bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of waveforms recorded by azimuthally spaced hydrophones of sonic logging tool for incident plane waves
Authors: Hirabayashi Nobuyasu , Sakiyama Naoki , Ikegami Toru
Published: August 2017

The borehole acoustic reflection survey (BARS) is a method for imaging near-borehole structures using waveforms acquired by a sonic logging tool: Signals from a monopole or dipole source are reflected from geologic interfaces and recorded by arrays of the hydrophones of the same tool. Due to the nearly 1D configuration of the source and hydrophones, BARS provides only 2D images, in which the dimensions are the axis of the well and the distance from the center of the well. We have developed methods for identifying the azimuthal direction of the reflector, which is not given by the BARS image, by using the differences of the signals recorded by hydrophones at varying azimuths. We have conducted a theoretical analysis for incident plane waves as follows. Analytic solutions in the frequency domain are numerically computed at discrete frequencies and converted to time-domain synthetics using the fast Fourier transform for a newly derived model that includes the effect of the tool in the fluid-filled borehole. For event signals from the monopole and dipole sources, the hydrophones recording the largest signal amplitude are located on the diameter parallel to the wavenumber vector of the incident wave, on the side from which incident wave is coming, and in the azimuth oriented parallel to the incident wave, respectively. Based on the synthetic results, we discuss methods for identifying the azimuthal direction of the reflectors in observed data obtained by the BARS surveys.
An integrated approach to quantify geologic controls on carbonate pore types and permeability, Puguang gas field, China
Authors: Huang Qifei , Dou Qifeng , Jiang Yiwei , Zhang Qingsheng , Sun Yuefeng
Published: August 2017

Accurate estimation of permeability for reservoir simulation and production is challenging in carbonate rocks due to the diversified pore structures resulting from deposition and diagenetic modification. A significant amount of residue gas is expected in the Puguang field, China. We use a shear-frame flexibility factor [Formula: see text] from a rock-physics model as an index to quantify its spatial variation of pore structure and constrain the estimation of permeability in this field. The pore-structure index [Formula: see text] is established and used to classify various permeability-porosity trends at well locations where core and log data are available. It is found that when [Formula: see text], the pore type is dominated by intercrystalline pores with large pore-throat sizes and high connectivity, the permeability-porosity relation is [Formula: see text]; when [Formula: see text], the pore type consists of isolated moldic pores, the permeability-porosity relation is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] are constants, which are 80, 18, 3, 0.004, 5.5, and 1.6, respectively, for the studied gas reservoir. Rock-physics-based seismic inversion is then applied to quantify the spatial variation of pore type and permeability. The inversion results indicate that regional stratigraphy has a paramount control on the distribution of pore type and permeability. Moldic pores ([Formula: see text]) are widely distributed near the unconformities, whereas the large intercrystalline porosity and microporosity are distributed below and above the unconformities due to the sea-level regression and transgression, respectively. It is concluded that production problems may occur in porous and permeable intercrystalline-porosity zones and the exploration of residual gas remains in the high porosity yet less permeable moldic-porosity zones.
Sexual orientation and suicidal behaviour in young people
Authors: Meader Nick , Chan Melissa K. Y.
Published: August 2017

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) young people have been found to be at greater risk of suicidal behaviour. National prevention strategies have identified the need to reduce suicide risk in this population. However, research on specific risk factors for LGB young people that might inform suicide prevention programmes are at an early stage of development.
Trainee experiences of intellectual disability psychiatry and an innovative leaderless support group: A qualitative study
Authors: Spackman Ross , Toogood Hannah , Kerridge Jayne , Nash Jon , Anderson Elizabeth , Rai Dheeraj
Published: August 2017

Aims and method

There is very little research into the challenges of training in intellectual disability psychiatry or into interventions which may address these challenges. Using focus groups, we explored the experiences of intellectual disability psychiatry trainees, and evaluated a leaderless trainee support group developed in Bristol.

Results

Five distinct themes were identified via framework analysis: that trainees felt unprepared for the difference from previous posts; the need for support; the value of the group; that trainees were concerned about judgement in supervision; that the group structure was valued.

Clinical implications

Our findings highlight the support needs specific to intellectual disability psychiatry trainees. Leaderless peer support groups may be a valued resource to address such issues, and may be a useful model to be considered by other training schemes.
More Than a Tick Box: Medical Checklist Development, Design, and Use
Authors: Burian Barbara K. , Clebone Anna , Dismukes Key , Ruskin Keith J.
Published: August 2017

Despite improving patient safety in some perioperative settings, some checklists are not living up to their potential and complaints of “checklist fatigue” and outright rejection of checklists are growing. Problems reported often concern human factors: poor design, inadequate introduction and training, duplication with other safety checks, poor integration with existing workflow, and cultural barriers. Each medical setting—such as an operating room or a critical care unit—and different clinical needs—such as a shift handover or critical event response—require a different checklist design. One size will not fit all, and checklists must be built around the structure of medical teams and the flow of their work in those settings. Useful guidance can be found in the literature; however, to date, no integrated and comprehensive framework exists to guide development and design of checklists to be effective and harmonious with the flow of medical and perioperative tasks. We propose such a framework organized around the 5 stages of the checklist life cycle: (1) conception, (2) determination of content and design, (3) testing and validation, (4) induction, training, and implementation, and (5) ongoing evaluation, revision, and possible retirement. We also illustrate one way in which the design of checklists can better match user needs in specific perioperative settings (in this case, the operating room during critical events). Medical checklists will only live up to their potential to improve the quality of patient care if their development is improved and their designs are tailored to the specific needs of the users and the environments in which they are used.
Targeting long non-coding RNA DANCR inhibits triple negative breast cancer progression
Authors: Sha Sha , Yuan Dongya , Liu Yuejun , Han Baosan , Zhong Nanbert , Liu Zhiqiang
Published: August 2017

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is non-responsive to conventional anti-hormonal and Her2 targeted therapies, making it necessary to identify new molecular targets for therapy. Long non-coding RNA anti-differentiation ncRNA (lncRNA DANCR) was identified in participating carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, but its expression and potential role in TNBC progression is still unclear. In the present study, our results showed that DANCR expression was increased in TNBC tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 63 TNBC specimens. Patients with higher DANCR expression correlated with worse TNM stages as well as a shorter overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier analysis. When the endogenous DANCR was knockdown via specific siRNA, cell proliferation and invasion were decreased obviously in the MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo xenograft experiments showed that knockdown of the DANCR in MDA-MB-231 cells reduced the tumor growth significantly. Furthermore, a compendium of TNBC cancer stem cell markers such as CD44, ABCG2 transporter and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) were greatly downregulated in the MDA-MB-231 cells with DANCR knockdown. Molecular mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of DANCR was associated with increased binding of EZH2 on the promoters of CD44 and ABCG2, and concomitant reduction of expression of these genes suggesting that they may be DANCR targets in TNBC. Thus, our study demonstrated that targeting DANCR expression might be a viable therapeutic approach to treat triple negative breast cancer.
An ex vivo model using human peritoneum to explore mesh-tissue integration
Authors: Falk Peter , Ruiz-Jasbon Fernando , Strigård Karin , Gunnarsson Ulf , Ivarsson Marie-Lois
Published: August 2017

Biological compatibility, in terms of implantation of foreign mesh material in hernia surgery, still needs experimental investigation. Present study develops an experimental model using human peritoneum to study the integration between tissue and different mesh material. The ex vivo model using peritoneal tissue was studied with different mesh material, and integration was monitored over time using microscopy.

It could be demonstrated that the peritoneal model may be kept viable in culture for several weeks. Cell migration was seen after 7-10 days in culture and could be further monitored over several weeks. The use of a human artificial model environment enabling the investigation of tissue/mesh integration has, to our knowledge, not been described previously.

This proof-of-concept model was developed, for the investigation of peritoneal biology and the integration between tissue and different mesh material. It has the potential to be useful in studies on other important biological mechanisms involving the peritoneum.
Metabolomics reveals variation and correlation among different tissues of olive (Olea europaea L.)
Authors: Guodong Rao , Xiaoxia Liu , Weiwei Zha , Wenjun Wu , Jianguo Zhang
Published: August 2017

Metabolites in olives are associated with nutritional value and physiological properties. However, comprehensive information regarding the olive metabolome is limited. In this study, we identified 226 metabolites from three different tissues of olive using a non-targeted metabolomic profiling approach, of which 76 named metabolites were confirmed. Further statistical analysis revealed that these 76 metabolites covered different types of primary metabolism and some of the secondary metabolism pathways. One -way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical assay was performed to calculate the variations within the detected metabolites, and levels of 65 metabolites were differentially expressed in different samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) dendrogram showed variations among different tissues that were similar to the metabolite profiles observed in new leaves and fruit. Additionally, 5,776 metabolite-metabolite correlations were detected by a Pearson correlation coefficient approach. Screening of the calculated correlations revealed 3,136, 3,025, and 5,184 were determined to metabolites had significant correlations in three different combination, respectively. This work provides the first comprehensive metabolomic of olive, which will provide new insights into understanding of the olive metabolism, and potentially help advance studies in olive metabolic engineering.
Patterning of the Drosophila L2 vein is driven by regulatory interactions between region-specific transcription factors expressed in response to Dpp signalling
Authors: Martín Mercedes , Ostalé Cristina M. , de Celis Jose F.
Published: August 2017

Pattern formation relies on the generation of transcriptional landscapes regulated by signalling pathways. A paradigm of epithelial patterning is the distribution of vein territories in the Drosophila wing disc. In this tissue, Decapentaplegic signalling regulates its target genes at different distances from the source of the ligand. The transformation of signalling into coherent territories of gene expression requires regulatory cross-interactions between these target genes. Here we analyse the mechanisms generating the domain of knirps expression in the presumptive L2 vein of the wing imaginal disc. We find that knirps is regulated by four Decapentaplegic target genes encoding transcription factors: aristaless, spalt mayor, spalt related and optix. The expression of optix is activated by Dpp and repressed by the Spalt proteins, becoming restricted to the most anterior region of the wing blade. In turn, the expression of knirps is activated by Aristaless and repressed by Optix and the Spalt proteins. In this manner, the expression of Knirps became restricted to those cells where Spalt levels are sufficient to repress optix, but not sufficient to repress knirps.
Epigenetic resetting of human pluripotency
Authors: Guo Ge , von Meyenn Ferdinand , Rostovskaya Maria , Clarke James , Dietmann Sabine , Baker Duncan , Sahakyan Anna , Myers Samuel , Bertone Paul , Reik Wolf , Plath Kathrin , Smith Austin
Published: August 2017

Much attention has focussed on the conversion of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to a more naïve developmental status. Here we provide a method for resetting via transient histone deacetylase inhibition. The protocol is effective across multiple PSC lines and can proceed without karyotype change. Reset cells can be expanded without feeders with a doubling time of around 24 h. WNT inhibition stabilises the resetting process. The transcriptome of reset cells diverges markedly from that of primed PSCs and shares features with human inner cell mass (ICM). Reset cells activate expression of primate-specific transposable elements. DNA methylation is globally reduced to a level equivalent to that in the ICM and is non-random, with gain of methylation at specific loci. Methylation imprints are mostly lost, however. Reset cells can be re-primed to undergo tri-lineage differentiation and germline specification. In female reset cells, appearance of biallelic X-linked gene transcription indicates reactivation of the silenced X chromosome. On reconversion to primed status, XIST-induced silencing restores monoallelic gene expression. The facile and robust conversion routine with accompanying data resources will enable widespread utilisation, interrogation, and refinement of candidate naïve cells.
Functional regulatory evolution outside of the minimal even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer
Authors: Crocker Justin , Stern David L.
Published: August 2017

Transcriptional enhancers are regions of DNA that drive precise patterns of gene expression. While many studies have elucidated how individual enhancers can evolve, most of this work has focused on what are called "minimal" enhancers, the smallest DNA regions that drive expression that approximates an aspect of native gene expression. Here we explore how the Drosophila erecta even-skipped (eve) locus has evolved by testing its activity in the divergent D. melanogaster genome. We found, as has been reported previously, that the D. erecta eve stripe 2 enhancer (eveS2) fails to drive appreciable expression in D. melanogaster (1). However, we found that a large transgene carrying the entire D. erecta eve locus drives normal eve expression, including in stripe 2. We performed a functional dissection of the region upstream of the D. erecta eveS2 region and found multiple Zelda motifs that are required for normal expression. Our results illustrate how sequences outside of minimal enhancer regions can evolve functionally through mechanisms other than changes in transcription factor binding sites that drive patterning.
Parkin promotes proteasomal degradation of misregulated BAX
Authors: Cakir Zeynep , Funk Kathrin , Lauterwasser Joachim , Todt Franziska , Zerbes Ralf M. , Oelgeklaus Aline , Tanaka Atsushi , van der Laan Martin , Edlich Frank
Published: August 2017

The pro-apoptotic BCL-2 protein BAX commits human cells to apoptosis by permeabilizing the outer mitochondrial membrane. BAX activation has been suggested to require the separation of helix α5 from α6 – the ‘latch’ from the ‘core’ domain – among other conformational changes. Here, we show that conformational changes in this region impair BAX translocation to the mitochondria and retrotranslocation back into the cytosol, and therefore BAX inhibition, but not activation. Redirecting misregulated BAX to the mitochondria revealed an alternative mechanism of BAX inhibition. The E3 ligase parkin, which is known to trigger mitochondria-specific autophagy, ubiquitylates BAX K128 and targets the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 protein for proteasomal degradation. Retrotranslocation-deficient BAX is completely degraded in a parkin-dependent manner. Although only a minor pool of endogenous BAX escapes retrotranslocation into the cytosol, parkin-dependent targeting of misregulated BAX on the mitochondria provides substantial protection against BAX apoptotic activity.
A mosquito entomoglyceroporin, Aedes aegypti AQP5 participates in water transport across the Malpighian tubules of larvae
Authors: Misyura Lidiya , Yerushalmi Gil Y. , Donini Andrew
Published: August 2017

The mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the primary vector for arboviral diseases such as Zika fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The larvae reside in hypo-osmotic freshwater habitats, where they face dilution of their body fluids from osmotic influx of water. The Malpighian tubules help maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis by removing excess water from the hemolymph, but the transcellular pathway for this movement remains unresolved. Aquaporins are transmembrane channels thought to permit transcellular transport of water from the hemolymph into the Malpighian tubule lumen. Immunolocalization of Aedes aegypti aquaporin 5 (AaAQP5) revealed expression by Malpighian tubule principal cells of the larvae, with localization to both the apical and basolateral membranes. Knockdown of AaAQP5 with double stranded RNA decreased larval survival, reduced rates of fluid, K+, and Na+ secretion by the Malpighian tubules and reduced Cl− concentrations in the hemolymph. These findings indicate that AaAQP5 participates in transcellular water transport across the Malpighian tubules of larval Aedes aegypti where global AaAQP5 expression is important for larval survival.
Chronic warm exposure impairs growth performance and reduces thermal safety margins in the common triplefin fish (Forsterygion lapillum)
Authors: McArley Tristan. J. , Hickey Anthony J. R. , Herbert Neill. A.
Published: August 2017

Intertidal fish species face gradual chronic changes in temperature and greater extremes of acute thermal exposure through climate induced warming. As sea temperatures rise it has been proposed that whole animal performance will be impaired through oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT, reduced aerobic metabolic scope-MS) and, on acute exposure to high temperatures, thermal safety margins may be reduced due to constrained acclimation capacity of upper thermal limits. Using the New Zealand triplefin fish (Forsterygion lapillum), this study addressed how performance in terms of growth and metabolism (MS) and upper thermal tolerance limits would be affected by chronic exposure to elevated temperature. Growth was measured in fish acclimated (12 weeks) to present and predicted future temperatures and metabolic rates were then determined in fish at acclimation temperatures and with acute thermal ramping. In agreement with the OCLTT hypothesis chronic exposure to elevated temperature significantly reduced growth performance and MS. However, despite the prospect of impaired growth performance under warmer future summertime conditions an annual growth model revealed that elevated temperatures may only shift the timing of high growth potential and not the overall annual growth rate. While the upper thermal tolerance (i.e. critical thermal maxima) increased with exposure to warmer temperatures and was associated with depressed metabolic rates during acute thermal ramping, upper thermal tolerance did not differ between present and predicted future summertime temperatures. This suggests that warming may progressively decrease thermal safety margins for hardy generalist species and could limit the available habitat range of intertidal populations.
Comparison of color discrimination in chronic heavy smokers and healthy subjects
Authors: Fernandes Thiago Monteiro de Paiva , Almeida Natalia Leandro , dos Santos Natanael Antonio
Published: August 2017

Background: Cigarette smoke is probably the most significant source of exposure to toxic chemicals for humans, involving health-damaging components, such as nicotine, hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of chronic heavy smoking on color discrimination (CD). Methods: All subjects were free of any neuropsychiatric disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. We assessed color vision for healthy heavy smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), deprived smokers (n = 15, age range 20-45 years) and healthy non-smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. All groups were matched for gender and education level. In this test, the volunteers had to choose the pseudoisochromatic stimulus containing a test frequency at four directions (e.g., up, down, right and left) in the subtest of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT): Trivector. Results: Performance on CCT differed between groups, and the observed pattern was that smokers had lower discrimination compared to non-smokers. In addition, deprived smokers presented lower discrimination to smokers and non-smokers. Contrary to expectation, the largest differences were observed for medium and long wavelengths. Conclusions: These results suggests that cigarette smoking, chronic exposure to its compounds, and withdrawal from nicotine affect color discrimination. This highlights the importance of understanding the diverse effects of nicotine on attentional bias.
cophesim: A comprehensive phenotype simulator for testing novel association methods
Authors: Zhbannikov Ilya Y. , Arbeev Konstantin G. , Yashin Anatoliy I.
Published: August 2017

Simulation is important in evaluating novel methods when input data is not easily obtainable or specific assumptions are needed. We present cophesim, a software to add the phenotype to generated genotype data prepared with a genetic simulator. The output of cophesim can be used as a direct input for different genome wide association study tools. cophesim is available from https://bitbucket.org/izhbannikov/cophesim.
Child psychiatry: A scientometric analysis 1980-2016
Authors: Naveed Sadiq , Waqas Ahmed , Majeed Salman , Zeshan Muhammad , Jahan Nusrat , Haaris Sheikh Muhammad
Published: August 2017

Background: The field of child and adolescent psychiatry lags behind adult psychiatry significantly. In recent years, it has witnessed a significant increase in the publication of journals and articles. This study provides a detailed bibliometric analysis of articles published from 1980 to 2016, in the top seven journals of child and adolescent psychiatry.

Methods: Using the Web of Science core collection, we selected 9,719 research papers published in seven psychiatric journals from 1980 to 2016. We utilized the Web of Science Analytics tool and Network Analysis Interface for Literature Studies (NAILS) Project scripts to delineate the general trends of publication in these journals. Then, co-citation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using CiteSpace to map important papers, landmark theories and foci of research in child and adolescent psychiatry.

Results: The field of child and adolescent psychiatry has experienced an increasing trend in research, which was reflected in the results of this study. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the research foci in psychiatry were primarily studies related to the design of psychometric instruments, checklists, taxonomy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, PTSD, social phobia, and psychopharmacology. Moreover, several landmark studies, including the validation of a child behavior checklist, Ainsworth's empirical evidence of Bowlby's attachment theory, and adult outcomes of childhood dysregulation were published. This study also reports rapid expansion and innovation in research areas in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry from 1980-2016.

Conclusions: Rapid expansion and innovation in research areas in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry has been observed, from 1980 to 2016.
Pre-hospital delay in Vietnamese patients hospitalized with a first acute myocardial infarction: A short report
Authors: Nguyen Hoa L. , Phan Dat T. , Ha Duc A. , Nguyen Quang N. , Goldberg Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Background: Administration of coronary reperfusion therapy to patients with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within the proper timeframe is essential in avoiding clinical complications and death. However, the extent of pre-hospital delay is unexplored in Vietnam. This report aims to describe the duration of pre-hospital delay of Hanoi residents hospitalized with a first AMI at the Vietnam National Heart Institute .  

Methods: A total of 103 Hanoi residents hospitalized at the largest tertiary care medical center in the city for first AMI, who have information on  prehospital delay was included in this report.

Results: One third of the study sample was women and mean age was 66 years. The mean and median pre-hospital delay duration were 14.9 hours and 4.8 hours, respectively. The proportion of patients who delayed <6 , 6-<12, and ≥ 12 hours were 45%, 13%, and 42%, respectively.

Conclusions: Our data shows that a prolonged pre-hospital delay is often observed in patients with a first AMI in Vietnam. In order to confirm these preliminary descriptive findings, a full-scale investigation of all Hanoi residents hospitalized with first AMI is needed. Increasing public awareness about AMI treatment is vital in encouraging patients to seek medical care timely after experiencing AMI symptoms such that received treatment is most effective.
MARKET OF JUDICIAL REPRESENTATION: FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE CONTINENTAL AND ANGLO-SAXON LEGAL TRADITIONS
Authors: Момотов Виктор , Momotov Viktor
Published: August 2017

In most developed legal order a stable and significant market of judicial representation was formed. Despite the fact that representation of the interests of citizens and organizations in courts on a commercial basis in our country is widespread, the Russian Federation is still on the way of forming such a market. The most significant influence on the formation of the judicial representation market is provided by the legal regulation of this procedural and legal institution: it can both facilitate and prevent the development of this segment of the economy. Unfortunately, there are no studies that consider the regulation of judicial representation in a comparative legal context from the standpoint of a balance between economic efficiency and fairness.
The purpose of this study is to identify global trends in the regulation of judicial representation in its economic aspect, the evaluation of such regulation in Russian law and the proposal for ways to improve it. The objectives of the study are the analysis of the institution of “judicial investment”, the study of the trend of professionalization of judicial representation, as well as consideration of the problem of “honorariums of success”.
To achieve the goals and objectives of the study, system-structural, comparative-legal, historico-systemic and statistical methods, as well as general scientific methods of induction and deduction are applied.
Based on the results of the study, taking into account the current Russian legislation, as well as global trends in the development of the judicial representation market, suggestions are made about the expediency of developing in the Russian Federation an institute for investing in litigation, as well as for introducing mandatory professional representation in courts and reviewing the actual prohibition of inclusion in treaties on Provision of legal services conditions on the “honorarium of success”.
Uncertainty Types and Transitions in the Entrepreneurial Process
Authors: Packard Mark D. , Clark Brent B. , Klein Peter G.
Published: August 2017

While judgment has hitherto typically been viewed as a discrete decision process, we propose that it be conceptualized instead as a continuous and dynamic process of reassessment and revision. Adopting this approach, we revisit the nature of entrepreneurial decision making under uncertainty. We begin with a novel typology of uncertainty that defines and delineates different types of uncertain contexts. We then examine the nature of decision making within these distinct contexts, highlighting differences in how entrepreneurs make decisions within different types of uncertainty. We build these insights into a theory of the entrepreneurial process that highlights the transitory nature of uncertainty as entrepreneurs make certain judgments and revise those judgments over time. We discuss how uncertainty transitions throughout the judgment process, how the judgment process continues dynamically even after a judgment is made, and how the nature of uncertainty shifts over time due to endogenous and exogenous change.
The Psychology of Facial Appearance
Authors: Cunningham Susan J.
Published: August 2017

Facial attractiveness is now recognized as being important in situations as diverse as education, relationships and employment. An individual's facial appearance is one of their most obvious characteristics and facial disfigurements are judged to be among the least desirable ‘handicaps’. A face which deviates from the norm becomes a stigma. This paper looks at the complex area of facial appearance and its importance in the field of dentistry. The relationship between facial attractiveness and varying forms of dental and surgical intervention are discussed, as well as some of the problems which may be encountered during treatment.
A Case Report of Pre-eruptive Coronal Resorption in a Mandibular Canine
Authors: Dowling Paul A. , Fleming Padraig , Corcoran Frances
Published: August 2017

A case of intracoronal resorption in a recently erupted mandibular canine in an 11-year-old girl is presented. Possible aetiology and approaches to treatment of such lesions are discussed.
The Periodontal-Endodontic Interface
Authors: Chapple Iain L.C. , Lumley Philip J.
Published: August 2017

The periodontal tissues and the pulp-dentine complex form an intimate continuum through which pathological changes of either one may lead to infection of the other, and whose management can be fraught with diagnostic and therapeutic difficulty. The purpose of this review paper is to explain the nature of that relationship and to provide pointers which may assist in the diagnostic process and thus enable appropriate management from the outset. Traditional classifications of lesions affecting the periodontal-endodontic complex have caused confusion by attempting to form diagnoses which indicate the putative primary source of infection. We would suggest that the origin of the infection is irrelevant to the management process, and that what is important is whether either, or indeed both, of the tissues are viable or not. Successful therapy will only result from the establishment of an accurate diagnosis, and forming such a diagnosis requires a methodical multi-staged approach.
Implant Complications and Failures: The Single-tooth Restoration
Authors: Watson C.J. , Tinsley D. , Sharma S.
Published: August 2017

The single-tooth implant restoration appears to be an ideal method of replacing missing natural teeth in a healthy dentition. Most follow-up studies report a high success rate. The restoration is seen by many clinicians as a relatively straightforward technique easily adapted to general dental practice and popular with patients, although it is not without complications. The purpose of this paper is to look at common problems following the placement of root-formed endosseous dental implants. A number of implant systems are reviewed and the results of the authors' clinical experiences reported.
Multiple Stafne Bone Cavities: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Boyle Carole A. , Horner Keith , Coulthard Paul , Fleming Garry J.P.
Published: August 2017

Salivary gland inclusions in the mandible are relatively uncommon. If defects occur they are generally unilateral, although bilateral cases have been reported. This article describes an unusual case in which the dental panoramic tomogram revealed three radiolucent areas in the mandible. The diagnosis of the two posterior radiolucencies was confirmed as Stafne's bone cavities but a definite diagnosis for the parasymphyseal lesion remained elusive, even after surgery. However, Stafne's bone cavities are known to occur in this region and this diagnosis remains the most probable.
A Comparison of Written and Multimedia Material for Informing Patients about Dental Implants
Authors: Barkhordar Ahmad , Pollard David , Hobkirk John A.
Published: August 2017

A study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of an information leaflet with a multimedia program in informing potential implant patients attending a dental hospital. The results show that both methods of presenting information are effective in informing patients; however, where the information to be presented is visual in nature, a multimedia presentation can have a more positive short-term effect than an equivalent leaflet.
Antimycotic Agents in Oral Candidosis: An Overview: 1. Clinical Variants
Authors: Ellepola Arjuna N.B. , Samaranayake Lakshman P.
Published: August 2017

The advent of the human immunodeficiency virus and the increasing prevalence of immunocompromised individuals in the community have resulted in a resurgence of opportunistic infections, including oral candidoses. Despite the availability of a number of effective antimycotics for the management of oral candidoses, therapeutic failure is not uncommon. Further, the presence of many clinical variants of oral candidosis, both new and old, may confound the unwary clinician and complicate its management. These problems have been partly circumvented by the introduction of the triazole group of antimycotics, which initially appeared to be highly effective. However, an alarming increase in organisms resistant to triazoles has been reported recently. In this paper we provide an overview of clinical variants of oral candidosis. A second paper will discuss recent advances in the usage of antimycotics in the management of this condition.
Malignant Lymphoma of the Maxillary Sinus Masquerading as an Odontogenic Infection: Report of a Case
Authors: Gill D.S. , Cunliffe D. , Ali A. , Sternberg A.
Published: August 2017

The dental surgeon can play an important role in the early referral of malignancy of the maxillary sinus, and should be familiar with the signs and symptoms of disease of the paranasal sinuses. Here we report a case of a 71-year-old male patient diagnosed with high-grade B-cell lymphoma of the maxillary sinus that was initially thought to be an odontogenic infection. We discuss the signs and symptoms of lymphomas and malignancy of the maxillary sinus.
Inhalation Sedation with Nitrous Oxide: A Review
Authors: Holroyd I. , Roberts G.J.
Published: August 2017

The General Dental Council guidelines regarding the use of general anaesthesia in general practice have changed; inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide has been shown as a safe alternative to general anaesthesia for many patients and is a technique particularly suited to the practice environment.
Enamel Microabrasion
Authors: Elkhazindar M.M. , Welbury R.R.
Published: August 2017

A significant number of patients complain of discoloured teeth. The enamel microabrasion technique described in this article is a simple conservative method for improving the appearance of discoloured enamel.
Transcultural Oral Health Care: 2. Developing Transcultural Oral Health Promotional Materials
Authors: Kwan Stella Y.L.
Published: August 2017

This paper discusses the common problems involved in developing transcultural oral health promotional materials, and describes the best ways to avoid them. Translation errors and poor illustrations are by far the most frequently encountered problems followed by cultural incompatibility, inadequate information, and text and layout mistakes.
Transcultural Oral Health Care: 6. The Oral Health of Minority Ethnic Groups in the United Kingdom – A Review
Authors: Dhawan Niharika , Bedi Raman
Published: August 2017

The 1991 census of England and Wales estimated that the minority ethnic population was almost 2.95 million, or 6% of the total population of the UK. The aim of this paper is broadly to describe the oral health status and trends among minority ethnic groups to enable a clearer formulation of strategies to improve their oral health.
Predictable Resin-Bonded Bridges in General Dental Practice
Authors: Morgan Claire , Djemal Serpil , Gilmour Graham
Published: August 2017

This paper discusses the use of resin-bonded bridges as predictable restorations in general dental practice. The importance and relevance of case selection is stressed. Efforts have been made to discuss ideal design features, creation of interocclusal space and the need to carry out any tooth preparations. In addition, the clinical stages involved are outlined and a brief comparison with conventional bridges and implant-retained prostheses made.
Osteomyelitis Complicating Osteopetrosis – A Case Report
Authors: Juggins K.J. , Walton G.M. , Patel M.
Published: August 2017

Osteomyelitis of the jaws is uncommon but can be a complication of extraction or exposure of teeth in patients who are immunosuppressed or have undergone radiotherapy to the head and neck region. We report a case of osteomyelitis in a patient who has osteopetrosis. The initial clinical presentation was that of an infected retained root, secondary to denture trauma to the supporting tissues. Radiological interpretation was difficult owing to the increased bone density and surgical exploration revealed only a dense region of necrotic bone.
New Regenerative Technologies: Rationale and Potential for Periodontal Regeneration: 2. Growth Factors
Authors: King Gaston N.
Published: August 2017

Regenerative techniques have been clinically available for over a decade, although success in promoting new bone, cementum and connective tissue attachment has been limited. New understanding of the tissues involved in regeneration, and of the materials used to promote regeneration, have led to new advances. This is the second of two articles discussing new regenerative technologies with respect to their rationale and potential for periodontal regeneration. This article focuses on growth factors, and in particular bone morphogenetic proteins.
Murmurs, Infective Endocarditis and Dentistry
Authors: Martin M.V. , Gosney M.A. , Longman L.P. , Figures K.H.
Published: August 2017

Patients with cardiac murmurs may have a predisposition to infective endocarditis, and the dental practitioner must be aware of this potential problem. This article reviews cardiac murmurs and how they are investigated by physicians to assess their significance. Practical advice is offered concerning the need to refer patients with a suspected heart murmur. The emergency and elective dental management of patients with heart murmurs is included, together with recommended regimens for antibiotic prophylaxis.
Current Practice in Endodontics: 6. Retreatments and Periradicular Surgery
Authors: Carrotte Peter V.
Published: August 2017

The prime aim of this series of six articles has been to improve the quality of endodontic treatment in general dental practice by considering what is currently being taught in dental schools. This final article considers what may go wrong following completion of root canal treatment, whether orthograde retreatment is possible and how it may be achieved, and if or when periradicular surgery may be indicated.
Digital Records in Orthodontics
Authors: Sandler P.J. , Murray A.M. , Bearn D.
Published: August 2017

In this electronic age there is a general move towards keeping digital records, and many trades and professions now use digital images exclusively. In this article, the advantages (and occasional disadvantages) of the use of digital photography, digital radiography and the latest development – digital study models – in orthodontics are discussed.
The Management of Traumatically Intruded Permanent Incisors in Children
Authors: Brown Catriona J.
Published: August 2017

Trauma to the permanent dentition, particularly the maxillary incisors, is common. Prompt and appropriate management can significantly improve the prognosis for many of these dentoalveolar injuries. Unfortunately, much of this trauma is left untreated. This paper discusses the management of children who present with intruded permanent incisors.
The Management of Gingival Recession
Authors: Baker Paul
Published: August 2017

This, the second paper in a short series on gingival recession, discusses the various modalities of treatment for gingival recession and the indications for treatment. Special consideration is given to the surgical treatment techniques. Factors affecting the outcome of treatment and success rates of the treatment options are also discussed.
Orofacial Paraesthesia: An Unusual Presentation of Acoustic Neuroma
Authors: Holt Deborah J. , Foy Patrick M. , Anne Field E.
Published: August 2017

Patients with acoustic neuromas commonly present with unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus and unsteadiness. An uncommon initial feature is involvement of the trigeminal nerve. The unusual feature in the case reported here was orofacial paraesthesia, which preceded hearing loss by 3-4 years. Diagnosis was made following a referral by the patient's dentist.
Restorative Management of the Worn Dentition: 1. Aetiology and Diagnosis
Authors: Chu Frederick C.S. , Yip Hak K. , Newsome Philip R.H. , Chow Tak W. , Smales Roger J.
Published: August 2017

In this, the first of a four-part series on the restorative management of the worn dentition, the aetiological factors, diagnosis of toothwear and preventive measures are summarized. Later papers will deal with the management of localized anterior and posterior toothwear, the use of ‘Dahl type’ appliances as an effective means for the restorations and the various treatment options for the management of the dentition showing generalized wear. The series will discuss the relative merits of the treatment strategies, clinical techniques and dental materials for the restoration of health, function and aesthetics for the dentition.
The Use of Teledentistry to Provide GDPs with Advice in Orthodontics
Authors: Cook Julian , Mullings Chris , Vowles Richard , Stephens Chris
Published: August 2017

This article describes a pilot trial to determine whether the transmission of digitized clinical records of potential orthodontic cases supported by access to video and data conferencing may help to reduce the current high level of inappropriate referrals to consultant orthodontists in the UK.
Air Abrasion: Its Uses and Abuses
Authors: Banerjee Avijit , Watson Timothy F.
Published: August 2017

Air abrasion, a pseudo-mechanical, non-rotary method of cutting and removing dental hard tissue, was originally conceived in 1945. After promising early clinical developments, the advent of the air turbine handpiece and burs resulted in the loss of this early technology to mainstream dentistry. However, recent advances in adhesive dentistry have called for changes to concepts in cavity design and preparation, and air abrasion has once again come to the forefront of clinical operative dentistry. This review explains the mode of action of the current units and discusses some of the clinical uses of this technique as well as potential pitfalls.
The British Society of Periodontology Referral Policy and Parameters of Care
Authors: Dowell P. , Chapple I.L.C.
Published: August 2017

This referral policy and parameters of care document was commissioned by the Council of the British Society of Periodontology to provide guidance for practitioners, given the changing environment of primary and secondary care dentistry in the UK. These changes included the provision of the so-called ‘high street’ specialists in various mono-specialties and engendered a new paradigm of openness and information giving from the profession outwards. This was in turn necessitated by both dento-legal requirements and an increasing demand from the public for the provision of more advanced periodontal care.

The promotion of periodontal therapy is both public and practitioner based, and by promoting periodontology to the general practitioner there is an inevitable knock-on effect to the patient base. Thus, in October 2000, these guidelines for referring from primary to secondary care were published so that GDPs could be given some indications of good referral practice, based upon the well-known tenets of the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE). In addition, a number of succinct and relevant parameters of care were proposed, highlighting the need for the practitioner to not only examine the periodontium but also to make a diagnosis and effect a treatment plan and defined therapeutic goals using evidence based procedures.
The Restorative Management of Hypodontia with Implants: 1. Overview of Alternative Treatment Options
Authors: Morgan Claire , Howe Leslie
Published: August 2017

The first part of this paper discusses the clinical features of patients with hypodontia. Medical, social and clinical factors must be taken into account, along with risks and benefits, before a treatment plan can be recommended and implemented for a patient. An overview of treatment options are considered with examples. In the second part, implant treatment options will be discussed in detail.
Revisiting the Role of Dentists in Prescribing Antibiotics
Authors: Palmer N. A. O.
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this paper is to review the principles of therapeutic and prophylactic prescribing in light of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the evidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics in dentistry. Recommendations based on a review of the evidence and good practice for prescribing therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotics will be given.
A Clinical Overview of Removable Prostheses: 5. Diagnosis and Treatment of RPD Problems
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Grey Nick J.A. , Winstanley Raymond B.
Published: August 2017

This, the fifth and final article in the series, addresses the diagnoses and treatment of problems which may arise following provision of removable partial dentures (RPDs). These include difficulties seating the denture, pain and discomfort, looseness and functional problems.
The Prevention of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease from the Cradle to the Grave: What is the Best Available Evidence?
Authors: Davies Robin M.
Published: August 2017

Increasing weight is being given to applying an evidence-based approach to clinical practice. There is evidence to support a range of preventive measures which the profession and patients can apply to maximize the control of caries and periodontal disease. This paper examines the strength of evidence to support the advice and procedures that may be used by dental professionals to provide an effective preventive programme of advice and procedures for patients of all ages. A hierarchy of evidence is used ranging from Cochrane Reviews at the top, observational studies in the middle, and opinion at the bottom. Whilst the evidence to support preventive advice and procedures in children and adolescents is relatively strong, few studies have been conducted in adults and the elderly.