bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation Incentives in Developing Countries
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the extent to which developing countries should attach weight to innovation incentives under the patent-competition interface. The weight that innovation incentives should carry in the patent-competition interface should vary according to the country–s technological capacity. In a country devoid of innovation capacity, innovation incentives matter little and competition policy should be given greater emphasis. In such a country, technological progress is mostly achieved through technology transfer. Dynamic efficiency is no longer concerned about innovation incentives but about incentives to transfer technology. How the stringency of the patent-competition rules may influence the incentives of foreign technology owners to transfer technology becomes a matter of serious concern.
Unilateral Refusal to License Patents— A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the various theoretical issues raised by competition regulation of unilateral refusal to license and compulsory licensing. It begins by clarifying that the unilateral refusal to deal doctrine is usually applied to patented input or product, while the essential facilities doctrine has greater salience in the context of technology licensing. The chapter surveys the various theories of harm for the two doctrines, including enhancement of entry barriers, facilitation of price discrimination, foreclosure of downstream competition, and creation of effective exclusivity. It then addresses the various critiques that have been launched against both doctrines, challenging the conventional wisdom that compulsory licensing undermines innovation incentives. Finally, the chapter considers some of the critiques directed specifically at the essential facilities doctrine and rejects the argument that the doctrine should be inapplicable to intellectual property.
Patent Tying
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter evaluates patent tying, assessing how developing countries should approach patent tying issues. After unilateral refusal to license, tying involving a patented tying product (patent tying) is probably the patent exploitation practice with the greatest salience for developing countries. Unlike some patent exploitation practices such as licensing restrictions, which would only be relevant to developing countries with technological adaptation and innovation capacities, patent tying can affect every developing country. Patent tying can extract surplus from consumers and foreclose rivals in the tying and the tied product markets, which can affect every developing country regardless of its technological capacity. This is especially true of surplus extraction. Therefore, developing country authorities should devote attention to patent tying practices. The chapter then rejects the argument that patent tying is justified because it generates more innovation incentives, and examines how developing countries should approach patent tying when it is used for the purpose of offensive leveraging, defensive leveraging, and price discrimination.
Restrictive Licensing Practices
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter studies restrictive licensing practices. For countries that are not recipients of technology licensing—the production countries—perhaps because domestic production activities are not sufficiently technologically advanced to absorb patented technologies, restrictive licensing practices should attract little attention from them. These practices, however, are highly salient to beneficiaries of foreign technology licensing: the technology adaptation countries and proto-innovation countries. Given that technology licensing is one of the three modes of technology transfer and redounds the greatest direct benefits to the host country, competition authorities in these countries must approach restrictive licensing practices in a thoughtful manner. The chapter then explores competition law regulation of no challenge clauses, post-expiration royalty, and package licensing as illustrations of how the technology adaptation countries should approach licensing practices, keeping in mind its impact on technology transfer.
Broadcasting and Infrastructure Politics in Post-Independent India
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the highs and lows of public broadcasting as infrastructure in India. It attempts to answer the question—why is public broadcasting, in its present state, being considered critical infrastructure when all available evidence seems to suggest that public broadcasting is no longer favoured infrastructure. This chapter highlights the fact that the provisioning of information infrastructures in India continues to be fraught as is the case with the state of public broadcasting in Kashmir and North East India. The chapter deals with the paradox that one of the world’s largest public broadcasters with massive national reach is currently being publically ignored while other countries such as Australia and the USA have recognized the real worth of public broadcasting as critical infrastructure. The relentless privatization of the media sphere in India and the emergence of government supported media conglomerates such as Reliance could point to the futures of public broadcasting in India.
Interpreting Information Infrastructures
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip
Published: May 2022

The final chapter highlights key issues in the study of information infrastructures in India that warrant further research. It deals with some of the characteristics of infrastructure, its continuities, the fact that infrastructures are contingent and that its access and use involve learnings. It deals with anti-infrastructure contestations in India such as that waged by the Maoists. If infrastructures need to be “learned” is there a case for digital literacies that will enable ordinary people to negotiate digital and mobile infrastructures? At the same time, this chapter deals with the need for researchers to critically interrogate information infrastructures and to broaden the canvas of investigation to include data centres along with old and new information infrastructures. The key question however remains a persistent one—who benefits?
Marathi Cinema, Cultural Space, and Liminality
Authors: Ingle Hrishikesh Sudhakar
Published: May 2022

This book is a critical history of Marathi cinema, presented from its formative years in the 1920s till the end of 1990s. It is the first work to explore the industrial and aesthetic formations of Marathi cinema and elaborate on the idea of region as performance using the framework of critical socio-spatial analysis. Against the dominance of Hindi cinema, the Marathi film industry, as a regional film practice in India, has developed within a cultural and spatial liminality. This historical situation of the Marathi film industry is formulated here as the shaping and dispersal of a vernacular cultural space and is traced over a period of seven decades, across genres such as the saint-film, social melodramas, and the tamasha film, as well as in urban and mofussil sites of film circulation. Marathi Cinema, Cultural Space, and Liminality aims to be a useful resource for students, researchers, and general readers while attending to the absence of scholarly inquiries on this important regional film culture.
Introduction
Authors: Watts Galen
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter opens with the following question: why do contemporary liberals have trouble identifying the traditions they belong to? It argues that this is the result of their self-understanding, which holds that their values and convictions derive from deep within them, rather than society. Not coincidently, this is precisely the same self-understanding underlying the “spiritual but not religious” moniker. Having established this connection, the book traces the author’s initial interest in what scholars call the “spiritual turn” to their engagement with the book Habits of the Heart—which put the shift from “religion” to “spirituality” on the sociological map, and made clear the striking degree to which debates about “spirituality” reflect larger debates about the character and constitution of twenty-first-century liberal democracies. The chapter narrates how Habits spurred the author to undertake this project, outlines the study’s theoretical and normative debts to Émile Durkheim, and introduces the reader to the main themes addressed, and methods used, in the book. It concludes with an overview of the chapters.
Moral Reform and Shifting Involvements at a Twelve Step Group
Authors: Watts Galen
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a cultural sociological case study of New Life Fellowship (NLF), a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous. It begins with a brief sketch of the version of the religion of the heart encoded and enfleshed at NLF—Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) discourse. It then analyses NLF meetings as a type of collective ritual, which comprises four components: erection of symbolic boundaries, demarcation of a distinct social environment, the performative uses of storytelling, and practices of self-cultivation. The relationship between AA discourse and the pathologies of egoism and anomie are discussed. The chapter argues that critics are wrong to suggest that the religion of the heart in this form cannot serve as a site of social integration or moral regulation. The chapter concludes that NLF functions as a generative institution, which facilitates, rather than stifles, civic engagement, as well as a community of redemption, where members are offered the chance to experience moral redemption.
Heidegger on Being Self-Concealing
Authors: Withy Katherine
Published: May 2022

Heidegger on Being Self-Concealing is the first dedicated study to systematically address the question of what phenomenon Heidegger is talking about when he says that being conceals itself. It proceeds by analysing texts across Heidegger’s philosophical career and sorting the various phenomena of concealing and concealment discussed in them into a highly-structured taxonomy. The taxonomical structure makes it easy to determine what is and is not a self-concealing and what is and is not a self-concealing of being. Along the way, various other phenomena of concealing and concealment are identified, including speaking falsely, talking idly, secrets, mysteries, seeming, and inauthentic discovering. The self-concealing of being—or, as Heraclitus puts it, phusis’s (being’s) love of kruptesthai (self-hiding)—is distinguished from lēthē (forgottenness), the nothing revealed in angst, earth, excess, the backgrounding of the world, un-truth, and other closely related phenomena. Being is shown to be self-concealing in that it appears to us lacking the sorts of contrast cases that render entities determinate and intelligible for us—namely, contrasts with its ground and what it is other and rather than. This novel interpretation of the self-concealing of being explains why the secondary literature to date has discussed the phenomenon in the vague and metaphorical terms that it has, as well as why Heidegger tends to collapse being’s self-concealing into the phenomenon of lēthē. The interpretation is both a clarification of and corrective to Heidegger’s notoriously difficult and sometimes misleading discussions of being as self-concealing.
The Last Language on Earth
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

The Eskayan language of Bohol in the southern Philippines has been an object of controversy ever since it came to light in the early 1980s. Written in an unusual script, Eskayan bears no obvious similarity to any known language of the Philippines, a fact that has prompted speculation that it was either displaced from afar, fossilized from the deep past, or invented as an elaborate hoax. This book investigates the history of Eskayan through a systematic review of its writing system, grammar, and lexicon and carefully evaluates written and oral narratives provided by its contemporary speakers. The linguistic analysis largely supports the traditional view that Eskayan was the deliberate creation of a legendary ancestor by the name of Pinay. The study traces the identity of Pinay through the turbulent history of early twentieth-century Bohol when the island suffered a series of catastrophes at the hands of the United States occupation. It was at this time that the ancestor Pinay was channeled by Mariano Datahan, a multilingual prophet who foretold that English and other languages would be abandoned and that Eskayan would one day be spoken by everyone in the world. To make sense of this situation, the book draws on theorizations of postcolonial resistance, language ideology, mimesis, and the utopian political dynamics of highland societies. In so doing, it offers a linguistic and ethnographic history of Eskayan and of the ideologies and historical circumstances that motivated its creation.
What Does Participation Entail?
Authors: Lenette Caroline
Published: May 2022

While Participatory Action Research (PAR) has several strengths “on paper” and can yield excellent outcomes to democratize knowledge production, the reality of research practice is not as straightforward. Chapter 3 explores key tensions linked to achieving genuine or deep levels of participation in collaborative research. Even though participation is at the heart of PAR, superficial and tokenistic engagement of co-researchers can threaten the promise of co-research and minimize possibilities for change. The author describes the politics of different forms of participation, including the lack of opportunity to disrupt established practices that reinforce shallow participation. She discusses what best practice should encompass to encourage more critical applications of PAR models across disciplines. Thea Shahrokh’s vignette explores how PAR involves care work that can lead to personal, community, and political change. She describes the spaces of learning, belonging, and mutual support that PAR creates for academic researchers and co-researchers.
Participatory Action Research Is Ethical, Right?
Authors: Lenette Caroline
Published: May 2022

Participatory Action Research (PAR) privileges knowledge co-production based on collaborative research activities with benefits extending beyond mere data collection. However, Chapters 2, 3, and 4 raised potential ethical challenges and pitfalls, indicating that we should carefully consider how to manage the complexities of adopting PAR models and the obstacles that might emerge in co-research. Chapter 5 explores further ethical concerns linked to PAR, including how precepts such as anonymity can clash with the methodology’s intent. The author examines key ethical considerations in participatory research practice, contexts where ethical dilemmas can be distinctively tricky to address even when using collaborative PAR processes, and tensions linked to institutional ethics approval procedures. Louisa Smith’s vignette describes the intricacies of implementing a PAR project in a dementia ward in an aged care facility. She shares key considerations that prompted her to reassess how she engaged with aged care residents and how she adapted her methodology to this context.
What of Gender Equality?
Authors: Lenette Caroline
Published: May 2022

The lack of attention to gender and intersectionality is still a major problem in all forms of research, sometimes within feminist-oriented projects. Participatory researchers can inadvertently reinforce gender-neutral approaches by failing to explicitly state what feminist and gender diversity principles guide their research, resulting in superficial outcomes only. Chapter 6 focuses on feminist Participatory Action Research (PAR) and gender diversity considerations to highlight the central importance of gender equality to participatory research models. The author explores the meaning of feminist research and highlights tensions in contemporary discussions of transfeminism. She discusses the potential of feminist PAR and participatory research in gender diversity studies to explore unique experiences through a gender analysis. The chapter vignette is about gatekeeping, based on the author’s experiences in participatory research projects with women co-researchers. She explains how white feminists and male community leaders act as gatekeepers, and shares thoughts on how researchers might respond to gatekeeping issues.
Populism as Mobilization and as a Party
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter articulates the impact of the populist logic on the type of movements and parties formed. It analyses the dynamics and impact of populist mobilization on competitive party systems in constitutional democracies. It argues that key elements of populist logic—the pars pro toto conception of political representation, the friend–enemy conception of politics, the anti-establishment/anti-elite posture even when in power, and the anti–status quo orientation of populist parties—foster factionalism, severe affective political polarization, the movementization of parties and the evisceration of democratic norms and institutions. Populists create a specific type of catch-all movement-party—one that blurs the distinct logics of social movements and political parties with deleterious effects on political competition. Populist logic prevents populists in government from deescalating their demands; from abandoning their movement style rhetoric, tactics, or posturing; from renouncing outbidding; and from ceasing to demonize the opposition. This makes compromise impossible and responsible governance very unlikely.
The Dark Side and Leader Derailment
Authors: Leslie Jean Brittain
Published: May 2022

Why do leaders, in the eyes of their organizations, not live up to their full career potential? Over five decades of derailment research has focused on the answer to this question. Studies on derailment, a metaphor for a train coming off the track, have examined leaders’ maladaptive behaviors, dark-side personality characteristics, and dynamics that result in considerable damage to individuals and organizations. This chapter provides an historical overview of leader derailment from the 1960s to today and presents the role of dark-side personality traits in explaining derailed leaders’ behaviors. Comparisons of successful leaders to derailed leaders and the processes of derailment are discussed to better understand the full array of factors that can lead to leader derailment. The chapter closes by identifying the costs of derailment to leaders, coworkers, and organizations.
Assessing the Dark SideMaking Informed Decisions Throughout the Leadership Lifecycle
Authors: Rotolo Christopher T. , Bracken David W.
Published: May 2022

Everyone has run into dark-side leaders at work—those who tend to demonstrate dark-side characteristics more often, and in more situations, than typical leaders in an organization. Employees intuitively assume that talent management tools and processes will adequately expose such leaders and behaviors. However, they often fail to do so, and quite often such processes actually promote dark-side behaviors. Assessment is at the heart of talent management and plays a pivotal role in either permitting or preventing dark-side behavior. This chapter looks at each stage of the leadership lifecycle—attraction, hiring, onboarding, development, appraisal, and advancement—and studies how talent assessment might purposefully or inadvertently support dark-side behaviors, and how organizations can improve their talent assessments to keep the dark side out. A review of existing dark-side measures reminds readers that there are a variety of considerations that organizations should heed when using such measures. Lastly, the authors outline several best practices for using talent assessments for keeping the dark side out of organizations.
Getting Back on Course
Authors: Kirschner Jonathan , Zamora Justin P.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to present a model that demonstrates how executive coaching can help a leader who is at risk of derailing. The authors examine the leadership derailment literature and take a particular stand on how the stressors of leadership contribute to derailment. The authors present a conceptual framework for executive coaching, known as the AIIR Method, that can serve as a lifeline to struggling leaders, helping them to become more effective and thus increasing the likelihood that they will achieve their respective organizational mandates. By breaking down the conceptual aspects of the AIIR Method, the authors demonstrate how each phase of the coaching process provides a leader with clarity, which activates behavior change that can be sustained over time. The chapter shows how this model is commonly applied through a case study and concludes with a focus on future research and investigation of this important topic.
Noncommunicable Diseases
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter covers noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and other chronic disorders. Mortality for these diseases is often increased during war because of disruption of healthcare, damage to other civilian infrastructure, and population displacement. The chapter provides information on increased cancer mortality as a result of war, citing mainly the studies of cancer in atomic bomb survivors, people residing downwind of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, and workers in the nuclear weapons industry. The chapter also describes the challenges that cancer patients face in receiving treatment during war. The chapter cites studies showing associations between war-related exposures and cardiovascular disease. Finally, the chapter discusses ways of addressing noncommunicable diseases, including better training of health professionals, patient education, and systems to ensure continuity of care and provision of essential medications for prevalent noncommunicable diseases.
Introduction
Authors: Parietti Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the work, explains its aims, and discuss its methodology, largely by contrast with existing literature on “power.” The introduction also discusses the reasons to study the concept of power to begin with, in relation to the question of defining politics, and includes a summary of the book’s chapters.
Power and Political Science
Authors: Parietti Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the implications of a proper understanding of power for political science, particularly but not exclusively focusing on the conceptual underpinnings of quantitative approaches. Two distinctions are introduced—between power and causality and between possibility and probability—and their implications for the scientific study of politics are explored. While the explicit equivalence between power and causation is no longer as prevalent as it used to be, the focus on causality still contributes to obscuring the understanding of our concept. This tendency is reinforced and compounded through the use of probability—a concept that is seemingly close to possibility but is actually a subset of necessity—which is the governing concept for the attempt to objectify and “tame” politics’ unruly irregularity. A broader approach, centered on the faculty of judgment, is instead necessary to be able to make sense of possibilities as well as of necessities. The last section of this chapter will thus discuss the centrality of judgment to the understanding of power, and thereby politics, in contrast to the causal frameworks that dominate contemporary political science.
Building Financial Capability and Assets for All
Authors: Huang Jin , Sherraden Margaret S. , Johnson Elizabeth , Birkenmaier Julie , Rothwell David , Despard Mathieu R. , Jones Jenny L. , Callahan Christine , Doran Joanna , Frey Jodi J. , McClendon Gena G. , Friedline Terri , McKinney Robin
Published: May 2022

This chapter on the Grand Challenge to Build Financial Capability and Assets For All conceptualizes and applies a theoretical framework of financial capability for improving financial well-being to social work education, policy, research, and practice. Tackling this challenge is a structural and strategic response by social work to a historical legacy of financial exclusion of women and people of color, rising income and wealth inequality, and the increasing complexity of household finance. These trends, magnified by the 2020–2021 COVID-19 pandemic, have placed growing numbers of households at financial risk. Social work’s core constituents are among the most financially vulnerable members of society. The profession can play a key role in improving financial well-being and therefore has adopted financial capability of vulnerable populations as a core goal.
Eliminating Racism
Authors: Teasley Martell , McCarter Susan , Woo Bongki , Conner Laneshia R. , Spencer Michael S. , Green Tatyana
Published: May 2022

Eliminating racism to achieve racial equity is certainly a grand challenge. America was built on racism, white supremacy, and colonization; so, understanding history and context are essential to progress. The Grand Challenge to Eliminate Racism calls for the social work profession to focus on the centrality of racism, both within society and the profession. We reflect on the profession’s racist history and examine social work’s current positionality by reviewing the inclusion of race and racism across all grand challenges. Efforts to eliminate racism and white supremacy must focus on evidence and practice-based research that cultivate innovation to improve the conditions of daily life for all and facilitate change at the individual, organizational, community, professional, and societal levels. We prioritize personal awareness, antiracism workforce development that advances community empowerment, revision of social work education, and policy agendas that eliminate racism and white supremacy from organizations and include continuous evaluation with accountability.
Conclusions and Looking Forward
Authors: Barth Richard P. , Silk Kira , Flynn Marilyn L. , Uehara Eddie , Messing Jill T. , Shanks Trina R. , Sherraden Michael , Williams James Herbert
Published: May 2022

Reviewing the major accomplishments and achievements discussed throughout this volume, this chapter highlights the many successes of the Grand Challenges for Social Work through the efforts of each network and their many supporters. Arriving at the mid-way mark of the initiative during a global health pandemic and a national awakening to the ongoing systemic racism that permeates society, the Grand Challenges initiative stood with the social work field and national allied organizations to advocate for policy and practice change to address the inequities illuminated by the dual and intersecting pandemics. Progress in building a network-based organizational structure offers an example for other transformative efforts. As the Grand Challenges move forward, the initiative will increase efforts to advance innovative interventions, scientific research and educational opportunities in the field of social work to address the Grand Challenges for our society.
Sports Fans
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter turns to the case of sports fans to illustrate how an emotion practice approach helps us understand emotions in and beyond emotional highs. Sports fans can be caricatured for their proclivity toward hooliganism, with less attention to the emotions of belonging and connection that fandom fosters. Fandom provides the emotional capital that can carry fans through major life events. Seeing these fan emotions as practical engagements, this chapter shows how symbols—as charged-up stores of emotional capital—can be used pragmatically to help bind families, acquaintances, and even strangers. Under this transfer of emotional capital, though, lies a racial hierarchy in which the bodily capital of a few is transformed into emotional capital for others. Symbols become charged with emotional capital, but it is only through the bodily capital of a predominately African American workforce in American football that the profitable emotional economy of sports fandom is possible.
Viral Fear
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter turns to the political framing of emotion during public health crises. We zoom out to a broader collective level to examine how emotions come to be framed as primarily a problem to be managed, rather than a resource to be tapped. This framing aligns with the dominant view of emotion as antithetical to reason but is at odds with the empirical data from disaster scholars. An emotion practice approach explains why political leaders continue to perpetuate the “panic myth”—the belief that the public will panic during a crisis and act in irrational and unhelpful ways—by noting the value of this framing for their own political positions. Transforming their emotional capital into political capital means emphasizing their legitimacy to lead through a foil of a panicking collective. These findings have broad implications for how we confront collective challenges, including pandemics, climate change, and widespread inequality.
The Dynamics of Reform
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the meaning of “reform” in Early Modern Catholicism. It demonstrates that the Catholic idea of reform differed dramatically from how Protestants defined this term. Catholics understood it as the restoration of the pristine form of a now-deformed church as well as an improvement of church structures and the methods of catechesis but excluded the change of articles of faith from a reform agenda. Nevertheless, Catholic reform was decisively innovative, intended to aid the spiritual reform of the individual, was global in its impact, and aware of its eschatological dimension.
Symbols and Images
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates the ways in which art enticed the early modern viewer to specific religious actions and thus played a crucial role in the forming and transforming of identity. Art includes in this chapter also a wide range of material culture, which acted as conduit for a supernatural reality. In fact, any material object, sound, or smell could become a channel for the Divine, thereby eliciting imitation and action.
Embattled America
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

Embattled America is a reinterpretation of conservative evangelical persecution claims. The centrality of such claims to American life is widely known. This book, however, argues against standard approaches to them. When scholars of religion weigh in on this charged subject, the focus has been on institutional history, or overly reliant on journalistic conveniences like populism, or has tacked toward the self-understandings of evangelicals themselves. None of these approaches is sufficiently calibrated to decoding the why behind the fierce convergence of online conspiracy theory, public violence, white supremacy, and religious authoritarianism. Accepting the narrative of Embattlement on its own terms, or examining it as mere turbulence on the path of American pluralism, overlooks how such deeper structural conditions work through this discourse to undermine the actual practice of democratic politics. Thus, to continue focusing on the religiousness of recent impulses in American political life allows the deterioration of democratic culture to continue. Embattled America documents this deterioration by focusing on two groups of citizens, one insisting that religion is under assault and another charging religion with responsibility for our decline. The book interprets a range of controversial subjects and persons surrounding Embattled religion, from the Obama-to-Trump era: Glenn Beck, Sarah Palin, the Tea Party, Wallbuilders, anti-sharia legislation, and birthers. The lesson of each episode is linked not to any iteration of religion but to a democratic fundament—authenticity, representation, publics, tradition, law, and birthright—that is obscured in the obsession with controversial religion.
Changing the Subject
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

The introduction lays out the book’s framework by arguing against standard academic and journalistic approaches to evangelical Embattlement claims. Shifting the ground to social criticism and democratic theory, this chapter proposes a different series of categories for analysis. One is Life as Action Movie (LAAM), which captures the cinematic appeal of believing in one’s own Embattled significance. This is an imaginative compensation for citizens fearful of the actual, precarious future and anxious about a politics that does not alter this condition. A second term is the Long Con of Anti-politics, which refers to the long cultural disenchantment with politics that is conventional wisdom for many Americans. Rather than taking the self-understandings of Martyrs or Whistleblowers as a baseline for analysis, the introduction holds that in displacing the actual fundaments of democratic culture, Embattlement actually sustains the conditions it laments.
The Dropouts
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

The transformations of political candidacy since the 1970s have melded the categories of personal magnetism and celebrity into representation. These slow developments have over time given rise to the notion that giving “voice” to a particular kind of “religion” ratifies a politics of feeling and the idea that a candidate must present citizens with a mirror rather than operate within a framework dependent on balancing competing interests and abandoning zero-sum politics. Examining two Martyr candidacies, those of Sarah Palin and Rick Perry, show how the construction of Embattled religion helps deepen an antistatism that construes of all national life as interest group politics. In this, “representation” is the name of the unraveling of the social contract for which religion is a surrogate.
Law as Winning
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the spate of anti-sharia legislation in order to trace some of the contradictions in American understandings of law. Americans expect law to protect religion in all its vaunted specialness while also insisting it serve as a shield against “wrong” religion (which Americans sometimes use law to redefine as ideology or threat). These orientations rely on categories like equal treatment and free exercise that are too opaque and too circular to prevent the ongoing conflagrations that law promises to settle. This chapter thus argues that Americans should not invest in the idea that law can “solve” the problem of public religion, but instead recalibrate citizens’ own responsibilities to law’s egalitarian promise.
Introduction
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

The Introduction gives the reader a sense of the stakes of the book. I begin from contemporary social scientific scholarship to, first, expose the tension between reputation as opinion (doxa) and the functionalist treatment it receives today, and second, via a contrast with its kin concept of honor, assuage suspicions about its aristocratic overtones. I go on to critically discuss relevant research on ancient democratic Athens, paying extended attention to one treatment of reputation that mutes its demotic inflections. I then focus exclusively upon Plato to connect his concern with reputation to a standard feature of his thought: the distinction between reality and appearances, and the appearance of philosophers in cities in particular. To bring out the political aspect of reputation further, I engage with two contemporary critiques of doxa in Plato. I end by detailing my interpretive approach to the dialogues and offer an overview of the chapters of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter draws together final conclusions from the previous chapters of this study. Firstly it observes that, instead of having been a marginalized Calvinist, Edwards was a prominent divine who advocated doctrinal positions that were well within the mainstream of contemporary Church of England theology, as was also reflected in the positive reception of his works among substantial segments of the clergy. Secondly, it asserts that Reformed orthodoxy maintained a larger and more conspicuous—albeit minority—presence in the later Stuart Church than has been previously recognized. Finally, the broader picture that emerges is of a later Stuart Church marked not by a fairly homogenous ‘Anglican’ identity, but rather a church whose theological and ecclesio-political identity was still being contested on various fronts, of which the Reformed-Arminian debate was but one.
Slap Shot (1977)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

The hockey film Slap Shot (1977) develops a rust-belt realism and a radical kind of masculinity that have not been sufficiently appreciated. Chapter 3 discusses how this drama, filmed in a western Pennsylvania steel town, exposes the social consequences of neoliberalism by linking the mill’s closure to the fate of its middling hockey team. Written by unorthodox feminist Nancy Dowd, the film also explores gender performance and physicality as a means to reform masculinity through play. Echoes of gay liberation and a pacifist movement for noncompetitive games appear in the team’s adoption of the goon’s subversive and violent playing style—pummeling opponents to the delight of the crowd and agitating against establishment social codes. A hero, played by Paul Newman, leads the charge. This film re-imagines virility without hegemony and exemplifies a leftist populism that courses through the genre.
A League of Their Own (1992)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

Minority heroes take center stage in the sports movie genre with Penny Marshall’s memorial to the women of 1940s professional baseball. Chapter 6 discusses Marshall’s 1992 movie A League of Their Own and explores how this baseball film, like The Natural, lionizes the New Deal era, but contrasts League as a film that forgoes the individual savior to praise the players as a collective. Many have criticized the semi-fictional heroine, played by Geena Davis, for ultimately choosing marriage over her baseball career. While it is true that her choice symbolizes post-war regression to traditional femininity, the film’s emphasis on collective participation has not been given its due weight. Montesquieu’s theory of government is introduced to contrast this democratic virtue with the monarchical nature of individual competition. Meanwhile, a subplot centered on a coach played by Tom Hanks is shown to dramatize the reform from a self-destructive masculinity to an ally for women’s agency.
Number One Realist
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

In a 1965 letter to Newsweek, French writer and academic Bernard Fall (1926-67) staked a claim as the "Number One Realist" on the Vietnam War. This is the first book to study the thought of this overlooked figure, one of the most important experts on counterinsurgency warfare in Indochina. Nathaniel L. Moir's intellectual history analyses Fall's formative experiences: his service in the French underground and army during the Second World War; his father's execution by the Germans and his mother's murder in Auschwitz; and his work as a research analyst at the Nuremberg Trials. Moir demonstrates how these critical events shaped Fall's trenchant analysis of Viet Minh-led revolutionary warfare during the French-Indochina War and the early Vietnam War. In the years before conventional American intervention in 1965, Fall argued that--far more than anything in the United States' military arsenal--resolving conflict in Vietnam would require political strength, willpower, integrity and skill. Number One Realist illuminates Fall's study of political reconciliation in Indochina, while showing how his profound, humanitarian critique of war continues to echo in the endless conflicts of the present. It will challenge and change the way we think about the Vietnam War.
A History of Butô
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

A History of Butô: Dancing in a Swirl of Imagery is a rip-roaring account of one of the most important and influential performance arts of the latter half of the 20th century. Tracing the performances and techniques of ten of the most important names in the first and second generation of butô, A History of Butô puts on display the mind-blowing creativity of the founders as well as the variety of directions taken by subsequent dancers. In addition, A History of Butô places these choreographer/dancers at the center of some of the most important issues of our time, such as the relationship between humans, technology and new media, and the status of gender and ethnicity.
Ashikawa Yôko
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the career of Hijikata’s principal dancer and rehearsal director Ashikawa Yôko. Ashikawa joined Hijikata’s studio at roughly the same time as his turn to his generative dance methods, and she knew more about them than any other dancer. She undoubtedly even contributed to his methods and likely deserves some choreographic credit for Hijikata’s generative dance methods. After Hijikata died, she was not content to rest on her laurels and continue to rehash his works, but rather struck out on her own and created her own dances. She incorporated free jazz improvisation into her dances and rethought the relationship between the choreographer and society in her dances. Along with her main company, Hakutôbô, she also created a company for foreign dancers, in which she aught some of the most important dancers of butô’s third generation. The chapter contains in-depth descriptions and analysis of dances such as Salome of the Construction Zone (1987) and Gathering and Bundling the Body: Ashikawa Yôko and Japanese People (1988).
Ôno Kazuo
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter narraties the artistry of Ôno Kazuo, who more than anyone else, embodied for audiences what butô could be. This chapter sketches out a starting point for Ôno in his pre-butô dances up to 1959. Passing over his time with Hijikata Tatsumi quickly, it turns to his solo career starting in 1977. Part of Ôno’s success lay in conveying an idiosyncratic world view to his audiences through movement. In brief, Ôno held that the universe is endlessly generative, but prodigal in discarding people and things along the way. In response, he expressed a combination of gratitude and guilt in his dances. The chapter closes with an analysis of his dances in terms of five intertwined themes: gender, ethnicity, age, eccentricity, and the extent to which he relied on technique or improvisation in his performances. The chapter describes and analyses the following dances: Old Man and the Sea (1959), Admiring La Argentina (1977), My Mother (1981), and The Dead Sea: Viennese Waltz and Ghosts (1985).
Ikeda Sanae/Carlotta Ikeda and Compagnie Ariadone
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts the career of Carlotta Ikeda, one of the first three butô dancers to perform in France in 1978. She then relocated to France and become one of the three faces of butô in France through the 80s and 90s. She led a life straddling boundaries of sexuality, performance, and ethnicity, and taught butô to countless western performers. The chapter describes and analyses the following performances: A White Day (Une Journée Blanche, 1991), The Language of the Sphinx (1992), and Ai-Amour (1993, co-choreographed with Murobushi Kô).
Kasai Akira and Tenshikan
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the career of Kasai Akira. Kasai was a critical member of the butô cohort during the 60s, but left Japan (and butô) in 1979 and went to Germany to study eurythmy and anthroposophy with Rudolf Steiner. Eurythmy is a movement philosophy that posits a one-to-one connection between movement, music, voice, and speech. Kasai returned to Japan in 1986 and taught eurythmy. He re-entered the world of butô in 1994 and has since regained his position as one of the most important performers of butô, because he has appealed to dancers who have felt that his approach could be adapted to the circumstances of each individual dancer. He maintains that everyone (not just artists) must more fully study the relationships between matter, consciousness, language, cultural, history, music, and movement. Doing so will enable them to make dances that have the potential to address the needs of underserved populations, reconfigure gender confirmations, and in general, remake the universe. Dances covered include Tristan and Isolde (1976), Tragic Tales (1979), The 120 Days of Sodom (1979), Pollen Revolution (2002), and I Dance the Japanese Constitution (2013).
Writing systems
Authors: Sproat Richard
Published: May 2022

If one defines ‘writing’ as a system of symbols that can record any information conveyable in spoken language, then one inevitably arrives at the realization that any such system must encode a substantial amount of phonological information. This chapter traces the early development of writing and what might be termed the ‘discovery of phonology’. Whereas all ancient systems encoded a mixture of semantic and phonological information, it was eventually discovered that one could write using symbols that were purely phonological in their denotation. The development of purely phonological writing systems has engendered or enhanced phonological theories and these have, in turn, fed back into the design of writing systems. We explore these interactions in this chapter. We end with an examination of Bliss’s attempt to develop a writing system based purely on meaning. This was not very successful, and that in turn underscores the centrality of phonology to writing systems.
The Prague School
Authors: Battistella Edwin
Published: May 2022

The Prague School drew on the work of Baudouin de Courtenay and Ferdinand de Saussure to address the nature of phonological elements and the structure of phonological systems in long-lasting foundational ways. This chapter presents the theory of the phoneme and the methods of analysis developed by it two primary representatives, Nikolai Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson. This chapter describes the formation of the Prague Circle, its debut at the First International Congress of Linguists in 1928, and the evolution of the concept of the phoneme in the writings of Trubetzkoy and Jakobson. A particular focus is Trubetzkoy’s Grundzüge der Phonologie, the main theoretical synthesis, which considered phonological oppositions and their relation to both typology and logic. After Trubetzkoy’s death in 1938, the Grundzüge became the point of departure for much later work, and, with its extension and further interpretation by Jakobson, it was the lodestar for early generative phonology.
Representations in generative phonology in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Kisseberth Charles W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter attempts to provide a very rough guide through the critical decades of the 1970s and 1980s during which the ‘beads on a string’ view of phonological representations espoused by The Sound Pattern of English was radically reimagined as a complex multi-linear, (partially) independent, (sometimes) hierarchically arranged structure. The chapter devotes a significant portion of the text to Autosegmental Phonology, as the conceptual framework and linguistic arguments employed in advancing its agenda are significantly mirrored in the various developments that follow: the representation of syllables, stress, distinctive features, the internal phonological structure of words and sentences. Most of these advances in phonological representation have remained central to the enterprise of theoretical phonology, even if the abandonment of the SPE model out of which they arose provides new challenges in how they should be implemented.