bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connective power of the twitter networks: Discovering the reverse agenda‐setting effects of hashtag activism through topic modeling
Authors: Chong Miyoung
Published: October 2019

The extensive application of social media by the public may signify that the public can play a role in establishing the news media agenda. By rethinking the traditional agenda‐setting theory, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the public agenda of hashtag activism affected the traditional news media reports about the case of the Alton Sterling shooting. By applying topic modeling and qualitative content analysis, this study examined the agenda of the #AltonSterling Twitter network and concludes that reverse agenda‐setting effects were identified within the one‐day frame between the agendas of the #AltonSterling Twitter network and The New York Times based on high correspondence.
Identification of citation and cited texts for fine‐grained citation content analysis
Authors: Ou Shiyan , Kim Hyonil
Published: October 2019

Citation content Analysis is very useful to reveal the nature of citations among scientific papers. However, most of previous studies had been done only from the side of citing papers and ignored the side of cited papers. We proposed a similarity‐based unsupervised citation text identification method and a ranking‐based supervised cited text identification method. Based on the identified citation and cited texts, we performed a fine‐grained citation analysis and found there was a difference in the cited texts between the citing papers in different disciplines.
A survey of data science programs and courses in the iSchools
Authors: Wang Yi‐Yu , Lin Chi‐Shiou
Published: October 2019

In this poster, we examined the current data science programs and courses in the 102 iSchools members. The result shows that the program distribution was unequal by region, and the courses offered by iSchools concentrated on data analysis skills. Research data management, which concerns data management throughout research life cycle and data curation, constituted less than 10% of the courses.
Research on the impact evaluation of academic journals based on altmetrics and citation indicators
Authors: Zhao Rongying , Wang Xu , Liu Zhuozhu , Qi Yongkang , Zhang Zhaoyang , Chang Ruru
Published: October 2019

Taking international LIS journals as an example, combining 8 traditional citation indicators and 10 altmetrics indicators, we use the method of multi‐indicator fusion to construct a comprehensive evaluation model of journal impact based on traditional citation indicators and altmetrics indicators. Through normalization processing, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, factor analysis, the paper evaluates the academic impact (FA), societal impact (FS) of LIS journals respectively. We get the following conclusion: (1) We get the 2‐dimensional evaluation results and according to LIS journals impacts, we divide the roles into four categories: “Prestige journals”, “Star journals”, “Common journals” and “Expert journals”. (2) It is found that 8 traditional citation indicators based on JCR, present strong positive correlations, and the indicators are highly consistent overall and internally. (3) There are moderate or high positive correlations among 10 altmetrics based on Altmetrics Explorer, and there are also significant consistency among the indicators as a whole and internally. (4) The correlation coefficient between FA and FS is 0.566, with a moderate positive correlation. It indicates that the evaluation of LIS journals' societal impact based on altmetrics indicators has a useful supplement to the evaluation of academic impact based on citation.
ReTracker: Actively and automatically matching retraction metadata in zotero
Authors: Cheng Yi‐Yun , Parulian Nikolaus , Hsiao Tzu‐Kun , Dinh Ly , Sarol Janina , Schneider Jodi
Published: October 2019

Retraction removes seriously flawed papers from the scientific literature. However, even papers retracted for scientific fraud continue to be cited and used as valid after their retraction. Retracted papers are inadequately identified on publisher pages and in scholarly databases, and scholars' personal libraries frequently contain retracted papers. To address this, we are developing a tool called ReTracker (https://github.com/nikolausn/ReTrackers) that automatically checks a user's Zotero library for retracted articles, and adds retraction status as a new metadata field directly in the library. In this paper, we present the current version of ReTracker, which automatically flags retracted articles from PubMed. We describe how we have iteratively improved ReTracker's matching performance through its initial two versions. Our tests show that the current version of ReTracker is able to flag retracted articles from PubMed with high precision and recall, and to distinguish retracted articles from articles about retraction. In its current state, ReTracker can actively and automatically bring retraction metadata into Zotero, and in future work we will test its usability with scholars.
Implications of the embodied, enactive mind on theorizing about information experience
Authors: Hoyte Pamela
Published: October 2019

Information Experience is a recent and growing concept in Information Science that is proposed as a holistic approach to explicitly examine the human experience of information interactions, including an individual's perceptual, cognitive and embodied experience. Valuable to this discussion is setting out a suitable philosophical position about the conception of the mind. This paper proposes that the concepts of embodied cognition and the non‐representational, enactive mind are necessary conceptions of mind for an adequate theoretical account of Information Experience. Furthering this discussion, the concept of information as an enactive cognitive phenomenon is explored, as constructed by the individual, embodied by their experience and contextually situated. These conceptions will provide a foundation for further development of the emerging field of information experience, and prove thought provoking for the Information Science field generally in the development of new approaches to the ways we use and share information in our communities and the future technologies we build for this.
Objectives & key results for active knowledge sharing in IT consulting enterprises: A feasibility study
Authors: Klanwaree Natthakan , Choemprayong Songphan
Published: October 2019

Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) have been utilized by numerous leading global enterprises for performance evaluation from a holistic perspective. Nonetheless, the applicability of OKRs for knowledge sharing has been rarely discussed. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of the adoption of OKRs for active knowledge sharing in IT consulting organizations. As a case study, this project was conducted at an IT consulting organization in Bangkok, Thailand among thirty‐three participants involved in a training session. Some of these participants volunteered to develop their team's OKRs. All participants were interviewed regarding the possibility of adopting OKRs for knowledge sharing based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). In general, participants tended to have positive perceptions regarding usefulness, ease of use, trust, and intention to use with some concerns surrounding compatibility with staff who lack creative and leadership personalities. The current study has shed some light on how OKRs may be adopted to support knowledge sharing within organizations.
One of a kind: The tail of citizen science volunteers
Authors: Lee Lo , Darch Peter
Published: October 2019

Online citizen science projects recruit members of the public (volunteers) to contribute to scientific research. Many projects involve volunteers donating processing capacity on their computers to process datasets. Retaining and motivating volunteers is a critical challenge. Existing studies of volunteers identify categories of volunteers, describing the main motivations and contributions of these categories. Based on case studies comprising surveys (n = 2031) and interviews (n = 39) with volunteers in two projects, Einstein@Home and Cosmology@Home, we identify volunteers who do not fit easily into these categories. These volunteers exhibit non‐typical motivations (e.g., getting acknowledgements in scientific publications, and accumulating Gridcoin) or non‐typical contributions (e.g., successfully proposing new lines of work or projects, and conducting and presenting studies of subgroups of volunteers to teams running projects). These volunteers make vital contributions to projects. However, measures taken by project teams based on prior studies of volunteers may be ineffective in retaining and motivating these non‐typical volunteers.
Effects of motivation and tool features on online photo‐sharing behavior
Authors: Cho Hyerim , Smith Josh , Lee Jin Ha
Published: October 2019

Sharing photos online has become one of the most popular information sharing behaviors in recent years. Due to the plethora of online photo‐sharing websites, applications, and other tools available, we share visual information easily, and quickly. In order to improve our current understanding of photo‐sharing behaviors and identify the exhaustive list of online photo‐sharing motivations, we analyzed 4,555 photos shared online. Seventeen interviewers interviewed 92 participants overall. Twenty photo‐sharing motivations were identified in this study, including To share memory, To disseminate information, For amusement (humor, fun), To show off, and To appreciate beauty/cuteness.
What's in people's digital file collections?
Authors: Dinneen Jesse David , Julien Charles‐Antoine
Published: October 2019

Thoughtfully designing services and rigorously testing software to support personal information management (PIM) requires understanding the relevant collections, but relatively little is known about what people keep in their file collections, especially personal collections. Complementing recent work on the structure of 348 file collections, we examine those collections' contents, how much content is duplicated, and how collections used for personal matters differ from those used for study and work. Though all collections contain many images, some intuitively common file types are surprisingly scarce. Personal collections contain more audio than others, knowledge workers' collections contain more text documents but far fewer folders, and IT collections exhibit unusual traits. Collection duplication is correlated to collections' structural traits, but surprisingly, not to collection age. We discuss our findings in light of prior works and provide implications for various kinds of information research.
The role of calcium in the interaction between calmodulin and a minimal functional construct of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase
Authors: Lee Kwangwoon , Kumar Eric A. , Dalby Kevin N. , Ghose Ranajeet
Published: October 2019

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF‐2K) regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF‐2), thereby reducing its affinity for the ribosome and suppressing global translational elongation rates. eEF‐2K is regulated by calmodulin (CaM) through a mechanism that is distinct from that of other CaM‐regulated kinases. We had previously identified a minimal construct of eEF‐2K (TR) that is activated similarly to the wild‐type enzyme by CaM in vitro and retains its ability to phosphorylate eEF‐2 efficiently in cells. Here, we employ solution nuclear magnetic resonance techniques relying on Ile δ1‐methyls of TR and Ile δ1‐ and Met ε‐methyls of CaM, as probes of their mutual interaction and the influence of Ca2+ thereon. We find that in the absence of Ca2+, CaM exclusively utilizes its C‐terminal lobe (CaMC) to engage the N‐terminal CaM‐binding domain (CBD) of TR in a high‐affinity interaction. Avidity resulting from additional weak interactions of TR with the Ca2+‐loaded N‐terminal lobe of CaM (CaMN) at increased Ca2+ levels serves to enhance the affinity further. These latter interactions under Ca2+ saturation result in minimal perturbations in the spectra of TR in the context of its complex with CaM, suggesting that the latter is capable of driving TR to its final, presumably active conformation, in the Ca2+‐free state. Our data are consistent with a scenario in which Ca2+ enhances the affinity of the TR/CaM interactions, resulting in the increased effective concentration of the CaM‐bound species without significantly modifying the conformation of TR within the final, active complex.
Volatile emissions of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) leaves and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds against Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Silva Marcela F , Campos Vicente P , Barros Aline F , Terra Willian C , Pedroso Márcio P , Gomes Vanessa A , Ribeiro Clerio R , Silva Fabíola J
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with several functions, including toxicity to plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPNs). However, the toxicity of VOCs from watercress leaves (Nasturtium officinale) and passion fruit seeds (Passiflora edulis) against PPNs has not yet been studied.

RESULTS

Biofumigation with watercress leaves and passion fruit seeds reduced the infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants. The VOCs emitted by watercress leaves and passion fruit seeds caused immobility of M. incognita second‐stage juveniles (J2). The reduction in infectivity and reproduction of M. incognita reached 89% and 99%, respectively, when J2 were exposed to watercress VOCs. Additionally, water exposed to VOCs emitted by watercress caused 79% M. incognita J2 mortality. The volatilome of the toxic water contained 12 compounds, mainly alcohols. The emissions from watercress leaves and passion fruit seeds contained 26 and 12 compounds, respectively, according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The 1‐octanol occurring in watercress emissions demonstrated in vitro and in vivo nematicidal activity against M. incognita, with a lethal dose necessary to cause 50% mortality (LC50) of 382.5 μg mL−1.

CONCLUSIONS

Watercress leaf and passion fruit seed macerates emitted VOCs with nematicidal activity against M. incognita. The compound 1‐octanol identified in watercress emissions may be useful for the nematicide‐producing industry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Planning and analyzing clinical trials with competing risks: Recommendations for choosing appropriate statistical methodology
Authors: Poythress J.C. , Lee Misun Yu , Young James
Published: October 2019

In the analysis of time‐to‐event data, competing risks occur when multiple event types are possible, and the occurrence of a competing event precludes the occurrence of the event of interest. In this situation, statistical methods that ignore competing risks can result in biased inference regarding the event of interest. We review the mechanisms that lead to bias and describe several statistical methods that have been proposed to avoid bias by formally accounting for competing risks in the analyses of the event of interest. Through simulation, we illustrate that Gray's test should be used in lieu of the logrank test for nonparametric hypothesis testing. We also compare the two most popular models for semiparametric modelling: the cause‐specific hazards (CSH) model and Fine‐Gray (F‐G) model. We explain how to interpret estimates obtained from each model and identify conditions under which the estimates of the hazard ratio and subhazard ratio differ numerically. Finally, we evaluate several model diagnostic methods with respect to their sensitivity to detect lack of fit when the CSH model holds, but the F‐G model is misspecified and vice versa. Our results illustrate that adequacy of model fit can strongly impact the validity of statistical inference. We recommend analysts incorporate a model diagnostic procedure and contingency to explore other appropriate models when designing trials in which competing risks are anticipated.
Robust partial integrated guidance and control approaches for maneuvering targets
Authors: Ji Yi , Lin Defu , Pei Pei , Shi Xingwei , Wang Wei
Published: October 2019

A novel observer‐controller framework algorithm based on barrier Lyapunov function and second‐order sliding mode control is presented, which can drive the first‐ and second‐order states of the typical second‐order dynamics subject to unknowns and uncertainties simultaneously converge to zero in finite time. The obtained results are applied in the designs of two partial integrated guidance and control laws for an aerodynamic control interceptor against maneuvering targets: one is for zeroing line‐of‐sight angular rate and the other is for hit‐to‐kill. Owing to the inherent properties of different bandwidth and time delay between control commands and missile dynamics, partial guidance and control is separated with two loops. The outer loop achieves the target maneuvers and generates the control command, and the inner loop is used to track it. Moreover, to overcome the excessive differentiation problem of conventional backstepping design, two integral Lyapunov functions are introduced, which avoid the differentiation of the virtual control laws. Finally, detailed stability discussion and simulation results of the proposed partial guidance and control approaches demonstrate these properties.
Adaptive control for nonlinear cyber‐physical systems under false data injection attacks through sensor networks
Authors: Ren Xiu‐Xiu , Yang Guang‐Hong
Published: October 2019

This paper considers the adaptive control problem for a class of nonlinear cyber‐physical systems with unknown nonlinearities and false data injection attacks, where the sensors are corrupted by attackers. To mitigate the effects caused by the considered attacks, a novel coordinate transformation is developed in the backstepping control design. In addition, to deal with the multiple unknown time‐varying state feedback gains caused by the sensor attacks, the new types of Nussbaum functions are introduced in the adaptive control. By using Lyapunov stability theory, the proposed control scheme can guarantee all the closed‐loop system signals globally bounded. Finally, the examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
In Vitro Investigation of Controlled Release of Ciprofloxacin and Its β‐Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex from Gelatin Grafted Poly(vinyl alcohol) (GPVA) Nanoparticles
Authors: Tanwar Archana G. , Date Pranjali B. , Ottoor Divya P.
Published: October 2019

Controlled drug delivery is one of the probable answers to different problems associated with conventional dosing regimens. Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is an antibiotic, signifying second generation fluoroquinolone which is active against wide‐ranges of microbes. Due to low solubility and bioavailability, it requires a controlled release device for its delivery. An attempt has been made in the present work to develop gelatin grafted poly (vinyl alcohol) (GPVA) hydrogel nanoparticle and study the release behaviour of CFX when incorporated as β‐cyclodextrin CFX inclusion complex and pure CFX. GPVA hydrogel nanoparticles were prepared using two‐step desolvation method and characterized using FTIR, DLS, SEM, and XRD. The in‐vitrorelease at different physiological pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4 showed a controlled release of drug from the system when gelatin is grafted with PVA and when an inclusion complex of the drug is introduced in the polymer system. The release kinetic followed zero order with non Fickian Super case II transport mechanism.
Oxygen Vacancies Enhance Triethylamine Sensing Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Meng Xiaoning , Yao Mengxia , Mu Shifang , Wang Yan
Published: October 2019

In this paper, tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles with abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) (designated as IWBT) were synthesized via a combined hydrothermal route and ice‐water bath stirring method. In addition, another SnO2 nanoparticles (designated as RTT) were prepared by the room temperature stirring synthesis and subsequent hydrothermal process. The morphology and composition of the as‐obtained samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) analysis. It was found that IWBT contained much more surface oxygen vacancies defects than RTT. The synthesized IWBT exhibited outstanding gas sensing properties toward triethylamine (TEA) at 260 °C, such as high response, significant selectivity, low detection limit and excellent repeatability. According to the results of experiments, the response of as‐prepared IWBT sensor could reach to 2701.36 when exposed to 500 ppm TEA, which was far higher than the as‐prepared RTT sensor (748.10). The excellent sensing characteristics of IWBT could be attributed to the abundant OVs that could improve the O2 adsorptivity and electron transfer capability of SnO2. Thus, IWBT supplied a rational strategy to enhance the gas sensing performances of TEA gas sensors.
Novel Brønsted‐Lewis Acid Heterogeneous Catalyst: Functionalized Imidazolium Ferric Salts@SBA‐15 for Efficient Production of Biodiesel
Authors: Yue Chengguang , Zhang Pingbo , Wu Hao , Fan Mingming , Jiang Pingping
Published: October 2019

Brønsted‐Lewis acid heterogeneous catalyst functionalized imidazolium ferric salts@SBA‐15 ([DSIM][FeCl4]/SBA‐15) with large specific surface and mesoporous structure was designed and prepared to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid with methanol for yielding biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester). The as‐prepared catalyst showed good catalytic performance with 98.2% conversion of oleic acid under the optimal reaction conditions: the molar ratio of methanol and oleic acid was 10:1 and the amount of catalyst was 5% of oleic acid mass, 4 h and 70 °C. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR, N2 adsorption‐desorption, Pyridine‐adsorbed FT‐IR, Thermogravimetric analysis, Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrated that imidazolium ferric salt was successfully loaded onto the surface of SBA‐15 and the catalyst retained the mesoporous structure of the support. The catalyst [DSIM][FeCl4]/SBA‐15 still performed over 85.5% of conversion after 5 reaction cycles, which indicated its good stability and reusability.
Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized 6‐(2‐Oxoindolin‐3‐yl)‐5‐azaspiro[2.4]heptanes
Authors: Zhan Shao‐Cong , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: October 2019

The base catalyzed aldol condensation of various N‐benzylisatins with 1‐acetyl‐N‐arylcyclopropanecarboxamides resulted in functionalized 3‐hydroxyoxindolin‐2‐ones in high yields, which were in turn successfully transferred to functionalized 6‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐yl)‐5‐azaspiro[2.4]heptanes in acetic acid in the presence of the concentrated hydrochloric acid by sequential acid catalyzed dehydration and aza‐Michael addition process. The 1H NMR spectra and the single crystal structure indicated that the obtained functionalized 6‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐yl)‐5‐azaspiro[2.4]heptanes have a S,S‐configuration.
A Novel Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogen Based Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescence Sensor for Ratiometric Determination of Rhodamine B in Food Samples
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Hou Liyu , Shan Fangjian , Zhang Zuoliang , Li Yajing , Liu Yiqing , Peng Qiuchen , He Juan , Li Kai
Published: October 2019

Introducing aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) to fluorescence sensors will endow them with outstanding luminescence properties in aggregated state or solid state, which is an effective strategy for developing polymer‐based fluorescence sensors. Herein, a novel fluorescence sensor of TPE‐A‐MIPs was developed by introducing an AIEgen as the fluorescence signal part into molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs in this sensor served as a polymeric artificial receptor to Rhodamine B (RhB), which offered high selectivity. TPE‐A‐MIPs also showed excellent sensitivity with ratiometric fluorescence response to RhB. A detection limit of 1.41 μmol/L with the linear range in 0.0‐10.0 μmol/L was obtained. Furthermore, TPE‐A‐MIPs was successfully applied in detecting RhB in real food samples with satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations. This work not only demonstrated the feasibility of introducing AIEgens into MIPs to develop fluorescence sensors, but also greatly expanded the potential applications of AIEgens and MIPs in the field of fluorescence detection.
Thermodynamic Discussion of CO2 Injection in Molten Steel
Authors: You Xinchen , He Shengping , Zhang Min , Zeng Jianhua , Li Long , Wang Qian , Wang Qiangqiang , Li Yugang
Published: October 2019

CO2 utilization in the steel industry is indispensable to energy saving and emission reduction. Blowing CO2 into a basic oxygen furnace assists decarburization. Thermodynamics of the decarburization reaction while injecting CO2 into molten steel and the effects of the mixed‐gas ratio, initial carbon content of the molten steel, and system pressure on decarburization and temperature change are discussed. The final carbon content of the molten steel increases and its temperature decreases with the increased volume fraction of CO2. Under normal atmospheric pressure, the decarburization reaction gradually stagnates. As the system pressure decreases, decarburization is more efficient and a lower gas mass is required. Compared with O2 blowing, CO2 mixed‐gas blowing under a pressure of 10.1325 kPa results in a lower oxygen content in the molten steel of 0.028% and decarburization of 0.0065% is also achieved. An excessively high volume fraction of CO2, however, greatly reduces the bath temperature.
Optimale Hydrolysenbedingungen für Weizenkleber
Authors: Prey V. , Maier L.
Published: October 2019

Zur Gewinnung von Glutaminsäure werden die optimalen Bedingungen für die Hydrolyse von Weizenklebern untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit durch Verwendung von Bromwasserstoffsäure stark erhöht werden kann. Zur Kontrolle der Reihenuntersuchungen wurde eine Schnellbestimmung für Glutaminsäure ausgearbeitet.
Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Frage der Verwendung von windgesichtetem Weizenmehl in der Stärkeindustrie
Authors: Honsch W. M.
Published: October 2019

Im Zusammenhang mit englischen Arbeiten über Windsichtung von Weizenmehlen wurde über weitere Erfahrungen mit windgesichtetem südaustralischen Hartweizenmehl berichtet. Solche Mehle erwiesen sich als für die Windsichtung ungeeignet, da die Klebeanreicherung nur ungenügend war. Die Feinfraktion wurde auf ihre Eignung für die Stärkefabrikation untersucht und ebenfalls für ungeeignet befunden.
Ausgewählte Beispiele aus der Physiologie des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels und seiner Pathologie im Kindesalter: Glykogenspeicherkrankheit und Galaktosämie
Authors: Hövels O.
Published: October 2019

Die menschliche Pathologie kennt eine Anzahl von Krankheiten, die allein dadurch entstehen, daß die chemische Struktur einzelner Körperbausteine von der normalen abweieht. Man kann derartige Krankheiten mit Pauling Molekularkrankheiten nennen. Da Änderungen oder Ausfall von Enzymaktivitäten Ursache der strukturellen Ahweichung sind, hat man für Krankheiten dieser Art die Sammelbezeichnung Enzymopathien vorgeschlagen. Als Beispiele für Molekularkrankheiten werden zwei verschiedene Formen der Glykogenspeicherkrankheit (Glykogenose) angeführt.

Bei dem einen Typ fehlt das Ferment, das beim Glykogenabbau die 1,6‐glykosidischen Bindungen an den Verzweigsstellen abbaut, die Amylo‐1,6‐Glukosidase. Als Folge eines gestörten Glykogenabbaus wird ein pathologisches Glykogenmolekül im Körper gespeichert. Bei einem anderen Typ dieses Krankheitsbildes ist offenbar das Enzym, das die Verzweigungen der Glukoseketten im Glykogenmolekül veranlaßt (Amylo‐1,4‐1,6‐Transglukosidase), nicht genügend aktiv oder gar nicht vorhanden. Auf diese Weise entsteht ein langkettiges Glykogen, das von den normalen Fermenten der Glykogenolyse nicht angegriffen werden kann und im Organismus offenbar als Fremdkör per wirkt.

In der Gruppe der Enzymopathien gibt es auch andere Arten von Krankheitsbildern. Sie entstehef dann, wenn ein Fermentausfall eine Stoffwechselkette unterbricht. Krankheitssymptome können als Folge dieser Blockierung dadurch entstehen, daß die Substanz, die dem ausgefallenen Ferment in der Stoffwechselkette folgt, fehlt oder in zu geringen Mengen vorhanden ist. Auf diese Weise sind eine ganze Reihe von Symptomen bei der dritten und häufigsten Forrn der Glykogenose zu erklären, bei der die Glukose‐6‐Phosphataseaktivität in Leber und Nieren fehlt oder sehr niedrig ist. Auf diese Weise kommt es zur Speicherung eines normal konfigurierten Glykogens, aus dem jedoch nicht in genügender Menge Glukose freigesetzt werden kann.

Andererseits können auch dann Krankheitserscheinungen auftreten, wenn sich in Folge des Fermentausfalles, das Substrat des Fermentes im Organismus anreichert und toxisch wirkt. Als Beispiel hierfür wird die Galaktosämie angeführt. Ehe Galaktose im menschlichen Körper verwertet werden kann, muß sie in Glukose umgewandelt werden. Dies erfolgt unter der Einwirkung zweier Fermente. Fehlt das Ferment (Galaktose‐l‐Phosphat‐Uridyl‐Transferase), das die Galaktose in die zur Umwandlung notwendige Stoffwechselkette einschleust kommt es zur Anreicherung der Galaktose im Körper. Diese führt ihrerseits zur irreversiblen Schädigung bestimmter Gewebe.
Solubility pattern of various starches obtained refractometrically
Authors: Radley I. A.
Published: October 2019

Fully swollen starch pastes have a refractometric reading similar to that of an equivalent concentration of glucose. Assuming that starch in solution gives a similar refraction to that of glucose the refractometer was used to follow the liberation of soluble material from the granules on swelling in hot water. The results appear to indicate the readiness with which different starches liberate their soluble material and that different granules reach this critical limit at fairly definite temperatures. These observations might be employed in certain cases in routine factory control methods even if, in their incompleted state, they are not capable of strict academic interpretation.
Distribution and Life History of Spawning Capelin in Subarctic Alaska
Authors: Ressel Kirsten N. , Bell Jenefer L. , Sutton Trent M.
Published: October 2019

Capelin Mallotus villosus is a coldwater, marine forage fish that responds quickly to environmental fluctuations; however, little is known about Capelin in Alaskan waters. The objective of the current study was to better understand the distribution and life history of spawning Capelin in northern Norton Sound, Alaska. Surveys were conducted from May through July 2018 to locate and estimate the size of nearshore Capelin aggregations prior to spawning, identify the location and timing of spawning events, characterize spawning habitat, and collect actively spawning fish to examine life history characteristics (e.g., body size, age, fecundity, etc.). Most (85.9%) of the nearshore aggregations were less than 12 m2 in surface area. Spawning Capelin were collected in Norton Sound between June 15 and June 21. At spawning locations, gravel and coarse sand accounted for over 70% of the proportional weight of sediment collected within a beach, and all sediment samples contained Capelin eggs. Spawning males were larger than spawning females in TL (mean ± SD = 148.8 ± 6.7 mm versus 137.0 ± 8.4 mm, respectively) and total weight (21.2 ± 2.9 g versus 13.7 ± 3.0 g), and both sexes were predominately age 3 (age range = 2–4 years). Absolute fecundity was 9,219 ± 4,529 eggs, and the gonadosomatic index was 1.09 ± 0.32% for males and 21.69 ± 8.21% for females. Nearshore aggregation sizes in Norton Sound were smaller than those reported for Newfoundland, but spawning behavior, timing, and water conditions were similar to observations from other Capelin spawning regions (e.g., Greenland), as were size, age, fecundity, and gonadosomatic index estimates. Although the results from the current study update baseline information on spawning Capelin in northern Norton Sound, continued research on their distribution and life history is needed to better understand ecosystem function in the North Pacific Ocean.
Expanding Ethics Justice Across Borders: The Role of Global Philosophy
Authors: Bombaerts Gunter , Jenkins Kirsten , Sanusi Yekeen A. , Guoyu Wang
Published: October 2019

Our energy systems are truly international, and yet even now, our energy policies tend to be grounded at the national level and in many instances, remain ill-equipped to tackle transboundary energy issues. Our energy policy systems are also largely detached from the concerns of ethics or justice. It follows that we must find new and innovative ways of not conceptualising these normative issues, but of operationalising response to them. This book stems from the emergent gap: the need for comparative approaches to energy justice, and for those that consider non-Western ethical traditions. Opening the edited volume, this chapter begins by giving context to the concept of “energy justice” itself and outlines our comparative philosophical approach to it, focusing specifically on “global philosophy” for its role in dialectically engaging with philosophies from around the world. We then show how the different chapters of the volume contribute to this purpose in four parts: setting the scene, practice, applying theory to practice and theoretical approaches. The final section of this chapter concludes with reflections on the contribution of global philosophy approaches to energy justice as with a set of future research recommendations. Through these recommendations, and all of those within, we position the book as one that contributes to energy justice scholarship across borders of nations, borders of ways of thinking and borders of disciplines.
Exploring Marginalization and Exclusion in Renewable Energy Development in Africa: A Perspective from Western Individualism and African Ubuntu Philosophy
Authors: Sanusi Yekeen A. , Spahn Andreas
Published: October 2019

The objectives of this chapter are to understand the ethical principles that are relevant to the achievement of energy justice; to explore energy marginalization in Africa and to analyse this marginalization from the perspectives of Western and Ubuntu ethics; to underscore the violation of ethics in renewable energy deployment; and to find means of addressing energy injustice through proper application of the respective ethical principles. Part of the data for the study were sourced from the reports of the Renewable Energy for Twenty-First Century (REN21).
λ-deformation of the AdS5 × S5 pure spinor superstring
Authors: Benítez Héctor A. , Schmidtt David M.
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The lambda deformation of the pure spinor formalism of the superstring in the AdS
5 × S
5 background is introduced. It is shown that the deformation preserves the integrability as well as the one-loop conformal invariance of its parent theory. It is also shown that the effective action takes the standard form of the Berkovits-Howe action functional, allowing to calculate the deformed background supergeometry in a straightforward way. The background fields coincide with those of the lambda model of the Green-Schwarz formalism, hence satisfying the same set of supergravity equations of motion.
Multicomponent, nonpharmacological delirium interventions for older inpatients
Authors: Eckstein Claudia , Burkhardt Heinrich
Published: October 2019

Background

Older people represent a risk group for acquiring or further development of delirium during hospitalization, therefore requiring suitable nonpharmacological delirium interventions.

Objective

This scoping review analyzed nonpharmacological intervention programs for older inpatients with or without cognitive decline on regular or acute geriatric wards to present the range of interventions.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted using scientific databases. A total of 4652 records were screened by two independent reviewers, leaving 81 eligible articles for full-text screening and 25 studies were finally included. Inclusion criteria were older patients ≥65 years in regular or acute geriatric wards and nonpharmacological multicomponent interventions.

Results

More than a half of the included studies (14, 56%) recruited patients with pre-existing cognitive decline as part of the study population and 12% focused exclusively on patients with cognitive decline. On average 11 intervention components were integrated in the programs and two programs included full coverage of all 18 identified components.

Conclusion

Only few programs were described for older inpatients and even fewer regarding pre-existing cognitive decline. The low numbers of interventions and data heterogeneity restricted the assessment of outcomes; however, delirium incidence, as reported by two thirds of the studies was reduced by nonpharmacological multicomponent interventions.
Care challenges in older general hospital patients
Authors: Hendlmeier Ingrid , Bickel Horst , Heßler-Kaufmann Johannes Baltasar , Schäufele Martina
Published: October 2019

Background

Older general hospital patients, particularly those with cognitive impairment, frequently experience adverse events and other care complications during their stay. As these findings have so far been based on small and selected patient samples, the aim of the present study was to provide reliable data on a) the prevalence of adverse care issues (summarized under the term care challenges) in older general hospital patients and on b) associated patient-related risk factors (e.g. cognitive impairment).

Methods

A cross-sectional representative study comprising 1469 patients aged ≥65 years from 33 randomly selected general hospitals in southern Germany (GHoSt). Data collection included the use of different data sources, e.g. structured interviews with responsible nursing staff concerning care challenges and procedures for determining the patients’ cognitive status.

Results

Care challenges were statistically significantly (p < 0.001) more often reported for patients with dementia and/or delirium (87.5%) and mild cognitive impairment (47.9%) compared to cognitively unimpaired patients (24.6%). Adjusted odds ratios suggested cognitive impairment, impaired activities of daily living, receiving long-term care and unplanned admission as significant patient-related risk factors for care challenges. Furthermore, the occurrence of such issues was associated with the application of physical restraints, support from relatives, prescription of psycholeptics and specialist consultations.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a strong impact of different degrees of cognitive impairment on challenges in care. The results might help to design appropriate training programs for hospital staff and other interventions to prevent or reduce critical situations.
Optimal dividends with partial information and stopping of a degenerate reflecting diffusion
Authors: De Angelis Tiziano
Published: October 2019

We study the optimal dividend problem for a firm’s manager who has partial information on the profitability of the firm. The problem is formulated as one of singular stochastic control with partial information on the drift of the underlying process and with absorption. In the Markovian formulation, we have a two-dimensional degenerate diffusion whose first component is singularly controlled. Moreover, the process is absorbed when its first component hits zero. The free boundary problem (FBP) associated to the value function of the control problem is challenging from the analytical point of view due to the interplay of degeneracy and absorption. We find a probabilistic way to show that the value function of the dividend problem is a smooth solution of the FBP and to construct an optimal dividend strategy. Our approach establishes a new link between multidimensional singular stochastic control problems with absorption and problems of optimal stopping with ‘creation’. One key feature of the stopping problem is that creation occurs at a state-dependent rate of the ‘local time’ of an auxiliary two-dimensional reflecting diffusion.
Assessment of microplastic pollution: occurrence and characterisation in Vesijärvi lake and Pikku Vesijärvi pond, Finland
Authors: Scopetani Costanza , Chelazzi David , Cincinelli Alessandra , Esterhuizen-Londt Maranda
Published: October 2019

In the last few years, several studies have investigated microplastics (MPs) in marine ecosystems, but data monitoring and assessing the occurrence in freshwater environments are still scarce. The present study aims to investigate the occurrence, distribution, and chemical composition of MP pollution in Vesijärvi lake and Pikku Vesijärvi pond close to the city of Lahti (Finland) in winter. Sediment, snow, and ice core samples were collected near the shore of these two aquatic systems. MPs were analysed and identified by a non-destructive method using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 2D imaging. The mean concentrations of MPs detected in sediment, snow, and ice samples were 395.5 ± 90.7 MPs/kg, 117.1 ± 18.4 MPs/L, and 7.8 ± 1.2 MPs/L, respectively. FTIR results showed the predominant abundance of microplastics, such as polyamides (up to 53.3%), polyethylene and polypropylene (up to 17.1%), and natural fragments such as cellulose (up to 45.8%) and wool (up 18.8%) in the same size range. The potential release of MPs arising from stormwaters and sport and recreational activities was evidenced.
International Evidence on the Determinants of Domestic Sovereign Debt Bank Holdings
Authors: Chronopoulos Dimitris K. , Dotsis George , Milonas Nikolaos T.
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we examine the determinants of bank holdings of domestic sovereign debt with a panel dataset of 295 banks in 35 countries between 2002 and 2013. The findings indicate that the structure of bank ownership (domestic, foreign, or government ownership), the quality of governance, and the level of financial development of the countries in which banks operate all determine the level of home bias. Specifically, we find that domestic banks tend to hold more domestic sovereign debt relative to their foreign counterparts. We also provide evidence that home bias is even stronger when the domestic bank is controlled by its government. Moreover, home bias increases when government bonds are more risky, home governments are less effective, and when banking systems are less financially developed. Overall, we find that banks’ home bias in holding sovereign debt is an international phenomenon that is determined by both bank- and country-specific factors.
Gravitational Energy in Newtonian Gravity: A Response to Dewar and Weatherall
Authors: Duerr Patrick M. , Read James
Published: October 2019

The paper investigates the status of gravitational energy in Newtonian Gravity (NG), developing upon recent work by Dewar and Weatherall. The latter suggest that gravitational energy is a gauge quantity. This is potentially misleading: its gauge status crucially depends on the spacetime setting one adopts. In line with Møller-Nielsen’s plea for a motivational approach to symmetries, we supplement Dewar and Weatherall’s work by discussing gravitational energy–stress in Newtonian spacetime, Galilean spacetime, Maxwell-Huygens spacetime, and Newton–Cartan Theory (NCT). Although we ultimately concur with Dewar and Weatherall that the notion of gravitational energy is problematic in NCT, our analysis goes beyond their work. The absence of an explicit definition of gravitational energy–stress in NCT somewhat detracts from the force of Dewar and Weatherall’s argument. We fill this gap by examining the supposed gauge status of prima facie plausible candidates—NCT analogues of gravitational energy–stress pseudotensors, the Komar mass, and the Bel-Robinson tensor. Our paper further strengthens Dewar and Weatherall’s results. In addition, it sheds more light upon the subtle link between sufficiently rich inertial structure and the definability of gravitational energy in NG.
Responsible Innovation for Life: Five Challenges Agriculture Offers for Responsible Innovation in Agriculture and Food, and the Necessity of an Ethics of Innovation
Authors: Gremmen Bart , Blok Vincent , Bovenkerk Bernice
Published: October 2019

In this special issue we will investigate, from the perspective of agricultural ethics (e.g. animal welfare, agricultural and food ethics, environmental ethics etc.) the potential to develop a Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) approach to agriculture, and the limitations to such an enterprise. RRI is an emerging field in the European research and innovation (R&I) policy context that aims to balance economic, socio-cultural and environmental aspects in innovation processes. Because technological innovations can contribute significantly to the solution of societal challenges like climate change or food security, but can also have negative societal consequences, it is assumed that social and ethical aspects should be considered during the R&I process. For this reason, the emerging concept of RRI calls for ethical reflection on the nature, scope and applicability of responsibility and innovation in innovation practices in general, and the way social–ethical issues can be applied and addressed in agriculture.
Network-based piecewise linear regression for QSAR modelling
Authors: Cardoso-Silva Jonathan , Papageorgiou Lazaros G. , Tsoka Sophia
Published: October 2019

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models are critical in various areas of drug discovery, for example in lead optimisation and virtual screening. Recently, the need for models that are not only predictive but also interpretable has been highlighted. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to build interpretable QSAR models by combining elements of network analysis and piecewise linear regression. The algorithm presented, modSAR, splits data using a two-step procedure. First, compounds associated with a common target are represented as a network in terms of their structural similarity, revealing modules of similar chemical properties. Second, each module is subdivided into subsets (regions), each of which is modelled by an independent linear equation. Comparative analysis of QSAR models across five data sets of protein inhibitors obtained from ChEMBL is reported and it is shown that modSAR offers similar predictive accuracy to popular algorithms, such as Random Forest and Support Vector Machine. Moreover, we show that models built by modSAR are interpretatable, capable of evaluating the applicability domain of the compounds and serve well tasks such as virtual screening and the development of new drug leads.
Nano-mechanical Properties and Pore-Scale Characterization of Different Rank Coals
Authors: Zhang Yihuai , Lebedev Maxim , Smith Gregory , Jing Yu , Busch Andreas , Iglauer Stefan
Published: October 2019

Characterization of coal micro-structure and the associated rock mechanical properties are of key importance for coal seam exploration, coal bed methane development, enhanced coal bed methane production and CO2 storage in deep coal seams. Considerable knowledge exists about coal chemical properties, but less is known about the nanoscale to the micro-scale structure of coals and how they change with coal strength across coal ranks. Thus, in this study, 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography (with a voxel size of 3.43 µm) and nano-indentation tests were conducted on coal samples of different ranks from peat to anthracite. The micro-structure of peats showed a well-developed pore system with meso- and micro-pores. The meso-pores essentially disappear with increasing rank, whereas the micro-pores persist and then increase past the bituminous rank. The micro-fracture system develops past the peat stage and by sub-bituminous ranks and changes into larger and mature fracture systems at higher ranks. The nano-indentation modulus showed the increasing trend from low- to high-rank coal with a perfect linear relationship with vitrinite reflectance and is highly correlated with carbon content as expected.