bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing land acquisitions for watershed services in the tropical Colombian Andes produces marginal progress for advancing area‐based conservation objectives
Authors: Reboredo Segovia Ana L. , Matallana Clara , Amaya Torres Daniela , Meza Chavez Daniella , Gómez Candamil Juan Felipe , López Gamboa Verónica , Nolte Christoph
Published: December 2022

The biodiversity crisis necessitates a global implementation of effective, equitable, and feasible conservation strategies. Public land acquisitions (PLAs) for watershed protection can produce co‐benefits for basic human needs and biodiversity, but there are concerns that acquiring land is not scalable or may not protect threatened biodiversity. PLA programs are rare, allowing for limited opportunities to assess these concerns. We investigate a unique policy that has legally mandated PLAs in the Colombian Andes, a tropical biodiversity hotspot, since 1993. Using a novel dataset of >7000 PLAs, along with surveys and in‐person interviews, we study the scale, spatial allocation, and constraints on PLA implementation, and examine its potential conservation benefits. More than 300,000 ha were acquired through PLAs, but economic and institutional factors such as land cost, government income, and land tenure informality were main drivers in the degree of PLA implementation. Acquisitions were thus directed mostly toward cheaper, less threatened ecosystems.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G2 opens novel paths for protein synthesis in development, apoptosis and cell differentiation
Authors: Liu Yudi , Cui Jiuwei , Hoffman Andrew R. , Hu Ji‐Fan
Published: December 2022

Protein translation is a critical regulatory event involved in nearly all physiological and pathological processes. Eukaryotic translation initiation factors are dedicated to translation initiation, the most highly regulated stage of protein synthesis. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G2 (eIF4G2, also called p97, NAT1 and DAP5), an eIF4G family member that lacks the binding sites for 5′ cap binding protein eIF4E, is widely considered to be a key factor for internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs)‐mediated cap‐independent translation. However, recent findings demonstrate that eIF4G2 also supports many other translation initiation pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of eIF4G2 in a variety of cap‐independent and ‐dependent translation initiation events. Additionally, we also update recent findings regarding the role of eIF4G2 in apoptosis, cell survival, cell differentiation and embryonic development. These studies reveal an emerging new picture of how eIF4G2 utilizes diverse translational mechanisms to regulate gene expression.
Utilization and outcomes of rescue hepatectomy among U.S. liver retransplant candidates
Authors: Kathawate Ranganath G. , Ibeabuchi Tobenna , Abt Peter L. , Bittermann Therese
Published: December 2022

Introduction

The frequency and outcomes of anhepatic patients listed for transplantation in the United States have not been studied. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) records anhepatic status for patients listed as Status 1A for hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) or primary non‐function (PNF).

Methods

Using the UNOS database from 2005 to 2020, demographics and waitlist outcomes of anhepatic candidates relisted as Status 1A for HAT or PNF were assessed.

Results

Among 1364 adult Status 1A patients relisted for PNF or HAT across 120 distinct transplant centres, 75 (5.5%) patients were anhepatic and 1289 (94.5%) were non‐anhepatic. A substantial number of centres (n = 51) had experience with ≥1 anhepatic patient relisted for either PNF or HAT, with individual centre rates ranging from 0% to 11.4%. Waitlist mortality was more than twice as high for anhepatic patients: 42.5% versus 17.0% non‐anhepatic patients (p < .001). The post‐transplant outcomes of anhepatic patients were markedly inferior to non‐anhepatic patients. For example, 41.9% of anhepatic patients died during the index admission versus 23.4% of the non‐anhepatic group (p = .006). Patient survival for the anhepatic and non‐anhepatic groups was 48.3% versus 66.2% at 1‐year and 29.3% versus 46.2% at 5‐years, respectively (log‐rank test for overall survival p = .014).

Conclusions

Rescue hepatectomy after initial liver transplantation is not only associated with high waitlist mortality, but also markedly worse post‐transplant outcomes. With less than half of anhepatic patients surviving to the first year post‐LT, further research is warranted to better delineate which patients should be considered for rescue hepatectomy.
Reconstructing Pragmatism in the New Climate Regime: Education After the Intrusion of Gaia
Authors: Oliverio Stefano
Published: December 2022

In this essay, Stefano Oliverio engages with the question of how to think about education in times of climate change and the “intrusion of Gaia” by establishing a dialogue between Bruno Latour's political ecology and John Dewey's appeal to the need to bring a genuine Copernican revolution to fruition. Oliverio argues that the panoply of conceptual tools Dewey fashioned by recognizing the influence of Darwin on philosophy not only maintains its topicality but can be fruitfully deployed to make sense of our contemporary condition and to frame an earthbound education. On the other hand, the encounter with the views of contemporary thinkers reflecting on the New Climate Regime and the endeavors it invokes may help us to recontextualize the Deweyan heritage in order to “face Gaia.” In this horizon, the idea of the school as a site of collective inquiry is acclimatized to the new existential situation, and its significance in promoting an art of the learning of attention to contrast the contemporary negligence and risk of barbarism is vindicated.
The Will to Believe in this World: Pragmatism and the Arts of Living on a Precarious Earth
Authors: Savransky Martin
Published: December 2022

The patterns of ecological devastation that mark the present unexpectedly enable an ancient and many‐storied question to resurface with renewed force: the question of the arts of living — that is, of learning how to live and die well with others on a precarious Earth. Modernity has all but forgotten this question, which has long been buried under the dreams of progress and infinite growth, colonial projects, and the enthroning of technoscience. But what might it mean to reclaim the question of the arts of living today? In this article Martin Savransky reclaims the connection between pragmatism, education, and the arts of living by proposing both that (1) William James's pragmatist philosophy can be read as an ongoing and unfinished experiment in weaving a certain art of living, and (2) James's pragmatism might provide us with uniquely generative elements to begin to experiment with the profoundly educational and ecological challenge of learning to inhabit the Earth otherwise.
When corruption investigations come to nothing: A natural experiment on trust in courts
Authors: Magalhães Pedro C.
Published: December 2022

Corruption scandals and their investigation have been shown to undermine support not only for the allegedly involved public officials but also for political actors and institutions more generally. However, we know little about what happens when those investigations end up failing to result in punishments. Is citizens' trust in the legal authorities in charge of prosecuting and punishing corruption also undermined? Do those effects spill over to political actors, institutions, and even the political regime? We address these questions by taking advantage of an April 2021 judicial decision to drop corruption charges against former Portuguese Prime Minister José Sócrates during the fieldwork of a public opinion survey. We show that the decision had a substantial negative impact on public trust in the courts. Furthermore, although political trust was not immediately affected, its overall levels also became lower in comparison to periods before the judicial decision, suggesting a spillover effect.
Using empirical data analysis and expert opinion to identify farmland‐associated bird species from their habitat associations
Authors: Lin Da‐Li , Maron Martine , Amano Tatsuya , Chang An‐Yu , Fuller Richard A.
Published: December 2022

Agricultural expansion is a pervasive threat to biodiversity, and intensification of farming activities can reduce the diversity and abundance of farmland‐associated species. Tracking these changes to monitor and manage the biodiversity impacts of farming requires identification of farmland‐associated species – a well‐established category in Europe and North America, but little‐documented elsewhere. Here we develop an integrated approach using empirical data analysis and expert opinion to delineate farmland‐associated bird species in Taiwan. We investigated the relationship between land use variables and the abundance of 129 bird species from the Taiwan Breeding Bird Survey. We also administered a questionnaire to 24 expert birdwatchers as an alternative method for estimating the habitat associations of the 129 bird species. The classifications of 104 species into habitat association classes using the two methods were well aligned, with 75 species (72.1%) classified consistently. Only two species (1.9%) were discordantly classified. We could not confidently assign 25 species to any category through empirical data analysis, but expert opinion allowed a qualitative identification of their habitat associations. The two different approaches enabled us to identify farmland‐associated species in a consistent way, increasing confidence that where empirical data were insufficient, expert opinion might suffice. Identifying Taiwan's farmland‐associated species using expert opinion, validated by the empirical analysis, paves the way for exploring the status of the group, how agricultural intensification affects it, and the effectiveness of conservation interventions in rapidly changing agricultural landscapes.
The role of topical therapies along the psoriasis patient journey: An overview from the Symposium ‘Tailoring topical psoriasis treatments to patients' needs and expectations’ of the 30thEADV Congress 2021
Authors: Pinter Andreas , van de Kerkhof Peter
Published: December 2022

This article summarizes a presentation titled ‘The role of topical therapies along the psoriasis patient journey’ held at the Satellite Symposium of the 30th European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Congress. During this session, the role of topical treatments in the management of psoriasis was presented, with a particular focus on the current unmet needs and data gaps. Psoriasis plays a significant role in a patient's daily life, impacting them not only physically but also psychologically and socially. The disease burden increases with duration and severity. Topical therapies are the keystone of the management of psoriasis. About 70%–80% of patients present a mild‐to‐moderate form of psoriasis that can be successfully treated with topical agents. According to a German recommendation, patients with mild psoriasis should initiate a topical therapy in combination with skin care products. In the real‐life setting, the calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate (CAL/BDP) fixed combination was the most prescribed topical treatment for beyond‐mild patients in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Healthcare professionals also often or very often prescribed topicals as an alternative to non‐biologic systemics in certain situations, such as patient preference (51%), contraindication (50%) and to limit side effects (26%). Adjunctive topical therapy to patients using systemic therapy is used to optimize treatment outcomes and improving the quality of life for patients. Topical treatments can be also effective in severe forms of psoriasis. However, there are still some gaps and unmet needs on topical therapy. Ineffectiveness, patient dissatisfaction and adherence are the largest barriers to treatment success. Main strengths of topical treatments include the availability of various topical ingredients and galenics, the adaptability to different anatomical areas and the possible combination with phototherapy and systemics. Moreover, patients in specific situations can benefit from switching to topical treatments (e.g. pregnancy or surgery).
Identifying the cooling heterogeneity and quality decay of Indian mangoes during cold chain export by multiphysics modeling
Authors: Pattanaik Swati , Jenamani Mamata
Published: December 2022

Prediction and analysis of temperature‐based quality evolution of those perishables subjected to extreme temperatures in a shipment can guide the stakeholders and decision‐makers regarding the final quality of shipment and export mode. This study aims to forecast the temperature heterogeneity among the perishables packed in a standard ventilated carton for sea‐borne cold chain and airways export, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The biochemical processes affecting the fruit quality are also evaluated, and the overall quality is predicted with the help of the Kinetic rate law model. The case of an Indian mango export to United States is considered for the present study, and a preferable export mode is suggested. The model is experimentally validated with a discrepancy of 1.516 K (RMSE) and 9.504% (MAPE), respectively. The findings indicate more heterogeneous temperature distribution in the case of seaways export (nearly 3 K) compared to airways (1.5 K). The temperature‐dependent quality attributes, following different kinetics, decays by 46% and 89.6% on the 10th day of seaways export. This observation indicates that the mangoes will be spoiled in transit as seaways export to United States takes around 28 days. From these observations, under the given transit conditions, it is recommended to export mangoes via airways to the United States from India, which takes about 3 days.

Practical Applications

Monitoring the temperature of perishables is an indispensable part of cold chain export for maintaining their quality and extending their shelf life. This study proposes a virtual or simulation‐based approach to analyze the cooling behavior of individual mangoes and hence predict the evolution of its various quality attributes, passing through different stages of the cold chain. The technique used is quite promising in predicting the export potential and export mode of the produce before the actual export process takes place, thus preventing excessive in‐transit loss. The method mentioned above is applied in an illustrative case study of Indian mango export to the United States. Its application can be further extended to the export of other perishables to various importing countries.
A three‐dimensional printed assembled sleeveless guide system for fiber‐post removal
Authors: Xue Yang , Zhang Lei , Cao Ye , Zhou Yongsheng , Xie Qiufei , Xu Xiaoxiang
Published: December 2022

This report describes a technique to develop a three‐dimensional printed assembled sleeveless guide system to aid the fiber‐post removal in a safe and efficient way. The surface and volume data of the dentition containing the targeted tooth were acquired with optical scanners and cone‐beam computed tomography. The virtual path of the fiber‐post removal was determined and integrated with a guide prototype with a cylindrical passage. The prototype data was split into two separate parts, combined with the matched pin and jack structures to facilitate the assembly. A guide tube was generated based on the axis of the cylindrical passage, split into three units, and combined with the previously processed data with connectors to form the finalized guide system. The adaptor for the head of handpiece was designed to facilitate the guidance. All the finalized data were printed with titanium alloy. The fiber‐post of the upper right central incisor was successfully removed with the aid of this assembled sleeveless guide system that guides the handpiece rather than the rotary instrument.
A grid‐based classification and box‐based detection fusion model for asphalt pavement crack
Authors: Li Bao‐Luo , Qi Yu , Fan Jian‐Sheng , Liu Yu‐Fei , Liu Cheng
Published: December 2022

Crack identification is essential for the preventive maintenance of asphalt pavement. Through periodic inspection, the characteristics of existing and emerging cracks can be obtained, and the pavement condition index can be calculated to assess pavement health. The most common method to estimate the area of cracks in an image is to count the number of grid cells or boxes that cover the cracks in an image. Accurate and efficient crack identification is the premise of crack assessment. However, the current patch‐based classification method is limited by the receptive field and cannot be used to directly classify cracks. Furthermore, the postprocessing algorithm in anchor‐based detection is not explicitly optimized for crack topology. In this paper, a new model, which is the fusion of grid‐based classification and box‐based detection based on You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLO v5) is developed and described for the first time. The accuracy and efficiency of the model are high partly due to the implementation of a shared backbone network, multi‐task learning, and joint training. The non‐maximum suppression (NMS)–area‐reduction suppression (ARS) algorithm is presented to filter redundant, overlapping prediction boxes in the postprocessing stage for the crack topology, and the mapping and matching algorithm is proposed to combine the advantages of both the grid‐based and box‐based models. A double‐labeled dataset containing tens of thousands of asphalt pavement images is assembled, and the proposed method is verified on the test set. The fusion model has superior performance over the individual classification and detection models, and the proposed NMS‐ARS algorithm further improves the detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented method effectively realizes automatic crack identification for asphalt pavement.
Should credence be sensitive to practical factors? A cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Gao Jie
Published: December 2022

According to evidentialist views, credence in a proposition p should be proportional to the degree of evidential support that one has in favor of p. However, empirical evidence suggests that our credences are systematically sensitive to practical factors. In this article, I provide a cost–benefit analysis of credences' practical sensitivity. The upshot of this analysis is that credences sensitive to practical factors fare better than practically insensitive ones along several dimensions. All things considered, our credences should be sensitive to practical factors.
CaMYB12‐likeunderlies a majorQTLfor flavonoid content in pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit
Authors: Wu Yi , Popovsky‐Sarid Sigal , Tikunov Yury , Borovsky Yelena , Baruch Kobi , Visser Richard G. F. , Paran Ilan , Bovy Arnaud
Published: December 2022

The regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis is only partially explored in pepper (Capsicum annuumL.). The genetic basis underlying flavonoid variation in pepper fruit was studied.

Variation of flavonoids in fruit of a segregating F2 population was studied using LC–MS followed by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Near‐isogenic lines (NILs), BC1S1populations, virus‐induced gene silenced (VIGS) and transgenic overexpression were used to confirm the QTL and the underlying candidate gene.

A major QTL for flavonoid content was found in chromosome 5, and aCaMYB12‐liketranscription factor gene was identified as candidate gene. Near‐isogenic lines (NILs) contrasting forCaMYB12‐likeconfirmed its association with the flavonoid content variation. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) ofCaMYB12‐likeled to a significant decrease in the expression of several flavonoid pathway genes and a drastic decrease in flavonoid levels in silenced fruits. Expression ofCaMYB12‐likein the tomatoslmyb12mutant led to enhanced levels of several flavonoids in the fruit skin. Introgression of theCaMYB12‐likeallele into two cultivated varieties also increased flavonoid content in their fruits.

A combination of metabolomic, genetic and gene functional analyses led to discovery ofCaMYB12‐likeas a major regulator of flavonoid variation in pepper fruit and demonstrated its potential to breed for high‐flavonoid content in cultivated pepper.
Measuring individual‐level trait diversity: a critical assessment of methods
Authors: Olusoji Oluwafemi D. , Barabás György , Spaak Jurg W. , Fontana Simone , Neyens Thomas , De Laender Frederik , Aerts Marc
Published: December 2022

Individual‐level trait diversity has been identified as an essential component of trait diversity (TD), influencing community assembly and structure. Traditionally, one employs trait diversity indices to measure facets of individual‐level trait diversity (divergence, richness and evenness). However, the application of species‐level trait diversity indices to individual‐level traits data and their implications have not been adequately studied. Thus, we examined the possible challenges of using four commonly used multi‐trait TD indices: Rao's quadratic entropy (Rao), functional dispersion (FDis), functional evenness (FEve) and functional richness (FRic); two indices primarily developed to measure individual‐level trait diversity: trait evenness distribution (TED‐for evenness) and trait onion peeling (TOP‐for richnness); and a modified version of TED (TEDM‐for evenness). Additionally, we considered an index that integrates both evenness and richness by generalizing ordinary Hill indices for traits (coined HIT). We measured individual‐level trait diversity with these indices using simulated traits data and experimental data from a growth experiment with cyanobacteria. Comparing the observed trends from the indices with the expected trends, we observed that only the trait divergence indices (FDis and Rao) produced the expected trends in the simulation scenarios and experimental data. TED and TEDM are not robust against the number of individuals used, and FEve is not sensitive to some changes in the location of individuals in the trait space. Also, TOP proved to be a discontinuous function dependent on the number of individuals, and FRic did not produce the anticipated trend when changes in the trait space did not affect the edges of the trait space. HIT did produce the anticipated changes, but it was only reliable when many individuals were sampled. In summary, applying these individual‐level trait diversity indices to quantify anything except trait divergence may lead to misinterpretation of the original situation of trait distribution in the trait space if their specific properties are not adequately considered.
A holy peace: Religious values, collective identity, and the future of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict
Authors: Schumacher Michael J.
Published: December 2022

This article envisions a new conceptual framework for collective identity among Palestinians and Israelis that can be modeled after congruent religious values. By identifying discreet values through the content analysis of religious scripture, this article argues that a new collective identity can be made, and a collective movement for peace initiated, by reframing and amplifying key religious values that are shared widely in Palestine/Israel. The analysis reveals that the religious centrality of Abraham to Palestinians and Israelis can act as a starting point for situating a transcendent connection between ideologically conflicted group identities. Furthermore, the cultural heritages of alms giving, forgiveness, and repentance can help overcome secular and religious barriers by acting as a key conceptual tool for interfaith dialog and negotiation. And finally, the inviolability of Jerusalem to both groups can be reframed to emphasize sacred space as a constructive mechanism for political and social equality rather than division. The article concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of this framework for grassroots peacemaking as well as the future viability of national partition plans.
Long‐term exposure to low levels of ambient UVB are associated with a decreased risk of moderate‐to‐severe acne: A retrospective cohort study in college students
Authors: Chen Peng , Li Shenxin , Xiao Yi , Zou Bin , Li Ji , Chen Xiang , Tang Yan , Shen Minxue
Published: December 2022

Background

As a crucial component of solar radiation, the association between exposure to ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation and acne remains unclear.

Methods

This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of incoming college students in five universities of China. Previous exposure (6 years prior to enrollment) to different wavelengths of ambient UVs were obtained from public repositories by linking to individual hometown addresses. Logistic models were applied to assess the relationship between ambient UV exposure and acne. Subgroup analysis was conducted by sun protection behaviors and time of daily sun exposure. Overall effect and single effect of exposure to four different wavelengths of UVs (305, 310, 324, and 380 nm) were estimated by Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR).

Results

A total of 19,939 participants was included for analysis. Analysis in all participants showed a significant association between log‐transformation levels of exposure to UV at 305 nm (log (UV 305 nm)) and acne (OR = 0.77, p = .021). The effect size was stronger in participants reporting no sun protection habit. Both UVs at 305 nm (OR = 0.51, p = .001) and 310 nm (OR = 0.50, p = .012) were associated a decreased risk of acne in participants reporting no sun protection habit. This inverse association was also observed in those exposed to low levels of UV (<1 h/day). The BKMR indicated consistent results that low levels of exposure to UVs combination and UVs at 305 and 310 nm were associated with a lower risk of acne.

Conclusion

Long‐term exposure to relatively low levels of ambient UVB are associated with a decreased risk of moderate‐to‐severe acne in college students.
Identification of the novel HLA‐C*05:269 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Ananeva Anastasiia , Vetchinkina Ekaterina , Guselnikova Anastasia , Solodovnikova Ekaterina , Shagimardanova Elena
Published: December 2022

The novel HLA‐C*05:269 allele was characterized using next‐generation sequencing technology.
The Trend of Air Transportation
Authors: Allen Edmund T.
Published: December 2022

The year 1925 marked the beginning of air transportation as an industry. Since then it has advanced through successive stages of growth and development until today as the author believes air transport is in the state of transition between the pioneering period and that of mature growth. Airway mileage by scheduled air transports in the United States has increased from a total of 2,000,000 miles flown in 1926 to 90,000,000 in 1939. Air passenger-miles in 1938 aggregated 600,000,000. In this paper the author reviews the technical developments in aircraft and improvements in airway operation which have made possible this phenomenal growth. Every phase of this development which has played a part in the successful and safe operation of the airway systems of the present day is treated comprehensively in order that an understanding may be gained of the future possibilities of air transport and the lines along which it will advance.
An Improved Technique for Centrifugal-Pump-Efficiency Measurements
Authors: Angus Robert W.
Published: December 2022

A duplicate water-supply system has been recently constructed by the City of Toronto, Canada and, in connection therewith, an extensive pumping station was built at Victoria Park. This station contains eleven centrifugal pumps, driven by induction and synchronous motors, the capacities of the pumps ranging from 6,000,000 gal per day to 60,000,000 gal per day, and the heads ranging from 54 ft to 270 ft. All of the pumps are guaranteed for very high over-all efficiencies, some of them to over 86 per cent, and the penalties for failure to meet the guarantees are very high. The tests on them, therefore, had to be made with unusual accuracy. The paper describes the methods adopted and the photographic recording of the observations, together with results of some of the tests.
Notes on the Measurement of Cylinder Power of High-Speed Steam Passenger Locomotives—Apparatus and Methods
Authors: Botteron L. K.
Published: December 2022

The common practice of determining the indicated horsepower of steam locomotives by the use of mechanical indicators driven by a reducing motion attached to the crosshead has limitations for high-speed locomotives. A survey of engineering literature shows that mechanical, optical, and electrical indicators have been developed and are in use primarily for high-speed internal-combustion-engine testing, but it is doubtful if any of these types would be adaptable to locomotive road testing with the exception of the electrical. Due to the limitations of mechanical indicators, the research and mechanical-standards department of the Union Pacific Railroad Company for the last 2 years has used the heat-drop method for the measurement of indicated horsepower.
Train Acceleration and Braking
Authors: Jones R. Clark
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a direct analytical method for determining the equations of the motion of a steam train, either when it is being accelerated or when it is being braked. The following important relations are found: The relation between (a) speed and acceleration or deceleration; (b) speed and time; and (c) distance traveled and speed or time. The results obtained are compared with actual performance records. The author feels that, in some cases, an analytical method of the type presented in the paper compares favorably with numerical or graphical integration.
Penstocks for the Grand Coulee Dam
Authors: Bier P. J.
Published: December 2022

The ultimate power development for the Grand Coulee Dam includes eighteen main units of 150,000 hp each and three station-service units of 14,000 hp. Individual penstocks of 18 ft diam were provided for the main units and of 6 ft diam for the station-service units. The penstocks are of welded-plate steel construction, fabricated and X-rayed in accordance with the API-ASME Code. The 18-ft penstocks were fabricated in a plant erected near the dam, and the 6-ft penstocks were produced in the subcontractor’s shop. All penstocks were installed in octagonal tunnels provided for that purpose through the dam, and were embedded in reinforced concrete after installation.
Economic Draft-Tube Proportions
Authors: Dawson A. R.
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a new method whereby the most efficient and also the most economical proportions of a draft tube for a water-turbine installation may be found. A study is made of the excavation and concrete costs, as the ratios of draft-tube width to runner diameter and draft-tube depth to runner diameter increase. These costs are compared to the actual capitalized value of the horsepower saved due to the increased efficiency, as either ratio is increased. The comparison is made by means of computed curves and includes the ordinary range of power costs, as well as a range of load factors from 50 to 100 per cent, at which the unit might be expected to operate. The paper develops a method to overcome the seemingly prevalent practice of many turbine manufacturers of installing a certain definite size and shape of draft tube with a certain size runner without regard to the various factors which should enter into the selection.
Some Performance Characteristics of Deep-Well Turbine Pumps
Authors: Folsom R. G.
Published: December 2022

Test data are presented on a comparable basis to indicate the relative performance of a series of deep-well turbine and propeller pumps. The range of performance characteristics obtainable with typical semiopen and closed impellers is shown and the losses introduced by axial adjustment of impeller-bowl positions are briefly discussed.
Centrifugal-Pump Performance as Affected by Design Features
Authors: Knapp R. T.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents some of the results of a study of Grand Coulee pumping-plant characteristics. The research program was conducted for the Bureau of Reclamation by the California Institute of Technology in its hydraulic machinery laboratory (1) and has been in progress since January, 1938. While the principal object was to determine the operating features for pumping units to be installed at the Grand Coulee project, the results obtained are somewhat more generally applicable than might be expected. It is believed by the author that investigations of a somewhat similar nature offer the most reliable means for securing the characteristics desired in hydraulic units, both pump and turbine, for practically any given set of conditions.
Effect of Temperature on Coiled Steel Springs Under Various Loadings
Authors: Zimmerli F. P.
Published: December 2022

This paper consists of a presentation of the results of tests conducted in the laboratories of the author’s company on the effect of various stress-temperature combinations on steel springs. These results are in the form of charts which, because of the immense number of tests involved, are believed to be accurate. For the carbon steels tested, it is shown that there is a temperature-stress equilibrium point about 400 F. Below this point there is a definite temperature-stress equilibrium. Above this point it is simply a time-temperature curve since, eventually, the springs will fail. The paper draws particular attention to the value of various strain-relief heatings after coiling.

Tests on springs hardened and tempered after coiling, as compared with those made of pretempered wire, give no evidence that the former method is to be preferred. This is contrary to the general understanding in the industry.

The paper shows that for each type of material there is an optimum Rockwell hardness for best heat resistance. Both S.A.E. 6150 and 9260 steels have greater resistance to load losses due to heating than carbon steels. They in turn are exceeded by 18-8 stainless and high-speed steels. A difference in time between 10 days and 3 days to reach true temperature-stress equilibrium exists between the various steels.
Turbine Discharge Metering at the Safe Harbor Hydroelectric Development
Authors: Mousson J. M.
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses the suitability, calibration, and reliability of certain piezometer systems installed in low-head units of high capacity. An account is also given of a research to determine and develop a suitable type of flowmeter to be operated by the differential pressure from these piezometer systems for continuous integration, indication, and graphic recording of unit and plant discharges. The type of equipment installed is presented in detail, as well as its adaptation as an automatic guide to operation, resulting in appreciable benefits through higher operating efficiencies.
Production of Seamless Tubes by Combined Effects of Cross-Rolling and Guide Disks
Authors: Trinks W.
Published: December 2022

From the various methods of producing seamless tubes the author has selected the Diescher elongator mill as the basis for discussion in this paper. For a better understanding of this method of tube production, the most recent Diescher mill installation at Allenport, Pa., is described in some detail. Following this the theory of cross-rolling and guide disks in the process of tube manufacture is explained.
Train Acceleration With Steam Locomotives
Authors: Jones L. B.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a study of the relation between the cylinder tractive force of high-speed steam locomotives and the energy required to accelerate trains of differing weights at various rates. Mathematical formulas for computing time and distance required for acceleration are presented in an Appendix. Consideration is given to some of the more important factors which limit cylinder tractive power.
Remarks on the Analogy Between Heat Transfer and Momentum Transfer
Authors: Boelter L. M. K. , Martinelli R. C. , Jonassen Finn
Published: December 2022

This paper presents an extension of Von Kármán’s analysis of heat transfer to fluids in closed conduits, based on the analogy between heat transfer and momentum transfer. For a particular ideal system, an expression for the temperature distribution in a fluid in turbulent motion being heated or cooled inside of a circular pipe is derived and a relation is obtained between Nusselt’s modulus and the pipe-friction factor for “isothermal” heat transfer. This equation is extended to apply in cases in which the physical properties of the fluid vary across the section of the pipe. The apparent variation of the dimensionless distance parameter y+ with ratio of wall viscosity to laminar sublayer viscosity and Reynolds’ number is obtained. A comparison between the equation developed in the paper and the Nusselt empirical equation, including the constants evaluated by Dittus and Boelter, is made.
Power Losses in High-Speed Journal Bearings
Authors: Linn F. C. , Irons D. E.
Published: December 2022

The effect and interrelationship of the various factors which influence bearing losses have been the subject of many experiments and a vast amount of theoretical work since the basic physical principles of lubrication were outlined by Osborne Reynolds. In the half century following Reynolds’ work, the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication has undergone considerable development. Like all theory, it needs to be examined and re-examined in the light of experimental data. In this paper, several novel contributions in the form of experiment and theory are presented. The paper deals with the results of tests made to determine the power losses of bearings of the type used on turbines manufactured by the company with which the authors are associated.
An Analysis of the Milling Process
Authors: Martellotti M. E.
Published: December 2022

This analysis of the milling process shows that the path of a milling-cutter tooth is an arc of a trochoid, the parametric equation for which can be derived from known variables of the cut. As a result, the milling process is susceptible to mathematical treatment. Practically, the advantage of such analytical methods is that such elements as the radius of curvature of the tooth path, the clearance and rake angles of the length of the tooth path, the radial thickness of the chip, and their effects upon the quality of milled surface may be evaluated. The paper demonstrates the advantages of the up-milling process in achieving machined surfaces of high quality. This form of analysis will also be found useful in comparing different milling methods.
Adsorption Process for Removal of Soluble Silica From Water
Authors: Betz L. D. , Noll C. A. , Maguire J. J.
Published: December 2022

Magnesium oxide has been shown to be particularly valuable in the removal of soluble silica from water. This paper deals with an adsorption process for silica removal which has been recently developed. This process is particularly well adapted for use in conjunction with hot-process lime-soda softening, causing no increase in the quantities of either lime or soda ash. Removal of silica from solution is effected, not by a chemical reaction but by adsorption from solution. Adsorption data correspond to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. An outstanding advantage of this process is the fact that the solids content of the treated water is decreased, rather than increased. No increase in the total solids content of the treated water results as would be the case with the use of reagents such as ferric sulphate and magnesium sulphate. In common with other adsorption processes, the last traces of silica are the most difficult to remove. To illustrate what can be accomplished in this respect data are presented from an actual full-scale plant test in which a silica content of 6.3 ppm in the raw water was reduced to an average of 0.6 ppm in the treated water. Experience has also been gained in the treatment of a natural water in which the silica content was reduced from 56 ppm to 1 ppm in the treated water.
Progress Report on Tubular Creep Tests
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: December 2022

This paper is a progress report describing the results which have been obtained on the creep of tubular specimens. The first part of this work was described in a previous paper. In this investigation similar apparatus and similar specimens are employed, but an attempt is made to correlate the stress between the tensile specimens and the tubular specimens more accurately. Also, tubes with thinner walls have been used. The results obtained to date indicate that the longitudinal creep of the tubes is substantially zero, and that the circumferential creep is approximately the same as the creep in the tensile specimen with a stress equivalent to the circumferential stress in the tube. In a companion paper, Professor Soderberg derives the relations in two-dimensional creep, and applies them to the experimental values.
Concerning classical forces, energies, and potentials for accelerated point charges
Authors: Boyer Timothy H.
Published: December 2022

Although expressions for energy densities involving electric and magnetic fields are exactly analogous, their connections to forces and electromagnetic potentials are vastly different. For electrostatic situations, changes in the electric energy can be related directly to electric forces and to the electrostatic potential. In contrast, discussions of magnetic forces and energy changes involve two fundamentally different situations. For charged particles moving with constant velocities, the changes in both electric and magnetic field energies are provided by the external forces that keep the particles' velocities constant; there are no Faraday acceleration electric fields in this situation. However, for particles that change speed, the changes in magnetic energy density are related to acceleration-dependent Faraday electric fields. Current undergraduate and graduate textbooks deal only with highly symmetric situations, where the Faraday electric fields are easily calculated from the time-changing magnetic flux. However, in situations that lack high symmetry, such as the magnetic Aharonov–Bohm situation, the back (Faraday) acceleration electric fields of point charges may seem unfamiliar. In this article, we present a simple unsymmetric example and analyze it using the Darwin Lagrangian. In all cases involving changing velocities of the current carriers, it is the work done by the back (Faraday) acceleration electric fields that balances the magnetic energy changes.
Ionocaloric refrigeration cycle
Authors: Lilley Drew , Prasher Ravi
Published: December 2022

Developing high-efficiency cooling with safe, low–global warming potential refrigerants is a grand challenge for tackling climate change. Caloric effect–based cooling technologies, such as magneto- or electrocaloric refrigeration, are promising but often require large applied fields for a relatively low coefficient of performance and adiabatic temperature change. We propose using the ionocaloric effect and the accompanying thermodynamic cycle as a caloric-based, all–condensed-phase cooling technology. Theoretical and experimental results show higher adiabatic temperature change and entropy change per unit mass and volume compared with other caloric effects under low applied field strengths. We demonstrated the viability of a practical system using an ionocaloric Stirling refrigeration cycle. Our experimental results show a coefficient of performance of 30% relative to Carnot and a temperature lift as high as 25°C using a voltage strength of ~0.22 volts.
The Pāhala swarm of earthquakes in Hawai‘i
Authors: Flinders Ashton F.
Published: December 2022

A magma network may feed into different volcanoes, including Mauna Loa and Kīlauea
Cool it, with a pinch of salt
Authors: Defay Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

Melting a solvent with a salt and then desalinating it enables a reversible cooling cycle
AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award winners named
Authors: Lane Earl
Published: December 2022

2022 awards recognized reporting on citizen science, climate change, and more
Research gets a boost in final 2023 spending agreement
Authors:   Science News Staff
Published: December 2022

Budgets of many civilian science agencies will grow, but not always by as much as White House had requested
Subcellular Niche Segregation of Co-Obligate Symbionts in Whiteflies
Authors: Fujiwara Akiko , Meng Xian-Ying , Kamagata Yoichi , Tsuchida Tsutomu
Published: December 2022

Co-obligate endosymbionts in
B. tabaci
are exceptionally localized within the same bacteriocyte (a specialized cell for endosymbiosis), but the underlying mechanism for their coexistence remains largely unknown. This study provides evidence for niche segregation at the subcellular level between the two symbionts.
Quantifying the benefits of inefficient walking: Monty Python inspired laboratory based experimental study
Authors: Gaesser Glenn A , Poole David C , Angadi Siddhartha S
Published: December 2022

Objective

To compare the rate of energy expenditure of low efficiency walking with high efficiency walking.

Design

Laboratory based experimental study.

Setting

United States.

Participants

13 healthy adults (six women, seven men) with no known gait disorder, mean (±standard deviation) age 34.2±16.1 years, height 174.2±12.6 cm, weight 78.2±22.5 kg, and body mass index 25.6±6.0.

Intervention

Participants performed three, five minute walking trials around an indoor 30 m course. The first trial consisted of walking at a freely chosen walking speed in the participant’s usual style. The next two trials consisted of low efficiency walks in which participants were asked to duplicate the walks of Mr Teabag and Mr Putey (acted by John Cleese and Michael Palin, respectively) in the legendary Monty Python Ministry of Silly Walks (MoSW) skit that first aired in 1970. Distance covered during the five minute walks was used to calculate average speed. Ventilation and gas exchange were collected throughout to determine oxygen uptake (V̇O
2
; mL O
2
/kg/min) and energy expenditure (EE; kcal/kg/min; 1 kcal=4.18 kJ), reported as mean±standard deviation.

Main outcome measures

V̇O
2
and EE.

Results

V̇O
2
and EE were about 2.5 times higher (P<0.001) during the Teabag walk compared with participants’ usual walk (27.9±4.8
v
11.3±1.9 mL O
2
/kg/min; 0.14±0.03
v
0.06±0.01 kcal/kg/min), but were not different during the Putey walk (12.3±1.8 mL/kg/min; 0.06±0.01 kcal/kg/min). Each minute of Teabag walking increased EE over participants’ usual walking by an average of 8.0 kcal (range 5.5-12.0) in men and by 5.2 kcal (range 3.9-6.2) in women, and qualified as vigorous intensity physical activity (>6 resting metabolic equivalents).

Conclusions

For adults with no known gait disorder who average approximately 5000 steps/day, exchanging about 22%-34% of their daily steps with higher energy, low efficiency walking in Teabag style—requiring around 12-19 min—could increase daily EE by 100 kcal. Adults could achieve 75 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week by walking inefficiently for about 11 min/day. Had an initiative to promote inefficient movement been adopted in the early 1970s, we might now be living among a healthier society. Efforts to promote higher energy—and perhaps more joyful—walking should ensure inclusivity and inefficiency for all.