bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spondylolysis in non‐adult skeletons excavated from a medieval rural archaeological site in England
Authors: Mays S. A.
Published: October 2006

Spondylolysis is studied in a large series of non‐adult skeletons, ranging in age at death from 28 weeks gestation to 18 years old, from the deserted medieval village of Wharram Percy. The aim is to shed light on the age of occurrence of the lesion. Among those with complete lumbar spines, the prevalence of spondylolysis is 0.7%. The prevalence in adults from this group is 12% with no age patterning. Age of occurrence of spondylolysis in this population is inferred generally to be during late adolescent or early adult life. This contrasts with a published study of a modern reference group, unselected for activity patterns or medical complaints, which reported that in most cases spondylolytic defects had already formed by 6 years of age. The Wharram Percy group appeared to resemble rather more the pattern seen today in those involved in strenuous activities, such as competitive sports, both in the relatively late age of occurrence of defects and in the eventual high prevalence. This may be consistent with the observation that, during adolescence, individuals in medieval rural communities were beginning to take on adult tasks which would have been physically strenuous. However, it is unclear why individuals from Wharram Percy did not also form defects in early childhood as modern children appear to. A late age of occurrence appears consistent with published data which suggest a paucity of cases in non‐adults in British archaeological populations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel candidate tumour suppressor gene loci on chromosomes 11q23–24 and 22q13 involved in human insulinoma tumourigenesis
Authors: Jonkers YMH , Claessen SMH , Feuth T , Geurts van Kessel A , Ramaekers FCS , Veltman JA , Speel E‐JM
Published: October 2006

Insulinomas represent the predominant syndromic subtype of endocrine pancreatic tumours. Previous molecular studies have shown that gain of chromosome 9q rather than MEN1 gene mutation is an important early event in tumour development and that chromosomal instability is associated with metastatic disease. In order to identify new gene loci and to define further the critical genetic events in insulinoma tumourigenesis, 27 insulinomas were investigated by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) on 3.7 k genomic BAC arrays (resolution ≤1 Mb). Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to validate alterations in a subset of tumours. Array CGH most frequently detected loss of chromosomes 11q and 22q and gains of chromosome 9q. The chromosomal regions of interest (CRI) included 11q24.1 (56%), 22q13.1 (67%), 22q13.31 (56%), and 9q32 (63%). Evaluation of the simultaneous occurrence of these aberrations in the individual tumours revealed that gain of 9q32 and loss of 22q13.1 are early genetic events in insulinomas, occurring independently of the other alterations. In tumours with increased genomic complexity, these alterations were often detected simultaneously, occurring in the same tumour cells. Losses of 11q24.1 and 22q13.31 were also associated with these more advanced tumour cases. The CRIs identified most likely harbour crucial candidate genes important in insulinoma tumourigenesis. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field and thermionic‐field transport in GaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction barriers
Authors: Morgan D. V. , Porch A. , Krishna R.
Published: October 2006

This paper considers the transport of conduction band electrons as a result of tunneling through a triangular potential barrier fabricated within a GaAs/Alx Ga1–x As/GaAs heterojunction. The triangular barrier was formed by the composition grading of the Alx Ga1–x As region from x = 0 to x = 0.3, which forms part of a cathode emitter in a commercial Gunn diode. The experimental data for the current–voltage characteristics obtained for a range of temperatures from 77 to 273 K were used to test a simplified thermionic‐field model. Good agreement has been obtained between theory and experiment, thus confirming the usefulness of this simple model for device evaluation. The comparison of the data over the experimental temperature range shows that the thermionic‐field emission observed at 273 K gives way to field emission at 77 K. This is a result of the removal of the more energetic electrons in the conduction band at lower temperatures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical properties of InSb quantum dots for mid‐IR applications
Authors: Tasco V. , Deguffroy N. , Baranov A. N. , Tournié E. , Satpati B. , Trampert A.
Published: October 2006

We investigate the MBE growth and properties of Sb‐based nanostructures, very promising candidates as active material for mid infrared light sources operating between 3 and 5 μm. We show that the key feature for the fabrication of highly dense and optically efficient InSb quantum dots is the control of In‐adatoms mobility. We obtain defect‐free nanostructures with a density as high as 8 × 1010 dots/cm2 together with improved performance in terms of optical emission. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence emissions, peaked at around 360 meV, have been measured which exhibit a linewidth of 47 meV at 90 K. The emission is detected up to room temperature, with an intensity quenching factor as low as 4 from 90 K to 300 K, demonstrating good thermal stability of the material. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Depression of excitonic energy transfer by freezing molecular vibrations in meta ‐linked branching dendrimers
Authors: Akai I. , Kato T. , Okada A. , Kanemoto K. , Karasawa T. , Kimura M. , Ohashi M. , Shinoda S. , Tsukube H.
Published: October 2006

The temperature dependence of excitonic energy transfer is investigated in both small and large dendrimers having meta ‐linked light‐harvesting peripheries. In these dendrimers, highly efficient excitonic energy transfer takes place from peripheries to core at room temperature and gives rise to intense core photoluminescence (PL) upon selective excitation of the peripheries. Upon direct photo‐excitation of the core chromophore, the intensity of core‐PL increases monotonically with decreasing temperature. However, during selective excitation of the peripheries, the enhancement of the core‐PL is markedly suppressed at temperatures lower than 100 K in both dendrimers. This result demonstrates that torsional vibrations of adjoining aromatic rings in the peripheries mediate excitonic energy transfer, and that the freezing of such vibrations at low temperature strongly inhibits the transfer in these meta ‐linked dendrimers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Morphology changes of CuCl thin films induced by photo‐irradiation
Authors: Hasuo Masahiro , Shimamoto Atsuyoshi , Fujiwara Takeshi
Published: October 2006

We have irradiated CuCl films, which are prepared by a vacuum vapor deposition method, with pico‐second light pulses of 82 MHz repetition rate at the photon energy of 3.290 eV. After a long time of photo‐irradiation, the photo‐irradiated region is recognized by eye for thin films. We observe the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy at room temperature. For a 50 nm thick film, surface structure changes such as surface smoothing, nanometer‐scale and micrometer‐scale structures formation are observed, which depend on the position in the photo‐irradiated region, while such changes are not detected for a 200 nm thick film. The effects of ablation and local heating by the photo‐irradiation are excluded for the mechanism of the observed morphology change. The abundance change of Cu and Cl in the film is also detected by the Auger microprobe measurement. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First principles calculation of optical and electronic properties with inclusion of exciton effects
Authors: Ismail‐Beigi Sohrab
Published: October 2006

First principles theory and methodology have made rapid advances in their ability to describe electronic excitations and optical properties from first principles. Here we present an overview of the progress in this field. We illustrate with results for three systems that exhibit interesting excitonic behavior: single‐walled carbon nanotubes, single‐walled gallium nitride nanotubes, and self‐trapped excitons in silica. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of breathers in the anomalous decay of luminescence
Authors: Mihóková Eva , Schulman Lawrence S.
Published: October 2006

Luminescence of alkali halides doped by heavy ns2 ions exhibits an anomaly in the slow component emission decay. The anomaly is explained by the formation of a discrete breather in the immediate neighborhood of the impurity. We study properties of these breathers, their phase space structure, robustness, and propensity for formation. Under a wide range of parameters and interionic potentials they form 2‐dimensional Kolmogorov‐Arnold‐Moser tori (less than generic) in phase space. We show strobed views of these tori, useful in quantization. All features support the thesis of breather formation as the explanation for the luminescence decay anomaly that first motivated our breather proposal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrafast time‐resolved infrared luminescence spectroscopy in halogen‐bridged Pd complexes
Authors: Takahashi Youtarou , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Suemoto Tohru
Published: October 2006

The ultrafast luminescence spectroscopy on [PdBr(chxn=cyclohexanediamine)2]Br2 was performed from near to mid infrared region. The instantaneous luminescence with a large Stokes shift indicated the ex‐istence of the large lattice relaxation in excited states. The temporal waveform of the luminescence showed ultrafast decay and the decay time constant is smaller than 300 fs in low energy region. This tendency of the waveform is different from that of self‐trapped exciton and consistent with the wavepacket motion on the potential surface with no barrier. The result suggests the appearance of a excited state that is different from the ordinary self‐trapped exciton. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser‐induced oxygen vacancy formation and diffusion on TiO2 (110) surfaces probed by photoemission electron microscopy
Authors: Xiong Gang , Joly Alan G. , Beck Kenneth M. , Hess Wayne P.
Published: October 2006

Photoemission electron microscopy is used to probe photon‐induced oxygen vacancies generated on TiO2 (110)‐(1×2) surfaces. An increased oxygen vacancy concentration within the irradiated region leads to an increase of local photoelectron emission. The local oxygen deficient region can be compensated by exposing the surface to molecular oxygen at 1×10–5 Torr, or via surface diffusion at 450 K in vacuum. The surface diffusion coefficient is estimated to be on the order of 10–12 m2/s. Photoemission electron microscopy allows in situ studies of surface electronic defect formation and removal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Black multi‐crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Koynov Svetoslav , Brandt Martin S. , Stutzmann Martin
Published: October 2006

A simple method for nano‐scale texturing of silicon surfaces based on local metal‐catalyzed wet chemical etching, which results in an almost complete suppression of reflectivity in a broad spectral range, has been successfully applied to produce black multi‐crystalline silicon solar cells. The performance of the cells is compared to that of reference cells without surface nano‐texturing. A considerable increase of the short circuit current (by 36–42% with respect to the reference cells) without deterioration of other performance parameters is observed under natural sun illumination. Means of further optimization of such black solar cells are discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vibrational dynamics of hydrogen‐bonded HCN complexes with OH and NH acids: Computational DFT systematic study
Authors: Alía Jose M. , Edwards Howell G. M.
Published: October 2006

Vibrational properties (band position, infrared [IR], and Raman intensities) of CN stretching mode were studied in 65 gas phase hydrogen‐bonded 1:1 complexes of HCN with OH acids and NH acids using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP‐6‐311++G(d,p) level. Furthermore, general characteristics of the hydrogen bonds and vibrational changes in acids OH/NH stretching bands were also considered. Experimentally observed blue shift of the CN stretching band promoted by hydrogen bonding, which shortens the triple bond length, is very well reproduced and quantitatively depends on the hydrogen bond length. Both IR and Raman ν(CN) band intensities are enhanced, also in good agreement with the experimental results. IR intensity increase is a direct function of the hydrogen bond energy. However, the predicted Raman intensity raise is a more complex function, depending simultaneously on characteristics of both the hydrogen bond (CN bond length) and the H‐donating acid (polarizability). With these two parameters, ν (CN) Raman intensities of the complexes are explained with a mean error of ±2.4%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Considerations for proteolytic labeling–optimization of 18O incorporation and prohibition of back‐exchange
Authors: Storms Henricus F. , van der Heijden Robert , Tjaden Ubbo R. , van der Greef Jan
Published: October 2006

Proteolytic 18O labeling is a very powerful tool for differential analysis applied to proteome studies. However, it is a relatively new technique and the optimization of the labeling process still needs some attention. We found that the two‐step post‐proteolytic labeling should be favored over the conventional digestion of proteins in H218O, since the former allows for higher sample concentrations and thus more favorable kinetics. It was demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of urea on 18O incorporation could be compensated by the use of higher sample concentrations. Furthermore, it was shown that heat‐deactivation of trypsin prevents 18O/16O back‐exchange. In addition, no non‐specific hydrolysis of the peptides could be observed as a result of the heating. Heat inactivation of trypsin opens the way for the use of capillary electrophoresis as a separation technique in proteolytic labeling studies, as it abolishes the need for use of detrimental addititives. Analysis of a labeled protein digest by capillary isoelectric focusing/mass spectrometry showed the applicability of the method. No back‐exchange was observed across the entire electropherogram. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective quenching of fragment formation in negative ion oligonucleotide matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry through sodium adduct formation
Authors: Stano Michal , Flosadottir Helga D. , Ingolfsson Oddur
Published: October 2006

Metastable decay of the sodium‐free and the sodium adducts of the negatively charged hexameric nucleotides 5′‐d(TTXYTT)‐3′ (X and Y are dC, dG or dA) in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐ToF‐MS) is reported. We show that the sodium adduct formation may be used to quantitatively quench dissociation channels in oligonucleotide MALDI‐MS, and we argue, that by means of effective steps in the sample preparation that lead to per‐sodiation of the sample, the sample preparation and the mass resolution of oligonucleotide mass spectra in MALDI may be improved substantially. The dependency of the fragment formation on the degree of sodiation is also discussed in context with the underlying fragmentation mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of major dams on hydrology through the drainage network of the Sacramento River basin, California
Authors: Singer Michael Bliss
Published: October 2006

This paper reports basinwide patterns of hydrograph alteration via statistical and graphical analysis from a network of long‐term streamflow gauges located various distances downstream of major dams and confluences in the Sacramento River basin in California, USA. Streamflow data from 10 gauging stations downstream of major dams were divided into hydrologic series corresponding to the periods before and after dam construction. Pre‐ and post‐dam flows were compared with respect to hydrograph characteristics representing frequency, magnitude and shape: annual flood peak, annual flow trough, annual flood volume, time to flood peak, flood drawdown time and interarrival time. The use of such a suite of characteristics within a statistical and graphical framework allows for generalising distinct strategies of flood control operation that can be identified without any a priori knowledge of operations rules. Dam operation is highly dependent on the ratio of reservoir capacity to annual flood volume (impounded runoff index). Dams with high values of this index generally completely cut off flood peaks thus reducing time to peak, drawdown time and annual flood volume. Those with low values conduct early and late flow releases to extend the hydrograph, increasing time to peak, drawdown time and annual flood volume. The analyses reveal minimal flood control benefits from foothill dams in the lower Sacramento River (i.e. dissipation of the down‐valley flood control signal). The lower part of the basin is instead reliant on a weir and bypass system to control lowland flooding. Data from a control gauge (i.e. with no upstream dams) suggest a background signature of global climate change expressed as shortened flood hydrograph falling limbs and lengthened flood interarrival times at low exceedence probabilities. This research has implications for flood control, water resource management, aquatic and riparian ecosystems and for rehabilitation strategies involving flow alteration and/or manipulation of sediment supplies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of market actions on firm reputation
Authors: Basdeo Dax K. , Smith Ken G. , Grimm Curtis M. , Rindova Violina P. , Derfus Pamela J.
Published: October 2006

Drawing on signaling theory, we hypothesize that a firm's reputation is shaped by its own market actions and the actions of its industry rivals. We view market actions as signals that convey information about the underlying competencies of firms and influence stakeholder evaluations of them. We find that the total number of a firm's market actions, the complexity of its action repertoire, the time lag in rivals' responses to its actions, and the similarity of its repertoire with those of its rivals positively affect its reputation. These results suggest that a firm's reputation is influenced both by its own actions and by its rivals' actions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entry timing, exploration, and firm survival in the early U.S. bicycle industry
Authors: Dowell Glen , Swaminathan Anand
Published: October 2006

We explore the relationship between a firm's entry timing and its probability of surviving the early, uncertain period of its industry, and consider the trade‐off between entering early and potentially establishing a strong position in the industry vs. waiting until technological uncertainty is reduced. We hypothesize that, owing to inertial forces, firms that enter the industry at the earliest point in its history are least likely to make the conversion to the product generation that becomes the dominant design in the industry. Exploration through the introduction of new products appears to reflect a local search process and retards the transition to the dominant design. We also hypothesize that, though firms entering early may exhibit longer life spans, their advantages are limited to the period before the emergence of the dominant design. We test our hypotheses in the early U.S. bicycle industry, and find evidence consistent with the idea that inertia limits firms' abilities to make the transition between generations of product configurations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Right aortic arch in the fetus
Authors: Zidere V. , Tsapakis E. G. , Huggon I. C. , Allan L. D.
Published: October 2006

Objective

To examine our experience of the detection of a right aortic arch in the fetus over an 8‐year period.

Methods

Between February 1998 and December 2005, all patients prospectively diagnosed with a right aortic arch at our center were identified from our database and the videotape reviewed. In addition, the videotapes of 300 normal and 110 abnormal arbitrarily selected fetal echocardiograms, as well as 123 cases of tetralogy of Fallot and nine of a common arterial trunk were reviewed. Data including indication for fetal echocardiography, gestational age at diagnosis, karyotype, nuchal translucency measurement and outcome were collected.

Results

A right aortic arch was diagnosed prospectively in 55 fetuses and in a further 20 on retrospective videotape review. There were 21 examples of isolated aortic arch and four thought to have a double arch. A right arch was found in association with additional intracardiac malformations in 50 cases. The detection rate of a right aortic arch increased over the study period. The majority of patients were referred for a suspicion of congenital heart disease on obstetric scanning. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 21 weeks. The karyotype including 22q11 status was known in 45/75 cases. There were 23 confirmed karyotypic anomalies, 12 of which were 22q11 deletions, occurring in 2/25 of the isolated group and 10/48 of the complex group, with a further two complex cases that were likely to have had 22q11 microdeletions. There were 29 pregnancy interruptions, four intrauterine deaths, 31 live births, four neonatal deaths and three patients lost to follow‐up. The remaining four pregnancies are continuing. Of the four with suspected double arch, three were confirmed postnatally.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of a right‐sided aortic arch can be made by fetal echocardiography, either as an isolated lesion or in association with other cardiac malformations, from as early as 12 weeks' gestation. It can be difficult to distinguish from a double arch. Its increasing incidence over time in our series probably indicates that the diagnosis was previously overlooked. Karyotyping in the absence of other abnormal findings may be unnecessary in every case, but establishment of 22q11 microdeletion status in those cases with other anomalies is important. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of timber weathering and wind velocity at Cape Adare, with comments on other historic sites in Antarctica
Authors: Harrowfield David L.
Published: October 2006

At Cape Adare, there are three wooden historic huts in varying condition. Two are the first permanent structures erected in Antarctica for human habitation and were occupied in 1899 by the British Antarctic Expedition (1898–1900) led by C.E. Borchgrevink. The third hut was built in 1911 by the northern party of R.F. Scott's British Antarctic Expedition (1910–13) led by V.L.A. Campbell. Previous research has focused on the unusual wind regime at Ridley Beach, Cape Adare, with the use of an environmental wind tunnel to support field observations, and on the sequence of destruction by wind of the 1911 hut. The present paper focuses on the weathering of timber at some historic huts in Antarctica and presents observations and data collected on three visits to Cape Adare spanning 21 years. The results indicate that over 23% of the timber has been eroded from exposed board ends on one corner of Borchgrevink's ‘stores hut’ and further damage to the huts is being caused by wind blown sand and pebbles which, at two meters above the ground surface, can attain a velocity of 29–203 km/hr−1. This has in places, resulted in severe degradation of the timber.
The Belgica project
Authors: Loy Walter
Published: October 2006

This note reports on a project concerning the wreck of Belgica, in 22 m of water at Bruvik, Norway. A society has been founded with the aims of protecting the wreck, conducting a feasibility study on the possible raising and preservation of it, and for promoting education concerning the polar regions.
Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis after declining incidence, New York City, 2001–2003
Authors: DRIVER C. R. , KREISWIRTH B. , MACARAIG M. , CLARK C. , MUNSIFF S. S. , DRISCOLL J. , ZHAO B.
Published: October 2006

Tuberculosis incidence in New York City (NYC) declined between 1992 and 2000 from 51·1 to 16·6 cases per 100 000 population. In January 2001, universal real-time genotyping of TB cases was implemented in NYC. Isolates from culture-confirmed tuberculosis cases from 2001 to 2003 were genotyped using IS6110and spoligotype to describe the extent and factors associated with genotype clustering after declining TB incidence. Of 2408 (91·8%) genotyped case isolates, 873 (36·2%) had a pattern indistinguishable from that of another study period case, forming 212 clusters; 248 (28·4%) of the clustered cases had strains believed to have been widely transmitted during the epidemic years in the early 1990s in NYC. An estimated 27·4% (873 minus 212) of the 2408 cases were due to recent infection that progressed to active disease during the study period. Younger age, birth in the United States, homelessness, substance abuse and presence of TB symptoms were independently associated with greater odds of clustering.
Endemic human fasciolosis in the Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: PARKINSON M. , O'NEILL S. M. , DALTON J. P.
Published: October 2006

Fasciolosis, caused by trematodes of the genusFasciola, is an emerging disease of humans. One of the highest levels of human fasciolosis hepatica is found amongst the indigenous Aymaran people of the Northern Bolivian Altiplano. A meta-analysis of epidemiological surveys from 38 communities in the region demonstrates that fasciolosis has been endemic in the region since at least 1984 and is a zoonosis of rural communities. Human and bovine fasciolosis is associated with the communities lying in the plain from Lake Titicaca to La Paz, predominantly in the Los Andes province. In Los Andes incidences of up to 67% of population cohorts were found, and prevalence is age-related with the highest infection rate in children aged 8–11 years.
Serious Gaming – Teaching Science Using Games
Authors: Giasolli V , Giasolli M , Giasolli R , Girasoli A
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Ordered Interstitial Fe Introduced New Phase In Fe2+xO3 Nanowires
Authors: Ding Y , Morber JR , Wang ZL , Snyder RL
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Transitional Structural Chemogenomics
Authors: Chan NJ , Gagna CE , Yam T , Lambert WC
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Avoiding Charge Induced Drift In Vitrified Biological Specimens Through Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Nicotra G , Chou H-T , Stahlberg H , Browning ND
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Surface Rippling & Ion Etch Yields of Diamond Using a Focused Ion Beam: With or without Enhanced-Chemistry, Aspect Ratio Regulates Ion Etching
Authors: MoberlyChan WJ , Felter T , Wall M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Perfection in Theoretical Modeling of Electron Energy Loss Spectra: Is it attainable?
Authors: Rez P
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
TEM Study of Morphology and Kinetics of Coarsening of Coherent Gamma' Precipitation in a Ni-Ga Alloy under Uniaxial Elastic Compression
Authors: Starostina N , Prikhodko S , Ardell A
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
In-situ TEM Deformation Study of Dislocation-Precipitate Interactions in Al Alloys
Authors: Clark B , Liu G , Robertson I
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Metallographic Investigations of Solidification Microstructures and Melt-Pool Characteristics in Oriented Single Crystals of Stainless Steel
Authors: Boatner L , Sipf J , David S , Rappaz M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
3-D Imaging of Non-Spherical Silicon Nanoparticles Embedded in Silicon Oxide by Plasmon Tomography
Authors: Yurtsever A , Weyland M , Muller D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Multidimensional Scaling of Solid-State Parameters with Plasmon Energy and In-situ Spectro-Microscopic Determination and Imaging of Material Properties
Authors: Oleshko V
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Optimization of the Peak-to-Background Ratio and the Low Energy Response of Silicon Drift Detectors for High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Niculae A , Soltau H , Lechner P , Liebl A , Lutz G , Strüder L , Longoni A , Eckhard R , Schaller G , Schopper F
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
In Situ Lift-Out for Coordinated Structure-Electron Transport and Structure-Isotope Studies
Authors: Stroud RM , Zega TJ , Taheri ML
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
The Function of N-terminal Domain in RadA/Rad51-DNA Filaments
Authors: Yu X , Galkin V , Heyer W-D , Yu L , Egelman E
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Annealing Induced Dissipation of Residual Trapped Charge in Focused Ion Beam Processed Wide Band Gap Materials for Device Applications.
Authors: Stevens-Kalceff MA , Gowlett P
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Conformational Heterogeneity of Macromolecules Analyzed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Penczek PA , Frank J , Spahn CM T
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
The Effect of Cold Rolling on the Creep Behavior of Udimet 188
Authors: Palit D , Boehlert C
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Preparation and Electron Microscopy Analysis of Individual Microbolometer Pixels
Authors: Olszta M , Dougherty J , Horn M , Dickey EC
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Improvement Path for the Hexapole Cs-corrector Towards 0.5 A Resolution
Authors: Haider M , Mueller H , Uhlemann S
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Demonstration of Pick and Place Assembly for Scaled MEMS Devices
Authors: Jeon J , Gory I , Skidmore G , Kim MJ , Gnade BE
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Formation of Nanocrystalline Zeolites in Geopolymer Gels
Authors: Bell JL , Sarin P , Kriven WM
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Electrical Characterization of a Single TiO2 Nanotube by Using Modified FIB/SEM
Authors: Cha DK , Lee B , Huang J , Kim J , Wallace RM , Gnade BE , Kim MJ
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Monitoring Contamination Rate in an SEM Equipped with an Evactron Anti-Contamination Device
Authors: Garcia R , Batchelor AD , Mooney CB , Garetto AD , Rothwell M , Carlino VL , Vane R , Russell PE
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Micromechanical Characterization of Lake-Deposited Clays from the Valley of Mexico
Authors: Palacios E , Leyte F
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Freeze-fracture Electron Microscopy on Lipid-stabilized Gas Bubbles
Authors: Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg B , Ackrell J
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Probing Carrier Behavior at the Nanoscale in Gallium Nitride using Low Voltage Cathodoluminescence
Authors: Phillips MR , Drouin D , Pauc N
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Centrin Regulates Centriole Duplication
Authors: Salisbury J
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Imaging of Domain Structures and Magnetization Dynamics Using X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (X-PEEM)
Authors: Scholl A
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Transmission Electron Microtomography (TEMT) of Nanostructured Polymers under Dynamically Evolving Conditions
Authors: Spontak RJ , Braunfeld MB , Agard DA , Jinnai H
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
In-situ Fabrication, Manipulation and Property Measurements of Single Nanotubes and Nanowires with Near Atomic Resolution
Authors: Peng L-M , Chen Q , Wang JY , Wang MS , Zhang ZY , Jin CH , Wei XL
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Hollow Core Dislocations in GaN
Authors: Cherns D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Towards Ultrafast Diffraction and Spectroscopy of Interfaces and Nanomaterials Using Femtosecond Focused Electron Pulses
Authors: Ruan C-Y , Murooka Y , Raman RK , Murdick R , Khasawneh M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Low Energy CL Spectroscopy of Interfaces and Nanostructures
Authors: Brillson L
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Serial Sectioning in the Micron-plus Range and Modern Techniques for Automation
Authors: Spowart JE
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Scanning Probe Energy Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Palmer R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Discovering a Defect that Imposes a Limit to Mg Doping in p-Type GaN
Authors: Liliental-Weber Z , Tomaszewicz T , Zakharov D , O¡¦Keefe MA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Structural Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lambin P , Colomer JF , Henrard L , Lucas A , Meunier V
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
What Makes Multiplication Facts Difficult
Authors: Domahs Frank , Delazer Margarete , Nuerk Hans‐Christoph
Published: October 2006

Two current models of arithmetic fact retrieval, the network interference theory (NIT; Campbell, 1995 ) and the interacting neighbors (IN) model ( Verguts & Fias, 2005a ), predict that errors in simple multiplication should be more probable, if they include the same digit as the correct result (i.e., if they are “consistent,” compared with “inconsistent” errors). In a reanalysis of error data originally reported by Campbell (1997) , we provide first empirical evidence for this prediction. Furthermore, these results support the notion of different quantity representations for decades and units as proposed by Nuerk, Weger, and Willmes (2001) . However, the NIT and IN‐model differ in their explanations of the problem‐size effect, a hallmark finding robustly observed in arithmetic fact retrieval. Only the IN‐model predicts that a correct answer's neighborhood consistency can fully account for the problem‐size effect, which was confirmed in our analysis.
Single-Attribute Implicit Association Tests (SA-IAT) for the Assessment of Unipolar Constructs
Authors: Penke Lars , Eichstaedt Jan , Asendorpf Jens B.
Published: October 2006

A major problem with Implicit Association Tests (IATs) is that they require bipolar attributes (e.g., good-bad). Thus, IAT effects for an attribute category can be interpreted only relative to an opposite category. Problems arise if there is no clear opposite category; in this case, a neutral category can be used, although it induces systematic error variance and thus reduces validity. The present study suggests that this problem can be solved using single-attribute IATs (SA-IATs). Sociosexuality (the tendency to engage in uncommitted sex) was expected to be related at the implicit level to stronger stranger-sex associations relative to partner-sex associations. An IAT was constructed that used conversation as a neutral attribute; it showed satisfactory reliability but only low correlations with explicit sociosexuality. An alternative SA-IAT with sex as the only attribute showed a similar reliability but higher correlations with explicit sociosexuality.
Trends and interannual variability of the South China Sea surface winds, surface height, and surface temperature in the recent decade
Authors: Fang Guohong , Chen Haiying , Wei Zexun , Wang Yonggang , Wang Xinyi , Li Chunyan
Published: October 2006

Trends and interannual variability of the surface winds (SW), sea surface height (SSH), and sea surface temperature (SST) of the South China Sea (SCS) in 1993–2003 are analyzed using monthly products from satellite observations. Time series are smoothed with a 12‐month running mean filter. The east and north components of the SW, SSH, and SST have linear trends of 0.53 ± 0.35 ms−1 decade−1, −0.04 ± 0.17 ms−1 decade−1, 6.7 ± 2.7 cm decade−1, and 0.50 ± 0.26 K decade−1, respectively. The sea level rising rate and sea surface warming rate are significantly higher than the corresponding global rates. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is performed to evaluate the interannual variability. Results show that the first EOF of the SW is characterized by a basin‐wide anticyclonic pattern. The corresponding time coefficient function (TCF) correlates with the Nino3.4 index at the 99% confidence level, with a lag of 3 months. The first EOF of the SSH is characterized by a low sea level along the eastern boundary. The corresponding TCF correlates with the Nino3.4 at the 99% level, with a lag of 2 months. The first EOF of the SST is characterized by a basin‐wide warming with the highest anomalies in the north deep basin. The corresponding TCF correlates with the Nino3.4 index at the 95% level, with a lag of 8 months. Based on the EOF analysis, the ENSO‐associated correlation patterns of the SW, SSH, and SST are presented.
Spatial and temporal variability in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer–derived surface albedo over global arid regions
Authors: Tsvetsinskaya Elena A. , Schaaf Crystal B. , Gao Feng , Strahler Alan H. , Dickinson Robert E.
Published: October 2006

We derive spectral and broadband surface albedo for global arid regions from data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra spacecraft, at 1 km spatial resolution for 2001. MODIS data show considerable spatial variability both across various arid regions of the globe (from the bright deserts of northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula to substantially less reflective American and Asian deserts) and within regions (variability related to soil and rock types). For example, over arid northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula, albedo in the visible broadband varies by a factor of over 2, from the brightest sand sheets to the darkest luvisols. Few, if any, global and regional land‐atmosphere models capture this observed spatial variability in surface albedo over arid regions. We suggest a scheme that relates soil groups (based on the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil classification) to MODIS‐derived surface albedo statistics. This approach allows for an efficient representation in climate and weather forecasting models of the observed spatial and temporal variability in surface albedo over global deserts. Observed variability in albedo was reduced to a small (1–13, depending on the region) number of soil‐related classes (end‐members) that could be used in climate models. We also addressed the temporal evolution of albedo during 2001 over global deserts. Regions/soils of stable albedo with very low temporal variability were identified. For other regions/soils, temporal signals in albedo were related to ephemeral inundation with water or variations in sample size.
Physical mechanisms of the Australian summer monsoon: 1. Seasonal cycle
Authors: Kullgren Katherin , Kim Kwang‐Yul
Published: October 2006

In order to understand the physical mechanisms of the Australian summer monsoon, cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis was conducted on the 23‐year (1979–2002) Xie‐Arkin pentad summer precipitation data and other key physical variables over the Australian monsoon region, including the tropical and southern Indian and Pacific Oceans. The first mode of precipitation represents the El Niño signal, the second mode is the seasonal cycle, the third mode describes the phase transition of El Niño–Southern Oscillation between El Niño and La Niña, and the fourth and fifth modes represent separate components of the Madden‐Julian oscillations. All five modes together explain about one third of the total variance of the pentad precipitation data. This paper investigates the physical mechanisms of the seasonal cycle, which explains the “mean” seasonal evolution of the Australian summer monsoon in the absence of other external physical mechanisms. The onset and termination mechanisms of the Australian summer monsoon are strongly associated with the surface temperature changes over the Australian continent and the resulting sea level pressure (SLP) changes. Almost a month prior to the monsoon onset, the surface temperature over northern Australia increases, and consequently SLP decreases over Australia. This initiates an anomalous cyclonic circulation over Australia. The increased upward motion induced by the surface warming together with the anomalous cyclonic circulation results in the increased lower level moisture convergence over the interior of Australia. This increases the amount of precipitation over northern Australia and eventually starts the monsoon. In conjunction with the anomalous cyclonic circulation, zonal wind anomalies over northern Australia change from easterly to westerly. During the termination stage, physical conditions over Australia are reversed.
Climate response and radiative forcing from mineral aerosols during the last glacial maximum, pre‐industrial, current and doubled‐carbon dioxide climates
Authors: Mahowald Natalie M. , Yoshioka Masaru , Collins William D. , Conley Andrew J. , Fillmore David W. , Coleman Danielle B.
Published: October 2006

Mineral aerosol impacts on climate through radiative forcing by natural dust sources are examined in the current, last glacial maximum, pre‐industrial and doubled‐carbon dioxide climate. Modeled globally averaged dust loadings change by +88%, +31% and −60% in the last glacial maximum, pre‐industrial and future climates, respectively, relative to the current climate. Model results show globally averaged dust radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere is −1.0, −0.4 and +0.14 W/m2 for the last glacial maximum, pre‐industrial and doubled‐carbon dioxide climates, respectively, relative to the current climate. Globally averaged surface temperature changed by −0.85, −0.22, and +0.06 °C relative to the current climate in the last glacial maximum, pre‐industrial and doubled carbon dioxide climates, respectively, due solely to the dust radiative forcing changes simulated here. These simulations only include natural dust source response to climate change, and neglect possible impacts by human land and water use.
A comparison of MODIS land surface temperature with in situ observations
Authors: Bosilovich Michael G.
Published: October 2006

MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) are compared to in situ observations during the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP). The purpose is to test the utility of global enhanced station data to provide additional information on the consistency of large volumes of remotely sensed data. While comparisons are limited by unresolved spatial and temporal representativeness, many of the comparisons are quite favorable, especially in mid‐latitude regions. We note the extent of cloud contamination in the data product, and also some biases that may vary seasonally. Upscaling to 25km, as would be needed for global model comparisons or some mesoscale models, did not overly change the comparison results. The veracity of remotely sensed observations is important to identify and understand as these data begin to be applied to research questions.
Cost‐effective allocation of watershed management practices using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Arabi Mazdak , Govindaraju Rao S. , Hantush Mohamed M.
Published: October 2006

Implementation of conservation programs are perceived as being crucial for restoring and protecting waters and watersheds from nonpoint source pollution. Success of these programs depends to a great extent on planning tools that can assist the watershed management process. Herein a novel optimization methodology is presented for deriving watershed‐scale sediment and nutrient control plans that incorporate multiple, and often conflicting, objectives. The method combines the use of a watershed model (SWAT), representation of best management practices, an economic component, and a genetic algorithm‐based spatial search procedure. For two small watersheds in Indiana located in the midwestern portion of the United States, selection and placement of best management practices by optimization was found to be nearly 3 times more cost‐effective than targeting strategies for the same level of protection specified in terms of maximum monthly sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen loads. Conversely, for the same cost, the optimization plan reduced the maximum monthly loads by a factor of 2 when compared to the targeting plan. The optimization methodology developed in this paper can facilitate attaining water quality goals at significantly lower costs than commonly used cost share and targeting strategies.