bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schema‐driven information processing in judgements about rape
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Temkin Jennifer , Bieneck Steffen
Published: October 2006

Two studies addressed the impact of rape schemata on judgements about rape cases. In Study 1, 286 undergraduate students rated perpetrator and victim blame for five rape scenarios and completed the Perceived Causes of Rape Scale. Most blame was assigned to victims of an ex‐partner rape, followed by acquaintance and stranger rape. Least blame was assigned to perpetrators of ex‐partner rapes, followed by acquaintance and stranger rapes. Female precipitation beliefs increased victim blame and reduced perpetrator blame. In Study 2, 158 students rated rape scenarios that varied in victim perpetrator relationship and coercive strategy and completed a measure of Female Precipitation Beliefs. Half expected to be held accountable for their judgements. The perpetrator was held less liable and the victim blamed more when the perpetrator exploited the victim's incapacitated state versus using physical force. Accountability instruction reduced the impact of female precipitation beliefs on perceived perpetrator liability and victim blame. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of basic blue 41 from aqueous solution by carboxymethylated Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Chadlia Aguir , Farouk M'henni Mohamed
Published: October 2006

The aim of this work is to improve the retention capacity already noticed for the raw Posidonia towards basic dyes and notably for basic blue 41 (BB41). To improve the fixation rate of these cationic entities, we have undertaken the introduction of carboxymethylate groups on the raw Posidonia. Thus, we have obtained materials with various carboxymethylate groups contents (from 10 to 30%). We have then studied the fixation capacities of BB41 on the different materials. We have noticed that the retention capacity of modified Posidonia was improved compared to the raw one. We have studied the effect of different parameters influencing the fixation capacities such as initial dye concentration, support dose, contact time, pH, carboxymethylate groups content, and temperature. This phenomenon of retention is compared to classic models of Langmuir and Freundlich. Some thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS0) changes have been studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1215–1225, 2007
Synthesis and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization
Authors: Kim Se Hoon , Kim Sung Chul
Published: October 2006

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) with N‐methyl diethanol amine (MDEA)‐based organoclays are synthesized by using in situ polymerization. Four kinds of MDEA‐based materials are prepared and used as organifiers of pristine montmorillonite. The clay treated with the organifiers has a d‐spacing range that is about 14–21 Å. The PCNs with these organoclays are characterized by using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, capillary rheometry, and tensile and barrier testing. The PCNs form an intercalated and delaminated structure. The well‐stacked nanoclays are broken down into small pieces in the PET matrix and the thickness of the clay bundle decreases to 20 nm. The melt viscosity and tensile strength of these PCNs increases with only 0.5 wt % clay. In oxygen barrier testing, the PCN with 1 wt % well‐dispersed organoclay shows a twofold higher barrier property than pure PET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1262–1271, 2007
Mechanical properties and thermal stability of double‐shell thermal‐energy‐storage microcapsules
Authors: Su Jun‐Feng , Wang Li‐Xin , Ren Li , Huang Zhen
Published: October 2006

Double‐shell‐structured microcapsules encapsulating phase‐change materials (micro‐PCMs) with an average diameter of 5–10 μm were successfully fabricated with a melamine–formaldehyde resin as the coating material. The mechanical properties of the obtained piled micro‐PCMs, tested under compression, were evaluated with a pressure sensor. Typical stress–strain curves showed that both the single‐shell‐ and double‐shell‐structured microcapsules had yield points and maximum point pressures. The morphological changes in the shell surface confirmed the existence of yield points by scanning electron microscopy. When the pressure was beyond the yield point, the microcapsules showed conventional plastic behavior, and the double‐shell structure was more mechanically stable than the single‐shell one. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis results revealed that the properties of the phase‐change materials experienced no variation after coating with a single‐shell‐ or double‐shell‐structured polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the double‐shell‐structured micro‐PCMs experienced a weight loss of only about 5% from 86.3 to 232°C but did so more rapidly from 232 to 416°C. Thermoregulation was determined with periodical heating and cooling tests. The data showed that the micro‐PCMs changed temperature in a narrow range of 20–25°C with a time lag of 20 min to reach the maximum or minimum temperature in comparison with a reference temperature of 18–28°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1295–1302, 2007
Chitosan and chitosan/β‐cyclodextrin microspheres as sustained‐release drug carriers
Authors: Zhang Wei Fen , Chen Xi Guang , Li Pi Wu , He Qiang Zhi , Zhou Hui Yun
Published: October 2006

The main aim of this study was to compare two microspheres, chitosan (CTS) and CTS/β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), made by spray‐drying, as pulmonary sustained drug‐delivery carriers. Theophylline (TH) was used as a model drug. The characteristics of the microspheres and in vitro release were studied. The yield of CTS/β‐CD microspheres was 46.1%, which was higher than that of the CTS microspheres (36.5%). The drug loads of the CTS and CTS/β‐CD microspheres were 22.7 and 21.1%, respectively, whereas the encapsulation efficiencies were 90.7 and 91.4%, respectively. The distribution of 50% [(diameter) d (0.5)] of the CTS microspheres was below 6.49 μm and that of the CTS/β‐CD microspheres was below 4.90 μm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that both microspheres yielded a spherical shape with smooth or wrinkled surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the carbonyl group of TH formed hydrogen bonds with the amide group of CTS and the hydroxyl group of β‐CD. The swelling ability of the two microspheres was more than three times their weight, and their humidity rates attained equilibrium within 24 h. The ciliary beat movement times of CTS and CTS/β‐CD microspheres were 493.00 and 512.33 min, respectively, which indicated that the two microspheres effectively reduced the ciliotoxicity and possessed better adaptability. In vitro release of TH from CTS/β‐CD microspheres was slower than that from CTS microspheres at pH 6.8 and provided a sustained release of 72.0% within 12 h. The results suggest that CTS/β‐CD microspheres are a promising carrier for sustained release for pulmonary delivery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1183–1190, 2007
A Phase I study of bortezomib plus irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Ryan David P. , O'Neil Bert H. , Supko Jeffrey G. , Lima Carlo M. Rocha , Dees E. Claire , Appleman Leonard J. , Clark Jeffrey , Fidias Phinos , Orlowski Robert Z. , Kashala Oscar , Eder Joseph P. , Cusack James C.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

The authors conducted a Phase I dose‐finding trial to study the use of combined bortezomib plus irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors.

METHODS.

Patients who had received ≥1 prior chemotherapy regimen were eligible. Patients received bortezomib (1.0 mg/m2, 1.3 mg/m2, or 1.5 mg/m2) on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 and received irinotecan (from 50 mg/m2 to 125 mg/m2) on Days 1 and 8 of each 21‐day cycle for a maximum of 8 cycles. Bortezomib followed irinotecan on coadministration days in Cycle 1 and Cycles 3 through 8 but preceded irinotecan in Cycle 2 to assess the effect of administration sequence on bortezomib pharmacodynamics.

RESULTS.

Fifty‐one enrolled patients with malignancies, including colorectal cancer (n = 23 patients), lung cancer (n = 6 patients), gastroesophageal cancer (n = 6 patients), and pancreatic cancer (n = 3 patients), received ≥1 dose of study drug. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were the principal dose‐limiting toxicities and led to the maximum tolerated doses of 1.3 mg/m2 bortezomib and 125 mg/m2 irinotecan. The most common grade ≥3 bortezomib‐related nonhematologic adverse events were fatigue (n = 5 episodes), diarrhea (n = 4 episodes), and nausea (n = 4 episodes). grade ≥3 bortezomib‐related hematologic adverse events included neutropenia (n = 6 episodes) and thrombocytopenia (n = 4 episodes) and rarely were dose limiting. Of 34 evaluable patients, no objective responses according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were seen; 10 patients achieved stable disease. The degree of proteasome inhibition in whole blood indicated that the biologic activity of bortezomib was unaffected by irinotecan coadministration.

CONCLUSIONS.

The results of this Phase I study in patients with solid tumors indicated that bortezomib at a dose of 1.3 mg/m2 on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 plus irinotecan at a dose of 125 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days were the recommended Phase II doses. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A measurement approach for obtaining static load model parameters in real time at the distribution level
Authors: Fuentes J. A. , Molina‐García A. , Gómez E.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present and assess a new methodology for obtaining the parameters of static load models, which represent the aggregated load behaviour at the distribution level. This methodology is divided into two stages: the first one obtains the load composition at the point of measurement using a non‐intrusive method, while the second one generates the final aggregated static load models. Its main advantage, in contrast to previous parameter estimations, is that it obviates the need to apply artificial voltage steps at the distribution network—generated by load tap changers or capacitor switching, placed at the substations. In this way, the methodology can be used to obtain the static load parameters of the aggregated load in real time. To assess the suitability of the method, several measurements were taken at a distribution transformer—in a university environment—and the obtained results have also been included in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lethality in Drosophila melanogaster/Drosophila simulans species hybrids is not associated with substantial transcriptional misregulation
Authors: Barbash Daniel A. , Lorigan James G.
Published: October 2006

The cross of Drosophila melanogaster females to Drosophila simulans males produces lethal F1 hybrid males. These lethal phenotypes can be suppressed by mutations in the D. melanogaster gene Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), demonstrating that Hmr has a major role in causing lethality in this hybridization. We performed parallel crosses to generate viable (Hmr–) and lethal (Hmr+) hybrid male larvae and used microarrays to compare whole‐genome transcriptional profiles between these two samples. This comparison was done to investigate two questions: whether hybrid lethality is associated with substantial gene misregulation, and whether a mechanistic basis for hybrid lethality can be inferred from the identities of differentially expressed individual transcripts. We report that a surprisingly small number of genes have a significant difference in transcript abundance between lethal and viable hybrid males. There is a significant over‐representation of genes encoding proteosome subunits among those upregulated in lethal hybrids relative to viable hybrids. Genetic tests, however, failed to fully support the hypothesis that this overexpression is causing hybrid lethality. Hybrid females were previously reported to have a significantly different expression pattern of sex‐biased genes compared to the parental species. We find no such differences between lethal and viable hybrid males. We did find a significant deficit of X chromosome genes among those downregulated in lethal hybrids, but not among those upregulated. We suggest that while interspecific hybrids may have substantial amounts of gene misregulation compared to their parental species, many of these transcriptional differences may be only indirectly related to hybrid incompatibility phenotypes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical solutions of Schrödinger equations in ℝ3
Authors: Han Houde , Yin Dongsheng , Huang Zhongyi
Published: October 2006

We consider the numerical solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation in ℝ3. An artificial boundary is introduced to obtain a bounded computational domain. On the given artificial boundary the exact boundary condition and a series of approximating boundary conditions are constructed, which are called artificial boundary conditions. By using the exact or approximating boundary conditions on the artificial boundary, the original problem is reduced to an equivalent or an approximate initial‐boundary value problem on the bounded computational domain. The uniqueness of the approximate problem is proved. The numerical results demonstrate that the method given in this article is effective and feasible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
In‐hospital use of opioids increases rate of coded postoperative paralytic ileus
Authors: Goettsch Wim G. , Sukel Myrthe P. P. , van der Peet Donald L. , van Riemsdijk Melanie M. , Herings Ron M. C.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To determine the association between opioid use and the occurrence of postoperative paralytic ileus (POI) after different types of surgery.

Methods

The PHARMO database was used to perform a case control study in which intramural drug utilisation data were linked to hospital discharge diagnoses. All patients admitted for digestive, abdominal or genito‐urinary surgeries were selected in 1998–2003. Cases with coded POI (ICD‐9‐CM 560.1 and 564.4) and controls with no POI were matched 1:10. The association between coded POI and opioid use was assessed using conditional logistic regression.

Results

In 0.2% of all admissions (total of 180,279), patients developed POI and in 18% of all admissions, patients received opioids. Three hundred and sixty‐six cases with POI were selected with their matching controls. The use of (nico)morphine was associated with the risk for developing POI (odds ratio (OR) 12.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4–27.1). The association between opioids and POI was most obvious in patients with abdominal surgery (OR 33.8, 95%CI 6.2–184.6) and patients without colon/colorectal/rectal tumours (OR 13.2, 95%CI 5.7–30.3).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a distinct association between the use of opioids, in particular natural opium alkaloids, and the risk for coded POI. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic bacterial infection and inflammation incite reactive hyperplasia in a mouse model of chronic prostatitis
Authors: Elkahwaji Johny E. , Zhong Weixiong , Hopkins Walter J. , Bushman Wade
Published: October 2006

Background

Chronic inflammation is postulated to contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. We developed a mouse model of chronic prostatitis to test whether infection‐induced chronic inflammation would incite reactive changes in prostatic epithelium.

Methods

Prostate tissues harvested from either phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) or E. coli‐infected mice were evaluated for histological changes and immunostained for markers of oxidative stress and epithelial cell proliferation.

Results

As compared to PBS‐treated controls, mice infected with E. coli bacteria for 5 days showed foci of uniformly acute inflammation in the glandular lumen and a persitent inflammation at 12 weeks post‐inoculation in the stroma. Prostatic glands showing varying degrees of atypical hyperplasia and dysplasia had stronger staining for oxidative DNA damage and increased epithelial cell proliferation than normal prostatic glands.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that chronic inflammation induces reactive hyperplasia associated with oxidative stress injury and support the proposed linkage among inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 67:14–21, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Luminescence properties of Tl+ centers doped in KH2PO4
Authors: Ichimura K. , Fuyuki T. , Kawai T. , Hashimoto S. , Hirai T. , Ohno N.
Published: October 2006

Photoluminescence and photoexcitation spectra of KDP:Tl have been investigated in the energy region of 2 ‐ 10 eV. A broad luminescence band is observed at 4.5 eV under the excitation with UV light at 10 K, showing a Gaussian lineshape and a large Stokes shift. The 4.5 eV luminescence is efficiently induced under the excitation of the A, B and C absorption bands associated with impurity Tl+ ions. It is found that the 4.5 eV luminescence spectrum exhibits a drastic change at the ferroelectric transition temperature T C = 123 K, and the bandwidth has also been changed at T C. These results suggest that the relaxed excited electronic states of the Tl+ ions are strongly influenced by the ferroelectric local field due to surrounding ligand ions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical properties of as‐deposited and annealed SrTiO3 films prepared by laser ablation
Authors: Ishiwata Ken'ichiro , Mochizuki Shosuke
Published: October 2006

In order to clarify the large band gap energy reported for thin SrTiO3 film (of which thickness is smaller than 200 nm) and to examine the optical properties reported for bulk SrTiO3 crystals, different thick SrTiO3 films were prepared by a pulsed laser ablation method. The morphology and structure of the as‐deposited and annealed films were studied with the optical‐ and scanning electron microscopes and with an x‐ray diffraction method. The optical absorption and photoluminescence properties of the films are then measured at temperatures between 6.5 and 300 K. A large band gap energy (about 4.0 eV) has been observed even for thick amorphous SrTiO3 films (of which thicknesses are approximately 1.3 μm). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic field influence on excitons in coupled quantum wells and coupled quantum dots and on exciton polaritons in microcavities
Authors: Kaputkina N. E. , Lozovik Yu. E.
Published: October 2006

We consider magnetic field effect on properties of spatially indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells and coupled quantum dots and on exciton polaritons in optical microcavity. Magnetic field controls exciton dispersion curve and its intersection with microcavity photon dispersion curve and thus changes polariton spectra. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence of MgxZn1–xO films grown on a sapphire substrate by a MOCVD technique
Authors: Liu C. Y. , Liu Y. C. , Zhang B. P. , Mu R.
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the structural and optical properties of MgxZn1–xO films are studied. The MgxZn1–xO films were deposited by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The concentration of Mg in the sample was changed in the range from x = 0 to 0.5. The structure of the films was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atom force microscope (AFM). The optical band gap of the films was measured by UV‐Vis spectrophotometer and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The exciton recombination dynamics was also investigated with time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) at 77 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the Jahn‐Teller effect on absorption and photoluminescence spectra of Si nanocrystals
Authors: Scholz Reinhard , Pouladsaz Davoud , Schreiber Michael
Published: October 2006

The optical properties of H‐passivated silicon nanocrystals are determined by the energetics of the frontier orbitals and their dependence on the deformation in the relaxed excited state. In the present work, the geometry of H‐passivated tetrahedral silicon nanocrystals is optimized with density functional methods, and the deformation in the relaxed excited geometries is obtained from time‐dependent density functional theory. The Jahn‐Teller effect in the lowest excited state results in a distortion towards tetragonal symmetry, contributing significantly to the red shift of the photoluminescence spectra. For nanocrystals up to a diameter of 1.5 nm, we project the deformations at the minima of the excited state potential surface onto the different symmetries, allowing for a discrimination of the respective contributions to the total Stokes shift. For selected systems, the influence of the Jahn‐Teller effect can exceed the red shift related to a symmetryconserving deformation in the relaxed excited state. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiative lifetime of geminate and non‐geminate pairs in amorphous semiconductors: a‐Ge:H
Authors: Singh Jai
Published: October 2006

Lifetimes of radiative recombination of geminate and non‐geminate pairs in amorphous semiconductors are calculated at thermal equilibrium. The theory is applied to calculate the radiative lifetimes of type I and II geminate pairs and non‐geminate pairs in hydrogenated amorphous germanium (a‐Ge:H) and compared with the experimental results. The type II geminate pairs can exist in singlet and triplet spin states, only singlet is considered here, whereas the type I geminate pairs do not have spin dependence. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced phenomena observed as transient reflectance changes in α′‐NaV2O5
Authors: Suemoto Tohru , Nagase Hirokazu , Nakajima Makoto , Isobe Masahiko , Ueda Yutaka
Published: October 2006

Transient reflectance changes induced by pulsed photoexcitation at 800 nm were studied in sodium vanadate α′‐NaV2O5. At low excitation densities, the response shows a slow rising with a time constant of 3 ps, while at higher excitation densities, the rising becomes fast with a time constant around 500 fs. The transient spectra were compared to steady state temperature difference reflectance spectra and the photocreated states are understood as high temperature state of high temperature phase. On the other hand, the fast rising components are ascribed to non‐thermal creation of the high temperature phase. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Femtosecond transient absorption study of excitons in quasi‐one‐dimensional MX‐chain compounds
Authors: Wada Y. , Matsushita N. , Konno Y. , Haneda H.
Published: October 2006

Two photon absorption spectra of [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2Br2](SO4)2.6H2O have been measured by the femto‐second transient absorption measurements. A two photon absorption band of an exciton with even parity has been found 0.8 eV above the one photon absorption band of an exciton with odd parity. The two photon absorption coefficient has been estimated at 1.5x102 cm/GW for pump energy of 1.56 eV and for probe energy of 1.95 eV at 100 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Cid1 family of non‐canonical poly(A) polymerases
Authors: Stevenson Abigail L. , Norbury Chris J.
Published: October 2006

Polyadenylation is an essential processing step for most eukaryotic mRNAs. In the nucleus, poly(A) polymerase adds poly(A) tails to mRNA 3′ ends, contributing to their export, stability and translatability. Recently, a novel class of non‐canonical poly(A) polymerases was discovered in yeast, worms and vertebrates. Different members of the Cid1 family, named after its founding member in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, are localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are thought to target specific RNAs for polyadenylation. Polyadenylation of a target RNA by a Cid1‐like poly(A) polymerase can lead to its degradation or stabilization, depending on the enzyme involved. Cid1‐like proteins have important roles in diverse biological processes, including RNA surveillance pathways, DNA integrity checkpoint responses and RNAi‐dependent heterochromatin formation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of FIB Technique to 3D Observation of Resin Embedded Biological Tissues
Authors: Kamino T , Yaguchi T , Sato T , Ohnishi T , Ishitani T , Osumi M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Quantitative Analysis of Atomic Resolution HAADF-STEM (Z-contrast) Imaging for PbTiO3 / SrTiO3 Substrate Dielectric Thin Films
Authors: Kotaka Y , Honda K , Yamazaki T , Watanabe K , Fujisawa H , Shimizu M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Atomic Resolution Electron Tomography Based on Discrete Mathematics
Authors: Jinschek JR , Batenburg KJ , Calderon HA , Kilaas R , Radmilovic V , Kisielowski C
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Age Induced Gamma Prime Coarsening and Hardness Behavior in Pyromet 31V
Authors: Evans ND , Yamamoto Y , Maziasz PJ , Shingledecker JP
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Monochromator for a 200 kV Analytical Electron Microscope
Authors: Mukai M , Inami W , Omoto K , Kaneyama T , Tomita T , Tsuno K , Terauchi M , Tsuda K , Naruse M , Honda T , Tanaka M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Reducing FIB Damage Using Low Energy Ions
Authors: Giannuzzi LA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Growth of ZnO Nanorods: A TEM Study
Authors: Divakar R , Basu J , Carter CB
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
The Three-dimensional Constitution of Micelle Forming Surfactants as Studied by Cryo Electron Microscopy and Tomography
Authors: Chebotareva N , Bomans PH H , Haas F De , Hubert D , Frederik P , Sijbesma RP , Sommerdijk N
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
In-situ Micro-sample Mechanical Testing in the SEM
Authors: Wheeler R , Shade P , Uchic M , Kerns R , Fraser H
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Application of a New High-Pressure Freezing Apparatus
Authors: Krisp H , Wichert G von , Seufferlein T , Walther P
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
What EBID Can Tell Us About Contamination ?
Authors: Joy DC
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Tomographic Reconstruction with the IMOD Software Package
Authors: Mastronarde D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Astronomic forcing on the planktonic foraminifera assemblage in the Piacenzian Punta Piccola section (southern Italy)
Authors: Sprovieri Rodolfo , Sprovieri Mario , Caruso Antonio , Pelosi Nicola , Bonomo Sergio , Ferraro Luciana
Published: October 2006

A high‐resolution quantitative analysis of the calcareous planktonic assemblages (planktonic foraminifers and calcareous nannofossils) at the Punta Piccola section (at the base of which, the global standard stratotype‐section and point of the Piacenzian stage is defined) provided a more accurate biostratigraphy for the Mediterranean middle Pliocene (2.6–3.6 Ma). In particular, an astronomically calibrated age of 2.87 Ma was estimated for the Pliocene first occurrence ofNeogloboquadrina atlanticainstead of the younger previously proposed age of 2.72 Ma. Spectral analysis performed on theGlobigerinoidesspecies (spp.) planktonic foraminifera assemblage along with cross‐spectral analysis between the same record and the astronomic target curve La(041,1) calculated for the summer season (June–July) at 65°N provided solid evidence that theGlobigerinoidesspp. group of planktonic species is a reliable recorder of orbital forcing and can be appropriately used for astronomical tuning of marine sedimentary records. The same procedures of spectral analysis were applied to the individual species that constitute theGlobigerinoidesspp. group (G. ruber,G. obliquus, andG. quadrilobatus), thus resolving their different frequency structures and species‐specific response to the different astronomic periodicities. WhereasG. obliquusandG. quadrilobatusappear primarily controlled by precession,G. ruberis largely forced by obliquity. Small ecological differences, mainly related to dissimilar food quality requirements, were assumed to distinctively control the time distribution of the two groups of species. Precessionally forced oligotrophic conditions in the surface Mediterranean waters, induced by summer continental runoff, led to a dominance of copepods‐based dietary, typical ofG. quadrilobatus. Conversely, obliquity cycles drove the abundance distribution ofG. ruberin the sea surface waters of the Mediterranean, influencing the sea surface temperature, light intensity, and/or phytoplankton distribution. Sub‐Milankovitch periodicities (cycles ∼1500, 2500, 3000, and 4500 years long) are reliably detected in the faunal records, suggesting that millennial‐scale variability punctuated the Mediterranean climate regime during the interval of the middle Pliocene Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Mutual interaction between parallel Gaussian electromagnetic beams in plasmas
Authors: Sodha Mahendra Singh , Agarwal Sujeet Kumar , Sharma Ashutosh
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the interaction between two Gaussian electromagnetic beams in a plasma has been investigated, when the axes of the two beams are initially (z=0) parallel along the z axis in the x-z plane; the beams are initially propagating in the z direction. For the three types of nonlinearities (viz., collisional, ponderomotive, and relativistic) the dielectric function has been expressed as a function of the irradiances of the two beams; this expression for the dielectric function has been substituted in the wave equation and a solution of the resulting nonlinear equation obtained in the paraxial approximation. The paraxial approximation is justified since the phenomena of interest occur when the beams are initially close (2x0≤r0). Further, the absorption of the beam in the plasma has been neglected, which is justified when the electron collision frequency is much less than the frequencies of the beams. Second-order coupled ordinary differential equations have been obtained for the distance between the centers of the beams and the beam widths in the x and y directions as a function of the distance of propagation along the z axis. The equations have been solved numerically for a range of parameters and a discussion of the results is presented.
Catalytic activity of enzymes immobilized on AlGaN∕GaN solution gate field-effect transistors
Authors: Baur B. , Howgate J. , von Ribbeck H.-G. , Gawlina Y. , Bandalo V. , Steinhoff G. , Stutzmann M. , Eickhoff M.
Published: October 2006

Enzyme-modified field-effect transistors (EnFETs) were prepared by immobilization of penicillinase on AlGaN∕GaN solution gate field-effect transistors. The influence of the immobilization process on enzyme functionality was analyzed by comparing covalent immobilization and physisorption. Covalent immobilization by Schiff base formation on GaN surfaces modified with an aminopropyltriethoxysilane monolayer exhibits high reproducibility with respect to the enzyme/substrate affinity. Reductive amination of the Schiff base bonds to secondary amines significantly increases the stability of the enzyme layer. Electronic characterization of the EnFET response to penicillin G indicates that covalent immobilization leads to the formation of an enzyme (sub)monolayer.
Electrical bistability by self-assembled gold nanoparticles in organic diodes
Authors: Wang H. P. , Pigeon S. , Izquierdo R. , Martel R.
Published: October 2006

Electrical bistability is reported in metal-organic-metal diodes. The device consists of two Al electrodes separated by a layer of 2-amino-4,5-imidazoledicarbonitrile that contains embedded Au nanoparticles (NPs) supported by parylene nanopillars. Electrical characterization of the device shows two well-defined states with high (off) and low (on) impedances. The on/off ratio is about 104. This conspicuous memory effect is rationalized in terms of charge storage mediated by the NP states. The fabrication method is general and provides a good control on both the size uniformity and the self-assembly of Au NPs embedded in the organic materials.
Complementary organic field effect transistors by ultraviolet dielectric interface modification
Authors: Benson Niels , Schidleja Martin , Melzer Christian , Schmechel Roland , von Seggern Heinz
Published: October 2006

The realization of p- and n-type pentacene organic field effect transistors and an organic inverter stage is reported based on selective ultraviolet (UV) modification of the polymer dielectric in air. Apart from the UV radiation treatment, the device structures are identical. The achieved field effect carrier mobilities for both transistor types are ≈0.1cm2∕Vs. Similar performance data for both transistor types as well as an observed low current hysteresis qualify the UV treatment for organic complementary metal oxide semiconductor (O-CMOS) technology. The realized O-CMOS inverter exhibits stable operation below its supply voltage, as well as a gain of 17.
The Swedish Housing Model: an Assessment
Authors: Nesslein Thomas S.
Published: October 2006

In the postwar period Sweden has undertaken extensive political interventions for the purpose of achieving social housing goals. Today, the Swedish housing standard is one of the highest in the world with virtually all households provided adequate shelter. Yet, serious reservations concerning both efficiency and equity must be raised with respect to the Swedish model.
Organisational and Technological Change and the Future Role of the Central Business District: an Australian Example
Authors: Edgington David W.
Published: October 2006

A critical re-examination of traditional urban theory concerning central area office and retail activities suggests that an appreciation of dynamic organisational and technological processes may be missing from the planner's insights into causes of change in the Central Business District. This paper reviews some Australian evidence concerning organisational and technological change, and shows that these processes are already impinging upon the Central Business District of Melbourne, Australia. A more general conclusion emerges, which is that rather than focus upon issues such as urban rent and accessibility of central areas, analysis should now pay greater attention to understanding those processes operating within the Central Business District which originate from the dynamics of larger environments.
Residential Density and Spatial Externalities
Authors: Price Colin
Published: October 2006

The occupation of residential space imposes externalities on those travelling from the outer margin of that space to the city centre. The free market price does match the social cost under many models of city structure, and so promotes optimal occupation of space, provided that all journeys are to and from the centre. If additionally there are journeys to the countryside for recreation, the free market understates social cost at the periphery. Public land ownership to provide social services may cause the free market price to exceed the social cost near the centre. The implication that planned densities should be less variable than those generated by the free market is generally supported by other social and economic arguments.
Race, Class and the Allocation of Public Housing in Britain
Authors: Henderson Jeff , Karn Valerie
Published: October 2006

This article uses data from surveys of public housing applicants and tenants and from an ethnographic study of the procedures of a major British housing authority to explain the reasons for racially discriminatory housing allocations. It shows how central judgments of 'respectability' are to the allocation processes of housing departments, even when, officially, allocations are based on a system of 'housing need'. We trace how class and racial factors in the wider society become invested with official or semi-official status as they are absorbed into the housing authority's rationing processes, both of a formal and a more informal nature. We advance an explanation for discriminatory allocations which emphasises on the one hand, the integration of public housing bureaucracies into an inegalitarian social totality and, on the other, the conceptual connexion between racial, class and other forms of social discrimination.
Planning Gain: A Theoretical Note
Authors: Wiltshaw D.G.
Published: October 2006

Much of the recent debate concerning planning gain has been concerned with it as a reflection of the increased legal and administrative power of local planning authorities. This note concentrates on the economic power of an authority to extract gain; that power is seen, in a competitive framework, to rest on both the elasticity of the derived demand for land and the authority's commitment to have its own plans implemented. In such a setting, even though the authority may decide whether a development can take place, that in itself does not give the authority any particular power to extract planning gain.
A Population-Density Approach to Regional Spatial Structure
Authors: Parr John B.
Published: October 2006

The concept of the population-density function, which is usually applied within the context of an urban area, is extended to the scale of a metropolitan-area-based region or city region. A form for such a regional density function is proposed, and this is examined for selected regions of the UK and North America. It is demonstrated how such a region-wide density function may be related to other density functions which have been used to characterise the structures of the metropolitan and non-metropolitan parts of the region. Consideration is also given to problems associated with constructing and interpreting the regional density function and to its underlying theoretical basis. Finally, the application of the density-function approach in the analysis of regional structure is briefly discussed.
Predicting Intra-Urban Residential Location Preferences: An Application of the Dynamic Generalized Linear Expenditure System
Authors: Andrikopoulos Andreas A. , Brox James A.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the allocation models widely used in traditional demand theory may be applied to: (1) evaluate future residential location preferences; (2) study the effects of locational preferences on overall urban structure and growth; (3) rank intra-urban places in terms of basic residential locational preferences; and (4) evaluate the cross-locational effects of a substantial change in spatial prices, total growth in housing expenditures, and mortgage costs on household relocation decisions. The model used in this paper is a modified version of the Dynamic Generalized Linear Expenditure System. Metropolitan Toronto, sub-divided into three sub-housing markets (East, Central and West), was chosen for the empirical application of the model.
Demand, Segmentation, and Timing Effects of an Urban Containment Program on Urban Fringe Land Values
Authors: Nelson Arthur C.
Published: October 2006

Theoretically, urban containment programs will create an additional demand for urban land, reduce the demand for rural land, and segment the urban fringe land market into urban and rural submarkets. However, empirical evidence of these effects is scant. In addition, there is some question of the time it takes the urban fringe land market to internalize the supply restricting effects of urban containment programs. This paper presents evidence of the demand, segmentation, and timing effects of an urban containment program on urban fringe land values.
House and Land Prices in Sydney: 1925 to 1970
Authors: Abelson Peter
Published: October 2006

This paper describes and explains house and land prices in Sydney from 1925 to 1970. Between the late 1920's and the late 1940's, real estate values fell in real terms by around 20 per cent. Depressed incomes and expectations and rent control held down prices despite the fall in real interest rates, the real increase in the money supply, the increase in population and the slump in new house completions. In the post-war period, real land values rose by around 250 per cent and real house prices by 200 per cent. These real increases are explained by negative real interest rates and a relaxation of rent control in the early 1950's, by increasing incomes and expectations of capital gain, by increases in the population and by the rising quality of houses. The increase in the housing stock was insufficient to restrain the increase in the real prices of housing.
Expectations and Urban Housing Prices
Authors: McDonald John F.
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a simple model of price expectations and urban housing prices. The empirical results for a sample of houses sold in the city of Chicago during 1970-1972 indicate that the expectation of nominal price increase, estimated as an extrapolation of past price increases in the neighborhood, have a significant impact on the current price.
Stable Structure and Local Variation: A Comparison of Household Flows in Four Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Moore Eric G. , Clark W.A.V.
Published: October 2006

The Annual Housing Survey Metropolitan Samples are used to examine the structure of local mobility flows. An accounting framework is developed to identify mobility in terms of relocations between different segments of the housing stock, by households with varying socio-demographic profiles, and distinguished by the circumstances of the moves themselves. Flows are examined for the sample cities of Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Phoenix. For each city, a matrix of flows is created for the basic dimensions of city-suburb and own-rent categories. Odds ratios are used to examine the stability of relative movement tendencies both across housing submarkets and across cities. The most significant finding is that, despite the considerable variation in overall mobility rates between the sample cities, there is a great deal of consistency in the structure of the rates. The distribution of types of decisions for moves and the relative likelihood of moving for different submarket groups were surprisingly similar over very different local contexts. On the other hand, there are substantial differences in the spatial and submarket characteristics of flows. The high degree of submarket interaction in Phoenix is strongly contrasted with the relative isolation of the central city and suburbs in Detroit. The preliminary findings indicate the importance of the Annual Housing Survey as a means of elucidating the structure of the flows within metropolitan submarkets.
Who Gains from Structural Change? The Distribution of the Benefits of Oil in Aberdeen
Authors: Harris A.H. , Lloyd M.G. , McGuire A.J. , Newlands D.A.
Published: October 2006

This paper analyses the distributional impact of oil upon the Aberdeen economy. It is suggested that the benefits of oil related activity have been very unevenly distributed. Increased real earnings have been mainly confined to groups active in the oil sector. For others, including most women, real earnings remain below the national average. The wealth which oil related activity has brought to Aberdeen has been partly diffused through the housing market, although the gains from increased house prices have largely accrued to those who were already owner occupiers when oil developments began. For much of the period, a low rents policy has protected council tenants from the increased cost of living caused by oil developments, but recent legal changes which limit the subsidy of rents from the rates have now removed that protection.
The Effects of Neighbourhood Social Mix on Adolescents' Social Networks and Recreational Activities
Authors: Andrews Howard F.
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the extent to which the social networks and recreational activities of 212 teenagers living in low income public housing are associated with the social mix characteristics of the neighbourhoods in which the housing projects are located. Alternative models of housing-design, respondents' sex and minority-status are also investigated to account for variations in adolescents' social networks and out-of-school activities. The results of discriminant analyses and cluster analyses suggest that neighbourhood social mix characteristics are more strongly associated with variations in social network measures and recreational patterns than are the competing factors of housing design, respondents' sex or minority status.
Ownership of Industry and Plant Stability in Israel's Development Towns
Authors: Razin E. , Shachar A.
Published: October 2006

The ownership structure of industry in Israel's development towns during the period 1966-83 is examined, as well as its effects on the stability of the plants. Multi-variate logit models, used to identify the factors affecting closure propensity, show that the most stable plants are owned by the rural-cooperative sector. Due mostly to their large size, the plants of non-local multi-plant firms are relatively stable, as are also those of local entrepreneurs in their first years of existence, but the latter show no tendency to survive for long. The plants, particularly young ones, owned by external single-plant firms, exhibit the highest closure propensity. Closure rates of plants of the diverse ownership types are good indicators of their stability but not of structural changes in the economy as depicted in the relative share of the various ownership types. While external ownership appears to have a negative impact on stability, the size of a firm influences positively its plants' stability. These contradictory effects result in the high closure propensity of plants owned by external single-plant firms.
Assessing the Effect of the Polytechnic, Wolverhampton on the Local Community
Authors: Lewis J.A.
Published: October 2006

The paper reviews the literature related to the assessment of the effects of an establishment on a local community, particularly those concerned with educational establishments. The theory of the methods of impact assessment are reviewed and some of the problems associated with empirical identification and evaluation of effects are highlighted. The limitations of the basic models are considered. In the case of an educational establishment there are a number of specific impacts, such as the effects of student incomes and expenditures. The paper includes estimations of the impact on jobs and incomes in and around Wolverhampton of the Polytechnic and identifies a number of additional benefits which accrue but cannot be given monetary values. A number of assumptions have had to be made in order to assign values to certain impacts. Wherever these occur they are clearly detailed so that they may be open to debate.