bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF SOME DYNAMIC, LINEAR AND POLICY ITERATION METHODS FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1
Authors: Louoks D. P. , Falkson L. M.
Published: June 2007

Within the past few years, a number of papers have been published in which stochastic mathematical programming models, incorporating first order Markov chains, have been used to derive alternative sequential operating policies for a multiple purpose reservoir. This paper attempts to review and compare three such mathematical modeling and solution techniques, namely dynamic programming, policy iteration, and linear programming. It is assumed that the flows into the reservoir are serially correlated stochastic quantities. The design parameters are assumed fixed, i.e., the reservoir capacity and the storage and release targets, if any, are predetermined. The models are discrete since the continuous variables of time, volume, and flow are approximated by discrete units. The problem is to derive an optimal operating policy. Such a policy defines the reservoir release as a function of the current storage volume and inflow. The form of the solution and some of the advantages, limitations and computational efficiencies of each of the models and their algorithms are compared using a simplified numerical example.
MODEL STUDIES OF SALT WATER INTRUSION1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I.
Published: June 2007

Model studies were and are still being used to verify certain theories in ground‐water flow systems in general. In complex cases, the model studies may be extremely useful especially when a theoretical rigorous analysis does not exist. The models cannot be considered entirely satisfactory due to the several drawbacks in each type in addition to the normal human errors in experimentation. This paper is concerned only with the viscous flow models. However, a brief summary of the other types of models, which may possibly be used in connection with salt water intrusion problems is given. It should be noted that some of such experiments are not directly related to the field of salt water intrusion. Two main types lie within this category: The gravity flow systems which are analogous to some phases of salt intrusion problems and problems in oil fields which bear general similarities to sea water intrusion zones. In oil fields, gas cycling studies give valuable information to sea water problems. Model studies are used by hydraulic engineers, geologists, petroleum engineers, physicists, foundation engineers and several other professional groups.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN WATER PLANNING: A CRITIQUE OF THEORY, DOCTRINE, AND PRACTICE1
Authors: Wengert Norman
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Water development planning has virtually since its beginnings over one hundred fifty years ago utilized a variety of devices for involving segments of the public. But a new insistence for increased public participation, particularly at the Federal level, has stimulated re‐examination of objectives and methods for relating water planning to citizen interests and preferences. Involved is partly a recommitment to democratic symbols, partly a recognition that segments of society have been overlooked, and partly a reaction to the pressures of confrontation and demonstration. The rhetoric and polemics of participation have often implied a kind of “town‐meeting” process of decision, difficult at best in a nation of 200 million. In water planning more emphasis has been placed on listening to citizens, which has meant providing opportunities for influentials to express their views and preferences. A more adequate approach would seem to require identification of all who are significantly affected by plans and proposals (even though they may not perceive then‐interest). But gaining greater participation does not make the planning job easier. It may increase tension and conflict; it may require difficult choices; and it can alter existing power relationships and generate changes with considerable consequences for the agency and its programs.
GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN LAKE ENVIRONMENTS, WITH MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING IMPLICATIONS1
Authors: Stephenson David A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Evaluation of lakes as they are related to groundwater flow systems is of special concern prior to efficient development and planning operations. Both naturally occurring and artificially created lakes are being developed rapidly as recreational and residential areas. Simultaneously, field verification of theoretical groundwater flow system behavior has progressed to the point where hydrogeologists trained to understand basic concepts of flow‐system analysis can begin to broaden their research and service base, and to work closer with planners, developers, and engineers. It is suggested that particular efforts be directed toward a greater evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of potentially developable lake sites to aid in selecting use patterns in accord with these factors. Many lake developments are not in harmony with the physical environment. The resulting misuse of resources is often expressed as accelerated eutrophication of lakes, or by quality degradation of shallow groundwater flow systems contiguous to them. Lakes can no longer be considered as separate entities. Methodology for investigating the interchange of surface and near‐surface water is adequate however, the application of known interchange relationships is inadequate.

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PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN HYDROLOGY: THE STATE OF THE ART1
Authors: Jackson Donald R. , Aron Gert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A detailed review of current methods and criteria used in parameter estimation in hydrology is presented. The effect of errors in the data set and the effect of interactions between methods of analysis, criteria, data set errors, and modeling assumptions are reviewed and discussed briefly. It is concluded that study of techniques, criteria, data set errors and particularly interactions between these, is essential to further progress in hydrologic modeling.
AN IRRIGATION SCHEDULING MODEL WHICH INCORPORATES RAINFALL PREDICTIONS1
Authors: Rochester Eugene W. , Busch Charles D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT In humid areas appreciable amounts of rainfall complicate irrigation scheduling. This rainfall tends to give supplemental water application a low priority. As a result irrigation may be delayed until there is not enough time to cover the crop area before some drought damage occurs. To improve the management of irrigation systems, a scheduling model has been developed. The model's water application decisions incorporate climatological records, soil‐plant data, current pan evaporation and rainfall, the number of fields to be irrigated, and 5‐day weather forecasts. The model updates the soil moisture conditions, predicts impending water depletion, and if supplemental water is needed both the field priority and amount to be applied is indicated for each of the next 5 days. Errors introduced through the use of forecasts and long‐term pan evaporation records have been slight because of the tri‐weekly updating. Also natural rains which restore the root zone to maximum water holding capacity prevent long‐term bias.
ON THE NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR A LONG‐TERM IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1
Authors: Moore Charles V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Salinization and water logging have been the nemesis of irrigated agriculture societies since Babylonian times. Low quality water substitutes for high quality water for irrigation at an increasing rate up to the limits of the soil's ability to transmit the additional water and remove excess salts from the root zone. Soil transmissibility can be increased by additional investment in drainage ditches and underground tile. Low valued‐high salt tolerant crops can be substituted for higher valued‐salt sensitive crops to maintain production in areas served by irrigation water sources of deteriorating quality. Thus physical factors specify the necessary conditions for survival of an irrigated agriculture. The sufficient conditions for survival must be in terms of a positive net income in each subplanning period discounted to its present value.
A RATIONALE FOR THE REGIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS1
Authors: Boyd Keith A. , Bell Frank A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A rationale is set forth for requiring and/or encouraging the consolidation or regionalization of all systems beneath certain population size levels based on the small water systems’ capability to produce an adequate supply of safe drinking water at a reasonable cost to customers. Estimates for basic costs of water service including personnel, other operation and maintenance and capital are made and a range of water rates is suggested based on reasonableness and acceptability to customers. Guidelines are then drawn for a moderate rate of $10.00 per month and an upper limit rate of $15.00 per month to show the sizes at which public water systems might be expected to achieve fiscal viability. Finally, recommendations are made to State and Federal governmental agencies concerning possible legislation, plans and programs to achieve better public water service through the regionalization or consolidation of small public water systems.
DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF THERMAL DISCHARGE ON STREAM WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Lin S. H. , Fan L. T. , Hwang C. L.
Published: June 2007

A modified transient version of the Streeter‐Phelps model along with the energy balance equation is employed to analyze the effects of waste heat discharge from power plants on stream water quality. Analysis is also made to examine the effects of the upstream water quality and stream velocity on the downstream DO concentration level. The resulting coupled nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations representing the energy, BOD and DO concentrations are solved by the method of characteristics and simulated on a digital computer. Final numerical results indicate that the allowable quantity of thermal discharge does heavily depend on the upstream quality.
DETECTION OF FRESH WATER AQUIFERS IN THE GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI BY GEOELECTRICAL METHODS1
Authors: Frohlich Reinhard K.
Published: June 2007

Geoelectrical investigations in Grundy County of northwestern Missouri, where the groundwater resources of the glacial deposits have already been examined through an extensive drilling program by the Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, indicate that water‐bearing gravel deposits can be distinguished from glacial deposits containing appreciable amounts of clay and limited amounts of water. The Schlumberger method used for the geoelectric depth soundings in the vicinity of the Survey's drillholes demonstrates the exploratory usefulness of the method in that it can partly replace the more expensive procedure of drilling. The method also provides improved interpretation between drillholes. Results of the investigation show that, in the area, clay has a resistivity below 20in, that the fresh water‐bearing gravel at the bottom of the buried glacial stream channels has a resisitivity of 40 to 50fim, and that the near surface glacial gravel deposits have a resistivity above lOOfim. Interpretation of the depth soundings and the conductivity of water obtained from a local well implies that its water is drawn from the saline water of the bedrock. A recommendation is made for the quality improvement of this particular well.
WATER QUALITY CONTROL BY ARTIFICIAL AERATION OF STREAM RECEIVING THERMAL AND ORGANIC WASTE DISCHARGES1
Authors: Lin S. H. , Fan L. T. , Hwang C. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this work is to study the installation of artificial aerators for water quality control of a stream which receives thermal and organic waste discharges. The location and numer of diffuser type aerators to be installed along the stream are determined so as to maintain the stream DO content above a certain minimum requirement (4 mg/l or 5 mg/l) for normal aquatic life. Effects of the stream velocity, upstream BOD concentration and rates of thermal and organic waste discharges to the stream are examined.
THE POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS ON WATER RATES1
Authors: Mann Patrick
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The regulatory process such as that for water rates can be viewed as a bargaining process between regulators, utility management, and consumers. This bargaining process involves both political and economic influences. In an attempt to empirically verify that utility rates are a product of both economic and political factors, a sample of publicly‐owned water utilities was subjected to regression analysis. As expected, cost and cost‐related factors were positive and significant determinants of residential water rates. Using an admittedly imperfect measure of residential user political influence, there was evidence that increased political activity results in lower water rates. Furthermore, the political influence and water rate linkage is more evident in small water utilities than in larger suppliers.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF PUMPING FROM CONFINED‐UNCONFINED AQUIFERS1
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Turner Anne
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A numerical method is presented for the analysis of a pumped well in a homogeneous aquifer with allowance made for the decrease in saturated depth, vertical components of flow, the possibility of regions of the aquifer changing between the confined and unconfined states and the effect of different outer boundaries. The method is based on a discrete space, backward difference time, approximation. A particular example considered in detail concerns heavy pumping from one of a regular array of wells in an unconfined aquifer until the drawdown in the well reaches a critical value. Non‐dimensional curves are presented relating the time and volume dewatered to the quantity discharged from the well. A further example investigates the effect of an initial confining pressure on the aquifer behaviour.
THE POTENTIAL FOR IMPACT OF INUNDATION OF TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION ON THE WATER QUALITY OF QUABBIN RESERVOIR – COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Miner Norman H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Drought in the 1960's lowered Quabbin Reservoir levels and exposed extensive shore areas for up to 12 years. Several vegetation types including gray birch, spirea, reed and cottonwood invaded the exposed shore and were subsequently submerged when water levels rose in 1972–73. Biomass of the flooded vegetation is estimated at 14,000 tons. Using literature‐derived estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the vegetation, the potential nutrient release to the reservoir is about 140 tons of N and 14 tons of P. These amounts are comparable to the N and P input into the reservoir during a single year of the planned diversion from the Connecticut River. The critical factor of rate of release of these nutrients by decomposition is the subject of continuing study.
THE IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE QUALITY CHANGES ON SURROUNDING PROPERTY VALUES1
Authors: Barrager Stephen M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A case study is used to demonstrate a methodology for measuring the residential property value benefit of water pollution abatement. Increases in the value of single‐family homes attributable to improvement in the water quality of the nearby Willamette River (Clackamas County, Oregon) were measured using a regression analysis technique. Sales prices and tax assessment data were used to estimate the change in property values coincident with the changes in water quality. The percentage increase in property value due to pollution abatement is expressed as a function of the distance between properties and the river bank.
DERIVATION OF SURFACE WATER LAG TIME FOR CONVERGING OVERLAND FLOW1
Authors: Singh Vijay P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study presents generalized and special forms of hydraulic solutions of surface water lag time, as conceptualized by Overton (1970), for the converging overland flow. It is shown that these solutions can be used to estimate lag time from physically measurable information on a given watershed.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL FROM COAL‐ASH BASIN EFFLUENT1
Authors: Guthrie Rufus K. , Cherry Donald S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The drainage system for an ash basin serving a coal‐fired power plant at the Savannah River Project, Aiken, South Carolina, has been studied for 15 months to determine abiotic and biotic characteristics and mechanisms of pollutant removal. Measurements made included temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, conductance, flow rate, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. In addition, neutron activation analysis was employed to determine concentrations of 40 chemical elements in water, benthos, bacterial, plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate samples collected at six sampling stations. Five‐day toxicity tests were performed using organisms from within and from outside the system.

Conductance, pH, alkalinity and sulfate concentration varied little throughout the system. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, and flow rate decreased at stations farther removed from the ash basin.

Concentrations of most chemical elements measured were greatest in benthos (75 percent of total) and least in water (less than one percent of total), indicating that a major removal mechanism was sedimentation of suspended particulate matter. Eight elements (Br, Ca, C1, Cd, Na, Sb, Se, and Zn) were more highly concentrated in one or more biotic forms than in benthos. Among heavy metals only Cr was concentrated to a greater extent by plants than by animals. Midges were the greatest concentrators of Fe, Cu, Cr, Hg, Co, Sb, and As among all organisms. Plants concentrated only 15 percent of the total heavy metal concentration found in the benthos.

Light, metals were more highly concentrated in animals than in plants, although all plants were found to possess 19 percent of the concentration present in the benthos and water. As and Sb were in low concentration within the system; however, on a percentage basis, these potentially toxic elements were relatively highly concentrated by a number of organisms. Active metals (Ca, Na, and K) and halogens (CI, Br, and I) were highly concentrated by most organisms. Active metals were more concentrated in crayfish and mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, than in benthos, whereas most organisms had higher concentrations of halogens than were found in benthic sediments. Primary producers within the system were least efficient in concentration of all elements except Mn. Consumers (invertebrates and vertebrates) were found to possess highest concentrations of all other elements.

Organisms found within the drainage system were observed to be able to survive a five‐day toxicity test at any point within the system, whereas organisms not existing within the system were observed to vary in their resistance to the drainage system environment.

The findings of this study demonstrate the necessity for the operation of entire food chains in pollutant removal and indicate potential means for increasing cycling efficiency by selective addition of resistant consumers to such a system.
THE EFFECT OF CURRENT ON PERIPHYTIC PRODUCTIVITY AS DETERMINED USING CARBON‐141
Authors: Rodgers John H. , Harvey R. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Productivity measurements of organisms attached to artificial substrates ranged from 6.5–7.6 mg C/m2/hr and were 17‐65% greater in stirred bottles (simulated flow) than under static conditions. Carbon‐14 was used to determine the effect of current on the primary productivity of these organisms in six artificial streams at the Flowing Streams Laboratory on the Savannah River Plant (U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Aiken, South Carolina, U.SA.). Seasonal changes in dominant organisms were monitored from June 1973 to March 1974. Estimates of productivity, accumulated biomass, and levels of chlorophyll a were compared for possible correlation. Production of chlorophyll a ranged from 50 to 381 mg/m2, and accumulated biomass ranged from 45 to 181 g/m2 on the artificial substrates (glass microscope slides) during the period of study. Productivity of attached organisms was generally an order of magnitude greater than productivity of phytoplankton or tychoplankton. The consistently higher productivity in simulated flowing systems than in static systems tends to cast some doubt on values obtained when lotic communities have been enclosed or isolated in chambers or bottles without inducing a current or stirring action.
AQUATIC ORGANISMS RESPONSE TO SEVERE STRESS FOLLOWING ACUTELY SUBLETHAL TOXICANT EXPOSURE1
Authors: Cairns John , Calhoun William Ford , McGinniss Matthew J. , Strakd William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Snails, Goniobasis livescens (Menke), were exposed to acutely sublethal concentrations of p‐nitrophenol and the lampricide, 3‐triflourmethyl‐4 nitrophenol(TFM), and then to acutely lethal thermal shocks. The same species were also exposed to acutely sublethal concentrations of zinc followed by exposure to acutely lethal concentrations of p‐nitrophenol; and to acutely sublethal concentrations of TFM followed by exposure to acutely lethal concentrations of zinc. Brown trout, Salmo trutta, were exposed to acutely sublethal concentrations of TFM and then to an acutely lethal thermal shock. Results of these experiments indicate that prior exposure to acutely sublethal toxicant concentrations may reduce survival time for a subsequent exposure to acutely lethal concentrations of a second toxicant (e.g., snails exposed to Zn++ then p‐nitrophenol) but neither prior or concomitant exposure to acutely sublethal toxicant concentrations insures that the median survival time for a lethal exposure will be significantly altered (e.g., snails exposed to 0.2 × 48 hour LC50 for TFM then Zn++). However, some acutely sublethal concentrations of a toxicant may significantly alter survival time of snails to a lethal concentration of a different toxicant (e.g., exposure to 0.4 × 48 hour LC50 TFM then a lethal dose of Zn++). The brown trout exposed to an acutely sublethal concentration of TFM and then an acutely lethal thermal shock did have significantly altered survival patterns.
MULTI‐CRITERION RANKING OF ALTERNATIVE LONG‐RANGE WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS1
Authors: David Laszlo , Duckstein Lucien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The definition and comparison of alternative water resource systems designed to meet long‐range goals (say 60 years) is illustrated by a case study in Hungary. A comprehensive cost‐effectiveness approach is adapted to define goals, specifications, criteria, alternatives and their capabilities. Specifications include demands given in probabilistic terms. The comparison of alternative systems is based on 12 criteria, one of which is the balance between total energy consumed and peak energy produced. Important factors involving social elements, such as flood protection and land and forest use, are described both as monetary quantities and as qualitative appreciations. Five alternative systems are defied involving flat land reservoirs, pumped storage reservoirs, interbasin transfer, and conjunctive use of surface and ground water. International cooperation is then used to rank systems and reduce the problem to a tradeoff between only two alternatives.
AN EVAPORATION EQUATION FOR AN OPEN BODY OF WATER EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE1
Authors: Goodling J. S. , Sill B. L. , McCabe W. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Evaporation is identified as having two additive components: natural evaporation in the absence of wind and forced evaporation in the presence of wind. An evaporation equation is obtained for an open body of water exposed at the atmosphere by conversion of standard horizontal flat plate heat transfer relationships to a mass transfer or evaporation equation. For an average air temperature of 68°F, the final equation for evaporative heat flux is

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A comparison of numerical values predicted by the above equation is made with evaporation equations deduced from field measurements, and the agreement is favorable. The major differences between this equation and those previously developed are: a) the above equation was derived strictly from standard heat transfer expressions, and b) a dependency of average fetch and air temperature (through transport properties) is shown. This approach establishes the correct dependencies of the field parameters so that future experimental measurements will have a sound theoretical basis.
INDEX OF LAKE BASIN LAND USE FOR LAND USE PLANNING PURPOSES1
Authors: Sargent Frederic O. , Zayac Frank J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In order to plan for land use in a lake basin to maintain or improve lake water quality, municipal planners need a method of evaluating lakeshore and watershed land use that is technically sound, objective, reasonably quick, and cheap enough to be incorporated into their time and dollar budgets. Such a system is presented. It consists of measuring and rating four lakeshore land use characteristics (type of sewage disposal system, lot size, road proximity, and intensity of public use areas), and three upland watershed land use characteristics (intensity of development, forest cover, and agriculture and open space). These seven characteristics are measured, rated, and then combined to provide a two‐digit index number. This number, when compared with the indexes of other lakes in the region and interpreted with assistance from officials of the State Health and Water Resources Department, indicates on a relative basis the degree to which various land uses are contributing to accelerated, cultural eutrophication. Interpretation of the index suggests land use controls necessary to improve lake water. It supplements, and should be used with, an index of lake vulnerability to accelerated eutrophication and a comparative measure of present water quality.
TOXIC METALS IN SURFACE WATERS FROM COAL ASH1
Authors: Cherry D. S. , Guthrie R. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The concentration of 10 [titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (CR), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] toxic elements were measured in the water, benthic sediment, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of an ash basin and its drainage system at a coal‐fired power plant of the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C., over a period of two years. During 12 months of this period the basin was essentially filled and little settling of ash occurred. In the remaining 12 months, dredging had been completed, adequate settling occurred and most of the effluent turbidity was removed. All elements were more concentrated in sediment and biota than in water, and five (Mn, Cu, As, Zn, and Se) were biomagnified by at least one biotic component as compared to concentration in benthic sediment. Plants had high accumulations of Ti, Mn, As, and Hg; invertebrates had high accumulations of Co, Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, and As; and vertebrates greatly biomagnified Se and Zn. The streamlined biotic community of the system accomplished major removal of Mn, Zn, As, Se, and Cd from the effluent. The magnitude of bioaccumulation of Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Hg was increased during the period of adequate settling in the basin.
INSTITUTIONALIZED INEFFICIENCY: THE UNFORTUNATE STRUCTURE OF COLORADO'S WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM1
Authors: Peak Wayne
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:This analysis identifies two basic structural features of Colorado's water management system which inhibit constructive reform and perpetuate inefficiencies in water use and distribution patterns. These features are: (1) thefragmentationof authority and influence over water, and (2) theestrangementof interest in reform from formal control over water policy. These interrelated features have continued to produce: sporadic, high conflict battles over proposed changes in the status quo; decision making which tends to exaggerate the importance of narrow, special interests while virtually ignoring legitimate interests of major sectors of the public; an inertia which discourages innovation; and an agglomeration of rules and water rights that are predicated on obsolete social and economic needs. Two radical proposals for reforming the state's water resource management system in order to overcome these problems and to enhance the probability that wise water policy will result are offered. These proposals are: (1) the abolition of the present system of water rights founded on the doctrine of prior appropriation, and (2) the consolidation of authority over water allocation in a single board of governors.
ADAPTATION OF FLOOD PEAKS AND DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS FROM GAGED TO NEARBY UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Aron Gert , Miller Arthur
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Equations were developed to transform peak flows and to adapt design hydrographs and unit hydrographs from gaged watersheds to ungaged watersheds with similar hydrologic characteristics. Dimensional analysis was used to develop adjustment equations for peak flow and time base, and these equations were reinforced with results from regional flood frequency research. The authors believe that the use of these transformation equations should yield more reliable flood peak values and hydrogrphs than the common use of empirical flood estimating curves or equations.
WATER PRICE RESPONSIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS1
Authors: Lynne Gary D. , Luppold William G. , Kiker Clyde
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Pricing policy in water allocation has become of more concern as some areas find water is indeed a scarce resource. Demand estimates, where the quantity purchased‐value in use relationships are of concern, have been made in other studies for residential, industrial, and agricultural uses in many areas of the country. The price‐quantity relations for water use in commercial firms are estimated and discussed for several different types of stores in this study. A derived demand model is used to estimate commercial demand in the Miami, Florida, area. The price elasticity was generally low (inelastic) for all groups studied except for department stores. This group was found to have an elastic demand for water at all prices above $0.93 per thousand gallons purchased per month, where the mean price for this part of the sample was $1.24. The major implication of the study is that commercial establishments may be responsive to price changes over the long run, much as has already been shown for other types of user groups in other studies.
STOCHASTIC MODELING OF MONTHLY AND DAILY RAINFALL SEQUENCES1
Authors: Selvalingam S. , Miura M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A monthly model and two daily models (I and II) are presented for the purpose of generating monthly and daily rainfall sequences in the Quae Yai river basin in Thailand. Performance of the models are evaluated by comparing the statistical parameters of the generated sequences with those from historical data. For monthly generation, Thomas‐Fiering model worked satisfactorily in spite of the monthly correlations being weak, if any. Daily Model I, which assumes no persistence between daily rainfall amounts within the wet spells, could not preserve some important parameters regardless of the simplicity in model construction. Application of multi‐state transition probability matrix model gave good results, although the user has to modify some parameters looking at the performance of the model for each historical record.
LAKE SUPERIOR REGULATION EFFECTS
Authors: Quinn Frank H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The outflows of Lake Superior through the St. Marys River have been modified from natural conditions, initially by the construction of engineering works, such as bridges, and later by the construction of control works and the regulation of the lake. For all practical purposes, the period from 1860 to 1887 represents the natural river conditions. During the period 1888‐1900 the regimen was modified by the construction of the International Railroad Bridge and the Chandler‐Dunbar Power Canal. In 1901 construction began on the compensating works. Following the completion of the compensating works in August 1921, the Lake Superior outflows were regulated in accordance with the Orders of Approval, 26 and 27 May 1914. A hydrologic response model was developed to simulate the natural Lake Superior regime. The model was run for the 1860–1975 period to simulate natural Lake Superior levels and outflows. The simulated levels were compared with the recorded levels to determine the effect of regulation. It was found that regulation has resulted in a rise in Lake Superior water levels. The simulated natural outflows for the period from 1937 to 1975 were run through the Great Lakes hydrologic response model to analyze the regulation effects on Lakes Michigan‐Huron, St. Clair, and Erie. The results show no long‐term bias due to regulation.
THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL TRANSFER IN STREAM CHANNELS1
Authors: Shen Hung Tao , Harden Terrence O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effect of ice cover on vertical transfer is examined based on the Reynolds' analogy and composite logarithmic velocity distributions. A finite difference scheme is used to predict concentration profiles in a two‐dimensional channel. Comparisons made between the ice‐covered condition and the ice‐free condition show that considerable reduction in mixing capacity of the channel is caused by the ice cover.
THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT REGIME OF AN OREGON COAST RANGE STREAM1
Authors: Paustian Steven J. , Beschta Robert L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Armored stream segments may affect the suspended sediment regime of small mountain streams in western Oregon by the release of fine sediments stored in the bed gravels. Sieve analysis of bed materials indicated that at least 30 percent of the suspended sediment yield for the 1975–76 winter had been stored in the streambed. Suspended sediment concentrations during storm‐generated runoff were influenced by stream discharge and hydrograph characteristics. Sediment‐discharge relations for individual storms were characterized by hysteresis loops. A seasonal flushing of fines was shown by a progressive decrease in the ratio of suspended sediment to stream discharge during the winter runoff period.
DETERMINISTIC HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF GRAZING SYSTEM IMPACTS ON INFILTRATION RATES1
Authors: Gifford G. F. , Hawkins R. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Techniques for predicting the hydrologic effects of grazing schemes have heretofore been unavailable. The available literature on grazing intensity influences on infiltration rates is used as a basis for a model of infiltration behavior in response to grazing systems. Background, development, cautions, and an example are given.
EFFECT OF FILTRATION PRESSURE ON ANALYSES FOR CHLOROPHYLL1
Authors: Lium Bruce W. , Shoaf W. Thomas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nine samples, each with different kinds and numbers of algae, were filtered at five pressures from 5 to 75 pounds per square inch and the amounts of chlorophylls a and b were measured. Pressures in the range tested had no effect on the measured amounts.
WATERSHEDS AS THE BASIC ECOSYSTEM: THIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDES A BASIS FOR A NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM1
Authors: Lotspeich Frederick B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A scheme is outlined to classify watersheds as ecosystems, based on their natural attributes. Two physical factors of the environment, climate and geology, are selected as state factors. Climate is the master factor that supplies energy and water to all ecosystems; geologic structure supplies the materal from which the forces of climate carve landforms to establish ecosystems. At the next lower level, soil and vegetation interact in a succession of transactions to produce a mosaic of tesseras within each watershed. It is these interacting tesseras that moderate climate and store energy within the ecosystem that influences the embedded stream. At the bottom of the scale is the stream with its passive role and inability to interact with the higher factors of the ecosystem. Thus, we have a controlling force consisting of two elements (climate and geology), a reacting force (soil and vegetation) that responds by circular conditioning to controlling forces, and at the lowest level, the stream which responds to all factors of the living system within its watershed.
A TREE‐RING RECONSTRUCTION OF DROUGHT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Meko David M. , Stockton Charles W. , Boggess William R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Indices of annual diameter growth of trees were used to reconstruct drought in southern California back to A.D. 1700. A regional Palmer Drought Index served as predictand and tree‐ring indices from eight sites as predictors in multiple linear regression analyses that yielded the prediction (reconstruction) equations. The regression explained 69 percent of the variance in Palmer Index in the period of calibration. The long‐term reconstruction indicated that drought was rare in the first half of the current century relative to other discrete 50‐year periods, and that based on evidence to date the last half of the 20th century may well turn out to be the most drought prone since A.D. 1700 in southern California.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CHANNEL MODIFICATION1
Authors: Schoof Russell
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this literature review is to identify and quantify the effects of channelization and to examine the feasibility and acceptability of alternative methods of flood control. In the past 150 years, over 200,000 miles of stream channels have been modified. Channelization can affect the environment by draining wetland, cutting off oxbows and meanders, clearing floodplain hardwoods, lowering ground water levels, reducing ground water recharge from stream flow, and increasing erosion sedimentation, channel maintenance, and downstream flooding. Channelization reduces the size, number, and species diversity of fish in streams. In a wet climate, the fishery requires less than 10 years to fully recover. However, in the drier climates, the fishery may never fully recover. In general, channel modifications have performed as designed for flood abatement. The Arthur D. Little Study (1973) reported that direct benefits estimated during channelization planning have been conservative and that damage reduction has been impressive. Diking seems to be a viable alternative to channel dredging. Dikes minimize destruction of wetland and eliminate the need for removing vegetation from the existing stream banks.
OPTIMAL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT AND CROP PLANNING UNDER DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC INFLOWS1
Authors: Maji C. C. , Heady Earl O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study analyzes planning under deterministic and stochastic inflows for the Mayurakshi project in India. Models are developed to indicate the optimal storage of reservoir water, the transfer of water to the producing regions, and the spillage of water from the reservoir, if needed. A deterministic programming model was first formulated to represent the existing situation. A chance‐constrained model then was constructed to evaluate potential violations of the deterministic model. Both models were quantified for the command area. Data were collected from surveys of the area and from government agencies. Both the deterministic and change‐constrained models suggest a more intensive cropping program in the region. Both emphasize more dependence on rabi and less on kharif crops. The chance‐constrained especially suggests use of more water in the rabi season. Important chances in cropping programs and labor use take place under the chance‐constrained model.
USING COMPUTED STREAM FLOW IN WATERSHED ANALYSIS1
Authors: Mather John R.
Published: June 2007

Modifications in the computed climatic water budget have made it possible to achieve good agreement between computed and measured stream flow on both a monthly and annual basis in basins without appreciable winter snow cover. Comparisons of computed and measured stream flow in 28 basins on the Delmarva peninsula show that for some basins the agreement is excellent (regression line essentially equals unity), for other basins the regression line has a slope of one but it is displaced above or below the y=x line, while for other basins, the slope of the regression line differs appreciably from unity. Study of the basins where agreement between computed and measured values is only fair to poor reveals that the patterns of disagreement can be used to provide information on the water holding capacity in the root zone of the soil, on the quantity of deep aquifer recharge within the basin, or on the effect of human modifications within the basin. The technique should also reveal the quantity of interbasin transfers or other consumptive uses within the basin. The water budget, thus, becomes a useful tool to study hydrologic characteristics or their changes over time within a basin.
REGIONALIZATION AND PREDICTION OF ANNUAL FLOODS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT, BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Waylen Peter , Woo Ming‐ko
Published: June 2007

A method of predicting probability distributions of annual floods is presented and is applied to the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. The Gumbel distribution is found to adequately describe the observed flood frequency data. Using the estimated Gumbel parameters, discriminant analysis is performed to separate basins into flood regions. Within each region, regression analysis is used to relate physiographic and climatic variables to the means and standard deviations of the annual flood series. The regression equations are applied to four test basins and the results indicate that the method is suitable for an estimation of annual floods.
BENEFITS FROM WATER CONSERVATION DEPEND ON COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING1
Authors: Maier Walter J. , DeZellar Jeffrey , Miller Raina M.
Published: June 2007

: Substantial reductions in municipal water use are feasible without reducing the quality of life. If conservation measures are preplanned, properly engineered, and coordinated, reductions in utility bills for water, waste water, and energy are estimated at $30+per person per year. Installation of devices to reduce water use, engineering plans to prevent malfunctioning of collecting sewers, and engineered process modifications of treatment facilities must be coordinated to achieve full benefits of water conservation. Pollutant discharges to the aquatic environment are reduced in direct proportion to the reduction in water use.
A NEW SEDIMENT TRAP EFFICIENCY CURVE FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Heinemarm H. G.
Published: June 2007

The reservoir sediment, trap efficiency value is the most informative single description of a reservoir. This value is the proportion of the incoming sediment that is deposited or trapped in the reservoir, usually expressed in percent. It conveys information on what happens to most of the sediment coming into the reservoir and is indicative of the reservoir's useful life. Since Brune's (1953) report very little research progress has been made on this important reservoir design factor in the last 25 years. This is primarily because of the lack of adequate reservoir sediment, trap efficiency data. Worthwhile data for analysis exists on only 20 ponded reservoirs in the U.S., in the size category usually built by agricultural interests. By analyzing available information on these 20 reservoirs, a new trap efficiency curve, which is slightly different from the one used for the last 25 years, was developed. Use of this new trap efficiency curve could mean a reduction in some reservoirs of 4–10 percent in the volume allocated to sediment storage.
THROUGHFALL IN PLANTED STANDS OF FOUR SOUTHERN PINE SPECIES IN EAST TEXAS1
Authors: II Frank A. Roth , Chang Mingteh
Published: June 2007

Throughfall was measured during 1978–79 beneath the canopies of adjacent stands of four major southern pine species, all on identical soil type and topography in the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest. Observations from 44 storms in a randomized network of 15, 5.08 cm PVC gages in a 0.4 ha plot of each species showed that throughfall expressed as percent of storm precipitation, is greatest under longleaf pine and least under loblolly pine; throughfall under shortleaf and slash pine did not differ significantly. Generally, through‐fall decreased with storm size and intensity, with distance from the nearest tree stem, and is greater during summer half‐year (May–October). Canopy drips, apparently accounting for the greater throughfall for the gage position closer to the stems, were more numerous than reported elsewhere. The 5.08 cm PVC gages proved to be acceptable substitutes for standard nonrecording gages in measuring throughfall. A network of 15 such gages was sufficient to sample throughfall data with 90 percent accuracy in each of the four southern pine plantations.
LONGITUDINAL SUCCESSION IN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RIVER SYSTEM FISH COMMUNITIES1
Authors: Goldstein Robert M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Longitudinal succession indicates that diversity and species richiess of fish communities increases with increasing river size (increasing habitat complexity and environmental stability). Cultural impacts tend to decrease diversity, species richness, and evenness. To assess the impacts of cultural events on the fish community of a river system, the bias caused by longitudinal succession was removed by normalizing diversity indices and species richness values for river size. The relationships between an impact index and the community parameters of evenness, normalized diversity, and normalized species richness were determined by regression analysis. Similar relationships were determined using nonnormalized data, and the results compared. The two sets of regressions were similar in terms of variance explained. Evenness, which is unaffected by longitudinal sucession, appears to be the most impact sensitive parameter. A major source of error and confusion rsults from introduced species which are simultaneously sources of biological impact and a component of the community. Numbers of introduced species tend to increase with both impact and river size.
COMPARISON OF ANNUAL AND PARTIAL DURATION SERIES FLOODS ON THE MURRUMBIDGEE RIVER1
Authors: Page Kenneth J. , McElroy Lynelle
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In current hydrologic practice flood frequency estimates are usually based upon either the annual or the partial duration series of floods. Recurrence intervals generated by each series are not equivalent, however, and conversion of recurrence intervals from one series to the other is usually achieved by reference to a mathematical function developed by Langbein in 1949. Data collected on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales suggest, however, that the Langbein conversion function does not always provide a reliable means of comparing recurrence intervals. For discharges more frequent than the three year annual flood the Langbein function understates the discrepancy between the two sets of recurrence interval by approximately 35 percent. Langbein's own North American data appear to be consistent with those collected on the Murrumbidgee River.
A FUZZY SETS MODEL FOR MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Esogbue Augustine O. , Ahipo Zikehi M.
Published: June 2007

Mathematical modeling of complex water resources System problems, particularly water pollution control, is aided by fizzy set theory. Public participation in large scale federally funded water resources and pollution control projects is now a federal requirement and practice of various planning agencies. However, no systems based model for quantifying and measuring the effectiveness of public participation is known to exist. In this paper, we report a fuzzy set based model developed for doing this in areawide water resources planning The model is essentially cascade in nature and employs the concepts of fuzzy pessimistic and optimistic aggregations to cluster and analyze the evaluations of the basic factors. Sample computations of the model are provided.