bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Maternal Employment Status and Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Khojasteh Farnoush , Arbabisarjou Azizollah , Boryri Tahere , Safarzadeh Amneh , Pourkahkhaei Mohammad
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Women comprise a large percentage of the workforce in industrial countries. In Europe and many other places in the world, women of reproductive age comprise a significant proportion of the workforce at the workplaces, and the rules and regulations require employers to evaluate and minimize health risks to pregnant women. In U.K, 70%, and in the United States 59% of women are employed. In Iran, 13% of women are employed, which comes down to less than 5% at Sistan& Baluchestan Province. Various studies have reported contradictory results about the effects of maternal employment tasks such as standing, repetitive bending, climbing stairs, and lifting heavy objects during pregnancy on fetal growth, preterm birth and other obstetric complications. Given the growing number of working women, and potential complications for mothers, the present study has conducted to investigate the relationship between maternal employment status and pregnancy outcomes in Zahedan city, Iran.

MATERIALS & METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on survey conducted on 227 women (121 housewives, and 106 employed women) attending health centers in 2014. Using purposive convenient sampling method, eligible pregnant mothers (with no chronic diseases, singleton pregnancy, gravida 1-3, and no addiction) were selected as study subjects. Data were collected and recorded through a researcher-made questionnaire and also from mothers' medical records, including personal details, prenatal and labor complications, and infant's details. Collected data were fed into the SPSS version 21(IBM Corp, USA).

RESULTS: Frequency of placental abruption was greater among housewives (P=0.02), and a significant relationship was found between employment status and lifting heavy objects, which was more frequent among housewives (P=0.01). Lifting heavy objects during pregnancy was only significantly related to reduced amniotic fluid (P=0.001) and low birth weight (P=0.01). Frequency of preterm labor was higher among housewives compared to employed women, but not significantly. Type of delivery was significantly related to employment, and employed mothers had more cesarean deliveries (P=0.0001).

CONCLUSION: The results suggest more frequent lifting of heavy objects by housewives than by employed mothers, leading to increased complications such as reduced amniotic fluid, placental abruption, and low birth weight. Perhaps due to higher education levels, frequency of cesarean section and preterm labor was higher among employed mothers. However, employment alone does not predict pregnancy outcomes.
Modification of life history and morphometric traits of montane species as an expression of adaptive abilities to different climatic conditions – a case study of Petasites kablikianus Tausch ex Bercht. (the Babia Góra Mt, Western Carpathians, Poland)
Authors: Uziębło Aldona Katarzyna
Published: January 2016

Detailed data on the response of plants to different climatic conditions could gain insight into the early impacts of climate change upon functioning ecosystems especially alpine ones, the most specialized. Petasites kablikianus (Asteraceae) is a species with montane and disjunctive distribution range, and it is one of the best objects to such investigations. In Polish high mountains, it is represented the best on the northern slopes of the Babia Góra massif (the Babiogórski National Park) and it occurs in two, independent zones: subalpine (landslides, rock rubbles) and lower montane zone (gravels on stream banks). The climatic differences between these two zones result in a morphological differentiation of specimens but mainly in differences in the dynamics of the life history of both populations. Detailed phenological observations and biometrical measurements were made on five plots on both gynodynamic and androdynamic shoots in their natural environment and after transplantation. The most important result is a fact that the subalpine population is completely phenologically isolated. Moreover the differences in the dates of beginning vegetation and in the duration and dynamics of particular stages of development and in morphological structure of individuals between the upper and lower populations were also stated. The results show that the adaptability of the species present a great potential to respond to the possible effects of global warming by modifying the life history and extending of distribution range for low-lying areas.
Identidade, modernidade e escrita eclesiástica em tempos de Reforma Ultramontana: apontamentos teóricos a partir das contribuições de Paul Ricoeur e Kathryn Woodward (Identity, modernity and ecclesiastical...)
Authors: Pires Tiago
Published: January 2016

Este artigo objetiva analisar as formas de produção da identidade na modernidade por meio das construções simbólicas presentes nas narrativas memorialistas redigidas pela Igreja Católica, em fins do século XIX e início do XX. Discute-se alguns caminhos teóricos delineados por Paul Ricoeur e Kathryn Woodward, para se compreender como tais identidades são construídas e projetadas, seguindo um projeto teológico-político de fortalecimento da instituição pautado na elaboração de sacerdotes exemplares e santos. Busca-se relacionar tais premissas teóricas com o estudo da escrita eclesiástica no Brasil, particularmente em Minas Gerais, utilizada para consolidar o processo de reforma ultramontana em voga no catolicismo no Brasil. Para tanto, utilizamos como objeto de análise a figura de um sacerdote constituído como exemplar pelos periódicos oficiais da Diocese de Mariana, o padre e reitor do seminário, João Batista Cornagliotto (1855-1902).

 

Abstract

This article aims to analyze forms of production of identity in modernity from the symbolic constructions present in memoirists narratives written by the Catholic Church in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Discusses some theoretical paths outlined by Paul Ricoeur and Kathryn Woodward to understand how such identities are constructed and designed, following a theological-political project to strengthen the institution, founded on the development of exemplary priests and saints. We seek to relate such theoretical premises with the study of ecclesiastical writing in Brazil, particularly in Minas Gerais, used to consolidate the ultramontane reform process in vogue in Catholicism in Brazil. We used as the object of analysis the figure of a priest constructed as exemplary by the official journals of the Diocese of Mariana, the cleric and rector of the seminary João Batista Cornagliotto (1855-1902).

Keywords: Identity; Ecclesiastical Writing; Catholicism; Ultramontanism.
Modernolatria (Modernolatry)
Authors: Machinski Júlio Bernardo
Published: January 2016

Este texto trata-se da tradução de “Modernolatria”, quinto capítulo da primeira parte do livro "Modernolatria" et "Simultaneità": recherches sur deux tendences dans l'avant-garde littéraire en Italie et en France à la veille de la première guerre mondial, do historiador e tradutor sueco Pär Bergman. Após ter abordado o repúdio dos futuristas por todas as formas de culto ao passado, Bergman trata da fascinação dos artistas ligados à vanguarda italiana em relação às descobertas científicas e aos avanços tecnológicos no início do século XX. Segundo o pesquisador, o neologismo futurista “modernolatria”, num sentido amplo, buscava caracterizar o ambiente juvenil e antitradicionalista geral que serviu de contexto histórico ao movimento. Em sentido restrito, o termo refere-se à temática adotada pelos futuristas em todos os domínios das artes: literatura, pintura, música etc., questão que é tratada mais detidamente ao longo do capítulo.

Abstract

This paper refers to portuguese translation of “Modernolatria”, Chapter 5 Part 1 of historian and translator Swedish Pär Bergman’s book, entitled "Modernolatria" et "Simultaneità": recherches sur deux tendences dans l'avant-garde littéraire en Italie et en France à la veille de la première guerre mondial. Having addressed the futurist repudiation for all forms of worship of the past, Bergman deals with the fascination of artists related to the Italian avant-garde for scientific discoveries and technological advances in the early twentieth century. According to researcher, the futuristic neologism "modernolatria" in a broad sense, sought to characterize the youth environment and general anti-traditionalist who served as the historical context to the movement. Strictly speaking, the term refers to the thematic adopted by futurists in all areas of arts: literature, painting, music etc., which are addressed in more detail throughout the chapter.

Keywords: Futurism; modernolatry; simultaneity; historical vanguards.
Synthesis of Cobalt Nanowires on Porous Anodic Alumina Template Using Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Chung C.K. , Wu S.H. , Hsu C.R. , Tsai C.H. , Chung I.C.
Published: January 2016

Electrochemical deposition has been widely used for synthesis of metal nanowires (NWs) on the porous template. In this paper, the effect of potential and electrolyte concentration on cobalt (Co) NWs formation through porous anodic alumina template has been investigated using direct-current electrodepostion at 0.75~2 V together with the high 0.5 M and low 0.1 M cobalt sulfurate based electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction were used to examine the nanostructure, morphology and phase of Co NWs. The current vs time curve was recorded for understanding the growth behavior. Too low potential of 0.75 V is not favored for Co NWs formation due to insufficient driving force while too high potential of 2 V ruins the NWs growth owing to hydrogen generation in reduction reaction. The uniform crystalline Co NWs can be obtained by the proper potential of 1V and concentration of 0.5 M at an average growth rate of 964 nm/min.
Fabrication of tandem solar cells with all-solution processed multilayer structure using non-peripherally substituted octahexyl tetrabenzotriazaporphyrins
Authors: Dao Quang-Duy , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori
Published: January 2016

An effective way to improve the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells is to use a tandem structure, in which two organic solar cells with different absorption characteristics are linked to use a wider range of the solar spectrum. Herein, we report the fabrication of tandem solar cells with an all-solution processed multilayer structure utilizing a conventional structure composed of non-peripherally substituted octahexyl tetrabenzotriazaporphyrins and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as donors in the back and front cells, respectively. A transparent ZnO layer functions in electron transport for the front cell and as a stable foundation for the fabrication of the back cell to complete the tandem cell architecture. As a result, the tandem cell exhibited a relatively high open-circuit voltage of 1.4 V. Furthermore, by vapor-annealing treatment, the crystallization of the P3HT-conjugated polymer was improved and a PCE of 3.2% was achieved for the tandem cell with 5-min vapor-annealing treatment.
Large eddy simulation of turbulence and solute transport in a forested headwater stream
Authors: Khosronejad A. , Hansen A. T. , Kozarek J. L. , Guentzel K. , Hondzo M. , Guala M. , Wilcock P. , Finlay J. C. , Sotiropoulos F.
Published: January 2016

The large eddy simulation (LES) module of the Virtual StreamLab (VSL3D) model is applied to simulate the flow and transport of a conservative tracer in a headwater stream in Minnesota, located in the south Twin Cities metropolitan area. The detailed geometry of the stream reach, which is ∼135 m long, ∼2.5 m wide, and ∼0.15 m deep, was surveyed and used as input to the computational model. The detailed geometry and location of large woody debris and bed roughness elements up to ∼0.1 m in size were also surveyed and incorporated in the numerical simulation using the Curvilinear Immersed Boundary approach employed in VSL3D. The resolution of the simulation, which employs up to a total of 25 million grid nodes to discretize the flow domain, is sufficiently fine to directly account for the effect of large woody debris and small cobbles (on the streambed) on the flow patterns and transport processes of conservative solutes. Two tracer injection conditions, a pulse and a plateau release, and two cross sections of measured velocity were used to validate the LES results. The computed results are shown to be in good agreement with the field measurements and tracer concentration time series. To our knowledge, the present study is the first attempt to simulate via high‐resolution LES solute transport in a natural stream environment taking into account a range of roughness length scales spanning an order of magnitude: from small cobbles on the streambed (∼0.1 m in diameter) to large woody debris up to ∼3 m long.
Plasma potential in the sheaths of electron‐emitting surfaces in space
Authors: Wang X. , Pilewskie J. , Hsu H.‐W. , Horányi M.
Published: January 2016

Sheaths are formed around the surfaces of airless bodies, which both collect and emit electrons. Depending on the ratio of the emitted to collected electron fluxes Γ, the sheath potential structure can be quite different. We present the first experimental measurements of all the three types of the sheath potentials: classical, space‐charge‐limited (SCL), and inverse. A solid surface immersed in plasmas emits secondary electrons. The potential structure changes from a monotonic classical to a nonmonotonic SCL sheath as Γ increases. At the critical electron emission with zero electric field at the surface, the sheath potential is determined by the plasma electron temperature, and Γ approaches but remains smaller than 1, in agreement with the theoretical expectation. The nonmonotonic SCL sheath persists steadily for Γ > 1. When the emitted electron density becomes larger than the plasma electron density, a monotonic inverse sheath forms with a positive surface potential relative to the ambient.
Slow slip events and time‐dependent variations in locking beneath Lower Cook Inlet of the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone
Authors: Li Shanshan , Freymueller Jeffrey , McCaffrey Robert
Published: January 2016

We identify a series of abrupt changes in GPS site velocities in Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, in late 2004, early 2010, and late 2011. The site motions during each time period are nearly linear. The surface deformations inferred from GPS for pre‐2004 and 2010–2011 are similar to each other, as are 2004–2010 and post‐2011. We estimate the slip distribution on the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction plate interface accounting for upper plate block rotations and interpret this toggling between two deformation patterns as caused by transient slip. We find that by allowing negative slip deficit rates (i.e., creep rates in excess of relative plate motion), the data in Lower Cook Inlet are fit significantly better during pre‐2004 and 2010–2011, suggesting the occurrence of slow slip events (SSEs) there during those time periods. The earlier SSE lasted at least 9 years (observations in that area began in 1995) with Mw ~7.8. The latter SSE had almost the same area as the earlier one and a duration of ~2 years with Mw ~7.2. During 2004–2010 and post‐2011, the inversions result in only positive slip deficit rates (i.e., locking) in Lower Cook Inlet. Slip rates are nearly constant during the Lower Cook Inlet SSEs, and the events start and stop abruptly. Both of these properties contrast with observations of SSEs in Upper Cook Inlet and elsewhere. The Lower Cook Inlet SSEs are consistent with previously proposed duration‐magnitude scaling laws and demonstrate that slow slip events can last as long as a decade.
No More Stopping
Authors: Garber Richard
Published: January 2016

The dissolution of the conventional breaking points in the construction and completion phases of a building's delivery has blurred ‘the distinction between the production of design intent and the transmission of information’. Here Richard Garber, Director of the School of Architecture at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), advocates that architects should use this as an opportunity to widen their remit, gaining agency and with it responsibility and the financial rewards to practice. Here he draws from the examples of UNStudio, GLUCK+ and his own New‐York based practice, GRO Architects.
Graphene‐Based Flexible and Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Jang Houk , Park Yong Ju , Chen Xiang , Das Tanmoy , Kim Min‐Seok , Ahn Jong‐Hyun
Published: January 2016

Graphene provides outstanding properties that can be integrated into various flexible and stretchable electronic devices in a conventional, scalable fashion. The mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of graphene make it an attractive candidate for applications in electronics, energy‐harvesting devices, sensors, and other systems. Recent research progress on graphene‐based flexible and stretchable electronics is reviewed here. The production and fabrication methods used for target device applications are first briefly discussed. Then, the various types of flexible and stretchable electronic devices that are enabled by graphene are discussed, including logic devices, energy‐harvesting devices, sensors, and bioinspired devices. The results represent important steps in the development of graphene‐based electronics that could find applications in the area of flexible and stretchable electronics.
Optical Acetone Vapor Sensors Based on Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals and Reactive Chiral Dopants
Authors: Cachelin Pascal , Green Joshua P. , Peijs Ton , Heeney Martin , Bastiaansen Cees W. M.
Published: January 2016

Accurate monitoring of exposure to organic vapors, such as acetone, is an important part of maintaining a safe working environment and adhering to long‐ and short‐term exposure limits. Here, a novel acetone vapor detection system is described based on the use of a reactive chiral dopant in a nematic liquid crystal thin film, which can accurately monitor the total exposure over a given time frame through changes in the reflection band of the film. It is found that films exposed to 1000 parts per million by volume (ppmv) of acetone vapor for 2 h exhibit a shift in reflection band of 12 nm, with smaller shifts observed at lower concentrations of acetone. Such sensors have potential applications in industrial hygiene.
Quest for Efficient Catalysts based on Zinc tert‐Butyl Peroxides for Asymmetric Epoxidation of Enones: C2‐ vs C1‐Symmetric Auxiliaries
Authors: Raheem Keeri Abdul , Justyniak Iwona , Jurczak Janusz , Lewiński Janusz
Published: January 2016

Zinc tert‐butyl peroxide‐based catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of enones using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant have been developed. A comparative study of chiral monoanioninc N,N′‐bidentate ligands, C2‐symmetric bisoxazolinates and C1‐symmetric enaminooxazolinates, revealed excellent performance of C1‐symmetric auxiliary ligands on catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of enones (up to 96% yield, 91% ee).

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Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization of Ferrocenecarboxylic Acid by using 8‐Aminoquinoline as a Removable Directing Group
Authors: Sattar Moh. , Praveen  , Durga Prasad Ch. , Verma Ajay , Kumar Shailesh , Kumar Sangit
Published: January 2016

A mild and efficient palladium‐catalyzed synthetic method for the CH functionalization of N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)ferrocenecarboxamide has been developed. Various aryl iodides containing I, NO2, CN, COMe, CO2Et, and NH functionalities and also alkyl iodides underwent the Pd‐catalyzed intermolecular carbon‐carbon bond forming reaction with ferrocenecarboxamide successfully which led to a diverse array of bis(aryl/alkyl)ferrocenecarboxamides in 34–92% yields. Cross‐coupling of the ferrocenyl CH bond with aryl iodides can also be achieved utilizing an economical Ni catalyst. Additionally, selective monoalkylation of ferrocenecarboxamide was studied using sodium bicarbonate as base and dibenzylphosphoric acid as additive under Pd‐catalyzed reaction conditions. Subsequently, removal of the directing group, 8‐aminoquinoline, from bis(aryl)ferrocenecarboxamides led to bis(aryl)ferrocenes bearing versatile methyl ester and carboxaldehyde functional groups.

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Dynamic Reductive Kinetic Resolution of Benzyl Ketones using Alcohol Dehydrogenases and Anion Exchange Resins
Authors: Méndez‐Sánchez Daniel , Mangas‐Sánchez Juan , Busto Eduardo , Gotor Vicente , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente
Published: January 2016

Dynamic reductive kinetic resolutions of racemic 3‐arylalkanones have been performed by the proper combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase and a basic anionic resin. The best results were found for the bioreduction with the alcohol dehydrogenase type A from Rhodococcus ruber DSM 44541 overexpressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli/ADH‐A) and the commercially available evo‐1.1.200, while the Amberlite IRA‐440 C and the DOWEX‐MWA‐1 resins allowed efficient in situ racemizations. Reaction conditions were optimized in terms of enzyme source and loading, type and amount of resin, pH, temperature and reaction times, obtaining a series of (R,R)‐substituted propan‐2‐ols with good conversions and both diastereoselectivity and stereoselectivity. As a proof of concept, the subsequent intramolecular cyclization of a selected propan‐2‐ol substrate afforded a valuable isochroman heterocycle without any loss of the optical purity.

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A Gold‐Catalyzed A3 Coupling/Cyclization/Elimination Sequence as Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol Derivatives from Glyceraldehyde and Alkynes
Authors: Li Jian , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Xie Jin , Hashmi. A. Stephen K.
Published: January 2016

The reaction of glyceraldehyde with alkynes delivers furfuryl alcohol derivatives within only one reaction step in the presence of a gold(III) catalyst. The reaction cascade is initiated by an intermolecular gold‐catalyzed A3 coupling sequence in which morpholine is used as additive. Intramolecular cyclization and subsequent aromatization under elimination of the amine then deliver the target molecules. The protocol offers a valuable alternative to the common routes that are based on functionalization of already existing furan cores.

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A Developmental Toxicology Assay Platform for Screening Teratogenic Liability of Pharmaceutical Compounds
Authors: Augustine‐Rauch Karen , Zhang Cindy X. , Panzica‐Kelly Julieta M.
Published: January 2016

Increasing need for proactive safety optimization of pharmaceutical compounds has led to generation and/or refinement of in vitro developmental toxicology assays. Our laboratory has developed three in vitro developmental toxicology assays to assess teratogenic liability of pharmaceutical compounds. These assays included a mouse molecular embryonic stem cell assay (MESCA), a dechorionated zebrafish embryo culture (ZEC) assay, and a streamlined rat whole embryo culture (rWEC) assay. Individually, the assays presented good (73–82%) predictivity. However, it remains to be determined whether combining or tiering the assays could enhance performance. Seventy‐three compounds representing a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical targets and chemistry were evaluated across the assays to generate testing strategies that optimized performance. The MESCA and ZEC assays were found to have two limitations: compound solubility and frequent misclassification of compounds with H1 receptor or GABAnergic activity. The streamlined rWEC assay was found to be a cost‐effective stand‐alone assay for supporting poorly soluble compounds and/or ones with H1 or GABAnergic activity. For all other compounds, a tiering strategy using the MESCA and ZEC assays additionally optimized throughput, cost, and minimized animal use. The tiered strategy resulted in improved performance achieving 88% overall predictivity and was comparable with 89% overall predictivity achieved with frequency analysis (final teratogenic classification made from most frequent teratogenic classification from each individual assay). Furthermore there were 21 compounds in the test set characterized as definitive or suspect human teratogens and the multiassay approach achieved 95 and 91% correct classification using the tiered or frequency screening approach, respectively
Hollow‐Structured Carbon‐Supported Nickel Cobaltite Nanoparticles as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Wang Jie , Wu Zexing , Han Lili , Lin Ruoqian , Xin Huolin L. , Wang Deli
Published: January 2016

The exploration of efficient electrocatalysts for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. In this study, we developed 3 D hollow‐structured NiCo2O4/C nanoparticles with interconnected pores as bifunctional electrocatalysts, which are transformed from solid NiCo2 alloy nanoparticles through the Kirkendall effect. The unique hollow structure of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles increases the number of active sites and improves contact with the electrolyte to result in excellent ORR and OER performances. In addition, the hollow‐structured NiCo2O4/C nanoparticles exhibit superior long‐term stability for both the ORR and OER compared to commercial Pt/C. The template‐ and surfactant‐free synthetic strategy could be used for the low‐cost and large‐scale synthesis of hollow‐structured materials, which would facilitate the screening of high‐efficiency catalysts for energy conversion.
Selective β‐Arylation of Thiophenes with Aryl Iodides Catalyzed by Dinuclear Palladium Carboxylate Complexes
Authors: Maki Yohei , Goto Takahiro , Tsukada Naofumi
Published: January 2016

Novel dinuclear palladium complexes bearing acetoxy ligands were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystal analysis. The complexes were utilized for the arylation of 2‐ethylthiophene with iodobenzene to give ethylphenylthiophenes with high β selectivity. The β‐arylation was also applied to a variety of iodoarenes and thiophenes, except those bearing conjugated carbonyl substituents.
Copper–Manganese Spinel Oxide Catalyzed Synthesis of Amides and Azobenzenes via Aminyl Radical Cations
Authors: Sultan Shaista , Kumar Manjeet , Devari Shekaraiah , Mukherjee Debaraj , Ali Shah Bhahwal
Published: January 2016

A highly efficient Cu–Mn‐catalyzed process for the aminolysis of esters was developed. Also, the catalyst promoted the self‐ and cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of anilines to generate symmetrical and unsymmetrical azobenzenes, respectively. The reactions were performed under neutral conditions with an inexpensive catalyst, gave high yields, and offered wide functional group tolerance.
Doubly Cavitand‐Capped Porphyrin Capsule by Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Kishimoto Kazuki , Nakamura Munechika , Kobayashi Kenji
Published: January 2016

The components of a 1:2 mixture of meso‐tetrakis(4‐dodecyl‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (1) and a bowl‐shaped tetrakis(4‐pyridylethynyl)cavitand (2) in CDCl3 or C6D6 self‐assemble quantitatively into the doubly cavitand‐capped porphyrin capsule 2⋅1⋅2 through eight ArOH⋅⋅⋅Npy hydrogen bonds. Capsule 2⋅1⋅2 possesses two cavities divided by the porphyrin ring and encapsulates two molecules of 1‐acetoxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzene (G) as a guest to form G/G@(2⋅1⋅2). Remarkable solvent effect was observed, in which the apparent association constant of 2⋅1⋅2 with G in C6D6 was much greater than that in CDCl3.
Welche Wünsche und Erwartungen haben Lehrkräfte an aktuelle Forschung als Gegenstand von Fortbildungsveranstaltungen?
Authors: Ropohl Mathias , Schönau Katharina , Parchmann Ilka
Published: January 2016

Ziel des Fortbildungsprogramms „Transfer Wissenschaft → Schule“ ist die Vorstellung aktueller Forschungsfelder und ‐methoden der Wissenschaft mit Bezügen zu naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern in Fortbildungsveranstaltungen für Lehrkräfte. Im Vorfeld der Konzeption verschiedener Angebote wurden Lehrkräfte in Schleswig‐Holstein nach ihren Erfahrungen und Entwicklung bezüglich dieses Fortbildungsinhaltes befragt. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der erhobenen Daten von N=273 Lehrkräften für naturwissenschaftliche Fächer aus Schleswig‐Holstein mit Blick auf Unterrichtsthemen bzw. ‐kontexte sowie Aspekte der Forschungsprozesse berichtet. Dabei zeigt sich unter anderem, dass sich Lehrkräfte beispielsweise aktuelle Forschungsfragen als Gegenstand von Angeboten wünschen, die Thematisierung der Person der Forscherin bzw. des Forschers jedoch deutlich geringer gewichtet wird. Abschließend werden in dem Beitrag Konsequenzen aus der Befragung für das Fortbildungsprogramms „Transfer Wissenschaft → Schule“ erläutert, welches derzeit in Schleswig‐Holstein realisiert wird.
Localized Plasmon‐Stimulated Nanochemistry of Graphene Oxide on a SERS Substrate
Authors: Ramanauskaite Lina , Xu Huizhong , Snitka Valentinas
Published: January 2016

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) using nanoparticles and high‐energy optical photons. Most of these reactions are carried out in solutions, whereas the local modification of GO on solid substrates still remains a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate the local reduction of GO and its further destruction, leading to the synthesis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) stimulated by localized surface plasmons (LSPs). The reduction of GO and the synthesis of PAHs have been carried out on a substrate designed for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). We found that LSPs initiate the destruction of water molecules entrapped in the nanogaps between silver nanoparticles after the deposition of GO from the aqueous suspension. It was demonstrated that OH radicals, as a result of water decomposition, initiate the reduction of GO, leading to the synthesis of PAHs. The reactions have been observed in real time by using SERS. The measurement of current–voltage (I–V) characteristics through conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM), recorded in an LSP‐stimulated area, have shown the increased electrical conductivity (more than ten times) compared with the conductivity of GO. The synthesis of new compounds in the LSP‐stimulated area has been confirmed by the appearance of new peaks in the Raman spectra and nonlinear I–V characteristics typical for PAHs. We show that the used method allows the local modification of electrical properties of GO and controlled nanopattering of organic compounds on the surface.
The actions and uses of anthelmintics
Authors: Brown Harold W.
Published: January 2016

The recent introduction of piperazine for the treatment of ascariasis and enterobiasis and dithiazanine for the treatment of trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, and enterobiasis represent marked advances in helminth chemotherapy. The remarkable efficacy of the single‐dose treatment of enterobiasis with pyrvinium pamoate is outstanding. There are also a number of new, promising compounds which require further critical clinical evaluation. Therapy of trichiniasis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, filariasis, and infections with the dwarf tapeworm are unsatisfactory and require additional study. Gradually the physiology, and especially the metabolic patterns, of helminths are becoming unraveled and, in time, we may have a rational approach to helminth chemotherapy.
Further studies on the evaluation of antitussive agents employing experimentally induced cough in human subiects
Authors: Bickerman Hylan A. , Itkin Sylvia E.
Published: January 2016

The feasibility of employing experimental cough induced by eitric acid aerosols as a quantitative method for assessing antitussive activity is confirmed in this study. Thirteen coded drugs were tested by the double blind technique on trained healthy subjects. Differences in both degree and duration of effect on the cough response as recorded by pneumotachographic tracings permitted the grouping of these agents into three general categories: ineffective drugs, preparations which had sustained antitussive activity over the 4 hour test period, and those with maximal cough suppression at the second hour with a waning of effect thereafter. Mechanisms responsible for these differences are discussed.
Developing and testing of new drugs by the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Kohlstaedt Kenneth G.
Published: January 2016

The developing and testing of new drugs is an important responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry. The first tests are “screening” procedures that are intended to Uncover leads indicating possible therapeutic usefulness. After thorough pharmacologic and toxicity testing in experimental animals, a new drug is ready for the initial trial in a human subject.

It is practical for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to maintain a clinical research unit and a staff of investigators for performance of the initial human trials. A new therapeutic agent is then placed in the hands of a limited number of experienced and qualified investigators so that adequately controlled studies can be conducted under dose observation. In some instances, as a final evaluation, the drug is subjected to a broad clinical trial by a Zarge number of physicians. If properly conducted, important information can be obtained by the use of a drug tmder conditions found in the practice of medicine. Evidence of hypersensitivity cannot be detected by limited trial. The dinical investigator must plan the study wilh great attention to detail. Every effort must be made to avoid bias.

In the development of the drug the tcork of the pharrnaceutical chemist is important in preparing a satisfactory dosage form; the control division must establish criteria for the composition of the ingredients as well as for the final product and must prove the stability. Publication of reports in the scientific journals must include methods and controls for clinical studies and the results. A group of investigators can use one experimental design and pool the findings in a single paper. The investigator should report all data to the manufactllrer as quickly as possible.
Proteolytic enzymes: a therapeutic evaluation
Authors: Sherry Sol , Fleteher Anthony P.
Published: January 2016

A promising development of recent years has been the application of proteolytic enzymes to the therapy of disease in the human. Originally applied directly to the diseased area to effect a local enzymatic débridement, proteolytic enzyme therapy is now being extended on a systemic basis to widen considerably the scope of its applicability. This report summarizes the current state of knowledge of proteolytic enzymes as therapeutic agents. It indicates those areas where the usefulness of proteolytic enzyme therapy is well established and those areas where the efficacy of such enzyme therapy is less well accepted or under active clinical investigation. Though much has been accomplished already at the clinical level, particular stress is placed on the problems which remain to be solved if proper exploitation of this new and exciting area of pharmacology is to be achieved.
By any other name
Authors: Modell Walter
Published: January 2016

When pharmacology was a less fertile field, the names of drugs in current use provided no problem. Since all were old and established simple chemical or galenical preparations, the possibilities of drug designations were both limited and clearly delineated; there were the established Latin names and the established vulgar equivalents. The physician used the former, the common synonym was used only by the layman.
Transposition of drug studies from laboratory to clinic
Authors: Beyer Karl H.
Published: January 2016

A serious consideration of the transposition of drug studies from laboratory to clinical medicine implies that it is impractical for the pharmacologist to assess directly in man the value of many different compounds as potentially useful drugs. This is based on the following considerations: (1) the safety of the patient, (2) the lack of suitable large patient populations and (3) a sufficient number of astute clinical investigators, (4) the impracticality of synthesizing sufficient quantities of thousands of compounds, and (5) the sheer lack of enthusiasm for going through this effort for wh at would necessarily be a largely unfruitful search for useful therapeutic agents. The tremendous advancements in chemotherapy in recent years bear testimony to the ever‐increasing success with which elegant drug research on laboratory animals can be transposed to man. The purpose of this editorial is to discuss some of the factors that determine success in this important, but poorly understood, area of research.
Triamcinolone acetonide in the topical treatment of selected dermatoses, with special reference to the effectiveness of the 0.5 per cent concentration
Authors: Witten Victor H. , Sulzberger Marion B. , Arthur Gerald W.
Published: January 2016

The effectiveness of a 0.1 per cent triamcinolone acetonide cream was evaluated by the method of simultaneous and symmetrical paired comparison with 1 per cent hydrocortisone free alcohol in the same base applied topically by a selected group of patients with dermatoses usually benefited by local corticosteroid therapy. With few exceptions the triamcinolone acetonide 0.1 per cent cream proved to be as effective as the 1 per cent hydrocortisone and sometimes more so. In two other smaller but similarly carefully controlled series of patients, a cream and an ointment containing a higher concentration of triamcinolone acetonide, namely, 0.5 per cent, were compared with 0.1 per cent triamcinolone acetonide in the same cream and ointment bases. The preparations containing the higher concentration of triamcinolone acetonide appeared to be superior in many of the patients. The significance of these findings in relation to their use in practice is discussed.
Laxative studies: I. Human threshold doses of white and yellow phenolphthalein
Authors: Munch James C. , Calesnick Benjamin
Published: January 2016

Studies of threshold laxative response were conducted on 15 males and 10 females between 20 and 45 years of age, by a double blind method over aperiod of a year. The threshold laxative dose of white phenolphthalein averaged 68 mg. for the males and 36 mg. for the females; for yellow phenolphthalein, 47 mg. and 32 mg., respectively. This study suggests that the factor of sex should be considered in establishing a threshold dose for this product.
The pharmacology of neuromuscular blocking agents in man
Authors: Foldes Francis F.
Published: January 2016

Because of great species variation in the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents, the results are often not applicable to man. Although the subject has been very extensively studied in experimental animals, the necessity has been pointed out for determining the actions of these drugs in man as well. Symposia have been held and monographs written, but this is the first attempt to review the entire literature of the pharmacology of the muscle relaxants in man.
Part V. Use of combinations of antimetabolites for chemotherapy of cancer
Authors: LePage G. A.
Published: January 2016

It is possible to view the approach to a chemotherapy of cancer more rationally if it is given a frame derived from a recent concept of how cancer arises and progresses. This concept will be referred to as the "deletion concept." The experimental evidence for this concept is available mainly from studies on chemical carcinogenesis and has been discussed elsewhere. 16, 20-22 By this concept, a cancer cell arises when a normal call is subject to deletions that are not lethal, but leave it without the components responsive to normal growth controls. What specific deletions are necessary to achieve this result are as yet unknown. It may be that the same net result can be reached by any of several different deletions. Potter21 has suggested one plausible way in which this could occur and cites several examples. When cells have alternate metabolic pathways such that a substrate can be either catabolized for energy or used to synthesize new material for cell growth, the deletion of the catabolic pathway could lead to uncontrolled growth. One example cited is that of uracil, which can be used by liver cells to synthesize uracil nucleotide
Metabolic effects and therapeutic applications of triiodothyropropionic acid
Authors: Leeper Robert D. , Mead Allen W. , Money William L. , Rawson Rulon W.
Published: January 2016

The effects of mare than sixty analogues of thyroxine have been investigated in animals, and more than thirty analogues have been studied in humans. Animal studies have shown that structural alterations of the thyroid hormone cause not only large variations in potency but also dissociation of the various hormonal effects of thyroxine. Dissociation of thyroid horrrwnal effects has also been demonstrated in the human with triiodothyropropionic acid.

The drug is satisfactory as maintenance therapy in myxedema and appears to have definite advantages in maintaining the myxedematous patient with angina pectoris. Triiodothyropropionic acid effects a 15 to 20 per cent drop in the serum cholesterol of about 80 per cent of euthyroid individuals with either elevated or normal cholesterol levels. Its administration in the proper dosage decreases elevated serum uric acid levels in both myxedematous and euthyroid individuals.
Some useful principles and practices for modern drug therapy
Authors: Friend Dale G.
Published: January 2016

The development of many new, potent, and highly effective drugs for use in drug therapy has in itself created a problem for the physician. Prior to 1935 there were relatively few potent, highly useful agents available for use in therapy. The physician soon became familiar with these few and was able to use them wisely and with considerable skill. Consequently, there were comparatively few iatrogenic reactions from drug therapy. Furthermore, physicians were so thoroughly acquainted with these drugs that they were able to secure the maximum benefit from them with a minimum of untoward effect.
A clinical evaluation
Authors: Vosti Gordon J. , Willett Forrest M. , Jawetz Ernest
Published: January 2016

Demethylchlortetracycline, a recently available member of the tetracycline group of antibiotics, has been evaluated clinically in 59 patients seen in a Veterans Administration Hospital with infections of the lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, or skin. The drug appeared to be comparable to other tetracyclines, and if the isolated etiologic organism was sensitive to DMCT in vitro, patients generally responded favorably. The study illustrated the great difficulty facing the physician who attempts to evaluate a new antimicrobial drug which closely resembles other good drugs. A ma;ority of patients with infection suffered from underlying illnesses which predisposed them to infection or modified the infectious process through alteration of anatomic or physiologic host conditions. In this complex situation, the suppression of microbial growth‐the sole effect of an antibiotic‐contributes only to a variable and unpredictable extent to the relief of symptoms and signs of infection.

Among undesirable effects of oral DMCT administration were prominent gastrointestinal upsets with doses in excess of 600 mg. daily and a suggestion of renal and hepatic function impairment, which requires further study.
Some effects of nicotine and smoking on metabolic functions
Authors: larson P. S. , Haag H. B. , Silvette H.
Published: January 2016

A number of the metabolic effects of nicotine (or tobacco smoke) reported in mammals are reviewed, and attention is drawn to the relative deficiency in this area of investigation. The suggestion is made that, concomitant with the advance of newer and more sophisticated biochemical and biophysical techniques, the effects of nicotine be more systematically studied using concentrations that include those encountered in man.

In general, nicotine appears capable of increasing heat production, oxygen consumption, metabolic rate, and blood sugar. Studies of tissue metabolism show that nicotine can inhibit pyruvate oxidation by inhibiting specifically pyruvic dehydrogenase. Nicotine has been shown to possess anticholinesterase activity and to suppress acetylcholine synthesis. These observations may all be of importance in finally elucidating the mechanism of the neurotropic action of nicotine and deserve to be extended.

The uncomplicated effect of nicotine on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels is not yet clearly apparent. Generally, the levels appear to be higher in smokers than in nonsmokers; the reason for the difference is obscure. Effects of nicotine on nitrogen metabolism are virtually unknown; effects on mineral metabolism, when demonstrable, appear indirect and to lack both consistency and significance. Vitamin metabolism is largely unaffected, except for ascorbic acid, which reportedly may be depleted to a perhaps significant extent.

It is interesting and significant to note that there are few clinical reports which implicate nicotine (or tobacco smoke) etiologically or otherwise in deficiency or metabolic disorders.
Some effects of a new antiarrhythmie drug
Authors: Kahn Hyman R. , Lewis Daniel W. , Killough John H. , Abrams William B.
Published: January 2016

The effects of RO 2‐5803, a compound shown to have antiarrhythmic properties in animals, were studied in 13 patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation. After a single oral dose, the atrial rate was slowed as much as 39 per cent; the efJect lasted up to 24 hours. Intravenous administration produced similar effects with smaller doses.

After large oral doses, mild gastrointestinal disturbances were sometimes noted. Intravenous administration usually was followed by a transient, mild drop in blood pressure. One episode of severe hypotension occurred. There were no other untoward effects.

RO 2‐5803 and quinidine caused similar slowing of the atrial rate. The drugs differed mainly in their effect on the ventricular rate. The cause of the ventricular slowing after RO 2‐5803 administration is not clear. Further study is required to determine whether it is secondary to the slower atrial rate, because of direct depression of the A‐V node or of a vagallike action.
Clinical pharmacology of antithyroid compounds
Authors: Selenkow Herbert A. , Collaço Fernando Magalhãies
Published: January 2016

Successful treatment of hyperthyroidism is predicated upon an understanding of the pharmacology of antithyroid drugs as well as upon a knowledge of their effects on pathways of thyroidal iodide metabolism. Research into the relationship between chemical structure and biologic action of numerous antithyroid compounds has served as a basis for their classification and for selection of those of greatest potency for clinical trial. Biochemical determination of the site and mode of action of compounds affecting thyroid hormonogenesis, although incomplete, allows a tentative working hypothesis which must be periodically revised as further evidence is accumulated. During the 17 years since the introduction of thiouracil, clinical pharmacologic investigations have established optimal dosage schedules, the incidence of toxic reactions, and the indications for the effective use of these drugs. Such studies have further served to develop programs for the management of patients with hyperthyroidism with special emphasis on the use of antithyroid compounds in long‐term therapy, preoperative preparation, and use during childhood or pregnancy. Although refinements in surgical approach and the general availability of radioactive iodine have necessitated modifications in the indications for their use, antithyroid drugs still maintain a secure position as therapeutic agents in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.