Mawency , Gallardo-Pérez Henry de Jesús , Portal-Domingo Reinaldo
Published: August 2021

El objetivo de la investigación fue asociar el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, concernientes al ejercicio de la labor de un grupo de estudiantes pertenecientes a universidades públicas, ubicadas en el Departamento Norte de Santander con el desarrollo del pensamiento, y las condiciones psicosociales, económicas, sociodemográficas. En esta investigación con enfoque multimétodo, se aplican instrumentos para identificar herramientas tecnológicas implementadas por 101 profesores, determinar el desarrollo de pensamiento, conocer las condiciones sociodemográficos y psicosociales de 537 estudiantes de 3 universidades, y en consecuencia determinar un modelo que asocie y explique el nivel de desarrollo del pensamiento matemático de los estudiantes universitarios. Se realizan estadísticas descriptivas de las diferentes variables; y modelos Logit para identificar los factores que influyen utilizando tecnologías. Con un 95% de confiabilidad, los resultados indican que no existe vulnerabilidad psicosocial y los modelos indican que factores gestión educativa relacionada a planeación profesor, herramienta didáctica, resultado de aprendizaje, acceso a plataforma, competencia de innovación, disminuyen o mejoran, la probabilidad de potenciar el desarrollo del pensamiento físico matemático.  Se concluye que regresión logística ordinal permite e identificar factores utilizando TIC para pronosticar incrementos en el nivel de desarrollo del pensamiento físico-matemático
Principios, lineamientos, dimensiones y atributos para la evaluación de calidad de Datos Abiertos de Gobierno
Authors: Rangel-Carrillo Adriana Milena , Maestre-Góngora Gina Paola , Osorio-Sanabria Mariutsi Alexandra
Published: August 2021

El propósito de esta investigación fue establecer una base conceptual para la evaluación de calidad de los datos abiertos de gobierno, al delimitar los principios, lineamientos, dimesiones y atributos de calidad requeridos para implementar una operación efectiva de las directrices dadas por el Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones de Colombia. Se realizó una revisión de literatura, en la cual se definió el objetivo de la investigación, se realizó una consulta en diferentes fuentes, se prepararon los datos y se clasificó la literatura de acuerdo con los criterios de selección definidos y así alinear los componentes seleccionados en un esquema estratégico que prioriza la explotación de los datos como fuente de tendencias e innovaciones. Se identificaron tres principios esenciales: Aptitud para el Uso, Orientación a Procesos y Mejora Continua de los cuales se desprenden tres dimensiones para considerar el contexto, las propiedades y representación de valor de los datos, con 6 lineamientos y 12 atributos que aportan de manera gradual con el nivel de calidad requerido según los documentos técnicos de referente para el contexto colombiano. En conclusión, el modelo propuesto permite desarrollar una evaluación de calidad de los datos abiertos de gobierno para habilitar, a través de su publicación y reutilización, los beneficios de la conversión de la materia prima de los datos en productos que se materializan en información relevante y coherente para el sector público, privado y la ciudadanía en general.
Multi-path Penalty metric in underwater acoustic communication for autonomy and human decision-making
Authors:   , Howard Bradli A.
Published: August 2021

A novel performance metric to improve underwater digital acoustic communication, called Multipath Penalty (MPP), is proposed as an alternative to traditional signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) methods in the context of the Arctic Beaufort Sea. MPP and SNR are compared alongside a third performance metric, Minimum Achievable Error (MAE), which replicates the operation of a channel estimate-based decision feedback equalizer in an acoustic modem. The three metrics are then tested in a hardware-in-the-loop Virtual Ocean simulator for an autonomous undersea vehicle (AUV) communicating with a collaborator. Using field data of modem statistics obtained duringICEX20 and expanded data supplied by the simulator, calibration of the three metrics to modem packet success is evaluated, resulting in a proposed recalibration for MAE. The AUV’s ability to communicate when adaptively choosing its depth is analyzed above and below the Beaufort Lens, and settings for MPP’s engineering variables are obtained. The results show MPP generally improves reception and demodulation of acoustic transmissions over SNR by approximately 5% within an operational range of 8 km, while achieving similar results to the more robust metric MAE. MPP is an improved utility for underwater digital acoustic communication in both marine autonomy and as a tactical decision aid.
Development parameters of the latent period as a response of rubber tree resistance to South American leaf blight
Authors: Bevenuto João Alberto Zago , Passos José Raimundo de Souza , Furtado Edson Luiz
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT The major phytosanitary problem for rubber tree cultivation in Brazil is the disease known as South American leaf blight, caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei. Its symptoms manifest in young leaves and cause intense defoliation, resulting in reduced latex production and even the death of susceptible plants. Thus, this disease consists in a constant threat to East Asian plantations. As worldwide traditional breeding programs have evolved, interspecific hybrid clones have currently been used for planting. They are more productive and show better resistance to pathogens. However, traditional breeding programs have not led to significant progress in resistance to South American leaf blight since the selection is directed to clones with complete resistance. In this pathosystem, horizontal or partial resistance (HR) and vertical or complete resistance (VR) can act simultaneously, evidencing their complexity and difficult quantification. This study aimed to: characterize the foliar lesion type in Hevea sp. X M. ulei pathosystem; verify the clonal susceptibility to pathogens; analyze the infection frequency for resistance quantification in Hevea sp. x M. ulei pathosystem, and recommend differentiating rubber tree clones to quantify M. ulei races in Brazil. The monocyclic parameters (latent period and lesion diameter) are applicable for resistance quantification in Hevea sp. x M. ulei pathosystem. Latent period had slight variation among clones. Lesion diameter had wide variation among clones and was a discriminating parameter for horizontal resistance and vertical resistance.
Compressibility, stiffness and electrical resistivity characteristics of sand–diatom mixtures
Authors: Hoang Ngoc Quy , Kim Sang Yeob , Lee Jong-Sub
Published: August 2021

The engineering characteristics of ocean sediments are significantly affected by fine particles such as diatoms. The objective of this study is to investigate experimentally the compressibility, small-strain stiffness and electrical resistivity of sand–diatom mixtures by way of oedometer tests. Sand–diatom mixtures are prepared at a fixed density with varying diatom contents ranging from 0 to 20% by weight. The vertical displacements are monitored during oedometer tests, and shear wave, compressional wave and electrical resistance are measured using bender elements, piezo-disc elements and an electrical resistance probe, respectively, at the end of each loading step. The test results show that the compression index increases, whereas the swelling index and shear and compressional wave velocities decrease with increasing diatom content because of the small and crushable diatom particles. The attenuation of shear and compressional waves increases continuously, while the shear and compressional wave velocities decrease with an increase in the diatom content due to weak inter-particle contact and a soft soil skeleton. In addition, the sand specimens with a lower compression index, Cc, a higher swelling index, Cs, a higher shear wave factor, α, and a lower shear wave exponent, β, gradually change to clay-like soils, which exhibit a higher Cc, a lower Cs, a lower α and a higher β as the diatom content increases. This study suggests that diatoms may affect the compressibility, small-strain stiffness and electrical resistivity of soil.
Instability of municipal solid waste along the constant deviatoric stress path and its engineering significance
Authors: Ke Han , Ma Pengcheng , Chen Yunmin , Dong Ding , Zhao Shiyu , Yang Yiqing , Nhema Chidochashe Clemency
Published: August 2021

To investigate the instability behaviours of municipal solid waste under the reduction of effective means stress, consolidated undrained (CU), constant shear drained (CSD) and constant shear undrained (CSU) tests were conducted on artificial waste specimens. In CU tests, the effective stress paths were modified by considering the particle compressibility, and the waste specimens did not exhibit pre-failure softening behaviours. Instability of the waste was observed in CSD tests, but was not observed in CSU tests. When the waste specimens became unstable, the axial strains increased rapidly and the volume was severely dilated. Softening of the waste specimens, manifested in the inability to maintain constant deviatoric stresses, was also observed. For waste specimens with similar void ratios, the instability points were located around an instability line (IL), and the slope of the IL decreased with an increase in the void ratio. Some factors, including the stress path and deformation characteristic of waste, may lead to the instability of waste specimens in CSD tests by influencing the effects of reinforcements. In engineered landfills, high pore pressure is often generated in waste mass and then leads to the obvious reduction of the effective stress of waste; thus, waste instability needs to be considered in the safety evaluation of waste slopes.
The right to privacy under the Constitution of Kenya and the criminalisation of consensual sex between same-sex adults
Authors: Koske Nicole Treyson , Milej Tomasz
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY This article argues that the provisions of the Kenyan Penal Code (sections 162 and 165) criminalising consensual sex between partners of the same sex limit the right to privacy enshrined in article 31 of the Constitution of Kenya of 2010. This limitation is not justifiable according to the Bill of Rights limitation clause in article 24 of the Constitution. Article 45(2) of the Constitution, which provides for a right to 'marry a person of the opposite sex', also does not justify this limitation. Embracing the idea of an open and democratic society, the Constitution precludes the state from imposing upon the individual moral choices, provided that those choices do not harm others. Therefore, the decision whether or not consensual sex is moral must be left to the individual concerned. By refusing to declare sections 162 and 165 unconstitutional in 2019, the High Court of Kenya misinterpreted the Constitution and consequently failed in its mandate to uphold the right to privacy of homosexual persons in Kenya. Key words: right to privacy; Constitution of Kenya; rights of LGBT+ persons; open and democratic society; criminalisation of same-sex relationships; right to marry
One step forward, two steps back: A review of Mushoriwa v City of Harare in view of Zimbabwe's constitutional socio-economic rights
Authors: Kondo Tinashe , Masike Shadreck , Chihera Brian , Mbonderi Bright
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY In 2013 Zimbabwe enacted a new Constitution, introducing a raft of new changes, among them, the introduction of constitutional socio-economic rights. Not soon thereafter socio-economic rights were tested in the case of Mushoriwa v City of Harare in 2014. The High Court made a finding in favour of the applicant, a decision which enforced the right to water in section 77 of the Constitution. The ruling offered the view that the water bylaws used were unconstitutional and contrary to the enabling statute. This judgment was welcomed as a 'first true test' of socio-economic rights under the 2013 Constitution. In Hove v City of Harare the High Court judge agreed with the reasoning of the Court in Mushoriwa v City of Harare that, in the event of a genuine dispute of a water bill, there should be a recourse to the courts for remedies. In 2018, however, the Supreme Court overturned the decision in the Mushoriwa case. It declared that water disconnections in terms of the water bylaw are above board. This raises questions as to the constitutional obligation to protect the right to water imposed upon all organs of the state. It is against this background that this article reviews the case of Mushoriwa and makes comments on the effects of this judgment, specifically about the enforcement of socio-economic rights in Zimbabwe. Keywords: constitutionality; right to water; Mushoriwa; socio-economic rights
Towards a transformative child rights discourse in Africa: A reflexive study
Authors: Chibwana Musavengana WT
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY It has been 30 years since the adoption of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. This article takes the opportunity to reflect on where the child rights discourse is going to allow for proactivity in addressing emerging challenges and changing child rights context on the African continent. Using positional reflexivity as the methodology, I identify what I call six transformative promptings which are engendering a shift to the child rights discourse. I argue that for the discourse to be more erudite in ensuring the protection as well as well-being for children on the African continent, these six issues must be seriously considered. The first issue is a shift from child rights alterity to trans-disciplinarity. The second issue involves the evolution of the child rights promotional obligation. The third issue is on the nexus between exponential urbanisation on the African continent and fulfilment of children 's rights. The fourth issue is on the rise of the nebulous information communication technology. The fifth issue is on addressing cross border child rights violations and lastly the small matter of financing child rights using domestic resource mobilisation. Key words: positional reflexivity; children's rights; African Children's Charter
Miradas y usos del lenguaje fotográfico del alumnado de Magisterio
Authors: Caeiro Rodríguez MARTIN , Murillo Ligorred Víctor , Ramos Vallecillo Nora , Revilla Carrasco Alfonso
Published: August 2021

La antropología y la etnografía se han servido de la fotografía para comprender fenómenos culturales y sociales y también las ciencias de la salud en diferentes estudios y campos. En nuestro enfoque adquirimos como docentes la posición del antropólogo visual para comprender las motivaciones, ideas e intereses del alumnado del Grado de Magisterio de Primaria a través de los temas que escogen. Para ello, enlazamos la metodología de la Investigación Basada en la Educación Artística con el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos Artísticos. A partir de la realización de una serie fotográfica surgen respuestas que permiten analizar y categorizar las temáticas de nuestro alumnado acercándonos a la contemporaneidad social y cultural en la que viven y aprenden
IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE
Authors: Balashova Svitlana
Published: August 2021

Inclusive education is mostly implemented in secondary education institutions. Only in some Ukrainian higher education institutions have steps
been taken towards the integration of persons with disabilities into the educational environment. The basic normative legal acts of Ukraine, which
regulate a right for persons with disabilities on higher education, are worked out. The dynamics of quantity of persons with disability, who study in
higher educational establishments of Ukraine, is analysed. Foreign experience of creation of necessary conditions for the studies of such categories
of citizens is investigated. Directions of increasing opportunities of pursuing higher education by persons with disabilities are offered. The
effectiveness of the implementation of inclusive education depends on many factors – first of all, on the perfection of the regulatory framework,
information support, scientific, educational and methodological, personnel, logistics of the educational process.
Forming of US environmental policy: Ukrainian view
Authors: Mashevskyi Oleg
Published: August 2021

Review of monograph Tetiana Perga «US Environmental Policy. The Age of Forming» (in Ukrainian) (State Institution «Institute of World History of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine»)
Establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany and the position of American politics and diplomacy
Authors: Tkachuk Taras
Published: August 2021

The article examines the problem of relations between the two leading states of the world in the interwar period: Germany, which withdrew from the First World War as a defeated country and after the establishment of the Nazi regime started preparing revenge, and the United States, proclaimed «isolationism» and, therefore, distanced themselves from European international political problems.

The scientific novelty: the author points up primarily political «isolationism», while in the economic sphere the United States has played a leading role in the reconstruction and development of the afterwar Germany. Today, due to the difficult geopolitical situation in the world, caused by the aggressive actions of the Russian Federation, which are quite similar to the former Nazi regime, there is a chance to look at the events of the 1930s in the international arena in a somewhat new way. Regarding this, the author sets out an aim of the article to carry out a comprehensive analyze and give his own assessment of the position of American politicians on the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany.

The methodological basis of the study. In the study the author used a descriptive method to identify the essence and features of American-German relations in the 1920s and early 1930s, a comparative-historical method in analyzing the positions of President Roosevelt’s enciclement on German Chancellor A. Hitler’s policy in 1933, the principles of objectivity and systematization using only verified facts and their comprehensive assessment. This made it possible for the first time to draw attention to the position of the American leadership on the establishment of the Nazi regime and its role in international diplomacy on the eve of World War II in order to the current geopolitical situation connected with Russia’s aggressive actions.

The Conclusions. Finally, the author asserts that President Roosevelt’s encirclement perceived the threat of a new world war from the German Nazis, but did not change the United States’ overall foreign policy toward Europe. The reason was that Franklin Delano Roosevelt chose a wrong strategy to avert new world conflict in the relationship with Berlin. At the same time, the author underlines the differences in the attitudes of American «isolationists» towards Germany and Japan, as well as the differences between Washington’s position on the political and non-political aspects of relations with Hitler’s regime. Therefore, the author points out that not all the American politicians perceived the Nazi «Third Reich» totally negatively. As a result, the United States chose the wrong strategy to deter Nazi Germany, which did not testify its effectiveness. That’s why, the article asserts that the current United States and the Western European countries need to anticipate their past mistakes in building of the strategy of relations with Russian Federation.
Cavernous malformations of the brain and modern views on their treatment
Authors: Girya Elena N. , Sinitsyn Valentin V. , Tokarev Alexey S.
Published: August 2021

Cavernous malformations of the brain have become an increasingly common pathology in recent years, thanks to the advancement of modern methods of neuroimaging. Despite the benign nature of the course in most cases, these formations can cause convulsions and serious neurological disorders. Typically, clinical manifestations are caused by hemorrhages in the structure of the cavernous and surrounding parenchyma of the brain. The management strategy chosen for patients with cerebral cavernous malformations is determined by the type of malformation, its size, localization, the presence of repeated hemorrhages, and the clinical picture. This literature review focuses on modern methods of treating cerebral cavernous malformations. The main methods of treatment for cavernous malformations of the brain, particularly surgical treatment, have been analyzed. If surgical intervention is not possible, alternative methods of treatment include radiation therapy, such as stereotaxic radiosurgery, and proton therapy, in cases of deep location of foci in functionally significant areas of the brain, which are characterized by the highest risk of complications. Thе possibilities, efficacy, and safety of stereotactic radiosurgical treatment are discussed, as well as the use of proton therapy in the treatment of cavernous malformations. Furthermore, radiation therapy has been shown to be beneficial for cavernous malformations.
Inter-observer variability between readers of CT images: all for one and one for all
Authors: Kulberg Nikolas S. , Reshetnikov Roman V. , Novik Vladimir P. , Elizarov Alexey B. , Gusev Maxim A. , Gombolevskiy Victor A. , Vladzymyrskyy Anton V. , Morozov Sergey P.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND: The markup of medical image datasets is based on the subjective interpretation of the observed entities by radiologists. There is currently no widely accepted protocol for determining ground truth based on radiologists reports. AIM: To assess the accuracy of radiologist interpretations and their agreement for the publicly available dataset CTLungCa-500, as well as the relationship between these parameters and the number of independent readers of CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four radiologists took part in the dataset markup. The dataset included 536 patients who were at high risk of developing lung cancer. For each scan, six radiologists worked independently to create a report. After that, an arbitrator reviewed the lesions discovered by them. The number of true-positive, false-positive, true-negative, and false-negative findings was calculated for each reader to assess diagnostic accuracy. Further, the inter-observer variability was analyzed using the percentage agreement metric. RESULTS: An increase in the number of independent readers providing CT scan interpretations leads to accuracy increase associated with a decrease in agreement. The majority of disagreements were associated with the presence of a lung nodule in a specific site of the CT scan. CONCLUSION: If arbitration is provided, an increase in the number of independent initial readers can improve their combined accuracy. The experience and diagnostic accuracy of individual readers have no bearing on the quality of a crowd-tagging annotation. At four independent readings per CT scan, the optimal balance of markup accuracy and cost was achieved.
Opportunities to reduce the radiation exposure during computed tomography to assess the changes in the lungs in patients with COVID-19: use of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction
Authors: Filatova Daria A. , Sinitsin Valentin E. , Mershina Elena A.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND: Several COVID-19 patients are subjected to multiple imaging examinations during hospitalization, the cumulative effect of which can significantly increase the total dose of radiation received. The effective radiation dose can be reduced by lowering the current and voltage of the X-ray tube, but this reduces image quality. One possible solution is to use adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction technology on the raw CT data. Recently, data on the efficacy of low-dose CT (LDCT) in the diagnosis of COVID-19 have appeared in the literature. AIM: To analyze the quality and diagnostic value of LDCT images of the lungs after applying an iterative processing algorithm and to assess the possibility of reducing the radiation load on the patient when diagnosing COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients from the Infectious Diseases Department of the Moscow State University Hospital participated in the prospective study. CT examinations were performed at the time of patient admission and discharge and were repeated as needed during hospitalization. In the first study, a standard CT protocol with a tube voltage of 120 kV and automatic current modulation in the range of 200400 mA was used; in repeated CT scans, the LDKT protocol was used with reduced tube voltage parameters (100 or 110 kV) and automatic current modulation in the range of 40120 mA. To assess the diagnostic value of LDCT in comparison with standard CT, a survey was conducted among doctors from the Department of Radiation Diagnostics at Moscow State University Hospital. The questionnaire included a comparison of the two methods for identifying the following pathological processes: ground-glass opacities, compaction of the lung tissue with reticular changes, areas of lung tissue consolidation, and lymphadenopathy. RESULTS: The study included 151 patients. The average age was 5814.2 years, with men accounting for 53.6% of the population. During LDCT the radiation load was reduced by 2.96 times on average, CTDI by 2.6 times, DLP by 3.1 times, the current on the tube by 1.83 times, and the voltage on the tube by 1.2 times. The results indicate that the effectiveness of detecting the main signs of viral pneumonia and assessing the dynamics of the patients condition does not differ significantly from CT performed according to the standard protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The results of a comparison of standard and low-dose CT show that there is no significant loss of diagnostic information and image quality as the radiation load is reduced. Thus, chest LDCT can be used to successfully diagnose COVID-19 in routine practice.
The role of mammography in breast cancer radiomics
Authors: Govorukhina Veronika G. , Semenov Serafim S. , Gelezhe Pavel B. , Didenko Vera V. , Morozov Sergey P. , Andreychenko Anna E.
Published: August 2021

Mammography is still the only screening method for breast cancer. Although digital mammography is the most common and widely used method for detecting breast cancer, it is ineffective at detecting and assessing intratumoral heterogeneity. Due to the small size of the tissue sample or tumor, biopsies often fail to represent the entire tumor. For this reason, selecting a treatment and determining a patients prognosis becomes difficult. In this case, medical imaging is a noninvasive approach that can provide a more comprehensive view of the entire tumor, act as a virtual biopsy, and be useful for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy. Radiomics with texture analysis allows you to look at an image as a group of numerical data, moving beyond the usual visual perception and into a deeper analysis of digital, pixel data to improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis. Radiogenomics is a natural extension of radiomics that focuses on determining gene expression based on radiologic tumor phenotype. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of mammography in breast cancer radiomics and radiogenomics. The article presents a literature review of relevant Russian scientific articles found in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Springer, eLibrary, and Google Scholar. The information obtained was then pooled, structured, and analyzed to examine the role of mammography in breast cancer screening radiomics.
Ground-Motion Model for Crustal Events in Italy by Applying the Multisource Geographically Weighted Regression (MS-GWR) Method
Authors: Lanzano Giovanni , Sgobba Sara , Caramenti Luca , Menafoglio Alessandra
Published: August 2021

In this article, we implement a new approach to calibrate ground-motion models (GMMs) characterized by spatially varying coefficients, using the calibration dataset of an existing GMM for crustal events in Italy. The model is developed in the methodological framework of the multisource geographically weighted regression (MS-GWR, Caramenti et al., 2020), which extends the theory of multiple linear regression to the case with model coefficients that are spatially varying, thus allowing for capturing the multiple sources of nonstationarity in ground motion related to event and station locations. In this way, we reach the aim of regionalizing the ground motion in Italy by specializing the model in a nonergodic framework. Such an attempt at regionalization also addresses the purpose of capturing the regional effects in the modeling, which is needed for the Italian country, where ground-motion properties vary significantly across space. Because the proposed model relies on the italian GMM (ITA18) (Lanzano et al., 2019) dataset and functional form, it could be considered the ITA18 nonstationary version, thus allowing one to predict peak ground acceleration and velocity, as well as 36 ordinates of the 5%-damped acceleration response spectra in the period interval T=0.01–10  s. The resulting MS-GWR model shows an improved ability to predict the ground motion locally, compared with stationary ITA18, leading to a significant reduction of the total variability at all periods of about 15%–20%. The article also provides scenario-dependent uncertainties associated with the median predictions to be used as a part of the epistemic uncertainty in the context of probabilistic seismic hazard analyses. Results show that the approach is promising for improving the model predictions, especially on densely sampled areas, although further studies are necessary to resolve the observed trade-off inherent to site and path effects, which limits their physical interpretation.
Correo del BID: Vol. 1, no. 2, octubre 1963
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

Correo del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
El BID: Vol. 23, no. 7, julio 1996
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

EL BID informa sobre el desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe y sobre las actividades del Banco. Se publica 10 veces al año en ingles, español, portugués y francés.
Model roli społeczno-zawodowej pracownika socjalnego w kontekście teorii ról. Dyskusja z badań
Authors: Zaborowska Agnieszka
Published: August 2021

The goal of the article is to analyze the socio-professional role of a social worker, taking the theory of social roles and the main elements of the role. The result of the analysis is the model of the social and professional role of a social worker presented in the article. The article is a scientific reflection in the context of tasks, expectations and rights that are faced by social workers. The author analyzes the current literature in the field of sociology and social psychology and presents discussions on qualitative field research conducted in the period from November 2020 to January 2021. The research was conducted using the technique of in-depth individual interviews, in which social workers from Lublin, Radom and Puławy participated. As part of the research undertaken, the author analyzes the perception of the social and professional role by social workers. The article is a voice in the discussion on the professional roles of social workers and the tasks they face. The analysis of the research results gives the opportunity to indicate the needs of social workers and the challenges faced by the system in which the profession operates.
Guía de características y criterios para resolver peticiones, quejas, reclamos, sugerencias, denuncias y felicitaciones
Authors:   Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Oficina de Direccionamiento Estratégico e Inteligencia Competitiva – Sección de Atención al Ciudadano
Published: August 2021

El derecho de petición es el derecho fundamental de presentar, por motivos de interés general o particular, solicitudes respetuosas ante cualquier autoridad. Este es un mecanismo de participación y control de gran relevancia que actúa como garantía de otros derechos fundamentales regulados, principalmente, por la Constitución Política de Colombia y la Ley 1755 de 2015. Con el fin de garantizar altos estándares de calidad educativa, y dar cumplimiento a su misión, la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada se interesa por fomentar el dialogo, promover el respeto por los valores y formar ciudadanos íntegros y socialmente responsables. Asimismo, propende garantizar un buen servicio a sus grupos de interés; haciendo énfasis en los principios de celeridad, economía, igualdad, imparcialidad, moralidad, publicidad y transparencia. En ese orden de ideas, la Universidad pone a disposición de toda la comunidad la Guía de características y criterios para resolver peticiones, quejas, reclamos, sugerencias, denuncias y felicitaciones para garantizar que se brinde una atención coherente, oportuna y de calidad.
Metabolic evolutionary roots of the macrophage immune response in amoeba-bacteria interactions: The conserved role of hypoxia-induced Factor and AMP kinase
Authors: Dzik Jolanta
Published: August 2021

The bacteria Legionella, being able to infect both macrophages and protozoans, reduce oxidative phosphorylation and induce glycolysis, which allows pathogens to grow and replicate in these cells. In amoeba-like inflammatory macrophages (M1), the phagocytizing cells of the primary immune defense, an increase in the rate of glycolysis is followed by a decrease of oxidative phosphorylation. The opposite takes place in anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). They change from glycolysis to oxidative metabolism when AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) is activated by a high ratio of AMP/ATP. Stimulation of macrophages with anti-inflammatory cytokines causes activation of AMPK. Infection of macrophages with the parasitic flagellate Leishmania infantum induces a switch from an initial glycolytic phase to oxidative phase with the essential role of AMPK in this change. Activated AMPK induces catabolic pathways effectively producing ATP as well as processes requiring the energy supply. AMPK regulates the migration of cells and enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In macrophages, bacterial products activate TLRs and NF-κB signaling, causing an increase of transcription of hypoxia-induced factor HIF-1α (a subunit of HIF-1). This brings about induction of the enzyme and transporter expression essential for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to proceed and makes biosynthetic processes and ROS production in macrophages possible. Hypoxia augments macrophage phagocytosis in a HIF‐1α‐dependent manner. Multicellular parasites experience changes in the availability of oxygen in their life cycle. In the nematode Ascaris suum, HIF participates in the pre-adaptation to hypoxic conditions after infection of their hosts. Also, the freshwater and marine invertebrates meet changes of oxygen concentrations. In the anaerobic branch of the respiratory chain of these invertebrates, fumarate serves as the terminal electron acceptor that is reduced to succinate in complex II of the ETC. In mammalian cells, accumulation of succinate under hypoxic conditions suggests that the mammalian complex II may reduce fumarate to succinate, too. The data reviewed here show that the ability to shift the cell metabolism towards glycolysis observed in activated macrophages can be traced back in evolution to metabolic changes characterizing protozoans infected with bacteria. Anabolic needs of multiplying bacteria direct host metabolism to glycolysis that produces, aside from ATP, precursors of the amino acids used by the pathogen for its protein synthesis. M1-activated mammalian macrophages behave in the same way. Regulation of metabolism in M1 and M2 macrophages is further enhanced by HIF-1 and AMPK, respectively. These archaic functions of AMPK and HIF, important also to control phagocytosis and cell migration were extended to embryonic development in multicellular organisms.
Laser Assisted Surgical and Orthodontic Treatment of a Dilacerated Impacted Maxillary Incisor: A Case Report
Authors: Dalaie Kazem , Mir Maziar , Ghaffari Samin
Published: August 2021

Impaction of the anterior teeth, which is less frequent in central incisors, can cause serious esthetic and subsequent psychological problems for patients during the mixed dentition period. Traumatic injury to deciduous teeth is the most common etiologic factor. Thus, treatment of maxillary incisor impaction is highly important. Nowadays, application of laser has been suggested in orthodontics and pediatric dentistry for different treatments, such as surgical exposure of impacted teeth and application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. In this paper, the authors present treatment of an impacted and dilacerated maxillary central incisor with laser application for its surgical exposure and LLLT for acceleration of its orthodontic traction and eruption.
Microbiological quality of street vended Panipuri in Jagtial district of Telangana, India
Authors: Teegala Venkatesh , Chandra Pavan Kanakamedala Bipin , Kumar Anumolu Vijaya
Published: August 2021

Street vended foods have gained a lot of popularity in recent days owing to their appealing taste and flavour. These foods apart from the taste and flavour, have been cost-effective and easily available for all people. That has been the reason for such high demand for these foods in all walks of life and are being relished by the populations from the rural to urban areas. Street foods have been satisfying the hunger of a good percentage of people at an affordable cost. On the other side of the situation, these foods have been posing a good risk of health problems for the people because of the unhygienic methods and process of preparation of these foods by the mostly illiterate community of businessmen who have been preparing them. Hence the need of evaluating these foods for the contamination levels and risk factors for human health have been exponentially felt and the present study was taken up. Therefore, the present study was carried out to check the microbiological quality of street vended panipuri sold in Korutla, Metpally, and Jagtial towns of Jagtial Dist, Telangana state. A total of ninety-six samples viz., water, dall and kachori (thirty two each) were aseptically collected from various vendors and were subjected for standard plate count, total Coliform count, total Salmonella count and total Staphylococcus aureus count. Results revealed that 74% of samples had high loads of bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli (41%), Staphylococcus aureus (31%), sp. (20%), Pseudomonas sp. (5%) and yeast (3%). Hence, it has been enumerated that the quality of street foods must be monitored, and standards of the microbiological load have to be followed for human health safety.
The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Farm Animals: A Review
Authors: Mehra Vinay Kumar , Kumar Satish
Published: August 2021

Livestock animal are important for agriculture economy and biomedical research. They are sources of Milk, meat, carcass, organic manure and other products. The development of genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas have revolutionized the generation of gene edited farm animals. In this review, we briefly introduce the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and highlight its application on livestock such as human disease modeling, disease resistant animal, and generation of hornless cattle, animal welfare and other agricultural and biomedical related traits which enhance the livestock production in order to meet the increasing demand of food worldwide. The ability to transfer sperm-producing stem cells or spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from a donor animal into the testes of a recipient male could have multiple applications. Production of BLG free milk in cattle provides a promising way to those who have allergy to cow milk. The knockdown of myostatin gene in different species like Sheep, Goat, Cattle and pig is very helpful in the economy of meat industry. Besides the several benefits of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the risk factors and ethics issues related to this technology should be reconsidered before they enter into CRISPR era.