bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical simulation of SAR variability with geometric and tissue property changes by using the unscented transform
Authors: Shao Yu , Zeng Peng , Wang Shumin
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The local specific absorption rate (SAR) is critical to the safety of radio frequency transmit coils. A statistical simulation approach is introduced to address the local SAR variability related to tissue property and geometric variations.

Methods

The local SAR is modeled as the output of a nonlinear transformation with factors that may affect its value being treated as random input variables. Instead of using the Monte Carlo method with a large number of sample points, the unscented transform is applied with a small set of deterministic sample points. A sensitivity analysis is further performed to determine the significance of each input variable. Electromagnetic simulations are carried out by the finite‐difference time‐domain method implemented on graphic processing unit.

Results

The local SAR variability of a 7 Tesla square loop coil for spine imaging and a 16‐element brain imaging array as the result of tissue property and geometric changes were examined respectively. SAR limits were determined based on their means and standard deviations.

Conclusion

The proposed approach is efficient and general for the study of local SAR variability. Magn Reson Med 73:2357–2362, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Substitutes, complements, and ripples in multicommodity flows on suspension graphs
Authors: Ciurria‐Infosino Iara , Granot Frieda , Veinott Arthur F.
Published: July 2014

We examine in this article when it is possible to predict, without numerical computation, the direction of change of optimal multicommodity flows on suspension graphs resulting from changes in arc‐commodity parameters. Using results of Evans (Oper Res 26 (1978), 673–679) and of Soun and Truemper (SIAM J Algebr Discrete Meth 1 (1980), 348–358), the multicommodity flow problem on a graph that is two‐isomorphic to a suspension graph is reduced to a single‐commodity flow problem on an enlarged graph, called a “rolodex graph.” Such a reduction allows us to apply results of Granot and Veinott (Math Oper Res 10 (1985), 471–497), developed for single‐commodity network‐flow problems, to derive qualitative sensitivity analysis results for multicommodity flow problems on graphs which are two‐isomorphic to suspension graphs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 64(2), 65–75 2014
A multiscale flaw detection algorithm based on XFEM
Authors: Sun Hao , Waisman Haim , Betti Raimondo
Published: July 2014

We present a novel multiscale algorithm for nondestructive detection of multiple flaws in structures, within an inverse problem type setting. The key idea is to apply a two‐step optimization scheme, where first rough flaw locations are quickly determined, and then, fine tuning is applied in these localized subdomains to obtain global convergence to the true flaws.

The two‐step framework combines the strengths of heuristic and gradient‐based optimization methods. The first phase employs a discrete‐type optimization in which the optimizer is limited to specific flaw locations and shapes, thus converting a continuous optimization problem in the entire domain into a coarse discrete optimization problem with limited number of choices. To this end, we develop a special algorithm called discrete artificial bee colony. The second phase employs a gradient‐based optimization of the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno type on local well‐defined and bounded subdomains determined in the previous phase. A semi‐analytical approach is developed to compute the stiffness derivative associated with the evaluation of objective function gradients.

The eXtended FEM (XFEM), with both circular and elliptical void enrichment functions, is used to solve the forward problem and alleviate the costly remeshing of every candidate flaw, in both optimization steps.

The multiscale algorithm is tested on several benchmark examples to identify various numbers and types of flaws with arbitrary shapes and sizes (e.g., cracks, voids, and their combination), without knowing the number of flaws beforehand. We study the size effect of the pseudo grids in the first optimization step and consider the effect of modeling error and measurement noise. The results are compared with the previous work that employed a single continuous optimization scheme (XFEM–genetic algorithm and XFEM–artificial bee colony methods). We illustrate that the proposed methodology is robust, yields accurate flaw detection results, and in particular leads to significant improvements in convergence rates compared with the previous work. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of sepiolite on the crystallization behavior of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) as an efficient nucleating agent
Authors: Wu Jun , Zou Xiaoxuan , Jing Bo , Dai Wenli
Published: July 2014

To enhance the crystallization kinetics of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), fibrous sepiolite was explored for nucleating the crystallization of PLA. PLA/sepiolite nanocomposites were prepared via the melt‐extrusion method. The effect of sepiolite on the crystallization behavior, spherulite growth and crystal structure of PLA were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscope (POM), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning election microscope (SEM). On the basis of DSC and POM results, the overall crystallization kinetics of PLA/sepiolite nanocomposites were significantly enhanced leading to higher crystallinity and nucleation density, faster spherulite growth rate (G) and lower crystallization half‐time (t1/2) compared with the neat PLA. Under non‐isothermal conditions, the PLA blend comprising 1.0 wt% of sepiolite still revealed two crystallization peaks upon cooling at a rate of 35°C/min. Above phenomena strongly suggested that sepiolite was an effective nucleating agent for PLA. FTIR and WAXD analyses confirmed that the crystal structure of PLA matrix was the most common α‐form. SEM micrographics illustrated the fine three‐dimensional spherulite structures with the lath‐shape lamellae regularly arranged in radial directions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1104–1112, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comprehensive proteomic analysis of a Chinese 2‐herb formula (Astragali Radix and Rehmanniae Radix) on mature endothelial cells
Authors: Tam Jacqueline Chor Wing , Ko Chun Hay , Zhang Cheng , Wang Hua , Lau Ching Po , Chan Wai Yee , Leung Ping Chung , Fung Kwok Pui , Zhang Jin Fang , Lau Clara Bik San
Published: July 2014

Endothelial cells are crucially involved in wound healing angiogenesis, restoring blood flow to wound tissues. Our previous study demonstrated that the Chinese 2‐herb formula (NF3) possesses significant wound healing effect in diabetic foot ulcer rats with promising in vitro proangiogenic effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Here, we present the comparative global proteome analysis of NF3‐treated HUVEC in static or scratch conditions, screening the comprehensive molecular targets in governing the proangiogenic response in wound healing. Our results suggest plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, specifically down‐regulated in static condition and Annexin A1 and Annexin A2, up‐regulated in scratch condition, as principal proteins responsible for the proangiogenesis in wound healing. We also identified a panel of cytoskeleton regulatory proteins in static and scratch condition, mediating the migratory behavior of NF3‐treated HUVEC. The key proteins in static state include myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9, SPAST, tropomyosin (TPM)2, and Vimentin while that in scratch state contained prelamin‐A/C, TPM1, TPM2, and Vimentin. In addition, NF3 was shown to regulate transcription and translation, cell–cell interaction, and ROS defense in HUVEC. Proliferation and migration assays further confirmed the identified principal proteins plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and Annexin A2 which are responsible for NF3‐induced proangiogenesis of HUVEC in wound healing. This is the first study on the global proteome expression of NF3‐treated HUVEC with the identification of the differences at the molecular level, between static and scratch conditions involved in wound healing angiogenesis.
Probing structurally altered and aggregated states of therapeutically relevant proteins using GroEL coupled to bio‐layer interferometry
Authors: Naik Subhashchandra , Kumru Ozan S. , Cullom Melissa , Telikepalli Srivalli N. , Lindboe Elizabeth , Roop Taylor L. , Joshi Sangeeta B. , Amin Divya , Gao Phillip , Middaugh C. Russell , Volkin David B. , Fisher Mark T.
Published: July 2014

The ability of a GroEL‐based bio‐layer interferometry (BLI) assay to detect structurally altered and/or aggregated species of pharmaceutically relevant proteins is demonstrated. Assay development included optimizing biotinylated‐GroEL immobilization to streptavidin biosensors, combined with biophysical and activity measurements showing native and biotinylated GroEL are both stable and active. First, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐1) was incubated under conditions known to promote (40°C) and inhibit (heparin addition) molten globule formation. Heat exposed (40°C) FGF‐1 exhibited binding to GroEL‐biosensors, which was significantly diminished in the presence of heparin. Second, a polyclonal human IgG solution containing 6–8% non‐native dimer showed an increase in higher molecular weight aggregates upon heating by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The poly IgG solution displayed binding to GroEL‐biosensors initially with progressively increased binding upon heating. Enriched preparations of the IgG dimers or monomers showed significant binding to GroEL‐biosensors. Finally, a thermally treated IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) solution also demonstrated increased GroEL‐biosensor binding, but with different kinetics. The bound complexes could be partially to fully dissociated after ATP addition (i.e., specific GroEL binding) depending on the protein, environmental stress, and the assay's experimental conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of GroEL‐mAb complexes, released from the biosensor, also confirmed interaction of bound complexes at the GroEL binding site with heat‐stressed mAb. Results indicate that the GroEL‐biosensor‐BLI method can detect conformationally altered and/or early aggregation states of proteins, and may potentially be useful as a rapid, stability‐indicating biosensor assay for monitoring the structural integrity and physical stability of therapeutic protein candidates.
Harvesting Robots for High‐value Crops: State‐of‐the‐art Review and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Bac C. Wouter , van Henten Eldert J. , Hemming Jochen , Edan Yael
Published: July 2014

This review article analyzes state‐of‐the‐art and future perspectives for harvesting robots in high‐value crops. The objectives were to characterize the crop environment relevant for robotic harvesting, to perform a literature review on the state‐of‐the‐art of harvesting robots using quantitative measures, and to reflect on the crop environment and literature review to formulate challenges and directions for future research and development. Harvesting robots were reviewed regarding the crop harvested in a production environment, performance indicators, design process techniques used, hardware design decisions, and algorithm characteristics. On average, localization success was 85%, detachment success was 75%, harvest success was 66%, fruit damage was 5%, peduncle damage was 45%, and cycle time was 33 s. A kiwi harvesting robot achieved the shortest cycle time of 1 s. Moreover, the performance of harvesting robots did not improve in the past three decades, and none of these 50 robots was commercialized. Four future challenges with R&D directions were identified to realize a positive trend in performance and to successfully implement harvesting robots in practice: (1) simplifying the task, (2) enhancing the robot, (3) defining requirements and measuring performance, and (4) considering additional requirements for successful implementation. This review article may provide new directions for future automation projects in high‐value crops.
Consumer's Surplus with a Racial Apology? Black Relative to Non-Black Inequality in the Welfare Gains of Fuel-Efficient Cars and Trucks
Authors: Elu Juliet U. , Price Gregory N.
Published: July 2014

This paper considers whether race conditions the welfare gains associated with the purchase of cars and trucks that comply with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency Standards. We utilize data from the General Social Survey on respondent stated preferences for the extent to which they value fuel-efficient cars and trucks to estimate the maximum market price they are willing to pay for fuel-efficient cars and trucks. Multinomial and Binary Logit parameter estimates from an inverse demand maximum price valuation specification reveal that relative to non-black Americans, black Americans place less value on fuel-efficient cars and trucks. Our results suggest that federal Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency Standards policy is a source of inegalitarian and racially stratified welfare outcomes as relative to non-black Americans, black Americans gain less consumer's surplus from fuel-efficient cars and trucks.
Thomas Betterton
Authors: Roberts David
Published: July 2014

Restoration London's leading actor and theatre manager Thomas Betterton has not been the subject of a biography since 1891. He worked with all the best-known playwrights of his age and with the first generation of English actresses; he was intimately involved in the theatre's responses to politics, and became a friend of leading literary men such as Pope and Steele. His innovations in scenery and company management, and his association with the dramatic inheritance of Shakespeare, helped to change the culture of English theatre. David Roberts's entertaining study unearths new documents and draws fresh conclusions about this major but shadowy figure. It contextualizes key performances and examines Betterton's relationship to patrons, colleagues and family, as well as to significant historical moments and artefacts. The most substantial study available of any seventeenth-century actor, Thomas Betterton gives one of England's greatest performing artists his due on the tercentenary of his death.
Counting Islam
Authors: Masoud Tarek
Published: July 2014

Why does Islam seem to dominate Egyptian politics, especially when the country's endemic poverty and deep economic inequality would seem to render it promising terrain for a politics of radical redistribution rather than one of religious conservativism? This book argues that the answer lies not in the political unsophistication of voters, the subordination of economic interests to spiritual ones, or the ineptitude of secular and leftist politicians, but in organizational and social factors that shape the opportunities of parties in authoritarian and democratizing systems to reach potential voters. Tracing the performance of Islamists and their rivals in Egyptian elections over the course of almost forty years, this book not only explains why Islamists win elections, but illuminates the possibilities for the emergence in Egypt of the kind of political pluralism that is at the heart of what we expect from democracy.
Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus
Authors: Chwolson Daniil Avraamovich
Published: July 2014

The Ssabians were a Middle Eastern community (or possibly two separate communities) mentioned in the Qur'an and early Islamic writings, and categorised variously as 'people of the book' or 'heathens'. They are documented almost exclusively in Arabic sources, and this rare 1856 book, published in German in St Petersburg, remains an invaluable reference work about them, and includes substantial extracts from the early sources. The book aroused the interest of the theosophists in the 1890s owing to its portrayal of a mysterious and secretive Syriac- or Aramaic-speaking pagan sect, accomplished in astronomy and medicine, that functioned as an intellectual intermediary between the Greek and Arabic worlds. Volume 2 introduces the main sources and presents selections from forty-five texts, with variant readings, German translations and detailed notes. They include a wide variety of genres, ranging from religion, philosophy, literature and autobiography to historical, geographical, legal and lexicographic works.
Megaprojects and Risk
Authors: Flyvbjerg Bent , Bruzelius Nils , Rothengatter Werner
Published: July 2014

Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.
Shakespeare Performance Studies
Authors: Worthen W. B.
Published: July 2014

Taking a 'performance studies' perspective on Shakespearean theatre, W. B. Worthen argues that the theatrical event represents less an inquiry into the presumed meanings of the text than an effort to frame performance as a vehicle of cultural critique. Using contemporary performances as test cases, Worthen explores the interfaces between the origins of Shakespeare's writing as literature and as theatre, the modes of engagement with Shakespeare's plays for readers and spectators, and the function of changing performance technologies on our knowledge of Shakespeare. This book not only provides the material for performance analysis, but places important contemporary Shakespeare productions in dialogue with three influential areas of critical discourse: texts and authorship, the function of character in cognitive theatre studies, and the representation of theatre and performing in the digital humanities. This book will be vital reading for scholars and advanced students of Shakespeare and of Performance Studies.
Social Phobia
Authors: Stravynski Ariel
Published: July 2014

Social phobia is a disorder involving an intense fear of being judged by others and it affects the lives of many people. This book takes a critical stance towards the received view of social phobia as a disease of sorts, characterized by abnormal anxiety and caused by an inner mental or physical defective mechanism. Ariel Stravynski adopts an alternative approach to social phobia – as a purposeful interpersonal pattern protective against public humiliation or private rebuff. In this conception, fearfulness is the emotional facet of the socially phobic interpersonal pattern, rather than its driving force. This theoretical framework emphasizing dynamic transactions is articulated in terms of an anthropological psychology and Stravynski argues that social phobia can only be formulated and understood in interpersonal terms. He integrates all available knowledge on social phobia into his proposed framework and exemplifies its application by extending it to the assessment and treatment of the disorder.
Banking in Crisis
Authors: Turner John D.
Published: July 2014

Can the lessons of the past help us to prevent another banking collapse in the future? This is the first book to tell the story of the rise and fall of British banking stability over the past two centuries, shedding new light on why banking systems crash and on the factors underpinning banking stability. John Turner shows that there have only been two major banking crises in Britain during this time - the crises of 1825–6 and 2007–8. Although there were episodic bouts of instability in the interim, the banking system was crisis free. Why was the British banking system stable for such a long time? And, why did the British banking system implode in 2008? In answering these questions, the book explores the long-run evolution of bank regulation, the role of the Bank of England, bank rescues and the need to hold shareholders to account.
Geschichte von Böhmen
Authors: Palacký František
Published: July 2014

A highly influential Czech historian and politician, František Palacký (1798–1876) became in 1825 the first editor of the journal of the Bohemian Museum, a key cultural institution in the development of Czech nationalism. He was actively involved in the nineteenth-century Czech national revival, helping also to found the Czech national theatre. Entering politics in 1848, he served as president of the Prague Slavic Congress, and later became a member of the Austrian senate as a supporter of greater Czech autonomy. In this extensive work, comprising ten separate parts - published in German between 1836 and 1867 - Palacký gives a detailed account of Bohemian history until 1526. It remains an important and ambitious feat of scholarship, still relevant to students of central European history. Volume 5 covers the era of the Jagiellonian dynasty; this first part (1865) deals with the era of Vladislaus II from 1471 to 1500.
Geschichte von Böhmen
Authors: Palacký František
Published: July 2014

A highly influential Czech historian and politician, František Palacký (1798–1876) became in 1825 the first editor of the journal of the Bohemian Museum, a key cultural institution in the development of Czech nationalism. He was actively involved in the nineteenth-century Czech national revival, helping also to found the Czech national theatre. Entering politics in 1848, he served as president of the Prague Slavic Congress, and later became a member of the Austrian senate as a supporter of greater Czech autonomy. In this extensive work, comprising ten separate parts - published in German between 1836 and 1867 - Palacký gives a detailed account of Bohemian history until 1526. It remains an important and ambitious feat of scholarship, still relevant to students of central European history. The second part of Volume 5 (1867) deals with the years 1500–26 and the reigns of Vladislaus II and Ludwig I.
The Hedaya, or Guide
Authors: Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani
Published: July 2014

Composed in the twelfth century by the leading Muslim jurist Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (1135–97), the original Arabic al-Hidāyah remains a central text of Islamic personal law. This English translation, from a Persian version of the work, was prepared by the orientalist Charles Hamilton (c.1752–92) for the East India Company in 1791. Although since superseded, it remains a fascinating document in the history of colonial jurisprudence. The legal system was central to the entrenchment of British rule in India, providing the framework for active control of civil administration and the courts. Translations of Islamic texts were intended to remove the language barrier for colonial officials, and blurred British and native law for the first time. Hamilton's text is one such, and its dedication to Warren Hastings and lengthy preliminary section outline its purpose and composition. Volume 1 contains sections on zakat (alms), marriage, fosterage, divorce, slavery, and vows.
The History of Ceylon from the Earliest Period to the Present Time
Authors: Knighton William
Published: July 2014

William Knighton (d.1900) published this history of Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) in 1845. He spent most of his career there and in India, and published a number of vivid accounts of his experiences. This book surveys the ancient past of the island up to Knighton's own day, covering its many rulers and invaders as well as its shifting eras of unity and fracture into competing kingdoms. It gives an account of the first settlement, the establishment of Buddhism, the growth of the ancient capital Anuradhapura, the reign of Queen Anula (the first female ruler in Asia), the emergence of early Christianity, the development of the caste system, the medieval wars after the forming of the Jaffna Kingdom, the arrival of the Portuguese, the Dutch, and later the British invasion. Covering law, agriculture, arts, religion and language, this learned work remains relevant to students of Sri Lankan history and culture.
Religious Offence and Human Rights
Authors: Langer Lorenz
Published: July 2014

Should international law be concerned with offence to religions and their followers? Even before the 2005 publication of the Danish Mohammed cartoons, Muslim States have endeavoured to establish some reputational protection for religions on the international level by pushing for recognition of the novel concept of 'defamation of religions'. This study recounts these efforts as well as the opposition they aroused, particularly by proponents of free speech. It also addresses the more fundamental issue of how religion and international law may relate to each other. Historically, enforcing divine commands has been the primary task of legal systems, and it still is in numerous municipal jurisdictions. By analysing religious restrictions of blasphemy and sacrilege as well as international and national norms on free speech and freedom of religion, Lorenz Langer argues that, on the international level at least, religion does not provide a suitable rationale for legal norms.
Early Pregnancy Issues for the MRCOG and Beyond
Authors: Kumar Geeta , Kumar Bidyut
Published: July 2014

With the emergence of early pregnancy issues in many hospitals, demand for educational support and the development of clear management guidelines is more pressing than ever. This book covers a wide range of early pregnancy-related issues, such as early pregnancy development, physiology and various pathological conditions encountered by clinicians in day-to-day practice, such as miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, trophoblastic disease and hyperemesis gravidarum. The book is primarily designed to provide a comprehensive summary for candidates preparing for the Part 2 MRCOG examination, and as such covers the RCOG curriculum for early pregnancy issues. It is also a valuable guide for all healthcare professionals working in the field, including trainees, consultants and midwives.
Homeownership and America's Financial Underclass
Authors: Dickerson Mechele
Published: July 2014

Why does America have a love affair with homeownership? For many, buying a home is no longer in their best interest and may harm their children's educational opportunities. This book argues that US leaders need to re-evaluate housing policies and develop new ones that ensure that all Americans have access to affordable housing, whether rented or owned. After describing common myths, the book shows why the circumstances now faced by America's financial underclass make it impossible for them to benefit from homeownership because they cannot afford to buy homes. It then exposes the risks of 'home buying while brown or black,' discussing US policies that made it easier for whites to buy homes, but harder and more costly for blacks and Latinos to do so. The book argues that remaining racial discrimination and certain demographic features continue to make it harder for blacks and Latinos to receive homeownership's promised benefits.
BIPROJECTIVITY AND BIFLATNESS OF LAU PRODUCT OF BANACH ALGEBRAS DEFINED BY A BANACH ALGEBRA MORPHISM
Authors: ABTAHI F. , GHAFARPANAH A. , REJALI A.
Published: July 2014

Let${\it\varphi}$be a homomorphism from a Banach algebra${\mathcal{B}}$to a Banach algebra${\mathcal{A}}$. We define a multiplication on the Cartesian product space${\mathcal{A}}\times {\mathcal{B}}$and obtain a new Banach algebra${\mathcal{A}}\times _{{\it\varphi}}{\mathcal{B}}$. We show that biprojectivity as well as biflatness of${\mathcal{A}}\times _{{\it\varphi}}{\mathcal{B}}$are stable with respect to${\it\varphi}$.
Answering the Situationist Challenge: A Defense of Virtue Ethics as Preferable to Other Ethical Theories
Authors: CIURRIA MICHELLE
Published: July 2014

In a well-known paper, John Doris argues that situationist psychology impugns Aristotelian virtue ethics, which presupposes the existence of stable, situation-independent virtues. Maria Merritt responds that a Humean conception of virtue, which is situation-dependent, is immune to this criticism. However, she does not directly address two of Doris’ more trenchant objections, which he presents in the form of a dilemma. In this paper, I respond to Doris’ dilemma, using recent research in psychology and cognitive science to show that virtue ethics, as a dispositionalist, non-codifiable theory, represents a more empirically adequate moral psychology than the leading alternatives.
The diversity of inflectional periphrasis in Persian
Authors: BONAMI OLIVIER , SAMVELIAN POLLET
Published: July 2014

Modern Persian conjugation makes use of five periphrastic constructions with typologically divergent properties. This makes the Persian conjugation system an ideal testing ground for theories of inflectional periphrasis, since different types of periphrasis can be compared within the frame of a single grammatical system. We present contrasting analyses of the five constructions within the general framework of a lexicalist constraint-based grammatical architecture (Pollard & Sag 1994) embedding an inferential and realizational view of inflectional morphology (Stump 2001). We argue that the perfect periphrase can only be accounted for by assuming that the periphrase literally fills a cell in the inflectional paradigm, and provide a formal account drawing on using valence for exponence. On the other hand, other periphrastic constructions are best handled by using standard tools of either morphology or syntax. The overall conclusion is that not all constructions that qualify as periphrastic inflection from the point of view of typology should receive the same type of analysis in an explicit formal grammar.
Glomerulonephropathies inPlasmodium inui-infected rhesus monkey: a primate model and possible applications for human quartan malaria
Authors: NIMRI L. F. , LANNERS H. N.
Published: July 2014

None of the few animal models proposed for the study of human quartan malaria nephritic syndrome have shown complete pathological findings that are similar to those seen in humans. This study investigated the histopathological changes in kidneys in 10Plasmodium inuiinfectedMacaca mulattamonkeys by light and electron microscopy in order to develop a suitable animal model for human quartan malaria. Ten healthy adult rhesus monkeys were infected withP. inuiand clinical chemistry and haematologic tests were done before and after infection. A renal biopsy sample was collected before infection as a baseline control and another biopsy was collected after infection. Histopathological changes examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed abnormalities in all infected monkeys to variable degrees. Several electron-dense discrete or diffused mesangial deposits, and increase in mesangial cells and matrix were associated with the morphological changes observed by light microscope. This pattern is consistent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type reported in humans infected withPlasmodium malariae. Results strongly support that theP. inui-infected rhesus monkey develop an immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in the course of the infection. Therefore, this experimental model represents a useful tool to better understand the different parameters and the consequences of quartan malaria infections comparable to situations in humans.
Hume's Scepticism Revisited
Authors: Parusniková Zuzana
Published: July 2014

I shall situate Hume's scepticism within a broader philosophical and historical context. Firstly, I shall consider the place of Hume's thought within the early modern break with the almost millennium long metaphysical tradition, a break initiated by Descartes. The framework of being structured by a universal order was replaced by the individual human mind that broke free from any higher authority and became an autonomous cognitive agent. Subsequently, the ontological self-evidence of the world or the possibility of adequate knowledge came under sceptical attack. Hume firmly belongs to this discourse and can be seen as themost consistent exponent of this early modern sceptical line. In this light, the ‘New Hume’ claim that Hume was an ontological realist will be shown to be misplaced in principle. Secondly, the strong influence of Pyrrhonism on Hume's philosophy will be considered, together with his concept of mitigated scepticism. The Pyrrhonian legacy is especially noticeable in Hume's acceptance of the weakness of reason and in his emphasis on the instructive role of philosophy – instead of attempting to make it the foundation of science it becomes a guide to a balanced, happy life. In this respect, Hume standsoutside the early modern mainstreamin philosophy.
How We Decide in Moral Situations
Authors: Kaspar David
Published: July 2014

The role normative ethics has in guiding action is unclear. Once moral theorists hoped that they could devise a decision procedure that would enable agents to solve difficult moral problems. Repeated attacks by anti-theorists seemingly dashed this hope. Although the dispute between moral theorists and anti-theorists rages no longer, no decisive victor has emerged. To determine how we ought to make moral decisions, I argue, we must first examine how we do decide in moral situations. Intuitionism correctly captures the essence of the moral element in such situations, finding itself located somewhere between moral theory and anti-theory. In order that intuitionism may constitute an improvement over predecessors in normative ethics we must proceed with awareness of the limits imposed by the still dominant framework of modern moral theory. I argue that the deliberatively open system of intuitionism, interlocked in practice with prudential considerations, allows us to constructively move normative ethics beyond those limits.
Suetonius' Tacitus
Authors: Power Tristan
Published: July 2014

This article discusses the relationship of Tacitus to his younger contemporary Suetonius, challenging the view that Suetonius wrote a ‘supplement’ to the historian. Scholarly focus on this pair has led to the widespread belief that Suetonius had read Tacitus’Annals,which is unsupported by the evidence. The prevailing consensus that the biographer may at times be subtly criticizing the historian persists in commentaries on Suetonius’Caesars.It is argued that where their two accounts appear to meet, Suetonius is better seen as responding to the earlier common source or sources, or distinguishing himself from the conventions of historiography at large.
A novel numerical calculation method for electron guns
Authors: Kang Y.F. , Zhao J. , Zhao J.Y. , Tang T.T.
Published: July 2014

The problem of initial thermal velocity and the space charge effect of electron guns in numerical simulations have been investigated deeply. In general, the current software can meet the engineering requirements. However, the electron's initial thermal velocity and the space charge effect lack sufficient consideration. The above two factors significantly limit the performances of electron guns. Moreover, the parameters of electron guns are approximated based on a limited number of electron trajectories. Thus, the statistical distribution of the beam electron resulting from its initial thermal velocity is not considered adequately in present software. This paper introduces the equivalent meridional projected trajectory equation and the curvilinear axis evolution theory of the current density of toroidal electron sub-beam, and subsequently the current and charge density distributions in electron guns can be derived through iteration calculation. Based upon, the virtual crossover of an electron gun is determined by its current density distribution. As well as, a relevant numerical algorithm is developed and the related program is modified based on the popular commercial software SOURCE. Tungsten cathode guns, LaB6 cathode guns, field mission guns and Pierce guns are simulated respectively by examples. The calculations prove that the modified software is effective and practical.
Before the beginning: the development of tools of the trade
Authors: SLOBIN DAN I.
Published: July 2014

Before the beginning of theJournal of Child Languagein 1974 three technological innovations had set the stage for a fundamental expansion and revision of our understanding of the processes of child language acquisition. Portable audio and video recorders changed both the quantity and quality of data. Computers made it possible to store and search large corpora, to rapidly carry out statistical analyses of the distribution of linguistic forms and their changes over time, and to simulate models of acquisition. This essay is a personal and historical overview of the unexpected consequences of those technological innovations for the study of child language. In looking to the future, another tool, linguistic typology, is essential for building models of language acquisition.
Data and beyond
Authors: FLETCHER PAUL
Published: July 2014

Perusing early issues of this Journal from nearly forty years ago, we find many topics on the contents lists that could appear in a current issue. But the resources available to contributors for addressing questions of interest have changed dramatically, not least in the public availability of data. Here we look briefly at two assets which have accrued to the field in the intervening decades, and at the contributions they make. CHILDES provides a level playing field on which debates about the import of language sample data, especially longitudinal data, can be played out. The MBCDI and its offspring encourage the collection of data from large samples of individuals and so promote the exploration of factors that may explain individual differences. Both have been major contributions to the field.
Input to interaction to instruction: three key shifts in the history of child language research
Authors: SNOW CATHERINE E.
Published: July 2014

In the early years of theJournal of Child Language, there was considerable disagreement about the role of language input or adult–child interaction in children's language acquisition. The view that quantity and quality of input to language-learning children is relevant to their language development has now become widely accepted as a principle guiding advice to parents and the design of early childhood education programs, even if it is not yet uncontested in the field of language development. The focus on variation in the language input to children acquires particular educational relevance when we consider variation in access to academic language – features of language particularly valued in school and related to success in reading and writing. Just as many children benefit from language environments that are intentionally designed to ensure adequate quantity and quality of input, even more probably need explicit instruction in the features of language that characterize its use for academic purposes
Tanaidacea of the Amundsen and Scotia seas: an unexplored diversity
Authors: Pabis Krzysztof , Błażewicz-Paszkowycz Magdalena , Jóźwiak Piotr , Barnes David K.A.
Published: July 2014

The Scotia Arc and Amundsen Sea are contrasting regions within West Antarctica. The Scotia Sea shelf is well studied and central to the origin and diversity of the Southern Ocean benthic fauna, whilst the shelf of Amundsen Sea is one of the least studied shelf areas in the world; a ‘white spot’ on the map of benthic research. Here we report on the tanaidaceans collected using an epibenthic sledge on two expeditions, BIOPEARL 1 and 2, of the RRSJames Clark Rossin 2006 and 2008, respectively. This study represents the first analysis of the tanaidacean fauna of those two basins. Thirty-seven species were found in the Amundsen Sea from 500–1500 m depth and 51 species were found at depths ranging from 200–1600 m in the Scotia Sea. In the Scotia Sea, many species were unique to each of the study sites which may be evidence of allopatric speciation episodes. Site specificity was especially evident forTyphlotanaisandPseudotanais. Only three species were common to both basins. Around 90% of the species were previously undescribed. Our findings increase the number of the tanaidaceans known in the Southern Ocean by 50%.
Epiphytic diatom communities onPhyllophora antarcticafrom the Ross Sea
Authors: Majewska Roksana , Stefano Mario De
Published: July 2014

Antarctic seaweeds play an important ecological role, but the vast macroalgal beds, typical of the shallow-water zone, are not efficiently grazed. However, macroalgal thalli are covered by epiphytic diatoms which represent a rich food source for higher trophic levels. We describe the abundances, growth form structure, species composition and distribution patterns in the diatom communities associated withPhyllophora antarcticafrom selected sites within the Ross Sea. The goal of this work was to learn more about the relationships between various components of the epiphytic community and its habitat. To examine diatoms at the microscale, four relatively well described sampling sites were chosen and analyses were performed on a large number of diatoms. All observations and counts were made with the scanning electron microscope. Samples collected in the same season but from different sites and under different sea and ice conditions differed significantly in terms of species composition, but all represented abundant and well-developed diatom communities. A list of species associated withP. antarcticafrom the investigated area is provided and the influence of the sampling effort on the observed diatom diversity is assessed.
Comparison of the offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet in neonates with Ebstein’s anomaly and neonates with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Kim Min Jeong , Yu Jeong Jin , Kang So Yeon , Seo Chang Deok , Baek Jae Suk , Kim Young-Hwue , Ko Jae-Kon
Published: July 2014

An indexed offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet ⩾8 mm/m2is a quantitative criterion for the diagnosis of Ebstein’s anomaly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of this criterion for the discrimination of Ebstein’s anomaly from pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in neonatal patients. A total of 122 neonatal patients, 56 with Ebstein’s anomaly and 66 with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, were enrolled. Diagnosis of each anomaly was based on typical morphologic features. Echocardiographic variables, including the offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet, were measured via an offline analysis of images recorded before 1 month of age. The offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet was indexed by the body surface area, and the indexed offset distances in the Ebstein’s anomaly and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum groups were 34.2 mm/m2(7.1–119.1 mm/m2) and 7.2 mm/m2(0.0–25.6 mm/m2), respectively. The indexed offset distance was ⩾8 mm/m2in 29 (43.9%) of the patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were comparable between these 29 patients and the remaining 37 patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. When an indexed offset distance ⩾8 mm/m2was applied as a cut-off for the diagnosis of Ebstein’s anomaly, the sensitivity was 0.963 and the specificity was 0.561. In conclusion, indexed offset distance ⩾8 mm/m2cannot be used as a cut-off for the diagnosis of complicated Ebstein’s anomaly in neonatal patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
Nature, the City, and the Family Circle: Domesticity and the Urban Home in Henry George's Thought
Authors: Lipin Lawrence M.
Published: July 2014

This essay provides a reexamination of Henry George by focusing on how ideas about gender and nature informed one of the key objectives of the George movement: the transformation of the Gilded Age city into a metropolis of working-class suburbs tied together by single-tax funded public transportation. George was hardly a conservationist, and his understanding of nature was very different from those urban elites who sought to preserve nature. He simply did not accept the conservationist notion of depleted resources, which was inconsistent with his natural law belief in a boundless nature, a point that in turn grew out of the producerist emphasis of his political economy. Yet, George appreciated the need for a nonproductive relationship with nature, and he and his followers articulated this in terms of developing a healthier and more moral domestic environment. He applied such thinking to his political efforts in New York City during the mid-1880s, condemning the moral as well as the physical consequences of overcrowding that he blamed on land speculation. George enthusiastically embraced emerging transportation technologies as facilitators of mass residential decentralization. In so doing, he articulated a vision of a thoroughly reconfigured city that integrated nature into family life by enabling the development of a more spread-out metropolis.
Capitalism and Politics in the Progressive Era and in Ours
Authors: Rodgers Daniel T.
Published: July 2014

A little over thirty years ago at the invitation of Stanley Kutler at Reviews in American History, I spent a summer trying to puzzle through the historiography surrounding Progressive Era society and politics. “In Search of Progressivism” the result was titled, and it has had a much longer life than most historiographical pieces of that sort do. Many excellent historiographical treatments of the Progressive Era have been published since that essay's appearance in 1982, along with a huge amount of historical writing. The field has burgeoned in ways that were barely visible thirty years ago. And yet the essay endures, and from time to time I think of revisiting and revising it.
Making War Their Business: The Short History of Populist Anti-Militarism
Authors: Stock Catherine McNicol
Published: July 2014

Several historians have recently demonstrated that ideas generated initially by the Populists found their way into Progressive Era reform, New Deal/Great Society liberalism, and even today's Democratic Party politics. The only trouble is that the vast majority of the Populists themselves did not make the journey. Once a bastion of anti-corporatism, support for labor, “women's improvement,” the graduated income tax, and government regulation of the economy, the rural states of the Great Plains and American South became fortresses of what Bethany Moreton has called “Christian Free Enterprise,” with strong anti-statist and socially conservative agendas. A decade ago Thomas Frank noticed this remarkable shift on the Great Plains and wondered “What's the Matter with Kansas?” Despite many new works on the economic impact of the Cold War in rural America, we still do not have a comprehensive answer to his question. In this essay, I examine a contrast that other historians of rural politics have overlooked in large part because it goes beyond economic policy, strictly defined: what Kansans (and residents of other rural, Great Plains states that supported the People's Party) once thought about the role of the United States military and what many believe now. Understanding this striking contrast will lead to understanding more fully the origins of today's “red” state politics. Furthermore, it can highlight more subtle signs that some aspects of Populist anti-militarism may have survived this otherwise fervent shift to the right.