bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multidecadal Trends in Instrumental SST and Coral Proxy Sr/Ca Records
Authors: Scott Robert B. , Holland Christina L. , Quinn Terrence M.
Published: September 2009

Historical ship observations of sea surface temperature (SST) from 1850 to present were used to compute linear 40-yr trends for all 5° latitude by 5° longitude grid cells with sufficient data. Trends from throughout the twentieth century were centered about a 7 mK yr−1 warming trend with standard deviation 14 mK yr−1. Although different with high statistical significance from a distribution with zero mean, the warming trends were not unusual in amplitude compared to the available nineteenth-century trends. Trends at the same grid points from the latter half of the nineteenth century were distributed about near-zero mean with standard deviation 17 mK yr−1. The shift in mean is robust to accounting for the biases arising from differing observational methods prior to 1942. The 40-yr trends from the latter half of the twentieth century were centered about 10 ± 4 mK yr−1 and more clearly distinct from earlier trends. Linear 40-yr trends were computed at different locations and times from all publicly available coral skeleton records of the concentration ratio of Sr to Ca. The pre-twentieth-century distribution of 40-yr trends in the Sr/Ca ratio was significantly different from the twentieth-century trends, consistent with the warming found in the instrumental SST. The interpretation of the coral Sr/Ca 40-yr trends cannot yet be reduced to a single factor. Major uncertainties were due to (i) the correlation of modern Sr/Ca records with instrumental SST being dominated by seasonal effects, with correlations on time scales longer than the annual cycle much lower, and (ii) the poor quality instrumental SST on long time scales in remote locations. Based on the NOAA extended reconstructed instrumental SST dataset since 1870 and 499 yr of Sr/Ca data from 13 different coral records, the authors found a Pearson correlation coefficient r = −0.77 for 40-yr low-pass-filtered times series. Interpreting the change in distribution of trends in Sr/Ca will require further study of the factors affecting Sr/Ca on time scales longer than seasonal.
Localization of Deep Water Formation: Role of Atmospheric Moisture Transport and Geometrical Constraints on Ocean Circulation
Authors: Ferreira David , Marshall John , Campin Jean-Michel
Published: September 2009

A series of coupled atmosphere–ocean–ice aquaplanet experiments is described in which topological constraints on ocean circulation are introduced to study the role of ocean circulation on the mean climate of the coupled system. It is imagined that the earth is completely covered by an ocean of uniform depth except for the presence or absence of narrow barriers that extend from the bottom of the ocean to the sea surface. The following four configurations are described: Aqua (no land), Ridge (one barrier extends from pole to pole), Drake (one barrier extends from the North Pole to 35°S), and DDrake (two such barriers are set 90° apart and join at the North Pole, separating the ocean into a large basin and a small basin, connected to the south). On moving from Aqua to Ridge to Drake to DDrake, the energy transports in the equilibrium solutions become increasingly “realistic,” culminating in DDrake, which has an uncanny resemblance to the present climate. Remarkably, the zonal-average climates of Drake and DDrake are strikingly similar, exhibiting almost identical heat and freshwater transports, and meridional overturning circulations. However, Drake and DDrake differ dramatically in their regional climates. The small and large basins of DDrake exhibit distinctive Atlantic-like and Pacific-like characteristics, respectively: the small basin is warmer, saltier, and denser at the surface than the large basin, and is the main site of deep water formation with a deep overturning circulation and strong northward ocean heat transport. A sensitivity experiment with DDrake demonstrates that the salinity contrast between the two basins, and hence the localization of deep convection, results from a deficit of precipitation, rather than an excess of evaporation, over the small basin. It is argued that the width of the small basin relative to the zonal fetch of atmospheric precipitation is the key to understanding this salinity contrast.

Finally, it is argued that many gross features of the present climate are consequences of two topological asymmetries that have profound effects on ocean circulation: a meridional asymmetry (circumpolar flow in the Southern Hemisphere; blocked flow in the Northern Hemisphere) and a zonal asymmetry (a small basin and a large basin).
Radiometric and Spectral Characteristics of the ScaRaB-3 Instrument on Megha-Tropiques: Comparisons with ERBE, CERES, and GERB
Authors: Viollier Michel , Raberanto Patrick
Published: September 2009

The Indian–French Megha-Tropiques mission, scheduled to be launched in 2010, will carry radiation and microwave sensors to study the energy and water cycle in the tropics. The radiation sensor, the third model of the Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB-3), is dedicated to the earth’s radiation budget, the difference between the solar absorbed flux and the terrestrial emitted flux. These fluxes are calculated from satellite measurements of outgoing shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiances using angular distribution models (ADMs). For practical reasons, the LW radiation is calculated from the difference between a total (T) channel (0.2–100 μm) and an SW channel (0.2–4 μm). With the ADM application, the radiance calibration remains the most critical issue in the radiation budget estimation. The 1% accuracy goal is difficult to achieve, specifically in the SW domain. The authors explain their efforts to improve the radiometric calibration of ScaRaB-3. The internal calibration module is improved: the sensor is switched between SW and T channels by rotating the filter wheel on which the SW filter is now installed. Because the pyroelectric detector is sensitive to the thermal effect of the electromagnetic radiation independently of its spectral range, this plan allows calibrating the SW channel as a T channel by viewing a blackbody. Indeed, the transfer of the T calibration to the SW domain requires perfect knowledge of the total spectral response and of the transmittance of the SW filter, which is discussed in the article. Spectral errors are calculated with updated data. In the SW domain, they are found to be the smallest compared to those of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), and the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB).
Observations of Gulf of Tehuantepec Gap Wind Events from QuikSCAT: An Updated Event Climatology and Operational Model Evaluation
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Cobb Hugh D. , Knabb Richard D.
Published: September 2009

A climatology of gale- and storm-force gap wind events in the Gulf of Tehuantepec is constructed for the first time using 10 yr of ocean surface vector wind data from the SeaWinds scatterometer on board NASA’s Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite. These wind events are among the most severe that occur within the National Hurricane Center’s (NHC) area of marine forecasting responsibility outside of tropical cyclones. The 10-yr climatology indicates that on average 11.9 gale-force events and 6.4 storm-force events occur in the Gulf of Tehuantepec each cold season. About 84% of these events occur between November and March, with the largest number of gale-force events occurring in December. Storm-force events are most frequent in January.

Operational numerical weather prediction model forecasts of these events from the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) and North American Mesoscale (NAM) models were evaluated during the 2006/07 cold season. Results show that neither model is able to consistently forecast storm-force Tehuantepec wind events; however, the models do have some ability to forecast gale-force events. The NAM model showed a significant increase in probability of detection over the GFS, possibly due to increased horizontal and vertical resolutions as well as differences in boundary layer mixing and surface flux schemes.

Finally, the prospects of observing these gap wind events in the post-QuikSCAT era will be discussed.
A Revisit to the Indian Role in the Bangladesh Liberation War
Authors: Haider Zaglul
Published: September 2009

The Liberation War of Bangladesh was seen by the Indian policy makers as a prime time to dismember Pakistan. By the creation of Bangladesh, they pondered: (a) the political enemy on both its borders would be replaced by a far weaker enemy on one side and a friend on the other; (b) secularism would be regarded as a dominant ideology for the developing countries; (c) India would emerge as an Asian superpower; (d) India would establish a subservient government in Bangladesh; (e) Bangladesh would be an extension of the Indian market; (f) India would materialize the Nehruvian vision of the Greater Indian Union.
Social sharing of genetic information in the family
Authors: Christophe Véronique , Vennin Philippe , Corbeil Marjolaine , Adenis Claude , Reich Michel
Published: September 2009

The present study assessed how preventive medical information about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer is spread within the family before actual genetic test results. Forty-two women (19 had a breast or ovarian tumor and 23 did not) were asked to fill out a questionnaire about: (1) the spread within the family of the medical information received during the consultation; and (2) the reasons for sharing this information. Results indicate that all of the women socially shared medical information with an immediate family member for preventive purposes, and generally not for seeking emotional or informative social support.
What sense do people make of a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire?
Authors: Darker Catherine D. , French David P.
Published: September 2009

This study aimed to understand the processes of interpretation of, and responses to, the task of completing a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) questionnaire. Forty-five adults verbalized their thoughts while completing a full TPB questionnaire on walking behaviour. On average, participants’ verbalizations indicated around 16 problems with the 52 questions. Further, problems as indentified from verbalizations were associated with increased endorsement of the middle option on the questionnaire. Normative and intention questions were found to be particularly problematic. The current standardized method to develop TPB measures systematically yields problematic questions, as indicated by both talk and questionnaire responses.
Correlates of drive for muscularity
Authors: Chittester Nickles I. , Hausenblas Heather A.
Published: September 2009

Drive for muscularity (DM) is associated with anabolic steroid and supplement use, exercise dependence, eating pathology, and low self-esteem. However, only one study has examined how anthropometric measures are related to DM. To extend previous research, and to clarify the relationship between DM and anthropometric indices, 113 college-aged men completed self-report surveys and were assessed for body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and body mass index. We found that supplement use, exercise dependence, and self-esteem, but none of the anthropometric measures, correlated with DM. These results enhance our understanding of DM and can be used to develop interventions to decrease DM.
A cost-effectiveness evaluation of a home visit program for adolescent mothers
Authors: Aracena Marcela , Krause Mariane , Pérez Carola , Méndez María Jesús , Salvatierra Loreto , Soto Mauricio , Pantoja Tomás , Navarro Sandra , Salinas Alejandra , Farah Claudio , Altimir Carolina
Published: September 2009

A home visit intervention program for adolescents throughout their pregnancy and during the early stages of motherhood was evaluated. The participants ( N = 90) were part of a larger group of adolescents treated in two health centers in a poor neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. The program was carried out by volunteer community health monitors and evaluated through an experimental, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Cost-effectiveness was examined in comparison with standard health care. Results show higher scores for the intervention group on the mothers’ mental health and nutritional state, as well as on the children’s levels of linguistic development.
Similarity not favourability
Authors: Hyde Melissa K. , White Katherine M.
Published: September 2009

Using an extended Prototype/Willingness Model, we examined the predictors of willingness to donate an organ to a partner/family member and a stranger while living. A questionnaire assessed university students’ ( N = 284) attitudes, subjective norm, prototype favourability, prototype similarity, moral norm, and willingness to donate organs in each recipient scenario. All variables, except prototype favourability, predicted willingness to donate organs in both situations. Future strategies should emphasise perceived approval from important others for living donation, the consistency of living donation with one’s own morals, and encourage perceptions of similarity between oneself and living donors to increase acceptance of living donation.
The measurement of menstrual symptoms
Authors: Negriff Sonya , Dorn Lorah D. , Hillman Jennifer B. , Huang Bin
Published: September 2009

This study examined the factor structure of the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) in a sample of 210 adolescent girls (11—17 years). Such an examination has not been carried out with an adolescent sample. In addition, the definitions of menstrual disorders have evolved since the creation of the MSQ. Exploratory factor analysis supported a three factor structure indicating abdominal pain, negative affect/somatic complaints, and back pain. Partial correlations indicated all three MSQ factors were correlated with depressive symptoms, but only the negative affect factor was correlated with trait anxiety. Future research should explore potential associations in multiple areas of functioning as menstrual symptoms may alter healthy developmental processes during adolescence.
Tobacco use and body mass index
Authors: Dvorak Robert D. , Del Gaizo Ariel L. , Engdahl Ryan M. , Eliason Christina J.
Published: September 2009

The current study examined associations between smoking and body mass index (BMI) utilizing a nationally representative sample of adults ( N = 1547). Previous research has shown that smokers have lower BMI than non-smokers; however among smokers, tobacco use is positively associated with BMI. Previous authors have hypothesized this is due to poor behavioral habits among smokers. Building on this, we found that smoking was positively associated with physical inactivity, which mediated the association between tobacco use and BMI. Interpretation, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
The Latina Breast Cancer Screening Sacle
Authors: Borrayo Evelinn A. , González Patricia , Swaim Randall , Marcus AL , Flores Estevan , Espinoza Paula
Published: September 2009

The Latina Breast Cancer Screening (LBCS) was developed to measure Latinas’ culturally-shared health beliefs about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. A 60-item LBCS scale was tested with 288 participants and reduced to 35 items using principal components analyses. The 35-item LBCS scale and other measures were administered to a second sample of 147 participants to establish the scale’s validity and reliability. A six-factor solution suggested six LBCS sub-scales. The LBCS in its entirety displayed strong internal consistency (α =.93) with adequate estimates of convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. The LBCS scale appears to be a valid and reliable measure.
The role of rumination in affective distress in people with a chronic physical illness
Authors: Soo Heather , Burney Sue , Basten Christopher
Published: September 2009

The role of maladaptive cognitive content among individuals with chronic physical illness has been acknowledged in cognitive models. Rumination has been documented as a key predictor of depression, and to a lesser extent of anxiety, in non-clinical samples. This paper provides a preliminary discussion of the potential role of rumination as a causal and maintaining factor for emotional distress in the setting of chronic physical illness. Although a number of methodological limitations exist, the current research on rumination may provide a useful framework for the extension of existing cognitive models in chronic illness.
‘That’s not masculine’
Authors: De Visser Richard O. , Smith Jonathan A. , McDonnell Elizabeth J.
Published: September 2009

In recent years increasing attention has been given to how different masculinities are expressed in young men’s health behaviour. To examine whether men can use competence in key health-related masculine domains to compensate for other non-masculine behaviour, group discussions were conducted with men aged 18—21 living in London, England. The analysis revealed the ways in which competence in traditionally masculine health-related domains produces masculine ‘capital’, which can be used to compensate for non-masculine behaviour in other domains. However, the capacity to trade this capital is limited because different masculine and non-masculine behaviours have different values.
Avoidance and Inflexibility as a Common Clinical Pathway in Obesity and Smoking Treatment
Authors: Gifford Elizabeth V. , Lillis Jason
Published: September 2009

This brief study presents reductions in avoidance and inflexibility as a potential common clinical pathway to intervene on for both smoking cessation and weight control. A mediation analysis—using the Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS)—was conducted on a group of participants ( N = 84) who were shown to improve weight control outcomes after receiving an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention. Results were then compared to a previous study using the same process measure (AIS) for smoking cessation. Results suggest a common clinical pathway.
Hard Times and Rough Rides: The Legal and Ethical Impossibilities of Researching ‘Shock’ Pornographies
Authors: Jones Steve , Mowlabocus Sharif
Published: September 2009

This article explores the various ethical and legal limitations faced by researchers studying extreme or ‘shock’ pornographies, beginning with generic and disciplinary contexts, and focusing specifically upon the assumption that textual analysis unproblematically justifies certain pornographies, while legal contexts utilize a prohibitive gaze. Are our academic freedoms of speech endangered by legislations that restrict our access to non-mainstream images, forcing them further into taboo locales? If so, is the ideological normalization of sexuality inextricable from our research methodologies? Simultaneously, can we justify researchers being allowed access to materials that are not deemed suitable for general consumption, which may further bolster normalized hierarchies of class-privilege and cultural capital?
Reading Porn Reparatively
Authors: Albury Kath
Published: September 2009

Feminist thinking on pornography since the early 1980s has tended to polarize into ‘pro’ and ‘anti’ camps. Within both camps, there is a tendency to rely on moral frameworks that rely on either/or understandings of what pornography is, and what it does. This article draws on Michel Foucault’s theory of ethics to offer, in Eve Sedgwick’s terms, a reparative yet still critical model for feminist porn studies.
‘My Boyfriend Loves it when I Come Home from this Class’: Pedagogy, Titillation, and New Media Technologies
Authors: Waskul Dennis D.
Published: September 2009

Most classroom uses of new media technologies lack a pedagogy, aesthetic, or both. Performance methods offer a pedagogy; sensual learning offers an aesthetic. Combined, the two comprise a powerful teaching strategy and one that is especially well suited to the use of explicit media in sexualities courses. This article offers some ideas about pedagogy and aesthetics, and, grounded in 35 student evaluations, explores the potential uses of new media technologies and sexually explicit media as a teaching tool.
Service users leading the way
Authors: Boyden Paul , Esscopri Nazima , Ogi Laura , Brennan Andrew , Kalsy-Lillico Sunny
Published: September 2009

The English government sees it important to view service users as active partners in the delivery of accessible resources. The current article follows a brief report which described an innovative project on developing an accessible DVD explaining the Birmingham Clinical Psychology Service to people with learning disabilities. The article describes three focus groups involving adults with learning disabilities that met to reflect and evaluate the accessibility of the DVD. This process formed the evaluative phase of the DVD development project where people with learning disabilities evaluated the accessibility, level of understanding, and clarity of the DVD content. The DVD was rated positively by the focus groups, and minor changes were made to the final version of the DVD. The article also reflects upon the use of focus groups as a methodological approach in researching the views of people with learning disabilities.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with a learning disabled young person experiencing anxious and obsessive thoughts
Authors: Brown Freddy Jackson , Hooper Sian
Published: September 2009

This case study describes how the ACT model was adapted to treat anxious and obsessive thoughts in a young person with moderate/severe learning disabilities. Using mindfulness and ACT-based experiential activities, the client learned to notice her thoughts and distance herself from their literal content. The negative impact that the client’s anxious thoughts had on her life was reduced and she was able to return to a part-time college course. The article describes how the client engaged with some ACT-based activities, such as mindfulness and defusion exercises. The outcome suggests that the experiential, activity-based nature of ACT may offer a more accessible intervention model for learning disabled people than traditional CBT models based on verbal reasoning skills. However, the intervention also required considerable individual adaptation and it is likely that this will be the case in work with people with learning disabilities.
Patient satisfaction with a hepatitis B vaccination programme among persons with an intellectual disability
Authors: Cooney Fionnuala
Published: September 2009

This article demonstrates that a patient satisfaction survey can be carried out to evaluate the acceptability of a hepatitis B vaccination programme among persons with an intellectual disability. In this exploratory study, involving six clients, 41 care staff and three managers of intellectual disability services, core themes were identified on the acceptability of the programme. The following recommendations are made: a respectful attitude should be shown to all clients by the healthcare providers; appropriate information about the programme should be provided that is tailored to the needs and receptive capability of all recipients and their carers; the intervention should be delivered in an environment, and by healthcare personnel, familiar to clients; carers should be attentive to the possibility of adverse effects; and explicit, ethically stringent policies should be in place on the use of physical restraint. The article makes suggestions regarding future work in assessing patient satisfaction among this client group.
Learning to take the world seriously
Authors: Todd Stuart
Published: September 2009

This article reports on an ethnographic and sociological study of the curriculum inside a special school for students with severe intellectual disabilities in the UK. There are few such studies since it is the routing of children into the special education system that has been sociologically captivating. Bernstein’s analytical approach to the study of curricula is proposed as useful since it draws attention to the structure of the curriculum and is less concerned with assumptions about its content. It also highlights the social messages that are embedded within the curriculum. The data suggest that two codes were in operation within the curriculum. The first was designed to draw the out-of-school experiences of students into the classroom for greater scrutiny. The second involved the strict regulation of ‘dangerous’ knowledge, that is sexual knowledge. The implications of findings are discussed in relation to curriculum development, self-identity and the strength and nature of social boundaries.
Fluid-solid substitution in rocks with disconnected and partially connected porosity
Authors: Grechka Vladimir
Published: September 2009

It is usually believed that Gassmann fluid substitution can be performed only for a fully interconnected portion of the pore space. While this is certainly true, the presence of disconnected porosity does not necessarily invalidate Gassmann’s predictions. This unconventional view is supported with an analytic proof of the equivalence of Gassmann theory and the noninteraction approximation for the effective elasticity of solids with isolated self-similar pores. Numerical tests for more realistic microgeometries, where pores have diverse shapes and the pore space is partially disconnected, demonstrate that errors in Gassmann-type infill substitution are typically small and unlikely to exceed a few percent as long as the aspect ratios of pores are greater than approximately 0.2. If the fracture-like pores are aligned or elasticities of the substituted infills are close, Gassmann theory remains accurate for isolated pores with smaller aspect ratios.
Reflection coefficients in attenuative anisotropic media
Authors: Behura Jyoti , Tsvankin Ilya
Published: September 2009

Such reservoir rocks as tar sands are characterized by significant attenuation and, in some cases, attenuation anisotropy. Most existing attenuation studies are focused on plane-wave attenuation coefficients, which determine the amplitude decay along the raypath of seismic waves. Here we study the influence of attenuation on PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients for anisotropic media with the main emphasis on transversely isotropic models with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI). Concise analytic solutions obtained by linearizing the exact plane-wave reflection coefficients are verified by numerical modeling. To make a substantial contribution to reflection coefficients, attenuation must be strong, with the quality factor [Formula: see text] not exceeding 10. For such highly attenuative media, it is also necessary to take attenuation anisotropy into account if the magnitude of the Thomsen-styleattenuation-anisotropy parameters is relatively large. In general, the linearized reflection coefficients in attenuative media include velocity-anisotropy parameters but have almost “isotropic” dependence on attenuation. Our formalism also helps evaluate the influence of the inhomogeneity angle (the angle between the real and imaginary parts of the slowness vector) on the reflection coefficients. A nonzero inhomogeneity angle of the incident wave introduces additional terms into the PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients, which makes conventional amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) analysis inadequate for strongly attenuative media. For instance, an incident P-wave with a nonzero inhomogeneity angle generates a mode-converted PS-wave at normal incidence, even if both half-spaces have a horizontal symmetry plane. The developed linearized solutions can be used in AVO inversion for highly attenuative (e.g., gas-sand and heavy-oil) reservoirs.
Role of the inhomogeneity angle in anisotropic attenuation analysis
Authors: Behura Jyoti , Tsvankin Ilya
Published: September 2009

The inhomogeneity angle (the angle between the real and imaginary parts of the wave vector) is seldom taken into account in estimating attenuation coefficients from seismic data. Wave propagation through the subsurface, however, can result in relatively large inhomogeneity angles [Formula: see text], especially for models with significant attenuation contrasts across layer boundaries. Here we study the influence of the angle [Formula: see text] on phase and group attenuation in arbitrarily anisotropic media using the first-order perturbation theory verified by exact numerical modeling. Application of the spectral-ratio method to transmitted or reflected waves yields the normalized group attenuation coefficient [Formula: see text], which is responsible for amplitude decay along seismic rays. Our analytic solutions show that for a wide range of inhomogeneity angles, the coefficient [Formula: see text] is close to the normalized phase attenuation coefficient [Formula: see text] computed for [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The coefficient[Formula: see text] can be inverted directly for the attenuation-anisotropy parameters, so no knowledge of the inhomogeneity angle is required for attenuation analysis of seismic data. This conclusion remains valid even for uncommonly high attenuation with the quality factor [Formula: see text] less than 10 and strong velocity and attenuation anisotropy. However, the relationship between group and phase attenuation coefficients becomes more complicated for relatively large inhomogeneity angles approaching so-called ‘‘forbidden directions.’’ We also demonstrate that the velocity function remains practically independent of attenuation for a wide range of small and moderate angles [Formula: see text]. In principle, estimation of the attenuation-anisotropy parameters from the coefficient [Formula: see text] requires computation of the phase angle, which depends on the anisotropic velocity field. For moderately anisotropic models, however, the difference between the phase and group directions should not significantly distort the results of attenuation analysis.
Unified phenomenological model for the mechanical behavior of rocks
Authors: Rasolofosaon Patrick N.
Published: September 2009

Various types of experiments are used to interrogate the mechanical behavior of rocks. The whole experimental spectrum covers many orders of magnitude in frequency (roughly ten orders of magnitude) and in strain (approximately eight orders of magnitude). These experimental studies have established unambiguously a certain number of robust results, namely, frequency dependence, dependence on stress-strain level (nonlinearity), eventually the presence of hysteresis (stress is not an analytic function of strain), and dependence on the direction of observation (anisotropy). These four behaviors are synthesized in a single model. The model allows direct comparison of the magnitude of the different phenomena (dispersion, nonlinearity, anisotropy) and their combinations in rocks. The frequency dependence of the mechanical properties should not be neglected, but another fundamental parameter, namely, the strain level, is important to explain the mismatch between the “static moduli,” measured with a press in rock mechanics, and the “dynamic moduli,” measured with ultrasonic devices in rock physics, which commonly is not appreciated. Such a unified model helps to make the link between different communities (e.g., rock physics, seismology, applied seismics, and rock mechanics) by using the same mathematical tool, and it could contribute to mutual fertilization among these communities.
Weak anisotropy-attenuation parameters
Authors: Vavryčuk Václav
Published: September 2009

Velocity anisotropy and attenuation in weakly anisotropic and weakly attenuating structures can be treated uniformly using weak anisotropy-attenuation (WAA) parameters. The WAA parameters are constructed in a way analogous to weak anisotropy (WA) parameters designed for weak elastic anisotropy. The WAA parameters generalize WA parameters by incorporating attenuation effects. They can be represented alternatively by one set of complex values or by two sets of real values. Assuming high-frequency waves and using the first-order perturbation theory, all basic wave quantities such as the slowness vector, the polarization vector, propagation velocity, attenuation, and the quality factor are linear functions of WAA parameters. Numerical modeling shows that perturbation equations have different accuracy for different wave quantities. The propagation velocity usually is calculated with high accuracy. However, the attenuation and quality factor can be reproduced with appreciably lower accuracy. This happens mostly when the strength of velocity anisotropy is higher than 10% and attenuation is moderate or weak [Formula: see text]. In this case, the errors of the attenuation or [Formula: see text]-factor can attain values comparable to the strength of anisotropy or even higher. A simple modification of the equations by including some higher-order perturbations improves accuracy by three to four times.
Kelvin’s eigensystems in anisotropic poroelasticity
Authors: Helbig Klaus , Rasolofosaon Patrick N.
Published: September 2009

Correct interpretation and processing of seismic data must integrate a correct description of the mechanical behavior of rocks, taking into account facts such as the presence of anisotropy and porosity with or without a saturating fluid. This work discusses elasticity of porous media of arbitrary anisotropy type, with emphasis on the study of deformation states and the associated elastic constants. The stress-strain law is represented in seven dimensions. Dynamic parameters (i.e., the six stress components and fluid pressure) are linked with kinematical parameters (i.e., the six strain components and the local increase of fluid content) by a 7D poroelastic tensor. The model is based on the following mechanical interpretation: each eigenvector (eigenstrain) of the poroelastic tensor defines a fundamental deformation state of the medium and the seven eigenvalues (eigenstiffnesses) representthe genuine poroelastic parameters. The set of seven eigenstrains and corresponding eigenstiffnesses constitute the eigensystem of the poroelastic medium. Complete characterization of the eigensystems corresponding to different types of anisotropies encountered in geologic media is achieved. The first six eigenstrains do not differ substantially from the six eigenstrains in elastic nonporous media, which are well documented in the literature. In contrast, the next result is the existence of a seventh eigenstrain characterized by reduction of the total volume of the porous medium associated with an increase in fluid content. Finally, the analysis is applied to experimental data on a rock sample of Pfalz sandstone, considered as an arbitrarily anisotropic porous medium. Thus, more complex mechanical behaviors of rocks can be introduced naturally, including viscoelastic rheology (already published), frequency dependence, nonlinearity, and even hysteresis, as has been done recently in nonporous media.
Attenuation anisotropy in the linear-slip model: Interpretation of physical modeling data
Authors: Chichinina Tatiana , Obolentseva Irina , Gik Leonid , Bobrov Boris , Ronquillo-Jarillo Gerardo
Published: September 2009

This study attempts to validate a mathematical formalism of introducing attenuation into Schoenberg’s linear slip model. This formalism is based on replacing the real-valued weaknesses by complex-valued ones. During an ultrasonic experiment, performed at a central frequency of [Formula: see text] on a plate-stack model with [Formula: see text]-thick Plexiglas™ plates, the velocity and attenuation (inverse of the quality factor [Formula: see text]) of P-, SH-, and SV-waves are measured in directions from 25° to 90° with the symmetry axis for dry and oil-saturated models and loading uniaxial pressures of 2 and [Formula: see text]. The velocity and attenuation data are fitted by the derived theoretical functions. The values of the real and imaginary parts of the complex-valued weaknesses are estimated. Thereal parts of the weaknesses, which have a clear physical meaning (they affect the weakening of the material), are three times larger for the dry model than for the oil-saturated one. The imaginary parts of the weaknesses are responsible for attenuation; their values are an order of magnitude smaller than the real parts. The derived expressions for angle-dependent velocities and attenuations can be used to distinguish between dry and oil-saturated fractures. In particular, the P-wave attenuation function in the symmetry-axis direction (normal to fracture planes) is different in dry and saturated media. The experiment shows that the plate-stack model is inhomogeneous because of the nonuniform pressure distribution, which degrades the experimental results and creates difficulties in the inversion for the complex-valued weaknesses — particularly in joint inversion of P- and S-wave data.
Influence of models on seismic-event localization
Authors: Gajewski D. , Sommer K. , Vanelle C. , Patzig R.
Published: September 2009

Source localization is a fundamental problem in seismology. Current localization techniques often rely on homogeneous isotropic models, even if a survey region is known to be geologically complex or anisotropic. We investigated a model’s influence on localization, using data from a hydraulic injection experiment at the Continental Deep Drilling (Kontinentale Tiefbohrung, or KTB) site in Germany. We performed the localization with a grid-search algorithm and two additional methods for verification. From previous work, a homogeneous isotropic model based on a borehole check shot and a heterogeneous 3D isotropic model were available. Vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and borehole data as well as laboratory data from rock samples provided homogeneous anisotropic models. Although localization with the isotropic and anisotropic models led to the same magnitude of residuals and therefore to a comparable quality of fit, the distribution of the event cloud differed significantly for isotropic and anisotropic media. The isotropic model leads to a southward lateral shift of the event cloud of about [Formula: see text] from the injection point; the cloud appears almost centered at the injection point for the anisotropic models. This implies the classical diffusion concept for event generation, whereas isotropic models suggest the existence of a fault system providing a migration path for injected fluid, generating seismicity at an offset from the injection point. These results indicate that meticulous model building is essential for seismic-event localization and subsequent interpretation.
Towards Development of a Performance Standard for Assessing the Effectiveness of Wall-Window Interface Details to Manage Rainwater Intrusion
Authors: Lacasse M. A. , Cornick S. M. , Rousseau M. , Armstrong M. , Ganapathy G. , Nicholls M. , Plescia S.
Published: September 2009

Laboratory water spray testing identifies the performance of a component or assembly under a specified set of simulated wind-driven rain conditions. Well-developed water spray test protocols can also help identify where an assembly is vulnerable to water entry, the test loads at which water entry occurs, and whether the water entry is managed by the installation details in such a way that it does not result in within-wall damage. This paper presents a proposed laboratory test protocol for assessing the effectiveness of wall-window interface details with regard to management of rainwater and provides a rationale for a performance-based approach to the evaluation method. An overview of the test approach is provided, and details of the test apparatus and test specimen are given, including information on implementation of the test method. Examples of testing performed according to the proposed protocol are provided. Finally additional tests for evaluating the performance of installation details are suggested. The additional tests are for field evaluation of installation details and for laboratory evaluation of installation details with regard to the risk of condensation along window frames.
An Analysis of Head Impact Profiles and Safe Hockey Behaviors in Youth Hockey Players
Authors: McPherson Moira N. , Montelpare William J. , Keightley Michelle , Reed Nicholas , Sutherland Malcolm , Taha Tim , McAuliffe Jim , Baker Joseph R. , Cubos Jeff , Faught Brent
Published: September 2009

Although injury risk factors can be described in biomechanical terms, previous research has not described the relationship between style of play and the frequency and magnitude of head impacts. This paper is focused on the analysis of head impact profiles and safe hockey behaviors demonstrated during contact situations in a cohort of 13 Bantam-aged minor hockey players. Head impacts sustained at 27 home games during the 2006–2007 season were measured using the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS). Hockey helmets (Canadian Standards Association approved) were equipped with six linear accelerometers and a wireless system that transmitted data to a receiver interfaced with a computer. Nine games were recorded using a field videography system to capture player collisions. A HITS profile was determined, which included the number of impacts (>10 g) (“g”=m/sec2) by player, the total number of impacts, the average number of impacts per game, and the mean linear acceleration value for all impacts per player. Based on these results, ten taped trials for the players sustaining greater than 180 total impacts over the season were qualitatively analyzed using a checklist to examine the safe hockey behaviors associated with body contacts. We captured 2753 head impacts over the season, with the average number of impacts per player per game ranging from 3 to 16 with a mean linear acceleration of 15.8 g (standard deviation=13.76). The checklist of safe hockey behaviors was used to analyze skating performance for a group of five players who experienced more than 180 impacts, with some impact magnitudes exceeding 98 g. In general, differences in indicators of skating skill, body position prior to check/contact, and actions during the contact were observed. While specific players may be predisposed to head impacts of a greater frequency and magnitude because of their style of play, these characteristics can be changed to reduce risk of potential injury.
Effects of Individualized Developmental Care in a Randomized Trial of Preterm Infants <32 Weeks
Authors: Maguire Celeste M. , Walther Frans J. , Sprij Arwen J. , Le Cessie Saskia , Wit Jan M. , Veen Sylvia ,   for the Leiden Developmental Care Project
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to investigate the effects of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) on days of respiratory support and intensive care, growth, and neuromotor development at term age for infants born at <32 weeks.

METHODS: Infants were assigned randomly, within 48 hours after birth, to a NIDCAP group or basic developmental care (control) group. The NIDCAP intervention consisted of weekly formal behavioral observations of the infants and caregiving recommendations and support for staff members and parents, as well as incubator covers and positioning aids. The control group infants were given basic developmental care, which consisted of only incubator covers and positioning aids. Outcome measures were respiratory support, intensive care, and weight of <1000 g. Growth parameters were measured weekly or biweekly and at term age. Neuromotor development was assessed at term age.

RESULTS: A total of 164 infants met the inclusion criteria (NIDCAP: N = 81; control: N = 83). In-hospital mortality rates were 8 (9.9%) of 81 infants in the NIDCAP group and 3 (3.6%) of 83 infants in the control group. No differences in mean days of respiratory support (NIDCAP: 13.9 days; control: 16.3 days) or mean days of intensive care (NIDCAP: 15.2 days; control: 17.0 days) were found. Short-term growth and neuromotor development at term age showed no differences, even with correction for the duration of the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS: NIDCAP developmental care had no effect on respiratory support, days of intensive care, growth, or neuromotor development at term age.
Transcutaneous Bilirubin Nomogram for Prediction of Significant Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Varvarigou Anastasia , Fouzas Sotirios , Skylogianni Eleni , Mantagou Lito , Bougioukou Dorothea , Mantagos Stefanos
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to develop a predictive nomogram, based on transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurements, for assessment of the risk of significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term neonates.

METHODS: A total of 10382 TcB measurements were performed with 2039 healthy neonates (gestational age of ≥35 weeks and birth weight of ≥2000 g), with a BiliCheck bilirubinometer (SpectRx, Norcross, GA), at designated time points between 12 and 120 hours of life. According to their severity, these TcB measurements were selectively cross-checked with a direct spectrophotometric device, and significant hyperbilirubinemia was defined on the basis of the hour-specific threshold values for phototherapy proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. With the use of likelihood ratios (LRs), the high- and low-risk demarcators for each designated time were calculated and presented on an hour-specific nomogram.

RESULTS: Significant hyperbilirubinemia was documented for 122 neonates (6%). At 24 hours of life, the high-risk zone of the nomogram had 73.9% sensitivity and a positive LR of 12.1 in predicting significant hyperbilirubinemia, whereas the low-risk zone had 97.7% sensitivity and a negative LR of 0.04. At 48 hours, the high-risk zone had 90% sensitivity and a positive LR of 12.1, whereas the low-risk zone had 98.8% sensitivity and a negative LR of 0.02. In our study population, the probability of significant hyperbilirubinemia would be >35% for values in the high-risk zone and <0.5% for values in the low-risk zone of the nomogram.

CONCLUSIONS: We provide a predictive TcB tool that could allow for a noninvasive, risk-based approach to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
An Analysis of the Association Between Parental Acculturation and Children's Medication Use
Authors: Foster Byron Alexander , Read Debra , Bethell Christina
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: We examined how Hispanic children, with stratification according to language to approximate acculturation, differed with respect to sociodemographic characteristics and medication use. We also examined how different factors were associated with the use of different classes of prescription medications.

METHODS: We used data from the 2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to the National Health Interview Survey. Independent variables were grouped as predisposing characteristics, enabling factors, perceived need, and evaluated need. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the impact of independent variables on the outcomes of overall and specific types of medication use.

RESULTS: Hispanic, Spanish-interviewed children were less likely to have a usual source of care than were Hispanic, English-interviewed subjects. Both groups had lower odds of using any prescription medication, compared with white children, which was explained largely by having a usual source of care. The lower use of psychiatric medications in the Spanish-interviewed group was not explained by the independent variables, whereas the difference in the use of antibiotics was.

CONCLUSIONS: There are differences between Hispanic children according to acculturation, and acculturation affects prescription medication use. These findings may be used to address more specifically the needs of Hispanic children, particularly mental health needs.