bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infectious Virions of Bombyx Mori Latent Virus Are Incorporated into Bombyx Mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occlusion Bodies
Authors: Tsukui Keita , Yagisawa Chihiro , Fujimoto Shota , Ogawa Moe , Kokusho Ryuhei , Nozawa Mitsuyoshi , Kawasaki Hideki , Katsuma Susumu , Iwanaga Masashi
Published: April 2019

The Bombyx mori latent virus (BmLV) belongs to the unassigned plant virus family Tymoviridae and contains a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. BmLV has infected almost all B. mori-derived cultured cell lines through unknown routes. The source of BmLV infection and the BmLV life cycle are still unknown. Here, we examined the interaction between BmLV and the insect DNA virus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Persistent infection with BmLV caused a slight delay in BmNPV propagation, and BmLV propagation was enhanced in B. mori larvae via co-infection with BmNPV. We also showed that BmLV infectious virions were co-occluded with BmNPV virions into BmNPV occlusion bodies. We propose a new relationship between BmLV and BmNPV.
Hydrodynamic Characterization of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) by Using Beerkan Infiltration Experiments
Authors: Bouarafa Sofia , Lassabatere Laurent , Lipeme-Kouyi Gislain , Angulo-Jaramillo Rafael
Published: April 2019

Stormwater management techniques in urban areas, such as sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS), are designed to manage rainwater through an infiltration process. In order to determine the infiltration capacities of different SuDS and to identify their unsaturated hydraulic properties, measurements with the Beerkan method (i.e., single ring infiltration tests) were carried out on four types of common infiltration structures in an urban zone of Lyon (France): A drainage ditch with an underlying storage structure, a parking lot with a waterproof pavement that transfers runoff water toward the ditch, a vegetated hollow core slab, and an embankment of a grass-covered garden that was used as a reference for rainwater infiltration capacity. The novelty of this study lies in the use of three Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters (BEST) algorithms: BEST-slope, BEST-intercept, and BEST-steady to analyze infiltration data. The BEST methods are based on the analysis of the infiltration rate from transient to steady-state flow. They allow the determination of both shape and scale parameters of the soil water retention curve h(θ) and the hydraulic conductivity curve K(θ). The three BEST methods are efficient and simple for hydraulic characterization of SuDS. The study of the hydrodynamic behavior of the four structures revealed the infiltration inefficiency of some of them. Their average infiltration rates are considerably lower than the reference infiltration rain garden. The results confirmed the impact of some physical conditions, such as pore structure modification due to invasive vegetation colonization and the presence of soil organic matter, on soil hydrodynamic behavior degradation.
Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow, Sediment and Nutrient Loadings of the Minija River (Lithuania): A Hillslope Watershed Discretization Application with High-Resolution Spatial Inputs
Authors: Čerkasova Natalja , Umgiesser Georg , Ertürk Ali
Published: April 2019

In this paper we focus on the model setup scheme for medium-size watershed with high resolution, multi-site calibration, and present results on the possible changes of the Minija River in flow, sediment load, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) load in the near-term (up to 2050) and long-term (up to 2099) in the light of climate change (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios) under business-as-usual conditions. The SWAT model for the Minija River basin was setup by using the developed Matlab (SWAT-LAB) scripts for a highly customized watershed configuration that addresses the specific needs of the project objective. We performed the watershed delineation by combining sub-basin and hillslope discretization schemes. We defined the HRUs by aggregating the topographic, land use, soil, and administrative unit features of the area. A multisite manual calibration approach was adopted to calibrate and validate the model, achieving good to satisfactory results across different sub-basins of the area for flow, sediments and nutrient loads (TP and TN). After completing the climate change scenario calculations, we found that a net decrease of flow (up to 35%), TN (up to 34%), and TP (up to 50%) loads are projected under both scenarios. Furthermore, we explored the changes in the streamflow composition and provide new insight on the reason of projected nutrient load decrease.
A New Conceptual Model for Slope-Infiltration
Authors: Morbidelli Renato , Corradini Corrado , Saltalippi Carla , Flammini Alessia , Dari Jacopo , Govindaraju Rao S.
Published: April 2019

Rainfall infiltration modeling over surfaces with significant slopes is an unsolved problem. Even though water infiltration occurs over soil surfaces with noticeable gradients in most real situations, the typical mathematical models used were developed for infiltration over horizontal surfaces. In addition, recent investigations on infiltration over sloping surfaces have provided conflicting results, suggesting that our understanding of the process may still be lacking. In this study, our objective is to specifically examine if the surface water velocity that is negligible over near horizontal soil surfaces can affect the infiltration process over steep slopes. A new conceptual model representing a wide range of experimental results is proposed. The model represents water flow as an ensemble of infinitesimal “particles” characterized by specific velocities and assumes that only “particles” with velocity less than a threshold value can contribute to the infiltration process. The velocity distribution and the threshold value depend on slope and soil type, respectively. This conceptual model explains observed results and serves as a foundation for developing further experiments and refining models that offer more realistic representations of infiltration over sloping surfaces.
Conditions for the Great Religion Singularity
Authors: McLaren Brian D.
Published: April 2019

Applying the Buddhist “law of interdependent origination,” which states that if the conditions are right, a particular phenomenon may exist, Brian McLaren provides ten conditional factors that he believes have contributed to Ken Howard’s “religion singularity” (i.e. the multi-faceted collapse of institutional Christianity). Each condition falls under two main categories: either a lack of rapid adaptability in religious institutions or the moral failure of institutional leaders. The ten conditional factors include authoritarian centralization, betrayal of the religious founder’s non-violence, a history of unacknowledged atrocities, military imperialism, white supremacy, scandals, reaction against scientific inquiry, doubling down on dualism, integrated and change-averse institutional systems, and paralysis and nostalgia.
NARRATIVA VISUAL PATRIMONIAL Y EL ARTE DE LA FOTOGRAFÍA: ESTRATEGIA PARA EL DESARROLLO PRODUCTIVO
Authors: Quezada Tello Laddy , Tusa Jumbo Fernanda
Published: April 2019

En el marco de organizar oportunidades para la dinamización de la matriz productiva de una nación se encuentra la posibilidad de insertar áreas profesionales en temas poco explorados en sociedad, tales como: patrimonio, cultura y turismo. En efecto, lo prioritario es conseguir que un público objetivo se cautive con el servicio que se puede ofrecer y, por tanto, viva una experiencia cultural-artística única. Actualmente, las redes sociales visibilizan fotografías patrimoniales de una calidad narrativa incomparable. Ante esto es posible investigar los mensajes que se transmiten desde el desarrollo del concepto narrativo que una imagen puede ofrecer a los turistas externos e internos. El presente trabajo de investigación nace de la asignatura Fotografía Aplicada de la carrera de Comunicación Social de la Universidad Técnica de Machala, durante el primer semestre mayo-agosto 2017. El objetivo planteado es analizar aquellas imágenes fotográficas que tratan de potenciar el recurso patrimonial como desarrollo sustentable para los territorios históricamente vulnerables e invisibilizados. La metodología que se aplica es la revisión de literatura en base del estudio de documentos y el análisis de mensajes fotográficos en las redes sociales. También se usa la técnica de la entrevista a profesionales y expertos del área. Se complementa el estudio con la técnica del sondeo de opinión a la comunidad universitaria de nuestra casa de estudio. Como resultado se muestra una gran irrupción de productos comunicacionales mediáticos y digitales que promocionan tanto el patrimonio cultural nacional como la interculturalidad. A manera de conclusión se infiere que la narrativa visual patrimonial es pertinente al programa de Buen Vivir impulsado por el Estado y que ha logrado una recepción favorable en la población juvenil local.
LA RADIO, VEHICULADOR DE LA PARTICIPACIÓN CIUDADANA EN EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO. UNA APROXIMACIÓN A PARTIR DE LA PERCEPCIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES DE 10 COLEGIOS DE PORTOVIEJO (ECUADOR)
Authors: Ribadeneira Aroca Kepler Vinicio , Santos Meneses Fernando
Published: April 2019

El ejercicio de la libertad de expresión encuentra un canal idóneo a través de la radio, que es el medio masivo más cercano a la gente debido a su penetración y bajo presupuesto, además de las lógicas de difusión de la palabra oral. Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación más extensa realizada en 2014 sobre el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión en el espacio público por parte de jóvenes (grupo etario de entre 15 y 24 años) de diez colegios representativos de Portoviejo (Manabí, Ecuador), quienes, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, identificaron a la radio como uno de los principales canales del espacio público para generar cambios en las políticas públicas. También, a través de la exploración bibliográfica este trabajo señala los sustentos para que los jóvenes se apropien de la radio en una dinámica de generación de sentidos. Los jóvenes insertos en procesos de participación pueden aprovechar este medio para consolidar procesos.
LA ÉTICA DEL DOCENTE: UNA PERSPECTIVA AXIOLÓGICA DEL PROCESO DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR EN EL ECUADOR.
Authors: Solórzano Palacios Leicy Gaudelia , Rivadeneira Mendoza Javier Antonio , García Mendoza Alexander Patricio , Aray Andrade Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2019

La educación superior del Ecuador tiene necesidad de formar los docentes universitarios que estén en condiciones de desarrollar una educación de calidad para lograr una eficiente preparación de los profesionales y técnicos que la sociedad necesita. La educación superior contemporánea requiere de una sólida formación axiológica de los profesionales como fundamento de los procesos actuales vigentes. El proceso formativo se ha orientado hacia un enfoque integral para la labor educativa. Para las instituciones de educación superior resulta un verdadero reto formar profesionales cuyos valores respondan a una actuación profesional responsable y comprometida con la solución de los problemas de su contexto de actuación profesional demostrando competencia en su desempeño y una actuación ciudadana digna de los valores sociales.
Incidencia del artículo 103 de la ley orgánica de comunicación en la producción musical de Manabí durante el año 2016. Caso de estudio radio amiga.
Authors: Moreira Vélez Jhinson
Published: April 2019

La presente investigación analizó la incidencia del Artículo 103 de la Ley Orgánica de Comunicación y su normativa conexa en la industria musical manabita, principalmente en su aplicación en Radio Amiga durante el año 2016. La mencionada normativa es un instrumento de política pública de acción afirmativa que busca proteger a la industria local a través de la imposición obligatoria de una cuota del 50% de música nacional en las radios.  Esta ley establece aspectos fundamentales como la clase de contenidos a difundirse, la forma de difusión, el tipo de radios y la diferenciación entre artistas nóveles y reconocidos. La investigación se realizó usando como metodología el estudio de caso de Radio Amiga 90.1 de la ciudad de Portoviejo.
Comportamiento informacional. A propósito de las esculturas en la Universidad Técnica de Manabí
Authors: Quindemil Torrijo Eneida María , Rumbaut León Felipe , Cedeño Espinoza Ricardo David , Pinargote Nevárez Zita Monserrate , Plúa Menéndez César Alfredo
Published: April 2019

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuyo objetivo está en determinar el comportamiento informacional que tienen los estudiantes en relación con las esculturas colocadas en los diferentes espacios de las facultades y áreas que conforman la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Se usó el método de análisis documental en la caracterización de las esculturas. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 300 estudiantes, en representación de las distintas facultades del campus de Portoviejo, para indagar sobre la necesidad, acceso, evaluación y uso de la información que proviene de los personajes que se dignifican. Se utilizó el software Statgraphics Centurion en el análisis de los datos.  Como resultados se destaca un pobre conocimiento del significado de las obras y de lo que representan. Como conclusiones se sugiere trabajar desde la biblioteca universitaria en un programa de alfabetización informacional que considere estas obras como una alternativa que propicie el desarrollo cultural de los estudiantes en la universidad.
Estudio de la producción literaria en Manabí en el período 1960-2017
Authors: Alcívar Intriago Jaime
Published: April 2019

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la producción literaria manabita. Como metodología se abordó un estudio longitudinal retrospectivo, tomando en cuenta lo publicado en el período de 1960 al año 2017. En este sentido, se organizó la información por décadas para una mejor comprensión del texto. Existe un vacío teórico en este ámbito por cuanto el estudio sobre la literatura manabita no ha sido abordado profusamente en estudios precedentes. Hay referencias, pero estas no son significativas, sino meras reseñas de lo publicado. De esta forma, el trabajo que se presenta a continuación tiene como propósito contribuir al estudio literario de una provincia cuya producción ha sido prolífica y significa en el contexto nacional.
Aplicación de las destrezas con criterio de desempeño para el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora
Authors: Mero Chávez Elvira Judith
Published: April 2019

El siguiente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar las destrezas con criterio de desempeño para mejorar la lectura comprensiva en los estudiantes de sexto año de educación básica de la Unidad Educativa “Costa Azul” de la ciudad de Manta, Ecuador, en el periodo lectivo 2018-2019, con ello se permite establecer un énfasis de la educación como eje fundamental para el desempeño del educando a través de la lingüística. La comprensión lectora debe ser entendida como una práctica intrincada que demanda un aprendizaje y una enseñanza distintivos, tanto en el marco de los contenidos conceptuales como en el de los tipos textuales singulares de cada disciplina. Se parte del hecho de que no basta solamente con manejar un buen vocabulario para comprender un texto, sino que es necesario conocer las tipologías de los textos de especialidad. En este sentido, la lectura es un requerimiento indispensable para el aprendizaje, una herramienta de trascendental importancia para adquirir conocimiento, acceder a la cultura y participar en ella. De allí su importancia y el hecho de abordar este tema en el presente texto.
La pedagogía crítica como propuesta innovadora para el aprendizaje significativo en la educación básica
Authors: López López María Mercedes
Published: April 2019

El presente texto aborda la necesidad de revalorar los aportes de la pedagogía crítica en relación al currículo y su potencial contribución a la resignificación del aprendizaje significativo en la educación básica. En base a los resultados obtenidos de esta investigación, realizada en la Unidad Educativa Fiscal Costa Azul de la ciudad de Manta, Ecuador, se considera el conocimiento y aplicación de la pedagogía crítica de Paulo Freire. Con ello se pretende potenciar el pensamiento crítico de los docentes y generar en los estudiantes una mejor forma de planteamiento y resolución de problemas. Se considera en este estudio que la resolución de estos problemas debe darse mediante la propuesta de talleres de estrategias pedagógicas para mejorar el desempeño académico de los docentes, con el fin de estar al nivel de las exigencias pedagógicas del currículo nacional vigente y desarrollar el intelecto de sus estudiantes, para que sean creadores de su propio conocimiento y mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Conceptualizing Pre-Modern and Modern Individuality. Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Arlinghaus Franz-Josef
Published: April 2019

The paper distinguishes two types of individuality: in the pre-modern era,people conceptualised their individuality by constructing themselves aplace in society. The suggestion made here differs from older researchthat sees pre-modern individuality bound to groups. In the modern era, in contrast,people place their selves outside or next to society. In this respect, premodern ‘inclusion individuality’ and modern ‘exclusion individuality’ differstrongly from each other.These different forms of individuality are closely linked to the differentstructures of modern and pre-modern society. In this respect, asking why conceptsof individuality have changed amounts to asking why society haschanged – and this question is still unanswered, of course. However, bringingindividuality and society so closely together questions concepts that see individualityas being a (timelessly) given or want to connect it to changes in mentalitybased on, for instance, certain features prominent in Christianity.The advantages in conceptualising individuality in this way may be seen inthe possibility to historicise the phenomenon and mark differences withoutdescribing pre-modern individuality as being deficient. Placing the self withinthe frame of pre-modern society does not, of course, prevent the single personreflecting about him / herself and developing a strong self-consciousness. Inthis respect, the paper does not see a difference in ‘self-reflection’ and ‘selfconsciousness’ in modern and pre-modern times in general, but in the waypeople do so (which can be attributed to the different societal frame these reflectionsare linked to). To make the proposed shift from ‘bound to groups’ to ‘inclusion individuality’ more clear, I would like to mention two points: 1) pre-modern autobiographical texts show that their authors place themselves in society throughputting themselves in parallel with other deliberately and consciously chosenpersons; and 2) pre-modern authors built their self-consciousness strongly on‘being better than others’ or on an over-fulfilment of norms, while modernauthors emphasise ‘being different from others’. The comparative ‘better’ (incontrast to ‘different’) marks a self-conscious individuality that is built on(self-defined) links to society.The two types of individuality just described have a long tradition in sociologicalresearch, dating back at least to Georg Simmel and having been enrichedwith a new theoretical frame by Niklas Luhmann. They are, however,still somewhat alien to historical research. In this respect, the article and thevolume as a whole are also an attempt to work in an interdisciplinary way andmake sociological theory fruitful for pre-modern historical research.
Diagnoses and remarks on the genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part 6. Grapholitini
Authors: Razowski Józef
Published: April 2019

Comparative diagnoses, redescriptions, and remarks are presented on the genera of the tribe Grapholitini. Original references, type species, synonyms, numbers of known species, and zoogeographic regions are provided.
Araceae of the Lita–San Lorenzo Region (Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador)—Part 1: Anthurium sect. Polyneurium
Authors: Croat Thomas B. , Teisher Jordan , Hannon Lynn P. , Kostelac Carla V.
Published: April 2019

This paper is the first in an expected series of publications treating the Araceae of the Lita–San Lorenzo Region of northwestern Ecuador. An introduction to the physical and ecological characteristics of the area is given, and Anthurium Schott sect. Polyneurium Engl. is redefined and typified. Thirty-four species in section Polyneurium are fully described of which 13 are new species of Anthurium: A. bruxellense Croat, A. chuchubiense Croat, A. cornejoi Croat, A. decursivum Croat, A. hannoniae Croat, A. impolitoellipticum Croat, A. kinsingeriae Croat, A. longeinternodum Croat, A. mansellii Croat, A. pandurilaminum Croat, A. pseudotalamancae Croat, A. triangulohastatum Croat, and A. waramirezii Croat. In addition, six seemingly new but (sometimes) sterile species for the region are fully described but not formally named.
Karyotypes of three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae) enable morphologically similar species to be distinguished
Authors: Silva Bruno Cansanção , Souza Lucas Henrique Bonfim , Chamorro-Rengifo Juliana , Araujo Douglas
Published: April 2019

Phaneropterinae is the largest subfamily of Tettigoniidae, distributed across the globe. There are few cytogenetic studies regarding this group, as in the case of the genus group Aniarae, which represents only two karyotyped species. The current study aims to analyze cytogenetically three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 from Brazil. The male diploid number of Hyperophoraminor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 and Hyperophoramajor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 is 2n♂= 31, whereas Hyperophorabrasiliensis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 has shown 2n♂= 29. These three species possess an X0 sex chromosome system and telo/acrocentric chromosome morphology. The only species found in the Pantanal biome, H.brasiliensis, can be chromosomally distinguished from the Cerrado biome species H.major and H.minor, due to the difference in chromosome number (2n♂= 29 and 2n♂= 31, respectively).
Sobre la reportació de la quaresma de 1413 i altres qüestions complementàries
Authors: Martínez Romero Tomàs
Published: April 2019

[ca] En la tradició dels estudis vicentins, hi ha hagut mancances importants que sols recentment, i en part, han començat a ser resoltes. La caracterització de la feina del reportador i la del redactor ulterior de la reportació d’un determinat sermó n’ha estat una. En aquest article, s’analitza la funció de cadascuna d’aquestes dues figures –reportador i redactor-revisor– en el sermonari que conté la predicació de Vicent Ferrer durant la quaresma de 1413 a València. A partir d‘unes reflexions teòriques, s’examina la formació del còdex que la conté, les intervencions alienes al predicador i alguns dels materials que hauria pogut utilitzar el redactor durant la feina posterior a la reportació estricta. Es conclou amb una hipòtesi sobre els trets del possible responsable o responsables de les pàgines quaresmals que llegim en l’actualitat.
Estudio del cráneo mediante morfometría geométrica en dos especies de Sylvilagus Gray, 1867 (Mammalia: Lagomorpha)
Authors: Parés-Casanova Pere M.
Published: April 2019

Dentro del género Sylvilagus Gray, 1867 se reconocen, entre otras, las especies Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) y Sylvilagus floridanus (J.A. Allen, 1890) los estudios morfológicos disponibles de las cuales son muy extensos. Por ello, se realizó un estudio comparativo de la conformación craneal en ambas especies empleando técnicas de morfometría geométrica. Para ello se estudió un total de 31 cráneos de S. brasiliensis y 16 S. floridanus en los que, a partir de las fotografías, se situaron 12 hitos anatómicos en el plano dorsal. No aparecieron diferencias entre sexos pero sí entre especies, tanto en tamaño como en forma, presentando S. brasiliensis un cráneo de menor longitud pero más ancho que S. floridanus. Al tratarse de puntos no especialmente importantes de inserción muscular, ni albergar externamente estructuras funcionales importantes (como podría ser todo lo relacionado con la visión), y en vista de los requerimientos ecológicos similares para ambas especies estudiadas, se interpreta que las diferencias detectadas son debidas a un mero cambio derivado de la diferencia de tamaño entre las dos especies –S. brasiliensis es de menor tamaño que S. floridanus-. Dicho de otro modo: la reducción del tamaño craneal no implicaría una mera versión reducida de la forma (una “reducción harmónica”), sino que exigiría cambios heterotópicos, un rediseño estructural derivado de la reducción en tamaño. Suponemos que estas diferencias regionales en la estructura craneal son más debidas a cambios en los patrones de desarrollo que a una diferencia en las estrategias de vida para ambas especies, a la vista de los requerimientos ecológicos similares entra ambas especies estudiadas.
Epoxy impregnation of unconsolidated marine sediment core subsamples for the preparation of thin sections at the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)
Authors: Normandeau A , Brown O , Jarrett K A , Francus P , De Coninck A
Published: April 2019

Micromorphology is the study of arrangements of particles and matrix and is primarily carried out using thin sections. It is a useful tool to characterize sedimentary facies because material is not disaggregated and the particles are examined in their original
position relative to other particles, thus increasing the reliability of sedimentological interpretations. This technical note presents a method for the impregnation of marine sediment core subsamples for the preparation of thin sections. To achieve this, the pore water has to be replaced by an
epoxy resin. The method consists of five main steps, described in detail: subsampling preparation; subsampling; sediment dehydration; impregnation; and drying and cutting.
Improvement of the Resilience of a Cyber-Physical Remote Diagnostic Communication System against Cyber Attacks
Authors: Subke Peter , Moshref Muzafar
Published: April 2019

In the near future, vehicles will operate autonomously and communicate with their environment. This communication includes Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, and comunication with cloud-based servers (V2C). To improve the resilience of remote diagnostic communication between a vehicle and external test equipment against cyberattacks, it is imperative to understand and analyze the functionality and vulnerability of each communication system component, including the wired and wireless communication channels.

This paper serves as a continuation of the SAE Journal publication on measures to prevent unauthorized access to the in-vehicle E/E system [9], explains the components of a cyber-physical system (CPS) for remote diagnostic communication, analyzes their vulnerability against cyberattacks and explains measures to improve the resiliance.
Driver’s Response Prediction Using Naturalistic Data Set
Authors: Lanka Venkata Raghava Ravi , Heydinger Gary , Guenther Dennis
Published: April 2019

Evaluating the safety of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) is a challenging problem, especially in traffic conditions involving dynamic interactions. A thorough evaluation of the vehicle’s decisions at all possible critical scenarios is necessary for estimating and validating its safety. However, predicting the response of the vehicle to dynamic traffic conditions can be the first step in the complex problem of understanding vehicle’s behavior. This predicted response of the vehicle can be used in validating vehicle’s safety.

In this paper, models based on Machine Learning were explored for predicting and classifying driver’s response. The Naturalistic Driving Study dataset (NDS), which is part of the Strategic Highway Research Program-2 (SHRP2) was used for training and validating these Machine Learning models. Various popular Machine Learning Algorithms were used for classifying and predicting driver’s response, such as Extremely Randomized Trees and Gaussian Mixture Model based Hidden Markov Model, which are widely used in multiple domains.

For classifying driver’s response, longitudinal acceleration vs lateral acceleration plot (Ax-Ay plot) was divided into nine different classes and selected Machine Learning models were trained for predicting the class of driver’s response. Performances of models for classification were tabulated and it is observed that Extremely Randomized Trees based model had better prediction accuracies in comparison with other models when fit using SHRP2 NDS data. The input features were reduced using dimension reduction techniques to reduce the computation time by over 70%.
Simulation and Its Contribution to Evaluate Highly Automated Driving Functions
Authors: Groh Korbinian , Wagner Sebastian , Kuehbeck Thomas , Knoll Alois
Published: April 2019

A key criterion for launching autonomous vehicles on real roads is the knowledge of their capability to ensure traffic safety. In contrast to ADAS, deriving this measure of safety is difficult to achieve as the functional scope of an autonomous driving function exceeds by far the one of ADAS. As a consequence, real-world testing solely is not sufficient enough to cover the required test volume. This assessment problem imposes new requirements on a valid test concept for automated driving. A possible solution represents simulation by enabling it to generate reliable test kilometers. As a first step, we discuss in this paper the feasibility of simulation frameworks to re-simulate a real-world test in certain scenarios. We will demonstrate that even with ground truth information of the vehicle odometry and corresponding environment model an acceptable accordance of functional behavior is not guaranteed. Hence, to yield a reliable degree of confidence in a risk assessment a single scenario has to be represented by an ensemble generated from a local variation considering both, ground truth information and odometry including the environment model. In order to achieve these statements we first introduce a valid representation of traffic scenarios acting as a test case description for an autonomous driving function. Afterwards, the description based on the vehicle odometry and created environment model as well as the description based on the ground truth measured via Differential GPS are re-simulated using the same autonomous driving function as deployed in the test vehicle. The reprocessed traces are compared to the corresponding real-world data to illustrate resulting behavior changes in the autonomous driving function. To make the behavior changes interpretable for the assessment process a sensitive risk value is deployed containing information about the reprocessing quality of the chosen description and simulation.
Investigation and Optimization of Cam Actuation of an Over-Expanded Atkinson Cycle Spark-Ignited Engine
Authors: Yang Zhuyong , Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy Niranjan , Miller Tyler , Naber Jeffrey
Published: April 2019

An over-expanded spark ignited engine was investigated in this work via engine simulation with a design constrained, mechanically actuated Atkinson cycle mechanism. A conventional 4-stroke spark-ignited turbo-charged engine with a compression ratio of 9.2 and peak brake mean effective pressure of 22 bar was selected for the baseline engine. With geometry and design constraints including bore, stroke, compression ratio, clearance volume at top dead center (TDC) firing, and packaging, one over-expanded engine mechanism with over expansion ratio (OER) of 1.5 was designed. Starting with a validated 1D engine simulation model which included calibration of the in-cylinder heat transfer model and SI turbulent combustion model, investigations of the Atkinson engine including cam optimization was studied. The engine simulation study included the effects of offset of piston TDC locations as well as different durations of the 4-strokes due to the mechanism design. Incremental effects of adjusted combustion phasing, scaled valve durations, to a fully optimized cam duration and phasing are determined, and the impacts of each discussed. A constant speed load sweep was conducted to compare the net indicated fuel conversion efficiency difference between baseline and Atkinson cycle engine. Besides, two speed load conditions (1300rpm, 3.3bar IMEPnet and 1750rpm and 10.3bar IMEPnet) with valve timing optimization were also investigated.

Results from the study indicate that with an increase in the load from 4bar to 12bar IMEPnet at 2500rpm, over expansion contributed to an increase of 2.3% in net indicated efficiency. Furthermore, with valve optimization, negative work was avoided in the Atkinson cycle engine at 3.3bar IMEPnet, 1300rpm with an increase of 2% in the net indicated fuel conversion efficiency. At 10.3bar IMEPnet and 1750rpm, net indicated fuel conversion efficiency increased by 4.6%.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion Effects in Direct Injection Diesel and Gasoline Sprays
Authors: Li Hongjiang , Rutland Christopher , Im Hong , Hernandez Perez Francisco
Published: April 2019

In most large-eddy simulation (LES) applications to two-phase engine flows, the liquid-air interactions need to be accounted for as source terms in the respective governing equations. Accurate calculation of these source terms requires the relative velocity “seen” by liquid droplets as they move across the flow, which generally needs to be estimated using a turbulent dispersion model. Turbulent dispersion modeling in LES is very scarce in the literature. In most studies on engine spray flows, sub-grid scale (SGS) models for the turbulent dispersion still follow the same stochastic approach originally proposed for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS). In this study, an SGS dispersion model is formulated in which the instantaneous gas velocity is decomposed into a deterministic part and a stochastic part. The deterministic part is reconstructed using the approximate deconvolution method (ADM), in which the large-scale flow can be readily calculated. The stochastic part, which represents the impact of the SGS flow field, is assumed to be locally homogeneous and isotropic and, therefore, governed by a Langevin-type equation. The model is applied to the spray G and spray H conditions defined by the engine combustion network (ECN) group. Simulation results are compared with the available experimental data for spray characteristics such as penetration rates, mixture fraction profile, and droplet velocity and Sauter mean diameter (SMD) distributions. Simulations with no dispersion and the commonly used RANS-type stochastic model are also performed for comparison purposes. Results show that the turbulent dispersion has a considerable impact on quantitative spray characteristics such as projected liquid volume (PLV) fraction, droplet SMD and velocity, and fuel vapor mixture fractions. On the other hand, the macroscopic spray characteristics such as liquid- and vapor-phase penetrations are not significantly affected by the dispersion modeling. The proposed SGS model also improves the prediction of spray and ignition characteristics at the spray conditions studied in this work.
Smart DPF Regenerations - A Case Study of a Connected Powertrain Function
Authors: Hopka Michael , Upadhyay Devesh , Van Nieuwstadt Michiel
Published: April 2019

The availability of connectivity and autonomy enabled resources, within the automotive sector, has primarily been considered for driver assist technologies and for extending the levels of vehicle autonomy. It is not a stretch to imagine that the additional information, available from connectivity and autonomy, may also be useful in further improving powertrain functions. Critical powertrain subsystems that must operate with limited or uncertain knowledge of their environment stand to benefit from such new information sources. Unfortunately, the adoption of this new information resource has been slow within the powertrain community and has typically been limited to the obvious problem choices such as battery charge management for electric vehicles and efforts related to fuel economy benefits from adaptive/coordinated cruise control. In this paper we discuss the application of connectivity resources in the management of an aftertreatment sub-system, the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Standard DPF regenerations are scheduled on an inferred soot load based on indirect indicators of system state, such as exhaust gas flow rate and pressure drop across the DPF and/or empirical models of engine out soot. Soot load estimation approaches such as these are necessary since a reliable method of a direct soot load measurement in a DPF is currently not available. In addition to model uncertainty it is also well known that regeneration control also suffers from uncertainty related to the drive routes, driver behavior, and traffic flow over the driven routes. These uncertainties force a conservative regeneration scheme, that does not fully exploit the soot trapping capacity of the DPF. This makes it difficult to guarantee any measure of uniform optimality over all vehicles. It is evident, however, that by leveraging information that allows a reduction in driver and traffic related uncertainties it may be possible to better schedule DPF regenerations and achieve some degree of performance benefit related to the overall efficiency of the regeneration process over the life of the vehicle. In this paper we present some initial results from such an effort that leverages cloud based real time traffic flow information from a traffic provider in making smart decisions related to the soot management over a DPF.
Drive Control Development of Switched Reluctance Motor for Compact Electric Vehicles
Authors: Nitabaru Tomoaki , Okada Hiroaki , Isomura Toshiaki , Kawashima Yoshichika , Abe Hideaki , Ogata Hisashi
Published: April 2019

This paper presents innovative methods to resolve the two challenges that occur when using a switched reluctance motor (SRM) as a traction motor for a compact electric vehicle (EV). Electric vehicles (EVs) are seeing a rise in popularity today and the demand for further advancement of EV technologies will continue to grow. Induction motors and interior permanent magnet motors (IPMs) are most commonly used traction motors for EVs. In this project, we focused on the development of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) as an alternative motor for compact EVs, leveraging the following benefits of SRMs:

1) SRMs, which require no permanent magnets, have no drag torque, enabling clutchless motor applications, and 2) SRMs demonstrate high efficiency in the high-speed rotation range. In applications of SRMs as EV drivers, however, there are two challenges to be resolved. The first challenge is that SRMs have significant torque ripples due to the principle of torque generation. As a measure to reduce these torque ripples, we have developed an effective commutation control system (Slope control of current command values) which changes current command values in a linear fashion. This system helps reduce torque ripples to approximately 40% at a maximum. The second challenge is to develop a cruise control system, which is indispensable for autonomous driving, while very few EVs equipped with SRMs are capable of cruise control. The developed cruise control system has resolved this challenge by optimizing the transition timing between power running control and regenerative braking, as proven by the road test results of a compact EV with the developed SPM maintaining a constant speed in uphill and downhill road conditions. With these two approaches, the developed SRM offers a practical solution to the insufficient torque issue and the cruise control challenge in SRM applications to compact EVs.
Influence Mechanism of Electromechanical Parameters on Transient Vibration of Electric Wheel System
Authors: Feng Zhaoyang , Zuo Shuguang , Mao Yu
Published: April 2019

Electric wheel systems of in-wheel motor driven vehicles consist of the motor controller, in-wheel motor and tire-suspension assembly. The coupling between the electromagnetic excitation and elastic structure gives rise to electromechanical dynamic issues. As for the structural layout of the electric wheel system, the driving motor is directly connected to the wheel without torsion dampers or transmission in the driveline, thus making the electric wheel structure a weak damping system. Moreover, the driving torque of electric wheel can change rapidly in various conditions of vehicle. As a result, the transient vibration problem becomes one of the key electromechanical dynamic issues in the electric wheel system. To investigate this problem, the electromechanical coupling model of the electric wheel system is established first. Then the transient responses of the electric wheel under abrupt changes of the driving torque are simulated. The results indicate that the tire mainly suffers from longitudinal shocks in the anti-phase rotational mode at 95 Hz and vibration in the in-phase rotational mode at 44Hz successively, while the motor vibrates in the in-phase rotational mode at 44Hz. As the electric wheel system is electromechanically coupled, the influence mechanism and rules of electromechanical parameters on the transient vibration are studied. The results show that the permanent magnet flux linkage increases damping ratio of the in-phase rotational mode in virtue of the electromagnetic stiffness and damping, thus further weakening transient vibration of motor. The anti-phase rotational mode is sensitive to tire’s stiffness. It is effective to optimize tire’s shock by adjusting tire’s stiffness. This paper reveals the electromechanical coupling mechanism of the electric wheel system, and provides reference for parameter design from the perspective of improvement in dynamic characteristics.
A Resonant Capacitive Coupling WPT-Based Method to Power and Monitor Seat Belt Buckle Switch Status in Removable and Interchangeable Seats
Authors: Cuddihy Mark , Pottle Brian
Published: April 2019

In this study, we present an intelligent and wireless subsystem for powering and communicating with three sets of seat belt buckle sensors that are each installed on removable and interchangeable automobile seating. As automobile intelligence systems advance, a logical step is for the driver’s dashboard to display seat belt buckle indicators for rear seating in addition to the front seating. The problem encountered is that removable and interchangeable automobile seating outfitted with wired power and data links are inherently less reliable than rigidly fixed seating, as there is a risk of damage to the detachable power and data connectors throughout end-user seating removal/re-installation cycles. The present study tackles this issue through outfitting three removable and interchangeable rear seat assemblies with resonant capacitive coupling wireless power transfer as to power each rear seat across a variable gap between the interior paneling and that side of the seat closest to the interior paneling. A fundamental design challenge this system presented was the need to develop a rugged method to account for different sizes of seating, and hence to accommodate variable wireless power gaps. This issue was addressed via use of impedance matching technology to present a nearly constant load impedance to the dc-to-radiofrequency power inverter. The wirelessly received power enabled additional electronics added to the rear seat assemblies to wirelessly communicate the seat belt buckle states to a central hub where it was displayed via a custom graphical interface. Our approach involved the visibly imperceptible integration of resonant capacitively-coupled transmitting and receiving antennae behind the interior paneling for the transmitter and underneath the outer fabric of the rear seating. The resulting subsystem demonstrated the ability to power both the seat belt buckle switches and wireless communication over a range of wireless power gaps.
Strain Rate Effect on Martensitic Transformation in a TRIP Steel Containing Carbide-Free Bainite
Authors: Enloe Charles , Savic Vesna , Poling Whitney , Hector Louis , Alturk Rakan
Published: April 2019

Adiabatic heating during plastic straining can slow the diffusionless shear transformation of austenite to martensite in steels that exhibit transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). However, the extent to which the transformation is affected over a strain rate range of relevance to automotive stamping and vehicle impact events is unclear for most third-generation advanced high strength TRIP steels. In this study, an 1180MPa minimum tensile strength TRIP steel with carbide-free bainite is evaluated by measuring the variation of retained austenite volume fraction (RAVF) in fractured tensile specimens with position and strain. This requires a combination of servo-hydraulic load frame instrumented with high speed stereo digital image correlation for measurement of strains and ex-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction for determination of RAVF in fractured tensile specimens. Specifically, the potentially competing effects of strain rate on austenite transformation to martensite were investigated to determine which predominate at nominal strain rates of 0.5 s-1, 5 s-1, 50 s-1 and 500 s-1. A corresponding decrease in austenite volume fraction at a fixed true strain with strain rate suggests that austenite transformation to martensite with strain is accelerated with increased strain rate despite potential energetic inhibition of the transformation due to adiabatic heating. Increased transformation rate to martensite results in increased work hardening rates, strengths, and elongations with strain rate increases to 500 s-1. Observations are discussed in the context of contributing mechanisms both favoring and inhibiting the strain-assisted transformation of austenite to martensite.
Development of Strength Distributed Hot Stamp Parts
Authors: Miyagawa Shunsuke , Niihara Masatomo , Ihara Tomoaki
Published: April 2019

1
Structural parts, such as the center pillar, are a multi-layer structure. They are a combination of high-strength panels and high-toughness panels, to control the deformation mode during a crash. If we can make this multi-layered structure as one panel, consisting of different hardness within it, we will be able to make a lightweight part. In this study, we have developed a method to fabricate a ‘lightweight center pillar’ with the following processes. First, the whole panel is hardened by quenching within the hot stamp process. Next, certain areas of the panel are softened by partial tempering. We have found that the temperature zone for softening is between A1 and A3, and it is easy to perform a rapid and accurate tempering by utilizing induction heating around the Curie temperature between A1 and A3 transformation temperature.

As a result, we have established the method to fabricate the ‘lightweight center pillar’, that has a higher collision resistant performance, by integrating the high-strength part and the high-toughness part into a single panel.