bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTER FORMATIONS IN THE WORKS OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
Authors:   Polessky State University, Vasylchenko Anastasiia O. , Dymchenko Olena V. ,   O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv
Published: July 2021

The process of forming the concept of “cluster” included a centuries-old history. Theoretical and methodological aspects of this definition were presented in the works of a big number of foreign scientists, such as M. Porter, M. Enright, R. Nelson, A. Lesh, W. Rostow, W. Isard, N. Rosenberg, A. Phillips, J. Tyunen, J. Van Dein, I. Fezer, S. Sweeney, M. Janikas, S. Ray, P. Stout, A. Weber et al. The formation of the modern understanding of clusters was influenced by the theories of agglomeration, industrial complex and industrial areas. Analyzing the history of economic thought, we can say that the approach to cluster economic development was formed gradually, but ideas about the advantages of economic clusters as forms of business organization arose quite a long time ago. In the middle of the XVII century, the «theory of pure agglomeration» was wrote by J. Tyunen, V. Launhardt and A. Marshall. The formation of localization theory is usually associated with the name of the German economist J. Tyunen. The beginning of the “industrial cluster” theory was laid by A. Marshall, who saw the following pattern: enterprises will be able to achieve savings due to internal resources and a system of interaction with suppliers of raw materials and in the presence of highly specialized specialists. A. Lesh studied the agglomeration effect and the scale effect, as a result of which production has properties relative to geographical concentration. In addition, he said that each industry has its own maximum level of production concentration. The theory of the information society was associated with the concept of social networks, which was formed at the end of the twentieth century in the works of certain scientists: S. Berkowitz, S. Wasserman, B. Wellman, D. Nook, P. Marsden, K. Faust, L. Freeman and others. The formation of the modern understanding of clusters was influenced by the theories of agglomeration, industrial complex and industrial areas. In addition, technological and innovative approaches were identified, which were based on the analysis of the competitiveness of the regions. The network approach to economic development has had a significant impact on the modern understanding of clusters. The above-mentioned aspects are formed on the basis of the approaches of a number of foreign scientists, whose main research results are presented in this article. The authors present the evolution of the formation and development of the cluster approach in Economics in Western Economic Thought, give the author’s definition of the concept of “cluster” and describe the common features characteristic of clusters, provide reasoned conclusions.
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GLOBAL CONSULTING SERVICES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Tokar Volodymyr V.
Published: July 2021

The Covid-pandemic forces governments, individuals, and legal entities to transit from business-as-usual approach to digital, inclusive, innovative, and adaptive management and producing models. Maintaining the old ways of decision-making became increasingly difficult, if not impossible. The lack of adequate knowledge, know-how and time deficit increases the demand for professional advice from peers or individuals and companies specialized in consulting services in different spheres, including management in general, personnel, information technologies, security, etc. The global consulting services industry in general and its most successful representatives, both individuals and firms, seem to prosper in any case, but the question is whether their consultancy really improves business results and stimulates economic growth. The article aims are disclosing the connection between global consulting services and economic development applying correlation analysis to the size of global consulting services market and the World Bank’s data on GDP. The paper discloses recent changes in the size of global consulting services market and world GDP growth. The size of global consulting services markets constantly grew and the change equaled 44.4 percent in 2011–2020. Financial advisory and operations consultancy were the fastest growing segments demonstrating the increase of 54.5 and 53.6 percent, respectively. The global GDP increased by 14.2 during this period reaching $83.8 trillion in 2020 and showing the peak of $87.6 trillion in 2019. Our calculations have shown that the linear correlation coefficient of the size of global consulting services market and world GDP is statistically significant. Therefore, there is a direct and strong connection between consulting services and economic growth, namely the global GDP. The increase of the size of global consulting services market by 1 unit ($1 billion) causes the average increase of the world GDP by 0.139 units ($ trillion). The perspectives of further investigations embrace the analysis of efficiency of consulting services in key segments of the global market, namely strategy, operations, human resources, financial advisory, and technology
TOURISM POLICY UNDER GLOBAL CHALLENGES: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
Authors:   Alfred Nobel University, Kozhushko Svitlana P. , Kliuchnyk Ruslan M. ,   Alfred Nobel University
Published: July 2021

The article provides the analysis of tourism policy under global challenges. The authors consider the main aspects of the implementation of tourism policy in European countries in modern conditions proceeding from the fact that Europe has been one of the centers of tourism for a long time due to a number of factors, among them are: geographical position, level of life, accessibility (railway and air connections) and other factors that facilitate the development of tourism. Moreover, there is a large number of historical and cultural artifacts in most of the European countries – the fact that in combination with their long and successful experience of tourism policy facilitates the attraction of tourists. It has been proved that an important prerequisite for an effective tourism policy is the carefully shaped tourist image of a country. Some countries have formed it relatively recently (France, Italy, the Netherlands), while others are developing it now (Latvia, Romania). Some of the post-Socialist countries have demonstrated considerable progress in forming their images and tourism policies. The article analyses certain country-specific types of tourism: recreation tourism in Croatia with its picturesque seashore and favourable ecological situation; cultural tourism in Germany and Finland – famous for their ancient and modern artifacts (e.g., the Berlin Wall or Raatteen Porti); event tourism in some countries where annual events are held, e.g., Oktoberfest in Germany or Koningsdag in the Netherlands. Other types of tourism, such as educational, medical, religious, etc., are also specified in their connection with certain European locations. As to the tourism policies of European countries – they have much in common bearing some differences. Eloquent example of successful implementation of state tourism policy are given in the article with the accent on the experience of France, Italy, Latvia, Romania and other countries. In most of them tourism policy is run by ministries or departments responsible for culture and sports. The role of the European Union and the World Tourism Organization is also specified in the article. Some dramatic consequences of COVID-19 for the development of world tourism industry, which changed this sphere radically, are also mentioned in the article as well as a certain shift in tourists’ preferences and motivations – from extremal to safe practices. Recognizing and realizing new reality many countries keep on supporting tourism business through modification of their plans, strategies and policies
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTRACURRICULAR EDUCATION IN THE FORMATION OF SUBJECT COMPETENCIES IN BIOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH IN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors:   Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Yusypiva Tetiana I. , Miniajlo Maryna O. ,   Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Miasoid Halyna I. ,   Alfred Nobel University
Published: July 2021

The possibilities of out-of-school education in the formation of subject competencies in Biology and Human Health in secondary school students have been studied. Peculiarities of out-of-school education and their role in ecological-naturalistic education of students are revealed. The pedagogical experience of creating out-of-school circles on Biology, Ecology and Human Health in Novomoskovsk district of Dnipropetrovsk region is investigated. A pedagogical experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of extracurricular education in the formation of subject competencies in Biology and Human Health in secondary school students who additionally attend the society ‘Young Nature Conservationists’. It is shown that the training load provided by the Curriculum ‘Young Nature Conservationists’ for the study of the section ‘Natural resources of Ukraine. The flora and its protection’ (60 hours) offers an opportunity to consider in detail such topics that according to the programme of the Biology course for the 6th grade at the secondary school have an insufficient number of learning hours. In the process of learning different methods of teaching and learning were used, practical methods and hands-on experience were prevailing. Thus, excursions are the major learning forms to study the local nature reservation areas in Novomoskovsk district of Dnipropetrovsk region. During the excursion the members of the society were learning about the geography, soils, flora and fauna of their environment, were strengthening their health, and became aware of the necessity to keep fit and healthy and preserve nature. The members of the society ‘Young Nature Conservationists’ also participated in a range of contests aimed at developing ecological thinking, preserving nature, creativity and forming major competences in Biology, Ecology and Human health. It is established that the developed set of educational classes increases the efficiency of formation of competences in Biology and Human Health and their components (logical-semantic, cognitive, operational, research) of members of the group ‘Young Nature Conservationists’, increases children`s satisfaction with the forms of teaching and teaching methods, and ensures students’ interest in biology and ecology studied by them at the Centre for Extracurricular Education.
MODELING THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING THE METHODOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS FOR TEACHING EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINES IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors:   South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D.Ushynsky, Martynova Raisa , Frumkina Aryna ,   National University “Odessa Law Academy”
Published: July 2021

The article presents the problem of modeling the process of developing the methodological competence of future primary school teachers for teaching educational disciplines in a foreign language. The notion “methodological competence of future primary school teachers” is defined. It is determined as the ability to master a methodological apparatus for presenting and activating basic knowledge in a particular discipline, and, concerning our work, it also includes the transfer of this knowledge to students in a foreign language. The process of developing methodological competence of future primary school teachers for teaching educational disciplines in a foreign language is modeled. It is based on the concept of procedural integration of two different subjects, one of which is a foreign language. This process provides simultaneous learning of different kinds of material. On the one hand, this material is related to learning the major subject, on the other hand, to learning a foreign language meaning expressing the essence of this major subject. The step-by-step model of developing the methodological competence of future primary school teachers for teaching educational disciplines in a foreign language is presented. The model covers the following links: stages of pedagogical process (1st stage – contour and art on the basis of imitation and speech, 2nd stage – subject and art on the basis of conscious speech, 3rd stage – creation and art on the basis of creative speech), educational objectives, elements of the subject, components of the content of education, methods and means of learning, as well as the control of learning outcomes. The first stage of developing the methodological competence of future primary school teachers for teaching fine arts in a foreign language is described in detail. It presents systematic and gradual growth of both major subject and linguistic knowledge and skills. This is manifested in the fact that learning each subsequent subject action involves the performance of previous actions, thus preventing pupils from forgetting the material under study. At the same time, with the development of subject and linguistic skills of different levels of complexity, the foreign language educational activity of the teacher also gradually expands, which leads to the increase in the subject and foreign language abilities of pupils.
GUIDE IN ENGLISH AS A MATERIAL FOR PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE ACQUISITION BY STUDENTS OF TOURISTS’ SPECIALTIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GUIDE SERIES ‘AWESOME UKRAINE’)
Authors:   Alfred Nobel University, Polishko Nataliia E. , Blynova Neliia M. ,   Oles Honchar Dnipro National University
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the issues of learning English by students of bachelor’s specialty “Tourism” and «Hotel and restaurant business». Since foreign language proficiency is one of the main competencies for a student of this specialty, the question of the methodology of its study is extremely relevant. In this article the specifics of the ‘Awesome Ukraine’ English guide-book is being researched. In English-speaking guides the specifics of the target audience should be carefully taken into consideration, since not all tourists are fluent in English as a foreign language. Therefore, for students of ‘Tourism” and “Hotel and restaurant business” specialties referring to an English-language guide-book would be of a valuable assistance in methodological and linguistic aspects. Students will not only assimilate information about a certain monument or location, but will also adopt the proper way to present facts, assimilate necessary language patterns, and learn to apply them in practice. The publication makes an editorial, linguistic and methodological analysis of the ‘AWESOME UKRAINE’ series. These seven publications tell foreigners about Ukraine, it’s most attractive and interesting locations, present one of the most respected IT centers. All of that can be used during lectures and practical classes for various English-language disciplines as didactic material. Text content in all editions is laconic; the material is described in simple and accessible English. One article about a certain monument or location occupies one-page spread, which is convenient for perception. Each topic material is illustrated with a thematic photo. The series is competently created, has a thoroughly thought-out concept for the embodiment of the text and illustrative material. The article demonstrates that the capabilities of a modern guide-book are able to perform not only informative but also a communicative function of a mediator in intercultural communication. Thanks to this fact, it becomes possible to effectively use this potential in the formation of basic competences and skills to productively implement professional activities for future professionals in tourism and hospitality industry.
Communicative culture of foreign language communication and its correlation with developing the secondary language personality of foreign language l
Authors:   Alfred Nobel University, Tarnopolsky Oleg B. , Storozhuk Svitlana D. ,   Alfred Nobel University
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to discussing the notions of the communicative culture and the secondary language personality and their correlation in foreign language teaching and learning. The communicative culture means abiding by some definite norms of behavior in communication. The notion of communicative culture is the total synonym of the term communicative etiquette that consists of standards, or patterns of communicative behavior which are interiorized by communicators and serve to ensure the correspondence of their behavior in every situation of communication to the socially and culturally accepted norms. As it is stated in the article, the communicative culture is the key component of the language personality. When the latter is developed by language learners it ensures their ability to use on the level of skills, when communicating in the target language, the linguistic, communicative, and sociocultural norms of communication that are proper not to their own but to the target (foreign language based) linguistic and sociocultural community. The communicative culture of the target linguistic and sociocultural community is the highest in hierarchy governing component of the secondary language personality as an integral formation, that component to which the two other components of the secondary language personality, the communicative and the linguistic ones, are subordinated. The elements of the communicative culture as the leading component of the secondary language personality include verbal, non-verbal, and blended foreign language communicative behavioral patterns, lifestyle communicative behavioral patterns, and some phenomena of foreign mass culture connected with the latter patterns and influencing/reflected in the foreign language communication and communicative behavior. All the components of the secondary language personality should be developed in an integrated manner in the teaching/learning process; they should be formed in harmonic interconnections and interdependencies by way of using experiential foreign language learning.
THEORETICAL BASIS OF READINESS OF TEACHERS FOR PROFESSIONAL SELF-DEVELOPMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION
Authors:   No affiliation, Tymoschuk Hanna V.
Published: July 2021

The article considers the theoretical aspects of self-development, presents generalized results on the characteristics of the concept of “professional self-development”, in particular, in order to identify trends in its scientific definitions, uses content analysis as a method of quantifying qualitative features of information. It is established that the greatest significance is inherent in the definition of “professional selfdevelopment” as a continuous process of objectification of essential forces (synthesis of intellect, feelings, willpower, value orientations, etc.) of the individual in professional activity that is creative and socially useful for self-realization in the chosen profession, achieving objectively high results in accordance with internal subjective norms and criteria. The readiness of a teacher for professional self-development is considered by the author as an integrative characteristic of personality which combines motivational-value, cognitive-intellectual and operational-activity determinants of continuous qualitative changes in professional activity which generally ensure significant career results in accordance with modern requirements. The basis for readiness of a teacher for professional self-development is regarded as a specific system of indices of the formation of attainments, skills and qualities necessary for further efficient self-development of a teacher. Based on the study and analysis of philosophical, psychological and pedagogical literature. the structure of the readiness of a teacher for professional self-development is determined. Motivational, cognitive-intellectual and activity components are specified. They are interconnected and complementary which should be given attention to in the scientific and methodological work. The leading functions of the readiness of a teacher for professional self-development (informational, motivational, meaningful, reflective, communicative, and normative) are identified. It is noted that the main mechanisms of the readiness of a teacher for professional self-development are self-knowledge, self-determination, self-identification, self-organization, self-education, self-regulation, focus on professional and creative self-realization in the pedagogical activity, and self-assessment. It is determined that professional self-development of teachers is their conscious self-knowledge and selfdesign activity in scientific-methodological work. The urgency of forming readiness of teachers for professional self-development in the system of postgraduate education as a necessary condition for the growth of their professionalism at the stage of dynamic social and transformational processes is emphasized.
USE OF THE CASE METHOD DURING THE STUDY OF THE DISCIPLINE “MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS”
Authors:   Bukovinian State Medical University, Fediv Volodymyr , Olar Оlena ,   Bukovinian State Medical University, Biriukova Tetiana ,   Bukovinian State Medical University, Mykytiuk Orusia ,   Bukovinian State Medical University, Kulchynskyj Victor ,   Bukovinian State Medical University
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the important issues of modern education and increasing the level of modern medical professionals’ training. The article covers the use of educational cases for practical classes in the discipline «Medical and Biological Physics» in natural sciences cycle for students of the first year of study in specialty “Medicine». The authors present the general structure of the case, which is used to consider most of the topics in practical classes. Pedagogical research (case studies and student interviews) found that students are willing to work in a team, often resorting to in-depth search for information to look more effective as a doctor, which in the future allows them to participate in conferences by presenting scientific reviews; willing to test a decision-making model that can be used in real life; gain confidence that the acquired knowledge will allow them to orientate themselves quickly in clinical cases that will be considered in the future. Such techniques also help students to move easily from the techniques used in secondary education to professional oriented teaching methods. The article presents the results of the survey on the effectiveness of the use of the case method and its perception by students. The results of the study allow the authors to conclude that the consideration of a possible clinical case in the study of clinical disciplines in senior years allows medical students to master a sufficient level of professional competencies in the study of fundamental disciplines, including «Medical and Biological Physics». The case designed to study the course of medical and biological physics, given its specifics, may contain the following types of questions of a professionally oriented nature: 1) manifestations of physical phenomena and processes in the human body and the possibility of their study; 2) basic methods of determining physical quantities in medical practice; 3) principles of functioning of devices in diagnostic and medical practice; 4) the consequences of the interaction of physical factors with biological environments; 5) prevention of adverse effects of external physical factors on the human body and counteraction to occupational diseases. Problem-based learning in general and the case method in particular is a good tactical pedagogical tool that plays a strategic role in the training of a competent specialist and is adequately perceived in the student environment. Students are willing to work on cases to become more effective in the role of a doctor, which in the future allows them to participate in conferences by presenting scientific reviews. Such techniques also help students to move easily from the techniques used in secondary education to professional oriented teaching methods.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF “SOCIAL COMPETENCE OF PERSONALITY» IN UKRAINIAN AND FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Authors:   Dnipro State University of Agriculture and Economics, Lukatska Yana S.
Published: July 2021

New Ukrainian and world realities set new tasks for the higher educational establishments, which are related to the search for new, modern methods that allow to increase the effectiveness of training. Currently, topical are the issues of not only professional but also the personal development of the student forming the priority in the implementation of educational activities in universities, preparation for future professional activities, as well as for successful interaction in society. The concept of «individual social competence» is an important factor in creating a system of educational process which takes into account aspects of professional development, and at the same time the peculiarities of the formation of the student personality. The author analyses the concept of «competence», considers the key competences for lifelong learning, identified by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, including social competence, studies the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including G. Gedviliene, H. S. Han, K. M. Kemple, U.P. Kanning, M. Horenburg, G.W. Ladd, H. K. Ma, K. Monahan, M. Monnier, O.V. Varetska, N.I. Hlebova, D.V. Hubareva, O.I. Hura, M.O. Doktorovych, I.B. Zarubinska, O.O. Subina, V.M. Shakhrai. They explored different aspects of social competence of different age categories. The author concludes that, despite different interpretations, all scientists agree that social competence is an acquired skill, it can be formed and developed throughout life. It was also determined that the developed social competence determines the status of the individual in society, it affects the success in professional activities. The high level of social competence allows a person not only to be realized in professional activities, but also to influence the processes in society, which in turn determines its stability. The author’s definition of the concept of «individual social competence» is given in the paper; the author concludes that social competence is an integrated ability that contains other competencies: spiritual, civic, communicative, linguistic; the concept of social competence is closely related to professional competence, without the successful interaction of the individual with society it is impossible to acquire the skills and abilities inherent in a qualified specialist. Thus, an important task for modern higher education is the formation and development of social competence of students, which is the key to successful implementation of the future specialist in professional activities. The educational process should be aimed at forming a system of knowledge about interaction in society, understanding the system of social values, ability to cooperate in society, the ability to communicate constructively, because only a socially competent person can.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS IN UKRAINE AND GEORGIA
Authors:   Alfred Nobel University, Sapozhnikov Stanislav V. , Teplytska Alina О. ,   Educational Institution “International Humanitarian and Pedagogical Institute ‘Beit-Khana’»
Published: July 2021

The article provides a comparative analysis of the historical development of higher education systems in Ukraine and Georgia. It is stated that the history of the formation and development of higher education in Ukraine and Georgia have much in common. Thus, the end of the 19th - the first decade of the 20th century (origin and active development of higher women’s education), the Soviet period, the path taken by Georgia in the period of 1917-1921 have much in common with the destiny of Ukraine. 1921-1941 is a period of significant achievements of the Georgian and Ukrainian science, both in the humanities and in the natural sciences, while the 1990s, when the collapse of the Soviet system and the disintegration of the former Soviet Union destroyed all links between universities and labor markets, led to the stagnation of educational systems, including higher education in both Georgia and Ukraine. The paper argues that modern Georgia is gradually moving from a centralized governance structure to a decentralized, liberal (Western) model of education thanks to the broad support of the country’s intelligentsia, which recognizes the need for radical reforms in higher education aiming to provide professionals for all the fields of human activities. The article defines the reform activity as a determining factor in the success of modernization, i.e. the transition from thoughtless copying of Western educational models to the identification of internal reserves and patterns of transformation of educational space and their balanced adaptation to the challenges of globalized society. To successfully complete the reforms, the authors propose a number of areas for change.
VIRTUAL IDENTITY IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE
Authors:   Azerbaijan University of Languages, Imanova Nahida M.
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the virtual identity in the media discourse. It states that there must be information for communication to take place, including virtual communication. The object of research is text-generating language tools in Internet linguistics, and the subject is to determine their participation and role in the formation of the text. The realization of virtual communication is carried out in written and oral form of the language. Any language units such as sentences, texts, discourses (written and oral), non-linguistic units (such as graphemes, grapheme combinations, prosodic means, such as syllable stress, intonation, pause, etc.) can be considered a virtual information carrier. Virtual communication participants must use one of these tools in order to have two-way communication in the communication process. It is important to pay attention to the meaning and content of the communication. For virtual communication there must be a text that is formed for a specific purpose. Until recently, in linguistics, an independent and separate sentence was accepted as the last unit of the syntactic level in terms of hierarchical relations. In our opinion, these shortcomings, which exist at the syntactic level, gives a special impetus to the emergence of such a field as textual linguistics. In the modern world of the Internet, at a time when man-made technology is beginning to open the way to all areas of our lives, it is not surprising that a new field of linguistics � Internet linguistics � is developing very rapidly. The language of the Internet is constantly on the move; it is observed and operates in different types of communication. In the 21st century, the study of the Internet language from a systemic and structural point of view is observed. At present, linguists are focusing on the analysis of different expressions of the new media discourse in the various virtual worlds observed in the process of communication. The formation of an anthropocentric scientific paradigm in linguistics leads to the intensification of linguistic trends related to communication problems. It is noteworthy to note that when approaching communication in a semiotic plan, its consideration as an action carried out with the direct participation of linguo-semiotic means is one of the factors that led to the expansion of discourse. The virtual world is a shining example of the transition observed in the modern Internet world (explicit and implicit) on the basis of communication. The Internet is the most remarkable tool created by living things. Its impact on society and the world is undeniable. In this regard, the formation of Internet linguistics should not be considered a coincidence. Internet linguistics plays an important role in studying the influence of the Internet on language, develops under its own name in modern linguistics and forms the means of communication in different languages.
ON THE QUESTION OF TYPES OF LEGAL LIABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING STATEBUILDING PARADIGMS
Authors:   V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Petkov Sergey V.
Published: July 2021

The article analyses the scientific approaches of scientists to the evolution, essence and features of the concept of �responsibility�, �social responsibility�, �legal responsibility�. It is stated that responsibility is determined by the level of development of public consciousness, the level of social relations, existing social institutions. Liability as a social phenomenon can be manifested both in a positive way � receiving a reward, and in a negative - for committing offences. The classification of responsibility as a social phenomenon depends on the sphere of social activity, in connection with which political, moral, social, legal and other types of responsibility are distinguished. It is theoretically substantiated that legal responsibility differs from other types of social responsibility by formal definition, obligatory observance of legal norms, state control over their execution, application of state coercion to the offender, prevention of offences and protection of law and order. The degree of responsibility in public and private legal relations is determined. Public torts (crime and misdemeanor) are analysed, problematic issues are outlined and suggestions for their improvement are provided. Types of legal liability for committing offences (torts) are considered. Emphasis is placed on the fact that responsibility is a necessary condition for the development and effective functioning of the state, its effectiveness depends on the mechanisms of responsibility to the individual and is determined by the level of social consciousness, the level of social relations, existing social institutions. The key task of accountability is the fair application and inevitability of punishment. Today, the real threat to national security is a theoretically unfounded amendment of the legislation on liability for offenses. Chaotic, unsystematic accumulation of blanket norms in the basic codes, introduction of new definitions and definitions in the legislation on criminal liability, misunderstanding of the essence of disciplinary liability for misdemeanors, creation of new bodies carrying out administrative activities carried out in the field of other state bodies. This has led to real irresponsibility of government officials and vulnerability of citizens from illegal actions of offenders. The Constitution of Ukraine states that a person may be liable only for offences defined by law. The law must be clear and effective. Punishment is just and inevitable. However, the law will be effective only when it will contain all the components of the rule of law: the hypothesis is usually a behaviour; disposition - violation of this rule; sanction - punishment for violation.
PONTOON SETTLEMENTS AS A MEANS OF RESTORING THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE OF RESERVOIRS
Authors: Chernyatevich Nataliia
Published: July 2021

The article considers the influence of pontoon settlements on the ecology of reservoirs of Ukraine. The main types of pollution and methods of reservoir cleaning due to the creation of pontoon settlements are outlined.

There are 1157 reservoirs located within Ukraine.  The issue of efficient and rational use of reservoirs in Ukraine is becoming increasingly important.  The establishment of settlements on the water could help solve the environmental problems present in reservoirs.

Reservoir pollution can be divided into chemical, bacterial, thermal and radioactive.

Chemical pollution is the ingress of various chemicals, waste from various industries into the water: petrochemical, pulp and paper, as well as municipal wastewater, waste from livestock farms. Biological pollution is getting into reservoirs together with sewage of various pathogenic microorganisms, spores of fungi, worms. Thermal pollution occurs due to the discharge of heated water from thermal power plants, nuclear power plants and other energy facilities. Radioactive contamination is associated with an increase in the content of radioactive substances in water.

When designing pontoon settlements in the water area of reservoirs, it is necessary to provide mechanical cleaning methods. Mechanical cleaning is the cleaning of the bottom of the reservoir from large objects of various origins, as well as the removal of large accumulations of benthic and floating species of aquatic plants. The basis of the biological method of purification is the saturation of the reservoir with microorganisms (bacteria). Another very effective way is to stock the ponds with herbivorous species. Such fish species as silver carp, carp, grass carp, pike, pike perch are biological reclamation of reservoirs. The basis of the chemical method of purification is the addition of special reagents of varying composition to the reservoir.  The main way to reduce thermal pollution is the gradual abandonment of fossil fuels and the transition to renewable energy using solar energy sources: light, wind and water resources.

To ensure all methods of cleaning reservoirs, it is necessary to create specialized floating platforms (pontoons) when designing pontoon settlements.  On them it is possible to place bases for service of technical fleet (special equipment), various technological equipment;  platforms for placement of chemical reagents; fish farming platforms for biological treatment; sorting, temporary storage and processing of garbage, etc. Platforms must be modular, mobile, easy to transport, have mechanical strength and high load capacity. They can also be stationary and mobile, self-propelled and non-self-propelled depending on the functional load and floor-plate of the pontoon settlement.

Pontoon settlements that are developed according to all the respective laws, norms and rules can be considered effective means of combating pollution of reservoirs and help restore their environmental resources.
PROSPECTS OF MODERN FORTIFICATION
Authors: Mykhalchenko Serhii , Tovbych Valerii
Published: July 2021

The relevance of modern means of fortification and creation of new principles of spatial and urban planning solutions for special structures of defense, law enforcement and penitentiary systems, and border protection are investigated. It was researched that the presence of artificial intelligence, modern means of computer equipment and communications enables withdrawing human resources from the area of direct military clashes, and thus, the fortification will not have to protect a person on the battlefield anymore. Scientific and technological progress offers the latest firing systems with automatic target recognition and destruction. Thus, field fortification would enter the fundamentally new features that are not related to a person's protection from the means of destruction. Techniques for camouflage practicing, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices would also become fundamentally new.
The techniques for disguising, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices will also become fundamentally new. As it was mentioned in the article, nowadays, terrible future that was described by numerous futurists and anti-utopians is here already. The global information networks, hybrid warfare, encroachments not on the burnt desert but on the thinking of the population of countries being subjected to aggression. It is precisely clear that the peace agreements reached as a result of the Second World War have been grossly trampled over by the imperial claims of the Russian Federation. Thus, there is an urgent need for scientific research that will provide the further development of the fortification as a complete field of the military engineering.
The article points put that such investigations are likely to be carried out, but they are not advertised, as it should be in military affairs. The current state of affairs in Ukraine is really alarming. We are in a state of permanent armed conflict with an enemy who is stronger than us, practically protecting the world from the aggressive imperial encroachments of the Putin regime. It is a challenge for us: how to build defense, including fortifications. Meanwhile, there is only a loud embarrassment with so-called "Yatseniuk's wall".
ANCIENT TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENTS IN ALGERIA: PENTAPOLIS OF M'ZAB VALLEY
Authors: Houda Rezig Nourel
Published: July 2021

Article concerns of the ancient traditional settlements of Algeria. The main attention are payed to the introduction of architecture of M'zab Valley that is a special historical urban phenomenon of Algerian. Article deals with five old historical preserved settlements, so called ksour, that are gathered in the agglomeration of M'zab Valley (so called Pentapolis) in the oasis of Sahara desert. The article is analysing the traditional planning structure and architecture of ksour in urban scale (macro level) pointing special attention to the climate adaptation techniques of building in the severe natural environment of Sahara desert. The Pentapolis of M'zab Valley is unique example of agglomeration where people dwells preserving traditions more than millennium of the years using the same urban infrastructures and buildings. In this point of view, it could be considered like an excellent case for study the harmonization of ancient traditions in the circumstances of modernity by living in the substantiality with environment.
Effect of feed processing during the nursery rearing of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors:   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Fava Aldo Felipe , Bezerra Gildete de Souza ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Neu Dacley Hertes ,   Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Bittencourt Fabio ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Signor Altevir ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Feiden Aldi ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Piana Pitagoras Augusto ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Boscolo Wilson Rogério ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to compare 5 feed processing for O. niloticus fingerlings: ME1: micro-extruded 1 mm; ED03: extruded and disintegrated 0.3 mm; ED06: extruded and disintegrated 0.6 mm; BF03: bran 0.3 mm and BF06: bran 0.6 mm. Feed conversion was lower in ME1 and ED06. The protein retention coefficient was statistically higher in ME1. The fish proximate composition did not differ among treatments. Although superior in ME1 weight gain did not differ statistically from ED06. ME1 resulted in nitrogen and phosphorus in water statistically lower. ME1, ED06 and BF06 obtained the highest partial net revenues. Thus, ME1 presented the best zootechnical indices, economic performance and reduced impact on water quality.
PENERAPAN METODE DEVELOPMENTALLY APPRORIATE PRACTICES (DAP) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA ABJAD ARAB ANAK USIA DINI DI TPQ SUBULUSSALAM SURABAYA
Authors: Muzamil Muzamil
Published: July 2021

This research aims to improve the reading ability of students in TPQ Subulussalam Surabaya by using DAP (developmentally Appropriate Practices) through the medium of the flannel board. The subjects of this study were the early age students in TPQ Subulussalam Surabaya. The samples taken were 16 students with an engineering sample Matched Design Group (MG). The 16 students were divided into two groups, experimental and control group. Based on the tables of statistical tests on the experimental group stated that the exact Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.008 which means the exact sig.  Real level (α / 2 = 0.05). the result is utterly rejected by Ho. The result obtained is that the application method of DAP (developmentally Appropriate Practices) through the flannel board can improve the reading skills of early age students in TPQ Subulussalam Surabaya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca siswa di TPQ Subulussalam Surabaya dengan menggunakan metode DAP (Developmentally Approriate Practices) melalui media papan flannel. Subyek penelitian ini adalah santri di TPQ Subulussalam Surabaya. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 16 santri yang diambil dengan teknik sampel Matched Group Design (MG). 16 santri tersebut dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, eksperimen dan kontrol. Berdasarkan tabel Test statistic pada kelompok eksperimen yang menyatakan bahwa exact Sig. ( 2-tailed ) = 0,008 yang berarti exact sig. < taraf nyata ( α/2 = 0.05 ) dan kelompok kontrol yang menyatakan bahwa exact Sig. ( 2-tailed ) = 0,125 yang berarti exact sig. > taraf nyata ( α/2 = 0.05 ). maka hasilnya adalah tertolaknya Ho. Hasil yang dapat diperoleh adalah bahwa penerapan metode DAP (Developmentally Approriate Practices) melalui papan flanel dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca santri di TPQ Subulussalam Surabaya.
HOME LEARNING SEBAGAI SOLUSI PEMBELAJARAN DI SEKOLAH DASAR ERA PANDEMI
Authors: Zamzami Muh. Rodhi
Published: July 2021

Pendidikan bagian dari kehidupan masyarakat yang sangat penting, tanpa pendidikan masyarakat sulit untuk menempuh kehidupan yang lebih maju dan lebih baik. Dilematisasi dialami oleh dunia pendidikan sangat menyulitkan, sudah satu tahun ini seluruh dunia mengalami bencana virus yang menyebabkan orang harus membatasi beberapa aktifitas tertentu, tidak terkecuali aktifitas dalam pendidikan. Di sini saya akan membicarakan dampak pandemic terhadap pendidikan, fokus pada pendidikan sekolah dasar di malang raya. Dampak dari pandemic, pendidikan di sekolah dasar mengalami hambatan yang luar biasa sehingga aktifitas yang biasa dilaksanakan terhambat dan dilaksanakan secara tidak normal. Solusi pembelajaran dengan sistem home learning menjadi sebuah pilihan demi berjalanya sistem pembelajaran secara menerus. Dengan berbagai strategi dan metode telah diterapkan sebagai langkah strategis, guna mensiasati jarak dan waktu antara guru dan murid dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran.