bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaginal Schwannoma
Authors: Nahar Shamsun , Rahman Md Tahminur , Ferdousi Shamima , Dipta Tashmim Farhana , Begum Rahima , Khatoon Habiba , Jahan Shamsad
Published: November 2010

Vaginal Schwannoma is very rare and till now few cases have been reported in the literature. A case of vaginal Schwannoma is reported here. The patient was a 59 years old woman with the complaints of per vaginal bleeding with an attempt of D&C failure. Ultimately hysterectomy was done and the diagnosis of Vaginal Schwannoma was made on histopathological examination of the excised tumor. Clinicians should be aware and bear in mind about the differential diagnosis of vaginal Schwannoma in case of any per vaginal bleeding. Key Words: Vaginal Schwannoma; Per vaginal (PV) bleeding. DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6505Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 90-91
Gestational Age Predicted by Femur Length in Bangladesh
Authors: Rashid SQ
Published: November 2010

Objective: Fetal femur length is an important parameter for determining gestational age. If we use tables based on Bangladeshi population, gestational age estimation will be more accurate. This study was therefore designed to determine the gestational age by fetal femur length measurement in our country.Methods: Healthy gravid patients with optimal dates were included in a prospective study. Fetal femur length along with other parameters was measured. A table and a graph were prepared by Polynomial regression model. Previously established nomograms were compared with it.Results: The gestational age predicted from the femur length measurements of 1223 subjects from 13 to 40 weeks are presented here in a tabulated form. Percentiles, mean and standard deviations were also derived. The quadratic model showed a good fit to the data. There was a gradual increase of the femur length measurements. From 13 to 27 weeks gestation, there was no clinically important difference between this and western nomograms for predicting gestational age but after 32 weeks the difference with western nomograms became significant.Conclusion: This nomogram is special for Bangladeshi population. It will give more accurate gestational age assessment than the western tables that are still followed in our country, especially in the 3rd trimester.Key Words: Gestational age; femur length; Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/jbcps.v28i3.6510J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2010; 28: 163-166
Images in Medical Practice Vol.28(3)
Authors: Siddiqui MMR , Islam QT , Hossain A , Mahbub MS
Published: November 2010

DOI: 10.3329/jbcps.v28i3.6518J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2010; 28: 202
Plan Dalet in the Context of the Contradictions of Zionism
Authors: Bosma Jaap C.
Published: November 2010

Plan Dalet played an important role in the Palestinian mass flight in April and May 1948. The question of the Zionists' intention with regard to this is still the subject of scholarly debate. The central thesis of this article is that Plan Dalet and the Zionists' intention should be evaluated in the context of the contradiction between Zionism's moral and national ideals. This context is introduced with some examples from the history of Zionism in general. The interpretation in this context provides a fuller and more consistent explanation of Plan Dalet than a context that disregards either of Zionism's ideals.
Adversity and Advance: The Experience of the Orthodox Church of Korea
Authors: Lim Michelle Sungshin
Published: November 2010

The development of the Orthodox Church of Korea and her philanthropic works have evolved like a three-act play, ridden with the sorrow and hardship of modern Korean history. That history dates from around 1848 to the late 1980s, evoking a long and sad tragedy narrative of MinJung that began in 1852 and continued to the early 1980s. The ‘Han’ memory of Korean ancestry contains a prolonged painful and shameful past during the collapse of the JoSeon Dynasty, which ushered in the imperial Japanese occupation, followed by a brief respite at the time of the Korean independence movement in 1945. Finally, in the aftermath of the Korean War from 1950–3 at last, in the name of democracy and industrialisation, many young women were sacrificed and exploited under the two oppressive structures – patriarchy and capitalism – under the rule of the totalitarian government from 1953 to the latter years of the 1980s, including the KwangJu massacre on 18 May 1980.
The Planting of the Tabot on European Soil: The Trajectory of Ethiopian Orthodox Involvement with the European Continent
Authors: Persoon Joachim
Published: November 2010

This article relates the concept of the tabot, the central symbol of divine presence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church to the European Diaspora experience. The tabot represents the arc of the covenant in Solomon's Temple, and is likewise associated with Noah's arc. Thus the Church is conceptualised as facilitating the traversing of the ‘ocean of troubles’ to reach the ‘safe haven’ of the divine presence. This is experienced in an especially intense way in the diaspora context. Beginning with the concept of diaspora the article gives an overview of the history of the establishment of Ethiopian Orthodox churches in Europe and explores related trajectories. The Church is experienced as a place of memories, and is also a place where the sojourner can feel at home and belong. It facilitates preserving identity and culture, re-creating morals and values, and through aesthetics creates a hermeneutic frame of experience, satisfying the ‘fourth hunger’.
Early Exposure to Soy Isoflavones and Effects on Reproductive Health: A Review of Human and Animal Studies
Authors: Dinsdale Elsa C. , Ward Wendy E.
Published: November 2010

Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens with potential hormonal activity due to their similar chemical structure to 17-β-estradiol. The increasing availability of soy isoflavones throughout the food supply and through use of supplements has prompted extensive research on biological benefits to humans in chronic disease prevention and health maintenance. While much of this research has focused on adult populations, infants fed soy protein based infant formulas are exposed to substantial levels of soy isoflavones, even when compared to adult populations that consume a higher quantity of soy-based foods. Infant exposure, through soy formula, primarily occurs from birth to one year of life, a stage of development that is particularly sensitive to dietary and environmental compounds. This has led investigators to study the potential hormonal effects of soy isoflavones on later reproductive health outcomes. Such studies have included minimal human data with the large majority of studies using animal models. This review discusses key aspects of the current human and animal studies and identifies critical areas to be investigated as there is no clear consensus in this research field.
Backbone tuning in indenylidene–ruthenium complexes bearing an unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbene
Authors: Urbina-Blanco César A , Bantreil Xavier , Clavier Hervé , Slawin Alexandra M Z , Nolan Steven P
Published: November 2010

The steric and electronic influence of backbone substitution in IMes-based (IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) was probed by synthesizing the [RhCl(CO)2(NHC)] series of complexes to quantify experimentally the Tolman electronic parameter (electronic) and the percent buried volume (%Vbur, steric) parameters. The corresponding ruthenium–indenylidene complexes were also synthesized and tested in benchmark metathesis transformations to establish possible correlations between reactivity and NHC electronic and steric parameters.
Monolayers of fatty acids. I. Stearic acid on aqueous solutions of ethanol
Authors: Rodríguez Patino J. M. , De la Fuente Feria J. , Gómez Herrera C.
Published: November 2010

The structure and stability of fatty acid monolayers spread on aqueous solutions with ethanol has been studied. The experiments were carried out isothermically using a commercial Langmuir balance (Lauda).
Monolayers exhibit solid or condensed liquid structure depending of the ethanol concentration in the subphase. Temperature has not a significant influence on the monolayer. Structure there is a loss of stearic acid film through solution into the adjacent subphase. This loss is increased with the temperature and ethanol concentration in the subphase.
Biochemical changes of lipids in plant foods and feeds. I. Lipid hydroperoxides formation
Authors: Zamora R. , Hidalgo F. J. , Alaiz M.
Published: November 2010

The enzymes of the lipoxygenase pathway in plant foods are reviewed. This part analyzes the enzymes related to the formation of the lipidic hydroperoxides. Lipases and lipoxygenases in plant foods are described.
A chemometrics study of analytical panels in virgin olive oil. An approach for evaluating panels in training
Authors: Aparicio R. , Gutiérrez F. , Rodríguez J.
Published: November 2010

A mathematical procedure including Canonical Correlation, Factor and cluster analysis and Multiple Regression was designed to study whether two different sensory panels, with different levels of training, could be considered as a unity. Among others, correlations between each attribute of both panels, matrices of partial correlations, variance explained by the most important factors and similarity among clusters were computed as the procedure to evaluate if a Panel in training works as well as an expertise. In addition, every one of the factors was correlated with the final evaluation of quality for analyzing the interrelationship between the profile notes and the grading table of virgin olive oil quality from a mathematical point of view. Finally, a stepwise multiple correlation analyzes how the panels modeled the evaluated samples. Promising directions for future research are also suggested.
Separation of neutral lipid classes from bee-collected pollen by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Muniategui S. , Sancho M. T. , López J. , Huidobro J. F. , Simal J.
Published: November 2010

A fast method for the separation of neutral lipid classes of bee-collected pollen by isocratic HPLC is described using ultraviolet detection at 206 nm and direct injection of the sample into a silica column. The mobile phase was n-hexane-2-propanolacetic acid (100:0.5:0.1). Three fractions of neutral lipids were isolated from 35 samples: Sterol esters and other nonpolar compounds such as carotenoids and waxes; triglycerides; and fatty acids.
Monolayers of fatty acids. III. Palmitic, Laurie and Oleic Acids on aqueous solutions containig solutes with alcoholic functional groups
Authors: Rodríguez Patino J. M. , De la Fuente Feria J. , Gómez Herrera O.
Published: November 2010

The influence exerted by the length or the insaturation of acyl chain on characteristics of fatty acid monolayers spread on aqueous solutions containing ethanol, glycerol, glucose or sucrose, is studied using a Langmuir type surface balance.
The monolayer stability is function of acyl chain length and presence of insaturation. Generally, the factors decreasing monolayer stability can help transformations towards configurations with more expanded structures.
Modifications produced in food proteins following Interactions with oxidizing lipids. I. Radical chemistry of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Hidalgo F. J. , Zamora R , Alaiz M.
Published: November 2010

Radical chemistry of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
This part summarizes the mechanisms of lipid oxidation. The compounds that react with proteins are specially discussed.
Studies on the lipid constituents of grape seeds recovered from pomace resulting from white grape processing
Authors: El-Shami S. M. , El-Mallah M. H. , Mohamed S. S.
Published: November 2010

Studies on the lipid constituents of grape seeds, produced as by-product from white grape processing, were carried out. Gas liquid chromatography was used to determine the composition of fatty acid methyl esters and sterol silyl derivatives of the oil. The oil was found to contain appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids, namely, oleic and linoleic acids, however, linolenic acid was not detected. Saturated fatty acids, namely, palmitic and stearic were found to be present in reasonable amounts. Myristic, palmitoleic, eicosanoic and eicosadienoic acids were detected as minor components. Isofucosterol was found among the other sterol constituents namely, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. HPLC analysis of the oil for determination of tocopherols, showed the presence of alpha-and gamma-tocotrienols, and alpha-and gamma-tocopherols to the extent of 53.2, 28.6, 16,4 and 1,8% respectively. The total tocopherols content of the oil was 470 ppm. The defatted meal of grape seeds was found to contain 24,6% protein which contained large proportions of all the essential amino acids as determined by amino acid analyzer.
Lipoxygenase in the plant kingdom. II. Physiological functions proposed
Authors: Sánchez L. C. , Pérez A. G. , Olías J. M.
Published: November 2010

In spite of the large number of publications about lipoxygenase, little definitive information is available concerning physiological roles for plant lipoxygenase. There are three major areas of plant physiology where lipoxygenase has been mainly implicated: 1) growth and development, 2) senescence, and 3) wound response and pest resistance. This section summarizes results from the areas of investigation which are most likely to elucidate the role of lipoxygenase in higher plants.
Physicochemical characterization of crude and refined oil of Proboscidea parviflora seeds (Uña de gato)
Authors: Ortega Nieblas M. , Vázquez Moreno L.
Published: November 2010

Searching for seeds as new sources of oleaginous that can cover the national needs, it was studied the oil of Proboscidea parviflora. This oil was extracted from the seed with hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus, and its physical and chemical properties were determined, as well as the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, in crude and refined oil. After a simple refining and deodorization process, the extracted oil had good quality with a high percentage of insatured fatty acids.
Deodorization of fish oil by high vacuum distillation: preservation of the chemical characteristics of the oil
Authors: Nieto S. , Galleguillos A. , Sanhueza J. , Valenzuela A.
Published: November 2010

The construction and the operation conditions of a high vacuum glass-equipment for deodorizing sardine oil at laboratory scale is described. The equipment working at 120°C and at a pressure of 0.05-0.1 mmHg maintains unchanged the n-3 fatty acid composition of the oil producing a considerable reduction in the cholesterol and peroxide content of the oil. The stripper, having a throughput of 1500-1800 mL/hr, allows the obtaining of a high quality fish oil suitable for experimental and for pharmacological and/or nutritional applications.
Effect of CO2 in storage atmosphere on mill olive fruit physiology
Authors: García Martos J. María
Published: November 2010

Olive fruits (Olea europaea) used for oil production were stored at 5 °C and four different atmospheres (%CO2/%O2/%N2: 0/21/78; 5/20/75; 10/19/71 and 20/17/63). At 5 °C the enrichment of the storage atmosphere with > 5% CO2 concentrations produced a proportional increase of the physiological disorder occurring in stored fruits. This occurrence had a strong relationship with the appearance of fruit decay. Simple refrigeration at 5 °C was sufficient to maintain the same degree of ripening of olive fruits for 60 days. However, a longer period of storage at 5 °C originated a remarkable incidence of chilling injuries in the fruits.
Chlorogenic acid removal during aqueous processing of sunflower kernels
Authors: Domínguez H. , Núñez M. J. , Lema J. M.
Published: November 2010

The effect of incorporating specific stages to remove phenolic compounds during aqueous processing of sunflower, to obtain oil of good quality and meal of light color was studied. The aqueous process removes 88 % of the chlorogenic acid initially present in the kernels; this value is overpassed with the two modifications proposed, being the diffusion of the deffated paste with hot water at short intervals the most efficient (98.6 %), although protein solubility is reduced in 9 %. If the diffusion step is performed from half kernels, the chlorogenic acid content is reduced in 93.7 %, without affecting protein solubility. Protein digestibility is enhanced after applying any of the two proposed diffusion steps.
Physical, chemical and microbiological studies of the fermentation of Arbequina green olives
Authors: De la Torre J. E. , Moya E. R. , Bota E. , Sancho J.
Published: November 2010

Despite the growing market of the «Arbequina» cultivar of green table olive, there are some trebles related to the low acidity and relative high pH values in the finished product.
A comparative study has been carried with this cultivar in spontaneous and controlled fermentation, using strains of lactic bacteria isolated from marketed samples, which has been identified always as Lactobacillus plantarum.
starting from the main physical, chemical and microbiological parameters determined in the experiences, some changes in the usual technique of fermentation for the «Arbequina» olives are proposed.
Effect of some degossypolisation treatments of cottonseed meal on its functional properties
Authors: Mohamed S. S.
Published: November 2010

The presence of gossypol is a limiting factor in the use of cottonseed meal for animal feed and human foods. Gossypol in the free form has been found to be toxic to monogastric animals and the Protein Advisor Group of U.N. has limited its content in cottonseed protein products to 0,06%. In the present paper the effect of some degossypolisation techniques on the functional properties of cottonseed meals has been studied. Best results were obtained with the acetic acid method as it improved the nitrogen solubility and available lysine, reduced the free gossypol to 0,03% and enhanced the water absorption capacity, wettability and flowability. The protein product resulting from this treatment can be incorporated into bakery and instant products. The azeotrope: ammonium treatment produced similar effects. Ethanolamine treatment is recommended for the preparation of protein products for instant foods.
Toxicity, distribution, accumulation and cooking loss of malathion in tissues of tilapia and common carp fishes
Authors: Hassan I. M. , Abdallah M. A. , Naguib M. M. , Abou Donia M. A.
Published: November 2010

The acute toxicity of malathion as an organophosphorus pesticide to both of the tested fish species, i.e. Tilapia nilotica (tilapia) and cyprinus carpio (Common carp) was followed by estimating the LC50 at intervals from 24h up to 96h. Tilapia was much more susceptible to malathion toxicity when compared with carp and the available data proved that the LG50 of malathion to common carp fish was 5-7 times the LC50 for tilapia.
Accumulation of malathion pesticide in some organs (muscles, gills, intestine and liver) of both fish species was studied after application of 200, 300 and 400 ppb malathion in water for 28 days. A proportional relation was found in the two fish species between exposure time and the applied concentrations. The rate of malathion accumulation was higher in liver followed by intestine and gills whereas the lowest concentration was found in muscles. Accumulated malathion in tilapia muscles was higher than carp; while a reversible trend was observed in most other organs.
Cooking of the same fish species reduced effectively malathion content in their muscles. Frying of fish in oil lead to a higher loss percent of malathion than did the other methods of cooking.
Detection of lard in a complex dehydrated stock
Authors: Balsells M. , Bota E. , Clotet R. , Suque M.
Published: November 2010

The detection of lard in food products is of special interest for reasons of quality, dietetics or religious belief.
Works carried out to date have mainly concerned fatty mixtures with others food components.
This work studies a complex food products (dehydrated stock model) containing hydrogenated palm and beef fat. An appraisal is carried out regarding the detection sensitivity to the addition of 0.2% lard, using data on sterols and fatty acids in the β position. This last model only appears reliable for the goal proposed.
Syntactic differences in oral and written scientific discourse: the role of information structure
Authors: Carter-Thomas Shirley , Rowley-Jolivet Elizabeth
Published: November 2010

Nous examinerons dans cet article certaines différences syntaxiques qui se profilent à partir d’une comparaison entre une série de communications scientifiques orales faites par des chercheurs scientifiques anglophones lors d’un congrès de physique et les articles de recherche correspondant à ces communications, publiés dans les Actes du même congrès. Notre objectif n’est pas seulement de fournir un inventaire de ces différences mais également d’en proposer quelques explications. À notre avis, une analyse des différences syntaxiques relevées dans ces deux genres de discours scientifiques peut bénéficier d’une réflexion sur la notion linguistique de structuration informationnelle. Une telle approche permet en effet de cerner de plus près l’influence du contexte énonciatif sur les formes syntaxiques employées. Nous examinerons en particulier l’utilisation de quatre structures syntaxiques : l’extra-position, les énoncés existentiels, les inversions et les pseudo-clivées
Communication in the void and communication avoided: a case study of on-line language teaching
Authors: Boulton Alex , Booth Paul
Published: November 2010

De plus en plus de cours traditionnels sont complétés par un enseignement en ligne. Ceci concerne tout particulièrement l’enseignement des langues qui a une longue histoire de recherches en didactique. Toutefois, les techniques requises dans la salle de classe ne ressemblent guère à celles nécessitées par un enseignement à distance ; par conséquent, l’adoption des nouvelles technologies n’est pas sans risque. Cet article portera surtout sur la communication par Internet et sur les différentes causes des malentendus. Quelle médiation est possible entre l’apprenant et l’enseignant dans l’abîme de l’Internet ? Quels sont les problèmes de communication les plus fréquents ? Et comment les éviter ? Ce sont quelques-unes des questions auxquelles nous nous adressons, en nous référant à une étude sur les pannes de communication en cours au Centre de Télé-enseignement - Université Nancy 2.
L’Art Internet ou la médiation esthétisée : contribution à la réflexion sur l’anglais dans les filières artistiques
Authors: Gould Charlotte
Published: November 2010

L’exemple de l’art Internet permet de mettre en avant la spécificité de l’approche du support artistique et la relativité de sa nomination et donc de sa traduction en fonction de son statut. En posant l’inscription théorique nécessaire et la nécessaire partialité de toute typologie esthétique, une telle analyse plaide pour la considération de l’anglais artistique comme domaine à part entière du secteur LANSAD faisant appel à une compétence double en anglais et en art dans l’optique d’un enseignement dispensé à des spécialistes plutôt qu’à l’application d’un système général d’enseignement de l’anglais à des non-spécialistes.
Aspects de la mise en œuvre d’un projet de langue mené par l’apprenant : la place de la sensibilisation
Authors: Boulon Joline
Published: November 2010

Nous décrivons dans cette étude divers aspects de la mise en œuvre d’un projet de langue mené par l’apprenant, dans le cadre d’un enseignement intégré d’anglais pour spécialistes d’autres disciplines à l’université Lyon 1. Pour mener à bien son projet, l’apprenant doit être conduit à découvrir et analyser par lui-même les différentes formes et structures. Ceci est rendu possible par la sensibilisation construite par un dispositif de fiches guides décrivant des tâches et activités précisément adaptées à l’objectif.
Encadrer la médiation : le cas de la prononciation
Authors: Péchou Anne , Stenton Anthony
Published: November 2010

La mémoire visuelle est la plus efficace des mémoires sensorielles, mais peut-elle aider les étudiants à améliorer leur prononciation de l’anglais ? Nous avons cherché à répondre à la question en utilisant un ensemble d’innovations typographiques à l’écran couplées à des enregistrements sonores numériques de qualité. Convaincre le public de l’étendue du problème à travers des vidéos de francophones parlant anglais, en affichant les fautes, n’était que la première étape. Le système auteur développé pour générer des exercices de classification est le fruit de plusieurs années de recherches sur la langue des sciences sociales, rassemblant dans un corpus deux types d'erreurs : discrimination voyelles/diphtongues, et place de l’accent tonique dans le mot. La validation précoce du prototype conçu pour l’auto-apprentissage et l’apprentissage à distance suggère des possibilités intéressantes pour aider à la remédiation et au diagnostic.
Réflexions sur l’enseignant comme agent-médiateur en anglais de spécialité
Authors: Villez Barbara S.
Published: November 2010

Le cours de langue de spécialité est un espace dans lequel un certain nombre de médiations existent, se transforment, se remplacent. Parmi celles-ci, il y a les stratégies d’apprentissage qui devraient permettre des négociations efficaces entre l’apprenant et la langue. Toutefois, en milieu universitaire, les conditions ne sont pas toujours favorables à un travail efficace. En outre, les stratégies ne sont pas toujours acquises au départ par les étudiants et il y a également des problèmes considérables de motivation. L’enseignant peut alors jouer un rôle de médiateur entre tous ces différents éléments distincts, surtout au début d’un cours où il est le centre de l’attention. Il serait intéressant d’examiner les médiations qu’il met en œuvre et comment, selon les théories du jeu, il peut servir d’agent-médiateur entre le jeu, l’apprenant et la langue à maîtriser.
From whistle-blowing to high-powered rhetoric: the language of mediation in the 2000 U.S. presidential debates
Authors: Andréolle Donna
Published: November 2010

Lors de chaque campagne électorale aux États-Unis, les débats télévisés des candidats à la Présidence et à la Vice-Présidence constituent des moments médiatiques importants. À l’opposé de la publicité électorale dans laquelle « tous les coups sont permis », le débat télévisuel répond à des critères très stricts : chaque format de débat impose aux participants des règles particulières allant de la position physique de chaque intervenant (assis, debout, etc.) au temps de parole et au droit (ou pas) de réponse. Dans cette communication, nous proposons d’étudier les différentes formes que prend la langue de la médiation, que ce soit celle du médiateur/journaliste à qui revient la tâche de gérer le déroulement des échanges, ou celle des candidats eux-mêmes qui participent activement à l’arbitrage et à la médiation du débat dans la lutte pour la meilleure image médiatique possible.
La fiction à substrat professionnel (FASP) : un(e) média(tion) pas comme les autres
Authors: de Charentenay Rosalyn
Published: November 2010

Cette étude se propose d’examiner divers aspects liés à l’élaboration d’un cours d’anglais juridique intégré dans lequel une œuvre de fiction sert de support principal. Les caractéristiques qui permettent son adaptation en tant que véhicule de savoirs juridiques et culturels sont analysées à la lumière des études sur l’émergence d’un genre à substrat professionnel.
De la criminologie comme science appliquée et des discours mythiques sur la « multidisciplinarité » et « l’exception française »
Authors: Mucchielli Laurent
Published: November 2010

L’objet de cet article est de montrer que la pluridisciplinarité est un discours mythique (irréel) qui se trouve démenti empiriquement à la fois par l’histoire des sciences en France et par l’observation un peu attentive des « modèles » étrangers généralement désignés, en particulier l’École de criminologie de Montréal. On comprend mieux dès lors pourquoi la criminologie ne peut exister qu’en tant que science appliquée et ne saurait être une science fondamentale. On contribue aussi, au fil de la démonstration, à une réflexion sur les conditions et les limites du dialogue interdisciplinaire au sein des sciences humaines et sociales.
A Novel Mechanism of Rapid Nuclear Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Response to Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Pilsczek Florian H. , Salina Davide , Poon Karen K. H. , Fahey Candace , Yipp Bryan G. , Sibley Christopher D. , Robbins Stephen M. , Green Francis H. Y. , Surette Mike G. , Sugai Motoyuki , Bowden M. Gabriela , Hussain Muzaffar , Zhang Kunyan , Kubes Paul
Published: November 2010

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA covered with antimicrobial molecules that constitute a newly described killing mechanism in innate immune defense. Previous publications reported that NETs take up to 3–4 h to form via an oxidant-dependent event that requires lytic death of neutrophils. In this study, we describe neutrophils responding uniquely to Staphylococcus aureus via a novel process of NET formation that did not require neutrophil lysis or even breach of the plasma membrane. The multilobular nucleus rapidly became rounded and condensed. During this process, we observed the separation of the inner and outer nuclear membranes and budding of vesicles, and the separated membranes and vesicles were filled with nuclear DNA. The vesicles were extruded intact into the extracellular space where they ruptured, and the chromatin was released. This entire process occurred via a unique, very rapid (5–60 min), oxidant-independent mechanism. Mitochondrial DNA constituted very little if any of these NETs. They did have a limited amount of proteolytic activity and were able to kill S. aureus. With time, the nuclear envelope ruptured, and DNA filled the cytoplasm presumably for later lytic NET production, but this was distinct from the vesicular release mechanism. Panton–Valentine leukocidin, autolysin, and a lipase were identified in supernatants with NET-inducing activity, but Panton–Valentine leukocidin was the dominant NET inducer. We describe a new mechanism of NET release that is very rapid and contributes to trapping and killing of S. aureus.
CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and CD4+ Tregs Cooperatively Prevent and Cure CD4+ Cell-Induced Colitis
Authors: Endharti Agustina Tri , Okuno Yusuke , Shi Zhe , Misawa Nobuaki , Toyokuni Shinya , Ito Masafumi , Isobe Ken-ichi , Suzuki Haruhiko
Published: November 2010

We identified CD8+CD122+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and demonstrated their importance in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and in the recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this paper, we show that CD8+CD122+ Tregs effectively prevent and cure colitis in a mouse model. In our experiments, colitis was induced in lymphocyte-deficient RAG-2−/− mice by transferring CD4+CD45RBhigh cells that were excluded with CD4+ Tregs. Cotransfer of CD8+CD122+ cells clearly suppressed the development of colitis, and this suppressive effect was similar to that of CD4+CD45RBlow cells that were mostly CD4+ Tregs. CD8+CD122+ cells obtained from IL-10−/− mice were unable to suppress colitis, indicating that IL-10 is an important effect-transmitting factor in the suppression of colitis. CD8+CD122+ cells showed a suppressive effect when they were transferred 4 wk after CD4+CD45RBhigh cells, indicating the therapeutic potential of CD8+CD122+ cells. A mixture of CD8+CD122+ cells and CD4+CD45RBlow cells was far more effective than single Tregs, indicating the synergistic effect of these Tregs. These overall findings demonstrate the potential role of CD8+ Tregs, and possibly together with CD4+ Tregs, in the medical care of inflammatory bowel disease patients.
A Major Role for Bim in Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis
Authors: Chougnet Claire A. , Tripathi Pulak , Lages Celine S. , Raynor Jana , Sholl Allyson , Fink Pamela , Plas David R. , Hildeman David A.
Published: November 2010

We have previously shown that regulatory T cells (Treg) accumulate dramatically in aged animals and negatively impact the ability to control persistent infection. However, the mechanisms underlying the age-dependent accrual of Treg remain unclear. In this study, we show that Treg accumulation with age is progressive and likely not the result of increased thymic output, increased peripheral proliferation, or from enhanced peripheral conversion. Instead, we found that Treg from aged mice are more resistant to apoptosis than Treg from young mice. Although Treg from aged mice had increased expression of functional IL-7Rα, we found that IL-7R signaling was not required for maintenance of Treg in vivo. Notably, aged Treg exhibit decreased expression of the proapoptotic molecule Bim compared with Treg from young mice. Furthermore, in the absence of Bim, Treg accumulate rapidly, accounting for >25% of the CD4+ T cell compartment by 6 mo of age. Additionally, accumulation of Treg in Bim-deficient mice occurred after the cells left the transitional recent thymic emigrant compartment. Mechanistically, we show that IL-2 drives preferential proliferation and accumulation of Bimlo Treg. Collectively, our data suggest that chronic stimulation by IL-2 leads to preferential expansion of Treg having low expression of Bim, which favors their survival and accumulation in aged hosts.
Mast Cell-Derived IL-10 Suppresses Germinal Center Formation by Affecting T Follicular Helper Cell Function
Authors: Chacón-Salinas Rommel , Limón-Flores Alberto Y. , Chávez-Blanco Alma D. , Gonzalez-Estrada Alexei , Ullrich Stephen E.
Published: November 2010

The most prevalent cancer diagnosed in the world is sunlight-induced skin cancer. In addition to being a complete carcinogen, UV radiation, the causative agent of skin cancer, induces immune suppression. Because UV-induced immune suppression is a well-recognized risk factor for skin cancer induction, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression. Mast cells, which have recently emerged as immune regulatory cells, are particularly important in UV-induced immune suppression. UV exposure does not induce immune suppression in mast cell-deficient mice. We report that UV irradiation blocks germinal center (GC) formation, Ab secretion, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell function, in part by altering the expression of transcription factors BCL-6 and BLIMP-1. No suppression of GC formation, Tfh cell IL-21 expression, or Ab secretion was observed in UV-irradiated mast cell-deficient (KitW-sh/W-sh) mice. When mast cell-deficient mice were reconstituted with wild type mast cells, immune suppression was restored. Reconstituting the mast cell-deficient mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells from IL-10–deficient mice failed to restore the ability of UV radiation to suppress GC formation. Our findings demonstrate a function for mast cells, suppression of Tfh cell production, GC formation, and Ab production in vivo.
Evolutional Conservation of Molecular Structure and Antiviral Function of a Viral RNA Receptor, LGP2, in Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Ohtani Maki , Hikima Jun-ichi , Kondo Hidehiro , Hirono Ikuo , Jung Tae-Sung , Aoki Takashi
Published: November 2010

LGP2 is an important intracellular receptor that recognizes viral RNAs in innate immunity. To understand the mechanism of viral RNA recognition, we cloned an LGP2 cDNA and gene in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus-induced expressions of LGP2 mRNA were evaluated in vivo and in vitro by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) using primers based on the clone sequences. The expression of LGP2 mRNA in the kidney dramatically increased at 3 d postinfection. The expression of LGP2 mRNA also increased in the head kidney leukocytes stimulated with artificial dsRNA (polyinosin-polycytidylic acid) in vitro. To evaluate the antiviral activity of the flounder LGP2, three expression constructs containing pcDNA4-LGP2 (full-length), pcDNA4-LGP2ΔRD (regulatory domain deleted), and pcDNA4-Empty (as a negative control) were transfected into the hirame (flounder) natural embryo (hirame natural embryo) cell line. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the transfected cells were infected with ssRNA viruses, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, or hirame rhabdovirus. The cytopathic effects of the viruses were delayed by the overexpression of Japanese flounder LGP2. The Q-PCR demonstrated that mRNA expression levels of type I IFN and IFN-inducible genes (Mx and ISG15) in the hirame natural embryo cells overexpressing LGP2 were increased by polyinosin-polycytidylic acid and viral infections. These results suggest that Japanese flounder LGP2 plays an important role in the recognition of both viral ssRNA and dsRNA to induce the antiviral activity by the production of IFN-stimulated proteins.
Neutrophils Activate Alveolar Macrophages by Producing Caspase-6–Mediated Cleavage of IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-M
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroshi , Nolan Anna , Naveed Bushra , Hoshino Yoshihiko , Segal Leopoldo N. , Fujita Yoko , Rom William N. , Weiden Michael D.
Published: November 2010

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are exposed to respirable microbial particles. Similar to phagocytes in the gastrointestinal tract, AMs can suppress inflammation after exposure to nonpathogenic organisms. IL-1R–associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) is one inhibitor of innate immunity, normally suppressing pulmonary inflammation. During pneumonia, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited by chemotactic factors released by AMs to produce an intense inflammation. We report that intact IRAK-M is strongly expressed in resting human AMs but is cleaved in patients with pneumonia via PMN-mediated induction of caspase-6 (CASP-6) activity. PMN contact is necessary and PMN membranes are sufficient for CASP-6 induction in macrophages. PMNs fail to induce TNF-α fully in macrophages expressing CASP-6 cleavage-resistant IRAK-M. Without CASP-6 expression, PMN stimulation fails to cleave IRAK-M, degrade IκBα, or induce TNF-α. CASP-6−/− mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture have impaired TNF-α production in the lung and decreased mortality. LPS did not induce or require CASP-6 activity demonstrating that TLR2/4 signaling is independent from the CASP-6 regulated pathway. These data define a central role for CASP-6 in PMN-driven macrophage activation and identify IRAK-M as an important target for CASP-6. PMNs de-repress AMs via CASP-6–mediated IRAK-M cleavage. This regulatory system will blunt lung inflammation unless PMNs infiltrate the alveolar spaces.
Leishmania Inhibitor of Serine Peptidase 2 Prevents TLR4 Activation by Neutrophil Elastase Promoting Parasite Survival in Murine Macrophages
Authors: Faria Marilia S. , Reis Flavia C. G. , Azevedo-Pereira Ricardo L. , Morrison Lesley S. , Mottram Jeremy C. , Lima Ana Paula C. A.
Published: November 2010

Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes skin ulcerations in cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the mammalian host, the parasite resides in professional phagocytes and has evolved to avoid killing by macrophages. We identified L. major genes encoding inhibitors of serine peptidases (ISPs), which are orthologs of bacterial ecotins, and found that ISP2 inhibits trypsin-fold S1A family peptidases. In this study, we show that L. major mutants deficient in ISP2 and ISP3 (Δisp2/3) trigger higher phagocytosis by macrophages through a combined action of the complement type 3 receptor, TLR4, and unregulated activity of neutrophil elastase (NE), leading to parasite killing. Whereas all three components are required to mediate enhanced parasite uptake, only TLR4 and NE are necessary to promote parasite killing postinfection. We found that the production of superoxide by macrophages in the absence of ISP2 is the main mechanism controlling the intracellular infection. Furthermore, we show that NE modulates macrophage infection in vivo, and that the lack of ISP leads to reduced parasite burdens at later stages of the infection. Our findings support the hypothesis that ISPs function to prevent the activation of TLR4 by NE during the Leishmania–macrophage interaction to promote parasite survival and growth.
Nonconventional CD8+ T Cell Responses to Listeria Infection in Mice Lacking MHC Class Ia and H2-M3
Authors: Cho Hoonsik , Choi Hak-Jong , Xu Honglin , Felio Kyrie , Wang Chyung-Ru
Published: November 2010

CD8+ T cells restricted to MHC class Ib molecules other than H2-M3 have been shown to recognize bacterial Ags. However, the contribution of these T cells to immune responses against bacterial infection is not well defined. To investigate the immune potential of MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells, we have generated mice that lack both MHC class Ia and H2-M3 molecules (Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/−). The CD8+ T cells present in Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/− mice display an activated surface phenotype and are able to secrete IFN-γ rapidly upon anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation. Although the CD8+ T cell population is reduced in Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/− mice compared with that in Kb−/−D b−/− mice, this population retains the capacity to expand significantly in response to primary infection with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. However, Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/− CD8+ T cells do not expand upon secondary infection, similar to what has been observed for H2-M3–restricted T cells. CD8+ T cells isolated from Listeria-infected Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/− mice exhibit cytotoxicity and secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to Listeria-infected APCs. These T cells are protective against primary Listeria infection, as Listeria-infected Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/− mice exhibit reduced bacterial burden compared with that of infected β2-microglobulin–deficient mice that lack MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells altogether. In addition, adoptive transfer of Listeria-experienced Kb−/−D b−/−M3−/− splenocytes protects recipient mice against subsequent Listeria infection in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that other MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells, in addition to H2-M3–restricted T cells, contribute to antilisterial immunity and may contribute to immune responses against other intracellular bacteria.
Netrin-1 Signaling Dampens Inflammatory Peritonitis
Authors: Mirakaj Valbona , Gatidou Dimitra , Pötzsch Claudia , König Klemens , Rosenberger Peter
Published: November 2010

Previous studies implicated the anti-inflammatory potential of the adenosine 2B receptor (A2BAR). A2BAR activation is achieved through adenosine, but this is limited by its very short t1/2. To further define alternative adenosine signaling, we examined the role of netrin-1 during acute inflammatory peritonitis. In this article, we report that animals with endogenous repression of netrin-1 (Ntn1+/−) demonstrated increased cell count, increased peritoneal cytokine concentration, and pronounced histological changes compared with controls in a model of zymosan A peritonitis. Exogenous netrin-1 significantly decreased i.p. inflammatory changes. This effect was not present in animals with deletion of A2BAR (A2BAR−/−). A2BAR−/− animals demonstrated no change in cell count, i.p. cytokine concentration, or histology in response to netrin-1 injection. These data strengthen the role of netrin-1 as an immunomodulatory protein exerting its function in dependence of the A2BAR and further define alternative adenosine receptor signaling.
Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Independent of Innate Signaling Pathways Triggered by Pathogens in Host Hematopoietic Cells
Authors: Li Hongmei , Matte-Martone Catherine , Tan Hung Sheng , Venkatesan Srividhya , McNiff Jennifer , Demetris Anthony J. , Jain Dhanpat , Lakkis Fadi , Rothstein David , Shlomchik Warren D.
Published: November 2010

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is initiated by APCs that prime alloreactive donor T cells. In antipathogen responses, Ag-bearing APCs receive signals through pattern-recognition receptors, including TLRs, which induce the expression of costimulatory molecules and production of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn mold the adaptive T cell response. However, in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), there is no specific pathogen, alloantigen is ubiquitous, and signals that induce APC maturation are undefined. To investigate APC activation in GVHD, we used recipient mice with hematopoietic cells genetically deficient in pathways critical for APC maturation in models in which host APCs are absolutely required. Strikingly, CD8-mediated and CD4-mediated GVHD were similar whether host APCs were wild-type or deficient in MyD88, TRIF, or MyD88 and TRIF, which excludes essential roles for TLRs and IL-1β, the key product of inflammasome activation. Th1 differentiation was if anything augmented when APCs were MyD88/TRIF−/−, and T cell production of IFN-γ did not require host IL-12. GVHD was also intact when APCs lacked the type I IFNR, which amplifies APC activation pathways that induce type I IFNs. Thus in GVHD, alloreactive T cells can be activated when pathways critical for antipathogen T cell responses are impaired.
DNA Damage Induced by Alkylating Agents and Repair Pathways
Authors: Kondo Natsuko , Takahashi Akihisa , Ono Koji , Ohnishi Takeo
Published: November 2010

The cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents are strongly attenuated by cellular DNA repair processes, necessitating a clear understanding of the repair mechanisms. Simple methylating agents form adducts at N‐ and O‐atoms. N‐methylations are removed by base excision repair, AlkB homologues, or nucleotide excision repair (NER). O6‐methylguanine (MeG), which can eventually become cytotoxic and mutagenic, is repaired by O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase, and O6MeG:T mispairs are recognized by the mismatch repair system (MMR). MMR cannot repair the O6MeG/T mispairs, which eventually lead to double‐strand breaks. Bifunctional alkylating agents form interstrand cross‐links (ICLs) which are more complex and highly cytotoxic. ICLs are repaired by complex of NER factors (e.g., endnuclease xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F‐excision repair cross‐complementing rodent repair deficiency complementation group 1), Fanconi anemia repair, and homologous recombination. A detailed understanding of how cells cope with DNA damage caused by alkylating agents is therefore potentially useful in clinical medicine.
A reflection on critical management studies
Authors: Akella Devi
Published: November 2010

Critical Management Studies (CMS) is interested in examining and challenging the legitimacy of traditional management theories, values and assumptions. CMS believes by reflecting and questioning existing management practices, it is possible to generate better norms, policies, ideas and management values. The essence of CMS is to deconstruct the various management techniques and functions, to expose any forms of discrimination and exploitation taking place in contemporary organisations and emancipate employees from their pain, suffering and frustration.

This paper seeks to make a contribution in the area of CMS, by examining the overall effectiveness of CMS in fulfilling its objectives. It seeks to address the effectiveness of CMS in achieving its goals in organisations, with the support of an empirical study conducted at a professional accounting firm.
Block or traditional? An analysis of student choice of teaching format
Authors: Burton Suzan , Nesbit Paul L
Published: November 2010

Block (or intensive) teaching is used by many management schools, but the factors that drive students to choose (or avoid) block subjects are not well understood. This paper reviews the research findings on intensive teaching and analyses the factors which predict student choice between different teaching formats, based on an analysis of qualitative and quantitative survey data. If studying one subject at a time, a majority of students appear to prefer a less intensive format. However the results show that three factors influence students' likelihood to choose the block format: their experience with the format, their perception of their ability in a particular subject and their concurrent subject load. There are also subject specific differences in student preferences. Implications for block scheduling and for actions to address perceived disadvantages of the block method are addressed.