bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ammonia and Methanol as Energy Carriers Towards 2060 The Long-Term Plan Strategy: A Comparative Perspective of China and Indonesia Cases
Authors: Ligayanti Tri , Hendro Raldi
Published: December 2021

The objective of this paper was to review China’s long-term carbon neutral 2060 policy and to compare with Indonesia’s case in term of energy carriers such as Ammonia and Methanol. Topics regarding China and Indonesia's long-term carbon neutral 2060 policy and strategy are important to be discussed because it will open up issues related to the role of primary energy, chemical-energy nexus and the blue energy economy supported by technology innovation, and political will. The energy-chemical nexus on the background of the Ammonia & Methanol industries are the largest sources of CO2 emissions in China, so it will contribute significantly to emission reductions from the energy transition to carbon neutral energy. From the efforts made by China, it can provide information and considerations to Indonesian policy makers and researchers on their efforts regarding resource management optimization to reconcile the tradeoffs on resources protection and development of socioeconomic as well as to ensure a sustainable system.ABSTRAKTujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk meninjau kebijakan netral karbon jangka panjang Tiongkok 2060 dan membandingkan dengan kasus Indonesia dalam hal pembawa energi seperti Amoniak dan Metanol. Topik mengenai kebijakan dan strategi jangka panjang karbon netral 2060 Tiongkok dan Indonesia penting untuk dibahas karena akan mengangkat isu terkait peran energi primer, perhubungan energi kimia dan ekonomi energi biru yang didukung oleh inovasi teknologi, dan kemauan politik. Hubungan energi-kimia di latarbelakangi industri Amoniak & Metanol adalah sumber emisi CO2 terbesar di Tiongkok, sehingga akan berkontribusi signifikan terhadap pengurangan emisi dari transisi energi ke energi netral karbon. Dari upaya yang dilakukan oleh Tiongkok, dapat memberikan informasi dan pertimbangan kepada pembuat kebijakan dan peneliti Indonesia tentang upaya mereka mengenai optimalisasi pengelolaan sumber daya untuk mempertemukan timbal balik perlindungan sumber daya dan pengembangan sosial ekonomi serta untuk memastikan sistem yang berkelanjutan.
The state of the art of agile kanban method: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Alaidaros Hamzah , Omar Mazni , Romli Rohaida
Published: December 2021

In the recent years, the Agile Kanban has emerged as an appropriate method used for managing projects in numerous fields and various settings. Despite getting an increased popularity in the software organizations, the Agile Kanban method still has different challenges that need to be addressed. Therefore, this study aims to concisely explore the current state of the art and latest researches on the Agile Kanban method through conducting an extensive review of the literature. The results of this study carry strong implications and confirm the important need for conducting researches on the Agile Kanban method. It also provides the key challenges and opportunities that can be investigated in future studies. The cross analysis of the results leads to a better understanding of the Agile Kanban method and aids the research teams to address the Kanban limitations and increase its adoption in the software organizations.
Risk analysis model and agricultural derivative market use
Authors: Ferreira João Batista , Castro Junior Luiz Gonzaga
Published: December 2021

This research aims to build conceptual guidelines regarding price risk management through the agricultural derivatives market. Specifically, to identify the common price risk management methods and strategies employed, the risk analysis models of derivative markets, and the barriers to agricultural risk management. This is an integrative review, the search for literature on the models of risk management analysis of agricultural derivatives started by listing the largest possible number of keywords on the topic, in the Scopus and Web of Science. Forty-five publications were found meeting the pre-established criteria that served as the basis for this research.  Based on the literature review, we list the main information on the subject and we also propose a theoretical model for analyzing the market risks of agricultural derivatives. Still, it was possible to notice that among the methodologies for measuring market risk, Value at Risk (VaR) stands out. We exemplify and demonstrate the existence of several statistical analyzes and mathematical models, as well as software available for the management of price risks. It is concluded that strategies with the futures and options market, even though they are the most efficient for risk management, lack incentives to become practical.
Health care logistics: mapping and optimization of patients logistics
Authors: Chiroli Daiane Maria de Genaro , Conde Coradazi Raíza , Ceron Branco Fabio Jose , Kachba Yslene Rocha , Aragão Franciely Velozo , Cavicchioli Zola Fernanda , Tebcherani Sergio Mazurek , Rocha E Cruz Tiberio Bruno
Published: December 2021

Healthcare logistics play an important role in management, being attributed the activities of acquisition, distribution and movement of materials, professionals and patients. This work aims to develop a study, using the healthcare logistics in the movement of patients in the third health region of Paraná, proposing a linear programming problem that will pass through a computational simulation, considering the existing demands and constraints in the system, aiming to optimize the flow of patients from this region. The present study developed four mathematical models, based on demands and constraints followed by linear programming in order to find the best possible solution for the flow of patients from the third health region of the state of Paraná. The study developed reached its goal of optimization, generating an economy in the transportation of patients. Through the analysis of the results, it is concluded that the model that best suits the presented problem is the one of costs minimization, since the one of vehicles presented higher costs. Possibly the model that minimizes the vehicles would bring better results if the vehicles were not outsourced, but of the Ponta Grossa City Hall (PMPG). Was possible to verify the importance of the theme, especially when referring to the flow of patients in the health services due to the lack of studies with this specific approach. Even with the scarcity of data, it is possible to notice the potential for improvements on this patient transport system.
Contribution to the systemic modeling of a photovoltaic devices
Authors: Wertani Hamza , Ben Salem Jamel , Lakhoua Mohamed Najeh
Published: December 2021

The modelling of systems using systemic tools has been for a few years, a subject which has attracted the attention of scientists and especially researchers to allow designers to acquire a rigorous approach to problem solving using the capabilities of already existing methods and tools. This document presents a contribution in the field of modelling, where a methodology based on two methods has been proposed. The first concerns the functional analysis to extract the use functions and the constraint parameters from the system. In this methodology, the static functional study is carried out using the SADT method. On the other hand, the dynamic behavioral analysis is carried out by the SA-RT method. Then, we used a behavioral and parametric analysis, the Bond Graph method, to observe the evolution of representative quantities of a photovoltaic system.
Gender, Class, and Human/Non-Human Fluidity in Théodore and Hippolyte Cogniards’ féerie, The White Cat
Authors: Duggan Anne E.
Published: November 2021

The Frères Cogniard produced immensely popular vaudeville féeries in the nineteenth century and among them most popular was The White Cat (1852), which grafts two tales together by Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy: “The White Cat” and “Belle-Belle, or the chevalier Fortuné.” The féerie foregrounds gender, class, human/thing, and species fluidity, which undermines hierarchies supported by dichotomies that in very similar ways privilege men over women, the upperclass over lowerclass, persons over things, and human animals over non-human animals. The essay traces these different forms of fluidity, examining the role of marvelous in general and metamorphosis in particular in problematizing normative structures of identity and revealing their arbitrary nature.
Family Matters: Trauma and the Legacy of War in James Allen Moad II’sOutside Paducah: The Wars at Home
Authors: Bellot Andrea Roxana
Published: December 2021

Outside Paducah: The Wars at Home(2016), a play written and performed solo by James Allen Moad II, a former Air Force pilot, explores the enduring effects of war on American veterans and their families after soldiers return home from the battleground. The play moves beyond the individual representation of a traumatized veteran by addressing two intertwined issues: the collective and transgenerational burden of war, both in the form of physical wounds and/or moral injuries.Outside Paducahcontributes to promoting the stage as a dynamic place to think about the war legacy and to question and challenge war itself by stressing the importance of understanding the cost of war on both personal and societal levels. The play shows that the scenes of war fought in foreign lands are brought back to the home territories and families, who become equally demoralised by the perpetuation of war in their homelands. The soldiers return as ghosts of their previous selves and haunt their families and friends from one generation to the next. Therefore, war remains an open wound at the core of the American nation. At the same time, the play sheds some light on the harsh realities of the underprivileged and how joining the military often seems to provide a way out of the world of poverty and lack of resources.
When Young Playwrights Are Kept Awake Because of History: Cultural Memory and Amnesia in Recent American Plays
Authors: Romero Ramón Espejo
Published: December 2021

Borrowing from both a painting and the retrospective exhibition of David Wojnarowicz,History Keeps Me Awake at Night, this paper targets two recent American plays: Annie Baker’sThe Flick(2013) and Matthew Lopez’sThe Inheritance(2018). In both, the playwrights point to the neglect of history, or rather cultural memory, as I will insist on calling it, as one of the ills affecting a “historicidal” society such as that of the United States. An immersion into the present and concurrent obliteration of one’s cultural inheritance results in a populace easily manipulated in the interests of corporate control, and more importantly for the plays under consideration, into unhappiness and disconnection, anerlebnis, in sum, which proves lethal for individuals and the larger groups of which they form part. Both plays further seem to argue that the most troublesome of such a thing is how little consciousness of the problem there is, a surefire indication that induced amnesia is making alarming headway among the younger generations.
The impact of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy on prenatal screening
Authors: Gulersen Moti , Peyser Alexandra , Kim Jiyoung , Ferraro Amanda , Goldman Randi , Mullin Christine , Li Xueying , Krantz David , Bornstein Eran , Rochelson Burton
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To determine whether preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is associated with a reduced risk of abnormal conventional prenatal screening results in singleton pregnancies conceived using in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton IVF pregnancies conceived from a single tertiary care center between January 2014 and September 2019. Exclusion criteria included mosaic embryo transfers, vanishing twin pregnancies, and cycles with missing outcome data. Two cases of prenatally diagnosed aneuploidy that resulted in early voluntary terminations were also excluded. The primary outcome of abnormal first or second-trimester combined screening results was compared between two groups: pregnancy conceived after transfer of a euploid embryo by PGT-A vs. transfer of an untested embryo. Multivariable backwards-stepwise logistic regression with Firth method was used to adjust for potential confounders.

Results

Of the 419 pregnancies included, 208 (49.6%) were conceived after transfer of a euploid embryo by PGT-A, and 211 (50.4%) were conceived after transfer of an untested embryo. PGT-A was not associated with a lower likelihood of abnormal first-trimester (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 0.82–3.39) or second-trimester screening results (adjusted OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.56–1.64). The incidences of cell-free DNA testing, fetal sonographic abnormalities, genetic counseling, and invasive prenatal diagnostic testing were similar between the two groups.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that PGT-A is not associated with a change in the likelihood of abnormal prenatal screening results or utilization of invasive prenatal diagnostic testing. Counseling this patient population regarding the importance of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnostic testing, where appropriate, remains essential.
Structural and hydrogen storage characterization of nanocrystalline magnesium synthesized by ECAP and catalyzed by different nanotube additives
Authors: Révész Ádám , Fodor Dániel G. , Krállics György , Spassov Tony , Gajdics Marcell
Published: November 2021

Ball-milled nanocrystalline Mg powders catalyzed by TiO2 powder, titanate nanotubes and carbon nanotubes were subjected to intense plastic deformation by equal-channel angular pressing. Microstructural characteristics of these nanocomposites have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. Microstructural parameters, such as the average crystallite size, the average dislocation density and the average dislocation distance have been determined by the modified Williamson–Hall analysis. Complementary hydrogen desorption and absorption experiments were carried out in a Sieverts’ type apparatus. It was found that the Mg-based composite catalyzed by titanate nanotubes exhibits the best overall H-storage performance, reaching 7.1 wt% capacity. The hydrogenation kinetic curves can be fitted by the contracting volume function for all the investigated materials. From the fitted parameters, it is confirmed that the titanate nanotube additive results in far the best kinetic behavior, including the highest hydride front velocity.
Applications of radar measurement technology using 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar sensors
Authors: Bhutani Akanksha , Marahrens Sören , Kretschmann Marius , Ayhan Serdal , Scherr Steffen , Göttel Benjamin , Pauli Mario , Zwick Thomas
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a review of radar applications in high-accuracy distance measurement of a target. The radars included in this review are frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in four different millimeter-wave frequency bands, namely 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz. The radar sensors are used to measure the distance of standard and complex targets in a short range of a few meters, thus indicating that the choice of target and the medium used for radar signal propagation also play a key role in determining the distance measurement accuracy of an FMCW radar. The standard target is a trihedral corner reflector in a laboratory-based free space measurement setup and the complex targets include a piston in an oil-filled hydraulic cylinder and a planar positioning stage used in micromachining. In each of these measurement scenarios, a distance measurement accuracy in micrometer range is achieved due to the use of a sophisticated signal processing algorithm that is based on a combined frequency and phase estimation method. The paper is concluded with a technical comparison of the accuracy achieved by the FMCW radars reviewed in this article with other related works.
London and Cloisterham as an Imperial ‘Heart of Darkness’ in Dickens’s The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Authors: Pypeć Magdalena
Published: November 2021

The article examines Dickens’s last novel in the context of British imperialism, contraband opium trade in nineteenth-century China under the armed protection of the British government, and the Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860). Although Dickens has often been discussed as one of the authors who approved of his country’s imperial domination, his last novel foregrounds a critique of colonial practices. The atavistic character of imperialism takes its moral and psychological toll not merely somewhere in the dominions, colonies, protectorates, and other territories but also ‘at home’ on the domestic ground. In The Mystery of Edwin Drood London has the face of a dingy and dark opium den or the ominous headquarters of the Heaven of Philanthropy with the professing philanthropists in suits of black. Moreover, the article seeks to discuss deep-rooted evil and darkness associated in the novel with an ecclesiastical town in connection with Protestant missionaries’ close collaboration with opium traders in the Celestial Empire. Portraying John Jasper’s moral degradation enhanced by the drug and the corruption of the ecclesiastical town, Dickens gothicises opium, and by implication, opium trade pointing to its double-edged sword effect: sullying and debasing both the addict and the trafficker. The symbolic darkness of the opium den and the churchly Cloisterham reflects the inherent evil latent in any unbridled colonial expansion and Dickens’s anti-colonial purpose.
Searching for the Broad Present: The Chronotope in Teju Cole’s Open City
Authors: Mattila Lucas W.
Published: November 2021

Teju Cole’s Open City provides a suitable springboard for insight into the dynamic ways in which Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht’s concept of a broad present might relate to the spatial-temporal configurations of a text. More specifically, Open City uses a combination of formal and stylistic approaches to illustrate the instability innate in modern, urban spaces to demonstrate the approaching apocalyptic visions of the future as well as the torrential multiplicity of histories that threaten to subsume the present. Stable notions of time are shown to be paralyzing, and alternatives ought to be sought out in presenting a sense of space-time that is free from the stagnation promised by dominant modes of spatial-temporal configurations.
(Dis)Enchanting the City: Charles de Lint’s Urban Fantasy Fiction
Authors: Łaszkiewicz Weronika
Published: November 2021

The aim of this article is to investigate the works of Charles de Lint in order to evaluate their position within the genre of urban fantasy. The theoretical framework is adopted from Stefan Ekman’s article “Urban Fantasy: A Literature of the Unseen” (2016) which investigates the genre’s development and formulates a list of its most distinctive features. While this article uses Ekman’s study to examine de Lint’s fictional cities, it also indicates how de Lint’s works challenge Ekman’s analysis. Moreover, the article demonstrates how de Lint’s concern with problems of urban communities transforms his works into narratives of social inclusion, which are particularly significant in the age of the Anthropocene.
Anthropogenic Gd in urban river water
Authors: Han Ruiyin , Wang Zhuhong , Shen Yuanyi , Wu Qixin , Liu Xiaoming , Cao Cheng , Gao Shilin , Zhang Jue
Published: December 2021

As an emerging contaminant, rare earth elements (REEs) are becoming an environmental concern, especially in Chinese cities. This study investigated the distribution of REEs in river water and tap water samples in Guiyang, Southwest China. In all water samples, the concentrations of total dissolved REE (∑REE) ranged from 15.1 to 53.3 ng·L–1, with the heavy rare earth elements enriched than the light rare earth elements. Most of the water samples showed significant positive Gd anomalies, with the highest abnormal value calculated to be 29.23. The main reason for the positive Gd anomalies was found to be the release of medical wastewaters containing Gadopentetic acids (Gd-DTPA). Overall, anthropogenic Gd could contributed >60% of total Gd in river waters and tap waters. Because Gd-DTPA is commonly used in large Chinese hospitals, the results of this study implied that anthropogenic Gd release could be common in Chinese cities.
Intraregionalna trgovina i zagonetka izostale globalizacije
Authors: Jošić Hrvoje , Žmuk Berislav
Published: December 2021

Globalizacija je dovela do smanjenja troškova prijevoza i značajnog širenja međunarodne trgovine. Međutim, postoje dokazi koji upućuju na neuspješno smanjenje trgovinskih troškova, prikazano porastom koeficijenta udaljenosti u standardnom gravitacijskom modelu. U ovom radu istaknuta je važnost intraregionalne trgovine pri objašnjenju zagonetke izostale globalizacije ili zagonetke udaljenosti. Procijenjen je panel regresijski model korištenjem bilateralnih trgovinskih podataka za uvoz EU-15 zemalja u razdoblju 2001. – 2018. godine. Model slučajnih efekata odabran je kao najprikladniji model s obzirom na vremenski nepromjenjive karakteristike podataka. Učinak udaljenosti predstavljen je varijablom udaljenost definiranom kao udaljenost između glavnih gradova zemalja trgovinskih partnera. Dodatne binarne varijable uključene u analizu su zajednička granica, pripadnost EU-15 grupi zemalja i pripadnost istom kontinentu. Rezultati analize pokazali su da zagonetka izostale globalizacije još uvijek vrijedi. Vrijednosti regresijskih koeficijenata varijable udaljenost porasle su u promatranom razdoblju kako u procijenjenom cjelokupnom panel modelu, tako i u modelima specificiranih za pojedine zemlje. Nadalje, vrijednost koeficijenta regresije značajno ovisi i o uzorku koji se uzima. Na primjer, kada se promatraju samo trgovinski tokovi u rasponu od 1 000 km, vrijednosti regresijskih koeficijenata varijable udaljenost vrlo su velike, što implicira porast učinka udaljenosti.
Children Protection and the Problems, A Book Review “Rencana Aksi Nasional Perlindungan Anak 2015-2019”, Dr. Sofyan A. Djalil SH MA MALD, Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional /Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS) Jakarta, 52 pages.
Authors: Graha Alleandria La
Published: December 2021

Various child protection problems such as increased incident reporting violence against children, cases of children dealing with the law, are increasing the number of children entrusted by their parents at a nursing home, basic services such as education and health has not yet been fully enjoyed by children with disabilities Likewise with children who live in geographically remote areas, that is a challenge the importance of preparing a reference plan holistic-integrative interventions for all stakeholders.
Consumer Protection on Nonofficial Drugs Case in Indonesia: How Far the Legal Protection is?
Authors: Sari Chatrin Intan
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to know how the legal protection for consumers on the circulation of illegal drugs and how the accountability of business actors on the circulation of illegal drugs. By using normative juridical research method this study found that the legal protection to consumers on the circulation of illegal drugs conducted by the government through the Agency of Drugs and Food. The Agency highlighted that the attention that the government has run its supervision. In addition, the protection of consumer law arising from the existence of rights and obligations set forth in Article 4 letters a and c, article 7 letters a and d, article 8 paragraph 1 letter a, d and e of Law Number 8 Year 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The fulfilment of consumer rights over security, the right to be heard, the correct, clear, and honest information regulated in the UUPK is still not fulfilled. Article 98 paragraph 2, Article 106 paragraph 1 and 2 of Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health. The business actor is responsible as the manufacturer of the goods because the importer of the goods is not an agent or official importer. The business actor who is an individual shall be liable for the losses incurred even if only as an importer not as a producer of the goods.
Readily Available Digital Technologies in the Age of Pandemics
Authors: Ahuja Suchit , Sadreddin Arman , Chan Yolande E.
Published: December 2021

Digital technologies and information systems have played a pivotal role during the past SARS pandemic and continue to assist with the recovery process during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the technologies themselves have advanced significantly and allow ready access and ease of use to individuals, organizations, and communities. We focus on a set of such technologies – Readily Available Digital Technologies (RADT) – and show how they assist during various phases of management of the ongoing crisis. We utilize an existing crisis management framework and emphasize the role and impact of RADTs. Furthermore, we extend the crisis management framework to include a resilience phase and explore examples from extant academic and practitioner literature to demonstrate its applicability in the current context. We invite future researchers to build further on our exploratory framework and highlight its potential contributions.
Implementation of the 2012 upper secondary school curriculum in Mexico: a 21st-century framework enquiry
Authors: Hernández-Fernández Jimena
Published: December 2021

Objective. This study aims to analyze how the new upper secondary school curriculum in Mexico captures 21st-century skills and teachers’ perceptions of success. Method. The design of the study complies a comparison analysis between the Mexican upper secondary school curriculum and a 21st-century skills framework. Additionally, qualitative data on teachers’ perceptions of success is collected through eight focus groups with 72 participants in 4 States of Mexico. Results. The findings show that the curriculum is short in strategies for the development of 21st-century skills. Moreover, although teachers welcome them, they perceive a lack of support and doubt about students’ learning capabilities. Conclusions. Although Mexico has progressed in providing a 21st-century skills learning environment through the new curriculum, the educational system remains with the opportunity to offer a more suitable and adequate framework as well as support and training for teachers.
Variación temporal de especies de corales pétreos dominantes en arrecifes del Parque Nacional Jardines de la Reina, Cuba
Authors: Hernández-Fernández Leslie
Published: December 2021

En el Caribe, los arrecifes coralinos han estado en constante cambio, como consecuencia de los impactos locales y globales. Se espera que tales modificaciones también ocurran en el Parque Nacional Jardines de la Reina. Por ello, este trabajo se propuso analizar la variación temporal de las poblaciones de S. siderea, Orbicella spp., A. agaricites y P. astreoides, como grupo dominante, entre el 2001, 2012 y 2017. Estas especies han mostrado cambios en otros arrecifes de Cuba y del Caribe. En el 2001 y 2012, se estudiaron 14 sitios, con 88 transectos cada año y en el 2017, 24 sitios y 240 transectos. En el 2001, se utilizó metodología AGRRA; en el 2012 y 2017 fue empleada una versión de esta. Se contaron 6 501 colonias y se identificaron 35 especies. S. siderea tuvo una abundancia (P = 0.6861) y densidad (P = 0.0712) sin diferencias significativas. Orbicella spp. disminuyó en abundancia y densidad entre 2001 (24% - 3.2 colonias 10 m-1), 2012 (14% - 1.4 colonias 10 m-1) y 2017 (13% - 1.9 colonias 10 m-1). A. agaricites mantuvo su abundancia sin diferencias significativas (P = 0.2202) y aumentó su densidad (2001-2012: 1.4 colonias 10 m-1, 2017: 2 colonias 10 m-1). P. astreoides incrementó su abundancia (2001: 8%, 2012: 10%, 2017: 12%) y densidad (2001 y 2012: 1 colonia 10 m-1, 2017: 1.7 colonias 10 m-1). S. siderea dominó en los arrecifes y Orbicella spp. tuvo una disminución que generó variación temporal con desplazamiento hacia A. agaricites y P. astreoides.
Estados independientes: Una perspectiva desde Relaciones Internacionales
Authors: Murillo-Zamora Carlos
Published: December 2021

According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations; however, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access the statehood becoming this a basis for understanding the role of the independent State in the Westphalian order. Acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system, it is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle. This principle has greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, being Kosovo one of the main cases. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central American experience, which show particularities since the 19th century.
Independent States: A Perspective from International Relations
Authors: Murillo-Zamora Carlos
Published: December 2021

According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central American experience, which shows particularities since the 19th century.
We ksach uwach ri maya’ ch’ab’al xuquje’ ksach uwach ri maya’ na’oj
Authors: López Ixcoy Saqijix Candelaria
Published: December 2021

We jun chak patan ri’ kutzijob’ej chi qe jas ub’e’al uk’oje’ik ri K’iche’ ch’ab’al ruk’ ri kaxlan ch’ab’al rumal che ri K’iche’ ma qas ta ya’om uq’ij chi uwach ri kaxlan tzij. Ri kaxlan tzij are qas ya’om uq’ij rumal are ri’ ya’talik kkoj che ri ch’awem pa ronojel ri tinamit Paxil Kayala’. Ri maya’ taq ch’ab’al xew ya’talik kekoj pa taq ri tinamit e maya’ rumal k’u ri’ ri kik’aslemal sib’alaj kch’uti’nirik. We kqasach kan ri maya’ ch’ab’al ksach uwach ronojel ri qab’antajik, ri qano’jinem ri qachomanem. K’i taq wa’ ri jastaq ketob’ik rech ksach uwach ri maya’ ch’ab’al jacha taq wa’: ri itzelanem, ri jalajoj taq tijob’al ma ketob’ taj rumal ma kkiya ta kiq’ij ri maya’ ch’ab’al pa ri tijonik, ri meb’a’il kub’ano chi ri winaq keb’e pa nik’aj chik tinamit xaq je ri’ ksach uwach ri kich’ab’al. Ri taq maya’ komon k’iche’ kich’ab’al xuquje’ nik’aj chik, keriqitaj wa’ chi upam we k’axk’olil ri’. Ri k’iche’ ch’ab’al rech ri tinamit Santa Cruz uq’ab’ ri nim tinamit K’iche’ rech ri Paxil Kayala’ are jun chi ke ri taq tinamit jawi tajin ksach wi uwach ri k’iche’ ch’ab’al. Ri nan tat ma tajin ta kkik’ut chi kiwach ri ak’alab’, ri alab’omab’ xuquje’ ri alitomab’ ri ch’ab’al ri’. Ri kik’oje’ik jalajoj taq tzijob’al b’anob’al pa jun tinamit xa jun je’l q’inomal ri’ rumal ri’ are kuto chi k’o ta ri qus k’olem chi kixo’l konojel ri uwinaqil ri Paxil Kayala’. Rech kya’taj wa’ rajawaxik kya’ nim kiq’ij ri mayab’ taq tzijob’al rech ma ksach ta kiwach, we ma kb’an wa’ naj ta wa’ ksach kiwach ri jalajoj taq ch’ab’al xaq je ri’ ma kya’taj ta ri’ ri k’amoj ib’ kajawax chi kixo’l konojel ri winaqib’. Ri uya’ik uchuq’ab’ ri kik’aslemal ri jalajoj taq maya’ ch’ab’al xuquje’ ri b’anob’al pa kiq’ab’ ri mayab’ taq komon k’o wi, jun nimachak wa’ ri kraj kkib’ano.
Tomato Crop Health, Yield, and Greenhouse Soil Conditions after 17 Years of Repeated Treatments of Biofumigation and Solarization
Authors: Mitidieri Mariel S. , Brambilla Virginia , Barbieri Martín , Piris Estela , Celié Ramón , Chaves Eliseo
Published: November 2021

The combination of biofumigation and solarization is known as bio-solarization. An experiment was performed from 2003 to 2019 in a greenhouse at INTA San Pedro, Buenos Aires province, Argentina (33°44'12.7"S 59°47'58.2"W). Treatments (TRAT) were applied every two years. TRAT evaluated were: 1=Control; 2= Solarization, 3= Biorot, a succession of organic amendments (chicken manure, broccoli, chicken manure, broccoli, tomato, and pepper crop debris, mustard, tomato crop debris, broccoli, tomato crop debris), 4=Biobras based only on the use of brassicas (rapeseed, broccoli, mustard, and Brassica campestris). Treatments were carried out in spring or summer so that a late-season tomato crop could be grown after them. The tomato hybrid planted was Superman (Petoseed), except for the last season where the hybrid used was Rodeo (BHN). Fungal pathogens controlled were Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Fusarium solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and nematodes like Nacobbus aberrans, Helicotylenchus and Criconemella. Fungi of Aspergillus genera were observed growing on death sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotium rolfsii in Biobras and Biorot. Tomato plants in control showed a higher percentage of dead plants, root rots, and lower root dry matter at the end of each crop. Solarization alone without adding organic matter reduced this parameter in the soil and showed more death plants and less yield than Biobras and Biorot. Tomato and pepper crop debris used as biofumigants produced high yield values and adequate pathogen control. Biofumigation in combination with solarization is an effective technique for managing soil-borne pathogens in greenhouses and is being adopted by horticultural growers in Argentina.
Efficacy of Different Forms of Green Manure Crops to Reduce Verticillium dahliae in Different Soils
Authors: Dalbard Swann , Michel Vincent V.
Published: November 2021

The efficacy of green manure crops to reduce the number of Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia in different soils was investigated. Green manures tested were Indian mustard with a high glucosinolate content and sorghum-sudangrass as biocidal plants, and Indian mustard with a low glucosinolate content and rye as non-biocidal plants. The green manure plants were applied in fresh, dried, and ensilaged form. When applied as fresh plants, the glucosinolate content determining the biocidal activity of Indian mustard was only important in loam soil but not in sandy loam soil. In the latter soil, the non-biocidal rye had significantly higher efficacy than the Indian mustard. Volatiles released by fresh and dried, but not ensilaged, Indian mustard with a high glucosinolate content strongly decreased the number of living V. dahliae microsclerotia. When the same green manure crops were added to sandy loam and clay loam soil, the effect of the high glucosinolate content Indian mustard in fresh and dried form disappeared, whereas the ensilaged green manure crops had the highest efficacy. This effect was based on the increase of the soil microbial activity and the Streptomyces population size, which were negatively correlated with the number of living V. dahliae microsclerotia in the soil.
Biofumigation: A Cover Crop Option 12 Months of the Year to Manage Three Soilborne Pathogens Ailing the Australian Vegetable Industry
Authors: Duff J.D. , Firrell M.C.
Published: November 2021

Brassica biofumigant cover crops are being increasingly considered in vegetable crop rotations as part of an integrated disease management strategy and simply as a cover cropping choice. Nine biofumigant varieties were assessed to see if they could be grown year-round in the Lockyer Valley South East Queensland region, for yield, days to incorporation and glucosinolate concentrations, as well as efficacy against 3 soilborne pathogens; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. The fastest growing brassica biofumigant was BQ Mulch which reached 25% flowering in 36 and 59 days from planting to incorporation with a summer and winter planting respectively. Nemcon and Nemclear took the longest to incorporation when planted in summer, 101 days and failed to flower, while Caliente, Tillage Radish and Biofum reached 25% flowering and incorporation in 98 days when planted in winter. BQ Mulch produced the least amount of biomass, 30.93 t/ha fresh weight and 2.92 t/ha dry weight with a summer planting. Biofum producing the greatest amount of biomass, 185.76 t/ha fresh weight and 17.34 t/ha dry weight with a summer and winter planting respectively. Most varieties produced more total glucosinolates during summer compared to winter. Caliente produced the highest levels of Total GSLs with 53.47 µmol/g DW in summer compared to 23.78 µmol/g DW in winter. This was reflected in their efficacy against the soilborne pathogens. Caliente and Mustclean were more efficacious at controlling Macrophomina and Sclerotinia in summer compared to winter while all varieties were more efficacious at controlling Sclerotinia with a summer planting compared to a winter planting.
Biofumigation Experiences in Argentina
Authors: Mitidieri Mariel S. , Peralta Romina , Barbieri Martín , Brambilla Virginia , Piris Estela , Obregón Verónica , Vásquez Pablo A. , Iriarte Liliana , Reybet Graciela , Barón Claudio , Cuellas Marisol , Garbi Mariana , Martínez Susana , Amoia Paula , Delmazzo Pablo , Sordo María del Huerto , Adlercreutz Enrique , Puerta Analía
Published: November 2021

Short Report
Investigating the effect of carbon dioxide on the acidity of the Ocean
Authors: El-Meligi AA
Published: November 2021

There is a significant effect of carbon dioxide on the acidification of the ocean. This research focuses on the acidification of the ocean and its effect on the animal life in the ocean. Also, it focuses on the effect of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere on the ocean acidification. The data are collected from the research institutions and laboratories, such as National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Japan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), USA, Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, and other sources of research about acidification of ocean. The results show that the acidity increases with increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This is because ocean absorbs nearly 50% of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbonate ions (CO32-) will be used in forming carbonic acid, which will increase the acidity of the water. Increasing the acidity of water will affect building of the animal Skeleton. It is recommended to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; therefore the acidity will be decreased in the ocean.
Polymer blends with ordered distribution of conductive filler
Authors:   Institute of macromolecular Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske shose, Kyiv, 02160, Ukraine, Mamunya Ye.P.
Published: November 2021

This review highlight approaches to the formation of an ordered distribution of conductive filler in polymer blends. This distribution leads to a significant decrease of the percolation threshold in the polymer mixture, i.e. to a decrease in the critical concentration of the filler, at which the transition of the system from a non-conductive to a conductive state occurs. This improves the mechanical properties of the composition and its processability. It is shown that the ordered structure of the filler is formed in the polymer blend upon mixing the components in the melt under the action of three factors - thermodynamic (the ratio between the values of the interfacial tension of the filler-polymer A and filler-polymer B, as well as between polymers A and B), kinetic (the ratio between viscosities of polymer components A and B) and technological (the intensity and temperature of processing, as well as the order of introduction of a filler into a heterogeneous polymer matrix, which can enhance or suppress the effect of thermodynamic or kinetic factors). On the example of the works performed by the author on mixtures of thermoplastics filled with electrically conductive carbon fillers such as carbon black and carbon nanotubes, as well as a metal filler - dispersed iron, with the involvement of literature data on filled polymer blends, the influence of each of the factors on the formation of an ordered structure of the conducting phase in polymer blends is shown.
HUBUNGAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP DENGAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TREFFINGER PADA MATA KULIAH FISIKA DASAR
Authors: Alatas Fathiah
Published: December 2021

Salah satu model alternatif untuk memfasilitasi mahasiswa mencapai pemahaman dan keterampilan berpikir kritis yakni menerapkan model pembelajaran Treffinger. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemahaman konsep dengan keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa melalui model pembelajaran Treffinger. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jurusan Pendidikan IPA FITK UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, mulai bulan September-November 2012.Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah one shot case study. Penelitian dilakukan melalui tahap persiapan, pelaksanaan dan analisis data. Hasil penelitian keterlaksanaan model pembelajaran Treffinger materi pokok fluida statis dilihat berdasarkan aktivitas dosen selama proses pembelajaran. Aktivitas dosen dan keterlaksanaan pembelajaran pada setiap pertemuannya kategori sangat baik. Aktivitas mahasiswa termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik. Pemahaman konsep mahasiswa melalui model pembelajaran Treffinger pada sub materi pokok fluida statis dilihat dari nilai rata-rata tes hasil belajar yaitu sebesar 6,35 berada pada kategori cukup. Keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa melalui model pembelajaran Treffinger pada sub materi pokok fluida statis dilihat dari nilai rata-rata tes keterampilan berpikir kritis yaitu sebesar 6,57 berada pada kategori cukup. Terdapat hubungan pemahaman konsep dengan keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa melalui model pembelajaran Treffinger pada sub materi pokok fluida statis berdasarkan hasil perhitungan koefisien korelasi menunjukan hubungan signifikan dengan kategori korelasi sedang.
PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN TES DIAGNOSTIK PILIHAN GANDA TIGA TINGKAT UNTUK MENGAKSES KEMAMPUAN MAHASISWA CALON GURU FISIKA
Authors: Bunawan Wawan
Published: December 2021

Tiga puluh butir soal dan dua puluh butir soal instrumen tes diagnostik pilihan ganda tiga tingkat telah dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi kemampuan pengetahuan esensi inkuiri sains dan pengetahuan konten Optika Geometri mahasiswa calon guru Fisika. Metode campuran kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam mengembangkan tes diagnostik selama dua bulan proses perkuliahan Optika Geometri yang melibatkan 38 mahasiswa. Tujuan  penelitian adalah pengembangan dan penerapan tes diagnostik untuk mengukur pemahaman mahasiswa tentang esensi inkuiri sains dan  materi Optika Geometri. Instrumen tes diagnostik terlebih dahulu didesain, kemudian disempurnakan selama proses, direvisi dan digunakan untuk mendeteksi dan menilai pemahaman mahasiswa terkait pengetahuan esensi inkuiri sains dan materi Optika Geometri. Setiap butir soal dirancang memiliki tiga tingkat, tingkat konten (content tier) mengukur kemampuan pengetahuan Optika Geometri atau kemampuan esensi inkuiri sains; tingkat alasan (reason tier) mengukur kemampuan penjelasan atau eksplanatori pengetahuan yang mendasari memilih salah satu jawaban;  dan tingkat kepercayaan (confidence tier) untuk mengukur derajat keyakinan dalam menentukan jawaban dan alasan yang dipilih.Versi akhir dari instrumen tes memiliki reliabilitas Cronbach alpha untuk tes inkuiri sains 0,87 dan untuk tes materi Optika Geometri 0,83. Bukti validitas diperoleh dari pertimbangan tiga dosen pakar dan analisis teknik korelasional antar skor validator untuk memperlihatkan konsistensinya.
IDENTIFIKASI MISKONSEPSI SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE CERTAINTY OF RESPONSE INDEX (CRI) PADA KONSEP FOTOSINTESIS DAN RESPIRASI TUMBUHAN
Authors: Mustakim Tri Ade , Zulfiani Zulfiani , Herlanti Yanti
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap miskonsespsi siswa di beberapa SMAN se-Kota Tangerang Selatan pada konsep Fotosintesis dan Respirasi Tumbuhan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survey. Pengambilan sampel yang dilakukan menggunakan teknik propotional stratified random sampling, sehingga didapatkan sampel dari strata atas, tengah dan bawah sebanyak 1 sekolah dengan masing-masing sekolah diambil 2 kelas. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa Tes Pilihan Ganda Beralasan Terbuka disertai kolom CRI. Dari penelitian ditemukan bahwa persentase siswa yang mengalami miskonsepsi sebesar 37,69 % dan persentase tersebut lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan persentase siswa yang tidak tahu konsep. Miskonsepsi yang dialami siswa banyak terjadi pada waktu penggunaan gas untuk fotosintesis dan respirasi tumbuhan.
In Silico Analysis of Glucose Oxidase H516r and H516d Mutations for an Enzymatic Fuel Cell
Authors: Puspita Puspa Julistia , Ambarsari Laksmi , Adiva Adrian , Sumaryada Tony Ibnu
Published: November 2021

Glucose oxidase (GOx) is an oxido-reductase enzyme that catalyzes glucose into hydrogen peroxide and glucono delta-lactone (GDL). GOx has the potential to be used in the medical field. Numerous research concerning the usage of GOx to create enzymatic biofuel cells have been done, nevertheless the results obtained have not been optimal. This research aims to increase the Km values of GOx in order to increase its potential as a material for an enzymatic fuel cell. The amino acid histidine in position 516 is a residue in the active site that plays an important part in the process of glucose oxidation. In this research we mutated H516 by in silico twice resulting in the mutants R516 and D516. The mutations resulted in a change of the docking area for both mutants and in the docking affinity for H516D resulting in higher Km values. This shows that the H516 residue plays an important part in the functions of glucose oxidase and mutation into aspartate could improve glucose oxidase based enzymatic fuel cells.