bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zwischen Kultur und Kalkül? Vertrauen und Sozialkapital im Kontext der neoinstitutionalistischen Wende
Authors: Faust Jörg , Marx Johannes
Published: January 2011

Trust and social capital work in social networks as informal institutions, favouring cooperation between the participants of such social interaction. However, the increasing use of both terms has been accompanied by vanishing conceptual and theoretical precision. In order to counterbalance this development this article tries to clarify some of the major puzzles connected with both terms. First, we embed trust and social capital within the institutionalist turn in political science. Second however, we demonstrate that trust and social capital have been modelled from at least two perspectives: sociological institutionalism and economic institutionalism. Furthermore, attempts of combining those approaches have lead to decreasing theoretical consistency. Finally, we propose that economic institutionalism is theoretically and empirically more fruitful to explain the creation and destruction of social capital.
Espaces d'interdépendance entre action publique et experts: Etat réflexif dans le champ du sida
Authors: Cantelli Fabrizio
Published: January 2011

The article aims at deepening the reconfiguration of expertise used today in public action against AIDS in the French‐speaking part of Belgium. Built onJurgen Habermas' pragmatic model of expertise, the hypothesis of a “spaceof interdependence” between public action and expertise has been developed. This angle allows to examine the proximity regime, the transactions andtheir reciprocal adjustments. The reconfiguration of expertise and what isat stake in terms of recognition are put in the context of the Belgianpolitical landscape (emergence of Ecolo) and the perception of AIDS in thewhole Europe (normalisation of AIDS). In order to refine the pragmaticmodel, we have complemented our relational framework with the integration ofagonistic dynamics of medical, associative and sociological expertises inpublic action against AIDS.
Jeunes, participation politique et participation sociale en Suisse. Une étude de cas
Authors: Mazzoletti Oscar , Masulin Maurizio
Published: January 2011

L’étude aborde la relation entre participation politique et participation sociale auprès des jeunes au seuil de la vie adulte. Maints travaux sur le sujet prétendent que les jeunes sont de moins en moins attirés par la participation aux élections et/ou l'adhésion partisane et semblent privilégier un engagement de type associatif. Les résultats d'une étude de cas réalisée par les auteurs auprès de la Haute École spécialisée de la Suisse italienne ont montré que, durant cette période de la vie, marquée par le difficile processus de transition qui amène le jeune adolescent au statut d'adulte, la relation entre participation sociale et participation politique varie considérablement; cette variation pourtant, n'est pas linéaire, ce qui semble redevable, en partie du moins, des caractéristiques propres à ce processus de transition – de plus en plus long et complexe ‐ vers l’âge adulte.
Transformations de l'autorégulation et nouvelles régulations publiques en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise en Suisse (1985‐2002)
Authors: Mach André , Schnyder Gerhard , David Thomas , Lüpold Martin
Published: January 2011

La Suisse a toujours connu une forte tradition d'autorégulation par les acteurs privés dans les sphères économiques au détriment d'un cadre légal très étendu. Cela s'avère particulièrement vrai en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise, notamment en ce qui concerne le droit des sociétés, la surveillance des marchés boursiers ou le droit comptable. En raison du caractère très général de la législation, divers mécanismes de gouvernance privée ont généralement complété la base légale minimale dans ces trois domaines. Depuis une vingtaine d'années, on assiste cependant à une profonde transformation de ces mécanismes d'autorégulation dans le sens d'une formalisation accrue et d'un remplacement progressif des solutions privées par des réglementations publiques plus précises dans cinq domaines cruciaux: transférabilité des actions, droit de vote des actions en dépôt auprès des banques, offres publiques d'achat, surveillance des marchés boursiers et établissement des normes comptables. Sous l'effet des transformations de l'environnement international, de l'évolution des préférences de certains acteurs économiques importants et de l'affirmation de nouveaux acteurs (investisseurs institutionnels et experts‐comptables notamment), le cadre réglementaire du gouvernement d'entreprise suisse a été réformé en profondeur.
The Impact of Postal Voting on Participation: Evidence for Switzerland
Authors: Luechinger Simon , Rosinger Myra , Stutzer Alois
Published: January 2011

Many countries are forging ahead with convenient balloting methods, in particular electronic and postal voting, in order to re‐engage voters. In this paper, we test whether the cost reductions through postal voting increase turnout. The empirical analysis is based on a newly collected data set on the introduction of postal voting in Swiss cantons. We take advantage of the unique fact that voting by mail was introduced at different times across cantons. This allows identifying the impact of postal voting on turnout, independent of time, issue and canton‐specific effects. The estimated average effect on turnout is roughly 4.1 percentage points for an average turnout of 43 percent between 1970 and 2005.
La transmission intergénérationnelle de l’orientation idéologique en Suisse dans les familles à plusieurs générations
Authors: Wernli Boris
Published: January 2011

Ce texte est consacré à la transmission à court terme de l’orientation idéologique gauche‐ droite entre parents et enfants; il utilise les données du Panel suisse de ménages (www.swisspanel.ch), qui permet de mener des analyses dans les ménages à plusieurs générations. Les résultats confirment qu’il existe bien une transmission de l’orientation idéologique gauche‐droite entre parents et enfants, qui se fait différemment selon le sexe des parents et des enfants. A court terme, cette transmission se fait plus facilement dans les milieux éduqués, aisés et politisés, ce qui signifie paradoxalement que parmi les jeunes électeurs, ce sont ceux issus de milieux défavorisés ou non intéressés à la politique qui ont la probabilité la plus élevée de changer l’équilibre des forces politiques en présence.
Weniger Koordination, mehr Markt? Kollektive Arbeitsbeziehungen und Neokorporatismus in der Schweiz seit 1990
Authors: Oesch Daniel
Published: January 2011

Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die These, wonach sich die industriellen Beziehungen in der Schweiz weg vom koordinierten rheinischen hin zum marktorientierten angelsächsischen Modell bewegten. Die Koordination zwischen Arbeitgeberverbänden und Gewerkschaften wird erstens im Bereich der kollektiven Arbeitsbeziehungen sowie zweitens in der Politikgestaltung untersucht. In einem dritten Schritt wird die Entwicklung der Repräsentationsmacht der Verbände seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre diskutiert. Nur wenig spricht dafür, dass sich die Schweiz vom Koordinationsmodell bewegt: Dezentralisierung und Individualisierung der Lohnpolitik haben zwar zu weniger Koordination geführt. Im Rahmen der Personenfreizügigkeit haben Gesamtarbeitsverträge jedoch stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Verbände sind zudem weiterhin in den meisten ausserparlamentarischen Regulierungsinstanzen vertreten und spielen in der Wirtschaftspolitik die Rolle des Vetoplayer.
Stratégies syndicales et renouvellement des élites: le syndicat FTMH face à la crise des années 1990
Authors: Widmer Frédéric
Published: January 2011

En nous centrant sur le cas de la FTMH entre 1970 et 2004, nous analysons l'adaptation des syndicats dans le contexte de leur affaiblissement au cours des années 1990. Selon nous, l'affaiblissement du syndicat dans la sphère économique a donné lieu à un déplacement de l'action syndicale vers la sphère politique. Il est possible de dégager deux axes dans la redéfinition de la stratégie de la FTMH, dont le premier concerne le renouvellement des élites: des nouveaux dirigeants, universitaires et marqués par leur appartenance au PSS, remplacent les “élites traditionnelles” du syndicat. Ce renouvellement a appuyé un deuxième changement: un nouveau rapport à l'état et une diversification des registres d'action du syndicat. Les négociations collectives s'accompagnent désormais de stratégies de politisation, mais aussi de mobilisations, ainsi que d'une volonté de s'assurer une meilleure visibilité médiatique. L'ensemble de ces évolutions témoignent d'un rapprochement avec le PSS.
Family Disputes: Diversity in Defining and Measuring Deliberation
Authors: Neblo Michael A.
Published: January 2011

Interdisciplinary deliberative research has grown tremendously over the last decade. Theorists are attending more carefully to the findings of empirical research. And empiricists are framing their research in ways that are tailored to track normative‐theoretical concerns. The recent surge in empirical work on deliberation, however, has led to a huge proliferation of research designs, general measurement strategies, operational criteria, and even definitions of the phenomenon. The diversity in these approaches has become sufficiently great that it seems worthwhile to step back and take stock lest the expanding deliberative research community dissipate its energies in an ironic lack of effective communication across theoretical and methodological approaches. I survey the main sources of theoretical diversity among normative theories of deliberation, along with the diversity of basic strategies for measuring deliberation that follow from them.
Analysing Parliamentary Debate with Computer Assistance
Authors: Bara Judith , Weale Albert , Bicquelet Aude
Published: January 2011

The analysis of parliamentary debates is at the confluence of a number of developments in political science. What light can automated and semi‐automated techniques throw on such analysis? In this paper we compare two such approaches, one semi‐automated (Hamlet) and the other fully automated (Alceste). We use both approaches to identify the prominent themes in debate and to assess how far speakers who favour different positions adopt a distinct pattern of discourse. We seek to assess how far the two approaches yield convergent or divergent analyses. Selecting a second reading debate from the UK House of Commons on a private member's bill on abortion in July 1966, we are able to show similarities of analysis despite the detailed differences between the two approaches. In particular, the analysis in Hamlet al.lows identification of the extent to which individual speakers employ one type of vocabulary rather than another. Alceste is able to provide a statistical basis for the different classes of vocabulary that occur in the debate. However, the two programs rest upon quite different assumptions about the relationship between syntax and meaning, with implications for the practice of political science.
Mixing Habermas with Bayes: Methodological and Theoretical Advances in the Study of Deliberation
Authors: Hangartner Dominik , Bächtiger André , Grünenfelder Rita , Steenbergen Marco R.
Published: January 2011

Two challenges stand out in the study of deliberation: the development of appropriate methodological tools and the development of more unified analytical frameworks. On the one hand, analysing deliberative processes is demanding and time‐consuming; hence we tend to have only few and non‐randomly selected cases at the group or context level. In addition, the real world of deliberation presents us with a complex matrix of nested, cross‐classified, and repeated speakers. This article shows that Bayesian multi‐level modelling provides an elegant way to tackle these methodological problems. On the other hand, we attempt to enrich comparative institutionalism with individual characteristics and psychologically relevant variables (such as group composition). Focusing on Swiss and German parliamentary debates we show that institutional factors ‐ in particular, consensus systems ‐, the gender composition of committees and plenary sessions, and age matter for the quality of deliberation. Furthermore, we also show that partisan affiliation ‐ government or opposition status of MPs ‐ affects deliberative quality and can refine institutional arguments. We conclude that a multi‐level approach to deliberation focusing on contextual and actor‐related characteristics and using Bayesian hierarchical modelling paves the way toward a more advanced understanding ‐ and methodological handling ‐ of deliberative processes.
Social Processes of Antagonism and Synergy in Deliberating Groups
Authors: Wesolowska Elzbieta
Published: January 2011

The first goal of this article is to explain the social and psychological mechanisms inherent in reaching an agreement within groups with highly divergent initial opinions. The second goal is to diagnose possible antagonistic processes in such groups. The empirical data used were obtained from recordings of focus group interviews, conducted with parents of school age children discussing the issue of sexual education in schools. The results suggest that revealing world views that justify claims made in the debate can foster agreement when the following conditions are met: (1) There exists at least some common ground in the group to serve as a starting point for agreement in other areas; (2) The articulation of different world views is not negatively evaluated or diminished by others in the group; (3) Disputants argue in their opponents' way of thinking. Another result observed is that processes other than rational analyses of the controversy can take place and can lead to agreement.
Von einem liberalen zu einem post‐liberalen Wohlfahrtsstaat: der Wandel der gewerkschaftlichen Sozialpolitik in der Schweiz
Authors: Trampusch Christine
Published: January 2011

The article reconstructs the development of the Swiss welfare state against the background of the transformation of trade unions' social policy activities. It detects a sequence of trade unions' activities in social policy which runs uniformly to the development of the welfare state. While in the liberal phase of the Swiss welfare state trade unions were sceptical of national social policy and preferred mutual insurance and collective bargaining, in its post‐liberal phase they have become proponents of national social policy legislation.
Religion und Arbeitnehmerschutzgesetzgebung: Eine Fuzzy Set‐Analyse
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick
Published: January 2011

This article focuses on the relationship between religion and employment protection legislation in Western democracies. While Esping‐Andersen claimed that catholic social teaching is the most important determinant of the level employment protection legislation, we argue that his argument must be extended by introducing political actors, religiosity and a distinction between lutheran and reformed Protestantism. The empirical part shows that religious factors can explain part of the observed variation, but the discussed extensions prove to be crucial.
When Investors Enjoy Less Policy Risk: Divided Government, Economic Policy Change, and Stock Market Volatility in Germany, 1970‐2005
Authors: Bechtel Michael M. , FÃ¼ss Roland
Published: January 2011

How does divided government affect the probability of economic policy change, and thus policy risk on financial markets? In contrast to the standard balancing model we argue that divided government, i.e., partisan conflict between the executive and the legislative branches, negatively affects the possibility of economic policy change. Using a simple spatial model we demonstrate that one should expect divided government to increase the probability of policy gridlock. Since divided government reduces the probability of economic policy change, financial markets can operate under lower policy risk in times of divided than in periods of unified government. For the empirical evaluation we exploit the fact that stock return volatility provides us with a measure of risk. If the gridlock argument does hold, stock return fluctuations should be lower under divided than under unified government. Our results confirm that divided government has a volatility reducing effect on the German stock market. This supports the view that divided government lowers policy risk.
Kant's Perpetual Peace and Its Hidden Sources: A Textual Approach
Authors: Ossipow William
Published: January 2011

The problem of Kantâ‐™s sources in Perpetual Peace has never before been dealt with in a systematic fashion. As some commentators have already noticed, Kant seldom quotes his sources in Perpetual Peace and in quite a number of other works. The purpose of the present research note is to analyze the Kantian text and to find philological traces of the various authors that we believe have been important to Kantâ‐™s work in the field of political philosophy. With this in mind, a methodology has been elaborated which includes three aspects: a textual and comparative analysis, a consistency analysis and a contextual analysis. These three approaches combined should allow us to systematically shed light on the key role played by Emer de Vattelâ‐™s famous book The Law of Nations (1758) and, more unexpectedly, by the Federalist Papers, in particular articles No. 10, 14 and 51 written by Madison.
The Impact of Fiscal Decentralisation on Education and Other Types of Spending
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R.
Published: January 2011

Scholars have argued about the impact of fiscal decentralisation on public spending for a long time without coming to any firm theoretical and empirical conclusions. In contrast to earlier studies, this paper looks at the impact of fiscal decentralisation across different types of spending. The conventional wisdom of a “race to the bottom” in taxes and spending as a consequence of fiscal decentralization is juxtaposed to the recent literature on expenditure competition, which posits that expansive local competition results in higher spending in fiscally decentralized countries. We argue that the effects of fiscal decentralization should be seen most clearly for those types of policies which are provisioned mainly on the local/regional level. Empirically, we find a robust and positive association between fiscal decentralization and aggregate levels of education spending. However, when looking at public policies provided at the national level (e.g. pension policies), fiscal decentralisation is associated with lower levels of aggregate spending. The argument is tested empirically by means of cross‐sectional regressions as well as a pooled time series analysis of education, pension, social and total public spending in OECD countries from 1980 to 2001.
L'impact du mode de scrutin sur l'élection des femmes à l'Assemblée fédérale Suisse (1995‐2003)
Authors: Bütikofer Sarah , Engeli Isabelle , Ballmer‐Cao Thanh‐Huyen
Published: January 2011

Cet article analyse l'impact du système électoral sur l'élection des femmes à l'Assemblée fédérale (1995‐2003). La littérature a souvent mis l'accent sur l'importance du système proportionnel en vue de l'amélioration de la représentation des femmes au Parlement en se concentrant souvent uniquement sur le taux de femmes élues. Dans cet article, nous argumentons qu'il est nécessaire d'étudier les trajectoires des candidats et de prendre en compte à la fois les candidats hommes et femmes. Nous montrons que l'effet women‐friendly du système proportionnel au Conseil national semble davantage jouer au niveau de la stratégie de désignation des candidats et des candidates que lors de leur élection, et ce particulièrement pour les partis politiques du centre et de droite.
La position des femmes en politique locale belge et l'impact des quotas
Authors: Meier Petra , Verlet Dries
Published: January 2011

L'article étudie les quotas adoptés par les partis politiques belges. Les sections locales de parti ayant décrété des mesures supplémentaires étaient beaucoup plus nombreuses lors des élections locales en 2006 que lors des élections locales précédentes en 2000, ce qui indique que les partis politiques intègrent davantage la notion d'égalité. Par contre, les sections sont peu enthousiastes de trouver un meilleur équilibre par le biais de nouvelles mesures pour les fonctions élevées ou peu nombreuses. Une analyse mesurant l'impact du nombre de positions disponibles confirme une présence accrue de quotas au sein de sections locales disposant d'un nombre relativement élevé de positions. Les quotas se font aussi plus facilement accepter dans un climat idéologique imbibé par les notions d'égalité et dans un contexte où les femmes ont déjà balisé le chemin.
Rising Tides of Ideological Simplifications: A Comparative and Longitudinal Analysis of Local Parties
Authors: Geser Hans
Published: January 2011

This article explores the strength and causal determinants of ideological thinking within Swiss local political parties. The concept of “ideologization” refers to (1): “horizontal couplings”, as they are manifested in intercorrelations between different opinions, and to (2) “vertical couplings” of specific opinions to abstract concepts of “left” and “right”. Results show high ideologization on the left‐center section of the LR‐scale, especially in the vertical dimension. On both sides of the spectrum, ideological constraints are significantly higher in larger communities than in than in smaller ones. Only in rather small communities, does ideologization correlate positively with the educational level, the modern occupational background of party members and the number of other local parties with which they have to compete. In communities of given size, ideological thinking is more pronounced when parties possess a small share of political power. Finally, it is found that ideological constraints have increased somewhat between 1989 and 2002.
Switzerland's Flexible Integration in the EU: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Lavenex Sandra
Published: January 2011

Introduction to the special issue SPSR 15(4).
Switzerland in the European Research Area: Integration Without Legislation
Authors: Lavenex Sandra
Published: January 2011

From the point of view of modes of governance and constellations of interdependence, EU research policy offers ideal conditions for the flexible inclusion of non‐member states: it is based on transgovernmental coordination through policy networks rather than supranational legislation, it follows scientific rather than political imperatives, and cooperation is in the interest of both the EU and of Switzerland. This article analyses the degree to which these factors have allowed for Switzerland's inclusion into the regulatory and organisational aspects of EU research policy, and highlights the limits of such flexible sectoral integration.
Les parlementaires suisses entre démocratisation et professionnalisation, 1910–2000
Authors: Pilotti Andrea , Mach André , Mazzoleni Oscar
Published: January 2011

L'analyse du profil sociographique des élites politiques, notamment des parlementaires, a été largement délaissée en Suisse depuis les années 1970. En outre, la Suisse n'a pas été retenue par les récents travaux comparatifs portant sur différents parlements européens. Cet article vise, d'une part, à mettre en perspective comparée le cas suisse, et d'autre part, à prolonger les études réalisées durant les années 1970. À partir de l'analyse sociographique de cinq cohortes de parlementaires fédéraux (1910, 1937, 1957, 1980, 2000) durant le 20ième siècle, nous mettons en évidence l'évolution de la composition du Parlement sous l'angle de sa démocratisation et de sa professionnalisation récente. Nos résultats permettent de mettre en évidence les spécificités du Parlement helvétique en comparaison européenne. Celles‐ci tiennent d'abord à la prédominance de la catégorie des indépendants, notamment des avocats, ainsi qu'à une sous‐représentation des salariés du secteur public. Les parlementaires suisses se caractérisent également par un plus fort ancrage local et par une longévité parlementaire très élevée.
Horizontalföderalismus und Schweizer Demokratie
Authors: Blatter Joachim
Published: January 2011

Der Beitrag analysiert den zunehmenden Horizontalföderalismus im politischen Mehrebenensystem der Schweiz und fragt nach den Gefahren und Chancen für die Weiterentwicklung der Schweizer Demokratie. Die Evaluierung erfolgt auf der Basis der komplexen Demokratietheorie von Fritz Scharpf, ergänzt um die konstitutiven Perspektiven einer reflexiven Demokratietheorie. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass der Horizontalföderalismus vor allem aus einer liberalen Position innerhalb einer Output‐ orientierten Demokratietheorie als problematisch angesehen werden muss, da die kantonale Exekutive gegenüber der Legislative gestärkt wird. Der Aufsatz betont aber die Chancen für die schweizerische Demokratie, da der Horizontalföderalismus grosse Ähnlichkeiten mit den Entscheidungsfindungsprozessen auf internationaler Ebene besitzt. Er liefert damit der Schweiz ein Übungsfeld, um ihr traditionell sehr introvertiertes Verständnis von demokratischer Selbstbestimmung zu überwinden und anzuerkennen, dass in einer interdependenten und mobilen Welt die “Einbeziehung des (externen) Anderen” ein Bestandteil einer legitimen demokratischen Ordnung darstellt.
Family support and depressive symptoms: a 23‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kamen Charles , Cosgrove Victoria , McKellar John , Cronkite Ruth , Moos Rudolf
Published: January 2011

We examined change in family support and depressive symptoms over the course of 23 years and included the potential moderators of gender and participation in treatment. A sample of 373 depressed individuals provided data in five waves, with baseline, 1‐year, 4‐year, 10‐year, and 23‐year follow‐ups. Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate longitudinal relationships between variables. Higher family support was associated with less depression at baseline and predicted a steeper trajectory of recovery from depression over 23 years. This relationship was moderated by gender, such that women with supportive families reported the most rapid recovery from depression. Evaluating family context may be clinically relevant when beginning treatment with a depressed patient, particularly for female patients. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1‐9, 2011.
Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution in Nitroquinolines1)
Authors: Mąkosza Mieczyslaw , Kinowski Andrzej , Danikiewicz Witold , Mudryk Boguslaw
Published: January 2011

5‐Nitro‐, 6‐nitro‐, and 8‐nitroquinoline react with the carbanions of chloromethyl phenyl sulfone, chloro‐N,N‐dimethylmethanesulfonamide and substituted acetonitriles XCH2CN (X = OPh, SPh, Cl) giving products of the vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen predominantly or exclusively at positions 6, 5, and 7, respectively. A different orientation pattern and sometimes other reaction pathways are observed in reactions involving tertiary carbanions of (phenoxy)(phenyl)acetonitrile and 1‐chloropropyl p‐tolyl sulfone. The 1H NMR spectra of the substitution products are discussed in connection with their structures.
Stereoisomere ε‐Diene der Cadalan‐Reihe: Synthese und Konfigurationskorrelation
Authors: Köster Frank‐Hinrich , Wolf Herbert , Kluge Heinz
Published: January 2011

rac‐ε‐Cadinen (1) und rac‐ε‐Amorphen (4) wurden aus den durch π‐Cyclisierung (7 → 8) erhaltenen Diketonen 9 und 10 durch Wittig‐Olefinierung und alternativ aus den entsprechenden Ketoalkoholen 11b bzw. 12b dargestellt. rac‐ε‐Bulgaren (3) wurde aus dem En‐ol 15b erhalten, das bei Wittig‐Reaktion von 11b unter Epimerisierung entsteht. Da die Ketone 10 und 12b nicht epimerisierbar sind, wurde rac‐ε‐Muurolen (2) aus 24 dargestellt, das durch Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion (21 + 22 → 23) zugänglich ist. – Die Konfigurationszuordnung von 1–4 und der bicyclischen Vorstufen wird durch die auf 2D‐INADEQUATE‐Experimenten basierenden 13C‐NMR‐Spektren bestätigt.
Antibiotika aus Gleitenden Bakterien, XXVIII1) Biosynthese des Myxothiazols in Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16
Authors: Troxitzsch‐Kienast Wolfram , Wray Victor , Gerth Klaus , Reichenbach Hans , Höfle Gerhard
Published: January 2011

Die Verfütterung von 13C‐ und 2H‐markierten Vorstufen zeigt, daß der nichtaromatische Molekülteil des Myxothiazols aus Propionat, Acetat und der Aminosäure Leucin gebildet wird. Von Methionin stammen die Methylgruppen C‐23 und C‐25. Nach früheren Untersuchungen entsteht das Bithiazolsystem aus Cystein.
α‐Ketodicarbonsäurechlorid‐imidchloride in der Heterocyclensynthese, I
Authors: Capuano Lilly , Hell Wolfgang , Wamprecht Christian
Published: January 2011

Die Titelsubstanzen werden durch α‐Addition von Dicarbonsäure‐dichloriden verschiedener Länge an Isocyanide hergestellt. Sie sind durch hohe Reaktivität der endständigen funktionellen Gruppen ausgezeichnet und reagieren mit Hydrazinen, Aminen oder Wasser leicht zu bisher unbekannten Iminoderivaten des Pyrazols, Pyridazins, Pyrrols, Isochinolins, Naphthyridins bzw. Pyridopyrazins. – Der Versuch, [(2‐Methylamino)phenyl]glyoxylsäure‐imidchlorid analog den Titelsubstanzen herzustellen, führt direkt zum 2‐Imino‐3‐indolon‐System.
Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XLVI1)N,N′‐Dicyanoquinonediimines – A New Class of Compounds, I: Synthesis and General Properties
Authors: Aumüller Alexander , Hünig Siegfried
Published: January 2011

A new class of quinone derivatives, the dicyanodiimines 2, 21, and 23, has been synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding quinones with bis(trimethylsilyl)carbondiimide (8) and titanium tetrachloride. A wide variety of substrates, even those which contain bulky groups and those which exhibit a strong influence on the redox potential, has been prepared. A route starting from p‐phenylenediamines 4 via the N,N′‐dicyanodiamines 6 has been found to be much more limited. The spectroscopic properties of compounds 2, 21, and 23 are discussed with respect to their syn/anti isomerizations as well as substituent effects on their planarity.
Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XLVII1)N,N′‐Dicyanoquinonediimines – A New Class of Compounds, II: Comparison of Redox Properties with those of Quinones and Tetracyanoquinodimethanes
Authors: Aumüller Alexander , Hünig Siegfried
Published: January 2011

By determining the E2 (and in part E1) redox potentials of the quinoid compounds 1–9, the close chemical similarity of the groups C = X [X  O, NCN, C(CN)2] has been quantitatively confirmed. Especially the dicyanodiimines 2 and 5 are very similar to TCNQ derivatives 3. Substituent effects on the potentials E2 are linear with (σm + σp)/2 Hammett constants. Most deviations from the expected thermodynamic stability of the radical anions (KSEM) are due to lack of planarity especially with systems containing the Y‐shaped rigid =C(CN)2 group.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds, L1) Preparation of Ethyl 2,4‐Diaryl‐5‐cyano‐1,6‐dihydro‐6‐thioxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylates from Ethyl α‐Benzoylcinnamates
Authors: Rubio María J. , Seoane Carlos , Soto José L. , Susaeta Ana
Published: January 2011

Synthese von Heterocyclen, L1). – Synthese von 2,4‐Diaryl‐5‐cyan‐1,6‐dihydro‐6‐thioxo‐3‐pyridincarbonsäure‐ethylestern aus α‐Benzoylzimtsäure‐ethylestern

Die Umsetzung von α‐Benzoylzimtsäure‐ethylestern 2 mit Cyanthioacetamid (1) in Methanol/Natriummethanolat führt zu den Natriumsalzen der 2,4‐Diaryl‐5‐cyan‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐mercapto‐3‐pyridincarbonsäure‐ethylester 3. Diese können zu Methylthio‐Derivaten 4 methyliert oder zu Dihydropyridonen 5 dehydratisiert werden. Die Verbindungen 4 werden mittels Nitrosylschwefelsäure zu den entsprechenden aromatischen 2‐(Methylthio)pyridinen oxidiert. Andererseits führt eine ähnliche Behandlung der Derivate 5 zwar zu Aromatisierung, aber isoliert werden die Disulfide 6. Reduktion dieser Disulfide ergibt 2‐Thiopyridone 7, woraus die zugehörigen 2‐Pyridone 9 hergestellt werden können. Diese Produkte entstehen auch bei der basischen Hydrolyse von (Methylthio)pyridinen 8.
Observed trends in sunshine duration over South America
Authors: Raichijk Carlos
Published: January 2011

In this work, temporal series of monthly mean values of sunshine duration were studied in five climatic regions of South America. For this purpose, data from 237 meteorological stations throughout South America were taken into account in: Argentina (20), Bolivia (2), Brazil (190), Paraguay (11), Peru (3), and Uruguay (11). The stations have been grouped into the following five climatic regions according to the classification of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE): Equatorial, Tropical Equatorial, Tropical Central Brazil—Warm, Tropical Central Brazil—Mesothermal, and Humid Temperate. The non‐parametric test of Mann‐Kendall was used to evaluate possible trends for both the period of maximum extension of available data, 1961–2004, as well as for the sub‐periods 1961–1990 and 1991–2004. From this analysis, significant trends could be observed, first decreasing between 1961 and 1990, and then increasing from 1990 onwards. The trends found for the regions studied are in agreement with those observed in other regions of the planet, thus providing further evidence of the phenomenon that has been referred to as global dimming and brightening. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A study on the essential oil of Ferulago campestris: How much does extraction method influence the oil composition?
Authors: Riela Serena , Bruno Maurizio , Rosselli Sergio , Saladino Maria L. , Caponetti Eugenio , Formisano Carmen , Senatore Felice
Published: January 2011

The essential oil of different parts of Ferulago campestris (Bess.) collected in Sicily has been extracted by microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and by classic hydrodistillation (HD). A comparative qualitative–quantitative study on the composition of the oils was carried out. A total of 100 compounds were identified in the oils obtained by MAHD, whereas 88 compounds characterized the HD oils. The most prominent components were, in all different parts of F. campestris and in both extraction methods, 2,4,5‐trimethylbenzaldehyde and 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzaldehyde isomers; the latter was not previously found. The attempt to evaluate where the oil components are located in all parts of the plant was carried out by means of a kinetic study. Then, electron microscopy observation on the different parts before and after MAHD and HD was performed.
Surfactant‐assisted pressurized liquid extraction for determination of flavonoids from Costus speciosus by micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Chang Yong Qin , Tan Swee Ngin , Yong Jean W. H. , Ge Liya
Published: January 2011

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), is considered an efficient analytical technique allowing for the reduction of organic solvent consumption during the experimental procedure. However, during sample preparation of natural products, the usage of large amount of organic solvent is generally unavoidable. In this article, therefore, a fast, simple, efficient, highly automatic and organic solvent‐free sample preparation method, namely surfactant‐assisted pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), was developed for the extraction of flavonoids in Costus speciosus flowers before MEKC analysis. The various experimental parameters such as the type and concentration of surfactant, and extraction time were evaluated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction efficiencies of surfactant‐assisted PLE methods were comparable with Soxhlet extraction using organic solvent. The combination of surfactant‐assisted PLE and MEKC was shown to be a green, rapid and effective approach for extraction and analysis of flavonoids in C. speciosus flowers.
Block Copolymer Synthesis via a Combination of ATRP and RAFT Using Click Chemistry
Authors: Nasrullah Mohammed J. , Vora Ankit , Webster Dean C.
Published: January 2011

Block copolymer synthesis via a combination of ATRP and RAFT using click chemistry is reported for the first time. A RAFT agent with a terminal propargyl group (PTTC) was synthesized and was used to polymerize butyl acrylate and gave quantitative monomer conversion. Azide‐terminated p(tbA) was obtained by ATRP followed by reaction with sodium azide. Later, using CuBr‐PMDETA as catalyst via click chemistry, p(tBA)(ATRP) and p(BA)(RAFT) were reacted to get a block copolymer of p(tBA)(ATRP)‐b‐p(BA)(RAFT). Further, a total of 24 block copolymers were made by reacting four azido functional polymers with six propargyl functional polymers to obtain block copolymers via click chemistry.

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Impact of a probiotic Enterococcus faecalis in a gnotobiotic mouse model of experimental colitis
Authors: Hoffmann Micha , Messlik Anja , Kim Sandra C. , Sartor Ryan B. , Haller Dirk
Published: January 2011

Scope: IL‐10‐deficient (IL‐10−/−) mice are susceptible to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation in response to the colonization with commensal Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of a probiotic E. faecalis strain in germ‐free, wild‐type (WT), and disease‐susceptible IL‐10−/− mice.

Methods and results: The probiotic E. faecalis and the colitogenic control strain OG1RF induced IL‐6 and IFN‐γ inducible protein‐10 secretion in the murine intestinal epithelial cell line Mode K. Epithelial cell activation involved nuclear factor κ B, p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2‐dependent pathways. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from WT and toll‐like receptor‐2‐deficient (TLR‐2−/−) mice confirmed that both E. faecalis strains trigger pro‐inflammatory responses via the pattern recognition receptor TLR‐2. Monoassociation of germ‐free IL‐10−/− mice with the probiotic E. faecalis strain revealed pro‐inflammatory epithelial cell activation and colonic tissue pathology. The non‐pathogenic nature of E. faecalis was confirmed in monoassociated WT mice. 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS identified the ER stress chaperone Hspa5 (glucose‐regulated protein 78) and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase as key targets in the epithelium from IL‐10−/− and TLR‐2−/− mice.

Conclusion: This study shows the potential of probiotic bacteria to initiate pro‐inflammatory responses in the disease‐susceptible but not the normal host.
Dynamic sliding of tetrahedral wedge: The role of interface friction
Authors: Bakun‐Mazor D. , Hatzor Y. H. , Glaser S. D.
Published: January 2011

The role of interface friction is studied by slow direct shear tests and rapid shaking table experiments in the context of dynamic slope stability analysis in three dimensions. We propose an analytical solution for dynamic, single and double face sliding and use it to validate 3D‐DDA. Single face results are compared with Newmark's solution and double face results are compared with shaking table experiments performed on a concrete tetrahedral wedge model, the interface friction of which is determined by constant velocity and velocity stepping, direct shear tests.

A very good agreement between Newmark's method on one hand and our 3D analytical solution and 3D‐DDA on the other is observed for single plane sliding with 3D‐DDA exhibiting high sensitivity to the choice of numerical penalty value.

The results of constant and variable velocity direct shear tests reveal that the tested concrete interface exhibits velocity weakening. This is confirmed by shaking table experiments where friction degradation upon multiple cycles of shaking culminated in wedge run out. The measured shaking table results are fitted with our 3D analytical solution to obtain a remarkable linear logarithmic relationship between friction coefficient and sliding velocity that remains valid for five orders of magnitude of sliding velocity. We conclude that the velocity‐dependent friction across rock discontinuities should be integrated into dynamic rock slope analysis to obtain realistic results when strong ground motions are considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis of frost effects in porous media. Benefits and limits of the finite element poroelasticity formulation
Authors: Multon Stéphane , Sellier Alain , Perrin Bernard
Published: January 2011

The aim of this paper is to analyse the performance of a finite element formulation usable for predicting the mechanical consequences of frost effects on porous media. It considers the characteristics of porous media and how the frost action can be assessed. The problem is then separated into two parts: thermal and poromechanical calculations. The constitutive equations developed in the framework of poromechanics are presented and the implementation in a usual finite element poroelasticity formulation based on Zuber's method is adopted. An analysis of the time‐step influence on the convergence rate is given and leads us to propose a simple method in order to obtain objectivity of the finite element response and avoid over‐long calculations. Frost effect simulations are carried out on real porous media (two fired clays) as a case study. Although the experimental behaviour of the porous media subjected to frost action is in accordance with some observations, the calculated strains appear to be overestimated compared with measurements. The problem could be largely attributable to the difficulty of assessing permeability evolution during frost development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete by an augmented virtual internal bond method
Authors: Zhang Zhennan , Gao Huajian
Published: January 2011

This paper develops a practical approach to simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete based on an augmented virtual internal bond (VIB) method in which the cohesion of solid is modeled as material particles interconnected by a network of randomized virtual micro bonds described by the Xu–Needleman potential. The micro bond potential is used to derive macroscale constitutive relations via the Cauchy–Born rule. By incorporating different energy contributions due to stretch and shearing, as well as different energy levels under tension and compression of each micro bond, the derived macro constitutive laws are particularly useful for modeling quasi‐brittle materials such as rock and concrete which usually have different Poisson ratios and much higher compressive strength than tensile strength. The mesh‐size sensitivity associated with strain‐softening in the present constitutive model is addressed by adjusting material constants near the crack tip so that the biJ‐integral is kept equal to the intrinsic fracture energy of the material. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed VIB method is capable of simulating mixed mode fracture propagation in rock and concrete with results in consistency with relevant experimental observations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the urinary sensation scale (USS)
Authors: Coyne Karin S. , Margolis Mary Kay , Hsieh Ray , Vats Vasudha , Chapple Christopher R.
Published: January 2011

Aim

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the Urinary Sensation Scale (USS) in men with overactive bladder and voiding symptoms (OAB‐LUTS) and women with overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods

Data from two OAB clinical trials of tolterodine were used. The USS, a 5‐point scale, assesses the amount of urinary urgency associated with each urination. Three methods to calculate the USS are: mean urgency (Mean USS); mode urgency (Mode USS); and sum urgency (sum USS). The validity and responsiveness of the scoring methods was assessed using Spearman's correlations, general linear models, and effect sizes.

Results

Data from 650 men (Study 1) and 413 women (Study 2) were analyzed. Mean age was 65.2 (men) and 47.8 (women); 70% were Caucasian in both studies. Correlations of USS scores with bladder diary variables were small to moderate and higher among Sum USS than Mean USS (r = 0.02–0.64). Correlations among the USS and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) were again small to moderate and higher with Sum USS (r = 0.05–0.41). Both the Mean USS and Sum USS significantly discriminated (all P < 0.001) among all bladder diary variables (except nocturia and UUI in men) when grouped as improved/not improved as well as by the PROs. Effect sizes for men and women, respectively, were −0.52 and −1.09 for Mean USS and −0.72 and −1.36 for Sum USS.

Conclusion

The USS is a valid and highly responsive measure of urinary urgency in men with OAB‐LUTS and women with OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:360–365, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and bladder detrusor muscle directly after sacral root transection and repair using nerve transfer
Authors: Barbe Mary F. , Ruggieri Michael R.
Published: January 2011

Aims

This is a continuation of studies examining the effectiveness of root repairs and nerve transfers for bladder reinnervation. Our previous retrograde fluorogold tracing studies from the bladder to the spinal cord found regrowth of axons from the spinal cord through the nerve repair site to the bladder which was confirmed electrophysiologically [Ruggieri et al. J Neurotrauma 25:214–24, 2006]. The current study determines whether the pattern of axonal regrowth from the repaired nerves or roots to the bladder is different between the surgical reanastomosis methods.

Methods

The canine bladder was denervated by transection of all nerve roots from the sacral spinal cord mediating bladder contraction. Reinnervation surgeries included end‐on‐end repair of transected sacral ventral roots, transfer of coccygeal to sacral ventral roots (CG NT), or transfer of genitofemoral to pelvic nerves (GF NT).

Results

Postmortem dialkylcarbocyanine dye tracing with Neurotrace DiI from the distal pelvic nerve to the bladder wall, combined with PGP9.5 neuronal immunohistochemistry, demonstrated innervation by DiI‐labeled axons of only parasympathetic postganglionic intramural ganglia in normal controls and sham operated controls, but reinnervation of both intramural ganglia and detrusor muscle directly after repair of sacral ventral roots. GF NT and CG NT also resulted in reinnervation of both intramural ganglia and detrusor muscle, although to a lesser extent than repaired roots.

Conclusions

Bladder reinnervation with either the same nerve (orthotopic reinnervation) or with either a primarily somatic nerve (coccygeal) or a primarily sensory nerve (genitofemoral) results in reinnervation of both intramural ganglia as well as direct innervation of detrusor muscle. 30:599–605, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.