bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laminar and transitional liquid metal duct flow near a magnetic point dipole
Authors: Tympel Saskia , Boeck Thomas , Schumacher Jörg
Published: October 2013

The flow transformation and the generation of vortex structures by a strong magnetic dipole field in a liquid metal duct flow is studied by means of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. The dipole is considered as the paradigm for a magnetic obstacle which will deviate the streamlines due to Lorentz forces acting on the fluid elements. The duct is of square cross-section. The dipole is located above the top wall and is centred in spanwise direction. Our model uses the quasistatic approximation which is applicable in the limit of small magnetic Reynolds numbers. The analysis covers the stationary flow regime at small hydrodynamic Reynolds numbers $\mathit{Re}$ as well as the transitional time-dependent regime at higher values which may generate a turbulent flow in the wake of the magnetic obstacle. We present a systematic study of these two basic flow regimes and their dependence on $\mathit{Re}$ and on the Hartmann number $\mathit{Ha}$, a measure of the strength of the magnetic dipole field. Furthermore, three orientations of the dipole are compared: streamwise-, spanwise- and wall-normal-oriented dipole axes. The most efficient generation of turbulence at a fixed distance above the duct follows for the spanwise orientation, which is caused by a certain configuration of Hartmann layers and reversed flow at the top plate. The enstrophy in the turbulent wake grows linearly with $\mathit{Ha}$ which is connected with a dominance of the wall-normal derivative of the streamwise velocity.
Connecting Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory's Information-Processing Styles With Organisational-Influencing Tactics: Rational Thinkers are Rational Persuaders
Authors: Curtis Guy J. , Lee Mindy W.H.
Published: October 2013

Several recent studies have connected information-processing styles, as described by Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST), with important workplace behaviours, including leadership and conflict-handling styles. This article extends such research by examining the connection between CEST information-processing styles and organisational-influencing tactics. In Study 1 (N= 119), the CEST information-processing styles of behavioural coping and rational thinking were positively correlated with the use of rationality as an influencing tactic, as measured by the Profile of Organizational Influence Strategies. In Study 2 (N= 142), a broader self-report measure of influencing tactics was used; behavioural coping and rational thinking were positively correlated with effective influencing tactics such as rational persuasion. Together, behavioural coping and rational thinking accounted for more than 31% of the variance in preference for rational persuasion as an influencing tactic. Additionally, the apprising tactic was positively correlated with both behavioural coping and rational thinking. These findings emphasise the importance of examining individual differences in information-processing preferences to understand key elements of organisational behaviour.
Associations between dairy protein intake and body weight and risk markers of diabetes and CVD during weight maintenance
Authors: Bendtsen Line Q. , Lorenzen Janne K. , Larsen Thomas M. , van Baak Marleen , Papadaki Angeliki , Martinez J. Alfredo , Handjieva-Darlenska Teodora , Jebb Susan A. , Kunešová Marie , Pfeiffer Andreas F. H. , Saris Wim H. M. , Astrup Arne , Raben Anne
Published: October 2013

Dairy products have previously been reported to be associated with beneficial effects on body weight and metabolic risk markers. Moreover, primary data from the Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) study indicate a weight-maintaining effect of a high-protein–low-glycaemic index diet. The objective of the present study was to examine putative associations between consumption of dairy proteins and changes in body weight and metabolic risk markers after weight loss in obese and overweight adults. Results were based on secondary analyses of data obtained from overweight and obese adults who completed the DiOGenes study. The study consisted of an 8-week weight-loss phase and a 6-month weight-maintenance (WM) phase, where the subjects were given five different diets varying in protein content and glycaemic index. In the present study, data obtained from all the subjects were pooled. Dairy protein intake was estimated from 3 d dietary records at two time points (week 4 and week 26) during the WM phase. Body weight and metabolic risk markers were determined at baseline (week − 9 to − 11) and before and at the end of the WM phase (week 0 and week 26). Overall, no significant associations were found between consumption of dairy proteins and changes in body weight and metabolic risk markers. However, dairy protein intake tended to be negatively associated with body weight gain (P= 0·08; β = − 0·17), but this was not persistent when controlled for total protein intake, which indicates that dairy protein adds no additional effect to the effect of total protein. Therefore, the present study does not report that dairy proteins are more favourable than other proteins for body weight regulation.
Party Politics and the Default Move from Coordination to Liberalism
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo
Published: October 2013

This article delves into the origins of the first national multi-sector employers' associations in Denmark and the United Kingdom to understand why some countries produce highly-centralized, unitary national business associations, which develop labor market coordination with unions and the state. In contrast, other countries conclude their experiment with coordination by ultimately falling back on laissez-faire liberalism. In particular, I explore how the structure of party competition works to augment or to diminish coordination among employers. I argue that the interplay of party politics in the policy-making process influenced the incentives of opposing parties to block the legislation sought by employers, informed the incentives of the business-oriented right parties to delegate policy-making authority to private business and labor organizations, and shaped the capacities of employers to get what they wanted from the state.
Beyond Marshallian Agglomeration Economies: The Roles of Trade Associations in Meiji Japan
Authors: Hashino Tomoko , Kurosawa Takafumi
Published: October 2013

In both developed Western nations and developing countries, economic growth was based on the development of industrial districts, which were much more organized and institutionalized in modern Japan than economist Alfred Marshall had described. Local trade associations played an important role in enhancing Marshallian externalities, arising from the ease of imitating improved ideas and transacting unfinished products among clustered enterprises by facilitating joint actions in the supply of public goods, such as through the creation of local district brands and through the efficient provision of business information. These activities were clearly beyond the scope of agglomeration economies. This article examines the case of Kiryu, one of the best-known silk weaving districts in Japan.
Reconsidering the Constitution, Minorities and Politics in Canada
Authors: Abu–Laban Yasmeen , Nieguth Tim
Published: October 2013

The constitution and constitutional discourse have loomed large on the agenda of Canadian political science since the 1960s. Over time, political scientists have approached the constitution and its role in society from a number of angles reflecting perceived primary axes of power and dominant cleavages within Canadian society. Thus, federalism, regionalism and British-French dualism have been prominent in explorations of constitutional politics, while such questions as the relation of the constitution to class or gender have been less central.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF FRANCIS BACON IN EARLY JACOBEAN OXFORD, WITH AN EDITION OF AN UNKNOWN MANUSCRIPT OF THEVALERIUS TERMINUS
Authors: SERJEANTSON RICHARD
Published: October 2013

At some point in or shortly after 1607, the opening passage of Francis Bacon's earliest surviving philosophical work,Valerius Terminus of the interpretation of nature – the first version of what ultimately became Bacon'sInstauratio magna – was copied into the natural philosophical notebook of Edmund Leigh (c. 1585–1658), a Bachelor of Arts at Brasenose College, Oxford. Whereas contemporary scribal copies of Bacon's political, religious, and legal writings are common, copies of his unpublished philosophical writings are rare, and tend only to be found in unique exemplars with a direct Baconian association. As such, theValerius Terminushas hitherto only been known from a single manuscript, with corrections in Bacon's hand, that was first printed in 1734. The discovery of a ‘user’ copy in a student notebook is therefore significant for what it suggests about the circulation of Bacon's earliest philosophical ideas. This significance is enhanced by the fact that the new copy appears to record an early draft of Bacon's work.
XVI.—Dual Series Relations. III. Dual Relations Involving Trigonometric Series
Authors: Srivastav R. P.
Published: October 2013

Synopsis

The methods developed in I, II of this series of papers are applied to a solution of a variety of dual series relations involving trigonometric series. In general the problem is reduced to one of solving (usually by numerical methods) a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for an auxiliary function g(t), but for certain values of the parameters it is possible to obtain analytical solutions of the integral equations and these cases are considered in detail.
The legitimacy of transnational NGOs: lessons from the experience of Transparency International in Germany and France
Authors: GUTTERMAN ELLEN
Published: October 2013

This article develops theoretical insights concerning the legitimacy of non-profit Transnational Non-Governmental Organisations (TNGOs) in global governance. The research compares the advocacy initiatives of Transparency International (TI), the leading TNGO in the international regime of anti-corruption, in Germany and France during the 1990s. The main argument is that the legitimacy of TNGOs is a relational concept: it is granted or denied in a relationship between at least two parties, in which actor attributes play a role but are not decisive. Only such a relational conception can explain why a given TNGO is granted legitimacy in one context and denied it in another. In addition, legitimacy matters. Although insufficient on its own, legitimacy is a necessary condition for effective advocacy, which TNGOs can generate endogenously. To the extent that the legitimacy of TNGOs depends on their acceptance by dominant groups and powerful decision-makers, therefore, ‘legitimate’ TNGOs may function to sustain rather than challenge the structures of power which condition global outcomes in ways that are often contrary to the goals of equality, fairness, and justice. Thus to assess the impact of TNGOs in global governance, one must examinewhichTNGOs have been granted (or denied) legitimacy and influence, andwhy.
Mandarin-speaking three-year-olds' demonstration of productive knowledge of syntax: evidence from syntactic productivity and structural priming with the SVO-baalternation
Authors: HSU DONG-BO
Published: October 2013

Two studies investigated syntactic productivity in three-year-old Mandarin speakers' use of verbs in the SVO and SbaOV constructions. In Study 1, children were taught novel verbs in one construction and assessed for their production in the other construction. Children produced verbs taught in thebaconstructions in SVO utterances, but showed order effects when producing verbs taught in SVO constructions inbautterances. In Study 2, children described animated scenes either with structural priming (i.e., after hearing verbs in SVO orbaconstructions). Children demonstrated structural priming, producing more SVO andbautterances, respectively, directly after hearing verbs in these constructions. These results indicate that Mandarin speaking three-year-olds demonstrate productive knowledge of both SVO and SbaOV constructions. Their ability to override the predominant input frequency of SVO runs counter to a purely usage-based account of early acquisition of grammar.
Armstrongite from the Strange Lake Alkalic Complex, on the Quebec – Labrador Boundary, Canada
Authors: Jambor John L. , Roberts Andrew C. , Grice Joel D.
Published: October 2013

Tabular untwinned crystals of colorless transparent armstrongite from the Strange Lake Alkalic Complex, on the Quebec – Labrador boundary, Canada are monoclinic, space group choices I2/m, I2, Im (diffraction aspect I*/*), with refined unit-cell parameters a = 13.599 (9), b = 14.114(9), c = 7.833 (4) Å, β = 103.41 (5)°, V = 1462.4 (±3.0) Å3. a:b:c = 0.9635:1:0.5550, Z = 4 and D(x) = 2.696 g/cm3. A fully indexed X-ray powder pattern is presented. Averaged electron-microprobe analyses suggest a theoretical formula of CaZrSi6O15 · 3 H2O. The Strange Lake armstrongite is biaxial negative, α = 1.567 (1), β = 1.576 (1), γ = 1.577 (1), 2V (meas.) = 39 (1)°, 2V (calc.) = 37°, Z∥b, X Λc = +4°, with no absorption and weak dispersion r < v.
Thermal and Mechanical Instabilities in the Alignment of Bragg-Brentano Parafocussing Powder Diffractometers
Authors: Brown G. , Wood I. G. , Nicholls L.
Published: October 2013

Using a standard laboratory X-ray powder diffractometer under very stable environmental conditions, it has been found that measurements of the positions and heights of sharp diffraction maxima can be made with a precision of order 2 × 10 −4° in 2θ and 0.1% in height (for ∼ 2 × 105 counts per point at the peak). Under normal conditions, however, displacements of order 0.02° in 2θ and 3% in height are observed. These shifts have been attributed to changes in the diffraction geometry, in particular the sourcedivergence slit configuration, brought about by changes in ambient temperature and by changes in the temperature of the liquid used to cool the X-ray tube.
New Crystal Data for Mo.63Ru.37(Mo5Ru3) A Superconducting Sigma Phase
Authors: Rasmussen Svend Erik , Lundtoft Britta
Published: October 2013

New crystal data for the intermetallic sigma phase in the Mo-Ru-system are reported and the indexing of the pattern given in the Powder Diffraction File has been extended. The material is tetragonal, P42/mnm (No. 136) with a = 9.5652(4) Å; c = 4.9362(3) Å; Vol = 451.63(7) Å3, Dc= 10.79 Mg m−3for the composition Mo.63Ru.37, and a = 9.5569(21) Å; c = 4.9418(20) Å; Vol = 451.35(38) Å3, Dc= 10.75 Mg m−3for Mo.70Ru.30.

Powder data were obtained by the Guinier method and the indexing was corroborated by single crystal data. Transition to the superconducting state took place in the interval 6.8 K – 8.8 K.
Canadian Operational and Emotional Prehospital Readiness for a Tactical Violence Event
Authors: Kollek Daniel , Welsford Michelle , Wanger Karen
Published: October 2013

Abstract Providing prehospital care poses unique risks. Paramedics are essentially the only medical personnel who are routinely at the scene of violent episodes, and they are more likely to be assaulted than are other prehospital personnel. In addition to individual acts of violence, emergency medical services (EMS) providers now need to cope with tactical violence, defined as the deployment of extreme violence in a non-random fashion to achieve tactical or strategic goals. This study reviewed two topics; the readiness of EMS crews for violence in their environment and the impact of violence on the EMS crew member. This latter also evaluated the access and effectiveness of emotional support available to caregivers exposed to violent episodes.

The results of the survey indicate a significant lack of preparedness for situations involving tactical violence. A total of 89% of respondents either had never had such training or had been trained more than one year ago. Thirty-six percent of respondents had never engaged in a field exercise with other responding agencies, and 4.5% of respondents were not aware of who would be in charge in such an event. In addition, this study indicates that EMS crews are exposed to events with significant emotional impacts without access to appropriate training and adequate support.
Use of Alternate Healthcare Facilities as Alternate Transport Destinations during a Mass-Casualty Incident
Authors: Glassman Erik S. , Parrillo Steven J.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this discussion is to review the use of destinations other than the hospital emergency department, to transport patients injured as a result of a mass-casualty incident (MCI). A MCI has the ability to overwhelm traditional hospital resources normally thought of as appropriate destinations for the transport of injured patients. As a result, those with less severe injuries often are required to wait before they can receive definitive treatment. This waiting period, either at the scene of the incident or in the emergency department, can increase morbidity and drain resources that can be better directed toward the transport and care of those more severely injured. Potential alternate transport destinations include physician office buildings, ambulatory care centers, ambulatory surgery centers, and urgent care centers. By allowing for transport to alternate locations, these less severely injured patients can be removed rapidly from the scene, treated, and potentially released. This effort can decrease the strain on traditional resources within the system, better allowing these resources to treat more seriously injured patients.
Whither East Asian Regionalism? China's Pragmatism and Community Building Rhetoric
Authors: TSAI TUNG-CHIEH , LIU TONY TAI-TING
Published: October 2013

Despite numerous published writings on China's regional role, the world still knows very little about Beijing's perception and strategy. This article seeks to make an intellectual contribution in understanding China's foreign policy and its efforts to participate in East Asian integration. This article argues that under the rhetoric of peaceful development and community building, China's foreign policy is pragmatic and changes with the tide of events in international relations. China's participation in regional integration serves as a good case for examining changes in Beijing's strategy. In the past two decades, China has moved from a reluctant participant of regional affairs to an active participant and potential future leader. China's adjusting role is a consequence of Beijing's pragmatism in policy and its growing economic confidence. Pragmatism has led China to ‘hide its light under a bushel’ and wait for the proper timing to step onto the world stage.
Dear DORA
Authors: Jacobs Howy
Published: October 2013

Academics are increasingly hung up on publication metrics as a way of assessing research output. ‘DORA’ is a bold initiative that aims to reverse this trend. Howy applauds it, and argues the need for a further step.
Formation of a passivating CH3NH3PbI3/PbI2 interface during moderate heating of CH3NH3PbI3 layers
Authors: Supasai T. , Rujisamphan N. , Ullrich K. , Chemseddine A. , Dittrich Th.
Published: October 2013

Layers of CH3NH3PbI3 are investigated by modulated surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPV) during heating in vacuum. As prepared CH3NH3PbI3 layers behave as a p-type doped semiconductor in depletion with a band gap of 1.5 eV. After heating to 140 °C the sign of the SPV signals of CH3NH3PbI3 changed concomitant with the appearance of a second band gap at 2.36 eV ascribed to PbI2, and SPV signals related to charge separation from defect states were reduced after moderate heating.
A proposed modification to Lundgren's physical space velocity forcing method for isotropic turbulence
Authors: Carroll Phares L. , Blanquart G.
Published: October 2013

As an alternative to spectral space velocity field forcing techniques commonly used in simulation studies of isotropic turbulence, Lundgren [Linearly forced isotropic turbulence,” in Annual Research Briefs (Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford, 2003), pp. 461–473] proposed and Rosales and Meneveau [“Linear forcing in numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence: Physical space implementations and convergence properties,” Phys. Fluids 17, 095106 (2005)] validated a physical space forcing method termed “linear forcing.” Linear forcing has the advantages of being less memory intensive, less computationally expensive, and more easily extended to variable density simulations. However, this forcing method generates turbulent statistics that are highly oscillatory, requiring extended simulation run times to attain time-invariant properties. A slight modification of the forcing term is proposed, and it is shown to reduce this oscillatory nature without altering the turbulent physics.
Dislocation-induced acoustic nonlinearity parameter in crystalline solids
Authors: Chen Zimu , Qu Jianmin
Published: October 2013

Based on an orientation-dependent dislocation line energy, a solution to the acoustic nonlinearity parameter is obtained for pure and mixed dislocations in anisotropic crystals. The solution is validated by comparison with molecular dynamic simulations. Parametric studies using this new solution show that (i) elastic anisotropy can significantly change the nonlinear behavior of dislocations including “corners” in the bowed dislocation line, much reduced critical stress for instability, sharp peaks in the β versus applied shear relationship, etc., (ii) mixed dislocations may have distinct behavior that is not bounded by the pure edge and screw dislocations, (iii) asymptotic solutions of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter in terms of power series (as high as 5th order) may not be valid even for pure dislocations in isotropic solids.
Fabrication and application of high impedance graded density impactors in light gas gun experiments
Authors: Yep Steven J. , Belof Jonathan L. , Orlikowski Daniel A. , Nguyen Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2013

Recent advances in Graded Density Impactor fabrication technique have increased the maximum achievable pressure in gas gun quasi-isentropic experiments to 5 Mbars. In this report, we outline the latest methodologies and applications of Graded Density Impactors in experiments at extreme conditions. These new Graded Density Impactors are essentially metallic discs made of nearly one hundred layers of precisely mixed Mg, Cu, and W. The density gradients in these impactors are specifically designed to generate the desired thermodynamic path required for each experiment. We carried out a number of experiments at various pressures using these Graded Density Impactors. These experimental results and their simulations will be presented here.
Nonlinear propagation of Rossby-Khantadze electromagnetic planetary waves in the ionospheric E-layer
Authors: Futatani S. , Horton W. , Kaladze T. D.
Published: October 2013

Nonlinear vortex propagation of electromagnetic coupled Rossby and Khantadze planetary waves in the weakly ionized ionospheric E-layer is investigated with numerical simulations. Large scale, finite amplitude vortex structures are launched as initial conditions at low, mid, and high latitudes. For each k-vector the linear dispersion relation has two eigenmodes corresponding to the slow magnetized Rossby wave and the fast magnetic Khantadze wave. Both waves propagate westward with local speeds of the order of 10–20 m/s for the slow wave and of the order of 500–1000 km/s for the fast wave. We show that for finite amplitudes there are dipole solitary structures emitted from the initial conditions. These structures are neutrally stable, nonlinear states that avoid radiating waves by propagating faster than the corresponding linear wave speeds. The condition for these coherent structures to occur is that their amplitudes are such that the nonlinear convection around the core of the disturbance is faster than the linear wave speed for the corresponding dominant Fourier components of the initial disturbance. The presence of the solitary vortex states is indicative of an initial strong disturbance such as that from a solar storm or a tectonic plate movement. We show that for generic, large amplitude initial disturbances both slow and fast vortex structures propagate out of the initial structure.
Electrical contact resistances of thermoelectric thin films measured by Kelvin probe microscopy
Authors: Muñoz-Rojo Miguel , Caballero-Calero Olga , Martín-González Marisol
Published: October 2013

This work presents an approach for measuring cross plane electrical contact resistances directly using Kelvin Probe Microscopy. With this technique we were able to measure the electrical contact resistances of a cross section of a thermoelectric thin film made of Bi2Te3 sandwiched between two gold electrodes. On the one hand, the bottom gold electrode, which is located on top of the silicon substrate, was used as a cathode in electro-deposition process to grow the sample. On the other hand, the gold electrode on top was made via physical evaporation. The electrical contact resistances measured at both interfaces were 0.11 ± 0.01Ω and 0.15 ± 0.01Ω, respectively. These differences are related to differences between the top and bottom gold/bismuth-telluride film, obtaining smaller contact resistance where the film was grown by electro-deposition.
Pressure induced semiconductor to half metal transition in Sr2NiReO6
Authors: Wang Jing , Sun Xiaobo , Zu Ningning , Wu Zhijian
Published: October 2013

Electronic and magnetic properties of Sr2NiReO6 have been studied by using the density functional method. Experimentally, Sr2NiReO6 is a semiconductor at ambient conditions. By applying external pressure, a transition from semiconductor to half metal is realized. Compared with ambient conditions, both the spin magnetic moments and the orbital moments of Ni and Re remain almost unchanged after pressure, indicating that no spin state transition is found. The estimated transition pressure is no more than 22.9 GPa.
Kinetic simulation of the O-X conversion process in dense magnetized plasmas
Authors: Ali Asgarian M. , Verboncoeur J. P. , Parvazian A. , Trines R.
Published: October 2013

One scheme for heating a dense magnetized plasma core, such as in a tokamak, involves launching an ordinary (O) electromagnetic wave at the low density edge. It is converted to a reflected extraordinary (X) electromagnetic wave under certain conditions, and then transformed into an electron Bernstein wave able to reach high density regions inaccessible to most other waves. The O-X mode conversion is important in heating and diagnostic processes in different devices such as tokamaks, stellarators, and some types of pinches. The goal of this study has been to demonstrate that the kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) scheme is suitable for modeling the O-X conversion process as the first step toward a more complete simulation of O-X-B heating. The O-X process is considered and simulated with a kinetic particle model for parameters of the TJ-II stellarator using the PIC code, XOOPIC. This code is able to model the non-monotonic density and the magnetic profile of the TJ-II stellarator. It can also statistically represent the self-consistent distribution function of the plasma, which has not been possible in previous fluid models. By considering the electric and magnetic components of launched and reflected waves, the O-mode and X-mode waves can be detected, and the O-X conversion can be demonstrated. In this work, the optimum angle for conversion efficiency, as predicted by the previous theory and experimentally confirmed, is used. Via considering the power of the launched O-mode wave and the converted X-mode wave, the efficiency of 63% for O-X conversion for the optimum theoretical launch angle of 47∘ is obtained, which is in good agreement with efficiencies computed via full-wave simulations.
Note: Repetitive operation of the capacitor bank of the low-voltage miniature plasma focus at 50 Hz
Authors: Shukla Rohit , Shyam Anurag
Published: October 2013

We have already reported the low-voltage operation of a plasma focus describing the operation of plasma focus at 4.2 kV which proposes possibility of making a repetitive system using compact driving source. Another recent article describes that the same capacitor-bank can drive the plasma focus for a measured ∼5 × 104 neutrons per shot at 5 kV and 59 kA current. In the present work, repetitive operation of the capacitor-bank of plasma focus is done and that too is being reported at a very high repetition rate of 50 Hz using very simple scheme of charging and triggering the bank. The bank is continuously discharged to burst duration of 20 s in this configuration admeasuring a thousand shots.
Plasmonic waves of a semi-infinite random nanocomposite
Authors: Moradi Afshin
Published: October 2013

The dispersion curves of the plasmonic waves of a semi-infinite random metal-dielectric nanocomposite, consisting of bulk metal embedded with dielectric inclusions, are presented. Two branches of p-polarized surface plasmon-polariton modes are found to exist. The possibility of experimentally observing the surface waves by attenuated total reflection is demonstrated.
Detection of microscope-excited surface plasmon polaritons with Rayleigh scattering from metal nanoparticles
Authors: Du Luping , Tang Dingyuan , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: October 2013

We propose a mapping tool of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excited using an optical microscope. By combining dark-field and confocal microscopy, we can efficiently extract metal nanoparticle-induced Rayleigh scattering from background radiation, thereby leading to state-of-the-art SPP measurements. The method is verified to be sensitive to the dominant perpendicular field component of SPPs and be of high accuracy. We also use this method to reveal the conversion of spin angular momentum of light to the orbital angular momentum of SPPs under tight-focusing conditions.
Symmetry-dependent transport behavior of graphene double dots
Authors: Marconcini Paolo , Macucci Massimo
Published: October 2013

By means of an envelope function analysis, we perform a numerical investigation of the conductance behavior of a graphene structure consisting of two regions (dots) connected to the entrance and exit leads through constrictions and separated by a potential barrier. We show that the conductance of the double dot depends on the symmetry of the structure and that this effect survives also in the presence of a low level of disorder, in analogy of what we had previously found for a double dot obtained in a semiconductor heterostructure. In graphene, this phenomenon is less dramatic and, in particular, conductance is not enhanced by the addition of symmetric constrictions with respect to that of the barrier alone.
Practising the Diffusion of Organizational Routines
Authors: Radwan Lukas , Kinder Sebastian
Published: October 2013

Ever since Nelson and Winter published their Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change in 1982 there has been lively debate in the fields of organizational theory and evolutionary economics about the characteristics and effects of organizational routines. The authors discuss a practice-based perspective on routines in connection with diffusion processes. An approach is developed by placing Feldman and Pentland's concept of routines, which draws on structuration and actor network theories, in relation to a knowing in practice perspective. Within a relational approach, the authors propose taking a practice-based perspective to the diffusion of organizational routines, with (i) knowing, (ii) collaborations, and (iii) policy relevance being the critical categories.
The Spatial Dimension of Negotiated Power Relations and Social Justice in the Redevelopment of Villages-in-the-City in China
Authors: Chung Him
Published: October 2013

This paper investigates the spatial dimension of power relations and the seeking of social justice through an urban redevelopment project. I seek to provide an on-the-ground investigation on the role of space in affecting power relations and, hence, the seeking of social justice. Bringing together a relational approach, the positioning of actors, and the broader bottom-up conceptualisation of power, this paper presents a link between power and space, suggesting that different forms of power stem from the multiple connections which different actors draw from space, be it place or shifting positions. In the context of China's villages-in-the-city redevelopment, this idea suggests that the dispossessed are not entirely powerless, although their formal rights to participate are forfeit. In other words, the power of the dispossessed is spatially defined and their seeking of justice is determined by negotiated power relations. Put in the context of a Chinese city, this paper moves the discussion of social justice beyond liberal democratic societies where most of the literature is based. Such a move is expected to generate new understandings of the geographies of social justice.
Ordinary Entanglements in the World City
Authors: Maringanti Anant
Published: October 2013

The term ordinary city has been used by scholars of such strikingly different persuasions and commitments over the last decade that in academic exchange today ordinary city functions more like a trope than like an analytical term. In this commentary I argue that an attempt to isolate strands from this and critiquing them for their failure to engage with the another, decidedly more influential research programme—global and world city research—is to misread the very productive strands of research that the ordinary city has already spawned and to ignore the need to innovate and pursue newer research agendas that are suggested by contemporary global urban realities.
Increasing Participation in Climate Policy Implementation: A Case for Engaging SMEs from the Transport Sector in the City of São Paulo
Authors: Setzer Joana , Biderman Rachel
Published: October 2013

In a number of cities around the world the adoption of climate policies has been driven by partnerships between multiple actors from the private sector, NGOs, and academia. With this paper we investigate the formulation and implementation processes of climate policy in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We argue that the trend of multiactor and multilevel participation in climate policy making, detected in developed countries, can be observed in a major city from an emerging economy. We further argue that the ample engagement of actors driving the adoption of climate policies might not be reflected in policy implementation. Although São Paulo's Municipal Climate Law was adopted after a participatory process, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from the transport sector have been largely absent from its implementation. We propose four reasons for further involvement of SMEs and suggest that participation of relevant actors and sectors is necessary in both the formulation and the implementation of climate policies.
Networked Urban Climate Governance: Neighborhood-Scale Residential Solar Energy Systems and the Example of Solarize Portland
Authors: Aylett Alex
Published: October 2013

With this paper I investigate the role of civil society groups in speeding the urban adoption of green technologies (in particular, renewable energy systems) by creating economic niches, and catalyzing market transformations. I focus on a qualitative case study of Solarize Portland, a community-managed solar energy program that has transformed the local and regional market for solar energy in Portland, OR. This case study is analyzed through the lens of recent theories of public participation that emphasize the multiplicity and complexity of participatory processes in practice. I conclude that—thanks to their flexibility, risk tolerance, and locally embedded understanding of technological change—civil society groups have the capacity to design and implement significant urban sustainability projects. They achieve this by creating niches within the urban landscape that allow local small and medium-sized enterprises to develop and refine their businesses practices; by coordinating novel partnerships between state, community, and private-level actors; and by grounding technological change in the broader social networks that give them meaning and momentum. These findings speak directly to the way that cities approach the complex sociotechnical transitions involved in reshaping urban infrastructure to respond to the challenge of climate change.
Innovations for Enabling Urban Climate Governance: Evidence from Mumbai
Authors: Boyd Emily , Ghosh Aditya
Published: October 2013

Climate change is a ‘wicked’ problem. No central authority manages climate change, and those creating the problem are also trying to solve it. Climate change brings uncertainty in ways that cities have not tackled previously. There is a need to explore new governance forms able to deal with change and to enable transformations. In this paper we explore seven local climate innovations to better understand the enabling conditions underpinning success and the governance barriers that are encountered. We connect the more formal and emergent climate governance ‘innovations' through adaptation and mitigation experiments in Mumbai, India. Case studies indicate an emerging development model. Effective climate governance has to be an inevitable part of new development in the South. While climate externality exists in all development planning and implementation, smaller community-level efforts indicate how opportunities are offered within existing systems to integrate with larger institutional climate governance.
Cost effectiveness of pilot self-assessment sites in community care services in England
Authors: Clarkson Paul , Brand Christian , Hughes Jane , Challis David , Tucker Sue , Abendstern Michele
Published: October 2013

Objective
Self-assessment has been advocated in community care but little is known of its cost effectiveness in practice. We evaluated cost effectiveness of pilot self-assessment approaches.

Methods
Data were collected from 13 pilot projects in England, selected by central government, between October 2006 and November 2007. These were located within preventative services for people with low-level needs, occupational therapy, or assessment and care management. Cost effectiveness, over usual care, was assessed by incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), in British pounds per unit gain in assessment satisfaction. A public-sector perspective was adopted; the provider costs of the agencies taking part.

Results
At 2006–07 prices, including start-up and on-going costs, only three pilots demonstrated cost effectiveness. Two pilots in assessment and care management had ICERs of £3810 and £755 per satisfaction gained, well below a benchmark from a trial of usual assessment of £18296 per satisfaction gained. When extrapolating uptake to numbers accessing assessments over 1 year, one occupational therapy pilot, of £123/satisfaction gained, also fell below this benchmark in sensitivity analysis. There was less evidence for preventative services.

Conclusions and implications
Most pilot projects were not cost effective. However, self assessment is potentially cost effective in assessment and care management and occupational therapy services. Better quality cost data from pilot sites would have permitted more detailed analysis. Measuring downstream effects in terms of users’ well being from receipt of self-assessment would also be beneficial.

What is known about this topic?
A consumer case for self assessment in community social care has been advanced and policy in England has advocated the approach. The cost effectiveness of such approaches is not known.

What does this paper add?
This paper suggests that implementing a self-assessment approach in assessment and care management and occupational therapy services is potentially cost effective taking account of a range of assumptions concerning uptake.

What are the implications for practitioners?
For policy makers, these data suggest self assessment could provide enhanced user satisfaction with the assessment process at a relatively modest investment. For agencies implementing the approach, better quality data systems are needed that can track costs and impacts to evaluate the approach further.
Knowledge and attitudes towards hepatitis C and injecting drug use among mental-health support workers of a community managed organisation
Authors: Rose Grenville , Cama Elena , Brener Loren , Treloar Carla
Published: October 2013

Objectives
People with mental illness are at significantly higher risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared with the general population. This study assessed knowledge of and attitudes towards people with HCV and people who inject drugs (PWID) among support workers of clients with mental illness.

Methods
Support workers from a community managed organisation (CMO) in Australia were recruited to complete an online cross-sectional survey. The survey collected data about their knowledge of HCV and attitudes towards PWID and people with HCV.

Results
Valid responses were received from 117 support workers. Although HCV knowledge was moderate, there were significant knowledge gaps around transmission and treatment of HCV. Higher HCV knowledge was significantly associated with more positive attitudes towards PWID, but not with attitudes towards people with HCV. Participants had more positive attitudes towards people with HCV than towards PWID. Additionally, those with more positive attitudes towards HCV tended to also have more positive attitudes towards PWID.

Conclusions
Given that people with mental illness are at higher risk of acquiring HCV, these results point to the need for education targeted at support workers of clients with mental illness to increase HCV knowledge and promote positive attitudes towards PWID and people with HCV.

What is known about this topic?
The limited research available suggests that there are gaps in HCV knowledge among mental-health-service providers, although such research has generally targeted physicians.

What does this paper add?
This paper is the first to assess HCV knowledge, attitudes towards PWID and HCV among mental-health support workers. The findings suggest that although HCV knowledge is moderate, significant gaps exist, which are related to negative attitudes towards PWID.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Supportive and non-judgemental care is essential for people with mental illness and HCV, due to the potential for a double stigma arising from negative attitudes towards both mental illness and injecting drug use. This paper highlights the importance of targeted education for workers in the mental-health sector, to increase HCV knowledge and promote positive attitudes towards people with co-occurring mental-health, substance use problems and HCV.
A New Synthesis of 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines by a Retro-Mannich Cascade Rearrangement
Authors: Colombo Raffaele , Jeon Kyu Ok , Huryn Donna M. , LaPorte Matthew G. , Wipf Peter
Published: October 2013

We discovered a new retro-Mannich reaction of in situ prepared pyrazolopyridines to give pyrazolopyrimidines that have hitherto been underrepresented in the heterocyclic chemistry literature. The isolation of a linear hydrolysis product supports a mechanistic hypothesis for this rearrangement process. In order to establish a broader access and explore potential biological applications for these medicinal chemistry building blocks, we investigated the scope of the reaction and generated small amine- as well as amide-based libraries through reductive aminations and amide couplings, respectively.
Structure, histochemistry, ultrastructure and seasonal variations of the male prostatic complex in the black Myotis bat, Myotis nigricans (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Negrin Ana C. , Beguelini Mateus R. , Puga Cintia C. I. , Christante Caroline M. , Bueno Larissa M. , Morielle-Versute Eliana , Vilamaior Patrícia S. L. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: October 2013

Chiroptera are one of the most diverse orders of mammals and a unique group within Mammalia that posses a wide geographic distribution and considerable variability in reproductive strategies. The aims of the present study were to characterise the male prostatic complex of the bat Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae) and evaluate seasonal variations in the prostatic complex of M. nigricans specifically. Twenty-three sexually mature specimens (four sample groups: winter, spring, summer and autumn) were subjected to macroscopic, microscopic, morphometric and ultrastructural analyses. The reproductive accessory glands of M. nigricans were found to be composed of a multilobed complex associated with the urethra and a pair of inguinal bulbourethral glands. The complex was composed of three bilobed prostatic regions (ventral, dorsolateral and dorsal) with no ampullary gland and seminal vesicles. This pattern of lobulation is very similar to that described for the prostate of rodents; however, it differs from that of other mammals and even other families of bats (e.g. Phyllostomidae and Molossidae). Each prostatic region in M. nigricans has unique and distinctive characteristics, which synchronise to establish the main reproductive peak of the species in summer. The data also indicated an asynchrony in the activity of primary and secondary reproductive organs in the annual reproductive cycle of M. nigricans in São Paulo State, Brazil.
Point-of-care tests for sexually transmissible infections: what do ‘end users' want?
Authors: Rompalo Anne M. , Hsieh Yu-Hsiang , Hogan Terry , Barnes Mathilda , Jett-Goheen Mary , Huppert Jill S. , Gaydos Charlotte A.
Published: October 2013

Background Clinicians and developers identify sensitivity as an important quality in a point-of-care test (POCT) for sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Little information exists regarding what patients want for STI POCTs. Methods: A qualitative study, encompassing five focus groups among attendees of STI and adolescent health centres in Baltimore, Maryland, and Cincinnati, Ohio, were conducted between March 2008 and April 2009. Discussion topics included advantages and disadvantages of having a POCT, perceived barriers to using POCTs in the clinic setting and at home, priorities for the development of new POCTs for STIs, and envisioned characteristics of an ideal POCT. All discussions were recorded and transcribed. A qualitative content analysis was performed to examine frequencies or patterns of recurring codes, which were regrouped and indexed to identify salient themes. Results: Patients attending STI and adolescent outpatient clinics are in favour of diagnostic tests that are rapid, easy to read and simple to use. Home testing options for POCTs were acceptable and provided better confidentiality, privacy and convenience, but clinic-based POCTs were also acceptable because they offer definitive results and ensure immediate treatment. Barriers to home POCTs centred on cost and the ability to read and perform the test correctly at home. Opinions did not differ by patient ethnicity, except that Hispanic participants questioned the reliability of home test results, wanted high sensitivity and desired bilingual instructions. Conclusions: Patients attending STI and adolescent medical centres are in favour of STI POCTs if they are affordable, rapid, easy to read and simple to use.
Sex and gender reporting in Sexual Health: implications for authors
Authors: Gahagan Jacqueline
Published: October 2013

Sexual Health proposes a shift in editorial policies that will mirror those already adopted in other health journals, including the requirement of all authors to provide sex disaggregated data and an analysis of gender differences where they exist. This paper outlines the proposed new policy and reasons behind the move.