bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acinetobacter
Authors: Juni Elliot
Published: August 2015

A.ci.ne' to.bac.ter
. Gr. adj.
akinetos
unable to move; M.L. n.
bacter
the masculine form of the Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Acinetobacter
nonmotile rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Moraxellaceae / Acinetobacter

Rods 0.9–1.6 × 1.5–2.5 μm, becoming spherical in the stationary phase of growth
. Colonies are generally nonpigmented and are mucoid when the cells are encapsulated. Cells commonly occur in pairs and in chains of variable length. Do not form spores. Gram negative but occasionally difficult to destain. Swimming motility does not occur but the cells display “twitching motility”, presumably because of the presence of fimbriae. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Most strains do not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Most strains grow between 20 and 37°C, having temperature optima of 33–35°C. Some strains cannot grow at 37°C.
Oxidase negative. Catalase positive
. Grow well on most complex media. Most strains grow in defined media containing a single carbon and energy source, such as acetate or lactate, using ammonium or nitrate salts, or one of several common amino acids, as a supply of nitrogen. Frequently amino acids such as glutamic acid or aspartic acid can serve as a single source of carbon, energy, and nitrogen in a defined mineral medium. With rare exceptions, they display no growth factor requirements. Most frequently saprophytic, occurring naturally in soil, water, sewage, and foods such as raw vegetables. Can also reside, possibly indigenously, on the human skin and in the human respiratory tract. Can cause nosocomial infections such as bacteremia, secondary meningitis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections in humans.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 38–47.

Type species
:
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
(Beijerinck 1911) Baumann, Doudoroff and Stanier 1968b, 1538 emend. Bouvet and Grimont 1986, 238 (
Micrococcus calcoaceticus
Beijerinck 1911,1067.)
Moraxella
Authors: Juni Elliot , Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2015

Mo.rax.el' la
. M.L. dim. ‐
ella
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Moraxella
named after V. Morax, a Swiss ophthalmologist who pioneered the recognition of the type species.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Moraxellaceae / Moraxella

Rods or cocci. The rods are often very short and plump
, frequently approaching a coccus shape (1.0–1.5 × 1.5–2.5 µm); they usually occur in pairs and short chains (one plane of division). Variation in cell size, shape, and filament or chain formation is often seen in cultures, the pleomorphism being enhanced by lack of oxygen and by incubation temperatures above the optimum.
The cocci are usually smaller
(0.6–1.0 µm in diameter) and occur as single cells or in pairs with the adjacent sides flattened (differing planes of division); division in two planes at right angles to each other sometimes results in the formation of tetrads. Gram negative, but often with a tendency to resist Gram decolorization. Flagella are absent. Both rod‐shaped and coccal species may be fimbriated. Swimming motility is absent, but surface‐bound “twitching motility” has been observed in some rod‐shaped species.
Aerobic, but some strains may grow weakly under anaerobic conditions
. May be encapsulated. Chemoorganotrophic. Most species are nutritionally fastidious and all grow on complex media; some are stimulated significantly by fatty acids (bile salts, Tween 80). Optimum temperature for growth, 33–35°C.
Colonies are not pigmented. Oxidase positive
(with either tetra‐ or dimethyl‐
p
‐phenylenediamine reagent).
Usually catalase positive. No acid is produced from carbohydrates
. Usually highly sensitive to penicillin. Parasitic on the mucous membranes of humans and other warm‐blooded animals. Strains of the several species of this genus have been shown to be genetically closely related by transformation of the high‐level streptomycin resistance marker (Bøvre and Hagen, 1981) as well as by transformation of nutritional markers (Juni et al., 1987, 1988; Juni, 1990). DNA–DNA hybridization studies have shown high relative interspecies binding ratios for DNAs from strains of the genus
Moraxella
(Tønjum et al., 1989). Species of
Moraxella
share 95% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40.0–47.5 (

T
m

, Bd, HPLC).

Type species
:
Moraxella lacunata
(Eyre 1900) Lwoff 1939, 173 (
Bacillus lacunatus
Eyre 1900, 5; (
Moraxella
(
Moraxella
)
lacunata
(Eyre 1900) Bøvre 1979, 404.)
Azomonas
Authors: Kennedy Christina , Rudnick Paul
Published: August 2015

A.zo.mo' nas
. Gr. adj.
a
not; Gr. n.
zoê
life; Gr. n.
azoê
not sustaining life, nitrogen Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Azomonas
nitrogen monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Azomonas

Cells are 2.0 μm or more in diameter, of variable length and shape, although usually 2.5–3.5 μm in length and generally ellipsoidal‐ to rod‐shaped
. They cannot easily be distinguished from cells of
Azotobacter
. Cells may occur singly, in pairs, or in clumps. Motile by peritrichous, lophotrichous, or polar flagella. Gram negative, but sometimes Gram variable, depending on culture age.
Cysts are not formed in aging cultures. All species fix atmospheric nitrogen under aerobic conditions
. Alternative nitrogenases containing vanadium (nitrogenase‐2) or iron (nitrogenase‐3) only may be synthesized in Mo‐deficient media. Cultures can grow both aerobically and microaerobically. Chemoorganotrophic. Sugars, alcohols, and organic acids are used as carbon sources. Ammonium salts and sometimes nitrate (
A. insignis
only) are used as nitrogen sources; amino acids are not used.
Water‐soluble and fluorescent pigments are produced by nearly all strains
. Species are catalase‐positive. The optimum pH for nitrogen fixation is close to neutrality, but certain strains can also fix nitrogen at a pH of 4.6–4.8. Species are isolated from water or soil.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–58.6.

Type species
:
Azomonas agilis
(Beijerinck 1901) Winogradsky 1938, 400 (
Azotobacter agilis
Beijerinck 1901, 577.)
Azotobacter
Authors: Kennedy Christina , Rudnick Paul , MacDonald Melanie L. , Melton Thoyd
Published: August 2015

A.zo.to.bac' ter
. Fr. n.
azote
nitrogen; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod or staff; M.L. masc. n.
Azotobacter
a nitrogen rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Azotobacter

Cells range from straight rods with rounded ends to more ellipsoidal or coccoid
, depending on the culture medium and age.
Cells are up to 2 μm or more in diameter and 4 μm in length
.
A. paspali
cells are usually longer, 5–10 µm in length, and can be filamentous, up to 60 µm long. Cells are usually single but may occur in pairs, irregular clumps (especially with
A. paspali
), or, more rarely, in chains of varying length.
Encystment
occurs during late stationary phase at low frequency or at high frequency after culturing on butanol.
Motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrogen is fixed
under microaerobic conditions (2% oxygen), under full aerobiosis, or after adaptation in hyperbaric oxygen. N
2
fixation uses Mo‐, V‐, or Fe‐containing nitrogenase enzymes, depending on the environmental metal supply.
Water‐soluble and water‐insoluble pigments are produced by some strains of all species
. Growth is heterotrophic; sugars, alcohols, and salts of organic acids are used as carbon sources. Ammonium salts, nitrate, and urea are used as sources of fixed nitrogen. Very few amino acids are used, probably due to a general deficiency in amino acid transport. The minimum pH for growth in the presence of fixed nitrogen sources ranges from 4.8 to 6.0 with maximum pH 8.5. The optimum pH for diazotrophic growth is 7.0–7.5.
Most isolates are from soil, but a few are from water
. One species (
A. paspali
) has been isolated only from roots of the tropical grass
Paspalum notatum
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.2–67.5.

Type species
:
Azotobacter chroococcum
Beijerinck 1901, 567.
Achromatium
Authors: Babenzien Hans‐Dietrich , Glöckner Frank Oliver , Head Ian M.
Published: August 2015

A.chro.ma' ti.um
. Gr. pref.
a
not; Gr. n.
chromatium
color, paint; M.L. neut. n.
Achromatium
that which is not colored.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Achromatium

Spherical to ovoid or cylindrical unicells with hemispherical ends. In natural populations, cells of widely different sizes appear
. Cells vary in size from spheres of about 10 µm in diameter to giant cylindrical forms up to 30 × 125 µm (extremes are dividing stages);
cells are on average 15 × 50 μm
. Many size classes may be present within a sample. However, genetically different sub‐populations that overlap in their dimensions can occur in a single habitat.
Division of cells by binary constriction. Gram negative. Calcium carbonate (calcite) is deposited intracellularly
. Additionally, the

cells contain globules of S
0

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not known.

Type species
:
Achromatium oxaliferum
Schewiakoff 1893, 1.
Thiospira
Authors: Kuenen J. Gijs , Dubinina Galina A.
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.spi' ra
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. n.
spira
a coil; M.L. fem.
Thiospira
sulfur coil or spiral.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Thiospira

Spirilla
, usually with pointed ends, containing
sulfur inclusions. Motile
by monotrichous or polytrichous
polar flagella
. No resting stages known. Isolates conforming to the descriptions of the two “species” have now been obtained (Dubinina et al., 1993).

Type species
:
Thiospira winogradskyi
(Omelianski 1905) Visloukh 1914, 48.
Thiothrix
Authors: Unz Richard F. , Head Ian M.
Published: August 2015

Thi' .o.thrix
. Gr. n.
thium
sulfur; Gr. n.
thrix
hair; M.L. fem. n.
Thiothrix
sulfur hair.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Thiothrix

Rods, 0.7–1.5 × 1.2–2.5 µm, depending on species, seriate in rigid, multicellular
filaments (trichomes)
of uniform (as long as 500 µm) or slightly tapering (base to tip and typically ranging from 100–200 µm in length with shorter trichomes present in agitated as opposed to static cultures) diameter. Gram negative or Gram variable. Capsules not produced. Trichomes clearly ensheathed in some but not all species. False branching never observed.
Rod‐shaped gonidia with rounded ends formed at the apical region of the trichome. Gonidia motile by gliding
. The base of the trichome may have a holdfast. Rosettes of trichomes typically but not always produced. Only rosette‐forming strains produce gonidia. Resting stages not known. Flagella absent, but a tuft of monopolar fimbriae may be present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 44–52.

Type species
:
Thiothrix nivea
(Rabenhorst 1865) Winogradsky 1888, 39 (
Beggiatoa nivea
Rabenhorst 1865, 94.)
Frateuria
Authors: Swings Jean , Sievers Martin
Published: August 2015

Fra.teur
'
i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Frateuria
named after the late Joseph Frateur (1903–1974), eminent Belgian microbiologist.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Frateuria

Regular straight rods
, 0.5–0.7 × 0.7–3.5 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Gram negative.
Generally motile by polar flagella or nonmotile. Obligately aerobic
. Optimum temperature for growth 25–30°C. Colonies on mannitol–yeast extract–peptone (MYP) agar
1
are yellow to orange. On glucose–yeast extract–CaCO
3
(GYC) agar,
2
most strains produce a typical brown water‐soluble pigment. Oxidase negative. Grows at pH 3.6. No nitrate reduction. Starch and gelatin are not hydrolyzed. H
2
S is produced. Chemoorganotrophic. Acid is produced from ethanol and a number of carbon sources. On
D
‐glucose and
D
‐xylose, the pH drops below 4.0. From
D
‐glucose, 2‐keto‐, and 2,5‐diketogluconic acids are formed, but not 5‐ketogluconic acid. No requirements for growth factors. Isolated from
Lilium auratum
and from the fruit of
Rubus parvifolius
(raspberry) in Japan.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–64 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Frateuria aurantia
Swings, Gillis, Kersters, De Vos, Gosselé and De Ley 1980, 555.
Luteimonas
Authors: Lipski André , Stackebrandt Erko S.
Published: August 2015

Lu.te.i.mo' nas
. M.L. adj.
luteus
yellow; Gr. n.
monas
a unit; M.L. fem. n.
Luteimonas
a yellow unit.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Luteimonas

Rod‐shaped cells 0.4–0.6 × 0.8–1.8 µm. Gram negative.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrite is reduced to nitrous oxide, but nitrate is not reduced. Colonies are yellow. Heterotrophic. Ubiquinone with eight isoprene units.
Iso
‐/
anteiso‐type fatty acid profile
with C
15:0 iso
and C
17:1 iso 9c
predominating. Isolated from several experimental biofilters supplied with the waste gas of an animal rendering plant.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67.

Type species
:
Luteimonas mephitis
Finkmann, Altendorf, Stackebrandt and Lipski 2000, 280.
Lysobacter
Authors: Christensen Penelope
Published: August 2015

Lys.o.bac' ter
. Gr. adj.
lysis
loosing; M.L. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Lysobacter
the loosing rod; intended to mean the lysing rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Lysobacter

Thin rods
, 0.2–0.5 × 1.0–15 (sometimes up to 70) µm, which are Gram negative, nonflagellated,
gliding, flexing
, and aerobic.
Colonies are highly mucoid, cream‐colored, pink, or yellow‐brown
; many strains also produce a brown, water‐soluble
pigment. Nonfruiting; no microcysts
produced. Growth in broth culture is silky. Most strains are resistant to actinomycin D. This organism
degrades chitin
and often other polysaccharides, but it does not degrade filter‐paper cellulose, and it infrequently degrades agar. Strongly proteolytic, characteristically
lysing a variety of microorganisms
(both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, including actinomycetes, blue‐green and green algae, yeasts, and filamentous fungi), as well as nematodes. Habitat: soil and freshwater.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.4–70.1.

Type species
:
Lysobacter enzymogenes
Christensen and Cook 1978, 374.
Rhodanobacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Rho.da' no.bac.ter
. L. masc. n.
Rhodanus
River Rhône; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of
bacterium
a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Rhodanobacter
rod isolated close to the River Rhône.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Rhodanobacter

Gram‐negative
rods.
Nonmotile
. Colonies on SMA agar plates are yellow with clean edges, 0.2–1 mm in diameter after 3 d at 30°C. Do not form spores. Branching does not occur. Aerobic; chemoorganotrophic.
Catalase and oxidase positive
. Optimum growth temperature 30°C. Based on analysis of 16S rDNA sequences,
Rhodanobacter
belongs in the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, order
Xanthomonadales
, and family
Xanthomonadaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.

Type species
:
Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus
Nalin, Simonet, Vogel and Normand 1999, 22.
Schineria
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Schi' ner.i.a
. N.L. fem. n.
Schineria
pertaining to Schiner who first described the fly
Wohlfahrtia magnifica
in 1862.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Schineria

Gram‐negative nonmotile aerobic rods
. Catalase positive. Major fatty acids, C
14:0
, C
16:0
, and C
18:1
. Major polar lipids include phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylserine.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Schineria larvae
Tóth, Kovács, Schumann, Kovács, Steiner, Halbritter and Máriageti 2001, 406.
Stenotrophomonas
Authors: Palleroni Norberto J.
Published: August 2015

Ste.no.tro.pho.mo' nas
. Gr. adj.
stenus
narrow; Gr. n.
trophus
one who feeds; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Stenotrophomonas
a unit feeding on few substrates.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Stenotrophomonas

Straight or curved rods
but not helical, 0.5 × 1.5 µm, occur singly or in pairs. Do not accumulate poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules as intracellular reserve material. No resting stages are known. Gram negative.
Motile by two or more polar flagella. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as electron acceptor. Nitrate is reduced but it is not used as a nitrogen source for growth
. The colonies are yellow, greenish, or gray. The yellow color is not due to carotenoids or xanthomonadins. The colonies may turn a dark brown color with age.
The major polyamines are spermidine and cadaverine
. Aside from fatty acids in common with
Xanthomonas
species, one of the species (
S
.
maltophilia
)
is characterized by the presence of C

17
:
0

cyclopropane fatty acid and ubiquinone Q8. No growth occurs at 4 or 41°C; the optimum growth temperature is ~35°C.
Oxidase negative
. Gelatinase and catalase positive. Strong lipolytic activity, as judged by the hydrolysis of Tween 80.
Chemoorganotrophic
. One of the species (
S
.
maltophilia
) is widely distributed in nature and is commonly isolated from clinical materials and nosocomial infections.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.9 ± 0.8.

Type species
:
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(Hugh 1981) Palleroni and Bradbury 1993, 608 (
Pseudomonas maltophilia
Hugh 1981, 195;
Xanthomonas maltophilia
Swings, De Vos, Van Den Mooter and De Ley 1983, 412.)
Thermomonas
Authors: Denner Ewald B.M. , Kämpfer Peter , Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.mo' nas
. Gr. n.
therme
heat;
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Thermomonas
a thermophilic monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Thermomonas

Gram‐negative filamentous rods
(1.0–12.5 × 0.5–0.75 µm). Motile by means of polar monotrichous flagellation or nonmotile.
Aerobic
. Endospores are not formed.
Moderately thermophilic
; temperature range for growth is 18–50°C, with an
optimum between 37 and 50°C. Catalase and oxidase positive
. Chemoorganotrophic.
Carbohydrates are usually not utilized
. Indole, Voges–Proskauer, methyl red, and Simmons citrate tests are negative. Urea is hydrolyzed.
Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite or nitrogen
; H
2
S is not produced.
Ubiquinone Q‐8
is the major respiratory lipoquinone system. The main component in the cellular polyamine content is
spermidine
. Polar lipid fingerprints are characterized by the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Cellular fatty acids are predominantly
iso‐branched
with C
15:0 iso
and C
16:0 iso
as major components; other characteristic fatty acids are C
11:0 iso
, C
11:0 iso 3OH
, and C
17:1 iso ω9c
. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data,
Thermomonas haemolytica
currently forms
a separate line of descent within the

Xanthomonadaceae

related to the genera

Xanthomonas
,
Pseudoxanthomonas
,
Luteimonas
,
Stenotrophomonas

,
and

Xylella

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67.1–68.7.

Type species
:
Thermomonas haemolytica
Busse, Kämpfer, Moore, Nuutinen, Tsitko, Denner, Vauterin, Valens, Rosselló‐Mora and Salkinoja‐Salonen 2002, 480.
Xanthomonas
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Bradbury John F.
Published: August 2015

Xan.tho' mo.nas or Xan.tho.mo' nas.*Gr. adj.xanthusyellow; Gr. fem. n.monasunit, monad; M.L. fem. n.Xanthomonasyellow monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Xanthomonas

Straight rods, 0.4–0.6 × 0.8–2.0 μm, mostly single or in pairs, occasionally short chains, filaments rarely seen. Gram negative. Do not produce poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate inclusions, nor have sheaths, prosthecae, or resting stages.Motile by a single polar flagellum. Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.No denitrification or nitrate reduction occurs. Colonies are usually yellow, smooth and butyrous, mucoid or viscid. The pigments are highly characteristic brominated aryl polyenes or “xanthomonadins”. A characteristic extracellular acidic heteropolysaccharide called xanthan is produced by most strains giving the viscous consistency. Growth is inhibited by 6% NaCl, 30% glucose, 0.01% lead acetate, methyl green, or thionin, and by 0.1% (and usually by 0.02%) triphenyl tetrazolium chloride.Catalase positive; oxidase negative or weak; urease not produced. H2S is usually produced, but not indole or acetoin. Acid is not produced in litmus milk or purple milk. Chemoorganotrophic; able to use various carbohydrates and salts of organic acids as sole carbon sources. Small amounts of acid are produced from many carbohydrates, but not from l‐rhamnose, adonitol, sorbose, d‐sorbitol,meso‐inositol, ormeso‐erythritol. Metabolic activity is shown in Biolog GN microplate tests with d‐fructose, d‐glucose, d‐mannose and methylpyruvate, but not with α‐cyclodextrin, adonitol,D‐arabitol,meso‐erythritol,meso‐inositol, xylitol,D‐glucosaminate, γ‐hydroxybutyrate, itaconate, sebacate,L‐ornithine,L‐pyroglutamate,D‐serine,D,L‐carnitine, γ‐aminobutyrate, phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2‐aminoethanol, or 2,3‐butanediol.L‐asparagine,L‐glutamine, and glycine cannot be used as sole sources of both carbon and nitrogen. Among the nine fatty acids that predominate in whole cell preparations are 9‐methyl decanoic acid (C11:0 iso), 3‐hydroxy‐9‐methyl decanoic acid (C11:0 iso 3OH), and 3‐hydroxy‐11‐methyl dodecanoic acid (C13:0 iso 3OH), which are highly characteristic of this genus. The ubiquinone that is present has eight isoprene units. Spermidine is the main polyamine; spermine is usually detectable, but not 2‐hydroxyputrescine or 1,3‐diaminopropane. Species so far described are plant pathogens or are plant associated.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 63.3–69.7 (Tm).

Type species:Xanthomonas campestris(Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939, 190, emend. Vauterin Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995, 484 (“Bacillus campestris” Pammel 1895, 130.)
Brachyspira
Authors: Stanton Thaddeus B.
Published: August 2015

Bra.chy.spi'ra. Gr. adj.brachysshort; L. fem. n.spiraa coil, spiral; N.L. fem. n.Brachyspiraa short spiral, describing a bacterium that resembles a short spiral.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Brachyspiraceae / Brachyspira

Brachyspiraspirochetes are helical shaped bacteria withregular coiling patterns. Cells measure 2–11 µm by 0.2–0.4 µm. Unicellular, but dividing pairs and occasional chains of three or more cells can be observed in growing cultures. Under unfavorable growth conditions, spherical or round bodies are formed. Gram‐stain negative.Obligately anaerobic, aerotolerant. Cell ends may be blunt or pointed. Cells have a typical spirochete cell ultrastructure, consisting of an outer sheath, helical protoplasmic cylinder, and internal flagella in the space between the protoplasmic cylinder and outer sheath. Brachyspire cells have 8–30 flagella per cell depending on the species (flagellar number usually correlates with cell size and species of smaller cells have fewer flagella). Flagella attach subterminally in equal numbers at each cell end, wrap around the protoplasmic cylinder, and their free ends overlap in the middle of the cells. Flexing and creeping motility at 22°C; translational movement in liquids at 37–42°C. Cultured anaerobically on commercially available media (trypticase soy or brain heart infusion broths) containing a carbohydrate growth substrate and supplemented with defibrinated blood or animal (calf) serum. Grows at 36–42°C, optimally at 37–39°C. Population doubling times on glucose in broth cultures are 1–5 h (not reported forBrachyspira aalborgi). Chemoorganotrophic, using various carbohydrates for growth.Possess NADH oxidase for reducing molecular oxygen. Consume oxygen during growth in culture broth beneath a 1%oxygen atmosphere. Acetate, butyrate, H2, and CO2are major endproducts of glucose metabolism. Higher amounts of H2than CO2are produced. Weakly hemolytic except forBrachyspira hyodysenteriaewhich exhibits β‐hemolysis (strongly hemolytic). Associated with animal and human hosts. Some species are pathogenic.The genusBrachyspirais distinguished from other spirochete genera based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.Brachyspiraspecies share high 16S rRNA sequence similarity with each other. Species can be differentiated by DNA–DNA relative reassociation and MLEE (multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) analyses. Similar to other spirochete genera,Brachyspirais insensitive to the antibiotic rifampin.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 24.5–27.1 (Tm).

Type species:Brachyspira aalborgiHovind‐Hougen, Birch‐Andersen, Henrik‐Nielsen, Orholm, Pedersen, Teglbjaerg and Thaysen 1 9 8 3, 896VP(Effective publication: Hovind‐Hougen, Birch‐Andersen, Henrik‐Nielsen, Orholm, Pedersen, Teglbjaerg and Thaysen 1982, 1135VP.).
Leptospira
Authors: Zuerner Richard L.
Published: August 2015

Lep.to.spi'ra. Gr. adj.
leptos
thin, narrow, fine; L. fem. n.
spira
a coil, helix; N.L. fem. n.
Leptospira
a thin helix or coil, referring to the morphology of the bacterium.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Leptospiraceae / Leptospira

Leptospira
are
long, thin, flexible rods, 0
.
1
μ
m in diameter and 6–12
μ
m in length
, with a regular right‐handed helical coiling pattern (Carleton et al., 1979). These bacteria are unicellular but may be observed as dividing pairs or short chains of three or more cells in actively growing cultures. Resting stages are not known, but long term survival in water, with the appearance of aggregates has been described (Trueba et al., 2004). Spherically shaped cells form under unfavorable growth conditions. Bacteria stain as Gram‐negative. Due to the small diameter of these bacteria,
unstained cells are not visible by bright‐field microscopy
. Dark‐field or phase‐contrast microscopy is required for visualization of unstained cells. These are highly motile aerobic or microaerophilic bacteria. Optimum growth temperature is 28–30°C, with a generation time of 6–16 h, although
many primary pathogenic isolates may grow slower
. Chemoorganotrophic bacteria that consume long‐chain fatty acids and alcohols as primary carbon and energy sources, and carry out respiration with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal growth occurs in semi‐solid (0.1–0.2%) agar media. Growth on 1–2% solid agar results in the formation of clear to turbid surface or subsurface colonies. Colony formation is enhanced by the addition of pyruvate. Oxidase, catalase, and/or peroxidase‐positive. Some strains are β‐hemolytic. Some strains are pathogenic for humans and animals, while other strains are saprophytic and found in freshwater and marine environments.

The genus
Leptospira
forms a deep unique branch of spirochetes, separate from other genera based on comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences

. Species are differentiated by DNA–DNA relative reassociation analysis and by unique sequence polymorphisms in 16S rRNA.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–43.

Type species
:
Leptospira interrogans
(Stimson 1907) Wenyon 1926, 1281 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982, 462 (
Spirochaeta interrogans
Stimson 1907, 541).
Cristispira
Authors: Paster Bruce J. , Breznak John A.
Published: August 2015

Cris.ti.spi'ra. L. fem. n.
crista
a crest; L. fem. n.
spira
a coil; N.L. fem. n.
Cristispira
a crested coil.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / Cristispira

Helical cells are 0
.
5–3
.
0
μ
m in diameter
×
30–180
μ
m in length
, displaying 2–10 helical turns. Ends of cells are blunt, rounded, or tapered. Round inclusions of unknown composition or function are seen in stained preparations or under phase microscopy. Multiple cytoplasmic vesicles bounded by a double membrane are observed in electron microscopy thin sections.
Cells divide by transverse fission. Hundreds of periplasmic flagella are bundled together and wrap around the protoplasmic cylinder forming a ridge or crest
(
called crista
). The cristae can be clearly seen under light microscopy when the cells stop moving. Cells flex, rotate, and swim rapidly
at more than 100
μ
m
/
s
. Under adverse environments, cells stop moving and form spherical bodies or lyse. Found in the crystalline style of the digestive tract of marine and freshwater mollusks.
Not known to be pathogenic and probably represent normal microflora
.
Cristispira
‐like cells have also been observed in gastropods, e.g., snails, and in nonmollusk species.
Cristispira
has not yet been grown in pure culture.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): not determined.

Type species
:
Cristispira pectinis
Gross 1910, 44
AL
.
Treponema
Authors: Norris Steven J. , Paster Bruce J. , Smibert Robert M.
Published: August 2015

Trep.o.ne'ma. Gr. v.trepôto turn; Gr. neut. n.nemaa thread; N.L. neut. n.treponemaa turning thread.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / Treponema

Host‐associated, helical cells 0.1–0.7 μm in diameter and 1–20 μm in length. Cells have tight regular or irregular spirals and one or moreperiplasmic flagella(axial fibrils or axial filaments) inserted at each end of the protoplasmic cylinder.Cytoplasmic filamentsare seen in the protoplasmic cylinder just under the cytoplasmic membrane and running parallel with the periplasmic flagella. Under unfavorable cultural or environmental conditions, spherical cells are formed. These can also be seen in old cultures. Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells stain well with silver impregnation methods. Most species stain poorly, if at all, with Gram or Giemsa stain. Best observed with darkfield or phase‐contrast microscopy.Motile. Cells have rotational movement in liquid media, and translational motion in media with high viscosity[e.g.,those containing 1% (w/v) methyl cellulose]. In a semisolid or solid medium, cells exhibit a serpentine type movement, sometimes referred to as creeping motility.Strictly anaerobic or microaerophilic. Frank pathogens (Treponema pallidumsubspecies,Treponema carateum, and the rabbit pathogenTreponema paraluiscuniculi) represent a closely related subset within this genus and are considered microaerophiles. Limited multiplication ofTreponema pallidumsubsp.pallidumstrains has been obtained in a tissue culture system, but none of the pathogenicTreponemahave been cultivated continuously in artificial media or in tissue culture.Chemo‐organotrophs, using a variety ofcarbohydrates or amino acids for carbon and energy sources. Cultivated anaerobic species are catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Some require long‐chain fatty acids found in serum for growth, while other cultivated species require short‐chain volatile fatty acids for growth.Host‐associated. PathogenicTreponema pallidumsubspecies cause skin lesions, andTreponema pallidum(particularly subspeciespallidum) can cause systemic infections that, if untreated, can last for years to decades. Other species are found in the oral cavity, intestinal tract, and genital areas of humans or other mammals, and in the gut contents of wood‐feeding insects.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 37–54.

Type species:Treponema pallidumsubsp. pallidum (Schaudinn and Hoffman 1905) Schaudinn 1905, 1728AL.
Aminomonas
Authors: Baena Sandra , Garcia Jean‐Louis , Cayol Jean‐Luc , Ollivier Bernard
Published: August 2015

A.mi.no.mo'nas. N.L. neut. n.
aminum
amine; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Aminomonas
aminedegrading monads.

Synergistetes / Synergistia / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Aminomonas

Cells are strictly anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, slightly curved rods, occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Mesophilic, neutrophilic. Optimum growth at 35°C and pH 7.5 on arginine with a generation time of 16 h.
Heterotrophic
. Good growth on arginine, histidine, threonine, and glycine. Acetate is the end product formed from all these substrates; in addition, trace amount of formate is detected from arginine and histidine. Ornithine is produced from arginine. Slow growth on glutamate with production of acetate, carbon dioxide, formate, hydrogen, and traces of propionate as the end products. In syntrophic association with
Methanobacterium formicicum
, methane is produced from arginine, histidine, and glutamate which are oxidized into propionate as the major product together with acetate and carbon dioxide. Alanine and the branched‐chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine are not degraded either in pure culture or in association with
Methanobacterium formicicum
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43.

Type species
:
Aminomonas paucivorans
Baena, Fardeau, Ollivier, Labat, Thomas, Garcia and Patel 1999a, 981
VP
.
Dethiosulfovibrio
Authors: Whitman William B.
Published: August 2015

De.thi.o.sul.fo.vi'bri.o. L. pref.
de
from; Gr. n.
thion
sulfur, L. n.
sulfur
sulfur,
thiosulfo
thiosulfate; L. v.
vibrio
to vibrate, N.L. masc. n.
vibrio
that vibrates, a generic name; N.L. masc. n.
Dethiosulfovibrio
a vibrio that reduces thiosulfate.

Synergistetes / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Dethiosulfovibrio

Vibrios or curved rods.
Strictly anaerobic
heterotrophs that ferment peptides and amino acids. Sugars are not utilized. Reduces thiosulfate and elemental sulfur but not sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. Cells stain
Gram‐negative
and possess multilayered cell walls.
Invaginations of the wall
are observed in some species. Endospores are not formed.
Motile
by means of
lateral flagella
. Isolated from the production water of oilfields and “
Thiodendron
” mats in consortia with spirochetes.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51–56.

Type species
:
Dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorans
Magot, Ravot, Campaignolle, Ollivier, Patel, Fardeau, Thomas, Crolet and Garcia 1 9 9 7, 823
VP
.
“Candidatus Phytoplasma”
Authors: Harrison Nigel A. , Gundersen‐Rindal Dawn , Davis Robert E.
Published: August 2015

Phy.to.plas'ma. Gr. masc. n.phytosa plant; Gr. neut. n.plasmasomething formed or molded, a form.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / “Candidatus Phytoplasma”

Phytoplasmas (Sears and Kirkpatrick, 1994) are wall‐less, nutritionally fastidious, phytopathogenic prokaryotes 0.2–0.8 µm in diameter that morphologically resemble members of theMollicutes. Sequencing of nearly full‐length PCR‐amplified 16S rRNA genes (Gundersen et al., 1994; Namba et al., 1993; Seemüller et al., 1994), combined with earlier studies (Kuske and Kirkpatrick, 1992b; Lim and Sears, 1989), provided the first comprehensive phylogeny of the organisms and showed that they constitute a unique, monophyletic clade within theMollicutes. These organisms are most closely related to members of the genusAcholeplasmawithin theAnaeroplasmaclade as defined by Weisburg et al. (1989). Sustained culture in cell‐free media has not yet been demonstrated for any phytoplasma. Their genome sizes have been estimated to range from 530 to 1350 kb, and the G+C content of phytoplasma DNA is about 23–30 mol%. The presence of a characteristic oligonucleotide sequence in the 16S rRNA gene, CAA GAY BAT KAT GTK TAG CYG GDC T, and standard codon usage indicate that phytoplasmas represent a distinct taxon for which the name “CandidatusPhytoplasma” has been adopted by specialists in the molecular biology and pathogenicity of these and similar phytopathogenic organisms (IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004). At present, the designation “Candidatus” must still be used for new types.
Ureaplasma
Authors: Robertson Janet A. , Taylor‐Robinson David
Published: August 2015

U.re.a.plas'ma. N.L. fem. n.ureaurea; Gr. neut. n.plasmaanything formed or moulded, image, figure; N.L. neut. n.Ureaplasmaurea form.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / Mycoplasmataceae / Ureaplasma

Coccoid cells about 500 nm in diameter; may appear as coccobacillary forms in exponential growth phase; filaments are rare. Nonmotile. Facultative anaerobes. Formexceptionally small colonieson solid media that are described either astiny(T) “fried‐egg”coloniesor as “cauliflower head”colonieshaving a lobed periphery.Unusual pH required for growth(about 6.0–6.5). Optimal incubation temperature for examined species is 35–37°C. Chemo‐organotrophic. LikeMycoplasma, species ofUreaplasmalack oxygen‐dependent, NADH oxidase activity. UnlikeMycoplasma, species ofUreaplasmalack hexokinase or arginine deiminaseactivities but have aunique and obligate requirement for ureaand producepotent ureasesthat hydrolyze urea to CO2and NH3for energy generation and growth. Genome sizesrange from 760 to 1170 kbp (PFGE).Commensals or opportunistic pathogensin vertebrate hosts, primarily birds and mammals (mainly primates, ungulates, and carnivores).

DNA G+C content(mol%): 25–32 (Bd,Tm).

Type species:Ureaplasma urealyticumShepard, Lunceford, Ford, Purcell, Taylor‐Robinson, Razin and Black 1974, 167 emend. Robertson, Stemke, Davis, Harasawa, Thirkell, Kong, Shepard and Ford 2002, 593.
Eperythrozoon
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Tasker Séverine , Messick Joanne B. , Neimark Harold
Published: August 2015

E.pe.ry.thro.zo'on. Gr. pref.epion; Gr. adj.erythrosred; Gr. neut. n.zoonliving being, animal; N.L. neut. n.Eperythrozoon(presumably intended to mean) animals on red (blood cells).

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Eperythrozoon

Cells adherent to host erythrocyte surfaces are coccoid and about 350 nm in diameter, but may arrange to appear as chains or deform to appear rod‐ or ring‐shaped in stained blood smears.

Type species:Eperythrozoon coccoidesSchilling 1928, 1854.

Number of validated species: 5
Thermomicrobium
Authors: Perry Jerome J.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.mi.cro' bi.um
. Gr. n.
therme
heat; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Thermomicrobium
indicates a small organism living in hot environments.

Thermomicrobia / Thermomicrobia / Thermomicrobiales / Thermomicrobiaceae / Thermomicrobium

Short, irregularly shaped rods
, 1.3–1.8 µm in diameter and 3.0–6.0 µm in length. The pleomorphic forms are dumbbell shaped or appear irregular in diameter and occur singly or in pairs.
Neither resting stages nor endospores are formed
. Gram negative.
No peptidoglycan diamino acid occurs in the cell walls in significant amounts
. Nonmotile. Obligately
aerobic. Optimum temperature for growth, 70–75°C
; maximum, 80°C, minimum, 45°C. Optimal pH, 8.2–8.5, but good growth occurs between 7.5 and 8.7. Chemoorganotrophic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Catalase positive. Colonies have a rose‐pink color. Maximum growth occurs on a medium consisting of yeast extract and peptone (0.5% each).

Growth does not occur on glucose.
n

‐
Alkanes are not utilized. Generation time, 5.5 h
. Isolated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.

Type species
:
Thermomicrobium roseum
Jackson, Ramaley and Meinschein 1973, 34.
Geotoga
Authors: Davey Mary Ellen , MacGregor Barbara J. , Stahl David A.
Published: August 2015

Ge.o.to' ga
. Gr. fem. n.
ge
earth; L. fem. n.
toga
Roman outer garment; M.L. fem. n.
Geotoga
the earth outer garment.

Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / Geotoga

Rods 3–20 × 0.5–0.7 μm surrounded by an outer sheath‐like structure, which is clearly visible under phase microscopy
. The cells usually appear singly or in pairs within the sheath, however they may have as many as five cells per sheath. Gram‐negative,
fermentative
bacteria. They are
strictly anaerobic
. Form enlarged spherical bodies in stationary phase. Cultures remain viable for up to six months when stored at 4°C, even after the medium becomes oxidized. Colonies are circular, convex, with entire margins, and whitish in color. Cells are
motile
. Sensitive to rifampicin. Growth occurs at pH 5.5–9.0 and at
0.5–10.0
%
NaCl
, with an optimum around 3.5%. No growth occurs at 0.05% and 12.5% NaCl. The isolates do not form endospores. They are
moderately thermophilic
with growth occurring at 30–60°C and an optimum of around 50°C. Yeast extract is required for growth. Hydrogen inhibits growth of some strains. S
0
reduced to H
2
S.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 30.

Type species
:
Geotoga petraea
Davey, Wood, Key, Nakamura and Stahl 1993b, 864 (Effective publication: Davey, Wood, Key, Nakamura and Stahl 1993a, 198.)
Opitutus
Authors: Janssen Peter H.
Published: August 2015

O.pi.tu'tus. L. fem. n.
Ops, Opis
a Roman Earth and harvest goddess; L. part. adj.
tutus
protected; N.L. masc. n.
Opitutus
the one protected by Ops.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Opitutales / Opitutaceae / Opitutus

Cocci or coccobacilli
. Stain
Gram‐negative. Motile
with flagellum. No endospores.
Anaerobe
; media containing a suitable reductant shorten the lag phase. Chemo‐organotrophic metabolism.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are fermented
, but alcohols, amino acids, and organic acids are not. Acetate, propionate, CO
2
, and H
2
are the fermentation end products; the ratios of these are dependent on the partial pressure of H
2
.
Nitrate is reduced to nitrite
. Sulfate, sulfur, thiosulfate, and fumarate are not used as terminal electron acceptors.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65.

Type species
:
Opitutus terrae
Chin, Liesack and Janssen 2001, 1968
VP
.
A Graphene‐Based Vacuum Transistor with a High ON/OFF Current Ratio
Authors: Wu Gongtao , Wei Xianlong , Zhang Zhiyong , Chen Qing , Peng Lianmao
Published: August 2015

A graphene‐based vacuum transistor (GVT) with a high ON/OFF current ratio is proposed and experimentally realized by employing electrically biased graphene as the electron emitter. The states of a GVT are switched by tuning the bias voltage applied to the graphene emitter with an ON/OFF current ratio up to 106, a subthreshold slope of 120 mV dec−1 and low working voltages of <10 V, exhibiting switching performances superior to those of previously reported graphene‐based solid‐state transistors. GVTs are fabricated and integrated using silicon microfabrication technology. A perfectly symmetric ambipolar device is achieved by integrating two GVTs, implying the potential of realizing vacuum integrated circuits based on GVTs. GVTs are expected to find applications in extreme environments such as high temperature and intense irradiation.
Reversible Switching Phenomenon in Diarylethene Molecular Devices with Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Kim Dongku , Jeong Hyunhak , Hwang Wang‐Taek , Jang Yeonsik , Sysoiev Dmytro , Scheer Elke , Huhn Thomas , Min Misook , Lee Hyoyoung , Lee Takhee
Published: August 2015

Photoswitching molecular electronic devices with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) top electrodes on flexible substrates are fabricated and characterized. It has been reported previously that diarylethene molecular devices with poly‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) stabilized with poly‐(4‐styrenesulfonic acid)/Au top electrodes can hold two stable electrical conductance states when the devices are exposed to UV or visible light during device fabrication. However, those devices fail to show the reversible switching phenomenon in response to illumination after device fabrication. By employing conducting and transparent rGO top electrodes, it is demonstrated that the diarylethene molecular devices show a reversible switching phenomenon, i.e., the fabricated devices change their conductance state in response to the alternating illumination with UV and visible light. Furthermore, the molecular devices with rGO top electrodes also exhibit good longtime stability and reliable electrical characteristics when subjected to various mechanical stresses (bending radius down to 5 mm and bending cycle over 104).
Quantitative Nanometer‐Scale Mapping of Dielectric Tunability
Authors: Tselev Alexander , Klein Andreas , Gassmann Jürgen , Jesse Stephen , Li Qian , Kalinin Sergei V. , Balke Nina
Published: August 2015

Two scanning probe microscopy techniques—near‐field scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM)—are used to characterize and image tunability in a thin (Ba,Sr)TiO3 film with nanometer scale spatial resolution. While sMIM allows direct probing of tunability by measurement of the change in the dielectric constant, in PFM, tunability can be extracted via electrostrictive response. The near‐field microwave imaging and PFM provide similar information about dielectric tunability with PFM capable to deliver quantitative information on tunability with a higher spatial resolution close to 15 nm. This is the first time, information about the dielectric tunability is available on such length scales.
Effect of Shell Coating Techniques on Dynamic Response of Photoconductive Core/Shell Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Cansizoglu Hilal , Cansizoglu Mehmet F. , Karabacak Tansel
Published: August 2015

Efficient carrier collection in the core/shell nanowire (nanorod) arrays requires a high quality interface between core and shell materials. A highly conformal shell layer around nanorods can lead to fast dynamic response in photoconductive devices by a radial charge flow. Therefore, choice of the deposition technique for the conformal shell layer becomes crucial. In this study, the dynamic response of indium sulfide (In2S3) nanorods/silver (Ag) core/shell devices is compared in which Ag shell layers are deposited by different physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques. In2S3 nanorods are fabricated by glancing angle deposition. The core/shell devices with Ag shell sputtered at a relatively high working gas pressure (≈3 × 10−2 mbar) produce the highest photocurrent compared to other devices in which more directional incident flux (with working gas pressure of ≈3 × 10−3 mbar) is utilized for Ag shell layer. The reduced transit times indicate a conformal shell achieved by the high pressure sputtering technique that has a wide angular distribution flux. In addition, a more directional flux yet with a small angle (≈30°) incidence with respect to the substrate surface normal also helps increase the photocurrent. Such simple and scalable PVD techniques are shown to offer alternative fabrication approaches in producing high quality core/shell nanostructures.
Rationally Designed Peptide Interface for Potential Modulated Cell Adhesion and Migration
Authors: Li Jun , Lei Yifeng , Sun Chun‐Lin , Zheng Wenfu , Jiang Xingyu , Zhang Hao‐Li
Published: August 2015

Conformational changes of peptides are critically important in the control of their biological activities. Here, a quaternary ammonium group‐terminated RGD‐containing peptide (RGD‐NMe3) is designed, which may undergo reversible conformational switch upon different electrochemical potentials. Potential responsive peptide interfaces are constructed on gold substrates with RGD‐NMe3 in a tetra (ethylene glycol) background. It is demonstrated that by applying positive and negative potentials, the RGD peptide can be reversibly switched between linear and cyclic conformation, which can be used in reversible controlling of cell adhesion/migration on the interface. Furthermore, by combining microfluidics, adhesion of the cells in specific areas on the surface and subsequent directional migration of the cells can be controlled. It is believed that this straightforward potential modulation mechanism for peptide conformation control may find a wide use in design responsive peptide interfaces.