bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Melliferous Conditions of the Valdai District of the Novgorod Region
Authors: Soloviev V V
Published: September 2021

The article examines the melliferous and honey-collecting conditions of the Valdai district of the Novgorod region. The area is located on the border of the northern range of natural distribution of honey bees. The climatic conditions for the life of bees and the collection of nectar by them are not easy. On the territory of the region, wild melliferous plants are widespread, secreting nectar from early spring to autumn. On the example of the territories of two apiaries of the region, the article examines the main melliferous plants that are important for obtaining marketable honey. The resources of nectar, food supply for bees have been calculated. The factors and problems on which the efficiency of collecting nectar by bees depends, taking into account local geographic and climatic factors, are considered.
Ecological and Socio-Economic Value of Waterlogged Areas
Authors: Tereschenko O V , Sergienko O I
Published: September 2021

The article summarizes the main indicators of the value of waterlogged areas, which must be taken into account for the sustainable management of wetlands. The ecosystem functions of wetlands included in the natural capital of a region relate to hydrology, water quality, supporting food chains, and providing habitats for living organisms, including rare and protected ones. The socio-economic significance of wetlands is formed both from their consumer value and from non-productive, socio-cultural values. There is a need to develop an approach and methodology for the study of waterlogged areas, within which the assessment of the natural capital of a region will necessarily include the assessment of the non-productive values of wetlands.
Influence of Azotovite and Phosphatovite on the Productivity of Oats and the Fertility of Sod-Podzolic Soil in the Conditions of the Novgorod Region
Authors: Tiranov A B , Tiranova L V , Grigoriev A V , Sevostyanova N N , Yakovleva V A
Published: September 2021

Sod-podzolic low-fertile soils (70% of the territory) are mainly widespread in the Novgorod region. According to the granulometric composition, the sown areas are mainly light and medium loamy. Technological operations include two methods of application of microbial fertilizers Azotovit and Phosphatovit: pre-sowing seed treatment (A+Ph, 2 l/t of each preparation) + foliar treatment in the phase of entering the tube (A+Ph, 1 l/ha of each preparation) together with mineral fertilizers (based on the planned yield and reduced by 50%), which contributes to an increase in oat grain production by 32 and 33%, and digestible protein by 30 and 34%, respectively, in relation to background 1 and background 2, where microbial fertilizers were not used. As an organic fertilizer, chopped straw of spring barley was plowed (4 t/ha) with addition of 10 kg of nitrogen for each ton. After harvesting cereals, a disc harrow was used to chop the straw and mix it with the soil at a depth of 0-10 cm.Taking into account the main articles of the arrival of humus (stubble-root residues of cereals and straw) in all variants of the experiment, soil fertility increased and its energy potential increased from 9 up to 16 GJ/ha.
Black-and-White Cow Herd Consolidation Ways by Breeding Traits
Authors: Trukhachev V , Oliinyk S , Pokotilo A , Zakotin V , Lesnyak T , Ershov A
Published: September 2021

In the context of large-scale selection and the widespread use of methods of initial genomic evaluation of stud bulls, a careful selection of breeding pairs is of particular importance when it is necessary to consolidate animals in dairy herds according to the traits of conformation, body composition and dairy type intensity. The method of linear evaluation of physique features, adopted in Russia, coincides with the standard method system approved by the ICAR in the main approaches and characteristics. According to the results of a linear evaluation of bulls used in a herd of black-and-white cattle, it was found that the average score on the main parameters of the conformation for technologically significant traits (dairy type intensity, the condition of the animal’s limbs) has been within 5.00…5.90 (points). At the same time, the traits that characterize the main parameters of the udder of cows, depth and breadth measurements, need to be improved. Based on the results of evaluating the prepotent properties of the bulls by linear traits, the optimal structure of the dairy herd has been determined, in accordance with the presence of the main lines in the Holstein breed.
The Influence of Macro- and Micronutrient Fertilizers on the Productivity of Meadow Clover in the Conditions of the Upper Volga Region
Authors: Vasiliev A S , Lebedev N V , Lebedeva P M
Published: September 2021

The research was carried out on the experimental field of the FSBEI of HE “Tver State Agricultural Academy” in 2019 and 2020. It was found that the application of pure microelement fertilizers Aquamix ST and Aquarin 5 allowed obtaining a statistically significant increase in the yield of green mass of meadow clover under favorable agro-climatic conditions on soils poor in microelements. The highest yield was noted on plots with clover treated with pure Aquarin 5 (57.90 t/ha) per cut. The use of Aquarin 5 increases the yield of clover by 22.20–48.80%, and in terms of mineral fertilizers in a full dose of N50P50K50 - by 4.80–24.30%. Small rates of mineral fertilizers N25P25K25 did not have a significant effect on the yield of clover, and an increase to N50 led to a negative result. The economic efficiency of the combined application of chelated and complex fertilizers is lower than the use of physiologically active substances in their pure form on soils poor in microelements.
The Impact of Various Additives in Water during the Transportation of Juvenile Fish
Authors: Yurin D A , Maкsim E A , Yurina N A , Danilova A A , Vlasov A B
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the results of the studies that have been conducted to research the impact of the addition of table salt, clove oil and “Prolam” probiotic to water on improving the survival and adaptive properties of transported fish. By adding table salt and clove oil to water during the transportation of sturgeon fish, the survival rate of juvenile fish was increased by 0.4 %, and by 1.0% more in the group in which “Prolam” probiotic was added to the water in the amount of 2 ml/10 l (the fourth experimental group), compared with the control group. The adaptation time amounted to 25 minutes for the group transported in water without additives, 25 minutes for the group in which table salt was added to the water, 32 minutes for the group transported in water with clove oil added, and 20 minutes for the group transported with the addition of “Prolam” probiotic. Being further grown for 90 days, the final weight of sterbel fingerlings increased by 8.1 % when they were transported in water with the addition of “Prolam” probiotic in the amount of 2 ml/10 l. The average daily weight gain was higher in the second, third, and fourth groups by 8.4 % compared to the control group. The yield of fish products when transported with the addition of table salt was higher by 6.1%; when adding clove oil–by 3.4%; with the addition of “Prolam” probiotic–by 15.8 % in comparison with the fish transported without additives in water.
Overview of II International Conference on Advances in Material Science and Technology - CAMSTech-2021
Authors: Kovalev I V , Testoyedov N A , Voroshilova A A
Published: September 2021

The overview describes the main directions and results of the II International Conference “CAMSTech-2020” held in Krasnoyarsk in July 29-31, 2021. It gives the details about the participants and the proceedings. The purpose of the conference is to share the experience of leading experts in the application of innovative technologies, information management systems in industrial production, in the fields of aerospace, energy and chemical engineering, materials science and design of new materials, as well as engineering and automation of technological processes.
Synthesis and properties of high temperature self-curing epoxy resin
Authors: Slobodinyuk Alexei , Kiselkov Dmitriy , Elchisheva Nadezhda , Slobodinyuk Daria
Published: September 2021

A new bifunctional epoxy resin was synthesized by the reaction of replacing the hydrogen atom of amino groups from 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane and epichlorohydrin taken in a double excess in dichloroethane. In order to remove HCl formed during the synthesis, which can interact with the initial diamine, as well as with the oxirane rings of both epichlohydrin and the synthesized product, an excess of potassium carbonate was introduced into the reaction mixture. The structure of the synthesized epoxy resin - 4,4′-methylenebis (N- (oxiran-2-ylmethyl) aniline) was characterized and proved by the methods of FTIR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The kinetic parameters of the synthesized resin were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Using the Kissinger method, the activation energy of the self-curing reaction was calculated, the value of which was 1.139 kJ / mol. Such a low activation energy of epoxy resin allows to cure at low temperatures, but shortens the storage time. Two curing modes were studied: 1 mode - 10 hours at 150 ° C, 2 step mode - 10 hours at 150 ° C + 3 hours of postcuring at 180 ° C.
Structure and properties of elastomers with hard segments and crystallizing soft segments suitable for the Arctic and the Far North
Authors: Slobodinyuk Alexei , Kiselkov Dmitriy , Slobodinyuk Daria
Published: September 2021

The physicomechanical and structural characteristics of several elastomers based on terminal epoxy oligomers synthesized from oligotetramethylene oxide diol, various diisocyanates and oligotetramethylene oxide diamine were studied. Additionally, two model compositions of urethane containing elastomers with hard segments were synthesized to reveal the peculiarities of the organization of the supramolecular structure. It was found that the use of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate allows to obtain elastomers with a higher degree of microphase separation and, accordingly, a lower glass transition temperature. It was shown that regardless of the type of diisocyanate used in the synthesis, the elastomer contains crystalline phase. New materials can be used as compounds, adhesives and sealants for various purposes with the possibility of using them under extreme conditions of the Arctic and the Far North.
Model of intelligent control system of road-building material compaction by pavers
Authors: Prokopev A P , Nabizhanov Zh I , Ivanchura V I , Sabinin V L
Published: September 2021

The article considers the task of designing intelligent controllers of automatic control systems by working modes of pavers during compaction of road-building materials. Intelligent controller is submitted in a form of fuzzy PID-controller. Mathematical model which takes account of metallic structures of compacting working body and road-building materials is provided. Simulation model of working process under the study in terms of MATLAB/Simulink programme is obtained. Numerical example of comparison between system’s transient characteristic and continuous, digital and fuzzy controllers is provided.
Gas content of a liquid in threaded roughness recesses and its effect on heat and mass exchange
Authors: Voinov N A , Zemtsov D A , Bogatkova A V , Deryagina N V
Published: September 2021

This paper proposes a mechanism of gas bubble formation in a down-flowing liquid film as a result of reduced pressure in circulation zones of threaded roughness recesses. Simulation modelling on the Comsol Multiphysics software was used to calculate circulation loops, liquid velocities, and pressure. Thus, the accepted of gas bubble formation was justifying. We experimentally determined gas content along film thickness and its average value, and proposed an equation for calculating gas content along liquid layer thickness. The effect of gas content on the average thickness of a liquid film, as well as its heat and mass transfer, was confirmed.
Exploring sequence transformation in magnetic resonance imaging via deep learning using data from a single asymptomatic patient
Authors: Grant-Jacob James A , Everitt Chris , Eason Robert W , King Leonard J , Mills Ben
Published: September 2021

We investigate the potential for deep learning to create a transfer function from T1 to T2 magnetic resonance imaging sequences using data collected from an asymptomatic patient. Neural networks were trained on images of a human left hand, and then applied to convert T1 images to T2 images for the associated right hand. Analysis showed that the most accurate neural network considered the features in the surrounding ∼1 cm when converting to T2, hence indicating that the neural network was able to identify structural correlations between the sequences. However, some small features measuring <2 mm differed, and grid patterning was evident from the images. While using deep learning for sequence transformations could enable faster processing and diagnosis and in turn reduce patient waiting times, additional work, such as synergising physics-based modelling with neural networks, will likely be required to demonstrate that deep learning can be used to accurately create T2 characteristics from T1 images. In addition, since the present work was conducted using data collected from a single patient, further example datasets collected from patients with a range of different pathologies will be required in order to validate the proposed method.
Integration of buildings with third-generation photovoltaic solar cells: a review
Authors: Mirabi Elahe , Akrami Abarghuie Fatemeh , Arazi Rezvan
Published: September 2021

Clean-energy technologies have been welcomed due to environmental concerns and high fossil-fuel costs. Today, photovoltaic (PV) cells are among the most well-known technologies that are used today to integrate with buildings. Particularly, these cells have attracted the attention of researchers and designers, combined with the windows and facades of buildings, as solar cells that are in a typical window or facade of a building can reduce the demand for urban electricity by generating clean electricity. Among the four generations that have been industrialized in the development of solar cells, the third generation, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite, is used more in combination with the facades and windows of buildings. Due to the characteristics of these cells, the study of transparency, colour effect and their impact on energy consumption is considerable. Up to now, case studies have highlighted the features mentioned in the building combination. Therefore, this paper aims to provide constructive information about the practical and functional features as well as the limitations of this technology, which can be used as a reference for researchers and designers.
Elevated remnant cholesterol increases the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic stroke: a cohort-based study
Authors: Wadström Benjamin Nilsson , Wulff Anders Berg , Pedersen Kasper Mønsted , Jensen Gorm Boje , Nordestgaard Børge Grønne
Published: September 2021

Aims 

The atherogenic potential of cholesterol in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, also called remnant cholesterol, is being increasingly acknowledged. Elevated remnant cholesterol is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. We tested the hypothesis that elevated remnant cholesterol is also associated with increased risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Methods and results 

We studied 106 937 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study recruited in 2003–15. During up to 15 years of follow-up, 1586 were diagnosed with PAD, 2570 with myocardial infarction, and 2762 with ischaemic stroke. We also studied 13 974 individuals from the Copenhagen City Heart Study recruited in 1976–78. During up to 43 years of follow-up, 1033 were diagnosed with PAD, 2236 with myocardial infarction, and 1976 with ischaemic stroke. Remnant cholesterol was calculated from a standard lipid profile. Diagnoses were from Danish nationwide health registries. In the Copenhagen General Population Study, elevated remnant cholesterol levels were associated with higher risk of PAD, up to a multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 4.8 (95% confidence interval 3.1–7.5) for individuals with levels ≥1.5 mmol/L (58 mg/dL) vs. <0.5 mmol/L (19 mg/dL). Corresponding results were 4.2 (2.9–6.1) for myocardial infarction and 1.8 (1.4–2.5) for ischaemic stroke. In the Copenhagen City Heart Study, corresponding HRs were 4.9 (2.9–8.5) for PAD, 2.6 (1.8–3.8) for myocardial infarction, and 2.1 (1.5–3.1) for ischaemic stroke.

Conclusion 

Elevated remnant cholesterol is associated with a five-fold increased risk of PAD in the general population, higher than for myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke.
A radiomics model can distinguish solitary pulmonary capillary haemangioma from lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Hao-Jen , Lin Mong-Wei , Chen Yi-Chang , Chen Li-Wei , Hsieh Min-Shu , Yang Shun-Mao , Chen Ho-Feng , Wang Chuan-Wei , Chen Jin-Shing , Chang Yeun-Chung , Chen Chung-Ming
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES

Solitary pulmonary capillary haemangioma (SPCH) is a benign lung tumour that presents as ground-glass nodules on computed tomography (CT) images and mimics lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to establish a discriminant model using a radiomic feature analysis to distinguish SPCH from lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

In the adenocarcinoma group, all tumours were of the lepidic-predominant subtype with high purity (>70%). A classification model was proposed based on a two-level decision tree and 26 radiomic features extracted from each segmented lesion. For comparison, a baseline model was built with the same 26 features using a support vector machine as the classifier. Both models were assessed by the leave-one-out cross-validation method.

RESULTS

This study included 13 and 49 patients who underwent complete resection for SPCH and adenocarcinoma, respectively. Two sets of features were identified for discrimination between the 2 different histology types. The first set included 2 principal components corresponding to the 2 largest eigenvalues for the root node of the two-level decision tree. The second set comprised 4 selected radiomic features. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity were 0.954, 91.9%, 92.3% and 91.8% in the proposed classification model, and were 0.805, 85.5%, 61.5% and 91.8% in the baseline model, respectively. The proposed classification model significantly outperformed the baseline model (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed model could differentiate the 2 different histology types on CT images, and this may help surgeons to preoperatively discriminate SPCH from adenocarcinoma.
The Twentieth Century
Authors: Schoppa Keith
Published: September 2021

The twentieth century was studded with extraordinary achievements in medicine, science, technology, and space. Yet, this century was the most violent in history, killing an estimated 30 million people in cold-blooded genocides and, in wars, an estimated 187 million. There was not a single year in the hundred-year span when there were no significant wars. In each chapter I have chosen several men and women, many not well-known, on whom I focus a bit more than other historical actors. They reflect the spirit of their times, though their approaches and contributions are distinctively nuanced. Existing in a climate primed for war and violence, they, like everyone else, had to decide where their source of political identity lay and, when a decision was necessary, where their political allegiance would fall: To their own lives as individuals in a specific locality? Or to a particular nation? Or to the larger global community? Given that this allegiance has been much discussed during the last half of the century up through today, to what geographical level do we see world citizens committing their allegiance? That answer will be a key determinant of the future. This chronological narrative also traces other crucial twentieth-century developments: women and their professional and social roles, goals, successes, and setbacks; the powerful forces of race and ethnicity; the role of identity; environmental issues, including atomic energy and the sustainability of natural resources; the causes and changing nature of wars around the world; and the historical roles of contingency and memory.
Novel application of optical coherence tomography and capillaroscopy in psoriatic arthritis in relationship to psoriasis and hand osteoarthritis
Authors: Guldberg-Møller Jørgen , Henriksen Marius , Ellegaard Karen , Haedersdal Merete , Lazar Luna T , Kristensen Lars Erik , Mogensen Mette
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC) and angiographic optical coherence tomography (OCTA) have potential in diagnosing PsA and differentiating it from psoriasis vulgaris (PsO) and hand OA. We aimed to assess the diagnostic properties of NVC and OCTA in patients with PsA compared with patients with PsO and hand OA based on nailfold capillary patterns.

Methods

Patients with DIP joint PsA and nail involvement (n = 50), PsO with nail involvement (n = 12) and OA (n = 13) were included in this cross-sectional study. Capillaries were evaluated semi-quantitatively and qualitatively. Differences in capillary findings between groups were assessed using mixed linear models. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the probability for PsA diagnosis based on capillaroscopy findings.

Results

Below mean capillary density and reduced nailfold blood flow in OCTA images distinguished PsA from both PsO (P = 0.004 and P = 0.052, respectively) and OA (P = 0.024 and P < 0.001, respectively). Qualitative analysis revealed that glomerular capillaries were found in only 3% of PsA patients but in 13% of PsO patients (P = 0.003). Furthermore, crossed vessels were seen in only 55% of PsA patients and 71% of PsO patients (P = 0.043). NVC microhaemorrhage was dominant in PsA patients (13%) and significantly different from OA patients (P <0.05). No capillary pattern was associated with an increased probability of the PsA diagnosis.

Conclusion

A pathognomonic pattern for PsA diagnosis was not identified; however, we demonstrated some characteristic capillaroscopy findings for PsA, such as decreased capillary density, reduced blood flow and fewer crossed vessels in OCTA and presence of NVC microhaemorrhages.
Evaluation of Droplet Digital PCR for the Detection of Black Canker Disease in Tomato
Authors: Wang Li , Tian Qian , Zhou Pei , Zhao Wenjun , Sun Xianchao
Published: September 2021

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the cause of bacterial canker disease, is one of the most destructive pathogens in greenhouse and field tomato. The pathogen is now present in all main production areas of tomato and is widely distributed in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization region. The inspection and quarantine of the plant pathogens relies heavily on accurate detection tools. Primers and probes reported in previous studies do not distinguish the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis pathogen from other closely related subspecies of C. michiganensis, especially the nonpathogenic subspecies that were identified from tomato seeds recently. Here, we have developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method for the identification of this specific bacterium with primers/TaqMan probe set designed based on the pat-1 gene of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. This new primers/probe set has been evaluated by real-time PCR (qPCR) and ddPCR. The detection results suggest that the ddPCR method established in this study was highly specific for the target strains. The result showed the positive amplification for all five C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains, and no amplification was observed for the other 43 tested bacteria, including the closely related C. michiganensis strains. The detection threshold of ddPCR was 10.8 CFU/ml for both pure C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis cell suspensions and infected tomato seed, which was 100-fold more sensitive than qPCR performed using the same primers and probe. The data obtained suggest that our established ddPCR could detect C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis even with low bacterial load, which could facilitate both C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis inspection for pathogen quarantine and the routine pathogen detection for disease control of black canker in tomato.
Detection of Pythium spp. in Golf Course Irrigation Systems
Authors: Rushford Clayton A. , North Rebecca L. , Miller Gerald L.
Published: September 2021

Many Pythium spp. are causal agents of diseases of turfgrasses. Pythium spp. disseminate through irrigation systems in agricultural settings, and this study provides evidence that Pythium spp. also disseminate through golf course irrigation. Water samples were collected from irrigation heads and water sources at 10 golf courses in Missouri and Kansas, U.S.A. Samples were collected from 2018 to 2019 in April, July, and October. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and chloride concentrations were measured from irrigation head samples to determine if these parameters influence frequency of Pythium spp. detected. Pythium spp. were detected in samples through baiting and membrane filtration. Cultures were isolated on PARP media, and DNA was extracted from putative Pythium isolates. The internal transcribed spacer region was PCR-amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using representative sample sequences, sequences from seven morphologically identified reference isolates of Pythium, and similar GenBank accessions. Detected oomycete species include Lagenidium giganteum, Pythium biforme, Pythium insidiosum, Pythium marsipium, Pythium plurisporium, and Saprolegnia hypogyna. Twenty-one clades lacked species-level resolution, and 14 of these clades were associated with Pythium species. Clades A, C, D, E, I, and M contain Pythium species that cause root and crown rot on creeping bentgrass. Detected Pythium communities were dependent on the detection method used and sampling source. Pythium frequency and diversity were highest in April 2019. Sample temperature, sampling site, and chloride and nutrient concentrations did not influence Pythium frequency in samples. Irrigation systems using surface water sources contained at least three Pythium spp. over the course of 2 years.
Weeds Harbor Fusarium Species that Cause Malformation Disease of Economically Important Trees in Western Mexico
Authors: Montoya-Martínez Amelia C. , O’Donnell Kerry , Busman Mark , Vaughan Martha M. , McCormick Susan P. , Santillán-Mendoza Ricardo , Pineda-Vaca Daniela , Clapes-Garduño Lyana , Fernández-Pavía Sylvia P. , Ploetz Randy C. , Benítez-Malvido Julieta , Montero-Castro Juan C. , Rodríguez-Alvarado Gerardo
Published: September 2021

Mango malformation disease (MMD) caused by Fusarium spp. is an important limiting factor in most production areas worldwide. Fusarium mexicanum and F. pseudocircinatum have been reported as causing MMD in Mexico. These two pathogens also cause a similar disease in Swietenia macrophylla (big-leaf mahogany malformation disease) in central western Mexico, and F. pseudocircinatum was recently reported as causing malformation disease in Tabebuia rosea (rosy trumpet) in the same region. These studies suggest that additional plant species, including weeds, might be hosts of these pathogens. The role that weed hosts might have in the disease cycle is unknown. The objectives of this work were to recover Fusarium isolates from understory vegetation in mango orchards with MMD, identify the Fusarium isolates through DNA sequence data, and determine whether F. mexicanum is capable of inducing disease in the weedy legume Senna uniflora (oneleaf senna). Additional objectives in this work were to compare Fusarium isolates recovered from weeds and mango trees in the same orchards by characterizing their phylogenetic relationships, assessing in vitro production of mycotoxins, and identifying their mating type idiomorph. A total of 59 Fusarium isolates from five species complexes were recovered from apical and lateral buds from four weed species. Two of the species within the F. fujikuroi species complex are known to cause MMD in Mexico. Trichothecene production was detected in five isolates, including F. sulawense and F. irregulare in the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex and F. boothii in the F. sambucinum species complex. Both mating types were present among mango and weed isolates. This is the first report of herbaceous hosts harboring Fusarium species that cause mango malformation in Mexico. The information provided should prove valuable for further study of the epidemiological role of weeds in MMD and help manage the disease.
Antibody therapy for COVID-19
Authors: Hammarström Lennart , Marcotte Harold , Piralla Antonio , Baldanti Fausto , Pan-Hammarström Qiang
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review

To provide an update of the current state of antibody therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection that has progressed immensely in a very short time period.

Recent findings

Limited clinical effect of classical passive immunotherapy (plasma therapy, hyperimmune immunoglobulin [IgG] preparations) whereas monoclonal antibody therapy, if initiated early in the disease process, shows promising results.

Although antibody therapy still remains to be fully explored in patients with COVID-19, a combination of IgG monoclonal antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein currently appears to provide the best form of antibody therapy, Immunoglobulin A dimers and Immunoglobulin M pentamers also show promising preliminary therapeutic results.
Usability Evaluation by Nurses of a Knowledge-Based System of Care Plans for People Hospitalized by COVID-19
Authors: González Aguña Alexandra , Fernández Batalla Marta , Arias Baelo Cristina , Monsalvo San Macario Enrique , Gonzalo de Diego Blanca , Santamaría García José María
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to analyze the usability by nurses of the Knowledge-Based System “Diagnostics care for COVID-19.” A convenience sample of 16 nurses was selected, among hospital workers and external experts. The group was divided into three subgroups intentionally to obtain different usability perspectives. Usability was evaluated by the System Usability Scale questionnaire. The participants completed the questionnaire on general usability, data inputs, and information output, after completing a minimum of 12 care plans. The first subgroup used real cases and the “think aloud” technique, the second simulated cases from the same hospital, and the third subgroup performed the external simulation. The highest scores were obtained in data inputs (94.38–97.50); and the lowest, in general usability (90.00–95.00). The subgroup of external experts scored the highest (93.13–95.63), and the first subgroup, which carried out real cases, gave the lowest score (90.00–94.38). The “think aloud” technique found an improvement in including more diagnoses and being able to carry out several plans for one person at the same time. The usability obtained was “excellent” in all subgroups and questionnaires, although the application showed limitations related to its characteristics imposed in the requirements specification.
Prediction of early progression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Authors: Teishima Jun , Murata Daiki , Inoue Shogo , Hayashi Tetsutaro , Mita Koji , Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Kato Masao , Kajiwara Mitsuru , Shigeta Masanobu , Maruyama Satoshi , Moriyama Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Seiji , Matsubara Akio
Published: September 2021

Background:

There are various alternative first-line therapeutic options besides tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). To inform therapeutic decision-making for such patients, this study aimed to identify predictive factors for resistance to TKI.

Materials and methods:

A total of 239 cases of mRCC patients who received first-line TKI therapy were retrospectively studied. Patients with a radiologic diagnosis of progressive disease within 3 months after initiating therapy were classified as primary refractory cases; the others were classified as non-primary refractory cases. The association between primary refractory cases and age, gender, pathology findings, serum c-reactive protein (CRP) level, metastatic organ status, and 6 parameters defined by the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium were analyzed.

Results:

Of 239 cases, 32 (13.3%) received a radiologic diagnosis of progressive disease within 3 months after initiating therapy. The rates of sarcomatoid differentiation, hypercalcemia, a serum CRP level of 0.3 mg/dL or higher, presence of liver metastasis, anemia, and time from diagnosis to treatment interval of less than a year were significantly higher in the primary refractory group. Multivariate analysis showed that sarcomatoid differentiation, hypercalcemia, a serum CRP level of 0.3 mg/dL or higher, and liver metastasis were independently associated with primary refractory disease. A risk-stratified model based upon the number of patients with these factors indicated rates of primary refractory disease of 4.0%, 10.1%, and 45.0% for patients with 0, 1, and 2 or more factors, respectively.

Conclusions:

Sarcomatoid differentiation, hypercalcemia, an elevated serum CRP level, and presence of liver metastasis were associated with primary refractory disease in mRCC patients receiving first-line TKI therapy. These results provide clinicians with useful information when selecting a first-line therapeutic option for mRCC patients.
Physical Activity as Both Predictor and Outcome of Emotional Distress Trajectories in Middle Childhood
Authors: Harbec Marie-Josée , Goldfield Gary , Barnett Tracie A. , Pagani Linda S.
Published: September 2021

Objective:

This prospective longitudinal study assesses the reciprocal relationship between physical activity, including sport participation, and depressive and anxiety symptoms, conceptualized as emotional distress, over time.

Method:

Boys and girls are from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort (N = 1428). Trajectories of emotional distress symptoms from ages 6 to 10 years, assessed by teachers, were generated using latent class analysis. Multinomial logistic regression analyses examined sport participation at age 5 years, measured by parents, as a predictor of emotional distress trajectory outcomes. Analyses of covariance compared physical activity, measured by children at age 12 years, across different trajectories of emotional distress.

Results:

We identified 3 emotional distress trajectories: “low” (77%), “increasing” (12%), and “declining” (11%). Boys who never participated in sport at age 5 years were more likely to be in the “increasing” (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–2.63) or “declining” (adjusted OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.28–3.75) emotional distress trajectories compared with boys who participated in any sporting activity. Furthermore, boys in the “low” emotional distress trajectory demonstrated better physical activity outcomes at age 12 years (F(2, 1438) = 6.04, p < 0.05). These results, exclusively for boys, are above and beyond pre-existing individual and family factors.

Conclusion:

This study supports the relevance of enhancing current public health strategies to understand and promote physical activity and emotional adjustment in early childhood to achieve better a more active lifestyle and overall health across development. We underscore male needs for physical activity for health promotion.
Effect of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Growth, Development, and Stem Cells of Offspring
Authors: Zhang Meihua , Ma Munan , Wang Jinping , Wang Yijun , Yang Xinrui , Fu Songtao
Published: September 2021

The effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on offspring include macrosomia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular disease, neural and mental injury, etc. The effects of GDM on the health status of offspring are sustained although pregnancy has ended. It has been proposed that fetal reprogramming causes long-term consequences to metabolic health in offspring. An intrauterine high-glucose environment may lead to changes in the multi-differentiation proficiency of intracorporal stem cells, showing decreased proliferation and osteogenic ability, increased adipogenic ability, accelerated apoptosis, and occurrence of premature failure. This environment also reduces the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells, whereas it increases that of medullary cells. This results in pro-inflammatory conditions and sustained inflammation in the body, thereby increasing the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. Stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane, umbilical cord, or placenta may be a reliable predictor of the long-term effects of GDM on offspring. The levels of blood glucose during pregnancy should be effectively controlled to reduce harm to the neonate.
Sex differences in ambulatory blood pressure levels, control, and phenotypes of hypertension in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Korogiannou Maria , Sarafidis Pantelis , Theodorakopoulou Marieta P. , Alexandrou Maria Eleni , Xagas Efstathios , Argyris Antonis , Protogerou Athanase , Ferro Charles J. , Boletis Ioannis N. , Marinaki Smaragdi
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) control is worse in men compared with women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and this may partially explain the faster CKD progression in men. This is the first study investigating possible sex differences in prevalence, control and phenotypes of hypertension in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with office-BP and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM).

Methods:

This cross-sectional study included 136 male and 69 female stable KTRs who underwent office-BP measurements and 24-h ABPM. Hypertension thresholds for office and ambulatory BP were defined according to the 2017 ACC/AHA and 2021 KDIGO guidelines for KTRs.

Results:

Age, time from transplantation, eGFR and history of major comorbidities did not differ between groups. Office SBP/DBP levels were insignificantly higher in men than women (130.3 ± 16.3/77.3 ± 9.4 vs. 126.4 ± 17.8/74.9 ± 11.5 mmHg; P = 0.118/0.104) but daytime SBP/DBP was significantly higher in men (128.5 ± 12.1/83.0 ± 8.2 vs. 124.6 ± 11.9/80.3 ± 9.3 mmHg; P = 0.032/P = 0.044). No significant between-group differences were detected for night-time BP. The prevalence of hypertension was similar by office-BP criteria (93.4 vs. 91.3%; P = 0.589), but higher in men than women with ABPM (100 vs. 95.7%; P = 0.014). The use of ACEIs/ARBs and CCBs was more common in men. Office-BP control was similar (43.3 vs. 44.4%, P = 0.882), but 24-h control was significantly lower in men than women (16.9 vs. 30.3%; P = 0.029). White-coat hypertension was similar (5.1 vs. 7.6%; P = 0.493), whereas masked hypertension was insignificantly more prevalent in men than women (35.3 vs. 24.2%; P = 0.113).

Conclusion:

BP levels, hypertension prevalence and control are similar by office criteria but significantly different by ABPM criteria between male and female KTRs. Worse ambulatory BP control in male compared with female KTRs may interfere with renal and cardiovascular outcomes.
Health Literacy, Cognitive Function, and Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Kuhn Tyler A. , Gathright Emily C. , Dolansky Mary A. , Gunstad John , Josephson Richard , Hughes Joel W.
Published: September 2021

Background

Health literacy has predicted mortality in heart failure. However, the role of cognitive functioning in this relationship has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that health literacy would predict all-cause mortality but that cognitive functioning would modify the relationship between health literacy and mortality in heart failure.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the association between health literacy, cognitive functioning, and mortality in patients with heart failure.

Methods

This secondary analysis of a larger study included 298 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (trial identifier: NCT01461629). Health literacy was evaluated using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) and Medical Term Recognition Test (METER), and cognitive functioning was evaluated using the Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination (3MS). Cox proportional hazards regression was used with time-until-death as the dependent variable.

Results

After controlling for age, sex, and race, neither METER nor REALM scores predicted mortality in heart failure (Ps ≥ .37). However, 3MS predicted mortality in models using the METER (Δχ2 = 9.20, P < .01; B = −.07; hazard ratio, 0.94 [95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.98]; P < .01) and REALM (Δχ2 = 9.77, P < .01; B = −0.07; hazard ratio, 0.94 [95% confidence interval, 0.90–0.97]; P < .01). Furthermore, adding the 3MS improved model fit.

Conclusions

Cognitive functioning predicted mortality in heart failure better than health literacy. Results suggest the need to further evaluate the contribution of cognitive functioning to increased risk of mortality in those with heart failure.
Improving Emergency Department Throughput Using Audit-and-Feedback With Peer Comparison Among Emergency Department Physicians
Authors: Scofi Jean , Parwani Vivek , Rothenberg Craig , Patel Amitkumar , Ravi Shashank , Sevilla Mark , D'Onofrio Gail , Ulrich Andrew , Venkatesh Arjun K.
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

We sought to determine if audit-and-feedback with peer comparison among emergency physicians is associated with improved emergency department (ED) throughput and decreased variation in physician performance.

Methods:

We implemented an audit-and-feedback with peer comparison tool at a single urban academic ED from March 1, 2013, to July 1, 2018. In the first study period, physicians received no reports. In the second period, they received daily reports. In the third period, they received daily, quarterly, and annual reports. Outcomes included patients per hour, admission rate, time to admission, and time to discharge.

Results:

A total of 272,032 patient visits and 36 ED physicians were included. The mean admission rate decreased 6.8%; the mean time to admission decreased 43.8 minutes; and the mean time to discharge decreased 40.6 minutes. Variation among physicians decreased for admission rate, time to admission, and time to discharge. Low-performing outliers showed disproportionately larger improvements in patients per hour, admission rate, time to admission, and time to discharge.

Conclusions:

Automated peer comparison reports for academic emergency physicians was associated with lower admission rates, shorter times to admission, and shorter times to discharge at the departmental level, as well as decreased practice variation at the individual level.
Facing PHACE Twenty-five Years Later
Authors: Braun Mitchell T. , Mathes Erin F. , Siegel Dawn H. , Hess Christopher P. , Fox Christine K. , Frieden Ilona J.
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

To review the key features of PHACE syndrome over the past 25 years, highlighting evaluation, management, current gaps in knowledge, and potential next steps in research and patient-centered care.

Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of expert opinion.

Results:

PHACE is a congenital neurocutaneous syndrome in which affected patients have posterior fossa abnormalities, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies, and/or eye anomalies. Since its discovery 25 years ago, the scientific and medical communities have made strides in understanding and developing best practice approaches to diagnosis, outcomes, and surveillance. More research will be needed to fully elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition as well as long-term outcomes. We offer suggestions for healthcare maintenance to coordinate and streamline multidisciplinary patient care.

Conclusions:

Our understanding of PHACE syndrome has grown immensely since its discovery. As we continue to learn about long-term outcomes and the importance of surveillance into adulthood, a multidisciplinary and patient-centered approach is critical to optimize care for individuals with this disease.
Part 1. Payment for Clinical Education Experiences: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Lewis Michele , Gleeson Peggy Blake , Wilkinson Tawna , Manella Kathleen , Konecne Janet
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:

Payment for clinical education (CE) experiences in health care professions has been discussed for many years. Clinical education sites may consider requesting payment to offset expenses, which might include onboarding costs or perceived or real reduction in productivity. The American Council of Academic Physical Therapy–National Consortium of Clinical Educators Task Force on Payment for Clinical Experience explored the history of CE as it relates to payment, costs, productivity, and incentives through this comprehensive literature review.

Methods:

The literature was exhaustively searched through multiple data bases, compiled, and summarized by the authors.

Results:

Clinical education is an essential component of physical therapy education. The proliferation of academic programs combined with reimbursement challenges and increased productivity requirements has increased the burden of CE on health care facilities. Research in health care professions has investigated direct and indirect costs of providing CE experiences. While some research showed decreases in productivity while supervising a student, most research in physical therapy revealed increased productivity along with improved quality of care and enhanced recruitment of employees. Motivators for educating students in the CE environment included intrinsic factors of enjoyment, professional obligation, and intellectual stimulation; extrinsic factors such as continuing education credits, discounted courses, and academic appointments were also found. Research revealed that students bring value and enthusiasm to the CE environment in a variety of ways. Payment for CE experiences, more common in physician assistant, medicine, and nurse practitioner education, did not always improve quality and may be unsustainable as competition for clinical experiences grows and student debt increases.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Clinical education involves many stakeholders and the topic of payment is multifaceted. This comprehensive literature review highlighted numerous challenges and benefits for providing CE experiences as it relates to payment. This literature review provides background information regarding payment for CE in health care professions and served as foundational work of the Task Force on Payment for Clinical Experience for determining current perspectives related to payment for CE in physical therapist education.