bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Registers of Archbishops Lee and Holgate
Authors: Purvis J. S.
Published: March 2011

Amongst those who have devoted their studies to the registers of archbishops and bishops, there has been a natural tendency to select for notice or publication those registers which will be most amply useful to scholars in the provision of historical evidence, and to set aside those volumes which are imperfect or in any way defective. The reasons for this are obviously cogent, yet complete neglect of the less satisfactory registers would be unfortunate. There is much to be learned even from the omissions and defects due to a decadent registry or a period of institutional confusion. In the hope, therefore, not only of indicating the nature of some of these less satisfactory registers, but also of showing in what directions they may include matters of interest, the registers chosen for notice in this paper are not those of Melton or Thoresby, not even that of Wolsey, which although late in date is a volume of great regularity, showing a well-conducted registry; the selected registers are those of Edward Lee (1531–44) and of his successor Robert Holgate (1544–53). They are volumes which cover the early part of the changes in ecclesiastical constitution in Tudor times, and may therefore be expected to show some reflexion, perhaps many reflexions, of the effects of those religious changes.
More Light on Le Vassor and his Vargas Publication
Authors: Evennett H. O.
Published: March 2011

I have to thank Mr. Peter Walne, County Archivist at Reading, for kindly drawing my attention to the following letter in the Trumbull papers deposited in the Berkshire Record Office and for providing me with a photostat. It adds some small points of interest to my previous Bibliographical Note on ‘The Manuscripts of the Vargas-Granvelle Correspondence, 1551–2’ in this Journal (xi. 219–24). I print the text first and comment on it afterwards.
The Union of Suzdal, 1222–1252
Authors: Zatko James J.
Published: March 2011

Among the many ‘unions’ between the Roman Church and the various Eastern Churches, none, perhaps, has been more unknown than the Union of Suzdal, 1222–1252. How important this union really was, outside the ecclesiastical questions involved, will appear immediately upon reflexion that its span coincides with the Tartar conquest of Russia and the consolidation of Tartar power. All the more startling, therefore, is the neglect of this union by Russian and non-Russian historians.
The Curés and the Third Estate: the Ideas of Reform in the Pamphlets of the French Lower Clergy in the period 1787–1789
Authors: Hutt M. G.
Published: March 2011

The convening of the Assembly of Notables and the prolonged conflict between the government and the Parlement of Paris gave rise to a ferment of discussion throughout France during 1787 and 1788. This increased after the publication of the arrêt du conseil on 8 August 1788 which gave 1 May 1789 as the date for the opening of an Estates-General. The public debate was greatly encouraged by, and indeed largely carried on in, the innumerable pamphlets which appeared after the king had, in July, invited informed persons to submit memoranda on the proper form and functions of such an assembly. Amid this ‘avalanche of proposals, complaints, protests and far-fetched schemes’ there were a considerable number of pamphlets written by members of the lower clergy. Although the great majority of these are anonymous, the form of the titles and, more important, internal evidence indicate that they are almost certainly the work of clerical writers. The nature and content of these pamphlets are a valuable indication of the attitude of at least a considerable section—and this an influential section—of the lower clergy on the eve of the Revolution. In these pamphlets are expressed in their clearest form the ideas which formed the content of many of the speeches made by curé agitators in the electoral assemblies which met in the spring of 1789, and which, modified in more sober committees, dictated many of the clauses which clerical cahiers devoted to Church affairs.
The Peace of St. Cuthbert
Authors: Craster Edmund
Published: March 2011

The elder James Raine published in 1839 as appendix no. CCCXXXII to his edition of Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres a document entitled ‘Consuetudo et lex sancti patris Cuthberti’. Attention was subsequently drawn to it, in 1905, by Professor Lapsley. As Lapsley was only concerned in his article with the status of drengs, he forbore to enter into what he called ‘the quellenkritik of this curious document’, and, as we shall see, he mistook its date. It is therefore worth while carrying investigation further.
The Registrum Premonstratense: a lost MS. rediscovered
Authors: Colvin H. M.
Published: March 2011

The principal source for the history of the Order of Prémontré in England is the three volumes of Collectanea Anglo-Premonstratensia edited by cardinal Gasquet and published by the Royal Historical Society in 1904–06 (Camden 3rd Series, vols. vi, x, xii). The documents which make up this collection were derived from two sources:

1. The register of Richard Redman, abbot of Shap, and visitor of the order in England during the second half of the fifteenth century. (Bodleian Library, Ashmole MS. 1519).

2. Transcripts of a Registrum Premonstratense made by the antiquary Francis Peck early in the eighteenth century, and now in the British Museum (Additional MSS. 4934–5).
An Account-Book of the Patrimony of St. Peter in Tuscany, 1304–1306
Authors: Waley D. P.
Published: March 2011

Volume 241 in the Vatican Archive series of ‘Collectorie’ is described in de Loye's printed catalogue of the cameral materials as ‘Collectorie Patrimonii b. Petri’. This inadequate description may be responsible for the failure of historians to exploit the earliest surviving complete account-book for a province of the Papal States and probably the best source for the condition of the States at the opening of the Avignon period. This volume, which consists of sixty-six folios, is the account-book noting the revenue and expenditure of the papal province of the Tuscan Patrimony from August 1304 (a month after the death of Benedict XI) till April 1306 (ten months after the election of Clement V). It was kept by Lapo di Marzo, the Treasurer of the province, and his socius Bartolo ‘de Cepparello’. There are no other full accounts for a papal province before those of the same province covering the years 1312–4.
The Curial Exequies for Edward I and Edward III
Authors: Ullmann Walter
Published: March 2011

It is not generally known that solemn exequies were performed for Edward I at Poitiers in the presence of the pope, Clement V; that these exequies were the first exequies held in the curia for a king; that they supplied the model for the corresponding ceremonial in the office for the dead laid down in Ordo Romanus XIV which was composed by cardinal James Gaetano Stefaneschi; and that, furthermore, the liturgical details of a canonisation ceremony shown in the same Ordo Romanus (OR.) were modelled on the ceremonial actually observed at the canonisation of St. Thomas Cantelupe of Hereford in 1320. Lastly, attention must be directed to the apparently also unknown exequies solemnly performed for Edward III at Anagni on 3 September 1377, again in the presence of the pope, Gregory XI.
Some Aspects of the Register of Edmund Lacy Bishop of Exeter, 1420–1455
Authors: Dunstan G. R.
Published: March 2011

Edmund Lacy, a doctor of divinity in the University of Oxford, was translated by papal provision on 5 July 1420 from the see of Hereford to that of Exeter, vacant by the death of John Catrick at Florence at the Holy See. He was then aged about fifty, and he continued for thirty-five years as bishop of Exeter until his death at Chudleigh on 18 September 1455. Previously he had been a fellow of University College, Oxford, its bursar in 1396–7 and master in 1398–9. He appears to have kept a room in the college at an annual rent of one mark until 1406–7, and he maintained a fruitful association with the society until his death. His service of the king, both at home and abroad, was rewarded first with the bishopric of Hereford, to which he was consecrated at Windsor on 18 April 1417, in the presence of king Henry V, and then with the richer see of Exeter. He entered his diocese on 17 March 1422, not long before king Henry died. From then until his own death his absences were of the briefest.
Kingdom and Church in the thought of Martin Butzer
Authors: Torrance T. F.
Published: March 2011

History has not yet taken its full measure of Martin Butzer who must be adjudged as standing within the sphere of Reformed rather than Lutheran theology, not only because of his masterful influence on Calvin or Calvin's considerable influence on him, but because his pioneer work in Biblical hermeneutics and patristic study helped to shape the whole Reformed Church. If Luther's theology is to be interpreted over against the development of Western thought particularly in its medieval form, that of Butzer is to be understood in terms of the Catholic Church and patristic theology of the first six centuries, for here we have a great attempt to get behind medievalism and, as Calvin put it, writing from Strasburg, to restore the face of the ancient Catholic Church. In further contrast to the Lutheran position Butzer's theology is more broadly based on the teaching of Scripture. Ephesians, Galatians and the Johannine writings, for example, are interpreted together, and so the Biblical ideas of election and adoption into the Body of Christ are placed alongside the doctrines of rebirth and justification by faith, and they are thought into each other, while the ministry of the Gospel, as well as the Gospel itself, becomes a de fide matter. It was in line with this that, while Luther laid all the stress upon the Word of God, Butzer (to be followed by Calvin) invariably stressed the Word and Spirit in their inseparable conjunction.
The Making of the Durham Book
Authors: Cuming G. J.
Published: March 2011

In the Cosin Library at Durham there is preserved a MS. catalogue of its contents, written in bishop Cosin's lifetime (probably in 1669–70) and under his direction, which contains this entry:

‘Common Prayer Booke with my MS. Notes in the Margent made for Variations in the last new Liturgy, fol.’
The Quarrel between the Carmelite Friars and the Secular Clergy of London, 1464–1468
Authors: Boulay F. R. H. Du
Published: March 2011

Hard feeling between the mendicant and secular clergy no doubt persisted throughout the later middle ages, but at certain moments passions flared up, sermons were preached, pamphlets written, and chroniclers took notice. About a hundred years after the quarrel in which archbishop FitzRalph of Armagh was involved (1356–9), Londoners again had the opportunity to enjoy or deplore a rather similar scene This time, if the Continuator of Gregory's Chronicle was right, ‘the Whyte Freers be-ganne hyt fryste.’ By public preaching of the old thesis that Christ and his Apostles were beggars who possessed nothing of their own, the Carmelites thought to enhance their own status in the eyes of the world. Their arguments were not very subtle, but then neither, it may be thought, were their aims; yet if the actors themselves now seem to strut and fret past reason, their play is full of interest, and this not only, for the historian of church affairs or theological ideas, but for anyone who cares to know more about the details of public life and the divisions of public opinion in Edward IV's London.
William Chillingworth: a Study
Authors: Waller J.
Published: March 2011

Writing to Thomas Barlow in the late seventeenth century, a young correspondent requested information ‘wherein Mr. Chillingworth's peculiar excellency above other writers consisted’. Thomas Barlow replied that this excellency stood not ‘in any extraordinary knowledge he had of Antiquity’ nor in the mere accumulation of learning but ‘did arise from, and consist in his Logick, both natural; and (by exceeding great industry) acquired’. The acumen of Chillingworth's argument, indeed, has long attracted attention. More important, the enigma of much of his character and expression has awakened a mass of commentary and exposition. In the nineteenth century, James F. Stephen, Thomas Arnold, Buckle and Lecky were concerned with him mainly as a rationalist, and the logical incompatibility of much of his thought with authoritarian Laudian churchmanship. In the present century there has been no constant course of interpretation, but a recent trend, notably in the works of D. Mathew and W. Schenk, has been to stress the affinities of Laud and Chillingworth in their appreciation of an ordered Caroline society. In this article, the intention is to attempt a precise delineation of the formation and significance of Chillingworth's thought and belief; a task in which unpublished material—both in the Lambeth Palace Library and the Bodelian Library—has been invaluable.
Contemporary Views on the Proposals for the Alienation of Capitular Property in England (1832–1840)
Authors: Welch P. J.
Published: March 2011

In the late twenties and the thirties of the nineteenth century, the failure of the Anglican Church to provide adequate pastoral superintendence became glaringly obvious. There were too few churches and clergymen in the new industrial and urban areas, and even in the rural districts poverty restricted the usefulness of many of the clergy. The Commission of Inquiry appointed by Grey in 1831 reported that the average annual income of each living was £278.
Three Letters of William of Thetford, O.P.
Authors: Humphreys K. W.
Published: March 2011

Marginalia in medieval theological manuscripts are rarely worth investigating further but Merton College, Oxford MS. L. i. 14 (Coxe 132), ‘Peter of Poitiers on the Sentences’ followed by Simon of Tournai's Summa in sacram paginam has several most important drafts of letters. The manuscript which was written early in the thirteenth century has at fos. 109r, 110r and 113r in a cursive hand of the second half of the second quarter of the thirteenth century entries almost certainly made by William of Thetford, an early prior of the Oxford house of the Friars Preachers.
Christian Hoburg and Seventeenth-century Mysticism
Authors: Schmidt Martin
Published: March 2011

The subject of the present paper is only seemingly a national German development—it has, in fact, to do with the universal situation of the Christian Church in modern times. The question of mysticism runs through almost all denominations. The imposing French Roman Catholic Dictionnaire de spiritualité ascétique et mystique shows it in every column. We know how important a contribution to Christian preaching and devotional literature was made by the early Greek and Oriental monks, like Ephraem Syrus, Johannes Klimakos and others, how fundamental and lasting theological concepts were developed on mystical lines by Clement of Alexandria and Dionysius the Areopagite, by Bernard of Clairvaux, by the Victorine School, by Richard Rolle of Hampole. The mystical impact of the devotio moderna on Erasmus of Rotterdam was considerable. Luther praised, though with some reservations, John Tauler and the Theologia Germanica which he edited himself. In the Anglo-Catholic school of Lancelot Andrewes we find an original union of rational clearness and distinctiveness with mystical depth and personal feeling. The influence of Spanish mysticism was enormous in France, Germany, and also in England. Even John Wesley recommended throughout his whole life the biographies of Gregor Lopez of Mexico and of the French marquess de Renty, the disciple of Teresa of Avila, and was impressed by Henry Scougal, The Life of God in the Soul of Man and by Jeremy Taylor.
Monks and Pastoral Work: a problem in Anglo-Norman History
Authors: Chibnall Marjorie
Published: March 2011

In 1927 Dom Berlière published a series of articles in the Revue Bénédictine entitled ‘L”exercise du ministere paroissial par les moines dans le haut moyen-age’. These give a careful, analytical survey of the evidence for the performance of pastoral work by monks from the fourth to the fourteenth centuries. In a period so long treatment was necessarily brief: and there is room for amplification of many of the topics he discussed.
Thomas Stapleton
Authors: Richards Michael
Published: March 2011

In 1620, twenty-two years after his death, Thomas Stapleton received the tribute hoped for, I suppose, by many, if not all professors. Four of his friends collected together his works and published them. His Opera Omnia fill four folio volumes: translation, controversy, the fruit of his years of lecturing worked over and set out in lengthy, ordered dissertations, history, biography, moral instruction, panegyric, speeches made on academic occasions, commentaries on the Sunday, feast-day and Lenten gospels. The whole was prefaced by a life of the author written in Latin verse by Henry Holland. The best preserved and best cared-for copy is to be found in Lambeth Palace library.
The Date of the Conversion of the Visigoths
Authors: Thompson E. A.
Published: March 2011

When the Visigoths crossed the Danube in 376 and entered the Roman provinces, were they Christian or pagan? Were the two armies which clashed at Adrianople on 9 August 378 composed substantially of Christians, or were the victors still pagan? When Ulfila, the Apostle of the Goths, died c. 382, had he succeeded in converting his fellow countrymen to Christianity? It will be argued here that it would be inconsistent with such evidence as exists to suppose that the Visigoths were a Christian people at any of these dates
The Mission of Giovanni de Plano Carpini and Benedict the Pole of Vratislavia to Halicz
Authors: Szcześniak Boleslaw
Published: March 2011

The journey to Mongolia of Giovanni de Plano Carpini and Benedict the Pole of Vratislavia (Wroclaw, Breslau) in 1245–1247 has been explored by historians. But the significance of their careers in Poland and Ruthenia has not yet been studied and remains a subject for future research. The Minorites, in addition to their chief mission—the peace negotiations with the Grand Khan in Karakorum—had been ordered to start conversations in Cracow (Kraków) and Halicz to bring about the union of Orthodox Ruthenia with Rome. Since he was vicedelegate and companion to friar Giovanni, Benedict's contribution to the achievement of the union seems to have been overlooked or insufficiently appreciated.
Thomas Bradwardine's De Causa Dei
Authors: Leff Gordon
Published: March 2011

Thomas Bradwardine has suffered more from neglect than perhaps any other major medieval thinker. This is less his fault than that of his age. The fourteenth century, even now, is still largely misty and confused; its main streams of thought have none of the comparative clarity of the thirteenth century; many of its thinkers are still largely unknown; and even its topics lack the sweep and fullness of, say, St. Thomas or St. Bonaventure, at first sight appearing arid and remote, governed by little but a love of dispute.
Dom William Ingram and his Account-Book, 1504–1533
Authors: Rooke G. H.
Published: March 2011

On 24 June 1504, being the Feast of St. John the Baptist, Brother William Ingram, of the Cathedral Priory of Christ, Canterbury, paid 3d. ‘pro reparacione inferioris hostii prope claustrum vocati le red dur et pro una clave pertinente ad eundem’. Such was the first expenditure of a cautious man who had taken over the charge of Custos Martirii, which, together with the two custodes at the shrine of the Saint, and two others at the Corona and the site of the first tomb, in the Crypt, was one of the greater offices in the cult of St. Thomas of Canterbury.
The New Testament Basis of the Doctrine of the Church
Authors: Manson T. W.
Published: March 2011

As the starting-point of this paper I take the question, When did the Church come into existence? It is a question to which a great variety of answers is given; but they can be classified in two groups according to whether they put the birth of the Church before or after the death of Christ. These two groups again correspond roughly with two ways of thinking about the Church. We may think of it primarily as an organization with a function to perform; and in that case we shall think—as I do—of its coming into being at the moment that Jesus called his first disciple. Or we may think of it as a body of people who possess a certain status before God—forgiven sinners, redeemed persons or the like—and in that case we shall tend to think of its coming into being as a sequel to the completed redemptive work of Christ on the Cross.
Irenaeus of Lugdunum and the Apostolic Succession
Authors: Molland Einar
Published: March 2011

In order to grasp the idea of the Apostolic Succession underlying Irenaeus' utterances on this subject we shall first analyse two different conceptions of the Succession which we meet with in modern times. I think it will be a help to see him against this background since it will enable us to perceive the specifically Irenaean idea of what the ‘succession from the apostles’ implies.
The Sanctus and the Pattern of the Early Anaphora, I
Authors: Ratcliff Edward C.
Published: March 2011

In its directions for the procedure to be followed at the consecration of a bishop, the document now generally accepted as the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome contains, as is well known, the text of an anaphora or eucharistic prayer. Apart from several phrases, preserved in the anaphora of Apostolic Constitutions viii, the original Greek of the prayer attributed to Hippolytus is lost. For its textual basis, therefore, we must turn to what is clearly the most faithful version of the original, as well as the oldest, the Latin of the Verona palimpsest recovered by E. Hauler and published by him in 1900. The anaphora is here introduced by the traditional dialogue consisting of ‘Dominus vobiscum’, ‘Susum corda’ and ‘Gratias agamus domino’, and their responses.
The Litany of the Saints on Holy Saturday
Authors: van Dijk Stephen A.
Published: March 2011

Everybody who knows the ABC of the history of the Roman liturgy has undoubtedly heard of the story about the fourteenth-century dean of Tongres, Ralph van der Beke (de Rivo). His education in matters ecclesiastical had been splendid; his zeal for the reform of the Church was fervent and sincere; he was especially devoted to a revival of the liturgy of his time and the problems which he raised are accepted as being of the greatest importance. But this is not the whole story. Ralph's life does not lack a certain note comigue which is not often heard of. Ralph had his weaknesses: one of them was a whole-hearted aversion to the Friars Minor, who a century before had occasioned a liturgical reform in the Church, the consequences of which he saw every day and simply did not like. Until someone has checked Ralph's personal connections with the friars and the influence which he underwent from those Italians, who, under a show of zeal for the Eternal City, hid their jealousy and selfinterest and disputed everything concerning the papal court at Avignon, it is difficult to decide whether he could not stand the friars because of their Roman liturgy or the Roman liturgy because of the friars. All the same, whatever they did, for Ralph it was always wrong, and the most flattering thing which he could find in his heart was that those friars singularem usum cum regula servant singulari, as though it were a crime to follow the customs of the pope and nothing but praiseworthy to keep to those of the bishop of Liège or Lyons, or even the abbot of Cluny or Montecassino.
Was Thomas Cromwell a Machiavellian?
Authors: Parker T. M.
Published: March 2011

It is probably true to say that the unique and peculiar course taken by the English Reformation under Henry VIII, in so far as its origin can be traced to any one man, is due to Thomas Cromwell. Not that he was, as we shall endeavour to show, a theorist of church reform, still less a theologian. Nor did he, any more than any other servant of Henry VIII, at any time hold supreme power. Of all English monarchs Henry might perhaps dispute with Charles VII of France the title of le bien servi; but he was never dominated by his ministers, and made and broke them at will. Yet Cromwell possessed two qualities without which it is hard to see how the Henrician revolution in Church and State relations could have been carried through. He was diligent and methodical to a degree. ‘The whole essence of Cromwell's personality’, says his biographer, ‘consists of different manifestations of one fundamental, underlying trait, which may perhaps be best expressed by the common phrase “a strict attention to business”.’ No man was better fitted to carry through a complicated and slow programme with unhurrying persistence to a triumphant conclusion. Equally he was a man capable of bold and novel designs which might never have occurred, at least in a practical form, to ordinary minds. For both these reasons he was indispensable to Henry VIII in the crisis of the reign. The king, at least in his younger days, was not fond of detailed business; nor, to all appearance, was he gifted with originality above the common measure. Cromwell, with his capacity for detail and his power of imagination, complemented his master. As not infrequently happens, the second-in-command was the more essential member of the working partnership; one can imagine some king other than Henry VIII capable of carrying through Henry's achievement, but it is difficult to conceive how he could have done so without a Cromwell at his elbow.
Imposition of Hands in Confirmation: a medieval problem
Authors: Banting H. M. J.
Published: March 2011

In the library of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, there is a MS. of fourteen leaves which formerly belonged to the priory of Durham. The MS. is of the eleventh century and contains some Pontifical offices, namely the forms of ordination to minor and major orders (with the exception of bishop) and the office of Confirmation. The office of Confirmation begins with an injunction that the bishop shall lay his hand on the head of the candidate. Primitus, impone manum super capud infantis et tangis eum vel eam. Then, after the salutation, follows the prayer for the gift of the Holy Spirit, ‘Almighty and everlasting God, who hast deigned to regenerate thy servant by water and the Holy Spirit and hast given him remission of all his sins, send out upon him from heaven thy sevenfold Holy Spirit, the Paraclete, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and strength, the spirit of knowledge and godliness. Fill him with the spirit of thy fear and graciously sign him with the sign of thy holy cross unto life.’ Then the bishop, having mentioned the candidate's name, makes a cross with chrism on the forehead, saying ‘I sign and confirm thee with the sign of the holy cross in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit’.
The Irish Precedent for English Church Reform: the Church Temporalities Act of 1833
Authors: Brose Olive J.
Published: March 2011

‘Ireland would ever seem to be the place of experiment, both of politics and of education, and a cloud of never-ending failures has encompassed her in both.’ This illuminating comment provides a perspective in which the whole peculiar and rather complex relationship between the two countries, so unnaturally yoked together, may be considered afresh. The role of Ireland as experiment and precedent for English legislation—since in many respects Ireland's condition was that of England ‘writ large’—made possible the breaking of new ground and ventures into new spheres of governmental action. In Education, the Irish situation led government into an admission of its responsibility for the education of the people by grants to the Kildare Place Society in 1815. Three decades of agitation and debate were needed in England before the same admission was made by the grant-in-aid of 1833, and the same relationship existed between Irish education experiments of the early 1830's and their later English equivalents.
The North-South Differential In Italian Economic Development
Authors: Eckaus Richard S.
Published: March 2011

Though the economy of Italy has been transformed in the one hundred years since its uninfication, the various regions have experienced quite different degrees of development. Southern Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, all of which comprises 40 per cent of the land area and, today, about 37 per cent of the population, has lagged far behind the North.
Prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing intense endoscopic cleaning versus minimal intervention in the early post-operative period following functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Fishman J M , Sood S , Chaudhari M , Martinez-Devesa P , Orr L , Gupta D
Published: March 2011

Objective:

There is currently no standardised management protocol following functional endoscopic sinus surgery. This study assessed frequent endoscopic cleaning versus minimal intervention in the early post-operative period following such surgery.

Study design:

Prospective, randomised controlled, single-blinded, within-subject trial involving 24 patients with bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing bilateral functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Main outcome measure:

The primary outcome measure was ethmoid cavity healing, based on endoscopic appearance, graded using a modified Lund–MacKay endoscopic score.

Secondary outcome measure:

Lund–MacKay symptom score before and after surgery.

Results:

There was no overall statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.37). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant effect of regular suction clearance on adhesions at three months (p = 0.048), but not on oedema, polyps, granulation, discharge or crusting.

Conclusion:

There is no evidence from this study to support frequent endoscopic cleaning in the early post-operative period after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Less intensive post-operative management is recommended, resulting in decreased patient morbidity and fewer post-operative follow-up appointments.
A cross-dialectal acoustic study of the monophthongs and diphthongs of Welsh
Authors: Mayr Robert , Davies Hannah
Published: March 2011

The Welsh language has a complex vowel inventory with up to thirteen monophthongs and the same number of diphthongs. According to descriptive reports, systematic differences are found between the two main varieties of Welsh, Northern and Southern Welsh (Ball & Williams 2001, Jones 1984). However, few studies have attempted to verify these claims instrumentally, and little is known about the acoustic properties of Welsh vowels. The present study is the first systematic acoustic investigation of the monophthongs and diphthongs of Northern and Southern Welsh and includes measurements of formant trajectory length and spectral rate of change for the diphthongs (Fox & Jacewicz 2009).

The results largely confirm claims about contrastive vowel categories in Northern and Southern Welsh. In contrast to auditory-based accounts, however, pairs of Northern Welsh vowels were found to differ, not only in terms of duration, but also vowel quality. The diphthongs, in turn, revealed interesting cross-dialectal differences in spectral dynamics across their trajectories. The results have implications for notions of contrastivity in languages with large vowel inventories.
Acoustic analysis of a sound change in progress: The consonant cluster /stɹ/ in English
Authors: Rutter Ben
Published: March 2011

For some speakers of English, realization of the fricative in the consonant cluster /stɹ/may be undergoing a sound change in progress. Previous reports suggest that /s/ is being realized as the postalveolar fricative [ʃ], with the approximant /ɹ/ as a possible trigger. Research in sociolinguistics also indicates that there may be various intermediate stages of the change, falling somewhere between a typical /ʃ/ and /s/. However, information about the precise phonetic characteristics of these novel variants is still sparse, and existing sociolinguistic studies have not compared speakers’ realization of /stɹ/ to their typical /s/ and /ʃ/ productions. This paper uses the acoustic measurement of spectral peak to compare ten English speakers’ productions of the onsets /ʃ/, /ʃɹ/, /stɹ/, and /s/. The findings suggest that the majority of tokens produced by these speakers fall within their normal range for /ʃ/, with only limited evidence of intermediate forms. It is proposed that spectral peak measurement seems to be a stable method for use in future research categorizing variants of /stɹ/. However, this should include comparison to subjects’ normal /ʃ/ productions.
Brain anatomy of major depression II. Focus on amygdala
Authors: Bellani M. , Baiano M. , Brambilla P.
Published: March 2011

Here, we briefly summarize the most consistent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on amygdala in major depression and debate the effects of clinical variables on amygdalar morphology.
Employers’ attitudes to people with mental health problems in the workplace in Britain: changes between 2006 and 2009
Authors: Little K. , Henderson C. , Brohan E. , Thornicroft G.
Published: March 2011

Aim.

This study examines whether there have been improvements in mental health-related knowledge, attitudes and workplace practices among British employers between 2006 and 2009.

Method.

In 2006, the Shaw Trust surveyed 550 British employers. Telephone interviews ascertained their knowledge, attitudes and practices related to mental health in the workplace. This study compares their findings with a repeat survey of 500 employers in 2009.

Results.

In 2006, 33% of employers reported that none of their employees would develop a mental health problem during their working lifetime, dropping to 7% in 2009. In both years, less than a third of companies had formal policies on stress and mental health. In 2006, 68% agreed they would be flexible in offering adjustments to someone with mental ill-health, rising to 87% in 2009. In 2006, 76% agreed that British industry needs more support to improving the way it deals with mental health in the workplace, increasing to 88% in 2009.

Conclusions.

While employers’ mental health knowledge significantly improved and many offer ‘reasonable adjustments’, there is a need to formalise these arrangements and for further training and support. Resistance to the Equality Bill amendment banning pre-employment health questions, with exceptions, is predicted based on employers’ preference for pre-employment disclosure.
A randomised controlled trial of assertive outreachvs. treatment as usual for black people with severe mental illness
Authors: Bhugra D. , Ayonrinde O. , Butler G. , Leese M. , Thornicroft G.
Published: March 2011

Aim.

We aimed at testing whether an assertive outreach team (AOT) run by a Black voluntary organisation is more acceptable to Black people with severe mental illness.

Methods.

A randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 83 Black (African, African Caribbean or Black British) patients with severe mental illness with treatment as usual (TAU) or Assertive Outreach (AO) by a non-statutory sector Black AOT. Frequency of admissions, duration of admissions, symptom severity and client satisfaction with clinical interventions were assessed.

Results.

The mean length of admission at follow-up was not significantly different between the two groups (74.64v. 64.51; mean difference = 10.13, 95% CI −2.86, 23.11,p = 0.125), neither was the mean number of admissions (1.32v. 1.20; mean difference = 0.13, 95% CI −0.18, 0.43,p = 0.401). Mean Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) ratings at 1-year follow-up were significantly lower in the AOT group than in the TAU group (56.34v. 63.62; mean difference = 7.27, 95% CI 0.66, 13.88,p = 0.032), and people were significantly more satisfied with AOT 24/29 (83%) than the generic services: 4/26 (15%),p < 0.001.

Conclusions.

While the AO service was highly culturally acceptable to Black people, there was no evidence that the provision of AOT reduces frequency or duration of hospital admission.
Rapid Pliocene exhumation of the central Greater Caucasus constrained by low‐temperature thermochronometry
Authors: Avdeev Boris , Niemi Nathan A.
Published: March 2011

Constraining the timing of onset and rates of deformation within the Greater Caucasus mountains is key to understanding their role in accommodating deformation across the Arabia‐Eurasia orogen. We present new low‐temperature thermochronometric constraints on the Cenozoic thermal evolution of the central Greater Caucasus that elucidate a three‐phase cooling history. Between 50 and 30 Ma, cooling within the range was negligible. In Oligocene time, cooling rates throughout the range increased to ∼4°C/Myr. These rates remained constant until the early Pliocene time, when they increased again, reaching ∼25°C/Myr along the axial part of the range. Rates and timing of Oligocene exhumation are consistent with previous results from the western Greater Caucasus and are proposed to result from onset of subduction of the Greater Caucasus back‐arc basin. Rapid exhumation of the Greater Caucasus, beginning in Pliocene time, contrasts with previously reported thermal histories for other portions of the range. Pliocene exhumation of the central Greater Caucasus appears to be tectonically driven and coincides with widespread evidence for a major reorganization of the Arabia‐Eurasia plate boundary. We hypothesize that this exhumation, and regionally observed plate reorganization, results from the collision of the Lesser Caucasus with Eurasia, completing the subduction of oceanic lithosphere across this segment of the Arabia‐Eurasia plate boundary.
The Magellanic System's Interactive Formations
Authors: Putman M. E.
Published: March 2011

The interaction between the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds has resulted in several high-velocity complexes which are connected to the Clouds. The complexes are known as the Magellanic Bridge, an HI connection between the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, the Magellanic Stream, a 10° × 100° HI filament which trails the Clouds, and the Leading Arm, a diffuse HI filament which leads the Clouds. The mechanism responsible for these features formation remains under some debate, with the lack of detailed HI observations being one of the limiting factors in resolving the issue. Here I present several large mosaics of HI Parkes All-Sky Survey (HIPASS) data which show the full extent of the three Magellanic complexes at almost twice the resolution of previous observations. These interactive features are connected, but unique in their spatial and velocity distribution. The differences may shed light on their origin and present environment. Dense clumps of HI along the sightline to the Sculptor Group, which may or may not be associated with the Magellanic complexes, are also discussed.
Progress on Coronal, Interplanetary, Foreshock, and Outer Heliospheric Radio Emissions
Authors: Cairns Iver H. , Robinson P. A. , Zank G. P.
Published: March 2011

Type II and III solar radio bursts are associated with shock waves and streams of energetic electrons, respectively, which drive plasma waves and radio emission at multiples of the electron plasma frequency as they move out from the corona into the interplanetary medium. Analogous plasma waves and radiation are observed from the foreshock region upstream of Earth's bow shock. In situ spacecraft observations in the solar wind have enabled major progress to be made in developing quantitative theories for these phenomena that are consistent with available data. Similar processes are believed responsible for radio emissions at 2–3 kHz that originate in the distant heliosphere, from where the solar wind interacts with the local interstellar medium. The primary goal of this paper is to review the observations and theories for these four classes of emissions, focusing on recent progress in developing detailed theories for the plasma waves and radiation in the source regions. The secondary goal is to introduce and review stochastic growth theory, a recent theory which appears quantitatively able to explain the wave observations in type III bursts and Earth's foreshock and is a natural theory to apply to type II bursts, the outer heliospheric emissions, and perhaps astrophysicalemissions.
Radio Frequency Interference Mitigation Strategies: Summary of the E. & F. White Conference held in Sydney, Australia, December 1999
Authors: Bell Jon F. , Ekers Ron D. , Bunton John D.
Published: March 2011

The E. & F. White Conference held in Sydney in December 1999 brought together expertise on a range of interference mitigation techniques from CSIRO, Australian and international industry and universities. Key goals were to enhance the understanding of techniques and their inter-relationship, to increase awareness of advanced technologies such as software radios and photonics, and to foster a cooperative approach to the development of interference mitigation techniques. The foremost application in mind was the square kilometre array (SKA) and the need to find ways to develop a hierarchical scheme for removing unwanted signals from astronomical data. This paper gives an overview of the topics discussed at the conference and summarises some of the key ideas and results that were presented.
Propagation of Cosmic Rays from the Vicinity of the Galactic Centre
Authors: Clay R. W.
Published: March 2011

There is now evidence that there may be a strong source of cosmic ray particles in the general direction of the Galactic Centre. The likelihood is that the observed particles are neutrons with energies of about 1018 eV. Associated with the production of those neutrons, we would expect that large numbers of charged cosmic rays would also be produced, and we investigate here the directional properties of those charged particles as they may be observed at the distance of the Earth from the Galactic Centre. We follow the propagation of such particles through a simple Galactic magnetic field model with both a turbulent and a regular field to determine what field properties most affect the observed beam. It appears that the turbulent field component is crucial to any resulting charged particle observations.
The Hubble Constant
Authors: Mould Jeremy
Published: March 2011

With the completion of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale, it is interesting to form the dimensionless quantity H0t0 by multiplying the Hubble Constant by the age of the Universe. In a matter dominated decelerating Universe with a density exceeding 0·26 of the critical value, H0t0 < 1; in an accelerating Universe with the same Ωm = 0·26, but dominated by vacuum energy with ΩV ≥ 1 – Ωm, H0t0 ≥ 1. If the first globular clusters formed 109 years after the Big Bang, then with 95% confidence H0t0 =1·0 ± 0·3. The classical Einstein–de Sitter cosmological model has H0t0 = ⅔.
A New Acquisition and Autoguiding Camera for the ANU 2·3 m Telescope
Authors: McGregor Peter J. , Conroy Peter , van Harmelen Jan , Bessell Michael S.
Published: March 2011

A new, direct CCD acquisition and autoguiding camera is in use on the ANU 2·3 m telescope Nasmyth foci. The camera is a model AP7 manufactured by Apogee Instruments Inc. and is controlled by the MaxIm CCD camera control and image processing software developed by Diffraction Ltd. The factors influencing our choice of this new camera are discussed, and its performance, operation, and commercial control software are described. The new camera allows stellar objects as faint as B = 21·5 to be acquired on the Double Beam Spectrograph slit in 1·4″ seeing. The camera has far superior performance to the Fairchild intensified CCD cameras that it replaces. The improved acquisition and guiding permitted by this camera has already allowed several new scientific programs to begin on the telescope, including the use of aperture plates with the Double Beam Spectrograph.
The Charles Sturt University Remote Telescope Project: Astronomy for Primary School Students
Authors: McKinnon David H. , Mainwaring Andrew
Published: March 2011

The Charles Sturt University Remote Telescope Project aims to make available to primary school students and their teachers a simple-to-use telescope and CCD camera set up over the Internet. Access to the telescope is supported by a 10 week curriculum unit of Astronomy activities. The telescope is not a robotic device. It is controllable in real time with images being transmitted to the user also in real time. Visitors to the site are able to view what is happening at the telescope without being able to take control of it. This paper describes the project, the software control system and the related curriculum activities. Discussion centres around how to ignite students' and teachers' interest in science and how projects such as this one may lead to more exciting coverage of important topics in the primary and lower secondary schools.
Using Astronomy as a Vehicle for Science Education
Authors: Rijsdijk Case
Published: March 2011

Recent history in South Africa has created unique problems in many areas. As a result of an unequal educational structure, particularly in science, there is a general lack of science literacy and awareness. Some years ago the South African Astronomical Observatory started a Science Education Initiative as a contribution to addressing this problem by using astronomy as a vehicle to stimulate an interest in science amongst teachers and students. This programme was given a boost by the South African government in 1998 and the construction of the Southern African Large Telescope will provide further stimulus to the Science Education Initiative.
Beauty and Astrophysics
Authors: Bessell Michael S.
Published: March 2011

Spectacular colour images have been made by combining CCD images in three different passbands using Adobe Photoshop. These beautiful images highlight a variety of astrophysical phenomena and should be a valuable resource for science education and public awareness of science. The wide field images were obtained at the Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) by mounting a Hasselblad or Nikkor telephoto lens in front of a 2K × 2K CCD. Options of more than 30 degrees or 6 degrees square coverage are produced in a single exposure in this way. Narrow band or broad band filters were placed between lens and CCD enabling deep, linear images in a variety of passbands to be obtained. We have mapped the LMC and SMC and are mapping the Galactic Plane for comparison with the Molonglo Radio Survey. Higher resolution images have also been made with the 40 inch telescope of galaxies and star forming regions in the Milky Way.
Qualitative Analysis of Collaborative Learning Groups in Large Enrollment Introductory Astronomy
Authors: Skala Chija , Slater Timothy F. , Adams Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2011

Large-lecture introductory astronomy courses for undergraduate, non-science majors present numerous problems for faculty. As part of a systematic effort to improve the course learning environment, a series of small-group, collaborative learning activities were implemented in an otherwise conventional lecture astronomy survey course. These activities were used once each week during the regularly scheduled lecture period. After eight weeks, ten focus group interviews were conducted to qualitatively assess the impact and dynamics of these small group learning activities. Overall, the data strongly suggest that students enjoy participating in the in-class learning activities in learning teams of three to four students. These students firmly believe that they are learning more than they would from lectures alone. Inductive analysis of the transcripts revealed five major themes prevalent among the students' perspectives: (1) self-formed, cooperative group composition and formation should be more regulated by the instructor; (2) team members' assigned rolls should be less formally structured by the instructors; (3) cooperative groups helped in learning the course content; (4) time constraints on lectures and activities need to be more carefully aligned; and (5) gender issues can exist within the groups. These themes serve as a guide for instructors who are developing instructional interventions for large lecture courses.