bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Stepwise Strategy for the Synthesis of HMX from 3,7‐Dipropionyl‐1,3,5,7‐Tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]Nonane
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xu Zishuai , Ruan Jian , Wang Xiaolong , Zhang Luyao , Luo Jun
Published: September 2018

1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane(HMX) is one of the most powerful and widely used explosives. A new method for the synthesis of HMX from 3,7‐dipropionyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DPPT) was investigated. Two important intermediates, 1,5‐dipropionyl‐3‐nitroso‐7‐nitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (DPNNO) and 1,5‐dipropionyl‐3,7‐dinitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (DPDN), were isolated from the reaction mixture. The reaction mechanism, involving a nitrolysis‐nitrosolysis‐nitrolysis‐nitrolysis process, was proposed and verified by the 1H‐NMR tracking. Based on the reaction mechanism, a stepwise method to prepare HMX from DPPT was developed. DPPT could be efficiently and smoothly converted to DPNNO in red fuming nitric acid with excellent yield up to 94.2 %. The influence factors on the yields of HMX such as reaction temperature, loading amounts of N2O5 were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, HMX was obtained with a satisfactory yield of 85.0 %. The overall yield of the stepwise procedure was as high as 80.0 %.
A high‐throughput system used to determine frequency and distribution of phosphine resistance across large geographical regions
Authors: Schlipalius David I , Tuck Andrew G , Pavic Hervoika , Daglish Gregory J , Nayak Manoj K , Ebert Paul R
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Next‐generation sequencing can enable genetic surveys of large numbers of individuals. We developed a genotyping‐by‐sequencing assay for detecting strong phosphine resistance alleles in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene of Rhyzopertha dominica populations. The assay can estimate the distribution and frequency of resistance variants in thousands of individual insects in a single run.

RESULTS

We analysed 1435 individual insects collected over a 1‐year period from 59 grain‐storage sites including farms (n = 29) and central storages (n = 30) across eastern Australia. Resistance alleles were detected in 49% of samples, 38% of farms and 60% of central storages. Although multiple alleles were detected, only two resistance variants (P49S and K142E) were widespread and each appeared to have a distinct but overlapping geographical distribution.

CONCLUSION

The type of structure in which the grain is stored had a strong effect on resistance allele frequency. We observed higher frequencies of resistance alleles in bunker storages at central sites compared with other storage types. This contributed to the higher frequencies of resistance alleles in bulk‐handling facilities relative to farms. The discovery of a storage structure that predisposes insects to resistance highlights the utility of our high‐throughput assay system for improvement of phosphine resistance management practices. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Trajectories of School Recovery After a Natural Disaster: Risk and Protective Factors
Authors: Lai Betty S. , Esnard Ann‐Margaret , Wyczalkowski Chris , Savage Ryan , Shah Hazel
Published: September 2018

Disasters may have significant and lasting impacts on educational programs and academic achievement, yet the examination of differing patterns of school recovery after disasters is understudied. This paper focused on two aims: (i) identification of school academic recovery trajectories; and (ii) examination of potential risk factors associated with these trajectories. We used latent class growth analysis to identify school academic recovery trajectories for a cohort of 462 Texas public schools that were in the path of Hurricane Ike in 2008. Using Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) data from 2005 to 2011, we found that attendance and percent of economically disadvantaged youth emerged as significant risk factors for two identified academic recovery trajectories (High‐Stable and Low‐Interrupted). Higher levels of economically disadvantaged youth were associated with lower likelihood of falling in the High‐Stable trajectory, relative to the Low‐Interrupted trajectory. Higher levels of attendance were associated with higher likelihood of membership in the High‐Stable trajectory, relative to the Low‐Interrupted trajectory. These findings are consistent with the notion that disasters do not affect all people or communities equally. Findings highlight the need for policy initiatives that focus on low performing schools, as these schools are at highest risk for adverse outcomes post‐disaster.
Nonlinear mapping for performance improvement and energy saving of underwater vehicles
Authors: dos Santos Carlos Henrique Farias , Cildoz Mariana Uzeda , Vieira Rodrigo Padilha , Reginatto Romeu , Pinheiro Breno Carneiro
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes an improvement on underwater vehicles control strategy using an adaptive sliding‐mode method. This improvement is threefold. First, water current compensation is explicitly dealt within in the control law. Second, a nonlinear parameterization is developed by employing new methods for the design of the sliding surface, aiming at vehicles tracking performance. Third, parameters of the designed sliding surface in the control law are varied according to a nonlinear mapping of thruster forces aimed to energy saving of propulsion system. Three different methods are given for the design of the sliding surface. The proposed control law guarantees global asymptotic stability of the tracking error, and the stability proof is provided in the paper even in the presence of variable currents. Moreover, the tracking performance and energy saving are compared with conventional methodologies to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Reentry attitude control for a reusable launch vehicle with aeroservoelastic model using type‐2 adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control
Authors: Mao Qi , Dou Liqian , Tian Bailing , Zong Qun
Published: September 2018

Using a type‐2 adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control approach, a nonlinear reentry attitude control scheme is presented in this paper for a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) with aeroservoelastic model that assures reliable tracking of guidance commands. The mutual interactions between aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and the flight control system may lead to the aeroservoelasticity problem. Thus, based on the six‐degree‐of‐freedom geometry model of a RLV, the aeroservoelastic model is firstly established via hypothetical modal method and Galerkin method. Then, the overall attitude control strategy is carried out in two‐loop subsystem controller by using backstepping method. For each loop subsystem, a sliding mode controller is developed to assure tracking of guidance commands, and the interval type‐2 fuzzy logic systems combined with adaptive technique are employed to approximate the nonlinear parts to improve the reentry attitude tracking performance. Furthermore, the virtual control is introduced to the control strategy to attenuate the effect of control saltation. Theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov approach illustrates that the closed‐loop system under the designed control method is uniformly stable, and the attitude tracking error converges to a small neighborhood around origin. Finally, the six‐degree‐of‐freedom flight simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme and aeroservoelastic characteristic of reentry RLV.
Significantly Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Activity over Ultrafine Mesoporous TiO2 Nanofibers Photocatalysts
Authors: Hou Huilin , Yuan Yanfeng , Shang Minghui , Wang Lin , Yang Weiyou
Published: September 2018

In present work, we report the fabrication of fabrication of ultrafine mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers via a versatile foaming‐assisted electrospinning method for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. The diameter and the porous structure could be precisely controlled, making the controlled fabrication of mesoporous ultrafine TiO2 nanofibers. As compared to P25 as well as other TiO2 nanofiber counterparts, the as‐prepared ultrafine mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers in 85 nm diameter yielded the highest activity photocatalytic H2 release rate of 710.8 μmol • g −1• h−1, suggesting their promising applications in clean energy production.
Characteristics of Modified Carioca Bean Starch upon Single and Dual Annealing, Heat‐Moisture‐Treatment, and Sonication
Authors: Zanella Pinto Vânia , Goncalves Deon Vinicius , Moomand Khalid , Levien Vanier Nathan , Pilatti‐Riccio Daniella , da Rosa Zavareze Elessandra , Lim Loong‐Tak , Guerra Dias Alvaro R.
Published: September 2018

Carioca bean starch is isolated and modified by annealing (ANN), heat‐moisture‐treatment (HMT), and sonication (SNT), as well as combined dual modifications (ANN‐HMT, ANN‐SNT, HMT‐ANN, HMT‐SNT, SNT‐ANN, SNT‐HMT). Single and dual modifications did not cause molecular damage in starch fractions. Starch B‐type fraction in native Carioca bean increases after the ANN treatment. Dual ANN‐SNT modification (ANN‐SNT or SNT‐ANN) promotes a synergic behavior on crystallite collapse, causing a decrease in relative crystallinity. The ANN as the second treatment results in irregular surface morphologies and granule disintegration. The ANN‐SNT and SNT‐ANN modifications increase the pasting viscosity synergistically in contrast to individual SNT or ANN treatments. The HMT process promotes the disruption of crystallites upon the subsequent ANN treatment, confirmed by an increase in enthalpy (ΔH). The starch modification techniques reported here can provide new opportunities to utilize damaged and hard‐to‐cook Carioca beans in the food industry.
Reversed horizontal cyclic loading tests of flat slab specimens with studs as shear reinforcement
Authors: Isufi Brisid , Pinho Ramos António , Lúcio Válter
Published: September 2018

The results of a series of experiments on four reinforced concrete flat slab specimens with shear studs and a control specimen without any shear reinforcement are presented. The specimens were tested under constant gravity loads and reversed horizontal cyclic displacements. The main test variables were the applied gravity load and the number of perimeters of studs. One of the specimens was tested in two phases to study the postearthquake behavior. Results showed a considerable improvement of the deformation capacity of specimens with studs compared to the reference specimen. In agreement with previous research, increasing the applied gravity shear ratio resulted in a lower experimental drift capacity. It is shown that a better explanation of the observed ultimate drifts can be made by considering also the flexural capacity and the extent of shear reinforcement. The specimen tested in two phases exhibited considerable residual capacity, even after severe horizontal loading.
Maternal immune activation altered microglial immunoreactivity in the brain of postnatal day 2 rat offspring
Authors: Zhang Jiaxian , Jing Yu , Zhang Hu , Bilkey David K. , Liu Ping
Published: September 2018

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play critical roles in neurodevelopment, synaptic pruning, and neuronal wiring. Early in development, microglia migrate via the tangential and radial migration pathways to their final destinations and mature gradually, a process that includes morphological changes. Recent research has implicated microglial abnormality in the etiology of schizophrenia. Since prenatal exposure to viral or bacterial infections due to maternal immune activation (MIA) leads to increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring during adulthood, the present study systematically investigated how MIA induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (a mimic of viral double‐stranded RNA) affected microglial immunoreactivity along the migration and maturation trajectories in the brains of male and female rat offspring on postnatal day (PND) 2. The immunohistochemistry revealed significant changes in the density of IBA‐1 immunoreactive cells in the corpus callosum, somatosensory cortex, striatum, and the subregions of the hippocampus of the MIA offspring. The male and female MIA offspring displayed markedly altered microglial immunoreactivity in both the tangential and radial migration, as well as maturation, pathways when compared to their sex‐ and age‐matched controls as evidenced by morphology‐based cell counting. Given the important roles of microglia in synaptic pruning and neuronal wiring and survival, these changes may lead to structural and functional neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and so contribute to the functional deficits observed in juvenile and adult MIA offspring. Future research is required to systematically determine how MIA affects microglial migration and maturation in rat offspring.
Foundations for model‐based systems engineering and model‐based safety assessment
Authors: Rauzy Antoine B. , Haskins Cecilia
Published: September 2018

This article is a contribution to the INCOSE initiative for model‐based engineering transformation. Its material has been presented at the ALSEE tour event in Oslo in September 2016. The ideas developed here come from the practical and theoretical experience of the authors in both industrial and academic frameworks. We organize the discussion around 6 theses that aim at establishing robust conceptual foundations for the model‐based engineering transformation. We focus on model‐based systems engineering, model‐based safety assessment, and the relationship between these 2 disciplines. We report on active research initiatives that implement these 6 theses via the S2ML+X paradigm. We conclude with suggestions about future research and teaching activities.
Performance evaluation of phase‐controlled semiactive resettable TMD (PCRTMD) with the stiffness retuning ability under strong seismic motions
Authors: Amini Fereidoun , Tourani Navid , Ghaderi Pedram
Published: September 2018

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs), despite being efficient because the structure has not experienced damage and properties degradation, lose efficiency when the mechanical properties of the structure changes and detuning effects occur. Semiactive TMDs have been shown superior to the traditional passive ones and more efficient and reliable than the active counterparts for the detuning problem. This study presents a novel semi active system that is able to respond efficiently and maintain such a performance even in the case of structural damage. This scheme is composed of a variable stiffness component, a resettable element, and a friction brake. The system dissipates energy using the resetting mechanism and is able to change stiffness when the tuned frequency of the structure changes due to structural damage. The friction device is responsible for maintaining the TMD in the optimal phase lag to the structure, that is, −90°, and thus keeping the TMD in the optimal performance. This strategy has been tested on a single‐degree‐of‐freedom frame, to understand the system behavior under harmonic excitation, as well as a 10‐story shear type frame under strong seismic motions. The proposed system has shown to be effective and competent comparing analysis results to active and passive TMDs.
Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine‐induced colon tumorigenesis in Wistar rats: Alleviation of inflammatory, proliferation, angiogenic, and apoptotic markers
Authors: Khan Rehan , Rehman Muneeb U. , Khan Abdul Quaiyoom , Tahir Mir , Sultana Sarwat
Published: September 2018

Objectives

Colon cancer is the major health disease related with high mortality. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is an active constituent of licorice with anti‐inflammatory and anticarcinogenesis effects. We investigated the chemopreventive potential of GA against 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced colon tumorigenesis in Wistar rats.

Methods

Glycyrrhizic acid was administered orally at the dose of 15 mg/kg b.wt. and DMH was administered at the dose of 20 mg/kg b.wt. once a week for first 15 weeks. All the rats were euthanized after 30 weeks. GA supplementation significantly inhibited the tumor incidence and multiplicity.

Results

Glycyrrhizic acid treatment reduced the expression of Ki‐67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) while enhanced the expression of p53, connexin‐43, b‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2), survivin, and cleaved caspase‐3. Glycyrrhizic acid also significantly ameliorated DMH‐induced decreased activities of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3. Furthermore, GA treatment reduced mast cells infiltration, attenuated the shifting of sialomucin to sulphomucin as well the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion

The findings of the study suggest that GA has chemopreventive potential against DMH‐induced colon tumorigenesis plausibly through the attenuation of hyperproliferative responses, pro‐inflammatory cytokines level, inflammatory and angiogenic markers, and apoptotic responses.
Adaptation pathways for conservation law and policy
Authors: McDonald Jan , McCormack Phillipa C. , Dunlop Michael , Farrier David , Feehely Jess , Gilfedder Louise , Hobday Alistair J. , Reside April E.
Published: September 2018

Globally, biodiversity is under increasing pressure from human activities despite protective measures in conservation laws. Climate change will exacerbate those pressures and the effects of habitat loss and species decline. Current approaches to conservation law in most countries focus on establishing protected areas and limiting activities outside reserves that might affect priority species, habitats, and ecological communities. These measures have had mixed success depending on scale and implementation, but are likely to perform poorly under conditions of future change. To prepare for the future, we consider how conservation law and policy needs to anticipate and manage for future change; widen its scope beyond species and ecological communities that are currently threatened; and support adaptive management of priority areas and species. Using Australian conservation law as a case study, we outline three possible routes by which this shift could occur. The first involves enhancing the adaptiveness of conservation law, the second expands the focus of conservation law from protected areas and listed species to include ecosystems and ecosystem services, while the third attempts to do both simultaneously. We examine the legal mechanisms needed to implement each route, examples of their use in practice, and barriers that must be overcome for successful implementation.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Conservation Strategies
Decoding the neural representation of self and person knowledge with multivariate pattern analysis and data‐driven approaches
Authors: Wagner Dylan D. , Chavez Robert S. , Broom Timothy W.
Published: September 2018

Multivariate pattern analysis and data‐driven approaches to understand how the human brain encodes sensory information and higher level conceptual knowledge have become increasingly dominant in visual and cognitive neuroscience; however, it is only in recent years that these methods have been applied to the domain of social information processing. This review examines recent research in the field of social cognitive neuroscience focusing on how multivariate pattern analysis (e.g., pattern classification, representational similarity analysis) and data‐driven methods (e.g., reverse correlation, intersubject correlation) have been used to decode and characterize high‐level information about the self, other persons, and social groups. We begin with a review of what is known about how self‐referential processing and person perception are represented in the medial prefrontal cortex based on conventional activation‐based neuroimaging approaches. This is followed by a nontechnical overview of current multivariate pattern‐based and data‐driven neuroimaging methods designed to characterize and/or decode neural representations. The remainder of the review focuses on examining how these methods have been applied to the topic of self, person perception, and the perception of social groups. In this review, we highlight recent trends (e.g., analysis of social networks, decoding race and social groups, and the use of naturalistic stimuli) and discuss several theoretical challenges that arise from the application of these new methods to the question of how the brain represents knowledge about the self and others.

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
A Dual‐Responsive Luminescent Terbium(III) Chain for Selective Sensing of Fe3+ and MnO4– Ions
Authors: Shi Jia‐Li , Xu Ping , Wang Xiu‐Guang , Ding Bo , Zhao Xiao‐Jun , Yang En‐Cui
Published: September 2018

A new one‐dimensional double chain with two symmetry‐related Tb3+ ions extended by pairs of butanedioate connectors, {[Tb(H2O)(L)(TPA)]·0.5H2O}n [TPA = 6‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pyridine‐2‐carboxylate and L = butanedioate] was solvothermally prepared by popular mixed‐ligand strategy. Possessing highly thermal and environmental stability, the complex exhibits bright green emission in well‐dispersed water system, and can efficiently detect Fe3+ and MnO4– ions through fluorescence quenching with strong quench constants (Ksv = 8.51 × 103 and 1.13 × 104 m–1) and low limits of detection (2.29 and 1.43 μm). These interesting results indicate that low‐dimensional coordination polymers can be promisingly used as dual‐functional luminescent sensors for detecting the environmental pollutants.
Viewing African and Asian elephants at accredited zoological institutions: Conservation intent and perceptions of animal welfare
Authors: Miller Lance J. , Luebke Jerry F. , Matiasek Jennifer
Published: September 2018

African and Asian elephants are popular within zoos, however there is currently limited information on how viewing them impacts zoo visitors. The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between viewing elephants in zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and zoo visitors’ reported conservation intent and perceptions of animal welfare. Visitors were systematically selected to fill out questionnaires following elephant observation at nine facilities throughout North America. Questions included information on conservation predispositions, exhibit experience, exhibit perceptions, animal welfare perceptions, emotional experience, learning outcomes, conservation intent, and demographics. Results suggest that observing elephants engaged in a variety of species‐typical behaviors and having an up‐close experience was significantly correlated to visitors having a positive emotional response. The positive emotional response, combined with visitor conservation predisposition had a significant positive relationship with reported interest in getting involved in conservation. Perceptions of animal welfare were significantly related to a positive emotional experience driven by seeing animals engaged in a variety of active species‐typical behaviors as well as exhibit perceptions and whether or not visitors thought it was important to have elephants in zoos. Exhibit perception was primarily correlated with exhibit size. The results provide factors that could help to increase visitor interest in conservation as well as the potential impact of viewing elephants in an accredited zoo. Facilities can use this information to help ensure their visitors have similar type experiences in order to inspire visitors’ interest in conservation as well as positive perceptions of animal welfare.
Gauged six-dimensional supergravity from warped IIB reductions
Authors: Hong Junho , Liu James T. , Mayerson Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We find a family of complete non-linear Kaluza-Klein reduction ansätze from type IIB supergravity to Romans’ 6D F (4) gauged supergravity in the bosonic sector. The reduction is over a sphere S
2 and a Riemann surface Σ, and depends on a pair of arbitrary locally holomorphic functions

$$ {\mathcal{A}}_{\pm } $$

A
±

on Σ. This family of reductions is inspired by the recent construction of 1/2 BPS supersymmetric warped AdS
6 solutions of IIB supergravity that depend on these same functions

$$ {\mathcal{A}}_{\pm } $$

A
±

.
Long-lived stau, sneutrino dark matter and right-slepton spectrum
Authors: Banerjee Shankha , Bélanger Geneviève , Ghosh Avirup , Mukhopadhyaya Biswarup
Published: September 2018

Abstract

The minimal supersymmetric (SUSY) standard model (MSSM) augmented by right chiral sneutrinos may lead to one such sneutrino serving as the lightest supersymmetric particle and a non-thermal dark matter candidate, especially if neutrinos have Dirac masses only. In such cases, if the lightest MSSM particle is a stau, the signal of SUSY at the LHC consists in stable charged tracks which are distinguishable from backgrounds through their time delay between the inner tracker and the muon chamber. We show how to determine in such scenarios the mass hierarchy between the lightest neutralino and right sleptons of the first two families. The techniques of neutralino reconstruction, developed in earlier works, are combined with the endpoint of the variable M

T 2 in smuon (selectron) decays for this purpose. We show that one can thus determine the mass hierarchy for smuons (selectrons) and neutralinos up to 1 TeV, to the level of 5-10%.
Searching for heavy Higgs bosons in the $$ t\overline{t}Z $$ and tbW final states
Authors: Haisch Ulrich , Polesello Giacomo
Published: September 2018

Abstract

In the context of two-Higgs doublet models, we explore the possibility of searching for heavy Higgs bosons in the

$$ t\overline{t}Z $$

t

t
¯

Z

and tbW final states. We develop realistic analysis strategies and in the case of the

$$ t\overline{t}Z $$

t

t
¯

Z

channel provide a detailed evaluation of the new-physics reach at the 14 TeV LHC. We find that already with an integrated luminosity of 300 fb−1 searches for the

$$ t\overline{t}Z $$

t

t
¯

Z

signature can provide statistically significant constraints at low values of tan β for heavy Higgs masses in the range from around 450 GeV to 1150 GeV. Future searches for heavy Higgses in the tbW final state are also expected to be able to probe parts of this parameter space, though the precise constraints turn out to depend sensitively on the assumed systematics on the shape of the

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

background.
Environmental transmission of Clostridioides difficile ribotype 027 at a long-term care facility; an outbreak investigation guided by whole genome sequencing
Authors: Endres Bradley T. , Dotson Kierra M. , Poblete Kelley , McPherson Jacob , Lancaster Chris , Bassères Eugénie , Memariani Ali , Arnold Sandi , Tupy Shawn , Carlsen Conner , Morehead Bonnie , Anyatonwu Sophia , Cook Christa , Begum Khurshida , Alam M. Jahangir , Garey Kevin W.
Published: September 2018

Objective

This article describes a CDI outbreak in a long-term care (LTC) facility that used molecular typing techniques and whole-genome sequencing to identify widespread dissemination of the clonal strain in the environment which was successfully removed after terminal cleaning.

Setting

This study was conducted in a long-term care facility in Texas.

Methods

A recently hospitalized LTC patient was diagnosed with CDI followed shortly thereafter by 7 subsequent CDI cases. A stool specimen was obtained from each patient for culturing and typing. An environmental point-prevalence study of the facility was conducted before and after terminal cleaning of the facility to assess environmental contamination. Cultured isolates were typed using ribotyping, multilocus variant analysis, and whole-genome sequencing.

Results

Stool samples were available for 5 of 8 patients; of these specimens, 4 grew toxigenic C. difficile ribotype 027. Of 50 environmental swab samples collected throughout the facility prior to the facility-wide terminal cleaning, 19 (38%) grew toxigenic C. difficile (most commonly ribotype 027, 79%). The terminal cleaning was effective at reducing C. difficile spores in the environment and at eradicating the ribotype 027 strain (P<.001). Using multilocus variance analysis and whole-genome sequencing, clinical and environmental strains were highly related and, in some cases, were identical.

Conclusion

Using molecular typing techniques, we demonstrated reduced environmental contamination with toxigenic C. difficile and the eradication of a ribotype 027 clone. These techniques may help direct infection control efforts and decrease the burden of CDI in the healthcare system.
Estimating winter balance and its uncertainty from direct measurements of snow depth and density on alpine glaciers
Authors: PULWICKI ALEXANDRA , FLOWERS GWENN E. , RADIĆ VALENTINA , BINGHAM DEREK
Published: September 2018

Accurately estimating winter surface mass balance on glaciers is central to assessing glacier health and predicting glacier run-off. However, measuring and modelling snow distribution is inherently difficult in mountainous terrain. Here, we explore rigorous statistical methods of estimating winter balance and its uncertainty from multiscale measurements of snow depth and density. In May 2016, we collected over 9000 manual measurements of snow depth across three glaciers in the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada. Linear regression, combined with cross-validation and Bayesian model averaging, as well as ordinary kriging are used to interpolate point-scale values to glacier-wide estimates of winter balance. Elevation and a wind-redistribution parameter exhibit the highest correlations with winter balance, but the relationship varies considerably between glaciers. A Monte Carlo analysis reveals that the interpolation itself introduces more uncertainty than the assignment of snow density or the representation of grid-scale variability. For our study glaciers, the winter balance uncertainty from all assessed sources ranges from 0.03 to 0.15 m w.e. (5–39%). Despite the challenges associated with estimating winter balance, our results are consistent with a regional-scale winter-balance gradient.
Calicioid diversity in humid inland British Columbia may increase into the 5th century after stand initiation
Authors: GOWARD Trevor , ARSENAULT André
Published: September 2018

Maintenance of biodiversity in managed forested landscapes requires detailed knowledge of the ecological requirements of specialist organisms linked to key microhabitats. Here we examine the relationship of 37 lichenized and unlichenized epiphytic calicioid species to stand age and substratum type in seven pairs of mid-seral (70–165 y) and old (220–470 y) forest stands in humid east-central British Columbia. Based on our inventory of eight host tree species, total calicioid diversity and mean species richness are highest in old stands, with 12 species not detected and nine additional species much less frequent in mid-seral stands.Thuja plicatasupports by far the highest level of total calicioid diversity, with 31 of 37 species; mostly associated with very old trees. Owing primarily to the late recruitment of lignicolous calicioids, stand-level calicioid richness continues to increase into the 5th century after stand initiation. Our study thus has two major findings pertinent to the maintenance of forest biodiversity in managed forests: first, stand-level calicioid richness increases slightly for at least three centuries past the acquisition of old-growth status; second, remnant trees and snags carried forward into mid-seral, regenerating stands enhance overall calicioid species richness. These results suggest that very old old-growth (= ‘antique’) forests might play an important role in the long-term maintenance of calicioid species richness, further suggesting that the standard practice of lumping all forests above a set age into a single old-growth category is not ecologically tenable for all taxonomic groups.
‘Intimations of immortality’: a response to Bernard Williams
Authors: THOMPSON JON W.
Published: September 2018

In this article, I address Bernard Williams's famous objection to immortality. Following others, I conceive of Williams's argument as presenting a dilemma for those who hope in immortality. The first lemma involves utter boredom, while the second lemma involves loss of one's distinctive character. I argue that each lemma fails to admit realistic alternative possibilities. The first fails to admit the possibility that our disposition to boredom is a radically contingent disposition. The second fails to admit the possibility that we retain some of our most important desires and projects in immortality – even while cycling through an array of desires and projects.
Local rings with quasi-decomposable maximal ideal
Authors: NASSEH SAEED , TAKAHASHI RYO
Published: September 2018

Let (R, 𝔪) be a commutative noetherian local ring. In this paper, we prove that if 𝔪 is decomposable, then for any finitely generated R-module M of infinite projective dimension 𝔪 is a direct summand of (a direct sum of) syzygies of M. Applying this result to the case where 𝔪 is quasi-decomposable, we obtain several classifications of subcategories, including a complete classification of the thick subcategories of the singularity category of R.
Multi-antenna GNSS and INS Integrated Position and Attitude Determination without Base Station for Land Vehicles
Authors: Cai Xiaobo , Hsu Houtse , Chai Hua , Ding Leixiang , Wang Yong
Published: September 2018

Precise Point Positioning/Inertial Navigation System (PPP/INS) integrated navigation based on PPP and low-accuracy INS is often used to provide position and attitude information for vehicle-mounted or airborne mobile mapping systems. With proper processing, the position accuracy of PPP/INS is comparable to that of Differential Global Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS)/INS, but the accuracy of the attitude, especially the yaw angle, cannot be guaranteed. However, the yaw angle is crucial for mobile mapping systems. To compensate for the insufficiency of PPP/INS, we have designed a Multi-Antenna GNSS (MAGNSS)/INS integrated navigation system. First, the attitude determination method using MAGNSS is presented in detail. Then, the MAGNSS attitude is combined with the PPP position and velocity as measurements for integration with the INS. Thus, PPP/INS integrated navigation was improved to MAGNSS/INS integrated navigation. Finally, a three-hour car-borne test was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results indicate that the attitude determined from MAGNSS is accurate and stable over time. Compared to PPP/INS, MAGNSS/INS integrated navigation can improve the attitude accuracy significantly because of the inclusion of MAGNSS attitude.
Discovery of a new breeding population of the Vulnerable Swinhoe’s Rail Coturnicops exquisitus confirmed by genetic analysis
Authors: HEIM WIELAND , TRENSE DARONJA , HEIM AREND , KAMP JOHANNES , SMIRENSKI SERGEI M. , WINK MICHAEL , WULF TOM
Published: September 2018

The ‘Vulnerable’ Swinhoe’s RailCoturnicops exquisitusis believed to occur in only two regions in Russia’s Far East and China’s Heilongjiang province, separated by more than 1,000 km. Recent observations suggest that the Amur region, situated between the two known populations, might be inhabited by this secretive species as well. As the species is rather similar in appearance and field characteristics to its Nearctic sister taxon, the Yellow RailC. noveboracensis, and almost all field records relate to flushed individuals in flight, we aimed to complement the field observations by genetic evidence. Samples were obtained from four individuals and one eggshell and their mitochondrial cytochrome b genes were amplified and sequenced. The genetic analyses unequivocally confirmed that swab samples and eggshell were attributable to Swinhoe’s Rail, thus constituting the first known breeding record of this species for 110 years. It is therefore likely that the individuals observed in the field also belonged to this species. It seems possible that Swinhoe’s Rail is more widely distributed in the Amur region and was overlooked in the past, possibly due to a misleading description of its calls in the literature.
“ALWAYS MIXED TOGETHER”: NOTATION, LANGUAGE, AND THE PEDAGOGY OF FREGE'S BEGRIFFSSCHRIFT
Authors: DUNNING DAVID E.
Published: September 2018

Gottlob Frege is considered a founder of analytic philosophy and mathematical logic, but the traditions that claim Frege as a forebear never embraced his Begriffsschrift, or “conceptual notation”—the invention he considered his most important accomplishment. Frege believed that his notation rendered logic visually observable. Rejecting the linearity of written language, he claimed Begriffsschrift exhibited a structure endogenous to logic itself. But Frege struggled to convince others to use his notation, as his frustrated pedagogical efforts at the University of Jena illustrate. Teaching Begriffsschrift meant using words to explain it; rather than replacing spoken language, notation became its obverse in a bifurcated style of argument that separated deduction from commentary. Both registers of this discourse, however, remained within Frege's monologue, imposing a consequential passivity on his students. In keeping with Frege's visual understanding of notation, they learned by silently observing it, though never in isolation: notation and language were always mixed together.
THE BIRTH OF TRANSNATIONAL U.S. PHILANTHROPY FROM THE SPIRIT OF WAR: ROCKEFELLER PHILANTHROPISTS IN WORLD WAR I
Authors: Rausch Helke
Published: September 2018

World War I significantly impacted U.S. society and politics long before the United States officially entered into the war's frontlines in 1917. Even as historians have begun to pay closer attention to this process, they have until now largely failed to notice a particular group of colorful and highly emblematic public elite actors: charitable foundation philanthropists. With the soon-to-be globally active Rockefeller Foundation a cohort of ambitious U.S. progressives and social engineers—later ardent supporters of global science funding during the interwar years and beyond—utilized their war experiences to shape the wartime philanthropic agenda. This article focuses on the Foundation officers’ profiles and the beginnings of their more concerted engagements during World War I in order to show how, in their mindsets and tactics, Rockefeller philanthropists disregarded American neutrality. From the outbreak of the war in 1914, they mobilized themselves to the point of pleading for and entering into direct commitments at home and abroad, especially in the European war zone. With the official entry of the United States into war in early April 1917, Rockefeller officials and collaborators became openly “combat” philanthropists, resolutely assisting the moral stabilization efforts of the U.S. military and conducting support campaigns to bolster, most notably, the American alliance with France. The incubation and infancy period of Rockefeller philanthropy as a subsequently ubiquitous phenomenon of the American twentieth century is inseparable from the impact of the Great War.
Multiple Herbicide–Resistant Italian Ryegrass [Lolium perenneL. spp.multiflorum(Lam.) Husnot] in California Perennial Crops: Characterization, Mechanism of Resistance, and Chemical Management
Authors: Brunharo Caio A. C. G. , Hanson Bradley D.
Published: September 2018

Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenneL. spp.multiflorum(Lam.) Husnot] is a troublesome weedy species in many regions of California. Its control has been chiefly dependent on herbicides due to their effectiveness and practicality and, as result, herbicide-resistant populations have been selected. Poor control of a population ofL. multiflorumwith paraquat was recently reported in a prune orchard in Hamilton City, CA. A series of experiments were carried out to characterize the response of this population to several POST herbicides, study the mechanisms of resistance, and investigate alternative chemical management options in tree crops. A known susceptible (S) and the suspected resistant population (PRHC) were subjected to greenhouse dose–response experiments with clethodim, fluazifop-P-butyl, glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, pyroxsulam, rimsulfuron, and sethoxydim. A 310-bp fragment of theEPSPSgene containing position 106 was sequenced from PRHC and S. Field experiments were carried out in a prune orchard with PRE herbicides commonly used by perennial crop growers in California. Greenhouse dose–response experiments confirmed that PRHC is resistant to paraquat, as well as multiply resistant to clethodim and glyphosate. TheEPSPSgene of PRHC is heterozygous for glyphosate resistance at position 106, where one allele exhibited proline substituted by serine and the other by alanine. Field experiments with PRE herbicides indicated that tank mixes containing indaziflam and flumioxazin can provide adequateL. multiflorumcontrol up to 150 d after treatment. Poor weed management practices, such as overreliance on a single site of action, have frequently been associated with the selection of herbicide-resistantL. multiflorumpopulations around the world, and adequate herbicide-resistance management programs are necessary for growers to maintain economic sustainability even after evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds in their fields.
Erfassung der Emotionsregulation bei Jugendlichen anhand des „Affective Style Questionnaire – Youth (ASQ-Y)“
Authors: Graser Johannes , Heimlich Christiane , Kelava Augustin , Hofmann Stefan G. , Stangier Ulrich , Schreiber Franziska
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Zur Erfassung der 3 Emotionsregulationsstrategien Unterdrücken, Anpassen / Neubewerten und Akzeptieren wurde der Affective Style Questionnaire für Jugendliche (ASQ-Y) adaptiert und an einer entsprechenden Stichprobe (N = 1 092) validiert. Die Dimensionalität des englischen Originalfragebogens und der deutschen Version für Erwachsene konnte auch für Jugendliche bestätigt werden. Während der Analyse kam das ESEM-Verfahren (Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling) zum Einsatz, die Kennwerte bewegten sich im akzeptablen bis sehr guten Bereich. Der Comparative Fit Index (CFI) erreichte einen akzeptablen Wert von .938, ebenso der Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) mit einem Wert von .911. Der Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) lag bei einem sehr guten Wert von .050, das Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) erreichte einen guten Wert von .030. Die internen Konsistenzen der 3 Skalen (Unterdrücken: α = .77; Anpassen / Neubewerten: α = .76; Akzeptieren: α = .76) erreichten (vergleichbar mit dem englischen Original und der deutschen Erwachsenenstichprobe) zufriedenstellende Werte. Die Subskalen zeigten hypothesenkonforme diskriminante und konvergente Zusammenhänge mit etablierten Verfahren des Forschungsbereichs Emotionsregulation, was für die Konstruktvalidität spricht. Insgesamt ist der ASQ-Y als Messinstrument zur Erfassung von verschiedenen Emotionsregulationsstrategien bei Jugendlichen geeignet und ökonomisch in seiner Anwendung. Der ASQ-Y kann in der Allgemeinbevölkerung und in der Prävention eingesetzt werden. Nach entsprechender Validierung ist der Einsatz auch im klinischen Setting möglich.
Psychometric Properties of the Strengths and Difficulties	Questionnaire in Children Aged 5–12 Years Across Seven European	Countries
Authors: Husky Mathilde M. , Otten Roy , Boyd Anders , Pez Ondine , Bitfoi Adina , Carta Mauro G. , Goelitz Dietmar , Koç Ceren , Lesinskiene Sigita , Mihova Zlatka , Kovess-Masfety Viviane
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been used extensively to screen for possible mental disorders in epidemiological studies around the world. The present study aimed to compare the internal consistency of both the parent- and teacher-SDQ across seven European countries: Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey, and to determine the ability of the SDQ to discriminate cases from non-cases of disorders against the well-established Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). The sample included 541 assessments of children aged 5–12 years. Internal consistency ranged from .74 to .85 for the teacher-SDQ, and .60 to .85 for the parent-SDQ with significant between-country differences. The SDQ further proved to be an adequate screening instrument for the detection of any mental disorder (area under the receiving operator characteristic [AUROC] = .74, 95% CI: .69–.78), and for externalizing disorders in particular (AUROC = .80, 95% CI: .76–.84). There were no differences in AUROC between countries ( p = .09), yet sample sizes were limited thus restricting our ability to detect between-country differences in AUROCs. The results reinforce existing research on the SDQ and support its use in detecting probable cases of psychiatric disorders in children across Europe.
Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17
Authors: Liu Jin , DiStefano Christine , Burgess Yin , Wang Jiandong
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) is a screener designed to measure children’s behavioral and emotional problems. The measurement invariance of the scale’s higher-order factor structure was investigated in the current study. Gender invariance was established through a series of tests for configural invariance (baseline model), metric invariance, scalar invariance, residual variance invariance of items, higher-order factor loadings invariance, intercepts invariance of first-order factors, disturbances invariance of first-order factors, and factor variance invariance of a higher-order factor. The latent mean difference of the higher-order factor indicates that boys exhibited more problems with a strong effect size ( d = .870). As invariance holds, the PSC-17 may be an option to identify preschool children’s behavioral and emotional problems in Response to Intervention programs in school-based settings.
Low‐Temperature Thermochronology of the Chatkal‐Kurama Terrane (Uzbekistan‐Tajikistan): Insights Into the Meso‐Cenozoic Thermal History of the Western Tian Shan
Authors: Jepson Gilby , Glorie Stijn , Konopelko Dmitry , Gillespie Jack , Danišík Martin , Mirkamalov Rustam , Mamadjanov Yunus , Collins Alan S.
Published: September 2018

The Chatkal‐Kurama terrane represents a key region in understanding the tectonic evolution of the western Tian Shan. In this contribution, we present new thermochronological data (zircon [U‐Th‐Sm]/He, apatite fission track, and apatite [U‐Th‐Sm]/He) and the associated thermal history models for 30 igneous samples from the Chatkal‐Kurama terrane within Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (west of the Talas‐Fergana Fault) and integrate our data with published data from the central Tian Shan (east of the Talas‐Fergana Fault). The Chatkal‐Kurama terrane experienced a phase of rapid cooling during the Triassic‐Jurassic at ca. 225–190 Ma, which we interpret as a far‐field response to the closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean or the accretion of the Qiangtang terrane on to the Eurasian margin. In the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, the Chatkal‐Kurama terrane experienced a period of tectonic stability and denudation, before transitioning into a period of marine incursions of the Paratethys Sea. In contrast, fast cooling is recorded for the Kyrgyz central Tian Shan to the east of the Talas‐Fergana Fault. The differing thermal histories at either side of the Talas‐Fergana Fault suggest that the fault induced a topographic divide during the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous, with high relief in the east (Kyrgyz Tian Shan) and low relief to the west (Uzbek‐Tajik Tian Shan). Finally, the Chatkal‐Kurama terrane experienced renewed tectonic activity since ca. 30 Ma, related with the distant India‐Eurasia collision and Pamir indentation. The Cenozoic reactivation induced crustal tilting of the Chatkal‐Kurama terrane, progressively exposing deeper rocks to the southwest.