bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paul, Philemon, and Onesimus
Authors: Roth Ulrike
Published: February 2014

Abstract: Dieser Beitrag erklärt das Verhältnis zwischen Paulus und Onesimus im Brief an Philemon als das zwischen (reellem) Herrn und (seinem) Sklaven. Zentral für diese These ist eine duale Interpretation der κοινωνία, die den Brief prägt – sowohl was das theologische Denken des Paulus anbelangt, als auch bzgl. einer ganz konkreten Abmachung zwischen Paulus und Philemon, wie sie im Privatbereich häufig eingegangen wurde, die praktische Konsequenzen für das Besitzverhältnis über den Sklaven hatte. Die Erkenntnis, dass Paulus durch die Verbindung in κοινωνία mit Philemon zum Mitbesitzer des Sklaven wurde, erhellt darüber hinaus die Argumentationsweise des Apostels im Brief ganz allgemein. Der Brief ist daher Zeuge dafür, dass Paulus die
Sklaverei nicht nur im christlichen Gedankengut, sondern auch in der Realität der christlichen Mission aktiv nutzte.
Differential Entrainment and Learning-Related Dynamics of Spike and Local Field Potential Activity in the Sensorimotor and Associative Striatum
Authors: Thorn Catherine A. , Graybiel Ann M.
Published: February 2014

Parallel cortico-basal ganglia loops are thought to have distinct but interacting functions in motor learning and habit formation. In rats, the striatal projection neuron populations (MSNs) in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum, respectively corresponding to sensorimotor and associative regions of the striatum, exhibit contrasting dynamics as rats acquire T-maze tasks (Thorn et al., 2010). Here, we asked whether these patterns could be related to the activity of local interneuron populations in the striatum and to the local field potential activity recorded simultaneously in the corresponding regions. We found that dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatal fast-spiking interneurons exhibited task-specific and training-related dynamics consistent with those of corresponding MSN populations. Moreover, both MSNs and interneuron populations in both regions became entrained to theta-band (5–12 Hz) frequencies during task acquisition. However, the predominant entrainment frequencies were different for the sensorimotor and associative zones. Dorsolateral striatal neurons became entrained mid-task to oscillations centered ∼5 Hz, whereas simultaneously recorded neurons in the dorsomedial region became entrained to higher frequency (∼10 Hz) rhythms. These region-specific patterns of entrainment evolved dynamically with the development of region-specific patterns of interneuron and MSN activity, indicating that, with learning, these two striatal regions can develop different frequency-modulated circuit activities in parallel. We suggest that such differential entrainment of sensorimotor and associative neuronal populations, acquired through learning, could be critical for coordinating information flow throughout each trans-striatal network while simultaneously enabling nearby components of the separate networks to operate independently.
N-Acetyl-Serotonin Offers Neuroprotection through Inhibiting Mitochondrial Death Pathways and Autophagic Activation in Experimental Models of Ischemic Injury
Authors: Zhou Hua , Wang Jian , Jiang Jiying , Stavrovskaya Irina G. , Li Mingchang , Li Wei , Wu Qiaofeng , Zhang Xinmu , Luo Chengliang , Zhou Shuanhu , Sirianni Ana C. , Sarkar Sovan , Kristal Bruce S. , Friedlander Robert M. , Wang Xin
Published: February 2014

N-acetylserotonin (NAS) is an immediate precursor of melatonin, which we have reported is neuroprotective against ischemic injury. Here we test whether NAS is a potential neuroprotective agent in experimental models of ischemic injury. We demonstrate that NAS inhibits cell death induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation or H2O2in primary cerebrocortical neurons and primary hippocampal neuronsin vitro, and organotypic hippocampal slice culturesex vivoand reduces hypoxia/ischemia injury in the middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of cerebral ischemiain vivo. We find that NAS is neuroprotective by inhibiting the mitochondrial cell death pathway and the autophagic cell death pathway. The neuroprotective effects of NAS may result from the influence of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, mitochondrial fragmentation, and inhibition of the subsequent release of apoptogenic factors cytochromec, Smac, and apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-3, -9, as well as the suppression of the activation of autophagy under stress conditions by increasing LC3-II and Beclin-1 levels and decreasing p62 level. However, NAS, unlike melatonin, does not provide neuroprotection through the activation of melatonin receptor 1A. We demonstrate that NAS reaches the brain subsequent to intraperitoneal injection using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Given that it occurs naturally and has low toxicity, NAS, like melatonin, has potential as a novel therapy for ischemic injury.
Loss of PINK1 Attenuates HIF-1α Induction by Preventing 4E-BP1-Dependent Switch in Protein Translation under Hypoxia
Authors: Lin William , Wadlington Natasha L. , Chen Linan , Zhuang Xiaoxi , Brorson James R. , Kang Un Jung
Published: February 2014

Parkinson's disease (PD) has multiple proposed etiologies with implication of abnormalities in cellular homeostasis ranging from proteostasis to mitochondrial dynamics to energy metabolism. PINK1 mutations are associated with familial PD and here we discover a novel PINK1 mechanism in cellular stress response. Using hypoxia as a physiological trigger of oxidative stress and disruption in energy metabolism, we demonstrate that PINK1−/−mouse cells exhibited significantly reduced induction of HIF-1α protein, HIF-1α transcriptional activity, and hypoxia-responsive gene upregulation. Loss of PINK1 impairs both hypoxia-induced 4E-BP1 dephosphorylation and increase in the ratio of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-dependent to cap-dependent translation. These data suggest that PINK1 mediates adaptive responses by activating IRES-dependent translation, and the impairments in translation and the HIF-1α pathway may contribute to PINK1-associated PD pathogenesis that manifests under cellular stress.
Mirror Movement-Like Defects in Startle Behavior of ZebrafishdccMutants Are Caused by Aberrant Midline Guidance of Identified Descending Hindbrain Neurons
Authors: Jain Roshan A. , Bell Hannah , Lim Amy , Chien Chi-Bin , Granato Michael
Published: February 2014

Mirror movements are involuntary movements on one side of the body that occur simultaneously with intentional movements on the contralateral side. Humans with heterozygous mutations in the axon guidance receptorDCCdisplay such mirror movements, where unilateral stimulation results in inappropriate bilateral motor output. Currently, it is unclear whether mirror movements are caused by incomplete midline crossing and reduced commissural connectivity ofDCC-dependent descending pathways or by aberrant ectopic ipsilateral axonal projections of normally commissural neurons. Here, we show that in response to unilateral tactile stimuli, zebrafishdccmutant larvae perform involuntary turns on the inappropriate body side. We show that these mirror movement-like deficits are associated with axonal guidance defects of two identified groups of commissural reticulospinal hindbrain neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that indccmutants, axons of these identified neurons frequently fail to cross the midline and instead project ipsilaterally. Whereas laser ablation of these neurons in wild-type animals does not affect turning movements, their ablation indccmutants restores turning movements. Thus, our results demonstrate that indccmutants, turns on the inappropriate side of the body are caused by aberrant ipsilateral axonal projections, and suggest that aberrant ipsilateral connectivity of a very small number of descending axons is sufficient to induce incorrect movement patterns.
Decoupling Interval Timing and Climbing Neural Activity: A Dissociation between CNV and N1P2 Amplitudes
Authors: Kononowicz Tadeusz W. , van Rijn Hedderik
Published: February 2014

It is often argued that climbing neural activity, as for example reflected by the contingent negative variation (CNV) in the electroencephalogram, is the signature of the subjective experience of time. According to this view, the resolution of the CNV coincides with termination of subjective timing processes. Paradoxically, behavioral data indicate that participants keep track of timing even after the standard interval (SI) has passed. This study addresses whether timing continues after CNV resolution. In Experiment 1, human participants were asked to discriminate time intervals while evoked potentials (EPs) elicited by the sound terminating a comparison interval (CI) were measured. As the amplitude of N1P2 components increases as a function of the temporal distance from the SI, and the latency of the P2 component followed the hazard rate of the CIs, timing processes continue after CNV resolution. Based on a novel experimental paradigm, statistical model comparisons and trial-by-trial analyses, Experiment 2 supports this finding as subjective time is more accurately indexed by the amplitude of early EPs than by CNV amplitude. These results provide the first direct evidence that subjective timing of multisecond intervals does not depend on climbing neural activity as indexed by the CNV and that the subjective experience of time is better reflected by distinct features of post-CI evoked potentials.
Binocular Input Coincidence Mediates Critical Period Plasticity in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Chen Xiao-jing , Rasch Malte J. , Chen Guang , Ye Chang-quan , Wu Si , Zhang Xiao-hui
Published: February 2014

Classical studies on the development of ocular dominance (OD) organization in primary visual cortex (V1) have revealed a postnatal critical period (CP), during which visual inputs between the two eyes are most effective in shaping cortical circuits through synaptic competition. A brief closure of one eye during CP caused a pronounced shift of response preference of V1 neurons toward the open eye, a form of CP plasticity in the developing V1. However, it remains unclear what particular property of binocular inputs during CP is responsible for mediating this experience-dependent OD plasticity. Using whole-cell recording in mouse V1, we found that visually driven synaptic inputs from the two eyes to binocular cells in layers 2/3 and 4 became highly coincident during CP. Enhancing cortical GABAergic transmission activity by brain infusion with diazepam not only caused a precocious onset of the high coincidence of binocular inputs and OD plasticity in pre-CP mice, but rescued both of them in dark-reared mice, suggesting a tight link between coincident binocular inputs and CP plasticity. InThy1-ChR2mice, chronic disruption of this binocular input coincidence during CP by asynchronous optogenetic activation of retinal ganglion cells abolished the OD plasticity. Computational simulation using a feed-forward network model further suggests that the coincident inputs could mediate this CP plasticity through a homeostatic synaptic learning mechanism with synaptic competition. These results suggest that the high-level correlation of binocular inputs is a hallmark of the CP of developing V1 and serves as neural substrate for the induction of OD plasticity.
Peripheral Role of Cathepsin S in Th1 Cell-Dependent Transition of Nerve Injury-Induced Acute Pain to a Chronic Pain State
Authors: Zhang Xinwen , Wu Zhou , Hayashi Yoshinori , Okada Ryo , Nakanishi Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

There is increasing evidence that CD4+T-cell-dependent responses are associated with the maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, little is known about the precise mechanism(s) underlying the activation of CD4+T-cells. We herein show that inhibition of cathepsin S (CatS) activity, either through genetic deletion or via a pharmacological inhibitor, Z-Phe-Leu-COCHO (Z-FL), significantly attenuated the maintenance of tactile allodynia, splenic hypertrophy, increased number of splenic CD4+T-cells and the final cleavage step of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain following peripheral nerve injury. It was also noted that splenectomy significantly attenuated the peripheral nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia, whereas the adoptive transfer of splenic CD4+T-cells from neuropathic wild-type mice significantly increased the pain level of splenectomized wild-type or CatS−/−mice. Furthermore, CatS deficiency or Z-FL treatment also significantly inhibited the infiltration of CD4+T-cells that expressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the dorsal spinal cord. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, a molecule downstream of IFN-γ receptor activation, was activated exclusively in microglia 7 d after peripheral nerve injury. Moreover, CatS deficiency, Z-FL treatment, or splenectomy significantly attenuated the proliferation of microglia 14 d after peripheral nerve injury. These results show a peripheral pivotal role of CatS in the development of neuropathic pain through the antigen-specific activation of CD4+T-cells. After activation, CD4+T-cells infiltrate into the dorsal spinal cord and secrete IFN-γ to reactivate microglia, which contribute to the transition of acute pain to a chronic pain state.
Glial Wingless/Wnt Regulates Glutamate Receptor Clustering and Synaptic Physiology at theDrosophilaNeuromuscular Junction
Authors: Kerr Kimberly S. , Fuentes-Medel Yuly , Brewer Cassandra , Barria Romina , Ashley James , Abruzzi Katharine C. , Sheehan Amy , Tasdemir-Yilmaz Ozge E. , Freeman Marc R. , Budnik Vivian
Published: February 2014

Glial cells are emerging as important regulators of synapse formation, maturation, and plasticity through the release of secreted signaling molecules. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation along withDrosophilagenomic tiling arrays to define potential targets of the glial transcription factorReversed polarity(Repo). Unexpectedly, we identifiedwingless(wg), a secreted morphogen that regulates synaptic growth at theDrosophilalarval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as a potential Repo target gene. We demonstrate that Repo regulateswgexpressionin vivoand that local glial cells secrete Wg at the NMJ to regulate glutamate receptor clustering and synaptic function. This work identifies Wg as a novelin vivoglial-secreted factor that specifically modulates assembly of the postsynaptic signaling machinery at theDrosophilaNMJ.
Transgenerational Transmission of Hyperactivity in a Mouse Model of ADHD
Authors: Zhu Jinmin , Lee Kevin P. , Spencer Thomas J. , Biederman Joseph , Bhide Pradeep G.
Published: February 2014

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder affecting children and adults. Genetic and environmental factors are associated with the etiology of ADHD. Among the environmental factors, exposure of the developing brain to nicotine is considered a major risk factor. Recent evidence suggests that environmental influences on the brain and behavior may be transmitted from one generation to the next. We used a prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) mouse model of ADHD to test the hypothesis that PNE-induced hyperactivity, a proxy for human ADHD phenotype, is transmitted from one generation to the next. Our data reveal transgenerational transmission of PNE-induced hyperactivity in mice via the maternal but not the paternal line of descent. We suggest that transgenerational transmission is a plausible mechanism for propagation of environmentally induced ADHD phenotypes in the population.
Highly Informative Natural Scene Regions Increase Microsaccade Production during Visual Scanning
Authors: McCamy Michael B. , Otero-Millan Jorge , Di Stasi Leandro Luigi , Macknik Stephen L. , Martinez-Conde Susana
Published: February 2014

Classical image statistics, such as contrast, entropy, and the correlation between central and nearby pixel intensities, are thought to guide ocular fixation targeting. However, these statistics are not necessarily task relevant and therefore do not provide a complete picture of the relationship between informativeness and ocular targeting. Moreover, it is not known whether either informativeness or classical image statistics affect microsaccade production; thus, the role of microsaccades in information acquisition is also unknown. The objective quantification of the informativeness of a scene region is a major challenge, because it can vary with both image features and the task of the viewer. Thus, previous definitions of informativeness suffered from subjectivity and inconsistency across studies. Here we developed an objective measure of informativeness based on fixation consistency across human observers, which accounts for both bottom-up and top-down influences in ocular targeting. We then analyzed fixations in more versus less informative image regions in relation to classical statistics. Observers generated more microsaccades on more informative than less informative image regions, and such regions also exhibited low redundancy in their classical statistics. Increased microsaccade production was not explained by increased fixation duration, suggesting that the visual system specifically uses microsaccades to heighten information acquisition from informative regions.
Cortical and Thalamic Excitation Mediate the Multiphasic Responses of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons to Motivationally Salient Stimuli
Authors: Doig Natalie M. , Magill Peter J. , Apicella Paul , Bolam J. Paul , Sharott Andrew
Published: February 2014

Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate reward-related learning in basal ganglia circuits. Here, we addressed the potential contribution of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneuronsin vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cholinergic interneurons in anesthetized rats. Electron microscopic analyses of these labeled neurons demonstrated that an individual interneuron could form synapses with cortical and, more commonly, thalamic afferents. Single-pulse electrical stimulation of ipsilateral frontal cortex led to robust short-latency (<20 ms) interneuron spiking, indicating monosynaptic connectivity, but firing probability progressively decreased during high-frequency pulse trains. In contrast, single-pulse thalamic stimulation led to weak short-latency spiking, but firing probability increased during pulse trains. After initial excitation from cortex or thalamus, interneurons displayed a “pause” in firing, followed by a “rebound” increase in firing rate. Across all stimulation protocols, the number of spikes in the initial excitation correlated positively with pause duration and negatively with rebound magnitude. The magnitude of the initial excitation, therefore, partly determined the profile of later components of multiphasic responses. Upon examining the responses of tonically active neurons in behaving primates, we found that these correlations held true for unit responses to a reward-predicting stimulus, but not to the reward alone, delivered outside of any task. We conclude that excitatory inputs determine, at least in part, the multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons under specific behavioral conditions.
A Protein Synthesis-Dependent Mechanism Sustains Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptor Transmission in Nucleus Accumbens Synapses during Withdrawal from Cocaine Self-Administration
Authors: Scheyer Andrew F. , Wolf Marina E. , Tseng Kuei Y.
Published: February 2014

Extended-access cocaine self-administration results in withdrawal-dependent incubation of cocaine craving. Rats evaluated after ∼1 month of withdrawal from such regimens (“incubated rats”) exhibit changes in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that include accumulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) and a switch in group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated suppression of synaptic transmission from mGluR5-dependent to mGluR1-dependent. To determine the role of protein synthesis in mediating these adaptations, we conducted whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in NAc core MSNs of “incubated rats” in the presence of translational inhibitors (anisomycin, cycloheximide, rapamycin) or the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin-D. The contribution of CP-AMPARs to synaptic transmission was determined by the rectification index and the sensitivity to the CP-AMPAR antagonist 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine. We found that CP-AMPAR-mediated transmission in the NAc of “incubated rats” was reduced to levels comparable to those found in saline control rats when brain slices were treated with translational inhibitors, whereas actinomycin-D had no effect. We also investigated the effect of protein translation inhibitors on the switch of mGluR function in MSNs of “incubated rats” using the group I mGluR agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine in combination with either an mGluR1 (LY367385) or an mGluR5 (3-[(2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl]pyridine) antagonist. Data revealed that inhibition of protein translation eliminated the mGluR1-mediated inhibition and restored the mGluR5 responsiveness to a state functionally similar to that of saline control rats. Together, these results suggest that aberrant regulation of local protein synthesis contributes to the maintenance of adaptations accrued at NAc MSN synapses during incubation of cocaine craving.
Bracketing Beelzebub
Authors: Petersen Jesper
Published: February 2014

What Satanism is and is not occupies both scholars and informants. Through a discussion of three stages of academic reinterpretation, the boundary-work of the academic study of Satanism is uncovered. The first stage of de-demonization is dividing the cultural narratives of evil from self-ascribed Satanism. The second stage of sanitization is positing the organized and non-threatening aspects of Satanism adopted from specific satanic groups as Satanism as such. The third stage of heterogenization is returning to an understanding of the subject based on plurality and fluidity to better examine the polyvocality of Satanism today. By showing the blind spots of Satanism studies, we can address the field in novel ways.
“Intuitive, Receptive, Dark”
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: February 2014

The article discusses some of the debates over the construction of gender taking place in the satanic and Left-hand Path (LHP) milieu, in particular the different varieties of upvaluing of “the feminine.” This includes disputes over what the term feminism entails, what the best strategies for women to gain more power are, and if “feminine” is an essence that can be contrasted with a fixed “masculine.” Notions of gender polarity as necessary for magical practice or cosmic balance are given special attention, as are borrowings from feminist terminology (e.g. “patriarchy”) by figures that are far from feminist in orientation. Aside from textual sources, the article draws on communication with 44 informants. Three basic approaches to gender can be discerned in the milieu: 1) Gender as an insignificant category, 2) Gender as a natural polarity, 3) Gender as false consciousness. Of these, number two is the most common, while number one is quite seldom seen—gender is a major issue, one way or another. Femininity is frequently discussed by both men and women, while masculinity is a less popular topic. Femininity, then, is a particularly contested matter in the milieu. Overall, the dominant view of gender is that the two sexes should be strictly dichotomized. The article concludes that with some exceptions most organizations in the milieu are numerically dominated by men. However, some important groups have periodically been led by women, and there are several female key producers of ideology. The partly reactionary views concerning gender issues held by some female leaders indicate that female leadership does not necessitate that a conventional feminism would permeate the organization. Further, it is difficult to see any absolute correlation between female leadership and upvaluing of the feminine in mythology. Moreover, the article demonstrates, such upvaluing does not in itself always signify an underlying ideology of political feminism.
Assessment of the Anterior Loop of the Mental Nerve Using Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Scan
Authors: Lu Chun-I , Won John , Al-Ardah Aladdin , Santana Ruben , Rice Dwight , Lozada Jaime
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study is to use cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans with oblique-transverse reconstruction modality to measure and compare the anterior loop length (AnLL) of the mental nerve between gender and age groups and to compare the difference between the right and left sides. Sixty-one female and 61 male CBCT scans were randomly selected for each age group: 21–40, 41–60, and 61–80 years. Both right- and left-side AnLLs were measured in each subject using i-CATVision software to measure AnLLs on the oblique transverse plane using multiplanar reconstruction. The anterior loop was identified in 85.2% of cases, with the mean AnLL of the 366 subjects (732 hemimandibles) being 1.46 ± 1.25 mm with no statistically significant difference between right and left sides or between different gender groups. However, the mean AnLL in the 21–40 year group (1.89 ± 1.35 mm) was larger than the AnLL in the 41–60 year group (1.35 ± 1.19 mm) and the 61–80 year group (1.13 ± 1.08 mm). In conclusion, when placing implants in close proximity to mental foramina, caution is recommended to avoid injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. No fixed distance anteriorly from the mental foramen should be considered safe. Using CBCT scans with the oblique-transverse method to accurately identify and measure the AnLL is of utmost importance in avoiding and protecting its integrity.
Modificação do método de Bielschowsky-Gros para cortes em parafina
Authors: Fernandez José
Published: February 2014

É proposta uma modificação para o método de Bielschowsky-Gros a ser aplicado em cortes em parafina, utilizável no estudo de terminações nervosas centrais e periféricas. O método é de manipulação fácil e executável em poucas horas, ao contrário da grande maioria de métodos de impregnação em cortes de parafina. A impregnação é precedida de preparador e de mordente e seguida por viragem em ouro. O preparador utilizado é a solução de formol a 2% neutralizada com carbonato de magnésio, adicionada ou não a sonifeno a 1% O emprêgo do sonifeno tem a vantagem de permtir impregnar mais vigorosamente as fibras e terminações nervosas e evitar ao máximo a impregnação das fibras conjuntivas, oferecendo perfeita limpeza da preparação. O mordente é constituído por uma solução recente de nitrato de prata a 10% na qual os cortes permanecem por tempo variável, sendo aconselhável, para a coloração do plexo simpático fundamental, permanência prolongada (cêrca de uma hora). A impregnação é feita em solução de óxido de prata amoniacal preparada como o recomenda Bielchowsky (solução de nitrato de prata a 10% acrescida de amoníaco até completa dissolução do precipitado formado), podendo ser substituída, com idênticos resultados, pelas soluções propostas por Rio-Hortega, Foot, Arteta e Jabonero. A viragem em ouro é feita utilizando a solução aconselhada por Castro (uma gota de ácido acético para cada 10ml de solução de cloreto de ouro amarelo a 1/600). Os resultados obtidos com o método proposto são satisfatórios. Conseguiu-se impregnar com perfeição neurônios do gânglio de Gasser; nas preparações com sonifeno, as fibras nervosas e os prolongamentos celulares apareciam perfeitamente impregnados e a preparação oferecia limpeza absoluta. No apêndice cecal as terminações nervosas resultavam perfeitamente impregnadas, contrastando, principalmente quando foi empregado o sonifeno, com os elementos musculares e conjuntivos. O plexo simpático fundamental, o retículo terminal de Stöhr, as finas terminações simpáticas mostravam relações estreitas com as células intersticiais, observando-se, também, boas figuras de sinapse. Com o método proposto é possível, em 4 ou 5 horas, impregnar cerca de 30 a 40 cortes, o que pode ser considerado excelente rendimento.
Forma central da moléstia nervosa de Recklinghausen
Authors: França L. C. Mattosinho , Almeida Gilberto Machado de
Published: February 2014

Os autores apresentam uma sistematização das lesões que podem ser encontradas na moléstia de Recklinghausen. Foram observados 4 casos de forma nervosa central da moléstia. Em todos existiam tumores bilaterais nos ângulos pontocerebelares, constituindo uma das manifestações mais importantes da doença, sendo mesmo a única em um dos casos (forma central pura). Nos demais, portadores de formas mistas, além de outras lesões centrais (neurofibromas, meningeomas, ninhos de células atípicas), havia lesões periféricas discretas. Tumores intrarraquidianos originados nas bainhas radiculares foram os causadores da sintomatologia inicial em 3 pacientes. Em dois casos em que o córtex foi examinado histológicamente, foram encontrados ninhos de células gliais atípicas, característicos da forma central da neurofibromatose. Duas lesões relativamente raras foram encontradas no segundo caso: angioma cortical e neurite intersticial hipertrófica do plexo braquial. Em pacientes portadores de neurofibromatose periférica ou raquídea, como também em seus familiares, devem ser sempre procuradas lesões centrais, principalmente tumores do nervo acústico. O exame neuro-radiológico de escolha para confirmar o diagnóstico dêstes tumores é a iodoventriculografia.
Eletroforese das proteínas do líqüido cefalorraquidiano I: considerações gerais sôbre a eletroforese em papel
Authors: Spina-França A.
Published: February 2014

Os caracteres gerais do método eletroforético são apresentados de modo sumário, especialmente aquêles referentes à eletroforese em papel, no sentido de familiarizar o neurologista quanto aos seus aspectos principais e sua utilização no estudo das frações proteicas do liqüido cefalorraquidiano cujos aspectos particulares são discutidos.
Micropropagação da bananeira 'Maçã', cultivada in vitro em diferentes volumes de meio líquido
Authors: Siqueira Dalmo Lopes de , Santos Dierlei dos , Salomão Luiz Carlos Chamhum , Silva Fabyano Fonseca e , Barros Zoraia de Jesus
Published: February 2014

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito de diferentes volumes de meio MS líquido estacionário, na taxa de multiplicação e desenvolvimento, in vitro, de explantes da bananeira 'Maçã'. Na etapa de multiplicação, utilizaram-se microrrizomas do cultivar Maçã (AAB), oriundos de plantas pré-estabelecidas em meio sólido, em estádio de multiplicação, que foram uniformizados quanto ao tamanho. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo a parcela composta por quatro explantes. Os tratamentos foram diferentes volumes de meio líquido estacionário (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mL) e 30 mL de meio semissólido (padrão). Mudas obtidas ao final do terceiro subcultivo foram transferidas para um meio de alongamento e enraizamento. O experimento foi composto pelos mesmos tratamentos e delineamento, sendo cada parcela composta por quatro explantes. Os diferentes volumes do meio líquido e semissólido não alteraram a taxa de multiplicação dos explantes. É possível produzir mudas de bananeira 'Maçã', in vitro, em meio líquido estacionário, sendo o volume ideal de 25 mL por frasco.
Nitrate leaching through climatologic water balance in a fertigated coffee plantation
Authors: Bortolotto Rafael Pivotto , Bruno Isabeli Pereira , Dourado-Neto Durval , Timm Luís Carlos , Silva Adilson Nunes da , Reichardt Klaus
Published: February 2014

Nitrate losses from soil profiles by leaching should preferentially be monitored during high rainfall events and during irrigation when fertilizer nitrogen applications are elevated. Using a climatologic water balance, based on the models of Thornthwaite and Penman Monteith for potential evapotranspiration, drainage soil water fluxes below the root zone were estimated in a fertigated coffee crop. Soil solution extraction at the depth of 1 m allowed the calculation of nitrate leaching. The average nitrate concentration in soil solution for plots that received nitrogen by fertigation at a rate of 400 kg ha-1, was 5.42 mg L-1, surpassing the limit of the Brazilian legislation of 10.0 mg L-1, only during one month. For plots receiving 800 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, the average was 25.01 mg L-1, 2.5 times higher than the above-mentioned limit. This information indicates that nitrogen rates higher than 400 kg ha-1 are potentially polluting the ground water. Yearly nitrate amounts of leaching were 24.2 and 153.0 kg ha-1 for the nitrogen rates of 400 and 800 kg ha-1, respectively. The six times higher loss indicates a cost/benefit problem for coffee fertigations above 400 kg ha-1.
Desempenho na barra de tração de um trator agrícola de pneus, alimentado com misturas de óleo diesel e óleo de soja reutilizado
Authors: Siqueira Wagner da Cunha , Fernandes Haroldo Carlos , Teixeira Mauri Martins , Santos Nerilson Terra , Abrahão Selma Alves
Published: February 2014

O petróleo é a principal fonte de energia para motores de combustão interna, possibilitando sua transformação em energia mecânica. A dependência do petróleo conduz à necessidade de alternativas, mediante o cultivo de matérias-primas renováveis. Os problemas atuais são os custos dos biocombustíveis, que são maiores que dos derivados do petróleo, e o fato de que não existem muitos motores de combustão adequados ao uso de óleos vegetais. Em vista disso, são necessárias mais investigações quanto às técnicas de produção e de refino dos biocombustíveis e, ainda, à adequação de motores ao uso de óleos vegetais, para que estes possam ser uma alternativa viável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as diferentes misturas e avaliar o desempenho de um trator agrícola de pneus, utilizando misturas de óleo Diesel (OD) com óleo de soja reutilizável (OSR). Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo de densidade, viscosidade das misturas e comportamento da temperatura do OD no sistema de alimentação de combustível no motor. Após as análises, verificou-se, por meio de ensaios na barra de tração, o desempenho das misturas de OD e OSR. As principais conclusões deste trabalho foram: a densidade e viscosidade das misturas sofrem variações com o aumento da quantidade de OSR e com a variação da temperatura. Para as avaliações na barra de tração, os melhores resultados observados no rendimento do trator foram verificados com o aumento das percentagens de mistura (25% OSR, para carga N, 25, 75 e 100% OSR, para a quarta marcha, como carga, e 75 e 100% OSR, para a terceira, segunda e primeira marcha, como carga).
Nitrogen fertilization of coffee: organic compost and Crotalaria juncea L.
Authors: Araujo João Batista Silva , Rodrigues Mateus Cupertino , Rodrigues Luisa Bastos , Santos Ricardo Henrique Silva , Martinez Herminia Emilia Prieto
Published: February 2014

Information concerning the response of coffee to organic fertilizers is scarce. This study evaluates the effect of different doses of compost and Crotalaria juncea L. on growth, production and nitrogen nutrition of coffee trees. The treatments consisted of compost at rates of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended fertilization, with or without the aerial part of C. juncea. C. juncea was grown with NH4-N (2% 15N) and applied to coffee. The use of C. juncea increased growth in height and diameter of the coffee canopy. In the first year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 8.5% at seven months and 4.1% at fifteen months after fertilization. In the second year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 17.9% N at the early harvest, five months after fertilization. Increased rates of compost increased pH , P , K , Ca , Mg , sum of bases , effective CEC, base saturation and organic matter and reduced potential acidity. 15N allowed the identification of the N contribution from C. juncea with percentage of leaf N derived from Crotalaria juncea from 9.2 to 17.9%.
Maize nitrogen fertilization in two crop rotation systems under no-till
Authors: Lana Maria do Carmo , Czycza Rodrigo Vianei , Rosset Jean Sérgio , Frandoloso Jucenei Fernando
Published: February 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate split nitrogen (N) fertilization of maize applied in band at sowing and top dressing with and without crop rotation, under no-till. The experiment was conducted with six N rates at sowing (0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kg ha-1) combined with three rates in top dressing (40, 70, 100 kg ha-1) and two management systems: after five cropping sequences of maize and crop rotation (maize + soybean + oat + soybean + corn) in a randomized block design with four replications. The crop rotation system increased yield in approximately 7% in relation to the area without rotation. The split of nitrogen fertilization, in rates above 39 and 54 kg ha-1 at sowing and 70 and 40 kg ha-1 in top dressing, resulted in yield higher than that obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 in top dressing. Grain yield was higher with the rates 50 and 70 kg ha-1 of N compared with that obtained with 20 and 100 kg ha-1 at sowing and top dressing, respectively. The rate 70 kg ha-1 of N resulted in the highest yield at the lowest cost compared with the revenues and costs incurred with the rates 40 and 100 kg ha-1.
Teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de aveia preta
Authors: Nogueira José Luiz , Silva Bruna Ariane da , Carvalho Tereza Cristina de , Panobianco Maristela
Published: February 2014

As empresas têm buscado aprimorar, cada vez mais, o controle interno de qualidade das sementes produzidas. Métodos que avaliem com maior rapidez o vigor da semente, como o teste de condutividade elétrica, são ferramentas úteis na tomada de decisão sobre o destino dos lotes. Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa, avaliar o teste de condutividade elétrica para estimar o vigor de sementes de aveia preta, visando a estabelecer uma metodologia eficiente para a sua execução. Para isso, foram utilizados quatro lotes de aveia preta, cultivar IAPAR 61 (Ibiporã), sendo estudados: a) quantidade de sementes: 50 e 100 sementes com casca; b) volumes de embebição: 50, 75 e 100 mL de água deionizada; c) períodos de embebição: 4, 8, 16 e 20 horas, mantida fixa a temperatura do germinador em 20 °C. Paralelamente, foi realizada a determinação do teor de água das sementes e a condução dos testes de germinação e de emergência de plântulas em campo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados de acordo com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O teste de condutividade elétrica para sementes de aveia preta pode ser realizado mediante o uso de 100 sementes com casca, embebidas em 100 mL de água deionizada, a 20 °C, por 16 ou 20 horas.
Resistência anti-helmíntica em nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes: avanços e limitações para seu diagnóstico
Authors: Fortes Fernanda S. , Molento Marcelo B.
Published: February 2014

A seleção e a crescente disseminação de nematoides resistentes aos anti-helmínticos mais comumente utilizados, benzimidazóis (BZs), imidazotiazóis e lactonas macrocíclicas (LMs), constituem um sério entrave na produção de pequenos ruminantes em todo o mundo. O uso de métodos eficientes e sensíveis para a detecção e o monitoramento da resistência anti-helmíntica no campo torna-se urgente, especialmente para os grupos de BZs e LMs, devido aos constantes relatos de resistência. A obtenção de um diagnóstico preciso e precoce da resistência é extremamente importante para auxiliar a tomada de decisão em programas de controle parasitário, com o objetivo de preservar a vida útil dos produtos e limitar o desenvolvimento da resistência nas populações de nematoides. Os testes in vivo e, mais recentemente, os testes in vitro têm sido desenvolvidos para a detecção de nematoides resistentes aos principais grupos de anti-helmínticos. No entanto, a disponibilidade de testes in vitro validados e o seu uso prático ainda são muito limitados. Embora o teste de redução na contagem de ovos nas fezes (TRCOF, in vivo - indireto) seja o principal método de escolha para a detecção de resistência no campo, vem recebendo críticas quanto à validade dos resultados, e passa por significativas modificações. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de técnicas moleculares a partir de alterações genômicas gerou avanços consideráveis nessa área de investigação, com o uso de mutações nos códons 167, 198 e 200 do gene da β-tubulina como principais SNPs (polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único; do inglês Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) associados à resistência aos BZs. A presente revisão tem o objetivo de discutir os métodos de diagnóstico disponíveis para a detecção de resistência anti-helmíntica em nematoides de pequenos ruminantes, destacando progressos e obstáculos para seu uso na rotina laboratorial e no campo.
Diagnóstico imuno-histopatológico da paratuberculose subclínica em bovinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Yamasaki Elise M. , Brito Marilene de Farias , McIntosh Douglas , Galvão Alexandre , Peixoto Tiago C. , Tokarnia Carlos Hubinger
Published: February 2014

O diagnóstico precoce e específico da paratuberculose ainda é um desafio. Isto pode estar associado à baixa sensibilidade dos testes laboratoriais e ou à variação da resposta imunológica frente à infecção por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Mundialmente, é uma enfermidade que causa importantes prejuízos econômicos, em especial, à bovinocultura leiteira, devido ao caráter crônico da infecção. No Brasil, a paratuberculose já foi descrita em diversas espécies de ruminantes domésticos e em vários estados, o que demonstra que a enfermidade está presente em território nacional e há a necessidade de elaboração de técnicas de diagnóstico para a confirmação da infecção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os achados anátomo-histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos em intestino e linfonodos mesentéricos de bovinos assintomáticos, provenientes de rebanhos positivos para paratuberculose localizados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O estudo macroscópico revelou alterações inespecíficas tais como áreas avermelhadas na mucosa do intestino, aumento do volume das placas de Peyer e dos linfonodos mesentéricos, além disso, observou-se que vasos linfáticos mesentéricos estavam dilatados e esbranquiçados. Do total de 52 vacas leiteiras avaliadas, a histopatologia revelou infiltração granulomatosa, por vezes com formação de células gigantes multinucleadas, em mucosa e ou submucosa de jejuno, íleo e em linfonodos mesentéricos, principalmente na região cortical, em 32 animais. Estes bovinos foram submetidos à coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen cujo teste não demonstrou reação positiva, no entanto, quando analisados pelo teste imunohistoquímico para Mycobacterium spp. observou-se imunorreação em 6 animais. Desta forma, a histopatologia e imunohistoquímica pode ser uma importante ferramenta para diagnóstico da paratuberculose subclínica.
Idéologies et pratiques managériales: du taylorisme à la précarisation subjective des salariés
Authors: Linhart Danièle
Published: February 2014

Cet article développe l'idée que tout nouveau modèle capitaliste d'organisation du travail produit une rhétorique idéologique et morale destinée à légitimer une forme de mise au travail qui s'avère contradictoire à l'essence des démocraties politiques, à savoir que chaque individu s'appartient à lui-même. Taylor et Ford ont fait de grands efforts pour convaincre l'opinion publique qu'il n'y avait pas de conflits d'intérêts entre les ouvriers et leurs patrons, tout en attaquant systématiquement leurs ressources dans le cadre d'un rapport de forces bien réel. Le management moderne français suit la même voie et cherche à séduire et convaincre les salariés tout en développant une stratégie de précarisation subjective fondée sur une politique de changement perpétuel pour les déstabiliser.
Da precarização do trabalhador portuário avulso a uma teoria da precariedade do trabalho
Authors: Araújo Silvia Maria de
Published: February 2014

A reestruturação organizacional dos portos, a dinâmica tecnológica e um quadro de privatização crescente, desde os anos 1990, criaram um novo referencial para o trabalho, mudando relações técnicas e sociais de categorias históricas, como os estivadores e arrumadores (capatazia). A desregulamentação "oficial" do trabalho portuário, no Brasil, data da implantação do sistema de escala eletrônica. Com sua atividade laboral intermitente e condições contratuais inconsistentes, a situação de precarização dos trabalhadores portuários avulsos antecede as reformulações políticas neoliberais e instiga a proposição de uma teoria da precariedade do trabalho.
Imagens do Brasil
Authors: Ortiz Renato
Published: February 2014

"Retratos do Brasil", "interpretação do Brasil", "pensamento brasileiro", "teoria do Brasil", todos esses termos remetem a uma unidade fundamental: um determinado país. Existe uma longa tradição que se dedica à sua compreensão, à sua decodificação; de fato, há inclusive um plêiade de autores que fazem parte deste panteão (Rocha Pita, Varnhagen, Sílvio Romero, Nina Rodrigues, Euclydes da Cunha, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Gilberto Freyre, Cai Prado Jr., Darcy Ribeiro, apenas para citar alguns deles). Todo debate sobre identidade nacional pressupõe algumas categorias de análise, sendo nação e cultura duas dentre as mais importantes. O presente artigo pretende abordar qual o sentido deste debate no mundo contemporâneo. Em que medida as transformações ocorridas nas últimas décadas incidem sobre a imagem que temos de nós mesmos, isto é, as representações simbólicas construídas em torno da tradição brasiliana são impactadas por tais eventos? Qual o seu legado intelectual?
Sistema POLCA: revisão, classificação e análise da literatura
Authors: Chinet Fernanda Silva , Godinho Filho Moacir
Published: February 2014

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica (20 artigos) sobre o sistema de coordenação de ordem (SCO) denominado Paired-cell Overlapping Loops of Cards with Authorization (POLCA). A partir de tal revisão, propôs-se um sistema de classificação do sistema POLCA baseado em quatro categorias: sistema POLCA considerado (original/modificado); objetivo principal da pesquisa; fonte da publicação; e metodologia de pesquisa empregada. Uma vez classificada e estruturada, a revisão bibliográfica serviu de base para uma análise do tema. A literatura pesquisada mostrou a existência de algumas lacunas que merecem ser exploradas em pesquisas futuras, são elas: proposta de novas melhorias no sistema POLCA original, ou mesmo a hibridização de tal sistema com outro SCO; comparação, via simulação ou teoria de filas, do sistema POLCA com outros SCOs utilizados em ambientes de alta variedade de produtos; mostrar a aplicação do sistema POLCA na prática. Além disso, referente à prática, principalmente brasileira, tem-se que o sistema POLCA ainda é pouco conhecido em território nacional. Devido a esse fato, muitas oportunidades existem para os gerentes de Planejamento e Controle da Produção na prática, uma vez que internacionalmente tal sistema vem mostrando excelentes resultados em termos de redução de lead time.