V. longisporumelicits media-dependent secretome responses with a further capacity to distinguish between plant-related environments
Authors: Leonard Miriam , Kühn Anika , Harting Rebekka , Maurus Isabel , Nagel Alexandra , Starke Jessica , Kusch Harald , Valerius Oliver , Feussner Kirstin , Feussner Ivo , Kaever Alexander , Landesfeind Manuel , Morgenstern Burkhard , Becher Dörte , Hecker Michael , Braus-Stromeyer Susanna A. , Kronstad James W. , Braus Gerhard H. 
Published: February 2020

Verticillia cause a vascular wilt disease affecting a broad range of economically valuable crops. The fungus enters its host plants through the roots and colonizes the vascular system. It requires extracellular proteins for a successful plant colonization. The exoproteome of the allodiploidVerticillium longisporumwas analyzed upon cultivation in different media. Secreted fungal proteins were identified by label free LC-MS/MS screening.V. longisporuminduced two main secretion patterns. One response pattern was elicited in various non-plant related environments. The second pattern includes the exoprotein responses to the plant-related media, pectin-rich simulated xylem medium and pure xylem sap, which exhibited similar but additional distinct features. These exoproteomes include a shared core set of 223 secreted and similarly enriched fungal proteins. The pectin-rich medium significantly induced the secretion of 144 proteins including a number of pectin degrading enzymes, whereas xylem sap triggered a smaller but unique fungal exoproteome pattern with 32 enriched proteins. The latter pattern included proteins with domains of known effectors, metallopeptidases and carbohydrate-active enzymes. The most abundant and uniquely enriched proteins of these different groups are the necrosis and ethylene inducing-like proteins Nlp2 and Nlp3, the cerato-platanin proteins Cp1 and Cp2, the metallopeptidases Mep1 and Mep2 and the CAZys Gla1, Amy1 and Cbd1. Deletion of the majority of the corresponding genes caused no phenotypic changes duringex plantagrowth or invasion and colonization of tomato plants. However, we discovered that theNLP2andNLP3deletion strains were compromised in plant infections. Overall, our exoproteome approach revealed that the fungus induces specific secretion responses in different environments. The fungus has a general response to non-plant related media whereas it is able to fine-tune its exoproteome in the presence of plant material. Importantly, the xylem sap-specific exoproteome pinpointed Nlp2 and Nlp3 as single effectors required for successfulV. dahliaecolonization.

Author Summary

Verticilliumspp. infect hundreds of different plants world-wide leading to enormous economic losses. Verticillium wilt is a disease of the vasculature. The fungus colonizes the xylem of its host plant where it exploits the vascular system to colonize the whole plant. Therefore, the fungus spends part of its lifetime in this nutrient-low and imbalanced environment where it is inaccessible for disease control treatments. This lifestyle as well requires the fungus to react to plant defense responses by secreting specific effector molecules to establish a successful infection. We addressed the differences in media-dependent secretion responses ofVerticillium longisporum. We identified a broad response pattern induced by several media, and a similar response (but with some distinct differences) for the plant-related environments: the pectin-rich medium SXM and xylem sap from the host rapeseed. Importantly, we show that the necrosis and ethylene inducing-like proteins Nlp2 and Nlp3 are xylem sap-specific proteins that are required for fullV. dahliaepathogenicity on tomato. These factors play a role during the colonization phase and represent potential targets for new control strategies for Verticillium wilt.