bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Effects of the Delivery System on the Efficacy of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB‐12 in Mediating Colonic Transit Time and Improving Immune Function
Authors: Holligan Simone , Roberts Robert F. , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Fleming Jennifer A. , Ba Zhaoyong , Polizzano Kimberley E. , Furumoto Emily J. , Rogers Connie J.
Published: June 2021

Probiotics are functional ingredients that may act independently of the matrix used to deliver them to the human host. In this controlled, crossover, free‐living study we are evaluating the efficacy of the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB‐12 (B. lactis), delivered in a yogurt smoothie (organism added before or after fermentation), or as a supplement (tablet), by assessing colonic transit time (CTT) and markers of immune function. B. lactis is given at a dose of log 10± 0.5 CFUs/day. Treatment periods are 4 weeks long, followed each by a 2‐week washout period. Participants include healthy adults (Age: 18–40 years; BMI: 20–35 kg/m2) with a baseline CRP level of < 2.0 mg/dl. Mean CTT was 33.2 ± 12.8 hours at baseline as determined using the SmartPill® (N = 6). Phenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry showed that, at baseline, participants had 67.0% T cells (with 43.5% CD4 and 20.5% CD8), 9.8% CD19+/HLA‐DR+ B cells, 0.87% CD11c+/HLA‐DR+/CD123+ dendritic cells, 6.0% CD15+/CD11b+ granulocytes, 9.8% CD14+/HLA‐DR+ monocytes, and 7.6% CD56+/CD3− NK cells, on average (N = 3). Mean NK cell cytotoxicity was 9.5% ± 11.36% (range 0 – 29.81% cytotoxicity at 100:1 E: T ratio) at baseline (N = 6). Post‐treatment changes in CTT and immune function from baseline will be determined to elucidate whether B. lactis and the vehicle used for its delivery influences its performance.

Grant Funding Source: The Dairy Research Institute
Use of urinary markers of the gut microbiome in epidemiological studies: the case of bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in relation to enterolactone and enterodiol concentrations
Authors: Frankenfeld Cara , Gillevet Patrick
Published: June 2021

Use of urinary biomarkers of gut microbial metabolism is an efficient way to study gut microbial environment in populationbased studies. Enterolignans (enterolactone and enterodiol) are produced by gut bacteria from dietary lignans, and provide a marker of interdividual differences in microbial environments. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor proposed to have role in the development of obesity. Some gut bacteria may degrade BPA, which could result in less BPA exposure to the host. A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted on 4686 individuals in National Nutrition and Health Examination Survey data. Quartiles of BPA and enterolignans were compared using multinomial logistic regression. Within the highest quartile of urinary BPA concentration, individuals were 47% more likely in be in the highest quartile of enterolactone, 45% more likely to be in the third highest quartile of enterolactone and 34% more likely to be in the highest concentration of enterodiol, compared to lowest quartile of BPA concentration, adjusted for adjusted for demographics and diet. These results highlight urinary biomarker use in epidemiological studies and suggest a role for gut microbial environment and BPA exposure.
Effects of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) on human gut microbiome profile in a subset of canola oil multicenter intervention trial (COMIT)
Authors: Pu Shuaihua , Khazanehei Hamidreza R , Krause Denis O , West Sheila G , Kris‐Etherton Penny M , Jenkins David J , Lamarche Benoît , Jones Peter J , Khafipour Ehsan
Published: June 2021

The effects of USFA treatments on gut microbiome profile were studied in 25 subjects (13 obese, 9 overweight, 3 normal) in a double‐blinded randomized crossover study consisting of five 30 d periods. Treatments included 60 g of canola oil (63% MUFA, 20% LA, 10% ALA), high oleic canola oil (72% MUFA, 15% LA, 2% ALA), high oleic canola/DHA oil (64% MUFA, 13% LA, 6% DHA), corn/safflower oil (18% MUFA, 69% LA) and flax/safflower oil (18% MUFA, 38% LA, 32% ALA). Stool samples were collected at the end of each period. DNA was extracted and amplified for pyrosequencing. Sequences were edited and taxonomically classified using mothur software and Silva database. Categorical data were analyzed using GLIMMIX of SAS and PLS‐DA of SIMCA. A total of 17 phyla and 195 genera were identified. The USFA treatments did not affect microbiome at the phylum level. However, obese participants had a higher proportion of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes than overweight or normal groups (P<0.05). At the genus level, three MUFA diets increased Clostridiales, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, and Turicibacter's population. Anaerostipes, Coprobacillus, and Faecalibacterium population were greater in high oleic canola oil compared to that in high oleic canola/DHA oil. Data suggest that obesity was associated with the decline in Bacteroidetes while USFA consumption only affected the microbiome at the genus level.

Grant Funding Source: ARDI
Anti‐asthmatic of Lactobacillus Paracasei subsp. Paracasei NTU101 in OVA ‐induced asthmatic mice
Authors: Huang Wei‐Kai , Cai Jun‐Han , Koriui Mallikarjuna , Huang Hui‐Yu
Published: June 2021

Recent research studies have demonstrated that certain strains of LAB, particularly strains from the genera Lactobacillus showed several health promoting effects in humans and animals. The present study aimed to evaluateon Lactobacillus Paracasei subsp. Paracasei NTU101in anti‐asthmatic effect in OVA ‐induced asthmatic mice.40 OVA‐induced asthmatic BALB/c mice were equally divided into 4 groups ( control, different concentrations of NTU101, 1X, 2X, 10X). Respective mice received NTU101 for 8 weeks. The anti‐asthmatic effect of NTU101 was determined by oserving eosinophil recruitment, airway hyper‐responsiveness, TH2 cytokine and IgE levels. The NTU101 treatment effectively reduced the percentage of eosinophils in BALF when compared to the level in OVA‐induced mice. The NTU101 treatment also suppressed AHR‐induced by aerosolized methacholine. Futhermore, NTU treatment suppressed the serum IgE level and decreased Th2 cytokine in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes. These result suggest that NTU101 may have therapeutic potential against asthma.
The effect of more vegetable intake on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Wu PeiYu , Chiu Y‐iFang , Lu Yu‐Ju , Chen Hsi‐Hsien , Su Chien‐Tien , Yang Shwu‐Huey
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effect of more vegetable intake on cardiovascular disease risk factors in hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study. All subjects were outpatients from Taipei Medical University Hospital. Fifty‐four HD patients and thirty‐five subjects with eGFR more than 60 ml/min/1.73m2 from department of Family Medicine (control group) were completed this study. The dietary components and nutrients intake was calculated from the average of 3‐day dietary record. Besides, the nutritional markers (dry body weight and serum albumin), inflammatory markers (serum C‐reactive protein), lipid profile (serum total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride), serum folate, homocysteine, and potassium, and insulin resistance index were analyzed by Department of Laboratory Medicine of Taipei Medical University Hospital. Both HD patients and control group were dichotomy by median of vegetable intake adjusted by energy, and the cut point in HD patients was 1.05 servings of vegetable/1000 kcal.

Results

Comparing with control group, HD patients had significantly higher serum level of C‐reactive protein and homocysteine, and insulin resistance index, but lower serum albumin level. Despite the vegetable intake was not significantly different between HD patients and control group, even after adjusting for energy intake. HD patients with higher vegetable intake had lower serum C‐reactive protein and homocysteine, and insulin resistance index, but did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusion

In HD patients, more vegetable intake may not be associated with improving selected risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this study.
A high protein:low carbohydrate (HP‐LC) diet during pregnancy affects glucose metabolism in last trimester sows and fetuses and leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Authors: Metges Cornelia C , Görs Solvig , Lang Iris , Brüssow Klaus , Hammon Harald M , Rehfeldt Charlotte , Otten Winfried
Published: June 2021

An HP‐LC diet is effective to lose weight but its impact during pregnancy is unclear. Since obesity during pregnancy is an issue in programming of metabolic disorders in offspring we first investigated effects of HP‐LC diet in a porcine pregnancy model. Throughout pregnancy primiparous sows were fed an HP‐LC diet with 30% protein or an adequate control (C) diet (12% protein) made isoenergetic by protein exchange (n=9/group). We performed an i.v. glucose (G) tolerance test (IVGTT) at 89 days post conception (dpc), measured G, insulin (INS) and glucagon (GLG) levels, and also INS sensitivity by RQUICKI. At 94 dpc we analyzed umbilical vein plasma G, fructose (FRC) and inositol (ISL) concentrations as well as fetal hepatic mRNA levels of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCKc) and glucose 6 phosphatase (G6P). During IVGTT plasma G AUC and GLG of HP‐LC sows were higher while INS sensitivity was lower (P<0.05). HP‐LC fetuses were lighter but brain to liver ratio was higher than in C (P<0.05). Umbilical plasma G and FRC did not differ among groups but ISL tended to be higher in HP‐LC (P<0.1). Hepatic PEPCKc mRNA was higher in HP‐LC than in C fetuses (P<0.05), whereas G6Pase expression did not differ. In conclusion, in the HP‐LC group in spite of low maternal G intake, G supply to the fetuses seemed to be favored whereas ISL signaled IUGR, and PEPCKc indicated premature maturation of fetal gluconeogenesis.

Supported by DFG
An in vivo model for human fetal adipose tissue development
Authors: Sanders Jennifer A , Onikoyi Omobola , Gruppuso Philip A
Published: June 2021

Adipogenesis in the developing fetus is a key determinant of postnatal adiposity and, by extension, the risk of developing obesity‐related disease later in life. A variety of environmental factors, including toxicants and maternal diet, can influence fetal adipogenesis. To study the effects of environmental factors on fetal adipogenesis, we have developed a xenotransplantation model. Mid‐gestation human fetal white adipose tissue (WAT), obtained from cases of spontaneous fetal loss, was implanted into immunocompromised rodents using the renal subcapsular site. In multiple experiments (7 fetal samples ranging in gestation from 20 to 22 weeks), we observed an initial loss of adipocytes within the first week. This was followed by development of obvious fat pads. Expansion of these fat pads continued for up to 6 months. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the WAT foci to contain viable adipocytes that were heterogeneous in size, an indication of active adipogenesis. Staining for the endothelial cell marker CD31 demonstrated rich vascularity of the implants and invasion of vessels from the implant into the host kidney parenchyma. These results demonstrate that transplantation of human fetal WAT into immunocompromised mice is a model for marked healthy WAT expansion and remodeling. This model can be utilized to study the direct effect of nutrient manipulation and obesogens on fetal white adipose tissue.
Early rapid weight gain is associated with overweight and obesity at 8 years in a breastfed population in Peru
Authors: Penny Mary Edith , Marin Margot
Published: June 2021

Objective

Weight gain that exceeds the expected growth trajectory in early life has been shown to determine child Overweight and obesity (OW+O) but most studies have been conducted in urban children from developed countries. Information is also lacking from breastfed populations.

Methods

We studied a panel of 1496 children from the Young Lives project in Peru of whom 98% had been breastfed. Generalized estimated equations were used to examine the relation between BMI at aged 8 y and weight for age increase of >;0.67 Z score from birth to aged 6–18m (infant) and between this age and 4–5 y (child). We adjusted for sex, maternal BMI, wealth index, maternal education, and height for age, physical exercise, “fast food” and soda drink consumption and hours of sleep at aged 8 y. Rural and urban children were examined separately.

Results

Rapid weight gain in infancy and early childhood both significantly increased the risk of later OW+O in rural (infant OR 2.21, child 2.06) and urban (infant OR 2.28, child OR 3.10) children. The relationship remained significant in adjusted models.

Conclusion

Growth in both infancy and early childhood contributes to childhood OW+O even in breastfed populations. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms for this in order to identify modifiable practices.

Source of research support: UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Vitamin D, calcium, potassium and calorie intakes associated with distinct breakfast patterns in children (NHANES 2001–2008)
Authors: Quann Erin E. , Fulgoni Victor L. , Auestad Nancy
Published: June 2021

Food combinations at breakfast form distinct breakfast patterns. Cluster analyses using NHANES (2001–2008) data for children (2– 18 y) identified 12 unique breakfast patterns. Five of the 12 patterns consisted of predominantly ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC) with milk (34% of children); the others were predominantly grain‐based, egg‐based, meat‐based, cooked cereal, or no breakfast (38%, 5%, 3%, 2%, or 19% of children, respectively). Higher total daily consumption of dairy occurred with the 5 RTEC‐with‐milk patterns (2.4–3.3 cup‐eq.) vs. the 6 other patterns (1.5–2.3 cup‐eq.) or no breakfast (1.6 cup‐eq.); similar for milk (1.7–2.6 vs. 0.8–1.4 or 0.8 cup‐eq., respectively). Total daily vitamin D intake was 7.1– 9.1 vs. 3.1–6.2 vs. 3.2 mcg, respectively; calcium intake was 1032– 1294 vs. 816–1113vs.748 mg, respectively; potassium intake was, 2212–2614 vs. 1855–2389 vs. 1829 mg, respectively. Daily calories were 1891–2090 vs. 2014–2166 vs.1771 kcal, respectively. Breakfast patterns with higher milk intakes were associated with higher total daily vitamin D (2.8 mcg/cup‐eq.), calcium (216 mg/cup‐eq.) and potassium (276 mg/cup‐eq.). Little cheese (0–0.15 cup‐eq.) and yogurt (0–0.04 cup‐eq.) was consumed across all breakfast patterns. Children whose breakfasts include RTEC‐with‐milk are more likely to meet dairy recommendations and have higher daily intakes of vitamin D, calcium and potassium, three of the nutrients of concern. Supported by the Dairy Research Institute/National Dairy Council.
Dietary total antioxidant capacity and prostate cancer tumor stage among African and Caucasian Americans in a population‐based study
Authors: Vance Terrence M , Wang Ying , Su L. Joseph , Fontham Elizabeth T. H. , Bensen Jeannette T. , Mohler James L. , Chen Ming‐Hui , Chun Ock K.
Published: June 2021

Data from the North Carolina‐Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project, a population‐based study of incident prostate cancer in African Americans (AA) (n=698) and Caucasian Americans (CA) (n=904), were used to determine the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and prostate cancer tumor stage at diagnosis. Dietary data were collected using a modified NCI DHQ. The DHQ food and nutrient database was modified to include data on flavanoids and proanthocyanidins. Dietary TAC was calculated from the vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity of 42 dietary antioxidants. Associations between dietary TAC and tumor stage were determined by logistic regression. The odds ratio for tumor stage 2 (ref: tumor stage 1) was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.92, p‐trend= 0.016) for CA and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.92, p‐trend=0.015) for all men in the highest quartile of dietary TAC. A similar trend was found for tumor stages 3 and 4 (p‐trend=0.051 for CA and 0.067 for all men, respectively). In this study of prostate cancer in AA and CA, greater dietary TAC was found to be associated with decreased risk of greater tumor stage.

Grant Funding Source: NIH Cancer Epidemiology Small Grant #1R03CA159421–01A1.
Vitamin Deficiencies Are Both Risk Factors and Protective Against Diverse Urogenital and Intestinal Infections in Pregnant Ngabe Women from Panama
Authors: Scott Marilyn E , Gonzalez‐Fernandez Doris , Murillo Enrique , Sinisterra Odalis , Koski Kristine G
Published: June 2021

We enrolled 213 pregnant Ngabe women in a cross‐sectional study in Western Panama. Clinical diagnosis was done for respiratory, oral, skin and vaginal infections, along with laboratory diagnosis of infections in urine, fecal and vaginal samples. Serum blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of Vitamins A, D, B12, folate and ferritin.

The most common infections were bacterial vaginosis (BV) (91%), hookworm (57%), asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) (56%), Ascaris (33%), candidiasis (25%), dental caries (20%), scabies (17%), and trichomoniasis (17%). Vitamin deficiencies were also common: B12 (85%), ferritin (83%), D (65%), A (41%), folate (24%); 13% of women had 4 of the 5 deficiencies.

Multiple regression analysis revealed that Ascaris intensity was positively associated with gingivitis, fungal infections of the skin and vaginal tract, and AB (adjusted R2 = 0.23) but not with any of the micronutrients. The severity of BV was elevated in those with vitamin deficiencies (D, folic acid, low hemoglobin) but was reduced by vaginal candidiasis. Surprisingly, high vitamin D, folic acid and hemoglobin were protective against severe trichomoniasis after controlling for the effect of other infections. These results highlight the mix of synergistic and antagonistic associations among infections and micronutrient deficiencies in this vulnerable population.

Funded by SENACYT (Panama) and McGill Vitamin Fund
Relationship of Body Mass Index to Screen Time in Head Start Participants in Central Arkansas
Authors: Timmerman Brittney , Crook Tina , Gonzales Dana , Maddox Lori , Smith Kristina , Feild Charles , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

Childhood obesity leads to numerous health problems making it a national health crisis. Prevalence rates have tripled since the 1980's, and without identifying the causes the problem will continue to intensify. It is crucial to detect obesity risk factors early in life so that strategies can be formulated to reverse this trend. This study's objective was to determine if a relationship exists between BMI category and screen time in preschool children enrolled in Head Start in Central Arkansas. A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted using de‐identified data. Study participants included children ages 3–5 years (n=360) enrolled in Head Start. The main outcomes measures were BMI category and screen time. Almost half (44%) of the children viewed more than 2 hours of screen time per day despite the recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics to limit screen time in children to ≤2 hours per day. Additionally, 24% of the children did not participate in any physical activity in the past week. Pearson's Chi Square showed no significant association (p=0.057) between BMI category and hours of screen time. A significant negative association was determined between screen time and participation in physical activity (p=0.024). Interventions that stress TV reduction and increased physical activity are crucial for obesity prevention and treatment in this population.
Increasing Medical Student Knowledge of the Urban Nutrition Climate through an Orientation Bus Tour and Urban Nutritition Scavenger Hunts
Authors: Ireland Kathy , Beste Margaret , Halls Valerie , Jordan Rachel , Lenders Carine , Hardt Eric
Published: June 2021

Problem

Boston Medical Center (BMC) assists populations that are under‐served or lack access to care. Medical students have a poor understanding of patients’ living environments, which may affect patient care.

Objective

To increase students’ awareness of the challenges low‐income patients face to make lifestyle changes and sign up for an Urban Nutrition Scavenger Hunt (UNSH) to increase their knowledge.

Methods

In 2012, 4th year medical students paired with dietetic interns create UNSHs of 4 targeted low‐income Boston neighborhoods. Guided by an RD and equipped with information from field visits and interviews with community members, these students described the availability of nutrition and fitness resources as well as the cultural food preferences of each neighborhood during a BUSM orientation bus tour for first year medical students. At the end of the tour students could sign up to do an UNSH later in the year.

Results

All 139 1st year students participated in the bus tour and 56 (40%) signed up for an UNSH.

Conclusions

This intervention increased student interest in understanding their future patients’ barriers to healthy lifestyles, which is critical to changing behaviors and health outcomes. Future

Directions

UNSHs will be used as an extracurricular activity and likely a class exercise. With support from the New Balance Foundation and the Allen Foundation.
Bioaccessibilities of K, P, Fe and B minerals in oleaster flour as a novel food ingredients
Authors: Sahan Yasemin , Cansev Asuman , Celik Güler , Gocmen Duygu
Published: June 2021

Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia) belongs to Elaeagnus L. genus and Elaeagnaceae family. This species shows a broad geographical range, occurring widely in Asia and Europe. Oleaster flour may be obtained from dried fruits and used as a functional ingredient in the production of bakery products, yoghurt, ice cream, infant food, chocolate, confectionery etc. due to its floury structure, specific taste and functional properties. The mineral contents of food are gaining importance because of toxicological as well as their nutritional viewpoints. It is necessary to know the bioaccessibility of minerals, to evaluate their biological activity in human body. Oleaster flours (OFs) were produced from five different genotypes grown in Turkey. K, P, Fe ve B contents of the samples were determined using a ICP‐OES(Perkin Elmer). For the determination of bioaccessibility minerals, investigated oleaster flours were processed by an in vitro digestive enzymatic extraction that mimics the conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, K contents of all samples had the highest values while B contents had the lowest values. There were significant differences between in mineral contents of samples and mineral contents of extracted samples for bioaccessibility studies. Bioaccessibility had varied depending on mineral types and genotypes.

This project was supported by TUBITAK TOVAG (Project Number 110 o 060).
School children's acceptance of fat‐free, low added sugars flavored milk
Authors: Yon Bethany A , Johnson Rachel K
Published: June 2021

USDA requires flavored milk (FM) in schools to be fat‐free. The IOM report on competitive foods recommends limitations on added sugars in FM. As most elementary children choose FM, it is important to know how well children accept FM meeting these standards. Two southern school districts using fat‐free FM were enrolled. District milk shipment data were collected for three years (2010–2012) as added sugars were reduced. Plate waste studies were conducted each spring in one elementary school (grades 3–5) per district. District A's shipment of FM and unflavored milk (urban; 88% eligible for free/reduced meals) increased (p<0.001). In 2011, District B (rural; 61% eligible for free/reduced meals) removed FM varieties other than chocolate and changed from plastic bottles to paper cartons. While milk shipment varied each year, shipment of FM increased slightly (p=0.08). FM consumption was highly skewed, thus categorized as a binary variable (0–7oz, >;7oz). The proportion of children in District A consuming >;7 oz of FM increased from 37% in 2010, to 44% in 2011 and 59% in 2012 (p<0.01). Whereas the proportion of children consuming >;7 oz of FM in District B decreased from 70% in 2010 to 54% in 2011 and 2012 (p=0.03). Consistent with earlier research, children drink more milk from plastic bottles and when offered a variety. Milk acceptance may be influenced by other factors such as SES. Funding: USDA Hatch and the Dairy Research Institute.
Inclusion of a high carbohydrate meal with nutrition education decreases weight and body fat more than education alone
Authors: del Carmen Caamaño Maria , Ronquillo Dolores , García Olga Patricia , Martínez‐Peña Guadalupe , García‐Padilla Sandra , Rosado Jorge L
Published: June 2021

The objective was to evaluate the short term effect of a high carbohydrate meal (HC) based on fortified ready‐to‐eat cereals on weight, body fat and nutrients intake in overweight and obese women. In a controlled, intervention trial 166 women aged 25–45 were randomized into a HC meal and nutritional education group, or only nutritional education group (Control), during 2 weeks. Evaluations included weight, height, waist and hip circumference and body composition; 24h diet recall questionnaires were administered 1 week before intervention and every day during intervention. After intervention, both groups significantly reduced weight; the HC group decreased 0.5Kg, and 0.2 Kg/m2 more than the control group (p<0.05). Only the HC group significantly decreased body fat (95%IC: −520.5, −133.5g). HC intervention decreased Kcal and fat intake, and increased carbohydrates and protein intake compared with the control group. Most of the vitamins and minerals intake increased more in the HC group than in the control group. In conclusion, adding a HC regime to nutritional education reduces more weight and energy intake and increases vitamins and minerals intake compared with nutritional education alone.
High fructose corn syrup‐sweetened cola and the hypothalamus: a dose‐response fMRI study
Authors: Hudgins Samantha , Smaliy Alexei , Zhan Wang , Leger Jayme L , Gebauer Sarah , Baer David J , Castonguay Thomas W
Published: June 2021

Giving rats access to high fructose corn syrup quickly affects several hypothalamic peptides involved in the control of food intake. We hypothesized that sweetened beverages would suppress hypothalamic activity as measured by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) in a dose related manner. Fasting blood samples were collected from 4 adult, healthy volunteers upon entry into the laboratory. Each subject was then fed a standard breakfast and transported to the Neuroimaging Center (10 min away). Subjects were then asked to consume either 12oz of cola or water immediately prior to being scanned for 15 min in a Siemens Trio 3‐Tesla scanner equipped with a 12 channel head coil. A traditional gradient echo pulse sequence was used for BOLD measurement. Upon completion of the first scan, each subject was then given an additional 6oz of either cola or water and was returned to the scanner for a second 15 min session. Preliminary analyses revealed that cola suppressed the BOLD response in a dose‐dependent manner in both healthy men and women. Supported in part by grants from the Maryland Neuroimaging Center and the University of Maryland Office of Research.
A high protein (HP) diet results in moderate renal and hepatic damage but improves body size, glucose handling and haptoglobin levels in diet‐induced obese rats
Authors: Devassy Jessay Gopuran , Ibrahim Naser , Taylor Carla G , Zahradka Peter , Aukema Harold M
Published: June 2021

HP diets may aid in weight control and glucose handling, but also can cause minor damage to healthy kidneys. Since obesity itself increases renal damage, the additive effects of obesity and an HP diet were investigated in diet‐induced obese rats. Obesity‐prone and ‐resistant rats were given a high fat diet for 12 wk to induce obesity, followed by either HP [35 en%, ad libitum (AL)] or normal protein [35 en%, NP, either AL or pair‐weighed (PW)] for 8 wk. Obese rats given HP compared to NP diets AL consumed more feed but gained less weight. Renal enlargement in the HP compared to NP AL rats accompanied by higher proteinuria compared to NP AL and PW rats, and hepatic enlargement and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in HP compared to PW NP rats indicated potential minor renal and hepatic damage. However, in addition to less weight gain, HP compared to NP AL rats also had lower blood glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment2 (HOMA2) scores and lower haptoglobin levels. Thus, the potential risks of HP feeding on minor renal and hepatic damage in obesity should be evaluated against the potential benefits on weight loss, glucose handling and inflammation.

Grant Funding Source: CIHR 196330
Adiponectin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes on a high fiber or a low glycemic index diet.
Authors: Augustin Livia SA , Mejia Sonia Blanco , Mirrahimi Arash , Mitchell Sandra , Connelly Philip , Kendall Cyril WC , Jenkins David JA
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Adiponectin is considered to have anti‐diabetic, antiinflammatory and anti‐atherogenic effects. We investigated whether adiponectin levels correlated with cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of people with type 2 diabetes and whether improving glycemic control through diet may increase adiponectin levels. Research Design and

Methods

Post‐hoc analysis of 156 men and women with type 2 diabetes who participated in a dietary study of low glycemic index (LGI) or a high cereal fiber diet (HCF) for 6 months with the aim of improving blood glucose control.

Results

Significant (p<0.05) negative correlations were seen at baseline with triglycerides (TG) in men and women and positive correlations with HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) in women and with LDL‐C and total cholesterol in men. Adiponectin levels increased similarly in both diets: 9 percent (%) from baseline in the HCF diet and 14% in the LGI diet (p<0.01). A significant (p<0.01) negative correlation was observed between % baseline changes in adiponectin and HbA1c in women, after adjustment for body weight changes.

Conclusions

Improving glycemic control through diet may improve adiponectin levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

Study supported by Barilla
Combined Effects of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D Status on Type 2 Diabetes Risk among US adults
Authors: Choi Jihyun Emma , Ainsworth Barbara Ellen
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine the combined effects between objectively measured physical activity and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status on type 2 diabetes risk.

Methods

The subjects were US adults 20 years and older who participated in the NHANES 2005–2006. They were divided into 4 groups according to their accelerometer‐determined steps/day and serum (25(OH)D) concentrations, <20ng/mL and ≥20ng/mL. G1 (n=692): <5348 steps/day and serum 25(OH)D <20ng/mL; G2 (n=496): <5348 steps/day and serum 25(OH)D ≥20ng/mL; G3 (n=511): ≥9194 steps/day and serum 25(OH)D <20ng/mL; G4 (n=736): ≥9194 steps/day and serum 25(OH)D ≥20ng/mL. Serum lipids, C‐reactive protein, fasting glucose, 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test, insulin, blood pressure, BMI and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. Logistic regression (reference group: G4), GLM‐ANCOVA and Bonferroni post‐hoc test were used. Covariates were age, gender, ethnicity and smoking.

Results

Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed as follows: HDL, BMI and WC between G1 and G3 and between G1 and G4; insulin between G1 and G4. The differences between G2 and G3 and between G3 and G4 were not statistically significant. For the risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, ORs of the G1, G2 and G3 were 7.99 and 1.92, 5.41 and 1.18, and 4.87 and 1.09, respectively. For the risk of abdominal obesity (WC ≥102cm for men and ≥88cm for women) and obesity (BMI ≥25kg/m2), ORs of the G1, G2 and G3 were 4.22 and 3.54, 2.26 and 1.67, and 1.50 and 1.54, respectively.

Conclusion

Sufficient serum 25(OH)D of ≥20ng/mL should be maintained to gain the beneficial effect of high level of daily steps for type 2 diabetes prevention.

Grant Funding Source: NA
Effects of heated versus unheated soybean oil in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Middleton Olivia , Dingels Nicole , Penumetcha Meera
Published: June 2021

Background

The metabolic effects of consuming mildly oxidized lipids as compared to highly oxidized lipids are not well documented.

Objective

Our objective was to investigate if food containing heated soybean oil (SO) alters fat mass and glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J mice at 5 and 10 weeks.

Methods

Six week old male C57BL/6J mice were purchased and were randomly divided into four groups (n=8/group) and were fed a low fat diet with either unheated SO or SO heated for 3 (3h‐HO), 6 (6h‐HO), or 9 (9h‐HO) hours for 5 weeks. Food consumption was recorded every 3–4 days, and body weights were recorded every week. Blood glucose levels were measured after a 16 h fast.

Results

There were no significant differences in weight gain between the groups. Average daily food consumption for mice fed unheated oil, 3h‐HO, 6h‐HO, and 9h‐HO was 18.64g, 19.08g, 19.28g, and 19.68g, respectively. Mean blood glucose levels for mice fed unheated oil, 3h‐HO, 6h‐HO, and 9h‐HO were (mean Â± SD) 97.38 Â± 21.37 mg/dL, 76.75 Â± 9.71 mg/dL, 83.63 Â± 12.92 mg/dL, 98 Â± 19.38 mg/dL, respectively (overall significance, p = 0.038; 3h‐HO vs. 9h‐HO, p = .094).

Conclusion

A 5 week exposure to heated oils does not alter weight gain when compared to unheated oil; however, fasting blood glucose levels were higher in the 9h‐HO group compared to 3h‐HO group (p>; 0.05), which might indicate the beginning signs of glucose intolerance.
Erythrocyte levels of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were negatively associated with the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in Korean women
Authors: Lee Aeri , Park Yongsoon
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that erythrocyte level of the omega‐3 PUFAs is associated with the risk of RA and indicators of RA activities in women with RA. One hundred and one female RA patients and one hundred thirty two healthy women were participated, and erythrocyte fatty acid composition and RA disease activities were evaluated. Erythrocyte levels of α‐linolenic acid (18:3n3; ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3), and Omega‐3 Index were significantly lower in RA patients than healthy controls. Multivariable‐adjusted regression analysis showed that a higher level of ALA, EPA, and the ratio of EPA/arachidonic acid significantly decreased the risk of RA after adjusting for body weight and smoking status. PGE2 concentration was also inversely related with the level of erythrocyte DHA among RA patients. In addition, the risk of RA and RA disease activities were positively associated with erythrocyte levels of arachidonic acid, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acid. In conclusion, erythrocyte levels of omega‐3 PUFAs were associated with decreased risk for RA in Korean women. (This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant 2010–0008656.)
Metabolomics profiling predicts SORT1 LDL‐cholesterol locus in a fit, young adult population
Authors: Kirtiadi Lawrence , Gnatiuk Elizabeth , Karlos Angie , Connors Kimberly , Vogel Hans J , Shearer Jane , Hittel Dustin S
Published: June 2021

SORT1 locus was originally identified by genome wide association studies of LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) in older adults. We hypothesized that a younger population would show a greater genetic effect due to fewer confounding variables. As such, we investigated the association between the SORT1 locus and LDL‐C in a group of healthy, young adults. Subjects (n=80, age=23) were recruited. Lipid measures and genomic DNA were collected from blood after an overnight fast. Blood pressure, body fat (%BF), V02 max, and metabolomics profile (LC‐MS) were measured. Associations between genotype and LDL‐C were investigated using linear regression. 21.7% of male subjects had %BF that was above a healthy range, while 25% had non‐optimal LDL‐C values. A significant association was observed between the SORT1 locus (GG: 2.46±0.11 mmol/L versus TG/TT: 2.06±0.12 mmol/L, p=0.016) and LDL‐C in male subjects with genotype explaining 3.0% of the variability in LDL‐C. LC‐MS metabolite profiling was able to further discriminate between genotypes independent of other clinical parameters. Differentially affected metabolites included sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines and acylcarnitines. The marriage of metabolomics and genomics represents a powerful means to identify the earliest biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease that could be used to identify individuals who would most benefit from early interventions.

Grant Funding Source: Metabolomics Research Center
Effects of consuming oxidized vegetable oils on tryptophan metabolism
Authors: WANG LEI , YAO DAN , CHEN CHI
Published: June 2021

Consumption of thermally‐stressed lipids through fried foods has been suggested as a contributing factor in various adverse health conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of this association is not well understood. In this study, the influences of consuming heated vegetable oils on the metabolic system were examined through the metabolomics‐guided biochemical analysis. Fresh soybean oil‐low fat (FSO) diet (contain 7% fresh oil), or heated soybean oil‐low fat (HSO) diet (contain 7% heated oil) were given to C57/B6 mice for 4 weeks, respectively. Result showed that feeding HSO reduced growth performance compared to FSO. Metabolomic analysis indicated that HSO treatment altered the homeostasis of free amino acids in serum and tissues. Among observed changes induced by HSO, the decrease of tryptophan level in serum was correlated to the increases of tryptophan metabolites in urine, suggesting HSO might induce catabolic metabolism of tryptophan. In addition, the gene expression levels of key enzymes in the tryptophan metabolic pathway were evaluated, and various effects of oxidized vegetable oils on these genes have been observed. All these observations warrant further investigation on the effects of thermally‐stressed oils on tryptophan metabolism.
Effect of an algal infusion (AI) on plasma metabolomic profile in hypercholesterolemic hamsters
Authors: Geamanu Andreea , Saadat Nadia , Goja Arvind , Gupta Smiti V
Published: June 2021

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Major risk factors for CVD, including elevated LDL and low HDL were investigated, upon ingestion of AI. The lipid profile was correlated with the change in plasma metabolomic profile over time. Fifty male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a high fat diet for 4 weeks prior to randomization into 6 groups: T0, T3, T7, T10, T14, and T21, and received 20% AI for 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days, respectively, as their drinking fluid. Plasma lipid profile was assayed enzymatically, while rT‐PCR gave the relative transcription levels of ApoA1 gene. Change in 1H NMR plasma metabolomic profile was determined by multivariate analysis using the SIMCA P+ software. PCA and PLS‐DA plots showed a clear separation between T21 and T0 groups, indicating a difference in the metabolomic profiles. PLS analysis revealed a strong correlation (r2=0.7) between the metabolomic and lipid profile. HDL was significantly increased in T3 (p < 0.05) and T21 (p < 0.001), while LDL was significantly reduced in T3, T7, T10 (p < 0.001) and T14, T21 (p < 0.01). Moreover, the TC/HDL was significantly lower in all groups (p < 0.001) as compared with T0. qPCR showed a considerable increase in ApoA1 expression in T10 (3.5 x) and T21 (5x) groups. Thus, the treatment significantly improved plasma lipid profile by lowering LDL and increasing HDL, which in turn correlated with the changes in the metabolomic profile.

Grant Funding Source: Health Enhancement Products Inc.
Plasma Amino Acids as Predictors for Outcome in Patients at the Intense Care Unit
Authors: Twelkmeyer Brigitte , Rodas Paul Castillo , Skog‐Nejman Eva , Wernerman Jan , Rooyackers Olav
Published: June 2021

Amino acids (AA) are important metabolites in blood plasma. In critically ill patients muscle wasting and successive organ failure affect recovery and are one of the most common causes of death in the intense care unit (ICU). Disturbances in the plasma metabolites such as AA could report on complications and act as predictor for outcome.

Here, we present the analysis of 22 amino acids concentrations in plasma of successively admitted critically ill patients (N= 174) in the ICU at the Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge [1]. The admission scoring of APACHE II, SOFA and the mortality up to 6 months were registered. Arterial blood samples were taken within 24 hours after admission and analysed by HPLC with pre‐column derivatization and an internal standard of norvaline [2].

Patients were grouped into six‐months survivors and non‐survivors. Statistical analysis of AA concentrations was accomplished using R, version 2.15.1. A Wilcoxon rank sum test showed that phenylalanine (p= 0.03), alanine (p=0.03), tyrosine (p= 0.002), 3‐methylhistidine (p=0.006), carnitine (p=0.03) and ornithine (p= 0.08) were differed between the two groups with higher plasma concentrations in patients that died. The plasma concentrations of branched chain amino acids were not significantly different. Three patients showed highly elevated concentrations of two AA (Ala, Gln) possibly indicating a subgroup of patients with specific clinical characteristics such as single organ failure.

In conclusion, those patients that died showed higher plasma concentration of several AA. Some of the amino acids (Phe, Tyr, 3‐methylhistidine) may represent a negative protein turnover i.e. increased muscle protein loss.

This work was supported by a grant from the Swedish Research Council and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge.
In vitro fermentation of various pectin substrates by human fecal microbiota
Authors: Min Byungjick , Koo Ok‐kyung , Jarvis Nathan , Crandall Philip , Ricke Steven , Lee Sun‐ok
Published: June 2021

Metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is formation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFA contribute to human healthy by serving as an energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting pathogenic growth by lowering pH in the intestinal lumen. The aims of this study were to assess the short chain fatty acids production of various pectin samples (High Methoxy Pectin (HMP), Sugar Beet Pectin (SBP), and Soy pectin (SOY)) and to determine the composition of gut microbiota. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS, known prebiotic) was used as a control. Fresh feces were collected from 4 healthy men and incubated anaerobically with various substrates at 37°C. Culture aliquots were taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 30 h. SCFAs were measured by GC. FOS resulted in higher butyrate production and decreased the production of acetate compared with other pectin treatments (P<0.05). Compared with other treatments, incubation with SOY showed significantly greater propionate production (P<0.05). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprint analysis showed a distinct profile of fecal microbiota with different samples. The findings indicate that consuming different types of pectin substrates might affect fecal microbiota composition and enhance the production of SCFAs. Funding provided by Arkansas Soybean Promotion Board is greatly appreciated.
A randomized, crossover comparison of the effects of high fructose corn syrup versus sucrose intake on basic physiologic measures
Authors: Mouch Erica M , Walz Alyssa M , Tomaj Leonita , Carbone John W
Published: June 2021

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has received growing attention and controversy in both popular and scientific media for its potential to differentially influence risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, relative to sucrose (SUC). To date, no studies have examined the effects of acute ingestion of HFCS versus SUC on basic physiologic measures. The current study compared the effects of acute HFCS and SUC intake on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), body temperature (BT) and blood glucose (BG) levels. Thirteen healthy, fasted men (n=3) and women (n=10) participated in a crossover design study, consuming caffeine‐free carbonated beverages (355mL) sweetened with either HFCS (37g) or SUC (37g) on separate days. BP, BT, HR, and BG were measured at baseline and 5min, 30min and 120min post‐consumption. A sweetener‐by‐time interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for HR, with mean 30min measures higher for HFCS (72 ± 3bpm) relative to SUC (65 ± 3bpm). Regardless of sweetener, BG was higher at 5min and 30min compared to baseline and 120min (P < 0.001); BT was lower at 5min compared to all other timepoints (P < 0.001). These data suggest the potential for a differential influence of sweetener type on HR and illustrate the effect of nutritive sweetener ingestion on BG and BT. Further study is warranted to establish the mechanistic basis for the observed effects.

Supported by EMU URSP
Meal consisting of egg white protein yields higher satiety than an isocaloric wheat gluten protein meal
Authors: Du Kristy , Adams Sarah , Lee Beverly J.
Published: June 2021

Satiety is a primary factor influencing total food intake and high protein diets may produce greater satiation. We examined whether the composition of “breakfast” (BF), the first meal following an overnight fast, influenced the timing and size of a subsequent meal. Young‐adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=24) were entrained to a meal‐feeding schedule which included an overnight fast (no food during light period and first hour of dark cycle) before being provided BF. For BF, rats were allowed 30 minutes to consume 20% of average daily intake of one of three isocaloric diets. The basal diet was 60:20:20 (carbohydrate:protein:fat, as a % calories) with protein being provided equally by egg white protein (EW) and wheat gluten protein (WG). The two remaining diets were 45:35:20 with protein provided by either EW or WG. In the first study, rats had access to basal diet 15 min after BF. Rats fed WG consumed more (p<0.01) than rats fed either basal or EW (6.8 ± 1.0 vs 4.8 ± 0.6 and 2.9 ± 0.4, respectively). In study two, to test for dietary preference, rats were randomly assigned to freely choose between two of the three diets for 90 min immediate following BF. The study was repeated until all rats experienced all 3 diet pairings. Across all choices, rats fed WG consumed more (p<0.01) than basal‐fed rats (6.3 ± 0.6 vs 4.7 ± 0.3) while EW‐fed rats consumed less (p<0.05; 3.2 ± 0.3). Animals consumed less (P < 0.01) of the EW diet regardless of breakfast type. These results indicate that the satiation from high protein diets is dependent upon the protein source. Egg white protein was more satiating than wheat gluten.

Grant Funding Source: NIH and various donors
Dietary protein requirement of 65–75 year old females using indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique
Authors: Rafii Mahroukh , Courtney‐Martin Glenda , Chapman Karen , Owens Jillian , Elango Rajavel , Campbell Wayne W , Ball Ronald O , Pencharz Paul B
Published: June 2021

Studies of dietary protein requirement in vulnerable groups, including elderly adults, are needed using methods other than nitrogen balance. The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirement in 8 healthy free‐living elderly females (65 – 75y old) by measuring the oxidation of L‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine to 13CO2 in response to graded intakes of protein. Subjects received a maximum of 7 protein intakes (0.2 to 2.0g.kg−1.d−1) for a total of 43 studies (preliminary data). The diets provided energy at 1.7 times measured resting energy expenditure and were isocaloric. Protein was given as an amino acid mixture patterned after egg protein. All subjects consumed controlled diets containing 1 g protein.kg−1.d−1 for 2 days prior to the study day. The mean protein requirement was determined by applying a 2‐phase linear regression crossover analysis on F13CO2 (label tracer oxidation in 13CO2), which identified a breakpoint in the F13CO2 in response to graded intakes of protein. Mean protein requirement was determined to be 1.1 g.kg−1.d−1. These preliminary results suggest the mean protein requirement of elderly women is higher than current recommendation derived from nitrogen balance studies. This study was supported by a CIHR grant.