bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patellofemoral arthroplasty provides similar long‐term survival rate and complications with better clinical outcomes compared to facetectomy for the treatment of isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis
Authors: Martinez‐Lozano J. , Martorell‐de Fortuny L. , Martin‐Domínguez L. A. , Torres‐Claramunt R. , Sánchez‐Soler J. , Perelli S. , Hinarejos P. , Monllau J. C.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This study aimed to analyse the clinical outcomes and survival of patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) in treating isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis (IPFOA) at our centre. The secondary objective was to compare these results with a historical cohort treated with partial lateral facetectomy plus Insall realignment (PLFIR). We hypothesised that clinical outcomes and survival with PFA are superior to PLFIR and comparable to the literature.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 120 patients with IPFOA was conducted. The PFA series included 33 patients treated between 2012 and 2019 with a minimum follow‐up of 5 years (range 1.2–12.1 years). The PLFIR historical cohort treated between 1995 and 2002 (range 4.1–15.7 years) consisted of 87 patients. Preoperative and post‐operative clinical outcomes were assessed using the Knee Society Score (KSS) and Kujala score, and survivorship was evaluated via Kaplan–Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing surgical failure.

Results

The PFA group demonstrated a 75.8% survival rate at 10 years, with a 24.2% failure rate requiring conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In the PLFIR group, the 10‐year survival rate was 79.3%, although 26.4% required TKA. Both groups exhibited significant improvements in KSS and Kujala score, with PFA showing superior Kujala score improvement (p = 0.012). No statistically significant difference in survival between the two groups was observed at 10 years (p = 0.056), but PFA showed better long‐term clinical outcomes.

Conclusions

PFA demonstrated comparable survival rates to PLFIR in the treatment of IPFOA. Despite a higher initial failure rate, PFA showed a potential for greater improvement in the long term, particularly in terms of anterior knee pain.

Level of Evidence

Level IV, retrospective case series analysis compared with a historical cohort.
Associations of Central Arterial Stiffness With Brain White Matter Integrity and Gray Matter Volume in MRI Across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Won Junyeon , Tomoto Tsubasa , Shan Kevin , Tarumi Takashi , Zhang Rong
Published: January 2025

Background

Central arterial stiffening is associated with brain white matter (WM) damage and gray matter (GM) volume loss in older adults, but little is known about this association from an adult lifespan perspective.

Purpose

To investigate the associations of central arterial stiffness with WM microstructural organization, WM lesion load, cortical thickness, and GM volume in healthy adults across the lifespan.

Study Type

This is a cross‐sectional study.

Subjects

A total of 173 healthy adults (22–81 years) were included in this study.

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T, T1‐weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE), single‐shot echo‐planar imaging diffusion‐weighted, and T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences.

Assessment

The participants underwent measurements of central arterial stiffness using carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure whole‐brain WM microstructural organization with free water (FW) and FW‐corrected fractional anisotropy (FACOR), FLAIR to measure whole‐brain WM hyperintensities (WMH), and MPRAGE to measure whole‐brain cortical thickness and GM volume. The associations of age and cfPWV with MRI measures were assessed.

Statistical Tests

Linear regression models to examine the associations of brain WM and GM measures with age, cfPWV, and age × cfPWV interaction after adjusting for sex, education, and intracranial volume (ICV) (voxel‐wise and cluster threshold P < 0.05). To understand the direction of the interaction result, the sample was stratified into lower and higher cfPWV groups using a median split of cfPWV.

Results

Age × cfPWV interactions were observed in WM FW, WMH volume, cortical thickness, and GM volume (P < 0.01) such that the positive regression slopes between age, FW, and WMH volume were higher, while the negative regression slopes between age, cortical thickness, and GM volume were lower in those who had higher cfPWV relative to those who had lower cfPWV.

Data Conclusion

Central arterial stiffening may accelerate the age‐related deteriorations in GM and WM structure across the adult lifespan.

Plain Language Summary

Central arterial stiffening is associated with brain white matter (WM) damage and gray matter (GM) volume loss in older adults. We extended this investigation into an adult lifespan perspective by examining the associations of central arterial stiffening with brain structure in adults across age. A total of 172 healthy adults (22–81 years) underwent central arterial stiffening measure using applanation tonometry and brain measurement using MRI. We observed that higher central arterial stiffening may accelerate the age‐related deterioration in brain WM and GM structure. These results suggest the importance of maintaining vascular health to slow age‐related brain structural changes from an adult lifespan perspective.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 5
Disparities in cardiac arrest mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: A US‐based epidemiological analysis
Authors: Shahid Mahek , Pham Hoang Nhat , Ibrahim Ramzi , Sainbayar Enkhtsogt , Abdelnabi Mahmoud , Pathangey Girish , Singh Amitoj
Published: January 2025

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases cardiac arrest (CA) risk because of renal and cardiovascular interactions.

Methods

Using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data from 1999 to 2020, we analyzed CKD‐related CA mortality and the impact of social vulnerability index (SVI).

Results

We identified 336 494 CKD‐related CA deaths, with stable age‐adjusted mortality rates over time. Disparities were observed across gender, racial/ethnic, and geographic subpopulations, with higher mortality among males, Hispanic and non‐Hispanic Black populations, and those in urban and Western regions. Higher SVI correlated with increased mortality.

Conclusions

CKD‐related CA mortality rates are stable, with disparities across demographics; higher SVI correlates with increased mortality, highlighting needed interventions.
Artificial Intelligence and the Internal Processes of Creativity
Authors: Aru Jaan
Published: January 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of generating creative outputs are reshaping our understanding of creativity. This shift presents an opportunity for creativity researchers to reevaluate the key components of the creative process. In particular, the advanced capabilities of AI underscore the importance of studying the internal processes of creativity. This paper explores the neurobiological machinery that underlies these internal processes and describes the experiential component of creativity. It is concluded that although the products of artificial and human creativity can be similar, the internal processes are different. The paper also discusses how AI may negatively affect the internal processes of human creativity, such as the development of skills, the authenticity of creativity, and the diversity of ideas.
Complications Following Open Versus Minimally Invasive Resection of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bates Kelly R. , Jones Whitney , Liggett Marjorie R. , Zaza Norah N. , Vitello Dominic J. , Bentrem David J.
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) is commonly treated with open or minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The preferred surgical approach remains unclear. This study sought to assess utilization over time, compare complication rates by surgical approach, and identify predictors of experiencing complications.

Methods

Patients who underwent GA resection from 2016 to 2022 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and compared based on receipt of open gastrectomy versus MIS. Complication rates were compared with χ2 tests. Predictors of experiencing complications or receiving MIS were assessed using multivariable Poisson regressions with robust variance.

Results

Out of 4,429 patients, most underwent open gastrectomy versus MIS (84.2% vs. 15.9%). MIS uptake did not increase. Open gastrectomy patients experienced more major complications (18.5% vs. 13.1%), higher perioperative mortality (1.53% vs. 0.57%), and longer hospital stays (7 vs. 5 days) compared to MIS patients (all p values < 0.01). MIS patients had a decreased risk of experiencing any complications (RR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.8). Non‐white patients were less likely to receive MIS.

Conclusions

MIS is associated with a decreased risk of experiencing complications compared to open gastrectomy for GA, yet its utilization has plateaued. Sociodemographic predictors of receipt of MIS indicate potential disparities in accessing certain treatments.

The preferred surgical approach for gastric cancer is unclear. This analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program compared complication rates of open gastrectomy with minimally invasive surgery (MIS).

MIS was associated with a decreased risk of experiencing complications, yet utilization has plateaued.
A Novel Dynamic Growth Rod Inducing Spinal Growth Modulation for the Correction of Spinal Deformities
Authors: Xu Yangyang , Lu Da , Zhang Le , Zhang Shijia , Wu Yong , Li Heng , Pei Baoqing , Wu Xueqing
Published: January 2025

Background

Growth rods are the gold standard for treating early‐onset scoliosis (EOS). However, current treatments with growth rods do not optimize spinal growth in EOS patients, and frequent distraction surgeries significantly increase complications, imposing considerable economic and psychological burdens on patients. An improved growth rod is urgently required to address the need for dynamic growth and external regulation.

Methods

This study designed a novel growth rod (NGR) with unidirectional sliding and external regulation capabilities. By establishing a three‐dimensional model of the EOS spine, we simulated the implantation of traditional growth rods (TGR) and NGR. We applied a compressive load of 400 N to test axial stiffness and a moment of 1 NM to assess bending stiffness under six different conditions. Additionally, we evaluated the range of motion (ROM) of the spinal joints, and the distribution of Von Mises stress in vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and the growth rods, and calculated the axial force, moment, fatigue life, and strain energy of the device.

Results

NGR exhibits higher axial compression and torsional stiffness than TGR and the Intact group. Additionally, Von Mises stress values for NGR are higher than those for TGR across all operating conditions, albeit with slightly lower total strain energy than TGR. Although Von Mises stress in NGR concentrates near the screw fixation, the fatigue life remains adequate for basic living requirements.

Conclusion

Overall, NGR demonstrates superior stiffness and stress distribution. NGR's distraction‐based implant features a unidirectional sliding component with a spring‐driven mechanism for dynamic correction and a novel non‐invasive extension mechanism to reduce infections. Compared to leading EOS implants, NGR offers improved stability, showing promise for enhancing EOS surgical interventions.
FOXA1 activates NOLC1 transcription through NOTCH pathway to promote cell stemness in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Ji‐Fa , Bao Xiao‐Qiong , Yu Wen‐Wen , Chen Xiang‐Xiang , Ni Yang‐Yang , Shi Yu‐Bo , Wang Jin‐Cong , Sun Yang‐Jie , Chen Ai‐Li , Zhou Wei‐Long , Ye Hua
Published: January 2025

Tumor cell stemness plays a pivotal role in generating functional heterogeneity within tumors and is implicated in essential processes such as drug resistance, metastasis, and cell proliferation. Therefore, creating novel tumor diagnostic techniques and therapeutic plans requires a knowledge of the possible processes that preserve the stem cell‐like qualities of cancers. Bioinformatics analysis of NOLC1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and prediction of its upstream transcription factors and their binding sites were completed. RT‐qPCR detection of NOLC1 and FOXA1 expression, colony formation assay of cell proliferation, Transwell assay of cell invasion, sphere formation assay of cell stemness, western blot detection of CD133, OCT4, GLI1, NOTCH1 and Hes1 expression, CCK‐8 assay of IC50 value of cisplatin, and ChIP and dual‐luciferase reporter validation of binding relationship between NOLC1 and FOXA1 were done. NOLC1 expression was elevated in LUAD cells and tissues. Decreased NOLC1 expression inhibited the proliferation and invasive capacity of LUAD cells, prevented LUAD cells from becoming stem cells, and suppressed cisplatin resistance in the cells. Rescue tests demonstrated that NOLC1 activated the NOTCH pathway to increase the stemness of LUAD cells and promoted cisplatin resistance in LUAD cells. The activation of NOLC1 transcription by FOXA1 was validated by bioinformatics prediction and molecular verification, and the FOXA1/NOLC1 axis enhanced the stemness of LUAD cells. Activation of NOLC1 transcription by FOXA1 through NOTCH pathway promoted stemness of LUAD. FOXA1/NOLC1 axis is expected to become a new target for inhibiting stemness of LUAD cells.
Increasing Incidence of Facial Nerve Disorders in the United States from 2007 to 2022
Authors: Wei Eric X. , Green Allen , Pepper Jon‐Paul , Akkina Sarah R.
Published: January 2025

Background

Incidence data on Facial Nerve Disorders (FND) and Bell's palsy are currently limited. Prior epidemiological studies have estimated the incidence rate of Bell's palsy to be between 11 and 53/100,000 individuals, although the most cited incidence data are from single regions or municipalities, many of which are outdated from several decades ago.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of US adults from 2007 to 2022 using the Merative™ Marketscan® Research Databases. Trends in the incidence of FND were described overall and by specific sociodemographic groups, including age, sex, region, and insurance plan type. Chi‐squared and simple logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

From 2007 to 2022, the total adult incidence of all FND was 30.5/100,000, and the total incidence of Bell's palsy alone was 24.5/100,000. Over the study period, there was a significant annual increase of 2.1 cases of FND/100,000 adults (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.8, 2.3; p < 0.001), and a significant total increase of 1.5 cases of Bell's palsy/100,000 adults (95% CI 1.2, 1.7; p < 0.001). The total incidence of FND was higher in males (33.1/100,000) than in females (28.4/100,000, p < 0.001), and greater in older age groups (p < 0.001). Additionally, the incidence of FND varied significantly by region (p < 0.001) and insurance plan type (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study provides up‐to‐date incidence rates for Bell's palsy and facial nerve disorders, based on national administrative claims data. Incidence rates of FND and Bell's palsy alone have been increasing in the United States from 2007 to 2022.

Level of Evidence

III Laryngoscope, 2025
Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Associated With Carcinoid Syndrome and Pellagra: A Case Report
Authors: Abdo Abdelmounem Eltayeb , Caminada Susanna , Mudawi Salma Barakat , Elwahab Sami Medani Abd , Rafei Ahmed , Vosinakis Christos , Pizzol Damiano , Smith Lee
Published: January 2025

Carcinoid tumours are slow‐growing neuroendocrine neoplasms mainly affecting the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tree, ovaries and kidneys. Approximately 20% of patients with carcinoid tumour are affected by carcinoid syndrome, characterised by chronic diarrhoea and/or flushing in the presence of systemically elevated levels of specific markers as serotonin or 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid. Skin manifestations include flushing of the face, neck and anterior surface of the chest but after repeated and prolonged relapses, the skin lesions become fixed, acquiring a bluish‐red tint with telangiectasias. Patients may also develop pellagra skin symptoms including erythema, xerosis, scaling, hyperkeratosis and pigmentation, caused by a deficiency of tryptophan, due to its high consumption for serotonin synthesis.
Insights Into Earthworms and Fungi: Pioneering Roles in Mitigating Global Food Scarcity and Combatting Land Degradation
Authors: Chaturvedi Sadashiv , Kumar Amit , Min Liu , Mohan Khushi , Singh Nikhilesh , Kumar Rupesh
Published: January 2025

Climate change significantly impacts terrestrial ecosystems by altering soil moisture, temperature regimes, rainfall patterns, and frequency of extreme weather events. These disruptions lead to shifts in soil community structures, accelerates land degradation processes, which in turn exacerbate the global food crisis. This review explores the roles of earthworms and fungi in improving soil health and mitigating food insecurity through their contributions to nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and plant growth. Earthworms and fungi recognized as key biological agents in nutrient cycling, soil structures enhancement, and carbon sequestration. They play crucial roles in heavy metal remediation, soil quality, fostering sustainable agricultural practices such as organic farming. The review emphasizes the influence of earthworms on nutrient dynamics, particularly in response to organic residues management, soil characteristics, and field conditions. Earthworm activity positively affects soil microbial communities, which in turn impacts plant growth, even under stress factors like soil contamination and temperature extremes. Review identifies key research gaps in the understanding of earthworm and fungi distribution, performance, and their capacity for soil remediation in varied agro‐ecological contexts. In addition to biotic factors, present review also examines alternative food habits and superfoods as strategies to address zero hunger, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for zero hunger, poverty eradication, improved health, and overall well‐being. By incorporating earthworms and fungi into agricultural systems and addressing critical research needs, there is significant potential to mitigate land degradation and contribute to the alleviation of global food crises.
Serum sodium to chloride ratio and mortality on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter retrospective study
Authors: You Jiayin , Gu Sijie , Su Ning , Feng Xiaoran , Peng Fenfen , Xu Qingdong , Zhan Xiaojiang , Wen Yueqiang , Wang Xiaoyang , Tian Na , Wu Xianfeng , Wang Niansong
Published: January 2025

An imbalance in the serum sodium to chloride ratio (Na/Cl) was linked to higher mortality among heart failure patients. Nonetheless, the prognostic significance of Na/Cl in individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains unexplored. This study seeks to explore the association between initial Na/Cl levels and mortality in PD patients. The study, conducted across multiple centers, included 3341 patients undergoing PD from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2021. Patients were stratified into quartiles according to baseline Na/Cl and followed up for a median of 5.77 years. To explore the association between Na/Cl levels and mortality, we employed Cox proportional hazards models, competing risks models, and restricted cubic spline analysis. Of 3341 patients, 722 patients died, including 259 cardiovascular deaths. Following adjustments for comorbidities and multiple covariates, individuals in the highest Na/Cl quartile (>1.42) exhibited lower all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.86) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.22–0.67) compared with those in the lowest quartile (<1.33). A similar pattern was also found when Na/Cl was dealt with continuous variables. Initial levels of Na/Cl at the start of PD were negatively correlated with all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in PD patients.
Dual Band Dual Polarized Aperture Coupled Based Frequency Selective Surface
Authors: Mohan Kachallai Narasimman , Bhowmick Abhijit , Choukiker Yogesh K.
Published: January 2025

A polarization rotation second order dual‐band aperture coupled based frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented in this letter. It produces different polarization rotation angle for both the bands. The corner truncated square patch resonators are used to examine dual‐band responses. The patch resonators are placed back‐to‐back through metallic aperture coupled layer in the middle. Two passband responses are obtained with sub‐patch resonator I (SPR I) and sub‐patch resonator II (SPR II) patch resonators. In first passband, two orthogonal component provide phase difference. Similarly, in second passband phase difference is occur. Thus, rotation in polarization is occurs in both passband. The prototype of the proposed FSS is fabricated and simulation results are verified with measured results.
Flexed‐Neck Flexible Nasolaryngoscopy for Evaluation of the Subglottis and Trachea in Children
Authors: Siu Jennifer M. , Wolter Nikolaus E. , Tepsich Meghan E. , Treble Alexander M. , Goh Samantha , Osborn Alex J. , Propst Evan J.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Determine if a flexed‐neck posture during flexible nasolaryngoscopy (FNL) improves visualization of the subglottis.

Study Design

Retrospective review of children undergoing FNL in the neutral (FNL) and flexed‐neck (FN‐FNL) positions.

Setting

Tertiary children's hospital.

Methods

FNL was performed with each child's head in neutral and flexed‐neck positions. Videos in each posture were captured and randomized. The most distal view of the subglottis in each position was evaluated with 4 rating scales: (1) subjective view (SV); of the subglottis and trachea, (2) airway grade (AG); most distal anatomical structure visualized, (3) airway area (AA); percentage of the subglottis visualized; and (4) modified Cormack‐Lehane grade.

Results

Twenty children had 80 FNL views blindly evaluated by 5 pediatric otolaryngologists. The SV, AG, and AA were all significantly better with the neck flexed compared to a neutral position (7.3 vs 3.0, interquartile range [IQR]: 2.0‐6.8, P < .001; 2.3 vs 1.5, IQR: 1.0‐2.0, P < .001; 3.4 vs 1.7, IQR: 2.3‐3.8, P = .001). There was no difference in the modified Cormack‐Lehane grade between positions. Interrater reliability was excellent or strong (0.93‐0.94, confidence interval: 0.91‐0.93).

Conclusion

FN‐FNL is a simple maneuver performed in children undergoing FNL that partially improves the subjective visualization of the subglottis.
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Molecular Docking Insights into Pancratium maritimum Seeds and Flowers: A Phytochemical Approach
Authors: Sait Ertuğrul Muhammed , Balpınar Özge , Can Aytar Erdi , Aydın Betul , Incilay Torunoglu Emine , Durmaz Alper , Rossato Viana Altevir
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of Pancratium maritimum L. in Sp. Pl.: 291 (1753) seeds and flowers. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH free radical scavenging and iron chelation assays. Antimicrobial evaluations assessed the efficacy of the extracts against diverse microorganisms. Cell viability assays were conducted on the dukes c colon cancer (SW480), while gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis facilitated the identification of bioactive compounds. The ethanol extract of P. maritimum seeds exhibited a total phenolic content of 296.89±14.53 mg GAE/g extract DW and a total flavonoid content of 361.03±20.18 mg QE/g extract DW. Conversely, the flower extract showed a total phenolic content of 95.03±7.22 mg GAE/g extract DW and a total flavonoid content of 272.12±16.42 mg QE/g extract DW. As a result, the ethanol extract of P. maritimum seeds contains higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than the flower extract. Antimicrobial evaluations demonstrated significant inhibitory effects of both seed and flower extracts, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 25 to >50 mg/mL. Notably, the seed extract showed greater activity against E. coli and C. krusei. GC‐MS analysis identified 18 bioactive compounds in the seed extract and 16 in the flower extract, with crucial components including ethyl oleate and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. Additionally, cell viability assays revealed that ethanol extracts from seeds and flowers significantly reduced SW480 cell viability, particularly at doses of 750 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL, respectively. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of P. maritimum in terms of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, highlighting its value as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the molecular docking study emphasises strong binding interactions of key compounds, particularly ethyl oleate and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, with the human STARD10 protein. The biological interactions and health implications of P. maritimum provide a significant foundation for future research in drug development and therapeutic applications.
Asphyxia due to Blood Aspiration Caused by Maxillofacial Injury With Alcohol Consumption: A Forensic Autopsy Case Report and Feedback From a Forensic Medicine Perspective
Authors: Suzuki Shoken , Ohtani Maki , Matsuo Yuhei , Fukuda Masayuki , Mimasaka Sohtaro
Published: January 2025

Background

Airway management and hemorrhage control are important with in treatment of oro‐nasal bleeding from maxillofacial injuries.

Case Presentation

We report an autopsy case of an individual who was found dead in his home and died of asphyxia due to blood aspiration caused by maxillofacial injury. Evidence of crush injury of the nose, Le Fort I fracture, C7 spinal injuries, and blood aspiration in the airways was recorded. Alcohol was detected in the blood.

Conclusion

Maxillofacial injury can cause “blood to flow into the airways” and may be associated with “cervical spine injury”; these more often occur under the influence of alcohol.
Long‐Term Postoperative Donor Site Musculoskeletal Morbidity after Osseous Free Flap Harvest
Authors: Chan Tyler G. , Rosado Aaron , Goyal Subir , Irizarry Rachel , Owen Robert J. , Baddour Harry Michael , Boyce Brian , Kaka Azeem , El‐Deiry Mark W. , Gross Jennifer H.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Complex ablative maxillary and mandibular defects often require osseous free flap reconstruction. Workhorse options include the fibula, scapula, and osteocutaneous radial forearm flap (OCRFF). The choice of donor site for harvest should be driven not only by reconstructive goals but also by donor site morbidity. The goal of this study is to evaluate the long‐term postoperative musculoskeletal morbidity at the donor site after osseous free flap harvest.

Study Design

Cohort study and cross‐sectional analysis.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent free flap harvest at 1 of the 3 donor sites from 2015 through 2021 was performed. An additional cross‐sectional analysis at ≥1 year postoperatively was performed from 2021 to 2022 using validated patient‐reported orthopedic surveys: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand for scapula or OCRFF harvest, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure for fibula harvest.

Setting

Single, high‐volume tertiary care institution.

Results

Among 731 eligible patients, 162 (22.1%) answered the telephone surveys and were included. Functional differences between operated and nonoperated sides were 18.5% (scapula, n = 33), 13.5% (OCRFF, n = 29), and 10% (fibula, n = 98). Postoperative physical therapy (for all donor sites), ipsilateral neck dissection (for scapula and OCRFF), and extent of bony resection (for OCRFF) were not factors associated with long‐term morbidity. Acute donor site complications were most common in fibula patients and were associated with worse long‐term functional outcomes (7.5% difference; 95% confidence interval, −14.0 to −1; P = .03).

Conclusion

There is acceptable long‐term musculoskeletal morbidity at the donor site after osseous free flap harvest, and patients should be counseled appropriately.
Superiority illusion in older adults: Volume and functional connectivity of the precuneus
Authors: Shidei Yuki , Matsuyoshi Daisuke , Isato Ayako , Sugihara Genichi , Takahashi Hidehiko , Yamada Makiko
Published: January 2025

Aim

Superiority illusion (SI), a cognitive bias where individuals perceive themselves as better than others, may serve as a psychological mechanism that contributes to well‐being and resilience in older adults. However, the specific neural basis of SI in elderly populations remains underexplored. This study aims to identify brain regions partially associated with SI, exploring its potential role in adaptive psychological processes.

Methods

This study combined a behavioral task, voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), and resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) analyses to investigate the neural substrates of the SI in a cohort of 145 participants, including young (n = 84), middle‐aged (n = 37), and older adults (n = 24).

Results

Our findings indicated that higher SI scores in older adults were correlated with greater gray matter volume in the right precuneus and stronger rsFC between the right precuneus and the left lateral occipital cortex. However, these correlations were not evident in younger and middle‐aged groups.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the importance of the right precuneus and its connectivity in the manifestation of the SI, particularly in older adults, highlighting its potential role in adaptive aging processes.
Proteomic Insight Into Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis Pathways
Authors: Ryu Taekyung , Kim Kyungdo , Asiimwe Nicholas , Na Chan Hyun
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, but the pathogenesis mechanism is still elusive. Advances in proteomics have uncovered key molecular mechanisms underlying AD, revealing a complex network of dysregulated pathways, including amyloid metabolism, tau pathology, apolipoprotein E (APOE), protein degradation, neuroinflammation, RNA splicing, metabolic dysregulation, and cognitive resilience. This review examines recent proteomic findings from AD brain tissues and biological fluids, highlighting potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By examining the proteomic landscape of them, we aim to deepen our understanding of the disease and support developing precision medicine strategies for more effective interventions.
Psychological Distress and Problems Among Young and Middle‐Aged Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment in China
Authors: Wang Shuman , Xu Wenjie , Sun Aoxing , Zhang Zeling , Zhang Yanhong , Zhu Yu , Wan Hongwei
Published: January 2025

Objective

Influenced by their life stage and socio‐cultural background, young and middle‐aged cancer patients in China may experience unique psychological distress. Therefore, this study investigated the severity, problems, and associated factors of psychological distress among young and middle‐aged cancer patients.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study on young and middle‐aged cancer patients aged 18–59 who were treated at a radiotherapy center from February 2022 to September 2023. Participants' psychological distress severity and problems were measured using the Distress Thermometer and the Problem List. Binary logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors, as well as PL items, associated with clinically significant psychological distress in young and middle‐aged cancer patients.

Results

Among the 510 participants, 102 (20.0%) had DT scores ≥ 4, reported an average of 3.36 ± 3.78 problems, and 360 (70.6%) reported at least one problem. The five most frequently reported problems were worry, no time and energy to take care of children/elderly people, memory loss/lack of concentration, appearance/shape, and work/school. Annual household income, self‐reported loneliness, nervousness, loss of interest in daily activities, eating, and nausea were associated with DT scores ≥ 4.

Conclusions

One‐fifth of young and middle‐aged cancer patients experienced clinically significant psychological distress. Greater attention should be paid to patients with lower household incomes and those who self‐report loneliness, nervousness, loss of interest in daily activities, eating, and nausea, providing targeted support to alleviate psychological distress.
Styles of Delivering News About a Child's Cancer and Parents' PTSD Symptoms
Authors: Farchi Moshe U. , Gidron Yori
Published: January 2025

Background

Receiving a child's cancer diagnosis is a highly traumatic experience for parents, often leading to significant psychological distress, including symptoms of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The way healthcare professionals deliver this news can affect the severity of parents' reactions. While some research examines communication style's impact on patients, few studies focus on its effects on parents.

Aims

This study explores the relationship between the communication style used by oncologists when delivering a child's cancer diagnosis and the subsequent levels of PTSD symptoms, mental resilience, and self‐efficacy in parents.

Methods

One hundred twenty eight parents of children diagnosed with cancer participated. Data were collected using the Styles of Communicating Questionnaire (SCQ), PTSD Checklist for DSM‐V (PCL‐5), the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISK), and the General Self‐Efficacy Scale. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to examine the relationship between communication style and psychological outcomes.

Results

Parents who perceived the oncologist's communication style as more activating (clear, structured, and action‐oriented) reported significantly lower levels of PTSD symptoms and higher levels of resilience and self‐efficacy. The perception of empathy played a crucial role, particularly when physicians balanced emotional and cognitive empathy. This balance was linked to better psychological outcomes in parents.

Conclusions

The study highlights the critical role of communication style in mitigating the psychological impact of a child's cancer diagnosis on parents. Training healthcare providers to balance cognitive and emotional empathy in communication may reduce PTSD symptoms and enhance resilience and self‐efficacy in parents, ultimately improving their psychological well‐being during such a challenging time.
Testing the Taguchi method to design and analyze integrated disease management strategies, for the control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) on potato
Authors: Ritchie Faye , Sapelli Laura , Smith Julie A , Paveley Neil D , Lees Alison K , Bain Ruairidh A , Ritchie James M
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Identifying robust integrated pest management (IPM) strategies requires the testing of multiple factors at the same time and assessing their combined effects e.g., on disease control. This makes field‐based experiments large, resource intensive and expensive. Hence, there are limits to the number of treatment combinations that can be practically tested under field conditions. Taguchi approach to design of experiments (DOE) or the Taguchi approach is commonly employed to enhance the quality of industrial products. It uses smaller experiments than classical DOE but its applicability to late blight research, and agricultural research, has not been widely evaluated.

RESULTS

Two existing datasets, following the same protocol and investigating the effectiveness of different IPM treatments to control late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, on potato, were used to test the Taguchi approach. Disease severity was quantified as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The method could accurately predict the performance of a cultivar and fungicide‐based integrated disease management strategy from a small dataset and identified cultivar as a key factor for disease control. Linear regression demonstrated a strong and statistically significant relationship between AUDPC values collected during the original experiments and the predicted disease severity values generated using the Taguchi method.

CONCLUSIONS

The Taguchi approach can accurately predict disease severity, with predicted values similar to those collected during the original experiments. Moreover, associated analyses identified the most effective treatment combinations and the factors that exert the greatest influence on disease control. The relevance of this approach when designing and interpreting IPM strategies is discussed. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Exploring the Therapeutic Role of Flavonoids Through AMPK Activation in Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Authors: Saikia Lunasmrita , Talukdar Nayaran Chandra , Dutta Partha Pratim
Published: January 2025

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities that significantly elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Flavonoids, a diverse class of bioactive polyphenolic compounds found in plant‐derived foods and beverages, have garnered increasing attention as potential therapeutic agents for improving metabolic health. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the therapeutic effects of flavonoids in the context of the MetS, with a particular focus on their modulation of the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. AMPK serves as a central regulator of cellular energy balance, glucose metabolism, and lipid homeostasis, making it a critical target for metabolic intervention. Through a systematic review of the literature up to April 2024, preclinical studies across various flavonoid subclasses, including flavonols, and flavan‐3‐ols, were analysed to elucidate their mechanistic roles in metabolic regulation. Many studies suggests that flavonoids enhance glycolipid metabolism by facilitating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and activating the AMPK pathway, thereby improving glycemic control in diabetes models. In obesity‐related studies, flavonoids demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on lipid synthesis, reduced adipogenesis, and attenuated proinflammatory cytokine secretion via AMPK activation. These findings show the broad therapeutic potential of flavonoids in addressing the MetS and its associated disorders. While these preclinical insights highlight flavonoids as promising natural agents for metabolic health improvement, it is important to note that their excessive concentrations may disrupt these pathways, potentially leading to metabolic imbalance and cytotoxicity. Further studies and clinical trials are essential to determine optimal dosing regimens, formulations, and the long‐term safety and efficacy of flavonoids. This review highlights the importance of flavonoids for natural interventions targeting MetS and its comorbidities, offering a foundation for future translational research.
Evaluation of (Shared) Autonomy in Robot‐Assisted Vitreoretinal Surgery Using a Surgical Model
Authors: Marinho Murilo M. , Koyama Yuki , Taniguchi Yuta , Yamanaka Toshiro , Arai Fumihito , Omata Seiji , Sugimoto Koichiro , Ueta Takashi , Totsuka Kiyohito , Shiraya Tomoyasu , Araki Fumiyuki , Takao Muneyuki , Mitsuishi Mamoru , Harada Kanako
Published: January 2025

Background

Robot‐assisted vitreoretinal surgery makes it easier for the surgeons to perform precise and dexterous manipulations required in vitreoretinal procedures.

Methods

We systematically evaluated manual surgery, conventional two‐hand teleoperation, a novel one‐hand teleoperation, and automation in a needle positioning task using a realistic surgical eye model, measuring the expert surgeon's performances and the novice's learning curves.

Results

The proposed one‐hand teleoperation improved the positioning accuracy of expert surgeons , enabled novices to achieve a consistent accuracy more quickly , decreased the novice's workload more quickly , and made it easier for novices to learn to conduct the task quickly . Moreover, our autonomous positioning achieved an equivalent accuracy to the surgeons.

Conclusions

The benefits and potential of task autonomy were shown. Further work is needed to evaluate the proposed methods in a more complex task.
Review of Deep Space Optical Communications
Authors: Ivanov Hristo , Mejri Sinda , Di Mira Andrea , Schulz Klaus‐Juergen , Heese Clemens
Published: January 2025

Amidst the next industrial revolution, advanced spaceborne optical communication technologies that offer terabit per second throughput enable seamless exploration, communication, and efficient information capacity allocation. The current paper aims to provide profound insight into the major developments of laser communication activities in deep space. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive review and comparison of the most prominent ESA‐supported (European Space Agency) initiatives, including the Lunar Optical Communication Link (LOCL) and the Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) demonstrations, among other activities, are provided. While ESA has gained sophisticated heritage by means of manufacturing and testing a number of cutting‐edge optical communication technologies within LOCL activity, it also intends to demonstrate an augmented ground infrastructure for establishing an end‐to‐end High Photon Efficiency (HPE) optical communication link between Earth and DSOC payload of NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Psyche Spacecraft. To this end, critical and leading system designs including specific issues that are required for the realization of next‐generation systems, along with examples of high‐level architectures, are provided in the current work. Considering the enhanced technical expertise, the paper further addresses the technological prospects and envisaged deep‐space optical data‐return channels for future missions, encompassing the giant planets and beyond at distances larger than 4.2 Astronomical Units (AU), as part of the forthcoming planning cycle, Voyage 2050, of ESA's Space Science Programme. All those prominent goals are addressed and evaluated in terms of fundamental limitations that apply to the information capacity of the HPE optical communication system, which is then compared with a radio frequency (RF) Ka‐band link. The demonstrated capabilities to extend the range over 100 AU of optical communication links, while supporting capacity characterized by a high signal‐to‐noise regime, have the potential to revolutionize planetary exploration.
Spontaneous Cyclization of 2‐Methylthiosemicarbazones Yields New 1,2,4‐Triazolidine‐3‐thiones, Useful as Building Blocks for Drug Design
Authors: Gričar Simona , Počkaj Marta , Marolt Gregor , Bogojević Sanja Škaro , Novinec Marko , Kljun Jakob
Published: January 2025

From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, thiosemicarbazones are interesting molecules as they exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumor, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and antileukemic properties, and their synthesis is deeply investigated. However, the synthesis using 2‐methylthiosemicarbazide as a starting compound to prepare new 1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3‐thione compounds via 2‐methylthiosemicarbazone cyclization has not been reported yet. Therefore, fifteen new 1,2,4‐triazolidine‐3‐thione compounds were synthesized during a cyclization reaction using a simple green procedure with minimal use of hazardous solvents. The synthesized compounds were characterized with the techniques of NMR, IR, MS, and CHN elemental analysis. In addition, the structure of 11 of these compounds was confirmed by X‐ray structure determination. Selected compounds were subjected to cytotoxicity assay and microbiological tests for antimicrobial susceptibility and quorum sensing inhibition and tested for their inhibitory effect on the metalloenzyme NDM‐1, which causes antimicrobial resistance.
Exploring Salts, Co‐crystals, Drug Nanoparticles, and Co‐Delivery in Formulation Development of Ciprofloxacin: A Review
Authors: Islam Noor Ul , Khan Ezzat
Published: January 2025

Based on Biopharmaceutics Classification System, Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is class IV active pharmaceutical ingredient  which exhibits poor solubility and permeability in water. It showed limited solubility due to formation of strong crystal lattice, as positive charged piperazine group interacts with negatively charged carboxylate group to form chains of molecules. Due to better performance, it is used very frequently for many infections treatment. Though, it is very useful antibiotic, but it is photo‐chemically unstable and development of antimicrobial resistance also reported in literature. Due to these serious concerns, the development of CIP formulation is a challenging task for pharmaceutical industries. Currently, several strategies are used to boost pharmaceutical properties of CIP such as solubility, dissolution and antibacterial activity. In this review we have discussed the approaches through which pharmaceutical properties of CIP can be improved such as solubility, dissolution rate and antibacterial activity and so forth. Salts, Co‐crystals, salt‐Co‐crystals, metal complexes, and nanoparticles formations are some prominent strategies for altering CIP pharmaceutical properties. Preliminary, this review is design for CIP, but it can also be helpful for other antibiotics (especially fluoroquinolones class).
Ataluren, a 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole‐Containing Drug Candidate for Nonsense Mutations: Major Breakthroughs and an Up‐to‐Date Process Chemistry Review
Authors: R Manjunath , Gaonkar Santosh L.
Published: January 2025

Genetic ailments such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) arise due to nonsense mutations. A nonsense mutation occurs when a point mutation changes a sense codon that codes for an amino acid to a stop codon, which leads to premature termination of mRNA translation. Because of this, a truncated protein product is produced; therefore, it is called a premature termination codon (PTC), and several diseases, such as CF, DMD, and congenital myopathy, arise due to the production of a truncated protein. The bioactive compound ataluren, formerly known as PTC124, is believed to modulate the translation machinery and enhance the synthesis of fully functioning, full‐length protein by permitting the readthrough of PTCs during mRNA translation. Ataluren, known by the brand name Tranlsarna, is currently authorized to treat nonsense mutations in DMD and other diseases in the European Union and other countries. In this work, an earnest effort has been made to bring about significant breakthroughs and elucidate its mechanisms of action, and an up‐to‐date synthetic review has been carried out.