bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Brill Selling , Boyd Walter H.
Published: January 2023

The portal blood pressure increases about 7 mm. Hg during the first forty-five seconds of peptone shock. The pressure then gradually falls, reaching normal in from eight to twelve minutes. Perfusions of isolated livers show an increased resistance to perfusion flow as a result of the action of peptone or of peptone-blood mixtures. The resistance reaches a maximum during the second minute, and then gradually decreases, being restored to approximately normal by the tenth minute. Mechanically increased resistance to hepatic outflow sufficient to raise the portal blood pressure 10 mm. Hg, the maximum rise during peptone shock, does not cause the hepatic-intestinal cyanosis characteristic of the peptone reaction, nor the characteristic fall in carotid blood pressure. Theories of peptone shock based solely on the hepatic mechanical factor are, therefore, no longer tenable.
The Prophylactic Action of Atropine Sulphate upon the Anaphylactic and Allergic Reactions of the Excised Uterus of Virgin Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Stoland O. O. , Sherwood N. P.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

That the response of uteri from sensitized guinea-pigs is specific for antigen has been verified. Doses of atropine from 1 to 4 cc. of a 1 per cent solution added to 25 cc. Tyrode's solution prevents the action of otherwise reactive doses of an antigen when applied to the horns of the uterus of a virgin guinea-pig. Smaller doses of atropine produce an increase in the tone of the uterine muscle, but larger doses (4 cc. 1 per cent) inhibit spontaneous contractions or decrease the tone slightly. That the atropine does not paralyze the uterine muscle is shown by the fact that pituitrin added to the solution invariably results in contraction following the administration of atropine. It is suggested that the antigen acts upon the same mechanism in the neuromuscular complex of the uterus as does pilocarpine. Its action is therefore neutralized by atropine. From the foregoing data we would seem warranted in assuming that that portion of the neuromuscular mechanism known as the myoneural junction plays an important ròle in specific response of uterine strips from sensitized virgin guinea-pigs.
Studies on the Toxicity of Human Blood Plasma for Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Levinson S. A.
Published: January 2023

As a result of tabulating the findings in the various stages of activity, it appears that the suspension stability of the blood in pulmonary tuberculosis parallels the activity of the process.

With an increase in the pulse rate and temperature, there is also an increase in the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes.

The toxicity of the blood plasma in pulmonary tuberculosis is also increased for the guinea-pig. The pulse, temperature, suspension stability of erythrocytes, and toxicity of the blood plasma are parallel with each other.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , French W. O. , Brill Selling
Published: January 2023

The dominant factor increasing resistance to blood flow through the liver during canine peptone shock is a suddenly increased permeability of the sinusoidal endothelium. This produces an explosive hepatic edema accompanied by swelling of the parenchymatous cells, increasing local tissue pressure sufficient to cause passive sinusoidal vasoconstriction and passive constriction of the hepatic veins. The sudden loss of fluid from the sinusoidal blood increases local blood viscosity sufficient to cause temporary sinusoidal stasis, and even stasis in the narrowed hepatic veins. A minor factor contributing to this increased resistance, is sinusoidal narrowing from leucocytic deposits. We have no evidence thus far that active hepatic vasoconstriction is a factor in this reaction.
On the Biochemical Race-Index of Koreans Manchus and Japanese
Authors: Fukamachi Hozumi
Published: January 2023

The studies of Landsteiner (1), Decastello and Sturli (2), Jansky (3), Moss (4), von Dungern and Hirschfeld (5) and others, have established the fact that there are four different groups of human individuals with respect to the isoagglutinating and isoagglutinable blood elements. In 1919, L. Hirschfeld and H. Hirschfeld (6) studied a number of soldiers belonging to the Allied Armies in Macedonia, and found that there was a remarkable difference in the blood grouping in the different races. The proportion of A (in the corpuscles of groups II and IV1) to B (in the corpuscles of groups III and IV); i.e., was called by them “the biochemical race-index,” and the race, in which the index amounted to more than 2.0 was called “of European type,” and that, from 2.0 to 1.0, “of intermediate type” and that, less than 1.0 “of Asio-African type.”
Studies in Endothelial Permeability. III
Authors: Petersen William F. , Jaffé R. H. , Levinson S. A. , Hughes T. P.
Published: January 2023

In the preceding paper we have pointed out that in anaphylactic shock in the dog the lymph proteins show considerable modification, depending to a large extent on the dose used for reinjection. From previous studies that we have made with the enzyme mobilization during anaphylactic shock and from the work of Dale (1), Manwaring (2) and others, it seems most probable to us that the lymph proteins are modified by several factors. First, the alteration in the permeability of the endothelium which permits a large amount of blood plasma suddenly to flood into the lymph spaces of the mesenteric area, especially with the increased intraportal pressure which is at once evident in anaphylactic shock. Second, the proteins derived from the liver and other abdominal viscera under shock conditions; these would include particularly the larger molecular aggregates, fibrinogen, globulins, etc.
Studies on Endothelial Permeability. IV
Authors: Petersen W. F. , Jaffe R. H. , Levinson S. A. , Hughes T. P.
Published: January 2023

In the preceding paper evidence has been presented which points to the fact that in canine anaphylaxis the endothelium, particularly that of the liver, plays a very prominent rôle in the mechanism of shock. Indeed it might seem that the chief point of attack of the reinjected protein is in this tissue, and that after these cells have been injured and become more permeable the liver is the next organ to be affected. The whole phenomenon is a vascular shock rather than a neuro-muscular one such as we see in the guinea pig. This by no means excludes the possibility that toxic products may arise secondarily from the liver, as Manwaring (1) has contended; or that the mobilization of proteolytic enzymes, which has been previously demonstrated (2) may not act in producing toxic products from the disintegrating liver or other tissue cells.
Studies on Endothelial Permeability. V
Authors: Petersen W. F. , Jaffé R. H. , Levinson S. A. , Hughes T. P.
Published: January 2023

During the course of the studies on endothelial permeability made with thoracic duct fistulas we have had occasion to study the effect of varying doses of peptone injected intravenously. The effect of peptone has been studied intensively; usually relatively large doses have been injected and it has been found that there undoubtedly follows an increase in the rate at which colloids (hemolysins, agglutinins, antitoxins, foreign serum, etc.) pass through from the capillary bed to the lymph stream. Yet there seems some doubt whether we are dealing with an actual alteration in the permeability of the endothelium or are dealing purely with an increased intraportal pressure, as Abe (1) suggests. Starling inclines to the view that both an increase in intraportal pressure and an increased permeability of the endothelium must take place (2).
A Hitherto Undescribed Pair of Isoagglutination Elements in Human Beings
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Klein Hyman
Published: January 2023

A new pair of isoagglutination elements is described occurring in a high percentage of all the four blood groups. The agglutinin x was found in about 75 per cent of group I sera, and about 60 per cent of group III sera. The agglutinable X was found in about 75 per cent of group II corpuscles and in both of the two group IV individuals examined. The relation of the isoagglutination elements in the four groups, including the C pair of Guthrie and Huck, may be represented according to the Jansky numbering as follows: The discovery of the new isoagglutination elements in no way alters the practical status of the four original blood groups. The X pair seem not to be inherited as Mendelian allelomorphs. GROUP I GROUP II GROUP III GROUP IV Serum abx (c) b ax (c) Corpuscles AX (C) B ABX
Agglutinins for Bacterium Pullorum in Hens' Eggs
Authors: Beaudette F. R.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. In studying the antibodies produced by Bacterium pullorum it occurred to the writer that, since the albumin of the egg may be considered physiologically as a secretion, and that antibodies have frequently been detected in secretions, antibodies for Bacterium pullorum might be present in eggs from hens known to be infected with this organism.

Experimental. Eggs were collected from several hens, the serum of which agglutinated Bacterium pullorum. The albumin of the eggs of some of these hens was used in place of the serum in making the agglutination test. The results of the preliminary tests were so striking and definite as to indicate the possible use of egg albumin in place of blood serum in detecting infected hens. The advantages of such a method are quite evident and a more careful study of the problem seemed desirable.

For this purpose 16 hens, 10 reactors, 5 non-reactors, and 1 questionable reactor, were isolated and, as far as possible, kept under the same environmental conditions during the experiment.
Antigenic Analyses of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S. , Fabiyi Akinyele , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

Antisera to the soluble complement-fixing S antigens of influenza viruses were readily produced in guinea pigs. Following intranasal instillation of active virus many animals developed antibodies to the virus V antigen, but the anti-S responses were variable as to incidence and height of titers obtained, depending to some extent upon the strain employed. The anti-S as well as anti-V formation was strikingly improved if the intranasal inoculation was followed in 2 wk or later by intra-abdominal injection of S antigen derived from the homologous strain. Anti-S titers of 1:64 or greater were thus obtained in more than 75% of the animals.

As few as 100 infectious doses for chick embryos induced direct antibody formation in some, and conditioned additional animals to respond to the booster injection of S. Since more than a million times the amount of inactivated virus failed to yield either type of responses it may be assumed that guinea pigs sustain inapparent influenza infections. Intra-abdominal inoculation of active virus also led to anti-S responses, either directly or following secondary injections of S, but less frequently and to lower titers than in the intranasal series.

In confirmation of previous reports no antigenic differences could be detected among S antigens derived from homotypic strains. In contrast, antibodies to the V antigens exhibited a considerable degree of strain-specificity, often to the extent that no cross-reactions could be discerned.

The booster effects observed, both with respect to anti-S and anti-V, could not be ascribed to residual concentrations of hemagglutinating virus particles in the S preparations. It appears (a) that S, although shown to be incapable per se of inducting primary anti-S formation, even after numerous injections, provides an effective secondary antigenic stimulus in animals conditioned by previous infection; and (b) that the booster inocula contained some nondetectable V components, which were not linked to hemagglutinating particles.

Sera containing anti-V in addition to anti-S can safely be used for analysis of S antigens if the test preparations are (a) rendered free of V by appropriate procedures; or (b) derived from strains with antigenically distinct V components. Safer yet, anti-V responses can be avoided in guinea pigs altogether, if strains with unrelated V antigens are employed for the primary infection and the preparation of the booster S antigen, respectively. By use of a small intranasal dose and by delay of the booster injection, high-titered anti-S sera were obtained, devoid of anti-V.
The Reversible and Irreversible Toxic Effects of Antihela Cell Rabbit Serum upon Human Cell Lines in Tissue Culture
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Myrvik Quentin N.
Published: January 2023

Anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum may produce a variety of cytotoxic effects upon the following cell lines in tissue culture: HeLa, AU, T17, and T27. Irreversible cytotoxic changes are produced when anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum and a heat labile substance in normal guinea pig or rabbit serum are added to these cell lines. Reversible morphologic changes in human cell lines are produced when incubated for 2 hr with anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum. Marked depression of the growth rate of HeLa cells occurs when they are propagated in a medium containing anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum. The addition of complement destroys cultures of HeLa cells propagated for up to six months in an excess of anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum.
A Study of the Effect of Antiserum on Poliovirus Infection Induced by the Intraspinal Inoculation of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Liu Oscar C. , Carter Joseph E. , DeSanctis Armand N. , Geating John A. , Hampil Bettylee
Published: January 2023

After intraspinal inoculation of the Mahoney strain of poliovirus into rhesus monkeys, the central nervous systems from a number of animals were dissected out at various intervals. TCID50 titrations, histologic examination of such obtained tissues, and clinical observation of the infected animals indicated that the poliovirus spread from cell to cell in the gray matter of the CNS, following a pattern of anatomic contiguity rather than along the nerve fibers. Intravenous administration of specific antiserum into such infected monkeys, immediately following infection and 24- to 48-hr postinfection, reduced the mortality from 75 to 100% down to 0%. The extent of muscles paralyzed also was reduced significantly by the treatment as compared with the corresponding controls. In the treated groups there is a tendency that the more delayed the treatment, the wider the involvement of the skeletal muscles.
The Immune Response of the Guinea Pig to the Antigens of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Spivack M. L. , Foster L. , Larson A. , Chen T. H. , Baker E. E. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

In experimental antiplague immunization the reaction of the guinea pig has been unique. Of greatest interest have been the difficulties in immunizing this animal either with aqueous suspensions of killed plague bacilli or with antigenic extracts of Pasteurella pestis, both highly immunogenic in the mouse, rat and monkey. The report that follows is an account of the development of the present conclusions about the immune response of this animal.

Materials and Methods. Strains of P. pestis. 1) Yreka, a virulent strain originally isolated from a fatal human infection in Yreka, California. 2) 195/P, a virulent strain from the Haffkine Institute in Bombay, India. It was originally isolated from a fatal pneumonic plague infection, and a sample of the culture was lyophilized and shipped to the Hooper Foundation. 3) Shasta, a virulent strain isolated from a fatal bubonic infection in 1951. 4) 111, a virulent strain isolated from a fatal pneumonic infection in Madagascar.
Anaphylaxis in Hemophilus Pertussis-Treated Mice
Authors: Munoz J. , Schuchardt L. F. , Verwey W. F.
Published: January 2023

Passive anaphylactic shock can be easily produced in mice that have received 250–2,000 million H. pertussis cells four days prior to the administration of 187–200 μ of rabbit antibody nitrogen. Only a few mice died when 108 μ of Ab N were given. In mice receiving 2,000 million H. pertussis cells and sensitized with 187 μ of Ab N an optimal amount of antigen (around 0.04 mg) was found for challenge that if considerably exceeded (5–10 mg/mouse) was actually less effective. Two hundred fifty million H. pertussis cells given four days before administration of 218 μ of Ab N rendered mice highly susceptible to anaphylactic shock, while ten million cells failed to increase their susceptibility. Three to four days after administration of H. pertussis seems to be the optimal time for production of passive anaphylaxis. By the 9th to the 12th day sensitivity has returned to its normal level. After administration of rabbit antibody, sensitivity lasts for three days reaching an optimal point immediately after intravenous injection of the antiserum, and 30 min to 6 hr after intraperitoneal injection. No relationship was obtained between development of anaphylactic sensitivity (active or passive) and development of histamine sensitivity. Adrenalectomy, like H. pertussis treatment, also increases the sensitivity of mice to passive anaphylaxis. Some postulations are made as to the possible mode of action of H. pertussis.
The "Protection" of Sensitized a and b Red Cell Antigens by Water-Soluble a and b Substances
Authors: Vos G. H. , Kirk R. L.
Published: January 2023

When adult group A1 or B cells are sensitized with anti-A or anti-B antibodies and the thoroughly washed cells incubated with a source of A or B substance the serological reactions of the cells become progressively modified. First they are inhibited from agglutination in saline. Second, they are inhibited from agglutination in serum, and third, the direct antiglobulin reaction becomes negative. Red cells whose serologic properties have been modified in this way are said to be “protected.”

Fully “protected” cells give lower antigen titers when titrated against agglutinating anti-A or anti-B. They react negatively or only weakly with partially-neutralized anti-A or anti-B sera. Sensitized cells are osmotically more fragile than unsensitized cells. But cells after “protection” are more resistant to hemolysis than are normal cells.

Titration of AB substance in aqueous extracts of autoclaved cells shows that more substance is present in “protected” cells than in sensitized cells, in unsensitized cells, or in unsensitized cells which have been incubated with AB substance.

The suggestion is made that this “protection” of sensitized red cells is one way in which both secretor and non-secretor infants incompatible for the ABO blood groups with their mother are prevented from suffering excessive red cell destruction.
The Demonstration of Two Systems Affecting Blood Leukocytes in the Hypersensitive State with Associated Inflammation
Authors: Hartman John D.
Published: January 2023

The in vitro agglutination of blood leukocytes has been quantitated. With the quantitative technique, 2 systems affecting blood leukocytes can be demonstrated in the hypersensitive state when associated with inflammation. One system is triggered by the presence of antigen and the other functions in the presence of inflammation. The basic reaction is an agglutination of the leukocytes in the presence of antigen. This reaction is accentuated in the presence of plasma taken from animals in which inflammation was present and is due to an altered reactivity of the leukocytes to the antigen leuko-agglutinating mechanism. Hydrocortisone inhibits in vitro the effect of inflammation but not the effect of antigen.
On Goldberg's Theory of the Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Watson G. S.
Published: January 2023

It is shown that Goldberg's theory of the precipitin reaction is incompatible with the assumption that, at any stage, all the antigen is precipitated.
Effects of Certain Antiorgan Sera on Experimental Malaria and Trypanosomiasis in Mice
Authors: Goble Frans C. , Boyd James L. , Singer Ira
Published: January 2023

The administration of rabbit antimouse spleen serum to mice on either the day before or the day after infection with Plasmodium berghei did not result in any alterations in the course of the infection as measured by parasitemia, reticulocyte counts or mortality in comparison with controls. The administration of rabbit antimouse spleen serum to mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense may result in an acceleration of the infection, if large quantities are used, or in a delay in the course of the disease, if smaller quantities are used.

The administration of rabbit antispleen sera prepared with heterologous antigens of bovine and human origin results in delays in the course of T. congolense infections, the median survival time of the treated mice sometimes being extended as much as 24 days beyond the median survival time of the untreated controls. Less pronounced extensions of survival time were observed when antilymph node and antithymus sera were used, and antisera prepared against bovine blood and bone marrow were ineffective.

Heterologous antispleen sera which were active in T. congolense infections had only barely detectable influence on infections with T. gambiense, which are more acute. The results obtained are compatible with Bogomolets' explanation of the mode of action of antireticular cytotoxic sera which depress the reticuloendothelial system when administered in large quantities and stimulate the same system when given in smaller amounts. The studies herein reported suggest that interesting observations might be made using other types of antisera in infections which are of a subacute or chronic nature which would allow time for the therapy and show its effect.
Effect of Formalin on in Vitro and in Vivo Antigenicity of Clostridium Perfringens Type D E-Toxin
Authors: Schuchardt L. F. , Munoz J. , Verwey W. F.
Published: January 2023

This report may be summarized as follows: a) Toxin-toxoid which failed to combine with antitoxin produced significantly higher antitoxin titers in sheep than did prototoxin-toxoid. b) Toxin-toxoid loses most of its ability to combine with antitoxin in a relatively short period of time (14 days) although some may be retained for as long as 71 days; prototoxin-toxoid, however, retains its combining and precipitating power for a much longer period of time. c) Both toxin and prototoxin combine with antitoxin. d) In the agar diffusion technique a single common zone of precipitation developed between the antitoxin and prototoxin, toxin and prototoxin-toxoid. Toxin-toxoid failed to develop a visible band at a time when prototoxin-toxoid was fully precipitable. e) When either toxin or prototoxin was exposed to 0.5% formalin the toxicity disappeared within 14 days. The combining power and precipitability disappeared relatively soon in the toxin-toxoid but not in prototoxin-toxoid.
Heat Labile Tissue α-Globulin and Its Relationship to the Latex Fixation Test
Authors: Gray J. D. , Tupper Carl , Rowse J. A.
Published: January 2023

Saline extracts made from placenta, liver, spleen, lung, heart muscle and kidney appear to contain varying amounts of an α-globulin which denatures at 56°C at 2 hr exposure in the presence of 0.85% NaCl to form macroscopic granules. The reaction is proportional to the concentration of extract used. The addition of polystyrene latex to such a mixture changes the granular state to a floccular one. Albumin and some batches of lyophilized γ-globulin inhibit flocculation. Fresh human serum containing a high antibody titer is the most potent inhibitor of flocculatory activity.

Evidence has been presented indicating that the latex fixation test measures the presence in quantity of serum heat labile α-globulin. It has been shown that the addition of lyophilized γ-globulin is unnecessary for the performance of this test. Attention is drawn to the fact that tissue heat labile globulin and the reacting substance in the positive latex fixation test are similar.
Inactivation of Complement by Egg Albumin—Rabbit Antiegg Albumin
Authors: Cavallo G. , Plescia O. J. , Heidelberger M.
Published: January 2023

A typical immune system, such as egg albumin—rabbit antiegg albumin, inactivates the complement (C′) of guinea pig, human and pig serum but to different extents. It was found that with antigen to bring the system to equivalence, 2 μg antibody nitrogen was sufficient for nearly complete inactivation of 50 C′H50 units of guinea pig C′ at 0°C for 24 hr, 40 μg were required to inactivate about 90% of the human C′, and 150 μg of antibody nitrogen could inactivate only about 65% of the pig C′. The experiments were also carried out at 37°C for 2 hr. Although the degree of inactivation was generally greater at 37 than at 0°C for each C′, differences were still noted among them.

The study included also a comparison of the fixation of the components of C′. The components C′1, C′4, C′2 and C′3 decreased in activity in this order when C′ was inactivated; C′3 was seldom diminished more than 50%.
Immunologic Studies of Heart Tissue
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Meyeserian Mary , Swift Audrey
Published: January 2023

Inoculation of rabbits with whole streptococcal cultures grown in beef heart medium was found to stimulate antibody reactive with normal rabbit heart sections, as determined by a modified immunofluorescent technique. The immunofluorescent reactivity of the serum was found to be correlated with complement-fixing antibodies to normal rabbit heart tissue suspension. This antibody response was not related to the streptococcus but to the beef heart medium in which the streptococci were grown. Immunization with beef heart medium alone or with homogenate of beef heart also elicited both types of antibody. Similar results were obtained following immunization of rabbits with homogenates of rat and human heart. These data give evidence of a cross-reacting myocardial antigen in the sarcoplasm of the several mammalian species tested.
Antibody Response in Volunteers to Adenovirus Vaccine and Correlation of Antibody with Immunity
Authors: Hilleman M. R. , Flatley F. J. , Anderson S. A. , Luecking M. L. , Levinson D. J.
Published: January 2023

Formalin-killed bivalent and monovalent types 4 and 7 adenovirus vaccines prepared under commercial conditions were assayed for homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody response in a study with 267 volunteers. The vaccine employed in the studies induced a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:1 in guinea pigs against type 4 virus and 1:4 against type 7 virus when assayed by the standard test method employed. Dilution of bivalent vaccine more than 1:2 for type 4 component and around 1:27 for type 7 component significantly reduced the antibody response to the vaccine. The type 7 component induced a high level of neutralizing antibody against types 7, 7a, and 3 with essentially no antibody against types 4 or 14, and the type 4 component induced significant antibody against type 4 virus only. Bivalent vaccine given in 1 ml amount by jet gun or in 0.1 ml volume intradermally induced as much antibody as the 1 ml dose given intramuscularly. The antibody stimulated against bivalent vaccine was reduced by no more than 50% during a 10 month period post-vaccination and the response to a booster dose of vaccine given at that time elevated the titer only slightly above that achieved initially. There was a close correlation between the occurrence of serum neutralizing antibody and failure to develop adenovirus-caused respiratory illness among recruits in basic training. The level of antibody associated with immunity appeared in most cases not to exceed a titer of 1:1 when assayed by the standard method employed in this laboratory. The occurrence of type 3 antibody in persons whose sera were devoid of type 7 antibody, appeared to afford some protection against type 7 virus disease though this was not always the case. The significance of the finding in relation to the application and use of adenovirus vaccine is discussed.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

An approximation of the amount of an antigen, Shigella-trypsin filtrate (ST), which may suffice for stimulation of antibody production has been approached by the cell-transfer technique, involving the transfer of rabbit lymph node cells which had been incubated in vitro with this antigen. Experiments involving comparisons of original solutions of this antigen with supernatants of incubation mixtures indicated that little of the available antigen was removed by the cells. On examination of suspensions of antigen-incubated cells, prepared as for transfer, but inactivated, the amount of antigen which could be detected was only 0.01 to 0.001 of the amount of antigen with which the cells had been suspended. Of the amount of antigen detectable in such suspensions the greater part, but not all, was found in association with the cells. It is estimated that the uptake of 10-7 mg of the ST antigen, or less, by 2 × 108 lymph node cells can result in the subsequent appearance of detectable agglutinins in sera of recipient animals.
Immunochemical Studies of Poliovirus: II. Kinetics of the Formation of Infectious and Noninfectious Type 1 Poliovirus in Three Cell Strains of Human Derivation
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Höpken Walter , Mayer Manfred M. , Roane Philip R.
Published: January 2023

The cellular materials and extracellular fluids from cultures of 3 cell strains of human derivation were assayed for viral substances throughout a period of 15–19 hr following high multiplicity infection with Type 1 poliovirus. Infectivity measurements were done by the plaque technique, and assays for C and D antigens were made by complement fixation. During the first 10–12 hr following seeding, infectious virus, as well as the C and D antigens, were found to accumulate in the cellular fraction. Significant amounts of viral material appeared in the extracellular fluid only after this period of accumulation. It was found that 100,000 to 500,000 physical poliovirus particles (PVP) are produced/cell. This datum is derived from D antigen titers which were converted to PVP by use of the previously established relationship between D antigen and PVP. The 3 cell lines were found to differ in the quantity of virus produced/cell, and in the proportion of virus particles that are infectious. C antigen was found in both cellular and extracellular material.
The Role of Anaphylatoxin During in Vitro Anaphylaxis
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E.
Published: January 2023

Treatment of fresh normal rat plasma with a high molecular weight polysaccharide, Zymosan, activates a potent histamine liberator presumeably identical with anaphylatoxin. Under controlled conditions, the in vitro anaphylactic response of actively sensitized guinea pig ileum segments may be maintained unimpaired after rendering such tissue refractory to the immediate effects of rat anaphylatoxin. Conversely, desensitization of guinea pig ileum segments to specific antigen does not impair responsiveness to rat anaphylatoxin. These findings suggest that: a) specific antigen can release significant quantities of histamine from sensitized tissue without the intervention of circulating, surface absorbed, or cellular included anaphylatoxin; b) desensitization to multiple antigens such as exist in horse serum, or to anaphylatoxin, cannot be attributed simply to depletion of releaseable tissue histamine; and c) the point of attack of anaphylatoxin and of specific antigen upon sensitized cells is not identical. The results fail to support the “unified” concept of anaphylaxis suggesting that activation of serum anaphylatoxin constitutes a necessary intermediate step in the release of tissue histamine.
Effect of Antibodies on the Luminescence of Achromobacter Fischeri as a Criterion of Cellular Penetration
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L.
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antisera prepared against whole cell, cell-free extract, and partially purified luciferase of Achromobacter fischeri contain antibodies that are able to react with and inactivate a light emitting component, presumably bacterial luciferase, in cell-free extracts of the organism. Since the same antisera are without light inhibiting effect on live cells, it is postulated that antiluciferase antibodies are not able to penetrate the cell to inactivate luciferase.
The Specificity of Tolerance to Homografts in the Chicken
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , Cannon Jack A. , Longmire William P.
Published: January 2023

Evidence has been found which indicates that tolerance to homografts in chickens is not completely individual specific (within one breed as well as across two breeds).

A total of 71 embryonic chicks were injected with blood from embryonic chicks of a different breed and, 2 and 15 days after hatching, were grafted with skin from chicks other than the blood donor but of the same breed as the blood donor. A significant percentage of these chicks had grafts which survived longer than the grafts between control chicks not previously injected with blood. The possibility that the tolerance induced by blood of one chick to skin of another was due to similarity in antigenic makeup of the 2 donor chicks, since they were of the same breed, seems discounted by 2 experiments. First, it was shown that grafts among 2-week-old chicks of the same breed did not survive to any significant degree, thus indicating the genetic disparity among chicks of the breeds used. Secondly, when the nonspecific graft survived for a fairly long period, grafts between the blood and skin donor chicks often did not survive as long.
The Distribution of Forssman Blood Factors in Individuals of Various Artiodactyl Species
Authors: Stormont Clyde , Suzuki Yoshiko
Published: January 2023

The preparation and specificities of a blood typing reagent, designated Tx, which defined individual differences in tahr goats, the homologous species, are described.

It is shown that the red cell antigens involved in the reactions with the Tx reagent are the same as those which cross react with classical Forssman antibodies prepared by immunizing rabbits with extracts of guinea pig organs.

Data are presented on the distribution of Forssman blood factors in representatives of 33 species in the order Artiodacyla. Individuals with Forssman-positive red cells were encountered in only 1 family, namely, the Bovidae, and within that family they were confined to 3 of 5 subfamilies, namely, the Hippotraginae, the Caprinae and the Ovinae.

Three subtypes of the Forssman or Tx blood factor are described: subtype 1 which was observed in all species of caprines (subfamilies Caprinae and Ovinae) represented in the study; subtype 2 which was observed in only 1 species, namely, the blesbok antelope of subfamily Hippotraginae; and subtype 3 which occurred in only 1 species, the white bearded gnu of subfamily Hippotraginae.
The Specific Hapten of Group C (Group II α) Meningococcus
Authors: Watson R. Glenn , Scherp Henry W.
Published: January 2023

Soluble specific substances were prepared from 3 representative strains of Group C (formerly Group II α) meningococci. Dilutions as high as 1:4,000,000 of all preparations gave positive precipitin reactions with homologous rabbit antiserum. However, all evidenced some degradation of immunologic integrity, e.g., the best preparation absorbed only ¾ of the homologous mouse-protective activity from a rabbit Group C antiserum and it failed to engender significant active immunity in mice. On the other hand, intraabdominal injection of 30 μg of this preparation/animal sharply diminished the immune response of mice to subsequent injections of an effective Group C vaccine. The precipitin reactions of these substances with an equine polyvalent antimeningococcal serum prepared in 1918 indicated that Group C meningococci had been isolated in the United States at that time, although they were not recognized as a distinct group until 1940.
A Study of the Whole Yeast Cell Agglutination Test in Rabbits Experimentally Infected with Histoplasma Capsulatum
Authors: Cozad George C.
Published: January 2023

It was found that whole yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum grown on brain heart infusion agar at 37°C could be used as the antigen in a tube agglutination test with sera from rabbits experimentally infected with H. capsulatum.

Very low or negative agglutinin titers were obtained with sera from infected rabbits using the commonly used incubation temperatures of 25, 37 or 52°C. Overnight refrigeration of tubes (4°C) resulted in slightly increased titers. Greater agglutinin titers were demonstrable in tubes that had been centrifuged, and it was found that an incubation period was not necessary using this technique. The method of choice was, therefore, to centrifuge the tubes immediately after mixing antigen with serum.

Yeast cells from 3 strains of the fungus were shown to be useful agglutinogens, exhibiting approximately equal combining power. An additional strain was found to agglutinate spontaneously in normal human and rabbit sera.

The methods used for inactivation (heat, formalin, and phenol) were found to have an effect upon the agglutinating ability of cells from the different strains, but no one method seemed to be the best for all strains tested.

In sera from rabbits experimentally infected with H. capsulatum, agglutinin titers were found to rise rapidly during the first week of the disease, reach a maximum by the end of the second week, and become negative at the end of a 9 week period. Complement fixation tests using whole cell antigens were also positive after 1 week, but reached a peak at 6 weeks and remained positive in high titers at the end of 13 weeks.

The histoplasma agglutination antigen when tested in sera of rabbits experimentally infected with Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporotrichum schenckii, Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis, gave positive results only with B. dermatitidis.

No differences in specificity of the antigens were noted after treatment with formalin and phenol or heat inactivation.

A macroscopic slide agglutination test is described which proved of value in “screening” rabbit sera for the presence of antibodies against yeast cells of H. capsulatum.
In Vitro Production of Diphtheria Antitoxin by Tissues of Immunized Animals
Authors: Wolf Benjamin , Stavitsky Abram B.
Published: January 2023

Addition to various basal synthetic media of dialyzed or undialyzed homologous or heterologous serum, serum ultrafiltrate, chick embryo extract, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, coenzymes, lipids and carbohydrates did not consistently enhance in vitro antibody synthesis by lymphoid tissues from immunized rabbits. The failure of paraamino benzoic acid and thiamin to produce an effect on these short-term experiments was contrasted with their effects in longer-term cultures and an explanation of the different findings advanced. It was found that optimal concentrations of certain amino acids must be present in the medium for maximal in vitro antibody synthesis and incorporation of radioactive amino acids into antibody. These data provide further evidence for the importance of amino acids as precursors of antibodies. The complete function of the amino acids in the medium is unknown because the medium containing the smallest concentration of each amino acid still contains 5–10 times the amount of each acid required for antibody synthesis. The failure of previous investigators to observe an amino acid requirement for incorporation of radioactive amino acids into antibody was attributed to their use of much larger amounts of tissue than in the present study. As evidenced by the incorporation data, antibody synthesis in vitro is a rapid process, which is in accord with the findings of other studies. These observations also indicate that antibody is rapidly secreted into the medium. As a result of this study, a completely synthetic medium has been developed which promotes appreciable antibody synthesis and incorporation of radioactive amino acids into antibody.
The Anti-N Lectin of Bauhinia Purpurea
Authors: Boyd William C. , Everhart Donald L. , McMaster Marjorie H.
Published: January 2023

Seeds of Bauhinia purpurea, var. alba, contain a lectin specific for the N antigen of human erythrocytes. These seeds are available commercially, and from them, by saline extraction and 2 precipitations with alcohol in the cold (plus occasionally the addition of a little melibiose), a routinely usable anti-N reagent can be prepared. This reagent, tested in parallel with a good rabbit anti-N against 265 random bloods, gave the correct result in every case. Dialysis of Bauhinia extracts removes a diffusible substance which is generally present and which is necessary to prevent the lectin from reacting nonspecifically with all human erythrocytes. Various sugars, including galactose and melibiose, will also inhibit this nonspecific reaction. The inhibition reactions point to a close chemical similarity of the Bauhinia-detectable receptor, common to all human erythrocytes, and the B receptor, which is restricted to B and AB.
Mutual Linkage Between the Components IX and XII in Salmonella Typhi O-Antigen
Authors: Cohen H. H.
Published: January 2023

An investigation was made into the serologic activity of the lipopolysaccharide from the typhoid 0901 strain, purified by the method described by Webster (7). In the agar gel precipitation test (double diffusion technique) this antigen was shown to contain at least two components. After treatment with 0.02 N NaOH one of the lines did not appear. Moreover, the shape of the precipitation curve of NaOH-treated lipopolysaccharide was changed in such a way as to indicate the neutralization of a maximum amount of antibody. Probably the NaOH treatment destroys a protein antigen.

Supernatant and precipitate analysis in the quantitative precipitation test revealed that the antigens of the White-Kauffmann scheme (IX and XII) are always precipitated together, even by an absorbed serum that contains only the anti-IX factor and by a paratyphoid A serum (anti-II, anti-XII). From this it was concluded that the two antigen components are very closely bound together, possibly in one molecule.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S. , Ostapiak Mykola , Fabiyi Akinyele , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

With the development of methods for the effective separation of the strain-specific virus (V) antigen from the broader reacting type-specific soluble (S) antigen and the production of sera containing antibodies to either one or the other of these antigens, it has become possible to demonstrate strain-specific components of influenza viruses by complement fixation. Data are presented on the application of strain-specific anti-V sera, free of anti-S, prepared against a variety of strains, to the identification and strain analysis of new isolates. The procedures used for definitive diagnosis depended upon whether the isolate was a member of a recognized family of strains, as A prime, or a totally new variant as represented by the Asian strains. Thus, three influenza viruses obtained from outbreaks which occurred in February 1957, on a preliminary screening test, were found to fix complement in the presence of several A prime antisera, but not with antisera against swine 15 or five prototype A strains. On titrating the cross-reacting antisera versus the new isolates, the results indicated that all three viruses were closely related to the Nederland 36 strain isolated in 1956. They were distinguishable from one another and from Nederland 36, however, by the spectrum and level of the cross-reactions with other A prime strains. Assay of antisera prepared against the new isolates further clarified their antigenic composition. When the Asian variant appeared, the identification of isolates could be restricted to the screening test since no cross-reactions were readily detectable with antisera against any of the earlier strains. Positive complement fixation occurred solely with the A/Japan/305 antiserum. Identification was carried out by testing aliquots of infected allantoic fluid, which contained at least 16 HA units, the equivalent of one V antigen unit, against a battery of anti-V sera diluted optimally in respect to their homologous reactions. In this fashion, early passage material containing as little as 40 HA units/ml could be identified, if 0.5 ml were used for testing. Thus, of 51 viruses obtained from throat washings 80% were diagnosed on first passage. The implications of the use of the technique are discussed.
Autoantibodies in Human Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Liu Charlotte T. , McCrory Wallace W.
Published: January 2023

Sera from a group of children with glomerulonephritis or the nephrotic syndrome in various stages of activity have been tested for the presence of antikidney antibodies. Boyden's hemagglutination (HA) test was used with human kidney digest as the antigen. Antikidney HA titers of 1:20 or higher were shown in 71% of the patients with acute nephritis and 89% of the patients in the active phase of the nephrotic syndrome. The test was negative in controls and patients with renal disease due to other causes. Positive results were also obtained in some children with nonrenal acute infectious disease and in cases of rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. The antikidney HA test appeared to be species specific but not clearly disease specific. Some cross reaction with human tissues other than kidney was also observed.
Endotoxic and Antigenic Fractions from the Cell Wall of Salmonella Enteritidis. Methods for Separation and Some Biologic Activities
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Milner Kelsey C. , Perrine Theodore D.
Published: January 2023

The toxic and antigenic roles of structural elements of Salmonella enteritidis have been investigated. Cell walls and protoplasm were prepared by mechanical agitation of deflagellated organisms in the Mickle apparatus followed by differential centrifugation. The separation procedure was controlled at each step by electron microscopy. Soluble endotoxin was released into the aqueous phase when suspensions in water of live cells or of unfixed cell walls were saturated with ethyl ether. Water soluble O-antigen of low toxicity was isolated by treatment of intact cells or cell walls with aqueous dioxane. The fractions were tested for toxic (lethal) action in mice, as flocculating antigens with O-antiserum, and as vaccines against expermental salmonellosis in mice. Toxicity, immunizing potency, and the substances which reacted serologically with O-antibody were present chiefly in the cell wall. The separated protoplasm retained only traces of these activities. The toxic aqueous ether extract (LD50 for mice approximately 0.25 mg) also was an effective vaccine as well as a strong pyrogen and both a preparing and provoking agent in the local Shwartzman reaction. Aqueous dioxane extracts gave high flocculation titers and, although of substantially lower toxicity, afforded protection similar to that of endotoxins extracted from the same organism by aqueous ether or trichloracetic acid.
Hemagglutinins in Extracts of Israeli Plants
Authors: Bachrach U. , Berechyahu D. , Gurevitch J.
Published: January 2023

The nature of the protein responsible for the hemagglutinating activity of Datura metel extract has been investigated. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and paper electrophoresis indicate that the active protein is a globulin similar to human γ-globulin. A globulin, having an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of human γ-globulin, was shown to be present in the extract. The active protein was not digested by trypsin or papain, unlike other proteins in the seed extract. A simple procedure is proposed for the purification of the active protein.