bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of Complex Interactions Among Components of the Mitochondrial Import Motor and Translocon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Schilke Brenda A , Hayashi Masaya , Craig Elizabeth A
Published: February 2012

A highly conserved, Hsp70-based, import motor, which is associated with the translocase on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, is critical for protein translocation into the matrix. Hsp70 is tethered to the translocon via interaction with Tim44. Pam18, the J-protein co-chaperone, and Pam16, a structurally related protein with which Pam18 forms a heterodimer, are also critical components of the motor. Their N termini are important for the heterodimer’s translocon association, with Pam18’s and Pam16’s N termini interacting in the intermembrane space and the matrix, respectively. Here, using the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report the identification of an N-terminal segment of Tim44, important for association of Pam16 with the translocon. We also report that higher amounts of Pam17, a nonessential motor component, are found associated with the translocon in both PAM16 and TIM44 mutants that affect their interaction with one another. These TIM44 and PAM16 mutations are also synthetically lethal with a deletion of PAM17. In contrast, a deletion of PAM17 has little, or no genetic interaction with a PAM18 mutation that affects translocon association of the Pam16:Pam18 heterodimer, suggesting a second role for the Pam16:Tim44 interaction. A similar pattern of genetic interactions and enhanced Pam17 translocon association was observed in the absence of the C terminus of Tim17, a core component of the translocon. We suggest the Pam16:Tim44 interaction may play two roles: (1) tethering the Pam16:Pam18 heterodimer to the translocon and (2) positioning the import motor for efficient engagement with the translocating polypeptide along with Tim17 and Pam17.
Alzheimer's disease qEEG: spectral analysis versus coherence. which is the best measurement?
Authors: Anghinah Renato , Kanda Paulo Afonso Medeiros , Lopes Helder Frederico , Basile Luis Fernando Hindi , Machado Sérgio , Ribeiro Pedro , Velasques Bruna , Sameshima Koichi , Takahashi Daniel Yasumasa , Pinto Lécio Figueira , Caramelli Paulo , Nitrini Ricardo
Published: February 2012

There is evidence in electroencephalography that alpha, theta and delta band oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performances and that quantitative techniques can improve the electroencephalogram (EEG) sensitivity. This paper presents the results of comparative analysis of qEEG variables as reliable markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We compared the sensitivity and specificity between spectral analysis (spectA) and coherence (Coh) within the same group of AD patients. SpectA and Coh were calculated from EEGs of 40 patients with mild to moderate AD and 40 healthy elderly controls. The peak of spectA was smaller in the AD group than in controls. AD group showed predominance of slow spectA in theta and delta bands and a significant reduction of inter-hemispheric Coh for occipital alpha 2 and beta 1 and for frontal delta sub-band. ROC curve supported that alpha band spectA was more sensitive than coherence to differentiate controls from AD.
Transcranial sonography as a diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease: a pilot study in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Fernandes Rita de Cássia Leite , Rosso Ana Lucia Zuma de , Vincent Maurice Borges , Silva Kátia Silveira da , Bonan Claudia , Araújo Nordeval Cavalcante , Berg Daniela
Published: February 2012

In Brazil there is no systematic study on Transcranial Sonography (TCS), a neuroimaging method that depicts echogenic deep brain structures using ultrasound. OBJECTIVE: To establish the percentage of subjects with permissive temporal windows and to address the ability of TCS of the substantia nigra (SN) to distinguish parkinsonian patients in a Brazilian sample. METHOD: We performed TCS using the Acuson X300 (Siemens, Germany) in 37 individuals: 23 with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 14 healthy controls. RESULTS: 10.8% of subjects had insufficient temporal acoustic bone windows. SN echogenic areas were larger in patients (mean±SD, 0.31±0.08cm²) compared to controls (mean±SD, 0.17±0.02cm²). TCS accurately identified 88.2% of PD patients. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of Brazilians seem to be eligible for TCS. An expressive number of PD patients could be diagnosed by TCS based on an expanded SN echogenic area. However, the current data is preliminary and must be corroborated by larger studies.
Fisher revised scale for assessment of prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Oliveira Arthur Maynart Pereira , Paiva Wellingson Silva , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha de , Oliveira Helio Araujo , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: February 2012

The Fisher revised scale (FRS) presents an alternative for evaluating patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we compared the prognosis of patients with SAH and vasospasms (VSP). METHOD: This was a prospective study on patients with a diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH, 72 hours after the initial event. Sequential neurological examinations and Hunt and Hess (HaH) score were performed on the 1st, 7th and 14th days. Transcranial Doppler was used to assess vasospasms. RESULTS: Out of the 24 patients studied, ten (41.66%) presented a delayed neurological deficit, such as diminished consciousness, decreased HaH score or death. The single patient classified as FS-1 did not have any delayed neurological deficit, while such deficits evolved in one patient out of five with FS-2 (20%); two out of seven with FS-3 (28.57%) and seven out of 11 with FS-4 (63.63%). CONCLUSION: Level three of the FS and FRS seemed to be compatible with regard to predicting the likelihood of progression to severe VSP.
Patients with sudden onset headache not meeting the criteria of the International Headache Society for new daily persistent headache. How to classify them?
Authors: Monzillo Paulo Hélio , Nemoto Patrícia Homsi
Published: February 2012

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the records of 1348 patients regularly treated at the headache clinic of Department of Neurology of Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil. Sixty-two patients reported history of daily and persistent headache. From the 62 patients selected, only 21 (group 1) could be diagnosed with new daily-persistent headache (NDPH) according to the International Headache Society (HIS) 2004 criteria. The 41 remaining patients (group 2) could not be diagnosed with NDPH according to IHS-2004 once they presented two or more migraine attack-related symptoms, such as: nausea, photophobia, phonophobia and vomiting, in different combinations. It was not possible to classify them in groups 1 to 4 of primary headaches either. How to classify them? We suggest that the criteria are revised. And one way we can classify them, would be the subdivision: NDPH with migraine features and without migraine features that would allow the inclusion of all individuals present who has a daily and persistent headache from the beginning
Rethinking the neurological examination II: dynamic balance assessment
Authors: Maranhão-Filho Péricles A. , Maranhão Eliana Teixeira , Lima Marco Antônio , Silva Marcos Martins da
Published: February 2012

The authors propose that the neurological exam needs reevaluation with respect to the dynamic balance test (walking). Validated tests such as: preferred and maximum gait speed, dynamic gait index, five-times-sit-to-stand test, timed up & go cognitive and manual, should be part of the neurological examination routine. In the neurological exam of older patients, these same bedside tests bring the plus of evaluation the risk of occasional falling.
Cooperação técnica internacional: aportes teóricos
Authors: Oliveira Marcelo Fernandes de , Luvizotto Caroline Klaus
Published: February 2012

Induzidos por uma mudança estrutural na dinâmica da sociedade internacional, muitos municípios, por meio do exercício da chamada paradiplomacia ou diplomacia federativa, vêm elaborando instrumentos de gestão municipal para captar recursos via experiências de Cooperação Técnica Internacional (CTI). Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é mapear conceitualmente o fenômeno de CTI, visando a facilitar sua compreensão e suas consequências práticas para a sociedade brasileira.
As relações econômicas internacionais do governo Geisel (1974-1979)
Authors: Cunha Raphael Coutinho da , Farias Rogério de Souza
Published: February 2012

Este artigo propõe quadro analítico para descrever e explicar a economia política das relações econômicas externas brasileiras durante o governo Geisel. Utilizam-se variáveis do sistema internacional, considerando como elas interagem com as ideias e percepções dos tomadores de decisão, as disputas interburocráticas no interior do aparelho do Estado, a política doméstica, e as dinâmicas econômicas exógenas às políticas governamentais.
Soil microbial biomass under different management and tillage systems of permanent intercropped cover species in an orange orchard
Authors: Balota Elcio Liborio , Auler Pedro Antonio Martins
Published: February 2012

To mitigate soil erosion and enhance soil fertility in orange plantations, the permanent protection of the inter-rows by cover species has been suggested. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in the microbial biomass, due to different soil tillage systems and intercropped cover species between rows of orange trees. The soil of the experimental area previously used as pasture (Brachiaria humidicola) was an Ultisol (Typic Paleudult) originating from Caiuá sandstone in the northwestern part of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Two soil tillage systems were evaluated: conventional tillage (CT) in the entire area and strip tillage (ST) (strip width 2 m), in combination with different ground cover management systems. The citrus cultivar 'Pera' orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime rootstock was used. Soil samples were collected after five years of treatment from a depth of 0-15 cm, under the tree canopy and in the inter-row, in the following treatments: (1) CT and an annual cover crop with the leguminous species Calopogonium mucunoides; (2) CT and a perennial cover crop with the leguminous peanut Arachis pintoi; (3) CT and an evergreen cover crop with Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum; (4) CT and a cover crop with spontaneous Brachiaria humidicola grass vegetation; and (5) ST and maintenance of the remaining grass (pasture) of Brachiaria humidicola. Soil tillage and the different cover species influenced the microbial biomass, both under the tree canopy and in the inter-row. The cultivation of brachiaria increased C and N in the microbial biomass, while bahiagrass increased P in the microbial biomass. The soil microbial biomass was enriched in N and P by the presence of ground cover species and according to the soil P content. The grass species increased C, N and P in the soil microbial biomass from the inter-row more than leguminous species.
Influence of crust formation under natural rain on physical attributes of soils with different textures
Authors: Castilho Selene Cristina de Pierri , Cooper Miguel , Juhász Carlos Eduardo Pinto
Published: February 2012

One of the main negative anthropic effects on soil is the formation of crusts, resulting in soil degradation. This process of physical origin reduces soil water infiltration, causing increased runoff and consequently soil losses, water erosion and/or soil degradation. The study and monitoring of soil crusts is important for soil management and conservation, mainly in tropical regions where research is insufficient to explain how soil crusts are formed and how they evolve. The purpose of this study was to monitor these processes on soils with different particle size distributions. Soil crusts on a sandy/sandy loam Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Hapludult), sandy loam Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Hapludox) and a clayey Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (Rhodic Kandiudalf) were monitored. The soil was sampled and data collected after 0, 3, 5 and 10 rain storms with intensities above 25 mm h-1, from December 2008 to May 2009. Soil chemical and particle size distribution analysis were performed. The changes caused by rainfall were monitored by determining the soil roughness, hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention curves and by micromorphological analysis. Reduced soil roughness and crust formation were observed for all soils during the monitored rainfall events. However, contrary to what was expected according to the literature, crust formation was not always accompanied by reductions in total porosity, hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention.
Local influence for spatial analysis of soil physical properties and soybean yield using student's t-distribution
Authors: Assumpção Rosangela Aparecida Botinha , Opazo Miguel Angel Uribe , Galea Manuel
Published: February 2012

The modeling and estimation of the parameters that define the spatial dependence structure of a regionalized variable by geostatistical methods are fundamental, since these parameters, underlying the kriging of unsampled points, allow the construction of thematic maps. One or more atypical observations in the sample data can affect the estimation of these parameters. Thus, the assessment of the combined influence of these observations by the analysis of Local Influence is essential. The purpose of this paper was to propose local influence analysis methods for the regionalized variable, given that it has n-variate Student's t-distribution, and compare it with the analysis of local influence when the same regionalized variable has n-variate normal distribution. These local influence analysis methods were applied to soil physical properties and soybean yield data of an experiment carried out in a 56.68 ha commercial field in western Paraná, Brazil. Results showed that influential values are efficiently determined with n-variate Student's t-distribution.
Extração e exportação de nutrientes em cultivares de batata: I - macronutrientes
Authors: Fernandes Adalton Mazetti , Soratto Rogério Peres , Silva Beatrice Luciana
Published: February 2012

A determinação das quantidades de nutrientes absorvidas durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento é de suma importância para estabelecer as épocas em que esses elementos são mais exigidos e as quantidades corretas que devem ser disponibilizadas à cultura da batata. No entanto, quase não existem essas informações para as principais cultivares utilizadas no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a extração e a exportação de macronutrientes pelas cultivares de batata Ágata, Asterix, Atlantic, Markies e Mondial. O experimento foi conduzido durante a safra de inverno, em um Latossolo Vermelho, no município de Itaí (SP). As parcelas foram constituídas pelas cinco cultivares, e as subparcelas, por épocas de coletas, realizadas no momento do plantio e a cada sete dias após a emergência. As cultivares Mondial e Asterix, mais produtivas, apresentaram maior extração de macronutrientes, com quantidades médias por hectare de 116 kg de N, 18 kg de P, 243 kg de K, 50 kg de Ca e 13 kg de Mg, enquanto as cultivares Ágata, Atlantic e Markies extraíram menor quantidade, com valores médios de 92, 14, 178, 35 e 9 kg ha-1, respectivamente. A maior demanda por macronutrientes pelas cultivares estudadas ocorreu na fase inicial de enchimento dos tubérculos (42 a 70 DAP). A exportação de macronutrientes não esteve diretamente relacionada com a produtividade de tubérculos, já que a cultivar mais produtiva (Mondial) não foi a que exportou a maior quantidade de macronutrientes. A cultivar Asterix exportou maior quantidade de N, P, K e Mg, com valores de 88, 15, 220 e 8 kg ha-1, respectivamente, enquanto a menor exportação foi observada na cultivar Atlantic, com 48 kg ha-1 de N, 10 kg ha-1 de P, 143 kg ha-1 de K e 5 kg ha-1 de Mg. A variação entre as cultivares na extração, especialmente de K e N, indica necessidade de manejo diferencial da adubação.
Comparação da disponibilidade de radiação solar global e fotoperíodo entre as regiões vinícolas de Campo Belo do Sul-SC, Brasil e Pech Rouge, França
Authors: Vieira Hamilton Justino , Back Álvaro José , Silva Aparecido Lima da , Pereira Emanuela Salum
Published: February 2012

Realizaram-se a caracterização e a comparação da disponibilidade de radiação solar global e do fotoperíodo para o Planalto de Santa Catarina, representado por Campo Belo do Sul (latitude -28º00'00'', longitude -51º00'00'' e altitude de 950 metros), e para a região Mediterrânea do Sul da França, representada por Pech Rouge (latitude 43º08'35'', longitude 03º07'59'' altitude de 1,5 metro). Este estudo foi realizado para a fase de maturação das variedades de videira Chardonnay, Portan, Syrah, Viognier, Carignan, Grenache, Marselan, Mourvèdre e Cabernet Sauvignon. Foram também avaliadas as durações do fotoperíodo anual, do período noturno, da radiação solar global, da radiação solar e da insolação máxima no período de maturação, para ambas as localidades. As diferenças de comportamento fenológico e das posições geográficas dos dois locais promoveram diferenças quanto à disponibilidade e intensidade da radiação solar global, assim como do fotoperíodo. Apesar da uma maior transmissividade da atmosfera para Pech Rouge, o Planalto Catarinense apresentou maior disponibilidade e intensidade de radiação solar durante a fase de maturação da videira. Também, o acúmulo de horas de fotoperíodo foi superior no Planalto Catarinense do que em Pech Rouge. Estas diferenças de disponibilidade de radiação solar e fotoperíodo foram provenientes da menor duração da fase de maturação para Pech Rouge, da declinação solar em relação aos dois locais por ocasião da ocorrência desta fase e da diferença da camada atmosférica resultante da diferença de altitude.
Qualidade pós-colheita de cultivares de bananeira do grupo 'maçã', na região de Belém - PA
Authors: Carvalho Ana Vânia , Seccadio Lara Lima , Mourão Júnior Moisés , Nascimento Walnice Maria Oliveira do
Published: February 2012

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a caracterização física e físico-química de três cultivares de bananeira do subgrupo 'Maçã', em diferentes estádios de maturação, bem como a avaliação sensorial dos frutos maduros. Os cachos de banana das cultivares Caipira, Thap Maeo e BRS Tropical foram colhidos no estádio 2 de coloração da casca (verde-maduro) e armazenados sob condição ambiente, sendo avaliados com relação ao comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, firmeza, pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, açúcares redutores, não redutores e totais da polpa neste mesmo estádio, e à medida que atingiam os graus 3; 5 e 7 de coloração da casca. Os frutos completamente maduros foram ainda analisados quanto à aceitação sensorial, por meio dos atributos aroma, cor da polpa, textura e sabor dos frutos. Durante o período de maturação das bananas, observaram-se, para todas as cultivares avaliadas, aumento da acidez, sólidos solúveis e açúcares, fatores responsáveis pelo aroma e sabor da fruta. Verificou-se também redução na firmeza dos frutos com o amadurecimento e redução do pH para as cultivares estudadas. Com relação à análise sensorial, destacaram-se as cultivares Tropical e Thap Maeo, com as maiores notas médias para todos os atributos sensoriais analisados.
Seca-da-mangueira XXII: sobrevivência de variedades poliembriônicas
Authors: Galli Juliana Altafin , Martins Antonio Lucio Mello , Ito Margarida Fumiko , Braghini Masako Toma , Narita Nobuyoshi , Rossetto Carlos Jorge
Published: February 2012

A doença seca-da-mangueira é causada pelo fungo Ceratocystis spp., que provoca a morte de mangueiras em diversos estados brasileiros. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de variedades de mangueira, utilizadas como porta-enxertos, em condições de campo e casa de vegetação. Variedades poliembriônicas de mangueira foram testadas para resistência a Ceratocystis spp.pelo método de inoculação do fungo via solo, em casa de vegetação. As plantas sobreviventes foram plantadas como pé-franco na Estação Experimental de Pindorama (IAC), e as consideradas promissoras foram multiplicadas por enxertia em diversos porta-enxertos. Após 17 anos do plantio, avaliou-se o número de plantas mortas e verificou-se que, para o porta-enxerto Manila , considerado resistente, todas as plantas estavam vivas, enquanto Coquinho, considerado suscetível, apresentou 58,3% de plantas mortas. Dois isolados de C. mangicola M. van Wyk and M.J. Wingf. foram utilizados para avaliar a resistência das variedades de mangueira, em casa de vegetação. O patógeno foi cultivado em meio de cultura BDA e transferido para o meio líquido BD. Foram realizadas oito inoculações sucessivas, com intervalo mínimo de 30 dias. As avaliações foram realizadas pelas porcentagens de plantas mortas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com 15 variedades e quatro repetições. O método de inoculação via rega de solo, com 5 mL de inóculo à concentração de 10(6) esporos . mL-1 foi eficiente para selecionar porta-enxertos de mangueira resistentes a C. mangicola. As variedades Vitória, IAC 112, Dura e Bocado mostraram ser resistentes ao isolado de C. mangicola neste experimento. A variedade Juliana apresentou o mesmo nível de suscetibilidade da variedade Coquinho. Recomenda-se evitar essas duas variedades para uso como porta-enxertos em áreas onde ocorre a doença.
Amora-preta (Rubus sp.): otimização do processo de extração para determinação de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes
Authors: Vizzotto Márcia , Pereira Marina Couto
Published: February 2012

Tendo em vista que alguns compostos fenólicos encontrados em amora-preta são benéficos para a saúde humana devido à sua ação antioxidante. Este estudo foi conduzido com o propósito de otimizar o seu processo de extração. As amostras foram submetidas a testes em que variam a relação: amostra:solvente, tempo de maceração, diferentes solventes, misturas de solventes e solventes acidificados. Não houve diferenças nos resultados em relação ao volume de solvente, tempo de maceração, mistura de solventes e acidificação para o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos. Já, dentre os solventes, a acetona foi mais eficiente na extração dos compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante não foi alterada pelo tempo de maceração e pelas misturas de solvente; no entanto, o volume, o tipo de solvente e a acidificação deste afetaram a atividade antioxidante.
Composição de carotenoides em passifloras do cerrado
Authors: Wondracek Daniele Cristina , Faleiro Fábio Gelape , Sano Sueli Matiko , Vieira Roberto Fontes , Agostini-Costa Tânia da Silveira
Published: February 2012

O objetivo foi avaliar, por HPLC, a composição qualitativa e quantitativa de carotenoides em maracujás do cerrado. Frutos procedentes de acessos nativos de quatro espécies (Passiflora cincinnata, P. nitida, P. setacea e P. edulis) foram analisados, utilizando, como referência, o maracujá-amarelo comercial (P. edulis). As polpas de maracujá apresentaram neoxantina, violaxantina, cis-violaxantina, anteraxantina, luteína, zeaxantina, β-criptoxantina, poli-cis-caroteno, prolicopeno, cis-ζ-caroteno, trans-ζ-caroteno, trans-β-caroteno, 13-cis-β-caroteno e fitoflueno. Em geral, os teores de carotenoides entre as espécies e entre os acessos da mesma espécie foram significativamente diferentes. A espécie P. edulis apresentou o maior número de carotenoides, com diferença entre os acessos. Em um acesso de P. edulis comercial, foi encontrado o trans-β-caroteno como o carotenoide principal (7,8±0,8 µg g-1) e no outro o trans-ζ-caroteno (11,4±0,4 µg g-1). Dois acessos de P. edulis nativos do Cerrado apresentaram cis-ζ-caroteno como carotenoide majoritário (6,28±0,15 µg g-1 e 12,1±0,7 µg g-1, casca amarela e roxa, respectivamente). O perfil de carotenoides em frutos de espécies de maracujá apresentou diversidade de composição, com potencial de uso para melhoramento genético para agregar maior valor ao produto e estimular o seu consumo.
Dose econômica de calcário na produtividade de caramboleiras
Authors: Natale William , Rozane Danilo Eduardo , Prado Renato de Mello , Romualdo Liliane Maria , Souza Henrique Antunes de , Hernandes Amanda
Published: February 2012

Com o objetivo de estudar a relação entre doses de calcário e produção de carambolas, um experimento de campo foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no município de Bebedouro(SP), no período de 1999 a 2006. O delineamento adotado foi o em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. O calcário foi aplicado uma única vez em 1999, nas doses de: 0; 1,85; 3,71; 5,56 e 7,41 t ha-1. A produção das caramboleiras aumentou em resposta à aplicação do corretivo de acidez. As produções acumuladas de frutos, nos anos sucessivos de 2003, 2004, 2005 e 2006, estiveram associadas às doses mais econômicas de calcário de 4,5; 4,8; 5,3 e 5,3 t ha-1, respectivamente.
Produção de mudas de caramboleiras 'B-10' e 'Golden Star': I - parâmetros biológicos
Authors: Rozane Danilo Eduardo , Prado Renato de Mello , Natale William , Romualdo Liliane Maria , Souza Henrique Antunes de , Silva Silvia Helena Modenese Gorla da
Published: February 2012

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de carambola do mundo, entretanto há poucas informações científicas, especialmente estudos de nutrição mineral com mudas dessa frutífera. Objetivando contribuir com o conhecimento desse importante aspecto, desenvolveu-se estudo que permitisse avaliar o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes em mudas de caramboleiras, cultivadas em solução nutritiva. O experimento foi realizado em parcelas subdivididas, sendo utilizadas como parcela as duas cultivares de caramboleira ('B-10' e 'Golden Star') e, como subparcelas, as cinco épocas de coleta de plantas, realizadas aos 208; 233; 258; 283 e 308 dias após o transplantio para a solução nutritiva. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos (8L) com solução nutritiva (pH=5,5 ± 0,5), com aeração. O experimento iniciou-se em 24-08-2005. Nos diferentes órgãos das mudas (folhas, caule e raízes), avaliaram-se o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes, e os índices nutricionais. Não houve diferenças no crescimento e, em geral, no acúmulo da massa da matéria seca entre as duas cultivares. Houve acúmulo linear da massa da matéria seca das mudas de caramboleira com o tempo de cultivo, sendo maior nas folhas > caule > raízes. O período de maior acúmulo da massa de matéria seca e da taxa de crescimento relativo na planta inteira esteve compreendido entre 208 - 233 e 233 - 258 dias após o transplantio para a 'B-10' e a 'Golden Star', respectivamente.
Políticas de avaliação em larga escala na educação básica: do controle de resultados à intervenção nos processos de operacionalização do ensino
Authors: Werle Flávia Obino Corrêa
Published: February 2012

Este artigo discute o panorama da educação brasileira, destacando os processos de avaliação em larga escala implementados nas décadas de 1990 e 2000. Faz referência aos três níveis (federal, estadual, municipal) em que estas avaliações operam, e sua abrangência desde os segmentos iniciais da Educação Básica até a Pós-graduação. Analisa os últimos cinco anos como fase de síntese, estruturação e consolidação de um quadro geral de ação política referente a processos externos de avaliação em larga escala no Brasil, o qual passa de um nível de diagnóstico, para o de significados pautados pelo pragmatismo e operacionalização.
Educação científica no ensino fundamental: os limites dos conceitos de cidadania e inclusão veiculados nos PCN
Authors: Piassi Luís Paulo
Published: February 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho, partindo das considerações sobre cidadania e inclusão apresentadas nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o ensino de ciências, é trazer uma reflexão de tais conceitos em função de referenciais teóricos das pedagogias críticas e de estudos acadêmicos no ambiente escolar. O que se pretende mostrar são os limites relativamente estreitos das concepções apresentadas nesses documentos curriculares, concepções, muitas vezes, aceitas como guia para a transformação do ensino de ciências na direção dos interesses socioculturais dos estudantes. Partindo disso, e considerando estudos acadêmicos realizados em ambiente escolar, procuramos mostrar que a universidade pode ter um papel mais relevante na proposição de mudanças curriculares mais efetivas no sentido de atender às demandas sociais.
Synchronizing Bench and Bedside: A Clinical Overview of Networks and Oscillations
Authors: T. Bianchi Matt , P. Klein Joshua , S. Caviness Verne , S. Cash Sydney
Published: January 2012

Technological and computational advances offer increasing capacity to quantify what neurologists
have long appreciated as the complexity of the brain. The information-rich techniques of electro- and magnetoencephalography,
as well as structural and functional MRI, are increasingly being examined through the lenses of
network theory and oscillations to capture complex brain dynamics. Although still in the early stages of clinical
application, these “network” approaches have the potential to shed new light on the diagnosis, prognosis, and
treatment of neurological diseases. We review the basic principles of network theory and oscillation dynamics,
including the recently discovered “small-world network” concept, and provide and introduction to how these
techniques are being applied to routinely available clinical data (such as MRI, EEG, and MEG). Specific clinical
applications span normal brain functions (cognition and sleep) and disorders of the brain such as epilepsy,
dementia, movement disorders, pain, autism, and schizophrenia. These interrelated approaches respect the
fundamentals of anatomically-driven diagnosis while providing a theoretical and practical armamentarium to
investigate aspects of neurological disease that may challenge the scope of traditional clinical tools.
Primer on Networks in Neuroscience
Authors: A. Kramer Mark
Published: January 2012

Networks now play a prominent role in neuroscience research, supported by new data acquisition and
analysis techniques. In this chapter we provide a brief introduction to this emerging field, with particular emphasis
on methods to create (structural or functional) networks from neuronal data to characterize structural network
properties. We also outline three simple models of networks, including the small-world network. The concepts introduced
in this chapter provide a basic foundation to begin further exploration of networks in neuroscience, neurology
and psychiatry. These clinical topics are covered in substantially more detail in the remaining chapters of
the book.
Brain Anatomy and Small-World Networks
Authors: S. Bassett Danielle , T. Bullmore Edward
Published: January 2012

Network analysis of neural and other information-processing systems has recently provided unique
insights into the large-scale cohesive organization of subcomponents at many scales of space and time. In this
chapter, we describe the network analysis of neural systems in general and that of the healthy and diseased human
brain in particular. We present evidence from a variety of species and data modalities that neural systems show
the so-called ”small-world” network phenomenon which also ubiquitously characterizes social groups, scientific
collaborations, the world wide web, transportation networks, power grids, etc. We attempt to provide reasons why
this property might have been selected in brain evolution, and to explain its functional significance, while
delineating the methodological intricacies of network analysis of neuroimaging data.
Sleep Physiology Dynamics: Network Analysis and other Quantitative Approaches
Authors: T. Bianchi Matt , J. Phillips Andrew
Published: January 2012

Sleep is a state of altered consciousness accompanied by dynamic changes in metabolic activity and
neural activity patterns. As such, research into the mechanisms of sleep and the consequences of sleep related
disorders represents a frontier of human physiology in need of increasingly sophisticated analytical tools.
Methodologies spanning electroencephalographic, magnetoencephalographic, functional magnetic resonance
imaging, and autonomic metrics continue to uncover important details of sleep physiology. In addition, novel
approaches to modeling sleep-wake state transitions continue to enhance our understanding of the overall
architecture of sleep in healthy and disrupted sleep. Given the importance of sleep for mood, performance,
restoration, and plasticity, these approaches hold promise for rapid clinical translation - not only for improved
diagnosis and characterization of disrupted sleep across its many contributing etiologies, but also for treatment
aimed at harnessing the benefits of consolidated sleep. This chapter reviews recent developments in these
domains, and their potential clinical applications.
Multimodal Imaging in Epilepsy: Combining EEG and fMRI
Authors: Laufs Helmut
Published: January 2012

This chapter introduces a multimodal imaging approach to “epileptic networks”. It is explained why
electroencephalography (EEG) in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an ideal tool to
study spontaneous brain activity such as spontaneously occurring interictal epileptic discharges, typical sleep
graphoelements, or characteristic EEG oscillations. This is closely related to resting state brain activity in healthy
subjects and has been studied via analysis of spontaneous neuronal oscillations and their fMRI correlates. The
application of EEG/fMRI to disease, with epilepsy as the primary example, is reviewed. It starts from the original goal,
the identification of the region of the brain in which interictal epileptic activity arises, moves on to studies not in line
with this idea but introducing the new concept that fMRI maps may reflect entire epileptic networks, and finally to the
clinical applicability of EEG/fMRI patient studies and publications suggesting the method may provide insight into the
neurobiology of epilepsy. The chapter concludes with a look into the future: intracranial EEG/fMRI.
Abnormal Synchrony and Oscillations in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: J. Uhlhaas Peter , Singer Wolf
Published: January 2012

Following the discovery of context-dependent synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in the
visual system, novel methods of time series analysis have been developed for the examination of task- and
performance-related oscillatory activity and its synchronization. Studies employing these advanced techniques
revealed that synchronization of oscillatory responses in the β- and γ-band is involved in a variety of cognitive
functions, such as perceptual grouping, attention-dependent stimulus selection, routing of signals across distributed
cortical networks, sensory-motor integration, working memory, and perceptual awareness. Here, we review evidence
that certain brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's are
associated with abnormal neural synchronization. The data suggest close correlations between abnormalities in
neuronal synchronization and cognitive dysfunctions, emphasizing the importance of temporal coordination. Thus, a
focused search for abnormalities in temporal patterning may be of considerable clinical relevance.
Brain Stimulation Techniques and Network Studies of Brain Function
Authors: Shafi Mouhsin , Pascual-Leone Alvaro
Published: January 2012

Recently developed brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) use electromagnetic principles to noninvasively alter brain activity,
with the precise effects varying as a function of stimulus intensity, frequency and duration, as well as the target
location. The ability to manipulate brain activity in a temporally and spatially specific manner has helped
delineate the time-varying contributions of various brain regions to normal cortical function. When combined
with other brain imaging technologies such as MRI, PET and EEG, these brain stimulation techniques can also
provide additional insights into the network dynamics and functional connectivity of different brain regions. Such
studies have played an important role in advancing our understanding of the processes that underlie normal brain
functions such as sleep and language, and the alterations that occur in pathological conditions such as depression.
Furthermore, these techniques have also been used to study the brain’s response to injury, such as in motor
recovery after ischemic stroke. Because brain stimulation techniques can also be used to noninvasively produce
potentially long-lasting, predictable changes in cortical activity, their utility in the treatment of various
neuropsychiatric disorders is also being actively explored, with some encouraging results. Consequently, brain
stimulation techniques are promising and important new tools in the understanding of cortical function and
treatment of brain pathology.
Control of stage by stage changing linear dynamic systems
Authors: Barseghyan V.R.
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the control problems of linear dynamic systems stage by stage
changing and the optimal control with the criteria of quality set for the
whole range of time intervals are considered. The necessary and sufficient
conditions of total controllability are also stated. The constructive solving
method of a control problem is offered, as well as the definitions of
conditions for the existence of programmed control and motions. The explicit
form of control action for a control problem is constructed. The method for
solving optimal control problem is offered, and the solution of optimal
control of a specific target is brought.
Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Rulemaking Docket Matter No. 37: PCAOB Release No. 2011-006, Concept Release on Auditor Independence and Audit Firm Rotation
Authors: Jones Keith L. , Aier Jagadison K. , Brandon Duane M. , Carpenter Tina D. , Gaynor Lisa M. , Knechel W. Robert , Pevzner Mikhail B. , Reed Brad J. , Walker Paul L.
Published: February 2012

In August 2011, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB or Board) issued a concept release to solicit public comment on the potential direction of a proposed standard-setting project on means to enhance auditor independence, objectivity, and professional skepticism. The Concept Release sought comments on and explores in detail the possibility of mandatory audit firm rotation. The PCAOB provided for a 121-day exposure period (from August 16 to December 14, 2011) for interested parties to examine and provide comments on the concept release. The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association provided the comments in the letter below (dated December 13, 2011) to the PCAOB on PCAOB Rulemaking Docket Matter No. 37: PCAOB Release No. 2011-006, Concept Release on Auditor Independence and Audit Firm Rotation.

Data Availability: Information about and access to the release are available at: http://pcaobus.org/Rules/Rulemaking/Docket037/Release_2011-006.pdf
The spatial distribution of high-season tourism in Poland: based on the records of the 2010 presidential election
Authors: Potocki Jacek
Published: February 2012

The 2010 presidential election in Poland was held during the summer season when many voters were away from their place of residence. Data showing the numbers of visitors voting in particular districts were used to identify areas with high tourism intensity. Subsequent analysis showed a very strong concentration and polarization of tourism on the northern and southern margins of Poland and in several big cities.
Rotatory subluxation: experience from the Hospital for Sick Children
Authors: Beier Alexandra D. , Vachhrajani Shobhan , Bayerl Simon H. , Diaz Aguilar Claudia Y. , Lamberti-Pasculli Maria , Drake James M.
Published: February 2012

Object

Diagnosis and management of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS) is challenging because of its variability in clinical presentation. Although several treatment modalities have been employed, there remains no consensus on the most appropriate therapy. The authors explore this issue in their 9-year series on AARS.

Methods

Records of patients diagnosed radiologically and clinically with AARS between May 2001 and March 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Of 40 patients identified, 24 were male and were on average 8.5 years of age (range 15 months–16 years). Causes of AARS included trauma, congenital abnormalities, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, infection, postsurgical event, and cryptogenic disease. Four patients had dual etiologies. Symptom duration varied: 29 patients had symptoms for less than 4 weeks, 5 patients had symptoms between 1 and 3 months, and 6 patients had symptoms for 3 months or more.

Results

Treatment with a cervical collar was sufficient in 21 patients. In 1 patient collar management failed and halter traction was used to reduce the subluxation. Seven patients underwent initial halter traction, but in 4 the subluxation progressed and the patients required halo traction. A halo vest was placed in 2 patients on presentation because the rotatory subluxation was severe; both patients required subsequent operative fusion. One patient required decompression and fusion due to severe canal compromise and myelopathy. All patients requiring fusion presented with subacute symptoms.

Conclusions

Management of AARS varies due to the spectrum of clinical presentations. Patients presenting acutely without neurological deficits can likely undergo collar therapy; those in whom the subluxation cannot be reduced or who present with a neurological deficit may require traction and/or surgical fixation. Patients presenting subacutely may be more prone to requiring operative intervention.
Endoscopic coagulation of choroid plexus hyperplasia
Authors: Hallaert Giorgio G. , Vanhauwaert Dimitri J. , Logghe Karl , Van den Broecke Caroline , Baert Edward , Van Roost Dirk , Caemaert Jacques
Published: February 2012

Hydrocephalus is a clinical disorder resulting from an imbalance between the production of CSF and its resorption, of which the latter is mostly a disadvantage. In rare cases of choroid plexus papilloma or carcinoma, hydrocephalus is due to an overproduction of CSF. Choroid plexus hyperplasia (CPH) is a distinct clinicopathological entity in which the enlarged choroid plexus produces large amounts of CSF. Historically, patients with CPH were treated by shunt procedures or by microsurgical removal of the choroid plexus, which is associated with a high complication rate. In this paper the authors show that endoscopic plexus coagulation can result in restoring the equilibrium of the intracranial fluid volumes, resulting in shunt independency. In this way, both the shunt-related complications and the bleeding risks of microsurgical plexectomy are avoided. In instances of hydrocephalus, thorough efforts should be made to demonstrate the underlying pathophysiology to choose the optimal treatment, of which shunt procedures should receive the least priority.
Flow characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid shunt tubing
Authors: Cheatle Joseph T. , Bowder Alexis N. , Agrawal Sandeep K. , Sather Michael D. , Hellbusch Leslie C.
Published: February 2012

Object

Cerebrospinal fluid shunt systems malfunction for a multitude of reasons, including malpostitioning, obstruction of the ventricular or distal catheter, obstruction of the shunt valve, and catheter disruptions or disconnections. The goal of this study was to examine the hydrodynamic resistance and flow in new and explanted catheters and also in catheters with 1 or 2 straight connectors.

Methods

Explanted catheters of multiple lengths, 2-piece catheters, 3-piece catheters, and new catheters were attached to a proximal and distal manometer. A flask with artificial CSF attached to the proximal end provided flow. The flow was allowed to stabilize over 1 hour; then the change in pressure between the proximal and distal end of the catheter was measured.

Results

The resistance to flow was calculated for new, never-implanted catheters and compared with the resistance of explanted distal shunt catheters. The resistance of the new catheters was examined after the addition of 1 and 2 straight connectors. Explanted catheters exhibited a slight increase in the resistance to flow of artificial CSF compared with new catheters. Two-piece and 3-piece catheters had a significant increase in resistance to flow compared with new catheters. For all catheters, resistance to flow increased as length increased (new, p = 0.01; explanted, p = 0.009; 1 connector, p = 0.01; 2 connectors, p = 0.03). In this paper, effective diameter is defined as the available cross-sectional area of catheter contacted by the artificial CSF. For new and explanted catheters, a decrease in the effective diameter of the catheter was associated with an increase in the resistance to flow of artificial CSF (new, p = 0.1083; explanted, p = 0.0091). However, after the addition of 1 or 2 connectors, an inverse trend was observed: resistance to flow increased with effective diameter.

Conclusions

There appears to be some increase in resistance of CSF shunt catheters as they age, altering flow dynamics. In addition, the use of straight connectors within a CSF shunt system increases the resistance to flow of artificial CSF within the shunt system. The increase in resistance appears to be related to the duration of implantation and the length of the catheter and inversely related to the diameter of the catheter. This increase in resistance may be related to sterile shunt malfunction. The addition of straight connectors is associated with a significant increase in resistance in comparison with catheters without connectors (p = 0.005).
Resolution of syndromic craniosynostosis-associated Chiari malformation Type I without suboccipital decompression after posterior cranial vault release
Authors: Levitt Michael R. , Niazi Toba N. , Hopper Richard A. , Ellenbogen Richard G. , Ojemann Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2012

Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) is associated with syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis in pediatric patients, and the surgical management of CM-I in such cases is controversial. Previous guidelines have recommended simultaneous cranial vault expansion and suboccipital decompression. However, spontaneous resolution of CM-I has been observed, and the combined procedure carries additional surgical risks. The authors report the case of a 6-month-old boy with Crouzon syndrome, CM-I, and a cervical syrinx who underwent posterior cranial vault release without suboccipital decompression. Imaging at the 3-month follow-up visit demonstrated complete resolution of the CM-I, improvement in CSF flow, and reduction in the size of the syrinx. This case suggests that up-front suboccipital decompression may not be necessary in patients with craniosynostosis and CM-I. A strategy of initial cranial vault release, followed by watchful waiting and radiographic surveillance, is proposed.