bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Main ‘Classical’
Copyright and Neighbouring
Rights Conventions before the
Trips Agreement
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

The adoption of the Berne Convention aimed at improving international copy right protection by remedying the deficiencies of the pre-existing bilateral treaties with their instability, high degree of complexity, legal uncertainty, and insufficient protection. At the same time, the Berne Convention upon its adoption neither automatically and fully replaced the existing bilateral treaties, nor did it hinder governments of Berne Union countries from concluding new bilateral treaties, subject, however, to the following condition: such treaties had to confer on authors and their representatives more extended rights than those granted by the Berne Union, or they had to contain other provisions not contrary to the Berne Convention. Indeed, some of the existing bilateral treaties provided for a higher level of protection than the original Berne Convention, and the relevant countries had an interest in preserving that higher level in their mutual relationships.
Friday Agreement
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P
Published: October 2023

We saw that the rise in parade-related conflict from 1995 led to major convulsions within the Order as its cultural power was diminished by residents ‘ groups and RUC-backed parading restrictions. In early 1998, the historic Good Friday Agreement (GFA), signed by David Trimble ’s UUP, the SDLP, and Sinn Fein, was to shatter Orangeism ’s political certainties. These opened new divisions within the Order which largely mapped onto the traditionalist– hardline fissures over Drumcree.
Fundamentals of Knowledge Management for Policing
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

It should be apparent by now that ‘Knowledge Management’ (KM) is like ‘beauty’ in that it resides in the eye of the beholder. Hence, the perspective from which one views KM is fundamental to how it is understood. The purpose of this chapter therefore is to sketch out and highlight which ‘fundamentals’ of KM have relevance for policing. The chapter should instil an appreciation of KM not only in terms of how it can benefit policing but also how it can impose limitations on the effectiveness of policing if the fundamentals of KM as they apply to policing are not well understood. This is a relatively short chapter as anything fundamental should by definition cut to the essential elements involved.
Policy and Practices: Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

This chapter represents the summation of the book. As such it brings together the three main sections of this work that dealt with, first, the conceptual ‘foundations’ of Knowledge Management, second, the ‘structures’ required to build a specific body of police knowledge, and, third, specific ‘applications’ for managing police knowledge.

The focus of this chapter, therefore, is to review the inter-related nature of these Knowledge Management foundations, structures, and applications pertinent to police knowledge. This review will enable policing and the wider law enforcement community to craft a comprehensive policy on Knowledge Management that is applicable to their specific contexts.
Collection and Retention of Personal Data
Authors: Suterwalla Azeem
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with the collection and retention of personal data in the context of police investigations and criminal proceedings. ‘Personal data’ encompasses a range of different types of information. This chapter is concerned with the data most commonly taken and retained by the police and which, to date, has given rise to human rights issues. It therefore considers: fingerprint and DNA information, photographic pictures and video recordings, footwear samples, conviction data, and criminal intelligence. Whilst the evidential use of such information in criminal proceedings is an important matter, it does not fall within the scope of this chapter.
Measurement of income distribution in supranational entities: the case of the European Union
Authors: Brandolini Andrea
Published: October 2023

The rapidly growing literature on world income inequality has drawn attention to the measurement of income distribution in supranational entities. This exercise raises some new problems, like the conversion to a common currency standard, but mainly forces us to see in a different light questions that are encountered in studying income distribution at the national level. Developing these issues is one aim of this chapter. However, I shall not take the entire world, but the European Union (EU) as my case study. The first reason for doing so is that the abundance and quality of available data and statistics for the EU allow me to examine in depth the questions involved in deriving the distribution of income in a supranational entity. The second reason is that EU member countries are engaged in a process of economic and political unification which has no parallel at the global level. This gives EU-wide indices of poverty and inequality a significance that goes well beyond intellectual curiosity.
The European Central Bank: The Bank That Rules Europe?
Authors: Howarth David
Published: October 2023

The power of the European Central Bank (ECB) is rooted in its independence established in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. This power is reinforced through the bank’s monetary policy credibility—achieved through meeting its price stability mandate, while resisting political pressures to manipulate monetary policy to other ends. In turn, credibility contributes to the ideational power of the ECB, which is rooted in widespread support for price stability, one of the core objectives of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The ECB’s relative power, as one of the two leading central banks in the world, is determined by the relative size of the Euro Area economy and the growing importance of the euro as an international reserve currency.
German Bundesbank: Europeanization and the Paradoxes of Power
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The creation of the Eurosystem in 1998–9 represented a critical juncture in the history of the German Bundesbank, of a kind not experienced by any other national central bank. Under German law it retained some independent international and national responsibilities. The Bundesbank acted as banker for the German government, participated in banking supervision, managed Germany’s foreign exchange reserves, decided on gold sales, and represented Germany in the International Monetary Fund. However, with the disappearance of the D-Mark and the loss of its monetary policy-making responsibility to the ECB, the Bundesbank had irrevocably ceded power and status.
Waves In What?
Authors: Close Frank
Published: October 2023

The next time that you turn the key to start your car and the current from the battery magnetically stirs the motor to life, give a moment’s thought that in what just happened lie the seeds of relativity and the modern view of space and time. When Michael Faraday experimented with electricity and magnetism early in the nineteenth century, no one anticipated that this would lead to a profound re-evaluation of Newton’s world view. He made discoveries of such magnitude that had the Nobel Prizes existed in the nineteenth century, Faraday could have won as many as six, the most far-reaching of the discoveries being that electric and magnetic fields are profoundly interwoven and affect one another.
Dispute Settlement and International Investment
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F
Published: October 2023

As the preceding chapter has shown, by the mid-1970s the customary international law of the protection of international investment was made up of numerous ingredients and influences. States often preached one thing in the United Nations and practised another in bilateral and multilateral agreements, as described in the next chapter. Scholarly support could be found all along the spectrum between complete denial that international law applied to protection of international investment to continuing prevalence Hull formula and its antecedents.
Electricity and Markets
Authors: Green* Richard
Published: October 2023

Twenty-five years ago, the electricity industry was largely made up of vertically integrated monopolies. Smaller utilities without their own generation bought their power under contract from a larger firm, or simply paid the tariff that the generator set each year for its power sales. When the utilities with generation wished to trade power among themselves, they typically did so on a split-savings basis. Each utility would report its marginal cost, and the price would be the average of the two figures, thus giving each utility half of the gains from trade. Even where there were ‘power pools’ involving a large number of generators, they operated as clubs, rather than as markets.
Large-Scale Deployment of Renewables for Electricity Generation
Authors: Neuhoff* Karsten
Published: October 2023

Using renewables on a large scale to replace fossil-fuel electricity generation offers two principal advantages. Environmentally, renewables offer a means to reduce significantly greenhouse-gas emissions. This is a priority, given the need to minimize the risks of climate change resulting from rising concentrations of greenhouse gases, caused in large part by the burning of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources can also help to diversify energy supplies in most countries. Reducing dependence on energy imports reduces the exposure of economies to international fuel-price fluctuations and potential interruptions caused by political instability and resource constraints.
Insurance And Reinsurance Companies
Authors: Rees Ray
Published: October 2023

An insurance company is an organization whose primary function is to ofier contracts under which the buyer agrees to pay a fixed sum for certain, in exchange for an undertaking that compensation will be paid contingent upon occurrence of some specified, uncertain event that causes her financial loss.
Introduction To Specific Policies
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

In Section 2 readers will find a description of the main insurances they are likely to encounter. In most cases the description is in general terms as wordings and the structure of policies vary between Insurers. In a few cases (consultants professional indemnity and D&O) the text does focus on a specific wording but otherwise the approach is generic. We have endeavoured in each case to give a complete description of each policy type; at the risk in some cases of stating or repeating the obvious. In this Section there is also a description of captive insurance which is not strictly a type of cover but an alternative method of financing risk. Typically policies comprise a set of standard terms with a schedule setting out the terms specific to the actual contract. Standard terms may include optional extensions, in which case the schedule will normally indicate which extensions are effective.
Latent (Inherent) Defects Policies
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

In France there has long been a statutory obligation to take out this form of insurance for new buildings, where it is structured as cover for contractors against their liability for damage to the completed works. The period of cover is ten years and it is known there as decennial insurance. In the 1980s French insurers introduced to the UK a variant of this insurance written for the benefit of all parties with a proprietary interest in a completed building. In the UK cover can be written for a twelve-year period and policies are more descriptively referred to as Latent Defects Insurance (LDI) or Inherent Defects Insurance (IDI). In this chapter we refer to this type of cover as LDI and to latent defects.
Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

The Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930 is a short piece of legislation, designed to satisfy a simple need: to enable claimants seeking to sue an insolvent defendant to ‘step into the shoes’ of the defendant and receive directly the benefit of their opponent’s liability insurance. In the absence of this Act, the insolvent defendant’s insurance proceeds would be gathered by the liquidator or trustee in bankruptcy for distribution among all the
Future Changes In Insurance Law
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with the foreseeable changes in the statutory law that regulates the terms of insurance contracts. As long ago as 1957 the Law Reform Committee recommended reform, as did its successor the Law Commission in 1980; the National Consumer Council considered a range of issues in a report in 1997, but to no effect; the British Insurance Law Association recommended reform in 2002.
Structural Factors in China’s Economic Reform
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey , Woo Wing Thye
Published: October 2023

The divergent reform experiences of Eastern Europe, the Former Soviet Union, and China raise important questions about the strategy of economic transition. China has grown rapidly since market reforms began in 1978, while Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (EEFSU) have faced continued economic turmoil and significant declines in output. The reasons for these divergent trends have been heatedly debated.
Making Fiscal Policy in Japan
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2023

Making Fiscal Policy in Japan is written for those who want to understand the role and performance of fiscal policy as an integral component of macroeconomic policy, and the attendant effects on economic growth. The case explored here is post-Second World War Japan, but the approach is one of international comparison. Ishi traces and analyses the central features of postwar Japanese fiscal policy and considers the institutional framework and policy objectives which shaped the budget process. The first part of the book provides a detailed overview of the topic, with detailed institutional and empirical information. In particular, the role that government played in Japan's postwar economic growth is explored in depth, with specific focus on the four sub-periods of occupation, rapid economic growth, internationalization, and the bubble economy. Part II explains the basic framework of budgets, the budgetary process in Japan, and fundamental strategies of fiscal authority. It looks in depth at the unique aspects of the balanced budget policy for 1953-65 and then at how financial resources for budgeting were automatically generated in a growing economy. The final part analyses specific policy issues in the public sector, among them human resource development, the ageing population and the social security system, tax incentives for export promotion, the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme, and intergovernmental grant policy. Ishi argues that the Japanese government has been generally passive in guiding the state's economic activities, using fiscal policy to support the private economy rather than directly to influence the economy through deliberate expenditure and tax policies. The approach has been one of enhancing the market rather than of government intervention.
Protecting the Global Environment: Towards Effective Governance and Equitable Solutions
Authors: Pachauri Rajendra K
Published: October 2023

Before this decade ends and human civilization enters the new millennium, these ten years will be remembered as a period that saw the emergence of several concerns on protecting the global environment. We see today a unique combination of scientific endeavour, economic decision-making, and the formulation of public policy that embraces various actions directed towards understanding and halting widespread damage to the global environment. However, while much has been achieved in this field, such as eliminating the production and use of ozone depleting substances (ODS), many other more serious problems threatening the global environment, specifically those related to climate change, loss of biodiversity, and large-scale deforestation, remain subjects of relative inaction and prolonged dispute. There is as yet no clarity both within international bodies and national as well as local governments on the means by which these problems will be addressed effectively. There is, therefore, considerable confusion among decision-makers on the governance structures that need to be activated or created for achieving results in these spheres. In other words, the architecture for creating solutions and human responses in the right direction remains very much an elusive development. Nor is there, as yet, any creative consensus on what might constitute effective and equitable actions for protecting the global environment.
Trends in Fertility and Contraceptive Use in Bangladesh
Authors: Mceachran Juliet , Diamond Ian
Published: October 2023

Despite differing opinions about fertility levels in the past, there is now broad agreement that a major fertility decline has now occurred in Bangladesh. Because it lacked evidence of any of the traditional precursors of fertility transition, Bangladesh has become a country of increasing interest to demographers and to the managers of reproductive health programmes. This chapter examines trends in fertility and contraceptive use in Bangladesh over the last 20 years, and describes how these changes have been brought about.
The Relative Roles of Gender and Development in Explaining Fertility in Rural Punjab
Authors: Kazi Shah Naz , Sathar Zeba A
Published: October 2023

Even by South Asian standards, Pakistan is considered a demographic outlier. Only in the last decade has fertility begun to decline somewhat, going from 6.1 in 1991 to 5.5 in 1996, while the most rapid mortality declines occurred about three decades earlier (Sathar 1993). Yet economic development, at least in terms of rising per capita income, has advanced significantly in the last two decades. The question is, therefore, why fertility decline in Pakistan has been so delayed.
Solutions Manual for Financial Economics
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian
Published: October 2023

Financial Economics is an exciting new field of study that integrates the theory of finance and financial institutions into the main body of economic theory. Eichberger and Harper’s successful textbook, Financial Economics, provides a self-contained and comprehensive introduction to the field for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate economists and finance specialists. This Solutions Manual provides worked solutions to all the exercises in Financial Economics, organized according to the chapters in the original textbook. Each chapter has a short preface explaining its contents and objectives. The manual will prove an invaluable tool for both students and teachers of financial economics, and may be used as a self-contained problem-and-answer text as well as an accompaniment to Financial Economics.
Political Crafting of Democratic Consolidation or Destruction: European and South American Comparisons
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

To what extent can our knowledge about the breakdown of democratic regimes in Europe and Latin America contribute to a better understanding of the conditions under which reborn democracies in Latin America can acquire stability and avoid renewed breakdown? Does our knowledge about past crises in democracies tell us something about the future of democracies? Our answer is a qualified yes. We think that a reading of the work of the many social scientists and historians who have addressed the great theme of democratic stability could help avoid some of the mistakes that in the past have led to the demise of democracy. However, we feel obliged to caution against facile extrapolations from the study of the past. Polities and political actors have to face crises and conflicts as new challenges. As an ancient philosopher said, “We never bathe in the same river twice.” We should be conscious that our knowledge of the past is limited, and that it is sometimes selective, particularly when so much of it is derived from the intensive study of a limited number of historic ally important cases of breakdown and often on an insufficient analysis of those that avoided the drama of democratic breakdown.
On the Tasks of a Democratic Opposition
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

While democracy as a form of government has long been a staple concern of social science, the question of the genesis of democracy has been largely neglected. Moreover, until very recently, most studies of the growth of democracy have restricted their focus to its emergence from traditional oligarchies or absolute monarchies over the last two centuries in Europe, or to the problem of democracy in the context of decolonization.
Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

About a quarter of a century past the beginning of the “third democratic wave” in politics, what are some of the most important implications to be drawn about the role of the democratic opposition in the processes of democratization, and in new democratic governance? One body of theory concerns “pacted transitions”, and another the oppositional role of “civil society against the state”. Both bodies of theory, and the empirical evidence brought to bear in them, relate to important processes; but in my view they are in need of substantial revision before they can be incorporated into our new efforts to build a democratic theory of opposition. These revisionist tasks will constitute the main effort of this essay.
Toward a New Comparative Politics of Federalism, (Multi)Nationalism, and Democracy: Beyond Rikerian Federalism
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

The subject of this article is the role of federalism in the functioning, and occasionally even the making or breaking, of democracies. Federalism has never been more crucial for the study of democracy and comparative politics. If our unit of analysis is the total number of people who live in long-standing democracies, the majority of them live in federal systems. If our unit of analysis is relatively long-standing (if often troubled) multinational and multi lingual democracies, all the polities that fall most clearly into this category are federal.2 However, all the territorial fragmentation of postcommunist Europe occurred in three multinational, formally federal, systems.
A Framework for Fragmentation
Authors: Jones Ronald w. , kierzkowski henryk
Published: October 2023

In current discussions of globalization, focus has been placed on the increased freedom of international trade in goods and services, as well as greater mobility of financial assets. However, recent patterns of globalization have exhibited a further phenomenon, namely, the role of advances in technology and lowered costs of services in fostering a fragmentation of vertically integrated production processes into separate segments that may enter international trade. The production of automobiles in most countries now makes use of components such as tires made by French or Italian producers, injection systems produced in Germany, computer chips manufactured in Malaysia, with software developed in the United States. Plunging international costs of telecommunication and developments of fax and Internet technology have allowed the production process to be widespread on a global basis with much less attention paid to national boundaries.
The Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Polakiewicz Jörg
Published: October 2023

The provisions of articles 41, 44, 45, arid 46 of the ECHR are based on the traditional dualist understanding of the effects of judgments of international tribunals. According to this view, such judgments were supposed to have no direct effect on domestic law and national authorities unless the domestic law itself requires or at least permits national authorities to apply or to execute them.
Austria
Authors: Tretter Hannes
Published: October 2023

Before Austria ratified the ECHR (below: Convention) in 1958, fundamental rights and freedoms were only guaranteed by the Austrian ‘bill of rights’, the Basic Law of 1867 on the General Rights of Nationals (Staatsgrundgesetz iiber die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger 1867-StGG 1867, below: Basic Law 1867) which as a law of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy was incorporated into the constitutional legal order of the new democratic Republic of Austria in 1920. Amended several times, it is still in force. This Basic Law contained (and still contains) a core of civil and political rights symbolizing the legal achievements of the Austrian bourgeoisie and constitutionalism visa-vis the police state of the nineteenth century. In 1867 a high court, the Reichsgericht, was appointed to decide on applications asserting the rights and freedoms guaranteed to the people.
Belgium
Authors: Marcus-Helmons Silvio , Marcus-Helmons Philippe
Published: October 2023

Human rights have flourished over the centuries in Belgium, as they have in other countries of Europe. Back in the Middle Ages, a wealthy middle class of artisans and tradesmen fostered the development of the towns. The feudal lords, constantly in need of money to pay for their warfare and simply to maintain their standard of living, often had to turn to these rich burghers. In return the latter exacted growing privileges which were enshrined in a large number of charters.
Lithuania
Authors: Vadapalas Vilenas
Published: October 2023

On 11 March 1990, when Lithuania re-established its independence, it had inherited the Soviet legal system, which was far removed from European standards of human rights. It became evident that Lithuanian legislation should be brought into conformity with such standards. The incorporation of human rights into domestic law became one of the main elements of legal reform in Lithuania.
The French Revolution 1789-1799
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

This book provides a succinct yet up-to-date and challenging approach to the French Revolution of 1789-1799 and its consequences. Peter McPhee provides an accessible and reliable overview and one which deliberately introduces students to central debates among historians. The book has two main aims. One aim is to consider the origins and nature of the Revolution of 1789-99. Why was there a Revolution in France in 1789? Why did the Revolution follow its particular course after 1789? When was it 'over'? A second aim is to examine the significance of the Revolutionary period in accelerating the decay of Ancien Regime society. How 'revolutionary' was the Revolution? Was France fundamentally changed as a result of it? Of particular interest to students will be the emphasis placed by the author on the repercussions of the Revolution on the practives of daily life: the lived experience of the Revolution. The author's recent work on the environmental impact of the Revolution is also incorporated to provide a lively, modern, and rounded picture of France during this critical phase in the development of modern Europe.
Introduction
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

The French Revolution is one of the great turning-points in history. Never before had the people of a large and populous country sought to remake their society on the basis of the principle of popular sovereignty. The drama, success, and tragedy of their project, and of the attempts to arrest or reverse it, has attracted students to it for more than two centuries. Although right-wing journalists at the time of the bicentenary of 1989 rushed to proclaim that ‘the French Revolution is finished’, its importance and fascination for us are undiminished.
Methodological issues of large-scale macromodels
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

Macroeconometric modelling aims at explaining the empirical behaviour of an actual economic system. Such models will be systems of inter-linked equations estimated from time-series data using statistical or econometric techniques. A conceptual starting point is the idea of a general stochastic process that has generated all data we observe for the economy, and that this process can be summarised in terms of the joint probability distribution of random observable variables in a stochastic equation system: see Section 2.3. For a modern economy, the complexity of such a system, and of the corresponding joint probability distribution, is evident. Nevertheless, it is always possible to take a highly aggregated approach in order to represent the behaviour of a few ‘headline’ variables (e.g. inflation, GDP growth, unemployment) in a smallscale model.
Systemic Risk in Banking: A Survey
Authors: De Bandt Olivier , Hartmann Philipp
Published: October 2023

In the last couple of years significant concerns about the stability of national and international fmancial systems have been raised. These concerns are reflected in a series of official summits and reports, private initiatives and academic papers,1 and they have been underlined by the recent crises in East-Asia, Russia and Brazil. Fears exist that in an environment of relatively free international capital markets such events are becoming more frequent and that such developments may easily spill over to other countries. Although the increase in theoretical, empirical and policy analyses of fmancial instability has been substantial, we make two observations: First, while ‘systemic risk’ is now widely accepted as a fundamental underlying concept for the study of facial instability and possible policy responses, most work so far tackles one or several aspects of that risk, and there is no clear understanding of the overall concept of systemic risk. Second, we are not aware of any comprehensive survey of the substantial recent theoretical and empirical work on systemic risk in banking.
Earmarks of a Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Schwartz Anna J
Published: October 2023

Some observers of the fmancial distress of countries in Asia and Latin America in recent years have suggested that what the world needs is an international lender of last resort. The institution that could serve this purpose, it is claimed, is the International Monetary Fund (IMF), either as presently constituted, or perhaps with some minor adjustments of its mandate.
Military Prowess
Authors: Thomas Keith
Published: October 2023

Since time immemorial, all societies which depend upon force for the acquisition and retention of their means of subsistence have regarded physical courage as the supreme proof of manhood. From Homeric Greece to pre-Tokugawa Japan, prowess in warfare has been seen as the highest form of human achievement. Early modern England had a sophisticated agricultural and commercial economy, but it had not wholly abandoned the values of the heroic age. ‘Fortitude, called manliness,’ said an Elizabethan writer, was ‘the most proper virtue belonging to a man’.
Foundations of Non-Cooperative Game Theory
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus
Published: October 2023

This is a comprehensive, systematic, and consistent text on advanced game theory. Ritzberger provides precise and extensive descriptions of key concepts and ideas in the field, creating an invaluable reference tool for researchers and graduate students in the social sciences.
Staff Loans and Transfers among Central and Local Governments in Japan
Authors: Inoki Takenori
Published: October 2023

The bulk of staff in Japanese central and local government units are career staff in the sense that they come in at entry-level jobs and are then gradually selected and promoted from within to jobs featuring greater responsibilities and larger management spans. There are exceptions to this general rule, how ever. One important exception is the practice of personnel transfers from the central government to local government units and vice versa. Personnel can be loaned or transferred depending on the length and specific conditions of the out-placement. This practice illustrates the interdependence of central and local governments in Japan, a feature that has influenced the manner in which decentralization has proceeded in post-war Japan (see Chapter 3, this volume, by Akizuki on this point).
The Dancer Defects
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The cultural Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West was without precedent. At the outset of this original and wide-ranging historical survey, David Caute establishes the nature of the extraordinary cultural competition set up post-1945 between Moscow, New York, London and Paris, with the most intimate frontier war staged in the city of Berlin. Using sources in four languages, the author of The Fellow-Travellers and The Great Fear explores the cultural Cold War as it rapidly penetrated theatre, film, classical music, popular music, ballet, painting and sculpture, as well as propaganda by exhibition. Major figures central to Cold War conflict in the theatre include Brecht, Miller, Sartre, Camus, Havel, Ionesco, Stoppard and Konstantin Simonov, whose inflammatory play, The Russian Question, occupies a chapter of its own based on original archival research. Leading film directors involved included Eisenstein, Romm, Chiarueli, Aleksandrov, Kazan, Tarkovsky and Wajda. In the field of music, the Soviet Union in the Zhdanov era vigorously condemned 'modernism', 'formalism', and the avant-garde. A chapter is devoted to the intriguing case of Dmitri Shostakovich, and the disputed authenticity of his 'autobiography' Testimony. Meanwhile in the West the Congress for Cultural Freedom was sponsoring the modernist composers most vehemently condemned by Soviet music critics; Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Hindemith among them. Despite constant attempts at repression, the Soviet Party was unable to check the appeal of jazz on the Voice of America, then rock music, to young Russians. Visits to the West by the Bolshoi and Kirov ballet companines, the pride of the USSR, were fraught with threats of cancellation and the danger of defection. Considering the case of Rudolf Nureyev, Caute pours cold water on overheated speculations about KGB plots to injure him and other defecting dancers. Turning to painting, where socialist realism prevailed in Russia, and the impressionist heritage was condemned, Caute explores the paradox of Picasso's membership of the French Communist Party. Re-assessing the extent of covert CIA patronage of abstract expressionism (Pollock, De Kooning), Caute finds that the CIA's role has been much exaggerated, likewise the dominance of the New York School. Caute challenges some recent, one-dimensional, American accounts of 'Cold War culture', which ignore not only the Soviet performance but virtually any cultural activity outside the USA. The West presented its cultural avant-garde as evidence of liberty, even through monochrome canvases and dodecaphonic music appealed only to a minority audience. Soviet artistic standards and teaching levels were exceptionally high, but the fear of freedom and innovation virtually guaranteed the moral defeat which accelerated the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The British and the Hellenes
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana
Published: October 2023

The Greek revolt against Turkish rule in the 1820s, and the ensuing establishment of an independent Hellenic Kingdom, was the principal precursor of an age of nationalism in the eastern Mediterranean world. Amongst the Great Powers, Great Britain thereafter played the most critical role in struggles to expand the frontiers of Greece beyond their initially confined extent. Through a focus on events leading to the cession of the Ionian Islands to Greece in 1864, the often bloody process of Cretan unification climaxing in 1913, the adhesion of the Dodecanese to Greece in 1948, and the travails of British colonial rule in Cyprus through to independence in 1960, the book develops a comparative overview of the United Kingdom's engagements with the modern Hellenic experience. At the heart of the various themes covered by this volume is the interaction between internal and external forces shaping the futures of divided island societies. In exploring the resulting patterns the authors provide an original insight into the political and social morphology of the eastern Mediterranean. Although the principal context is provided by Anglo-Hellenic relations, the nature of the struggles necessitate a close attention to Ottoman decline and post-Ottoman succession, Great Power rivalries, ethnic and communal disintegration, the early history of international peace-keeping, and decolonization after 1945. In tracing these preoccupations, the often neglected significance of the eastern Mediterranean is more accurately situated in relation to British authority overseas and its limits. Although the policy process is carefully charted, the essential concern is with struggles of mastery within islands where Britons and Greeks, amongst others, found themselves frequently at odds. In evoking the engagement between British power and Hellenic nationalism, a fresh perspective is given to the modern history of the eastern Mediterranean, and the Balkan and Near Eastern worlds to which they were intimately connected.
An Unfortunate Regime: The Experiment of Cretan Autonomy, 1898–1906
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana
Published: October 2023

The years which followed the eviction of Ottoman power from Crete have a special significance for this study. We saw earlier how Gladstonian ‘reform’ failed to contain the dynamics of Hellenic nationalism in the Ionian Islands. Would a solution short of enosis in the form of autonomy under international supervision fare any better in Crete? The viability of such a transitional and inevitably ambiguous regime had a particular resonance for Great Britain, whose wider interests remained bound up with a steady but carefully controlled move towards a new, and as yet ill-defined, Eastern order. Yet the complexities surrounding the high commissionership of Prince George in the island posed an even broader question. Was it possible for the higher needs of general peace to be squared with fierce Balkan struggles of nationalism and ethnic identity which any alteration to the status quo seemed to generate? This conundrum was to lie at the heart of much European diplomacy before 1914. We shall therefore be dealing with a genre of interlocking internal and external questions in which the origins of modern international peacekeeping inevitably loom large.
Economists’ and Psychologists’ Experimental Practices: How They Differ, Why They Differ, and How They Could Converge
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Ortmann Andreas
Published: October 2023

We all value the notion of interdisciplinarity. But, principles notwithstanding, dialogues across borders do not occur very often. Why is this so? There are myriad hurdles that stand in the way of transcending the limits of our disciplines, ranging from the incommensurability of theoretical frameworks and languages to differences in subject matters to mundane institutional barriers (e.g., interdisciplinary work is not a good bet for getting tenured).
Introduction
Authors: Dyson Tim , Gráda Cormac Ó
Published: October 2023

Most dictionary definitions of ‘famine’ equate it with food scarcity and widespread hunger. They tend to remain silent on the demographic aspects, although the extra mortality caused by famines offers one easy and obvious gauge for ranking famines. By this reckoning, for example, the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s was the greatest in nineteenth-century Europe. By the same token some of the modern famines highlighted in media accounts are ‘small’ by historical standards. Excess mortality, however, is only one aspect of famine demography. Famines typically reduce births and marriages too, and the migrations that they often give rise to may either increase or reduce the death toll. There are differences also between how modern famines kill and how historical famines did so. Modern famines differ too in who they kill; they tend to be more class-specific and they seem even more likely to target males than females than famines in the past. Moreover, famines often have demographic causes as well as consequences; and their consequences may be long-term as well as short-term.
Famine Disease and Famine Mortality: Lessons from the Irish Experience, 1845-50
Authors: Mokyr Joel , Gráda Cormac Ó
Published: October 2023

It is commonplace to observe that one of the greatest changes of the modern age is not only that life expectancy is much longer than a century or two ago, but that there has been a radical change in the causes of death. Even in the nineteenth century, infectious disease was by far the biggest cause of death. In our own age, though these diseases have not quite disappeared and some even threaten to make a comeback, they have clearly been relegated to a secondary role in a11 but the poorest countries. This paper argues that this observation is central to an understanding of the nature of past famines, and of why they may differ significantly from modern famines.
Famine Mortality in Nineteenth-Century Finland: Is there a Sex Bias?
Authors: Pitkanen Kari J
Published: October 2023

Sex differentials in historical mortality have been examined in a large number of studies. Even though most findings indicate that mortality differentials between the sexes have been relatively small until the twentieth century, historical records have revealed some patterns and trends which have been common in historical populations. In nineteenth-century Europe male excess has been the norm in infant mortality as well as in most age groups of the adult population. In contrast, children from about 5 to 14 years of age usually show excess female mortality. In many populations the female disadvantage is evident also during women’s reproductive years. Severa] authors acknowledge that biological factors can contribute to sex differentials in mortality, and yet, there is a wide consensus that both the historical and present mortality sex differentials are largely culturally determined (e.g. Hart 1989; Klasen 1998; Lopez 1983; Tabutin 1978; Tabutin and wmems 1998; Wi1lner 1999).
The Garden and the River
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

In his own day Evelyn was best known for his writings on forestry and gardening, but now it is this diary for which he is chiefly notable. The more famous journal of his friend Samuel Pepys covers part of the same time-span, and since the two moved in similar circles, some of the same events as well. But Pepys’s diary is a vivid, intimate, often scandalous revelation of self during a single decade of his young manhood. Evelyn’s is the personal chronicle of the whole of a long, busy, useful, apparently exemplary life in all its external events: journeys, visits, and encounters, crises and rites of passage, curiosities and remarkable occurrences, public and private duties.
Seraphick Love
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

If Evelyn continued to be wary of female company at court, it was nor so much for fear of sexual temptation as because he remembered his former mockery at the hands of the ‘misses’. To Anne Howard he protested that it was not her sister he was avoiding but her companion; ‘there was a ‘ it with her. whom I fear’d’. Anne assured him that on the contrary he would find their friend Margaret as ‘humble, Religious, and Serious’ as he could wish. Sceptical, sure that he was still being teased, he nerved himself to make a courtesy visit to the two young women.1
The Serpent in the Garden
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

‘Oh that I did love nothing but God and you’, Margaret wrotte in her anniversary letter. For all her rapturous celebration of the friendship Evelyn Was always aware that Godolphin remained central in her life. In her prayers, she told him, he was ‘often the first ways the second, that is after one: and some times both together’.1 Though the slight suggestion that he should feel himself a rivali was probably unconscious, it was dear that they both struggled to reconcile a conflict between human and divine love in which Evelyn’s focus was on Margaret and hers was elsewhere.
General Background
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

The Soma is a god. He cures the sharpest ills that man endures. He heals the sick, the sad he cheers; he nurses the weak, dispels their fears. The faint with material ardour fires, with lofty thought the bad inspires. The soul from earth to heaven he lifts, so great and wondrous are his gifts. Men feel the god within their veins, and cry in loud exalting strains.
Methodology and General Structure
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

My study of Ayahuasca is based both on my personal experiences with the brew and on data I have gathered from other people. In this chapter I present information pertaining to the data and the procedures of their collection and analysis. Subsequently, the general orientation of my work is defined and the overall structure of this book is drawn.
A Structural Typology of Ayahuasca Visualizations
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I present a systematic typology of the structural types that Ayahuasca visualizations may take. Paradigmatically, the types surveyed are experienced when the eyes are closed. However, all the structural distinctions introduced here, as well as those pertaining to interaction, semantics, and narration which are introduced in the next chapter, can also apply to visualizations experienced with the eyes open. As indicated in the previous chapter, full-fledged visions are less likely to be experienced when the eyes are open; yet, this does happen.
The Themes of Visions
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter I analysed the contents of Ayahuasca visions in terms of the specific items that appear in them. In doing this, I have followed what is standardly done in the anthropological literature when the issue of content is addressed. In general, what are noted are the types of things that drinkers see under the intoxication. Such an analysis pertains to the micro-level, but there is also a macro-level.
Ideas, Insights, and Reflections
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

All reality is one in substance, one in cause, one in origin ... and every particle of realty is composed inseparably of the physical and the psychic. The object of philosophy, therefore, is to preserve unity in diversity, mind in matter and matter in mind ... To rise to that highest knowledge of the universal unity is the intellectual equivalent of the love of God.
Non-Visual Perceptions
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

You can shout loudly in a ‘small stil1 voice’. You can scream without anyone hearing you shouting with this soundless ‘small still voice’. Anyone can do this. Just imagine the sound of such a scream in your mind. Depict the shout in your imagination exactly as it would sound. Keep this up until you are literally screaming with this soundless ‘small still voice’. This is actually a scream and not mere imagination. Just as some vessels bring the sound from your lungs to your lips, others bring it to the brain. You can draw the sound through these nerves, literally bringing it into your head. When you do this, you are actually shouting inside your brain.
Contextual Considerations
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

So far our discussion has been concerned primarily with the question of ‘What?’ We have examined what types of visualizations Ayahuasca produces, what the contents of Ayahuasca visualizations are, what themes they may be concerned with, what ideas are associated with them, what stages Ayahuasca visualizations may define and in what order they may appear within a session. Now we turn to the question of ‘How?’ In this chapter, I discuss factors and variables that pertain to the contingencies of the context in which Ayahuasca is consumed. In particular, I shall examine the various factors and variables that may influence what is happening to a drinker under the intoxication and those that contribute to the generation of visualizations. In subsequent chapters, I shall discuss dynamical aspects of the Ayahuasca experience and highlight several cognitive-psychological patterns pertaining to the development of visualizations and their progression in time.