bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of extreme temperatures and starvation on the body proportions of the rat
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: February 2006

The effects of extremely cold and hot environments on body proportions of rats were studied. These effects included changes in the length of the tail, trunk, extremities, cranio‐facial and nasal dimensions, in bone robusticity and bone shape, in the size of the ear and in some characteristics of the skin and hair. Since animals in both extreme temperatures fail to gain normal body weight, all changes were also studied in a group of starving rats. Because of the lower body weight and its concomitant reduction of body measurements, absolute values were avoided for analysis and all parameters were related to neurocranial length and trunk length. Such a triple experimental approach (response to cold, heat, and starvation) combined with a two‐fold frame of reference (neurocranial length and trunk length), as well as statistical corrections for body weight loss, made it possible to differentiate between nutrition‐specific and temperature‐specific responses under conditions of extreme temperature exposure. Moreover, some attention was given to endocrine pathways involved in some morphological changes. The methodological advantages of a multi‐experimental approach over a single‐experimental technique were demonstrated.
Differences among Yanomama Indian villages: Do the patterns of allele frequencies, anthropometrics and map locations correspond?
Authors: Spielman Richard S.
Published: February 2006

In order to determine the degree of correspondence between sets of multivariate observations based on different kinds of traits, two new methods, derived from fundamentally different notions of “correspondence,” are adopted here and compared. Using networks or trees to represent contemporary relationships, the first method tests the similarity of the cluster or hierarchic structures implicit in two sets of data. The second approach tests the departure from perfect geometric congruence or superimposability. Computer simulation was used to generate the distributions needed for significance tests under the null hypothesis.

By the first technique, we find significant correspondence among the cluster structures for geographic, allele frequency, and anthropometric data on 19 Yanomama Indian villages. The results are similar and more precise for a subset consisting of seven villages. Some of these results differ from the conclusions which would be reached with the conventional correlations based upon entries in distance tables.

The direct test of congruence, used only for the data on the subset of seven villages, gives results which differ substantially from those based on cluster‐structure. There are, however, similarities between the measure of congruence and the simple correlations based on entries in the distance tables.

The significant correspondences observed call for some explanation. Cultural and demographic features determine the particular non‐random allocation of individuals to village fragments when a village splits. These social phenomena are invoked in tentative explanation of the agreement among historical, biological, and geographic relationships of villages.
Primate red cell enzymes: Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Dame Lauren , Mason George A. , Sade Donald S.
Published: February 2006

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C.: 1.1.1.49) phenotypes and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E. C.: 1.1.1.44) phenotypes were determined by starch‐gel electrophoresis of red cell hemolysates of Galago crassicaudatus subspp., Propithecus verreauxi, Lemur spp., Hapalemur griseus, and Macaca mulatta. A single glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) phenotype was found in each species. A single 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) phenotype was found in Lemur spp., Hapalemur griseus, and Galago crassicaudatus argentatus. In a group of six Propithecus verreauxi, three 6PGD phenotypes, PGD A, PGD AB, and PGD B, were found. Three phenotypes, PGD A, PGD AB, and PGD B, were found in 38 G. c. crassicaudatus. The three phenotypes in each species are apparently the products of two codominant autosomal alleles, PGDA and PGDB. The frequency of PGDA in G. c. crassicaudatus is 0.263. A population of 260 free‐ranging macaques displays a polymorphism at the 6PGD locus. Three phenotypes, PGD A, PGD AB, and PGD B, were found. These also appear to be controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles, PGDA and PGDB the frequency of PGDA = 0.913. Additional analysis of three well‐defined troops within the macaque population indicated that there are no significant differences between the troops or within the population at the 6PGD locus.
A case of hookworm infestation in a precolumbian American
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro , Hasegawa Ichiro , Gerszten Enrique
Published: February 2006

A case of hookworm infestation in a Tiahuanaco mummy dating from around 900 A.D. is presented. The worms found in the small intestine were identified as Ancylostoma duodenale. This is the first recorded case of hookworm infestation in the Americas prior to the coming of Europeans.
Some anthropometric studies of the femur of the male west Malaysian Chinese
Authors: Manuel J. K. , Bin Mohd Mohd. Yusof
Published: February 2006

Measurements and indices were made on 120 male West Malaysian Chinese femora. The findings are compared with appropriate ones from some Eastern and Western series. The Chinese femur is smaller than all the other groups listed except for the Japanese femur. There is a high degree of significance between the maximum and bicondylar lengths of the Chinese femur against those of the Australian aborigine, Maori and White American. The head of the femur is greater in the Maori and White American than the Chinese. The platymeric index is nearly as high as the White American. The difference in the robusticity index of the femur between the Australian aborigine, Maori, White American and the present series is small. The collodiaphyseal angle of the Chinese femur is large being greater than the Australian aborigine, Finn and White American. The angle of torsion of 11.8° is within the range for Westerners with a high incidence of retroversion unlike the Australian aborigine and Maori where no retroversion is seen. Although most of the means of the measurements and indices of the femur show a highly significant difference between the present series and some of the other groups listed there is a wide overlap for measurements of the Chinese femur to be used for racial identification.
Carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in nine troops of Kenya baboons, Papio cynocephalus (Linnaeus 1766)
Authors: Olivier Thomas J. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Buettner‐Janusch Vina
Published: February 2006

The distributions of alleles at the carbonic anhydrase I (CA I = CA B) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II = CA C) loci in nine troops of Papio cynocephalus were determined. Two alleles were found at the CA I locus, and three at the CA II locus; the frequencies were: CA Ia = 0.856; CA Ib = 0.144; CA IIa = 0.784; CA IIb = 0.209; CA IIc = 0.007. Results of tests for Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, homogeneity tests, and calculations of migration rates were used in support of the interpretation that migration and genetic drift may affect the distribution of alleles at the CA I locus and that selection is the process responsible for the distribution of alleles at the CA II locus.
The form of the talus in some higher primates: A multivariate study
Authors: Lisowski F. P. , Albrecht G. H. , Oxnard C. E.
Published: February 2006

Sixteen measurements of the talus have been taken on 334 tali of a total of eleven primate groups and several additional single individual specimens. Multivariate morphometric (canonical and generalized distance) analyses of these data in extant higher primates are presented and used to define the relative morphological positions of fossils of the genera Proconsul and Limnopithecus, of individual specimens from Kromdraai, Olduvai and Kiik‐Koba (Homo neanderthalensis), and a group of specimens of Bronze Age man from Jericho.

Following preliminary studies the ultimate analysis suggests that the various extant arboreal primates examined fall within an envelope that is defined by Macaca together with various other Old World monkeys and extending in different directions to the extreme genera (a) Pongo, (b) Hylobates and (c) Ateles. This separation is thus one which defines generally quadrupedal monkeys and separates the various extreme arboreal locomotor modes of (a) acrobatic climbing and hanging, (b) richochetal brachiation and (c) prehensile‐tailed arm‐swinging and hanging, respectively. Man and the African apes are well separated both from each other and from this spectrum of arboreally adapted genera.

Bronze Age man from Jericho and Neandertal man from Kiik‐Koba lie relatively close to the position for modern man although significantly separated from him. Limnopithecus, Proconsul, and the specimens from Kromdraai and Olduvai all lie within the envelope of arboreal species and specifically rather close to, although significantly different from, the orang‐utan; they differ markedly from both man and the African apes.

The possibility exists that the resemblances of Proconsul and Limnopithecus relate to arboreal habitus in these species. The findings for the specimens from Kromdraai and Olduvai suggest either that the morphological resemblances to arboreal forms relate to a previous arboreal history for these species, or that bipedality is much less advanced or uniquely different from that displayed by Homo. It is not inconceivable that both conditions might apply.
Genetic studies of serum transferrins of free‐ranging rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago, Macaca mulatta (Zimmerman 1780)
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Mason George A. , Dame Lauren , Buettner‐Janusch Vina , Sade Donald S.
Published: February 2006

Transferrin phenotypes of plasma from 687 semi‐free‐ranging Macaca mulatta living on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were determined by starch‐gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Fifteen phenotypes, homozygous or heterozygous products of six codominant autosomal alleles, were present in the population. The 687 animals, prior to March 1973, were divided into eight troops plus peripheral males. By March 1, 1973 the size of the population was reduced to 333 animals, consisting of four troops plus peripheral males. The distributions of transferrin phenotypes and allele frequencies were determined for the population of 687 animals and for 287 of the March 1973 population of 333 animals. Gametic ratios of 382 offspring of 126 females were enumerated. Statistical tests of homogeneity and equilibrium were applied to the data. The results of these tests suggest that, with only a few exceptions, the Cayo Santiago macaques, although divided into social groups, form a single population, and the results are in accord with behavioral observations. The authors suggest that the data on transferrins provide a good baseline for future genetic and ethological studies of evolutionary processes in a population of nonhuman primates.
Neurocranial morphology and ageing—a longitudinal roentgen cephalometric study of adult finnish women
Authors: Tallgren Antje
Published: February 2006

Morphological changes in the adult neurocranium were studied on lateral head films of 32 Finnish women aged 20–73 years, the interval between the first and last observation being 15 years. The measurements were computed from x‐ and y‐coordinates of 21 neurocranial reference points obtained directly on the films with a D‐Mac Pencilfollower.

The findings revealed no significant changes in measurements of the cranial vaults and the cranial base over the observation period. The constancy of the neurocranial dimensions with mean changes ranging from −0.14 mm to 0.20 mm indicated that no appreciable changes in external or internal size of the calvarium had occurred with increasing adult age. Nor was there any marked evidence of increases or decreases in skull thickness.
Genetic studies in Paraguay: Blood group, red cell, and serum genetic patterns of the Guayaki and Ayore Indians, Mennonite settlers, and seven other Indian tribes of the Paraguayan chaco
Authors: Brown Stephen M. , Gajdusek D. Carleton , Leyshon Webster C. , Steinberg Arthur G. , Brown Kenneth S. , Curtain Cyril C.
Published: February 2006

Genetic studies of 540 Paraguayan Indians from nine tribal groups and 51 Mennonites are presented for ABO, MNSs, P1, Rh, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Diego; for serum immunoglobulins and haptoglobins, G6PD‐deficiency, and thalassemia trait.

Group O gene frequencies for all Indian groups were 1.00; for r (cde), 0.00.

Tapiete, Lengua, Toba, and Sanapana Rz (CDE) frequencies were among the highest ever reported.

N frequencies were high for Ache Kwera (Guayaki), Lengua, Cheroti, Guarayu, Tapiete; N and s low for Ayore. MS frequencies were high for Sanapana, Lengua, Ayore; Ns for Tapiete. Diego was notably absent for Toba, Lengua, Guarayu, Tapiete, Ayore. Homogeneous frequencies for Fya (1.000) occurred among Guarayu and Tapiete, and for P1 among Guayaki. Inv(a) frequencies were low for Cheroti, Chulupi, Guayaki. Hp 1 among Guayaki (Ache Kwera 0.15) is lowest ever reported.

G6PD deficiency and abnormal hemoglobins were uniformly absent from all groups.

Mennonite results were homogeneous and point toward Dutch origins.

Differences among groups studied, and between Paraguayan and other Amerinds emphasize importance of genetic drift and founder principle. Abandonment of their tribes by mixed‐blood offspring is partly responsible for apparent genetic purity and homogeneity of groups.
Male advancement in prenatal hand development
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Burdi Alphonse R. , Babler William J.
Published: February 2006

Male advancement in the developing hand was evidenced by 66 grossly and microscopically normal embryos in the 15–75 mm crown‐rump range. Male advancement was particularly pronounced in the younger (15–30 mm) embryos, both in the proximal hand region including the round bones of the wrist and in the distal hand region, comprising the metacarpals and phalanges. Thirty‐four additional embryos, abnormal in implantation or development or representing spontaneous abortion similarly evidenced male advancement in the early hand skeleton.
Vertical growth of the anterior face and cranium in inner city Negro children
Authors: Richardson Elisha R. , Malhotra Shyam K.
Published: February 2006

A longitudinal cephalometric study was conducted on the vertical growth of the cranium and anterior face on 60 inner city American Negro children, an equal number of boys and girls from four to nine years. Three vertical measurements were used for the purpose of this study. The head height was measured from sellion to bregma, bony nasal height from nasion to anterior nasal spine, and lower facial height from anterior nasal spine and lower facial height from anterior nasal spine to menton. The data were analyzed at annual ages and observations made relative to the growth trends. The findings of this study were compared with those on Caucasian children. No significant statistical difference was found in the mean head (cranial vault) height between the Negro and Caucasian children. The mean bony nasal height expressed as a percentage of subnasal height was found to be less in the Negro children. The difference decreased with age. The annual increment of growth in head height was greater from four to seven years than from seven to nine years. The findings are considered to imply that severe malnutrition may influence child growth.
The relationship of the pre‐auricular groove of the llium to pregnancy
Authors: Houghton Philip
Published: February 2006

Two forms of pre‐auricular groove may be distinguished on the iliac bone. One form occurs in both male and female, and marks the attachment of the inferior part of the ventral sacro‐iliac ligament. The second form is found only in some female pelves. It resembles the markings of pregnancy and childbirth on the posterior aspect of the public symphysis, and like them is a result of the physiological and pathological changes occurring at the site of attachment of the pelvic joint ligaments during this time. However, because of the greater strain borne by the sacro‐iliac joints, the pre‐auricular groove, in conjunction with the marking of the interosseous ligament of the joint, is a more sensitive indicator of past pregnancy and childbirth than is the pubic bone.
Multivariate analysis of craniofacial measurements in twin and family data
Authors: Nakata Minoru , Yu Pao‐Lo , Nance Walter E.
Published: February 2006

Thirty‐three cephalometric variables and height have been measured on each of 630 individuals (316 male and 314 female) from 157 families. After age and sex differences were adjusted for each measurement, a rotated factor analysis was undertaken to account for the variation by a limited number of linear combinations of the adjusted measurements. It was found that most of the variation could be explained by nine independent factors. Finally, correlation coefficients were computed on twins, siblings and parent‐offspring data for factor scores. The results suggest that each factor which is measured by a linear combination of a set of variables could result from the interaction of independent sets of genes with the environment.
The prevalence of cleft uvula in an inuit population
Authors: Heathcote Gary M.
Published: February 2006

The prevalence of cleft uvula, a palatal cleft microformation, is reported for an Inuit population. The etiology of this congenital anomaly is discussed and cross‐populational frequencies inventoried. Since cleft uvula frequencies are ordinarily high in East Asian and East‐Asian‐derived populations, factors accounting for some relatively low Inuit prevalences are suggested.
An anthropometric device for automatic data selection and data recording
Authors: Erickson J. David
Published: February 2006

A new concept in anthropometry, that of automatic electronic data selection, is presented and a labor‐saving device using this concept is described. It was constructed for applications with dental models and the detailed descriptions of the system algorithms reflect that. It should be emphasized, however, that the concept is much more general than is the device described and given a few hardware modifications, the procedure may be applied to any irregular bounded surface from which measurements at regular intervals are desired.
Genetic, acclimatizational and anthropometric factors in hand cooling among North and South Chinese
Authors: So Joseph K.
Published: February 2006

The left hands of unacclimatized North Chinese (N = 16) and South Chinese (N = 13) were exposed to 5°C water for 30 minutes followed by a 10 minute recovery period. Significant differences independent of body composition were found between the two samples on mean 30 minute temperature during immersion, time and temperature of the onset of initial CIVD (cold‐induced vasodilation) at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 levels respectively. The result suggests the presence of a genetic component in the cold responses of Continental Asian populations and the possibility of the presence of a clinal distribution of cold response in Asia.
Arthritis in the prehistoric Southeastern United States: Biological and cultural variables
Authors: Hudson Charles , Butler Ronald , Sikes Dennis
Published: February 2006

Recent research shows that a bacterial life form, Erysipelothrix insidiosa, can produce rheumatoid arthritis in deer, swine, and dogs, and that a number of animals, including man, birds, and fish, may be infected by the organism. Examination of the archaeological record suggests that both cultural and biological variables may be interrelated in the maintenance of some forms of arthritis over long periods of time in geographically disparate populations. Re‐examination of Cherokee folk beliefs concerning arthritis suggests that they had some recognition of this connection, and it also suggests that the term “magical” may relate more to the world view of the observer than to any actual inability of preliterate peoples to draw causal relations on the basis of their own intimate knowledge of their environments.
Evolutionary dental changes
Authors: Anderson D. L. , Thompson G. W. , Popovich F.
Published: February 2006

In the evolution of primates there has been a tendency towards reduction in jaw length and prognathism, mandibular canine size and first molar cusp number, and third molar presence. These oral structures were contrasted, and compared with cranial size, body height and weight, and finger length in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. Body weight was significantly related to canine width and to jaw length and prognathism. These relationships were stronger in the males than in the females. The evolutionary reduction in these dental dimensions may result from an evolutionary reduction in genetically determined body size. In the males the number of molar cusps was related to finger length and cranial height. Agenesis of third molars was related to the length of the maxilla in both sexes. In the females, canine width was related to the number of cusps of the first molars, agenesis of third molars, and length of a finger. Simultaneous reductions in dental structures were more frequent in the females.
Comparative anatomy of the larynx in man and the chimpanzee: Implications for language in Neanderthal
Authors: Falk Dean
Published: February 2006

Using the larynges of the newborn human and chimpanzee as models, Lieberman and Crelin ('71) and Lieberman, Crelin and Klatt ('72) have reconstructed the larynx of the “classic” Neanderthal La Chapelle aux Saints. The authors used their reconstructed vocal tract to generate linguistic functions which led them to conclude that Neanderthal lacked the ability to produce fully articulate human speech. In this paper, it is shown that their reconstruction of the larynx of Neanderthal is based on a placement of the hyoid bone of La Chapelle which is too high. The reconstructed hyoid bone has been placed in a position unlike that occupied by hyoid bones of newborn humans, adult humans, stillborn chimpanzees or adult chimpanzees. In any laryngeal reconstruction, the function of swallowing must be taken into account. The ability of the reconstructed Neanderthal to swallow is discussed in light of a comparative analysis of swallowing in man and the chimpanzee. It is concluded that the statement that Neanderthal was less than fully articulate remains unsubstantiated because it rests on a questionable reconstruction of the larynx.
The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth
Authors: Kay Richard F.
Published: February 2006

Measurements were taken on the upper and lower molars of 37 species of primates and one tupaiid to assess the relative importance of shearing, crushing and grinding features.

Significant correlations were found between pairs of allometrically standardized dimensions which measure the same molar function (shearing, crushing, or grinding). Correlations between pairs of dimensions which do not measure the same function are not significant.

Second molar adaptations for shearing, crushing, and grinding, as well as the length of the second lower molar, and the total surface of the post‐canine dentition are negatively allometric with respect to metabolic rate.

Species which take different proportions of fruit, leaves, and insects in their diets have different molar structure. Frugivores have small teeth for their adult body size with poorly developed shearing, crushing, and grinding features on their molars. By contrast, leaf‐eating species tend to have large teeth for their adult body size with well developed shearing, crushing, and grinding. The second molars of insectivorous species were found to parallel closely those of leaf‐eating species. The two groups are clearly distinguishable from the former on the basis of body size alone: the smallest living primate leaf‐eater is on order of magnitude larger than the largest living primate insectivore.
The application of biomechanical motion analysis to aspects of green monkey (Cercopithecus a. sabaeus) locomotion
Authors: Wells James P. , Wood Graeme A.
Published: February 2006

A cinematographic method of biomechanical motion analysis is presented which permits the determination of body segment forces and joint moments of force, and thereby dominant muscle action. An analysis of the horizontal leap of Cercopithecus is used as an example of the utility of this approach in the area of functional morphology. Kinematic and kinetic data are presented and discussed in terms of the biomechanical requirements of this form of locomotion. The importance of a consideration of inertial as well as gravitational forces in an analysis of positional behavior involving body motion is stressed.
The human mandible: Lever or link?
Authors: Hylander William L.
Published: February 2006

The mammalian mandible, and in particular the human mandible, is generally thought to function as a lever during biting. This notion, however, has not gone unchallenged. Various workers have suggested that the mandible does not function as a lever, and they base this proposition on essentially two assertions: (1) the resultant of the forces produced by the masticatory muscles always passes through the bite point; (2) the condylar neck and/or the temporomandibular joint is unsuited to withstand reaction forces during biting.

A review of the electromyographic data and of the properties of the tissues of the temporomandibular joint do not support the non‐lever hypothesis of mandibular function. In addition, an analysis of the strength of the condylar neck demonstrates that this structure is strong enough to withstand the expected reaction force during lever action.

Ordinarily the human mandible and the forces that act upon it are analyzed solely in the lateral projection. Moments are then usually analyzed about the mandibular condyle; however, some workers have advocated taking moments about other points, e.g., the instantaneous center of rotation. Obviously it makes no difference as to what point is chosen since the moments about any point during equilibrium conditions are equal to zero.

It is also useful to analyze the forces acting on the mandible in the frontal projection, particularly during unilateral biting. The electromyographic data suggest that during powerful unilateral molar biting the resultant adductor muscle force is passing between the bite point and the balancing (non‐biting side) condyle. Therefore, in order for this system to be in equilibrium there must be a reaction force acting on the balancing condyle. This suggests that reaction forces are larger on the balancing side than on the working side, and possibly explains why individuals with a painful temporomandibular joint usually prefer to bite on the side of the diseased joint.
Amylase iso‐enzymes in primates of the families Lemuridae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae
Authors: Hraško Pavel
Published: February 2006

This paper presents the first data in the alpha‐amylase isoenzymes in primates of the families: Lemuridae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae.

By means of agar‐gel electrophoresis of urine samples from 33 individuals belonging to ten species of the above mentioned families a total of 14 different variants of amylase heterogeneity were found.
A new pelvic fragment from swartkrans and the relationship between the robust and gracile australopithecines
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

A recently discovered hominid pelvic fragment from Swartkrans (SK 3155) is described in detail with particular reference to the relationship of the two presently recognized forms of australopithecines in South Africa. Results of this examination and metrical analysis indicate that the acetabulum and iliac blade of the early hominids are similar to Homo sapiens except for a unique pattern of traits: a relatively small sacral articular surface, a relatively small acetabulum, a relatively large iliac fossa, and wide lateral splaying of the iliac blades. The new Swartkrans fossil expresses these traits more strongly than does the gracile australopithecine (Sts 14) and is therefore somewhat less similar to Homo sapiens but it is very unlike any pongid.
Multivariate analysis of early hominid pelvic bones
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: February 2006

Multivariate analyses of the acetabular and iliac parts of fossil hominid and extant hominoid pelvic bones show that (1) the best preserved fossil from Swartkrans (SK 3155) is more similar to the Sterkfontein pelvis (Sts 14) than either fossil is to any extant hominoid species; (2) of the living hominoids, all of the fossils are closer to modern Homo sapiens than to the apes; and (3) the robust and gracile forms of South African australopithecines are somewhat different from one another, the gracile form falling nearer to Homo sapiens, but neither form demonstrably closer to the pongids.
Taxonomic congruence in Eskimoid populations
Authors: Zegura Stephen L.
Published: February 2006

The study compares distance relationships in Eskimoid populations based on metric and attribute data with linguistic relationships based on structural and lexicostatistical data. Taxonomic congruence and the non‐specificity hypothesis are investigated by matrix correlations and by a clustering procedure. The matrix correlation approaches employed are the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank‐order correlation coefficient. An unweighted pair‐group clustering procedure provides a visual comparison of biological and linguistic relationships. Data consist of 74 craniometric measurements and 28 cranial observations taken on 12 Eskimoid populations. Mahalanobis' D2 and Balakrishnan and Sanghvi's B2 were used to compute the metric and attribute distances, respectively.

The results indicate that a strict adherence to the non‐specificity hypothesis is untenable. Also, there is better concordance between the sexes for metric distances than for attribute distances, and the metric data are more concordant with linguistic relationships than are the attribute data.
A‐B‐O and Rh affinities between highland and lowland Quechua‐speaking Peruvian populations
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Klayman Jane E.
Published: February 2006

According to the accounts of the Spanish chronicles and various historical analyses the Quechua‐speaking population inhabiting the Province of Lamas in the Eastern Tropical Lowlands of Peru are descendants of the Chanca Tribes that migrated from the highlands about 500 years ago. The results of the present study indicate that in terms of the A‐B‐O and Rh systems the lowland Quechua‐speaking population from the Province of Lamas and the highland Quechua population from the Province of Junin are more similar to each other than to other tropical tribes. Therefore, it is quite possible that the present lowland Quechua‐speaking population from the Province of Lamas may be descendants of Andean populations.
Mid‐sagittal dimensions of cervical vertebral bodies
Authors: Katz Paul R. , Reynolds Herbert M. , Foust David R. , Baum Janet K.
Published: February 2006

A series of lateral radiographs of the cervical spinal column was evaluated in order to determine vertebral body dimensions. The sample included males (N = 30) and females (N = 31) 18 to 24 years old, comprising three stature percentile ranges (1–20; 40–60; 80–99) of the U. S. adult population. A two‐dimensional analysis of vertebral body height (average distance between superior‐inferior surfaces), depth (average distance between anterior‐posterior surfaces), and area (average height × average depth) revealed minimal effects due to stature. In all subjects, average depth exceeded average height for vertebral bodies C3 through C7. Upon combining stature groups, both sexes revealed maximum average values for these dimensions at the seventh cervical vertebral body. Minimum average height occurred at C5 whereas minimum average depth was found at C3. Significant correlation (α < 0.05) was found for males between ponderal index and height and depth of the C7 vertebra. Male head weight correlated significantly with C3, C4, C5 and C6 vertebral body height and with C3, C5 and C6 vertebral body depth. For females, C7 height and C6 depth correlated significantly with ponderal index and head weight respectively. Probable biomechanical relationships of specific cervical vertebral bodies are noted.
Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal‐phalangeal rankings and proportions
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Burdi Alphonse R. , Babler William J. , Stinson Sara
Published: February 2006

As shown in 56 human embryos and fetuses between 15 and 104 mm in crown‐rump length, “adult” metacarpal‐phalangeal length rankings are attained by the seventh intrauterine week and near‐adult bone‐to‐bone ratios or proportions by the thirteenth week. Micrometric measurements of optically‐projected histological hand sections show relative elongation of the distals between the 15–29 mm and 30–44 mm crown‐rump range, and relative reduction to radiogrammetrically‐determined adult proportions by the 90–104 mm CRL.
The relationship of tooth size to body size in a population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Lauer Carol
Published: February 2006

Tooth areas correlate significantly with long bone measurements in a skeletal population of rhesus monkeys from Cayo Santiago. Correlations are relatively large for the troop as a whole, as well as for males and females separately. Femur and humerus length measurements show the highest correlations with tooth size.
Mandibular precedence in the prenatal development of four permanent teeth
Authors: Burdi Alphonse R. , Garn Stanley M. , Superstine Jerome N.
Published: February 2006

As shown in 62 pairs of dental opponents from 32 grossly normal human fetuses in the 75–378 mm crown‐rump range, mandibular precedence is the rule for 11, 12, C and M1, a trend in agreement with mandibular precedence for deciduous teeth through dm1 and in the gingival emergence of the same permanent teeth during postnatal development.
Age and secular factors in the stature of adult Zapotec males
Authors: Himes John H. , Malina Robert M.
Published: February 2006

Age and secular factors in adult stature were investigated in a sample of 111 Zapotec‐speaking males from Oaxaca, Mexico. Comparisons with earlier studies showed no clear evidence of a secular trend. The increase in stature due to age and secular factors was approximately 0.07 cm per year (significant, p < 0.05). When stature was adjusted for the estimated age effects, the estimated secular increase was 0.03 cm per year (not significant). By this analysis a secular trend in adult stature of the magnitude noted for industrialized countries apparently does not occur in developing areas.
Role of light in human skin color variation
Authors: Quevedo W. C. , Fitzpatrick T. B. , Pathak M. A. , Jimbow K.
Published: February 2006

The major source of color in human skin derives from the presence within the epidermis of specialized melanin‐bearing organelles, the melanosomes. Tanning of human skin on exposure to ultraviolet light results from increased amounts of melanin within the epidermis. Melanosomes synthesized by melanocytes are acquired by keratinocytes and transported within them to the epidermal surface. In some cases, the melanosomes are catabolized en route. New information indicates that the multicellular epidermal melanin unit (melanocyte and associated pool of keratinocytes) rather than the melanocyte alone is the focal point for the control of melanin metabolism within mammalian epidermis. Gross human skin color derives from the visual impact of the summed melanin pigmentation of the many epidermal melanin units. In theory, constitutive skin color in man designates the genetically‐determined levels of melanin pigmentation developed in the absence of exposure to solar radiations or other environmental influences; facultative skin color or “tan” characterizes the increases in melanin pigmentation above the constitutive level induced by ultraviolet light. The details of genetic regulation of pigment metabolism within the epidermal melanin units are being clarified. In some mammals at least, the function of epidermal melanin units is significantly influenced by hormones which may be regulated by radiations received through the eyes. Based on an evolutionary history of the human family which exceeds ten million years, it is proposed that melanin pigmentation may have played a number of roles in human adaptations to changing biologic and physical environments.
Retinal pigmentation, visual acuity and brightness levels
Authors: Hoffman J. Michael
Published: February 2006

This study investigates the hypothesis that the degree of retinal pigmentation in the human eye is adaptive as it relates to the maintenance of visual acuity in optically stressful environments, deserts and snowfields. Eighty‐four subjects were examined, an estimation of their degree of retinal pigmentation made by ophthalmoscopic examination, and their binocular visual acuity tested over ten levels of brightness. The general level of retinal pigmentation did not influence mean visual acuity within the levels of brightness used in this study. The hypothesis was, therefore, rejected, but with the proviso that this study should be extended to even higher levels of brightness than were obtained here. There was no difference in mean pupil size at various levels of illumination between individuals grouped by degree of retinal pigmentation.
African fossil tali: Further multivariate morphometric studies
Authors: Lisowski F. P. , Albrecht G. H. , Oxnard C. E.
Published: February 2006

Analysis of measurements from the tali of 21 individual fossil primates from Africa shows that the specimens fall into five clearly defined groups. Accordingly, these specimens have been included as groups along with extant species in a subsequent canonical analysis thus allowing the fossils to play their part in the determination of the canonical separations.

The results of this procedure show that the five fossil groups lie in a part of the canonical space not occupied by any extant African primate. Their positions are between the envelope of Asiatic apes (Hylobates and Pongo) and the envelope of African forms near the edge which contains Pan and Papio. One fossil group is so similar to Hylobates that its talus may have functioned in locomotion in a parallel manner. Others lie near to Pongo in directions proceeding towards Pan and Papio and it is possible that this similarity may indicate remnants of morphological adaptation for climbing in these fossils. At the same time, however, individual specimens are closer to one or another of the extant groups and this considerable spread suggests that the locomotor adaptations as evidenced by talar morphology, of the primate fauna in Africa, may have been very different from those of the present day. This would not be inconsistent with the different habitats, floras and non‐primate faunas that may have characterized the East African scene at these earlier times.

Particular fossils from Olduvai and Kromdraai that are supposed to be australopithecine and therefore bipeds, are confirmed (Oxnard, '72; Lisowski et al., '74) as being totally different from man in their talar morphology and essentially rather similar to the majority of the other fossil tali examined.
Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Ciochon Russell L.
Published: February 2006

To analyze differences between apes and monkeys and the affinities of man, we have studied the shoulder girdle of 327 specimens of anthropoid primates. The scapula, clavicle and humerus are viewed as an integrated functional complex on the basis of 18 measurements. Several varieties of multivariate analysis show that man is clearly closer to other hominoids than to the included monkey taxa (whether terrestrial or arboreal, Old World or New World). The marked shoulder differences between apes and monkeys and similarities between apes and man correlate with the muscular anatomy, which in hominoids allows the motions involved in their locomotion and feeding behavior. As the hominid‐pongid correspondence in shoulder morphology is especially detailed regarding the functionally important joint surfaces, it is consistent with a fairly recent period of common ancestry and behavior. No hypothetical evolutionary pathway or ancestral form of the human shoulder need look far beyond the model afforded by extant pongids. In contrast with previous studies on the primate shoulder, these results agree with information accumulating from other systems—comparative anatomy, primate behavior, and molecular biology — in suggesting very close relationship between man and extant African pongids.
Hierarchical grouping analysis and skeletal materials
Authors: Alexander Ralph W.
Published: February 2006

The technique of hierarchical grouping analysis is examined with respect to its use as a tool in grouping skeletal remains, utilizing both continuous and certain types of discontinuous anthropometric variables. The method is found to be useful when tested with Amerind skeletal materials at the micro‐evolutionary level, and as a technique for sexual differentiation within human and non‐human primate populations. The application of this form of cluster analysis to dental data is examined.
Hominid taphonomy: Transport of human skeletal parts in an artificial fluviatile environment
Authors: Boaz N. T. , Behrensmeyer A. K.
Published: February 2006

Flume experiments demonstrate that human skeletal parts sort into lag and transportable groups in a current flow of 31 cm/sec. Orientations, rates and types of movement, and stable positions are recorded. Density of a skeletal part is correlated with the average rate of movement, whereas wet weight in air, weight in water, and volume are not. Shape is an important but unquantifiable factor. Complete crania are the fastest moving elements; individual cranial fragments are in the lag group. Omo fluviatile deposits show a preponderance of hominid lag elements, whereas Olduvai and East Rudolf perilacustrine deposits present a mixture of transportable and lag elements.
The use of inverse sine transformations in the analysis of non‐metric cranial data
Authors: Green Richard F. , Suchey Judy Myers
Published: February 2006

In recent years osteologists have frequently used non‐metric (dichotomous) cranial data to measure biological distance between skeletal samples of Homo sapiens. Applying methods used earlier by biologists, these workers begin by attempting to stabilize the variance of the measures used by transforming the observed trait frequencies using some type of inverse sine transformation. The frequently used Grewal‐Smith transformation doesn't work well for small samples of the size often considered by osteologists. As a consequence the mean measure of divergence between populations determined by this method is strongly influenced by a bias which depends on sample size. This paper compares several transformations in terms of how close the actual variance of the transformed frequency corresponds to its nominal value. It is suggested that the traditional (Grewal‐Smith) inverse sine transformation not be used, and several alternatives are considered.
The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins
Authors: Kirk R. L.
Published: February 2006

Ancient chronicles relate the origin of the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka to the arrival of Prince Vijaya from an area either in north‐east or north‐west India, and his subsequent affiliation with people from south India. Students of Indian history argue that the Vijayan legend should be interpreted to favor either one or the other of the northern origins, or a mixture of peoples from both areas. Genetic distance analysis however, despite the limitations imposed by the data, shows that modern Sinhalese populations are closer to the Tamils and Keralites of south India and the upper caste groups of Bengal than they are to populations in Gujarat or the Panjab.
Knuckling behavior in captive orangutans and a wounded baboon
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Tuttle Russell H.
Published: February 2006

With this communication we hope to clarify the usage of behavioral information from apparently non‐pathological orangutans and a pathological baboon to elucidate problems of hominoid locomotor evolution, particularly the problem of knuckle‐walking. We suggest that Hausfater's ('75) report on “knuckle walking” in the wounded baboon “Dutch” is at best marginally relevant to the problem of hominoid knuckle‐walking because Dutch is a pathological subject and because the report lacks quantification and sufficient descriptive detail to support the claim that his knuckling behavior is essentially the same as knuckle‐walking by extant African apes.

Because we cannot observe the behavior of antecedent African apes and because of the relatively close morphological and genetic affinities of orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, spontaneously knuckling and knuckle‐walking orangutans are the best available subjects to test certain hypotheses about the evolution of pongid knuckle‐walking.
Genetic structure and heterozygosity in the kuru region, Eastern Highlands of New Guinea
Authors: Wiesenfeld Stephen L. , Gajdusek D. Carleton
Published: February 2006

Genetic structure of 20 of the 37 linguistic groups in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea including the kuru region is analyzed using information on blood groups and serum protein polymorphisms. The average individual is heterozygous at 28.6% of loci and the average number of alleles per locus is 1.234. Coefficients of kinship for linguistic groups range from 0.005 for the sweet potato cultivating North Fore to 0.075 for the isolated Pawaians whose dietary staple is sago and who depend more on hunting and gathering. As one selects linguistic groups with smaller and smaller population size and increasing isolation, one finds that kinship coefficients rise as much as tenfold, but there is no concomitant loss of heterozygosity or trend toward fixation of alleles. Genetic relationships established by genetic distance trees and by principal components analysis are comparable and are consistent with other anthropological observations.
A preliminary anatomical diagnosis of the first Plio/Pleistocene hominid discoveries in the central Afar, Ethiopia
Authors: Johanson D. Carl , Coppens Yves
Published: February 2006

Five fragmentary hominid specimens including four associated postcranial (lower limb) bones and a temporal bone of another individual from the Plio/Pleistocene of the central Afar, Ethiopia, are described. These remains represent the primary discoveries of fossil hominids by an international team working since 1972 in recently recognized paleontological exposures in the Afar triangle. The descriptions presented are purely anatomical and no taxonomic assessment is intended.

The postcranial material is comprised of two fragmentary proximal femurs, a right and a left, a right distal femur, and a right proximal tibia. The close association and morphological similarities of these four fragments strongly suggests that they are from the same individual.

An eroded and fragmentary left temporal bone, from another locality, was also found.

Both the cranial and postcranial material are from roughly equivalent stratigraphic horizons and may be of nearly the same geological age.