bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally Invasive Subfrontal Approach: How to Make it Safe and Effective from the Olfactory Groove to the Mesial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Mattogno Pier Paolo , Guerrini Francesco , Nicolosi Federico , Panciani Pierpaolo , Olivi Alessandro , Fontanella Marco , Spena Giannantonio
Published: August 2021

Background Different surgical approaches have been developed to manage lesions of the anterior and middle skull base areas. Frontal, pterional, bifrontal, and fronto-orbito-zygomatic approaches are traditionally used to reach these regions. With advancements in the neurosurgical field, skull opening should be simple and as minimally invasive as possible, tailored on the surgical corridor to the target. The supraorbital approach and the “keyhole” concept have been introduced and popularized by Axel Perneczky starting from 1998 and are now considered a part of everyday practice. The extended possibilities of this surgical route, considering the reachable targets and surgical limits, are described and systematically analyzed, including a description of the salient surgical anatomy, presenting different illustrative cases.

Methods and Results Different illustrative cases are presented and discussed to underline the potentials and limits of the minimally invasive subfrontal approach (MISFA) and the possibilities to tailoring the craniotomy on the basis of the targets: extra-axial lesions with different localizations (anterior roof of the orbit, olfactory groove, tuberculum sellae, medial third of the sphenoid wing, anterior and posterior clinoid process), deeper intra-axial lesions (gyrus rectus, medial temporal lobe-uncus-amygdala-anterior hippocampus), and vascular lesions (anterior communicating aneurysm). Each case has been preoperatively planned considering the anatomical and radiologic features and using virtual simulation software to tailor the best possible corridor to reach the surgical target.

Conclusions The MISFA is a safe multicorridor approach that can be used efficiently to manage lesions of the anterior and middle skull base areas with extremely low approach-related morbidity.
Uso de prototipagem rápida no planejamento de reconstruções da artroplastia total do quadril: Uma ferramenta para ensino
Authors: Girotto Marina Cornelli , Lucena Rafael de Luca de , Schwartsmann Carlos Roberto , Ungaretti Neto Ary da Silva , Introini Gisele Orlandi , Spinelli Leandro de Freitas
Published: August 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar como os biomodelos podem servir como ferramenta de ensino para o esclarecimento de técnicas cirúrgicas e o treinamento em um serviço de residência médica.

Foram realizadas séries de casos em nosso ambulatório de ortopedia e traumatologia, nos quais o uso da prototipagem para o planejamento cirúrgico contribuiu para o ensino cirúrgico e treinamento de médicos residentes. Dois casos foram selecionados como exemplo neste artigo.

O uso de biomodelos permite um melhor entendimento da cirurgia pela equipe cirúrgica e pelos residentes, e diminui o tempo e os riscos cirúrgicos aos pacientes.

O uso de biomodelos no planejamento de reconstruções da artroplastia total do quadril pode servir como um bom método de ensino, para a avaliação e previsão das dificuldades no momento da cirurgia, e para otimizar os procedimentos.
Avaliação da reprodutibilidade da classificação de Schatzker revisada por Kfuri para as fraturas do planalto tibial
Authors: Mansur Henrique , Corrêa Victor Luiz Bastos , Abdo Bruno , Ramos Lucas Sacramento , Castiglia Marcello Teixeira
Published: August 2021

Objetivo A classificação de Schatzker é a mais utilizada para as fraturas do planalto tibial. Kfuri et al.12 revisaram a classificação inicial de Schatzker descrevendo com mais detalhes o envolvimento do planalto tibial no plano coronal, permitindo uma melhor compreensão do padrão de fratura e um planejamento cirúrgico mais acurado. Os objetivos do presente estudo são avaliar a concordância inter-observador dessas classificações e avaliar a influência da experiência dos observadores na reprodutibilidade dos instrumentos.

Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional e retrospectivo, por meio da avaliação do estudo radiológico de 20 indivíduos adultos com fraturas do planalto tibial, incluindo radiografias e tomografia computadorizada (TC). As fraturas foram classificadas 1 vez por 34 examinadores com experiência variada (24 especialistas e 10 residentes em Ortopedia e Traumatologia), de acordo com a classificação de Schatzker e com a modificação proposta por Kfuri. O índice Kappa de Fleiss foi usado para verificar a concordância interobservadores.

Resultados O índice de concordância inter-observador foi considerado moderado para a classificação de Schatzker (κ = 0,46) e leve para a modificação de Kfuri (κ = 0,30). A classificação de Schatzker apresentou concordância moderada, com κ = 0,52 para residentes e κ = 0,45 entre os especialistas. A classificação de Kfuri apresentou concordância leve com valores de Kappa para residentes e especialistas de 0,39 e 0,28, respectivamente.

Conclusão A classificação de Schatzker e a classificação modificada por Kfuri apresentaram concordância interobservadores moderada e leve, respectivamente. Além disso, os residentes apresentaram concordâncias superiores aos especialistas para os dois sistemas estudados.
Enxerto osteoarticular livre de metatarso em reconstrução de tumor de células gigantes de metacarpo: Relato de dois casos e descrição de técnica
Authors: Gularte Luiz Fabiano Gomes
Published: August 2021

Os tumores de células gigantes são neoplasias ósseas benignas, mas localmente agressivas, que contêm muitas células gigantes multinucleadas semelhantes aos osteoclastos. O autor relata o caso de dois pacientes com tumor de células gigantes nos metacarpos, dos quais um era multicêntrico. O tumor de células gigantes na mão é uma condição rara e, nesta localização, comumente apresenta-se em um estágio avançado, com extensa destruição óssea.

Dessa maneira, sua ressecção de forma segura, associada a uma grande falha óssea resultante, representa um grande desafio ao ortopedista. As várias opções de tratamento descritas na literatura ocasionam severa perda estética e/ou funcional da mão. Pensando nisso, o autor descreve a técnica de tratamento por meio da transferência de enxerto osteoarticular livre de metatarso para o metacarpo, com bons resultados funcionais e estéticos.
Early Determination of TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion) Improves Early Identification of Pulmonary Thromboembolism and Management in the Female Population Presenting with Undifferentiated Dyspnea to the Emergency Department
Authors: Akula Hymavathi , Sharma Ashima , Jain K. Jeethender
Published: August 2021

Pulmonary embolism (PE) can present to emergency departments with various clinical symptoms. It can be easily missed. Although both sexes are equally susceptible to it, but factors associated with the use of oral contraceptives and hormonal therapy and pregnancy put the female population more at risk theoretically. Apart from gender-based differences, we have observed that early recognition of PE is dependent on many parameters, with varying degrees of accuracy. The gold standard CT pulmonary angiography is logistically impossible in an unstable patient. Estimation of TAPSE values by performing bedside echocardiography is found to be very sensitive and specific for PE. Our study denotes a cutoff point of 1.8 cm for females with PE and 1.07 cm for males with PE
Strengthening research integrity: which topic areas should organisations focus on?
Authors: Sørensen Mads P. , Ravn Tine , Marušić Ana , Elizondo Andrea Reyes , Kavouras Panagiotis , Tijdink Joeri K. , Bendtsen Anna-Kathrine
Published: August 2021

The widespread problems with scientific fraud, questionable research practices, and the reliability of scientific results have led to an increased focus on research integrity (RI). International organisations and networks have been established, declarations have been issued, and codes of conducts have been formed. The abstract principles of these documents are now also being translated into concrete topic areas that Research Performing organisations (RPOs) and Research Funding organisations (RFOs) should focus on. However, so far, we know very little about disciplinary differences in the need for RI support from RPOs and RFOs. The paper attempts to fill this knowledge gap. It reports on a comprehensive focus group study with 30 focus group interviews carried out in eight different countries across Europe focusing on the following research question: “Which RI topics would researchers and stakeholders from the four main areas of research (humanities, social science, natural science incl. technical science, and medical science incl. biomedicine) prioritise for RPOs and RFOs?” The paper reports on the results of these focus group interviews and gives an overview of the priorities of the four main areas of research. The paper ends with six policy recommendations and a reflection on how the results of the study can be used in RPOs and RFOs.
Voltage standing wave ratio reading circuit design for inductance capacitance wireless passive ammonia sensors
Authors: Liang Xiaorui , Guo Yangyanhao , Zhou Tianhao , Zhang Lei , Tan Qiulin , Xiong Jijun
Published: August 2021

It is not easy to conduct wired tests on sensors in harsh environments, and network analyzers are large, heavy, and inconvenient to carry. At the same time, the price of network analyzers is usually very high, which greatly limits their application. In this study, a voltage standing wave ratio reading circuit is designed to test inductively coupled (LC) wireless passive sensors. By introducing the theory of the standing wave ratio, the design concept and function of each module are analyzed from each specific module. The resonant frequency reading circuit of the sensor is designed and fabricated, and its sweep frequency range covers the frequency range of the commonly used LC wireless sensor, which widens the bandwidth measurement range. The main control chip adopts STM32 series, which makes the circuit and sensor module simple in structure and low in cost. This circuit can accurately obtain the resonant frequency of the sensor through the standing wave ratio and can measure the dynamic change in the sensor standing wave ratio. The output frequency range and output precision of the linear sweep source of the signal reading circuit were tested, and the dynamic testing ability of the circuit to the changing frequency was verified and improved the measurement accuracy.
High electron mobility and low noise quantum point contacts in an ultra-shallow all-epitaxial metal gate GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs heterostructure
Authors: Ashlea Alava Y. , Wang D. Q. , Chen C. , Ritchie D. A. , Klochan O. , Hamilton A. R.
Published: August 2021

The mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in shallow GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs heterostructures is strongly suppressed by unwanted Coulomb scattering from surface charge, likely located in native surface oxides that form after the wafer is removed from the crystal growth system. Here, we show that this native surface oxide can be eliminated by growing an epitaxial aluminum gate before removing the wafer from the growth chamber. We fabricate accumulation mode devices on two wafers with nearly identical structures and growth conditions: one with an epitaxial aluminum gate 35 nm above the channel and another with an ex situ metal gate deposited on an aluminum oxide dielectric. Low temperature transport measurements show that the epitaxial gate design greatly reduces surface charge scattering, with up to 2.5× increase in mobility. Despite the ultra-shallow 2DEG (35 nm), the mobility remains high even at low carrier densities. Finally, we show that the epitaxial aluminum gate can be patterned to make nanostructures by fabricating a quantum point contact that shows robust and reproducible 1D conductance quantization, with extremely low charge noise.
Effect of confinement on the rotation of a two-dimensional elliptical porous particle in shear flow
Authors: Liu Jiajia , Li Chenggong , Zhang Yunxin , Ye Mao , Liu Zhongmin
Published: August 2021

The rotation of non-spherical porous particles in fluid flows is of practical relevance in various natural and industrial processes. However, despite the increasing interest in micro-scale channels and reactors, the understanding of rotation of non-spherical porous particles in a confined fluid flow is, if not blank, far from complete. In this work, we present a numerical study on the rotation of an elliptical porous particle in a confined shear flow by solving the governing equations using a lattice Boltzmann method. The particles with varying aspect ratios AR, Darcy number Da, and Reynolds number Re are examined for different confinement ratios B. Akin to its solid counterpart, the elliptical porous particle either exhibits time-periodic rotation with a non-uniform angular rate or takes a stationary orientation for different B. With finite fluid inertia, both the maximum and minimum angular rate decrease with B. For the elliptical porous particle, a higher B promotes the increasing rate of rotation period against Re, resulting in a smaller critical Reynolds number Rec (if observed) at which the particle ceases to rotate. A scaling law for solid particles was extended to correlate the rotation period and Re for porous particles, where B has a negligible effect. An empirical formula to predict Rec as a function of B, AR, and Da is established using the symbolic regression. The transition from rotating to stationary at different B can be explained by the net torque exerted on the elliptical porous particle.
Dynamic mode decomposition of magnetohydrodynamic bubble chain flow in a rectangular vessel
Authors: Klevs M. , Birjukovs M. , Zvejnieks P. , Jakovics A.
Published: August 2021

We demonstrate the first application of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) to bubble flow with resolved dynamic liquid/gas boundaries. Specifically, we have applied DMD to the output of numerical simulations for a system where chains of bubbles ascend through a rectangular liquid metal vessel. Flow patterns have been investigated in the vessel and bubble reference frames. We show how gas flow rate and applied magnetic affect bubble wake flow and larger-scale flow structures within the liquid metal vessel by examining the velocity field mode statistics over trajectory time and total flow time as well as the computed mode velocity fields. The results of this proof-of-concept study indicate that DMD can yield unique insights into various momentum transfer and bubble interaction mechanisms, and that mode analysis can be used to explain the observed flow patterns. In addition, we showcase our own implementation of DMD that combines resilience to data noise, memory efficiency and special pre-processing for input data.
Gyrokinetic entropy balances and dynamics in toroidal flux-driven ITG turbulence
Authors: Muto Mikiya , Imadera Kenji , Kishimoto Yasuaki
Published: August 2021

Overall entropy balances and radial dynamics for thermodynamic entropy and conventional fluctuation entropy are investigated by means of newly derived coupled equations and the full-f gyrokinetic simulations for toroidal flux-driven ion-temperature-gradient turbulence. When the equations are integrated over the radial direction, in the quasi-steady state, fluctuation entropy production due to collisional dissipation in velocity space and thermodynamic entropy reduction due to energy input/output in real space are found to be balanced through the generation of a heat flux and associated phase mixing. The cross-correlation analysis indicates that collisional dissipation occurs after the formation of fine-scale structures by phase mixing, while there exists an in-phase relationship between thermodynamic entropy production due to profile relaxation and heat flux. However, when the radial dynamics are retained in the equations, this relationship is found to be violated in regions exhibiting heat avalanches. This is because the thermodynamic entropy is dominated by advection, leading to a time lag between heat flux and temperature variation.
Cr2NX2 MXene (X = O, F, OH): A 2D ferromagnetic half-metal
Authors: Sun Qian , Li Jie , Li Yi , Yang Zongxian , Wu Ruqian
Published: August 2021

Using the spin-polarized first-principles calculations, we revealed that two-dimensional transition metal nitride MXenes Cr2NX2 (X = O, F, OH) are excellent two-dimensional half-metallic ferromagnetic materials. Their structures and ferromagnetic ground states are stable well above room temperature. In addition, their large half-metal bandgaps are enough to prevent spin reversal and ensure high spin filtering efficiency and large spin mean free paths. The half-metallic property of these functionalized Cr2NX2 systems is robust and can be maintained under tensile strains up to 10%. These predictions suggest that the functionalized Cr2NX2 is of great significance for the development of highly efficient spintronic devices for room temperature applications.
Hall–Petch and grain growth kinetics of the low stacking fault energy TRIP Cr40Co40Ni20 multi-principal element alloy
Authors: Bertoli Gustavo , Otani Lucas B. , Clarke Amy J. , Kiminami Claudio S. , Coury Francisco G.
Published: August 2021

The Cr40Co40Ni20 multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) displays a single-phase face centered cubic initial structure, which partially transforms to hexagonal close packed (HCP) phase by transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) during straining, as evidenced by nanometric HCP lamellae that provide enhanced mechanical properties. This MPEA also exhibits significant yield strength—grain size dependence, given by the high Hall–Petch coefficients (k = 667 MPa/μm−0.5 and σ0 = 299 MPa). The high activation energy for grain growth (QG = 533 kJ/mol) leads to refined grain structures after conventional heat treatments. These features, combined with the large solid solution strengthening of Cr-rich Cr-Co-Ni MPEAs, grant the Cr40Co40Ni20 alloy a great combination of strength and ductility under tension. Finally, an empirical equation is proposed to describe the stacking fault energy (SFE) of Cr-Co-Ni alloys, contributing to the prediction of the acting deformation mechanisms. Such findings highlight the potential of compositional tuning to enhance multiple strength and deformation mechanisms in the Cr-Co-Ni system.
New method of transport measurements on van der Waals heterostructures under pressure
Authors: Fülöp Bálint , Márffy Albin , Tóvári Endre , Kedves Máté , Zihlmann Simon , Indolese David , Kovács-Krausz Zoltán , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Schönenberger Christian , Kézsmárki István , Makk Péter , Csonka Szabolcs
Published: August 2021

The interlayer coupling, which has a strong influence on the properties of van der Waals heterostructures, strongly depends on the interlayer distance. Although considerable theoretical interest has been demonstrated, experiments exploiting a variable interlayer coupling on nanocircuits are scarce due to the experimental difficulties. Here, we demonstrate a novel method to tune the interlayer coupling using hydrostatic pressure by incorporating van der Waals heterostructure based nanocircuits in piston-cylinder hydrostatic pressure cells with a dedicated sample holder design. This technique opens the way to conduct transport measurements on nanodevices under pressure using up to 12 contacts without constraints on the sample at the fabrication level. Using transport measurements, we demonstrate that a hexagonal boron nitride capping layer provides a good protection of van der Waals heterostructures from the influence of the pressure medium, and we show experimental evidence of the influence of pressure on the interlayer coupling using weak localization measurements on a transitional metal dichalcogenide/graphene heterostructure.
Enhancing pulsed electrohydrodynamic printing frequency via high-order-mode ejection
Authors: Li Huayang , Yang Weili , Duan Yongqing , Nie Qichun , Shao Zhilong , Yin Zhouping , Huang YongAn
Published: August 2021

We investigate multi-mode oscillation and ejection behavior in pulsed electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing in this paper. The results show that multi-mode oscillation is determined by the damping ratio of the meniscus, while the phase difference between meniscus oscillation and the electric field governs whether jetting can occur. High-order-mode jetting can occur around the corresponding resonant frequency of a low damping ratio system. This enhances the frequency limit to approximately 2.62 times that of traditional pulsed EHD printing, providing an efficient approach to high-frequency EHD printing.
Investigation of photoassociation with full-dimensional thermal-random-phase wavefunctions
Authors: Hu Jin-Wei , Han Yong-Chang
Published: August 2021

By taking the femtosecond two-photon photoassociation (PA) of magnesium atoms as an example, we propose a method to calculate the thermally averaged population, which is transferred from the ground X1Σg+ state to the target (1)1Πg state, based on the solution of full-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation. In this method, named as method A, we use thermal-random-phase wavefunctions with the random phases expanded in both the vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom to model the thermal ensemble of the initial eigenstates. This method is compared with the other two methods (B and C) at different temperatures. Method B is also based on thermal-random-phase wavefunctions, except that the random-phase expansion is merely used for the vibrational degree of freedom. Method C is based on the independent propagation of every initial eigenstate, instead of the thermal-random-phase wavefunctions. Taking the (1)1Πg state as the target state, it is found that although these three methods can present the same population on the (1)1Πg state, the computation efficiency of method A increases dramatically with the increase in temperature. With this efficient method A, we find that the PA process at 1000 K can also induce rotational coherence, i.e., the molecular field-free alignment in the excited electronic states.
Volume averaging effect in nonlinear processes of focused laser fields
Authors: Yao Yuzhong , Freund William M. , Zhang Jie , Kong Wei
Published: August 2021

We report theoretical derivations and experimental results on the volume averaging effect of nonlinear processes in focused laser fields. This effect is considered detrimental in revealing the intensity dependence of a nonlinear process, caused by the intensity variation across the sampled volume of a focused laser. Following the treatment in the literature, we prove that if the signal dependence can be expressed as a simple power function of the laser intensity and if the detection region encompasses effectively the whole volume, volume average does not affect the final conclusion on the derived exponent. However, to reveal the detailed saturation effect of a multi-photon process, intensity selective scans involving spatial filters and displacement of the laser focus (z-scan) are required. Moreover, to fully capture the dependence of the signal on the variation of the laser intensity, the degree of spatial discrimination and the corresponding range of the z-scan need to be modeled carefully. Limitations in the dynamic range of the detector or the laser power, however, can thwart the desired scan range, resulting in erroneous fitting exponents. Using our nanosecond laser with a non-ideal Gaussian beam profile based on multiphoton ionization of argon atoms from a collimated molecular beam and from ambient argon gas, we report experimental measurements of the beam waist and Rayleigh range and compare the experimental intensity dependence of Ar+ with theoretical values. Agreements between theory and experiment are remarkable.
Enhancement of light-induced resistance effect in the nanostructure of Ag/graphene based on the n-type silicon
Authors: Liu Shuai , Dong Xinyuan , Niu Yiru , Zheng Diyuan , Gan Zhikai , Wang Hui
Published: August 2021

The direct coupling of material properties across a nanoscale interface is a promising route to achieve the functionality unavailable in bulk materials. Graphene is a kind of sp2 hybridized carbon monolayer and has been investigated in many applications due to its high charge-carrier mobility. In this paper, a type of enhanced light-induced resistance effect (LRE) is observed in the structure of Ag/graphene/n-type Si. This effect features a remarkable linear resistance change with a sensitivity of 4.39 kΩ/mm when a laser moves along the surface of the structure. With the optimal thickness of the Ag film, the resistance change ratio of LRE can reach 472%, which is significantly higher than the Ag/Si control sample (6.4%), showing an obvious graphene-induced enhancement. Photocarriers' diffusion and recombination at the heterojunction interface are crucial for the enhancement. These findings offer an effective way to study the carrier dynamics at the heterojunction interface and will be useful in the development of graphene-based optoelectronic devices, such as laser-controlled variable resistors, laser-induced diodes, and storage devices.
Habitat influence on activity patterns of brush-tailed rock-wallabies in Queensland
Authors: Botma Kiarra-Lea , Shapland Felicity , Hoy Julia M. , Pritchard Tanya , Murray Peter J.
Published: August 2021

The brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is a nocturnal refuge dependent herbivore that can be found from south-east Queensland to East Gippsland in Victoria. Brush-tailed rock-wallaby colonies are situated in many different habitat types, and refuge within this habitat is important for their survival. Dingoes coexist with P. penicillata and are perceived to be a threat. This study aimed to determine the link between habitat and P. penicillata behaviour and their interaction with predators. Three P. penicillata colonies were studied within the Little Liverpool Range, Queensland. Images of P. penicillata and dingoes from camera traps were analysed for daily activity patterns and activity overlap between species. Dingo scats were collected and analysed to determine predation. The results indicated that different habitat types change the perceived predation risk and corresponding activity patterns of P. penicillata. Predation risk impacted foraging behaviour, with rock-wallabies in exposed habitat types exhibiting greater predator avoidance behaviours than those in more protected habitat types. The results indicate that brush-tailed rock-wallabies modified their activity patterns according to different habitat types to reduce their risk of predation.
CircURI1
interacts with hnRNPM to inhibit metastasis by modulating alternative splicing in gastric cancer
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Li Jingxin , Bian Xing , Wu Cheng , Hua Jinghan , Chang Shuhui , Yu Tianyi , Li Hong , Li Yongxiang , Hu Shanshan , Shan Ge , Lin Wenchu
Published: August 2021

Significance

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play increasingly appreciated gene-regulatory roles in the process of human tumorigenesis. Our results demonstrated that
circURI1
expression levels were significantly increased in gastric cancer (GC) compared to paraGC, and the depletion of
circURI1
promoted metastasis in vitro and in vivo.
CircURI1
directly interacted with hnRNPM and modulated alternative splicing by sequestering the hnRNPM protein. Our study provides a reported association of circRNA, alternative splicing, and metastasis and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of metastatic GC.
Code-switching
Authors: Tomić Aleksandra , Valdés Kroff Jorge R.
Published: August 2021

Monolinguals use various linguistic phenomena to guide prediction while comprehending. For bilinguals, the richer linguistic landscape provides additional resources. Code-switches (CS) are a particularly salient event, which could play a role in bilingual prediction. Despite the ubiquity and diverse functions of code-switching, experimental research has focused on CS processing costs, largely in comprehension (Litcofsky & Van Hell, 2017). Despite apparent integration costs, code-switching can facilitate subsequent language processing, due to natural code-switching patterns. We illustrate this approach with two eye-tracking studies suggesting that code-switches are used as a cue that a less frequent or negative word follows. These studies underscore the need to integrate socio-pragmatic and corpus-modeling observations with experimentation to reach a comprehensive understanding of CS processing (Myers-Scotton, 2006).
Prediction and grammatical learning in second language sentence processing
Authors: Hopp Holger
Published: August 2021

With a focus on grammatical processing, the chapter surveys recent studies that investigate how second language (L2) learners learn to predict and whether they use prediction for learning the L2 grammar. This chapter first reviews theoretical approaches to the roles of prediction and prediction error as learning mechanisms in first language (L1) and L2 processing. Drawing on priming, (visual-world) eye-tracking and reading-time data, I then discuss how adult L2 learners may differ from monolingual speakers in learning to predict and using prediction for learning. The chapter identifies two key areas in which L2 learning from prediction may be circumscribed, namely, the role of awareness and explicit memory in prediction and the degree to which L2 learners can identify the source of their prediction errors.
The role of prediction in second language vocabulary learning
Authors: Gambi Chiara
Published: August 2021

While we have a good understanding of how prediction is implicated in processing utterances in a second language, the idea that prediction may also be implicated in learning a second language has so far received very little attention. I briefly review the evidence for and against prediction as a fundamental mechanism of language acquisition in childhood, focusing in particular on the links between children’s prediction skills and their vocabulary knowledge. I then illustrate how prediction, and in particular prediction errors, may drive learning of new words in adults, by supporting the encoding and consolidation of representations for these words in memory. Finally, I discuss how prediction-based mechanisms might be implicated in generating and sustaining motivation to learn a second language.
Nota sobre Hernando Cabrera, carceller de la Inquisició de València (1515–1541)
Authors: Toldrà i Vilardell Albert
Published: August 2021

We use the case of Hernando – or Fernando – Cabrera, carceller of the secret prisons of the court of the Inquisition of Valencia between the years 1515 and 1541, to illustrate both the institutional language of the time and the current historiography on the Inquisition and its secret prisons, innovative institutions in their time and considered modern, in relation to “medieval” prisons, take us at the deception: at the reality, accessible thanks to the internal documentation of the Santo Oficio, we find a dark world where there it is widespread inefficiency and negligence at the work, corruption and economic extortion of prisoners, as well as abuses of the privileges of the staff of the Inquisition. Hernando Cabrera has been receiving continuous and useless warnings from the inquisitors since 1526, but he is incorrigible and does not change his behavior, until he is degraded by the Council of the Supreme Inquisition in 1541.
Language, Multimodal Interaction and Transaction
Authors: Xiang Xuehua
Published: August 2021

Xuehua Xiang examines multimodal interaction in the marketplace in a multilingual town at the juncture of urbanization in Southern China. Using a collection of data that span nearly 20 years from ethnographic fieldwork, Language, Multimodal Interaction and Transaction: Studies of a Southern Chinese marketplace analyzes multimodal talk-in-interaction in the traditional marketplace as both an economic mechanism and a localized social space. Focusing on how buyers and sellers interact to complete transactions as marketplace shifts from sedimentations of road-side peddling to centralized built space and further to corporate e-commerce, Xiang takes into account the Janus nature of language as both incurring transaction costs and a powerful tool of information and control. By analyzing the socializing functions of language in the marketplace outside of and beyond economic dealings, the study additionally documents and depicts the roles of affect and morality in marketplace encounters. The study offers an overarching framework for future research on the mediating role of language and multimodal interaction in economic activities as well as on the interplay of information, knowledge, affect and morality in social encounters.
Effects of conservation agriculture on farmers' livelihoods in the face of climate change in Balaka district, Malawi.
Authors: Zimba Josephine M. , Liwenga Emma T.
Published: August 2021

Conservation agriculture (CA) has been highly promoted due to its potential to ensure high crop yields even in the face of changes in climatic factors. However, the actual benefits associated with CA are not only focused on food security but are also site specific. This study sought to understand the benefits of CA in improving livelihoods in a changing climate in Hanjahanja and Sawali sections of Bazale Extension Planning Area in Balaka District. Specifically, it analysed CA's contribution to farmers' livelihoods and also the challenges and opportunities of CA in climate change adaptation. Data was collected through household surveys (n = 153), key informant interviews (n = 9), focus group discussions and field observations. The study found that due to CA adoption, the majority of the farmers in both Hanjahanja and Sawali sections had realized positive livelihood outcomes, mainly through improved food security and increased incomes. Despite the similarity, Hanjahanja farmers reported decrease in yields in seasons marred by floods. However, farmers faced several challenges due to CA adoption, which included high labour demands, rainfall variability and lack of inputs. Even so, improvement in soil moisture, soil erosion control, improved food security, presence of several institutions and enabling environment offered more opportunities of CA in adapting to climate change. CA, therefore, improves the livelihoods of the farmers except in times of floods. Hence, deliberate policies by the government to promote adoption of CA are required to take advantage of the benefits of CA. Research should also be done on how best to reduce the negative effects of CA on farmers' livelihoods.
Bilateral comparison of 1.018 V and 10 V standards between the BIM (Bulgaria) and the BIPM (BIPM.EM-K11.a and b)
Authors: Solve Stephane , Chayramy Regis , Hadzhistoykova Radoslava , Marinov Radoslav , Stock Michael
Published: August 2021

Main text

As part of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K11.a and b, a comparison of the 1.018 V and 10 V voltage reference standards of the BIPM and the Bulgarian Institute of Metrology, BIM, was carried out in April 2019. The objective for BIM in participating in this comparison was to demonstrate the international equivalence of its DC voltage measurement results and to support the calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) published in the Key Comparison Database of the BIPM (KCDB).

Two BIPM Zener diode-based travelling standards (Fluke 732B) were shipped to Sofia in March 2019.

At the BIPM, the reference standard for DC voltage is a primary voltage standard based on the Josephson effect, developed by the BIPM. The output electromotive force (EMF) of each travelling standard was measured against the Josephson Voltage Standard (JVS) before and after the measurements at BIM. At the BIM, the reference standard is a commercial JVS.

The final result of the comparison is presented as the difference between the values assigned to DC voltage standards by BIM, at the level of 1.018 V and 10 V, at BIM, UBIM, and those assigned by the BIPM, at the BIPM, UBIM, at the reference dates of the 26th of March 2019.

UBIM - UBIM = - 0.01 µV; uc = 0.02 µV, at 1.018 V

UBIM - UBIM = + 0.30 µV; uc = 0.09 µV, at 10 V

where uc is the combined standard uncertainty associated with the measured difference.

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The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Separability, plane wave limits and rotating black holes
Authors: Papadopoulos G
Published: August 2021

We present a systematic construction of the Penrose coordinates and plane wave limits of spacetimes for which both the null Hamilton–Jacobi and geodesic equations separate. The method is applied to Kerr-NUT-(A)dS four-dimensional black holes. The plane wave limits of the near horizon geometry of the extreme Kerr black hole are also explored. All near horizon geometries of extreme black holes with a regular Killing horizon admit Minkowski spacetime as a plane wave limit.
Layer exchange synthesis of multilayer graphene
Authors: Toko Kaoru , Murata Hiromasa
Published: August 2021

Low-temperature synthesis of multilayer graphene (MLG) on arbitrary substrates is the key to incorporating MLG-based functional thin films, including transparent electrodes, low-resistance wiring, heat spreaders, and battery anodes in advanced electronic devices. This paper reviews the synthesis of MLG via the layer exchange (LE) phenomenon between carbon and metal from its mechanism to the possibility of device applications. The mechanism of LE is completely different from that of conventional MLG precipitation methods using metals, and the resulting MLG exhibits unique features. Modulation of metal species and growth conditions enables synthesis of high-quality MLG over a wide range of growth temperatures (350 °C–1000 °C) and MLG thicknesses (5–500 nm). Device applications are discussed based on the high electrical conductivity (2700 S cm−1) of MLG and anode operation in Li-ion batteries. Finally, we discuss the future challenges of LE for MLG and its application to flexible devices.
Synthesis of silicalite-1 zeolite membranes for vapor-permeation separation of dichlorobenzene Isomers
Authors: He Qiu-Ping , Zou Yun , Wang Peng-Fei , Dou Xiao-ming
Published: August 2021

Silicalite-1 zeolitic membranes have been successfully fabricated on the porous α-Al2O3 support by templated and template-free protocol, respectively, for vapor permeation separation of dichlorobenzene (DCB) isomers. After proving the high quality of the membranes by single gas permeation (He and SF6) performance, the vapor-permeation of DCB isomers over two types of the silicalite-1 membrane was then investigated. The separation results clearly indicated that under the lower partial pressure and higher temperature, the effect of DCB isomer adsorption on the permeance could be kept at a sufficiently low level and sharp selectivity become more important. Thus, high p-DCB selectivity could be achieved. Comparatively, the template-free silicalite-1 zeolite has a much higher p-DCB selectivity due to the relatively fewer inter-crystalline gaps. Under certain separation conditions, the highest selectivity of p-DCB for p-/m-DCB and p-/o-DCB binary systems could reach 165 and 113, respectively.
The MEMOS-U macroscopic melt dynamics code—benchmarking and applications
Authors: Ratynskaia S , Thorén E , Tolias P , Pitts R A , Krieger K
Published: August 2021

The MEMOS-U code, a significantly upgraded version of MEMOS-3D, has been developed to address macroscopic metallic melt motion in large-deformation long-displacement regimes, where melts spill onto progressively colder solid surfaces, that are ubiquitous in contemporary tokamaks and expected to be realized in ITER. The modelling of plasma effects, appearing via the free-surface boundary conditions, is discussed along with the sensitivity to external input. The crucial roles of convective and thermionic cooling are exemplified by simulations of ELM-induced tungsten leading edge melting. Key melt characteristics, revealed by previous MEMOS-U modelling of grounded sample exposures, are confirmed in new simulations of the recent floating sample exposures in ASDEX-Upgrade.
Ceramic materials with special electrical properties based on niobates of alkali and alkaline earth metals: technology, structure, macro-responses, applications
Authors: Zubarev J Y , Philippoff S E , Reznichenko L A
Published: August 2021

The article describes the electrophysical properties research results of the solid solution based on sodium and strontium niobates. The obtained data indicate the preservation of piezoelectric activity in the paraelectric range. The research results will be of interest in the development of diagnostic devices for heat-loaded structures and radio engineering.
Features of the technology for producing multicomponent ferropiezoelectric materials
Authors: Dudkina S I , Shilkina L A , Reznichenko L A
Published: August 2021

A technological method has been developed for the manufacture of multicomponent ferroelectric piezoelectric materials based on lead titanate, including those modified by oxides of rare-earth elements, of the Pb(Ti, Zr)O3 binary system, and alkali metal niobates. The method is considered step by step on the example of the composition Pb0.88Nd0.1Ti0.92Mn0.02In0.06O3 and consists in additional heat treatment of the synthesized product at a temperature corresponding to the termination of the change in the unit cell parameters. It is shown that the materials obtained by using the proposed method have improved characteristics in comparison with similar ones realized in materials manufactured by the traditional method. The developed materials are promising for the creation of high-frequency electroacoustic transducers, ultrasonic flaw detectors, and medical diagnostic devices.
Glass-ceramics based on Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 for advanced all-solid-state batteries
Authors: Pershina S V , Antonov B D
Published: August 2021

Glass-ceramic electrolytes of the Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3-xB2O3 series (0≤x≤0.15 wt%) were obtained by glass crystallization under the same conditions of heat treatment. The influence of B2O3 addition on the phase composition and unit cell parameters of lithium-aluminium-germanium-phosphate glass-ceramics was investigated by XRD. The obtained solid electrolytes have the NASICON-type structure with space group R-3c. Glass-ceramics is single-phase at 0≤x≤0.15. Transport properties of glass-ceramics electrolytes were investigated by impedance spectroscopy. The conductivity of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 was found to be lower compared to the B2O3-added solid electrolytes. Namely, the composition with 0.05 wt% has the highest lithium-ion conductivity, which is 5.5·10−4 S/cm at 25 °C. Also the thermal compatibility of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte with Li4T5O12 anode material and the influence of Li3BO3 addition on their compatibility were investigated by DSC method.
Synthesis and characterization of dense proton-conducting BaZr1-xYxO3(x=0÷0.15) ceramics
Authors: Vorotnikov V A , Novikova Yu V , Kuzmin A V
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a technique for high-density BaZr1-xYxO3-6(x=0÷0.15) ceramics producing without the use of sintering additives is discussed. The obtained perovskite-like oxides are single-phase at the yttrium concentration of x=0÷0.1. For single-phase compounds, the lattice parameter increases when the yttrium addition rises. The microstructure of the produced samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Measurements of the thermal expansion and the total conductivity of BaZr1-xYxO3-8materials at different humidity evidence about the absence of phase transitions. The values of the specific conductivity depending on the temperature, the concentration of the acceptor impurity as well as the composition of the gas phase were implemented by the DC 4-probe method. In addition, the dependences of the effective activation energies on the conditions listed above are shown.
Metal salicylates Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Li+ and Mg2+: properties and effect on pain sensitivity
Authors: Yu Ravaeva M , Cheretaev I V , Chuyan E N
Published: August 2021

The paper presents the results of evaluating the effect of salicylates Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Li+ and Mg2+ at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg on the pain sensitivity of male rats. Experiments were carried out on 119 male Wistar laboratory rats in test models of acute thermal pain (“tail-flick” and “hot plate”). It has been shown that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduces the pain sensitivity with the participation of spinal and supraspinal mechanisms of regulation. The introduction of complexing metals (Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Li+ and Mg2+) mainly leads to a decrease in the analgesic effect of ASA.
Temperature effect on nanostructured wear-resistant coating on the surface of a band-saw cutting tool
Authors: Litvinov Artem E , Buz’ko Vladimir Yu , Goryachko Alexandr I
Published: August 2021

The article presents the results of study of temperature effect on microstructural and thermophysical properties of developed nanostructured wear-resistant coating with high strength characteristics, resistance to shock and vibration loads on the surface of metal saw band for industrial instrumental and high-speed steel treatment. Studies are shown on the example of one of the cutting on band-cutting machines, using closed band saws as cutting tools made of spring-spring steels with obtained carbide cutting edges. It is known that the operating conditions of a band saw include such characteristics as increased vibration resistance, resistance to alternating and dynamic loads, as well as increased wear resistance. This article presents the results of the thermal effect on the characteristics of the developed wear-resistant nanostructured coating on the surface of the cutting edge of a band saw tooth for metalworking.
Repair of radiator leaks by cold spraying
Authors: Latypov R A , Serov A V , Serov N V
Published: August 2021

The possibility of sealing various parts through holes by cold spraying is considered. A method is proposed and calculation formulas are presented for determining the critical size of the hole that can be sealed in this way without the use of additional parts. The brand of the powder and the technological parameters of the process that allow the sealing of holes of the largest size are determined.
Effects of various factors on concrete strength and crack-resistance
Authors: Perfilov V A
Published: August 2021

This paper reviews the methods for evaluation of strength and crack-resistance from the perspective of fracture mechanics and slow expansion of the most dangerous main cracks. Complete concrete stress-deformation and destruction diagrams with the fracture work and energy evaluation have been obtained through testing as well as the force parameter such as the critical stress intensity ratio has been determined. The analysis of test results has proved that crack-resistance of concrete can change depending on the type, size and volumetric content of the aggregate and also on the water-cement ratio, age, hardening conditions and heating temperature of concrete.
Slippage during high-pressure torsion processing of Vitreloy 105 bulk metallic glass
Authors: Gunderov D V , Astanin Vas V , Sharafutdinov A V , Bhatt Jatin
Published: August 2021

Using a special technique proposed by the authors, the real deformation achieved during high pressure torsion (HPT) of Zr-based bulk metal glasses (BMG) was determined. The methodology included joint HPT of two halves of disks of the BMG. High-pressure torsion was conducted on a different number of revolutions. Actual produced strain is shown to be much smaller than the expected one. However, the structure of the amorphous phase in the Vit105 BMG changes considerably as a result of HPT processing. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, HPT for n = 5 revolutions leads to an increase in the free volume content by about 1.3%.