bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Semantic Analysis Methods
Authors: Yousif Mohammed J
Published: December 2023

NLP (natural language processing) is a very broad subcategory of computer science that focuses on human language processing in computers. Each different NLP processing technique focuses on different parts of linguistics, with semantics being the main focus of this manuscript. This manuscript aims to utilize a systematic review of several published papers ranging from 1998 to the current day to review and summarize critical analysis regarding the three main models that this paper focuses on: Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA), and Neural Network based models. This manuscript compares these models against each other, weighs their advantages and disadvantages, and provides their uses. The selected studies in this review were analyzed and examined to ensure that they meet the quality and standards of the proposed research methodology. The results show that Neural network-based solutions are the most popular Semantic Analysis model in Academia (doubling the number of results of ESA and LSA combined), and they are usually the best in most tasks. However, there are specific scenarios and circumstances in which relying on the older LSA and ESA models could be beneficial.
ÂŞIK VEYSEL’DE VAROLUŞUN BOYUTLARI
Authors: YAVUZ Orhan , BAKIŞ Rıza
Published: December 2023

Varoluşçuluk felsefesi, 19. yy’da Kierkegaard’la birlikte Avrupa’da popülerlik kazanmış felsefi bir akımdır. Bu felsefi akım ile birlikte somut birey olarak insan, felsefenin en merkezî konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu felsefi akımda birey, seçim, özgürlük, yönelmişlik ve sorumluluk, aşırı duygular, varlık ve hiçlik, ölüm ve iletişim gibi temalar işlenmektedir. Âşık Veysel’in şiirlerinin, bu varoluşçu temalar çerçevesinde ele alındığında çok fazla içeriğe sahip olduğu görülür. “İman” bu temaların başında gelmektedir. Âşık Veysel, varoluş boyutuyla imanı ortak özellikler ekseninde işleyerek birlik ve dirlik için bir vasıta kılmak istemiştir. Bununla birlikte, anlık ve kişilerde farklılık olarak karşımıza çıkan bireysel özellikleri ise bir zenginlik olarak değerlendirir. Varoluşçuluk açısından önemli olan umut ve umutsuzluk da Veysel’in şiirlerinde öne çıkan kavramlardandır. Umut duygusunu umutsuzluğa karşıt bir varoluşsal durum olarak ele alan Veysel’de, umutsuzluğa yer yoktur. Onun şiirlerinde varoluş bağlamında öne çıkan bir diğer kavram da ölümdür. Veysel ölüm olgusunu kaygı ve umutsuzluk duygularıyla işlerken, inancı sayesinde umudunu koruduğunu dile getirmiştir.
Proposição de um Índice de Desigualdade no Acesso ao Saneamento para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo
Authors: Guedes Walef Pena , Lombardo Ferreira Denise Helena , Sugahara Cibele Roberta
Published: December 2023

O saneamento e a desigualdade são temas transversais que possibilitam associá-los a diversas demandas sociais. Nesse sentido, o estudo tem por objetivo a elaboração de um Índice de Desigualdade no Acesso ao Saneamento a partir de um conjunto de variáveis. A escolha da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo deve-se aos seus expressivos arranjos econômicos que tornam a região polo de riqueza nacional, além do seu contingente populacional. A coleta de dados foi realizada na plataforma do Painel do Saneamento Brasil para o ano de 2020. Optou-se nesse estudo pela aplicação da técnica multivariada de Análise Fatorial por Componentes Principais por meio do Software SPSS. A utilização da técnica possibilitou verificar o nível de associação das variáveis selecionadas com seus respectivos fatores, bem como a posterior elaboração de um Índice de Desigualdade no Acesso ao Saneamento para os municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Os resultados sugerem que o município de São Paulo lidera com o maior nível de desigualdade no acesso ao saneamento. A pesquisa realizada pode potencializar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para fortalecer a proteção dos direitos das pessoas, especialmente os direitos dos grupos mais vulneráveis.
Palavras-chave: Saneamento. Desigualdade. Região Metropolitana de São Paulo.
Aceleração contemporânea à luz da revolução tecnológica: uma abordagem sobre acumulação capitalista por meios digitais
Authors: Vieira Katia Luzia Silveira Silva , Rodrigues Maria José
Published: December 2023

Não há dúvidas de que a atual organização socioespacial é estruturada pela interação entre as novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), que assumiram importantes funções nos processos de reestruturação social, econômica, produtiva e territorial. Compreender as mudanças induzidas pelo desenvolvimento e aprimoramento tecnológico constitui o principal objetivo deste artigo, lançando luz sobre as novas formas de organização produtiva e acumulação de capital, influenciadas pelas novas mídias e plataformas digitais. Tal discussão é apresentada considerando que a revolução tecnológica abasteceu o potencial evolutivo das relações, do viver e sentir no âmbito do novo regime de acumulação capitalista, caracterizado pela apropriação e exploração de dados.
Palavras-chave: Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação; economia digital; plataformas digitais.
Career Choices of Junior Doctors: Faculty Perspective
Authors: Jibran Umar Ayub  , Wahab Abdul , Qaisar Ayesha
Published: December 2023

There has been tremendous increase in population of doctors and mushrooming of medical institutions that has a colossal impact on the quality of medical education. There is more time, financial, resources and logistic constraints that has added to manifold headache of all the vital stakeholders including the medical students, junior doctors, administration and faculty. Flexner in his report has excellent recommendations for improving the standards and one of them was to increase the essential prerequisites for entering into medical training and train the physicians in a scientific manner.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation-A New Horizon in Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital Swat KPK
Authors: Nisar-ud-din  , Saima Rahman
Published: December 2023

Rehabilitation is a term which is generally perceived to be linked into physical therapy, geriatrics, drug addiction, mental disorders or care of individuals with chronic illnesses. The core concept of rehabilitation is poorly understood among the general public and also in medical professionals. In Pakistan, the general perception about rehabilitation is “physiotherapy” because the department previously named the physiotherapy department were now converted to rehabilitation medicine department after availability of FCPS qualified rehabilitationmedicine consultants.
The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals and Paramedical Staff Working in Peshawar, KP
Authors: Savaira Khalid  , Waleed Zeb  , Bibi Aliya  , Adeela Mustafa  , Aiman Hidayat  , Nisha Bakhtyar  , Minahil Ayub
Published: December 2023

Background: COVID-19 has a considerable impact on the psychological wellbeing of front-line hospital staff. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify the healthcare workers who are at increased risk of psychological stress.Objectives: To determine mental health issues due to COVID-19 among health care workers during the pandemic. To determine the factors behind mental health issues among healthcare workers during COVID-19Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study, carried out at two major tertiary hospitals in Peshawar Khyber teaching hospital (KTH) and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC). The participants included house officers, trainees, consultants and nurses. Data was collected through questionnaires. Survey tools such as Patient Health questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9) scale for depression and Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) scale for anxiety were used. Chi -square test was applied to find association between mental health issues and COVID-19.Results: About 230 HCWs participated having equal number of males and females. Most of the participants were in age group 25-30 and were composed of trainee medical officers. We found that 61.2% of the participants screened positive for depression while 52.6% of the participants screened positive for anxiety and it was due to dissatisfaction towards facilities provided by their respective hospitals. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression were prevalent among the health care workers especially younger and un married individuals during COVID -19. To foster supportive work environment effective strategies are needed.Keywords: Anxiety, Covid -19, Depression, Pandemic
Meaning of P-value
Authors: Umar Hussain  , Farhad Ali
Published: December 2023

In medical and dental research, we are usually interested in understanding the real effect of two or more interventions (such as drugs or surgeries) on an outcome (such as signs and symptoms of a disease). To test such effects, we typically establish two hypotheses: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. In the null hypothesis, the researcher assumes that there is no difference between the two interventions on the outcome, while the alternative hypothesis assumes that a difference exists. We collect, clean, and analyze data using an appropriate statistical test. The test produces a p-value, which ranges from 0 to 1. The researcher sets a significance level (usually p ≤ 0.05).A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) suggests there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Conversely, a larger p-value indicates a lack of evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
Protective Factors that Yield Empowerment for Black Girls’ Mathematical Brilliance
Authors: Parker-Holliman, Ph.D Natalie , Maina Faith
Published: December 2023

Black girls are marginalized and often experience barriers to accessing advanced mathematics, which affects their socialization and identity. Little is known about the experiences of Black girls who have gained access to advanced mathematics programs. The participants in this study were 11 middle school Black females enrolled in advanced mathematics, a course with a curriculum at a higher grade level and a faster pace compared to their same-age peers. Using a qualitative methodology, we use collective memory writings, individual and focus group interviews, and the researcher’s journal data to examine how girls’ perceptions of societal messages work to impact and empower Black girls enrolled in advanced mathematics coursework and extend current research on this topic. We conclude that Black girls have various protective factors--innate characteristics that yield positive outcomes, influencing their self-efficacy. The themes uncovered as a result were that Black girls are motivated by engaging in valuable mathematics that is meaningful to them; their perceived mathematical identity represents a protective factor. This research study illuminates that Black girls are brilliant, but only those with prominent protective factors are often recognized in educational institutions for their merit.
History of the development of the hydrodynamic model of the open pit mine “Drmno”, Serbia
Authors: Polomčić Dušan , Ratković Jelena , Ristić Vakanjac Vesna
Published: December 2023

With the creation of a hydrodynamic model, the need for it usually ceases until some next moment when the model needs to be updated and used for the set task for the necessary project documentation or dedicated studies. It is relatively rare that almost every year the model is improved and used for forecast calculations. The paper presents the basic characteristics and development of the hydrodynamic model of the open pit mine “Drmno” for 25 years. This open pit mine is the second-largest mine in Serbia. At the time the model was made (1998), it was the largest and most complex model that was made in the former Yugoslavia. Also, advanced model calibration techniques were used for the first time in Serbia
Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women with Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Geetha Karra. , Sakshi R. , Chandana T.
Published: December 2023

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a condition characterized by glucose intolerance during pregnancy, has been associated with a range of pregnancy related complications and long-term health risks. This review focuses on the emerging evidence connecting GDM to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in women. While the link between GDM and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes has been well established, recent studies have also revealed a heightened risk of CVD in women with a history of GDM. The increased risk of CVD appears independent of concurrent type 2 diabetes onset. Various factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, genetic predisposition, and placental hormone effects, contribute to the complex pathophysiology underlying the connection between GDM and CVD. This review discusses the epidemiology, aetiology, and pathophysiology of CVD risk in women with GDM, emphasizing changes in circulatory system, markers for CVD, and potential diagnostic indicators. Management strategies encompass lifestyle modifications, medications, blood sugar monitoring and postpartum monitoring. The review concludes by highlighting the importance of early identification and intervention of cardiovascular risk factors in women with a history of GDM, and the necessity for further research into preventive measures and targeted interventions to mitigate the long-term cardiovascular impact of GDM.

Key words: Gestational diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy, hyperglycaemia, insulin, blood sugar.
Parental Stress During COVID-19
Authors: . Laltanpuii , Roy VK , S. Lukima
Published: December 2023

Background: Parents experience everyday stressors related to their role as parents. Parenting during the COVID-19 epidemic is challenging since parents must fulfil a variety of responsibilities.
Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to assess parents' stress levels and the coping mechanisms they use.
Method: A Cross-sectional survey was done among 215 parents of private primary school pupils in the area of Aizawl Municipal Corporation from March 11 to April 6, 2022. By employing the Parental Stress Scale by Berry and Jones in 1995 and the Brief COPE scale by Carver, C.S., in 1997, an online survey was used to assess the parents' stress levels and determine their coping mechanisms.
Result: According to the study's findings, the average parental stress level is 41.30. Mothers (41.82) were found to be more stressed than fathers (39.78). The stress level of working parents was found to be greater (M = 41.54) than that of unemployed parents (M = 40.87). Parents who have divorced experience more stress (M = 46) than parents who are single, widowed, or married (M = 43.71, M = 41, or M = 40.87, respectively). Acceptance, positive reframing, religion, active coping, planning, use of emotional support, and use of instrumental support were the coping mechanisms that the parents most frequently employed.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the need to enhance the mental well-being of caregivers who are vulnerable to parenting stress during a time of crisis.

Key words: Coping strategy, Covid-19, Parenting, Stress
The biodiversity of helminths of domestic reindeer in the Murmansk region
Authors: Loginova O. A. , Plotnikova Iu. K.
Published: December 2023

The  Murmansk  region  is  an  important part of the Russian Arctic Zone, and reindeer husbandry there is one of the leading branches  of  agriculture,  which  employs  the  local population, including indigenous peoples of the North. The success of domestic reindeer husbandry largely depends on the health of the reindeer. Since the previous fundamental study of reindeer infestation with helminths was  carried  out  by  Soviet  scientists  in  the mid-twentieth  century,  there  is  an  urgent need to revise the helminth fauna. Therefore, the aim of our work was to study the biodiversity of helminths of domestic reindeer in the Murmansk region. The study of 31 fresh samples  of  domestic  reindeer  (Rangifer tarandus) feces was carried out using complex helminthoscopy methods in accordance with  GOST  R  54627-2011  “Agricultural ruminant  animals.  Methods  of  laboratory helminthology  diagnostics”:   examination, larvoscopy  according  to  Vajda,  flotation ovoscopy  according  to  Darling,  sedimentation ovoscopy using the method of successive washings, cultivation of parasitic nematode larvae from their eggs.  The intensity of invasion  was  determined  using  a  VIGIS camera from the “Diapar” kit. Helminths of two  classes  were  discovered:  trematodes  – the genus Paramphistomum and nematodes – the order Strongylida (in particular, the genus Ostertagia), the genus Dictyocaulus and the  species  Elaphostrongylus  rangiferi.  Prevalence rates were: 26% for Paramphistomum,  19%  for  strongylids,  3%  for  Dictyocaulus and 52% for E. rangiferi.  Helminths were found both on their own and in associations:  dictyocaulus  +  strongylids  +  paramphistoms,  elaphostrongylids  +  strongylids, elaphostrongylids + paramphistoms.  Among the normal larvae of E. rangiferi, there were deformed  individuals:  with  pathological swellings  in  different  parts of  their  bodies. The  intensity  of  invasion  in  all  cases  was low.
The effect of various drugs on the growth rate of sterlet larvae
Authors: Kuzmicheva S. V. , Mikryakov D. V. , Novikov D. A. , Salov S. R.
Published: December 2023

An  experimental  study  of  the  effect  of various  feed  additives  on  the  rate  of  mass accumulation,  growth  rate  and  survival  of sterlet larvae was carried out. Four groups of fish  were  planted  in  flowthrough  plastic pools with 150 fish each. The control group (I) was fed without additives, while the experimental group was fed with the addition of  different  preparations:  II -  preparation "AQUATAN"  based  on  ellagotannins  produced  by  the  company  "Tanin",  Sevnica, Slovenia. Sevnica (Slovenia) at the rate of 2 g/kg  of  feed,  III - antibacterial  preparation based on ciprofloxacin "Antibak-100" (LLC "NVTs Agrovetzaschita"), at the rate of 0.5 g/kg live weight of fish, IV - probiotic based on  Bacillus  subtilis  "SUB-PRO"  (LLC "Vector-Euro")  at  the  rate  of  100  g/t  feed. The preparations were added to the feed according  to  the  instructions.  The  effect  of preparations on fish was evaluated by fishery indicators: average daily growth rate, absolute  growth,  average  daily  gain  and  mass accumulation coefficient. During the experiment it was found that the values of fishery indicators  in  different  groups  of  sterlet changed  with  different  intensity  depending on the time after the beginning of the experiment. The highest growth rate and mass accumulation  rates  were  recorded  in  fish  fed with  SUB-PRO  and  Antibak-100,  and  the lowest  with  Aquatan.  The  results  obtained indicate the expediency of further studies of the effect of various preparations on the fishery parameters of aquaculture objects aquaculture.
An immunochromatographic test for the detection of anti-tuberculosis antibodies
Authors: Khammadov N. I. , Khaertynov K. S. , Akhmadeev R. M. , Shangaraev R. I. , Usoltcev K. V. , Khamidullina A. I. , Galeeva A. G.
Published: December 2023

Tuberculosis is a dangerous socially significant  disease  of  various  animal  species. According  to  Rosselkhoznadzor  data  for 2022, the situation with bovine tuberculosis is endemic, stable, long-term trends are decreasing,  epidemic  thresholds  for  ill  health and  incidence  have  not  been  overcome.  It should be noted that in 2022, bovine tuberculosis was not officially detected, but this infection was registered in several pigs and wild boars. Take a point that the reduction in the number of cases of tuberculosis in cattle is decreased (to zero), the overall strategy for combating this disease is successful, but this does not mean that the need to develop new tests  for  the  accelerated  diagnosis  of  this infection  has  completely  disappeared.  The safety of service personnel directly depends on  minimizing  the  risk  of  infection  with pathogens common to humans and animals, one of which is tuberculosis. The fastest way to indicate infectious agents is by immunochromatographic  analysis.  This  publication is devoted to the details that it is desirable to focus on when developing a diagnostic test based on immunochromatographic analysis, using the example of bovine tuberculosis. As an antigen in the presented study, native antigens of Mycobacterium bovis grown on a nutrient  medium  Levenshtein-Jensen  with proven antigenic activity were used. Conjugation of antispecies antibodies was carried out  with  a  colloidal  solution  of  gold, (diameter  of  particle  is  25±0,9  nm).  In  the course  of  the  work,  the  optimal  conditions for the manufacture of a diagnostic test for the detection of anti-tuberculosis antibodies by  immunochromatographic  analysis  were shown.
To study the bioequivalence of the drugs Doxitron chewable tablets and Ronaxan when used in dogs
Authors: Komarov A. A. , Engashev S. V. , Selimov R. N. , Mironenko A. V. , Goncharova E. N. , Gabidullina D. E.
Published: December 2023

A  study  was  carried  out  to  investigate the  bioequivalence  of  the  drugs  "Doxitron chewable tablets" and "Ronaxan" when administered to dogs. Two groups of animals were formed with 4 dogs in each group. A cross-sectional study design was used for the experiment. Biological material (blood) was sampled before drug administration, and 15, 30, 45 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 10, 24, 30, 48, 72  h  after  drug  administration.  In  the course of the study the following parameters were controlled: concentrations of the active substance  of  the  preparations  in  the  blood plasma of dogs. The article describes in detail the scheme of the experiment, reagents and standard samples, the process of sample preparation  of  blood  plasma  samples  and HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The bioequivalence of the preparations "Doxitron chewable tablets" and "Ronaxan" is evaluated. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) averaged 3.0 h for the investigational drug "Doxitron chewable tablets" and 3.0 h for the reference drug "Ronaxan". The maximum  plasma  concentration  (Cmax)  was 4007.4±964.4 ng/ml for the study drug Doxitron  Chewable  Tablets  and  3794.9±1121.5 ng/ml for the reference drug Ronaxan. The 90% confidence intervals of CmaxT/CmaxR  and  AUC0-tT/AUC0-tR ratios of doxycycline were within the range of 80-125%. The preparations  "Doxitron  chewable  tablets"  and "Ronaxan" are bioequivalent.
Architectonics of parenchymal organs of white rats under conditions of induced immunosuppression and the use of Interferon lambda
Authors: Vostroilova G. A. , Khokhlova N. A. , Mikhailov E. V. , Shabanov D. I. , Korchagina A. A. , Nekrasov A. V. , Shabunin B. V.
Published: December 2023

Violation of the functioning of the organs of the immune system, both in humans and in animals, is due to the influence of unfavorable factors of natural and anthropogenic origin on the body, as well as infectious diseases of various etiologies. The article discusses changes in the architectonics  of parenchymal organs of white laboratory rats after exposure to the drug interferon lambda on  the  background  of  cyclophosphamide (CF). It was found that modeling of immunosuppression through the use of CF led to a decrease  in  the  number  of  lymphoid  cells and the appearance of foci of accumulation of  blast  cells  and  megakaryocytes,  which indicates a lesion of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues. In addition, an immunosuppressive effect on the spleen was revealed, the mass coefficient of which in the group with the use of CF was increased 3.53 times, in the group with the simultaneous use of CF and the drug interferon lambda – 2.75 times relative to the control group.  There was also a decrease in the mass coefficient of the thymus  by  47.6-50.0%  in  the  same  groups, which can be regarded as damage to the organs  of  the  immune  system.  The negative effect of CF on the spleen was confirmed by histological examination. Thus, when inducing immunosuppression, the loss of  white pulp was 73.0-77.5% relative to the group of control animals, which is 20.0% higher than in rats treated with interferon lambda, which may indicate a positive immunotropic effect of the drug under study. In addition, no significant morphological changes were detected  when  the  body  of  healthy  rats  was  exposed  to  interferon  lambda  in  the  studied organs, the morphological picture is similar to that of intact animals, which may indicate the safety of its use to animals.
Indicators of uterine contractile activity in highly productive sows using supraphysiological doses of oxytocin
Authors: Filatov A. V. , Minin A. V.
Published: December 2023

The  use  of  large  doses  of  oxytocin  to sows in the early postpartum period is indicated  to  normalize  lactogenesis,  increase immune proteins in colostrum and transitional  milk,  prevent  postpartum  complications, and  increase  the  viability  of  the  offspring. However, the effect of these doses of myotropic drug on the contractile activity of the uterus  is  not  shown.  The  aim  of  the  work was to study the contractile function of the uterus of highly productive sows in the early postpartum period and the peculiarities of its reaction to supraphysiological doses of oxytocin.  Scientific  and  production  experience was carried out on the basis of a large pig breeding  complex.  The  object  of  the  study was  highly  productive  sows  16 hours  after the completion of normal labor. The hormonal  drug  oxytocin  was  administered  intra-muscularly to animals at a supraphysiological dose of 75 units. Hysterograms of uterine contractions were recorded by internal hysterography  before  and  immediately  after administration of the myotropic drug, as well as one hour after injection. On hysterograms, spontaneous contractile activity of the uterus in highly productive sows was characterized by  regular,  short-term  contractions  of  the optimal amplitude. Activation of the contractile function of the myometrium occurs 5-7 minutes  after  injection  of  the  drug.  After administration of oxytocin, an increase in the amplitude  of  contraction  of  uterine  smooth muscle cells was noted by 39.17% (p<0.05), while  a  longer  period  of  contractions  was recorded by 31.64%. The frequency of uterine  contractions  increased  2.0  times (p<0.01). The contract index was significantly  3.66  times  (p<0.05)  higher  than  that  in relation to the initial level. After 1 hour after oxytocin  administration,  an  increase  in  the contraction period by 5.42% was noted, with a decrease in amplitude by 37.87% (p<0.01) and the number of contractions by 49.91% (p<0.01),  the  contractional  index  decreased by 3.05 times (p<0.01) relative to the previous level. In relation to the initial level, the contract  index  was  20.0%  higher.  At  the same  time,  an  increase  in  the  duration  of contractions  by  38.78%  and  a  decrease  in their amplitude by 13.53% were noted. Consequently, oxytocin at a dose of 75 ME not violate the contractile ability of the myometrium.  The  response  of  the  smooth  muscle cells of the uterus to the supraphysiological dose of oxytocin is maximally manifested in the first hour after the administration of the myotropic drug.
Elimination of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine in laboratory animals during the induction of fatty hepatosis
Authors: Popova O. S. , Ponamarev V. S. , Kostrova A. V. , Agafonova L. A.
Published: December 2023

Liver pathologies play a significant role in changing the metabolism and clearance of a  number  of  pharmacologically  active  substances,  including  1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, which is explained by their influence on enzyme systems that regulate the biotransformation of exogenous biologically active substances. Currently, changes in caffeine clearance  are  being  actively  studied  in  various hepatobiliary disorders, especially those that are chronic, since it is precisely such pathologies, according to a number of researchers, that are characterized by the most predictable  and  stable  change  in  the  trimethylxanthine  pharmacokinetic  profile.  The  purpose of  the  study  was  to  determine  changes  in serum  caffeine  levels  when  inducing  fatty liver  disease  in  laboratory  animals  (rats). The studies were carried out in the vivarium of  the  Department  of  Pharmacology  and Toxicology  of  the  Federal  State  Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of St. Petersburg State University of Medicine.  Laboratory  animals  from  a  previous series of experiments were selected for the study  in  order  to  further  compare  the “caffeine curves.” Fatty hepatosis was modeled using strontium sulfate according to the methodology  developed  at  the  Department of  Pharmacology  and  Toxicology.  Upon completion of induction, fatty hepatosis was confirmed based on clinical and biochemical signs.  Based  on  the  studies  conducted,  we can conclude that there are certain correlations.  For  example,  in  fatty  hepatosis,  the elimination  of  caffeine  is  not  significantly slowed down with a characteristic long plateau (up to 8 hours after administration), turning into a smooth decrease in concentration. Experimental  data  can  be  used  to  create  a database to assess the relationship between pharmacokinetics and the physiological state of animals. Similar experiments need to be carried out on other animal species, which will create a holistic picture and help in assessing  pathologies  for  veterinary  specialists.
The effect of liposomal feed additives on the provision of vitamin A and carotene in cows
Authors: Khomenko R. M. , Alexandrov V. V. , Safronov S. L.
Published: December 2023

In conditions of industrial milk production, it is important to provide livestock with complete  feed,  including  all  the  necessary nutrients  to  meet  the  needs  of  a  lactating cow. Active metabolic processes and intense activity of the cow’s entire body during lactation  are  a  prerequisite  for  increasing  its need  for  vitamins.  Currently,  various  feed additives and premixes are used in feeding dairy cows, enriching the animals’ diet with essential vitamins, but their productive effect is  contradictory.  The  conducted  studies  established the positive effect of the liposomal additive “LipoCar” on meeting the need for β-carotene  and  vitamin  A  in  the  body  of cows  during  lactation.  Introduction  of  the feed additive “LipoCar” into the main diet in the amount of 6 g/cow/day. helps normalize the  vitamin  nutrition  of  cows,  especially during the transit period. This is confirmed by the results of studies of the blood serum of cows before and after the use of the LipoCar feed additive. In the control group, the content of vitamin A in the blood serum of cows was 2.4 times higher and corresponded to the physiological norm, compared to the control  group,  where  this  indicator  did  not correspond to the norm. There was a positive trend  in  the  content  of  β-carotene  in  the blood  serum  of  cows  in  the  experimental group, with an increase of 4.4 times by the end  of  the  study  compared  to  the  control group. The results obtained allow us to recommend the use of the LipoCar feed additive in the diets of cows from the first day after  calving  in  an  amount  of  6  g/head.  1 time per day for 30 days to normalize metabolism  and  increase  resistance  in  lactating cow.
Morphological examination of the isthmus of the oviduct in the cross Hysex white chicken
Authors: Dikikh A. A. , Fomenko L. B. , Pervenetskaya M. V.
Published: December 2023

The  reproductive  function  of  birds  and the hatchability of eggs are one of the most important and determining factors in raising poultry, and depend on a number of not only genetic,  physiological,  environmental,  but also morphological factors. The main goal of this article is to identify the features of the macro- and microscopic structure of the isthmus of the oviduct in a Highsex white cross chicken. The object of the study is the oviduct of a Highsex white cross chicken at the age of 180 days. For histological examination, the material was fixed in a 10% aqueous  solution  of  neutral  formaldehyde,  followed  by  embedding  in  paraffin.  The  research materials were subjected to statistical processing using the STATISTICA 6.1 program. As a result of our research, we noted that  the  isthmus  of  the  oviduct  is  located between the albumen section and the bird's uterus and has a small diameter, representing a  narrow  strip  of  tissue  (translucent  zone) with  the  presence  of  tubular  glands.  The mucous  membrane  of  the  isthmus  is  lined with multirow ciliated epithelium. Between the  primary  folds  there  are  deep  crypts, which  with  their  base  are  embedded  deep into the lamina propria; they contain many branched  glands  that  open  into  ducts  onto the surface of the mucous membrane. In the subepithelial  layer  of  the  lamina  propria, fibers of loose connective tissue are located, tightly  surrounding  the  branched  tubular glands. The mucous membrane of the isthmus occupies 59.74% of the total thickness of  the  isthmus.  Muscular  membrane  – 29.16%.  While  the  serous  membrane  accounts for 11.1% of the total thickness of the isthmus wall. The mucous membrane of the isthmus, due to the active secretory function of the glands, is 2 times the thickness of the muscular layer.
Lipid composition of plasma membranes of rooster sperm (Gallus gallus domesticus) and its dynamics during cryopreservation
Authors: Stanishevskaya O. I. , Silyukova Y. L.
Published: December 2023

The  structural  features  of  the  plasma membranes of avian sperm make them more sensitive, compared to those of mammals, to low-temperature  stress.  The  qualitative  and quantitative composition of membrane lipids can become a determining factor in the development of new effective compositions of cryoprotective  media.  The  purpose  of  the study was to determine the lipid composition of the plasma membranes of native rooster sperm, the content of carbohydrates and polyols  in  their  cytosol,  as  well  as  dynamic changes in the membrane lipidome and cytosol  composition  under  the  influence  of  the cryopreservation protocol, depending on the composition  of  the  cryoprotective  medium. The  studies  were  carried  out  on  Rhode  Island roosters (n=10), the total and progressive sperm motility and membrane damage were determined. Semen freezing and thawing was carried out using fast protocols. To determine the lipid composition of the plasma  membranes  of sperm and  the composition of their cytosol, a chromatographic analysis method was used. The following were identified in the membranes of native spermatozoa:  phospholipids,  glycolyllipids  and neutral lipids, represented by phosphatidylethalamine,  phosphatidylserine,  phosphatidylcholine,  sphingomyelin  and  sterol.  A change in the ratio between membrane lipids of the inner and outer layers of the plasma membrane of rooster spermatozoa under the influence  of  the  cryopreservation  protocol was shown. In native spermftozoa this ratio was  41.2%  and  39.4%,  respectively,  in thawed sperm when using the LCM-control medium –  38.3% and  47.2%, respectively, when using the LCM-T20 medium - 40.7% and 44.5%, respectively. There was a significant decrease, more than 3 times, in the total amount of carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, trehalose)  and  polyols  (glycerol,  mannitol, inositol)  in  the  cytosol  of  frozen/thawed spermatozoa when using the cryoprotective medium  LCM-control  compared  with  the values of the native spermatozoa - 0 .1145 mg/ml  and  0.0360  mg/ml,  respectively. When  using  the  LCM-T20  medium,  the change was insignificant and the delta was 5.2%. The effectiveness of using cryoprotective medium LCM-T20 containing trehalose has been proven to maintain the lipid membrane  architecture  of  rooster  spermatozoa, the carbohydratepolyol composition of their cytosol and, as a consequence, the morphofunctional usefulness of gametes during the freezing/thawing process.
Evaluation of the possibility of using indicators of the blood coagulation system of cows to predict late toxicosis of pregnant women
Authors: Mikhalev V. I. , Chusova G. G.
Published: December 2023

Indicators of  the blood  coagulation  system (thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated  partial  thromboplastin  time -  aPTT) were studied on 42 pregnant cows at 60-75, 135-150  and  210-230  days  of  pregnancy, divided  according  to  the  principle  of  analogues  into  three  groups:  physiological course,  fetal  growth  restriction  syndrome without  late  toxicosis  of  pregnancy,  fetal growth restriction syndrome complicated by gestosis.  Pregnancy  was  diagnosed  using transrectal  and  ultrasound  examinations. Fetal growth restriction syndrome was diagnosed at 60-75 days of pregnancy using an ultrasound scanner with a linear sensor with a  frequency  of  7.5  MHz.  Late  toxicosis  of pregnant animals was diagnosed at 210-230 days of pregnancy by the presence of hypertension, proteinuria and edema. Blood samples were taken from the animals included in the experiment to determine the platelet content,  thrombin  and  prothrombin  time  and aPTT.  It  has  been  established  that  platelet content is an informative indicator for predicting  gestosis  in  the  first  five  months  of pregnancy  with  a  sensitivity  of  80.0%  and specificity  of  87.5%.  The  sensitivity  of thrombin time at 60-150 days of pregnancy is  77.8%,  specificity -  90.0%,  prothrombin time  -  70.0  and  88.9%,  aPTT  at  135-150 days of pregnancy - 77.8 and 85.7%, respectively. Prognostic markers for early diagnosis of late toxicosis in pregnant animals, determined  at  2  months  of  pregnancy  are: platelet  level -  451.2  x  109/L  and  higher; thrombin  time –  87.3 seconds  and  below; prothrombin time – 35.1 seconds and below. Indicators  for  early  diagnosis  of  gestosis, determined  at  5  months  of  pregnancy,  are: platelet  level -  437.5  x  109/L  and  higher; thrombin  time –  78.6 seconds  and  below; prothrombin time – 30.3 seconds and below; aPTT – 41.8 sec and below.
The microbial landscape of the genital tract of healthy cows with different gestation periods
Authors: Parshin P. A. , Vostroilova G. A. , Brigadirov Yu. N. , Shaposhnikov I. T. , Zhukov M. S. , Manzhurina O. A. , Perepelkina I. S. , Yakimchuk O. V.
Published: December 2023

The doctrine of the normal microflora of the human and animal body is currently in the focus of attention of clinical microbiologists and a wide range of clinical specialists. It is known that the microflora of the vagina depends on many factors of the internal and external  environment,  therefore,  it  is  now considered to be an ecosystem with a unique set of mechanisms that ensure its resistance to  foreign  microorganisms  and  support  reproductive health. The aim of the study was to study changes in vaginal microbiocenosis in cows during different periods of pregnancy.  The  object  of  the  study  was  clinically healthy cows (n=10) of a redmottled breed (holshitinized), and the subject of the study was  cervical–vaginal  mucus.  On  the  150-160, 210-220 and 260-265 days of pregnancy,  mucus  samples  were  taken  from  cows using sterile probe tampons for bacteriological studies. It was found that representatives of  the  normoflora,  as  well  as  conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microflora were present in the vaginal secretions of animals of  all  periods  of  pregnancy.  However,  the total  bacterial  contamination  of  the  genital tract in cows in the first half and second half of the third trimester of pregnancy was characterized by its decrease by 29.2 and 33.3%, respectively, relative to the data obtained in the second trimester. It should also be noted that by the second half of the third trimester of pregnancy, there is an increase in obligate normoflora due to lacto- and bifidobacteria by 27.1% and 4 times, respectively, with the predominance of the genus Lactobacillus in quantitative terms. Against this background, the amount of transient microflora decreased by 34.2-57.1% (P0.05).
Combinations of pulmonary artery valve stenosis with other congenital heart defects in dogs
Authors: Trunov А. А.
Published: December 2023

The  paper  presents  statistical  results  of identifying combinations of various congenital heart defects in dogs of different breeds diagnosed with pulmonary artery valve stenosis. The study was retrospective, conducted on the basis of the Department of General, Private and Operative Surgery, as well as in the veterinary clinic of neurology, traumatology and intensive care. The total sample  amounted  to  100  animals.  All  animals underwent a complete physical examination. The morphofunctional state of the heart was evaluated. Diagnosis was made by echocardiography  using  Doppler.  Each  congenital heart defect was evaluated and studied separately, noting its individual features and hemodynamic  changes  in  the  combination  of several congenital anomalies of heart development.  The  study  was  conducted  before performing surgical treatment of pulmonary artery valve stenosis by balloon plasty of the pulmonary artery valve. This study included animals with other cardiac anomalies in addition  to  obstructive  right  ventricular  outflow tract disease. Among 100 dogs examined, the most frequent combined heart defect was Fallot's tetrad. This pathology was singled out separately, as its mechanism of development  differs  significantly  from  a simple combination of several anomalies of heart development. It is believed that this is one heart defect consisting of several components. In addition, atrial septal defect, mitral or tricuspid valve dysplasia, open ductus arteriosus,  and  aortic  valve  stenosis  were found in combination with pulmonary valve stenosis. Combined heart defects were most common  in  French  Bulldog  dogs  in  this study, as this is the most common breed of dog diagnosed with pulmonary valve stenosis.
The effect of nonsteroidal and steroid anti-inflammatory drugs on platelet activation IN VITRO
Authors: Bokarev A. V. , Minina A. O. , Gorokhov V. E.
Published: December 2023

The article presents the results of a study on the effect of steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on platelets.

The object of the study was plasma obtained  from  rat  blood  (n=10).  Blood  sampling (2.0 ml from each animal) was carried out  from  the  tail  vein  into  test  tubes  with sodium citrate. Cell elements were counted directly in blood and in platelet plasma using a MEK-6550 hematological analyzer.

The  ability  to  influence  platelet  activation was determined in drugs such as dexamethasone,  ketarol  and  miloxicam,  which were injected into test tubes before plasma reactivation.

 It  was  found  that  the  drugs  of  these groups affect the metabolism of these cells and inhibit their ability to cause clot contraction.  It  was  found  that  the  strength  of  the negative  effect  on  clot  contraction  in  the steroid drug dexamethasone, which through intermediaries  suppresses  the  activity  of phospholipase-A2 and the nonsteroidal drug ketarol,  which  is  the  predominant  inhibitor of cyclooxygenase of the first type, are similar.  It  was  also  found  out  that  the  drug meloxicam, which is a predominant inhibitor of cyclooxygenase of the second type, causes only a slight decrease in platelet clot contraction. The results obtained in the experiment indicate  a  direct  positive  relationship  between the degree of clot contraction and the amount  of  thromboxane-A2,  which  is  synthesized and released by activated platelets. It  is  known  that  the  ability  of  platelets  to accelerate and enhance regenerative processes is also directly related to their activation. Based  on  this,  it  is  suggested  that  patients who have been  prescribed  plateletenriched plasma  therapy  should  not  use  glucocorticoids and preparations with a high degree of selectivity  to  cyclooxygenase  of  the  first type as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Retention periods of diagnostic dyes on a cut corneal wound
Authors: Minina A. O. , Bokarev A. V. , Pilipets E. Ya. , Prudnikova E. V.
Published: December 2023

Comparative  studies  of  four  main  ophthalmic dyes were carried out on their ability,  after  a  single  short-term  exposure,  to stain a corneal incised wound.

12  year–old  Wistar  rats  weighing  180-220  grams  were  selected  for  the  study.  4 experimental  groups  of  3  rats  each  were formed from them. Corneal incision wounds were inflicted on all animals. A 10.0% lidocaine  solution  was  used  to  anesthetize  the cornea. Before applying the cut wound, the animals  were  injected  into  anesthesia  with the  drug  "Sevoflurane".  The  depth  of  the wound was monitored visually using a microscope  at  a  magnification  of  4-6  times. Next,  the  corneal  cut  wound  was  stained with various dyes: animals of group 1 – fluorescein, group 2 – riboflavin, group 3 – bengal  pink,  group  4 –  lissamine  green.  The exposure of all dyes, before eliminating the excess, was 1 minute.

The degree of corneal staining was evaluated and photodocumented immediately after the  elimination  of  excess  dyes  and  further after 10 min., 20 min., 30 min., 60 min., 90 min., and 120 min. The cornea was visualized  and  photodocumented  using  a  microscope "jingleszcn 315W" at magnification x 6.0.

For long-term studies, it is advisable to use bengal pink, which visualizes a wound defect within 60 minutes after staining. Lissamine green should be used in cases where a contrast is needed between the dye and the cornea,  and/or  the  underlying  structures  of the  eye.  Fluorescein  and  riboflavin  diffuse rapidly enough into the surrounding tissues, and also stain the tear film, which can give a false  positive  result  when  diagnosing  a wound defect of the cornea.
Molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium scrofarum in pig farms of the Vologda region of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation
Authors: Kryazhev A. L. , Novikov A. S.
Published: December 2023

The purpose of these studies was to identify, identify, analyze and study the distribution of Cryptosporidium scrofarum in pigs in the  farms  of  the  Vologda  Region  of  the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation.

For the first time in the Russian Federation, using the example of the Vologda Oblast of the Northwestern Federal District in pig  farms  of  various  types  using  the  latest molecular  genetic  methods,  namely  using high-throughput  sequencing  of  amplicon libraries of fragments of the 18S rRNA gene obtained  because  of  nested  PCR,  we  have established the infection of C. scrofarum in all  age  groups  of  examined  animals.  The contamination of animals kept in pig farms was 34%, in farms - 32.4%. Animals that are fattened at the age of 13-24 weeks are most susceptible to infection.

Analysis  of  ASV  taxonomic  affiliation using  phylogenetic  analysis,  supplemented by analysis using the blastn algorithm in the GenBank database, showed that a total of 10 ASV types (amplicon sequence variant) are present  in  all  tested  samples,  which  have high  similarity  to  sequences  deposited  in GenBank  as  fragments  of  the  18S  p  gene Cryptosporidium  scrofarum  RNA.  It  has been established that the types of ASV1 and ASV2  detected  in  various  geographical  regions of the world from Portugal and Great Britain  to  China,  India  and  Australia  are identified in all examined farms, although in significantly  different  quantities.  The  remaining ASVs are present in much smaller numbers  and  do  not  repeat  from  farm  to farm.  These  sequences  probably  belong  to local populations of subspecies Cryptosporidium scrofarum.  It  is  interesting  to  find  a unique sequence of the genus Cryptosporidium  of  type  ASV8,  which  can  later  be  described as a new species.