bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ask a busy person: attentional myopia and helping
Authors: Wallaert Matthew , Ward Andrew , Mann Traci
Published: February 2014

According to an oft‐quoted piece of folk wisdom, if one wants something accomplished, the best person to ask is a busy person. We tested a version of this proposition in two studies. Study 1 exposed participants to a helping request in which cues promoting the relevant behavior were made more salient than those inhibiting it. Study 2 featured a request in which inhibiting cues were made more salient than cues promoting the behavior. In both studies, participants who were “busied” by high cognitive load showed more influence of the dominant behavioral pressure than did participants under minimal load. The results suggest that busy people can respond more to a helping appeal, but only when cues facilitating helping are more salient than those discouraging it.
Relation of the Unipolar Low‐Voltage Penumbra Surrounding the Endocardial Low‐Voltage Scar to Ventricular Tachycardia Circuit Sites and Ablation Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: CHOPRA NAGESH , TOKUDA MICHIFUMI , NG JUSTIN , REICHLIN TOBIAS , NOF EYAL , JOHN ROY M. , TEDROW USHA B. , STEVENSON WILLIAM G.
Published: February 2014

VT Recurrence as Related to Scar Ablation Sites

Introduction

Magnetic resonance (MR)‐imaging has shown that infarct scars causing ventricular tachycardia (VT) can extend deep to and beyond bipolar low‐voltage areas (LVAs) and may be a source of ablation failure. We hypothesized that the size of the unipolar LVA “penumbra” beyond the overlying bipolar scar may predict outcome of endocardial VT ablation.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent endocardial VT ablation were retrospectively reviewed. Bipolar (30–500 Hz) LVA defined as <1.5 mV and unipolar (0.5–500 Hz) LVA defined as <8.3 mV were reviewed on an electroanatomic mapping system. VT isthmus sites were identified from entrainment mapping, VT termination by ablation, or pace‐mapping with abolition of VT inducibility by ablation.

Results

All bipolar LVAs (70.5 ± 20 cm2) had unipolar LVAs that surrounded the bipolar LVA (147 ± 47 cm2). Only 58% of the induced VTs could be mapped and ablated. During a 3‐month follow‐up 8/20 patients had VT recurrence. The size of the LVA penumbra was not different for those with (88 ± 47 cm2) versus without (69 ± 35 cm2) recurrences. However, all (8/8) of the group that recurred had isthmus/exits in the bipolar LVA border compared to only 3/12 that did not recur (100% vs. 25%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, 5/8 patients who recurred harbored VT isthmuses in the unipolar LVA penumbra than 1/12 who did not recur (63% vs. 8%; P = 0.01).

Conclusion

In ischemic cardiomyoapthy, unipolar LVA penumbra of varying size surrounds endocardial bipolar LVA, indicating intramural/epicardial scar. Although the size of this area did not predict early recurrence after endocardial ablation, frequent recurrences after VT ablation at scar periphery suggests deeper substrate toward the infarct border.
Oxidation‐ and CaMKII‐Mediated Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Leak Triggers Atrial Fibrillation in Aging
Authors: GUO XIAOXIAO , YUAN SU , LIU ZHENYU , FANG QUAN
Published: February 2014

Ca2+ Leak Triggers Atrial Fibrillation in Aging

Background

Advanced age is a well‐recognized predisposition to atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the cellular electrophysiological changes that underlie the heightened susceptibility to AF in aged individuals remain poorly understood. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak that results from posttranslational modification of type 2 ryanodine receptor channels (RyR2) has been implicated in arrhythmogenesis. We hypothesize that aging alters atrial myocytes Ca2+ homeostasis and RyR2 function, which create a substrate for AF initiation.

Methods and Results

We examined the susceptibility to AF in aged (24 months) and young adult (4–5 months) mice using an intraesophageal atrial electrical stimulation protocol. Aged mice showed significant higher AF induction rate (43.3%, n = 30) than young adults (8.8%, n = 34, P < 0.01). In accordance with these in vivo findings, significantly increased diastolic SR Ca2+ leak and arrhythmogenic Ca2+ activities with reduced SR Ca2+ content were observed in aged atrial myocytes. Western blot showed RyR2 oxidation and phosphorylation at Ser2814 (Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II [CaMKII] site), but not phosphorylation at Ser2808 (protein kinase A [PKA] and CaMKII site), were increased in aged atrial myocytes. The selective CaMKII inhibitor (KN‐93), as well as the antioxidant reagent (DTT) reversed the diastolic Ca2+ leak and the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients in aged atrial myocytes, whereas PKA inhibition with H‐89 was ineffective.

Conclusions

Aging increases both the oxidation and CaMKII‐phosphorylation of RyR2, which result in diastolic SR Ca2+ leak and facilitate AF initiation. These results contribute to the electrophysiological remodeling of aged atria and suggest a therapeutic strategy for AF treatment in aging.
Effect of Induced LV Dyssynchrony by Right Ventricular Apical Pacing on All‐Cause Mortality and Heart Failure Hospitalization Rates at Long‐Term Follow‐Up
Authors: AUGER DOMINIQUE , HOKE ULAS , MARSAN NINA AJMONE , TOPS LAURENS F. , LEONG DARRYL P. , BERTINI MATTEO , SCHALIJ MARTIN J. , BAX JEROEN J. , DELGADO VICTORIA
Published: February 2014

Dyssynchrony and Right Ventricular Apical Pacing

Background

Right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing may induce left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony. The long‐term prognostic implications of induction of LV dyssynchrony were retrospectively evaluated in a cohort of patients who underwent RVA pacing.

Methods

A total of 169 patients (62 ± 13 years, 69% male) with high RVA pacing burden were included. Echocardiographic evaluation of LV volumes, ejection fraction, and dyssynchrony were performed before and after device implantation. LV dyssynchrony was assessed by 2‐dimensional radial strain speckle tracking echocardiography. Based on the median LV dyssynchrony value after RVA pacing, the patient population was dichotomized (induced and noninduced LV dyssynchrony groups) and was followed up for the occurrence of all‐cause mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalization.

Results

Baseline mean LV ejection fraction was 51 ± 11%. Median LV dyssynchrony value was 40 ms (12–85 ms) before RVA pacing and increased to 91 ms (81–138 ms) after a median of 13 months (3–26 months) after RVA pacing. Median follow‐up duration was 70 months (interquartile range 42–96 months). Patients with induced LV dyssynchrony, defined as LV dyssynchrony value superior to the median at follow‐up (≥91 ms), showed higher mortality rates (5% and 27% vs. 1% and 3% at 3 and 5 years follow‐up; log‐rank P = 0.003) and HF hospitalization rates (18% and 24% vs. 3% and 4% at 3 and 5 years follow‐up; log‐rank P < 0.001) than patients with LV dyssynchrony <91 ms after RVA pacing. A multivariate model was developed to identify independent associates of a combined endpoint of all‐cause mortality or HF hospitalization. Induction of LV dyssynchrony was independently associated with increased risk of combined endpoint (HR [95% CI]: 3.369 [1.732–6.553], P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Induction of LV dyssynchrony by RVA pacing is associated with worse long‐term mortality and increased HF hospitalization rates.
BMI1 reprogrammes histone acetylation and enhances c‐fos pathway via directly binding to Zmym3 in malignant myeloid progression
Authors: Shen Hongjie , Chen Zixing , Ding Xin , Qi Xiaofei , Cen Jiannong , Wang Yuanyuan , Yao Li , Chen Yan
Published: February 2014

The polycomb group BMI1 is proved to be crucial in malignant myeloid progression. However, the underlying mechanism of the action of BMI1 in myeloid malignant progression was not well characterized. In this study, we found that the patients of both myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myeloid leukaemia with BMI1 overexpression had a higher risk in malignant myeloid progression. In vitro gene transfection studies showed that BMI1 inhibited cell myeloid and erythroid differentiation induced by 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) and histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate respectively. BMI1 also resisted apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide. Moreover, the transcript levels of Runx1 and Pten were down‐regulated in Bmi1‐transfected cells in company with histone deacetylation modification. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) collaborated with secondary generation sequencing and verified by ChIP‐PCR, we found that BMI1 directly bound to the promoter region of Zmym3, which encodes a component of histone deacetylase‐containing complexes. In addition, as one of the downstream target genes of this complex, c‐fos was activated with increasing histone acetylation when ZMYM3 was suppressed in the Bmi1‐transfected cells. These results suggested that BMI1 may reprogramme the histone acetylation profile in multiple genes through either indirect or direct binding effects which probably contributes to the malignant progression of myeloid progenitor cells.
Protective role of 5‐azacytidine on myocardial infarction is associated with modulation of macrophage phenotype and inhibition of fibrosis
Authors: Kim Yong Sook , Kang Wan Seok , Kwon Jin Sook , Hong Moon Hwa , Jeong Hye‐yun , Jeong Hae Chang , Jeong Myung Ho , Ahn Youngkeun
Published: February 2014

We examined whether a shift in macrophage phenotype could be therapeutic for myocardial infarction (MI). The mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was stimulated with peptidoglycan (PGN), with or without 5‐azacytidine (5AZ) treatment. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats, and the rats were divided into two groups; a saline‐injection group and a 5AZ‐injection group (2.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection). LV function was evaluated and immunohistochemical analyses were performed 2 weeks after MI. Cardiac fibrosis was induced by angiotensin II (AngII) infusion with or without 5AZ (5 mg/kg/day) in mice. Nitric oxide was produced by PGN, which was reduced by 77.87% after 5AZ treatment. Both induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and iNOS promoter activity by PGN were inhibited by 5AZ. Ejection fraction (59.00 ± 8.03% versus 42.52 ± 2.58%), contractility (LV dP/dt‐max, 8299.76 ± 411.56 mmHg versus 6610.36 ± 282.37 mmHg) and relaxation indices (LV dP/dt‐min, −4661.37 ± 210.73 mmHg versus −4219.50 ± 162.98 mmHg) were improved after 5AZ administration. Cardiac fibrosis in the MI+5AZ was 8.14 ± 1.00%, compared with 14.93 ± 2.98% in the MI group (P < 0.05). Arginase‐1(+)CD68(+) macrophages with anti‐inflammatory phenotype were predominant in the infarct border zone of the MI+5AZ group, in comparison with the MI group. AngII‐induced cardiac fibrosis was also attenuated after 5AZ administration. In cardiac fibroblasts, pro‐fibrotic mediators and cell proliferation were increased by AngII, and these increases were attenuated after 5AZ treatment. 5AZ exerts its cardiac protective role through modulation of macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts.
Influence of Degree of Gelatinization on Expansion of Extruded, Starch‐Based Pellets during Microwave Vacuum Processing
Authors: Kraus Stefan , Enke Nathanael , Gaukel Volker , Schuchmann Heike P.
Published: February 2014

The influence of the degree of gelatinization (DG) on microwave‐induced expansion of starch‐based, extruded pellets under vacuum was investigated. Expansion of extruded pellets with initial DG between 43.6 and 72.9% was investigated in a microwave vacuum drying system. With increasing DG, volume expansion showed a linear increase. The number of pores significantly increased at DG above 64.2%. A larger amount of water available might be the reason for the increased nucleation at large DG. The pore sizes decrease with increasing number of pores. If a larger number of bubbles is nucleated, a fewer amount of water can diffuse into every single bubble possibly resulting in lower water vapor pressure. No relationship between rheological and expansion properties of the matrix could be observed. We therefore assume that nucleation has the strongest effect on pore size distribution.

Practical Applications

In contrast to direct‐expanded extruded snacks, third‐generation snacks are generally produced by predrying nonexpanded, extruded pellets, followed by expansion to achieve a crispy and porous texture. By this procedure, extrusion can be performed at high moisture contents, moderate temperatures and moderate shearing conditions. This way, thermal‐ and mechanical‐sensitive ingredients can be preserved. A distinctive feature of the process investigated in this study is that the expansion is achieved by microwave vacuum processing, which allows an indirect expansion without the time‐ and energy‐consuming predrying process. This study shows that total volume and inner structure of the expanded pellets is influenced by the degree of gelatinization. With these information, producers can turn structure‐related properties such as appearance, crispiness and crunchiness to targeted values.
A New Method for Determining the Emulsion Stability Index by Backscattering Light Detection
Authors: Choi Seung Jun , Won Jong Won , Park Kyung Min , Chang Pahn‐Shick
Published: February 2014

In the present study, the Δbackscattering (ΔBS) method was developed as a simple and sensitive tool for determining the emulsion stability index (ESI) by backscattering light detection. The backscattering light detection method uses emulsion‐scanning technology to monitor physical behavior in an emulsion as a function of storage time. Emulsions were prepared by the homogenization (8,000 rpm for 2 min at 25C) of distilled water and perilla oil containing Tween 60, and the sample was quiescently incubated in a vial at 25C for 11 h. To confirm this new methodology, the sum of ΔBS at the clarified layer, obtained from the backscattering flux profiles over the storage period, was compared with the ESI determined by the volumetric method. Our backscattering light detection method was compared with the volumetric method based on the emulsifier content. The sum of ΔBS at the clarified layer decreased as the ESI decreased, with a correlation of 0.999, 0.993, 0.998 and 0.998 for emulsions stabilized with 200, 300, 400 and 500 μmol of emulsifier, respectively. Regardless of the emulsifier content in the emulsion, the R2 values for the fit curve, calculated by plotting the sum of ΔBS at the clarified layer against the ESI determined by the volumetric method, revealed strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.953). Our results suggest that the backscattering light detection method is a new tool for the quantitative determination of the ESI in an emulsion system.

Practical Applications

The acceptable way for the emulsion characterization is the determination of emulsion stability by measuring creaming rate and/or oil droplet diameter. Although the determination of oil droplet diameter provides the various information on the emulsion stability, it needs the expensive instruments based on dynamic light scattering or laser diffraction analysis. On the other hand, creaming is monitoring the change in the height of the boundary between the creamed and serum layers with naked eyes. In many cases, however, the condition of emulsions (such as their color, viscosity, and oil content, etc) prevents the clear reading of the boundary. The backscattering light detection described in this study could be a promising method which enables the accurate analysis of emulsion stability regardless of the limitations mentioned above.
The Geographic Information System‐based flood damage simulation model HOWAD
Authors: Neubert M. , Naumann T. , Hennersdorf J. , Nikolowski J.
Published: February 2014

The Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based flood damage simulation model HOWAD for buildings and land‐use units is dealing with a new high‐resolution approach. Spatially, it interlinks water depths from hydrodynamic modelling, accurate geographic data for buildings and land‐use units, and a building typology based on urban structure types. For calculations of the potential physical and monetary damage to residential buildings, detailed synthetic depth–damage functions for each building type are used that are based on civil engineering analyses of the building constructions. Damage modelling for other land‐use types like commercial, industrial or agricultural properties up to now is based on individual expert estimates. The application of the object‐based approach with a high spatial and contextual resolution allows not only a detailed assessment of impacts due to the current flood hazard but also the simulation of future risks under the conditions of climate and societal change. In addition, the method enables ex‐ante analyses of effects of risk reduction measures and thus the comparison of decision alternatives. The monetary damage for individual buildings and land‐use units can be aggregated on different scales (administrative districts, catchment areas, etc.). The strength of the approach is a highly reliable methodology especially for housing areas using synthetic depth–damage functions based on the calculation of refurbishment costs for potential inundation depths. The applicability of the model HOWAD is demonstrated by results from a case study on the German Elbe River floodplain.
Relationship between levels of neuropeptide Substance P in periodontal disease and chronic pain: a literature review
Authors: de Avila Erica Dorigatti , de Molon Rafael Scaf , de Godoi Gonçalves Daniela Aparecida , Camparis Cinara Maria
Published: February 2014

The aim of the current review was to investigate the relationship between levels of neuropeptide Substance P in periodontal disease and chronic pain. Substance P is a neuropeptide that is directly related with pain. In periodontal disease, it is expressed during the inflammatory process, and is one of the factors responsible for bone resorption. Studies have shown that Substance P levels are highest in the gingival crevicular fluid from sites with active periodontal disease and bone loss. The persistence of these substances could be sufficient to stimulate neurogenic inflammation in susceptible tissues, and cause pain. The scientific literature shows that Substance P expressed during periodontal disease can be a risk factor for patients with systemic inflammatory pathologies, such as chronic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Additional research is needed to confirm the participation of this substance in the origin of some types of chronic pain.
Identification and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for seed vigor in germination and seedling establishment in rice
Authors: Xie Lixia , Tan Zhengwei , Zhou Yuan , Xu Rongbao , Feng Laibao , Xing Yongzhong , Qi Xiaoquan
Published: February 2014

Seed vigor is an index of seed quality that is used to describe the rapid and uniform germination and the establishment of strong seedlings in any environmental conditions. Strong seed vigor in low‐temperature germination conditions is particularly important in direct‐sowing rice production systems. However, seed vigor has not been selected as an important breeding trait in traditional breeding programs due to its quantitative inherence. In this study, we identified and mapped eight quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed vigor by using a recombinant inbred population from a cross between rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) cultivars ZS97 and MH63. Conditional QTL analysis identified qSV‐1, qSV‐5b, qSV‐6a, qSV‐6b, and qSV‐11 influenced seedling establishment and that qSV‐5a, qSV‐5c, and qSV‐8 influenced only germination. Of these, qSV‐1, qSV‐5b, qSV‐6a, qSV‐6b, and qSV‐8 were low‐temperature‐specific QTLs. Two major‐effective QTLs, qSV‐1, and qSV‐5c were narrowed down to 1.13‐Mbp and 400‐kbp genomic regions, respectively. The results provide tightly linked DNA markers for the marker‐assistant pyramiding of multiple positive alleles for increased seed vigor in both normal and low‐temperature germination environments.
The neonatal nurses' view of their role in emotional support of parents and its complexities
Authors: Turner Melanie , Chur‐Hansen Anna , Winefield Helen
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectives

To explore the nurses' views of their role both in the neonatal intensive care unit and in the provision of interacting with, and emotionally supporting, families.

Background

The neonatal intensive care nurse has a large and complex clinical role and also a role of emotional supporter for parents in the neonatal intensive care unit. Identifying components of their role and recognising the elements within the nursery that obstruct or encourage this role can allow for modification of nurse education and peer support.

Design

Qualitative study based on semistructured interviews.

Methods

Nine neonatal nurses from a single neonatal intensive care unit were interviewed and the data analysed thematically using nvivo version 10.

Results

Participants viewed their role as an enjoyable yet difficult one, requiring seniority, training and experience. They provided support to parents by communicating, listening, providing individualised support and by encouraging parental involvement with their baby. Constructive elements that contributed to the provision of support included a positive neonatal intensive care unit environment and providing a parent support group. More obstructive elements were a lack of physical neonatal intensive care unit space, little time available for nurse‐to‐parent conversation and language and cultural barriers between nurses and parents.

Conclusion

The role of the neonatal nurse in providing emotional support is complex and requires a high level of ongoing support and education for staff, and minimisation of physical and staff‐related obstructions.

Relevance to clinical practice

The modern neonatal intensive care unit offers complex medical and nursing services and with this care comes higher needs from both babies and their parents. Neonatal intensive care unit nurses should be supported in their roles by having peer support available in the neonatal intensive care unit and education and training in emotional support and counselling skills. The nursing staff also require a comfortable and practical physical working space in which to assist parents to be with their baby.
The Randomized Physiologic Assessment of Thrombus Aspiration in Patients with Acute ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Trial (PATA STEMI): Study Rationale and Design
Authors: ORLIC DEJAN , OSTOJIC MIODRAG , BELESLIN BRANKO , MILASINOVIC DEJAN , TESIC MILORAD , BOROVIC MILICA , VUKCEVIC VLADAN , STOJKOVIC SINISA , NEDELJKOVIC MILAN , STANKOVIC GORAN
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Routine thrombus aspiration is proposed to be superior to conventional primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in terms of improved myocardial perfusion, in patients with ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, myocardial perfusion after thrombus aspiration has not been evaluated by a quantitative, invasive method. We intend to determine whether manual thrombus aspiration in the infarct‐related coronary artery increases myocardial perfusion assessed by index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) compared with conventional primary PCI.

Study Design

PATA STEMI is a single‐center, prospective, randomized trial with a planned inclusion of 128 patients with the first STEMI. Prior to coronary angiography, patients are randomly assigned to thrombus aspiration using the Eliminate aspiration catheter (Terumo Medical Supply, Japan) or to conventional primary PCI. After completion of primary PCI, IMR is determined both in infarct‐related artery and in noninfarct‐related arteries without critical stenoses. The primary end‐point is a group mean value of IMR after thrombus aspiration compared with conventional primary PCI. Secondary end‐points are myocardial perfusion grade, resolution of ST‐segment elevation, enzymatic estimation of infarct size, left ventricular remodeling assessed by echocardiographic indices, and major adverse cardiac events rate at 1, 6, and 12 months.

Conclusion

If manual thrombus aspiration significantly reduces microcirculatory resistance, thereby improving myocardial perfusion, it may become the routine strategy in primary PCI. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:341–347)
Effect of Stimulation by Foliage Plant Display Images on Prefrontal Cortex Activity: A Comparison with Stimulation using Actual Foliage Plants
Authors: Igarashi Miho , Song Chorong , Ikei Harumi , Miyazaki Yoshifumi
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Natural scenes like forests and flowers evoke neurophysiological responses that can suppress anxiety and relieve stress. We examined whether images of natural objects can elicit neural responses similar to those evoked by real objects by comparing the activation of the prefrontal cortex during presentation of real foliage plants with a projected image of the same foliage plants.

METHODS

Oxy‐hemoglobin concentrations in the prefrontal cortex were measured using time‐resolved near‐infrared spectroscopy while the subjects viewed the real plants or a projected image of the same plants.

RESULTS

Compared with a projected image of foliage plants, viewing the actual foliage plants significantly increased oxy‐hemoglobin concentrations in the prefrontal cortex. However, using the modified semantic differential method, subjective emotional response ratings (“comfortable vs. uncomfortable” and “relaxed vs. awakening”) were similar for both stimuli.

CONCLUSIONS

The frontal cortex responded differently to presentation of actual plants compared with images of these plants even when the subjective emotional response was similar. These results may help explain the physical and mental health benefits of urban, domestic, and workplace foliage.
Resting‐State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Impact of Regression Analysis
Authors: Yeh Chia‐Jung , Tseng Yu‐Sheng , Lin Yi‐Ru , Tsai Shang‐Yueh , Huang Teng‐Yi
Published: February 2014

PURPOSE

To investigate the impact of regression methods on resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). During rsfMRI preprocessing, regression analysis is considered effective for reducing the interference of physiological noise on the signal time course. However, it is unclear whether the regression method benefits rsfMRI analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty volunteers (10 men and 10 women; aged 23.4 ± 1.5 years) participated in the experiments. We used node analysis and functional connectivity mapping to assess the brain default mode network by using five combinations of regression methods.

RESULTS

The results show that regressing the global mean plays a major role in the preprocessing steps. When a global regression method is applied, the values of functional connectivity are significantly lower (P ≤ .01) than those calculated without a global regression. This step increases inter‐subject variation and produces anticorrelated brain areas.

CONCLUSION

rsfMRI data processed using regression should be interpreted carefully. The significance of the anticorrelated brain areas produced by global signal removal is unclear.
Intracranial Arterial Fenestrations Associated with Arteriovenous Malformations Diagnosed by CT Angiography
Authors: Yang Yun‐Jun , Gao Ling‐Yun , Guo Xiang , Chen Wei‐Jian , Zhang Jun , Li Yu‐Xin , Yin Bo , Geng Dao‐Ying
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Fenestrations involving aneurysms have been well documented. Only sporadic papers have been reported on fenestrations associated with AVMs (arteriovenous malformations) with few cases. Our study is to determine the rate of co‐occurrence of fenestrations and AVMs and to analyze the possible relationship between them by CTA.

METHODS

Between January 2006 and February 2012, the CTA data of 5,657 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS

A total of 12 cases (.21%) of fenestrations associated with AVMs were found. Of these, single‐fenestrations were identified in 9 cases, and multifenestrations were found in 3 cases. Among 349 fenestrations, there were 15 cases of multifenestrations. The frequency of multifenestrations among fenestrated patients without AVMs was 3.6%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of AVMs in cases with and without fenestrations (3.4% and 2.7%), and there was no significant difference in the incidence of fenestration in cases with and without AVMs (7.7% and 6.1%, χ2 = .643, P = .423).

CONCLUSIONS

CTA may play a vital role in assessing the anomalies of co‐occurring AVM and fenestration, with an incidence of .21%. The frequency of multifenestrations in fenestrated cases with AVMs was higher than those without AVMs, though there is no significant association between fenestrations and AVMs.
BALANCED BUDGET MULTIPLIERS FOR SMALL OPEN REGIONS WITHIN A FEDERAL SYSTEM: EVIDENCE FROM THE SCOTTISH VARIABLE RATE OF INCOME TAX
Authors: Lecca Patrizio , McGregor Peter G. , Swales J. Kim , Yin Ya Ping
Published: February 2014

This paper explores the impact on aggregate economic activity in a small, open region of an income tax funded expansion in public consumption that has no direct supply‐side effects. The conventional balanced budget multiplier produces an unambiguously positive macroeconomic stimulus, but the incorporation of negative competitiveness elements, through the operation of the local labor market, renders this positive outcome less certain. Simulation using a single‐region Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for Scotland demonstrates that the creation of local amenity effects, and the extent to which these are incorporated into local wage bargaining, is central to the analysis.
Team consultancy using cognitive analytic therapy: a controlled study in assertive outreach
Authors: Kellett S. , Wilbram M. , Davis C. , Hardy Gillian
Published: February 2014

Accessible summary

Cognitive analytic consultancy involves mapping the dysfunctional procedures and relationships that exist between team and patient using cognitive analytic theory.

The study showed no impact on patient outcomes, but a significant organizational impact in terms of team practices and relationships.

Cognitive analytic consultancy offers promise in helping in‐patient and community clinical teams manage those patients not suitable for individual or group psychotherapy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and organizational efficacy of formulation‐based consultancy to clinical teams using a randomized control trial methodology. Patients in anAssertiveOutreachTeam (AOT) were randomized into cognitive analytic consultancy (CAC;n= 10) or treatment as usual (TAU;n= 10).CACconsisted of three consultancy sessions with individual team members to formulate and map the dysfunctional roles and procedures adopted by both patient and team. Subsequent changes to practice were then supported via team supervision. Measures of patient and team functioning were taken across four discrete study phases; (1) baseline team training, (2) case consultation, (3) team supervision and (4) 3‐month follow‐up. Team members were additionally interviewed before and following the trial. No differences were evident betweenCACandTAUin terms of patient outcomes. However, the climate of theAOTsignificantly improved longitudinally over the course of the trial, withCACfacilitating enhanced clinical and team practices. The results are discussed in terms of methodological limitations, the advantages/disadvantages of team consultation and the potential for the further development of theCACmodel.
Concurrent Relations among Cigarette Smoking Status, Resting Heart Rate Variability, and Erectile Response
Authors: Harte Christopher B.
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a marker of sympathovagal balance; it has been implicated in erectile function and is also altered by tobacco use. Furthermore, smoking and erectile health are strongly related, given that smokers are at increased risk for erectile dysfunction. Few studies have explored the interrelationships between smoking, HRV, and erectile function concurrently.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine potential mechanisms underlying tobacco's effects on penile hemodynamics by exploring the mediating role of HRV.

Methods

The sample comprised 119 men (smokers = 64; nonsmokers = 55) (mean age 28.90 years; standard deviation (SD) 11.68; range 18–58) selected from the control conditions of three previously published experiments. Participants were free from a history of cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarct, and/or cardiac/cardiovascular medication use. During a laboratory visit, self-report, anthropometric, cardiovascular, and electrocardiographic data were assessed, as well as sexual arousal responses elicited from viewing an erotic film.

Main Outcome Measures

Objective sexual arousal indices (circumferential change via penile plethysmography), self-reported erectile function (per the erectile function domain score of the International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF-EF]), and time- (SD of beat-to-beat intervals) and frequency-domain parameters of HRV (ratio of low-frequency [LF] power to high-frequency [HF] power [LF/HF ratio]) were assessed.

Results

Being a current long-term cigarette smoker was associated with dysregulated sympathovagal balance (higher LF/HF ratios, indicative of sympathetic nervous system dominance), which in turn showed inverse relations with magnitude of erectile tumescence. HRV did not mediate relations between tobacco use and either IIEF-EF scores or resting penile circumference.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that dysfunctional cardiac autonomic tone may be an underlying mechanism by which tobacco exerts its deleterious effects on erectile health. Further research is necessary to determine whether this relationship is mechanistic in nature, or whether it is better explained by other health factors.
Definitions and the Experience of Fertility Problems: Infertile and Sub‐fertile Women, Childless Mothers, and Honorary Mothers in Two Southern Nigerian Communities
Authors: Whitehouse Bruce , Hollos Marida
Published: February 2014

Although infertility causes women considerable grief, social stigma, and economic deprivation, scholars have paid little attention to infertility's definitions that may depart from the standard Western usage and how such definitions influence the way women experience the condition. This article, by listening to individual women's experiences of infertility in two Nigerian communities, examines these definitions and differentiates between culturally salient categories of infertility. In distinguishing between different kinds of childless women and those with low fertility, we intend to enhance understandings of infertility by considering women's subjective understandings of the condition and thus moving beyond the current medical definition. By comparing women's experiences in two different ethnic groups in Nigeria, we show how distinct forms of kinship structures and social organizations shape the ways low fertility is defined, managed, and experienced.
Histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation regulates fungal alkaloid biosynthesis in a fungal endophyte–plant symbiosis
Authors: Chujo Tetsuya , Scott Barry
Published: February 2014

Epichloё festucae is a filamentous fungus that forms a mutually beneficial symbiotic association with Lolium perenne. This endophyte synthesizes bioprotective lolitrems (ltm) and ergot alkaloids (eas) in planta but the mechanisms regulating expression of the corresponding subtelomeric gene clusters are not known. We show here that the status of histone H3 lysine 9 and lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K9me3/H3K27me3) at these alkaloid gene loci are critical determinants of transcriptional activity. Using ChIP‐qPCR we found that levels of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 were reduced at these loci in plant infected tissue compared to axenic culture. Deletion of E. festucae genes encoding the H3K9‐ (ClrD) or H3K27‐ (EzhB) methyltransferases led to derepression of ltm and eas gene expression under non‐symbiotic culture conditions and a further enhancement of expression in the double deletion mutant. These changes in gene expression were matched by corresponding reductions in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks. Both methyltransferases are also important for the symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and L. perenne. Our results show that the state of H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation of E. festucae chromatin is an important regulatory layer controlling symbiosis‐specific expression of alkaloid bioprotective metabolites and the ability of this symbiont to form a mutualistic interaction with its host.
The devil in disguise: action repertoire, visual performance and collective identity of the Autonomous Nationalists
Authors: Schedler Jan
Published: February 2014

Adopting protest tactics and visual performance of the far left, many neo‐Nazis in Europe, particularly in Germany, have developed a new style. Referencing their political opponents, the far‐left Autonomous Movement, they call themselves the Autonomous Nationalists. Though this new style caused intense conflicts in the beginning, Autonomous Nationalists have gained strong influence in the neo‐Nazi movement. What drives neo‐Nazis to adopt tactics such as ‘black blocs’ and certain symbols and dress of their political enemies? Based on movement's documents, semi‐structured interviews and observing demonstrations, this article uses empirical data to identify central dimensions of the Autonomous Nationalist's action repertoire and visual performance and their impact on the neo‐Nazi movement's collective identity. The analysis of external and internal effects reveals that the shift in public appearance strengthened the movement's mobilization potential, but otherwise decreased ideological internalisation and may increase the turnover of activists.
An Algorithmic Programming Approach for Back Pain Symptoms in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Using Spinal Cord Stimulation with a Multicolumn Surgically Implanted Epidural Lead: A Multicenter International Prospective Study
Authors: Rigoard Philippe , Jacques Line , Delmotte Alexandre , Poon Katherine , Munson Russell , Monlezun Olivier , Roulaud Manuel , Prevost Audrey , Guetarni Farid , Bataille Benoit , Kumar Krishna
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy and the medical/economic value of epidural spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of “failed back surgery syndrome” (FBSS). However, the back pain component of FBSS has been recalcitrant. Recent clinical trials have suggested that multicolumn surgically implanted leads combined with enhanced programming capabilities in the newer implantable pulse generators demonstrate the ability to treat the back pain component of FBSS. The objective of our present international multicentre study is to prospectively evaluate these findings in a larger population.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized, observational study on 76 patients with refractory FBSS, consecutively implanted with multicolumn spinal cord stimulation (SCS) between 2008 and 2011 in three neurosurgical pain management centers (Poitiers, France; Montréal, Canada; and Regina, Canada). The primary objective of this study was to prospectively analyze the effect of multicolumn lead programming on paresthesia coverage for the back pain region in these patients. The secondary objective was to assess the analgesic efficacy of this technique on the global and back pain components.

Results

Paresthesia could be induced in the lower extremities in the majority of patients with at least one of the configurations tested. Bilateral low back paresthesia was induced in 53.5% of patients, while unilateral low back paresthesia was induced in 78.9% of patients. Multicolumn configurations were statistically more effective than monocolumn configurations for all anatomic regions studied. At 6 months, 75.4% of patients receiving multicolumn stimulation (n = 57) obtained at least a 30% improvement of the back pain VAS score, while 42.1% of patients obtained at least a 50% improvement of the back pain VAS score.

Conclusion

This study confirms the hypothesis that multicolumn SCS should be considered as an important tool in the treatment of radicular and axial pain in FBSS patients. The efficacy of this modality is based on a rigorous patient selection process, access to new generation lead technologies, but most importantly an algorithmic programming approach for optimal stimulation and electrical field shaping. With over 40 million potential programming combinations associated with 16 contact leads to achieve paresthesia coverage, optimal stimulation is often missed as either the patient or the clinician become exhausted or overwhelmed during the course of therapy programming and optimization session.
Associations Between Pain drawing and Psychological Characteristics of Different Body Region Pains
Authors: Hayashi Kazuhiro , Arai Young‐Chang P. , Morimoto Atsuko , Aono Shuichi , Yoshimoto Takahiko , Nishihara Makoto , Osuga Tomoaki , Inoue Shinsuke , Ushida Takahiro
Published: February 2014

Background

Pain drawings have frequently been used for documentation of pain and a convenient diagnosis tool. Pain drawings were found to be associated with psychological states in chronic patients with low back pain. Few researchers have investigated pain drawings except in low back pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the pain, pain drawings, psychological characteristics, and pain interference in the head, neck–shoulder (NS), and low‐back/lower‐limb (LB‐LL) regions among patients with chronic pain.

Methods

We included a total of 291 patients with new chronic pain (headache, 62; NS pain, 87; LB‐LL pain, 142). The pain drawings and scores of 10‐cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ), and Pain Disability Assessment Scale (PDAS) were extracted from medical records. A subset of 60 pain drawings was scored by senior and junior evaluators to assess inter‐rater agreement. We investigated the correlation between pain drawings and VAS, HADS, PCS, SF‐MPQ, and PDAS in each body region group at the initial visit. Moreover, almost all patients received nonsurgical treatment as a follow‐up and were investigated using VAS after treatment.

Results

The reliability of pain drawings was substantial with an interevaluator reliability in headache, NS, and LB‐LL pain. Nonorganic pain drawings were associated with psychological disturbances in NS and LB‐LL pain, but not headache. Poor outcomes were associated with nonorganic drawings in LB‐LL pain, but not in the case of headache or NS pain.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the characteristics of patients with nonorganic drawings differ according to body regions.
Pain is not Systematically Registered in Dutch Medical Oncology Outpatients
Authors: te Boveldt Nienke D. , Vernooij‐Dassen Myrra J.F.J. , Jansen Anne , Vissers Kris C.P. , Engels Yvonne
Published: February 2014

Background

Systematic pain registration and assessment with a visual analog scale (VAS) or numeric rating scale (NRS) at each visit are key recommendations in one of the most recent guidelines on cancer pain management. It is unclear whether this recommendation is applied.

Objectives

The aim was to explore registration of pain in medical records of patients visiting the medical oncology outpatient clinic.

Methods

In a multicenter study in six Dutch hospitals, data were extracted from medical records of 380 outpatients with cancer. Data of the first three visits at the outpatient clinic were studied. Descriptive statistics were conducted.

Results

In 23% of all 987 visits at the outpatient clinic, pain or absence of pain was registered, and in an additional 15%, a nonspecific symptom description was given. Regarding all other visits, (62%) pain or absence of pain was not documented at all. Pain measurement using a VAS or NRS was documented in only one visit. Pain was more often registered in medical records of patients with metastasis, as well as in those of patients with urogenital tumors.

Conclusion

Pain in medical oncology outpatients is not systematically registered in their medical records. With one exception, pain was not registered with a VAS or NRS. Yet, registration and assessment of pain to monitor pain are essential to evaluate and adapt pain treatment over time. Pain registration has not improved since 2001 and therefore implementing the recommendations regarding systematic monitoring of pain is needed.
The Effect of Methylnaltrexone on the Side Effects of Intrathecal Morphine after Orthopedic Surgery under Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Zand Farid , Amini Afshin , Asadi Saman , Farbood Arash
Published: February 2014

Methylnaltrexone is a peripheral opioid receptor antagonist that does not cross the blood–brain barrier; so without interference with pain relief, it could reverse the peripheral opioid side effects such as constipation, pruritus, postoperative ileus, and urinary retention. This study has been designed to evaluate the effect of methylnaltrexone on postoperative side effects of intrathecal morphine. In seventy‐two 18‐ to 55‐year‐old patients scheduled for elective orthopedic operations under spinal anesthesia, neuraxial blockade was achieved using 10 mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 0.1 mg preservative‐free morphine sulfate. The first group (M) received 12 mg methylnaltrexone, while the second group (P) received normal saline, subcutaneously, immediately after spinal block in a randomized, double‐blind fashion. There was a significant decrease in the rate of nausea and vomiting in group M, but there was no significant difference in the rate of pruritus or urinary retention between the two groups. Pain score was significantly lower in group M. Respiratory depression or decreased level of consciousness was not reported in any patient. Subcutaneous administration of methylnaltrexone was not effective in decreasing postoperative urinary retention and pruritus, but lowered the rate of nausea and vomiting and pain score after intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine.
Photogrammetric Usage of 1956–57 Usaf Aerial Photography of Spain
Authors: Pérez Juan Antonio , Bascon Francisco Manuel , Charro María Cristina
Published: February 2014

Photogrammetric flights made by the United States Air Force during the 1950s using the Fairchild T‐11 camera were widespread throughout southern Europe, South America and various other regions. Photographs from these flights are valuable tools for analysing various geo‐temporal phenomena. However, there is a lack of information available about how the flights were undertaken and how the camera was calibrated and used, which has not allowed photogrammetric use of this source until now. The available data are researched along with approxi‐mations to the missing data in order to improve the mapping accuracy.
Vehicle Supply Chains in Humanitarian Operations: Decentralization, Operational Mix, and Earmarked Funding
Authors: Besiou Maria , Pedraza‐Martinez Alfonso J. , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: February 2014

The work of international humanitarian organizations (IHOs) frequently involves operating in remote locations, decentralized decision‐making, and the simultaneous implementation of development and disaster response programs. A large proportion of this work is funded by “earmarked” donations, since donors often exhibit a preference for the programs they are willing to fund. From extensive research involving qualitative descriptions and quantitative data, and applying system dynamics methodology, we model vehicle supply chains (VSCs) in support of humanitarian field operations. Our efforts encompass the often‐overlooked decentralized environment by incorporating the three different VSC structures that IHOs operate, as well as examining the entire mix of development and disaster response programs, and the specific (and virtually unexplored) effects of earmarked funding. Our results suggest that earmarked funding causes a real—and negative—operational impact on humanitarian disaster response programs in a decentralized setting.