bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppressor of cytokine signaling gene expression in human pancreatic islets: modulation by cytokines
Authors: Santangelo Carmela , Scipioni Angela , Marselli Lorella , Marchetti Piero , Dotta Francesco
Published: March 2005

Objective: Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate signal transduction of several cytokines. Since cytokines participate in the pancreatic islet damage in type 1 diabetes, the aim of our study was to investigate the expression of SOCS-1, -2 and -3 in isolated human islets, in basal conditions and after exposure, in vitro, to a combination of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α cytokines and in control and in type 1 diabetic human pancreata, to establish (i) whether SOCS molecules are constitutively expressed in human pancreatic islets and (ii) whether their expression can be modulated in vitro by proinflammatory cytokines or ex vivo by an islet inflammatory process.

Methods: Gene expression of SOCS-1, -2 and -3 was evaluated by RT-PCR in untreated and cytokine-treated isolated human pancreatic islets and their protein expression by immunohistochemistry in control and in type 1 diabetic human pancreata paraffin-embedded sections.

Results: We found that SOCS-1, -2 and -3 mRNA is constitutively, although weakly, expressed in human pancreatic islets, similar to the expression observed in control pancreata by immunohistochemistry. SOCS-1, -2 and -3 mRNA expression was strongly increased in human islets after exposure, in vitro, to IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α. Accordingly, an intense and islet-specific immunohistochemical staining for all three SOCS was detected in pancreata from type 1 diabetic patients.

Conclusion: SOCS-1, -2 and -3 genes are constitutively expressed in human pancreatic islets; their expression increases after exposure to proinflammatory cytokines and during an autoimmune inflammatory process, raising the possibility that these molecules act as key regulators of cytokine signaling in pancreatic islets.
Late follicular phase administration of mifepristone suppresses circulating leptin and FSH – mechanism(s) of action in emergency contraception?
Authors: Leminen Riikka , Raivio Taneli , Ranta Sirpa , Oehler Joachim , von Hertzen Helena , Jänne Olli A , Heikinheimo Oskari
Published: March 2005

Objective: Low dose mifepristone (RU486) is highly effective in emergency post-coital contraception (EC), although the mechanism(s) of action remains unclear. We studied the endocrine actions of 10 mg mifepristone administered orally as a single dose to eight healthy volunteers (aged 20–45 years) during the late follicular phase.

Methods: Serum levels of LH, FSH, oestradiol, progesterone, leptin, mifepristone, cortisol, and gluco-corticoid bioactivity (GBA) were measured before and 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after ingestion of mifepristone on cycle day 10 or 11 (study day 1), and follow-up was continued for 10 days. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed on study days 1 and 7. Similar measurements were carried out during a control cycle.

Results: Mifepristone postponed ovulation, as evidenced by a 3.4±1.1 day (means±s.d.) delay (P < 0.005) in the LH surge and 3.6±4.0 day prolongation of the treatment cycle (P = 0.08). During the mifepristone cycle, an LH surge was displayed by five subjects when serum mifepristone levels had declined to 9.5±7.1 nmol/l. During the day of mifepristone administration, circulating GBA (P < 0.001) and leptin (P < 0.001) levels declined. On the day after mifepristone administration, mean serum FSH and leptin levels were lower than pretreatment values (3.8±1.8 IU/l vs 5.2±1.1 IU/l, n = 7, P < 0.05; 28.9±6.7 μg/l vs 33.2±9.0 μg/l, n = 7, P < 0.05 respectively), and the corresponding difference in the mean serum oestradiol concentration was borderline (452±252 pmol/l vs 647±406 pmol/l, n = 7, P = 0.056). In contrast to the control cycle, individual leptin levels declined during the follow-up after ingestion of mifepristone (n = 8, P < 0.01).

Conclusions: These data showed that the commonly employed dose of mifepristone for EC delays ovulation and prolongs the menstrual cycle, when given during the late follicular phase. The mechanism of action of mifepristone may include a reduction of FSH secretion via a decrease in circulating leptin.
Lipid Droplets in Virus Replication
Authors: Herker Eva
Published: February 2024

Intracellular pathogens rely on host metabolic networks for multiplication. Enveloped viruses need lipids for formation of the viral envelope and positive sense RNA viruses that replicate in membranous inclusions require lipids for formation of the replication compartments. In addition, all intracellular pathogens need energy for their replicative cycle. As triglycerides in lipid droplets are the main energy storage unit of cells and major source of membrane lipids, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved various strategies to exploit different aspects of lipid droplet biology.
Centennial Isomers: A Unique Fluorinated Azobenzene Macrocyclus with Dual Stability Over 120 Years
Authors: Schultzke Sven , Puylaert Pim , Wang Henry , Schultzke Isabell , Gerken Jonas , Staubitz Anne
Published: February 2024

A macrocyclic azobenzene with unique thermal stability, demonstrating potential for use in optical data storage material is presented: The Z‐isomer of this novel photoswitch exhibits unparalleled thermal stability, with a thermal half‐life surpassing 120 years at 25 °C. This stability is attributed to the strategic fluorination at two ortho‐ and both para‐positions. Comparative analyses involving its non‐fluorinated counterpart, ortho‐only‐fluorinated variant, and open‐chain analog are performed. Employing NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, alongside Arrhenius, Eyring, and DFT calculations, revealed insights into its extraordinary stability. Furthermore, when incorporated into poly(methylmethacrylate), this material showcase efficient switching with visible light in the solid state, emphasizing its potential for optical data storage applications.
A Unified Picture of Aggregate Formation in a Model Polymer Semiconductor during Solution Processing
Authors: Panzer Fabian , Dyson Matthew J , Bakr Hazem , Wedler Stefan , Schötz Konstantin , Chauhan Mihirsinh , Stavrinou Paul N , Köhler Anna , Stingelin Natalie
Published: February 2024

One grand challenge for printed organic electronics is the development of a knowledge platform that describes how polymer semiconductors assemble from solution, which requires a unified picture of the complex interplay of polymer solubility, mass transport, nucleation and, e.g., vitrification. One crucial aspect, thereby, is aggregate formation, i.e., the development of electronic coupling between adjacent chain segments. Here, it is shown that the critical aggregation temperatures in solution (no solvent evaporation allowed) and during film formation (solvent evaporation occurring) are excellent pointers to i) establish reliable criteria for polymer assembly into desired aggregates, and ii) advance mechanistic understanding of the overall polymer assembly. Indeed, important insights are provided on why aggregation occurs via a 1‐ or 2‐step process depending on polymer solubility, deposition temperature and solvent evaporation rate; and the selection of deposition temperatures for specific scenarios (e.g., good vs bad solvent) is demystified. Collectively, it is demonstrated that relatively straightforward, concurrent in situ time‐resolved absorbance and photoluminescence spectroscopies to monitor aggregate formation lead to highly useful and broadly applicable criteria for processing functional plastics. In turn, improved control over their properties and device performance can be obtained toward manufacturing sensors, energy‐harvesting devices and, e.g., bioelectronics systems at high yield.
General and Ultrafast Photothermal Synthesis of Atomic Metal‐Nitrogen‐Carbon Catalysts for H2O2 Electrosynthesis
Authors: Gong Haisheng , Gong Zhichao , Liu Jingjing , Ye Gonglan , Fei Huilong
Published: February 2024

Atomic metal‐nitrogen‐carbon catalysts (M‐N‐Cs) are promising electrocatalysts for the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) for the green production of H2O2. However, the conventional synthetic methods of M‐N‐Cs typically suffer from prolonged possessing time and high energy consumption. Herein, a flash light irradiation‐assisted transient pyrolysis strategy is reported for the rapid and facile synthesis of a Co‐N‐C catalyst consisting of atomic Co‐N4 sites supported on graphene. The resultant Co‐N‐C is highly active and selective as an electrocatalyst for the 2e− ORR, with a H2O2 selectivity up to 94.2%, high mass activity of 113.9 A g−1, high turnover frequency of 34.8 s−1, and an average H2O2 production rate of 12.1 mol g−1 h−1 with an accumulated H2O2 concentration up to 15.2 mmol L−1 when evaluated with a three‐phase flow cell setup. Additionally, this synthetic strategy can be readily expanded to prepare other types of M‐N‐Cs (M = Fe, Ni, Cu, and noble metal Ir) with similar M‐N4 configurations by simply changing the metal precursors, demonstrating the generality of this method. The rapid and general flash‐assisted synthetic strategy for M‐N‐Cs can provide a readily accessible material library and platform for investigating their catalytic properties in different energy conversion processes.
Sulfur Vacancies and 1T Phase‐Rich MoS2 Nanosheets as an Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for 400 Wh kg−1 Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Qin Jinlei , Pei Fei , Wang Rui , Wu Lin , Han Yan , Xiao Pei , Shen Yue , Yuan Lixia , Huang Yunhui , Wang Deli
Published: February 2024

Constructing large‐area artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to suppress Li dendrites growth and electrolyte consumption is essential for high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, chemically exfoliated ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets (EMoS2) as an artificial SEI are scalable transfer‐printed on Li‐anode (EMoS2@Li). The EMoS2 with a large amount of sulfur vacancies and 1T phase‐rich acts as a lithiophilic interfacial ion‐transport skin to reduce the Li nucleation overpotential and regulate Li+ flux. With favorable Young's modulus and homogeneous continuous layered structure, the proposed EMoS2@Li effectively suppresses the growth of Li dendrites and repeat breaking/reforming of the SEI. As a result, the assembled EMoS2@Li||LiFePO4 and EMoS2@Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 batteries demonstrate high‐capacity retention of 93.5% and 92% after 1000 cycles and 300 cycles, respectively, at ultrahigh cathode loading of 20 mg cm−2. Ultrasonic transmission technology confirms the admirable ability of EMoS2@Li to inhibit Li dendrites in practical pouch batteries. Remarkably, the Ah‐class EMoS2@Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 pouch battery exhibits an energy density of 403 Wh kg−1 over 100 cycles with the low negative/positive capacity ratio of 1.8 and electrolyte/capacity ratio of 2.1 g Ah−1. The strategy of constructing an artificial SEI by sulfur vacancies‐rich and 1T phase‐rich ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets provides new guidance to realize high‐energy‐density LMBs with long cycling stability.
Broadband, Plasmon‐Modified SnSe2 Photodetector Based on LNOI Thin‐Film Platform
Authors: Liu Yi , Sun Wenqing , Sa Zixu , Liu Fengjing , Ren Feng , Yang Zaixing , Jia Yuechen , Sun Xiaoli , Chen Feng
Published: February 2024

Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is widely recognized as an essential optoelectronic integration platform due to its unique ferroelectric properties and photorefractive effect. However, the wide bandgap and weak absorption of lithium niobate limit its further application in integrated photodetection field. To address this issue, encapsulating silver nanoparticles within the LNOI structure are proposed to manipulate the light field distribution of modified lithium niobate through the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect and utilize the modified lithium niobate thin film as a functional substrate to tailor the optoelectronic properties of surface SnSe2 nanosheets, significantly enhancing their photodetection capabilities. The photocurrent of the SnSe2 photodetector based on LNOI with embedded Ag nanoparticles is enhanced by up to 1912 times compared to that on the original LNOI under the same conditions, which represents the highest reported plasmonic‐induced photodetection enhancement. This work deepens the basic research on plasmonic‐modified 2D materials and ferroelectric materials, which promotes the development of on‐chip photodetectors and the realization of fully functional photonic circuits that integrate all essential components on a single chip.
Ultrahigh Polarization of Emitted Light by Quenched Emissive Material
Authors: Choi Gyu Jin , Swain Gayatri , Jhun Chul Gyu , Lee Seok Je , Kim Jong Su , Ha Jaedu , Kim Youngsoo , Gwag Jin Seog
Published: February 2024

The emission of highly polarized light by organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is crucial for various applications; however, achieving such emission requires the use of polarizers, which reduce the device efficiency and durability. In this study, ultrahigh‐polarized light with a polarization ratio (PR) of 407:1 is achieved via the rapid thermal quenching (RTQ) of OLEDs. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets, and tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets are applied as hole transport layers and surface‐alignment layers through surface treatment, including rubbing and/or ion‐beam exposure to align the molecules of the emissive materials, namely, {poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). Quenching is performed at 240 °C, at which F8BT has a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) phase with high molecular ordering. Upon quenching, the high molecular ordering of the NLC‐phased emissive layer instantaneously froze via RTQ, leading to the emission of highly polarized light. Consequently, the PEDOT:PSS‐, MoS2‐, and WS2‐based OLEDs exhibit ultrahigh PRs of 407:1, 349:1, and 328:1, respectively, for photoluminescence at a 540 nm peak wavelength. In contrast, for electroluminescence, the PEDOT:PSS‐based OLED exhibits a high PR of 395:1. This result is the best reported to date and is comparable to the PRs generated by polarizers, indicating that quenching can be utilized for the development of ultrahigh‐polarized light‐emitting devices.
Formation of Distributed Local Heterojunction to Enhance NIR Emission Due to the Effective Carrier Transfer
Authors: Juan Fangying , Zhu Ting , Xu Fan , Zhao Xinyu , Xu Xiaoxiao , Wu Yangqing , Wei Haoming , Cao Bingqiang , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji
Published: February 2024

Perovskite light‐emitting devices (PeLEDs) have emerged as a highly promising contender for the next generation of lighting and display technologies. During the nucleation and crystallization process, numerous defects are commonly formed on the surface and grain boundaries as a result of the ionic characteristics of perovskite, especially in an air environment. These defects ultimately contribute to the deterioration of the photoelectron properties. In this study, CsPbI3 nanocrystals (NCs) solution is introduced into ethyl acetate antisolvent as an additive, resulting in the high‐quality perovskite films under ambient conditions. The introduction of CsPbI3 NCs has been found to increase the grain size and improve the uniformity of perovskite films while also effectively passivating defects. More significantly, the utilization of CsPbI3 NCs leads to the formation of a 0D/3D local heterojunction that is distributed throughout the MAPbI3 film. These distributed heterojunctions significantly increase both the carrier concentration and the photoluminescence performance. With the incorporation of doped perovskite films, Silicon (Si) ‐based PeLEDs demonstrate enhanced efficiency, achieving a maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.6% in ambient conditions. Additionally, these devices exhibit a prolonged operational half‐life of 80 minutes. This study presents a novel methodology for fabricating high‐efficiency Si‐based PeLEDs that exhibit exceptional electroluminescence characteristics.
Grafting Carbon Dots on Persistent Luminescence Phosphors to Generate Remarkably Improved NIR Afterglow for Microenvironment Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Xiahou Junqing , Cao Li , Huang Sai , Zhang Tao , Li Ji‐Guang , Zhu Qi
Published: February 2024

Recently, combining long afterglow materials with organic fluorescent dyes, particularly carbon dots (CDs) to produce heterojunction and improve its luminescence and persistence properties became an important research direction. However, the precise role of these internal defects in the energy transfer process of CD@inorganic matrix composite fluorescent materials has not been thoroughly discussed. Establishing matching trap level to promote the energy transfer between the trap level and CDs level not only helps to enhance the afterglow performance, but also can explain the heterogeneous structure interaction between organic–inorganic fluorescent materials. Herein, ZLAGC@CDs luminescent composite is successfully synthesized via coating CDs on Zn1‐x(Li/Al)xGa2xO4:0.005Cr3+ (ZLAGC, x = 0–1), which exhibits a unique double emission at ≈430 nm (the defect luminescence of CDs) and 718 nm (the 2E→4A2 transition of Cr3+). After coating, the energy transfer from the defect level of CDs to the excited state of Cr3+ enhanced the NIR emission. The electron transfer between the defect level of CDs and the split deeper trap level of ZLAGC also improved the visible and near‐infrared (NIR) afterglow. The fluorescence and afterglow signals of ZLAGC@CDs are highly sensitive to solution pH under acidic conditions, indicating that the prepared fluorescent composite has potential application in acid microenvironment fluorescence detection.
Detection and mapping of Amaranthus spinosus L. in bermudagrass pastures using drone imagery and deep learning for a site‐specific weed management
Authors: Bretas Igor L. , Dubeux Jose C. B. , Zhao Chang , Queiroz Luana M. D. , Flynn Scott , Ingram Sam , Oduor Kenneth T. , Cruz Priscila J. R. , Ruiz‐Moreno Martin , Loures Daniele R. S. , Valente Domingos S. M. , Chizzotti Fernanda H. M.
Published: February 2024

Weed encroachment negatively affects pasture productivity by reducing herbage allowance, stocking rates, and livestock performance. Amaranthus spinosus L. is a weed species widely found in pastures worldwide and is considered challenging for ranchers due to its great potential for invasion, making it difficult to control. The high costs of chemical application and the global concern about environmental impacts restrict indiscriminate herbicide spraying in pastures. Site‐specific weed management (SSWM) is a weed management strategy based on weed spot‐spraying that has the potential to overcome these issues. Images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide valuable information for weed mapping to drive the herbicide application in pastures. Deep learning techniques have been highlighted in image classification tasks. We developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based image segmentation model based on the U‐Net architecture to detect and map Amaranthus spinosus in bermudagrass pastures using red–green–blue images acquired through UAV flying in moderate‐high altitude. The images were acquired from twelve paddocks under three treatments (weed‐free, weed‐strips, or weed‐infested) during the summer (2021‐2022). The CNN model was able to detect around 80% of the A. spinosus with an average prediction accuracy of 94%. Our weed mapping showed the potential of using the U‐Net model to generate a herbicide application map to be inserted into the sprayer system, reducing up to 76% of the amount of herbicide applied. Further studies are encouraged to increase the robustness of the model across species and development stages and develop sprayer systems to implement the spot‐spraying in field conditions.
Speech patterns during memory recall relates to early tau burden across adulthood
Authors: Young Christina B. , Smith Viktorija , Karjadi Cody , Grogan Selah‐Marie , Ang Ting Fang Alvin , Insel Philip S. , Henderson Victor W. , Sumner Meghan , Poston Kathleen L. , Au Rhoda , Mormino Elizabeth C.
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION

Early cognitive decline may manifest in subtle differences in speech.

METHODS

We examined 238 cognitively unimpaired adults from the Framingham Heart Study (32–75 years) who completed amyloid and tau PET imaging. Speech patterns during delayed recall of a story memory task were quantified via five speech markers, and their associations with global amyloid status and regional tau signal were examined.

RESULTS

Total utterance time, number of between‐utterance pauses, speech rate, and percentage of unique words significantly correlated with delayed recall score although the shared variance was low (2%–15%). Delayed recall score was not significantly different between β‐amyoid‐positive (Aβ+) and ‐negative (Aβ−) groups and was not associated with regional tau signal. However, longer and more between‐utterance pauses, and slower speech rate were associated with increased tau signal across medial temporal and early neocortical regions.

DISCUSSION

Subtle speech changes during memory recall may reflect cognitive impairment associated with early Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Highlights

Speech during delayed memory recall relates to tau PET signal across adulthood.

Delayed memory recall score was not associated with tau PET signal.

Speech shows greater sensitivity to detecting subtle cognitive changes associated with early tau accumulation.

Our cohort spans adulthood, while most PET imaging studies focus on older adults.
Conservation of a Spectral Asymmetry Invariant in Optical Fiber Four‐Wave Mixing
Authors: Sheveleva Anastasiia , Colman Pierre , Dudley John M. , Finot Christophe
Published: February 2024

The conservation of spectral asymmetry is a fundamental feature of the ideal four‐wave mixing process as it exists in a medium combining quadratic chromatic dispersion and third‐order nonlinearity. The robustness of this invariant in an experimental configuration where the excitation conditions of an optical fiber are sequentially updated, mimicking infinite propagation is tested in this paper. This theoretical and experimental study reveals the high sensitivity of the asymmetry to very slight deviations from the ideal case, and the idealized system behaves as an intermediate case between the ideal case of noncascaded four‐wave mixing and propagation in a system governed by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation is shown.
A facile in‐situ fabrication of black polyimide films with ultrahigh electrical properties
Authors: Weng Ling , Liu Jinming , Zhang Xiaorui , Xu Hang , Guan Lizhu , Yu Yang
Published: February 2024

Considering the ongoing evolution of flexible printed circuit boards and the importance of safeguarding the intellectual property of circuit designs, there exists an imperative demand for the development of a black film exhibiting exceptional electrical properties and remarkable light‐shielding capabilities. Consequently, this work employs a straightforward strategy to enhance the opacity of polyimide films by incorporating carbon black (CB) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) as black fillers using an in situ doping method. Rigorous tests are conducted, analyzing properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, breakdown field strength, current density, and ferroelectric energy storage. The optimal ratio of CB to MnO2 (mass fraction) is determined as 1:5, with a total powder doping amount of 6 wt%, providing the best ratio relative to the matrix resin. This ratio ensures an optimal powder dispersion state, resulting in an outstanding breakdown field of 147.4 kV/mm and ultralow dielectric constants, measuring less than 3.78 at 103 Hz. This composite film is anticipated to find applications as a cutting‐edge material for electronic devices and the semiconductor industry.
Climate and environmental changes exacerbate health disparities in pregnant people and their offspring. How can we protect women and their babies?
Authors: Girardi Guillermina , Bremer Andrew A.
Published: February 2024

Background

The effects of climate and environmental changes (CEC) are being felt globally and will worsen over the next decade unless significant changes are made on a global level. Climate change is having serious consequences for health, particularly for vulnerable women and their offspring and less resilient individuals in communities with socioeconomic inequalities. To protect human health from CEC effects, efforts need to be directed toward building resilience strategies. Building political and economic power, as well as directly addressing CEC‐related challenges, are critical components of climate resilience. Effective communication and tailored methods to engage women in preventive strategies are also necessary to ameliorate the deleterious effects of CEC on women's health. Furthermore, women from marginalized communities face more CEC‐associated challenges.

Conclusions

Therefore, effective policies and programs targeting these at‐risk populations—are crucial to improve the overall state of global health. In closing, it is time to increase awareness of the effects of CECs on women's health and their transgenerational effects in order to ensure that all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, education and income are protected from the detrimental effects of CECs.
Is activation of the vestibular system by electromagnetic induction a possibility in an MRI context?
Authors: Bouisset Nicolas , Nissi Janita , Laakso Ilkka , Reynolds Raymond F. , Legros Alexandre
Published: February 2024

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have discussed the mechanisms of vestibular activation in strong magnetic field settings such as occur in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner environment. Amid the different hypotheses, the Lorentz force explanation currently stands out as the most plausible mechanism, as evidenced by activation of the vestibulo‐ocular reflex. Other hypotheses have largely been discarded. Nonetheless, both human data and computational modeling suggest that electromagnetic induction could be a valid mechanism which may coexist alongside the Lorentz force. To further investigate the induction hypothesis, we provide, herein, a first of its kind dosimetric analysis to estimate the induced electric fields at the vestibular system and compare them with what galvanic vestibular stimulation would generate. We found that electric fields strengths from induction match galvanic vestibular stimulation strengths generating vestibular responses. This review examines the evidence in support of electromagnetic induction of vestibular responses, and whether movement‐induced time‐varying magnetic fields should be further considered and investigated.
Metal–organic frameworks as a fluorescent probe for detection of pathogenic biomarkers in human urine
Authors: Jeong Seyeon , Moon Hoi Ri
Published: February 2024

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are actively explored as sensing materials owing to their high porosity, substantial surface area, and structural diversity, providing diverse chemical and physical properties. Their fluorescent characteristics are pivotal, enabling MOFs to function as probes for detecting specific target molecules. Unlike conventional disease diagnosis methods such as biopsies or blood collection, the detection of pathogenic biomarkers in human urine is conventional and less risky. While mass spectroscopy identifies proteins and metabolites in urine at high costs, MOF test papers offer a convenient solution. These papers confirm the existence of the target molecules through naked‐eye observation upon UV light irradiation at specific wavelengths. MOF‐based fluorescent probes facilitate disease diagnosis, including pheochromocytoma, toluene exposure, vitamin deficiencies, gout, hyperuricemia, cancers, body disorders, and teratogenicity, with low detection limits. This review delves into recent developments in MOF fluorescent probes, covering synthesis, emission spectra, and sensing mechanisms.
Supramolecular dye nanoassemblies for advanced diagnostics and therapies
Authors: Ramezani Pouria , De Smedt Stefaan C. , Sauvage Félix
Published: February 2024

Dyes have conventionally been used in medicine for staining cells, tissues, and organelles. Since these compounds are also known as photosensitizers (PSs) which exhibit photoresponsivity upon photon illumination, there is a high desire towards formulating these molecules into nanoparticles (NPs) to achieve improved delivery efficiency and enhanced stability for novel imaging and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, it has been shown that some of the photophysical properties of these molecules can be altered upon NP formation thereby playing a major role in the outcome of their application. In this review, we primarily focus on introducing dye categories, their formulation strategies and how these strategies affect their photophysical properties in the context of photothermal and non‐photothermal applications. More specifically, the most recent progress showing the potential of dye supramolecular assemblies in modalities such as photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapies as well as their employment in photoablation as a novel modality will be outlined. Aside from their photophysical activity, we delve shortly into the emerging application of dyes as drug stabilizing agents where these molecules are used together with aggregator molecules to form stable nanoparticles.
Training future engineers: Integrating Computational Thinking and effective learning methodologies into education
Authors: Herrero‐Álvarez Rafael , León Coromoto , Miranda Gara , Segredo Eduardo
Published: February 2024

This article examines the effectiveness and interest generated among primary and secondary education students through activities aimed at developing Computational Thinking skills, in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The shift to online or hybrid learning models posed a significant challenge for educators, particularly those lacking digital skills. The study sought to answer several research questions, including the impact of online versus in‐person teaching on preuniversity students and gender differences in Computer Science perception, and Computational Thinking skills performance. The study employed a four‐phase methodology, consisting of pre‐ and posttraining measurements of Computer Science perception and Computational Thinking skills development through specific activities delivered in‐person or online. The results indicate that in‐person training is more effective for developing Computational Thinking skills, particularly at the secondary education level. Furthermore, there is a need to focus on maintaining girls' interest in Computer Science during primary school, as interest levels tend to decline significantly in secondary school. These findings have significant implications for Engineering Education in the context of digital transformation and the increasing importance of Computational Thinking skills in various fields of engineering. This study highlights the importance of developing Computational Thinking skills among preuniversity students and the need for effective training methods to achieve this goal and underscore the significance of investing in Engineering Education to prepare the next generation of engineers for the rapidly changing digital landscape.
Understanding the Interfacial Energy Structure and Electron Extraction Process in Inverted Organic Solar Cells with Phosphine‐Doped Cathode Interlayers
Authors: Yang Yi , Wang Jingwen , Xiao Yang , Xu Bowei , Hou Jianhui
Published: February 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Cathode interlayers (CILs) play an essential role in achieving efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the electronic structure at the electrode/CIL/active layer interfaces and the underlying mechanisms for electron collection remain unclear, which becomes a major obstacle to develop high‐performance CILs. Herein, we investigate the relationship of the electron collection abilities of four cross‐linked and n‐doped CILs (c‐NDI:P0, c‐NDI:P1, c‐NDI:P2, c‐NDI:P3) with their electronic structure of space charge region at heterojunction interface. By accurately calculating the depletion region width according to the barrier height, doping density and permittivity, we put forward that the optimal thickness of CIL should be consistent with the depletion region width to realize the minimum energy loss. As a result, the depletion region width is largely reduced from 13 nm to 0.8 nm at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/c‐NDI:P0 interface, resulting in a decent PCE of 17.7% for the corresponding inverted OSCs.
Fused GEMMs towards an efficient GPU implementation of the ADER‐DG method in SeisSol
Authors: Dorozhinskii Ravil , Gadeschi Gonzalo Brito , Bader Michael
Published: February 2024

This study shows how GPU performance of the ADER discontinuous Galerkin method in SeisSol (an earthquake simulation software) can be further improved while preserving its original design that ensures high CPU performance. We introduce a new code generator (“ChainForge”) that fuses subsequent batched matrix multiplications (“GEMMs”) into a single GPU kernel, holding intermediate results in shared memory as long as necessary. The generator operates as an external module linked against SeisSol's domain specific language YATeTo and, as a result, the original SeisSol source code remains mainly unchanged. In this paper, we discuss several challenges related to automatic fusion of GPU kernels and provide solutions to them. By and large, we gain 60% in performance of SeisSol's wave propagation solver using Fused‐GEMMs compared to the original GPU implementation. We demonstrated this on benchmarks as well as on a real production scenario simulating the Northridge 1994 earthquake.
Isocyanide–Based Multicomponent Reactions Coupled One–Pot Process: Efficient Tools to Diversity–Oriented Synthesis of Structural Peptidomimetics
Authors: Kaveti Bhavna , Rentería‐Gómez Manuel A. , Corona‐Díaz Alejandro , Pharande Shrikant G. , Rentería‐Gómez Ángel , Gámez‐Montaño Rocío
Published: February 2024

Multicomponent diversity–oriented synthesis (DOS) of conformationally anchored structural peptidomimetics like 2,5‐diketopiperazines (2,5‐DKP) containing heterocyclic bioisosteres of the amide bond, such as 1,2,3‐triazoles and 1,5‐disubstituted tetrazoles (1,5‐DS−T) is described. Structural peptidomimetics are synthesized from similar available starting materials, via a strategy based on isocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs): Ugi‐4CR and Ugi‐Azide (UA), followed by a one‐pot process: SN2/intramolecular alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (IAAC). The sequential aligning of two powerful synthetic tools (IMCR and IAAC) has parallelly contributed to generate anchored conformation and complexity in target molecules, which are considered structural peptidomimetics of 2,5‐DKP. Herein, the 1,2,3‐triazole ring plays a key role in the preference for the boat conformation. Furthermore, the use of UA reaction generates scaffold diversity at the N‐1 α‐carbon of the pyrazinone ring, replacing a linear amide bond with a heterocyclic bioisostere such as 1,5‐DS−T leading to the synthesis of novel tricyclic peptidomimetics. The DFT calculations confirmed the boat conformation of the synthesized molecules.
Farmers’ purchase intention and willingness to pay for certified sweetpotato seed under different disease pressure zones in Uganda
Authors: Musoke Charles , Kyazze Florence B. , Kibwika Paul , Mukasa Settumba B.
Published: February 2024

The use of certified sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) seed (CSS) was reported to unlock the yield potential of the crop leading to an over 80% yield increase. Despite the availability of elements of a formal CSS system, uptake in Uganda has remained dismal. Interdependence between farmer knowledge, perceptions, and purchase behaviors (PBs) is not well understood in a way that could allow the design of meaningful policies and interventions. This study aimed at unveiling factors underlying PB through purchase intention (PI) and willingness to pay (WTP) by interviewing 289 farmers from Omoro and Mpigi districts in Uganda, representing the low and high virus disease pressure zones, respectively. A modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) incorporating awareness as independent and farmer innovativeness as mediating variables expounded the relationships. Data were collected on perceptions, knowledge, innovativeness, and PI using a five‐point Likert scale plus WTP as a price, subjected to descriptive and structural equation modeling analysis. Results indicated significant locational differences in most socioeconomic characteristics. Middle income, CSS information access, and farming experience of 7–30 years conferred more likelihood of high PI. Conversely, high PI, group membership, and being female and middle‐aged increased the likelihood of high WTP. The effects of attitude, perceived behavioral control, and awareness were significant in high disease zone, while subjective norm was significant across disease zones. PI significantly affects WTP in high disease zone (p = 0.000) but its effect is insignificant in low disease zone (p = 0.569). An interplay of socioeconomic, perception, and knowledge attributes influences CSS PB calling for social marketing strategies with location‐specific interventions.
Role of DNA methylation in cancer development and its clinical applications
Authors: Sonar Swarup , Nyahatkar Sidhanti , Kalele Ketki , Adhikari Manab Deb
Published: February 2024

methyltransferase gene (DNA) methylation is a key process in epigenetic modification. This transformation leads to genomic instability that creates an impact on gene expression. DNA methylation is also involved in several mutations of tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) or proto‐oncogenes, resulting in cancer (hypermethylation and hypomethylation). Hypermethylation of promoter segments in TSGs causes transcriptional silencing, whereas hypomethylation of regulatory sequence activates proto‐oncogenes and retrotransposons. DNA methylation regulated by DNA methyltransferases is one of the essential epigenetic mechanisms that controls the cell cycle, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and transformation in eukaryotes, leading to genetic instability of tumour cells. Recent scientific research has highlighted that DNA methylation is a vital cancer biomarker source of several parts of body fluids that allow primary‐stage cancer cell detection during clinical screening. Nowadays, epigenetic biomarkers have been introduced as a decision maker with the potential to improve cancer prognosis. DNA methylation profiling helps to determine cancer at the deep genetic level, and create high impactful cancer screening approach in the future.
Accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration for staging of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chung Kimberley , Bentel Jacqueline , Laycock Andrew
Published: February 2024

Background

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is routinely performed to confirm a lung cancer diagnosis and/or to clinically stage disease. EBUS‐TBNA findings may be used to determine whether patients can be offered potentially curative surgery. In this study, we evaluated the reporting in our service of EBUS‐TBNA cytology for early‐stage (operable) non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), focusing on diagnostic accuracy and analyzing cases with discordant cytologic and post‐surgical histopathologic conclusions.

Methods

Cytology slides and cytopathology reports of 120 NSCLC patients who had undergone EBUS‐TBNA and lobectomy in our hospital system between 2015 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Of 290 lymph nodes (110 cases) able to be reviewed, interpretation of 48 lymph nodes was discordant with the original cytopathology report. This included 31 lymph nodes originally reported as adequate, which were found to be non‐diagnostic on review. The diagnostic accuracy (benign/malignant) of lymph nodes that were sampled at EBUS‐TBNA and excised at surgery was 89%. Specific examination of cases where EBUS‐TBNA cytology did not reflect post‐surgical findings illustrated important features and limitations of the procedure. These included potential misclassification of lymph node stations, the presence of multiple, variably involved nodes at lymph node stations, and the failure to detect small volume disease.

Conclusions

Continuous evaluation of EBUS‐TBNA performance identifies technical limitations and areas of improvement for cytopathology reporting. This is increasingly important in an era where lung cancer screening is expected to increase diagnosis of early‐stage disease and with the advent of novel treatments, including non‐surgical management options.
Insufficient endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration specimens. When and why? The analysis of criteria and reasons behind the insufficient specimens
Authors: Vuorisalo Antti , Huhtala Heini , Paavonen Timo , Kholová Ivana
Published: February 2024

Background

The classification terminology systems for pulmonary cytology specimens have recently emerged. Inadequate samples, classified as "nondiagnostic," raise challenges in determining the threshold of cell numbers and the risk of malignancy (ROM).

Methods

The study retrospectively reviewed 248 endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) samples: 46 insufficient samples, 60 low cellularity samples, and 142 adequate samples. Characteristics as cellularity, number of benign and malignant cells, and background features were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to establish cell sufficiency thresholds for the diagnosis.

Results

Out of the 248 samples analyzed, 108 were classified as benign, 94 as malignant, and 46 as insufficient. The study found that the cellularity thresholds for diagnosis in cell blocks and cytological samples were ≥50 cells and ≥100 cells, respectively. The thresholds for tumor cell counts were ≥1 − 10 cells for both types of cells, respectively. Considerably, some low cellularity samples were initially classified as insufficient despite meeting the diagnostic thresholds upon revision. The ROM varied across sample categories, with insufficient samples having a ROM of 10.9%, benign samples 15.7%, suspicious samples 92.0%, and malignant samples 100%.

Conclusion

Insufficient EBUS‐TBNA samples raise challenges in diagnosis and management. This study identified the root cause of insufficient samples, including factors related to humans, diagnostic methods, sampling, and laboratory processing. By understanding the root causes, diagnostic recommendations can be developed to improve the diagnostic process. The findings emphasize the importance of standardized classification and terminology systems for clear communication among healthcare professionals and institutions, ultimately improving patient care and enabling quality assurance measures.
Assessing the significance of nonlinear rotational behavior in high damping rubber bearings for seismic performance of base‐isolated RC frame building
Authors: Li Tao , Yang Yijian , Dai Kaoshan , Xu Jun , Ge Qingzi
Published: February 2024

Utilizing high‐damping rubber bearings (HDRBs) for seismic isolation significantly enhances building seismic performance. However, previous studies have often neglected the nonlinear rotational behavior of these bearings when assessing base‐isolated systems using HDRBs. This study introduces two numerical models of the HDRBs, each comprising six springs. The first model, referred to as the BIL model, assumes linear behavior for the rotational degrees of freedom of the bearings. The second model, referred to as the BINL model, accounts for the nonlinear rotational behavior. The parameters of the bearing shear springs and the rotational springs of the two models are calibrated using experimental data. In order to investigate the influence of nonlinear rotational behavior of HDRBs on the seismic performance of base‐isolated buildings, nonlinear time history analysis is conducted on a six‐story base‐isolated RC frame building. Comparative analysis between the BIL model and the BINL model covers bearing behavior, superstructure response, and energy dissipation distribution. Results indicate a significant influence of considering nonlinear rotational behavior on column bending moments. These findings provide crucial insights for enhancing seismic design strategies for base‐isolated buildings.
Tie system to upgrade out‐of‐plane performance of infill masonry walls
Authors: Choi Ho , Nakano Yoshiaki , Sanada Yasushi , Matsukawa Kazuto , Gülkan Polat , Binici Baris
Published: February 2024

The objectives of this study were to investigate the out‐of‐plane behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls and to identify the effectiveness of tie systems that were proposed to enhance the infill stability under both in‐ and out‐of‐plane effects. This study examined three types of tie systems: a full‐length tie system (prototype), a staggered tie system and a half‐length tie system. For this purpose, four 1/4‐scale, single‐story, one‐bay masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame specimens with and without the proposed tie systems were sequentially tested under in‐plane static cyclic loading and out‐of‐plane dynamic excitation. In the experimental study, two series of shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the out‐of‐plane behavior of the infill walls. The first series compared the fundamental out‐of‐plane performance of three proposed tie systems, and the second series verified the effectiveness of the full‐length tie system to prevent infill out‐of‐plane failure under an excitation simulating the severe floor response in medium‐rise buildings. The test results indicated the following: (1) the presence of the tie systems caused minor differences in the in‐plane capacity and ductility of each specimen, (2) the effectiveness of the full‐length and staggered tie systems was superior to that of the half‐length tie system, and (3) the full‐length tie system not only prevented the infill out‐of‐plane failure but also significantly reduced the infill damage under realistic excitation conditions. The above research outcomes provide a useful contribution of the infill to upgrade the seismic resistance of buildings.