bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diferencias de género y edad en la motivación hacia la Educación Física en Educación Primaria en estudiantes españoles (Gender and age differences in motivation towards Physical Education in Primary Education in Spanish students)
Authors: Mayor Díez Isabel , Sanchis Soler Gema , Avalos Ramos Sandra
Published: October 2024

El propósito de este estudio piloto descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo radica en analizar los niveles de motivación de logro de 84 estudiantes de Educación Primaria en la asignatura de Educación Física del sistema educativo español, según género y edad (8-11 años). Se utilizó la versión española del test AMPET-e (Achievement Motivation in Physical Education Test), el cual permite comprender el pensamiento, las emociones y la vivencia de diversas situaciones a las que se enfrentan los estudiantes en las clases de Educación Física. Los resultados se centran en tres aspectos esenciales: en primer lugar, los niños muestran un mayor compromiso y dedicación al aprendizaje en comparación con las niñas. En segundo lugar, la percepción de competencia motriz es más elevada en niños de 8 años y más baja en niñas de nueve años. Por último, se observa que las niñas de 11 años experimentan una mayor ansiedad ante el error y situaciones de estrés. Estos hallazgos reflejan la necesidad de diseñar e implementar medidas para mejorar la percepción de competencia motriz en el caso de las niñas y abordar la paulatina disminución de la motivación e interés hacia las clases de Educación Física y la actividad física en general, a medida que los estudiantes ingresan en la adolescencia.
Palabras clave: actividad física, factores motivacionales, población infantil, competencia motriz percibida, ansiedad ante el fracaso, compromiso en el aprendizaje.
Abstract. The purpose of this descriptive study with a quantitative approach is to analyze the levels of achievement motivation among 84 primary school students in the subject of Physical Education, categorized by gender and age (eight-11 years). The Spanish version of the AMPET-e test (Achievement Motivation in Physical Education Test) was used to understand the thoughts, emotions, and experiences of various situations that students face in Physical Education classes. The results focus on three essential aspects: firstly, boys show greater commitment and dedication to learning than girls. Secondly, the perception of motor competence is higher in eight-year-old boys and lower in nine-year-old girls. Finally, it is observed that 11-year-old girls experience higher anxiety in the face of errors and stressful situations. These findings reflect the need to design and implement measures to improve the perception of motor competence in girls and address the gradual decrease in motivation and interest in Physical Education classes and physical activity in general as students enter adolescence.
Keywords: Physical activity, motivational factors, child population, perceived motor competence, anxiety towards failure, commitment to learning.
Análise da intervenção do treinador a partir de jogos reduzidos
Authors: Lobato Góes Junior Alberto , Braga Pereira Machado João Cláudio , Gomes Lima Junior João Bosco , Barros Hara Yana , Oliveira Melo Viana Ronélia , Silva Reverdito Riller , Scaglia Alcides José
Published: October 2024

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a intervenção pedagógica do treinador em diferentes jogos reduzidos. Participaram no estudo 2 treinadores (A e B) e 20 jogadores divididos em duas categorias (Sub 13 e Sub 17). Cada treinador criou uma tarefa de treino baseada no jogo (Jogo 1) e realizou uma intervenção (Jogo 2) com o objetivo de enfatizar a progressão para o alvo. O desempenho dos jogadores foi analisado pelo Sistema de caracterização da sequência ofensiva (SCSO) e pela Classificação da sequência ofensiva. O comportamento do treinador foi analisado pelo “Coach Analysis and Intervention System” (CAIS). Em relação à análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a normalidade, as variáveis ​​foram apresentadas através de estatística descritiva (média, desvio-padrão, frequência absoluta e percentagem), o teste de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para as comparações entre jogos e o teste Qui-quadrado foi aplicado para comparar as sequências ofensivas. De entre os resultados obtidos, o Jogo 2 do treinador A fomentou ataques mais coleti-vos relacionados com a manutenção da posse de bola enquanto o Jogo 2 do treinador B favoreceu um estilo de jogo mais próximo da progressão. O comportamento verbal mais utilizado pelo treinador A foi a instrução enquanto que o do treinador B foi o feedback. Portan-to, concluímos que intervenção do treinador A não foi assertiva, pois enfatizou um objetivo diferente (manutenção) enquanto a inter-venção do treinador B conseguiu atingir o objetivo proposto (progressão).
Palavras-chave: Futebol; Análise de desempenho; Intervenção; Jogo reduzido.
Models of traditional games in physical education and sports: its effect on increasing the motor devel-opment of elementary school students
Authors: Sunanto Sunanto , Tuasikal Abdul Rachman Syam , Indahwati Nanik , Suryanti Suryanti , Himawan Agus , Purwoto Septyaningrum Putri , Firmansyah Ihwan
Published: October 2024

Each country has its own traditional games. Traditional games need to be continued so that they do not become extinct, besides that traditional games provide benefits for the motor development of elementary school students. The research aims to determine traditional game models in physical education and sports: its effect on increasing the motor development of elementary school students. This research is an SLR type using the PRISMA method. It focuses on traditional games and their impact on motor development among elementary school students. The inclusion criteria encompass journal articles published between 2020 and 2024. The article retrieval process utilizes the Publish or Perish 8 application and accesses databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Based on the results of this research, the game models in Physical Education and Sports on motor development in elementary school students in the world over the last 5 years include Pittu Garam, fortification, Gobak Sodor, Engklek, Grave Jump, Cat and Mouse, Zig-Zag Pattern Sack Racing, Cat Squatting, Sintren Plate Breaker, fortified, like a snake, sack race, and shell stilts running race. The conclusion of this research is that based on the review article, it shows that all types of traditional game models can improve the motor development of elementary school students. A traditional game model that can improve students' fine and gross motor skills is Engklek.
Keywords: Traditional Game Models, Physical Education and Sports, Motor Development, Elementary School Students
Análise das orientações educacionais dos professores de Educação Física do Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Franchi Kristiane , Catunda de Oliveira Antonio Ricardo , Rubio Gouveia Elvio , Hugo Gonzalez Ricardo , Marques Adilson
Published: October 2024

As orientações de valores referem-se a uma direção ética ou ideológica que influenciam o comportamento, as decisões e as escolhas do professor e se apresentam geralmente de forma implícita. As diversas orientações educacionais se refletem nos objetivos dos currículos, nas expectativas dos alunos e na forma do planeamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as orientações educacionais (OE) dos professores de Educação Física escolar do estado do Ceará no Brasil e as relações entre género, experiência, formação e contexto nos desafios da realidade local. Realizou-se um estudo de natureza transversal e observacional. Foi aplicado o VOI-SF para a caracterização das OE com 209 professores respondentes (131 homens, 79 mulheres), 48,6% com especialização além da graduação, 56,2% com experiência entre 7 e 25 anos, a maioria atuava no Ensino Fundamental I e II. Identificou-se múltiplas prevalências de OE com associações positivas entre a Maestria Disciplinar e Processo de Aprendizagem, e entre Responsabilidade Social, Autorrealização e Integração Ecológica. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas OE em função do género, região, habilitação acadêmica, tempo de atuação, ciclo de ensino lecionado. Este estudo destaca a diversidade de orientações educacionais entre os professores de Educação Física no Ceará. A similaridade nas respostas, sugere uma uniformidade nas preferências educacionais, o que reclama a reflexão sobre as crenças pedagógicas para adaptar práticas para uma Educação Física contextualizada e relevante.
Effect of different doses of whey proteins on muscle strength, body composition and gene expression of mTOR and MuRF-1 in trained Wistar rats
Authors: Furtado Marques Raphael , Campos de Macedo Marcos Roberto , Santiago Silva Alanna Joselle , Castello Branco Vidal Flavia , Neves Amorim Carlos Eduardo , Coppi Navarro Antônio , Navarro Francisco
Published: October 2024

Introduction: The combination of resistance training (RT) and whey protein supplementation (WPS) is widely practiced by both athletes and recreational exercisers to promote muscle growth and increase strength. Objectiveː This study examined the effect of different doses of whey proteins on muscle strength, body composition and gene expression of mTOR and MuRF-1 in trained Wistar rats. Methodsː 80 male Wistar rats were divided into 8-groups (n=10): sedentary control (C), RT-control (TC), groups consuming whey protein at varying doses (W2, W4, and W6; respectively 2/4/6g/kg/day), and groups consuming whey protein at varying doses combined to RT (TW2, TW4, and TW6; respectively 2/4/6g/kg/day). The RT program was conducted for 12 weeks, three days a week, with the training intensity increasing from 50 to 100% of the rats' body weight. The rats receiving the whey supplement via the gavage method based on their body weight. Resultsː Muscle strength significantly increased in all trained groups (p<0.0001), with a more significant increase in the groups RT and WPS combined. In addition, the expression of mTOR was higher in the RT groups compared to the sedentary groups (p<0.01), but supplementation did not yield significant differences. WPS decreased MuRF-1 expression (p<0.01) independently of RT. Conclusionː In conclusion, RT combined with WPS for 12 weeks improved muscle strength. Furthermore, mTOR expression increased in trained rats, but not in sedentary rats who used different doses of WPS. However, WPS at any dose reduced MuRF-1 expression, independently of RT. Higher WPS doses did not enhance observed gains compared to a lower dose.
Keywords: whey protein, body composition, resistance training, mTOR, MuRF-1.
Trastorno por videojuegos, hábitos alimentarios y motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física en estudiantes de educación básica: un estudio transversal (
Authors: Estrada-Araoz Edwin Gustavo , Ayay-Arista Guido , Arias-Huaco Yannina Mitza , Pujaico-Espino José Ricardo , Larico-Uchamaco Guido Raúl , Huamani-Calloapaza Tatiana Carmen
Published: October 2024

El trastorno por videojuegos es una condición reconocida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, caracterizada por el uso excesivo y problemático de los videojuegos, tanto en línea como fuera de línea. Este trastorno puede tener un impacto significativo en el rendimiento académico, las relaciones personales y la salud mental y física, convirtiéndose en un problema creciente, especialmente entre los adolescentes. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar si existe relación entre el trastorno por videojuegos, los hábitos alimentarios y la motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física en estudiantes de educación básica. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental de tipo descriptivo correlacional y de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 222 estudiantes de ambos sexos, quienes completaron el Test de Dependencia de Videojuegos, el Cuestionario de Hábitos Alimentarios y la escala PALMS, instrumentos con propiedades métricas adecuadas. Los hallazgos revelaron que el trastorno por videojuegos se correlaciona de manera inversa y significativa con los hábitos alimentarios (rs = -0.411, p < 0.01) y la motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física (rs = -0.397, p < 0.01). Además, se encontró una correlación directa y significativa entre los hábitos alimentarios y la motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física (rs = 0.428, p < 0.01). Se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre el trastorno por videojuegos, los hábitos alimentarios y la motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física en estudiantes de educación básica.
Assessment of growth status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Baghdad: a case-control study
Authors: Farah Tareq Salih  , Wasnaa Hadi Abdullah  , Basma Adel Ibrahim  , Najla Ibrahim Ayoub
Published: October 2024

Objective: To assess growth parameters in adolescents and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and the factors influencing their growth.
Method: The case-control study was conducted from February to December 2020 at the Endocrine Outpatient Clinic of the Central Child Teaching Hospital of Paediatrics, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised patients aged 2-16 years who had type 1 diabetes for at least a year. The patients formed group A, while healthy control matched for age and gender from different schools and kindergartens formed group B. Weight, height and body mass index of all the subjects in both groups were measured and worked out, and the values were compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.
Results: Of the 192 subjects, 96(50%) were in each of the 2 groups; 50(52.1%) girls and 46(47.9%) boys in group A, and 58(60.4%) girls and 38(39.6%) boys in group B. The overall mean age was 9.66±3.26 years. Group A children had significantly lower mean height, weight and body mass index Z scores compared to group B (p=0.001). The height Z score of group A children was significantly inversely associated with age, duration of disease, and glycated haemoglobin level (p=0.001), while the weight Z score was significantly inversely correlated with age and glycated haemoglobin (p=0.001). The body mass index Z score of group A was significantly inversely associated with age and glycated haemoglobin level (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus had significantly lower mean height, weight and body mass index Z scores compared to their counterparts in the control group. Pubertal age group, poor glycaemic control, longer disease duration, and using conventional insulin regimen were the factors affecting growth parameters.
Key Words: Diabetes, Glycated Hemoglobin, Glycemic, Ambulatory Care, Insulins
A profile of emergency departments in Baghdad hospitals
Authors: Riyadh Khudhair Lafta  , Saja Abdusattar Mohammed
Published: October 2024

Objectives: To assess the structure as well as availability of essential equipment and medicine at emergency departments.
Method: The descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2021 after approval from the ethics review committee pf the College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised emergency departments of general and teaching hospitals in the city. Evaluations were done using the World Health Organisation checklist and the guidelines of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine related to Emergency Department Design.
Results: Of the 26 secondary care hospitals in Baghdad, 13(50%) were evaluated. Triage was not available in 8(62%) hospitals, resuscitation room in 10(77%) and waiting room in all the 13(100%). An obvious shortage of medicines and vaccines was noted in 11(85%) hospitals. Coronary care unit and intensive care unit were not close to the emergency department in 7(54%) hospitals, and liaison psychiatry and social work links were not available in all 13(100%) hospitals.
Conclusion: There is a need to improve service delivery at emergency departments functioning at hospitals in Baghdad.
Key Words: Coronary Care, Emergency, World Health Organization, Social Work, Psychiatry, Vaccines
Cosmetic intervention among Iraqi women, prevalence and associated factors (demographic, place, and time)
Authors: Riyadh Khudhair Lafta  , Israa Abdulghafoor Kareem
Published: October 2024

Objective: To assess the prevalence of cosmetic interventions, and the factors that instigate women to undergosuch procedures.Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2021 in Baghdad, Iraq, and comprisedwomen aged 18 years or above from 4 general hospitals, 4 health centres and 8 schools. The sample was dividedinto group A having subjects with experience of cosmetic interventions, and group B having those with no suchexposure. Data was collected using a a questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS (version 25).Results: Of 1113 women, 997(90%) were aged 20-40 years. There were 375(34%) women in group A and 738(66%)in group B. Within group A, Botox was the most common intervention 89(23%). Besides, 215(57%) women had theintervention in clinics, and 75(20%) had it in beauty centres. Dermatologist did the intervention in 146(39%) cases,while side effects were noted in 142(38%). Within group A, 248(66%) subjects said they would not advise theirdaughters or sisters to have cosmetic interventions. Age and marital status were significantly different between thestudy groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Cosmetic interventions among the women studied were found to be relatively high, and Botox was themost common intervention.Key Words: Botulinum Toxins, Dermatologists, Nuclear,
Potential determinants of early discontinuation of Etonogestrel implant: a cohort prospective study
Authors: Zeena Helmi
Published: October 2024

Objectives: To assess the frequency of early discontinuation of Implanon as a method of contraception.
Method: The cohort prospective study was at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq from January 2017 to January 2021, after approval from the ethics review committee of the College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyha University, Bghadad, Iraq, and comprised women of child-bearing age seeking long-acting contraception. The participants received Implanon, an etonorgestril implant, under local anaesthesia, and were followed up for 12 months for possible side effects. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.
Results: There were 115 women with mean age 29.8±6 years (range: 15-44 years) and mean body mass index 27±4.9 kg/m2. Early discontinuation of the plant was done by 32(27.8%) subjects, and the overall incidence of early Implanon removal per 1,000 women per month was 14.47 (95% confidence interval: 10.24-20.47). Lower body mass index, dizziness and insertion-site side effects were the potential determinants of early discontinuation (p<0.05).
Conclusions: More than a quarter of the sample opted for early Implanon discontinuation. Low body mass index, dizziness and insertion-site side effects were potential determinants of early removal.
Key Words: Etonogestrel, Anaesthesia, Dizziness, Gynaecology, Incidence, Contraception
The Effect of Tocilizumab on the outcome of patients with severe COVID-19 with cytokine storm syndrome in a sample of Iraqi patients
Authors: Abdul Hameed Alqaseer  , Alaa Kareem Dhayef  , Ammar Waham Ashor
Published: October 2024

Objective: To determine whether tocilizumab improved outcomes of patients hospitalised with severe coronavirusdisease-2019 cytokine storm syndrome.Method: The case-control study was conducted at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, and Al Shatra GeneralHospital, Thi Qar, Iraq, from September 2020 to March 2021, and comprised patients with severe acquiredrespiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 pneumonia who were not candidates for mechanical ventilation and receiveda single-dose intravenous infusion of tocilizumab 8mg/kg in group A. The outcomes were compared with patientsin group B who received only standard care. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.Results: Of the 60 patients, 30(50%) were in group A; 22(73.3%) males and 8(26.7%) females with mean age56.63±10.92 years. There were 30(50%) patients in control group B; 24(80%) males and 6(20%) females with meanage 54.8±6.18 (p>0.05). Group A showed significant changes compared to group B in the levels of interleukin-6,serum ferritin, D-dimer, procalcitonin, lymphocytes count and oxygen saturation (p<0.05). Mortality rate was notsignificantly different between the groups (p>0.05).Conclusions: Majority of the acute phase inflammatory markers were reduced significantly by treatment withtocilizumab.Key Words: Tocilizumab, fibrin, Interleukin, Procalcitonin, Cytokine, Infusions, Intravenous, Oxygen Saturation,Respiration, Artificial, Coronavirus, Lymphocytes, Ferritins
White blood cell Indices to predict first trimester missed miscarriage
Authors: Esraa Hameed Humadi  , Hana,a  Asa,ad Maki
Published: October 2024

Objective: To identify the relationship between white blood cell indices in missed miscarriage compared to ongoing pregnancy in the first trimester.
Method: The diagnostic accuracy study was conducted at the Department of Maternity, Al-Yarmouk Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from January to October 2021,and comprised healthy first-trimester pregnant women in group A and those with missed miscarriage after 7-13 weeks of gestation in group B. Ultrasound findings and the last menstrual period were noted for all the subjects. Total and differential leukocyte counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio were compared between the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 22.
Results: Of the 167 women, 81(48.5%) were in group A and 86(51.5%) were in group B. Demographic and obstetrics data was not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). Mean white blood cell, neutrophil and monocyte counts showed no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05), while lymphocyte count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). With respect to gestational age, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio had a fair ability to predict missed miscarriage at various time points within the first trimester (p<0.05).
Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between WBC count and gestational age. Reduced MLR and NLR levels can be utilised to forecast miscarriages in a cost-effective manner.
Key Words: Pregnancy, Abortion, Spontaneous, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Gestational, Lymphocytes, Miscarriage.
The effect of psychological stress on the menstrual cycle among medical students
Authors: Mayasah Abdul Elah Sadiqi  , Alaa Ali Salih
Published: October 2024

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities among medical students, and to explore its association with stress levels.
Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from May 18 to May 28, 2021, in Baghdad, Iraq, after approval from the ethics review committee of the College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, and comprised female medical students in Baghdad. Data was collected using simple random sampling technique and employed an online questionnaire that was distributed through e-mail. The questionnaire had 3 domains: demographic and anthropometric data, menstrual history, and psychological stress. The psychosocial stress levels was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale-10. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.
Results: There were 397 subjects with mean age 20.84±1.621 years (range: 17-24 years). Mean age of menarche was 12.65±1.399 years, mean body mass index was 22.71±6.369kg/m2 and the mean stress score was 22.71±6.016. Dysmenorrhea was seen in 369(92.9%) cases, and premenstrual symptoms in 391(98.5%). Dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome and heavy bleeding were significantly associated with stress level (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Most students had heavy bleeding and dysmenorrhea, which were severe enough to require analgesics. There was a significant association between high stress levels and the occurrence of menstrual abnormalities
Key Words: Dysmenorrhea, Menarche, Premenstrual, Stress, Psychological, Analgesics
The efficacy of combined Intense pulsed light plus high-intensity focussed ultrasound with two different powers in the treatment of atrophic and Icepick acne scars
Authors: Fatima Ahmed Salem  , Mustafa Salih Ali Al Musawi  , Wisam Majeed Kattoof
Published: October 2024

Objective: To determine the clinical efficacy and suitable power of high-intensity focussed ultrasound combined with intense pulsed light to treat acne scarring.
Methods: The prospective study was conducted at the College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2020 to March 2021, and comprised patients of either gender with atrophic or icepick scars. They were divided into atrophic scar group A and icepick scar group B. Both groups were first treated with intense pulsed light and then with high-intensity focussed ultrasound using 30J/cm2 and 40J/cm2 power. There were overall 4 sessions with an interval of 4 weeks. The outcome was assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.
Results: Of the 22 patients with a mean age of 20.86±3.22 years, there were 11patients in group A; 7(70%) females and 4(30%) males with a mean age of 20.5±2.06 years. There were 11patients in group B; 7(70%) males and 4(30%) females with a mean age of 21.27±4.19 years. There was a significant difference between baseline and post-intervention scores for both groups (p<0.05), and power 30J/cm2 was significantly better compared to 40J/cm2 (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The developing technique using high-intensity focussed ultrasound and intense pulsed light was found to be effective in treating scars with 30J/cm2 power.
Key Words: Cicatrix, Tissue diseases, Atrophy, Acne vulgaris, Icepick.
Effect of 532nm and 589nm Diode-Pumped Solid-State (DPSS) Lasers with Different Doses on Concentration of Total Protein and Albumin in Vitro
Authors: Sabreen Dakhil Yaseen  , Jamal Hasan  , Mustafa Salih AL Musawi
Published: October 2024

Objective: To test the effects of Low-level laser irradiation at 532nm and 589nm with different doses and exposure times on total protein and albumin in blood plasma.
Method:This experimental study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 at Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised blood samples from healthy adults. The samples were stored in tubes containing anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Photoradiation was managed using green laser 532nm and yellow laser 589nm diode-pumped solid-state lasers with different doses. For total protein test and albumin test, each sample was divided into 3 equal aliquots. The first was control without radiation, the second was irradiated by a laser at 532nm, and the third was irradiated at 589nm with 30J/cm², 50J/cm², 70J/cm² and 90 J/cm² doses of irradiation. All samples were examined by using a spectrophotometer device. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.
Results: There were 24 samples from healthy adults in all.The most significant difference in total protein concentration occurred at dose 70J/cm² for both wavelengths compared to the controls (p<0.05). When this optimal dose was applied to the albumin test, a clear decrease in the albumin concentration was found for both 532nm and 589nm lasers (p<0.05).
Conclusion: At wavelengths of 532nm and 589nm, the laser light induced processes that caused a reduction in total protein and albumin.
Key Words: Edetic Acid, Lasers, Plasma, Light, Anticoagulants, Albumins
Knowledge and perception about tuberculosis among general population attending community pharmacies in Mosul: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Luma Moayad Al-Obaidy  , Heba Mwaffaq Attash  , Harith Khalid Al-Qazaz
Published: October 2024

Objective: To evaluate people’s knowledge and perceptions regarding tuberculosis.
Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at 10 community pharmacies in Mosul, Iraq, from December 2021 to March 2022, and comprised individuals of either gender aged >18 years. Data was collected using a 17-item questionnaire, with 12 questions related to knowledge and 5 related to perception regarding tuberculosis. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.
Results: Of the 200 participants with mean age 38.79+/-13.72 years, 113(56.5%) were females and 101(50.5%) had education up to university level. Overall, 85(42.5) subjects could differentiate between tuberculosis and pulmonary tuberculosis, and 176(88%) knew TB was curable. Besides, 135(67.5%) subjects said they would not visit patients with tuberculosis.
Conclusion: The national tuberculosis control programme in Iraq seemed to have improved public awareness regarding tuberculosis.
Key Words: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
Influence of age and gender on oral health impact profile among dental implant patients in alkarkh district in Baghdad / Iraq: cross-sectional study
Authors: Modar Abdul Abbas Fedik  , Ban Sahib Diab
Published: October 2024

Objective: To evaluate the age and gender influence on the quality of life of patients with a dental implant.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2022 at Al-Mammon Specialised Dental Centre in the Al-Karkh sector of Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised healthy adult subjects of either gender who had dental implant treatment in the preceding 2 years and their dental implant was in place for at least 6 months. . Data was collected using the Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaire to measure oral health quality of life.  Data was analysed using SPSS 22.
Results: Of the 103 subjects, 55(53.4%) were females and 48(46.6%) were males. There were 41(39.81%) subjects aged 18-37 years, 42(40.78%) aged 37-56 years and 20(19.42%) aged 57-74 years. Of the total, 50(48.5%) subjects had moderate health quality, followed by 26(25.24%) low and 27(26.21%) high. There was a significant association of age and gender on the quality of life (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Age and gender were found to be important factors influencing the quality of life of dental implant patients.
Key Words: Quality of life, Oral health impact profile, Dental implant patient.
The effect of a low-level yellow laser on improving the stability of stored whole blood
Authors: Safa Hassan Mohamed  , Mustafa Salih. Al Musawi  , Bassam Al-Gailani
Published: October 2024

Objective: To explore if low-level laser 589nm may stabilise stored whole blood and red blood cell suspension in vitro.
Method: The interventional study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 at the Postgraduate Medical Physics Laboratory, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised blood samples from healthy adults. The samples were obtained put in tubes containing anticoagulant citrate-phosphate dextrose-adenine. Each sample was divided into eight equal aliquots and stored for 21 days at 4ºC. Of the 8 aliquots, 4 were takebn as controls, while the other 4 were irradiated by 589nm laser beam with a radiation dose of 50J/cm² for 15min. Stability test measured by the percentage of haemolysis of an overnight stored red bllod cell in saline solution was done on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 for  non-irradiated and radiated aliquots. Data was analysed using SPSS 24.
Results: Eight subjects (4 males and 4 females) were included, with mean age 21±3 years (range: 19-24 years). Whole blood samples showed a significant reduction in haemolysis by 40%, 20% and 42% compared to the control samples at days 0, 7 and 14, respectively (p<0.05). Red blood cell suspension  showed a significant reduction in haemolysis by 9% compared to the control samples only at day 21 (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Low-level laser 589nm beam at 50J/cm² radiation dose was more effective on the stability of stored whole blood than the red blood cell suspension.
Key Words: Saline, Hemolysis, Erythrocytes, Adenine, Anticoagulants, Citrates, Glucose, Phosphates, Radiation, Lasers
Effect of body fat on temporal dispersion of ventricular repolarization duration assessed by QT variability index in healthy females
Authors: Hiba Salih Mahdi Al-Khassaki  , Bassam Talib Al-Galani
Published: October 2024

Objective: To assess the impact of age as well general and central adiposity indices on QT variability index.Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine,Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2020 to April 2021, and comprised healthy adult femaleshaving regular menstrual cycle. QT variability index and its association with age, body mass index, waistcircumference and waist-height ratio were worked out. Data was analysed using SPSS 14.Results: There were 55 women with mean age 37.4±10.5 years. QT variability index correlated significantly andpositively with age, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-height ratio (p<0.05).Conclusion: Aging and obesity increased QT variability index, and could contribute to ventricular arrhythmia andsudden cardiac death.Key Words: Circumference, Adiposity, Cardiac, Menstrual, Arrhythmias, Aging
An efficacy of protection the organs at risks comparison between the intensitymodulated radiotherapy therapy (IMRT) and the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT)
Authors: Abd Al-Taj Abd Ali Khaleel  , Siham Sabah Abdullah  , Sabbar Shukri Al-Bayaty  , Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulbaqi  , Nabaa Mohammad Ali Alazawy
Published: October 2024

Objective: To compare the efficiency of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques.
Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from February to August 2021 at Al-Amal National Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised patients aged 19-45 years with cancerous head and neck tumours of size 2-7cm. All the patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography simulation scans. Treatment planning techniques used for each patient were three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. After evaluating patterns, a better plan and treatment with an X-ray beam was chosen. Data was analysed using SPSS 24.
Results: The study involved thirty participants, with 17(57%) females and 13(43%) males, aged 19-45, and 28 patients having chemotherapy. Six out of thirty had craniotomy surgery. The intensity-modulated radiation therapy had a safer radiation dose than the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for spinal cord (p=0.3203), brain stem (p= 0.17924), right parotid gland (p=0.8556) and left parotid gland (p=0.2193). The three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy protected the organs better than intensity-modulated radiation therapy for left optic nerve (p=0.1227), right optic nerve (p=0.0032), left eye (p=0.3859), right eye (p=0.1189), left lens (p=0.0004), right lens (p=0.0001), optic chiasm (p=0.0320) and pituitary gland (p=0.9162).
Conclusion: The intensity-modulated radiation therapy technique protected the spinal cord, brain stem, and right and left parotid glands. The three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy was safe for left and right optic nerves, left and right eyes, left and right lenses, optic chiasm and pituitary glands.
Key Words: Radiotherapy, Parotid Gland, Optic Chiasm, X-Rays, Pituitary Gland, Radiation, Spinal Cord, Brain Stem, Craniotomy, Tomography
In vitro comparison of low-power diode pumping solid-state laser radiation at 589 and 650 nm on red blood cells suspension viscosity, stability, and deformability
Authors: Munawar Luie Esmaiel  , Mustafa Salih. Al Musawi  , Bassam Talib Al-Gailani
Published: October 2024

Objective: To investigate the effect of diode-pumped solid-state laser irradiation with yellow 589nm and red 650nm wavelengths on rheological parameters in vitro.
Method: The comparative study was conducted between November 2021 and April 2022 at the at the Postgraduate Medical Physics Laboratory, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised blood samples from healthy adult volunteers. The samples were divided into 4 aliquots. The first was preserved as a control sample, while the other 3 were exposed to a diode-pumped solid-state laser, delivering the beam for 589nm and 650nm wavelengths at radiation dose 15, 22.5, 33.5J/cm2 for 20, 30 and 45 minutes, and with each laser having a 50mW output power and a 4 mm2 spot diameter. Data was analysed using SPSS (version 24)
Results: There were 6 subjects aged 18-60 years. There was no significant difference in the viscosity values between laser wavelengths (p>0.05). Compared to the laser wavelength of 650nm, irradiation with a 589nm wavelength at the same dose resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.009) in deformability. The rigidity index of red blood cell suspension was reduced the most at a radiation dose of 22.5J/cm2 for both lasers compared to the control samples. No significant variations were found in suspended erythrocyte viscosity (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The wavelength with 589nm lasers showed more effective influence than its 650nm counterpart in improving the rheological parameters of blood viscosity and erythrocytes deformability.
Key Word: Lasers, Viscosity, Erythrocytes, Radiation,
Effect of using bolus on the efficiency of the 3DCRT of the breast cancer after mastectomy
Authors: Iman Ghali Hassan  , Nabaa Rasheed Naji  , Hadeel Kamil Abdullah
Published: October 2024

Objectives: To assess the effect of using bolus on the efficiency of three-diensional conformation radiation treatment of breast cancer post-mastectomy.
Method: The prospective, clinical study was conducted at Al-Amal Center for Radiation Therapy and Nuclear Medicine, Iraq, from November 2020 to April 2021, and comprised patients with  synchronous bilateral breast cancer with regional lymph nodes who underwent mastectomy. The three-diensional conformation radiation treatment technique was used to evaluate the dose received by the planning target volume and the organs at risk. The plans were generated using a treatment planning system, the plans were then fed into a linear accelerator. The plans had one isocenter for both breasts to avoid the errors that may cause the overlapping of the radiation fields with and without the use of bolus. Data was analysed using SPSS 24.
Results: There were 23 female patients with mean age 49.28±8.79 years (range: 35-62 years). There were 7(30.4%) females residing in rural areas, while 16(69.6%) lived in urban areas. The use of bolus increased the radiation dose coverage percentage of the planning target volume of the right (p=0.0002) and left (p=0.0164) breasts, while the right (p=0.3977) and left (p=0.7940) supraclavicular nodes were not significantly covered by the radiotherapy dose. The use of bolus showed a strong significant decrease of the mean dose that was received by the left lung (p=0.00001). Also, the use of bolus caused significant reduction in the amount of the mean scattered dose that reached the heart (p=0.00001) and larynx (p=0.00004).
Conclusion: The use of bolus provided a complete radiotherapy dose coverage for the right and left breasts, as well as an excellent protection for the left lung, hear and larynex.
Key Words: Mastectomy, Breast, Nuclear, Lung, Lymph Nodes, Radiation, Larynx
Impacts of X-Ray irradiation on RBC, WBC and PLT by low doses (40kV and 80kV)
Authors: Najeba Farhd Salih  , Shatha Farhan Alhous  , Murtadha Shakir. Aswood  , Ansam Fadhel Showard
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to assess the impact of irradiation on red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (PLTs) using modest doses of X-ray radiation (40 kV and 80 kV).
The blood samples were exposed to X-ray irradiation at 40 and 80 kV. A haematology analyzer system with automated capability was used to quantify cellular components, specifically WBCs, RBCs, and PLTs, both before and after exposure to radiation.
The study found that irradiation reduced WBC and PLT numbers. When exposed to 40 kV and 80 kV voltages, the WBC and PLT improved statistically significantly (p = 0.001). Nonetheless, the statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in red blood cell count between 40 and 80 kV doses.
It can be concluded that the haematopoietic system exhibits a high degree of sensitivity to radiation exposure.
Keywords: X-Rays, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Radiation, Hematopoietic, Haematology
Calculation of radiological risks for selected soil samples from the north of Kufa district in Najaf, Iraq
Authors: Shaymaa Awad Kadhim  , Shahla Alruhaimi  , Shatha Alhous  , Qassim Shamkhi AL–Khafaji
Published: October 2024

Objective: To evaluate radioactivity levels in soil samples and their physical impact on the population.
Methods: The experimental radiation study was conducted in northern Kufa, Al Najaf Governorate, Iraq, in March 2020 by researchers from the Kufa University, Iraq and comprised soil samples.  A gamma spectrometer equipped with a sodium iodide detector activated with a trace amount of thallium was used to calculate the concentration of radium, thorium and potassium. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.
Results: There were 30 samples. The average concentration of Radium, Thorium and Potassium was (0.824± 0.392)ppm, (1.536± 0.645)ppm and( 0.597± 0.195)%, respectively, and the radiation hazards were lower than the permissible levels. The reported value of excess lifetime cancer risk was (1.2819 ±0.156)×10-3, and the annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGED) was 116.496± 41.255 (mSv. y-1), which was lower than the recommended limit. There was a positive, strong and significant relationship of radium with all the variables (p<0.05) studied except with potassium (p>0.05). Thorium was positively and significantly associated with all the variables (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The study area was found to be safe and there was no relationship between the radiation levels of the studied nuclides and the risk of cancer.
Key Words: Thorium, Radium, Sodium Iodide, Thallium, Radioactivity, Soil, Potassium Radioisotopes
The power of natural products against bacteria caused the acne
Authors: Juman Khaleel Al-Sabbagh  , Nawras Majeed Al-Khafaji  , Rana Abdulameer Jawad  , Ali Jasim Al-Nuaimi
Published: October 2024

Objective: To determine the inhibitory effect of lemon, green tea and Shea butter on the bacteria isolated from patients with acne.
Method: This Experimental study was conducted at the Microbiology laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kerbala University, Iraq. From February-March/2022. Simple random sampling was used to collect the samples. The culture media was incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37°C. Lemon, green tea and Shea butter was used to test antimicrobial activity against the isolated bacteria. Antibiotics disks of tetracyclin, methicillin, azithromycin and clarithromycin were used to compare the effect of natural products. Data was analysed using SPSS.
Results: There were 50 subjects (35 males and 15 females) included, with mean age 21±3 years (range: 19-24 years). Among the 50 swabs, 26(52%) different microorganisms were isolated. All the isolates show 100% sensitivity against lemon, and 83.3% against green tea, while all the isolates were resistant to Shea butter. The sensitivity of isolates towards the antibiotics used ranged 16.6-83.3%.
Conclusion: While lemon and green tea could play a crucial role against different types of bacteria that caused acne, Shea butter had no role to play in this regard.
Key Words: Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Methicillin, Tea, Bacteria, Acne Vulgaris
Histological assessment of the effect of 50mW red laser on retina at variable time intervals: animal model
Authors: Qamar Aqeel Shams  , Ameen Mohammad Alsudani  , Mustafa Salih Almusawi
Published: October 2024

Objective: To assess the histopathological effect of 50milliWatt red laser pointer on mice retinal tissue at variable exposure times.
Method: The experimental study was conducted in the Postgraduate Laboratory of the Unit of Medical Physics, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, from November 2020 to April 2021, and comprised albino mice. Histopathological effects on the retinal tissues were evaluated microscopically using conventional haematoxylin and eosin stain just after being exposed to commercially available 50 milliWatt red laser pointers with 630nm wavelength at 1, 2 and 3 minutes, grouped as R1, R2 and R3, respectively. The laser beam was focussed on the right eye of the mice sedated with sodium pentobarbital, reserving the left eye for use as a control group. Data was analysed using SPSS 24.
Results: Of the 12 mice, 4(33.3%) were in each of the 3 groups. There was significantly destructive effect of red laser on retinal outer cellular layers in all the groups compared to the controls (p<0.05). The effect was significant between R1 and R2 (p=0.0001), and between R2 and R3 (p=0.02).
Conclusion: The handheld commercial red laser pointers could harmfully affect a wide range of mice retina and choroid.
Key Words: Eosine, Pentobarbital, Retina, Lasers, Choroid, Sodium
A Comparative Study of Fungal Endophytes - Endomycorrhizal Organs in Ocimum Sanctum and Santalum Album
Authors: Prasanna Srinivas.R  , Amrita Nigam  , Aruna Jampani
Published: October 2024

The study of   Endophytic fungi in the medicinal plants showed quite a variation. The plant Ocimum sanctum showed six types of fungi Trichoderma viridae, Fusarium solani, Gliocladium roseum, Cladosporium sp., Cladorrhinium sp. and Nigrospora sp. that were isolated from rhizosphere and found to be 42.8 % of the population of total fungi isolated, while only one type of endophyte, Mycelia sterilia was 14.2% of the total population of the isolates.  The four fungi Fusarium solani, Gliocladium roseum, Mycelia sterilia and Nigrospora sp. were isolated as endophytes. with 42.8% of the total population of the isolates. In the plant Santalum album five fungi Trichoderma viridae, Stachylidium extorre, Pseudobotrytis sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Mycelia sterilia, were isolated from rhizosphere and found to be 55.55% of the population of total fungi isolated.  While four fungi Chalaropsis sp., Phoma glomerata, Collectotrichum sp. and Fusarium solani were isolated as endophytes which accounted for 33.33%.  The fungi common both as rhizospheric and endophytic include one isolate Collectotrichum sp. with 11.11% of the total population of the isolates. The presence of vesicles was observed within the cortical cells of both the plants Ocimum sanctum and Santalum album.
School-induced fatigue: Theoretical analysis of the concept of school burnout
Authors: Kleszczewska-Albińska Angelika
Published: October 2024

School burnout is a set of detrimental symptoms that include emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal accomplishment. In children and adolescents it is associated with many physical and mental health problems, including heart diseases, hormonal disorders, disrupted sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and diminished life satisfaction. It corresponds with a higher likelihood of poor academic performance and drop-out rates. The text includes a theoretical analysis of factors corresponding with the development and maintenance of school burnout. The data presented in the literature proves that students dealing with extreme schoolwork overload, accompanied with poor time management, and unrealistic goals, faced with excessive family demands, experiencing disturbances in sleep habits, poor eating habits, and limited or no physical exercise are more prone to develop and sustain symptoms of school burnout. Besides the excessive workload and problems in relationships with parents and peers among risk factors there are usually mentioned feelings of lack of control over things, high demands, and pressure an individual experiences. Protective factors include social support and a positive school atmosphere. Application of knowledge concerning school burnout in real educational settings may result in increase of well-being and resilience of students, and decrease in symptoms of mental problems. It will also help create a meaningful school environment.