bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme: from a seed to a tree
Authors: Patel Sheela , D'Cruz Celine
Published: March 2007

The Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme describes a crisis fund set up by women pavement dwellers in Bombay, on which they can draw in emergencies; Mahila Milan is a federation of women's collectives. The article also describes the search for credit from formal financial institutions which can meet their additional credit needs, including permanent housing.
The way to sustainability for poor cities
Authors: Meier Richard L.
Published: March 2007

The way to sustainability for poor cities proposes a systematic framework for achieving sustainability based upon community ecology that recognizes and builds on the complex interdependence of activities within any city. The author stresses the need for much greater attention to local knowledge and institutions and to those aspects of a better quality of life that depend not on high resource use but on health, participation, social interaction and integration and more freedom to choose satisfying lifestyles. It also considers how basic needs can be met without high levels of resource consumpon.
Pavlov's concept of schizophrenia as related to the theory of higher nervous activity
Authors: Windholz George
Published: March 2007

Mental disorders were studied intensely by I. P. Pavlov during the last six years of his life. He was greatly interested in the nature of, and therapy for, schizophrenia, and saw at least 45 cases diagnosed as schizophrenic at the Psychiatric Clinic located at the Balinskii Hospital in Leningrad. Pavlov did not perform experiments in the Clinic, but observed schizophrenic behaviour in collaboration with psychiatrists. He explained the behaviour of schizophrenics in terms of his theory of higher nervous activity: that is, he focused on the function of the brain of higher animals in their interaction with the external environment. He thought that schizophrenia was the response of a 'weak' genotype to traumatic environmental events. The cortex of schizophrenics, with the exception of catatonia, was overwhelmed by neural excitation which resulted in irrational or non-adaptive activity. Pavlov proposed that therapy of schizophrenia should consist of rest and prolonged sleep induced by soporific substances. His theory of schizophrenia did not become widely known and may be considered to be mainly of historical interest.
The 'post-literary' novel: Echenoz, Pennac and company
Authors: Nettelbeck Colin W.
Published: March 2007

Et les gaz en délire, aux murailles rougies, Flambent sinistrement vers les azurs blafards! Rimbaud, May 1871.
Humour and Hatred: The Racist Jokes of the Ku Klux Klan
Authors: BILLIG MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The article examines the links between humour and hatred - a topic that is often ignored by researchers of prejudice. The article studies three websites that present racist humour and display sympathies with the Ku Klux Klan. The analysis emphasizes the importance of examining the `metadiscourse', which presents and justifies the humour, as much as studying the nature of the humour itself. The meta-discourse of the sites' disclaimers is studied in relation to the justification of a joke being `just a joke'. It is shown that the extreme racist humour of the KKK is not just a joke, even in terms of its own meta-discourse of presentation. The meta-discourse also suggests that the extreme language of racist hatred is indicated a matter for enjoyment. The sites portray the imagining of extreme racist violence as a matter of humour and the ambivalence of their disclaimers is discussed. As such, it is suggested that there are integral links between extreme hatred and dehumanizing, violent humour.
Moroccan Sex-Based Linguistic Difference in Bargaining
Authors: KHARRAKI ABDENNOUR
Published: March 2007

Based on a study of more than 60 bargaining exchanges, the author demonstrates that men use more solidarity linguistic devices than women. But it was also evident that women were more likely to look at bargaining as a manifestation or sign of one's housekeeping skills and that their more extensive use of insisting strategies of bargaining is seen as a daring act of assertiveness. Men feel that such strategies could be face threatening and reduce their inherited social power and superiority.
Xenophobic Normality: The Discriminatory Impact of Habitualized Discourse Dynamics
Authors: GOTSBACHNER EMO
Published: March 2007

This article addresses xenophobic discourse and how traits responsible for its main effect, the definition and defence of social hierarchies, can be shown to disperse into the normalisms of daily communication. 1 Mostly, it is not openly prejudiced slander that has the most salient and widespread discriminatory consequences, but rather those forms that sneak under the threshold of awareness. Basic to my analysis is the observation that the habitualized inner dynamics of talk about `foreigners' influences the possibilities for identity politics in direct interaction between immigrants and native Viennese. This predisposed dynamics, grounding in a reoccurring pattern of topical connections, has stained the normalized common sense, where it is not so easily identifiable and commonly no longer regarded as racist. It needs to be uncovered so that the discriminatory effects, even in utterances of the supposedly `tolerant majority', are revealed.
`Thank God I Said No to AIDS': On the Changing Discourse of AIDS in Uganda
Authors: Seidel Gill
Published: March 2007

In this presentation, which reports on work in progress, I discuss the different discourses and changing representations of the Ugandan official AIDS Control Programme (ACP) and those of the churches. There would appear to be two phases. In the first phase, the differing verbal strategies used by the ACP and the churches and the tensions between them are encapsulated in their respective slogans: Love Carefully of the ACP and Love Faithfully of the churches. Arguably these rehearse different political agendas and contend for hegemony. In the second phase, illustrated principally from posters designed for World AIDS Day organized on 1 December 1988 in Kampala, I show how the ACP would appear to have adapted its verbal strategies in order to reach some accommodation with the medicomoral discourse of the churches, supported by the President. I argue that AIDS discourse needs to be seen as part of a complex development and political issue, with a clear gender dimension necessitating close, qualitative ethnographic studies; that a study of AIDS discourse is not purely an abstract concern with the symbolic and a `first-world' luxury—but that it has clear implications for social policy, social action and the quality of life for those with AIDS and their carers.
Towards an Interpretation of Interruptions in Mexican Parliamentary Discourse (1920-60)
Authors: Carbó Teresa
Published: March 2007

This article uses a particular phenomenon of discourse, the occurrence of interruptions in Mexican parliamentary discourse over four decades, in order to raise some issues concerning discourse analysis as an interdisciplinary enterprise. Interruptions in this situation are forbidden by the rules of procedure, yet they are a regular occurrence, a systematic and rule-governed practice accepted by all participants, and this can be brought out by using a conversation analysis approach. However, in order to understand the full scope and function of the discursive rules at issue (who can interrupt whom, on what topic and with what overall effect) it is necessary to refer to the broader political and historical framework. In the case of Mexican parliamentary discourse it is argued that interruptions have a double function: to legitimate the pluralistic ideology of the Mexican regime in a strongly presidential system where one party has monopolized power throughout the period studied, and to allow and contain genuine disaffection. The article illustrates the different discursive features that typically correspond to these functions.
`Don't Make me Laugh': Age Representations in a Humorous Context
Authors: Harwood Jake , Giles Howard
Published: March 2007

The Golden Girls is a highly popular television series which, since its inception in 1985, has received praise for presenting the elderly on television in a positive light. Research, however, has not investigated the messages of the show in any depth and the current study aims to remedy this. A discursive analysis of the show is conducted to identify ways in which the show marks age and achieves humorous effect. The multiple ways in which these effects are achieved are schematized in typology form. Indications that age marking and humor overlap considerably are interpreted in terms of propagating views of aging inconsistent with the show's public agenda'. Specifically, the link, which has theoretical implications, is seen as perpetuating stereotypes of the elderly, by making counter-stereotypical portrayals, quite literally, laughable. The results are discussed in terms of various theoretical positions, as well as more applied production issues.
Negotiating Gendered Identity in Classroom Disputes and Collaboration
Authors: Nilan Pam
Published: March 2007

In a mixed ability co-educational secondary classroom male and female students grapple with notions of femininity and masculinity while collectively developing a play for performance. A dispute arises when some of the girls push for themes common to teen romance fiction. Other students, male and female, strongly voice their disapproval of this trend. The teacher finds it hard to arbitrate effectively. Later, a high-achieving middle-class boy and a low-achieving working-class girl collaborate on the writing of dialogue for male characters. Their concerns in this enterprise are found to be quite different. In both instances of co-educational classroom relations examined in this paper, issues of social class positioning and related orientations to the consumption and production of written texts are shown to be at least as significant as gender in explicating interactional phenomena. The question of effective feminist pedagogy is addressed in terms of these considerations.
Rising Up from the MUD: Inscribing Gender in Software Design
Authors: ZDENEK SEAN
Published: March 2007

Although the `liberatory' approach to new communications technologies has been, for the most part, called into question by researchers in the humanities and social sciences, who now adopt a more critical relationship with technology, it continues to enjoy explanatory power in the popular press and in software design practices and cultures. According to the liberatory approach, freedom from sexism and other forms of oppression is brought about by something as simple and profound as a change in online handle - a practice known as `gender swapping' (Bruckman, 1993). Yet, as some language theorists have shown (e.g. Herring, 1996), communication in cyberspace also reinforces existing social hierarchies, including gender differences found in face-to-face contexts. Unlike traditional, human-centered studies of computermediated communication and gender, this article treats a series of talking software programs as important objects for studying how software design is also implicated in the construction of gender differences. In addition to the programs' databases of gendered utterances and internal models of communicative interaction, these differences are also reinforced and negotiated en route, in the ongoing process of talking about why and how a software program is gendered.
In Defence of Verstehen and Erkliren
Authors: Harrington Austin
Published: March 2007

Wilhelm Dilthey's essay of 1894, Ideas Concerning a Descriptive and Analytical Psychology, is the locus classicus for the distinction between `understanding' and `explanation', or Verstehen and Erklaren, in the 19th-century German tradition of hermeneutics and the Geistes-wissenschaften. This article discusses the distinction Dilthey draws there between `explanatory' psychology, based on subsumption of the behaviour of individuals under general laws, and `interpretive', or `descriptive and analytical', psychology, based on disclosure of the uniqueness of individual case-histories. It defends his conception against the objections of the Neo-Kantian philosophers Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert and the experimental psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, as well as neo-positivist writers such as Theodore Abel. The article also argues more generally that Dilthey's dichotomy of `spirit' and `nature' still articulates a fundamental methodological difference between the sciences, despite our contemporary recognition of the importance of interpretation in both the natural and human sciences.
The Normless Society
Authors: Nar Wong Ka
Published: March 2007

In The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order, Fukuyama writes about the crises of social disintegration, and traces the cause to the proliferation of technology, which speeds information exchange beyond society's adaptive capacity to adjust appropriate norms for the organization of social action. While he correctly identifies the problem, his analysis is fragmented and disconnected from the current debate on the intrinsic problems built into the Enlightenment project with its naive presumptions on progress, individual liberty and empirical truth. Fukuyama has not inquired into the root assumptions informing the theoretical foundations of both the natural and social sciences. In his epistemological blindness, he elevates certain models of natural science (e.g. Darwinian biology) and political science (e.g. liberal democracy) to the status of `Absolute Truth', which transgresses the bounds of social consensus. The problems with Fukuyama's analysis call for a radical review of the foundations and practices of the sciences. The old epistemologies should be replaced by a new knowledge which embeds meaning within a historical context of social discourse that is sustained on the basis of first-person(s) authentic expressions of affects and behaviours.
Social Constructionism, Deconstructionism and Some Requirements of Discourse
Authors: Maze J.R.
Published: March 2007

Social constructionist metatheory allows that any coherent epistemology must be self-reflexive, but, while it denies that any assertion can be true, and that there are any independent realities to be referred to, it nevertheless treats discourse as having objective existence, and assumes that its own statements about discourse are true. Thus in asserting its own basic premise it contradicts it. Social constructionist metatheory borrows from deconstructionism and arrives at the same self-defeating scepticism. Derrida enlarges on Saussure's principle of the arbitrary relation between signifier and signified. Both linguists commence their accounts of the origin of language from a basis of epistemological idealism, thus undermining the stability of referential meaning. Derrida's attempt to reject the law of contradiction follows from his stress on the indeterminacy of meaning, and makes impossible the assertion of anything. His aphorism that there is nothing outside the text is revealed as his idiosyncratic version of classical idealism. Recognition of the possibility and necessity of objectivity in discourse is not, as some constructionists claim, author-itarian. It is essential for the effective criticism of social dogma.
Embracing Feminist Politics in Theory and Research
Authors: Senn Charlene Y.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews two books in the Sage `Gender and Psychology' series, Resisting Gender and Standpoints and Differences. Unger's book is an examination of 25 years of North American feminist psychological scholarship and professional development from her own unique vantage point. Henwood, Griffin and Phoenix's edited book is an exploration of the benefits for feminist psychology of engaging with both feminist standpoint and poststructuralist theories. All but one of the contributors to this volume are from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Each book stands alone as a superb collection of feminist scholarship from within its continent of origin. Read together, they give an interesting picture of the breadth of feminist psychology in the United States and Europe, in approach and methodology and in relationship to mainstream psychology.
Can Lessons of History and Logical Analysis Ensure Progress in Psychological Science?
Authors: Hoshmand Lisa Tsoi
Published: March 2007

A cultural view of science adds an important explanatory dimension to the historical account provided by Michell (2003) for the quantitative imperative. It provides an understanding of the rhetoric of paradigm wars as a cultural, sociological phenomenon. The pragmatist view of science further points to the need for evaluating our research praxis so as to determine the relative merits of diverse inquiry approaches in the interest of making improvements. Whether such progress in psychological science would be facilitated by an evolving metamethodological understanding and an awareness of the culture of academic psychology depends on the extent to which the profession will adopt a self-reflective and critical stance.
Cognition and Aggression: A Reply to Fowers and Richardson
Authors: Huesmann L. Rowell
Published: March 2007

Fowers and Richardson (1993) charge that our theory of aggression is `infused with unacknowledged liberal individualistic... assumptions which portray humans as... autonomous, strategic agents seeking to achieve pre-given ends' (Abstract), and that these `unacknowledged sociocultural and moral values... distinctly limit its [our theory's] potential for either fully understanding unwanted forms of human aggression or orienting a practical response to them' (p. 354). In this reply we assert that, when stripped of their jargon, none of these criticisms is valid. The theoretical basis for our model is not disguised but has been specified quite openly and precisely. The theory has not been built on an ideological base of how humans should behave but on an empirical foundation of how humans do behave. Fowers and Richardson have invented an ideology for which they have coined the term liberal individualism. We suggest that, if they see some of its characteristics in our theory, it is because humans behave that way, not because the theory was derived from the ideology.
The Structure of Self-Fulfilling and Self-Negating Prophecies
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: March 2007

A formal system based on the sentential calculus is constructed to explore the logical properties of autogenetic (self-fulfilling and self-negating) beliefs. The language enables us to distinguish among types of autogenesis which have previously been regarded as identical, and to describe new types which have not yet been discussed in the experimental literature. The analysis proceeds in three stages. The first stage deals with individual autogenetic processes, wherein a single person's belief system has an effect on the truth or falsehood of what is believed (e.g. the placebo effect). The second stage deals with social processes in which the belief systems of two or more individuals have an autogenetic effect that cannot be produced by any single belief system in isolation (e.g. a run on the banks). The third stage deals with higher-order processes in which a belief about one's own involvement in an autogenetic processes has itself a further and more complicated autogenetic effect (e.g. faith-healing). Higher-order autogenesis has paradoxical consequences that raise fundamental questions about the nature and scope of empirical knowledge.
Lonergan's Cognitional Theory and Method in Psychology
Authors: Meynell Hugo
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that the thought of Bernard Lonergan has a great deal to contribute to the long-standing questions of what is the right method of inquiry in psychology; of how far, and in what sense, psychology should aspire to be a science; and of to what degree it should pursue the methods of such sciences as physics and chemistry. Lonergan shows that any attempt to eliminate `mentalism' from the explanation of human behavior is self-destructive, since this implies that the theory which purports to eliminate it can itself never be accepted for good reasons. To illustrate the point, B.F. Skinner's account of psychology as a science is summarized, and subjected to criticism in the light of Lonergan's principles. Finally, the moral is applied to some other conceptions of psychology.
After Lashley: Neuropsychology, Metaphors, Promissory Notes
Authors: Soyland A.J.
Published: March 2007

The argument is that the rhetoric of psychology needs to be analysed in order to understand the processes of persuasion within the discipline. The work of the neurologist Karl Lashley is used to examine the ways in which a particular problem, the localization of memory, was characterized around 1950. An account is given of the holographic metaphor which was regarded as the solution to such a problem. It is suggested that such a metaphor could be regarded as a promissory note which was unfulfilled and rejected around 1980. A discussion is then given of the ways in which Lashley's work is currently being characterized. It is suggested that the assumption of modularity, or the `boxes in the brain' metaphor, could be regarded as another promissory note, and a number of the incentives offered for the acceptance of such a promise are reviewed.
More on Chinese Theoretical Psychology: A Rejoinder to Matthias Petzold
Authors: Yue Guoan
Published: March 2007

In the People's Republic of China, psychology was attacked twice: in 1958 and during the `Cultural Revolution'. However, even during that terrible time, some Chinese psychologists continued to do research alone and in secret. Among Chinese psychologists of the older generation, there were some who tried to take dialectical materialism as the guiding principle in their work as early as the 1930s. In addition, a special research field of Chinese psychology is to unearth the psychological teachings of ancient China. Valuable achievements have been made in this area.
Yerkes' Rabbit and Career: From Trivial to more Significant Matters
Authors: Wertz Frederick J.
Published: March 2007

After acknowledging Dewsbury's (1995) correction of the historical record concerning Yerkes' childhood pet, the revision is shown to have no bearing on the thesis that the peculiar relation of psychologist and rat entails a modem disciplinary project that threatens human freedom. More significant than the matter of Yerkes' childhood pet is the extent to which his promotion of the psychology of animal behavior and his military activities in World War I contributed to this trend.
The Personal and the Social
Authors: Dodds Agnes E. , Lawrence Jeanette A. , Valsiner Jaan
Published: March 2007

Contemporary sociocultural theories of the development of the self in society need to explain how the social becomes personal and how development can occur in each domain. George Herbert Mead' s concept of the `Generalized Other' gives an account of the social origin of self-consciousness while retaining the transforming function of the personal. Contextualized in Mead's theory of intersubjectivity, the Generalized Other is a special case of role-taking in which the individual responds to social gestures, and takes up and adjusts common attitudes. By role-taking people adjust and adapt in exchanges based on social gesture-response action sequences. Self-consciousness is developed through action in the social domain that is completed in personal reflection. The paper traces the development of the Generalized Other concept in Mead's published and unpublished work, locating it within the framework of intersubjectivity and role-taking. A theoretically and historically embedded interpretation of the Generalized Other reveals that both the personal and the social evolve and each is open to activities that bring about change. Grounded in Mead's refusal to reduce the part played by the social or the personal in the development of the self, the Generalized Other is a concept of continuing usefulness to development psychologists.
The Consciousness Hype: What Do We Want Explained?
Authors: Shapiro Yanina
Published: March 2007

The great flood of books on consciousness shows no sign of receding: 'the scientific race for consciousness is on'. If the flood is a race, a journalist observes, 'it is an unconventional one in which neither the starting line nor the finish have been agreed on. The arguments are not only over answers to questions, they are over what the questions should be, and what the terms of discussion mean.... Disagreements are dismayingly large, and on occasion blunt beyond the normal bounds of scientific discourse' (Gorman, 1997, pp. B7, B9). A dozen or so books on consciousness, which are reviewed in this essay, left me not only similarly impressed, but also quite puzzled. What is it that we wish to have explained about consciousness? Does it exist as stuff? Should scientific explanations of consciousness have anything to say about Timothy McVeigh, Nelson Mandela, a cheating banker, Mother Theresa, and so on-about the variety of human experience in short? In this critical review, such questions are addressed via an analysis of the current trends and progress in the science of consciousness and the science's principles of theory building.
In Defense of the Construct Validity Approach
Authors: Chow Siu L.
Published: March 2007

Maraun's (1998) `mischaracterization of measurement' critique of construct validity theory is examined in terms of the distinctions between: (a) semantic denotation and a variable's being exemplified by a value; (b) semantic denotation and theoretical implication; (c) the meaning of a psychological concept and the theoretical properties of the mental structure or phenomenon denoted by the concept; and (d) using a psychological concept in everyday communication and investigating the phenomenon or structure denoted by the concept. The propriety of criticizing psychological measurements on the basis of Wittgenstein's grammar of psychological concepts is also discussed.
Social/Personality Psychology in Context
Authors: Smith Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Mainstream social/personality psychology, an essentially North American post-World War II construction, has remained wedded to a physical science metatheory in pursuit of behavioral universals, while treating cultural idiosyncrasies as epiphenomena. This project, pursued overwhelmingly within the context of capitalist economic constraints, has seldom led to findings of sufficient generality to justify the search, and is further undermined by increasing recognition that differences provided by sociohistorical contexts have ontological significance for human development. The context of the mainstream is examined and, as a hermeneutic alternative, Marxian/communal metatheory is proposed and shown to be in synchrony with positions taken by several prominent internal mainstream critics. The paper also questions the appropriateness of the modal personality projected by mainstream theorists to a world of shrinking natural resources.
Courageous Resistance
Authors: Shepela Sharon Toffey , Cook Jennifer , Horlitz Elizabeth , Leal Robin , Luciano Sandra , Lutfy Elizabeth , Miller Carolyn , Mitchell Grace , Worden Emily
Published: March 2007

Courageous resistance is defined as voluntary selfless behavior in which there is significantly high risk or cost to the actor and possibly to the actor's family and associates, the actor makes a conscious decision to act, and the behavior is sustained over time. Examples include rescue of Jews during the Holocaust, whistle-blowing, and protests leading to imprisonment or physical harm. Courageous resistance is a subset of altruistic behavior, and differs from risky bystander intervention (heroic behavior) by being sustained and more deliberative. Not all altruistic people will exhibit courageous resistance, and courageous resistors are not always courageous. This paper explores the concept of courageous resistance vis-'a-vis altruism and the limits and possibilities of theories on altruism to explain this behavior.
The BMW European Works Council: A Cause for European Industrial Relations Optimism?
Authors: Whittall Michael
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the role performed by BMW's European Works Council (EWC) in the recent Rover crisis. During this period of great uncertainty a picture emerges whereby contacts achieved through the EWC came to play a central role in discussions and negotiations with BMW and Rover management. Of particular interest are the issues of trust relations between British and German EWC members and the changing attitudes towards each other. Here, the diverse points of reference resulting from contrasting industrial relations settings are discussed at some length. It is concluded that a new industrial relations platform now exists that could allow European trade unionists the chance to develop better cross-border relations as well as mutually supportive positions.
Europeanization and Means of Interest Representation by National Business Associations
Authors: Wilts Arnold
Published: March 2007

European integration has profound effects on national systems of industrial relations. To date, most empirical research has addressed the role of unions and organized labour; there has been far less attention paid to the impact of Europeanization on the strategic outlook and representational activities of organized business interests. This article draws on a survey of Dutch trade and employers' associations to argue that such organizations are in the process of adjusting their external affiliations to the demands of effective agitation in a multilevel governance system. However, the national level remains the most important focal point in the representational strategies of business associations.
The European Employment Strategy: Genesis and Development
Authors: Goetschy Janine
Published: March 2007

The conclusions of the European summits since 1992 and the content of the Amsterdam Treaty seem to imply that the employment issue has finally reached the Community agenda. How far does the new approach differ from previous policy? How were the changes of the 1990s achieved? This article reviews previous EU social policy as regards employment issues, then analyses the different elements of the European employment strategy (EES) and offers a preliminary assessment. A major question addressed is how, compared to previous regulation methods, this new process is likely to affect the legitimacy and efficiency of `Social Europe'.
Work, Time and Industry
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: March 2007

This article explores the impact of industrialization upon the concepts and experience of time and work. This has been viewed in terms of a transition from pre-industrial task-orientation to an organization of work based on clock time and disembedded from the field of workers' social relationships. It is argued here, to the contrary, that task-orientation remains central to the experience of work in industrial society, even though the reality of that experience is systematically denied by the `Western' discourse of freedom and necessity. The argument is exemplified by reference to ethnographic studies of locomotive drivers. It is concluded that clock time is as alien to us as it is to the people of pre-industrial societies: the only difference is that we have to deal with it.
The Ecological Impact of Time
Authors: Kümmerer Klaus
Published: March 2007

The increasingly technical nature of the industrial way of life has brought about dramatic changes in the temporality of socio-environmental problems. Local, short-term, acute disturbances in the environment have turned into global, long-term, chronic perturbations, and yet both the scientific and socio-political solutions offered for environmental problems are usually of a distinctly short-term nature. Despite the centrality of the time factor, time in all of its multiple expressions - as tempo, temporality, timing and rhythm, and so forth - has not yet received the attention it deserves. This paper suggests that the failure to engage with time has hastened the environmental crisis to its present proportions. Inclusion of the time factor in ecological (as well as in social and economic) discussions thus has worldwide consequences not only for humanity's understanding of and relationship with nature, but also for proposed solutions to the environmental crisis.
Time Unhinged
Authors: Game Ann
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with developing an understanding of the lived time of experience. Reconsidering Bergson's duration, it is argued that by privileging flow to the exclusion of stasis, he does not take his own concern with contingency far enough. Through an analysis of experiences of rupture I argue that discontinuities and moments of stasis are integral to the movement of lived experience. What is at issue here is how we live the future, different experiences of anticipation of the future, and understandings of temporalities of the self.
Zimbabwean Law and the Production of a White Man's Disease
Authors: Phillips Oliver
Published: March 2007

... to support the presence of these people (gays and lesbians) in this country is to be an accomplice in promoting lechery.... It means, if we support them, we want our nation to be vile. We want our nation to be unchaste. We want our people to be animal-like and immoral in behaviour. In cultural terms, what it amounts to is that the homosexuals are like a witch weed in Zimbabwe, which in Shona we call 'bise'. It is therefore supposed to be eradicated. The moment you see it you eradicate it....
Making Old Soldiers Fade Away: Lessons from the Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers in Mozambique
Authors: ALDEN CHRIS
Published: March 2007

The demobilization and reintegration of military personnel in Mozambique was recognized as a crucial aspect of the country's successful transition from war to peace. On this basis, the international community embarked on one of the most comprehensive reintegration programmes ever attempted in the context of a United Nations peacekeeping operation, involving four different approaches and a diversity of implementing agents that aimed to facilitate reintegration of the targeted population of ex-combatants. With the formal conclusion of the programme, reintegration was declared by all major observers to have been a resounding success. Despite this generally accepted assessment, there remain many unexamined issues, including the degree to which reintegration in fact was achieved; particular successes (or failures) associated with a given methodology; the interface between the international community's approach to reintegration and the process of reintegration experienced by ex-soldiers; and the role played by Mozambican society and tradition in facilitating this process. This article critically assesses the international community's involvement in reintegration in Mozambique and extrapolates the `lessons learned' for other reintegration programmes.
The End of Red Vienna
Authors: Novy Andreas , Redak Vanessa , Jäger Johannes , Hamedinger Alexander
Published: March 2007

After decades of corporatist urban governance dominated by social democracy, Vienna is undergoing a process of economic and political restructuring. This process is expressed physically in large urban development projects, Donau City being the most important. Donau City is a large real estate project on the left bank of the Danube, based on public-private partnership. Due to the liberalization of the housing market, new private actors are increasingly important, influencing decision-making in the Donau City project. In urban planning in general, growing interest in real estate investment has resulted in new planning procedures incorrectly labelled as bottom-up. In fact, this is a fragmented, privatized, opaque and ad hoc form of urban governance accompanied by a new elitist hierarchy formed by leaders of the city’s administration, business and academic worlds. This new, unaccountable elite has elaborated a strategic plan for Vienna with little reference to the citizenry. Therefore, the new liberal form of governance goes hand in hand with important continuities concerning co-optation, exclusion and conflict avoidance. The article ends by stressing the importance of alternative political projects that aim at participatory democracy overcoming deep-rooted authoritarian structures.
A Cultural Frame for Understanding Organisational Behaviour
Authors: Sinha Jai B.P.
Published: March 2007

Indian work organisations are subjected to both traditional Indian and western cultural influences. Because of its historicity and oral tradition, the former leads to primary while the latter to secondary modes of expressing values. The choice of either of the modes or their combinations depends on a context which is postulated to have three components: desh (ecology), kal (time), and patra (persons). Many of the seemingly contradictory and inconsistent organisational behaviour and managerial practices can be meaningfully explained by employ ing this cultural framework of two modes of expressing values and three components of a context. Indians' heightened sensitivity to a context and the tendency to balance extreme and inconsistent ideas and actions are likely to enable Indian work organisations to meet the challenges of the increasingly competitive business environment.
South Asian Canadian Women: A Contemporary Portrait
Authors: Naidoo Josephine C.
Published: March 2007

Themes emerging from a comprehensive review of empirical studies of South Asian immi grant women in Canada are identified. These reflect on the dynamics of the women's cultural adaptation and evaluation of self-image, placed within the perspective of Canada's historic attitudes toward South Asian immigration and recent demographics. The four sources of change in the women's self-image include their new dualistic world-view, described by psych ologist Josephine Naidoo, involving both traditional values in family life and western values of personal development. Naidoo's conceptualisation parallels Harry Triandis' collectivist- individualist "balance" and John Berry's integrative acculturation. For sociologist Helen Ralston, the trauma of migration increases the saliency of religion in "sacralising" the women's identity. Intergenerational conflict arises from a preference for arranged over romantic marriages in South Asian cultures. The emotional strain on immigrant brides and their parents impacts on the self perceptions of both. Similarly, gender oppression, sex exploitation, classism and racism rooted in ancestral-host cultures also impact on the women's self perceptions. The article suggests drawing on indigenous concepts in studying South Asian cultures. It asserts that Canada's historic accommodation of diversity assures a promising future for South Asian Canadian women.
Research in Psychology in the Developing World: An Overview
Authors: Sinha Durganand
Published: March 2007

In spite of enormous diversities, countries in the developing world display cionsiderable uniformities in the development of psychology. After the initial phase of replicative research there are signs of disillusionment with western concepts and models, and a tendency to outgrow the alien frame. Besides recent expansion and diversification in research activity, new trends that are appearing constitute: felt-need for problem oriented research, making psychology relevant to national needs, and effort towards developing culturally appropriate concepts, models and tools of research. There is a trend towards indigenisation of psychology. The impact of the new orientation is discussed.
Psychological Consequences of Mother-tongue Maintenance and the Language of Literacy for Linguistic Minorities in India
Authors: Mohanty Ajit K.
Published: March 2007

A number of studies comparing the cognitive, linguistic and academic performance and the sociolinguistic integration of bilingual and monolingual Kond tribals have been discussed to show that Kui-Oriya bilingualism, based on the maintenance of the indigenous Kui language, has positive consequences compared to Oriya monolingualism, resulting from a shift of Kui. It has been shown that there are empirical and theoreti cal supports for the maintenance of minority mother-tongues and that this goal can be achieved by a language-shelter oriented, bilingual education of initial literacy in the mother-tongue, followed by instruction both in the mother-tongue and the majority language. The bilingual transfer model of tribal education has been shown to be inadequate as a language maintenance programme.
Psychology in Turkey
Authors: Acar Gülden , Şah Deniz
Published: March 2007

It is clear that initially European and then American influence have played significant roles in the establishment of psychology departments and in the conceptualisation of research interests in Turkey. The development of applied areas, organisation of profes sional associations, publications and conventions can also be attributed to the contribu tion of Western endeavours. However, recent social and psychological issues taken up by Turkish researchers reflect changes in the socio-economic, political and cultural scenarios in Turkey. Thus, trends towards indigenisation are discernible in studies related to migration, family, gender and socialisation issues, as well as in other approaches that emphasise the determining power of economic relations, the interaction between cultural and economic factors and explanation using international processes.
The Concept of Development: Its Implications for Self and Society
Authors: Roy Ramashray
Published: March 2007

The insistence on one well structured concept of person as a reference for adjudicating normative claims about the rights and obligations of persons yields only a partial image of man. Grounded in this partial concept, development emphasises the search for felicity in the Hobbesian sense as the source of happiness, personal development, and civilisational progress. The self in this perspective emerges as a broken totality with its deleterious consequences both for self and society. Attempts to mend this broken totality have generally failed because they have tended to reinforce rather than overcome broken totality. As a result, self-assertion as an integral part of the modern concept of development turns out to be destructive both for the self and society.
Meeting the Challenges of Fieldwork in Cross-cultural Psychological Research
Authors: Mishra R.C. , Sinha D. , Berry J.W.
Published: March 2007

The last two decades have evidenced a phenomenal growth of cross-cultural research on issues related to basic as well as applied psychological problems. While somepeople still doubt the very existence of cross-cultural psychology as a separate area of inquiry, the methodology of research in this field has been characterised by a variety of risks and challenges. In this article a few major challenges of fieldwork in cross-cultural psychological research are discussed in the specific context of a research carried out by the authors with tribal samples in the state of Bihar. Suggestions for meeting the various challenges have been offered adopting a "sharing of experiences" approach.
The Good Manager in a World of Change
Authors: Sheldrake Peter , Hurley James
Published: March 2007

Our intention in this brief article is to explore the idea of what it means to be a 'good' manager. We discuss some of the dilemmas faced by managers seeking to define their role performance in terms additional to those of organizational effectiveness and efficiency. To do this, we describe critical aspects of the contemporary context. We propose that the changes we are experiencing give organiza tions a central role in how people define their personal and social well-being. Our contention is that in this central role organizations will be faced with situations requiring solutions of fundamental value conflicts. This means that the nature of the question as to what it means to be a 'good' manager will become both increasingly important and increasingly complex. Further, the exploration of the issue can no longer be limited to operational efficiency, but must include the manager's capacity to conceptualise both his own role and that of the organization within the broader socio-environmental context. We contribute to the dialogue by proposing that being 'good' will involve on the part of the manager an awareness of the values involved in a decision and an alignment of action with what Erich Fromm has called 'life-giving' values. This approach in no way diminishes the requirement that a manager be competent in the fullest sense of the word; it requires, however, a deeper understanding of competence and of the commitment a manager will need to act justly, fairly and with care.
Mapping the Country: European Geography and the Cartographical Construction of India, 1760-90
Authors: Mann Michael
Published: March 2007

Europe's overseas expansion became a challenge for its simultaneously developing sci ences, especially from the eighteenth century onwards. Geography was certainly the most prominent scientific means that was applied to comprehend the earth. As a sub-discipline, cartography enabled overseas territorial penetration. It will be argued in this paper that it had been the cartographical construction of Bengal, and later on India. by British geographers and cartographers in the second half of the eighteenth century that made Britain 's economic, political and eventually military expansion into India possible. Maps became the vital instrurnent for the military control of the land and its population. This was in stark contrast to Europe's development of scientific cartography where cadastral maps were drawn for the fiscal and juridical centralisation of the country and the tight administration of its people. Hence, science was applied to intensify the political regime's grip on the land. In India, cartography was developed in a rather unknown environment to serve the colonial state's immediate needs. Cartography gained its own momentum, along with natural history, geology and botany, creating a specific 'arhive of knowledge'. Thus, besides facilitating the penetration of India, it made colonial rule possible. Science was, therefore, rather applied to legitimise the colonial regime's impact on a foreign country.
Phasing Scientific Migration in the Context of Brain Gain and Brain Drain in India
Authors: Krishna V.V. , Khadria Binod
Published: March 2007

Five decades of India's experience of migration of highly qualified personnel (HQ P), as presented in this paper, broadly falls into three distinct but overlapping periods, namely: 1940s to 1960s; 1970 to 1980s; and 1990s and beyond. In the post-indepen dence period up to the 1960s, India did not really experience the trend of brain drain. The demand pattern created by the official policies to expand the university sector and strengthen the infrastructure in science and technology determined the human resource policies in training, higher education and even attracted some established Indian scientists from abroad during this early phase. Beginning with the 1970s, India began to experience the problem of brain drain, for which several economic and sociological factors were responsible including the oversupply of HQP and the lack of demand for these personnel. Even though different trends are discernible during the 1980s and 1990s, the case discussed here illustrates that India continues to lose its scientific and technical human resources—despite the new opportunities created by the present trend of globalisation. Any relative short-term gains visible in the form of brain gain and arresting the process of brain drain are likely to be neutralised by the lack of appropriate long-term policy measures. The paper calls for such policy interventions, rather than ad hoc measures, to address the problem of India's brain drain.