bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Occupational Therapy in Sheltered Workshops
Authors: Bayne J. R. D.
Published: March 2013

L'individu malade ou handicapé est placé, par les impératifs thérapeutiques dans une situation de dépendance et de privation sur le plan socio-économique.

Le travail étant une nécessité vitale, la thérapie industrielle devient un instrument thérapeutique indispensable tant pour réadapter un ex-malade au travail que pour donner un minimum de dignité et d'indépendance à un chronique.

L'ergothérapeute a un rôle important à jouer dans l'orientation préprofessionnelle et dans la direction des ex-malades dans le choix réaliste d'une occupation rémunératrice. La gestion d'un atelier protégé est cependant accessible à l'ergothérapeute possédant une formation administrative.
L'expression corporelle: Groupe thérapeutique
Authors: Guertin Linda , Labonté Lise , Morier Flore , Saint-Jacques Micheline , Tracyk Colette
Published: March 2013

L'expression corporelle est un moyen d'évaluation et de traitement qui permet aux individus de manifester leur état intra-psychique sur le plan des besoins, des pulsions, des émotions, en prenant conscience de la capacité d'expression du corps sur un mode non-verbal et gestuel. L'évaluation et le traitement ont été étudiés en fonction des processus suivants: l'apprentissage, la prise de conscience et l'intériorisation du vécu. L'expression corporelle permet de prendre conscience de son corps, des gestes posés et de leur contenu affectif. Le fait de s'exprimer par gestes permet aux membres du groupe de communiquer sans artifice et d'établir un début de relation non-menaçante. Cette expérience est thérapeutique en autant qu'elle permette l'insight afin d'améliorer les échanges interpersonnels et ainsi favoriser une communication plus vraie, plus intense et plus enrichissante. L'expression corporelle permet et renforce des nouveaux modes de comportement que l'individu tentera de transposer dans sa vie.
Use of three techniques in an Insight Group
Authors: Perem Linda , Renwick Rebecca
Published: March 2013

The three techniques of Role Playing, Paralleling, and Empathy are defined and illustrated as to their functions in an “Insight Group”, in relation to the three major group goals of:

Heightening Openness and Self-Awarness Provision of Constructive Feedback. Group as a Ground for Using Constructive Feedback.

It is hoped that the article will made its readers aware that Occupational Therapists are moving more intensively into the role of group therapists, and that the three techniques can be powerful tools for stimulating therapeutic group processes, and deepening insights.
Factors Influencing the Education of Occupational Therapists in Ontario
Authors: McCordic Lyn
Published: March 2013

This paper examines some of the factors which were involved in the December 1974, decision, of the Ontario's Minister of Colleges and Universities to give approval to Mohawk College of Applied Arts and Technology to establish an experimental program in occupational therapy. This program is being launched without the endorsement of the provincial and national associations of occupational therapy which wish to maintain a baccalaureate level of education for occupational therapists in a university setting.

Some questions which are explored in the examination of this case are: What is a College of Applied Arts and Technology? How is it different from a university? What is a profession? What is a paraprofession? Is occupational therapy a profession or a paraprofession? Why did Mohawk College propose an occupational therapy program? What factors contributed to the occupational therapists' inability to stop the proposal? What was the process of approval of the proposal? How important are status and prestige as factors in these issues?

The following discussion will attempt to deal with these questions as they relate to the educational arrangements for occupational therapists in Ontario.
Communication Aids for the Non-Verbal Severely Handicapped Child, a Multidisciplinary Challenge
Authors: Abelson Carol , Pfeiffer David
Published: March 2013

This paper focuses on the particular communication needs of the non-verbal cerebral palsy child and describes several of the aids which have been developed to meet these specific and often highly individualized needs. A joint project was established through the combined efforts of the Occupational Therapy Department of the Montreal Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children and the McGill University Department of Engineering. Twenty-three undergraduate engineering students, as part of their mechanical design course requirement, undertook the design and implementation of communication aids for non-verbal handicapped children. The results of this project appear to indicate the value of a multi-disciplinary approach in confronting the variety of complex problems encountered in the clinical setting.
Occupational Therapy and the Elderly
Authors: Thompson Cheryl , Goldstein S. E.
Published: March 2013

Occupational Therapy has an important role to play in promoting maximum functioning in the elderly. Activities should be more than “busy work”. They are important therapeutic tools which, when properly used, promote self-esteem and a feeling of usefulness. This is of Particular significance in working with the elderly. The authors have attempted to describe the application of these principles in treating elderly patients on a fourteen-bed psychogeriatric unit. The occupational therapist functioned as a vital part of the rehabilitative team for both in-patients and those outside of hospital.
A Community Occupational Therapy Summer Program for Children
Authors: Lehrer Alice
Published: March 2013

This article describes a pilot project in which eleven out-patients of the Occupational Therapy Department at the Montreal Children's Hospital were integrated into a summer day camp of a local YMCA. The objectives of this program are outlined, as well as the actual description of the camp program. An evaluation of the project examines the results of a questionnaire administered to the subjects' parents before and after the camp experience as well as a discussion of some additional advantages and disadvantages observed in the program. It appears that there are many indications for screening and treating children in the community, and that providing occupational therapy services to children in their natural milieu may be of significant benefit to the child. It is suggested that the integration of occupational therapy in the community be carried out permanently and extensively and that such programs deserve further study.
Some Effects of the Administrative Structure upon University Schools of Rehabilitation
Authors: Burton Jean E.
Published: March 2013

This paper describes the administrative ambiguity experienced by Queen's University School of Rehabilitation Therapy, and reviews the administrative structures of other Canadian university schools. The effects of these structures upon the academic development of therapist educators, and status and quality of programming are discussed and recommendations for future action are proposed.
Effet de différentes méthodes d'apprentissage d'une tâche non-familière exécutée par des schizophrènes chroniques
Authors: Hachey Raymonde
Published: March 2013

Cette étude traite de l'effet de trois différentes méthodes d'apprentissage d'une tâche non familière exécutée par trente schizophrènes chroniques. Ils étaient de sexe féminin et provenaient de deux institutions. Ils ont été assignés à trois groupes selon leur âge, le nombre d'années de scolarité et d'hospitalisation. Cette procédure assurait une distribution similaire de ces facteurs dans les trois différentes méthodes d'apprentissage: auditive, visuelle et audio-visuelle. La performance fut mesurée en tenant compte du nombre et du genre d'erreurs ainsi que le temps requis. De façon générale, la meilleure performance fut obtenue par la méthode visuelle, viennent ensuite les méthodes auditive et audio-visuelle. L'âge et le nombre d'années de scolarité ont contribué à faire varier considérablement la performance.
Relationship between Initial Competence and Ability to Profit from Cues in Brain-Damaged Individuals
Authors: Ben-Yishay Yehuda , Diller Leonard , Gerstman Louis , Gordon Wayne
Published: March 2013

To study the relationships between competence and ability to profit from cues, the effects of premorbid education on current test performances, and whether the ability to profit from cues is uniform across tasks in brain-damaged persons, 62 left hemiplegics were tested consecutively on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Block Design (BD) and Similarities (SIM) tests, under standard and specially designed cuing conditions. Results indicated that the ability to profit from cues is a linear function of competence levels in both tasks. In BD, premorbid education was unrelated to either competence or cues gain. In SIM, education correlated with current competence but not with cues. No relationship was found between ability to gain from cues across tasks. Some significant clinical and theoretical implications from the data are discussed.
Spatial Relations Testing in Occupational Therapy: Results of a Survey among Canadian Occupational Therapists
Authors: Gane Judy
Published: March 2013

This article presents the results of a questionnaire whose major objective was to establish which tests are presently being employed by occupational therapists to evaluate spatial relations abilities with adult hemiplegic patients. The questionnaire also determined the frequency and type of spatial relations problems encountered, and the importance attributed by occupational therapists to their evaluation. The major finding was that 92% of the therapists were using the spatial relations tests in the Ontario Society of Occupational Therapist's Evaluation of Perceptual Function. It was remarked that these same tests do not adequately direct themselves to investigating the deficits of unilateral neglect and topographical disorientation, well known deficits associated with other spatial relations problems. The wide application of tests that have not been standardized is a strong indication of the need for studies investigating the validity of these tests.
Hemi/Sphere: A Continuing Management Programme for Stroke Patients and Their Families
Authors: Gregory Susan M.
Published: March 2013

Hemi/Sphere is a new programme for the continuing care of stroke patients and their families following discharge from an acute hospital or rehabilitation centre. Located at The Wellesley Hospital in Toronto, this is a multi-disciplinary programme which stroke participants and family members may attend indefinitely. Prior to their admission to Hemi/Sphere the majority of participants had reached a plateau in their rehabilitation. Stabilization and maintenance were not being carried out and a resultant backslide and depression had occurred. The programme is described and a detailed case study is given. It is shown that this final stage of rehabilitation deserves further study and should become an essential part of the Health Care System. The article is based on a presentation given at the Seminar and Workshop on the Brain-Damaged Adult on April 22, 23, 1976, at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto.
Sensory Integration with Chronic Schizophrenics: A Pilot Study
Authors: Levine Isa , O'Connor Helen , Stacey Beverley
Published: March 2013

The use of sensory integrative techniques with a group of chronic schizophrenic patients is described through the process of conducting a pilot study at the Douglas Hospital Center of Montreal in 1975. The purpose of the study was to determine whether stimulating the sensory integrative processes of the central nervous system would effect any behavioral changes in non-paranoid schizophrenics. Based on the theory of Lorna Jean King, the paper delineates the plan of the study, the testing battery developed for evaluating patients, and the program of activities utilized during the project. Results of the study and a critique of the methods employed are also included.
Muriel Driver Memorial Lecture
Authors: O'Shea Barbara J.
Published: March 2013

This paper addresses the topic of professional interaction from a dramaturgical perspective for the purpose of sensitizing occupational therapists to their potential and individuals in shaping and directing the public image of occupational therapy. Research, based on international theory, which investigated students' acquisition of professional identity during initial practicum experiences is used to illustrate the usefulness of dramaturgical theory for practising therapists to analyze their performance as occupational therapists. Therapists are urged to assess their own projection of occupational therapy to those around them, and to become protagonists in effecting a positive professional image.
Cardiac Rehabilitation — An Occupational Therapist's Approach
Authors: Strickland Anne
Published: March 2013

The inclusion of the occupational therapist as a member of the treatment team for cardiac rehabilitation is a new approach used by Durham Regional Home Care Program. The cardiac classifications and the energy costs of the various activities used to develop the Occupational Home Care Program are described. The goals of the program are discussed, and the two types of patients who benefit the most from the program are identified. Finally, an outline of the treatment program by the occupational therapist is set out.
Student Section
Authors: Weiss Rosemary
Published: March 2013

A closer look at splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is necessary, since it is suggested that there are two types of CTS.

1) neural CTS, with a typical clinical picture of injury of the median nerve and, 2) vascular CTS where the early dominant symptoms are ischemic due to compression of

a) a persisting median artery and, b) the radial and ulnar arteries

Preventing wrist movement and excessive gripping during the day, alleviates compression of the radial, ulnar and possibly persisting median artery, and the median nerve. Thus, a release phenomenon does not occur at night.

It is suggested that the wrist be splinted in a functional splint during the day, and a resting splint during the night, supporting the wrist in both cases, in a neutral position.
The Development of a Manual for the Congenital below Elbow Child Amputee
Authors: Weiss Rhoda
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop a manual designed to provide the non-expert therapist (in child prosthetics), with a working knowledge and understanding of the basic principles involved in the habilitation process of the congenital, unilateral, below elbow child amputee. Twenty therapists, utilizing the evaluation questionnaire form developed by the investigator, evaluated the content and the format of the manual. An occupational therapist who did not have any special training in the area of child prosthetics, tested the manual's first two stages of the prosthetic training program: Stage 1 — Initial check-out evaluation of the prosthesis, and Stage 2 — Orientation. From the results of this study, it was concluded that; (1) There exists a definite need to develop a teaching manual for therapists working with upper limb-deficient children, and (2) With revision the manual developed in this research project, will provide therapists with a valuable teaching tool that will facilitate and promote learning of the basic principles involved in the habilitation process of the congenital, unilateral, below elbow child amputee. The purpose of this article is not to present the content of the manual itself, but rather to present the literature review on which the content of the manual was based, and the methodology from which it was developed.
Identification and Remediation of Learning Difficulties in Community Schools
Authors: Rigakis J. , Tanner P.
Published: March 2013

This article describes a community project which demonstrates the skills that Occupational Therapists can offer to local School Boards in early identification and remediation of children with learning difficulties.

The project included screening and remediation of children found to be high risk for learning problems in a kindergarten class. The teachers were then assisted, through a series of workshops, to establish their own remedial programs.

The School Board has now requested that the Occupational Therapists present the series of workshops to all schools in its jurisdiction.
Student Section
Authors: Pentland Erie
Published: March 2013

To celebrate the University of Toronto's 150th anniversary, the School of Occupational Therapy participated, along with several other professional faculties, in a display at the new Eaton's Centre in Toronto. The purpose of the display was to provide the community with an opportunity to become more aware of what university students in their respective fields can offer. The Occupational Therapy display consisted of pictures with accompaning captions. Four main areas of treatment were included; hospital, work, home, and community. An explanation of what Occupational Therapy is concerned with was also provided. Although the scope of the display seemed limited, it was clear, concise and well done.
A Comparison in Medium and Low Density Plastazote in the Fabrication of Insoles
Authors: Orders Colleen
Published: March 2013

A study to compare two densities of plastazote used in the fabrication of insoles was undertaken. Parameters of durability, comfort and support were considered in 14 normal subjects.

Statistical analysis demonstrated no significance between the mean difference in the initial and end thickness of the two materials, and the rate of thinning of the two materials. There was no correlation between body weight and the rate of thinning or the final thickness. After 12 weeks the mean thickness of the medium density plastazote was 1.59 mm. whereas in the low density the plastazote was .81 mm. Subjective parameters were measured by a questionnaire. The medium density was felt to offer support with questionable comfort. The low density provided comfort and support.

In the clinical application it was suggested that for patients with sensitive areas on the plantar surface of the foot the comfortable low density material would be most appropriate. For patients with foot pain due mainly to arch strain the supportive more durable medium density would be best. A combination of the two materials has been suggested to provide comfort with increased durability.
Profile of an Occupational Therapist: A Report on the Project to Date
Authors: Bridle Mary J.
Published: March 2013

A project to identify the skills and competence required of an entry level occupational therapist is briefly described. The first draft of the Occupational Profile Chart of an Occupational Therapist is presented and occupational therapists across Canada are urged to scrutinize the chart and send their comments to the author by May 1st, 1978.
Task Groups: “How They Work in One Vocational Assessment Unit”
Authors: Green Avrum , Gould Leslie , Mailer Mildred , Otto Karen , Henderson Rhoda
Published: March 2013

The Vocational Assessment Unit at Chedoke Hospitals in Hamilton, Ontario, incorporated the use of weekly client group meetings approximately eighteen months ago. These groups proved themselves to be a valuable addition to the program.

“Task Groups: How They Work in One Vocational Assessment Unit”, was co-authored by five people involved with the conception and evolution of the groups. The paper described the group, elaborated on the role of the group leader and the issues and themes which emerge in groups. Finally, it discusses the impact and influences which have been observed on the clients and the therapists.

Il y a environ dix-huit mois, l'Unité d'Evaluation au Travail du Chedoke Hospital de Hamilton, a instauré des discussions de groupe hebdomadaires pour ses clients. Ces réunions se sont avérées une addition trés valable au programme thérapeutique. Le présent article a été écrit par cinq personnes impliquées dans la conception et l'évolution de ces groupes. On y décrit les groupes, le rôle du meneur et les questions et thémes abordés dans les réunions. Enfin, une discussion de l'impact et des influences observés chez les clients et les thérapeutes est présentée.
The Four Wall Syndrome
Authors: Kennedy Myra S.
Published: March 2013

A description of a pilot project in daytime care for the elderly and its results will provide the background for the presentation of the theory named “The Four Wall Syndrome”. This phrase was coined by the author to assist in the evaluation of the Day Care candidates and in the projection of the number of interviews as well as the type of interview techniques used when assessing the candidates for admission to a Seniors' Day Care program. The project began in May 1976, under the auspices of the New Brunswick Provincial Department of Social Services. Statistical proof of the project's success ensured its continuance for a second year. When the grant funds for the second year had been used, the Social Service Department decided to perpetuate Seniors' Day Care in the new package deal of community based services for the elderly in three key areas of New Brunswick. The ability of the program co-ordinator to apply “The Four Wall Syndrome” theory to interviews of candidates would assist in the screening process for admission to the program. It is believed that such a theory could be applicable to other programs for the elderly.
Milieu Therapy and the Elderly: A Role for the Occupational Therapist Consultant
Authors: Laurence Martha Kenaston , Banks Sheila I.
Published: March 2013

In the evolving world of improved care for the elderly, the skills of an occupational therapist are increasingly being called into play. This article presents a conceptual framework — Milieu Therapy — for treatment of institutionalized elderly persons, and describes the underlying principles of the therapeutic community. In a redefinition of roles for staff and residents, OT's become consultants whose client becomes the staff and organization within the the institutional environment. Some basic assumptions in working with staff are discussed and the major components of the process of change are briefly described. The result is a winning experience for everyone concerned — including the OT.
Student Section
Authors: Becker Barbara , Roberts Kathryn
Published: March 2013

Fourth year Occupational Therapy students at the University of Western Ontario are required to set up and run a group in the community. This paper describes one such group — a pre-retirement group in a large business organization. In describing the process of approaching the facility and setting up the group, this paper illustrates that Occupational Therapists can develop a position for themselves in the community. While this experience demonstrates that the community can be approached, it is necessary for Occupational Therapists to practice discretion in determining whether or not their offered services are unique.
One Nation or Ten Provinces: The Relationship between the National and Provincial Associations
Authors: Madill Helen M. , Brintnell Sharon G.
Published: March 2013

This paper considers the relationship between the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists and the provincial occupational therapy associations with a view to strengthen this collaboration by means of affiliate status for provincial bodies. Recommendations are made concerning the functions and responsibilities of both levels of professional organizations as well as the direct benefits to the members.
The Use of a Stroke Group Treatment Program on an Extented Care Unit
Authors: Wilson Leslie Gould
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of combining group process and rehabilitation modalities in treating stroke patients' function in activities of daily living, mobility, perception and communication. The group structure, administration and content are discussed. Reasons for the program's value and success are explored.
Vocational Counselling and the Alienated Worker
Authors: Monfette Louise
Published: March 2013

Those who are suffering from job alienation form one segment of the growing clientele that is seen for vocational counselling by occupational therapists. This article focuses on the socio-economic forces in our present society that produce alienation and their impact on the individual. The author hopes that this paper will foster an awareness of these issues and a consideration of their implications for occupational therapists engaged in counselling.
The Occupational and Physical Therapy Committee on the Multi-handicapped
Authors: Blacha S. , Fullerton S.
Published: March 2013

This article is meant as an information article that briefly describes the purpose and goals of a group of paediatric occupational and physiotherapists who meet regularly in order to improve service for the multiply handicapped child and young adult. It is written, compiled and approved by all members of the committee.
Perspectives from Tomorrow's Therapists Tribune libre des futur(e)s thérapeutes. Contrasting Philosophies in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Rowe Cheryl
Published: March 2013

This paper investigates the need for Occupational Therapy to establish a philosophy of its own. Two of the Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectures, Reilly's of 1961 and Yerxa's of 1966, are examined as being representative of the philosophies of pragmatism and existentialism, respectively. Their philosophical approaches are compared in terms of their relevance to Occupational Therapy. A base is proposed from which a new philosophy could be generated, and a personal philosophy and opinion is stated from a student's point of view.
Muriel Driver Memorial Lecture
Authors: Gilewich Gail B.
Published: March 2013

This paper is devoted to a perspective of Managers in Occupational Therapy today. Various facets of management responsibility are described, with emphasis placed on the challenge facing today's manager to effect changes that will continue to result in the delivery of high quality services.
A Model Role of Occupational Therapy in Back Education
Authors: Clements Linda , Dixon Marilyn
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a description of the Canadian Back Education Units (CBEU) which was formed in 1974. It presently has three programmes; hospital, community and industry. The authors describe the basic philosophy and objectives of the CBEU with specific emphasis on the role of occupational therapy. The paper illustrates how occupational therapy is particularly essential in the community and industrial settings. The authors mention recommendations for expansion of the role of occupational therapy in community and industrial settings.
Graduate Education the Case of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Maxwell James D. , Maxwell Mary Percival
Published: March 2013

Future manpower trends in occupational therapy in Canada are explored in the context of the history of education in Canada. The need for graduate education for occupational therapists and in occupational therapy itself is examined as it is perceived by occupational therapists and health administrators and physicians concerned with the field. The problems and advantages of graduate education are analysed. The study concludes that of the 2000 occupational therapists expected to be in practice in 1984, an optimal number with master's degrees would be between ten and twenty per cent. The problems of launching graduate programmes during times of financial constraint are discussed and the professional association is advised to take a strong leadership role in order to overcome interprovincial rivalry, and rivalry among universities within provinces. The development of graduate programmes is seen as enabling the profession to make a greater contribution to health care planning and administration and as enabling individuals within the profession to render a higher quality of service, particularly in new, more cost-effective roles.
Curriculum Planning for Community Occupational Therapy
Authors: Etcheverry Emily
Published: March 2013

The main objective of this paper is to present methods by which community related education can be integrated into occupational therapy educational programs.

Reasons why community roles are necessary for occupational therapists are discussed. This is followed by a definition of the term community occupational therapy, and by a description of the skills and knowledge required of the community occupational therapist. These elements of skill and knowledge are then related to academic and field work components of curricula in occupational therapy.
Standards — Who Needs Them? Setting Standards for the Education of Occupational Therapists
Authors: Bridle Mary J.
Published: March 2013

This paper explores some of the reasons standards for professional education are necessary and briefly traces the history of education standards for Canadian occupational therapists. The present work of the CAOT Academic Standards & Accreditation Committee on the revision of the Standards for the Education of Occupational Therapists in Canada is briefly described.
Continuing Education: An Answer to Professional Obsolescence
Authors: Hoffman Allan Michael
Published: March 2013

As many of you are probably well aware, the concept of mandatory continuing education as a requirement for practicing health professionals is currently being debated or enacted by many licensing bodies and professional organizations. This mandatory continuing education debate is not only a heated issue here in Canada and the United States, but is also an extremely important issue in many other highly developed industrialized nations of the world. It is quite safe to assume that by the end of this century most, if not all, licensed health professionals will have a mandatory continuing education requirement. What the author intends to do in this analysis is first present a brief definition of continuing education, discuss some salient variables as they relate to continuing education, and finally discuss professionalism and professional obsolescence.
Simulated Patients in the Education of Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Posthuma Barbara W.
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses the evolvement of using simulated patients in the education of health professionals. Specifically it adresses the viability of using volunteers to simulate patients with psycho-social disorders in teaching and evaluating interview skills and techniques with occupational therapy students. Included is a general discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing simulated patients in an educational setting. The arrangements and teaching process necessary to train a simulated psychiatric patient are also presented.
Perspectives from Tomorrow's Therapists
Authors: Butler Catherine , Pashley Joan
Published: March 2013

Some weaknesses of the traditional model of internship and current occupational therapy education are analyzed. This analysis is followed by a short history and development of the use of student learning contracts in formal education and clinical practice of occupational therapy students at the University of Toronto. Various types and components of learning contracts are outlined and student reaction and recommendations to typical contracts are documented.
Occupational Therapy and the Need to Influence Delivery of Service
Authors: Irvine Sheila R.
Published: March 2013

This article is an attempt to re-define the role of the occupational therapist in light of numerous concepts and models which have been developed in recent years. The de-emphasis on hospital-based programs is significant and the community role for the occupational therapist, while not necessarily new, is a much expanded one which offers exciting and challenging prospects for the future. The need to influence the system for the delivery of service to embrace this community concept is emphasized.
Neurology Update: “Recent Developments in the Understanding of the Nervous System”
Authors: Gillespie M. Jean
Published: March 2013

Neural Mechanisms of Sensori-Motor Integration

New methods of investigation have enlarged understanding of the mechanisms underlying activity in the nervous system. Excitable cells transmit impulses by means of their special membrane properties and excitation is transmitted from cell to cell across specialized sites called synapses. In the nuclei of the central nervous system there are many small neurons that have no axon or only very short axons and dendrites. These are referred to as interneurons and the chemical transmitters they release may be excitatory or inhibitory to the cells with which they synapse. Cells with axons ending in a nucleus and cells with dendrites in the nucleus plus the interneurons which may intervene between the input of the message by an axon reaching the nucleus and its transmission onwards, form networks of cells that act as micro-circuits, affecting the nature of the neural signal. Control of transmission by these networks is the means by which sensory and motor impulses may be modified, enhanced, suppressed or facilitated. The integration of many sensory inputs, and the feedback during movement modulate and shape the motor response.

An understanding of the mechanisms of inhibition and facilitation becomes increasingly important for therapists who use techniques based on “sensori-motor integration“.
Summary of a Project Comparing Student Performance Forms
Authors: Bell Elizabeth B.
Published: March 2013

This paper is a summary of a pilot project designed to provide data which would lead to more effective methods of evaluating field work performance of occupational therapy students in Canada. Three evaluation forms were selected for comparison. A quantitative-descriptive type of research was utilized and a questionnaire to occupational therapy clinicians and students was the method used for data collection. The three major findings were: i) that the American Occupational Therapy Association Field Work Performance Report Form was the most complete form in evaluating student performance in specific skill areas; ii) the Queen's University Occupational Therapy Clinical Training Report Form contained essential components concerning interaction skills; and iii) the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy Report of Clinical Training was in need of major revisions if its use was to be continued. This paper includes an outline of the results and the major limitations of the pilot project; however, the conclusions and recommendations arising from the project are the main focus of discussion.

Cet article résume un projet pilote destiné à fournir des données qui amèneraient des méthodes évaluatives plus efficaces de la formation clinique des étudiants en ergothérapie au Canada. Trois formulaires d'évaluation furent choisis et comparés. Une recherche descriptive et quantitative fut utilisée; un questionnaire aux cliniciens et aux étudiants permet de recueillir les données. Les trois conclusions majeures sont: i) que le «Field Work Performance Report Form», de l'Association américaine des ergothérapeutes, est le formulaire le plus complet pour évaluer des habiletés spécifiques; ii) que le «Queen's University Occupational Therapy Clinical Training Report Form» contient des composantes essentielles concernant les habiletés d'intervention; et iii) le «Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy Report of Clinical Training» doit subir des révisions majeures si son utilisation se poursuit. Cet article comporte un aperçu des résultats et les limites majeures du projet pilote; toutefois, les conclusions et les recommandations émanant du projet sont les points principaux de la discussion.
Follow-Up Self Care Assessment
Authors: Horne Sylvia J. , Pfefferkorn Carol , Robinson C. E.
Published: March 2013

The following study was undertaken to evaluate the level of self-care activities of severely disabled patients discharged from the G. F. Strong Rehabilitation Centre to extended care units (ECU). The results may offer significant information with regard to the ongoing rehabilitation program at the Centre, and could have implications in terms of total management for severely disabled patients in the future.
Decubitus Ulcers and Wheelchair Cushions a review of the Literature
Authors: Bokhaut Frayda (née Raber)
Published: March 2013

A review of the literature is presented in this paper discussing the development of decubitus ulcers and wheelchair cushions in their management. The etiology and pathology of decubitus ulcers as well as their classification is outlined. Much research has been done in determining the amount of pressure forces that the skin can survive before becoming ischemic. This is discussed and related to the research evaluating the various cushions available on the market today. This paper is not an endorsement of any particular brand of wheelchair cushion.
The Clinical Learning Centre Revisited
Authors: Bridle Mary J. , Burton Jean E.
Published: March 2013

This paper describes the use of the Clinical Learning Centre (a learning resource centre in which facilities for video taping interviews are provided) and volunteer clients as a part-time intramural fieldwork placement. The application of Robert Carkhuff's model for human resources training is briefly illustrated and a method of evaluation of skill acquisition is described.
The Alternate Program; an Alternative for Chronic Care
Authors: Gautier Maryse
Published: March 2013

This paper describes a 2 1/2 year pilot project for long term schizophrenic patients. It describes the kind of patients involved, the program itself, the role of the staff, the results and finally the therapist's reflections working with chronic patients for long periods of time.
Book Review: Interpersonal Communication, Theory and Practice, The Helping Interview, Clinicians View: On Being Therapeutic
Authors: Posthuma Barbara
Published: March 2013

In keeping with the theme, Adult Psychiatry, the Editorial Board felt it was an opportune time to canvas the faculty of Canadian occupational therapy programs for articles and books which they felt were highly pertinent to students, professors and clinicians. As you will see, some of the submissions deal with the complexities of psychiatric patients; others help the reader to gain a theoretical and practical understanding of treatment techniques currently used in occupational therapy. One is challenged to rethink some traditional concepts, for example, the role of women in society. New ideas are also presented, such as the part the body plays in emotional makeup and the upcoming role of the occupational therapist as a researcher. It is hoped that this selection will prove to be both interesting and useful.
Perspectives from Tomorrow's Therapists: Tribune libre des futur(e)s thérapeutes
Authors: Backman Catherine
Published: March 2013

Many elderly people have been unjustifiably labelled senile, when in fact they are deprived of sensory stimulation. Making an effort to reawaken the senses of the elderly may alleviate the symptoms of senility and prove the label incorrect. During a three week clinical rotation in an extended care facility, a sensory input class was begun with four residents. The activities are described.
Profile of an Occupational Therapist Revisited
Authors: Bridle Mary J.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, the final revised edition of the Occupational Therapist Occupational Profile is presented. Secondly, the results of a study to determine the level of competence required in entry-level (new graduate) therapists are presented and discussed.
Incest: A Historical and Behavioural Perspective in Family Life
Authors: Wright Maureen
Published: March 2013

This article describes the origins and history of the incest taboo, with an emphasis on society's response to incestuous sexual assault. The complexity of the topic is shown by its relationship to sociology, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, law, religion and history. Although man has been fascinated by incest since primitive times, no logical interpretation of the incest taboo has been achieved. The most prominent explanations of the taboo and approaches to it are explored. Violations of the taboo are considered in the perspective of socioeconomic power and fundamental motivations within the family. Since incest is a widespread phenomenon, professionals who work with children should be aware of its origins, history, characteristics and implications in the children they serve so that they can recognize cases and intervene when necessary.
An Electromyographic Study of Shoulder Muscles during Bilateral Sanding: A Pilot Study
Authors: Newall Anthony R. , Robinson Karen L. , Spaulding Sandi J.
Published: March 2013

Bilateral sanding is used by occupational therapists as a therapeutic exercise technique, however, to-date no data have been available identifying the musculature involved in the activity nor the extent of that involvement. The dual purpose of this pilot study was to; (a) delineate the activity of selected shoulder muscles during bilateral sanding, and (b) determine whether the method used would be feasible in the analysis of other therapeutic activities. For this investigation, a quadriplegic individual was matched for height and weight with a normal subject and both were tested under several controlled conditions of bilateral sanding. Right shoulder complex musculature was electromyographically (EMG) investigated and the muscles studied were: pectoralis major, biceps brachii, the three heads of deltoid, and the lateral and medial heads of triceps brachii. EMG data for the two subjects were normalized and represented as percentages of the maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) relative for each muscle. This technique allowed intra- and inter-subject comparisons of muscle activity.

Recognizing the limitations of the study with the major one being the small number of subjects, useful information was obtained from the results. The quadriplegic individual appeared to be more inefficient in his muscle usage than the normal subject. This may be related to trunk instability in the quadriplegic subject. All three heads of the deltoid appeared to be the most highly used of monitored muscles in both the normal and the quadriplegic with triceps being only moderately active in the quadriplegic individual. Spring resisted bilateral sanding produced the most EMG activity in all muscles studied in both subjects. Further investigations employing a larger number of subjects may further elucidate EMG activity during bilateral sanding.

It would appear that EMG investigations of therapeutic activities offer an informative method of physical activity analysis.
“Grasp without Hands”
Authors: Cameron Thelma M.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this article is to describe how a mouthforceps was constructed from a picture only; this device was originally made in Denmark for a CP victim. The challenge to make the device, the mouthforceps, began when a C5 quadriplegic patient was referred to occupational therapy for an aid to help replace his lost hand function. This article describes the method of construction, the cost, and the use of the device. This article also compares two mouthforceps (one with a chrome, the other with a plastic mouthpiece) for their limitation in use, durability and cost.
Preventing Degenerative Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff: A Program Proposal
Authors: Worley Scott
Published: March 2013

Degenerative tendinitis of the rotator cuff is investigated through a review of the literature. Its clinical appearance, related biomechanics, treatment and factors leading to its development are discussed. Based on these findings an occupational therapy program designed to prevent the condition is proposed. The program focuses both on strengthening the rotator cuff muscles in preparation for stressful use of the arm and on improving upper back posture. The identification of individuals at risk for its development is also discussed. Several hypotheses for future study are proposed and the importance of preventive programming to the future of occupational therapy is considered.
Perspectives from Tomorrow's Therapists Tribune libre des futur(e)s thérapeutes
Authors: Beckett Susan
Published: March 2013

This paper presents an overview of the current role of the Occupational Therapist within the Canadian elementary school system. The roles were identified through the use of a questionnaire which was distributed to thirty-two therapists in Canada who are presently working either directly or indirectly within the educational system.
Electromyographic Investigation of the Effects of Different Types of Olfactory Stimuli on Muscle Activity
Authors: Boyd Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

This study investigated the effects of six different types of olfactory stimuli on the electromyographic activity of the masseter, upper trapezius, and biceps brachii muscles of 18 normal subjects. The presence of the stimuli had a significant effect on the masseter (p < .011) and the upper trapezius (p < .001) muscles, but not on the biceps brachii muscle. The type of stimulus and the order of presentation of the stimuli had no significant effect on any of the three muscles. Muscle activity was increased whether or not the subject considered the stimulus pleasant or unpleasant. The limitations of this study, the implications for treatment using olfactory stimuli, and suggestions for further study are presented.
Santé et sécurité au travail pour le personnel dans les services d'ergothérapie
Authors: Salko Rollande
Published: March 2013

En ergothérapie comme dans le réseau de santé et dans le milieu hospitalier en général notre première préoccupation c'est la santé du patient. L'approche dans le présent document se veut différente et met l'accent sur la préservation de la santé du thérapeute.

Cet article décrit les principaux facteurs de risques pour le personnel travaillant en ergothérapie ainsi que l'atteinte à la santé par les différents agents agresseurs. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de sept services d'ergothérapie de la région de Montréal à l'aide d'un questionnaire. L'article propose également des programmes de prévention spécifiques et généraux et en précise les objectifs. Plusieurs mesures de prévention suggérées sont déjà appliquées dans certains services d'ergothérapie tandis que d'autres se proposent de faire les démarches nécessaires pour mettre en application les mesures de prévention.

En conclusion l'auteur met l'accent sur le bien-être physique et mental du personnel œuvrant en ergothérapie.
The Impact of Political Action on the Education of Occupational Therapists: An Example in Ontario
Authors: Gill Thelma
Published: March 2013

The 1970 report of the Ontario Committee on the Healing Arts was examined as a political act which influenced the education of occupational therapists in Ontario. The subsequent actions taken by CAOT and OSOT in reaction to the recommendations of this Committee were investigated. Through a discussion of these issues it is shown how politics has an impact on the profession of occupational therapy. The author poses general solutions associated with politically influenced concerns of therapists.
The Biomechanical Basis for Joint Protection in Osteoarthritis
Authors: McCloy Lynda
Published: March 2013

This article discusses the mechanical factors involved in the degeneration of cartilage as described in the current literature, in order to provide a logical basis for the use of joint protection measures in osteoarthritis. Criteria for implementation of joint protection techniques are developed in relation to these mechanical factors. Some relevant techniques are suggested to illustrate how commonly used treatment modalities can be applied specifically in an attempt to counter the most harmful forces on joints in osteoarthritis.
Perspectives from Tomorrow's Therapists Tribune libre des futur(e)s thérapeutes
Authors: Stone Janette
Published: March 2013

The occupational therapist has historically been associated with assisting the individual function maximally within his environment. Retirement is a change of lifestyle to which most people must adjust. This paper outlines various aspects of retirement and examines possible future roles of the occupational therapist in helping elderly people adjust to retirement.