bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression Quantitative Trait Locus Study of Bone Mineral Density GWAS Variants in Human Osteoclasts
Authors: Mullin Benjamin H , Zhu Kun , Xu Jiake , Brown Suzanne J , Mullin Shelby , Tickner Jennifer , Pavlos Nathan J , Dudbridge Frank , Walsh John P , Wilson Scott G
Published: February 2018

Osteoporosis is a complex disease with a strong genetic component. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have been very successful at identifying common genetic variants associated with bone parameters. A recently published study documented the results of the largest GWAS for bone mineral density (BMD) performed to date (n = 142,487), identifying 307 conditionally independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as associated with estimated BMD (eBMD) at the genomewide significance level. The vast majority of these variants are non-coding SNPs. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies using disease-specific cell types have increasingly been integrated with the results from GWAS to identify genes through which the observed GWAS associations are likely mediated. We generated a unique human osteoclast-specific eQTL data set using cells differentiated in vitro from 158 participants. We then used this resource to characterize the 307 recently identified BMD GWAS SNPs for association with nearby genes (±500 kb). After correction for multiple testing, 24 variants were found to be significantly associated with the expression of 32 genes in the osteoclast-like cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that these variants and those in strong linkage disequilibrium with them are enriched in regulatory regions. Several of the eQTL associations identified are relevant to genes that present strongly as having a role in bone, particularly IQGAP1, CYP19A1, CTNNB1, and COL6A3. Supporting evidence for many of the associations was obtained from publicly available eQTL data sets. We have also generated strong evidence for the presence of a regulatory region on chromosome 15q21.2 relevant to both the GLDN and CYP19A1 genes. In conclusion, we have generated a unique osteoclast-specific eQTL resource and have used this to identify 32 eQTL associations for recently identified BMD GWAS loci, which should inform functional studies of osteoclast biology. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
On the number of SQSs, latin hypercubes and MDS codes
Authors: Potapov Vladimir N.
Published: February 2018

We establish that the logarithm of the number of latin d‐cubes of order n is and the logarithm of the number of sets of t ( is fixed) orthogonal latin squares of order n is . Similar estimations are obtained for systems of mutually strongly orthogonal latin d‐cubes. As a consequence, we construct a set of Steiner quadruple systems of order n such that the logarithm of its cardinality is as and .
The Power of Voice in Stimulating Morality: Eliciting Taxpayer Preferences Increases Tax Compliance
Authors: Lamberton Cait , De Neve Jan‐Emmanuel , Norton Michael I.
Published: February 2018

Decisions about paying taxes represent one of the most common moral quandaries faced by citizens. In the present research, we argue that taxpayer compliance can be raised by increasing “voice”: allowing taxpayers to express non‐binding preferences about the way their taxes are used. We first test for effects of preference expression on tax compliance with a tax in a laboratory setting. Here, we find that allowing participants to express non‐binding preferences over tax spending priorities leads to a 16% increase in compliance. A follow‐up online study tests this treatment with a simulation of paying US federal taxes. Allowing taxpayers to express their preferences on the distribution of government spending reduces the stated take‐up rate of a questionable tax loophole by 15%. A third experiment shows that this effect only occurs when taxpayers have voice in spending on preferred tax categories, allocating tax dollars across disliked spending categories increased neither feelings of voice nor likelihood of payment.
Intracranial vessel wall lesions in patients with systematic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Ide Satoru , Kakeda Shingo , Miyata Mari , Iwata Shigeru , Ohkubo Naoaki , Nakayamada Shingo , Futatsuya Koichiro , Watanabe Keita , Moriya Junji , Fujino Yoshihisa , Tanaka Yoshiya , Korogi Yukunori
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is related to vasculitis, which causes brain infarctions; however, the pathology of large cerebral vessels has not been fully established.

PURPOSE

To demonstrate the prevalence of vessel wall lesions (VWLs) in SLE patients using 3D vessel wall imaging and to assess the relationship between VWLs and brain infarctions.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective.

SUBJECTS

Sixty SLE patients and 50 healthy subjects (HS).

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

Each subject underwent 3T MRI, which included 3D FSE PDWI (CUBE).

ASSESSMENT

For each of the 33 segments of the intracranial artery (internal carotid artery ∼ M3 segment of middle cerebral artery [MCA]), the VWLs were scored as either positive or negative, and the VWL score was calculated as the sum of the segments with VWLs. We also evaluated brain lesions on conventional MRI.

STATISTICAL TESTS

We used logistic regression analyses to determine the clinical (serological test and cardiovascular risk factors) and imaging characteristics associated with infarctions in SLE patients.

RESULTS

For the peripheral vessels such as MCA, VWLs were more common for SLE patients than for HS (43.3% versus 16.7% in M1 segment, 60.4% versus 16.7% in M2 segment, both P < 0.01). There were 21 infarctions in 13 patients (21.7%), and the median VWL score was larger in the patients with infarctions than in those without (13 versus 6, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed a high VWL score ( ≥ 9) to be the only factor independently associated with the presence of infarctions (odds ratio: 10.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–101; P < 0.049).

DATA CONCLUSION

We demonstrated a substantially high prevalence of VWLs among SLE patients, which were associated with brain infarctions.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1237–1246.
Radiomic features on MRI enable risk categorization of prostate cancer patients on active surveillance: Preliminary findings
Authors: Algohary Ahmad , Viswanath Satish , Shiradkar Rakesh , Ghose Soumya , Pahwa Shivani , Moses Daniel , Jambor Ivan , Shnier Ronald , Böhm Maret , Haynes Anne‐Maree , Brenner Phillip , Delprado Warick , Thompson James , Pulbrock Marley , Purysko Andrei S , Verma Sadhna , Ponsky Lee , Stricker Phillip , Madabhushi Anant
Published: February 2018

Background

Radiomic analysis is defined as computationally extracting features from radiographic images for quantitatively characterizing disease patterns. There has been recent interest in examining the use of MRI for identifying prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness in patients on active surveillance (AS).

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of MRI‐based radiomic features in identifying the presence or absence of clinically significant PCa in AS patients.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects Model

MRI/TRUS (transperineal grid ultrasound) fusion‐guided biopsy was performed for 56 PCa patients on AS who had undergone prebiopsy.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T, T2‐weighted (T2w) and diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI.

Assessment

A pathologist histopathologically defined the presence of clinically significant disease. A radiologist manually delineated lesions on T2w‐MRs. Then three radiologists assessed MRIs using PIRADS v2.0 guidelines. Tumors were categorized into four groups: MRI‐negative–biopsy‐negative (Group 1, N = 15), MRI‐positive–biopsy‐positive (Group 2, N = 16), MRI‐negative–biopsy‐positive (Group 3, N = 10), and MRI‐positive–biopsy‐negative (Group 4, N = 15). In all, 308 radiomic features (First‐order statistics, Gabor, Laws Energy, and Haralick) were extracted from within the annotated lesions on T2w images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. The top 10 features associated with clinically significant tumors were identified using minimum‐redundancy–maximum‐relevance and used to construct three machine‐learning models that were independently evaluated for their ability to identify the presence and absence of clinically significant disease.

Statistical Tests

Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Seven T2w‐based (First‐order Statistics, Haralick, Laws, and Gabor) and three ADC‐based radiomic features (Laws, Gradient and Sobel) exhibited statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) between malignant and normal regions in the training groups. The three constructed models yielded overall accuracy improvement of 33, 60, 80% and 30, 40, 60% for patients in testing groups, when compared to PIRADS v2.0 alone.

Data Conclusion

Radiomic features could help in identifying the presence and absence of clinically significant disease in AS patients when PIRADS v2.0 assessment on MRI contradicted pathology findings of MRI‐TRUS prostate biopsies.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:818–828.
Comparing the efficiency of Fib‐4, Egy‐score, APRI, and GUCI in liver fibrosis staging in Egyptians with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Cordie Ahmed , Salama Ahmed , El‐Sharkawy Marwa , El‐Nahaas Saeed M. , Khairy Marwa , Elsharkawy Aisha , Hassany Mohamed , Esmat Gamal
Published: February 2018

Assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus patients by liver biopsy is not widely accepted despite its accuracy, being invasive, carrying complications, and adding cost. This paved the way to development and use of non‐invasive markers of fibrosis in diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. We aimed at evaluating the efficiency of Fib‐4, Egy‐score, Aspartate‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI), and Göteborg University Cirrhosis Index (GUCI) in comparison to liver biopsy, in the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. This was a cross sectional study including 200 chronic HCV patients were divided into two groups according to stage of fibrosis (Metavir score) into non‐significant fibrosis (<F2) and significant fibrosis (≥F2). Reference needle liver biopsy was compared to Fib‐4, Egyscore, APRI, and GUCI. Older age (P < 0.001) and higher BMI (P = 0.005) were significantly related to significant fibrosis and positively correlated with fibrosis progression (r = 0.361, P = 0.000, and r = 0.165, P = 0.019 respectively). Fib‐4 >1.27, APRI >0.48, Egy‐score >0.73, and GUCI >0.57 significantly predict significant fibrosis (P < 0.01). Fib‐4 carries the best performance and significant reliability with AUROC 0.783, sensitivity 74%, specificity 69%, PPV 0.55, and NPV 0.86. The addition of BMI to Fib‐4 improved the significant fibrosis AUROC curve performance but did not reach statistical significant improvement. We concluded that age and BMI are good predictors of hepatic fibrosis. Fib‐4 (>1.27) is the best method of prediction of significant fibrosis compared to Egy‐score, APRI, and GUCI. Addition of BMI to Fib‐4 did not improve diagnostic value of Fib‐4.
Exposure to far‐infrared ray attenuates methamphetamine‐induced impairment in recognition memory through inhibition of protein kinase C δ in male mice: Comparison with the antipsychotic clozapine
Authors: Mai Huynh Nhu , Sharma Naveen , Shin Eun‐Joo , Nguyen Bao Trong , Nguyen Phuong Tram , Jeong Ji Hoon , Cho Eun‐Hee , Lee Yu Jeung , Kim Nam Hun , Jang Choon‐Gon , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Kim Hyoung‐Chun
Published: February 2018

We have previously demonstrated that repeated treatment with methamphetamine (MA) results in a recognition memory impairment via upregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) δ and downregulation of the glutathione peroxidase‐1 (GPx‐1)‐dependent antioxidant system. We also demonstrated that far‐infrared ray (FIR) attenuates acute restraint stress via induction of the GPx‐1 gene. Herein, we investigated whether exposure to FIR modulates MA‐induced recognition memory impairment in male mice, and whether cognitive potentials mediated by FIR require modulation of the PKCδ gene, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and glutathione‐dependent system. Repeated treatment with MA significantly increased PKCδ expression and its phosphorylation out of PKC isoenzymes (i.e., PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCζ, and PKCδ expression) in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Exposure to FIR significantly attenuated MA‐induced increase in phospho‐PKCδ and decrease in phospho‐ERK 1/2. In addition, FIR further facilitated the nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)‐dependent glutathione synthetic system. Moreover, L‐buthionine‐(S, R)‐sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, counteracted the FIR‐mediated phospho‐ERK 1/2 induction and memory‐enhancing activity against MA insult. More important, positive effects of FIR are comparable to those of genetic depletion of PKCδ or the antipsychotic clozapine. Our results indicate that FIR protects against MA‐induced memory impairment via activations of the Nrf2‐dependent glutathione synthetic system, and ERK 1/2 signaling by inhibition of the PKCδ gene.
Graphene oxide composites for magnetic solid‐phase extraction of trace cytokinins in plant samples followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Zhenfang , Du Fuyou , Qin Qun , Sun Lingshun , Zeng Qiulian , Ruan Guihua , Li Jianping
Published: February 2018

In this work, an easy, effective, and sensitive method based on graphene oxide@silica@magnetite composites as adsorbent of magnetic solid‐phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, was established and validated for the trace analysis of cytokinins in different plants. The prepared magnetic composite was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and magnetic hysteresis. Under the optimized conditions, good linearities in the range of 0.5–100 ng/mL were obtained with the corresponding linear correlation coefficient >0.9989 for the investigated four cytokinins, and good sensitivity levels were achieved with low detection limits ranging from 93 to 120 pg/mL. The established magnetic solid‐phase extraction with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method has been validated in the separation and analysis of four cytokinins in plant samples with good recoveries between 78.9 and 97.3% for four cytokinins with the relative standard deviations lower than 13.5%.
Diagnosis of Fetal Structural Anomalies at 11 to 14 Weeks
Authors: Vayna Ana Maria , Veduta Alina , Duta Simona , Panaitescu Anca Maria , Stoica Sabrina , Buinoiu Natalia , Nedelea Florina , Peltecu Gheorghe
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To assess the performance of first‐trimester ultrasound (US) in identifying major fetal structural abnormalities in an unselected population.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of all pregnancies that underwent the 11‐ to 14‐week scan in the Fetal Medicine Department of Filantropia Hospital in Bucharest, which were prospectively examined within our screening program. The purpose of the first‐trimester US was to evaluate the risk for chromosomal abnormalities and to conduct fetal anatomic examination using a detailed protocol.

Results

Our population consisted of 7480 pregnant patients (7576 fetuses). The follow‐up was completed for 6045 patients (6114 fetuses). The prevalence of major structural anomalies was 1.89%. In the first trimester, we identified 79% of all major structural anomalies. The highest detection rates were achieved for abdominal wall defects (100%), major central nervous system anomalies (88%), cardiac defects (74%), and skeletal anomalies (71%). The nuchal translucency was increased in 35% of the cases with structural anomalies, and 95% of these were diagnosed in the first trimester. Seventy percent of the patients who presented with structural anomalies and a normal nuchal translucency were diagnosed in the first trimester.

Conclusions

Our results emphasize the importance of performing a detailed US examination at 11 to 14 weeks' gestation in identification of fetal structural defects.
Significance and Outcomes of Fetal Growth Restriction Below the 5th Percentile Compared to the 5th to 10th Percentiles on Midgestation Growth Ultrasonography
Authors: Zhang‐Rutledge Kathy , Mack Lauren M. , Mastrobattista Joan M. , Gandhi Manisha
Published: February 2018

Objective

To determine whether there are differences in neonatal and pregnancy outcomes in pregnancies complicated by severe fetal growth restriction, defined as estimated fetal weight below the 5th percentile, compared with estimated fetal weight in the 5th to 10th percentiles at midgestation.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of singleton nonanomalous gestations with estimated fetal weight at or below the 10th percentile (Hadlock et al. Radiology 1991; 181:129–133) at 18 to 24 weeks' gestation. The cohort was divided into fetuses with estimated fetal weight below the 5th percentile and estimated fetal weight in the 5th to 10th percentiles. Antenatal and neonatal outcomes were compared across the groups.

Results

Of the 254 growth‐restricted fetuses, 91 had estimated fetal weight below the 5th percentile, and 163 were in the 5th to 10th percentiles. Fetuses below the 5th percentile were 2.82 times more likely to be born small for gestational age compared to fetuses at the 5th to 10th percentiles (P = .001). Fetuses with estimated fetal weight below the 5th percentile had higher rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (relative risk [RR], 1.79; P = .04), abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms (RR, 6.27; P = .01), labor induction (RR, 1.45; P = .002), neonatal intensive care unit admission (RR, 1.73; P = .02), and Apgar scores of less than 7 at 1 minute (RR, 2.05; P = .04).

Conclusions

Severely growth‐restricted fetuses with an estimated fetal weight below the 5th percentile at 18 to 24 weeks are born smaller and have worse antepartum and neonatal outcomes than those with an estimated fetal weight in the 5th to 10th percentiles. These findings suggest that severely growth‐restricted fetuses at midgestation should be treated and counseled differently than those in the 5th to 10th percentiles.
Hawaiian duck behavioral patterns in seasonal wetlands and cultivated taro
Authors: Malachowski Christopher P. , Dugger Bruce D.
Published: February 2018

An important component for developing effective habitat management plans for the endangered, island‐endemic Hawaiian duck (koloa maoli; Anas wyvilliana) involves gaining a better understanding of how birds are using habitat and the habitat characteristics that may influence those behaviors. We conducted year‐round behavioral and habitat surveys to determine how Hawaiian ducks allocate their time to different activities throughout the annual cycle in managed natural wetlands and wetland taro (Colocasia esculenta) agriculture and to evaluate the relative roles provided by these wetland types. We used instantaneous focal sampling (n = 984 observation sessions; 328.8 hr) to estimate diurnal time activity budgets and quadrat sampling to characterize wetland habitat features from September 2010 to August 2011 at Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kaua‘i, Hawaii, USA. The behavioral activities of birds differed between managed wetlands and taro. Hawaiian ducks spent a greater proportion of time resting (44% vs. 27%) and foraging (15% vs. 11%) when using taro compared to managed wetlands; whereas, birds allocated more time to maintenance (28% vs. 21%), locomotion (22% vs. 7%), and social interactions (1.3% vs. 0.5%) in managed wetlands than taro. Courtship activities accounted for <1% of male Hawaiian duck activity budgets but occurred over 5 times more frequently in managed wetlands (0.6%) than in taro (0.1%). In managed wetlands, birds foraged slightly more with increasing cover of flatsedges (Cyperus spp.) and lesser fimbristylis (Fimbristylis littoralis), decreasing cover of California grass (Urochloa mutica) and Mexican primrose‐willow (Ludwigia octovalvis), and decreasing water depth. Overall, activity budgets suggest both managed wetlands and taro contribute to fulfilling daily and seasonal resource requirements for Hawaiian ducks. The increased range of activities, particularly courtship and copulation, performed in moist‐soil wetlands suggests that greater habitat diversity is provided by seasonal wetland systems. Future research aimed at food production and daily and seasonal patterns of movement and habitat use would expand our understanding of the relative role that taro and managed wetlands provide in meeting the annual habitat needs of Hawaiian duck. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Copyright protection for materials in electronic formats: the CITED solution
Authors: Cornish Graham P.
Published: February 2018

A way allowing access to electronically stored copyright material under controlled conditions is described—the CITED solution. The system monitors the use of the store and permits the downloading of copies of documents to authorized users.
Status and Potential of Lithium Niobate on Insulator (LNOI) for Photonic Integrated Circuits
Authors: Boes Andreas , Corcoran Bill , Chang Lin , Bowers John , Mitchell Arnan
Published: February 2018

Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) technology is revolutionizing the lithium niobate industry, enabling higher performance, lower cost and entirely new devices and applications. The availability of LNOI wafers has sparked significant interest in the platform for integrated optical applications, as LNOI offers the attractive material properties of lithium niobate, while also offering the stronger optical confinement and a high optical element integration density that has driven the success of more mature silicon and silicon nitride (SiN) photonics platforms. Due to some similarities between LNOI and SiN, established techniques and standards can readily be adapted to the LNOI platform including a significant array of interface approaches, device designs and also heterogeneous integration techniques for laser sources and photodetectors. In this contribution, we review the latest developments in this platform, examine where further development is necessary to achieve more functionalities in LNOI integrated optical circuits and make a few suggestions of interesting applications that could be realized in this platform.
Sensitive detection of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1B toxin based on camel single‐domain antibodies
Authors: Zhong Wenjing , Li Guanghui , Yu Xiaolu , Zhu Min , Gong Likun , Wan Yakun
Published: February 2018

Bt Cry1B toxin, a residue in insect‐resistant transgenic plants, has been identified to be harmful to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to detect the Cry1B toxin level in each kind of transgenic plant. Nbs, with prominently unique physiochemical properties, are becoming more and more promising tools in the detection of target antigens. In this study, an immune phage display library that was of high quality was successfully constructed for the screening of Cry1B‐specific Nbs with excellent specificity, affinity, and thermostable. Subsequently, a novel sandwich ELISA for Cry1B detection was established, which was based on the biotin–streptavidin system using these aforementioned Nbs. This established detection system presented a linear working range from 5 to 1000 ng ml−1 and a low detection limit of 3.46 ng ml−1. The recoveries from spiked samples were in the range of 82.51%–113.56% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 5.00%. Taken together, the proposed sandwich ELISA would be a potential method for the detection of Cry1B toxin in transgenic Bt plants specifically and sensitively.
A Case with Beta‐Propeller Protein Associated Neurodegeneration with Smooth Response to Levodopa Treatment
Authors: Zitser Jennifer , Giladi Nir , Gurevich Tanya
Published: February 2018

View Supplementary Video 1
Assessing cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: An online tool to detect visuo‐perceptual deficits
Authors: Weil Rimona S. , Schwarzkopf Dietrich S. , Bahrami Bahador , Fleming Stephen M. , Jackson Ben M. , Goch Tristam J. C. , Saygin Ayse P. , Miller Luke E. , Pappa Katerina , Pavisic Ivanna , Schade Rachel N. , Noyce Alastair J. , Crutch Sebastian J. , O'Keeffe Aidan G. , Schrag Anette E. , Morris Huw R.
Published: February 2018

Background: People with Parkinson's disease (PD) who develop visuo‐perceptual deficits are at higher risk of dementia, but we lack tests that detect subtle visuo‐perceptual deficits and can be performed by untrained personnel. Hallucinations are associated with cognitive impairment and typically involve perception of complex objects. Changes in object perception may therefore be a sensitive marker of visuo‐perceptual deficits in PD.

Objective: We developed an online platform to test visuo‐perceptual function. We hypothesised that (1) visuo‐perceptual deficits in PD could be detected using online tests, (2) object perception would be preferentially affected, and (3) these deficits would be caused by changes in perception rather than response bias.

Methods: We assessed 91 people with PD and 275 controls. Performance was compared using classical frequentist statistics. We then fitted a hierarchical Bayesian signal detection theory model to a subset of tasks.

Results: People with PD were worse than controls at object recognition, showing no deficits in other visuo‐perceptual tests. Specifically, they were worse at identifying skewed images (P < .0001); at detecting hidden objects (P = .0039); at identifying objects in peripheral vision (P < .0001); and at detecting biological motion (P = .0065). In contrast, people with PD were not worse at mental rotation or subjective size perception. Using signal detection modelling, we found this effect was driven by change in perceptual sensitivity rather than response bias.

Conclusions: Online tests can detect visuo‐perceptual deficits in people with PD, with object recognition particularly affected. Ultimately, visuo‐perceptual tests may be developed to identify at‐risk patients for clinical trials to slow PD dementia. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
An Extract of Russian Tarragon Prevents Obesity‐Related Ectopic Lipid Accumulation
Authors: Yu Yongmei , Mendoza Tamra M. , Ribnicky David M. , Poulev Alexander , Noland Robert C. , Mynatt Randall L. , Raskin Ilya , Cefalu William T. , Floyd Z. Elizabeth
Published: February 2018

Scope

The primary disorder underlying metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance due to excess body weight and abdominal visceral fat accumulation. In this study, it is asked if dietary intake of an ethanolic extract from Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., termed PMI5011), shown to improve glucose utilization by enhancing insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, could prevent obesity‐induced insulin resistance, skeletal muscle metabolic inflexibility, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver.

Methods and results

Male wild‐type mice are fed a high‐fat diet alone or supplemented with PMI5011 (1% w/w) over 3 months. Dietary intake of PMI5011 improved fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility in the skeletal muscle, reduced insulin levels, and enhanced insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver independent of robust changes in expression of factors that control fatty acid oxidation. This corresponds with significantly reduced lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver, although body weight gain is comparable to a high‐fat diet alone.

Conclusion

Previous studies showed that PMI5011 enhances insulin sensitivity in the setting of established obesity‐induced insulin resistance. The current study demonstrates that dietary intake of PMI5011 prevents high‐fat diet‐induced insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver without reducing body weight.
Predicting myofiber size with electrical impedance myography: A study in immature mice
Authors: Kapur Kush , Taylor Rebecca S. , Qi Kristin , Nagy Janice A. , Li Jia , Sanchez Benjamin , Rutkove Seward B.
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Electrical impedance can be used to estimate cellular characteristics. We sought to determine whether it could be used to approximate myofiber size using standard prediction modeling approaches. Methods: Forty‐four C57BL/6J wild‐type immature mice of varying ages underwent electrical impedance myography (EIM) with a needle electrode array placed in the gastrocnemius. Animals were then humanely killed and muscle fixed, stained, and myofiber size quantified. Two different statistical prediction models were then applied. Results: Impedance parameters showed major variation with increasing myofiber size. The prediction models based on EIM data alone were able to predict fiber size, with errors in the range of ±69.05–78.44 µm2 (16.19%–18.40% with respect to the average myofiber size). Discussion: By using well‐established statistical models, EIM data alone can provide a satisfactory estimate of myofiber size. Additional study of this approach for approximating myofiber size without the requirement of removing tissue for histological analysis is warranted. Muscle Nerve 58: 106–113, 2018
Describing complex charitable giving instruments: Experimental tests of technical finance terms and tax benefits
Authors: James Russell N.
Published: February 2018

Planned giving, including charitable remainder trusts, charitable gift annuities, remainder interest deeds, donor advised funds, and gifts of appreciated stocks and bonds, can offer substantial benefits to donors and provide needed support to charities. However, presenting complex charitable planning options creates unique challenges. Past experimental work demonstrates that social or emotional concerns motivate charitable giving decisions, but that financial or monetary reminders promote a market‐exchange mentality reducing both social concern and charitable donations. Consequently, some recommend eliminating references to tax benefits when introducing charitable planning options. Yet, tax benefits may be a motivational and socially acceptable form of donor benefit because they cost the charity nothing. A series of experiments measuring interest in pursuing various planned giving arrangements demonstrates that although using technical financial terms—including even the technically correct name of the instrument—does reduce interest, referencing tax benefits increases interest. Gratuitous technical finance references may engender a market‐exchange mindset and thereby reduce charitable interest. However, a simple description of donor tax benefits—a socially acceptable benefit also relevant for a market‐exchange mindset—can still motivate charitable giving. The experimental results suggest that when initially describing complex charitable options, practitioners should avoid technical financial terminology, but should mention, and even lead with, tax benefits.
External environmental change and transparency in grassroots organizations in China
Authors: Lu Shuang , Deng Guosheng , Huang Chien‐Chung , Chen Mengli
Published: February 2018

As the nonprofit sector emerges in China, so too do the concerns about nonprofit transparency. In response to calls for increased nonprofit information disclosure and the lack of related research, this study examines changes in transparency of Chinese grassroots nonprofit organizations. Using the first national Survey of Transparency on Grassroots Organizations (2013–2015), this study finds that Chinese grassroots nonprofit transparency has increased in the past few years. Applying resource dependence theory in China‐specific social contexts, this study highlights the importance of external resource to nonprofit transparency. These findings contribute empirical evidence to the nascent literature on nonprofit transparency and provide implications for enhancing nonprofit transparency in China and beyond.
Design and Objectives of the South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental (SAYCARE) Study
Authors: Carvalho Heráclito Barbosa , Moreno Luis Alberto , Silva Andrew Mello , Berg Gabriela , Estrada‐Restrepo Alejandro , González‐Zapata Laura Inés , De Miguel‐Etayo Pilar , Delgado Carlos Alberto , Bove María Isabel , de Sousa Maria da Luz Rosario , Torres‐Leal Francisco Leonardo , Forjaz Claudia L.M. , De Moraes Augusto César Ferreira ,   on behalf of the SAYCARE Study Group
Published: February 2018

Objective

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the overarching study design of the South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental (SAYCARE) study, which is an observational multicenter feasibility study held in seven South American cities: Buenos Aires (Argentina), Lima (Peru), Medellin (Colombia), Montevideo (Uruguay), Santiago (Chile), and São Paulo and Teresina (Brazil). Children and adolescents (3‐17 years of age) were studied.

Methods

The data management systems, quality assurance monitoring activities, standardized operating procedure manuals, and training and study management are addressed in this paper. Various quality controls to ensure the collection of valid and reliable data are also discussed.

Results and Conclusions

Data were obtained from 237 preschoolers and schoolchildren and 258 adolescents during the validation phase measurements. The results of the SAYCARE study are expected to provide higher accuracy in the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors, including eating behaviors, body composition, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, lipid profiles and cardiovascular health biomarkers, oral health, social conditions, environmental factors and home environment, and their determinants in children and adolescents from ages 3 to 17 in seven South American cities.
Effect of Progressive Weight Loss on Lactate Metabolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chondronikola Maria , Magkos Faidon , Yoshino Jun , Okunade Adewole L. , Patterson Bruce W. , Muehlbauer Michael J. , Newgard Christopher B. , Klein Samuel
Published: February 2018

Objective

Lactate is an intermediate of glucose metabolism that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. This study evaluated the relationship between glucose kinetics and plasma lactate concentration ([LAC]) before and after manipulating insulin sensitivity by progressive weight loss.

Methods

Forty people with obesity (BMI = 37.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2) were randomized to weight maintenance (n = 14) or weight loss (n = 19). Subjects were studied before and after 6 months of weight maintenance and before and after 5%, 11%, and 16% weight loss. A hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp procedure in conjunction with [6,6‐2H2]glucose tracer infusion was used to assess glucose kinetics.

Results

At baseline, fasting [LAC] correlated positively with endogenous glucose production rate (r = 0.532; P = 0.001) and negatively with insulin sensitivity, assessed as the insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal (r = −0.361; P = 0.04). Progressive (5% through 16%) weight loss caused a progressive decrease in fasting [LAC], and the decrease in fasting [LAC] after 5% weight loss was correlated with the decrease in endogenous glucose production (r = 0.654; P = 0.002) and the increase in insulin sensitivity (r = −0.595; P = 0.007).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the interrelationships among weight loss, hepatic and muscle glucose kinetics, insulin sensitivity, and [LAC], and it suggests that [LAC] can serve as an additional biomarker of glucose‐related insulin resistance.
Managing unsolicited findings in genomics: A qualitative interview study with cancer patients
Authors: Bijlsma R.M. , Wouters R.H.P. , Wessels H. , May A.M. , Ausems M.G.E.M. , Voest E.E. , Bredenoord A.L.
Published: February 2018

Objective

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly being employed in the context of personalized cancer treatment. Anticipating unsolicited findings that may arise during a NGS procedure is a key consideration; however, little is known about cancer patients' intentions, needs, and preferences concerning the return of unsolicited findings.

Methods

A qualitative design using individual semi‐structured interviews with 24 cancer patients was utilized to explore patients' decisions on whether to receive unsolicited findings from NGS. These interviews were subsequently analyzed using the constant comparative method to develop codes and themes.

Results

We identified 4 interrelated themes that emerged in the context of the return of unsolicited findings. First, we describe how cancer patients expressed a strong need to control their lives. Second, we show the importance of family dynamics. Third, the NGS procedure regarding unsolicited findings is perceived as cognitively complex, and fourth, the procedure is also considered emotionally complex.

Conclusions

The results of our study contribute to a better understanding of what cancer patients consider important and what may motivate and influence them when making decisions on the disclosure of unsolicited findings following NGS. We show how Joel Feinberg's classification of autonomy may help clinicians to better understand cancer patients' desire for autonomous decision making while also acknowledging the emotional and cognitive difficulties regarding the disclosure of unsolicited findings. These insights could be helpful for clinicians to guide patients through this complex process.
“I don't want to take chances.”: A qualitative exploration of surgical decision making in young breast cancer survivors
Authors: Rosenberg Shoshana M. , Greaney Mary L. , Patenaude Andrea F. , Sepucha Karen R. , Meyer Meghan E. , Partridge Ann H.
Published: February 2018

Objective

Young women with unilateral breast cancer are increasingly choosing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), despite its limited medical benefit for most women. The purpose of this study was to better understand this choice through a qualitative exploration of surgical decision‐making in young survivors, including how issues particular to younger women affected their decision and the post‐surgical experience.

Methods

Women age ≤ 40 years with stage 0 to III breast cancer, 1 to 3 years from diagnosis who had undergone breast cancer surgery were recruited to participate. Four focus groups were conducted: 2 with women who had bilateral mastectomy and 2 with women who kept their contralateral breast. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed with identifiers removed. Emergent themes were identified by thematic content analysis using NVivo 11.

Results

Of the 20 participants, median age at diagnosis was 37 years. Emergent themes were categorized into the following domains: (1) emotions/feelings surrounding surgery/decision about surgery; (2) factors affecting the decision; (3) communication and interaction with the healthcare team; (4) impact on post‐surgical life and recovery; and (5) support needs. Young women who chose CPM often were concerned about a future breast event, despite this low risk, suggesting some gain peace of mind by choosing CPM. Young survivors also had many physical and emotional concerns after surgery for which they did not always feel prepared.

Conclusions

Informational resources and decision aids may enhance patient‐doctor communication and help young survivors better understand risk and manage expectations surrounding short and longer‐term physical and emotional effects after surgery.
Bayesian joint modelling of benefit and risk in drug development
Authors: Costa Maria J. , Drury Thomas
Published: February 2018

To gain regulatory approval, a new medicine must demonstrate that its benefits outweigh any potential risks, ie, that the benefit‐risk balance is favourable towards the new medicine. For transparency and clarity of the decision, a structured and consistent approach to benefit‐risk assessment that quantifies uncertainties and accounts for underlying dependencies is desirable. This paper proposes two approaches to benefit‐risk evaluation, both based on the idea of joint modelling of mixed outcomes that are potentially dependent at the subject level. Using Bayesian inference, the two approaches offer interpretability and efficiency to enhance qualitative frameworks. Simulation studies show that accounting for correlation leads to a more accurate assessment of the strength of evidence to support benefit‐risk profiles of interest. Several graphical approaches are proposed that can be used to communicate the benefit‐risk balance to project teams. Finally, the two approaches are illustrated in a case study using real clinical trial data.
In vitro protective effects of an aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea L. flower against hydrogen peroxide‐induced cytotoxicity and UV‐induced mtDNA damage in human keratinocytes
Authors: Zakaria N.N.A. , Okello E.J. , Howes M‐J. , Birch‐Machin M.A. , Bowman A.
Published: February 2018

The traditional practice of eating the flowers of Clitoria ternatea L. or drinking their infusion as herbal tea in some of the Asian countries is believed to promote a younger skin complexion and defend against skin aging. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of C. ternatea flower water extract (CTW) against hydrogen peroxide‐induced cytotoxicity and ultraviolet (UV)‐induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in human keratinocytes. The protective effect against hydrogen peroxide‐induced cytotoxicity was determined by 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium assay, and mtDNA damage induced by UV was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Preincubation of HaCaT with 100, 250, and 500 μg/ml CTW reduced cytotoxicity effects of H2O2 compared with control (H2O2 alone). CTW also significantly reduced mtDNA damage in UV‐exposed HaCaT (p < .05). CTW was chemically‐characterized using high resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The main compounds detected were assigned as anthocyanins derived from delphinidin, including polyacylated ternatins, and flavonol glycosides derived from quercetin and kaempferol. These results demonstrated the protective effects of C. ternatea flower extracts that contain polyacylated anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides as major constituents, against H2O2 and UV‐induced oxidative stress on skin cells, and may provide some explanation for the putative traditional and cosmetic uses of C. ternatea flower against skin aging.
Blood pressure lowering and anti‐inflammatory effects of hesperidin in type 2 diabetes; a randomized double‐blind controlled clinical trial
Authors: Homayouni Fatemeh , Haidari Fatemeh , Hedayati Mehdi , Zakerkish Mehrnoosh , Ahmadi Kambiz
Published: February 2018

Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species under diabetic condition lead to vascular complications and inflammation. This study aimed to examine the effects of hesperidin supplement on blood pressure and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes. In this research, 64 patients were randomly allocated to receive 500 mg/day hesperidin or placebo capsules for 6 weeks. Data on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) were collected at the baseline and at the end of the study. In the hesperidin group, SBP (122.7 ± 8.5 vs. 119.0 ± 7.4; p = .005), mean arterial blood pressure (94.2 ± 5.5 vs. 91.8 ± 5.5; p = .009), IL‐6 (8.3 ± 2.1 vs. 7.4 ± 1.8; p = .001), and hs‐CRP (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.9; p < .000) decreased whereas TAC increased (0.74 ± 0.1 vs. 0.82 ± 0.1; p < .000) in comparison to the baseline values. There was a significant difference in mean percent change of SBP, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, serum TAC, and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL‐6, and hs‐CRP) between hesperidin and control groups following intervention in adjusted models (p < .05). These results suggest that hesperidin may have antihypertensive and anti‐inflammatory effects in type 2 diabetes.
Assimilation of radar dual‐polarization observations in the AROME model
Authors: Augros Clotilde , Caumont Olivier , Ducrocq Véronique , Gaussiat Nicolas
Published: February 2018

This article describes the results of assimilation experiments of dual‐polarization (DPOL) radar observations in the AROME model with its 3D‐Var assimilation system. The assimilation of dual‐polarization observations is derived from the current operational assimilation method for radar reflectivities. It has two steps (1D+3D‐Var). Relative humidity pseudo‐observations are first retrieved from observed profiles of reflectivity (Zhh), with or without attenuation correction, from differential reflectivity (Zdr), from specific differential phase (Kdp), or from a combination of Zhh, Zdr and Kdp, through a unidimensional (1D) Bayesian inversion. The retrievals are then assimilated in the AROME 3D‐Var system.

In the case of attenuation due to precipitation, the values of the relative humidity profiles retrieved with uncorrected reflectivity were found lower on average than with attenuation‐corrected reflectivity or with Kdp. In regions with large values of Kdp, both methods using Kdp produced the profiles with the largest values of relative humidity.

Assimilation experiments were conducted for two convective cases. They demonstrated the benefit of the assimilation of Kdp and of attenuation‐corrected Zhh in the model analysis. The humidity increments were found higher in convective regions when assimilating either Kdp or attenuation‐corrected Zhh. Furthermore, the impact of DPOL observations on precipitation forecasts was found slightly positive for the periods of intense convection.
Three‐body molecular states of the system in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation
Authors: Randazzo Juan M. , Aguilar‐Navarro Antonio
Published: February 2018

In this work, we present a quantum mechanical treatment of the three‐body
molecular system in the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, were the nuclei dynamics is evaluated over the potential energy surfaces (PES) induced by the electronic states. The PES corresponding to the two lowest electronic levels are the ones described by Martinazzo et al. (Chem. Phys. 2003, 287, 335), and are used to write the three‐body Schrdinger equation of the three atomic system. We use the generalized Sturmian functions method to expand the wave functions in each (distinguishable) pair of relative coordinates or Jacobi pairs, and analyze the convergence differences between the series. A partial‐wave decomposition of the potential is proposed to simplify the Hamiltonian matrix element calculation. Bound states are considered for the ground and first excited electronic PES, the spreading of energies after sudden electronic transitions studied, and the break‐up probability induced by the sudden change of the PES evidenced.