bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐yield diacylglycerol formation by solid‐phase enzymatic glycerolysis of hydrogenated beef tallow
Authors: Yamane Tsuneo , Kang Sung Tae , Kawahara Katsuyoshi , Koizumi Yoshito
Published: May 2007

Diglyceride (DG) was prepared by reaction of hydrogenated beef tallow and glycerol in the presence of aPsesudomonas lipase. The yield of DG depended strongly on the reaction temperature. After initial incubation at 60°C for 2 h, followed by the first temperature shift down to 55°C for 4 h and then the second shift down to 48°C for up to 3 d, the reaction mixture became solid and a yield of approximately 90% DG was obtained. About 95% of total DG was 1,3‐DG. The yield of DG was also dependent on the glycerol (GL) to triglyceride (TG) molar ratio. At the molar ratio of 1∶2 (GL/TG), the enzyme‐catalyzed reaction was highly efficient and utilized essentially all of the glycerol. The free fatty acid (FFA) content at equilibrium depended on the water concentration in the glycerol phase. The initial rate of FFA formation was low and was hardly affected by the moisture content between 0.5 and 4%, but, at higher water content (4–6.7%), there was a small increase in the rate.
Variability of linolenic and linoleic acids in soybean oil
Authors: Collins F. I. , Howell Robert W.
Published: May 2007

Soybean oil from all locations and varieties of Uniform Test Groups II, III, and IV have been analyzed for linolenic and linoleic acid by an improved spectrophotometric method. Location composites in Group II varied from 5.9% to 8.3% in linolenic acid and from 45.3% to 50.4% in linoleic. Variety composites varied from 5.4% to 8.0% in linolenic and from 43.9% to 51.6% in linoleic.

The location variability was shown to be closely associated with maximum temperature during seed development. Temperature appears to be the most important environmental factor affecting these acids, especially linolenic.

The percentages of the two acids are positively correlated with each other.
Assimilation of dietary eicosenoic and erucic acid esters
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. , Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: May 2007

Eicosenoic acid, fed to rats as methyl ester to the extent of 5% by weight of the diet, was deposited in substantial amount in the body fat.

Erucic acid, fed in the same way, was deposited in considerably lesser amount.

Neither of these acids appeared to be as readily deposited in body fat as the linoleic acid of corn oil.

The three monounsaturated acids, oleic, eicosenoic, and erucic, were apparently deposited without alteration in chain length or degree of saturation. There was no evidence of conversion of eicosenoate to arachidic or stearic acids, or of erucate to behenic, arachidic, or stearic acids in any appreciable amount. Similarly there appeared to be little or no conversion of eicosenoate to oleic acid or of erucate to eicosenoic acid.

The eicosenoate in the diet was not converted to arachidonic acid by the animal.

The amount of total fat deposited and the proportion in carcass, skin, and viscera were approximately the same on diets of oleate, eicosenoate, and erucate.
The lipides of green peas
Authors: Wagenknecht A. C.
Published: May 2007

Crude pea lipides were prepared by extracting lyophilized raw peas with chloroform‐methanol, 2∶1, and found to comprise 6% of the dry weight of the peas. The composition of the various fractions of pea lipides was studied by measuring the nitrogen, phosphorus, glycerol, fatty acid, and sugar contents, also by means of paper chromatography following acid hydrolysis. The crude lipides were fractionated with acetone, and the acetone‐soluble portion was subjected to countercurrent distribution between n‐heptane and 95% methanol. The heptane fraction was found to consist nearly entirely of mixed triglycerides; the methanol fraction was a mixture of triglycerides, phosphatides, sugars, and nitrogenous materials. The acetone‐insoluble fraction contained 10% of phosphatidyl inositol and nearly equal amounts of alcoholsoluble and alcohol‐insoluble phosphatides.
Influence of high energy radiation on oxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Landis Paul W.
Published: May 2007

Gamma radiation from Cobalt 60 influences the oxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate even at low temperatures.

Determination of peroxide values, carbonyl values, and the E1cm1%. values at 224 mµ revealed that high peroxide values could be obtained but that secondary products are formed in appreciable quantities.

The products causing absorption at 224 mµ may be α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The level of these substances can be increased by irradiation‐oxidation in the presence of metal soaps such as cobalt stearate.

Irradiation‐oxidation of methyl oleate through a series of temperature ranges from 7.5°C. to 55°C. reveals a marked thermal activation effect. Peroxide values of 2000 me/kg or greater are obtained in 100 hrs. of reaction time.
Sterol compositions of seeds and mature plants of family cucurbitaceae
Authors: Akihisa (ne Itoh) Toshihiro , Ghosh P. , Thakur Swapnadip , Rosentein Fumiko U. , Matsumoto Taro
Published: May 2007

The sterol fractions of the unsaponifiable lipids obtained from 32 seed and mature plant (leaves and stems, pericarp of the fruit, and roots) materials from the 12 generaApodanthera, Benincasa, Citrullus, Coccinea, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Gynostemma, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Sechium andTrichosanthes, of the family Cucurbitaceae were investigated by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on an OV‐17 glass capillary column. Among the 23 sterols with Δ5‐, Δ7‐ and Δ8‐skeletons identified by GLC, the Δ7‐sterols were found to be the major sterols of most of the Cucurbitaceae investigated. The seed materials contained 24‐ethyl‐Δ7‐sterols possessing Δ25‐bonds, i.e. 24‐ethylcholesta‐7,25‐dienol and 24‐ethylcholesta‐7,22,25‐trienol, whereas the mature plant materials contained 24‐ethyl‐Δ7sterols without a Δ25‐bond, i.e. 24‐ethylcholest‐7‐enol and 24‐ethylcholesta‐7,22‐dienol, as the most predominant sterols, with a few exceptions. The isolation and identification of 24α‐ethylcholesta‐8(14),22‐dienol from the aerial parts ofCucumis sativus also is described.
Chemical investigation of oil of the seed of 舠White Todri舡 (Matthiola incana, R.Br.)
Authors: Rahman Aziz‐Ur , Khan M. Sami
Published: May 2007

The fixed oil from the seeds of 舠White Todri舡,Matthiola incana, R.Br. (Cruciferae), of Indian origin, has been studied for its component acids. The fatty acid composition was found to be myristic (2.60%), palmitic (4.73%), steric (4.37%), arachidic (2.50%), lignoceric (?) (0.73%), oleic (32.17%), linoleic (21.70%), linolenic (10.70%), erucic (13.10%), and resin acids (7.40%).
Modification of the surface characteristics of cotton by the introduction of anionic groups, and the mechanism of ion binding
Authors: Baugh P. J. , Lawton J. B. , Phillips G. O.
Published: May 2007

The introduction of carboxymethyl, phosphate and sulfate groups into cotton cellulose considerably modifies the capacity of the cellulose to bind cationic systems. The ion‐binding characteristics of these anionic derivatives have been quantitatively studied using the cationic dye methylene blue. Diffuse reflectance spectral measurements demonstrate that two types of sulfated and phosphorylated celluloses can be produced, which differ considerably in the interaction of their anionic groups with the dye. Anionic systems are, in contrast, repelled by the anionic substituents. In this way the resistance of the cotton cellulose to wet soiling can be considerably increased. The mechanism of ion binding to anionic celluloses has been examined and the information utilized to predict methods of modifying the surface characteristics of cotton cellulosee.
Agricultural and genetic potentials of cruciferous oilseed crops
Authors: Downey R. K.
Published: May 2007

Oilseed crops of the Cruciferae are widely adapted and are of particular importance to countries in the northern latitudes. Cruciferous seed oils from the crops, rapeseed, mustard, Camelina, oilseed radish and Crambe, enter edible or industrial markets, or both. The oil‐seed meal can be used either as a high protein feed supplement or as an organic fertilizer. The spring and winter forms of the two species of rapeseed,Brassica napus andB. campestris, are commercially the most important. Advances in crop management and plant breeding have resulted in a 40% to 50% increase in seed yield over the past 25 years. In the next 10 to 15 years, application of newer plant‐breeding techniques will result in varieties even higher in yield and seed with improved oil and meal quality. Some of the quality improvements will be new patterns in fatty acid composition, higher oil and protein content, lower fiber content, and removal of the undesirable glucosinolate compounds from the meal. The mustard cropsBrassica juncea andB. hirta are important condiment crops which have considerable potential as edible oil sources. Oilseed radish,Raphanus sativus, yields significantly less seed and oil than other cruciferous oil crops but its oil, which contains a low level of erucic acid (3.7%) and a relatively high content of 16‐carbon fatty acids (9.3%), may be useful in blending with normal or zero erucic acid rapeseed oils.Camelina sativa or false flax has many desirable agronomic characteristics but the oil of camelina seed contains too high a level of linolenic acid (36%) to penetrate the edible oil market and too low to compete industrially with linseed oil.Crambe abyssinica andC. hispanica are potentially important producers of high erucic acid industrial oils. Factors limiting Crambe development are the high cost of seed transportation due to the high volume to weight ratio of the threshed seed and the need for extra seed processing steps to render the meal suitable as a high protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry.
Saponification value determination of difficultly saponifiable drying oil products
Authors: Shaw John N. , Formo Marvin W.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The use of n‐butyl alcohol as a solvent for saponification of a representative series of drying oils has been studied. It appears from this work that n‐butyl alcoholic potassium hydroxide reagent, containing 5% of water added to the reaction mixture, gives very acceptable results based upon calculated saponification values.

With the exception of maleic‐modified oils of certain types, the solvent system of ethyl alcohol‐pyridine exhibits excellent results based upon calculated values. However it has the disadvantages that it is a two‐solvent system, and the pyridine must be of reagent grade to avoid end‐point difficulties.

The end‐point in the butyl alcohol system is not as sharp as the normal saponification end‐point in ethyl alcohol. This may be caused by the two‐phase nature of the titration mixture. Addition of ethyl alcohol to the n‐butyl alcoholic saponification reaction mixture gives improvement, although the end‐point is not as sharp as in the regular ethyl alcohol system. Work is continuing on methods for improvement of the end‐point.
Photochemical oxidation of fatty acid esters with and without chlorophyll
Authors: Khan N. A. , Tolberg W. E. , Wheeler D. H. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: May 2007

It has been confirmed that the principal products formed in the oxidation of methyl oleate by oxygen under a variety of conditions are predominantlytrans hydroperoxides. However no inversion of the double bond occurs in unoxidized oleate. Hence the conversion ofcis totrans double bonds and peroxide formation occur together in the same molecules.

The autoxidation of methyl linoleate at low temperature yields predominantlycis,trans conjugated hydroperoxides. Autoxidation at 25°C., oxidation catalyzed by visible light, or ultraviolet light and copper soap catalyzed oxidation at temperatures appreciably above 0°C., lead to the formation primarily oftrans,trans conjugated hydroperoxides. The inversion of the second double bond in this case appears to be independent of the peroxide‐forming reactions.

The photochlorophyll oxidation of methyl linoleate leads to the formation of some unconjugated hydroperoxides, some of which containtrans double bonds.

Under all of the conditions employed in the present investigation, the oxidation of methyl oleate and linoleate led primarily to the formation of monomeric peroxides which retained most of the unsaturation of the parent compound.
Fatty alcohols
Authors: Wilson Glenn R.
Published: May 2007

The two commercially important processes for the production of fatty alcohols (sodium reduction and hydrogenolysis) have been reviewed with respect to operations, types of alcohols obtainable, relative economics, properties and uses of the fatty alchols.

The sodium‐reduction process is applicable to the reduction of saturated as well as unsaturated esters, and in the latter case the unsaturation of the raw materials is preserved in the product alcohols. Hydrogenolysis, on the other hand, produces predominantly saturated alcohols, regardless of the unsaturation of the raw materials, except in instances where special catalysts are used.

Hydrogenolysis has the advantages of cheaper raw materials, wider choice of feed stocks, and wider choice of locations whereas sodium reduction is more flexible (permits production of both saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols), requires a lower initial investment, involves simpler operation and maintenance, and yields products of superior quality for detergent uses.

The physical and chemical properties of fatty alcohols have been reviewed briefly.

While the largest current market for fatty alcohols lies in the field of detergent preparation, the unsaturated fatty alchols and their derivatives also have many potential uses in the manufacture of such other products as lubricant additives, waxes, and wetting and emulsifying agents. Markets for these fatty alcohols depend upon the results of application research and product development.
Applications of fatty acids in metallic soaps
Authors: Wendt R. E. , Wagner E. F.
Published: May 2007

In this discussion we have attempted to cover pertinent factors concerning the production and applications of solid fatty acid soaps, with particular emphasis on how the fatty acid characteristics come into play. We have avoided reference to specific formulations because these must be kept in the realm of metallic soap manufacturers’ “know how.” Those interested in modifiers and their effect on metallic soaps can find reference material in past issues of the Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society (for example, reference 9) and in the patent literature.

Reference to theoretical considerations of metallic soap structure has also been avoided as in this area the reader can again find reference material in the Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society (for example, reference 10).
Incorporation of gossypol into eggs of hens fed gossypol schiff bases
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Wakabayashi G. , Grau C. R.
Published: May 2007

Eggs from hens fed gossypol Schiff bases derived from various aromatic and aliphatic amines were examined spectrophotometrically for gossypol‐cephalin.

Aniline, p‐aminobenzoic acid, dehydroabietylamine, and cyclohexylamine were not effective gossypol binders when the Schiff base was fed at the 0.5% equivalent gossypol level in the diet whereas the long chain aliphatic amines were very effective. Hens produced normal eggs when fed the 0.5% level of gossypol Schiff bases derived from these amines.
The kinetics of esterification of resin acids
Authors: Smith Thor L. , Elliott John H.
Published: May 2007

The kinetics of the esterification of resin acids in both concentrated solutions and dilute alcoholic solutions were studied over a wide temperature range. In concentrated solutions the order of the reaction changes with both the temperature and the extent of reaction, but in dilute solutions the kinetics are similar to those for other organic acids. The uncatalyzed esterification is pseudo‐second order while the hydrogen‐ion‐catalyzed esterification is first order and follows the Goldschmidt equation. Thus the esterification mechanism is probably the same as for other organic acids even though the carboxyl group on a resin acid molecule is highly hindered.

Catalysts by six metallic resinates—especially calcium and lithium—was also studied. The catalytic rate constants at 260°C. varied quantitatively with the “acidity” of the metallic resinates in rosin at 200°C. As esterification catalysts, the metallic resinates increase the activation energy but also increase the activation entropy sufficiently so that the free energy of activation is decreased, especially at high temperatures. The observed kinetic behavior agrees with a rate expression derived by assuming that the ratecontrolling step is a reaction of metallic resinate with the alcohol to form an ester and a basic metallic resinate.
Iron ore flotation—1969
Authors: Frommer D. W.
Published: May 2007

Current flotation practice in the iron ore industry is reviewed with special attention given to gains made since the 1966 AOCS meeting. Known applications are described with estimates of tonnage treated, the degree of beneficiation achieved, and the quantity and types of reagents used. Apparent trends and prospects for new applications of flotation in the iron ore industry are discussed.
Measurement of enzyme laundry product dust levels and characteristics in consumer use
Authors: Hendricks M. H.
Published: May 2007

Prior to the adoption of improved dust control measures, some factory workers developed allergic respiratory symptoms during the manufacture of enzyme laundry detergents. Since then, the industrial hygiene problem is being brought under control by maintaining dust exposure below levels where allergic respiratory symptoms develop. However, the fact that enzyme allergies could develop in manufacturing plants prompted questions from outside the soap and detergent industry regarding consumer safety of enzyme detergents. Although detergent dust levels in consumer use were known to be very low, a comprehensive testing program was undertaken to place quantitative dimension on the difference between home use and factory operation. Levels and characteristics of detergent dust and enzyme dust generated during home use of laundry detergents have been measured using specialized equipment and procedures. Data from laboratory and in‐home studies confirm that laundry products containing an agglomerated enzyme complex are safe from the standpoint of potential consumer exposure to enzyme dust. Even under conditions of excessive home use, consumer exposure is extremely low and can be compared to only a minute fraction of the industrial exposures which are considered to be safe.
Determination of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed soapstocks
Authors: Cucullu Alva F. , Lee Louise S. , Pons W. A. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: May 2007

An accurate and sensitive procedure is proposed for estimating aflatoxins in both alkaline and acidulated soapstocks. Sample suspensions in aqueous acetone are adjusted to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid, extracted in a high speed blender, treated with lead acetate and partitioned into chloroform. After silica gel cleanup, aflatoxins in purifie extracts are estimated by thin layer chromatography. The use of acetone and lead acetate together apparently catalyzes the relactonization of flatoxins B1 nd G1 and leads to essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxin B1 and somewhat lower recovery of G1 added to alkaline or acidulated soapstock.
Urethane polymers from hydroxylated fish oil
Authors: Hustad G. O. , Richardson T. , Amundson C. H.
Published: May 2007

Alewife fish oil was hydroxylated by performic, peracetic and pertungstic acid methods. Products were compared with respect to yield, free acid, hydroxyl number, saponification value and peroxide value. Fish oils oxidized with performic acid resulted in high yields (83% to 95%), low acid values (0.12 to 0.19), high hydroxy (142 to 245) and saponification (247 to 271) numbers, and relatively low peroxide values (72 to 266). Performic acid hydroxylated alewife and menhaden oils were used to prepare urethane foams. These foams exhibited characteristic low compressive strengths at 10% deflection (6.4 to 9.5 psi), low density (1.45 to 1.65 pcf), high porosity (0.7 to 1.7% closed cells) and high water absorption compared to a conventional polyether urethane foam. Performic acid hydroxylated alewife oil was further refined, using cation and anion exchange resins, for use in the preparation of urethane elastomers. These polymers generally exhibited higher tensile and Graves tear strengths than a comparable castor oil elastomer used as a control. though dielectric strengths were similar for both fish oil and castor oil elastomers, tensile elongation at break point was greater for the castor oil elastomers. When the isocyanate index of the fish oil elastomers was increased from 105 to 156, the Graves tear strength exhibited the greatest change.
Aerated lagoons for the treatment of fats and oil industry wastes
Authors: Kenyon William R.
Published: May 2007

This paper diseusses the effects of discharging waste materials into receiving streams, and the methods whereby a treatment system condenses the biological cycle to a few days. Also covered are the three basic types of lagoon operations, their advantages and limitations, typical biochemical oxygen demand and solids reduction, as well as the associated economics of each type of system. Methods of installing and positioning mechanical surface aerators in a lagoon, both platform or bridge mounted and floating platform units, are included.
Industrial utilization of C21 dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Ward Benjamin F. , Force Carlton G. , Bills Alan M. , Woodward Fred E.
Published: May 2007

Interest in polyfunctional materials has increased steadily in recent years as polymer systems have become more prevalent in our society. One of the more unique and versatile of these products has only recently become commercially available, 5(6)‐carboxy‐4‐hexyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐octanoic acid. This C21 dicarboxylic acid not only has the expected ability to be incorporated into polymers for modification of the system, but it also has very unique surfactant properties. The sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts of this C21 dicarboxylic acid are unusually soluble in water, and the water solutions maintain relatively low viscosities even at high concentrations. The mono substituted derivatives of the C21 dicarboxylic acid are prepared easily, and they provide unique properties for a variety of end uses. This paper illustrates the potential industrial applications for the dibasic acid and some of its derivatives in ink resins; adhesives; coatings; lubricants; plasticizers; corrosion inhibitors; synthetic coolants; emulsions; temporary coatings; floor polishes; and industrial, household, and institutional cleaners.
Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen sulfide to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and soybean oil
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E. , Rohwedder W. K.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogen sulfide was added to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and soybean oil at −70 and 25 C in the presence of boron trifluoride. Major reaction compounds were identified by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. At −70 C with a 200 molar ratio of hydrogen sulfide to ester, the reactions were complete in 4 hr. Primary reaction product from methyl oleate was methyl 9(10)‐mercaptostearate. Methyl linoleate gave ca. equal amounts of methyl 9‐(2‐pentyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl) nonanoate and methyl 8‐(2‐hexyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl) octanoate. At 25 C, the reaction of methyl oleate and linoleate with hydrogen sulfide was less complete, and more side reactions were noted. When equimolar amounts of methyl oleate and methyl 9(10)‐mercaptostearate were reacted in the presence of boron trifluoride at 25 C, a new compound was formed, bis(methyl n‐octadecanoate 9[10]‐yl) sulfide. The addition of liquid hydrogen sulfide to soybean oil at −70 C in the presence of boron trifluoride yields a product which, upon saponification, acidification, and methylation analyzes by gas liquid chromatography as ca. 52% thiolan, 27% mercaptostearate, 10% palmitate, 6% stearate, and 5% unidentified compounds.
Soybean “lecithin” and its fractions as metal‐inactivating agents
Authors: Evans C. D. , Cooney Patricia M. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

The addition prior to deodorization of 0.1% of either crude phosphatides, or the alcohol‐soluble, or the alcohol‐insoluble fraction all improved the oxidative stability and the initial flavor of soybean salad oil. However all three additives caused significant darkening of the oils and the introduction of undesirable storage flavors when added at levels which improved the oxidative stability.

High‐sugar fractions from the crude phosphatides did not darken the oil nor did they confer improved oxidative or flavor characteristics.

Cadmium‐precipitated lecithin and inositol‐phosphatidic acids containing no amino nitrogen gave lower color to salad oils upon deodorization than did the amino‐nitrogen‐containing phosphatides.

Purified cadmium‐precipitated lecithin had little effect upon the oxidative stability when added at levels below 0.02%. A significant improvement results from the addition of 0.05%, and oxidative stability shows further improvement by raising the level to 0.1%; however no increase in stability was obtained by raising of the concentration above this level.

At concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05%, cadmium‐precipitated lecithin had little effect on the color of the oil. At levels of 0.1 and 0.2%, significant darkening of the oils occurred though much less than with the amino‐nitrogen‐containing phosphatides.

Based on the flavor responses of oils to which these phosphatides were added, it appears that phosphatides constitute the precursors for the melony, bitter, cucumber flavors frequently encountered in aged soybean salad oils. These flavor responses are the same as those obtained from added phosphoric acid.
Pyrethrum synergists in sesame oil. Sesamolin, a potent synergist
Authors: Beroza Morton
Published: May 2007

By the systematic entomological examination of chromotographic fractions of sesame oil two pyrethrum synergists, sesamin and sesamolin, were found to account for practically all the synergistic activity of the oil. Sesamolin, which had not been known to be synergistic, is about five times as active as sesamin and, even though usually present in smaller amount than sesamin, it is believed to account for most of the synergistic activity in sesame oil.

Because of sesamolin's marked synergistic activity, studies on its chemistry were made, and some of its chemical properties are reported. The studies have indicated a close similarity between sesamin and sesamolin, and a tentative chemical formula for sesamolin has been proposed as a basis for future work.

Infrared absorption spectra of sesamin and sesamolin are reported.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XI. Alternate synthesis and structural assignment of sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates
Authors: Marmer W. N. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates, derived from detergent alkylates, previously were reported to be good lime soap dispersing agents and beneficial additives in tallow soap based, sodium silicate built laundry detergents. Their synthesis from β‐aroylacrylic acid intermediates has been facilitated by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite before esterification. This single phase process occurs rapidly at room temperature, whereas in the previously reported process, the sulfonation of the methyl ester requires a two‐phase, high temperature, closed system procedure. Final esterification is mandatory for producing a useful lime soap dispersing agent, because the sulfonated disodium salt is a poor lime soap dispersing agent and not compatible with a soap‐silicate mixture. Deoiling improves the detergency of the final products from either procedure; this is especially apparent when polyester‐cotton permanent press fabric is laundered. Data from NMR spectra, base‐induced decompositions, hydrolysis studies, and detergency screening tests suggest that the sulfopropionate product derived from the new procedure is structurally the same as that from the old one, and that these products have been sulfonated regiospecifically α to the carboxy group.
Fate of dietary sterols in hydrogenated oils and fats
Authors: Parodi F. W.
Published: May 2007

Samples of table margarines, so‐called polyunsaturated table margarines, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and so‐called polyunsaturated hydrogenated vegetable oils were shown by infrared spectroscopy to contain hydrogenated components. Examination of the sterols from these oils by argentation thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography did not reveal campestanol, stigmastanol, or Δ22‐stigmastenol, the expected hydrogenation products of the natural sterols. The sterol compositions of the above samples, animal fats, and blends of hydrogenated vegetable oils and animal fats were determined. The compound 24‐methyl cholest‐7‐en‐3β‐ol was identified tentatively in sunflower and safflower oils.
Chemical investigation ofSolanum khasianum seed fat
Authors: Parimoo P. , Baruah R. N.
Published: May 2007

The seeds ofSolanum khasianum contain 14.5% of a fatty oil. The component fatty acids were found by gas liquid chromatography analysis to be 0.2% myristic, 14.2% palmitic, 0.9% palmitoleic, 4.4% stearic, 15% oleic, and 62.6% linoleic acids.
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of intact oilseeds
Authors: Schaefer J. , Stejskal E. O.
Published: May 2007

High resolution natural abundance13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of intact oilseeds have been obtained by Fourier transform techniques. The spectra can be interpreted in terms of the relative concentrations of the major fatty acids in the oilseed. The13C NMR spectra are well resolved despite the fact that1H NMR spectra of the same seeds are poorly resolved. The difference in resolution can be attributed to the simplicity of the13C NMR spectra in which all spin‐spin coupling can be removed, in which the separation of lines is increased by a factor of 30, and in which line broadening due to intermolecular dipolar interactions is not important. The13C NMR Fourier transform technique is sufficiently sensitive that a high quality spectrum can be obtained from a single soybean, for example, in about 10 minutes. Similar spectra of single seeds can be obtained in comparable times for corn, castor bean, peanut, sunflower seed, and rapeseed. Because the NMR technique is nondestructive, it can be used to select individual oilseeds for use in breeding programs designed to improve oil quality. By employing some special experimental NMR line narrowing techniques, it also appears feasible to obtain moderately well resolved, natural abundance13C NMR spectra of the immobile, rigid protein, and carbohydrate components of an intact oilseed, as well as the more mobile oil components.
The selective homogeneous hydrogenation of soybean methyl esters
Authors: Bailar John C.
Published: May 2007

Soybean methyl esters are homogeneously, selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a variety of catalysts, of which [Pt(Pph3)2Cl2]+SnCl2·2H2O and [MoCl2(CO)3(Pph3)2]+SnCl2·2H2O are typical. Many variations can be made in these catalysts without destroying their selectivity. All of the catalysts bring about isomerization of the substrate molecules. The role of the solvent and the mechanism of the reaction are discussed.
The deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat fed partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
Authors: Beare‐Rogers Joyce L.
Published: May 2007

The composition of deposited polyenoic fatty acids in rats fed liquid or partially hydrogenated corn oil was determined by gas chromatography, which did not distinguish isomeric forms, and by lipoxidase which reacted with thecis, cis‐methylene‐interrupted acids. The two methods gave similar results for the liver fatty acids of rats fed either the unhydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oil. Of the fatty acids from the epididymal fat pads of rats fed the hydrogenated product, an appreciable quantity of linoleate isomers did not react with lipoxidase. The total amount of linoleic acid deposited was related to the total fatty acid pattern of the dietary oil. It appeared that thetrans‐acids were mostly metab‐olized and that the originalcis,cis‐linoleic acid remaining in the partially hydrogenated product was preferentially incorporated into tissues.
The effects of process variables on the formation oftrans‐unsaturation during hydrogenation
Authors: Allen R. R. , Covey J. E.
Published: May 2007

The amount oftrans unsaturation in 80 IV hydrogenated soybean oil produced under different reaction conditions of pressure, temperature, catalyst concentration and agitation may be calculated with good accuracy from a polynomial equation. The polynomial equation was developed from data produced by 30 experimental hydrogenations using a nonlinear equation estimation procedure with a digital computer to fit the data. The equation may be used to calculate the anticipated amount oftrans unsaturation from the reaction conditions or select reaction conditions to produce a desired amount oftrans unsaturation.
Stereoselective hydrogenation of model compounds and preparation of tailor‐made glycerides with chromium tricarbonyl complexes
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Thomas F. L. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Studies on the mechanism of stereoselectivity of chromium tricarbonyl catalysts with model compounds provided the basis for the preparation of simulated fats. These synthetic fats were prepared by taking advantage of the unique property of chromium carbonyl complexes to catalyze hydrogenation of polyunsaturates tocis‐monounsaturates. Oils simulating the composition of peanut oil were produced by hydrogenating soybean oil stereoselectively to an IV of 94. Simulated olive oil was made the same way from either soybean or safflower oil hydrogenated to an IV of 82–84. Stereoselective 1,4‐reduction of eleostearate in tung oil produced oils that had a high proportion of linoleate and that simulated safflower oil. The oleo‐disaturated glyceride structure of cocoa butter was also simulated by selectively hydrogenating linoleate in cottonseed oil stearines and in fractionated high‐palmitate stearines. Dilatometric and chromatographic studies showed that thecis‐monoene‐disaturated glyceride is the major component (60–70%) in the synthetic cocoa butter.
Fatty acid methodology for heated oils
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Zmachinski Helen
Published: May 2007

Criticisms have been voiced concerning the methods employed for determining the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils used in processing of fried foods. In the present study seveveral different vegetable oils were heated under standardized conditions, at frying temperatures and under air, for various periods of time, and then subjected to analyses for fatty acid composition. The methods employed were: UV spectrophotometry; gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) employing either normalization of the peak areas, direct standards or internal standards; and the enzymic, lipoxidase procedure. The present findings confirm that the drop in iodine value is a good approximation of the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids in heated oils. In evaluating liquid nonhydrogenated vegetable oils that had been subjected to heat abuse under standard conditions, all of the analytical methods for the estimation of fatty acid composition, with the exception of normalization of GLC peak areas, give substantially the same results. With hydrogenated vegetable oils, the analytical methods provide values which differ significantly among themselves. Evidence was also presented to show that the quantity of material retained on the gas chromatographic column is directly related to the loss of polyunsaturates for oils heated under controlled conditions. For evaluation of oils from frying operations, the preferred method is the GLC method utilizing internal standards if the purpose is the determination of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, if the study being made involves a question of nutritional value, then the measurement of the essential fatty acids by the lipoxidase enzymic procedure is the more valid method for evaluation, of heated oils.
Effect of water‐binding agents on the catalyzed oxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Heidelbaugh N. D. , Karel M.
Published: May 2007

Autoxidation of methyl linoleate was studied in model systems containing added metals and different water‐binding agents including cellulose, dextran and glycerol. In all systems, addition of water was increasingly antioxidant up to a critical level of water activity, above which further additions promote oxidation. The specific level of water activity at which oxidation rates are minimal and the water contents at this critical activity depend on the composition of the system. Results of the present study and much of the conflicting data in the literature can be explained as follows. A small amount of water is tightly bound to polysaccharides and does not affect lipid oxidation. Additional amounts of water are antioxidant because of their ability to hydrate metallic catalysts and to form hydrogen bonds with hydroperoxides. At high water contents the water's solvent action mobilizes catalysts, thereby overcoming the antioxidant effects. The present study indicates that water bound to glycerol is still capable of mobilizing catalysts. Depression of water activity by addition of agents such as glycerol has different effects on oxidation than does depression of water activity by other means. Interaction between the effects by system composition and water activity must be considered when either is varied to maximize storage stability of foods
Factors influencing the determination of the acetone insolubles of commercial lecithins
Authors: Stopper H. R. , Saffer B. A. , Bauer S. T.
Published: May 2007

Data are presented from numerous analyses of commercial lecithins for the comparison of values obtained from the determination of acetone insolubles by a direct weighing method against those by the A.O.C.S. Tentative Method Ja 4–46. Discrepancies introduced into these methods by the use of petroleum ether as a solventand those due to the solubility of acetone insoluble compounds in the acetone extract and wash solution are evaluated. A proposal is made for the consideration of a direct weighing procedure for the acetone insolubles content of commercial lecithins whereby petroleum ether is eliminated, the acetone extract solution saturated with pure phosphatides before use, and the insoluble residue dried and weighed.
Formation of peroxides in fatty esters. I. Methyl oleate. Application of the polarographic and direct oxygen methods
Authors: Willits C. O. , Ricciuti C. , Ogg C. L. , Morris S. G. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

The polarographic method presented here for the quantitative determination of hydroperoxides is simple rapid, and applicable to the analysis of materials containing a mixture of different peroxidic groups. The application of this nonaqueous polarographic technique to the study of the changes occurring during the prolonged autoxidation of methyl oleate at 80°C. has permitted the identification and quantitative estimation of the hydroperoxide formed during this process. The selectivity of the polarographic method makes it possible to identify and measure the hydroperoxide even when present with other peroxidic forms. A comparison of the data obtained by this new technique and by the chemical peroxide method has been made and shows that the polarographic method for hydroperoxides is specific and quantitative.

By means of a direct oxygen method it has been possible to follow accurately the change in the oxygen content during the autoxidation. These data have confirmed the work of other investigators using other methods, it that the oxygen absorbed in the initial stages is used primarily in hydroperoxide formation, whereas in the latter stages the oxygen is consumed to form non‐hydroperoxidic materials. The methods used in this study should be of great value in studying the changes which occur in drying oils for these changes are induced by autoxidation.
Identification of rutin and isoquercitrin in cottonseed
Authors: Pratt Charles , Wender Simon H.
Published: May 2007

The flavonol glycosides, rutin and isoquercitrin, have been separated from crushed, delinted cottonseed (kernel and hull) by extensive use of paper chromatography. The identification of these flavonoid pigments has been achieved through paper chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of their hydrolysis products. Details of the separation and identification have been described.
Some significant advances in oils and fats research in Great Britain in the last fifty years
Authors: Lovern J. A.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

At the beginning of our period of review the chemistry of the natural fats was not only a virtually unexplored field, but it was one that did not attract many research chemists. The same could be said, and was in fact said (64), some 15 years later. The position reached today is so totally different that it must be hard for younger chemists to appreciate the magnitude of the change, which virtually began after the first World War. Apart from the interruption of the second World War, British contributions to the advancing tide of knowledge of fat chemistry have been continuous and have included many of great significance, as I have tried to show by some selected items in Table I. The present symposium affords a picture of how the British work fits into the world‐wide pattern, which for most purposes can best be contemplated as an interwoven whole.
Derivatives of ricinelaidic acid. Their infrared spectra and conformation of the ricinelaidic moiety
Authors: McCutchon Marian A. , O'Connor R. T. , DuPre Elsie F. , Goldblatt L. A. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

The infrared spectra and absorptivities in the 10.3 micron region have been determined for a series of compounds in which the functional groups of ricinelaidic acid were varied systematically. The compounds investigated included ricinelaidic acid, 12‐ketoelaidic acid, ricinelaidyl alcohol, and their respective methyl esters and acetates. The influence of the internal substitutents on the fundamental absorption pattern of ricinelaidic acid was determined. Observed decreases in molecular absorptivities and shifts in position of maximum absorption are related to the electron‐with‐drawing character of relevant substituents and to hydrogen bonding in thebeta‐hydroxy‐ene system. The comormation of this system is discussed.
Effect of inert atmosphere in the determination of free fatty acid or free caustic alkali and unsaponified material in soap
Authors: Blank E. W. , Emendorfer E.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The conclusions to be drawn from this work can be summarized as follows:

Values for free fatty acid are not significantly affected by carbonation when run under the usual laboratory conditions. Under similar conditions free caustic alkali values are low (statistically significat) and, conversely, unsaponified values are high (statistically significant).

The magnitude of the error incurred by working under the usual laboratory conditions is so small as to be negligible unless extreme precision is required.

Hot alcohol apparently provides its own protective vapor barrier preventing carbon dioxide absorption. This characteristic of alcohol can be further enhanced by the judicious use of watch glasses to cover beakers and funnels during the determination
The reaction of beta‐propiolactone with alpha‐and beta‐eleostearates and plasticizer properties of derived esters
Authors: Hoffmann Joan S. , O'Connor R. T. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

Beta‐propiolactone has been employed as the dienophile component in the Diels‐Alder reaction withalpha‐ andbeta‐eleostearates, yielding acrylic acid adducts. Catalytic amounts of potassium carbonate were used to induce polymerization ofbeta‐propiolac‐tone to a polyester and to assist in its pyrolysis to acrylic acid.

The ethyl andn‐butyl esters of the mixed fatty acids ofalpha‐and ofbeta‐tung oil, containing about 75% eleostearates, were reacted with the theoretical amount ofbeta‐propiolactone at 200°C. for a period of 1.5 hrs. Spectral analyses indicated nearly quantitative conversion of the reactants to the expected Diels‐Alder products.

The acrylic acid adducts were esterified in their reaction mixtures with the appropriate alcohols to produce the corresponding di‐esters. These esters were purified by means of high vacuum distillation.

Fractional crystallization of the free acids obtained by saponification of the di‐butyl esters of thealpha‐eleostearic acid adducts yielded two isomeric dicarboxylic acids, melting at 113°C. and 85°C. These isomers differ only in the position of the carboxyl group on the cyclohexene nucleus of the adduct.

The di‐ethyl and di‐butyl esters of both thealpha‐andbeta‐eleostearic acid adducts and their hydrogenated derivatives have been intercompared as primary plasticizers for vinyl type resins. The hydrogenated di‐esters of thebeta‐eleostearic acid adducts were found to be the most effective.
Dilatometric investigations of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Craig B. M.
Published: May 2007

The coefficients of expansion and melting dilations were measured for methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl arachidate, methyl behenate, and methyl oleate. The dilatometric curve for the heating cycle of methyl palmitate and methyl stearate in the solid state was composed of a linear section to 49 degrees below the melting point, followed by a curvilinear section to the melting point. The heating and cooling cycle curves for methyl palmitate show the same volume change from −38°C. to 29°C., but the shape of the curves is different. The same relation holds for methyl stearate from −38°C. to 37.5°C. “After‐contractions” were found in volume measurements within a few degrees of the melting point of both esters. Equilibrated points were found within 0.5 degrees of the final melting temperature of methyl stearate. A striking similarity exists between curves for variation of the dielectric constant with temperature for long chain linear molecules and the dilatometric data.
Preparation and utilization of cottonseed meal glue for plywood
Authors: Hogan Joseph T. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of plywood glues using hydraulicpressed, screw‐pressed, and hexane‐extracted cottonseed meals is described. Hexane‐extracted cottonseed meal glue compares favorably with commercial casein glue and peanut meal glue, each glue mix and glue line being prepared as recommended to give maximum shear strengths. Lower values of shear strength and wood failure of glue joints containing hydraulic‐and screw‐pressed meals, as compared to hexane‐extracted meal, were reported.
Removal of gossypol from cottonseed by solvent extraction procedures
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Kupperman R. P. , Thurber F. H. , Altschul A. M.
Published: May 2007

The relative efficiencies of organic, polar solvents and of solvent‐water pairs for use in the extraction of gossypol and related compounds from cottonseed flakes were determined in a specially devised glass laboratory extractor.

Of the solvents tested a butanone‐water pair containing 10% of water by volume was the most effective, and chlorine‐substituted hydrocarbons were the least effective. Under equilibrium conditions maximum extraction of gossypol was obtained with a butanone solvent containing 2.5% of water by weight. The rate of extraction of gossypol from cottonseed meal with butanone‐water pairs increased with increase in the amount of water in the system and with increase in temperature of the extraction system. The greater amounts of water in the extraction system resulted in swelling and packing of the flakes and in a decrease in extraction efficiency. Flakes extracted at 26°C. contained 0.08% free gossypol and those extracted at 71°, 0.054%. This decrease may be due, in part, to the reaction of gossypol with the protein to form bound gossypol.