bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrology of ultrahigh‐pressure rocks from the southern Su‐Lu region, eastern China
Authors: ZHANG RU‐YUAN , HIRAJIMA T. , BANNO S. , CONG BOLIN , LIOU J. G.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐P terrane, eastern China, many coesite‐bearing eclogite pods and layers within biotite gneiss occur together with interlayered metasediments now represented by garnet‐quartz‐jadeite rock and kyanite quartzite. In addition to garnet + omphacite + rutile + coesite, other peak‐stage minerals in some eclogites include kyanite, phengite, epidote, zoisite, talc, nyböite and high‐Al titanite. The garnet‐quartz‐jadeite rock and kyanite quartzite contain jadeite + quartz + garnet + rutile ± zoisite ± apatite and quartz + kyanite + garnet + epidote + phengite + rutile ± omphacite assemblages, respectively. Coesite and quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions in garnet, omphacite, jadeite, kyanite and epidote from both eclogites and metasediments. Study of major elements indicates that the protolith of the garnet‐quartz jadeite rock and the kyanite quartzite was supracrustal sediments. Most eclogites have basaltic composition; some have experienced variable ‘crustal’contamination or metasomatism, and others may have had a basaltic tuff or pyroclastic rock protolith.

The Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐P rocks have been subjected to multi‐stage recrystallization and exhibit a clockwise P‐T path. Inclusion assemblages within garnet record a pre‐eclogite epidote amphibolite facies metamorphic event. Ultrahigh‐P peak metamorphism took place at 700–890° C and P>28 kbar at c. 210–230 Ma. The symplectitic assemblage plagioclase + hornblende ± epidote ± biotite + titanite implies amphibolite facies retrogressive metamorphism during exhumation at c. 180–200 Ma. Metasedimentary and metamafic lithologies have similar P‐T paths. Several lines of evidence indicate that the supracrustal rocks were subducted to mantle depths and experienced in‐situ ultrahigh‐P metamorphism during the Triassic collision between the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze cratons.
Andalusite‐bearing veins at Vedrette di Ries (eastern Alps, Italy): fluid phase composition based on fluid inclusions
Authors: CESARE B. , HOLLISTER L. S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Andalusite‐bearing veins formed during contact metamorphism in the aureole of the Vedrette di Ries tonalite. In the veins, quartz crystals that are completely armoured by andalusite or that occur in strain shadow areas contain three generations of fluid inclusions: low‐salinity H2O‐CO2‐CH4 mixtures with CH4/(CO2+ CH4) ± 0.35 (type A); low‐salinity aqueous fluids (type B); H2O‐free, CO2‐CH4 fluids with the same carbonic speciation as A (type C). Carbonic types A and C typically have a dark appearance, which is attributed to graphite coatings on inclusion walls. Microstructural analysis of the host quartz and calculated densities indicate that type A inclusions were likely trapped during vein formation. These inclusions underwent strain‐assisted re‐equilibration during cooling that resulted in density increases without change of composition. After the rocks had cooled below about 350 ° C, type C inclusions appear to have formed from one of the immiscible fractions after unmixing of the H2O‐CO2‐CH4 fluid mixtures. Aqueous type B inclusions, apparently trapped between 225 and 350 ° C, could represent an independent fluid, or could be the H2O‐rich fraction of unmixed type A fluids. Taking account of the uncertainties, the composition and density of the complex type A inclusion fluids are in good agreement with the properties of primary fluids calculated from the petrological data. The fluid inclusion data support the model of vein formation by hydrofracturing as a result of dehydration of graphitic metapelites. These new results also demonstrate the importance of considering strain in the interpretation of metamorphic fluid inclusions.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Kalnins Irene
Published: May 2007

Discharge planning for health care facilities. Faith J. Crittenden Bowie, Maryland: Robert J. Brady Company, 1983; 172 pages, plus appendices, bibliography, and index; total 211, $19.95.
The Red Cross Rural Nursing Service: An Innovative Model of Public Health Nursing Delivery
Authors: Bigbee Jeri L. , Crowded Eleanor L. M.
Published: May 2007

Public Health nursing in the 1980s, together with the health care system in general, is facing complex social and professional issues, including professional autonomy, governmental relations, funding sources, cost containment, maintenance of standards, and aggregate versus individualiied foci of care. History can provide great insights into these recurrent issues, as exemplified by the Red Cross Rural Nursing Service.

This historical review traces the origins and progress of the American Red Cross Rural Nursing Service through the first 10 years of its existence. Major emphasis is placed on the organizational development and evolution of the Service. The impact and early contributions of the Service to the development of public health nursing in the United States are still vital to contemporary and current social issues.
Qualitative Methods in Community Analysis
Authors: Ruffing‐Rahal Mary Ann
Published: May 2007

Qualitative and quantitative methodologies are optimally combined in efforts to analyze complex social entities such as the community. This is an area in which public health nurses can make a significant contribution. As well as emphasizing the cultural and ecologic dimensions, qualitative methodology highlights the community's own portrayal of health and illness. Specific qualitative techniques that are integral to the public health nurse's community practice include obsevation, informal interviews, case studies, mapping, and photography.
Levels of Public Health
Authors: Smith Judith Baigis
Published: May 2007

To ensure the equitable delivery of health care, there must be clear conceptions of (1) the goals to be achieved by this care, (2) the sufficient extent of improvement, and (3) the level of health to which the care is to raise the individual or the community. Yet there is no consensus on either the meaning of helath or the degree of health for which we should aim. This article clarifies the concept of health by means of a discussion of four models of health that provides directive aims for public health practice, each with its own orientaion. In addition, the options for defining an adequate minimal level of public health are analyzed. This is an especially important issue, since resources for public health work are limited. Finally, a principle of fair allocation for public health resorces is suggested.
Public Health Nursing in Primary Care: Impact on Home Visits
Authors: Anderson Mercedes P. , O'Grady Roberta S. , Anderson Irma L.
Published: May 2007

A public health management data system was used by a country public health nursing administration to assess the impact of integrating primary care and public health nursing services on the allocation of nursing time to home visits. Two areas of the county were shown to be comparable in proxy indicators of need for these services. The t test of differences in means and calculation of confidence intervals were the methods of analysis. There was a significant decrease in the numbers of and time for home visits after integration of the two kinds of services. Using routinely collected personnel activity reports to indicate staff and client needs is discussed.
A Complementary View of Nursing Diagnosis
Authors: Stolte Karen
Published: May 2007

A review of the various definitions of nursing diagnoses in the literature demonstrated a potential for use of positive, negative, or neutral terms. The majority of examples used a negative term, however, which reflected an actual or potential problem. A dual approach to nursing diagnosis allows for consideration of client strengths as well as weaknesses. A framework for positive diagnoses is proposed and examples are given. Such diagnoses may be particularly useful for community health nurses working in health supervision or health maintenance.
Self‐Management of Diabetes in a Puerto Rican Population
Authors: Bernal Henrietta
Published: May 2007

A convenience sample of 74 clients with type II diabetes mellitus was followed in the home by public health nurses. Participants were observed and interviewed to determine the pattern of self‐management behaviors in the areas of insulin administration, urine testing, and dietary intake. One‐third to one‐half of the respondents could be judged as being noncompliant with one or more aspects of the treatment plan: over one‐half (38) reported skipping insulin doses; 52 varied the time they administered their insulin; and 25 had stopped testing their urine. Breaks in procedures of insulin administration were also in evidence, with the most serious being cessation or taking incorrect doses by 21 respondents. Meal skipping was reported by the majority: 41 skipped their bedtime snack and 25 skipped breakfast. Quantitative dietary analysis showed close to adequate nutrient intake with the exception of calcium and iron. Traditional Puerto Rican foods such as rice and beans were present in 53 percent of the meals despite the overriding belief that these foods should be avoided by persons with diabetes mellitus. Case data revealed interference factor in the spontaneity of life imposed by the diabetic management plan. This shows the need for flexible approaches to home care of Puerto Rican diabetics and for increased knowledge of how effectively to alter the plan of care to meet the demands of daily living.
Health Behavior: Evolution of Two Paradigms
Authors: Laffrey Shirley Cloutier , Loveland‐Cherry Carol J. , Winkler S. Joy
Published: May 2007

Public health nursing is a synthesis of professional nursing and public health science. To assist people effectively to determine and enhance their health capabilities, it is essential that public health nurses have a sound understanding of the behaviors that improve or jeopardize health. This concern arises from the profession's increased emphasis on health behavior and from nursing's stated goal of health promotion. To examine the topic from the perspectives of public health and professional nursing, we examine several issues related to the concept and its definition. We hope that the discussion will stimulate analysis both to clarify the concept and to contribute to the development of public health nursing science.
The School Nurse as a Coordinator of Health Services for Handicapped Students: A School Record Analysis
Authors: Crossland Cathy L. , DeFriese Gordon H. , Durfee Michael F. , Sanchez Wendy L. , Stein Jane S. , Badger Don W.
Published: May 2007

Data from a study of linkages between the public schools and private medical practitioners in the care of handicapped children in the elementary grades were used to study the extent to which school nurses act, through screening and referral, as coordinators of health care services for these children. Cumulative school records for a population of 785 students with one or more learning‐related handicapping conditions in a single school district were examined. Findings indicated that (1) classroom teachers refer nearly 40 percent of students with handicapping conditions to the school nurse; (2) approximately 33 percent of these students are subsequently referred to physicians for additional medical care (diagnosis and treatment); (3) there are important differences in the likelihood of parental follow‐through with nurse referrals for physician care depending on the nature of the child's condition; and (4) where the school and the private medical care system have interacted, parental follow‐through with a school nurse referral is more likely. The study suggests that school nurses might play a significant role in assuring continuity of care for children whose physical health is an important factor in determining educational progress.
A Comparison of Family Characteristics and Attitudes Toward After‐school Care for Latchkey Children
Authors: Dennis Louise Ivanov
Published: May 2007

A convenience sample of 20 families with employed parents and school‐age children who attended a local after‐school program was compared with a convenience sample of 20 families with employed parents whose school‐age children did not attend the program. The groups were compared to examine the relationship between family characteristics and attitudes toward after‐school programs and the use of such programs by families with employed parents. The presence of a sibling 13 years of age or older tended to influence a family's decision to use the program. In addition, although an after‐school program was easily accessible in this community, 67 percent of children (mean age 8 years) who did not attend went home after school to an older sibling whose mean age was 11 years. In addition, 22 percent of children (mean age of 8 years) who did not attend came home alone or with younger siblings. These findings indicate important implications for public health and school nurses to find innovative methods in meeting the needs of this population at risk.
Nurses' Beliefs about Nuclear War Avoidance
Authors: Stanitis Mary Anne , Winder Alvin E.
Published: May 2007

A questionnaire survey of 156 nurses from western New England institutions of health care and education was conducted to explore their beliefs regarding the avoidance of nuclear war. Twenty‐five questions from the Voter opinion on nuclear arms policy manual were adapted to express the dimension of the health belief model (HBM) and analyzed to determine relationships among these dimensions, nurses' belief in action to avoid nuclear war, and demographic characteristics of the sample. A strong negative correlation existed between the susceptibility and severity dimensions of the model, which characterized two distinct beliefs about action to avoid nuclear war. A high score on the susceptibility dimension reflected a belief that the respondents felt vulnerable to consequences of nuclear war but believed in the efficacy of personal action. A high score on the severity dimension was related to a belief in the potential catastrophic nature of nuclear war and was associated with perceptions of strong barriers to taking action. The demographic characteristics of membership in a professional organization, opinion of the role of professional nursing organizations in opposing nuclear war, and parental status were not predictive of actions taken to avoid nuclear war.
Views on Home Care— The Physician's Perspective: The Role of the Physician in Home Care
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence H.
Published: May 2007

In the next two issues of PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, we will be concentrating on the burgeoning home care industry. In this issue, three physicians offer their views of the subject, and in the June issue, three nurses will contribute their views.
Nurses as Agents for Change in Teaching Breast Self‐examination
Authors: Shamian Judith , Edgar Linda
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this quasi experimental, one‐group pretest‐post‐test study was to determine the role of the nurses as agents for change in teaching breast self‐examination (BSE) to healthy women in the community. The goals were to promote women's factual and proficiency knowledge in the areas of (1) signs and symptoms of breast cancer, (2) proper steps of BSE, and (3) frequency of BSE. Data were collected over four years in a large university teaching hospital. The sample was made up of 223 women. Teaching was provided by nurse clinicians. A 21‐item written questionnaire was administered to all subjects three times: before BSE education session (treatment), immediately after education, and six months later. The questionnaire included four subscales: demographics, factual knowledge regarding signs and symptoms of breast cancer, proficiency of BSE practice, and frequency of BSE. Findings indicated that nurses influence positively the factual and proficiency knowledge base of clients and the frequency of BSE practice. Based on these findings and those of previous studies, the authors believe that nurses can be agents for change in promoting BSE.
Josephine Goldmark (1877–1950): A Biographic Sketch
Authors: Benson Evelyn R.
Published: May 2007

Josephine Goldmark was one of those remarkable early‐twentieth‐century American women who, while seeking independence and fulfillment in their own lives, devoted themselves to humanitarian causes and social reform. She was deeply involved in efforts to improve working conditions for women and children. Her work led her into the arena of nursing, especially public health nursing, where she contributed significantly to the development of the profession.
Human‐environment Interaction: A Modification of the Neuman Systems Model for Aggregates, Families, and the Community
Authors: Buchanan Bernice F.
Published: May 2007

The human‐environment interaction model is a modification of the Neuman systems model and is a macro systems approach designed to provide an organizing framework to understand the client's relationship with the environment and to intervene appropriately through preventive, corrective, and rehabilitative measures. It assists in organizing phenomena and shows relationships of various components. The structural elements of the model include context, process, and substantive categories. The substantive parts include theoretical concepts, operational definitions, and a mental‐visual picture that permits the theoretical concepts to be readily perceived and understood. The major categories are the physiologic, psychologic, sociocultural, and developmental (PPSD) variables. These are defined and applied as they relate to the health of clients. The model incorporates and illustrates the collaborative decision‐making process encompassing three levels of prevention. Together, these provide a framework for action to promote, maintain, and restore the health of individuals, families, aggregates, and the community.
The Simmons‐Harvard Graduate Program in Public Health Nursing, 1953–1961: An Experiment in Nursing Education
Authors: Golden Janet , Moore Phyllis
Published: May 2007

This historical study recalls the evolution, contributions, and demise of a graduate public health nursing program. The Simmons College‐Harvard School of Public Health Graduate Program in Public Health Nursing existed for eight years from 1953 to 1961. The account of the program's design and cooperative, interdisciplinary approach is based on historical documents, oral histories, interviews, and professional publications. Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the program borrowed the best from two fields: nursing education and public health theory and practice. It relied on institutional cooperation, and highcaliber faculty, students, and curriculum. The program succeeded in preparing students for leadership positions in the nursing field. It failed to sustain the interest of a significant number of students and also failed to become a model for other institutions. The historical division within public health nursing practice, a division that supported two distinct educational tracks—graduate schools of public health and graduate schools of nursing—is one factor that led to the demise of the program.
Nursing Intervention To Assist Patients' Decision Making with Respect to Family Planning
Authors: Zotti Marianne E.
Published: May 2007

A nursing practice model was devised to identify intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal factors that influence patients' decision to use or not to use contraception. After these factors were isolated and their relationships established, they were examined to see in what areas the nurse could intervene in order to affirm patients' right to choose and to allow them more freedom of choice. These areas of influence came from literature and studies, but it is hoped that the publication of this model will spur additional research to validate these factors and their relationships, and to test the effectiveness of nursing intervention in the identified areas.
We're Going to Be Accredited
Authors: Berenice Beck Sister M. , Knollmueller Ruth N.
Published: May 2007

Historical Reprint This article is reprinted from Trained Nurse; April 100:459–62, 1938. We are indebted to Nettie Birnbach, Ed.D., R.N., Associate Professor, Graduate Nursing Program of the State University of New York‐Brooklyn, for identifying this article for us, and we hope that you will enjoy it.

M. Berenice Beck, Ph.D., R.N. founded the baccalaureate program in nursing at Marquette University in Milwaukee. She was one of the first members of the nursing profession to earn a doctoral degree. Beck participated in development of ANA's Code for Nurses, adopted by the house of Delegates in 1950. She was inducted into the Nursing Hall of Fame in 1986.
Public Health Nursing Initiatives: Guideposts for Future Practice
Authors: Erickson Grace P.
Published: May 2007

Nursing's position in local health care has reportedly been undermined by role confusion and fragmented delivery of services. A review of public health nursing history uncovered a strong model for relevant practice, role expansion, and program definition. This research considered current practice in relation to the time‐honored model developed by Lillian Wald. The study described public health nursing practice in 15 municipal and district health departments in Connecticut that have primary foci of health promotion and disease prevention. We found that wide diversity in program responsibility followed variable local health care delivery patterns and resulted in disparate breadth and depth of service components. However, there was general recognition of factors that affect service delivery, such as increased numbers of children attending day‐care; growing populations of elderly, chronically ill, and handicapped persons; and the mainstreaming of special‐education students. The educational level of nursing personnel was close to the national average. Characteristics of current practice were then correlated to those of the past. The essence of public health nursing remained strong, and the initiatives of the early pioneers were relevant guide‐posts for strengthening contemporary practice and community leadership.
A Checklist To Assess the Need for Home Health Care: Instrument Development and Validation
Authors: Garrard Judith , Dowd Bryan E. , Dorsey Beverly , Shapiro Janet
Published: May 2007

The development of a one‐page checklist is described, and results of validity and reliability studies are reported. The purpose of the checklist is to help practitioners assess the health status of patients upon discharge from adult or pediatric stations. The form was designed and validated for routine use by nurses on in‐patient stations. A pre‐post study of the effect of the prospective reimbursement plan on a teaching hospital‐based home health service in which the instrument is being used is described.
Resident provider Contrasts in Community Health Priorities
Authors: Ruffing‐Rahal Mary Ann
Published: May 2007

Community analysis projects simultaneously conducted throughout a metropolitan area revealed a consistent contrast between community health priorities voiced by residents and by health care providers. Residents were primarily concerned with threats to environmental health, often inadequately understood, in their home communities. Providers focused on specific health needs of age aggregates, such as the elderly and children, within the existent health care framework. Findings underscore the critical issue of sample representativeness as a validity check in surveys purporting to ascertain “real” community health agendas. Similarly; the timeliness of an ecologic model for community health nursing practice is supported.
Health Orientation, Beliefs, and Use of Health Services Among Minority, High‐risk Expectant Mothers
Authors: Dawkins Cecilia , Ervin Naomi , Weissfeld Lisa , Yan Alice
Published: May 2007

This article reports on initial findings of a continuing longitudinal study investigating the relationships of health beliefs as conceptualized by the health belief model and the use of well‐baby services among first‐time black mothers. The health beliefs of mothers about their babies were measured before the babies were born and during their use of the services at the baby's first and sixth‐month visits. Mothers in the sample who became nonusers of the well‐baby services were also interviewed. This report describes the results of the first interview of the 662 females who composed the sample for the study, including the following characteristics of a minority, high‐risk population: health orientation, health beliefs about their unborn babies, and use of health services. These findings are discussed with implications for community health nursing practice with maternal clients.
Health Promotion, Education, Counseling, and Coordination in Primary Health Care Nursing
Authors: Brown Marie Annette , Waybrant Kathleen M.
Published: May 2007

The evolution of advanced nursing practice over the past several decades has stimulated a number of studies of the activities of nurses specializing in the area of primary health care. These studies have ignored the nursing component of nurse practitioners' role in the areas of health care coordination, health promotion, health education, and counseling. We examined the extent to which nurse practitioners reported involvement in these areas in their practices. Study findings pointed to a high frequency of health‐promotion activities, with 98 percent of the respondents reporting this type of care delivered during the reporting day, including health screening, nutrition information, exercise counseling, family planning, education, and risk factor analysis. The most common coordination activities were referrals for mental health, social work or drug rehabilitation, vision services, alcohol problems, and hearing services. Overall, study results supported the assertion that nurse practitioners considered that they provide their clients with a wide array of coordination, health‐promotion, health‐education, and counseling services within a nursing framework.
Urban Adolescents: What Are Their Health Needs?
Authors: Pletsch Pamela K. , Leslie Linda A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract A health needs assessment of inner‐city, low‐income adolescents was conducted by the staff of a nurse‐managed, community‐oriented primary care clinic. A multiethnic sample of 568 high school students was studied. The findings indicated that the most commonly used source of health care was the family doctor. Barriers to receiving care were fear and costs. Subjects reported insufficient knowledge about many health‐related topics, and desired services in the areas of drug and substance use, reproduction and sexuality, family relations, mental health, and dental health. Eighty‐four percent of the subjects were interested in using the services of a neighborhood clinic specifically for teens. Survey results were used for decision making, program planning, and implementation of a teen health clinic.
Measuring Occupational Health Nurses' Counseling on Health Promotion
Authors: Jordan‐Marsh Maryalice
Published: May 2007

Abstract The purpose of the study was to validate an instrument that measures health counseling practices of occupational health nurses. The measure, the health habits counseling questionnaire (HHCQ), was derived from a model of physician counseling practices. The health habits included smoking, alcohol, weight management, and exercise. Safety at work was added for this random sample of California occupational health nurses. Reliability was comparable to original findings for a random sample of physicians drawn from the roster of a western medical society. The validity of the hypothesized global constructs of aggressiveness and indications was not supported. Physicians in the normative sample were more likely to use primary prevention as an indication for counseling. Overall, occupational health nurses and medical society physician members were similar on many aspects of their counseling, although some significant differences did exist.
Challenges in Assessing the Impact of Nursing Service: A Community Perspective
Authors: Goeppinger Jean
Published: May 2007

Abstract Assessing the impact of community nursing services is critically important. It is, however, problematic. Difficulties, some germane to the general assessment of the impact of nursing service and others specific to community‐oriented nursing practice, include confusion about the domain of community health nursing, inadequate definition of key concepts, inappropriate competition among research methodologies, unpredictable collegial and financial support, and inattention to the dissemination of research findings in practice environments.
Improving the Delivery of Services in a Local Health Department: Integration versus Block
Authors: Corcoran Jan , Hill Nancy , Credle Jeanne , Lowe Patty H. , Alan Dever G. E. , Lofton Teresa C. , Anderson Sondra L.
Published: May 2007

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether replacement of block clinics with integrated clinics improved delivery of service to patients and improved the work environment for staff. To measure the impact of service delivery change, a systematic, random sample of clients was surveyed both before integrating services and one year after integration. A staff survey was also conducted to measure the effects of the change on work performance and satisfaction. Results from the client survey showed significant improvements in average waiting time, perceived shorter waiting time, and use of several services at one visit. Results from the staff survey showed perceived improvements in patient care, more time for patient education and follow‐up, and workload management. Because of the positive effects of service integration, the change to this type service delivery is being implemented throughout the health district.
Predictors of Loneliness in Pregnant Teenagers
Authors: Dilorio Colleen , Riley Brenda
Published: May 2007

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of self‐concept and future orientation to loneliness in a group of pregnant teenagers. Pregnant teenagers attending public health clinics for prenatal care were asked to participate in the study. Subjects completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Heimberg Future Time Perspective Inventory, and the Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale. Data analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between self‐concept and loneliness and a significant negative correlation between future time perspective and loneliness. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that self‐concept and future time perspective together explained 38 percent of the variance in loneliness. The findings revealed that self‐concept was the best predictor of loneliness in this sample and that the prediction of loneliness was strengthened in the presence of a weak future time perspective.
Curriculum Analysis of Home Health Content in Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nursing Education
Authors: Zink Margo R.
Published: May 2007

A statewide study was done with five associate degree (ADN) and five baccalaureate degree (BSN) nursing programs in Georgia to examine the similarities and differences in curriculum based on a nationally used model. From this overall study, select content related to community/home health care was evaluated in the sample programs. Professional standards for community and home health care nursing practice, as well as other published literature on the topic, provided a basis to determine competence to practice. Data were collected through a taped telephone interview to all program chairpersons (N = 10) and mailed questionnaires to faculty involved with all required courses (N=110). Content analyses of responses allowed for evaluation of frequency of these learning activities between ADN and BSN programs and among BSN programs in the areas of family, teaching, interdisciplinary collaboration, physical assessment, and leadership. Overall, the results indicated lack of conclusive data to support a distinct difference in these educational components between the ADN and BSN sample or among BSN programs. The study was intended to servce as a basis for home health care curriculum development in the future.
Assessment of Growth: Is One International Growth Reference Sufficient?
Authors: Edwards Joy , Morse Janice M.
Published: May 2007

There is no definitive conclusion concerning the long‐debated issue of whether one international growth reference is sufficient for assessing the growth of all children regardless of racial background. Although nurses and health professionals in North America primarily use the National Health Centre for Health Statistics growth reference data to identify atypical growth, recognizing potential abnormalities in non‐Caucasians remains difficult. After exploring the issues surrounding this question, the authors concluded that an international growth reference is required to provide a common point of comparison of growth for the population groups from different countries. Arguments can be made for developing reference standards for particular racial groups, although several difficulties and limitions preclude this.
Home Health Agency Preferences for Staff Nurse Qualifications, and Practices in Hiring and Orientation
Authors: Kalnins Irene
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe home health agency preferences with respect to staff nurse qualifications, and practices in hiring and orienting new staff. An 85‐item home health staff nurse selection and orientation questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of 287 midwestern home health agencies in 12 states. Qualifications rated most highly were medical‐surgical experience, venipuncture skills, completion of a physical assessment course, intravenous therapy skills, and patient‐teaching skills. With agency sponsorship (traditional, proprietary, and hospital‐based) as the independent variable, the three types of agencies were significantly different on ratings of six qualifications and six orientation topics. None of the agencies rated a BSN degree as very important or required, and the same was true for completion of a student experience in community health nursing. Preference for qualifications in this study is consistent with increasing acuteness of patients' illness and technologic complexity of home care.
Health‐Promoting Behaviors, Perceived Social Support, and Self‐Reported Health of Appalachian Elderly
Authors: Riffle Kathryn L. , Yoho Jerry , Sams Jessie
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to examine the relationships among health‐promoting behaviors, perceived social support, and self‐reported health of 113 persons age 55 years and over, who were attending nutrition sites in northern West Virginia. Three hypotheses were formulated: (1) health‐promoting behaviors are positively related to perceived social support; (2) health‐promoting behaviors are positively related to self‐reported health, and (3) perceived social support is positively related to self‐reported health. Only the first two were supported by our findings. Data analysis revealed positive correlations between the average health‐promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP) score and education, and frequency of attending the nutrition site screening clinics for high blood pressure and diabetes. Better‐educated subjects scored higher on selected subscales of the HPLP (self‐actualization and health responsibility). Age was negatively correlated with the HPLP subscales of health responsibility and exercise. Nurses and support personnel at nutrition sites should focus increased attention on the older participants and those who are less well‐educated. Expanding the variety and frequency of health services available to nutrition site participants merits attention.
Reliability and Validity Testing of the Whole‐Blood Hemoglobinometer
Authors: Bigbee Jeri L. , Winter Beverly
Published: May 2007

The whole‐blood hemoglobinometer is an anemia‐screening tool commonly used in public health nursing practice. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the instrument. Test‐retest, intertester, and intertest reliability were all shown to be strong. Sensitivity was 1.0, specificity ranged from 0.8571 to 0.9024, positive predictive value ranged from 0.6428 to 0.7453, and negative predictive value was 1.0. A small but statistically significant difference in hemoglobinometer versus Coulter readings was found, resulting in a 10% false positive rate.
Health‐Promoting Lifestyles of English‐Speaking and Spanish‐Speaking Mexican‐American Migrant Farm Workers
Authors: Kerr Madeleine J. , Ritchey Deborah A.
Published: May 2007

This study was conducted with 62 Mexican‐American migrant farm workers at four different sites in northern Illinois. An established English and a newly developed pilot Spanish version of the health‐promoting lifestyle profile was used. The concept of health‐promoting lifestyle appeared to be culturally relevant to study participants. English‐speaking migrant workers scored significantly lower than Spanish‐speaking workers on the dimensions of self‐actualization, exercise, and stress management. Patterns of scores among both groups were highest in self‐actualization and interpersonal support, and lowest in health responsibility and exercise. Further research in health‐promoting behaviors with all cultural groups and socioeconomic levels of society will contribute to achievement of the World Health Organization's goal, health for all by the year 2000.
Underrecognition of Morbidity from Stings of the Red Imported Fire Ant in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Owens V. Jann , Malioy Catherine , Schuman Stanley , Caldwell Sam , Bellamy Dene
Published: May 2007

This cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the health‐seeking behaviors of a group of patients stung by red imported fire ants (RIFA) and the number of nursing referrals resulting in treatment. The following two research questions were asked: (1) Is there a delay in seeking the care of a board‐certified allergist for symptoms of fire ant hypersensitivity? (2) Are nurses referring patients for treatment? The entire population of board‐certified allergists in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina (n= 98) was sampled. A questionnaire was developed for the office nurses to use to collect information from allergy patients actually receiving fire ant injections (n= 257). Each patient reported on the reaction, when it occurred as well as age, sex, and county of residence. Descriptive statistics revealed that a delay of a month or more in seeking care of an allergist was experienced by 154 (56%) of patients who completed the questionnaire. The average delay was 1.8 years. The main source of referrals was a general practitioner or emergency room personnel. Nursing and other health professionals must recognize the problem and to institute prompt referral for treatment. In areas where RIFA colonies are spreading, they have to be fully informed and trained in effective primary and secondary techniques to prevent serious reaction to the stings of these ants.
Core Curriculum for Master's‐Level Community Health Nursing Education: A Comparison of the Views of Leaders in Service and Education
Authors: Selby Maya L. , Riportella‐Muller Roberta , Quade Dana , Legault Claudine , Salmon Maria E.
Published: May 2007

This study identified core components of the curriculum for master's‐level community health nurses (CHNs) and assessed whether leaders in service agreed with leaders in education on the importance of these components. Through a mailed survey, 588 leaders in CHN service and education identified the following as the most important to include in the core CHN curriculum: a practicum experience; epidemiology; community health assessment and diagnosis; administration and management, including public health administration, management theory, program planning and evaluation, financial management and budgeting, and quality assurance; research methods and biostatistics; health promotion and disease prevention; intervention at the aggregate level; and leadership theory. These leaders also indicated that skills in both administration and direct care are essential for CHN
External Family Structure and Cohesion: Nursing Perspectives
Authors: Stenvig Thomas E.
Published: May 2007

The family is recognized as a basic unit in the delivery of many nursing services. The dimensions of its structure and cohesion may be important in the development of many family problems and should be assessed in planning nursing interventions in family‐based care. This paper examines the impact of external family structure on the cohesion of a family encountered during a community‐based student clinical experience in communications. External structural I factors were considered in planning nursing interventions to alleviate stress‐related symptoms and conflicts, and to enhance cohesion in clinical work with this family.
Symbiotic and Synergistic Community‐Based Volunteer Home Visiting Program for Postpartum Families
Authors: Misener Terry R. , Knox Patricia D.
Published: May 2007

Community health nurses who focus on the needs of the community as client, and not simply individual and family services, are aware of the demand for increased services. This demand, however, is usually coupled with the absence of resources to deliver the needed services. Therefore, leaders in community agencies must consider attracting nurses as volunteers to augment resources. Volunteer service can be highly synergistic when a symbiotic relationship exists between the agency and the volunteer. A one‐year volunteer home visiting program was developed to provide services to families with new infants at one U.S. Army installation in the western United States. We assume the program methodology would be successful in civilian communities as well as other client populations.
Public Health Nurse Salaries: Associations with Nurse, Agency, and Community Characteristics
Authors: Nickel Jennie T. , Thomas Grace M. , Eastman Martha A. , Holton Janet D. , Skuly Rosanne H.
Published: May 2007

This study applied an economic framework to the analysis of public health nurse (PHN) salaries, assessing their relationships to nurse qualifications, agency resources, community economic base, and area competition for the nurse supply. Data were obtained through interviews with 125 Ohio health departments and from various state and local reports. Associations between salaries and explanatory variables were analyzed through correlations and stepwise regression models. The PHN salaries were significantly lower and more compressed than salaries for nurses in area hospitals. Agency and community characteristics were more important than nurse education and experience in explaining salary variations. Maximum PHN salary attainable was significantly related to level of health department funding and community unemployment rate. Health departments in rural locations paid lower salaries at both minimum and maximum levels. Evidence suggested the presence of entry‐level wage competition by health departments with both area hospitals and other community nursing agencies. Each 1% increase in minimum hospital nurse salaries was linked to a 0.66% increase in PHN salaries. Findings support the need to improve competitive positions of health departments as nurse shortages intensify.
Community Nurse Executives’Psychologic Weil‐Being: Relationships Among Stressors, Social Support, Coping, and Optimism
Authors: Cohen Jayne Haberman
Published: May 2007

The purposes of this study were to (1) determine the occupational stressors, coping strategies, and sources and types of social support of nurse executives; (2) compare the sample's level of psychologic symptomatology with norms; and (3) examine the effects of stress, social support, and optimism in predicting psychologic well‐being. Public health nursing directors located throughout California participated in the study. Mailed questionnaire booklets were used to collect data from the target population. A subset of the sample participated in face‐to‐face, taped, structured interviews that elicited additional data on nurse executives' work stress, coping strategies, and social support dimensions. Several significant findings emerged. The mean psychologic symptom score for the subjects was greater than the published norm, suggesting psychologic distress. In regression analysis, total number of years in nursing accounted for 14.8% of the variance in psychologic symptoms, the dependent variable. Level of optimism accounted for an additional 29.8% of the variance. Total hassles and co‐worker social support together accounted for 6.57% of the variance in the last step, but were not statistically significant. Interview data identified the major occupational stressors, coping strategies, and sources and types of social support for this group of nursing directors.
Nurse‐Client Interactions in Community‐Based Practice: Creating Common Ground
Authors: Kristjanson Linda , Chalmers Karen
Published: May 2007

Although research activity is increasingly aimed at examining health outcomes of community health nursing care, little empirical literature systematically describes the nurse‐client interaction. In this pilot study nurse‐client interactions were evaluated to describe their detailed elements. Nineteen such interactions occurring in a Canadian public health department were videotaped by a professional filming crew. The clinical situations included home visits, school health interviews and screening, health classes, and clinic work. The audio portion of the nurse‐client exchanges were transcribed from the videotapes onto a computer and analyzed using content analysis. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nurses and clients after the filming to elicit their perceptions of the interactions. Field notes describing nonverbal and contextual data were also collected and analyzed. The central process identified during the interactions was called “creating common ground.” This integrating conceptual schema captured the give and take as each participant defined territory and revealed information. The process varied depending on care context, process skills of the nurse, and willingness of the client to engage.
Challenges for Continuing Education of Public Health Nurses in Florida
Authors: Tappen Ruth M. , Sanchez‐Murrell Marta A. , Hopkins Sheila J. , Donovan Grace , Dolan Jean B. , Moore Nancy
Published: May 2007

Perceived continuing education needs among public health nurses at the staff and supervisory levels were investigated. A questionnaire was adapted for each and administered at participating county public health units. Results indicated a high level of agreement between staff nurses and supervisors. Further analysis of the data suggested a relationship between the nurses' perception of continuing education needs and the realities of their nursing practice. Public health nurses, educators, and administrators face the challenge of re‐focusing continuing education needs and activities on the broad scope of this area of specialty.
The Sexual and Contraceptive Socialization of Black Adolescent Males (Black Adolescent Sexuality)
Authors: Tucker Sandra K.
Published: May 2007

The major source, quantity, and quality of sex and contraceptive information African‐American males received as teenagers, and the impact of that information on sexual and contraceptive behavior, were examined among 250 males ranging in age from 12 to 70 years. Mothers were the major sources of sex and birth control information for the adolescent, young adult, and middle adult groups. Fathers and male friends were the second sources most indicated. All of the sample received sex information, and only a small proportion received no birth control information. The amount of sex information received was found to be a significant predictor (P= 0.0018) of the age at first intercourse and the regularity of use of birth control after that. The amount of birth control information received was also a significant predictor (P = 0.0093) of the regularity of use of birth control after the first coitus. Because parents influence their children's behavior through a socialization process, their support of their teenage sons in matters of sexuality and contraception may be of potential value in mitigating the effects of early, unprotected sex.