bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
France: The Political Management of Paradoxical Interests
Authors: Howarth David
Published: November 2023

French participation in the Euro Area is to be seen principally as a self-imposed ‘semi-sovereignty game’. From the creation of the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979, French political leaders have seen a European monetary constraint as a tool to reinforce domestic economic restructuring. In this sense, President François Mitterrand’s March 1983 decision to keep the franc in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) represented the final decision to end socialist reflation, embrace market integration in the EC, and conform largely to the German economic standard. Yet the French pursuit of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and the policies of various French governments on EMU reform since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991, must also be seen in terms of loosening the external constraint on French monetary and fiscal policies. The tightness of this constraint was blamed for a serious decline in French economic output and rise in French unemployment, particularly in the period following German reunification in 1990. The operation of the EMS resulted in French policymakers having to follow German monetary and fiscal policies or risk speculation against the franc. EMU was thus supported because it eliminated both the need to follow German monetary policy and speculative pressures against the currency.
Britain: The Political Economy of Retrenchment
Authors: Buller Jim , Gamble Andrew
Published: November 2023

The impact of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on Britain has continued to differ from most other states in the EU since 2001. Despite expectations in some quarters that Tony Blair might seek membership of the euro early in his second term, he lost his battle with his Chancellor, Gordon Brown, and sterling remained outside the Euro Area. Blair resigned in 2007, and Brown succeeded him, which means there is unlikely to be any move to resurrect the case for Britain joining the euro in the foreseeable future. Instead, the Labor government (and particularly the Treasury) has adopted a more critical tone towards the institutions and policies of the Euro Area. Brown (2004) has drawn adverse comparisons between the growth and employment rates in Continental Europe and the performance of the British economy. Frustrated by ministers’ failure to launch a concerted campaign in favor of sterling’s membership of the Single Currency, ‘Britain in Europe’, the organization set up to further this goal, has now been disbanded. In short, EMU has strengthened a process of retrenchment in British economic policy since 2001. By ‘retrenchment’ we mean domestic resistance to further Europeanization in this area (Radaelli 2001).
Slander and the Secrets of Women
Authors: Green Monica H
Published: November 2023

In the Prologue to her Tale, Chaucer’s Wife of Bath describes a ‘book of wikked wyves’ that her fifth husband, the clerk Jankyn, liked to read from ‘every nyght and day … / Whan he hadde leyser and vacacioun / From oother worldly occupacioun’. Chaucer’s Wife, Dame Alice, speaks with repugnance of this book recounting women’s many wiles and relates how it gave occasion to an extraordinary row between husband and wife.
Moderately Sensitive Semantics
Authors: Leslie Sarah-Jane
Published: November 2023

What is context sensitivity? What tests are reliable indicators of this phenomenon? Here I shall take up and develop some themes of Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore’s book Insensitive Semantics, in order to better understand the phenomenon, and the tests that reveal it. If we eschew such tests, and rely on intuitions about what is said, then, Cappelen and Lepore argue, it is hard to resist the conclusion that all of language is contextually sensitive. While most semanticists take themselves to be Moderate Contextualists— who hold that natural language contains a broad but limited stock of context-sensitive items— Cappelen and Lepore claim that Moderate Contextualism is an unstable position. The same intuitions that lead semanticists to espouse Moderate Contextualism should lead them to instead espouse Radical Contextualism— which is the view that context sensitivity is so rampant, no natural language sentence ever semantically expresses a proposition independent of context. The phenomenon of what is said is so unconstrained that, if we try to capture it semantically, we shall be forced to adopt Radical Contextualism. Since, Cappelen and Lepore claim, the arguments for Moderate Contextualism hinge on the desire to account for what is said, there is a slippery slope from Moderate Contextualism to Radical Contextualism.
Wars and the second reign
Authors: Collinson Patrick
Published: November 2023

The year 1588 was by no means as decisive as a simplified and jingoistic history pretends. In 1589 Drake, as admiral, and Sir John Norreys, as military commander, headed a counter-attack. It was a complex, multi-purpose operation aimed at mopping up what was left of the Armada, attacking Lisbon, placing a pretender on the Portuguese throne, and intercepting the annual treasure fleet coming from the Indies, a kind of joint-stock enterprise in which Elizabeth sank as much as £60,000.
The City churches and St Paul’s
Authors: Downes Kerry
Published: November 2023

A cathedral was so large and costly that neither its commencement nor its completion could be hurried, but on 17 May 1670 Wren took charge of a small office, modelled on the office of works, under the commissioners for rebuilding the churches. He was responsible for about fifty new churches in place of the eighty-six destroyed or severely damaged in the fire; the total remains inexact because, where a church only needed repairs, his oﬃce merely handled the payments, funded by a tax on all coal coming into London. Moreover, St Clement Danes (a rebuilding) and St Anne’s, Soho, and St James’s, Piccadilly (new parishes), are in Westminster and unconnected
Conversations On Ethics
Authors: Voorhoeve Alex
Published: November 2023

Can we trust our intuitive judgments of right and wrong? Are moral judgements objective? What reason do we have to do what is right and avoid doing what is wrong? In Conversations on Ethics, Alex Voorhoeve elicits answers to these questions from eleven outstanding philosophers and social scientists: Ken Binmore Philippa Foot Harry Frankfurt Allan Gibbard Daniel Kahneman Frances Kamm Alasdair MacIntyre T. M. Scanlon Peter Singer David Velleman Bernard Williams The exchanges are direct, open, and sharp, and give a clear account of these thinkers’ core ideas about ethics. They also provide unique insights into their intellectual development - how they became interested in ethics, and how they conceived the ideas for which they became famous. Conversations on Ethics will engage anyone interested in moral philosophy.
In Search Of The Deep Structure Of Morality
Authors: Kamm Frances
Published: November 2023

In The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that only a form of philosophizing that sprung from a deep commitment to the subject could ever hope for success. ‘All great problems,’ he wrote, ‘demand great love.’ He continued: It makes the most telling difference whether a thinker has a personal relationship to his problems and finds in them his destiny, his distress, and his greatest happiness, or an ‘impersonal’ one, meaning he is only able to touch them with the antennae of cold, curious thought. In the latter case nothing will come of it, that much can be promised; for even if great problems should let themselves be grasped by them, they would not allow frogs and weaklings to hold on to them.
The Necessity of Love
Authors: Frankfurt Harry
Published: November 2023

In ‘Rules for the Direction of our Native Intelligence’, Ren´e Descartes sums up his method for gaining secure knowledge as follows: The whole method consists entirely in the ordering and arranging of the objects on which we must concentrate our mind’s eye if we are to discover some truth. We shall be following this method exactly if we first reduce complicated and obscure propositions step by step to simpler ones, and then, starting with the intuition of the simplest ones of all, try to ascend through the same steps to knowledge of all the rest.
Stress
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: November 2023

In some languages, such as English, it is often easy to tell which syllables have stress. In other languages, such as Chinese, it is a lot harder to do so. For example, Chao (1968: 38) notes the difficulty in obtaining agreement from SC speakers on the relative stress among full syllables. Similarly, Selkirk and Shen (1990: 315) report that native speakers of Shanghai Chinese have no judgement on stress. Moreover, Hyman (1977) classies Chinese as a language without stress.
The Word-Length Problem
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: November 2023

The word-length problem in Chinese refers to the fact that though the same expression can be composed of different numbers of syllables, there are restrictions on word-length combinations. The problem is illustrated in (1), transcribed in Pinyin. The number of syllables in each parallel sentence is given in parentheses.
Rhythm in Poetry
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I use ‘ poem’ to refer to a set of two or more lines that sound rhythmic to native speakers. As an example, consider the poem ‘ Returning Home’ in (1), written by the Tang poet He Zhizhang (659–744). The word-for-word gloss is on the right and my translation is under the Chinese text.

The poem sounds rhythmic to modern native speakers (regardless of how it sounded in the past, although I assume it must have sounded good, too). The question is why. Several considerations quickly come to mind, given in (2), where A is an A-tone; B is a B-tone; R is a rhyming syllable; and X is any syllable.
Morphological Simplicity in Pidgins
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

One of the fundamental notions used to define pidgin and creole languages is ‘simplification’—that each of these languages is somehow less complex than its lexifier. In discussing this notion, however, I prefer the term ‘simplicity’, which describes a state, rather than ‘simplification’, which implies a process involving reduction of complexity. This chapter begins with a clear illustration of comparative simplicity, using data from Pidgin Fijian. It then discusses some of the many ways that simplicity can be defined and measured, and goes on to specify a particular type that I will refer to throughout this work—morphological simplicity. The final sections of the chapter explore the origins of this kind of simplicity in restricted pidgins and second language acquisition, and some of the reasons for its retention in contact languages.
Sources of Morphological Expansion
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

In conventional language change, grammatical morphemes often develop as the result of a lexical item gradually acquiring a grammatical function, and eventually losing its original lexical meaning. This, of course, is known as grammaticalization. There are many controversies about the nature of grammaticalization (summarized in Dahl 2004), and even about whether or not it is a distinct grammatical phenomenon, rather than a cover term for the results of various other recognized processes, such as reanalysis, extension, and borrowing (Campbell 2001; Newmeyer 2001). I will not go into these controversies here, but rather follow the conventional use of the term grammaticalization to refer to the process or group of processes that lead to a lexical item gradually becoming a grammatical morpheme, as often occurs in language change.
Transfer
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

Another of Bickerton’s arguments against the influence of the substrate languages in morphological expansion is that no explanation has been given as to how substrate features are actually incorporated into creoles. He states: ‘In order to make a case, they [the substratists] have to describe exactly and  explicitly how, in creolization, syntactic structures got from substratum languages into creole languages’ (1992: 314, italics in the original). Granted, this is difficult to explain if one accepts Bickerton’s earlier view that creoles were created by the first generation of plantation-born children whose input for first language acquisition came from a rudimentary plantation pidgin, rather than their parents’ ancestral languages (Bickerton 1981, 1984a , 1984b ).
Predicting substrate influence
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4, I demonstrated that a significant amount of morphological expansion occurred in the pidgin predecessors of both Melanesian Pidgin and Hawai’i Creole, and that a significant proportion of the expanded features were modelled on the grammatical morphology of the substrate languages. Then in Chapter 5, I argued that the substrate-based features came into the expanding pidgins via the process of functional transfer. A large proportion of these transferred substrate features were then retained when the expanded pidgins were nativized to become creoles. In order to explain why some substrate features end up in a creole while others do not, I proposed in Chapter 6 that there are certain ‘availability constraints’—factors which may determine the likelihood of a substrate feature being transferred by individuals, and thus available as a possible feature of the contact language.
Candidate Recognition in Different Electoral Systems
Authors: Holmberg Sören
Published: November 2023

Historic as well as present-day constitutional engineers assume that electoral systems play an important role in how democracies function. Electoral systems are serious business—changing an electoral system is tantamount to changing the rules under which democracy is practiced. That electoral systems indeed matter is the general message (Anckar 2002; Powell 2000).
District Magnitude and the Comparative Study of Strategic Voting
Authors: Gschwend Thomas
Published: November 2023

Do electoral systems matter? The political consequences of electoral laws fall in two distinct categories. They encompass direct as well as indirect effects. The particular rules which determine how votes are generated into legislative seats have a direct impact on the number and the type of parties in a given polity. This has profound and well-known consequences for the type of government and the nature of representation in general. It is well known that the same distribution of votes can be translated in totally different distributions of seats in parliament using different electoral rules.
Oliver Cromwell
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
The flrst civil war, 1642–1645
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

In the high summer of 1642 king and parliament were increasingly provoking one another into trial by battle. The Rubicon was flnally crossed when Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August. He had written on 25 July to the vice-chancellor of Cambridge University inviting the colleges to assist him by the ‘loan’ of their plate. Cromwell was sent down by the Commons to prevent them from doing so. On 10 August, accompanied by perhaps 200 lightly armed countrymen who had volunteered to help him, he blocked the exit road from Cambridge that led to the Great North Road. He went on to intimidate his way into Cambridge Castle and to seize the arms stored there, and halt the movement of silver. At a time when most Englishmen were dithering and waiting upon events, it was a bold and unhesitating act.
Lord Protector, 1653–1658
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

This time there was no great delay. Lambert had been preparing for this moment and stepped forward with a fully formed paper constitution, the ‘Instrument of government’, very clearly based on The Heads of Proposals of 1647. Senior members of the council of offlcers, including Cromwell, had already considered a draft of the ‘Instrument’, and Cromwell himself had insisted that the elected head of government should not be called king. But they were taken by surprise by the events of 12 December and over the next three days continued to reflne the document in a series of long, tense, and inconclusive meetings. When Cromwell was formally sworn in as head of state on 15 December some passages of the ‘Instrument’ were not agreed, and had to be mumbled so as to be inaudible to the ambassadors and others present.
John Milton
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
‘Fresh woods and pastures new’
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: November 2023

Early in 1631 the Milton family moved to Hammersmith, which was then a hamlet in the parish of Fulham, some 6 miles west of London on the north bank of the Thames. Milton’s father was certainly in residence in April 1631, when he was assessed for poor relief. Two months later, on 7 June 1631, a newly established chapel of ease was consecrated by Bishop Laud; Milton’s father became a churchwarden, and, on coming down from Cambridge, Milton became a parishioner.
Champion of the republic
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: November 2023

Between 15 and 29 January 1649, during the trial of Charles I, Milton wrote his Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, which argued on its title-page that ‘it is lawful ... for any 1-3 who have the power, to call to account a Tyrant or wicked King and after due conviction, to depose, and put him to death’. Charles was executed on 30 January 1649, and a fortnight later, on 13 February, Milton’s tract was published. At noon on 13 March the council of state decided to invite Milton to be secretary for foreign tongues.
Introduction
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: November 2023

Under the lightedaltar, a royal slab of purple marble covers the bones of holymen. Here God’s grace sets before you the power of the apostles by the great pledges contained in this meager dust. Here lie father Andrew, the gloriously famed Luke, and Nazarius, a martyr glorious for the blood he shed; here are Protasius and his peerGervasius,whom God made known after long ages to His servant Ambrose. One simple casket (arcula) embraces here his holy band, and in its tiny bosom embraces names so great.
Freedom, Coercion, and Discursive Control
Authors: Holton Richard
Published: November 2023

If moral and political philosophy is to be of any use, it had better be concerned with real people. The focus need not be exclusively on people as they are; but it should surely not extend beyond how they would be under laws as they might be. It is one of the strengths of Philip Pettit ‘s work that it is concerned with real people and the ways that they think: with the commonplace mind.
Disenfranchised Silence
Authors: Langton Rae
Published: November 2023

Silence can sometimes be eloquent. Conversations consist not only in what is said but also in what is not said—the cold silence, the disapproving silence, the appreciative silence, the reverent silence, the baffled silence. Of particular interest is the approving silence, or the consenting silence, and this will be my topic here.
What is a Museum?
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

The Pitt Rivers Museum is in Oxford. This seems a trivial and undeniable geographical fact. However, it hides a broader truth about the innumerable sets of connections between people and objects that make up the Museum and extend over time and through space. The Museum is an aggregation of people and things that stretches beyond its immediate physical confines and involves a variety of events, negotiations, and technologies, from the etiquette of exchange in Southern Sudan in the 1910s, to the design of thorn-lined fishing traps in the New Guinea in the 1930s, to the legal process of executing a person’s last will and testament in England in the 1990s. Each object in the collection has a different story to tell, gathering up the experiences of a range of people in different places along the way.
Beyond the Boundaries of the Museum: Disciplinary Reconfiguration at Oxford
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

Among a collection of fine ceremonial adzes presently in the Pitt Rivers Museum there is one—with a long, rounded haft carved with twenty-seven horizontal deeply notched rings—which no longer has its green jade blade (Fig. 7.1). By the time Henry Moseley signed it into the Pitt Rivers collections on 13 February 1886 the adze handle has lost its blade, although the sinnet binding that once held it in place remained intact. The blade and handle, probably from the Cook Islands, had become separated in the course of transfers between various Oxford museums.
A New Start? Cartesian Metaphysics and the Emergence of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

In many of his writings, Descartes conspicuously presented himself as an innovator. Announcing his philosophical programme to the public in 1637, he likened himself to an architect, designing a town from scratch: ancient cities that have grown up over many years, with many different hands ‘patching up (raccommoder) buildings by adapting old walls’, are generally ill proportioned compared with those ‘laid out by the planner on levelled ground’ (at VI 11: csm I 116). The intellectual autobiography that opens the Discourse is that of a rebel who proposes not to build on the inherited wisdom of the past, but to demolish it and start afresh. And the sooner the better: ‘as soon as I was old enough to escape from the control (la sujection) of my teachers, I entirely abandoned book learning’ (at VI 9: csm I 115).
The Intellect, the Will, and the Passions: Spinoza’s Critique of Descartes
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines (in sect. 1) Descartes’s theory of judgement and (in sect. 2) Spinoza’s well-known criticisms of it. I argue (in sect. 3) that, despite some important differences, there are many ways in which Spinoza’s views, so far from being anti-Cartesian, can be seen as a natural development of those of Descartes. I then go on to argue (in sect. 4) that Spinoza’s general critique of the Cartesian theory of the will does not take sufficient account of what Descartes actually claimed, and that if the Cartesian concept of freedom is properly understood, Spinoza is closer to it than he himself recognized. Finally (in sect. 5) I say a brief word about the relation between the will and the passions, and suggest that here again Spinoza tended to misinterpret Descartes’s true position, and as a result exaggerated the difference between his own views and those of Descartes. I hope that it will emerge by the end of the chapter that for all Spinoza’s anti-Cartesian flourishes, his views on the will are much closer to those of Descartes than is often supposed.
The Role of God in Descartes’s Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

Each age tends to reinterpret or refashion the ideas of the great canonical philosophers for its own purposes, and the ideas of Descartes have not been exempt from this process. Indeed, perhaps more than any other major thinker, Descartes has become a kind of philosophical icon, displayed in the textbooks and commentaries of the last hundred years or so in a confusing variety of guises. In a version of the history of ideas that was widely promoted some decades ago, he figured as the archetypal ‘rationalist’ metaphysician, attempting to spin out a whole deductive system of philosophy and science a priori, from premises derived entirely from inner reflection. In the ‘linguistic’ phase that gripped philosophy in the wake of Wittgenstein, he was pilloried as the supposed advocate of the fallacy that language and thought can occur within a wholly subjective or private domain.
Plato’s Sun and Descartes’s Stove: Contemplation and Control in Cartesian Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

‘Let no one unskilled in Geometry enter here.’ Descartes could have marched in boldly under the famous inscription over the portals of Plato’s academy, since, as Thomas Hobbes reportedly remarked, he was set to be one of the best geometers of his age, had he not been diverted into philosophy. The cosmological system that Descartes produced was, like that of Plato, heavily dependent on geometrical and other mathematical ideas, both in its fine detail and in its general principles.
Electoral Redistricting in Ireland
Authors: Coakley John
Published: November 2023

It has been plausibly argued that proportional representation based on multimember electoral districts “approximates the ideal of fair representation.” It is also the case that the issue of electoral redistricting in proportional representation systems is comparatively uncontroversial: electoral districts are stable, coinciding with well-known local government units or groups of these, and suffrage equality is secured by periodic reallocation of parliamentary seats taking account of population change but not interfering with boundaries.
Electoral Distortion Despite Redistricting by Independent Commissions: The British Case, 1950–2005
Authors: Johnston Ron , Pattie, Charles , Rossiter David
Published: November 2023

Independent, politically neutral boundary commissions are heralded as a means of eliminating the manipulation of constituency boundaries to favor one political party or interest group over others. But one well-evidenced feature of electoral systems that employ single-member districts is that legislative contest outcomes are almost invariably disproportional, irrespective of any explicit political involvement in the drawing of district boundaries. The disproportionality usually favors the larger of the two parties which—as identified from Duverger’s classic work onward—tend to dominate such systems.
The Other Parthenon: Antiquity and National Memory at the Concentration Camp
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: November 2023

This incident brought home to me once again the now widely accepted idea that, in most cases, it is almost impossible for researchers to maintain the preference of distant objectified research, divorced from social experience, from emotions and feelings, both of the researcher and of her or his ‘interlocutors,’ from the ever-present, sometime painful, social memories. After all, I had decided to embark on this topic of research not only because of its obvious relevance to my wider project which forms the subject of this book, but also because of the emotive weight that it carried for me: I still remember during my childhood years in the mid to late 1970s and early 1980s, how in a village in east Crete, talk of people who ‘were sent to Makronisos’, uttered with a sense of part contempt, part fear, and in any case with that cloud of social stigma around it, used to mystify me. In later years, during my mostly literary and political encounters with the phenomenon, this mystification increased, but was also accompanied by the emotions and feelings of echoes of many painful memories and stories, mostly, it seemed, still untold. As someone who researches and teaches archaeology, one of the most intriguing aspects was the association in modern social memory of Makronisos with classical antiquity, especially with its most prominent specimen, the Parthenon. Of course, the uses of antiquity by Greek authoritarian regimes were hardly a novelty, as we saw in the previous chapter. Makronisos was different, however: not only was it linked to a period of apparent parliamentary democracy, but for reasons which will become clear later, there was until recently very little discussion on it, let alone investigation (cf. Someritis 2001).
Economy and Society c.1815–1830
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

In some ways the year 1815 marked a clear break, especially as the end of the long war. From other points of view, the year fell within continuing processes of change which were far from complete. Among these prolonged developments were the growth in population and the changes in its distribution, the economic shift traditionally summarized as the Industrial Revolution, and developments in science and technology, in architecture and the arts. We can look back at these with a fuller knowledge than could possibly have been available to those living through them. Changes which puzzled or alarmed contemporaries can be better understood in a longer perspective.
Government and Administration c.1830–1850
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

In these years British government expanded but remained, both in scope and efficiency, undeveloped in comparison with later periods. Yet, if the achievements of other contemporary governments are considered, those of the British State may appear more substantial. No other State, for instance, intervened to help the poor as much as did the much criticized English Poor Law system.1 Official activity grew, in the teeth of continuing demands for cheap government, fuelled by popular hostility to higher taxes.
Economy and Society c.1850–1880
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

Historians, almost inevitably and probably necessarily, divide the past into periods. One example is the ‘mid-Victorian’ period, extending according to different authors from the mid-184os to as late as 1886 or more narrowly from 1852 to 1867 or 1851 to 1875.1 More controversial is the allocation to them of inherent characteristics2 though it is difficult to see how one identifies a period without making certain characteristics the basis of the division.
Pavlov’s Dogs and Schro¨dinger’s Cat
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

From the sheep, dog, and cockerel that were sent aloft in Montgolfier's balloon, to Galvani's frog's legs, Dolly the Sheep, the finches of the Galapagos, and even imaginary cats and simulated life forms, Pavlov's Dogs and Schrödinger's Cat explores the fascinating history of the role of living things in science. The ways in which animals and plants have been used in science has always been a matter for considerable public debate, and this book provides an important and fascinating new perspective, setting aside moral reflection to simply examine the history of how and why living creatures have been used for the purposes of scientific discovery. Many extraordinary stories are uncovered throughout five centuries of science - tales of the people involved, curious incidents and episodes, and the occasional scientific fraud too, as clear reflections on the history and philosophy of science are combined with remarkable accounts from the living laboratory.
Troy between Greece and Rome
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

Troy linked Greece and Rome. It was once the subject of the greatest of Greek poems and the mother city of the Romans. It gave the Romans a place in the mythical past of the Greeks, it gave Greeks a way of approaching Rome, and it gave the emperor Augustus, descendant of Aeneas, a suitably elevated ancestry. In this book Andrew Erskine examines the role and meaning of Troy in the changing relationship between Greeks and Romans, as Rome is transformed from a minor Italian city into a Mediterranean superpower. In contrast to earlier studies the emphasis is on the Greek rather than the Roman perspective. The book seeks to understand the significance of Rome's Trojan origins for the Greeks by considering the place of Troy and Trojans in Greek culture. It moves beyond the more familiar spheres of art and literature to explore the countless, overlapping, local traditions, the stories that cities told about themselves, a world often neglected by scholars.
The Recovery of Trojan Rome
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

After the fall of Troy Aeneas and his band of Trojan survivors fled westwards. Their wanderings stopped on1y when they had arrived in central Italy, where they founded two settlements, Lavinium and Alba Longa. Later, and more importantly, the descendants of these Trojan refugees in the persons of Romulus and Remus established a third settlement in Latium, the city of Rome. Trojan origins are here an essential feature of the foundation story of Rome.
Troy and the Western Greeks
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

The beginnings of Rome’s Trojan ancestry should be sought not in Rome, nor among Greek intellectuals and antiquarians, but rather in the relationship between the Greeks and non-Greeks who together inhabited Italy and Sicily. From the outset it was a myth of interaction, a co1laboration between the Greeks and their neighbours. It is easy to imagine that Rome was unique or exceptional. In many ways, of course, it was, but in acquiring a mytho-logical past that led directly into the mythological past of the Greeks, Rome was like so many other non-Greek states. Lost or homeless warriors from either side in the Trojan war had a tend-ency to turn up in the west, where they were incorporated into the traditions of both Greek and non-Greek communities. Any understanding of Rome’s Trojan past, therefore, must start with this phenomenon..
Trojan Past and Present
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

In 280 Be Pyrrhos, the Molossian ruler of Epiros, landed in South Italy to assist the Greek city of Taras against the Romans. His early victory at Herakleia may not have been decisive, but it did allow hirn to win over non-Greeks as well as Greeks. Bruttians, Lucanians, and Samnites all supported him. Rome, however, rejected any attempts at a negotiated settlement. Finally, in 275, after a two-year diversion in Sicily and a poor showing in battle against the Romans, Pyrrhos returned to mainland G-reece, leaving the Italian Greeks to succumb to the growing power of Rome.
Introduction
Authors: Hallett Christopher H
Published: November 2023

Almost every handbook of Roman art contains, in the section dealing with the art of the Roman Republic, an illustration of the ‘Pseudo-Athlete’ from Delos (Pl. 1) or the ‘Tivoli General’ (Pl. 2). Partly for this reason, one supposes, these are two of the best known of all Roman statues. What is not so well known is that these works are not isolated creations of the late Republic, but are merely two representative examples of a whole genre of Roman portraiture. Such ﬁgures were produced by setting a ‘realistic’—and in many cases rather elderly—Roman portrait head directly on to the nude (or semi-nude) ‘ideal’ kind of body normally used for representations of Classical Greek gods, heroes, or athletes. Hence the Delian portrait’s popular sobriquet—the ‘Pseudo-Athlete’. Portrait ﬁgures of this type continued to be produced in considerable numbers under the empire, right down to the end of the third century ad and the coming of Christianity; and more than 340 examples have come down to us, most of them over-lifesize, some colossal. By any standards, this constitutes a large and impressive corpus of ancient sculpture; but, despite their numbers, such works have traditionally received little notice in histories of Roman art.
The Greek Background
Authors: Hallett Christopher H
Published: November 2023

In Greek art men are very often shown nude, while women are almost always clothed; and this remarkable distinction ﬁnds a clear parallel in Greek life. Greek men were often seen naked in public—at least in certain contexts: they bathed together, excercised together, and engaged in sport together naked; while Greek women were at all times expected to be respectably covered. These two circumstances are obviously connected; but the connection between them turns out to be far from clear. In cases like this the normal assumption is that art follows life; but here, paradoxically, the reverse seems to be true. For all the evidence suggests that the prevalent male nudity in Greek art preceded the acceptance of male nudity in Greek life.
Attitudes towards Nudity at Rome
Authors: Hallett Christopher H
Published: November 2023

Romans, like all the other peoples of the ancient world apart from the Greeks, had a strong taboo against being seen naked in public, and this seems to have persisted throughout their long history. Under the empire, with the increasing popularity of the public baths, nudity gradually became more acceptable—at least for men, although probably only while they were actually bathing. Outside the baths, on the other hand, to appear nude in public remained as unthinkable as ever for a respectable Roman man or woman. From the Roman perspective, to be stripped and exposed to public view was something that was inflicted on condemned criminals, or on slaves being displayed for purchase. Accordingly in Roman society the first and most obvious connotation of public nudity was with punishment and humiliation. But even in the case of criminals and slaves, persons morally beyond the pale, Roman feelings of modesty were so strong that, as we shall see, those described in our ancient sources as ‘stripped’ (nudus) will mostly have retained an undergarment which at least kept their sexual organs covered. Thus to avoid misunderstanding, we must begin with a word about the terminology which we find used in our ancient sources.
The Modalities of European Union Governance
Authors: Jones Alun , Clark Julian
Published: November 2023

This book is the culmination of four years' research by the authors on European Union governance and agri-environment policy making. It is a timely contribution to the debate on Europe; it exposes the myriad processes underlying the European integration project, and demonstrates the implications for European rural economies of the emerging system of supranational governance. A range of contemporary theoretical approaches from political science writing is employed to respond to the complexities of the EU decision-making process, in the context of agri-environmental policy. The book fills an important gap in political-geographical studies of the EU.
Knowing Mental States: The Asymmetry of Psychological Prediction and Explanation
Authors: Andrews Kristin
Published: November 2023

The Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis promotes the view that cognition, and with it consciousness, is an evolutionary adaptation that arose owing to the complexities of social life (Humphrey 1976; Whiten and Byrne 1988). According to this view, we have knowledge of our own minds because we needed to have knowledge of others’ minds. We needed to be able to predict what others were going to do in the future so that we could act to thwart their behaviours when they interfered with our own goals. If the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis is right, our self-consciousness cannot be understood without also understanding our consciousness of others’ mental states.
Privileged Access
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: November 2023

As part of his rejection of Cartesianism, Ryle discounts the importance and distinctiveness of self-knowledge, knowledge of one’s own mental or psycho¬ logical episodes, states, moods, traits, and so on. He argues that the difference between how we know our own minds and how we know other minds is vastly overrated. Mostly we know others in the same ways we know ourselves. We need to see patterns in our behaviour, for example, in order to discern a character trait, or a mood, or a motive. Where you know yourself better than do others, moreover, it’s through the richer bank of data derived from your closer and more steady proximity to yourself. But such data are also accessible to others. And character flaws are in fact more easily discerned by others than by the flawed.
McGinn on Consciousness and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Brueckner Anthony , Beroukhim E Alex
Published: November 2023

There is a great difference between mind and body, inasmuch as a body is by nature alway divisible, and the mind is entirely indivisible. For, as a matter of fact, when I consider the mind, that is to say myself inasmuch as I am only a thinking thing, I cannot distinguish in myself any parts, but apprehend myself to be clearly one and entire ... But it is quite otherwise with corporeal and extended objects.
Anthropology and History in Franche-Comté
Authors: Layton Robert
Published: November 2023

This is a study of continuity and change in rural France based on fieldwork carried out over a period of 25 years, and on historical documents spanning more than 300 years. Producer co-operatives have existed in Franche-Comté since the thirteenth century. Communities there, unlike modern English villages, are highly corporate. Robert Layton explores the relationships between inheritance rules, management of common land, household labour, and inter- household relations, as well as the impact on villages of national politics and economy. Comparison with other regions of Western Europe allows a reinterpretation of the eighteenth-century enclosures in England. Layton presents a dialogue between ethnography and social theory, and argues for a revision of the theories of Marx, Giddens, and Bourdieu so as to better explain the mechanisms of continuity, change, and adaptation in social life.
Memes and Machines
Authors: Layton Robert
Published: November 2023

Bourdieu argued that each individual carried his or her own habitus. In Ch. 4 I argued that variations in individuals’ dispositions towards com¬ munity life (i.e. their habitus) had practical consequences for their inclusion in, or rejection from, the network of mutual aid. Darwin demonstrated that adaptation occurred as a result of chance variation between individual organisms. Natural selection was driven by the effect of such variations in an environment where some variants increased their bearers’ chances of survival more than others. Giddens questioned, however, whether theories of evolution had any relevance to sociology. Social and biological anthropology have long been divided over the relative importance of the individual and the social system (see Layton 1989), indeed, the relationship between the structure of institutions and individual action has been debated since the Enlightenment.
The Recursive Effects of Mechanization
Authors: Layton Robert
Published: November 2023

Throughout the twentieth century, but particularly since the Second World War, agriculture on the Plateau of Levier has depended increasingly on investment in capital equipment financed by the marketing of produce. According to one interpretation of social change in rural Europe, the past twenty-five years have swept away an age-old and once changeless way of life. ‘These days, revolutions follow each other in swift succession, from the steam engine to electricity, to electronics. The transformation is most keenly and brutally apparent in the rural world. For the first time in centuries the countenance of our villages is undergoing a profound change the rupture with the past has taken place but yesterday, and its full impact was hardly experienced before the nineteen sixties’ (Gresset 1994: 5-6).
On Generation and Corruption I. r: A False Start?
Authors: Brunschwig Jacques
Published: November 2023

The first chapter of an Aristotelian treatise is usually easier to read and to understand than the fo11owing ones. At first sight, GC L I looks like a standard Aristotelian introduction: according to a well-entrenched method of exposition, Aristotle first briefly lists the theoretical problems which he plans to deal with (314a1-6); then he introduces the discussion of these problems by way of a critical account of the views of his predecessors about them; the whole of the rest of the chapter is devoted to this discussion (314a6-315a25).
On Generation and Corruption I. 4: Distinguishing Alteration-Substantial Change, Elemental Change, and First Matter in GC
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: November 2023

There are two parts to this chapter. The first is mainly a commentary on GC I. 4. 319b6-32oa7. In the course of it I raise the issue of first matter, and draw a comparison between this chapter and Physics I. 7. The second part is an attempt to come to better terms with the idea of first matter in the context of GC Aristotle has argued that genesis unqualified does occur, and is a process sui generis, not reducible to alteration. The discussion has assumed, of course, that genesis is radically different from alteration, but the difference has yet to be explained. This is the task of the present chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Cavanagh Matt
Published: November 2023

If you ask people what we should be doing to make society a fairer place, the chances are they will say something about equality of opportunity. But what do they actually mean by this? That is the question this book tries to answer-what we mean when we talk about equality of opportunity. Clearly we mean something to do with the way jobs should be allocated. But what exactly? If you press people on what they mean by ‘equality of opportunity’, the appearance of general agreement soon evaporates. For some, ‘equality of opportunity’ turns out to mean that the best person should always get the job. For others, it means that everyone should start in the same position, or enjoy the same chance of success. For others still, it means something much narrower-simply that things like race or sex should not matter when it comes to getting a job.