bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of calculated volatile agent consumption from fresh gas content
Authors: BIRO P. , KNESCHKE O. , THEUSINGER O. M.
Published: February 2015

Background

Case‐by‐case assessment of volatile anesthetic (VA) consumption is necessary to perform agent sparing dosing measures and for billing purposes. The gold standard technique for this purpose is to measure the weight difference of the vaporizer that occurs during VA delivery. Because suitable equipment is rarely available and weighing the vaporizer is only possible in prospectively planned fashion, a calculation method from recorded fresh gas flow (FGF) and VA courses is a viable alternative. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of VA calculation from fresh gas composition vs. the gold standard of weighing the vaporizer before and after anesthesia.

Methods

In this prospective laboratory investigation, we compared the formula‐based calculations of VA consumption to the measured vaporizer weight differences before and after 10 sevoflurane and 10 desflurane anesthesia. We assessed the average difference and spread of values between the calculated and the measured values.

Results

The calculated sevoflurane consumption overestimated the measured values by 3.0 ± 2.9 ml (6.2%). The calculated desflurane consumption overestimated the measured values by 3.5 ± 6.7 ml (5.0%). All pairs of values from both agents were within ± 1.96 standard deviations.

Conclusion

The calculated VA consumption for sevoflurane and desflurane are sufficiently accurate to estimate the economic impact of VA delivery during inhalational anesthesia. This method enables the assessment of VA consumption both ways: (1) retrospectively from sufficiently detailed and accurate anesthesia recordings, as well as (2) by using this method in a prospective setting.
Sildenafil improves renal function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Webb David J. , Vachiery Jean‐Luc , Hwang Lie‐Ju , Maurey Julie O.
Published: February 2015

Aim

Elevated serum creatinine (sCr) and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are associated with poor outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) whereas sildenafil treatment improves PAH outcomes. This post hoc analysis assessed the effect of sildenafil on kidney function and links with clinical outcomes including 6‐min walk distance, functional class, time to clinical worsening and survival.

Methods

Patients with PAH received placebo or sildenafil 20, 40 or 80 mg three times daily in the SUPER‐1 study and open‐label sildenafil titrated to 80 mg three times daily (as tolerated) in the extension study.

Results

Baseline characteristics were similar among groups (n = 277). PAH was mostly idiopathic (63%) and functional class II (39%) or III (58%). From baseline to week 12, kidney function improved (increased eGFR, decreased sCr) with sildenafil and worsened with placebo. In univariate logistic regression, improved kidney function was associated with significantly improved exercise and functional class (odds ratios 1.17 [95% CI 1.01, 1.36] and 1.21 [95% CI 1.03, 1.41], respectively, for sCr and 0.97 [95% CI 0.94, 0.99] and 0.97 [95% CI 0.94, 0.99] for eGFR, all P < 0.05). In patients who maintained or improved kidney function, time to worsening was significantly delayed (P < 0.02 for both kidney parameters). Observed trends towards improved survival were not significant. Patients with eGFR <60 (vs. ≥60) ml min–1 1.73 m–2 appeared to have worse survival.

Conclusions

Sildenafil treatment was associated with improved kidney function in patients with PAH, which was in turn associated with improved exercise capacity and functional class, a reduced risk of clinical worsening, and a trend towards reduced mortality.
Social interactions at the onset of rheumatoid arthritis and their influence on help‐seeking behaviour: A qualitative exploration
Authors: Tiwana Rumandeep , Rowland John , Fincher Marie , Raza Karim , Stack Rebecca J.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To explore how social interactions at the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influence help‐seeking behaviour from the perspectives of those with RA and their significant others (family and friends).

Methods

Nineteen semi‐structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with people recently diagnosed with RA and their significant others. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Significant others’ initial appraisals of symptoms led them to provide practical support with daily activities rather than advice to seek help. People with RA described difficulties in communicating the severity of their symptoms and often attempted to hide their symptoms from others. Significant others also reacted negatively, expressing disbelief and dismissing symptoms. On occasion, early symptoms were even described as the catalyst for the breakdown of relationships. On reflection, significant others expressed guilt about their initial reactions and wished that they had recognized the need for intervention earlier. When symptoms had advanced and were more obvious, significant others often strongly advised that help should be sought and, in some cases, physically escorted the patient to their medical appointment. In many instances, people with RA described significant others as the catalyst for eventually seeking help.

Conclusions

Significant others play an important role in influencing help‐seeking behaviour; this has implications for theoretical models of help‐seeking and the development of help‐seeking interventions. A negative consequence of social interactions resulted from a lack of understanding and knowledge about RA among significant others, highlighting the need for greater public awareness about the early symptoms of RA.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

At the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) people often delay in seeking help, leading to poor clinical outcomes.

Previous research has highlighted the role of personal interpretations of symptoms in help seeking.

However, little is known about the social context of help‐seeking decisions and role of social networks in influencing help‐seeking behaviour.

What this study adds?

This study highlights the importance of social interactions at the onset on RA from multiple perspectives (i.e., those with RA, their family and friends)

Family and friends played a critical role at symptom onset, and help‐seeking was found to be both facilitated and hindered by social networks.

It is vital that help‐seeking campaigns and theoretical models give more weight to the role of social interactions in encouraging help‐seeking behaviour.
Age and active navigation effects on episodic memory: A virtual reality study
Authors: Sauzéon Hélène , N'Kaoua Bernard , Arvind Pala Prashant , Taillade Mathieu , Guitton Pascal
Published: February 2015

We investigated the navigation‐related age effects onlearning,proactive interference semantic clustering,recognition hits,andfalse recognitionsin a naturalistic situation using a virtual apartment‐based task. We also examined the neuropsychological correlates (executive functioning [EF] and episodic memory) of navigation‐related age effects on memory. Younger and older adults either actively navigated or passively followed the computer‐guided tour of an apartment. The results indicated that active navigation increased recognition hits compared with passive navigation, but it did not influence other memory measures (learning, proactive interference, and semantic clustering) to a similar extent in either age group. Furthermore, active navigation helped to reduce false recognitions in younger adults but increased those made by older adults. This differential effect of active navigation for younger and older adults was accounted for by EF score. Like for the subject‐performed task effects, the effects from the navigation manipulation were well accounted for by item‐specific/relational processing distinction, and they were also consistent with a source monitoring deficit in older adults.
Analyse des perceptions de l'exposition au changement climatique de deux localités canadiennes
Authors: Tanguay Jonathan L. , Viau André E.
Published: February 2015

Le Groupe Intergouvernemental d'experts sur l'Évolution du Climat prévoit que le changement climatique se manifestera par une augmentation de la température moyenne mondiale de 2 °C au courant du 21esiècle. Une conséquence du réchauffement prévoit un accroissement dans l'intensité et la fréquence des extrêmes météorologiques dans la région sud‐ouest du Québec, au Canada. Une évaluation des vulnérabilités aux changements climatiques de Mont‐Laurier et de Ferme‐Neuve a été entreprise à l'été 2011. Un total de 25 entrevues et un groupe de discussion ont été conduits auprès des deux populations, ce qui a permis de mettre en relation les expériences et les connaissances locales avec les projections climatiques et socio‐économiques. L'étude souligne l'importance de la diversification des activités économiques et de la population dans la relation entre le climat et le milieu local. Une composition démographique et une économie non diversifiées exposent les deux municipalités aux aléas du climat. Un changement dans la dynamique entre le contexte socio‐économique et biophysique tend à exposer davantage Ferme‐Neuve aux impacts potentiels du changement climatique. Cependant, une étude plus approfondie de la capacité d'adaptation doit être conduite auprès des deux communautés afin d'évaluer leurs vulnérabilités respectives
The case for xenotransplantation
Authors: Cooper David K. C.
Published: February 2015

The availability of organs and cells from deceased humans for transplantation is not meeting the demand. Xenotransplantation, specifically the transplantation of organs and cells from genetically engineered pigs, could resolve this problem. Diabetic monkeys have remained normoglycemic and insulin‐independent after pig islet transplantation for >one yr, and a pig heterotopic (non‐life‐supporting) heart transplant recently reached the one‐yr milestone in a baboon. With these encouraging results, why is it that, with some notable exceptions, research into xenotransplantation has received relatively little support by industry, government funding agencies, and medical charitable foundations? Industry appears reluctant to support research that will take more than two to three yr to come to clinical trial, and the funding agencies appear to have been “distracted” by the current appeal of stem cell technology and regenerative medicine. It has only been the willingness of living donors to provide organs that has significantly increased the number of transplants being performed worldwide. These altruistic donations are not without risk of morbidity and even mortality to the donor. Although with the best of intentions, we are therefore traversing the Hippocratic Oath of doctors to “do no harm.” This should be a stimulus to fund exploration of alternative approaches, including xenotransplantation.
Can more urological deaths in spina bifida be prevented?
Authors: Worley Gordon
Published: February 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Oakeshott et al. on pages 634–638 of this issue.
A child with cerebral palsy: what difference does it make for parents?
Authors: Horridge Karen
Published: February 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Michelsen et al. on pages 768–775 of this issue.
Children with disabilities in child protection services
Authors: Esposito Tonino
Published: February 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Berg et al. on pages 564–570 in this issue.
Mycorrhizal associations of an invasive tree are enhanced by both genetic and environmental mechanisms
Authors: Yang Qiang , Wei Shujuan , Shang Lei , Carrillo Juli , Gabler Christopher A. , Nijjer Somereet , Li Bo , Siemann Evan
Published: February 2015

Biotic interactions involving exotic plants in their introduced ranges may differ from those of co‐occurring plant species and from interactions in their native ranges. When interactions are less negative, or more positive compared to native plant species, this may increase invasion success, and differences among ranges may cause changes in exotic plant traits. Here, we investigated arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) associated with Triadica sebifera seedlings from populations in native (China) and introduced ranges (US) and with seedlings from US and China species within three co‐occurring genera (Liquidambar, Ulmus, Celtis) grown in multiple common gardens in both ranges. No general pattern of higher or lower AM colonization was found in the introduced range for China and US Celtis, Liquidambar, or Ulmus species. However, AM colonization was significantly higher for Triadica than for other genera, particularly in the introduced range, suggesting AM may improve Triadica's invasion success. Triadica AM colonization was higher in US than China gardens, decreased with increasing soil nitrogen in China, but was independent of soil nitrogen in the US. This might reflect a different effect of soil fertility on this mutualism among ranges. Introduced Triadica populations had higher AM colonization than native populations, particularly in US gardens, implying a possible advantage from greater AM association in the introduced range. This is the first field study demonstrating post‐introduction changes in mycorrhizal colonization of an invasive species. It indicates that there are ecological and evolutionary components to the effect of positive interactions on plant invasions.
Both traits and phylogenetic history influence community structure in snakes over steep environmental gradients
Authors: Burbrink Frank T. , Myers Edward A.
Published: February 2015

Assemblages of closely related organisms are generated on axes of deep time diversification, biogeographic processes related to dispersal and habitat filtering, and competition. Using models that account for phylogeny, ecology, and traits, we examine how the interaction among biogeography, habitat filtering, and trait convergence influences community assemblage in Nearctic snakes. With 122 community surveys, environmental niche, trait data including size, diet, parity and habitat preference, and a nearly complete phylogeny of snakes from the United States, we ask 1) do phylogenetic species variability (PSV) and traits change in predictable and correlated ways given ecology and geographic distance, 2) are the measured traits variable within and across communities and how is this related to PSV at local scales, and 3) is there evidence of habitat filtering or trait divergence? Following a general trend of western to eastern North American origin and dispersal of major groups, we similarly show a significant decrease in PSV in this direction but unexpectedly with stable trait variance, showing that traits and phylogenetic variability are disconnected at the community level. We also demonstrate that trait variability and not PSV dominates local communities. Finally, regardless of phylogeny, we show that certain traits, such as reproductive mode (parity) frequency, change within communities in response to steep ecological gradients.
Local human impacts decouple natural biophysical relationships on Pacific coral reefs
Authors: Williams Gareth J. , Gove Jamison M. , Eynaud Yoan , Zgliczynski Brian J. , Sandin Stuart A.
Published: February 2015

Human impacts can homogenize and simplify ecosystems, favoring communities that are no longer naturally coupled with (or reflective of) the background environmental regimes in which they are found. Such a process of biophysical decoupling has been explored little in the marine environment due to a lack of replication across the intact‐to‐degraded ecosystem spectrum. Coral reefs lacking local human impacts provide critical baseline scenarios in which to explore natural biophysical relationships, and provide a template against which to test for their human‐induced decoupling. Using 39 Pacific islands, 24 unpopulated (relatively free from local human impacts) and 15 populated (with local human impacts present), spanning 45° of latitude and 65° of longitude, we ask, what are ‘natural’ biophysical relationships on coral reefs and do we see evidence for their human‐induced decoupling? Estimates of the percent cover of benthic groups were related to multiple physical environmental drivers (sea surface temperature, irradiance, chlorophyll‐a, and wave energy) using mixed‐effects models and island mean condition as the unit of replication. Models across unpopulated islands had high explanatory power, identifying key physical environmental drivers of variations in benthic cover in the absence of local human impacts. These same models performed poorly and lost explanatory power when fitted anew to populated (human impacted) islands; biophysical decoupling was clearly evident. Furthermore, key biophysical relationships at populated islands (i.e. those relationships driving benthic variation across space in conjunction with chronic human impact) bore little resemblance to the baseline scenarios identified from unpopulated islands. Our results highlight the ability of local human impacts to decouple biophysical relationships in the marine environment and fundamentally restructure the natural rules of nature.
Ocular nerve growth factor administration counteracts the impairment of neural precursor cell viability and differentiation in the brain subventricular area of rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes
Authors: Tirassa Paola , Maccarone Mattia , Carito Valentina , De Nicolò Sara , Fiore Marco
Published: February 2015

The ocular administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) as eye drops (oNGF) has been shown to exert protective effects in forebrain‐injured animal models, including adult diabetes induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg body weight). This type 1 diabetes model was used in this study to investigate whether oNGF might extend its actions on neuronal precursors localised in the subventricular zone (SVZ). NGF or saline was administrated as eye drops twice daily for 2 weeks in rats with STZ‐induced diabetes and healthy control rats. The expression of mature and precursor NGF and the NGF receptors, tropomyosin‐related kinase A and neurotrophin receptor p75, and the levels of DNA fragmentation were analysed by ELISA and western blotting. Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine was used to trace newly formed cells. Nestin, polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM), doublecortin (DCX) and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies were used to identify the SVZ cells by confocal microscopy. It was found that oNGF counteracts the STZ‐induced cell death and the alteration of mature/pro‐NGF expression in the SVZ. It also affects the survival and differentiation of SVZ progenitors. In particular, oNGF counteracts the reduction in the number of cells expressing PSA‐NCAM/DCX (neuroblast type A cells) and the related reductions in the number and distribution of nestin/DCX‐positive cells (C‐type cells), or glia‐committed cells (type B cells), observed in the SVZ of diabetic rats. These findings show that oNGF treatment counteracts the effect of type 1 diabetes on neuronal precursors in the SVZ, and further support the neuroprotective and reparative role of oNGF in the brain.
WONOEP appraisal: Molecular and cellular imaging in epilepsy
Authors: Lillis Kyle P. , Dulla Chris , Maheshwari Atul , Coulter Douglas , Mody Istvan , Heinemann Uwe , Armbruster Moritz , Žiburkus Jokūbas
Published: February 2015

Great advancements have been made in understanding the basic mechanisms of ictogenesis using single‐cell electrophysiology (e.g., patch clamp, sharp electrode), large‐scale electrophysiology (e.g., electroencephalography [EEG], field potential recording), and large‐scale imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], positron emission tomography [PET], calcium imaging of acetoxymethyl ester [AM] dye‐loaded tissue). Until recently, it has been challenging to study experimentally how population rhythms emerge from cellular activity. Newly developed optical imaging technologies hold promise for bridging this gap by making it possible to simultaneously record the many cellular elements that comprise a neural circuit. Furthermore, easily accessible genetic technologies for targeting expression of fluorescent protein–based indicators make it possible to study, in animal models of epilepsy, epileptogenic changes to neural circuits over long periods. In this review, we summarize some of the latest imaging tools (fluorescent probes, gene delivery methods, and microscopy techniques) that can lead to the advancement of cell‐ and circuit‐level understanding of epilepsy, which in turn may inform and improve development of next generation antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic drugs.
Detection of influenza A and B with the Alere™ i Influenza A & B: a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay
Authors: Hazelton Briony , Gray Timothy , Ho Jennifer , Ratnamohan V. Mala , Dwyer Dominic E. , Kok Jen
Published: February 2015

Background

Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) have an important role in clinical decision‐making; however, the performances of currently available assays vary widely.

Objectives

We evaluated the performance of the Alere™ i Influenza A&B (Alere™ iNAT), a rapid isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay that has recently received FDA clearance, for the detection of influenza A and B viruses during the Australian influenza season of 2013. Results were compared to two other RIDTs tested in parallel; Quidel Sofia® Influenza A+B fluorescent immunoassay (FIA) and Alere™ BinaxNOW® Influenza A & B immunochromatographic (ICT) assay.

Methods

A total of 202 paired nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients ≥16 years old with an influenza‐like illness (ILI) were eluted in 2 ml of universal transport medium (UTM) that was used to perform all three RIDTs in parallel. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used as the reference standard.

Results

Compared to RT‐PCR, Alere™ iNAT detected 77·8% influenza A positive samples versus 71·4% and 44·4% for the Quidel Sofia® Influenza A+B FIA and BinaxNOW® Influenza A & B ICT assay, respectively. For influenza B, Alere™ iNAT detected 75% of those positive by RT‐PCR, versus 33·3% and 25·0% for Sofia® and BinaxNOW®, respectively. The specificity of Alere™ iNAT was 100% for influenza A and 99% for influenza B.

Conclusions

Alere™ i Influenza A&B is a promising new rapid influenza diagnostic assay with potential point‐of‐care applications.
Optical and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Phase Pure (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Peddigari Mahesh , Sindam Bashaiah , Raju K.C. James , Dobbidi Pamu
Published: February 2015

(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) thin films have been deposited onto Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si and quartz substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. The films were deposited at 400°C with the variation in oxygen mixing percentage (OMP) ratio from 0% to 100% and annealed at 700°C in oxygen atmosphere. The crystallinity of the films is found to be increased with increased OMP. Dielectric properties of the films were examined over the frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz and the temperature range of 30°C to 400°C. The Curie temperature of the films was found to be in the range 369°C–373°C. For the first time, the split postdielectric resonator (SPDR) method was used to measure the microwave (10–20 GHz) dielectric properties of KNN thin films. The optical properties of as‐deposited and annealed KNN thin films were investigated by means of transmittance spectra. The optical bandgap is calculated by using the Tauc relation, and found to be in the range 4.34–4.40 eV and 4.29–4.37 eV for the as‐deposited and annealed films, respectively. The refractive index (n700nm) of the films found to be in the range 1.98–2.01 and 1.99–2.07 for as‐deposited and annealed films, respectively. The refractive index dispersion is analyzed by using Wemple–DiDomenico (W–D) single‐oscillator model. The effect of annealing and OMP on the refractive index, packing density and W–D parameters has been investigated. The average single oscillator energy (Eo) and dispersion energies (Ed) of the annealed KNN thin films are in the range of 6.17–7.16 eV and 18.77–22.19 eV, respectively. AC‐conductivity of the annealed films was analyzed by using double power law. Ag/KNN/Pt thin films followed the ohmic conduction (J ∝ Eα, where α ~1) and the low leakage current density obtained for the deposited at 100% O2 is 3.14 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 50 kV/cm.
Preparation of Morphology‐Controlled Plate‐Like Sodium Niobate Particles by Hydrothermal Synthesis
Authors: Lu Yao , Karaki Tomoaki , Fujii Tadashi
Published: February 2015

Sodium niobate (NaNbO3) particles with plate‐like morphology and hexagonal unit cells were prepared by the hydrothermal method. The result of SEM showed that the hexagonal NaNbO3 were characterized by plate‐like morphology with a diameter of 5–15 μm and a thickness of 1–2 μm. The crucial influences on the morphology and crystal phase of the NaNbO3, such as concentration of [OH−], surfactant, and K+:Na+ ratio, were established. By further calcination treatment, the plate‐like hexagonal NaNbO3 particles could be completely transformed into perovskite structure without morphology change. The XRD and EBSD results indicate that the major face of the calcined particles is parallel to the crystallographic (001)pc (pseudo cubic index) plane. Compared with the traditional high‐temperature molten salt method, this work provides a simpler way to prepare the template for fabricating textured ceramics.
SiC Depletion in ZrB2–30 vol% SiC at Ultrahigh Temperatures
Authors: Shugart Kathleen , Opila Elizabeth
Published: February 2015

The formation of a porous SiC‐depleted region in ZrB2–SiC due to active oxidation at ultrahigh temperatures was characterized. The presence/absence of SiC depletion was determined at a series of temperatures (1300°C–1800°C) and times (5 min–100 h). At T < 1627°C, SiC depletion was not observed. Instead, the formation of a ZrO2 + C/borosilicate oxidation product layer sequence was observed above the ZrB2–SiC base material. At T ≥ 1627°C, SiC was depleted in the ZrB2 matrix below the ZrO2 and borosilicate oxidation products. The SiC depletion was attributed to active oxidation of SiC to form SiO(g). The transition between C formation in ZrO2 (T < 1627°C) and SiC depletion in ZrB2 (T ≥ 1627°C) is attributed to variation in the temperature dependence of thermodynamically favored product assemblage influenced by the local microstructural phase distribution. The growth kinetics of the SiC depletion region is consistent with a gas‐phase diffusion‐controlled process.
Rheological Characterization of Slurries for the Preparation of Alumina Foams via Replica Technique
Authors: Voigt Claudia , Aneziris Christos G. , Hubálková Jana
Published: February 2015

Five commercially available thickeners were used to prepare thickened alumina slurries for foam production using the replica technique. The solid content and the type of thickener significantly affected the rheological properties, whereby an increase in the solid content caused both the viscosity and the thixotropy to increase. For the evaluation of the consistency index and of the level of shear‐thinning behavior, the power law fluid model (Ostwald de Waele) was used. The rheological properties play a key role during the coating process in the replica technique. However, relatively little information is available on the effect of slurry rheology on the properties of reticulated foam ceramics. In this study, the influence of viscosity, thixotropy, and the level of shear‐thinning behavior on the coating behavior is evaluated. The results indicate a strong influence of the viscosity and the level of shear‐thinning behavior on coating behavior.
Data Science, Predictive Analytics, and Big Data in Supply Chain Management: Current State and Future Potential
Authors: Schoenherr Tobias , Speier‐Pero Cheri
Published: February 2015

While data science, predictive analytics, and big data have been frequently used buzzwords, rigorous academic investigations into these areas are just emerging. In this forward thinking article, we discuss the results of a recent large‐scale survey on these topics among supply chain management (SCM) professionals, complemented with our experiences in developing, implementing, and administering one of the first master's degree programs in predictive analytics. As such, we effectively provide an assessment of the current state of the field via a large‐scale survey, and offer insight into its future potential via the discussion of how a research university is training next‐generation data scientists. Specifically, we report on the current use of predictive analytics in SCM and the underlying motivations, as well as perceived benefits and barriers. In addition, we highlight skills desired for successful data scientists, and provide illustrations of how predictive analytics can be implemented in the curriculum. Relying on one of the largest data sets of predictive analytics users in SCM collected to date and our experiences with one of the first master's degree programs in predictive analytics, it is our intent to provide a timely assessment of the field, illustrate its future potential, and motivate additional research and pedagogical advancements in this domain.
High‐mobility group box‐1 induces vascular remodelling processes via c‐Jun activation
Authors: Zabini Diana , Crnkovic Slaven , Xu Hui , Tscherner Maria , Ghanim Bahil , Klepetko Walter , Olschewski Andrea , Kwapiszewska Grazyna , Marsh Leigh M.
Published: February 2015

Extracellular high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) acts as a signalling molecule during inflammation, cell differentiation and angiogenesis. Increased abundance of HMGB1 is associated with several pathological disorders such as cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we investigated the relevance of HMGB1 in the pathological remodelling present in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with COPD. Remodelled vessels present in COPD with PH and IPAH lung samples were often surrounded by HMGB1‐positive cells. Increased HMGB1 serum levels were detected in both patient populations compared to control samples. The effects of physiological HMGB1 concentrations were then examined on cellular responses in vitro. HMGB1 enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and primary human arterial endothelial cells (PAEC). HMGB1 stimulated p38, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, activation of the downstream AP‐1 complex proteins c‐Fos and c‐Jun was observed. Silencing of c‐Jun ablated the HMGB1‐induced proliferation in PASMC. Thus, an inflammatory component such as HMGB1 can contribute to PASMC and PAEC proliferation and therefore potentially to vascular remodelling and PH pathogenesis.
2‐Dimensional changes of the soft tissue profile of augmented and non‐augmented human extraction sockets: a randomized pilot study
Authors: Flügge Tabea , Nelson Katja , Nack Claudia , Stricker Andres , Nahles Susanne
Published: March 2015

Aim

This study identified the soft tissue changes of the alveolar ridge at different time points within 12 weeks after tooth extraction with and without socket augmentation.

Materials and Methods

In 38 patients with single tooth extractions, 40 sockets were augmented and 39 extraction sockets were not augmented. At 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks impressions were taken and casts digitized with a laser scanner. The horizontal and vertical changes were compared between augmented and non‐augmented sites. A p‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The mean changes of augmented sockets were between 0.4 mm (2 weeks) and 0.8 mm (12 weeks). In non‐augmented sockets changes of 0.7 mm (2 weeks) and of 1.0 mm (12 weeks) were demonstrated. The mean values differed significantly between the buccal and oral region (p < 0.01). Overall, there were significant differences of the mean dimensional changes regarding time (p < 0.01) and augmentation (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Augmented sockets showed less resorption within 4 weeks after extraction compared to non‐augmented sockets. Non‐augmented sockets showed a continuous dimensional loss with a great variation over 12 weeks whereas augmented sockets had the highest degree of resorption between 4 and 6 weeks. At 12 weeks a comparable resorption in augmented and non‐augmented sockets was observed.
Periodontitis and retinal microcirculation in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
Authors: Boillot Adrien , Bouchard Philippe , Moss Kevin , Offenbacher Steven , Czernichow Sébastien
Published: February 2015

Aim

The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to explore if periodontitis is associated with alterations of the retinal microcirculation, a predictive marker of cardiovascular events.

Material and Methods

Of 457 subjects aged 52 years and more from the ARIC cohort were included. Retinal vascular diameters were measured and summarized as central retinal arteriolar/venular equivalents (CRAE/CRVE). Periodontitis was determined by using the CDC/AAP definition. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the relationships between CRAE, CRVE and periodontitis.

Results

No association was found between CRAE and periodontal status. However, CRVE and severe periodontitis were positively and significantly associated. Mean CRVE (±SD) was 187.0 ± 17.2 μm in the health‐gingivitis group, and, respectively, 188.5 ± 16.3 μm (p = 0.39) and 191.6 ± 16.8 μm (p = 0.04) in moderate and severe periodontitis groups, after adjustment for a propensity score based on confounders. Results were consistent when analyses were restricted to participants with diabetes mellitus (n = 66), but not diabetes‐free subjects.

Conclusions

Severe periodontitis is associated with larger retinal venular diameter in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further studies are needed to explore the impact of diabetes mellitus on the association between periodontitis and retinal microcirculation.
Temporal and spatial distribution of young Brachyplatystoma spp. (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) along the rapids stretch of the Madeira River (Brazil) before the construction of two hydroelectric dams
Authors: Cella‐Ribeiro A. , Assakawa L. F. , Torrente‐Vilara G. , Zuanon J. , Leite R. G. , Doria C. , Duponchelle F.
Published: March 2015

Monthly (April 2009 to May 2010) bottom‐trawl sampling for Brachyplatystoma species along the rapids stretch of the Madeira River in Brazil revealed that Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii larvae and juveniles were present in low abundances in all areas and during all hydrological periods. The presence of larvae and juveniles throughout the hydrological cycle suggests asynchronous spawning in the headwaters of the Madeira River.
Olive fruits infested with olive fly larvae respond with an ethylene burst and the emission of specific volatiles
Authors: Alagna Fiammetta , Kallenbach Mario , Pompa Andrea , De Marchis Francesca , Rao Rosa , Baldwin Ian T. , Bonaventure Gustavo , Baldoni Luciana
Published: February 2015

Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae R.) is the most harmful insect pest of olive (Olea europaea L.) which strongly affects fruits and oil production. Despite the expanding economic importance of olive cultivation, up to now, only limited information on plant responses to B. oleae is available. Here, we demonstrate that olive fruits respond to B. oleae attack by producing changes in an array of different defensive compounds including phytohormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and defense proteins. Bactrocera oleae‐infested fruits induced a strong ethylene burst and transcript levels of several putative ethylene‐responsive transcription factors became significantly upregulated. Moreover, infested fruits induced significant changes in the levels of 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid and C12 derivatives of the hydroperoxide lyase. The emission of VOCs was also changed quantitatively and qualitatively in insect‐damaged fruits, indicating that B. oleae larval feeding can specifically affect the volatile blend of fruits. Finally, we show that larval infestation maintained high levels of trypsin protease inhibitors in ripe fruits, probably by affecting post‐transcriptional mechanisms. Our results provide novel and important information to understand the response of the olive fruit to B. oleae attack; information that can shed light onto potential new strategies to combat this pest.
Marriage and Family Therapy Trainees' Reports of Explicit Weight Bias
Authors: Pratt Keeley J. , Palmer Elizabeth , Cravens Jaclyn D. , Ferriby Megan , Balk Elizabeth , Cai Yin
Published: February 2015

Discrimination based on an individual's weight has been observed in health care, education, retail, and other public sectors (Puhl & Huer, Obesity, 17, 941, 2007). Such inequity, known as “weight bias,” generates negative short‐term and long‐term consequences for the individuals that experience it (Puhl & Brownell, Weight bias in health care settings, 2007). Past research has shown that healthcare trainees exhibit weight bias (Phelan et al., Obesity, 22, 1201, 2014; Wigton & McGaghie, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 262, 2001), yet little focus is given to weight bias in marriage and family therapy (MFT) education. The purpose of this study was to survey MFT students (N = 162) to explore weight bias and how contextual factors associate with weight bias. Participants in MFT programs reported explicit weight bias, with specific contextual factors associating with more bias. Female participants reported more fear of gaining weight, and individuals who identified as overweight had higher rates of explicit weight bias. Contextual differences and implications for training programs are discussed.
Stepchildren's Views About Former Step‐Relationships Following Stepfamily Dissolution
Authors: Coleman Marilyn , Ganong Lawrence , Russell Luke , Frye‐Cox Nick
Published: February 2015

Remarriages end in divorce more often than first marriages, so many stepchildren experience multiple parental divorces and the potential loss of significant family ties. Although there is substantial research on parent–child relationships after divorce, little is known about stepparent–stepchild relationships after divorce. Therefore, the authors conducted a grounded theory study of 41 adults who had undergone a stepfamily dissolution to explore their experiences with former stepparents. Postdivorce relationships with former stepparents are a function of whether stepchildren thought of their former stepparents as kin. Postdivorce step‐relationships were based on whether the stepchild had claimed the stepparent as kin, had once claimed them as kin but disclaimed them after the divorce, or had never claimed them as family members (unclaimed stepparents). Emotional reactions to parental divorce, patterns of support or resource exchanges, and parental encouragement or discouragement for continuing step‐relationships were identified. Implications for families, practitioners, and researchers are discussed.
Exiting and Returning to the Parental Home for Boomerang Kids
Authors: Sandberg‐Thoma Sara E. , Snyder Anastasia R. , Jang Bohyun Joy
Published: February 2015

Young adults commonly exit from and return to the parental home, yet few studies have examined the motivation behind these exits and returns using a life course framework. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the authors examined associations between mental health problems and economic characteristics and exits from (n = 8,162) and returns to (n = 6,530) the parental home during the transition to adulthood. The average age of the respondents was 24 years. The authors found evidence that mental health and economic characteristics were related to home leaving and returning. Emotional distress was associated with earlier exits from and returns to the parental home; alcohol problems were associated with earlier returns to the parental home. The findings regarding economic resources were unexpectedly mixed. Greater economic resources were linked to delayed exits from and earlier returns to the parental home. The implications of these findings for young adults are discussed.
Widowhood and Well‐being in Europe: The Role of National and Regional Context
Authors: Ory Brett , Huijts Tim
Published: February 2015

Researchers have documented that widows have lower levels of subjective well‐being than married individuals, but we still know little about how the regional and national contexts affect the impact of widowhood on well‐being. Building on social capital theory and using data from 5 rounds of the European Social Survey (N= 119,292 people, 206 regions, 23 countries), the authors tested how marital status composition at the national and regional levels affects the well‐being of widows. Widows fare worse in countries with high proportions of married people and in regions and countries with high proportions of widowed persons. The proportion of married individuals at the regional level does not affect their well‐being. These results are in line with the greedy marriage hypothesis, but varying effects at regional and national levels suggest that the standard explanation for this phenomenon, lack of individual social support, is not valid. This study demonstrates the importance of multiple contextual embeddedness.
Anatomical and cellular localization of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors in the adult rat brain
Authors: Lacoste Baptiste , Angeloni Debora , Dominguez‐Lopez Sergio , Calderoni Sara , Mauro Alessandro , Fraschini Franco , Descarries Laurent , Gobbi Gabriella
Published: February 2015

The involvement of melatonin in mammalian brain pathophysiology has received growing interest, but information about the anatomical distribution of its two G‐protein‐coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2, remains elusive. In this study, using specific antibodies, we examined the precise distribution of both melatonin receptors immunoreactivity across the adult rat brain using light, confocal, and electron microscopy. Our results demonstrate a selective MT1 and MT2 localization on neuronal cell bodies and dendrites in numerous regions of the rat telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. Confocal and ultrastructural examination confirmed the somatodendritic nature of MT1 and MT2 receptors, both being localized on neuronal membranes. Overall, striking differences were observed in the anatomical distribution pattern of MT1 and MT2 proteins, and the labeling often appeared complementary in regions displaying both receptors. Somadendrites labeled for MT1 were observed for instance in the retrosplenial cortex, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the islands of Calleja, the medial habenula, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the superior colliculus, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland. Somadendrites endowed with MT2 receptors were mostly observed in the CA3 field of the hippocampus, the reticular thalamic nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, the inferior colliculus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Together, these data provide the first detailed neurocytological mapping of melatonin receptors in the adult rat brain, an essential prerequisite for a better understanding of melatonin distinct receptor function and neurophysiology.
Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy in a cat with non‐restrictive ventricular septal defect and chronic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Russell D. S. , Scansen B. A. , Himmel L.
Published: February 2015

A 10‐week‐old, male, domestic long‐hair cat was medically managed for congenital heart disease over a period of 8 years. Regular clinical examinations, including sequential echocardiography, documented a non‐restrictive paramembranous ventricular septal defect, secundum‐type atrial septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was diagnosed by the presence of high‐velocity tricuspid regurgitation, bidirectional low velocity flow across the ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial dilation and severe right ventricular hypertrophy without evidence of pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. The cat remained clinically stable until it died suddenly at 8 years of age. Histopathology of the lungs found evidence of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy. Despite severe pulmonary vascular lesions, other post‐mortem evidence of right heart failure was lacking and death was attributed to a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. In this case report of a cat with chronic pulmonary hypertension over 8 years, plexogenic lesions were found on histopathology. The microscopic findings resemble those previously reported in dogs.
The role and scope of retrieval nurse practitioners in the UK
Authors: Davies Jo , Lynch Fiona , Nyman Andrew , Riphagen Shelley
Published: February 2015

Background

The first independent paediatric retrieval nurse practitioners (RNP) in the UK and Europe were appointed in 2006 in one hospital Trust. Since then, many have been appointed around the UK but the range of responsibility and scope of the role is unknown as well as possible geographical variability.

Aim

The aim of this paper is to explore the role and scope of paediatric retrieval nurse practitioners in the United Kingdom (UK).

Method

A two part questionnaire was sent to all RNPs identified by the regional retrieval/transport centres. Information was sought about the role and scope of RNPs and how the role may have changed since appointment. RNPs were asked to self‐assess their own ability in a variety of technical and leadership skills.

Conclusion

The majority of respondents felt their role had expanded since appointment. RNPs reported that they would now lead the team for any critically ill infant or child where previously they were retrieving stable or high dependency patients. Other expansions of their role included being on a middle grade tier of the medical rota, asked to undertake aeromedical transfers, providing the withdrawal of care at referring centres and non‐medical independent prescribing.

Relevance to Practice

This survey has revealed the changing role and scope of RNPs in the UK but most importantly, the increased responsibility of the roles. Over 80% of RNPs rated their leadership skills between proficient and expert on Benner's Novice to Expert Continuum (Benner, 1984).