bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the neutrophil a ‘prima donna’ in the procoagulant process during sepsis?
Authors: Iba Toshiaki , Miki Takahiro , Hashiguchi Naoyuki , Tabe Yoko , Nagaoka Isao
Published: July 2014

Activation of the coagulation system is a fundamental host defense mechanism. Microorganisms that have invaded the body are trapped and disposed of in clots. Monocytes/macrophages are widely accepted as the main players in the procoagulant process; however, recent evidence suggests that neutrophils also play important roles. Tissue factor, which initiates the extrinsic coagulation cascade, is reportedly expressed on the surface of neutrophils, as well as on microparticles derived from neutrophils. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are another source of tissue factor. The components of NETs, such as DNA, histones, and granule proteins, also provide procoagulant activities. For instance, DNA initiates the intrinsic pathway, histones are a strong generator of thrombin, and granule proteins such as neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and myeloperoxidase contribute to the suppression of the anticoagulation systems. Although understanding of the mechanisms that are involved in coagulation/fibrinolysis in sepsis has gradually progressed, the impact of neutrophils on thrombogenicity during sepsis remains to be addressed. Since the importance of the connection between coagulation and inflammation is advocated nowadays, further research on neutrophils is required.
Does repeat Hb measurement within 2 hours after a normal initial Hb in stable trauma patients add value to trauma evaluation?
Authors: Sierink Joanne C , Joosse Pieter , de Castro Steve MM , Schep Niels WL , Goslings J Carel
Published: July 2014

Background

In our level I trauma center, it is considered common practice to repeat blood haemoglobin measurements in patients within 2 h after admission. However, the rationale behind this procedure is elusive and can be considered labour-intensive, especially in patients in whom haemorrhaging is not to be expected. The aim of this study was to assess the value of the repeated Hb measurement (r-Hb) within 2 h in adult trauma patients without evidence of haemodynamic instability.

Methods

The local trauma registry was used to identify all trauma patients without evidence of haemodynamic instability from January 2009 to December 2010. Patients in whom no initial blood Hb measurement (i-Hb) was done on admission, referrals, and patients without risk for traumatic injuries or haemorrhage based upon mechanism of injury (e.g. inhalation or drowning injury) were excluded.

Results

A total of 1,537 patients were included in the study, 1,246 of which did not present with signs of haemodynamic instability. Median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 5 (interquartile range (IQR) 1 to 13), 22% of the patients were multitrauma patients (ISS > 15). A normal i-Hb was found in 914 patients (73%). Of the 914 patients with a normal i-Hb, 639 (70%) had a normal r-Hb, while in 127 patients (14%), an abnormal r-Hb was found. In none of these patients, the abnormal r-Hb led to new diagnoses. In 148 patients (16%), no repeated Hb measurement was done without clinical consequences.

Conclusion

We conclude that repeated blood Hb measurement within 2 h after admission in stable, adult trauma patients with a normal initial Hb concentration does not add value to a trauma patient's evaluation.
Profiles of Everyday Executive Functioning in Young Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Daunhauer Lisa A. , Fidler Deborah J. , Hahn Laura , Will Elizabeth , Lee Nancy Raitano , Hepburn Susan
Published: July 2014

We investigated executive functioning (EF) in children with Down syndrome (DS; n  =  25) and typically developing (TD) children matched for mental age (MA; n  =  23) using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool. We sought to (1) compare children with DS to a developmentally matched control group, and (2) to characterize the EF profile of children with DS. Across teacher and parent reports, significant deficits in working memory and planning were observed in the DS group. Parents, but not teachers, of children with DS also reported difficulties in inhibitory control relative to the comparison group. Results extend earlier findings regarding EF impairments in children with DS. The complementary role inhibitory control may play in this profile is discussed.
Social Cognition in Adolescent Girls With Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Turkstra Lyn S. , Abbeduto Leonard , Meulenbroek Peter
Published: July 2014

This study aimed to characterize social cognition, executive functions (EFs), and everyday social functioning in adolescent girls with fragile X syndrome, and identify relationships among these variables. Participants were 20 girls with FXS and 20 age-matched typically developing peers. Results showed significant between-groups differences in social cognition, accounted for by differences in IQ and language. Within the FXS group, IQ and language were related to social cognition; parent-reported social functioning was related to language and EFs; and self-reported social functioning was generally good and not related to cognitive or social cognition variables. Results suggest that intervention might focus on managing language and cognitive contributions to social functioning, rather than social cognition, and underscore the importance of considering parent and adolescent perspectives.
Risk Factors for Self-Injury, Aggression, and Stereotyped Behavior Among Young Children At Risk for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Schroeder Stephen R. , Marquis Janet G. , Reese R. Matthew , Richman David M. , Mayo-Ortega Liliana , Oyama-Ganiko Rosa , LeBlanc Judith , Brady Nancy , Butler Merlin G. , Johnson Tiffany , Lawrence Linda
Published: July 2014

Before the 1990s, research on the early identification and prevention of severe behavior disorders (SBDs), such as aggression, self-injury, and stereotyped behavior, among young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), was mostly done with children 3 years or older. More recent work suggests that signs of SBDs may occur as early as 6 months in some infants. The present study combined a cross-sectional and longitudinal approach to examine SBDs in 180 young children aged 4–48 months recruited through mass screening, then receiving an interdisciplinary evaluation and six-month follow-ups for one year. Twelve potential risk factors related to SBDs were examined. Eight of these risk factors, including age, gender, diagnosis, intellectual and communication levels, visual impairment, parent education, family income, were differentially related to scores for Aggression, SIB, and Stereotyped Behavior subscales on the Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01) at initial interdisciplinary evaluation. BPI-01 scores decreased over the year for 57% of the children and increased for 43%. The amount of decrease on each BPI-01 subscale varied with age, gender, and diagnosis.
Point-of-Care Vertical Flow Allergen Microarray Assay: Proof of Concept
Authors: Chinnasamy Thiruppathiraja , Segerink Loes I , Nystrand Mats , Gantelius Jesper , Andersson Svahn Helene
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Sophisticated equipment, lengthy protocols, and skilled operators are required to perform protein microarray-based affinity assays. Consequently, novel tools are needed to bring biomarkers and biomarker panels into clinical use in different settings. Here, we describe a novel paper-based vertical flow microarray (VFM) system with a multiplexing capacity of at least 1480 microspot binding sites, colorimetric readout, high sensitivity, and assay time of <10 min before imaging and data analysis.

METHOD

Affinity binders were deposited on nitrocellulose membranes by conventional microarray printing. Buffers and reagents were applied vertically by use of a flow controlled syringe pump. As a clinical model system, we analyzed 31 precharacterized human serum samples using the array system with 10 allergen components to detect specific IgE reactivities. We detected bound analytes using gold nanoparticle conjugates with assay time of ≤10 min. Microarray images were captured by a consumer-grade flatbed scanner.

RESULTS

A sensitivity of 1 ng/mL was demonstrated with the VFM assay with colorimetric readout. The reproducibility (CV) of the system was <14%. The observed concordance with a clinical assay, ImmunoCAP, was R2 = 0.89 (n = 31).

CONCLUSIONS

In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated that the VFM assay, which combines features from protein microarrays and paper-based colorimetric systems, could offer an interesting alternative for future highly multiplexed affinity point-of-care testing.
National Affiliation or Local Representation: When TFA Alumni Run for School Board
Authors: Jacobsen Rebecca , Linkow Tamara Wilder
Published: July 2014

Historically power to govern public schools has been delegated to local school boards. However, this arrangement of power has been shifting over the past half century and increasingly, local school boards are targeted as ineffective and antiquated. Teach For America (TFA), typically examined for its placement of teachers, also seeks to develop educational leaders and TFA now encourages and supports its alumni to run for local school boards. The involvement of a national organization, like TFA, with its own national education agenda in local school board elections may reflect the next step in the demise of local control. To investigate whether TFA’s involvement in local elections represents the spreading of a national agenda at the expense of attention to local issues, this research examines campaign messages for both TFA alumni candidates and their opponents. Results indicate that TFA alumni candidates incorporate significantly more messages aligned with TFA than their opponents (35 vs. 11), but they also maintain a focus on local issues as measured by the number of local issue messages they also incorporate into their campaign literature. Rather than debating whether school boards have lost power, this research points to the need to better understand how local politics is changing and expanding as new voices enter the arena.
The regular Grünbaum polyhedron of genus 5
Authors: Gévay G. , Schulte E. , Wills J. M.
Published: July 2014

We discuss a polyhedral embedding of the classical Fricke-Klein regular map of genus 5 in ordinary space E3. This polyhedron was originally discovered by Grünbaum in 1999, but was recently rediscovered by Brehm andWills. We establish isomorphism of the Grünbaum polyhedron with the Fricke-Klein map, and confirm its combinatorial regularity. The Grünbaum polyhedron is among the few currently known geometrically vertex-transitive polyhedra of genus g ≥ 2, and is conjectured to be the only vertex-transitive polyhedron in this genus range that is also combinatorially regular. We also contribute a new vertex-transitive polyhedron, of genus 11, to this list, as the 7th known example. In addition we show that there are only finitely many vertex-transitive polyhedra in the entire genus range g ≥ 2.
The group of strong symplectic homeomorphisms in the L∞-metric
Authors: Banyaga A. , Tchuiaga S.
Published: July 2014

The group SSympeo(M, ω) of strong symplectic homeomorphisms or group of ssympeomorphisms of a closed connected symplectic manifold (M, ω) was defined and studied in [2], [3]. In these papers the author uses the L(1,∞)-metric on the group Iso(M, ω) of all symplectic isotopies. In this paper we study the set SSympeo(M, ω)∞ of ssympeomorphisms in the L∞- metric. We prove the equality between SSympeo(M, ω) and SSympeo(M, ω)∞. This generalizes Müller’s result [6] asserting that Hameo(M, ω) = Hameo(M, ω)∞.
Non-existence of tight neighborly triangulated manifolds with β1 = 2
Authors: Singh N.
Published: July 2014

All triangulated d-manifolds satisfy the inequality

for d ≥ 3. A triangulated d-manifold is called tight neighborly if it attains equality in this bound. For each d ≥ 3, a (2d+3)-vertex tight neighborly triangulation of the Sd-1-bundle over S1 with β1 = 1 was constructed by Kühnel in 1986. In this paper, it is shown that there does not exist a tight neighborly triangulated manifold with β1 = 2. In other words, there is no tight neighborly triangulation of (Sd-1x S1)#2 or (Sd-1x̲ S1)#2 for d ≥ 3. A short proof of the uniqueness of Kühnel’s complexes for d ≥ 4 under the assumption β1≠ 0 is also presented.
Wrangelia gordoniae, a new species of Rhodophyta (Ceramiales, Wrangeliaceae) from the tropical western Atlantic
Authors: Bucher Katina E. , Ballantine David L. , Lozada-Troche Chad , Norris James N.
Published: July 2014

On the basis of comparative morphological and molecular analyses, a new red algal species in the genus Wrangelia (Wrangeliaceae, Ceramiales) is described from the tropical western Atlantic. Distinctive characteristics of the proposed new species, W. gordoniae, include: overall habit; built up pseudoparenchymatous cortex that is composed of 2, and in localized sites up to 3, layers of cortical cells, with the outermost layer incomplete, composed of smaller, irregular-shaped cells; and spermatangial heads with 5–6 (–7) involucres, each consisting of a single elongate cell. Analyses of SSU sequences of specimens of Wrangelia from Puerto Rico further support the presence of four genetically distinct entities. In addition to numerous recent collections, a number of herbarium specimens from different Caribbean locales previously identified as “W. penicillata” are now recognized to be W. gordoniae. The new species is compared morphologically with other Wrangelia species that also have 5 whorl branchlets per segment and a cortex that partially or wholly covers their axes. A key to the tropical western Atlantic species of Wrangelia is provided.
Messsystem zur ortsaufgelösten Schallfeldmessung
Authors: Horn Peter , Metzger Jochen , Wüst Michael , Lerch Reinhard
Published: July 2014

Das Schallfeld um eine Lärmquelle gibt Aufschluss über die Position einzelner
Teilschallquellen sowie deren Beitrag zum insgesamt emittierten Schall. Um
eine schnelle und einfache Kartierung von Schallfeldern zu ermöglichen, wurde
ein Messsystem entwickelt, das die Position eines Mikrofons ermittelt und so
dem gemessenen Schalldrucksignal einen Ort zuordnen kann. Das Mikrofon ist
hierzu an einem handgeführten Marker angebracht, der mit einem
Ultraschallsender ausgestattet ist. Mittels Laufzeitmessung zwischen Marker
und im Raum verteilten Ultraschallempfängern wird dessen Position bestimmt. Es
werden praktische Ergebnisse aus der Analyse von Strukturschwingungen und
Messungen von Schallfeldern in der Umgebung von Geräten vorgestellt.
Ein mobiles Referenzmesssystem für die Fahrzeugortung
Authors: Wegener Marco
Published: July 2014

Fahrzeugortungssysteme stellen eine wichtige Grundfunktionalität für
fortgeschrittene Assistenzsysteme und das automatisierte Fahren
dar. Für deren Einsatz bei sicherheitsrelevanten und rechtlich
bedeutsamen Anwendungen ist eine messtechnische Prüfung der
Ortungsqualität erforderlich. Hierfür wird eine mobiles und
physikalisch unabhängiges Referenzsystem benötigt. Der Beitrag
diskutiert Grundstrukturen von Referenzsystemen, generische
Anforderungen hieran und mögliche Technologien für deren
Implementierung. Zudem wird eine exemplarische Implementierung eines
Referenzsystems dargestellt, dass die formulierten Anforderungen
erfüllt und mit dem sich zukünftige Ortungssysteme wie Galileo werden
prüfen lassen. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Einblick in damit
erzielte Messergebnisse.
Advanced Testing and Characterization of Shear Modulus and Deformation Characteristics of Oil Sand Materials
Authors: Anochie-Boateng Joseph K. , Tutumluer Erol
Published: July 2014

Oil sands are natural deposits of sand materials that are rich in bitumen. Limited studies have been conducted to determine the dynamic behavior of oil sand materials. Recent difficulties encountered in oil sand mine fields in Canada substantiated the need to characterize the stress dependent, visco-elastic, and plastic behavior of oil sand materials under dynamic loading of off-road construction and mining equipment. This paper introduces a new cyclic triaxial test procedure for determining shear modulus and deformation characteristics of oil sand materials. The test procedure was used to characterize shear moduli of three oil sand materials with varying bitumen contents. From the test results, nonlinear shear modulus models were successfully developed to characterize temperature and stress dependent behavior of the tested oil sand materials. The research findings indicate that the new laboratory approach is an improvement on conventional tests, especially when oil sand materials need to be evaluated in the field for subgrade construction and equipment mobility.
A Method for Improvement of the Heating Efficiency of Conductive Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Pan Pan , Wu Shaopeng , Chen Mingyu , Tang Ning
Published: July 2014

Conductive asphalt concrete (CAC) has been proposed as an alternative method for removal of snow and ice from pavements. Most previous literature focused mainly on the material composition, mixing, and preparation methodology, electrical and mechanical performance evaluation of CAC, while few studies were available about its electric heating behavior. After analyzing the heat transfer balance involved in the snow melting process, this paper then provided a method to improve the heating efficiency of CAC and hence accelerate the snow melting process. Small-scale slabs were designed for laboratory electric heating tests and three different materials (including slurry seal, expanded shale, and waterproofing material) were employed to prepare the thermal insulation layer paved between the conductive layer and the bottom layer. Slabs were electric-heated under different initial temperatures and applied power. The results show that waterproofing slab exhibited the best insulating effect, followed by expanded shale and slurry seal, respectively. Insulation layers with low thermal conductivity were effective in improving the performance of the snow melting system. Furthermore, the effect of the insulation layer on heating efficiency was more significant under greater applied power.
Influence of Steel Wool Fibers on the Mechanical, Termal, and Healing Properties of Dense Asphalt Concrete
Authors: García Alvaro , Norambuena-Contreras Jose , Bueno Moises , Partl Manfred N.
Published: July 2014

This paper summarizes the main results of experimental research on the induction healing of dense asphalt concrete with steel wool fibers. Different physical properties of dense asphalt concrete, as the steel wool fibers distribution, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and healing via induction heating have been analysed. The main results show that short and thick fibers disperse very well in the mixture, while long and thin fibers produce clusters. It was also observed that fibers can be damaged during the mixing and compaction processes. In addition, it was found that steel wool fibers do not significantly improve the mechanical properties and damage resistance of dense asphalt concrete. Moreover, steel wool fibers slightly increase the thermal conductivity of dense asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the temperature reached due to induction heating increases with the number of fibers in the mixture and with their diameter. Finally, it was found that dense asphalt concrete heals through the increase of temperature and that the type and diameter of fibers do not influence the healing properties of dense asphalt concrete.
Comparison of Two Beam Fatigue Tests
Authors: Pramesti F. P. , Molenaar A. A. A. , van de Ven M. F. C. , Qiu J. , Woldekidan M. F.
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study is to compare the fatigue behavior in two beam fatigue tests: the Four Point Bending Test (FPBT) and the Beam on Elastic Foundation (BOEF) test. It is believed that the BOEF test simulates the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures in a more realistic way. The beam specimens used for both the FPBT and BOEF tests are made of gravel asphalt concrete (GAC). Finite element simulations of the BOEF test are carried out to understand better the behavior of the GAC beam. The results show that in the BOEF tests, cracks will develop from the middle bottom of beam while the FPBTs at low temperature show no crack. This finding further supports the idea that improved fatigue tests are needed which better represent the cracking behavior of asphalt pavements. However, the BOEF test also shows the development of an accumulated strain along with the cyclic strain. This shows that further investigation is needed to determine the cause of fatigue cracks; are they due to the cyclic strain or due to the accumulated strain? Another important finding is that at a temperature of 5°C and a frequency of 8 Hz, the fatigue life obtained with the BOEF test is 20 times higher (on average) than FPBT fatigue life.
Preparation and Electrical Properties of Piezoelectric-Embedded Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Tang Ning , Wu Shaopeng , Pang Ling , Zhou Jing , Tu Liangliang
Published: July 2014

The properties of a piezoelectric generator-embedded asphalt mixture are investigated by means of parameters including size, effectiveness, and production of energy. The optimum size and the composition of the piezoelectric materials are first studied using a finite element method, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, and mechanical testing. The piezoelectric elements were embedded in the asphalt mixture with different mix proportions. The compatibility and piezoelectric properties of such a piezoelectric generator-embedded mixture are investigated and discussed. The results show that PMnS–PZN–PZT ceramic rings doped with 0.45 wt. % Fe2O3 (OD = 18 mm, ID = 10 mm, 4 mm by 8 pieces) are better suited than others. The AC-10 asphalt mixture containing piezoelectric generator maintain both good pavement properties and remarkable micropower electrical energy.
Refractometric Measurements at the Bitumen–Aggregate Interface
Authors: van Lent D. Q. , Molenaar A. A. A. , Picken S. J. , van de Ven M. F. C.
Published: July 2014

In this paper, refractometry is used for characterization of the adhesion between bitumen and aggregates. The main purpose of this paper is to find whether preferential adsorption occurs and can be demonstrated in pure and undiluted road-construction bitumen. For this, bitumens from different crudes with different penetration grades and six bitumens with different penetration grades from the same crude are examined in a refractometer. The measurements give indices of refraction of the different bitumens at the bitumen–aggregate interface. In this paper, it is concluded that the indices of refraction are strongly related to the penetration of the bitumens. Clear preferential adsorption was not found from the refractometric measurements at this stage. It is suggested that a change in the composition of the bulk of the bitumen results in a similar change in composition at the aggregate surface.
Rapid method to estimate temperature changes in electronics elements
Authors: Oborskii G. A. , Savel’eva O. S. , Shikhireva Yu. V.
Published: July 2014

Thermal behavior of electronic equipment is the determining factor for performing rapid assessment of the effectiveness of design and operation of the equipment. The assessment method proposed in this article consists in fixation of an infrared video stream from the surface of the device and converting it into a visible flow by means of a thermal imager, splitting it into component colors and their further processing using parabolic transformation. The result of the transformation is the number used as a rapid criterion for estimation of distribution stability of heat in the equipment.
Circuitry of power supplies for pulsed arc welding with chaotic current oscillations
Authors: Sidorets V. N. , Bushma A. I. , Zhernosekov A. M.
Published: July 2014

Phenomenon of deterministic chaos in nonlinear systems is of interest to researchers first of all for its fundamental aspects. Recently the tendency has changed from fundamental to applied research.
Deterministic chaos was found in electrical circuits with a welding arc and its fundamental properties were investigated. The technological advantages of pulsed oscillations in circuits with laser-arc discharge over welding processes were shown earlier. The authors have reason to believe that the application of chaotic oscillations also has a positive effect. Only experimental studies can confirm this assumption. The purpose of this work is to develop promising circuit solutions for specialized power supply with current chaotic oscillations.
Application of set-top boxes to the existing power sources to create chaotic oscillations of pulsed current arc has been proposed. The development of circuit design has been based on the results of previous studies of deterministic chaos in RLC-circuits with electric arc. The advantages and disadvantages of various circuits have been discussed in order to select schemes of set-top boxes for the practical implementation.
Physical concept and calñulation of boiling point in a pulsating heat pipe
Authors: Naumova A. N. , Kravets V. Yu. , Nikolaenko Yu. E.
Published: July 2014

LED development is accompanied by the need to ensure a constructive solution for the thermal conditions problem. For this purpose one can use pulsating heat pipes (PHP), that operate more efficiently after the start of heat carrier boiling. This article describes the physical representation and formula that allows determining the boiling point, which is a lower bound of the PHP effective operating range. It is shown that the main factors influencing the required heat flow are driving capillary pressure and velocity of the vapor bubble. The formula was obtained for the closed PHP made of the copper with water as a heat carrier. Information about this heat flux can be used for further design of cooling systems for heat-sensitive elements, such as LED for promising lighting devices.
“What any Parent Knows” But the Supreme Court Misunderstands
Authors: Brooks Jamie D.
Published: July 2014

In Miller v. Alabama, the Supreme Court appealed to neuroscience studies concerning the diminished capacities of adolescents to justify leniency in the sentencing of juvenile offenders. Reflecting on the recent proliferation of juvenile proportionality cases, the Court noted “[o]ur decisions rested not only on common sense—on what ‘any parent knows’—but on science and social science as well.” This Article casts a skeptical eye on the legal import of these scientific insights into the adolescent brain for normative evaluations of criminal culpability. Although the studies cited offer little probative value beyond the common sense wisdom about children that “any parent knows,” the Court’s efforts to employ psychiatric data to objectify mitigating criteria have distracted the Justices from analyzing the precise legal relationship between diminished capacity and diminished culpability, while intractably confusing the Eighth Amendment doctrine of proportionality. After analyzing the history of both proportionality review and the diminished capacity defense, this Article cautions that judges should not automatically equate factual findings of neurobiological abnormalities—that merely evidence diminished capacity—with a moral-legal conclusion of lessened culpability. Given the wide applicability of this defense, such reductionist interpretations contravene the principles of moral responsibility, which seek to differentiate culpability among individual offenders. As an alternative means of reconciling the burgeoning role of neuroscience with the established tenets of the criminal doctrine, this Article proposes a novel framework for assessing the mitigating effect of brain science that judges could equally apply to all classes of offenders, including juveniles.
The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation
Authors: Mraz Milos , Haluzik Martin
Published: July 2014

Adipose tissue (AT) lies at the crossroad of nutrition, metabolism, and immunity; AT inflammation was proposed as a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic and vascular complications. Resident immune cells constitute the second largest AT cellular component after adipocytes and as such play important roles in the maintenance of AT homeostasis. Obesity-induced changes in their number and activity result in the activation of local and later systemic inflammatory response, marking the transition from simple adiposity to diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. This review has focused on the various subsets of immune cells in AT and their role in the development of AT inflammation and obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Processos de trabalho: da manufatura à maquinaria moderna
Authors: Batista Alfredo
Published: July 2014

Apresentar o movimento da categoria trabalho no interior dos processos de trabalho estruturados e efetivados desde o artesanato até a maquinaria moderna. Nesses processos ocorreram rupturas e continuidades na esfera da organização do trabalho, bem como nas instâncias da revolução científica e tecnológica. Os resultados manifestados nas relações cotidianas, durante os processos de trabalho, entre os homens e a natureza contribuíram para criar campos de possibilidades de objetificações que afastaram os homens das barreiras naturais. No entanto, as experiências vivenciadas pelos trabalhadores ampliaram o universo individual e coletivo de reificação em seus diferentes níveis de sociabilidade, dificultando e impedindo-os de viverem e estruturarem uma vida plena de sentido.
Consultoria empresarial de Serviço Social: expressões da precarização e da terceirização profissional
Authors: Azevedo Fernanda Caldas de
Published: July 2014

O presente artigo é resultado da minha dissertação de mestrado que teve por finalidade apreender a consultoria empresarial de Serviço Social em face da reestruturação produtiva e da expansão da precarização das relações de trabalho, cuja terceirização é uma de suas expressões. Assim, utilizo cinco eixos de análise para identificar expressões de precarização a partir da terceirização ocorrida nesse espaço sócio-ocupacional do Serviço Social.
Are Cleft Palate Fistulae a Cause of Dental Decay?
Authors: Richards Helen , Van Bommel Annelotte , Clark Victoria , Richard Bruce
Published: July 2014

Aim

To investigate a possible correlation between fistula and dental decay in children at 5 years of age from a single-surgeon series of cleft palate repairs.

Methods

Retrospective review of data over a 9-year period between 2003 and 2011 of cleft palate repairs performed by the senior author at Birmingham Children's Hospital, U.K. Data collected on age, sex, age at repair, presence of fistula, and number of decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth (i.e., decayed, missing, and filled teeth score) at age 5 years.

Results

The overall fistula rate for this patient population was 24.1%. Fistulae were more common in the more severe forms of cleft type, as was frequency of dental decay. Comparison of fistula versus nonfistula groups showed a higher rate of dental decay (40%) in the fistula group, compared with only 20% in the nonfistula group ( P = .036).

Conclusion

A positive association was established between dental decay and the presence of a fistula. Although not proven as causative, possible reasons for this include nasal mucus retaining sugary food in the mouth and an overall prolonged food-clearance time. The known association between severity of cleft and an increased likelihood of a fistula and severity of cleft and increased dental decay were again demonstrated but were not found to be the exclusive explanation for the new finding of an association between fistulae and higher dental decay rates.
A Rare Orbital Complication of Eye Exodeviation with Limited Abduction during Monobloc Le Fort III Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Hariri Firdaus , Cheung Lim Kwong , Rahman Zainal Ariff Bin Abdul , Ramasamy Sundrarajan Naidu , Ganesan Dharmendra
Published: July 2014

Monobloc Le Fort III distraction osteogenesis allows superior skeletal advancement in treating severe syndromic craniosynostosis. We report a rare orbital complication in a 3-year-old boy with Crouzon syndrome who developed right-eye exodeviation with limited abduction during the intradistraction period following this surgery. Images from a computed tomography scan confirmed direct impingement of the distracted right lateral orbital wall to the lateral rectus muscle. The impingement was surgically relieved via lateral orbital wall osteotomy. Ten months postdistraction, a review showed normal eye movement. A lateral orbital osteotomy cut for a monobloc Le Fort III distraction should be designed near the rim to prevent this complication.
International Confederation for Cleft Lip and Palate and Related Craniofacial Anomalies Task Force Report: Palatoplasty in the Speaking Individual with Unrepaired Cleft Palate
Authors: Sommerlad Brian C.
Published: July 2014

Introduction

The benefits or otherwise of late palate repair in older children or adults are uncertain. The outcomes, particularly without appropriate speech therapy, are often disappointing. The issue is of special importance in the poorer countries where these patients are most commonly seen and where limited capacity and facilities may have to be rationed.

Method

A task force was set up to report back to the International Congress in Orlando in May 2013. The chairman and some members were nominated by the organizers and further members were added during the discussion process. Some of the members had considerable experience of late palate repair. The task force compiled a report after 9 months of e-mail correspondence. The report includes reports of some previously unpublished studies. A summary of the report was presented at Cleft 2013 in Orlando.

Conclusions

There was a general consensus that late palate repair is of benefit for many patients and that, even if normal speech is not attained, outcomes are positive. Outcomes depend on the age of the patient (the younger the better), on the skill of the surgeon and, ideally, on the availability of appropriate speech therapy. A protocol for a prospective international multicenter study is proposed.
Tetrastichus howardi(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Different Densities and Periods of Parasitism onDiatraea saccharalis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Caterpillars
Authors: Costa Daniele Perassa , Pereira Fabricio Fagundes , Kassab Samir Oliveira , Rossoni Camila , Pastori Patrik Luiz , Zanuncio José Cola
Published: July 2014

It is important to determine the suitability of parasitoid density and the parasitism period to obtain the desired number and quality of parasitoid offspring. The aim of this study was to establish the parasitism, emergence, number of progeny, duration of the life cycle (egg to adult), and sex ratio of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with two parasitoid densities and eight parasitism periods on third-instar Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) caterpillars. Each caterpillar of this host was exposed to one or three T. howardi females for different periods of time (0.016, 0.5, 1, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) in plastic glass (100 ml). The parasitized hosts were transferred to glass tubes (8.5 cm in height by 2.5 cm in diameter) with an artificial diet and were placed in a climatic chamber at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h until the emergence of adult parasitoids. T. howardi parasitized and developed in D. saccharalis caterpillars at all the female densities and parasitism periods tested. The emergence and progeny of T. howardi increased with the length of the parasitism period. The shortest life cycle (egg to adult) of T. howardi was 17.00 d at a density of 3:1 and 12 h of parasitism. The parasitism, emergence, and number of T. howardi progeny were highest at a density of 3:1 and at 96 h of parasitism on D. saccharalis third instars.
Virtual paleontology: computer-aided analysis of fossil form and function
Authors: Rahman Imran A. , Smith Selena Y.
Published: July 2014

‘Virtual paleontology’ entails the use of computational methods to assist in the three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and analysis of fossils, and has emerged as a powerful approach for research on the history of life. Three-dimensional imaging techniques allow poorly understood or previously unknown anatomies of fossil plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, as well as microfossils and trace fossils, to be described in much greater detail than formerly possible, and are applicable to a wide range of preservation types and specimen sizes (Table 1). These methods include non-destructive high-resolution scanning technologies such as conventional X-ray micro-tomography and synchrotron-based X-ray tomography. In addition, form and function can be rigorously investigated through quantitative analysis of computer models, for example finite-element analysis.
Kegelina: a new limnic ostracod (Cyprideidae, Cypridoidea) genus from the Lower Cretaceous of the Americas and Africa
Authors: Neto João Villar de Queiroz , Sames Benjamin , Colin Jean-Paul
Published: July 2014

The non-marine Lower Cretaceous ostracod genusKegelinanew genus (Cypridoidea, Cyprideidae) is known from South America (Bahia state, eastern Brazil), West Africa (Gabon and ‘Congo'), and North America (Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, U.S.A.). It comprises five species:Kegelina anomala(Peck, 1941) new combination,Kegelina armata(Krömmelbein, 1962) new combination,Kegelina bisculpturata(Wicher, 1959) new combination,Kegelina depressa(Moura, 1972) new combination, andKegelina kegeli(Wicher, 1959) new combination, all of which having formerly been described as representatives ofCyprideaBosquet, 1852. The closer relationships ofKegelinanew genus among the Cyprideidae Martin, 1940 are discussed. Other potential species ofKegelinan. gen. are presumed to occur in northeastern China and Europe but remain to be examined.
Unraveling the three-dimensional morphology of Archean microbialites
Authors: Rivera Marisol Juarez , Sumner Dawn Y.
Published: July 2014

Fenestrate microbialites from the 2521±3 Ma Gamohaan Formation, South Africa, are composed of calcite with traces of kerogen that represent the remains of ancient microbial mats. To delineate the 3-D geometry of these microbialites, specimens were serial-sectioned; sequential slices were polished in 120 μm increments and scanned to yield an image stack, which was rendered into a virtual model of the microbialites. The resulting virtual representation allowed for visualization and characterization of microbial growth geometries that were not visible from 2-D surfaces. Several new insights into the structure of microbialites emerged from characterizing their 3-D structure including the recognition of two new features, linear structures and tubular structures. The long, thin nature of these structures makes them difficult to identify in two dimensions. However, in three dimensions, they can be traced as thin ropes of fossilized microbial communities emerging from more typical microbial mat structures. Overall, these results demonstrate a new set of microbial features in the Gamohaan Formation that were only characterized by reconstructing the full geometry of the microbialites in three dimensions.
The walking dead: Blender as a tool for paleontologists with a case study on extinct arachnids
Authors: Garwood Russell , Dunlop Jason
Published: July 2014

This paper serves two roles. First, it acts as an introduction to Blender, an open-source computer graphics program, which can be of utility to paleontologists. To lessen the software's otherwise steep learning curve, a step-by-step guide to create an idealized reconstruction of a fossil in the form of a three-dimensional model in Blender, or to use the software to render results from ‘virtual paleontology' techniques, is provided as an online supplemental data file. Second, here we demonstrate the use of Blender with a case study on the extinct trigonotarbid arachnids. We report the limb articulations of members of the Devonian genusPalaeocharinuson the basis of exceptionally preserved fossils from the Rhynie Cherts of Scotland. We use these newly reported articulations to create a Blender model, and draw comparisons with the gait of extant arachnids to produce as accurate a representation of the trigonotarbid flexing its limbs and walking as possible, presented in additional online supplemental data files. Knowledge of the limb articulations of trigonotarbid arachnids also allows us to discuss their functional morphology: trigonotarbids' limbs and gait were likely comparable to extant cursorial spiders, but lacked some innovations seen in more derived arachnids.
X-ray computed tomography of two mammoth calf mummies
Authors: Fisher Daniel C. , Shirley Ethan A. , Whalen Christopher D. , Calamari Zachary T. , Rountrey Adam N. , Tikhonov Alexei N. , Buigues Bernard , Lacombat Frédéric , Grigoriev Semyon , Lazarev Piotr A.
Published: July 2014

Two female woolly mammoth neonates from permafrost in the Siberian Arctic are the most complete mammoth specimens known. Lyuba, found on the Yamal Peninsula, and Khroma, from northernmost Yakutia, died at ages of approximately one and two months, respectively. Both specimens were CT-scanned, yielding detailed information on the stage of development of their dentition and skeleton and insight into conditions associated with death. Both mammoths died after aspirating mud. Khroma's body was frozen soon after death, leaving her tissues in excellent condition, whereas Lyuba's body underwent postmortem changes that resulted in authigenic formation of nodules of the mineral vivianite associated with her cranium and within diaphyses of long bones. CT data provide the only comprehensive approach to mapping vivianite distribution. Three-dimensional modeling and measurement of segmented long bones permits comparison between these individuals and with previously recovered specimens. CT scans of long bones and foot bones show developmental features such as density gradients that reveal ossification centers. The braincase of Khroma was segmented to show the approximate morphology of the brain; its volume is slightly less (∼2,300 cm3) than that of neonate elephants (∼2,500 cm3). Lyuba's premaxillae are more gracile than those of Khroma, possibly a result of temporal and/or geographic variation but probably also reflective of their age difference. Segmentation of CT data and 3-D modeling software were used to produce models of teeth that were too complex for traditional molding and casting techniques.
Developmental paleobiology of the vertebrate skeleton
Authors: Rücklin Martin , Donoghue Philip C. J. , Cunningham John A. , Marone Federica , Stampanoni Marco
Published: July 2014

Studies of the development of organisms can reveal crucial information on homology of structures. Developmental data are not peculiar to living organisms, and they are routinely preserved in the mineralized tissues that comprise the vertebrate skeleton, allowing us to obtain direct insight into the developmental evolution of this most formative of vertebrate innovations. The pattern of developmental processes is recorded in fossils as successive stages inferred from the gross morphology of multiple specimens and, more reliably and routinely, through the ontogenetic stages of development seen in the skeletal histology of individuals. Traditional techniques are destructive and restricted to a 2-D plane with the third dimension inferred. Effective non-invasive methods of visualizing paleohistology to reconstruct developmental stages of the skeleton are necessary.

In a brief survey of paleohistological techniques we discuss the pros and cons of these methods. The use of tomographic methods to reconstruct development of organs is exemplified by the study of the placoderm dentition. Testing evidence for the presence of teeth in placoderms, the first jawed vertebrates, we compare the methods that have been used. These include inferring development from morphology, and using serial sectioning, microCT or synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), to reconstruct growth stages and directions of growth. The ensuing developmental interpretations are biased by the methods and degree of inference. The most direct and reliable method is using SRXTM data to trace sclerochronology. The resulting developmental data can be used to resolve homology and test hypotheses on the origin of evolutionary novelties.
New views of plant fossils from Antarctica: a comparison of X-ray and neutron imaging techniques
Authors: Dawson Martin , Francis Jane , Carpenter Rosemary
Published: July 2014

A fossil plant of Eocene age from Antarctica was studied using X-ray and neutron tomography to reveal the three-dimensional plant structures encased within carbonate nodules. The fossil was identified as a branch and leaves of an araucarian conifer, which grew on the volcanic highlands of the Antarctic Peninsula region approximately 50 million yr ago. Both X-ray and neutron imaging techniques successfully exposed the full three-dimensional structure of the fossil without destroying the original specimen, revealing that most of the fossil was present as voids in the concretion and little organic matter was present. However, neutron tomography was found to produce images with superior quality and detail.
Stress corrosion cracking resistance of aluminum alloy 7000 series after two-step aging
Authors: Jegdic Bore , Bobic Biljana , Pavlovic Milos , Alil Ana , Putic Slavisa
Published: July 2014

The effect of one step-and a new (short) two-step aging on the resistance to
stress corrosion cracking of an aluminum alloy 7000 series was investigated,
using slow strain rate test and fracture mechanics method. Aging level in the
tested alloy was evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy and
measurements of electrical resistivity. It was shown that the alloy after the
new two-step aging is significantly more resistant to stress corrosion
cracking. Values of tensile properties and fracture toughness are similar for
both thermal states. Processes that take place at the crack tip have been
considered. The effect of the testing solution temperature on the crack
growth rate on the plateau was determined. Two values of the apparent
activation energy were obtained. These values correspond to different
processes that control crack growth rate on the plateau at higher and lower
temperatures.
A complete model of keyhole and melt pool dynamics to analyze instabilities and collapse during laser welding
Authors: Courtois Mickael , Carin Muriel , Le Masson Philippe , Gaied Sadok , Balabane Mikhaël
Published: July 2014

A complete modeling of heat and fluid flow applied to laser welding regimes is proposed. This model has been developed using only a graphical user interface of a finite element commercial code and can be easily usable in industrial R&D environments. The model takes into account the three phases of the matter: the vaporized metal, the liquid phase, and the solid base. The liquid/vapor interface is tracked using the Level-Set method. To model the energy deposition, a new approach is proposed which consists of treating laser under its wave form by solving Maxwell's equations. All these physics are coupled and solved simultaneously in Comsol Multyphysics®. The simulations show keyhole oscillations and the formation of porosity. A comparison of melt pool shapes evolution calculated from the simulations and experimental macrographs shows good correlation. Finally, the results of a three-dimensional simulation of a laser welding process are presented. The well-known phenomenon of humping is clearly shown by the model.