bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prática docente frente à desatenção dos alunos no Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Micaroni Natália Inhauser Rótoli , Crenitte Patrícia Abreu Pinheiro , Ciasca Sylvia Maria
Published: September 2010

OBJETIVO: Identificar o conhecimento e os conceitos estabelecidos pelos professores sobre a atenção e sua relação com a aprendizagem. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento e a análise de dados coletados por meio de um questionário com múltipla escolha. O questionário apresentou 4 questões referentes às atitudes práticas do professor frente à desatenção e 8 questões referentes ao conhecimento dos professores sobre a atenção, nas quais foi atribuída uma pontuação. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente e quantitativamente, por meio de análise estatística descritiva e aplicação do teste não paramétrico de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, para análise da distribuição dos dados. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa demonstraram que os professores, embora saibam que há diferença entre Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção (TDA) e desatenção, possuem dificuldades em identificar situações em que ocorre TDA e desatenção, em diferenciar dispersão e distração, em identificar situações que envolvem atenção e os fatores que a limitam. CONCLUSÃO: Os professores participantes da pesquisa demonstraram conhecimento inconsistente sobre os desdobramentos da atenção e desatenção, que são elementares para subsidiar uma prática diária.
Calculating the environmental benefits of remanufacturing
Authors: King Andrew , Gu Jie
Published: September 2010

Remanufacturing operations have taken place quietly for many decades on the simple grounds of their economic benefits. However, in recent years, the potential environmental benefits have brought them to the fore. This paper starts by illustrating two main business models behind remanufacturing. Product remanufacturing involves the return and reworking of an entire product for resale, such as is undertaken with manufacturers of large photocopiers. Component remanufacturing involves the return of individual components for resale, such as is undertaken with manufacturers of heavy earth-moving equipment. After an explanation of the various environmental benefits claimed for such activities, the main challenges to these environmental benefits are outlined, namely equating the manufacturing phase benefits with the potentially greater use-phase benefits from newer technologies. Finally, the authors present and illustrate a software tool they have developed in an attempt to address this challenge, when combined with a modular design paradigm.
Increasing local reuse of building materials
Authors: Essex Jonathan , Whelan Cara
Published: September 2010

This paper sets out the opportunity to increase the sustainability of construction, through increasing local reuse of surplus construction products from construction sites. This is based on a review of the situation in the US where the construction sector is already supported by centres to reuse surpluses from building sites in most urban areas, supplying these surplus building products to the do-it-yourself market. This creates new employment and training in new skills needed to improve the energy efficiency of existing homes. Centres are typically run as not-for-profit (for community benefit) enterprises so successfully that just one store has built 15 houses for the homeless with its trade surplus over the past 5 years. This paper investigates the opportunity to establish a similar reuse culture and centres in the UK. The UK has rising landfill taxes (to £80/t by 2014), site waste management plans and an established network of architectural salvage businesses which focus on high-value reclaimed items. There is an opportunity to kick-start a similar scale of reuse of surplus new construction products. However, the UK has not been moving in this direction. This paper sets out how a network of construction reuse centres could be established in the UK, some of the current barriers to this happening and how this could help support a shift to a resource-efficient and sustainable construction industry.
A brief history of water supply and wastewater management in ancient Greece
Authors: Angelakis A. N. , Spyridakis D. S.
Published: September 2010

The evolution of urban water management in ancient Greece begins in Crete during the Middle Bronze and the beginning of the Late Bronze Ages (ca. 2000–1500 B.C.) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages as Minoan civilization flourished on the island. One of its salient characteristics was the architectural and hydraulic function of its water supply and sewerage systems in the Minoan Palaces and several other settlements. These technologies, though they do not give a complete picture of water supply and wastewater and storm water technologies in ancient Greece, indicate nevertheless that such technologies have been used in Greece since prehistoric times. Minoan water and wastewater technologies were diffused to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. The scope of this article is the presentation of the most characteristic forms of ancient hydraulic works and related technologies and their uses in past Greek civilizations.
Water supply of Bologna (Italy) by Roman aqueduct: history, morphology and hydraulic, from ancient time to nowadays
Authors: Drusiani Renato , Leoni Giancarlo , Demaria Danilo , Lembo Nicoletta
Published: September 2010

A brief description of the geomorphological, historical, and archaeological aspects of the ancient Bononia (now Bologna) supply by means of an ancient tunnel made by Romans at the beginning of the new, era and its evolution to a nowadays when it's already used (13%) to assure drinking water supply of Bologna Town. Recent exploration of the tunnel has permitted to obtain most data of ancient water level signs and size of tunnel section in the different conditions. New data obtained by this exploration allow to build a CAD 3D model of the tunnel and in this way it was possible to calculate the realistic flow of the ancient tunnel. Mathematical model simulations indicate the effectiveness of the ancient tunnel in achieving these objectives in working condition and during the periodical maintenance.
First results of a study of the Etruscan tunnel and other hydraulic works on the Ponte Coperto stream (Cerveteri, Rome, Italy)
Authors: Bersani Pio , Canalini Angelo , Dragoni Walter
Published: September 2010

The Etruscan tunnel called Ponte Coperto is located NW of Rome, near the town of Cerveteri. The Ponte Coperto tunnel, mapped for the first time during the present research and dug mainly in volcanic tuff lying below the lava flow, was built to drain a valley of about 8.5 km2, probably between the VII and VI century B.C. Before the tunnel construction, part of the valley was occupied by a swamp, whose reclamation was carried out by digging a long rectilinear canal of about 800 metres to the tunnel opening. Several hundred metres upstream of the tunnel entrance a secondary canal flows into the main one; this tributary canal drains a secondary valley, next to the principal one. Nowadays the Ponte Coperto tunnel, 170 m long, looks much larger than its original shape due to natural erosion that has widened and deepened it: during the dry season its discharge is negligible, but some calculations show that the peak discharge can be in the order of several dozens of cubic metres per second. The efficiency of the Ponte Coperto system is outstanding, as the hydraulic setup of the area is still that left by the Etruscans engineers more than two millennia ago: the tunnel and the canals keep draining both the surface and the ground waters from the more permeable rocks, and the valley is still healthy and cultivated. The Ponte Coperto system is a good example of the fact that Roman water engineering has its roots in Etruscan technology.
Unpacking the energy implications of distributed water infrastructure: how are rainwater systems performing?
Authors: Retamal Monique , Turner Andrea
Published: September 2010

Drought and concern over climate change has led to the increased use of distributed water systems in Australia to supplement centralised supply systems. A literature review carried out by the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF) into the energy consumption of water infrastructure found that very little data on energy consumption exists, particularly for distributed systems. This paper reviews the findings of the literature review and presents results from a preliminary monitoring study on the energy implications of household rainwater systems. Typical household systems that are currently being installed in ouses cross Australia use approximately 1.5 kWh/kL.
Preventing trihalomethane formation: the ability of granular activated carbon and brimac media to remove colour and total organic carbons, from drinking water in the north west of Scotland
Authors: Courtnadge K. M. , Muir A. , Sandilands S. , Martin J.
Published: September 2010

Background: Granular activated carbon (GAC) and Brimac media has been used for many years in water treatment works to reduce and remove colour and total organic carbon (TOCs). This reduces the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) formed by disinfection with chlorine. The TOCs arise from humic and fulvic acids found in source waters for many, small, scattered remote communities in Scotland. A number of different configurations and empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of GAC and Brimac media were studied at Scottish Waters Acharacle water treatment works using a purpose built pilot plant of flexible design. This was used to establish the absolute design threshold for colour and TOC to meet Scottish Water's water specifications for their removal. Results: The 50:50 combination of Brimac and GAC in series reduced raw colour of up to 39°Hazen to below 10°Hazen and raw TOCs from up to 5.7 mg/l to <2.0 mg/l producing the lowest levels of THMs after chlorine addition of <10 μg/l. An EBCT of 5.4 hours produced an average colour removal of 79.2% and average TOC removal of 79.1%. Conclusions: 50:50 Brimac then GAC in series with an EBCT of 5.4 hours was the best configuration for the removal of colour and TOCs and gave rise to the lowest formation of THMs. The trials have successfully proved how the THM precursors can be removed by the GAC once the colour has been removed by the Brimac. This has not only provided a design solution for Acharacle WTW but the “way forward” for Scottish Water with regard to media change out on their numerous existing GAC plants which are faced with similar problems.
The influence of divalent ions on the rejection of carbamazepine in the presence of humic acid by nanofiltration
Authors: Janqorban M. , Torabian A. , Nabi Bidhendi G. R. , Safari A.
Published: September 2010

Effect of calcium and magnesium ions and Natural Organic Matter (NOM) on the removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated by nanofiltration in this study. Water matrix which was used in these experiments was Tehran tap water and deionised water (DI) as control group. Effect of magnesium and calcium ions were examined by doubling the amount of target ions in tap water and Humic Acid (HA) was used as NOM. All the experiments have been conducted at three pressures to have more diverse operational condition. Rejection of carbamazepine in the presence of HA increased both in DI water and tap water; however, rejection was decreased in higher pressure due to concentration polarization. Both Ca2 +  and Mg2 +  decreased the CBZ rejection by reduction of CBZ-HA complexation; particularly, Ca2 +  was more effective.
Organic fouling development in a long channel RO membrane cell
Authors: Mo H. , Ng H. Y.
Published: September 2010

This study was to experimentally investigate organic fouling development in a 1-m long RO membrane channel using alginate as a model organic compound. Five parallel local permeate fluxes with a distance interval of 20 cm along the channel were monitored continuously during the organic filtration tests. It was found that organic fouling became more severe towards the outlet of the channel. This might be mainly attributed to the salt concentration polarization formation along the channel. The higher salt concentration downstream increased the interactions involved in organic fouling such as charge-screening and alginate-calcium bridging, which intensively promoted organic fouling formation in the downstream. A higher feed flow was a common option to mitigate fouling at most lab-scale RO research work, but not the case in this long membrane channel. A higher feed flow changed the organic fouling development profile along the channel, but would not eliminate organic fouling.
Monitoring the effects on the water balance of the Garzweiler open pit mine: concepts, methods and experience
Authors: Bucher B. , Jaritz R. , Berger D.
Published: September 2010

In western Germany brown coal is extracted in large open pit mines causing a vast groundwater depression. To reduce the negative effects an extensive program of re-infiltration has been established. Based on guidelines for mining at the Garzweiler open pit mine a specific monitoring program of spatial surveillance, control and assessment of relevant hydrological and ecological parameters has been set up. Serving as an early-warning system, monitoring enables prompt recognition of negative developments and reduces the risk of damage to the water supply, to the waters and wetlands. Ten years of experience has shown that such a monitoring program provides a suitable and effective means of dealing with complex, long term water management issues. The involvement of stable institutions equipped with the necessary expertise, regular participation of all stakeholders and communication with decision makers and the public are seen as the important criteria for success.
Genetic algorithm-based optimization of water resources allocation under drought conditions
Authors: Rao Z. , Debski D. , Webb D. , Harpin R.
Published: September 2010

The efficient allocation of increasingly scarce water resources is a growing challenge worldwide, particularly during times of drought. This paper describes the development and application of an innovative technique to optimize the allocation of raw water supply to the city of London, UK during a period of drought in 2006. Using genetic algorithms, an optimization tool was developed to derive near-optimal operating strategies for the water company's multiple reservoir system for different projected rainfall scenarios and also to test the robustness of drought contingency strategies for operating the reservoirs down to a lower level under a severe drought condition. The project demonstrated that this approach is rigorous yet practical, the optimization technique is robust and effective and that optimal water allocation is an efficient measure to overcome water scarcity under drought conditions and mitigate consequent impacts. The potential application of genetic algorithms to the day to day operation of a complex water resource system represents a step-change in the industry's approach to managing such systems.
Role of decentralised systems in the transition of urban water systems
Authors: Sharma Ashok , Burn Stewart , Gardner Ted , Gregory Alan
Published: September 2010

Provision of conventional centralised water, wastewater and stormwater systems for urban municipal services has been common practice for over 100 years. These systems center around the protection of human health, ensuring reliable water supply and minimizing flooding; often with minimal consideration of the environmental and ecological impacts associated with fresh water extraction and wastewater discharge. These urban water systems are facing unprecedented challenges in this century from the emerging issues of climate variability, population growth, aging infrastructure, urbanisation and resource constraints. In this context, the current level of urban water service provision can't be provided within the existing centralised system framework, unless there is a significant increase in investment, to enlarge and rehabilitate the existing centralized systems. Water service providers and managers are therefore considering alternative and sustainable means of providing water services in this environment. Decentralised and distributed water and wastewater systems, which are planned within an integrated water management concept, are being promoted either in combination with centralised systems; or alone as the sustainable solution for urban water servicing. Current urban water systems are beginning to undergo a transition, where decentralised systems will play a major role in the long-term sustainability of these systems to meet the above mentioned challenges. However, since decentralized systems are relatively new and involve increased complexity there are wide knowledge gaps in their planning, design, implementation, operation and management, which are impeding their uptake. This paper summarises the role of decentralized systems in the transitioning of centralised systems to a more sustainable state and discusses some of the complexities in the implementation of these systems.
Dynamic virtual infrastructure benchmarking: DynaVIBe
Authors: Sitzenfrei R. , Fach S. , Kleidorfer M. , Urich C. , Rauch W.
Published: September 2010

In environmental engineering, identification of problems and their solutions as well as the identification of the relevant processes involved is often done by means of case study analyses. By researching the operation of urban drainage and water distribution systems, this methodology is suited to evaluate new technologies, strategies or measures with regard to their impact on the overall processes. However, data availability is often limited and data collection and the development of new models are both costly and time consuming. Hence, new technologies, strategies or measures can only be tested on a limited number of case studies. In several environmental disciplines a few virtual case studies have been manually developed to provide data for research tasks and these are repeatedly used in different research projects. Efforts have also been invested in tackling limited data availability with the algorithmic generation of virtual case studies having constant or varying boundary conditions. The data provided by such tools is nevertheless only available for a certain instance in time. With DynaVIBe (Dynamic Virtual Infrastructure Benchmarking), numerous virtual case studies are algorithmically generated with a temporal development of the urban structure (population and land use model) and infrastructure. This provides a methodology that allows for the analysis of future scenarios on a spatio-temporal city scale. By linking a population model with DynaVIBe's infrastructure models, socio-economics impacts on infrastructure and system coherences can be investigated. The problematic of limited case study data is solved by the algorithmic generation of an unlimited number of virtual case studies, which are dynamic over time. Additionally, this methodology can also be applied on real world data for probabilistic future scenario analysis.
Experimental study on colour removal from textile wastewaters using the H2O2/UV process with low- and medium-pressure lamps
Authors: Caretti C. , Lubello C.
Published: September 2010

In this paper we present the results of an experimental study aimed at estimating the efficiency and comparing the operating costs of a low pressure lamp and a medium pressure lamp in the H2O2/UV process for colour removal. Trials have been carried out on the secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant which treats part of the effluents of one of the largest textile industries district in Italy. Because of the great irregularity of the effluent composition it is very difficult to monitor all the variables and assess their influence on the decolorization process. For this reason the H2O2/UV efficiency in colour removal has been also evaluated using synthetic solutions: demineralized water or groundwater added with five different dyes. In this latter case we determined the single effect of the control parameters on the process. From the experimental results we can assess that the H2O2/UV process guarantees a very high colour removal efficiency (up to 90%), which mainly depends on H2O2 dosages, dye concentration and characteristics, water quality (above all water hardness) and UV intensity. In our experimental conditions, the low pressure lamp showed to be more cost-effective both to remove colour and to reduce TOC and COD.
Indirect economic impacts in water supplies augmented with desalinated water
Authors: Rygaard M. , Arvin E. , Binning P. J.
Published: September 2010

Several goals can be considered when optimizing blends from multiple water resources for urban water supplies. Concentration-response relationships from the literature indicate that a changed water quality can cause impacts on health, lifetime of consumer goods and use of water additives like softeners. This paper describes potential economic consequences of diluting Copenhagen's drinking water with desalinated water. With a mineral content at 50% of current levels, dental caries and cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 51 and 23% respectively. Meanwhile, the number of dish and clothes washer replacements is expected to decrease by 14%. In economic terms these changes are equal to 24–85% of water production costs in 2005. Our calculations further indicate that the economic impact from changing the water quality can be at least as significant as the change in operating costs going from fresh water based to desalinated water supply. Large uncertainties prevent the current results from being used for or against desalination as an option for Copenhagen's water supply. In the future, more impacts and an uncertainty analysis will be added to the assessment.
Identification of diatom isolates from the Gulf of Gdańsk: testing of species identifications using morphology, 18S rDNA sequencing and DNA barcodes of strains from the Culture Collection of Baltic Algae (CCBA)
Authors: Pniewski Filip , Friedl Thomas , Latała Adam
Published: September 2010

Eighteen strains of diatoms isolated from different phytoplankton and microphytobenthic assemblages in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea, Poland) and maintained at the Culture Collection of Baltic Algae (CCBA) were investigated for their species identifications. The latter were tested by phylogenetic analyses of nearly full 18S rDNA sequences as well as through sequence comparisons of 5.8S+ITS2 rDNA fragments for use as DNA barcode. The planktonic species were readily identified as a member of the Cyclotella meneghiniana species complex and Skeletonema marinoi, respectively, by both 18S phylogenies and DNA barcoding. In contrast, for the pennate diatom strains the suitability of DNA sequence comparisons for species identification appeared to be still rather limited. Only one strain could be identified to the species level (Navicula gregaria) using DNA barcodes, and no closest relative barcode sequences were available for the other strains. The 18S rDNA phylogenies supported species identification for only one strain (Bacillaria cf. paxillifera). In all other pennate strains identification was only possible to the genus level. Because for most species identified by morphology no closest neighbouring 18S rDNA sequences were available, the CCBA strains may serve as references to represent certain species which have been well characterized by morphology, 18S rDNA sequence analyses and DNA barcodes. Relatively high 18S rDNA differences between pairs of strains of Fistulifera saprophila and Navicula perminuta indicated that each species may represent a complex of several cryptic species. In contrast, the five isolates of Nitzschia microcephala had identical sequences as well as the two isolates of Nitzschia cf. fonticola. With the addition of new species to the 18S rDNA phylogeny of pennate raphid diatoms, the monophyly of the genera Fistulifera, Haslea and Navicula s.str. were confirmed, while Nitzschia appeared paraphyletic. The traditional family Naviculaceae was paraphyletic, in agreement with previous phylogenetic studies.
Pediastrum privum (Printz) Hegewald (Chlorophyceae) in Lake Małe Zmarłe, northern Poland
Authors: Kowalska Joanna , Wołowski Konrad
Published: September 2010

This report on Pediastrum privum (Printz) Hegewald in Lake Małe Zmarłe (Tuchola Forest) is only the second for Poland and the first to describe its morphological variability in a natural population. This study was performed using light microscopy (LM) micrographs, together with data on its ecology.
Internal phosphorus loading in selected lakes of the Cybina River valley
Authors: Kowalczewska-Madura Katarzyna , Dondajewska Renata , Gołdyn Ryszard
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of bottom sediments to release or accumulate phosphorus. Ex situ experiments with the use of undisturbed sediment cores were done in 11 lakes situated in the Cybina River valley (Wielkopolska, Poland). Phosphorus release was observed both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, however greater values were noted in the latter ones. Maximum values reached 41.4 mg m-2 d-1 P and 12.2 mg m-2 d-1 P in anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively.
The variability in concentrations of chosen nitrogen and phosphorus forms in the Oder River estuary in 1999-2002
Authors: Tórz Agnieszka , Nędzarek Arkadiusz
Published: September 2010

The Oder River creates one of the largest estuaries in Poland. The estuary can be divided into three zones, each with a different hydrochemical regime: the Pomeranian Bay (salt water habitat), the Szczecin Lagoon (brackish water habitat), the Oder River up to the Widuchowa section (transitional environment - brackish and typical freshwater). The Pomeranian Bay was characterized by the lowest concentration of nutrients throughout the research series in comparison to the other regions. It had a low nitrogen to phosphorus proportion and the highest stability of variability in total nitrogen concentration. The Szczecin Lagoon was characterized by a higher concentration of nutrient loads in comparison to the Pomeranian Bay, by a lower nitrogen and phosphorus proportion than the Oder waters, and by the high stability of variability of concentrations of mineral nitrogen and total nitrogen. As the "nutrient trap" for the Oder estuarine system, the Oder River, with its highest nutrient concentration, is characterized by the highest stability of variability of total nitrogen concentration.
A comparison between the water quality of the main tributaries to three submontane dam reservoirs and the sediment quality in those reservoirs
Authors: Szarek-Gwiazda Ewa , Mazurkiewicz-Boroń Grażyna
Published: September 2010

Nutrients, pH, and organic matter were determined in water samples collected from the Raba River above Dobczyce Reservoir (meso-eutrophic), from the Dunajec River above Czorsztyn Reservoir (mesotrophic), and Rożnów Reservoir (eutrophic), and in the bottom sediments of the reservoirs. The river waters were alkaline (pH 7.2-9.2). In the Raba River and Dunajec River, the ranges of nutrients and organic matter contents were similar (without significant differences) (in mg dm-3; N-NO3 0.5-2.5, N-NH4 0.2-2.0, N-NO2 0.004-0.040, N-tot 1.1-5.6, PO4 0.02-0.58, P-tot 0.03-1.9, while BOD5 1.6-9.9 mg dm-3 O2, COD 2.1-30.4 mg dm-3 O2). The pH of reservoir sediments was from neutral to slightly alkaline (6.9-7.6). The sediments were mineral and were characterized by a low amount of nutrients (N-tot 0.04-0.36%, P-tot 0.007-0.185%) and organic matter (expressed as LOI 3.0-10.6%, TOC 0.9-3.3%). Nutrient (except P-tot) and organic matter contents in the sediments of three reservoirs were similar (without significant differences) and did not reflect the trophic state of the reservoirs.
The bottom sediments of Lake Uzarzewskie - a phosphorus source or sink?
Authors: Kowalczewska-Madura Katarzyna , Gołdyn Ryszard , Dondajewska Renata
Published: September 2010

Phosphorus release from bottom sediments studied in two zones of Lake Uzarzewskie differing in depth and water oxygenation displayed seasonal and spatial variability. The experiments indicated that the lake receives considerable internal loading, especially from the deeper, anaerobic, rarely-mixed part of the lake. Meanwhile, the shallow zone situated in the 0-3 m depth range, could be a sink for phosphorus during spring and a source during other seasons of the year. The total loading of phosphorus from the bottom sediments was over 950 kg year-1 P, and 83% of this amount originated from the deeper part of the lake. The mean release from this part was 24.89 mg m-2 d-1 P and the maximum in fall was 35.4 mg m-2 d-1 P.
Physical Therapists as Evidence-Based Diagnosticians
Authors: Simoneau Guy G. , Allison Stephen C.
Published: September 2010

Prior to the era of evidence-based practice, a common approach taught in entry-level physical therapy programs was relatively simplistic: (1) learn how to administer a clinical diagnostic test; (2) learn the result considered “positive” and the result considered “negative”; (3) conclude that a patient with a positive test result would likely have the target condition and a patient with a negative test result would not. Much has changed in the last 15 years. We have seen a significant shift in the way evidence is used to make clinical decisions about physical therapy interventions. However, despite these gains, more attention is needed to improve our understanding of the accuracy of commonly used diagnostic tests. Only in this way can we properly integrate evidence for diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests into our practice and truly consider ourselves as evidence-based practitioners. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(10):603–605. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.0108
Insufficiency Fracture of the Pubic Rami
Authors: Mabry Lance M. , Ross Michael D. , Tall Michael A.
Published: September 2010

The patient was an 87-year-old woman referred to a physical therapist for right buttock and lateral calf pain of insidious onset that had been present for the past 3 weeks. She also complained of a 5-day history of right anterior hip/groin pain. Due to concern for a recent fracture of the right hip or pelvis, based on prior radiographs and the patient's medical history, radiographs were ordered that demonstrated new superior and inferior right pubic rami fractures. An orthopaedic surgeon was immediately consulted who diagnosed the patient with insufficiency fractures of the right pubic rami. The patient was instructed on toe touch weight bearing with a walker for the right lower extremity, and the orthopaedic surgeon recommended treatment by the physical therapist, as well as a reevaluation of the current management strategies for the patient's osteoporosis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(10):666. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.0416
Deltoid Ligament Reconstruction with Peroneus Longus Autograft in Flatfoot Deformity
Authors: Ellis Scott J. , Williams Benjamin R. , Wagshul Adam D. , Pavlov Helene , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: September 2010

Background: Stage IV posterior tibial tendon insufficiency is characterized by the presence of valgus talar tilt in the setting of a flatfoot deformity which results from attenuation of the deltoid ligament. Correcting valgus tilt at the time of flatfoot reconstruction may prevent future collapse and the need for joint sacrificing procedures. The purpose of this study was to report the intermediate-term results of patients who underwent deltoid ligament reconstruction using a peroneus longus tendon transfer. Materials and Methods: Five patients (mean age, 67 years ± 5.3 years) who underwent flatfoot reconstruction along with deltoid ligament reconstruction using a peroneus longus autograft were evaluated at a mean of 8.9 ± 1.7 years after surgery. The FAOS, SF-36v2, and VAS surveys were administered. The correction of valgus talar tilt was determined with weightbearing radiographs of the ankle. Ankle range of motion along with standing hindfoot alignment was assessed. Results: The postoperative average FAOS and SF-36v2 were 68.3 (range, 55.2 to 85.0) and 75.7 (range, 40 to 92), respectively. The valgus talar tilt improved from 7.7 degrees preoperatively to 2.1 degrees postoperatively. Mean ankle range of motion was 47 degrees (range, 40 degrees to 55 degrees). Mean hindfoot alignment was 4 degrees valgus (range, 1 degree varus to 8 degrees valgus). Conclusion: Deltoid ligament reconstruction using a peroneus longus tendon transfer was a useful technique for reducing tibiotalar tilt in the setting of stage IV flatfoot deformity. Correction and function were maintained at intermediate-term followup.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Robust State of Charge Estimation for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Framework and Algorithms
Authors: Yan Jingyu , Xu Guoqing , Qian Huihuan , Xu Yangsheng
Published: September 2010

State of Charge (SoC) estimation is one of the most significant and difficult techniques to promote the commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs). Suffering from various interference in vehicle driving environment and model uncertainties due to the strong time-variant property and inconsistency of batteries, the existing typical SoC estimators such as coulomb counting and extended Kalman filter cannot perform their theoretically optimal efficacy in practical applications. Aiming at enhancing the robustness of SoC estimation and improving accuracy under the real driving conditions with noises and uncertainties, this paper proposes a framework consisting of (1) an adaptive-κ nonlinear diffusion filter to reduce the noise in current measurement, (2) a self-learning strategy to estimate and remove the zero-drift, (3) a coulomb counting algorithm to realize open-loop SoC estimation, (4) an H∞ filter to implement closed-loop robust estimation, and (5) a data fusion unite to achieve the final estimation by integrating the advantages of the two SoC estimators. The availability and efficacy of each component have been demonstrated based on comparative studiesin simulation with the conventional approaches respectively, under the testing conditions of noises with various signal-noise-ratios, varying zero-drifts, and different model errors. The overall framework has also been verified to rationally and efficiently combine these components and achieve robust estimation results in the presence of kinds of noises and uncertainties.
Role of Cell Division Autoantigen 1 (CDA1) in Cell Proliferation and Fibrosis
Authors: Toh Ban-Hock , Tu Yugang , Cao Zemin , Cooper Mark E. , Chai Zhonglin
Published: September 2010

Cell Division Autoantigen 1 (CDA1) was discovered following screening a human expression library with serum from a patient with Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. CDA1, encoded by TSPYL2 on the X chromosome, shares anti-proliferative and pro‑fibrotic properties with TGF-b. It inhibits cell growth through p53, pERK1/2 and p21‑mediated pathways and is implicated in tumorigenesis and the DNA damage response. Its pro-fibrotic property is mediated through cross-talk with TGF-b that results in upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins. The latter properties have identified a key role for CDA1 in diabetes associated atherosclerosis. These dual properties place CDA1 as an attractive molecular target for treating tumors and vascular fibrosis including atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders associated with enhanced TGF-β action and tissue scarring.
Gene Conversion and Evolution of Gene Families: An Overview
Authors: Ohta Tomoko
Published: September 2010

The importance of gene conversion for the evolution of gene families is reviewed. Four problems concerning gene conversion, i.e., concerted evolution, generation of useful variation, deleterious effects, and relation to neofunctionalization, are discussed by surveying reported examples of evolving gene families. Emphasis is given toward understanding interactive effects of gene conversion and natural selection.
Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms—Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development?
Authors: Schartel Bernhard
Published: September 2010

Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas phase through flame inhibition. Occurrence and efficiency depend, not only on the flame retardant itself, but also on its interaction with pyrolysing polymeric material and additives. Flame retardancy is sensitive to modification of the flame retardant, the use of synergists/adjuvants, and changes to the polymeric material. A detailed understanding facilitates the launch of tailored and targeted development.
A Review on Mixing in Microfluidics
Authors: Suh Yong Kweon , Kang Sangmo
Published: September 2010

Small-scale mixing is of uttermost importance in bio- and chemical analyses using micro TAS (total analysis systems) or lab-on-chips. Many microfluidic applications involve chemical reactions where, most often, the fluid diffusivity is very low so that without the help of chaotic advection the reaction time can be extremely long. In this article, we will review various kinds of mixers developed for use in microfluidic devices. Our review starts by defining the terminology necessary to understand the fundamental concept of mixing and by introducing quantities for evaluating the mixing performance, such as mixing index and residence time. In particular, we will review the concept of chaotic advection and the mathematical terms, Poincare section and Lyapunov exponent. Since these concepts are developed from nonlinear dynamical systems, they should play important roles in devising microfluidic devices with enhanced mixing performance. Following, we review the various designs of mixers that are employed in applications. We will classify the designs in terms of the driving forces, including mechanical, electrical and magnetic forces, used to control fluid flow upon mixing. The advantages and disadvantages of each design will also be addressed. Finally, we will briefly touch on the expected future development regarding mixer design and related issues for the further enhancement of mixing performance.
Interferometric vs Spectral IASI Radiances: Effective Data-Reduction Approaches for the Satellite Sounding of Atmospheric Thermodynamical Parameters
Authors: Grieco Giuseppe , Masiello Guido , Serio Carmine
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Two data-reduction approaches for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer satellite instrument are discussed and compared. The approaches are intended for the purpose of devising and implementing fast near real time retrievals of atmospheric thermodynamical parameters. One approach is based on the usual selection of sparse channels or portions of the spectrum. This approach may preserve the spectral resolution, but at the expense of the spectral coverage. The second approach considers a suitable truncation of the interferogram (the Fourier transform of the spectrum) at points below the nominal maximum optical path difference. This second approach is consistent with the Shannon-Whittaker sampling theorem, preserves the full spectral coverage, but at the expense of the spectral resolution. While the first data-reduction acts within the spectraldomain, the second can be performed within the interferogram domain and without any specific need to go back to the spectral domain for the purpose of retrieval. To assess the impact of these two different data-reduction strategies on retrieval of atmospheric parameters, we have used a statistical retrieval algorithm for skin temperature, temperature, water vapour and ozone profiles. The use of this retrieval algorithm is mostly intended for illustrative purposes and the user could choose a different inverse strategy. In fact, the interferogram-based data-reduction strategy is generic and independent of any inverse algorithm. It will be also shown that this strategy yields subset of interferometric radiances, which are less sensitive to potential interfering effects such as those possibly introduced by the day-night cycle (e.g., the solar component, and spectroscopic effect induced by sun energy) and unknown trace gases variability.
The Baleen Whales’ Saving Grace: The Introduction of Petroleum Based Products in the Market and Its Impact on the Whaling Industry
Authors: McCollough John , Check Henry F.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents empirical evidence which indicates that the introduction of petroleum based products on the American markets was a significant factor in reducing the demand for whale oil. As a result, the whaling industry, America’s 5th largest industry at the time, soon collapsed. A counterfactual study is then presented which suggests that if the introduction of petroleum based products had been delayed, then the increase in demand as a result of rising GDP per capita, as well as rapid industrialization, would have given whalers incentive to continue chasing after a diminishing whale population. This could have resulted in the baleen whale population being subject to unsustainable harvest levels.
Polyanionic Hexagons: X6n– (X = Si, Ge)
Authors: Takahashi Masae
Published: September 2010

The paper reviews the polyanionic hexagons of silicon and germanium, focusing on aromaticity. The chair-like structures of hexasila- and hexagermabenzene are similar to a nonaromatic cyclohexane (CH2)6 and dissimilar to aromatic D6h-symmetric benzene (CH)6, although silicon and germanium are in the same group of the periodic table as carbon. Recently, six-membered silicon and germanium rings with extra electrons instead of conventional substituents, such as alkyl, aryl, etc., were calculated by us to have D6h symmetry and to be aromatic. We summarize here our main findings and the background needed to reach them, and propose a synthetically accessible molecule.
Serotype Chimeric Human Adenoviruses for Cancer GeneTherapy
Authors: Ranki Tuuli , Hemminki Akseli
Published: September 2010

Cancer gene therapy consists of numerous approaches where the common denominator is utilization of vectors for achieving therapeutic effect. A particularly potent embodiment of the approach is virotherapy, in which the replication potential of an oncolytic virus is directed towards tumor cells to cause lysis, while normal cells are spared. Importantly, the therapeutic effect of the initial viral load is amplified through viral replication cycles and production of progeny virions. All cancer gene therapy approaches rely on a sufficient level of delivery of the anticancer agent into target cells. Thus,enhancement of delivery to target cells, and reduction of delivery to non-target cells, in an approach called transductional targeting, is attractive. Both genetic and non-genetic retargeting strategies have been utilized. However, in the context of oncolytic viruses, it is beneficial to have the specific modification included in progeny virions and hence genetic modification may be preferable. Serotype chimerism utilizes serotype specific differences in receptor usage, liver tropism and seroprevalence in order to gain enhanced infection of target tissue. This review will focus on serotype chimeric adenoviruses for cancer gene therapy applications.
Synthesis and Early Development of Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir: An Oral Antipoxvirus Nucleoside Phosphonate
Authors: Hostetler Karl Y.
Published: September 2010

Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV) is a novel ether lipid conjugate of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonoylmethoxypropyl)-cytosine (CDV) which exhibits a remarkable increase in antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses compared with CDV. In contrast to CDV, HDP-CDV is orally active and lacks the nephrotoxicity of CDV itself. Increased oral bioavailability and increased cellular uptake is facilitated by the lipid portion of the molecule which is responsible for the improved activity profile. The lipid portion of HDP-CDV is cleaved in the cell, releasing CDV which is converted to CDV diphosphate, the active metabolite. HDP-CDV is a highly effective agent against a variety of orthopoxvirus infections in animal models of disease including vaccinia, cowpox, rabbitpox and ectromelia. Its activity was recently demonstrated in a case of human disseminated vaccinia infection after it was added to a multiple drug regimen. In addition to the activity against orthopoxviruses, HDP-CDV (CMX001) is active against all double stranded DNA viruses including CMV, HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, adenovirus, BK virus, orf, JC, and papilloma viruses, and is under clinical evaluation as a treatment for human infections with these agents.
Comment les unités d'élite parlent-elles d'elles-mêmes: le cas du GIGN
Authors: Marchetti Clotilde
Published: September 2010

Elite units have a policy relating to violence which has never been changed by public discussion. Research into the Intervention Group of the Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) has revealed that this discourse is particularly complex. It mixes three forms of identity references - police officer/GIGN/military - in the ways in which people refer to themselves and to their powers. The overall structure which this creates is justified above all by participants' collective experience of danger.
Aspects de la cour d'Espagne au XVIIe siècle : l'étiquette de la chambre du roi
Authors: Bottineau Yves
Published: September 2010

Varios elementos, desde Carlos Quinto hasta Felipe IV, integran las etiquetas de la cámara del rey, aquí publicadas o estudiadas según el manuscrito de 1688 conservado en el Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos exteriores de París. El texto sugiere muchos pormenores, a veces pintorescos, de la vida palatina y, sobre todo, el aislamiento del rey dentro del círculo estrechísimo de grandes, gentileshombres y oficiales. Luis XIV, a pesar de la majestad y del lujo, podía ser visto por casi todos, por lo menos, a ciertas horas y fuera de las ceremonias; las fiestas públicas eran un auto monárquico, en el que se unían el rey, la nobleza y el pueblo. Por eso se comprende por qué Felipe V trató de reformar la etiqueta española al mismo tiempo que el gobierno.
La huelga de la compañía bananera como expresión de lo « Real Maravilloso » americano en Cien años de soledad
Authors: Mena Lucila Inés
Published: September 2010

L'épisode de la grève des employés de la compagnie bananière raconté par García Márquez dans Cien años de soledad a toutes les apparences d'un événement dans lequel se mêlent certains éléments de la réalité et des éléments fictifs. Cet article confronte la réalité historique de la Colombie à l'époque de la grève de la United Fruit Company avec les événements qui ont eu lieu à Macondo pendant la même époque. De cette façon on montre comment les événements principaux qui produisent la sensation d'irréalité ne sont pas dus à la libre imagination de l'auteur, mais sont empruntés à la réalité légèrement réélaborée et incorporée à son monde narratif.
Lope de Vega y los judíos
Authors: Lida de Malkiel María Rosa
Published: September 2010

Article posthume de la grande érudite trop tôt disparue. Yakov Malkiel a pu rassembler des inédits de María Rosa, dont le point de départ se situe vers 1942, lorsque la jeune chercheuse préparait une monographie sur Josefo et son influence sur la littérature espagnole, travail resté largement inédit. Il réalise ici l'intention qu'elle avait exprimée de publier séparément cette digression sur Lope peintre des Juifs, dont le développement rendait nécessaire une publication autonome. Y. Malkiel présente les analyses de María Rosa en cinq chapitres : I. «La diferencia fundamental entre Lope y Tirso » ; IL «¿Contradicciones en los retratos de Lope? »; III. « Guzmán el Bravo »; IV. « La judía de Toledo : Lope, Luis de Ulloa, Juan Bautista Diamante » ; V. « El santo niño de La Guardia ». Au long de ces pages, on sent l'effort pour cerner les aspects parfois contradictoires de Lope, Espagnol du xvne siècle, et artiste. Il y perce un regret de voir que l'artiste n'a pu avec suffisamment de force résister à l'idéologie antisémite qui l'environnait.