bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interconnect and Gate Level Delayering Techniques for Cu/Low k Technology Failure Analysis
Authors: Wu Huixian , Cargo James , Dutt Barry , Bucha Tony , Serpiello Joe
Published: December 2020

In this paper, Failure Analysis (FA) challenges, reliability issues, and new failure modes for copper technology will be presented. Deprocessing techniques for copper technology have been developed and will be discussed. Front side and backside FA deprocessing techniques for copper layers and low k inter-level dielectric (ILD) layers including: reactive ion etching (RIE), parallel polishing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and a combination of these techniques will be discussed. In addition, novel gate level deprocessing techniques will be presented.
Electrical Failure Analysis and Characterization of Leakage Paths Leading to Single Cell Failures in 128Mbit SDRAMs
Authors: Versen M. , Schramm A.
Published: December 2020

A common failure signature in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) is the single cell failure. The charge is lost and thereby the information stored in trench capacitors can be destroyed by high resistive leakage paths. The nature of the leakage path determines the properties of the failure such as temperature-, voltage- and timing-dependencies and its stability. In this study, high resistive leakage paths were investigated and delimited from classical shorts by estimating the order of magnitude of the leakage current and by comparison to a simple resistive leakage path. Such an investigation is the basis for a defect-based test approach that leads to multiparameter tests [1]. An introduction to the problem is given in the first section, while the second section deals with the characterization of the defects in two case studies. A short summary is given in the end.
FIB Micro-Pillar Sampling of Si Devices and its 3D Observation
Authors: Yaguchi T. , Kamino T. , Ohnishi T. , Hashimoto T. , Umemura K. , Asayama K.
Published: December 2020

A novel technique for three-dimensional structural and elemental analyses using a dedicated focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been developed. The system employs an FIB-STEM compatible sample holder with sample stage rotation mechanism. A piece of sample (micro sample) is extracted from the area to be characterized by the micro-sampling technique [1-3]. The micro sample is then transferred onto the tip of the stage (needle stage) and bonded by FIB assisted metal deposition. STEM observation of the micro sample is carried out after trimming the sample into a micro-pillar 2-5 micron squared in cross-section and 10 -15 micron in length (micro-pillar sample). High angle annular dark field (HAADF) STEM, bright field STEM and secondary electron microscopy (SEM) images are obtained at 200kV resulting in threedimensional and cross sectional representations of the microsample. The geometry of the sample and the needle stage allows observation of the sample from all directions. The specific site can be located for further FIB milling whenever it is required. Since the operator can choose materials for the needle stage, the geometry of the original specimen is not a limiting factor for quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.
Failure Analysis of Vertical Cavity Surface Emission Laser Diodes
Authors: Siegelin F. , Brillert C.
Published: December 2020

A failure analysis case study for oxide confined vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays will be presented. The focus of this work is on devices failing with a reduced optical output due to a rapid degradation of the laser diode. The complete analysis flow will be shown, including electrical and optical characterization as well as detailed investigations on a nanometer scale. It is known that these fails are caused by dislocations. An advanced FIB preparation method enabled cross-section and plan view TEM to successfully visualize the complete extent of a dislocation network.
Stacked-Die Failure Mechanisms for an Octal, Current Input 20-Bit Analog-to-Digital Converter
Authors: Craigin Bob K. , Zhou Bin Ling , Bridgmon Jason R.
Published: December 2020

Stacked-die packaging was used to make an octal 20-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter by stacking two quad A/D converter die in a single 48-lead QFN (quad flat-pack, no leads) package. Reliability testing for product qualification initially failed only (biased) HAST test. Two failure mechanisms were identified. The first mechanism was silver ion migration at sensitive analog inputs due to high conductive die-attach fillets on the bottom die. The second mechanism was ILD delamination and passivation layer cracking due to spacer-attach stress on the surface of the bottom die. Electrical failure analysis was aided by a self test mode designed into the quad A/D converter. Package opening and other standard failure analysis techniques required some modification to accommodate the stacked-die package. This work points to critical stacked-die assembly steps, including conductive die-attach and nonconductive spacer-attach application, where effects of moisture, bias, and thermal stress must all be considered.
Dislocation Related Leakage in Advanced CMOS Devices
Authors: Siegelin Frank , Stuffer Anton
Published: December 2020

With high implant doses, strained silicon technologies and shrinking feature sizes, dislocation related failures seem to gain more importance in advanced CMOS devices. On the basis of case studies, different types of dislocations as well as the electrical characteristics of the corresponding devices will be presented.
Contacting Diffusion with FIB for Backside Circuit Edit—Procedures and Material Analysis
Authors: Kerst U. , Sadewater P. , Schlangen R. , Boit C. , Leihkauf R. , Simmnacher B. , Lundquist T. , Le Roy E.
Published: December 2020

The feasibility of low-ohmic FIB contacts to silicon with a localized silicidation was presented at ISTFA 2004 [1]. We have systematically explored options in contacting diffusions with FIB metal depositions directly. A demonstration of a 200nm x 200nm contact on source/drain diffusion level is given. The remaining article focuses on the properties of FIB deposited contacts on differently doped n-type Silicon. After the ion beam assisted platinum deposition a silicide was formed using a forming current in two configurations. The electrical properties of the contacts are compared to furnace anneal standards. Parameters of Schottky-barriers and thermal effects of the formation current are studied with numerical simulation. TEM images and material analysis of the low ohmic contacts show a Pt-silicide formed on a silicon surface with no visible defects. The findings indicate which process parameters need a more detailed investigation in order to establish values for a practical process.
Topside Defect Localization Using OBIRCH Analysis
Authors: Howard Clifford , Weerakoon Anusha , Mitro Diana M. , Glaeser Dawn
Published: December 2020

OBIRCH analysis is a useful technique for defect localization not only for parametric failures, but also for functional analysis. However, OBIRCH results do not always identify the exact defect location. OBIRCH analysis results must be used in conjunction with other analysis tools and techniques to successfully identify defect locations.
Edge Enhancement for Acoustic Microscopy of Flip Chip Devices
Authors: Sullivan Daniel J. D. , Komrowski Andrew J. , Curiel Luis A. , Tan Kevan V.
Published: December 2020

Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a non-destructive tool for analysis of packaged devices. New materials, package configurations, and technologies have required adaptation of standard practices in SAM. The detection of cracked die, voids, or delamination in the underfill or package are standard issues for SAM. SAM can routinely detect large cracks through the central 80% of the die; however, the occurrence of smaller cracks at the edge of the flip chip die is problematic. This article proposes a model in which alteration in the standard SAM parameters, the gain and Time-of-Flight, enable detection of die edge cracks in assembled Flip Chip devices. IR imaging after thinning and polishing of the die confirms the die edge cracks. The SAM analysis can replace the IR imaging for detection of small die edge cracks taking minutes to complete instead of the hours involved in the sample preparation for IR imaging.
Couple Passive Voltage Contrast with Scanning Probe Microscope to Identify Invisible Implant Issue
Authors: Shen Cha-Ming , Lin Shi-Chen , Huang Chen-May , Lin Huay-Xan , Wang Chi-Hong
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a judicious reasoning method by coupling passive voltage contrast (PVC) with scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for revealing particular invisible defect modes, which were imperceptible to observe and very difficult to identify by means of traditional physical failure analysis techniques. In order to certify this compound method, it is applied to an implant issue as a case study. Through solving this particular defect mode, whose exact failure position could not be determined even with the most sensitive PVC or high-resolution SPM current mapping, the procedures and contentions are illustrated further. The significance of the reasoning method is based on electrical characterization and differential analysis. By coupling PVC with SPM, the capability to identify tiny defects is not limited to just distinguishing leakage or high-resistance under contacts. PVC can detect abnormal N+ contacts due to improper implanting, and SPM can provide the precise electrical characteristics.
CAD - Less Blind Navigation in Focused Ion Beam System
Authors: Ray Valery , Gerlinsky Chris
Published: December 2020

Traditional approaches to navigation in focused ion beam (FIB) circuit edit include blind CAD navigation based on GDSII data from the manufacturer and navigation assisted by the in-situ optical microscope (OM). These approaches are difficult to apply in security audit and reverse engineering fields, where CAD data are unavailable and objects of interest are either too small, or located in an array that is too dense for imaging by in-situ OM. To address this issue, this article presents a methodology which is based on establishing a chip-specific system of coordinates and determination of precise locations of the objects of interest within the device. The work was performed on a Vectra 986 FIB system from FEI Company and a proprietary system for optical scanning of semiconductor devices. Auxiliary techniques allowing enhancement of navigational accuracy, developed for this application, are equally applicable to the general navigation procedures during generic FIB circuit modification.
EEPROM Failure Analysis Methodology : Can Programmed Charges be Measured Directly by Electrical Techniques of Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)?
Authors: De Nardi Christophe , Desplats Romain , Perdu Philippe , Beaudoin Félix , Gauffier Jean Luc
Published: December 2020

A method to measure “on site” programmed charges in EEPROM devices is presented. Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) based techniques such as Electric Force Microscopy (EFM) and Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy (SKPM) are used to directly probe floating gate potentials. Both preparation and probing methods are discussed. Sample preparation to access floating gate/oxide interfaces at a few nanometers distance without discharging the gate proves to be the key problem, more than the probing technique itself. Applications are demonstrated on 128 kbit EEPROMs from ST Microelectronics and 64 kbit EEPROMs from Atmel.
Investigation of Passivation Damage from the Backside
Authors: Subramanian Sam , Widener Ed , Chrastecky Tony , Jones Darryl , Jones Bill W. , Mulder Randal
Published: December 2020

Passivation damage, a common failure mode in microelectronics circuitry, can be easily identified by optical inspection in the form of a local 'discoloration' after exposing the die to a chemical that would penetrate through the crack and attacks metal lines. Unfortunately, this process destroys evidence of what damaged the passivation, since it attacks the damaged region. As a result, in many cases, the mechanism by which the passivation damage occurred is unclear. This problem is addressed in this paper by a procedure to examine passivation damage by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of a cross-section sample prepared from the backside and without exposing the die from the top side. The backside approach was successfully used to assign the root cause of the passivation damage to packaging process. A topside approach to characterize the passivation damaged region can result in destruction of evidence at the defect location.
3-D Defect Characterization using Plan View and Cross-Sectional TEM/STEM Analysis
Authors: Stark Terrence J. , Russell Phillip E. , Nevers Corey
Published: December 2020

The primary objectives of failure analysis on structurally complex semiconductor devices are often to determine a defect's location and composition. Determining exactly how these defects propagate through a sample in three dimensions, to confirm a failure mode, is often elusive. This paper discusses characterizations of two defect types to illustrate a technique of sequentially imaging whisker type defects from orthogonal orientations using TEM/STEM. The first type is a high resistance short between two metal lines that is best imaged using STEM in order to observe subtle differences in material composition. The second is a crystalline dislocation through an optoelectronic device that is best observed using TEM. Details of resistive short characterization and crystalline defect characterization performed are provided. TEM/STEM has shown to be a practical tool for locating defects prior to cross sectional analysis. This allows defects to be located and characterized in three dimensions.
In-Line Voltage Contrast Inspection of Ungrounded Chain Test Structures for Timely and Detailed Characterization of Contact and Via Yield Loss
Authors: Patterson Oliver D. , Wildman Horatio , Ache Alex , Wu Kevin T.
Published: December 2020

This paper shows that in-line voltage contrast inspection can be used to monitor and debug mechanisms causing via and contact opens using ungrounded chain test structures. This opens up a large number of new opportunities to the benefits of in-line VC inspection. A theory explaining the VC appearance of a broken chain is proposed and experimentally verified. The methodology used at IBM’s 300mm fab to apply this phenomenon is described along with some use cases.
Methodology of Optimum-kV BSE Application in SEM and Summary of Characteristic for Low Energy SEM/EDS/FIB
Authors: Lai Li-Lung
Published: December 2020

Advantages of low energy e-beam & i-beam in the operation and applications of SEM/FIB/EDS are presented. Further advantages of Backscattered Electron in SEM are stressed in the paper. However, since the “low energy” limit of zero is impractical, limiting factors and optimum operation conditions will be discussed. The article also investigates practical challenges associated with low energy beams in real situations.
A Fast and Inexpensive Product Screening Method for R.O.H.S. Compliance
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Paul
Published: December 2020

The Directive 2002/95/EC (referred as ROHS) of the European Parliament and of the Council restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. This article reports on a fast and inexpensive methodology for rapidly screening entire electronic assemblies that acts as a high-level screen for obvious ROHS violations. Using this methodology, this lab has been able to check entire product lines for basic ROHS compliance and has identified many cases where vendors needed to be informed of ROHS violations before a product could be certified as ROHS compliant. Four tests are employed. Each of them is described, along with the basic theory behind the test: pre-screening with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and electron dispersion spectroscopy; detection and identification of polybrominated biphenyl ethers using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry; and chromium 6 colorimetric testing based on diphenylcarbazide.
System Failures Due to Contamination Outgassing
Authors: Nailos Mary Ann , Stein Dan , Hernandez Victor G.
Published: December 2020

Contamination out gassing is the release of volatile compounds from a solid or liquid, often with the addition of heat. These compounds may condense as thin films on surfaces and cause oxidation, corrosion or contact resistance. Out gassing is more likely to be problematic in system environments in which the temperature is elevated and available oxygen is limited. Moisture in the environment may also be a contributing factor. The paper includes an investigation of three case studies of different types of contamination out gassing that led to system failures. The analytical tools and methods used to determine root cause will be discussed in each case. The first case study examines bridging conductive copper dendrites on a system cable used in a PC system related to the cable shipping materials. The second failure to be discussed is the corrosion of Ag conductor traces in a display panel due to out gassing of sulfur compounds from nearby foam cushioning pads. The third case will explore a DC motor failure due to siloxane out gassing from an adjacent foam pad. Prevention of out gassing can be controlled by material selection and supply chain management. There are also standard test methods that can be used to detect out gassing in suspect material. These methods can be used in conjunction with the specification as requirements for qualification of new materials. Two ASTM test methods, ASTM E-595-77/84 and ASTM E1559-03 pertain to contamination out gassing. This paper includes a discussion of both methods and their advantages and disadvantages as part of a test plan.
F-18 FDG PET-CT in a Case of Unsuspected Bilateral Adrenal Histoplasmosis
Authors: M Thanuja , M Fazarina , CH Ding
Published: December 2020

Histoplasmosis is a common fungal infection in endemic countries including Malaysia. Although it is commonly diagnosed in immunosuppressed individuals, there is a preponderance of immunocompetent individuals among individuals with disseminated disease involving adrenal gland. There is a diagnostic dilemma in most patients as the clinical presentation, biochemical parameters and imaging features are frequently non-specific. On 18F-FDG PETCT, histoplasmosis shows high FDG avidity. However, due to overlapping features with other disease conditions, tissue biopsy remains as the confirmatory test. In this report, we present a case of disseminated histoplasmosis with high FDG uptake in the adrenal glands and lymph nodes which mimic a metastatic cancer.
Guttaflow Bioseal as Monocone Obturation Technique: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: M Mustaffa , N Nordin , SNH Embong , MS Mohd Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: This study compared the obturated surface area, the extrusion of root filling material beyond the apical foramen and the duration of obturation procedure in single-rooted mandibular premolar using monocone obturation technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The root canal of twenty single-rooted mandibular premolars were prepared, and then divided into two groups; Group 1 (GuttaFlow Bioseal (GFB) and a gutta-percha (GP) cone) and Group 2 (RoekoSeal Automix root canal sealer and a GP cone). The obturation procedure was timed and the obturation radiograph was taken after the procedure. The roots were sectioned perpendicularly and the surfaces were observed under scanning electron microscope. The images were transferred to the SketchAndCalc Area Calculator software for evaluation of the obturated surface area. RESULTS: The median score of obturated surface area in Group 1 and 2 at the apical was 86.51 and 83.00, at the middle was 90.48 and 87.35 and at the coronal was 93.00 and 83.39, respectively. The extrusion of root filling material between two groups did not show statistically significant difference. The mean duration of obturation in Group 1 and 2 was 149.50 and 137.60, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The obturated surface area at the apical and middle root regions in Group 1 and 2 was comparable but at the coronal region, Group 1 showed 11.5% better coverage. The extrusion of root filling material in Group 1 and 2 was equivalent. Obturation procedure in Group 1 took 8.6% longer than in the Group 2.
Expression of Survivin in Basal-Like and Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma and Associations with Clinicopathological Parameters
Authors: A. Madatang , S.N. Mohd Nafi , H. Jaafar , W.F. Wan Abdul Rahman
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) molecular subtype and its variant; basal-like triple negative (BLTN) carcinoma is an established poor prognostic indicator. The aim of this study is to analyse the survivin expression in TNBC and BLTN, and relating the results with clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study using 94 archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of invasive breast carcinoma, no special type (NST). Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) were used as surrogate markers to classify the cases into molecular subtypes. Samples with triple negative phenotype (ER, PR and HER2 negative) were stained with CK 5/6 to identify the BLTN subtype. All the samples were also immunostained for survivin. RESULT: Out of 94 cases, 41.5% (39 cases) were TNBC. Among the TNBC cases, only 41.0% (16 cases) were BLTN subtype when they found to be positive for CK 5/6. Among 94 cases of invasive breast carcinoma, 28.7% (27 cases) were survivin positive with (53.8%) 21 cases were TNBC and (11%) 6 cases were non-TNBC (p< 0.001). Among 16 cases of BLTN subtype, only 8 cases were survivin positive (p = 0.752). Survivin expression was also statistically significant with tubule formation (p=0.029), nuclear pleomorphism (p=0.008), tumour grade (p=0.010), ER status (p< 0.001) and PR status (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Survivin expression was statistically significant in invasive breast carcinoma. Even though the expression was significantly high in TNBC, it is not related to whether it is a basal-like or non-basal-like variant.
The Use of Breast Cancer Survivor Patients as Part of Patient-Centred Education in the Training of Breast Cancer Care Nurses
Authors: E. Jalal , M. Nabishah , N.I. Safiah, , I. Fuad , K. Haslinda , A.R. Najibah,
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Patients diagnosed with breast cancer face many psychological and social distress that might affect their quality of life and indirectly might affect the disease outcome. Patient-centred education has been found to have a positive influence on the quality of management and anxiety reduction. A one-day workshop involving breast cancer survivor patients was designed as a preliminary step to improve the quality of care provided by oncology nurses in University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). The objectives of the workshop were to train the nurses in providing patient-centred education using breast cancer survivor patients and to implement the breast cancer Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) recommendation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-day workshop was designed to meet specific learning outcomes. The patient education program was introduced with special emphasis on a patientcentred approach through the involvement of breast cancer survivor patients. Twenty-one staff nurses and two breast cancer survivor patients have participated in this workshop. The workshop was conducted by a breast cancer surgeon, oncologist, dietitian, family physician, and medical educators. RESULT: Overall, all participants found the workshop was very useful, particularly with the involvement of breast cancer survivor patients. Sixty – two percent of the participants agreed that the objectives of the workshop were met and 76 % of them found the workshop relevant to their work. CONCLUSION: The involvement of breast cancer survivor patients in this workshop was a valuable learning experience that enhanced the patient-centred approach in medical education.
Situational Analysis of Leptospirosis in Sik, Kedah, Malaysia: 2014 - 2017
Authors: S.S. Rakesh , H. Ismail , M. H. Ja’afar , Emilin Noorul , Rahmah Siti
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia. Over the past decade, there have been an increased in the number of leptospirosis cases and outbreaks. Previous leptospirosis studies examined the incidence rate, disease burden and risk factors for leptospirosis in Malaysia, but not at district or state level. Very little is known about the leptospirosis situation at district or state level. Therefore, we conducted a study to find out about leptospirosis situation in Sik district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study from January 2014 till December 2017 in Sik District, Kedah. Information on cases admitted to Sik hospital was obtained from the health office of Sik district. Socio-demographic data and laboratory results were obtained from the patient's hospital records. We performed a descriptive analysis, followed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULT: From January 2014 until December 2017, 286 suspected cases of leptospirosis were admitted to Sik Hospital. Of the 286 cases, 150 were confirmed cases of leptospirosis and 136 probable cases. In our study, teenager (11-20 years of age) and older adults (aged 51-60 years) were more prone to infection with leptospirosis. Fever, vomiting, anorexia, cough, and myalgia were common symptoms. Laboratory findings in 108 confirmed leptospirosis cases showed a high white blood cell count of more than 10 X 109/L in half of the patients (50.0%), a serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of more than 50 U/L in 41 cases (38.0%), a platelets count of less than 150 X 109/L in 39 cases (36.1%), a serum creatinine kinase more than 308 U/L in 39 cases (36.1%) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than 50 U/L in 33 cases (30.6%). Multivariate analysis showed leptospirosis infection was associated with cough (p=0.02. 95% CI=0.28-0.91) and abdominal pain (p=0.03, 95%CI =1.07-4.93). In our study, a higher number of leptospirosis cases were due to household infection compared to recreational activities. CONCLUSION: Teenagers and the elderly were more prone to leptospirosis infection, and the trend of household infection is increasing compared to recreational activities. Therefore, by knowing the current situation, the causes and the source of infection will help in the development of better control and prevention measures for leptospirosis.
The Application of Maqasid-Oriented Approach in Islamic Bioethics: A Case Study on Fatwa Related to Cosmetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: MA Hamdan , R Mohd Anuar , H Aminudin , AR Nur Najwa Hanani , MS Muhammad Faiz , M Syamsul Azizul
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: Cosmetic surgery, which is a type of elective surgery designed to alter the physical features of the human body, is currently in high demand due to a combination of several main factors; namely low self-esteem, the desire to achieve beauty standards set by society, and the ubiquity of mass media and social media influencers. As a Muslim, cosmetic surgery must be evaluated from a jurisprudential lens to determine the level of necessity of the procedure, whether it reached the stage of essential (darurah), or necessity (hajah), or complimetary (tahsinah), along with close inspection of the maslahah dan mafsadah involved with the aspect of maslahah dan mafsadah in need of further clarification. A close inspection of medical fatwas relating to cosmetic surgery reveals that procedures that are intended solely for physical beautification with no medical justification whatsoever are forbidden. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study collect data from fatwas issued by seven fatwa institutions worldwide, will look into the application of maqasid al-shariʿa in determining the legal status of cosmetic surgery in Islam. The data was analysed thematically. RESULT: The findings from this study suggest that all fatwas pertaining to cosmetic surgery were decided based on the considerations of maqasid al-shariʿa, which will greatly aid doctors and patients in evaluating the need, or the lack thereof, to proceed with cosmetic surgery. CONCLUSION: The discussion of Islamic law or fatwa related to medicine requires synergy between sharia experts and medical doctors.
Randomized Clinical Trial Between Fluoxetine and Dapoxetine for Premature Ejaculation and Its Effect on Marital Relationship
Authors: M Che Man , F Mohd Zin , S Che Alhadi , NM Yaacob , SB Ismail
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation(PE) decreases sexual pleasure and quality of life, and both Fluoxetine and Dapoxetine were used in PE therapy. Dapoxetine is the first SSRI with a short half-life and fewer side effects, primarily designed for PE therapy. The aim is to evaluate and compare the effects of Fluoxetine and Dapoxetine on PE symptoms and marital satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 44 participants aged between 18 and 64 with a PEDT score of ≥9 from Hospital USM's Primary-Care-Clinic, Kelantan Malaysia were selected and randomized into two groups: Fluoxetine(FG) and Dapoxetine Group(DG), and administered for 8 weeks with either regular Fluoxetine(20mg) or Dapoxetine (30mg) on-demand at least once a week. Premature Ejaculation Diagnostics Tool(PEDT) score was used to assess PE symptoms and Dyadic Satisfaction-Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DS-DAS) used to evaluate marital satisfaction at baseline and the 8th week. RESULT: 22 and 21 participants in FG and DG completed the study. For both groups, PEDT scores decreased substantially [from 11.41 to 5.45(P< 0.001) among FG, from 13.43 to 3.10(P<0.001) among DG]. After adjustment of the baseline PEDT score, PEDT scores in DG(6.03 vs 2.49, P><0.001) were lower at the 8th week. All groups showed significantly improved DS-DAS scores [from 34.50 to 40.68(P><0.001) in FG, from 36.57 to 44.33(P><0.001) in DG]. No marked difference in DS-DAS was scored after adjustment of the baseline DS-DAS score(41.13 vs 43.86, P=0.055) at the end of the assessment. CONCLUSION: Treatment of PE with either Fluoxetine or Dapoxetine decreases PE symptoms and increases marital satisfaction. ><0.001) among DG]. After adjustment of the baseline PEDT score, PEDT scores in DG (6.03 vs 2.49, P< 0.001) were lower at the 8th week. All groups showed significantly improved DS-DAS scores [from 34.50 to 40.68(P< 0.001) in FG, from 36.57 to 44.33(P< 0.001) in DG]. No marked difference in DS-DAS was scored after adjustment of the baseline DS-DAS score (41.13 vs 43.86, P=0.055) at the end of the assessment. CONCLUSION: Treatment of PE with either Fluoxetine or Dapoxetine decreases PE symptoms and increases marital satisfaction.
A Study of the Clinico-Bacteriological Profile of Infants Aged 29-59 Days Suffering from Very Severe Disease According to WHO IMCI Guideline
Authors: A Rokshana , EU Enshad , AC Muhammad Jabed , KC Pronab
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: According to the IMCI guidelines young infants below 2 months are considered a special group because these infants have special characteristics, that they can become sick and die very quickly from serious bacterial infections. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to assess clinical characteristics of very severe disease according to WHO IMCI guideline among young infants of 29-59 days age and to determine whether clinically severe infections are associated with culture-positive bacteremia as well as to find out common etiological factors including organisms involved. The rationale behind conducting such research was that, although young infants of 29-59 days were equally vulnerable to severe infections as are the neonates; similar research addressing the condition in the young infants of the mentioned age is generally lacking. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, from March 2016 to September 2016. Young infants aged between 29-59 days presenting with signs of very severe disease were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were young infants with a congenital anomaly and very sick infants. RESULTS: In this study, it was observed that the majority (43.8%) of patients belonged to age 31-40 days and the mean age was 42.2 ± 7.4 days, ranged from 30 to 57 days. Regarding the sign of severe infection, the majority (97.7%) of patients had a fever, followed by 81.6% fast breathing, 65.5% history of unable to feed, 29.9% convulsion, 27.6% movement when stimulated, 18.4% grunting, and 2.3% had low body temperature. Eleven patients were found in blood culture positive. Klebsiella spp. was the most prevalent pathogens, comprising 6(54.5%) of the isolates, followed by coliform 2(18.2%), staphylococcus aureus 2(18.2%), and coagulase -ve staphylococcus was 1 (9.1%). CONCLUSION: Fever, fast breathing, and unable to feed were more common signs of very severe disease in the patients and positive blood culture was found in 12.6% of the cases. Klebsiella was found to be the commonest pathogen.
Canlı Çeşitliliği Teriminin Kullanımları Üzerine
Authors: SEVGİ Orhan
Published: December 2020

Canlılar üzerine yapılan çalışmalar Türkçede önemli bir birikim oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle bitki ve hayvan türlerinin listelenmesi çalışmalarında önemli aşamalar sağlanırken, liken ve mantar gibi diğer canlılar üzerinde de çalışmalar artmıştır. Günümüzde ise canlı çeşitliliği konusu yoğun olarak çalışılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda biodiversity terimi karşılığı olarak bioçeşitlilik ve biyoçeşitlilik ifadelerinin Türkçe sözcüklerin ön ek almadığından dolayı dilbilgisi kurallarına aykırı olduğu için kullanılmaması önerilmektedir. Türkçe karşılık olarak hukuk mevzuatında da kullanımı olan biyolojik çeşitlilik veya canlı çeşitliliği kullanımı teşvik edilmelidir. Bir bölgenin flora ve fauna çalışması sonucunda elde edilen tür listesi veya tür sayısının; türler arası ilişkileri, türlerin birey sayısı ve türlerin mekanla olan ilişkileri gibi konularda bilgi içermediğinden biyolojik çeşitlilik olarak sunulması, yazılması veya yayınlanması canlı çeşitliliği teriminin anlamı düşünüldüğünde son derece sınırlı ve yanıltıcı olmaktadır.
الحياة الدينية في مدينة ماردين التُّركية: من أُرتُق بن أكْسب إلى عهد صلاح الدين الأيوبي (484-589هـ/1091-1194م)
Authors: ALHATTAF Hasan
Published: December 2020

تم التعرَّيف في هذا البحث بمدينة ماردين وبأبرز رجالات الدّولة الأُرتُقية وأنشطتهم الدينية والسياسية ومواقفهم من الصليبيين. وتمّ التركيز على الحياة الدينية للنصارى مُبيِّنا أبرز طوائفهم، ورجالاتهم، وأماكن عبادتهم ومنزلتهم عند الأُرتُقية. كان المذهب السني الأشعري والماتريدي هو السائد في ماردين وماجاورها وقد تربّى السلطان صلاح الدين الأيوبي على العقيدة الأشعرية وصار يُحفِّظها صغار أولاده. لم تكن ماردين بعيدة عن التأثير الباطني الإسماعيلي بحكم وجود الباطنية في إيران في بلاد فارس والشيعة الحمدانية في حلب، ولكن لم يكن لهم التأثير الكبير على الحياة الدينية. كان للأراتقة دور كبير في الوقوف ضد الصليبيين لكن لم يكن الأمر كافيا لردعهم، وهذا ما يُفسِّر لنا بسط السلطان صلاح الدين الأيوبي نفوذه على ماردين وما جاورها لتوحيد هذه المناطق للانطلاق نحو تحرير بيت المقدس.
Effects of physical activity to cardiorespiratory changes
Authors: BJELICA Bojan , MİLANOVİĆ Ljubica , AKSOVIĆ Nikola , ZELENOVİĆ Milan , BOŽIĆ Danijel
Published: December 2020

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of errorless learning (ELL) and errorful learning (EFL) on a discrete aiming task (dart-throwing). Thirty university students (male, n = 15; female, n = 15) with age of 22 ± 2.0 years old (M = 21.2; SD = 1.08) without any prior experience in dart-throwing participated in this study. After the pre-experimental evaluation, participants were randomly assigned into two groups (ELL and EFL group) by matched-pair design. There were three phases in the study, which were the acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. Both groups did not receive any instructions regarding the dart-throw. The results of variable error showed that there was a significant reduction in the ELL group over trials seemed to indicate that participants in ELL can utilize the learning to become more consistent in dart-throwing performance compared to the EFL group. The results in retention and transfer phases showed that the ELL group performed with significantly less error than the EFL group. The ELL group practiced with errorless learning performed with increased consistency during the retention phase compared to participants who practiced with errorful learning. The study concluded that implicit learning in errorless learning has been beneficial for the individual to get better dart-throwing performance as it can reduce the errors and lower cognitive demand when performing the task.
Sigara Kullanan Bireylerde Yoksunluğun Dikkat Türleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
Authors: Tanfer Mehmet Can , Pakyürek Gün
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada; sigara kullanan ve araştırmacı tarafından yoksun bırakılan katılımcıların yoksunluk durumlarının dikkat düzeylerinde nasıl bir farklılık gözleneceğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, amaçlı örnekleme yoluyla seçilen, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi'nde lisans eğitimine devam eden, 20-25 yaş arası (%53.3 kadın, %46.7 erkek) toplam 45 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Demografik Bilgi Formu, Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi, Nikotin Stroop Görevi, d2 Dikkat Testi ve n-Geri Görevi kullanılmıştır. Nikotin Stroop Görevi, katılımcıların sigara ile ilişkili ve sigara ile ilişkisiz olmak üzere iki kelime listesini okuması şeklindedir. Sonrasında seçici ve sürdürülebilir dikkati belirlemek amacıyla uyaran olarak “d” ve “p” harfleri kullanılan d2 dikkat testi ölçümlenmiştir. Harflerin üstünde ve altında olmak üzere toplamda 1 ile 4 arasında nokta bulunmaktadır. Katılımcıdan üstünde, altında veya biri altında biri üstünde olmak üzere iki adet nokta bulunan “d” harflerinin bulunması istenmiştir. Son olarak bölünmüş dikkat düzeyini belirlemek amacıyla katılımcılara n-Geri Görevi verilmiştir. n-Geri görevinde katılımcıdan aynı anda görsel ve işitsel uyaranlara dikkat edip ardışık olarak aynı uyaranı algıladığında araştırmacı tarafından belirlenen tuşlara basması beklenmiştir. Veriler bağımsız örneklem t testi ile Son Faktör Tekrarlı ANOVA aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularında; yoksun bırakılan bireylerin sigara kullananlara göre sürdürülebilir dikkat performansının daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır (p<.05). Yoksun bırakılan bireylerin sigara kullananlara göre bölünmüş dikkat, seçici dikkat ve dikkat yanlılığı performansında anlamlı farklılıklara rastlanmamıştır (p>.05). Bulgular tartışma bölümünde ilgili literatür çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
The strut-and-tie model and the finite element - good design companions
Authors: Ghoraba Ahmed K. , El-Metwally Salah E. , El-Zoughiby Mohamed E.
Published: December 2020

The strut-and-tie method (STM) can serve as a tool for a safe design of concrete structures or members. It aids to trace the flow of forces, appropriately lay-out the reinforcement, and safely predict the structure capacity. On the other hand, the linear elastic finite element can be utilized as an alternative in the development of the strut-and-tie models besides the load path method. In addition, the nonlinear finite element analysis assists in the optimization of the design results obtained from the STM. Hence, the two methods work well as companions in structural design. In order to demonstrate such understanding, different examples which include a deep beam with large opening and recess, continuous deep beams with and without openings, and beam ledges, have been utilized. In the STM solutions, the ACI 318-14 failure criteria have been adopted. In the nonlinear finite element analysis, material nonlinearity has been accounted for. The obtained solutions from the two methods, along with the experimental data of the selected examples of this study, revealed the reliability of the STM in obtaining a safe solution. Besides, the nonlinear finite element proved to be an efficient tool in obtaining an economic design.
Impact of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor on the Survival in Elderly Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Inomata Minehiko , Inomata Minehiko , Azechi Kenji , Takata Naoki , Hayashi Kana , Tokui Kotaro , Taka Chihiro , Okazawa Seisuke , Kambara Kenta , Imanishi Shingo , Miwa Toshiro , Hayashi Ryuji , Matsui Shoko , Tobe Kazuyuki
Published: December 2020

Purpose: We analysed the relationship between a history of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and overall
survival in elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the data of patients with NSCLC aged ≥70-year-old
who had received systemic anticancer therapy between 2015 and 2019.
Results: The analysis included the data of a total of 63 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant
association between a history of treatment with ICI and the overall survival. A significant interaction was
also observed between a history of treatment with an ICI and the tumor histology.
Conclusion: A significant association between history of ICI therapy and the overall survival was detected
in elderly NSCLC patients aged ≥70-year-old in a clinical practice setting. Our results also suggested that
the impact of ICI therapy on the survival differed depending on the tumor histology.
Zebrafish Heart as a Model to Elucidate the Mechanisms of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Vargas Rafael Antonio , Vargas Rafael Antonio
Published: December 2020

The heart of zebrafish has been used as a simple, low-cost model to study development, structure and
function of the heart from early to late stages of life. Also, it has been established as a model to study
different cardiac pathologies generated through different methods. Cardiac pathologies include from
functional disorders such as arrhythmia, to structural disorders such as hypertrophic heart disease; in many
of them, genetic and molecular aspects have been associated. Noteworthy, some of these genetic and
molecular factors have been invoked as causes of sudden cardiac death in humans. This adverse outcome is
common in many cardiovascular pathologies and can occur at any age. Unfortunately, etiology and
physiopathology of sudden cardiac death are unclear, so extensive research in this area is required. This
mini-review highlight three related points: First, the relevance of sudden cardiac death in humans. Second,
advances in knowledge of the development, function and pathologies in the zebrafish heart model. Finally,
the possibility of using the zebrafish model for the study of sudden cardiac. For this review, a literature
search was performed using the PubMed database and the search engine Google Scholar: the words sudden
cardiac death, zebrafish, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies were combined for this search.
PENGARUH KECEMASAN MATEMATIKA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SISWA SMP NEGERI SE-KECAMATAN BANYUASIN
Authors: Septiarini Ika , Kesumawati Nila , Jumroh Jumroh
Published: December 2020

This study aims to find out the relationship, influence, and how much influence of mathematical anxiety on the mathematical problem solving ability of smp negeri students in Rambutan Banyuasin sub-district. This research is quantitative research using survey method. Data collection with tests and engket. The data collected were analyzed using correlation analysis techniques namely normality test, linearity test, and correlation test. From the results of the study, it was concluded that mathematical anxiety has a relationship and influence on the mathematical problem solving ability of junior high school students in Rambutan Banyuasin sub-district.
Prácticas de acompañamiento de profesores tutores en carreras de pedagogía: análisis de los dispositivos de aseguramiento y certificación de la calidad de los aprendizajes terminales
Authors: Latorre Marisol , Vergara Claudia , Morales María Alejandra , Orbeta Alejandra , Escobar Claudia , Quiroga Marta
Published: December 2020

In the last 25 years, the traditional theoretical, academic, and disciplinary education has given way to theoretical-practical and pedagogical perspectives and orientations that have been strongly incorporated in the curriculum of initial teacher education, positioning the practical training as one of the key components. On the other hand, within the framework of the System of Quality Assurance and the accreditation processes, the graduation profiles and the learnings proposed in it, have become the focus of attention, stressing the coherency of the study plans and formative experiences regarding the expected achievements. This study investigates how training at the final practicum dialogues with the assurance and certification of the learning involved in the graduate profiles of teacher education programs. To achieve this objective, an exploratory-descriptive and comprehensive research approach was used, with a multiple case studies design that delves into twelve teacher programs at two universities in central Chile. The results report: limited presence of practical activities in teacher training curriculum which does not exceed 10%; a peripheral, ambiguous and overloaded role of final practice tutors; the meetings of the student in practice with the tutor mainly address idiosyncratic topics; the accompaniment that the tutor gives the student in practice translates into a constant presence at school.
ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS SCHEMES OF THERAPY OF PATIENTS WITH INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS CAUSED BY EPSTEIN – BARR
Authors: Yurko K. V. , Kozko V. M. , Merkulova N. F. , Моhylenets О. I.
Published: December 2020

Background: Actuality of study of infectious mononucleosis (ІМ) is conditioned by high infected of population by the Epstein – Barr virus (EBV), specific virus affinity to the immunocompetent cells, lifelong virus persistence in an organism and often latent process. Methods: Research on the work topic was conducted at the Department of Infectious Diseases of Kharkiv National Medical University. A total of 45 patients with IM (26 men and 19 women) who were hospitalized at the Regional Clinical Hospital in 2018–2019 years were surveyed. The vast majority of patients with IM were young people aged from 18 to 25, of whom 597 % were students. Results: The clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, mainly characterized by manifestations of hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, intoxication syndrome and nasopharyngeal tonsillitis. The efficacy of combined use of Valacyclovir and Nuclex in complex therapy of patients with infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein – Barr virus (EBV) was studied. The use of such therapy was found to promotes regression of clinical symptoms, contribute to normalization of indices of clinical blood tests and lead to a decrease of the number of EVB's DNA copies in the blood serum or complete elimination of virus. Conclusions: Thus, evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of valacyclovir and nuclex in the complex therapy of patients with infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein–Barr virus, indicates a more significant regression of clinical symptoms, significantly more pronounced positive impact on the indicators of clinical blood analysis and the number of copies of EBV DNA in blood serum than in the comparison group. Obtained results allowed to substantiate the use of complex therapy of valacyclovir and nuclex in patients with IM caused by EBV.