bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobic vaginitis in the third trimester and its impact on pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Nguyen Anh Thi Chau , Le Nguyen Na Thi , Hoang Thu Thi Anh , Nguyen Tuyen Thi , Tran Trang Thi Quynh , Tran Dan Nu Tam , Nguyen Anh Thi Kim , Tran Linh Manh , Nguyen Duc Huu Chau , Le Tam Minh , Ho Binh Duy , Rööp Tiiu , Kõljalg Siiri , Štšepetova Jelena , Van Le An , Salumets Andres , Mändar Reet
Published: May 2022

Background

Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a vaginal inflammation characterized by disruption of the lactobacillus microbiota and increased counts of different aerobic bacteria. AV may result in severe complications, especially during pregnancy, including preterm delivery, neonatal and maternal infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of AV in the third trimester of pregnancy, and the relationship between AV and pregnancy outcomes. 

Methods

A cross-sectional descriptive study included 323 pregnant women attending for routine antenatal care in the Hue University Hospital. Vaginal samples collected at the third trimester of pregnancy were evaluated for AV according to the scoring system of Donders and cultured for identification of predominant bacteria. Pregnancy was followed to its end, and pregnancy outcomes were recorded for both mothers and infants.

Results

The proportion of pregnant women diagnosed with AV in the third trimester was found to be 15.5%, with the vast majority of the cases (84%) displaying the light AV and 16% the moderate AV. The vaginal cultures in the women with AV revealed most frequently Streptococcus agalactiae (6%), followed by Enterococcus spp (4%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (2%). In addition, AV during the last trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of puerperal sepsis (OR 8.65, 95% CI: 1.41—53.16, p = 0.020) and there was a slightly increased risk for neonatal infections, which was statistically insignificant.

Conclusions

The proportion of AV is relatively high in Vietnamese pregnant women. Since it is associated with an increased risk of puerperal sepsis, it needs to be diagnosed and treated before delivery.
Extended lower paratracheal lymph node resection during esophagectomy for cancer – safety and necessity
Authors: Mann C. , Berlth F. , Hadzijusufovic E. , Tagkalos E. , Uzun E. , Codony C. , Lang H. , Grimminger P. P.
Published: May 2022

Background

The ideal extent of lymphadenectomy (LAD) in esophageal oncological surgery is debated. There is no evidence for improved survival after standardized paratracheal lymph node resection performing oncological esophagectomy. Lymph nodes from the lower paratracheal station are not standardly resected during 2-field Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of lower paratracheal lymph node (LPL) resection on perioperative outcome during esophagectomy for cancer and analyze its relevance.

Methods

Retrospectively, we identified 200 consecutive patients operated in our center for esophageal cancer from January 2017 – December 2019. Patients with and without lower paratracheal LAD were compared regarding demographic data, tumor characteristics, operative details, postoperative complications, tumor recurrence and overall survival.

Results

103 out of 200 patients received lower paratracheal lymph node resection. On average, five lymph nodes were resected in the paratracheal region and cancer infiltration was found in two patients. Those two patients suffered from neuroendocrine carcinoma and melanoma respectively. Cases with lower paratracheal lymph node yield had significantly less overall complicated procedures (p = 0.026). Regarding overall survival and recurrence rate no significant difference could be detected between both groups (p = 0.168 and 0.371 respectively).

Conclusion

The resection of lower paratracheal lymph nodes during esophagectomy remains debatable for distal squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Tumor infiltration was only found in rare cancer entities. Since resection can be performed safely, we recommend LPL resection on demand.
Risk factor analysis and nomogram construction for predicting suicidal ideation in patients with cancer
Authors: Luo Yuanyuan , Lai Qianlin , Huang Hong , Luo Jiahui , Miao Jingxia , Liao Rongrong , Yang Zhihui , Zhang Lili
Published: May 2022

Background

Suicidal ideation in cancer patients is a critical challenge. At present, few studies focus on factors associated with suicidal ideation, and predictive models are still lacking. This study aimed at investigating the risk factors for suicidal ideation among cancer patients, and developed a predictive nomogram to screen high risk cancer patients for early prevention and intervention.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted among cancer patients between May 2021 and January 2022. The factors associated with suicidal ideation were used to construct a multivariate logistic regression model, which was visualized as a predictive nomogram to evaluate the risk of suicidal ideation. Areas under the curve, calibration plot, decision curve analysis, and internal and external validation were used to validate the discrimination, calibration and clinical usefulness of the model.

Results

A total of 820 patients with cancer were recruited for this study and 213 (25.98%) developed suicidal ideation. Levels of demoralization, depression and cancer staging, marital status, residence, medical financial burden, and living condition were influence factors for suicidal ideation. Comparing nomogram with Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale (SIOSS), the nomogram had a satisfactory discrimination ability with an AUC of 0.859 (95% CI: 0.827–0.890) and 0.818 (95% CI: 0.764–0.873) in the training and validation sets, respectively. The calibration plot and decision curve analysis revealed that this nomogram was in good fitness and could be beneficial in clinical applications.

Conclusions

Suicidal ideation is common in cancer patients. Levels of demoralization, depression and cancer staging were independent predictors of suicidal ideation. The nomogram is an effective and simple tool for predictive suicidal ideation in cancer patients.
Cooled radiofrequency ablation of the genicular nerves for chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee: a cost-effectiveness analysis compared with intra-articular hyaluronan injections based on trial data
Authors: Desai Mehul J. , Bentley Anthony , Keck William A.
Published: May 2022

Background

Effective symptom control in painful knee osteoarthritis (OA) may improve patient quality of life. In a randomised crossover trial (NCT03381248), COOLIEF* cooled radiofrequency ablation (CRFA) reduced pain and stiffness and improved physical function and quality of life compared with intra-articular hyaluronan (HA) injections. The present study aimed to establish the cost effectiveness of CRFA versus intra-articular HA injections for treating moderate-to-severe OA knee pain from a US Medicare perspective.

Methods

We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using utility data (EQ-5D) from the randomised crossover trial of CRFA versus intra-articular HA injections, which had follow-ups at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Patients in the HA group with unsatisfactory outcomes (e.g., continued pain) at 6 months could cross over to CRFA. Economic analysis outcomes included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and cost effectiveness (cost per QALY gained). Base-case analyses were modelled on a 6-month time horizon (to trial crossover). Due to limited trial data in the HA arm beyond 6 months, scenarios explored potential outcomes to 12 months if: 1) Utility with HA persisted for a further 6 months; 2) A second HA injection was received at 6 months and achieved the same utility change for the second 6 months. In both scenarios, the CRFA arm used trial data for patients who received CRFA from baseline to 12 months. Alternative costing scenarios were also explored.

Results

CRFA resulted in an incremental QALY gain of 0.020 at an incremental cost of US$1707, equating to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$84,392 per QALY over 6 months, versus intra-articular HA injections. Extending the analysis to 12 months and assuming persistence in utility in the HA arm resulted in a larger utility gain for CRFA (0.056 QALYs) and a lower ICER of US$30,275 per QALY. If patients received a second HA injection, the incremental benefit of CRFA out to 12 months was reduced (QALY gain 0.043) but was offset by the costs of the second HA injection (incremental cost US$832). This resulted in an ICER of US$19,316 per QALY.

Conclusions

CRFA is a cost-effective treatment option for patients with OA-related knee pain considering the typical US threshold of US$100,000/QALY.
Physical activity and sperm quality: influence in sperm donors
Authors: Matorras Roberto , Navarro Alfredo , Ramos Dagoberto , Malaina Iker , Irazusta Jon , Vendrell Alberto , Fernandez Amaia , Ferrando Marcos , Quintana Fernando
Published: May 2022

Purpose

To ascertain whether physical activity (PA) is associated with better sperm quality in sperm donors.

Methods

A prospective case–control study was designed in an IVF center setting. A total of 207 sperm donation candidates from a relatively small geographical area were included in the study with no intervention.

Donor candidates were subjected to conventional sperm analysis according to WHO criteria. Moreover, they answered a standardized questionnaire regarding their last week PA (IPAQ), with PA expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs)-min/week. Donors were classified into 4 groups: low, moderate, high and very high PA. Specific sports were included in the questionnaire. Semen samples from 43 accepted donors were used in artificial insemination by donor (AID) and IVF. The fertilization rates (FR) and pregnancy rates (PR) were studied.

Results

Semen volume, sperm concentration, progressive spermatozoa, non-progressive spermatozoa, total motile progressive spermatozoa and sperm morphology were similar in the four PA groups. No correlation between various semen parameters studied and METs was found. Running or cycling > 1 h/week did not influence sperm parameters. The AID PR was similar in the different PA groups. However, in IVF the mean donor FR was significantly higher in the high PA group and in the very high PA group.

Conclusions

No detrimental effect was associated with PA, or even very high PA, regarding conventional sperm parameters. Moreover, a better FR was associated with high and very high PA in IVF cycles, which merits more studies.
A method for the determination of ZnDDP in lubricant oils by applying solid-phase extraction with mixed resin
Authors: Shin Kyong-Sik , Kim Eun-Yong , Lee Shin-Jong , Lee Da-Seul , Paeng Ki-Jung
Published: May 2022

One of the major applications of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZnDDPs) is their usage as an anti-wear additive in lubricants including greases, hydraulic oils, and motor oils. ZnDDPs also could be used as corrosion inhibitors and antioxidants. In this study, GC/MS with solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment was used to effectively remove base oils in lubricants and qualitative and quantitative analysis method for ZnDDPs in automotive lubricants. As a pretreatment method, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and SPE were applied. The SPE method using mixed absorbent containing 1.0% of active carbon in silica gel base showed the best results in both recovery and reproducibility. The LOD and LOQ of the developed method were 2.2 µg/ml and 6.7 µg/ml, respectively. And this method showed very good reproducibility of less than 0.1% RSD for the standard sample analysis. The developed method was successively applied to qualitative and quantitative analyses of ZnDDP in various real automotive lubricant samples.
Flow-controlled ventilation in moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19: an open-label repeated-measures controlled trial
Authors: Van Dessel Eleni D. , De Meyer Gregory R. , Morrison Stuart G. , Jorens Philippe G. , Schepens Tom
Published: May 2022

Background

Flow-controlled ventilation (FCV), a novel mode of mechanical ventilation characterised by constant flow during active expiration, may result in more efficient alveolar gas exchange, better lung recruitment and might be useful in limiting ventilator-induced lung injury. However, data regarding FCV in mechanically ventilated patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are scarce.

Objectives

We hypothesised that the use of FCV is feasible and would improve oxygenation in moderate COVID-19 ARDS compared to conventional ventilation.

Design

Open-label repeated-measures controlled trial.

Setting

From February to April 2021, patients with moderate COVID-19 ARDS were recruited in a tertiary referral intensive care unit.

Patients

Patients with moderate ARDS (PaO2/FIO2 ratio 100–200 mmHg, SpO2 88–94% and PaO2 60–80 mmHg) were considered eligible. Exclusion criteria were: extremes of age (< 18 years, > 80 years), obesity (body mass index > 40 kg/m2), prone positioning at the time of intervention, mechanical ventilation for more than 10 days and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eleven patients were recruited.

Intervention

Participants were ventilated in FCV mode for 30 min, and subsequently in volume-control mode (VCV) for 30 min.

Main outcome measures

Feasibility of FCV to maintain oxygenation was assessed by the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mmHg) as a primary outcome parameter. Secondary outcomes included ventilator parameters, PaCO2 and haemodynamic data. All adverse events were recorded.

Results

FCV was feasible in all patients and no adverse events were observed. There was no difference in the PaO2/FIO2 ratio after 30 min of ventilation in FCV mode (169 mmHg) compared to 30 min of ventilation in VCV mode subsequently (168 mmHg, 95% CI of pseudo-medians (− 10.5, 3.6), p = 0.56). The tidal volumes (p < 0.01) and minute ventilation were lower during FCV (p = 0.01) while PaCO2 was similar at the end of the 30-min ventilation periods (p = 0.31). Mean arterial pressure during FCV was comparable to baseline.

Conclusions

Thirty minutes of FCV in patients with moderate COVID-19 ARDS receiving neuromuscular blocking agents resulted in similar oxygenation, compared to VCV. FCV was feasible and did not result in adverse events.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04894214.
A case requiring re-thoracotomy due to a significant reduction of tidal volume after commencement of chest tube drainage under pressure control ventilation following lower lobectomy
Authors: Shiraishi Taichi , Obara Shinju , Hakozaki Takahiro , Isosu Tsuyoshi , Inoue Satoki
Published: May 2022

Background

The use of pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) during one lung ventilation (OLV) has been popular to avoid high airway pressure. We experienced a case of a significant reduction of tidal volume (TV) after commencement of chest tube drainage under PCV following lower lobectomy, which required re-thoracotomy to evaluate the degree of air leak.

Case presentation

A 70-year-old man was scheduled for a lower lobectomy. OLV was managed by PCV. The driving pressure was set at 15–20 cmH2O with 4 cmH2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). A chest drainage tube was placed after completion of lobectomy. To switch OLV to two lung ventilation (TLV), PCV settings were changed to the driving pressure at 10 cmH2O with 4 cmH2O of PEEP, which generated 450 ml of TV. Immediately after applying drainage (−10 cmH2O), TV decreased down to 250 ml. To maintain 450 ml of TV, PCV was switched to volume-controlled ventilation with 450 ml of TV, which raised the plateau pressure close to 24 cmH2O. Re-thoracotomy was done; however, significant findings were not detected.

Conclusions

We experienced a case of a significant reduction of TV immediately after chest tube drainage following lower lobectomy. Probably, negative intrapleural pressure increased the residual volume, which might have significantly affected the limited lung volume after lobectomy, resulting in decreasing TV during PCV.
Difference in PaO2/FiO2 between high-flow nasal cannula and Venturi mask in hypoxemic COVID-19 patients
Authors: Gatto Ilenia , Biagioni Emanuela , Coloretti Irene , Viappiani Serena , Busani Stefano , Girardis Massimo
Published: May 2022

The ratio between arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) was largely used for grading and managing the respiratory failure in non-mechanically ventilated COVID-19. In these patients, the assessment of the true FiO2 in the inspired mixture may be difficult with consequent inaccuracies in PaO2/FiO2 assessment. In 30 severe COVID-19 patients, we observed that PaO2/FiO2 values measured immediately before and after the transition from high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) to one commercially available Venturi mask O2 therapy were similar (bias mean value 0, standard deviation 23 mmHg). In COVID-19 patients recovering from respiratory failure, PaO2/FiO2 is not different whether measured with a commercially available Venturi mask or HFNC.
Applicability of decision tree-based machine learning models in the prediction of core-calibrated shale facies from wireline logs in the late Devonian Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Rau Elisabeth G. , James Scott C. , Breen Kathy , Atchley Stacy C. , Thorson Anna M. , Yeates David W.
Published: May 2022

Well logs provide insight into stratigraphically compartmentalized rock properties and are a cost-effective alternative to core. The identification of reservoir (and nonreservoir) facies in core, and their calibration to well-log response has traditionally relied on expert domain knowledge and is inherently inconsistent. Such analyses are time-consuming, tedious, error prone, and often biased due to a lack of objectivity. Automated lithologic interpretations from wireline logs appear to be a promising solution for identifying and understanding depositional complexity within a reservoir. Using the Duvernay Formation in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin as a case study, the authors evaluate the applicability of decision tree-based machine learning (ML) methods in the prediction of core-calibrated facies and/or facies association distributions within wireline logs. The authors use three independent decision tree-based ML models to predict (1) facies (FACM), (2) facies associations (FAM), and (3) reservoir rock (RESM) from wireline logs. Model accuracies are 60.3%, 88.1%, and 88.1% for FACM, FAM, and RESM, respectively, but individual class F1 scores range from 0 to 0.92. The authors attribute discrepancies in individual class performance to interval thickness, sample proportion of training data, and distinguishability of the output class. Classes thicker than 3 m and encompassing at least 16% of the training data set have F1 scores greater than 0.60. The authors attribute exceptions to these general cutoffs to the ability to recognize diagnostic sedimentologic features observed in core. Results from this study help in understanding stratigraphic complexity in the absence of core aiding in subsurface characterization of reservoirs.
Evolving Role of Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Kidney and Urothelial Cancers
Authors: Apolo Andrea B. , Msaouel Pavlos , Niglio Scot , Simon Nicholas , Chandran Elias , Maskens Deborah , Perez Gabriela , Ballman Karla V. , Weinstock Chana
Published: May 2022

The role of adjuvant therapy in renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma is rapidly evolving. To date, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved sunitinib and pembrolizumab in the adjuvant setting for renal cell carcinoma and nivolumab for urothelial carcinoma based on disease-free survival benefit. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration held a joint workshop with the National Cancer Institute and the Society of Urologic Oncology in 2017 to harmonize design elements, including eligibility and radiologic assessments across adjuvant trials in renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. Considerations from the discussion at these workshops led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to draft guidances to help inform subsequent adjuvant trial design for renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. Patient-centered decision-making is crucial when determining therapeutic choices in the adjuvant setting; utility functions can be used to help quantify each patient’s goals, values, and risk/benefit trade-offs to ensure that the decision regarding adjuvant therapy is informed by their preferences and the evolving outcomes data.
Sovereign Debt Auctions in Turbulent Times
Authors: Cole Harold , Neuhann Daniel , Ordoñez Guillermo
Published: May 2022

We use a model of multiunit discriminatory auctions with asymmetrically informed risk-averse bidders to analyze Mexican sovereign bond auctions during periods of macroeconomic stress. We argue that the discriminatory protocol provides insurance benefits to the government in bad times because it allows for uninformed bids above the marginal price to be executed at the bid price. Uninformed investors are willing to make such bids if the inframarginal risk premium is large enough to offset the winner's curse. In crisis periods, we infer 1 p.p. lower borrowing costs in the worst states of the world, but 2.2 p.p. higher average costs.
Early Withdrawal of Pandemic Unemployment Insurance: Effects on Employment and Earnings
Authors: Coombs Kyle , Dube Arindrajit , Jahnke Calvin , Kluender Raymond , Naidu Suresh , Stepner Michael
Published: May 2022

We examine the effects of the sudden withdrawal of expanded pandemic unemployment benefits in June 2021 using anonymized bank transaction data for 16,253 individuals receiving unemployment insurance (UI) in April 2021. Comparing the difference-in-differences between states withdrawing and retaining expanded UI, we find that UI receipt falls 36.3 p.p., while employment rises by only 6.8 p.p. by early September. Average cumulative UI benefits fall by $2,529, while average cumulative earnings increase by only $292. Heterogeneity by unemployment duration implies that these effects are primarily driven by extensive margin expiration of benefits rather than by intensive margin reductions in the benefit level.
Equity in Unemployment Insurance Benefit Access
Authors: O’Leary Christopher J. , Spriggs William E. , Wandner Stephen A.
Published: May 2022

We investigate the uneven pattern of access to unemployment insurance (UI) by age, gender, race, and ethnicity across the United States. We present results from a descriptive analysis using publicly available data reported by states over time on rates of UI recipiency and characteristics of UI beneficiaries. Recipiency measures the proportion of all unemployed who are receiving UI benefits. We find suggestive evidence that UI recipiency shares are lower than unemployment shares for females, youth, and Blacks. We offer program reforms that could be adopted by all states and required by the federal government to improve UI recipiency rates.
Intersectionality and Financial Inclusion in the United States
Authors: Bogan Vicki L. , Wolfolds Sarah E.
Published: May 2022

Recent estimates indicate approximately 8.4 million US households are unbanked with an additional 24.2 million US households classified as underbanked. We focus on intersectionality, specifically the intersection of race and gender, to better understand the probability of being unbanked and underbanked in the US. Additionally, we look at drivers of this financial exclusion. We find Black women are significantly more likely than Black men or any other group to be unbanked or to be underbanked. Further, we find limited wealth is more frequently cited by Black women as the main reason why they do not engage with the banking system.
At the Intersection of Race, Occupational Status, and Middle-Class Attainment in Young Adulthood
Authors: Addo Fenaba R.
Published: May 2022

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 cohort, the study explores the intersection of labor force attachment and economic inequality. Using a wealth-based definition of middle-class status, changes in wealth inequality among the working and managerial class are examined. Results indicate that Black and Latinx young adults are disproportionately working class and that racialized identity is a stronger predictor of wealth attainment than occupational classifications among Black young adults. Wealth differentials by race are not static; they are growing over time, with downward mobility and lower growth experienced by both Black working and managerial class young adults.
Border Fencing, Migrant Flows, and Crossing Deaths
Authors: Bansak Cynthia , Blanco Abigail Hall , Coon Michael
Published: May 2022

Using data from the US Customs and Border Protection and novel data on border fencing, we examine how the construction of border fencing under the Secure Fence Act influenced crossing decisions and the likelihood of migrant deaths. Apprehension data suggest that fence construction induced migrants to cross in unfenced sectors. Meanwhile, the average death rate rose nearly threefold in the sectors where the fence was not built. These results support our hypotheses that fence construction induced some migrants to cross in unfenced sectors, while others were diverted to cross in more dangerous locations within fenced sectors.
Birthright Granted and Revoked: The Effects of Irish Citizenship Policy on Migrant Fertility
Authors: Foad Hisham
Published: May 2022

I examine Ireland's experiment with birthright citizenship between 1999 and 2004. Critics argue that birthright citizenship may induce higher migrant fertility and threaten national identity. I find that migrants arriving during birthright citizenship had lower fertility rates than those arriving before the policy was implemented and after it was revoked. These migrants were better educated and more likely to be employed, suggesting that birthright citizenship made Ireland a more attractive destination for high-skill migrants. I find evidence that non-UK migrants already in Ireland before 1999 increased fertility in response to birthright citizenship, though their fertility was still below that of natives.
Parental Deportation, Safe-Zone Schools, and the Socio-Emotional and Behavioral Health of Children Left Behind
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Bucheli JosÉ R. , Martinez-Donate Ana P.
Published: May 2022

Over four million US-born children living in households with at least one unauthorized immigrant parent are the unintended victims of intensified immigration enforcement. In an effort to address these disadvantages, many schools and school districts throughout the country have implemented “safe-zone” policies to limit their cooperation with immigration authorities, restrict agents' access to campuses, and provide resources for students and their immigrant families. Using data from a binational survey that collected information on children from mixed-status households, we document positive and significant correlations between safe-zone policies and children's externalizing, internalizing, and total difficulties scores, as well as their prosocial behaviors.
Income Declines during COVID-19
Authors: Larrimore Jeff , Mortenson Jacob , Splinter David
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 recession caused regressive market income changes in the United States, with large losses more frequent than during the Great Recession and more concentrated at the bottom of the distribution. Progressive taxes and transfers, especially from expanded unemployment insurance benefits and stimulus checks, dramatically offset these declines. We use administrative tax data to show that public policies made large annual tax-unit level income declines in 2020 less common than during the Great Recession, as well as 2019, an expansionary year. These policies stabilized incomes over the entire distribution, but this effect was strongest among those starting with low incomes.
The Change in Poverty from 1995 to 2016 among Single-Parent Families
Authors: Corinth Kevin , Meyer Bruce D. , Wu Derek
Published: May 2022

This paper is the first to examine changes in poverty over time using a comprehensive set of linked survey and administrative data, implementing the recommendations of the Interagency Technical Working Group on Evaluating Alternative Measures of Poverty. Using the Comprehensive Income Dataset (CID), we correct for measurement error in survey-reported incomes, focusing on single-parent families from 1995 to 2016. Our preferred estimates indicate that single-parent family poverty declined by 62 percent over time, while it fell by only 45 percent using survey data alone. Moreover, survey-reported deep poverty among single-parent families increased over time, while it fell using the CID.
The Dismantling of Capital Controls after Bretton Woods and Latin American Productivity
Authors: Van Patten Diana
Published: May 2022

The recent economic history of global integration has been characterized by a dismantling of capital controls and increased foreign direct investment (FDI). This paper explores the role of impediments to international capital mobility, foreign direct investment, and technology diffusion in shaping Latin American economic growth. First, the paper summarizes and quantifies the effects of the Bretton Woods international financial system in Latin America. Then, I study the consequences of capital controls--and their dismantling--on FDI and trade-induced technological advancements and their role in shaping local development, especially in the 1990s after the implementation of several trade liberalization policies.
Estimating the Effects of Milk Inspections on Infant and Child Mortality, 1880–1910
Authors: Anderson D. Mark , Charles Kerwin Kofi , McKelligott Michael , Rees Daniel I.
Published: May 2022

In the mid-nineteenth century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked with collecting and analyzing milk samples with the goal of preventing adulteration and skimming. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we explore the effects of milk inspections on infant mortality and mortality among children under the age of five. Event study estimates are small and statistically insignificant, providing little evidence of post-treatment reductions in either infant or child mortality.
Unemployment Insurance Financing as a Uniform Payroll Tax
Authors: Graves Sebastian , Hazell Jonathon , Lewis Walker F. , Patterson Christina
Published: May 2022

In the United States, unemployment insurance (UI) is financed by taxes levied on employers. We develop a model to decompose UI taxes into a firing tax component levied on firms that lay off workers, and a uniform payroll tax component levied on all firms regardless of their layoffs. We develop a novel methodology to measure the two components and document a number of facts about the uniform payroll tax component: it is large, accounting for just under half of UI taxes; it rises significantly after recessions; and it is more cyclical in states with poorly funded UI systems.
Shadow Bank Distress and Household Debt Relief: Evidence from the CARES Act
Authors: Cherry Susan , Jiang Erica , Matvos Gregor , Piskorski Tomasz , Seru Amit
Published: May 2022

Shadow banks service a substantial portion of household debt in the United States, including half of residential mortgages. They also funded and implemented a large portion of the CARES Act-driven debt relief. Despite uniform policy and similar borrowers, shadow banks offered debt forbearance at a significantly lower (27 percent) rate compared to traditional banks. Better-capitalized shadow banks offered forbearance at a much higher rate, and those with larger exposure to servicing related liquidity shocks reduced this exposure by selling their servicing rights. We highlight the fragility of shadow bank servicing during downturns that can impede the pass-through of debt relief to households.
Transportation Revolution: The Car in the 1920s
Authors: Eli Shari , Hausman Joshua K. , Rhode Paul W.
Published: May 2022

In 1919, there were 6 cars for every 100 people in the United States; in 1929, there were 19. The diffusion of the car transformed daily life and had large economic effects. Data on car registrations at the state level help us to understand the correlates of car diffusion. We also consider some of the ways in which car diffusion likely impacted the economy.
Continuous Gender Identity and Economics
Authors: Brenøe Anne Ardila , Heursen Lea , Ranehill Eva , Weber Roberto A.
Published: May 2022

Economic research on gender largely focuses on biological sex, the binary classification as either a “man” or “woman.” We investigate the value of incorporating a measure of continuous gender identity (CGI) into economics by exploring whether it explains variation in economic preferences and behavior beyond the explanatory power of binary sex. First, we validate a novel single-item CGI measure in a survey study, showing that it correlates with measures used in gender research. Second, we use our single-item CGI measure in an incentivized laboratory experiment to assess CGI's power in explaining previously documented gender gaps in four important economic preferences.
Media Access and Consumption in the Civil Rights Era
Authors: Wang Tianyi
Published: May 2022

This paper uses the 1960 census and contemporary individual survey data to document the media landscape during the American civil rights movement. I find that southern Black households' TV ownership was much lower than those of other groups in the nation. Southern Black adults also consumed less TV, newspapers, and magazines on average than their White counterparts. In comparison, radio was the most popular medium among Black Southerners and was widely consumed across socioeconomic classes within the Black community. The findings underscore the unique and strong relationship between radio and the Southern Black community during the civil rights era.
Self-Employment and Migration: Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Gutierrez-Li Alejandro
Published: May 2022

Mexico has one of the highest self-employment rates in the OECD. I study the relationship between business ownership and migration from Mexico to the United States using longitudinal data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). I find that the self-employed have a substantially lower probability of moving north, either legally or illegally. Although running a business could allow a person to finance a costly trip to the US, it also raises the opportunity costs of leaving and the nonpecuniary benefits of staying at home. The findings highlight the role of self-employment in a developing country in the likelihood of emigration.
Investigating the Introduction of Fintech Advancement Aimed to Reduce Limited Attention Regarding Inactive Savings Accounts: Data, Survey, and Field Experiment
Authors: Rosen Maya Haran , Sade Orly
Published: May 2022

We use proprietary data, survey data, and a field experiment to study the effect of campaigns to raise awareness about lost and forgotten retirement savings accounts. The campaigns were a centralized database to help individuals find inactive accounts and a tax exemption to encourage individuals to close small inactive accounts and avoid new fees that would exhaust the savings. We show that after the campaigns, inactive retirement accounts still received limited attention. This was more pronounced for individuals with low socioeconomic status and low financial literacy. A controlled field experiment suggests that interventions using more personal interactions can increase attention.
Μελέτη αποφυλλοποίησης και επαναστοίβαξης ανόργανων μητρών LDH (Στοιβαγμένων Διπλών Υδροξειδίων) με χρήση στη στόχευση φαρμάκων
Authors: Σφενδουράκης Γεώργιος-Παναγιώτης
Published: May 2022

Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της σύνθεσης βιοανόργανων συμπλόκων, με παγίδευση οργανικών ουσιών στο εσωτερικό στοιβαγμένων διπλών υδροξειδίων. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής εξετάστηκε πληθώρα μορίων με βιολογικές εφαρμογές, με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση σε αμινοξέα και σε μόρια δεοξυριβονουκλεϊκού οξέος. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκαν τροποποιήσεις στην παραπάνω ανόργανη μήτρα για τη βελτιστοποίηση της χωρητικότητάς της.Αρχικά περιγράφεται η επιτυχημένη σύνθεση στοιβαγμένων διπλών υδροξειδίων με τη χρήση μαγνησίου και αλουμινίου σε αναλογία 2 προς 1. Η ανόργανη μήτρα χρησιμοποιήθηκε στη συνέχεια για την παγίδευση ανιόντων ασκορβικού, γαλακτικού, οξικού και χολικού οξέος, καθώς και του φαρμάκου νιτροφουραντοΐνη. Τα νανοβιοϋβρίδια αυτά χαρακτηρίστηκαν με περίθλαση ακτίνων Χ (XRD) και φασματοσκοπία υπερύθρου (IR).Εν ακολούθως, μελετήθηκε η αποφυλλοποίηση των στοιβαγμένων διπλών υδροξειδίων με τη χρήση δύο νέων μεθόδων, συγκεκριμένα την κατεργασία με υπερήχους μήτρας διαλυμένης σε γλυκερίνη και προπυλενογλυκόλη ξεχωριστά. Οι μέθοδοι αυτοί συγκρίθηκαν με τις πιο αποτελεσματικές ήδη υπάρχουσες μεθόδους αποφυλλοποίησης. Η αποφυλλοποίηση εξακριβώθηκε με τη χρήση δυναμικής σκέδασης φωτός και περίθλασης ακτίνων Χ υγρού (liquid XRD), ενώ ακολούθησαν πειράματα ελέγχου σταθερότητας, τα οποία έδειξαν πως οι νέοι διαλύτες εμφανίζουν προφίλ αποφυλλοποίησης καλύτερο από άλλες - εδραιωμένες στη βιβλιογραφία - μεθόδους.Οι παραπάνω τεχνικές χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εισαγωγή ουσιών στο εσωτερικό στοιβαγμένων διπλών υδροξειδίων με επαναστοίβαξη. Η μέθοδος αυτή δοκιμάστηκε σαν μια εναλλακτική στην ακριβότερη μέθοδο συγκαταβύθισης, που χρησιμοποιείται εκτενώς για την εισαγωγή δύσκολων προς παγίδευση μορίων, όπως των αμινοξέων. Με τη χρήση αυτής έγινε σύνθεση 16 νανοβιοϋβριδίων LDH με παγιδευμένα αμινοξέα, τα οποία συγκρίθηκαν με όμοια που συντέθηκαν με ανιονανταλλαγή. Τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίθηκαν με τη βιβλιογραφία, δείχνοντας πως η επαναστοίβαξη έχει πλεονεκτήματα έναντι των άλλων μεθόδων σύνθεσης νανοβιοϋβριδίων LDH και μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε επιτυχημένες συνθέσεις σε σημεία που ανιονανταλλαγή δεν μπορούσε. Ταυτόχρονα μέσα από τα πειράματα αυτά αναδεικνύονται ελαττώματα στις διαδικασίες καθαρισμού που ακολουθούνται ευρέως στις συνθέσεις LDH, εφόσον τονίζουν τη σημασία του μέσου καθαρισμού και πώς αυτό επηρεάζει το τελικό νανοβιοϋβρίδιο.Τέλος, εξετάστηκε η ικανότητα της επαναστοίβαξης να εκμεταλλευτεί την αυξημένη δραστική επιφάνεια των αποφυλλοποιημένων στοιβαγμένων διπλών υδροξειδίων και να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την εισαγωγή ουσιών που δεν μπορούν να εγκλωβιστούν εύκολα λόγω μεγέθους, όπως το δεοξυριβονουκλεϊκό οξύ.
Behavioral risk factors for respiratory system diseases (literature review)
Authors: Kameneva A. , Blagodareva M. , Galieva Yu. , Zadorina E.
Published: May 2022

The respiratory system belongs to the primary protective barriers of the body and is one of the first to react to the impact of unfavorable environmental factors. At the same time, the frequency of respiratory diseases is affected not only by the degree of air pollution, but also by behavioral factors.
Chorology of rare dendroflora of the National Nature Park "Male Polissya" (Ukraine) in zonal comparison
Authors: Popovych Serhii , Yakubenko Borys , Tsybulia Maryna
Published: May 2022

Among scientists of various specialities there is still no unambiguous position about the zone belonging of the Male Polissya region ("Little Polissya", Ukraine). To confirm one of the positions, the authors of the article studied rare protected species of dendroflora of the National Nature Park (NNP) "Male Polissya" (deciduous forest zone) and other national parks that are close to it in the structure of flora and vegetation, and located within this and the northern mixed forest zone (Ukrainian Polissya). Methods of comparative florology have been used with the determination of coefficients of similarity of local floras. The results of chorological analysis, qualitative, quantitative and comparative assessment of rare species of dendromorphic plants of national nature parks in both natural zones have been presented. The analysis of similarity of rare fractions of local dendroflora revealed that the quality of plant species of the National Nature Park "Male Polissya" is more related to the national nature parks of mixed forest zone than to the national nature parks of deciduous forests. Among the national nature parks, deciduous forest zones have the highest levels of representativeness with Daphne cneorum, Hedera helix and Daphne mezereum, and mixed forest zones with Salix myrtilloum, Daphne cneorum, Dianthus psеudosquarrosus and Hedera helix. Therefore, for the national nature parks of both natural zones, the most representative is the species of wide chorological but narrow ecological amplitude, that is Daphne cneorum, which grows only in pale and dry sod-podzolic forestal ecotopes enriched with carbonates.
An image of a woman in a sports advertisement
Authors: Kończak Jarosław
Published: May 2022

Introduction. In 1987, sport was known in the literature as an area representing a traditional male power, strength and violence. In 2020, women's sport became recognized as the mainstream, which only confirmed similar conclusions made over the past years. One of the challenges in the area of sport over the next years was women’s sport activation and reaching them through sponsorship communication. This has been facilitated, inter alia, by the development of women's sport and its marketing potential.

The study aims to present the image of a woman in marketing communication based on sports motives. The selected aspects subjected to analysis will help to define the role of women in advertising sports communication and verify the declarations of the companies that achieve their goals using this level of communication. Another aim is to investigate whether the belief in the feminization of sports fandom and involvement of women in the fan culture finds confirmation in advertising.  

Method. The author has analysed selected TV, cinema and internet advertising campaigns (audio-video format) containing sports accents. Communications of 1,270 films representing 254 brands was analysed. The analysis covered seven different areas: characters, image and product advertising, share of sports disciplines, sports accessories used, the woman’s attitude, an area of the sports involvement, and the values presented.

Results. The analysis allowed to obtain an image of a woman being aware of her strength, who can derive great joy from sport. She believes that this is an important and popular area which has a beneficial effect on health and guarantees a shapely figure and great fun. She is a woman being aware of a number of values that come with sport, as she can see how much she benefits in the spiritual, physical and emotional dimensions. However, she feels her emotions much more often through the way to success and fighting for the position of a leader rather than cheerleading.
Environmentally friendly activities in sports and leisure services as an expression of the corporate social responsibility
Authors: Widawska-Stanisz Agnieszka
Published: May 2022

Today’s economic reality requires entrepreneurs to introduce many changes, especially those of an organisational nature. The period following COVID-19 pandemic will require organizations to create new values, and a broader view of responsibility, to build mutual trust, and to adapt to the new reality. This paper introduces the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with a focus on ecology as one of the areas of CSR.

It can be seen that the pandemic has accelerated environmental targets in many companies. This is due not only to the regulations aligned with the governmental environmental policy, but to an increasing extent also with changing social expectations. The aim of the article was to demonstrate the applicability of ecological, environment-friendly solutions as an example of CSR in the management of sports and leisure enterprises. CPOR studies show that most young people take responsibility for the state of their environment. The training of the test subjects also plays an important role here (CBOS, Environmental Awareness of Poland, 2020) It is assumed that the introduction of eco-friendly solutions in the operation of sports and leisure businesses is noticed and appreciated only by young participants in physical activity. The survey focuses on specific environmental solutions to create a socially responsible corporate image and how these companies operate in a changing environment.

The results of the studies carried out for this paper are intended to help answer the question of the importance of emphasising environmental aspects and adapting to change by integrating eco-innovation into the CSR strategies of sports and leisure companies, whether these solutions are perceived by the purchasers of sports and leisure services, as they affect their image. and whether they lead to better relations with market participants.
The importance of viral marketing in managing communication in sport
Authors: Kowalski Sławomir
Published: May 2022

Communication management in sports organizations requires not only the use of formal tools, such as an official website, fan page or official TV channel. Effective communication should also be based on informal methods, in which the main role is played by interactions between the sports organization and its stakeholders.

One such form is viral marketing, which involves sharing files with humorous, social or image content on social networks, messengers, blogs and e-mail. In the case of such forms, due to the wide range and speed of spreading opinions, especially negative ones, about the company, its services or products, it becomes necessary to control the emerging opinions. Management of information with a viral potential allows you to reach stakeholders in an informal way, influencing the building of a positive image, response in crisis situations or creating communities.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of viral marketing use in sports clubs. The research was conducted in October 2021 on different social media. However, due to the extensive scope of the research, this paper focuses on the social network Facebook. The research is concerned with determining the use of viral marketing potential in information management and identifying the characteristics of this form of influencing stakeholders. Due to the limited volume of the article, the main subject of the study is the Polish clubs of the highest level of competition against the background of examples from abroad.

The main hypothesis of this article assumes that Polish clubs do not fully use the viral potential and communication activities are based on official messages. Communication management is based on peer benchmarking and replication of what others are doing. It is also assumed that departments responsible for communication in sports clubs do not fully use foreign models.
Instrument to analyse communication in a Community of Inquiry when using emerging methodologies.
Authors: García Lira Keidy
Published: May 2022

There is a growing interest in learning in Higher Education using flipped classroom and mlearning. This study constructs an original instrument to obtain information on the levels perceived by the students of the three presences of the Community of Inquir y model with these emerging methodologies. The instrument consists of 21 items, based on the instrument developed by Arbaugh et al. (2008) , which were adapted to flipped classroom and m was distributed to 121 students from two different universities. Cochran's Qlearning. This instrument test was run to verify whether there was agreement between the opinions of five experts. Student ttest results for independent samples indicate similarity in the opinions of the two groups of students. Information analysis techniques, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability tests were also used to validate it. The analysis reve aled three factors coinciding with cognitive presence, social presence and teaching presence as proposed by the theoretical model. Cronbach's Alpha confirmed the reliability of the tool as a whole α = .957learning.