bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Situations
Authors: Morse Patrick , Sweeny Kate
Published: December 2017

The present chapter reviews the psychological literature on medical situations, their properties, and their associations with a variety of physical and psychological health outcomes. It offers a definition of medical situations and suggests a framework to organize the literature before providing a review of research on health outcomes associated with different medical situation categories (e.g., waiting for a doctor, receiving treatment), as well as their physical cues (e.g., hospital room with a view of nature, ambient sounds) and psychological characteristics (e.g., doctor-patient communication, information availability). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of past studies and suggestions for further research on medical situations.
Dewey, the Ethics of Democracy, and the Challenge of Social Inclusion in Education
Authors: Striano Maura
Published: December 2017

Human development, human rights, and social inclusion are currently among the main challenges for democratic life. John Dewey understood democracy not only as an individual and social task but also as a moral commitment to human growth deeply related to education. He identified reflective inquiry as both the backdrop of moral agency (in the form of reflective morality) and the method of social reconstruction aimed at assuring social justice and social inclusion through a shared understanding and exploration of individual and collective problems. Moreover, he advocated for new relationships between industry, schools, and society, envisaging the crucial role of education in the development of more inclusive societies. Dewey’s approach suggests significant guidelines for contemporary democratic education in times of anxiety, disaffection, and distress since his insights anticipated crucial issues within current economic and sociopolitical debate on human and social growth and development.
Pragmatist Innovations, Actual and Proposed
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: December 2017

This chapter advances a reading of Dewey’s oeuvre in a way that confirms the perceptible convergence of the views of the Classic Pragmatists (Dewey, Peirce, James), over their entire careers, that depends on Dewey’s own innovations as well as borrowings from Peirce and James. The general drift of the movement is discussed in terms of the preference of flux over fixity, the deep informality of inquiry and judgment, Darwinian and post-Darwinian treatments of the continuum of the animal and the human, the treatment of the epistemological problem in terms inherently opposed to Kantian transcendentalism and Fregean rationalism, the abandonment of teleologism, essentialism, and fixities of any substantive or methodological kind. The chapter features especially the instrumental use of changing experience; the meaning of “the two logics” thesis that Dewey and Peirce share; the strengthening confrontation between pragmatism and rationalism; and the encounter with the so-called pragmatist features of the Pittsburgh School.
The National Security Council
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: December 2017

As the engine room for the making of U.S. foreign and security policy, the National Security Council (NSC) is vital. But debates about its proper structure, role, and function endure. This chapter explores the three most common critiques of the modern NSC: first, that it is too big; second, that it is too operational and does the work government agencies should do; and third, that it has a proclivity for too much micromanagement and too little strategic thinking. As a way to understand what the NSC does and to answer the question about whether it is effective or broken, it is necessary to unpack these critiques and assess their persuasiveness.
Understanding and Improving U.S. Financial Sanctions
Authors: Harris Jennifer M. , Kahn Robert B.
Published: December 2017

This chapter uses the Iran and Russia cases to understand how modern U.S. financial sanctions operate (including how they interact with traditional tools of foreign policy) and how to better incorporate them into the United States’ standing arsenal of foreign policy tools. It does so by considering three broad sets of questions: First, how has the use of financial sanctions evolved over the past fifteen years? Second, what are the main ways in which financial sanctions impose costs on sanctioned countries? Finally, how should U.S. policymakers alter the use of financial sanctions to maximize their impact, sustain their strength, and minimize problematic side effects?
International Terrorism
Authors: Moore Pauline
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines international terrorism, defined as the use or threatened use of violence by a nonstate actor to arouse fear in a population with the goal of achieving a political or social outcome. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the changing role of international terrorism in U.S. national security policy, and then presents various scholarly approaches applied to understanding the causes of terrorism. The next section discusses counterterrorism strategies, focusing on the relative effectiveness of repressive versus conciliatory instruments and targeted versus indiscriminate approaches to countering terror. The chapter ends with a summary of lessons learned and recommendations for those involved in shaping U.S. counterterrorism policy.
America’s Foreign Policy Traditions
Authors: Nau Henry R.
Published: December 2017

There are four standard American foreign policy traditions, and they have existed since the beginning of the republic. The traditions include isolationists/nationalists like George Washington and Andrew Jackson; realists like Alexander Hamilton and Teddy Roosevelt; conservative internationalists like Thomas Jefferson and Ronald Reagan; and liberal internationalists like Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt. Rooted in both the history and the logic of the American experience, the traditions are indispensable to ensure that America considers all of the elements of a changing world in meeting global challenges.
Light, Human Evolution, and the Palaeolithic
Authors: Pettitt Paul , Leluschko Stefanie , Sakamoto Takashi
Published: December 2017

Human light-producing technology (i.e. the controlled use of fire) evolved during the Palaeolithic. Among its more obvious advantages to survival (heat, cooking, protection), fire-provided light in the form of hearths and lamps probably had considerable evolutionary significance. As human symbolic systems spread with the late Middle Palaeolithic and Upper Palaeolithic in Eurasia, it became a constituent component of European cave art. After reviewing the biological basis of human perception in low-light situations, we examine the existing evidence for the evolution of controlled use of fire (light production), and focus on its use in the performance of Upper Palaeolithic art and other activities in the deep caves of Western Europe.
Hubertus Tellenbach
Authors: Micali Stefano
Published: December 2017

Hubertus Tellenbach’s research on phenomenological psychiatry is characterized by both erudite scholarship and philosophical brilliance. Tellenbach’s most important contributions to psychiatry are to be found in four different areas of research: 1) the methodology of the psychopathological approach; 2) the study of melancholia; 3) the phenomenology of atmosphere and mood; and 4) an intercultural investigation of fatherhood. This chapter focuses primarily on the first two areas, although some aspects related to the third area are also mentioned. The last part of the chapter highlights the importance of Tellenbach’s analysis of the melancholic type to current research on depression. Tellenbach’s investigation can contribute to clarifying the connections between our society based on performance and optimatization and the alarming relevance of depression in our contemporary society.
Clinical Phenomenology: Descriptive, Structural, and Transcendental Phenomenology
Authors: Legrand Dorothée
Published: December 2017

Clinical phenomenology weaves descriptive, structural, and transcendental threads. At the descriptive level, phenomenology does not end but starts with the confrontation to that which does not immediately appear in consciousness; an analysis is already required here, which brackets the dichotomy between normal and pathological, to consider the meaning of being human. Structurally, clinical phenomenology may perform an anthropological analysis aiming at characterizing the organization of any individual life; or it may seek to assume an ontological scope to determine the human openness to Being prevailing before intentionality cuts the subject apart from objects. A transcendental analysis may consider that the foundation of being-human is rooted in an anonymous, asubjective source of experience, to which one’s receptive openness would be impaired in psychopathology. In clinical phenomenology, one ought to consider how these different philosophical orientations may impact the encounter between a patient and a clinician.
1325 + 17 = ?
Authors: Theidon Kimberly
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the absence of certain marginal groups from the United Nations’ Women, Peace, and Security Agenda and suggests correctives to those exclusions. The chapter discusses how men and boys as victims of sexual and gender-based violence have been erased in this agenda, and the consequences of this erasure. It challenges the assumptions of militarized masculinity as a uniformly shared identity among conflict-engaged men. It also looks at the outcome of pregnancies resulting from wartime rape and shows how children born of rape are presented and treated in their communities. The chapter draws on research conducted in Peru and Colombia and shows the necessity of understanding both the perpetration and experience of violence in nuanced ways.
The Promise and Limits of Indicators on Women, Peace and Security
Authors: Castillo-Diaz Pablo , Cueva-Beteta Hanny
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the rapid proliferation of data-driven indicators to track the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 internationally, regionally, and nationally. The chapter presents both the critiques and the strengths of such indicators and summarizes current debates around them. It questions the adequacy of indicators primarily because they value process over results and can be manipulated to produce predetermined results. At the same time, indicators expose the shortcomings of governments and pressure them to meet or exceed gender targets. This chapter suggests that evidence gathering and application is a pivotal space to advance gender equality, and the mere existence of indicators makes accountability more possible.
Gender and Forms of Conflict
Authors: Nesiah Vasuki
Published: December 2017

This chapter compares and contrasts the successes and failures of “conflict mapping” in international humanitarian law (IHL) and international conflict feminism (ICF), a phrase the author uses to refer to feminist initiatives aimed at strengthening international law and policy’s response to women’s experiences. The chapter begins by describing the IHL regime for classification of forms of conflict and the consequences of these stratifications on conflict resolution. It addresses the strategies of ICF, and the challenge it brings to the conflict maps of IHL for not adequately addressing women’s specific needs. The chapter then questions the conflict maps of ICF. It demonstrates the ways in which ICF’s approach to gender, while commendable, can also be simplistic and inadequate.
“Mind the Gap”
Authors: Hoover Green Amelia
Published: December 2017

This chapter outlines two key methodological gaps in conflict data analysis: (1) the gap between collected data and underlying reality; and (2) the gap between measurements of specific experiences and the broader reality of the conflict. With respect to the first gap, the chapter reviews potential shortcomings in various forms of data collection including data from surveys, media sources, health sector sources, legal mechanisms, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) case files. With respect to the second gap, the chapter describes three common issues in translating measurements of specific experiences into broader knowledge about conflict: misunderstanding the gendered nature of violence; making incorrect inferences of subjective experiences of violence; and overlooking potential gendered benefits of conflict. The chapter offers recommendations for researchers and suggests a more careful acknowledgment of the shortcomings of data when presenting findings.
Agency and Gender Norms in War Economies
Authors: Petesch Patti
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes shifts in gender roles and agency during times of conflict, noting that the changes men and women experience are interdependent and arguing that a conflict period may offer a window of opportunity to speed up normative social change. The chapter describes how qualitative data from multiple conflict sites illustrate that while women may experience an increase in economic agency during a conflict period, many men feel emasculated or disempowered when their livelihoods are disrupted during conflict. Two case studies, from the Gaza Strip and Liberia, illustrate this dynamic of female empowerment and male emasculation. The Gaza example shows a community where these dynamics are present, but changes to the underlying gender norms are limited. Liberia offers an example of a post-conflict society where gender roles have not only been relaxed but have undergone a normative change, as women have begun participating in political, economic, and civic life.
Gender and Peacekeeping
Authors: Karim Sabrina M. , Henry Marsha
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines three manifestations of gender in peacekeeping: the gender of those serving as peacekeepers; gendered hierarchies within peacekeeping missions; and the gendered discourse used by the United Nations when discussing women peacekeepers. The chapter provides statistics on the numbers of female peacekeepers historically and by assignment. Using the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the chapter explores how protection masculinity and militarized masculinity complicate the work of female peacekeepers in various ways. Finally, the chapter critiques the problematic rhetoric used by the UN to promote female peacekeepers, which largely relies on an essentialized view of women and downplays the impact of other identities such as culture, language, and class. The chapter argues that rather than seeking to simply increase the numbers of women in peacekeeping roles, a focus on gender equality at a structural level is critical to improving the efficacy of peacekeeping missions.
Peacekeeping, Human Trafficking, and Sexual Abuse and Exploitation
Authors: Vandenberg Martina
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides an overview of human trafficking and other forms of sexual abuse committed by peacekeepers and civilians employed in peacekeeping missions. It opens with a historical review of violations committed by peacekeepers and the current international response to the issue. The chapter introduces relevant international legal instruments, including the UN Protocol to Suppress, Prevent and Punish Trafficking in Persons, and examines the United Nations’ response to various instances of misconduct. Focusing on Bosnia and Herzegovina and the MINUSCA mission in the Central African Republic, the chapter details the consistent failure of national courts to prosecute offenders and the inability of the UN to take action beyond repatriating the offenders. The chapter closes with recommendations for the UN to move beyond prevention work to improve enforcement of peacekeeper conduct policies.
Gender and Governance in Post-Conflict and Democratizing Settings
Authors: Kindervater Lisa , Meintjes Sheila
Published: December 2017

Women have the opportunity to make significant economic, political, and sociocultural gains during transitions to peace and democracy; however, these gains are frequently lost when competitive electoral politics resumes. This chapter identifies the key mechanisms responsible for this loss, providing examples from several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These mechanisms include institutional constraints, historical political conditions, donor-driven agendas, prevailing cultural norms, and the nature of the women’s movement. The chapter suggests that while the enactment of laws and policies related to women’s rights are an important first step, a feminist and transformational agenda in post-conflict societies requires focus on patriarchal cultures and practices. The chapter argues that such transformation is aided by the fostering of strong relationships between grassroots women activists and politically elite women.
“That’s Not My Daughter”
Authors: Bennoune Karima
Published: December 2017

During Algeria’s internal armed conflict in the 1990s, thousands of women were raped by jihadist groups. There is virtually no English-language documentary record of these crimes—a gap this chapter seeks to fill by documenting the use of sexual violence and forced marriage by fundamentalist armed groups during the conflict. Based on interviews and accounts from Algerian journalists, the chapter records the general phrases of violence against women, the experiences of specific women, and the limited response from families, society, and the state. It explores the complexity of documenting sexual violence in places where the topic is extremely taboo, questioning whether international human rights law and its emphasis on testimony are useful or appropriate in such contexts. It closes with a critique of the politics involved in producing human rights writing and provides suggestions for broadening documentation methodology.
Consequences of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence on Post-Conflict Society
Authors: Hadzimesic Lejla
Published: December 2017

The widespread use of sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the early 1990s resulted in landmark rulings from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) identifying rape as a crime against humanity and a war crime. Despite this progress, this chapter documents multiple challenges that have undermined the implementation of effective reparations for these crimes. It begins with an overview of the conflict, the use of sexual violence, and BiH’s obligations under international human rights law, particularly the right to reparation. It reviews challenges facing the state in implementing a reparations program for sexual violence, including the peculiar governance structure created in the Dayton Agreement, the absence of a healing process, the treatment of returning internally displaced persons, and the conflation of social benefits and reparations programming. It closes with a critique of existing initiatives, including criminal prosecutions, the Strategy on Transitional Justice, and rehabilitation programs.
Colombia
Authors: Meertens Donny
Published: December 2017

Using Colombia as a case study, this chapter focuses on women and land rights in post-conflict societies. It begins with a brief history of land rights for women in Colombia both before and during the conflict and explores the roots of Colombia’s protracted armed conflict in unequal land distribution policies and peasant exploitation. The chapter describes challenges associated with land restitution in Colombia through an examination of the successes and challenges of the Victims and Land Restitution Law. It focuses on gendered obstacles related to security and local governance, the general informality in land tenure, and patriarchal practices and culture in rural society. The chapter closes with a call for an increased focus on women’s economic and social rights in transitional societies and articulates a vision of restitution laws as having the potential for transformative, forward-looking change.
Rwanda
Authors: Buss Doris , Ali Jerusa
Published: December 2017

Since the end of the genocide and civil war in Rwanda, various measures have been implemented to facilitate women’s political participation. This chapter looks to post-conflict Rwanda as a case study in the successes and limitations in efforts to increase women’s participation in public life. The chapter details the desired outcomes of increased political participation by women before turning to the Rwandan example. It argues that while the increased presence of women in public life has resulted in some positive economic, political, and social outcomes, the power of female politicians is largely limited and has not resulted in sustainable or equitable long-term policies. The chapter concludes that while Rwanda has formally adopted many of the international best practices of transitional justice, its overall gains in women’s participation are more uneven, contradictory, and nonlinear than is often recognized.
Women, Peace, and Security
Authors: Otto Dianne
Published: December 2017

This chapter historicizes the United Nations Security Council’s Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. It opens by describing the vision of peace emerging out of the Hague Congress of Women, wherein a pacifist agenda perceived resorting to arms to resolve inter-state disputes as unacceptable. It analyzes this vision in the context of the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, and argues that the Security Council fails in protecting women from conflict-related harm. It demonstrates how feminist conceptions of positive peace have become captive to the militarized security frame of the Security Council. The chapter concludes with suggestions for how peace needs to be reconceptualized to strengthen the feminist opposition to war and to fight protective stereotypes of women.
Reenacting Modernist Time
Authors: Staelpart Crystal
Published: December 2017

In The Refusal of Time (2012), South African artist William Kentridge reveals how the Western time regime is a central tenet of modernity, capitalism, and colonialism. Featuring a remarkable reenactment of the famous serpentine dance of Loïe Fuller, this multimedia installation provides a sharp comment on the Western conception of dance history. In having this iconic dance reenacted by Dada Masilo, a dancer of color, Kentridge questions white supremacy in the history of dance. Moreover, having the film sequence of the dance solo shown backward, the images also dismantle the modernist, chronological conception of time and history. This critical reenactment, like the dancing figures in the closing parade of The Refusal of Time, in fact reveal the modernist desire to reenact history along a chronological timeline. Connecting Kentridge’s The Refusal of Time with Deleuze’s onto-aesthetics, this chapter observes how reenactment can articulate an ontological politics of time and movement.
Blasting Out of the Past
Authors: Burt Ramsay
Published: December 2017

This chapter analyzes three reenactments by the Slovenian director Janez Janša, two reconstructions of experimental performances made under communism in Ljubljana during the late 1960s and early 1970s by poets and performers associated with the Pupilija group, and one which subversively reappropriates canonical contemporary dance works from the United States, Germany, and Japan. The two earlier works, it argues, interrogate the utopian ideals espoused by the communist partisans who freed Yugoslavia from German occupation during World War II. It develops a framework for this analysis by drawing on Walter Benjamin’s discussion of the philosophy of history and on Michel de Certeau’s work on memory and the everyday. It places the three reconstructions in their social, historical, and political context and evaluates their meanings in relation to misperceptions about art in post-communist countries.
Tracing Sense/Reading Sensation
Authors: Nachbar Martin
Published: December 2017

Dance archives, like other archives, store documents of past events. They are particular in that the documents they store document dances or choreographies, which are also stored in the memories of the dance artists involved. This chapter examines the relations between documents of dances and bodily movement memories by tracing the processes of two dance pieces that dealt with these issues in very different ways. The first is the author’s reconstruction of Dore Hoyer’s dance cycle Affectos Humanos, for which a dance archive provided film and other documents of this cycle. The second piece is a duet the author made with his father, in which he experienced the reality of movement patterns and habitual postures that get stored in one body and passed on to the next through imitation. The dance archive is a particularly productive place to explore und understand the relations between document, body, and movement.
(Re)enacting Thinking in Movement
Authors: Bleeker Maaike
Published: December 2017

This chapter demonstrates the potential of Robin Collingwood’s understanding of sharing thoughts in terms of reenactment for an understanding of reenactment in dance as a rethinking of artistic thought. Reenacting these thoughts is not a matter of (an attempt at) redoing the thinking process of the choreographers who created these dances, but of grasping the logic of thought embodied in the dance. Furthermore, this chapter shows how Collingwood’s understanding of reenactment is relevant to transformations in modes of engaging with information made possible by new media technology. These developments highlight aspects of corporeal performance that previously went unnoticed. Reenactments in dance provide a perspective on what is involved in performing these modes of engaging with information provided by media, while also gesturing toward implications in relation to the understanding of what it means to share thoughts, to grasp an idea, and to transmit knowledge.
Choreographic Re-embodiment between Text and Dance
Authors: Jones Susan
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the aesthetics of the experimental modernist fiction of Joseph Conrad and Samuel Beckett to open up debates about reenactment of dance in the twentieth century. Using the theories of Gabriele Brandstetter and Paul Ricoeur to explore correspondences in dance and literary skepticism about narrative, the discussion shows how both writers interpolate their stories with fleeting passages of gesture or movement phrases that syncopate and undermine the teleological flow of narrative. This discussion suggests a choreographic re-embodiment between dance and text that focuses on communication beyond words. The similarity of Conrad and Beckett lies in their uses of gesture, but while Conrad’s movement phrases re-embody early twentieth-century expressivism, Beckett’s look back to early twentieth-century innovations in abstraction which examine the mechanical function of the body, rhythm in time and space. Beckett does not reference a mental (or emotional) state, whereas Conrad’s gestures are affective, identifying an emotional interiority.
Baroque Relations
Authors: Preston VK
Published: December 2017

This chapter approaches dance archives and reenactment through analyses of the use of precious metals in drawings of dancers by the seventeenth-century French artist Daniel Rabel. Examining the artist’s album at the Louvre, Preston studies the visual effects of images and materials, testifying to French reimaginings of Indigenous performance practices in early seventeenth-century ballets in Paris. Turning to verse and livrets by René Bordier and Claude de l’Estoile, a founding member of the French Academy, she relates Rabel’s drawings to Andean dance, theater, and performance traditions in Cuzco, Peru. The Ballet de la Douairière de Billebahaut (1626) stages the Inca emperor Atahualpa (“Atabalipa”) as an effigy, satirizing Spanish colonial ambitions. Her approach situates global and trans-Atlantic circulations of performance in major works in the early archives of theatrical ballet in France, addressing reenactment through the work of spectatorship and its ties to archives of conquest.
The Motion of Memory, the Question of History
Authors: Franco Susanne
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the dance pieces created in Germany in the 1920s by Rudolf Laban (1879–1958), one of the leaders of Ausdruckstanz, as “recreated” by Valerie Preston-Dunlop from the late 1980s to 2014. Until Preston-Dunlop’s recreations, Laban’s most important legacy was considered his conceptual thinking on dance and movement, rather than the dance repertoire he created between 1912 and 1936, which has left only a few traces. Preston-Dunlop, who was a pioneer in combining archival research and public dissemination of Laban’s work through numerous publications, made her recreations a central tool to introduce this repertoire to new generations of students and a large audience, but simultaneously applied to them a very specific interpretation of their political and ideological substance. This chapter explores the articulation of bodily memories and historical narratives in both Preston-Dunlop’s recreations and in Laban’s historiography that has troubled our understanding of his thought and ideology.
The Time of Reenactment in Basse Danse and Bassadanza
Authors: Chaganti Seeta
Published: December 2017

Fifteenth-century dance manuals reveal an important distinction between the work of historical reconstruction and that of theoretical reenactment. Basse danse and bassadanza manuals clarify that the difference between reenactment and reconstruction is a difference in temporal experience. When we use these documents simply to reconstruct—to piece together and attempt to replicate a past step pattern—we discern in the manuals and in their dances an anticipatory temporality that privileges looking toward the future. When, however, we approach these texts through the theoretical discourse of reenactment, we discover a different kind of time. It is recursive, multidirectional, and far more layered than the anticipatory model that the dance instructions appear on the surface to adopt. When this more complex temporal structure becomes visible, this chapter argues, we recognize how these early dances and their instruction manuals theorize their own uses of time and thus their own reenactment.
Time Layers, Time Leaps, Time Loss
Authors: Thurner Christina
Published: December 2017

The crisis of historiography, diagnosed by postmodern theorists, is taken as a basis of methodological reflections on dance history/historiography. This chapter asks if and how dance as art and theory reflects on the problem of history and about the potential of a critical reworking, accounting, or narration of a history or histories proper to dance. Concerning the constructive character of historiography, the chapter discusses alternative models of historiography taken from other disciplines (especially literary theory) as they relate to dance and ultimately lay the foundation of a nonvectorial, “spatialized” historiography of dance. It points out that writing an alternative history of dance takes as its starting point the enmeshed model of a network, or a choreographic contemporaneity of the noncontemporaneous. Danced reenactments finally are understood as choreographic juxtapositions, as reflections of moving scenes in relation to each other in time and space, or rather through times and spaces.
Affect, Technique, and Discourse
Authors: Siegmund Gerald
Published: December 2017

Taking its examples from a European context, this chapter describes three possible ways of reenacting history in dance. First, it analyzes Martin Nachbar’s reconstruction of Dore Hoyer’s cycle of dances, Affectos Humanos, as a way of affecting bodies. Second, William Forsythe’s deconstruction of neo-classical ballet understands dance technique as a residue of dance history and the bodies it produces. Third, the work of the French Albrecht Knust Quartet on the notation of dances highlights choreography as writing and examines the score as the basis for possible reenactments. All three examples center around an impossibility that sets their reenactments adrift: the impossibility of the body of Dore Hoyer, the impossibility of perfectly incorporating dance technique, and the impossibility of translating the notation of Vaslav Nijinsky’s The Afternoon of a Faun into a definitive version of the piece.
Scenes of Reenactment/Logics of Derivation in Dance
Authors: Martin Randy
Published: December 2017

The spatial, temporal, and kinesthetic features of reenactment in dance also apply to what is perhaps the most creative and destructive figure of the present day, the derivative. Quite literally, derivatives restage past performance as a prospect of future gain, they seek profits from sudden shifts in equilibrium, mining volatility for inventive returns. As avatars of the ways in which value is realized in movement, derivatives invite consideration of what dance knows so well. Dance, of course, relies upon risk, but also engenders other ways of valuing the creation of the unexpected. Whereas finance insists upon obligatory movement, it lacks a language of motion that dance discloses. In short, if reenactment today assumes the body of a derivative, one should turn to movement practices to grasp the social kinesthetic.
Virtue Ethics and Education
Authors: Carr David
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores key respects in which virtue ethics has been considered of relevance to education. First, much recent work has focused on the case for a broader virtue ethical understanding of the aims of education and schooling and on the prospect of conceiving moral education in terms of the cultivation of virtuous character. Second, many educational philosophers and theorists have sought a virtue ethical account of the practice of teaching and/or the professional role and responsibilities of career teachers. Third, however, much recent educational attention has been devoted to the virtues that Aristotle distinguished from moral virtues as epistemic virtues, with particular regard to their significance for the professional development of teachers, as well as for education more generally.
Aristotle and Moral Virtue
Authors: Curzer Howard
Published: December 2017

Aristotle explains what virtues are in some detail. They are dispositions to choose good actions and passions, informed by moral knowledge of several sorts, and motivated both by a desire for characteristic goods and by a desire to perform virtuous acts for their own sake. Each virtue governs a different sphere of human life, but all virtues are conducive to happiness. Aristotle maintains that virtuous acts lie in a mean relative to the situation. I sketch Aristotle’s account of virtue, and briefly answer some questions raised by his list of virtues. Aristotle asserts that virtue is acquired through habituation and teaching. Its acquisition presupposes natural aptitude as well as certain goods of fortune. Although Aristotle addresses the questions of how virtuous actions are identified, how they are related to morally right actions, and how his ethics is grounded, I argue that he does not provide clear answers.
Virtue Epistemology and the Democratic Life
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: December 2017

Integrating insights from the Ancient Greeks (e.g. concerning virtue, eudaimonia, and the original meaning of “democracy”), John Dewey, and recent work in virtue epistemology, this chapter develops a virtue-based defense of democracy, one that conceives of democracy as an inquiry-based mode of social existence. This account of democracy is developed by responding to three common concerns raised against democracy, which the author calls the Irrationality Problem, the Problem of Autonomy, and the Epistocracy Objection. Virtue epistemology can help elucidate the link between democracy and human flourishing by drawing attention to democracy’s potential for cultivating and refining the “intellectual virtues” (e.g. intellectual humility, fairness in evaluating the arguments of others, the social virtue of being communicative, etc.) constitutive of the good life.
Reliabilist Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Greco John , Reibsamen Jonathan
Published: December 2017

According to reliabilist virtue epistemology, or virtue reliabilism, knowledge is true belief that is produced by intellectual excellence (or virtue), where intellectual excellence is understood in terms of reliable, truth-directed cognitive dispositions. This chapter explains why virtue reliabilism is a form of epistemological externalism, is a moderately naturalized epistemology, and is distinct from virtue responsibilism. It explains virtue reliabilism’s answers to various forms of skepticism, its solution to the Gettier Problem, and its explanation of the value of knowledge. The chapter also describes several varieties of contemporary virtue reliabilism. Finally, it offers replies to two recently prominent objections to virtue reliabilism: that it is committed to an untenable epistemological individualism, and that there are empirical reasons to doubt whether people generally have the kinds of intellectual abilities that virtue reliabilism requires for knowledge.
Sexual Ethics
Authors: Halwani Raja
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates what sexual temperance is. It argues that in Aristotle’s view we find two conceptions of temperance, one stringent and one relaxed, and with gradations in between. The stringent view embodies a view deeply suspicious of sexual desire, while the relaxed view contains a generally benign view of sexual desire. The chapter argues that sexual desire can be incredibly powerful, making people yield to its lure. Thus, controlling it is quite hard, and making it harmonious with reason is even harder. Thus, a stringent view of temperance is more plausible. The chapter closes with a discussion of virtuous sexual actions. The discussion emphasizes that temperance need not always be a part of virtuous sexual actions and that other virtues play a role, and it emphasizes the crucial role that the notion of “right end” plays in it.
Cultural Relativity and Justification
Authors: Stangl Rebecca L.
Published: December 2017

Descriptive moral relativism is often thought to present a challenge for the justification of any non-skeptical normative theory of ethics. But does it present a special challenge for the justification of virtue ethics, more serious than the challenge it presents for deontological or consequentialist theories of ethics? On the one hand, and especially given its emphasis on concrete forms of life rather than abstract or universal norms, some have argued that it does. On the other hand, important strains of neo-Aristotelianism seek to ground virtue ethics in an objective account of human nature. This might suggest that virtue ethics has special resources for responding to the challenge posed by descriptive moral relativism. This chapter argues that neither of these claims is correct. Virtue ethics faces no special challenge from descriptive moral relativism, but neither does neo-Aristotelian naturalism provide any special resources for answering that challenge.
Virtuous Motivation
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes and defends an account of virtuous motivation that differs from what one might call ordinary moral motivation. It is possible to be morally motivated without being virtuously motivated. The first half of the chapter explores different senses of moral motivation and the philosophical puzzles and problems it poses. The second half gives an account of virtuous motivation that, unlike ordinary moral motivation, requires the motivational structure characteristic of a fully virtuous person. It draws on Aristotle’s account of virtuous action to argue that a fully virtuous agent’s judgment reflects a robust form of moral knowledge about what features of an action render it virtuous and hence choiceworthy. Virtuously motivated actions are chosen in light of those features and are accompanied by the affective state appropriate to the overall moral landscape in which the judgment is made.
Objections to Virtue Ethics
Authors: Svensson Frans , Johansson Jens
Published: December 2017

Over the last few decades, virtue ethics has become established as a third position, next to consequentialism and deontology, in substantive ethical theorizing. Several objections have been raised against virtue ethics, however. This chapter focuses particularly on the objection that virtue ethics fails to provide a plausible criterion of rightness. If that is correct, as the authors are inclined to think it is, then it constitutes a severe blow to virtue ethics, since providing a criterion of rightness is generally regarded as one of the central aims of an ethical theory. One, in the view of the authors, less serious—though almost as common—objection to virtue ethics is that it fails to provide a suitable amount of practical guidance with respect to what should be done in particular situations. The chapter briefly indicates some ways in which virtue ethicists might respond to this objection.
Virtue in Hume and Nietzsche
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: December 2017

The primary aim of this chapter is to open up an appreciation of Hume and Nietzsche as central figures in normative ethics within a suitably realist tradition, as opposed to their being some form of subjectivist or skeptic. Morality for them is nothing like the “morality system” so criticized by Williams; rather, for both thick virtue and vice, concepts are central. To understand their naturalistic accounts of properties denoted by those concepts we need (in the case of Hume) an appreciation of the rich psychology of the passions contained in Part II of the Treatise. In the case of Nietzsche, the relevant psychology is the depth psychology heralding the psychoanalytic movement. In particular, such understanding involves taking seriously what Nietzsche calls his “developmental theory of will to power.” This allows him to present a revisionist account of the virtue/vice concepts.
Turning to Aquinas on Virtue
Authors: Vogler Candace
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a sketch of Aquinas’s understanding of the nature of virtue and its role in human life, stressing some of the advantages Aquinas's account has over Aristotle’s and touching on such matters as the distinction between acquired and infused virtues, the essentially corrective character of virtue on Aquinas’s account, and some ways in which his undeniably theological account might nevertheless be useful for non-theistic moral philosophers. The chapter favors a reading of Aquinas on human nature emphasizing the sense in which humans are meant to pursue good and avoid bad reasonably, even though we are rarely entirely well governed in this sense. In different ways, both acquired and infused virtue help human beings to order themselves and their lives, enabling smoother, wiser, and less fraught lives.
Moral and Intellectual Virtues
Authors: Brady Michael S.
Published: December 2017

The distinction between moral and intellectual virtues was widely accepted by ancient and medieval philosophers. And until relatively recently, most agreed that there is a genuine distinction to be marked here, even if they disagreed as to how this distinction should be drawn. But some now think that there is no real difference between these putative kinds at all, and that all attempts to explain the difference fail. This is the line taken by Linda Zagzebski, for instance, in Virtues of the Mind. This chapter assesses whether different accounts—some traditional, some contemporary—can indeed distinguish between the putative types. Although the author thinks that most fail, there is a genuine difference between moral and intellectual virtues, which can be illustrated by focusing on the distinction between the traits that actions and beliefs express, and the factors that enable these traits to be expressed.
Shakespeare and the Contemporary
Authors: Escolme Bridget
Published: December 2017

Whilst the cultural materialist scholarship of the 1980s asserted that Shakespeare can never be our contemporary, actors, directors, and voice practitioners have insisted with equal assurance and political passion that Shakespeare always has something to say to the contemporary moment. This chapter uses three recent productions of Othello as case studies to consider the artistic and ideological work that rendering Shakespeare ‘our contemporary’ allows his plays to do in order to current and historical constructions of social class and race. Even as the chapter continues the cultural materialist project of naming the theatrical and cultural strategies of appropriation used by Shakespeare production, it also seeks to explore the theatrical and cultural work Shakespeare does to the contemporary. It suggests that performing Shakespeare is always a dialogue between the discourses, theatrical conventions, and political concerns of past and present.
Captive Shakespeare
Authors: Hoenselaars Ton
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers productions of Shakespeare’s plays put on in captivity, especially during the First and Second World Wars. It studies the phenomenon of productions of the plays performed at prisons by visiting companies or by the prisoners ‘behind bars’ themselves. It analyses and contextualizes productions of Shakespeare’s plays staged ‘behind barbed wire’ in POW camps and civilian camps, prison camps and transit camps, labour camps and refugee camps during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. In so doing, it seeks to use such Shakespearean investment as key to reconstructing the individual experiences of the prisoners. Just as the worldwide practice of Shakespeare staged behind bars has begun to assume a unique position in movies and docudramas, the performance of Shakespeare behind barbed wire has also developed to become a fertile motif in post-war Shakespeare productions and in new post-conflict plays written by dramatists in the ‘free’ world.
Global Shakespeare and Globalized Performance
Authors: Kennedy Dennis
Published: December 2017

One of the most significant Shakespearian developments in the past twenty years is the great expansion of productions in languages other than English, especially from Asia. Some of these productions have been seen internationally. Unlike the film industry, globalized theatre cannot rely on an existing method of distribution; rather, it is dependent on spectator travel, the willingness of festivals to sponsor visiting productions, and a general cultural interest in the foreign, all of which involve larger issues of globalization, tourism, language, and interculturalism. The pinnacle of globalized Shakespeare was reached in 2012 with the Globe to Globe Festival at Shakespeare’s Globe in London, when thirty-seven plays were performed by companies from around the world. Drawing on productions from Europe and Asia, this chapter treats the major complications of globalized Shakespeare performance, with some attention to Kennedy’s own production of As You Like It in Beijing in 2005 in Chinese.
Not-Shakespeare and the Shakespearean Ghost
Authors: Kirwan Peter
Published: December 2017

Drawing on the work of Marvin Carlson and Susan Bennett, this chapter interrogates the role of the broader canon of early modern drama, usually Jacobean, in shaping contemporary Shakespearean performance. Shakespeare and ‘not-Shakespeare’ are part of a binary that treats not-Shakespeare as both a supplement to the Shakespeare canon and a perversion or antithesis of it. This chapter analyses criticism of recent productions of Cardenio and ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore to show how a dominant interpretative paradigm based on Shakespeare skews readings of both Shakespeare and not-Shakespeare, yoking them to a limited selection of values and aesthetic priorities. Yet while not-Shakespeare remains defined by a negative, this chapter argues that a current shift in theatrical cultures is blurring previously established boundaries to productive effect.